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( ,a!na & o!r ,olympian subjects--,zeus & k9dr$ subjects--,h]a--,poseidon & m>9e deities--,! ,eleus9ian deities--,apollo & ,artemis--,hephai/os1 ,a!na1 & ,ares--,aphrodite & ,eros--,h]mes & ,he/ia #a-ec ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,dionysos ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,deities ,dionysos & 8 associates--,ariadne1 ,ma5ads1 & ,satyrs--,names ( ,satyrs & ,ma5ads--,! ,ne!r ,_w--,g5]al repres5tations & isolat$ subjects--,*>on1 ,er9nyes1 ,hekate1 & ,?anatos--,cosmogonic deities--,gaia & ,p&ora--,prome!us & ,atlas--,iris & ,hebe--,p]sonifications--,sun1 ,moon1 ,/>s1 & ,dawn--,w9ds--,cities & c\ntries--,! ,muses--,victory--,ab/ract ideas--,descriptive names #ed-ib ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h]oic ,,leg5ds ,ka/or & ,polydeukes--,h]akles & 8 twelve lab\rs--,o!r conte/s--,relations ) deities--,apo!osis--,!seus & 8 lab\rs--,lat] sc5es ( 8 life--,p]seus--,pelops & ,bell]ophon--,jason & ! ,argonauts--,!ban leg5ds--,! ,trojan cycle--,peleus & ,!tis--,! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is--,/ories ( ,telephos & ,troilos--,sc5es f ! ,iliad--,! dea? ( ,a*illes & ! ,fall ( ,troy--,! ,odyssey--,! ,ore/eia--,attic & o!r leg5ds--,orpheus & ! ,amazons--,mon/]s--,hi/orical & lit]>y subjects #ic-aec ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,subjects ,,f ,,ord9>y ,,life ,religi\s subjects--,sacrifices--,fun]al sc5es--,! ,drama & burlesques--,a?letics--,sport & games--,musical sc5es--,trades & occupations--,daily life ( wom5--,w$d+ sc5es--,milit>y & naval subjects--,ori5tals & ,b>b>ians--,banquets & revels--,miscellane\s subjects--,animals #aed-ahf ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,details ,,( ,,types1 ,,arrangem5t1 ,,& ,,ornam5tation ,di/9ctions ( types--,co/ume & attributes ( individual deities-- ,p]sonifications--,h]oes--,mon/]s--,p]so nages 9 ev]yday life--,arm\r & %ield-devices--,dress & ornam5ts--,physiognomical expression on vases--,l&scape & ar*itecture--,arrangem5t ( subjects--,ornam5tal patt]ns--,mae&]1 circles1 & o!r geometrical patt]ns--,floral patt]ns--,lotos & palmettes--,treatm5t ( ornam5tation 9 diff]5t fabrics #ahg-bce ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,importance ( inscriptions on vases--,incis$ inscriptions--,names & prices incis$ und]nea? vases--,own]s' names & d$ications--,pa9t$ inscriptions--,e>ly ,greek alphabets--,pa9t$ inscriptions on e>ly vases--,cor9?ian1 ,ionic1 ,boeotian1 & ,*alcidian inscriptions--,inscriptions on ,a!nian vases--,dialect--,arti/s' signatures--,inscriptions relat+ to ! subjects--,exclamations---names--,! ,attic alphabet & or?ography--,*ronology ( ,attic inscriptions--,s\? ,italian vases ) inscriptions #bcf-bgh ,,"p ,,iv ,,italian ,,pott]y ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,etruscan ,,& ,,s\? ,,italian ,,pott]y ,e>ly ,italian civilisation--,orig9 ( ,etruscans--,t]ram>e civilisation--,villanuova p]iod--,pit-tombs--,hut-urns--,tr5*- tombs--,relief-w>es & pa9t$ vases f ,c]vetri--,*amb]- tombs--,poll$r>a w>e--,buc*]o w>e--,canopic j>s--,imitations ( ,greek vases--,etruscan inscriptions--,sculpture 9 t]racotta--,ar*itectural decoration--,s>cophagi--,local pott]y ( ,s\!rn ,italy--,messapian & ,peucetian fabrics #bgi-cbi ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,t]racotta ,,9 ,,roman ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,sculpture ,clay 9 ,roman ar*itecture--,use ( bricks--,me?ods ( con/ruction--,tiles--,ornam5tal antefixae--,flue-tiles--,o!r uses--,inscriptions on bricks & tiles--,milit>y tiles--,mural reliefs--,li/ ( subjects--,roman sculpture 9 t]racotta--,/atuettes--,uses at ,rome--,types & subjects--,gauli% t]racottas--,pott]s & c5tres ( fabric--,subjects--,miscellane\s uses ( t]racotta--,money-boxes --,co9-m\lds #ccj-cib ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,roman ,,lamps ,introduction ( lamps at ,rome--,sites :]e f\nd--,pr9cipal p>ts ( lamps--,purposes = :i* us$--,sup]/iti\s & o!r uses--,*ronological acc\nt ( =ms--,te*nical processes--,subjects--,deities--,my?olog ical & lit]>y subjects--,g5re subjects & animals--,inscriptions on lamps--,names ( pott]s & _! di/ribution--,c5tres ( manufacture #cic-dbi ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,roman ,,pott]y3 ,,te*nical ,,processes1 ,,%apes1 ,,& ,,uses ,introductory--,geographical & hi/orical limits--,clay & glaze--,te*nical processes--,/amps & m\lds--,b>bot9e & o!r me?ods--,kilns f\nd 9 ,brita91 ,gaul1 & ,g]many--,use ( e>!nw>e among ! ,romans--,e*ea--,dolia & ,amphorae--,inscriptions on amphorae--,cadus1 ,ampulla1 & ,lag5a --,dr9k+-cups--,di%es--,sacrificial vases--,id5tification ( names #dcj-dgc ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,roman ,,pott]y1 ,,hi/orically ,,treat$2 ,,arret9e ,,w>e ,roman ,pott]y m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s--8,samian0 w>e--,c5tres ( fabric--,! pott]y ( ,arretium--,*>act]i/ics--,pott]s' /amps--,%apes ( ,arret9e vases--,s\rces ( inspiration = decoration--8,italian ,meg>ian b[ls0--,subjects--,di/ribution ( ,arret9e w>es #dgd-dif ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,roman ,,pott]y 7cont9u$72 ,,prov9cial ,,fabrics ,di/ribution ( ,roman pott]y 9 ,europe--,transition f ,arret9e to prov9cial w>es--,t]ra sigillata--,%apes & c5tres ( fabric--,subjects--,pott]s' /amps--,vases ) b>bot9e decoration--,! fabrics ( ,gaul--,/4 ,rmy--,graufes5que--8,m>bl$0 vases--,vases ) inscriptions 7,banassac7--,lez\x--,vases ) m$allions 7,s\!rn ,gaul7--,fabrics ( ,g]many--,t]ra sigillata 9 ,brita9--,ca/or w>e--,up*ur* & ,new ,=e/ w>es--,pla9 pott]y--,mort>ia--,conclusion #dig-eee ,,index #eeg ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,9 ,,volume ,,ii 7,except :]e o!rwise not$1 ! objects are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,attic black-figur$ hydria3 ,h>ness+ ( horses to *>iot 7col\rs7 ,frontispiece ,,to ,,face ,,page ,l4 ,conte/ ( ,a!na & ,poseidon3 vase at ,pet]sburg 7f ,baumei/]7 #bd ,,li4 ,kotyle by ,hi]on3 ,triptolemos at ,eleusis #bf ,,lii4 ,! ,"u-_w1 f an ,apulian vase at ,muni* 7f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold7 #ff ,,liii4 ,helios & ,/>s 7! ,blacas krat]7 #gh ,,liv4 ,! ,sack ( ,troy3 kylix by ,brygos 9 ,l\vre 7f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold7 #acd ,,lv4 ,sc5es f fun]al leky?i 7,pro!sis & cult ( tomb7 #aeh ,,lvi4 ,e>ly ,etruscan r$ w>e #cjj ,,lvii4 ,etruscan hut-urn & ,buc*]o w>e #cjb ,,lviii4 ,etruscan imitations ( ,greek vases #cjh ,,lix4 ,etruscan antefix & s>cophagus #caf ,,lx4 ,s>cophagus ( ,seianti ,?anunia #cbb ,,lxi4 ,roman mural reliefs3 ,zeus & ,dionysos #cff ,,lxii4 ,roman mural reliefs3 ,!seus2 prie/esses #cgj ,,lxiii4 ,roman lamps 7#a/ c5tury ,b4,c47 #djb ,,lxiv4 ,roman lamps3 my?ological & lit]>y subjects #dab ,,lxv4 ,roman lamps3 miscellane\s subjects #daf ,,lxvi4 ,m\lds & /amp ( ,arret9e w>e #dib ,,lxvii4 ,gauli% pott]y 7,graufes5que fabric7 #ebj ,,lxviii4 ,gauli% pott]y f ,brita9 7,lez\x fabric7 #ebf ,,lxix4 ,romano-,briti% & ,gauli% pott]y #edd ,,li/ ,,( ,,text-,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,volume ,,ii ,,fig4 ,,page #aaa4 ,gigantoma*ia1 f ,ionic vase ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 9 ,l\vre #ac #aab4 ,poseidon & ,polybotes1 f ,g]h>d kylix 9 ,b]l9 #ad #aac4 ,! bir? ( ,a!na ,brit4 ,mus4 #af #aad4 ,h]mes slay+ ,argos 7vase at ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,vi5na7 #bj #aae4 ,poseidon & ,amphitrite ,ant4 ,d5km4 7,cor9?ian p9ax7 #bc #aaf4 ,apollo1 ,artemis1 & ,leto ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 #cj #aag4 ,aphrodite & h] foll[+ 4 4 7vase at ,a!ns7 #dc #aah4 ,eros ) kottabos-/& ,brit4 ,mus4 #dh #aai4 ,h]mes ) ,apollo's ox5 79 ,baumei/] ! ,vatican7 #ea #abj4 ,dionysos ) ,satyrs & ,brit4 ,mus4 ,ma5ads 7,pamphaios hydria7 #ei #aba4 ,ma5ad 9 fr5zy 7cup at ,baumei/] ,muni*7 #fc #abb4 ,*>on's b>k 7leky?os at ,baumei/] ,muni*7 #gj #abc4 ,?anatos & ,hypnos ) body ,brit4 ,mus4 ( w>rior #ga #abd4 ,nike sacrific+ bull ,brit4 ,mus4 #hh #abe4 ,h]akles & ! ,nemean lion ,brit4 ,mus4 #if #abf4 ,h]akles br++ ! bo> to ,brit4 ,mus4 ,eury/heus #ig #abg4 ,apo!osis ( ,h]akles 7vase ,ar*4 ,zeit4 at ,pal]mo7 #ajg #abh4 ,peleus seiz+ ,!tis ,brit4 ,mus4 #aba #abi4 ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7,hi]on cup ,wi5] ,vorl4 9 ,b]l97 #abb #acj4 ,capture ( ,dolon ,brit4 ,mus4 #abi #aca4 ,p5!us sla9 by ,ma5ads ,brit4 ,mus4 #adb #acb4 ,kroisos on ! fun]al pyre ,baumei/] 7,l\vre7 #aej #acc4 ,alkaios & ,sappho 7,muni*7 ,baumei/] #aeb #acd4 ,sc5e f a f>ce ,brit4 ,mus4 #afa #ace4 ,a?letes engag$ 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus4 ,p5ta?lon #afc #acf4 ,agricultural sc5es ,baumei/] 7,niko/h5es cup 9 ,b]l97 #agj #acg4 ,w>rior arm+2 ar*]s ,hopp9 7,eu?ymides amphora 9 ,muni*7 #agf #ach4 ,banquet]s play+ kottabos ,brit4 ,mus4 #aha #aci4 ,mae&] or embattl$ patt]n #bab #adj4 ,mae&] 7,attic7 #bab #ada4 ,mae&] 7,ionic7 #bab #adb4 ,mae&] & /> patt]n #bab #adc4 ,mae&] 7,attic1 #e? c5tury7 #bac #add4 ,mae&] 7,attic1 ab\t #dhj ,b4,c47 #bac #ade4 ,net-patt]n #bae #adf4 ,*equ]-patt]n #baf #adg4 ,tang5t-circles #baf #adh4 ,spirals "u h&les 7,exekias7 #bag #adi4 ,wave-patt]n 7,s\? ,italy7 #bah #aej4 ,scale-patt]n 7,daphnae7 #bah #aea4 ,guillo*e or plait-b& 7,euphorbos p9ax7 #bai #aeb4 ,tongue-patt]n #bai #aec4 ,egg-patt]n #bbj #aed4 ,leaf- or *a9-patt]n #bba #aee4 ,ivy-wrea? 7black-figure p]iod7 #bbb #aef4 ,ivy-wrea? 7,s\? ,italian7 #bbb #aeg4 ,laurel-wrea? 7,s\? ,italian7 #bbc #aeh4 ,vallisn]ia spiralis 7,myc5aean7 #bbd #aei4 ,lotos-fl[] 7,cypriote7 #bbd #afj4 ,lotos-fl[]s & buds ,riegl 7,rhodian7 #bbe #afa4 ,palmette-& lotos-patt]n 7e>ly ,b4,f47 #bbe #afb4 ,lotos-buds 7,attic ,b4,f47 #bbf #afc4 ,*a9 ( palmettes & lotos 7e>ly ,b4,f47 #bbf #afd4 ,palmettes & lotos "u h&les 7,attic ,b4,f47 #bbg #afe4 ,palmette on neck ( r$-bodi$ amphorae #bbh #aff4 ,enclos$ palmettes 7,r4,f4 p]iod7 #bbh #afg4 ,oblique palmettes 7late ,r4,f47 #bbi #afh4 ,palmette "u h&les 7,s\? ,italian7 #bcj #afi4 ,rosette 7,rhodian7 #bca #agj4 ,rosette 7,apulian7 #bca #aga4 ,facsimile ( inscription on ,brit4 ,mus4 ,tataie leky?os #bdb #agb4 ,facsimile ( ,dipylon ,a?4 ,mit?4 inscription #bdc #agc4 ,s*eme ( alphabets on ,greek vases #bdh #agd4 ,facsimile ( inscription on ,roehl ,cor9?ian p9ax #bea #age4 ,facsimile ( signatures on ,furtwa5gl] & ,franois vase ,rei*hold #beg #agf4 ,facsimile ( signature ( ,brit4 ,mus4 ,nikias #bei #agg4 ,figure ) inscrib$ scroll 7fragm5t at ,ox=d7 #bfd #agh4 ,etruscan tomb ) c9]>y ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 urn #bhe #agi4 ,villanuova c9]>y urns f ,notizie ,corneto #bhf #ahj4 ,pa9t$ pi?os f ,c]vetri ,gaz4 ,ar*4 9 ,l\vre #bic #aha4 ,canopic j> 9 bronze-plat$ ,mus4 ,ital4 *air #cje #ahb4 ,etruscan alphabet1 f a vase ,d5nis #cab #ahc4 ,t]racotta s>cophagus 9 ,d5nis ,brit4 ,mus4 #cah #ahd4 ,pa9t$ t]racotta slab 9 ,d5nis ,l\vre #cai #ahe4 ,askos ( local ,apulian fabric ,brit4 ,mus4 #cbf #ahf4 ,krat] ( 8,peucetian0 fabric ,notizie #cbh #ahg4 ,concrete wall at ,rome ,middleton #cch #ahh4 ,concrete wall fac$ ) brick ,middleton #cci #ahi4 ,concrete ar* fac$ ) brick ,middleton #cci #aij4 ,diagram ( ,roman wall- ,blmn] con/ruction #cdj #aia4 ,roman t]racotta antefix ,brit4 ,mus4 #cdc #aib4 ,me?od ( heat+ 9 ,ba?s ( ,middleton ,c>acalla #cdg #aic4 ,flue-tile ) ornam5tal patt]ns #cdh #aid4 ,/amp$ ,roman tile ,brit4 ,mus4 #ced #aie4 ,inscrib$ tile 9 ,guildhall ,museum #cei #aif4 ,inscrib$ tile f ,london #cfc #aig4 ,mask ) "n ( pott] ,brit4 ,mus4 #cgg #aih4 ,gauli% figure ( ,aphrodite ,blan*et #chc #aii4 ,gauli% figure ( ,epona ,blan*et #chf #bjj4 ,t]racotta money-box ,jahrbu* #cij #bja4 ,t]racotta co9-m\ld ,d>emb]g & ,saglio #cib #bjb4 ,lamp f ! ,esquil9e ,ann4 dell ,in/4 #cii #bjc4 8,delph9i=m0 lamp #cii #bjd4 ,lamp ) volute-nozzle #djj #bje4 ,lamp ) po9t$ nozzle #djj #bjf4 ,lamp ) groov$ nozzle #dja #bjg4 ,lamp ) pla9 nozzle #dja #bjh4 ,lamp ) he>t-%ap$ nozzle #djb #bji4 ,m\ld = lamp ,brit4 ,mus4 #dje #baj4 ,lamp ) signature ( ,=tis ,brit4 ,mus4 #dbd #baa4 ,/amps us$ by ,roman pott]s #ddj #bab4 ,roman kiln at ,h$d]nheim ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ddd #bac4 ,kiln f\nd at ,ca/or #ddg #bad4 ,plan ( kiln at ,heilig5b]g ,d>emb]g & ,saglio #dej #bae4 ,section ( ditto ,d>emb]g & ,saglio #dej #baf4 ,ampulla ,brit4 ,mus4 #dff #bag4 ,lag5a f ,france #dfg #bah4 ,arret9e b[l 9 ,bo/on3 dea? ,philologus ( ,pha?on #dhd #bai4 ,arret9e krat] ) ,seasons ,brit4 ,mus4 #dhh #bbj4 8,italian ,meg>ian0 b[l ,brit4 ,mus4 #dia #bba4 ,gauli% b[l ( ,=m #bi #ejj #bbb4 ,gauli% b[l ( ,=m #cj #eja #bbc4 ,gauli% b[l ( ,=m #cg #ejb #bbd4 ,vase ( ,/4-,rmy fabric ,d*elette #eag #bbe4 ,vase ( ,aco1 inscrib$ ,d*elette #eah #bbf4 ,vase ( ,banassac fabric f ,mus4 ,borb4 ,pompeii #ebe #bbg4 ,m$allion f vase ( ,brit4 ,mus4 ,s\!rn ,gaul3 sc5e f ! ,cycnus #eca #bbh4 ,m$allion f vase3 ,atalanta ,gaz4 ,ar*4 & ,hippom$on #ecb #bbi4 ,j> f ,g]many1 inscrib$ ,brit4 ,mus4 #ecg #bcj4 ,roman mort>ium f ,brit4 ,mus4 ,rib*e/] #eea ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,subjects ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,introductory--,,! ,,olympian ,,deities ,figur$ vases 9 anci5t lit]ature--,my?ology & art--,relation ( subjects on vases to lit]ature--,hom]ic & dramatic !mes & _! treatm5t--,int]pretation & classification ( subjects--,! ,olympian deities--,! ,gigantoma*ia--,! bir? ( ,a!na & o!r ,olympian subjects--,zeus & k9dr$ subjects--,h]a--,poseidon & m>9e deities--,! ,eleus9ian deities--,apollo & ,artemis--,hephai/os1 ,a!na1 & ,ares--,aphrodite & ,eros--,h]mes & ,he/ia4 ,! repres5tation ( subjects f ,greek my?ology or daily life on vases 0 n1 ( c\rse1 conf9$ to fictile products4 ,we "k t ! arti/ic in/9cts ( ! ,greeks l$ !m to decorate almo/ e h\sehold implem5t or ut5sil ) ornam5tal designs ( "s k9d1 z well z ^? specially made = votive or o!r non-utilit>ian purposes4 ,b ! fictile vases1 f ! enorm\s numb]s :i* h be5 pres]v$1 ! extraord9>y v>iety ( _! subjects1 & ! fact t !y cov] su* a wide p]iod1 h always =m$ our *ief arti/ic s\rce ( in=mation on ! subject ( ,greek my?ology & antiquities4 ,al?\gh 7z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,iv47 anci5t lit]ature conta9s sc>cely any allusions to ! pa9t$ vases1 we h _m descriptions ( simil> subjects depict$ on o!r works ( art1 su* z vases ( wood & metal1 f ,hom] d[nw>ds4 ,! cup ( ,ne/or 7,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #adh1 #agb7 0 ornam5t$ ) figures ( doves#a1 & !re is ! fam\s description 9 ! fir/ ,idyll ( ,!ocritus#b ( ! wood5 cup 77 :i* repres5t$ a fi%]man ca/+ 8 net1 & a boy gu>d+ v9es & weav+ a trap = gras%opp]s1 :ile two foxes /eal ! grapes & ! cont5ts ( 8 d9n]-basket2 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$1 l ! designs on "s pa9t$ vases1 ) bord]s ( ivy & acan?us4 ,! s-call$ cup ( ,ne/or 77 at ,capua#c 0 inscrib$ ) ,hom]ic v]ses1 & ! or cup ( ,h]akles ) ! tak+ ( ,troy#d4 ,anakreon describes cups ornam5t$ ) figures ( ,dionysos1 ,aphrodite & ,eros1 & ! ,graces#e2 & ,pl9y m5tions o!rs ) figures ( ,c5taurs1 hunts & battles1 & ,dionysiac subjects#f4 ,or1 aga91 my?ological subjects are describ$1 su* z ! rape ( ! ,palladion#g1 ,phrixos on ! ram#h1 a ,gorgon & ,ganym$e#i1 or ,orpheus#aj2 & o!r 8/ori$0 cups are describ$ z be+ us$ by ! lat] ,roman emp]ors4 ,b ! ne>e/ p>allels to ! vases describ$ 9 classical lit]ature are probably to be s\ght 9 ! *as$ metal vases ( ! ,hell5i/ic & ,roman p]iods4#aa ,we read ( scyphi ,hom]ici1 or beak]s ) ,hom]ic sc5es1 us$ by ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 :i* 7 probably ( *as$ silv]#ab2 & we h describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 :at are app>5tly clay imitations ( ^! vases1 usually kn[n z 8,meg>ian b[ls10 _m be>+ sc5es f ,hom] 9 relief on ! ext]ior4 ,9 attempt+ a review ( ! subjects on ! pa9t$ vases1 we are met ) c]ta9 difficulties1 especially 9 reg>d to arrangem5t4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! fact t ea* p]iod has its gr\p ( fav\rite subjects2 "s are only f\nd 9 e>ly times1 o!rs only 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,yet any *ronological me?od ( treatm5t w be f\nd impossible1 & x is hop$ t x w1 z f> z possible1 be obviat$ by ! g5]al allusions 9 ! hi/orical *apt]s ( ?is "w to ! subjects *>act]i/ic ( ea* fabric & p]iod4 ,embrac+ z !y d almo/ ! :ole field ( ,greek my? & leg5d1 ! subjects on ,greek vases are yet n inv>iably ^? mo/ famili> to ! classical /ud5t or1 if ! /ories are famili>1 !y are n always treat$ 9 accordance ) lit]>y tradition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! popul> conception ( ,greek my?ology is n always a correct "o1 = :i* fact ! =m]ly inv>iable sy/em ( approa*+ ,greek ideas ?r\gh ! ,lat9 is ma9ly responsible4 ,! my?ology ( our classical diction>ies & s*ool-books is l>gely bas$ on ,ovid & ! lat] ,roman compil]s1 su* z ,hyg9us1 & gives ! /ories 9 a complete connect$ =m1 reg>d+ all classical au?orities z ( equal value1 & ignor+ ! fact t _m my?s are ( gradual gr[? & only cry/allis$ at a late p]iod1 :ile o!rs belong to a relatively rec5t date 9 anci5t hi/ory4#ac ,! vases1 on ! o!r h&1 are contempor>y docum5ts1 free f lat] euhem]ism & p$antry1 & pres5t+ ! my?s z ! ,a!nian craftsm5 knew !m 9 ! popul> folk-lore & religi\s obs]vances ( _! day4 ,x _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u t a vase-pa9t] 0 nev] an illu/rator ( ,hom] or any o!r writ]1 at lea/ be=e ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dii74 ,! epic poems1 ( c\rse1 contribut$ l>gely to ! popul> acqua9tance ) anci5t leg5ds1 & (f]$ sugge/ions ( :i* ! pa9t] 0 glad to avail himself2 b he did n1 !re=e1 feel b\nd to adh]e to 8 text4 ,?is w be se5 9 ! li/ ( ,hom]ic subjects giv5 bel[ 7p4 #abf ff472 & we may also ref] "h to ! practice ( giv+ fanciful names to figures1 :i* obta9s at all p]iods1 & has be=e n[ pres5t$ ob/acles to ! int]pret]4 ,! relation ( ! subjects on vases to ,greek lit]ature is an int]e/+ !me = enquiry1 ?\gh1 9 view ( :at has already be5 said1 x is evid5t t x mu/ be und]tak5 ) great caution4 ,! antiquity & wide popul>ity ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 = in/ance1 w\ld naturally lead u to expect an ext5sive & g5]al use ( _! !mes by ! vase-pa9t]4 ,yet ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,! ,iliad1 inde$1 is drawn ^u m l>gely ?an ! ,odyssey2 b ev5 ?is yields 9 importance z a s\rce to ! epics gr\p$ "u ! "n ( ! ,cyclic poets4 ,x may h be5 t ! poems 7 in/9ctively felt to be unsuit$ to ! some:at conv5tional & monoton\s /yle ( ! e>li] vase-pa9t+s1 :i* requir$ simple & easily depict$ incid5ts4 ,we are !re=e ! m at a loss to expla9 ! comp>ative r>ity ( subjects f ! ,odyssey1 ) its _m adv5tures & /irr+ episodes2 sc5es :i* may be f ! ,iliad be+ less /rongly *>act]is$ & less unique--"o battle-sc5e1 = in/ance1 diff]+ little f ano!r 9 me?od ( treatm5t4 ,b any subject f ! ,odyssey c be at once id5tifi$ by its individual & m>k$ "*4 ,x may be t ! ,odyssey _h a less firm hold on ! m9ds ( ! ,greeks ?an ! ,iliad1 :i* 0 m ( a national epic1 :]eas ! ,odyssey 0 a /irr+ romance4#ad ,x may also be wor? not+ t sc5es f ! ,odyssey usually adh]e m closely to ! ,hom]ic text ?an ^? f ! ,iliad4 ,ano!r reason = ! sc>city ( ,iliad-sc5es may be t ! ,tale ( ,troy z a :ole is a mu* m compreh5sive /ory1 ( :i* ! ,iliad only =ms a comp>atively small portion4 ,h5ce ! l>ge numb] ( sc5es drawn bo? f ! ,ante-,hom]ica & ! ,po/-,hom]ica1 su* z ! /ories ( ,troilos & ,memnon1 or ! sack ( ,troy4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,cyclic poets beg91 z ,horace rem9ds u1 ab ovo1#ae f ! egg ( ,l$a1 & ! ,kypria includ$ ! :ole /ory ( ! m>riage ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 ! subsequ5t ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 & 8 j\rney to ,greece aft] ,hel51 sc5es f all ^! ev5ts be+ extremely popul> on ! vases4#af ,! ,patrokleia deals ) ! ev5ts ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! w>1 ! ,ai?iopis ( ,arkt9os ) ! /ories ( ,p5!sileia & ,memnon1 & ! dea? ( ,a*illes1 & ! ,little ,iliad ( ,les*es ) ! ev5ts ( ! t5? ye> d[n to ! fall ( ,troy4 ,all provid$ frequ5t !mes = ! vase-pa9t]1 z may be se5 by a ref]5ce to a lat] page 7#aai ff474 ,! ,iliup]sis ( ,arkt9os & ,les*es might almo/ be recon/ruct$ f two or ?ree l>ge vases1 :]eon all ! episodes ( ! cata/rophe are collect$ toge!r 7see p4 #acd72 b :5 we come to ! ,no/oi ( ,agias & ! ,telegonia1 ! vase-pa9t]s sudd5ly fail u1 ! /ories ( ,odysseus' w&]+s & ,ore/es' v5geance seem+ to supply ! defici5cy4 ,luck5ba*#ag has po9t$ out t ! only "r me?od ( inve/igat+ ! relation is to beg9 ) vase-pa9t+s = :i* ! s\rces are absolutely c]ta91 z ) sc5es f ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,9 ?is way ! subjects f o!r epics c be rightly e/imat$ & ! cont5ts ( ! poems re/or$4 ,fur!r1 9 inve/igat+ ! s\rces ( ! vase-pa9t]s1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y adh]$ to !m or gave free play to ! imag9ation1 ! ?ree ma9 p]iods ( vase-pa9t+ mu/ be sep>ately consid]$1 ?\gh ! results 9 ea* case prove to be simil>4 ,by way ( exemplify+ ^! me?ods he ent]s 9 great detail into c]ta9 vase-subjects1 _! me?od ( treatm5t on vases ( ! diff]5t p]iods1 & _! approximation to ! text4 ,?us1 ! fun]al games = ,patroklos 7,il4 xxiii47 are depict$ on ! ,franois vase 7see p4 #aa7 ) m>k$ deviations f ,hom]'s n>rative2 & n only ?is1 b )\t *>act]isation1 s t if ! p]=m]s 7 n nam$ ! subject c\ld h>dly h be5 id5tifi$4 ,to note "o small po9t1 all ,hom]ic races took place 9 two-horse *>iots 7bigae71 b on ,b4,f4 vases f\r-horse quadrigae are almo/ inv>iably f\nd4#ah ,subjects ( a m conv5tional "*1 su* z battle sc5es1 f>ewell sc5es1 or ! arm+ ( a w>rior1 pres5t ev5 m difficulty4 ,ev5 :5 names occur x is only increas$4 ,we mu/ assume t ! vase-pa9t] fix$ on typical names = 8 p]sonages1 )\t c>+ :e!r he _h lit]>y au?ority4 ,9 "s cases ! g5re sc5es seem to be develop$ f h]oic orig9als1 9 o!rs ! contr>y appe>s to be ! case4#ai ,x is n1 h[ev]1 unfair to say t ! ,epos 0 ! vase-pa9t]'s 8s\rce40 ,! only d\btful "q is ! ext5t ( 8 inspiration2 &1 at all ev5ts1 x 0 a s\rce 9 ! s5se t no o!r ,greek lit]ature 0 until we come to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,turn+ n[ to ! consid]ation ( lat] lit]ature1#bj we f9d 9 ,hesiod a c]ta9 p>allelism ( !me to ! vases1 b little trace ( actual influ5ce4 ,indirectly he may h affect$ ! vase-pa9t] by 8 cry/allisation ( ,greek my?ology 9 ! ,!ogony1 :]e he e/abli%es ! numb] ( ! ,muses 7l4 #gg71 & also ! names ( ! ,n]eids4#ba ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to note ! ,hesiodic !mes :i* 7 also popul> ) ! vase-pa9t]s3 ! creation ( ,p&ora2 ! fights ( ,h]akles & ,kyknos1 & ( ,lapi?s & ,c5taurs1 & ! pursuit ( ,p]seus by ! ,gorgons2 ! conte/ ( ,zeus ) ,typhoeus 7or ,typhon72 & ! bir? ( ,a!na4#bb ,! influ5ce ( lyric poetry 0 ev5 slight]4 ,some:at idealis$ figures ( "s ( ! ,greek lyri/s appe> on ,r4,f4 vases1 su* z ,sappho & ,anakreon 7see p4 #aeb72 b ?is is all4 ,9 reg>d to ,p9d> & ,bac*ylides1 ! idealis+ & h]ois+ t5d5cies ( ! age may be comp>$ ) ! contempor>y t5d5cy ( vase-pa9t+s1 & ! latt] may (t5 be f\nd useful to comp>e )--if n exactly to illu/rate--! leg5ds :i* ! two poets commemorate4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ode ( ,bac*ylides 9 :i* he describes ! fate ( ,kroisos1 !re is a curi\s deviation f ! famili> ,h]odotean v]sion1 ! k+ be+ repres5t$ z volunt>ily sacrific+ himself4#bc ,! only vase-pa9t+ deal+ ) ?is subject 7,fig4 #acb1 p4 #aej7 app>5tly reproduces ?is tradition4 ,) ! influ5ce ( ! /age we h already dealt else:]e4#bd ,) ! exception ( ! ,satyric drama1 x c h>dly be said to h made itself felt1 except 9 ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 b indications ( ! ,satyric influ5ce may be trac$ 9 _m ,r4,f4 ,attic vases1 no d\bt ow+ to _! connection ) ! popul> ,dionysiac subjects4 ,on a vase 9 ,naples#be are repres5t$ prep>ations = a ,satyric drama4 ,:5 we rea* ! "t ( tragic & comic influ5ce1 we n only f9d ! subjects reproduc$1 b ev5 _! /age sett+2 9 o!r words1 ! vases are n s mu* int5d$ to illu/rate ! writt5 z ! act$ play1 j z x 0 p]=m$4 ,! :ole "q is admirably summ$ up by ,luck5ba*#bf 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 7#a7 ,! ,epos is ! *ief s\rce ( all vase-pa9t+s f ! e>lie/ "t to ! decad5ce inclusive1 & next comes ,trag$y1 z reg>ds ! lat] vases only2 ( ! influ5ce ( o!r poetry on ! =mation ( my?s 9 vase-pa9t+s !re is no e/abli%$ example4 7#b7 ,vase-pa9t+s are n illu/rations1 ei!r ( ! ,epos or ( ! ,drama1 & !re is no int5tion ( reproduc+ a /ory accurately2 h5ce great discrepancies & r>ity ( close adh]5ce to lit]>y =ms2 b ! sali5t features ( ! /ory are pres]v$4 7#c7 ,discrepancies 9 ! nam+ ( p]sonages are p>tly arbitr>y1 p>tly due to ignorance2 ! ext5sion ( sc5es by means ( r[s ( by/&]s1 mean+less1 b ?\ght to be appropriate1 is ( c\rse a developm5t ( ! arti/'s1 condition$ by exig5cies ( space4 ,ana*ronisms on vases are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 7#d7 ,su* sc5es z ^? ( w>riors arm+ or dep>t+ are always ! pa9t]'s own inv5tion1 ord9>y sc5es be+ (t5 8h]ois$0 by ! addition ( names4 ,b individuals are n necess>ily all or always to be nam$2 &1 aga91 ! arti/ (t5 gives names )\t individualis+ ! figures4 7#e7 ,9 ! ar*aic p]iod successive movem5ts ( "t are (t5 v navely bl5d$ 7see p4 #aj72 ! diff]5ce betwe5 art & lit]ature is mo/ m>k$ 9 sc5es :]e a def9ite mom5t is n indicat$4 7#f7 ,vase-pa9t+s (t5 give a g5]al survey ( a poem1 ! sc5e n be+ drawn f "o p>ticul> passage or episode4 ,! features ( "o poem are 9 art sometimes transf]r$ to ano!r4 ,! att5tion t has be5 paid n[ = _m ye>s to collect+1 assort+1 & critically discuss+ ! mat]ial af=d$ by ! vases has mu* dim9i%$ ! difficulties ( ?is mo/ puzzl+ bran* ( ar*aeology4 ,x has be5 *iefly light5$ by ! discov]y f "t to "t ( inscrib$ vases1 ?\gh1 z has j be5 not$1 ev5 ^! mu/ be treat$ ) caution2 & ev5 n[1 ( c\rse1 !re are num]\s subjects ! int]pretation ( :i* is ei!r disput$ or purely hypo!tical4 ,b we c at lea/ pride ourselves on hav+ advanc$ _m degrees beyond ! lab\rs ( e>ly writ]s on ! subject1 d[n to ! ye> #ahej4 ,:5 pa9t$ vases fir/ began to be discov]$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ! subjects 7 suppos$ to relate univ]sally to ! ,eleus9ian or ,dionysiac my/]ies1 & ?is s*ool ( int]pretation = a long "t f\nd fav\r 9 "s qu>t]s1 ev5 9 ! days ( ,g]h>d & ,de ,witte4 ,b x 0 obvi\s f ! fir/ t su* int]pretations did n c>ry ! inve/igator v f>1 & ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury o!r sy/ems arose1 su* z t ( ,italynski1 :o reg>d$ ! subjects z ( hi/orical import4#bg ,subsequ5tly ,pan(ka endeav\r$ to trace a connection betwe5 ! subjects & ! names ( arti/s or o!r p]sons record$ on ! vases1 or1 aga91 betwe5 ! subjects & %apes4 ,! latt] idea1 ( c\rse1 conta9$ a measure ( tru?1 z is se5 9 _m in/ances#bh2 b x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible to foll[ out ei!r ?is or ! o!r hypo!sis 9 any detail4 ,! f\ndations ( ! m sci5tific & rational s*ool ( int]pretation 7 laid z e>ly z ! days ( ,w9ckelmann1 & he 0 foll[$ by ,lanzi1 ,visconti1 & ,mill+51 & f9ally ,otto ,jahn1 :o1 z we h se51 practically revolutionis$ ! /udy ( c]amography4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( ! int]pretation ( subjects has be5 some:at relegat$ to ! backgr\nd1 ow+ to ! ov]:elm+ int]e/ evok$ by ! f9ds ( e>ly fabrics or by ! ef=ts ( ,g]man & o!r s*ol>s to di/+ui% ! v>i\s s*ools ( pa9t+ 9 ! f9e/ p]iod4 ,mill+51 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,vases ,grecs1 drew up a classification ( ! subjects on vases :i* ne$ n be detail$ "h1 b :i*1 ) "s modifications1 may be reg>d$ z hold+ good to ! pres5t day4 ,he di/+ui%es t5 classes1 ! fir/ ?ree my?ological1 ! next f\r deal+ ) daily life1 & ! ?ree la/ ) purely decorative ornam5tation4 ,a some:at simil> ord] is adopt$ by ,mll] 9 8 ,h&bu*1 by ,g]h>d 9 8 ,aus]les5e ,vas5bild]1 & by ,jahn 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,muni* ,catalogue 7p4 cc ff474 ,9 ! pres5t & foll[+ *apt]s ! arrangem5t & classification ( ! subjects adh]e 9 ! ma9 to ! sy/em laid d[n by ^! writ]s2 & z ! ord] is n1 ( c\rse1 *ronological 9 reg>d to /yle1 ref]5ce has be5 made :]e necess>y to diff]5ces ( epo* & fabric4#bi ,x may be conv5i5t to recapitulate briefly ! ma9 head+s "u :i* ! subjects are gr\p$4 ,i4 ,! ,olympian deities & div9e be+s 9 imm$iate connection ) !m1 su* z ,eros & m>9e deities4 7a7 ,9 g5]al2 7b7 individually4 7,*apt] ,,xii47 ,,ii4 ,dionysos & 8 cycle1 ,pan1 ,satyrs1 & ,ma5ads4 7,page #ed ff47 ,,iii4 ,*?onian & cosmogonic deities1 p]sonifications1 & m9or deities 9 g5]al4 7,page #ff ff47 ,,iv4 ,h]oic leg5ds & my?ology 9 g5]al4 7a7 ,h]akles2 7b7 ,!seus1 ,p]seus1 & o!r h]oes2 7c7 local or obscure my?s2 7d7 ! ,!ban & ,trojan /ories2 7e7 mon/]s4 7,*apt] ,,xiv47 ,v4 ,hi/orical subjects4 7,page #adi ff47 ,,vi4 ,sc5es f daily life & miscellane\s subjects 7= detail$ classification see p4 #aed74 7,*apt] ,,xv47 ,! numb] ( subjects to be f\nd on any "o vase is ( c\rse usually limit$ to "o1 two1 or at mo/ ?ree1 accord+ to ! %ape4 ,usually :5 !re is m ?an "o ! subjects are q di/9ct f "o ano!r2 ?\gh attempts h be5 made 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! ,b4,f4 amphorae1 to trace a connection4#cj ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,r4,f4 kylikes ( ! /rong p]iod (t5 %[ a unity ( subject runn+ ?r\gh ! int]ior & ext]ior sc5es1 :e!r ! !me is my?ological or ord9>y4#ca ,x 0 only 9 exceptional cases t an arti/ c\ld devote 8 ef=ts to produc+ an entire subject1 z on "s ( ! l>ge kylikes ) ! lab\rs ( ,!seus1#cb or ! vases repres5t+ ! sack ( ,troy4#cc ,! great ,franois vase 9 ,flor5ce is a /rik+ example ( a my?ology 9 m9iature1 conta9+ z x does m ?an "o subject treat$ 9 ! fulle/ detail4 ,& "h ref]5ce may be made to ! ma9 pr9ciples :i* gov]n$ ! me?od ( tell+ a /ory 9 anci5t art1 & prevail$ at diff]5t p]iods4#cd ,! e>lie/ & mo/ simple is ! cont9u\s me?od1 :i* repres5ts sev]al sc5es toge!r z if tak+ place simultane\sly1 al?\gh successive 9 po9t ( "t4 ,?is me?od 0 (t5 employ$ 9 ,ori5tal art1 b is n f\nd 9 ,hell5ic times2 x 01 h[ev]1 reviv$ by ! ,romans "u ! ,empire1 & prevail$ all ?r\gh ! e>ly /ages ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,secondly1 !re is ! complem5t>y me?od1 :i* aims at ! complete expression ( ev]y?+ relat+ to ! c5tral ev5t4 ,! same figures are n 9 ?is case necess>ily repeat$1 b o!rs are introduc$ to express ! action ( ! diff]5t subjects1 all be+ collect$ 9 "o space )\t reg>d to "t1 z 9 ! cont9u\s /yle4 ,?is is ( ,ori5tal orig91 & is fir/ se5 9 ! description ( ,a*illes' %ield2 x is also well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,franois vase1 9 ! /ory ( ,troilos4 ,"h ! dea? ( ,troilos is n inde$ actually depict$1 b ! ev5ts lead+ up to x 7! wat]-draw+ at ! f\nta9 & ! pursuit by ,a*illes7 & ^? consequ5t on x 7! ann\ncem5t ( ! murd] to ,priam & ! sett+ =? ( ,hector to av5ge x7 are all repres5t$ )\t ! repetition ( any figures4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! isolat+ me?od1 :i* is purely ,hell5ic1 be+ develop$ f ! complem5t>y4 ,?is is be/ illu/rat$ by ! ,!seus kylikes1 ) _! gr\ps ( ! lab\rs1 :i*1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 are n cont9u\s episodes 9 "o /ory1 b s+le ev5ts sep>at$ 9 "t & space1 & collect$ toge!r ) a sort ( sup]ficial resemblance to ! o!r me?ods4 ,"s description ( ! ,franois vase has be5 giv5 else:]e 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cgj7ce2 b z x is unique 9 its compreh5siv5ess1 & z a typical pres5tation ( ! subjects mo/ popul> at ! "t :5 vase-pa9t]s _h j begun to pay special att5tion to my?ology1 x may be wor? :ile to recapitulate its cont5ts "h4 ,! subjects are no less ?an elev5 9 numb]1 arrang$ 9 six horizontal friezes1 ) figures also on ! h&les1 & !re are 9 all #aae inscriptions expla9+ ! names ( ! p]sonages & ev5 ( objects 7e4g4 1 = ! brok5 pit*] ( ,polyx5a74 ,eight ( ^! subjects belong to ! region ( my?ology3--7#a7 ,on ! neck3 ! hunt ( ! ,calydonian bo>1 & 7#b7 ! l&+ ( ,!seus & ,ariadne at ,naxos1 accompani$ by danc+ y\?s & maid5s4 7#c7 ,on ! %\ld]3 *>iot race at ! fun]al games ( ,patroklos1 & 7#d7 combat ( ,c5taurs & ,lapi?s 7) ,!seus74 7#e7 ,on ! body3 ! m>riage ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 att5d$ by ! gods 9 procession4 7#f7 ,on ! body3 ! dea? ( ,troilos 7see above71 & 7#g7 ! return ( ,hephai/os to ,olympos4 7#h7 ,on ea* ( ! h&les1 ,ajax ) ! body ( ,a*illes4 ,on ! flat top ( ! lip is repres5t$ 7#i7 a combat ( pigmies & cranes2 on ei!r side ( ! foot 7#aj7 a lion & a pan!r dev\r+ a bull & /ag1 ,gryphons1 ,sph9xes1 & o!r animals2 & on ! upp] "p ( ! h&les 7#aa7 ,gorgons & figures ( ! ,asiatic ,artemis 7see p4 #ce7 hold+ wild animals by ! neck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to indicate all ! subjects on ! ?\s&s ( pa9t$ vases 9 exi/5ce2 & x mu/ also be rememb]$ t _m are ( disput$ mean+4 ,! succe$+ review mu/ !re=e only be consid]$ z a g5]al summ>y :i* aims at omitt+ no?+ ( any int]e/ & avoid+ z f> z possible useless repetition4 ,9 ! ref]5ces app5d$ "u ea* subject ! pr9ciple has be5 adopt$ ( mak+ !m z f> z possible repres5tative ( all p]iods1 & also ( select+ ! mo/ typical & arti/ic examples1 z well z ! mo/ accessible1 publications4#cf ,9 deal+ ) ! subjects depict$ on ,greek vases1 we naturally reg>d ! ,olympian deities z hav+ ! preem95ce4 ,we w !re=e beg9 by consid]+ su* sc5es z h ref]5ce to actions 9 :i* ^? deities 7 engag$1 &1 secondly1 repres5tations ( g5]al gr\ps ( deities1 ei!r z spectators ( t]re/rial ev5ts or )\t any p>ticul> signification4 ,x w !n be conv5i5t to deal ) ! sev]al deities "o by "o1 not+ ! subjects ) :i* ea* is individually connect$4 ,we %all 9 ! foll[+ *apt] proce$ to consid] ! subord9ate deities1 su* z ^? ( ! "u-_w & ! ,dionysiac cycle1 & p]sonifications ( nature & ab/ract ideas4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 w be devot$ to ! consid]ation ( h]oic leg5ds1 my?ological be+s1 & hi/orical subjects2 & 9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 w be discuss$ all su* subjects z relate to ! daily life ( ! ,greeks4 ,,! ,,olympian ,,deities ,"o ( ! olde/ & mo/ cont9u\sly popul> subjects is ! ,gigantoma*ia1 or ,battle ( ! ,gods & ,giants1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,titanic & pre-h]oic cosmogony1 & may !re=e take prec$5ce ( ! re/4 ,! ,aloadae 7,otos & ,ephialtes71 /rictly speak+1 are connect$ ) a diff]5t ev5t--! attack on ,olympos & *a9+ ( ,ares2 b ! sc5es 9 :i* !y occur are s closely l9k$ ) ! ,gigantoma*y prop] t x is unnecess>y to diff]5tiate !m4 ,we also f9d z a s+le subject ! combat ( ,zeus ) ! snake-foot$ ,typhon4#cg ,! locus classicus ( ,greek art = ! ,gigantoma*ia is ( c\rse ! frieze ( ! great alt> at ,p]gamon 7#aig ,b4,c471 b sev]al vases be> repres5tations almo/ z complete1 ?\gh x is n z a rule possible to id5tify ! giants except :]e _! names are inscrib$4#ch ,mo/ vases give only "o to ?ree pairs ( combatants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,gigantoma*ia1 ,,f ,,ionic ,,vase ,,9 ,,l\vre4 ,"s pairs are f\nd almo/ exclusively toge!r1 e4g4 ,a!na & ,enkelados1 or ,ares & ,mimas2 ,artemis & ,apollo are g5]ally oppos$ to ! ,aloadae ,otos & ,ephialtes1 ,zeus to ,porphyrion1 & ,poseidon to ,polybotes 7,fig4 #aab7 or ,ephialtes4 ,he/ia alone1 ! 8/ay-at-home0 goddess ( ! he>?1 is nev] f\nd 9 ^! sc5es1 b ,dionysos1 ,h]akles1 & ! ,dioskuri all take _! "p 9 aid+ ! ,olympian deities4 ,zeus hurls 8 ?und]bolts#ci2 ,poseidon is usually depict$ ) 8 trid5t1 or hurl+ ! isl& ( ,nisyros 7indicat$ z a rock ) animals pa9t$ on x7 ^u 8 adv]s>y#dj2 ,hephai/os uses a pair ( tongs ) a burn+ coal 9 !m z 8 weapon#da2 & ,dionysos is 9 "s cases aid$ by 8 pan!r4#db ,aeolus occurs once ) 8 bag ( w9ds4#dc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,poseidon ,,& ,,! ,,giant ,,polybotes1 ,,f ,,! ,,kylix ,,9 ,,b]l94 ,! foll[+ gr\ps c be id5tifi$ on vases by inscriptions or details ( treatm5t3-- ,zeus & ,aga/h5es1 ,hyp]bios1 & ,ephialtes3 ,l\vre ,e #gcb 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,zeus & ,porphyrion3 ,b]l9 #beca4 ,h]a & ,h>polykos3 ,l\vre ,e #gcb4 ,h]a & ,rhoitos 7miswritt5 ,phoitos73 ,b]l9 #beca4 ,poseidon & ,polybotes3 ,l\vre ,e #gcb2 ,b]l9 #beca ,fig4 #aab4 ,poseidon & ,ephialtes3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahh4 ,apollo & ,ephialtes3 ,b]l9 #beca4 ,artemis & ,otos3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #afd4 ,artemis & ,aigaion3 ,b]l9 #beca4 ,hephai/os & ,euryalos3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dg4 ,hephai/os & ,klytios3 ,b]l9 #bbic4 ,a!na & ,enkelados3 ,b4,m4 ,b #beb2 ,l\vre ,e #gcb2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #h4 ,ares & ,mimas3 ,b]l9 #beca2 ,b4,m4 ,b #fag4 ,h]mes & ,hippolytos3 ,b]l9 #bbic4 ,h]mes & ,polybios 7873 ,l\vre ,e #gcb4 ,dionysos & ,eurym$on3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 xx4 pl4 #g4 ,a!na ) arm ( ,akratos3 ,b]l9 #bieg l4 ,cr4 i4 #hh4 ,dea? ( ,otos 7suppos$73 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bii ,re9a*1 ii4 #bee4 ,among sc5es suppos$ to take place 9 ,olympos1 ! mo/ important is ! ,bir? ( ,a!na f ! head ( ,zeus4#dd ,usually %e is repres5t$ z a dim9utive figure actually em]g+ f 8 head1 b 9 "o or two in/ances %e /&s be=e him fully develop$1#de z 0 probably ! case 9 ! c5tre ( ! ea/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non4 ,?is subject is common] on ,b4,f4 vases1 & does n appe> at all aft] ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4#df ,9 mo/ cases sev]al ( ! ,olympian deities are spectators ( ! sc5e2 sometimes ,hephai/os wields 8 axe or runs away 9 t]ror at ! result ( 8 op]ations#dg2 9 o!rs ! ,eilei?yiae or goddesses ( *ild-bir? l5d _! assi/ance4#dh ,on a ,r4,f4 vase 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale ,a!na flies out backw>ds f ,zeus' head4#di ,9 accordance ) a pr9ciple already discuss$ 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cgh71 ! composition or 8type0 ( ?is subject is sometimes adopt$ on ,b4,f4 vases = o!r gr\ps ( figures1 :]e ! abs5ce ( ,a!na %[s cle>ly t ! bir? sc5e is n int5d$1 & no p>ticul> mean+ c be assign$ to ! composition4#ej ,repres5tations ( ! ,m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a _c be po9t$ to ) c]ta9ty 9 vase-pa9t+s4 ,on ,b4,f4 vases we sometimes see a bridal pair 9 a *>iot accompani$ by v>i\s deities1 or figures ) ! attributes ( div9ities#ea2 b ! *ief figures are n 9 any way *>act]is$ z su*1 & x is bett] to reg>d ^! sc5es z idealisations ( ord9>y m>riage processions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are und\bt$ repres5tations ( ,zeus & ,h]a en?ron$ among ! ,olympian deities or p>tak+ ( a banquet4#eb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,a!na 7,,brit4 ,,mus4 ,b #bdd74 ,! /ory ( ! en*a9+ ( ,h]a 9 a magic *air by ,hephai/os1 & h] subsequ5t lib]ation by him1 is allud$ to on _m vases1 ?\gh "o episode is m prom95t ?an ! o!rs4 ,( ! expulsion ( ,hephai/os f heav5 we f9d no in/ance1 & ( ! release ( ,h]a !re is only "o d\btful example#ec2 b we f9d a p>ody ( ! =m]'s combat ) ,ares1 :o =ces him to lib]ate ,h]a4#ed ,! episode mo/ frequ5t is t ( ! return ( ,hephai/os 9 a drunk5 condition to ,olympos1 conduct$ by ,dionysos & a cr[d ( ,satyrs2 ( ?is !re are f9e examples on vases ( all p]iods4#ee ,on e>li] vases ,hephai/os rides a mule2 on ! lat] he g5]ally /umbles along1 lean+ on ,dionysos or a ,satyr = support4 ,on ! ,franois vase we see ,zeus & ,h]a1 ) an att5dant tra9 ( deities1 ,nymphs1 & ,muses1 go+ 9 a *>iot to ! nuptials ( ,peleus & ,!tis2 on _m vases we h ! reception ( ! deifi$ ,h]akles among ! gods ( ,olympos#ef2 & on o!rs gr\ps ( deities banquet+ or )\t p>ticul> signification4#eg ,b on ! late ,apulian vases x is a frequ5t occurr5ce to f9d an upp] r[ ( deities z spectators ( "s ev5t tak+ place j bel[3 ?us !y wat* battles ( ,greeks & ,p]sians1#eh or su* sc5es z ! contract betwe5 ,pelops & ,o9omaos1#ei ! madness ( ,lyk\rgos1#fj ! dea? ( ,hippolytos1#fa & o!rs f h]oic leg5d1 :i* x is unnecess>y to specify "h2 only a few typical ones c be m5tion$4#fb ,!y also appe> z spectators ( sc5es 9 or relat+ to ! ne!r-_w4#fc 99 99 99 99 99 ,zeus appe>s less frequ5tly ?an "s deities1 & seldom alone2 b /ill !re are _m my?s connect$ ) him1 besides ^? already discuss$4 ,z a s+le figure he appe>s en?ron$ & att5d$ by 8 eagle on a ,cyr5aic cup 9 ! ,l\vre#fd2 or aga9 9 8 *>iot1 hurl+ a ?und]bolt#fe2 9 company ) 8 bro!r-gods ( ! ocean & "u-_w1 ,poseidon & ,hades1 he is se5 on a kylix by ,x5okles4#ff ,he is also f\nd ) ,a!na1#fg ) ,h]a1 ,apollo1 ,artemis1 ,aphrodite1 & ,h]mes#fh2 & frequ5tly ) ,h]akles at ! latt]'s reception into heav54#fi ,9 "o in/ance he settles a dispute betwe5 ,aphrodite & ,p]sephone4#gj ,he receives libations f ,nike1#ga or p]=ms ! c]emony himself1 att5d$ by ,h]a1 ,iris1 & ,nike1#gb & is also att5d$ by ,hebe & ,ganym$e z cupbe>]s4#gc ,8 /atue1 especially t ( at ,troy1 sometimes gives local col\r to a sc5e4#gd ,mo/ ( ! sc5es 9 :i* he appe>s relate to 8 v>i\s love adv5tures1 among :i* ! leg5ds ( ,europa1 ,io1 & ,semele are ! mo/ conspicu\s2 b fir/ ( 8 num]\s am\rs %\ld p]haps be m5tion$ 8 woo+ ( 8 consort ,h]a4 ,he c>ries h] (f :ile asleep f h] nurse 9 ,euboea1#ge & also appe>s to h] 9 ! =m ( a cuckoo4#gf ,! rape ( ,ganym$e by 8 eagle appe>s once or twice on vases1#gg b m g5]ally ,zeus himself seizes ! y\? :ile he is engag$ 9 b[l+ a hoop or o!rwise at play4#gh ,on a f9e late vase ) ,lat9 inscriptions ,ganym$e appe>s 9 ,olympos1#gi & he is also depict$ z a %eph]d4#hj ,semele ,zeus pursues & slays ) ! ?und]bolt#ha2 ! bir? ( h] son ,dionysos f 8 ?igh is repres5t$ b r>ely on vases1 & is liable to confusion ) o!r subjects4 ,?is /ory falls into ?ree episodes3 7#a7 ! reception ( ! infant by ,h]mes f ,dirke1 9 ord] to be sewn into ,zeus' ?igh#hb2 7#b7 ! actual bir? sc5e#hc2 7#c7 ! h&+ ov] ( ! *ild to ! ,nymphs4#hd ,( 8 visit to ,alkm5a !re are no c]ta9 repres5tations1 b two comic sc5es on ,s\? ,italian vases#he may possibly ref] to x1 & "o ( !m at lea/ seems to be influ5c$ by ! burlesque by ,rh9ton1 f :i* ,plautus borr[$ ! idea ( 8 ,amphitruo4 ,! apo!osis ( ,alkm5a1 :5 h] husb& places h] on a fun]al pyre aft] discov]+ h] misde$1 is repres5t$ on two f9e ,s\? ,italian vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 9 "o case ,zeus looks on4#hf ,8 appe>+ to ,l$a 9 ! =m ( a swan only seems to f9d "o illu/ration on a vase1 b 9 "o case he is pres5t at ! sc5e ( ,l$a ) ! egg4#hg ,he is also depict$ desc5d+ 9 a %[] ( gold on ,dana#hh2 or z c>ry+ (f ! ,nymphs ,aeg9a & ,?aleia#hi2 or1 aga91 ) an unkn[n ,nymph1 p]haps ,taygeta4#ij ,9 ! =m ( a bull1 on :i* ,europa rides1 he provides a v fav\rite subject1 ( :i* "s f9e specim5s exi/4#ia ,"o v>iation ( ! type is f\nd on an ,apulian vase1 :]e ,europa advances to c>ess ! bull s5t by ,zeus to fet* h]4#ib ,! /ory ( ,io#ic resolves itself into sev]al sc5es1 all ( :i* f9d illu/ration on ! vases3 7#a7 ! meet+ ( ,io & ,zeus :5 %e re/s at ! %r9e ( ,artemis aft] h] w&]+s#id2 7#b7 ,io 9 ! =m ( a c[1 gu>d$ by ,argos#ie2 7#c7 ! appe>ance ( h] deliv]] ,h]mes#if2 7#d7 ,h]mes attacks & slays ,argos 7,fig4 #aad74ig ,illu/ration3 ,f ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]4 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,,h]mes ,,slay+ ,,argos ,,9 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,zeus 7,,vase ,,at ,,vi5na74 ,9 addition1 ! pres5ce ( ,zeus may be not$ 9 v>i\s sc5es f h]oic or o!r leg5ds1 :i* are m appropriately discuss$ "u o!r head+s#ih1 su* z ! free+ ( ,prome!us#ii1 ! combat ( ,h]akles & ,kyknos#ajj1 or ! weigh+ ( ! s\ls ( ,a*illes & ,hector#aja2 at ! s5d+ ( ,triptolemos1 ! flay+ ( ,m>syas1 ! dea? ( ,aktaeon1 & t ( ,ar*emoros#ajb2 at ! creation ( ,p&ora & ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is#ajc2 ! rape ( ! ,delphic tripod & t ( ! ,leukippidae1 at ,peleus' seiz+ ( ,!tis1#ajd & ) ,idas & ,m>pessa4#aje ,! /ory ( ! gold5 dog ( ,zeus1 :i* 0 /ol5 by ,p&>eos1 is ref]r$ to "u a lat] head+4#ajf 99 99 99 99 99 ,h]a ap>t f ,zeus appe>s b seldom1 b !re are a few sc5es 9 :i* %e is f\nd alone2 ( ^? 9 :i* %e is an actor or spectator "s h be5 already describ$1 ! mo/ important be+ ! /ory ( ,hephai/os' return to heav54#ajg ,z h] figure is n always /rongly *>act]is$ by means ( attributes1 x is n always to be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,z a s+le figure %e =ms ! int]ior decoration ( "o f9e ,r4,f4 kylix1#ajh & h] 1 or primitive cult-idol1 is sometimes f\nd z an indication ( ! sc5e ( an action4#aji ,on "o vase %e is repres5t$ at h] toilet4#aaj ,!re is a vase-pa9t+ :i* repres5ts ,h]a on h] ?rone (f]+ a libation to ,prome!us1 an ag$ figure :o /&s be=e h]4#aaa ,%e is also pres5t at ! lib]ation ( ,prome!us#aab2 9 a sc5e probably int5d$ = ! puni%m5t ( ,ixion#aac2 at ! creation ( ,p&ora#aad2 & 9 sc5es f ! /ory ( ,io4#aae ,%e suckles ! *ild ,h]akles 9 "o in/ance1#aaf & 9 ano!r appe>s ) him 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides#aag2 %e is also pres5t at 8 reconciliation ) ,apollo at ,delphi1#aah & at 8 apo!osis1#aai receiv+ him & ,iolaos4#abj ,on an e>ly ,ionic vase %e appe>s cont5d+ ) him 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a!na & ,poseidon1 & we>s a goat-sk9 head-dress1 z 9 ! ,roman type ( ,juno ,sospita or ,lanuv9a4#aba ,! sc5e 9 :i* %e appe>s mo/ frequ5tly is ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7see bel[1 p4 #abb72 %e is also pres5t at ! bir? ( ,dionysos#abb2 at ! /eal+ ( ,zeus' gold5 dog by ,p&>eos#abc2 at ! conte/ betwe5 ,apollo & ,m>syas#abd2 at ! slaught] ( ! ,niobids#abe2 & ) ,p]seus & ,a!na4#abf ,%e appe>s sometimes ) ,hebe1 ,iris1 & ,nike1 f :om %e receives libations#abg2 & 9 "o sc5e1 app>5tly f a ,satyric drama1 %e & ,iris are attack$ by a b& ( ,seil5i & rescu$ by ,h]akles4#abh 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,ant4 ,d5km4 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,poseidon ,,& ,,amphitrite ,,on ,a ,,cor9?ian ,,p9ax4 ,poseidon is a figure some:at r>e 9 ar*aic art z a :ole1 especially 9 /atu>y1 b is m frequ5tly se5 on vases1 mo/ly 9 gr\ps ( deities1 or z a spectator ( ev5ts tak+ place 9 or "u ! sea1 8 doma94 ,among subjects already discuss$1 he is pres5t at ! bir? ( ,a!na1#abi at ! nuptials ( ,zeus & ,h]a1#acj & 9 assemblies ( ! ,olympian gods1 g5]ally ) 8 consort ,amphitrite#aca2 he also takes "p 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia & ! reception ( ,h]akles into ,olympos4#acb ,he is repres5t$ 9 a gr\p ) 8 bro!r deities ( ! high] & ne!r _w1 ,zeus & ,hades#acc2 ) ,apollo1 ,a!na1 ,ares1 & ,h]mes#acd2 among ! ,eleus9ian deities at ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos#ace2 & occasionally 9 ,dionysiac sc5es z a companion ( ! w9e-god4#acf ,z a s+le figure he is frequ5tly f\nd on ! s]ies ( ar*aic tablets or p9akes f\nd ne> ,cor9?1 & also 9 company ) ,amphitrite 7,fig4 #aae7acg2 on lat] vases n s frequ5tly4#ach ,9 "o in/ance he rides on a bull1#aci 9 o!rs on a horse1 sometimes w+$#adj2 else:]e he drives 9 a *>iot ) ,amphitrite & o!r deities#ada2 he wat*es ! ,sun-god 9 8 c> ris+ out ( ! waves#adb2 & "o vase has ! curi\s subject ( ,poseidon1 ,h]akles1 & ,h]mes engag$ 9 fi%+4#adc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,l ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,a!na ,,& ,,poseidon ,,cont5d+ ,,= ,,attica2 ,,vase ,,f ,,k]t* 7,,at ,,pet]sburg74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,among sc5es 9 :i* he plays an active "p ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! dispute ) ,a!na = ! own]%ip ( ,attica1 also repres5t$ on ! we/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non#add2 8 love adv5tures1 especially 8 pursuit ( ,amymone#ade & ,ai?ra1#adf are common subjects1 b 9 _m cases ! object ( 8 pursuit _c be id5tifi$4#adg ,he receives ,!seus "u ! ocean1#adh & possibly 9 "o case ,glaukos1 on 8 acceptance z a sea-god#adi2 he is also pres5t at ! =m]'s recognition by ,aigeus4#aej ,he is se5 at ! dea? ( ,talos1#aea & ) ,europa cross+ ! sea4#aeb ,9 conjunction ) o!r deities1 *iefly on late ,italian vases1 he is pres5t z a spectator ( v>i\s episodes1 su* z ! adv5tures ( ,bell]ophon1 ,kadmos1 or ,pelops1 ! rape ( ,p]sephone1 ! creation ( ,p&ora1 ! dea? ( ,hippolytos1 & 9 "o hi/orical sc5e1 a battle ( ,greeks & ,p]sians4#aec ,he sup]9t5ds sev]al ( ! adv5tures ( ,h]akles1 notably ^? 9 :i* he is specially int]e/$1 z ! conte/s ) ,antaios & ,triton#aed2 & he supports ,h]a 9 h] combat ) t h]o4#aee ,he is also se5 ) ,p]seus on 8 way to slay ,m$usa1#aef & among ! ,gorgons aft] t ev5t4#aeg 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 connection ) ,poseidon x may be conv5i5t to m5tion "h o!r div9ities & be+s ) m>9e associations--su* z ,okeanos1 ,n]eus1 & ,triton1 & ! ,n]eids or sea-nymphs1 daught]s ( ,n]eus1 ) ! m r>ely occurr+ ,naiads4 ,( ^! ! "n ( ,okeanos occurs b once1 on ! ,franois vase4 ,! figure itself has disappe>$1 b ! m>9e mon/] on :i* he rides to ! w$d+ ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 & ! inscription1 rema94 ,n]eus appe>s z a s+le figure1 ) fi%-tail & trid5t1#aeh b is mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 connection ) ! capture ( 8 daught] ,!tis by ,peleus1 ei!r z a spectator or receiv+ ! news f a ,n]eid4#aei ,he also wat*es ! conte/ ( ,h]akles ) ,triton1#afj himself enc\nt]+ ! h]o 9 "s cases4#afa ,on "o vase ,h]akles has seiz$ 8 trid5t & ?reat5s him by mak+ havoc ( 8 belong+s4#afb ,he appe>s at ,h]akles' combat ) ,kyknos1#afc & at 8 apo!osis1#afd & also (f]s a cr[n to ,a*illes4#afe ,9 "o case he is f\nd 9 ,dionysos' company4#aff ,) 8 daught] ,doris he wat*es ! pursuit ( ano!r ,n]eid by ,poseidon4#afg ,triton is f\nd z a s+le figure1#afh & 7*iefly on ,b4,f4 vases7 engag$ 9 a /ruggle ) ,h]akles4#afi ,he also c>ries ,!seus ?r\gh ! sea to ,poseidon1#agj & wat*es ! flight ( ,phrixos & ,helle ov] ! sea4#aga ,! gr\p ( deities repres5t$ by ,ino & ,leuko!a1 ,palaimon1 ,melik]tes1 & ,glaukos appe> 9 isolat$ in/ances1#agb z d ,proteus#agc & ,skylla#agd--! latt] z s+le figures1 )\t ref]5ce to _! connection ) ! ,odyssey4 ,a mon/r\s unid5tifi$ figure1 ) w+s & a s]p5t9e fi%-tail1 :i* may be a sea-deity 79 "o case fem99e71 is f\nd on "s e>ly ,cor9?ian vases#age2 possibly ,palaimon is int5d$4 ,! ,n]eids1 :o are (t5 di/9ctively nam$1 are sometimes f\nd 9 gr\ps1#agf especially wat*+ ! seizure ( ,!tis or be>+ ! news to ,n]eus#agg2 or1 aga91 c>ry+ ! arm\r ( ,a*illes ov] ! sea & pres5t+ x to him4#agh ,on "o vase !y m\rn ov] ! dead ,a*illes4#agi ,!y are also pres5t at ! reception ( ,!seus1#ahj ! conte/ ( ,h]akles & ,triton1#aha & ) ,europa on ! bull4#ahb ,kymo!a (f]s a p>t+ cup to ,a*illes#ahc2 ! ,naiads1 :o are simil> be+s1 pres5t to ,p]seus ! cap1 sword1 %oes1 & wallet4#ahd ,!y are also f\nd gr\p$ ) v>i\s deities1#ahe & ev5 "o 9 ! "u-_w4#ahf ,!tis appe>s once z a s+le figure1 accompani$ by dolph9s#ahg2 = h] capture by ,peleus & relations ) ,a*illes1 see p4 #abj ff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,eleus9ian deities ,demet] & ,p]sephone 7or ,kore7 are usually f\nd toge!r1 n only 9 sc5es :i* h a special ref]5ce to _! cult1 b 9 g5]al assemblies ( ! gods4 ,!y once appe> 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia4#ahh ,sc5es :i* ref] to ! ,eleus9ian cycle are f\nd exclusively on lat] examples1#ahi & z a rule m]ely repres5t ! two *ief deities gr\p$ ) o!rs1 su* z ,dionysos & ,hekate1 & ) _! att5dants1 ,iac*os1 ,eumolpos1 & ,eub\leus4#aij ,"o vase repres5ts ! initiation ( ,h]akles1 ,ka/or1 & ,polydeukes 9 ! ,less] ,my/]ies ( ,agra#aia2 ano!r1 ! bir? ( ,pl\tos1 :o is h&$ to ,demet] 9 a cornucopia by ,gaia1 ris+ f ! e>?1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,p]sephone1 ,triptolemos1 & ,iac*os#aib2 & o!rs1 ! bir? ( ,dionysos or ,iac*os--a v simil> composition4#aic ,demet] & ,p]sephone are repres5t$ driv+ 9 _! *>iot1 ) att5dant deities & o!r figures1#aid or /&+ alone1 c>ry+ sceptre & tor*es respectively1#aie or p\r+ libations at a tomb 7on a sepul*ral vase74#aif ,!y are pres5t at ! c>ry+ (f ( ,basile by ,e*elos 7a r>e ,attic leg5d71#aig & ,demet] alone is se51 once at ! bir? ( ,a!na1#aih once at ! slaught] ( ! dragon by ,kadmos1#aii once en?ron$1#bjj & once ) ,dionysos z ,!smophoros1 hold+ an op5 roll ) ! laws 77 ( h] cult4#bja ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,li ,illu/ration3 ,,kotyle ,,by ,,hi]on3 ,,triptolemos ,,at ,,eleusis 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,closely connect$ ) ,eleusis is ! subject ( ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos z a tea*] ( agriculture 9 8 w+$ c>4 ,?is is f\nd on vases ( all p]iods1#bjb b is be/ exemplifi$ on ! beautiful kotyle ( ,hi]on 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,li471 :]e1 besides ,olympian & ,*?onian deities1 ! p]sonification ( ,eleusis is pres5t4 ,besides ! o!r ,eleus9ian p]sonages1 ,keleos & ,hippo?oon are also se54#bjc ,triptolemos is g5]ally seat$ 9 8 c>1 b 9 "o or two cases he /&s beside x#bjd2 9 ano!r he is j m\nt+ x4#bje ,on ! latt] vase ,p]sephone holds 8 pl\gh4 ,on a vase 9 ,b]l9 ,triptolemos appe>s )\t 8 c>1 hold+ a pl\gh%>e2 ,demet] pres5ts him ) e>s ( corn1 & ,p]sephone holds tor*es4#bjf ,p]sephone is also se5 ) ,iac*os1#bjg :o1 accord+ to v>i\s acc\nts1 0 h] son or bro!r4 ,%e appe>s ) ,aphrodite & ,adonis1#bjh & "o vase is suppos$ to repres5t ! dispute betwe5 h] & ,aphrodite ov] ! latt]1 :i* 0 appeas$ by ,zeus4#bji ,! /ory ( ! rape ( ,p]sephone by ,hades1 h] soj\rn 9 ! "u-_w1 & h] return to e>? is also *iefly conf9$ to ! lat] vases1 especially ! incid5t ( ! rape4#baj ,9 ! elaborate repres5tations ( ! "u-_w on late ,apulian vases %e g5]ally /&s or sits ) ,hades 9 a build+ 9 ! c5tre4#baa ,%e is (t5 depict$ 9 sc5es repres5t+ ! c>ry+ (f ( ,k]b]os by ,h]akles1#bab or banquet+ ) ,hades4#bac ,on bo? e>ly & late vases ,h]mes1 9 8 "* ( ,psy*opompos1 is se5 prep>+ to conduct h] back f ! ne!r _w 7see ,plate ,,xlv471#bad or actually on 8 way4#bae ,9 ano!r semi-my/ical v]sion ( ! return ( ,p]sephone1 signify+ ! return ( spr+ & vegetation1 h] head or "p ( h] body em]ges f ! e>?1#baf 9 "o case accompani$ by ! head ( ,dionysos1 :]eat ,satyrs & ,ma5ads flee affright$4#bag ,! int]pretation ( "s ( ^! sc5es1 h[ev]1 has be5 mu* que/ion$4#bah 99 99 99 99 99 ,! numb] ( vases ) subjects repres5t+ ! ?ree ,delphic deities--,apollo1 ,artemis1 & ,leto--is consid]able4 ,! appe>ances ( ,apollo1 at any rate1 are probably only exce$$ 9 numb] by ^? ( ,a!na1 ,dionysos1 & ,h]akles4 ,x is1 9 fact1 impossible to make a complete enum]ation ( ! gr\ps 9 :i* ,apollo occurs1 & a g5]al outl9e alone c be giv54#bai ,apollo z a s+le figure is (t5 f\nd bo? on ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases1 usually z ,ki?>oidos1 play+ 8 lyre2 sometimes also he is di/+ui%$ by 8 b[4#bbj ,z ,ki?>oidos he is usually repres5t$ /&+1#bba b 9 "s cases is seat$4#bbb ,he is sometimes accompani$ by a h9d#bbc or a bull 7,apollo ,nomios874#bbd ,he is repres5t$ at ,delphi seat$ on ! ,py?oness' tripod1#bbe or is seat$ at an alt>1#bbf or p\rs a libation4#bbg ,he rides on a swan#bbh or on a ,gryphon1#bbi & also crosses ! sea on a tripod4#bcj ,9 "s sc5es he is *>act]is$ z ,daphnephoros1#bca hold+ a bran* ( laurel1 or is repres5t$ 9 ! attitude associat$ ) ,apollo ,lykeios1 re/+ ) "o h& above 8 head4#bcb ,9 "o sc5e ! type ( ,apollo ,ki?>oidos closely resembles t associat$ ) ! sculptor ,skopas4#bcc ,illu/ration3 ,f ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ix4 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,apollo1 ,,artemis1 ,,& ,,leto4 ,:5 he is gr\p$ ) ,artemis1 ! latt] deity usually c>ries a b[ & quiv]1#bcd or !y p\r libations to "o ano!r2#bce b m commonly !y /& toge!r1 )\t engag+ 9 any action4 ,!y are also depict$ 9 a *>iot4#bcf ,m num]\s are ! sc5es 9 :i* ,leto is also includ$ 7z ,fig4 #aaf71 ?\gh %e is n always to be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4#bcg ,9 ?is connection may be not$ c]ta9 sc5es relat+ to ,apollo's *ildhood3 8 bir? is once repres5t$1#bch & on c]ta9 ,b4,f4 vases a woman is se5 nurs+ two *ildr5 7"o pa9t$ black1 ! o!r :ite71 :i* may d5ote ,leto ) h] infants1 ?\gh x is m probably a symbolic repres5tation ( ,e>? ! ,nurs+-"m 7,gaia ,k\rotrophos2 see p4 #gc74bci ,tis*be9 publi%$ a vase ( d\btful au!nticity1 :i* repres5ts ,leto ) ! tw9s flee+ f ! s]p5t ,py?on at ,delos#bdj2 b 9 two in/ances ,apollo c]ta9ly appe>s 9 ,leto's arms1 9 "o case %oot+ ! ,py?on ) 8 b[4#bda ,) ^! ?ree is sometimes jo9$ ,h]mes--9 "o in/ance at ,delphi1 z indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! omphalos#bdb2 or1 aga91 ,h]mes appe>s ) ,apollo alone1 or ) ,apollo & ,artemis4#bdc ,poseidon is se5 ) ,apollo1 g5]ally accompani$ by ,artemis & ,h]mes1 also by ,leto & o!r indet]m9ate female figures4#bdd ,9 conjunction ) ,a!na1 ,apollo is f\nd gr\p$ ) ,h]mes1 ,dionysos1 ,nike1 & o!r female figures2 also ) ,h]akles4#bde ,) ,aphrodite he is se5 9 toilet sc5es1 sometimes ano9t$ by ,eros4#bdf ,9 "o case !y are accompani$ by ,artemis & ,h]mes1#bdg & on "o vase ,apollo is gr\p$ ) ,zeus & ) ,aphrodite on h] swan4#bdh ,he accompanies ! *>iots ( v>i\s deities1 su* z ,poseidon1 ,demet]1 & ,a!na1#bdi especially :5 ! latt] conducts ,h]akles to heav54#bej ,apollo1 9 "o case1 is associat$ ) ! local ,nymph ,kyr5e on a fragm5t ( a vase probably made 9 t colony4#bea ,he frequ5tly receives libations f ,nike1#beb & 9 "o case is cr[n$ by h]4#bec ,) ,nymphs & female figures ( indet]m9ate "* he occurs on _m 7*iefly ,b4,f47 vases1 sometimes z receiv+ a libation4#bed ,on sev]al r$-figur$ vases he is accompani$ by "s or all ( ! n9e ,muses1 "o repres5t+ _! conte/ ) ,?amyris & ,sappho4#bee ,he & ,artemis are specially associat$ ) m>riage processions1 :e!r ( ,zeus & ,h]a or ( ord9>y bridal c\ples4#bef ,apollo also appe>s 9 a *>iot drawn by a bo> & a lion at ! m>riage ( ,kadmos & ,h>monia4#beg ,9 ,dionysiac sc5es he is a frequ5t spectator#beh2 he greets ,dionysos among 8 ?iasos1#bei jo9s him 9 a banquet1#bfj or accompanies ,ariadne's *>iot#bfa or ! return+ ,hephai/os#bfb2 li/5s to ! ,satyr ,molkos play+ ! flutes1#bfc or is gr\p$ ) ,satyrs & ,ma5ads at ,nysa4#bfd ,m important & ( great] int]e/ are ! sc5es :i* depict ! leg5d ( ,m>syas1 & !y may fitly f9d a place "h4 ,! /ory is told 9 eight diff]5t episodes on ! vases1 :i* may be ?us sy/ematis$3 #a4 ,m>syas picks up ! flutes dropp$ by ,a!na3 ,b]l9 #bdah ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajja1 fig4 #abji3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdb 79 ,bo/on74 #b4 ,fir/ meet+ ( ,apollo & ,m>syas3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #f4 #c4 ,! *all5ge3 ,b]l9 #bfch4 #d4 ,m>syas p]=m+3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dij2 ,re9a*1 i4 #deb 7,b]l9 #biej71 i4 #eaa 7,a!ns #aiba71 ii4 #cab2 ,jatta #ajic ,re9a*1 i4 #age ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hia1 fig4 #ife4 #e4 ,apollo p]=m+3 ,jatta #acfd l4 ,cr4 ii4 #fc2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #aa4 #f4 ,apollo victori\s3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #caj2 ,pet]sburg #cee ,re9a*1 i4 #ad ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #e4 #g4 ,condemnation ( ,m>syas3 ,naples #cbca ,re9a*1 i4 #dje2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbd4 #h4 ,flay+ ( ,m>syas3 ,naples #biia ,re9a*1 i4 #djf 7a vase ) reliefs72 ,ros*]1 ii4 #bdee l4 ,cr4 ii4 #fd4 ,among o!r sc5es 9 :i* ,apollo 7g5]ally accompani$ by ,artemis7 plays a p]sonal "p1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ! slay+ ( ! ,niobids by ! two deities#bfe2 ! slay+ ( ,tityos by ,apollo#bff 79 "o case ,tityos is repres5t$ c>ry+ (f ,leto1 :o is rescu$ by ,apollo7#bfg2 & v>i\s love adv5tures 9 :i* ,apollo is conc]n$4#bfh ,! "n ( ! ,nymph pursu$ by him 9 ! latt] sc5es _c1 z a rule1 be id5tifi$2 "o vase appe>s to repres5t him cont5d+ ) ,idas = ! possession ( ,m>pessa4#bfi ,he also heals ! ,c5taur ,*eiron 7?is appe>s 9 burlesque =m71#bgj & protects ,creusa f ! wra? ( ,ion4#bga ,he is se5 seek+ = ! cattle /ol5 f him by ,h]mes1 & cont5d+ ) t god ov] ! lyre4#bgb ,he frequ5tly appe>s 9 ,bir? ( ,a!na sc5es z ,ki?>oidos1#bgc & also at ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos#bgd or 9 ! "u-_w4#bge ,9 "o case he appe>s 7) ,a!na1 ,artemis1 & ,h]akles7 z protect+ deity ( ,attica1 wat*+ a combat ( ,greeks & ,amazons4#bgf ,on "o vase !re is a possible ref]5ce to ,apollo ,sm9!us1 ) :om ! m\se 0 especially associat$4#bgg ,l o!r deities1 ,apollo & ,artemis are frequ5tly f\nd on ,apulian vases z spectators ( ! de$s ( h]oes1 or o!r ev5ts 9 :i* !y are m or less int]e/$2 "s ( ^! subjects h already be5 specifi$ 7see above1 p4 #ag74 ,apollo especially is (t5 se5 9 connection ) ! /ory ( ,h]akles1 or ! ,!ban & ,trojan leg5ds4 ,"o burlesque sc5e repres5ts 8 c>ry+ (f ! b[ ( ,h]akles to ! ro( ( ! ,delphic temple1#bgh & ! subject ( ! capture ( ! tripod1 ) ! subsequ5t reconciliation1 is ( v frequ5t occurr5ce4#bgi ,z ,apollo ,ism5ios1 ! patron ( ,!bes1 he is a spectator ( ! sc5e ( ! infant ,h]akles /rangl+ ! snakes#bhj2 9 "o case he is repres5t$ disput+ ) ,h]akles ov] a /ag1#bha :i* may be ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! ,k]yneian /ag1 a sc5e 9 :i* he also occurs4#bhb ,he is se5 ) ,h]akles & ,kyknos1#bhc ,h]akles & ,k]b]os1#bhd & is v frequ5tly pres5t at ! apo!osis ( ! h]o4#bhe ,apollo & ,artemis wat* ,kadmos slay+ ! dragon1#bhf & "o or o!r ( !m is pres5t at ! lib]at+ ( ,prome!us#bhg2 ,apollo alone is se5 ) ,o$ipus & ,teiresias1#bhh & wat*es ! slay+ ( ! ,sph9x by ! =m]4#bhi ,among ,trojan sc5es he is sometimes pres5t at ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1#bij also at ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia1 ! pursuit ( ,troilos1 ! combats ( ,a*illes & ,ajax ) ,hector1 & ! recognition ( ,ai?ra by h] sons4#bia ,he is1 ( c\rse1 frequ5tly se5 9 subjects f ! ,ore/eia1 bo? 9 ,tauris & at ,delphi1#bib & at ! dea? ( ,neoptolemos be=e ! latt] temple4#bic ,! pair are also se5 at ! c>ry+ (f ( ,basile by ,e*elos 7see p4 #adj74bid ,! 1 or primitive cult-/atue1 ( ,apollo is sometimes repres5t$2 9 "o case ,kass&ra takes refuge f ,ajax be=e x1 in/ead ( ! usual /atue ( ,a!na4#bie 99 99 99 99 99 ,! appe>ances ( ,artemis1 z di/9ct f ,apollo1 ne$ n deta9 u long2 %e is sometimes f\nd 9 my?ological sc5es1 b frequ5tly z a s+le figure1 ( :i* !re are "s f9e examples4#bif ,a w+$ goddess grasp+ ! neck or paws ( an animal or bird ) ei!r h& frequ5tly occurs on e>ly vases1 & is usually int]pret$ z ,artemis 9 h] "* ( or mi/ress ( ! brute creation1 sometimes call$ ! ,asiatic or ,p]sian ,artemis4#big ,on an e>ly ,boeotian vase 7) reliefs7 at ,a!ns is a curi\s repres5tation ( ,artemis ,diktynna1 a quasi-m>9e =m ( ! goddess1 orig9ally ,cretan 7872 on ! front ( h] body is repres5t$ a fi%1 & on ! ei!r side ( h] is a lion4#bih ,z a s+le figure %e appe>s ei!r ) b[ or quiv]1 or ) lyre1 sometimes accompani$ by a /ag or h9d1 or dogs#bii2 %e also rides on a de]#cjj or %oots at a /ag4#cja ,or1 aga91 %e is att5d$ by a cortge ( ,nymphs#cjb or rides 9 a *>iot4#cjc ,l t ( ,apollo1 h] is sometimes introduc$ into a sc5e z local col\r+4#cjd ,! my? ) :i* %e is *iefly associat$ is t ( ,aktaeon1 :i* may f9d a place "h1 ?\gh 9 mo/ cases ,aktaeon alone is repres5t$1 be+ dev\r$ by 8 h\nds4#cje ,a curi\s subject on a vase at ,a!ns appe>s to be ! burial ( ,aktaeon1 ,artemis be+ pres5t4#cjf ,%e is also repres5t$ at ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia1 = :om a /ag 0 sub/itut$ by h] ag5cy1#cjg & 9 connection ) ! same /ory at h] %r9e 9 ,tauris4#cjh ,%e is especially associat$ ) ,apollo 9 su* sc5es z ! conte/ ) & flay+ ( ,m>syas1#cji ! rape ( ! ,delphic tripod by ,h]akles#caj & ! subsequ5t reconciliation1#caa or ! appe>ance ( ,ore/es at ,delphi4#cab ,! two deities sometimes accompany nuptial processions 9 *>iots1 ,artemis z pronuba hold+ a tor*1 b x is n easy to say :e!r ^! sc5es ref] to ! nuptials ( ,zeus & ,h]a or are ( ord9>y significance4#cac ,a sc5e 9 :i* %e pursues a woman & a *ild ) b[ & arr[ may h ref]5ce to ! slaught] ( ! ,niobids4#cad ,o!r sc5es 9 :i* %e is f\nd are ! ,gigantoma*ia#cae & ! ,bir? ( ,a!na#caf2 or %e is se5 accompany+ ! *>iots ( ,demet]#cag & ,a!na1#cah & ) ,aphrodite & ,adonis4#cai ,%e disputes ) ,h]akles ov] ! ,k]yneian /ag#cbj2 & is also pres5t :5 he /rangles ! snakes1#cba & at 8 apo!osis 9 ,a!na's *>iot4#cbb ,%e att5ds ! combat ( ,p>is & ,m5elaos1#cbc & z protect+ deity ( ,attica %e wat*es a combat ( ,greeks & ,amazons4#cbd ,a vase 9 ,b]l91 on :i* are depict$ six figures c>ry+ *airs 7,diphrophori1 z on ! ,p>!non frieze7 & a boy ) game1 may p]haps repres5t a procession 9 hon\r ( ,artemis4#cbe 99 99 99 99 99 ,hephai/os is a figure :o appe>s b seldom1 & nev] z protagoni/1 except 9 ! case ( 8 return to ,olympos1#cbf a subject already discuss$ 7p4 #ag71 z has be5 8 appe>ance 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia#cbg & at ! bir? ( ,a!na4#cbh ,9 conjunction ) ! la/-nam$ goddess he completes ! creation & adornm5t ( ,p&ora on two f9e vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#cbi2 he is also pres5t at ! bir? ( ,eri*?onios4#ccj ,8 soj\rn bel[ ! ocean ) ,!tis & ! mak+ ( ,a*illes' arm\r also occur4#cca ,repres5tations ( a =ge on "s ,b4,f4 vases may h ref]5ce to ! ,lemnian =ge ( ,hephai/os & 8 ,cyclopean workm54#ccb ,he is also se5 ) ,a!na1#ccc at ! puni%m5t ( ,ixion1#ccd & tak+ "p 9 a banquet ) ,dionysos4#cce 99 99 99 99 99 ,m important ?an any ( ! o!r ,olympian deities1 = ! "p %e plays 9 vase-pa9t+s1 is ,a!na1 ! great goddess ( ! ,ionic race1 & especially ( ,a!ns4 ,( h] bir? f ! head ( ,zeus we h already spok51 z also ( ! "p %e plays 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia 7p4 #ae74 ,! sep>ate episode ( h] combat ) ,enkelados 7h] inv>iable oppon5t7 is frequ5tly depict$ on ,b4,f4 vases#ccf2 b 9 "o in/ance %e te>s (f ! arm ( ano!r giant1 ,akratos4#ccg ,we h also se5 h] assi/+ at ! creation ( ,p&ora1#cch & cont5d+ ) ,poseidon = ,attica4#cci ,%e receives ! infant ,dionysos at ! "t ( 8 bir?1#cdj & is also g5]ally pres5t at t ( ,eri*?onios1#cda & once ) ,leto at t ( ,apollo & ,artemis4#cdb ,%e is1 ( c\rse1 an inv>iable actor 9 ,judgm5t ( ,p>is sc5es1 9 "o ( :i* %e is repres5t$ wa%+ h] h&s at a f\nta9 9 prep>ation = ! competition4#cdc ,f assemblies ( ! gods %e is r>ely abs5t1 & %e is also associat$ ) small] gr\ps ( div9ities1 su* z ,apollo & ,artemis 7p4 #ca71 ) ,ares or ,hephai/os1#cdd or ) ,h]mes1#cde or 9 ,eleus9ian#cdf or ,dionysiac sc5es4#cdg ,?us %e assi/s at ! slay+ ( ! ,niobids1#cdh & on "o vase is confront$ ) ,m>syas1 be=e :om %e has j dropp$ ! flutes4#cdi ,sc5es 9 :i* %e appe>s receiv+ a libation f ,nike are extremely common#cej2 & %e is also f\nd ) ,iris & ,hebe4#cea ,9 "o in/ance %e h]self p\rs a libation to ,zeus4#ceb ,g5]ally ! companion ( pr9ces & patroness ( h]oes1 %e protects especially ,h]akles1 :om %e aids 9 8 exploits & conveys f9ally 9 h] *>iot to ,olympos1 :]e he is introduc$ by h] to ,zeus4#cec ,"s sc5es repres5t ! two simply /&+ toge!r#ced2 9 o!rs %e welcomes & refre%es him aft] 8 lab\rs1#cee & 9 "o case he is suppos$ to be repres5t$ pursu+ h]4#cef ,x is unnecess>y to p>ticul>ise "h ! v>i\s sc5es 9 :i* %e att5ds ,h]akles 7see p4 #ie ff472 b "o may be m5tion$ z peculi>1 :]e %e c>ries him (f 9 h] *>iot ) ! ,delphic tripod :i* he has j /ol54#ceg ,ano!r r>e sc5e connect$ ) ! ,h]akles my?s is "o 9 :i*1 aft] ! fight ) ,kyknos 7see p4 #aja71 ,zeus protects h] f ! wra? ( ,ares4#ceh ,ano!r ( h] fav\rite h]oes is ,!seus1#cei & %e is ev5 m frequ5tly associat$ ) ,p]seus1 :om %e assi/s to ov]come & escape f ! ,gorgons4#cfj ,%e gives ,kadmos ! /one ) :i* to slay ! dragon1#cfa & is also se5 ) ,bell]ophon1#cfb ,jason & ! ,argonauts1#cfc & ,o$ipus4#cfd ,%e is pres5t at ! rape ( ,orei?yia by ,boreas1#cfe at ! puni%m5t ( ,ixion1#cff & at ! sett+ out ( ,amphi>aos#cfg2 at ! /eal+ ( ,zeus' gold5 dog by ,p&>eos#cfh2 also at ! rape ( ! ,leukippidae by ! ,dioskuri1#cfi & ( ,basile by ,e*elos 7see p4 #adj71cgj & 9 a sc5e f ! trag$y ( ,m]ope4#cga ,! sc5es :]e %e is assi/+ ! ,greek h]oes 9 ! ,trojan ,w> are almo/ too num]\s to specify1 h] fav\rite be+ ( c\rse ,a*illes2 h] meet+ ) ,iris 7,il4 viii4 #dji7 is once depict$1#cgb & %e also appe>s 9 connection ) ! dispute ov] ,a*illes' arms4#cgc ,%e is n s frequ5tly se5 ) h] o!r fav\rite1 ,odysseus1 b 9 "o in/ance %e is pres5t :5 he meets ) ,nausikaa1#cgd & also :5 he bl9ds ,polyphemos4#cge ,on ! num]\s vases repres5t+ ,ajax & ,a*illes 7or o!r h]oes7 play+ at draughts1 ! figure or image ( ! goddess is g5]ally pres5t 9 ! backgr\nd4#cgf ,! same type on ,b4,f4 vases is adopt$ = ! subject ( two h]oes ca/+ lots be=e h] /atue#cgg2 la/ly1 %e appe>s z ! fri5d & patron ( ,ore/es :5 expiat+ ! slay+ ( 8 "m4#cgh ,z a s+le figure ,a!na is repres5t$ "u _m types & ) v>i\s attributes1 seat$ ) h] owl#cgi or 9 m$itation1#chj writ+ on tablets#cha or hold+ ! ( a %ip#chb2 play+ on a lyre#chc or flutes1#chd or li/5+ to a play] on ! flute or lyre#che2 ) a man mak+ a helmet1#chf or h]self mak+ ! figure ( a horse1#chg & 9 a pott]'s work%op4#chh ,on an e>ly vase %e appe>s betwe5 two lions#chi2 or %e is accompani$ by a h9d 7"h gr\p$ ) o!r goddesses74#cij ,%e is depict$ runn+1#cia & occasionally is w+$#cib2 or %e appe>s m\nt+ a *>iot1 accompani$ by v>i\s div9ities4#cic ,z ! protect+ goddess ( ,attica %e wat*es a combat ( ,greeks & ,amazons#cid2 %e also att5ds ! dep>ture or wat*es combats ( ord9>y w>riors1#cie or receives a victori\s "o4#cif ,9 "o in/ance %e c>ries a dead w>rior home4#cig ,!re are _m repres5tations ( h] image1 ei!r z a or cultus-/atue1 or recall+ "s well-kn[n type ( lat] art4 ,among ! =m] may be m5tion$ h] /atue at ,troy1 :]eat ,kass&ra takes refuge f ,ajax1#cih & ! ,palladion c>ri$ (f by ,odysseus & ,diom$e4#cii ,among ! latt]1 ?ree c be trac$ to or connect$ ) creations ( ,pheidias3 viz4 ! *ryselephant9e ,p>!nos /atue#djj2 ! ,lemnian type1 hold+ h] helmet 9 h] h& 7,plate ,,xxxvi47#dja2 & ! ,proma*os1 9 def5sive attitude1 ) %ield & spe>4#djb ,! la/-nam$ type 7e>li]1 ( c\rse1 ?an ! fam\s /atue on ! ,acropolis7 is t univ]sally adopt$ = ! figure ( ,a!na on ! obv]se ( ! ,pana!naic amphorae1 on :i* %e is depict$ 9 ?is attitude betwe5 two ,doric columns surm\nt$ by cocks 7on ! lat] examples by figures ( ,nike or ,triptolemos74#djc ,h] /atue is also repres5t$ z /&+ 9 a %r9e or h]on#djd2 or z ! recipi5t ( a sacrifice or (f]+4#dje ,h] head or bu/ alone appe>s on sev]al vases4#djf 99 99 99 99 99 ,ares1 9 ! few in/ances 9 :i* he appe>s on vases1 is g5]ally 9 a subord9ate position2 he is a spectator at ! bir? ( ,a!na#djg2 & appe>s twice on ! ,franois vase1 at ! w$d+ ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 & aga9 9 an attitude ( %ame & humility1 to indicate ! "p he play$ 9 ! /ory ( ,hephai/os & ,h]a2 ( 8 combat ) ! =m] god m5tion has already be5 made 7p4 #af74 ,9 ! ,gigantoma*ia 8 oppon5t is ,mimas1 ) :om he also appe>s 9 s+le combat#djh2 & he aids 8 son ,kyknos aga9/ ,h]akles & ,a!na4#dji ,he is se5 9 sev]al ( ! l>ge gr\ps ( ,olympian deities1#daj or 9 small] gr\ps1 e4g4 ) ,poseidon & ,h]mes1#daa ) ,apollo1 ,artemis1 & ,leto1#dab or ) ,a!na#dac or 8 sp\se ,aphrodite#dad2 also ) ,dionysos1 ,ariadne1 & ,n]eus4#dae ,he also receives a libation f ,hebe4#daf ,he is se5 at ! bir? ( ,p&ora1#dag ! puni%m5t ( ,ixion1#dah ! slay+ ( ! ,niobids1#dai ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles1#dbj & ! conte/ ( t h]o ) ! ,nemean lion4#dba ,9 "s cases 8 type is n to be di/+ui%$ f t ( an ord9>y w>rior or h]o1 z 9 "o case :]e he or a w>rior is se5 betwe5 two wom54#dbb 99 99 99 99 99 ,aphrodite seldom appe>s z a protagoni/ on vases1 & 9 fact plays a small p]sonal "p 9 my?ology4 ,ap>t f sc5es ( a fanciful nature %e is usually a m]e spectator ( ev5ts2 b z %e is n (t5 *>act]is$ by any di/9ctive attribute1 !re is 9 _m cases consid]able difficulty 9 id5tify+ h] p]sonality4 ,?is is especially ! case on ,b4,f4 vases1 on :i* h] appe>ances are comp>atively r>e4 ,"o vase repres5ts h] at ! mom5t ( h] bir? f ! sea 9 ! pres5ce ( ,eros & ,pei?o#dbc2 %e also appe>s 7on late vases only7 ) ,adonis1#dbd embrac+ him1 & 9 two in/ances m\rn+ = him aft] 8 dea?#dbe2 b caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 mo/ cases 9 id5tify+ ?is subject1 :i* is b little diff]5tiat$ f ord9>y love sc5es4 ,"o sc5e app>5tly repres5ts ,zeus decid+ a dispute betwe5 h] & ,p]sephone ov] ,adonis4#dbf ,m commonly %e is se5 rid+ ov] ! sea on a goose or swan1#dbg ( :i* !re is "o exce$+ly beautiful example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "h %e is to be recognis$ z ! ,heav5ly ,aphrodite 7,ourania71 :]eas 9 h] "* ( ,p&emos 7pr(ane or unlic5s$ love7 %e rides on a goat4#dbh ,9 o!r in/ances ! swan draws h] *>iot ov] ! sea1#dbi or %e is borne by a pair ( ,erotes1#dcj or sails 9 a %ell1 z 9 ! /ory ( h] bir? & appe>ance 9 ! isl& ( ,ky!ra#dca2 9 o!rs1 aga91 h] *>iot is drawn 7on l&7 by ! ,erotes1#dcb or by a lion1 wolf1 & pair ( bo>s4#dcc ,%e is also repres5t$ at h] toilet#dcd or ba?+1#dce 9 ! latt] case 9 ! attitude ( ! ,vnus accr\pie ( sculpture2 9 ^! in/ances aga9 !re is (t5 difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ f sc5es ( ord9>y life4 ,aga91 %e is repres5t$ sp9n+1#dcf play+ ) a swan1#dcg or c>ess+ a h>e1#dch or 9 company ) a "y hunt]1#dci possibly meant = ,adonis4 ,illu/ration3 ,f 4 4 #ahig4 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,aphrodite ,,& ,,h] ,,foll[+ 7,,vase ,,at ,,a!ns74 ,9 _m sc5es %e is gr\p$ ) a cortge ( att5dant ,nymphs & p]sonifi$ figures1 (t5 ) names atta*$4#ddj ,besides ,eros1 ! foll[+ are f\nd on ^! vases3 ,po?os 7,long+7 & ,him]os 7,*>m71 ,hygieia 7,heal?71 ,pei?o 7,p]suasion71 ,paidia 7,play71 ,p&aisia 7,good ,*e]71 ,eunomia 7,ord]l9ess71 ,eu?ymia 7,*e]fulness71 ,eudaimonia 7,happ9ess71 ,h$ylogos 7,w9n+ ,spee*71 & ,kleopatra 7a fancy "n74 ,eros himself %e embraces#dda & suckles1#ddb & 9 "s cases he assi/s 9 h] toilet1 p]fum+ h] hair f an ungu5t flask1#ddc or adju/+ h] s&als#ddd2 he is seldom abs5t f h] side on ! lat] vases4 ,9 "o in/ance ,aphrodite & two ,erotes make a basket ( gold5 twigs4#dde ,_! heads or bu/s are also f\nd on late vases1 z is t ( ,aphrodite alone4#ddf ,9 relation to o!r my?ological subjects %e is frequ5tly f\nd 9 assemblies ( ! gods1 especially 9 ! spectator gr\ps on ,apulian vases#ddg2 also at ! bir? ( ,a!na 7r>ely71#ddh at ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a1#ddi & 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia 7v r>e74#dej ,%e is se5 among ! ,eleus9ian deities1#dea & 9 sc5es f ! ne!r _w#deb2 & %e accompanies ! *>iots ( ,a!na & ,demet]4#dec ,%e also accompanies ,poseidon 9 8 woo+ ( ,amymone1#ded & is pres5t at ! slay+ ( ,argos by ,h]mes1#dee ! puni%m5t ( ,aktaeon#def & ! conte/ ( ,apollo & ,m>syas1#deg & ! woo+ ( ,europa by ,zeus4#deh ,%e is also gr\p$ ) ,apollo & ! ,muses li/5+ to ,?amyris & ,sappho4#dei ,%e is seldom se5 ) ,h]akles1 b is pres5t at 8 apo!osis1#dfj & also ) him 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides#dfa2 %e is once se5 ) ,!seus1#dfb & is pres5t at ! rape ( ! ,leukippidae by ! ,dioskuri4#dfc ,o!r h]oes ) :om %e is connect$ 7*iefly z a spectator on ! ,apulian vases7 are ,kadmos1 ,meleag]1 ,p]seus1 & ,pelops4#dfd ,9 ! tale ( ,troy1 h[ev]1 %e plays a m important "p4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is is1 ( c\rse1 ! sc5e ) :i* %e is *iefly connect$#dfe2 9 "o in/ance %e appe>s alone ) ,p>is1 unless ,an*ises be "h meant4#dff ,%e is pres5t at ! fir/ meet+ & w$d+ ( ,peleus & ,!tis#dfg2 at ! toilet ( ,hel51 & at h] c>ry+ (f by ,p>is#dfh2 %e assi/s h] son ,a5eas 9 8 combat ) ,diom$e1#dfi & is pres5t at ! rape ( ,kass&ra4#dgj ,hel5 takes refuge f ,m5elaos ) h] 9 h] temple#dga2 & f9ally %e assi/s ,a5eas to escape ) ! ag$ ,an*ises f ,troy4#dgb 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! sc5es 9 :i* he appe>s ) ,aphrodite1 ,eros is a suffici5tly important p]sonage on vases to dem& a section to himself4 ,on ! black-figur$ vases he nev] appe>s1 nor on ! e>li] r$-figur$ ones is x possible to f9d _m in/ances1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury 8 popul>ity is firmly e/abli%$1 :ile on ! ,italian vases1 especially ! ! lat] ,apulian1 8 pres5ce is almo/ inv>iable1 n only 9 my?ological sc5es1 b 9 subjects f daily life4 ,z a s+le figure he occurs aga9 & aga91 g5]ally hold+ a wrea?1 mirror1 box1 fan1 or "s object :i* may be reg>d$ z signify+ a lov]'s pres5t4 ,concurr5tly ) 8 increas+ popul>ity we note ! *ange t comes ov] ! conception ( 8 p]sonality4 ,beg9n+ z a full-gr[n y\? ( fair proportions1 8 =m gradually att5uates & becomes m juv5ile1 or ev5 9 "s cases infantile1 z 9 ,hell5i/ic art2 :ile on ! ,apulian vases x assumes an &rogyn\s1 altoge!r effem9ate "*4 ,8 hair is arrang$ 9 fem99e fa%ion1 & 8 p]son is adorn$ ) e>r+s1 bracelets1 anklets1 & *a9s1 rema9+ o!rwise entirely nude1 except t he sometimes we>s s(t %oes ( a fem99e k9d 7see ,plate ,,xliv4 & ,fig4 #aah74 ,on ! r$-figur$ vases he g5]ally appe>s z a s+le figure1 ?\gh on ^? ( ! 8f9e0 /yle he is (t5 9 att5dance on ,aphrodite2 r\ghly speak+1 x may be said t he figures 9 all sc5es t deal ) ! passion ( ,love1 su* z ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1#dgc ! /ory ( ,adonis1#dgd ! m>riage ( ,dionysos & ,ariadne1#dge or ! love-affairs ( ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 & o!r gods4#dgf ,9 o!r leg5ds 9 :i* ,love plays a "p1 su* z ! /ories ( ,jason & ,m$eia1#dgg ,phaidra & ,hippolytos1#dgh ,peleus & ,!tis 7or ,!seus & ,ariadne71#dgi ,pelops & ,hippodameia1#dhj ,p>is & ,hel51#dha he is also to be se52 z also at ! c>ry+ (f ( ,p]sephone4#dhb ,moreov]1 he occurs 9 sev]al sc5es :]e ! reason is n s app>5t1 z at ! bir? ( ,eri*?onios1#dhc 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1#dhd at ! suckl+ ( ,h]akles by ,h]a1#dhe ) ,h]akles & a ,c5taur1#dhf & 9 ! ne!r _w#dhg2 also ) deities su* z ,zeus1 ,a!na1 ,nike1 ,helios & ,sel5e1 & ,dionysos#dhh2 ano9t+ ! head ( ,apollo4#dhi ,! cosmogonic conception ( ,eros & 8 connection ) ,gaia is ref]r$ to 9 ! next *apt] "u ! latt] head+ 7p4 #gc74 ,two ,erotes draw ! *>iot ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone#dij2 & he is also se5 9 company ) ! ,n]eids4#dia ,8 pres5ce 9 ,dionysiac sc5es1 especially on ! lat] vases1 is (t5 to be not$1 ?\gh )\t any special mean+ to be atta*$ to x#dib2 9 "o in/ance he is c>ri$ on ! back ( a ,seil5os4#dic ,9 _m ( ^! sc5es he m]ely accompanies ,aphrodite1 & !y d n !re=e require enum]ation4 ,la/ly1 he is se5 9 company ) ,sappho1#did ! great poetess ( ,love4 ,9 non-my?ological sc5es he is f\nd almo/ z frequ5tly1 especially 9 toilet sc5es1#die or :at we may reg>d z 8sc5es ( c\rt+02 b on ! lat] vases ^! exhibit little or no action1 & are n wor? consid]+ 9 detail1 ) a few exceptions4 ,?us we see ,eros 9 m>riage processions1#dif 9 musical sc5es1#dig & at banquets#dih2 at a sacrifice to a t]m#dii2 wat*+ girls play ! game ( morra#ejj 78,h[ _m f+]s d ,i hold up8072 sw++ !m1 or be+ danc$ on _! feet#eja2 9 sc5es ( fruit- & inc5se-ga!r+#ejb2 or p\r+ w9e into a krat]4#ejc ,he appe>s ) ,agon 7see p4 #hi7 tra9+ 9 ! palae/ra4#ejd ,he pursues a y\? or a girl1#eje embraces a girl1#ejf or is c>ri$ by h] pick-a-back#ejg2 (f]s a h>e to a y\?1#ejh or drives a y\? ) a :ip f an alt>#eji2 & 9 "o in/ance is ab\t to *a/ise ) a slipp] two y\?s :o are play+ ) a top & hoop#eaj2 ^! two latt] sc5es may be reg>d$ z imply+ ! p[] ( ,eros ov] y\?4 ,he is also se5 %oot+ an arr[ at a woman1#eaa an idea *>act]i/ic ( ,anacreontic & ,alex&r9e poetry4 ,ano!r sc5e :i* recalls ! wall-pa9t+s ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age is on a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5t+ two ,erotes be+ weigh$ 9 scales4#eab ,z a s+le figure he pursues a h>e or kills a snake#eac2 cr\*es be=e a plant#ead2 is repres5t$ arm$ ) %ield & spe>#eae2 or places a sa% or wrea? on a tripod4#eaf ,he is borne 9 a *>iot by horses or swans1#eag or rides on a horse1 de]1 dog1 or swan4#eah ,he is also se5 play+ v>i\s games1 su* z ! kottabos or morra1#eai see-saw+ or play+ knucklebones1#ebj or ) a ball or hoop or toy-boat4#eba ,or he plays ! flute or lyre#ebb2 or plays ) animals1 su* z a de]1 dove1 swan#ebc2 or f9ally 7on ,apulian vases7 ) a toy :i* resembles a :eel1 & 0 probably us$ = magic purposes1 z sev]al passages ( lit]ature indicate4#ebd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,,eros ,,) ,,kottabos-,,/& 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,la/ly1 we mu/ give a survey ( ! frequ5t repres5tations ( ,eros fly+ ?r\gh ! air c>ry+ "s attribute1 :i* are s univ]sal on ! ,italian vases1 ?\gh "s ( ! e>lie/ types also repres5t him 9 ?is mann]4 ,?us he c>ries a h>e1 or dove or o!r bird#ebe2 fruit 7su* z grapes or pomegranates71 fl[]s1 & bran*es#ebf2 wrea?s1 di%es ( fruit1 baskets1 vases ( v>i\s =ms1 & a spit ( meat#ebg2 ?yrsi1 tamb\r9es1 lyres1 tor*es1 inc5se-burn]s1 /rigils1 & ladd]s#ebh2 fans1 p>asols1 mirrors1 toilet-boxes1 /r+s ( beads1 & sa%es1 or balls4#ebi 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! o!r associates ( ,aphrodite ! *ief are ,pei?o1 ,po?os1 & ,him]os1 ( :om m5tion has already be5 made4 ,pei?o1 except :]e h] "n is giv51 is n always easy to id5tify2 ! o!r two are n diff]5tiat$ f ,eros 9 =m1 & are1 9 fact1 only v>iations ( ! conception ( ,love1 z are ! m r>ely occurr+ ,ph?onos 7,amor invidiosus7#ecj & ,talas 7,amor infelix71 ! latt] ( :om is associat$ ) ,sappho4#eca ,pei?o is f\nd ) ,him]os 9 "o in/ance1#ecb & 9 ano!r ) ,eukleia#ecc2 %e also accompanies ,aphrodite 9 ,eleus9ian & o!r sc5es1#ecd at ! deliv]ance ( ,&rom$a1#ece 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1#ecf & at ! rape ( ,hel5#ecg & ! ,leukippidae1#ech & at ! recov]y ( ,hel5 by ,m5elaos#eci2 %e consoles h] :5 m\rn+ = ,adonis#edj2 & is pres5t at ! mom5t ( h] bir?4#eda ,l ,eros1 %e is se5 9 company ) ,sappho1#edb & %e also appe>s ) ,meleag] & ,atalante4#edc 99 99 99 99 99 ,po?os & ,him]os are se5 float+ ov] ! sea ) ,eros on a f9e ,r4,f4 vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#edd & at ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is#ede2 & gr\p$ toge!r g5]ally z ,erotes1 !y may be di/+ui%$ on "s late vases4 ,po?os att5ds at ! toilet ( ,hel51#edf & plays ! flutes 9 a ,dionysiac sc5e4#edg ,him]os is se5 sw++ ,paidia 7ano!r ( ,aphrodite's foll[+7#edh2 at ! m>riage ( ,h]akles & ,hebe#edi2 pres5t+ a cr[n to ,dionysos1#eej or remov+ 8 %oes1#eea & accompany+ him 9 a sc5e ( prep>ation = ! ,satyric drama4#eeb 99 99 99 99 99 ,h]mes1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 is a common figure on vases ( all p]iods1 b *iefly z a subord9ate ag5t1 ?\gh he plays a lead+ "p 9 "s sc5es1 & frequ5tly occurs z a s+le figure4#eec ,"s small vases are decorat$ m]ely ) 8 head1 we>+ ! w+$ petasos4#eed ,he is repres5t$ pass+ ov] ! sea ) a lyre1#eee c>ry+ a ram1#eef rid+ on a ram or goat1#eeg or recl9+ on ! latt] animal#eeh2 also z mak+ a libation#eei or sacrific+ a goat4#efj ,he presides ov] ! palae/ra1#efa & is also se5 /&+ betwe5 ,sph9xes1#efb or aga9 7app>5tly z a /atue7 /&+ by a f\nta94#efc ,9 "o sc5e he leads a dog disguis$ z a pig1#efd & he is also repres5t$ t5d+ a flock ( %eep1#efe or fi%+4#eff ,! /ory s vividly rec\nt$ 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn ( 8 infantile !ft ( ,apollo's ox5 is giv5 9 sev]al sc5es1 includ+ 8 tak+ refuge 9 8 cradle 7,fig4 #aai7efg2 he is also repres5t$ ) 8 "m ,maia1#efh & disput+ ) ,apollo ov] ! lyre :i* he inv5t$4#efi ,! only o!r my? 9 :i* he plays a *ief "p is 8 pursuit ( ! ,nymph ,h]se 9 ! pres5ce ( h] fa!r ,kekrops & h] si/] ,aglauros4#egj ,he appe>s 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia 79 "o in/ance z ,zeus' *>iote]71#ega frequ5tly at ! bir? ( ,a!na1#egb & ) ! bridal cortge ( ,zeus & ,h]a#egc2 also 9 num]\s assemblies ( ! ,olympian deities1 especially on ! ,apulian vases4#egd ,he is pres5t at ! seiz+ ( ,ganym$e1#ege & def5ds ,h]a aga9/ an attack ( ,seil5i4#egf ,8 slay+ ( ,argos & deliv]ance ( ,io has already be5 m5tion$#egg2 & he assi/s 9 recov]+ ! gold5 dog ( ,zeus :i* 0 /ol5 by ,p&>eos4#egh ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,,h]mes ,,) ,,apollo',s ,,ox54 ,he is pres5t at ! return ( ,hephai/os1#egi at ,poseidon's capture ( ,amymone1#ehj ) ,aphrodite m\rn+ = ,adonis1#eha & ) ,apollo slay+ ,tityos & ! ,niobids & cont5d+ ) ,m>syas1#ehb also at 8 reconciliation ) ,h]akles4#ehc ,he accompanies ! *>iots ( ,poseidon1 ,apollo1 & ,a!na1#ehd & also ^? ( mortals1 especially 9 w$d+ processions#ehe2 & he is also se5 ) ,eos & ,sel5e1#ehf ,ka/or & ,polydeukes1#ehg ,prome!us1#ehh ,l$a at ! f9d+ ( ! egg1#ehi & at ! bir? ( ,p&ora4#eij ,he is specially associat$ ) ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,a!na1 & ,dionysos1#eia & also appe>s ) ,aphrodite ,p&emos#eib2 he is n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 ,dionysiac sc5es#eic2 & to him is entru/$ ! newly born ,dionysos to be h&$ ov] to ! ,nymphs ( ,nysa4#eid ,on ,b4,f4 vases he is frequ5tly se5 lead+ a procession ( ,nymphs4#eie ,z a ,*?onian deity he is pres5t 9 _m sc5es relat+ to ! ne!r _w1 especially on ! l>ge ,apulian vases1#eif & 9 connection ) ! ,eleus9ian my?s1 su* z ! c>ry+ (f ( ,p]sephone4#eig ,z ,psy*agogos or ,psy*opompos he is se5 9 ,hades wait+ to conduct ,p]sephone to e>?1 or actually en r\te ) h]4#eih ,he frequ5tly p]=ms ! same (fice = mortals1 conduct+ !m to ,*>on's b>k4#eii ,he is also f\nd 9 company ) ,?anatos1#fjj & ) ,h]akles br++ back ,alke/is4#fja ,a unique sc5e ) ,h]mes 9 8 ,*?onian capacity is on a vase :]e he is repres5t$ *a9+ up ,k]b]os#fjb2 & ano!r1 yet m curi\s1 depicts him /&+ by a j> 77 f :i* a numb] ( small w+$ figures 7 or gho/s7 are fly+ out1 ) a suppos$ ref]5ce to ! ,a!nian fe/ival ( ! 4#fjc ,9 ! /ories ( ,h]akles he plays an important "p1 z also 9 ^? ( ,!seus & o!r h]oes1 & he is frequ5tly visible 9 sc5es f ! ,trojan leg5ds4 ,he conveys ! infant ,h]akles to ,*eiron = in/ruction1#fjd & conducts ! h]o to ,hades to fet* ,k]b]os#fje2 he is also se5 fea/+ or ba?+ ) him1#fjf & 9 company ) him & ,a!na1#fjg & mo/ frequ5tly 9 connection ) 8 apo!osis4#fjh ,) ,!seus he is f\nd m r>ely#fji2 b he frequ5tly accompanies ,p]seus 9 8 flight f ! ,gorgons4#faj ,9 o!r h]oic sc5es he is (t5 "o ( ! spectator deities on ,apulian vases4 ,9 "o in/ance he is se5 banquet+ ) an unid5tifi$ h]o4#faa ,9 ! ,trojan leg5ds 8 *ief appe>ance is z conductor ( ! goddesses to ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is#fab2 & 9 "o case he accompanies ,peleus :5 br++ ! infant ,a*illes to ,*eiron4#fac ,he also assi/s ,zeus 9 weigh+ ! s\ls ( ,a*illes & ,hector1#fad conducts ,priam to ,a*illes1#fae & is pres5t 9 _m o!r sc5es :i* ne$ n be rec\nt$ 9 detail4 ,a sc5e difficult ( explanation repres5ts him accompany+ ,odysseus 9 a *>iot4#faf ,a ,h]m or t]m9al figure ( ,h]mes is a n uncommon feature on vases1 especially ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1#fag & g5]ally z ! object ( a sacrifice made to x4#fah ,la/ ( ! ,olympian deities comes ,he/ia1 :o is usually c\pl$ ) ,h]mes2 %e1 h[ev]1 only appe>s on a few vases 9 ga!r+s ( ! ,olympian deities1#fai z on ! ,franois vase1 :]e %e att5ds ! nuptials ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 & at ! m>riage ( ,h]akles & ,hebe4#fbj ----- ,footnote #a3 ,il4 xi4 #fce3 cf4 ,a!n1 xi4 #dhi ,f4 ,footnote #b3 i4 #bg ff43 cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #c3 ,a!naeus1 xi4 p4 #dhi ,b4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 p4 #ghb ,b4 ,footnote #e3 ,od4 #e4 ,footnote #f3 ,h4,n4 xxxiii4 #aee4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid4 #aef4 ,footnote #h3 ,m>t4 viii4 #ea3 cf4 ,juv4 i4 #gf4 ,footnote #i3 ,/at4 ,!b4 i4 #edc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,virg4 ,ecl4 iii4 #df4 ,footnote #aa3 ,s*reib]1 ,alex&r4 ,toreutik1 passim2 ,rob]t 9 #ejtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr4 #ahij4 ,footnote #ab3 ,suet4 ,n]4 #dg3 see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #acd1 #ahe1 #dii4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cf4 ,miss ,h>rison1 ,my?ol4 & ,monum4 ( ,a!ns1 p4 ii2 & see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #ad3 ,see on ?is subject ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ae3 ,art4 ,poet4 #adg4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,luck5ba* 9 ,jahrb4 fr ,class4 ,phil4 ,suppl4-,bd4 xi4 7#ahhj71 p4 #ege ff4 ,footnote #ag3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #dic ff4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! only exceptions are 9 ! ,pana!naic conte/s1 :i* are ( c\rse n epic3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #acj-ca4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see on ?is subject ,comm4 9 hon4 ,t4 ,momms5i1 p4 #afc ff42 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahgf1 p4 #aaf2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #cff1 &1 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #ac ff4 ,footnote #bj3 ,luck5ba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #efj ff4 ,footnote #ba3 ,!re is only "o vase 7,naples #bbif ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #dgf7 on :i* ! names ( ! ,n]eids are d]iv$ f ,hom]4 ,footnote #bb3 ,op4 et ,di4 #fj ff42 ,scut4 #cde ff41 #agh1 #baf2 ,!og4 #hbj1 #ibd ff4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #bd3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgb3 see also bel[1 p4 #aei4 ,on ! subject g5]ally see ,vogel1 ,sc55 ,eur4 ,trag42 ,huddil/on1 ,gk4 ,trag$y 9 ,vase-pa9t+s2 ,engelmann1 ,ar*4 ,/udi5 zu d5 ,tragik]n4 ,footnote #be3 ,re9a*1 i4 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #bf3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #fcf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see = fur!r details ( e>ly !ories ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #bh3 ,e4g4 ! ,b4,f4 hydriae ) wat]-draw+ sc5es2 ! fun]al leky?i2 & ! ,r4,f4 cups ) _! subjects relat+ to banquets & revels4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see also ,*apt]s ,,vi4-,,xi4 ?r\gh\t4 ,footnote #cj3 ,morg5?au1 ,zusamm5hang d4 ,bild] auf gr4 ,vas54 ,footnote #ca3 ,cf4 = in/ance ,e #ci1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see p4 #acd4 ,footnote #cd3 ,?is subject has be5 admirably treat$ by ,wickh(f 9 8 ,roman ,art 7,eng4 edn471 p4 #ac ff4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! publication ( ?is vase by ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5mal]ei1 pls4 #a-c1 #aa-ac1 ) full discussion ( subjects & te*nical details1 has n[ sup]s$$ all previ\s illu/rations4 ,! only o!r complete ones 7 9 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 iv4 #ed-h 7,re9a*1 i4 p4 #acd-cf7 & ,wi5] ,vorl4 ii4 pls4 #a-e4 ,! g5]al view giv5 9 ,plate ,,xxviii4 is reproduc$ f ! fir/-nam$ "w4 ,footnote #cf3 ,= ! abbreviations us$ 9 ! foll[+ notes see ! ,bibliography 7,vol4 ,i474 ,footnote #cg3 ,muni* #abe ,re9a*1 ii4 #abj ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cb2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcg3 cf4 also ,b4,m4 ,b #fb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! be/ & mo/ complete examples are z foll[s3--,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #afb ,l\vre ,e #gcb4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #dg1 #dfi2 ,b]l9 #bbic1 #beca 7bo? 9 ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 pls4 #h & #e2 ! latt] v good72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #egc ,re9a*1 ii4 #bef4 ,be/ ( all 7late ,r4,f471 a gr& vase f\nd 9 ,melos 7,monum4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pt4 #d1 pls4 #a-b ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #g71 on :i* no less ?an eighte5 deities are engag$1 b none ( ! giants are nam$4 ,h]a1 ,hephai/os1 & ,amphitrite are abs5t4 ,figs4 #aaa & #aab give two ( ^!--,e #gcb 9 ,l\vre1 & ! int]ior ( ,b]l9 #beca4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #dj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahh l4 ,cr4 i4 #e4 ,footnote #da3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dg2 ,b]l9 #bbic4 ,footnote #db3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bec1 ,e #ddc 7& see p4 #ef74 ,footnote #dc3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 xx4 7#ahif71 pl4 #g3 cf4 ! ar*aic frieze ( ! ,siphnian treasury at ,delphi4 ,footnote #dd3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg 7a v f9e e>ly example1 b mu* re/or$71 #bdd 7,fig4 #aac71 #dbd2 ,b]l9 #agjd 7also good74 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #ae1 ,e #daj 7f9e72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bjg4 ,footnote #de3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aga4 ,footnote #df3 ,re9a* 9 ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #aija1 p4 #abg1 traces ! subject to a ,meg>ian orig94 ,footnote #dg3 ,b4,m4 ,vases1 ii4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #dh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg1 #bah1 #bdd4 ,footnote #di3 ,cat4 #ddd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,b #aeg1 ,b #cda2 also ,b]l9 #ahii 7 l4 ,cr4 i4 #bb7 & ,re9a*1 ii4 #ba1 #b4 ,footnote #ea3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig 7a f9e vase1 by ,amasis87 & ,b #bih3 see on ! subject ,fo]/]1 ,ho*zeit des ,zeus und ,h]a4 ,footnote #eb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hb2 ,w]nicke1 ,ant4 ,d5km4 pl4 #a1 #g ,re9a*1 ii4 #bff4 ,footnote #ec3 ,pet]sburg #cee ,re9a*1 i4 #ad ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #e 7also int]pret$ z a sculptor f9i%+ (f a /atue ( ,h]a74 ,footnote #ed3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bfi 7gods nicknam$ respectively ,daidalos & ,enyalios74 ,footnote #ee3 ,b4,f43 ,franois vase2 ,b4,m4 ,b #db 7,plate ,,xxi471 #bfd2 ,vi5na #bah2 ,a!ns #fbh ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 pl4 #h4 ,r4,f43 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #eci ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfa2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #c ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #i2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #caa2 ,muni* #ggf ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fdd1 fig4 #gad ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bi2 ,muni* #ghj l4 ,cr43 i4 pl4 #df ,a ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 #i1 #c4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ajg2 ! be/ examples are ,b]l9 #bbgh ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #i 7,sosias72 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #eg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cde2 ,e #fg1 #ddd2 ,b]l9 #bjfj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aeg1 #a1 #b & #bjc ,baumei/]1 iii4 pl4 #ic1 fig4 #bdjj 7by ,oltos & ,euxi!os1 a v f9e example72 a late in/ance1 ,pet]sburg #dai ,re9a*1 i4 #afa4 ,footnote #eh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ih2 #aid 7,d>eios 9 c\ncil74 ,footnote #ei3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cgi4 ,footnote #fj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga4 ,footnote #fa3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgi4 ,footnote #fb3 ,num]\s examples w be f\nd 9 ! pages ( ,re9a*'s ,rp]toire4 ,footnote #fc3 ,rape ( ,p]sephone3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii2 o!r sc5es1 ibid4 i4 #cee2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgj4 ,footnote #fd3 ,e #ffh ,re9a*1 i4 #dce2 & cf4 ,jatta #adje ,re9a*1 i4 #dhc2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dhi4 ,footnote #fe3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhg4 ,footnote #ff3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbe3 cf4 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ba1 #a4 ,footnote #fg3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #hb 7also i4 #bb871 & ,vi5na #cbi4 ,footnote #fh3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #cj 7may be ,poseidon72 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 #cg1 #c2 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcb 7,artemis72 ,naples ,s4,a4 #gjb ,re9a*1 i4 #dii & ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahc 7,aphrodite72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbi 7,zeus ) ,h]a1 ,a!na1 ,ares1 & ,h]mes72 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ahi1 & ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 ,no4 #ae 7) ,h]mes74 ,footnote #fi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aff1 ,b #cgi1 ,b #dbd1 ,e #bfb2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 #bj2 ,b]l9 #aheg 7,h4 plays lyre72 ,pet]sburg #agge ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #i1 #a ,re9a*1 i4 #cjb 7p>ody73 & see bel[1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #gj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aef1 #a4 ,footnote #ga3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #ad 7n[ 9 ,b4,m472 ,muni* #cde ,re9a*1 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ch 7f9e poly*rome pyxis 9 ,b]l974 ,footnote #gc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cha2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgh2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #ifi4 ,footnote #ge3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #fh 79 ,l\vre73 cf4 ,eusebius1 ,prep4 evang4 iii4 #hd;b4 ,footnote #gf3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #bi;,a 7d\btful74 ,footnote #gg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cce1 #b4 ,footnote #gh3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #ah 7 ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #caj1 ,no4 #ajd72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #daf ,re9a*1 i4 #dgb2 ,b]l9 #bjcb ,re9a*1 i4 #ccd4 ,footnote #gi3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 pl4 #aj4 ,footnote #hj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #edb4 ,footnote #ha3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cac2 ,re9a*1 i4 #djh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,pet]sburg #agib ,re9a*1 i4 #a3 see ,rob]t1 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 pl4 #b1 p4 #agi ff4 ,footnote #hc3 ,pet]sburg #agic ,re9a*1 i4 #c2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bai ,mon4 ,ant4 di ,b>one1 pl4 #a2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahie1 ,no4 #bg3 see also = ! fir/ ,rob]t1 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 pl4 #c1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #hd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahb2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddj ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfj2 & see p4 #ee1 note #fdd4 ,footnote #he3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aej2 ,jahrbu*1 i4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgf 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgc74 ,footnote #hf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #adi 7sign$ by ,py?on7 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 pl4 #f2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aic4 ,footnote #hg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bhf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgh4 ,footnote #hh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gaa2 ,pet]sburg #agbc ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #djf1 fig4 #ddg 7bo? ,r4,f474 ,footnote #hi3 ,aeg9a3 ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #caa1 ,no4 #aac ,w]nicke1 ,ant4 ,d5km4 #f1 #d2 ,b]l9 #cbci l4 ,cr4 i4 #ag2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahie1 ,no4 #ci 7a si/] br+s ! news to h] fa!r ,asopos74 ,?aleia3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhe l4 ,cr4 i4 #af ,w]nicke1 #f1 #c4 ,footnote #ij3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #add3 see bel[1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #ia3 ,b4,f43 ,l\vre ,e #fif ,re9a*1 i4 #afb2 ,a!ns #hec ,re9a*1 i4 #ejg2 id4 ii4 #di4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #bca2 ,muni* #bjh ,jahn1 ,entfhrung d4 ,europa1 pl4 #g 7poly*rome on :ite72 ,pet]sburg #afcg ,re9a*1 i4 #bd1 & #aiae ,re9a*1 i4 #bb 7,europa br\ght to ,zeus74 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ahd2 ,naples #cbah ,jahn1 op4 cit4 pl4 #a 7,eros on bull74 ,footnote #ib3 ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #cab1 ,no4 #aah ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ,atlas1 pl4 #f1 fig4 #ac4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see g5]ally ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 p4 #fb1 & ,jahrbu*1 #aijc1 p4 #cg2 also ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #ab4 ,footnote #id3 ,b]l9 #cafd1 & ,re9a*1 ii4 #af l4 ,cr4 i4 #be1 #bf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,re9a*1 i4 #djg4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid4 i4 #aaa1 #a ,b]l9 #bfea 7,r4,f471 & #aaa1 #b ,muni* #egc ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #ab1 #a 7,b4,f472 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #ba4 ,footnote #ig3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afd2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cjb l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ig2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cfc2 ,vi5na #cch ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #aa1 #a ,fig4 #aad2 ibid4 i4 #aaa1 #d ,jatta #adih ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #ab1 #b4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see g5]ally ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ii4 p4 #bg ff41 #aha ff4 ,footnote #ii3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chh4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,see p4 #aja2 ,zeus def5d+ ,a!na aga9/ ,ares aft] ! combat1 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ea 7,bo/on vase74 ,footnote #aja3 ,see p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #adj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdb1 #dje1 #deb2 ibid4 i4 #bbi2 i4 #bce4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg & ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 pl4 #a2 ,pet]sburg #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #caf2 ,e #bbd2 ,naples #bfch ,re9a*1 i4 #gh4 ,footnote #aje3 ,muni* #gde ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #af4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,see above1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,muni* #ccf ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ,atlas1 pl4 #i1 #ai2 head only1 l4 ,cr4 i4 #bi2 also p]haps 9 ,naples #bijj ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #afec1 fig4 #agad2 b m probably ,aphrodite is int5d$4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ov]beck1 op4 cit4 iii4 p4 #ah2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bca1 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #aaj3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #cd4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #edb ,re9a*1 i4 #ada4 ,footnote #aab3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chh4 ,footnote #aac3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aee4 ,footnote #aad3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg4 ,footnote #aae3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afd2 ,b]l9 #cafd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aaa1 #d4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ajg4 ,footnote #aag3 ,naples #bhgc ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #c3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #adh & ,re9a*1 i4 #cja4 ,footnote #aah3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #aai3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi2 ,b]l9 #bbgh2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 #bj4 ,footnote #abj3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bec ,re9a*1 i4 #cii4 ,footnote #aba3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eg3 cf4 ! ,h]a at ,sp>ta 7,paus4 iii4 #ae1 #i74 ,footnote #abb3 ,pet]sburg #agib ,re9a*1 i4 #a2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bai4 ,footnote #abc3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #ehf4 ,footnote #abd3 ,jatta #ajic ,re9a*1 i4 #age4 ,footnote #abe3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfc4 ,footnote #abf3 ,naples #bbjb ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 pls4 #de-df4 ,footnote #abg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #i1 #cba & l4 ,cr4 i4 #cj 7,hebe72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbe 7,iris74 ,footnote #abh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe ,re9a*1 i4 #aic4 ,footnote #abi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg1 ,e #daj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig4 ,footnote #aca3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hb2 ,b]l9 #bbgh ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #i4 ,footnote #acb3 ,see above1 p4 #ac 7esp4 ,b]l9 #beca 7,fig4 #aab71 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahh l4 ,cr4 i4 #e1 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 ,no4 #da1 & ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #cjd1 ,no4 #ha ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 pl4 #ef1 #a72 ,b4,m4 ,b #aff2 ,b]l9 #bbgh2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf2 ,l\vre ,f #cj ,rev4 ,ar*4 xiii4 7#ahhi71 pl4 #d 7by ,amasis74 ,footnote #acc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbe3 cf4 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ba1 #a4 ,footnote #acd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bab1 ,b #bfb1 & ,re9a*1 ii4 #bc1 #cj ,muni* #ade 7,apollo72 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahif1 ,no4 #a1 & ,a!ns #gej 7,h]mes72 ,a!ns #hch1 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #cj7871 iii4 #ac1 #cf ,a 7,a!na & ,h]mes72 ,b4,m4 ,b #aia 7,ares & ,h]mes71 ,b #bbh 7,a!na1 ,ares1 ,h]akles72 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #da 7,apollo1 ,eros1 ,n]eids1 ,papposil5os74 ,footnote #ace3 ,b4,m4 ,e #adj4 ,footnote #acf3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ce2 & see ,b4,m4 ,e #dde4 ,footnote #acg3 ,b]l9 #cdg-dgc 7alone71 #dgd-ecg 7) ,a473 see also #ghg-hcc2 specim5s publi%$ 9 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pls4 #g-h 7e4g4 ,fig4 #aae ,b]l9 #die74 ,footnote #ach3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cbb2 ,b]l9 #bafd2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cfc ,re9a*1 ii4 #beg1 #d2 ibid4 ii4 #bb1 #h2 ,pet]sburg #aeca1 #bafd4 ,) ,amphitrite p\r+ a libation3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #b 7,duris 9 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #aci3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ce4 ,footnote #adj3 ,a!ns #hhj2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cad4 ,footnote #ada3 ,b]l9 #ahfi2 ,a!ns #hcf2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bb2 ,b4,m4 ,b #bed 7 inscrib$ by error = 74 ,footnote #adb3 ,naples #cbai ,re9a*1 i4 #abe4 ,footnote #adc3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ad4 ,footnote #add3 ,plate ,l43 cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbb ,re9a*1 ii4 #bea ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #ade3 ,re9a*1 i4 #abd1 #dfe1 ii4 #bb 7,jatta #acdf71 #aha2 ,a!ns #aaga ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas4 pl4 #b1 #a4 ,amymone alone may be int5d$ on ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cei4 ,footnote #adf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #agd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bc ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #cji1 ,no4 #ajb4 ,footnote #adg3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dcb ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #bj2 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #bj-be2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cgj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhf ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #b1 by ,brygos 7p]haps ! ,nymph ,salamis3 cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 ix4 p4 #ef2 ! sc5es on ! ext]ior ( ?is cup may ref] to ,ky*reus1 ! son ( ,poseidon & ,salamis1 & ! snake sla9 by him74 ,a!ns #aeea ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas4 pl4 #a1 fig4 #b1 seems to repres5t ,poseidon pursu+ a ,n]eid4 ,footnote #adh3 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pp4 #bgg-gi1 & cf4 pl4 #ad 7,l\vre ,g #ajd1 by ,euphronios71 :]e ,!seus is receiv$ by ,amphitrite4 ,footnote #adi3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dah ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #aej3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfd4 ,footnote #aea3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cfa4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,e4g4 i4 #cf4 ,footnote #aec3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajh1 #aie2 ,b]l9 #bfcd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cgi2 i4 #ii2 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgi2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ih4 ,footnote #aed3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aif1 ,muni* #aad ,re9a*1 i4 #dbb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fa2 & see ,b4,m4 ,b #bbh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cja2 ii4 #ff 7,kyknos74 ,footnote #aee3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eg4 ,footnote #aef3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 pl4 #aj 7) ! ,graiae72 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgh1 pl4 #b 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #aeg3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbh ,ros*]1 iii4 #bdg4 ,footnote #aei3 ,b4,m4 ,e #i1 #gc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #fd1 i4 #gh 7 ,naples #bfch71 ii4 #bgh2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #b 7,duris 9 ,l\vre72 ,muni* #cfi ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 #bd 7,hi]on73 all ,r4,f4 ,see also p4 #abj4 ,footnote #afj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bja2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdf1 #f-g4 ,footnote #afa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbe1 ,e #afb2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bee ,re9a*1 ii4 #fa4 ,see p4 #aja4 ,footnote #afb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cci4 ,footnote #afc3 ,b]l9 #agcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ff 7inscrib$ 74 ,footnote #afd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf4 ,footnote #afe3 ,naples #cceb ,re9a*1 i4 #dhe4 ,footnote #aff3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eea4 ,footnote #afg3 ,a!ns #aeea4 ,footnote #afh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aji2 ,b]l9 #afgf ,re9a*1 ii4 #bb2 ,l\vre ,f #adh4 ,footnote #afi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbc1 #caa2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbg1 ii4 #fa1 #a4 ,see p4 #aja4 ,footnote #agj3 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #aga3 ,naples #cdab ,re9a*1 i4 #dih4 ,footnote #agb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aff 7,palaimon871 ,e #aef 7,leuko!a3 see p4 #acf72 ,re9a*1 i4 #cai 7,ino873 = possible in/ances ( ,melik]tes see ,b]l9 #ggi1 #ghj1 #iad1 & ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #bfce4 ,footnote #agc3 ,naples #agfg ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,atlas to ,hom]1 ,od4 pl4 iv4 #bb2 ,b4,m4 ,b #bja4 ,footnote #agd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bah4 ,footnote #age3 ,b]l9 #ajjg1 #ajjh2 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ca & #cb ,b 7fem472 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #agf3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #ei 7,branteghem ,coll4 #he72 ,b4,m4 ,e #ggd 7names giv5 to fancy sc5e73 see also ,muni* #cca2 ,naples #bfch ,re9a*1 i4 #gh1 #b2 & ,krets*m]1 ,gr4 ,vas59s*r4 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see p4 #be1 note #aei2 also ,re9a*1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #agh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fi2 ,jatta #adif ,re9a*1 i4 #aab2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cjj2 ,ros*]1 iii4 #bba-bd3 see g5]ally ,heydemann's ,n]eid5 mit ,waff54 ,footnote #agi3 ,l\vre ,e #fdc ,re9a*1 i4 #caa4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #hc1 #bcb4 ,footnote #aha3 ,ibid4 ii4 #fa4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,b]l9 #cbda ,ros*]1 iii4 #bah2 ,pet]sburg #aiae ,re9a*1 i4 #ba4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aee4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #da2 & 9 assemblies ( ! gods1 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,naples #cbbb ,re9a*1 i4 #afg4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,vase 9 ,bo/on 7#aijj ,report1 ,no4 #d73 cf4 = a ,n]eid787 ) dolph9s1 ,l\vre ,g #c4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pt4 #d1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,! be/ example is a votive plaque f\nd at ,eleusis 9 #ahie 7,a!ns #aifh 4 4 #aija1 pl4 #a73 see also ,pet]sburg #agib & #ebe ,re9a*1 i4 #a & #aa ,baumei/]1 i4 pp4 #dgd-ge4 ,footnote #aij3 ,= o!r deities 9 ,eleus9ian sc5es1 see "u ,aphrodite1 ,h]mes1 ,dionysos1 ,hekate4 ,footnote #aia3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fh4 ,footnote #aib3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #aic3 ,pet]sburg #agib-ic ,re9a*1 i4 #a1 #c4 ,footnote #aid3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cb2 ,b4,m4 ,f #ij4 ,footnote #aie3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cba2 ,a!ns #ahdd ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahha1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #aif3 ,a!ns #afbf ,dumont-,potti]1 pl4 #cg4 ,footnote #aig3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ci 7,b]l973 cf4 4 4 #ahic1 pl4 #i1 & see p4 #adj bel[4 ,footnote #aih3 ,b]l9 #agjd ,re9a*1 i4 #aig4 ,footnote #aii3 ,b]l9 #bfcd4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,a!ns #aabj ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 pl4 #h4 ,footnote #bja3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbi 7v dubi\s73 cf4 a t]racotta f ,cyprus 9 ,b4,m4 7,a #cbf74 ,footnote #bjb3 ,b4,f43 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cb-cc4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #adj 7,plate ,,li472 ,e #ahc1 ,e #bha1 ,e #dfi2 ,pet]sburg #abjg ,re9a*1 i4 #aj2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 iv4 #g1 #d4 ,late3 ,pet]sburg #cej ,re9a*1 i4 #ab2 ,helbig1 #abg ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ca1 & #aeb ,re9a*1 ii4 #cd2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 #f4 ,footnote #bjc3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #fb2 a newly acquir$ ,r4,f4 amphora 9 ,b4,m43 see also ,ros*]1 ,e4g4 ,keleos1 p4 #ajbh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhf 7872 ,muni* #ccf4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bgd & ,muni* #bii3 see ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 iii4 p4 #ece4 ,footnote #bje3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbd ,re9a*1 i4 #dfc4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #aa ,re9a*1 i4 #dja4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #abd4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ibid4 i4 #aef1 #a3 see ,apollod4 iii4 #ad1 #d1 & ,hyg94 ,a/ron4 ii4 #g4 ,footnote #baj3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #caj4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii1 #aef1 #b2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgg2 ,baumei/]1 i4 pl4 #g1 fig4 #dfb3 & see ,helbig1 #add ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ,atlas1 #ah1 #ab4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see bel[1 p4 #fg2 also ,b]l9 #ahdd & ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ba1 #a1 = e>li] examples4 ,footnote #bab3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chi & #dja 7 ,naples ,s4,a4 #aa72 ibid4 ii4 #gj4 ,footnote #bac3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hb1 ,f #fh4 ,footnote #bad3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfa2 ,muni* #gbh ,re9a*1 ii4 #dh4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ccb ,plate ,,xlv4 ,footnote #bae3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebb1 #a ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #acgh2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #dbc1 fig4 #dfc 7inscrib$74 ,footnote #baf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbh 7,b]l9 #bfdf7 & #cdh 7,bo/on72 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #cg 7,b]l972 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #bgg 7vase 9 ,dresd52 ,satyrs a/oni%$2 ,h]mes pres5t74 ,footnote #bag3 ,re9a*1 i4 #add ,l\vre ,f #caa ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #dde1 fig4 #dic4 ,footnote #bah3 ,rob]t1 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 p4 #aih ff43 see ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bcb1 xx4 p4 #ajf ff41 & ,jahrbu*1 vi4 7#ahia71 p4 #aac2 also bel[1 "u ,ge-,p&ora 7p4 #gc71 & ,h>rison1 ,prolegom4 to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #bgg ff4 ,footnote #bai3 ,= a m complete tabulation see ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ologie1 vol4 iv41 especially pp4 #db ff41 #cbb ff42 also ! plates ( vol4 ii4 ( ! l4 ,cr41 & ! ,atlas to ,ov]beck1 pls4 #ai to end4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cfg ,re9a*1 ii4 #beg4 ,footnote #bba3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfj1 #fha4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eib2 ,b]l9 #ahfh4 ,footnote #bbc3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #c2 ii4 #f;,a ,pet]sburg #daa4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aie1 ,f #ade7872 ,b]l9 #ahfg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bi4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhf4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hj4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eaf2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bcb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aeg1 #bif2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,a4 #aj1 #b4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #edc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bbh2 ,b]l9 #bfda l4 ,cr4 ii4 #dd4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,helbig1 #ig ,re9a*1 i4 #gi ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ajb1 fig4 #ajh4 ,footnote #bca3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #df2 ,pet]sburg #daa l4 ,cr4 ii4 #f;,a4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,b4,m4 ,f #caa2 ,naples #bijb l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ig;,a4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #caj l4 ,cr4 ii4 #fe4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfj1 #edh1 ,e #bgd1 #chc1 #ead2 ,brygos vase 9 ,l\vre ,re9a*4 i4 #bdf2 ,naples ,r4,c4 #afi ,re9a*1 i4 #cac 7,artemis ) tor*2 localis$ at ,delphi by a cr[ on ! omphalos74 ,footnote #bce3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #aj 7,b]l9 #bbjf7 & #cb2 ,vi5na #cca2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bg2 ,b4,m4 ,e #egi2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cef4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfb2 ,re9a* ii4 #bf 7 ,l\vre ,f #big71 #bhd 7872 on ,melian amphora 7,a!ns #dge ,rayet & ollignon1 pl4 #c71 ,apollo 9 *>iot1 be=e :i* /&s ,artemis ) /ag4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fhj1 ,e #bef2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bg-h1 #de 7,naples ,s4,a4 #aib72 ,a!ns #acdb4 ,footnote #bch3 ,a!ns #aifb 7,leto ab\t to br+ =?1 assi/$ by ,eilei?yia74 ,footnote #bci3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afh1 #bac2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ci1 #a a2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #b4 ,nyx 7,night7 0 simil>ly repres5t$ on ! ,kypselos *e/ 7,paus4 v4 #ah1 #a74 ,footnote #bdj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #caj4 ,footnote #bda3 ,b]l9 #bbab ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 iv4 p4 #cgh2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cjf l4 ,cr4 ii4 #a ,a4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,b]l9 #bfde ,re9a*1 i4 #cig 7,apollo on omphalos1 ) h9d72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bf 7,l\vre ,f #big71 #bh 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddc71 i4 #ahd 7,fig4 #aaf72 ,b4,m4 ,e #ejb 7omphalos72 ,a!ns #acfb 7by ,mys1 a f9e example74 ,footnote #bdc3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bi2 ,b4,m4 ,b #bae1 #bde2 ,pet]sburg #i ,re9a*1 ii4 #bd 7,apollo cr[n$ by woman72 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ci2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbh2 ,muni* #aeg4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bab1 #bfb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bc1 #cbc2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #cj 7871 #cf ,c3 & cf4 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #da4 ,footnote #bde3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bch2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bd 7,muni* #dg71 #be1 #cj2 ,naples #ahia l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ce2 ,muni* #fji ,re9a*1 ii4 #db4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #caa1 #cii4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ghe4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,ibid4 ii4 #be 7871 #cb1 #gb-gc2 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc1 & ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #f1 #a2 & see g5]ally ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 iv4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bej3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aii-bja1 #baa1 etc42 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gb2 ,b]l9 #ahbg 7all ,b4,f474 ,footnote #bea3 ,b4,m4 ,b #f2 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #beb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bec2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #dg-dh 7also ,iris74 ,footnote #bec3 ,naples #agfb ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bi4 ,footnote #bed3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bei1 #bfa2 ,e #cbc1 #dae2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ac 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bg74 ,9 "s ( ^! ,artemis may be int5d$4 ,footnote #bee3 ,b]l9 #bchh2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #gi1 #hj1 #hc1 #hf 7a f9e example72 ,jatta #aech ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf2 ,helbig1 #acc ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ae1 #b2 & cf4 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahih1 ,no4 #ed 7,a4 z a neat-h]d874 ,footnote #bef3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig1 #bih2 ,b4,m4 ,b #beg1 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aed1 & ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #dd4 ,footnote #beg3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #g1 #c ,ros*]1 ii4 #hdb4 ,footnote #beh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aie1 #bee-ef1 #beh2 ,f #gg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #bei3 ,pet]sburg #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #h ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ajd1 fig4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,muni* #fb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ge4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #agi4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ca4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhg l4 ,cr4 ii4 #fb 7inscrib$ 3 see bel[1 p4 #gh74 ,footnote #bfd3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ed4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,b4,f43 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #bb4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #ha2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbg ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddb4 ,late3 ,jatta #dbd ,re9a*1 i4 #dfc2 ,naples #cbdf ,ros*]1 iii4 #djg 7,niobe at grave ( *ildr574 ,footnote #bff3 ,b4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdd 7 ,l\vre ,e #hfd71 #bde2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #aga ibid4 ii4 #beb4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #bgh4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,l\vre ,g #db ,re9a*1 ii4 #bf4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fd 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #aaa71 ,e #agj 7 ,e4g4 i4 #ahe72 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ba2 & see ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ga4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,muni* #gde ,re9a*1 i4 #fg ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 #af3 see also ,bibl4 ,nat4 #aga ,re9a*1 ii4 #bec4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aea4 ,footnote #bga3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cge4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,helbig #bbg ,re9a*1 i4 #ceg2 ,e4g4 ii4 #bei ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hbj 7874 ,footnote #bgc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,naples #fij1 #cbde4 ,footnote #bge3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cee4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #big4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,pet]sburg #aggg ,re9a*1 i4 #aec4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dgi4 ,footnote #bha3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ef1 #c3 see p4 #ig4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,ibid4 i4 #bcc4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,b]l9 #agcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ff4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,see p4 #ajf1 note #abai1 = ,b4,f4 sc5es2 = ,r4,f4 79 ,olympos71 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb & ii4 #gf4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,b]l9 #bfcd4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chh4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #b1 #aa ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #i1 #f4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fif4 ,footnote #bij3 ,b]l9 #bfcc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #hg 7872 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #aa ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #bia3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aei2 ,franois vase2 ,helbig #ajf ,re9a*1 ii4 #aja2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g 7,duris 9 ,l\vre72 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfh1 ,helbig #bcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ei2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bah4 ,footnote #bib3 ,re9a* i4 #aje 7,naples #cbbc7 & i4 #ejd2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aff1 ,b]l9 #cbef1 ,naples #aihd ,re9a*1 i4 #cij1 #b1 & ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #ij 7,b]l974 ,footnote #bic3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cba4 ,footnote #bid3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ci 7,b]l974 ,footnote #bie3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ccf3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #bah & ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 iv4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bif3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 pl4 #a2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #fg1 #b2 ,e4g4 p4 #fjb ff4 7cultus-/atue ( ! moon-goddess1 ,artemis ,muny*ia72 & see note #bii4 ,footnote #big3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bhi2 ,b]l9 #cja ,re9a*1 i4 #chj2 ,naples #cjd ,re9a*1 i4 #chj2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #acb1 fig4 #aci2 ,franois vase2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #b 7,k>lsruhe74 ,footnote #bih3 ,a!ns #dfb ,re9a*1 i4 #eag3 see #ab #ahib1 p4 #bai ff4 ,footnote #bii3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #g 7) h9d & lyre72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cfe ,re9a*1 ii4 #beg 7draw+ arr[ f quiv]72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dia ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhe1 pl4 #cb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #did 7) two dogs72 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #cjj3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #h1 #dc2 ,naples #cbec ,re9a*1 i4 #aid2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bbh4 ,footnote #cja3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcb4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #gg4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfb ,re9a*1 ii4 #de2 & see l4 ,cr4 ii4 #i 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #cjd3 ,naples #bbjj ,re9a*1 i4 #cgi2 ,b]l9 #cafd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #af 7874 ,footnote #cje3 ,b4,f43 ,a!ns #hhb ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas4 pl4 #h1 #c2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ajc ,c4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #agf1 ,f #dhj 7,etruscan72 ,b]l9 #cbci l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ajc ,b2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbi & #bej 7! =m] ( ^! n[ at ,bo/on74 ,footnote #cjf3 ,a!ns #hce ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 pl4 #h4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aei4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajd1 #acc1 #aeh1 #ejd4 ,footnote #cji3 ,a!ns #aiba ,re9a*1 i4 #eaa4 ,footnote #caj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aie1 ,b #caf1 ,e #bee2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bea ,re9a*1 ii4 #beb4 ,footnote #caa3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #cab3 ,ibid4 i4 #acb4 ,footnote #cac3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig1 ,b #bih2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aed3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #beg4 ,footnote #cad3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ij4 ,footnote #cae3 ,see above1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #caf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #daj4 ,footnote #cag3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cb4 ,footnote #cah3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc4 ,footnote #cai3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dii4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bca2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcc4 ,footnote #cba3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dgi4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cbj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gb2 9 ,olympos1 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi1 ,b]l9 #bbgh1 & ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g ,duris kylix 9 ,l\vre4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,see note #cbf on p4 #ag4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dg2 ,b]l9 #bbic4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg1 ,b #bdd2 ,b4,m4 ,e #daj2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddd4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,e #dfg & ,d #d4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,b]l9 #becg ,re9a*1 i4 #bjh2 ibid4 i4 #ff 7,muni* #cde71 #aac4 ,footnote #cca3 ,b]l9 #bbid2 & see bel[1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ejg2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #ea3 cf4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hbj ,re9a*1 ii4 #bei 7874 ,footnote #ccd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ccj4 ,footnote #cce3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cjb1 & cf4 ,f #fh4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #beb3 see ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 ii4 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,b]l9 #bieg l4 ,cr4 i4 #hh 7,etruscan74 ,footnote #cch3 ,b4,m4 ,d #d2 ,e #dfg4 ,footnote #cci3 ,plate ,l42 & see p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahb2 ,pet]sburg #agib ,re9a*1 i4 #a4 ,footnote #cda3 ,b]l9 #becg2 ,b4,m4 ,e #cgb2 ,muni* #cde ,re9a*1 i4 #ff2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #b ,re9a*1 i4 #aac4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,a!ns #aifb4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #abf3 = o!r examples see p4 #abb4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #baf l4 ,cr4 iv4 #if 7,ares72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hbj ,re9a*1 ii4 #bei 7,hephai/os74 ,footnote #cde3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfh2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbj 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #baa7 & #bbi2 & see "u ,h]mes1 p4 #eb1 note #eia4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eeb2 ,b]l9 #bagi ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #f2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ch1 #b;,e4g4 7) ,poseidon & ,dionysos74 ,footnote #cdh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfc4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,b]l9 #bdah ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajja1 fig4 #abji3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dij & ,re9a*1 i4 #cdb 79 ,bo/on72 ,re9a*1 i4 #age1 #eaj1 #eaa 7,a!ns #aiba74 ,footnote #cej3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #fh1 #gf ,a2 ) ,n4 sacrific+1 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 ,no4 #ea4 ,footnote #cea3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cbd 7,hebe872 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbc 7,hebe872 ibid4 #cbd 7,iris74 ,footnote #ceb3 ,vi5na #cbi3 cf4 l4 ,cr4 i4 #hb 7,a4 ) ,z41 b n p\r+ libation74 ,footnote #cec3 ,see p4 #ajf = ^! sc5es1 9 :i* %e is almo/ inv>iably pres5t4 ,footnote #ced3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aih1 ,b #dih2 ,helbig #ic #a ii4 #ed1 #b4 ,footnote #cee3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ad2 ,b]l9 #bfbf ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 #fg2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #da4 ,footnote #cef3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ge 7d\btful74 ,footnote #ceg3 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #ae4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ea 7vase 9 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #cei3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dh2 ,b]l9 #bagi ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #f2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #be2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ee1 #f 7,pet]sburg #aaf71 #ia1 #dba 7,pet]sburg #bjab71 ii4 #bga2 & see ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #ab1 #b4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aee1 #bdh1 #chj1 ,e #aha1 #dic1 ,f #hc2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bgg ,re9a*1 i4 #bij2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgh1 pl4 #b4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ha2 ,pet]sburg #bahi ,re9a*1 i4 #e7874 ,footnote #cfb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajh1 #aie1 #cca4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,ibid4 i4 #ajb1 #bbf4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fif4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ahd4 ,footnote #cff3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aee4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dhj4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #ehf4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bca4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ci 7,b]l974 ,footnote #cga3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cfc4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bif3 see pp4 #gg1 #abh4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,at meet+ ( ,p>is & ,hel51 ,a!ns #aidb ,re9a*1 i4 #djb2 at combat ( ,ajax & ,hector1 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g 7,duris 9 ,l\vre72 at dispute ov] ! arms1 ,b4,m4 ,e #fi2 & see = o!r in/ances1 ,re9a*1 i4 #c1 #hb1 #ach1 #agd1 #bah2 ii4 #ei1 #bff4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cge3 ,vase 9 ,bo/on3 see #ahii ,report1 ,no4 #af4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,see bel[1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eda1 ,e #afj4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #e 7871 #aeh1 #cij2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #ij 7,b]l974 ,footnote #cgi3 ,b]l9 #bcac ,re9a*1 i4 #daf ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #d1 #c4 ,footnote #chj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #caf ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,footnote #cha3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abc 7 ,muni* #aahe71 #bfb 7 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cfi74 ,footnote #chb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bii4 ,footnote #chc3 ,b]l9 #ahdf ,re9a*1 ii4 #cj 7be=e ,dionysos74 ,footnote #chd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdb4 ,footnote #che3 ,ibid4 ii4 #aff2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahif1 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #chf3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #hc4 ,footnote #chg3 ,b]l9 #bdae ,re9a*1 i4 #cdc 7! ,trojan horse874 ,footnote #chh3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bbc1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,footnote #chi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #eja4 ,footnote #cij3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dd4 ,footnote #cia3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eae1 #eai4 ,footnote #cib3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 pl4 #ab2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bfj2 ,l\vre ,f #chj4 ,footnote #cic3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gc2 ) ,poseidon1 ,a!ns #hcf2 ) ,h]mes1 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #d1 #a4 ,footnote #cid3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #cie3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abe1 #acj2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bcb1 #bef ,re94 ii4 #bed4 ,footnote #cif3 ,ibid4 i4 #dd4 ,footnote #cig3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bfj4 ,footnote #cih3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdb1 #cgi1 #eda1 ,e #afj1 #dgj1 ,f #afj1 #bji1 #bgh2 ,muni* #fe ,re9a*1 i4 #gf2 ,naples #bdbb ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 #cd4 ,footnote #cii3 ,see bel[1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #djj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #did1 ,e #fif2 ,e #gaf 7m\ld$ vase72 & cf4 ,b #faa 7,nikephoros74 ,footnote #dja3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbb1 ,e #cje 7,pl4 ,,xxxvi471 ,e #cbd1 ,e #eae2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #hb2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bai2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #ehf4 ,footnote #djb3 ,= a f9e example ( ,a!na ,proma*os see ,a!ns #aafi ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #ca1 #b4 ,footnote #djc3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chi1 & ,plates ,,xxxiii41 ,,xxxiv42 also ! ,b4,m4 examples ,b #acj-df1 #fjb-ab4 ,footnote #djd3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #fg4 ,footnote #dje3 ,b4,m4 ,b #hj2 ,b]l9 #afhf ,rayet-,collignon1 pl4 #g2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abb2 ,a!ns #aheh ,re9a*1 i4 #cif 7id5tifi$ z ,a!na ,nike or ,onka72 = ! trophy-l =m ( ! figure on ! la/-nam$ cf4 ! co9s ( ,p]gamon inscrib$ 3 see also = a curi\s subject ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #djf3 ,b4,m4 ,d #bb2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dgb ,re9a*1 i4 #aca1 #d4 ,footnote #djg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aef4 ,footnote #djh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fag2 ,b]l9 #beca2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #egc ,re9a*1 ii4 #bef2 ,a!ns #abei ,re9a*1 i4 #ejf4 ,footnote #dji3 ,see p4 #aja2 = 8 subsequ5t attack on ,a!na1 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ea 7vase 9 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #daj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fg1 ,e #hb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc4 ,footnote #daa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aia1 ,b #bbh4 ,footnote #dab3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 p4 #f1 fig4 #d4 ,footnote #dac3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #baf 7 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #if7 & #bbi4 ,footnote #dad3 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #id-ie2 ,b4,m4 ,e #hb1 & ,b]l9 #bbgh 79 assemblies ( gods72 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgf1 pl4 #cd4 ,footnote #dae3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eea2 & see ,a!ns #ijc4 ,footnote #daf3 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ih4 ,footnote #dag3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg4 ,footnote #dah3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aee4 ,footnote #dai3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfc4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi2 ,b]l9 #aifa 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #dc7 & #bbgh2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bed4 ,footnote #dba3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ia4 ,footnote #dbb3 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ii4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,rm4 ,mit!il4 #ahii1 pl4 #g3 cf4 ,paus4 vii4 #h4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ajh1 #cgc 7872 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aai1 #bfe1 #cbe1 #dgi 7872 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ff 7874 ,footnote #dbe3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dii ,naples ,s4,a4 #gjb2 also ,naples #bijj ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #da ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #afec1 fig4 #agad4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aef4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,b4,m4 ,d #b2 ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 pl4 #ac2 ,jahrb4 #ahhf1 pl4 #aa1 #b2 ,b]l9 #bfcf 7l4 ,cr4 iv4 #e7 & #bfhh 7 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #cg1 #c72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #g1 #ahc4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bdj1 #eef4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,b]l9 #bfce ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 p4 #bjh ,ros*]1 iii4 #aead4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,b]l9 #bffj4 ,footnote #dcj3 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #f4 ,footnote #dca3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]4 #ahih1 p4 #acg 7,dresd5 vase73 cf4 ,paul1 ,e4g4 ,fe/4 iii4 ,e4g4 ,cy!rea & ! ,b4,m4 t]racottas ,d #hi-ia4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gab1 #gge2 ,a!ns #aidd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #abd1 ii4 #cbc2 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #cbd4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cec4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bcj1 ,f #caa2 ,a!ns #aehh ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baai 7,fig4 #aag72 ,re9a*1 i4 #ci1 ii4 7#bij2 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 #aijc71 p4 #ajh1 ,no4 #df4 ,footnote #dce3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cja1 #cbj2 ,b]l9 #bgjg ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 #fb1 #b4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,pet]sburg #aihc ,re9a*1 i4 #ae4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #ac1 #d4 ,footnote #dch3 ,b]l9 #dabf ,re9a*1 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #dci3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fii ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd1 #fig1 #fih1 #gge2 ,b]l9 #cbeg 7) ,eunomia & ,eu?ymia at m>riage ( ,h]akles & ,hebe72 ,naples ,s4,a4 #caf ,re9a*1 i4 #dgg 7) ,eukleia1 ,klym5e1 & ,panny*is72 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhi-ij1 pls4 #i-aj 7)\t names72 ,fig4 #aag ,a!ns #aehh ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baai 7) ,kore1 ,hebe1 ,eudaimon1 ,h>monia1 & o!rs74 ,footnote #dda3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cae2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #fe4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aih4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bcj1 ,e #bhi1 & cf4 ,f #caa2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fah1 fig4 #fhg 78 see p4 #eg1 note #gaj74 ,footnote #ddd3 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ch4 ,footnote #dde3 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #cj3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #fig4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #abi2 ,b4,m4 ,f #beh2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ajje1 #aacc 7head ( ,a4 adorn$ by two ,erotes74 ,footnote #ddg3 ,see above1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ae2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aef7;,b4,f474 ,footnote #ddi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig4 ,footnote #dej3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #dea3 ,pet]sburg #cej1 #ebe ,re9a*1 i4 #aa-ab2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #deb3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgj1 #ccb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cee-ef1 #dgi4 ,footnote #dec3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc2 ,f #ij4 ,footnote #ded3 ,re9a*1 i4 #abd1 #dfe2 ii4 #aha4 ,footnote #dee3 ,b]l9 #cafd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aaa1 #d & #daf4 ,footnote #def3 ,b]l9 #cbci4 ,footnote #deg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dje1 #deb 7,b]l9 #biej72 ii4 #aig4 ,footnote #deh3 ,helbig #aah ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ,atlas1 #f1 #ac4 ,footnote #dei3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dha2 ,b]l9 #bbgh2 ,furtwa5gl]-,rei*hold1 #bj2 at m>riage ) ,hebe1 ,b]l9 #cbeg4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ia4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,naples #cbbf ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #g 7,kadmos72 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga 7,pelops72 ,re9a*1 i4 #ahh1 & ,jahrbu*1 #ahif1 pl4 #b 7,p]seus72 ,naples ,s4,a4 #aa ,re9a*1 i4 #dja 7,meleag]74 ,footnote #dfe3 ,see bel[1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #dff3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #dc3 cf4 ,b]l9 #cbdd = ano!r possible ,an*ises4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dbd2 ,franois vase4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dcg4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gc2 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ah 7n[ 9 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #dgj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bji4 ,footnote #dga3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb1 & cf4 i4 #dcg & ,b4,m4 ,f #bgh 7/atue ( ,a472 ,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 iii4 pl4 #ci4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #agc1 #bhj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aaf4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bhi2 ,re9a*1 i4 #g1 #ae1 #abf2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,a4 #aj1 #c4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ajh 7ano9t+ ,adonis' hair74 ,footnote #dge3 ,b4,m4 ,e #abi4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,zeus & ,dana3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gaa2 ,europa3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bca1 ,f #ahd1 ,naples #cbah 7,eros on bull72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bb1 #bd4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ddi4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgb1 #bgi2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #hi 7,b]l974 ,footnote #dgi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dbd2 ,plate ,,xxxix4 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga1 #cca2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bce4 ,footnote #dha3 ,re9a*1 i4 #i1 #djb 7,a!ns #aidb71 #dcg4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aef1 ii4 #cji4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,ibid4 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbg4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ajg4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bb4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cee1 #dee 7) ,orpheus74 ,footnote #dhh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ff2 ,e4g4 i4 #ajj1 #afg2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aeb1 #aid2 ,g]h>d1 ,akad4 ,abh&l4 pl4 #g1 fig4 #a ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #cid 7) ,helios & ,sel5e 8see p4 #gi1 note #ied72 ,b4,m4 ,f #gd & ,f #ajb 7,h]akles74 ,footnote #dhi3 ,b4,m4 ,f #caa3 cf4 ,f #cii4 ,footnote #dij3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ij4 ,footnote #dia3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fi3 cf4 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #da4 ,footnote #dib3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbh1 #dbh1 #dce1 #gjc2 ,f #eh1 #fj1 #gb1 #chb2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #af 7(f]s wrea? to ,d474 ,footnote #dic3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #did3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebe1 #ebf4 ,footnote #die3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbe1 #bbi1 #gje2 ,f #ach1 #cjh1 #caj1 #ccb4 ,footnote #dif3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjf4 ,footnote #dig3 ,b4,m4 ,e #abf1 #ahi1 #aia4 ,footnote #dih3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dh4 ,footnote #dii3 ,a!ns #aidf ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #ba1 #e4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bje 7872 ,re9a*1 i4 #dab4 ,footnote #eja3 ,b4,m4 ,f #abc 7cf4 p4 #ej1 note #edg72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cae ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ghj1 fig4 #hcd4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gjd2 ,e #gba4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahii1 p4 #aeh ,burl+ton ,club ,cat4 #aijc1 p4 #ig1 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #eje3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cig1 ,re9a*1 ii4 #adb2 ,b4,m4 ,e #bag1 #cfj1 #gjb1 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cae4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cag2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #bb1 fig4 #a 78 see p4 #hj1 note #igj74 ,footnote #ejg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aia4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,naples #bifa4 ,footnote #eji3 ,b4,m4 ,e #big4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #bg1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,pet]sburg #aaha ,re9a*1 ii4 #cah3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #bej1 & ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #hi 7see p4 #df1 note #dgh74 ,footnote #eab3 ,f #bbj4 ,footnote #eac3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bic2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfe4 ,footnote #ead3 ,b4,m4 ,e #feb4 ,footnote #eae3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cff l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ea4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ebf1 #ebh4 ,footnote #eag3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dgi2 ,ibid4 i4 #eg4 ,footnote #eah3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ee1 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ei2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbd1 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ec2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdg2 ,e4g4 ii4 #bdh1 ,b4,m4 ,f #eee4 ,footnote #eai3 ,b4,m4 ,f #egi ,fig4 #aah2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgg4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aegc1 fig4 #afcc2 ,b4,m4 ,e #eja4 ,footnote #eba3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gjf1 ,naples #bhgb ,re9a*1 ii4 #afi2 ,b4,m4 ,e #bif1 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #di2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bba4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bda1 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbi1 ii4 #cjb2 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ej4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bac2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cf2 ,b4,m4 ,f #fh1 ,f #dda4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bbc1 #bgi1 #cgc3 cf4 ,!ocr4 ii4 #cj 772 ,hor4 ,epod4 xvii4 #g 7turbo74 ,footnote #ebe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aah1 #ega2 ,f #bai1 #beg1 ,re9a*1 i4 #cab 7dove71 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #di 7cock74 ,footnote #ebf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ac2 ,f #bid1 #cdj1 #cgh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebh1 ,b4,m4 ,f #ag1 #cjh1 #dji4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #acb1 #bbe1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #beh 7two ,erotes hold+ wrea?72 ,f #afe1 #agf1 #cbi1 #chi2 ,f #caj2 ,f #bcd1 #beg1 #cjf1 #dad1 #ddj2 ,e #eah4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cdi2 ,e #bdb1 ,f #cia2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #dih1 fig4 #edj2 ,b4,m4 ,f #chg1 #dha2 ,f #bid1 #chb1 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #bj 7tor* & b[72 ,b4,m4 ,f #ddc2 ,e #bci2 ,f #cjh1 #dad 7,plate ,,xliv474 ,footnote #ebi3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dbj1 #dcd2 ,f #def2 ,f #ac1 #bai1 #bib1 #cbe2 ,f #ca1 #bhj1 #cag1 #cbc2 ,f #cg2 ,e #bic1 #chh2 ,f #ca1 #fc1 #bcd1 #bgh2 ,f #bhj1 #cae1 #ccg1 #cgc4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #aa ,re9a*1 i4 #dja 7at dea? ( ,meleag]74 ,footnote #eca3 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 viii4 pl4 #a1 fig4 #a 7) ,sappho74 ,footnote #ecb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbb2 also at ! toilet ( ,aphrodite 7,fig4 #aag above74 ,footnote #ecc3 ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 ,mon4 ,9d4 #h4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,pet]sburg #cej ,re9a*1 i4 #ab2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #ic2 ,re9a*1 i4 #abd4 ,footnote #ece3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dcg4 ,footnote #ech3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd4 ,footnote #eci3 ,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 iii4 pl4 #ci4 ,footnote #edj3 ,naples #bijj ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #da4 ,footnote #eda3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #edb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf4 ,footnote #edc3 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #ahaa4 ,footnote #edd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddj4 ,footnote #ede3 ,b]l9 #bfcc4 ,footnote #edf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbf4 ,footnote #edg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cjb3 see also ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #aa1 & ,jatta #ajic ,heydemann1 ,satyr- u4 ,bak*5nam51 pl4 #a 7hold+ grapes74 ,footnote #edh3 ,muni* #bcd ,re9a*1 i4 #bih ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aega1 fig4 #afcb4 ,footnote #edi3 ,b]l9 #cbeg4 ,footnote #eej3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bjj4 ,footnote #eea3 ,jatta #ajic4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,naples #cbdj ,re9a*1 i4 #aad4 ,footnote #eec3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cb2 ,l\vre ,g #aj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bgf4 ,footnote #eed3 ,b]l9 #djjc ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #ej4 ,footnote #eee3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eh4 ,footnote #eef3 ,l\vre ,f #aei2 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #hg4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,b]l9 #bgbg & ,re9a*1 i4 #aei2 ,b]l9 #ahha4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #edi4 ,footnote #eei3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #gc 7,h]maios71 #gf4 ,footnote #efj3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ea4 ,footnote #efa3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bgf4 ,footnote #efb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cb2 ,a!ns #eib ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahic1 pl4 #b4 ,footnote #efc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ccb4 ,footnote #efd3 ,vi5na #cba 7cf4 ,ar4 ,a*4 #gbi ff474 ,footnote #efe3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #eff3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ad & #ge4 ,footnote #efg3 ,l\vre ,e #gjb ,re9a*1 i4 #ced2 ,helbig1 #bbg ,re9a*1 i4 #ceg ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fhj1 fig4 #gda 7,fig4 #aai74 ,footnote #efh3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #be2 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #efi3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hbj ,re9a*1 ii4 #bei4 ,footnote #egj3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ic2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #gj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ccj4 ,footnote #ega3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcg1 & see above1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #egb3 ,b]l9 #agjb 7,h]mes ,kyll5ios71 & see p4 #ae4 ,footnote #egc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bff4 ,footnote #egd3 ,see above1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ege3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dgb4 ,footnote #egf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe4 ,footnote #egg3 ,see p4 #bj4 ,footnote #egh3 ,l\vre ,a #dgh 7,h]mes1 #ahih1 p4 #fch72 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #ehf4 ,footnote #egi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcd4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,ibid4 i4 #abd4 ,footnote #eha3 ,ibid4 i4 #dii4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,ibid4 i4 #bdd2 i4 #dfc2 i4 #age4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,ibid4 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc 7,a!na72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bb1 #bf1 #gc2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #d1 #a4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cdj2 ,e #dd1 #dei2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abe1 #aeb1 #bge4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,a!ns #acde ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #aj2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #cg 7,lasimos 9 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #ehg3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #dd4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chh4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,ibid4 i4 #chj4 ,footnote #eij3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #eia3 ,see g5]ally "u ^? deities2 = ,h4 & ,a!na3 ,b4,m4 ,b #add1 ,re9a*1 i4 #beg1 ii4 #db 7,pana!naic72 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfh1 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebj 7,a!ns #dgg71 ii4 #be1 #baa 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbj74 ,footnote #eib3 ,b]l9 #bfce ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #eic3 ,b4,m4 ,b #beg1 #bei1 #bfg1 #cjb 7banquet+72 ,b]l9 #bafj 7) ! ,satyr ,oreima*os72 ,re9a*1 i4 #abi 7play+ lyre74 ,footnote #eid3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbd1 ,e #dib2 ,pet]sburg #agib1 #agic 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #a & #c72 ,helbig1 #ajc ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bbc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ic1 ii4 #caj2 & see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a1 p4 #a ff1 & p4 #ee1 note #fdb4 ,footnote #eie3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bcj2 ,ox=d #bbb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bi4 ,footnote #eif3 ,see p4 #fi4 ,footnote #eig3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii3 cf4 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #eih3 ,see p4 #bh2 also ,naples #aihi l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ia1 & ,re9a*1 i4 #ebb4 ,footnote #eii3 ,re9a*1 i4 #def2 ,b]l9 #bdee2 ,muni* #bji ,fig4 #abb1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,a!ns #ajic ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #bfgh2 ,b]l9 #biia4 ,footnote #fja3 ,l\vre ,f #fj4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bfi4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #aja3 cf4 ! /ory ( ,p&ora's 8box10 & see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeb & p4 #ge bel[4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,muni* #faa ,re9a*1 i4 #dai4 ,footnote #fje3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chi1 ii4 #cb1 #gj4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afg1 ,b #cja2 ,b #bbi4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #big1 #cbc1 ii4 #gj1 #gd-ge4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aff1 #cah1 #cgi2 ,l\vre ,f #aaf-aag2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb1 #cfh1 ii4 #gf4 ,footnote #fji3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ia1 ii4 #bga4 ,footnote #faj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdh1 ,b #bhj1 ,e #dic2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bgg ,re9a*1 i4 #bij2 ,e4g4 ii4 #dh2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgh1 pl4 #b 7repres5ts an e>li] episode74 ,footnote #faa3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbd4 ,footnote #fab3 ,see p4 #abb4 ,footnote #fac3 ,a!ns #iff4 ,footnote #fad3 ,re9a*1 i4 #hi1 #add4 ,footnote #fae3 ,ibid4 i4 #ach1 ii4 #ii4 ,footnote #faf3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 #aj 7,l\vre74 ,footnote #fag3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #gh-ha2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hci3 see ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #bcic4 ,footnote #fah3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfb1 #fbg1 ,e #ehe2 ,b]l9 #aibh1 #bagb2 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #af1 #h1 & #ad1 #c4 ,footnote #fai3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cde1 ,e #ddd2 ,b]l9 #bbgh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cfd4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,dionysos ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,deities ,dionysos & 8 associates--,ariadne1 ,ma5ads1 & ,satyrs--,names ( ,satyrs & ,ma5ads--,! ,ne!r ,_w--,g5]al repres5tations & isolat$ subjects--,*>on1 ,er9nyes1 ,hekate1 & ,?anatos--,cosmogonic deities--,gaia & ,p&ora--,prome!us & ,atlas--,iris & ,hebe--,p]sonifications--,sun1 ,moon1 ,/>s1 & ,dawn--,w9ds--,cities & c\ntries--,! ,muses--,victory--,ab/ract ideas--,descriptive names4 #a4 ,,dionysos ,,& ,,8 ,,associates ,! mo/ important deity 9 ,greek my?ology outside ! ,olympian circle is und\bt$ly ,dionysos2 b ! "p t is play$ by him & 8 att5dant tra9 9 ,greek art is out ( all proportion ev5 to ?is1 at lea/ 9 ! vase-pa9t+s4 ,ap>t f :at we may reg>d z /rictly my?ological subjects1 su* z ! ,bir? ( ,dionysos & sc5es 9 :i* o!r gods or h]oes are introduc$1 ! numb] & v>iety ( ! !mes are s great t an exhau/ive enum]ation is q impossible2 nor inde$ w\ld x repay ! tr\ble to give a complete li/ ( :at may = conv5i5ce be t]m$ ,dionysiac sc5es4 ,suffice x to say t !y occur ) equal frequ5cy on ! vases ( all p]iods f ! middle ( ! six? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! p]sonages ) :om we h to deal 9 ?is section are1 besides ,dionysos himself1 8 sp\se ,ariadne1 ,pan1 ) 8 8d\ble0 ,aegipan1 & ! motley r\t ( ,satyrs1 ,seil5i1 & ,ma5ads1 :o appe> ei!r 9 ! w9e-god's company or by !mselves4 ,dionysos is g5]ally accompani$ by "o or m ,ma5ads or ,seil5i1 :e!r engag$ 9 "s def9ite action1 su* z p\r+ w9e or play+ flutes1 or no2 b he is also n infrequ5tly se5 z a s+le figure4#fba ,on ! e>li] vases he is eld]ly & be>d$1 b on ! lat] y\?ful & be>dless4 ,he is occasionally repres5t$ ) horns1#fbb or 9 ! =m ( a man-head$ bull4#fbc ,he is depict$ sacrific+ at an alt>1#fbd p\r+ a libation1#fbe or slay+ a fawn#fbf or goat #fbg2 banquet+1#fbh or play+ on ! lyre4#fbi ,he rides on a bull1#fcj goat1#fca mule1#fcb or pan!r1#fcc or 9 a w+$ *>iot#fcd--;9 "o case drawn by ,gryphons1 9 ano!r by a ,gryphon1 bull1 & pan!r#fce--or 9 a *>iot %ap$ l a %ip#fcf2 or is c>ri$ by a ,seil5os4#fcg ,on a beautiful cup by ,exekias#fch he sails ov] ! ocean 9 a boat1 ! ma/ ( :i* gr[s into a v9e4 ,we are rem9d$ 9 ?is sc5e ( ! ,hom]ic hymn 7xix47 & ! /ory ( ! ,tyrrh5ian pirates1 a subject :i*1 accord+ to "o int]pretation1 is repres5t$ on a vase at ,a!ns4#fci ,8 bir? is n (t5 repres5t$1 & *iefly on ,r4,f4 vases#fdj2 x has be5 ref]r$ to already 9 detail1 9 ref]5ce to ,zeus4 ,:5 h&$ ov] to ,h]mes1#fda ! newly born infant is convey$ by t god to ,nysa1 :]e he is f9ally deliv]$ to a ,seil5os1 to be nurs$ by ! ,nymphs ( t place4#fdb ,or he is h&$ directly to a ,nymph by ,zeus1#fdc or1 by a curi\s error or confusion on ! arti/'s "p1 to ,ariadne1 8 future bride4#fdd ,!re is a possible repres5tation ( ! ,indian ,dionysos or ,bass>eus1#fde ,india be+ ! l& :5ce he 0 fabl$ to come2 & o!r vases repres5t v>i\s ev5ts connect$ ) 8 fir/ manife/ation ( himself 9 ,greece3 su* z ! madness he br\ght on ,lyk\rgos1 :o refus$ to receive him1#fdf & 8 subsequ5t sacrifice aft] 8 triumph#fdg2 ! dea? ( ! simil>ly contumeli\s ,p5!us 7! /ory on :i* ! plot ( ! ,bac*ae turns7#fdh2 or 8 suppos$ visit to ! ,a!nian ,ik>ios4#fdi ,he sometimes appe>s ) 8 "m ,semele1 :om he br+s back f ,hades#fej2 9 "o or two in/ances _! heads are se5 ris+ f ! gr\nd to indicate _! return f ! ne!r _w4#fea ,!y are !n solemnly introduc$ into ,olympos4#feb ,dionysos is frequ5tly gr\p$ ) v>i\s deities1 su* z ,apollo1 ,a!na1 & ,h]mes#fec2 or !y are se5 9 8 company at a banquet4#fed ,he sometimes appe>s at ! bir? ( ,a!na1#fee ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles1#fef & 8 m>riage ) ,hebe#feg2 or 9 h]oic sc5es1 su* z ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1#feh or ! combat ( ,h]akles & ,kyknos4#fei ,he appe>s ) ! ,seil5i :o attack ,h]a & ,iris1#ffj & br+s back ,hephai/os to ,olympos4#ffa ,he frequ5tly takes "p 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia1 usually 9 s+le combat1#ffb be+ aid$ by 8 pan!r1 & sometimes by ,seil5i & ,ma5ads4#ffc ,sometimes he is se5 prep>+ = ?is ev5t1 we>+ a cuirass1 :ile ,satyrs or ,ma5ads hold ! re/ ( 8 arm\r4#ffd ,he is also gr\p$ ) ,gaia 1#ffe & ) ,poseidon & ,nike#fff2 or accompanies ! *>iot ( ,a!na#ffg2 & is se5 9 m ?an "o assembly ( ! ,olympian deities4#ffh ,8 woo+ & consol+ ( ! des]t$ ,ariadne#ffi is an attractive & popul> subject1 & sev]al vases seem to repres5t ! nuptial c]emonies betwe5 ! pair1#fgj or ! prep>ations = ! same1 ) ,eros assi/+ at ! bride's toilet4#fga ,num]\s are ! in/ances 9 :i* he is se5 gr\p$ ) ,ariadne1 (t5 9 lov+ embrace1#fgb & g5]ally surr\nd$ by 8 cortge1#fgc b also alone4 ,or1 aga91 he & ,ariadne drive 9 a *>iot drawn by lions1#fgd pan!rs1#fge /ags1#fgf or goats#fgg2 9 two cases ,ariadne drives h] own *>iot alone1#fgh 9 ano!r ,dionysos is se5 alone 9 a f\r-horse *>iot4#fgi ,!y are also se5 recl9+ toge!r at a banquet1#fhj sometimes accompani$ by ,h]akles & o!r deities4#fha ,on a vase ( quasi-,etruscan /yle#fhb we see ! sleep+ ,ariadne surr\nd$ by ,dionysos1 ,satyrs1 & ,ma5ads4 ,?is presumably ref]s to ! sc5e 9 ,naxos4 ,! num]\s vases on :i* ,dionysos appe>s1 ) or )\t ,ariadne1 accompani$ by a ?rong ( ,satyrs & ,ma5ads1 sometimes 9 high revelry1 sometimes 9 m peaceful circum/ances1 may next be m5tion$1 ?\gh x is n necess>y to cite m ?an a few typical examples#fhc2 equally num]\s are small] gr\ps1 :]e only "o or two foll[]s appe>1 b only a few ( ^! ne$ be p>ticul>is$4#fhd ,?us we see him 9 peaceful conv]se ) ,ma5ads or ,nymphs#fhe2 seiz+ !m ) amor\s int5t#fhf2 li/5+ to a ,satyr play+ ! lyre or flute#fhg2 or go+ to a banquet1 accompani$ by ,satyrs ) tor*es#fhh2 or fe$+ a bird4#fhi ,9 banquet sc5es he receives dr9k f a ,satyr1#fij or plays at ! kottabos 7see p4 #ahb7fia2 or ,seil5i /eal 8 food & dr9k4#fib ,he wat*es a ,lydian woman danc+ 9 arm\r1#fic or dances himself to ! flutes play$ by an actor4#fid ,9 "o in/ance he is se5 leav+ 8 *>iot to jo9 9 ! revels ( 8 foll[]s#fie2 9 ano!r he takes "p 9 ! orgies ( ! ,scy?ian ,aga?yrsi1#fif & he is se5 9 a drunk5 condition1 support$ by "o ( 8 foll[]s4#fig ,he is n infrequ5tly gr\p$ ) ,eros1 f :om he receives dr9k or a wrea?#fih2 also ) ,pan1#fii or ) semi-p]sonifi$ figures su* z ,komos 7,revelry7#gjj or ,o9opion 7,w9e-dr9k]74#gja ,pan only makes 8 appe>ance on late vases1 usually 9 ,dionysiac gr\ps1#gjb or z a s+le figure on ! small] ,apulian w>es2 :5 he is depict$ ) goat's legs & squat proportions1 he is usually call$ ,aegipan#gjc2 or1 aga91 ,paniskos1 :5 he has ! =m ( a be>dless y\?4#gjd ,he surprises a ,nymph asleep1#gje & is sometimes associat$ ) ! ,nymph ,e*o4#gjf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,,dionysos ,,) ,,satyrs ,,& ,,ma5ads 7,,hydria ,,by ,,pamphaios ,,9 ,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,dionysos' connection ) ! ,attic drama is m specially indicat$ by sc5es 9 :i* he appe>s z ! inv5tor or patron ( trag$y1 pres5t+ a tragic mask to a "y actor#gjg2 he also appe>s 9 an elaborate sc5e repres5t+ ! prep>ations = a ,satyric drama4#gjh ,z ! object ( wor%ip he is sometimes se5 9 a =m :i* implies a ref]5ce to "s primitive cult1 z an aniconic pill>-image 7 or 7#gji2 or1 aga91 9 ! =m ( a tree 7,dionysos ,d5drites71 & homage is paid to him by ,ma5ads4#gaj ,besides sacrifices to 8 image1 we see sacrificial dances p]=m$1#gaa or *oragic tripods consecrat$ to him4#gab ,8 /atue is once se5 at a f\nta94#gac 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n[ treat ( ! sc5es 9 :i* ,seil5i & ,satyrs1 ,ma5ads & ,nymphs1 appe> indep5d5tly ( ,dionysos1 or 9 p>ticul> actions )\t relation to him4 ,!y are1 inde$1 (t51 if n inv>iably1 pres5t 9 all sc5es 9 :i* he takes "p1 :e!r my?ological or ( a less def9ite "*2 z1 = in/ance1 ! return ( ,hephai/os to ,olympos1#gad 9 :i* ! gods are usually accompani$ by a m or less riot\s escort ( ,satyrs1 & o!rs z already m5tion$4 ,! attack ( ! ,satyrs on ,iris & ,h]a has be5 allud$ to 9 connection ) ! latt]#gae2 & !y seldom else:]e appe> 9 relation to ! ,olympian deities or o!r my?s1 except 9 ^? sc5es :i* depict ! ris+ ( ,p]sephone or ,ge-,p&ora f ! e>?4#gaf ,b ,satyrs & ,ma5ads are sometimes repres5t$ z p]=m+ sacrifices1 n only to ,dionysos1#gag b also to ,h]akles1#gah or to a t]m9al figure ( ,h]mes4#gai ,we turn next to sc5es ( m g5]al "*4 ,!re are num]\s vases1 especially ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 on :i* gr\ps ( ,satyrs & ,ma5ads are repres5t$ 9 revels ( a m or less wild & unre/ra9$ "*1 or else 9 m peaceful association4 ,^? 9 :i* ,dionysos himself is pres5t h already be5 enum]at$1 b ! g5]al types may be n[ consid]$4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be possible to di/+ui% two1 or ev5 ?ree1 classes ( ?is subject3 ! inactive gr\ps ( ,satyrs & ,ma5ads#gbj2 ^? 9 :i* !y ru% along 9 fr5zy & unre/ra9$ lic5ce1 br&i%+ _! ?yrsi1 or ) tamb\r9es 7tympana7 & o!r musical in/rum5ts#gba2 &1 la/ly1 sc5es ( convivial revelry 771 9 :i* !y are engag$ 9 dr9k+ f all sorts ( vessels4#gbb ,sometimes ^! revels are /rictly conf9$ to ,satyrs1 & !n !y become absolutely lic5ti\s 9 "*#gbc2 or1 aga91 a gr\p ( ,ma5ads unatt5d$ te> along ) tor*es1 ?yrsi1 & musical in/rum5ts#gbd2 or1 la/ly1 bo? jo9 9 dances h&-9-h&1 a subject :i* on e>ly vases is (t5 adopt$ = a long frieze encircl+ a vase4#gbe ,z a p5dant to ^!1 _m subjects & s+le figures mu/ "h be m5tion$ :i* seem to be exc]pts f ! l>g] compositions1 z well z indep5d5t motives pres5t+ special features f\nd 9 ! m elaborate sc5es4 ,we beg9 ) subjects 9 :i* bo? ,satyrs & ,ma5ads take "p1 among :i* we f9d a fav\rite subject to be ! ga!r+ ( fruit1#gbf especially grapes1 & ! processes ( ! v9tage4#gbg ,satyrs (f] dr9k to ,ma5ads1#gbh or play ! flutes = !m to dance to#gbi2 & !re is a fav\rite s]ies ( subjects ( an amor\s "*1 9 :i* ! ,satyrs pursue ! objects ( _! passion1#gcj or surprise !m asleep1#gca seize !m & ov]come _! /ruggles to escape1#gcb & f9ally enfold !m 9 embraces1#gcc or c>ry !m on _! %\ld]s4#gcd ,satyrs are also se5 surpris+ wom5 :ile ba?+#gce2 & a gr\p ( !m appe> a/oni%$ at ! sunrise4#gcf 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may next dismiss briefly ! sc5es :i* depict ,ma5ads alone1 usually z s+le figures4 ,!y sometimes appe> 9 a /ate ( fr5zy 7,fig4 #aba71gcg danc+ ) snakes twi/$ r\nd _! arms1#gch or play+ ca/anets1#gci or te>+ a kid to pieces 774#gdj ,9 quiet] fa%ion !y ride on a mule#gda or bull1#gdb or are se5 accompani$ by h9ds1 goats1 & pan!rs1#gdc or play+ ) a cat & bird4#gdd 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,ma5ad ,,9 ,,fr5zy 7,,cup ,,at ,,muni*74 ,satyrs 9 indep5d5t sc5es (t5 appe> 9 burlesque guise1 attir$ & act+ z a?letes1#gde or z w>riors1#gdf ) ! ,amazonian pelta1#gdg or ev5 enact+ ! "p ( ,h]akles 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides#gdh2 & are pres5t 9 o!r sc5es ( a burlesque nature1 :i* may (t5 be d]iv$ f ! ,satyric drama1 su* z "o 9 :i* !y c>ry gho/s 77 ) tor*es4#gdi ,!re is also a long li/ ( sc5es ( miscellane\s "*3 a ,seil5os wa%+1#gej or pil+ up b$d+787#gea2 fi%+#geb2 z pott]1 pok+ a furnace#gec2 act+ z footman to a girl & c>ry+ a p>asol#ged2 flogg+ a y\?1#gee or hold+ a boy ,satyr on 8 h&#gef2 c>ess+ a h>e#geg2 & s on4 ,satyrs fight ) tor*es#geh2 sport ) de] & o!r animals#gei2 ride on goats1 asses1 & mules1#gfj or lead !m along#gfa2 & 9 "o in/ance a ,satyr has fall5 (f 8 mule1 & a companion runs to help him#gfb2 9 ano!r1 two ,satyrs draw a ?ird 9 a c>t4#gfc ,!y are se5 c>ry+ *airs#gfd & vessels ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z amphorae1 situlae1 krat]s1 rhyta1#gfe or w9e-sk9s#gff2 also seat$ on w9e-sk9s or w9e-j>s1#gfg play+ games ) jugs & w9e-j>s1#gfh balanc+ dr9k+-cups on _! backs1#gfi p\r+ w9e into a j>#ggj or draw+ x out f ! mix+-b[l1#gga or play+ games1 su* z see-saw or ball4#ggb ,_m ( ^! sc5es are f ! int]iors ( ,r4,f4 cups1 to :i* !y 7 well adapt$1 ! v>i$ attitudes giv+ s mu* scope = ! +5uity ( ! d>+ arti/s ( ! p]iod4 ,sc5es 9 :i* ,satyrs play ! lyre or flute are1 v num]\s4#ggc ,a feature ( ! num]\s ,dionysiac subjects on vases is ! t5d5cy to individualise ,satyrs & ,ma5ads by means ( names1 sometimes mean+less1 sometimes names o!rwise kn[n 9 my?ology1 & frequ5tly p]sonifications ( ab/ract conceptions1 su* z we %all see lat] to be v common on vases ( all p]iods2 9 ^! cases !y usually h "s relation to ! "* or occupation ( ! p]sonages to :om !y are atta*$4 ,! ,satyrs ,m>syas & ,olympos sometimes appe> 9 ! l>g] compositions#ggd2 ! =m] has be5 already m5tion$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,!re is also a curi\s repres5tation ( ,akratos1#gge ! deity ( unmix$ w9e 7a liquid :i* to ! ,greeks impli$ an extravagance ( revelry1 ow+ to ! intoxicat+ nature ( ! undilut$ bev]age74 ,a type ( ,seil5os cov]$ f head to foot ) %aggy sk91 & kn[n z ,papposeil5os1 is (t5 f\nd on ! lat] vases4#ggf ,x is difficult to di/+ui% 9 all cases betwe5 ,seil5i & ,satyrs on ! vases1 & ! exact diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s types h n yet be5 prop]ly elucidat$1 s t ! t]ms are ( necessity some:at conv5tional4#ggg ,! equ9e type ( ,satyr1 ) horse's ho(s z well z tail1 :i* is s frequ5tly f\nd on ! six?-c5tury ,ionic vases1 has be5 not$ else:]e4#ggh ,! "y be>dless ,satyr is mo/ly f\nd 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,! numb] ( vases on :i* ,satyrs & ,ma5ads are di/+ui%$ by "n is v l>ge1 b only a few ( ! m important ne$ be m5tion$1 along ) "s ( ! m curi\s names f ! isolat$ in/ances4#ggi ,on a vase 9 ,b]l9#ghj no less ?an t5 ,ma5ads are nam$--,an! 7,fl[]71 ,*oro 7,dance71 ,*rysis 7,gold71 ,kale 7,beauty71 ,kisso 7,ivy71 ,mak>ia 7,bless$71 ,naia1 ,nymphe1 ,phanope1 & ,p]iklym5e 7,r5[n$72 on "o at ,leyd5#gha six--,dorkis1 ,io1 ,klyto1 ,molpe 7,song71 ,myro1 & ,xan?o 7,fair-hair74 ,on ! =m] vase a ,seil5os is expressly s nam$1 & on ! latt] are f\r ,satyrs ) names2 on a kylix by ,brygos 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#ghb ! ,seil5i attack+ ,iris are /yl$ ,babac*os1 ,dromis1 ,e*on1 ,t]pon1 etc4#ghc ,o!r ,satyr-names are ,briac*os1#ghd ,di?yrambos1#ghe ,demon1#ghf ,h$yo9os 7,sweet ,w9e71#ghg ,hybris 7,insol5ce71#ghh ,h$ymeles 7,sweet ,song71#ghi ,komos 7,revelry71#gij ,kissos 7,ivy71#gia ,molkos1#gib ,o9os1#gic ,oreima*os1#gid ,simos 7,snub-nose71#gie ,tyrbas 7,r\t74#gif ,! ,ma5ads' names are if any?+ m num]\s3 ,bac*e1#gig ,*oiros 7,pig671#gih ,doro1#gii ,eudia 7,calm71#hjj ,eudaimonia 7,happ9ess71#hja ,eu?ymia 7,good ,*e]71#hjb ,erophyllis1#hjc ,gal5e 7,calm71#hjd ,hebe 7,y\?71#hje ,komodia 7,com$y7 & ,trago$ia 7,trag$y71#hjf ,kalyke 7,bud71#hjg ,lilaia1#hjh ,ma9as1#hji ,nymphaia1#haj ,opora 7,h>ve/7 & ,oreias 7,m\nta9-,nymph71#haa ,o9an!1#hab ,panny*is 7,all-night ,revel71#hac ,poly]ate 7,well-belov$71#had ,philomela1#hae ,sime 7,snub-nose71#haf ,t]psikome1#hag ,?aleia1#hah ,rodo 7,rose71#hai ,paidia1#hbj & ,kraipale1#hba a "n :i* is n easy to r5d] 9 classical ,engli%1 b :i* d5otes ! results foll[+ on a night's debau*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lii ,illu/ration3 ,f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold4 ,,! ,,"u-,,_w1 ,,f ,,an ,,apulian ,,vase ,,at ,,muni*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 ,,! ,,ne!r ,,_w ,! ,*?onian "* ( ,dionysos br+s u by a natural transition to ! deities ( ! "u-_w1 & 9 connection !re) x w be conv5i5t to treat ( ,dea?-deities ( all k9ds1 z well z sc5es repres5t+ ! life ( ! ne!r regions4 ,( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! ,*?onian goddesses p> excell5ce1 we h already spok5 7p4 #bg71 & ( ! my?s connect$ ) !m1 su* z ! rape ( ! latt] by ,hades or ,pluto1 ! k+ ( ! realms nam$ aft] him4 ,x is ow+ to ?is connection ) ,p]sephone t ,hades is f\nd 9 su* sc5es z ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos1#hbb or at h] return to ! upp] _w1#hbc z well z at ! rape ( 8 consort4 ,he is frequ5tly se5 9 company ) h]1 z ! rul]s ( ! ne!r _w1#hbd especially on ! l>ge ,italian 8"u-_w vases0 ref]r$ to bel[1 & sometimes !y are repres5t$ banquet+ toge!r4#hbe ,z k+ ( ! ne!r _w he is appropriately gr\p$ ) 8 bro!rs ,zeus & ,poseidon1 ! rul]s ( ! air & ocean4#hbf ,he is occasionally c>ri$ by ,h]akles on 8 %\ld]s1#hbg b ! mean+ ( ?is subject is unc]ta94 ,he also appe>s z a s+le figure1 ) sceptre & cornucopia4#hbh ,! only g5]al repres5tations ( ! "u-_w are to be f\nd on ! l>ge ,apulian vases made = sepul*ral purposes 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgf71 ( :i* "s half-doz5 are conspicu\s = ! numb] ( subjects & figures !y conta94 ,all ^! are collect$ toge!r 9 ! ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]1 ,s]ies ,e41 ! li/ be+ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,muni* #hdi ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 pl4 #a ,re9a*1 i4 #beh 7#b7 ,naples #cbbb 0 pl4 #b 0 i4 #afg 7#c7 ,k>lsruhe #chh 0 pl4 #c1 #a 0 i4 #ajh 7#d7 ,naples ,s4,a4 #gji 0 pl4 #c1 #b 0 i4 #dee 7#e7 ,pet]sburg #dbd 0 pls4 #d & #e1 #a 0 i4 #cee 7#f7 ,pet]sburg #dbf 0 pl4 #f1 #b 0 i4 #dgi ,no4 7#a7 is reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,lii4 ,on a small] scale1 or fragm5t>y1 are ! foll[+3-- 7#g7 ,pet]sburg #dih ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 pl4 #e1 #b 7#h7 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgj 0 pl4 #f1 #a ,re9a*1 i4 #cef 7#i7 ,k>lsruhe #bef 0 pl4 #f1 #c 0 i4 #dee 7#aj7 ,jatta ,coll4 #ajid 0 pl4 #f1 #d 0 i4 #cef 7#aa7 ,naples ,s4,a4 #aa 0 pl4 #f1 #e 0 i4 #dja ,!re are also ?ree ,b4,f4 vases hav+ ref]5ce to ! "u-_w1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ two cases x is probable t ! sc5e relates to ! return ( ,p]sephone 7see p4 #bh71 ! accompany+ figure ( ,sisyphos only be+ introduc$ to m>k ! locality3-- 7#ab7 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfa 7,hades1 ,p]sephone1 ,h]mes1 ,sisyphos74 7#ac7 ,muni* #gbh ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 pl4 #f1 #f ,re9a*1 ii4 #dh 7simil> sc5e74 7#ad7 ,b]l9 #ahdd 7,p]sephone & ,sisyphos only74 ,on ! ,apulian vases !re is usually 9 ! c5tre a pill>$ build+ repres5t+ ! palace ( ,hades1 9 :i* he & 8 sp\se /& or sit2 r\nd ?is are gr\p$ v>i\s figures & episodes connect$ ) ! ne!r regions3 ,h]akles c>ry+ (f ,k]b]os#hbi2 ,orpheus ) 8 lyre1 sometimes accompani$ by ,eurydike#hcj2 p]sons und]go+ puni%m5t1 su* z ,sisyphos ) 8 rock#hca2 ,tantalos ?reat5$ ) a rock1 n z 9 ! usual leg5d suff]+ f ?ir/#hcb2 ! ,danaids ) _! hydriae#hcc2 & ,!seus & ,peiri?os sitt+ ) _! h&s b\nd beh9d !m4#hcd ,9 "o in/ance a ,fury1 at ! in/ance ( ,hades & ,hekate1 is b9d+ "o1 ! o!r hav+ already ent]$ on 8 puni%m5t#hce2 9 ano!r we see ,!seus lib]at$ & ab\t to dep>t f 8 fri5d 7see bel[1 p4 #aaa74hcf ,among ! adm9i/rators ( ^! p5alties are ,aiakos1 ,m9os1 & ,rhadaman?os1 ! judges ( ! s\ls#hcg2 ! ,er9nyes or ,furies#hch2 & allegorical p]sonages1 su* z ,dike 7,ju/ice71#hci ,ananke 7,necessity71#hdj or ,po9ae 7,puni%m5ts74#hda ,( ! ,*?onian deities1 ,h]mes1#hdb ,hekate1#hdc ,triptolemos1#hdd & ,iac*os#hde are pres5t4 ,olympian deities are also sometimes introduc$ z spectators4#hdf ,o!r figures introduc$ are ,meg>a ) ! two *ildr5 ( ,h]akles#hdg2 ,pelops ) ,myrtilos & ,hippodameia#hdh2 a gr\p ( ! ,bless$ ,%ades#hdi2 & 7b n on ?is class ( vase7 ,oknos ) 8 ass1 a subject depict$ by ,polygnotos 9 8 great fresco at ,delphi4#hej ,! subject ( ,ixion on ! :eel is usually f\nd by itself1 b occurs on ! neck ( "o ( ! ,apulian vases4#hea ,ano!r subject :i* may be associat$ ) ! above sc5es is t ( ,*>on & 8 b>k2 on ! vases1 h[ev]1 its significance is purely sepul*ral1 z x is conf9$ to ! ,attic :ite leky?i 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dei71 on "s ( :i* ! dead man is repres5t$ ent]+ ! f]ry-boat4#heb ,"s vases ( ,etruscan fabric also repres5t gr\ps ( ,*?onian deities1 especially ,*>on1 :o 9 ! my?ology ( t p is no long] 8! grim f]ryman t poets write (10 b ,*>un1 a hide\s demon wield+ a huge hamm]4#hec ,9 "o in/ance he sep>ates ,alke/is f ,admetos#hed2 9 ano!r he wat*es ,ajax /abb+ a captive ,trojan4#hee ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,*>on',s ,,b>k 7,,leky?os ,,at ,,muni*74 ,! ,er9nyes or ,furies play an important "p 9 ! ne!r-_w sc5es1#hef & "o is also repres5t$ at ! puni%m5t ( ,ixion4#heg ,!y pursue ,ore/es aft] ! slaught] ( 8 "m & ,aigi/hos to ,delphi & ,tauris1#heh & ev5 :5 ) ,pylades he comes to make himself kn[n to ,electra4#hei ,among o!r my?ological sc5es !y are f\nd at ! combat ( ,h]akles & ,kyknos#hfj2 ) ,pelops1#hfa & ) ,m$eia & ,jason#hfb2 & ?reat5+ ) puni%m5t ! h]o ,agrios1 :o is seiz$ & b\nd ^u an alt> by ,o9eus & ,diom$es4#hfc ,k]b]os is once se5 )\t ,h]akles 9 ! "u-_w vases#hfd2 & !re is a v curi\s repres5tation ( 8 be+ *a9$ up by ,h]mes4#hfe ,hekate z a ,*?onian deity frequ5tly appe>s on ! "u-_w vases#hff2 %e is also connect$ ) ,eleus9ian sc5es & leg5ds1#hfg su* z ! s5d+ ( ,triptolemos1#hfh ! bir? ( ,dionysos or ,iac*os1#hfi or ) ! rape & return ( ,p]sephone4#hgj ,%e appe>s also z a s+le figure4#hga ,allusion has already be5 made to ! ,*?onian associations ( ,h]mes1 ,triptolemos1 & ,iac*os 7pp4 #bg1 #eb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,?anatos ,,& ,,hypnos ,,) ,,body ,,( ,,w>rior 7,,f ,,brit4 ,,mus4 ,d #eh74 ,?anatos1 ! p]sonification ( ,dea?1 appe>s on vases#hgb almo/ exclusively 9 "o aspect1 z ! be>] ( s\ls 9 conjunction ) ,hypnos 7,sleep72 !y convey ! body ( ,memnon f ,troy to 8 home 9 ,egypt1#hgc & ?is type is borr[$ = o!r sc5es 7e4g4 on ! fun]al leky?i7 9 :i* an ord9>y w>rior is borne 8to 8 long home40#hgd ,9 "o in/ance ,?anatos is se5 urg+ ,ajax on to commit suicide#hge2 he also appe>s on ano!r vase :]e ! subject may relate to ! /ory ( ,ixion4#hgf ,repres5tations ( ,dea?-demons or ,h>pies1#hgg & ( 1 or small w+$ figures bod+ or signify+ dea?1#hgh are by no means uncommon4 ,x has be5 held by "s writ]s t ! p]sonifications ( ,?anatos above ref]r$ to are m prop]ly to be reg>d$ z 4#hgi ,^! small w+$ figures are also employ$ to repres5t a s\l escap+ f a deceas$ p]son#hhj2 or1 aga91 to indicate ! s\ls ( ,a*illes & ,hector 7or ,memnon7 :5 weigh$ by ,zeus 7see bel[1 pp4 #acj1 #acb74hha ,we also f9d actual repres5tations on ,b4,f4 vases ( ! gho/ ( a h]o1 especially 9 ,trojan sc5es2 he floats ?r\gh ! air fully arm$1 ) l>ge w+s4#hhb #c4 ,,cosmogonic ,,& ,,o!r ,,deities ,9 ! next in/ance x w be f\nd appropriate to discuss sundry repres5tations :i* are connect$ ) ! e>li] or ,titanic cosmogony1 al?\gh1 ) ! exception ( ! ,gigantoma*ia1 already discuss$1 allusions !reto are comp>atively r>e on vases4 ,*ief among ^! p]sonages is ,ge or ,gaia1 ! ,e>?-"m1 half ,titanic1 half ,*?onian1 :o is usually repres5t$ z a figure ris+ half out ( ! gr\nd1 ) fl[+ hair4 ,%e ?us appe>s 9 sev]al ,gigantoma*ia sc5es 7z ! "m ( ! giants1 :o 7 1 e>?-born71#hhc & at ! bir? ( ,dionysos & ,eri*?onios1 :]e %e h&s ! *ild to ,a!na4#hhd ,z a full-l5g? figure %e appe>s protect+ h] sons ,tityos & ,antaios aga9/ ,apollo & ,h]akles respectively#hhe2 also 9 c]ta9 d\btful sc5es on ,b4,f4 vases z ! ,nurs+-"m 771 ) two *ildr5 9 h] arms1#hhf ?\gh we h already se5 7p4 #cj7 t ^! are susceptible ( ano!r int]pretation4 ,f9ally1 ! s]ies ( sc5es 9 :i* m5 are repres5t$ hamm]+ on ! head ( a female figure ris+ f ! e>?#hhg may be reg>d$ z ref]r+ to ,gaia1 ) allusion to ! cu/om ( smit+ on ! e>? to raise spirits4 ,9 ?is connection ,gaia is und\bt$ly to be id5tifi$ ) ,p&ora 7see bel[74#hhh ,a cognate subject is t ( a simil> female head or bu/ 9 company ) ,eros1 sometimes f\nd on late ,italian vases4#hhi ,if ,gaia is "h int5d$1 h] connection ) ,eros f9ds "s support 9 ! poetic cosmogonies#hij2 o!rwise x may be ,aphrodite4 ,! /ory ( ,kronos1 :o swall[$ ! /one giv5 to him by 8 wife ,rhea 9 place ( 8 *ildr51 is possibly depict$ on "o vase1#hia ?\gh ! g5u95ess !re( is op5 to d\bt4 ,! /one is envelop$ 9 drap]y to prev5t discov]y4 ,a bu/ ( ,kronos has also be5 id5tifi$ on a vase4#hib ,! /ory ( ,zagreus & 8 de/ruction by ! ,titans1 :i* belongs to ! same cycle1 also f9ds "o or two repres5tations4 ,"o vase appe>s to repres5t !m dev\r+ him piecemeal4#hic ,ano!r p]sonage :o may p]haps be reg>d$ z ( pre-,olympian orig9 is ,!mis1 :o comes betwe5 ,gaia & ,apollo 9 ! occupation ( ! prophetic /ool at ,delphi 7,aes*4 ,eum4 #b74 ,aigeus1 ! fa!r ( ,!seus1 is repres5t$ z consult+ h] seat$ on h] tripod1#hid & "o vase has be5 suppos$ to depict h] conv]s+ ) ,zeus be=e ! bir? ( ,dionysos4#hie ,%e also appe>s at ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is4#hif ,kybele1 ! "m ( ! gods1 only occurs 9 "o or two d\btful in/ances1 ) ! lion :i* is usually associat$ ) h]4#hig ,among ! primitive & recondite ,greek cults :i* g back to a remote orig91 t ( ! ,kabeiri may p]haps be m5tion$ "h4 ,previ\s to ! discov]y1 9 #ahhg-hh1 ( _! sanctu>y ne> ,!bes1 little 0 kn[n1 ei!r f lit]>y or monum5tal s\rces1 ( ^! my/]i\s deities2 b ! excavations on ?is site yield$ l>ge quantities ( pott]y ) sc5es relat+ to _! cult1 mo/ly ( a burlesque "*4#hih ,among ^! 0 "o v int]e/+ fragm5t repres5t+ 7) names inscrib$7 ! ,kabeiros & 8 son 7,pais7 banquet+1 & att5d$ by two deities kn[n z ,mitos & ,pratoleia4#hii ,l5ormant notic$ t ! spectator-deities on an "u-_w vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum correspond exactly to ! f\r ,cabeiric deities z describ$ by c]ta9 anci5t au?orities4#ijj ,turn+ next to my?s :i* treat ( ! semi-div9e p]sonages ( ! e>lie/ cosmogony1 we h ! leg5ds giv5 by ,hesiod ( ,prome!us & ! creation ( ,p&ora2 & we may include ) !m ! ,titan ,atlas4 ,p&ora1 x has be5 already not$1 is only a v>iation ( ,gaia1#ija & ?is is borne out by ! "n giv5 to h] on a beautiful poly*rome cup 9 ! ,briti% ,museum repres5t+ h] creation1 complet$ by ,hephai/os & ,a!na4#ijb ,%e is !re nam$ 1 8,%e :o s5ds up gifts10 ,e4g4 f ! e>?4 ,! subject is n s popul> z might h be5 expect$1 b appe>s on two o!r vases 9 ! ,museum1 9 ea* case ) ,olympian deities z spectators ( ! ev5t1 & on a beautiful vase n[ at ,ox=d4#ijc ,! /ory ( ! op5+ ( ! has n f\nd its way into art1 b its connection ) ! ,a!nian fea/ ( ! is curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 "o in/ance4#ijd ,prome!us too is seldom se51 & *iefly on ,b4,f4 vases4 ,9 "o case he receives a libation f ,h]a1#ije & !re are two or ?ree repres5tations ( 8 lib]ation by ,h]akles4#ijf ,on a ,cyr5aic cup he is gr\p$ ) ,atlas1 ! vulture peck+ at 8 brea/1 :ile ! o!r groans "u ! bur!n ( ! heav5s4#ijg ,atlas is f\nd almo/ exclusively ) ,h]akles 9 connection ) 8 visit to ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides4 ,ei!r he is actually pres5t 9 ! ,g>d5#ijh or is confront$ ) ! h]o1 :o 9 "s cases be>s 8 burd5 = him :ile he obta9s ! apples4#iji ,he is also se5 9 company ) a ,sph9x4#iaj 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to discuss a few subord9ate deities or semi-div9e p]sonages :o d n fall into any ( ! prec$+ categories4 ,asklepios1 *iefly a figure ( lat] art1 is exce$+ly r>e on vases4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 only "o on :i* he c c]ta9ly be id5tifi$4 ,?is is a late ,r4,f4 vase at ,a!ns1 on :i* he is se5 recl9+ on a c\* fe$+ a s]p5t & accompani$ by ,hygieia4#iaa ,nor does ! latt] occur else:]e1 ?\gh h] "n1 z already not$ 7p4 #dc71 is sometimes giv5 to "o ( ! p]sonifi$ figures att5d+ on ,aphrodite4#iab ,eilei?yia1 ! goddess ( *ildbir?1 g5]ally appe>s1 9 duplicat$ =m1 assi/+ ,zeus at ! bir? ( ,a!na1#iac or ,leto at t ( ,apollo & ,artemis4#iad ,%e is closely relat$ to ,artemis1 & a repres5tation ( a goddess :o has be5 id5tifi$ z ,artemis-,eilei?yia may be se5 on an e>ly ,boeotian vase ) reliefs at ,a!ns4#iae ,iris1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 is usually di/+ui%$ f ,nike by h] caduceus or h]ald's /aff1 & f ,hebe by h] w+s4 ,%e is (t5 depict$ z a s+le figure1#iaf or p\r+ a libation to ,h]a1 ,a!na1 or o!r deities4#iag ,%e is associat$ m especially ) ,h]a1 z ,h]mes is ) ,zeus1 & att5ds on ! =m] 9 sev]al sc5es ( assemblages ( ! gods4#iah ,9 company ) ,h]a %e is attack$ by a troop ( ,seil5i & def5d$ by ,h]akles1#iai & on ano!r vase %e is simil>ly surpris$ by a troop ( ,c5taurs4#ibj ,%e assi/s at ! creation ( ,p&ora1#iba at ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1#ibb & at ! w$d+ ( ,peleus & ,!tis1#ibc & also appe>s 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides4#ibd ,%e is also se5 ) ,p>is c>ry+ (f ,hel5#ibe2 & ) ,m5elaos fet*+ h] back#ibf2 & 9 ano!r sc5e1 app>5tly drawn f a ,hom]ic s\rce 7,il4 viii4 #cig ff471 :]e %e dissuades ,a!na & ,h]a f tak+ sides 9 ! w>1 at ! behe/ ( ,zeus4#ibg ,%e conveys ! infant ,h]akles to ! ,c5taur ,*eiron1#ibh & is also se5 9 company ) a w>rior4#ibi ,hebe 9 ,olympos p]=ms some:at simil> functions to ,iris1 m p>ticul>ly t ( p\r+ out w9e = ! gods4#icj ,%e is also specially associat$ ) ,h]akles at & aft] 8 apo!osis1#ica appe>+ z 8 bride 9 sev]al in/ances4#icb ,besides ^!1 %e frequ5tly appe>s 9 assemblies ( ! gods1#icc or at ! puni%m5t ( ,m>syas1#icd or ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is4#ice #d4 ,,p]sonifications ,! next gr\p ( deities ) :i* we h to deal is t ( ! v>i\s p]sonifications :i* are to be f\nd 9 great numb]s on vases ( all p]iods1 especially ! lat]4 ,^! naturally fall "u sev]al head+s1 :i*1 foll[+ ! l9es ( ! classification adopt$ by ,m4 ,potti] 9 a valuable article on ! subject1#icf we may di/ribute z foll[s3-- #a4 ,physical 7,sun1 ,moon1 ,dawn1 ,w9ds1 etc474 #b4 ,geographical 7,cities1 ,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 etc474 #c4 ,products ( e>? 7,w9e1 ,h>ve/1 etc474 #d4 ,gr\ps ( v>i\s k9ds 7,muses1 ,nymphs1 etc474 #e4 ,physical conditions 7,heal?1 ,old ,age1 etc474 #f4 ,social advantages 7,weal?1 ,peace1 ,victory1 etc474 #g4 ,e?ical ideas 7,ju/ice1 ,envy1 ,/rife1 etc474 #h4 ,metaphysical ideas 7,necessity1 ,law1 etc474 #i4 ,social enjoym5ts 7,com$y1 ,trag$y1 ,revelry1 etc474 #aj4 ,descriptive names4 ,( "s ( ^!1 inde$1 we h already treat$--su* z ! be+s includ$ 9 ! foll[+ ( ,aphrodite & ,dionysos1 ,ge-,p&ora1 ,hebe 7,y\?71 & ! deities ( ! ne!r _w4 ,! re/ we n[ proce$ to consid] 9 ord]1 beg9n+ ) natural ph5om5a1 & fir/ly ^? ( an a/ronomical "*4 ,i4 ,helios1 ! ,sun1 :o 9 "s s5ses1 especially 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,roman poets1 is id5tical ) ,phoebus ,apollo1 is only once s id5tifi$ on vases4#icg ,he is usually depict$ 9 8 f\r-horse *>iot ris+ out ( ! sea 7z on ! ea/]n p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non71 ei!r z a s+le figure or 9 connection ) "s my?1 indicat+ t ! action takes place at sunrise4 ,z a s+le figure he appe>s bo? on e>ly & late vases1 on ! latt]1 usually1 z an upp] decoration on ! l>ge ,apulian krat]s4#ich ,he is also accompani$ by ,eos 7,dawn7 & ,sel5e 7,moon71 by ,hem]a 7,day71 or by ,eros#ici2 b 9 mo/ cases he & ,sel5e appe> toge!r1 ! latt] desc5d+ z he rises 7z on ! ,p>!non p$im5t74 ,?us on ,r4,f4 vases !y d5ote ! "t ( ! action1 z :5 ,!seus desc5ds bel[ ! sea to visit ,poseidon1#idj or z on ! ,blacas krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :5 ,eos pursues ,kephalos4#ida ,on ! latt] vase f\r />s are also depict$ div+ into ! sea1 to indicate _! sett+4 ,on ,apulian vases he is pres5t at ! seizure ( ,p]sephone1#idb at ! flight ( ,pelops f ,o9omaos1#idc at ! madness ( ,lyk\rgos1#idd at ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1#ide & 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides4#idf ,9 "o in/ance a gr\p ( ,satyrs />t back affright$ at 8 appe>ance4#idg ,!re are two in/ances ( 8 enc\nt] ) ,h]akles1 :o endeav\r$ to /ay 8 progress ) 8 b[4#idh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,liii ,illu/ration3 ,,helios ,,& ,,/>s1 ,,f ,,! ,,blacas ,,krat] ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sel5e1 ! ,moon1 appe>s 9 _m ( ! sc5es already describ$ "u ,helios1 z on ! ,blacas krat]4 ,%e is depict$ "u two types1 ei!r on horseback#idi or driv+ a *>iot l ,helios1#iej bo? z a s+le figure & 9 o!r sc5es2 & %e is sometimes *>act]is$ by ! lun> disc or cresc5t4 ,besides ! sc5es already ref]r$ to1 %e appe>s on horseback at ! bir? ( ,dionysos#iea & at ! pursuit ( ,m$eia by ,jason4#ieb ,! magic arts us$ by ,!ssalian wit*es to draw d[n ! moon f heav5 are also ! subject ( a vase-pa9t+1#iec :]e two wom5 essay to p]=m ?is feat by means ( a rope1 address+ h]1 8,o ,lady ,moon60 ,/>s are occasionally repres5t$ ) an a/ronomical ref]5ce1 z on ! ,blacas krat]1 :]e !y appe> 9 ! =m ( y\?s1 or gr\p$ ) ,helios1 ,sel5e1 & ,eos4#ied ,phosphoros1 ! ,morn+ ,/>1 may be id5tifi$ 9 ?is connection1 repres5t$ z a y\? runn+#iee2 b 9 o!r cases !y are n p]sonifi$1 z on a vase :i* repres5ts ! moon & />s ) ! con/ellation ,pegasos4#ief ,hem]a1 ! ,day1 we h already once not$2 b 9 art %e is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ,eos 7,dawn74 ,nor c ,nyx 7,night7 be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty on vases4#ieg ,eos is n an uncommon figure1 especially on ,r4,f4 vases1 & %e also plays a "p 9 c]ta9 my?s4 ,z a s+le figure %e appe>s ris+ f ! sea 91 or driv+1 a f\r-horse *>iot l ,helios1#ieh h] /e$s 9 "o case be+ nam$ ,phlege?on & ,lampon4 ,%e is also repres5t$ fly+ ) two hydriae1 f :i* %e p\rs out dew ^u ! e>?4#iei ,%e is frequ5tly se5 pursu+ or c>ry+ ,kephalos#ifj or ,ti?onos1#ifa & is pres5t at ! apo!osis ( ,alkm5a4#ifb ,at ! combat ( h] son ,memnon ) ,a*illes %e & ! o!r "m1 ,!tis1 are g5]ally pres5t4#ifc ,%e also pleads ) ,zeus = h] son's safety1#ifd & be>s away 8 body aft] ! fatal issue ( ! fight4#ife ,next we h to deal ) ! ,w9ds1 z p]sonifi$ by ! figures ( ,boreas1 ,zephyros1 etc4 ,z s+le figures !y seldom appe>1 ?\gh we h possible in/ances ( ,boreas1 ) ! unusual type ( a s]p5t's tail1#iff or simply z a w+$ male figure4#ifg ,a w9d-god is se5 9 an episode f ! ,gigantoma*ia oppos+ ! *>iot ( ,zeus1#ifh & ano!r 9 an assemblage ( deities r\nd ,apollo ,ki?>oidos4#ifi ,zephyros is se5 pursu+ ,hyak9?os1#igj & he & ,boreas toge!r be> ! body ( a w>rior to ! tomb 9 ! same mann] z ,hypnos & ,?anatos4#iga ,b ! mo/ important subject connect$ ) ,boreas is 8 pursuit ( ! ,a!nian maid5 ,orei?yia1 a frequ5t sc5e on ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases1#igb "s be+ v f9e examples4 ,ere*!us1 ,kekrops1 & ! ,nymphs ,aglauros1 ,h]se1 & ,p&rosos1 are usually pres5t1 & ! latt] 9 "o case ann\nce ! news to ,kekrops or ,ere*!us4#igc ,boreas is also depict$ 9 ! act ( puni%+ ,ph9eus by bl9d+ him1 & attack$ by ! latt]'s fri5d ,p>ebios4#igd ,on "s e>ly ,b4,f4 vases we f9d w+$ be+s :i* may be /yl$ ,boreades1 9 conjunction ) ,h>pies1 app>5tly repres5t+ ! influ5ces ( good & evil w9ds respectively4#ige ,zetes & ,kalais1 ! sons ( ,boreas1 w be treat$ ( 9 ! /ory ( ! ,argonautika4#igf ,! ,aurae or breezes h be5 id5tifi$ on a well-kn[n vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#igg & on an ,apulian vase 9 ! same collection is a head und\bt$ly int5d$ = ,aura4#igh ,! ,hyades or ra9-goddesses 9 two in/ances ext+ui% ! flames ( a fun]al pyre at ! bidd+ ( ,zeus1 at ! apo!osis ( ,alkm5a#igi & ( ,h]akles#ihj2 9 "o ( ! latt] in/ances !y are nam$ ,are?usa & ,premnusia4 ,!y also receive ! infant ,dionysos4#iha ,e*o belongs p]haps r to ! ,dionysiac cycle1 appe>+ z ! belov$ ( ,pan4#ihb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,we may next consid] ! p]sonifications ( cities & c\ntries1 :i* are1 inde$1 9 "s cases m ?an m]ely symbolical figures1 be+ actual goddesses ) a def9ite cult1 su* z ! ,nymph ,kyr5e1 :o (t5 appe>s on works ( art4#ihc ,on ! great ,naples vase repres5t+ ,d>eios 9 a c\ncil ( w>1 p]sonifications ( ,hellas & ,asia are plac$ among ! spectator-deities1#ihd & ! =m] seems also to be indicat$ on a simil> vase ) a battle ( ,greeks & ,p]sians4#ihe ,on "o ( ! late vases ) ! subject ( ,pelops & ,o9omaos1 a p]sonification ( ! locality ,olympia appe>s to be simil>ly pres5t1#ihf j z on ! ,hi]on kotyle ! p]sonification ( ,eleusis is includ$ among ! ,eleus9ian & o!r deities at ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos4#ihg ,! city ( ,!bes is p]sonifi$ 9 sev]al in/ances1 especially z a spectator ( ,kadmos slay+ ! dragon#ihh2 also on a 8,meg>ian0 b[l ) reliefs 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! subjects on :i* are tak5 f ! ,pho5issae ( ,euripides4#ihi ,nemea1 ! sc5e ( ,h]akles' victory ov] ! lion1 & ( ! dea? ( ,ar*]mos1 is simil>ly p]sonifi$ z a ,nymph 9 ! repres5tations ( bo? subjects1#iij & ! t[n ( ,krommyon z a ,nymph prote/s aga9/ ! slay+ ( ! s[ by ,!seus4#iia ,! ,nymph ,sp>ta occurs once1 dism\nt+ f h] horse4#iib ,two cups ( ! e>ly ,b4,f4 class usually kn[n 7f _! subjects7 z ,cyr5aic1 be> repres5tations ( ! ,nymph ,kyr5e 7see above7--9 "o case ) ,apollo1 9 ! o!r hold+ a bran* ( silphium 7! local product7 & surr\nd$ by ,boreads & ,h>pies 7see above74#iic ,among ! ,greek isl&s1 ,aeg9a & ,salamis 7 suppos$ to h d]iv$ _! names f ,nymphs belov$ ( ,zeus & ,poseidon1 :o are repres5t$ pursu+ ^! quasi-p]sonifi$ figures#iid2 we may also reg>d ,europa z com+ "u t category4#iie ,zeus also pursues ,taygeta1 :o is connect$ ) ! m\nta9 9 ,laconia4#iif ,on "o vase we f9d ! names ( ! isl&s ,delos1 ,euboea1 & ,lemnos1#iig giv51 presumably 9 pure fancy1 to two ,ma5ads & a ,satyr 9 a ,dionysiac sc5e :]e all ! figures are nam$4 ,a m g5u9e in/ance is t ( ! ,nymph ,krete on ! ,talos vase1 indicat+ ! locality4#iih ,turn+ to o!r geographical features1 we h ,m\nt ,olympos trans=m$ into a lyre-play+ companion ( ,satyrs#iii2 or1 aga91 riv]-gods su* z ,a*elos1 :o z a comb9ation ( man & bull1 or ) a fi%-body l ,triton1 wre/les ) ,h]akles4#ajjj ,! riv] ,nile appe>s once1 b n p]sonifi$--only z an indication ( l&scape4#ajja ,9 connection ) ! city ( ,!bes we f9d p]sonifications ( ! local riv] ,ism5os & ! local f\nta9-,nymphs ,dirke & ,kr5aia4#ajjb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,natural products1 su* z ,o9os 7,w9e7 & ,opora 7,h>ve/71 are only f\nd p]sonifi$ among ! ,dionysiac conceptions ) :i* we h already dealt 7p4 #fe72 to ^! two names we may add ^? ( ,h$yo9os 7,sweet ,w9e71 ,kissos 7,ivy71 ,kalyke 7,bud71 & ,rodo 7,rose71 ! ?ree latt] com+ m "u ! head+ ( pet-names ?an ( /rict p]sonifications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,our next class includes c]ta9 gr\ps ( p]sonages 7all fem99e7 :i* = ! mo/ "p hold _! own ?r\gh\t all p]iods ( art & lit]ature1 & are1 s to speak1 m cry/allis$ into def9ite my?ological p]sonages1 associat$ ) ! gods & human be+s ( ! leg5d>y ages4 ,^! are ! ,muses1 ! ,*>ites or ,graces1 ! ,horae or ,seasons1 ! ,moirae or ,fates1 & ! ,er9nyes or ,furies4 ,! ,muses d n appe> s frequ5tly 9 vase-pa9t+s z 9 sculpture1 & mo/ly on lat] vases4 ,two f9e ,r4,f4 examples ( ! :ole n9e 7) _! appropriate attributes7 call = m5tion#ajjc2 o!r vases give a m limit$ numb]1 or ev5 s+le figures#ajjd2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 su* cases id5tification is difficult1 z *>act]isation by means ( a lyre or sc5ic mask does n necess>ily connote ! pres5ce ( a ,muse4 ,on "o vase ,t]psi*ore is se5 ) two figures inscrib$ z ,m\saios & ,mel\sa#ajje2 b ^! may be no m ?an fancy names = an ord9>y gr\p ( musicians4 ,five ( !m are se5 9 a gr\p ) ,apollo1 ,?amyris1 & ,sappho1#ajjf & else:]e !y accompany ,apollo4#ajjg ,! ,graces c n[h]e be id5tifi$ on ,greek vases1 ?\gh !y =m a well-kn[n type 9 sculpture2 b !re is an ,etruscan kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7probably copi$ f a ,greek orig9al71 :i* appe>s to repres5t !m z an int]ior gr\p4#ajjh ,! ,horae or ,seasons appe> 7)\t di/9ctive names7 on ! ,franois vase at ! nuptials ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 & on ! ,sosias cup#ajji 9 an ,olympian assemblage 7?ree 9 ea* case72 also two ( !m at ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos4#ajaj ,! ?ree ,moirae 7,fates7 appe> on ! ,franois vase 7z above71 & once also at ! bir? ( ,a!na#ajaa2 ! ,furies h already be5 discuss$4#ajab 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,! p]sonifications hav+ ref]5ce to physical conditions 7z di/+ui%$ f e?ical ideas7 are comp>atively few 9 numb]4 ,!y include ,hebe 7,y\?71 :o by virtue ( h] div9e attributes has already be5 discuss$ 9 ano!r section 7p4 #gg72 ,hygieia 7,heal?71 :o is also a fully develop$ goddess1 b only once occurs on a vase1 except among ! some:at vague p]sonifications surr\nd+ ,aphrodite 7see pp4 #dc1 #gf72 & ?ree o!rs1 reg>d$ z ( mascul9e sex4 ,^! are ,g]as 7,old ,age71 ,hypnos 7,sleep71 & ,?anatos 7,dea?74 ,g]as is se5 9 combat ) ,h]akles#ajac2 ,?anatos has already be5 discuss$ 7p4 #ga74 ,hypnos z a w+$ y\? hov]s ov] ,alkyoneus1 :om ,h]akles ov]came :ile asleep#ajad2 causes ,ariadne to sleep :ile ,!seus escapes#ajae2 & ) ,?anatos c>ries ! body ( ,memnon1#ajaf or an ord9>y mortal1#ajag to ! tomb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi4 ,social advantages z ap>t f e?ical qualities are p]haps difficult to det]m9e exactly2 b we may fairly rank "u ?is head+ su* ideas z are sugge/$ by ,*rysos 7,gold7 & ,pl\tos 7,weal?72 ,eir5e 7,peace72 ,nike 7,victory72 & ! num]\s att5dants ( ,aphrodite & ,dionysos1 su* z ,eunomia1 ,eudaimonia1 & o!rs already nam$ 7pp4 #dc1 #fe74 ,*rysos & ,pl\tos z boys accompany ,nike 9 h] *>iot#ajah2 ,eir5e's appe>ance on vases is d\btful1 b %e may appe> 9 "o in/ance c>ry+ ! infant ,pl\tos4#ajai ,! bir? ( ,pl\tos seems to be repres5t$ 9 "o in/ance4#ajbj ,b by f> ! mo/ important p]sonage 9 ?is class is ,nike 7,victory71 ^: appe>ance z a w+$ female figure is s (t5 atte/$ by inscriptions on ,r4,f4 vases t %e c g5]ally be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,%e is especially popul> z a s+le figure on ! ,nolan amphorae & leky?i ( ! 8sev]e0 & 8/rong0 p]iods1 "s ( :i* are conspicu\sly beautiful examples4#ajba ,altoge!r h] appe>ances rival ^? ( ,eros 9 numb]1 ?\gh on ! ,italian vases !y are f> few]4 ,:e!r ,nike ev] occurs on ,b4,f4 vases is a v d\btful po9t1 & has be5 d5i$ by _m s*ol>s1 b "s figures are n easy to expla9 9 any o!r way4#ajbb ,on o!r works ( art %e does n appe> be=e #dhj ,b4,c41 unless ! 8,nike0 ( ,ar*]mos is to be s id5tifi$2 x seems probable t %e 0 an (f%oot f ,a!na1 :om we "k to h be5 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,nike1 z 9 h] temple on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,%e is frequ5tly associat$ ) ! gods1 ei!r 9 sc5es f my?ology or 9 gr\ps ap>t f action#ajbc2 usually %e p\rs libations to !m1 or cr[ns !m 9 ref]5ce to "s a*ievem5t4 ,?us we f9d h] ) ,zeus1#ajbd ) ,h]a1#ajbe ) ,a!na1#ajbf ) ,poseidon & ,dionysos1#ajbg ) ,apollo 7especially at 8 victory ov] ,m>syas71#ajbh ) ,artemis ,elaphebolos1#ajbi & ) ,aphrodite4#ajcj ,%e frequ5tly cr[ns or p\rs libations to ,h]akles1 or att5ds him at 8 apo!osis#ajca2 on ! lat] vases %e takes ,a!na's place 9 convey+ him 9 a *>iot to ,olympos4#ajcb ,among ! num]\s my?ological ev5ts 9 :i* ,nike plays a m or less symbolical "p may be m5tion$ ! ,gigantoma*ia1 9 :i* %e drives ,zeus' *>iot1#ajcc ! bir? ( ,a!na1#ajcd ! s5d+ ( ,triptolemos1#ajce ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1#ajcf ! bir? ( ,dionysos#ajcg & t ( ,eri*?onios1#ajch & ! puni%m5t ( ,ixion4#ajci ,among ,trojan sc5es %e appe>s ) ,a*illes arm+1#ajdj at 8 7suppos$7 fight ) ,telephos & possibly also at t ) ,memnon1#ajda & at ! c>ry+ (f ( ! ,palladion4#ajdb ,%e is also se5 ) ,h]akles 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1#ajdc ) ! ,dioskuri1#ajdd ) ,p]seus & ,bell]ophon1#ajde ) ,ore/es at ,delphi#ajdf2 cr[n+ ,hellas z ! victor ov] ! ,p]sians#ajdg2 & 9 _m sc5es ) ,dionysos4#ajdh ,m num]\s & *>act]i/ic1 h[ev]1 are ! sc5es 9 :i* %e appe>s z a s+le figure1 or associat$ ) mortals1 usually victori\s w>riors or a?letes4 ,z a s+le figure %e mo/ commonly p\rs a libation ov] an alt>1#ajdi or flies t[>ds ! alt> be>+ a tor*1 inc5se-burn]1 lyre1 tripod1 sa%1 or o!r attribute#ajej2 9 "o case 7unless ,iris is int5d$7 a jug & caduceus4#ajea ,especially *>act]is$ z ! goddess ( ,victory1 %e (t5 holds a palm-bran*4#ajeb ,%e frequ5tly takes "p 9 religi\s & sacrificial c]emonies1 su* z ! decoration or d$ication ( a *oragic tripod1#ajec or burns inc5se1#ajed or h]self sacrifices a ram or bull4#ajee ,! la/-nam$ subject is1 h[ev]1 common] on gems & a c]ta9 class ( t]racotta reliefs4#ajef ,on "o vase %e gives dr9k to a bull#ajeg2 or1 aga91 %e rides on a sacrificial bull#ajeh2 or places a hydria on a f\nta9 or alt>4#ajei ,%e pursues a h>e1 doe1 or bird1#ajfj or (f]s a bird to a y\?4#ajfa ,on ! lat] ,pana!naic amphorae & else:]e %e holds ! or /]n-ornam5t ( a %ip#ajfb2 & sometimes %e erects a trophy4#ajfc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,nike ,,sacrific+ ,,bull 7,,briti% ,,museum ,f #ff74 ,%e appe>s 9 a *>iot drawn by female ,c5taurs1#ajfd or accompani$ by ,*rysos & ,pl\tos 7see above71#ajfe & %e also conducts a victori\s w>rior 9 ?is mann]4#ajff ,9 o!r in/ances %e p\rs a libation to a w>rior1#ajfg :o is sometimes inscrib$ ) a fanciful "n#ajfh2 or1 aga91 z anticipat+ 8 victory1 %e br+s him 8 helmet4#ajfi ,%e is1 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly se5 9 a?letic sc5es1 cr[n+ a victori\s a?lete1#ajgj rid]1#ajga or *>iote]1#ajgb or sup]9t5d+ ! games 9 ! palae/ra1#ajgc tor*-races1#ajgd or ! tak+ ( an oa? by an a?lete4#ajge ,9 musical conte/s %e p]=ms ! same functions1 cr[n+ or p\r+ libations to a successful p]=m]4#ajgf ,%e cr[ns a successful pott] 9 8 work%op1#ajgg & also a poet 7874#ajgh ,a be+ ( simil> "*1 :o may p]haps be recognis$ 9 ! figure ( a w+$ y\? on "s ,b4,f4 & e>ly ,r4,f4 vases1 is ,agon1 ! p]sonification ( a?letic conte/s4#ajgi ,on ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases ! figure ( ,nike is (t5 duplicat$1 probably m to produce a balanc$ composition ?an = any o!r reason4#ajhj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii4 ,! next class ( p]sonifications is t ( ab/ract e?ical ideas4 ,ev5 on ! e>li] vases !re are f\nd a consid]able numb] ( ^!1 su* z ,eris 7,/rife72 b on ! lat]1 unlimit$ play is giv5 to ! t5d5cy ( ! age 7se5 also 9 sculpture & pa9t+7 to inve/ e ab/ract idea ) a p]sonality1 ap>t f any idea ( deification or my?ological import4 ,among ^!1 by f> ! mo/ num]\s examples are1 ( c\rse1 ^? relat+ to ! passion ( ,love4 ,we h already trac$ ! developm5t ( ! type & conception ( ,eros 9 vase-pa9t+s1 & 9 ! same place we h _h occasion to speak ( ! associat$ ideas :i* became p]sonifi$ z subsidi>y conceptions to t ( ,love1 su* z ,pei?o 7,p]suasion71 ,po?os 7,ye>n+71 & ,him]os 7,*>m71 ,ph?onos 7,envy or ,amor invidiosus71 & ,talas 7,un=tunate or ,unrequit$ ,love74#ajha ,( a simil> type are ! fem99e conceptions associat$ ) ,aphrodite-,eudaimonia 7,happ9ess71 ,eu?ymia 7,*e]fulness71 & ! l4#ajhb ,among o!r ab/ract ideas are ^? ( ,arete 7,virtue7 & ,h$one 7,pleasure71 :i* h be5 sugge/$ z repres5t$ on "o vase4#ajhc ,on a ,r4,f4 vase 9 ,vi5na1 ,dike 7,ju/ice7 is se5 ov]com+ ,adikia 7,inju/ice7#ajhd2 ,apate 7,deceit7 on ! vase ) ,d>eios 9 c\ncil beguiles ! goddess ,asia ) bad advice1#ajhe & also leads ,t]eus a/ray#ajhf2 ,phobos 7,fe>7 drives ! *>iot ( ,ares :5 he assi/s ,kyknos aga9/ ,h]akles#ajhg2 he is specially associat$ ) ! god ( w>1 ! idea be+ t ( induc+ panic among enemies2 & 9 _m cases 8 head appe>s1 l t ( ! ,gorgon1 z a device on %ields4#ajhh ,9 "o in/ance he appe>s z a lion-head$ mon/]4#ajhi ,artemis1 9 ! capacity ( ,aidos 7,%ame71 h9d]s ,tityos f c>ry+ (f ,leto4#ajij ,eris 7,/rife7 appe>s on ,b4,f4 vases z a w+$ female figure runn+1 9 sc5es ( combat1 *>iot-races1 etc41 or z a s+le figure4#ajia ,b ! id5tification is n always c]ta92 9 "s combat sc5es x is possible t ,ate or a ,k] is meant1 & 9 ^? ( an agoni/ic "* we may see ,agon1 ! p]sonification ( a?letics 7see above1 p4 #hi74ajib 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii4 ,! metaphysical ideas next to be discuss$ are almo/ exclusively punitive ag5cies1 ei!r connect$ ) sc5es 9 ! "u-_w 7,ananke1 ,po9ae1 & ! ,furies71 or br++ d[n p5alties & disa/]s on ! heads ( wrong-do]s1 su* z ! p]sonifications ( madness :i* occur 9 _m ( ! tragic subjects on ,apulian vases4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p we reckon ,ananke 7,necessity7 & ! ,po9ae 7,puni%m5ts71 :o appe> ) ! ,furies 9 a sc5e f ! "u-_w1#ajic ,ate or ,k] 7,de/9y71 a w+$ figure se5 at ! dea? ( ,hector#ajid & at ! madness ( ,lyk\rgos#ajie2 & ,nemesis 7,v5geance7 9 ! sc5e betwe5 ,atreus & ,?ye/es1#ajif ) ref]5ce to its fate-fraught "*4 ,9 less tragic circum/ances ! latt] is pres5t 9 a bridal sc5e1 ) attributes ( a fl[] & an apple4#ajig ,! ,moirae or ,fates h already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #hc71 z has ,!mis or ,div9e ,ord9ance 7p4 #gd74 ,! second gr\p includes ,lyssa 7,fr5zy71 :o drives ,aktaeon1 ,hippolytos1 & ,lyk\rgos to madness or de/ruction#ajih2 ,mania 7,madness71 :o simil>ly drives ,h]akles to slay 8 *ildr5#ajii2 & ,oi/ros 7,e4g4 a ,gad-fly71 :o p]=ms simil> functions :5 ,m$eia is ab\t to slay h]s4#aajj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ix4 ,p]sonifications relat+ to social enjoym5ts1 su* z games1 ! drama1 or banquets1 are closely analog\s to _m ( ^? describ$ "u head+s ,,iii4 & ,,vi41 & occur 9 ! same connection4 ,?us 9 ,dionysiac sc5es we f9d ,*oro 7,dance71 ,molpe 7,song71 ,di?yrambos1 ,h$ymeles 7,sweet ,song71 ,komos 7,revelry71 ,komodia & ,trago$ia 7,com$y & ,trag$y71 & ,panny*is & ,kraipale1 typify+ all-night revels & _! consequ5ces4#aaja 99 99 99 99 99 ,x4 ,f9ally1 !re are :at ,m4 ,potti] has describ$ z p]sonifications ( individualities1 "u :i* head+ fall _m conceptions :i* d n f9d a place 9 any ( ! classes already discuss$4 ,among ^! are _m ( ! names giv5 to ,ma5ads & ,satyrs 7p4 #fe71 :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 p]sonal names & embodim5ts ( ab/ract or physical ideas1 "s incl9+ m to "o side1 "s to ! o!r4 ,( ^! x is only necess>y to m5tion z illu/rative ( ! pres5t subject ! ,ma9as#aajb & ! ,nymphe#aajc f\nd z names ( individuals on sev]al vases1 & ! ,o9opion or 8,w9e-dr9k]0 on vases by ,exekias4#aajd ,to ! same class belong ! names giv5 to ,nymphs ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z ! ,n]eids 7see p4 #bf7 or ! ,hesp]ides4 ,! latt] are nam$ on "o vase#aaje z ,a/]ope1 ,*ryso!mis1 ,hygieia1 & ,lip>a2 on ano!r#aajf z ,aiopis1 ,an!ia1 ,donakis1 ,kalypso1 ,m]mesa1 ,nelisa1 & ,t>a4 ,( m g5]al signification1 & sometimes p]haps to be reg>d$ z descriptive titles r ?an names1 are su* z ,ar*5autes 7,%ip-capta971#aajg ,kom>*os 7,ma/] ( ,revels71#aajh or ,paidagogos 7,tutor74#aaji ,on ! o!r h&1 ,neanias1 ,komos1 ,paian 7giv5 to boys at play71#aaaj & ,euty*ia 7on ! tomb ( a woman7#aaaa may be m]ely fanciful p]sonal names4 ----- ,footnote #fba3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ehi1 ,b #fic2 ,b #ahj 7betwe5 v9e-poles72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agf2 ,h>twig1 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b 7,hi]on72 ,branteghem ,coll4 ,no4 #bh 7,h]maios72 ,a!ns #aehc ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bia2 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 pl4 #a1 p4 #ahe 7,duris 9 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #fbb3 ,pet]sburg #hhj ,re9a*1 i4 #ac4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aid4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #beg4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #g1 fig4 #b 7,niko/h5es 9 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #fbf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dci4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cfb4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,a!ns #aehc ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #egf ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #cc1 #a4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ce4 ,footnote #fca3 ,ibid4 i4 #aei4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbe1 ,b #cgh1 ,b #dbf1 ,e #ajb2 ,l\vre ,f #acc2 ,pet]sburg #hee ,re9a*1 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dbi2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #fj1 ii4 #ag2 ,re9a*1 i4 #afh1 ii4 #cjb4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cb 7cf4 ,triptolemos74 ,footnote #fce3 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #eg2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgi1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #gi4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #c1 #c;,e4g44 ,footnote #fch3 ,muni* #cci ,re9a*1 ii4 #cf ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 #g1 #a4 ,footnote #fci3 ,cat4 #ifi ,re9a*1 i4 #dae3 see p4 #agh4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahb2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bai ,mon4 di ,b>one1 pl4 #a2 ,re9a*1 i4 #a & #c ,pet]sburg #agib & #agic2 & see p4 #ai4 ,footnote #fda3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dib2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ic1 #abb2 ,helbig #ajc ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,pet]sburg #bjjg ,re9a*1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddj ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfj4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ic4 ,footnote #fde3 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #dcd1 fig4 #dhc3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #fie 7d\btful74 ,footnote #fdf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga2 ,naples #cbai ,re9a*1 i4 #abe & #cbcg ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #a ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hcd1 fig4 #iah4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,naples #cbcg ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #b ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hce1 fig4 #iai4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gge ,fig4 #aca2 ,muni* #hjg ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #abjd1 fig4 #acif2 ,jahrbu*1 vii4 7#ahib71 pl4 #e1 p4 #aed 7,dionysos n pres5t72 & see bel[1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adi1 ,b #aec1 ,e #aff4 ,footnote #fej3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aid 7,d4 ) bull's head74 ,footnote #fea3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #agb ,re9a*1 i4 #dih3 cf4 ,l\vre ,f #acf & ,f #caa 7,re9a*1 i4 #add74 ,footnote #feb3 ,b]l9 #aijd4 ,footnote #fec3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cdg 7,h]mes & ,apollo72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bca2 ,a!ns #ijc 7,ares1 ,h]mes1 ,h]akles72 ,muni* #aeg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #h 7,pet]sburg #ahjg71 #bjc1 ii4 #bd1 #db1 & #ge 7,muni* #dg1 #fji1 #fb71 #cj1 #ce1 #gd4 ,footnote #fed3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cjb2 ,e #ff 7,h]akles74 ,footnote #fee3 ,b4,m4 ,e #daj4 ,footnote #fef3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjj1 ,b #bja1 ,b #cah-ba2 ,b]l9 #aifa1 #bbgh4 ,footnote #feg3 ,b]l9 #cbeg4 ,footnote #feh3 ,muni* #ggc2 & see ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #fei3 ,b]l9 #agcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ff4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,see p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bec1 ,e #h1 ,e #cjc1 ,e #ddc2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bcj2 & see p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #ad 7,ma5ads72 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #f 7,seil5i74 ,footnote #ffd3 ,pet]sburg #afjj ,re9a*1 i4 #be2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cia ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #h4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afh 7873 see ,re9a*1 ii4 #ch & p4 #cj4 ,footnote #fff3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dde4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc3 see note #fec1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,b]l9 #bagi ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #f4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aga 7cr[n$ by ,nike72 ,a!ns #ffg2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cef4 ,footnote #fga3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #dc 7d\btful72 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fah1 fig4 #fhg4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aih1 ,b #bef-ei1 ,e #abi1 ,e #bgi1 ,f #cjg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #afa ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #dda1 fig4 #dia2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #af1 #di ,a 7,d4 ?r[s himself into arms ( ,a474 ,footnote #fgc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjh1 ,f #a1 #fi4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,wrzburg1 ,ph9eus cup ,re9a*1 i4 #bja ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #da 7lions & /ags74 ,footnote #fge3 ,b4,m4 ,e #edf2 ,jatta #ajib ,re9a*1 i4 #dhb4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,pet]sburg #adbg ,re9a*1 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cg1 #f4 ,footnote #fgh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #agi2 ,micali1 ,/oria1 #hf4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjf4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cjb1 ,b #dgf1 ,b #eef2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dcc ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ch2 ,cambridge #dh4 ,footnote #fha3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #cg4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bae4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjf1 ,b #cjj ,fig4 #abj1 ,b #dbg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ada & i4 #bjc ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #a1 #c 7,d4 9 *>iot74 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #af1 #ee1 #ge1 #bbh1 #cfb1 #dfb2 ,b]l9 #bdga ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 #ee2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ceg ,monum5ts ,piot1 vii4 pl4 #b2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baah4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #a1 #gg1 #agi1 #cjc-d2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bjj4 ,see also p4 #fa4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 & ,re9a*1 ,e4g42 ,b4,m4 ,b #adh1 ,e #aaj1 #bec1 #ejc1 ,f #adi2 ,b]l9 #bagd2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbb ,re9a*1 ii4 #bea2 ,l\vre ,f #c1 ,f #e1 ,f #aja1 ,f #abd1 ,f #bjd1 ,g #dc4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cej 7receiv+ w9e f ,nymph74 ,footnote #fhf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahd4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,b]l9 #bdjb ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 #eg2 ,b]l9 #bbij ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #eee1 fig4 #eib 7,hi]on72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aee ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #d1 #e 7,taleides71 & ii4 #bhi1 #f4 ,footnote #fhh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfe1 ,f #aec4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cja4 ,footnote #fij3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eaa1 ,f #ef4 ,footnote #fia3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cg1 #bge2 9 ,f #bgc ,ariadne simil>ly occupi$4 ,footnote #fib3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ff1 ,e #ghf4 ,footnote #fic3 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #fid3 ,jahrbu*1 i4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgh3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #ahh4 ,footnote #fie3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #f ,l\vre ,g #cd4 ,footnote #fif3 ,ibid4 pls4 #ch-ci1 #a1 & see p4 #aha4 ,footnote #fig3 ,a!ns #abhb-hc ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahie1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #fih3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gjc1 ,f #aeb2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #af & ii4 #dj4 ,footnote #fii3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aad2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ba4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ch4 ,footnote #gja3 ,b4,m4 ,b #baj2 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #ah 7bo? ,exekias74 ,footnote #gjb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbh1 #bda1 #dce1 ,f #afc1 #bgj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cja2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #b4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbh1 ,f #bjc1 ,f #bec4 ,footnote #gjd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dcg4 ,footnote #gje3 ,pet]sburg #bafa4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #hc1 #cha4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #afc2 ,muni* #hdh ,re9a*1 i4 #chc4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,naples #cbdj ,re9a*1 i4 #aad ,baumei/]1 i4 pl4 #e1 fig4 #dbb4 ,footnote #gji3 ,m9]v9i1 ,mon4 du ,b>one1 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dea-eb1 #dga2 ,b]l9 #aicj1 #bbij 7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,a4 #d72 ,naples #bdai ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #cf-g 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ada72 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 pl4 #ad1 #h4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,b]l9 #bjbi2 ,naples #bdaa ,re9a*1 i4 #aed4 ,footnote #gab3 ,bologna #bhf4 ,footnote #gac3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ccb4 ,footnote #gad3 ,see p4 #ag2 & cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #db 7,plate ,,xxi474 ,footnote #gae3 ,see pp #bb1 #gf2 also ,b]l9 #beia4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #ba & p4 #fi ff42 ,re9a*1 i4 #add1 #bbh2 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #bgg2 & see pp4 #bi1 #gc4 ,footnote #gag3 ,see p4 #fj1 note #gaj4 ,footnote #gah3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eje4 ,footnote #gai3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dgb1 ii4 #aih4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bjc-d1 #bjf1 #dbg1 ,f #eh1 #gg1 #hj-a1 #aef4 ,footnote #gba3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ge-f1 #bgf2 ,l\vre ,f #abj1 ,f #abd 7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij1 #e1 #c71 ,g #cc1 ,g #eg2 ,naples #caac1 #cbda 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #chd72 ,muni* #ahd ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #df 7,hi]on72 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 #ae 7,hi]on 9 ,brussels72 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #f1 #ca-b4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,h>twig1 ,e4g4 pl4 #e2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #ab1 #a2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #gi1 #b;,e4g42 ,b4,m4 ,b #big 7,plate ,,xxx472 ,satyr z s+le figure1 ,l\vre ,g #bd4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ce1 ,e #gfh2 ,h>twig1 ,e4g4 pl4 #de 7,hi]on72 ,cambridge #dh4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #acc2 ,naples #bdai ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cg2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #ceb4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bif2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ge 7,muni* #fb71 #ada2 ,k>lsruhe #bei ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cj2 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 pp4 #ahh-ahi2 ,vi5na #bca4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,l\vre ,f #ccd4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbf2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cbj2 ,pet]sburg #i ,re9a*1 ii4 #bd2 ,j4,h4,s4 #ahii1 pl4 #e2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #c1 #b 7,niko/h5es74 ,footnote #gbh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eaj4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcg1 ,e #dci1 ,f #di1 ,f #bbg4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cai2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #gb1 #b;,e4g42 ,muni* #djh ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #dd-e4 ,footnote #gca3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eee2 ,b]l9 #bbda2 ,naples ,s4,a4 #cac2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdj1 ii4 #bfa 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #heb74 ,footnote #gcb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfe1 ,e #cfh2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #eci ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfa2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #de2 ,l\vre ,f #afa1 ,f #cha1 ,g #cd 7 ,h>twig1 pl4 #f71 ,g #df4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aib2 ,muni* #ahd ,furtwa5gl]-,rei*hold1 pl4 #df 7,hi]on72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbc ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #e2 & cf4 ,adamek1 ,vas5 des ,amasis1 pl4 #b 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #gcd3 ,sale ,cal4 ,htel ,dr\ot1 #aa ,may1 #aijc1 ,no4 #fb4 ,footnote #gce3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bja4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,ros*]1 i4 #aiih4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,muni* #ccb ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hdg1 fig4 #ibh4 ,footnote #gch3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bec1 & cf4 ,e #eaj2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ceg ,monum5ts ,piot1 vii4 pl4 #c2 ,muni* #cgb ,re9a*1 ii4 #aag2 & cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #gci3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ceg2 ,k>lsruhe #bdb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bha 7872 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,a!ns #acec ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahie1 p4 #ie2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ceg ,monum5ts ,piot1 vii4 pl4 #b2 ,muni* #hjg ,mill+5-,re9a*1 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #gda3 ,l\vre ,f #caa ,re9a*1 i4 #add4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bhd 7871 ,b #dhf 7872 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gg2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eae1 ,e #efg4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #di ,a4 ,footnote #gde3 ,muni* #edb2 ,/ackelb]g1 #bd2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cca 7z rac+ *>iote]s1 driv+ ,ma5ads74 ,footnote #gdf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cgg2 ,l\vre ,g #gc 7trumpet+72 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #f2 & see p4 #ef1 note #ffc4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #c 7) pelta & trumpet72 ,l\vre ,g #hi4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eci4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #gej3 ,+hirami1 ,mus4 ,*ius4 #bjh4 ,footnote #gea3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dhg4 ,footnote #geb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ajh4 ,footnote #gec3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #baf1 ,fig4 #fh4 ,footnote #ged3 ,b]l9 #behi ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #afhd1 fig4 #agff4 ,footnote #gee3 ,helbig1 #ahf ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #hj1 #a;,e4g44 ,footnote #gef3 ,b]l9 #beej4 ,footnote #geg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adh4 ,footnote #geh3 ,b]l9 #begh4 ,footnote #gei3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afh2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ih2 ) a m\se1 ,re9a*1 i4 #ejj4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ajb2 ,b #afh4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aci1 ,e #cch4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #ei4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #ad4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 ii4 #aii4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,b]l9 #bbdj2 ,b4,m4 ,f #cfc2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #g1 #a2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #de1 p4 #bh2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cca4 ,footnote #gff3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bd1 ,e #bfa2 ,h>twig1 ,e4g4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,muni* #aci2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfj2 ,h>twig1 pls4 #g & #dd1 #a4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ce1 ,e #ecj1 ,e #gfh4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,b]l9 #bbfg ,h>twig1 ,e4g4 pl4 #b1 #a4 ,footnote #ggj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cjc4 ,footnote #gga3 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #eg2 ,l\vre ,g #ia4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #chg1 ,e #dfg4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #efj1 ,e #ehc2 ,b]l9 #bbdc2 ,l\vre ,f #bjd ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 p4 #ad2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #eee1 fig4 #eib4 ,footnote #ggd3 ,naples #cbce ,re9a*1 i4 #ajc ,ros*]1 iii4 #hfa4 ,footnote #gge3 ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 pl4 #fb1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bja1 #bce2 ,naples #bhdf2 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #da1 #eg4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,see ,loes*cke 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 p4 #eba4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #cec1 #cee1 & p4 #bjh bel[4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,see g5]ally ,heydemann1 ,satyr- u4 ,bak*5nam54 ,footnote #ghj3 ,cat4 #bdga4 ,footnote #gha3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfh4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,e #fe4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,see also ,jatta ,coll4 #ajic2 ,b4,m4 ,e #bec2 ,naples #bcfi2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baah2 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pls4 #ac1 #bg4 ,= ,t]pon see also ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc1 & ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bec4 ,footnote #ghe3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdi2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baae4 ,footnote #ghf3 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 #bg4 ,footnote #ghg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bjj4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,muni* #chd ,re9a*1 i4 #acj 7see ,heydemann1 ,e4g4 pp4 #be1 #cf3 cf4 ,hydris1 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe74 ,footnote #ghi3 ,heydemann1 ,satyr- u4 ,bak*5nam51 p4 #bi 7,e4g474 ,footnote #gij3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hb2 ,b]l9 #bdga1 #becb2 ,naples #bcfi2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dbf1 ii4 #f1 #ch1 #bjj4 ,footnote #gia3 ,b]l9 #becb4 ,footnote #gib3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhg 7"n also read z ,molpos74 ,footnote #gic3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cjb4 ,footnote #gid3 ,b]l9 #bafj4 ,footnote #gie3 ,muni* #ghj2 ,naples #bcfi1 #cbce2 ,jatta #ajic2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfh4 ,footnote #gif3 ,naples #cbce4 ,footnote #gig3 ,bologna #bhf4 ,footnote #gih3 ,naples #bcfi4 ,footnote #gii3 ,heydemann1 ,e4g4 p4 #bh 7x74 ,footnote #hjj3 ,jatta #ajic2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cjb4 ,footnote #hja3 ,jatta #ajic4 ,footnote #hjb3 ,b]l9 #cbeg4 ,footnote #hjc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bec4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #hje3 ,jatta #ajic4 ,footnote #hjf3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #c ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #i2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ch4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,heydemann1 ,e4g4 p4 #bi 774 ,footnote #hjh3 ,ibid4 774 ,footnote #hji3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dib2 ,naples #bdai2 ,k>lsruhe #bjh2 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 #ac4 ,footnote #haj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cej3 cf4 ,nymphe on ,b]l9 #bdga4 ,footnote #haa3 ,jatta #ajic4 ,footnote #hab3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahb2 ,heydemann1 p4 #bj 7,x7 ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 #bb4 ,footnote #hac3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #caf2 ,heydemann1 p4 #ai 7,u74 ,footnote #had3 ,heydemann4 p4 #ai 7,u74 ,footnote #hae3 ,g]h>d1 ,ant4 ,bildw4 pl4 #ei4 ,footnote #haf3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #agb ,re9a*1 i4 #dih4 ,footnote #hag3 ,p\rtals ,cat4 #bi1 #b4 ,footnote #hah3 ,naples #cbce1 #bdai4 ,footnote #hai3 ,heydemann1 p4 #bi 7z74 ,footnote #hbj3 ,naples #bhhc4 ,footnote #hba3 ,/r5a ,helbigiana1 p4 #aaa ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #bj4 ,footnote #hbb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahc4 ,footnote #hbc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfa1 ,b #dbe1 ,f #ccb 7,plate ,,xlv474 ,footnote #hbd3 ,muni* #gbh2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ba1 #a2 & see ,nos4 #a-g 9 ! li/ giv5 bel[4 ,footnote #hbe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hb1 ,f #fh4 ,footnote #hbf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbe3 cf4 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ba1 #a4 ,footnote #hbg3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #aj2 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahee1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #hbh3 ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #ahjb4 ,footnote #hbi3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ii1 & ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bif 7,hades is frequ5tly pres5t74 ,footnote #hcj3 ,see ,nos4 #a-d1 #g1 #h1 #aa2 = ,eurydike1 ,nos4 #g-i4 ,footnote #hca3 ,see ,nos4 #a-c & #ab-ad2 also ,muni* #aec1 & ,l\vre ,f #chb4 ,footnote #hcb3 ,see ,no4 #a2 = ! rock v]sion ( ! leg5d1 cf4 ,p9d4 ,ol4 i4 #ij4 ,footnote #hcc3 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f2 ,b4,m4 ,f #baj2 ,muni* #aec ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aibd1 fig4 #bjdj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #djh 7p>ody74 ,footnote #hcd3 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #i 7,p4 only71 & #aa4 ,footnote #hce3 ,no4 #aj4 ,footnote #hcf3 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #hcg3 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #i4 ,footnote #hch3 ,nos4 #a-f1 #aj1 #aa4 ,footnote #hci3 ,nos4 #a1 #d1 #aj4 ,footnote #hdj3 ,no4 #b 7see ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aibh74 ,footnote #hda3 ,no4 #c4 ,footnote #hdb3 ,nos4 #a-e1 #h4 ,footnote #hdc3 ,nos4 #c1 #f1 #aj4 ,footnote #hdd3 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #i4 ,footnote #hde3 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #hdf3 ,see ,nos4 #e & #h4 ,footnote #hdg3 ,nos4 #a-c3 cf4 ,od4 xi4 #bfi1 & ,paus4 x4 #bi1 #g4 ,footnote #hdh3 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #hdi3 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #hej3 ,re9a*1 i4 #djh 7p>ody73 cf4 ,paus4 x4 #bi1 #a4 ,footnote #hea3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aee2 ,b]l9 #cjbc ,re9a*1 i4 #ccj ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gfg1 fig4 #hba2 & ,no4 #e above4 ,footnote #heb3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fa2 ,b]l9 #bdee1 #bfhj1 #bfha 7 ,re9a*1 i1 #deg72 ,muni* #bji ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #cgh1 fig4 #dad 7,fig4 #abb72 ,a!ns #affj-fb 7 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #bc72 ibid4 #affc1 #affe 7 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 i4 pls4 #a-b74 ,footnote #hec3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dhf2 ,vi5na #ddh ,re9a*1 i4 #cdc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbj2 ,helbig1 #aba ,re9a*1 ii4 #aba is d\btful4 ,footnote #hed3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #iah ,re9a*1 i4 #cie ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 ii4 frontispiece4 ,footnote #hee3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ibj ,re9a*1 i4 #hh4 ,footnote #hef3 ,see above1 p4 #fi1 note #hch4 ,footnote #heg3 ,see ,no4 #e above4 ,footnote #heh3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #hei3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahii1 ,no4 #ch4 ,footnote #hfj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dge4 ,footnote #hfa3 ,ibid4 i4 #bjd1 #bij 7,b]l9 #cjgb74 ,footnote #hfb3 ,naples #cbba ,ibid4 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #hfc3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aee3 see bel[1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #hfd3 ,no4 #h above4 ,footnote #hfe3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bfi4 ,footnote #hff3 ,see above1 p4 #fi1 note #hdc4 ,footnote #hfg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fh2 ,pet]sburg #ebe ,re9a*1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #hfh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbd4 ,footnote #hfi3 ,pet]sburg #agib ,re9a*1 i4 #a3 cf4 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #hgj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii 7& see i4 #aee72 ,e4g4 i4 #ebb1 #a1 & ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #dbc1 fig4 #dfc4 ,footnote #hga3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #cg ,a4 ,footnote #hgb3 ,see ,ubell1 ,?anatos1 p4 #bb ff4 ,he d\bts ! possibility ( ! id5tification ( ,?anatos on ,greek vases4 ,footnote #hgc3 ,a!ns #ajic ,ros*]1 ii4 #bfgh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #adi ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gbg1 fig4 #gha3 cf4 ,l\vre ,f #chh 7:]e ,potti] id5tifies ! w>rior z ,s>p$on74 ,footnote #hgd3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eh 7 ,fig4 #abc71 ,e #ab 7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 pl4 #c1 figs4 #a-b72 ,a!ns #afed ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #bi2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #hf 79 ,b]l972 ) body ( woman1 ,a!ns #afec ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pls4 #bg-bh1 & ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 pl4 #b4 ,all b two ( ^! are fun]al leky?i4 ,footnote #hge3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgh4 ,footnote #hgf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aee4 ,footnote #hgg3 ,b]l9 #baeg ,jahrbu*1 i4 p4 #baa2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #cg 7see "u ,h]akles1 p4 #ajc1 note #aagb74 ,footnote #hgh3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #cdj 7,k] seiz+ s\l ( fall5 w>rior72 also = a ,k] 9 combats1 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fc1 #abf 7,muni* #gha71 #ig 79 ! latt] case protect+ ,a5eas aga9/ ,diom$e72 also i4 #aac 7,b]l9 #agac1 #agad71 #bbc1 :]e !y repres5t demons ( good or evil accord+ to ! w ( ! gods4 ,footnote #hgi3 ,see ,rob]t1 ,?anatos1 & ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #cde4 ,! ,k] hov]+ ov] ,alkyoneus 7see bel[1 p4 #ajj7 9 ,re9a*1 i4 #bee1 #dea1 may be a ,hypnos 7see ,koepp 9 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhd1 p4 #db ff474 ,footnote #hhj3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ed2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pls4 #ad1 #cc2 ,a!ns #fhh ,re9a*1 i4 #afe ,ros*]1 ii4 #aadg2 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #dh3 & cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdg 7 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #ai7 & ,b5ndorf1 ,e4g4 pl4 #db1 #b2 9 ! =m] ! s\l is arm$2 9 ! latt] ! w+$ figure may be ! 4 ,!re (t5 seems to be a confusion betwe5 ! or gho/ & ! or 1 bo? 9 its functions & its art-=m4 ,?us1 on ! vase giv5 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #aja 7see p4 #eb71 small w+$ figures l s\ls are se5 fly+ out ( ! j>1 :i* are "h int5d$ to repres5t evil spirits or malefic5t gho/s1 l ! evils let out ( ! j> by ,p&ora4 ,footnote #hha3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fci2 ,re9a*1 i4 #hi2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ai4 ,footnote #hhb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdj1 ,b #edc2 ,b]l9 #aiba4 ,footnote #hhc3 ,fig4 #aab1 p4 #ad2 ,naples #bhhc ,re9a*1 i4 #aha3 cf4 ! beautiful conception on ! ,p]gam5e frieze4 ,footnote #hhd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahb & ,pet]sburg #agib ,re9a*1 i4 #a2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ff1 #aac1 #bjh4 ,footnote #hhe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bgh1 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdd 7,l\vre ,e #hfd71 #bde1 #bdi2 ,b4,m4 ,b #aif4 ,footnote #hhf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afh1 ,b #bac2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #hhg3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bih ,re9a*1 i4 #bdi1 #d ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #ajf1 fig4 #b 7& cf4 ibid4 xix4 p4 #bce72 ,naples #ccee ,re9a*1 i4 #bdh2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #ec ,re9a*1 i4 #bdi1 #f3 cf4 also ,b4,m4 ,f #adg2 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 p4 #fi2 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #bgg2 & see above1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #hhh3 ,z on ! vase ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 pl4 #a1 p4 #e3 cf4 ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,av4 #iga1 & ,sophocles' drama ( ,p&ora or ! ,hamm]]s 773 see also ,jahrbu*1 vi4 7#ahia71 p4 #aac ff41 & = ano!r explanation1 ,rob]t1 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 p4 #aid ff4 ,a vase 9 ,b]l9 7,cat4 #bfdf ,re9a*1 i4 #bbi ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bcb7 repres5ts ! ( ,ge-,p&ora1 ) ,satyrs a/oni%$ at ! sight4 ,footnote #hhi3 ,muni* #eeh2 ,naples ,s4,a4 #bhg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #abi4 ,footnote #hij3 ,hes4 ,!og4 #aaf2 ,ar4 ,av4 #fif ff4 ,footnote #hia3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahge1 pl4 #i4 ,footnote #hib3 ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #aeej4 ,footnote #hic3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bdf3 see ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #hid3 ,b]l9 #bech ,re9a*1 ii4 #afb4 ,footnote #hie3 ,pet]sburg #agic ,re9a*1 i4 #c2 b see bel[1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #hif3 ,pet]sburg #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #hig3 ,b4,m4 ,b #di ,re9a*1 ii4 #abb2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ej4 ,footnote #hih3 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 xiii4 7#ahhh71 p4 #dab ff4 & ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #gg ff42 also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #hii3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 pl4 #i4 ,footnote #ijj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgj3 see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict41 ,e4g4 ,cabeiri4 ,footnote #ija3 ,see above1 p4 #gc1 note #hhh1 = repres5tations ( ,ge-,p&ora ris+ f ! e>?1 :i* may be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! creation ( ,p&ora4 ,footnote #ijb3 ,d #d4 ,footnote #ijc3 ,e #dfg1 #ghi2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 pl4 #a 7"h ,p4 rises out ( ! gr\nd1 assi/$ by ,epime!us ) 8 hamm]2 ,zeus & ,h]mes are pres5t74 ,footnote #ijd3 ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #aja3 see above1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #ije3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #edb ,re9a*1 i4 #ada4 ,footnote #ijf3 ,b]l9 #agbb ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #i1 #h1 & ano!r ,b4,f4 vase 9 ,re9a*1 i4 #chh2 ,jahrbu*1 iv4 7#ahhi71 pls4 #e-f1 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #ijg3 ,helbig1 #bge ,re9a*1 ii4 #dh ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #adaa1 fig4 #aefg4 ,footnote #ijh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #adh2 ,naples #cbee ,re9a*1 i4 #bcf4 ,footnote #iji3 ,b]l9 #cbde ,g]h>d1 ,ges4 ,akad4 ,abh&l4 pl4 #ai2 ,a!ns #ieg ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pl4 #c 7,h4 be>s ! heav5s74 ,footnote #iaj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dga4 ,footnote #iaa3 ,a!ns #aibf ,re9a*1 i4 #eae4 ,possibly also on a ,b]l9 vase 7,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #hi7 ) a simil> subject1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 d5ote a 8sepul*ral banquet40 ,see ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #iab3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd1 ,e #fih4 ,footnote #iac3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bah1 #bdd 7,fig4 #aac71 ,e #daj2 ,l\vre ,e #hfa & ,b]l9 #agjd ,re9a*1 i4 #aef1 #aih4 ,footnote #iad3 ,a!ns #aifb4 ,footnote #iae3 ,ibid4 #dff ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,footnote #iaf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gbj2 ,muni* #cea ,re9a*1 ii4 #df2 ,b]l9 #bbdh ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #bg1 #b2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hda ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #fb2 ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #cej 7) tablets2 ,b4,f4 9 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #iag3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbd2 ibid4 #cbe l4 ,cr4 i4 #cb 7may be ,nike74 ,footnote #iah3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fg2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii1 #cci1 #dfc3 & see ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ch 7,b]l974 ,footnote #iai3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe ,re9a*1 i4 #aic2 ,b]l9 #beia3 cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hdj ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfj4 ,footnote #ibj3 ,j4,h4,s4 i4 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #iba3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg4 ,footnote #ibb3 ,b]l9 #ahie4 ,footnote #ibc3 ,franois vase4 ,footnote #ibd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cja4 ,footnote #ibe3 ,b4,m4 ,r4,f4 amphora 7uncatalogu$74 ,footnote #ibf3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cd4 ,footnote #ibg3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bif3 see p4 #ci4 ,footnote #ibh3 ,ibid4 ii4 #dg4 ,footnote #ibi3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bgi4 ,footnote #icj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cha7872 l4 ,cr4 i4 #bj1 #ca 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #i71 #cc 7 ,e4g4 ii4 #cba74 ,footnote #ica3 ,b4,f4 7,h4 9 *>iot73 ,b4,m4 ,b #bja1 #cag2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bec ,re9a*1 i4 #cii2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf1 #afa4 ,9 ,olympos3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahf4 ,footnote #icb3 ,b]l9 #cbeg ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fcj1 fig4 #gjj2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cfd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #h3 see p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #icc3 ,b]l9 #bbgh ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #i2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aeg1 #bjc2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baai 7) ,aphrodite74 ,footnote #icd3 ,jatta #ajic2 ,re9a*1 i4 #age4 ,footnote #ice3 ,pet]sburg #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #icf3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhi-ij1 p4 #e ff43 see also on ! subject g5]ally ! article ,p]sonifikation5 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon4 ,footnote #icg3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #fb ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhg3 see above1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #ich3 ,b4,f43 ,b]l9 #aihc2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbj & ,re9a*1 ii4 #baa l4 ,cr4 ii4 #aae-aaf 79 ! =m] case ! sol> disc is on 8 head74 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cje2 ,re9a*1 i4 #beh 7,k>lsruhe #chh71 #cfh2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #af1 ii4 #di4 ,footnote #ici3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii1 #ajj1 #cab 7,naples #cbbb71 #bia l4 ,cr4 ii4 #aad 7,hem]a72 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #cid 78see p4 #gi1 note #ied74 ,9 ! la/ b "o !y /ep out ( a boat4 ,footnote #idj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ida3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dff ,plate ,,liii4 ,a g5]al view 9 col\rs1 ,art ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #aijd4 ,footnote #idb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ii4 ,footnote #idc3 ,ibid4 i4 #ajj4 ,footnote #idd3 ,ibid4 i4 #abe4 ,footnote #ide3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #aa ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #idf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcf4 ,footnote #idg3 ,ibid4 i4 #aji4 ,footnote #idh3 ,cambridge #ajj ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #ae2 ,a!ns #ijj ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #i4 ,footnote #idi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #beb1 #dff1 #ggf2 ,b]l9 #beai ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 #fc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cab 7,naples #cbbb71 #dea4 ,footnote #iej3 ,b]l9 #bbic ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bfh 7a f9e ,r4,f4 kylix72 ,a!ns #acde ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #aj4 ,! figure 9 ! *>iot may be p]haps id5tifi$ z ,nyx2 see ,b]l9 #beai1 :]e ,sel5e rides a horse & ano!r goddess drives a *>iot2 also ,b4,m4 ,e #ggf4 ,see ,art ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #aijd1 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #iea3 ,pet]sburg #agic ,re9a*1 i4 #c4 ,footnote #ieb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #iec3 ,ibid4 ii4 #cai l4 ,cr4 ii4 #aah4 ,footnote #ied3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dff 7,plate ,,liii472 ,naples #cbef ,re9a*1 i4 #ajj 7"h z />s74 ,footnote #iee3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dff2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcf1 #bia 7871 #cci2 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 iv4 #cid 7874 ,footnote #ief3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddi ,re9a*1 i4 #abi3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #egc1 ,e #feh1 ,e #fei1 & ,art ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #aijd1 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #ieg3 ,b see above1 note #iej2 p4 #cj1 note #bci4 ,footnote #ieh3 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddi1 ,e #ggf 78 ,nyx2 see above72 ,helbig1 #acb ,re9a*1 ii4 #df4 ,late3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #cg 7) ,h]mes2 vase by ,lasimos 9 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #iei3 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 #f l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ajh ,a ,ros*]1 i4 #abeg2 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #ifj3 ,b4,f43 ,l\vre ,e #gjb ,re9a*1 i4 #ced4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #gb1 #dff2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfc 7 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbc71 & ii4 #ha 7 ,helbig1 #hj72 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajg ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ci-dj 7by ,hi]on2 may be ei!r ,k4 or ,t472 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cgd ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #cd4 ,late3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #dh4 ,eos c>ry+ ,k43 ,b]l9 #becg ,re9a*1 i4 #bjh4 ,footnote #ifa3 ,ox=d #bge ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #acg2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hdf4 ,footnote #ifb3 ,b4,m4 ,f #adi4 ,footnote #ifc3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje2 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfh3 see ,re9a*1 i4 #add1 ii4 #bed 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjg74 ,footnote #ifd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aef1 #a4 ,footnote #ife3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdg ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #ai2 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 pl4 #e2 ,ros*]1 i4 #abfe ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g4 ,footnote #iff3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ajd ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cea2 & cf4 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ca ff4 ,footnote #ifg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dca1 ,b #dde2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cah4 ,footnote #ifh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcg4 ,footnote #ifi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bab4 ,footnote #igj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ci2 ,b]l9 #bcje ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #gb1 #a2 ibid4 pl4 #bb1 #a 7see p4 #dg1 note #ejfab72 & cf4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bdh2 ,philologus1 #ahic1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #iga3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ei4 ,footnote #igb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dhj1 ,e #eab2 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #f2 ,b]l9 #bafe ,re9a*1 i4 #ceb2 ,muni* #cgf ,re9a*1 i4 #bdj ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ceb1 fig4 #cgc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cje2 ,helbig1 #aja ,re9a*1 ii4 #gh ,wi5] ,vorl4 ii4 #i2 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bii 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #igc3 ,b]l9 #bafe ,re9a*1 i4 #ceb4 ,footnote #igd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdf3 cf4 ,s]v4 ad ,a54 iii4 #bji2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhb1 p4 #ij ff42 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aeff4 ,footnote #ige3 ,b4,m4 ,b #d1 ,b #ajd3 see ,/udniczka1 ,kyr5e1 p4 #bf1 & ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #aji ff4 ,footnote #igf3 ,see bel[ pagel9k81 pp4 #aae1 #aaf4 ,footnote #igg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hjd ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #igh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgg4 ,footnote #igi3 ,b4,m4 ,f #adi4 ,footnote #ihj3 ,muni* #chd ,re9a*1 i4 #acj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dha4 ,footnote #iha3 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #aa3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #a4 ,footnote #ihb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbh 7see note 9 ,cat472 ,f #cha4 ,footnote #ihc3 ,see especially ,/udniczka1 ,kyr5e1 & on ! subject g5]ally1 ,j4,h4,s4 ix4 p4 #dg ff4 ,footnote #ihd3 ,naples #cbec ,re9a*1 i4 #aid4 ,footnote #ihe3 ,naples #cbef ,re9a*1 i4 #ih4 ,footnote #ihf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga4 ,footnote #ihg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #adj ,plate ,,li4 ,footnote #ihh3 ,naples #cbbf ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 pl4 #bg2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #g 79 ,l\vre72 ,b]l9 #bfcd ,ros*]1 ii4 #hcg4 ,footnote #ihi3 ,g #ajd4 ,footnote #iij3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cai2 ,naples #cbee ,re9a*1 i4 #bce2 ibid4 i4 #dff 7,pet]sburg #ebc71 ii4 #ea4 ,footnote #iia3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dh1 #gd1 #hd2 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #a3 see ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 p4 #aaf1 & ,loes*cke 9 ,dorpat] ,programm = #ahhg4 ,footnote #iib3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #iic3 ,b4,m4 ,b #d1 ,b #f4 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cda ff4 ,footnote #iid3 ,see above1 pp4 #ai1 #bd4 ,footnote #iie3 ,see above1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #iif3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #add3 see ,paus4 iii4 #a1 #b1 & #ah1 #aj2 ,apollod4 iii4 #aj1 #c1 #a2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #dia1 note4 ,footnote #iig3 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #bh4 ,footnote #iih3 ,jatta #aeja ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ch4 ,footnote #iii3 ,naples #cbce ,re9a*1 i4 #ajc ,ros*]1 iii4 #hfa4 ,footnote #ajjj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcg 7fi%-body72 & see p4 #aja4 ,footnote #ajja3 ,pet]sburg #cej ,re9a*1 i4 #ab4 ,footnote #ajjb3 ,naples #cbbf ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 pl4 #bg 7,ism5os & ,kr5aia73 cf4 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #g4 ,! nymph ,dirke is1 accord+ to ,rob]t1 repres5t$ 9 ! figure ris+ f ! gr\nd to receive ! *ild ,dionysos at 8 bir? on ! vase ,pet]sburg #agib ,re9a* i4 #a 7o!rwise ,gaia73 see 8 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ajjc3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #hf2 ,muni* #hje ,re9a*1 i4 #cia 7see ibid4 p4 #bgg7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 iv4 #d4 ,footnote #ajjd3 ,franois vase 7at ,peleus & ,!tis' nuptials72 ,b4,m4 ,e #hje2 ,b]l9 #bcia1 #bdja 7,klio & ,t]psi*ore73 cf4 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahie1 p4 #ajb 79 ,l\vre2 ?ree figures nam$ ,ourania1 ,kalliope1 & ,melpom5e74 ,footnote #ajje3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bga4 ,footnote #ajjf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf ,jatta #aech4 ,footnote #ajjg3 ,see p4 #cb4 ,footnote #ajjh3 ,f #dgh2 & see ,jatta #fed ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 pl4 #ai1 = a possible in/ance4 ,footnote #ajji3 ,b]l9 #bbgh ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #i4 ,footnote #ajaj3 ,pet]sburg #cej ,re9a*1 i4 #ab4 ,footnote #ajaa3 ,l\vre ,e #hfa ,re9a*1 i4 #aef4 ,footnote #ajab3 ,see p4 #gj2 & also p4 #acg1 "u ,ore/es4 ,footnote #ajac3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bij4 ,footnote #ajad3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bee1 #dea 7b see note #hgi on p4 #gb74 ,footnote #ajae3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb ,plate ,,xxxix42 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 ,no4 #be4 ,footnote #ajaf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ab2 ,re9a*1 i4 #adi ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gbg1 fig4 #gha4 ,footnote #ajag3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eh ,fig4 #abc2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 pl4 #b2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pls4 #bg-h4 ,footnote #ajah3 ,b]l9 #bffa ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #beg4 ,= ,pl\tos see also ,re9a*1 i4 #a 7at bir? ( ,dionysos71 & ! foll[+ notes4 ,footnote #ajai3 ,muni* #bia ,re9a*1 ii4 #dg 7m probably ,iris74 ,footnote #ajbj3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #ajba3 ,see e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #bhg1 ,e #egd 7,plate ,,xxxvi471 ,e #fdc2 ,ox=d #cab-cad4 ,footnote #ajbb3 ,/udniczka1 ,siegesgtt9 7#ahih71 & 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #cah3 see also ,sikes1 ,nike ( ,ar*]mos 7,cambridge1 #ahij71 & ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #aaa ff4 ,/udniczka reg>ds ! foll[+ z c]ta9 ,b4,f4 in/ances3 ,b4,m4 ,b #a1 ,b #ajfc1 ,b #abeb1 ,b #ccd2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 pls4 #e-f1 figs4 #b1 #b;a2 ,jahn1 ,entfhrung d4 ,europa1 pl4 #e4 ,! in/ances on late c>eless ,b4,f4 vases1 su* z ,b #cef1 ,b #ceg1 ,b #feb 9 ,b4,m41 are n to ! po9t1 z ^! belong to ! fif? c5tury4 ,footnote #ajbc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aeg1 #a2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ba1 #a2 ,b]l9 #bbgh ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #i4 ,footnote #ajbd3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #ad 79 ,b4,m472 ,re9a*1 i4 #ff1 #aid1 #dag1 ii4 #bff 7,n4 cr[n+ ,z472 ,b]l9 #bafg 7,z4 & ,poseidon74 ,footnote #ajbe3 l4 ,cr4 i4 #cb & iii4 #ch 7 ,b]l9 #bcag72 ,pet]sburg #cee ,re9a*1 i4 #ad4 ,footnote #ajbf3 ,naples #ccgc2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #gf ,a3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #cg1 #aeh2 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjh1 #faj1 ,e #ebc2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #fh4 ,footnote #ajbg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dde4 ,footnote #ajbh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ad1 #bec 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #cib71 #djf1 #eaa1 ii4 #caj2 ,naples #ahia l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ce2 ibid4 ii4 #dh4 ,footnote #ajbi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcb4 ,footnote #ajcj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bij4 ,footnote #ajca3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bb1 #bea2 ,b4,m4 ,f #agh1 ,a!ns #acdf ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #ae1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 p4 #fi 7,n4 cr[n+ ,h474 ,footnote #ajcb3 ,see p4 #ajg1 note #abbb4 ,footnote #ajcc3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pls4 #a-b2 ,pet]sburg #ebc ,re9a*1 i4 #dfg4 ,footnote #ajcd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #daj4 ,footnote #ajce3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhf 7871 #cih 7,b]l9 #beba74 ,footnote #ajcf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aji2 ,re9a*1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #ajcg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #a1 #c4 ,footnote #ajch3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aac2 & cf4 ,,bm4 ,e #ghh4 ,footnote #ajci3 ,b]l9 #cjbc ,re9a*1 i4 #ccj4 ,footnote #ajdj3 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 #ah1 #g4 ,footnote #ajda3 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 #bb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ceh 7unw+$ figure2 may be ,eris74 ,footnote #ajdb3 ,naples #cbca ,re9a*1 i4 #bii4 ,footnote #ajdc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcf4 ,footnote #ajdd3 ,ibid4 i4 #cfa 7cr[n+ !m72 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #ahg4 ,footnote #ajde3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #di2 i4 #ajh1 #aie4 ,footnote #ajdf3 ,ibid4 i4 #cij4 ,footnote #ajdg3 ,ibid4 i4 #ih4 ,footnote #ajdh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #afc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aig1 #h1 ii4 #aih1 #bhg4 ,footnote #ajdi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #egd ,plate ,,xxxvi42 ,b4,m4 ,e #bhg1 ,e #fdc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #g4 ,footnote #ajej3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bed 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #cib71 #cdj1 ,a!ns #ajah ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #ai1 #c 7tor*72 ,b4,m4 ,e #bea1 ,e #eac1 ,ros*]1 iii4 #cbi1 ,b5ndorf1 op4 cit4 #dg1 #b 7inc5se-burn]72 ,b4,m4 ,e #egd 7lamp72 ,ox=d #bgd1 ,a!ns #acfb1 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bce1 #caj1 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #d1 ,b5ndorf1 op4 cit4 #dg1 #a 7lyre72 ,a!ns #acfb1 ,re9a*1 i4 #daj 7tripod72 ,b5ndorf1 op4 cit4 #dh1 #a 7wrea?74 ,on ,ox=d #cab %e plays on a lyre4 ,on h] co/ume & attributes g5]ally see ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #ajea3 ,muni* #cea ,re9a*1 ii4 #df3 see above1 p4 #gf1 note #ajdh4 ,footnote #ajeb3 ,pet]sburg #cee ,re9a*1 i4 #ad2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aji2 ,jatta #ajej4 ,footnote #ajec3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dee-ef2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aie1 ii4 #ahj2 ibid4 i4 #djc1 #dbh2 ,ros*]1 iii4 #ccj2 ,cab4 ,p\rtals1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #ajed3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dib4 ,footnote #ajee3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ff ,fig4 #abd2 ,naples #bfhd ,re9a*1 i4 #dgd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bjf2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 ,no4 #ea4 ,footnote #ajef3 ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 p4 #bge ff4 ,footnote #ajeg3 ,muni* #chf ,re9a*1 ii4 #df ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ai4 ,footnote #ajeh3 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #cfa4 ,footnote #ajei3 ,a!ns #ajbf ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #bc1 #b4 ,footnote #ajfj3 ,ox=d #bfe2 ,b4,m4 ,e #ech2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ajfa3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #baf4 ,footnote #ajfb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjh2 ,b]l9 #bbaa l4 ,cr4 i4 #if4 ,footnote #ajfc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gjj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbf ,ros*]1 iii4 #cbf 7"h %e is putt+ on ! inscription74 ,footnote #ajfd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #eej4 ,footnote #ajfe3 ,b]l9 #bffa ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #ajff3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #d2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #bd2 ,jatta #ajej4 ,footnote #ajfg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfd1 #bge1 #dgf1 #egf4 ,footnote #ajfh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cgi4 ,footnote #ajfi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #abh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bfh4 ,footnote #ajgj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #agj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #de1 #cgh1 #b1 ii4 #ahg1 #bcj1 #bib4 ,footnote #ajga3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfb 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #cfd71 #bia2 & see #bih4 ,footnote #ajgb3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #gb4 ,footnote #ajgc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjg2 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #be 7,hegias72 ,ox=d #bhh 7,cat4 pl4 #ae72 ,l\vre ,f #aji 78 ,agon74 ,footnote #ajgd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbj2 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ce 7n[ 9 ,b4,m472 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #cfc4 ,footnote #ajge3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cbb4 ,footnote #ajgf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfj1 #dfi2 ,re9a*1 i4 #di1 #cgh1 ii4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ajgg3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #ajgh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #fc4 ,footnote #ajgi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #a 7872 ,pet]sburg #ahc ,micali1 ,/oria1 pl4 #hg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abf 7872 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict4 s4v4 ,agon1 fig4 #ahj2 ,l\vre ,f #aji3 see also ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 7#aijc71 pp4 #ib1 #ig4 ,footnote #ajhj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bj2 ,b]l9 #cjbc2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cf2 ,helbig1 #ij ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #fj1 #c2 & see ,knapp1 ,nike1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ajha3 ,see above1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ajhb3 ,see p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ajhc3 ,jahre%efte1 #ahii1 p4 #af ,re9a*1 i4 #bgi2 b m probably ! sc5e ref]s to ,ore/es & ,pylades 9 ,tauris4 ,footnote #ajhd3 ,vi5na #cai ,re9a*1 i4 #cec3 = ,dike 9 "u-_w see p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ajhe3 ,naples #cbec ,re9a*1 i4 #aid4 ,footnote #ajhf3 ,naples #cbcc ,re9a*1 i4 #bci4 ,footnote #ajhg3 ,b]l9 #agcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ff2 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfd1 ,b #cfe3 see ,re9a*1 i4 #bbc4 ,footnote #ajhh3 ,see ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #bicd4 ,footnote #ajhi3 ,l\vre ,e #gbc3 see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijb1 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #ajij3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bf1 #d 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #ajia3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ccd2 ,b]l9 #agge2 ,k>lsruhe #bei2 ,pet]sburg #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #g 7at ,judgm5t ( ,p>is72 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajj 7) ,pelops71 ii4 #bf1 #a1 #afa2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ah1 fig4 #bj4 ,footnote #ajib3 ,= unid5tifi$ w+$ deities see ,l\vre ,f #ed ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #b 7,exekias72 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #b 7,niko/h5es74 ,footnote #ajic3 ,naples #cbbb ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aibg1 fig4 #bjdb ,a3 see p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ajid3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ajj 7n[ 9 ,b4,m43 see ,class4 ,review1 #ahii1 p4 #dfh74 ,footnote #ajie3 ,naples #cbcg ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hcd1 fig4 #iah 7873 see bel[1 p4 #ia1 note #ajih1 = o!r int]pretations4 ,footnote #ajif3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bc4 ,footnote #ajig3 ,re9a*1 i4 #agc4 ,footnote #ajih3 ,ibid4 i4 #bbi 79 ,bo/on72 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgi2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga & ,naples #cbcg ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hcd1 fig4 #iah3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #cca1 #a4 ,! "n ( ,typhlosis 7,bl9dness7 has also be5 sugge/$ = ! figure on ! ,naples vase4 ,footnote #ajii3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dhj 7,as/eas vase 9 ,madrid74 ,footnote #aajj3 ,muni* #haj ,re9a*1 i4 #cfc4 ,footnote #aaja3 ,see above1 p4 #fe1 = in/ances4 ,footnote #aajb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dib2 ,naples #bdai2 ,k>lsruhe #bjh4 ,footnote #aajc3 ,b]l9 #bdga4 ,footnote #aajd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #baj3 see p4 #eh1 note #gja4 ,footnote #aaje3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd4 ,footnote #aajf3 ,naples #bhgc 7,as/eas74 ,footnote #aajg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dee4 ,footnote #aajh3 ,muni* #cgh4 ,footnote #aaji3 ,naples #cbee ,re9a*1 i4 #bce4 ,footnote #aaaj3 ,b]l9 #bfeh ,re9a*1 i4 #cge4 ,footnote #aaaa3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aaa4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h]oic ,,leg5ds ,ka/or & ,polydeukes--,h]akles & 8 twelve lab\rs--,o!r conte/s--,relations ) deities--,apo!osis--,!seus & 8 lab\rs--,lat] sc5es ( 8 life--,p]seus--,pelops & ,bell]ophon--,jason & ! ,argonauts--,!ban leg5ds--,! ,trojan cycle--,peleus & ,!tis--,! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is--,/ories ( ,telephos & ,troilos--,sc5es f ! ,iliad--,! dea? ( ,a*illes & ! ,fall ( ,troy--,! ,odyssey--,! ,ore/eia--,attic & o!r leg5ds--,orpheus & ! ,amazons--,mon/]s--,hi/orical & lit]>y subjects4 ,9 treat+ ( ! subject ( h]oic leg5ds1 we propose to deal fir/ ) ! m prom95t h]oes1 su* z ,ka/or & ,polydeukes1 ,h]akles1 ,!seus1 & ,p]seus1 & ) ! tales ( ,!bes & ,troy2 next ) ! s]ies ( my?s connect$ specially ) ,attica or o!r localities2 !n ) semi-my?ical p]sonages1 su* z ,orpheus & ,?amyris1 :i* lead u on to ! next division ( ! subject--sc5es connect$ ) ,greek hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ka/or & ,polydeukes d n play a v ext5sive "p on vases2 & z !y are n fur!r *>act]is$ ?an by ! petasos & two spe>s1 :i* are ! ord9>y equipm5t ( "y horsem51 !y are n always to be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty1 except 9 my?ological sc5es4 ,among ^! !y appe> 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia1#aaab or 9 company ) ,h]akles are initiat$ into ! less] my/]ies at ,agra#aaac2 !y are also se5 at ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles4#aaad ,!y are pres5t :5 ,l$a discov]s ! egg laid by ,nemesis1#aaae & on two ,b4,f4 vases appe> ) ,l$a & ,tynd>eus 9 a family gr\p#aaaf2 !y are also se5 9 company ) ,h]mes1#aaag ) ,p>is & ,hel51#aaah ) ,danaos tak+ refuge 9 ,attica1#aaai 9 a sc5e f ! ,m]ope ( ,euripides1#aabj & at ! slay+ ( ! ,sph9x by ,o$ipus4#aaba ,!y take "p 9 ! hunt ( ! ,calydonian bo>1#aabb & 9 _m sc5es f ! ,argonautika1 su* z ! dea? ( ,talos1#aabc ! puni%m5t ( ,amykos1#aabd & o!rs ( d\btful mean+4#aabe ,!re is m ?an "o repres5tation ( _! c>ry+ (f ! ,leukippidae1#aabf ! be/ be+ ! beautiful ,meidias vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xli471 :]e all ! figures are nam$4#aabg ,!y appe> z hunt]s1#aabh z deifi$ be+s pres5t at a ,!ox5ia 7lecti/]nium71 or fea/ ( ! gods1#aabi & are cr[n$ by ,nike 7) />s ov] _! heads74#aacj ,,h]akles ,( all ! h]oic leg5ds ! mo/ num]\s & ! mo/ important are ^? ( ! ,h]akleid4 ,!y appe> on vases ( all p]iods1 ?\gh 9 ! l>ge/ proportion on ! black-figur$ v>ieties1 & include e ev5t 9 8 life1 f 8 bir? to 8 deifi$ life 9 ,olympos4 ,( ! visit ( ,zeus to 8 "m ,alkm5a we h already spok51 z also ( h] apo!osis4#aaca ,z an infant we see ,h]akles engag$ 9 /rangl+ ! s]p5ts s5t by ,h]a1 :ile 8 bro!r ,iphikles recoils 9 t]ror#aacb2 lat] on ,h]a appe>s to be reconcil$ to 8 exi/5ce1 = %e is actually se5 suckl+ him at h] brea/4#aacc ,next he is c>ri$ (f by ,h]mes to ,*eiron ! ,c5taur = 8 education1#aacd & we see him und]go+ in/ruction on ! lyre f ,l9os1#aace or on 8 way1 accompani$ by an old woman c>ry+ 8 lyre4#aacf ,by ! "t :5 8 s]ies ( lab\rs beg9s he is usually repres5t$ z a full-gr[n be>d$ man1 especially on ! ar*aic vases2 b he appe>s 9 a few in/ances z a q y\?ful be>dless figure4 ,( all ! a*ievem5ts ( ,h]akles ! mo/ fam\s are ! ,twelve ,lab\rs1 to :i* he 0 subject$ by ,h]a at ! h&s ( ,eury/heus4 ,we f9d !m all repres5t$ on vases1 ) ! exception ( ! cleans+ ( ! ,augean /ables1 :i* may be presum$ to h (f]$ too _m difficulties to ! pa9t]2 x only occurs once 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,greek art1 on a metope at ,olympia4 ,! horses ( ,diom$e only occur once1 ! ,k]yneian /ag ?rice1 & ! ,/ymphalian birds five times2 b ! re/ may be describ$ z common4 ,9 all ^! sc5es ,h]akles is usually accompani$ by ,a!na2 also1 b less frequ5tly1 by ,iolaos & ,h]mes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,! ,nemean ,lion4 ,( ?is subject we f9d two 8normal0 types on ,b4,f4 vases1#aacg ) "o or two abnormal v]sions2 on ,r4,f4 vases ! treatm5t is less /]eotyp$4 ,b4,f4 7#a7 ,/&+ type3--,h]akles plunges sword into lion's neck 7bo? upright73 ,b4,m4 ,b #afj1 ,b #bcb1 ,b #fba 7,plate ,,xxx474 ,h4 /rangles lion3 ,b]l9 #agbj ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 #f1 #c 7,exekias72 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #f1 #c 7,*>itaios74 7#b7 ,cr\*+ type3--,h]akles /oops & /rangles lion3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aei1 ,b #aii1 ,b #cah 7,fig4 #abe72 ,pet]sburg #fh ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #d1 #f 7,taleides74 7#c7 ,abnormal3--,lion on its back2 ,h]akles slays x ) club3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #eb4 ,h]akles pursues lion3 ,l\vre ,f #ajh ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #a1 #e 7,niko/h5es74 ,r4,f4 7#a7 ,h]akles ) lion ov] %\ld] ab\t to hurl x on ,eury/heus 7type borr[$ f ,eryman?ian ,bo>1 see bel[73 ,b4,m4 ,b #aic ,plate ,,xxxii4 7,&okides74 7#b7 ,cr\*+ type3 ,muni* #dae ,re9a*1 i4 #aej ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fef1 fig4 #gbc2 ,b4,m4 ,e #afh2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 v4 7#ahij71 pl4 #ab ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 #g1 #b 7,niko/h5es1 9 ,bo/on74 ,see also ,b4,m4 ,e #ajd 7abnormal74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,h]akles ,,& ,,! ,,nemean ,,lion 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,we may also note "h a curi\s ,b4,f4 vase1 on :i* ,h]akles is se5 9 ! =e/s ( ,nemea prep>+ ! lion's sk9 = 8 own we>4#aach ,,ii4 ,! ,cretan ,bull4 ,type3 ,h]akles seizes ! bull f ! front & ties its legs ) a cord4 ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cji2 ,b]l9 #ahhf1 #ahih2 ,helbig1 #ca2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ee1 #e ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ffj1 fig4 #gbg4 ,r4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ajd2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #g1 #b 7,niko/h5es1 9 ,bo/on7 ,rm4 ,mit?4 v4 7#ahij71 p4 #cbd4 ,late4 ,b]l9 #cade ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #aa2 ,a!ns #aica4 ,see also a v rem>kable vase 9 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 ,no4 #cje 7n[ at ,bo/on71 :]e ! same subject appe>s ea* side1 "o ,b4,f41 ! o!r ,r4,f4 7by ,&okides74#aaci ,,iii4 ,! ,eryman?ian ,bo> 7see ,kle91 ,euphronios1 p4 #hg74 7#a7 ,! capture3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dfb2 ,l\vre ,f #bcf2 ,b]l9 #aiha1 #bjcd2 ,naples #bgje & ,s4,a4 #aej2 ,a!ns #heh1 #hfj 7all ,b4,f474 7#b7 ,! br++ back ( ! bo> 7,eury/heus abs5t2 ,a!na usually receives ! h]o73 ,b4,m4 ,b #ddg1 #dib2 ,cambridge #eg2 ,muni* #fid2 ,a!ns #ajig 7all ,b4,f474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,,h]akles ,,br++ ,,! ,,bo> ,,to ,,eury/heus 7,,briti% ,,museum74 7#c7 ,h]akles hurls ! bo> ^u ,eury/heus1 :o hides himself 9 a l>ge sunk j> 773 ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #afa 7,fig4 #abf72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ee1 #a2 ,helbig1 #cg2 ,l\vre ,f #ei1 #bjb4 ,r4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dd 7,euphronios7 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bc2 ,l\vre ,g #ag ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij1 pl4 #aj4 ,,iv4 ,! ,k]yneian ,/ag4 ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #afi1 ,b #bca4 ,r4,f4 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcc4 ,a dispute betwe5 ,apollo & ,h]akles ov] a /ag 7,re94 ii4 #ef1 #c3 see p4 #cd7 may p]haps be ref]r$ to ?is subject1 z ! my? is n o!rwise kn[n1 b x is m usually ,artemis :o endeav\rs to ?w>t ,h]akles' capture4 ,v4 ,! ,/ymphalian ,birds4 ,f\nd only on f\r ,b4,f4 vases 7,b4,m4 ,b #afc2 ,l\vre ,f #chg2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 p4 #agb2 & ,muni* #aaaa ,re9a*1 ii4 #eh7 & "o late example 7,re9a*1 ii4 #big74 ,h]akles %oots ! birds ) b[ & arr[4 ,,vi4 ,! ,l]naean ,hydra4 ,?is subject1 occurr+ only on ar*aic vases1 has no v fix$ type2 ! ,hydra has sev5 or n9e heads1 & ! body ( a s]p5t or ( a cuttle-fi%4 ,iolaos sometimes assi/s ,h]akles1 & 9 two cases ! crab s5t by ,h]a is also visible4 ,b4,f4 ,e>ly3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chi2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahih1 pl4 #ab2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aah 7#f7 ,l\vre ,e #hea4 ,lat]3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aah 7#a7 ,b]l9 #ahed 7crab72 ibid4 #aah 7#c72 #aah 7#e7 ,l\vre ,f #chf ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ge 7,a!na slays crab72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ec ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #feg1 fig4 #gbd2 ,b]l9 #ahja ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #g1 #c3 see also ,a!ns #gib ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #d1 #a1 :]e two successive sc5es are giv54 ,r4,f4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf4 ,hydra has cuttle-fi% body & t5 or elev5 heads4 ,,vii4 ,! ,horses ( ,diom$e4 ,naples #bejf2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #big 7874 ,,viii4 ,! ,augean ,/ables4 ,n f\nd on vases4 ,,ix4 ,! ,combat ) ,g]yon & ,capture ( 8 ,cattle4 ,a v fav\rite subject on ,b4,f4 & e>ly vases1 includ+ "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s4 ,g]yon is at fir/ w+$ & only ?ree-head$1 !n triple-bodi$1 repres5t$ z ?ree arm$ w>riors unit$1#aadj "o or two ( :om g5]ally fall w\nd$4 ,h]akles attacks ) b[4 ,e>ly ,b4,f4 8,proto-,cor9?ian03 ,b4,m4 ,a #dhg ,j4,h4,s4 v4 p4 #agf4 ,*alcidian3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aee2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjb ,re9a*1 ii4 #eh & #bec ,plate ,,xxii4 ,late ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #aef1 ,b #aid2 ,l\vre ,f #ec ,re9a*1 ii4 #ei ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ffb1 fig4 #gbi 7,exekias72 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bii1 & ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbc 7abnormal types74 ,r4,f4 ,muni* #ccg 7,plate ,,xxxviii47 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 #bb 7,euphronios72 ,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 pl4 #ch4 ,late4 ,b]l9 #cbeh2 ,naples #aibd ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bg4 ,! driv+ (f ( ! cattle by ,h]akles is also repres5t$3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ajd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #eh1 #e2 & see ,kle91 ,euphronios1 p4 #fa4 ,x4 ,! ,girdle ( ,hippolyta4 ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #ecc4 ,late4 ,naples #cbda ,re9a*1 i4 #chd4 ,besides ! sc5es 9 :i* ,h]akles is evid5tly captur+ ! girdle1 !re are _m vases on :i* he is se5 9 combat ) ,hippolyte & o!r ,amazons1 su* z ,&roma*e or ,alkaia1 assi/$ himself by ,iolaos or ,telamon4 ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #aed1 ,b #dbf2 ,l\vre ,e #hge2 ,cambridge #dd2 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #ah 7,exekias72 ,b]l9 #cihh ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #di4 ,r4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,e #de2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aff2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ece ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfe2 ,bologna #cbb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cec ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #d1 #a 7,duris74 ,late4 ,jatta #dbc ,re9a*1 i4 #bjf4 ,,xi4 ,fet*+ ,k]b]os f ,hades4 ,! v>i\s types & me?ods ( repres5t+ ?is subject h be5 collect$ 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bif2 z typical examples may be giv53 ,e>ly ,b4,f4 ,l\vre ,e #gja ,re9a*1 i4 #aec2 ,re9a*1 i4 #chi1 ii4 #cb4 ,late ,b4,f4 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bie 79 ,b4,m472 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fi4 ,r4,f4 ,jahrbu* viii4 7#ahic71 pl4 #b 79 ,b]l97 & p4 #afj 79 ,bo/on74 ,late4 ,on sev]al ( ! 8"u-_w0 vases1 see p4 #fh1 ,nos4 #a-d1 #aa4 ,,xii4 ,fet*+ ! ,gold5 ,apples f ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides4 ,!re are two v]sions ( ?is my?4 ,9 "o1 :i* seems to be ! e>li]1 ,atlas fet*es ! apples1 :ile ,h]akles supports ! univ]se = him 7see above1 p4 #ge74 ,! vases repres5t+ ,h]akles 9 ! ,g>d5 surr\nd$ by ! ,nymphs 7= :om see p4 #ib7 are almo/ all ( ! lat] p]iod3 ,b4,f4 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #db1 #a4 ,r4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd ,furtwa5gl]-,rei*hold1 #h-i 7,plate ,,xli474 ,late4 ,b4,m4 ,f #adh2 ,naples #bhgc ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #c ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #ab1 #c 7,as/eas72 & ,naples #cbee ,re9a*1 i4 #bcf ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fhf1 fig4 #gde4 ,p>ody4 ,a!ns #ahid ,re9a*1 i4 #ejf 7874 ,besides ! some:at insignificant "p t he plays 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia1#aada ,h]akles _h sev]al indep5d5t combats ( 8 own ) gigantic mon/]s & su*-l be+s4 ,( ^! ! mo/ popul> subjects are ,antaios & ,alkyoneus4 ,! leg5d ( ,h]akles' wre/l+ ) ! =m] is famili> f ,p9d>#aadb2 on ! vases ,antaios is n *>act]is$ z a giant 9 size or o!rwise1 b 8 "m ,gaia is g5]ally pres5t4#aadc ,alkyoneus1 on ! o!r h&1 is repres5t$ z a be+ ( gigantic size1 ly+ asleep 9 a cave#aadd2 a small w+$ figure :i* sometimes hov]s ov] him has be5 int]pret$ by "s z ,hypnos 7,sleep71 b might also be a 1 or h>b+] ( dea?4#aade ,h]akles g5]ally attacks him ) club or b[ & arr[1 b on "o vase is depict$ g\g+ out 8 eye#aadf2 on ano!r he is assi/$ by ,telamon ) a /one4#aadg ,ano!r giant ) :om we f9d ! h]o cont5d+ is ,cacus1 ^: ox5 he c>ri$ (f4 ,?is is a purely ,roman my?1 & belongs r to ! leg5ds ( ! ,roman ,h]cules1 b curi\sly en\gh x f9ds a place on "o ,greek vase ( ,sicilian orig91 :i* repres5ts ,cacus 9 a hut ) ! ox5 & ,h]akles play+ a lyre 9 triumph4#aadh ,"o ( ! commone/ subjects connect$ ) ,h]akles is 8 combat ) ,kyknos1 ! son ( ,ares1 describ$ at l5g? 9 ! ,hesiodic ,scutum ,h]culis4 ,x is mo/ly f\nd on ,b4,f4 vases1 ! usual 8type0 %[+ ! two combatants support$ by ,a!na & ,ares respectively 9 _! *>iots1 :ile ,zeus appe>s 9 ! mid/ to int]rupt !m4#aadi ,"o late ,r4,f4 vase seems to %[ ! prep>ations = ! combat1 9 ! pres5ce ( an ,amazon1 a ,fury1 & o!r p]sonages#aaej2 ano!r vase1 ! subsequ5t attack made on ,a!na by ,ares4#aaea ,we f9d him 9 combat ) ,a*elos1 ! riv]-god1 repres5t$ z a bull ) ! face ( a be>d$ man1#aaeb or occasionally1 by confusion ) a sea-deity1 ) ! body & tail ( a fi%4#aaec ,?is latt] =m is assum$ by ,triton1 ) :om also ! h]o cont5ds1#aaed ?\gh ! my? is unkn[n 9 lit]ature4 ,( simil> import is 8 combat ) ,n]eus1 ! old man ( ! sea 7 71 :o appe>s 9 human =m z an ag$ man#aaee2 ! 8type0 employ$ on ,b4,f4 vases is simil> to t ( ,peleus wre/l+ ) ,!tis 7see bel[1 p4 #abj71 ) simil> indications ( ! sea-god's trans=mation into animals4 ,9 "o case an air ( hum\r is imp>t$ to ! sc5e1 & ,h]akles is repres5t$ sma%+ ! furniture 9 ,n]eus' h\se4#aaef ,ano!r important gr\p ( subjects is conc]n$ ) ,h]akles' adv5tures ) ! ,c5taurs1 :i* fall "u sev]al head+s4 ,allusion has already be5 made to 8 e>ly education by ,*eiron1 & aga9 we see him pay+ a visit ( a peaceful nature to ! ag$ ,pholos1 :o ent]ta9s him by op5+ a j> ( w9e4#aaeg ,! smell !refrom attract$ ! o!r ,c5taurs & l$ to a combat1 :i* we see vividly depict$ on _m e>ly ,b4,f4 vases1 on :i* x 0 a fav\rite subject1 z also on lat] ones4#aaeh ,we also f9d him 9 combat ) p>ticul> ,c5taurs1 f :om he rescues a woman c>ri$ (f by !m4 ,?us we see ,hippolyta deliv]$ f ,eurytion1#aaei & ,deianeira f ,nessos#aafj or ,dexam5os#aafa 7! latt] appe>s on lat] vases only1 & !re seems to be no di/9ction betwe5 !m 9 ! my?74 ,o!r adv5tures 9 :i* he engages include ! free+ ( ,prome!us f ! vulture1 :i* he slays ) 8 b[#aafb2 ! br++ back ( ,alke/is f ,hades#aafc2 ! seizure ( ! ,k]kopes1 a pair ( brig&s1 :om he c>ries (f head d[nw>ds ov] 8 %\ld]s#aafd2 & 8 capture by ,busiris 9 ,egypt1#aafe ) 8 escape aft] slay+ ! k+'s negro att5dants4#aaff ,among r>] my?s may be m5tion$ ! de/ruction ( ! v9es ( ,syleus#aafg2 a possible repres5tation ( 8 conte/ 9 draw+ wat] ) ,lepreos#aafh2 & 8 combat ) ,erg9os1 ! k+ ( ,or*om5os1 & ! capture ( 8 h]alds4#aafi ,a vase 9 ,a!ns1 on :i* he is depict$ dragg+ two ,satyrs 9 a lea%1#aagj depicts an unkn[n my?2 z d ^? :i* repres5t him cont5d+ ) ,g]as1 a p]sonification ( ,old ,age1#aaga & beat+ a w+$ ,k] ) 8 club4#aagb ,9 company ) ,a!na he attacks an unkn[n man1#aagc & he is also se5 lead+ a ,sph9x4#aagd ,next we turn to ! relations betwe5 ! h]o & ! ,olympian or o!r deities1 :i* (t5 take ! =m ( disputes or combats4 ,( ^! ! mo/ fam\s & important is 8 capture ( ! ,delphic tripod1 = :i* he fights ) ,apollo1 g5]ally 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a!na & ,artemis#aage2 9 "o in/ance ,h]akles is se5 9 ,a!na's *>iot1 c>ry+ ! tripod (f ) him#aagf2 o!r vases repres5t ! f9al reconciliation ) ,apollo4#aagg ,!re is a curi\s repres5tation ( a combat betwe5 ,h]akles & ,h]a 7depict$ z ! ,roman ,juno ,sospita1 we>+ a goatsk9 on h] head71 ) ,a!na & ,poseidon assi/+ on ei!r side4#aagh ,ano!r r>e & int]e/+ subject is t ( 8 attack on ,helios1 :om he int]rupts at sunrise to prev5t 8 j\rney aft] ,g]yon's cattle f becom+ kn[n4 ,h]akles is %[n wait+ = ! *>iot ( ! sun-god z x rises f ! waves1 & prep>+ to dis*>ge 8 arr[s4#aagi ,a lat] /age ( ! /ory is illu/rat$ by a f9e ,r4,f4 vase1 :]e he voyages ov] ! sea 9 ! gold5 b[l giv5 him by ,helios4#aahj ,la/ly1 he def5ds ,h]a & ,iris aga9/ ! attacks ( a troop ( ,seil5i4#aaha ,9 o!r sc5es :]e he is associat$ ) ! gods1 x is 9 8 div9e capacity aft] 8 apo!osis4 ,8 relations ) wom5 are n s frequ5tly depict$ b we h at lea/ "o repres5tation ( 8 visit to ,omphale#aahb2 or1 aga91 ( 8 ent]ta9m5t by ,eurytos1#aahc ! c>ry+ (f ( 8 daught] ,iole1#aahd & ! subsequ5t fight ) ,eurytos4#aahe ,8 rescue ( ,deianeira f ! ,c5taur has already be5 allud$ to1 & !re may also be a ref]5ce to 8 c>ry+ h] (f f h] fa!r ,o9eus4#aahf ,hesione is n f\nd ) him on vases1 b he is se5 c>ry+ (f ,auge#aahg2 he is also associat$ ) a ,nymph1 :o may be ,nemea4#aahh ,on "o vase he pursues1 ) amor\s int5tion1 a woman1 :o may possibly be int5d$ = ,a!na4#aahi ,a rem>kable vase-pa9t+ by ,as/eas ( ,pae/um depicts ,h]akles 9 a fit ( madness de/roy+ 8 *ildr5 by hurl+ !m on a fire1 on :i* he has already ?r[n ! h\sehold furniture2 8 "m & o!rs look on1 express+ v>i\s emotions4#aaij ,9 m peaceful mood he is se5 gr\p$ ) 8 wife ,deianeira & _! son ,hyllos1#aaia or ) ,o9eus1 8 fa!r-9-law4#aaib ,we n[ proce$ to note a few subjects :i* d n admit ( m exact classification4 ,h]akles is initiat$ into ! less] my/]ies at ,agra1 toge!r ) ,ka/or & ,polydeukes1#aaic & is conduct$ by ,h]mes to ! revels ( ! ,scy?ian ,aga?yrsi 7cf4 p4 #agi74aaid ,he is also sometimes se5 c>ry+ ,hades on 8 back1 ! latt] be>+ a l>ge cornucopia#aaie2 b ! signification ( ?is subject is unkn[n4 ,he accompanies ! ,argonauts on _! w&]+s1#aaif & appe>s z a s+le figure %oot+ f a b[4#aaig ,he is (t5 repres5t$ p]=m+ an act ( sacrifice1 ei!r z a s+le figure#aaih or 9 gr\ps1 sacrific+ a ram or o!r animal4#aaii ,"s ( ^! sc5es1 :]e he sacrifices to ! xoanon ( ,*ryse1#abjj a local ,lemnian goddess1 mu/ ref] to ! /ory ( ,philoktetes1 ) :i* he 0 connect$4 ,or1 aga91 conv]sely1 we see a /atue ( ,h]akles made ! subject ( (f]+s f o!rs4#abja ,a sc5e f ! /ory ( ,antigone 7see bel[1 p4 #aai7 is repres5t$ z tak+ place be=e a %r9e1 9 :i* /&s ! deifi$ h]o int]c$+ ) ,kreon = h] life4#abjb ,he also appe>s z protect+ god ( ,attica1#abjc & also ( ! palae/ra1 ) ref]5ce to 8 traditional f\nd+ ( ! ,olympian games4#abjd ,f9ally1 !re is a s]ies ( subjects :i* 7z 9 ! case ) mo/ ( ! prec$+ section7 may be conc]n$ ) ,h]akles ei!r be=e or aft] 8 apo!osis4 ,among ^! are ! num]\s vases 7especially ,b4,f47 :]e he is repres5t$ z be+ greet$ by ,a!na or conv]s+ ) h]1#abje or receiv+ a libation f h]4#abjf ,^! may ei!r ref] to 8 receiv+ visits ( enc\ragem5t f h] 9 ! int]vals betwe5 8 lab\rs1 or to 8 reception by h] 9 ,olympos 7see bel[74 ,_m vases repres5t him banquet+1 usually 9 company ) ,dionysos & o!r deities4#abjg ,) ,h]mes & ,iolaos he takes "p 9 a procession accompani$ by music#abjh2 & he is also repres5t$ ov]come ) w9e & =m+ a subject = mock]y1#abji :ile ,satyrs /eal 8 weapons#abaj 7?is subject be+ probably tak5 f a ,satyric drama74 ,or he is repres5t$ ba?+ at a f\nta9#abaa2 & 9 "o case fi%+ ) ,h]mes & ,poseidon4#abab ,he also takes "p 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia1#abac & is pres5t at ! bir? ( ,a!na1#abad 9 bo? cases by a curi\s anticipation ( 8 deifi$ "*4 ,exce$+ly common are 8 appe>ances ) a lyre1 z ,ki?>oidos4#abae ,! la/ sc5es ( ,h]akles' e>?ly life are 8 la/ sacrifice on ,m\nt ,k5aion1#abaf ! we>+ ( ! poison$ robe :i* l$ to 8 dea?1#abag & ! subsequ5t burn+ ( 8 body on ! fun]al pyre4 ,! la/ sc5e is occasionally comb9$ ) 8 apo!osis2 ! ,hyades qu5* ! flames among :i* 8 body is consum+1 :ile ! deifi$ h]o asc5ds 9 ! *>iot ( ,a!na or ,nike to ,olympos4#abah ,! vases relat+ exclusively to 8 apo!osis fall into two ma9 classes1 :i* admit ( m ?an "o sub-division3 7#a7 8 asc5t into heav5 9 ! *>iot ( ,a!na or ,nike2 7#b7 8 reception 9 ,olympos4 ,! asc5t 9 ! *>iot ( ,a!na is almo/ conf9$ to ,b4,f4 vases2 on ^? ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod x r>ely occurs2 & on ! ,italian vases h] place is usually tak5 by ,nike1 :o is also repres5t$ cr[n+ him ) a wrea?4 ,on ! ,b4,f4 vases ! 8type0 is almo/ inv>iable 7see ,plate ,,xxix473 ,h]akles m\nts ! f\r-horse *>iot 9 :i* ! goddess /&s ready2 on ! f>!r side ( x /& v>i\s deities1 ! commone/ be+ ,apollo1 ,dionysos1 & ,hebe1 ) ,h]mes at ! horses' heads2 m r>ely ,zeus1 ,h]a1 & ,artemis are se54#abai ,9 "o or two cases ,iolaos acts z *>iote]1 ,a!na /&+ at ! side#abbj2 or1 aga91 ,hebe p]=ms ! same (fice4#abba ,on ! late r$-figur$ vases ! att5dant deities are almo/ limit$ to ,h]mes & ,eros2 ! *>iot is "h usually repres5t$ z on its way4#abbb ,illu/ration3 ,f ,ar*4 ,zeit4 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,,reception ,,( ,,! ,,deifi$ ,,h]akles ,,by ,,zeus1 ,,f ,a ,,vase ,,at ,,pal]mo4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! h]o's introduction into ,olympos is 8 introduction to ,zeus by ,a!na1 a sc5e common on bo? ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! att5dant deities v>y v greatly3 ,h]mes1 ,apollo1 ,hebe1 & ,artemis are mo/ (t5 se52 also ,h]a1 ,poseidon1 ,ares1 & ,dionysos4#abbc ,besides ^! !re are num]\s sc5es 9 :i* he is gr\p$ ) v>i\s deities1 usually ,a!na & ,h]mes1 b also ,poseidon1 ,ares1 ,dionysos1 & ,hebe1 app>5tly 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 new life among ! welcom+ gods#abbd2 & to ?is gr\p may be add$ ! sc5es 9 :i* he is cr[n$ by ,nike4#abbe ,! completion ( 8 bliss is ! m>riage ) ,hebe1 f\nd on two or ?ree f9e ,r4,f4 vases1#abbf ) a num]\s company ( att5dant deities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! adv5tures ( ,!seus1 ! peculi>ly ,attic h]o1 are portray$ on vases ( all dates2 !y are r>e on ! lat] k9ds1 b are mo/ popul> on ! ,r4,f4 vases ( ! 8/rong0 & 8f9e0 p]iods1 z w\ld naturally be expect$ at a "t :5 8 cult 0 com+ into special prom95ce 9 ,a!ns 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dah74 ,( 8 sev5 lab\rs ! only "o commonly f\nd on ! ,b4,f4 vases is ! combat ) ! ,m9otaur1 b "s ( ! f9e/ ,r4,f4 kylikes give a complete s]ies4 ,!y are giv5 9 ! ord] ( 8 progress f 8 bir?place ,troez5 ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus to ,a!ns4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! ,cretan leg5ds1 :i* alone are common on ! e>ly vases1 are cle>ly old] ?an ! m purely ,attic4 ,! fir/ subject to be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! /ory ( ,!seus is t ( 8 fa!r ,aigeus consult+ ! oracle ( ,!mis4#abbg ,8 f9d+ ( ,aigeus' sword & s&als b5ea? ! /one 7cf4 ,plate ,,lxii47 is n depict$ on vases1 b we h a possible repres5tation ( 8 recognition by ,aigeus1#abbh & an un9telligible sc5e :]e he pursues or attacks 8 "m ,ai?ra1 app>5tly wield+ ! newly f\nd sword4#abbi ,!re are only two ,r4,f4 kylikes :i* give ! complete s]ies ( adv5tures1 includ+ t 9 ,crete2 ! ,duris kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,vol4 ,i41 frontisp47 omits two 7! bull & ,prokru/es71 & o!rs give a v>y+ numb] ( sc5es1 omitt+ sometimes "o1 sometimes ano!r4 ,! adv5ture ) ,p]iphetes appe>s to be conf9$ to lit]ature4 ,we give ! li/ z foll[s1 ) ! vases on :i* !y may be se5#abcj3 7#a7 ,! p9e-b5d] ,s9is4 ,b4,f43 ,a!ns #hgi4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #cac 7 ,naples ,r4,c4 #ahj7 & ii4 #bhj4 7#b7 ,! s[ ( ,krommyon1 sometimes accompani$ by a ,nymph or old woman1 ! p]sonification ( ! locality4 ,re9a*1 i4 #dei2 ,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 pl4 #ad4 7#c7 ,! brig& ,skiron 79 ,meg>a72 ?is sc5e is usually to be id5tifi$ by ! foot-pan & ! tortoise4 ,re9a*1 i4 #aai4 7#d7 ,! wre/l+ ) ,k]kyon 7at ,eleusis74 ,re9a*1 i4 #cbd4 7#e7 ,prokru/es & 8 b$ 7ne> ,a!ns74 ,b4,f43 ,a!ns #hgi4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #dda-db2 ,a!ns #aaff ,j4,h4,s4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #i-aj4 7#f7 ,! ,m>a?onian bull4 ,b4,f43 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agd4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddb2 ,naples #bhfe ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #ed2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #dc3 ,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 pl4 #ce 79 ,brussels74 7#g7 ,! slay+ ( ! ,m9otaur4 ,a v e>ly repres5tation 7ab\t #faj ,b4,c47 on ! ,poll$r>a hydria 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 pl4 #g3 see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #adh1 ,b #bje2 ,muni* #ccc ,re9a*1 ii4 #aai ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #b1 #b1 & #aaee ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #g1 #b2 ,b]l9 #afih ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #g1 #a2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #fa 7,taleides74 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #dda2 ,helbig1 #hj ,re9a*1 ii4 #ha ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #agij1 fig4 #ahgd4 ,! complete set ( sev5 is to be f\nd on ! foll[+3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hd1 :]e ! sc5es are duplicat$ on ! ext]ior & int]ior ( ! kylix2 "h ! ,m9otaur =ms ! c5tral sc5e ( ! int]ior4 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #a 7kylix by ,aeson74 ,! foll[+ are m or less complete3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dh ,frontispiece1 ,vol4 ,i4 7by ,duris2 five sc5es74 ,l\vre ,g #ajd 7,euphronios74 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebh-cb4 ,aft] ! lab\rs on 8 j\rney comes ! purification ( ,!seus on rea*+ ,a!ns4#abca ,to ?is "t may p]haps be ref]r$ a sc5e 9 :i* he receives a palm-bran* f ,a!na4#abcb ,!re is a subject :i* _c be plac$ 9 lit]>y tradition1 b probably comes 9 po9t ( "t imm$iately be=e or aft] ! lab\rs2 ?is is ! visit to ,poseidon & ,amphitrite "u ! sea1 :i!r he is borne by ,triton4 ,x occurs on ! beautiful ,euphronios kylix 9 ! ,l\vre 7,g #ajd7 & else:]e4#abcc ,next 9 po9t ( "t we h to deal ) ! /ory ( ,!seus' voyage to ,crete & 8 m>riage ) & des]tion ( ,ariadne4 ,x beg9s ) a sc5e 9 :i* he bids f>ewell to ,aigeus#abcd2 !n on 8 arrival 9 ,crete he slays ! ,m9otaur1 z already describ$4 ,we next see ! meet+ ) ,ariadne1#abce foll[$ by ! nuptial c]emonies2 ! latt] sc5e1 toge!r ) ! subsequ5t arrival at ,delos1 & a dance ( boys & maid5s lib]at$ by ,!seus1 is vividly depict$ on ! ,franois vase4 ,8 des]tion ( ! sleep+ ,ariadne 9 ,naxos & ! appe>ance ( ,dionysos z h] consol] =m ! subjects ( two v beautiful ,r4,f4 vases#abcf2 b ! return to ,a!ns & ! dea? ( ,aigeus are n depict$4 ,! reign ( ,!seus at ,a!ns is signalis$ by 8 combats ) ! ,amazons & ,c5taurs4 ,9 ! =m] /ory he c>ries (f _! lead] ,hippolyta z 8 que51 assi/$ by 8 fri5d ,peiri?os#abcg2 & 9 ano!r v]sion x is ,antiope :om he ov]comes1#abch or ! subject is treat$ 9 a m g5]al fa%ion4#abci ,?is sc5e is suppos$ to take place 9 ,attica2 b ! /ory ( ! ,c5taurs belongs to ,!ssaly1 ! home ( ,peiri?os4 ,! ,c5taurs are repres5t$ int]rupt+ a banquet1 ?r[+ ev]y?+ into confusion1 & c>ry+ (f ,laodameia & o!r female victims4 ,x occurs on ! ,franois vase1 & is treat$ 9 a vivid pictorial fa%ion on sev]al vases ( a lat] p]iod4#abdj ,! episode ( ! dea? ( ,ka9eus 7see p4 #ade7 belongs to ?is gr\p ( subjects4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs a vase repres5t+ ! rape ( a girl nam$ ,korone by ,!seus & 8 fri5d4#abda ,9 ! /ory z told by ,plut>* 7,!s4 #ca7 x 0 ,hel5e#abdb :om ,!seus c>ri$ (f2 curi\sly en\gh1 a figure ?us inscrib$ is also pres5t on ?is vase1#abdc z well z ,antiope 7see above74 ,! rape 7z describ$ by ,plut>*7 0 foll[$ by _! desc5t into ,hades to seize ,p]sephone4 ,= ?is !y 7 doom$ to puni%m5t1 to sit = ev] ) h&s b\nd beh9d !m#abdd2 b 9 "o v]sion ,!seus is all[$ to dep>t aft] a "t1 z is se5 on "o ( ! ,apulian "u-_w vases4#abde ,a vase sign$ by ,x5otimos repres5ts ,peiri?os seat$ 9 a *air hold+ two spe>s#abdf2 b its my?ological significance is op5 to "q4 ,closely l9k$ ) ! /ory ( ,!seus is t ( ! love ( ,phaidra = ,hippolytos & ! dea? ( ! latt]1 conf9$ to late ,italian vases2 b ,phaidra has n be5 c]ta9ly id5tifi$ 9 any case4#abdg ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an und\bt$ repres5tation ( ! appe>ance ( ! bull :i* ov]?rew ,hippolytos' *>iot4#abdh 99 99 99 99 99 ,next 9 importance z a h]o ( ,greek leg5d comes ,p]seus1 born f ! gold5 %[] 9 :i* ,zeus visit$ ,danae 7see p4 #ai74 ,we f9d repres5tations ( ! sc5e s t\*+ly sung ( by ,simonides1 ! plac+ ( ,danae & h] *ild 9 ! wood5 *e/ & s5d+ !m adrift#abdi2 & next we f9d ,p]seus z a full-gr[n y\?1 ab\t to set =? on 8 mission ( slay+ ! ,gorgon1 & receiv+ f ! ,naiads ! cap1 s&als1 & wallet1 :i* 7 to aid him 9 8 que/4#abej ,on lat] vases he receives f ,a!na ! sickle 7h>pe7 ) :i* he slays ! mon/]4#abea ,on 8 way he seizes ! eye & too? ( ! ,graiae1 a subject r>ely depict$ 9 art4#abeb ,! actual slay+ ( ! ,gorgon#abec is n s (t5 repres5t$ z ! subsequ5t flight ( ,p]seus1 g5]ally accompani$ by ,a!na & ,h]mes#abed2 9 "o or two in/ances we see ,p]seus approa*+ 8 victim unobs]v$4#abee ,o!r vases depict ! headless corpse ( ,m$usa1 f :i* spr+s ! "y ,*rysaor or ,pegasos1 & ! o!r two ,gorgons1 ,/h5o & ,euryale1 ei!r pursu+ ,p]seus or rema9+ ) ! corpse#abef2 9 "o in/ance !y appeal to ,poseidon = help4#abeg ,we next see ,p]seus arriv+ at ! c\rt ( ,kepheus to deliv] ,&rom$a#abeh2 %e is g5]ally repres5t$ *a9$ to a column 9 ! palace itself4 ,on o!r vases he is depict$ 9 ! act ( slay+ ! mon/]1 b ?is is a some:at r>e subject4#abei ,f9ally1 we h ! return to ,s]iphos & ! petrifaction ( ! k+ ,polydektes by %[+ him ! ,gorgon's head4#abfj ,p]seus is also repres5t$ %[+ ! head to ,satyrs1#abfa or plac+ x 9 ! wallet 771#abfb or 9 combat ) ,ma5ads#abfc2 or1 aga91 he is accompani$ by ,a!na1 :o holds ! ,gorgon's head :ile he looks at ! reflection4#abfd ,la/ly1 on "s small ,r4,f4 vases1 a bu/ ( ,p]seus is depict$ we>+ 8 w+$ cap4#abfe 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ory ( ,pelops is *iefly connect$ ) ,olympia1 & 8 visit to ,o9omaos2 b ! subjects are almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! lat] ,apulian vases4 ,on "o ,b4,f4 7,cyr5aic7 kylix ,pelops is depict$ ) ! w+$ horses giv5 him by ,poseidon1#abff b ?is is exceptional4 ,! ,olympia sc5es include five episodes3 7#a7 ! arrival ( ,pelops at ,olympia#abfg2 7#b7 ! sacrifice or compact ) ,o9omaos#abfh2 7#c7 ! race#abfi2 7#d7 ! dea? ( ,myrtilos#abgj2 7#e7 ! c>ry+ (f ( ,hippodameia4#abga ,pelops also occurs ) ,myrtilos & ,hippodameia 9 ! "u-_w4#abgb 99 99 99 99 99 ,! adv5tures ( ,bell]ophon are n s popul> z ^? ( o!r h]oes1 especially 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,! /ory told 9 ! six? ,iliad appe>s 9 sev]al sc5es1 beg9n+ ) ,bell]ophon's tak+ leave ( ,proitos#abgc2 next we see him deliv]+ ! lett] ) its to ,iobates1 ! k+ ( ,lycia1#abgd & !n1 m\nt$ on ,pegasos1 slay+ ! ,*ima]a4#abge ,subsequ5t ev5ts repres5t$ on vases are ! dea? ( ! p]fidi\s ,/h5eboia1 :o falls f ! back ( ,pegasos1#abgf & ! m>riage ( ,bell]ophon ) ,philono4#abgg 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor ne$ ! /ory ( ,meleag] deta9 u long4 ,sc5es f 8 life are practically conf9$ to ! ,calydonian bo>-hunt1 a subject popul> at all p]iods1 especially on e>ly vases4#abgh ,ka/or & ,polydeukes1 ,peleus1 & o!r h]oes1 toge!r ) ,atalante1 are repres5t$ z tak+ "p1 z well z ,meleag]4 ,!re is also a vase on :i* ,meleag] is repres5t$ ) ! bo>'s hide1 accompani$ by ,atalante1 ,pei?o1 & ,eros4#abgi ,o!r sc5es :]e a bo>-hunt is repres5t$1 b no names giv51 or only names ( a fanciful k9d1 may or may n be id5tifi$ 9 ?is way4#abhj ,!re is "o vase :i* appe>s to repres5t ! dea? ( ,meleag]4#abha 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next ( ! ,greek h]oes ) :om we h to deal is ,jason1 ) :om we mu/ include ! :ole cycle ( subjects relat+ to ! ,argonautika--su* z ! /ories ( ,helle1 ,ph9eus1 & ,talos4 ,! leg5d ( ! gold5 fleece :i* gave rise to ! fam\s que/ ( ,jason is fir/ illu/rat$ by sc5es repres5t+ ,helle or ,phrixos 9 flight on ! ram1#abhb or ! =m] gr\p$ ) h] "m ,nephele & h] bro!r ,phrixos1#abhc :o accompani$ h] on h] flight4 ,! pursuit ( ,phrixos & ! ram by ,ino is also repres5t$4#abhd ,la/ly1 !re is a vase :i* may repres5t ! sett+ out ( ,jason4#abhe ,9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! ,argonautic exp$ition ! mo/ int]e/+ subject f\nd on ! vases is ! /ory ( ,ph9eus1 :o _h be5 bl9d$ = impiety by ,boreas1#abhf & 0 subsequ5tly depriv$ ( 8 food by ! ,h>pies until he 0 deliv]$ by ! sons ( ,boreas1 ,zetes1 & ,kalais4#abhg ,ano!r ev5t is ! *a/isem5t ( ,amykos by ,ka/or & ,polydeukes1#abhh & a f9e vase ( 8,polygnotan0 /yle 9 ! ,l\vre repres5ts a gr\p ( ,argonauts app>5tly )\t any special signification4#abhi ,9 all ^! sc5es ,ka/or & ,polydeukes & ! ,boreades are pres5t toge!r ) ,jason4 ,!re is also a sc5e :i* has be5 int]pret$ z belong+ to ! ,argonautika3 ,h]akles is repres5t$ sacrific+ to a /atue ( ,*ryse on ! isl& ( ,lemnos4#abij ,!n we h ! arrival ( ,jason & 8 companions 9 ,kol*is1#abia & ! subsequ5t feats p]=m$ by ! h]o--8 slay+ ! dragon#abib 79 "o v]sion he ent]s into its m\?#abic71 8 conte/ ) ! bull1#abid & f9ally ! capture ( ! fleece1#abie :i* he is also repres5t$ z br++ to ,pelias on 8 return4#abif ,! only important ev5t relat+ to ! homew>d j\rney is ! dea? ( ,talos4#abig ,among ! ev5ts ( 8 lat] life are ! boil+ ( ! ram by ,m$eia1#abih & ! subsequ5t de/ruction ( ! ag$ ,pelias#abii2 ! r5ewal ( ,jason's own y\?#acjj2 ! dea? ( 8 wife ,glauke by ,m$eia's ag5cy#acja2 & ! latt]'s slaught] ( h] *ildr51#acjb ) h] pursuit by ,jason4#acjc ,m$eia also appe>s 9 ano!r connection at ,!seus' leave-tak+ ( 8 fa!r ,aigeus1#acjd & among ! ,a!nian tribal h]oes on ! vase by ,meidias4#acje ,?\gh n necess>ily connect$ ) ,jason1 ! fun]al games held aft] ! dea? ( ,pelias#acjf mu/ also f9d m5tion "h4 ,sc5es !refrom are repres5t$ on m ?an "o vase--su* z ! *>iot-race conduct$ by ,ka/or & o!rs 9 ! pres5ce ( ?ree judges 7,ph]es1 ,aka/os1 & ,argeos71 & ! wre/l+ ( ,peleus & ,hippalkimos4#acjg ,on ano!r ,zetes is victori\s ov] ,kalais 9 ! foot-race4#acjh ,,! ,,!ban ,,leg5d ,! 8tale ( ,!bes0 falls into v>i\s episodes1 m or less connect$1 especially ^? :i* relate to ! /ory ( ,o$ipus & 8 l9e4#acji ,conspicu\s z f\nd] ( ! city is ! ,pho5ician ,kadmos1 ^: enc\nt] ) ! dragon is depict$ on vases ( v>i\s p]iods4 ,on "s he receives f ,a!na ! /one ) :i* he is to slay ! mon/]#acaj2 on o!rs he is se5 approa*+ ! f\nta9 ( ,ares1 :]e he 0 to meet x#acaa2 &1 la/ly1 we h ! actual slay+ ( ! dragon1#acab sometimes 9 ! pres5ce ( ,h>monia & v>i\s deities & p]sonifi$ figures1 includ+ ,!bes4 ,aft] ! slay+ ( ! dragon ,kadmos sacrifices to ,a!na ,onka4#acac ,! completion ( ! /ory is se5 9 8 m>riage ) ,h>monia4#acad ,a r>] subject is ! puni%m5t ( ,dirke by h] bro!rs ,amphion & ,ze?os1 :o ti$ h] to a wild bull#acae2 :ile a lat] episode ( ! /ory is ! pursuit ( h] si/] ,antiope by h] lov] ,phokos4#acaf ,! /ory ( ! ,oidipodia is introduc$ by ! subject ( ,laios 7! fa!r7 c>ry+ (f ! "y ,*rysippos4#acag ,!n we h ! exposure ( ! infant ,o$ipus & 8 discov]y by ! %eph]d ,euphorbos4#acah ,( lat] ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,o$ipus1 ! only "o t atta9$ to any popul>ity is ! slay+ ( ! ,sph9x4 ,! actual de$ only occurs once1#acai & ! usual 8type0 is t ( ,o$ipus 7usually a "y man7 /&+ be=e ! ,sph9x1 :i* is seat$ on a rock or column4#acbj ,x is n always to be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4#acba ,9 "o in/ance ,o$ipus is repres5t$ ) ,teiresias#acbb2 9 ano!r ) p]sons nam$ ,sikon & ,kalliope--a subject hi!rto unexpla9$4#acbc ,we ne$ only make pass+ ref]5ce "h to a vase suppos$ to repres5t ! tomb ( ,o$ipus1 inscrib$ ) a c\plet ( v]ses1 at :i* /& two y\?s4#acbd ,be=e cont9u+ ! /ory ( ! h\se ( ,o$ipus1 we mu/ digress to t ( ,amphi>aos1 ! w>rior-se]1 ^: dep>ture f 8 wife ,eriphyle to ! ,!ban ,w> is a fav\rite subject on vases4#acbe ,x becomes1 9 fact1 a 8type0 adopt$ 9 ord9>y sc5es4#acbf ,we also f9d on ! rev]se ( "o ( ! vases ) ?is subject ! dep>ture ( ano!r w>rior1 p]haps int5d$ = ! h]o's son ,alkmaion1 or = ,adra/os4#acbg ,on an e>ly vase ,amphi>aos is se5 br++ home ,eriphyle 9 8 *>iot4 ,! names ( 8 horses1 ,?oas & ,dion1 are giv54#acbh ,a curi\s subject is t ( ! h]o 9 ! bosom ( 8 family1 ) 8 wife ,eriphyle suckl+ h] son ,alkmaion1 & a maid5 sp9n+4#acbi ,8 dea? is repres5t$ on "o ,b4,f4 vase#accj2 on ano!r 8 slay+ ( ,eriphyle4#acca ,ano!r ev5t is ! dea? ( ! *ild ,ar*emoros1 caus$ by a s]p5t4#accb ,a f9e late vase 9 ,naples depicts ! pro!sis or lay+ out ( 8 body by 8 "m ,eurydike & o!rs4#accc ,! subsequ5t fight ( ,tydeus & ,lyk\rgos1 int]rupt$ by ,adra/os1 also occurs1#accd & ! reception ( ! fugitive ,tydeus by ,adra/os4#acce ,tydeus appe>s once m z ! slay] ( ,ism5e#accf2 b accord+ to ano!r v]sion %e & h] si/] ,antigone are attack$ by ,laodamas :5 ! ,epigoni return to ,!bes _m ye>s lat]4#accg ,we c only po9t to "o possible repres5tation ( ! combat ( ,eteokles & ,polyneikes on vases1#acch ?\gh x is common en\gh1 e4g4 9 ,etruscan art2 b !re is at lea/ "o repres5tation ( ,antigone be+ br\ght be=e ,kreon aft] ! burial ( h] bro!r1#acci :i* also =ms a burlesque subject on ! comic /age4#acdj ,,! ,,trojan ,,cycle ,we n[ come to ! /ory ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 l9k$ ) :i* are ! ev5ts :i* l$ up to x & ^? :i* imm$iately foll[$ ^u x--su* z ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is on ! "o h&1 & ! /ories ( ,odysseus & ,ore/es on ! o!r4 ,^! ev5ts are s num]\s t !y require c>eful classification4 ,!y may be divid$ into ?ree ma9 sections3 7#a7 ,ante-,hom]ica1 includ+ ! ev5ts t l$ to ! w> & ^? t took place dur+ ! fir/ n9e ye>s ( x2 7#b7 ,hom]ica1 or ! ev5ts ( ! ,iliad2 7#c7 ,po/-,hom]ica1 or ! /ories ( ! dea? ( ,a*illes1 ! fall ( ,troy1 ! ,odyssey & o!r 1 & ! ,ore/eia4 ,! lit]>y au?orities = ^! ev5ts1 on ! l9es ( :i* our classification foll[s1 are discuss$ else:]e 7p4 #d ff474 ,9 spite ( ! w>n+ ( ,horace t 9 writ+ ( ! /ory ( ,troy x is n necess>y to beg9 ab ovo1 x is impossible "h to avoid ref]5ce to ! e>lie/ ev5t :i* be>s at all on ! subject--namely1 ! bir? ( ,hel5 f ! egg1 :i* 0 ! result ( ,zeus' am\r ) ,nemesis4 ,! subject is ref]r$ to on sev]al vases1 ! mom5t *os5 be+ t :5 ! egg is f\nd by ,l$a4#acda ,h] husb& ,tynd>eus & h] o!r (fspr+1 ,klytaemne/ra & ! ,tw9 ,bre?r51 are usually pres5t4 ,!re is "o und\bt$ in/ance ( ! nuptials ( ,hel5 & ,m5elaos4#acdb ,! fir/ ev5t1 h[ev]1 :i* c be reg>d$ z hav+ a direct effect on ! outbreak ( ! w> is ! m>riage ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 at :i* ! apple ( discord 0 flung by ,eris among ! goddesses1 & :i* br\ght ab\t ! bir? ( ! h]o ( ! w>1 ,a*illes4 ,9 anci5t art1 especially on vases1#acdc ,peleus is depict$ =cibly captur+ ,!tis f ! company ( h] si/] ,n]eids1 :ile %e tries to elude him by assum+ v>i\s %apes1 all conv5tionally indicat$ 9 ! vase-pa9t+s4 ,"s vases repres5t ! approa* ( ,peleus & 8 pursuit ( ,!tis1#acdd ! majority ! actual /ruggle 7,fig4 #abh71acde & "o or two ! ann\ncem5t ( ! issue to ,n]eus & ! company ( ,n]eids 7:o are nam$74#acdf ,! next /age is ! introduction ( ,!tis to ! ,c5taur ,*eiron by ,peleus4#acdg ,!n we h ! celebration ( _! nuptials1 ) ! assembl+ ( ! gods1 z describ$ by ,catullus1 & vividly1 if qua9tly1 depict$ on ! ,franois vase1#acdh foll[$ 9 due c\rse by ,peleus br++ ! "y ,a*illes to be educat$ by ,*eiron1#acdi & 8 subsequ5t soj\rn 9 ,skyros4#acej ,!re is "o possible repres5tation ( ! see?+ ( ,a*illes 9 ! caldron to secure 8 immortality4#acea 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,,peleus ,,seiz+ ,,!tis 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! next ev5t is ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 p]haps ( all ! sc5es f ! /ory ( ! ,trojan ,w> ! mo/ popul> ) ! vase-pa9t]s ( all p]iods4 ,! /ory ( ! =sak5 ,o5one1 9 ! tell+ ( :i* ,t5nyson has famili>is$ u ) ! sc5e ( ! ,judgm5t1 did n appeal to ! unromantic ,greeks 9 ! same way4 ,we only f9d "o vase on :i* %e is possibly repres5t$4#aceb ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! vase-pa9t+s seldom %[ ! c5tral act ( ! /ory--! aw>d ( ! gold5 apple4 ,9 fact1 9 ! e>li] examples ,p>is is omitt$ altoge!r1 & we only see ! ?ree goddesses l$ 9 procession by ,h]mes4 ,"o vase1 aga91 repres5ts ! prep>ations ( ! goddesses = ! trial1 ,a!na wa%+ at a f\nta9 & ,aphrodite p]=m+ h] toilet ) ! assi/ance ( ,eros4#acec ,! re/ may be classifi$ z foll[s 7! ord] adopt$ %[+ a r\gh *ronological developm5t ( ! type#aced73 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt] ,,fig4 #abi4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,p>is 7,,cup ,,by ,,hi]on ,,9 ,,b]l974 7#a7 ,h]mes leads ! ?ree goddesses1 ,a!na alone be+ *>act]is$2 ,p>is abs5t4 ,only on ,b4,f4 vases4#acee 7#b7 ,procession-type pres]v$1 b ,p>is is pres5t1 /&+4 ,type modifi$ on ,r4,f4 vases4#acef 7#c7 ,procession-type2 ,p>is seat$2 l&scape introduc$ 7see ,fig4 #abi74aceg 7#d7 ,procession-type ab&on$2 goddesses picturesquely gr\p$1 ) att5dant figures4 ,only on ,r4,f4 & lat] vases4#aceh ,9 "o in/ance two /ages seem to be repres5t$3 fir/1 ! goddesses gr\p$ = ! ,judgm5t1 accompani$ by ,apollo1 ,helios1 & ,sel5e2 secondly1 ! victori\s ,aphrodite cr[n$ by ,eros4#acei ,p>odi$ r5d]+s ( ! subject also occur4#acfj ,! rew>d ( ,p>is = 8 judgm5t 01 z we "k1 8! faire/ wife 9 ,greece40 ,accord+ly we next f9d him arriv$ at ,sp>ta & c>ry+ (f ! fair ,hel5 z 8 bride4 ,! vases 7all ( ! ,r4,f4 & late p]iods7 depict him on 8 arrival at ,m5elaos' palace introduc$ to ,hel51#acfa or else we see ,hel5 at h] toilet mak+ prep>ations = h] new consort#acfb2 next1 ,p>is leads away ,hel5 or c>ries h] (f 9 8 *>iot1#acfc & f9ally introduces h] to 8 fa!r ,priam on 8 return home4#acfd ,! w> hav+ n[ brok5 out1 we are introduc$ to ! two *ief h]oes on ! ,greek side1 ,a*illes & ,ajax1 z !y bid f>ewell to _! family & fri5ds & set out 9 full equipm5t4 ,a*illes1 accompani$ by ,patroklos1 ,m5oitios1 & o!r h]oes1 bids f>ewell to 8 p>5ts ,peleus & ,!tis#acfe2 he also pays a f>ewell visit to 8 gr&fa!r ,n]eus1 :o pres5ts him ) a cr[n1#acff & receives a val$ictory libation f a ,n]eid4#acfg ,aga91 we see ,a*illes & ,patroklos tak+ leave ( ,ne/or1 accompani$ by ,antilo*os4#acfh ,ajax is repres5t$ tak+ leave ( ,lykos1#acfi & also ( 8 fa!r ,telamon#acgj2 b z 9 "o ( ! latt] cases ! names are wrongly appli$ on ! vase1 x may only repres5t an idealis$ dep>ture ( an ord9>y w>rior4 ,!re is also a vase :i* repres5ts ,ne/or arm+ 7putt+ on a greave7 9 pres5ce ( ,euai*me4#acga ,we next f9d ! w>riors ga!r$ 9 ,aulis1 wait+ = ! fav\r+ breeze1 & :il+ away ! "t 7z ,euripides describes#acgb7 9 ! game ( or draughts1 :i* is play$ by ,ajax & ,a*illes 7names usually giv57 seat$ at a rais$ bo>d 9 full arm\r1 ) ! /atue ( ,a!na beh9d !m4#acgc ,!re is ano!r v>iety ( ! type1 9 :i* ! pres5ce ( ,a!na seems to h m mean+4 ,"h ! two h]oes ca/ lots ) dice be=e ! /atue1 & !re may be "s ref]5ce to ! dispute ( ,ajax & ,odysseus = ! arms ( ,a*illes1 :i* 0 settl$ by ,a!na4#acgd ,! /ory ( ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia1 ?\gh popul> ) poets & pa9t]s1 = "s reason nev] f\nd its way on to ! vases until ! influ5ce ( great pictures & plays 0 beg9n+ to make itself felt2 & !n only appe>s 9 "o in/ance1 :]e ! trans=mation into a de] is indicat$4#acge ,! only o!r incid5t ( ! voyage :i* conc]ns u is ! halt at ,lemnos & ! sacrifice to ! local goddess ,*ryse1 :]e ,philoktetes is bitt5 by ! s]p5t & has to be left beh9d on acc\nt ( 8 w\nd4#acgf ,?is isl& 0 also ! sc5e ( ! c>ry+ (f by ,a*illes ( ,*ryseis1 ! daught] ( ,*ryses1 ! prie/ ( ! local goddess1 ( :i* !re is "o possible repres5tation4#acgg ,two d\btful ref]5ces to op5+ sc5es ( ! w> are to be f\nd 9 a suppos$ consultation ( ,zeus ) ,!mis among ! ,olympian deities1#acgh & a repres5tation ( ! ,greeks =mally dem&+ back ,hel51#acgi a dem& :i* ( c\rse 0 n grant$4 ,! /ory ( ,telephos also belongs to an e>ly /age1 & ?ree incid5ts !refrom are f\nd4 ,9 "o case he is repres5t$ z w\nd$ by ! spe> ( ,a*illes#achj2 aga91 ent]+ ! ,greek camp disguis$ z a begg>1 9 ord] to apply to ,agamemnon = aid#acha2 &1 la/ly1 he is se5 seiz+ ! infant ,ore/es1 :om he ?reat5s to de/roy if 8 reque/ is n grant$4#achb ,a ,r4,f4 kylix 9 ,bo/on repres5ts 9 ! int]ior ,odysseus p]suad+ ,a*illes to heal ,telephos' w\nd2 on ! ext]ior ! w\nd$ h]o comes1 n to ,agamemnon's t5t1 b to 8 palace at ,myc5ae4#achc ,at a mu* lat] /age ( ! w> comes ! incid5t ( ,troilos1 a subject :i* atta9$ to great popul>ity1 especially ) ! ,b4,f4 vase-pa9t]s4 ,x falls into five di/9ct sc5es3 7#a7 ! dep>ture ( ,troilos1 ) 8 two horses#achd2 7#b7 ! ambuscade ( ,a*illes beh9d ! f\nta9 to :i* ,polyx5a comes to draw wat]#ache2 7#c7 ! flight ( ,troilos & ,polyx5a1 & pursuit by ,a*illes#achf2 7#d7 ! dea? ( ,troilos#achg2 & 7#e7 ! fight ov] 8 body4#achh ,( ^!1 ! ambuscade & ! pursuit are ! mo/ commonly repres5t$4 ,a few incid5ts :i* are n to be trac$ 9 lit]ature probably belong to ! ,ante-,hom]ic p]iod4 ,!y are 7#a7 ,a*illes b&ag+ ! w\nd$ ,patroklos1 on ! well-kn[n ,sosias cup#achi2 7#b7 ! w\nd$ ,a*illes t5d$ by ,patroklos & ,briseis#acij2 7#c7 a combat ( ,hector & ,a*illes att5d$ by ,s>p$on & ,pho9ix 79 "o case ,pho9ix int]rupts7#acia2 7#d7 a g5]al combat ( ,greeks & ,trojans4#acib ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to deal ) ! v>i\s sc5es :i* c be trac$ to ! ,hom]ic poems 7or to co-ord9ate traditions7 9 tabul> =m1 not+ :]e possible ! actual passages :i* !y appe> to illu/rate4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! vase-pa9t] 0 nev] an illu/rator2 he r look$ to lit]ature = sugge/ions1 :i* he work$ out on 8 own l9es1 & consequ5tly co9cid5ces ) or div]g5cies f ! ,hom]ic text mu/ n be too closely insi/$ ^u4 ,book ,i4 #ahg ff4 ,! dispute ( ,agamemnon & ,a*illes4 ,possibly to be id5tifi$ 9 su* sc5es z on ,b4,m4 ,b #cbg1 #cig1 & ,e #ac2 b v d\btful3 see bel[1 p4 #acc1 & ,rob]t1 ,bild u4 ,li$1 p4 #bac4 #cbj ff4 ,agamemnon & ,briseis4 ,re9a*1 i4 #adh ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gba1 fig4 #ggf 7,hi]on 9 ,l\vre72 & see ,b4,m4 ,e #gf4 ,a*illes & ,brises are f\nd gr\p$ toge!r on two ,r4,f4 vases1 b )\t any p>ticul> allusion3 see ,b4,m4 ,e #beh & ,helbig1 #hd ,j4,h4,s4 i4 pl4 #f ,re9a*1 ii4 #ia4 #dcj ff4 ,*ryses propitiat+ ,apollo4 ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,atlas to ,iliad1 iii4 #ab4 ,book ,,ii4 #ej ff4 ,agamemnon 9 c\ncil4 ,b4,m4 ,b #adi4 #bab ff4 ,!rsites insult+ ,agamemnon4 ,b4,m4 ,e #aif4 ,book ,,iii4 #bei ff4 ,priam sett+ out 9 8 *>iot4 ,jahrbu*1 iv4 7#ahhi71 pl4 #aj4 #cdj ff4 ,combat ( ,m5elaos & ,p>is4 ,b4,m4 ,e #bj2 ,duris kylix 9 ,l\vre 7,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g ,engelmann-,&]son1 vi4 #bc74 ,book ,v4 #ie-bif4 ,combat ( ,diom$es & ,p&>os 7a rem9isc5ce (74 ,b]l9 #gfd ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #g1 fig4 #ae2 & see ,h]mes1 #aija1 p4 #chh2 actually "h ,diom$es & ,a5eas fight ov] ! body ( ,p&>os4 #cab ff4 ,combat ( ,diom$es & ,a5eas1 ! latt] protect$ by ,aphrodite4 ,b4,m4 ,e #gc2 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ah 7v f9e ,r4,f4 vase1 n[ 9 ,bo/on72 ,re9a*1 i4 #abj ii4 #ig 7,b4,f474 ,book ,,vi4 #bae ff4 ,diom$es & ,glaukos ex*ang+ arms4 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #aa1 #a4 #beh ff4 7#a7 ,hector arm+4 ,muni* #cgh ,re9a*1 ii4 #id ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ad4 7#b7 ,hector bidd+ f>ewell to ,priam & ,hecuba4 ,helbig1 #acd ,re9a*1 ii4 #id ,engelmann-,&]son1 iii4 #ch4 7#c7 ,hector bidd+ f>ewell to ,&roma*e & ,a/yanax4#acic ,j4,h4,s4 ix4 pl4 #c ,b4,m4 ,e #bhb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bee ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjg4 7#d7 ,dep>ture ( ,hector4 ,b4,m4 ,b #gf1 ,b #bce 7872 ,l\vre ,e #fch 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdc71 ,e #fdb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #afj2 ,jahrbu*1 iv4 7#ahhi71 p4 #bfj4 #cba ff4 ,hector conduct+ ,p>is to battle4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjg ,re9a*1 ii4 #bee4 ,book ,,vii4 #afb ff4 ,combat ( ,ajax & ,hector4 ,muni* #ec2 ,helbig1 #f ,re9a*1 i4 #ajd 7see "u xiv4 #djb ff472 ,baumei/]1 i4 pl4 #ac1 figs4 #ggi-hj2 ,b4,m4 ,e #dch 7,smikros72 & see ,duris kylix 9 ,l\vre 7,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g ,engelmann-,&]son1 vii4 #db74 ,book ,,viii4 #hi ff4 ,combat ( ,hector & ,diom$es4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #if4 #bfa ff4 ,teukros & ,ajax son ( ,telamon4 ,rob]t1 9 ,h]mes1 #aija1 p4 #cij1 m5tions a fragm5t ( a ,cor9?ian p9ax 9 ,b]l9 ) ^! two figures1 :i* may ei!r belong to ! above passage1 or to xii4 #cgj ff41 or to xv4 #dae ff4 #cig ff4 ,iris int]rupt+ ,a!na 7see pp4 #ci1 #gg74 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bif4 ,book ,,ix4 ,a*illes ly+ sick 7app>5tly a contam9atio or confusion ( ix4 #afh ff4 & xviii4 #ce ff474#acid ,jahrbu*1 vii4 7#ahib71 pl4 #a4 #agc ff4 ,embassy ( ,odysseus & ,pho9ix to ,a*illes 7,r4,f4 vases only74 ,b4,m4 ,e #ef ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #c1 #c2 ,b]l9 #bagf 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhb71 #bcbf 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #dca ,ros*]1 iii4 #feh72 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ad2 ,re9a*1 i4 #adh ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #f 7,hi]on7 & #adi4 ,book ,x4 #ccj-dfa4 ,episode ( ,dolon2 8 capture by ,odysseus4 ,ox=d #bbf2 ,muni* #ehc ,jahrbu*1 v4 7#ahij71 p4 #adc2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ebf ,re9a*1 i4 #hi ,wi5] ,vorl4 v4 #e 7,euphronios72 ,re9a*1 i4 #ccd ,pet]sburg #hgi2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aeg ,fig4 #acj4 ,dolon z s+le figure3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cjf ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #a4 #dfi-ebe4 ,rhesos & 8 horses4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bcd-ce2 ,naples #biaj ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gbh1 fig4 #ghb 7,odysseus & ,diom$es ) ! horses72 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #c1 #b4 #eff ff4 ,! horses ( ,rhesos br\ght to ! t5t ( ,diom$es4 ,muni* #ehc ,jahrbu*1 v4 7#ahij71 p4 #adf 7a slave wat]s ! horses2 ano!r br+s dr9k to ,diom$es74 ,book ,,xi4 ,! fight at ! %ips4 ,muni* #hij ,re9a*1 ii4 #ii ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gbi1 fig4 #ghc4 ,book ,,xiv4 ,combat ( ,ajax & ,a5eas 78 l4 #djb ff474 ,re9a*1 i4 #cjf ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #a2 id4 i4 #ajd ,helbig1 ,no4 #f 78 see above1 "u vii4 #afb ff474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,,capture ,,( ,,dolon 7,,lucanian ,,krat] ,,9 ,,briti% ,,museum74 ,book ,,xvi4 #fff ff4 ,s>p$on c>ri$ (f by ,hypnos & ,?anatos4 ,see ,l\vre ,f #chh2 b ?is sc5e is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ^? ) ,memnon 7see bel[1 p4 #acb74 ,book ,,xvii4 #fj ff4 ,combat ( ,m5elaos & ,euphorbos1 & fight ov] 8 body4 ,b4,m4 ,a #gdi ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gcj1 fig4 #ghdacie2 & see ,e #bj4 #abc ff4 ,combat ov] body ( ,patroklos4 ,exekias kylix 7,muni* #cci ,re9a*1 ii4 #cf72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ie2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #di2 ,b]l9 #bbfd 7,oltos & ,euxi!os7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #b1 #a ,engelmann-,&]son1 xiv4 #gf4 ,book ,,xviii4 #cfg ff4 7#a7 ,!tis 9 ! smi?y ( ,hephai/os4 ,b]l9 #bbid ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 #ah1 #f4 7#b7 ,hephai/os poli%+ ,a*illes' %ield4 ,rm4 ,mit?4 ii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #bdb4 ,book ,,xix4 #a-ah4 ,!tis & ! ,n]eids br++ ! arm\r to ,a*illes4 7a7 ,rid+ on sea-mon/]s ov] ! waves 7all late vases74 ,b4,m4 ,f #fi2 ,jatta #adif ,re9a*1 i4 #aab2 ,ros*]1 iii4 #bba-bd2 & see ,heydemann1 ,n]eid5 mit ,waff54 7b7 ,pres5t+ ! weapons to ,a*illes4 ,b4,m4 ,e #cfc2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ad4 #cfd ff4 ,a*illes arm+4 ,a!ns #fga ,wi5] ,vorl4 ii4 #f2 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 xviii4 #d1 #g2 vase by ,amasis at ,bo/on 7,report = #aija1 ,no4 #e74 ,book ,,xxi4 #aad ff4 ,combat ( ,a*illes & ,lykaon4 ,b4,m4 ,f #agc4 ,book ,,xxii4 #ahh ff4 ,a*illes pursu+ ,hector r\nd ! walls ( ,troy4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ajb 7n[ 9 ,bo/on3 see ,museum ,report = #ahih1 ,no4 #db74 #bji ff4 ,zeus weigh+ ! h]oes' s\ls 9 8 scales4#acif ,b4,m4 ,b #fci2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #che ,re9a*1 i4 #hi2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ai ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #iba1 fig4 #iid4 #cjf ff4 ,dea? ( ,hector4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfh2 ,muni* #dba2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aja ,helbig1 #ajf2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahii1 p4 #gi1 ,no4 #ca 7p>ody74 ,cf4 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 #d ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,odyss4 iii4 #ae4 #dcg ff4 ,&roma*e suckl+ ,a/yanax 7comp>e only74 ,b4,m4 ,e #eji4 ,book ,,xxiii4 #aeg ff4 ,fun]al games = ,patroklos4 ,franois vase 7*>iot-race1 etc474 #age ff4 ,sacrifice ( ,trojan captives on ! pyre ( ,patroklos4 ,naples #cbed ,re9a*1 i4 #ahg4 ,book ,,xxiv4 #af ff4 ,a*illes dragg+ ,hector's body pa/ ! tomb ( ,patroklos4 ,b4,m4 ,b #edc & ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cjf ,re9a*1 ii4 #ajj 7n[ 9 ,b4,m47#acig2 ,b]l9 #ahfg ,re9a*1 ii4 #ii2 ,naples #bgdf4 #ada ff4 ,a*illes (f]+ 8 hair to ! riv] ,sp]*eios4 ,b4,m4 ,e #eee 7874 #ddh ff4 ,priam begg+ ,a*illes = ! body ( ,hector2 ! ,a*aean pr9ces delib]at+ ov] ! ransom4 ,muni* #djd 7 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #bj1 #c71 & #hij 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ii72 ,pet]sburg #dbb ,re9a*1 i4 #ach ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gci1 fig4 #gib2 ,re9a*1 i4 #agb ,vi5na #cbh2 ,a!ns #hhi ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 pl4 #d 7,b4,f41 b poor74 #ehj ff4 ,hector's body c>ri$ out to prep>e = burial4 ,pet]sburg #dbb 7z above74 ,among ! ev5ts ( ! w> betwe5 ! dea? ( ,hector & ! f9al fall ( ,troy1 ^? :i* relate to ! f9al exploits ( ,a*illes are mo/ prom95t1 & especially ! enc\nt]s ) ,memnon1 & ) ,p5!sileia1 8 dea? & ! ev5ts aris+ out ( x4 ,! /ory ( ,a*illes' fight ) ,p5!sileia1 & ! dea? ( ! ,amazon que51 is less frequ5tly depict$1 b !re are "s v f9e examples rema9+4#acih ,o!r repres5tations ( ,amazons arm+1 sett+ out1 or 9 combat may be plac$ "h1 b except :]e ,p5!sileia is specially indicat$ x is bett] to reg>d !m z hav+ no def9ite ref]5ce to ! ,trojan /ory4#acii ,a rem>kable pa9t+ on an ,apulian amphora depicts ! slay+ ( ,!rsites by ,a*illes 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pho9ix & ,diom$es4 ,!rsites _h insult$ ,a*illes aft] 8 slay+ ( ,p5!sileia4#adjj ,! /ory ( ,memnon is relat$ on ! vases 9 sev]al sc5es1 beg9n+ ) 8 equipm5t & dep>ture = ! fray4#adja ,next we see ! great fight ( ,a*illes & ,memnon ov] ! body ( ,antilo*os1#adjb at :i* ! respective mo!rs ( ! h]oes1 ,!tis & ,eos1 are usually pres5t z spectators4#adjc ,! result ( ! fight 0 fatal to ,memnon1 ^: body we see c>ri$ (f by ,?anatos & ,hypnos1#adjd or by ,eos h]self1#adje = burial 9 8 native l&4 ,eos is also repres5t$ m\rn+ ov] him4#adjf ,! ,psy*o/asia1 or weigh+ ( s\ls by ,zeus 7see p4 #acj71 has also be5 ref]r$ to ?is ev5t4 ,! body ( ,antilo*os is f9ally rescu$ & c>ri$ (f by ,ne/or4#adjg ,la/ly1 we f9d a few possible repres5tations ( ! dea? ( ,a*illes1#adjh & o!rs1 m c]ta9ly to be id5tifi$1 ( ! battle rag+ r\nd 8 body1 9 :i* ,diom$es is w\nd$#adji2 also ( ,ajax c>ry+ ! body (f out ( ! battle1#adaj & ! subsequ5t m\rn+ ( ! ,n]eids ov] x4#adaa ,a repres5tation ( ! gho/ ( a w>rior1 w+$ & fully arm$1 fly+ ov] a %ip1#adab is to be reg>d$ z t ( ,a*illes1 ?\gh to :at ev5t x alludes is n cle>4 ,! dispute ov] ! h]o's arm\r & ! suicide ( ! disappo9t$ ,ajax are introduc$ by a sc5e repres5t+ ! fet*+ ( ,neoptolemos1 8 son1 f ,skyros1 :]e he bids f>ewell to ,lykom$es & ,deidameia#adac2 ( ! qu>rel betwe5 ,ajax & ,odysseus !re are also sev]al repres5tations4#adad ,x 0 decid$ f9ally by ,a!na1 :o is repres5t$ presid+ ov] ! ,greek *iefs z !y vote#adae2 or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 !y ca/ lots be=e h] /atue4#adaf ,! arm\r is !n aw>d$ to ,neoptolemos1#adag :o1 accord+ to an oracle1 0 indisp5sable = ! capture ( ,troy4 ,ajax goes mad ) disappo9tm5t1 & f9ally commits suicide by fall+ on 8 sword#adah2 ! episode ( 8 slay+ ! %eep is n1 h[ev]1 repres5t$4 ,! 1 or sack ( ,troy1 :i* is s vividly repres5t$ on _m ( ! vases ( advanc$ & late /yle1 may be said to beg9 ) ! episode ( ! seizure ( ! ,palladion by ,odysseus & ,diom$e4#adai ,x is rapidly foll[$ by ! con/ruction ( ! wood5 horse & its entry into ! city4#adbj ,!re is1 h[ev]1 only "o c]ta9 repres5tation ( ! dea? ( ,laokon to be trac$1#adba & none ( ! traitor\s ,s9on4 ,sev]al vases1 especially ( ! lat] epo*1 collect ! *ief episodes 9 a frieze or 9 a s]ies ( gr\ps1 includ+ ! rape ( ,kass&ra by ,ajax1 son ( ,oileus1 ! dea? ( ,priam & ,a/yanax1 ! recapture ( ,hel5 by ,m5elaos1 & ! flight ( ,a5eas2 o!r sc5es repres5t$ are ! lead+ back ( ,ai?ra by ,akamas & ,demophon1 & ! sacrifice ( ,polyx5a & subsequ5t bl9d+ ( ,polyme/or by ,hecuba4 ,i4 ,g5]al4 ,b]l9 #afhe 7 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #bf1 #a7 & #bbha2 ,plate ,,liv4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #be 7,brygos 9 ,l\vre72 ,naples #bdbb ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cd ,baumei/]1 i4 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #gie2 ,b4,m4 ,f #afj1 ,f #bgh4 ,,ii4 7a7 ,ajax seiz+ ,kass&ra at ! alt> ( ,a!na4 ,b4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdb1 #cgi2 ,b]l9 #afih2 ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #igi4 ,r4,f4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ccf1 ,e #dgj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bba1 #cch ,ros*]1 ii4 pp4 #ihe1 #iha2 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #cc4 ,late4 ,b4,m4 ,f #bji2 ,ros*]1 ii4 p4 #ihc4 7b7 ,dea? ( ,priam & ,a/yanax4#adbb 7#a7 ,priam only4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bda2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 iii4 7#ahhh71 pp4 #ajh-i2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aji2 ,b]l9 #ciif4 ,priam dead 9 all except second4 7#b7 ,priam usually seat$ on alt>2 ,neoptolemos sw+s body or head ( ,a/yanax4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bje2 ,b]l9 #bage1 #cihh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bba1 ii4 #aji2 ,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 pl4 #i4 ,see also "u ,i4 7#c7 ,&roma*e or ,hecuba ) body ( ,a/yanax4 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #cg 7,lasimos 9 ,l\vre2 also id5tifi$ z ,ar*emoros3 see p4 #aah74 7c7 ,m5elaos & ,hel54 ,b4,m4 ,e #afa1 #bfc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dcg1 #c 7,hi]on71 ii4 #cd2 ,helbig1 #dc 7 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #di1 #b71 & ii4 p4 #cbe 7 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gdf1 fig4 #gih72 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 pl4 #cb2 ,l\vre ,g #c 7,pamphaios72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #h1 #a2 ,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 iii4 pl4 #ci4 7d7 ,akamas & ,demophon ) ,ai?ra4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdd 7871 ,e #deh2 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #bf1 #ac4 7e7 ,flight ( ,a5eas ) family4 ,b4,m4 ,b #agc1 ,b #bhj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aaj 7 ,muni* #ijc71 #aaf1 #bgc2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ca1 fig4 #cb2 ,helbig1 #bja ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #he1 #b2 ,naples #bdha2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bfa2 ,l\vre ,f #abb ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #e1 #a4 7f7 ,sacrifice ( ,polyx5a4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #ae 7,b4,m472 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #bg1 #ai4 7g7 ,polyme/or bl9d$4 ,re9a*1 i4 #ia ,hill1 ,illu/rations ( ,s*ool ,classics1 p4 #agj 7n[ 9 ,b4,m474 7h7 ,ajax /abb+ a captive 7874 ,re9a*1 i4 #hh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,liv ,illu/ration3 ,f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold4 ,,! ,,sack ,,( ,,troy2 ,,kylix ,,by ,,brygos ,,9 ,,l\vre4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,among ! v>i\s adv5tures describ$ by ! ,cyclic poets 9 ! 1 few seem to h f\nd _! way into ! vase-pa9t+s except ! fate ( ,agamemnon1 ! int]view ( ,m5elaos ) ,proteus 7told 9 ! ,odyssey71 &1 ( c\rse1 ! adv5tures ( ,odysseus4 ,! h\se ( ,atreus & its /ory w be dealt ) lat] "u ! head+ ( ! ,ore/eia3 we turn n[ to ! ,odyssey1 sc5es f :i* are surpris+ly few 9 ,greek art1 & appe> to h attract$ ! pa9t] less ?an ! m /irr+ ev5ts ( ! ,iliad4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 h be5 id5tifi$3 ,book ,,ii4 #id ff4 ,p5elope at h] loom4 ,re9a*1 i4 #aia4 ,book ,,iii4 #ab ff4 ,arrival ( ,telema*os at ,ne/or's h\se 9 ,pylos4 ,b]l9 #cbhi ,ros*]1 iii4 #bih ,engelmann-,&]son1 iii4 #ac4 ,book ,,iv4 #cdi ff4 ,! /ory ( ,m5elaos' int]view ) ,proteus4 ,naples #agfg ,mus4 ,borb4 xiii4 #eh ,engelmann-,&]son1 iv4 #bb4 ,book ,v4 #bbh ff4 ,odysseus navigat+ ! sea on a raft4 ,ox=d #bfb1 ,cat4 pl4 #bf 7burlesque74 ,see also ,b4,m4 ,e #aef 7,odysseus & ,leuko!a74 ,book ,,vi4 #abf ff4 ,nausikaa wa%+ clo!s4 ,muni* #dbj ,re9a*1 ii4 #aaj ,ros*]1 s4v4 ,alk9os & ,nausikaa 7p>ody74 ,re9a*1 i4 #aec4 ,book ,,ix4 #cde ff4 ,odysseus (f]+ w9e to ,polyphemos4 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #fj4 #cga ff4 ,odysseus putt+ out ! eye ( ,polyphemos4 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,helbig1 i4 p4 #dce1 ,no4 #fda 7,ari/onos72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #aij ,re9a*1 i4 #fd2 ,b4,m4 ,b #aed2 ,l\vre ,f #cdb ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 pl4 #a2 ,b]l9 #babc2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ce2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 pl4 #f3 see ,bolte1 ,monum4 ad ,odyss4 p]t4 p4 #b4 #dbj ff4 ,odysseus escap+ "u ! ram4 ,b4,m4 ,b #djg1 #ejb1 #fhg2 ,k>lsruhe #afg ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #bdi2 ,l\vre ,a #dhb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #fd3 see also ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 pl4 #h 7a v e>ly in/ance72 g5]ally1 ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #bdh ff41 & ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxi4 7#ahig71 p4 #bh ff4 ,book ,x4 #baj ff4 ,odysseus & ,kirke 7see ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #hb74 7a7 ,arrival ( ,odysseus4 ,re9a*1 i4 #adb ,ros*]1 ii4 #aaie4 7b7 ,trans=mations ( comrades4 ,re9a* i4 #cif2 ,b]l9 #bcdb ibid4 i4 #dah2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 pp4 #ei1 #fa 7bo? e>ly ,b4,f474 7c7 ,odysseus & ,kirke4 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pls4 #b 7,a!ns #ief71 #d 79 ,b4,m471 p4 #ha 7,ox=d #bfb72 & see ,re9a*1 i4 #adb4 ,book ,,xi4 #bc ff4 ,odysseus sacrific+ be=e 8 visit to ,hades4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbb ,re9a*1 i4 #abf ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajdj1 fig4 #abed4 ,book ,,xii4 #afd-bjj4 ,odysseus pass+ ! ,sir5s4 ,a!ns #ieh ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pl4 #a2 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddj2 & see ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 pl4 #di1 p4 #bj 7 ,l\vre ,f #abc72 ,cor9?ian aryballos 9 ,bo/on 7,/r5a ,helbigiana1 p4 #ca74 ,sc5es f ! la/ twelve books are ev5 r>]3 ,book ,,xviii4 #ce ff4 ,odysseus & ,iros4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ceg4 ,book ,,xix4 #che ff4 ,odysseus recognis$ by ,eurykleia4 ,re9a*1 i4 #aia4 #cid ff4 ,! /ory ( ,autolykos4 ,9 connection h]e) see ,muni* #hje ,re9a*1 i4 #bgg = a possible repres5tation ( ! betro?al ( ,la]tes & ,antikleia 7,h]mes1 #ahih1 p4 #fda2 ,rob]t1 ,hom]4 ,be*]1 p4 #ij ff42 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bja74 ,book ,,xxi4 #cic--,,xxii4 #e ff4 ,! slay+ ( ! suitors4 ,b]l9 #behh ,re9a*1 i4 #bag4 ,! sc5es f ! ,ore/eia cov] r\ghly ! same gr\nd z ! great trilogy ( ,aes*ylos1 toge!r ) ! ,iphig5eia 9 ,tauris & ! ,&roma*e ( ,euripides4 ,we h fir/ ! murd] ( ,agamemnon by ,klytaemne/ra ) h] axe4#adbc ,next1 ,elektra mak+ h] (f]+s at ! tomb ( ,agamemnon1 sometimes accompani$ by h] si/] ,*ryso!mis4#adbd ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! 8type0 ( ?is sc5e does n diff] 9 any respect f ord9>y sc5es ( 8(f]+ at a /ele10 & !re=e1 :]e ! names are n giv5 or are obvi\sly mod]n additions1 ?is int]pretation is at be/ a d\btful "o4 ,! same applies to ! next s]ies ( vases1 on :i* ,ore/es meets ,elektra at ! tomb#adbe2 b !re seems to be "o und\bt$ in/ance ( ,ore/es & ,pylades ) ! urn conta9+ ! suppos$ a%es ( ! =m] 7cf4 ,soph4 ,electra1 #ajih ff474#adbf ,! next gr\p to be dealt ) %[s u ,ore/es slay+ ,aegi/hos1#adbg :ile ,klytaemne/ra is held back by ,tal?ybios#adbh2 &1 f9ally1 ! dea? ( ,klytaemne/ra h]self4#adbi ,ore/es is !n pursu$ by ! ,furies1#adcj & seeks refuge at ,delphi1 :]e he is purifi$ by ,apollo at ! ,omphalos#adca2 & he is also se5 at ,a!ns1 :]e he aft]w>ds s\ght ! protection ( ,a!na4#adcb ,o!r vases1 ne>ly all ( late date1 & !re=e "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,euripidean trag$y1 repres5t ,ore/es accompani$ by ,pylades1 arriv$ at ! temple ( ! ,tauric ,artemis1 :]e ,iphig5eia pres5ts ,pylades ) ! lett]4#adcc ,la/ly1 we h ! dea? ( ,neoptolemos at ! h& ( ,ore/es at ,delphi4#adcd ,,attic ,,leg5ds ,x w n[ be necess>y to deal ) sundry isolat$ subjects1 :i* d n admit ( be+ gr\p$ toge!r r\nd ! "n ( any "o great h]o or any p>ticul> leg5d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 numb] :i* may p]haps be reg>d$ z hav+ a special connection ) ,a!ns1 & ) ^! we w beg94#adce ,"s ( ! specially ,a!nian my?s h already be5 discuss$ 9 o!r connections1 notably ! /ory ( ,!seus 7p4 #ajh71 ! dispute ( ,a!na & ,poseidon 7p4 #bd71 ! s5d+ ( ,triptolemos 7p4 #bg71 & ! rape ( ,kephalos by ,eos#adcf & ( ,orei?yia by ,boreas 7p4 #hj74 ,!re rema9 !n ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! bir? ( ,eri*?onios1 :o is repres5t$ z receiv$ by ,a!na f ,gaia em]g+ out ( ! e>?1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,kekrops & 8 daught]s4 ,x only occurs on ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases2 ! type closely resembles t ( ! bir? ( ,dionysos 7p4 #ai74 ,b4,m4 ,e #cgb2 ,b]l9 #becg ,re9a*1 i4 #bjh ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #ab2 ,muni* #cde ,re9a*1 i4 #ff2 & ,re9a*1 i4 #aac ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #b4 ,also a sc5e f ! *ildhood ( ,eri*?onios3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ghh4 7#b7 ,! reception ( ,dionysos 9 ,attica 7by ,ik>ios or ,amphiktion74 ,b #adi1 ,b #aec1 & ,e #aff 9 ! ,briti% ,museum appe> to ref] to ?is1 b n c]ta9ly4 ,see above1 p4 #ef4 7#c7 ,! /ory ( ,t]eus & 8 daught]s1 ,prokne & ,philomela4#adcg 7a7 ,t]eus meet+ ,apate 7,deceit72 ,prokne & ,philomela 9 *>iots4 ,naples #cbcc ,re9a*1 i4 #bdj4 7b7 ,prokne & ! dumb ,philomela3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cjh 79 ,l\vre74 7c7 ,a$onaia slay+ ,itys4 ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 p4 #ddj 7 ,muni* #gii;a74 7#d7 ,! ?ree sons ( ,p&ion1 ,lykos1 ,nisos1 & ,pallas1#adch ) ,orneus ! son ( ,ere*!us4 ,re9a*1 i4 #eaj ,ros*]1 ii4 #bahg4 7#e7 ,! dea? ( ,prokris by ! ag5cy ( ,kephalos4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dgg 7) ,sir5 z s\l ( ,prokris or dea?-deity74 7#f7 ,kre\sa def5d$ by ,apollo f ! attack ( ,ion4 ,re9a*1 i4 #cge3 cf4 ,eur4 ,ion4 #abej ff4 7#g7 ,danaos tak+ refuge 9 ,attica 7874 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdd ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #d1 #b 79 ,l\vre74 7#h7 ,e*elos c>ry+ (f ,basile4#adci ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ci3 see p4 #bg4 7#i7 ,! /ory ( ,diomos1 ! eponym\s deme-h]o 7874 ,b4,m4 ,b #agh ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #aaf4 7#aj7 ,kodros1 ! la/ k+ ( ,a!ns4 ,bologna #bgc ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aiih1 fig4 #badh ,jahrbu*1 #ahih1 pl4 #d4 ,! ,kodros cup 7completely publi%$ 9 ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 #d7 is decorat$ ) gr\ps ( figures int5d$ to illu/rate ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! great ,attic families1 9 accordance ) ! g5ealogis+ t5d5cies ( ! p]iod 7ab\t #dej ,b4,c474 ,! out] sc5es repres5t ,!seus tak+ leave ( ,aigeus1 & ,ajax tak+ leave ( ,lykos2 & ,aigeus & ,ajax 7,aias7 are eponym\s h]oes ( two ,attic tribes4 ,on ! ,meidias vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#addj we see a gr\p ( ,a!nian tribal h]oes1 su* z ,akamas1 ,antio*os1 ,demophon1 & ,hippo?on1 toge!r ) ,m$eia1 :o is also connect$ ) ,a!ns 9 ! ,!seus sc5e ( ! ,kodros cup4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r isolat$ my?s :i* occasionally appe> on vases1 b defy m exact classification1 may be briefly record$ "h3 7#a7 ,admetos & ,alke/is4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #iah ,re9a*1 i4 #cie ,d5nis1 ,etruria#b1 ii4 frontispiece4 ,see also p4 #fi4 7#b7 ,agam$es & ,trophonios z prison]s f$ by ,augias4 ,l\vre ,e #fcb ,re9a*1 i4 #cdi 7see ,paus4 ix4 #cg1 #e2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhe1 p4 #acj74 7#c7 ,agrios seiz$ by ,o9eus & b\nd on ! alt>4 ,b4,m4 ,f #aee3 see ,anton4 ,lib]4 #cg & ,vogel1 ,sc55 ,eur4 ,trag4 p4 #abe4 7#d7 ,atalante (f]+ a cup to h] antagoni/ ,hippom5es4 ,r4,f4 kotyle 9 ,b4,m4 7#e7 ,atreus & ,?ye/es 7! latt] z suppliant 9 ! =m]'s palace874 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bc ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #d1 #a4 7#f7 ,daidalos & ,ik>os1 flight (4 ,naples #agfg ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhd1 pls4 #a-b4 7#g7 ,glaukos 9 ! tomb br\ght to life by ! se] ,polyeidos4 ,b4,m4 ,d #e ,plate ,,xl43 see ,apollod4 iii4 #c1 #a4 7#h7 ,kanake's suicide4 ,re9a*1 i4 #ddh4 7#i7 ,laios1 ,keleos1 ,k]b]os1 & ,aigolios /ung by bees :5 /eal+ ! honey on :i* ! infant ,zeus 0 f$4 ,b4,m4 ,b #agg3 cf4 ,anton4 ,lib]4 #ai & ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #aed4 7#aj7 ,lyk\rgos de/roy+ 8 *ildr5 9 a fr5zy4 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga2 ,naples #cbai ,re9a*1 i4 #abe1 & #cbcg ,baumei/]1 ii4 pp4 #hcd-ce4 ,see also ,re9a*1 i4 #ccc3 ,lyk\rgos slay+ ,?oas2 & p4 #ef4 7#aa7 ,melampus heal+ ! daught]s ( ,proitos f _! madness at ! alt> ( ,artemis ,lusia1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,dionysos4 ,naples #agfj ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #eb ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #d1 #c4 7#ab7 ,m]ope 7a sc5e f ! trag$y ( t "n74 ,muni* #haj ,re9a*1 i4 #cfc3 see ,vogel1 ,sc55 ,eur4 ,trag4 p4 #aah4 7#ac7 ,p&>eos ) ! gold5 dog ( ,zeus1 :i* he /ole4 ,l\vre ,a #dgh ,h]mes #ahih1 p4 #fch2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #ehf4 7#ad7 ,peleus wre/l+ ) ,atalante4 ,muni* #abe 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abj ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ca71 & #ehd ,re9a*1 ii4 #hh2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hah ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 pl4 #ad2 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pl4 #da4 7#ae7 ,peleus hunt+ a /ag4 ,b]l9 #bech ,re9a*1 ii4 #afb3 cf4 ,apollod4 iii4 #ac1 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,,p5!us ,,sla9 ,,by ,,ma5ads 7,,briti% ,,museum74 7#af7 ,p5!us torn to pieces by 8 "m ,agave & ! fr5zi$ ,ma5ads4 ,b4,m4 ,e #gge ,fig4 #aca2 ,muni* #hjg ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #abjd1 fig4 #acif2 ,jatta #afag ,mll]-,wiesel]1 ,d5kmael]1 ii4 #cg1 #dcf2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 pl4 #e 7& see p4 #aed72 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgi1 pls4 #d-e 7874 7#ag7 ,phaon ) ,*ryse & ,philomele4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ei 7vase 9 ,pal]mo1 =m]ly int]pret$ z ,dionysos & ,ariadne3 see text1 p4 #bif1 = ! correct int]pretation74 7#ah7 ,ph9eus invok+ ! gods4 ,b4,m4 ,e #bia ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #h1 #a4 ,= o!r ,ph9eus sc5es1 see pp4 #ha1 #aae4 7#ai7 ,! madness ( ,salmoneus4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahii1 pl4 #d 7int]pret$ z ,a?amas73 cf4 ,class4 ,review1 #aijc1 p4 #bgf & ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #fa4 7#bj7 ,?oas plac$ 9 ! *e/ by ,hypsipyle4 ,b]l9 #bcjj ,re9a*1 i4 #bgc3 see ,ap4 ,rhod4 i4 #fbb1 & ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #cgd4 7#ba7 ,aktor & ,a/yo*e 7unc]ta9 ref]5ce74 ,jahrbu*1 #aijb1 pl4 #b 79 ,bo/on73 see ibid4 p4 #fh1 ,il4 ii4 #eac & #feh2 ,s*ol4 9 ,p9d4 ,ol4 vii4 #db4 7#bb7 ,! f\ndation ( ,boiae 9 ,laconia by ! appe>ance ( a h>e4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ccc ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #abj 7?is is exce$+ly d\btful74 7#bc7 ,two boys deliv]$ to a ,nymph 7unkn[n my?74 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #ab1 #c4 ,! /ory ( ,orpheus (t5 f9ds a place on vases ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1#adda b is *iefly conf9$ to two episodes1 8 play+ ! lyre among a gr\p ( ,?racians#addb 7! m5 recognisable by _! co/ume1 see p4 #agi71 & 8 pursuit by ! ,?racian wom5#addc & subsequ5t dea? at _! h&s4#addd ,9 "o sc5e 8 head aft] 8 dea? is made use ( z an oracle4#adde ,he is (t5 pres5t 9 "u-_w sc5es 7see p4 #fh71 b n always 9 connection ) ! fet*+ back ( ,eurydike4#addf ,?amyris1 a quasi-leg5d>y figure1 appe>s cont5d+ ) ! ,muses = pre-em95ce ) ! lyre#addg2 on "o f9e ,r4,f4 vase he is accompani$ by ,sappho1#addh :o1 ?\gh /rictly an hi/orical p]sonage1 appe>s among ! ,muses 9 quasi-my?ical guise2 he also plays ! lyre among ,amazons4#addi ,o!r semi-hi/orical p]sons envelop$ 9 a cl\d ( fable are3 ,t>as1 ! f\nd] ( ,t>5tum#adej2 ,midas1 :o is g5]ally repres5t$ ) asses' e>s1 & is depict$ judg+ ! ,seil5os :o 0 caught 9 8 rose-g>d5 & is l$ be=e him ) h&s ti$#adea2 & ,m9os1 :o appe>s at ! slay+ ( ! ,m9otaur by ,!seus1#adeb & 9 ! "u-_w z "o ( ! judges ( s\ls4#adec 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor mu/ we omit to m5tion ! ,amazons1 :o play su* a l>ge "p on ,greek vases2 besides _! connection ) v>i\s leg5d>y ev5ts1 !y are (t5 employ$ purely z decorative figures4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( _! combats ) ,h]akles & ,!seus1 & ( ! "p play$ by _! que5 ,p5!sileia 9 ! ,trojan ,w>#aded2 & we also f9d !m 9 su* sc5es z ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is#adee & ,h]akles' fight ) ,kyknos4#adef ,!y also cont5d ) ,gryphons#adeg2 & _m battle sc5es 9 :i* !y are oppos$ to ,greek w>riors may also be "h allud$ to z n admitt+ ( m def9ite id5tification4#adeh ,!y are fur!r repres5t$ arm+ & prep>+ = ! fray1#adei or sett+ out on horseback1#adfj or def5d+ a besieg$ city#adfa2 & z decorative figures we see !m *>g+1#adfb /r++ b[s#adfc & dis*>g+ arr[s1#adfd bl[+ a trumpet1#adfe runn+ by ! side ( a horse or *eck+ a re/ive animal1#adff or fa/5+ a %oe#adfg2 or 9 peaceful conv]se ) a ,greek w>rior1#adfh or else )\t any di/+ui%+ action4#adfi ,ne>ly all ^! subjects belong to ! ,r4,f4 & lat] p]iods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may conclude ?is section ) an acc\nt ( ! mon/r\s semi-human1 semi-be/ial creatures1 :i* play a l>ge "p 9 ! decoration ( ,greek vases1 & appe> 9 connection ) _m leg5ds4 ,su* are ! ,c5taurs1 half man1 half horse2 ! ,gorgons1 w+$ wom5 ) snaky locks2 ! ,h>pies1 also f\nd on e>ly vases 9 ! =m ( w+$ wom52 & my?ical creatures l ,pegasos1 ! ,*ima]a1 or ! ,m9otaur4 ,! ,c5taurs1 :o probably symbolise m\nta9 torr5ts or o!r =ces ( nature1 appe> 7mo/ly on e>ly vases7 9 combat ) ,h]akles1 ei!r 9 troops or 9 s+le combat1 z 9 ! /ories ( ,nessos1 ,dexam5os1 & ,eurytion#adgj2 or1 aga91 9 ! sc5es s (t5 celebrat$ 9 ! sculptur$ friezes & metopes ( ,greek temples1 :]e !y cont5d ) ,!seus & ,peiri?os1#adga or ) ! ,!ssalian ,lapi?s4#adgb ,among ! latt] a common episode is ! dea? ( ,ka9eus1 :om ! ,c5taurs buri$ 9 ! e>?1 %[]+ rocks ^u him4#adgc ,9 a m peaceful aspect appe> ! ag$ ,c5taurs1 ,pholos & ,*eiron1 especially 9 ! /ories ( ,h]akles & ,a*illes1#adgd bo? ( :om are br\ght to ! latt] = _! y\?ful education4#adge ,z ! fri5d ( ,peleus ,*eiron (t5 assi/s at 8 capture ( ,!tis4#adgf ,c5taurs1 especially ,pholos1 are sometimes repres5t$ return+ f ! *ase1#adgg or z s+le decorative figures#adgh2 9 "o case !y fight ) cocks4#adgi ,nike 9 "o or two in/ances is drawn 9 h] *>iot by male or female ,c5taurs#adhj2 &1 f9ally1 repres5tations ( y\?ful ,c5taurs are f\nd1 ?\gh usually !y are middle-ag$4#adha ,! ,gorgons appe> almo/ exclusively 9 connection ) ! ,p]seus leg5d1#adhb b are besides frequ5tly f\nd z decorative figures1 especially on ,b4,f4 vases1#adhc 9 ! runn+ attitude *>act]i/ic ( ar*aic art1 9 "o case betwe5 two ,sph9xes4#adhd ,besides ^!1 ! head or mask ( ! ,gorgon ,m$usa1 famili> at all p]iods z a decorative motive ( ,greek art--fir/ ) an ugly & grotesque face1 aft]w>ds ref9$ & beautiful--is (t5 f\nd by itself on ,greek vases1 especially z an int]ior c5tral ornam5t ( ,b4,f4 kylikes4#adhe ,h>pies1 conv5tionally associat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,roman poets#adhf ) ! human-head$ bird-=m :i* really d5otes ! ,sir51 are f\nd inv>iably on vases 9 ! =m ( w+$ wom54#adhg ,!y are1 z has be5 else:]e not$ 7p4 #ha71 associat$ ) ! ,boreades#adhh z symbolical ( evil & good influ5ces ( w9ds1 & probably %\ld be reg>d$ z p]sonifications ( ! s\!rn breezes 7! malevol5t influ5ce ( :i* is se5 9 ! sirocco74 ,traditionally !y 7 suppos$ to gu>d ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides 9 ,africa1 :5ce ! hot baleful w9ds come4 ,! /ory ( ,ph9eus is probably to be expla9$ on ^! l9es4#adhi ,a ,h>py appe>s at ! recov]y ( ,zeus' gold5 dog f ,p&>eos4#adij ,t ! human-head$ bird repres5ts a ,sir5 9 ,greek art is amply atte/$ by ! repres5tations ( ,odysseus' adv5ture ) ! vocal en*antresses4#adia ,_! appe>ance on ! s-call$ ,h>py monum5t ( ,xan?os1 h[ev]1 %[s !m 9 ano!r aspect1 t ( dea?-deities#adib--n necess>ily ( a viol5t & rapaci\s "*1 z on a vase 9 ,b]l91#adic b g5tle & k9dly4 ,s1 aga91 a ,sir5 is repres5t$ 9 connection ) a tomb#adid2 & 9 a sc5e repres5t+ a banquet 9 ,elysium !y are depict$ cr[n+ ! dead4#adie ,on "s vases we f9d a ,sir5 play+ a flute or a lyre 7probably m]ely fanciful subjects7#adif2 or1 aga91 two ,sir5s kiss+ ea* o!r4#adig ,z m]e decorative motives _! appe>ances are c\ntless1 & _m e>ly vases are modell$ 9 ! =m ( ,sir5s#adih2 sometimes !y h human arms#adii2 9 "o case a bird's w+s & a fi%-tail#aejj2 or1 aga91 m anomal\sly1 be>d$ mascul9e heads4#aeja ,m r>ely !y are se5 fly+4#aejb ,! ,sph9x is famili> 9 ! fir/ place z ! mon/]1 half woman1 half dog1 :i* vex$ ! city ( ,!bes till sla9 by ,o$ipus2 ?is /ory is (t5 allud$ to on vases1#aejc b _m gr\ps ( a man & a ,sph9x h probably no special mean+4#aejd ,! ,sph9x has sometimes a sepul*ral ref]5ce1#aeje & is gr\p$ ) o!r figures1 su* z ,atlas#aejf or a ,seil5os#aejg 7! latt] probably a sc5e f a ,satyric drama74 ,l ! ,sir51 %e is exce$+ly common z a decorative figure1#aejh especially 9 ! friezes ( animals & mon/]s s de> to ! e>ly vase-pa9t]s4 ,h] inv>iable =m is t ( a w+$ lion or dog ) a woman's bu/4 ,! ,gryphon1 a k9d ( dragon compos$ ( an eagle's head & lion's body & legs 7occasionally a bird's71 is almo/ exclusively decorative#aeji2 b on ! lat] vases we f9d ! fabul\s combat ( ! ,ori5tal ,arimaspi ) ! ,gryphons :o gu>d$ ! m\nta9 ( gold 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ 7cf4 ,plate ,,xlii47#aeaj2 or1 aga91 !y cont5d ) ! ,amazons1#aeaa ) ,scy?ians1#aeab or ) ord9>y ,greek w>riors4#aeac ,9 "o in/ance an ,arimasp woman is se5 %oot+ at a ,gryphon ( curi\s type4#aead ,fur!r1 !y draw ! *>iots ( deities1 su* z ,p]sephone1#aeae & ,dionysos#aeaf2 & we h already se5 ,apollo com+ on a ,gryphon f ! ,hyp]borean regions4#aeag ,pegasos1 ! w+$ /e$ ( ,bell]ophon1 & ! mon/] ,*ima]a :i* he slew1 also appe> z decorative figures#aeah2 & ! =m] draws ! *>iots ( ,apollo & ( a woman1#aeai & also appe>s z a con/ellation ) ! moon & />s4#aebj ,a human-head$ mon/] attack$ by a h]o seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ! ,*ima]a on a companion vase4#aeba ,! ,m9otaur is g5]ally se5 9 connection ) ,!seus1 b also appe>s z a s+le or decorative figure1#aebb & "o vase appe>s to repres5t ! y\?ful mon/] 9 8 "m's lap4#aebc ,o!r mon/]s f\nd occasionally on vases are ,skylla1 :o appe>s1 n 9 connection ) ! /ory ( ,odysseus1 b ) ^? ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1#aebd & ,phrixos & ,helle1#aebe or z a s+le figure#aebf2 & ,lamia1 a vampire or ogress 9 ! =m ( a hide\s old woman1 :o is se5 und]go+ torture f ,satyrs1#aebg & 9 ano!r unexpla9$ sc5e4#aebh ,ano!r type ( mon/]1 ! s]p5t-foot$ giant ,typhon1 has already be5 m5tion$4#aebi ,yet ano!r & a unique type is t ( ! ,nymphs ) s]p5t bodies :i* protect v9es f ! attacks ( goats4#aecj ,la/ly1 ano!r creation ( fancy1 ?\gh n /rictly my?ological1 is ! or 8cock-horse10 a bird ) horse's head1 :i* appe>s on "s ,b4,f4 vases ridd5 by a y\?4#aeca ,?is may also be a conv5i5t place = m5tion+ ! common decorative subject ( ,pygmies fight+ ) cranes4#aecb ,,hi/orical ,,subjects ,! numb] ( vases on :i* und\bt$ hi/orical subjects h be5 discov]$ is v limit$1 ?\gh ! old sy/ems ( int]pretation ex]t$ mu* +5uity 9 elicit+ an hi/orical mean+ f _m sc5es ( daily life1 ) or )\t names inscrib$ ov] ! figures4 ,9 ! in/ances giv5 bel[1 ! names are giv5 9 mo/ cases1 obviat+ all d\bts4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! subjects *os5 are n z a rule ^? t w\ld mo/ obvi\sly sugge/ !mselves4 ,!y fall into two classes1 "o relat+ to hi/orical ev5ts & p]sons1 ! o!r to lit]>y celebrities3 ,i4 7#a7 ,! weigh+ ( silphium by ,arkesilas1 "o ( ! desc5dants ( ,battos1 :o rul$ at ,kyr5e--probably ! second ( ! "n 7,b4,c4 #ehj-eej74 ,?is sc5e occurs on a ,cyr5aic cup 9 ! ,biblio?que at ,p>is 7,cat4 #ahi3 see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cdb1 ,fig4 #ib71 :i* is probably a contempor>y production4 7#b7 ,kroisos1 ! k+ ( ,lydia1 on ! fun]al pyre 7,b4,c4 #ede74 ,see above1 p4 #f4 ,fig4 #acb ,re9a*1 i4 #he ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #gif1 fig4 #hfj 79 ,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,,kroisos ,,on ,,! ,,fun]al ,,pyre 7,,vase ,,9 ,,l\vre74 7#c7 ,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton slay+ ! tyrant ,hipp>*os 7,b4,c4 #eaj74 ,b4,f43 ,ar*4-epigr4 ,mit?4 aus ,oe/]r4 iii4 7#ahgi71 pl4 #f4 ,r4,f42 ,re9a*1 i4 #ddi2 & see a late ,pana?4 amph4 9 ,b4,m4 7,b #fje74 7#d7 ,diitrephes %ot to dea? ) arr[s1 ,b4,c4 #dgi 7874 ,see ,paus4 i4 #bc1 #c1 & ,fraz]'s note4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bii ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 p4 #ahe 7b see ,re9a*1 ii4 p4 #bee1 & p4 #ae "u ,gigantoma*ia74 7#e7 ,! ,p]sian k+ & que54 ,helbig1 p4 #bha ,re9a*1 i4 #bge 7see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #ebe74 7#f7 ,! ,p]sian k+ hunt+4 ,pet]sburg1 #agij ,re9a*1 i4 #bc 7,x5ophantos73 cf4 ,naples #biib4 7#g7 ,d>eios 9 c\ncil1 ) v>i\s deities & p]sonifications z spectators4 ,naples #cbec ,re9a*1 i4 #aid ,baumei/]1 i4 pl4 #f1 fig4 #ddi4 7#h7 ,battle ( ,greeks & ,p]sians 7) spectator-deities1 etc474 ,naples #cbef ,re9a*1 i4 #ih3 see also p4 #agi2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #hd2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ee-ef & p4 #eah4 7#i7 ,battle ( ,greeks & ,messapians4 ,b]l9 #cbfd ,re9a*1 i4 #bgj4 ,,ii4 7#a7 ,sappho4 7a7 ,z s+le figure4 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #c4 7b7 ,) ,alkaios4 ,fig4 #acc ,muni* #gec ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aedc1 fig4 #afjg4 7c7 ,read+ h] poems4 ,a!ns #abda ,dumont-,potti]1 pl4 #f ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf4 7d7 ,9 rivalry ) ,muses4 ,jatta #aech ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf4 7e7 ,) ,eros 7nam$ ,talas74 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 viii4 7#ahfa71 pl4 #a1 fig4 #a3 see p4 #di4 7#b7 ,aesop4 ,helbig1 #aed ,jahn1 ,ar*4 ,beitr4 pl4 #ab1 fig4 #b4 7#c7 ,anakreon4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ah3 cf4 ,e #bff-fg1 #cad-ae2 & see g5]ally ,jahn1 ,gr4 ,di*t] auf ,vas5b4 9 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 viii4 7#ahfa71 p4 #fii ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,,alkaios ,,& ,,sappho 7,,vase ,,9 ,,muni*74 7#d7 ,kydias ( ,h]mione 7a lyric poet3 cf4 ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,nub4 #ifg7 & ,nik>*os 7a contempor>y flute-play]7 are to be se51 accord+ to ,jahn 7op4 cit4 p4 #gdj7 on a psykt] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #gfg71 on :i* ^! names are inscrib$ ov] two revell]s2 b ! id5tification is exce$+ly d\btful4 ,see also ,muni* #ajif ,jahn1 op4 cit4 pl4 #d1 fig4 #a4 ,,iii4 ,m5tion %\ld also "h be made ( ! names ( hi/orical r5[n :i* (t5 appe> on ,r4,f4 vases ) ! ^w 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #djc1 & bel[1 p4 #bfg71 su* z ,alkibiades1 ,glaukon1 ,hipp>*os1 ,kle9ias1 ,leagros1 ,megakles1 & ,miltiades4 ,! "q is dealt ) else:]e1 & x has be5 %[n t only 9 "o or two cases--e4g4 ,leagros1 ,glaukon1 & ,kle9ias 7! fa!r ( ,alkibiades7--c an id5tification ) ! hi/orical p]sonages be c]ta9ly ma9ta9$2 x is1 h[ev]1 ( suffici5t int]e/ = ref]5ce 9 ?is *apt]1 because ! inscrib$ names may 9 "s cases possibly ref] to ! figures depict$ on ! vases4#aecc ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,subjects ,,f ,,ord9>y ,,life ,religi\s subjects--,sacrifices--,fun]al sc5es--,! ,drama & burlesques--,a?letics--,sport & games--,musical sc5es--,trades & occupations--,daily life ( wom5--,w$d+ sc5es--,milit>y & naval subjects--,ori5tals & ,b>b>ians--,banquets & revels--,miscellane\s subjects--,animals4 ,x is h>dly possible to give )9 brief limits all ! illu/rations t ! vases af=d1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ( ! religi\s & secul> life ( ! ,greeks4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 feasible to classify ^! subjects "u sev]al head+s1 & to give a li/ ( ! mo/ typical & popul> 9 ea* case4 ,?us we h3 #a4 ,religi\s c]emonies & sacrifices4 #b4 ,fun]al sc5es & (f]+s at tombs4 #c4 ,subjects connect$ ) ! drama4 #d4 ,a?letic conte/s1 games & sport1 & musical sc5es4 #e4 ,trades & occupations4 #f4 ,sc5es f daily life ( wom5 & *ildr54 #g4 ,milit>y & naval subjects4 #h4 ,ori5tal & b>b>ian figures4 #i4 ,miscellane\s subjects & compositions ( no p>ticul> import4 #aj4 ,animals 7mo/ly only decorative74 #a4 ,,religi\s ,,subjects ,^! mo/ly appe> 9 ! =m ( sacrifices1 ei!r be=e a simple alt>1 or be=e ! /atue ( "s deity1 a cult-image1 or t]m9al figure4 ,?us we h repres5tations ( ! (f]+ ( a bull to ,a!na1#aecd sacrifices to a primitive image ( ,dionysos#aece or to a t]m9al figure ( ,h]mes1#aecf or a sacrifice or libation to ,p]sephone1 ,apollo1 or o!r deities4#aecg ,a procession ( six maid5s c>ry+ *airs & a boy ) game is probably 9 hon\r ( ,artemis#aech2 & 9 ano!r sc5e we h ! ,dioskuri com+ to ! ,!ox5ia or fea/ prep>$ 9 _! hon\r4#aeci ,_m o!r examples may be f\nd "u ! head+ ( ! v>i\s ,olympian deities4 ,9 o!r in/ances we see ! prep>ations = a sacrifice1#aedj or a procession ( figures ) victims & sacrificial implem5ts#aeda2 ! victims are ei!r rams1#aedb bulls1#aedc goats1#aedd or pigs4#aede ,o!r sc5es ( sacrifice repres5t ! roa/+ ( a piece ( meat held on a spit ov] a blaz+ alt>#aedf2 or two m5 /& ov] a l>ge krat] on a /&1 accompani$ by a flute-play]4#aedg ,9 _m cases ! sacrifice is d\btless int5d$ to celebrate a dramatic1 agoni/ic1 or o!r victory4#aedh ,among o!r religi\s sc5es we h ! d$ication ( a tripod1#aedi religi\s fe/ival dances1#aeej pray+ figures1#aeea m5 or wom5 burn+ inc5se ov] an alt> or inc5se-burn]#aeeb2 or sc5es ( libation1#aeec a ,metragyrtes or m5dicant prie/ pray+ be=e devotees1#aeed & a prie/ exam9+ ! entrails ( a ram4#aeee ,an ephebos is initiat$ & purifi$ by ! #aeef2 oa?s are tak5 ov] a tomb1#aeeg or om5s f birds on a tumulus#aeeh2 & "h p]haps may be m5tion$ a man mak+ a ge/ure aga9/ ! evil eye4#aeei ,!re is also a sc5e illu/rative ( ! 1 an ,a!nian fea/#aefj2 & a possible repres5tation ( ! fea/ ( ,adonis1 & ! 8g>d5s0 or pots ( fl[]s exhibit$ on t occasion4#aefa ,la/ly1 !re are sc5es relat+ to votive (f]+s1 su* z a figure ( a *ild on a column (f]$ to ,a!na1#aefb a y\? c>ry+ a votive tablet1#aefc & o!rs 9 :i* simil> votive tablets occur4#aefd ,! numb] ( sc5es :i* c be %[n to relate to ,a!nian fe/ivals1 or be> on ,greek religi\s belief & ritual1 might be greatly exp&$ & multipli$1 b at pres5t little has be5 done 9 ?is direction4#aefe #b4 ,,fun]al ,,sc5es ,closely connect$ ) ^! religi\s subjects are ^? :i* play$ s l>ge a "p 9 ! life ( ! ,greeks1 & f\nd su* a /rong reflection 9 _! decorative art--namely1 ^? :i* relate to ! burial & cult ( ! dead4 ,! relation ( ,greek vases to ! tomb has be5 discuss$ else:]e 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ada ff471 & x is suffici5t "h to repeat t !re are only ?ree or f\r classes ( vases :i* yield und\bt$ evid5ce t !y 7 expressly made = fun]al purposes1 ea* belong+ to a diff]5t p]iod ( ! art4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod we h ! great ,dipylon vases 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bhe71 _m ( :i* repres5t fun]al processions & r[s ( m\rn+ wom5#aeff2 ^! 7 made = /&+ outside ! tomb4 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod !re are ! pro!sis-amphorae1 made likewise = plac+ fir/ r\nd ! bi] & !n on ! tomb1 z pla9ly %[n 9 "o in/ance#aefg2 & 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod ! ,a!nian :ite leky?i are decorat$ almo/ exclusively ) sepul*ral sc5es4 ,among ! vases ( ! decad5ce a :ole s]ies ( ,lucanian & ,campanian hydriae & ,apulian krat]s & amphorae1 z well z "s late ,a!nian vases1 ! ,apulian examples be+ usually ( enorm\s size1 equally betray ! special purpose = :i* !y 7 made4 ,on ! ,b4,f4 vases ! commone/ subject is ! pro!sis or conclamatio1 :]e ! body is expos$ on ! bi] & ! m\rn]s /& r\nd 9 attitudes ( grief1#aefh a subject also occasionally f\nd on ! leky?i4#aefi ,else:]e we h ! c>ry+ ( ! bi] to ! tomb1#aegj accompani$ by w>riors1 & ! depositio or plac+ ( ! body !re94#aega ,on ! vases ( ?is p]iod ! tomb inv>iably assumes ! =m ( a m\nd 7 or tumulus71#aegb z x appe>s 9 "s my?ical sc5es already describ$4#aegc ,on ! leky?i1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tomb is 9 ! =m ( a tall pla9 /ele1 on a /epp$ base1 cr[n$ ) an ornam5t ( acan?us-leaves or a palmette1 & wrea!d ) col\r$ sa%es1 :ile vases & baskets ( fl[]s are sometimes plac$ on ! /eps4#aegd ,on ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy x is develop$ ei!r into a tall column ) alt>-l base1#aege or into a l>ge %r9e or h]on1 ) columns 9 front & gabl$ ro(1 )9 :i* /&s ! figure ( ! deceas$1#aegf or sometimes an acan?us-plant#aegg or sev]al vases4#aegh ,! subjects on ! :ite leky?i & lat] vases almo/ inv>iably take ! =m ( m\rn]s1#aegi or m5 & wom5 mak+ (f]+s to ! dead1 or plac+ sa%es1 wrea?s1 & vases on ! tomb4#aehj ,or1 aga91 we may note int]e/+ p>allels ) ! ,a!nian sepul*ral reliefs ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* are mo/ly contemporane\s ) ! vases4#aeha ,?us we h 8f>ewell sc5es0 betwe5 a man & woman1#aehb or betwe5 two wom5#aehc2 or ! eque/rian figure ( a w>rior1 z on ! fam\s /ele ( ,dexileos1#aehd or a w>rior *>g+ ) 8 spe>#aehe2 or1 aga91 a h>e-hunt at a tomb1 p]haps ) ref]5ce to ! occupations ( ! deceas$4#aehf ,sometimes ! tomb ( a w>rior is indicat$ by 8 arm\r4#aehg ,! int]ior ( a tomb is occasionally %[n1 ) a dead boy 9 x1#aehh or a s]ies ( vases1#aehi or z 9 ! /ory ( ,polyeidos4#aeij ,9 "o in/ance a gr\p ( figures is plac$ on ! top ( ! tomb4#aeia ,my?ological figures are sometimes introduc$1 z ,*>on f]ry+ ! dead 9 8 b>k1#aeib or ,h]mes ,psy*opompos#aeic2 or ! type ( ,?anatos & ,hypnos 7or t ( ,boreas & ,zephyros7 ) ,memnon is borr[$ = t ( a w>rior1 a y\?1 or a woman :om !y place 9 ! tomb4#aeid ,occasionally we see ! s\l ( ! deceas$ z a small flitt+ w+$ figure4#aeie ,on ! ,italian vases ! figure ( ! deceas$ usually appe>s inside ! h]on1 pa9t$ :ite1 z if to indicate a sculptur$ m>ble figure3 a w>rior ) arm\r1#aeif or a y\? ) 8 horse or dog1#aeig or p\r+ a libation f a kan?>os4#aeih ,^! h]oa are always surr\nd$ by figures ( wom5 be>+ baskets ( (f]+s1 ungu5t-vases1 & wrea?s1 & by y\?s z m\rn]s4#aeii ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lv ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5es ,,f ,,fun]al ,,leky?i 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a1 ,,pro!sis2 #b1 ,,cult ,,( ,,tomb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ap>t f ! "u-_w sc5es already describ$1#afjj ! future life is n illu/rat$ by ! vases1 except 9 a curi\s sc5e on a ,b4,f4 ,cyr5aic cup1 repres5t+ a banquet ( ! bless$1 att5d$ by ,sir5s4#afja ,!re is also "o s+le repres5tation ( ! subject s common on lat] ,greek reliefs--! sepul*ral banquet4#afjb #c4 ,,! ,,drama ,! relation ( vase-pa9t+s to ! drama has already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 9 :i* x has be5 %[n h[ ! trag$ies ( ,euripides & ! f>ces ( ,rh9?on influ5c$ ! arti/s ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to recapitulate "h ! actual repres5tations ( actors or ( sc5es tak+ place on a /age1 toge!r ) "s acc\nt ( ! num]\s burlesques ( my?ical subjects4 ,on "o curi\s ,b4,f4 vase 7probably late & imitative7 we see a rude repres5tation ( a tragic & a comic *orus1#afjc & occasionally on vases ( ?is p]iod we f9d figures ( actors dress$ up z birds1 or o!rwise 9 comic fa%ion4#afjd ,m important 9 ?is connection are ! fif?-c5tury vases f\nd on ! site ( ! ,cabeiric temple at ,!bes1 sev]al ( :i* h p>odies ( well-kn[n subjects1 su* z ,odysseus & ,kirke1 or ,peleus br++ ! "y ,a*illes to ,*eiron4#afje ,x seems probable t ^! sc5es are actual reproductions ( burlesque p]=mances connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,kabeiri4 ,we look 9 va9 = repres5tations ( sc5es f ,ari/ophanes & ! ,old ,com$y1 ?\gh !re are "o or two vases :i* recall 7if no?+ m7 episodes 9 ! ,a*>nians#afjf & ,frogs4#afjg ,b = ! re/1 ^! comic sc5es are almo/ conf9$ to ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 especially ^? made at ,pae/um1 ) _! pres5tations ( ! or f\r?-c5tury f>ces4 ,a fairly exhau/ive li/ ( ^! 0 made "s ye>s ago by ,heydemann1#afjh & probably requires little em5dation z yet2 we repeat bel[ a numb] ( ! m int]e/+ subjects1 & o!rs may be collect$ f ! =ego+ pages 9 :i* my?s are burlesqu$ 7! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles1 ,o$ipus & ! ,sph9x1 etc474#afji 7#a7 ,zeus visit+ ,alkm5a3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #e1 #h ,heydemann1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bgf3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #aej4 7#b7 ,apollo heal+ ! ,c5taur ,*eiron3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aea4 7#c7 ,h]akles at ,delphi2 ,apollo takes refuge on ! ro( ( ! temple3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aec1 #b ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #cah4 7#d7 ,combat ( ,hephai/os 7,daidalos7 & ,ares 7,enyalios73 ,b4,m4 ,f #bfi4 7#e7 ,h]akles ) ! ,k]kopes3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #e1 #b ,heydemann p4 #bha4 7#f7 ,h]akles seiz+ ,auge3 ,fig4 #aje1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgd ,re9a*1 i4 #abc ,heydemann1 p4 #bgi4 7#g7 ,burlesque ( ! /ory ( ,antigone3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgc4 7#h7 ,rape ( ! ,palladion3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cff4 7#i7 ,dea? ( ,priam3 ,b]l9 #cjde ,re9a*1 i4 #cgj1 #h4 7#aj7 ,odysseus & ,kirke3 ,jatta #ija ,heydemann1 p4 #bga4 7#aa7 ,odysseus 9 ,phaeacia3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aec1 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,,sc5e ,,f ,a ,,f>ce 7,,briti% ,,museum1 ,f #ahi74 ,o!r sc5es repres5t s+le figures1 su* z ,h]akles1#afaj or ,t>as on ! dolph9#afaa2 or subjects f f>ces ( daily life1 su* z an actor ) a table ( cakes#afab or ! drunk5 return f a revel4#afac ,_m sc5es1 aga91 h "s ref]5ce to ! ,satyric drama1 z on ! f9e vase 9 ,naples1 :]e ,dionysos & o!r figures att5d ! prep>ations = a p]=mance ( t k9d#afad2 or su* sc5es z t ( ,h]a & ,iris attack$ by ,seil5i1#afae or ^? relat+ to adv5tures ( ,h]akles & ,p]seus ) ,satyrs4#afaf ,o!r subjects h no p>ticul> significance1 su* z an actor attir$ z a ,seil5os play+ on ! flute1 or danc+1 or ) a ,sph9x1#afag gr\ps ( actors#afah 79 "o case dress+#afai71 a comic actor among ,satyrs & ,ma5ads1#afbj & s+le figures4#afba ,"s1 :i* are app>5tly my?ological1 defy explanation4#afbb ,! influ5ce ( ,trag$y on vase-pa9t+s is an indirect "o1 & entirely conf9$ to ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy on ! "o h&1 & to ! plays ( ,euripides on ! o!r4 ,! subject has be5 discuss$ at l5g? else:]e 9 ?is "w1#afbc & x is unnecess>y "h to give a li/ ( ! subjects on ,s\? ,italian vases :i* c be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ,euripides4 ,x has also be5 po9t$ out t ?is influ5ce made itself felt1 n only 9 ! actual *oice ( subjects1 b g5]ally 9 _! treatm5t & arrangem5t1 9 ! quasi-ar*itectural sett+ ( _m sc5es1 & 9 ! elaborate co/umes ( ! figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,,a?letes ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,! ,,p5ta?lon 7,,briti% ,,museum1 ,b #acd74 #d4 ,,a?letics ,,& ,,sport ,f ! !atre we naturally turn to ! palae/ra & gymnasium1 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ! public & private life ( ! ,greeks1 &1 l ! =m]1 may be said to be ve/$ ) a religi\s significance1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,olympic & o!r great games4 ,h>dly any class ( subject is f\nd s frequ5tly & consi/5tly on ! vases4 ,! s]ies ( ,pana!naic amphorae alone supply in/ances ( e =m ( a?letic ex]cise 9 :i* ! ,greeks indulg$4#afbd ,_m vases1 especially ! ,r4,f4 kylikes1 repres5t gr\ps ( a?letes 9 ! palae/ra engag$ 9 v>i\s ex]cises1 su* z box+1 wre/l+1 runn+1 & leap+#afbe2 9 o!r cases we h s+le gr\ps ( box]s#afbf or wre/l]s1#afbg or ( ! 1 a some:at brutal comb9ation ( ! two4#afbh ,a box] is sometimes se5 putt+ on 8 cae/us4#afbi ,! 1 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ! national games1 is n infrequ5tly f\nd1 ?\gh (t5 only ?ree or f\r out ( ! five conte/s appe>4#afcj ,"h1 aga91 we also f9d s+le figures ( diskos-?r[]s#afca or javel9-?r[]s1#afcb repres5tations ( ! long-jump1#afcc & m5 m>k+ ! gr\nd ) a pick-axe or poles4#afcd ,an a?lete is se5 b9d+ r\nd 8 javel9 ! cord or by :i* x 0 ?r[n1#afce & ! pick-axe a=e-m5tion$ also appe>s 9 su* a way z to indicate its g5]al use by a?letes--viz4 = digg+ up ! gr\nd ov] :i* jumps 7 made1 by way ( ex]cis+ ! limbs4#afcf ,a v>iation ( ! javel9 conte/ 0 "o 9 :i* ! competitors 7 m\nt$1 & aim$ at a %ield set up z a t>get z !y rode pa/4#afcg ,o!r important conte/s are ! foot-race#afch2 ! horse-race1 g5]ally tak5 "p 9 by boys 77#afci2 ! *>iot-race#afdj2 ! tor*-race 77#afda2 & ! race ( arm$ w>riors 774#afdb ,9 ! latt] conte/ v>i\s types may be di/+ui%$3 ! arm+ = ! race#afdc2 ! />t#afdd2 ! race itself1 ) runn]s turn+ at ! end ( ! /adion#afde2 ! f9i%#afdf2 & a v>iation 9 :i* ! runn] c>ri$ 8 arm\r4#afdg ,on ! e>li] vases ?is race is run 9 full arm\r2 on ! lat]1 only ) helmets & %ields4 ,frequ5tly ! victori\s a?lete1 horseman1 or hoplite is se5 proclaim$ z w9n]1#afdh & receiv+ 8 prize#afdi2 also receiv+ a cr[n f ,nike4#afej ,among m miscellane\s sc5es may be m5tion$ a?letes ano9t+ !mselves#afea & us+ ! /rigil#afeb2 ! or qu9ta9#afec2 an a?lete expir+#afed2 a girl-runn] w\nd$ 9 ! foot#afee2 m5 roll+ discs#afef2 acrobats#afeg & female tumbl]s p]=m+ contortions ov] swords1 or lift+ objects ) _! feet4#afeh ,to ! li/ ( palae/ra sc5es may be add$ ^? :]e ,nike or ano!r deity appe>s z patron ( ! palae/ra wat*+ ! a?letes1#afei & sc5es ( ephebi wa%+ or ba?+ 9 prep>ation = or aft] _! conte/s4#affj ,! a?letes are (t5 accompani$ by tra9]s1 :o use a =k$ /ick to direct _! movem5ts4#affa ,on ! lat] ,r4,f4 & ! ,italian vases x is a regul> ?+ to f9d on ! rev]se a r\ghly pa9t$ gr\p ( two or ?ree a?letes or ephebi1 usually wrapp$ 9 himatia & conv]s+ toge!r#affb2 9 su* cases ! palae/ra is indicat$ by a pair ( jump+-weights or a ball susp5d$4 ,subjects com+ "u ! head+ ( :at we call ,sport are n s common1 & are practically limit$ to hunt+ sc5es4 ,!y include h>e-hunts1#affc /ag-hunts1#affd wolf-hunts & fox-hunts1#affe lion-hunts1#afff & bo>-hunts#affg2 9 ! latt] on e>ly ,b4,f4 vases ! figures (t5 h fancy names1 ) a ref]5ce 9 "s cases to ! hunt ( ! ,calydonian bo>1 :i* creat$ ! type4 ,"s1 especially ,b4,f4 vases1 depict ! dep>ture ( a hunt] = ! *ase1#affh or 8 return load$ ) game#affi2 or we see a p>ty ( hunt]s re/+ 7all ) fancy names74#afgj ,a gr\p ( y\?s captur+ & tam+ a bull may also be m5tion$ "h1#afga & horse-tam+ is simil>ly depict$4#afgb ,we see horses be+ unh>ness$1 groom$1 & wat]$1#afgc or ex]cis$1#afgd & a man ) a back+ horse#afge2 & we may also p]haps include among ^! subjects sc5es repres5t+ rid+-lessons1 a s*ool = ephebi1#afgf or a boy le>n+ to m\nt a horse4#afgg ,a fav\rite subject = ! int]iors ( ,r4,f4 cups is t ( a "y ,a!nian on horseback1#afgh (t5 9 ,ori5tal or ,?racian co/ume 7see p4 #agi74afgi ,on ! ,b4,f4 vases a horseman or a *>iot is sometimes depict$ 9 front view1 a notable exception to ! pref]5ce ( ! "t1#afhj & sometimes a ?ree-horse *>iot takes ! place ( ! quadriga4#afha ,among miscellane\s *>iot-sc5es may be m5tion$ a goddess 787 & a h]o m\nt+ *>iots1#afhb a girl 9 a *>iot drawn by h9ds#afhc2 & p travell+ 9 a c\ntry c>t4#afhd ,among ! v>i\s ,games popul> ) ,greek y\?s ! fav\rite is1 p]haps1 t ( ball1 :i* 0 (t5 play$ by m5 m\nt$ on ea* o!r's %\ld]s 9 two p>ties1 ?is be+ kn[n z #afhe2 a r\gh] v>iant1 9 :i* ! ball 0 omitt$ & victory 0 probably ga9$ by ov]?r[+ ! oppon5t pair1 0 kn[n z 4#afhf ,wom5 & *ildr5 also play at ball1 z does ,eros4#afhg ,equally popul> 0 cock-fight+#afhh2 & we also see a gr\p ( boys %oot+ ) b[ & arr[s at a pop9jay or figure ( a bird4#afhi ,( indoor amusem5ts ! fav\rite is ! 1 a popul> relaxation aft] a banquet1 (t5 se5 on kylikes & o!r ,r4,f4 vases4#afij ,o!r games1 m suitable to y\ng] boys1 are top-sp9n+#afia & b[l+ a hoop#afib2 o!rs1 aga91 9 :i* boys & girls jo91 or ev5 occasionally ,eros & ,satyrs1 are ! games ( morra 7mic>e digitis1 or 8,h[ _m f+]s d ,i hold up8071#afic & its v>iant1 ! 1 play$ ) knucklebones#afid2 sw++#afie & see-saw+#afif2 & fly+ a kite4#afig ,a game ( simil> "* to ! morra is play$ by a w+$ girl1 :o places h] h&s ov] ! eyes ( a boy 9 a *air4#afih ,! s-call$ magic :eel1 :i* 0 twirl$ on a /r+1 is almo/ exclusively us$ by ,eros on ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy4#afii ,*ildr5 ) _! toys1 su* z g-c>ts1 vases ( v>i\s %apes1 etc41 are (t5 depict$ on ! small] ,r4,f4 vases ( ! f9e /yle1 "s ( :i* 7 p]haps actually made = play?+s#agjj2 & we (t5 see !m accompani$ by pet dogs1 tortoises1 & o!r animals4#agja ,simil>ly !re are repres5tations ( birds & bea/s kept 9 cages1#agjb & ( gr[n-up p play+ ) pets3 a y\? & girl ) a m\se or j]boa1#agjc or a man ) a ,maltese dog4#agjd ,equal 9 importance 9 ! eyes ( ! ,greeks 0 ! o!r great division ( _! education1 2 ! wid] s5se 9 :i* !y us$ ! ^w1 ! culture ( ! m9d z oppos$ to t ( ! body 771 admits ( includ+ "u ?is head+ s*ool sc5es z well z musical p]=mances4 ,among ! =m] is ! well-kn[n kylix ( ,duris 9 ,b]l9 7,plate ,,xxxix471#agje :]e a tea*] is se5 unroll+ a manuscript on :i* appe>s an epic hexamet] 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii472 a pupil is ab\t to write on tablets2 & o!rs und]go in/ruction on ! flute & lyre4 ,else:]e we see a y\? writ+ on a tablet1#agjf or on 8 way to s*ool#agjg2 a man read+ f a roll#agjh2 & a vivid repres5tation ( a s*oolma/] giv+ a writ+ lesson4#agji ,lessons 9 music1#agaj s++1#agaa & danc+#agab are by no means infrequ5tly repres5t$1 especially on ,r4,f4 vases2 we h already se5 ! "y ,h]akles & ,iphikles receiv+ in/ruction ( ?is k9d1#agac & on ! vases bo? boys & girls take "p 9 ! lessons4 ,danc+ sc5es include dances ( maid5s 7v common on e>ly ,b4,f4 vases71 or s+le figures ( danc]s#agad2 a girl danc+ to ! flute or ) ca/anets1#agae or a y\? to ! music ( a girl#agaf2 a woman danc+ ! ,pyrrhic dance 9 ! attire ( a w>rior1#agag & a sacr$ ,lydian danc] ) h] wick] head-dress4#agah ,! grotesque danc]s on "s e>ly ,b4,f4 vases appe> to be p]=m+ ! kordax4#agai ,gr\ps ( musicians ) no p>ticul> signification are (t5 f\nd1 g5]ally play+ ! lyre & flute1#agbj or s+le figures1 su* z a lyre-play] 9 female co/ume1#agba or 9 ! di/9ctive ( ! musician4#agbb ,o!r sc5es relate to agoni/ic & musical competitions1 :i* (t5 =m$ "p ( ! great games2 ?us we h on "s ,pana!naic vases & else:]e conte/s = victory ) ! lyre#agbc or flute4#agbd ,sometimes ! victori\s musician appe>s receiv+ ! prize#agbe or a cr[n f ,nike#agbf2 he usually /&s on a bema or rais$ plat=m4 ,on "o vase a poet recites an epic to ! s\nd ( ! flute2 ! op5+ words appe> proce$+ f 8 m\?4#agbg ,on ano!r a man is se5 tun+ 8 lyre4#agbh ,s++ 0 a common recreation ( banquet]s or revell]s1 especially z se5 on ,r4,f4 vases4#agbi ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,,agricultural ,,sc5es 7,,cup ,,by ,,niko/h5es ,,9 ,,b]l974 #e4 ,,trades ,,& ,,occupations ,! trades & occupations repres5t$ on vases are v v>i$1 rang+ f m9+ to %oemak+4 ,! repres5tations ( m9]s 9 caves :i* appe> on "s ( ! e>ly ,cor9?ian p9akes#agcj mo/ probably ref] to ! digg+ out ( ! clay = ! pott]ies r ?an to m9+ = metals4 ,?is seems ! m probable :5 x is tak5 into consid]ation t pott]s' work%ops & furnaces are s frequ5tly depict$ 9 ! same s]ies4#agca ,besides ^! we f9d lat] in/ances ( pott]s turn+ vases on ! :eel1#agcb pa9t+ !m1 or f9i%+ !m (f1#agcc z already describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]3 "o vase repres5ts ! int]ior ( a pott]'s work%op ) vases 9 v>i\s /ages#agcd2 ano!r1 a man pa9t+ ! design ) a sort ( quill4#agce ,"y m5 & girls are depict$ negotiat+ ! pur*ase ( complet$ vases 9 ! %op4#agcf ,ano!r ( ! ,cor9?ian p9akes#agcg repres5ts ! exportation ( vases 9 a %ip4 ,metal-"w is repres5t$ by a well-kn[n ,r4,f4 kylix 9 ,b]l91#agch %[+ a bronze f\ndry1 ) /atues 9 v>i\s /ages ( completion2 !re are also repres5tations ( a smi?y1#agci 9 "s ( :i* writ]s h se5 an allusion to ,hephai/os & ! ,kyklopes 7see p4 #cg74 ,a man is depict$ f9i%+ (f a bronze helmet1#agdj or c>ry+ a complet$ t]m9al figure#agda2 & ( simil> import is ! subject ( ,a!na modell+ a horse4#agdb ,agriculture is repres5t$ by vases 9 ,b]l9 & ! ,l\vre ) sc5es ( m5 pl\gh+ ) ox5 7,fig4 #acf7 or hoe+1 s[]s1 & mules c>ry+ sacks ( gra9#agdc2 & c]ta9 vase-pa9t+s h be5 int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ! digg+ ( a well4#agdd ,a man is se5 cutt+ d[n a tree1#agde & ano!r birds'-ne/+4#agdf ,%eph]ds ) flocks ( %eep & goats are se5 on two e>ly ,boeotian vases1#agdg & also fi%]m51#agdh & m5 cru%+ grapes 9 a w9e-press4#agdi ,! v>i\s /ages ( oil-mak+ include ! ga!r+ ( ! olives f a tree1#agej ! press+ 9 an oil-press1#agea & la/ly ! m]*ant measur+ out & sell+ 8 oil4#ageb ,a but*] is repres5t$ cutt+ up meat1#agec & also ! prep>+ & cutt+ up ( a tunny-fi%1#aged & ! bak+ ( bread#agee2 on a ,b4,f4 vase two m5 weigh goods 9 a balance#agef2 & ! export ( ! silphium 787 on ! ,arkesilas vase may also be m5tion$ "h4#ageg ,la/ly1 we h a %oemak] 9 8 %op1#ageh a c>p5t] work+ ) an adze1#agei & a boy go+ to m>ket ) two baskets c>ri$ on a pole4#agfj #f4 ,,daily ,,life ,,( ,,wom5 ,sc5es f ! daily life ( wom5 =m our next head+1 & we include !re) ^? relat+ to m>riage or prep>ations = nuptials1 :i* play s important a "p 9 woman's life4 ,! 8type0 ( a m>riage procession on ,b4,f4 vases is1 z we h se5 7p4 #af1 & ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cgh71 liable to be confus$ ) ! subject ( ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a2 ! bride & bridegroom appe> 9 a f\r-horse *>iot1 accompani$ by p]sons :o1 if n deities1 at any rate be> simil> attributes1 su* z ! caduceus ( ,h]mes or ! tor*es ( ,artemis 7z pronuba74#agfa ,9 sc5es ( simpl] "* ! w$d+ p>ty walk 9 procession or drive 9 a c>t4#agfb ,on lat] vases ! bride is g5]ally l$ by ! h& by h] husb&1 accompani$ z be=e 9 appropriate fa%ion4#agfc ,we also f9d sc5es repres5t+ ! bridal pair on _! m>ital c\* 7lectus g5ialis71#agfd & ! return ( ! bride aft] ! c]emonies4#agfe ,o!r sc5es may possibly repres5t a betro?al1#agff a bridal toilet1#agfg or a nuptial sacrifice1#agfh &1 f9ally1 ! arrival ( ! bridal pair at _! h\se1 ) a s]vant prep>+ ! m>riage-b$4#agfi ,m common1 especially on ,r4,f4 vases ( ! f9e /yle1 are sc5es tak5 f ! life ( ! wom5's ap>tm5ts 771#aggj su* z wom5 at _! toilet1#agga sp9n+ wool1#aggb or blea*+ l951#aggc or embroid]+4#aggd ,"u ! head+ ( toilet sc5es are includ$ s+le figures ( wom5 arrang+ _! hair1#agge pa9t+ _! faces1#aggf fa/5+ on _! girdles#aggg or %oes1#aggh or putt+ clo!s 9 a w>drobe4#aggi ,!y also play ) cats or dogs#aghj or pet birds1#agha & !re is a subject id5tifi$ z a 8consolation0 sc5e4#aghb ,aga91 we see wom5 ba?+ bo? 9 private & public ba?s1#aghc or ev5 swimm+#aghd2 b 9 "s ( ^! sc5es ! ba? m]ely =ms "p ( ! toilet4 ,_m ( ^! toilet sc5es may p]haps be idealis$ & reg>d$ z gr\ps ( ,aphrodite1 ! ,graces1 etc4#aghe ,a fav\rite subject1 b almo/ conf9$ to ! ,b4,f4 hydriae1 is t ( maid5s ) pit*]s on _! heads fet*+ wat] f a f\nta91 :i* is usually 9 ! =m ( a build+ ) columns & lion's-head sp\ts ( wat]2 ! maid5s1 five or six 9 numb]1 c>ry ! empty hydriae flat on _! heads1 ! full ones upright4#aghf ,wom5 are sometimes se5 9 g>d5s or or*>ds1 ga!r+ fruit#aghg or 7on late ,r4,f4 vases7 frank9c5se4#aghh ,o!r miscellane\s sc5es :i* _c be classifi$ are3 a woman 9 b$1#aghi woman ) foot-pan1#agij at a meal1#agia read+ f a scroll1#agib burn+ inc5se1#agic sp9n+ a top1#agid balanc+ a /ick1#agie rid+ 9 a mule-c>#agif2 two or m wom5 wrapp$ 9 "o l>ge cloak#agig2 & an acc\*em5t sc5e4#agih ,^? 9 :i* *ildr5 appe> include a nurse & *ild#agii2 a *ild le>n+ to walk#ahjj2 a "m1 & a *ild 9 a high *air#ahja2 & a woman beat+ a *ild ) a slipp]#ahjb2 subjects ( *ildr5 play+ ) toys1 etc41 h already be5 discuss$ 7p4 #afg74 ,f9ally1 !re are ! sc5es 9 :i* wom5 appe> z juggl]s#ahjc or p]=m+ dances 9 arm\r1#ahjd ( :i* m5tion has be5 made2 ^! 7 probably amusem5ts associat$ ) banquets 7see p4 #ahb2 also ibid4 = banquets 9 :i* wom51 i4e4 c\rtesans1 take "p74 ,a v common decoration ( vases1 especially ! inf]ior ones ( ,apulia1 is t ( a woman's head1 ei!r z ! ma9 subject or 9 "s subsidi>y "p ( ! decoration2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are s common t !y h>dly call = detail$ description4#ahje #g4 ,,milit>y ,,& ,,naval ,,subjects ,subjects ( a milit>y "* on vases are *iefly conf9$ to ?ree--! arm+ ( w>riors1#ahjf _! sett+ out 9 *>iots1 on horseback1 or on foot1#ahjg & combats ( two or m figures4#ahjh ,9 all ^! cases we are confront$ ) ! (t5-recurr+ difficulty z to :5 su* subjects h a my?ological significance4 ,especially on ,b4,f4 vases1 famili> types--su* z ! dep>ture ( ,hector or ! combat ( ,a*illes & ,memnon1 to be id5tifi$ 9 o!r cases by inscriptions--occur aga9 & aga9 9 ! same =m1 only div]sifi$ by ! v>y+ numb] ( by/&]s1 :i* is g5]ally regulat$ by ! space at ! pa9t]'s disposal4 ,ev5 :5 names are add$ !y are (t5 ( a fanciful k9d2 & ?us1 = in/ance1 we f9d combats betwe5 ,hom]ic h]oes :i* h no c\nt]p>t 9 lit]>y record4#ahji ,9 ! sc5es ( w>riors arm+ we may note c]ta9 motives z recurr+ ) m or less frequ5cy--su* z t ( a w>rior putt+ on 8 greaves1#ahaj helmet1#ahaa or cuirass 7,fig4 #acg71ahab or lac+ up 8 helmet4#ahac ,k9dr$ subjects are t ( a w>rior tak+ 8 %ield out ( 8 case1#ahad or an ar*] draw+ an arr[ f 8 quiv]1#ahae te/+ an arr[1#ahaf or /r++ 8 b[4#ahag ,we may also note ! r>] occurr5ce ( su* sc5es z ! h>ness+ ( a *>iot 7,frontispiece7#ahah or ! equipp+ ( a w>-horse4#ahai ,9 ! dep>ture sc5es ! usual type on ,b4,f4 vases is t ( a f\r-horse *>iot to ! "r1 :i* ! w>rior is m\nt+ or has m\nt$2 a woman sometimes give him dr9k1 & an old man /&s at ! horses' heads4 ,?is 8type0 is us$ = ! dep>ture ( ,amphi>aos 7cf4 ,b]l9 #afee71 ,hector1 or o!r h]oes4#ahbj ,x is sometimes v>i$ by plac+ ! quadriga to ! front4#ahba ,or1 aga91 ! w>rior is se5 on horseback1 accompani$ by 8 groom1#ahbb or a company on foot set out 9 m>*+ array4#ahbc ,on lat] vases ! m usual v]sion is t ( a w>rior receiv+ a libation or 8/irrup-cup0 f a woman be=e 8 dep>ture1 b ! same sc5es might be int]pret$ z ref]r+ to 8 successful return4#ahbd ,unmi/akable in/ances ( ! return are ^? sc5es :]e he receives a cr[n1#ahbe or is br\ght back z a corpse by 8 comrades4#ahbf ,!re are sc5es repres5t+ w>riors tak+ oa?s or om5s at a tomb1 or om5s by ! inspection ( ! liv] ( a victim1 all be=e dep>ture = battle#ahbg2 & s+le figures are c\ntless1 especially inside ,r4,f4 kylikes4#ahbh ,illu/ration3 ,f ,hopp94 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,w>rior ,,arm+2 ,,scy?ian ,,ar*]s 7,,amphora ,,by ,,eu?ymides ,,9 ,,muni*74 ,among ! v>i\s sc5es incid5t to w>f>e may be m5tion$ an ambuscade1#ahbi a w\nd$ w>rior dragg$ out ( battle1#ahcj a w>rior protect+ himself f d>ts1#ahca ! capture ( a prison]1#ahcb w>riors c>ry+ dead bodies1#ahcc or human heads z trophies ( victory4#ahcd ,besides s+le figures ( w>riors1 h]alds1#ahce trumpet]s1#ahcf sl+]s1#ahcg & ar*]s#ahch (t5 appe>2 or repres5tations ( ! arm\r ( a w>rior#ahci2 or ( ! or p>ade ( ,a!nian knights4#ahdj ,( a some:at burlesque "* is a sc5e depict+ w>riors rid+ on o/ri*es & dolph9s4#ahda 99 99 99 99 99 ,naval sc5es are v r>e1 b we f9d occasional e>ly repres5tations ( sea-fights1#ahdb z on ! ,dipylon vases1 ! vessels on :i* appe> to be biremes4#ahdc ,on ! ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases we f9d w>-galleys#ahdd or m]*ant-vessels1#ahde usually 9 places suitable = a r[ ( %ips--su* z ! out] edge ( a kylix#ahdf or ! broad rim ( a de9os or l>ge b[l4#ahdg ,^! are specially common on vases ( 8mix$0 te*nique4 ,! subject ( 8keel-haul+10 ! puni%m5t adm9i/]$ to refractory sailors1 mu/ also f9d a place "h4#ahdh #h4 ,,ori5tals ,,& ,,b>b>ians ,ori5tal figures :i* c nei!r be classifi$ z my?ological1 hi/orical1 or g5re subjects sometimes appe> on vases4 ,we h already made m5tion ( su* quasi-my?ological subjects z combats ( ,gryphons ) ,arimaspi or o!r figures 9 ,ori5tal attire4#ahdi ,phrygian w>riors1 too1 may be se5 9 "s ,trojan sc5es--su* z ! sack ( ,troy or ! flight ( ,a5eas#ahej--;b _! pres5ce 9 sc5es ( dep>ture or combat does n necess>ily make ! subject my?ological4#ahea ,x is n always easy to id5tify ! nationality ( ^! b>b>ians1 & ! names usually giv5 to !m--,p]sian1 ,phrygian1 or ,scy?ian--mu/ 9 _m cases be reg>d$ z some:at conv5tional1 except :]e details ( co/ume are unmi/akable4#aheb ,ar*]s 9 ,ori5tal co/umes1 we>+ peak$ caps ) long lappets1 & close-fitt+ co/ume ( j]k9 & tr\s]s 771 /ippl$ ov] to indicate sk91 are se5 %oot+ arr[s1 on foot or on horseback1#ahec or accompany+ ! *>iots ( ,greek w>riors1#ahed or tak+ "p 9 g5]al combats#ahee2 z also w>riors bl[+ trumpets4#ahef ,p]sian w>riors 9 combat ) ,greeks appe> on ,r4,f4 vases ( ! /rong p]iod1#aheg & may h "s ref]5ce to ! hi/orical ev5ts ( ! "t4 ,x is ev5 sugge/$ t "o is copi$ f ! fam\s pa9t+ by ,mikon ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on4#aheh ,"o vase repres5ts a sort ( triumphal procession1 p]haps ( a ,p]sian k+1 rid+ on a camel#ahei2 & o!rs depict ,p]sians rid+4#ahfj ,^? ( und\bt$ hi/orical signification h already be5 m5tion$4#ahfa ,scy?ians appe> z m\nt$ or unm\nt$ ar*]s1#ahfb a ,scy?ian horseman is attack$ by a lion1#ahfc a ,scy?ian pursues two c\rtesans1#ahfd & !re is a curi\s sc5e depict+ ! revels ( ! ,scy?ian ,aga?yrsi4#ahfe ,?racians1 9 ! typical local co/ume ( 7a ?ick cloak7 & 7a fox-sk9 cap71 appe> by !mselves or ) ,orpheus & ,boreas#ahff2 ,?racian horsem5 are repres5t$ sett+ out#ahfg2 & aft] ! conque/s ( ,miltiades ! local co/ume appe>s to h become fa%ionable among ! ,a!nian y\?1 z !y are depict$ we>+ x on "s contempor>y vases4#ahfh ,! ,?racian cu/om ( tattoo+ is sugge/$ 9 "s ( ! ,orpheus sc5es4#ahfi ,figures ( negroes are n v common on vases1 ?\gh _m ( fif?-c5tury date & lat] are modell$ 9 ! =m ( negroes' heads2 b !re is a small class ( ,b4,f4 alaba/ra on :i* !y are repres5t$ 9 ! traditional b>b>ian co/ume ( tr\s]s1 etc41 & are arm$ ) ! ,ori5tal battle-axe4#ahgj ,9 "o case a negro accompanies a camel4#ahga ,e?iopians are se5 convey+ ! body ( ,memnon or an ord9>y w>rior to 8 grave1#ahgb & "o vase repres5ts an ,e?iopian ) a jug4#ahgc ,a pair ( ,egyptian combatants c be id5tifi$ on a fragm5t>y vase f ,daphnae 7,def5neh74#ahgd ,la/ly1 _m ( ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 especially ^? ( ,campania1 repres5t combats or leave-tak+s ( native ,osco-,samnite w>riors1 9 _! typical co/ume ( triangul> cuirass1 gaily plum$ helmet1 & scanty tunic4#ahge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,,banquet]s ,,play+ ,,kottabos 7,,briti% ,,museum1 ,e #gj74 #i4 ,,banquets ,,& ,,revels ,a gr\p ( subjects :i* play an important "p on vases ( all p]iods1 especially ! height ( ! ,r4,f4 /yle1 b :i* d n exactly fall "u any ( ! head+s s f> enum]at$1 is t ( sc5es connect$ ) banquets & revels1 especially ( ,a!nian ephebi4 ,9 ! ord9>y 8type0 ( banquets at all p]iods 7z 9 o!r bran*es ( art7 ! p>ticipants recl9e on c\*es on _! left elb[s1 ! "r arm be+ free to use1 & t h& (t5 hold+ a dr9k+-cup or o!r appropriate attribute4#ahgf ,9 ?is fa%ion ! gods--su* z ,dionysos1 ,h]mes1 or ,h]akles aft] 8 apo!osis--indulge 9 ! pleasures ( ! banquet & ! w9e-cup4#ahgg ,!re are sc5es :i* repres5t ! prep>ations = a banquet1#ahgh or "y m5 on _! way ?i!r#ahgi2 & 9 ^? depict+ ! fea/ itself a table is (t5 plac$ be=e ! c\*1 on :i* vi&s ( v>i\s k9ds are se5#ahhj2 or ! krat] 7mix+-b[l7 /&s by1 ready = ! dr9k]s to repl5i% _! cups4#ahha ,vases are also fill$ by means ( a funnel4#ahhb ,! results ( ov]-indulg5ce are sometimes reali/ically indicat$ on ! ,r4,f4 cups4#ahhc ,aft] ! dr9k+-b\ts come amusem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 notably ! game ( ! kottabos4#ahhd ,no in/ances ( ?is occur be=e ! middle ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 & on ! cups ( t "t x is usually only indicat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! banquet]s twirl _! kylikes ) a f+] crook$ 9 ! h&le1#ahhe prep>atory to ?r[+ ! rema9+ drops ( liquid at ! little figure on ! top ( ! kottabos-/&1 ! hitt+ ( :i* caus$ "p ( ! app>atus to fall ) a r++ noise4#ahhf ,on ! late/ ,a!nian & _m ,apulian vases ! /& is (t5 repres5t$ z well1#ahhg n only 9 position = ! game1 b borne along by revell]s4#ahhh ,x is also c>ri$ by ,seil5i1 ,ma5ads1 or ,eros1 & us$ by ,dionysos at 8 banquets4#ahhi ,o!r amusem5ts take ! =m ( music & danc+4 ,! banquet]s !mselves play ! lyre or flute1#ahij or li/5 to male & female p]=m]s on ^? in/rum5ts1#ahia or a "y girl dances = _! amusem5t4#ahib ,! wom5 juggl]s1 tumbl]s1 & acrobatic sword-danc]s :o (t5 appe> on late vases#ahic no d\bt (t5 contribut$ to ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! 8gild$ y\?0 ( _! day4 ,sometimes a banquet] is repres5t$ recl9+ on 8 c\* & s++1 ! words 9 "o or two cases be+ inscrib$ z proce$+ out ( 8 m\?4#ahid ,n only m5 b wom5 are repres5t$ banquet+1 z on ! psykt] by ,euphronios at ,pet]sburg1 :i* has a gr\p ( c\rtesans4#ahie ,?is "* also appe>s on ! ,r4,f4 vases at ! m5's banquets4#ahif ,! or revel is equally popul> ) ! banquet4 ,x usually takes ! =m ( a procession ( "y & eld]ly m5 9 v>i\s unre/ra9$ attitudes1#ahig danc+1#ahih s++1#ahii play+ ! lyre1 flute1 or o!r in/rum5ts1#aijj c>ry+ dr9k+-cups & o!r vessels1#aija or balanc+ !m 9 sportive mann]4#aijb ,frequ5tly ^! sc5es are ( a ,dionysiac "*1 ! god himself1 ,seil5i1 ,satyrs1 & ,ma5ads tak+ "p1#aijc & sometimes human be+s are m+l$ ) !m4 ,on a vase ( ! s]ies connect$ ) ! comic /age 7,fig4 #acd1 p4 #afa7 a fa!r is se5 dragg+ a drunk5 y\? home f a banquet2 b ^! sc5es ( riot+ are n always necess>ily conceiv$ z tak+ place be=e or aft] social fe/ivities4 ,on a r$-figur$ cup at ,pet]sburg ! subject ( ! return f ! fea/ ( ! ,brauronian ,dionysos is depict$ 9 mo/ reali/ic fa%ion1 ! revell]s indulg+ 9 all sorts ( buffoon]y & fanta/ic actions1 :i* sugge/ an ,a!nian c\nt]p>t ( mod]n ,bank ,holiday amusem5ts#aijd6 ,to turn to a subject ( a quiet] "*1 :at may be t]m$ 8love sc5es0 are n uncommon on vases1 especially ( ! lat] p]iod4 ,on ! ,apulian vases inde$ su* subjects are innum]able4 ,! usual type1 occasionally f\nd on e>li] vases1#aije is t ( a y\? & a seat$ girl ex*ang+ pres5ts1 su* z mirrors1 wrea?s1 baskets ( fruit or jewel-boxes1 ,eros be+ frequ5tly pres5t4#aijf ,sc5es ( ?is k9d 7 orig9ally int]pret$ some:at fanta/ically1 z hav+ "s ref]5ce to ! ,eleus9ian or o!r my/]ies1#aijg an idea :i* no "o w\ld n[ s]i\sly hold4 ,simil> sc5es :i* h no p>ticul> import1 su* z gr\ps ( wom51 (t5 ) ,eros1 occur on _m ,r4,f4 vases ( ! lat] f9e /yle1 especially ! pyxides & leky?i4#aijh ,!y are all cle>ly fanciful1 & belong to an age :5 ta/es resembl$ ^? ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 _! artificiality4 ,!re are also "s in/ances1 especially on ! ,r4,f4 vases1 :]e ! s5tim5t is m def9itely express$1 & c\ples are se5 embrac+ or c>ess+ "o ano!r 9 amor\s fa%ion4#aiji ,x is n necess>y to make m ?an pass+ allusion to ! _m vases on :i* ?is h>mless s5tim5t is replac$ by co>s5ess & op5 indec5cy ( treatm5t1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 belong to ! v f9e/ /age ( r$-figure pa9t+4 ,f9ally1 we may m5tion "h a few subjects ( a g5re "* :i* seem to defy classification1 & yet are suffici5tly def9ite to require sep>ate m5tion4 ,su* are ! sc5es s common on ! int]iors ( ,r4,f4 kylikes1 :i* repres5t ephebi 9 all k9ds ( attitudes1 or c>ry+ all sorts ( objects1 ! great aim ( ! arti/ be+ to f9d ! mo/ suitable design to fill 9 ! circul> space4#aiaj ,?us we h su* subjects z a y\? putt+ on a greave or s&als1#aiaa c>ry+ a w9e-amphora#aiab or a lyre1#aiac play+ ) ca/anets1#aiad or pursu+ a h>e#aiae2 recl9+ at a banquet#aiaf2 arm$ ) a club or a l>ge /one#aiag2 a man lead+ a leop>d1#aiah & a man :o seems f 8 ge/ures to be tread+ unaw>es on a snake#aiai2 & o!rs ( an a?letic or milit>y "*1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,!re are also _m subjects :i* appe> to h a mean+1 yet are n my?ological1 & _c be satisfactorily expla9$2 su* in/ances x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h>dly be pr(itable to describe 9 detail4 #aj4 ,,animals ,! la/ class ( subjects ) :i* ?is section has to deal is t ( animals1 z consid]$ ap>t f human be+s1 or objects ( :at mod]n pa9t]s t]m 8/ill life40 ,9 ! hi/orical *apt]s ( ?is "w x has be5 %[n :at a l>ge "p ! animal _w play$ 9 ! decoration ( vases d[n to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & also :i* 7 ! animals mo/ frequ5tly select$ = ! friezes & o!r decorations ( e>ly vases4 ,mo/ notewor?y 9 ?is respect are ! ,myc5aean vases 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bgc71 ) _! repres5tations ( cuttle-fi% 7,plate ,,xv471 ! nautilus or argonaut1#aibj & o!r m>9e subjects4 ,b to ^! e>ly vases 9 ! pres5t case no fur!r allusion ne$ be made2 z subjects !y h n z a rule suffici5t int]e/4 ,on ! ,attic vases ( ! ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 p]iods animals r>ely =m a pr9cipal subject on vases1 ?\gh !y /ill sometimes appe> 9 small friezes on ! less important p>ts ( ! vase2 x may1 !re=e1 be ( int]e/ to note a few typical in/ances 9 :i* ?is feature reta9s its prom95ce4 ,sometimes we h subjects ) action3 z1 = in/ance1 "o 9 :i* a pan!r te>s a /ag1 & is attack$ by an ar*] & an arm$ w>rior#aiba2 or a lion attacks a pan!r1 a bull1 or a de]4#aibb ,aga91 ! int]ior ( a ,b4,f4 kylix is sometimes fill$ ) an animal subject1 su* z a w\nd$ /ag1#aibc or a de] scrat*+ itself or graz+1#aibd or o!r animals#aibe2 & 9 a simil> position on "o ,r4,f4 kylix we h an ass ) its pack4#aibf ,o!r animal subjects wor? m5tion+ are a sea-s]p5t1#aibg goats br[s+ on v9es1#aibh a fox caught 9 a trap1#aibi cats & mice1#aicj ! appe>ance ( ! swall[4#aica ,!re is a class ( w>e made 9 ,s\!rn ,italy :i* takes ! =m ( flat plates or di%es1 decorat$ ) repres5tations ( fi% & molluscs1 su* z ! pike or mullet1 ! cuttle-fi% & v>i\s %ell-fi%2 ^! 7 cle>ly us$ = eat+ fi% (f1 & !y h 9 ! c5tre a holl[ to receive ! sauce4#aicb ,friezes ( fi% are n infrequ5tly f\nd on ! vases ( ,apulia4 ,animals1 especially birds1 sometimes appe> 9 friezes on ! e>ly ,ionic vases1 su* z geese1 quails1 or gu9ea-f[l#aicc2 cocks & h5s confront$ are m common1 especially 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1#aicd & "o late ,italian vase has an amus+ gr\p ( a cock & goose greet+ "o ano!r ) ! words1 8,ah1 ! goose60 8,oh1 ! cock60#aice ,la/ly1 ( subjects f /ill life1 di/9ct f _! appe>ance 9 figure subjects1 we f9d ! arm\r ( a w>rior1#aicf a wa%+-bas91#aicg a flute-case1#aich a lyre1#aici a table ) bread ^u x1#aidj & a collection ( objects = ! toilet4#aida ----- ,footnote #aaab3 ,a!ns #abei ,re9a*1 i4 #ejf2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgf1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #aaac3 ,b4 ,m4 ,f #fh4 ,footnote #aaad3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahf4 ,footnote #aaae3 ,pet]sburg #bahh ,re9a*1 i4 #h2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgi 7 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fce1 fig4 #gjf7 & #chj4 ,9 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #ei 7n[ at ,bo/on7 & 9 ,b]l9 #bdcj !y d n appe> 9 ?is connection4 ,footnote #aaaf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #agj2 ,helbig1 #gh ,re9a*1 i4 #if ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #f1 #a 7,exekias74 ,footnote #aaag3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #dd 7d\btful2 p]haps ,ze?os & ,amphion74 ,footnote #aaah3 ,pet]sburg #aibd & #aibi ,re9a*1 i4 #i4 ,footnote #aaai3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdd4 ,footnote #aabj3 ,ibid4 i4 #cfc4 ,footnote #aaba3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fif4 ,footnote #aabb3 ,franois vase2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcj1 ii4 #aai4 ,footnote #aabc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cfa ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #ch-ci4 ,footnote #aabd3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddb ,re9a*1 ii4 #gi ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #ab1 #e4 ,footnote #aabe3 ,jatta #ajie ,re9a*1 i4 #aai 7,ph9eus sc5e72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbf 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #aabf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bca1 #ejg 7 ,a!ns #hec71 ii4 #a3 see g5]ally ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 s4v4 ,leukippid54 ,footnote #aabg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #h-i2 probably influ5c$ by ! pa9t+ by ,polygnotos ( ?is subject 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddc74 ,footnote #aabh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dhd3 cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #chh4 ,footnote #aabi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fcc ,wi5] ,vorl4 iv4 #i1 #c4 ,footnote #aacj3 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 ii4 #ahg3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #cfa 7rev4 ( vase74 ,footnote #aaca3 ,see p4 #ai4 ,footnote #aacb3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dgi2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbi2 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahge1 pl4 #ad 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #aacc3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ajg4 ,footnote #aacd3 ,muni* #faa & #bia ,re9a*1 i4 #dai1 ii4 #dg4 ,footnote #aace3 ,muni* #cga ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahec1 pl4 #aj1 #a1 p4 #ade4 ,he is repres5t$ z attack+ ,l9os1 :o _h f\nd fault ) 8 play+4 ,footnote #aacf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cbf 7,iphikles "h ) ,l9os74 ,footnote #aacg3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 ii4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #aach3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gj4 ,footnote #aaci3 ,furtwa5gl]1 h[ev]1 ?9ks ! subject is ,h]akles sacrific+ a bull 7,gr4 ,vas5mal]ei1 p4 #af3 see bel[1 p4 #ajf74 ,footnote #aadj3 ,cf4 ,paus4 v4 #ai1 #a3 4 ,footnote #aada3 ,see p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #aadb3 ,i/hm4 iii4 #ij4 ,footnote #aadc3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #aif1 ,b #cbb2 ,muni* #c ,re9a*1 ii4 #fb2 an e>ly ,a!nian example 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 pl4 #b4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdb ,wi5] ,vorl4 v4 #d ,l\vre ,g #ajc 7,euphronios72 ,a!ns #aaff4 ,see also ,vi5na #cbb ,re9a*1 i4 #cci & ,muni* #fje ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahec1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #aadd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cad2 ,b]l9 #bjeg2 ,l\vre ,f #bjh ,re9a*1 i4 #deb2 ,muni* #aahj ,re9a*1 i4 #bee1 #b1 & ,helbig1 #bbh ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahec1 pls4 #e1 fig4 #b1 & #h1 fig4 #b2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bee1 #a ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #di1 fig4 #ef2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dea4 ,! only ,r4,f4 examples publi%$ are ,muni* #dja 7 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cb7 & #fje 7 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahec1 pl4 #g1 fig4 #a74 ,footnote #aade3 ,see above1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aadf3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cbb4 ,footnote #aadg3 ,cambridge #dc3 cf4 ,p9d4 ,nem4 iv4 #df4 ,footnote #aadh3 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pp4 #ga-b4 ,footnote #aadi3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #aig1 ,b #cfd 7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #f1 #a1 ,niko/h5es72 ,b]l9 #agcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ff ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #a1 #b 7,kol*os74 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #gc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #dg1 #fh1 #a 7871 & i4 #bbc ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 pl4 #e 7,pamphaios74 ,footnote #aaej3 ,jatta #ajhh ,re9a*1 i4 #dge ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #d3 see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #aaea3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ea 7vase 9 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #aaeb3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbh1 ,b #cac2 ,b]l9 #ahea-eb4 ,r4,f43 ,muni* #bea ,re9a*1 i4 #bei4 ,footnote #aaec3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcg ,re9a*1 ii4 #fb ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #f1 #b4 ,footnote #aaed3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbc1 ,b #caa2 ,b]l9 #aijf2 ,l\vre ,f #ch ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #c 7,timagoras72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbg4 ,no good ,r4,f4 examples 7see ,re9a*1 i4 #cdf74 ,footnote #aaee3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbe2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bee ,re9a*1 ii4 #fa4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #afb2 ,a!ns #abjb ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #cb1 #d4 ,footnote #aaef3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cci 7,r4,f474 ,footnote #aaeg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbf2 ,helbig1 #bg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fd 7"o ,bologna #aie74 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #bba & i4 #da 7 ,pet]sburg #abgb1 curi\s74 ,footnote #aaeh3 ,b4,f43 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 pl4 #f 7,proto-,cor9?ian72 ,j4,h4,s4 i4 pl4 #a2 ,b]l9 #ccf 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #ddh71 #afgj 7 ibid4 ii4 #fd1 #a71 #agcg4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #bba4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #dc2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #fh4 ,footnote #aaei3 ,pet]sburg #aghg ,re9a*1 i4 #dj4 ,footnote #aafj3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #cj2 ,b]l9 #agjb2 ,helbig1 #e2 ,a!ns #feg ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #eg2 ,l\vre ,e #heb ,re9a*1 i4 #aef4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #db1 ,e #agf2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #aijj1 p4 #di1 ,no4 #ag 7,ari/ophanes & ,erg9os74 ,footnote #aafa3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 pl4 #c 79 ,b4,m472 ,naples #cjhi ibid4 p4 #aj ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cc4 ,footnote #aafb3 ,b]l9 #agbb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #chh4 ,footnote #aafc3 ,l\vre ,f #fj4 ,footnote #aafd3 ,ox=d #bdi2 ,b]l9 #gff-fg2 ,muni* #ghc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ei1 #aj4 ,late ,r4,f43 ,b]l9 #bcei4 ,p>ody3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 pl4 #e1 #b ,jahrbu*1 i4 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #aafe3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cic ,re9a*1 i4 #cig4 ,footnote #aaff3 ,b4,f43 ,vi5na #bag ,re9a*1 i4 #afi 7,ca]etan hydria74 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #ch2 ,a!ns #aage ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #ah2 ,b]l9 #becd4 ,see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #ec1 note #a4 ,footnote #aafg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cfd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbi1 #cch1 #cib4 ,footnote #aafh3 ,b]l9 #djbg ,re9a*1 i4 #cch3 cf4 ,aelian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 i4 #bd4 ,footnote #aafi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #chd1 & see i4 #dge & ii4 p4 #dbc2 ,l\vre ,e #fcc 7capture ( h]alds73 see = ! my?1 ,paus4 ix4 #ag1 #b1 ix4 #be1 #d2 ,diod4 ,sic4 iv4 #aj2 ,apollod4 ii4 #d1 #aa4 ,footnote #aagj3 ,a!ns #igj4 ,footnote #aaga3 ,b]l9 #aibg 7872 ,b4,m4 ,e #bij4 ,footnote #aagb3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #cg 7,r4,f4 9 ,b]l974 ,footnote #aagc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agd4 ,footnote #aagd3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahih1 ,no4 #cc4 ,footnote #aage3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #aie1 ,b #caf2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bea ,re9a*1 ii4 #beb4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #bee 7 ,hopp91 ,eu?ymides1 pl4 #e72 ,e #cah1 ,e #deh2 ,b]l9 #baei ,w]nicke-,graef1 ,ant4 ,d5km4 pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c2 ,muni* #dja ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cb 7,ph9tias72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbd4 ,late3 ,naples #agfb ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cj4 ,footnote #aagf3 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #ae4 ,footnote #aagg3 ,muni* #abid ,re9a*1 i4 #djc2 ibid4 ii4 #d ,wi5] ,vorl4 ii4 #h4 ,footnote #aagh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eg4 ,footnote #aagi3 ,cambridge #ajj2 & see ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #i4 ,footnote #aahj3 ,helbig1 #bcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ei2 a ,b4,f4 example 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #aijb1 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #aaha3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe ,re9a*1 i4 #aic4 ,footnote #aahb3 ,b4,m4 ,f #did2 ,b]l9 #cbia2 heads ( ,h]akles & ,omphale1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hff4 ,footnote #aahc3 ,l\vre ,e #fce ,re9a*1 i4 #aea ,rayet & ,collignon1 pl4 #f2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ba-b 7#ahic-id71 pl4 #ad 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #aahd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afe2 ,a!ns #dgg ,re9a*1 i4 #eai 7,melian vase73 see note #aahf bel[4 ,footnote #aahe3 ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 pl4 #ai2 ,jahre%efte1 #aijj1 p4 #fd4 ,! slay+ ( ,iphitos is repres5t$ on a :ite-gr\nd cup 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,monum5ts ,piot1 ii4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #aahf3 ,a!ns #dgg1 accord+ to ,potti] 9 ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #ahie1 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #aahg3 ,anzeig]1 #ahia1 p4 #aai 79 ,b]l972 a burlesque ( ! subject is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aje1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgd4 ,footnote #aahh3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ga4 ,footnote #aahi3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ge4 ,footnote #aaij3 ,fig4 #ajg1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dhj4 ,footnote #aaia3 ,ox=d #cbb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fb ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #gfb4 ,footnote #aaib3 ,naples #ccei ,re9a*1 i4 #djj2 & see note #aahf4 ,footnote #aaic3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fh4 ,footnote #aaid3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ch1 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #aaie3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hbb ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #aj2 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahee1 pls4 #a-b4 ,see above1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #aaif3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbf4 ,footnote #aaig3 ,b]l9 #bafd3 cf4 ,a!ns #aaai ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 pp4 #adf1 #adi4 ,footnote #aaih3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dgc2 ,b]l9 #ahef1 #aiai4 ,footnote #aaii3 ,b]l9 #cbef 7,argonautic874 ,footnote #abjj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #did 78 see p4 #ajf1 note #abaf72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahj ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #ea4 ,on ,*ryse see ,class4 ,review1 #ahhh1 p4 #abc2 ! same figure occurs on ! ,b4,m4 vase ,e #bbd 9 connection ) ! rape ( ! ,leukippidae4 ,footnote #abja3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eje3 cf4 = /atue ,b4,m4 ,f #bcc4 ,footnote #abjb3 ,jatta #dbc ,re9a*1 i4 #bje4 ,footnote #abjc3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #abjd3 ,re9a*2 i4 #beg2 & cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #baa1 ,f #bgh = ,h4 at ,olympia2 also ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #db4 ,footnote #abje3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aih1 ,b #dih2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gd-e2 ,l\vre ,f #aaf-aag ,re9a*1 i4 #big 7,niko/h5es72 ,helbig1 #ic ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ed1 #b4 ,footnote #abjf3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ad2 ,muni* #cfi ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bd 7,duris72 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #db1 #d2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bih4 ,footnote #abjg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cja1 ,b #dig1 ,e #ff2 ,b]l9 #aifa ,re9a*1 ii4 #dc2 ,b]l9 #becd 7) ,seil5os72 ,muni* #chh ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #d 7,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 8bil+ual072 ,re9a*4 ii4 #ci2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #cg2 ,a!ns #gfd ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #c1 #a4 ,footnote #abjh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afg4 ,footnote #abji3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #dd 79 ,pet]sburg74 ,footnote #abaj3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cah2 ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #cbg ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #ce2 ,philologus1 #ahfh1 pl4 #b4 ,footnote #abaa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbi3 cf4 ,b]l9 #djbg & ,b4,m4 ,e #had4 ,footnote #abab3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ad4 ,footnote #abac3 ,b]l9 #bbic1 #cihh2 ,pet]sburg #ebc ,re9a*1 i4 #dfg2 l4 ,cr4 i4 #a2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #abad3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ba4 ,footnote #abae3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbh2 ,b]l9 #aheg2 ,helbig1 #be2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #dc3 cf4 ,a!ns #gia ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #c1 #b4 ,footnote #abaf3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,e #did2 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bge2 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #bbce2 ,bac*ylides1 ,od4 #af2 also p4 #if1 note #abaa4 ,footnote #abag3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cgj4 ,footnote #abah3 ,muni* #chd ,re9a*1 i4 #acj ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #cjg1 fig4 #cbb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dha4 ,footnote #abai3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #aii-bja1 #baa 7,pl4 ,,xxix471 #bcj1 #cag-ba2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gb2 ,ox=d #bab 7no deities74 ,r4,f43 ,helbig1 #bcj 7,a4 ab\t to m\nt *>iot74 ,footnote #abbj3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bec ,re9a*1 i4 #cii & #bed4 ,footnote #abba3 ,b]l9 #ahbg ,re9a*1 ii4 #gd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #afa4 ,footnote #abbb3 ,) ,a!na3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bch2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cf4 ,) ,nike3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fd1 ,f #ajb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cfh1 #dha1 & ii4 #bjd2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 pls4 #g1 #h1 fig4 #c ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgf1 pl4 #c 79 ,l\vre2 p>ody2 *>iot drawn by ,c5taurs74 ,footnote #abbc3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #aff1 ,b #cgi1 ,b #dbd2 ,b]l9 #afia1 #aheg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cei1 #a1 ii4 #gf 79 ,b]l974 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ge2 ,b]l9 #bbgh ,re9a*1 i4 #gj ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #i 7,sosias72 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb1 #djh 7,fig4 #abg74 ,late3 ,naples #bdjh ,re9a*1 i4 #cbc2 ,pet]sburg #agge ,re9a*1 i4 #cjb 7p>ody74 ,footnote #abbd3 ,b4,f43 ,l\vre ,f #cj ,rev4 ,ar*4 xiii4 7#ahhi71 pl4 #d 7,amasis72 ,f #aaf-aag ,re9a*1 i4 #big ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #d1 figs4 #a-b 7,niko/h5es72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bed2 ,b]l9 #aifa ,re9a*1 ii4 #dc4 ,r4,f43 ,b]l9 #bfbf2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #gf1 #ahf4 ,footnote #abbe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfb2 ,bonn #gbj ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 p4 #fi2 ,a!ns #acdf ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #ae2 ,b4,m4 ,f #agh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bea 7all ,r4,f4 or late74 ,footnote #abbf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bdd2 ,b]l9 #cbeg2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cfd3 see p4 #gg4 ,footnote #abbg3 ,b]l9 #bech ,re9a*1 ii4 #afb4 ,footnote #abbh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfd ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 #h1 #a2 a simil> vase 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 pl4 #h1 has be5 o!rwise int]pret$ 7see bel[1 p4 #aaj1 note #abcc74 ,footnote #abbi3 ,pet]sburg #hcj ,re9a*1 i4 #aej ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,a4 #h 7,hi]on74 ,footnote #abcj3 ,see on ! subject g5]ally ,museo ,ital4 iii4 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #abca3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhd1 pls4 #dd-f4 ,footnote #abcb3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #ab1 #b4 ,footnote #abcc3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #ad1 & pp4 #bgg-gi = ?ree o!r in/ances2 ! la/1 h[ev]1 is susceptible ( o!r int]pretations4 ,footnote #abcd3 ,bologna #bgc ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aiii1 fig4 #badi4 ,! ,b4,m4 vase ,e #bfd 7see p4 #ajh1 note #abbh7 may h ! same mean+1 9 :i* case ! woman hold+ ! clue is a sort ( 8%ort-h&0 allusion to ! adv5ture await+ him4 ,see also ,re9a*1 ii4 #ha 7,!seus receiv+ libation f ,ai?ra74 ,footnote #abce3 ,b4,m4 ,e #da ,re9a*1 i4 #ecb 7,*a*rylion74 ,footnote #abcf3 ,b]l9 #bagi ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #f2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbb ,plate ,,xxxix4 7also int]pret$ z ,peleus & ,!tis1 see p4 #abj72 ,h>rison & ,v]rall1 p4 cxxxi 79 ,vi5na73 see also ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #aijj1 p4 #fg1 ,no4 #be4 ,footnote #abcg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ia2 ii4 #bfd 7 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dba74 ,footnote #abch3 ,muni* #g2 ,b4,m4 ,e #da2 ,re9a*1 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #abci3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aeg1 #bgb1 #dej2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #afc 7n[ 9 ,b4,m42 a complete & magnific5t example72 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #aj2 ,naples #bdba1 #cbec1 & ,r4,c4 #bci ,re9a*1 ii4 #bgh1 i4 #ccj1 i4 #dhb 7! fir/ ( ^! giv5 by ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #bf-h74 ,footnote #abdj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgb2 ,muni* #cfh ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ei1 #fj1 & #hje ,re9a*1 i4 #cia2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aha-hb2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #aijj1 p4 #ej1 ,no4 #ag 7,erg9os & ,ari/ophanes72 & see "u ,c5taurs1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #abda3 ,muni* #daj ,re9a*1 ii4 #hf ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cc4 ,footnote #abdb3 ,b]l9 #agca ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aghb1 has be5 int]pret$ z ! rape ( ,hel5e4 ,footnote #abdc3 ,see ,furtwa5gl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #agg2 & cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bef ,re9a*1 ii4 #bed4 ,b]l9 #cadc ,re9a*1 i4 #cgc1 may also repres5t a rape by ,!seus4 ,footnote #abdd3 ,jatta #ajid ,re9a*1 i4 #cef3 see also ,re9a*1 i4 #ajh1 #dee1 & above1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #abde3 ,muni* #hdi ,re9a*1 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #abdf3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #ei 79 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #abdg3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,f #abc & ,f #bgb2 also a vase 9 ,b]l9 7,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #hi71 :]e ,eros %oots ) 8 b[ at ,phaidra2 ,hippolytos is pres5t4 ,cf4 also ,naples #bijj ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #da4 ,footnote #abdh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgi4 ,footnote #abdi3 ,pet]sburg #aceg ,re9a*1 i4 #bdd1 & #agbc ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #djf1 fig4 #ddh2 ,naples #cadj ,mus4 ,borb4 ii4 #cj1 #d2 ,monum5ts ,piot1 x4 pl4 #h 79 ,bo/on72 & cf4 ,b]l9 #bcjj ,re9a*1 i4 #bgc4 ,footnote #abej3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aee1 ,f #dij 7874 ,footnote #abea3 ,b4,m4 ,f #hc4 ,footnote #abeb3 ,a!ns #aief ,a?4 ,mit?4 xi4 7#ahhf71 pl4 #aj4 ,footnote #abec3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dga ,fig4 #ig1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chb2 ,b]l9 #cjbb ,re9a*1 i4 #agb2 ,muni* #aahg ,re9a*1 ii4 #aji3 cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #def4 ,footnote #abed3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdh1 ,b #chj2 ,e #aha1 ,e #cii2 ,f #ejj2 ,b]l9 #afhb ,re9a*1 i4 #dda2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bgg ,re9a*1 i4 #bij2 ,muni* #fai ,re9a*1 ii4 #dh4 ,footnote #abee3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dic2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgh1 pl4 #b 7a f9e example 9 ! ,l\vre74 ,footnote #abef3 ,muni* #fai1 #iaj ,re9a*1 ii4 #dh-i2 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #eg4 ,= ,*rysaor see ,re9a*1 i4 #agb 7,l\vre ,e #heg71 ii4 #di1 & ,/ackelb]g1 #ci4 ,footnote #abeg3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #abeh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #afi ,j4,h4,s4 xxiv4 pl4 #e1 & ,f #ahe2 ,engelmann1 ,ar*4 ,/udi51 p4 #f2 & cf4 ,naples #cbbe2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #c2 ,jahrbu*1 xi4 7#ahif71 pl4 #b 79 ,b]l974 ,= ! correct explanation ( ! fir/-nam$ vase see ,pet]s5 9 op4 cit4 p4 #ajd ff4 ,footnote #abei3 ,b]l9 #afeb ,re9a*1 i4 #bag2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #bjec 79 ,b]l92 a f9e in/ance72 ,naples #cbbe1 ,s4,a4 #bd1 ,s4,a4 #gjh ,re9a*1 i4 #ahh4 ,footnote #abfj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdd2 ,jahrbu*1 vii4 7#ahib71 p4 #ch3 cf4 ,philologus1 #ahfh1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #a1 & pl4 #c4 ,footnote #abfa3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #c3 see ,philologus1 #ahfh1 pl4 #a1 figs4 #b-c1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #abfb3 ,b]l9 #bcgg ,re9a*1 i4 #bhi4 ,footnote #abfc3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #abfd3 ,naples #bbjb ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 pl4 #df2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhd4 ,footnote #abfe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #faj1 ,e #gae 7,plate ,,xlvi41 fig4 #d74 ,footnote #abff3 ,b4,m4 ,b #b3 cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #igg = a simil> figure inaccurately 787 inscrib$ ,o9omaos4 ,footnote #abfg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cca2 ,naples #aihb ,re9a*1 i4 #bib 7v d\btful2 ,o9omaos abs5t3 see p4 #abc1 note #acfa74 ,footnote #abfh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bga1 #bgh2 ,naples #bbjj ,re9a*1 i4 #cgi2 ,a!ns #ifh ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 p4 #cd 7,b4,f472 ,re9a*1 i4 #bij ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 pl4 #aj1 #b2 ,naples #bheh ibid4 pl4 #aj1 #a 7subject d\btful74 ,footnote #abfi3 ,naples #cbee ,re9a*1 i4 #bce2 ,re9a*1 i4 #afc ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #abjc1 fig4 #acie2 ,naples ,s4,a4 #fig4 ,footnote #abgj3 ,b]l9 #cjgb ,re9a*1 i4 #bjd4 ,footnote #abga3 ,naples #bbjj ,re9a*1 i4 #cgi4 ,footnote #abgb3 ,naples #cbbb ,re9a*1 i4 #afg4 ,footnote #abgc3 ,jatta #adii ,re9a*1 i4 #abg ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #h2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 p4 #fh1 ,no4 #be4 ,footnote #abgd3 ,naples #bdah ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 pl4 #fi2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #i1 #a ,ros*]1 ii4 #bhb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhg1 ii4 #cah4 ,footnote #abge3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 pl4 #d2 ,l\vre ,a #dgh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajh 7,k>lsruhe #chh71 #eag 7,a!ns #aehi71 #cca 7f\r late examples71 & ii4 #bgi2 & see ,b4,m4 ,b #aje1 ,b #afb2 ,naples #cbec ,re9a*1 i4 #aie2 ,b]l9 #cbeh4 ,footnote #abgf3 ,pet]sburg #dbg ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 #c 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgh & ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgd1 p4 #ce74 ,footnote #abgg3 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #cjc1 fig4 #cai2 & see ,re9a*1 i4 #cca1 & ,muni* #hje ibid4 i4 #bgg 7! latt] s int]pret$ by ,flas*1 ,angebl4 ,argonaut5bild]1 p4 #cj ff474 ,footnote #abgh3 ,b4,f43 ,franois vase2 ,muni* #ccc ,re9a*1 ii4 #aai ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #b1 #b2 ,b]l9 #agje2 ,helbig1 #cd ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ij2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcj4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 ii4 #afb1 #baj4 ,footnote #abgi3 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #ahaa4 ,footnote #abhj3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cg 7,plate ,,xxi471 ,f #aed2 ,vi5na #bag ,re9a*1 i4 #agj4 ,see also p4 #aff4 ,footnote #abha3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #aa ,re9a*1 i4 #dja4 ,footnote #abhb3 ,naples #cdab ,re9a*1 i4 #dih ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #b1 #a 7,as/eas2 ,phrixos also on ram72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cji4 ,= ,phrixos on ram see ,b]l9 #ccde1 & ,fe/s*r4 fr ,ov]beck1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #abhc3 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ab 7! antiquity ( ?is vase is v que/ionable74 ,footnote #abhd3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #bgj ,re9a*1 i4 #cai4 ,footnote #abhe3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbf1 #a-c3 see ,fe/s*rift fr ,o4 ,b5ndorf1 p4 #fg & p4 #acc1 note #e4 ,footnote #abhf3 ,see p4 #ha4 ,footnote #abhg3 ,ionic cup 9 ,wrzburg1 ,re9a*1 i4 #bja ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #da2 ,b4,m4 ,e #cjb2 ,jatta #ajie ,re9a*1 i4 #aai2 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #ch ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 #ae2 & see ,b]l9 #afhb4 ,footnote #abhh3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddb ,re9a*1 ii4 #gi ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #ab1 #e4 ,footnote #abhi3 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #aah ,re9a*1 i4 #bbf4 ,footnote #abij3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #ea ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahj3 see above1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #abia3 ,muni* #hje ,re9a*1 i4 #bgg ,wi5] ,vorl4 iv4 #c2 b see ,flas*1 ,angebl4 ,argonaut5b4 p4 #cj ff41 & p4 #acg 7,la]tes & ,antikleia74 ,footnote #abib3 ,pet]sburg #dbb ,re9a*1 i4 #aci2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #abc1 fig4 #abh2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #f4 ,footnote #abic3 ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #cbh ,re9a*1 i4 #ajb ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #abd1 fig4 #abi2 ,re9a*1 i4 #acg2 b see ,flas*1 ,angebl4 ,argonaut5b4 p4 #bd ff4 ,footnote #abid3 ,naples #bdac ,ros*]1 ii4 #ha1 & #cbeb ,re9a*1 i4 #ddi4 ,footnote #abie3 ,naples #cbdh ,ros*]1 ii4 #hc4 ,footnote #abif3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #g ,wi5] ,vorl4 ii4 #h4 ,footnote #abig3 ,jatta #aeja ,re9a*1 i4 #cfa ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #ch-ci4 ,footnote #abih3 ,helbig1 #agi ,re9a*1 i4 #cei 7ram l$ to caldron74 ,b4,m4 ,b #bba1 ,b #cbh2 ,b]l9 #bahh2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ha 7ram plac$ 9 caldron2 daught]s ( ,pelias usually pres5t74 ,footnote #abii3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ccf2 ibid4 #cei ,helbig #agi 7,p4 l$ to slaught] by daught]s2 ,m4 wait+ ) knife74 ,footnote #acjj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #afc 7,j4 z old man2 ram 9 caldron74 ,footnote #acja3 ,naples ,s4,a4 #ebf4 ,footnote #acjb3 ,muni* #haj ,re9a*1 i4 #cfc ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ijc1 fig4 #ihj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #acjc3 ,naples #cbba ,re9a*1 i4 #djb4 ,footnote #acjd3 ,bologna #bgc ,baumei/]1 iii4 #aiii1 fig4 #badi4 ,footnote #acje3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd4 ,footnote #acjf3 ,cf4 ! poem by ,/esi*oros1 ?la p ,pela ,footnote #acjg3 ,b]l9 #afee ,re9a*1 i4 #aii3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #acjh3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 xxiii4 p4 #aeh2 b see ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 7#aijc71 p4 #ib1 = ano!r explanation2 also p4 #dg4 ,footnote #acji3 ,! only lit]>y s\rce = ^! /ories 7be=e ,roman times7 is 9 ! tragic poets4 ,b subjects f ! ,septem ( ,aes*ylus are n f\nd on vases2 & x is n until ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod t any real ref]5ces to ! ,sophoclean & ,euripidean plays occur4 ,on "s ( ! ,meg>ian b[ls 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ejj7 ! subjects adh]e v closely to ! text4 ,footnote #acaj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ha2 ,pet]sburg #bahi ,re9a*1 i4 #e4 ,footnote #acaa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eje-f4 ,footnote #acab3 ,l\vre ,e #ffi ,re9a*1 i4 #dce1 #a2 ,b]l9 #bfcd ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 #g ,ros*]1 ii4 #hcg2 ,naples #cbbf ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 pl4 #bg 7,as/eas72 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #g 79 ,l\vre72 ,rm4 ,mit?4 v4 7#ahij71 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #acac3 ,a!ns #aheh ,re9a*1 i4 #cif3 see p4 #aee1 note #aedh1 = ano!r int]pretation2 also ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahfe1 p4 #fh1 & ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 v4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #acad3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #g1 #c ,ros*]1 ii4 #hdb4 ,footnote #acae3 ,b]l9 #cbif ,re9a*1 i4 #dba ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #def1 fig4 #ejb4 ,! vase giv5 9 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #dd1 may repres5t ,ze?os & ,amphion ) ,antiope4 ,footnote #acaf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cgi4 ,footnote #acag3 ,b]l9 #cbci2 ,naples #agfi2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #aa ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #ijc4 ,footnote #acah3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cgb ,re9a*1 i4 #ib ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajdi1 fig4 #abff4 ,footnote #acai3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fif ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 pl4 #ha4 ,footnote #acbj3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #eci2 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #af4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #aef2 ,vi5na #ccf ,re9a*1 i4 #agg2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiv4 p4 #cad 7,ox=d72 ,helbig1 #ahf ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #gc4 ,see also p>odies 9 ,philologus1 #ahig1 pl4 #a 79 ,bo/on71 & ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahia1 p4 #aai 7,b]l974 ,footnote #acba3 ,see p4 #adg2 q4v4 also = ,sph9x seiz+ ,!ban y\?4 ,footnote #acbb3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #i1 #f4 ,footnote #acbc3 ,ibid4 pl4 #h1 #h ,re9a*1 i4 #cgf3 see ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #gcf4 ,footnote #acbd3 ,naples #bhfh ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #i1 #aj4 ,see also ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #acbe3 ,b4,f43 ,b]l9 #afee ,re9a*1 i4 #aii ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #aj2 ,kop5hag5 #aab ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bj2 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #af 7872 ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #bie4 ,r4,f43 ,muni* #aea ,ov]beck1 op4 cit4 iii4 #e2 ,pet]sburg #afej ,re9a*1 i4 #abj1 & #djf ibid4 i4 #dhj4 ,footnote #acbf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdg2 ,b]l9 #agab4 ,footnote #acbg3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bj4 ,footnote #acbh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 p4 #cfa4 ,footnote #acbi3 ,b]l9 #bcie ,re9a*1 i4 #dfa3 see ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #accj3 ,a!ns #ifj ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #aa1 #h4 ,footnote #acca3 ,jahrbu*1 viii4 7#ahic71 pl4 #a3 see ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor51 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #accb3 ,b4,m4 ,d #g2 ,pet]sburg #ebc ,re9a*1 i4 #dff ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #aa1 #a4 ,footnote #accc3 ,naples #cbee ,re9a*1 i4 #bce ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #aad1 fig4 #abj2 p]haps also ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #cg 7,lasimos 9 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #accd3 ,muni* #add3 cf4 ,naples #agff ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #d1 #d2 & see ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhd1 ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #bif1 & ,/at4 ,!b4 v4 #fii ff4 ,footnote #acce3 ,kop5hag5 #fd ,re9a*1 i4 #bei ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ag1 fig4 #ai4 ,footnote #accf3 ,l\vre ,e #fdj ,re9a*1 i4 #adg ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #aa1 #d2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bb 7874 ,footnote #accg3 ,pet]sburg #deb ,re9a*1 i4 #afa ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #c4 ,footnote #acch3 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #ag1 #a 7874 ,footnote #acci3 ,jatta #dbc & ,b]l9 #cbdj ,re9a*1 i4 #bje1 #dji ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #i1 figs4 #ad1 #ab2 ,b4,m4 ,f #age 7873 see also ,jatta #dad ,re9a*1 i4 #dfg ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #d1 #b4 ,footnote #acdj3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgc4 ,footnote #acda3 ,pet]sburg #bahh ,re9a*1 i4 #h2 ,b]l9 #bdcj ibid4 i4 #bhg 7,hel5 com+ =?72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgi 7 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fce1 fig4 #gjf7 & #chj2 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 #ch2 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #ei 79 ,bo/on74 ,= ! v>i\s v]sions ( ! my? see ,ros*]1 s4v4 ,hel5a4 ,footnote #acdb3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #aijj1 p4 #gj1 ,no4 #bg2 & cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #agc4 ,footnote #acdc3 ,= a collect$ li/ ( all vase-pa9t+s connect$ ) ?is /ory see ,jahrbu*1 i4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bja ff4 ,footnote #acdd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fdg2 ,muni* #hjg ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #d2 ,l\vre ,e #fci ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 pl4 #aj1 #a2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ia2 & see ibid4 i4 #bbb ,plate ,,xxxix4 7o!rwise int]pret$1 p4 #aaa74 ,footnote #acde3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #bae 7,fig4 #abh72 ,muni* #chj ,re9a*1 ii4 #aae ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #agii1 fig4 #ahhb4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #dbd2 ,b]l9 #bbgi ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #agig1 fig4 #ahha 7,pei?9os72 ,a!ns #abjb ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #cb1 #d2 ,a!ns #aehh #ab #ahig1 pl4 #i2 ,muni* #cfi ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bd 7,duris72 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #g1 fig4 #h 79 ,vatican74 ,footnote #acdf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #i1 ,e #gc2 & see above1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 ,footnote #acdg3 ,pal]mo #aejc ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #h1 fig4 #f3 see also = ,*eiron p4 #adf4 ,footnote #acdh3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #acdi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fbj2 ,b]l9 #dbbj2 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #a2 ,a!ns #iff 7) ,a!na & ,h]mes72 ,l\vre ,g #c 7,pamphaios72 ,micali1 ,/oria1 pl4 #hg2 ,b4,m4 ,b #gg ,fig4 #ih 7p>ody74 ,footnote #acej3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ech ,re9a*1 i4 #ij 7d\btful72 ,jahn4 ,ar*4 ,beitr4 pl4 #aa 7871 & see p4 #ceb ff4 ,footnote #acea3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #dc4 ,footnote #aceb3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ajdg ,re9a*1 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #acec3 ,re9a*1 i4 #abf ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbb4 ,footnote #aced3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 p4 #aif ff41 :5ce ?is classification is tak54 ,footnote #acee3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bcf-ch2 e>ly ,ionic vase 9 ,muni*1 #abc ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ba2 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #i1 fig4 #b 7,x5okles72 ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 pl4 #gj1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #acef3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #cab4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #dde2 ,b]l9 #becf ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #afae4 ,footnote #aceg3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #aga2 ,muni* #abfi ,ov]beck1 op4 cit4 #i1 #f4 ,r4,f43 ,b]l9 #bbia ,fig4 #abi 7,hi]on72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdf ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #afaj 7,brygos1 9 ,l\vre72 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #afag 7f9e pyxis 9 ,kop5hag52 ! goddesses 9 *>iots74 ,footnote #aceh3 ,b]l9 #bfcc2 ,pet]sburg #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #g2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aji1 ,f #afg2 ,b]l9 #cbdj2 ,k>lsruhe #bei ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cj2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xxiv4 7#ahii71 p4 #fg 7,r4,f4 kotyle 9 ,b]l91 ,h]mes omitt$74 ,footnote #acei3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 #aa ,jahrbu*1 ix4 7#ahid71 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #acfj3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahii1 ,no4 #cj1 & #aija1 p4 #ce 7bo? f ! ,kabeirion1 ,!bes74 ,footnote #acfa3 ,b4,m4 ,f #age2 ,a!ns #aidb ,re9a*1 i4 #djb2 ,pet]sburg #aibd ,re9a*1 i4 #i ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #a1 #c2 ,naples #aihb ,re9a*1 i4 #bib 78 ,see p4 #aac1 note #abfg72 ,re9a*1 i4 #cge4 ,footnote #acfb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbf2 ,jatta #afai l4 ,cr4 iv4 #gb ,ros*]1 i4 #aifa4 ,footnote #acfc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fi ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #b2 ,b]l9 #bbia ,re9a*1 i4 #dcg1 #a ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fcg1 fig4 #gji 7,hi]on72 ,pet]sburg #aibi ,re9a*1 i4 #i2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dcg1 #b 7,hi]on & ,makron73 see also ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #acfd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #age 7874 ,footnote #acfe3 ,mill+51 ,a4,u4,m4 i4 #ba 7f9e ,r4,f4 vase 9 ,l\vre72 ,rm4 ,mit?4 ii4 7#ahhg71 pls4 #aa-ab1 #d2 ,b]l9 #agcg ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #i1 #d4 ,footnote #acff3 ,naples #cceb ,re9a*1 i4 #dhe2 & see ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dah ,re9a*1 i4 #hc2 also ,ros*]1 s4v4 ,n]eus4 ,footnote #acfg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhf ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hea ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #i1 #b 7,epig5es74 ,footnote #acfh3 ,b]l9 #bbfd 7,oltos & ,euxi!os7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #b1 #a2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hea ,re9a*1 i4 #bhg ,ros*]1 iii4 #bie3 see also ,ros*]1 iii4 #afig-ii 7sett+ out ( ,patroklos74 ,z ,ne/or himself w5t to ! w>1 x is possible t ?is sc5e is to be reg>d$ z tak+ place dur+ & n be=e x4 ,footnote #acfi3 ,bologna #bgc ,wi5] ,vorl4 i4 #d4 ,footnote #acgj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #af2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fhc1 fig4 #gdc2 & see ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #ac1 #g1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #acga3 ,jahrbu*1 #aijb1 pl4 #b 79 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #acgb3 ,iph4 9 ,aul4 #aib ff4 ,footnote #acgc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aic 7,plate ,,xxxi471 ,b #baa1 ,e #aj2 ,helbig1 #gh ,re9a*1 i4 #if ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 #f1 #a 7,exekias74 ,a 8bil+ual0 example 9 ,bo/on 7by ,&okides8 ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f473 see ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 pp4 #dj-da1 figs4 #ae-af4 ,! late/ example seems to be ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #acgd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eda1 ,e #afj3 see bel[1 p4 #acc1 & ,b4,m4 ,cat4 iii4 p #cf4 ,footnote #acge3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aei ,wi5] ,vorl4 v4 #i1 #c4 ,footnote #acgf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ceh ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #ej2 ibid4 i4 #ade ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #acbf1 fig4 #adgi2 ,milani1 ,mito di ,filottete1 frontispiece4 ,footnote #acgg3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bef ,re9a*1 ii4 #bed3 see p4 #aaa1 note #abdc4 ,footnote #acgh3 ,pet]sburg #agic ,re9a*1 i4 #c3 = a m probable int]pretation 7bir? ( ,dionysos7 see p4 #ai4 ,footnote #acgi3 ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 pl4 #fc2 ,engelmann1 ,ar*4 ,/ud4 zu d5 ,trag4 p4 #ag2 & see ,urli*s1 ,beitrge1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #achj3 ,pet]sburg #abge ,re9a*1 i4 #aeb3 cf4 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 pl4 #bb 7,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 p4 #bif74 ,footnote #acha3 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 #ac1 #i4 ,footnote #achb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #chb2 ,naples #bbic & ,r4,c4 #ada ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #agbe1 fig4 #ahjg4 ,footnote #achc3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahih1 ,no4 #dj 7sign$ by ,hi]on74 ,footnote #achd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aec4 ,footnote #ache3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cbd1 #edb2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #bhb 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhe1 #a7 & #cjh 7bo? 9 ,b4,m472 ,a!ns #fbj ,re9a*1 i4 #cid ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 #a1 #a 7,timonidas72 ,b4,m4 ,f #dic 7c>icature74 ,footnote #achf3 ,l\vre ,e #gjc ,re9a*1 ii4 #ib 7e>ly ,ionic72 ,b4,m4 ,b #cjg2 ,franois vase2 ,b]l9 #afhe2 ,helbig1 #acj ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #bb1 #a2 ,b4,m4 ,e #aj1 ,e #ac1 & ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cci4 ,footnote #achg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aad-ae ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aija1 fig4 #bjjj 7,euphronios72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bhe1 #c2 ,l\vre ,g #ah ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc1 #c2 ,l\vre ,e #gjc ,re9a*1 ii4 #ib2 ,b4,m4 ,b #cbf4 ,footnote #achh3 ,muni* #abd ,re9a*1 ii4 #aac4 ,footnote #achi3 ,b]l9 #bbgh ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #aj2 & see ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 p4 #big4 ,footnote #acij3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aih4 ,footnote #acia3 ,ibid4 i4 #cjf ,wi5] ,vorl4 iii4 #a 7! names may be fanciful72 ibid4 i4 #gg 7cf4 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 p4 #ccc74 ,footnote #acib3 ,l\vre ,e #fji ,re9a*1 i4 #cie ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 #a1 #c 7,*>es pyxis74 ,footnote #acic3 ,l o!rs ( ! ,hom]ic sc5es on ,b4,f4 vases1 ?is type is sometimes us$ = an ord9>y w>rior tak+ leave ( 8 family1 & unless names are giv5 x is difficult to di/+ui%4 ,footnote #acid3 ,rob]t1 9 ,h]mes1 #aija1 p4 #cia1 connects ?is sc5e ) ,book xix4 #cbj ff4 ,footnote #acie3 ,! text is n exactly foll[$ "h4 ,m5elaos kills ,euphorbos 9 ! ,iliad1 b does n fight ov] 8 body ) ,hector z he does on ! vase4 ,possibly !re is a confusion ) ! ,patroklos episode bel[4 ,footnote #acif3 ,! 8,psy*o/asia0 is also ref]r$ to ! combat ( ,a*illes & ,memnon 7p4 #acb74 ,footnote #acig3 ,see1 = a revis$ draw+ ( ?is vase1 ,hill1 ,illu/rations ( ,s*ool ,classics1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #acih3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bji-aj 7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #f1 #b1 #ahhi1 pl4 #c1 #c ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje71 ,b #cbc 7871 ,e #bhj2 ,muni* #dgh ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje1 & #cgj ,furtwa5gl]-,rei*hold1 #f4 ,footnote #acii3 ,see bel[1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #adjj3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijc1 ,no4 #gj3 cf4 ,qu9t4 ,smyrn4 i4 #gda ff4 ,footnote #adja3 ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 #ba1 #af ,ros*]1 ii4 #bfgd2 & see ,b4,m4 ,b #bji ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje4 ,footnote #adjb3 ,mill+51 ,a4,u4,m4 i4 #d ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,atlas to ,od4 iii4 #ae 78 see above1 "u ,il4 xxii4 #cjf ff472 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje1 #b4 ,footnote #adjc3 ,b4,f43 ,b]l9 #aadg2 ,helbig1 #h1 #ca ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #bh1 #a1 & #ch1 #a2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjg ,re9a*1 ii4 #bed4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfh2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #di ,re9a*1 i4 #ceh2 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ag 7n[ 9 ,bo/on74 ,9 ! la/-nam$ ! subject is slightly v>i$4 ,footnote #adjd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ab ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #c1 #a2 ,re9a*1 i4 #adi2 ,l\vre ,f #chh 7873 see p4 #ga4 ,footnote #adje3 ,mill+51 ,a4,u4,m4 i4 #e2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #g ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #abfe 79 ,l\vre72 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdg ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #ai3 cf4 also ,a!ns #ajic ,ros*]1 ii4 #bfgh 7,eos1 toge!r ) ,?anatos & ,hypnos1 two ,k]es74 ,footnote #adjf3 ,helbig1 #dc ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #di1 #b4 ,footnote #adjg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ajf4 ,footnote #adjh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hjh 7874 ,footnote #adji3 ,re9a*1 i4 #hb4 ,footnote #adaj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #agb2 ,muni* #chj ,re9a*1 ii4 #aae2 ,helbig1 #gg ibid4 ii4 #ajg 7see bel[1 p4 #agg72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ecg ,re9a*1 i4 #ij2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahii1 ,no4 #bh ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ea4 7,!tis pres5t7 ,footnote #adaa3 ,l\vre ,e #fdc ,re9a*1 i4 #caa2 ibid4 ii4 #ajg 7874 ,footnote #adab3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bdj ,re9a*1 ii4 #ii4 ,footnote #adac3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cjd 7& i4 #bbf1 #a-c 7871 see p4 #aae72 ,engelmann1 ,ar*4 ,/ud4 zu d4 ,trag4 p4 #cg3 cf4 ,sale ,cat4 ,htel ,dr\ot1 #aa ,may1 #aijc1 ,no4 #ajj4 ,footnote #adad3 ,a!ns #dge ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aiee1 fig4 #bjhf 7,melian vase72 ,b4,m4 ,b #cbg1 ,b #cig1 ,e #ac2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #bih2 ,b]l9 #bjjj ,rob]t1 ,bild u4 ,li$1 p4 #bag2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #bi1 fig4 #cj2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #e1 #b 79 ,l\vre72 ,naples #cceh ,re9a*1 i4 #cac ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,c4 #h1 #b4 ,! type is d]iv$ f t ( ,h]akles & ,kyknos 7p4 #aja74 ,footnote #adae3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fi ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #b2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ff4 ,footnote #adaf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eda1 ,e #afj3 see above1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #adag3 ,vi5na #cbe ,re9a*1 i4 #agd ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #a4 ,footnote #adah3 ,two ,cor9?ian vases1 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahia1 p4 #aaf1 & ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 ,no4 #ab2 ,l\vre ,e #fce ,re9a*1 i4 #aea ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #fi2 ,b4,m4 ,f #dhj ,plate ,,lviii42 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgh4 ,footnote #adai3 ,pet]sburg #hcj ,re9a*1 i4 #aej ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,a4 #h2 ,naples #cbca1 #cbce ,re9a*1 i4 #bii1 #ajb2 p>ody1 ,b4,m4 ,f #cff4 ,footnote #adbj3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ahf ,jahrbu*1 vii4 7#ahib71 pl4 #b2 ,muni* #djj ,re9a*1 ii4 #aaf2 ,ros*]1 i4 #abgi4 ,footnote #adba3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 pl4 #ae3 see ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 pl4 #d1 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #adbb3 ,see = ! v>i\s types ,j4,h4,s1 xiv4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #adbc3 ,b]l9 #bcja ,re9a*1 i4 #cha2 ,pet]sburg #hab ,re9a*1 i4 #cha ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #eh 7d\btful74 ,footnote #adbd3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #af2 ,naples #bheh ,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw4 pl4 #bh1 #e2 ibid4 #agee ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #ahdh1 fig4 #aici2 ibid4 #agfa ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #af4 ,footnote #adbe3 ,b4,m4 ,d #cc1 ,f #eg4 ,footnote #adbf3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #age3 cf4 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahii1 ,no4 #ch4 ,footnote #adbg3 ,vi5na #ccc ,re9a*1 i4 #afi2 ,b]l9 #bahd ,re9a*1 i4 #bif ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #aaac1 fig4 #acaj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #adc2 ,ros*]1 iii4 #ifi 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #adbh3 ,vi5na #ccc ,re9a*1 i4 #afi ,ros*]1 iii4 #iga2 ,re9a* i4 #cha2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #bd4 ,footnote #adbi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddf4 ,footnote #adcj3 ,pet]sburg #cdi ,re9a*1 i4 #ai2 ibid4 ii4 #i1 #caf2 ,naples #aihd ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #aaaf1 fig4 #acac4 ,footnote #adca3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aff2 ,re9a*1 i4 #acb 79 ,l\vre72 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #fh2 ,naples #aihd2 ,helbig1 #aag ,re9a*1 i4 #cij2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #ij 7,b]l972 & cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fda 7possibly ,ore/es & ,pylades at ,omphalos874 ,footnote #adcb3 ,pet]sburg #bahi 7accord+ to ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #iic72 b see ,re9a*1 i4 #e1 & above "u ,kadmos4 ,footnote #adcc3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aje ,naples #cbbc2 ibid4 #acc ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #geg1 fig4 #hjh2 ibid4 i4 #aeh ,pet]sburg #dbj2 ,naples ,s4,a4 #bd2 & see ,b4,m4 ,f #aee1 & ,re9a*1 i4 #bgi4 ,footnote #adcd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cba ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajji1 fig4 #abae 7,jatta ,coll474 ,footnote #adce3 ,see g5]ally on ,a!nian cults1 z illu/rat$ by vase-pa9t+s1 ,h>rison1 ,my?ol4 & ,mon4 ( ,a!ns1 ,introd4 p4 xxi ff4 ,footnote #adcf3 ,on "o ( ^! vases ! sc5e 79 ! int]ior ( a cup7 is wat*$ by a gr\p ( ,a!nians at ! foot ( a hill1 r\nd ! outside ( ! cup 7,re9a*1 i4 #ajg ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ci-dj74 ,footnote #adcg3 ,see ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 lxxxiv ff4 ,footnote #adch3 ,cf4 ,/rabo1 ix4 #cib1 & see = ,lykos 9 ano!r connection p4 #abd above4 ,9 ! vase "h giv5 !y witness ! exploits ( _! k9sman ,!seus 7on ! obv]se74 ,footnote #adci3 ,cf4 #ab #ahic1 pl4 #i1 p4 #acj ff41 & ,fraz]'s ,pausanias1 ii4 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #addj3 ,e #bbd ,plate ,,xli4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #h-i4 ,footnote #adda3 ,furtwa5gl] 7#ejtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr4 p4 #afc7 ref]s ! ,orpheus sc5es to ! ,aes*ylean tetralogy ( ! ,lyk\rgeia4 ,footnote #addb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cij2 ,naples #aigh1 #bhhi1 #cadc 7see ,re9a*1 i4 #agf72 ,re9a*1 i4 #djc ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aaha2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aagi 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #addc3 ,muni* #chc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #fc2 ii4 #hj4 ,footnote #addd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cja2 ,naples #caad2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ahf1 #cbg 7 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aahe-hf72 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aahd3 see also ,j4,h4,s4 ix4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #adde3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dic ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #aagh4 ,footnote #addf3 ,%e occurs on ,b4,m4 ,f #bgj1 ,pet]sburg #dih1 & ,k>lsruhe #bef4 ,footnote #addg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #if ,helbig1 #ii2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 pl4 #i2 & see ,naples #cadc ,re9a*1 i4 #agf4 ,footnote #addh3 ,jatta #aech ,re9a*1 i4 #ebf4 ,footnote #addi3 ,a!ns #acdd ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #ad4 ,footnote #adej3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 ,atlas1 pl4 #e1 #aj ,re9a*1 ii4 #ccc1 #e 7burlesque sc5e ) actor z ,t>as on dolph93 see p4 #afj74 ,footnote #adea3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddg2 ,l\vre ,f #aff2 ,helbig1 #ahi ,re9a*1 i4 #bfh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #abb2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #ec1 #b2 ,naples #ahea ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #aac2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xxii4 7#ahig71 pl4 #ac3 see = ! my?1 ,hdt4 viii4 #ach & ,ros*]1 s4v4 ,footnote #adeb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #adg1 #eji2 ii4 #ha1 #bga4 ,footnote #adec3 ,muni* #hdi ,re9a*1 i4 #beh4 ,footnote #aded3 ,see pp4 #ii1 #aaa1 #acb4 ,footnote #adee3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,a4 #aj1 #c4 ,footnote #adef3 ,ibid4 iii4 #d3 see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #adeg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #f1 #he1 #bcj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dib1 ii4 #bie4 ,footnote #adeh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aeh1 #bgh2 ,naples ,r4,c4 #bci 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #dhb71 #cbec 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #ccj ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #f;b1 #a71 & #bdba 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bgh ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #bf-h72 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ef 7 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbg7 & #fa2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cg4 ,footnote #adei3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ab2 ,naples #bfac2 ,l\vre ,f #bjc2 ,muni* #d ,re9a*1 ii4 #eg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #adfj3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #f1 #b2 ,b4,m4 ,b #aeh1 #eff2 ,micali1 ,/oria1 #ia4 ,footnote #adfa3 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 iv4 #cjd ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amph4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #adfb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dj2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #b1 fig4 #b 7,l\vre ,g #ce72 ibid4 pl4 #bb1 #b2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aff4 ,footnote #adfc3 ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,iliad1 v4 #bd1 vi4 #be4 ,footnote #adfd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ai2 ,vi5na #bca ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 #a1 #f4 ,footnote #adfe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eia2 ,b]l9 #bbfd ,re9a*1 i4 #ejh1 #d4 ,footnote #adff3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report = #ahii1 ,no4 #bb3 see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #aai1 note #a4 ,footnote #adfg3 ,l\vre ,a #bef ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 pl4 #aa4 ,footnote #adfh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bec1 ,e #bie4 ,footnote #adfi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #egc4 ,footnote #adgj3 ,see above1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #adga3 ,see above1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #adgb3 ,franois vase2 ,b4,m4 ,b #agf1 ,f #afb1 ,f #bgg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aed 7 ,naples #bdaa71 #cji 7,l\vre ,e #gjj71 #cia 7,muni* #hje72 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ae 7a f9e ,r4,f4 example74 ,footnote #adgc3 ,franois vase2 ,b4,m4 ,e #dgc2 ,j4,h4,s4 xvii4 pl4 #f2 ,muni* #hdf ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #h2 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 pl4 #b2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bb1 #dgd1 ii4 #bgb4 ,footnote #adgd3 ,= ,h]akles & ,pholos see p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #adge3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fbj 7,a*illes72 ,muni* #faa ,re9a*1 i4 #dai 7,h]akles72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ia 7,a*illes72 ,b4,m4 ,b #gg ,fig4 #ih 7p>ody74 ,footnote #adgf3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bjb-d1 ,nos4 #ea-i1 #id4 ,footnote #adgg3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bji1 #bhi2 ,a!ns #abdf3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbf4 ,footnote #adgh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #eh1 #deb2 ,helbig1 #bcg ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #hb1 #b;b2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #h1 #b4 ,footnote #adgi3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #adhj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #eej2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,e4 pls4 #g-h1 fig4 #c 7cf4 p4 #hh74 ,footnote #adha3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cgj4 ,footnote #adhb3 ,see above1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #adhc3 ,franois vase2 ,a!ns #fdd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ccb1 #dbi4 ,footnote #adhd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bei4 ,footnote #adhe3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbg1 #dbh1 #dcj1 #dcf1 #fgi1 #fhj3 cf4 ,e #ahj4 ,footnote #adhf3 ,cf4 ,virgil1 ,a54 iii4 #baf 7virg9eae vultus7 & #bda 7obsc5ae volucres74 ,footnote #adhg3 ,see1 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #ajc ff4 ,footnote #adhh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #d1 ,b #af 7873 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #adhi3 ,see p4 #aae2 ,b4,m4 ,e #cjb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aai1 #bja2 & = two ,h>pies1 ) "n inscrib$1 9 connection ) ?is /ory1 ,b]l9 #afhb ,re9a*1 i4 #dda4 ,footnote #adij3 ,l\vre ,a #dgh4 ,footnote #adia3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ddj2 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pl4 #a2 ,/r5a ,helbigiana1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #adib3 ,on ,sir5s g5]ally1 & especially z dea?-deities1 see ,weick]1 ,d] ,seel5vogel 7#aijb74 ,footnote #adic3 ,b]l9 #baeg ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 p4 #baa2 on ,b4,m4 ,e #dgg a ,sir5 ( ! ord9>y decorative type appe>s ) allusion to ! dea? ( ,prokris1 p]haps z indicat+ h] dep>t+ s\l4 ,footnote #adid3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fea4 ,footnote #adie3 ,l\vre ,e #ffg ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #adif3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eaj3 cf4 ,weick]1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #adig3 ,weick]1 p4 #abj1 fig4 #df4 ,footnote #adih3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #aace2 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #bia1 #bib1 #dgi4 ,footnote #adii3 ,l\vre ,e #ffg1 #gbc2 ,vi5na #cah2 ,muni* #ajgg4 ,footnote #aejj3 ,muni* #ajej4 ,footnote #aeja3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bae2 ,l\vre ,a #dda1 ,e #heh2 ,b]l9 #agbg3 cf4 ,a!ns #eca & ,wilis*1 ,altkor4 ,?on9du/rie1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #ch4 ,footnote #aejb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbi4 ,footnote #aejc3 ,see above1 p4 #aag2 & cf4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bgh & ,a!ns #adhj ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #i1 #h4 ,footnote #aejd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #abe1 ,b #eci1 etc4 ,footnote #aeje3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fej2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cai2 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #aejf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dga4 ,footnote #aejg3 ,naples #bhdf ,fe/sehr4 fr ,ov]beck1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aejh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cb & ,a!ns #eib 7) ,h]mes72 ,naples #cbed ,re9a*1 i4 #cbg ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 #i1 #g4 ,footnote #aeji3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ed1 #beh1 #dhj1 ii4 #bcf4 ,footnote #aeaj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dcd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bc1 #ec4 ,footnote #aeaa3 ,see above1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #aeab3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 pl4 #aa4 ,footnote #aeac3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cai4 ,footnote #aead3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #fd1 ,no4 #ba 7,b4,f474 ,footnote #aeae3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbj2 & see ii4 #cad4 ,footnote #aeaf3 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #eg4 ,footnote #aeag3 ,see p4 #bi above4 ,footnote #aeah3 ,b4,m4 ,b #de1 ,b #fe1 ,e #aa1 ,e #ce1 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agg1 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #h1 #a 7,pegasos72 ,b4,m4 ,b #aje1 ,b #dag1 & ,l\vre ,a #cjg 7,*ima]a74 ,footnote #aeai3 ,b4,m4 ,e #agj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cji4 ,footnote #aebj3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ddi ,re9a*1 i4 #abi4 ,footnote #aeba3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 pl4 #e 7cf4 pl4 #d74 ,footnote #aebb3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #ab1 #b2 ,b4,m4 ,b #cjh 7?ree ,m9otaurs74 ,footnote #aebc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ajff ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgi1 pl4 #c3 see1 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #aebd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ahh4 ,footnote #aebe3 ,ibid4 i4 #dih4 ,footnote #aebf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bah4 ,footnote #aebg3 ,a!ns #ifa ,a?4 ,mit?4 xvi4 pl4 #i 7probably tak5 f a ,satyric drama74 ,footnote #aebh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dei4 ,footnote #aebi3 ,see above1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #aecj3 ,muni* #dfh ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bag ,philologus1 #ahih1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #aeca3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dcc2 ,b]l9 #aggj2 ,a!ns #gac ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #h1 #d2 ,l\vre ,f #ajj1 #ajd 7betwe5 ,sir5s73 cf4 ,ar4 ,av4 #hjj4 ,footnote #aecb3 ,franois vase2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bg1 #ed1 #fa1 #dgj1 ii4 #bie2 ,b4,m4 ,b #gg2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #fc2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ii4 #e1 #b2 & cf4 ,b4,m4 ,g #agh & ,jahn1 ,ar*4 ,beitr4 pl4 #ab1 #a4 ,footnote #aecc3 ,cf4 ,naples #bfji 7,hipp>*os72 ,b4,m4 ,e #df1 ,a!ns #aafb1 & ,l\vre ,g #ajc 7,leagros72 ,a!ns #ajbj ,jahrbu*1 ii4 p4 #afc 7,glaukon72 ,b4,m4 ,e #cjj & ,ox=d #cji 7,kle9ias72 ,re9a*1 i4 #eac1 #f 7,megakles74 ,footnote #aecd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #hj2 ,b]l9 #afhf ,rayet & ,collignon1 pl4 #g1 & #ahhb ,re9a*1 ii4 #abb4 ,footnote #aece3 ,see p4 #fj4 ,footnote #aecf3 ,see p4 #ec2 also ,re9a*1 i4 #dgb & ii4 #aih1 #d 7bo? ,dionysiac74 ,footnote #aecg3 ,ox=d #bib 7,p]sephone72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cba1 #d2 ibid4 #abb1 #b 7 ,b]l9 #babi73 see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #dh1 note2 also l4 ,cr4 ii4 #ajh1 & ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhf4 ,footnote #aech3 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #cf 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #aeci3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fcc4 ,footnote #aedj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bhd ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #aeda3 ,b4,m4 ,b #hj1 ,b #ehe1 ,b #fdh4 ,footnote #aedb3 ,naples #bheh2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ga1 #a a4 ,footnote #aedc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #gi2 ,l\vre ,f #aj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dbh2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ga1 #a a2 ,muni* #chf ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ai2 & see "u ,nike1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #aedd3 ,bologna #bge2 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfb4 ,footnote #aede3 ,b]l9 #agbg ,re9a*1 i4 #dbi2 ,a!ns #adbh ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #aa1 #c 7sacrifice to ,hekate872 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #c1 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #aedf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dee1 #def1 #did2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #aje1 #ajh2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #h2 ,micali1 ,/oria1 pl4 #ig1 fig4 #b2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahie1 p4 #ajj 7,l\vre74 ,footnote #aedg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #c4 ,footnote #aedh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dee2 ,a!ns #aheh ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #baa1 fig4 #afe ,re9a*1 i4 #cif4 ,footnote #aedi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bhd2 ,bologna #bhf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #djc ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #be1 #h 7ref]r$ to ! ,?>gelia by ,reis*1 ,gr4 ,weihges*5ke1 p4 #hj74 ,footnote #aeej3 ,b]l9 #agbg1 #bjaj4 ,footnote #aeea3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aad1 ,e #bia2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #id2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ace4 ,footnote #aeeb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hh2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #gh1 #b b2 & see ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #ce4 ,footnote #aeec3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bhf2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #g1 #b ,rm4 ,mit?4 v4 7#ahij71 p4 #cbd2 ,mus4 ,greg4 #ga1 #a b4 ,footnote #aeed3 ,naples #cceh ,re9a*1 i4 #cac ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #bj1 #c3 see ,miss ,h>rison's ,prolegom5a to ,gk4 ,religion1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #aeee3 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #bi4 ,footnote #aeef3 ,de ,witte1 op4 cit4 pl4 #bb4 ,footnote #aeeg3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bbh 79 ,naples74 ,footnote #aeeh3 ,naples #bdeh ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bbg3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fda4 ,footnote #aeei3 ,a!ns #fie4 ,footnote #aefj3 ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #aefa3 ,k>lsruhe #bgh ,re9a*1 i4 #bga4 ,footnote #aefb3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #ca1 #a4 ,footnote #aefc3 ,fig4 #ag1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #adj ,muni* #ea4 ,footnote #aefd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #did1 ,e #ehe2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahie1 p4 #ajc2 ,b]l9 #bbac2 ,naples #agfj 7 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #eb71 & ,s4,a4 #fdg 7 l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ai72 ,g]h>d1 ,akad4 ,abh&l4 pl4 #fc1 figs4 #a1 #d1 #e2 l4 ,cr4 iii4 pls4 #gi1 #hj4 ,!y appe> to be especially associat$ ) t]m9al figures4 ,footnote #aefe3 ,miss ,h>rison's compreh5sive ,prolegom5a to ,greek ,religion 7,cambridge ,press1 #aijc7 appe>$ too rec5tly = ! writ] to be able to make detail$ use ( x 9 ?is section4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be borne 9 m9d t _m ( ! int]pretations 9 t "w are only conjectural4 ,footnote #aeff3 ,a!ns #aii1 #bjj ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #bja2 ibid4 #bad ,re9a*1 i4 #aij ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aidc1 fig4 #bjga4 ,footnote #aefg3 ,a!ns #fhh ,re9a*1 i4 #afe4 ,footnote #aefh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fc ,plate ,,lviii42 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #bgi 7n[ 9 ,b4,m472 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #bch1 fig4 #bag ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #a2 ,a!ns #fhh ,re9a*1 i4 #afd4 ,footnote #aefi3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fb ,plate ,,lv4 fig4 #a2 ,a!ns #afea ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #cb2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #cc4 ,a f9e ,r4,f4 example 9 ,monum5ts ,piot1 i4 pls4 #e-f 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #aegj3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cec2 ,micali1 ,/oria1 pl4 #if1 figs4 #a-b4 ,footnote #aega3 ,a!ns #fhh ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #cjf1 fig4 #cba ,re9a*1 i4 #afd2 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #hf 7,b]l974 ,cf4 ,fig4 #abc1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #aegb3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 pl4 #d2 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bbh2 ,a!ns #fhh4 ,footnote #aegc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #edc1 ,d #e ,plate ,,xl4 ,footnote #aegd3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fe ff4 & ,a!ns #afgb-ahcf passim3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #ic4 ,plate ,,lv4 fig4 #b ,b4,m4 ,d #gj4 ,footnote #aege3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ic 7,fig4 #bj1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #add71 #bab4 ,footnote #aegf3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgf1 #bgi-he1 #ceb 7,fig4 #ajf1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgg74 ,footnote #aegg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cec4 ,footnote #aegh3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #bi4 ,footnote #aegi3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ci1 #da1 #dc-de1 #ef1 #gj1 ,f #ic-if2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #cd4 ,see ,plate ,,lv4 fig4 #b & ,fig4 #ai1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #aehj3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ed1 #fe1 #fg-hf2 ,f #bab-ac1 #ccf2 ,a!ns #afib ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #b1 & #afid ,b5ndorf1 op4 cit4 pl4 #ah1 #a2 ibid4 pl4 #ai1 #b4 ,footnote #aeha3 ,a unique in/ance ( a sculptur$ /ele copi$ on a :ite leky?os is ,burl+ton ,f4,a4,c4 ,cat4 7#aijc71 p4 #ajd1 ,no4 #be4 ,footnote #aehb3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ea4 ,footnote #aehc3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ceb ,fig4 #ajf4 ,footnote #aehd3 ,b4,m4 7uncatalogu$74 ,footnote #aehe3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ba4 ,footnote #aehf3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fj4 ,footnote #aehg3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eh4 ,footnote #aehh3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ce2 ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,odyssey1 iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #aehi3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ef ,fig4 #ai4 ,footnote #aeij3 ,b4,m4 ,d #e ,plate ,,xl4 ,footnote #aeia3 ,a!ns #afhi ,re9a*1 i4 #eab4 ,footnote #aeib3 ,see above1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #aeic3 ,see p4 #eb2 also ,b4,m4 7uncatalogu$74 ,footnote #aeid3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eh-i2 ,a!ns #ajic 7 ,ros*]1 ii4 #bfgh71 #afec-ed 7 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pls4 #bg-i72 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 pl4 #b4 ,cf4 ,fig4 #abc1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #aeie3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ed2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,v4 pls4 #ad & #cc4 ,see above1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #aeif3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb4 ,footnote #aeig3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgf1 #bhd2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #cb-cc4 ,footnote #aeih3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bha4 ,footnote #aeii3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgf1 #bgi-hd1 #ceb 7,fig4 #ajf72 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #ch4 ,footnote #afjj3 ,see p4 #fh4 ,footnote #afja3 ,l\vre ,e #ffg ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #afjb3 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #hi 7,b]l972 b see p4 #gf1 "u ,asklepios4 ,footnote #afjc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #hj3 see = o!r p>odies ( processions or sacrifices ,a!ns #aacb1 #aacf1 #aach4 ,footnote #afjd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eji2 ,b]l9 #ahcj ,j4,h4,s4 ii4 pl4 #ad1 & #afig 7z horses74 ,footnote #afje3 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pl4 #d1 & p4 #ha2 ,b4,m4 ,b #gg ,fig4 #ih3 see g5]ally ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #gg ff4 & ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cia4 ,footnote #afjf3 ,vi5na #cba 7cf4 ,ar4 ,a*4 #gbi ff471 ,h]mes ) dog got up z a pig4 ,footnote #afjg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ii2 ,b]l9 #cjdf ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #hba1 fig4 #ijd 7see ,jahrbu*1 i4 p4 #bhc74 ,footnote #afjh3 ,jahrbu*1 i4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bfj ff4 ,footnote #afji3 ,see = in/ance pp4 #ajg1 #aah1 #abc4 ,footnote #afaj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcc3 cf4 ,re9a*1 i4 #aad4 ,footnote #afaa3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #e1 #aj ,heydemann1 p4 #cjg ,re9a*1 ii4 #ccb1 #e4 ,footnote #afab3 ,b4,m4 ,f #edc4 ,footnote #afac3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ahi ,fig4 #acd4 ,footnote #afad3 ,naples #cbdj ,re9a*1 i4 #aad ,baumei/]1 i4 pl4 #e1 fig4 #dbb4 ,footnote #afae3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fe4 ,footnote #afaf3 ,see ,philologus1 #ahfh1 pls4 #a-d1 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #afag3 ,jatta #aebh ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 p4 #bgc2 ,b4,m4 ,e #gij2 ,naples #bhdf ,fe/s*r4 fr ,ov]beck1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #afah3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg 7,satyric *orus72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbd1 #e2 ii4 #bhh4 ,footnote #afai3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 ,no4 #ej4 ,footnote #afbj3 ,jatta #adjb ,re9a*1 i4 #dac4 ,footnote #afba3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcc1 ,f #bhi4 ,footnote #afbb3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #c1 #e c2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #afbc3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgb3 see also ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #aj2 ,vogel1 ,sc55 ,eurip4 ,tragdi5 7:]e an exhau/ive li/ is giv571 & ,huddil/on1 ,gk4 ,trag$y 9 ! ,light ( ,vase-pa9t+s1 :]e ! subject is also treat$ 9 detail4 ,footnote #afbd3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chi1 & ,plates ,,xxxiii4-,,iv42 = a complete s]ies ( illu/rations1 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x4 pls4 #dg-h ,re9a*1 i4 #baj-ae4 ,footnote #afbe3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #dh1 ,b #fd2 ,b]l9 #afee1 #ahje2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #beb1 #ced2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abi4 ,r4,f43 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbc 7 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #e71 #dbd 7,b]l9 #bahj71 #ded1 ii4 #acd 7,b]l9 #bbfb71 #acg 7m5 ) dogs72 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ae-f ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ebc4 ,footnote #afbf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bga1 ,b #bie1 ,b #fjg2 ,e #ci1 #fc 7p>ade ( box]s be=e judges72 ,a!ns #aafi ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #ca1 #b a2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bib4 ,footnote #afbg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aia1 ,b #bie1 ,b #fjc2 ,e #id1 #ie2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ebb ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ae1 #b2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #af1 #b a2 ,vi5na #ccb ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 #a1 #d4 ,footnote #afbh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gh 7v reali/ic71 ,b #fjd1 ,b #faj2 ,l\vre ,f #bgf1 #bgh1 #cad2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #fd4 ,footnote #afbi3 ,ar*4-epigr4 ,mit?4 aus ,oe/]r4 #ahha1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #afcj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dh1 ,b #acd 7 ,fig4 #ace71 ,b #cbf2 ,muni* #gie ,re9a*1 i4 #dbb ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fac1 fig4 #fgb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dcc1 #a ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #egc1 fig4 #faa2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgb1 ii4 #abh4 ,see on ! subject g5]ally ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #ed ff4 ,footnote #afca3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acf1 ,e #afd2 ,l\vre ,f #abf2 ,a!ns #aahh ,re9a*1 i4 #eaa2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ba 7,duris1 9 ,bo/on72 ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #bc2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #dc1 #b b4 ,footnote #afcb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #chj2 ,l\vre ,f #abf1 ,g #cg2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #fi1 #d c1 #gj1 #b a2 ,de ,witte1 op4 cit4 pl4 #bd4 ,footnote #afcc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dh2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ade1 #age1 #ccj2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #gj1 #a a1 #b b2 #gc1 #a b4 ,a?lete ex]cis+ ) halt]es3 ,l\vre ,g #ae2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #ccb4 ,footnote #afcd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfa4 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiv4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #afce3 ,b4,m4 ,e #afd4 ,footnote #afcf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fc1 #aac1 #afd2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #ceh2 & see ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 xxiii4 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #afcg3 ,a!ns #adgh2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #de2 ,pana!naic amphora 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #afch3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acg1 ,b #fji2 ,muni* #dih ,re9a*1 i4 #bae2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #db1 #b b2 #dc1 #a a4 ,/>t] 9 foot-race3 ,b4,m4 ,e #f1 ,e #aja2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dcc1 #b2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #de1 fig4 #f2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 pp4 #ahe-hh2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #bfh ff4 ,footnote #afci3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acc1 ,b #add2 ,b]l9 #afee1 #agbb1 #bbhb2 ,muni* #hje2 ,a!ns #aedf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ab1 #ajj1 #aii1 ii4 #fa1 #bec2 & see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #dia1 note #b4 ,footnote #afdj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acj-cb1 ,b #fgg2 ,b]l9 #afee2 ,l\vre ,f #baf1 ,f #bhc2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fh1 #gj1 #abe1 #acc2 ,franois vase4 ,footnote #afda3 ,b4,m4 ,e #chi1 ,f #ei2 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ce2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bih1 #cbj2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ebb4 ,footnote #afdb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adc2 ,e #f1 ,e #bb2 ,b #fjh2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #dc1 #d b2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abh1 #abi 7 ,b]l9 #bcjg72 ,muni* #dgf ibid4 ii4 #abg1 & #hjc ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #aif2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #fb1 #a4 ,runn] ) tra9]3 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #ca4 ,see on ! subject g5]ally ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #bfh ff41 & ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #ahb ff4 ,footnote #afdc3 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #a & pl4 #af 7 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ebc72 ,b4,m4 ,e #bb2 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 7#aijc71 p4 #ajj1 ,no4 #ag4 ,footnote #afdd3 ,b]l9 #bcjg 7"o fig472 ,re9a*1 i4 #did 7,l\vre72 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #ii3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fbh4 ,footnote #afde3 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #di2 ,b]l9 #bcjg ,re9a*1 ii4 #abi2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #af 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #ebc72 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #aij2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #afdf3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #bhe 7runn]s ) helmet 9 h&74 ,footnote #afdg3 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ga1 #d b2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #aia2 ,muni* #hjc & #abdj2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #ab4 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #afdh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #add2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfb1 #bia1 #bih1 #cbj 7horsem573 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fbh4 ,footnote #afdi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cdf ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #ag2 ,l\vre ,g #ag1 ,g #cf4 ,footnote #afej3 ,see "u ,nike1 p4 #hh1 note #ajgj4 ,footnote #afea3 ,b]l9 #bahj ,re9a*1 i4 #dbd1 & #bcad2 ,k>lsruhe #bdb 7,psiax & ,hil9os74 ,footnote #afeb3 ,b]l9 #bagh2 ,l\vre ,g #ch ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #be2 ,ar*4-epigr4 ,mit?4 #ahha1 pl4 #d2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cbd4 ,footnote #afec3 ,pet]sburg #afaa ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #bdg1 fig4 #bbf4 ,footnote #afed3 ,muni* #hie ,re9a*1 ii4 #ajf4 ,footnote #afee3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #dg3 cf4 ! a?lete extract+ a ?orn on ,b]l9 #bahj ,re9a*1 i4 #dbd4 ,footnote #afef3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bhc 7unexpla9$ subject74 ,footnote #afeg3 ,salzmann1 ,ncropole de ,camiros1 pl4 #eg1 #b ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #bd1 #b4 ,footnote #afeh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcb2 ,naples #bhed2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dgc2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ehe4 ,footnote #afei3 ,ox=d #bhh2 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjg2 ,l\vre ,f #aji 7) judges73 & see p4 #hh4 ,footnote #affj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hc2 ,l\vre ,g #cf2 ,a!ns #aaef ,re9a*1 i4 #ead2 ibid4 ii4 #bib ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #bdb1 fig4 #bai 7bas9 inscrib$ 72 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #ba1 #i ,re9a*1 ii4 #bge2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #fg1 #a1 p4 #bjf 7us+ sponge72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #acd1 #bge4 ,y\? ) ba? ut5sils3 ,b]l9 #bcad4 ,footnote #affa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bga2 ,e #gh1 #id1 #afd2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pp4 #daf-ag2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #i2 ,b4,c4,h4 xxiii4 p4 #aeh 7tra9] m>k+ goal74 ,footnote #affb3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 passim4 ,footnote #affc3 ,?ree types3--7#a7 ,h>e seiz$ by birds3 ,l\vre ,e #gja ,re9a*1 i4 #aec2 ,naples #bdeh2 ,a!ns #fah4 7#b7 ,h>e pursu$ by dogs3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aai2 ,b]l9 #cdj1 #agec1 #agii2 ,k>lsruhe #agj2 ,pet]sburg #caj1 #chf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cd2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #bbg4 7#c7 ,dogs accompani$ by hunt]s3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fgh1 ,d #fj2 ,b]l9 #cjf1 & #agbg ,re9a*1 i4 #dca2 ,ox=d #ahi 7,oikopheles72 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ahg2 ,naples ,s4,a4 #bjj2 ,b4,m4 ,a #ajej ,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #c2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ccc2 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #dd-e4 ,footnote #affd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg 7cov]72 ,helbig1 #g2 ,muni* #daa 7,amasis72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bge2 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 #bc2 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #affe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #g2 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 pl4 #hj1 #c4 ,footnote #afff3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #dd-e4 ,footnote #affg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cg 7 ,plate ,,xxi471 ,f #aed2 ,l\vre ,e #fif ,re9a*1 i4 #afb2 ,vi5na #bag ,re9a*1 i4 #agj2 ,muni* #baa ,fig4 #ij1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #caf3 cf4 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 #aijc1 p4 #aae1 ,no4 #fb1 = ,b4,f4 jug ) man hid+ 9 tree & attack$ by bo> & lion4 ,footnote #affh3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #add1 #bbc4 ,footnote #affi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eb ,rev4 ,ar*4 xviii4 7#ahia71 p4 #cfg2 ,l\vre ,f #bf ibid4 p4 #cfi2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #afgj3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #afga3 ,b]l9 #aijj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bic4 ,footnote #afgb3 ,l\vre ,f #bbc4 ,footnote #afgc3 ,muni* #ehc ,jahrbu*1 #ahij1 p4 #adf 7see p4 #abi72 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #bhe4 ,footnote #afgd3 ,mlanges ,p]rot1 p4 #beb 79 ,b4,m474 ,footnote #afge3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 ,no4 #bb2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ad-af 7#ahhe-hh71 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #afgf3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ec2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bgg ,re9a*1 i4 #bij4 ,footnote #afgg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dhe2 ,b]l9 #bceg ,re9a*1 i4 #dbc2 ibid4 ii4 #agi4 ,footnote #afgh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #c 7,his*ylos71 ,e #fj2 ,muni* #aaa2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #ccf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ded1 #d 7,pamphaios73 see p4 #agg4 ,footnote #afgi3 ,muni* #ccg ,re9a*1 i4 #bch ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bb 7,euphronios72 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ec-d2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhh1 pl4 #d 7,onesimos72 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ad-af 7#ahhe-hh71 pl4 #e1 & see p4 #a ff42 ,monum5ts ,piot1 i4 pls4 #e-f 79 ,l\vre74 ,cf4 also ,l\vre ,g #bf4 ,footnote #afhj3 ,see "u ,w>riors1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #afha3 ,b4,m4 ,f #gj1 ,f #cjf2 ,b]l9 #baed3 cf4 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #cb1 #e4 ,footnote #afhb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #abg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abe4 ,footnote #afhc3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #e4 ,footnote #afhd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ag2 ,muni* #ijc3 see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 pp4 #aci1 #adb4 ,footnote #afhe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ahb2 ,b]l9 #bdag ,re9a*1 i4 #dbe ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #gha1 fig4 #hcf2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aia2 ,ox=d #bej4 ,footnote #afhf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ha4 ,footnote #afhg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg 7,satyrs72 ,e #cci1 ,f #aig1 ,f #bde2 ,b]l9 #bgaj ,re9a*1 i4 #dbe 7,eros72 ,naples #bhgb ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 pl4 #ab ,re9a*1 ii4 #afi 7,eros72 ,l\vre ,g #cf 7ephebos74 ,footnote #afhh3 ,l\vre ,f #ij & ,f #cfh ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxi4 7#ahic71 pl4 #e2 ,helbig1 p4 #cbg ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #fbb1 fig4 #fie2 ,re9a*1 i4 #caj1 #dbc 7,b]l9 #bjcj74 ,footnote #afhi3 ,naples #ibb ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #hj1 #g4 ,footnote #afij3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gj1 #dec-ed1 #die1 ,f #cg1 #bgc1 #bge2 ,b]l9 #bdaf & ,jatta #abia ,re9a*1 i4 #ccg1 #agh2 ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #gic1 fig4 #heg2 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #ad2 ,l\vre ,g #cj4 ,see also bel[1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #afia3 ,branteghem ,sale ,cat4 #afg 7"h a woman72 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #bg1 #gb1 #b4 ,footnote #afib3 ,l\vre ,g #ha2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dbj2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #bg1 #b4 ,footnote #afic3 ,b]l9 #bagg2 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #afid3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bje 7874 ,footnote #afie3 ,b4,m4 ,f #abc2 ,l\vre ,f #fj2 ,b]l9 #behi 7 ,h>rison1 ,my?ol4 & ,monum4 ( ,a!ns1 p4 xliv7 & #bcid2 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 pl4 #cj2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 ,no4 #bg4 ,footnote #afif3 ,b4,m4 ,e #chg 7,seil5i72 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aegc1 fig4 #afcc 7,eros72 ,g]h>d1 ,ant4 ,bildw4 pl4 #ec4 ,footnote #afig3 ,naples #caea ,re9a*1 i4 #djj4 ,footnote #afih3 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #hi 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #afii3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #aaj 7,f #bbc1 etc471 & ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #agjj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ebg1 #ecd-cg1 #edh-ec 7see ,plate ,,xlii472 ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ggi2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #hi2 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgh1 pl4 #g2 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #ag2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dbe3 see g5]ally ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 s*s ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #bdc ff41 pl4 #ab4 ,footnote #agja3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aja ,fig4 #ae1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #acg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bid4 ,footnote #agjb3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cfa ,re9a*1 ii4 #bfb2 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #eb 79 ,b4,m472 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjg 7h>e74 ,footnote #agjc3 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 iv4 #chg4 ,footnote #agjd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bid3 cf4 ii4 #acg ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gje1 fig4 #gfe1 & = wom5 ) pets see bel[1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #agje3 ,b]l9 #bbhe ,re9a*1 i4 #aif3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ebe & ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 #ahih-ii1 p4 #fe 7,fig4 #agg74 ,footnote #agjf3 ,naples #bjjd ,re9a*1 i4 #cbc4 ,footnote #agjg3 ,ibid4 ii4 #ccc4 ,footnote #agjh3 ,b]l9 #bcbb ,micali1 ,/oria1 #ajc1 #a4 ,footnote #agji3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #df4 ,footnote #agaj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aga-gb2 ,ox=d #bff2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #eed1 fig4 #eia 7flute73 cf4 ibid4 iii4 p4 #aiic1 fig4 #bach 7,iphikles taught ! lyre by ,l9os7 & ! ,duris kylix 7,plate ,,xxxix474 ,footnote #agaa3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bdh4 ,footnote #agab3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ahe2 ,g]h>d1 ,ant4 ,bildw4 pl4 #ff4 ,footnote #agac3 ,see p4 #ie4 ,footnote #agad3 ,a!ns #dfg ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahib1 pl4 #aj2 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfg1 ,e #hjd2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pls4 #ag-h4 ,s+le figure3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cdc4 ,footnote #agae3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fa2 ,l\vre ,g #ah 7ca/anets74 ,footnote #agaf3 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cfa 79 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #agag3 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #bb2 ,re9a*1 i4 #fa1 #cgb1 #dfi 7,naples #cjaj72 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxvi4 7#ahie71 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #agah3 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #dj3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #agai3 ,b4,m4 ,b #db1 #dd2 ,b]l9 #affb2 & see ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #agbj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bga2 ,b]l9 #afhf2 ,bologna #bga ,re9a*1 ii4 #aej2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #af2 ,a!ns #ajai ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahia1 pl4 #aj1 #b2 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 p4 #agb4 ,girls play+ lyre3 ,monum5ts ,piot1 ii4 pls4 #e-f 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #agba3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cjh2 & see ,re9a*1 ii4 #ahg1 #c4 ,footnote #agbb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bgj1 ,e #dfi2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #fe-f4 ,footnote #agbc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aci1 ,b #ada2 ,l\vre ,g #a ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 p4 #i2 ,pet]sburg #afjc ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #g1 #ad2 ,vi5na #bcd4 ,footnote #agbd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ahh1 ,e #ced2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bgd2 ,l\vre ,g #ajc ,atlas1 pl4 #aja 7,euphronios74 ,footnote #agbe3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfj2 ,bologna #bhf2 ,a!ns #abfj ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 #af2 ,helbig1 #ij ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #fj1 #c2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 #dc1 #d a4 ,footnote #agbf3 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #bb1 #b a4 ,footnote #agbg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bgj4 ,footnote #agbh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #acb4 ,footnote #agbi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aib1 ,b #bii1 ,e #cg2 ,a!ns #aaeh ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aihd1 fig4 #babg2 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #af3 see also ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #bee1 note #b4 ,footnote #agcj3 ,b]l9 #fci1 #hga1 #hhe ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #h1 ,nos4 #g1 #ad1 #bc4 ,footnote #agca3 ,b]l9 #fjh ff42 #hjj #ic3 cf4 op4 cit4 pl4 #h1 ,nos4 #ad b1 #ag1 #ah 7 #hhe1 #hfi1 #hfh72 also ,nos4 #a1 #d1 #ab1 #ai b1 #bb1 #bf 7 ,b]l9 #fjh1 #hjb1 #faf1 #hic1 #hbg1 #faa74 ,see also ,*apt] ,v41 ,figs4 #fe1 #fi4 ,footnote #agcb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dcb2 ,muni* #gca ,fig4 #fg1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bac2 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #agcc3 ,figs4 #fg1 #ga1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bac1 #bbc4 ,footnote #agcd3 ,fig4 #gj1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #agce3 ,fig4 #gd1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #agcf3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ag1 #a1 & see ibid4 p4 #agd2 ,kop5hag5 #abe2 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 pl4 #cg4 ,footnote #agcg3 ,b]l9 #hca ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #h1 fig4 #c a4 ,see on ! subject ,rev4 ,ar*4 iii4 7#aijd71 p4 #de ff4 ,footnote #agch3 ,b]l9 #bbid ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ejf1 fig4 #edg4 ,footnote #agci3 ,b4 ,m4 ,b #ejg2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbd ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aehb1 fig4 #afci 79 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #agdj3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiv4 p4 #cje2 ,branteghem ,cat4 #dd4 ,see also l4 ,cr4 i4 #hc4 ,footnote #agda3 ,kop5hag5 #aai ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #gc1 #g4 ,footnote #agdb3 ,see p4 #dj3 cf4 also = a sculptor1 p4 #af1 note #ec4 ,footnote #agdc3 ,b]l9 #ahjf ,fig4 #acf 7,niko/h5es72 ,l\vre ,f #gg ibid4 fig4 #ac2 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #ac1 #a 7s[+74 ,footnote #agdd3 ,b4,m4 ,f #adg3 see p4 #gc1 & ,rob]t1 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 pl4 #e1 p4 #aih ff4 ,footnote #agde3 ,b]l9 #bbgd l4 ,cr4 ii4 #gd4 ,footnote #agdf3 ,l\vre ,f #fh4 ,footnote #agdg3 ,l\vre ,f #fi ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #a1 figs4 #i-aj2 ibid4 pl4 #a1 figs4 #b1 #g4 ,footnote #agdh3 ,vi5na #cce ,s*reib]-,&]son1 pl4 #fd1 figs4 #a1 #c2 ibid4 pl4 #fd1 fig4 #f 79 ,naples72 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #e2 & see "u ,h]mes & ,seil5os4 ,footnote #agdi3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ij4 ,footnote #agej3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbf2 ,b]l9 #ahee ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajdg1 fig4 #abei4 ,footnote #agea3 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cbc 7n[ 9 ,bo/on73 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racotta1 ,d #eej4 ,footnote #ageb3 ,helbig1 #gj ,re9a*1 i4 #ajf ,baumei/]1 ii4 p4 #ajdg1 figs4 #abfj-abfa2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #fi1 ,no4 #bd4 ,footnote #agec3 ,l\vre ,e #fce ,re9a*1 i4 #aea2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #gj1 ,no4 #be4 ,footnote #aged3 ,b]l9 #aiae ,re9a*1 ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #agee3 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #ac1 #b2 ,eranos ,v9dobon5sis1 p4 #cha 7woman knead+ d\gh74 ,footnote #agef3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #fa4 ,footnote #ageg3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cdb3 see also p4 #adi4 ,footnote #ageh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbd ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aehg1 fig4 #afdi 79 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #agei3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bc4 ,footnote #agfj3 ,micali1 ,/oria1 pl4 #ig1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #agfa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cci2 ,l\vre ,f #aj1 ,f #ef4 ,footnote #agfb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #afj1 ,b #agd1 ,b #beg2 ,b #dhe2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 pp4 #acc1 #acg1 #adb4 ,footnote #agfc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #haj1 ,d #aa 7,plate ,,xliii472 ,b]l9 #bcgb 7 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #eh71 #bcgc 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #ddj72 ,a!ns #abbd & #abbe ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #aj1 #a1 & ,re9a*1 i4 #bjf2 ,a!ns #aehh #ab #ahig1 pl4 #aj1 #b 7prep>ations = m>riage1 ) fancy names73 see g5]ally ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #h4 ,footnote #agfd3 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #cac1 fig4 #cbh4 ,footnote #agfe3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #dd 79 ,l\vre72 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 iv4 #cad4 ,footnote #agff3 ,b]l9 #bcgd ,re9a*1 i4 #abh4 ,footnote #agfg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #agc2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #agfh3 ,a!ns #fic4 ,footnote #agfi3 ,pet]sburg #aea ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amph4 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #aggj3 ,b]l9 #ahda ,re9a*1 ii4 #dd 7,b4,f472 ,a!ns #aeeb ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #h1 #e2 ,b]l9 #bbfa ,re9a*1 i4 #ddj1 & #bgbj ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #fd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #b 7,pet]sburg #agia71 #dgb 7 ,jatta #aebf71 #dgg 7 ,naples ,s4,a4 #caf1 ) fancy names74 ,footnote #agga3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbe1 #ggc-gd1 ,f #cjh1 #caj2 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #hc1 #d4 ,footnote #aggb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eih1 ,e #hg1 ,e #aic1 ,e #bae1 ,d #ac2 ,a!ns #aeej1 #aeeb1 & #aehi ,re9a*1 i4 #eag 7note ! use ( ! 72 ,l\vre ,f #bbd l4 ,cr4 iii4 #cf ,b2 ,/ackelb]g1 #cd2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dbj1 ii4 #g1 #d3 see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #aggc3 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #h ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #hb1 #d4 ,footnote #aggd3 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #agaa1 fig4 #agif4 ,footnote #agge3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 p4 #da1 ,no4 #aj4 ,footnote #aggf3 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aehc1 fig4 #afda4 ,footnote #aggg3 ,ibid4 i4 p4 #fji1 fig4 #ffh4 ,footnote #aggh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ah2 ,l\vre ,g #b2 ,b]l9 #bbgb ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #hi2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #adf1 #g4 ,footnote #aggi3 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aiai1 fig4 #bjcd ,re9a*1 ii4 #adh4 ,footnote #aghj3 ,l\vre ,f #aad ,plate ,,xxx42 ,b4,m4 ,f #aja1 #bjg4 ,footnote #agha3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #hb1 #ab2 ,b4,m4 ,f #aci1 #bjg1 #cdb4 ,footnote #aghb3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #hc1 #ad4 ,footnote #aghc3 ,b]l9 #ahdc 7 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #bdc1 fig4 #bba71 & #bgjg 7 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 #fb1 #b72 ,jatta #fed ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 pl4 #ai2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #i 7frontispiece72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #adf1 #cbh1 #a2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #bdb1 fig4 #bbj2 ,b4,m4 ,d #bi1 ,e #ij1 #bja-b2 & see g5]ally ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 p4 #eii4 ,footnote #aghd3 ,l\vre ,f #aig & ,f #bjc ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 p4 #c ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #eg1 #e4 ,footnote #aghe3 ,b4,m4 ,f #caa2 & see l4 ,cr4 iv4 #aj-bb4 ,footnote #aghf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cbi-ch2 ,l\vre ,f #bif2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aea3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #aei & ,a!ns #adbi ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #i1 #b4 ,footnote #aghg3 ,b4,m4 ,d #f2 ,muni* #adb3 cf4 ,b]l9 #ahda ,re9a*1 ii4 #dd4 ,footnote #aghh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bda1 ,e #gba2 ,branteghem ,sale ,cat4 #ih-i4 ,footnote #aghi3 ,a!ns #aeej ,heydemann1 op4 cit4 pl4 #i1 #e4 ,footnote #agij3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cd4 ,footnote #agia3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gfi4 ,footnote #agib3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aij4 ,footnote #agic3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hh4 ,footnote #agid3 ,branteghem ,cat4 #afg4 ,footnote #agie3 ,naples ,r4,c4 #aag ,re9a*1 i4 #dij1 #bb4 ,footnote #agif3 ,muni* #ijc ,re9a*1 ii4 #aaj4 ,footnote #agig3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ec1 ,b #afc1 ,b #dji2 ,b]l9 #ciic ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #ea4 ,footnote #agih3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #id2 ,a!ns #dff ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,footnote #agii3 ,ox=d #cbj4 ,footnote #ahjj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cif4 ,footnote #ahja3 ,branteghem ,cat4 #afc4 ,footnote #ahjb3 ,pet]sburg #hge ,re9a*1 i4 #ci3 cf4 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #bg4 ,footnote #ahjc3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcb2 ,a!ns #ajca ,heydemann1 ,gr4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #i1 #c2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dgc2 ,mus4 ,borb4 vii4 #eh2 ,mon4 ,b>one1 pls4 #c1 #i2 & see pp4 #afe1 #ahb4 ,footnote #ahjd3 ,see p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ahje3 ,see on ! subject ,w9t] 9 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 p4 #ahg ff42 & ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 p4 #be ff4 ,footnote #ahjf3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #afe1 ,b #feg2 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bic2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agb & #bjc ,re9a*1 ii4 #ie4 ,r4,f43 ,l\vre ,g #dg-h2 ,bologna #bgd2 ,helbig1 #afg & #agd 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #acc72 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aad2 ,vi5na #cbd ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #a 7,duris74 ,footnote #ahjg3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg1 ,b #cji1 ,b #cfj2 ,l\vre ,f #ab1 ,f #ci1 ,f #ec1 ,f #aej2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abd1 #aca4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #bed1 ,e #bgf1 ,e #ddh2 ,l\vre ,g #dd2 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #bjcd1 fig4 #bbjg 7,duris74 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aeh1 ,f #agd2 ,muni* #chb ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ce4 ,footnote #ahjh3 ,b4,f43 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #dd-e 7,proto-,cor472 ,b4,m4 ,b #ge1 ,b #aii1 ,b #bab1 ,b #djj2 ,a!ns #fbc2 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #ad4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #g1 ,e #cc1 ,e #dc1 ,e #hjh2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #ccb4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,f #age1 ,f #bae4 ,horseman & foot-soldi]3 two uncatalogu$ 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #ahji3 ,see pp4 #c1 #g1 #abf4 ,footnote #ahaj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bbd1 ,b #bdc2 ,a!ns #aafa ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #hg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abi1 #aca1 #d1 #acc4 ,footnote #ahaa3 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bic2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjc ,re9a*1 ii4 #ie4 ,footnote #ahab3 ,muni* #cgd ,fig4 #acg2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 #ci2 & see "u ,hector1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #ahac3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dje4 ,footnote #ahad3 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 p4 #afe3 cf4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #acc & ,ar4 ,a*4 #egd4 ,footnote #ahae3 ,l\vre ,g #e3 see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #abb1 note4 ,footnote #ahaf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cc2 ,muni* #abbi2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #ccg 79 ,bo/on72 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #ad1 #a3 cf4 ,b]l9 #bbif ,re9a*1 i4 #dbh1 & ,b4,m4 ,e #eih4 ,footnote #ahag3 ,see note #ahae2 also ,fe/s*rift fr ,o4 ,b5ndorf1 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ahah3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cjc-je2 ,b]l9 #ahig ,re9a*1 ii4 #abd2 ,jahrbu*1 iv4 7#ahhi71 pl4 #aj2 ,l\vre ,f #bhe1 ,f #cde4 ,footnote #ahai3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aih4 ,footnote #ahbj3 ,see pp4 #aah1 #abg4 ,footnote #ahba3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ae1 ,b #bjf1 ,b #ebc2 ,l\vre ,f #i2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfb1 #a2 ii4 #bee ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bbg2 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 #ahhh1 ,no4 #ajh #aijc1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #ajb 7,&okides74 ,footnote #ahbb3 ,a!ns #fah ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aifc1 fig4 #bjih4 ,footnote #ahbc3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abh2 ,b4,m4 ,b #bd2 ,l\vre ,e #fji ,re9a*1 i4 #cie 7,*>es72 & ,fig4 #hh1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #big4 ,footnote #ahbd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dgf3 ,l\vre ,g #ed ,re9a*1 ii4 #g2 ,pet]sburg #afib1 #agaa ,re9a*1 i4 #dc-d3 see ,b4,m4 ,e #fe1 ,l\vre ,f #ai1 ,f #gj1 & ,vi5na #cbd ,wi5] ,vorl4 vii4 #a 7,duris74 ,footnote #ahbe3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ea3 see "u ,nike1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ahbf3 ,b]l9 #agah ,re9a*1 i4 #cic2 ,helbig1 ii4 p4 #cja1 ,no4 #gg ,re9a*1 ii4 #ajg 7may be ,ajax ) body ( ,a*illes74 ,footnote #ahbg3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pp4 #bbg-bh2 & cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #aga 7inspection ( liv]71 ,b #fda2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #djj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aca1 #a 7hoplite tak+ oa?72 ,l\vre ,g #df4 ,footnote #ahbh3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #b1 #b-c2 ,b4,m4 ,b #chj2 ,l\vre ,f #abg1 ,g #e3 bu/ ( w>rior1 ,l\vre ,f #acg4 ,footnote #ahbi3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dgj1 ,b #fah2 ,l\vre ,f #bib1 ,g #be2 ,engelmann-,&]son1 ,od4 xiii4 #ga3 see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #i1 p4 #ajf1 note4 ,footnote #ahcj3 ,b]l9 #ahgi4 ,footnote #ahca3 ,b]l9 #bcjd4 ,footnote #ahcb3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cgb4 ,footnote #ahcc3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #ahcd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #feh4 ,footnote #ahce3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adi1 ,b #cfj4 ,footnote #ahcf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eij-ia2 ,l\vre ,g #gj2 ,helbig1 #bib2 ,muni* #d ,re9a*1 ii4 #eg2 ,jahrbu*1 iv4 7#ahhi71 pl4 #d4 ,z %ield-device3 ,vi5na #ccb 7a negro72 ,re9a*1 i4 #gg2 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #df1 #a4 ,footnote #ahcg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bhe2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ah1 #a1 & see p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ahch3 ,see p4 #agi1 note #ahec2 also ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #b1 & ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #ahci3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #ic2 ,b4,m4 ,e #gei2 ,h>twig1 p4 #cfh1 note3 cf4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #ahdj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbf2 ,b]l9 #bbif ,re9a*1 i4 #dbh2 ,helbig1 #ed2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 p4 #aa3 see also ,helbig1 ,e9e ,he]s*au des ,peisi/ratos1 & ,les ,a?ni5s1 p4 #ga ff4 ,footnote #ahda3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dhf ,bo/on ,cat4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #ahdb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fj2 ,l\vre ,a #ebf2 ,plate ,,xvi4 7,ari/onos krat]72 ,re9a*1 i4 #aij1 #d1 #cbh1 #f1 & #dei 7,dipylon74 ,footnote #ahdc3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #h2 ,l\vre ,a #ebe-ecb2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 ii4 7#ahhb-hd71 pl4 #d1 pp4 #dd-eg2 & see ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,footnote #ahdd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dcf2 ,b]l9 #hcf2 ,l\vre ,e #gce & ,f #abc 7 ,j4,h4,s4 #ahhe1 pl4 #di72 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cbb2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ai ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aeii1 fig4 #affb4 ,footnote #ahde3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dcf2 ,b]l9 #fdf ff41 #hca2 ,l\vre ,f #ade 7874 ,footnote #ahdf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fgi1 ,e #b 7,plate ,,xxxvii472 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cbb2 ,b\rguignon ,sale ,cat4 #ad2 ,l\vre ,f #abc1 ,f #ade4 ,footnote #ahdg3 ,l\vre ,f #fb2 ,vi5na #bce2 ,naples ,r4,c4 #bdf2 ,muni* #gha ,re9a*1 ii4 #abf2 ,pet]sburg #aj & #hf2 ,wrzburg #ccg ,re9a*1 ii4 #ada2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvi4 7#aijj71 p4 #cbc2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #e1 #c4 ,footnote #ahdh3 ,a!ns #ifi ,re9a*1 i4 #dae4 ,footnote #ahdi3 ,see above1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #ahej3 ,b4,m4 ,b #agc1 ,b #bhj1 ,b #cbc2 ,f #bgh4 ,footnote #ahea3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #ahd1 #bjg1 #bdc1 #bdf1 etc4 ,footnote #aheb3 ,see g5]ally ,zahn1 ,die ,b>b>51 & ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 passim4 ,footnote #ahec3 ,b4,m4 ,e #f2 ,l\vre ,f #abf1 ,f #chh1 ,g #de2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 pl4 #d2 & see above1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ahed3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ahd1 ,b #bjg1 ,b #dbf2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cgf 7874 ,footnote #ahee3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #e2 ,b\rguignon ,cat4 #ad4 ,footnote #ahef3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eij-ia4 ,footnote #aheg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bcc2 ,b]l9 #bbie2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #hd2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ee-ef4 ,footnote #aheh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #ahei3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fie4 ,footnote #ahfj3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahib1 pl4 #a2 ,ox=d #caj ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #hg4 ,footnote #ahfa3 ,see p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ahfb3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 ii4 7#ahhg71 pl4 #i1 p4 #agb2 ,muni* #cgd ,fig4 #acg2 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #ahfc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dgc ,re9a*1 i4 #aca4 ,footnote #ahfd3 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ahfe3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ch-i2 & see ibid4 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #ahff3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dha-hb2 & see pp4 #hj1 #adc4 ,footnote #ahfg3 ,l\vre ,g #bf3 cf4 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 pl4 #f1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ahfh3 ,muni* #ccg ,kle91 ,euphronios1 p4 #hb2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 pl4 #e2 & see pp4 #aff1 #agg4 ,footnote #ahfi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cja2 ,j4,h4,s4 ix4 pl4 #f2 ,re9a*1 i4 #fc4 ,footnote #ahgj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fgc-gd2 ,a!ns #ajhh2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 p4 #de3 cf4 ,l\vre ,g #ic2 ano!r un>m$1 ,g #ajj4 ,on ,vi5na #ccb a negro trumpet] occurs z a %ield-device4 ,footnote #ahga3 ,pet]sburg #afjc4 ,footnote #ahgb3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #db4 ,footnote #ahgc3 ,l\vre ,g #ajj4 ,footnote #ahgd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ajfa4 ,footnote #ahge3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aig1 #bda-db 7see ,plate ,,xliv471 #big1 #cja1 #ebe2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bib-ic4 ,footnote #ahgf3 ,b4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,b #df1 ,b #chb1 ,b #fgi2 ,l\vre ,f #b1 ,f #baf1 ,f #cad2 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 pl4 #ad1 #a4 ,r4,f43 ,b4,m4 ,e #ch1 #di1 #fh1 #gj2 ,muni* #bgb ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ae1 #a2 ,helbig1 #bbe & #bbg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #d4 ,late3 ,b4,m4 ,e #die1 ,f #cjc2 ,naples #bbjb ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 pl4 #de1 & ,r4,c4 #add ,s*reib]-,&]son1 #gf1 #b2 ibid4 pl4 #gf1 #d ,mill+5-,re9a*1 pl4 #h2 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #eh4 ,footnote #ahgg3 ,see pp4 #eg1 #aje4 ,footnote #ahgh3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #id4 ,footnote #ahgi3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cea1 ,e #dgd4 ,footnote #ahhj3 ,b4,m4 ,b #df1 #cja-b1 #chb1 #fgi1 ,e #ff1 ,e #ded4 ,footnote #ahha3 ,l\vre ,g #ih2 ,a!ns #fia ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 pls4 #ac-d 7,x5okles & ,kleisophos72 ,cab4 ,p\rtals1 #cd2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ha1 #a a4 ,footnote #ahhb3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bdg3 see ,jahrbu*1 #ahic1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #ahhc3 ,l\vre ,g #be2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ha1 #a b2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #ad1 #b1 #dh1 & p4 #ccb2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #ahhd3 ,see ,kle91 ,euphronios1#b p4 #aae1 = a collect$ li/ ( examples2 also ! foll[+ notes4 ,footnote #ahhe3 ,l\vre ,g #cj2 ,b4,m4 ,e #gj ,fig4 #ach1 ,e #afa1 ,e #ded1 ,e #gie2 ,b]l9 #dbba2 ,naples #hbb1 #ife1 #igb1 #bdae1 ,s4,a4 #bha4 ,footnote #ahhf3 ,x is wor? not+ t on ! be/ ,r4,f4 vases mortals play ! game2 on ! lat] ones gods & ,satyrs4 ,x mu/ h disappe>$ f social life ab\t ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,footnote #ahhg3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cg2 ,naples #ijc1 ,s4,a4 #cjb1 ,r4,c4 #add1 #ade1 #bcjh2 ,b]l9 #bdaf ,re9a*1 i4 #ccg2 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #ad2 & see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #deb = a curi\s v>iant4 ,footnote #ahhh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #ej1 #age-gg2 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 ii4 #aig4 ,footnote #ahhi3 ,b4,m4 ,f #afa1 ,f #bgc1 ,f #bge1 ,f #cjd1 ,f #dbe2 ,f #egi ,fig4 #aah 7,eros74 ,footnote #ahij3 ,l\vre ,g #cj2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #hc1 #a;b1 & #he1 #b;b4 ,footnote #ahia3 ,l\vre ,f #baf2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #cbi1 #e3 see also ibid4 ii4 #f1 #cjd1 #e2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ha1 #a;a2 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 pls4 #bgc1 #cef4 ,footnote #ahib3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ad1 #ch1 #fa1 #fh2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #ahic3 ,see pp4 #afe1 #agd4 ,footnote #ahid3 ,a!ns #aaeh2 & see p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ahie3 ,pet]sburg #afgj ,re9a*1 i4 #cb ,wi5] ,vorl4 v4 #b2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bij1 #b 7 ( wom574 ,footnote #ahif3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fa 7,hi]on74 ,footnote #ahig3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ga1 #dgd1 #dhd1 #dhi1 #ejf1 #gfg2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #id1 #g2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #hd1 #b a2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #aa & p4 #da2 ,wi5] ,vorl4 viii4 #e 7,brygos 9 ,wrzburg74 ,footnote #ahih3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cc1 #df1 #ec1 #ejh2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 #cag2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abj4 ,footnote #ahii3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bii2 & see above1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #aijj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #acg1 ,e #dhh2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fh1 #bij1 #cja1 #cac2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ed1 #a a1 #b a2 #gh1 #b a2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #cf1 pp4 #ccc1 #cce2 ,+hirami1 ,vasi4 ,fitt4 #aih4 ,footnote #aija3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ed2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pls4 #aa1 #bj4 ,footnote #aijb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cg2 ,l\vre ,f #abi1 ,g #gc2 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pls4 #h1 #aa2 & see ,b]l9 #bbfe1 & ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #aijc3 ,see above1 p4 #eg ff4 ,footnote #aijd3 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #di4 ,footnote #aije3 ,b4,m4 ,b #da2 ,b]l9 #baga2 ,froehn]1 ,muses de ,france1 pl4 #dj1 #b4 ,footnote #aijf3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 passim2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ije is a good typical example4 ,footnote #aijg3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ba3 cf4 ,*ri/ie1 ,disquisitions1 passim4 ,footnote #aijh3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fdh1 #gje-i1 #ggh-hc 7see ,plate ,,xlii472 ,a!ns #aida ,jahn1 ,vas5 mit ,golds*muck1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #aiji3 ,b4,m4 ,e #fa2 ,muni* #hai ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #bf2 ,b]l9 #bbgi ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #be 7v f9e72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjg2 ,helbig1 #bah ibid4 ii4 #adf2 & see ,h>twig1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #aiaj3 ,see ,kle91 ,euphronios1 p4 #bf1 & ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*al51 passim2 also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #aiaa3 ,a!ns #aafa ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 p4 #hg2 ,h>twig1 pl4 #bg 7f ext]ior ( kylix74 ,footnote #aiab3 ,b4,m4 ,e #b3 cf4 ,e #af1 ,e #bg2 ,l\vre ,f #abi 7y\? balanc+ amphora74 ,footnote #aiac3 ,a!ns #aafb ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 p4 #hg2 ,h>twig1 pl4 #ai1 #b 79 ,l\vre71 & p4 #agh2 ,l\vre ,g #ag ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij1 pl4 #aj4 ,footnote #aiad3 ,cambridge #ga ,h>twig1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #aiae3 ,b4,m4 ,e #df2 ,h>twig1 p4 #hf2 & see ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 #h4 ,footnote #aiaf3 ,l\vre ,g #dj4 ,footnote #aiag3 ,l\vre ,g #gj1 #if4 ,footnote #aiah3 ,b4,m4 ,e #eg4 ,footnote #aiai3 ,h>twig1 pl4 #gj1 #a3 cf4 ,il4 iii4 #cc4 ,footnote #aibj3 ,j4,h4,s4 xvii4 p4 #ge ,fig4 #hb2 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahij1 pl4 #bb1 p4 #dcg ff42 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #i 7vase 9 ,m>seilles74 ,footnote #aiba3 ,b]l9 #bcbd ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahij-ia1 pl4 #g1 #a4 ,footnote #aibb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #a2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #abh2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 ,no4 #ba2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #ca1 #b2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bbe 7lion & pan!r fight+74 ,footnote #aibc3 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 pl4 #i 79 ,bo/on74 ,footnote #aibd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #chb1 ,e #d2 ,l\vre ,f #hd & ,f #ed ,fig4 #if1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cha4 ,footnote #aibe3 ,l\vre ,f #abe 7ram72 ,b]l9 #djdb 7bull7 & #bbff 7horse72 ,muni* #aaga & ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #fd1 #c a 7cock74 ,also on ext]ior ( ,b4,f4 kylikes3 cocks & h5s1 ,b4,m4 ,b #cia-ib2 ,l\vre ,f #ib1 ,f #chj2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cag2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aga4 ,lion & bull1 ,l\vre ,f #cac4 ,apes1 ,sale ,cat4 ,htel ,dr\ot1 ,may #aijc1 ,no4 #ga4 ,see g5]ally ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #efe4 ,footnote #aibf3 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 pl4 #fc1 #a4 ,footnote #aibg3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #age-gf4 ,footnote #aibh3 ,muni* #dfh ,philologus1 #ahih1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #aibi3 ,s*reib]-,&]son1 pl4 #hj1 #c4 ,footnote #aicj3 ,b]l9 #beag ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #fe4 ,footnote #aica3 ,re9a*1 i4 #if ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aihe1 fig4 #babh4 ,= ! inscription on ?is vase1 see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #aicb3 ,see ,s*reib]-,&]son1 pl4 #fc1 #f2 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #ai1 ,f #bed-fh1 & ref]5ces !re giv52 also ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aid1 #dhg1 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,footnote #aicc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eg1 ,b #eh2 ,l\vre ,e #gjc ,re9a*1 ii4 #ib2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agb4 ,footnote #aicd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bh1 ,b #ca2 & see p4 #ahe1 note #aibe4 ,footnote #aice3 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #ccj ,re9a*1 i4 #ejc3 see p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #aicf3 ,r4,f4 kalpis 9 ,l\vre2 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #ic2 ,b4,m4 ,e #gei3 see = ?is & ! foll[+ subjects ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*41 p4 #cfh1 note2 also p4 #agg above4 ,footnote #aicg3 ,l\vre ,f #abg 7,pamphaios74 ,footnote #aich3 ,muni* #aagj4 ,footnote #aici3 ,muni* #abbc4 ,footnote #aidj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gga4 ,footnote #aida3 ,9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,details ,,( ,,types1 ,,arrangem5t1 ,,& ,,ornam5tation ,di/9ctions ( types--,co/ume & attributes ( individual deities--,p]sonifications--,h]oes--,mon/ ]s--,p]sonages 9 e-day life--,arm\r & %ield-devices--,dress & ornam5ts--,physiognomical expression on vases--,l&scape & ar*itecture--,arrangem5t ( subjects--,ornam5tal patt]ns--,mae&]1 circles1 & o!r geometrical patt]ns--,floral patt]ns--,lotos & palmettes--,treatm5t ( ornam5tation 9 diff]5t fabrics4 ,x may be pr(itable to supplem5t ! =ego+ acc\nt ) a few g5]al consid]ations1 su* z ! attributes1 emblems1 & co/ume by :i* ! diff]5t figures may be di/+ui%$1 ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! subjects at diff]5t p]iods1 & ! use ( ornam5tal motives 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( ,greek vase-pa9t+4 #a4 ,,di/9ctions ,,( ,,types ,9 ! e>li] vase-pa9t+s deities are (t5 n only indi/+ui%able f "o ano!r1 b ev5 f k+s & o!r mortal p]sonages1 attributes & subtle di/9ctions ( co/ume be+ ignor$2 & 9 ! p]iod ( decl9e a simil> t5d5cy may be not$1 due 9 ?is case n s mu* to confusion ( ideas z to a g5]al c>elessness ( execution & indiff]5ce to ! mean+ ( ! subject4 ,9 ! =m] vases x 01 d\btless1 l>gely ! result ( conv5tionality & limitation 9 ! free expression ( =ms2 b x is a peculi>ity n conf9$ to pa9t+1 & may be obs]v$ n only 9 ! m9or arts1 9 t]racotta & bronze figur9es1 b ev5 9 sculpture ( a m exalt$ k9d--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! female /atues f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,?us1 all ! deities are drap$1 & _! co/ume diff]s 9 no respect f t worn by mortals2 all alike we> ! *iton1 himation1 or *lamys1 & ornam5tation ( ! drap]y ) embroid]$ patt]ns is no m>k ( di/9ction4 ,x is only z ! art advances 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod t ! necessity = diff]5tiation makes itself felt1 & ea* deity becomes individualis$ by "s peculi>ity ( co/ume or special attribute :i* makes x possible to recognise !m )\t difficulty4 ,to give a brief survey ( ^! *>act]i/ic m>ks w be ! object ( ! foll[+ pages4#aidb ,among ! ,olympian deities1 ,zeus is g5]ally be>d$1 & fully drap$ 9 long *iton & mantle2 on ,r4,f4 vases he we>s a laurel-wrea?4 ,he fights ! giants f 8 *>iot1 b o!rwise is /&+1 or seat$ on a ?rone1 :i* is (t5 c>v$ & ornam5t$ ) figures4#aidc ,he usually holds a ?und]bolt1 or a sceptre1 surm\nt$ by an eagle or o!rwise ornam5t$2 9 "o or two cases ! t]m9ation is 9 ! =m ( a lotos-bud1 curi\sly conv5tionalis$4#aidd ,h]a is di/+ui%$ by ! /ephane or broad diadem1 (t5 ornam5t$1 & cov]$ ) ! bridal veil1 ! edge ( :i* %e draws =w>d ) "o h& 9 ! attitude consid]$ typical ( brides4 ,h] sceptre is sometimes surm\nt$ by h] emblem--! cuckoo4 ,poseidon1 on ! ,cor9?ian & ,attic ,b4,f4 vases--on :i* he is b a r>e figure--is (t5 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ,zeus1 ! approximation ( ! types ext5d+ ev5 to _! emblems4 ,:]e he holds 9 addition a dolph9 or tunny-fi%1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no d\bt z to 8 pres5ce2 nor1 aga91 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia1 :]e he wields a rock 7see p4 #ac1 & ,fig4 #aab72 b 8 trid5t1 :i* subsequ5tly becomes ! unmi/akable evid5ce ( 8 id5tity1 (t5 assumes 7z on ! ,cor9?ian p9akes7 ! =m ( a sceptre end+ 9 a lotos-bud1#aide :i* is typical ( ,zeus1 &1 inde$1 ( ,olympian deities g5]ally4 ,! o!r sea-deities are1 h[ev]1 ( a m cle>ly def9$ type4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ,triton is ! fi%-tail 9 :i* 8 body t]m9ates4 ,n]eus1 on ! o!r h&1 is repres5t$ z an old man1 bald & grey-be>d$4 ,9 ?is =m he cont5ds ) ,h]akles 7see p4 #aja71 & x may be t ! diff]5tiation 0 necess>y to avoid confusion ) ! ,triton type4 ,z attributes he (t5 holds a dolph9 or tunny-fi%1 & a trid5t or sceptre4 ,! w+$ deity ) a long s9u\s fi%-tail se5 on e>ly ,cor9?ian vases is probably ,palaemon 7see p4 #bf72 b 9 "o case ?is deity is fem99e4#aidf ,amphitrite1 z ! fem99e consort ( ,poseidon1 holds a sceptre or tunny-fi%1 & ,!tis & ! ,n]eids appe> 9 ord9>y female =m4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 9 h] /ruggles ) ,peleus1 is accompani$ by lions1 s]p5ts1 & o!r animals1 :i* indicate ! trans=mations %e 0 suppos$ to assume4 ,skylla appe>s z describ$ 9 ,hom]1 ) fi%-tail & ! =e-p>ts ( dogs issu+ f h] wai/1 :i* is encircl$ by a fr+e ( scales or fea!rs4 ,demet] & ,p]sephone are n always di/+ui%able f "o ano!r1 bo? hav+ ! same attributes--a tor* or e>s ( corn 7cf4 ,plate ,,li474 ,_! id5tification dep5ds r on ! nature ( _! respective actions 9 ! sc5es :]e !y appe>4 ,triptolemos is always se5 9 8 w+$ two-:eel$ c> 7sometimes drawn by s]p5ts71 & usually holds e>s ( corn or a libation-b[l2 on ,b4,f4 vases he is be>d$4 ,! o!r ,eleus9ian deities1 on ! late ,r4,f4 vases :]e !y occur1 are m>k$ by ! l>ge tor*es :i* !y hold4 ,apollo on ! ,b4,f4 vases almo/ inv>iably occurs 9 8 "* ( ,ki?>oidos1#aidg ! lyre :i* he holds be+ ( ! =m kn[n z ki?>a 7on lat] vases x is a *elys72 he is !re=e1 l all musicians1 fully drap$ 9 long *iton1 & 8 hair falls 9 curls on 8 %\ld]s1 or is ga!r$ 9 a 4 ,unlike mo/ gods1 he is at all times y\?ful & be>dless4#aidh ,he is also repres5t$ hold+ a laurel-bran*1 %oot+ an arr[ f 8 b[1 or rid+ on a swan or ,gryphon1 or accompani$ by a h9d or o!r animal4 ,8 si/] ,artemis is drap$ 9 long *iton & mantle1 & (t5 we>s a high cap on ,b4,f4 vases2 x is n until ! lat] ,r4,f4 p]iod t %e appe>s 9 hunt+ co/ume1 ) knott$-up hair1 %ort *iton1 & high lac$-up hunt+-boots or endromides2 sometimes also a fawn-sk94 ,%e is usually di/+ui%$ by h] b[ & arr[s1 & is accompani$ by a h\nd1 de]1 goat1 or o!r animal4#aidi ,hephai/os is usually be>d$1#aiej & (t5 appe>s 9 ! workman's dress ( ! exomis or %ort *iton cov]+ "o %\ld]1 & high conical cap2 8 craft is fur!r symbolis$ by a hamm] or tongs1 or by ! axe ) :i* he br+s ,a!na =? f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,9 ! ,gigantoma*ia he uses 8 tongs ) savage viol5ce aga9/ an un=tunate oppon5t 7see p4 #ad74 ,ares is ! typical ,greek fully-arm$ w>rior1 be>d$1 ) helmet1 %ort *iton1 cuirass1 & greaves1 sword1 spe>1 & %ield2 b is n o!rwise to be di/+ui%$4 ,h]mes1 z ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 appe>s 9 appropriate co/ume ( *lamys & petasos 7! ,greek travell+-hat71 & c>ry+ ! caduceus or h]ald's /aff2 he usually we>s high boots1 & on ! e>li] vases a %ort *iton 9 addition4 ,he is occasionally w+$1 b x is m usual to f9d ! w+s atta*$ to 8 petasos or boots4 ,on ,b4,f4 vases he is always be>d$1 b n aft] ! six? c5tury4 ,he/ia1 :o b r>ely occurs on vases1 =ms a pair to ,h]mes 9 assemblies ( ! gods1 b is n di/+ui%$ fur!r ?an by ! ,olympian lotos-sceptre4 ,a!na on ! e>li] ,b4,f4 vases is n always di/+ui%$ f an ord9>y woman2 lat]1 ! helmet1 spe>1 %ield1 & aegis become insep>able adjuncts ( h] co/ume1 ! %ield be+ always circul> 9 =m4 ,! spe>1 :i* is sometimes h] only *>act]i/ic1 is usually br&i%$ or c\*$ 9 h] "r h&1 & sometimes %e holds h] helmet 9 h] h& 7see ,plate ,,xxxvi4 & p4 #dj74 ,h] co/ume consi/s ( a long girt *iton1 ov] :i* ! peplos or small mantle is ?r[n1 & ! aegis r\nd h] *e/4 ,! latt] is cov]$ ) scales & has a fr+e ( re>+ s]p5ts1 & sometimes1 on lat] vases1 ! ,gorgon's head 9 ! c5tre ( ! front4 ,on ! ,pana!naic amphorae %e is always repres5t$ 9 ! ,proma*os attitude1 at fir/ to left1 b lat] to "r1 br&i%+ h] spe>4 ,at ei!r side ( h] are columns surm\nt$ by an owl1 a cock1 or o!r emblems4 ,on ! lat] specim5s h] figure is greatly elongat$1 & h] drap]y is (t5 elaborately embroid]$ ) patt]ns 9 purple & :ite4 ,h] /atue :5 repres5t$ is usually a m]e reproduction ( ! liv+ type2 b on "s lat] vases !re seems to be a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,p>!nos or o!r /atues 7see p4 #dj74 ,aphrodite is less individualis$ ?an any o!r deity1 at any rate on ! e>li] vases1 on :i* %e is inv>iably drap$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,%e sometimes c>ries a lotos-head$ sceptre 7z 9 ,judgm5t ( ,p>is sc5es74 ,occasionally %e is repres5t$ arm$4 ,on ! lat] vases ! influ5ce ( f\r?-c5tury sculpture becomes app>5t 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is1 z ( o!r deities4 ,%e n[ fir/ appe>s nude 7:5 ba?+ or wa%+71 scantily clad or half drap$1 & 9 transp>5t ,coan drap]ies1 ?r\gh :i* ! outl9es ( h] =m are visible4 ,%e has no *>act]i/ic attribute1 b is frequ5tly repres5t$ ) a dove or o!r bird4 ,! types ( ,eros h already be5 fully discuss$ 7p4 #de72 briefly x may be said t on ! ,attic ,r4,f4 vases he is a full-gr[n nude y\? ) w+s2 on ^? ( ,s\!rn ,italy ! type is m boyi%1 ?\gh nev] ! *ild or putto ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 & 9 ,apulia ! &rogyn\s type1 ) hair arrang$ 9 fem99e fa%ion & jewell]y pr(usely adorn+ 8 p]son--e>r+s1 necklace1 *a9s1 & anklets--is inv>iable4 ,dionysos is di/+ui%$ prim>ily by ! ivy-wrea? :i* cr[ns 8 head2 he g5]ally we>s a long *iton & mantle1 b on ! late/ vases is frequ5tly nude4 ,on all ,b4,f4 vases1 & (t5 on ^? ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 he is be>d$1 & x is only on ^? ( ,s\!rn ,italy t he appe>s z a some:at effem9ate y\?1 half drap$ l ,apollo1 ) r\nd$ & graceful limbs4 ,8 attributes are ! rhyton or k]as 7only on ,b4,f4 vases71 ! kan?>os1 a =m ( dr9k+-cup specially associat$ ) him1 a v9e-bran*1 & ! ?yrsos2 he is accompani$ by pan!rs & o!r animals1 or sw+s ! limbs ( a kid 774 ,usually he ma9ta9s a calm & unmov$ attitude amid ! wild revelries ( 8 foll[]s4 ,ariadne is undi/+ui%$ except by h] association ) him4 ,pan1 :o only occurs on lat] vases1 is almo/ inv>iably repres5t$ z a be>dless y\?ful figure1 ) goat's horns1 b human legs2 :51 h[ev]1 he has goat's legs or feet1 he is usually call$ ,aegipan1 & 9 ?is aspect he assumes a some:at dw>fi% & m be/ial aspect4#aiea ,satyrs are ei!r eld]ly & be>d$1 or y\?ful2 9 all cases ) po9t$ e>s & horses' tails1 & undrap$ except = ! fawn-sk9s :i* !y frequ5tly we>4 ,!y c>ry a ?yrsos1 dr9k+-cups1 or musical in/rum5ts1 accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are depict$4 ,9 ,ionic art 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cec ff47 ! ,satyrs inv>iably h horses' feet z well z tails1 & are usually ( repulsive appe>ance4 ,! ,seil5i are really ag$ ,satyrs1 depict$ z bald or :ite-hair$1 b n o!rwise diff]5tiat$1 except 9 ! case ( ,papposeil5os1 :o is cov]$ ) %aggy sk94#aieb ,! ,ma5ads are (t5 repres5t$ 7especially on ,b4,f4 vases7 z ord9>y drap$ wom51 or only ) ! addition ( a fawn-sk9 or pan!r-sk9 ov] _! *iton2 !y c>ry ! ?yrsos1 or frequ5tly on lat] vases a l>ge tamb\r9e 7tympanon74 ,( ! p]sonages associat$ ) ! "u-_w1 ,hades is usually an eld]ly be>d$ deity ( ! ,zeus type4 ,he c>ries a sceptre1 (t5 ) ornam5t$ top1 & sometimes f 8 ,*?onian association ) ,dionysos holds a kan?>os1 v9e-bran*1 or cornucopia4 ,k]b]os has ?ree heads only on two ,cacretan hydriae & ! ,apulian "u-_w vases2 8 usual numb] is two1 b once or twice he has only "o4#aiec ,hekate has tor*es = h] cu/om>y attribute1 & ! ,furies1 :o only occur on ,s\? ,italian vases1 we> %ort *itons ) cross-belts & h r\gh hair1 9 :i* & r\nd _! arms s]p5ts are int]tw9$4 ,*>on ! f]ryman is repres5t$ z an eld]ly man 9 %ort *iton & conical cap 7cf4 ,fig4 #abb71 b ! grim ,etruscan ,*>un is a repulsive & savage hook-nos$ demon1 wield+ a hamm]4 ,?anatos & ,hypnos1 ! two ,dea?-deities1 are bo? w+$ m51 b only ! =m] is be>d$ 7cf4 ,fig4 #abc72 !re is usually no?+ =bidd+ 9 8 appe>ance4 ,! "q ( ! repres5tation ( gho/s or s\ls 77 has be5 fully discuss$ 7p4 #gb72 mo/ commonly !y are dim9utive w+$ figures1 & 9 o!r cases !y appe> z 9 ord9>y life1#aied b possibly !y sometimes appe> 9 ! =m ( birds4#aiee ,gaia is repres5t$ half ris+ out ( ! e>?1 a beautiful b n "y woman1 ) long hair 7,fig4 #aab72 or1 z ,p&ora1 h] head alone is se5 7see p4 #gc74 ,kybele occasionally appe>s1 ) h] att5dant lion1 & an ev5 r>] figure is ,asklepios1 ) 8 s]p5t4 ,! ,eilei?yiae1 :o att5d at ! bir? ( ,a!na1 are ord9>y wom51 di/+ui%$ by ! appropriate ge/ures ( _! h&s 7,fig4 #aac74 ,iris1 ! female mess5g] ( ! gods1 appe>s w+$1 ) %ort *iton to all[ ( rapid movem5t1 & c>ry+ ! caduceus or h]ald's /aff2 ,hebe1 on ! o!r h&1 is an ord9>y woman4 ,nike is usually to be di/+ui%$ f ,iris by h] long fl[+ drap]ies1 ev5 :5 9 flight2 ! v>i\s attributes usually associat$ ) h] h already be5 dealt ) 9 detail 7p4 #hg74aief ,among p]sonifications1 ,helios is a y\?ful figure 9 a *>iot1 usually ) rays r\nd 8 head 7z on ,plate ,,liii472 9 "o or two cases 8 head is surm\nt$ by a :ite disc2 ,sel5e appe>s on horseback1 & is sometimes indicat$ by a cresc5t moon2 :]e ,helios is accompani$ by a goddess 9 a *>iot1 x is probable t ,nyx 7,night7 is int5d$ 7see p4 #gi74 ,! ,/>s are repres5t$ z nude y\?s4 ,! ,aurae or breezes appe> z girls float+ ?r\gh ! air2 ! ,hyades or ra9-,nymphs are id5tifi$ by _! wat]-pit*]s4 ,a gr\p ( w+$ gods & goddesses is =m$ by ,eos1 ,agon 7! mascul9e c\nt]p>t ( ,nike71 ,eris1 ,lyssa 7,fr5zy71#aieg & ! v>i\s w9d-gods1 su* z ,boreas & ,zephyros4 ,^! are f\nd at all p]iods1 b ! types v>y4 ,eris1 :o is only f\nd on ,b4,f4 vases1 resembles ! ,gorgons 7see bel[71 a some:at grotesque figure ) w+s1 r\gh hair1 & %ort girt *iton2 ,lyssa only occurs on ,apulian vases1 & is ak9 9 type to ! ,furies--9 two in/ances h] figure is enclos$ 9 a circle ( rays ( light1 p]haps to express ! bl9d+ effect ( h] action1 & %e holds a goad4#aieh ,oi/ros1 a k9dr$ figure1 rides 9 a c> drawn by s]p5ts1 & c>ries tor*es4 ,! type ( ,agon is assimilat$ to t ( ,eros on ,r4,f4 vases2 on ^? ( e>li] date 7if ?is is ! correct int]pretation7 he we>s a %ort girt *iton & holds a wrea?4 ,! ,w9d-gods on ,b4,f4 vases we> ! petasos & high boots1 & %ort girt *iton2 ,zephyros is repres5t$ z a y\?2 & ,boreas1 :o only occurs on ,r4,f4 vases1 we>s ,?racian co/ume2 he is be>d$1 & 8 hair is (t5 r\gh & %aggy4 ,b ^! w+$ deities _c always be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,among o!r p]sonifications1 ,g]as is a some:at ugly old man2 ! ,muses are di/+ui%$ by _! v>i\s musical in/rum5ts2 & ,cities & ,c\ntries are occasionally individualis$4 ,= in/ance1 ,!bes1 on a vase by ,as/eas1 we>s a turret$ cr[n2 ,sp>ta appe>s z a ,nymph on horseback2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 _! pres5ce is usually indicat$ n only by inscriptions1 b by _! relation to ! sc5e depict$4#aiei ,riv]-gods1 su* z ,a*elos1 appe> z human-head$ bulls1 ) horns1 b ! la/-nam$ on a /amnos by ,pamphaios 7,e #dcg 9 ,b4,m47 has a fi%-tail4 ,ka/or & ,polydeukes usually appe> on horseback & 9 hunt+ co/ume1 ) petasos1 *lamys1 & spe>s2 on lat] vases !y sometimes we> ! pileus1 a conical cap :i* (t5 appe>s z _! emblem on co9s4 ,h]akles on e>li] vases is always be>d$1 & we>s ! lion's sk9 fa/5$ r\nd 8 wai/ ) a belt1 ! =epaws knott$ r\nd 8 ?roat#aifj2 ! head cov]s 8 head l a cap1 leav+ 8 face only expos$1 & "u x he we>s a %ort girt *iton2 he is arm$ ) 8 club1 or b[ & quiv]1 & sometimes ) a sword4 ,on ,r4,f4 vases he is (t5 nude1 or only we>s ! sk9 9 *lamys fa%ion4 ,on ! e>li] vases he is (t5 less *>act]is$1 & ! same applies to ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases1 on :i* he is frequ5tly be>dless2 9 _m cases he is only to be id5tifi$ by 8 club4 ,!seus always appe>s z a y\?1 & on ! ,r4,f4 cups usually we>s a %ort loose *iton ( cr9kly mat]ial 7cf4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,frontisp472 8 arms are a sword1 or sometimes a club4 ,p]seus we>s ! w+$ petasos or cap ( d>kness & high boots 7! %oes ( swiftness71 sometimes w+$2 he c>ries ! wallet or 1 & sometimes ! or curv$ sword ) :i* he slew ,m$usa4 ,pelops on ! ,apulian vases is usually *>act]is$ z an ,ori5tal1 ) ri*ly embroid]$ co/ume & a ti>a or embroid]$ cap4 ,! ,hom]ic h]oes are only to be id5tifi$ by inscriptions1 or by ! actions 9 :i* !y take "p1 b ,p>is is usually 9 ,ori5tal co/ume2 9 ,judgm5t sc5es he holds a lyre1 b :5 he takes "p 9 combats he is attir$ z an ar*]1 ) b[ & quiv]1 ,phrygian cap1 j]k91 & tr\s]s4 ,kekrops1 ! my?ical k+ ( ,a!ns1 usually ends 9 a s]p5t's tail1 to d5ote 8 auto*?on\s orig92 ,midas has ass's e>s2 ,orpheus is recognis$ by 8 lyre1 & sometimes we>s1 z a musician1 fem99e co/ume 7see bel[1 p4 #aig74aifa ,( o!r my?ological types ! ,amazons are1 ( c\rse1 always arm$1 frequ5tly 9 ! ,ori5tal fa%ion1 ) ,phrygian cap or kid>is & tr\s]s2 _! weapons are ! cresc5t-%ap$ %ield or pelta1 & a peculi> type ( battle-axe1 ! sag>is4 ,! ,giants on ,b4,f4 vases are ord9>y arm$ w>riors1 n ev5 ( exceptional size1 b 9 lat] times !y (t5 end 9 s]p5ts1 z on ! ,p]gam5e frieze4 ,typhon appe>s 9 ?is =m on a ,*alcidian vase4#aifb ,g]yon is repres5t$ 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,pausanias 7vi4 #ai1 #a71 z 8?ree m5 jo9$ toge!r10 ) di/9ctive arms & legs2 on ,*alcidian vases he has f\r w+s1 & is only triple f ! wai/ upw>ds4 ,! ,c5taurs on ! m ar*aic vases1 z on ^? ( ,ionia1 appe> z m5 ) ! body & h9d legs ( a horse atta*$ beh9d2 by ! middle ( ! six? c5tury !y appe> 9 ! famili> =m ( a human bu/ conjo9$ ) a horse's body4 ,! ,gorgons are always r5d]$ 9 grotesque fa%ion1 ) gr9n+ faces & di%evell$ hair int]tw9$ ) s]p5ts2 !y we> %ort girt *itons & high w+$ boots1 & h f\r w+s1 ! upp] pair recurv$2 usually on ,b4,f4 vases !y appe> 9 :at is kn[n z 8! ar*aic runn+ attitude10 or1 z ! ,g]mans m expressively phrase x1 8,knielaufs*ema10 ! figures be+ repres5t$ z if kneel+ on "o knee4 ,! same grotesque type ( face1#aifc ) ! protrud+ tongue & tee?1 app]ta9s to ! ,m$usa's head or ,gorgoneion1 :i* is at all p]iods su* a fav\rite decorative motive on vases1 ei!r z ! int]ior design ( a ,b4,f4 kylix1 or z a m$allion 9 relief on late vases4 ,! m beautiful type ( ,m$usa head is a creation ( lat] date ?an mo/ ( ! pa9t$ vases1 b 9 ! m$allions on ,italian vases mu* ( ! grotesqu5ess has disappe>$4 ,mu* confusion at "o "t exi/$ betwe5 ! conceptions ( ! ,h>py & ! ,sir51 bo? names be+ indiscrim9ately appli$ to ! female-head$ bird s common on vases ( all p]iods4 ,b !re is ample evid5ce = ! repres5tation ( ! ,h>py m 9 ! /yle ( ! ,gorgons1 z a purely fem99e type1 ) ! %ort *iton suit$ = rapid movem5t1 high boots1 & w+s1 & (t5 9 ! conv5tional runn+ attitude4#aifd ,9 ?is =m !y appe> 9 "o in/ance z fem99e c\nt]p>ts ( ! male ,boreades4#aife ,! ,sir5 types v>y at diff]5t times1 ! e>li] ,sir5s frequ5tly hav+ human arms4#aiff ,! ,sph9x is always a woman-head$ w+$ f\r-foot$ bea/2 sometimes on ,cor9?ian & ,ionic vases %e we>s a high head-dress4 ,! ,gryphon#aifg is a w+$ lion ) eagle's beak1 & (t5 ) erect e>s2 ! w+$ ,pegasos & ! bull-head$ ,m9otaur require no description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ n[ to p]sonages conc]n$ 9 ev5ts ( e-day life1 we f9d great v>iety ( co/ume & equipm5t1 especially at diff]5t p]iods & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! vases1 9 fact1 may be said to supply ! mo/ in/ructive locus classicus = ,greek dress & ornam5t1 z well z = m9or details--su* z weapons1 implem5ts1 & furniture--( :i* !y provide contempor>y illu/rations4 ,k+s are usually di/+ui%$ by dignifi$ fl[+ robes1 by ! we>+ ( a wrea? or head-dress1 or by ! sceptre :i* !y hold4#aifh ,ori5tal pot5tates we> ! co/ume ( _! c\ntry1 ) l(ty ornam5t$ ti>as1 or ! ,p]sian kid>is or kyrbasia--a peak$ cap decorat$ ) fr+es & lappets4 ,_! dress is (t5 v elaborate on ! lat] vases4 ,actors & musicians bo? we> appropriate co/umes4 ,! =m]1 :o h>dly occur except on ! ,italian vases1 we> ! dress ( ! ,old ,com$y1 ) grotesque mask1 padd$ /oma*1 loose j]k91 & tr\s]s4#aifi ,tragic actors are seldom repres5t$2 b x has already be5 po9t$ out#aigj t 9 ! sett+ ( ! my?ological sc5es on ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy !re is an unmi/akable reflection ( ! tragic /age1 especially 9 ! elaborate & some:at exagg]at$ details ( co/ume4 ,musicians inv>iably we> a long *iton1 ov] :i* on ,r4,f4 vases !y sometimes we> a %ort loose g>m5t call$ ! 1 embroid]$ ) patt]ns4#aiga ,!re are also a few in/ances ( male p]=m]s 7recognisable by _! be>ds7 9 di/9ctively fem99e co/ume4#aigb ,a?letes are inv>iably nude :5 p]=m+ _! ex]cises1 except 9 ! case ( ! arm$ foot-race 7see p4 #afd72 9 ! tor*-race !y seem to h worn high cr[ns2 on ! rev]se ( late ,r4,f4 vases !y appe> inactive1 wrapp$ 9 mantles & conv]s+ 9 gr\ps4 ,hunt]s we> a di/9ctive co/ume ( petasos & *lamys1 & usually c>ry two spe>s4 ,boys on horseback are usually repres5t$ nude1 & on ,ionic vases h _! hair ti$ 9 a tuft beh9d4#aigc ,*>iote]s are always attir$ 9 a long girt *iton rea*+ to ! feet1 :i* on ,attic ,b4,f4 vases is pa9t$ :ite4 ,!y usually hold a goad 9 ! "r h&1 ! re9s 9 ! left4 ,h]alds we> ! attributes ( ,h]mes--! petasos1 caduceus1 & high boots1 ) a *lamys or %ort girt *iton4 ,w>riors on ! e>ly & ,b4,f4 vases are equipp$ 9 a fa%ion :i* tallies to "s ext5t ) ! descriptions ( ,hom]4#aigd ,_! arm\r usually consi/s ( a cre/$ ,cor9?ian helmet1 a metal cuirass1 "u :i* is a %ort *iton1 & greaves1 to :i* are sometimes add$ ! ?igh-cov]+s kn[n z p>am]idia4 ,"s peculi>ities may also be not$--su* z ! hook$ projection on ! front ( helmets on ! ,ionic vases ( ,daphnae & ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1#aige ! l95 cuirasses 7indicat$ by :ite pa9t7 sometimes worn on ,attic ,b4,f4 vases1#aigf or ! heavy helmets ) l>ge *eek-pieces se5 on ! ,ca]etan hydriae 7,plate ,,xxvi474 ,! ,r4,f4 vases (t5 repres5t ! fully arm$ ,a!nian hoplite equipp$ 9 ! same fa%ion z ! ,b4,f42 b 9 ^!1 & m especially 9 ! ,italian vases1 !re is a t5d5cy to omit mu* ( ! def5sive arm\r4 ,cuirasses on ,r4,f4 vases are (t5 decorat$ ) patt]ns ( scales or panell+4#aigg ,helmets on ,italian vases (t5 assume a local "*1 ) conical cr[ns & two or ?ree l(ty plumes4#aigh ,( (f5sive arm\r1 ! full equipm5t consi/s ( sword1 spe>1 & %ield4 ,! two =m] call = no comm5t1 b ! %ields1 :i* are ( two =ms1 ! circul> ,argive or ! ind5t$ oval ,boeotian1 pres5t "o feature ( great int]e/--! devices ) :i* !y are adorn$4#aigi ,inve/igations h fail$ to disc]n 9 ^! any symbolical or h]aldic significance2 !y are n appropriat$ to p>ticul> p]sonages1 & all t c be not$ ab\t !m is t !y usually seem to sugge/ rapid movem5t4 ,?us we f9d an eagle or o!r fly+ bird1 :eels1 balls1 *>iots1 a b5t leg1 a s]p5t1 ,pegasos1 & s on4 ,! passage 9 ! ,septem ( ,aes*ylus 7#chg ff471 9 :i* ! %ield-devices ( ! combatants are describ$1 is ( c\rse famili>1 & simil> allusions are n want+ 9 ,greek writ]s4#aihj ,!y are univ]sal on ,b4,f4 vases1 be+ pa9t$ 9 :ite on black gr\nd1 & are (t5 f\nd on ! e>li] ,r4,f4 vases 9 black on r$2 b !y seem to disappe> at an e>ly /age ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,sometimes !y consi/ only ( lett]s ( ! alphabet1 z on a ,pana!naic amphora1 :]e ,a!na's %ield has ! lett]s to 2 on a ,b4,f4 vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are ! lett]s 4#aiha ,o!r peculi> subjects are a w+$ bo>1 two rams butt+1 a figure ( ,artemis1 a :ite-bord]$ squ>e1 & a ladd]4#aihb ,"s ( ^? on ,r4,f4 vases are some:at elaborate--a ,seil5os1#aihc a fox eat+ grapes1#aihd an arm$ runn]1#aihe or a w>rior bl[+ a trumpet4#aihf ,a v>iation is :5 ! device takes ! =m ( an object 9 relief--a ,satyr-mask1#aihg ,gorgoneion1#aihh mask ( ,phobos 7,panic71#aihi or a ,gryphon1#aiij or a re>+ s]p5t#aiia2 or :5 a %ield is surr\nd$ by a fr+e ( s]p5ts4#aiib ,%ields frequ5tly h a piece ( fr+$ & embroid]$ /uff susp5d$ f !m1 :i* seems to h s]v$ z a protection to ! legs4#aiic ,ar*]s are depict$ 9 ,ori5tal co/ume1 we>+ peak$ caps ) long lappets & a close-fitt+ dress ( lea!r1 consi/+ ( j]k9 & tr\s]s1 usually embroid]$ ) v>i\s patt]ns4 ,! diff]5t b>b>ian types :i* appe> on vases--,p]sians1 ,scy?ians1 ,arimaspi1 & ,?racians--are m or less individualis$1 especially on ! ,r4,f4 vases4 ,su* subjects1 inde$1 7 n really popul> until ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,! details ( ,ori5tal co/ume h already be5 not$4 ,?racians on ,r4,f4 vases we> a long loose cloak kn[n z ! zeira & a cap ( foxsk9 7alopeke7 ) long flaps1 :i* dress is also worn by ,boreas 7see above74 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury ,ori5tal co/umes seem to h _h a p]iod ( popul>ity among ! fa%ionable "y m5 ( ,a!ns1 especially ! knights2 & !y are (t5 depict$ rid+ 9 ! zeira or /rip$ & embroid]$ dresses ( outl&i% /yle 7see pp4 #aff1 #agi74 ,egyptians are (t5 reali/ically r5d]$1 ) %av5 heads1#aiid z are negroes & ,ae?iopians4 ,! latt]1 l all b>b>ians on vases1 usually we> tr\s]s4 ,on ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy details ( local 7,osco-,samnite or ,messapian7 co/umes (t5 appe> 7see p4 #ahj1 & ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dhc71 especially 9 ! case ( helmets & brea/plates worn by w>riors on ,campanian vases4 ,on ! e>li] vases1 d[n to ! end ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1 !re is frequ5tly no di/9ction betwe5 ! dress ( m5 & wom51 & to ?is fact may h be5 due ! practice ( pa9t+ ! latt] :ite to diff]5tiate !m4 ,bo? we> ! long ,doric *iton1 ) a mantle or himation ?r[n ov] x2 b m5 (t5 we> ! small] *lamys ov] ! %\ld]s 9 place ( ! himation4 ,wom51 aga91 on ! e>li] ,b4,f4 vases1 (t5 appe> )\t ! himation1 & we> a long *iton tightly girt at ! wai/1 ) a %ort apoptygma or fold fall+ ov] ! brea/4 ,on ,r4,f4 vases ! ,doric *iton is sometimes worn by wom51 op5 d[n "o side 7kn[n z ! 74 ,m5 9 ! 8/rong0 ,r4,f4 p]iod we> a %ort loose *iton ( f9e cr9kly l954 ,g5]ally 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod !re is great] fre$om ( co/ume & v>iety ( mat]ial & arrangem5t4 ,! ,ionic *iton is introduc$ ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 b its vogue does n seem to h la/$ long at ,a!ns4 ,9 place ( ! apoptygma wom5 sometimes we> a loose ov]-g>m5t1 kn[n z ! diplois4 ,on ! e>lie/ vases m5 are (t5 nude1 ) ! exception ( a lo9-clo? or pair ( tight-fitt+ 8ba?+-draw]s40 ,wom5 are practically nev] nude on vases1 except :5 occupi$ 9 ba?+ or wa%+1 or 9 ! case ( hetairae & juggl]s4 ,! drap]ies1 especially ! *itons1 are (t5 ri*ly embroid]$ ) patt]ns1 repres5t$ by incis+ & purple & :ite col\rs on ! ,b4,f4 vases1 by black pa9t on ! ,r4,f4 ,on ! =m] ! wom5's *iton is (t5 cov]$ ) a sort ( diap] patt]n ( squ>es1 fill$ 9 ) circles & />s1 or ! dresses 7bo? ( m5 & wom57 are cov]$ ) gr\ps ( dots & fl[]s 9 :ite & purple4 ,9 ! late f9e ,r4,f4 p]iod & on ! vases ( ,lucania & ,apulia ! patt]ns become exce$+ly ri* & v>i$#aiie3 *equ]s1 wave-patt]n1 palmettes1 />s1 egg-patt]n1 mae&]1 & all k9ds ( bord]s are introduc$4 ,a fur!r ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple is se5 9 ! introduction ( bord]s ( figures1 ! mo/ notable in/ances ( :i* are on ! ,franois vase & ! ,hi]on kotyle4#aiif ,on ! =m] ! te*nique is rem>kable z a k9d ( anticipation ( r$ figures on black4 ,ari/otle speaks ( a g>m5t made = ,alkim5es ( ,syb>is on :i* deities 7 repres5t$ betwe5 bord]s decorat$ ) ,ori5tal figures1 ! subjects be+ ! sacr$ animals ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4#aiig ,we may also cite ! rem>kable /atue ( ,demet] f\nd at ,lykosura 9 ,arcadia1 ! drap]y ( :i* is decorat$ ) inlaid bord]s ( figures1#aiih & ! mantle ( ,jason describ$ by ,apollonius ,rhodius4#aiii ,! hair ( wom5 on ,b4,f4 vases1 & frequ5tly also t ( m51 usually falls loose or 9 tight curls on ! %\ld]s1 ) a fr+e ov] ! =ehead4 ,on ! e>ly ,r4,f4 vases m5 (t5 we> _! hair loop$ up beh9d 9 ! fa%ion kn[n z ! 1#bjjj :i*1 z we "k f ,?ucydides1 w5t out ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 ,wom51 on ! o!r h&1 h !irs knott$ up & conf9$ "u a cap4 ,on lat] ,r4,f4 vases & on ^? ( ,apulia _! hair is usually ga!r$ up 9 ! opi/hosph5done1 or 9 a broad coif or fillets1 & arrang$ 9 bun*es ( curls 9 front & beh9d4 ,on late ,r4,f4 vases a radiat$ diadem1 pa9t$ :ite1 is (t5 se54 ,m5 are seldom repres5t$ ) long hair aft] #dhj ,b4,c41 b !y usually we> a wrea? or pla9 fillet4 ,head-cov]+s are r>ely worn by ord9>y p]sons1 ) ! exception ( ! travell]'s & huntsman's petasos2 b ,ori5tal p]sonages usually we> a high cap ( "s k9d 7see above1 "u ,b>b>ians74 ,jewell]y--su* z necklaces1 e>r+s1 armlets1 or anklets--is comp>atively r>e on ,b4,f4 vases1 b becomes m & m common1 until x rea*es pr(usion on ^? ( ,apulia4 ,bracelets & anklets are (t5 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts4 ,v>i\s =ms ( s&als or %oes are se5 on lat] vases1 b on ! black-figur$ ! only k9d ( footge> is ! high boot or endromis1 ) a curv$ tag 9 front4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ext5t to :i* physiognomical expressions are r5d]$ on vases v>ies at diff]5t p]iods#bjja2 b x is n true1 z has sometimes be5 ?\ght1 t ! arti/s altoge!r ignor$ su* expressions 9 _! figures2 x 0 only 9 ! e>li] phases t ?is 0 ! case1 & ev5 dur+ ! fif? c5tury ! advance 0 timid & sl[1 mu* m s ?an 9 sculpture4 ,z a rule1 9 ! same vase all ! faces are alike1 & no physiognomical di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 gods & h]oes1 or ev5 betwe5 m5 & wom51 except 7on ! ,attic vases7 9 ! treatm5t ( ! eye4 ,on ! ,b4,f4 vases ! ord9>y type ( face has a long nose1 ) a t5d5cy to turn up1 a po9t$ *91 deep r\nd$ jaw1 & l>ge eyes1 :ile ! limbs are s9ewy1 angul>1 & tap]+4 ,be>ds ( "s l5g? are inv>iable = gr[n or eld]ly m52 o!rwise di/9ctions ( age are h>dly obs]v$ until ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,& z 9 sculpture ( ! ar*aic p]iod all figures h ! same conv5tional smile1 s on ! ,b4,f4 vases gods1 h]oes1 & mortals alike all pursue ! actions 9 :i* !y are engag$ ) ! same unv>y+ expression4 ,! contra/ ( viol5t action & calm unmov$ physiognomy is (t5 qua9t1 & almo/ grotesque4 ,indications ( expression or s5tim5t are1 9 fact1 r implicit ?an explicit4 ,!y are giv5 9 a sort ( %or?& fa%ion1 j z ,polygnotos 9 8 great pa9t+s1 by "s subtle t\*--by a *ange ( attitude or ! action ( a h&--indicat$ ! emotion he wi%$ to convey4 ,9 ! diff]5t treatm5t ( ! male & female eye !re is1 no d\bt1 an attempt to give to ! man a m lively expression by means ( ! r\nd pupil1 :ile ! oval =m ( ! woman's eye gives h] a s(t] & less int5se look4 ,! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple on ,ionian vases1 :]e ! male eye is oval1 seems to be a reflection ( ! effem9ate t5d5cies ( ! ,ionian races4#bjjb ,at an e>ly date we may obs]ve a special treatm5t ( ! eye to repres5t x z clos$1 9 ! case ( a bl9d or dy+ p]son4 ,?us ! ,ph9eus ( ! ,wrzburg cup has m]ely an angul> m>k 9 place ( an eye1 repres5t+ ! fall ( ! upp] eyelid ov] ! l[]1 or ! eye is repres5t$ z a vacant space )\t pupil4#bjjc ,! m\? is sometimes op5 to express pa9 or ang]1 z 9 ! ,nessos ( ! ,proto-,attic vase1#bjjd or ! qu>rell+ h]oes on a vase 9 ! ,l\vre 7,f #cdj74 ,x is also us$ to express ! agony ( a dy+ or injur$ p]son1 z on a vase ) ! outrag$ ,polyphemos1#bjje ) :i* we may comp>e ! dy+ w>rior ( ! ,aeg9a p$im5t4 ,b all ^! are r exceptions ?an ! rule on ,b4,f4 vases4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,polygnotos ! influ5ce ( pa9t+ makes itself felt1 & we may recall t he p]fect$ ! advances ( ,kimon 9 ?is respect4 ,n only did ! vase-pa9t]s le>n f him h[ to dispose figures en face or 9 ?ree-qu>t] view1 b !y also le>n$ h[ to m>k diff]5t expressions4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t ! influ5ce ( trag$y mu/ h be5 /rong at ?is "t4 ,! krat] f ,orvieto 9 ! ,l\vre 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddb7 is a good in/ance ( ! progress made 9 ! fif? c5tury 9 ?is direction4 ,on "o side ( ! vase 7see ,fig4 #ajc1 ibid47 we h a dy+ ,niobid & a y\? ) face to ! front & eyes clos+2 on ! o!r1 9 ! ,argonautic sc5e1 a w>rior hold+ 8 knees1 ) l[] lip fall51 giv+ him a melan*oly expression1 & ,h]akles ) a face ( sadness1 m>k$ by wr9kles4 ,o!r figures %[ exactly 9 :at direction !y are look+ 7comp>e ,kimon's figures 8look+ d[n or upw>ds074#bjjf ,9 ! lat] developm5ts ( ! ,apulian vases1 ) _! sc5es drawn f tragic !mes & repres5t$ 9 su* dramatic fa%ion1 !re is pl5ty ( ability to repres5t emotion1 & 9 sev]al cases x is accurately express$1 z 9 "s ( ! sc5es f ! sack ( ,troy4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 z on ! ,as/eas vase 9 ,madrid 7,fig4 #ajg71 mu* ( ! old qua9tness & grotesqu5ess is app>5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is also necess>y to treat ( ! me?ods adopt$ by ! arti/ = indicat+ locality or l&scape 9 8 pictures1 a ?+ :i* is (t5 done 9 ! briefe/ & mo/ cursory mann]4 ,! g]ms ( ?is pr9ciple are p]haps to be obs]v$ 7z not$ else:]e1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cab7 9 ! floral gr\nd-ornam5ts ( ! ,cor9?ian & o!r e>ly vases4 ,9 ! m develop$ vase-pa9t+s a sort ( %or?& sy/em is cu/om>y1 a sy/em :i* 9 "s degree probably prevail$ on ! ,greek /age1 z on t ( ! ,elizabe?an drama4 ,?us a temple or a h\se is repres5t$ by a column1 or two columns support+ a p$im5t1 a wood or grove by a s+le tree1 wat] by two dolph9s swimm+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! design1 & s on4 ,a notable exception is 9 ! palace depict$ on ! ,franois vase1 9 :i* ,!tis awaits ! arrival ( ! bridegroom ,peleus4 ,s mu* ( ! build+ is giv5 9 detail t x is ev5 possible to attempt a re/oration4#bjjg ,on ! same vase ! walls ( ,troy are depict$1 ) a d\ble door /udd$ ) nails4 ,9 ! ,hydrophoria sc5es 7p4 #agc7 consid]able att5tion is paid to ! ar*itectural details ( ! well-h\se1 :i* 0 probably 9 ! =m ( a small temple1 p]haps circul>1 surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,! wat] issues f sp\ts 9 ! =m ( lions' heads1 & /atues are (t5 depict$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+4 ,! ,franois vase also gives an illu/ration ( a well-h\se1 ) portico support$ by columns4 ,! ar*itecture is almo/ inv>iably ,doric4 ,9 outdoor sc5es rocks occasionally appe>1 b only :]e !y are necess>y to ! subject1 z 9 ! ambuscade ( ,a*illes = ,troilos4 ,! bran*es ( trees :i* frequ5tly cov] all ! vacant spaces ( ! design on lat] ,b4,f4 vases1 especially 9 ,dionysiac sc5es1 may be ma9ly int5d$ = decorative effect4 ,9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod m & m att5tion is paid to l&scape & ar*itectural detail z ! /yle develops1 b !re is /ill a /rong t5d5cy to adh]e to ! %or?& sy/em--a t5d5cy :i* increases r ?an disappe>s1 especially on ! :ite-gr\nd vases4 ,! arti/'s object 0 always to make 8 figures /& out1 z f> z possible1 cle> aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 & he !re=e delib]ately avoid$ any?+ likely to int]f]e ) ! desir$ effect4 ,l&scape prop]1 ) indications ( gr\nd-l9es1 rocks1 & trees1 0 only introduc$ :5 ! ,polygnotan influ5ce became /rong1 & ! ,orvieto krat] 9 ! ,l\vre may be once m cit$ z a good & e>ly in/ance ( a new developm5t4 ,sc5es 9 ar*itectural sett+s are r>e1 b an exception may be not$ 9 ! case ( "s ( ! late ,r4,f4 vases ) sc5es 9 wom5's ap>tm5ts1 :]e c>eful att5tion is paid to ! details ( ! door-ways1 ev5 to ! locks & key-holes4#bjjh ,= ! re/1 x usually suffic$ to indicate ! palae/ra by a /rigil or oil-flask susp5d$1 or a pair ( jump+-weights2 musical ga!r+s by a lyre or a flute 9 a case2 banquet+-rooms by cups & o!r vases hung up1 or by r[s ( boots4 ,simil>ly1 wom5's ap>tm5ts are repres5t$ by a w9d[1 door1 or column1 or by sa%es1 hoods1 mirrors1 wrea?s1 & wool-baskets scatt]$ ab\t4#bjji ,9 ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy ?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ almo/ to excess4 ,n only is ! old idea ( rosettes & fl[]s scatt]$ ab\t ! sc5e reviv$1 b ! :ole surface ( ! design is (t5 cov]$ ) miscellane\s objects1 su* z balls1 sa%es1 & mirrors4 ,on ! ,apulian vases ! use ( a d\ble l9e ( :ite dots to indicate ! gr\nd is inv>iable1 & loose /ones are scatt]$ ab\t :]e x is int5d$ to be rocky4 ,fl[]s gr[ ab\t 9 ri* pr(usion4 ,9 ! my?ological sc5es an elaborate ar*itectural backgr\nd is frequ5t1 & alt>s1 tripods1 & columns s]ve ! same end2 ! h]oa or %r9es & o!r =ms ( tomb 9 ! sepul*ral sc5es h already be5 describ$4 ,9 a?letic sc5es1 especially on ! rev]se ( ! krat]s1 a ball1 a /ylus & tablets1 or a pair ( jump+-weights are susp5d$ 9 ! air to indicate ! palae/ra2 & on ,lucanian vases subjects ( a milit>y nature are sugge/$ by a susp5d$ %ield only p>tly visible4 ,! 8c\rt+-sc5es0 on ,apulian vases usually h a repres5tation ( a w9d[ 9 a corn] ( ! design4 #b4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,subjects ,! next po9t to be consid]$ is ! me?od ( arrangem5t & composition ( ! figures 9 g5]al on ,greek vases4 ,z reg>ds ! ,myc5aean1 ,geometrical1 & o!r e>ly w>es1 !y may be left out ( consid]ation1--fir/ly1 because _! ornam5tation is ma9ly compos$ ( decorative motives or s+le figures ( animals2 secondly1 because ev5 :]e compositions ( figure subjects are f\nd1 z on ! great ,dipylon vases1 ! me?od ( arrangem5t is /ill t5tative & )\t sy/em4 ,! figures are arrang$ 9 haphaz>d gr\ps & b&s1 & all ! rema9+ spaces are fill$ 9 ) ornam5t4 ,! fir/ attempt at an organis$ me?od ( decoration is se5 9 ! vases ( ,cor9? & ,ionia1 & is exemplifi$ pr9cipally 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! friezes ( animals4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !re are two ma9 t5d5cies1 "o *>act]i/ic ( ea* l9e ( developm5t--! procession & ! h]aldic gr\p4 ,bo? are ess5tially ,ori5tal 7i4e4 ,assyrian7 9 orig91 ! prototype ( ! latt] be+ ! famili> motive ( ! two animals & ! sacr$ tree1 :i* is s frequ5tly f\nd on ,myc5aean gems1 & is be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! fam\s ,lion ,gate ( ,myc5ae4#bjaj ,yet ?is typically ,myc5aean & ,ori5tal motive 0 n ! "o adopt$ by its natural inh]itors1 ! ,ionians1 & x is 9 ,dorian ,cor9? t we f9d its reflection on ! pa9t$ vases4 ,on "o ,cor9?ian vase#bjaa x actually occurs 9 ! =m ( a conv5tional palmette & lotos-patt]n 7repres5t+ ! tree71 on ei!r side ( :i* two lions are confront$ 9 true ,myc5aean fa%ion4 ,lat]1 x becomes a common device on ! necks ( vases1 ! ornam5t tak+ ! =m ( a decorative comb9ation ( palmettes 7see bel[1 p4 #bbf74 ,ev5 :5 on ,cor9?ian vases a :ole frieze ( animals is f\nd1 !re is always a c5tral 8h]aldic0 gr\p ( two1 t[>ds :i* ! :ole seems to lead up1 or else ! frieze is brok5 up into sev]al isolat$ h]aldic gr\ps4#bjab ,b on ! ,ionic vases1 z on ^? ( ,rhodes & ,naukratis1 we h ov] & ov] aga9 regul> processions ( animals all fac+ ! same way1 or1 z at ,daphnae1 solemn dances ( wom51 simil>ly plac$ & jo9+ h&-9-h& 7see ,plate ,,xxv474 ,9 ! develop$ ,b4,f4 vases ! same pr9ciples are obs]v$ to "s ext5t1 especially :]e friezes ( animals are introduc$2 b !re is mu* great] fre$om ( treatm5t )9 ! limits ( ! field available4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 all designs on ,b4,f4 vases may be reg>d$ z foll[+ "o ( ! ?ree me?ods ( ar*itectural composition--! frieze1 ! p$im5t1 or ! metope4 ,! frieze /yle1 :i* is se5 on ! %\ld]s ( hydriae1 ! ext]iors ( kylikes1 & sometimes on ! bodies ( amphorae1 o9o*oae1 or leky?i1 implies a s]ies ( figures1 all turn$ 9 ! same direction1 b )\t any c5tral po9t = ! action1 z 9 processions ( w>riors1 dances ( ,satyrs & ,ma5ads1 & s on4 ,9 ! p$im5t /yle ( composition ! ess5tial feature is a c5tre-po9t1 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( ! subject is conc5trat$1 z 9 su* sc5es z ! ,bir? ( ,a!na#bjac or ,!seus kill+ ! ,m9otaur4#bjad ,! c5tral gr\p is !n flank$ by figures imm$iately int]e/$ 9 ! action 7,eilei?yia & ,hephai/os1 or ,ariadne1 9 ! in/ances quot$2 ,a!na & ,iolaos at ! lab\rs ( ,h]akles72 & ! ends ( ! p$im5t1 s to speak1 are occupi$ by gr\ps ( by/&]s1 (t5 nameless & un*>act]is$1 :o are 9 fact only includ$ to fill up ! space requir$4 ,! metope /yle1 :i* only admits ( ?ree1 or at mo/ f\r1 figures1 0 f\nd conv5i5t = all ! vases ) subjects on panels1 :]e space 0 re/rict$1 & also on ! kylikes ( ! 8m9or arti/0 class1 on :i* a limit$ use ( figures 0 pref]r$1 & on ^? ( lat] date :]e ! space 0 ma9ly tak5 up by ! l>ge eyes4 ,b 9 all ^! cases--friezes1 p$im5ts1 or metopes--"o ?+ 0 held to be ess5tial3 ! correspond5ce ( ! two halves ( ! design 7except 9 friezes71 produc+ p]fect symmetry 9 ! composition4 ,la/ly1 !re are a limit$ numb] ( cases :]e a s+le figure 0 f\nd suffici5t1 z 9 ! int]ior ( kylikes1 on ! circul> p9akes1#bjae & sometimes on ! vases :]e ! l>ge eyes take up mo/ ( ! space4#bjaf ,subord9ate designs1 bord]+ ! ma9 design ( an amphora above or bel[1 or decorat+ ! cov]1 are usually 9 ! =m ( animals or *>iot-races1 9 ! frieze /yle ( composition4 ,simil> friezes are sometimes also f\nd 79 ! old ,b4,f4 me?od7 on ,r4,f4 vases1 & ev5 on ! krat]s ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! e>li] ,r4,f4 vases pres]ve ! pr9ciples ( ! prec$+ p]iod2 &1 9 reg>d to ! kylikes1 ! sy/em ( decoration has be5 discuss$ 9 detail else:]e 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbg74 ,9 all ( !m we see p>ticul> att5tion paid to arrangem5t1 & ! v>iations 9 ! pr9ciples ( composition =m "o ( our guides 9 det]m9+ ! developm5t ( ! /yle4 ,9 ! amphorae & hydriae ( ! transition f ! sev]e to ! /rong p]iod ! numb] ( figures employ$ 9 "o sc5e 0 dim9i%$1 :ile !y became l>g] 9 _! proportions & 7 treat$ ) m c>e2 ! usual numb] on ! ,nolan amphora is "o or two ea* side4 ,on ! small] vases1 su* z ! o9o*o1 ! numb] ( ! figures nev] exce$s ?ree4 ,sometimes ! hydriae h an elongat$ composition on ! %\ld]1 conta9+ a frieze ( sev]al figures#bjag2 b usually ! design runs into bo? %\ld] & body4 ,designs 9 fram$ panels are r>e1 except on ! e>li] amphorae & hydriae1 & on ! column-h&l$ krat]s4 ,! latt] are unique 9 pres]v+ ! old] me?ods ( decoration "r ?r\gh ! ,r4,f4 p]iod d[n to ! f\r?-c5tury specim5s f ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! influ5ce ( ,polygnotos & 8 contempor>ies br\ght ab\t1 z we h se51 a great *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! compositions1 by ! introduction ( l&scape & p]spective1 & ! depict+ ( figures at diff]5t levels4 ,?is new developm5t 0 subsequ5tly exemplifi$ 9 ! l>ge vases ( ,k]t* & ,apulia1 b 9 ! late f9e p]iod at ,a!ns small vases ) s+le friezes or simple subjects 7 ! rule4 ,9 ! pyxides & o!r vases ) frieze subjects ! figures are (t5 cr[d$ toge!r & ( dw>fi% proportions 7,plate ,,xlii4 fig4 #c74 ,a return to ! old sy/em ( sev]al friezes is se5 :]e ! figures are arrang$ 9 two or m r[s divid$ by b&s ( ornam5ts1 z 9 ! ,meidias hydria1 or ! e>ly ,apulian & "s ( ! ,lucanian vases4#bjah ,! e>li] vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 especially ^? ( ,lucania1 pres]ve 9 "s measure ! _s ( ! be/ ,r4,f4 vases1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! figures1 & at all times ! composition is "o ( ! be/ features ( ^! vases2 b 9 ! lat] examples ! purely decorative elem5t obtrudes itself2 s+le figures ( little m ?an ornam5tal "* ab\nd1 & ! old pref]5ce = m]e ornam5t ass]ts itself1 ! patt]ns encroa*+ all ov] ! sc5es4 #c4 ,,ornam5tal ,,patt]ns ,al?\gh by f> subord9ate to ! subjects 9 po9t ( arti/ic or ar*aeological int]e/1 ! ornam5tal patt]ns :i* are employ$ on ! vases are by no means )\t _! value 9 bo? respects4#bjai ,!y are1 inde$1 intimately int]wov5 ) ! subjects !mselves1 :i* !y frame 91 relieve1 or embelli%4 ,num]\s vases are decorat$ ) ornam5ts only1 ev5 9 ! advanc$ /ages ( ! art2 & ?is is1 ( c\rse1 an extremely common occurr5ce 9 ! e>li] fabrics1 su* z ! ,geometrical & ,rhodian4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are only ornam5t$ 9 ! simple/ fa%ion1 ) pla9 b&s ( r$ left to %[ ?r\gh ! black v>ni% r\nd ! body or foot4 ,t ! arti/ took a pride ev5 9 ?is =m ( ornam5tation is %[n by ! fact t "s pott]s1 su* z ,niko/h5es & ! 8m9or arti/s10 h left _! names on vases only decorat$ ) simple patt]ns4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ !re may be obs]v$ an endeav\r to dispose ! ornam5tal patt]ns 9 accordance ) "s sy/em2 & ev5 ?\gh 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! ,cypriote ,geometrical vases1 !re is an (f5ce aga9/ ! canons ( art1 yet at all p]iods ! prevail+ effect is "o ( symmetry & ta/e4 ,x may be ?\ght t 9 "s respects !re is a pov]ty 9 ! v>iety ( ornam5ts employ$--z comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) m$iaeval art2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t--z _! ar*itecture %[s--! ,greek pr9ciple 0 to a*ieve ! highe/ results )9 a limit$ sph]e4 ,_! sy/em 0 conv5tional1 b its conv5tions are =gott5 9 ! arti/ic effect t x produces4 ,x is on ! e>lie/ vases t ! greate/ v>iety & ri*ness ( ornam5t occurs2 z ! art is develop$ ! ornam5tation becomes m & m subsidi>y1 until on ! vases ( ! f9e/ ,r4,f4 p]iod x has almo/ disappe>$4 ,b 9 ! lat] phases x aga9 comes to ! =e1 t5d+ m & m to obscure & f9ally to sup]s$e ! subjects4 ,to set =? z briefly z possible ! gr[? & developm5t ( ,greek ornam5t1 bo? z a :ole & 9 ! case ( individual motives1 w be ! object ( ! succe$+ summ>y4 ,x w be f\nd advisable to treat ! subject 9 a tw(old aspect1--fir/ly1 deal+ ) individual =ms & _! developm5t2 &1 secondly1 9 _! relation to ! decoration ( ! vases & _! subjects1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods & fabrics4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 prop\nd$ z to ! orig9 ( ! ornam5ts f\nd on ,greek vases4 ,"s h se5 9 ! patt]ns ar*itectural adaptations1 sugge/$ by ! ornam5tation ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( a temple1 su* z ! mae&]1 egg-&-tongue patt]n1 or ! a/ragalus1 j z ! disposition ( ! subject is (t5 a rem9isc5ce ( ! frieze or metopes4 ,b ?is is no real explanation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! patt]ns are f\nd on vases at a p]iod :5 !y 7 h>dly z yet us$ 9 ar*itecture2 &1 secondly1 _! use on vases & 9 ar*itecture mu/ und\bt$ly be trac$ to a common s\rce4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h reg>d$ !m z conv5tional symbols1 ! kymation or wave-patt]n repres5t+ wat]1 a fl[] or rosette ! gr\nd on :i* ! figures /&1 & s on4 ,or1 aga91 x has be5 ?\ght t !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f textile patt]ns1 be+ produc$ me*anically by ! ways 9 :i* ! ?reads ran 9 ! loom1 :5ce !y 7 appli$ ) delib]ate arti/ic int5tion to ! surface ( a vase4 ,x is1 9 fact1 impossible to put =w>d any "o !ory :i* w acc\nt = ! :ole sy/em ( decorative ornam5t4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 our introductory *apt]1 _m ( ^! patt]ns are n only spontane\s1 b univ]sal 9 _! orig9 among primitive peoples2 e nation has begun ) its circles1 triangles1 spirals1 or *evrons4 ,we are also1 9 reg>d to ! ,greeks1 met ) ! rem>kable fact t 9 its e>lie/ =m _! pa9t$ pott]y pres5ts a v elaborate & highly develop$ sy/em ( ornam5tation--purely geometrical1 x is true1 yet none ! less ( an advanc$ "*4 ,x is a composite sy/em1 =m$ p>tly f ,myc5aean & pre-,myc5aean local elem5ts1 & p>tly f ! decorative ideas introduc$ by ! ,dorians f ,c5tral ,europe2 subsequ5tly ! range ( ,greek vase-ornam5t 0 yet fur!r enl>g$ by ! introduction ( vegetable patt]ns1 ! palmette1 ! lotos-fl[]1 & ! rosette1 :i* are due to ! gr[? ( ,ori5tal influ5ces1 bo? f ,egypt & f ,assyria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,,mae&] ,,or ,,embattl$ ,,patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,,mae&] ,,or ,,key-,,patt]n 7,,attic74 ,9 ord] to deal ) ! v>i\s ornam5ts & patt]ns 9 detail1 x may be f\nd conv5i5t to divide !m "u ?ree heads--rectil9e>1 curvil9e>1 & vegetable or floral4 ,( ! fir/ class ! mo/ consi/5tly popul> is ! typically ,greek patt]n kn[n z ! mae&]1 key1 or fret patt]n4 ,x fir/ appe>s ) ! ,geometrical /yle1 9 :i* x plays an important "p1 (t5 cov]+ a l>ge proportion ( ! surface ( a vase1 arrang$ 9 broad friezes4 ,?ree v>ieties are f\nd--a simple battlem5t patt]n 7,fig4 #aci71 & ! slightly m elaborate =ms1 ,fig4 #adj1 & ! patt]n giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bhc1 ,fig4 #hc4 ,9 ! ,boeotian ,geometrical1 ,phal]on1 & ,proto-,cor9?ian fabrics x is seldom f\nd1 or only 9 a debas$ =m1 z mae&] b "o or two =ms occur 9 ! 8,rhodian0 & 8,samian0 fabrics ( ,ionia2 "o ( ^! is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ada1 & ano!r consi/s ( squ>es ( ! same alt]nat+ ) crosses or />s 9 panels4 ,we meet ) a mo/ int]e/+ developm5t ( ! latt] v>iety 9 ! vases ( ! s-call$ ,pontic class & on ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 :]e an elaborate mae&] patt]n1 usually 9 two r[s1 is int]sp]s$ ) />s or rosettes 7,fig4 #adb74 ,x ?us becomes almo/ a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] ,ionian fabrics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,,mae&] ,,or ,,key-,,patt]n 7,,ionic74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,,mae&] ,,& ,,/> ,,patt]n 7,,lat] ,,ionic74 ,9 ! ,attic ,b4,f4 vases !re is a return to simplicity4 ,"h we f9d x = ! mo/ "p 9 ! =m ,fig4 #adj above1 & its usual position is bel[ ! designs on ! r$-bodi$ amphorae2 b x is sometimes f\nd on o!r vases1 z above ! panels on ! bodies ( hydriae or o9o*oae4 ,9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod its developm5t is mo/ important = det]m9+ ! succession ( ! kylikes1 on :i* x almo/ becomes a date-m>k1 s regul> is its evolution4 ,?is has1 h[ev]1 be5 already dealt ) 9 ! *apt] on ! hi/ory ( ! /yle 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #daf74 ,aft] ! sev]e p]iod x is ( frequ5t appe>ance on all =ms ( vases1 ! kylix1 amphora1 krat]1 & pelike 9 p>ticul>2 ! usual arrangem5t is a gr\p ( ?ree to five mae&]s1 ei!r ( ! simple ,fig4 #adj type1 or ( a m complicat$ =m 7,fig4 #adc71 divid$ by rectangul> panels or squ>es compos$ ( *equ]s1 or ( crosses 7diagonal & v]tical7 ) dots or /rokes betwe5 ! arms4#bjbj ,a curi\s v>iety ( ! mae&] is us$ by ,duris2 x consi/s ( a d\ble int]sect+ mae&] int]sp]s$ ) squ>es#bjba 7,fig4 #add74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,,mae&] 7,,attic1 #e,,? ,,c5tury74 ,! inv>iable place = ?is ornam5t is bel[ ! design on ! l>ge vases1 & x is usually cont9u$ ! :ole way r\nd 7except on ! e>li] ,nolan amphorae72 x is also f\nd on ! ,r4,f4 & :ite leky?i along ! top ( ! design4 ,x is always pa9t$ 9 black on ! clay gr\nd4#bjbb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,,mae&] 7,,attic1 ,,ab\t #dhj ,b4,c474 ,a simil> =m ( mae&] prevails on ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy 7except 9 ,campania72 x is f\nd on ! krat]1 amphora1 lebes1 kotyle1 etc41 & is almo/ inv>iable4 ,b !re is "o unique v>iety :i* is occasionally f\nd on ! great ,apulian krat]s1 z on ,f #bgh 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! type is t ( ! patt]n 9 ,fig4 #add1 b ! mae&] is repres5t$ 9 p]spective1 be+ pa9t$ 9 :ite on ! black1 ! %ad$ edges left 9 ! col\r ( ! clay4 ,( patt]ns ak9 to ! mae&]1 ! s-call$ swa/ika or hook-arm$ cross1 #afbaswa/ika occurs 9 panels on ! ,geometrical vases1 b subsequ5tly x is only f\nd z a gr\nd-ornam5t 9 ! field1 z frequ5tly at ,naukratis1 9 ,rhodes1 & else:]e4 ,x is1 /rictly speak+1 to be reg>d$ z a fragm5t>y piece ( mae&]1 )\t any ( ! symbolical mean+ :i* x be>s 9 ! art ( nor!rn nations1 ) :om x 0 ! emblem ( ! ,sc&9avian god ,?or4 ,ano!r patt]n1 #affcmae&] or #afijmae&] :i* may be call$ a v>iety ( ! mae&]1 is frequ5tly f\nd z a cont9u\s bord] on e>ly vases1 su* z ! ,phal]on & ,proto-,cor9?ian w>es1 & occasionally 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod4 ,next !re is ! *evron1 zigzag1 or h]r+-bone patt]n1 consi/+ ( sy/ems ( ,v-%ap$ patt]ns1 arrang$ 9 two ways1 ei!r #bjae;*evron or #affdzigzag ^! patt]ns are practically only f\nd on ! e>li] fabrics ( ,greece & ,cyprus1 or on ! native w>es ( ,apulia4 ,on ! incis$ vases ( ! e>ly ,bronze ,age f\nd at ,hiss>lik & 9 ,cyprus ?is is ! prevail+ motive1 ! l9es ( zigzag be+ ei!r s+le1 or arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r or five p>allel3 ,illu/ration ,on ! ,geometrical vases su* patt]ns are ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 & panels or b&s ( *evrons arrang$ v]tically1 #bjae;*evron or #bjbbzigzag occur 9 _m in/ances 7,fig4 #hc74 ,^! gr\ps ( *evrons or zigzags are also a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,boeotian ,geometrical fabrics 7cf4 ,fig4 #he72 !y occur to a less] ext5t on ! ,melian1 ,proto-,cor9?ian1 & ,e>ly ,cor9?ian vases1 & ev5 9 ! ,*alcidian fabrics4 ,!y are ei!r employ$ z gr\nd-ornam5ts to fill 9 spaces1 or z panels =m+ "p ( ! subsidi>y decoration4 ,a v>iation1 or r developm5t1 ( ! *evron1 sometimes employ$ z a gr\nd-ornam5t on e>ly ,ionic vases1 is compos$ ( a cross1 #bbba;cross ) sets ( *evrons betwe5 ! arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,,net-,,patt]n4 ,diagonally or directly int]sect+ l9es =m ano!r univ]sal elem5t ( e>ly decoration1 v>y+ f a simple arrangem5t ( cross l9es #bbedme% to an elaborate diap]-patt]n1 & 9 su* =ms f\nd ev5 9 lat] times4 ,beg9n+ ) ! simple int]sect+ l9es1 or b&s fill$ 9 ) hat*+1 ( ! primitive incis$ vases1 fur!r develop$ 9 ! :ite slip w>e ( ,cyprus 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bdc71 we next come to _! use on ! vases ( ! ,geometrical p]iod1 bo? 9 ,greece & 9 ,cyprus4 ,! v>iety ( ^! patt]ns is s great t !y c h>dly be describ$ 9 any detail2 ! usual me?od ( treatm5t is 9 a b& or panel ( loz5ges1 squ>es1 or triangles1 fill$ 9 ) a reticul> patt]n =m$ by ! %ort int]sect+ l9es4 ,sometimes dots are ins]t$ 9 ! spaces to enri* ! g5]al effect4 ,"s v good examples ( ^! patt]ns are to be se5 9 ! ,geometrical vases ( ,apulia 7p4 #cbg74 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod pla9 b&s or panels ( int]sect+ l9es are n infrequ5t2 sometimes small amphorae or leky?i are decorat$ entirely 9 ?is fa%ion4#bjbc ,a v>iation ( ! motive is ! bord] ( network :i* (t5 surr\nds ! panels on hydriae or o9o*oae1 9 :i* ! po9ts ( int]section are ornam5t$ ) /uds1 resembl+ ! knots ( a net 7,fig4 #ade74 ,x is also frequ5tly f\nd on ! lat] ,cor9?ian vases4 ,*equ]-patt]ns are (t5 us$ ) great effect1 at all p]iods f ! ,geometrical vases d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 _! usual position be+ on ! neck ( a vase 7,fig4 #adf74bjbd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,,*equ]-,,patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,,prototype ,,( ,,geometrical ,,tang5t-,,circles4 ,! circle z an ornam5t occurs comp>atively r>ely1 b !re are two exceptions4 ,9 ! ,geometrical vases we f9d a use bo? ( conc5tric circles & ( r[s ( s+le circles jo9$ by /raight l9es =m+ tang5ts1 a motive :i* is obvi\sly d]iv$ f ! ,myc5aean spirals 7,fig4 #adg74 ,secondly1 9 ! ,graeco-,pho5ician pott]y ( ,cyprus1 especially 9 its lat] phases & 9 ! small] vases1 su* z ! jugs & leky?i1 ! decoration is practically conf9$ to sy/ems ( conc5tric circles1 ( a "* q peculi> to ?is fabric4#bjbe ,! *ief feature ( ^! sy/ems is t ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( vase-decoration are entirely ignor$1 & ! circles1 arrang$ 9 s]ies ( five or six1 =m+ a b& ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?1 are plac$ n only at "r angles to ! axis ( ! vase1 b p>allel to x4 ,! illu/rations 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 & ,fig4 #ge 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bea7 w give a bett] idea ( ! arrangem5t ?an any description2 x is cle> t ! circles 7 easily produc$ by apply+ a f9e bru% to ! vase :ile turn+ on ! :eel1 fir/ 9 its natural position & !n on its side4 ,arti/ically1 ( c\rse1 ! pr9ciple is a wrong "o1 & ?is is mo/ gl>+ly conspicu\s 9 ! b>rel-%ap$ leky?i1 9 :i* ! axis ( ! vase is reg>d$ z horizontal r ?an v]tical4 ,gr\ps ( small conc5tric circles are also arrang$ v]tically or o!rwise on ! bodies & necks ( vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,,spirals ,,"u ,,h&les 7,,exekias74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,,wave-,,patt]n 7,,s\? ,,italy74 ,! spiral1 :i* =ms su* a conspicu\s elem5t 9 ,myc5aean decorative art1 appe>s aga9 prom95tly 9 a class :i*1 z we h se5 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cjb71 owes mu* to t s\rce--! ,melian amphorae4 ,sy/ems ( spirals are arrang$ to fill ! spaces at ! sides ( ! design1#bjbf especially 9 comb9ation ) floral ornam5ts & reticulat$ loz5ges2 & ! same feature may also be obs]v$ 9 ! ,proto-,attic vases4 ,x occurs simil>ly1 comb9$ ) a fl[]1 on ! ,samian or ,fikellura vases 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ccg74 ,9 lat] times ! spiral passes f ! sph]e ( inorganic to t ( organic ornam5t1 be+ comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways ) vegetable patt]ns1 & m]g+ 9 ! t5dril or volute4 ,b x occasionally rev]ts to its old =m1 notably 9 ! r$-bodi$ amphorae ( ,exekias1#bjbg :o1 9 place ( ! usual palmette-&-lotos ornam5t "u ! h&les1 contrives an elaborate sy/em ( l>ge spirals to fill ! space betwe5 ! designs 7,fig4 #adh74 ,a v>iation ( ?is is ! figure-(-eight ornam5t1 #aecd;figure-eight sometimes cont9u\s1 #aefa;cont9u\s figure-eight :i* is f\nd on vases ( ! ,proto-,attic class1 su* z ! ,burgon lebes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #hg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,,scale-,,patt]n 7,,daphnae74 ,! wave-patt]n or kymation m\ld+1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #adi1 is "o :i* con/antly occurs 9 ,greek ar*itectural decoration1 b on ! vases at any rate seems to be f\nd only at a late p]iod4 ,on ! ,campanian vases x is ! regul> bord] bel[ ! design2 x is also f\nd on ^? ( ,lucania & ,apulia4 ,! cresc5t is only f\nd on e>ly ,ionic vases1 includ+ ^? :i* h be5 attribut$ to a ,samian orig9 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ccf ff471 & "s ( ! ,daphnae & ,naukratis fragm5ts1 :i* probably borr[$ x f ,samos2 x is arrang$ 9 b&s alt]nat+ 9 col\r1 black or purple & :ite4 ,ano!r typically ,ionic ornam5t is ! scale-patt]n1 :i* occurs on _m ( ! s-call$ ,rhodian vases1 & also on ^? f ,daphnae 7,fig4 #aej74 ,9 ! =m] x is produc$ by means ( incis+ on ! black v>ni%1 ! alt]nate scales be+ (t5 col\r$ purple2 b 9 ! latt] x is pa9t$ 9 outl9e4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x also occurs 9 ! incis$ =m on an e>ly gr\p ( ,cor9?ian vases 7,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #c74 ,l o!r patt]ns1 x c be trac$ to a ,myc5aean orig91 be+ v common 9 t /yle4 ,subsequ5tly x occurs b r>ely1 b is sometimes employ$ on ! neck or %\ld] ( a vase4#bjbh ,x diff]s f mo/ o!r patt]ns 9 t x does n l5d itself to ! panel or frieze1 b cov]s a surface ( indef9ite ext5t4 ,x is also kn[n z ! 8imbricat$0 patt]n1 f its lik5ess to ov]lapp+ tiles 7imbrices74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,,guillo*e ,,or ,,plait-,,b& 7,,ionic71 ,,f ,,! ,,euphorbos ,,p9ax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,,tongue-,,patt]n 7,b4,f4 ,,p]iod74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,,egg-,,patt]n 7,r4,f4 ,,p]iod74 ,! guillo*e or plait-b& 7,fig4 #aea7 is *>act]i/ic ( e>ly fabrics1 su* z ^? ( ,naukratis & ,samos1 ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi 7,plate ,,xxvii471 & ! small ,proto-,cor9?ian leky?i1 b is n (t5 f\nd 9 lat] times4#bjbi ,x is typically ,ionic1 & seems to be d]iv$ f ,myc5ae 7cf4 ,a #bji 9 ,b4,m474 ,la/ly1 !re is ! s-call$ tongue-patt]n1 :i* is exclusively us$ z an upp] bord] to designs4 ,on its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,geometrical vases x is rectil9e> 9 =m1 #aefctongue-patt]n & =m$ ( alt]nat+ b>s2 b f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury onw>ds x assumes a curvil9e> =m1 all ! tongues po9t+ d[nw>ds1 broad]1 & close toge!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,9 ! ,daphnae vases & ! lat] ,cor9?ian w>es x is treat$ 9 poly*rome fa%ion1 black1 purple1 & :ite alt]nately4 ,on ! lip & %\ld]s ( ,ca]etan hydriae x appe>s 9 an exagg]at$ =m1 pa9t$ r$1 ) black edges1 z on ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,9 ! ,attic ,b4,f4 vases x =ms ! inv>iable upp] bord] ( ! designs1 bel[ ! necks ( ! amphorae & hydriae1 & is also us$ z a bord] to ! int]ior designs ( ! kylikes2 "h1 too1 purple is (t5 appli$ to ! alt]nate tongues4 ,occasionally ! rectil9e> =m reappe>s4 ,9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod x *anges its "* aga91 & ! tongues become %ort & semi-oval 9 =m1 ) black c5tre & n>r[ outl9$ edge2 9 ?is =m x is usually describ$ z an egg-patt]n 7,fig4 #aec74 ,x is f\nd 9 ! small] hydriae1 & 9 _m o!r %apes above or bel[ ! designs2 also r\nd ! lip ( ! vase4 ,! same =m & arrangem5t obta9 9 ! ,s\? ,italian vases1 especially 9 ,apulia & ,lucania1 except t a dot is (t5 plac$ betwe5 ea* pair ( tongues4 ,9 "s cases x approximates closely to ! egg-&-d>t1 z on ,f #agi 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,bo? tongue & egg-patt]ns are (t5 rang$ r\nd ! base ( ! h&les4 ,! egg-&-tongue1 ) its v>iants1 is a typically ,ionic ar*itectural patt]n2 h5ce its non-appe>ance 9 ,attic vases be=e ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 lat] ,roman pott]y 7,*ap4 ,,xxiii47 x becomes v common4 ,! v>iety kn[n z ! ,lesbian kymation is f\nd 9 a few late in/ances4#bjcj 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ survey$ ! v>i\s types ( inorganic patt]ns1 :e!r rectil9e> or curvil9e>1 we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( ^? :i* are n only d]iv$ f vegetable ornam5t1 b /ill pres]ve1 9 great] or less degree1 a naturali/ic "*4 ,to beg9 ) ! simple leaf-ornam5t1 :i* is ( too conv5tional a type to associate ) any p>ticul> plant1 ?is occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( ( a calyx1 plac$ r\nd ! l[] "p ( ! body1 imm$iately above ! foot1 s t ! leaves radiate f ! foot1 po9t+ upw>ds4#bjca ,?is ornam5t beg9s at a v e>ly p]iod1 & is f\nd 9 mo/ fabrics1 cont9u+ d[n to ! late/ /ages4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 specially associat$ ) ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1 9 :i* x is inv>iable on ! l>ge vases ) a m or less m>k$ /em1 ! amphorae1 hydriae1 & krat]s4 ,on ! small] ones1 h[ev]1 x does n occur4 ,9 ! 8affect$0 ,b4,f4 amphorae 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chh7 ! calyx is d\ble1 ) two ti]s ( rays4#bjcb ,an arrangem5t ( f\r leaves saltire-wise 9 a panel sometimes occurs on ! ,geometrical vases1 a rem>kable in/ance ( vegetable ornam5t 9 ?is /yle 7cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bhb72 an analog\s patt]n is also f\nd on _m e>ly ,cor9?ian aryballi 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cad2 ,b4,m4 ,a #ajhf ff471 ! leaves n be+ unit$ at ! base1 & usually int]sp]s$ ) reticulat$ or o!r motives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,,leaf- ,,or ,,*a9-,,patt]n4 ,ano!r =m ( leaf-patt]n is ( r>e occurr5ce1 & is f\nd n[ & !n on ,attic vases2 9 ?is small leaves are jo9$ toge!r 9 a sort ( ribbon or *a9-patt]n#bjcc 7,fig4 #aed74 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is ornam5t is t ev5 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod x is r$-figur$ 9 te*nique1 be+ left 9 ! col\r ( ! clay ) a backgr\nd ( black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,,ivy-,,wrea? 7,b4,f4 ,,p]iod74 ,! ivy-leaf 0 n adopt$ z a decorative patt]n be=e ! middle ( ! six? c5tury2 x seems to be ,ionic 9 orig94#bjcd ,s+le l>ge leaves occur on ! necks ( ,b4,f4 leky?i1 on late ,ionic ,b4,f4 vases1 & to a consid]able ext5t on ! imitations made 9 ,etruria4#bjce ,^! are usually treat$ 9 a v naturali/ic mann]4 ,d\ble r[s ( small] leaves1 =m+ a /raight wrea?1 con/antly occur z bord]s to ! panels on ,b4,f4 hydriae1 krat]s1 & o9o*oae 7,fig4 #aee72 & simil> ivy-wrea?s are f\nd along ! flat edges ( ! flange-%ap$ h&les on ! l>g] panel-amphorae1 z well z on ! volute-h&les ( krat]s4#bjcf ,^! patt]ns pres]ve _! vogue 9 ! ,r4,f4 amphorae ( ! e>li] p]iod1 & 9 ! krat]s ( ,lucania1 & x %\ld be not$ t !y are always pa9t$ 9 ! ,b4,f4 me?od 7black leaves on r$ gr\nd7 except 9 ! vases ( ,apulia & ,pae/um4 ,b z a rule on ! ,s\? ,italian vases ! ivy-leaf is treat$ 9 a naturali/ic mann]1 ) t5drils & b]ries1 occupy+ a l>ge panel on ! necks ( ! column-h&l$ krat]s1 or =m+ a bord] on ! lip ( ! vase 7,fig4 #aef74bjcg ,! v9e z an ornam5t is v r>e1 b !re is a good in/ance on a late phiale 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #ejc71 :]e x is treat$ 9 a v naturali/ic mann]1 =m+ ! sole decoration ( ! int]ior2 x is also ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! vases f ! ,kabeirion at ,!bes 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cia74 ,! pomegranate occurs only on ! ,cyr5aic cups 7,fig4 #ic71 :]e x =ms a cont9u\s frieze ( buds r\nd ! ext]ior1 unit$ by int]lac+ l9es4 ,! acan?us is only introduc$ q late 7except :]e x appe>s z an ornam5t on ! top ( a /ele71 & is f\nd on ! necks ( krat]s & o!r l>ge ,apulian vases1 =m+ a ri* & luxuriant mass ( foliage1 (t5 ) a fl[] 9 ! c5tre1 on :i* re/s a female head4 ,myrtle or olive-wrea?s occur at all times1 especially on ! flat rim ( ! m\? ( a vase2 ! myrtle seems to be a typically ,ionic motive1 & is f\nd at ,daphnae1 ,samos1 ,rhodes1 & on ! ,ca]etan hydriae4#bjch ,9 ! ,rhodian vases x is ei!r r\ghly pa9t$ 9 black on r$1 or else 9 r$ & :ite on a black gr\nd4 ,x 0 also adopt$ at ,a!ns--e4g4 by ,niko/h5es4 ,laurel-wrea?s =m ! regul> decoration ( ! neck 9 ! bell-%ap$ krat]s & wide-belli$ amphorae ( ! late ,r4,f4 p]iod & ! decad5ce 7,fig4 #aeg74 ,^! wrea?-patt]ns on ! late vases1 x %\ld be not$1 are ei!r treat$ 9 ,r4,f4 te*nique or pa9t$ 9 opaque :ite on ! black v>ni%4 ,!y are (t5 drawn ) great c>e & accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,,ivy-,,wrea? 7,,s\? ,,italian ,,vases74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,,laurel-,,wrea? 7,,s\? ,,italian ,,vases74 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! palmette 7or honeysuckle71 ! lotos-fl[] & bud1 & ( cont9u\s foliat$ patt]ns 9 g5]al1 has be5 skilfully treat$ by ,riegl4#bjci ,to write a complete acc\nt ( ?is class ( ornam5tation w\ld be impossible )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t "w2 only a few ma9 features c be not$1 to %[ ! =m ! patt]ns assume at diff]5t p]iods1 s univ]sal is _! appe>ance on vases ( all %apes & dates4 ,! lotos-fl[] or bud is1 ( c\rse1 a motive ( purely ,ori5tal orig91 :i* f\nd its way into ,greece probably ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,pho5icia2 ! palmette1 on ! o!r h&1 is purely ,greek1 al?\gh x may possibly be d]iv$ f a ,myc5aean prototype1 ! ,vallisn]ia spiralis plant1 :i* is s frequ5tly f\nd on ,myc5aean vases 7,fig4 #aeh74bjdj ,!y are f\nd n only z s+le motives1 isolat$ or repeat$1 b also comb9$ toge!r1 or =m+ "p ( elaborate sy/ems ( floral ornam5t1 ) /ems & t5drils (t5 conv5tionalis$1 :i* l9k !m toge!r1 ei!r 9 cont9u\s b&s or 9 gr\ps occupy+ a limit$ space1 on ! neck or "u ! h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,,vallisn]ia ,,spiralis 7,,myc5aean74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,,lotos-,,fl[] ,,on ,,cypriote ,,vase4 ,9 ! ,graeco-,pho5ician pott]y ( ,cyprus ! lotos-fl[] (t5 appe>s 9 a purely ,egyptian =m 7,fig4 #aei1 f ,c #afe 9 ,b4,m471 b x is m (t5 comb9$ ) & almo/ m]g$ 9 "s elaborate sy/em ( patt]ns too complicat$ to describe or def9e by any "n4#bjda ,b 9 ,greek vase-pa9t+s1 9 :i* x fir/ makes its appe>ance 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 x is always m or less conv5tional4 ,x is ?us f\nd on ! ,melian amphorae 9 comb9ation ) sy/ems ( spirals#bjdb2 ?\gh on ! %\ld] ( ! example giv5 by ,riegl !re occurs a b& ( lotos-fl[]s alt]nately upright & inv]t$1 l9k$ toge!r by scrolls1 :]e ! =m is almo/ t ( ,egyptian art1 except t ! cup ( ! fl[] is r\nd]1 ! petals %ort] & blunt]4 ,x is obvi\sly z yet 9 ! transitional /age4 ,next we meet ) x 9 ! vases ( ,ionia1 especially 9 ^? ( ! s-call$ ,rhodian & e>li] ,naukratite /yles1 :i* h friezes ( lotos-fl[]s alt]nat+ ) clos$ buds or ) palmettes1 connect$ by t5drils 7,fig4 #afj74 ,a simil> patt]n1 on an exceptionally l>ge scale & treat$ 9 poly*rome 7:ite & purple71 surr\nds ! l[] portion ( ! body on sev]al ( ! lat] ,ca]etan hydriae 7cf4 ,plate ,,xxvi474 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! fabrics ( ! six? c5tury ! bud seems to h be5 pref]r$ to ! op5 fl[] ( ! ornam5t4#bjdc ,r[s ( lotos-buds l9k$ by t5drils1 upright or inv]t$1 are f\nd on ! ,cyr5aic cups1 on ! vases ( ! ,*alcidian type1 & on ! lat] ,ionic fabrics1 su* z ! ,rhodian kylikes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #cgi-ha74 ,sometimes1 too1 a s+le bud appe>s 9 ! design itself1 ov]hang+ ! sc5e or ris+ f ! gr\nd4 ,on ! s-call$ ,pontic vases ! buds are isolat$1 & plac$ alt]nately upright & p5d5t4 ,9 ! ,cor9?ian & e>ly ,attic fabrics ! lotos-fl[] is f\nd1 comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways ) palmettes & t5drils1 z a neck-ornam5t1 or above a panel1 or "u ! h&les1 & also z a c5tre 9 h]aldic compositions 7,fig4 #afa72 b subsequ5tly ! buds resume _! sway1 & are f\nd bord]+ ! panels ( black-bodi$ amphorae 7z 9 ,fig4 #afb71 =m+ a l[] bord] to ! designs on ! r$-bodi$1 & also on ! %\ld] ( leky?i4 ,^! motives l+] on 9 ! e>li] ,r4,f4 amphorae & hydriae1 & 9 ! column-h&l$ krat]s2 r[s ( buds ( a deg5]ate elongat$ =m1 on ! lip1 neck1 or %\ld]1 are cont9u$ well into ! p]iod ( ! ,s\? ,italian fabrics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,,lotos-,,fl[]s ,,& ,,buds 7,,rhodian74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,,palmette- ,,& ,,lotos-,,patt]n 7,,e>ly ,b4,f474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,,lotos-,,buds 7,,attic ,b4,f474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,,*a9 ,,( ,,palmettes ,,& ,,lotos 7,,e>ly ,b4,f474 ,! palmette or honeysuckle ornam5t is n usually f\nd z an indep5d5t ornam5t be=e ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4#bjdd ,its developm5t 9 ?is direction really belongs to ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,b 9 comb9ation x is f\nd1 z we h se51 9 ,cor9?ian & ,attic ,b4,f4 vases1 & also 9 ,*alcidian4 ,be=e ! ,a!nian unification ( /yles x usually appe>s l9k$ ) lotos-fl[]s 9 a sort ( d\ble *a91 ea* patt]n be+ alt]nately upright & rev]s$1 z 9 ,fig4 #afc2 9 ?is =m x is usually f\nd on ! neck1 or z an upp] bord] to ! design4 ,?is type ( ornam5t is fav\r$ 9 ! ,proto-,attic1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,cor9?o-,attic vases1 & ! e>li] panel-amphorae2 ! palmette is "h reg>d$ z ! foliage ( ! lotos-fl[]1 :i* at fir/ always pr$om9ates4 ,subsequ5tly ! palmette ga9s ! upp] h&1 z on ! necks ( ! r$ amphorae 7see ,fig4 #afe71 & ! lotos-fl[] is gradually ou/$ altoge!r4 ,x1 h[ev]1 returns occasionally on ,r4,f4 hydriae & amphorae4#bjde ,ano!r v>iety1 :i* may be describ$ z a metope-l treatm5t1 comp>$ ) ! frieze-l treatm5t above1 consi/s ( an int]lac+ arrangem5t fill+ ! space ( a squ>e1 ) two palmettes & two lotos-fl[]s respectively oppos$1 or a symmetrical arrangem5t ( palmettes & lotos-fl[]s1 connect$ by t5drils1 z 9 ,fig4 #afd4 ,?is is f\nd "u ! h&le1 or on ! neck1 or 9 ! middle ( a frieze ( ! ,cor9?ian 8h]aldic0 type4#bjdf ,on ! r$-bodi$ ,b4,f4 amphorae ! univ]sal neck-ornam5t is a b& ( l>ge palmettes v]tically oppos$1 l9k$ by a cont9u\s *a9 pass+ betwe5 !m & sep>at$ by elongat$ lotos-fl[]s 7,fig4 #afe72 ?is is also f\nd on ! ,pana!naic vases & ! e>li] ,r4,f4 amphorae4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re is a t5d5cy to drop ^! composite ornam5ts1 & att5tion is devot$ to ! palmette alone4 ,! me?od ( its application to ! kylikes z a h&le-ornam5t1 l9k$ !reto by a scroll1 has already be5 treat$ 9 detail 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dac72 x fir/ appe>s on ! ,cyr5aic cups1 & is usually employ$ by ! 8m9or arti/s0 ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod4 ,! *ief feature ( ! new advance is t ! palmette is no long] a /iff upright design ) /raight un5clos$ petals1 ! =m to :i* x adh]es d[n to ! end ( ! six? c5tury2 b n[ assumes a m flexible & graceful =m1 be+ encircl$ & l9k$ to its fell[s by means ( sl5d] scrolls or t5drils1 :i* ?us =m a s]ies ( elliptical or oval =ms capable ( great v>iety ( arrangem5t & position 7,fig4 #aff74 ,?is fram$ palmette is fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,fikellura or ,samian w>e4 ,x occurs 9 ! =m ( a frieze1 ) l9k+ scrolls1 on ! lat] ,b4,f4 hydriae4#bjdg ,! numb] ( leaves or petals ( :i* ! palmette is compos$ is usually limit$ to sev54 ,ano!r important & v effective improvem5t is a*iev$ by plac+ oppos$ pairs ( palmettes no long] v]tically1 b obliquely1 =m+ an upp] or l[] bord] to ! design 7,fig4 #afg74 ,^! are frequ5tly f\nd on ! krat] & hydria1 & appe> con/antly on ! vases ( ,apulia & ,lucania1 especially on ! lip4 ,great att5tion is paid to ! effective gr\p+ ( ! fram$ palmettes 9 ! spaces "u ! h&les1 ! object aim$ at be+ m & m naturalism r ?an symmetry4#bjdh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,,palmettes ,,& ,,lotos ,,"u ,,h&les 7,,attic ,b4,f474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,,palmette ,,patt]n ,,on ,,neck ,,( ,,r$-,,bodi$ ,,amphorae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,,enclos$ ,,palmettes 7,r4,f4 ,,p]iod74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,,oblique ,,palmettes 7,,late ,r4,f474 ,9 ! lat] ,r4,f4 p]iod1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a c]ta9 reaction 9 ! direction ( conv5tional ornam5t1 comb9$ ) exagg]ation & lack ( ref9em5t4 ,! palmette "u ! h&le returns to ! old erect unfram$ type1 & increases enorm\sly 9 size1 s t "o or at mo/ two v]tically oppos$ suffice to fill ! space4 ,9 ?is =m x appe>s on ! bell-%ap$ krat]s & hydriae ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 & especially ^? ( ,campania1 surr\nd$ by elaborate scrolls & t5drils4 ,9 ! latt] fabric ! palmette1 :i* has become almo/ gross & ugly1 is usually flank$ by two l>ge convolvulus or o!r fl[]s ris+ f ! gr\nd1 & drawn 9 pr(ile 7,fig4 #afh74 ,9 ! ,apulian & ,lucanian vases !re is no rule z to ! numb] ( ! palmettes1 & sometimes ! effect is exce$+ly ri* & elaborate4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !re is no ornam5t :i* prevails s univ]sally & 9 su* v>i$ =ms & sy/ems on ,greek vases1 b to give an exhau/ive acc\nt ( all its uses w\ld be f> beyond ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,,palmette ,,"u ,,h&les 7,,s\? ,,italian ,,vase74 ,!re rema9s only to be discuss$ ! rosette1 :i*1 9 spite ( its (t5 purely =mal "*1 may be reckon$ z 9 its orig9 a floral motive1 ev5 if x is n obvi\s t x is d]iv$ f any p>ticul> plant4 ,x may be said to h two di/9ct =ms1 ! /> & ! disc1#bjdi ! =m] consi/+ ( an indef9ite numb] ( radiat+ arms or leaves1 ! latt] ( a simple disc surr\nd$ by a r[ ( dots4 ,9 bo? =ms x is f\nd at all p]iods1 n s mu* z a =mal patt]n 9 b&s or gr\ps1 b z a decorative adjunct to surfaces )9 or )\t ! field ( ! design1 especially z a gr\nd ornam5t on ,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 & o!r e>ly fabrics1 or z an embelli%m5t ( ! drap]ies worn by ! figures on ! vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,,rosette 7,,rhodian74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,,rosette 7,,apulian74 ,9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod x is f\nd usually 9 ! dott$ disc =m1 z a gr\nd ornam5t1 b ! /> =m is by no means r>e4#bjej ,9 lat] ,cypriote pott]y ! />-%ap$ rosette sometimes occurs 9 a b& ( ornam5t1 left 9 ! col\r ( ! clay on a black backgr\nd#bjea2 b ! o!r type is m common 9 conjunction ) ! conc5tric circles4 ,9 ,hell5ic pott]y ! rosette at fir/ appe>s exclusively z a gr\nd-ornam5t1 & ?is function x fulfils bo? 9 ,cor9?ian & e>ly ,ionic pott]y to a l>ge ext5t1 z well z 9 "s ( ! small] gr\ps4 ,9 ! ,rhodian & ,naucratite w>es x assumes v v>i$ =ms 7e4g4 ,fig4 #afi1 f ! ,euphorbos p9ax71 int]m+l$ ) hook-arm$ crosses & bits ( mae&]2 9 ! e>ly ,cor9?ian w>es x takes ! %ape ( an approximately circul> fl[] ( six petals1 :i* cov]s e available vacant space ov] ! area ( ! design#bjeb2 ^! are (t5 r5d]$ ) great c>elessness1 ! arti/'s only object be+ app>5tly to ins]t a pat* ( col\r :]e x w\ld fill 9 a space4 ,subsequ5tly ! rosettes become bo? m symmetrical & at ! same "t few] 9 numb]1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,attic ,b4,f4 /yle h altoge!r disappe>$4 ,occasionally !y are employ$ = a b& ( ornam5t on ! lip1 neck1 or h&les ( a ,b4,f4 vase4#bjec ,lo/ sight ( = a p]iod ( "s two hundr$ ye>s1 ! rosette spr+s aga9 to life 9 ! vases ( ,apulia1 resum+ its old functions z a gr\nd-ornam5t1 & also be+ employ$ 9 b&s on ! neck or else:]e4 ,x usually appe>s 9 ! =m ( a />-%ap$ fl[] ( six or eight petals1 9 r$ edg$ ) :ite on ! black gr\nd 7,fig4 #agj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may also be f\nd conv5i5t to treat ! ornam5tation ( ,greek vases f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 9 ord] to give an outl9e ( ! decorative sy/em adopt$ 9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal /yles1 & z consid]$ appropriate to ! v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! vases ( ! prehi/oric p]iod1 f ! primitive incis$ w>es d[n to ! end ( ! ,myc5aean /yle1 !re is an entire abs5ce ( any?+ l rule or =malism4 ,! pr9ciple obs]v$ 9 ! v e>ly classes1 su* z ! ,cypriote relief & :ite slip w>es 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bda ff471 is ! imitation ( o!r sub/ances1 ( metal or lea!r4 ,! object ( ! arti/ 0 to cov] ! surface ( ! vase z f> z possible ) decorative designs2 & if1 z 0 g5]ally ! case1 8 arti/ic capacity re/rict$ him to l9e> or simple vegetable patt]ns1 ! utmo/ he c\ld a*ieve 0 to adapt ^! to ! :ole ( ! space at 8 disposal--i4e4 ! :ole body ( ! vase4 ,myc5aean vases1 h[ev]1 are usually only decorat$ on ! upp] "p1 z f> z ! middle ( ! body1 :i* 0 encircl$ ) "o or m pla9 b&s ( black4 ,?us !re rema9$ a sort ( panel betwe5 ! h&les1 ( v>y+ ext5t4 ,9 ! ,geometrical p]iod1 h[ev]1 a great *ange takes place1 :i* f ! arti/ic po9t ( view is a reaction 9 ! direction ( =malism1 b nev]!less =ms ! basis ( ! decorative sy/ems ( lat] times4 ,"h we see = ! fir/ "t a regul> p>tition ( ! surface ( ! vase by means ( b&s & panels ( ornam5ts1 )\t inde$ any re/riction ( p>ticul> patt]ns to any "p ( ! vase1 b yet a delib]ate endeav\r to e/abli% a decorative sy/em4#bjed ,) ! increase ( animal & human subjects ! ornam5t becomes m subsidi>y1 m]ely a framework to ! design1 b ev5 9 ! succe$+ ,proto-,attic & ,melian classes x plays a v important "p4 ,9 ! ,melian vases ! sy/em is ,geometrical1 b ! ornam5tation is curvil9e> & ,myc5aean4 ,! gr\nd-ornam5ts1 h[ev]1 are d]iv$ f ! =m] s\rce z well 7hook-cross & zigzags 9 conjunction ) rosettes74 ,9 bo? ^! classes ! space "u ! h&les is select$ = ! display ( a gr\p+ ( ornam5tal motives1 su* z spirals or palmettes1 or ! two comb9$ 9 a s]ies ( he>t-%ap$ motives or panel-compositions2 simil> patt]ns cov] ! neck & ! l[] "p ( ! body4 ,! ornam5tation ( ,phal]on & ,proto-,cor9?ian vases is an e*o ( ! ,geometrical sy/em4 ,! gr\nd-ornam5ts are ! hook-cross1 rosettes ( dots1 & bits ( mae&]2 ! b&s ( patt]n consi/ ( zigzags1 *equ]s1 d\ble r[s ( dots1 & too!d patt]ns4 ,! e>ly ,ionic vase-pa9t]s treat ! subsidi>y ornam5tation z !y d _! pr9cipal subjects1 adopt+ ! frieze pr9ciple 9 mo/ cases2 ! only exception is 9 ! ,rhodian p9akes1 :]e x is usually conf9$ to simple patt]ns r\nd ! rim1 ) a sort ( fan-patt]n 9 ! ex]gue bel[ ! c5tral design4#bjee ,! gr\nd-ornam5ts are really ! *ief feature ( ,rhodian ornam5tation1 z 9 ,cor9?ian vases4 ,! decoration ( ! ,fikellura or ,samian w>e is v *>act]i/ic1 & dem&s sep>ate m5tion4 ,! patt]ns are highly develop$1 & sugge/ a late date--z1 = in/ance1 ! scroll1 ! ivy-leaf1 & ! fram$ palmette4 ,9 lat] ,ionic vases ! ornam5tation is n v prom95t1 except 9 ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 9 :i* ! broad b&s ( palmette-&-lotos ornam5t1 & ! exagg]at$ tongue-patt]n on ! lip & %\ld]1 occupy a proportion ( ! surface unusual at ?is p]iod4 ,besides ! typical gr\nd-ornam5ts 7rosette & hook-crosses7 ( ! e>li] vases1 ! fav\rite ,ionian patt]ns are ! mae&]1 ! guillo*e1 & wrea?s ( ivy & myrtle4 ,at ,cor9?1 z we h se51 = a long "t ornam5t is conf9$ to ! gr\nd-fill+ rosettes1 ) "s simple motives1 su* z zigzag l9es or tongue-patt]n1 on ! m\? & %\ld]1 or bord]+ ! design2 ev5 9 ! lat] examples1 :5 ! rosettes h disappe>$1 x is practically conf9$ to ! int]lac+ palmette-&-lotos patt]n on ! neck1 above ! design1 or ins]t$ 9 ! subord9ate friezes ( animals4#bjef ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 ! ,cor9?o-,attic & ,*alcidian fabrics4#bjeg ,9 ,a!nian ,b4,f4 vases we at la/ f9d a /]eotyp$ sy/em ( ornam5t = ea* k9d ( vase1 f :i* !re is little or no v>iation4 ,g5]ally ! sy/em is z foll[s3--,on ! panel-amphorae1 an int]lac$ palmette-&-lotos patt]n or a r[ ( inv]t$ lotos-buds above ! panel1 & a calyx ( leaves r\nd ! foot1 ^? ) flang$ h&les hav+ also ornam5ts !reon1 ivy-leaves or rosettes4 ,on ! r$-bodi$1 a *a9 ( d\ble palmettes r\nd ! neck1 tongue-patt]n on ! %\ld]1 a gr\p+ ( palmettes1 t5drils1 & lotos-fl[]s "u ! h&le1 & a r[ ( ?ree or f\r n>r[ b&s ( ornam5t bel[ ! design 7lotos-buds upright or inv]t$1 mae&]1 zigzags71 t]m9at+ ) ! calyx r\nd ! foot4 ,! ,pana!naic amphorae h ! same neck-ornam5t z ! r$-bodi$1 ) tongues above ! panel1 & ?ick rays r\nd ! foot2 ! f\r?-c5tury examples h palmettes on ! neck1 ) elongat$ tongue-patt]n imm$iately bel[4 ,on ! hydriae1 tongue-patt]n above ! %\ld]-design1 bord]s to ! panels 7mae&] above1 ivy or network d[n ! sides1 lotos-buds or fram$ palmettes bel[71 & calyx r\nd ! foot4 ,on ! o9o*oae1 panel-bord]s l ^? ( ! hydriae1 b on ! olpae 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #agh7 only two or ?ree r[s ( *equ]1 mae&]1 etc41 on ! neck above2 on ! leky?i1 lotos-buds1 ivy-leaves1 & palmettes on ! %\ld]1 & a d\ble r[ ( dots above ! design4 ,! kylix-ornam5t is practically limit$ to ! h&le-palmettes ( ! 8m9or arti/0 class1 & a circle ( /raight-edg$ rays1 alt]nately black & outl9$1 r\nd ! /em on ! lat] v>ieties 7toge!r ) ! l>ge eyes74 ,9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod ! same sy/em ( appropriate patt]ns = ea* =m ( vase is 9 ! ma9 adh]$ to1 b ) great] fre$om2 !re is also a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>li] amphorae & hydriae1 :i* cl+ to ! old panel-sy/em ) its ornam5tal bord]s1 & ! vases ( ! f9e p]iod1 9 :i* !re is an abs5ce ( all re/ra9t on ! "o h&1 & a t5d5cy to disp5se ) ornam5t almo/ entirely on ! o!r 7z 9 ! ,nolan amphorae74 ,on ! kylix1 ! ornam5t is ?r\gh\t conf9$ to ! palmettes "u ! h&les & ! mae&] encircl+ ! int]ior design1 :i* h be5 dealt ) already 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dac ff474 ,! e>li] amphorae & hydriae1 z we h se51 h panels ) bord]s z 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1 usually 9 ! old] te*nique2 ^? ( ! f9e /yle 7includ+ ! wide-belli$ amphorae7 h a %ort noncont9u\s bord]1 su* z egg-patt]n or mae&]1 above & bel[ ! figures1 ) simil> patt]ns on ! lip & r\nd ! bases ( ! h&les4 ,! /amnos has egg-patt]ns r\nd ! lip & h&les1 tongue-patt]n r\nd ! %\ld]1 & a sy/em ( palmettes betwe5 ! designs4 ,! r$ leky?i h egg-patt]n or palmettes on ! %\ld]1 & mae&]-patt]n 7) crosses7 above or bel[ ! design2 ! :ite h black rays on r$ gr\nd or black & r$ palmettes on :ite on ! %\ld]1 & mae&] above ! designs4 ,! bell-krat] & wide-belli$ amphora ( ! late ,r4,f4 p]iod1 z also ^? ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 h a b& ( oblique palmettes or a laurel-wrea? r\nd ! top1 mae&] ) crosses bel[ ! design1 palmettes gr\p$ "u ! h&les1 & egg-patt]n r\nd _! bases4 ,! column-h&l$ krat]1 on ! o!r h&1 adh]es ?r\gh\t to ! ,b4,f4 sy/em ( ornam5tation1 ) ivy-wrea?s & elongat$ lotos-buds on ! rim1 simil> lotos-buds on ! neck1 panels bord]$ ) tongue-patt]n & debas$ ivy-wrea?s1 & ! calyx r\nd ! foot4 ,! wide-belli$ leky?i h palmettes or egg-patt]n above ! design1 & mae&] bel[4 ,9 ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy !re is1 z a rule1 no sy/em obs]v$ 9 ! ornam5tation2 9 ! l>ge vases ( ,lucania & ,apulia x is us$ ) great pr(usion & v>iety1 *iefly 9 b&s on ! neck4 ,9 ! small] ,apulian vases & 9 ^? ( ,campania x is (t5 conf9$ to a wave-patt]n bel[ ! designs2 ! ,campanian hydriae usually h 9 addition a wrea? ( myrtle or laurel r\nd ! %\ld]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! l>ge vases1 su* z ! bell-krat]1 ! hydria1 & ! wide-belli$ amphora1 cont9ue ! pr9ciples adopt$ 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,! sy/ems ( palmette-patt]ns "u ! h&les h already be5 discuss$1 & = o!r details ! read] is also ref]r$ to :at has already be5 said 9 discuss+ ! individual patt]ns4 ----- ,footnote #aidb3 ,to give detail$ ref]5ces ?r\gh\t may be consid]$ sup]flu\s1 ! ord] ( subjects foll[$ be+ t ( ! prec$+ *apt]s1 to :i* ref]5ce may 9 all cases be made )\t difficulty by ! read]4 ,footnote #aidc3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg2 = o!r repres5tations ( ,zeus1 ,figs4 #aaa1 #aac1 #aad2 ,plate ,,li4 ,footnote #aidd3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #aide3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #aidf3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 pl4 #cb ,b4 ,footnote #aidg3 ,cf4 ! type creat$ by ,skopas 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,footnote #aidh3 ,an exception is l4 ,cr4 i4 pl4 #fb1 :]e he is be>d$ 7on a ,b4,f4 vase74 ,footnote #aidi3 ,see = ^! two1 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,footnote #aiej3 ,exceptions are ,b4,m4 ,d #d2 l4 ,cr4 i4 pls4 #df ,a1 #dg1 #fc4 ,footnote #aiea3 ,cf4 = ! two toge!r on a vase1 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbh4 ,footnote #aieb3 ,= an attempt$ di/9ction ( ! v>i\s ,satyr-types1 see ,loes*cke 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 p4 #eba ff4 ,footnote #aiec3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #aied3 ,cf4 ! ,greek h]oes on ,b4,f4 vases 7,b4,m4 ,b #bdj1 ,b #edc74 ,footnote #aiee3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,e #dgg & ,weick]1 ,seel5vogel1 passim4 ,footnote #aief3 ,see also ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #aieg3 ,only on ,b4,m4 ,f #bga & ,naples #cbcg2 else:]e unw+$4 ,footnote #aieh3 ,see p4 #ia4 ,footnote #aiei3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 ix4 p4 #dg ff4 ,footnote #aifj3 ,note t ! vase-pa9t]s are c>eful nev] to repres5t him we>+ ! sk9 :5 cont5d+ ) ! lion4 ,footnote #aifa3 ,e4g4 ,re9a*1 ii4 #hj4 ,footnote #aifb3 ,muni* #abe4 ,footnote #aifc3 ,see ,six1 ,de ,gorgone4 ,footnote #aifd3 ,see above1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #aife3 ,b4,m4 ,b #d4 ,footnote #aiff3 ,see ,weick]'s ,seel5vogel1 passim4 ,footnote #aifg3 ,see ! article ,gryps 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #aifh3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #aih4 ,footnote #aifi3 ,see ,krte 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahic1 p4 #fa ff42 also ,figs4 #aje1 #acd4 ,footnote #aigj3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #aiga3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #bgj2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pls4 #fe-f4 ,footnote #aigb3 l4 ,cr4 ii4 #af & iv4 #ij-ic2 ,b4,m4 ,e #cjh4 ,footnote #aigc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #ei1 ,b #ajcad4 ,footnote #aigd3 ,see ,helbig1 ,hom4 ,epos#b1 pp4 #bhd ff41 #cdb4 ,footnote #aige3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #aigf3 ,z on ! ,exekias amphora1 ,b4,m4 ,b #bji3 see ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #aigg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #bfc1 ,e #dfi4 ,footnote #aigh3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 #bhbc-bd4 ,footnote #aigi3 ,on ?is subject g5]ally see ,t4 ,ely 9 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 p4 #dgg ff4 ,footnote #aihj3 ,x54 ,hell4 iv4 #d1 #aj1 vii4 #e1 #bj2 ,paus4 iv4 #bh1 #e2 ,plut4 ,apoph?4 ,lacon4 #bcd ,d2 ,vit4 ,demo/h4 #bj2 ,bac*yl4 frag4 #da 7,b]gk74 ,footnote #aiha3 ,b4,m4 ,b #egd3 cf4 ,b #fjh & ,urli*s1 ,beitrge1 pl4 #ad4 ,footnote #aihb3 ,b]l9 #afih1 #aheb2 ,muni* #aaba2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dec2 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 pl4 #aji1 #b4 ,footnote #aihc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ege4 ,footnote #aihd3 ,cambridge #gj4 ,footnote #aihe3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 pp4 #aia1 #aih4 ,footnote #aihf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #gg2 ,vi5na #ccb4 ,footnote #aihg3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ejh1 #f2 ii4 #id1 #bgj4 ,footnote #aihh3 ,ibid4 i4 #abf1 #aha4 ,footnote #aihi3 ,see above1 p4 #ij1 & ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #bchi ff4 ,footnote #aiij3 ,re9a*1 i4 #aha2 ,b]l9 #agja4 ,footnote #aiia3 ,b]l9 #cihh1 #ciib2 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfd2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fc4 ,footnote #aiib3 ,re9a*1 i4 #eac2 ,l\vre ,e #gcb ,fig4 #aaa4 ,footnote #aiic3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #afg-fh1 #bie1 etc4 ,footnote #aiid3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #ajfa1 & ! ,busiris vases 7p4 #ajb74 ,footnote #aiie3 ,see especially ! ,meidias vase & ! ,py?on krat] 7,b4,m4 ,e #bbd1 ,f #adi74 ,footnote #aiif3 ,see ,plate ,,li42 also ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #c2 #ab #ahhc1 pl4 #c2 #ahhe1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #c2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 pl4 #aa 7on head-b&74 ,footnote #aiig3 ,auscult4 ,mirab4 #if4 ,footnote #aiih3 ,kavvadias1 ,f\illes de ,lycosura1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #aiii3 ,argonautica1 i4 #gbi ff4 ,footnote #bjjj3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahif1 p4 #bdh ff4 ,footnote #bjja3 ,see on ?is subject ?r\gh\t ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahie-ig1 p4 #g ff4 ,footnote #bjjb3 ,cf4 a fun]>y plaque 9 ! ,l\vre1 :]e ! male m\rn]s1 no d\bt int5tionally1 h ! oval =m ( eye2 also ,l\vre ,f #bef 7figure ( ,a5eas74 ,footnote #bjjc3 ,= o!r in/ances ,m4 ,gir>d 7,mon4 ,grecs1 loc4 cit47 ref]s to ,l\vre ,e #gec1 #ged2 ,e #fdc1 #hjh2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahic1 pl4 #a2 see also ,b4,m4 ,e #ddj 7,r4,f4 p]iod74 ,footnote #bjjd3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #eg4 ,footnote #bjje3 ,anzeig]1 #ahie1 p4 #ce1 fig4 #i3 cf4 ,l\vre ,e #fab bis1 & ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #bd1 #ae4 ,footnote #bjjf3 ,see also ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahie-ig1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #bjjg3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #bjjh3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ggc1 #ggd1 #ggi1 #ghj4 ,footnote #bjji3 ,see on ! subject ,p4 ,g>dn] 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #bjaj3 ,see on ?is motive & o!r h]aldic gr\ps1 ,jahrbu*1 #aijd1 p4 #bg ff4 ,footnote #bjaa3 ,b #ah 9 ,b4,m43 cf4 also ! fragm5t f ,naukratis1 ,b #ajcag4 ,footnote #bjab3 ,?is pr9ciple 9 its mo/ develop$ =m may be obs]v$ on ! ,*alcidian & ,tyrrh5ian amphorae3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cba ff4 ,footnote #bjac3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adg4 ,footnote #bjad3 ,ibid4 ,b #cac4 ,footnote #bjae3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ehi-ia4 ,footnote #bjaf3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bfd1 ,b #dbh1 etc4 ,footnote #bjag3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #afd ff4 ,footnote #bjah3 ,see ,w9t]1 ,jng]e ,attis*e ,vas51 p4 #fi2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #ajb2 also ,plate ,,xlv4 ,footnote #bjai3 ,?is subject has hi!rto receiv$ little or no g5]al sci5tific treatm5t f ar*aeologi/s4 ,riegl's ,/ilfrag5 7#ahic7 conta9s an int]e/+ /udy ( vegetable ornam5t on ,greek vases2 b ! plates ( ,brunn & ,lau's ,gr4 ,vas51 ?\gh int5d$ to illu/rate ! sy/em ( ornam5tation1 are n v in/ructive4 ,footnote #bjbj3 ,= ! v>i\s types ( ^! patt]ns see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #daf1 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,footnote #bjba3 ,?is is also f\nd on a ,b4,f4 vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #ccj73 see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #bbj2 also ,b4,m4 ,e #hd2 ,?i]s*1 ,hell4 ,vas51 pl4 #e2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahgc1 pl4 #i4 ,footnote #bjbb3 ,! ,pamphaios hydria 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #cjj7 has bits ( r$-on-black mae&] d[n ! sides ( ! design on ! %\ld]4 ,footnote #bjbc3 ,see examples f ,cyprus & ,rhodes 9 ,cases #bd1 #be1 #bh1 ,second ,vase ,room1 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #bjbd3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bje1 #dgd1 #dgf1 #fbj1 ,d #ae1 ,e #aea1 ,f #agh4 ,footnote #bjbe3 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be ( ,myc5aean orig93 cf4 ! ,b4,m4 vases ,a #bec1 #cbc1 #cbd1 & ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #f1 fig4 #f1 f ,ialysos & ,cyprus1 decorat$ 9 ?is fa%ion ) v]tical conc5tric circles4 ,footnote #bjbf3 ,riegl1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #bjbg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bji1 ,b #baj4 ,footnote #bjbh3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #efd4 ,footnote #bjbi3 ,= its use on a ,b4,f4 kylix see ,b4,m4 ,b #chb 7probably ,ionic "w74 ,footnote #bjcj3 ,muni* #haj1 #hdi ,brunn-,lau1 ,gr4 ,vas51 pls4 #ce-f3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #bgh4 ,footnote #bjca3 ,examples may be se5 9 ,plates ,,xxiii41 ,,xxviii4-,,xxxiii4 ,footnote #bjcb3 ,b4,m4 ,b #adh-di1 #aea1 #aec2 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #bjcc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bab1 ,b #eic1 ,b #fgg1 ,b #fgi3 see also ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #bjcd3 ,see ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #bjce3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fc 7,plate ,,lviii474 ,footnote #bjcf3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfd4 ,footnote #bjcg3 ,z on ! ,py?on krat]1 ,b4,m4 ,f #adi4 ,footnote #bjch3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #dd1 note #ae4 ,footnote #bjci3 ,/ilfrag51 passim1 especially p4 #dh ff4 & p4 #agh4 ,footnote #bjdj3 ,see ,riegl1 p4 #aae ff41 & ,h\ssay 9 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxx4 7#ahig71 p4 #ia ff4 ,footnote #bjda3 ,= ! ,egyptian types ( lotos-fl[] & bud see ,riegl1 p4 #dh ff4 ,footnote #bjdb3 ,riegl1 p4 #aee3 see also an e>ly ,boeotian example 9 ! ,b4,m4 7,a #efd ,riegl1 p4 #agc74 ,footnote #bjdc3 ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor51 p4 #gj1 po9ts out t ! =m ( lotos-fl[] ) two l>ge po9ts is ,peloponnesian 7,cor9?ian1 etc47 & ,ionic2 ! =m f\nd 9 ,attic1 ,boeotian1 & ,proto-,cor9?ian fabrics has ?ree pr9cipal po9ts4 ,footnote #bjdd3 ,see g5]ally ,riegl1 p4 #aee ff4 ,footnote #bjde3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #afi4 ,footnote #bjdf3 ,! v>ieties ( ?is patt]n %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$4 ,cor9?ian vases h a composition ( lotos-fl[]s only2 ,*alcidian1 palmettes only 7cf4 ,vi5na #bai2 ,b4,m4 ,b #cd74 ,9 ! 8,tyrrh5ian0 amphorae1 & subsequ5tly 9 ,attic r$-bodi$ amphorae1 ! two pr9ciples are se5 to be unit$1 & palmettes alt]nate ) lotos-fl[]s4 ,see also ,fig4 #afa4 ,footnote #bjdg3 ,cf4 also an elegant o9o*o ) :ite gr\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #fca74 ,on a simil> jug at ,muni* 7#ccd ,brunn-,lau1 ,gr4 ,vas51 pl4 #bb7 ! palmettes are enclos$ 9 he>t-%ap$ bord]s4 ,= o!r vases :i*1 l ^!1 h palmettes = _! sole decoration1 see ,briti% ,museum1 ,second ,vase ,room1 ,case #bh1 & ,laborde1 ,vases de ,lamb]g1 ii4 pl4 #da4 ,footnote #bjdh3 ,cf4 ,riegl1 pp4 #bja-c1 & ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dae4 ,footnote #bjdi3 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ,g]man writ]s z 8,blattrosette0 & 8,punktrosette40 ,footnote #bjej3 ,cf4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 pls4 #d1 #be1 #bh1 #cg1 #ch2 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 pl4 #e 7,crete74 ,footnote #bjea3 ,e4g4 ,c #bdd 9 ,b4,m41 & ,fig4 #gf 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bed74 ,footnote #bjeb3 ,see ,riegl1 op4 cit4 p4 #aig4 ,he po9ts out t ! rosette1 al?\gh ,assyrian 9 orig91 is n "h us$ 9 a /rictly ,assyrian fa%ion4 ,footnote #bjec3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #ea1 ,b #aig ff43 cf4 also ! ,proto-,attic vase1 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #eg4 ,footnote #bjed3 ,see :at has already be5 said on ?is subject 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 p4 #bhb3 cf4 also ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vii4 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #bjee3 ,cf4 a simil> patt]n on ! ,daphnae situlae 7,b4,m4 ,b #aje-f74 ,footnote #bjef3 ,see g5]ally ,wilis*1 ,altkor4 ,?on9du/rie1 p4 #da ff41 = ,cor9?ian ornam5tation4 ,footnote #bjeg3 ,see on ! ornam5tation ( ! =m] ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor51 p4 #fi ff42 on ! latt] ,riegl1 p4 #ahg4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,importance ( inscriptions on vases--,incis$ inscriptions--,names & prices incis$ und]nea? vases--,own]s' names & d$ications--,pa9t$ inscriptions--,e>ly ,greek alphabets--,pa9t$ inscriptions on e>ly vases--,cor9?ian1 ,ionic1 ,boeotian1 & ,*alcidian inscriptions--,inscriptions on ,a!nian vases--,dialect--,arti/s' signatures--,inscriptions relat+ to ! subjects--,exclamations---names--,! ,attic alphabet & or?ography--,*ronology ( ,attic inscriptions--,s\? ,italian vases ) inscriptions4 ,! practice ( inscrib+ works ( art ) ! names ( p]sons & objects repres5t$ 0 "o ( "s antiquity 9 ,greece4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( :i* we h hi/orical record is ! *e/ ( ,kypselos1 :i* dat$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & conc]n+ :i* ,pausanias#bjeh tells u t 8! majority ( ! figures on ! *e/ h inscriptions writt5 9 ! ar*aic *>act]s2 & "s ( !m read /raight1 b o!r lett]s h ! appe>ance call$ by ! ,greeks #8backw>ds-&-=w>ds' 771 :i* is l ?is3 at ! end ( ! v]se ! second l9e turns r\nd aga9 l a runn] half ?r\gh 8 c\rse4 ,& any way ! inscriptions on ! *e/ are writt5 9 a tortu\s & h>dly deciph]able fa%ion40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no m5tion ( inscrib$ vases until a mu* lat] date2 ,a!naeus speaks ( a cup ) ! "n ( ,zeus ,sot] ^u x1 also ( 1 or cups ) lett]s on !m4#bjei ,inscriptions on ,greek vases are f\nd 9 comp>atively e>ly times1 ev5 prior to ! date to :i* ! *e/ ( ,kypselos is attribut$4 ,?is "q w receive m att5tion subsequ5tly2 mean:ile1 we may po9t out "s ( ! ways 9 :i* !y h prov$ important 9 ! /udy ( ar*aeology4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 orig9ally among ! pr9cipal1 p]haps ! /ronge/1 argum5ts 9 ! h&s ( ,w9ckelmann1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 & ! o!r uphold]s ( ! true orig9 ( ,greek vases aga9/ ,gori & ! o!r 8,etruscans0 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ai74 ,!y are1 9 fact1 if su* 7 requir$1 an inconte/able pro( ( ,greek manufacture4 ,secondly1 9 m mod]n times1 !y h be5 ( ine/imable value 9 enabl+ s*ol>s to classify ! e>ly vases accord+ to _! diff]5t fabrics4 ,! alphabets ( ! diff]5t cities & /ates be+ e/abli%$ by inscriptions obta9$ f tru/wor?y s\rces or f\nd 9 situ1 x 0 an easy matt] to apply ?is k to ! vases4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,vii4-,,viii4 num]\s in/ances h be5 giv5 ( ! value ( ?is evid5ce 7see also bel[1 p4 #bdg ff471 p]haps ! be/ be+ t ( ! ,*alcidian class1 = :i* ! inscriptions h be5 a m important crit]ion ev5 ?an /yle4 ,?irdly1 ! inscriptions are sometimes ( consid]able philological value4 ,^? on ,attic vases may fairly be said to repres5t ! v]nacul> ( ! day2 & ?us we le>n t ! ,greeks ( ! ,peisi/ratid age spoke ( 1 n 1 & ( 1 n 2 t !y us$ su* =ms z = 1#bjfj & = 7see bel[1 p4 #bee74 ,traces ( =eign influ5ce 9 ! inscriptions1 z 9 ! frequ5tly occurr+ ,doric =ms1 imply t _m ( ! vase-pa9t]s 7 =eign]s1 probably ( ! metic class4 ,we %all also see t "o class ( inscriptions gives "s int]e/+ in=mation on ! subject ( ! names & prices ( vases 9 antiquity4 ,! :ole subject has be5 treat$ exhau/ively--especially f a philological po9t ( view--9 a valuable treatise by ,p4 ,krets*m]1#bjfa to :i* we %all h occasion to make con/ant ref]5ce 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,he classifies !m "u two ma9 head+s3 7a7 inscriptions incis$ ) a %>p tool 9 ! h>d clay2 7b7 inscriptions pa9t$ ) ! bru% aft] ! f9al bak+4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 v r>e in/ances impress$ 9 ! s(t clay & v>ni%$ ov]4#bjfb ,9 lat] times inscriptions 9 relief are actually f\nd1 sometimes pa9t$ ) ?ick :ite pigm5t1 sometimes gild$4#bjfc ,on ! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls & on ! ,arret9e & o!r w>es ( ! ,roman p]iod !y are /amp$ f ! m\lds4 ,la/ly1 !re are ! /amps impr9t$ on ! h&les ( w9e-amphorae1 :i* h be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! incis$ inscriptions are ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ^? execut$ by ! mak] ( ! vase2 7#b7 ^? scrat*$ "u ! foot2 7#c7 ^? incis$ by ! own]4 ,z ^! repres5t a mu* small] class ?an ! pa9t$ ones1 !y %all be dealt ) fir/4 7#a7 ,inscriptions incis$ by ! mak] be=e ! f9al bak+4 ,^! are f\nd on ! h&les & feet1 r\nd ! edge ( a design1 or int]sp]s$ !re) l ! pa9t$ inscriptions4 ,g5]ally !y repres5t ! signature ( ! pott]1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>ly ,boeotian vase sign$ by ,gam$es1#bjfd ! vases ( ! fif?-c5tury arti/ ,hi]on1#bjfe & ^? ( ,as/eas1 ,py?on1 & ,lasimos 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4#bjff ,on ! vases ( ! latt] class explanatory inscriptions seldom occur1 b :5 !y d 7z on ! vases ( ,as/eas7 !y are always incis$4 ,( _! palaeographical peculi>ities we w speak lat]4 ,on a vase 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum#bjfg ! words are incis$ & pa9t$ r$1 & on ! pott]y f\nd on ! site ( ! ,kabeirion at ,!bes ! same process is (t5 adopt$1 except t ! pa9t us$ is :ite4#bjfh 7#b7 ,( inscriptions scrat*$ "u ! foot a consid]able numb] rema91 especially on ,b4,f4 vases4 ,!y are (t5 difficult to deciph]1 be+ 9 ! =m ( monograms1 & frequ5tly appe> to be mean+less4 ,9 _m cases !y may h be5 private m>ks ( ! pott] or 8 workm52 o!rs1 aga91 are evid5tly private memor&a made by ! workman1 relat+ to ! numb] ( =ms ( vases 9 8 bat*1 or by ! m]*ant respect+ ! price to be paid4 ,commonly !y take ! =m ( names ( vases1#bjfi su* z ,v = 7hydria71 or ,v = 7leky?os71 ,v = 7skyphos71#bjgj & s on4 ,_m ( ! inscriptions give ! words 9 full1 ) numb]s & prices1 & we may obta9 f !m "s curi\s in=mation4 ,among ! m elaborate examples giv5 by ,s*ne 9 8 valuable monograph is "o f a krat] 9 ! ,l\vre#bjga3 3 ,i 3 3 3 7at #a dr4 #a ob47 ,t is1 six krat]s1 value f\r dra*mae2 eight oxides2 tw5ty ba!a 7an unkn[n =m71 "o dra*ma "o obol4 ,! ba!a 7 probably deep cups or ladles2 ! oxides 7lit4 v9eg>-cups7 7 small vessels1 probably answ]+ to our w9e-glasses4 ,ano!r in/ance giv5 by ,s*ne#bjgb is3 or t5 leky?i & two o9o*oae4 ,ano!r good example is on a krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #ejd73 3 77 3 3 #bjgc 3 3 3 ,i 7at #a dr4 #a ob47 i4e4 six krat]s at f\r dra*mae1 twelve cups at ?ree obols1 tw5ty oxides at ?ree obols1 tw5ty oxybapha at "o dra*ma "o obol4 ,ano!r 9 ,vi5na#bjgd3 3 3 3 7#d dr47 3 3 3 7#a dr4 #a ob47 44 3 is to ! same effect z ! two prec$+4 ,on a hydria at ,pet]sburg#bjge we f9d3 77 7777 77 77 77 or ?ree hydriae wor? five dra*mae "o obol4 ,! la/ example t ne$ be m5tion$ is f a vase at ,b]l9#bjgf3 3 3 3 3 3 787 77 ' ,"h ! lett]s probably /& = num]als ( ! ord9>y k9d1 d5ot+ ! numb]s ( ! bat* 7' #ae1 ' #bg74 ,! =m ( ! lett]s 9 all ^! cases is t ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! case ( ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? examples giv51 x w be not$ t ! %ape ( ! vase itself corresponds ) ! fir/ item4 ,jahn & ,letronne orig9ally held ! view t ^! m>ks 7 made by ! pott] on ! feet ( ! vases be=e !y 7 atta*$ to _! respective bodies4#bjgg ,s*ne1 9 ! light ( ! examples already quot$1 makes ! +5i\s sugge/ion t ea* li/ repres5ts a diff]5t 8set0 ( s _m vases ( diff]5t =ms1 & us$ = diff]5t purposes1 sold toge!r 9 a bat*1 l a mod]n 8d9n]-set0 or 8toilet-set0 ( *9a4 ,?us we h 9 our f\r? example a set ( six mix+-b[ls at f\r dra*mae 7#cs47 apiece1 t5 w9e-glasses at 7probably7 ?ree obols or #d;d4 apiece1 & tw5ty cups or ladles at ab\t #aj;d4 apiece4 ,"s ( ! %ort] inscriptions also ?r[ light on ! prices at :i* diff]5t vases 7 sold4 ,= in/ance1 #aeabc,v 3 3 w\ld d5ote ?irty-f\r leky?i = ?irty-sev5 obols1 or r\ghly #a;d4 apiece2 #aeaba,v 3 3 ?irte5 leky?i = elev5 obols1 at a slightly l[] price4#bjgh ,ari/ophanes#bjgi tells u t "o obol w\ld pur*ase q a f9e leky?os1 j z else:]e#bjhj he m5tions ?ree dra*mae z ! co/ ( a or cask4 ,?is latt] /atem5t is borne out by ! inscription on a vase1 1 or five value twelve dra*mae1 i4e4 at ab\t #b dr4 apiece4#bjha ,an inscription quot$ bel[ %[s t ! own] ( a cup valu$ x at "o dra*ma4 ,o!r examples ( ! same k9d are collect$ by ,s*ne4 ,! cup f ,c]igo 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* is incis$ ,v 77#bjhb does n /rictly come into ?is category1 b may be m5tion$ z hav+ an inscription ( ! same class4 7#c7 ,inscriptions incis$ by ! own]1 & subsequ5tly to ! completion ( ! vase4 ,^! usually take ! =m ( ! ^w 771 ) ! own]'s "n 9 ! g5itive1 z 78,i am ,idam5es'071 or 78,i am ,a/yo*idas'071 on two ,b4,f4 cups f ,rhodes4#bjhc ,sometimes ?is appe>s 9 an ext5d$ & metrical =m1 z on ano!r ,b4,f4 kylix f ! same site3 8,i am ! pa9t$ cup ( ! fair ,philto40#bjhd ,ano!r metrical inscription runs3 4444 8,i am ! cup ( ,kephisophon2 if any "o breaks me1 let him pay a dra*ma2 ! gift ( ,x5o7krates740#bjhe ,a yet m rem>kable example is on an e>ly leky?os f ,cumae 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#bjhf :i*1 9 ! mann] fav\r$ by mod]n s*oolboys1 invokes an imprecation on ! head ( a ?ief3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ' 8,i am ,tataie's oil-flask1 & he %all be /ruck bl9d :o /eals me40 ,o!rs1 aga91 record ! gift ( ! vase1 z3 8,epa9etos gave me to ,*>opos0#bjhg2 3 8,lo1 ?is ,?\demos gives to !e40#bjhh ,a boat-%ap$ vase 7kymbion7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has incis$ on x ! exhortation 1 8,dr9k1 d n lay me d[n40#bjhi ,! own]'s "n is f\nd 9 ! nom9ative on a vase f ,c>?age at ,naples3 1 8,*>m9os1 son ( ,!ophamidas1 a ,coan0#bjij2 simil>ly 9 ! g5itive ) ! omission ( 3 1 2 4#bjia ,"u ! same head+ comes ! class ( votive or d$icatory inscriptions1 f\nd 9 su* l>ge numb]s on ! pott]y ( c]ta9 temple-sites1 su* z t ( ,aphrodite at ,naukratis1#bjib & t ( ! ,kabeiri at ,!bes4#bjic ,! usual =mula at ,naukratis is 7or 7#bjid2 b sometimes we f9d ! =mula 1 :]e ! god z ! recipi5t ( ! gift is reg>d$ z ! own]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ anci5t1 ( all incis$ inscriptions on ,greek vases is t engrav$ on a jug ( 8,dipylon0 w>e f\nd at ,a!ns 9 #ahhj4bjie ,x runs3 1 4444 8,he :o n[ sports mo/ delicately ( all ! danc]s10 etc4 ,?\gh probably n contempor>y ) ?is eigh?-c5tury vase1 x is /ill ( great antiquity1 & ! e>lie/ ,a!nian inscription kn[n4 ,9 /udy+ ^! graffiti1 x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t !y l5d !mselves easily to =g]y1 & t _m are op5 to grave suspicion4 ,in/ances ( ^! d\btful inscriptions are ! ,kleom5es vase 9 ! ,l\vre#bjif & a late vase sign$ by ,/atios 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #eid74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pa9t$ inscriptions are practically limit$ to a p]iod ext5d+ ov] two c5turies1 f ! "t at :i* ! primitive me?ods ( pa9t+ 7 sl[ly em]g+ into ! black-figur$ /yle1 d[n to ! f9e/ /age ( r$-figure vases4 ,r>e at fir/1 !y rapidly spr+ into popul>ity1 be+ con/antly f\nd on ! six?-c5tury fabrics2 b ?r\gh\t ! r$-figure p]iod !y gradually become r>] & r>]1 until !y drop out almo/ entirely4 ,9 ! vases ( ! ,decad5ce !y h = ! mo/ "p fall5 into disuse2 at any rate1 !y are comp>atively sc>ce4 ,"s ( ! late/ inscriptions are 9 ! ,oscan & ,lat9 languages1 %[+ ! increas+ influ5ce ( ! ,romans ov] ,s\!rn ,italy1 & especially ,campania4 ,! inscriptions always foll[ ! laws ( palaeography ( ! region & p]iod to :i* !y belong4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x may be said t !y h "s ref]5ce to ! design pa9t$ on ! vase2 at lea/1 ! majority are explanatory ( ! subject repres5t$4 ,sometimes n only is e figure accompani$ by its "n1 b ev5 animals & inanimate objects1 in/ances ( :i* are giv5 bel[4 ,on ! ,franois vase !re are no less ?an #aae su* inscriptions4 ,9 almo/ all cases we c be c]ta9 t !y are orig9al1 & contemporane\s ) ! vase itself4 ,! explanatory inscriptions are g5]ally small 9 size1 ! lett]s av]ag+ "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 height4 ,on ,b4,f4 vases !y are pa9t$ 9 black2 on ,r4,f4 vases ( ! 8sev]e0 /yle1 9 purple on ! black gr\nd1 or 9 black on ! r$ portions2 on lat] ,r4,f4 vases1 9 :ite4 ,!re is no rule = _! position1 or inde$ = _! pres5ce2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 x may be said t !y are (t5] f\nd on ! f9] & l>g] vases1 & t !y are plac$ 9 close juxtaposition to ! figures to :i* !y ref]4 ,! direction 9 :i* !y are writt5 may be ei!r f left to "r or "r to left 7z g5]ally on ,cor9?ian or ,*alcidian vases72 on ! ,pana!naic amphorae are ! only kn[n examples ( inscriptions1 9 :i* ! lett]s are plac$ v]tically 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,!y are occasionally f\nd on ! objects depict$1 z on /elae or lav]s 7see pp4 #bfj1 #bgb71 on %ields1#bjig or ev5 on ! figures !mselves4#bjih ,signatures ( arti/s are occasionally f\nd on ! h&le or foot ( a vase4#bjii ,krets*m] 7p4 #e7 illu/rates ! practice ( employ+ inscriptions on vases f ! art ( ! ,semitic nations4 ,he in/ances clay vases f ,cyprus ) pa9t$ ,pho5ician inscriptions1#bajj = :i* ! same pigm5t is us$ z = ! decoration ( ! vases !mselves4 ,b none ( ^! are likely to be e>li] ?an ! fir/ ,greek inscriptions1 & x is m ?an probable t ! ,cypriote ,pho5icians borr[$ ! practice f ! ,greeks4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to obta9 in=mation z to ! date ( ^! pa9t$ inscriptions1 we are entirely dep5d5t ^u int]nal evid5ce4 ,! importance ( ^! inscriptions may1 p]haps1 be be/ realis$ :5 x is po9t$ out t !y are "o ( ! *ief guides to ! age ( ! vases1 & h contribut$ m ?an any o!r feature to ! e/abli%m5t ( a sci5tific classification ( ! e>li] fabrics1 z w be fully indicat$ 9 ! succe$+ acc\nt4 ,! ,greek alphabet1 z is well kn[n1 is d]iv$ f ! ,pho5ician1 & ?is is atte/$ n only by tradition1 b by ! kn[n exi/+ =ms ( ! latt]1 ! signs be+ tw5ty-two 9 numb]4 ,! inv5tion ( ! two d\ble lett]s1 & ( ! long & 1 :i* are purely ,greek1 0 attribut$ by popul> tradition to v>i\s p]sonages )\t any au?ority4 ,) ! "q ( ! introduction ( writ+ into ,greece ?is is n ! place to deal4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 especially 9 ,crete1 h greatly modifi$ all preconceiv$ notions on ! subject1 & = ! pres5t we are only imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! e>lie/ use ( ! ,greek alphabet1 z we "k x4 ,?is c be trac$ z f> back z ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 on v>i\s gr\nds1 & 9 all probability ! traditional view :i* plac$ its introduction into ,greece at ab\t #ffj ,b4,c4 is fairly correct4 ,! e>lie/ inscriptions on ! vases are c]ta9ly n lat]1 p]haps e>li] ?an ?is 7see bel[1 p4 #bed74 ,at ,ab\-,simbel 9 ,egypt1 ,greek inscriptions h be5 f\nd 9 :i* ! "n ( ,psammeti*os occurs1 & ?is k+ is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! second ( t "n 7#eid-ehi74baja ,9 ,!ra & o!r ,aegean isl&s1 & on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 inscriptions are kn[n :i*1 = v>i\s reasons1 h be5 plac$ ev5 e>li] ?an ?is1 & ! vase ) ,arkesilaos1 ! inscriptions on :i* are discuss$ bel[1 is h>dly lat]1 z x c be %[n to date betwe5 #ehj & #eej ,b4,c4 ,be=e proce$+ to discuss ! e>ly inscriptions1 x may be z well to note1 = ! b5efit ( ^? to :om ,greek ,epigraphy is an unfamili> subject1 ! *ief peculi>ities ( ! e>li] alphabets4#bajb ,!y fall into two pr9cipal gr\ps1 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n1 ea* ( :i* has _m subdivisions4 ,c]ta9 =ms1 su* z = 1 are *>act]i/ic ( "o or ! o!r division2 b ! di/9ction is n s cle>ly m>k$ on ! vases1 on :i* _m alphabets1 su* z ! ,ionic & ,isl& v>ieties1 are sc>cely repres5t$4 ,! vase-inscriptions fall ma9ly "u ?ree heads3 ,cor9?ian & ,a!nian 9 ! ,ea/]n gr\p1 ,*alcidian 9 ! ,we/]n4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury 7or ev5 e>li]7 !re is a rapid t5d5cy to unification 9 ! ,greek alphabet1 :i* is *iefly br\ght ab\t by ! gr[+ supremacy ( ,a!ns4 ,?is act$ 9 two ways3 fir/ly1 by ! fact t ,attic became ! lit]>y & !re=e ! p>am\nt language 9 ,greece2 secondly1 by ! fact ( h] arti/ic pre-em95ce1 :i* cru%$ out ! o!r local fabrics4 ,f9ally1 by ! "t ( ! ar*on%ip ( ,eukleides 9 #djc ,b4,c41 ! alphabet1 if n ! language1 _h become entirely unifi$1 & ! ,ionic =ms univ]sally adopt$ = public & (ficial purposes4 ,= private use !y _h1 ( c\rse1 long be5 kn[n at ,a!ns2 b ! (ficial enactm5t ( t ye> only set ! seal to a long recognis$ practice4 ,?r\gh\t ! fif? c5tury ! old ,attic & ! ,ionic =ms are f\nd side by side on ,r4,f4 vases4#bajc ,9 ! lat] ar*aic p]iod ! co9s come 9 z an important s\rce ( evid5ce4#bajd ,none ( ! inscrib$ ones appe> to be e>li] ?an ! six? c5tury1 ! olde/ be+ p]haps ! electrum /at] usually attribut$ to ,halik>nassos1 ) ! "n ( ,phanes7874 ,! only *>act]i/ic lett] 7! alphabet belong+ to ! ,ionic gr\p7 is ! sign heta 9 place ( to d5ote eta1 :i* has n be5 f\nd on any vase ) ! ,ionic alphabet1 & !re=e betok5s a v e>ly date4 ,next comes an ,attic /at] ( ab\t #efj ,b4,c41 ) ! leg5d 771 :i* may be fitly comp>$ ) ! olde/ ,pana!naic amphora1#baje on :i* ! dott$ is also f\nd4 ,! e>lie/ co9s ( ,hali>tos 9 ,boeotia h ! curi\s =m #aeh;curi\s asp] = ! spiritus asp] or 1 dat+ app>5tly be=e #eej ,b4,c42 ! succession c !nce be trac$ ?r\gh #adaj;asp]#b #adi;asp]#c & heta1 d[n to ab\t #dhj ,b4,c41 :5 x is dropp$ entirely4 ,at ,him]a 9 ,sicily heta occurs 9 ! fif? c5tury = ! spiritus asp]1 & is foll[$ by ! ,,hh =m1 :i* 9 ! ,we/ is employ$ d[n to ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,on ! e>ly co9s ( ,poseidonia 7,pae/um7 ! ,m =m ( is f\nd 7#eej-dhj ,b4,c471 be+ also *>act]i/ic ( ,cor9?ian vases ( ! six? c5tury2 x also l+]s on 9 ,crete1 b 9 ,sicily & else:]e ! =m ( ,attic & o!r alphabets is m usual1 until replac$ 9 ! fif? c5tury by 4 ,( ! specially ,ionic lett]s1 7 eta7 is f\nd g5]ally at an e>ly date1 z at ,teos 7#edj-djj ,b4,c471 & also 4 ,at ,cor9? ! koppa = is 9 use f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! days ( ! ,a*aean ,league1 & does n !re=e af=d evid5ce ( date by itself1 b only ( a local peculi>ity1 be+ equally univ]sal on vases4 ,! digamma is only f\nd on co9s ( ,elis & ,crete1 :]eas x (t5 occurs on e>ly ,greek vases4#bajf ,x may also be ( int]e/ to note t ! heta =m = ! r\gh brea?+ occurs on ! helmet ( ,hi]o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#bajg :i* c be dat$ #dhj-dgj ,b4,c41 & t ! use ( = eta & ( ! f\r-l9$ at ,a!ns previ\s to ! ar*on%ip ( ,eukleides c be d$uc$ f ! well-kn[n fragm5t ( ,euripides#bajh 9 :i* ! lett]s =m+ ! "n are c>efully describ$4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages illu/rations ( ! po9ts above not$ w be fully detail$ :]e occurr+ on ! vases4 ,! annex$ s*eme ( alphabets us$ on vases 7,fig4 #agc7 w s]ve to give a g5]al idea ( ! v>iations ( =m 9 diff]5t fabrics4 ,! pa9t$ inscriptions on vases fir/ appe>1 z already not$1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! e>li] fabrics--,myc5aean1 ,cretan1 & ,cycladic--g5]ally belong to an epo* :5 writ+1 if n unkn[n1 0 at any rate little practis$#baji2 nor h any inscriptions be5 f\nd on ! ,dipylon or ,geometrical vases1 except ! incis$ "o :i* we h already discuss$4 ,! olde/ kn[n pa9t$ inscriptions are f\nd on a ,proto-,cor9?ian leky?os 7see p4 #bed71 ! ,euphorbos p9ax f ,kameiros 7,b4,m4 ,a #gdi71 & ! krat] sign$ by ,ari/onos1 :i* is p]haps ( ,ionic orig91 /rongly influ5c$ by ,myc5aean art4 ,,s*eme ,,( ,,alphabets ,,us$ ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,) ! great impulse giv5 to vase-pa9t+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury by ! developm5t ( ! art 9 ,cor9?1 ,*alkis1 & ,a!ns 7especially 9 ,cor9?71 ! numb] ( inscrib$ vases rapidly increases4 ,among ! e>lie/ examples are ^? rem>kable pa9t$ p9akes f\nd at ,cor9? 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #caf71 ne>ly all ( :i* h d$icatory inscriptions1 :ile 9 mo/ cases ! names are giv5 ( ! deities1 ,poseidon & ,amphitrite1 to :om !y 7 d$icat$1 & ^: figures appe> on !m4 ,!y may be dat$ #fjj-eej ,b4,c4 ,! cu/om ( inscrib+ names on works ( art is illu/rat$ by o!r products ( ?is p]iod1 z we h already not$ 9 ! case ( ! *e/ ( ,kypselos2 & !y occur on ! e>ly bronze reliefs f ,olympia1#baaj ! ,samo?race relief 9 ! ,l\vre1#baaa ! ar*aic reliefs at ,delphi1 & ! newly f\nd pa9t$ metopes at ,!rmon1#baab z well z lat] on ! pa9t+s ( ,polygnotos4 ,on ! ,euphorbos p9ax already m5tion$#baac appe> ! names ( ,m5elaos 771 ,hector 771 & ,euphorbos 774 ,al?\gh f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 x is prov$ to be ( ,argive orig9 by ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! 9 ,m5elaos4#baad ,al?\gh its date _c be exactly asc]ta9$1 x is probably ab\t #fbj-fjj ,b4,c4 ,x is a vase important 9 m ?an "o respect1 z x may be said to =e%ad[ ! beg9n+s ( ! black-figure /yle4 ,! vase ( ,ari/onos#baae 0 f\nd at ,c]vetri1 & be>s ! arti/'s signature1 1 1 9 an alphabet f :i*1 un=tunately1 all *>act]i/ic lett]s are want+1 s t its orig9 is unc]ta94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z we h said1 probably a sev5?-c5tury product ( an ,ionian fabric1 on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! #adac;halv$ circle has be5 tak5 by sev]al s*ol>s#baaf to d5ote ,f z 9 ! ,phrygian alphabet1 b ,krets*m] 7p4 #aa7 pref]s to read x z #adac;halv$ circle #adacqu>t]$ circle ,we h1 h[ev]1 already se5 t x is mo/ probably a sup]flu\s lett]4 ,e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury mu/ be plac$ ano!r rem>kable vase1 ! ,arkesilaos cup ( ,cyr5aean fabric4#baag ,! inscrib$ names on ?is vase are z rem>kable z its subject2 !re are n9e 9 all1 two only fragm5t>y4 ,! only prop] "n is t ( ,arkesilas 771 :o 0 k+ ( ,kyr5e #ehj-eej ,b4,c42 ! o!rs seem to be titles1 su* z 1 or 1 8,keep] ( ! burd5s02 1 1 a ^w hav+ "s ref]5ce to silphium1 ! subject ( ! vase2 1 8,gu>dian02 1 & 1 4 ,"o ^w1 1 1 ref]s to an inanimate object 7a balance74 ,! dialect is ,doric1 ,kyr5e hav+ be5 colonis$ by t race4 ,next we h to deal ) a v important class ( inscriptions--^? f\nd on ,cor9?ian vases4#baah ,!y are too num]\s to be dealt ) 9 detail2 ,krets*m] m5tions ne>ly fifty inscrib$ vases1 exclusive ( ! p9akes4 ,wilis* attributes ! e>lie/ to ! latt] half ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! late/ to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury2 b !y c]ta9ly d n become common be=e ! six?4#baai ,!y include sev]al arti/s' signatures--viz4 ,*>es1 ,milonidas1 & ,timonidas 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cae74 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! inscrib$ vases is ! ,dodwell pyxis at ,muni*1#babj repres5t+ a bo>-hunt4 ,! figures are inscrib$ ) fanciful names1 su* z 7,agamemnon71 7,dorima*os1 or 8spe>man071 7,pakon71 & s on4 ,a krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xxi47 repres5ts a simil> sc5e1 also ) fancy names1 su* z ,polydas & ,antiphatas4 ,ano!r fam\s vase is ! ,amphi>aos krat] 9 ,b]l91#baba repres5t+ ! sett+ out ( ,amphi>aos & ! fun]al games ( ,pelias2 no less ?an tw5ty names are inscrib$4 ,( ^!1 7,baton7 & 7,hippalk7i7mos7 illu/rate o!r palaeo graphical peculi>ities4 ,o!r good examples are ! vase by ,*>es1#babb ano!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! "n ( ! own] 7 1 71#babc & t by ,timonidas repres5t+ ,a*illes ly+ 9 wait = ,troilos4#babd ,a /udy ( ! p9akes 9 ,b]l9 is also in/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,"o is sign$ by ,timonidas1 ano!r by ,milonidas1 :ile o!rs be> int]e/+ inscriptions1 su* z ,fig4 #agd3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 1 8,we h come f ,peiraeus0#babe2 77 1 8,& d ?\ make a graceful repaym5t0#babf2 & s on4 ,! majority h only ! names ( ,poseidon & ,amphitrite1 or 7 7 1 ,9 view ( ! palaeographical importance ( ^! inscriptions1 x may be wor? :ile to dwell briefly on _! peculi>ities4 ,! dialect is ( c\rse ,doric1 & consequ5tly ! names (t5 diff] widely f ! =ms to :i* we are accu/om$2 & ?is is increas$ by div]g5cies ( spell+1 :i* produce _m anomal\s results4 ,= in/ance1 77 77 appe>s = ,kass&ra on a vase 9 ! ,l\vre4#babg is us$ = 1 z 9 7 7 on ! ,*>es pyxis1 & 9 7 = 777 on ! p9ax already quot$4 ,a nasal is dropp$ be=e a consonant1 z 9 ! names ( ,amphi>aos 77 & ,amphitrite 77 ,! digamma l+]s z a m$ial 7m r>ely z initial7 9 _m words1 su* z 1 1 1 & 2 its writt5 =m is #aei or #aei ,! use ( heta = ! r\gh brea?+ is inv>iable4#babh ,"o or two vases h be5 recognis$ z ( ,sicyonian fabric by ! use 9 inscriptions ( ! unique #aeaf;,e = 1 peculi> to t place 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cba74 ,! only c]ta9 example1 h[ev]1 is a krat] 9 ,b]l9 7,cat4 #aadg71 ) ! names ( ,a*illes 77 & ,memnon 774 ,x may also be not$ t an ,a!nian six?-c5tury vase1 sign$ by ,exekias1 has a ,sicyonian inscription incis$ ^u x by its own]#babi3 ' 4 ,boeotian vases nev] atta9$ to ! importance ( ! ,cor9?ian fabrics1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! manufacture la/$ long]2 b !re are sev]al in/ances ( e>ly sign$ vases f ?is di/rict4 ,two1 ( :i* "o is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are by ,gam$es1 ! o!rs by ,!ozotos1 ,gryton1 ,iphitadas1 ,mnasalkes1 & ,m5aidas4#bacj ,!y are recognis$ z ,boeotian by ! use ( typical lett]s1 z well z by orig91 /yle1 & dialect2 su* are ! ,boeotian ,a = ,a1 ,boeotian = 1 & s on4 ,!re is also a fif?-c5tury vase ) ! ,boeotian alphabet4#baca ,! ,kabeirion vases h inscriptions 9 ! local alphabet1 ) a few exceptions1 :i* are ,ionic4#bacb ,a unique vase1 f ! epigraphical po9t ( view1 is ,e #gcb 9 ! ,l\vre1 f\nd at ,c]vetri1 to :i* allusion has be5 made else:]e 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ceg1 & see ,fig4 #aaa74 ,x be>s elev5 names 7( gods & giants7 9 an alphabet :i* has be5 recognis$ z ,ionian1 & is accord+ to ,krets*m] mo/ probably t ( ! isl& ( ,keos4 ,! great unc]ta9ty z to ! s\nds pres5t$ by ?is vase f9ds p>allels 9 ! /one inscriptions f\nd on t isl&1 :ile 9 ! use ( = 7! old] =m ( t lett]71 ! f\r-/roke ,f\rl9e & 1 ) a c5tral dot1 ?is attribution f9ds fur!r support4 ,! only o!r isl&s t w\ld fit ! conditions are ,naxos & ,amorgos4 ,z in/ances ( ! confus$ use ( 1 we h = 1 b = 1 :ile aga9 appe>s z 6 ,b ?is confusion does n occur 9 ,naxos or ,amorgos4 ,o!r vases are und\bt$ly ( ,ionic orig91 b _! actual home is unc]ta92 !y are usually assign$ to ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,= "s reason1 h[ev]1 x is v r>e = ^! vases to be> inscriptions2 9 all ! num]\s in/ances n[ collect$1 only "s half-doz5 ) inscriptions c be f\nd4#bacc ,"o ( ^! is ! well-kn[n ,wrzburg kylix ) ,ph9eus & ! ,h>pies 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ceg72 ano!r is a vase f ,vulci1 publi%$ by ,g]h>d1#bacd :i* has s9ce disappe>$4 ,on bo? ( ^! we f9d ! *>act]i/ic ,ionic lett]s = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 & ) f\r /rokes4 ,bo? vases are ( ! six? c5tury1 & o!r details atte/ _! ,ionic orig94 ,we n[ come to a v important b some:at puzzl+ class ( inscriptions1 ^? 9 ! ,*alcidian alphabet4#bace ,! numb] ( ^! is h>dly m ?an a doz51 b su* z !y are !y h enabl$ ar*aeologi/s to e/abli% a ,*alcidian s*ool ( pa9t+ by comp>isons ) o!r un9scrib$ vases4 ,9 all cases ! inscriptions relate exclusively to ! figures 9 ! designs4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic ,*alcidian lett]s are ! = 1 z 9 772 ! curv$ = 1 z 9 772 = & = 1 z 9 2 772 = 1 z 9 772 & ! abnormal =m ( ! digamma 1 z 9 774 is repres5t$ by 9 "o in/ance 7 74 ,krets*m] has compil$ a li/ ( twelve vases ) inscriptions 9 ?is alphabet1 to :i* "o or two may be add$1 b = a full] treatm5t ( ! que/ions involv$ 9 /udy+ ?is gr\p ! read] is ref]r$ to ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be a m suitable place = a few rem>ks relat+ to ! inscriptions alone4 ,9 "o or two in/ances ! dialect alone is peculi>ly ,*alcidian1 z ! *>act]i/ic lett]s happ5 to be want+4 ,9 "s in/ances1 z ,krets*m] po9ts out1 ! ,aeolic fondness = ! v[el is to be trac$1 z 9 1 = 1 :i* f9ds p>allels 9 ! ,*alcidian colony ( ,cumae1 & probably influ5c$ ! ,lat9 language ?r\gh t means4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! pref]5ce = ! ,q s\nd ( ! 1 z 9 ,engli% & o!r languages :5 is prec$$ by a guttural4 ,on ! ,briti% ,museum ,g]yon vase 7,b #aee7 !re is a curi\s mixture ( dialect 9 ! =ms 1 4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 9 speak+ ( ! ,*alcidian alphabet1 t x really ext5d$ ov] a wide area1 includ+ n only ,*alkis 9 ,euboea1 b ,*alkidike 9 ,nor!rn ,greece1 & ! colonies on ! coa/ ( ,italy1 su* z ,cumae1 & ?is may p>tly acc\nt = ! mix$ "* ( ! dialect on "s ( ^! ,*alcidian vases4 ,b al?\gh an attempt has be5 made to connect !m ) ,cumae1 x _c be said at pres5t t any c]ta9ty has be5 atta9$ z to ! place ( _! manufacture4 ,?\gh n belong+ to ! ,*alcidian gr\p1 !re is a vase :i* mu/ be m5tion$ "h1 on acc\nt ( its inscription1 :i* is p>tly 9 ! alphabet ( ! ,*alcidian colonies4 ,! vase is ( ! 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 class 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cjh71 & dates ab\t #gjj-fej ,b4,c42 x be>s ! "n ( ! mak]1 ,pyrrhos#bacf3 77 ' & is !re=e "o ( ! olde/ exi/+ signatures4 ,,a!nian ,,vases ,"u ?is head+ are includ$ all rema9+ vase-inscriptions1 except a few f ,italy4 ,_! value to u1 z ,krets*m] po9ts out1 is n to be measur$ only by ! my?ological in=mation !y provide1 or by ! li/ ( ,a!nian craftsm5 & popul> fav\rites :i* c be drawn up f !m1 b x is also l>gely philological4 ,9 o!r words1 !y illu/rate = u ! v]nacul> ( ,a!ns 9 ! six? & fif? c5turies1 j z ! ,egyptian papyri h ?r[n light on ! ,hell5i/ic v]nacul> ( ! second4 ,9 c\ntless small details ! language ( ! vase-pa9t]s v>ies f ! (ficial language ( /ate docum5ts & ! lit]>y /&>d ( ,?ucydides1 ,sophocles1 & ev5 ,ari/ophanes4 ,! reason is1 ( c\rse1 a simple "o--namely1 t ! vase-arti/s occupi$ a subord9ate position 9 ! ,a!nian /ate2 !y 7 m]e craftsm51 ( little education1 & 9 all probability _! spell+ 0 purely phonetic4#bacg ,h5ce we con/antly f9d su* =ms z = 1 = 1 or = 7see above1 p4 #bcg72 & ev5 ! ri* pott] ,hyp]bolos is ridicul$ by ! comic poet ,plato#bach = say+ 7sc4 oliyon7 = 1 & = 4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t is t _m ( ! arti/s :o h sign$ _! vases 7 obvi\sly n ,a!nians by bir?4 ,?us we f9d su* names z ,ph9tias1 ,amasis1 ,brygos1 ,*olkos1 ,sikanos1 ,?rax1#baci & ev5 su* signatures z 7or 7 4 ,x is1 !n1 evid5t t _m ( !m 7 or resid5t ali5s1 & consequ5tly occupi$ b a humble rank 9 ! social ord] ( ! city4#badj ,"o "n1 inde$1 t ( ,epiktetos1 is actually a slave's "n 7 8acquir$074 ,we ne$ n1 !n1 be surpris$ at meet+ ) _m un-,attic =ms or spell+s 9 ! vase-inscriptions1 :i* sometimes give a clue to ! orig9 ( ! arti/1 & ( :i* x may be int]e/+ to give "s specim5s4 ,krets*m] notes t ^! v>iations are always ,doric1 nev] ,ionic4 ,! commone/ ,doricism on ,attic vases is ! use ( = ,h1 ( :i* !re are _m in/ances1 su* z 1 = #bada2 = 7,b4,m4 ,e #ddj72 = ! ,attic 4#badb ,su* =ms z & are also cle>ly un-,attic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! names ,m5elaos & ,iolaos always appe> 9 _! ,attic =m 1 4 ,! above in/ances are all f prop] names2 b !re are o!r rem>kable in/ances1 su* z ! use ( = 9 4#badc ,on "o ( 8 sign$ vases ,exekias uses ! un-,attic =m 1 771 b1 z ,krets*m] notes1 he also uses = 1 & 0 probably n an ,a!nian4 ,on a ,b4,f4 amphora 9 ,rome 7see bel[1 p4 #bfc7 occurs ! =m 4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable use ( non-,attic ,greek on a vase is 9 ! case ( ! arti/ ,brygos1 :o1 z we h already po9t$ out1 0 ( =eign orig94 ,on a kylix 9 8 /yle 7,b4,m4 ,e #fi7 we f9d ! =ms 1 1 1 & 4 ,^! 7 at "o "t ref]r$ to a ,mac$onian orig91#badd b ,krets*m] po9ts out t t p us$ 1 n 1 = 4 ,he aptly quotes ! ,scy?ian 9 ! ,!smophoriasusae1#bade ) 8 1 1 & 1 z giv+ a likely clue to ! home ( ?is dropp+ ( ! aspirate4#badf ,! pa9t$ inscriptions on ! ,attic vases may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 7#a7 ^? relat+ to ! :ole vase & its purpose1 su* z arti/s' signatures2 7#b7 ^? relat+ to ! designs on ! vase1 i4e4 explanatory inscriptions1 & ^? f\nd on ,pana!naic amphorae2 7#c7 ^? :i* /& 9 no direct relation to ! vase1 su* z ! s-call$ 8love-names0 or 8pet-names10 & int]jections su* z 8hail10 8dr9k deep10 etc4 ,! incis$ inscriptions h already be5 discuss$4 ,! arti/s' signatures fir/ call = consid]ation4 ,9 relation to _! works !y are fully discuss$ else:]e 7,*apt]s ,,ix41 ,x471 b ! pres5t may be reg>d$ z a conv5i5t opportunity = "s g5]al outl9e ( ! /yle & palaeography ( ^! inscriptions4 ,kle9 9 8 ,mei/]signatur5 7#bnd edn47 reckons a total ( n9ety-five signatures1 a numb] :i* has probably be5 l>gely increas$ s9ce he wrote 9 #ahhg4 ,^! names he f9ds di/ribut$ ov] "s #dbd vases1 "o "n1 t ( ,niko/h5es1 occurr+ on no few] ?an sev5ty-sev52 he divides !m into f\r classes1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ma/]s 9 ! ,b4,f4 me?od2 7#b7 ma/]s comb9+ ! two me?ods2 7#c7 ma/]s 9 ! ,r4,f4 me?od 7includ+ ,s4 ,italy vases72 7#d7 ma/]s ^: names appe> on vases )\t subjects4 ,^! f\r classes are n mutually exclusive1 z names 9 7#a7 & 7#c7 appe> aga9 9 7#b7 & 7#d74 ,! =m :i* ! signature takes is usually 7#a7-- 7( ! pott]72 or 7#b7-- 7( ! pa9t]72 or 7#c71 ! two comb9$1 ei!r "u "o "n1 z-- 2 or 7#d71 ) sep>ate names1 z on ! ,franois vase-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ' ' 4 ,! =m 7#c7 may possibly indicate ! priority ( ! arti/1 b x is m probable t x 0 adopt$ z =m+ an iambic trimet]4 ,:5 only occurs on a pa9t$ vase1 x is g5]ally to be assum$ t ! pott] is also ! pa9t]4 ,! old] arti/s avoid$1 z a rule1 ! imp]fect or 1 b its use came into fa%ion = a %ort "t among ! e>ly ,r4,f4 arti/s1 su* z ,&okides1 ,*elis1 & ,psiax1 :o use 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dcj72 x 0 aga9 adopt$ by ! ,pae/um & ,apulian s*ools1 z a mode/ affectation t _! "w 0 z yet unf9i%$4#badg ,b ! majority pref]r$ ! m decid$ aori/1 indicat+ complet5ess4 ,! ^w or is usually add$ by ! e>li] arti/s1 z 9 ! in/ance already quot$ f ,exekias4 ,g5]ally speak+1 r>ely occurs on ,b4,f4 vases1 be+ ! rule4 ,a r>e =m ( inscription is ! =mula 7 71 z 9 ! d\btful signature ( ,/atios#badh2 & ev5 m unique is ! use ( ! ^w by ! e>ly ,attic pott] ,oikopheles1#badi z a synonym = 4 ,o!r peculi>ities ( signature are to be se5 on ! works ( ,lyk9os 771 ,paseas 7 71 & ,!r9os 7 74#baej ,! pott] sometimes add$ ! "n ( 8 fa!r1 ei!r z be+ t ( a well-kn[n man1 or to di/+ui% himself f o!rs ( ! same "n4 ,?us ,timonidas ( ,cor9? signs 7sc4 son ( ,bias72 ,tleson1 2 ,eu*eiros1 7! son ( ,ergotimos72 ,eu?ymides1 1 4 ,! latt] 9 "o in/ance n only gives 8 patronymic1 b *all5ges comp>ison ) 8 great rival ,euphronios1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 1 77 1 i4e41 8,euphronios nev] made any?+ l ?is40#baea ,o!r peculi>ities are3 ! omission ( ! v]b1 z 0 sometimes done by ,r4,f4 arti/s 7e4g4 ,psiax72 or1 on ! contr>y1 ! simple 1 )\t a "n1 sometimes f\nd on ,r4,f4 kylikes ( ! ,epictetan s*ool#baeb2 or ! addition by ! arti/ ( 8 tribe or nationality4 ,among ! latt] we h ,kleom5es1 ,teisias1 & ,x5ophantos1 :o /yle !mselves 1 & ,nikias1 :o n only gives 8 fa!r's "n1 b also 8 deme 9 ,attica3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 4 ,two o!r arti/s call !mselves 7! ,lydian7 & 7! ,scy?ian74 ,smikros signs "o ( 8 vases 9 ! ,l\vre#baec 1 8,x seems to be ,smikros' "w40 ,!re are also frequ5t vag>ies ( spell+1 z 9 = 1 or = 1 & = 4 ,sakonides once spells 8 "n 1 & ,niko/h5es once uses ! koppa = 4 ,full] in=mation 9 reg>d to ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ,kle9's admirable "w2 !re is also mu* ( int]e/ relat+ to ! ,r4,f4 cup-pa9t]s 9 ,h>twig's exhau/ive treatise4 ,a complete li/ ( all kn[n arti/s' names is giv5 at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to ! inscriptions :i* h relation to ! subjects depict$ on ! vases4 ,^! are seldom ( a g5]al k9d1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! :ole composition2 b on a ,pana!naic amphora 9 ,naples a box+ sc5e is entitl$ 1 8g5]al maul10#baed & on ano!r 9 ,muni* ov] a foot-race is writt51 1 1#baee :ile ,b4,f4 leky?os 9 ! same collection ) ,dionysos & danc+ ,ma5ads is inscrib$ 774#baef ,on a vase ) a ,hom]ic subject is 1 & on "o ) a sc5e f ,!ban leg5d 4#baeg ,localities are sometimes h9t$ at by ! use ( su* words z 77 on ! ,franois vase1 :]e ,polyx5a goes to ! f\nta91 or by ! 77 on ! ,briti% ,museum hydria 7,b #cca7 ) girls draw+ wat] at ! f\nta9 ( ,kallirrho4 ,m (t5 names are giv5 to inanimate objects l ! 7seat7 & 7pit*]7 on ! ,franois vase1 on ! ,arkesilas cup1 ! 7alt>7 on a vase 9 ,muni* 7,cat4 #abd71 7lyre7 on a cup 9 ,muni* 7#ccc71 & 7?rone7 on an amphora 9 ! ,l\vre4#baeh ,on a wa%+-bas9 on a ,r4,f4 vase publi%$ by ,tis*be9 appe>s ! ^w 1 i4e4 8public ba?s40#baei ,! ^w sometimes appe>s on a /ele on lat] vases4#bafj ,animals are also occasionally nam$1 su* z ! on ! ,muni* vase already quot$ 7#ccc74bafa ,b ! great] majority ( ^! inscriptions ref] to ! names ( p]sons1 deities1 & my?ological figures1 ! "n be+ usually 9 ! nom9ative1 b occasionally 9 ! g5itive1 ) or und]/ood4#bafb ,sometimes g5]ic names or nicknames are giv5 to ord9>y figures 9 g5re sc5es1 z 1 8! %ip's capta902 1 8lead] ( ! revels02 or1 aga91 = a horseman1 & = a ,scy?ian b[man4#bafc ,names ( real contempor>y p]sons are occasionally introduc$1 z on a hydria by ,ph9tias1 on :i* 8 comrade ,eu?ymides & ! 8m9or arti/0 ,tl5polemos are repres5t$1 ) names inscrib$#bafd2 & on a /amnos by ,smikros at ,brussels ! arti/ introduces himself & ! pott] ,pheidiades at a banquet4#bafe ,al?\gh prop] names usually /& alone1 !y are sometimes accompani$ by "s int]jection1 z 1 8,"h is ,m5e/heus10#baff 1 8,?is is ! ,sph9x2 hail60#bafg or 9 ! =m ( a phrase1 z 4#bafh ,s also we f9d 1 8! old man ( ! sea10 = ,n]eus#bafi2 8,ne/or ( ,pylos0#bagj2 1 = ,dionysos#baga2 1 8! son ( ,zeus10 = ,h]akles#bagb2 1 8! graz+ bull10 = ! metamorphos$ ,zeus 7a d\btful in/ance74#bagc ,besides ! names ( figures & objects1 words & exclamations are sometimes repres5t$ z proce$+ f ! m\?s ( ! figures !mselves1 9 ! same mann] z on ! labels affix$ to ! figures ( sa9ts 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y v>y 9 l5g? & purport1 b 9 "s cases !y appe> to be extracts f poems or songs1 or expressions famili> at ! "t1 b n[ un9telligible or lo/ 9 ! wreck ( ,hell5ic lit]ature4 ,!y are f\nd on bo? ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases1 b m commonly on ! =m]1 & g5]ally read accord+ to ! direction ( ! figure1 z if issu+ f ! m\?4 ,?us a boy p\r+ w9e out ( an amphora cries1 4 4 1 77 1 8,p\r 9 sweet w9e0#bagd2 ov] ! fir/ ( ?ree runn]s 9 a race appe>s 1 1 8,polym5on1 y w90#bage2 aga91 ,amphi>aos is exhort$ to m\nt 8 *>iot ) ! ^w 1#bagf or "o p]sonage says to ano!r1 or 4#bagg ,sometimes ! words are evid5tly ^? ( a song1 z on a ,r4,f4 kylix at ,a!ns1 :]e a man ly+ on a c\* s+s an elegy ( ,!ognis beg9n+ 1 8,faire/ ( boys60#bagh ,ano!r s+s 1 :i* has be5 recognis$ z an inaccurate v]sion ( an ,aeolic l9e1 4#bagi ,on a r$-figur$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #bgj7 a man accompani$ by a flute-play] has an inscription proce$+ f 8 op5 m\?1 :i* runs1 1 ' 2 evid5tly ! beg9n+ ( a song1 8,"h once 9 ,tiryns44440 ,on a /amnos 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #dci7 ! lett]s appe> be=e ! m\? ( a ,seil5os1 & evid5tly repres5t notes ( music4#bahj ,on a psykt] by ,euphronios#baha a c\rtesan play+ at kottabos ca/s ! drops out ( a cup ) ! words 1 771 8,to !e1 ,leagros1 ,i da% ^! drops40 ,ano!r kylix 7,muni* #cga7 repres5ts a surfeit$ dr9k] on a c\*1 say+1 ' 1 8,i c no m60 ,to turn to ano!r class ( ^! expressions1 we h a ,pana!naic amphora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #add71 on :i* a h]ald proclaims a victor 9 ! horse-race z foll[s3 3 3 1 77 1 8,! horse ( ,dysneiketos#bahb w9s40 ,on ano!r ( ! same class#bahc is an acrobat on horseback be=e judges1 ( :om "o cries1 1 #bahd 1 8,bravo1 !n1 to ! acrobat40 ,a boy walk+ ) 8 dog calls to x1 1 7i4e4 8,maltese 787 dog074#bahe ,a *>iote] calls to 8 horses1 1 1 8,gee up60#bahf ,wom5 weep+ ov] a corpse cry1 1 8,woe is me60#bahg ,9 a repres5tation ( ,o$ipus & ! ,sph9x on a ,r4,f4 vase 9 ,rome ! words 1 1 occur1 evid5tly ) ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n riddle4#bahh ,an int]e/+ bit ( dialogue appe>s on a ,b4,f4 vase1#bahi :i* repres5ts boys & m5 wat*+ a swall[1 evid5tly ! fir/ ( ! return+ spr+2 "o boy says1 1 8,see1 ! swall[02 to :i* a man replies1 1 8,yes1 by ,h]akles60 ,ano!r boy jo9s 9 ) 1 8,!re %e is10 & 1 8,x is already spr+40 ,ano!r good in/ance is on a ,b4,f4 vase 9 ! ,vatican4#baij ,on "o side we see ! proprietor ( an olive g>d5 extract+ oil f ! olives1 ) ! pray]1 1 ' 1 8,o ,fa!r ,zeus1 may ,i be ri*60 :ile on ! o!r he sits ov] a full vessel1 & cries to ! pur*as]1 1 1 77 1 8,already1 already x has gone f> beyond my ne$s40#baia ,to conclude ) a few miscellane\s & unique inscriptions1 we h fir/ly1 on a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #bih71 a tripod1 on ! base ( :i* are ! words 1 %[+ t x is int5d$ = a monum5t 9 hon\r ( a *oragic victory1 ) ! "n ( ! victori\s tribe4 ,on a sepul*ral /ele on a ,b4,f4 fun]al amphora at ,a!ns#baib are ! words 7n[ ne>ly oblit]at$7 1 8,"h lie ,i1 a vile rag ( a dead man40 ,simil>ly1 on a sepul*ral plaque at ,a!ns are ! words1 ,s,,matode/9 3 ,,arei\1 8,?is is ! grave ( ,areios40#baic ,9 a repres5tation ( ,sappho read+ f h] poems1 %e holds an op5 roll1 on :i* are visible ! words 1 444 #baid2 & 9 ! well-kn[n s*ool-sc5e on ! ,duris vase 9 ,b]l9#baie a tea*] holds a roll1 on :i* are ! words 79 ,aeolic dialect1 & comb9$ f ! op5+s ( two di/9ct hymns73 77 77 4#baif ,a small fragm5t ( a r$-figure kylix 787 ( f9e /yle1 f\nd at ,naukratis 9 #ahii 7& n[ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d71#baig has a simil> sc5e ( a dictation lesson4 ,a seat$ figure unrolls an inscrib$ scroll1 on :i* is ! b\/roph$on leg5d1 1 :ile ano!r figure1 ( :i* ! "r h& alone rema9s1 is writ+ on a tablet 7,fig4 #agg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,,figure ,,) ,,inscrib$ ,,scroll4 ,9 a v puzzl+ sc5e on a ,r4,f4 vase ( f9e /yle1 g5]ally suppos$ to h "s ref]5ce to ! ,argonautic exp$ition1 "o figure holds up an object inscrib$ ) ! "n 4#baih ,?is object has g5]ally be5 int]pret$ z a tess]a hospitalis1 or 8lett] ( introduction10 z we %\ld say4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! class ( ,pana!naic vases ) _! inscriptions4#baii ,!y fall into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ! words 1 to :i* is sometimes add$1 87,i am7 f ! games at ,a!ns02 7#b7 ! names ( ar*ons1 :i* only occur on ! f\r?-c5tury examples4 ,!y =m a unique in/ance ( inscriptions :i* give direct in=mation z to ! date ( a vase1 & range f #cfg to #cac ,b4,c4 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cij74 ,sometimes vases 7especially 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod7 are cov]$ ) mean+less collocations ( lett]s1 ei!r sep>ate or 9 ! =m ( words4 ,"s +5i\s explanations ( ^! h be5 prop\nd$1 b none are v satisfactory4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd on ! class kn[n z 8,cor9?o-,attic0 or 8,tyrrh5ian amphorae10 & x is j possible t 9 ?is case !y are attempts by an ,a!nian workman to copy ! unfamili> ,cor9?ian alphabet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird class ( inscriptions on ,attic vases is compos$ ( ^? :i* h no direct relation to ! vase itself4 ,!y include invocations to deities su* z 7 us$ 9 mak+ libations1 e4g4 1 8,to ,zeus ! ,savi\r0#bbjj2 or1 aga91 ! exhortations s frequ5tly f\nd on ,b4,f4 kylikes ( ! 8,m9or ,arti/s'0 s*ool1 ( :i* ! commone/ is 1 8,hail1 & dr9k deep60#bbja or 1 8,hail1 & dr9k ?is60#bbjb ,on a numb] ( ,r4,f4 kylikes appe>s ! ^w 1 8,i salute y40#bbjc ,b ! mo/ num]\s & important inscriptions ( ?is class are ^? conv5i5tly nam$ by ,g]man ar*aeologi/s 8,liebl+snam510 or 8,liebl+s9s*rift510 = :i* we h no satisfactory equival5t 9 ,engli%1 ?\gh 8pet-"n0 & 8love-"n0 h be5 sugge/$1 & latt]ly 8-"n40 ,! latt] title has be5 adopt$ f ! fact t ! usual =m :i* ^! inscriptions take is t ( a prop] "n 9 ! nom9ative case1 g5]ally mascul9e1 ) ! ^w atta*$4 ,sometimes1 b n s frequ5tly1 ! "n is fem99e1 ) #bbjd2 ! sup]lative =m is also f\nd4#bbje ,9 o!r cases or appe>s 9 place ( ! prop] "n1 or ! ^w is add$1 & sometimes also or 1 emphasis+ ! /atem5t4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance is a ,b4,f4 jug at ,muni*1 r\nd ! %\ld] ( :i* is ! inscription 1 1 4#bbjf ,x is n q c]ta9 h[ f> ! ^w %\ld be int]pret$ 9 a physical s5se z 8h&some0 or 8fair10 or 9 an e?ical s5se z 8good0 or 8noble02 b hav+ reg>d to ! mann]s & cu/oms ( fif?-c5tury ,a!ns1#bbjg x is m likely t ! physical mean+ ( ! ^w is to be inf]r$4 ,^! inscriptions are (t5 f\nd on ,b4,f4 vases1 b f> m frequ5tly 9 ! succe$+ p]iod1 & g5]ally 9 m or less direct connection ) arti/s' signatures1 f :i* fact int]e/+ results h be5 obta9$4 ,special att5tion has be5 drawn to !m ( late ye>s1 f ! fact t _m ( ! names are ^? borne by hi/orical p]sonages1 su* z ,miltiades1 ,megakles1 ,glaukon1 & s on1 & attempts h be5 made to connect !m ) ^? *>act]s 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #djc74 ,kle91 ! *ief writ] on ?is subject1 has collect$ 9 ! second edition ( 8 valuable "w no less ?an #eeh in/ances ( ^! -inscriptions1#bbjh z aga9/ #dbd signatures ( arti/s2 & !re are besides ^! ! num]\s in/ances 9 :i* no prop] "n is giv54 ,! *ief "q :i* calls = consid]ation 9 reg>d to ^! inscriptions is _! purport1 & ! reason :y !y occur exclusively on vases1 & ( ^! exclusively on ,attic vases cov]+ a p]iod ( n m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,! cu/om 0 n1 ( c\rse1 an unfamili> "o at ,a!ns1 z two ref]5ces 9 ,ari/ophanes indicate4 ,9 ! ,a*>nians#bbji he describes ! ,?racian ,sitalkes z be+ su* a 8lov]0 ( ! ,a!nians t he wrote on ! walls1 8,! ,a!nians are fair02 &1 aga91 ! slave ,xan?ias1 9 ! ,wasps1 speak+ ( 8 ma/]'s litigi\s proclivities1 says t if ev] he saw writt5 on a door he promptly wrote by ! side 4#bbaj ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ & apposite in/ance record$ is t ( ,pheidias1 :o scrat*$ on ! f+] ( 8 /atue ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 4#bbaa ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ^w 0 no d\bt int5d$ to ref] to ! p]sonal beauty ( boys 7z indicat$ by ! use ( 71 or at any rate ( "y a?letes1 & 0 appli$ to popul> fav\rites ( ! day1#bbab ^: occupations 9 ! gymnasium1 at ! banquet1 & else:]e 7 matt]s ( e-day talk4 ,^! names may h be5 plac$ on ! vases ) ! view ( attract+ ! public to pur*ase !m1 or may ev5 h be5 ! subject ( special ord]s f cu/om]s4 ,"s light seems to be ?r[n on ! matt] by a cup sign$ by ! pa9t] ,ph9tias1#bbac :i* repres5ts a "y man1 purse 9 h&1 mak+ pur*ases ( vases 9 a pott]'s work%op4 ,?is vase has ! inscription 1 b :e!r x is int5d$ z a repres5tation ( ,*airias or 8 admir] x is impossible to say4 ,! names1 h[ev]1 are n always ^? ( e-day life4 ,!y may h relation to ! figures on ! vase1 z 4#bbad ,we h already not$ t hi/orical names frequ5tly occur 9 ?is s]ies1 & x is obvi\s t if !y c be id5tifi$ ) ! actual hi/orical own]s ( su* names mu* valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! *ronology ( ,greek vases w be ga9$4 ,! "q has already be5 discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #djc71 & ! pr9ciples !re laid d[n ne$ n be repeat$4 ,x is suffici5t to say t s f> only two or ?ree names h be5 id5tifi$ ) ^? ( hi/orical p]sonages1 ?\gh m results may yet be obta9$4 ,( ^! "o is ,/esileos1 occurr+ on two vases 9 ,b]l91 & id5tifi$ ) a /rategos :o fell at ,m>a?on 9 #dij4bbae ,on two leky?i 7"o late ,b4,f41 ! o!r ,r4,f47 ! "n ( ,glaukon son ( ,leagros#bbaf appe>s1 & ^! two names h also be5 id5tifi$ ) ,a!nian /rategi1 ,leagros hav+ fall5 9 battle aga9/ ! ,edones 9 #dfg1 :ile ,glaukon comm&$ at ,k]kyra 9 #dcc-dcb ,b4,c4 ,x may be r\ghly inf]r$ t ,leagros 0 a boy 77 ab\t #eaj ,b4,c41 & 8 son ,glaukon ab\t #dgj ,b4,c41 :i* gives an approximate date 7)9 t5 ye>s or s7 = ^! two gr\ps ( vases4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t mu* at pres5t only re/s on hypo!sis4 ,x is curi\s to note t ne>ly all ^! names h an ari/ocratic s\nd3 ?us we h ,alcibiades1 ,alkmaeon1 ,hipp>*os1 & ,megakles1 besides ^? already quot$4 ,miltiades occurs on a ,r4,f4 plate at ,ox=d1#bbag b !re seems h>dly suffici5t evid5ce = ref]r+ x to ! y\? ( ! conqu]or ( ,m>a?on 7cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #djc74 ,! table at ! end ( ?is *apt] may be f\nd useful z giv+ a conspectus ( ! pr9cipal names & _! relation to ! arti/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n[ necess>y to discuss "s ( ! pr9cipal peculi>ities ( ! ,attic vase-inscriptions1 9 reg>d to palaeography1 or?ography1 & gramm>4#bbah ,! v>iety 9 ! =ms & uses ( ! lett]s is some:at surpris+ at fir/ sight1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t non-,attic influ5ces 7 always /rong1 z has inde$ already be5 po9t$ out4 usually appe>s ei!r 9 t =m or z ,cor9?ian 1 ,sicyonian 2 b su* v>iations z #aead,,rf ,attic alpha #aead,,rf ,attic alpha #aeac,,rf ,attic alpha are f\nd on ,r4,f4 vases1 :ile at a lat] p]iod ev5 #aeac,,rf ,attic alpha occurs4 on ! vases ( ,duris g5]ally appe>s z #aeac,,rf ,attic alpha ,attic lambda#b is f\nd = ,attic lambda1 ! ,attic =m ( 4 v>ies betwe5 sigma & f\rl9e sigma1 :ile su* abnormal =ms z #aeaar\nd$ ,s 7,oikopheles71 & #aeaa;,e-%ap$ sigma are n unkn[n4 ,! m9or arti/ ,x5okles uses a sort ( cursive h&writ+ = 8 signature4 is us$ = & 1 z 9 ,h = 1 = ,k1 :i* seems to be a confusion ( ideas result+ f its use = eta 9 ,ionic1 & = h 9 ,*alcidian 7i4e4 ,we/]n7 alphabets4#bbai ,! sign = ! aspirate occurs fir/ z heta1 aft]w>ds z 1 & is sometimes introduc$ )\t app>5t reason1 z 9 = 1 & ,h = 4 ,! digamma is unkn[n on ,attic vases1 b ! ,franois vase & ! alli$ ',tyrrh5ian' gr\p give "s int]e/+ examples ( ! use ( = 4 ,?us we f9d ,,ora = 1 = 1 ,,ari,o = 4 ,on ! ,cor9?o-,attic vase 9 ,b]l9 7#agjd7 are two curi\s in/ances ( dittography1 due no d\bt to ,cor9?ian influ5ce1 be+ writt5 ,y,,nio 77 & z ,y1 :]e ! ,cor9?ian & ,attic =ms ( & /& side by side4 ,s on a vase 9 ! ,l\vre 7,e #heb7 we h ,,dey 4#bbbj ,z a result no d\bt ( ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! alphabet 9 ! fif? c5tury1 a confusion 9 ! use ( & 1 & & respectively1 (t5 arises1 & we f9d = 1 = 1 = 1 & simil> =ms4#bbba ,! diph?ong is sometimes r5d]$ by 1 sometimes by 1 z 9 = 2 & are also r5d]$ by 1 z 9 ! "n = & = 1 or by 1 z 9 = 4 ,9 a few words1 su* z 77 & 771 ! diph?ong is repres5t$ by its o!r memb] 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d = 7,b4,m4 ,b #cja74 ,! g5]al vagu5ess ( ! ,attic craftsm5's or?ography is well illu/rat$ by ,krets*m] 9 ! ^w 1 :i* is n only inv>iably spell$ ) a 1 rem9d+ u ( ! ,lat9 =m ,ulixes1 b occurs 9 ! foll[+ diff]5t =ms#bbbb3-- #aehf #aegi #aeii #aeajc #aegc #aeha #aeia ?is ord] be+ r\ghly *ronological4 ,! ord9>y -=m is1 h[ev]1 f\nd4#bbbc ,a t5d5cy to assimilation ( aspirat$ consonants1 always avoid$ 9 lit]>y ,greek1 is se5 9 su* =ms z = 1 = 1 & = 4 ,! rev]se t5d5cy is curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 = 4 ,unassimilat$ =ms occur1 z 9 ! case ( = 4#bbbd ,ano!r peculi>ity is ! omission ( nasals be=e consonants1 z 9 = 771 = 771#bbbe = 771 = 771 & = 774 ,!re is also a t5d5cy to avoid d\ble consonants1 z 9 = 1 = 1 = 1 = #bbbf2 ?is is especially common 9 ! case ( d\ble or d\ble 1 z 9 & j quot$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on lat] vases consonants are (t5 d\bl$ )\t reason1 z 9 = 1#bbbg = 1 = 1 ?is be+ commone/ ) f\rl9e & 4 & ,*alcidian 1 orig9ally abs5t f ! ,attic alphabet1 are repres5t$ usually by & 1 exceptionally by & 1 z 9 1 #bbbh2 also occasionally by meta!sis1 z 1 1 4#bbbi ,attic contractions1 su* z = & = 1 are also f\nd4#bbcj ,among peculi>ities ( inflection 7"s ( :i* may ( c\rse be m]e misspell+s7 may be m5tion$ = 1 = pas1 = 1 & = 2 also ! op5 =m - = -h1 z 9 1 1 & ! =m = 2 to "s ( ^! allusion has already be5 made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ?is mass ( detail x is possible to d$uce c]ta9 *ronological results1#bbca :i* are n )\t _! value = ! dat+ ( ! v>i\s ,a!nian fabrics4 ,exclud+ ! d\btful ,dipylon vase1 ! inscriptions ext5d f ! sev5? c5tury#bbcb d[n to ! "t ( ,x5ophantos & ! late ,pana!naic amphorae1 a p]iod ( ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! ,franois vase we meet ) ! clos$ asp] = ! aspirate1 ! & toge!r1 & ! two =ms & ( 2 z ! =m dropp$ out ( private use e>li] ?an out ( (ficial docum5ts1 & is f\nd 9 ! latt] d[n to #ebj ,b4,c41 we c date ! ,franois vase ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury 7n lat]1 z ! clos$ asp] %[s72 ! same date w also apply to ! e>lie/ ,pana!naic amphora 7,b4,m4 ,b #acj71 & ! cup ( ,oikopheles4 ,! fact t ,eu*eiros1 a 8m9or arti/10 calls himself ! son ( ,ergotimos1 :o made ! ,franois vase1 p]mits u to place him "s ?irty ye>s lat]1 ab\t #ebj ,b4,c41 & ?is po9t may be reg>d$ z ! z5i? ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod4 ,9 ! lat] ,b4,f4 vases ! ,h & = & beg9 to make _! appe>ance#bbcc2 b ! cons]vative ,pana!naic amphorae1 l ! co9s1 adh]e to ! orig9al spell+ "r d[n to ! end4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,r4,f4 /yle = "s "t previ\s to #dhj ,b4,c4 has n[ be5 e/abli%$ by ! discov]ies on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,?is is also borne out by ! appe>ance on vases by ,eu?ymides ( ! =m = 1 & ! complete abs5ce 9 ! e>li] vases ( ! ,h & =ms1 :i* are n f\nd among ! ,acropolis fragm5ts4 ,! hydria ( ,meidias 7,b4,m4 ,b #bbd71 :i* m>ks ! z5i? ( ! 8f9e0 p]iod1 has a purely ,ionic alphabet4 ,! ,ionic =ms seem to h come 9 ) ! 8f9e0 ,r4,f4 /yle aft] #dhj ,b4,c41 & = "s "t we f9d a mix$ alphabet on ! vases4#bbcd ,x is also int]e/+ to note ! appe>ance 9 "s cases ( ! ,?asian alphabet1 ) its use ( = 7z 9 1 ,b4,m4 ,e #cah71 :i* has be5 trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ,polygnotos4#bbce 99 99 99 99 99 ,we conclude our acc\nt ( inscriptions on ,greek vases ) a brief survey ( ^? f\nd on ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy#bbcf2 x w be se5 t !y are nei!r num]\s nor specially int]e/+4 ,! inscriptions are = ! mo/ "p 9 ! ,doric dialect & ,ionic alphabet1 ) ! addition ( ! ,doric sign doric asp] = ! aspirate4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ^! ,doric =ms are f\nd on ! ,apulian vases1 :]eas on ! products ( ,pae/um !y are ma9ly ,ionic1 ) admixtures ( ,doric4 ,attic =ms also occur4 ,x seems probable t ! ,doric t5d5cies ( ! ,apulian inscriptions are due to ! influ5ce ( ! great ,laconian colony ( ,t>5tum 7al?\gh ! vases 7 n made !re71 :ile ,pae/um 0 influ5c$1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! neighb\r+ ,ionic colonies1 su* z ,cumae4 ,! latt]1 be+ = ! mo/ "p ( e>li] date1 w fir/ occupy our att5tion4 ,!y include two arti/s' signatures1 :i* appe> 9 ! =m & 4 ,we h already rem>k$ on ! use ( ! imp]fect t5se 7p4 #beh72 !re are five vases by ,as/eas & "o by ,py?on1 on all ( :i* ! figures also h _! names inscrib$4#bbcg ,! ,ionic =ms appe> 9 1 1 1 1 & s on2 on ! o!r h&1 ,py?on uses ! ,doric =m 1 1 & ,as/eas ! ,doric ,doric heta 9 4 ,ionic =ms are also f\nd on a few ,apulian vases1 z = in/ance ,b]l9 #cbeg 7f ,ceglie71 :i* has & = & 1 or ,naples #bbif ) = 4 ,"s ( ! inscrib$ ,apulian vases are n )\t int]e/1 z = in/ance t 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* be>s ! signature ( ,lasimos3 1 4#bbch ,he 0 probably n a ,greek1 b ( ,messapian orig94 ,on ! great ,d>eios vase 9 ,naples 7,no4 #cbec7 sev]al names are inscrib$1 su* z =1 1 1 & ! g5]al title ( ! sc5e1 4 ,on a well-kn[n burlesque sc5e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #bfi7 ! *>act]s are inscrib$ 771 7 ,hephai/os71 & 7 ,ares72 & on ! f9e amphora ,f #cca1 repres5t+ ,pelops at ,olympia1 are num]\s incis$ inscriptions3 1 2 1 2 1 1 etc4 ,on ! alt> is pa9t$ 1 1 sc4 8! alt> ( ,zeus40 ,a curi\s inscription is t on a krat] 9 ,naples 7,no4 #bhgb71 :i* repres5ts ,eros & a woman play+ at ball2 ! latt] leans on a /ele on :i* is inscrib$ :i* 0 int]pret$ by ,cav$oni1 probably correctly1 z 771 8,y might s5d me ! ball40 ,! ,sicyonian is an error = ,doric heta1 ! heta rev]s$ = 4 ,?is inscription1 be x not$1 is pa9t$1 contr>y to ! g5]al rule 9 ^! vases1 z !y are g5]ally incis$2 b an exception seems to be made 9 fav\r ( inscriptions on /elae & simil> objects1 :i* are n uncommon1 ?\gh _m are op5 to suspicion4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are sev]al examples1#bbci b by f> ! mo/ curi\s is on an amphora 9 ,naples 7,no4 #bhfh71 :]e a /ele is inscrib$3 ,illu/ration3 ' 77 8,on my back ,i be> mall[ & _m-root$ asphodel1 b 9 my bosom ,o$ipus1 ,laios' son40#bbdj ,a curi\s & unique inscription is f\nd engrav$ on a kotyle f ,*iusi3 1 8,?is fell[ said t ! p 7 a deprav$ lot40#bbda ,! ( 0 fir/ writt5 1 & !n correct$ into 1 ! ,doric =m4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! inscription is due to a workman :o did n approve ( ! democracy "u :i* he liv$4 ,on an amphora f ,gnatia 7,fasano71 ) a goose & a cock1 9 :ite on ! black gr\nd1 is ! qua9t dialogue3 1 1 1 or1 8,:at1 ! goose80 8,oh1 ! cock60#bbdb ,etruscan inscriptions d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is *apt]1 b an ,oscan inscription %\ld be m5tion$ "h1 :i* is incis$ on a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #bcc71 ov] an actor3 ,santia1 ! ,oscan =m ( 1 :i* 0 a common "n = ! slave ( com$y4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,arti/s' ,,signatures ,,f\nd ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,fabrics 7,,*apt] ,,vii47 ,ari/onos ,unc]ta9 fabric ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #big ,pyrrhos ,proto-,cor9?ian ,rev4 ,ar*4 xl4 7#aijb71 p4 #da ,*>es ,cor9?ian ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 #bi ,milonidas d4 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #d ,timonidas d4 ,kle91 p4 #bh ,gam$es ,boeotian ,ibid4 p4 #ca ,gryton d4 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 p4 #ed ,iphitadas ,boeotian ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #aje ,m5aidas d4 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #a ,mnasalkes d4 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #ef ,!ozotos d4 ,l\vre ,f #fi ,,ii4 ,,attic ,,black-,,figur$ ,,vases 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cgi74 ,amasis ,amphorae & ,kle91 p4 #dc2 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 o9o*oae #chc ,anakles #bbdc ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #ge ,antidoros ,m9or arti/ ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahig1 p4 #bca ,ar*ikles ,m9or arti/ ,kle91 p4 #gf ,*>itaios ,hydria & kylix ,ibid4 p4 #ea ,*eiron ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #gi ,epitimos ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #hd ,ergoteles ,m9or arti/ ,b]l9 #ageh ,ergotimos ,pott] ( ,franois ,kle91 p4 #cg vase2 kylix ,eu*eiros ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #gb ,euphiletos ,p9ax ,ibid4 p4 #di ,exekias ,amphorae & kylikes ,ibid4 p4 #ch ,glaukytes ,m9or arti/ 7) ,ibid4 p4 #gg ,ar*ikles7 ,h]mog5es ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #hb ,kaulos ,pott] = ,sakonides ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aijc1 p4 #ce ,kittos ,pana!n4 amph4 7#d? ,b4,m4 ,b #fjd c5t47 ,kleisophos ,o9o*o 7,x5okles ,a!ns #fia z pott]7 ,klitias ,franois vase ,kle91 p4 #cb2 ,b4,m4 ,b 7pa9t]7 #fjad-e ,kol*os ,o9o*o ,b]l9 #agcb ,mnesikleides ,aryballos ,a!ns #ffi ,myspios ,m9or arti/ ,kle91 p4 #hd ,ne&ros ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #gi ,ne>*os 4 4 4 ,situla ,ibid4 p4 #ch ,niko/h5es ,ab\t eighty vases ,ibid4 p4 #ea ,oikopheles ,kylix ,ox=d #ahi ,paseas ,p9ax ,kle91 p4 #di ,phrynos ,m9or arti/ ,b4,m4 ,b #dbd & ,bo/on ,priapos ,d\btful ,b4,m4 ,b #cie ,psoieas 787 ,m9or arti/ ,b4,m4 ,b #fjjdj ,sakonides ,m9or arti/ ,kle91 p4 #he ,sikelos ,pana!n4 amphora ,ibid4 p4 #hf ,sky!s ,p9ax ,ibid4 p4 #dh ,sokles ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #gi ,sondros ,m9or arti/ ,b4,m4 ,b #fjaf ,sophilos ,fragm5t ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a ,taleides ,v>i\s %apes ,kle91 p4 #df ,?rax ,m9or arti/ ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aijc1 p4 #cf ,timagoras ,hydriae ,kle91 p4 #ej ,tl5polemos ,m9or arti/2 pott] ,ibid4 p4 #hd = ,sakonides ,tleson ,m9or arti/ ,ibid4 p4 #gc ,ty*ios ,hydria ,ibid4 p4 #ej ,x5okles ,m9or arti/2 pott] ,ibid4 p4 #hj = ,kleisophos ,,iii4 ,,transitional ,,or 8,,mix$ ,,te*nique0 ,&okides ,amphorae1 etc4 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chf ,*elis ,see bel[ ,epiktetos ,see bel[ ,epilykos ,see bel[ ,his*ylos ,pott] = ,kle91 p4 #ig ,epiktetos1 ,sakonides1 ,pheidippos ,niko/h5es ,see above2 two mix$2 ?ree ,r4,f4#bbdd ,pamphaios ,v>i\s %apes ,ibid4 p4 #hg ,pasiades ,:ite-gr\nd ,b4,m4 ,b #ffh ,?yphei?ide ,d\btful ,see ,b4,m4 ,e #d s ,,iv4 ,,attic ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,vases 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbj ff47 ,aeson ,kylix ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 pl4 #a ,amasis ,,ii 77 ,kylix ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ece2 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 *ap4 xvi4 ,apollodoros ,kylikes ,ibid4 *ap4 xxii4 ,ari/ophanes ,kylikes ,b]l9 #beca2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijj1 p4 #di ff4 ,brygos ,kylikes ,h>twig1 *ap4 xiii4 ,*a*rylion ,kylikes ,ibid4 *ap iv4 ,*elis ,kylikes 7"o ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 8mix$07 #aaf ,de9iades ,pott] = ,ph9tias ,duris ,v>i\s %apes ,h>twig1 *aps4 x41 xxi4 ,epig5es ,kan?>os ,kle91 p4 #ahf ,epiktetos ,kylikes & plates ,ibid4 p4 #ajj ,epilykos ,kylikes ,ibid4 p4 #aad3 see ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 p4 #ace ff4 ,erg9os ,pott] = ,ari/ophanes ,eu]gides ,kylikes ,kle91 p4 #ii ,euphronios ,v>i\s %apes ,h>twig1 *aps4 vii41 xviii4 ,eu?ymides ,v>i\s %apes ,hopp91 ,eu?ymides ,euxi!os ,amphora2 pott] = ,kle91 p4 #ace ,oltos ,hegesib\los ,:ite-gr\nd cup ,branteghem ,cat41 ,no4 #afg ,hegias ,kylix ,kle91 p4 #ahf ,h]maios ,kylikes ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbd ,h]monax ,/amni & 8pelikae0 ,kle91 p4 #bjj ,hi]on ,kylikes & kotylae2 ,h>twig1 *ap4 xii4 pott] = ,makron ,hil9os ,pott] = ,psiax ,his*ylos ,see above ,hypsis ,hydria ,kle91 p4 #aih ,kalliades ,pott] = ,duris3 see ,table ,v4 ,kleophrades ,pott] = ,duris & ,amasis ,,ii4 ,makron 7,) ,hi]on7 ,maurion ,pyxis ,b4,m4 ,e #ggj2 ,class4 ,rev4 #ahid1 p4 #dai ,megakles ,pyxis ,kle91 p4 #bje ,meidias ,hydria ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd ,plate ,,xli4 ,mys ,leky?os ,a!ns #acfb ,nikias ,krat] 9 ,b4,m ,see p4 #bei above ,oltos ,kylikes ,h>twig1 *ap4 v4 ,onesimos ,kylikes 7,euphronios ,ibid4 *ap4 xix4 z pott]7 ,pei?9os ,kylikes ,ibid4 *ap4 xi4 ,pheidippos ,kylix ,b4,m4 ,e #f ,ph9tias ,v>i\s %apes ,h>twig1 *ap4 ix4 ,pi/ox5os ,kotylae2 pott] = ,ibid4 *ap4 xiv4 ,euphronios ,polygnotos ,amphorae2 /amni ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 p4 #a ff4 ,praxias 7,non-,a!nian87 ,kle91 p4 #ca ,psiax ,kylix & alaba/ron ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahie1 p4 #dhe ,py?on ,i4 ,pott] = ,epiktetos & ,duris ,sikanos ,plate ,kle91 p4 #aaf ,smikros #bbde ,/amni ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 p4 #ae ff4 ,sosias ,kylix ,b]l9 #bbgh2 ,kle91 p4 #adg ,sotades ,:ite-gr\nd vases ,branteghem ,cat4 #aei-aff ,kle91 p4 #ahg ,syriskos ,a/ragalos vase ,h>twig1 *ap4 xxiv4 ,x5ophantos ,leky?os ,pet]sburg #agij ,x5otimos ,kylikes ,branteghem ,cat4 #hd-he ,v4 ,,unfigur$ ,,& ,,modell$ ,,vases ,*>9os ,modell$ vases ,kle91 p4 #bae2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #caf ,kalliades ,modell$ vases2 ,kle91 p4 #baf pott] = ,duris ,kleom5es ,modell$ vase 9 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahig1 pls4 ,l\vre #af-ag ,kriton ,jug2 no subject ,kle91 p4 #bac ,lydos ,fragm5t2 pa9t]'s ,ibid4 p4 #bag "n lo/ ,lyk9os ,pyxis ,ibid4 p4 #bac ,lysias ,jug2 no subject ,ibid4 p4 #bac ,myson 4 4 4 ,fragm5t ,ibid4 p4 #bag ,prokles ,modell$ leky?os ,b]l9 #bbjb ,teisias ,vases )\t ,kle91 p4 #bab subject ,!r9os ,*ytra ,ibid4 p4 #bad ,,vi4 ,,s\? ,,italian 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgh7 ,as/eas ,krat]s1 etc4 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgh ,lasimos ,krat] ,kle91 p4 #baj ,py?on ,krat] ,b4,m4 ,f #adi ,/atios ,d\btful ,see ,b4,m4 ,f #eid ,,li/ ,,( -,,names ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,names 9 p>5!ses d5ote ! arti/s ) :om !y are associat$ ,i4 ,,black-,,figur$ ,,vases ,ais*is ,myia ,&okides 7,timagoras7 ,mys ,an?ylle ,neokleides 7,taleides7 ,autom5es ,onetor ,*airaia8 7,niko/h5es7 ,onetorides 7,exekias7 ,*>es ,pyles ,doro!os 7,*>9os8 also ,py?okles ,i4 ,r4,f47 ,eresilla ,rhodon ,euphiletos ,rhodopis ,hippokrates 7also ,r4,f47 ,sibon 7,kabeirion vase3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bah7 ,hippokritos 7,glaukytes7 ,sime ,hippon ,i4 ,so/ratos ,kallias ,i4 7,taleides7 ,/esias 7,exekias7 ,kallippe ,/esileos ,klit>*os 7,taleides7 ,/roibos ,leagros 7,exekias2 also ,r4,f47 ,timo!os ,lysippides ,x5odoke 7,*>9os7 ,mnesilla ,,ii4 ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,vases ,aisimides ,antima*os ,ake/or ,antiphon ,ake/orides ,aphrodisia ,alexom5os ,ar*9os ,,ii4 ,alkides ,ari/agoras 7,duris7 ,alkima*os ,ari/>*os ,antias ,ari/eides ,a!nodotos 7,pei?9os2 ) ,li*as ,leagros7 ,bra*as ,ly&ros ,*aire/ratos ,lykopis ,*airias 7,ph9tias7 ,lykos 7,euphronios1 ,duris1 ,onesimos7 ,*airippos ,lysis 7,h>twig1 *ap4 xxiii47 ,*>mides ,megakles ,i4 7,ph9tias1 ,eu?ymides7 ,damas ,megakles ,,ii4 ,diog5es 7see ,h>twig1 *ap4 ,memnon 7,*elis1 ,*a*rylion7 xv47 ,diokles ,midas ,dion ,mikion ,,ii4 ,dionokles ,miltiades ,diphilos ,naukleia 7,hi]on7 ,doro!os 7also ,b4,f47 ,nikodemos ,dromippos ,nikon ,elp9ikos ,nikophile ,epidromos 7,*a*rylion87 ,niko/ratos ,,ii4 7,h>twig1 *ap4 xx47 ,epileios ,o9an! ,epim$es ,olympiodoros 7also "o ,b4,f47 ,erosan!o ,panaitios 7,euphronios1 ,duris7 ,ero!mis 7,euphronios & ,p$ieus ,onesimos7 ,euaion ,p]ses ,euryma*os ,phayllos ,euryptolemos 7,apollodoros7 ,pheidiades ,glaukon 7,euphronios7 ,pheidon ,h]as ,philon ,h]mog5es 7,duris7 ,praxiteles ,hiketes ,sekl9e 7,euphronios7 ,hipp>*os 7,epiktetos7 ,sik9nos ,hippodamas 7,duris & ,hi]on7 ,simiades ,hippon ,,ii4 ,smiky?os 7,eu?ymides7 ,hygia9on ,sokrates ,kallias ,,ii4 ,solon ,kallides ,sophanes ,kallikles ,so/ratos ,kalli/o 7,hi]on7 ,?aleia ,k>ton ,!odoros ,kephisios ,!ro 7,oltos7 ,kephisophon ,tim>*os ,kle9ias ,timokrates ,kleophon 7) ,megakles ,i47 ,timox5os or ,timax5os ,krates ,tleson ,la*es 7see ,h>twig1 *ap4 ,x5on xx47 ,leagros 7,*a*rylion1 ,x5ophon4 ,euphronios1 ,euxi!os7 ,! =ego+ li/ is n exhau/ive1 b only gives ! m frequ5tly occurr+ names2 ref]5ce %\ld be made ?r\gh\t to ,kle9's ,liebl+s9s*rift51 #ahih edition4 ----- ,footnote #bjeh3 v4 #ag1 #f4 ,footnote #bjei3 xi4 #dff ,d-,e4 ,footnote #bjfj3 ,h5ce ! oblique cases 1 1 etc41 ( classical usage4 ,footnote #bjfa3 ,die grie*is*5 ,vas59s*rift51 ,gt]sloh1 #ahid4 ,footnote #bjfb3 ,see ,b]l9 #bhia2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahgi1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #bjfc3 ,cf4 ,b]l9 #bhff & ! vase ( ,x5ophantos 7,re9a*1 i4 #bc74 ,footnote #bjfd3 ,b4,m4 ,a #ahi99 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #f4 ,footnote #bjfe3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dcf2 ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 #afb ff4 ,footnote #bjff3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgh2 ,kle91 ibid4 p4 #bjf ff4 ,footnote #bjfg3 ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #aah4 ,footnote #bjfh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #cif4 ,footnote #bjfi3 ,= ! explanation ( ^! names see ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,footnote #bjgj3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dig2 ,s*ne 9 ,comm4 ,phil4 9 hon4 ,momms5i1 p4 #feh1 ,nos4 #bi-cb4 ,footnote #bjga3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #fea1 ,no4 #e4 ,9 ?is & ! o!r examples x w be und]/ood t d5otes #aj 771 #e 771 & s on2 be+ ! sign = a dra*ma4 ,footnote #bjgb3 ,op4 cit4 ,no4 #ag4 ,footnote #bjgc3 ,a dim9utive ( 1 a l>ge deep cup or b[l 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahf74 ,footnote #bjgd3 ,s*ne1 op4 cit4 p4 #fej1 ,no4 #c4 ,footnote #bjge3 ,ibid4 ,no4 #g ,cat4 #abjf4 ,footnote #bjgf3 ,cat4 #bahh2 ,s*ne's ,no4 #h4 ,! mean+ ( is unc]ta94 ,footnote #bjgg3 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #bjgh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #caj2 ,muni* #fic4 ,see ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 ,s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bjgi3 ,ran4 #abcf4 ,footnote #bjhj3 ,pac4 #abjb4 ,footnote #bjha3 ,s*ne1 op4 cit4 p4 #fee1 ,no4 #ac4 ,footnote #bjhb3 ,f #eie3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #bjhc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dea2 ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 p4 #cgd ff4 ,footnote #bjhd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dej ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #bjhe3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #ede4 ,footnote #bjhf3 ,a #ajed ,roehl1 ,i4,g4,a4 #ebd1 p4 #aea4 ,see also ,krets*m]1 pp4 #c-d4 ,footnote #bjhg3 ,i4,g4,a4 #bb3 see bel[1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #bjhh3 ,ibid4 #b ,b4,m4 ,a #aeab4 ,footnote #bjhi3 ,b4,m4 ,f #eif3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #bjij3 ,heydemann's ,cat4 #abab4 ,footnote #bjia3 ,b4,m4 ,f #fje-f4 ,footnote #bjib3 ,naukratis ,i41 pls4 #cb-d1 p4 #ed ff42 ,naukratis ,,ii41 pl4 #ba1 p4 #fb ff42 ,brit4 ,s*4 ,annual1 #ahih-ii1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #bjic3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xv4 p4 #cie ff4 ,footnote #bjid3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aci1 #cde4 ,footnote #bjie3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahha1 p4 #ajg2 #ahic1 p4 #bbe2 ,krets*m]1 p4 #aaj2 also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #bjif3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahig1 pls4 #af-g1 p4 #ee2 & see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dic4 ,footnote #bjig3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acd2 ,urli*s1 ,beitrge1 pl4 #ad4 ,footnote #bjih3 ,b]l9 #bcad4 ,footnote #bjii3 ,examples 9 ! ,b4,m4 are ,e #ab & ,e #deg 7,pamphaios71 ,e #fa 7,hi]on71 ,e #fe 7,brygos71 ,e #beh 7,euxi!os72 & cf4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,footnote #bajj3 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 p4 #fgj4 ,!y h be5 f\nd at ,l>naka1 ,paphos1 ,dali1 & ,ama?us4 ,footnote #baja3 ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #bajb3 ,on ! subject g5]ally see ,rob]ts1 ,greek ,epigraphy1 vol4 i4 7,cambridge ,press74 ,footnote #bajc3 ,see ! table giv5 by ,krets*m]1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #bajd3 ,see ,hill1 ,h&book ( ,greek & ,roman ,co9s1 p4 #bjh ff4 ,footnote #baje3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acj4 ,footnote #bajf3 ,see = o!r details ( co9-inscriptions ,hill1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #bajg3 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,no4 #bej4 ,footnote #bajh3 ,no4 #che 7,didot74 ,footnote #baji3 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ,myc5aean vases h be5 f\nd 9 ,argolis1 ,cyprus1 & else:]e1 ) *>act]s incis$ on ! h&les1 ( contemporane\s execution1 & =m+ p>allels to ! ,cretan script & ! lat] ,cypriote syllab>y4 ,footnote #baaj3 ,olympia1 iv4 pl4 #ci1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #baaa3 ,roehl1 ,i4,g4,a4 #cgg4 ,footnote #baab3 #ab #aijc1 pls4 #b-f3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #baac3 ,see also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #baad3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 p4 #bfc2 ,krets*m]1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #baae3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #big & ,plate ,,xvi42 = ! late/ int]pretation ( ! "n1 z "h adopt$1 see ,class4 ,review1 #aijj1 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #baaf3 ,e4g4 ,ramsay 9 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #baag3 ,/udniczka1 ,kyr5e1 p4 #aa ff42 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #baah3 ,collect$ by ,blass1 ,dialekt9s*r4 iii4 #cabj ff41 & ,wilis*1 ,altkor9?is*e ,?on9du/rie1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #baai3 ,rob]ts 7,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #acd7 di/+ui%es ?ree p]iods 9 ! ,cor9?ian alphabet f #gjj to #djj ,b4,c41 b ! vases seem to belong almo/ entirely to ! fir/1 d[n to #eej ,b4,c4 ,footnote #babj3 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #caf1 ,fig4 #ij4 ,footnote #baba3 ,cat4 #afee3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #babb3 ,l\vre ,e #fjj ,re9a*1 i4 #cie4 ,footnote #babc3 ,b4,m4 ,a #ajhj ,re9a*1 i4 #cjf4 ,footnote #babd3 ,a!ns #fbj ,re9a*1 i4 #cid4 ,footnote #babe3 ,roehl1 ,i4,g4,a4 #bj1 #e4 ,footnote #babf3 ,ibid4 #bj1 #fc4 ,footnote #babg3 ,e #fch ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 #ahee1 pl4 #bj4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! "n is orig9ally a corruption ( ,alex&ra ,x&ra ,ks&ra ,kes&ra 7,krets*m]1 p4 #bh74 ,footnote #babh3 ,! g5]al peculi>ities ( ! ,cor9?ian alphabet are n t\*$ on "h1 z examples h be5 giv5 ( all *>act]i/ic lett]s4 ,see ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #babi3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #ea2 ,roehl1 ,i4,g4,a4 p4 #ad1 ,no4 #bb4 ,footnote #bacj3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cjj2 ,kle91 ,mei/]s4 p4 #cj2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahih1 p4 #ed1 #ahii1 p4 #ef2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #baca3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahib1 pl4 #f1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #bacb3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #bacc3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ceg2 ,k>o 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #aef2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijj1 p4 #ic1 note4 ,footnote #bacd3 ,aus]l4 ,vas5b4 #bje1 #c1 #d3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #bace3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cbb & ,krets*m]1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #bacf3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xl4 7#aijb71 p4 #da4 ,footnote #bacg3 ,z is (t5 ! case ) ,engli% sev5te5?-c5tury inscriptions4 ,footnote #bach3 ,frag4 ,com4 ,gr4 7,script4 ,gr4 ,bibl41 xlii471 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #baci3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aijc1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #badj3 ,= ! language spok5 by ! cf4 ,krets*m]1 p4 #gf1 & ,philo/ratus1 ,vit4 ,soph4 ii4 #a1 #ad2 also ,plat4 ,lys4 #bbc;a1 4 ,footnote #bada3 ,naples #cjhi ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cc-d4 ,footnote #badb3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #cgb ,re9a*1 i4 #ib4 ,footnote #badc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hdf ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #abi4 ,footnote #badd3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #cbj2 ,dmml] 9 ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahhh1 p4 #bj2 ,krets*m]1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #bade3 ,ar4 ,!sm4 #ajhd-abbe4 ,footnote #badf3 ,krets*m] also h9ts t x seems to indicate ! pronunciation ( by ! ,a!nians z ,,ph 9 8hap-haz>d10 n z ,f4 ,footnote #badg3 ,!re are also isolat$ in/ances ( 2 ,timonidas ( ,cor9?1 ,pheidippos1 ,eu?ymides1 & ,ari/ophanes4 ,see ,kle91 ,mei/]s4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #badh3 ,b4,m4 ,f #eid4 ,footnote #badi3 ,g>dn]1 ,a%molean ,vases1 ,no4 #ahi1 pl4 #bf3 4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! je/ ab\t ,*aire/ratos made by ! comic poet ,phryni*os1 :o speaks ( 8,*aire/ratos sob]ly pott]+ 77 at home0 7,a!n4 xi4 #dgd ,b74 ,footnote #baej3 ,see li/ at end ( *apt]1 & ,kle91 op4 cit4 pp4 #di1 #bac1 #bad4 ,footnote #baea3 ,muni* #cgh ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ad4 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbh4 ,footnote #baeb3 ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #baec3 ,g #ajg3 see ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #baed3 ,naples #cdae4 ,footnote #baee3 ,muni* #dih ,re9a*1 i4 #bae4 ,footnote #baef3 ,cat4 #aaeb4 ,footnote #baeg3 ,muni* #chj1 #haj ,re9a*1 ii4 #aae1 i4 #cfc4 ,footnote #baeh3 ,l\vre ,e #heb ,re9a*1 i4 #aef4 ,footnote #baei3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #bib4 ,footnote #bafj3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,f #fb4 ,footnote #bafa3 ,see also ,krets*m]1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #bafb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #afd1 ,b #bed2 ,l\vre ,f #big ,re9a*1 ii4 #bf4 ,footnote #bafc3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #he3 see p #ib4 ,footnote #bafd3 ,muni* #f3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbh1 & ,hopp91 ,eu?ymides1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bafe3 ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 pl4 #b4 ,footnote #baff3 ,b]l9 #agcg4 ,footnote #bafg3 ,muni* #ccc ,re9a*1 ii4 #aai4 ,footnote #bafh3 ,b]l9 #agjd ,re9a*1 i4 #aih2 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #bafi3 ,b]l9 #agcb ,re9a*1 ii4 #ff4 ,footnote #bagj3 ,plate ,,xxiii43 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #baga3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #bai4 ,footnote #bagb3 ,l\vre ,f #che ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 pl4 #ch4 ,footnote #bagc3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #di4 ,footnote #bagd3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #bage3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abh4 ,footnote #bagf3 ,krets*m]1 pp4 #hf1 #aig4 ,footnote #bagg3 ,see ,krets*m]1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #bagh3 ,cat4 #aaeh ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhd1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #bagi3 ,krets*m]1 loc4 cit43 cf4 ,b]gk1 ,poet4 lyr4 ,gr4 iii4#d p4 #ig1 frag4 #bc4 ,footnote #bahj3 ,see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #baha3 ,pet]sburg #afgj4 ,! ,doric dialect is expla9$ by ,krets*m] z due to ! ,sicilian orig9 ( ! game4 ,footnote #bahb3 ,sc4 8h>d to beat40 ,footnote #bahc3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #bahd3 ,i4e4 4 ,footnote #bahe3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bid4 ,probably1 z ,krets*m] po9ts out1 a dog ( ,melita (f ,illyricum1 n ( ,malta4 ,footnote #bahf3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #bahg3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #bahh3 ,helbig1 #ahf ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #h1 #f4 ,footnote #bahi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #if4 ,footnote #baij3 ,re9a*1 i4 #ajf4 ,footnote #baia3 ,?is translation is some:at d\btful3 see ,re9a*1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #baib3 ,cat4 #fhh ,re9a*1 i4 #afd4 ,footnote #baic3 ,re9a*1 i4 #eac4 ,footnote #baid3 ,a!ns #abda ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #baie3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,footnote #baif3 ,on ! =m ( ! see bel[1 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #baig3 ,brit4 ,s*4 ,annual1 #ahih-ii1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #baih3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bgg3 see on ! subject1 ,h]mes1 #ahih1 p4 #fdj2 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahie1 #hf ff42 & above1 pp4 #aae1 #acg4 ,footnote #baii3 ,see on ?is subject1 ,urli*s1 ,beitrge1 p4 #cc ff41 & ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #bbjj3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dff ,d2 n f\nd on ,attic vases1 b cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #edh4 ,footnote #bbja3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dae1 #dbb2 ,b]l9 #agge-gf4 ,footnote #bbjb3 ,b]l9 #agfd2 ,muni* #cg4 ,= v>iations see ,krets*m]1 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #bbjc3 ,see ,kle91 ,mei/]s4 p4 #aaj2 ,krets*m]1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #bbjd3 ,in/ances are ,b4,m4 ,b #ccj1 ,b #cci1 ,b #fca1 ,e #ahb1 ,e #gah4 ,footnote #bbje3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #djj4 ,footnote #bbjf3 ,cat4 #ccd ,re9a*1 i4 #gi4 ,! vase is probably by ,*>9os4 ,footnote #bbjg3 ,cf4 ! /ory ( ,p]icles & ,sophocles told by ,cic]o1 ,de ,(fic4 i4 #dj1 #add4 ,footnote #bbjh3 ,vas5 mit ,liebl+s9s*rift51 #bnd edn41 #ahih4 ,( ^!1 #ebh are mascul9e names1 & only #cj fem99e4 ,footnote #bbji3 #adc ff4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a play "h on ! ^w 4 ,footnote #bbaj3 #ig ff4 ,demos is "h a prop] "n2 means ! ballot-box1 9 :i* ! juries record$ _! votes4 ,footnote #bbaa3 ,cf4 ,fraz]'s note on ,paus4 vi4 #aj1 #f 7vol4 iv4 p4 #cg74 ,footnote #bbab3 ,su* z ! ,la*es on ,b]l9 #bcad1 a "n :i* recalls ! ,platonic dialogue ) t title4 ,footnote #bbac3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #ag1 #a4 ,footnote #bbad3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #id4 ,footnote #bbae3 ,h>twig 9 ,mlanges d',ar*4 #ahid1 p4 #aj note4 ,footnote #bbaf3 ,! "n ( ,leagros occurs on _m vases by ,euphronios & o!r arti/s3 see ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #gj ff4 ,footnote #bbag3 ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #hg ,a%molean ,vases1 ,no4 #caj4 ,footnote #bbah3 ,see = ?is section1 ,krets*m]1 p4 #id ff4 ,footnote #bbai3 ,see ,krets*m]1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #bbbj3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #bbba3 ,b see p4 #bga = ! probable explanation ( ?is use ( 4 ,footnote #bbbb3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #bbbc3 ,naples #bhii2 ,b4,m4 ,e #aef4 ,footnote #bbbd3 ,l\vre ,f #ec ,re9a*1 ii4 #ei 7,exekias74 ,footnote #bbbe3 ,b]l9 #bbia4 ,footnote #bbbf3 ,muni* #cdj ,c4,i4,g4 #gdcc4 ,footnote #bbbg3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd2 ,k>lsruhe #bji3 cf4 ,b]l9 #bahd 77 & #aijf 774 ,footnote #bbbh3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #bbbi3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #bbcj3 ,muni* #ccd4 ,footnote #bbca3 ,see g5]ally ,krets*m]1 p4 #aaj ff4 ,footnote #bbcb3 ,! two ,proto-,attic inscrib$ vases 7,b]l9 #afhb & ,art4 ,d5km4 i4 #eg3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bic74 ,footnote #bbcc3 ,b]l9 #bjjh2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #bbcd3 ,see ! table giv5 by ,krets*m]1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #bbce3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddc1 & ,dmml]'s article 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #afh ff4 ,footnote #bbcf3 ,see ,krets*m]1 p4 #baa ff4 ,footnote #bbcg3 ,= ! pro( t ,as/eas & ,py?on work$ at ,pae/um1 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgi4 ,footnote #bbch3 ,! "n is p]haps a by-=m ( ,dasimos 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dgh74 ,! correspond5ce ( ,d & ,l is n uncommon1 z 9 lacrima4 ,footnote #bbci3 ,f #fb1 2 ,f #ib1 4 ,see also ,mill+5-,re9a*1 pls4 #ad1 #ag1 #ah4 ,footnote #bbdj3 ,cf4 ! v]sion giv5 by ,eu/a?ius ad ,odyss4 p4 #afih1 #be4 ,footnote #bbda3 ,krets*m]1 p4 #bah2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xii4 7#ahhh71 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #bbdb3 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #ccj 79 ,l\vre73 see above1 p4 #ahf2 also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dhh4 ,footnote #bbdc3 ,"o kylix 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,niko/h5es4 ,footnote #bbdd3 ,9 "o case z pott] = ,epiktetos4 ,footnote #bbde3 ,see also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddj4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,italian ,,pott]y ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,etruscan ,,& ,,s\? ,,italian ,,pott]y ,e>ly ,italian civilisation--,orig9 ( ,etruscans--,t]ram>e civilisation--,villanuova p]iod--,pit-tombs--,hut-urns--,tr5*-tomb s--,relief-w>es & pa9t$ vases f ,c]vetri--,*amb]-tombs--,poll$r>a w>e--,buc*]o w>e--,canopic j>s--,imitations ( ,greek vases--,etruscan inscriptions--,sculpture 9 t]racotta--,ar*itectural decoration--,s>cophagi--,local pott]y ( ,s\!rn ,italy--,messapian & ,peucetian fabrics4 ,9 ! succe$+ section ( ?is "w we propose1 by a natural transition1 to deal ) ,italian pott]y1 t is1 ,etruscan & ,roman1 z di/9ct f ,greek4 ,! subject naturally falls "u ?ree heads--! fir/ two deal+ ) ! pott]y ( ! p]iod previ\s to ! ,roman dom9ation ( ,italy1 & !re=e contemporane\s ) ! ,greek pott]y2 ! ?ird ) ,roman pott]y f ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 & ( necessity includ+ also rema9s ( simil> pott]y f ,gaul1 ,brita91 & o!r c\ntries ov] :i* t civilisation ext5d$4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ! fir/ two bran*es ( ! subject--namely1 ,etruscan pott]y1 & ! local fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy--w be discuss$2 ! p]iod ( "t :i* !y cov] is1 z has be5 said1 co9cid5t ) t cov]$ by ! hi/ory ( ,greek pott]y1 ext5d+ f ! ,bronze ,age d[n to ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 #a4 ,,etruscan ,,pott]y ,,bibliography ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhd1 p4 #ajh ff41 #ahhe1 p4 #e ff42 ,k>o1 ,c5ni sulla cronologia preclassica1 ,p>ma1 #ahih2 ,von ,duhn 9 ,bonn] ,/udi51 p4 #ba ff41 & 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xvi4 p4 #abe ff42 ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 passim2 ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 #bnd edn4 7good = topography2 ar*aeology out ( date72 ,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 p4 #bjf ff4 7,c4 ,smi? on ,poll$r>a w>e72 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci2 ,potti]1 ,cat4 des vases ant4 du ,l\vre1 ii4 p4 #bhe ff4 7! be/ g5]al survey72 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 passim1 = excavations2 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 p4 xliv ff4 7#a7 ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,civilisation ,z reg>ds ,etruria1 x w be se5 t ! art ( ! p 0 l>gely imitative1 be+ d]iv$ ma9ly f ,greece1 b 9 "s measure also f ! ,ea/4 ,few rema9s ( _! productions h rea*$ ! pres5t day1 ) ! exception ( l>ge numb]s ( vases1 bronzes1 & jewell]y2 ^!1 h[ev]1 af=d a v cle> notion ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,etruscan art4 ,x is h>dly possible to treat ! subject ( work+ 9 clay 9 ,etruria ) su* fulness z c be done 9 ! case ( ,greece & ,rome1 ow+ to ! great] de>? ( lit]ature2 b 9 our previ\s *apt] 7,,iii47 on ?is subject mu* has already be5 said ) ref]5ce to :at is kn[n on ?is head4 ,9 reg>d to ! pott]y1 c>eful sci5tific excavations1 su* z ^? und]tak5 by ,m4 ,gsell at ,vulci 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #gg71 h done mu* to increase our k ( all p]iods1 & to place *ronological c]ta9ty )9 ! rea* ( ! inquir]4 ,9 deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( art 9 ,italy1 we are naturally fir/ met ) two que/ions3 7#a7 ,:o 7 ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region aft]w>ds kn[n z ,etruria1 9 :i* ! fir/ signs ( arti/ic developm5t appe>8 7#b7 ,at :at p]iod & f :at qu>t] did ! ,etruscans occupy ?is region1 or are !y aborig9al8 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to devote a few prelim9>y p>agraphs to ^! mu*-debat$ que/ions1#bbdf 9 ord] to ga9 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! ,etruscans1 to take ! second fir/1 is z old z ,h]odotos4#bbdg ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory held to ! view t !y orig9ally came f ,lydia1 a view :i* f\nd g5]al support 9 antiquity1 & is ref]r$ to by ,horace1#bbdh & _m o!r writ]s4 ,8 fell[-t[nsman ,dionysios 01 h[ev]1 ( ! op9ion t !y 7 auto*?on\s4#bbdi ,h[ev] mu* ( tru? !re may be 9 ei!r ( ^! !ories1 ! fact rema9s t ) c]ta9 modifications ea* ( ! two alt]natives has f\nd support]s ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day1 ?\gh to ,niebuhr fir/ is due ! sugge/ion t ! immigration ( ! ,etruscans 0 by l& & n by sea1 & t !y came f ,c5tral ,europe by way ( ! ,rhaetian ,alps4 ,he has be5 foll[$ by mo/ writ]s s9ce--above all by ,momms51 :o 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! absurdity ( id5tify+ ! ,lydian or ) ! ,italian ,tusci or ,etrusci4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! :ole ( ! civilisation ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,italy is due to ?is race1 :i* w\ld obvi\sly h left its impress on ea* di/rict z x pass$ ?r\gh x2 &1 secondly1 t x 0 ?is same race t 0 aft]w>ds kn[n by ! "n ( ,etruscan4 ,! *ief objection to ! !ory ( an auto*?on\s orig9 is t1 z we %all pres5tly see1 a break 9 ! civilisation ( ,nor!rn ,italy :i* c be trac$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 is ( su* a m>k$ & rapid "* t x _c be reg>d$ z due to any cause b ! irruption ( a new race4 ,moreov]1 !re is probably1 z ,m4 ,potti] po9ts out1#bbej m tru? 9 ! words ( ,h]odotos ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,x is true t !re are no gr\nds = accept+ ! ,lydian !ory absolutely2 b ap>t f ?is1 x is to be not$ t ,h]odotos n[h]e /ates t ! ,tyrrh5ians l&$ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,italy--i4e4 9 ,etruria4 ,:at he does say is t1 8aft] hav+ visit$ 7or coa/$ along7 _m nations1 !y arriv$ at ! ,umbrians1 :]e !y f\nd$ cities & inhabit !m to ?is day2 & in/ead ( ,lydians1 _! "n 0 *ang$ to t ( ,tyrrh5ians40 ,additional evid5ce is giv5 by ,hellanikos1#bbea :o explicitly /ates t !y l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,po2 & z ! ,umbrians probably occupi$ a l>g] t]ritory 9 prehi/oric ?an 9 classical times1#bbeb we may fairly place "h ! city ( ,tyrs5ia or ,tyrrh5ia1 :i* ,h]odotos gives z ! "n ( _! fir/ new home4 ,?us ! ,umbrians w repres5t ! e>ly aborig9es ^: civilisation1 kn[n z ! ,t]ram>e1 we %all pres5tly describe1 & x 0 ?is civilisation1 trans=m$ & develop$1 :i* 0 c>ri$ by ! invad]s ov] ! ,ap5n9es into ! region n[ to be kn[n z ,etruria4 ,x w be not$ t ?is !ory at lea/ satisfactorily comb9es ! l& & sea migrations ( ! ,etruscans into ,etruria1 ?\gh x does n pr(ess to dogmatise z to ! region :5ce !y fir/ />t$4 ,! idea t !y fir/ l&$ on ! we/ coa/ is entirely due to ,roman ideas1 fo/]$ by poets l ,virgil2 & ?\gh x is 9 "o passage accept$ by ,dionysios ( ,halic>nassos1 he expressly contradicts himself 9 ano!r4#bbec ,! two *ief *>act]i/ics ( ?is new ,etrusco-,umbrian civilisation are ! developm5t ( geometrical decoration & ! pr$om9ance ( a metallurgic elem5t1 bo? ( :i* are obvi\sly d]iv$ f ,ea/]n s\rces1 :e!r ,hell5ic or ,ori5tal4 ,x w suffice "h to po9t out t ! 8,tyrrh5ians0 dur+ _! previ\s voyages 7see above7 might well h come 9 contact ) ! o!r civilisations ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 su* z ,cyprus1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,myc5ae1 & ! ,greek isl&s1 & t _! natural acquisitiv5ess & capacity = imitation1 :i* we %all f9d illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory1 enabl$ !m to pick up & use arti/ic ideas f all ^! qu>t]s4 ,ev5 _! e>lie/ art yields _m po9ts ( comp>ison ) t ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,! e>lie/ civilisation ( :i* traces h surviv$ 9 ,italy is1 z we h already se51 t ( ! ,t]ram>e1 s call$ f ! rema9s discov]$ 9 t di/rict1 cov]+ ! bas9 ( ! ,eridanus or ,po1 b *iefly betwe5 ,piac5za & ,bologna4 ,we h fur!r se5 t ! aborig9al p to :om ^! rema9s belong are probably to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,umbrians1 b x is p]haps saf] to /yle !m ,italiotes4 ,!y 7 lake-dwell]s1 liv+ 9 wood5 h\ses built on piles 9 ! wat] or 9 ! m>%y lagoons ( ! di/rict :i* !y inhabit$1 & _! civilisation 0 ( ! rude/ description4 ,we f9d among _! rema9s1 besides rude objects 9 bronze & o!r sub/ances1 pott]y ( ! v simple/ k9ds1 h&-made & r\ghly bak$4 ,?is is n f\nd 9 tombs1 b m+l$ ) ! dbris ( ! dwell+s4 ,! %apes comprise cups & pots1 & !re are few attempts at decoration beyond r[s ( knobs or bosses4 ,a cresc5t-%ap$ or lunulat$ h&le is atta*$ to _m ( ! vases1 s]v+ z a support = ! ?umb2 b ?is is a feature also f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy & 9 ,sicily4 ,iron1 glass1 & silv] are q unkn[n1 & gold only repres5t$ by a d\btful specim52 on ! o!r h&1 along ) ! f9ds ( bronze1 :i* include weapons1 tools1 & objects ( toilet1 are survivals ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age 9 ! %ape ( axes1 spe>-heads1 & tools ( /one4 ,9 sev]al ( ! settlem5ts actual m\lds = bronze-ca/+ 7 f\nd4 ,! ,neoli?ic rema9s are suffici5t to indicate ! e>ly date ( ?is civilisation1 & x is probably contempor>y 9 po9t ( developm5t 7if n ( date7 ) ! e>lie/ rema9s f ,hiss>lik & ,cyprus4 ,x may ?us be trac$ back z f> z #aejj ,b4,c4 at lea/1 & seems to ext5d d[n to ab\t ! end ( ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! analog\s pott]y f\nd at ,?apsus 9 ,sicily is mix$ ) ,myc5aean vases1 & may !re=e be m precisely dat$2 b x is altoge!r m advanc$ ?an t ( ! ,t]ram>e4 ,! influ5ce ( ! latt] no d\bt spread gradually d[nw>ds dur+ ^! ?\s& ye>s ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,italy4#bbed 7#b7 ,,! ,,villanuova ,,p]iod 7,,tombs ,a ,,pozzo7 ,! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( civilisation 9 ,italy1 probably sep>at$ f ! prec$+ by a p]iod ( transition1 is :at is kn[n z ! ,villanuova p]iod1 f a site ( t "n at ,bologna4 ,x beg9s ) ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 & la/s = "s two hundr$ ye>s2 its traces are mu* m widely spread ?an ^? ( ! ,t]ram>e p1 be+ f\nd n only to ! nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es1 b all ov] ,etruria4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! *ief f9ds h be5 made 9 :at aft]w>ds became ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ,etruscan civilisation1 su* z ,bologna1 ,corneto1 ,vetulonia1 etc4 ,9 almo/ e respect x %[s a m>k$ developm5t on ! prec$+ /age4 ,iron is already kn[n1 & ! work+ ( bronze bett] und]/ood1 ! processes ( hamm]+ plates 77 & work+ 9 rep\ss be+ introduc$ to supplem5t t ( ca/+4#bbee ,we n[ = ! fir/ "t meet ) tombs1 ! *>act]i/ic =m ( :i* is t ( a well or pit1 end+ 9 a small circul> *amb]1 9 :i* ! rema9s are deposit$4 ,italian ar*aeologi/s h giv5 to ^! tombs ! "n ( a pozzo4 ,! me?od ( burial practis$ 0 almo/ exclusively t ( inc9]ation1 b x appe>s c]ta9 t ! inhabitants ( ,etruria nev] %[$ a special pref]5ce ei!r = "o me?od or ! o!r1 & ! alt]native me?od ( inhumation already appe>s at ,corneto be=e ! next /age is rea*$ ) ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x has be5 sometimes object$ t ! introduction ( inhumation mu/ connote ! fir/ arrival ( ! ,etruscan p 9 ^! regions1 on ! gr\nd t !y did n practise inc9]ation2 b ?is idea re/s on no s\nd basis4 ,! introduction ( ! new sy/em1 :i* nev] entirely ou/$ inc9]ation1 c easily be expla9$ z due to ext]nal influ5ces2 n inde$ to ! ,pho5icians 7al?\gh x 0 a univ]sal ,ori5tal cu/om71 = _! influ5ce 9 ,italy has be5 mu* exagg]at$2 b r to ! ,greeks1 :o colonis$ ,cumae 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 f :i* "t onw>ds ,hell5ic influ5ce gradually becomes m & m app>5t4 ,we h se51 !n1 t ! ,villanuova civilisation may be fairly reg>d$ z ,etruscan4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 by any means conf9$ to ,etruria1 = x is spread all ov] ! c\ntry to ! nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & two ( its mo/ important c5tres 7 at ,bologna & ,e/e4 ,! :ole ( ?is region %[s traces ( hav+ be5 = a long "t "u ! e>ly ,etruscan dom9ation4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 close dep5d5ce on ! ,t]ram>e civilisation :i* "h prec$$ x1 ! diff]5ce1 z we h indicat$1 be+ br\ght ab\t by comm]ce & =eign influ5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,,tomb ,a ,,pozzo ,,) ,,c9]>y ,,urn4 ,! pozzo tombs usually conta9 a l>ge c9]>y urn or ossu>ium1 9 :i* ! a%es 7 plac$ aft] be+ burnt 7,fig4 #agh74bbef ,^! urns are fa%ion$ by h& f a badly levigat$ volcanic clay1 g5]ally kn[n z impa/o ,italico4 ,x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! lat] buc*]o n]o 7see p4 #cja7 by its quality1 & by ! fact t vases ( ! latt] clay are always :eel-made4 ,! clay is irregul>ly bak$ ov] an op5 fire1 & ! col\r ( ! surface v>ies f r$-br[n to greyi% black4 ,x is cov]$ ) a poli%$ slip1 & !re is no d\bt t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! pott] to give ! vases a metallic appe>ance z well z =m4 ,z reg>ds _! %ape1 !y are ( a peculi> b uni=m type1 ) a small h&le at ! wide/ "p1 & cov] 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ b[l or sauc] ) h&le 7,fig4 #agi3 see also ,fig4 #agh74bbeg ,! ornam5tation consi/s ( geometrical ornam5ts incis$ or /amp$ 9 b&s r\nd ! neck & body--su* z mae&]s1 *evrons1 />s1 & dots--! incisions be+ made :ile ! clay 0 moi/4 ,9 r>e cases we meet ) pa9t$ ornam5ts 9 :ite appli$ directly to ! surface4 ,besides ! urns1 :i* (t5 almo/ fill ! *amb]1 accessory objects 9 ! =m ( common pott]y1 fibulae1 & o!r bronze objects1 sp9dle-:orls & amb] objects1 are f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,! common pott]y does n 9 its "* exhibit mu* advance on t ( ! ,t]ram>e4 ,! diff]5ce1 inde$1 consi/s n s mu* 9 developm5t ( te*nique z 9 a great] v>iety ( decoration4 ,x has po9ts ( resemblance ) ! f> e>li] pott]y ( ,hiss>lik & ! e>ly ,bronze ,age tombs ( ,cyprus 7see ,*apt] ,,vi471 & !re are n want+ evid5ces ( comm]cial int]c\rse ) & importation f ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,b two sali5t features ( ! ,italian w>es are ! employm5t ( h&les & ! unique =m ( ! hut-urn 7see bel[74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,notizie degli ,scavi4 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,c9]>y ,,urns ,,f ,,tombs ,,( ,,villanuova ,,p]iod ,,at ,,corneto4 ,! clay is mo/ly ( ! same k9d z t ( ! urns1 & ! smok$ & irregul>ly fir$ surface %[s t furnaces 7 n yet 9 use1 b t an op5 fire suffic$ = ! purpose4 ,! te*nique is exce$+ly primitive1 & ! =ms are simple b heavy4 ,9 ! latt] respect ! /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! inh]5t arti/ic capacity ( ! ,greeks & ,italians is already app>5t4 ,! latt] nev] at any "t display$ t unfail+ eye = =m :i* di/+ui%es ! ,greeks 9 all _! products4 ,! %apes include sauc]s l ! urn-cov]s1 b[ls ) a flat v]tical or high-loop$ h&le1 flasks ) long beak-l necks l ! e>ly ,cypriote vases1 b[ls ) small feet1 j>s ) "o or two h&les1 aski1 & k]ni1 or gr\ps ( vases unit$ on "o /em4 ,_m ( ^! are q pla91 b ! majority are decorat$ ) geometrical patt]ns1 l ! ossu>ia or urns already describ$4 ,"s ( ! patt]ns %[ q a me*anical regul>ity1 z if produc$ f a /amp4 ,^! take ! =m ( circul> s9k+s & o!r patt]ns =m$ by circles1 an e>ly in/ance ( a motive :i* aft]w>ds became common 9 ,etruria4 ,!re are ev5 "s in/ances ( designs 9 col\r1 a sort ( cream pigm5t be+ us$4 ,a peculi>ity ( ?is class is ! fondness = protub]ances 9 ! =m ( horns on ! h&les 7ansae lunulatae71 :i* are also f\nd 9 ! ,t]ram>e1 z already m5tion$2 or knobs r\nd ! body ( ! vase1 9 ord] to hold cords = susp5sion1 :i* aft]w>ds s]v$ a m]ely decorative purpose1 l ! bosses on cups describ$ by ,hom]4#bbeh ,sometimes are to be se5 rude attempts at modell+ horses or heads ( ox51 or at giv+ ! :ole vase ! =m ( a bird1 z is se5 9 "s ( ! aski4#bbei ,! abs5ce ( accessory vases 9 ,villanuova tombs1 z is sometimes ! case at ,vulci1#bbfj seems to %[ ei!r v great antiquity or else a long survival ( an old] type4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 a *ronological classification is h>dly possible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! pit-tombs 7 /ill 9 use ?r\gh\t ,etruria at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & no tombs ( ! next /age c be dat$ e>li] ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation = ! latt] end ( ! p]iod is !re=e ! sev5? c5tury1 co9cid5t ) ! fir/ und\bt$ly ,greek importations f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,! real int]e/ ( ! ,villanuova p]iod is1 h[ev]1 c5tr$ 9 rema9s :i* d n come )9 our prov9ce--namely1 ! objects 9 bronze :i* h be5 f\nd 9 su* enorm\s numb]s at ,bologna1 ,vetulonia1 & else:]e4#bbfa ,!y fall into l9e ) ! e>lie/ rema9s on ,hell5ic sites--su* z ,olympia1 ,rhodes1 & ,crete--& a connection c (t5 be trac$1 z 9 ! fibulae1 ) ! ,hall/att civilisation4#bbfb ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are entirely free f any ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,sometimes ! c9]>y urns 9 ! tombs ( ?is p]iod take ! =m ( huts 7tuguria71 ?\gh ^! are m (t5 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome1 z at ,alba ,longa4 ,!y repres5t1 9 fact1 ! civilisation ( ! ,italiote p on _! fir/ arrival 9 ,latium1 :i* !y probably colonis$ by mov+ s\?w>d ?r\gh ,umbria & ,pic5um1 leav+ ,tuscany to ! ,etruscans4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ^! hut-urns is t f ! ,hamilton collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lvii4 fig4 #d71 :i* /ill conta9s a%es4 ,! a%es 7 ins]t$ ?r\gh a little door1 :i* 0 secur$ by a cord pass+ ?r\gh two r+s at its side & ti$ r\nd ! vase4 ,! ornam5tation sugge/s ! rude c>p5try :i* 0 appli$ to ! con/ruction ( ! dwell+s ( ?is primitive p1 ! cov] or ro( be+ vault$1 ) rais$ ridges int5d$ to repres5t ! beams ( a h\se or cottage4 ,^! urns h no glaze on _! surface1 b a poli% 0 produc$ by friction4 ,!y are occasionally pa9t$ ) patt]ns 9 :ite1 inlaid 9 grooves4 ,on ! ,museum example are fragm5ts ( mae&]4 ,!y are usually f\nd inside l>ge vases1 :i* protect$ !m f fall+ e>? & o!r accid5ts4 ,! fact t !y 7 f\nd "u b$s ( lava orig9ally l$ to an exagg]at$ op9ion ( _! antiquity1 b 9 any case ! nature ( _! cont5ts confirms _! v primitive use4#bbfc ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! e>ly settlem5ts 9 ! s\!rn extremity ( ,etruria is giv5 by ,von ,duhn1#bbfd z ! result ( exploration by local ar*aeologi/s on ! sites ( ,fal]ii 7,civita ,ca/ellana7 & ,n>ce4#bbfe ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ^! results is ! gradual migration ( ! peoples f ! hill-tops to ! valleys z !y became m civilis$4 ,?us _m mod]n cities1 su* z ,flor5ce1 are direct desc5dants ( ! e>ly hill-settlem5ts ( primitive ,italy4 ,9 ,etruria x 0 usually ! reclaim+ ( ! m>%es = cultivation t enabl$ ! population to settle 9 ! l[] & m accessible situations4 ,! ,faliscan region well illu/rates ?is pr9ciple1 z does ,n>ce4 ,9 ! e>lie/ graves on ! hill-tops cremation is ! rule1 & ! urns are ( ! ,villanuova type4 ,no?+ ( lat] date ?an ! eigh? c5tury is f\nd1 & no importations4 ,! hut-dwell+s at ,n>ce seem to h be5 ( ! hut-urn type4 ,! common pott]y is ( ! primitive h&-made greyi% black clay2 b aft] ! eigh? c5tury ! position ( ! settlem5t 0 %ift$ l[] d[n1 & 9 ^! lat] tombs a rem>kable s]ies ( r$-glaz$ w>es is f\nd 7see bel[1 p4 #cja71 & ,greek & ,ori5tal importations soon make _! appe>ance4 ,n>ce soon fell "u ,etruscan sway1 b ,fal]ii reta9$ its individuality = "s "t long]4 7#c7 ,,?ird ,,p]iod3 ,,tombs ,a ,,fossa2 ,,fir/ ,,greek ,,influ5ces ,! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,etruscan civilisation is m>k$ by a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! tomb4 ,! pit is n[ replac$ by a tr5*2 9 o!r words1 ! v]tical =m is ex*ang$ = a horizontal "o4 ,concurr5tly ) ?is *ange ! practice ( inhumation becomes fairly g5]al4 ,?is p]iod may be reg>d$ z ext5d+ f ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! beg9n+ ( ! six?1 & is m>k$ by ! fir/ signs ( importations f ,greece 9 ! %ape ( ,geometric pott]y & bronzes4 ,9 g5]al "* x is n /rongly m>k$ (f f ! prec$+4 ,! great advance is 9 ! developm5t ( art 9 ! objects f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,n only d we witness ! fir/ beg9n+s ( :at is de/9$ to become ! typical species ( ,etruscan pott]y--namely1 ! buc*]o n]o--b t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod ! ,greek influ5ce1 z evid5c$ by f9ds ( :eel-made vases ) ,geometrical decoration1 or ev5 ( ! s-call$ ,proto-,cor9?ian type1 becomes widely felt4 ,x 0 no d\bt l>gely due to ! f\ndation ( colonies 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 su* z ,cumae4 ,altoge!r x is a mo/ important p]iod = ! hi/ory ( ,etruscan pott]y4 ,( ,ori5tal influ5ce !re are at pres5t h>dly any signs1 & all :eel-made vases f\nd 9 ^! tombs are probably ( ,greek orig91 z x does n appe> t ! :eel 0 9 regul> use be=e ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4#bbff ,x is n[ necess>y to turn our att5tion to ! local h&-made v>ieties4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is wor?y ( note t pott]y ( ! ,villanuova type actually survives ! transition f ! pit-tombs to ! tr5*es1 z is se5 at ,corneto1 ,vetulonia1 & else:]e4 ,probably x indicates ! pott]y 9 common use1 ! import$ objects be+ only reg>d$ z de luxe2 or else1 z ,pr(4 ,helbig sugge/s1#bbfg ! =m] types 7 pres]v$ = religi\s reasons connect$ ) burial rites1 z 0 (t5 ! case 9 ,roman religion4 ,9 ! e>li] types ( pott]y f ! fossa tombs1 su* z are common at ,vulci1 ! h&-made pott]y ( impa/o ,italico /ill cont9ues1 pres]v+ ! same %apes & ! same simple l9e> decoration2 b x is bett] bak$1 & ! surface is some:at bett] poli%$4 ,r$ w>es are also f\nd1 & yell[ w>es ) ,geometrical ornam5ts pa9t$ 9 r$1 :i* are evid5tly local imitations ( ! ,greek ,geometrical fabrics 7see bel[74 ,lat]1 :ile ! te*nique rema9s unalt]$1 a diff]5ce is se5 9 ! =ms1 :i* become light]1 m v>i$1 & m symmetrical4 ,su* %apes z ! /amnos1 kan?>os1 & trefoil-m\!d o9o*o n[ = ! fir/ "t appe>4 ,! me?ods ( ornam5tation are also modifi$2 new v>ieties ( incis$ patt]ns are se51 & ! bodies ( ! vases are sometimes flut$ or ribb$2 :ile su* motives z friezes ( ducks1 :i* are also f\nd on ! contempor>y bronzes1#bbfh n[ fir/ f9d a place4 ,m4 ,gsell1 describ+ 9 detail ! v>i\s fabrics f\nd 9 ! ,vulci tombs ( ?is p]iod1#bbfi speaks ( pott]y ( a grey clay bak$ to r$1 p]haps 9 a furnace1 =m+ urns & j>s ( a consid]able size4 ,he ?9ks t "s primitive k9d ( :eel 7see above7 mu/ h be5 us$ to produce ^!4 ,9 "s ( ! impa/o w>es !re is a decid$ advance 9 te*nique1 ! clay be+ bett] levigat$ & ! walls ( ! vases ?9n]4 ,"s black w>es seem to h be5 fumigat$ l ! lat] buc*]o4 ,g5]ally speak+1 bo? inc9]ation & inhumation are /ill practis$4 ,! ornam5ts are incis$1 /amp$1 or pa9t$1 & ! decoration almo/ exclusively l9e>1 ! /amp$ patt]ns be+ usually 9 ! =m ( />s4 ,?is pott]y is1 9 fact1 m]ely a cont9uation ( t ( ! pit-tombs1 except t ! imitation ( metal-"w is mu* m /rongly 9 evid5ce4 ,yet ano!r v>iety pres]ves ! me?ods & =ms ( ! ,villanuova class1 b introduces a new k9d ( clay1 altoge!r black1 z di/+ui%$ f ! e>li] r$s & br[ns4 ,a rem>kable specim5 ( ?is e>ly black w>e f\nd at ,orvieto has incis$ ^u x ! subject ( ,bell]ophon & ! ,*ima]a1 ! /yle be+1 z we %\ld expect1 *ildi% to ! v]ge ( ! ludicr\s4#bbgj ,lat]1 ! black w>es acquire a v fair glaz$ surface1 & are ornam5t$ ) incis$ l9e> patt]ns ( zigzags1 *evrons1 etc42 ^! are mo/ly small vases4 ,x is 9 ^! two p>ticul>ly t we see ! =]unn]s ( ! highly develop$ buc*]o w>e4 ,besides ^! local fabrics1 !re are f\nd ,greek import$ w>es ) ,geometrical decoration ( pale yell[ clay1 ) ornam5ts 9 br[n turn+ to r$2 ! commone/ =m is ! o9o*o1 & ! patt]ns include circles1 zigzags1 wavy l9es1 embattl$ patt]ns1 etc4 ,^! are all :eel-made1 & are1 9 fact1 ! same types z are f\nd 9 ! ,dipylon cemet]y at ,a!ns & 9 ,boeotia 7,*apt] ,,vii472 ! e>lie/ in/ances belong to ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 9 "s late pit-tombs at ,ca]e1 9 :i* also 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 pott]y 0 f\nd4 ,!y co9cide ) ! great impetus giv5 to ,greek colonisation 9 ,sicily & ,s\!rn ,italy1 & probably came by t way into ,etruria4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! vases 7 import$ n = _! own m]it1 b = ! value ( _! cont5ts4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t local imitations ( !m are f\nd 9 ! tr5*-tombs4 ,to ! sev5? c5tury belong also two classes ( pott]y :i* are m or less connect$1 & are *iefly associat$ ) ,ca]e4#bbga ,! fir/ class consi/s ( a s]ies ( vases ( r$ w>e1 mo/ly l>ge j>s & 1 ornam5t$ ) designs 9 relief1 ! l[] "p ( ! body be+ usually ribb$4 ,! designs take ! =m ( b&s ( figures /amp$ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! vase1 ei!r 9 gr\ps on ! pr9ciple ( ! metope or 9 ext5d$ friezes4 ,9 ! =m] case ! design 0 produc$ f a s+le /amp = ea* gr\p2 9 ! latt]1 x 0 roll$ out f a cyl9d] resembl+ ^? 9 use 9 ,assyria = seal+ docum5ts4 ,besides ! j>s1 plates ( ?is w>e are n uncommon2 !y may h =m$ ei!r cov]s l ^? ( ! ,villanuova ossu>ia1 or /&s = ! j>s1 9 ord] to hold dripp+s ( liquid1 etc4 ,! use ( ! 9 tombs is n q cle>1 ?\gh !y 7 d\btless 9 daily use = hold+ gra9 or liquids4#bbgb ,! subjects are always ( an ,ori5talis+ "*1 simil> to ^? f\nd on ,greek vases "u ,ori5tal influ5ce1 & compris+ animals1 mon/]s1 hunt+ sc5es1 combats1 & banquets4 ,! orig9 ( ^! vases is d\btful2 !y may be ei!r indig5\s or import$1 z simil> examples h be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 ,boeotia1 ,sicily1 & else:]e2 b !y are r>e outside ,etruria4 ,! sugge/ion ( a ,sicilian orig9#bbgc has f\nd "s fav\r1 b x is m likely t !y are native productions aft] ,greek models 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dif72 "s are und\bt$ly ( local make1#bbgd & !y 7 probably made at ,ca]e or 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,_! prototypes g back almo/ to ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 b 7 h>dly import$ be=e #gjj ,b4,c41 aft] :i* "t ! local imitations beg91 be+ "o m in/ance ( ! inv>iable rule t all ,etruscan pott]y is m or less imitative4 ,simil> vases 9 metal 7 manufactur$ on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! ( ! ,lydian k+s at ,delphi#bbge 7 probably examples ( ?is class4#bbgf ,illu/ration3 ,f ,gaz4 ,ar*4 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,,pa9t$ ,,etruscan ,,pi?os ,,f ,,c]vetri 7,,9 ,,l\vre73 ,,bir? ,,( ,,a!na2 ,,bo>-,,hunt4 ,! second class %[s "s aff9ities to ! o!r 9 reg>d to ! %ape & ! nature ( ! clay2 b ! important diff]5ce is t ! vases are decorat$ ) pa9t$ subjects in/ead ( reliefs4 ,! subjects are pa9t$ 9 :ite outl9e on a brick-r$ glaz$ gr\nd1 ! process be+ z foll[s3 ,! clay1 :i* resembles ! impa/o ,italico1 is fir/ h>d5$ by bak+1 & !n a mixture ( wax & res9 & iron oxide is appli$ to x1 & a lu/re giv5 to ! surface by poli%+4 ,! pigm5t1 a mixture ( *alk & lime1 is !n laid on4 ,! process c h>dly be said to be ,greek1 & yet ! subjects are purely ,greek1 be+ borr[$ 9 "p f ! ,greek ,geometrical vases1 su* z sea-fights1 & 9 "p f lat] 7,ionian7 s\rces#bbgg2 we actually f9d repres5tations ( ! ,bir? ( ,a!na & ! ,hunt ( ! ,calydonian ,bo> 7,fig4 #ahj74bbgh ,! %apes ( ! vases aga9 are c]ta9ly local1 z are ! animal =ms1 :i* resemble ^? incis$ on ! buc*]o w>es4 ,! draw+ is usually crude 9 ! extreme4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t on ! vase f :i* ,fig4 #ahj is tak5 ! pott] has pa9t$ 9 :ite an ,etruscan inscription 7n %[n 9 ! cut74 ,ano!r vase ( ! same class 0 f\nd 9 ! ,poll$r>a tomb 7see ,plate ,,lvi4 & p4 #cjj bel[74 ,! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 opaque pigm5t on a r$ or black gr\nd is1 x w\ld seem1 an ,ionian *>act]i/ic1 be+ f\nd at ,naukratis 9 ! sev5? c5tury 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cdg71 & also1 z we %all see on o!r quasi-,ionic fabrics 9 ,etruria4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! tombs a fossa are n lat] ?an ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury2 evid5ce ( ?is is giv5 by ! abs5ce ( buc*]o prop] & ( ,cor9?ian fabrics4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 traces ( _! l+]+ on ev5 d[n into ! six? c5tury1 z at ,vulci1 :]e ,helbig m5tions a tomb f\nd 9 #ahhd conta9+ ,cor9?ian vases ( t date4#bbgi ,at ,corneto ! late/ belong to ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 7#d7 ,,f\r? ,,p]iod3 ,,*amb] ,,tombs2 ,,ori5tal ,,influ5ce ,our f\r? p]iod1 :i* 9 _m respects %[s a close cont9uity ) t ( ! tombs a fossa1 is nev]!less cle>ly def9$ by two circum/ances3 fir/ly1 ! adoption ( a new type ( tomb1 d\btless develop$ out ( ! fossa1 :i* takes ! =m ( a l>ge *amb]1 & is !re=e kn[n z a cam]a2 secondly1 ! influ5ce ( ,ori5tal art1 concurr5tly ) an increas$ influx ( importations f ,greece4 ,! p]iod cov]s ab\t a c5tury ( "t1 f #fej to #eej ,b4,c41 & includes sev]al ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ important tombs t h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruria1 :i* w dem& m or less detail$ treatm5t4 ,9 none1 h[ev]1 7 any great f9ds ( pott]y made2 b "o ( ^! tombs1 ! ,grotta d' ,iside or ,poll$r>a tomb at ,vulci1 conta9$ sev]al specim5s ( exceptional int]e/4 ,! simple/ =m ( *amb]-tomb consi/s ( a n>r[ corridor or lead+ into a l>g] *amb]2 next1 ! op5s into a squ>e or rectangul> ve/ibule1 r\nd :i* v>i\s side-*amb]s are atta*$2 f9ally1 ! tomb assumes ! =m ( a va/ subt]ranean edifice compos$ ( sev]al w+s1 & us$ = m ?an "o corpse--9 fact1 a 8family vault40 ,:ile on ! "o h& ! c]amic types ( ! ,villanuova p]iod /ill l+] on1 z 9 ! ret5tion ( ossu>ia = ! receipt ( a%es1 on ! o!r ! pa9t$ ,greek vases & ! local buc*]o w>es increase m & m1 & altoge!r !re is a great advance 9 ! direction ( v>iety & ri*ness4 ,?is p]iod saw n only ! g5]al introduction ( ! :eel into ,etruria1 b also ! introduction ( ! alphabet ( ,we/]n ,greece1 ?r\gh ,cumae4 ,a vase ( buc*]o w>e f\nd at ,vetulonia be>s an ,etruscan inscription1 :i* c h>dly be mu* lat] ?an #gjj ,b4,c41#bbhj & we h already se5 an in/ance on a vase f ,ca]e4 ,9 ! e>li] *amb]-tombs no buc*]o is f\nd1 & ! pott]y is ( ! same types z 9 ! tr5*-tombs2 b ) ! enl>g$ arrangem5t ( ! tomb come ! ,cor9?ian vases ( ,ori5talis+ /yle1 to be foll[$ lat] by ! ,ionian & lat] ,cor9?ian fabrics1 & f9ally by ! ,a!nian w>es4 ,! ve/ibule disappe>s aft] ! six? c5tury1 & all lat] tombs h ! simple 4 ,! typical cont5ts ( a *amb]-tomb are1 z reg>ds local pott]y1 9 ! e>li] tombs impa/o ,italico w>es1 9 ! lat] buc*]o4 ,! =m] is h&-made1 ! %apes simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! tr5*-tombs--i4e4 pots incis$ ) zigzags1 circles1 & o!r patt]ns1 or pa9t$ 9 :ite4 ,! late/ v>ieties are :eel-made1 ( buc*]o =ms4 ,! latt] w>es1 :i* are mu* m num]\s1 are evolv$ f ! impa/o3 7#a7 by ! use ( ! :eel2 7#b7 by ! introduction ( ! furnace2 7#c7 by ext5sive imitation ( ,greek c]amic & metal =ms4 ,! e>lie/ buc*]o vases at ,vulci & ,corneto syn*ronise ) ,cor9?ian pott]y ( ! middle /yle1 ab\t #fcj-fjj ,b4,c41 & !y la/ d[n to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! appe>ance ( ! alphabet seems to po9t to a m>k$ incursion ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! /ory ( ! arrival ( ,dem>atos ( ,cor9?1 ab\t #ffe ,b4,c41 ) ! ?ree arti/s :om he br\ght 9 8 tra91 ,diopos1 ,eu*eir1 & ,eugrammos1#bbha is no d\bt an e*o ( ?is4 ,! progress ( ,hell5ism 01 h[ev]1 mom5t>ily arre/$ by ! gr[+ p[] ( ,c>?age1 :i* may p>tly acc\nt = ! tempor>y ,ori5talis+ ( ,etruscan civilisation4 ,x is c]ta9ly to ! ,c>?ag9ian influ5ce 9 ,italy t ! ,pho5ician objects f\nd 9 ! sev5? c5tury tombs1 su* z ! silv] b[ls ( ,pra5e/e1 are due4 ,ori5tal influ5ce is also se5 9 ! l>ge tombs at ,vulci1 ,ca]e1 & ,vetulonia1 b x is h>dly s /rong z 0 at "o "t suppos$2 & ( late ye>s s*ol>s h g5]ally recognis$ t ,ionian art & comm]ce play$ a mu* l>g] "p ?r\gh\t 9 ! civilisation ( ,etruria#bbhb2 &1 fur!r1 t ,ori5tal art f\nd its way ma9ly ?r\gh ^! *annels4 ,at all ev5ts !re 0 ?r\gh\t ! sev5? & six? c5turies a ke5 /ruggle = supremacy 9 ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean1 9 :i* ! ,etruscans1 ! ,pho5icians ( ,c>?age1 & ! ,ionian & ,cont95tal ,greeks alike %>$2 & h5ce ! div]se influ5ces at "w 9 ,etruria4 ,b x 0 n long be=e ,greece1 ) its ris+ colonies ( ,cumae1 ,syb>is1 & ,syracuse1 made its pr$om9ance to be felt 9 ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean1 & ?is 0 consummat$ by ! f9al victory ( ,hi]o ov] ! comb9$ fleets ( ,c>?age & ,etruria (f ,cumae 9 #dgd ,b4,c4 ,a monum5t ( ?is exi/s to ! pres5t day 9 ! bronze helmet d$icat$ by t k+ at ,olympia1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,we may fur!r def9e z ! second great p]iod ( ,greek importations1 t ext5d+ ov] ! six? & fif? c5turies1 a p]iod :i* saw ! developm5t n only ( ! local buc*]o fabrics1 b also ( ! ,greek black- & r$-figur$ vases1 :i*1 h]ald$ by ! ,cor9?ian w>es1 n[ p\r 9 a cont9u\s /ream into ,etruria4 ,to ?is same p]iod belong ! pa9t+s ( ! ,etruscan tombs4 ,! e>lie/ influ5ces f ,greece came1 z has be5 h9t$1 ?r\gh colonies l ,*alcidian ,cumae1 :i* 7 ! *ief ag5ts 9 ! ,hell5isation ( ,etruria2 b at ,c]vetri1 at any rate1 ! prevail+ influ5ce 0 ,cor9?ian1 z te/ifi$ by ! rem>kable s]ies ( ,cor9?ian & quasi-,cor9?ian vases 9 ! ,campana collection at ! ,l\vre4 ,lat] 9 ! six? c5tury came ! connection ) ,a!ns1 ! *ief results ( :i* are to be se5 9 ! cont5ts ( ! tombs ( ,vulci 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #gf74 ,x ext5ds f ! "t ( ! ,peisi/ratidae 7#edj-ebj ,b4,c47 d[n to ab\t #dej ,b4,c41 be+ probably br\ght to an end by ! ,peloponnesian ,w> & ! de/ruction ( ! ,a!nian m>itime supremacy2 b isolat$ in/ances ( importations occur d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 9 ! ,pana!naic amphorae ( :i* dat$ examples ( #ccf ,b4,c4 h be5 f\nd at ,c]vetri 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cij74 ,9 sket*+ ?is outl9e ( ,hell5ic influ5ce 9 ,etruria we h ov]/epp$ ! limits ( *ronological sequ5ce1 & mu/ retrace our /eps 9 ord] to deal fir/ ) ! local products ( ! p]iod f #fej ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 & secondly ) ! effects ( ! ,greek civilisation on ! same4 99 99 99 99 99 ,poll$r>a w>e4--,! ,grotta d' ,iside or ,poll$r>a tomb at ,vulci has be5 dat$1 on ! au?ority ( a sc>ab ( ,psammeti*os ,i4 7#fef-faa ,b4,c47 :i* x conta9$1 t[>ds ! clos+ ye>s ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,?is dat+ has be5 g5]ally accept$1 & !re seems no reason to d\bt x1 al?\gh ! evid5ce ( an isolat$ sc>ab is n always z tru/wor?y z appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,besides local bronze "w & objects ( ,egyptian or quasi-,egyptian "*1 x conta9$ "o vase ( unique "* :i* calls = special consid]ation4#bbhc ,?is is a hydria ( some:at peculi>1 if n unique =m1 ) a v wide body & rudim5t>y foot4 ,9 "s details1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( ! h&les1 x exhibits obvi\s evid5ce ( imitation ( metal-"w4 ,al?\gh at fir/ sight resembl+ buc*]o w>e1 ! clay is se5 on exam9ation to be ( a diff]5t type1 n be+ grey b r$di% br[n 9 fracture1 :ile ! lu/r\s black surface is produc$ by a ?9 coat+ or slip4 ,x is decorat$ ) designs 9 ?ree col\rs1 r$1 blue1 & a yell[i% :ite1 :i* 7 laid on ! black & !n fir$4 ,! r$ is be/ pres]v$1 ! blue fairly s1 b ! :ite has almo/ entirely disappe>$4#bbhd ,! designs are arrang$ 9 ?ree friezes1 ( :i* ! l[] consi/s only ( isolat$ bits ( key-patt]n4 ,on ! two upp] r[s are sc5es f ! /ory ( ,!seus & ,ariadne1 toge!r ) ,c5taurs1 ,sph9xes1 & o!r accessory figures4 ,on ! upp] r[ ,!seus slays ! ,m9otaur2 on ! l[]1 ,!seus & ,ariadne are se51 fir/ly 9 a *>iot1 secondly lead+ a dance ( f\r o!r figures1 ! h]o play+ a lyre1 :ile ,ariadne holds ! clue4#bbhe ,! col\r+ s*eme is mo/ elaborate1 & _c be detail$ "h2 an occasional use ( incis$ l9es may also be not$4 ,a small two-h&l$ cup or kylix1#bbhf ( a type (t5 f\nd at ,naukratis decorat$ ) eyes1 0 also f\nd 9 ?is tomb1 & appe>s to belong to ! same class4 ,! clay is simil> to t ( ! hydria1 z is ! decoration1 :i* h[ev]1 ow+ to ! flak+ (f ( ! black slip1 has l>gely disappe>$4 ,al?\gh 9 its te*nique x resembles ! hydria1 ! subjects & motives are probably d]iv$ f ,naukratis4 ,only a few o!r examples ( ?is 8,poll$r>a0 w>e are kn[n3 an o9o*o 9 ,b]l91#bbhg two vases 9 ! ,l\vre1#bbhh & a vase f\nd at ,c]vetri1 unpubli%$4#bbhi ,f ! cont5ts ( ! tomb 9 :i* ! la/-nam$ 0 f\nd1 x may fairly be dat$ e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,mr4 ,cecil ,smi? reg>ds ! ,poll$r>a hydria z ! result ( an ,italian attempt to imitate ! new buc*]o te*nique :i* 0 at ?is "t be+ p]fect$ 7see bel[71 ! =m ( ! vase be+ borr[$ f an ,ionic s\rce4#bbij ,ionic influ5ce 7see above1 p4 #bif7 is visible 9 m ?an "o respect 9 ?is vase1 z also 9 ! reliefs decorat+ ! bronze bu/ f ! same tomb4 ,o!r details1 su* z ! imitation ( metal-"w1 are r to be ref]r$ to a ,cor9?ian s\rce2 & x is wor?y ( note t two ,cor9?ian vases 7 among ! cont5ts ( ! tomb4 ,! /riv+ aft] a gaudy effect by ! use ( poly*rome decoration1 & especially ! employm5t ( blue1 a col\r o!rwise unkn[n 9 vase-pa9t+ be=e ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 f9ds a p>allel 9 ! six? c5tury poros-sculptures f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 9 :i* ev5 m viol5t effects ( col\r are atta9$1 z 9 ! bright blue be>d ( ! ,triton4 ,b 9 ?is case !re seems little d\bt t ! idea is borr[$ f ,egypt1 ) its fondness = brightly decorat$ mummy-cases & bright blue images ( faence & porcela94 ,o!r details :i* betray an ,egyptian orig9 are ! lions' masks1 ! all-p]vad+ lotos-fl[]1 & ! seat$ dog or jackal4 ,! connect+ l9k is no d\bt ! great trad+ c5tre ( ,naukratis1 ?r\gh ^: ag5cy ! ,egyptian sc>abs1 porcela9 objects1 & o/ri* eggs f\nd 9 ?is tomb also came to ,etruria4 ,z a p>allel to ! ,poll$r>a f9ds %\ld "h be cit$ ! pa9t$ t]racotta panels f ,ca]e n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,l\vre1 :i* are c]ta9ly local products1 & give a reali/ic repres5tation ( ! ,etruscan p4 ,!y are describ$ bel[ 7p4 #cai74 ,^! aga91 bo? 9 subject & /yle1 lead to a comp>ison ) ! l>ge ,etruscan t]racotta s>cophagi1 ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable is t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bbia ,"h1 z 9 ! ,poll$r>a bronze bu/1 ! rude native attempts at sculpture 9 ! r\nd are comb9$ ) reliefs :i* successfully reflect ! /yle ( ,ionic art4 ,la/ly1 we note ano!r p>allel 9 ! pa9t+s ( animals on ! walls ( a tomb at ,veii4#bbib ,mr4 ,cecil ,smi? sums up3 8,! ,poll$r>a w>e 0 probably local ,italian1 made at ,ca]e "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ,ionian & ,naukratite imports1 act+ on an arti/ic basis pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,cor9?40 ,develop$ p>i passu ) ! r$ impa/o w>e 7( :i* a pa9t$ example 0 f\nd 9 ! ,vulci tomb71 x gradually gave way to ! buc*]o w>e ) :i* we deal 9 our next section4 ,x only rema9s to note t simil> w>e has be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1#bbic :]e also lat] w>es ( a g5u9e buc*]o type1 unpa9t$1 h come to light2 & ^! appe> to be in/ances ( a c\nt]-importation f ,etruria to ,asia ,m9or4 ,! only o!r piece ( pott]y f ! ,poll$r>a tomb :i* calls = special comm5t is "o to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 a l>ge pi?os ( ! primitive impa/o r$ w>e1 made on ! :eel 7,plate ,,lvi474 ,x falls into l9e ) ! pa9t$ & /amp$ fabrics f ,ca]e already describ$ 7p4 #bib ff471 & is1 l ! hydria1 pa9t$ 9 poly*rome1 b ! col\rs are mu* fad$4 ,! subjects are a frieze ( animals & a %ip4 ,?ree o!r tombs :i* rival ! ,poll$r>a 9 size & importance are ! ,regul9i-,galassi tomb at ,ca]e1#bbid ! ,tomba del ,duce at ,vetulonia1#bbie & ! ,b]n>d9i tomb at ,pra5e/e4#bbif ,al?\gh ! f9ds ( pott]y h]e9 7 small1 !y are yet ( great int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( ,etruscan art 9 g5]al1 especially z !y af=d evid5ce = approximate dat+4 ,9 ! two =m] ,etruscan inscriptions 7 f\nd4 ,! ,ca]e & ,pra5e/e tombs are probably ! e>lie/1 ab\t #fej ,b4,c41 & ! ,del ,duce & ,poll$r>a tombs are n lat] ?an ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lvi ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,etruscan ,,pott]y4 #a4 ,,cauldron ,,& ,,/& ,,( ,,r$ ,,w>e ,,f ,,fal]ii2 #b4 ,,pa9t$ ,,amphora ,,( ,,r$ ,,w>e 7,,poll$r>a ,,tomb7 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,9 ! ,regul9i-,galassi tomb ! pott]y takes ! =m ( l>ge caldrons ( r$ glaz$ w>e1 :i* m>k a transitional /age betwe5 ! impa/o & buc*]o4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by ! l>ge ,gryphons' heads project+ 9 relief r\nd ! sides1 to :i* are atta*$ *a9s4 ,sometimes !y are support$ on high op5-"w /&s4 ,9 #ahib ! ,briti% ,museum acquir$ a s]ies ( ^! & simil> vases 7,plate ,,lvi471 includ+ "s pla9 specim5s ( buc*]o w>e f e>ly tombs at ,civita ,ca/ellana 7,fal]ii3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ge74 99 99 99 99 99 ,buc*]o w>e4--,?is may be call$ ! national pott]y ( ,etruria4 ,its te*nique is n at pres5t p]fectly kn[n1 & analysis does n %[ c]ta9ly :e!r ! black pa/e is natural or artificial4 ,mod]n exp]im5ts h be5 made :i* seem to indicate t ?is result may be obta9$ by fumigat+ or smok+ ! clay 9 a clos$ *amb] aft] ! bak+1 :i* process black5s ! clay ?r\gh\t4#bbig ,b ,m4 ,potti]#bbih ?9ks t ! black surface 0 obta9$ n by fumigation ( ! vase1 b by apply+ a slip ( p\nd$ *>coal already smok$1 :i* at a mod]ate temp]ature w\ld p]meate ! clay4 ,! surface 0 !n cov]$ ) wax & res91 & poli%$1 l ! ,poll$r>a hydria4 ,a comb9ation ( analyses ( ! pa/e made by ,brongni>t#bbii gives ! foll[+ result3 ,silica #fj-gj p>ts4 ,clay e>? #ab-af 0 ,c>bonate ( lime #b-d 0 ,magnesia #a-b 0 ,wat] #h-aj 0 ,c>bon #a -#c 0 ,! olde/ buc*]o vases g back to ! tombs a fossa ( ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,!y are small & h&-made1 ornam5t$1 if at all1 ) geometric patt]ns1 incis$4 ,! engrav+ 0 done by a sort ( too!d :eel or a %>p tool2 m r>ely1 holl[$ out 9 grooves4 ,obvi\sly ! process is an imitation ( metal engrav+4 ,ori5tal influ5ce soon appe>s1 fir/ ( all 9 ! *alice-%ap$ cups f\nd at ,c]vetri1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) figures ( lions1 de]1 etc41 9 ,ori5tal /yle4 ,bo? =m & decoration are d]iv$ f metallic prototypes4 ,! project+ ,gryphons' heads m5tion$ above are also typical ( ?is class4 ,9 tombs ( #efj-ejj ,b4,c41 along ) ,cor9?ian vases1 a diff]5t type occurs1 ! vases be+ :eel-made1 ( light & elegant =ms--cups1 *alices1 pyxides1 amphorae1 & jugs4#bcjj ,! ornam5t is 9 ! =m ( reliefs1 ei!r /amp$ f a cyl9d] on a n>r[ b&1 z 9 ! r$ w>e f ,ca]e 7see p4 #bib71 or compos$ ( a s]ies ( m$allions sep>ately modell$ or made f m\lds & /uck on4 ,?is1 aga91 is an imitation ( metal4 ,examples ( ^! types are giv5 9 ,plate ,,lvii4 figs4 #a-c1 #e4 ,! subjects are n v v>i$4 ,!y range f animals su* z /ags & lions1 or mon/]s su* z ,sph9xes & ,c5taurs1 to w+$ deities1 suppliants ) (f]+s be=e deities1 & o!r my?ological figures--,*ima]a1 ! ,asiatic ,artemis1 or ! ,m9otaur4 ,egyptian masks are also common4 ,episodes ( hunts or banquets occur1#bcja & also gr\ps ( figures 9 mean+less juxtaposition4 ,"s vases h only curvil9e> patt]ns1 su* z palmettes1 all ( a vegetable r ?an a geometrical type4 ,9 ?is gr\p ! g5]al t5d5cy is r ,hell5ic ?an ,ori5tal1 especially t[>ds ,ionian art4#bcjb ,?is is only a tempor>y phase1 & is practically conf9$ to ,c]vetri1 ,veii1 & ,corneto--i4e4 ! m>itime region 9 :i* ! ,cor9?ian vases are f\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lvii ,illu/ration3 ,,etruscan ,,black ,,w>e3 ,,hut-,,urn ,,& ,,buc*]o 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,at ,*iusi an extraord9>y developm5t is manife/$1 :i* gradually obta9$ a monopoly4 ,! city 0 f> f ! sea & ,hell5ic influ5ces1 & reta9$ ,ori5tal traditions4 ,aft] ! end ( ! six? c5tury all ! v>ieties ( buc*]o 7 fus$ into "o type1 :i* la/$ d[n to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4#bcjc ,! %apes include amphorae1 trefoil-m\!d o9o*oae1 v>i\s =ms ( cups1 b[ls ) rais$ h&les & ladles 7kya?i71 table-ut5sils1 bas9s imitat+ metal =ms1 brazi]s1 & vases 9 ! =m ( birds or fi%es4 ,!y are ornam5t$ ) reliefs f top to bottom1 ! subjects be+ mu* ! same z 9 ! la/ gr\p4 ,! tops or cov]s are (t5 9 ! =m ( female or c[s' heads1 or surm\nt$ by birds 7cf4 ,plate ,,lvii4 fig4 #e74 ,! figures & ornam5ts are /amp$ 9 f m\lds & fix$ by "s adhesive m$ium1 incis$ designs be+ ins]t$ to fill up ! spaces4 ,^! reliefs are nev] f\nd e>li] ?an ! p]iod ( ,attic importations4 ,! subjects are d]iv$ z be=e f ,greek1 ,egyptian1 & ,assyrian s\rces1 ! ,ori5tal types be+ s mu* comb9$ t !y mu/ evid5tly h come ?r\gh ! ,pho5icians4 ,among ! ,greek subjects we f9d ,!seus & ! ,m9otaur1 ,p]seus & ! ,gorgons1 ,pegasos & ! ,*ima]a1 w>riors1 etc4 ,! animals & ! f\r-w+$ figures are ,assyrian 9 type1 :ile ,egypt supplies su* types z ,ptah1 ,anubis1 & o!r animal-head$ deities1 & ! female heads on ! s-call$ ,canopic j>s4 ,!re are "h no signs ( inv5tive g5ius4 ,! te*nique is purely native1 b all is f\nd$ on =eign models4#bcjd ,! %apes are ^? ( ,ionia & ! coa/ ( ,asia or ( ,a!ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t ( ! te*nique f ! ,villanuova pott]y is c]ta9ly app>5t4 ,! ,greeks1 inde$1 tri$ to imitate x at times1 & buc*]o w>e is f\nd at ,rhodes & ,naukratis4 ,we may fairly lay d[n t ,etruscan inv5tion is limit$ to ! p]fect+ ( ! te*nique & ! comb9ation ( ! borr[$ elem5ts & art-=ms4 ,_m ( ! flat reliefs seem to be copi$ f ivories1 & ! r\nd$ reliefs are c]ta9ly f bronze rep\ss "w2 9 "s cases we f9d traces ( gild+1 silv]+1 & col\r1 :i* h be5 int5d$ to reproduce ! appe>ance ( metal4 ,aga91 9 _m respects ! buc*]o vases are m]ely ! c\nt]p>ts ( works 9 bronze1 z 9 ! case ( ! brazi]s & ! b[l ) ,c>yatid supports giv5 9 ,plate ,,lvii4 fig4 #b4bcje ,9 %ort1 !y reproduce = u :at is want+ 9 our k ( e>ly ,greek metal w>e4#bcjf ,!re seem to be "s ref]5ces to ?is e>ly black w>e 9 ! ,roman poets1 = ,juv5al#bcjg m5tions x z be+ 9 use 9 ! "t ( ,numa3 8,:o d>$ !n10 he says1 8to ridicule ! ladle 7simpuvium7 & black sauc] ( ,numa80 ,p]sius#bcjh /yles x ,tuscum fictile1 & ,m>tial#bcji imag9es ,pors5a to h be5 q cont5t ) 8 d9n]-s]vice ( ,etruscan e>!nw>e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a peculi>ly ,etruscan type ( vase :i* des]ves "s sep>ate att5tion is t kn[n z ! ,canopic j>1 resembl+ ! s-call$ 9 :i* ! ,egyptians plac$ ! b[els ( _! mummies4#bcaj ,^! ,etruscan canopi are rude repres5tations ( ! human figure1 ! heads1 :i* are (t5 attir$ 9 ,egyptian fa%ion1 =m+ ! cov]s4 ,! eyes are sometimes inlaid1 & ! female heads h l>ge movable e>r+s & o!r adornm5ts4 ,9 ! tombs x 0 cu/om>y to place ^! vases on r\nd *airs ( wood1 bronze1 or t]racotta4 ,an example may be se5 9 ! ,etruscan ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ! *air is plat$ ) bronze1 cov]$ ) ar*aic designs 9 rep\ss relief1#bcaa & ano!r is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha4 ,simil> *airs 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,tomba delle ,s$ie at ,c]vetri2 b ! ,canopic j>s are almo/ conf9$ to ,*iusi4 ,! type f9ds a p>allel 9 ! s-call$ 8owl-vases0 f ! second city at ,hiss>lik 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #beh71 9 :i* ! same comb9ation ( ! vase-=m ) ! human figure is to be obs]v$4 ,! l[] portion ( ! j> 0 int5d$ to receive ! a%es ( ! dead1 l ! ossu>ia1 ?is me?od ( plac+ ! mortal rema9s ( a p]son )9 a repres5tation ( himself be+ peculi>ly ,egyptian4 ,signor ,milani#bcab has trac$ ! orig9 ( ! ,canopic j>s to ! fun]al masks plac$ ov] ! faces ( ! dead1 :i* are sometimes f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ,etruscan tombs4 ,?is practice may h be5 d]iv$ f ,myc5ae1 :]e ,s*liemann f\nd gold masks 9 ! %aft-tombs ( ! ,agora2 b 9 ,etruria ! examples are all 9 bronze1 except a few ( t]racotta4#bcac ,a gradual transition c be obs]v$ f ! mask1 at fir/ plac$ on ! corpse & !n atta*$ to ! urn conta9+ its a%es1 to ! head fa%ion$ 9 ! r\nd & assimilat$ ) ! cov]2 :ile 9 lat] times a fur!r transition may be obs]v$ f ! vase ) human head to ! complete human figure4 ,f9ally1 its place 0 tak5 by ! recl9+ effigies on ! cov]s ( ! s>cophagi 7p4 #cbj74 ,! e>lie/ j>s are f\nd 9 ! pozzo tombs ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! evolution ( ! head modell$ 9 ! r\nd be+ accompli%$ by ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! ar*aic types la/ d[n to ab\t #eej ,b4,c41 :5 ! sev]e p]fect$ /yle comes 91 to be succe$$ by ! free /yle ( ! fif? c5tury1 aft] :i* "t ! ,canopic j>s cease to be manufactur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,mus4 di ant4 class4 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,,canopic ,,j> ,,9 ,,*air ,,plat$ ,,) ,,bronze4 ,! types are bo? male & female ?r\gh\t1 ! latt] be+ usually di/+ui%$ by we>+ e>r+s & necklaces4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! s]ies ! h&les are gradually conv]t$ into rudim5t>y arms1 & f9ally into fully develop$ human arms1 sometimes hold+ attributes4 ,!y are probably plac$ on *airs z emblems ( ! p[] & au?ority :i* ! deceas$ enjoy$ dur+ 8 life4 ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum#bcad !re is a rem>kable example ( ! six? c5tury 9 :i* ! j> is plac$ on a *air ( ! same clay1 cov]$ ) graffito ornam5tal designs & figures ( animals4 ,! j>s are always made ( a pla9 r$ unglaz$ clay1 & are uncol\r$4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum#bcae !re are two seat$ female figures on deta*$ squ>e bases1 we>+ bright r$ *itons & l>ge circul> e>r+s1 :i* seem to repres5t ! p]iod ( transition f ! j> to ! s>cophagus1 ! /yle 9 :i* !y are modell$ be+ t ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! lat] examples h /rongly individualis$ features1 & seem to be g5u9e portraits2 x is possible t !y are actually f m\lds tak5 f ! faces ( ! dead4 7#e7 ,,p]iod ,,( ,,greek ,,influ5ce2 ,,pa9t$ ,,pott]y ,al?\gh ! ,etruscans execut$ su* admirable works 9 bronze1 ex]cis$ ) su* skill ! art ( engrav+ gems1 & produc$ su* ref9$ specim5s ( filagree-"w 9 gold1 !y nev] atta9$ to high excell5ce 9 _! pott]y4 ,! vases already describ$ belong to pla/ic r ?an pictorial art1 & are mo/ly imitations ( "w 9 metal4 ,d[n to ! end ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 _! attempts at pa9t+ vases h be51 z we h se51 limit$ practically to two fabrics1 ! ,poll$r>a w>e & ! ,ca]e j>s ) pa9t+s 9 a simil> te*nique4 ,^! me?ods h1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 common ) ,greek vase-pa9t+s ( ! ord9>y k9d on a glaz$ surface1 a me?od :i* 0 nev] popul>is$ 9 ,etruria4 ,! total failure ( ! ,etruscans 9 vase-pa9t+ f9ds a curi\s p>allel 9 _! sculpture2 all _! be/ "w is to be s\ght 9 _! engrav+ or figures 9 l[ relief1 z 9 ! mirrors & ci/ae4 ,yet ! same mirrors & ci/ae %[ cle>ly t x 0 f no lack ( ability 9 draw+ t !y fail$2 :]e=e x is ! less easy to und]/&1 n only ! abs5ce ( all orig9ality 9 _! pa9t$ vases1 b also ! r>ity ( in/ances ( _! imitative t5d5cies 9 ?is respect4 ,app>5tly ! r$-figur$ vases :i* 7 import$ into ,etruria 9 su* l>ge numb]s 9 ! fif? c5tury s]v$ z prototypes1 n = _! pa9t+s1 b = ! engrav$ mirrors to :i* we h allud$4 ,x may h be5 t !y %rank f ! task s successfully a*iev$ by ,greek pa9t]s ( suitably decorat+ ! curv$ surfaces ( a vase1 & pref]r$ ! flat ev5 surfaces suppli$ by ! circul> mirrors & ! sides ( ! ci/ae4 ,moreov]1 ! int]ior designs ( ! kylikes1 p]fect$ by ,epiktetos1 ,euphronios1 & _! contempor>ies1 s]v$ z obvi\s models = dispos+ a design 9 a circul> space2 & !y _h 9 ! subjects ( ! vases a my?ological rep]tory ready to h&4 ,x n[ rema9s to be se5 to :at ext5t !y actually 7 influ5c$ 9 _! pott]y by ! import$ ,greek vases4 ,= consid]ably ov] a c5tury pa9t$ pott]y1 at all times r>e 9 ,etruria1 is practically unrepres5t$ 9 ! tombs except by ,greek importations1 ,cor9?ian1 ,ionic1 & ,attic2 ! only local attempts 9 ?is direction are ! ,poll$r>a & ,c]vetri vases4 ,z we h se51 e>ly ,cor9?ian vases appe> 9 ! fossa tombs1 & lat] ,cor9?ian 9 ! *amb] tombs1 9 :i*1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 ! ,attic ,b4,f4 fabrics beg9 to make _! appe>ance4 ,! late/ developm5ts ( ! ,cor9?ian w>es are1 inde$1 almo/ unrepres5t$1 b _! place is tak5 by :at appe> to be local imitations ( ! ,cor9?ian vases1 a l>ge s]ies ( :i* 0 f\nd at ,c]vetri1 & n[ =ms "p ( ! ,campana collection 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p c]ta9ly ,greek1 be+ presumably made by ! ,greek settl]s 9 t t[n--at any rate1 an ,etruscan orig9 _c be prov$ = !m4#bcaf ,we h also se5 t ! ,ionian fabrics ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ,etruscan art1 & ?is leads u to ano!r s]ies ( vases f\nd at ,c]vetri1 ! ,ca]etan hydriae discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 notic$ by ! late ,f4 ,dmml]#bcag t !re 7 9 _m museums examples ( a class ( vases :i* /ood 9 close relation to ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 yet 7 obvi\sly a diff]5t fabric4 ,hav+ collect$ & exam9$ ^! vases1 he 0 able to demon/rate satisfactorily t !y 7 direct imitations by ! ,etruscans ( ! ,ca]etan hydriae1#bcah !reby prov+ at ! same "t t ! latt] 7 import$ f o!r s\rces 7sc4 ,ionia71 & n1 z _h hi!rto be5 suppos$1 !mselves ( ,italian orig94 ,x is n unlikely t ! ,ionic influ5ce 9 ,etruria is due to ! ,phocaean migration ( #edd ,b4,c42 on rea*+ ,italy ! ,ionian fugitives w\ld naturally h& on _! art-traditions !re4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lviii ,illu/ration3 ,,etruscan ,,imitations ,,( ,,greek ,,vases 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,^! ,etruscan vases are n exclusively hydriae1 "s be+ amphorae1 o!rs kya?i2 b !y all be> ! unmi/akable /amp ( ,etruscan art 9 ! draw+ ( ! figures & o!r small details1 su* z ! treatm5t ( ! incis$ l9es4 ,x w fur!r be notic$ t ! draw+ is 9 mo/ cases q free f ar*aism1 figures be+ (t5 drawn 9 full face or correct pr(ile2 & ?is consequ5tly proves t !y belong to a consid]ably lat] date ?an ! fabrics :i* !y imitate1 al?\gh ! figures are always 9 black on a r$ gr\nd4 ,! /yle 9 "s cases is n unlike t ( ! lat] ,pana!naic amphorae ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & may also be comp>$ ) "s ( ! bronze ci/ae f ,pale/r9a4 ,accessory pigm5ts are r>e1 & ! incis$ l9es are sket*y & c>eless2 great prom95ce is giv5 to ! b&s ( ornam5t bord]+ ! designs1 ?is be+ a feature borr[$ f ! ,ca]etan hydriae4 ,on a l>ge amphora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #fd7 ! *>act]i/ic ,ca]etan b& ( lotos-fl[]s & palmettes is exactly reproduc$1 ?\gh 9 black in/ead ( poly*rome4#bcai ,o!r typical ornam5ts are ! mae&] & *evrons2 ivy-leaves & sprigs %oot+ up f ! gr\nd2 lotos-buds1 & wrea?s ( all k9ds4 ,! subjects are limit$ 9 range1 & ?or\ghly ,etruscan 9 feel+2 ,pegasi & be>dless ,c5taurs ) human =elegs1 ,bac*ic subjects1 & g5re sc5es1 su* z a?letic conte/s1 combats1 or fun]al c]emonies 7,plate ,,lviii471 almo/ complete ! li/4 ,! turn$-up %oes & ! po9t$ tutuli worn by ! wom51 z well z ! physiognomy ( ! figures1 ) _! rec$+ =eheads1 are all *>act]i/ically ,etruscan1 ?\gh ! two =m] details are borr[$ f ,ionia4#bcbj ,! %apes ( ! vases are heavy & in>ti/ic1 & ! effect altoge!r unpleas+4 ,a li/ ( ! pr9cipal examples is "h app5d$4#bcba ,:5 at la/ ! imitative in/9cts ( ! ,etruscans did 9 c\rse ( "t impel !m to turn _! fancy to copy+ ! r$-figur$ vases1 we f9d ! same *>act]i/ics reproduc$4 ,! numb] ( su* imitations is n l>ge1 b !y are unmi/akable1 n only f ! /yle1 b f ! pale yell[ clay1 dull black glaze1 & biz>re "* ( ! ornam5tation4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s cases fairly good results are obta9$1 z 9 ! ,b4,m4 kylix ,f #dgh1 :i* 9 its int]ior design at all ev5ts is an obvi\s attempt to imitate ! "w ( ! great ,a!nian kylix-pa9t]s4 ,! arti/ seems to h le>n$ 8 art f ! s*ool ( ,hi]on & ,brygos1 b 8 ,etruscan in/9cts are reveal$ 9 ! ov]-elaboration & /iff mann]isms ( ! draw+4 ,! ,museum also possesses a v f9e krat] f ,fal]ii 7,f #dgi71 :i* appe>s to be an example ( a local s*ool1#bcbb imitat+ ! r$-figur$ vases ( ! 8f9e0 p]iod & l>ge /yle4 ,b ^! comp>atively successful imitations are exceptional4 ,! o!r r$-figur$ ,etruscan vases are f> inf]ior1 & are execut$ 9 a /yle :i* none c fail to recognise4 ,x is dry & lifeless 9 ! extreme1 ! draw+ helpless1 & ! :ole effect repulsive & disagreeable1 z is s (t5 ! case ) ,etruscan art4 ,^! vases are n e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & may be lat]4 ,9 !m we obs]ve1 besides ,greek my?ological subjects1 ! introduction ( local deities su* z ,*>un & ,k]4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses "s t5 examples ( ?is class1 9 addition to ! two already describ$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ is a krat] 7,f #dhj ,plate ,,lviii471 )1 on "o side1 ! dea? ( ,aktaeon1 designat$ by 8 ,etruscan "n ,ataiun2 on ! o!r1 ,ajax1 designat$ ,aifas1 ?r[+ himself ^u 8 sword1 aft] ! aw>d ( ! arm\r ( ,a*illes4 ,ano!r vase ( ?is class has = its subject ! f>ewell ( ,admetos & ,alke/is1#bcbc ) ,etruscan inscriptions accompany+ ! figures1 & a spee* issu+ f ! m\? ( "o ( !m4 ,beh9d ,admetos is "o ( ! demons ( ! ,etruscan hell1 probably int5d$ = ,hades or ,?anatos1 we>+ a %ort tunic & hold+ 9 ea* h& a snake4 ,beh9d ,alke/is is ,*>un ) 8 mallet4 ,on ano!r vase f\nd at ,vulci#bcbd ,ajax is repres5t$ slay+ a ,trojan prison] 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*>un2 & on ! rev]se ! latt] appe>s aga9 ) ,p5!sileia & two o!r wom54 ,on a ?ird#bcbe ,l$a is repres5t$ %[+ ,tynd>eus ! egg f :i* ,hel5 & ,klytaemne/ra 7 de/9$ to be born2 x is inscrib$ ,el9ai1 ! ,etruscan =m ( ,hel54 ,! late/ specim5s ( ^! fabrics1 :i* h be5 f\nd at ,orvieto & ,orbetello1 positively deg5]ate into b>b>ism#bcbf2 ! figures are c>elessly & r\ghly pa9t$1 & :ite is ext5sively us$ z an accessory1 z 9 ! lat] ,apulian & ,campanian vases4 ,! subjects are usually borr[$ f ! inf]nal regions1 & ! gruesome figure ( ,*>un is common4 ,inscriptions on ,etruscan vases are r>e z comp>$ ) ,greek1 & 9 _m cases h only be5 scrat*$ 9 aft] ! vase 0 made4 ,!re are also in/ances ( import$ ,greek vases on :i* ,etruscan inscriptions h be5 incis$ 9 ?is mann]1 z 9 ! case ( a vase 9 ! =m ( a lion 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,a #aacg1 f ,veii71 on :i* is incis$ ,f 1 fel?ur ha?isnas4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n are incis$ on pla9 pots ( black w>e1 & sev]al ( ^! take ! =m ( :at are kn[n z abec$>ia1 or alphabets4 ,/rictly speak+1 "s ( ^! alphabets are ( ,hell5ic orig91 & d n give ! =ms ( ! ,etruscan lett]s z !y are kn[n to u2 b z ! latt] are d]iv$ f ! ,greek 7we/]n gr\p71 probably ?r\gh ,cumae 7see above1 p4 #bie7 ^! inscriptions w\ld naturally repres5t _! orig9al =ms 9 ,etruria4 ,9 #ahhb an amphora 0 discov]$ at ,=mello ne> ,veii1#bcbg on :i* ?is ,greek alphabet is writt5 twice f left to "r1 toge!r ) a retrograde ,etruscan inscription1 & a 8syllab>y0 or spell+ ex]cise4 ,! alphabet is z foll[s3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h1 1 1 1 1 1 1 same*11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,x1 1 4 ,?is is ! mo/ complete abec$>ium extant1 conta9+ tw5ty-six lett]s & illu/rat+ ! ar*aic ,greek =ms ( ! tw5ty-two ,pho5ician lett]s 9 _! ,semitic ord]4 ,! f\r additional ones are 1 ,x 7 71 1 & 7 74 ,! "* ,x is ! repres5tative ( same*1 & is n f\nd 9 ,greek inscriptions2 is %9 or san 7cf4 p4 #bdg74 ,! ,ca]e alphabet1 on a vase n[ 9 ! ,museo ,gregoriano1 is also comb9$ ) an ,etruscan syllab>y1 consi/+ ( su* =ms z bi1 ba1 bu1 be1 gi1 ga1 gu1 ge1 etc4#bcbh2 ! alphabet resembles t f ,=mello1 except = ! omission ( ! 1 & ! san1 ( ! same type1 ext5d+ z f> z 1 0 f\nd at ,colle ne> ,si5a4#bcbi ,on ano!r small black j> also f\nd at ,ca]e1 & n[ 9 ! ,museo ,gregoriano1#bccj is incis$ an ,etruscan inscription 9 two l9es1 9 :i* also ! lett]s are c]ta9ly e>ly ,greek r ?an ,etruscan2 ^! two f ,ca]e mu/ be ( ! same date z ! ,regul9i-,galassi tomb1 ab\t #fej-fjj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,,etruscan ,,alphabet1 ,,f ,a ,,vase4 ,! two foll[+1 h[ev]1 are g5u9e ,etruscan abec$>ia3 "o f ! foot ( a cup f\nd at ,bom>zo1#bcca on :i* ! alphabet runs 7retrograde73 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! o!r 9 ! museum at ,grosseto1#bccb 9 :i* ! lett]s are practically ! same1 b ) ! addition ( & 4 ,9 ! fir/ nam$ ! =m = ,z %\ld be not$1 & 9 bo? occur ! san & two =ms ( 1 :i* 9 ,etruscan g5]ally appe>s z ,etrusan phi4 ,among o!r in/ances ( e>ly ,etruscan inscriptions are t on ! ,l\vre vase f ,ca]e1 ) :ite pa9t+s on r$ gr\nd 7,d #aea3 see p4 #bid71 :i* dates f ! sev5? c5tury2 & on objects f ! ,regul9i-,galassi & ,del ,duce tombs 7pp4 #bie1 #cjj74 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v r>e on ! pott]y ( ! next two c5turies1 ) ! exception ( ^? incis$ on ! pla9 pott]y1 :i* be> no ess5tial relation to ! vase itself4#bccc ,^!1 z has be5 not$1 are also f\nd on import$ ,greek w>es1 "o ( ! be/ in/ances be+ ! kylix ( ,oltos & ,euxi!os1 at ,corneto1#bccd on ! foot ( :i* is an inscription ( ?irty-eight lett]s n divid$ into words4 ,occasionally also pa9t$ inscriptions are f\nd4#bcce ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to ! imitation ,greek vases ( ! ?ird & second c5turies1 we f9d a curi\s rev]sion to ! old ,greek practice ( inscrib+ ! names ( ! figures & ev5 s5t5ces on ! pa9t+s !mselves4 ,"s ( ^! h already be5 m5tion$4 ,! be/ example is af=d$ by ! krat] ) ,admetos & ,alke/is1 on :i* ! names ( ! two pr9cipals are giv5 z 1 ,atmite1 & ,c1 ,alc/i2 :ile by ! side ( ! figure ( ,*>un is a long inscription #aedf3 #aegb3 #aeef3 #aeid3 #adif ,on ! vase ) ,ajax & ,p5!sileia ! names are giv5 z ,f1 1 1 & ,,tyrmygas4 ,on a vase m5tion$ by ,g]h>d1 ,nike inscribes on a %ield ! ^w 1 ,lasna4#bccf #b4 ,,etruscan ,,t]racotta ,,"w ,x rema9s to say a few words on ! o!r uses ( clay among ! ,etruscans4 ,?is subject has inde$ be5 discuss$ to "s ext5t 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 reg>d+ ! use ( clay 9 g5]al 9 classical times4 ,b !re are "s features ( "w 9 t]racotta :i* are peculi> to ?is p4 ,= _! ext5sive use ( ?is mat]ial we are q prep>$ by ! evid5ce ( ! pott]y f\nd 9 _! tombs1 :i* %[s t !y und]/ood ! processes ( manufacture p]fectly1 ev5 if !y fail$ 9 _! attempts at decoration4 ,z we %all see1 !y employ$ x con/antly1 n only = f9] works ( art1 b = ord9>y & m utilit>ian purposes4 ,?is we "k n only f ! exi/+ rema9s1 b f _m passages ( anci5t writ]s1 :o speak ( ! ,etruscan pref]5ce = clay & _! skill 9 its use4 ,pl9y1 9 p>ticul>1 speaks ( ! art ( modell+ 9 clay z 8br\ght to p]fection 9 ,italy1 & especially 9 ,etruria40#bccg ,he attributes its introduction to ! ?ree craftsm5 :om ,dem>atos br\ght ) him f ,cor9? 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4--,eu*eir1 ,eugrammos1 & ,diopos--:om he /yles fictores4#bcch ,?is /ory ( its orig9 ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 be implicitly believ$2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 ne$ ! /atem5t ( ,tatian1#bcci :o1 foll[$ 9 mod]n times by ,campana & o!r ,italian writ]s1 claim$ = ,italy a priority ov] ,greece 9 ! art ( mak+ t]racotta figures4 ,= _! /atues ! ,etruscans c]ta9ly seem to h pref]r$ clay to any o!r mat]ial4 ,al?\gh few ( ^! h desc5d$ to u1 !re are _m passages 9 ,roman lit]ature :i* imply _! excell5ce1 & x is *iefly f ^! t our k ( ,etruscan /atues 9 t]racotta is d]iv$4 ,! ,romans1 unable !mselves to execute su* works1 7 oblig$ to employ ,etruscan arti/s = ! decoration ( _! temples1 z 9 ! notable in/ance ( t ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol4 ,a c]ta9 ,volca ( ,veii#bcdj 0 employ$ by ,t>qu9ius ,priscus1 ab\t #eji ,b4,c41 to make ! /atue ( ! god1 :i* 0 ( colossal proportions1 & 0 pa9t$ v]milion1 ! col\r be+ solemnly r5ew$ f "t to "t4 ,! same arti/ made ! fam\s *>iot on ! p$im5t ( ! temple1 :i*1 in/ead ( contract+ 9 ! furnace1 swell$ to su* an ext5t t ! ro( _h to be tak5 (f4 ,?is circum/ance 0 held to progno/icate ! future greatness ( ,rome4#bcda ,volca also made a figure ( ,h]cules 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium1 & we read t ,numa consecrat$ a /atue ( ,janus#bcdb2 b ! mat]ial 9 ! latt] case is n actually specifi$ z t]racotta4 ,pl9y goes on to say t su* /atues exi/$ 9 _m places ev5 9 8 day4 ,he also speaks ( num]\s temples 9 ,rome & o!r t[ns ) rem>kable sculptur$ p$im5ts & cornices2 ! exi/+ rema9s ( "s ( ^! w pres5tly be discuss$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! use ( t]racotta = ! ext]nal decoration ( temples 0 ev5 m g5]al 9 ,etruria ?an 9 ,greece2 &1 :]eas 9 ,greece x ceas$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 9 ,etruria x la/$ d[n to ,roman times4 ,! use ( bricks 9 ,etruria seems to h belong$ entirely to ! "t :5 x _h lo/ its indep5d5ce1 "u ,roman dom9ion4 ,= in/ance1 ! brick walls ( ,arretium1 :i* are highly spok5 ( by ,pl9y & ,vitruvius1#bcdc d n belong to ! ,etruscan1 b to ! lat] city2 & al?\gh ,gell alleg$ t he saw tufa walls ) a sub/ructure ( til+ at ,veii1 ,d5nis s\ght = ^! 9 va9#bcdd2 ev5 a pi] ( a bridge re/+ on tiles :i* he f\nd !re prov$ to be lat] "w4 ,= build+s & = tombs ! pr9cipal mat]ial seems to h be5 tufa1 b ! tiles ( ! ro(s 7 probably ( t]racotta1 z 7 sometimes ^? us$ = cov]+ tombs4#bcde ,etruscan temples 7 also l>gely built ( wood1 ) a cov]+ ( t]racotta slabs1 z ! evid5ce ( rec5t excavations %[s4 ,?is me?od ( decoration1 :i*1 z we saw 9 a previ\s *apt] 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajj71 0 l>gely practis$ 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 & ev5 spread !nce to ,greece1 z at ,olympia1 is n allud$ to by ,vitruvius 9 8 description ( ,etruscan temples 7iv4 #g71 al?\gh he speaks ( ! wood5 con/ruction ( ! ro(s2 b he alludes to antepagm5ta fix$ on ! front ( ! temples1 :i* may ref] to ! t]racotta slabs4#bcdf ,e>li] re/orations made aft] 8 descriptions are imp]fect 9 ?is respect1 only reg>d+ con/ruction & n decorative effect4#bcdg ,x is at any rate cle> t ! ro( _h a p$im5t on ! front only1 ! o!r ?ree sides project+ ov] & =m+ eaves1 r\nd :i* hung ! p5d5t slabs 7see bel[72 !y 7 n requir$ 9 front because ( ! portico4 ,araeo/yle temples1 ! same writ] tells u1 _h wood5 ar*itraves & p$im5ts1 ornam5t$ ) sculpture 9 t]racotta4 ,! c9]>y urns (t5 supply evid5ce z to ! con/ruction ( ! ro(s1 ) _! exact imitation ( tiles4 ,we h n[ rema9s ( at lea/ f\r temples built 9 ?is me?od1 or1 r1 ( _! t]racotta decoration3 f ,c]vetri 9 ,b]l91 f ,civita ,lav9ia 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plates ,,ii4-,,iii471 f ,alatri 7#ahhb71 & f ,fal]ii or ,civita ,ca/ellana 7#ahhf74bcdh ,o!r rema9s ( ar*itectural t]racotta "w come f ,orvieto1#bcdi ,pitigliano1#bcej & ,luni 7see bel[71 & f ,conca or ,satricum1#bcea ! latt] be+ *iefly antefixal ornam5ts ( ! ord9>y ,italian types4 ,! ,c]vetri rema9s consi/ ( ro(-tiles1 antefixal ornam5ts ) figures 9 relief 9 front1 & friezes ) *>iots & w>riors4#bceb ,portions ( a simil> frieze f ! same site are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#bcec z are also ?ree antefixes 9 ! same /yle z "o 9 ,b]l9 f ,c]vetri 7,plate ,,lix474#bced ,!y belong to ! fif? c5tury1 & illu/rate a lat] developm5t f ! ord9>y ar*aic type--idealis$ female heads or heads ( ,satyrs ) ri* poly*rome decoration4 ,ano!r example 9 ,b]l9 appe>s to repres5t ,juno ,sospita4#bcee ,! friezes are a good example ( ! ,italo-,ionic /yle ( ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 ! po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! ,*alcidian & o!r ,b4,f4 vases be+ p>ticul>ly notewor?y4#bcef ,b = in=mation on ! =m ( ! ,etruscan temple ^! are too fragm5t>y to be ( any use4 ,! rema9s f ,alatri1 ,civita ,ca/ellana1 & ,civita ,lav9ia are mu* m illum9at+4 ,! la/-nam$1 ( :i* "s description has already be5 giv5 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aja71 are p>tly ar*aic1 p>tly ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! two =m] :olly ( ! lat] date2 b all[+ = diff]5ces ( /yle1 ! g5]al arrangem5t 0 9 all cases practically ! same4 ,! front ( ! temple 0 9 ! =m ( a p$im5t support$ on columns1 ) ornam5tal rak+ cornices1 & akrot]ia 9 ! =m ( figures or gr\ps4 ,along ! sides & back ran gutt]s1 ) lion-head sp\ts at int]vals1 fac$ by upright cornices1 ) p5d5t plates ( t]racotta1 or 8b>ge-bo>ds0 hang+ free & ornam5t$ ) patt]ns 9 relief4 ,^! 7 = protection aga9/ wea!r1 l ! edg+s to ! ro(s ( ,swiss *lets & mod]n railway /ations4 ,! practice 0 q un-,greek1 & peculi> to ,etruria4 ,! antefixal ornam5ts 7 cont9u$ along ! sides above ! cornice4 ,! ar*itraves 7 also ornam5t$ ) t]racotta slabs1 on :i* 7 palmette patt]ns2 & ?us ! :ole =m$ a ri* & cont9u\s sy/em ( t]racotta plat+ :i* completely cov]$ ! woodwork ( ! ar*itraves & ro(4 ,all ! slabs 7 ornam5t$ ) col\r$ patt]ns 9 relief1 or simply pa9t$ on a :ite slip1 su* z mae&]s1 tongue1 scale-patt]n1 lotos-fl[]s1 or v>i\s =ms ( ! palmette4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lix ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,etruscan ,,antefix 7,,fif? ,,c5t47 #b4 ,,etruscan ,,s>cophagus 7,,?ird ,,c5t47 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! exi/+ rema9s ( ,etruscan monum5tal sculpture 9 clay are1 z has be5 indicat$1 n l>ge4 ,"s ( ! ar*itectural antefixes are almo/ important en\gh to be includ$ "u ?is head1 especially ^? 9 ! =m ( figures or gr\ps modell$ almo/ 9 ! r\nd4 ,^! belong mo/ly to ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ! f9e/ example is ! gr\p 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum f ! ,c]vetri f9d already m5tion$1 repres5t+ ,eos c>ry+ (f ,kephalos#bceg2 x is 9 ! /yle ( ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 ,a small] b /ill v effective example is ! antefix f ,civita ,lav9ia 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5t+ a ,satyr & ,ma5ad await+ ! adv5t ( ,dionysos 7,plate ,,ii474#bceh ,) ^! mu/ be reckon$ ! sculptur$ friezes f ,c]vetri 9 ! ,briti% & ,b]l9 ,museums1 & ! reliefs on ! ,briti% ,museum s>cophagus f ! same site4#bcei ,9 all ^! ! same preval5ce ( ,ionic ,greek influ5ce may be obs]v$1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( s mu* ,etruscan "w ( ! late ar*aic p]iod1 bo? 9 t]racotta & bronze1 z 9 ! reliefs ( ! ,poll$r>a bu/4#bcfj ,?is influ5ce1 :i* is due to ! /rong ,hell5ic elem5t 9 ! civilisation ( ,ca]e & ! ,campanian cities1 we h also se5 at "w 9 ! vase-pa9t+s ( ! p]iod4#bcfa ,"o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances1 & p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable1 ( ,etruscan clay modell+ 9 ! r\nd1 = its size & execution1 is ! gr\p on ! top ( ! fam\s s>cophagus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #ahc74bcfb ,! figures1 a man & woman recl9+ on a c\*1 are life-size1 ( some:at sl5d] proportions1 ) smil+ features1 ! drap]y ( ! woman /iff & =mal4 ,sir ,*>les ,newton has describ$ ! /yle z 8ar*aic1 ! treatm5t ?r\gh\t v naturali/ic1 9 :i* a curi\s /riv+ aft] tru? 9 anatomical details gives animation to ! gr\p1 9 spite ( ! extreme unga9l9ess ( =m & ungraceful composition40 ,! same difficulties t beset ! sculptor ( ! ,poll$r>a bu/1 9 work+ 9 ! r\nd in/ead ( relief1 are visible "h2 & ! contra/ ) ! ,hell5ic /yle ( ! reliefs r\nd ! l[] "p is v m>k$4 ,!re are simil> s>cophagi 9 ! ,l\vre1 & 9 ! ,museo ,papa ,giulio at ,rome4#bcfc ,m4 ,m>?a notes 9 reg>d to ! figures on ! =m] t ! faces are rem>kable = individuality & precision ( type1 b ! limbs are /iff & rude4 ,?is is n an infrequ5t feature ( e>ly ,greek art4#bcfd ,signor ,savignoni claims ^! ?ree monum5ts z purely ,ionic ,greek "w1 b repudiates mu* ( ! ,briti% ,museum s>cophagus z un-antique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,,ar*aic ,,t]racotta ,,s>cophagus 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,( lat] sculpture 9 t]racotta ! in/ances are comp>atively few1 by f> ! be/ be+ ! p$im5tal sculptures f ,luni 9 ,nor!rn ,tuscany1 discov]$ 9 #ahdb1 & n[ at ,flor5ce4#bcfe ,_! date is ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 & !y include figures ( ! ,olympian deities1 ,muses1 & a gr\p ( ,apollo & ,artemis slay+ ! ,niobides4 ,a few rema9s ( simil> figures 7 f\nd at ,orvieto4#bcff ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,,pa9t$ ,,t]racotta ,,slab ,,f ,,tomb 7,,l\vre74 ,x may be conv5i5t to speak "h ( a small gr\p ( monum5ts 9 t]racotta :i* illu/rate 9 an int]e/+ mann] ! a*ievem5ts ( ,etruscan pa9t+ 9 ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,?is is a s]ies ( t]racotta slabs1 :i* 7 ins]t$ into ! walls ( small tombs at ,c]vetri to receive ! pa9t$ decoration :i* ! ,etruscans consid]$ su* an important feature ( _! sepul*ral arrangem5ts4#bcfg ,two sets h be5 f\nd1 "o ( :i* is 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! o!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 bo? are ( simil> "*1 & belong to ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 b ! /yle v>ies 9 "s degree4 ,fig4 #ahd gives "o ( ! slabs 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! surface ( ! slabs 0 cov]$ ) ! usual :ite slip or ( e>ly ,greek pa9t+s1#bcfh on :i* ! designs 7 sket*$ ) a po9t & fill$ 9 ) r$ & black outl9es or wa%es4 ,! :ite gr\nd 0 left = ! fle% ( wom5 & = :ite drap]y1 ! fle% ( ! m5 be+ col\r$ r$4 ,( ! two ! ,l\vre slabs seem ! m advanc$1 & m directly "u ,ionic influ5ce1 :ile ! o!rs are m prov9cial 9 "*4 ,! ,ca]etan hydriae seem to h left "s traces on ! =m]1 & 9 ! latt] x is int]e/+ to note ! use ( bord]s ( :ite dots = ! drap]y1 su* z we see on ! ,daphnae vases 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ceb74 ,^! pa9t+s may also be comp>$ ) ^? 9 ! ,grotta ,campana at ,veii 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ci71 :i*1 9 _s at any rate1 if n 9 date1 are ! olde/ examples ( ,etruscan pa9t+1 :ile /ill "u ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,b n be+ works 9 t]racotta1 !y d n /rictly conc]n u "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh ! m important s>cophagi ( ! ,etruscans 7 made ( alaba/]1 tufa1 & pep]9o1 a consid]able numb]1 pr9cipally ( small size1 7 ( t]racotta4 ,all ( ^! belong to a late /age ( ,etruscan art4 ,"s few 7 l>ge en\gh to receive a body laid at full l5g?4 ,two l>ge s>cophagi1 f a tomb at ,vulci1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 may be tak5 z typical4#bcfi ,! l[] "p1 :i* held ! body1 is %ap$ l a rectangul> b9 or tr\gh1 ab\t ?ree feet high & z _m wide4 ,on ! cov]s are recumb5t ,etruscan wom51 modell$ at full l5g?4 ,"o has bo? its cov] & *e/ divid$ into two portions1 probably because x 0 f\nd t masses ( too l>ge a size fail$ 9 ! bak+4 ,! edges at ! po9t ( division are turn$ up1 l flange tiles4 ,^! h on _! fronts 9 "o case dolph9s1 9 ! o!r bran*es ( trees1 incis$ ) a tool 9 outl9e4 ,o!r s>cophagi ( ! same dim5sions are imitations ( ! l>g] ones ( /one4 ,_m ( ! small] sort1 :i* held ! a%es ( ! dead1 are ( ! same %ape1 ! body be+ a small rectangul> *e/1 :ile ! cov] pres5ts a figure ( ! deceas$ 9 a recl9+ po/ure4 ,!y g5]ally h 9 front a composition 9 relief1 freely modell$ 9 ! lat] /yle ( ,etruscan art1 ! subject be+ (t5 ( fun]al import3 su* z ! la/ f>ewell to ! dead2 combats ( h]oes 7,plate ,,lix471 especially t ( ,eteokles & ,polyneikes2 a battle 9 :i* an un>m$ h]o is fight+ ) a pl\gh%>e#bcgj2 ! p>t+ ( ,admetos & ,alke/is 9 ! pres5ce ( ,dea? & ,*>un2 & ! slay+ ( ! dragon by ,kadmos at ! f\nta9 ( ,ares4#bcga ,"s few h a pa9t$ ro(4 ,all ^! 7 pa9t$ 9 temp]a ^u a :ite gr\nd1 9 bright & vivid tones1 produc+ a gaudy effect4 ,! inscriptions 7 also trac$ 9 pa9t1 & r>ely incis$4 ,a good & elaborate example ( ! col\r+ ( t]racotta occurs 9 ! recumb5t figure on a small s>cophagus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lix474#bcgb ,"h ! fle% is r$1 ! eyes black1 ! hair r$1 ! wrea? gre51 & ! drap]y ( ! figure is :ite1 ) purple & crimson bord]s2 ! phiale :i* ! figure holds is yell[ 7to imitate gild+71 & ! cu%ions on :i* he recl9es are r$ & blue4 ,?is sy/em ( col\r+ is ma9ta9$ to an ev5 great] degree 9 ! relief on ! front ( ! s>cophagus1 ! subject ( :i* is a combat ( five w>riors4 ,! backgr\nd is col\r$ indigo1 & e detail is r5d]$ 9 col\r1 except ! nude p>ts1 :i* are cov]$ ) a :ite slip ?r\gh\t4 ,! pigm5ts employ$ are r$1 yell[1 black1 gre51 & purple1 & ! inscription above is pa9t$ 9 br[n on :ite1 all ! col\rs be+ m>vell\sly fre% & well pres]v$2 b ! g5]al effect is gaudy1 fanta/ic1 & sc>cely appropriate4 ,x may also be said 9 reg>d to ! :ole s]ies t ! subjects are monoton\s & unpleas+1 & ! compositions cr[d$ to excess4 ,by f> ! f9e/ example ( ^! t]racotta s>cophagi is "o f\nd at ,c]vetri n _m ye>s ago1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lx474#bcgc ,x is kn[n f ! inscription 9 front to be ! la/ re/+-place ( a lady nam$ ,seianti ,?anunia1 ^: effigy1 life-size1 adorns ! top--a mo/ reali/ic specim5 ( ,etruscan portrait-sculpture1 & 9 spl5did pres]vation4 ,)9 ! l[] "p h] skeleton is /ill pres]v$1 toge!r ) a s]ies ( silv] ut5sils4 ,a v simil> specim51 t ( ,l>?ia ,seianti1 is 9 ! ,museum at ,flor5ce1#bcgd & f ! co9s f\nd !re) ! date ( ^! two may be fix$ at ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 ,! figure ( ! lady 0 ca/ 9 two halves1 ! jo9t be+ bel[ ! hips2 %e is repres5t$ z a middle-ag$ matron1 h] head veil$ 9 a mantle :i* %e draws aside ) h] "r h&4 ,9 h] left %e holds a mirror 9 an op5 case2 %e we>s a sph5done 9 h] hair1 & mu* jewell]y4 ,on ! "r arm are bracelets1 & on ! left h& six r+s1 ! bezels ( :i* are pa9t$ purple to imitate s>d-/ones2 9 h] e>s are p5dants pa9t$ to imitate amb] set 9 gold4 ,! nude p>ts are pa9t$ fle%-col\r1 & col\r+ is freely employ$ ?r\gh\t1 ! cu%ions be+ pa9t$ 9 /ripes4 ,! dim5sions ( ! s>cophagus itself are #f ft4 by #b ft4 by #a ft4 #d 942 x has no reliefs on ! front1 b is ornam5t$ ) pila/]s1 triglyphs1 & quatrefoils4 ,= antefixal ornam5ts1 masks1 & ! decoration ( ! small] s>cophagi & o!r products ( ord9>y indu/ry1 ! clay seems to h be5 inv>iably made 9 ! =m ( a m\ld2 b = ! l>g] s>cophagi & ! ,canopic figures a r\gh clay model 0 made by h& & itself bak$4 ,probably bo? processes 7 employ$ concurr5tly--l>ge /atues1 = in/ance1 be+ made 9 sev]al pieces2 9 ^! x w g5]ally be not$ t ! head & torso are modell$ m c>efully ?an ! limbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lx ,illu/ration3 ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,seianti ,,?anunia 7,,second ,,c5t4 ,b4,c47 7,,brit4 ,,mus47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,m4 ,m>?a#bcge expla9s ! inv>iable col\r+ ( ,etruscan t]racottas on ! supposition t ! ,etruscans did n pr(ess to make figures 9 ?is mat]ial1 b look$ d[n on x z a common sub/ance1 to be conceal$ :]ev] possible4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! poly*romy 0 n only a necess>y artifice1 b an admirable means ( imp>t+ life & realism to ! figures4 ,9 ! ar*aic p]iod !re is mu* less v>iety1 yell[1 r$1 br[n1 & black be+ ! only col\rs employ$ z a rule4#bcgf ,! d>k r$ pigm5t usually appli$ = fle%-col\r on ! s>cophagi may sugge/ ! m9ium ) :i* ! /atue ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us 0 sme>$4 ,9 lat] "w ! t9ts are light] & mu* m v>i$1 z we h se51 & ?is is especially noticeable on ! figures f ! ,luni p$im5ts1 9 :i* rose1 yell[1 gre51 & blue are employ$ ) ! same delicate nuances t we see 9 ! ,tanagra figures4 #c4 ,,s\!rn ,,italy ,9 deal+ ) ! indig5\s non-,hell5ic p ( ,s\!rn ,italy & _! pott]y1 we are almo/ m at a disadvantage ?an 9 reg>d to ! ,etruscans4 ,! peoples are almo/ unkn[n to u1 & are vaguely *>act]is$ z 8,iapygian10 8,messapian10 8,oscan10 & s on2 b ?is does n really c>ry u mu* fur!r4 ,moreov]1 ?is "p ( ,italy has nev] be5 sci5tifically or ?or\ghly excavat$1 l ,etruria1 & ev5 :]e f9ds h be5 made !y are small & poor2 no?+ ( v remote date appe>s to h come to light1 & v few e>ly ,greek importations4 ,h5ce !re has be5 until q rec5tly no attempt made at a sci5tific /udy ( ! pott]y1 or ev5 to di/+ui% local f import$ w>es2 9 ,heydemann's catalogue ( ! ,naples vases x is practically ignor$4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,h]r ,max ,may]1 & ,signor ,patroni1 ^: laudable inve/igations ( ! ,graeco-,italian vases h already receiv$ att5tion 7,*apt] ,,xi471 h turn$ _! att5tion to ! /udy ( ! less promis+ indig5\s fabrics4#bcgg ,! region ) :i* ! pres5t section deals is t compris$ by ! ?ree di/ricts ( ,apulia1 ,lucania1 & ,campania4 ,! b>b>ian races by :i* x 0 occupi$ 9 classical times 7 kn[n by v>i\s names1 us$ ) "s vagu5ess2 b r\ghly we may divide !m into two gr\ps3 ! ,iapygians or ,messapians & ! ,peucetians1 occupy+ ! s\?-ea/ portion ( ! p59sula f mod]n ,b>i to ! end ( ! 8heel0#bcgh2 & ! ,osco-,samnites1 :o occupi$ ,campania & ! m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,samnium on its nor?-ea/]n bord]4 ,9 ,lucania ! di/rict ( ,sala ,consil9a has yield$ local pott]y4#bcgi ,! ,osco-,samnites appe> to h be5 m am5able to ! influ5ce ( ,greek civilisation ?an ! o!rs1 ow+ to ! exi/5ce 9 _! mid/ ( su* c5tres ( culture z ,cumae1 ,capua1 & ,poseidonia 7,pae/um72 h5ce we f9d t ! pott]y ( t region %[s a mu* m ,hell5ic "* ?an t ( ,apulia1 & is m l t ( ,etruria 9 its attempts to imitate ! ,greek import$ fabrics 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dhd74 ,greek pa9t$ vases are f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ?\gh ev5 9 8,aegean0 times !y _h p5etrat$ z f> z ,sicily1 & ev5 ,m>seilles 7see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fi1 #hf74bchj ,at ,cumae 9 p>ticul>1 & also at ,nola1 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 & ,cor9?ian w>es h be5 f\nd2 dur+ ! six? c5tury ,ionic & ,attic ,b4,f4 w>es make _! appe>ance1 b nev] 9 l>ge quantities1 z 9 ,etruria4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 gave rise to a class ( imitative fabrics f\nd *iefly 9 ,campania3 small amphorae & o!r =ms rudely pa9t$ ) black silh\ettes1 dat+ f ! fif? c5tury4 ,at ,t>5tum ! f9ds ( vases h be5 ma9ly ,greek1 b ev5 ^! are comp>atively r>e4 ,! pr9cipal examples ( local w>es are to be se5 9 ! museums ( ,b>i1 ,lecce1 ,t>anto1 & ,naples2 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,l\vre1 & ,b]l9 only possess isolat$ specim5s4#bcha ,! g5]al sc>city ( imports is due1 ,signor ,patroni ?9ks1 to ! re/rict$ int]c\rse betwe5 ! colonies on ! coa/ & ! int]ior di/ricts peopl$ by ho/ile local tribes4 ,aft] ! fif? c5tury1 :5 l>ge numb]s ( ,greek arti/s 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! t[ns ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 ! circum/ances became diff]5t1 & we h already made 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 a g5]al survey ( ! v>i\s fabrics produc$ f t "t 9 ! v>i\s c5tres d[n to ! total decay ( ! art4 ,all ,italiote pott]y1 be=e ?is direct influ5ce ( ,hell5ism made itself felt1 may be call$ 8ar*aic02 b x mu/ at ! same "t be borne 9 m9d t ^! ar*aic types /ill w5t on dur+ ! "t ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,!y =m$1 9 fact1 a 8dome/ic0 /yle1 z oppos$ to ! 8high-art0 /yle ( ! ,graeco-,italian w>es1 j z ! e>ly ,geometrical pott]y ( ,a!ns is ?\ght to h be5 9 relation to ! ,myc5aean vases 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bgi74 ,!y mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$--z has be5 done by "s writ]s--z delib]ate ar*ai/ic revivals ( old] fabrics4 ,x is true t !y be> a rem>kable resemblance 9 _m cases to ,aegean1 ,cypriote1 & ,geometrical w>es2 b ?is lik5ess is due to o!r causes1 be+ ! result ( developm5t1 n ( direct imitation4 ,a le>n$ ,italian1 on fir/ see+ "s ( ! local pott]y excavat$ 9 ,apulia1 exclaim$1 8,?is is ! ,myc5aean /yle ( ,italy40 ,*ronologically & e?nographically he 0 wrong1 b arti/ically he 0 "r2 & z ,signor ,patroni has po9t$ out1 p>allels to ne>ly all ! ornam5tal motives ( local ,apulian fabrics may be trac$ 9 ,myc5aean pott]y4 ,!re is also a fav\rite %ape1 t ( a l>ge d\ble-m\!d askos1 examples ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #ejh ,fig4 #ahe1 & ,f #eji71 :i* is obvi\sly d]iv$ directly f ! ,myc5aean 8false-neck$ amphora0 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bga74 ,x is n a ,hell5ic type1 al?\gh x is ! =]unn] ( a =m ( askos f\nd among ! pa9t$ vases ( ,apulia4#bchb ,ano!r fav\rite =m1 :i* ,signor ,patroni calls ! orcio appulo1 a j> ) ?ree v]tical h&les r\nd ! ne>ly sph]ical body1 & wide-spread+ m\?1 may simil>ly be d]iv$ f ! ,myc5aean ?ree-h&l$ pyxis 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bgb74 ,o!r =ms1 aga91 are p>allel ) ^? ( ,cyprus1 z is 9 "s cases ! sy/em ( geometrical decoration1 a figure or patt]n 9 a panel ) bord]s ( geometrical ornam5t4 ,! writ]s above-m5tion$ di/+ui% two ma9 classes ( ! local pott]y ( ,apulia 7includ+ ! s\?-ea/]n extremity or 8heel0 ( ,italy74 ,! c5tral portion ( ?is di/rict 0 inhabit$ by a tribe kn[n z ! ,peucetii1 & ! extremity by ,messapians1 or1 z !y are also /yl$1 ,iapygians4 ,! vases1 :i* appe> to be ! product ( ! latt] race1 are f\nd 9 v>i\s places--su* z ,br9disi1 ,egnazia or ,fasano1 ,lecce1 ,n>do1 ,o/uni1 ,otranto1 ,putignano1 ,rugge1 ,t>anto1 & ,uz5to--& !y may be/ be /udi$ 9 ! museum at ,b>i4 ,! pott]y ( ! ,peucetii1 :i* ,signor ,patroni calls ,apulian1 cov]s ! region r\nd ,b>i1 includ+ ,putignano on ! s\?1 ,bitonto & ,ruvo on ! nor?1 :]e ! local civilisation seems to h be5 modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( su* c5tres z ,canosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,,askos ,,( ,,local ,,apulian ,,fabric 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! typical =m ( ,messapian pott]y is a krat] ) high angul> h&les1 at ! highe/ & l[e/ po9ts ( :i* are pairs ( discs 7rotelle71 a sph]ical body1 & neck slop+ inw>ds1 )\t lip4 ,! =m is "o :i*1 z we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 0 adopt$ by ! ,greek vase-pa9t]s 9 ,lucania at a lat] date4#bchc ,may] /ates t ?is =m is only f\nd 9 ! 8heel0 ( ,italy1 b ,patroni seems to imply t x is typical ( ,c5tral ,apulia4#bchd ,x is pa9t$ 9 two col\rs--purple-r$ & d>k br[n or black2 b ! =m] col\r is n f\nd 9 ! e>li] examples4 ,! decoration includes simple geometrical or vegetable patt]ns1 su* z wrea?s1 panels ( loz5ge-patt]n1 zigzags1 & an ornam5t compos$ ( two triangles po9t to po9t h\rglass1 :i* ,may] calls ! 8h\r-glass8 ornam5t4 ,! m develop$ examples h figures 9 panels1 rang+ f r[s ( ducks to human figures4 ,among ^! are a man ga!r+ fruit f a tree & two /ags confront$4 ,l5ormant publi%$ two v int]e/+ specim5s 9 ! ,l\vre1 "o ( :i* has two cocks confront$1 ! o!r a man swimm+ accompani$ by a dolph94#bche ,! latt]1 ) o!rs ( ! same class1 /yl$ by ,l5ormant 8,iapygian10 appe> to be imitations ( ,b4,f4 amphorae#bchf2 b if !y are imitations !y mu/ be almo/ contemporane\s ) _! prototypes1 & _c be lat] ?an ! fif? c5tury4 ,! man ) ! dolph9 recalls ! /ory ( ,t>as & ! co9-types ( ,t>5tum2 b ,l5ormant po9t$ out t a simil> leg5d 0 curr5t relat+ to ,iapys1 ! eponym\s h]o ( ,iapygia1#bchg & he may !re=e be int5d$4 ,"s ( ^! vases h pa9t$ inscriptions1 "o ( :i* runs1 2 b !y are app>5tly no?+ m ?an names1 p>tly ,hell5is$4 ,among o!r %apes are a k9d ( askos ) simple decoration1 a jug or pit*] ) discs atta*$ to ! h&les1 also ) simple patt]ns1 & a unique v>iety ( ! krat] ) f\r flat-topp$ column-h&les4 ,signor ,patroni#bchh calls att5tion to ano!r class ( ,messapian vases f :i* ! geometrical decorative elem5t is abs5t1 ! ornam5t be+ arrang$ 9 b&s ( equal wid?1 & v>y+ betwe5 l9e> & natural =ms4 ,a *>act]i/ic motive is a sort ( *a9-patt]n4 ,! wave & r[s ( pomegranate-buds also occur1 & animals1 su* z dogs & dolph9s2 also human heads & figures4 ,! %apes are ei!r ! d\ble-neck$ askos1 z giv5 9 ,fig4 #ahe1 ) an ar*$ h&le betwe5 ! m\?s1 or a k9d ( d\ble situla1 =m$ ( two j>s on a cyl9drical /& ) a v]tical h&le betwe54 ,z ,may] has po9t$ out1 !re _c "h be any "q ( a v anci5t class ( vases1 b r ( "o ( eclectic "*4 ,! ,geometrical t5d5cy appe>s *iefly 9 ! nor? ( ! di/rict1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ,peucetia 7see bel[7 0 felt4 ,! vegetable ornam5ts1 he sugge/s1 h aff9ities ) ^? ( 8,rhodian0 vases4#bchi ,! date c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! fif? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,notizie degli ,scavi4 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,,krat] ,,( 8,,peucetian0 ,,fabric ,,) ,,geometrical ,,decoration4 ,! fabrics ( ,c5tral or ,peucetian ,apulia c5tre1 z has be5 not$1 r\nd ,b>i4 ,!y are all ( a /rongly ,geometrical type1 b ! sy/em ( ornam5tation is fre] & m v>i$ ?an 9 ! ,messapian class4 ,!y are easily recognisable by _! =ms & *>act]i/ic designs1 pa9t$ only 9 br[n or black4 ,"h1 aga91 ! typical =m is a krat]1 9 :i* ! h&les are ei!r ar*$ 9 v]tical fa%ion or else =m flat b&s4 ,x has a %all[1 spread+ lip4 ,! patt]ns are arrang$ 9 panels & b&s1 & are (t5 execut$ ) great c>e4 ,fig4 #ahf gives an example f ,sala ,consil9a 9 ,lucania4#bcij ,! fav\rite motives are *equ]s1 zigzags1 ! 8h\r-glass10 hook-arm$ crosses1 & loz5ges fill$ ) reticulat$ patt]n1 neatly arrang$ 9 friezes or saltire-wise4 ,r\nd ! l[] "p ( ! vase is (t5 f\nd :at may be describ$ z a comb-patt]n1 & on "s vases is a curi\s rudim5t>y =m ( ! mae&]1 arrang$ 9 triangles or diagonal crosses4 ,among ! o!r %apes are a small askos ) r+-h&le on ! back1 a sort ( high /& l a fruit-di%1 l>ge cups & b[ls1 & ! orcio already m5tion$4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples is a krat] f ,ruvo 9 ! ,jatta collection1#bcia ) twi/$ h&les & a v elaborate sy/em ( ornam5tation1 *iefly diap] & mae&] patt]ns4 ,l ! ,messapian1 ! ,peucetian or ,apulian pott]y seems to h fl\ri%$ dur+ ! fif? c5tury#bcib2 b !re are "s vases :i* seem to =m connect+-l9ks ) _! ,hell5ic prototypes1 & probably belong to ! six? c5tury4#bcic ,9 any case1 bo? fabrics mu/ be reg>d$ z mu* e>li] ?an previ\sly suppos$2 !y are c]ta9ly n late ar*ai/ic "w1 & "t mu/ be all[$ = _! disappe>ance :5 ! ,hell5ic fabrics ( ,apulia beg94 ,9 plac+ ! majority ( ! products betwe5 #fjj & #dej ,b4,c41 we %all probably n be f> f ! tru?1 al?\gh ,m4 ,potti]#bcid w\ld ?r[ ! orig9 ( ! fabrics z f> back z ! eigh? c5tury4 ----- ,footnote #bbdf3 ,see especially ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #bhe ff41 & ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 p4 #cae ff4 ,footnote #bbdg3 i4 #id4 ,footnote #bbdh3 ,sat4 i4 #f1 #a4 ,footnote #bbdi3 i4 #cj4 ,footnote #bbej3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #big4 ,footnote #bbea3 ,frag4 ,hi/4 ,graec4 ed4 ,didot1 i4 p4 #de3 7! "n ( "o ( ! m\?s74 ,he calls !m "h ,pelasgians4 ,footnote #bbeb3 ,b]tr& & ,re9a*1 ,les ,celtes dans les valles du ,po et du ,danube1 p4 #gc ff43 cf4 ,b]tr&1 ,ar*4 celtique et gauloise1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #bbec3 ,cf4 i4 #bg ) vii4 #c4 ,footnote #bbed3 ,see ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 = a full acc\nt ( ?is p]iod2 also ,von ,duhn 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xvi4 p4 #abh1 ^: e?nographical views seem to diff] 9 _m details f ^? ( o!r writ]s previ\sly cit$4 ,footnote #bbee3 ,see ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 p4 xlv4 ,footnote #bbef3 ,see ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhd1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #bbeg3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahha1 pl4 #e1 ,nos4 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #bbeh3 ,il4 xi4 #fcc2 ,od4 iv4 #fae1 vi4 #bcb4 ,see ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #bbei3 ,on ! ornam5tation ( ! ,villanuova p]iod g5]al ref]5ce may be made to ,bhlau's ,zur ,ornam5tik d] ,villanovap]iode 7#ahie74 ,footnote #bbfj3 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #bbfa3 ,see ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 p4 xlv1 & ref]5ces !re giv54 ,footnote #bbfb3 ,! objects f\nd at ,hall/att date f ab\t ! t5? to n9? c5turies ,b4,c41 & are sometimes 8sub-,myc5aean0 9 "*4 ,footnote #bbfc3 ,see on ! subject ( hut-urns ! bibliographies giv5 9 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 p4 #beh2 ,bonn] ,/udi51 p4 #bd 7,von ,duhn72 & ,j4,h4,s4 xvi4 p4 #abg 7id474 ,footnote #bbfd3 ,j4,h4,s4 xvi4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #bbfe3 ,see also = ,n>ce ,mon4 ,anti*i1 iv4 pt4 #a1 p4 #aje ff4 ,footnote #bbff3 ,m4 ,potti] /ates t a primitive k9d ( :eel 0 us$ = mak+ ! impa/o 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & ,helbig & ,m>?a are c]ta9ly wrong 9 /at+ t x 0 n introduc$ till ! six? 7see ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #bid74 ,footnote #bbfg3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhe1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #bbfh3 ,e4g4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #cdg ff4 ,footnote #bbfi3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #cde ff4 ,footnote #bbgj3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahhd1 p4 #ahf #cch3 cf4 = ! /yle a vase f ,tamassos1 ,cyprus1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,rev4 ,ar*4 ix4 #ahhg1 p4 #gg74 ,footnote #bbga3 ,see g5]ally ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cfc ff4 ,footnote #bbgb3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aec1 & cf4 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vi4 p4 #baa1 fig4 #eg1 = examples f ,troy4 ,footnote #bbgc3 ,abek51 ,mittelital4 p4 #cfb ff42 b see ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #bbgd3 ,e4g4 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhd1 pl4 ,c4 ,footnote #bbge3 ,hdt4 i4 #ad1 #be2 ,paus4 x4 #af4 ,footnote #bbgf3 ,= ,greek examples ( e>ly vases ) reliefs see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dig1 & ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,footnote #bbgg3 ,see = specim5s ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahha1 pls4 #bh1 #bi1 #cb-c2 ,potti]1 ,vases du ,l\vre1 pls4 #cc-d4 ,footnote #bbgh3 ,l\vre ,d #aea4 ,footnote #bbgi3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhd1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #bbhj3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #bbha3 ,see ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeb4 ,! names are d\btless descriptive4 ,footnote #bbhb3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 p4 xlvii1 & ref]5ces !re giv54 ,footnote #bbhc3 ,ne>ly all ! cont5ts ( ?is tomb are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,etruscan ,saloon1 ,cases #abf-ce73 see ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pls4 #d-h2 ,d5nis1 ,etruria#b1 i4 p4 #deg ff42 ,c4 ,smi? 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #bbhd3 ,a mo/ tru/wor?y reproduction ( ?is vase & its decoration1 made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,&]son1 is giv5 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 pls4 #f-g4 ,footnote #bbhe3 ,cf4 ?r\gh\t ! ,franois vase4 ,footnote #bbhf3 ,micali1 op4 cit4 pl4 #e1 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #bbhg3 ,cat4 #aedc4 ,footnote #bbhh3 ,cat4 ,c #fag-ah4 ,footnote #bbhi3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahha1 p4 #afg1 ,no4 #bf4 ,footnote #bbij3 ,! hydria is a =m ( ess5tially ,ionic orig91 ! e>lie/ examples be+ f\nd 9 ! 8,ca]etan0 & ,daphnae fabrics 7see ,*apt] ,,viii474 ,footnote #bbia3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #fcj ,fig4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bbib3 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pl4 #eh2 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 i4 p4 #cd ff4 ,footnote #bbic3 ,cf4 an o9o*o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,a #fcc2 & see ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #bbid3 ,mus4 ,greg4 i4 pl4 #ae ff42 ,helbig1 ,fhr]1 #ahii1 ii4 p4 #cdd ff4 ,footnote #bbie3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahhg1 pls4 #ad-ah4 ,footnote #bbif3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgf1 p4 #aag ff41 & ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x4 pls4 #ca-cc4 ,! art ( ,pra5e/e1 ?\gh a ,lat9 t[n1 0 :olly ,etruscan4 ,cf4 ! lat] s]ies ( bronze ci/ae f\nd "h4 ,footnote #bbig3 ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #bbih3 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 pp4 #bid1 #cae4 ,footnote #bbii3 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dad3 see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #fb4 ,x may be comp>$ ) ! analysis ( ! clay ( ,greek vases giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bcjj3 ,cf4 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pls4 #bh-cj4 ,footnote #bcja3 ,micali1 op4 cit4 pls4 #bh-cb4 ,footnote #bcjb3 ,cf4 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhd1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #a1 & ! reliefs f ,sp>ta1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahgg1 pls4 #bj-d4 ,footnote #bcjc3 ,cf4 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgg1 pls4 ,u1 ,v2 ,micali1 op4 cit4 pls4 #bg-cb4 ,footnote #bcjd3 ,see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cbd ff4 ,footnote #bcje3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,a #cgi ) ,bronze ,cat4 ,nos4 #che1 #dcf-cg4 ,footnote #bcjf3 ,see also on ! subject g5]ally1 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgi1 p4 #ii ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cad ff42 ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #dfb ff42 & ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 p4 #dde ff4 ,footnote #bcjg3 vi4 #cdc3 cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeh-ei1 & ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,footnote #bcjh3 ii4 #fj4 ,footnote #bcji3 xiv4 #ih3 cf4 p4 #dgi4 ,footnote #bcaj3 ,see ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 i4 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #bcaa3 ,see ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,no4 #fjj1 & ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #bae4 ,! bronze plates 7 =m]ly made up into ! %ape ( a %ield1 ) _m re/orations2 b on remov+ ^!1 ! true =m 0 discov]$4 ,! body ( ! *air is mod]n4 ,footnote #bcab3 ,mus4 di ,ant4 ,class4 i4 p4 #bii ff41 ) _m examples on pls4 #i1 #i;a1 #aa-ac4 ,fig4 #aha is f pl4 #i1 figs4 #i1 #i;a4 ,footnote #bcac3 ,h #adh 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a curi\s t]racotta example1 cov]$ ) incis$ designs3 see ,b5ndorf1 ,gesi*t%elme und ,sepul]almask51 pl4 #aa1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #bcad3 ,cat4 #cigf-gg4 ,footnote #bcae3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #bai-bbj4 ,footnote #bcaf3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #bcag3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 p4 #agd ff43 see also ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #bcah3 ,!y also %[ ! influ5ce ( ! 8,pontic0 class 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cei74 ,footnote #bcai3 ,x may be comp>$ ) ,b #ei 9 ! same case 7,plate ,,xxvi474 ,footnote #bcbj3 ,see ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ea2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dac4 ,footnote #bcba3 ,b4,m4 ,b #fa-gd2 ,l\vre ,e #ged-ha 7"s ( ^! d n %[ di/9ctive ,etruscan features1 al?\gh made 9 ,italy72 ,naples #bebb1 #bgag1 #bgeg2 ,wrzburg #ha-b2 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 #cf4 #a1 #cg1 #a1 & #dc1 #c2 id4 ,/oria1 #hb1 #c2 ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 #cd2 ,+hirami1 ,mus4 ,*9s4 #gb2 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 pl4 #ah-i2 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #hg4 ,accord+ to ,endt1 loc4 cit41 ab\t #bjj examples are kn[n4 ,b #fc 9 ! ,b4,m4 is reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,footnote #bcbb3 ,ano!r is giv5 9 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x4 pl4 #ea4 ,footnote #bcbc3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #iah ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 ii4 frontispiece4 ,footnote #bcbd3 ,re9a*1 i4 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #bcbe3 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pl4 #ch4 ,footnote #bcbf3 ,cf4 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 xi4 pls4 #d-e2 also ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fitt4 iv4 #ceh4 ,footnote #bcbg3 ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #af 7q4v4 = facsimile72 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhb1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #bcbh3 ,rob]ts1 p4 #ag3 = a facsimile see ,d5nis1 i4 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #bcbi3 ,rob]ts1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bccj3 ,d5nis1 i4 p4 #bgc2 ,deecke1 ,etr4 ,=s*4 u4 ,/ud4 iv4 7#ahhc7 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #bcca3 ,d5nis1 i4 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #bccb3 ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #bccc3 ,see = in/ances ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pl4 #ee1 #g2 ibid4 ,/oria1 pl4 #aja2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 pl4 #ii4 ,footnote #bccd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bcce3 ,e4g4 ,fabretti1 ,c4 ,i4 ,ital4 #bfjf1 #bfji4 ,footnote #bccf3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahca1 p4 #agf3 cf4 also ,fabretti1 ,nos4 #bbbb1 #behc4 ,footnote #bccg3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeg4 ,footnote #bcch3 ,ibid4 #aeb4 ,footnote #bcci3 ,orat4 ad ,graec4 #a4 ,footnote #bcdj3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeg4 ,footnote #bcda3 ,! /ory is told by ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxviii4 #af1 & ,plut>*1 ,poplicola1 #ac4 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #bcdb3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxiv4 #cc4 ,footnote #bcdc3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #agc2 ,vitr4 ii4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #bcdd3 ,etruria1 i4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #bcde3 ,see ,durm1 ,h&bu* d4 ,ar*itektur1 #b4 ,!il1 ,bd4 #b 7,die ,baukun/ d] ,etrusk]71 p4 #e4 ,footnote #bcdf3 ,see ,wieg&1 ,puteolanis*e ,bau9s*r4 7,jhrb4 fr ,philol4 ,suppl4-,bd4 #bj1 p4 #gef ff472 ,borrmann 9 ,durm's ,h&bu*1 #a4 ,!il1 ,bd4 #d1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #bcdg3 ,= a rec5t re/oration ( an ,etruscan temple see ,&]son & ,spi]s1 ,ar*itecture ( ,greece & ,rome1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #bcdh3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahhg1 p4 #ib ff4 ,footnote #bcdi3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahha1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bcej3 ,notizie1 #ahih1 p4 #dbi ff42 ,class4 ,review1 #ahii1 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #bcea3 ,notizie1 #ahif1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #bceb3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ,suppl4 pls4 #a-c4 ,footnote #bcec3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #fbf4 ,footnote #bced3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #fba-bc3 cf4 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahga1 pl4 #a4 ,b #fba is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lix4 ,footnote #bcee3 ,pan(ka1 ,t]racott5 des k4 ,mus4 pl4 #aj4 ,footnote #bcef3 ,see ,furtwa5gl]1 ,mei/]w]ke1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #bceg3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhb1 pl4 #ae3 cf4 also ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #cbd 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #bceh3 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #bcei3 ,murray1 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 pls4 #i-aa4 ,footnote #bcfj3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,no4 #dcd1 & p4 xlvii4 ,footnote #bcfa3 ,see p4 #cjh1 & ,furtwa5gl]1 ,mei/]w]ke1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #bcfb3 ,= full description ( ?is s>cophagus see ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #fcj2 ,murray1 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 pls4 #i-aa1 p4 #ba4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! figures mu/ be contemporane\s ) ! ,capitol9e /atues made by ,volca4 ,footnote #bcfc3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 vi4 pl4 #ei2 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 viii4 pl4 #ac1 p4 #eba ff4 7,savignoni74 ,! latt] 0 f\nd 9 ! same gr\p ( tombs z ! pa9t$ slabs 9 ! ,l\vre describ$ bel[4 ,footnote #bcfd3 ,cf4 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 viii4 p4 #eca4 ,footnote #bcfe3 ,mus4 ,ital4 di ,ant4 ,class4 i4 p4 #hi ff41 pls4 #c-g4 ,footnote #bcff3 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 ii4 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bcfg3 ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 pl4 #d ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 vi4-vii4 pl4 #cj2 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 pl4 #g1 p4 #bdc ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #bcfh3 ,cf4 ! ,!rmon metopes1 #ab #aijc1 pls4 #b-f 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ib74 ,footnote #bcfi3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #gii1 #hjj4 ,footnote #bcgj3 ,?is subject has be5 int]pret$ z ,kadmos 7or ,jason71 cont5d+ ) ! arm$ m5 :o sprang f ! s[n tee? ( ! dragon3 see ,d5nis1 ,etruria#b1 ii4 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #bcga3 ,see g5]ally ,brunn & ,krte1 ,i rilievi dell' urne ,etrus*i1 #b vols42 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #ghg-ih4 ,footnote #bcgb3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #gie4 ,footnote #bcgc3 ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #cea2 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #bj2 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #ghf4 ,footnote #bcgd3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 xi4 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #bcge3 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #bcgf3 ,blue occurs on ! ,b4,m4 s>cophagus 7,b #fcj7 7z also on ! ,poll$r>a hydria74 ,footnote #bcgg3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bja ff41 #ahii1 p4 #ac ff42 ,patroni1 ,c]amica ,antica1 *ap4 i41 & id4 9 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 p4 #cdi ff43 see also ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cga4 ,footnote #bcgh3 ,a l9e drawn across f ,t>anto to ,fasano r\ghly divides ! two di/ricts1 ! ,peucetians be+ on ! nor?1 ! ,messapians on ! s\?4 ,footnote #bcgi3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahig1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #bchj3 ,= ,m>seilles see also ,d*elette1 ,vases ,cramiques de la ,gaule rom4 i4 p4 #g4 ,footnote #bcha3 ,see also ,re9a*1 ii4 #bdb-dc1 = ^? 9 ! ,imp]ial ,museum at ,vi5na4 ,footnote #bchb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,f #dad-af1 #ehd-he4 ,footnote #bchc3 ,see also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #agb1 ,fig4 #dj4 ,footnote #bchd3 ,c]am4 ,ant4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #bche3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahha-hb1 pl4 #ai1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #bchf3 ,ibid4 pls4 #ai1 #ba2 ,sale ,cat4 ,htel ,dr\ot1 ,may #aa1 #aijc1 ,no4 #bj4 ,footnote #bchg3 ,s]v4 ad ,virg4 ,a54 iii4 #ccb4 ,footnote #bchh3 ,c]amica ,antica1 p4 #ai ff4 ,footnote #bchi3 ,cf4 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 pl4 #aj1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bcij3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahig4 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #bcia3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #cb4 ,footnote #bcib3 ,patroni puts ! limits ( date = bo? fabrics at #fjj-dej ,b4,c4 ,footnote #bcic3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 p4 #df1 pls4 #d-e4 ,footnote #bcid3 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cgb4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,t]racotta ,,9 ,,roman ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,sculpture ,clay 9 ,roman ar*itecture--,use ( bricks--,me?ods ( con/ruction--,tiles--,ornam5tal antefixae--,flue-tiles--,o!r uses--,inscriptions on bricks & tiles--,milit>y tiles--,mural reliefs--,li/ ( subjects--,roman sculpture 9 t]racotta--,/atuettes--,uses at ,rome--,types & subjects--,gauli% t]racottas--,pott]s & c5tres ( fabric--,subjects--,miscellane\s uses ( t]racotta--,money-boxes--,co9-m\lds4 ,! uses ( clay among ! ,romans 71 z may be suppos$1 mu* ! same z among ! ,greeks & ,etruscans1 9 ar*itecture1 9 sculpture1 & = h\sehold implem5ts4 ,! ma9 diff]5ces are t 9 "s cases--z 9 ar*itecture--its use 0 m ext5sive at ,rome1 9 o!rs less2 & t g5]ally ! products ( ?is mat]ial 9 ,roman work%ops are inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,b ! te*nical processes are 9 ! ma9 id5tical ) ^? employ$ by ! ,greeks1 & consequ5tly mu* t has be5 said 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ( ?is "w ne$ n be "h repeat$4 ,i4 ,,ar*itecture #a4 ,,bricks ,,& ,,tiles ,! ,romans divid$ ! manufacture ( objects 9 clay into two classes3 opus figl9um or f9e w>e1 made f argilla or creta figul>is2 & opus doli>e1 = tiles & common e>!nw>e4#bcie ,we beg91 !n1 z 9 ! *apt] on ! ,greek uses ( clay1 ) ! latt] division1 includ+ ! use ( ?is mat]ial 9 ,roman ar*itecture1 & prim>ily 9 ! mak+ ( bricks & tiles4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! /ructural use ( bricks ( clay1 su* z we employ at ! pres5t day1 0 unkn[n to ! ,romans2 !y only us$ :at we %\ld call tiles1 & ev5 ^! 7 only employ$ /ructurally1 z a fac+ to walls & vaults ( concrete2 no walls 7 ev] built ( solid brick1 & ev5 9 ^? ( sev5 in*es ?ickness ! bricks are built on a core ( concrete4 ,nor 7 ! bricks all[$ to appe> on ! out] face ( ! build+1 at lea/ be=e ! second c5tury ( ! ,empire2 !y 7 always fac$ ) a coat+ ( m>ble or /ucco4 ,nev]!less1 ! g5]al use ( bricks or tiles 0 mo/ ext5sive1 & !y 7 employ$ z tiles = ro(+ h\ses1 z bricks = walls & vaults1 & ev5 = columns1 z slabs = pavem5ts1 = furnaces & = cov]+ graves1 & 9 tube =m = convey+ wat] or hot air2 !y are f\nd 9 temples1 !atres1 & ba?s1 & are us$ = ci/]ns & f\nta9s1 & 9 aqu$ucts & milit>y =tifications4 ,!y 7 call$ lat]es1 because1 says ,isidorus1 8!y 7 broad1 & made by plac+ r\nd !m f\r bo>ds40#bcif ,! kilns 7 call$ lat]>iae1 & ! mak]s lat]>ii2 to make bricks 0 lat]es duc]e1 f+]e1#bcig or 7) ref]5ce to ! bak+ only7 coqu]e4 ,! ^w lat] seems to be employ$ indiscrim9ately = sun-dri$ 7crudi7 & bak$ bricks 7coctiles71#bcih )\t ! qualify+ epi!t1 b te/a is also us$ :5 burnt brick is int5d$4#bcii ,! sun-dri$ bricks 7 ! e>li] & simpl] =m1 us$ = build+ walls & cem5t$ toge!r ) clay or mud4#bdjj ,vitruvius 9 8 acc\nt ( brick-mak+ 7ii4 #c7 only ref]s to ?is k9d1 & app>5tly nev] m5tions bak$ bricks except 9 pass+ allusions4 ,he describes ?ree k9ds1 to :i* he says ! ,greeks gave ! respective names ( g5us ,lydium1 p5tadoron1 & tetradoron 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ie74 ,! two latt] are exclusively ,greek1 b ! fir/-nam$1 #a by #a foot 9 dim5sions1 answ]s to ! ,roman tegula sesquip$alis4#bdja ,a frequ5t arrangem5t1 he says1 0 to employ half-bricks 9 alt]nate c\rses ) ! ord9>y sizes1 :i* s]v$ to b9d ! walls toge!r & pres5t an effective z well z a /able appe>ance4 ,?is in=mation is repeat$ by ,pl9y1 copy+ almo/ ^w = ^w4#bdjb ,among ! ,romans two dim5sions 7 9 g5]al use1 z may be inf]r$ f ! frequ5t m5tion 9 inscriptions or else:]e ( ! sesquip$ales & ( bip$ales1#bdjc or two-foot bricks1 z we %all h occasion to %[ lat]4 ,be+ v flat & ?9 9 proportion to _! size1 ^! bricks r resemble tiles1 z has be5 already not$2 !y are g5]ally squ>e1 or at lea/ rectangul>4 ,b !re 7 also tegulae bessales or bricks measur+ two-?irds ( a foot squ>e1 i4e4 ab\t #h in*es1 & triangul> bricks1 equilat]al 9 =m1 ) a l5g? v>y+ f #d to #ad in*es4 ,! latt] are ! k9d us$ 9 all exi/+ ,roman walls ( concrete ) brick fac+s4 ,! ?ickness v>ies f #a to #b in*es4 ,!y are n always made ) me*anical accuracy1 ! edges be+ r\nd$ & ! sides n always p>allel4 ,9 milit>y works !y 7 (t5 us$ alt]nately ) fl9t & /one 7see bel[1 p4 #ccg71 z we see !m 9 ,engl&1 at ,col*e/]1 ,dov]1 ,v]ulam1 & _m o!r places4#bdjd ,at ,v]ulam ! tiles are arrang$ 9 ?ree horizontal lay]s at int]vals ( ab\t #d feet1 ) fl9t & mort> betwe54 ,!y 7 also us$ = turn+ ! ar*es ( doorways1 & = ?is purpose tegulae bip$ales 7 cut into pieces1 s z only to tail a few in*es into ! concrete :i* !y cov]4 ,complete squ>es 7 introduc$ at int]vals to improve ! bond+4#bdje ,! pill>s ( ! floors ( hypocau/s 7 =m$ ( tegulae bessales1 & sometimes also ( two semicircul> bricks jo9$ s z to =m a circle1 v>y+ f #f to #ae in*es 9 diamet]4#bdjf ,occasionally ! upp] bricks dim9i%$ 9 size1 9 ord] to give great] solidity to ! /ructure4 ,! bricks or tiles =m+ ! upp] floors 7 f #ah to #bj in*es squ>e2 9 "s cases1 z at ,cir5ce/]1#bdjg ^! 7 flang$ tiles 7see bel[74 ,! g5]al size ( ,roman bricks 01 9 ! case ( ! sesquip$ales1 #a by #a ,roman foot2 b v>iations are f\nd1 su* z #ae by #ad in*es4 ,= ! bip$ales ,palladius recomm5ds #b feet by #a foot by #d in*es4 ,! great build+ at ,tri] kn[n z ! ,palace ( ,con/ant9e is built ( burnt bricks1 #ae in*es squ>e by #a in* ?ick4#bdjh ,pr(4 ,middleton notes tiles 9 ,rome ( #ab1 #ad1 & #ah in*es squ>e1#bdji & ,m>qu>dt#bdaj /ates t bricks f\nd 9 ,france measure #ae by #h to #aj in*es2 o!rs 7! bessales7 #h by #h by #c in*es4 ,a complete circul> brick1 measur+ #g in*es across by #c in*es ?ick1 & impress$ ) ! /amp ( ! elev5? legion1 0 f\nd at ,dolae ne> ,g>dun1 & is n[ 9 ! museum at ,spalato4#bdaa ,vitruvius#bdab gives elaborate in/ructions ab\t ! prep>ation ( ! clay = sun-dri$ bricks1 & c\nsels 9 ! fir/ place a c>eful *oice ( e>?1 avoid+ t :i* 0 s&y or /ony or full ( loose fl9ts1 :i* made ! bricks too heavy1 & s liable to split & fall out :5 affect$ by ra92 x also prev5t$ ! /raw f b9d+ prop]ly4 ,clay :i* 0 ei!r :iti% or decid$ly r$ 7f a preval5ce ( o*re7 0 pref]r$1 & t comb9$ ) co>se s& 7sabulo masculus7 made light tiles1 easily set4 ,! process ( manufacture 0 a v simple "o4 ,! clay 0 fir/ c>efully clean$ ( =eign bodies1 & !n moi/5$ ) wat] & knead$ ) /raw4 ,x 0 !n m\ld$ by h& or 9 a m\ld or frame ( f\r bo>ds1 & p]haps also press$ ) ! foot4#bdac ,! bricks 7 !n dri$ 9 ! sun & turn$ z requir$1 ! usual process also adopt$ 9 ! mod]n brickfield4 ,"s bricks actually be> ! m>ks ( ! feet ( animals & birds :i* _h pass$ ov] !m :ile ! clay 0 s(t1 & !re is "o 9 ! ,%rewsbury ,museum ) ! impr9t ( a goat's feet4 ,o!rs at ,york & ,wiesbad5 %[ ! nails ( a boy's %oes4#bdad ,^! impressions ( feet 7:]e human7 may also be ref]r$ to ! practice ( us+ ! feet to knead ! bricks4 ,! bricks 7 !n ready = use1 b 7 kept = two ye>s be=e be+ employ$1 o!rwise !y 7 liable to contract1 :i* caus$ ! /ucco to break (f & ! walls to collapse4 ,at ,utica1 ,vitruvius tells u1 !y _h to be kept five ye>s1 & !n c\ld only be us$ if pass$ by a magi/rate4 ,altoge!r1 mu* c>e 0 tak5 9 _! prep>ation1 & x 0 g5]ally consid]$ t spr+ & autumn 7 ! mo/ fav\rable times = mak+ !m1 probably because !y dri$ m sl[ly & 7 less liable to crack dur+ ! op]ation4 ,9 summ] ! hot sun bak$ ! out] surface too fa/1 & ?is appe>$ dry :ile ! int]ior 0 /ill moi/1 s t :5 ! inside dri$ ! outside contract$ & split4#bdae ,x 0 also1 ( c\rse1 advisable to avoid seasons ( ra9 & fro/4 ,b ! bricks c\ld n be prop]ly te/$ until !y _h und]gone "s exposure to ! wea!r1 & = ?is reason ,vitruvius recomm5ds ! employm5t ( old ro(-tiles :]e possible 9 build+ walls4#bdaf ,= bak$ bricks ! processes mu/ h be5 mu* ! same1 )1 ( c\rse1 ! addition ( ! bak+ 9 ! furnace4 ,exi/+ ,roman bricks are ne>ly always ( well-temp]$ clay & well bak$2 b ! clay exhibits a great v>iety ( col\r--r$1 yell[1 & br[n4 ,! pa/e is rem>kably h>d1 break+ ) an almo/ vitre\s fracture1 & sometimes %[s fragm5ts ( r$ brick 7pozzolana7 gr\nd up ) x to b9d x toge!r1 & prev5t w>p+4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! ,flavian ,palace on ! ,palat9e1 & 9 an ar*way 9 ! ,aurelian ,wall ne> ! ,porta ,lat9a4 ,z an in/ance ( v>ieties ( brick f\nd 9 ! same build+1 ,n]o's ,aurea ,domus may be cit$4#bdag ,! durability ( ,roman tiles is ascrib$ to _! c>eful prep>ation & season+1 :i* give !m a mu* long] life ?an mod]n tiles2 h5ce !y 7 frequ5tly us$ up aga9 9 e>ly m$iaeval build+s & 9 ,romanesque *ur*es 9 ,engl&1 z at ,/4 ,albans1 ,/4 ,m>y-9-,ca/ro1 ,dov]1 & ,/4 ,botolph's & ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,col*e/]4#bdah ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,republic private h\ses & public build+s alike 7 built ( unburnt brick 9 ,rome1 z we le>n f ! words ( ,dio ,cassius1#bdai ,v>ro1#bdbj & ,cic]o#bdba2 ,v>ro speaks ( domus lat]iciae1 & ,cic]o ( 8! brick 7lat]e7 & concrete ( :i* ! city is con/ruct$40 ,aft] ! ,republican p]iod ?is mat]ial 0 /ill employ$ outside ,rome ) burnt-brick cornices1#bdbb b ev5 ?is 0 exceptional4 ,pl9y m5tions walls ( sun-dri$ bricks at ,arretium & ,mevania4#bdbc ,h5ce=?1 !n1 burnt brick 0 employ$ m & m z ,rome grew m popul\s4#bdbd ,9 ,vitruvius' "t 7! beg9n+ ( our era7 ! mat]ials us$ = build+ 7 /one = sub/ructures1 burnt brick 7/ructura te/acea7 = ! out] walls1 concrete = ! p>ty-walls1 & wood = ! ro(s & floors4 ,he expla9s ! cessation ( ! use ( unburnt brick z due to ! legal regulations ( 8 "t1 :i* prohibit$ p>ty-walls ( m ?an #a foot 9 ?ickness1 & unburnt bricks c\ld only support "o /ory above !m 9 t size4#bdbe ,ba?s1 ei!r public or private1 walls & milit>y =tifications1 7 built ( bricks1 ! latt] be+ ?us bett] able to resi/ attacks ?an if !y 7 ( /one4 ,temples1 palaces1 amphi!atres1 ! magnific5t aqu$ucts & ! ci/]ns ) :i* !y communicat$1 7 also usually ( ?is mat]ial4 ,( ^!1 num]\s rema9s exi/ 9 ,rome & o!r places1 su* z ,cumae & ,pozzuoli4 ,! aqu$uct made by ,n]o f ! ,anio to ,mons ,caelius is ( brick1 t ( ,trajan p>tly s2 ! aqua ,alex&r9a ( ,sev]us ,alex&] 7,a4,d4 #bbi7 & t exi/+ at ,metz are :olly ( brick1 & s are ! ca/ella or res]voirs made by ,agrippa :5 he con/ruct$ ! ,julian conduit ov] ! ,m>cian & ,tepulan4#bdbf ,x is true t ,augu/us boa/$ t he _h f\nd ,rome ( brick & left x m>ble#bdbg2 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 fir/ly1 t ,suetonius uses ! t]m lat]iciam1 :i* may d5ote unburnt brick2 secondly1 t ! phrase is probably to be limit$ to public build+s & monum5ts1 9 :i* !re 0 an increas$ use ( m>ble = pill>s & ro(s4 ,= walls brick & concrete cont9u$ to be us$1 z 9 private build+s1 ) a cov]+ ( /ucco 9 place ( m>ble incru/ation4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire brick-mak+ 0 br\ght to p]fection1 & its use became univ]sal = private & public build+s alike2 ! mort> ( ! p]iod is also ( rem>kable excell5ce4 ,! ,romans introduc$ brick-mak+ :]ev] !y w5t2 & ev5 _! legions :5 on =eign s]vice us$ x = milit>y purposes4 ,b ( pure brick ar*itecture1 z we see x1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,byzant9e *ur*es ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 !re 0 no "q until comp>atively late times4 ,x 0 always cov]$ ov] ) m>ble or /ucco until ! second c5tury ( ! ,empire4 ,examples ( sepul*ral build+s :olly 9 brick1 ( ! "t ( ,hadrian1 may be se5 9 ! tomb be=e ! ,porta ,san ,seba/iano at ,rome1 kn[n z ! temple ( ,deus ,r$iculus4 ,?is has ,cor9?ian pila/]s ) a ri* entablature1 r$ bricks be+ us$ = ar*itectural memb]s1 yell[ = ! walls2 ! capitals are =m$ ( lay]s ( bricks4 ,( ,hadrian's "t are also ! gu>d-h\se ( ! sev5? cohort ( ,vigiles across ! ,tib]1 ( :i* a small "p rema9s1 & ! amphi!atrum ca/r5se on ! walls ( ,aurelian4#bdbh ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( ,roman brick con/ruction is ! ,pile ,c9q-,m>s1 z x is call$1 a t[] /ill /&+ on ! "r bank ( ! ,loire1 ne> ,t\rs4 ,x is ab\t #ie feet high & #ac feet squ>e1 exp&+ at ! base1 be+ built ( tiles to a dep? ( #c feet ea* side1 ) a body ( concrete2 ! tiles are set 9 mort> compos$ ( *alk1 s&1 & p\nd$ tiles4 ,on "o side !re are elev5 rectangul> panels ) tile-"w ( v>i\s patt]ns1 l ^? on ! flue-tiles 7see p4 #cdh71 & z also se5 on ! ,roman wall at ,cologne2 ! patt]ns include squ>es1 triangles1 & rosettes4 ,! hi/ory & purpose ( ?is build+ are q unkn[n4#bdbi ,at ,pompeii bricks are us$ only = corn]s ( build+s or doorpo/s1 & sometimes = columns1 z 9 ! ,basilica & ! h\se ( ! ,labyr9?4#bdcj ,!re are also late examples ( brick columns ) capitals 9 ti]s ( bricks z 9 ! tomb m5tion$ above4 ,brick walls are n f\nd1 b bricks occur z fac+ = rubble-"w4 ,^! are less ?an an in* ?ick1 triangul> 9 =m1 ) ! hypot5use 7ab\t #f in*es long7 %[+ 9 ! face ( ! wall4 ,sometimes fragm5ts ( ro(-tiles are us$ 7cf4 p4 #ccd74 ,! e>li] bricks conta9 sea-s&1 & h a granul> surface2 ! lat] are smoo? & ev5 9 appe>ance4 ,lat]1 :at is kn[n z opus mixtum 7see bel[7 is us$1 z 9 ! entrance ( ! ,h]culaneum gate2 ?is implies c\rses ( /one & brick alt]nat+1#bdca :i*1 z we h se51 0 common 9 milit>y works1 z 9 ! ,roman walls 9 ,brita94 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( good mat]ial = concrete1 ! use ( /ones or brick ?r\gh\t = build+ 0 g5]al f ! fir/2 h5ce1 too1 ! bricks are always flat & rectangul> 9 =m 7bip$ales74#bdcb ,! arrangem5t ( triangul> bricks 7made by divid+ a m$ium-siz$ brick into f\r be=e bak+71 laid flat 9 regul> horizontal c\rses1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! e>lie/ examples ( ,roman me?ods4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,ro/ra 7#dd ,b4,c47 & 9 ! ,regia 7#ce ,b4,c471 ! e>lie/ exi/+ examples4#bdcc ,! back wall ( ! ,ro/ra is ( concrete fac$ ) triangul> bricks #a in* ?ick1 ! sides #aj in*es long4 ,! same arrangem5t may be se5 9 ! ,pan!on1 9 ! ,!rmae ( ,diocletian1 & 9 "s ( ! aqu$ucts 7see bel[74 ,! brickwork 9 ! ,pan!on 0 =m]ly ?\ght to belong to ! build+ ( ,agrippa 9 #bg ,b4,c41 b has be5 n[ %[n to belong to ! second c5tury4#bdcd ,at ,o/ia1 9 ! temple ( ,honos & ,virtus1 ! walls are built ( triangul> bricks or ) r$ & yell[ bricks ) m\ld$ cornices4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ,angle4 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,,concrete ,,wall1 ,fac$ ) 7,a7 opus inc]tum1 7,b7 opus reticulatum4 ,c %[s ! horizontal section1 simil> 9 bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,,concrete ,,wall 7,,v]tical ,,section71 ,,fac$ ,,) ,,brick4 ,ab\t ! ye> #hj ,b4,c4 ! me?od kn[n z opus reticulatum 0 introduc$1 9 :i* ! bricks pres5t$ squ>e faces 7ab\t #d in*es ea* way71 & 7 arrang$ diagonally to =m a network patt]n 7,fig4 #ahg74 ,at ,pompeii ! opus reticulatum dates f ! "t ( ,augu/us2 x is laid on concrete1 & ! bricks are small f\r-sid$ pyramids ) bases #c to #d in*es squ>e4#bdce ,?is me?od la/$ d[n to ab\t ,a4,d4 #acj 9 ,italy4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be not$ t x 0 common] 9 /one ?an 9 brick1 ! latt] mat]ial n hav+ come into g5]al use = build+ at ! "t :5 x 0 employ$4#bdcf ,b ev5 :5 tufa 0 us$ = ! reticulat$ "w1 bricks or tiles 7 us$ = quo9s at ! angles1 & = bond+ c\rses ?r\gh ! walls1 z well z = ar*es & vaults 7,fig4 #ahh74 ,?is comb9ation ( opus reticulatum & brickwork is well illu/rat$ 9 ! palace ( ,caligula4#bdcg ,9 ! case ( vaults1 inde$1 ! use ( brick seems to h be5 g5]al1 z 9 ! ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 & _m o!r build+s 7cf4 ,fig4 #ahi74 ,vitruvius#bdch advises ! use ( tegulae bip$ales to protect ! wood5 joi/s ov] ! vaults f be+ rott$ by ! /eam f ! hot ba?rooms2 !y 7 to be plac$ ov] ! :ole "u-surface ( ! concrete vault1 support$ on iron gird]s1 :i* 7 susp5d$ f ! concrete by iron clamps or p9s4 ,ov] ! :ole 0 laid a coat+ ( cem5t 7opus tectorium7 9 :i* p\nd$ pott]y 0 ! *ief con/itu5t1 & ?is 0 /ucco$4#bdci ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,,concrete ,,ar*2 ,,half ,,) ,,brick ,,fac+ ,,remov$4 ,! opus mixtum 7! t]m is n classical7 prevail$ regul>ly "u ! lat] ,empire1 f ! f\r? to ! six? c5tury2 ! e>lie/ example :i* c be dat$ is ! circus ( ,max5tius4 ,x is also us$ 9 "w ( ! "t ( ,!odoric4#bddj ,! me?od ( con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij4 ,! reason = ! limit$ use ( brick 9 ,rome may h be5 ! sc>city ( wood = fuel = ! kilns4 ,b 9 any case ! po9t$ backs ( ! bricks made a good bond+ ) concrete1 & pres5t$ a l>ge surface ) a comp>atively small am\nt ( clay4 ,! secret ( ! wond]ful durability ( ,roman build+s is t ea* wall 0 "o solid coh]5t mass1 ow+ to ! excell5ce ( ! concrete4 ,9 ! ,pan!on ! concrete ( ! dome is ne>ly #bj feet ?ick1 ! brick fac+ only ab\t #e in*es4 ,! "* ( ! brick fac+ (t5 indicates ! date ( a wall1 ! bricks 9 e>ly "w be+ ?ick & ! jo9ts ?92 lat]1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,b caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 dat+ on ?is pr9ciple1 ow+ to ! great v>iety ( me?ods employ$ dur+ ! same reign1 & ev5 9 ! same build+4#bdda ,illu/ration3 ,f ,blmn]4 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,wall ,,( ,,opus ,,mixtum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ^w = a tile1 tegula1 is d]iv$ f teg]e1 to cov]1 or1 z ,isidorus says1 !y are s call$ quod a$es tegant#bddb2 ! curv$ ro(-tiles 7 kn[n z imbrices because !y receiv$ ra9-%[]s 7imbres74 ,! mak] ( ro(-tiles 0 kn[n z tegul>ius#bddc or figulus ab imbricibus4#bddd ,tegulae or flat ro(-tiles 7 usually made ) v]tical flanges 7#b in*es high7 d[n ! sides1 & ^! flanges1 :i* fitt$ into "o ano!r longitud9ally1 :5 plac$ side by side s]v$ to hold ! cov]+-tiles plac$ ov] !m4 ,!re 7 also ro(-tiles kn[n z tegulae delici>es#bdde & collici>es1 :i* =m$ ! arrangem5t und]nea? ! surface ( ! ro( by means ( :i* ! wat] 0 collect$ f ! tegulae & c>ri$ (f 9 ! front ?r\gh sp\ts 9 ! =m ( lions' heads4#bddf ,besides ! v>i\s rectangul> =ms we f9d triangul> tiles us$1 ei!r equilat]al or "r-angl$2 semicircul> or curv$ tiles1 us$ = circul> walls1 ov5s1 tombs1 & cornices1 or o!r p>ts ( build+s2 cyl9drical tiles 7tubuli fictiles71#bddg :i* 7 us$ = dra9s & conduits2 &1 f9ally1 ! rectangul> holl[ flue-tiles1 employ$ = hot air 9 hypocau/s4#bddh ,ano!r =m 0 ! tegula mammata1 a pla9 squ>e tile ) f\r knobs or brea/-l projections 7mammae71 :i* 0 (t5 us$ 9 p>ty-walls ) ! object ( keep+ out damp4#bddi ,! tiles 7 ins]t$ by ! po9ts ( ! projections into ! concrete1 ?us leav+ a space betwe5 9 :i* ! w>m air c\ld circulate freely4 ,exi/+ examples ( tiles are compos$ ( a compact d5se clay1 less f9e ?an t ( ! bricks1 & ( a pale salmon or light /raw col\r :5 bak$4 ,!y 7 probably made 9 m\lds--b ^! may only h be5 a c\ple ( bo>ds plac$ toge!r--& aft] be+ dri$ 9 ! sun 7 bak$ 9 kilns4 ,! flang$ tiles 71 ( c\rse1 produc$ by turn+ up ! edges be=e dry+4 ,besides ! arrangem5t describ$ above1 x is probable t ro(s 7 sometimes til$ 9 ! mann] preval5t 9 ! pres5t day1 ) flat or curv$ tiles ov]lapp+ l scales2 & = ?is purpose ! tiles seem to h be5 pi]c$ ) holes at "o corn]1 & s atta*$ to "o ano!r4 ,! same me?od obta9$ 9 ! ,roman villas 9 ,brita91 except t ,/onesfield slate 0 us$ 9 place ( tiles4 ,an inscription f\nd at ,ni$]brunn5 9 ,g]many speaks ( attegia tegulicia1 or huts ro($ ) tiles1 erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,m]cury4#bdej ,tiles ) turn$-up edges or flang$ tiles 7 pr9cipally employ$1 z has be5 indicat$1 = ro(+2 b "s 7 also plac$ 9 walls :]e requir$1 especially :]e a space 0 requir$ = ! passage ( air4#bdea ,!y 7 also employ$ = ! floors ( ba?-rooms1 9 :i* case !y 7 laid on ! pilae ( ! hypocau/ 9 an inv]t$ position1 & ! cem5t floor+ 0 laid ^u !m4 ,! flanges are g5]ally ab\t #b in*es high] ?an ! l[] surface ( ! tile2 !y are bevell$ on ! inn] side 9 ord] to dim9i% ! diamet] ( ! imbrex1 b h no holes = nail+ to ! raft]s4 ,! ends ( ! sides 7 cut away 9 ord] t ! l[] edge ( "o tile might re/ on ! upp] edge ( ! "o adjo9+4 ,^? f\nd 9 ,france are said to be di/+ui%$ by ! s& & /ones f\nd 9 _! composition4#bdeb ,!re are flange tiles ( r$ & yell[ clay f ! ,roman ,!rmae at ,sa9tes 9 ! ,museum ( ,svres1 & o!rs f anci5t pott]ies at ,milhac de ,nontron1 z well z tiles ( r$ clay f ,palmyra4#bdec ,9 ! milit>y ca/ra 9 ,engl& flange tiles ( a r$ or yell[ col\r h be5 f\nd1 ! latt] ) fragm5ts ( r$ tiles mix$ 9 ! clay4 ,!y are also (t5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( villas4 ,a flange tile f ,boxmoor1 ,h]ts1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 measures #ae by #ab in*es1 ! flange be+ #b in*es high2 & x w be se5 t ^! dim5sions correspond r\ghly ) ! tegulae bip$ales4 ,flang$ tiles ) holes 9 !m appe> to h be5 us$ at ,pompeii = light+ passages1 ! flanges s]v+ to keep out ra94#bded ,! imbrices or cov]+-tiles :i* held ! flat tiles toge!r1 ?us r5d]+ ! ro( compact1 7 q pla91 ) ! exception ( ! end ones ov] ! gutt]s4 ,^! 7 9 ! =m ( antefixal ornam5ts l ! ,greek examples 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ih71 an upright semi-oval t]m9ation ornam5t$ ) a relief or pa9t$ patt]n1 ) an ar*$ support at ! back4 ,_m examples exi/ at ,pompeii 7see bel[71 ,o/ia1#bdee & else:]e2 b arti/ically !y are f> inf]ior to ! ,greek examples1 & ( simpl] design4 ,mo/ ( !m h a simple palmette or acan?us patt]n 9 l[ relief1 b on or bel[ ?is an ideal head or ! head ( a deity is sometimes add$1 su* z ,zeus ,ammon1 ,m$usa1 a ,bac*ic head1 or a mask1 or ev5 a figure ( ,victory4 ,( ! la/-nam$ !re is a good specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #fij ,fig4 #aia72 %e c>ries a trophy f ! battle ( ,actium1 & /&s on a globe f :i* spr+ two ,capricorns 7! symbol ( ,augu/us74#bdef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,,roman ,,t]racotta ,,antefix3 ,,victory ,,) ,,trophy 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,no bett] example ( ! v>i\s uses ( ornam5tal tiles 9 ar*itecture c be select$ ?an ! rema9s f\nd at ,pompeii1 :i* are exce$+ly num]\s4 ,t]racotta seems to h be5 us$ "h especially = su* p>ts ( ! decoration z 7 expos$ to wet1 z well-m\?s1 gutt]s1 & antefixal tiles4#bdeg ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! decoration ( ,pompeian h\ses 0 ! tr\gh-l gutt] :i* surr\nd$ & =m$ an ornam5tal cornice to ! compluvium or op5 skylight ( ! atrium & p]i/yle1 ?r\gh & f :i* ! ra9-wat] 0 collect$ 9 ! impluvium or tank sunk 9 ! gr\nd bel[4 ,^! 7 adorn$ ) sp\ts 9 ! =m ( animals' heads or =ep>ts1#bdeh usually lions & dogs1 ) bord]s ( palmettes betwe52 ! gutt] beh9d 0 virtually a long tank ( squ>e section4 ,antefixes & gutt]-cornices1 :]e !y occur1 mu/ always be reg>d$ z s]v+ ornam5tal r ?an necess>y purposes4 ,all e>ly "w 9 t]racotta at ,pompeii is ( co>se clay1 b good execution2 lat]1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! only public build+ 9 :i* _m rema9s ( t]racotta tiles & cornices h be5 pres]v$ is ! temple ( ,isis2 b ! ,basilica may also h _h t]racotta decoration4 ,_m fragm5ts also rema9 f private h\ses1 "s actually 9 situ1 hav+ be5 neglect$ by e>ly explor]s z unimportant4 ,9 ! h\se ( ,sallu/ a kymation cornice f "o ( ! g>d5 c\rts has sc5ic masks =m+ ! sp\ts2 ?is is n e>li] ?an ! rebuild+ ( ! h\se ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,!re is also mu* t]racotta "w 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun4#bdei ,comic masks 7 us$ bo? z sp\ts & z antefixes1 ! exagg]at$ m\? ( ! mask s]v+ admirably = ! =m] purpose4#bdfj ,^! date f ! reigns ( ,n]o & ,vespasian1 & all seem to be f ! same fabric1 al?\gh !re is consid]able v>iety 9 ! types2 ! use ( masks = ^! purposes is n e>li] ?an ,n]o's reign 7cf4 ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 above74 ,besides ! ornam5ts above m5tion$ ! patt]ns on ! cornices include palmettes & floral scrolls1 dolph9s & ,gryphons4 ,! ro(-tiles 7 ( ! usual k9ds1 flat oblong tegulae ) flanges1 measur+ #bd by #ai by #bj in*es1#bdfa ) semi-cyl9drical imbrices4 ,!y 7 laid 9 l9es p>allel to ! long ridges ( ! ro(s1 s t ! wat] conv]g$ into ! gutt]-tiles at ! angles1 :5ce x fell into ! impluvium4 ,^! gutt]s1 h[ev]1 7 n conf9$ to ! angles ( ! op5+s1 b 7 sometimes rang$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! sides1 z we h se52 ^? at ! angles only seem to be e>li] 9 date4 ,!y are n f\nd on ! ext]iors ( build+s4 ,! front ( ! gutt] 0 usually 9 ! =m ( a v]tical kymation m\ld+1 b 0 sometimes simply *amf]$4 ,antefixal ornam5ts t]m9at+ ! cov]+ or ridge-tiles are n inv>iable1 b are f\nd at diff]5t p]iods4 ,! e>lie/ examples are 9 ! =m ( palmettes1 b ! lat] exhibit a great v>iety#bdfb3 comic masks1 a head 9 l[ relief on a palmette1 or a head surm\nt$ by a palmette4 ,( ! latt] class ?irty-eight 7 f\nd 9 #ahfa4 ,9 ! ,augu/an p]iod ideal heads ( gods & demi-gods are sometimes f\nd4#bdfc ,von ,rohd51 9 summ+ up 7p4 #ad71 is ( ! op9ion t t]racotta ro(-decoration at ,pompeii 0 comp>atively r>e4 ,9 ! :ole record ( excavations only tw5ty-?ree wat]-sp\ts are m5tion$1 ?\gh x is probable t _m 7 nev] regi/]$4 ,9 sc>cely m ?an twelve private h\ses h z _m pieces be5 f\nd z w\ld suffice = ! :ole ( ! atrium & p]i/yle ro(s1 & ne>ly all ( ^! are ( late date4 ,! discov]y ( isolat$ pieces 9 a h\se seems to %[ t !y 7 us$ up aga9 9 ! re/orations aft] ! e>?quake ( ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,!re are also "s good examples ( ro(-tiles among ^? :i* h be5 f\nd at ,o/ia1 bo? 9 ba?s & private h\ses2 "s ( ! latt] came f a h\se ( :i* ! brickwork bore inscriptions ) ! names ( consuls ( ,hadrian's reign4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ro(-tiles is t describ$ on p4 #cda2 ! antefixal ornam5ts are usually 9 ! =m ( palmettes or acan?us leaves1 ) mae&] bel[2 b heads ( deities1 su* z ,v5us & ,neptune1#bdfd or ( ,m$usa1 & tragic masks 7 also f\nd4 ,two exceptional examples _h gr\ps 9 relief ( ,neptune drawn ov] ! sea by hippocamps1 & ( ! /atue ( ,cybele 9 ! %ip drawn by ! ,ve/al ,virg9 ,claudia4#bdfe 99 99 99 99 99 ,tiles ( ! size kn[n z bip$ales are also us$ = l9+ ! walls ( rooms4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,roman villas 9 ,brita91 & are ornam5t$ on "o side ) v>i\s incis$ patt]ns1 made ) a tool 9 ! wet clay4 ,on "s f\nd at ,ridgewell 9 ,essex ! decoration consi/s ( loz5ges1 rosettes1 & o!r ornam5ts1#bdff l ^? on ! ,pile ,c9q-,m>s already describ$2 !y are (t5 f\nd cov]$ ) ! /ucco ) :i* ! walls 7 pla/]$4 ,at ,pompeii1 ,orvieto1 & else:]e ! /ucco-pa9t$ walls 7 con/ruct$ ) tegulae mammatae plac$ edgewise1 & connect$ ) ! ma9 walls by lead5 cramps1 ! brick l9+ be+ ?us deta*$ f ! walls by a n>r[ int]val :i* s]v$ z an air-cavity4#bdfg ,?is 0 a frequ5t proce$+1 & 0 also contriv$ ) flang$ tiles2 x corresponds ) ! sy/em prescrib$ by ,vitruvius = keep+ damp f ! pa9t$ walls ( rooms4#bdfh ,x 0 also l>gely employ$ 9 ba?s & ba?rooms1 ! object be+ bo? to keep ! walls dry & to all[ hot air to circulate f ! hypocau/s & w>m ! rooms4 ,9 ! cold climate ( ,brita9 ! ,romans f\nd ?is a univ]sal necessity1 & in/ances may be obs]v$ 9 _m ( _! villas2 b1 z f> z c be obs]v$1 ! g5]al me?od ( w>m+ 0 by an ext5sive sy/em ( pipes "u ! floors r ?an up ! walls4#bdfi ,^! tiles are pi]c$ ) holes1 by means ( :i* !y 7 atta*$ to ! walls by plugs or nails ( lead4 ,9 ! ca/rum at ,jubla9s a *amb] is yet p>tly /&+ ) "o ( its sides coat$ ) tiles ( ?is k9d4#bdgj ,illu/ration3 ,f ,middleton4 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,heat+ ,,! ,,ba?s ,,9 ,,! ,,!rmae ,,( ,,c>acalla4 ,a ,a ,concrete wall1 fac$ ) brick1 %[n 9 v]tical & horizontal sections4 ,b ,l[] "p ( wall1 ) no brick fac+4 ,c ,c ,susp5sura1 or upp] floor ( ,hypocau/1 support$ by pill>s4 ,d ,d ,ano!r floor1 ) support only at edges4 ,e ,e ,m>ble floor+4 ,f ,f ,m>ble pl9? & wall l9+4 ,g ,g ,"u floor ( ,hypocau/1 pav$ ) l>ge tiles4 ,h ,h ,horizontal & v]tical sections ( flue-tiles l9+ wall ( ,calid>ium4 a a ,iron hold-fa/s4 ,j ,j ,socket-jo9t$ flue-pipe ( ,tepid>ium4 ,k ,ra9-wat] pipe 79 horizontal section74 ,l ,l ,vaults ( crypt1 made ( pumice- /one concrete4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 a peculi> k9d ( tile 0 us$ = w>m+ ! hot rooms 7sudationes7 ( ba?s1 & 9 villas :5 requir$4 ,!y 7 holl[ p>allelopip$s1 kn[n z tubi1 ) a hole 9 ! side = ! escape ( ! air :i* trav]s$ !m1 ! usual dim5sions be+ ab\t #af by #f by #e in*es4#bdga ,s5eca speaks ( pipes ins]t$ 9 walls1 :i* all[$ ! w>m? to circulate & w>m bo? ! upp] & l[] /ories equally#bdgb2 & ! y\ng] ,pl9y m5tions ! air-holes 7f5e/rae7 9 ! pipes :i* w>m$ 8 b$room1 by means ( :i* ! temp]ature c\ld be regulat$ at pleasure4#bdgc ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ba?s ( ,c>acalla & ! h\se ( ! ,ve/als1 ! :ole side ( a wall 0 compos$ ( flue-tiles cov]$ ) cem5t1#bdgd :i* 0 made to adh]e by scor+ ! sides ) wavy or diagonal l9es1 z 9 ! flat tiles describ$ above1 & z is (t5 done 9 mod]n build+4 ,! :ole sy/em ( heat+1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 is v in/ructive 7,fig4 #aib73 ! walls 7 ( concrete ) brick fac+1 ?r\gh :i* a sy/em ( flues ( socket-jo9t$ tiles passes upw>ds f ! hypocau/ bel[1 effectually w>m+ e "p4#bdge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,,flue-,,tile ,,) ,,ornam5tal ,,patt]ns4 ,! holl[ tiles (t5 assume a m ornam5tal appe>ance 7z 9 ,fig4 #aic71 ! patt]ns scrat*$ on !m tak+ ! =m ( loz5ges & diap]s1 *evrons1 *equ]s1 & rosettes1 z may be se5 9 a ,roman villa at ,h>tlip 9 ,k5t1 :]e o!r tiles are simply scor$ ) squ>es4#bdgf ,?is villa is rem>kable = ! ext5sive use ( tiles ?r\gh\t2 ev5 ! /aircases are con/ruct$ ) !m4 ,o!rs f\nd 9 ,essex & ,surrey h dogs1 /ags1 & initial lett]s among foliage2 "o f\nd 9 ,london _h among ! wavy l9es ( patt]n ! lett]s ,px ,tx#bdgg2 & ano!r1 f ,plaxtol 9 ,k5t1 ! local mak]'s "n1 ,,cabriabanti4#bdgh ,^! holl[ tiles1 :i* are g5]ally ( ! same clay z ! ro(-tiles1 7 also occasionally us$ z pill>s ( hypocau/s1#bdgi b = ?is purpose columns ( tegulae bessales 7 m usual1 z ,vitruvius implies4#bdhj ,_m examples may be se5 9 ! ,roman villas ( ,brita91 z at ,cir5ce/]1 ,*$wor?1 ,lympne1 & ,wroxet]4 ,9 a villa f\nd at ,c>isbrooke1 ,isle ( ,wight1 ! :ole ba? 0 con/ruct$ ( tiles1 ! floor support$ by pilae ( ! same4#bdha ,at ,ba? ! holl[ tiles are actually us$ z v\ssoirs = ar*es & vaults4#bdhb ,?r\gh ^! *imneys--= ?is is :at !y practically 7--! hot air circulat$ & gave an imp]fect w>m? to ! rooms1 ! heat radiat+ f ! walls or p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! air-holes4#bdhc ,! pipes /&+ close to "o ano!r virtually made up ! wall2 b ! exact me?od by :i* ! w>m+ 0 accompli%$1 )\t great inconv5i5ce to ! occupi]s ( ! rooms1 is n q cle>4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e t ! tiles w\ld h w>m$ rooms m]ely by ! introduction ( hot air circulat+ ?r\gh !m1 ev5 ?\gh cov]$ ) /ucco4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ap]tures = admitt+ ! air into ! rooms1 if ( any size1 mu/ also h admitt$ smoke f ! hypocau/s1 & int]f]$ ) ! v5tilation4 ,x may be t !y 7 n made = ?is purpose at all1 b only = fa/5+ ! pipes toge!r or to ! walls4 ,ano!r difficulty is ! me?od 9 :i* ! flues made _! exit into ! op5 air4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 p>tly on ! analogy ( a mosaic f\nd 9 ,alg]ia1 t !y end$ above 9 an arrangem5t l a *imney-/ack4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a t]racotta ro(-tile 9 ! ,museo delle ,t]me at ,rome ) a circul> pipe1 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 project+ f its upp] surface4#bdhd ,t]racotta pipes1 or tubuli1 ( cyl9drical =m1 7 sometimes employ$ by ! ,romans = convey+ or di/ribut+ wat]1 b ! m usual mat]ial = ?is purpose1 especially = dr9k+-wat]1 0 lead2 ! latt] 7 call$ fi/ulae4#bdhe ,! ,v5afrum inscription1 an edict ( ! ,emp]or relat+ to ! wat]-supply ( ! t[n1 m5tions canales1 fi/ulae1 & tubi4#bdhf ,vitruvius calls ! canales /ructiles1 imply+ t !y 7 ( masonry4#bdhg ,pl9y speaks ( tubi fictiles us$ = conduits f f\nta9s1#bdhh & ,vitruvius recomm5ds ! use ( t]racotta pipes 7tubuli fictiles7 9 aqu$ucts4#bdhi ,examples ( clay pip+ are pres]v$ 9 ! ,museo delle ,t]me at ,rome4 ,at ,m>zabotto1 ne> ,bologna1 t]racotta pipes 7 us$ = c>ry+ (f ! wat] f ! ro( ( a h\se1 by means ( a /raight tube ?r\gh ! wall fitt+ into ano!r :i* curv$ upw>ds inside4#bdij ,^! date f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,o!r examples h be5 f\nd 9 ,rome & ,italy1#bdia & specim5s f\nd on ! ,rh9e 7 #ba in*es long1 ( :i* in* 0 ins]t$ into ! adjo9+ pipe1 & #c to #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,t]racotta 0 also us$ = ci/]ns1 z at ,taorm9a1#bdib & = aqu$ucts2 b ,lanciani has po9t$ out t its use 9 ^! ways 0 conf9$ to irrigat+ purposes4 ,! ,campagna ( ,rome 0 =m]ly ext5sively dra9$ ) ^! tiles1 & ow$ to t circum/ance mu* ( its anci5t heal?fulness4 ,( ! use ( tiles 9 pavem5ts !re is frequ5t m5tion 9 ,roman writ]s4#bdic ,= ?is purpose complete tiles 7 seldom us$1 at any rate 9 ,italy2 b 9 ,brita9 x 0 n at all uncommon1 z 9 ! villa at ,h>tlip already m5tion$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hypocau/s 7 regul>ly pav$ ) tiles1 z 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla 7,fig4 #aib above71#bdid & 9 an example f\nd at ,cir5ce/]1 :]e ! tiles are flang$4#bdie ,b 9 ano!r =m tiles play$ a consid]able "p 9 ,roman me?ods ( pav+4 ,pl9y & o!r writ]s#bdif speak ( pavim5tum te/aceum or opus sign9um z ! usual pavem5t = rooms1 especially ^? liable to damp1 su* z kit*5s & outbuild+s1 or = ba?s & ci/]ns4 ,?is 0 made ( a lay] ( fragm5ts ( tiles /amp$ & p\nd$ into a firm solid mass1 comb9$ ) mort>4 ,x corresponds to ! nucleus ex te/is tunsis ( ,vitruvius1 :i* 7to a dep? ( six in*es7 0 laid on ! rudus or co>s] concrete4 ,on ?is 0 laid ! floor+1 consi/+ ei!r ( tiles or m>ble slabs1 or m g5]ally ( mosaic4 ,! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla aga9 af=d a good illu/ration ( ! process4#bdig ,9 ! mosaics too fragm5ts ( clay 7 (t5 us$1 especially = produc+ r$ or black col\r4#bdih ,vitruvius & o!r writ]s allude to ?is practice1#bdii & ! =m] also speaks ( te/acea spicata1 a k9d ( false mosaic made ) small bricks ab\t #d in*es by #a in*1 set on edge to =m a h]r+-bone patt]n4 ,9 ! ,guildhall ,museum is "p ( a tesselat$ pavem5t ( concrete1 fac$ ) small bricks ab\t an in* squ>e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ uses ( tiles by ! ,romans is 9 connection ) _! tombs4 ,n only are !y us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! m magnific5t edifices 7cf4 p4 #ccf71 b !y 7 also (t5 employ$ 7z 9 ,greece7 = ! humbl] graves4 ,= ! latt]1 ?ree1 or sometimes six1 tegulae bip$ales 7 set up 9 ! =m ( a prism1 "o =m+ ! floor1 ! o!r two ! gabl$ cov]+ :i* protect$ ! body f ! sup]9cumb5t e>?4 ,)9 ?is 7 laid ! ollae or sepul*ral urns :i* held ! a%es ( ! dead1 & o!r vases4 ,a tomb f\nd at ,litl+ton 9 ,cambridge%ire 0 cov]$ ) a l>ge flang$ tile1 :i* protect$ ! pott]y buri$ und]nea?#bejj2 & at ,ea/l[ ,hill 9 ,suffolk a tomb 0 f\nd ro($ ) twelve r[s ( flang$ tiles1 ea* side 9 r[s ( f\r4#beja ,9 "s ( ! tombs ( ,greece belong+ to ! ,roman p]iod semi-cyl9drical tiles 7 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! prov9ces ! tiles (t5 h impress$ ^u !m 9 l>ge lett]s ! names ( ! legions :i* g>rison$ ! v>i\s cities4 ,! tiles ( ,roman tombs at ,york are inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! six? & n9? legions :i* 7 qu>t]$ !re3 z ,,leg ,,vi ,,vict ,p ,f1 legio sexta victrix pia fidelis2 ,,leg ,,ix ,,hisp 7or ,,vict71 legio nona ,hispana 7or victrix74#bejb ,at ,ca]leon 7,isca ,silurum7 ! bricks be> ! "n ( ! second or ,augu/an legion3 ,,leg ,,ii ,,avg4#bejc ,! /ations ( ! tw5tie? legion may also be trac$ at ,*e/] 9 ?is mann]2 ! tiles are inscrib$ ,,leg ,,xx ,v ,v4#bejd ,!y 7 plac$ at ! foot ( ! tomb l tomb/ones1 9 ord] to indicate :o 0 buri$ b5ea?1 ! inscriptions be+ writt5 across ! bread? ( ! tile4 ,!y are ( v diff]5t dates1 "s ( ^? 9 ,brita9 be+ app>5tly z late z ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ext5t to :i* bricks & tiles 7 us$ 9 ,roman build+s "u ! ,empire may be gaug$ by ! numb] ( ^? ) inscriptions :i* rema92 a :ole section ( ! ,lat9 ,corpus 7see bel[7 is devot$ to ^? f\nd 9 ,rome alone1 numb]+ "s two ?\s&4 ,_m ( !m h be5 remov$ to ! museums f ! pr9cipal edifices1 su* z ! ,pan!on1 ! ,coliseum1 ! ,circus ,maximus1 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus & ,c>acalla1 ! ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! ,praetorian ,camp4 ,o!r inscriptions h be5 f\nd on tiles remov$ f su* build+s & us$ to repair ! ro(s ( *ur*es 9 ,rome4 ,su* places z ,bologna1 ,cortona1 ,tibur1 & ,o/ia h also produc$ num]\s inscrib$ tiles ( ?is class4 ,! use ( su* /amps 0 to gu>antee ! quality ( ! clay4 ,to ! topograph]1 z w be se51 ^! /amps are (t5 ( great value2 & _h ! cu/om ( plac+ on !m ! names ( ! build+s = :i* !y 7 int5d$ be5 less r>e1 !y might (t5 h af=d$ valuable evid5ce z to d\btful sites4 ,besides _! topographical value1 ! tiles also help to settle ! succession ( consuls1 & ?r[ great light on ! economy ( ! ,roman f>ms & ! possessions ( ! great l&$ proprietors4 ,! un9t]rupt$ s]ies1 ext5d+ f ! times ( ! ,caes>s to ! age ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 ( names ( proprietors1 pott]s1 & e/ates1 tells mu* ( ! int]nal condition ( ,italy1 & ( "o ( ! s\rces ( rev5ue to ! ,roman nobility4#beje ,! /amps f\nd on bricks & tiles are ( f\r k9ds--rectangul>1 semicircul>1 circul>1 & cresc5t-%ap$4 ,! inscriptions are 9 rais$ lett]s 9 all cases1 b in/ances are also kn[n ( incis$ inscriptions1 writt5 )\t frames across ! tile4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,diocletian ! only =ms f\nd are squ>e1 circul>1 & octagonal2 ! squ>e /amps always h /raight inscriptions4 ,on ! circul> /amps ! inscriptions are plac$ 9 a circle1 9 "o or two l9es1 & ! beg9n+ is det]m9$ by a small cut-out circle at ! edge ( ! /amp1 ?us #bjbborbiculus kn[n z ! orbiculus2 ap>t f ?is its object is unc]ta94 ,9 lat] /amps ! inscription (t5 reads backw>ds1 or c]ta9 lett]s are rev]s$4 ,! lett]s 7 cut /raight 9 a m\ld & lie 9 ! plane ( ! surface1 be+ ( rectangul> section1 n w$ge-%ap$1 z 9 inscriptions on m>ble4 ,dur+ ! ,republican p]iod & ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire a pla9 8block0 type is us$2 !n ! lett]s become small] & m elegant1 ) b>s at ! ends ( ! ha/ae1 z #bjed;,e1 ,m etc4 ,f9ally !y %[ a t5d5cy ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj to become broad] & %ort]3 #bjgf;,e1 ,m1 ,s ,at & aft] ! "t ( ,diocletian ! =ms become v v>i$4 ,punctuation 9 ! be/ p]iod takes ! =m ( a #aeagtriangle aft]w>ds ! m>k becomes vague 9 =m4 ,ligatur$ lett]s are r>ely f\nd aft] ! "t ( ,diocletian1 b are common 9 ! be/ p]iod2 sometimes m ?an two are comb9$4#bejf ,! /amps ) :i* ! lett]s 7 made 7 usually ( wood or bronze1 b h n be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! /amp x 0 cu/om>y to place an emblem or device ( "s k9d1 p]haps 9 view ( a law :i* oblig$ brick & tile mak]s to affix di/9ctive m>ks or emblems on _! bricks2 b ! devices are n peculi> to individual work%ops1 & "s pott]ies1 su* z ! ,t]5tian 7see bel[71 us$ sev]al4 ,!y may be comp>$ ) ! c\nt]m>ks or small adjuncts on ! co9s ( ! ,republic1 & ! seals & /amps on ! w9e-amphorae ( ,?asos 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeh74 ,figures ( gods1 su* z ,m>s1 ,cupid1 & ,victory1 animals1 & ev5 gr\ps ( figures1 occur1 & aft] ! ?ird c5tury ,*ri/ian emblems are (t5 f\nd4 ,x is mo/ probable t !y 7 m]ely ornam5tal & )\t significance1 except 9 c]ta9 cases ( cant+ or punn+ allusions4 ,?us ,m4 ,rutilius ,lupus has a wolf2 ,flavius ,ap] a bo>2 ,aquilia an eagle2 ,c4 ,julius ,/ephanus a wrea?2 & ,aelius ,asclepiades a s]p5t1 ) ref]5ce to ! god ,asklepios4#bejg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,,/amp$ ,,tile 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! mo/ complete /amps h ! date ( ! emp]or or ! consul%ip1 ! "n ( ! e/ates 7pra$ia7 :i* suppli$ ! clay1 t ( ! pott]y :]e x 0 bak$ 7figl9ae or (fic9a71 & t ( ! pott] :o prep>$ x2 sometimes ev5 ( ! slave :o m\ld$ ! tile1 & ev5 its v dim5sions4 ,two typical examples may be giv5 f ! ,briti% ,museum collection1#bejh ( :i* ! fir/ 7,fig4 #aid7 is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,catacombs at ,rome4 ,x has 9 ! c5tre ( ! /amp a figure ( ,victory1 r\nd :i* is ! inscription 9 two l9es1 beg9n+ ) ! out] b&3 ,,opvs ,,dol7i>e7 ,,de ,,figvl7inis7 ,,pvbl9ianis 7ex7 ,,pr$is ,,aemiliaes ,,sev]aes 8,pott]y#beji f ! ,publ9ian works1 7! clay7 f ! e/ate ( ,aemilia ,sev]a40 ,! o!r has no device1 b ! la/ ^w ( ! inscription is 9 ! c5tre3 ,,imp ,,anton9o ,,ii ,e7t7 ,,balb9o ,,cos ,d ,p ,q ,s ,p ,d ,o ,,arabi ,,s]7vi7 8,! ,emp]or ,anton9us = ! second "t & ,balb9us consuls2 f ! e/ates 7de pra$iis7 ( ,q4 ,s]vilius ,pud5s1 pott]y 7doli>e opus7 f ! h& ( ! slave ,arabus40 ,! e>li] /amps exhibit m me?od & precision2 ! lat] betray comp>ative c>elessness4 ,9 ! latt] ! "n ( ! emp]or sometimes occurs alone1 & unusual expressions are introduc$4 ,contractions are inv>iable at all p]iods1 & ev5 ! consuls are sometimes only m5tion$ by initials2 b by comp>ison ( examples x is possible to place !m 9 ! "r ord]4 ,^? f\nd 9 ,rome cov] ! p]iod f ! reign ( ,trajan to t ( ,!odoric 7,a4,d4 #ejj71 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy !y are f\nd dat+ z e>ly z #ej ,b4,c4 ,we are told t ,!odoric1 :5 he repair$ ! walls ( ,rome1 made a pres5t ( tw5ty-five ?\s& tiles = ! purpose1#beaj & on ! tiles be>+ 8 "n he is /yl$ 8,! good & glori\s k+10 ) ! additional exclamation1 8,happy is ,rome60#beaa ,! e/ates on :i* ! clay = ! tiles 0 produc$ are call$ possessiones2 privata 7private prop]ty72 rationes 7%>es72 insulae 7blocks72 or m g5]ally1 pra$ia4 ,! latt] ^w1 inde$1 is almo/ inv>iably us$ d[n to ! ?ird c5tury1 ! o!rs be+ m *>act]i/ic ( ! "t ( ,diocletian4 ,! pra$ia n only provid$ ! clay1 b 9 "s cases also conta9$ ! pott]ies4 ,on "s tiles fundus1 :i* means a c\ntry f>m1 is f\nd4 ,! proprietors ( ^! e/ates 7 imp]ial p]sonages1 p]sons ( consul> dignity or eque/rian rank1 & sometimes imp]ial fre$m54 ,_m tiles give m]ely ! "n ( ! imp]ial e/ates1 )\t m5tion+ ! reign+ emp]or2 9 ! lat] ones1 z 9 ! ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e1 x is usual to f9d ! expression ,,(f ,,avgg ,,et ,,caes ,,nn1 ,(fic9a ,augu/orum 7duorum7 et ,caes>um 7duorum7 no/rorum4#beab ,sev]al names ( ! ,anton9es occur2 also ,annius ,v]us & 8 wife ,domitia ,lucilla1 ! p>5ts ( ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,septimius ,sev]us own$ _m pra$ia :i* suppli$ bricks = 8 palace on ! ,palat9e4#beac ,! ,empress ,plot9a 0 evid5tly a l>ge l&$ proprietor1 & we also f9d ! names ( ,aelius ,caes> 7,hadrian's adopt$ heir71 ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,fau/9a ,,ii41 & ,julia ,procula4 ,among ! names ( inf]ior proprietors1 unkn[n to fame1 occur ,q4 ,s]vilius ,pud5s1 ,t4 ,/atilius ,sev]us1 & ,l4 ,aemilius ,julianus1 prie/ ( ! sun & moon4#bead ,su* names z ,q4 ,aga?yrsus1 ,rutilius ,successus1 & ,sulpicius ,s]v&us seem to d5ote imp]ial fre$m52 ! fir/-nam$ /yles himself ,,avg ,,lib4#beae ,a rem>kable fact 9 connection ) ^! inscriptions is ! preval5ce ( fem99e names1 ! quantity ( tiles on :i* ^! are f\nd be+ enorm\s4 ,! causes are v>i\s1--p>tly ! r5unciation by emp]ors ( _! private =tunes 9 fav\r ( _! female relations2 p>tly ! proscriptions :i*1 f ! failure ( male heirs1 caus$ e/ates to devolve ^u wom52 p>tly ! gradual ext9ction ( great families4 ,! important position held by fre$m5 "u ! ,empire is well kn[n to ! /ud5t ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,! pott]ies ( ! tile-mak]s 7 ( two k9ds--figl9ae & (fic9ae2 b ! =m] seems to be a wid] & inclusive t]m--t is to say1 t "o figl9a includ$ sev]al (fic9ae or work%ops4 ,9 ! inscriptions1 ex figl9is is usually foll[$ by ! "n ( ! own]1 ex (fic9is by ! "n ( ! pott] 7(fic9ator74 ,! =m] expression is by f> ! common]1 & ! latt] 7,,( or ,,(fic7 is m usually f\nd on lamps & vases1 al?\gh aft] ! ?ird c5tury x is inv>iable on ! tiles4 ,! figl9ae are always m5tion$ 9 a subord9ate mann] to ! pra$ia1 :5 bo? are m5tion$1 z is usually ! case4 ,! pott]ies 7 mo/ly outside ! city1 ev5 at "s di/ance4 ,localities are n (t5 m5tion$1 b we h ! ,sal>ian pott]ies on ! ,via ,sal>ia1#beaf & also m5tion ( ! ,via ,nom5tana1#beag & su* expressions z ,ad ,aureliam1 ,ad ,m]curium felicem1 or ,ad viam triumphalem4 ,/amps f\nd 9 ! walls along ! ,appian & ,lat9 ways %[ t pott]ies exi/$ 9 ! direction ( ! ,alban & ,tusculan hills1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,latium1 z at ,pra5e/e & ,o/ia4 ,on ! nor? side !y ext5d$ z f> z ,n>nia & ,ocriculum#beah on ! ,tib]4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 ,etruria & ,campania4 ,tiles f ,latium 7 export$ to ,liguria1 ! ,adriatic1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa1 ,gaul1 & ,spa94 ,usually a descriptive epi!t is associat$ ) ! ^w figl9ae1 ei!r ( a geographical or p]sonal "*4 ,examples ( ! =m] are ,mac$onianae1 ,rhodianae1 & ,oceanae4 ,! latt] give ei!r ! "n ( an emp]or1 z ,n]onianae1 ,domitianae2 or a ,g5tile or family "n1 z ,favorianae1#beai ,furianae1 ,publ9ianae1 ,t]5tianae1 or ,voconianae4 ,"o ( ! names :i* occurs mo/ frequ5tly is t ( ,l4 ,brutidius ,augu/alis1 a fre$man2 o!rs are /amp$ ,,ex ,,figl9is ,,primig5i ,,s]vi ,,dni ,,no/ri ,,imp--8,f ! pott]ies ( ,primig5ius1 slave ( our "l ! ,emp]or40 ,imp]ial slaves own$ _m pott]ies1 & o!rs 7 own$ by ! emp]ors or o!r weal?y proprietors1 & adm9i/]$ by fre$m5 or slaves4 ,! (fic9ae s]v$ to di/+ui% ! functions ( ! diff]5t figl9ae4 ,?us ! e/abli%m5t ( ,m4 ,publicius ,janu>ius1 a fre$man1 is /yl$ doli>iae (fic9ae2 or !y are di/+ui%$ by sep>ate names1 z ,claudianae1 ,domitianae1 & s on4 ,! tiles f ! pott]ies ( ,as9ius ,pollio be> ! "n ( ,c4 ,cosconius z mak]1 z d ^? ( ,julia ,procula's pott]ies1 be+ fur!r di/+ui%$ z doli>es1 bip$ales1 & sesquip$ales4#bebj ,x w\ld appe> t ! pott]ies ( private proprietors 7 "u ! direction ( fre$m51 :ile ^? ( ! imp]ial e/ates 7 *iefly manag$ by slaves1 f ^: lab\rs l>ge rev5ues 7 obta9$4 ,!re 7 _m private pott]ies 9 ,gaul & ,g]many4#beba ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sa>brck _m tiles h be5 f\nd ) ! mak]'s "n1 ,l4 ,val]ius ,labeius4 ,o!rs ) private names h be5 f\nd at ,tri]1 "o ) ! /amp ( ! colonia4 ,sev]al pott]s ) ,gauli% names are kn[n1 & probably ,,fid5atis on a tile at ,zulpi*1 ,,secvndanvs ,f7igulus or fecit7 & ,,pacatvs ,f f ,selig5/adt1 ref] to craftsm5 ( t nationality4#bebb ,(t5 ! ma/]'s "n only occurs1 ( :i* possible in/ances are ,,bellicianvs on a tile f ,ca]w5t1 & ,,primv7s7 on ano!r f ,col*e/]4#bebc ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are tiles ) ! initials ,t ,p ,f ,a1 ,t ,p ,f ,c1 ,t ,p ,f ,p1 f ,rodm>ton 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4#bebd ,tiles f\nd 9 ! prov9ces also h ! mak]'s "n simply1 )\t indications ( date or ! own] ( ! pott]y1 z on ^? f ,selig5/adt already cit$4 ,! mak]s mu/ 9 all cases h be5 ( inf]ior condition1 z impli$ 9 ! example already quot$ ( ! slave ,arabus 7p4 #ced72 & o!r names--,da$alus1 ,peculi>is1 ,primig5ius1 ,zosimus--belong to ! same rank ( life4 ,yet ! occurr5ce ( a s+le "n = a private individual is ev]y:]e v common4 ,on ! o!r h&1 imp]ial slaves usually h two names giv51 & fre$m5 ?ree4#bebe ,on ! tiles ( ! fre$m5 ( ! ,g5s ,domitia 7dat+ ab\t ! reign ( ,hadrian7 is frequ5tly /amp$ ! =mula ,,valeat ,,qvi ,,fecit1 8,may he :o made x prosp]10 ) ! "n ( ! repres5tative ( ! family 9 ! g5itive4#bebf ,on o!r tiles we f9d su* expressions z ,,vtamvr ,,felices1 8,may we use x & be happy0#bebg2 ,,=tvna ,,col5da1 8,=tune is to be wor%ipp$0 7a second-c5tury tile7#bebh2 & on o!rs ( po/-,diocletian date1 ,,vrbis ,,romae1 8,! city ( ,rome0#bebi2 ,,secvlo ,,con/ant9iano1 8,! age ( ,con/ant9e02 ,,felix ,,roma 7on ! tiles ( ,!odoric71 8,happy is ,rome40#becj ,ev5 on sepul*ral tiles ( late ,imp]ial times are /amp$ su* aspirations z1 ,,vti ,,felix ,,vivas1 8,may y live happily40#beca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,,inscrib$ ,,tile ,,f ,,london 7,,guildhall ,,museum74 ,aga91 memor&a are f\nd incis$ on ! tiles1 z on "o at ,hooldorn 9 ,holl&1 ,,kal ,,ivnis ,,qv>tvs ,,lat]clos ,n7um]o7 ,,ccxiiii1 8,qu>tus 7made7 #bad tiles on ! fir/ ( ,june02 & on ano!r1 f\nd 9 ,hesse 9 #ahch1 ,,/ratvra ,,t]tia ,,lat]cvli ,,capitvl>es ,,nvm ,,leg ,,xxii1 8,9 ! ?ird lay] l>ge tiles ( ! numb] ( ! tw5ty-second legion40#becb ,a tile f\nd 9 ,hung>y _h scrat*$ ^u x two metrical l9es 9 cursive writ+3 ,s5em sev]um semp] esse condecet ,b5e debet esse pov]o 7sc4 pu]o7 qui discit b5e#becc2 & on o!rs names su* z ,t]tius1 ,k&idus1 ,v]na1 7 incis$4#becd ,idle boys 9 ! brickfields (t5 seem to h scrat*$ ! alphabet or o!r words 9 ! s(t clay1 & complete ,roman alphabets are f\nd at ,hooldorn#bece & ,/e9 on ! ,ang]#becf2 ! lett]s ,i ,k ,l ,m on "o at ,w9*e/]#becg2 on ano!r at ,sil*e/] is 444 ,e ,,pvellam4#bech ,on a tile 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum 7,fig4 #aie71 f\nd 9 ,w>wick ,squ>e1 ,e4,c41 are ! words ,,av/alis ,,dibvs ,,iii ,,vagatvrsib ,,cotidim1 ( :i* no satisfactory translation has be5 giv51 b x has be5 usually reg>d$ z ! gibe ( a fell[-workman at a dev\t individual4#beci ,on ano!r1 n[ at ,madrid1 ! fir/ two l9es ( ! ,a5eid are writt5 9 excell5t cursive *>act]s ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4#bedj ,! ,roman tiles1 if rightly us$1 are f\nd v useful = judg+ ! dates ( build+s4 ,= in/ance1 a /udy ( ^? 9 ! ,pan!on %[$ t ! walls 7 nei!r ! orig9al ones nor ^? built by ,agrippa 9 #bg ,b4,c41 b 7 re/or$ 9 ! second c5tury or suppli$ !n ) new brickwork4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /amps f ! ,flavian amphi!atre & ,!rmae ,anton9ianae confirm ! dates ( ^? build+s4 ,^? tiles :i* be> ! "n ,m4 ,aurelius ,anton9us z consul#beda seem to be ! ,emp]or ,c>acalla's4 ,9 ! "t ( ,diocletian ! dates _c be def9itely asc]ta9$1 b be=e 8 "t ! %ape ( ! /amp is a good crit]ion4 ,rectangul> /amps are f\nd 9 ! be/ p]iod1 & 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 only "o l9e ( inscription is usual4 ,two l9es d5ote ! p]iod #ej-ajj ,a4,d4 or lat]2 semicircul> or lunate =ms came into use "u ,claudius1 & la/$ to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury2 p]fect circles belong to ! same p]iod4 ,! type ) ! cut-out orbiculus came 9 ab\t ,n]o's reign1 & ! size ( ! orbiculus gradually dim9i%es d[n to t ( ,sev]us1 :ile ! inscriptions gradually increase 9 l5g?4#bedb ,a consid]able numb] ( ! ,roman tiles are inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! consuls ( ! curr5t ye> 9 :i* !y 7 made1 pres5t+ a long & int]e/+ s]ies1 f ! consul%ip ( ,l4 ,lic9ius ,sura & ,c4 ,sosius ,s5ecio 7,a4,d4 #ajg7 to t ( ,sev]us ,alex&] 7,a4,d4 #bbb74 ,_m ( ^! consul%ips d n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 record$ 9 ! regul> fa/i consul>es or (ficial li/s1 & !y 7 probably suffecti1 ^: names 7 n record$ aft] _! tempor>y elevation4 ,x seems likely t ! occurr5ce ( consuls' names implies t su* tiles 7 de/9$ = public build+s1 & 7 s m>k$ to prev5t _! be+ /ol5 ) impunity4 ,!y are few] 9 numb] ?an ^? :i* h m]ely ! names ( pra$ia or pott]ies1 b are yet suffici5tly num]\s to be an invaluable aid 9 trac+ ! succession = upw>ds ( sixty ye>s4 ,inscriptions ( ?is class are only f\nd on opus doli>e1 & *iefly 9 ,italy4 ,_! appe>ance is probably due to "s law pass$ by ! ,s5ate ab\t ! reign ( ,trajan to regulate ! pott]ies4 ,z an example may be giv5 a tile f ,hooldorn 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 inscrib$ ,,svb ,,didio ,,ivliano ,,coss#bedc2 ! date is ,a4,d4 #agi1 ! "n be+ t ( ! future emp]or 7,,coss is a mi/ake = ,,cos74 ,! foll[+ examples are tak5 f ,dr4 ,dressel's s*eme ( ! *ronological ord] ( ! /amps1#bedd & %[ ! /yle ( inscription *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t p]iods3 ,i4 ,fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 #a4 7a7 ,) "n ( ma/] only 7ei!r ( pra$ia or figl9ae73 ,as9i ,pollionis4 7b7 ,) "n ( (fic9ator or pott]3 ,c4 ,cosconi4 #b4 7a7 ,ma/] & pott] 7(t5 a slave73 ,felicis ,domiti ,afri4 7b7 ,ma/] & conductor 7lessee ( ! pott]y71 or pott]3 ,tegula ,c4 ,cosconi1 figuli ,as9i ,pollionis4 #c4 7a7 ,ma/]1 pott]1 & "n ( pott]y3 ,amo5i duorum ,domitiorum ,lucani et ,tulli1 ex figl9is ,can9ianis4 7b7 ,ma/]1 lessee or pott]1 "n ( pott]y3 ,t4 ,grei ,ianu>i ex figl9is ,can9ianis duorum ,domitiorum4 ,,ii4 ,second c5tury to ?ird c5tury4 #a4 7a7 ,ex pra$is ,l4 ,memmi ,rufi4 7b7 ,opus doli>e ,l4 ,bruttidi ,augu/alis4 ,l4 ,lurius ,m>tialis fecit4 #b4 7a7 ,ex figl9is 7vel pra$is7 ,domitiae ,lucillae1 opus doli>e ,t]ti ,domitiae ,lucillae 7vel ab ,t]tio s]vo74 7b7 ,c4 ,com9i ,proculi ex pra$is ,domitiae ,lucillae4 ,ex figl9is ,q4 ,as9i ,m>celli doli>e opus fecit ,c4 ,nunnidius ,=tunatus4 ,opus doli>e ex pra$is dom9i n7o/ri7 ex conductione ,publiciaes ,qu9t9ae4 #c4 7a7 ,ex figl9is 7vel pra$is7 ,caepionianis ,plotiae ,isauricae1 =nace ,peculi>is s]vi4 7b7 ,opus doli>e ex pra$is duorum ,augu/orum no/rorum1 figl9is ,domitianis m9oribus1 ,fulvi ,primitivi4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ?ird c5tury *ronological indications are abs5t1 b ab\t ! "t ( ,diocletian ! practice ( signatures is reviv$4 ,! inscriptions1 h[ev]1 diff] n[ f ! e>li] ones1 n only 9 ! =ms ( ! lett]s & ( ! /amp1 b also 9 /yle2 !y are less regul> 9 =m1 & pres5t sev]al peculi>ities4 ,! expressions opus doli>e & ex figl9is are n[ no long] f\nd1 & 9 place ( ! latt] (fic9a is inv>iable4 ,_m ( ! (fic9ae are ! same z 9 ! =m] p]iod1 b new ones1 su* z ! ,britannica1 ,claudia1 ,gemella1 & ,jobia1 occur1 ! latt] ) ! cognom5 ,diocletiana4 ,(fic9a is sometimes us$ twice ov]1 = ! pott]y & = ! work%op4 ,9 place ( pra$ia we h su* expressions z /atio1 rationes1 or possessiones4 ,=mulae are introduc$ 9 an abbreviat$ =m :i* give ! me?od ( adm9i/ration or "* ( ! e/ates3 z ,r ,s ,p1 ratio summae patrimonii or privatae2 ,s ,p ,c1 /ationis patrimonii ,caes>is2 ,s ,r = summae rei or /ationis ,romanae2 ,s ,p = summae privatae or /ationis patrimonii2 ,s ,r ,f = sacrae rationis fisci2 or simply ,s = /ationis or summ>um4#bede ,app>5tly sev]al /ationes might be unit$ 9 "o (fic9a1 or sev]al (fic9ae 9 "o adm9i/ratio2 ! numb] ( ! /atio is giv5 9 "s in/ances4 ,! "n ( ! /atio may be replac$ by t ( ! pott]2 or m]ely ! adm9i/ratio is giv51 z ,,(f ,,privata4 ,besides ! names ( ma/]1 lessee1 & pott]1 t ( ! negotiator is sometimes m5tion$4 ,we also f9d ! portus or dept 9 :i* ! tegulae 7 /or$ = di/ribution1 z ,,portu ,,lic9i1#bedf or ! "n ( ! build+ = :i* !y 7 de/9$1 z ,,portvs ,,avgv/i1#bedg ,,ca/ris ,,praetori7s7 ,,avg7u/i7 ,n7o/ri71 ,,horreis ,,po/vmianis4#bedh ,"s tiles dug up 9 ,lambe? ,hill1 ,london1 on ! site ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% & ,guildhall ,museums1#bedi 7 impress$ ) ! lett]s ,p ,p ,,br ,,lon or ,,pr ,,br ,,lon 7,fig4 #aif71 :i* h be5 int]pret$ z publicani prov9ciae ,britanniae ,lond9i5ses4#beej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,,inscrib$ ,,tile ,,f ,,london4 ,tiles made = milit>y purposes are exce$+ly common 9 ! lat] p]iod1 & ! /amps probably _h a d\ble use4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y %[ t !y 7 made by ! soldi]s1 f :i* we le>n t 9 ! legions1 z 9 a mod]n army1 !re 7 _m m5 acqua9t$ ) h&icrafts4 ,secondly1 !y prev5t$ !ft or removal ( ! tiles1 & s]v$ z a 8broad arr[0 to d5ote public prop]ty4 ,!y are n1 ( c\rse1 f\nd 9 ,rome1 :]e !re 0 no necessity = ! legions to make bricks or tiles2 "h ! camp seems to h be5 suppli$ by private individuals4 ,( special int]e/ are ! inscriptions /amp$ on tiles :i* relate to ! milit>y divisions /ation$ ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces ( ! va/ empire4 ,^! are f\nd 9 soldi]s' graves 7see above1 p4 #cea71 z well z 9 _! camps & qu>t]s2 !y conta9 ! names & titles ( ! legions1 & m>k ! ext5t ( ,roman conque/4 ,?us ! r\te ( ! ?irty legions ?r\gh ,g]many has be5 trac$2 & 9 ,brita9 an exam9ation & comp>ison ( su* tiles %[s ! di/ribution ( milit>y =ce & ! migrations ( diff]5t legions f "o qu>t] to ano!r4 ,! /amps are 9 ! =m ( long labels 7tess]ae71 circles1 or cresc5ts1 occasionally surr\nd$ by a wrea?1 or else 9 ! %ape ( a foot1 an ivy-leaf1 or a vase2 ! lett]s are 9 relief1 %>ply impress$1 z if f a metal die4 ,! names & titles ( ! legions are giv5 ei!r 9 initials or 9 contractions1 z ,,leg ,,ii ,p7ar?icae71 & s on 7see above1 p4 #cea72 sometimes ! pott]'s "n is add$1 ) ,,figvlvs or ,,fecit4#beea ,! tiles ( ! fir/ legion h be5 f\nd at ,ma9z & ,nimegu52 ^? ( ! second1 or ,p>?ian1 at ,d>m/adt1 ,ems1 ,hooldorn1 ,ca]leon1 & ! ,lake ( ,nemi#beeb2 ( ! ?ird1 9 ,scotl&2 ( ! f\r?1 at ,ma9z2 ( ! fif?1 9 ,scotl&1 & at ,bad51 ,cleves1 ,xant51 & ,nimegu52 ( ! six?1 at ,nimegu51 ,neuss1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,d>m/adt1 & ,w9dis*2 ! sev5?1 at ,aix-la-,*apelle & ,xant52 ! eigh?1 at ,ma9z1 ,bad51 & else:]e2 ! n9?1 at ,bad5 & ,york2 ! t5?1 at ,nimegu51 ,hooldorn1 ,vi5na1 & ,j]usalem2 ! tw5tie?1 at ,*e/]#beec2 & s on d[n to ! ?irtie?4#beed ,at ,bonn tiles h be5 f\nd ( ! ,legio ,cisrh5ana on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 & ( ! ,legio ,transrh5ana on ! "r bank4 ,cohorts h also left _! names on tiles3 ! second ,a/urian at ,acsica on ! ,roman ,wall#beee2 ! f\r? 7,breucorum71 at ,hudd]sfield#beef2 ! f\r? ,v9delician1 at ,frankfurt1 ,ma9z1 & ,wiesbad5#beeg2 ! ,ulpian ,pannonian at ,buda-,pe/h4#beeh ,! vexillationes1 ^: ma9 body 0 at ,nimegu51 are simil>ly record$2 a ,briti% vexillatio 0 atta*$ to ! army at ,hooldorn#beei & ,nismes1 & ano!r to t ( ,l[] ,g]many1 z in/anc$ by tiles inscrib$ ,,vex ,,ex ,g ,,inf 7vexillatio ex]citus ,g]maniae inf]ioris71 f\nd at ,utre*t & ,nimegu5 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & at ,xant5 9 ,g]many4#befj ,tiles ( ! ,briti% fleet1 ,,cl7assis7 ,,br7itannica71 h be5 f\nd at ,b\logne1 ,lympne1 & ,dov]4#befa #b4 ,,t]racotta ,,mural ,,reliefs ,t]racotta mural decoration 0 l>gely employ$ by ! ,romans = ! int]ior & ext]ior ( _! build+s1 9 ! =m ( slabs1 ornam5t$ ) reliefs1 :i* 7 plac$ r\nd ! impluvium or on ! walls4 ,sometimes !y seem to h =m$ a sort ( hang+ 8curta90 r\nd ! l[] edge ( ! cornice1 z ! op5-"w patt]ns along ! edges seem to imply1 a me?od ( decoration :i* we h already met ) at ,civita ,lav9ia 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aja71 :]e also ! hang+ slabs are bord]$ ) patt]ns 9 outl9e or op5-"w4 ,b1 z also at ,civita ,lav9ia1 ^! slabs seem to h be5 frequ5tly us$ z antepagm5ta1#befb be+ pi]c$ ) holes1 :i* imply t !y 7 nail$ aga9/ ! walls4 ,9 ! ,casa dei ,cecilii at ,tusculum !re is evid5ce t !y 7 us$ z wall-friezes1#befc & ^? f\nd at ,pompeii 7:]e !y are v r>e7 also h holes = fa/5+ to walls4 ,x may be to ! fir/-nam$ v>iety t ,fe/us ref]s :5 he speaks ( antefixa ( fictile "w :i* are affix$ to ! walls und]nea? ! gutt]s4#befd ,!re is also a ref]5ce to !m 9 ,cic]o1 :o1 9 writ+ to ,atticus1 says1 8,i entru/ to y ! bas-reliefs 7typos7 :i* ,i %all ins]t 9 ! cornice ( my little atrium40#befe ,! slabs are usually ab\t #ah in*es long by #i or m high1 & #a to #b in*es ?ick2 !y h ne>ly all be5 f\nd at ,rome1 b specim5s are also kn[n f ,civita ,lav9ia1 ,c]vetri1 ,nemi1 ,pompeii1 & ,atri 9 ,pic5um4#beff ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a v f9e s]ies1 numb]+1 ) fragm5ts1 "o hundr$ & sixty1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 collect$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,t[neley at ,rome#befg2 & !re is an equally f9e collection 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* came f ,signor ,campana1 :o devot$ a l>ge "w to ! illu/ration ( !m4#befh ,o!r good examples1 "s ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 are 9 ! v>i\s collections at ,rome4#befi ,! reliefs 7 evid5tly ca/ 9 m\lds1 z _m subjects are repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 or at lea/ ) only slight diff]5ces2 moreov]1 ! relief is l[1 ) %>p & def9ite outl9es1 su* z a m\ld w\ld produce4 ,among ! ,briti% ,museum examples a gr\p ( ,eros1 a ,satyr1 & a ,ma5ad is repeat$ 9 ?ree cases 7,d #ebj-ebb71 ) no v>iations except 9 ! col\r+2 ano!r ( ,dionysos & ,satyr ?ree times 7,d #ebh-ecj71 ) only "o small v>iation4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! latt]1 z 9 "s o!r cases1 ! relief _h be5 ret\*$ be=e bak+4 ,reliefs entirely modell$ are ( mu* r>] occurr5ce1 b exhibit consid]able arti/ic feel+ & fre$om1 z 9 an in/ance 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #fea71 :i* repres5ts ! sleep+ ,endymion2 ! hair is s f9e & deeply cut t x c\ld n possibly h be5 produc$ f a m\ld4 ,! m\lds may h be5 made ( v>i\s mat]ials--wood1 /one1 metal1 or gypsum1 z well z t]racotta4 ,circul> holes are left 9 ! slabs = ! plugs--usually ( lead--by :i* !y 7 atta*$ to ! woodwork or masonry4 ,! clay v>ies 9 quality & appe>ance1 be+ (t5 co>s] ?an t ( ,greek reliefs1 & mix$ ) co>se s& 9 ord] to make x /rong] & m durable2 9 tone x v>ies f a pale buff to d>k r$di%-br[n4 ,traces ( col\r+ are (t5 f\nd on ! slabs1#begj & ! backgr\nd 9 "s cases 7z ,b4,m4 ,d #egg1 #fbc7 0 col\r$ a bright blue2 ! figures1 or m (t5 details su* z hair1 etc41 7 usually pa9t$ r$1 yell[1 purple1 or :ite4 ,^! col\rs are n fir$1 z 9 ! e>li] t]racotta reliefs1 b pa9t$ 9 temp]a1 & _! use is entirely conv5tional4 ,! slabs are ornam5t$ above & bel[ ) b&s or cornices 9 ! =m ( egg-&-tongue m\ld+s1 or a sy/em ( palmettes & int]sect+ ar*es2 ^! are sometimes 9 l[ relief on a b&1 sometimes p>tly 9 outl9e or op5-"w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxi ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,mural ,,reliefs4 #a4 ,,zeus ,,& ,,! ,,curetes2 #b4 ,,dionysos ,,9 ,,! ,,liknon-,,cradle 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! figures are mo/ly 9 l[ relief1 be+ usually gr\p$ ) l>ge flat surfaces betwe51 9 ! mann] ( ,hell5i/ic art2 9 "s cases ! design is compos$ 9 su* a way t ! :ole surface 7except ! pr9cipal figures7 is occupi$ by patt]ns ( scroll-"w or foliage1 m or less conv5tional4 ,! compositions are ei!r 9 ! =m ( n>r[ friezes1 usually ) r[s ( bu/s or figures ( ,cupids1 or squ>e metope-l gr\ps ) two or ?ree figures on a l>ge scale4 ,= ! n>r[] slabs ! bu/s 7 pref]r$1 ow+ to ! scope !y gave = high relief1 :i* bett] suit$ ! di/ance f ! eye2 b ?is rule is n inv>iable4 ,! /yle is1 9 g5]al1 bold & vigor\s1 &1 ?\gh ess5tially ar*itectural1 n devoid ( dignity & beauty2 b x is some:at conv5tional1 & at times ev5 ar*ai/ic4#bega ,^? f\nd at ,pompeii are usually ( rem>kably good /yle1 especially ! ,n]eid frieze1#begb ) its ri* col\r+4 ,^! are e>li] ?an ! e>?quake ( ,a4,d4 #fc1 & probably belong to ! ,augu/an p]iod1 to :i* also ! majority may be assign$4 ,on "o or two names ( pott]s are f\nd1 su* z ,annia ,arescusa7na7 & ,m4 ,antonius ,epaphras 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#begc ,! subjects on ^! reliefs cov] a v wide field1 almo/ z wide z ^? on ! pa9t$ vases1 & q z wide z ^? on ! ,roman lamps4 ,9 _m cases !y are d\btless copies ( well-kn[n works ( art1 & may ev5 g back to prototypes ( ! fif? c5tury1 z 9 ! case ( a figure ( a girl 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #fdh71 or "o ( ,eros1 conceiv$ z a full-gr[n y\?1 9 ! ,campana collection4#begd ,o!rs1 aga91 pres5t po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! ,hell5i/ic reliefs1 z is ! case ) t repres5t+ ! visit ( ,dionysos to a mortal 7,b4,m4 ,d #eca74 ,la/ly1 we f9d 9 ! reliefs1 z also on ! ,arret9e vases 7bel[1 p4 #dib71 a s]ies ( types closely relat$ to ! ,new ,attic reliefs1 9 :i* x 0 s\ght to revive an old] /yle#bege2 among ! types borr[$ f ^! orig9als are ,ma5ads 9 fr5zy or danc+ 9 v>i\s attitudes1#begf & ! figures ( ! f\r ,seasons4#begg ,among ^? :i* reflect ! "* ( _! "t r ?an ! _s ( ,greek art1 we h repres5tations ( ,egyptian l&scapes1 or ,egyptian deities & emblems2 sc5es f ! circus or gladiatorial ar5a2 & quasi-hi/orical subjects1 su* z triumphs ov] b>b>ian enemies4 ,( my?ological subjects1 ! mo/ popul> are ,dionysiac sc5es or gr\ps2 next to ^!1 ,apollo1 ,aphrodite1 ,eros1 & ,victory4 ,h]oic leg5d is repres5t$ by ! lab\rs ( ,!seus1 ,h]akles1 ,p]seus1 & ,jason1 & occasional sc5es f ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,la/ly1 !re are a c]ta9 numb] :i* are purely decorative1 ) a s+le figure ( ,eros or ,victory 7treat$ 9 ar*ai/ic fa%ion71 or an ideal head surr\nd$ by elaborate & graceful scrolls or acan?us foliage2 o!rs1 aga91 h conv5tional gr\ps ( two prie/esses or canephori1 ) a c&elabrum or a foliat$ patt]n betwe5 7,plate ,,lxii471 a mask betwe5 two ,cupids1 & s on4 ,ev5 ! figures 9 "s cases tail (f into conv5tional patt]ns4#begh ,to m5tion a few ( ! m int]e/+ subjects 9 detail1 x may suffice to quote examples f ! two be/-kn[n collections--^? ( ! ,briti% ,museum & ,l\vre4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,olympian deities1 we h ! infant ,zeus 9 ! cave on ,m\nt ,ida1 protect$ by ! ,curetes1 :o dance above him1 wield+ swords & %ields 7,plate ,,lxi472 9 "o in/ance he is 9 8 nurse's arms4#begi ,on a n>r[ frieze ! bu/s ( ,zeus1 ,ares1 ,h]a1 & ,a!na are repres5t$#behj2 ,apollo receives a libation f ,victory1#beha or a w>rior consults 8 oracle1 indicat$ by a bird 9 a cage#behb2 ,aphrodite is se5 rid+ on a sea-horse or on a goose4#behc ,eros or ,cupid appe>s 9 v>i\s attitudes & comb9ations ( figures3 fly+1 embrac+ ,psy*e1 or be+ embrac$ by a ,satyr2 accompany+ ,aphrodite1 ,triton1 & ! ,n]eids2 a pair on ei!r side ( a mask ( ,triton or ,m$usa2 or a gr\p ( ?ree /ruggl+ "u ! weight ( a heavy g>l& ( fruit & fl[]s4#behd ,bu/s or masks ( ,demet]1#behe ,zeus ,ammon1 & ,triton are also f\nd2 a gr\p ( ,aphrodite & ,pei?o2 & ! ?ree ,eleus9ian deities1 ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 & ,iac*os4#behf ,! ,dionysiac sc5es are v frequ5t1 ?\gh (t5 ( little int]e/1 & m]e gr\ps )\t def9ite action4 ,! be/ kn[n is ! reception ( ,dionysos 9 ! h\se ( a mortal1#behg a subject =m]ly int]pret$ z 8 reception by ,ik>ios at ,a!ns 7cf4 p4 #aci72 ?is type is rem>kable = its ri* & elaborate composition1 probably d]iv$ f a ,hell5i/ic orig9al4 ,a v effective composition is t ( a danc+ ,satyr & ,ma5ad sw++ ! infant ,dionysos 9 a 7vannus7 or w9n[+-van1 :i* s]ves z 8 cradle 7,plate ,,lxii474#behh ,among o!r sc5es may be m5tion$ ,dionysos giv+ dr9k to a pan!r2 two ,satyrs /&+ on tiptoe to peep into a lav]2 ,satyrs ga!r+ or press+ grapes 7( :i* _m replicas exi/71 or work+ an oil-press2 ,ampelos 7! p]sonifi$ v9e7 betwe5 two ,satyrs#behi2 ,bac*ic processions1 sacrifices1 or c]emonies#beij2 & friezes ( ,bac*ic masks & masks ( ,pan4#beia ,among o!r deities ,victory is by f> ! mo/ common4 ,%e is usually repres5t$ slay+ a bull = sacrifice1 a subject ( :i* !re are two pr9cipal v>ieties1 accord+ z %e turns to "r or left4 ,! motive is a well-kn[n "o1 & f\nd 9 fif?- & f\r?-c5tury art1 f ! balu/rade ( ! ,nike temple at ,a!ns onw>ds4#beib ,%e is also depict$ fly+ ) a wrea?1 or z a conv5tional ar*ai/ic figure betwe5 t5drils & scrolls4#beic ,( ! figures ( ! ,seasons we h already spok52 !y are *>act]is$ by ! attributes !y c>ry1 z a kid = ,spr+1 corn = ,summ]1 fruit = ,autumn1 & a h>e & bo> = ,w9t]4 ,masks ( ,m$usa1 ,sir5s1 & ,sph9xes 7bo? male & female7 are f\nd 9 compositions ( a decorative "*4 ,( h]oic leg5ds1 ! rape ( ! ,leukippidae by ,ca/or & ,pollux is repeat$ m ?an once#beid2 ,h]akles is se5 cont5d+ ) ! ,nemean lion1 ! hydra1 & ! ,cretan bull1 & ) ,apollo = ! ,delphic tripod#beie2 ,!seus raises ! rock :i* discloses 8 fa!r's weapons 7,plate ,,lxi471 cont5ds ) ! ,m>a?onian bull1 or ov]comes a ,c5taur2 ,jason builds ! ,argo1 sup]9t5d$ by ,a!na1 &1 assi/$ by ,m$eia1 obta9s ! gold5 fleece2 ,p]seus rescues ,&rom$a1 & br+s ! ,m$usa's head to ,a!na2 ,aktaeon is sla9 by 8 h\nds4#beif ,! ,hom]ic sc5es include ,p>is c>ry+ (f ,hel5 f ,sp>ta 7or1 z "s int]pret x1 ,pelops ) ,hippodameia72 ,ne/or heal+ ! w\nd$ ,ma*aon ) a potion#beig2 ,priam br++ (f]+s to ,a*illes2 ,p5elope m\rn+ = ! abs5t ,odysseus2 ,odysseus recognis$ by ,eurykleia2 & ,ore/es on ! ,delphic omphalos4#beih ,!re are also num]\s semi-my?ical sc5es1 su* z combats betwe5 ,amazons & ,gryphons1 betwe5 ,amazons & ,greeks1 or betwe5 ,arimaspi & ,gryphons4#beii ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxii ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,mural ,,reliefs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,) ! exception ( ! ,roman subjects f ! circus & ar5a1 ! rema9+ subjects are purely decorative1 & ( little int]e/2 ! =m]1 "s ( :i* h ref]5ce to ! conque/ ( ,dacia1 admit ( ! dat+ ( ! reliefs 9 ! reign ( ,trajan4 ,o!rs depict gladiators cont5d+ ) lions2 *>iots rac+ 9 ! circus1 :i* is indicat$ by ! obelisks & o!r adornm5ts ( ! sp9a2 or colonnades adorn$ ) /atues ( box]s & victori\s a?letes4#bfjj ,"s ( ! ,egyptian subjects are int]e/+ = _! local col\r+1 ) _! repres5tations ( ! ,nile1 on :i* pygmies ply a boat1 among hippopotami1 crocodiles1 & lotos-fl[]s1 & ibises#bfja2 b ^! compositions are m curi\s ?an arti/ically effective4 ,,ii4 ,,sculpture #a4 ,,roman ,,/atues ,,& ,,/atuettes ,9 ! e>li] ages ( ,rome ! laws & in/itutions1 bas$ )\t d\bt on ! s5tim5ts ( ! p1 7 unfav\rable to art4 ,numa 0 said to h prohibit$ ! repres5tation ( ! deity 9 human =m1#bfjb & ! /atues ( great m5 7 n all[$ to exce$ ?ree ,roman feet4 ,to wom5 ! privilege ( hav+ /atues 0 n conc$$ until mu* lat]4 ,pl9y con/antly comp>es ! luxury ( 8 own day ) ! simplicity ( e>ly times1 to ! disadvantage ( ! =m]1 dwell+ fondly on ! times :5 m5 c\ld be cont5t ) pla9 t]racotta images1 & x 0 n necess>y or possible to make a display ( silv] & gold4 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t /atues ( ! ,romans 7 ( t]racotta1 a fact to :i* con/ant allusion is made by _! writ]s4 ,juv5al speaks ( 8a fictile ,jove1 n spoil$ by gold0#bfjc & ,prop]tius speaks ( ! e>ly days ( ! gold5 temples1 :5 _! gods 7 only ( clay4#bfjd ,simil>ly ,pl9y expresses 8 surprise t1 s9ce /atu>y 9 ,italy goes back to su* a remote p]iod1 /atues ( clay %\ld ev5 9 8 day /ill be pref]r$ 9 ! temples4#bfje ,vitruvius alludes to ! fav\rite ,tuscan fa%ion ( ornam5t+ p$im5ts ) signa fictilia1#bfjf examples ( :i*1 he says1 may be se5 9 ! temple ( ,c]es 9 ! ,circus ,maximus 7see bel[71 & ! temple ( ,h]cules at ,pompeii4 ,cic]o speaks ( a /atue ( ,summanus on ! p$im5t ( ! ,capitol9e temple 8:i* at t "t 0 ( t]racotta10#bfjg & ,livy#bfjh tells h[ 9 #baa ,b4,c4 a figure ( ,victory on ! apex ( ! p$im5t ( ! temple ( ,concord 0 /ruck by lightn+ & fell1 b 0 caught on ! antefixal ornam5ts1 also figures ( ,victory1 & !re /uck fa/4 ,?\gh n /at$ to be ( t]racotta1 ^! figures w\ld h>dly be ( any o!r mat]ial at t p]iod4 ,o!r allusions may be f\nd 9 ,ovid & ,s5eca4#bfji ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,republic art 0 cle>ly at a v l[ ebb--9 fact1 ,roman art c h>dly be said to h exi/$--& ev]y?+ 0 ei!r borr[$ f ! ,etruscans or import$ f ,greece4 ,h5ce ! /atues ( t]racotta :i* adorn$ _! temples are spok5 ( z signa ,tuscanica4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ works 9 anci5t ,rome 7 made by arti/s ( ,veii or ! ,volscian ,fregellae1 su* z ! fam\s quadriga on ! p$im5t ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 & ! /atue ( ! god himself1 describ$ else:]e 7p4 #cad71 :i* 7 made by ,vei5t9e arti/s 9 ! "t ( ,t>qu9ius ,priscus4 ,numa1 ev] att5tive to ,roman arts & in/itutions1 is said to h f\nd$ a corporation or guild ( pott]s4#bfaj ,9 #dic ,b4,c4 ,gorgasos & ,damophilos1 natives ( ,him]a 9 ,sicily1 ornam5t$ ) t]racotta reliefs & figures ! temple ( ,c]es at ,rome 7n[ ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,cosm$974#bfaa ,_! "w1 :i* is allud$ to by ,vitruvius 9 ! passage ref]r$ to above1 0 probably ,greek r ?an ,etruscan 9 /yle1 z we h se5 to be ! case g5]ally ) ! ar*aic t]racotta relief-"w ( ,italy 7p4 #cag74 ,9 ! reign ( ,augu/us ! temple 0 re/or$1 & s great 0 ! e/eem 9 :i* ! works ( ^! old ma/]s 7 held t !y 7 tak5 out ( ! walls & fram$ 9 wood4 ,com+ d[n to lat] times1 ,possis1 8:o made fruit & bun*es ( grapes10 & ,arkesilaos are cit$ by ,pl9y1#bfab on ! au?ority ( ,v>ro1 z modell]s 9 clay4 ,! latt] made = ,julius ,caes> a /atue ( ,v5us1 :i*1 al?\gh unf9i%$1 0 highly priz$4 ,pl9y also m5tions a t]racotta figure ( ,felicitas made by ord] ( ,lucullus4#bfac ,x seems probable t ! ext5sive use ( t]racotta 0 ma9ly due to ! abs5ce ( :ite m>ble 9 ,italy1 none be+ discov]$ till imp]ial times4 ,! siege ( ,cor9?1 :i* unfold$ to ! eyes ( ! ,romans an entirely new s*ool ( art 9 ! quantities ( ,greek ma/]pieces c>ri$ by ,mummius to ,rome1 z also ! conque/ ( ,magna ,graecia & o!r p>ts ( ,greece1 caus$ ! old fa%ion ( sculpture 9 t]racotta to fall into contempt & neglect4 ,h5ce=? ! temples ( ! gods & h\ses ( ! nobility became enri*$ & beautifi$ ) ! spoils ( ,greek art 9 all mat]ials4 ,ev5 at an e>li] p]iod 7#aie ,b4,c47 ,cato 9 va9 prote/$ aga9/ ! invad+ flood ( luxury1 & especially aga9/ ! new ta/e 9 sculpture4 8,hateful1 believe me10 says he1 8are ! /atues br\ght f ,syracuse into ?is city4 ,already d ,i he> too _m :o praise & admire ! ornam5ts ( ,cor9? & ,a!ns1 & d]ide ! t]racotta antefixes ( ! ,roman gods4 ,= my "p ,i pref] ^! propiti\s gods1 & hope !y w cont9ue to be s1 if we all[ !m to rema9 9 _! places40#bfad ,yet up to ! close ( ! ,republic1 & ev5 lat]1 great works cont9u$ to be execut$ 9 t]racotta1 & 7 mu* e/eem$4#bfae ,! /atue made = ,lucullus is an in/ance1 & exi/+ /atues 9 ?is mat]ial1 :i* we %all %ortly discuss1 are probably ( e>ly ,imp]ial date4 ,few /atues ( any size 9 ?is mat]ial h escap$ ! ravages ( "t1 b !re are "s specim5s to be se5 9 our museums4 ,9 ! ,vatican is a figure ( ,m]cury ab\t life-size1#bfaf & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a colossal torso1#bfag to :i* ! head & limbs _h be5 mortis$ sep>ately4 ,a head ( a y\? f a l>ge /atue1 f\nd on ! ,esquil9e1 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahhh at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club4#bfah ,a s]ies ( female figures1 includ+ a seat$ ,a!na1 rang+ f two to f\r feet 9 height1 0 f\nd 9 a well ne> ! ,porta ,lat9a at ,rome 9 #agfg4bfai ,!y 7 pur*as$ by ! sculptor ,nollek5s1 :o re/or$ !m & sold !m to ,mr4 ,t[neley1 f :om !y 7 acquir$ = ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y are made ( ! same clay z ! mural reliefs already describ$1 & are suppos$ to h decorat$ a g>d54 ,"s ( !m h be5 id5tifi$1 on some:at slight au?ority1 z ! ,muses ,ourania1 ,calliope1 & ,?aleia2 !re are also two t]m9al bu/s ( ! be>d$ ,indian ,bac*us1 :i* %[ "s traces ( conv5tional ar*aism 9 _! /yle4 ,o!r l>ge figures h be5 f\nd at ,nemi & ,ardea 9 ,latium1 ! latt] be+ n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4#bfbj ,at ,pompeii 9 #agff ?ree pieces ( colossal sculpture 9 t]racotta 7 f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,aesculapius1 repres5t+ a male & female deity & a bu/ ( ,m9]va ) h] %ield4 ,! two =m] us$ to be id5tifi$ z ,aesculapius & ,hygieia1 b x is m probable t !y are ,jupit] & ,juno1 mak+1 ) ! bu/1 ! triad ( ,capitol9e deities1#bfba a subject f\nd on lamps at ,pompeii4 ,! execution is c>eful1 & !y seem to date f ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,!y =m$ ! cult-/atues ( ! temple4 ,o!r /atues appe> to h be5 employ$ = adorn+ g>d5s1 or = ni*es 9 private h\ses1 among :i* are a portrait ( a seat$ physician ( great orig9ality1#bfbb a nude boy1 & two actors4#bfbc ,a figure ( ,eros appe>s to h be5 atta*$ to a wall z an ornam5t#bfbd2 a fragm5t ( a colossal ,m9]va f\nd 9 a ni*e ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a is an excell5t example ( sculpture ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,figures 7 also employ$ z ar*itectural memb]s1 su* z ! ,atlantes support+ ! entablature 9 ! tepid>ium ( ! ,!rmae 9 ! ,=um1#bfbe dat+ f ! ,augu/an p]iod2 ! =m] seem to be copi$ f orig9als 9 tufa4 ,( lat] date is a ,c>yatid figure1 probably ( ! ,n]onian epo*4#bfbf ,^! sculptures are all ( great importance = ! hi/ory ( art at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & z %[+ ! cont9u$ popul>ity ( t]racotta2 ! fa%ion1 h[ev]1 did n outlive ! reign ( ,n]o1 & all ^? 9 ,pompeii mu/ be ant]ior to ! e>?quake ( ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,sculptors sometimes made prelim9>y models 9 clay ( ! /atues :i* !y int5d$ to execute 9 bronze & m>ble4 ,?is 0 n a common practice ) ! ,greeks1 & ! fir/ sculptor :o made use ( x1 accord+ to ,pl9y1#bfbg 0 ,lysi/ratos1 ! bro!r ( ,lysippos4 ,b at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us x became mu* m frequ5t2 ,pasiteles is said by ,pl9y#bfbh nev] to h made a /atue except 9 ?is mann]4 ,^! models1 kn[n z proplasmata1 7 mu* s\ght aft]1 z exhibit+ ! arti/'s /yle & p[]s ( conception 9 ! mo/ free & unfett]$ mann]1 & ^? ( ,arkesilaos1 ano!r arti/ ( ! p]iod1 fet*$ a high price4#bfbi 99 99 99 99 99 ,t]racotta /atuettes1 simil> 9 proportions & subjects to ^? ( ,greece1 are f\nd 9 h\ses & tombs ( ! ,roman p]iod1 & also z votive objects on sacr$ sites4 ,!y 7 kn[n to ! ,romans z sigilla1 & 7 employ$ z toys & pres5ts1 or plac$ 9 ! l>>ia or dome/ic %r9es2 ! same subjects are f\nd appli$ to all ^! uses4 ,?us 9 ! l>>ia 7 plac$ n only figures ( deities1 su* z ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 or ,bac*us1 b masks1 bu/s ( *ildr51 & s on4#bfcj ,sometimes !y s]v$ to decorate ! walls1 z 9 ! h\se ( ,julia ,felix at ,pompeii1 :]e 9 ! wall surr\nd+ ! g>d5 7 eighte5 ni*es1 conta9+ alt]nately m>ble t]ms & t]racotta figures1 "o ( ! latt] repres5t+ a woman fe$+ a prison] ) h] own milk4#bfca ,9 ! ,via ,holconia =ty-?ree t]racotta figures f a work%op 7 f\nd1 %[+ t !re 0 a local manufacture at ,pompeii2 ! types 7 ! same z 9 ! h\ses4#bfcb ,x is notewor?y t ! t]racottas1 ( :i* "s two hundr$ h be5 f\nd1 7 ne>ly all f ! l[] p>ts ( ! city & ! inf]ior h\ses1 or 9 ! dome/ic qu>t]s ( ! l>ge h\ses4 ,?is implies t ! ri*] ,romans pref]r$ bronze /atuettes = _! %r9es & h\sehold decoration4 ,comp>atively few 7 f\nd 9 tombs4 ,a few notices relat+ to t]racotta figures are f\nd 9 ,roman au?ors4 ,m>tial speaks ( a /atuette ( ,h]cules1 :i* he calls sigillum#bfcc2 he also alludes to a c>icature ( a man :i* 0 s repulsive t ,prome!us c\ld only h made x :5 intoxicat$ at ! ,saturnalia1 & to a grotesque mask ( a ,batavian4#bfcd ,9 ano!r epigram he ref]s to ! imitation ( a well-kn[n /atue ( a boy 9 t]racotta4#bfce ,p]sius speaks ( clay dolls 7pupae7 d$icat$ by a maid5 to ,v5us1#bfcf & ,a*illes ,tatius ( clay figures ( ,m>syas made by coropla?i4#bfcg ,elagabalus1 by way ( a je/1 us$ to place vi&s made ( e>!nw>e be=e 8 p>asitical gue/s1 & =ce !m to enjoy a ,b>mecide fea/4#bfch ,!re is also an int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,satires ( ,macrobius relat+ to ! fe/ival ( ! ,sigill>ia1#bfci at :i* l>ge numb]s ( t]racotta masks & figures 7 9 dem&4 ,?is fe/ival took place on ! twelf? to ! t5? days be=e ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y1 =m+ ! fif? to sev5? days ( ! ,saturnalia1 & correspond+ to ! #ba/ to #bcrd ( ,decemb]4 ,ausonius says t ! fe/ival 0 s nam$ f ! sigilla or figur9es1#bfdj & ,macrobius m explicitly /ates t x 0 add$ to ! ,saturnalia to ext5d ! religi\s fe/ival & "t ( public relaxation4#bfda ,subsequ5tly he div]ges into an excursus on ! orig9 ( ! fea/1 m curi\s ?an conv9c+4 ,epicadus is quot$ by him z ref]r+ x to ! /ory ( ,h]cules on 8 return f slay+ ,g]yon1 :5 he ?rew into ! riv] f ! ,pons ,sublicius images ( m5 :i* repres5t$ 8 lo/ travell+-companions1 9 ord] t !y might be c>ri$ by ! sea to _! native %ores4#bfdb ,8 own view is t !y repres5t expiatory (f]+s 7piacula7 to ,saturn1 ea* man (f]+ an oscillum or mask on 8 own behalf 9 ! *apel ( t god4 ,h5ce1 he says1 sigilla 7 made by ! pott] & put on sale at ! ,saturnalia4#bfdc ,else:]e he /ates t clay oscilla 7 giv5 to *ildr5 z play?+s at ?is season ev5 be=e !y _h le>n$ to walk4#bfdd ,! fe/ival 0 indulg$ 9 by all classes ( society1 :o vi$ 9 mak+ pres5ts ( /atuettes & figures to "o ano!r#bfde2 & we are told t ,hadrian ex*ang$ gifts ) o!rs1 & ev5 s5t !m to ^? :o did n expect to receive !m4#bfdf ,simil>ly1 ,c>acalla1 :5 a *ild1 gave to 8 tutors & cli5ts1 z a m>k ( condesc5sion1 ^? :i* he _h receiv$ f 8 p>5ts4#bfdg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,,mask ,,( ,,satyr1 ,,) ,,"n ,,( ,q4 ,,velius ,,primus 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,f ! use ( ?is ^w sigilla 7a dim9utive ( signum71 = t]racotta figures1 ! mak]s came to be kn[n z sigill>ii1 or figuli sigillatores1#bfdh & a /reet 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 kn[n z ! ,via ,sigill>ia4#bfdi ,!re 0 also a m>ket = ! sale ( sigilla = ! fea/ ne> ! ,pan!on4#bfej ,al?\gh ! names ( mak]s are con/antly f\nd on ,roman lamps & pott]y1 z well z ! tiles1 !y are v seldom f\nd on /atuettes1 ) ! exception m5tion$ bel[ ( ^? f\nd 9 ,gaul4 ,b ! "n ( ,q4 ,velius ,primus1 9 a sort ( mixture ( ,greek & ,lat91 is f\nd 9 rais$ lett]s on a mask ( a ,satyr 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #agg ,fig4 #aig71 & o!r names are occasionally f\nd on ! m\lds4 ,! social condition ( ! ,roman pott] seems to h be5 mu* l[] ?an t ( ! ,greek1 :o 0 (t5 a p]son ( respectable position2 b ?is may be p>tly due to ! fact t 8 cli5tle 0 drawn ma9ly f ! poor] classes4 ,he 0 g5]ally a slave1 sometimes a b>b>ian1 & ev5 ! ma/]s ( ! pott]ies 7 only fre$m54 ,z we saw 9 ! case ( ! tile-mak]s1 ! pott]s (t5 work$ on ! e/ates ( weal?y or influ5tial p1 f :i* _! clay 0 obta9$4 ,m details ( ,roman pott]s w be f\nd 9 ! sections deal+ ) tiles & lamps4 ,on ! te*nical aspect ( ,roman t]racotta figures little ne$ be said4 ,! processes 7 practically ! same z ^? describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 :5 deal+ ) ! ,greek t]racottas4 ,l>ge figures 7 made f models 7proplasmata7 & built up 9 sev]al pieces on a wood5 framework1 kn[n z crux or /ipes4#bfea ,a ref]5ce to ?is me?od may be trac$ 9 a fable ( ,pha$rus1#bfeb :i* describes ,prome!us z hav+ made human figures 9 clay 9 sep>ate pieces1 &1 on return+ f a supp] ) ,bac*us1 jo9$ !m toge!r wrongly1 s t ! sexes became confus$4 ,! small] figures 7 all made f m\lds1 by means ( :i* !y c\ld be repeat$ ) b slight alt]ations4 ,few /atuettes seem to h be5 made aft] ! second c5tury ( ! ,empire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! range ( subjects 9 ,roman t]racottas is mu* ! same z 9 ! ,greek figures ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,at ,pompeii g5re figures pr$om9ate1 includ+ su* types z gladiators1 a?letes 9 ! circus1 slaves c>ry+ bundles1 & p]sonages 9 ,roman co/ume4#bfec ,a fav\rite type at ,pompeii is a mask ( a y\? 9 a ,phrygian cap4#bfed ,!re is a decid$ pref]5ce %[n = portraits & grotesques4 ,von ,rohd51#bfee 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! figures repres5t ,greek or purely ,roman types1 consid]s t al?\gh ! influ5ce ( ! =m] is /ill /rong1 yet !y are m>k$ by su* wide diff]5ces t !y mu/ be rank$ 9 ! latt] category4 ,he dates !m 9 ! "t ( ,vespasian1 9 :i* ! decad5ce :i* _h begun ) ! lat] ,hell5i/ic age is 9 ! ,roman fabrics /ill m /rongly acc5tuat$4 ,! /yle is neglig5t1 ! proportions faulty1 & ! art ( col\r+ practically lo/4 ,!y are only r$eem$ f insignificance by ! ta/e = portraiture & ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ! reproduction ( motives borr[$ f contempor>y life4 ,! ,pompeii figures may s]ve z typical ,roman t]racottas1 b !y are also f\nd else:]e 9 ,italy1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire2 ne>ly all1 h[ev]1 are ( inf]ior m]it & execution4 ,at ,pra5e/e 9 #ahgh1 on ! site ( ! temple ( ,=tuna ,primig5ia1 7 f\nd g5re figures & votive objects1#bfef & simil> ex votos h come to light at ,gabii4#bfeg ,at ,nemi figures h be5 f\nd :i* are obvi\sly ( ,roman date1 "s ( consid]able size4#bfeh ,f "t to "t f9ds h be5 made 9 ,rome1 & !re is a pretty little head 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f\nd 9 ! ,tib] 7,d #chc71 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be ( ,greek workman%ip4 ,! indu/ry also ext5d$ f ,rome to ! prov9ces1 & ev5 9 ,brita9 t]racotta figures are sometimes f\nd1 z at ,ri*bor\gh#bfei2 at ,cai/or1 by ,norwi*1 a t]racotta head ( ,diana1 ( fairly good /yle1 is record$4#bffj ,!re are also 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum "s t]racottas 9 ! co>se r$ clay :i* *>act]ises mo/ ( ! ,briti% examples3 a ,v5us on a swan2 a female head ) turret$ cr[n1 ( ar*ai/ic /yle1 f ,f9sbury2 & a l>ge figure ( ,pros]p9a hold+ a fruit1 ( v fair /yle1 f ,liv]pool ,/reet4#bffa ,a figure ( a boy on horseback is or 0 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology4#bffb #b4 ,,gauli% ,,t]racottas ,9 ,gaul !re appe> to h be5 v ext5sive manufactures ( t]racottas1 b n ant]ior to ! conque/ by ,julius ,caes> 9 #eh ,b4,c4 ,^! /atuettes 7 made = ! ,roman coloni/s1 :o introduc$ ! types ( _! own religi\s conceptions1 b ! mak]s 7 local craftsm54 ,pott]ies h be5 une>!d at ,m\l9s on ! banks ( ! ,alli]1 & 9 ,auv]gne & o!r p>ts ( ,france1 & ev5 9 ,g]many1 :]e "o 0 discov]$ at ,heilig5b]g 9 ,alsace1 & o!rs on ! ,rh9e 7see bel[1 p4 #chd74 ,! f9ds on ! ,alli]1 made 9 #aheg1 give a practically complete survey ( ! subjects2 !y are all n[ collect$ 9 ! museums ( ,m\l9s & ,/4 ,g]ma91 & 7 fully publi%$ at ! "t 9 a "w by ,m4 ,tudot4#bffc ,! figures f\nd "h are n f tombs1 b 7 une>!d f ! sites ( ! pott]ies & f ru9s ( build+s2 !y are all made 9 a peculi> :ite clay1 :]eas ! figures ( ! ,gironde di/rict are grey or black1 & ^? ( ! ,rh9e ,valley r$di%1 l ^? ( ,brita94 ,! te*nique resembles t ( ! ,roman figures2 !re is no v5t-hole1 & !y usually /& on a conical base2 ! modell+ is v heavy1 & ! late/ specim5s are absolutely b>b>ic4 ,until rec5tly ! subject ( ,gauli% t]racottas _h be5 greatly neglect$2 ,tudot's plates 7 useful1 b 8 text unsatisfactory & devoid ( me?od1 !re be+ no prop] description ( ! plates4 ,m4 ,potti] has giv5 a good summ>y ( 8 "w1 & ,m4 ,hron de ,villefosse has also dealt ) "s aspects ( ! subject4#bffd ,b !y _h n be5 treat$ z a :ole & 9 relation to ! subject ( anci5t t]racottas 9 g5]al until #ahia1 :5 an important memoir by ,m4 ,blan*et appe>$1 9 :i* a complete survey ( ! ,gauli% t]racottas 0 giv54#bffe ,?is mu/ ( necessity =m ! basis ( ! pres5t acc\nt4 ,9 deal+ ) ! te*nical "* ( ! t]racottas f\nd 9 ,gaul1 ,m4 ,blan*et po9ts out t ! :ite clay ( :i* _m are made 7e4g4 ^? f ! ,alli] valley7 is n univ]sal2 "s are made ( r$ or grey clay1 :i* has turn$ :ite 9 ! bak+1 app>5tly by a process analog\s to t us$ by ! ,*9ese = porcela91 o!rs are actually cov]$ ) a :ite engobe l ! ,greek t]racottas4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 done ) a view to subsequ5t col\r+1 :i* 9 ne>ly all cases has q disappe>$2 b /atuettes ) rema9s ( col\r+1 made ( purely r$ clay1 h rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,moselle & 9 ,g]many4#bfff ,m4 ,blan*et quotes an example 9 ! ,museum at ,ang]s1 ) ! "n ( ! mak]1 ,p ,,fabi ,,niciae1 :i* is coat$ ) a lead glaze l ! enamell$ w>es describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,he consid]s t ! m\lds f :i* !y 7 made 7 (t5 ( bronze1 & t bronze models 7 us$ z copies2 b t !y 7 also ( t]racotta is cle> f ! num]\s examples giv5 by ,tudot4 ,a t]racotta m\ld = a figure ( ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 f\nd at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ano!r f ,m\l9s is = ! back ( ! head ( a simil> figure1 ) hair elaborately coil$4#bffg ,f ! num]\s m\lds :i* h be5 f\nd x may be se5 t ! figures 7 ca/ 9 two pieces1 longitud9ally1 ! arms be+ add$ aft]w>ds1 toge!r ) ! circul> pl9?4 ,! m\ld 9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be cit$ z an example ( "o = ! back "p ( a figure2 probably only ! upp] "p 0 modell$4 ,pott]s' names are exce$+ly common1 n only on ! figures1 b also on ! m\lds1#bffh & =m two di/9ct classes1 ^? on ! ext]ior ( ! m\lds1 & ^? on ! figures or int]ior ( ! m\lds 7:i* are obvi\sly ! same ?+74 ,! di/9ction is t ! =m] 7 m]ely = ! id5tification ( ! m\lds1 :ile ! latt] indicat$ ! creator ( ! type & made him kn[n to ! _w1 a feature :i*1 z w be not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 7p4 #eaa71 reappe>s 9 ! pott]y ( ,we/]ndorff 9 ,g]many4 ,tudot gives an example ( a m\ld ) ! "n ,,atilano on ! ext]ior & ,,ioppillo on ! inside4#bffi ,_m ( ! names are id5tical ) ^? ( ! mak]s ( vases1#bfgj b ! types & subjects are q di/9ct f ^? on ! ,gauli% t]ra sigillata4 ,^? on ! ext]ior ( ! m\lds are usually 9 a scrawl+ cursive type1 :]eas ! o!r class are 9 capital lett]s#bfga2 ! cursive *>act]s resemble ^? 9 use at ,pompeii1 b are n necess>ily contempor>y2 !y are1 h[ev]1 n lat] ?an ! second c5tury4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is cursive "* seems to h ext5d$ to ! o!r class2 = in/ance1 9 ! inscription giv5 9 ,fig4 #aih bel[1 n only are ! ,g & ,s ( cursive =m1 b ,e appe>s 9 ! =m ,,ii4 ,o!rwise ! lett]s are 9 ! ord9>y ,roman alphabet 7) ! exception ( ,a1 :i* is sometimes #aead;,attic alpha ! =ms ,e & ,,ii seem to h be5 us$ indiff]5tly 9 ,gaul at all p]iods4 ,! 8signature0 sometimes comb9es ! two names1 z 9 ! =m ,,avot ,,=m ,,sacrillos ,,c>atri :i* has be5 tak5 to mean ,sacrillos fecit =ma ,c>atri1 8made by ,sacrillos f ,c>atrius' m\ld40#bfgb ,among ! ,roman names :i* occur are ,attilianus1 ,lucanus1 ,pi/illus1 ,priscus1 ,taurus1 & ,tib]ius2 among ! ,gauli%1 ,abud9us1 ,bel9us1 ,camul5us1 & ,tritoguno4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,blan*et4 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,,gauli% ,,figure ,,( ,,aphrodite ,,f ,,norm&y4 ,a l>ge majority ( ! exi/+ /atuettes 71 z we h se51 made 9 ! valley ( ! ,alli]2 ^! %[ m conspicu\sly ?an any o!rs1 ! influ5ce ( transplant$ ,graeco-,roman art4 ,curi\sly en\gh none h be5 f\nd at ,lez\x1 "o ( ! *ief pott]y-c5tres ( ,gaul1 al?\gh !re is abundant evid5ce t ! vases & /atuettes 7 made 9 ! same work%ops 7see above74#bfgc ,m4 ,blan*et consid]s t !re 0 a l>ge & important manufacture 9 ,we/]n ,france1 :i* may h be5 inspir$ by ! ,alli] work%ops1 b ma9ly exhibits native *>act]i/ics2 he also notes ! sc>city ( ^! figures 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul 7,n>bon5sis71 :i* may p]haps be expla9$ by ! pref]5ce !re %[n = bronze /atuettes & vases ) m$allions 7p4 #ecj74bfgd ,o!r c5tres 7 ,cesson1 ,meaux 7:]e ,atilanus & ,sacrillos c be locat$71 ,b\rbon-,lancy 9 ,sane-et-,loire1 & ,/4 ,rmy-en-,rollat 7see p4 #eaf71 :]e vases also 7 made ( ! local :ite clay4 ,m4 ,d*elette has be5 able to assign to ! la/-nam$ pott]y a date betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ae & #ej4 ,ano!r fabric 0 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lige1 & 9 ,g]many !re 7 c5tres at ,salzburg1 & at ,cologne1 :]e ! mak] ,v9dex c be dat$ 9 ! reign ( ,po/umus 7,a4,d4 #bfj-bgj74bfge ,an important mak]1 ,pi/illus1 _h a pott]y at ,autun2 8 /atuettes are f\nd all ov] ,gaul1#bfgf & ! "n appe>s on vases & co9s1 & also 9 an inscription4#bfgg ,julius ,allusa _h a work%op at ,bordeaux4 ,9 ,we/ & ,nor?-,we/ ,france /atuettes are f\nd ) ! "n ( ,rextug5os2 !y are all ( peculi> & orig9al "*1 ) highly-ornam5t$ backgr\nds to ! figures1 & easily di/+ui%$4 ,! specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #aih1 repres5t+ ,v5us ,g5etrix1 0 f\nd at ,caudebec-les-,elbeuf 9 ,norm&y 7,se9e-,infrieure72 x be>s ! inscription ,,riixtvgi9ossvlliasavvot1 ,rextug5os ,sullias auvot 7sc4 fecit74#bfgh ,an int]e/+ f9d ( t]racotta figures 0 made at ,col*e/] 9 #ahff1bfgi consi/+ ( ?irte5 figures pres5t+ exact analogies to ! ,gallo-,roman t]racottas ( ! second p]iod bo? 9 type & /yle4 ,"o v poor specim5 repres5ts ,h]cules ) club & lion-sk92 ano!r a bull1 & a ?ird a bu/ ( a boy 7p]haps a portrait ( ,n]o or ,britannicus72 f\r are recumb5t figures4 ,! re/ are m or less grotesque1 includ+ c>icatur$ seat$ figures hold+ books or rolls1 & a buffoon4 ,) !m 7 f\nd vases 9 ! =m ( animals ( yell[-glaz$ w>e4 ,figures ( suckl+ goddesses 7see bel[7 h be5 f\nd 9 ,brita91 & simil> f9ds ( ,gallo-,roman types 9 :ite clay 9 ,london1 among !m a ,v5us hold+ a tress ( h] hair4#bfhj ,votive (f]+s ( p>ts ( ! body & figures ( ! goddess ,fecunditas 7 f\nd ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,se9e1 9 a temple ( ,dea ,sequana1 ! local riv]-deity4#bfha ,o!r f9ds h be5 made 9 ,t\ra9e1 ,anj\1 ,la ,v5de1 ,brittany1 & ,norm&y1 br\ght by comm]ce f ! ,alli] pott]ies2 & 9 ,g]many at ,h$d]nheim & on ! ,rh9e4 ,"p ( a gr\p ( "s size 9 purely ,graeco-,roman /yle f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m>ne is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,morel ,collection74 ,tudot orig9ally classifi$ ! ,gauli% t]racottas *ronologically 9 ?ree p]iods accord+ to /yle1 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by ,m4 ,potti]4 ,b ,m4 ,blan*et#bfhb has po9t$ out t ! =m]'s me?od 0 altoge!r unsci5tific1 t he tru/$ too mu* to ! evid5ce ( co9-f9ds1 & t he 0 altoge!r wrong 9 conceiv+ ! possibility ( any be+ ant]ior to ! ,roman conque/4 ,on ! :ole ! *ronological data are exce$+ly vague1 & c only be accept$ 9 isolat$ in/ances1 z 9 ! case ( ! f9ds at ,/4 ,rmy-en-,rollat 7,a4,d4 #ae-ej7 or ,cologne 7,a4,d4 #bfj-bgj71 or :]e a resemblance 9 ! coiffure ( ! fem99e figures to ^? ( ,roman ladies c be trac$4 ,"s figures may probably be dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj on ! latt] gr\nd1 ! head-dress recall+ ^? ( ,domitia & ,julia ! daught] ( ,titus4 ,b x c only be laid d[n ) c]ta9ty t ! manufacture ( /atuettes 0 introduc$ into ,gaul ) ! t]ra sigillata or ornam5t$ r$ pott]y at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod4 ,:]e !re is a "q ( decad5t or b>b>ic /yle1 z is und\bt$ly (t5 ! case1 x does n necess>ily imply a late date1 b only t ! inf]ior "w is due to ! incapacity ( "s local arti/1 & figures ( v>y+ /yle mu/ frequ5tly be contemporane\s4#bfhc ,9 deal+ ) ! types ( ,gauli% t]racottas1 _! orig9 & signification1 ,m4 ,blan*et divides ! subjects into ?ree classes1 ( :i* ! fir/ is n only ! l>ge/ b ! mo/ int]e/+3 div9ities1 subjects f daily life1 & animals4 ,! deities are n ^? we %\ld expect f ,caes>'s /atem5t#bfhd t ,m]cury1 ,apollo1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,m9]va repres5t ! scale ( popul>ity 9 ,gaul1 = !y are ma9ly v>iants ( "o type1 t ( ,v5us4 ,_m ( ^! ,v5us figures reproduce types famili> 9 ,greek & ,graeco-,roman art1 su* z ! ,anadyom5e1 & ! ,cnidian or ,pudica type2 b 9 ! majority %e is frankly recognis$ z a ,nature-goddess 7,aphrodite ,p&emos or ,v5us ,g5etrix71 & h5ce we f9d num]\s examples 9 :i* ! old ,ori5tal conception ( ! nude ,aphrodite-,a/>te ) pron\nc$ sexual *>act]i/ics1 s common 9 ! primitive t]racottas ( ,*aldaea1 ,pho5icia1 & ,cyprus1#bfhe once m reappe>s1 z 9 ,fig4 #aih4 ,( almo/ equal frequ5cy is ! seat$ type ( ! ,"m-,goddess or 1 suckl+ a *ild#bfhf2 ?is is n peculi> to ,gaul1 b is f\nd 9 ! t]racottas ( ,s\!rn ,italy4#bfhg ,we may comp>e also ! ,fecunditas types on ,roman co9s4#bfhh ,blan*et ?9ks t ! goddess ,rum9a may be "h int5d$1 b pref]s to adopt ! g5]al t]m ( ,"m-,goddess4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,blan*et4 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,,gauli% ,,t]racotta3 ,,! ,,goddess ,,epona4 ,among o!r my?ological types ! ,ephesian ,artemis1 ,pallas1 ,m]cury1 ,epona 7,fig4 #aii71 & ,abundantia occur2 & among g5re subjects ! mo/ int]e/+ type is t ( ! ,sp9>io1 or boy extract+ a ?orn f 8 foot1 famili> 9 ,greek sculpture4 ,slaves1 c>icatures1 & bu/s ( ladies 7see above7 or *ildr5 we>+ ! bulla1 vases 9 ! =m ( heads1 & bu/s affix$ to plates1 also come "u ! latt] category4 ,_m ( ^! are exce$+ly rude & b>b>ic2 *ildr5 are trans=m$ into co>se grotesques1 & animals look 7says ,m4 ,potti]7 z if !y _h come out ( a ,noah's ark4 ,! arti/ic orig9 ( ! ,gauli% types has be5 discuss$ by ,m4 ,blan*et1#bfhi :o po9ts out t al?\gh ! mod]n t5d5cy is to re/rict ! rle play$ by ,alex&r9e art ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod 9 influ5c+ t ( ,rome1#bfij yet its effect on ,gaul _c be altoge!r ignor$4 ,t ,egyptian cults f\nd _! way into ,gaul is well kn[n1#bfia & 9 ! t]racottas su* types z ,isis & ,horus appe>1 :ile comp>isons may frequ5tly be made ) ! late t]racottas f\nd 9 ! ,faym & at ,naukratis4 ,b !re 0 also a /ream ( influ5ce f ,s\!rn ,italy1 especially ,campania1 :5ce1 z we h se51 ! ,"m-,goddess types 7 l>gely d]iv$4 ,z reg>ds ! uses = :i* ^! t]racottas 7 made1 mu* t has be5 said on t head 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 w apply equally to ,gaul4 ,!y h be5 f\nd n only 9 tombs1 b 9 wells & riv]s1 & on ! sites ( sanctu>ies#bfib2 b !y d n seem to h _h any special fun]>y significance4 ,! majority 7 probably us$ = v>i\s dome/ic purposes 9 ! h\ses1 ! figures ( animals1 = in/ance1 z toys1 & 7 !n buri$ ) _! own]s4 ,^? f\nd 9 wells or riv]s may be reg>d$ z votive (f]+s1 z x is well kn[n t ! ,gauls 7 fond ( ?r[+ votive figures into riv]s or spr+s4 #c4 ,,miscellane\s ,,uses ,,( ,,t]racotta ,x is impossible to enum]ate all ! purposes to :i* ! ,romans appli$ t]racotta1 b a few peculi> uses des]ve special notice4 ,! excavations at ,pompeii h yield$ sev]al examples ( its application to ! decoration ( a puteal1 ! circul> /ructure :i* protect$ ! m\? ( a well2 ! core is ( tufa or o!r h>d mat]ial1 & r\nd ?is are laid curv$ slabs ( t]racotta decorat$ ) reliefs4#bfic ,!y are all ( comp>atively e>ly date2 "o has triglyphs & bulls' heads 9 relief1 & is /ucco$ ov]4 ,in/ances are also f\nd at ,pompeii ( its use = table-legs1 9 ! =m ( figures ( kneel+ ,atlantes1#bfid l ^? support+ ! entablature 9 ! ,!rmae 7p4 #cgd71 b sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,small alt>s1 or /&s = hold+ lamps or = burn+ inc5se1 suppos$ to h =m$ "p ( ! furniture ( ! dome/ic %r9es1 h also be5 f\nd 9 ?is mat]ial4#bfie ,v>ro tells u t ! dolia or l>ge j>s made by pott]s 7 us$ z cages = dormice :i* 7 be+ fatt5$ = ! palates ( ,roman epicures#bfif2 & ,columella gives in/ructions = ! use ( clay tiles 9 mak+ beehives4#bfig ,porphyry implies t x 0 cu/om>y to hive bees 9 krat]s or amphorae ( clay4#bfih ,tickets 7tess]ae7 = admission to ! circus or amphi!atre 7 also occasionally made ( clay1 & on !m 7 /amp$ lett]s or numb]s ref]r+ to ! position ( ! seat1 or repres5tations ( ! animals exhibit$4 ,two f ,catania 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#bfii h an elephant on ! obv]se & ! lett] ,a on ! rev]se1 %[+ t !y 7 = admission to a spectacle 9 :i* ^? bea/s 7 %[n4 ,!re are also possible in/ances ( tess]ae frum5t>iae1 or tickets = ! supply ( *eap corn 9 "t ( necessity4#bgjj ,m\lds ( t]racotta = mak+ c\nt]s1 ) masks or figures ( ,=tune & ,isis1 h also be5 f\nd2 !re is an example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,arezzo 7,e #df74bgja ,h]r ,graev51 9 a v int]e/+ article1#bgjb has rec5tly collect$ all ! kn[n examples 7numb]+ "s fifty7 ( money-boxes 9 t]racotta us$ by ! ,romans4 ,!re is no m5tion ( su* objects 9 ,lat9 lit]ature1 b x is probable t !y 7 kn[n z loculi1 & 7 made 9 imitation ( ! metal us$ = keep+ money 9 temples4 ,( ?is !re is a cle> in/ance 9 a specim5 rec5tly f\nd at ,pri5e 9 ,asia ,m9or1#bgjc 9 ! =m ( a small %r9e ) a slit 9 ! top4 ,graev5 /ates t !re is evid5ce ( _! hav+ be5 plac$ on a cornice :i* ran r\nd ! walls ( ! rooms 9 ! h\ses4 ,?is box has an additional hole at ! back = extract+ ! money1 b ! ,roman specim5s h only "o op5+4 ,an example ( a clay treasure-box f ,we/]n ,europe is "o 9 ! =m ( a *e/1 #ab in*es high1 ) a bu/ ( ,apollo on ! top1 f\nd at ,vi*y1 & n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,m\l9s4#bgjd ,x may h be5 plac$ 9 a sacellum or *apel = ! (f]+s ( ^? :o visit$ ! m$ic9al spr+s4 ,( ! ,roman money-boxes prop] f\r ma9 types may be di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/1 ( :i* examples h be5 f\nd at ,pompeii1#bgje is 9 ! =m ( a small *e/ or c(f] 7arca71 & may h be5 kn[n by ! "n arcula4 ,! second type is t ( a money-box 9 ! =m ( a vase4#bgjf ,! cu/om ( ho>d+ money 9 j>s 7ollae1 p4 #dgj7 0 univ]sal 9 ,roman times1 z we "k f ! ,aulul>ia ( ,plautus1 ! plot ( :i* turns on ?is practice1#bgjg & f ! num]\s f9ds ( co9s 9 j>s 9 our own day4 ,none ( ^! h any ornam5tation2 !y h be5 f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & !re is a small specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,l9coln1#bgjh ( sph]ical =m ) a knob at ! top4 ,aubrey records ! f9d+ ( a simil> "o 9 ,nor? ,wilt%ire4#bgji ,^! appe> to be ( v late date4 ,! next two types are ( mu* great] int]e/1 n only f _! ornam5tation1 b f _! =m & ! inscriptions :i* !y be>4 ,9 ! "o ! box takes a flat circul> =m1 closely resembl+ ! body ( a lamp 7! %ape is t ( ,fig4 #bjg71 ) a design simil>ly plac$ 9 a m$allion4 ,"o actually has a figure ( ,victory ) a %ield1 :i* reproduces ! type ( ! ,new ,ye> lamps describ$ on page #dac 7,b4,m4 ,no4 #cji71 & has a simil> inscription4#bgaj ,x may be suppos$ t ^! boxes 7 c>ri$ r\nd on ,new ,ye>'s ,day to solicit contributions1 j z is done 7says ,h]r ,graev57 by boys 9 ,rome at ! pres5t "t4 ,o!rs h figures ( ,=tune & ,h]mes 9 a %r9e1#bgaa ! latt] deity be+ ( c\rse specially associat$ ) money-mak+4 ,^! two examples h _! respective mak]s' names on ! back1 ,c ,,ivn ,,bit & ,,palladi1 names :i* are also f\nd on ,roman lamps1#bgab ano!r detail :i* %[s ! close connection betwe5 ^! two classes ( objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,jahrbu*4 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,,t]racotta ,,money-,,box4 ,! la/ type to be describ$ is %ap$ l a bee-hive1 or1 z 9 ,fig4 #bjj1 l a circul> temple1 =ms :i* 7 f\nd conv5i5t = ! !n fav\rite design ( a deity 9 a %r9e4 ,among ! examples quot$ by ,graev5#bgac is "o ( ! latt] %ape ) ,=tune 7,fig4 #bjj71 n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,( ! bee-hive =m ?ree may be m5tion$ z pres5t+ int]e/+ features4 ,"o ) ,h]mes 9 a %r9e has ! mak]'s "n1 ,,pas ,,avgv1 :i* also occurs on lamps#bgad2 ano!r1 f\nd on ! ,av5t9e1 & n[ at ,go?a1#bgae has on ! front ! figure ( a victori\s *>iote]1 on ! rev]se a slit = ! co9s1 & ! mak]'s "n1 ,,ael ,,max4 ,d',ag9c\rt sugge/$ t ?is type ( box 0 c>ri$ ab\t by victors 9 ! games to receive donations4 ,la/ly1 !re is "o record$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus 9 #ahab1 b n[ lo/1 :i* conta9$ co9s ( ,trajan1 & 0 inscrib$ ,,fisci ,,ivdaici ,,calumnia ,,svblata4 ,! evid5ce po9ts to ! dat+ ( ^! two classes 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire1 or slightly lat]4 ,t]racotta m\lds = false or debas$ co9s ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod h frequ5tly be5 discov]$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,empire4#bgaf ,none1 inde$1 h come to light 9 ,italy1 b !y occur 9 ,egypt1 ,tunis1 ,france1 on ! ,rh9e1 9 ,switz]l&1 ,l[] ,au/ria1 & ,brita94 ,!y 7 fir/ not$ by ,a4 le ,pois 9 #aegi at ,f\rvires1 :]e m\lds 7 f\nd ( co9s ( ,septimius ,sev]us & 8 successors4 ,9 #afig & #agjf m ( ! same p]iod1 ( local clay1 7 f\nd at ,l+well ,gate1 ne> ,wakefield1#bgag 9 #agjd at ,lyons1 & 9 #agfd at ,aug/1 ne> ,basle4 ,9 #ahbi & #ahcj fur!r f9ds 7 made at ,wakefield1 & aga9 9 #ahfi at ,du/on1 ,nor?ants4#bgah ,numb]s h be5 not$ f "t to "t 9 ! museums ( ,france & ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 ! mo/ int]e/+ f9d be+ t made 9 #ahbi-cj at ,dam]y1 ne> p]nay1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m>ne4 ,9 #ahei a f9d ( #acj m\lds conta9$ 9 a jug 0 made at ,b]n>d2 !y appe> to h be5 ha/ily plac$ !re & left by =g]s4 ,at ,bordeaux 9 #ahhd f9ds 7 made 9 ! ru9s ( a pott]y1 & o!rs m rec5tly at ,autun & ,la ,c\l\*e4 ,9 #ahii ?irty-f\r m\lds 7 f\nd at ,susa 9 ,tunis4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a collection ( m\lds ( d5>ii f ,egypt1 mo/ly f\nd at ,crocodilopolis 7,ars9oe7 9 ! ,faym2 !y are ( a deep brick-r$ local clay1 b a great numb] are burnt black4 ,ne>ly all ^! m\lds fall betwe5 ! reigns ( ,septimius ,sev]us & ,diocletian1 b "s ( ^? at ,b]n>d g back z f> z ,trajan1 & !re are isolat$ in/ances ( co9s ( ,domitian at "o end1 ( ,con/antius ,,ii4 & ,julia ,mamaea at ! o!r4 ,c>acalla & ,elagabalus are frequ5tly repres5t$1 & ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum include ,alb9us1 ,crispus1 ,con/ant9e1 ,gal]ius1 ,lic9ius1 & ,macr9us4 ,! ,dam]y f9d includ$ ?irty-n9e m\lds1 compris+ types ( ! co9s ( ,c>acalla1 ! eld] ,philip1 & ,po/umus2 #b1jjj pieces ( base silv] co91 *iefly ( ,po/umus2 #c1ijj bronzes ( ,con/ans ,i4 & ,con/antius1 all evid5tly made toge!r2 *isels & rema9s ( o!r tools1 & gr\ps ( m\lds /ill conta9+ ! metal1 & also lumps ( metal :i* _h ov]fl[$ f ! m\lds4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! m\lds 7 us$ is z foll[s4 ,! complete m\ld 0 compos$ ( two %all[ r\nd boxes ) holl[ impressions respectively ( ! obv]se & rev]se1 obta9$ by impress+ ! designs f g5u9e co9s into ! s(t clay4 ,! dep? ( ! holl[ 0 s calculat$ t :5 ! two 7 plac$ toge!r ! space repres5t$ ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,to ca/ ! co9s1 a numb] ( ^! m\lds 7 plac$ "o on ! o!r1 & lut$ ) clay to prev5t ! liquid metal f escap+ betwe5 ! two pieces ( ea* m\ld2 d[n ! side ( ! column =m$ by ! pile ( m\lds a holl[ cutt+ 0 made1 at ! base ( :i* holes 7 pi]c$ correspond+ to ! cavities :]e ! metal 0 to ent]4 ,! metal 0 !n p\r$ into ! holl[1 & ran 9 ?r\gh ! holes z requir$4#bgai ,sometimes ! columns 7 jo9$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree #bebi;image = :i* a s+le column s]v$2 ( ?is !re is an example at ,dam]y1 :]e ea* r\leau conta9$ a doz5 m\lds 7?irte5 discs74 ,9 ! ,cab9et des ,mdailles at ,p>is !re is an example ( "o ( ^! r\leaux ( m\lds1 f\nd at ,lyons 9 #agjd 7,fig4 #bja71bgbj ) ! bas9 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ = ! ca/+4 ,at ,susa ! m\lds 7 fitt$ slantwise into a bronze tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,,t]racotta ,,co9-,,m\ld4 ,x is n absolutely c]ta9 :e!r ^! m\lds 7 all us$ = fraudul5t purposes by =g]s2 ! f9d at ,dam]y1 = in/ance1 0 made on ! site ( ,bibe1 an important /ation on ! road f ,rheims to ,beauvais1 :i* w\ld be too prom95t a place = =g]s to h select$4 ,x is mu* m likely t 9 su* a case !y 7 us$ to make co9s ( inf]ior alloy1 p]haps 9 "s in/ances = ! issues ( usurp]s :o1 be+ at a consid]able di/ance f ! capital1 7 unable to fill _! milit>y *e/s except ) ha/ily ca/ co9s4 ,! di/ant p>ts ( ! ,empire 9 :i* ^! m\lds are f\nd l5d "s col\r to ?is !ory4 ,x w also be rememb]$ t !y mo/ly date f ! "t :5 a debas$ co9age 0 curr5t ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 beg9n+ ) ! reign ( ,septimius ,sev]us2 ?is 0 put an end to by ,diocletian 9 #big4 ,we may !re=e suppose t !y repres5t1 s to speak1 (ficially recognis$ =g]ies1 emanat+ f a k9d ( local m9t = produc+ co9s ha/ily = prov9cial use4 ,h5ce ! rapid spread ( base money 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :i* 0 n only =c$ ^u ! ,/ate1 b 0 also readily tak5 advantage ( by =g]s4 ----- ,footnote #bcie3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxi4 #dg2 ,columella1 ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #aa1 #i4 ,footnote #bcif3 ,etym4 xv4 #h1 #af3 cf4 xix4 #aj1 #af4 ,footnote #bcig3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #agj2 ,nonius1 p4 #dde1 #bb4 ,footnote #bcih3 ,columella1 ,re ,ru/4 ix4 #a1 #b2 ,vitr4 i4 #e1 #h2 ,v>ro1 ,re ,ru/4 i4 #ad1 #d4 ,footnote #bcii3 ,vitr4 ii4 #h1 #d2 ,v>ro1 ,re ,ru/4 ii4 #c1 #f4 ,footnote #bdjj3 ,columella1 loc4 cit43 p>ies crudo lat]e ac luto con/ructus4 ,cf4 ,caes>1 ,bell4 ,civ4 ii4 #i1 ( a floor1 & ii4 #ae2 also ,vitr4 ii4 #a1 #g2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xviii4 #cja4 ,footnote #bdja3 ,vitr4 ii4 #c1 #c4 ,footnote #bdjb3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #agj ff4 ,footnote #bdjc3 ,vitr4 vii4 #a1 #g & #d1 #b2 ,pallad4 ,agric4 i4 #ai1 #a & #dj1 #b2 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla1 #bgic-id2 ,m>9i1 ,iscriz4 ant4 doli>i1 #idb-idd4 ,footnote #bdjd3 ,cf4 ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #bdje3 ,cf4 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 p4 #ei 7cut7 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #a1 fig4 #e4 ,footnote #bdjf3 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #fah4 ,footnote #bdjg3 ,buckman & ,newm>*1 ,roman ,art 9 ,cir5ce/]1 p4 #fd ff4 ,footnote #bdjh3 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #fah2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #bdji3 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 p4 #ab3 see also ,ar*aeologia1 xlix4 p4 #dbg1 :]e x is po9t$ out t measurem5ts ( bricks =m no guide to _! date4 ,footnote #bdaj3 ,loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bdaa3 ,jahre%efte 7,beiblatt71 i4 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #bdab3 ii4 #c1 #a4 ,footnote #bdac3 ,?is may be ! orig9 ( ! foot-%ap$ /amp s common 9 ,roman lamps & vases 7see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ah74 ,footnote #bdad3 ,cf4 also ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #bdae3 ,vitr4 ii4 #c4 ,?is passage ) ,pallad4 ,agric4 vi4 #ab & ,isid4 ,etym4 xix4 #aj1 #af are ! loci classici on ! subject4 ,footnote #bdaf3 ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #bj1 po9ts out t !re are v few in/ances ( ?is1 & p]haps ,vitruvius' idea 0 n practical4 ,footnote #bdag3 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 pp4 #ab1 #fb4 ,footnote #bdah3 ,see ,roa*-,smi?1 ,illu/r4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #bdai3 xxxix4 #fa 7 74 ,footnote #bdbj3 ,apud ,non41 p4 #dh 7s4v4 suffundatum74 ,footnote #bdba3 ,de ,div4 ii4 #dg1 #ii4 ,footnote #bdbb3 ,vitr4 ii4 #h1 #ah4 ,footnote #bdbc3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #agc4 ,footnote #bdbd3 ,vitr4 ii4 #h1 #ag4 ,footnote #bdbe3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bdbf3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,aqua$uctus2 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 ii4 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #bdbg3 ,suet4 ,aug4 #bh4 ,footnote #bdbh3 ,borrmann1 ,die ,k]amik 9 d] ,baukun/ 7,durm's ,h&bu* d4 ,ar*itektur71 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bdbi3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 iv4 p4 #aa1 pls4 #e-f4 ,footnote #bdcj3 ,niss51 ,pompeian4 ,/udi51 p4 #bf2 ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #bdca3 ,see ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #bdcb3 ,ar*aeologia1 lii4 p4 #ffd4 ,footnote #bdcc3 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 pp4 #bed1 #cja2 id4 9 ,ar*aeologia1 xlix4 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #bdcd3 ,see ,dressel 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #i4 ,footnote #bdce3 ,mau-,kelsey1 p4 #ch3 b see ,niss51 ,pompeian4 ,/udi51 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #bdcf3 ,see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 iii4 p4 #adf1 :]e a good illu/ration is giv54 ,footnote #bdcg3 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #b1 fig4 #d2 ,middleton1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #ee1 fig4 #f4 ,footnote #bdch3 v4 #aj1 #b4 ,footnote #bdci3 ,see also on ?is subject ,&]son & ,spi]s1 ,ar*itecture ( ,greece & ,rome1 p4 #acg ff42 ,middleton1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #ff1 ii4 p4 #abj1 fig4 #fd4 ,footnote #bddj3 ,see ,middleton1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #fb2 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #b1 fig4 #e4 ,footnote #bdda3 ,middleton1 op4 cit4 i4 pp4 #ab1 #fb4 ,footnote #bddb3 ,etym4 xv4 #h1 #ae2 xix4 #aj1 #ae4 ,footnote #bddc3 ,h5z51 ,inscr4 #fdde1 #gbgi-hj4 ,footnote #bddd3 ,orelli1 ,inscr4 #daij4 ,footnote #bdde3 ,!re are tiles 9 exi/5ce m>k$ ,,dol ,,delic1 i4e4 7opus7 doli>e delici>e 7,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #fai74 ,footnote #bddf3 ,! arrangem5t is well illu/rat$ on pl4 #f ( ,campana's ,ant4 op]e 9 pla/ica 7f ,o/ia74 ,footnote #bddg3 ,vitr4 v4 #i1 #g2 viii4 #g1 #a4 ,footnote #bddh3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #cgd2 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #fbj4 ,footnote #bddi3 ,see ,vitr4 vii4 #d1 #b2 ,niss51 ,pompeian4 ,/udi51 p4 #fe ff4 ,footnote #bdej3 ,orelli1 #acif3 see ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,wi5] ,akad4 ,gesells*4 #aija1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #bdea3 ,caumont1 ,c\rs1 ii4 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bdeb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #bdec3 ,brongni>t & ,riocreux1 ,mus4 de ,svres1 i4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bded3 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 #ahec1 pl4 #ad1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #bdee3 ,campana1 ,ant4 op]e 9 pla/ica1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #bdef3 ,= ref]5ces to ornam5tal t]racotta antefixes 9 ,lat9 lit]ature see bel[1 p4 #cga2 & cf4 ,livy1 xxvi4 #bc1 xxxiv4 #d4 ,footnote #bdeg3 ,see = an acc\nt ( ^! ,von ,rohd51 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 p4 #e2 also ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #bdeh3 ,von ,rohd51 pl4 #g1 fig4 #a1 f ! ,casa dei ,niobidi4 ,footnote #bdei3 ,ibid41 pls4 #e1 #b1 & #f1 #a4 ,footnote #bdfj3 ,= examples ( ?is type see ,b4,m4 ,t]racottas1 ,d #ff 7f ,corneto71 ,d #gjj 7f ,cumae71 & ,d #gjf 7f ,capua74 ,footnote #bdfa3 ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #bdfb3 ,von ,rohd51 pls4 #ad-af2 #ah1 fig4 #a3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #fii1 f ,pompeii4 ,footnote #bdfc3 ,ibid4 pls4 #aa-ac4 ,footnote #bdfd3 ,campana1 ,ant4 op]e 9 pla/ica1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #bdfe3 ,campana1 pl4 #f3 cf4 = ! /ory ,livy1 xxix4 #ad1 & ,prell]-,jordan1 ,rm4 ,my?ol4 ii4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #bdff3 ,ar*aeologia1 xiv4 pl4 #ac1 p4 #fd3 cf4 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #bdfg3 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 p4 #aha1 ii4 p4 #aba ff4 ,footnote #bdfh3 vii4 #d1 #b4 ,footnote #bdfi3 ,see ,middleton 9 ,ar*aeologia1 lii4 p4 #ffc1 = a g5]al discussion ( ! subject2 also ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #bdgj3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 iii4 pl4 #bf1 p4 #aad2 ,illu/r4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #bdga3 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 vii4 p4 #fbj4 ,footnote #bdgb3 ,ep4 #ij1 #be 7xiv4 #b74 ,footnote #bdgc3 ,ep4 ii4 #ag1 #bc4 ,footnote #bdgd3 ,s also 9 ! ,roman villa at ,wood*e/] 7,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #aih74 ,footnote #bdge3 ,middleton1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #aac ff42 id4 9 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #bdgf3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #ba1 pl4 #h1 figs4 #a-b4 ,footnote #bdgg3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abej2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #aad1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #bdgh3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abch4 ,footnote #bdgi3 ,ar*aeologia1 lii4 pl4 #bj4 ,footnote #bdhj3 vii4 #d1 #b4 ,footnote #bdha3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #abe4 ,cf4 ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 viii4 p4 #cj ff4 = ano!r example f ,had/ock1 ,essex4 ,footnote #bdhb3 ,ar*aeologia1 lii4 p4 #fff4 ,footnote #bdhc3 ,cf4 ,vitr4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bdhd3 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 ii4 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #bdhe3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v41 & cf4 ,vitr4 viii4 #g1 #a2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xv4 #h1 #ag2 xix4 #aj1 #bi4 ,footnote #bdhf3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #dhdb4 ,footnote #bdhg3 viii4 #g1 #a4 ,footnote #bdhh3 ,h4,n4 xxxi4 #eg4 ,footnote #bdhi3 viii4 #g1 #aj4 ,footnote #bdij3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 i4 pl4 #f1 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #bdia3 ,see ,lanciani 9 ,atti dell' ,accad4 dei ,l9cei1 ,s]4 #c1 iv4 7#ahgi-hj71 p4 #cii ff4 ,footnote #bdib3 ,avolio1 ,fatture di argille 9 ,sicilia1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #bdic3 ,see g5]ally ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 iii4 p4 #afa ff42 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #bdid3 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #bdie3 ,buckman & ,newm>*1 ,roman ,art 9 ,cir5ce/]1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #bdif3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afe2 xxxvi4 #ahh3 cf4 ,geoponica1 ii4 #bg1 #e2 ,pallad4 i4 #i1 #d2 ,cato1 ,agric4 xviii4 #g2 ,vitr4 vii4 #a1 #d2 ,columella1 i4 #f1 #ac2 viii4 #ae1 #c1 #ag1 #a2 ix4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #bdig3 ,middleton1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #aba1 fig4 #fe4 ,footnote #bdih3 ,cf4 ,buckman & ,newm>*1 ,roman ,art 9 ,cir5ce/]1 p4 #di ff4 ,footnote #bdii3 ,vitr4 vii4 #a1 #d2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxvi4 #ahd2 ,/at4 ,silv4 i4 #c1 #ed4 ,footnote #bejj3 ,ar*aeologia1 xxvi4 pl4 #dd1 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #beja3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #bejb3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abbc-bd4 ,footnote #bejc3 ,ibid4 #abbb 79 ,b4,m472 o!rs f ,brecon & ,ab]gav5ny4 ,footnote #bejd3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abbe4 ,footnote #beje3 ,! inscrib$ tiles f\nd 9 ,rome h be5 collect$ & publi%$ by ,dressel 9 vol4 xv4 7"p #a1 ,nos4 #a-baee7 ( ! ,corpus ,inscr4 ,lat4 ,o!rs are publi%$ 9 ! o!r volumes "u ! head+ 8,in/rum5tum ,dome/icum40 ,9 ! succe$+ pages ,dressel's acc\nt has be5 ma9ly foll[$4 ,footnote #bejf3 ,see ,hbn]1 ,exempla ,script4 ,epigr4 ,lat4 p4 lxviii4 ,footnote #bejg3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ai-bi2 #bji1 #aade2 #gji2 #abab2 #cih4 ,footnote #bejh3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #adh-di4 ,footnote #beji3 ,opus doli>e is ! inv>iable ^w = bricks or tiles 9 ,roman inscriptions1 figl9um be+ conf9$ to pott]y ( ! f9] k9d 7cf4 p4 #ccj74 ,footnote #beaj3 ,cassiodorus1 ,v>i>4 i4 #be3 cf4 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #beaa3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #affh-gj4 ,footnote #beab3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #bjd1 ,nos4 #afaf1 #afbg1 etc4 ,footnote #beac3 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 i4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #bead3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiv4 #djhi1 #g1 f ,o/ia4 ,footnote #beae3 ,ibid4 #djij1 ,no4 #ad4 ,footnote #beaf3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #dgh ff43 cf4 #fhc1 & ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdj1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #beag3 ,ibid4 #fgg-hb4 ,footnote #beah3 ,ibid4 #chi4 ,footnote #beai3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #aej4 ,footnote #bebj3 ,e4g4 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla ,inscr4 ,lat4 #bgic;a4 ,footnote #beba3 ,see ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 7#aijb71 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bebb3 ,see ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,rom4 ,danubii et ,rh5i1 i4 p4 #he1 ,no4 #aij1 ii4 p4 #ahg1 ,no4 #abca4 ,footnote #bebc3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abee1 #abeg4 ,footnote #bebd3 ,ibid4 #abdb4 ,footnote #bebe3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #bebf3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ajig-aaja1 & see p4 #bge4 ,footnote #bebg3 ,m>9i1 ,iscriz4 ant4 doli>i1 #adah4 ,footnote #bebh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #aeci4 ,footnote #bebi3 ,ibid4 #aedj1 #aedb4 ,footnote #becj3 ,ibid4 #affh-gj4 ,footnote #beca3 ,/e9]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #beb1 ,no4 #eda 7f ,ma9z72 also ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 ii4 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #becb3 ,/e9]1 i4 p4 #ge1 ,no4 #aga2 ii4 p4 #bdh1 ,no4 #acgc4 ,footnote #becc3 ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 p4 #ifb2 ,wi5] ,sitzungsb]i*te1 xiv4 7#ahee71 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #becd3 ,c4,i4,l4 ibid4 ,footnote #bece3 ,/e9]1 ii4 p4 #bed1 ,no4 #acia4 ,footnote #becf3 ,n[ 9 ,pe/h ,museum 7,c4,i4,l4 ibid474 ,footnote #becg3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abfj4 ,footnote #bech3 ,ibid4 #abei2 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,hants1 i4 p4 #bhb 7q4v4 = o!r examples74 ,footnote #beci3 ,cat4 p4 #gc1 ,no4 #ef2 ,ephem4 ,epigr4 vii4 7#ahib71 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #bedj3 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #difg1 #ca3 cf4 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,hants1 i4 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #beda3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #adi3 see p4 #ced4 ,footnote #bedb3 ,see ,dressel 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bedc3 ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,rom4 ,danub4 et ,rh5i1 ii4 p4 #bec1 ,no4 #achi4 ,footnote #bedd3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #e ff4 ,= epigraphical & grammatical peculi>ities see ibid4 p4 #g4 ,on p4 #bjd is giv5 a li/ ( emp]ors ^: names are f\nd on ! tiles1 f ,trajan to ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,footnote #bede3 ,see = ^! abbreviations & expressions ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #bedf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #aeb4 ,footnote #bedg3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiv4 #djhi1 #a4 ,footnote #bedh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #c1 #d1 xiv4 #djhi1 #d4 ,footnote #bedi3 ,cat4 p4 #gc1 ,nos4 #fj-c4 ,footnote #beej3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abce2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 i4 p4 #adc3 see also ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 xxxix4 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #beea3 ,num]\s examples ( ^! legion>y /amps w be f\nd 9 ,/e9]'s ,codex ,inscr4 ,rom4 ,danubii et ,rh5i 7#ahea72 !y w presumably be republi%$ 9 ! =?com+ "p ( vol4 xiii4 ( ! ,lat9 ,corpus4 ,footnote #beeb3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiv4 #djij1 #b4 ,footnote #beec3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abbe4 ,footnote #beed3 ,see g5]ally ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 ,suppl4 #a1 = ,dacia1 ,pannonia1 & ! ,ea/2 = ,g]many1 ,/e9]1 op4 cit4 passim1 & ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 index to vols4 #a-fj4 ,footnote #beee3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abbh4 ,footnote #beef3 ,ibid4 #abca3 see ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #beeg3 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla1 #bhjd4 ,footnote #beeh3 ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 #cgef4 ,footnote #beei3 ,/e9]1 ii4 p4 #bej1 ,no4 #acgi4 ,footnote #befj3 ,m>9i1 ,iscriz4 ant4 doli>i1 ,no4 #achb2 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla1 #bhje b4 ,footnote #befa3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #abbf2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aab2 ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #befb3 ,vitr4 iv4 #f4 ,footnote #befc3 ,campana1 ,ant4 op]e 9 pla/ica1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #befd3 ,s4v4 ,antefixa or ,impluvium4 ,footnote #befe3 ,ep4 ad ,att4 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #beff3 ,b4,m4 ,d #edc1 #egf1 #eid2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #agc2 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aija1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #befg3 ,cat4 #eja-ffj4 ,x has be5 /at$1 b on :at au?ority is unkn[n1 t !y 7 f\nd 9 a well ne> ! ,porta ,lat9a1 toge!r ) a s]ies ( /atues discuss$ bel[ 7p4 #cgc74 ,footnote #befh3 ,a collective publication ( ^! reliefs is be+ prep>$ by ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute4 ,footnote #befi3 ,see ,helbig's ,fhr]#b1 ii4 pp4 #bgb1 #djh ff4 ,footnote #begj3 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxvi4 #ahi3 ,agrippa 9 !rmis figul9um opus encau/o p9xit3 see also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #bega3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 p4 xvii4 ,footnote #begb3 ,von ,rohd51 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 pl4 #bj3 see also pls4 #ba1 #bc4 ,footnote #begc3 ,d #fbf-bg3 cf4 ,jahre%efte1 #aijc1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #begd3 ,ant4 op]e 9 pla/ica1 pl4 #ad4 ,footnote #bege3 ,haus]1 ,neuattis*e ,reliefs1 pp4 #aaa1 #abh4 ,footnote #begf3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ebj1 #ebg2 ,campana1 pls4 #dg-h4 ,footnote #begg3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ehc-he2 ,campana1 pls4 #fa1 #fb3 cf4 ! ,arret9e krat]1 ,fig4 #bai1 p4 #dhh4 ,footnote #begh3 ,b4,m4 ,d #efa2 ,campana1 pls4 #bg1 #da4 ,footnote #begi3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eja2 ,campana1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #behj3 ,campana1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #beha3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eje2 ,campana1 pl4 #ah4 ,footnote #behb3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ejg2 ,campana1 pl4 #ai4 ,footnote #behc3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ejh-i2 ,campana1 pl4 #aj4 ,footnote #behd3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eaj-bd2 ,campana1 pls4 #i-aj1 #ae1 #ec1 #hh1 #ajb-c4 ,footnote #behe3 ,helbig #adei ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ,atlas1 pl4 #af1 #h4 ,footnote #behf3 ,campana1 pls4 #g-h1 #ac1 #af-g4 ,footnote #behg3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eca3 cf4 ,campana1 pls4 #bi-cj4 ,footnote #behh3 ,b4,m4 ,d #ebe2 ,campana1 pl4 #ej3 see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #behi3 ,see = ^! ,b4,m4 ,d #ebf1 #ecd-eb4 ,footnote #beij3 ,campana1 pls4 #bf1 #ca1 #ce-g1 #dc-f4 ,footnote #beia3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eec-fj4 ,footnote #beib3 ,b4,m4 ,d #efi-gi3 cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #beic3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eff-fh2 ,campana1 pls4 #hf ff4 ,footnote #beid3 ,campana1 pl4 #ee2 ,helbig1 #aagi4 ,footnote #beie3 ,campana1 pls4 #bj-d2 ,helbig1 #aahj4 ,footnote #beif3 ,b4,m4 ,d #eib-fje2 ,campana1 pls4 #ef-eh1 #fc-fe1 #fh2 ,helbig1 #aahh4 ,footnote #beig3 ,o!rwise int]pret$1 ,helbig1 ,fhr]#b1 ii4 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #beih3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fjf-fji2 ,campana1 pls4 #ff-fg1 #ga-gc2 ,helbig1 #aaij1 #adef4 ,footnote #beii3 ,b4,m4 ,d #faa-fag2 ,campana1 pls4 #gd-ha4 ,footnote #bfjj3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fbd-fcb2 ,campana1 pls4 #hi-if2 ,helbig1 #adff2 & see ,jahre%efte1 #aijc1 p4 #af ff4 ,footnote #bfja3 ,b4,m4 ,d #fcc-fch2 ,campana1 pls4 #aad1 #aae4 ,footnote #bfjb3 ,plut>*1 ,vit4 ,num4 viii4 #h4 ,footnote #bfjc3 ,sat4 xi4 #aaf4 ,footnote #bfjd3 iv4 7v471 #a1 #e4 ,footnote #bfje3 ,h4,n4 xxxiv4 #cd2 & see xxxv4 #aeh4 ,footnote #bfjf3 iii4 #b 7#c71 #e4 ,footnote #bfjg3 ,de ,div4 i4 #aj1 #af4 ,footnote #bfjh3 xxvi4 #bc4 ,footnote #bfji3 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 i4 #bjb2 ,s5eca1 ,cons4 ad ,helv4 #aj1 #g3 cf4 ,ep4 #ca 7iv4 #b1 #aa74 ,footnote #bfaj3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aei2 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,num4 #ag4 ,footnote #bfaa3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aed4 ,footnote #bfab3 ,ibid4 #aee4 ,footnote #bfac3 ,ibid4 #aef4 ,footnote #bfad3 ,livy1 xxxi4 #d4 ,footnote #bfae3 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aee4 ,footnote #bfaf3 ,helbig1 ,fhr]1 ii4 p4 #bgb1 ,no4 #aagg4 ,footnote #bfag3 ,cat4 ,d #dci4 ,footnote #bfah3 ,froehn]'s ,cat4 ,no4 #bdi4 ,footnote #bfai3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #dca-dcg1 & see ibid4 p4 xiii2 also ,smi?1 ,nollek5s & 8 ,times1 i4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bfbj3 ,potti]1 ,/atuettes de ,t]re ,cuit1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #bfba3 ,von ,rohd51 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 pl4 #bi1 p4 #ah1 #ba2 ,potti]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bfbb3 ,von ,rohd51 pl4 #cb4 ,footnote #bfbc3 ,ibid4 pls4 #cd-ce4 ,footnote #bfbd3 ,ibid4 pl4 #ai1 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #bfbe3 ,ibid4 pl4 #be3 cf4 pl4 #bf4 ,footnote #bfbf3 ,ibid4 pl4 #bd1 #b4 ,footnote #bfbg3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aec4 ,footnote #bfbh3 ,ibid4 #aef4 ,footnote #bfbi3 ,ibid4 #aee3 see also on ?is subject ,wickh(f1 ,roman ,art1 ,engli% edn41 p4 #db2 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 iii4 p4 #aij2 ,g>dn]1 ,h&book ( ,gk4 ,sculpture1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #bfcj3 ,cf4 ,von ,rohd51 op4 cit4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #bfca3 ,ibid43 cf4 also pls4 #ce-cf1 #da1 #dg4 ,= ! subject ( ! fe$+ ( ! prison] cf4 ,classical ,review1 #aija1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bfcb3 ,ibid4 pl4 #db1 pp4 #be1 #ec4 ,footnote #bfcc3 xiv4 #agh4 ,footnote #bfcd3 ,ibid4 #agf1 #ahb4 ,footnote #bfce3 ,ibid4 #aga4 ,footnote #bfcf3 ii4 #gj3 cf4 ,lactant1 ,div4 ,in/4 ii4 #d4 ,footnote #bfcg3 iii4 #ae4 ,footnote #bfch3 ,lampridius1 ,vit4 #be4 ,footnote #bfci3 i4 #aj1 #bc & #aa1 #df3 cf4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #bfdj3 ,de f]4 rom4 #ca 7,teubn] edn4 p4 #aje72 b see ,m>qu>dt1 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 p4 #efc4 ,footnote #bfda3 ,sat4 i4 #aj1 #bc4 ,footnote #bfdb3 ,cf4 ! c]emony ( ! ,argei on ! ,ides ( ,may 7,prell]-,jordan1 ,rm4 ,my?ol4 ii4 p4 #ace74 ,footnote #bfdc3 ,sat4 i4 #aa1 #df-di3 cf4 ,prell]-,jordan1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bfdd3 ,sat4 i4 #aa1 #a4 ,footnote #bfde3 ,cf4 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ab 7i4 #ab1 #c71 & o!r ref]5ces giv5 by ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #bfdf3 ,sp>tianus1 ,vit4 ,hadriani1 #ag4 ,footnote #bfdg3 ,id4 ,vit4 ,c>ac4 #a4 ,footnote #bfdh3 ,orelli1 ,inscr4 ,lat4 #dbgi1 #daia4 ,footnote #bfdi3 ,suet4 ,claud4 #af1 ,n]o #bh2 ,gellius1 ii4 #c1 #e1 v4 #d1 #a4 ,footnote #bfej3 ,dio ,cass4 lix4 #f2 ,gell4 ii4 #c1 #e4 ,footnote #bfea3 ,t]t4 ,apol4 #ab & ad ,nat4 i4 #ab2 ! ,greek ^w is 3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #bfeb3 iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #bfec3 ,von ,rohd51 pls4 #cf-de4 ,footnote #bfed3 ,ibid4 p4 #ba1 fig4 #ad4 ,footnote #bfee3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bb3 see also ,potti]1 ,/atuettes de ,t]re ,cuite1 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #bfef3 ,f]nique1 ,pra5e/e1 pp4 #aff1 #baa ff4 ,footnote #bfeg3 ,p>is1 late1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #bfeh3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #agf3 cf4 ,ar*aeologia1 #a4 pls4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #bfei3 ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #bffj3 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,norfolk1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #bffa3 ,cat4 p4 #ga1 ,nos4 #ci1 #df2 p4 #gj1 ,no4 #cj4 ,footnote #bffb3 ,h&book ( ,briti% ,pott]y1 #ahic1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #bffc3 ,figur9es en ,argile 7#ahei73 see = ab/racts ,roa*-,smi? 9 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #dh ff41 & ,potti]1 ,/atuettes de ,t]re ,cuite1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #bffd3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xi4 7#ahhh71 p4 #ade ff4 ,footnote #bffe3 ,mmoires de la ,soc4 ,nat4 des ,antiquaires de ,france1 li4 7#ahia71 p4 #fe ff41 ) a supplem5t 9 vol4 lx4 7#aija71 p4 #ahi ff4 ,footnote #bfff3 ,op4 cit4 lx4 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #bffg3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #dh-di3 cf4 ,tudot1 pl4 #i1 & ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bffh3 ,see ! li/s giv5 by ,tudot 7p4 #fd7 & ,blan*et 7p4 #hc74 ,footnote #bffi3 ,pl4 #c3 o!r examples 9 pls4 #d-ad4 ,footnote #bfgj3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 & ,potti]1 ,/atuettes de ,t]re ,cuite1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #bfga3 ,see ! tables giv5 by ,blan*et1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #bfgb3 ,blan*et1 p4 #hi4 ,= ,,avot see also p4 #chd4 ,footnote #bfgc3 ,= a complete li/ ( ,gauli% sites on :i* /atuettes 7 made1 see ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 7#aijb71 p4 #ij ff4 ,footnote #bfgd3 ,op4 cit4 lx4 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bfge3 ,op4 cit4 lx4 pp4 #bjf1 #bcd4 ,footnote #bfgf3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xv4 7#ahij71 p4 #dbc 7f ,dijon72 = a li/1 see ,blan*et1 op4 cit4 li4 p4 #if4 ,footnote #bfgg3 ,orelli1 ,inscr4 ,lat4 #bggf4 ,footnote #bfgh3 ,blan*et1 op4 cit4 plate1 fig4 #a2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xi4 7#ahhh71 p4 #aee1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #bfgi3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #bbh ff41 pls4 #df-dg4 ,footnote #bfhj3 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ga1 ,no4 #cb4 ,see also = ,brita9 g5]ally1 ,cumbd4 & ,we/md4 ,ant4 ,soc4 ,trans4 xv4 p4 #eje4 ,footnote #bfha3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vii4 p4 #fc2 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p #aji4 ,footnote #bfhb3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ajf ff4 ,footnote #bfhc3 ,see ,blan*et1 p4 #abj ff4 ,footnote #bfhd3 ,bell4 ,gall4 vi4 #ag4 ,footnote #bfhe3 ,cf4 ,heuzey1 ,figur9es ant4 du ,l\vre1 pls4 #b-d4 ,footnote #bfhf3 ,= a good example at ,r\5 see ,blan*et1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #bfhg3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #bbi ff4 ,footnote #bfhh3 ,see ,ros*]1 s4v4 ,fecunditas4 ,footnote #bfhi3 ,op4 cit4 lx4 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #bfij3 ,see p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #bfia3 ,cf4 ,lafaye1 ,culte des div9its d',alex&rie1 p4 #afb ff4 ,footnote #bfib3 ,see ,blan*et1 op4 cit4 p4 #adc ff4 ,footnote #bfic3 ,see ,von ,rohd51 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 pl4 #bg1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #bfid3 ,ibid4 pl4 #bf4 ,footnote #bfie3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,luc]na1 fig4 #dfjg3 see bel[1 p4 #cif4 ,footnote #bfif3 ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #ae4 ,footnote #bfig3 ix4 #f4 ,footnote #bfih3 ,antr4 ,nymph4 #c1 #ad ff4 7,teubn]74 ,footnote #bfii3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #abc-abd4 ,footnote #bgjj3 ,see ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 xxxii4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #bgja3 ,see also ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,=ma1 fig4 #cahf4 ,footnote #bgjb3 ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 p4 #afa ff43 see also ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,loculus4 ,footnote #bgjc3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #afg4 ,cf4 also = ! =m ! at ,olympia4 ,footnote #bgjd3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #aff2 ,tudot1 ,figur9es1 pl4 #dh2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,loculus1 fig4 #deab4 ,footnote #bgje3 ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #bgjf3 ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #bgjg3 ,cf4 also ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #f1 #aj4 ,footnote #bgjh3 ,jahrbu*1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bgji3 ,miscellanies1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #bgaj3 ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 p4 #agh ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fjfh4 ,footnote #bgaa3 ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 p4 #agi2 fig4 #bjj4 ,footnote #bgab3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dbh1 & ,c4,i4,l41 xv4 #fejb1 #ffjh2 also ,b4,m4 ,nos4 #cbi1 #eed4 ,footnote #bgac3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ahc ff4 ,footnote #bgad3 ,b4,m4 #dhh1 #dij2 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ffaj4 ,footnote #bgae3 ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 p4 #ahe2 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fjgc3 cf4 = ! signature on lamps1 ibid4 #fbgd1 & ,b4,m4 #dgg4 ,footnote #bgaf3 ,see on ?is subject ?r\gh\t ,babelon1 ,trait des monnaies grecques et roma9es1 i4 p4 #iee 7) full bibliography74 ,footnote #bgag3 ,numism4 ,j\rnal1 ii4 pp4 #eh1 #aie4 ,footnote #bgah3 ,hill1 ,greek & ,roman ,co9s1 p4 #aeg2 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 ,nor?ants1 i4 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #bgai3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ii4 s4v4 ,=ma1 = an acc\nt ( ! process4 ,footnote #bgbj3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 loc4 cit41 fig4 #cahg4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,roman ,,lamps ,introduction ( lamps at ,rome--,sites :]e f\nd--,pr9cipal p>ts ( lamps--,purposes = :i* us$--,sup]/iti\s & o!r uses--,*ronological acc\nt ( =ms--,te*nical processes--,subjects--,deities--,my?olog ical & lit]>y subjects--,g5re subjects & animals--,inscriptions on lamps--,names ( pott]s & _! di/ribution--,c5tres ( manufacture4 ,,bibliography ,b>toli1 ,le anti*i luc]ne sepolcrali2 ,anti*it di ,ercolano1 vol4 viii42 ,k5n]1 ,die antik5 ,?onlamp5 des k4-k4 ,mnz- und ,antik5-,cab9etes zu ,wi51 #aheh2 ,wiesel] 9 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 #ahgj 7,ke/n]s*e ,sammlung72 ,la ,blan*re & ,gauckl]1 ,cat4 du ,muse ,ala\i1 #ahig2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict4 des ,antiqs1 iii4 art4 ,,luc]na 7an admirable rsum by ,t\ta972 ,f9k 9 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,mn*5] ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 #aijj1 p4 #fhe ff42 ,c4,i4,l41 passim1 s4v4 ,in/rum5tum ,dome/icum1 b above all vol4 xv4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ghb ff4 7,dressel74 ,lamps 7luc]nae7 7 (t5 made ( t]racotta1 & ^! are 9 _m ways ( special int]e/4 ,orig9ally !y appe> to h be5 call$ ly*nus1 f ! ,greek 1 & ?is ^w is us$ by ,ennius1 ,lucilius1 ,lucretius1 & ,virgil4#bgba ,v>ro#bgbb says t ! ^w luc]na1 f lux1 0 inv5t$ :5 ! want ( a ,lat9 ^w 0 felt1 & t previ\sly c&elae or tor*es _h be5 alone 9 use1 !re be+ no oil kn[n 9 ,italy suitable = ?is purpose4 ,ev5 9 ,greece lamps 7 comp>atively r>e all ?r\gh ! be/ p]iod 7cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajf74 ,! olde/ lamps f\nd 9 ,rome date f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & are ?\ght to be ( ,campanian fabric2 !y 7 f\nd on ! ,esquil9e1 & are ( q diff]5t "* f ! ord9>y ,roman types4#bgbc ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t orig9ally ! ,romans borr[$ lamps f ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,empire _! use _h become g5]al1 & !y are f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,! increase 9 _! manufacture 0 ma9ly due to gr[+ ta/e 9 h\se decoration1 & also to use 9 fun]al c]emonies & = public purposes1 su* z illum9ation4 ,( ! latt] use 9 imp]ial times !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce 7see bel[1 p4 #cif74 ,! sites on :i* ,roman lamps h be5 f\nd are f> too num]\s to discuss 9 detail1 z !y embrace e "p ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ,rome & ! neighb\rhood !y are especially pl5tiful1 z is impli$ by ! fact t a l>ge portion ( ! fifte5? volume ( ! ,lat9 ,corpus ,inscriptionum is devot$ to ^? ) pott]s' /amps alone4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,italy1 9 ,gaul1 ,g]many1 ,brita91 ,spa91 ,nor? ,africa1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 ,egypt1 ,cyprus1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! "q ( c5tres ( manufacture is discuss$ else:]e 7p4 #dbg7 9 connection ) ! pott]s' /amps2 b x may be not$ t ^? f\nd on ,greek soil are (t5 ( a di/9ct "* f ^? ( ,we/]n ,europe1 & ! /amps on !m =m a di/9ct gr\p1 be+ usually 9 ,greek lett]s 7cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajh74 ,( prov9cial sites1 ,knidos1 ,ephesos1 ,c>?age1 & "s ( ! ,g]man t[ns h prov$ p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ?is respect4 ,l>ge numb]s h be5 f\nd 9 ,london1 mo/ly ( ! lat] types1 "s p]haps ( local fabric1 & ^? 9 ! ,romano-,briti% collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum are ne>ly all f t city or f ,col*e/]4 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable fact ( _! wide di/ribution is ! occurr5ce 9 ! mo/ widely sep>at$ regions ( ! same pott]'s /amps & ! same subjects1 imply+ 9 ! =m] case ext5sive export f "o c5tre1 9 ! latt] sy/ematic comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ! pott]s ( diff]5t di/ricts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a ,roman lamp#bgbd are3 7#a7 ! res]voir or body1 :i* conta9$ ! oil 7infundibulum72 7#b7 ! flat circul> top1 kn[n z ! discus1 sometimes ) an ornam5t$ rim 7m>go72 7#c7 ! nozzle1 ) a hole = ! ins]tion ( ! wick 7ro/rum1#bgbe nasus1 myxus#bgbf2 ! wick 0 call$ elly*nium72 7#d7 ! h&le 7ansa1 manubrium71 :i* 0 n indisp5sable4 ,9 ! discus 0 a fill+-hole = p\r+ 9 ! oil1 sometimes protect$ by a cov] or /opp]1 & sometimes a second small] hole1 ! purpose ( :i* has be5 disput$ 7see p4 #djf74 ,! numb] ( nozzles 0 n limit$1 ?\gh !re is usually only "o2 a lamp ) two is kn[n z bily*nis#bgbg2 "o ) sev]al1 z polymyxus4 ,m>tial 9 "o ( 8 epigrams says3 8,?\gh ,i illum9ate :ole banquets ) my flame1 & h s _m nozzles 7myxos71 ,i am kn[n z a s+le lamp40#bgbh ,! wicks 7 made ( a plant kn[n z v]bascum or ?ryallis1#bgbi b t[1 papyrus1 & sulphur 7 also employ$#bgcj2 ! oil 0 a vegetable oil ( "s k9d4 ,sometimes ! lamps 7 provid$ ) a sort ( snuff]s or tweez]s = extract+ & trimm+ ! wick1#bgca z describ$ 9 a passage 9 ! ,moretum 7#aj ff471 :i* speaks ( draw+ out ! wick ( a dy+ lamp ) a ne$le3 ,admovet 8 pronam submissa fronte luc]nam1 ,et producit acu /uppas humore c>5tes ,excitat et crebris langu5tem flatibus ignem4 ,! purposes = :i* lamps 7 us$ by ! ,romans 7 v>i\s1 b fall "u ?ree ma9 heads3 7#a7 = purposes ( illum9ation 9 private h\ses1 9 public build+s1 or on occasions ( rejoic+2 7#b7 z (f]+s 9 temples2 7#c7 z fun]>y furniture4 ,9 small h\ses !y 7 plac$ ei!r 9 ni*es 9 ! walls or on brackets1 or 7 susp5d$ by *a9s1 or ev5 9 "s cases hung by ! h&le f a nail4 ,an ,etruscan t]racotta lamp be>s evid5ce ( hav+ be5 susp5d$ 9 ! la/-nam$ mann]1#bgcb b !re is no d\bt t ?is 0 m usual ) lamps ( bronze1 !re be+ few 9 t]racotta :i* w\ld h admitt$ ( su* a use4 ,sometimes ! lamps 7 made re/+ on a k9d ( support1 z is ! case ) two 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & o!rs f\nd 9 ,africa4#bgcc ,on ! support a figure ( a deity 0 usually modell$ 9 relief4#bgcd ,comb9ations ( a lamp & alt> are n uncommon1 especially at ,rome & ,naples4#bgce ,!re are num]\s examples f ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum illu/rat+ _! use 9 private life1 al?\gh lamps ( clay are conf9$ to ! poor] h\ses or to dome/ic s]vice4 ,= _! use 9 ! b$*amb] at night evid5ce is af=d$ by ,m>tial & o!r writ]s4#bgcf ,a r\gh classification ( ! exi/+ t]racotta lamps might be made by divid+ !m into--7#a7 ^? ) knobs = hang+1 7#b7 ^? ) h&les = c>ry+1 7#c7 ^? )\t h&les = plac+ on tables or brackets4 ,_m passages 9 ,lat9 writ]s af=d evid5ce = ! use ( lamps 9 processions or = illum9ations at times ( public rejoic+s1 su* z triumphs4 ,!y 7 ?us us$ by ,cleopatra1 at ! triumph ( ,julius ,caes>1 at ! return ( ,n]o1 & s on4#bgcg ,caligula _h !atrical repres5tations p]=m$ by lamp-light at night1 & ,domitian arrang$ hunts & gladiatoral combats ad ly*nu*os4#bgch ,sev]us ,alex&] light$ up ! ba?s ) oil-lamps1#bgci & ,t]tullian speaks ( assi/+ 9 political triumphs by defraud+ ! day ) ! light ( lamps4#bgdj ,juv5al also speaks ( _! use 9 illum9ations4#bgda ,_m lamps1 especially ^? ) subjects relat+ to ! circus or games1 are inscrib$ ) ! ^w ,,saecvl7ares71 & x is possible t !y 7 us$ 9 connection ) ! ,ludi ,saecul>es1 at :i* illum9ations took place4 ,b lamps ) ?is inscription are n exclusively ornam5t$ ) su* subjects4#bgdb ,lamps 7 us$ = burn+ 9 temples1 & 7 also ! subject ( votive (f]+s to ! gods1 9 ,greece z well z 9 ,italy4 ,"o f\nd at ,o5o&a 9 ,lycia 0 (f]$ 8to ! mo/ high ,god0#bgdc2 & ^? :i* ,sir ,*>les ,newton f\nd 9 su* l>ge numb]s at ,knidos 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajh7 7 also votive (f]+s 9 ! tem5os ( ,demet]4 ,votive lamps are record$ f ,sel9us1#bgdd & at ,c>?age numb]s 7 f\nd r\nd ! alt> ( ,saturnus ,balc>an5sis4#bgde ,to _! use 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 z ref]r$ to by ,apuleius1 we allude bel[4 ,ne>ly all lamps h be5 f\nd 9 tombs1 ! cu/om ( plac+ !m !re be+ "o ( ,asiatic1 n ( ,greek1 orig92 x became q g5]al "u ! ,roman dom9ion4 ,*ri/ian lamps are f\nd 9 ! catacombs1 b n 9 cemet]ies1 %[+ t ! practice came to be reg>d$ z pagan4 ,at ,avis=d 9 ,sussex !y 7 f\nd plac$ 9 op5 b[ls ) h&les1 on brackets along ! side ( a tomb4#bgdf ,! ,roman lamps f\nd 9 tombs 7 plac$ !re1 l ! ,greek vases & ! lat] glass1 = ! use ( ! dead1 sometimes1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 ) ! idea ( _! burn+ p]petually4#bgdg ,an inscription on a sepul*ral cippus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#bgdh directs ! heirs ( ! deceas$ to place a light$ lamp 9 8 tomb on ! ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 & ,ides ( ea* mon?1 & simil>ly ,l4 ,granius ,pud5s ( ! sev5? cohort reque/s t 8 family %\ld place oil 9 a lamp on 8 bir?day4#bgdi ,ano!r inscription 9 an elegiac c\plet says3 8,:osoev] places a light$ lamp 9 ?is tomb1 may gold5 e>? cov] 8 a%es40#bgej ,a f\r? inscription directs ! daily (f]+ ( a lamp at ! public exp5se to ! manes ( a deceas$ p]son4#bgea ,9 ! /ory ( ! matron ( ,ephesus1 told by ,petronius1 a s]vant-maid is describ$ z repl5i%+ ! lamp 9 a tomb z (t5 z 0 requir$4#bgeb ,two lamps 9 ! ,a!ns ,museum h ! subject ( a be>1 & ov] x ! inscription ,c1 8,fe>02 be+ f\nd 9 tombs1 !y mu/ h be5 plac$ !re ) "s significance1 & z1 on ! evid5ce ( a ,cilician inscription1 ,phobos 0 reg>d$ z a gu>dian ( tombs :o fright5$ (f robb]s & o!r evilly-dispos$ p]sons1 x may be t ! t]rible be> 0 plac$ on ! lamp z a symbol ( ?is protector ( ! dead4#bgec ,o!r sup]/iti\s uses ( lamps1 n connect$ ) ! tomb1 7 n uncommon4 ,om5s 7 drawn f ! way 9 :i* ! flame burn$1#bged & ,*ryso/om describes a me?od ( nam+ *ildr5 by giv+ names to lamps1 :i* 7 !n light$1 & ! "n ( ! *ild 0 tak5 f t la/ ext+ui%$4#bgee ,!re are also a few o!r exceptional uses ( lamps1 z = in/ance :5 !y 7 giv5 z /r5ae1 or ,new ,ye>'s pres5ts4 ,su* lamps usually h a figure ( ,victory hold+ a %ield1 on :i* are ! words ,,annvm ,,novvm ,,fav/vm ,,felicem1 8,a happy & prosp]\s ,new ,ye>60#bgef ,9 ! field are heads ( ,janus1 or cakes1 wrea?s1 & o!r objects also probably int5d$ = pres5ts4 ,^! all appe> to date f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4#bgeg ,a lamp ( ! same class 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum has on ! %ield ,,fiilictii1 ,felic7i7t7z74#bgeh ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,new ,ye> lamps are f\nd 9 tombs#bgei2 !y may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 pres]v$ & buri$ z mem5toes2 b at ! same "t1 x is n ess5tial t ! subject on a lamp %\ld h any relation to its purpose1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( ^? inscrib$ ,saecul>es4#bgfj ,! ,helios]apis lamp 7see p4 #djc7 & ^? ) ,phobos z a be> may1 inde$1 be in/ances to ! contr>y1 b on ! :ole x w\ld seem t ! same rule w\ld apply z 9 ! case ( ! t]racottas 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,,lamp ,,f ,,! ,,esquil9e4 ,! e>lie/ ,roman lamps are ( rude %ape1 undecorat$1 ) a long project+ nozzle & circul> res]voir2 !y are n always provid$ ) h&les1 b are (t5 cov]$ ) black glaze1 l ! ,greek examples4 ,lamps ( ?is type are f\nd on ! ,esquil9e1 9 ,nor? ,africa1 z at ,c>?age1 & 9 ,sicily4#bgfa ,"o ( ! ,esquil9e examples1 dat+ f ! second c5tury1 has ! engrav$ inscription ,,vevcadia 7,fig4 #bjb74bgfb ,l ! ,greek lamps1 ^! are made on ! :eel 771 n1 z lat] ones1 9 a m\ld4 ,names 9 graffito seem to imply a ref]5ce to ! p]son 9 ^: tomb ! lamp 0 f\nd1 & su* =mulae z ,,ave1 ,,noli ,,me ,,tang]e1 ,,nii ,,attigas ,,non ,,svm ,,tva ,m ,,svm1 ,,pone ,,fvr 78,drop x1 ?ief6071 :i* occur on ! ,esquil9e lamps1 also cle>ly ref] to fun]al usage4#bgfc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 8,,delph9i- ,,=m0 ,,lamp4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ! lamps1 /ill mo/ly ( black w>e1 & devoid ( subjects1 are di/+ui%$ by ! /raight-end$1 concave-sid$ nozzle #bjbfnozzle ) a %all[ groove lead+ to ! c5tre1 small groov$ r+-h&le1 & sometimes a lat]al projection l a f91 f :i* "s v>ieties are kn[n z 8delph9i=m0 7,fig4 #bjc74bgfd ,^! are (t5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,africa1 b are also import$ into ,italy1 & "s h ,greek /amps4 ,! top is sometimes cov]$ ) globules1 or ) patt]ns ( v9e & ivy1 & 9 ! lat] examples figure-subjects are introduc$4#bgfe ,! e>li] ones h l>ge s+le lett]s or monograms und]nea? = pott]s' m>ks2 ! lat]1 ! "n ( ! pott] or sup]9t5d5t ( ! pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,,lamp ,,) ,,volute-,,nozzle2 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we n[ come to ! ,roman lamps ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod1 ( :i* su* l>ge numb]s exi/ 9 museums all ov] ,europe & ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y h n z yet be5 v sy/ematically /udi$ & classifi$2 b s f> z ! subject has be5 treat$ at all1 ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! developm5t ( ! =ms are fairly unanim\s 9 _! g5]al conclusions4#bgff ,! la/ writ] on ! subject1 ,h]r ,f9k1 ( ,muni*1 has advanc$ a /ep fur!r1 & by comp>ison ( =ms ) pott]s' signatures has arriv$ at "s int]e/+ results1 :i* we ne$ n hesitate to accept 9 ! ma94#bgfg ,he adopt$ z ! basis ( 8 classification ! =m ( ! nozzle 9 ea* case1 = ! obvi\s reason t x is m ess5tial to ! "* ( a lamp ?an ! h&le2 if ! latt] is remov$1 ! =m is 9 no way affect$1 z x w\ld be by ! abs5ce ( ! nozzle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,,lamp ,,) ,,po9t$ ,,volute-,,nozzle2 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,foll[+1 !n1 on ! l9es ( ,f9k & ! o!r writ]s1 we may e/abli%--ap>t f abnormal =ms & lamps modell$ 9 ! %ape ( figures--f\r ma9 classes1 :i* are suffici5t to include practically all ! lamps ) :i* we h to deal4 ,!y may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,lamps ) r\nd$ nozzle or nozzles1 flank$ on ea* side by a k9d ( d\ble volute1 z 9 ,fig4 #bjd & ,b4,m4 #afg-ceb4 ,! usual numb] ( nozzles is "o1 b two are n infrequ5tly f\nd4 ,^! belong to ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 &1 be+ conv5i5t =ms = a decorat$ top1 are ornam5t$ ) all k9ds ( subjects#bgfh2 ! h&le :5 pres5t is (t5 ornam5t$ z 9 ! cut4 7#b7 ,lamps ( ! same type z ! la/1 except t ! nozzle ends 9 an obtuse-angl$ t]m9ation1 z ,fig4 #bje & ,b4,m4 #id-aff4 ,x is a =m n adapt$ = m ?an "o nozzle1 & usually has no h&le4#bgfi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,,lamp ,,) ,,groov$ ,,nozzle 7,,nor? ,,italy ,,type72 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,,aft] ,,*ri/4 7#c7 ,a small b di/9ct class1 almo/ devoid ( figur$ decoration 7,fig4 #bjf & ,b4,m4 #cgi-cib71 b usually ) a pott]'s "n und]nea?2 ! =m is elegant1 & probably copi$ f bronze4#bggj ,! *ief feature is ! sunk c5tre1 9 :i* is usually plac$ a ,bac*ic or comic mask2 r\nd x runs a rais$ rim1 ?r\gh :i* a %all[ groove passes to ! some:at elongat$ nozzle4 ,?is dates f ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire or e>li]1 "s be+ f\nd ) co9s ( ,augu/us1 o!rs at ,pompeii2 ^! lamps are ( r$ clay1 unglaz$1 & h no h&le4 ,on ! sides are project+ knobs1 ei!r conceal+ ! jo9s ( ! m\lds 7see p4 #dje71 or = ! atta*m5t ( *a9s4 ,! names ( ! mak]s1 ,/robilus1 ,communis1 ,=tis1 etc41 are 9 good rais$ lett]s1 impress$ 9 ! m\ld 7see ,fig4 #baj74 ,!y are f\nd 9 all p>ts1 b r>ely s\? ( ,rome2 mo/ ( !m are f ,gallia ,cispadana1#bgga & !y may h be5 made at ,mut9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,,lamp ,,) ,,small ,,pla9 ,,nozzle2 ,,second ,,c5tury ,,aft] ,,*ri/4 7#d7 ,9 ?is class 7,fig4 #bjg & ,b4,m4 #cic-efg7 ! nozzle is small1 & h>dly projects beyond ! rim ( ! lamp2 x is semicircul> or he>t-%ap$ 9 =m1 & sometimes has an incis$ l9e or circles at ! base4 ,fig4 #bjh repres5ts a late developm5t ) ! he>t-%ap$ nozzle1 9 :i* ! design is always surr\nd$ by a wrea? or ornam5tal patt]n4 ,_m ( ^! lamps1 especially ^? f\nd 9 ,greece 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajh71 h no h&le2 !re is also a some:at late v>iety1 describ$ on ! same page1 :i* is conf9$ to ,greece & m>k$ by pott]s' signatures 9 ,greek lett]s 7,b4,m4 #fjd-fbi74 ,^! lamps date f ! "t ( ,trajan onw>ds2 ! signatures are usually abbreviat$1 & are /amp$ holl[1 or sometimes scrat*$ 9 ! wet clay2 rais$ lett]s are r>e4 ,! subjects are v v>i$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,,?ird-,,c5tury ,,type ,,( ,,lamp4 ,"s ( ! l>g] lamps 9 ! fir/ class1 especially ^? ) m ?an "o nozzle1 h a flat v]tical projection atta*$ to ! top ( ! h&le1 triangul> 9 =m or cresc5t-%ap$ 7z 9 ,fig4 #bjd71 & ?is is (t5 ornam5t$ ) figures 9 relief1 ei!r :ole subjects or bu/s ( deities1 or su* simple motives z a pair ( dolph9s1 a leaf1 or a palmette4 ,! figure-subjects are (t5 quasi-,egyptian1 su* z ,h>pocrates & ,safekh on a ,briti% ,museum example 7,no4 #ccg ,plate ,,lxiii4 fig4 #c71 or a lecti/]nium ( ,s>apis1 ,isis1 ,helios1 & ,sel5e4#bggb ,9 a few cases ?is projection is replac$ by a bu/ or ev5 a seat$ figure ( ,s>apis en?ron$ 9 a ni*e4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! h&le1 :5 pres5t1 is ( a simple =m1 ei!r a r+ ) %all[ p>allel grooves or a solid project+ piece ?r\gh :i* a hole is pi]c$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxiii ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,lamps ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,=ms 7,,fir/ ,,c5t4 ,b4,c47 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,lamps ( t]racotta (t5 assume1 l ^? 9 bronze1#bggc a m ornam5tal =m1 be+ modell$ p>tly or :olly 9 ! =m ( figures1 heads1 animals1 & s on4 ,9 "s cases ! upp] "p or discus only is modell$1 assum+ ! =m ( a mask--,satyric1 !atrical1 or grotesque4#bggd ,among ! entire-figures :i* =m lamps occur ,artemis1#bgge ,eros1#bggf ,victory slay+ a bull1#bggg & v>i\s animals2 m common are heads ( ,zeus ,ammon1#bggh ,pan1 ,seil5os1#bggi negroes1#bghj & animals su* z ox51 birds1 snails1 frogs1 or tortoises4#bgha ,a fav\rite %ape is a lamp 9 ! =m ( a foot or a pair ( feet1 %od 9 s&als or boots1#bghb & !re are two lamps 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o ( enamell$ w>e1 9 ! =m ( a gladiator's helmet#bghc2 o!rs =m fruit1 p9e-cones or cresc5ts4#bghd ,9 ! lamps :i* are modell$ 9 ! =m ( a head1 ! *9 usually =ms ! nozzle1 & ! orifice = fill+ is on ! =ehead2 9 ^? 9 ! %ape ( a foot ! nozzle is =m$ by ! great toe4 ,occasionally lamps are f\nd 9 ! =m ( a %ip1 recall+ t :i*1 accord+ to ,apuleius1 0 us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis3 a gold5 boat or cup 7cymbium1 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahf71 :i* %one ) a cle> light & s5t =? a long flame4#bghe ,an int]e/+ comm5t>y on ?is use ( lamps is =m$ by a rem>kable example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lxiii4 fig4 #a71bghf :i* is n only 9 ! %ape ( a boat1 b is decorat$ ) subjects ref]r+ to ! pseudo-,egyptian cults *>act]i/ic ( ,rome 9 ! late republican & e>ly imp]ial p]iod4 ,?is lamp1 :i* is no less ?an tw5ty in*es long & has num]\s holes = wicks along ! sides1 0 dr$g$ up f ! sea at ,pozzuoli1 :]e x may orig9ally h be5 9 ! temple ( ,isis & ,s>apis4 ,on x is ! inscription 1 signify+ 8a prosp]\s voyage10 p]haps z a pray] on behalf ( ! donor1 & und]nea? are ! words 1 8,receive me1 ,helios]apis10 by :i* ! "n ( ! vessel may be int5d$4 ,mo/ lamps _h only "o wick1 b ! light :i* !y af=d$ mu/ h be5 feeble1 & consequ5tly ! numb] 0 (t5 increas$4 ,:5 ! numb] is n l>ge1 or :5 ! body is circul> 7z 9 ,plate ,,lxiii4 fig4 #d71 !y project beyond ! rim ( ! lamp1 z 9 ,class ,i4 already describ$1 b ! lamps :i* h a l>ge numb] are usually boat-%ap$ or rectangul> 9 =m 7see ,plate ,,lxiii471 & ! nozzles d n !n project1 b are rang$ along ! sides1 m]ely indicat$ by sep>ate m\ld+ und]nea?4#bghg ,occasionally a conglom]ation ( small lamps 0 made 9 a r[ or gr\p1 b ev5 9 ^! cases ! illum9ation giv5 mu/ /ill h be5 feeble4 ,! av]age size ( a lamp is f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet] across ! body1 ! l5g? dep5d+ on ! =m ( ! h&le & nozzle1 b av]ag+ ab\t an in* ov] ! diamet]1 & !y are mo/ly ab\t an in* 9 height4 ,! top ( ! lamp is almo/ always circul> 9 =m1 occasionally oval1 & r>ely rectangul>1#bghh & is usually slightly depress$1 be+ ?us %ap$ to enable any ov]fl[ ( oil to run d[n ?r\gh ! fill+-hole4 ,_m ,greek lamps1 & ,roman lamps f ,greek sites1 su* z ,cyprus1 are convex above1 ) a small m\ld$ disc on ! rais$ c5tre1 9 :i* is ! hole4 ,^! are ei!r devoid ( decoration1 or only h an ornam5tal patt]n or a frieze ( figures on a small scale4 ,usually ! subject is enclos$ )9 a pla9 m\ld$ rim1 b 9 ! lat] examples 7,class ,,iv47 especially x is m contract$ 9 ext5t1 & surr\nd$ ) a bord] ( ornam5t1 su* z ! egg-patt]n or a wrea? ( "s k9d 7see ,fig4 #bjh74 ,*ri/ian lamps1 :i* h>dly come )9 ! scope ( ?is "w1 v>y v little 9 =m2 !y h ovoid in/ead ( circul> bodies1 a pla9 r\nd$ nozzle1 & a small solid h&le1 & ! design is always encircl$ by a b& ( ornam5tal patt]n or symbolical devices4#bghi 99 99 99 99 99 ,! clay ( :i* ! lamps are made is usually ( a r$ col\r1 due to ! pres5ce ( r$ o*re 7rubrica71 b x v>ies bo? 9 quality & tone accord+ to localities2 ^? f ,greek sites1 su* z ,a!ns & ,corfu1 are (t5 ( a pale buff col\r1 ^? f ,cyprus a light r$di% br[n1 & s on4 ,m>tial ref]s to ! r$ clay ( ,cumae1#bgij a place :]e lamps are sometimes f\nd1 & ^? f ,naples are usually ( a dull br[n or yell[ col\r4 ,lamps f\nd 9 ,france & ,engl& are (t5 import$ f ,italy1 & !re=e ( ! ord9>y r$ clay1 b ^? ( local manufacture are ( a :ite or yell[i% tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,,m\ld ,,= ,,lamp ,,f ,,catania 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! e>lie/ undecorat$ examples are made on ! :eel1 z are ^? f ! ,esquil9e & f ,c>?age1 9 :i* ! decoration is only incis$2 b subjects 9 relief requir$ a diff]5t te*nique4 ,occasionally !y are modell$ by h&1 b we f9d t f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds !y are almo/ inv>iably made 9 m\lds1 modell$ f a patt]n lamp1 9 a h>d] & f9] clay ?an ! patt]n4#bgia ,! m\ld 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 adju/$ by mortices & t5ons1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( "s writ]s1 expla9s ! lat]al projections visible on c]ta9 v>ieties2 ! l[] "p =m$ ! body ( ! lamp1 ! upp] ! decorat$ discus4 ,! two p>ts seem to h be5 m>k$ by correspond+ lett]s to avoid errors1 & !re are two or ?ree l[] lamp-m\lds 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,ephesos & else:]e1 m>k$ ) an ,a on ! "u side = ?is purpose4#bgib ,o!r examples ( m\lds h be5 f\nd 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,africa1#bgic & !re are also specim5s bo? = ! upp] & l[] half 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum4#bgid ,!y 7 ei!r ( t]racotta or pla/]4 ,! clay 0 impress$ into ! m\ld ) ! f+]s1 ! figur$ decoration be+ appli$ by means ( models or /amps1 z ) ! ,arret9e w>e 7see bel[1 p4 #dci71 & ! ornam5tal patt]ns probably produc$ ) a k9d ( :eel or runn+ in/rum5t1 z 9 ,roman pott]y 7p4 #dda74 ,signatures 9 relief 7 tak5 f ! m\ld1 ^? 9 holl[ lett]s 7 impress$ 9 ! lamp itself f a /amp be=e bak+4 ,important pott]ies mu/ h possess$ a l>ge numb] ( m\lds2 = in/ance1 at ,rome alone n9ety-"o diff]5t subjects are f\nd on ! lamps ( "o pott] 7,l4 ,caecilius ,saevus71 eighty-f\r on ^? ( ,c4 ,oppius ,re/itutus1 fifty-"o on ^? ( ,flor5tius1 & !re mu/ ( c\rse h be5 _m m n[ lo/4 ,x is cle> t ! same types 7 us$ by diff]5t pott]s2 ! models mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 h&$ ab\t f "o to ano!r1 ea* pott] m]ely add+ 8 own "n4 ,! two portions ( ! m\ld 7 jo9$ :ile ! clay 0 moi/1 & p>$ ) a tool1 & ! orifice = fill+ 0 !n pi]c$4 ,glaze1 :5 us$1 0 appli$ be=e ! bak+1 = :i* only a mod]ate temp]ature seems to h be5 requir$2 ?is process foll[$ z soon z ! clay 0 dry4 ,9 "s lamps a small hole or slit may be obs]v$1 :i* "s h ?\ght to be = ! p9 ) :i* ! wick 0 extract$1#bgie b x is m probable t x 0 = a piece ( wood :i* held ! top & bottom ( ! m\ld toge!r until ! clay 0 unit$2 x 0 usually cov]$ ov] be=e ! bak+1 & may h tak5 ! place ( ! knobs already spok5 ( :i* occur 9 o!r =ms4 ,! lamps 7 bak$ 9 bat*es1 plac$ closely toge!r or sup]impos$1#bgif & x sometimes happ5s t a numb] are f\nd unit$ toge!r :i* _h coalesc$ firmly 9 ! furnace1 z 9 ,sir ,*>les ,newton's excavations at ,knidos4 ,subjects are fir/ f\nd on lamps 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ?\gh ^! are q ( a simple "*4 ,lamps ( ?is date f ,nor? ,africa#bgig h su* designs z an alt> & fruit1 a vase1 or a caduceus1 a head ( an ibis1 or a nude incis$ figure ( ,tanit2 o!rs h m]ely a wrea? r\nd ! c5tre1 & ^! app>5tly belong to ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4#bgih ,! numb] ( figures is g5]ally small1 x be+ contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( anci5t art to cr[d a "w ) m9ute figures & details4 ,! majority ( lamps h only "o figure1 & few beyond ^? ( exceptional size h m ?an ?ree4 ,z a rule ! treatm5t is c>eless & ! figures v indi/9ct1 b ! lamps ) ,greek signatures 7see ,vol4 #a4 p4 #ajh7 =m a notable exception4 ,x may be imag9$ t ! lamp-mak] s\ght to gratify ! ta/e ( 8 cu/om]s by ornam5t+ 8 w>e ) famili> subjects4 ,pur*as]s ( t]racotta lamps 71 z has be5 not$1 g5]ally p]sons ( inf]ior condition1 & ! subjects on ! lamps are 9 _m cases a popul>is+ ( well-kn[n my?s or ev5 ( works ( art1 su* z ! ,v5us types 7p4 #daj7 or ! ,ma5ads ( ! 8new-,attic0 reliefs 7p4 #daa74 ,! types ( ,victory & ,=tune are reflections ( /atues ( ! p]iod1 & are repeat$ 9 _m bronze /atuettes4 ,!re are also1 z we %all see1 occasional ref]5ces to lit]ature4 ,9 ,rome ! /age ex]t$ little influ5ce1 & subjects are r>ely tak5 f ! drama 7masks are an exception72 b ! games ( ! circus & gladiatorial conte/s f\nd a ready m>ket1 & =m a l>ge proportion ( ! designs4 ,! subjects on ! lamps1 9 fact1 repres5t n s mu* ! great ma/]pieces ( art1 z d co9s or gems1 b1 l ! ,greek vases1 ! popul> art ( ! day1 & may be comp>$ ) ! illu/rations ( ! popul> j\rnals & magaz9es ( our own "t4 ,on ! :ole1 !y are ( great value to u z illu/rat+ ,roman life & religion1 j z subsequ5tly ^? on ! ,*ri/ian lamps are ( ine/imable importance = ! light !y ?r[ on ! e>ly ages ( our own religion4 ,z ! numb] ( publi%$ lamps & catalogues ( collections is s v small1 ! subjects includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/ are mo/ly conf9$ to ! collections 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* are q suffici5tly compreh5sive = ! purpose4#bgii ,a few additional examples are giv5 f ! ,guildhall1 ,vi5na1 & o!r collections1 f ! ,anti*it di ,ercolano1 ,b>toli's ,luc]nae vet]um sepulcrales1 ! ,muse ,ala\i1 & o!r isolat$ s\rces4#bhjj ,ref]5ces to ,pass]i's "w1 ,luc]nae fictiles ,musei ,pass]ii1 h be5 avoid$1 z x has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,dressel#bhja t ne>ly all ^? publi%$ by him are false4 ,we proce$ to note ! pr9cipal subjects 9 detail1 obs]v+ practically ! same ord] t 0 adopt$ 9 describ+ ! subjects on ,greek vases4 ,!y may be r\ghly divid$ into eight classes3-- 7#a7 ,olympian deities4 7#b7 ,miscellane\s deities4 7#c7 ,h]oic leg5ds1 etc4 7#d7 ,hi/orical & lit]>y subjects4 7#e7 ,g5re subjects4 7#f7 ,animals4 7#g7 ,inanimate objects4 7#h7 ,floral & decorative devices4 ,! ,olympian deities are n (t5 repres5t$1 "s n at all1 except on a lamp 9 ! ,ke/n] collection at ,gtt+51 :i* has bu/s ( all ! twelve#bhjb2 !y are n1 h[ev]1 cle>ly di/+ui%$ by attributes4 ,zeus is repres5t$ ) ,h]a & ,a!na1 ! ?ree ,capitol9e deities ( ,rome1 :om ! ,etruscans knew z ,t9ia1 ,?alna1 & ,m5]fa1 ! ,romans z ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va4#bhjc ,he also appe>s alone1 seat$ on 8 ?rone1#bhjd b m commonly 8 bu/ only is repres5t$ 7,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #d71 accompani$ by 8 eagle1 :i* p]*es on a ?und]bolt1 sometimes conv5tionally r5d]$4#bhje ,! eagle & ! ?und]bolt also appe> alone1#bhjf or ! =m] ) ,ganym$e4#bhjg ,a be>d$ horn$ mask may be int5d$ = ,dionysos1 b is m probably ,zeus ,ammon4#bhjh ,s>apis is sometimes en?ron$1 ) ,c]b]us at 8 side#bhji2 sometimes only 8 bu/ occurs1 surm\nt$ by ! usual kala?os#bhaj2 ,c]b]us is also f\nd alone4#bhaa ,h]a1 except 9 ! in/ance m5tion$1 does n occur4 ,a v int]e/+ lamp f ,salamis1 ,cyprus1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5ts ! conte/ ( ,a!na & ,poseidon = ! possession ( ,attica#bhab2 x is d\btless a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,p>!non we/ p$im5t1 ?\gh r\gh & indi/9ct 9 execution4 ,a!na is also se5 z a s+le figure1#bhac seat$1 or /&+ 9 ! usual ,proma*os attitude1 or be=e an alt>1 or pursu+ a pan!r#bhad2 h] head or bu/ are n uncommon4#bhae ,apollo is usually repres5t$ seat$1 play+ on 8 lyre1 or ) ! ,gryphon at 8 side#bhaf2 ,artemis appe>s z a huntress1 accompani$ by h] h\nd1 or draw+ an arr[ f h] quiv]4#bhag ,a lyre or a cresc5t appe>+ alone may be ! symbols ( ^! two deities4#bhah ,!re are "o or two possible in/ances ( ,hephai/os & ,poseidon1#bhai & ,demet] may be indicat$ by a pair ( tor*es#bhbj2 ! latt] also appe>s 9 h] *>iot1 seek+ = ,p]sephone4#bhba ,ares or ,m>s is f\nd ei!r z a s+le figure1#bhbb 9 a *>iot1#bhbc or play+ ) ,eros1 :o /eals 8 arm\r4#bhbd ,h]mes appe>s z a s+le figure1 or accompani$ by a %eep1 goat1 or cock#bhbe2 9 "o in/ance he pres5ts a purse to ,=tune1 :o is accompani$ by ,h]akles4#bhbf ,a common subject is 8 bu/1 along ) 8 attributes ( ! purse & caduceus#bhbg2 ! latt] attribute1 accompani$ by two h&s jo9$1 may also h ref]5ce to ?is deity4#bhbh ,aphrodite occurs b r>ely2 %e is ei!r repres5t$ accompani$ by lions1#bhbi or rid+ on a goat1#bhcj or at ! ba? or toilet1#bhca or 9 ! ,cnidian type1#bhcb all ^! types be+ probably reproductions ( kn[n works ( art4 ,%e is also accompani$ by ,eros1 :o assi/s 9 arm+ h]2 ?is type is kn[n z ,v5us ,victrix1 & is se5 9 a gr\p ( ,aphrodite & ,eros 9 ! ,l\vre4#bhcc ,m common ?an all ! ,olympian deities put toge!r is ,eros or ,cupid1 :o appe>s 9 all sorts ( attitudes & actions1 besides ^? already m5tion$4#bhcd ,he sits on a *air or recl9es on a c\*1#bhce or is repres5t$ 9 motion1 c>ry+ a h>e#bhcf or a bird1 a di% ( fruit or a bran* ( v9e or palm1 a cup1 situla1 or tor*#bhcg2 or plays on ! lyre1 flutes1 or ,pan-pipes#bhch2 or sacrifices a pig1 or p\rs w9e into a krat]4#bhci ,he rides on a donkey1#bhdj a dolph91 or a crocodile1#bhda or sails 9 a boat#bhdb2 plays ) a *a9$ lion1#bhdc or is himself ti$ to a tree4#bhdd ,he is repres5t$ 9 ! "* ( ,ares1 arm$ ) spe> & %ield2 or 9 t ( ,dionysos1 ) cup & ?yrsos2 or ( ,h]akles1 ^: club he c>ries2 also1 probably 9 ! "* ( ,h]akles1 he %oots at a s]p5t4#bhde ,he is also associat$ ) ,psy*e1#bhdf & two ,erotes sometimes appe> toge!r1 9 "o in/ance 9 ! "* ( gladiators fight+1 9 ano!r ( box]s4#bhdg ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable lamps 9 ! ,museum collection 7,no4 #afh7 repres5ts a numb] ( dim9utive ,erotes play+ ) ! club & cup ( ,h]akles2 x is un=tunately fragm5t>y1 b ano!r example 9 ,dresd5 gives ! complete design4#bhdh ,"o plunges head-=emo/ into ! cup2 ?ree o!rs raise ! club ) difficulty f ! gr\nd1 "o support+ x ) 8 back1 & a fif?1 hov]+ 9 ! air1 pulls at x ) 8 h&s4 ,9 front ( ! la/-nam$ are ! words ,,adivate ,,sodales1 8,help1 comrades60 ,dionysos is ano!r surpris+ly r>e figure on ! lamps1 ?\gh 8 foll[]s1 ! ,satyrs & ,ma5ads1 h _! full %>e ( repres5tation4 ,he occurs z a s+le figure ( y\?ful appe>ance1#bhdi & also ) 8 pan!r1 to :i* he (f]s 8 kan?>os to dr9k f#bhej2 8 mask or head may also be recognis$4#bhea ,pan is occasionally f\nd1#bheb 9 "o case 9 ! =m kn[n z ,aegipan 7see p4 #fj7 9 company ) ,e*o1#bhec 9 ano!r z a grotesque bu/4#bhed ,!re is also an in/ance ( ,m>syas hung up = 8 puni%m5t to ! bran* ( a tree4#bhee ,a pa/oral deity play+ flutes on ! h&le ( a lamp 9 ! ,b4,m4 7,no4 #cff7 may be ei!r ,pan or ,m>syas4 ,satyrs are repres5t$ seiz+ ,ma5ads1#bhef danc+1 dr9k+1 & play+ on ! ,pan-pipes1#bheg or c>ry+ cups & w9e-sk9s1#bheh or ) a goat#bhei2 bo? ! be>d$ & be>dless types are f\nd1 & _! masks or bu/s are also common4#bhfj ,! %aggy-hair$ ,papposeil5os is occasionally repres5t$4#bhfa ,ma5ads are depict$ danc+1 9 fr5zi$ attitudes1 or sacrific+ kids2 ! type is (t5 t ( ! 8new-,attic0 reliefs1 d]iv$ orig9ally f ,scopas1 ( ! ,ma5ad 4#bhfb ,_! heads & masks also occur4#bhfc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,lamps ,,) ,,my?ological ,,& ,,lit]>y ,,subjects 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,among ! m9or deities we f9d t ,helios & ,sel5e 7,sol & ,luna7 are (t5 depict$ toge!r1#bhfd or ,sel5e alone1#bhfe or else _! bu/s toge!r1#bhff or sep>ately#bhfg2 9 "o case !re is a simple repres5tation ( ! sol> disc = ,helios4#bhfh ,a curi\s subject 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection is app>5tly a comb9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian 8,good ,%eph]d0 ) ,helios & ! cresc5t = ,sel5e4#bhfi ,asklepios & ,hygieia occur 9 r>e in/ances1#bhgj & !re is an example ( ,*>on 9 8 boat4#bhga ,( m>9e deities & mon/]s1 ,triton or ,proteus1 we>+ ! pileus or m>9]'s cap1#bhgb ,scylla1#bhgc & a ,n]eid rid+ on a sea-mon/] 7,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #a7bhgd are f\nd4 ,! popul>ity ( exotic religions at ,rome is te/ifi$ to by ! occurr5ce1 on ! "o h&1 ( ,kybele ) h] lions1#bhge & ,atys#bhgf2 on ! o!r1 ( ,egyptian deities su* z ,s>apis1 already m5tion$1 & ,h>pocrates1 :o is f\nd ei!r alone1 or ) ,isis1 or ) ,isis & ,anubis1#bhgg or ) ,safekh 7,plate ,,lxiii4 fig4 #c7bhgh2 ,isis & ,horus1 & bu/s ( ,h]manubis & ,isis are also f\nd4#bhgi ,on ! h&le ( a lamp is a lecti/]nium ) bu/s ( ,s>apis & ,isis1 & ( ,helios & ,sel5e4#bhhj ,! bu/s ( ! two ,kabeiri also occasionally appe>4#bhha ,among p]sonifications or quasi-p]sonifications we f9d ! ?ree ,*>ites or ,graces#bhhb & a ,muse ) lyre#bhhc2 o!rs are all typically ,roman1 su* z a bu/ ( ,africa on a lamp f ,c>?age1#bhhd & su* types z ,abundantia#bhhe 7or two cornucopiae z h] symbol#bhhf71 ,v]tumnus1#bhhg ,=tune ) h] /e]+-o> & cornucopia1#bhhh & ,victory4#bhhi ,_m ( ^! seem to be reflections ( bronze /atuettes ( ! ,roman p]iod4#bhij ,! latt] goddess is frequ5tly f\nd1 be>+ a wrea?1 a trophy1 or a %ield1#bhia sometimes recl9+ or 9 a *>iot#bhib2 or aga9 betwe5 two ,l>es#bhic2 or two ,victories are gr\p$ toge!r4#bhid ,( special int]e/ are :at are kn[n z ! ,new ,ye> lamps1 giv5 z /r5ae on ,janu>y #a/ 7see p4 #cih71bhie on :i* ,victory is repres5t$ hold+ a %ield1 on :i* is inscrib$ an aspiration 7see p4 #dbj7 = a happy ,new ,ye>1 ! head ( ,janus1 cakes1 co9s 7/ipes71 & o!r emblems fill+ 9 ! re/ ( ! design 7,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #e74bhif ,occasionally ! inscription is v>i$1 & appe>s z 8,= ! safety ( ! /ate0#bhig or 8,happ9ess0 simply4#bhih ,two ,l>es confront$1 hold+ cornucopia1 etc41 are also f\nd )\t ,victory4#bhii ,( repres5tations ( ,phobos 7,fe>7 we h spok5 already 7see p4 #cih74 ,!re are also repres5tations ( t]m9al deities1#bijj z well z unid5tifi$ goddesses4#bija ,com+ n[ to ! h]oes & h]oic leg5ds1 we f9d t !y play on ! :ole an inconsid]able "p 9 ! li/ ( subjects on lamps4 ,l$a is repres5t$ ) ! swan1#bijb & ! ,dioskuri sometimes appe> z bu/s#bijc2 also ,ka/or z a full figure1 accompani$ by 8 horse4#bijd ,( ! lab\rs ( ,h]akles we h ! ,nemean lion1#bije ! ,eryman?ian bo>1#bijf ! hydra1#bijg & ! slay+ ( ! s]p5t 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1#bijh z well z ! combat ) a ,c5taur#biji & ! free+ ( ,prome!us4#biaj ,he is also repres5t$ z a s+le figure1 hold+ ! apples ( ! ,hesp]ides1#biaa lead+ kids1#biab or ) a jug or dr9k+-cup1#biac or 8 head alone 7bo? be>d$ & be>dless types74#biad ,!seus slays ! ,amazon ,&roma*e#biae2 ,p]seus is repres5t$ c>ry+ ! ,gorgon's head#biaf2 ,bell]ophon is se5 fall5 f 8 horse ,pegasos1 or lead+ him to dr9k at ,peir5e#biag2 !re are also possible repres5tations ( ,kadmos & ,meleag]4#biah ,europa is depict$ on ! bull#biai2 ,endymion asleep#bibj2 ,aktaeon dev\r$ by 8 h\nds#biba2 ,telephos suckl$ by ! h9d#bibb2 & ,eos pursu+ ,kephalos4#bibc ,ic>os 9 8 attempt$ flight is wat*$ by ,m9os f ! walls ( ,knossos 7,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #b74bibd ,f ! ,!ban leg5d we h only ,o$ipus be=e ! ,sph9x1#bibe a sc5e f ! ,pho5issae ( ,euripides 7see p4 #dae71 & ,amphion & ,ze?os seiz+ ! bull = ! puni%m5t ( ,dirke4#bibf ,nor are sc5es f ! ,trojan cycle mu* m common2 b ,a*illes & ,!tis are repres5t$1#bibg & also ,a*illes dragg+ ! body ( ,hector r\nd ! walls ( ,troy#bibh2 !re is a curi\s sc5e1 some:at grotesquely treat$1 ( ,odysseus & ,neoptolemos /eal+ ! b[ ( ,philoktetes1 :o fans 8 w\nd$ foot#bibi2 ,ajax is se5 griev+ aft] 8 madness#bicj2 & ,a5eas c>ries (f 8 ag$ fa!r & 8 son f ,troy4#bica ,odysseus appe>s be=e ,kirke1#bicb pass+ ! ,sir5s1#bicc & (f]+ a cup to ,polyphemos1#bicd b sometimes also )\t ! ,cyclops4 ,ore/es appe>s at 8 trial be=e ,a!na 9 ! pres5ce ( a ,fury4#bice ,a ,c5taur is se5 c>ry+ (f a woman1 & 9 combat ) a ,lapi?#bicf2 also ) a lion1#bicg c>ry+ an amphora1#bich or play+ flutes4#bici ,an ,amazon w\nd$1 /&+ at an alt>1 & accompani$ by a crane1 are also among ! li/ ( subjects4#bidj ,a s+le figure ( ,pegasos1#bida & ! ,gorgoneion or ,m$usa-head1#bidb are n infrequ5tly f\nd4 ,combats ( ,pygmies & cranes1#bidc & a ,pygmy on a crocodile1#bidd may also p]haps be includ$ "u ?is head+4 ,! next gr\p ( subjects includes ^? ( a hi/orical or lit]>y "*4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are two v int]e/+ repres5tations ( ,diog5es 9 8 tub or pi?os 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeb71 presumably address+ ,alex&]1 z 9 ! well-kn[n /ory1#bide b ! latt] is n repres5t$ 7,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #f74 ,among portraits are bu/s ( ,aesop1#bidf & v>i\s ,roman p]sonages1 su* z ,hadrian1 ,antonia1 ,trajan1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,septimius ,sev]us1 ,commodus1 ,julia ,domna1#bidg ,lucius ,v]us1#bidh & o!rs :o _c be id5tifi$4#bidi ,a sc5e f ! ,pho5issae ( ,euripides occurs on "o lamp1 ) ! combat ( ! two bro!rs & ! dea? ( ,joca/a2 ! "n ( ! play is actually inscrib$ on ! lamp4#biej ,) ref]5ce to ,virgil's fir/ ,eclogue we f9d a repres5tation ( ! %eph]d ,tityrus on a lamp f\nd at ,pozzuoli#biea2 ! %eph]d1 ^: "n is giv51 is seat$ among 8 flocks4 ,sev]al lamps illu/rate ! well-kn[n fable ( ,aesop1 ( ! ,fox & ,cr[4#bieb ,! fox1 we>+ a *lamys1 /&s on 8 h9d-legs hold+ up a pair ( flutes to ! cr[1 :i* is p]*$ on ! top ( a tree4 ,ano!r subject1 :i* d\btless has ref]5ce to "s fable1 is t ( a /ork hold+ 9 its beak a balance1 9 :i* a m\se is weigh$ aga9/ an elephant4#biec ,! hum\r ( ! subject lies 9 ! fact t ! m\se is se5 to weigh ! elephant d[n4 ,^! two are illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,lxv4 figs4 #c1 #f4 ,!re is also a lamp 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lxiii4 fig4 #b7 ) a curi\s subject :i* may ei!r be a sc5e f a com$y l ^? on ! ,s\? ,italian vases1 or else a p>ody ( 8a visit to ,asklepios40#bied ,! subjects tak5 f ord9>y life are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! social life ( ,rome "u ! ,empire4 ,an almo/ inord9ate proportion relate to ! n[ popul> gladiatorial %[s1 & _m o!rs deal ) ! ev5ts ( ! circus & ar5a4 ,( gladiatorial subjects !re are ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties1 :i* occur aga9 & aga9 on lamps ( all %apes & p]iods ) little alt]ation4#biee ,"o class repres5ts a s+le gladiator 9 ! *>act]i/ic arm\r1 ) visor$ helmet1 greaves1 & arm-gu>ds1 sword & %ield#bief2 ! next repres5ts a combat ( two 7,plate ,,lxv4 fig4 #e71 9 :i* ! "o is usually wor/$ & falls at ! o!r's feet1 8 %ield on ! gr\nd beside him4#bieg ,an int]e/+ example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #ebf7 %[s a mirmillo or secutor 9 combat ) a reti>ius1 :o f\ght ) net & trid5t4 ,! ?ird s]ies has repres5tations ( gladiatorial arm\r rang$ 9 a circle3 swords1 %ields1 arm-gu>ds1 greaves1 & helmets4#bieh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,lamps ,,) ,,miscellane\s ,,subjects 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,f ! circus & games we h su* subjects z a naval conte/ 9 ! amphi!atre#biei2 a bull-fight#bifj2 a be/i>ius cont5d+ ) bo>s#bifa2 a man leap+ ov] a bull#bifb2 & box]s4#bifc ,a rem>kable lamp 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #afd ,plate ,,lxv4 fig4 #d7 gives a repres5tation ( a *>iot-race 9 ! circus2 we h ! colonnade ( lattic$ b>ri]s 7c>c]es7 f :i* ! *>iots />t$1 ! sp9a d[n ! middle ( ! c\rse1 adorn$ ) %r9es & obelisks1 & r[s ( seats full ( spectators2 f\r *>iots take "p 9 ! race4 ,next !re are sc5es su* z an a?lete cr[n+ himself1 a victori\s *>iote] 9 8 quadriga1 or a victory 9 ! horse-race4#bifd ,( m miscellane\s "* are su* subjects z a *>iot drawn by f\r m51 a two-horse or f\r-horse *>iot by itself1 or a man or boy on horseback4#bife ,milit>y subjects are at all times r>e1 b a n infrequ5t subject is a m\nt$ w>rior *>g+ ) a spe>#biff2 a soldi] is also depict$ ) a bird1#bifg at an alt>1 tak+ an oa?1 & salut+ an (fic] :o rides pa/4#bifh ,!re are also repres5tations ( an imp]ator on 8 triumphal c>1#bifi ( an eagle & /&>d1#bigj & ( a trophy p]haps commemorat+ a victory ov] b>b>ians4#biga ,a repres5tation ( a %ip or galley is n uncommon1 b sometimes x is n easy to di/+ui% ^! f ! type ( ,odysseus & ! ,sir5s4#bigb ,"s lamps h l&scapes 9 ! /yle ( ,alex&r9e reliefs & *as$ metalwork1 z = in/ance a h>b\r surr\nd$ by build+s1 9 :i* two fi%]m5 pursue _! vocation 7,plate ,,lxv4 fig4 #a71bigc or a hunt] accompani$ by a port]1 ) a t[n 9 ! backgr\nd4#bigd ,among pa/oral sc5es we h also1 besides ! ,tityrus already m5tion$1 %eph]ds & goa!rds ) _! dogs1 t5d+ %eep & goats :i* nibble ! foliage ( trees#bige2 fi%]m51#bigf & hunt]s1 z already not$4 ,ano!r int]e/+ type is t ( a juggl] or m\ntebank accompani$ by a dog & a cat1 :i* climb ladd]s1 jump ?r\gh r+s1 & p]=m o!r tricks 7,plate ,,lxv4 fig4 #b74bigg ,( a m miscellane\s "* are su* subjects z a but*] slaught]+ animals hung f a tree#bigh2 a full] at "w#bigi2 a slave wa%+ a dog1 & ano!r wa%+ a /atue#bihj2 slaves c>ry+ casks or fasces#biha2 a mule turn+ a mill4#bihb ,o!rs1 aga91 d n admit ( any exact classification2 su* are a man & woman embrac+2 a woman scrap+ h]self aft] ! ba?2 a y\? ) a mort>2 ! sacrifice ( a pig#bihc2 a man rid+ on a camel or elephant1#bihd or driv+ a camel#bihe2 a dw>f 9 a boat or play+ on a flute#bihf2 comic actors1#bihg & comic & tragic masks#bihh innum]able2 & two skeletons danc+4#bihi ,animals =m a l>ge proportion ( ! repres5tations on lamps1#biij especially on ! late class )\t h&le f ,knidos 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajh71 & include ,gryphons1 elephants1 lions1 pan!rs1 bo>s1 be>s1 wolves1 de]1 horses1 ox51 %eep1 goats1 dogs1 rabbits1 eagles1 /orks1 o/ri*es1#biia peacocks1#biib p>rots1#biic cocks & h5s1 & o!r birds2 dolph9s1 sea-horses1 cuttle-fi% & o!r k9ds ( fi%1 scorpions1#biid frogs1 %ell-fi%1 & s on4 ,^? m5tion$ s f> are s+le figures1 m]ely decorative2 9 o!rs !re is m def9ite action4 ,su* are a lion attack+ a bull or crocodile1 or seiz+ a h9d or a donkey#biie2 two be>s danc+#biif2 a monkey & v9e#biig2 a dog on a c\*1#biih fight+ ) a goose1 or attack+ a /ag1#biii h9d1 or bo>#cjjj2 two monkeys 9 a boat#cjja2 a h>e or rabbit nibbl+ at a plant#cjjb2 a bird on a twig1 sometimes eat+ fruit#cjjc2 an eagle seiz+ a h>e#cjjd2 an ibis & a s]p5t#cjje2 a h5 ) *ick5s1 cocks fight+1 or a cock pursu+ a h5#cjjf2 dolph9s twi/$ r\nd a trid5t or an*or2 a crocodile & s]p5t2 a liz>d or sea-mon/] & eel2 two s]p5ts1 sea-horses1 or dolph9s ) an alt> betwe5#cjjg2 & a gras%opp] eat+ grapes4#cjjh ,!re are also a l>ge numb] ( lamps1 ! c5tre ( :i* is only ornam5t$ ) "s decorative motive1 su* z a c>*esium 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahh71 situla1 or krat]1 f :i* spr+ v9e-bran*es1 ivy1 or o!r plants2 an o9o*o1 flask1 or dr9k+-cup2 palm-bran*es1 wrea?s ( ivy1 v9e1 oak1 & myrtle1 sprays ( fl[]s2 a cornucopia & caduceus1#cjji or o!r emblems ( deities1 su* z two h&s jo9$ ) a caduceus beh9d !m 7see p4 #daj72 scallop-%ells2 or purely conv5tional patt]ns1 su* z l>ge f\r-leav$ fl[]s1 />s1 & rosettes4 ,! latt] are mo/ly f\nd on lamps f ,greek sites1 especially 9 ,cyprus1 & at ,t>sus & ,knidos4 ,_m lamps h no decoration on ! discus1 b only comic masks r\nd ! edge1 or a bord] ( foliage4 ,! ,*ri/ian lamps are z a rule easily to be di/+ui%$ f ! pagan by _! =m1 z well z by _! subjects4 ,^! subjects are ma9ly tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f ! life ( our ,"l1 & f ! sph]e ( symbolism2 ! ,good ,%eph]d1 ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick1 ! cross or lab>um1 & ! sacr$ monogram1 are all fav\rites4#cjaj 99 99 99 99 99 ,a consid]able numb] ( ,roman lamps h inscriptions1 ei!r impress$ 9 relief or holl[ lett]s f a /amp1 or engrav$ ) a po9t$ in/rum5t2 ! /amps 7 probably ( bronze4 ,pott]s' signatures & trade-m>ks are always und]nea? ! lamp1 & ^? f\nd on ! top usually relate 9 "s way to ! subject4 ,sometimes1 z 9 lamps f ,pozzuoli & ,naples1#cjaa ! inscriptions are 9 relief on ! surface1 9 small tablets4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be classifi$ "u f\r head+s3-- 7#a7 ,inscriptions ref]r+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* or = :i* ! lamp 0 made1 z1 = in/ance1 ) ref]5ce to national ev5ts or public games1 or = religi\s d$ications4 7#b7 ,inscriptions descriptive ( ! subjects4 7#c7 ,acclamations or =mulae address$ by ! pott] to ! public4 7#d7 ,signatures ( pott]s or trade-m>ks2 ?is class is by f> ! mo/ num]\s4 ,to ! fir/ class belong "s ( ! =mulae to :i* allusion has already be5 made 7pp4 #cif1 #cih71 su* z ^? on ! ,new ,ye> lamps3 ,,annvm ,,novvm ,,fav/vm ,,felicem ,,mihi ,,hic 7or ,,tibi1 or to "s p]son ^: "n is giv572 occasionally ?is is v>i$ by =mulae su* z ,,fiilictii 7= ,,felicitas871 8,happ9ess 7to y760#cjab ,,ob ,,cives ,,s]v7atos71 8,= ! pres]vation ( ! /ate0#cjac2 ,g ,p ,r ,f1 ,g5io populi ,romani felicit]#cjad2 ,,ex,s,c1 8,by ! decree ( ! s5ate0#cjae2 ,,fides ,,pvblica1 8,! public tru/10#cjaf & ! ,,saecvli1 ,,saecvlo1 ,,saecvl>es gr\p ( inscriptions1#cjag :i* may 9 a few cases ref] to ! ,ludi ,saecul>es1 b m probably are ( simil> import to ! ,,saec7ulum7 ,,av7reum7 ,,dom7ini71 8,! gold5 age ( our "l18 on a lamp f ,antium4#cjah ,! la/-nam$ =mula1 x %\ld be not$1 is f\nd bo? above & bel[ ! lamps4 ,,lvc]7na7 ,,pv7b7,,lica probably ref]s to ! use ( ! lamp 9 "s public illum9ations 7see p4 #cif74cjai ,a lamp 9 ! ,tri] ,museum#cjbj has ! names ( ! consuls = ! ye> #bce 7,sev]us & ,qu9tianus74 ,among names ( deities = ^: sanctu>ies ! lamps 7 int5d$ are ,v5us 7,,sacrvm ,,v5]i1 ) a figure ( ! goddess71#cjba & ! ,ephesian ,artemis 7 74#cjbb ,among ! inscriptions relat+ to ! subjects on ! lamps are sev]al :i* h already be5 m5tion$1 su* z ,,diog5es & ,,titvrvs1 & also ,,ga7ny7,,m$es ov] a figure ( ! same4#cjbc ,on a lamp repres5t+ ! flight ( ,a5eas f ,troy are ! names ,,a57eas71 ,,anc7hises71 ,,asc7anius71 & ! exclamation ,,rex ,,pie1 allud+ to ! =m]4#cjbd ,on ano!r1 :i* repres5ts ! fight ( ,eteokles & ,polyneikes & ! dea? ( ,joca/a1 subjects tak5 f ! ,pho5issae ( ,euripides1 occur n only ! lett]s ,,pvl = ,polyneikes1 b also ,,pho7e7,,niss7ae71 leav+ no d\bt z to ! s\rce :5ce ! sc5es are tak54#cjbe ,ano!r 9 ! =m ( ,eros or a ,g5ius ) ! club & lion-sk9 ( ,h]akles1 ly+ asleep1 has on x ! curi\s inscription ,,aia ,,/lacia ,,tvra ,,dormit1 ,,/]nit ,,sir 4441#cjbf ! import ( :i* is n q cle>4 ,simil> inscriptions (t5 occur 9 sc5es f ! circus or amphi!atre1 giv+ ! names ( gladiators1 z ,af]1 ,hel5us1 ,popillius1 or ,sab9us1#cjbg or ( *>iote]s 9 ! circus-races1 z ,c4 ,annius ,lac]ta & ! horse ,corax1 :i* won him a race = ! :ite faction at ! ,secul> ,games#cjbh2 ano!r lamp has ! "n ( a horse or 8 driv]1 ,,incitatvs1 & a ?ird ! exhortation ,,vig7i7,,la ,,pras9e1#cjbi :i* may allude to a driv] ( ! gre5 faction4 ,ov] ! figure ( a w>rior on a lamp f ,c>?age is ,,plvs ,,fecisses ,,si ,,plvs ,,lic]et1 8,y w\ld h done m if y _h _h ! *ance40#cjcj ,9 o!r cases !re seems to be a revival ( ! old ,greek fa%ion ( apo/rophis+ ! figures z ,kalos--e4g4 ,,aqvilo ,,calos1 ,,axolmvs 7c7,,alos4#cjca ,!re are also inscriptions put into ! m\?s ( figures1 z 9 ! subject ( ,cupids ) ! club ( ,h]akles1 "o ( :om cries ,,adiv7v7,,ate ,,sodales1 8,help1 comrades60#cjcb or ! fun]>y ,g5ius weep+ ov] an urn & say+1 ,,lvgeo1 8,i m\rn40#cjcc ,to ! ?ird class belong su* expressions z ,,h1 8,hail60#cjcd2 ,,vivas or ,,valeas1 8,long life602 ,,vt]e1 8,use ?is0#cjce2 ,,ave ,,et ,,vale1 8,greet+ & f>ewell10 on a lamp f ,cologne#cjcf2 & on ano!r f ! same site1 ,,h ,,mac5a ,,villis ,,h ,,lasciba ,,vale1#cjcg :i* seems to h a some:at co>se significance4 ,o!rs allude to ! future pur*as]1 z ,,eme ,,me1 8,buy me0#cjch2 ,,qvi ,,fec]it ,,vivat ,,et ,q7ui7 ,,em]it1 8,may ! pott] & pur*as] fl\ri%02 ,,emite ,,lvc]nas ,,ab ,,asse ,,colatas1 8,buy lamps = an ass0#cjci2 ,,bono ,,qvi ,,eme7rit71 8,may x be = 8 good :o %all buy x40#cjdj ,! latt] class are *iefly f\nd 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! inscriptions on ! ,esquil9e lamps1 su* z ,,pone ,,fvr2 ^! are n f\nd on lamps ( imp]ial times1 & appe> to be peculi> to ! e>ly fabrics4 has be5 f\nd on a lamp at ,a!ns4#cjda ,on a lamp f ,spa9 is inscrib$ ,g ,,ivlivs ,,artemidor 444 ,,lvc]nas ,,ii ,d ,d1 8,c4 ,julius ,artemidorus makes a pres5t ( two lamps40#cjdb ,a v curi\s inscription is f\nd writt5 9 ink on a lamp at ,rome1 to ?is effect3 8,hel5us deliv]s 8 "n to ! ne!r _w2 he c>ries d[n ) him co9s1 a ,new ,ye>'s gift1 & 8 lamp2 let no "o deliv] him except u :o h made !m40#cjdc 99 99 99 99 99 ,pott]s' signatures are almo/ inv>iably to be f\nd on ! "u side ( ! lamp1 :]e !y are arrang$ on ! diamet] at "r angles to ! axis ( ! lamp2 sometimes !y are plac$ 9 a panel or tablet1 or )9 ! outl9e ( a foot4 ,9 r>e in/ances !y are f\nd on ! h&le1 or on ! top4#cjdd ,greek lamps :i* are n ( ,roman orig9 are nev] sign$1 nor are ^? ( ,*ri/ian orig92 ! olde/ signatures are to be f\nd on ! ,esquil9e lamps1 b !y r>ely appe> be=e imp]ial times1 :5 !y become fairly g5]al4 ,among ^! e>li] in/ances are ,,praese7ntis7#cjde & ,,fl7a7,,bia 7,flavia71 ! latt] f\nd at ,c>?age4#cjdf ,m frequ5tly1 lamps ( ?is k9d h a s+le lett] or monogram by way ( /amp#cjdg2 a 8delph9i=m0 lamp 9 ! ,muse ,ala\i has a monogram ( & 4 ,a s+le lett] sometimes occurs above or bel[ ! inscription1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a sort ( trade-m>k indicat+ ! pott] 7figulus71 ! full "n be+ t ( ! (fic9ator or ma/]2 on a lamp 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,knidos 7,no4 #acb7 ! "n ,,romane7n7,,sis is accompani$ by ! lett] ,x2 on ano!r1 ,,=tis by ! lett] ,n4 ,on ! lamps sign$ by ,l ,,hos ,,cri1 a ,gauli% pott]1 are f\nd ! lett]s ,g1 ,i1 ,l1 ,m1 ,p1 ,s1 ,t1 ,v1 ,n1 ,z1 & o!r signs4#cjdh ,^! trade-m>ks are n conf9$ to lett]s2 ,=tis uses a wrea? & palm-bran*1 z 9 ,fig4 #baj2 ,l4 ,caecilius ,saevus a palm-bran* or a foot-%ap$ /amp2 ,l4 ,fabricius ,masculus ! lett]s ,h & ,x1 a :eel1 or a />4#cjdi ,o!r lamps h no "n und]nea?1 b "s simple patt]n1 su* z five circles 9 qu9cunx =m1 or ! fav\rite device ( ! foot-%ap$ /amp 7cf4 p4 #ccc74 ,^! v>ieties ( m>ks 7 probably int5d$ to di/+ui% diff]5t s]ies 9 ! products ( a s+le pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,,"u ,,side ,,( ,,lamp ,,) ,,signature ,,( ,,=tis 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,! signatures are usually abbreviat$1 ! full =m be+ ex (fic9a 7(fic9atoris71 ! "n be+ consequ5tly 9 ! g5itive4 ,on a lamp f ,rome is ,,ex ,,( ,,aiacis1 ex (fic9a ,aiacis4#cjej ,sometimes1 b r>ely "u ! ,empire1 ! nom9ative is us$3 ,a4,b4 fecit1 or m commonly ,a4,b4f4 ,?us we h ,,avg5di1 ,,atimeti1 ,c 4 ,,ivli ,,nicephori1 or ,,aspr5as1 ,,felix1 ,,trophimvs4 ,b :]e a s+le "n occurs x is r>ely full en\gh to %[ ! case4 ,on a lamp at ,dresd5 ! pott] ,diom$es calls himself ,,lvc]n>ivs4#cjea ,f ! second c5tury d[n to ! "t ( ,augu/us ! "n may be ei!r 9 ! nom9ative or g5itive1 ei!r ! pra5om5 & nom51 or ! nom5 or cognom5 only2 ^! signatures 7 all incis$ :ile ! clay 0 moi/4 ,9 ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! ?ird class 7see p4 #dja7 ne>ly all ! signatures are cognom9a simply1 z ,,atimeti1 ,,commvnis1 ,,=tls1 ,,/robili1 all 9 ! g5itive4 ,9 ! f\r? class1 or lamps ( ! second c5tury1 ! nom9ative is v r>e2 ! names are usually abbreviat$1 & "o 7cognom571 two 7nom5 & cognom571 or ?ree may be f\nd4 ,pott]ies 71 z we h se51 (t5 own$ by wom51 h5ce female names are n uncommon4 ,abbreviations ( a p>ticul> "n v>y consid]ably2 = in/ance1 ,l4 ,caecilius ,saevus appe>s z ,l ,,caec ,,sae1 ,l ,,cae ,,sae1 ,l ,,ca ,,sae 7see bel[1 p4 #dbh72 ,l4 ,fabricius ,masculus z ,l ,,fabric ,,masc1 ,l ,,fabric ,,mas1 ,l ,,fabr ,,masc1 ,,fabric ,,mas1 & s on4#cjeb ,or ! pra5om5 may v>y1 & = ,c ,,oppi ,,res we f9d ,l ,,oppi ,,res2 or1 aga91 ! cognom51 z 9 ! case ( ,c4 ,junius1 :]e x may be ,alexis1 ,bitus1 or ,draco1#cjec or ( ,l4 ,munatius1 f\nd ) ,adjectus1 ,re/itutus1 ,successus1 ,?reptus1 & ,philemo4#cjed ,! v>iations 9 ! names may d5ote pott]ies 9 connection1 or successive hold]s ( "o bus9ess4 ,9 "o in/ance ! "n ( a workman ,,pvl*] occurs ) t ( ,fabricius ,masculus1 9 ano!r t ( ,,primvs ) ,c4 ,oppius ,re/itutus4#cjee ,greek names1 :]e !y occur1 seem to imply t ! pott]s 7 fre$m51 z 9 ! case ( ,dionysius1 ,phoetaspus1 & o!rs4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! names mo/ frequ5tly f\nd1 ) ! localities 9 :i* !y occur#cjef3-- ,annius ,s]apiodorus 7,,anni ,,s]73 ,rome1 ,o/ia4 ,c4 ,atilius ,ve/alis 7,c ,,atili ,,ve/73 ,rome1 ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,brita94 ,atimetus3 ,italy1 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1 ,pannonia4 ,l4 ,caecilius ,saevus 7,l ,,cae ,,sae73 ,rome1 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1 ,brita94 ,clodius ,heliodorus 7,,clo ,,hel73 ,italy1 ,africa1 ,spa91 ,gaul4 ,c4 ,clodius ,successus 7,c ,,clo ,,svc73 ,rome1 ,gaul1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa4 ,communis3 ,rome1 ,pompeii1 ,gallia ,cisalp9a1 ,pannonia4 ,cresc5s3 ,gaul1 ,pannonia4 ,l4 ,fabricius ,masculus 7,l ,,fabr ,,masc73 ,rome1 ,gallia ,cisalp9a1 ,africa4 ,flor5tius 7,,flor5t73 ,rome1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,tunis1 ,gaul1 ,g]many1 ,brita94 ,=tis3 ,rome1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,dalmatia1 ,g]many1 ,gaul1 ,brita94 ,gab9ia3 ,italy1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa1 ,gaul4 ,l4 ,hospidius ,crispus 7,l ,,hos ,,cri73 ,gaul4 ,c4 ,julius ,nicephorus 7,c ,,ivli ,,nicep73 ,italy1 ,gaul4 ,c4 ,junius ,alexis3 ,rome1 ,campania1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa4 ,c4 ,junius ,bito3 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,gaul4 ,c4 ,junius ,draco3 ,rome1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa1 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis4 ,l4 ,m>4 ,mi43 ,rome1 ,campania1 ,sicily1 ,spa91 ,gallia ,cisalp9a4 ,l4 ,munatius 7) v>i\s cognom9a73 ,rome1 ,africa4 ,n4 ,naevius ,luc4 7,n ,,naev ,,lvc73 ,italy1 ,s>d9ia1 ,spa91 ,gaul4 ,m4 ,novius ,ju/us 7,m ,,nov ,,iv/73 ,rome1 ,naples1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa1 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis4 ,c4 ,oppius ,re/itutus 7,c ,,oppi ,,res73 ,rome1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 ,africa1 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1 ,cyprus4 ,pass5us ,augur9us 7,,pas ,,avg73 ,italy1 ,gaul4 ,phoetaspus3 ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,pannonia4 ,/robilus3 ,rome1 ,italy1 ,africa1 ,pannonia1 ,dalmatia1 ,gaul1 ,brita94 ,vibianus3 ,gaul1 ,pannonia4 ,c4 ,viciri ,aga?opus 7,c ,,viciri ,,agat73 ,italy1 ,s>d9ia1 ,gallia ,cisalp9a4 ,x w be not$ t ne>ly all are f\nd at ,rome1 b t ! o!rs fall into geographical gr\ps2 ! same "n is seldom f\nd bo? 9 ! nor? & s\? ( ! ,empire4 ,?us ,=tis is n f\nd 9 ,africa1 ,oppius ,re/itutus only r>ely 9 ,gaul4 ,c]ta9 names are entirely localis$1 z ,annius ,s]apiodorus at ,rome & ,o/ia1 ,l4 ,hos4 ,cri4 & ,m>cellus 9 ,gaul1 ,q4 ,mem4 ,k>4 & ,pud5s 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,! "n ( ,v9dex1 a mak] ( t]racotta figures at ,cologne 7see above1 p4 #chc71 is f\nd on lamps at ,tri] & ,nimegu54#cjeg ,! di/ribution ( ! ,=tis lamps 9 p>ticul> is rem>kable4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al places 9 ,gallia ,cisalp9a1 su* z ,aquileia#cjeh2 at ,lyons1 ,aix1 ,orange1 & else:]e 9 ,france#cjei2 at ,nimegu5 9 ,holl&#cjfj2 at ,tri]1 ,cologne1 ,ma9z1 & ,l\is5dorf 9 ,g]many#cjfa2 9 ,london#cjfb2 9 ,spa9#cjfc2 & ov] ! region ( ,dacia1 ,pannonia1 & ,dalmatia1#cjfd z well z 9 ,rome & ,italy4#cjfe ,! mo/ natural conclusion to be drawn f ^! results is t ! majority ( ! lamps seem to h be5 made 9 ,italy1 & x has be5 ?\ght probable t !re 7 ?ree pr9cipal c5tres ( fabric :5ce exportation w5t on 9 diff]5t directions--,rome & its environs1 ,campania = ! lamps f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,africa1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ,gallia ,cisalp9a = ^? f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,europe4#cjff ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! la/-nam$ fabric c5tr$ 9 ,mut9a 7,mod5a7 & t ?is 0 ! place :]e ! lamps ( ,class ,,iii4 7see p4 #dja7 7 *iefly made4#cjfg ,outside ,italy !re may well h be5 manufactures 9 ,nor? ,africa1 :]e lamps are s pl5tiful1 & 9 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1 to :i* region "s signatures are peculi>4 ,evid5ce ( a lamp-manufactur] 9 ,africa seems to be af=d$ by ! m5tion ( pra$ia ,pulla5orum 9 an inscription f ,tunis1#cjfh ! lamps ( ,pulla5us occurr+ 9 ,s>d9ia & ,africa4 ,local fabrics ( v poor lamps 7 d\btless num]\s4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ,roman lamps h ,greek signatures1 n diff]+ 9 "* b only 9 alphabet f ! ,lat9 inscriptions4 ,! mo/ curi\s in/ance is t ( = ,celsi ,pompeii1 :i* is f\nd on lamps 9 ,s\!rn ,italy#cjfi2 is also f\nd at ,naples1 & ev5 & 1 :i* are usually associat$ ) lamps made 9 ,greece 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajh71 occur on "s f\nd 9 ,italy4#cjgj ,9 ,sicily we f9d ! signatures ( ,apollophanes ( ,tyre 7 7 at ,him]a & ,proklos ,agyrios 7 7 at ,gela & ,catania#cjga2 = ,regulus occurs at ,t>5tum4#cjgb ,greek names are (t5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1#cjgc & conv]sely a l>ge numb] ( lamps f\nd at ,knidos by ,sir ,*>les ,newton bore ! signature ,,romane7n7 ,,romane7n7,,sis1 9 ,lat9 lett]s ) ! ,s rev]s$1 app>5tly sugge/+ t ! lamps 7 made by a ,roman abroad4#cjgd ,greek signatures are ev5 f\nd 9 ,gaul & ,g]many4#cjge ,m5tion mu/ also be made "h ( ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,h]r ,f9k#cjgf ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ ! *ronological succession & g5]al di/ribution ( ! signatures on lamps ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod4 ,/>t+ ) ! f\r ma9 classes ( =ms :i* h already be5 laid d[n z ! basis#cjgg 7! di/9ction re/+ ma9ly on ! v>i\s =ms ( ! nozzle71 he has obta9$1 by comp>ison *iefly ( ! lamps 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,b]l91 & ,muni* collections1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ results4 ,c]ta9 /amps appe> to be peculi>1 or almo/ peculi>1 to ea* class3 ?us1 9 ,class ,i4 only1 we f9d ,p4 ,cessius ,felix & ,l4 ,munatius ,successus2 9 ,class ,,ii4 only1 ,l4 ,fabricius ,masculus2 9 ,class ,,iii4 only1 ,atimetus1 ,=tis1 ,phoetaspus1 & o!r s+le cognom9a2 9 ,class ,,iv41 :i* conta9s by f> ! l>g] numb] ( /amps1 ,clodius ,helvidius1 ,c4 ,junius ,bitus1#cjgh ,l4 ,munatius ,?reptus1 & ,c4 ,cornelius ,ursus4 ,! lamps ( ! ,gauli% pott] ,l4 ,hospidius ,crispus are all ( "o peculi> =m1 a transition betwe5 ,f9k's ,i4 & ,,iv4#cjgi ,cross-in/ances are v r>e1 b ,c4 ,junius ,draco is f\nd 9 ,classes ,i4 & ,,iv41 ,c4 ,oppius ,re/itutus 9 ,classes ,,ii4 & ,,iv41 ,flor5tius & ,celsus ,pompeius 9 ,classes ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t !re are lamps 9 ,class ,,iv4 ) ! ,*ri/ian monogram & ! figure ( ! ,good ,%eph]d4 ,9 ,class ,i41 g5]ally speak+1 signatures are v r>e2 9 ,class ,,iii4 !y are almo/ inv>iable1 b ! total numb] ( lamps is relatively small4 ,ano!r curi\s result is t c]ta9 signatures1 su* z ,l4 ,caecilius ,saevus1 ,bassus1 ,c]ialis1 ,sextus ,egnatius ,aprilis1 & ,roman5sis1 are n conf9$ to "o type ( lamp1 b 9 ^! cases x is to be not$ t ea* type has a v>iation ( signature3 ?us1 9 ,class ,i41 ,l,,caec,,sae2 9 ,,ii41 ,l,,cae,,sae2 9 ,,iii41 ,l,,ca,,sae2 :ile 9 ,,iv41 ,l,,cae,,sae occurs no less ?an #adj times4 ,8 conclusions are t "o work%op did n necess>ily set itself to produce only "o =m1 b t ! diff]5ces 9 =m are m]ely due to *anges ( fa%ion4 ,9 ,class ,i4 ,greek te*nical in/9cts are /ill /rong z reg>ds =m & *oice ( subjects1 b 9 ornam5t ! ta/e ( ,s\!rn ,italy prevails2 ! subjects are ma9ly my?ological4 ,9 ,class ,,ii4 ! typically ,roman motives appe>3 gladiators1 combats1 & hunt+-sc5es2 ?is =m1 accord+ to ,f9k1 is m develop$ ?an ,class ,i4 ,evid5ce :i* has be5 obta9$ f ,reg5sburg %[s t ,class ,,iii4 belongs to ! "t f ,augu/us to ,hadrian1 &1 z we h se51 x is *iefly conf9$ to ! nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,:]e prov9cial pott]ies c be trac$1 z at ,we/]ndorf & at ,we/heim 9 ,bav>ia1 ! lamps are usually ( ?is =m1 b x 0 d\btless imitat$ 9 ,italy4 ,=m ,,iv4 is ess5tially ,italian1 b is also f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 & is evid5tly ( late date4 ----- ,footnote #bgba3 ,see ,macrobius1 ,sat4 vi4 #d1 #ah4 ,lucilius uses ?is ^w & luc]na 9 ! same l9e4 ,footnote #bgbb3 ,l4,l4 v4 #aai4 ,footnote #bgbc3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 p4 #bfe ff43 see bel[1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #bgbd3 ,cf4 ,dressel 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #ghd4 ,footnote #bgbe3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxviii4 #afc4 ,footnote #bgbf3 ,! correspond+ ,greek ^w 0 4 ,footnote #bgbg3 ,petronius1 ,sat4 #cj 7,teubn] edn4 p4 #ba72 ,orelli1 ,inscr4 #cfgh4 ,footnote #bgbh3 xiv4 #da4 ,footnote #bgbi3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxv4 #aba4 ,footnote #bgcj3 ,moretum1 #aa2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xix4 #ag1 xxviii4 #afh1 xxxv4 #age4 ,footnote #bgca3 ,la ,blan*re & ,gauckl]1 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 p4 #aic1 ,nos4 #dhg-hh2 ,ant4 di ,ercolano1 viii4 pl4 #eb4 ,footnote #bgcb3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,luc]na1 p4 #acce1 fig4 #dfje4 ,footnote #bgcc3 ,no4 #cic & ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,c #dba 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d72 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #dhd4 ,footnote #bgcd3 ,b4,m4 ,nos4 #b1 #cic4 ,footnote #bgce3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ffji-aj2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 fig4 #dfjg2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 pl4 #ab3 see also p4 #chg4 ,footnote #bgcf3 ,epigr4 xiv4 #ci2 ,moretum4 #aj ff4 ,footnote #bgcg3 ,plut>*1 ,ant4 #bf2 ,suetonius1 ,vit4 ,caes4 #cg2 ,dio ,cass4 #fc1 #d4 ,footnote #bgch3 ,suet4 ,calig4 #ah2 ,domit4 #d4 ,footnote #bgci3 ,lampridius1 ,vit4 #bd4 ,footnote #bgdj3 ,apol4 #ce3 cf4 ad uxorem1 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #bgda3 xii4 #ib4 ,footnote #bgdb3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbba2 & ,b4,m4 ,nos4 #dgf1 #ejf1 #ejg1 #ecd1 #ece4 ,footnote #bgdc3 1 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,gr4 iii4 p4 #aafi1 ,no4 #dchj n#b4 ,footnote #bgdd3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahid1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #bgde3 ,mlanges de l'cole fran4 de ,rome1 xii4 7#ahib71 p4 #aaf ff4 ,footnote #bgdf3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 i4 pl4 #dd1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #bgdg3 ,cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #aaa1 & ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 pt4 #d1 ,no4 #cjajb 7semp] vigilet luc]na n>do74 ,footnote #bgdh3 ,ellis1 ,t[nley ,gall]y1 ii4 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #bgdi3 ,orelli1 #ddaf4 ,footnote #bgej3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #fcc 7f ,sal]no74 ,footnote #bgea3 ,ibid4 ii4 #bajb4 ,footnote #bgeb3 ,sat4 #aaa 7,teubn] ed4 p4 #gg74 ,footnote #bgec3 ,see ,a!n4 ,mit?4 #aijb1 p4 #beg ff42 & cf4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijc1 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #bged3 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cij2 ,apul4 ,metam4 ii4 #bh4 ,footnote #bgee3 ,homil4 9 ,ep4 ad ,cor4 i4 #ab 7,pusey's ,libr>y ( ! ,fa!rs1 p4 #afd74 ,footnote #bgef3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #difi1 #c2 x4 #hjec1 #e2 xv4 #faif-baj3 see also pp4 #dac1 #dbj1 & ,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,footnote #bgeg3 ,ibid4 xv4 p4 #ghe4 ,footnote #bgeh3 ,cat4 p4 #dg1 ,no4 #bf4 ,footnote #bgei3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 ix4 #fjha1 #a4 ,footnote #bgfj3 ,see also ! lamps f ! alt> ( ,saturnus ,balc>an5sis 7,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 iii4 p4 #acci74 ,footnote #bgfa3 ,b4,m4 #bg-cj1 #fg1 #fh2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 pl4 ,o2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 pl4 #cd1 ,nos4 #f-ab1 pp4 #adg-dh4 ,footnote #bgfb3 ,see ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #bgfc3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ffca1 #fijj ff42 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #bgfd3 ,b4,m4 #be-bf2 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 "p #b1 plate1 ,no4 #b2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,luc]na1 p4 #acbc4 ,footnote #bgfe3 ,cf4 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 pl4 #cd1 p4 #adi1 ,nos4 #ag-h3 see also ,b4,m4 #fi-hb4 ,footnote #bgff3 ,see ,dressel 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #ghb ff42 ,t\ta9 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 art4 ,luc]na2 ,f9k1 ,=m5 u4 ,/empel rm4 ,?onlamp51 9 ,sitzungsb]i*te d4 ,mn*5] ,akad4 #aijj1 p4 #fhe ff4 ,footnote #bgfg3 ,on ! evid5ce yield$ by ! pott]s' signatures see also bel[1 p4 #dbh4 ,footnote #bgfh3 ,see ! examples giv5 on ,plates ,,lxiv4-,,lxv4 ,footnote #bgfi3 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ,dr4 ,dressel 9 plac+ ?is type e>li] ?an ,f9k's ,class ,i4 ,x seems to be int]m$iate 9 =m betwe5 ! delph9i=m & o!r types ) blunt nozzles1 & ! type giv5 9 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #bggj3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 pl4 #b1 ,no4 #e ,fig4 #bjf1 & ,dressel1 ad loc41 p4 #ghc4 ,footnote #bgga3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 v4 #haad4 ,footnote #bggb3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 p4 #ajaa1 fig4 #dcha4 ,footnote #bggc3 ,cf4 = bronze examples1 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 #bead ff4 ,footnote #bggd3 ,b4,m4 #c1 #ac4 ,footnote #bgge3 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d4 ,footnote #bggf3 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #ffii1 #e4 ,footnote #bggg3 ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,footnote #bggh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fgja4 ,footnote #bggi3 ,ibid4 xv4 #feac2 ,k5n]1 ,ant4 ,?onlamp51 ,no4 #dca4 ,footnote #bghj3 ,b4,m4 #i-ab3 see also ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #di1 ,no4 #ej1 = negro's head comb9$ ) camel's4 ,footnote #bgha3 ,b4,m4 #ah-ba 7bulls' heads72 #bb 7eagle72 ,mus4 ,borb4 xiv4 #ch2 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fgci1 #fccd1 #fcic2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #bg2 ,k5n]1 #dcg1 #dcg;a2 ,mus4 ,alaoni1 pl4 #cf1 ,no4 #dhe4 ,footnote #bghb3 ,b4,m4 #ad-ag2 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbhg2 ,k5n]1 #dcd-ce4 ,footnote #bghc3 ,greek & ,roman ,dep>tm5t1 f ,cologne2 ,briti% & ,m$iaeval ,dep>tm5t1 f ,brita92 o!rs 9 ,guildhall ,museum1 & ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fdej4 ,footnote #bghd3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fchg1 #ffbg2 ibid4 #fcic 7arti*oke72 ,b4,m4 #bd 7walnut72 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #bghe3 ,metam4 xi4 #bde4 ,footnote #bghf3 ,no4 #a ,cab4 ,dur&1 #aggg3 cf4 ,lafaye1 ,culte des ,div9its d',alex&rie1 pp4 #abb1 #cjc1 ,no4 #acb2 also ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bji1 #baf4 ,footnote #bghg3 ,see = examples 9 ,b4,m41 ,nos4 #eh-ff4 ,footnote #bghh3 ,cf4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #agj1 & ,b4,m4 ,nos4 #ij1 #ia4 ,footnote #bghi3 ,see ,dalton1 ,b4 ,m4 ,cat4 ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,antiqs4 pl4 #cb1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bgij3 xiv4 #aad4 ,footnote #bgia3 ,see on ! subject ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 iii4 p4 #accd2 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 pp4 #ga1 #ajh4 ,footnote #bgib3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #ha-hc3 see ,fig4 #bji4 ,footnote #bgic3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 p4 #bec1 ,nos4 #cif-ig 7,*ri/ian74 ,footnote #bgid3 ,cat4 p4 #ea1 ,nos4 #aag-ah 7f ,london ,wall74 ,footnote #bgie3 ,see also p4 #cie above4 ,footnote #bgif3 ,cf4 ,avolio1 ,fatture di argille 9 ,sicilia1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #bgig3 ,cf4 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #hf2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 p4 #adh1 ,no4 #ac4 ,footnote #bgih3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 p4 #aef1 ,nos4 #gd-ha3 cf4 ! ,roman lamps ( ! same date 7,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #ghb74 ,footnote #bgii3 ,! numb]s giv5 9 ! foll[+ notes are ^? ( ! =?com+ ,catalogue ( ,roman lamps 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities4 ,footnote #bhjj3 ,see also ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #faie-gea = m5tion ( _m int]e/+ subjects4 ,footnote #bhja3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahib1 p4 #add ff4 ,footnote #bhjb3 ,gtt+is*e ,gelehrte ,anzeig51 ,na*ri*t51 #ahgj1 p4 #agd3 cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #bhjc3 ,b4,m4 #eaa2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #a4 ,footnote #bhjd3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acid2 ,b4,m4 #fjd ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #bhje3 ,b4,m4 #bgj1 #cae1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cid1 #dgb-dge3 cf4 also ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pl4 #cj1 #a2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #a2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #d2 ,k5n]1 ,antike ,?onlamp51 ,nos4 #d-f4 ,footnote #bhjf3 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 p4 #agg1 ,no4 #ah2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #bbg1 #bbh1 #dbe4 ,footnote #bhjg3 ,b4,m4 #fje2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahff1 pl4 ,g4 ,footnote #bhjh3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #g3 cf4 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #ache-hf4 ,footnote #bhji3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #h2 ,b4,m4 #ceh 7h&le74 ,footnote #bhaj3 ,b4,m4 #cie2 #cfj-cfc on h&le4 ,footnote #bhaa3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #acg4 ,footnote #bhab3 ,no4 #fgi ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bhac3 ,b4,m4 #cjg1 #djb1 #dff1 #egc3 see also p4 #dae1 note #bice4 ,footnote #bhad3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #aj4 ,footnote #bhae3 ,b4,m4 #fjg-fji1 #fha1 #gjg2 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #achd4 ,footnote #bhaf3 ,b4,m4 #bga1 #cih1 #ega2 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acef4 ,footnote #bhag3 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #ag-bb2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #cb-c2 ,b4,m4 #ccb1 #eab1 #fhj4 ,footnote #bhah3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #bcj2 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dh1 ,no4 #dc 7f ,royal ,ex*ange74 ,footnote #bhai3 ,b4,m4 #egb2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aea4 ,footnote #bhbj3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bhba3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aae4 ,footnote #bhbb3 ,b4,m4 #id2 ) ,sph9x1 ibid4 #egd4 ,footnote #bhbc3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #adb4 ,footnote #bhbd3 ,b4,m4 #fi4 ,footnote #bhbe3 ,b4,m4 #eed1 #fad2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #bh4 ,footnote #bhbf3 ,b4,m4 #agd4 ,footnote #bhbg3 ,b4,m4 #age1 #agf1 #ccc1 #daa-dac2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #bf2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #ag4 ,footnote #bhbh3 ,b4,m4 #dcb1 #dcc2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #bca-b2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #cb4 ,footnote #bhbi3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #bc4 ,footnote #bhcj3 ,masn]1 ,wi5] ,vas5samml4 ,no4 #fhd3 cf4 ,anzeig]1 #ahij1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #bhca3 ,b4,m4 #ege2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #bd-e2 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dh1 ,no4 #df2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aha4 ,footnote #bhcb3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #ahj4 ,footnote #bhcc3 ,b4,m4 #gj3 cf4 ,cl>ac1 ,muse de ,sculpt4 iii4 #cdc1 #acii2 ,b4,m4 ,t]racottas1 ,d #bhf4 ,footnote #bhcd3 ,see ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #cg-eg4 ,footnote #bhce3 ,b4,m4 #daj1 #dgg4 ,footnote #bhcf3 ,b4,m4 #agb2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pl4 #cj1 #f 7,brit4 & ,m$iaeval ,dept474 ,footnote #bhcg3 ,b4,m4 #eaf1 #faj1 #faa1 #dje1 #eae1 #cfd1 #eec4 ,footnote #bhch3 ,b4,m4 #djg-dji1 #dfa1 #dgi1 #fab1 #fed4 ,footnote #bhci3 ,b4,m4 #dgh1 #djf4 ,footnote #bhdj3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #bhda3 ,b4,m4 #cjh1 #ig4 ,footnote #bhdb3 ,b4,m4 #agj1 #aga4 ,footnote #bhdc3 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 p4 #agi1 ,no4 #dc4 ,footnote #bhdd3 ,anzeig]1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bhde3 ,b4,m4 #ib1 #fac2 #ih2 #ie1 #if1 #aef2 #djc1 #djd4 ,footnote #bhdf3 ,b4,m4 #bgb2 ,b>toli1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #bhdg3 ,b4,m4 #agc1 #hi1 #egf2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #be4 ,footnote #bhdh3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #afh3 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbcj4 ,footnote #bhdi3 ,b4,m4 #eag1 #egg2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #bj4 ,footnote #bhej3 ,b4,m4 #gh4 ,footnote #bhea3 ,b4,m4 #bgc1 #dii4 ,footnote #bheb3 ,b4,m4 #faf1 #gji4 ,footnote #bhec3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #aheb1 pl4 #ci 79 ,b]l974 ,footnote #bhed3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #bhee3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #cf4 ,footnote #bhef3 ,b4,m4 #dha3 cf4 #caf1 #eai4 ,footnote #bheg3 ,b4,m4 #ajb1 #ahj1 #egi2 #ahc2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #cd4 ,footnote #bheh3 ,b4,m4 #aja1 #ahb2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #cc4 ,footnote #bhei3 ,b4,m4 #eah4 ,footnote #bhfj3 ,b4,m4 #ahd1 #bgd1 #bge1 #cbf1 #dfb1 #ejj2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #ce4 ,footnote #bhfa3 ,b4,m4 #aha4 ,footnote #bhfb3 ,b4,m4 #eh1 #ii1 #egh2 #agh1 #agi1 #dhj1 #fah2 ,bull4 ,comm4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 p4 #cff1 ,no4 #h3 cf4 ,haus]1 ,neuattis*e ,reliefs1 p4 #aed1 ,nos4 #be-cb4 ,footnote #bhfc3 ,b4,m4 #ajj1 #ehb4 ,footnote #bhfd3 ,b4,m4 #dgf4 ,footnote #bhfe3 ,b4,m4 #ead4 ,footnote #bhff3 ,b4,m4 #eac2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #ac4 ,footnote #bhfg3 ,b4,m4 #hc1 #ccd1 #cii1 #djj1 #aeg1 #fjf2 ,masn]1 ,wi5] ,vas5s4 #fie2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bhfh3 ,b4,m4 #dja4 ,footnote #bhfi3 ,no4 #ece3 cf4 also ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbba1 #bj4 ,footnote #bhgj3 ,b4,m4 #dfc1 #dhb1 #fae2 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #aeg4 ,footnote #bhga3 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dh1 ,no4 #dj4 ,footnote #bhgb3 ,b4,m4 #cif1 #cig2 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 #ahgj1 p4 #ahd1 ,nos4 #ajc-d4 ,footnote #bhgc3 ,b4,m4 #ebc2 #aia1 #eia 7bu/72 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #ga2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #afd2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #cj4 ,footnote #bhgd3 ,b4,m4 #afg2 ,masn]1 #fhe2 ,fi$l]1 ,ca/ra ,vet]a1 pl4 #h1 ,no4 #c4 ,footnote #bhge3 ,b4,m4 #dfe2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #aa2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aac2 ,c4,i4,l4 xii4 #efhb1 #ga 7,k4 ador$ by a ,gallus72 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #c1 & see ,no4 #bc4 ,footnote #bhgf3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #gg4 ,footnote #bhgg3 ,b4,m4 #cgj1 #dfg1 #ejh2 #aij1 #big1 #bhj2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #a2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #b3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,t]racottas1 ,d #bhe4 ,footnote #bhgh3 ,b4,m4 #ccg4 ,footnote #bhgi3 ,b4,m4 #cfi2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #acd4 ,footnote #bhhj3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 iii4 p4 #ajaa1 fig4 #dcha4 ,footnote #bhha3 ,b4,m #bha4 ,footnote #bhhb3 ,b4,m4 #dfh-dgj2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #db4 ,footnote #bhhc3 ,b4,m4 #ajd1 #ahe7874 ,footnote #bhhd3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #hb4 ,footnote #bhhe3 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #ff-g4 ,footnote #bhhf3 ,ibid4 ,nos4 #bcc-d4 ,footnote #bhhg3 ,ibid4 ,nos4 #gb-c4 ,footnote #bhhh3 ,b4,m4 #bgf-bgh1 #cdh1 #dhd1 #eaj1 #ehf2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #eh-i2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #df4 ,footnote #bhhi3 ,see g5]ally1 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #f2 ,b>toli1 iii4 #c 7) wrea?74 ,footnote #bhij3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,bronzes1 #aeaj ff4 ,footnote #bhia3 ,b4,m4 #ahi 7see p4 #dbj71 #cce1 #cfg1 #ebj2 #ccf2 #ajc1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #dhc3 cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 pl4 #ae4 ,footnote #bhib3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bhic3 ,b4,m4 #ehc2 ,b>toli1 iii4 #b2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #aheb1 pl4 #ci4 ,footnote #bhid3 ,b4,m4 #ahf4 ,footnote #bhie3 ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #bde2 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #e2 ii4 #difi1 #c1 & xv4 #faif ff2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #ahi ff4 ,^! lamps date f ! "t ( ,augu/us & 8 successors4 ,footnote #bhif3 ,b4,m4 #cji1 & cf4 #cfh1 #ehd1 #ehe2 ,b>toli1 iii4 #e4 ,= a simil> subject on a money-box see above1 p4 #chi4 ,footnote #bhig3 ,b4,m4 #ahi2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 pl4 #f2 ,b>toli1 iii4 #d4 ,footnote #bhih3 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dg1 ,no4 #bf4 ,see = ^! two p4 #cih above1 & p4 #dbj bel[4 ,footnote #bhii3 ,b4,m4 #hd1 #aje1 #dhe2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #hc2 ,b>toli1 i4 #ac-ad4 ,footnote #bijj3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bija3 ,b4,m4 #gaj 7ar*aic xoanon74 ,footnote #bijb3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #gf2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,nos4 #aci-dj4 ,footnote #bijc3 ,b4,m4 #dae4 ,footnote #bijd3 ,b4,m4 #eba4 ,footnote #bije3 ,b4,m4 #ccg 7,plate ,,lxiii471 & #dhf4 ,footnote #bijf3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #afg2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aca4 ,footnote #bijg3 ,b4,m4 #fai4 ,footnote #bijh3 ,b4,m4 #aib1 #ehg4 ,footnote #biji3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #aceh4 ,footnote #biaj3 ,b4,m4 #daf4 ,footnote #biaa3 ,b4,m4 #fbj2 #cch1 #cci2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #d 79 ! ?ree latt] only ) club & lion's sk974 ,footnote #biab3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acic4 ,footnote #biac3 ,b4,m4 #ejf1 #eff1 #ehh4 ,footnote #biad3 ,b4,m4 #ajf1 #dag4 ,footnote #biae3 ,b4,m4 #dhg4 ,footnote #biaf3 ,b4,m4 #fba4 ,footnote #biag3 ,b4,m4 #aic2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #ha4 ,footnote #biah3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #hb2 ,b4,m4 #ajg4 ,footnote #biai3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,nos4 #abf-bg2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bibj3 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 #ahgj1 p4 #ahb1 ,no4 #gb4 ,footnote #biba3 ,b4,m4 #aeh1 #ehi2 ,b>toli1 ii4 #bd2 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #cc2 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dh1 ,no4 #ci4 ,footnote #bibb3 ,b4,m4 #ajh2 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 p4 #ahh1 ,nos4 #bce-cf4 ,footnote #bibc3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #ajj4 ,footnote #bibd3 ,b4,m4 #aid ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #aheb1 pl4 #ci4 ,footnote #bibe3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,nos4 #aec-ef4 ,footnote #bibf3 ,ibid4 ,no4 #abc4 ,footnote #bibg3 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #gi1 #hj4 ,footnote #bibh3 ,b4,m4 #cga4 ,footnote #bibi3 ,b4,m4 #eij ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 iii4 p4 #bcch4 ,footnote #bicj3 ,masn]1 ,wi5] ,vas5s4 ,no4 #fgd3 cf4 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 ,n4,s4 iv4 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #d4 ,footnote #bica3 ,b4,m4 #eee2 ,von ,rohd51 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 p4 #di3 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbcf4 ,footnote #bicb3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahfe1 pl4 #aid2 ,b4,m4 #bhb3 cf4 #aji1 #aie4 ,footnote #bicc3 ,b4,m4 #cai-cba2 ,b>toli1 iii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bicd3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aib4 ,footnote #bice3 ,masn]1 ,no4 #fgf4 ,cf4 a lamp ) ,a!na vot+ = him1 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict4 iii4 p4 #acbi1 fig4 #dfja4 ,footnote #bicf3 ,b4,m4 #aii1 #fbc4 ,footnote #bicg3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #aid4 ,footnote #bich3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aaj2 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dh1 ,no4 #da ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 pl4 #ae 7f ,col*e/]74 ,footnote #bici3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #aaa4 ,footnote #bidj3 ,b4,m4 #aif-aih1 #ebb1 #fbb4 ,footnote #bida3 ,b4,m4 #acj1 #cdj1 #dah2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #acf3 cf4 ,masn]1 ,no4 #fhf4 ,footnote #bidb3 ,b4,m4 #ebd1 #ebe2 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acea2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #fh-gj4 ,footnote #bidc3 ,b4,m4 #fhb4 ,footnote #bidd3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bide3 ,b4,m4 #aaj1 #eic3 see ,plut>*1 ,vit4 ,alex&ri1 #ad4 ,footnote #bidf3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 iii4 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c2 see ,b]n\lli1 ,gr4 ,ikonogr4 i4 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #bidg3 ,b4,m4 #abh7871 #eih2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #he-f1 #hh-ij4 ,footnote #bidh3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahfa1 ,anzeig]1 p4 #aeg2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #hg4 ,footnote #bidi3 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dg1 ,nos4 #ad-ae4 ,footnote #biej3 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #ffii1 #d4 ,footnote #biea3 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 iv4 7#ahef71 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #c1 p4 #aff2 examples also 9 ,b4,m4 7,no4 #baf ,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #c7 & ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbdj4 ,! companion lamp giv5 9 ! ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #d1 does n repres5t ,meliboeus1 z !re suppos$1 b ,ajax4 ,footnote #bieb3 ,b4,m4 #bbd2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #c2 ,jahn 9 ,mit?4 d4 ant4 ,gesells*4 zu ,zri*1 xiv4 pl4 #d1 fig4 #i2 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 #ahgj1 p4 #aij1 ,no4 #bhb2 & see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,luc]na1 p4 #acbf4 ,footnote #biec3 ,b4,m4 #aci3 cf4 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahfg1 p4 #ce ,mit?4 d4 ant4 ,gesells*4 zu ,zri*1 xvii4 p4 #adi2 9 ! latt] in/ance a man weighs an ant aga9/ an elephant4 ,footnote #bied3 ,coll4 ,h4 ,h(fmann 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 p4 #ci2 & 9 ,b4,m4 7,no4 #ei74 ,footnote #biee3 ,see = example ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #g2 ,rev4 ,ar*1 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcj2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict41 ii41 s4v4 ,gladiator1 ) ! bibliography on p4 #afjj2 also ,b4,m41 passim4 ,simil> types occur on ! ,gauli% t]ra sigillata 7p4 #ejg bel[1 & ,d*elette1 ,vases orns1 ii4 p4 #ig ff474 ,footnote #bief3 ,b4,m4 #aaa-aad1 #cda1 etc4 ,footnote #bieg3 ,b4,m4 #aae-aag1 #bja1 etc4 ,footnote #bieh3 ,b4,m4 #aba1 #aei1 #afj1 #bjg1 #bhe1 #cag1 #cdb4 ,footnote #biei3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bifj3 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #i4 ,footnote #bifa3 ,c4,i4,l4 xii4 #efhb1 #gd4 ,footnote #bifb3 ,b4,m4 #eeh4 ,footnote #bifc3 ,b4,m4 #cah2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bca1 fig4 #bg4 ,footnote #bifd3 ,b4,m4 #eeg1 & cf4 #afe2 #bjh1 #eca2 #caa & ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acfd4 ,see "u ! fir/-nam$ head1 ,zeits*r4 fr ,numism4 xxiv4 p4 #ceg1 = an a?lete plac+ a prize vase on 8 head4 ,footnote #bife3 ,b4,m4 #ejg2 #abb1 #baa1 #dbb2 #bji1 #baj2 #abe1 #bac1 #bad4 ,footnote #biff3 ,b4,m4 #ge1 #abc1 #abd1 #aed1 #bab1 #dba4 ,footnote #bifg3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #abg4 ,footnote #bifh3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #bbc ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 iii4 p4 #acbg1 fig4 #deij4 ,footnote #bifi3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #ih2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #bjj4 ,footnote #bigj3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acci4 ,footnote #biga3 ,b4,m4 #cbh3 cf4 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #hj1 ,no4 #acfe4 ,footnote #bigb3 ,see ,b4,m4 #dbc1 #dbd1 #ecb1 #ecc1 #gja2 & cf4 p4 #dae1 note #bicc4 ,footnote #bigc3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,nos4 #bcc-cd2 also ,b4,m4 #gi4 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,no4 #hhd4 ,footnote #bigd3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #bbg2 ,b4,m4 #fbe 7hunt] only74 ,footnote #bige3 ,b4,m4 #abf1 #dbe2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #aag-abb4 ,footnote #bigf3 ,b4,m4 #gi ,plate ,,lxv4 fig4 #a2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bigg3 ,b4,m4 #bag2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcc2 ,urli*s1 ,v]zei*n4 d4 ,antik5s4 d4 ,univ4 ,wrzburg1 p4 #ci1 ,no4 #cg4 ,footnote #bigh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fgah4 ,footnote #bigi3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 pl4 #ae4 ,footnote #bihj3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 pp4 #bcj1 #bca4 ,footnote #biha3 ,b4,m4 #ecd1 #bah1 #bai3 cf4 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #abc-bd4 ,footnote #bihb3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #d3 cf4 ! well-kn[n graffito at ,pompeii1 & ,collect4 ,antiq4 iv4 pl4 #aa4 ,footnote #bihc3 ,b4,m4 #bg2 #bbb2 #abg2 #gd4 ,footnote #bihd3 ,b4,m4 #bae1 #dhi2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bihe3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbba1 #bd4 ,footnote #bihf3 ,ibid4 x4 #hjec1 #abf & #aib4 ,footnote #bihg3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #bihh3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,london1 pl4 #cj1 #b4 ,footnote #bihi3 ,gtt+] ,na*ri*t51 #ahgj1 p4 #ahf1 ,no4 #ahb4 ,footnote #biij3 ,b4,m41 passim2 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #aci ff4 ,footnote #biia3 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #bgh4 ,footnote #biib3 ,b4,m4 #dda1 #did1 #eja2 ,masn]1 ,wi5] ,vas5s4 ,no4 #fid2 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acgi4 ,footnote #biic3 ,k5n]1 ,no4 #aha4 ,footnote #biid3 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #bc4 ,footnote #biie3 ,b4,m4 #efj1 #bbf1 #efa4 ,footnote #biif3 ,b4,m4 #efb4 ,footnote #biig3 ,fi$l]1 ,ca/ra ,vet]a1 pl4 #g1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #biih3 ,b4,m4 #edd4 ,footnote #biii3 ,b4,m4 #ace1 #bia1 #efc2 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #abg4 ,footnote #cjjj3 ,b4,m4 #bcj1 #dic2 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #di1 ,no4 #eg2 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #acda4 ,footnote #cjja3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #cjjb3 ,b4,m4 #bcd1 #bic1 #dci1 #ede2 ,k5n]1 ,nos4 #afc-aff4 ,footnote #cjjc3 ,b4,m4 #bch-bda1 #bif1 #ddc1 #ddd2 ,masn]1 ,no4 #fic4 ,footnote #cjjd3 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #cjje3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #cjjf3 ,ibid42 ,b4,m4 #bdb1 #bie1 #fbf4 ,footnote #cjjg3 ,b4,m4 #gf1 #hb2 ,masn]1 ,nos4 #fed-ei4 ,footnote #cjjh3 ,b4,m4 #gg3 cf4 #ade4 ,footnote #cjji3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cjaj3 ,see g5]ally ,dalton1 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,antiqs4 p4 #aci ff42 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 iii4 p4 #acbh2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,nos4 #dig ff42 ,ant4 di ,ercol4 viii4 #de-g2 ,de ,rossi1 ,roma ,sott]r4 ii4 p4 #dih ff42 ,delattre1 9 ,revue de l',art ,*rti51 #ahhi-ic1 etc4 7,c>?age74 ,footnote #cjaa3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #cf1 #adc1 #aic2 ,b4,m4 #bja1 #caj1 f ,pozzuoli4 ,footnote #cjab3 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dg1 ,no4 #bf4 ,footnote #cjac3 ,see ,b4,m4 #ahi & ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbaa-ah2 ^! all date f ! "t ( ,augu/us3 cf4 8 co9s & ^? ( 8 successors4 ,footnote #cjad3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #faie4 ,footnote #cjae3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbai4 ,footnote #cjaf3 ,ibid4 #fbbb4 ,footnote #cjag3 ,see ibid4 #fbba2 ,b4,m4 #afd1 etc4 ,footnote #cjah3 ,ibid4 x4 #hjec1 #d4 ,footnote #cjai3 ,ibid4 xv4 #fbbc4 ,footnote #cjbj3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #ajjja1 #d4 ,footnote #cjba3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #ajjja1 #b4 ,footnote #cjbb3 ,inscr4 ,gr4 xiv4 #bdje1 #f4 ,?is & ! prec$+ are bronze lamps4 ,footnote #cjbc3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbci ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahff1 pl4 ,g4 ,footnote #cjbd3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbcf4 ,footnote #cjbe3 ,ibid4 xi4 #ffii1 #d4 ,footnote #cjbf3 ,ibid4 #ffii1 #e4 ,footnote #cjbg3 ,ibid4 xv4 #fbda-di4 ,footnote #cjbh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbej3 cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 viii4 #afj4 ,footnote #cjbi3 ,ibid4 #fbeg1 #fbfa4 ,footnote #cjcj3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict41 s4v4 ,luc]na1 p4 #accj4 ,footnote #cjca3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbed-ee4 ,footnote #cjcb3 ,ibid4 x4 #hjec1 #h2 xv4 #fbcj3 see above1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #cjcc3 ,ibid4 xv4 #fbcd4 ,footnote #cjcd3 ,ibid4 x4 #hjec1 #f4 ,footnote #cjce3 ,ibid4 xi4 #ffii1 #h-aj4 ,footnote #cjcf3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #ajjja1 #ad4 ,footnote #cjcg3 ,ibid4 #ajjja1 #bj4 ,footnote #cjch3 ,ibid4 xv4 #fbcb4 ,footnote #cjci3 ,ibid4 viii4 #ajdgh1 #a2 xiii4 #ajjja1 #ai4 ,! mean+ ( colatas is d\btful4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,m>%all sugge/s 8well-made10 lit4 8sift$10 ref]r+ to ! quality ( ! clay4 ,footnote #cjdj3 ,ibid4 xv4 #fgeb2 xi4 #ffii1 #g4 ,footnote #cjda3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahfh1 p4 #ei3 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #cjdb3 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #difi1 #a4 ,footnote #cjdc3 ,ibid4 xv4 #fbfe3 see ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahfa1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #cjdd3 ,mlanges de l'cole ,franc4 de ,rome1 xii4 7#ahib71 p4 #aah1 ,nos4 #ca-c1 pl4 #d1 ,no4 #e2 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #febj2 ,mus4 ,ala\i1 ,no4 #cfi2 & see above1 p4 #dbj1 = examples on ,campanian lamps4 ,footnote #cjde3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #cjdf3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict41 s4v4 ,luc]na1 p4 #accj4 ,footnote #cjdg3 ,e4g4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,h1 ,i1 ,r3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #bji-ad2 xii4 #efhb1 #aca2 xv4 #fbff1 #fccd1 #fcdb4 ,footnote #cjdh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xii4 #efhb1 #eg4 ,footnote #cjdi3 ,see ,f9k 9 ,mn*5] ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #aijj1 p4 #fij1 = examples4 ,footnote #cjej3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbhb4 ,footnote #cjea3 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #agj ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fbfc4 ,footnote #cjeb3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fcej1 #fdcc4 ,footnote #cjec3 ,ibid4 #feja-jc4 ,footnote #cjed3 ,ibid4 #fefj-fe4 ,footnote #cjee3 ,ibid4 #fdcd1 #feic4 ,footnote #cjef3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,luc]na1 p4 #acca2 also ! li/s giv5 by ,f9k 9 ,sitzungsb4 d4 ,mn*4 ,akad4 #aijj1 pp4 #fhi1 #fib ff41 & ! v>i\s volumes ( ! ,corpus "u ,in/rum5tum ,dome/icum1 especially vol4 xv4 ,footnote #cjeg3 ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #cjeh3 ,c4,i4,l4 v4 #haad1 #ed4 ,footnote #cjei3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #ajjja1 #acf2 xii4 #efhb1 #ej2 ,b4,m4 #chc1 #cia4 ,footnote #cjfj3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjja1 #acf4 ,footnote #cjfa3 ,ibid43 also ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,rom4 ,danub4 et ,rh5i1 i4 p4 #ahe1 ii4 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #cjfb3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accj1 #ae2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,london1 p4 #aab2 ,guildhall ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #dg1 ,nos4 #bg-h4 ,footnote #cjfc3 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 p4 #ffe1 ,no4 #bd4 ,footnote #cjfd3 ,ibid4 iii4 #cbae1 #g2 ibid4 ,suppl4 #a1 #hjgf1 #af4 ,footnote #cjfe3 ,c4,i4,l4 ix4 #fjha1 #cc2 x4 #hjec1 #hc2 xi4 #ffii1 #hi2 xv4 #fdej4 ,footnote #cjff3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 p4 #accb3 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #ghc4 ,footnote #cjfg3 ,f vol4 v4 ( ! ,corpus x may be se5 h[ common ! signatures peculi> to ?is class are 9 ?is region2 e4g4 #haad1 #aa1 #bh1 #ed1 #abf1 #acg4 ,footnote #cjfh3 ,c>ton1 ,dc\v]tes1 p4 #bed3 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 viii4 #ajdgh1 #cc-d4 ,footnote #cjfi3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjec1 #df2 ,inscr4 ,graec4 xiv4 #bdje1 #ah4 ,cf4 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 xx4 7#aijd71 p4 #if4 ,footnote #cjgj3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #fhfi1 #fhhf4 ,footnote #cjga3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,gr4 iii4 p4 #ffj1 ,no4 #efhe2 ,inscr4 ,graec4 xiv4 #bdjec1 #cd2 & ,b4,m4 #cjc4 ,footnote #cjgb3 ,inscr4 ,gr4 xiv4 #bdje1 #ce4 ,footnote #cjgc3 ,cf4 ,cesnola1 ,salam9ia1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #cjgd3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 ,suppl4 #a1 #gcaj1 & ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajh4 ,he also occurs 9 ,africa 7,c4,i4,l4 viii4 #ajdgh1 #cg7 & else:]e4 ,footnote #cjge3 ,inscr4 ,graec4 xiv4 #begd4 ,footnote #cjgf3 ,mn*5] ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #aijj1 p4 #fhe ff4 ,on p4 #fib a table ( signatures on ! ,briti% ,museum lamps is giv54 ,footnote #cjgg3 ,see above1 p4 #djj4 ,footnote #cjgh3 ,! names ( ?is & o!r pott]s 9 ,class ,,iv4 also occur on t]racotta money-boxes 7see above1 p4 #chi74 ,footnote #cjgi3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 pt4 #b1 pl4 #c1 ,no4 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,roman ,,pott]y3 ,,te*nical ,,processes1 ,,%apes1 ,,& ,,uses ,introductory--,geographical & hi/orical limits--,clay & glaze--,te*nical processes--,/amps & m\lds--,b>bot9e & o!r me?ods--,kilns f\nd 9 ,brita91 ,gaul1 & ,g]many--,use ( e>!nw>e among ! ,romans--,e*ea--,dolia & ,amphorae--,inscriptions on amphorae--,cadus1 ,ampulla1 & ,lag5a--,dr9k+-cups--,di%es--,sacrificia l vases--,id5tification ( names4 #a4 ,,introductory ,roman vases are f> inf]ior 9 ne>ly all respects to ,greek2 ! %apes are less arti/ic1 & ! decoration1 ?\gh n )\t m]its ( its own1 be>s ! same relation to t ( ,greek vases t all ,roman art does to ,greek art4 ,/rictly speak+1 a comp>ison ( ! two is n possible1 z 9 ! "o case we are deal+ ) pa9t$ vases1 9 ! o!r ) ornam5tation 9 relief4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( /yle !y may /ill be reg>d$ z comm5surable4 ,roman vases1 9 a ^w1 require only ! skill ( ! pott] = _! completion1 & ! processes employ$ are l>gely me*anical1 :]eas ,greek vases call$ 9 ! aid ( a high] bran* ( indu/ry1 & "o :i* gave scope = great arti/ic a*ievem5ts--namely1 t ( pa9t+4 ,x may p]haps be advisable to attempt "s def9ition ( ! subject1 & lay d[n z f> z possible hi/orical & geographical limits )9 :i* ,roman pott]y z a di/9ct phase ( anci5t art may be said to be compris$4 ,! l9e :i* di/+ui%es x f ,greek pott]y is1 h[ev]1 "o ( arti/ic evolution r ?an ( *ronology1 "o ( political circum/ances r ?an ( geographical dem>cation4 ,9 o!r words1 x w be f\nd t dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod ! c]amic art _h rea*$ ! same /age ( evolution ?r\gh\t all ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries2 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 9 ! ,crimea & 9 ,nor? ,africa1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & 9 ,etruria1 a po9t ( developm5t _h be5 rea*$ at :i* ! same k9d ( pott]y1 ( v simil> arti/ic m]it1 0 be+ made 9 all p>ts alike4 ,9 ,greece & o!r regions :i* _h up to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 or ev5 lat]1 be5 fam\s = _! pa9t$ pott]y1 ?is art _h lo/ its popul>ity & 0 dy+ or dead2 9 o!r p>ts1 z 9 ,etruria1 x _h nev] obta9$ a v firm foo?old1 & ! local traditions ( relief-w>e imitat+ metal 7 reviv$4 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable feature ( ! art ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age is ! great impetus giv5 to work+ 9 metal1 z has already be5 indicat$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dih74 ,! toreutic products ( ,alex&ria & ( ! fam\s *as]s ( ,asia ,m9or1 ^: names ,pl9y records1#cjhj became r5[n$ ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w1 & ! old passion = pa9t$ pott]y 0 entirely ou/$ by ! new passion = *as$ vases ( metal4 ,b 9 spite ( increas$ habits ( luxury1 x is obvi\s t ! replac+ ( e>!nw>e by metal c\ld nev] h become univ]sal4 ,= ord9>y h\sehold purposes pott]y 0 /ill ess5tial1 & besides t1 !re 7 _m to :om s]vices ( plate & gold or silv] vessels = use or ornam5t 7 a luxury unatta9able4 ,h5ce x 0 natural t !re %\ld foll[ a g5]al t5d5cy to imitate 9 ! humbl] mat]ial :at 0 beyond rea* 9 ! m preci\s1 & ! practice arose1 n only ( adorn+ vessels ( clay ) reliefs 9 imitation ( ! *as$ vases1 b ev5 ( cov]+ !m ) "s prep>ation to give !m ! appe>ance ( metal4 ,in/ances ( ^! t5d5cies h be5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 & no bett] example c\ld be adduc$ ?an t ( ! silv] phialae ( ze & _! t]racotta replicas 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ejb74 ,9 ! same *apt] we saw t ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 p>ticul>1 0 ! home ( ! relief & m\ld$ w>es 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,?is 0 a "t :5 !re 7 close arti/ic relations betwe5 t region & ,etruria1 & we h already se5 t ?is me?od ( decoration _h long be5 famili> 9 ! latt] di/rict 7see p4 #bib ff474 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t we f9d spr++ up 9 ! ,etruscan region ( ,italy an important c5tre ( pott]y manufacture :i* prov$ itself to be ! heir ( m ?an "o l9e ( arti/ic traditions4 ,! era ( ,roman pott]y is g5]ally assum$ to beg9 ) ! e/abli%m5t at ,arretium1 )9 ! area ( ,roman dom9ation1 ( a great manufactory 9 ! h&s ( ,roman ma/]s & workm54 ,evid5ce po9ts to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 z ! "t :5 ,arretium sprang into importance z a pott]y-c5tre2 & !nce=w>d = _m ye>s its fabrics fill$ ! m>kets & set ! fa%ion to ! re/ ( ! ,roman _w4 ,! l[] limit ( ! subject is1 f lack ( evid5ce1 n mu* easi] to def9e2 b aft] ! second c5tury ( ! ,empire1 pott]y1 l o!r bran*es ( work+ 9 clay1 sank v mu* into ! backgr\nd1 & ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity aft] ! "t ( ,diocletian practically gave ! dea?-bl[ to all ,pagan art4 ,m4 ,d*elette1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! important pott]ies at ,lez\x 9 ,gaul1 br+s =w>d evid5ce to %[ t !y practically came to an end ab\t ! "t ( ,galli5us 7,a4,d4 #bfj-bfh7cjha2 b x is probable t ! manufacture ( deg5]ate sigillata w>es w5t on = ab\t a c5tury long] 9 ,g]many at any rate1 if n 9 ,gaul4 ,mu* ( ! pott]y f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,brita9 is ( an exce$+ly debas$ & b>b>ic "*4 ,9 discuss+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ,roman pott]y we are met fir/ ) ! difficulty1 :i* has already be5 h9t$ at1 ( def9+ :]e ,greek ends & ,roman beg9s4 ,b we mu/ h reg>d to ! fact t 9 mo/ if n all ,greek l&s pott]y1 pa9t$ or m\ld$1 0 9 a moribund condition1 :]eas 9 ,italy ! latt] bran* 0 rejuv5esc5t4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 m satisfactory on ! :ole to exclude ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean entirely f ! pres5t survey1 & to consid] t ) ! conclud+ words ( ,*apt] ,,xi4 ! hi/ory ( pott]y 9 t "p ( ! anci5t _w came to an end4 ,t is to say1 t all lat] fabrics f\nd 9 ,greece or ,asia ,m9or1 ev5 ?\gh !y are sometimes ( ,roman date1 belong to ! l+]+ traces ( a purely ,hell5ic developm5t1 & h no be>+ on our pres5t inve/igation4 ,! latt] mu/ !re=e be limit$ to ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe1 embrac+--besides ,italy--,france1 ,g]many1 ,brita91 & ,spa94 ,! pott]y f\nd 9 ^! regions dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire is homog5e\s 9 "*1 ?\gh greatly v>y+ 9 m]it1 & s f> z x c be trac$ to ! victori\s occupi]s ( ^? c\ntries r ?an to purely native workman%ip1 repres5ts :at we may call ,roman pott]y1 z oppos$ to ,greek or ,graeco-,roman on ! "o h& & ,celtic or ,gauli% on ! o!r4 #b4 ,,te*nical ,,processes ,roman pott]y1 reg>d$ f its purely te*nical aspect1 is 9 "s ways bett] kn[n to u ?an ,greek1 *iefly ow+ to ! ext5sive discov]ies ( kilns1 furnaces1 & pott]s' app>atus1 su* z m\lds & tools1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its classification is a mu* m difficult matt]1 al?\gh x has = s long be5 ! subject ( /udy1 = reasons :i* w subsequ5tly appe>4 ,?is is p]haps p>tly due to ! ov]:elm+ int]e/ :i* ! discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s h evok$ 9 ! /udy ( ,greek vases2 & p>tly1 ( c\rse1 to ! arti/ic sup]iority & m v>i$ int]e/ ( ! latt]2 b ! mass ( mat]ial n[ collect$ 9 ! ,museums ( ,italy & ,c5tral ,europe is gradually impell+ ,cont95tal s*ol>s to br+ to be> on ,roman pott]y ! sci5tific me?ods n[ univ]sally pursu$ 9 o!r directions4 ,( _! "w we %all speak m 9 detail 9 ano!r *apt]2 = ! pres5t we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! te*nical aspect ( ! subject4 ,! ,romans1 :o us$ metal vases to a f> great] ext5t ?an ! ,greeks--at lea/ "u ! late ,republic & ,empire--did n hold ! art ( pott]y 9 v high e/imation1 & _! vases1 l _! tiles & lamps1 7 produc$ by slaves & fre$m51 :]eas at ,a!ns ! pott] usually held at lea/ ! position ( a resid5t ali54 ,^! 7 cont5t to produce useful1 b n z a rule f9e or beautiful1 vases1 = ! mo/ "p only adapt$ to ! necessities ( life4 ,!re 01 s f> z we "k1 no manufacture ( vases set ap>t = religi\s purposes1 ei!r = fun]>y use or z votive (f]+s1 & = ! adornm5t ( ! h\se metal _h ! pref]5ce4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t we %\ld f9d !m mak+ use ( a less f9e & compact pa/e = ! great] proportion ( _! vases4 ,) ! exception ( ! f9e r$ w>es ) reliefs1 :i* are n[ g5]ally kn[n to ar*aeologi/s z t]ra sigillata1#cjhb & :i* answ]$ 9 public e/imation to our porcela91 !y made only common e>!nw>e1 & ?is 0 g5]ally left unglaz$4 ,all k9ds ( clays are us$1 v>y+ ) ! diff]5t regions 9 :i* ! pott]y 0 made1 & rang+ 9 hue f black to grey1 drab1 yell[1 br[n1 & r$4 ,9 quality1 too1 ! clay v>ies to a consid]able ext5t1 "s be+ ( a co>se1 pebbly "*4 ,! r$ clay ( ! ,alli] di/rict 9 ,france1 :]e mo/ ( ! ,gauli% pott]y 0 manufactur$1 is ( a f]rug9\s nature2 its natural col\r is modifi$ by bak+1 ?\gh x nev] becomes :ite4#cjhc ,! pott]y ( ,/4 ,rmy-en-,rollat 9 t neighb\rhood is made ( ! same :ite clay z ! t]racotta figures 7p4 #chb74cjhd ,9 ,italy1 z a rule1 c>eful att5tion seems to h be5 paid to ! prep>+ & mix+ ( ! clay1 & 9 ! glaz$ r$ w>es x is uni=mly good4 ,9 fact1 ! rem>kable simil>ity 9 te*nique & appe>ance ( ?is w>e ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire has l$ to ! view t !re c only h be5 "o c5tre f :i* x 0 export$4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be urg$ ! und5iably prov9cial & almo/ b>b>\s "* ( ! decoration on mu* ( ! pott]y f\nd 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe2 & !re=e1 )\t d5y+ t exportation w5t on1 z x und\bt$ly did1 we %\ld pref] to suppose t ?is r$ glaze 0 produc$ 9 "s special artificial mann]1 su* z by us+ r$ o*re or iron oxide 7see bel[71 ! k ( :i* became common prop]ty4 ,z ,semp] said =ty ye>s ago#cjhe3 8,n only did b>b>ians1 ,gauls1 ,britons1 & ,g]mans1 le>n to "k & use ,roman te*nique1 b also ,egypt1 ,asia1 & ! ,greeks1 already immortalis$ by _! own pott]y1 dropp$ _! local processes1 & volunt>ily adopt$ ,roman =ms & te*nique40 ,clay & glaze1 =m & te*nical me?od1 are 9 all p>ts ! same2 x is only ! decoration t v>ies & reflects ! _s & ta/e ( ! locality4 ,=m]ly x 0 ?\ght t ! r$ glaze 0 obta9$ 9 ! bak+1 aft] c>eful poli%+ ( ! surface1 & t special means 7 adopt$ to ?is end4 ,9 ! kilns ( ,ca/or 7see bel[7 ,artis ?\ght t he detect$ contrivances = ?is purpose2 b x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ! glaze is artificial1 n natural4 ,9 ord9>y w>es & 9 ! lamps a r$ glaze is produc$ by a m]e poli%+ ( ! surface1 & ?is v>ies 9 tone & lu/re ) ! proportion ( oxide ( iron 9 ! pa/e1 & ! degree ( heat employ$ 9 ! bak+4 ,b 9 ! t]ra sigillata ! r$ glaze rea*es a high & uni=m /ate ( p]fection4 ,?is seems to h be5 produc$ by a k9d ( v>ni%1 ! elem5ts ( :i* are n absolutely c]ta92 b x w\ld appe> t ! sub/ance add$ to produce ! effect 0 ( an ess5tially alkaloid nature4 ,?is has be5 d$uc$ by ,drag5dorff#cjhf f a s]ies ( analyses made f fragm5ts ( diff]5t w>es1 bo? )\t & ) ! glaze2 9 ! latt] case ! alkaloid con/itu5ts %[ a m>k$ increase 9 quantity1 :]eas ! proportion ( ! iron oxide & o!r elem5ts rema9 con/ant4 ,^! inve/igations 7 made by ,dr4 ,lili5?al1 ( ,dorpat1 on five fragm5ts3 7#a7 f a vase ( ! ,republican p]iod f\nd at ,corneto2 7#b7 f a b[l ( f9e t]ra sigillata ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/2 7#c7 f a deep cup ( ! same /yle2 7#d7 f late prov9cial w>e ( ! second or ?ird c5tury2 7#e7 f a deg5]ate fabric ) r\gh clay & inf]ior glaze1 ! results be+ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,)\t glaze#cjhg3 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ,silica #eejh #ebhg #ebjed #edge #ffgj ,clay e>? #bcaj #bcie -- #ahhb #baja ,iron oxide #adac #dgh #aciff #addh #ehi ,c>bonate ( lime #ebb #achj -- #ecj #cbj ,magnesia #jge #bce #ahej #cch #abf ,pota% #jgi #jhi #aheb #aee #ajb ,c>bonate ( sodium #jbh #jde #jebc #jec #jeg #b4 ,) glaze#cjhh3 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ,silica #edah -- #eaibd #ecgj -- ,clay #baca -- -- #afic -- ,iron #aejj -- #abafh #adgj -- ,c>bonate ( lime #fja -- -- #ehb -- ,magnesia #aid #cab #bbja #egb #bje ,pota% #jie #ajf #bbaj #ahb #abg ,c>bonate ( sodium #jcg #jdi #jiba #jfb #jfi ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 al?\gh ! f9al effect is due to ! alkaloids1 ! r$ col\r ( ! vases is produc$ by ! iron oxide :i* 0 inh]5t 9 ! composition ( ! clay1 none be+ add$ ) ! v>ni%1 z ! quantities %[4 ,all ! fragm5ts also %[$ traces ( manganese & sulphuric acid4 ,previ\sly analyses _h be5 giv5 by ,brongni>t & ,blmn]1#cjhi ) results approximately simil>1 b n s def9ite4 ,fabroni _h ?\ght t ! iron oxide 0 comb9$ ) a vitre\s pa/e1#cjij & ,kell]1 by practical exp]im5ts1 essay$ to %[ t borax 0 employ$ to provide ! requir$ appe>ance1#cjia & fur!r ma9ta9$ t ! furnace at ,ca/or already allud$ to 0 us$ = dissolv+ t sub/ance4 ,he 0 n f> f ! tru?1 b ! results obta9$ by ,drag5dorff seem to militate aga9/ 8 conclusions4 ,9 any case ! glaze is v p]fect1 ( s bright a r$ z to resemble coral1 & s]v+1 z ,blmn] says1 to enhance ! gr\nd col\r :]e a mod]n glaze w\ld only conceal its imp]fect tone4 ,x is s f9e & s c>efully laid on t x does n int]f]e ) any outl9es or details1 9 ?is aga9 ev9c+ its sup]iority to mod]n glaze4 ,x seems to h be5 appli$ n ) ! bru%1 b by dipp+ ! vase into ! liquid4#cjib ,black glaze1 su* z occurs on ! e>li] ,italian fabrics 7p4 #dha71 0 produc$ f an alkal9e silicate4#cjic ,! ord9>y unglaz$ w>es 7 classifi$ by ,brongni>t "u f\r heads#cjid3 7#a7 pale yell[2 7#b7 r$ 7d>k r$ to r$-br[n2 fir/ c5tury ( ,empire72 7#c7 grey or a%-col\r$ 7d[n to ! end ( ! ,we/]n ,empire72 7#d7 black 7ma9ly prov9cial74 ,?is di/ribution 0 9 its g5]al l9es adopt$ by subsequ5t writ]s1 su* z ,buckman#cjie & ,bir*1 b 0 felt to be inadequate1 & "s slight modifications 7 adopt$4 ,= practical purposes1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd to "w fairly well z a conv5i5t me?od ( gr\p+ ! common] w>es4 ,none ( !m z a rule h any decoration4 ,!y w be consid]$ 9 full] detail 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! manufacture ( vases ! ,romans us$ ! same processes z ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 made on ! :eel 7rota figul>is or orbis71#cjif to :i* allusion is n infrequ5tly made by ! ,lat9 poets1 z 9 ! well-kn[n l9e ( ,horace#cjig3-- ,amphora cepit ,in/itui2 curr5te rota cur urceus exit8 ,&1 aga91 9 ! phrase totus1 t]es1 atque rotundus#cjih he is d\btless ref]r+ to a vase j turn$ (f ! :eel4 ,tibullus speaks ( 8slipp]y clay fa%ion$ on ! :eel ( ,cumae0#cjii2 & !re are also allusions 9 ,plautus & o!r writ]s4#cajj ,! simile has also be5 drawn ^u by ,engli% poets4#caja ,specim5s ( pott]s' :eels h be5 f\nd at ,arezzo & at ,nancy2 ^! are made ( t]racotta1 pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre = ! axis ( ! pivot1 & furni%$ at ! circumf]5ce ) small cyl9d]s ( lead1 to give pur*ase = ! h& & /ead9ess to ! :irl+ :eel4#cajb ,ano!r f ,lez\x1 n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,roanne1 is figur$ by ,m4 ,d*elette4#cajc ,mo/ ( ! common w>es 7 made by ?is process1 except ! dolia1 or l>ge casks1 :i* 7 built up on a frame l ! ,greek pi?os 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeb74 ,b = ! ornam5t$ vases ) reliefs an additional process 0 necess>y 9 ord] to produce ! rais$ ornam5t1 & !y 7 9 ne>ly all cases produc$ f m\lds1 l ! lamps or t]racotta figures & reliefs4#cajd ,! vases 7 /ill fa%ion$ on ! :eel1 b ?is 0 done 9 ! m\ld f :i* ! reliefs 7 obta9$4 ,occasionally ! reliefs 7 modell$ by h& or ) ! aid ( tools1 or ev5 produc$ ) a bru% full ( ?ick slip 7en b>bot9e71 b m\ld+ 0 ! g5]al rule4 ,?is me?od entail$ ?ree di/9ct /ages1 ( :i* ! fir/ alone requir$ arti/ic capacity2 ! o!r two 7 purely me*anical1 requir+ only a c]ta9 te*nical dext]ity4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( mak+ ! /amps f :i* ! designs 7 impress$2 ! second1 ! mak+ ( ! m\lds2 ! ?ird1 impress+ ! clay 9 ! m\ld4 ,! /amps 7 made ( clay1 gypsum1 wood1 or metal1 & _h a h&le at ! back = hold+ :ile press+ !m into ! m\ld2 !y 7 us$ n only = figures & ornam5tal designs1 b also = ! pott]'s signature 7see bel[74 ,only clay examples1 h[ev]1 h be5 pres]v$1 b "s ( ^! are admirable specim5s4 ,frequ5tly ! subjects on ! ,arret9e vases 7 tak51 l ^? on lamps & mural reliefs1 f exi/+ works ( art1 especially f ! 8new ,attic0 reliefs to :i* allusion has already be5 made 7p4 #cfh71 & ! /amps are directly copi$ f ^! s\rces4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is a /amp f ,arezzo 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) a beautiful figure ( ,spr+ 7,plate ,,lxvi4 fig4 #b71 :i* f9ds its c\nt]p>t on a complete vase f ,capua 7,fig4 #bai71 & also on a mural relief 7,b4,m4 ,d #ehc74 ,ano!r good example 9 ! same collection repres5ts a slave b5d+ ov] a vessel on a fire1 & %ield+ 8 face f ! heat ) "o h&4 ,f ! same site are two o!rs repres5t+ respectively a bo> & a lion4 ,a f\r? /amp f\nd at ,arezzo1 ) a tragic mask1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #baa4caje ,! /amps mu/ h be5 articles ( comm]ce1 & h&$ d[n f "o pott] to ano!r1 z ! subjects are f\nd repeat$ 9 diff]5t places2 ! majority 7 probably made at ,arezzo & o!r important places 9 ,italy4 ,among examples f ! prov9ces may be m5tion$ "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,romano-,briti% collection71 ) ! figure ( a y\?1 inscrib$ ,,(fi7c9a7 ,,lib]ti2 x is ( f9e t]racotta1 & 0 f\nd at ,ma9z4 ,a /amp ) ! figure ( ,p>is or ,atys is 9 ! museum ( ! ,philosophical ,society at ,york4#cajf ,o!r /amps 9 ! =m ( a h>e & a lion 9 ! ,svres ,museum are inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,c]ialis1 a well-kn[n ,g]man pott]1 ^: "n also occurs on a m\ld = a l>ge b[l ) a frieze ( combatants 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 ! =m] museum are six o!rs1 includ+ "o ( a wolf1 ) ! "n ( a ,gauli% pott]1 ,cobn]tus4#cajg ,von ,hefn] m5tions "o f\nd at ,rhe9zab]n ) a figure ( a gladiator at ea* end1 inscrib$ ,p ,,atti ,,cl9i ,o7ffic9a71 & o!rs f ,we/]ndorf ) a lion & a horse4#cajh ,dies = /amp+ ! pott]s' names h be5 f\nd at ,lez\x 9 ,auv]gne1 & 9 ,luxemburg1 ) ! names ( ,au/] 7,,av/ri ,,(7 & ,cobn]tus1 & ,roa*-,smi? possess$ "o ) ! latt] "n#caji2 9 ! ,svres ,museum is also a /amp = mak+ r[s ( patt]n 7see bel[71#caaj & at ,rhe9zab]n "o = an egg-&-tongue m\ld+ 0 f\nd4#caaa ,specim5s ( ^! /amps are giv5 9 ,fig4 #baa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,,/amps ,,us$ ,,by ,,roman ,,pott]s4 ,! m\lds 7 made ( a some:at light] clay ?an t ( ! vases1 b x 0 ess5tial t ! mat]ial %\ld be suffici5tly por\s to absorb ! moi/ure ( ! press$-9 clay ( ! vase2 sometimes holes = ! wat] to escape ?r\gh are visible4 ,!y 7 made on ! :eel1 & _h a ridge on ! ext]ior = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+2 !y 7 made :ole1 n 9 halves1 b sometimes ! vase 0 fir/ made pla91 & ! figures 7 !n atta*$ f sep>ate m\lds1 or r made sep>ately1 z 9 ! case ( ! 8,meg>ian0 b[ls 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dii74caab ,vases h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,rhone valley ornam5t$ ) l>ge appliqu m$allions1 & ! sep>ate m\lds = ^! also exi/2 !y seem to h be5 made at ,vi5ne4#caac ,! figures & ornam5ts 7 impress$ into ! m\lds f ! /amps :ile ! pa/e 0 /ill s(t1 leav+ holl[ impressions to receive ! clay ( ! vases4 ,simil>ly1 cont9u\s patt]ns1 su* z r[s ( beads or dots1 7 trac$ 9 ! m\ld ) a roll] or :eel-l in/rum5t on :i* ! patt]n 0 cut 9 relief4#caad ,any defects or c>eless arrangem5t 9 ! complet$ vase w\ld ( c\rse be due to a c>eless ins]tion ( ! /amps 9 ! m\ld4 ,!re are l>ge numb]s ( m\lds = ,roman & prov9cial vases 9 exi/5ce1#caae & ! ,briti% ,museum has a f9e ?\gh fragm5t>y s]ies f ,arezzo1 int5d$ = "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! local w>e2 ( ^! m w be said 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,_m ( ^! m\lds h be5 f\nd on sites ( pott]ies 9 ,gaul1 especially 9 ! ,auv]gne & ,b\rbonnais di/ricts1 & are collect$ 9 ! ,m\l9s1 ,roanne1 ,/4 ,g]ma91 & o!r museums4 ,lez\x 0 an important c5tre 9 ?is respect1 & "h also 7 f\nd m\lds = patt]ns & ornam5ts4#caaf ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,romano-,briti% collection7 !re is "p ( a m\ld = a %all[ b[l1 f\nd at ,rhe9zab]n1 ) /amp$ designs ( a lion1 bo>1 & h>e pursu+ "o ano!r2 x is simil> to ! m\ld ) ,c]ialis' "n already describ$4 ,^! matrices are usually ( f9e bright r$ clay1 unglaz$2 !y are v por\s1 rapidly absorb+ moi/ure1 & easily all[+ ! pott] to )draw ! vessel f ! m\ld4 ,! importance ( ! discov]y ( m\lds c h>dly be ov]rat$ = ! evid5ce !y af=d z to ! site ( pott]ies & c5tres ( fabrics#caag2 x is obvi\s t :]e !y are f\nd1 & only 9 su* places1 ! vases mu/ h be5 made2 & t ! discov]y ( a pott]'s "n on any m\ld e/abli%es 8 work%op at ! place :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,v>i\s tools = work+ ! m\lds1 or t\*+ up details or damag$ p>ts ( bronze & ivory1 h be5 f\nd on ! sites ( anci5t pott]ies1#caah z at ,arezzo1 b _! use _c be accurately det]m9$4 ,! me?od ( decoration kn[n z en b>bot9e1 :i* is a sort ( cross betwe5 pa9t+ & relief1 0 a*iev$ by ! lay+ on ( a semi-liquid clay slip ) a bru%1 a spatula1 or a small tube4 ,! patt]n 0 probably fir/ lightly indicat$1 & ! visc\s pa/e 0 !n laid on 9 ?ick l9es or masses1 produc+ a sort ( l[ relief4 ,! process 01 z a rule1 only employ$ = simple ornam5tation1 su* z leaves1 sprays1 & g>l&s2 b on ! prov9cial black w>es x f9ds a fre] scope4 ,on vases f\nd 9 ,brita9 & ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! ,cont95t 7p4 #edd7 figures ( animals are r5d]$ 9 ?is mann]1 & on ano!r class peculi> to ,g]many 7p4 #ecg7 inscriptions are pa9t$ 9 a ?ick :ite slip4 ,! col\r ( ! slip did n necess>ily correspond to ! clay ( ! vase1 & 01 9 fact1 usually :ite4 ,^! vases are1 h[ev]1 te*nically poor1 & ! reliefs heavy & irregul>4 ,! process has be5 aptly comp>$ to ! sug> ornam5tation on cakes4#caai ,pa9t$ decoration is almo/ unkn[n 9 ,roman pott]y1 & is1 9 fact1 conf9$ to ! ,,pocolom s]ies describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,x occurs 9 a r\gh & primitive =m on "s ( ! prov9cial fabrics1 su* z ! ,ca/or & ,rh5i% vases 7see pp4 #ecg1 #edd71 b its place is really tak5 by ! b>bot9e me?od4 ,engrav$ or incis$ decoration is exce$+ly r>e1 & practically conf9$ to prov9cial w>es1 :i* sometimes h incisions or undulations made ov] ! surface ) ! f+]nail 9 ! moi/ clay4#cabj ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 z at ,york1 pott]y is commonly f\nd ) wrea?s & fan-patt]ns cut 9 intaglio 9 ! clay :ile moi/4 ,o!rs h patt]ns ( f\r leaves #bjai;f\r-leaf cut 9 ! s(t clay1 or cont9u\s ornam5ts r\nd ! vase made ) ! too!d roll]-l in/rum5t ( :i* we h already spok54 ,"s ( ?is ornam5tation may be 9 imitation ( contempor>y glass vases4 ,m4 ,d*elette has trac$ ?is fabric to ,lez\x1#caba & ! specim5s f\nd 9 ,brita9 are d\btless import$4 ,a ,gauli% example f ! ,morel ,collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is giv5 on ,plate ,,lxix4 fig4 #d4 ,! feet & rims ( ! vases 7 made sep>ately1 & atta*$ aft] _! removal f ! :eel1 z 7 also ! h&les :5 requir$2 b ! r>ity ( h&les 9 ,roman pott]y is rem>kable4 ,x is p]haps due to ! difficulty ( pack+ !m safely = export4 ,! next process 0 ! prep>ation ( ! glaze1 = ^? vases to :i* x 0 appli$1 foll[$ by ! bak+4 #c4 ,,roman ,,pott]y-,,furnaces ,! rema9s ( pott]y-kilns & furnaces discov]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe h furni%$ a consid]able am\nt ( valuable in=mation on ! sy/em employ$ 9 bak+ ! vases4 ,on ?is p>ticul> po9t1 inde$1 we "k f> m 9 reg>d to ,roman pott]y ?an to ,greek1 al?\gh1 z we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,v41 ! pa9t$ vases !mselves sometimes yield in=mation on ! appe>ance & arrangem5t ( ! furnaces4 ,b rema9s ( actual furnaces h be5 f\nd 9 _m places 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 notably 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,brita91 9 a m or less complete /ate1 z also 9 ,italy1 at ,pompeii1 ,mod5a1 & ,m>zabotto4#cabb ,a complete li/ ( ^? kn[n 9 #ahfc has be5 giv5 by ,von ,hefn]1#cabc supplem5t$ by ,blan*et's li/s ( furnaces f\nd 9 ,france 7#ahih & #aijb74cabd ,9 ,gaul ! be/ examples are at ,lez\x1 ne> ,cl]mont1 at ,*telet 9 ,haute-,m>ne1#cabe & at ,belle-,vue1 ne> ,ag51 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,lot-et-,g>onne4#cabf ,! latt] 0 circul> 9 =m1 bel[ ! level ( ! soil4 ,9 ,g]many important rema9s h be5 f\nd at ,heilig5b]g 9 ,bad51 ,h$d]nheim ne> ,frank=t1 ,rhe9zab]n ne> ,k>lsruhe1 & ,we/]ndorf4#cabg ,all ^! 9 g5]al arrangem5t diff] little f ^? 9 use at ! pres5t day2 ! ,h$d]nheim furnace 7,fig4 #bab7 0 f\nd 9 ! mo/ p]fect pres]vation1 b 0 subsequ5tly de/roy$1 n1 h[ev]1 be=e satisfactory plans & draw+s _h be5 made4#cabh ,9 ,brita9 by f> ! mo/ important discov]ies h be5 made at ,ca/or1 ,*e/]ton1 & ,wans=d 9 ,nor?ants1 :]e ! rema9s ext5d = "s di/ance along ! ,n5e valley4#cabi ,!y 7 fir/ explor$ by ,artis 9 #ahba-bg1 :o publi%$ a magnific5t s]ies ( plates 9 illu/ration1 entitl$ ,durobrivae2 ^! he supplem5t$ by a full description 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,ar*aeological ,association4#cacj ,ca/or & ,*e/]ton 7! latt] 9 ,hunts7 are bo? on ! site ( ,roman t[ns1 & 7 ! c5tres ( a special local w>e1 describ$ 9 a succe$+ *apt]4 ,! pott]ies1 be+ s num]\s1 are probably n all ( ! same age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,,roman ,,kiln ,,f\nd ,,at ,,h$d]nheim1 ,,g]many4 ,9 #afgg f\r ,roman kilns 7 discov]$ 9 digg+ "u ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral = ! f\ndation ( ,sir ,c4 ,wr5's build+1 at a dep? ( #bf feet4 ,!y 7 made ( loam1 :i* _h be5 conv]t$ into brick by ! action ( ! fires1 & 7 full ( co>se pots & di%es2 !y measur$ #e feet ea* way4 ,a draw+ made at ! "t is pres]v$ among ! ,sloane ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#caca ,9 ! kilns 0 f\nd pott]y ( ! k9d typical ( ,london & ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 #ahih two kilns1 "o ( l>ge size1 ) pott]y be>+ ! "n ,,ca/vs ,,fecit1 7 f\nd ne> ,radlett 9 ,h]ts1#cacb & ano!r 0 excavat$ 9 #ahie by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read at ,%oeburyness4#cacc ,9 ,norfolk a kiln ( some:at curi\s =m 0 f\nd 9 ! ,roman settlem5t ( ,cai/or by ,norwi*2 ! %ape is t ( a %all[ concave depression ) p>titions1 & x conta9$ vases plac$ ready = bak+4#cacd ,ano!r f\nd betwe5 ,buxton & ,brampton 0 record$ by ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1#cace & a ?ird at ,weyb\rne4#cacf ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl& kilns h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 :]e !re 0 a manufacture ( local pott]y#cacg2 9 ,alice ,holt ,=e/ ne> ,pet]sfield1 ,hants2 at ,%epton ,mallet 9 ,som]set2 & a pott]'s work%op at ,milton ,abbas1 ,dorset4#cach ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a model ( a kiln une>!d at ,worce/] ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 on ! site ( ! mod]n porcela9 works4 ,f9ally1 discov]ies ( kilns & pott]y 7 made 9 #ahai at ,col*e/]1 & aga9 9 #ahgh1 :5 five kilns1 all ( diff]5t =ms1 ) local pott]y1 came to light4#caci ,to describe all ^! diff]5t types ( furnaces 9 detail w\ld ( c\rse be impossible1 b mu* may be le>nt f ! v full1 ?\gh n[ some:at antiquat$1 descriptions ( ! ,ca/or kilns giv5 by ,artis4#cadj ,x w be f\nd m satisfactory to describe ! g5]ally-prevail+ arrangem5ts1 not+ ! m important v>iations :]e !y occur4 ,x may fur!r be laid d[n t ! sy/em 0 practically ! same = t]racotta figures & tiles z = pott]y1 & t 9 _m cases bo? 7 made 9 ! same furnace4 ,b ?is 0 n inv>iably ! case1 & at ,rhe9zab]n1 = in/ance1 ! kilns = tiles 7 quadrangul>1 ^? = pott]y circul>4 ,! kilns 7 con/ruct$ p>tly ( burnt1 p>tly ( unburnt brick1 ! int]ior1 floor1 & outside ( ! ro(s be+ cov]$ ) a /rong lay] ( cem5t4 ,!y consi/$ ( two ma9 portions1 ! fire-*amb] ) its adjuncts1 & ! vault$ *amb] above1 9 :i* ! objects to be bak$ are plac$4 ,! fire-*amb] 0 usually circul>1 ) a projection 9 front1 ! praefurnium#cada :i* _h ei!r a vault$ ro(1 z at ,ca/or & ,heilig5b]g1 or a gabl$ ro( =m$ ( pairs ( tiles1 z at ,rhe9zab]n4 ,?r\gh ?is ! fuel 0 introduc$1 consi/+ *iefly1 z *>coal rema9s %[1 ( p9e-wood4 ,! fire-*amb] 0 ei!r divid$ up1 z at ,ca/or1 by walls radiat+ f a c5tral pill> :i* support$ ! ro(1 or by r[s ( pill>s 9 a l9e ) ! entrance1 z at ,rhe9zab]n & ,heilig5b]g4 ,holes 7 bor$ 9 ! ro( to all[ ! heat to p5etrate ?r\gh1 b ! arrangem5t v>ies2 at ,heilig5b]g ea* division ( ! furnace 0 vault$1 mak+ grooves along :i* ! holes 7 bor$4 ,! ov5 :]e ! pots 7 plac$ has be5 de/roy$ 9 mo/ cases1 b we "k t x consi/$ ( a floor1 a wall ) entrances1 & a vault$ dome4 ,! pots 7 rang$ p>tly on ! floor1 p>tly on t]racotta /&s ov] ! holes1 z at ,rhe9zab]n & ,heilig5b]g#cadb2 at ,lez\x !re are rema9s ( holes 9 ! walls = iron b>s to support !m4 ,special arrangem5ts seem to h be5 made = bak+ ! f9] w>es1 9 ord] to ensure ! prop] spread ( heat1 & to gu>d aga9/ _! be+ black5$ or o!rwise injur$4 ,9 ! ,romano-,briti% ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum is a lump ( b[ls ( r$ w>e f ,lez\x1 fus$ toge!r 9 ! bak+ & ca/ aside4#cadc ,"o ( ! kilns at ,ca/or 7,fig4 #bac7 is describ$ by ,artis z a circul> hole #c to #d feet deep & #d feet 9 diamet]1 wall$ r\nd to a height ( #b feet2 ! praefurnium 0 ab\t a foot 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! circul> hole 0 an oval p$e/al 7) "o end po9t+ to ! furnace-m\?71 on :i* & on ! side wall ! floor 0 support$1 be+ =m$ ( p]=at$ angul> bricks meet+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! vault$ dome 0 compos$ ( bricks m\ld$ = ! purpose1#cadd & ! sides ( ! kiln ( curv$ bricks set edgeways 9 a ?ick slip ( ! same mat]ial4 ,brongni>t#cade comp>es ! ,ca/or kiln ) t at ,heilig5b]g1 ne> ,/rasburg1 & o!rs 9 ! ,rh9e valley 9 :i* 8,samian0 w>e 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,,kiln ,,f\nd ,,at ,,ca/or1 ,,nor?ants4 ,ano!r kiln f\nd 9 #ahdd ,artis describes z hav+ be5 8us$ = fir+ ! common blue or slate-col\r$ pott]y1 & _h be5 built on "p ( ! site ( "o ( ! same k9d1 & )9 a y>d & a half ( "o t _h be5 con/ruct$ = fir+ pott]y ( a diff]5t description4 ,! old] exhau/$ kiln 444 pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( v e>ly "w2 ! bricks _h evid5tly be5 modell$ ) ! h&1 & n m\ld$1 & ! workman%ip 0 altoge!r inf]ior to t ( ! o!rs1 :i* 7 also 9 a v mutilat$ /ate2 b ! "* ( ! "w1 ! bricks1 ! m\?s ( ! furnaces1 & ! oval p$e/als :i* support$ ! floors ( ! kilns1 7 /ill app>5t40 ,artis 0 also ( op9ion t 8! blue & slate-col\r$ vessels f\nd "h 9 su* abundance 7 col\r$ by suffocat+ ! fire ( ! kiln1 at a "t :5 its cont5ts _h acquir$ a degree ( heat suffici5t to ensure uni=mity ( col\r40 ,h5ce he d5om9at$ kilns 9 :i* ?is w>e 0 bak$1 8smo!r kilns40 ,he fur!r notes t ! bricks ( ?is kiln 87 made ( clay mix$ ) rye 9 ! *aff1 :i* be+ consum$ by ! fire i4e4 9 ! bak+ ( ! bricks left cavities 9 ! room ( ! gra9s1 :i* might h be5 int5d$ to modify expansion & contraction1 z well z to assi/ ! gradual di/ribution ( ! col\r+ vap\r4 ,! m\? ( ! furnace & top ( ! kiln 7 no d\bt /opp$2 ?us e "p ( ! kiln 0 p5etrat$ ) ! col\r+ exhalation40 ,f exp]im5ts made on ! local clays he prov$ to 8 own satisfaction t ! col\r c\ld n h be5 produc$ by any metallic oxide1 inh]5t or appli$ f )\t2 & ?is view 0 support$ by ! appe>ance ( ! clay wrapp]s ( ! dome ( ! kiln4 ,b 9 view ( rec5t rese>*es1 su* z ^? ( ,blmn]1 x is d\btful :e!r ,artis' !ories c n[ be upheld4 ,z ,mr4 ,hav]field has po9t$ out1#cadf ! d>k col\r may be due to ! *emical action ( ! c>bonace\s vap\r ( ! smo!r$ kiln r ?an to any 8col\r+ exhalation40 ,! process ( pack+ ! kiln 9 ord] to secure uni=m heat 9 fir+ is ?us describ$ by ! same writ]3 8,! kilns 7 fir/ c>efully loose-pack$ ) ! articles to be fir$1 up to ! height ( ! side walls4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! bulk 0 !n gradually dim9i%$1 & f9i%$ 9 ! %ape ( a dome4 ,z ?is arrangem5t progress$1 an att5dant seems to h foll[$ ! pack]1 & ?9ly cov]$ a lay] ( pots ) co>se hay or grass4 ,he !n took "s ?9 clay1 ! size ( 8 h&1 & laid x flat on ! grass ^u ! vessels2 he !n plac$ m grass on ! edge ( ! clay j laid on1 & !n m clay1 & s on until he _h complet$ ! circle4 ,by ?is "t ! pack] w\ld h rais$ ano!r ti] ( pots1 ! pla/]] foll[+ z be=e1 hang+ ! grass ov] ! top edge ( ! la/ lay] ( pla/]1 until he _h rea*$ ! top1 9 :i* a small ap]ture 0 left1 & ! clay nipt r\nd ! edge2 ano!r coat+ w\ld be laid on z be=e describ$4 ,gravel or loam 0 !n ?r[n up aga9/ ! side wall :]e ! clay wrapp]s 7 comm5c$1 probably to secure ! bricks & ! clay coat+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! c>e tak5 to place grass betwe5 ! edges ( ! wrapp]s1 !y c\ld be unpack$ 9 ! same-siz$ pieces z :5 laid on 9 a pla/ic /ate1 & ?us ! dang] 9 break+ ! coat to obta9 ! cont5ts ( ! kiln c\ld be obviat$40 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 excavations ,artis discov]$ a s+ul> furnace1#cadg 8( :i* ,i h nev] be=e or s9ce met ) an example4 ,ov] x _h be5 plac$ two circul> e>!n fire vessels 7or cauldrons72 t next above ! furnace 0 a ?ird less ?an ! o!r1 :i* w\ld hold ab\t eight gallons4 ,! fire pass$ p>tly "u bo? ( !m1 ! smoke escap+ by a smoo?ly-pla/]$ flue1 f sev5 to eight in*es wide4 ,! vessels 7 susp5d$ by ! rims fitt+ into a circul> groove or rabbet1 =m$ = ! purpose40 ,he 0 /rongly ( op9ion t ?is furnace 0 us$ = produc+ glaz$ w>es by means ( iron oxide4 ,:e!r ?is is s or n1 x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,museum ( ,geology !re are cakes ( vitre\s matt] f ,ca/or1 probably us$ z a glaze1 & consi/+ ( silicates ( soda & lime4#cadh ,! kiln f\nd at ,cai/or1 9 ,norfolk1 0 app>5tly us$ = bak+ ! grey ,roman w>e1 & diff]$ 9 =m f ^? describ$1 :i* 7 = ! black1 be+ only calculat$ = a slight degree ( bak+4 ,x 0 a regul> oval1 measur+ #f feet #d in*es 9 bread?4 ,! furnace holes 7 fill$ 9 bel[ ) burnt e>? ( a r$ col\r1 & 9 ! upp] "p ) peat2 ! ext]ior 0 =m$ ( /rong blue clay ( #f in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ! int]ior l9$ ) peat2 ! kiln 0 int]sect$ by p>titions ( blue clay4 ,"s ( ! vases 7 inv]t$ & fill$ ) a core ( :ite s&4#cadi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,,plan ,,( ,,kiln ,,at ,,heilig5b]g4 ,! furnaces at ,heilig5b]g & ,rhe9zab]n pres5t ! foll[+ fur!r peculi>ities4#caej ,! =m]1 :i* 7 evid5tly us$ = ! bak+ ( r$ w>es1 _h a flue 9 ! =m ( a long *annel ) ar*$ vault1 ! m\? be+ ov] #h feet f ! space :]e ! flames & heat 7 conc5trat$ "u ! ov5 7,fig4 #bad74 ,num]\s pipes ( t]racotta1 ( v>y+ diamet]1 div]g$ f ! upp] "p or floor ( ! ov51 to di/ribute ! heat2 9 ! out] wall ( ! ov5 0 a s]ies ( small] ones1 & twelve or fifte5 ( l>g] size op5$ "u ! floor ( ! ov5 to di/ribute ! heat & flame r\nd ! pots 7,fig4 #bae74 ,! m\?s ( ! pipes 7 sometimes /opp$ ) bak$ clay /opp]s to mod]ate ! heat4 ,! upp] "p or dome ( ! kiln is nev] f\nd entire1 hav+ be5 g5]ally de/roy$ "h1 z else:]e1 by ! sup]9cumb5t e>?4 ,walls ( /rong masonry sep>at$ & protect$ ! space betwe5 ! m\? ( ! flue & ! walls ( ! ov51 & ! floor ( ! latt] 0 made ( t]racotta tiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,,section ,,( ,,kiln ,,at ,,heilig5b]g4 ,at ,rhe9zab]n1 :]e excavations 7 made 9 #aheh1 fifte5 furnaces 7 f\nd1 "s r\nd & o!rs squ>e1 b all con/ruct$ on ! same plan4 ,! floor ( ! ov5 0 ov] #c feet bel[ ! top ( ! walls1 & 0 cov]$ ) til+1 ! walls be+ =m$ ( r\gh slabs ( clay1 ab\t #bh by #af in*es 9 size4 ,! floors ( ! ov5s 7 9 "s cases support$ by bricks cov]$ ) a coat+ ( clay4 ,/&s ( bak$ clay 9 ! %ape ( flatt5$ cyl9d]s support$ ! pots 9 ! ov51 & ^! re/$ on pads ( a peculi> =m1 r\ghly modell$ 9 clay4#caea ,9 all1 sev5ty-sev5 pott]y-kilns & ?irty-six tile-kilns 7 discov]$ on ?is site4#caeb ,! foll[+ li/1 ?\gh by no means claim+ to be exhau/ive1 gives ! names ( ! *ief pott]ies :]e actual furnaces h be5 discov]$4 #a4 ,,italy ,arezzo ,see p4 #dgi ff4 ,m>zabotto ,mon4 ,anti*i1 i4 p4 #bhb4 ,mod5a ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahge1 p4 #aib4 ,oria ,ibid4 #ahcd1 p4 #ef4 ,pompeii ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #chf4 ,pozzuoli ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #ed4 #b4 ,,france ,dept4 ,a9 ,/4-,m>t9-du- ,blan*et1 ,melanges1 p4 #ajg4 ( ,mont ,alli] ,*amp-,l>y ,blan*et1 p4 #hi4 ,lubi 0 p4 #ie4 ,/4-,bonnet 0 p4 #if4 ,/4-,didi]-en- 0 p4 #if4 ,rollat ,/4-,rmy-en- 0 p4 #if2 ,d*elette1 i4 ,rollat p4 #da ff4 ,vi*y ,blan*et1 p4 #ie4 ,aube ,nog5t-sur- 0 p4 #ajf4 ,se9e ,aveyron ,graufes5que 0 p4 #ig2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #fd ff4 ,dept4 ,b\*es-du- ,arles ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ( ,rhne vii4 p4 #ac4 ,auriol ,blan*et1 p4 #ih4 ,m>seilles 0 p4 #ih4 ,*>5te ,j>nac 0 p4 #aja4 ,*ez ,f]r\x 0 p4 #ajb4 ,eure-et-,loire ,*>tres 0 p4 #ajd4 ,g>d ,uzs 0 p4 #ii4 ,haute-,g>onne ,vieille- 0 p4 #aja4 ,t\l\se ,haute-,m>ne ,*telet ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dci4 ,haute-,sane ,luxueil ,blan*et1 p4 #ajg4 ,ille-et-,vila9e ,r$on 0 p4 #ajb4 ,indre-et-,loire ,n\tre 0 p4 #ajd4 ,loire ,montv]dun 0 p4 #if4 ,loire- ,h]bignac 0 p4 #ajb4 ,infrieure ,loire-et-,*] ,?or 0 p4 #ajd4 ,lot ,cahors 0 p4 #ajj4 ,ml9es 0 p4 #aja4 ,lot-et-,g>onne ,ag5 0 p4 #aja2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xviii4 7#ahfh71 pl4 #bc4 ,lozre ,banassac ,blan*et1 p4 #ig2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #aag4 ,nivre ,*ant5ay ,blan*et1 p4 #if4 ,gravi] 0 p4 #if4 ,oise ,bois-,ib]t 0 p4 #aje4 ,compigne 0 p4 #ajd4 7,=e/ (7 ,mont-de-,h]mes1 0 p4 #aje4 ,beauvais ,sampigny 0 p4 #aje4 ,orne ,*&ai 0 p4 #ajc4 ,pas-de-,calais ,avesnes-le- 0 p4 #ajf4 ,comte ,puy-de-,dme ,cl]mont- 0 p4 #ie4 ,f]r& ,lez\x 0 p4 #ic2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ada ff4 ,?i]s ,blan*et1 p4 #id4 ,rhne ,lyons 0 p4 #ajj4 ,s>! ,gr&-,luc 0 p4 #ajc4 ,se9e ,p>is 0 p4 #ajd4 ,se9e- ,in*eville 0 p4 #ajc4 ,infrieure ,somme ,ami5s ,blan*et1 p4 #ajf4 ,t>n ,montans 0 p4 #ig4 ,t>n-et-,g>onne ,ca/elnau-de- 0 p4 #ig4 ,montrati] ,muret 0 p4 #ig4 ,v5de ,trizay 0 p4 #ajb4 ,yonne ,s5s 0 p4 #ajf4 ,see also ,blan*et1 p4 #ij ff4 = sites ( furnaces = t]racotta figures4 #c4 ,,g]many ,alttri]1 ,luxemburg ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #fj4 ,b]gheim ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-rom4 ii4 p4 #ajh4 ,bonn ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxiv4 p4 #aeb2 lxxxiv4 p4 #aah4 ,cann/adt ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #fa4 ,cologne ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxix4 p4 #agh4 ,comm]n ,ibid4 iv4 p4 #bjc4 ,dalheim1 ,luxemburg ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #fa4 ,dieburg 0 p4 #fa4 ,ggl+5 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 i4 p4 #gd4 ,h$d]nheim ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhb1 p4 #ahc4 ,heidelb]g ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxii4 p4 #g4 ,heilig5b]g ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbg2 ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-rom4 ii4 p4 #ajh4 ,held5b]g5 ,we/d4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,ges*4 u4 ,kun/1 xviii4 7#ahii71 pl4 #d1 p4 #bbg4 ,h]bi%(5 ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #fa4 ,nass5fels 0 p4 #fa4 ,petzel1 ,luxemburg 0 p4 #fa4 ,rhe9zab]n 0 p4 #fa2 ,brongni>t1 i4 p4 #dbi4 ,riegel ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #fa4 ,rott5burg ,bonn] ,jahrb4 iv4 p4 #ada4 ,s*nbu*1 ,wrtemb]g ,blan*et1 p4 #ajh4 ,tri] 0 p4 #ajh4 ,waibl+5 ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #fa4 ,we/heim 0 p4 #fb4 ,we/]ndorf 0 p4 #fb4 #d4 ,,engl& ,dorset1 ,milton ,abbas ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #aia4 ,essex1 ,a%don ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 x4 p4 #ba4 0 ,col*e/] ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #ch1 vii4 pls4 #a-c1 p4 #a ff42 ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 xxxiii4 p4 #bfg4 0 ,%oeburyness ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 #bnd ,s]4 xvi4 p4 #dj4 ,hamp%ire1 ,alice ,holt ,=e/ ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 i4 p4 #cjf4 0 ,new ,=e/ ,ibid4 p4 #cbf4 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,radlett ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 #bnd ,s]4 xvii4 p4 #bfa4 ,hunt+don1 ,sibson & ,wat] ,newton ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ,nor?ants1 i4 p4 #age4 ,k5t1 ,up*ur* ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #agh2 ,ar*aeologia1 li4 p4 #dfg4 ,lanca%ire1 ,w>r+ton ,reliqu>y1 #aijj1 p4 #bfc4 ,middlesex1 ,london 7,/4 ,paul's7 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #gi4 ,norfolk1 ,brampton ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 i4 p4 #cad4 0 ,cai/or-by-,norwi* ,ibid4 p4 #bia2 ,ar*aeologia1 xxxvi4 p4 #dac4 0 ,cai/or-by-,y>m\? ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc41 xxxvi4 p4 #bjf4 0 ,weyb\rne ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,nor?ants1 ,ca/or1 ,wans=d1 ,b$=d ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 i4 p4 #aff ff41 ,purlieus #bjf ff4 ,ox=d%ire1 ,head+ton ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 vi4 p4 #fj4 0 ,littlemore ,ibid4 liv4 p4 #cdi4 ,som]set1 ,%epton ,mallet ,g5tleman's ,mag4 #ahfd1 ii4 p4 #ggj4 ,suffolk1 ,we/ ,/[ ,hea? ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 xxxvii4 p4 #aeb4 ,worce/] ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 i4 p4 #bjg 7a model 9 ,brit4 ,mus474 ,on ! subject g5]ally ref]5ce may be made to ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbf2 ,de ,caumont1 ,c\rs d'ant4 ,monum4 ii4 7= ,heilig5b]g72 ,von ,hefn]1 ,rmis*e ,topf]ei1 9 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]l4 ,ges*4 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #fj 7:]e a complete li/ ( furnaces up to date is giv572 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 lxii4 #ahgh1 p4 #g ff42 ,wolff 9 ,we/deuts*e ,zeits*rift fr ,ges*4 u4 ,kun/1 xviii4 7#ahii71 p4 #baa ff42 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #bc ff42 ,smi?1 ,dict4 ( ,antiqs4 i4 p4 #hde 7art4 ,,fictile72 & = ,gauli% sites1 ,blan*et1 ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 p4 #ic ff4 #d4 ,,pott]y ,,9 ,,lat9 ,,lit]ature2 ,,%apes ,,& ,,uses ,vessels ( e>!nw>e 7 ext5sively us$ by ! ,roman p 9 ! e>li] days ( ! ,republic = all purposes ( dome/ic life1#caec & lat] writ]s (t5 contra/ _! use ) t ( ! co/ly vases ( preci\s metal !n cu/om>y4 8,gold10 says ,p]sius1 8has driv5 away ! vases ( ,numa & ! brass vessels ( ,saturn1 ! urns ( ! ,ve/als & ,etruscan e>!nw>e0#caed2 & ,juv5al speaks ( ^? :o laugh$ at 8,numa's black di% & b[l1 & fragile sauc]s f ! ,vatican hill40#caee ,ev5 "u ! ,empire fictile vases cont9u$ to be us$ by ! poor] classes1 & ! use ( ! f9] r$ glaz$ w>es mu/ h be5 ev5 m g5]al4 ,b ,juv5al1 satiris+ ! luxury ( ,domitian's "t1 says t x is consid]$ a reproa* to d9e (f e>!nw>e4#caef ,9 ,republican times x 0 ! pr\d boa/ ( a ,curius to pref] 8 e>!nw>e s]vice to ,samnite gold1#caeg & 9 #afg ,b4,c4 ! consul ,q4 ,aclius ,tub]o 0 f\nd by ! ,aetolian ambassador d9+ (f e>!nw>e#caeh2 ,s5eca also tells h[ he1 at 8 ent]ta9m5t giv5 9 ! temple ( ,jupit]1 plac$ fictile vessels be=e 8 gue/s4#caei ,b :5 ,mas9issa ent]ta9$ ! ,romans 9 #adh ,b4,c4 ! fir/ c\rse 0 s]v$ on silv]1 ! second 9 gold5 baskets1 :i* ,ptolemy ,eu]getes describes respectively z ! ,roman & ,italian fa%ions4#cafj ,a!naeus says t up to ,mac$onian times d9n]s 7 s]v$ 9 fictile vessels1 b t subsequ5tly ! ,romans became m luxuri\s1 & ,cleopatra sp5t five m9ae a day on gold & silv] w>es4#cafa ,subsequ5tly e>!nw>e 0 replac$ by glass z well z metal1 especially = ungu5t-bottles & dr9k+-cups1 ( :i* l>ge numb]s are f\nd 9 ,roman tombs1 :]e !y virtually take ! place ( pott]y4 ,vases ( imm5se size 7 sometimes made "u ! ,empire1 & /ories are told ( ! absurdities p]petrat$ by "s ( ! ,emp]ors 9 ?is respect4 ,juv5al1 9 describ+ ! turbot prep>$ = ,domitian1#cafb says no di% c\ld be f\nd ( suffici5t size to cook x 91 & ,vitellius _h a di% made :i* f its huge dim5sions acquir$ ! "n ( 8! %ield ( ,m9]va40#cafc ,else:]e x is sc(f$ at z a 8swamp ( di%es0 7pat9>um paludes74#cafd ,pl9y speaks ( t]racotta vases :i* sold = ev5 m ?an preci\s cry/al or myrrh9e w>e1#cafe & 7 !re=e presumably ( great size4 ,! pr9cipal use ( e>!nw>e 0 = ! transport & /orage ( w9e1 oil1 corn1 figs1 honey1 & o!r commodities1 answ]+ to ! casks ( ! pres5t day4 ,m>tial speaks ( a j> 7te/a7 r$d5$ ) ! blood ( tunnies export$ f ,antipolis 7,antibes74#caff ,( ! %apes us$ = ?is purpose & _! names we %all speak pres5tly 9 detail4 ,vases 7 also us$ 9 religi\s rites1 b metal 0 probably m g5]al2 ,plautus describes a mis] :o sacrific$ to ! ,l>es 9 e>!nw>e 7vasis ,samiis7 because he 0 afraid t !y might /eal silv] vessels4#cafg ,!y 7 also us$ = v>i\s op]ations 9 agriculture1 m$ic9e1 & h\sehold economy2 b above all = ! dome/ic purposes ( ! table4 ,"s ( ! peculi> uses h already be5 ref]r$ to 7p4 #chg71 & ano!r t may be m5tion$ is ! use ( j>s z bell-glasses = re>+ v9e-spr\ts4#cafh ,al?\gh ! cu/om ( bury+ vases ) ! dead 0 n s g5]al among ! ,romans z among ! ,greeks1 !y 7 yet frequ5tly us$ 9 graves 9 ! =m ( c9]>y urns1 9 ! %ape ( a cov]$ j> 7olla or obr5d>ium#cafi7 ( co>se w>e & globul> 9 =m 7p4 #eej74 ,vases conta9+ a%es h (t5 be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&1 z at ,b>tl[ & ,litl+ton 9 ,cambridge%ire4#cagj ,at ! latt] place a tomb conta9$ a sort ( col&] p]=at$ ) holes :i* =m$ ! lett]s ,,indvlcivs4#caga ,simil> f9ds are record$ f ,arnaise 9 ,france4 ,pl9y /ates t _m p]sons express$ _! desire to be buri$ 9 c(f9s ( t]racotta4#cagb ,roman s>cophagi ( t]racotta h be5 f\nd at ,saguntum 9 ,spa91 b = ^! /one & lead 7 ! ord9>y mat]ials4 ,! c9]>y urns 7 (t5 =m$ f l>ge dolia or amphorae1 ! neck be+ brok5 (f s z to produce a globul> vessel4 ,examples h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& at ,*e/]=d1 ,essex1#cagc at ,s\?fleet 9 ,k5t1#cagd & 9 ! ,b$=d ,purlieus ne> ,k+scliffe1 ,nor?ants 7n[ at ,woburn ,abbey72 ano!r is 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,l9coln4#cage ,roa*-,smi? also m5tions specim5s f\nd 9 ,lo?bury1 ,london1 & 9 ,k5t1 ! latt] be+ n[ 9 ! ,maid/one ,museum4#cagf ,vitruvius1 9 8 *apt] on ,e*ea1 or vases di/ribut$ ar\nd ! anci5t !atres = ac\/ic purposes1 m5tions t !y 7 (t5 made ( e>!nw>e = economical reasons#cagg2 b !y 7 usually ( bronze4 ,s5eca1 too1 alludes to ?is practice :5 he speaks ( ! voice ( a s+] fall+ ^u a j> 7dolium74#cagh ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,greeks & ,romans (t5 made use ( e>!nw>e j>s 9 ar*itecture1 b x is probable t ?is 0 m (t5 done ) ! object ( dim9i%+ weight ?an = ac\/ic reasons1 or1 z "s h ?\ght1 = want ( bett] mat]ial4 ,! dolium1 amphora1 & olla seem to h be5 ! =ms mo/ usually employ$4 ,!re are v>i\s examples 9 walls & sub/ructures ( ! ,augu/an p]iod1 & !y are also f\nd 9 vaults1 :]e _! purpose is und\bt$ly to light5 ! weight4#cagi ,9 ! circus ( ,max5tius a numb] ( l>ge amphorae 7 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! vault+ & upp] "p ( ! walls1 arrang$ neck d[nw>ds & ) _! axis incl9$ obliquely to ! wall4#cahj ,all are n[ brok51 b !y illu/rate ! +5i\s me?od 9 :i* ! upp] p>ts ( ! ar*es support+ ! r[s ( seats 7 light5$4 ,9 ! dome ( ! tomb ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 outside ! ,porta ,labicana1 r+s ( pots are emb$d$ = ! same purpose1 :5ce ! build+ is usually kn[n z ,torre ,pignatt>a 7f pignatte1 pots74#caha ,an ov5 f\nd at ,pompeii _h a vault$ top =m$ ( ollae fitt$ into "o ano!r1 ea* ab\t a foot 9 height1 ( ord9>y r$ w>e2 ! span ( ! ar* 0 #e feet #f in*es1 & ! object "h 0 to ensure extreme dryness z well z lightness4#cahb ,a simil> arrangem5t occurs 9 ! ,/abian ,!rmae at ,pompeii1 & also 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,/efano alla ,rotonda at ,rome1 & ! dome ( ,san ,vitale at ,rav5na1 built by ,ju/9ian 9 ! six? c5tury1 is simil>ly con/ruct$1 ) an elaborate sy/em ( tubes & j>s4#cahc ,! practice seems to h be5 cont9u$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & an example occurs 9 ,engl&1 at ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 :]e ! purpose 0 ac\/ic4#cahd 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ proce$ to describe 9 detail ! pr9cipal %apes ( ,roman vases1 s f> z !y c be id5tifi$ f lit]>y or epigraphical evid5ce or f o!r s\rces1 on ! same l9es z 9 our previ\s *apt] on ! %apes ( ,greek pott]y4 ,"s ( ^! %apes1 x w be se51 !y _h 9 common ) ! ,greeks1 su* z ! amphora1 ! krat]1 & ! phiale or pat]a1 & 9 sev]al in/ances 7su* z ! cya?us & ! scyphus7 ! ,greek "n is pres]v$4 ,beg9n+ ) vases us$ = /orage1 :e!r = liquids1 z = w9e & oil1 or = solids1 z = corn or fruit1 :i* 7 *iefly kept 9 cell>s1 we take fir/ ! dolium1 a gigantic cask correspond+ to ! ,greek 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeb71 :i* f its g5]al usage gave rise to ! g5]ic t]m opus doli>e1 = common "w 9 clay4 ,x 0 l>ge en\gh to conta9 a man1 z we "k f ! /ory ( ,diog5es illu/rat$ on ! ,roman lamp already giv5 7,plate ,,lxiv4 fig4 #f72 ! vessel !reon depict$ may s]ve to give an idea ( its appe>ance4 ,columella#cahe speaks ( dolia sesquicule>ia1 i4e4 hold+ "o-&-a-half culei or ?irty amphorae4 ,!y 7 buri$ 9 ! e>? ( ! cell>s1 & h be5 f\nd ?us 9 ,italy at ,anzi1 9 ,france at ,apt1 ,vaucluse1 & ne> ,cl]mont1 & at ,tunis4#cahf ,!y 7 us$ = w9e1 oil1 corn1 & salt$ meat1 & ,juv5al tells u t dolia 7 us$ = new w9e1 be+ l9$ ) wax1 pit*1 or gypsum4#cahg ,9 #aheh a l>ge numb] 7 f\nd at ,s>no 9 ,campania1 "s be+ /amp$ ) ! mak]s' names1 z ,,onesimvs ,,fecit1 ,,vitalis ,f1 ,l ,,titi ,t ,f ,,pap1 & ,m ,,lvccei ,,qv>tionis4#cahh ,on "o 0 incis$ ,l ,,xxxiv1 or ?irty-f\r lag5ae 7see p4 #ddf74 ,"o ( ! prodigies :i* 0 suppos$ to pr$ict ! future =tune ( ! ,emp]or ,anton9us ,pius 0 ! discov]y above gr\nd ( "s dolia :i* _h be5 sunk 9 ! e>? 9 ,etruria4#cahi ,an old "n = ! dolium 0 calp>1#caij & ano!r small] v>iety 0 ! s]ia1#caia conta9+ only sev5 amphorae4 ,a dim9utive =m ( ! latt]1 s]iola1 is describ$ z a w9e-vessel inv5t$ 9 ,syria4#caib ,dolia 7 made 9 sep>ate pieces1 ! base & o!r p>ts be+ secur$ by lead5 cramps1 & !y 7 also hoop$ ) lead1 z we le>n f ,cato4#caic ,pl9y speaks ( repair+ casks by fitt+ on h&les1 scrap+ ! hoops1 & /opp+ up cracks4#caid ,!y are made bo? ( :ite & r$ clay1 bak$ 9 a sl[ furnace1 great c>e be+ requir$ to mod]ate ! heat aright4 ,_! mak]s 7 kn[n z doli>ii4 ,"p ( a l>ge dolium b\nd ) lead5 hoops 0 f\nd ne> ,mod5a1 at ,palzano2 also at ,spilamb]to1 "o ) ! "n ( ,t4 ,gavelius & ! num]als ,,xxx1 ,,xiii1 ano!r ( ! capacity ( #cf amphorae4#caie ,on ! m\? ( "o f\nd 9 ! ,villa ,p]etta at ,rome 0 ! "n ( ,l4 ,calpurnius ,eros1#caif on ano!r ! "n ( ,t4 ,cocceius ,=tunatus4#caig ,two good examples ( dolia 7 at "o "t pres]v$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,villa ,albani1 ab\t #d feet 9 diamet] & z _m 9 height1 & ( a co>se gritty pale r$ clay4 ,?is k9d ( vase 0 (t5 us$ = sepul*ral purposes1 bodies hav+ be+ f\nd actually buri$ 9 !m 7see above1 p4 #deg74 ,next 9 size & importance to ! dolium is ! amphora1 resembl+ 9 =m ! ,greek w9e-j>#caih2 x usually has a long cyl9drical body ) po9t$ base1 a long n>r[ neck1 & two /raight h&les4 ,hld]#caii notes sev]al v>ieties3 ! ,canopic1 ! wide-belli$1 ! cyl9drical1 ! globul>1 & ! sph]oidal1 ! =m] ( :i* is a typical e>ly =m 9 ! prov9ces4#cbjj ,x 0 (t5 )\t neck or h&le1 & 0 seldom ornam5t$1 n be+ us$ = arti/ic purposes l its ,greek prototype1 b only = /rictly utilit>ian ends1 t is1 = ! /orage & transport ( w9e4 ,x is usually ( co>se r$ e>!nw>e1 made on ! :eel1 ) a clay /opp] to close ! m\?1 & ! "n ( ! mak] 9 a rectangul> label on ! h&le1 l ! diota or w9e-amphora ( ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 9 fact (t5 kn[n z a diota1 z 9 a famili> l9e ( ,horace#cbja3 ,deprome quadrimum ,sab9a1 ,o ,?ali>*e1 m]um diota4 ,! amphora 0 pit*$ int]nally to pres]ve ! w9e#cbjb2 ! po9t$ base 0 ( c\rse adapt$ = fix+ x 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! cell>1 b :5 br\ght up x 0 plac$ 9 a tripod-/& ( metal or wood 7incitega74#cbjc ,9 ,cic]o's "t ! regulation size 0 equival5t to a quadrantal or two urnae4#cbjd ,! use ( ?is vase 0 v v>i$ & ext5sive among ! ,romans2 x 0 employ$ n only 9 cell>s & gran>ies1 b also at ! table & = _m o!r purposes ( ord9>y life1 ev5 :]e n[adays vessels ( wood or iron w\ld be pref]r$4 ,d',ag9c\rt#cbje m5tions ! discov]y at ,rome1 ne> ! ,porta del ,popolo1 ( a r[ ( amphorae 9 a cell> 9 #aghi1 & at ,pompeii a hundr$ 7 f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ,arrius ,diom$es1 a hundr$ & fifty 9 t ( ! ,faun2 a hundr$ & tw5ty 7 f\nd 9 a cell> ne> ! ba?s ( ,titus1 & _m m at ,milan 9 #ahji1 & at ,tur94 ,numb]s h be5 f\nd 9 ,london1 v>y+ 9 capacity f f\r to twelve gallons1 & o!rs at ,col*e/] & ,m\nt ,bures 9 ,essex4#cbjf ,b !y are s univ]sal all ov] ! ,roman ,empire t to enl>ge ! li/ w\ld be t$i\s4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 evoke a special int]e/ by reason ( _! /amps & inscriptions1 & a few typical examples may pr(itably be giv54#cbjg ,! inscriptions v>y 9 =m & "*2 "s amphorae give ! "n ( ! mak] 9 ! g5itive1 (fic9a be+ und]/ood2 o!rs ! consuls = ! ye> 9 :i* !y 7 fill$2 o!rs1 aga91 ! "n ( ! w9e or o!r phrases descriptive ( _! cont5ts2 & o!rs complim5t>y inscriptions to _! own]s4 ,among names ( mak]s bo? s+le1 d\ble1 & triple names are f\nd1 & among ! =m] are _m ( a ,gauli% or b>b>ian "*1 su* z ,bellucus1 ,dicetus1 & ,vacasatus1 son ( ,br>iatus2 ! la/-nam$ f ,nimegu51 ! fir/-nam$ f ,london4#cbjh ,among ! triple names1 %[+ t ! pott]s 7 ,roman citiz5s or fre$m51 are ,m4 ,aemilius ,ru/icus f ,ca]leon1 & ,c4 ,antonius ,qu9tus1 also f\nd 9 ,brita94#cbji ,sometimes ! "n is 9 ! nom9ative ) ,f = fecit1 or ) ! g5itive ,,( = (fic9a occurs4 ,! /amps are 9 ! =m ( oblong rectangul> labels on ! h&le or neck1 ! lett]s 9 relief4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s /amps 0 on an amphora f\nd 9 ! ,pont9e m>%es ne> ,rome1 a squ>e "o ) a caduceus & o!r symbols arrang$ 9 twelve comp>tm5ts2 ! inscription runs ,m ,,petron ,,vet]an ,,leo ,,s] ,,fecit1 8,leo1 ! slave ( ,m4 ,petronius ,vet]anus1 made x40#cbaj ,! names ( ,vespasian & ,titus z consuls are f\nd on an amphora f ,pompeii3 ,,vespasiano ,,iii ,,et ,,filio ,,cs1 ! ye> be+ ,a4,d4 #gdcbaa2 t ( ,m4 ,aurelius 7b n necess>ily z consul7 occurs on an amphora f\nd at ,new+ton 9 ,k5t#cbab2 & on "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,leptis 9 ,africa is ,l ,,cassio ,c ,,m>io ,,cos1 ! date be+ ,a4,d4 #ajg4cbac ,on ! neck ( a f\r? amphora1 f\nd at ,pompeii1 0 ,,fvndan ,,cn ,,l5tvl ,m ,,as9io ,,coss1 8w9e ( ,fundi 9 ! consul%ip ( ,cn4 ,l5tulus & ,m4 ,as9ius 7,agrippa710 ( ! ye> ,a4,d4 #bf4cbad ,! "* or orig9 ( ! w9e or o!r commodity /or$ 9 ! amphorae is giv5 by su* inscriptions z ,,b>cae1 ,,kor ,,opt 78be/ ,corcyrean071#cbae ,,rvbr ,,vet ,v ,p ,,cii 78old r$ w9e1 #ajb lbs4 weight071 all f ,pompeii1 pa9t$ 9 r$ & black4#cbaf ,,mes ,,am ,,xviii1 also on an amphora f ,pompeii1 appe>s to mean 8eighte5 amphorae n measures ( ,mesogitan w9e0 7f ,mesogis 9 ,lydia#cbag72 or1 aga91 we f9d at ,pompeii ,,svrr ,,xxi1 8tw5ty-"o amphorae ( w9e ( ,surr5tum0#cbah2 ,,toscola7n7,,on 7ex7 ,,(fic9a ,,scav7ri71 8,tusculan w9e f ! manufactory ( ,scaurus40#cbai ,on ! o!r h&1 ,,liqvam5 ,,optimvm 78be/ pickle071 or su* expressions z ,,scombri 78mack]el071 ,,g>vs 78br9e071 etc41 imply t ! vessel has be5 us$ = convey+ pickl$ fi%4#cbbj ,among expressions ( a complim5t>y nature are3 ,,fabriles ,,m>cellae ,n ,,ad ,,felicitatem1 8! workm5 ( our ,m>cella to wi% h] joy0#cbba2 7pr7,,omo7s7 ,,fameliai ,,dono7m7 ,v7otum d$it71 or ,,dono ,v7rnam dat71 8,promus gave 7an urn7 z a gift & v[ to 8 family0 7f ,ardea 9 ,latium74#cbbb ,! li/ may be conclud$ ) ! inscription on an amphora f\nd 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,villa ,f>nese1 among ! ru9s ( ! ,aurea ,domus ( ,n]o1 :i* held eight congii2 on its neck 0 trac$ 9 ill-=m$ lett]s3 ,l7iquam9is7 ,,fl7os7 ,,excel7l5s7 ,l ,,pvrelli ,,gemelli ,m744471 8,f9e/ br& ( liquor1 belong+ to ,l4 ,purellus ,gemellus40#cbbc ,an amphora 0 f\nd at ,pompeii ) ! "n ( ,septimius or ,/]t9ius ,m5odotus 9 ,greek lett]s4#cbbd ,!re are occasional ref]5ces 9 ! classics to ! practice ( plac+ su* /amps on vases1 z :5 ,plautus makes ! slave say1 ) ref]5ce to ! dr9k+ t w5t on 9 8 ma/]'s h\se1 8,!re y may see epi/les writt5 ) lett]s 9 clay1 seal$ ) pit*2 ! names are !re 9 lett]s a foot & a half long40#cbbe ,or1 aga91 ano!r slave1 fe>+ to be caught ) a j> 9 8 possession1 reflects1 8,?is j> is lett]$2 x proclaims its own]%ip40#cbbf ,juv5al speaks ( w9e ^: c\ntry & br& _h be5 oblit]at$ by old age ?r\gh long hang+ 9 ! smoke4#cbbg ,ano!r vase us$ mu* 9 ! same way z ! amphora1 & p>ticul>ly = keep+ w9e1 0 ! cadus1 ! %ape ( :i* is n exactly kn[n4 ,x held ab\t twelve congii1 or sev5ty-two sext>ii 7p9ts71 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,horace & ,m>tial4#cbbh ,! =m] 9 ! ,odes ref]s to 8 j> ( ,alban w9e n9e ye>s old1 & 9 ano!r passage to "o /or$ 9 ,sulpicius' cell>s#cbbi2 ! latt] speaks ( cadi ,vaticani1 :i* may mean made ( clay f ! ,vatican hill or conta9+ ,vatican w9es#cbcj2 else:]e he speaks ( tak+ yell[ honey f ! ruddy j> 7imply+ an e>!nw>e vessel71 & ( ! r$ j> :i* p\rs out home-made w9e4#cbca ,we also le>n f him t ! cadus 0 hung 9 ! *imney to give ! w9e a mell[ flav\r4#cbcb ,f o!r passages we le>n t ! cadus 0 us$ = oil1#cbcc fruit1#cbcd & money1#cbce & also z a measure equival5t to "o-&-a-half amphorae or ?ree urnae4#cbcf ,! orca is describ$ by ,isidorus z a k9d ( amphora1 ( :i* ! urceus 7see bel[7 0 a dim9utive4#cbcg ,! ,romans 7 presumably1 l ! ,greeks1 9 ! habit ( mix+ _! w9e ) wat]1 b we only f9d ! crat] m5tion$ r>ely1 & t 9 a poetical mann]4#cbch ,moreov] x 0 probably made 9 metal z a rule1 & ! r>e in/ances ( ! crat] :i* occur 9 ! ,arret9e w>e are obvi\s imitations ( metal prototypes2 !re is a f9e example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,capua 7see ,fig4 #bai74 ,ovid1 h[ev]1 speaks ( ! rub5s crat]1#cbci imply+ t]racotta1 z 9 ! case ( ! rub5s cadus ( ,m>tial m5tion$ above4 ,! v9>ium1#cbdj ! acratophorum 7= hold+ unmix$ w9e71#cbda & ! o5ophorum 7 probably ( ! same "*1 b ! latt] 0 portable1 z we "k f ,horace's je] at ! man :o took 8 cook+-/ove & w9e-j> 7o5ophorum7 ) him ev]y:]e4#cbdb ,! urna1 ! equival5t ( ! ,greek hydria1 0 simil>ly us$ = c>ry+ wat]1 & also = ca/+ lots1 or z a vot+-urn#cbdc2 9 ! latt] s5se ,cic]o actually uses ! ^w hydria4#cbdd ,its size 0 half t ( ! amphora4 ,bo? ! urna & ! hydria are f\nd 9 connection ) fun]>y usages1 & appe> to h held ! a%es ( ! dead4#cbde ,! situla1 or bucket1 ) its dim9utive sitella1 0 also us$ = wat] & = lots1#cbdf b 0 pr9cipally ( metal4 ,isidorus says x is ! ,greek 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #afe74cbdg ,! cupa & ! cum]a seem to h be5 ( wood r ?an e>!nw>e#cbdh2 ! =m] 0 a k9d ( tub1 ! latt] 0 us$ = keep+ gra91 & also by brides = convey+ _! effects to _! new home4#cbdi ,ano!r l>ge vessel = hold+ liquids 0 ! s9us1 or s9um1 us$ bo? = wat] & milk4#cbej ,! nasit]na1 s call$ f its long sp\t or nasus1 _h ?ree h&les1 & 0 us$ z a wat]+-pot4#cbea ,! fidelia appe>s to h be5 a k9d ( l>ge pail or bucket2 ,cic]o 9 "o ( 8 lett]s#cbeb cites ! prov]b1 de eadem fidelia duos p>ietes dealb>e1 :i* answ]s to our 8kill+ two birds ) "o /one40 ,x implies t x w\ld be us$ = hold+ pa9t or :itewa%4 ,( small] vases = hold+ liquids1 su* z jugs1 bottles1 & flasks1 ! pr9cipal 7 ! urceus 7) its dim9utive urceolus71 ! ampulla1 & ! lag5a or lagona4 ,! hirnea is also m5tion$ z a jug :i* 0 fill$ f ! j> or cadus4#cbec ,! urceus seems to be a small jug1 ! equival5t ( ! ,greek 1 hav+ "o h&le2 x 0 also us$ z a measure4#cbed ,! ampulla 0 us$ bo? z a w9e-flask & an oil-flask1 correspond+ ?us to ! ,greek 1 z is se5 9 its metaphorical use4#cbee ,x 0 us$ = br++ ! w9e to table1 l a decant]1#cbef & is describ$ by ,apuleius#cbeg z l5ticul> 9 =m1 be+ !re=e l a flat r\nd-bodi$ flask ) two h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,,ampulla 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,an int]e/+ example ( an ampulla ( ?is k9d1 ( r$ w>e ) a co>se r$di%-br[n glaze 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago ne> ! ,htel ,dieu1 ,p>is4#cbeh ,x bore two inscriptions r\nd ! body1 "o on ei!r side1 ) lett]s 9 relief2 on "o side 0 ,,ospita ,,reple ,,lagona ,,c]vesa1 8,m9e ho/1 fill ! flask ) be]02 on ! o!r1 ,,copo ,,cnodi ,,tv ,,abes ,,e/ ,,repleta1 8,innkeep]1 7871 be (f1 x is full40 ,simil> vases h be5 f\nd 9 ,ha9ault & at ,tri]1 & are said to be /ill made 9 ,spa94 ,ano!r ( ! same k9d1 b ) only "o h&le1 rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum f ! ,morel collection1 has on x ! ^w ,,ampulla pa9t$ 9 :ite 7,fig4 #baf74 ,! lag5a 7,greek1 7 0 a jug or bottle ) n>r[ neck1 wide m\?1 & h&le1 & 0 us$ z a sign by w9e-sell]s4#cbei ,x 0 seal$ up until requir$ = use1#cbfj & be+ prov]bially brittle1 0 protect$1 l a mod]n ,italian w9e-flask1 by wick]-"w4#cbfa ,x 0 also us$ z a travell+-flask1 & c>ri$ by hunt]s & fi%]m5#cbfb2 ! y\ng] ,pl9y exhorts ,tacitus1 :5 he goes hunt+1 to take n only a 8s&wi*-box & br&y-flask0 7pan>ium ac lagunculam71 b also a notebook to jot d[n ideas4#cbfc ,! ,roman b>maid c>ri$ a lag5a at h] side :5 s]v+ 9 ! tav]n1#cbfd & x 0 us$ z a w9e-jug at ! table4#cbfe ,a j> f\nd at ,sa9tes 9 ,france has engrav$ on x ,,m>tiali ,,sol7i7,,dam ,,lagonam1 8,a :ole flask to ,m>tialis10#cbff & gives a clue to ! =m associat$ ) ?is ^w 7see ,fig4 #bag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,,lag5a ,,f ,,france1 ,,inscrib$4 ,! words 9 use = a ladle are cya?us1 correspond+ to ! ,greek 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #agi71cbfg 9 measure equival5t to "o-twelf? ( ! sext>ius or p9t1 & simpulum or simpuvium4 ,! latt] 7 *iefly associat$ ) sacrifices1 & w be dealt ) lat] 7p4 #dga72 ! cya?us 0 regul>ly us$ at ! table = measur+ out ! w9e into ! dr9k+-cups4 ,we le>n f ,m>tial t 9 dr9k+ a toa/ x 0 cu/om>y to use ! numb] ( cya?i t correspond$ to ! lett]s 9 ! "n ( ! recipi5t1 z 9 ! epigram ,laevia sex cya?is1 septem ,ju/9a bibatur1 ,qu9que ,lycas1 ,lyde quattuor1 ,ida tribus4#cbfh ,( dr9k+-cups ! ,romans _h almo/ z l>ge a v>iety z ! ,greeks1 ! majority ( ! ornam5t$ vases pres]v$ to ?is day be+ app>5tly = ?is purpose2 ! numb] ( names record$ 9 lit]ature is1 h[ev]1 mu* less1 z _m ( ^? giv5 9 ! long li/ on pp4 #aha-ahc ( ,vol4 ,i4 are m]e nick-names = ord9>y =ms4 ,! g5]ic "n = a dr9k+-cup 0 poculum1#cbfi ! ,greek 1 j z vas 0 ! g5]ic "n = a l>g] vessel2 x occurs con/antly 9 ! poets1 :o1 inde$1 use x some:at loosely1 & has already be5 met ) 9 ! s]ies ( small b[ls ) ,lat9 inscriptions describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 7p4 #dij74 ,_m =ms ( dr9k+-cups us$ by ! ,romans 7 only made 9 metal1 su* z ! can?>us1#cbgj c>*esium1#cbga & scyphus#cbgb 7see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ahd1 #ahg74 ,all ^! 7 =ms borr[$ f ! ,greeks1 z 7 ! calix 7kylix71 ! cotula 7*iefly us$ z a measure half-a-p9t71 & ! scaphium#cbgc & cymbium1#cbgd :i* 7 boat-%ap$ vessels4 ,! ciborium 7a r>e ^w1 b us$ by ,horace#cbge7 0 suppos$ to be made 9 ! =m ( ! leaves or pods ( ! colocasia1 or ,egyptian bean4#cbgf ,its lat] ecclesia/ical use is well kn[n4 ,o!r names ( :i* we he> are ! batioca1#cbgg ! gaulus1#cbgh ! scutella 7see bel[71#cbgi & ! amy/is1 or cup dra9$ at "o draught 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aha74cbhj ,l ! ,greek kylix1 ! calix appe>s to h be5 ( all ^! ! "o mo/ commonly 9 use1 & is con/antly ref]r$ to by poets & prose writ]s4 ,^? ( t]racotta c\ld (t5 be pur*as$ at a v l[ price1 & =m$1 x is evid5t1 ! ord9>y dr9k+-cups ( ! ,roman citiz52 !y 7 also frequ5tly ( glass4 ,juv5al speaks ( 8plebeian cups pur*as$ = a few asses0#cbha2 & ,m>tial describes a man buy+ two calices = an z & tak+ !m home ) him4#cbhb ,we h no exact in=mation z to its =m1 b x mu/ h be5 some?+ l ! ,greek kylix1 only probably )\t h&les2 x 0 also us$ = solid food su* z h]bs4#cbhc ,s5eca speaks ( calices ,tiburt9ae1 :i* seem f ! context to h be5 ( e>!nw>e4#cbhd ,v>ieties ( ! calix are probably repres5t$ by ! typical ,gauli% =ms illu/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii41 ,figs4 #bba-bbc4 ,( di%es & o!r ut5sils employ$ = food at ! table1 ! l>ge/ 7 ! lanx & ! pat9a4 ,! =m] is describ$ by ,horace & ,juv5al z l>ge en\gh to hold a :ole bo>1#cbhe & 0 probably ( metal2 ! pat9a is describ$ z a di% = hold+ fi%1 crabs1 or lob/]s1#cbhf b t x 0 n necess>ily limit$ 9 size is %[n by ! /ories already allud$ to ( ,domitian & ,vitellius 7p4 #def74 ,! latt]1 :5 dragg$ to 8 dea?1 0 insult$ by ! epi!t ( pat9>ius1 or di%-mak]4#cbhg ,! pat9a 0 flat1 & made ( clay1 & is also describ$ z a wide & %all[ vessel = cook+4#cbhh ,x is contra/$ ) ! lag5a 9 ! well-kn[n fable ( ! fox & ! /ork4#cbhi ,small] di%es = sweetmeats & o!r da9ties 7 ! cat9um & catillum1 & ! patella4#cbij ,! discus & p>opsis#cbia appe> to h be51 l ! lanx1 pr9cipally ( metal2 ! =m] 0 l a %ield 7:5ce scutula & scutella72 ! latt] is m5tion$ by ,isidorus1 :o describes x z quadrangul>1 & by ,m>tial1 toge!r ) "s obscurely-nam$ di%es#cbib3 ,sic implet gabatas p>opsidesque ,et leves scutulas cavasque lances4 ,m>tial speaks ( ! patella z a di% = a turbot1 & also z a vessel ( black w>e :i* 0 us$ to hold vegetables#cbic2 ! cat9us 7a fictile di%7 0 l>ge en\gh to hold a good-siz$ fi%1 su* z a tunny1#cbid & ! catillus appe>s to h be5 a sort ( porr+]4 ,sauces 7 plac$ 9 small di%es or cups1 kn[n z acetabula 7! ,greek 71 :i* 7 evid5tly ( e>!nw>e#cbie2 ! catellus held pepp]1#cbif & ! con*a or %ell 0 us$ = a salt-cell>1 also = ungu5ts4#cbig ,! latt] 0 probably a real %ell1 n ( e>!nw>e4 ,ano!r k9d ( di% :i* is only once m5tion$1 9 ,horace's acc\nt ( ,nasidi5us' banquet1 0 ! mazonomum1 probably a k9d ( lanx1 9 metal1 :i* held on t occasion a sort ( ragot ( game4#cbih ,8 own table1 h[ev]1 he boa/s1 0 adorn$ only by a cya?us & two cups1 an e*9us or r9s+-b[l1 a guttus1 & a pat]a or libation b[l4#cbii ,! guttus seems to h correspond$ to ! ,greek leky?os or askos1 & is ! g5]al "n = an oil-flask or cruet4#ccjj ,x 0 ei!r a small1 long-neck$ bottle or a squat flask ) a n>r[ sp\t1 :i* all[$ ! oil to p\r sl[ly4 ,roa*-,smi? publi%$ a relief d$icat$ by ,egnatius1 a physician1 to ! ,deae ,matres1 on :i* small vases ( ! fir/-nam$ =m appe>1 indicat+ t he consecrat$ 8 m$ic9e bottles to ^! div9ities4#ccja ,( vessels = cook+1 wa%+1 & o!r common dome/ic purposes1 ! olla 0 t 9 mo/ g5]al use#ccjb2 ! ^w is1 9 fact1 a g5]ic "n = a j> or pot 7,gk4 71 z 9 ! play ( ,plautus1 ! ,aulul>ia1 ! "n ( :i* embodies an ar*aic =m ( ! ^w1 aula1 aulula4 ,"h x 0 us$ = hid+ a ho>d ( gold4 ,x 0 also1 z has be5 not$1 us$ z a fun]>y urn1 & "s inscrib$ examples ( m>ble ollae h be5 f\nd 9 tombs4 ,! pelvis 0 m p>ticul>ly a wa%+ bas91 b ,juv5al speaks ( x z sc5t$ ) ,fal]nian w9e4#ccjc ,x is usually id5tifi$ ) ! mort>ium1 a l>ge1 %all[1 op5 b[l ) a sp\t1 frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,brita9 & ,c5tral ,europe 7see bel[1 p4 #eej72 x is ( co>se light-r$ clay1 & (t5 has ! pott]'s "n /amp$ ^u x4 ,t x 0 us$ = p\nd+ sub/ances is %[n by ! fact t x (t5 has small pebbles emb$d$ 9 ! surface ( ! int]ior4 ,! scutra is m5tion$ by ,cato & ,plautus1#ccjd & appe>s to h be5 us$ only 9 ,republican times2 its ,imp]ial successor 0 ! cacabus4#ccje ,! trua or trulla#ccjf 0 a saucepan ) a flat h&le2 num]\s examples 9 bronze1 silv]1 & e>!nw>e h be5 pres]v$1 & "s h elaborate designs 9 relief on ! h&le4#ccjg ,a numb] ( obscure & ar*aic names ( vases are record$ by ! etymologi/s & o!r writ]s1 especially 9 reg>d to ^? us$ = sacrificial purposes & libations4 ,! capis or cap$o 0 probably a k9d ( jug 7f cap]e1 to conta97#ccjh2 ,cic]o ref]s to ! cap$unculae :i* 7 a legacy f ,numa4#ccji ,! praef]iculum#ccaj 0 n1 z usually suppos$ 9 popul> ar*aeology1 a jug1 b a %all[ bas9 ( bronze )\t h&les1 l a pat]a4 ,! lepa/a or lepe/a 7cf4 ,greek 7 is record$ z us$ 9 ,sab9e temples1#ccaa & ! futile 0 us$ 9 ! cult ( ,ve/a = hold+ wat]#cdgc2 ! cuturnium#ccac is also m5tion$4 ,! simpulum#ccad & simpuvium#ccae repres5t simil> ut5sils1 ?\gh ! words are di/9ct2 !y 7 small-siz$ ladles us$ almo/ exclusively 9 religi\s rites1 & sometimes reg>d$ z old-fa%ion$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! size1 fluctus 9 simpulo excit>e#ccaf became a prov]bial expression = 8a /orm 9 a teacup40 ,!y seem to h be5 usually ( metal1 b ,pl9y speaks ( fictile simpula#ccag2 ! simpuvium is repres5t$ on co9s & sacrificial reliefs4 ,! lanx appe>s to h be5 us$ = (f]+s to ,bac*us1#ccah & ! guttus1 cymbium1 & o!r =ms also appe> 9 a sacrificial connection#ccai2 conv]sely ! pat]a1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p exclusively a libation b[l1 0 sometimes us$ = secul> purposes#ccbj2 !re is evid5ce t its use z a dr9k+ vessel is old] ?an its use = libations4 ,! la/-nam$ corresponds to ! ,greek 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aia71ccba & is con/antly ref]r$ to or repres5t$2 its ess5tial feature 0 ! holl[ knob or omphalos 9 ! c5tre1 & x 0 ei!r made ( metal or e>!nw>e4 ,! patella 0 also us$ = libations or = (f]+ fir/-fruits to ! h\sehold gods4#ccbb ,o!r obscure words ref]r+ to vases ( secul> use are ! pollubrum 7,greek1 7#ccbc & malluvium 7,greek1 71#ccbd mean+ respectively bas9s = wa%+ ! feet & h&s2 ! aquim9>ium = wa%+ vessels#ccbe2 ! galeola1 a v>iety ( ! s9us#ccbf2 ! pult>ius1 a vessel us$ = w>m dr9ks1 = mu/1 = pres]v+ grapes1 = coals1 = fumigat+1 & z a cupp+-glass#ccbg2 & ! obba1 :i* ,p]sius describes z sessilis1 i4e4 squat & flat-bottom$4#ccbh ,! culeus1 congius1 hem9a1 & sext>ius appe> to h be5 measures only1 n vases 9 g5]al use2 ! congius 0 "o-eigh? ( an amphora1 or six sext>ii1 ab\t six ,engli% p9ts4#ccbi ,9 ! case ( ! majority ( ! names discuss$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 any attempt at id5tification ) exi/+ =ms is hopeless2 we h v few clues 9 ! lit]ature to ! %apes ( ! vases describ$1 & little evid5ce f !mselves1 z is (t5 ! case ) ,greek %apes2 nor is any ,roman writ] except ,isidorus1 ^: date is too late to be tru/wor?y1 s explicit z ,a!naeus4 ,at pres5t little has be5 done 9 ! way ( collect+ ! diff]5t =ms ( exi/+ vases1 b a valuable treatise on ! subject 0 rec5tly issu$ by ! late ,o4 ,hld]1 a ,wrtemb]g pr(essor1 :o collect$ all ! =ms f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,italy1#cccj & al?\gh he did n attempt to id5tify !m by ,lat9 names1 he has done mu* s]vice 9 gr\p+ !m toge!r1 classifi$ z urns1 j>s1 jugs1 & s on1 9 a s]ies ( tw5ty-?ree plates ( outl9e draw+s4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 9 ,roman pott]y no cle> l9e ( di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( dr9k+-cups or ( jugs or di%es1 z is ! case ) ,greek vases2 diff]5t =ms aga9 are f\nd 9 diff]5t fabrics1 & ^? typical ( ornam5t$ w>es are n f\nd 9 pla9 pott]y1 & s on4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t 9 ,roman pott]y ! ornam5t$ w>es are ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,:]e ! ,greeks us$ pa9t$ vases1 ! ,romans us$ metal2 & ap>t f ! pla9 pott]y1 ! =ms are almo/ limit$ to a few v>ieties ( cups1 b[ls1 & di%es4 ,comp>isons ) ! ,greek equival5ts illu/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 may give a probable idea ( :at ! ,roman meant :5 he spoke ( an urceus or an olla1 b = ! re/ ! mod]n inve/igator c d little beyond attempt+ to po9t out :at types ( vases 7 peculi> to diff]5t p]iods or fabrics1 & 9 mo/ cases any attempt to give specific names c only be reg>d$ z arbitr>y4 ----- ,footnote #cjhj3 ,h4,n4 xxxiii4 #aed ff43 see bel[1 p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #cjha3 ,vases orns de la ,gaule ,roma9e1 i4 p4 #aij ff4 ,footnote #cjhb3 ,! t]m is appli$ to clay suit$ to receive /amps 7sigilla7 or impressions4 ,footnote #cjhc3 ,d*elette1 ,vases orns de la ,gaule ,roma9e1 ii4 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #cjhd3 ,ibid4 i4 p4 #da ff4 ,footnote #cjhe3 ,d] ,/il1 ii4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #cjhf3 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 xcvi4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #cjhg3 ,9 ! case ( fragm5t ,no4 #c ! clay & lime c\ld n be diff]5tiat$4 ,footnote #cjhh3 ,9 ! case ( fragm5ts #b & #e no def9ite g5]al result 0 obta9$4 ,footnote #cjhi3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dba2 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ia4 ,see also ,h&book to ,collection ( ,pott]y 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 #ahic1 p4 #fe1 = an analysis made on a fragm5t ( glaz$ r$ w>e by ,dr4 ,p]cy3 ,silica #edde ,alum9a #bbjh ,p]oxide ( iron #gca ,lime #igf ,magnesia #afg ,pota% #cbb ,soda #agf ------ #ajjbe ,footnote #cjij3 ,/oria degli ant4 va/ aret9i1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #cjia3 ,ueb] die ro! ,topf]wa>e1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #cjib3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbc2 ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #cjic3 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #cjid3 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4 #cha3 cf4 ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #cjie3 ,roman ,art 9 ,cir5ce/]1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #cjif3 ,plaut4 ,epid4 iii4 #b1 #ce2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 vii4 #aih4 ,footnote #cjig3 ,art4 ,poet4 #ba4 ,footnote #cjih3 ,sat4 ii4 #g1 #hf4 ,footnote #cjii3 ii4 #c1 #dh4 ,footnote #cajj3 ,capt4 ii4 #c1 #i2 ,p]sius1 iii4 #bc2 ,avianus1 ,fab4 #da1 #i4 ,footnote #caja3 ,%akespe>e1 #a ,h5ry ,,vi41 ,act #a1 sc5e #e1 l9e #ai4 ,footnote #cajb3 ,smi?1 ,dict4 ( ,antiqs4#ccab i4 p4 #hdd3 see bel[1 p4 #dhj2 also ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #cajc3 ,vases orns1 ii4 p4 #cch4 ,footnote #cajd3 ,see ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbc ff42 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #ajf2 ,von ,hefn]1 9 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]l4 ,ges*4 xxii4 7#ahfc71 pp4 #bc1 #ce2 & ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #caje3 ,see ,fabroni1 ,/oria degli vasi aret9i1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #d4 ,footnote #cajf3 ,h&book to ,mus4 7#ahia71 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #cajg3 ,brongni>t & ,riocreux1 ,mus4 de ,svres1 pp4 #af1 #abh4 ,= ,c]ialis see p4 #ecf & ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjaj1 #edd2 = ,cobn]tus1 ibid4 #eib1 & ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cajh3 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]l4 ,ges*4 xxii4 7#ahfc71 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #caji3 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ajd1 fig4 #ba2 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 ,j\rn4 iv4 p4 #ai4 ,d*elette /ates t ab\t fifty 9 all are kn[n 7op4 cit4 i4 p4 #ccg74 ,footnote #caaj3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbd1 pl4 #cj2 ,mus4 de ,svres1 p4 #abh1 & pl4 #i1 fig4 #h4 ,footnote #caaa3 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv1 #ahfc1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #caab3 ,examples ( ?is te*nique (t5 occur 9 ,gaul & ,brita93 see ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #afi ff41 & cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #ia1 & a f9e vase f ,felix/[e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see also ,plate ,,lxix4 fig4 #b1 & p4 #ebi4 ,footnote #caac3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ecj1 & ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #bce ff4 ,footnote #caad3 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #caae3 ,e4g4 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg1 figs4 #bb1 #bc4 ,footnote #caaf3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahha-hb1 p4 #ag2 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 pl4 #cj1 figs4 #b-d3 see also ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ada ff41 & bel[1 p4 #ebe ff4 ,footnote #caag3 ,cf4 ,d*elette 9 ,revue des tudes ,anci5s1 v4 7#aijc71 p4 #db4 ,footnote #caah3 ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #aaj1 fig4 #be3 cf4 ,von ,hefn] 9 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv1 #ahfc1 p4 #ef2 ,fabroni1 ,/oria degli anti*i vasi aret9i1 pls4 #c1 #e1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #caai3 ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #aaa2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ii4 art4 ,figl9um1 p4 #aacj4 ,footnote #cabj3 ,cf4 von ,hefn] 9 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]l4 ,ges*4 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #caba3 ,vases orns1 ii4 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #cabb3 ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #chf2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahge4 p4 #aib2 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 i4 pl4 #h1 #g1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #cabc3 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]l4 ,ges*4 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #ef ff43 see also ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #bc ff41 & ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ii4 art4 ,figl9um4 ,footnote #cabd3 ,bullet4 ,ar*4 #ahih1 p4 #ah ff41 & ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 7#aijb71 p4 #ic ff4 ,footnote #cabe3 ,brongni>t1 i4 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #cabf3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xviii4 7#ahfh71 pl4 #bc1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #cabg3 ,see = a full acc\nt ( ! la/-nam$ ,von ,hefn] 9 op4 cit4 p4 #h ff41 p4 #ef1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #cabh3 ,see ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhb1 pl4 ,u1 to :i* ! lett]s 9 ! cut ref]4 ,o!r kilns f\nd at ,h$d]nheim are describ$ 9 ,we/deuts*e ,zeits*rift1 xviii4 7#ahii71 p4 #bae ff4 ,footnote #cabi3 ,see ,hav]field 9 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 i4 pp4 #afg1 #bjg ff4 ,footnote #cacj3 ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 i4 p4 #a ff41 ii4 p4 #afd3 see also ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#a1 p4 #bfd ff42 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,coll4 ,antiq4 iv4 p4 #ha1 vi4 p4 #aha ff4 ,footnote #caca3 ,no4 #ieh1 fol4 #aje2 reproduc$ by ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 pl4 #cg1 fig4 #d1 & ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #gi2 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 #bnd ,s]4 xvi4 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cacb3 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 xvii4 #ahih1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #cacc3 ,ibid4 xvi4 7#ahie71 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #cacd3 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,norfolk1 i4 p4 #bia1 fig4 #g3 see bel[1 p4 #ddi4 ,footnote #cace3 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #cacf3 ,ibid4 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #cacg3 ,ar*aeologia1 xxxv4 p4 #ia2 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,hants1 i4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #cach3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #aia ff42 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,hants1 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #caci3 ,roa*-,smi?1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #ch2 vii4 p4 #a ff41 pls4 #a-c4 ,footnote #cadj3 ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#a1 p4 #bfd ff41 & ,hav]field 9 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 give ! mo/ satisfactory epitomes ( ,artis' descriptions4 ,footnote #cada3 ,cato1 ,agricult4 #ch4 ,footnote #cadb3 ,cf4 ,von ,hefn]1 op4 cit4 pl4 #d1 #bh-ca3 see also ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 vii4 p4 #agf1 & an example f ,switz]l& 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,romano-,briti% ,collection74 ,footnote #cadc3 ,see also ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #cadd3 ,see ,hav]field 9 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 i4 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #cade3 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #cadf3 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 i4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #cadg3 ,see ,hav]field1 op4 cit4 p4 #baj1 fig4 #ca4 ,footnote #cadh3 ,hav]field1 ibid42 ,h&book ( ,pott]y 9 ,mus4 ( ,pract4 ,geol4 #ahic1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #cadi3 ,ar*aeologia1 xxii4 pl4 #cf1 p4 #dac2 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 i4 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #caej3 ,see ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbh1 pl4 #a2 ,artis1 ,durobrivae1 pl4 #bg1 figs4 #c & #f2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio s4v4 ,=nax1 figs4 #cbja-jb4 ,footnote #caea3 ,brongni>t1 i4 p4 #dbi4 ,footnote #caeb3 ,von ,hefn] 9 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv 7#ahfc71 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #caec3 ,cf4 ,tibull4 i4 #a1 #ch3 8,nec e puris sp]n]e fictilibus4 ,fictilia antiquus primum sibi fecit agre/is ,pocula de facili composuitque luto40 ,footnote #caed3 ,sat4 ii4 #fj4 ,footnote #caee3 ,sat4 vi4 #cdb4 ,footnote #caef3 ,sat4 iii4 #afh4 ,footnote #caeg3 ,florus1 i4 #ah1 #bb4 ,footnote #caeh3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxiii4 #adb4 ,footnote #caei3 ,ep4 #ie1 #gb4 ,footnote #cafj3 ,apud ,a!n4 vi4 #bbi ,d4 ,he uses ! curi\s expression1 1 :i*1 z 9 ! use ( ! ^w = m>ble tiles 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ajj71 implies ! antiquity ( ! use ( fictile w>e4 ,see ! next note4 ,footnote #cafa3 vi4 #bbi ,c1 :]e ! use ( or d9n]-s]vice is discuss$4 ,footnote #cafb3 iv4 #gb1 #aca3 cf4 ,m>t4 xiii4 #ha4 ,footnote #cafc3 ,suet4 ,vit4 ,vitell4 #ac 7clypeum ,m9]vae1 74 ,footnote #cafd3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afd4 ,footnote #cafe3 ,ibid4 #afc4 ,footnote #caff3 iv4 #hh4 ,footnote #cafg3 ,capt4 ii4 #b1 #da4 ,footnote #cafh3 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #cea4 ,footnote #cafi3 ,orelli1 ,ins]4 #dedd2 ,grut] #fjg1 #a2 & see ,c4,i4,l4 i4 p #bji4 ,footnote #cagj3 ,see above1 p4 #cea2 & cf4 ,ar*aeologia1 xxv4 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #caga3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #acce1 #a4 ,! vase is n[ at ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,footnote #cagb3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afj 7fictilibus soliis74 ,footnote #cagc3 ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 x4 7#ahec71 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #cagd3 ,ar*aeologia1 xiv4 pl4 #f1 p4 #cg 79 ,b4,m474 ,footnote #cage3 ,ar*4 ,j\rn41 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cagf3 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #hh1 & see p4 #eej4 ,footnote #cagg3 v4 #e1 #h4 ,footnote #cagh3 ,quae/4 ,nat4 vi4 #ai3 cf4 ,ari/4 ,probl4 xi4 #h1 & ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xi4 #bgj1 doliis inanibus4 ,footnote #cagi3 ,krause1 ,angeiologie1 pp4 #abf1 #dfc4 ,footnote #cahj3 ,see ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome1 ii4 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #caha3 ,middleton1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cahb3 ,niss51 ,pompeian4 ,/udi51 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #cahc3 ,niss51 ibid4 ,footnote #cahd3 ,see ,yorks4 ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 iii4 p4 #a ff41 xv4 p4 #cjc2 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,in/4 ( ,brit4 ,ar*itects1 #ahha-b1 p4 #fe ff42 ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 xxxv4 p4 #ie1 xxxviii4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #cahe3 xii4 #ah4 ,footnote #cahf3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #djg ff4 ,footnote #cahg3 ix4 #eh4 ,footnote #cahh3 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 ,n4,s4 vii4 #ahei1 p4 #hd2 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjdg1 #aj1 #ah4 ,footnote #cahi3 ,capitol9us1 ,vit4 ,anton4 ,pii1 #c4 ,footnote #caij3 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 p4 #bf2 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 p4 #df 7,mll]74 ,footnote #caia3 ,columella1 xii4 #bh1 #a2 ,plaut4 ,capt4 iv4 #d1 #i 78pres]ve-j>074 ,footnote #caib3 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #f4 ,footnote #caic3 ,agricult4 #ci4 ,footnote #caid3 ,h4,n4 xviii4 #bcf4 ,footnote #caie3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdf1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #caif3 ,m>9i1 ,inscr4 ,ant4 ,doli>i1 p4 #djf1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #caig3 ,m>9i1 ,no4 #d4 ,footnote #caih3 ,see ,fig4 #bb1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #caii3 ,=m5 d] rm4 ,?ongef4 p4 #af1 pls4 #a-h4 ,footnote #cbjj3 ,cf4 ,ko551 ,gefsskunde1 pls4 #aj-ab4 ,footnote #cbja3 ,od4 i4 #i1 #g4 ,footnote #cbjb3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xiv4 #ace4 ,footnote #cbjc3 ,cf4 ,jahn1 ,w&gem4 d4 ,villa ,pamph4 pl4 #e1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cbjd3 ,see ,hults*1 ,metrologie1 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #cbje3 ,recueil1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #cbjf3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #hg2 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #cbjg3 ,g5]al ref]5ce may be made to ! v>i\s volumes ( ! ,lat9 ,corpus1 "u ! head+s ,in/rum5tum ,dome/icum1 sub-head+ ,vascula1 e4g4 vii4 #acca = ^? f\nd 9 ,brita92 = examples f ,spa9 see ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 lvi4 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #cbjh3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #acca1 #bb1 xiii4 #ajjje1 #be2 ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,rom4 ,danubii et ,rh5i1 ii4 pp4 #bga1 #bhg2 & see g5]ally ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 "p #c1 ,no4 #ajjjb4 ,footnote #cbji3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #acca1 #f1 #ac4 ,footnote #cbaj3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjef1 #bfj4 ,footnote #cbaa3 ,ibid4 iv4 #beee4 ,footnote #cbab3 ,ibid4 vii4 #accb1 #a4 ,footnote #cbac3 ,ibid4 viii4 #ajdgg1 #a4 ,footnote #cbad3 ,ibid4 iv4 #beeb4 ,footnote #cbae3 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #cbaf3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjee1 #aa2 iv4 #behd1 #bfaf3 cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #cbag3 ,c4,i4,l4 iv4 #bfjc3 cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xiv4 #ge4 ,footnote #cbah3 ,c4,i4,l4 iv4 #beee4 ,footnote #cbai3 ,ibid4 #bfbe4 ,footnote #cbbj3 ,ibid4 #behi-id1 #bege ff4 ,on inscrib$ amphorae f ,pompeii see also ,mau-,kelsey1 ,pompeii1 p4 #eje4 ,footnote #cbba3 ,doni1 p4 lxxxvi4 ,f\nd on ! ,av5t9e1 n[ 9 ! ,museo ,kir*]iano4 ,footnote #cbbb3 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #aheg1 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #cbbc3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 pt4 #b1 ,no4 #dgai4 ,footnote #cbbd3 ,ibid4 iv4 #behd4 ,footnote #cbbe3 ,po54 iv4 #b1 #ad3 lit]atas fictiles epi/olas2 ! d\ble play on ! words _c be express$ 9 ,engli%4 ,footnote #cbbf3 ,rud4 ii4 #e1 #ba4 ,footnote #cbbg3 v4 #cc4 ,footnote #cbbh3 ,cf4 also ,plaut4 ,amph4 i4 #a1 #bgc2 ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #aie 7= ! w9e ( ,ace/es74 ,footnote #cbbi3 ,od4 iv4 #aa1 #b2 #ab1 #ag4 ,footnote #cbcj3 i4 #ai1 #b3 cf4 ,juv4 vi4 #cdd1 & p4 #dgg4 ,footnote #cbca3 i4 #ef2 iv4 #ff4 ,footnote #cbcb3 x4 #cf4 ,footnote #cbcc3 ,m>t4 i4 #dd1 #h2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xviii4 #cjg4 ,footnote #cbcd3 ,h4,n4 xv4 #hb4 ,footnote #cbce3 ,m>t4 vi4 #bg1 #f4 ,footnote #cbcf3 ,h4,n4 xiv4 #if2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xvi4 #bf1 #ac4 ,footnote #cbcg3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #d1 #ff2 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 i4 #ac1 #f2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #f4 ,footnote #cbch3 ,z (t5 by ,virgil & ,ovid1 usually 9 ! =m crat]a3 cf4 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #e4 ,footnote #cbci3 ,fa/i1 v4 #ebb4 ,footnote #cbdj3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #h1 #ci2 ,cic4 9 ,v]r4 iv4 #bg1 #fb4 ,footnote #cbda3 ,cic4 de ,f94 iii4 #d1 #ae2 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 i4 #h1 #e4 ,footnote #cbdb3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #f1 #aji3 see also ,juv4 ,sat4 vi4 #dbf2 ,p]sius1 v4 #adj2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #f4 ,footnote #cbdc3 ,cic4 9 ,vat94 #ad1 #cd2 ,lucan1 v4 #cid3 cf4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]t4 vii4 p4 #fbi1 note #c4 ,footnote #cbdd3 ,9 ,v]r4 ii4 #ea1 #abg3 cf4 ,plut>*1 ,vit4 ,t4 ,grac*4 #aa2 also ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #f3 ,vasis g5us aquatilis4 ,footnote #cbde3 ,see ,orelli1 #dedf1 & = urna1 ,suet4 ,calig4 #ae2 ,lucan1 vii4 #hai2 ,ovid1 passim4 ,footnote #cbdf3 ,plaut4 ,cas4 ii4 #f1 #aa2 ,livy1 xxv4 #c4 #af4 ,footnote #cbdg3 ,etym4 xx4 #f4 ,footnote #cbdh3 ,cf4 ,caes4 ,bell4 ,civ4 ii4 #aa2 ,lucan1 iv4 #dbj4 ,footnote #cbdi3 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 ed4 ,mll]1 p4 #fc1 #ab4 ,footnote #cbej3 ,plaut4 ,curc4 i4 #a1 #ge2 ,rud4 v4 #b1 #cb2 & see ,virg4 ,ecl4 vii4 #cc2 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #abc4 ,footnote #cbea3 ,plaut4 ,/i*4 ii4 #b1 #bh2 ,cato1 ,agricult4 #aa2 ,v>ro1 ,re ,ru/4 i4 #bb3 cf4 ,juv4 v4 #dg = nasus1 appli$ to a cup4 ,footnote #cbeb3 ,ad ,fam4 vii4 #bi3 cf4 also ,plaut4 ,aulul4 iv4 #b1 #ae2 ,p]s4 iii4 #bb4 ,footnote #cbec3 ,plaut4 ,amph4 i4 #a1 #bgc2 ,cato1 ,agricult4 #ha2 ,v>ro1 ap4 ,non4 #edf1 #bc4 ,footnote #cbed3 ,m>tial1 xiv4 #ajf2 ,juv4 iii4 #bjc 7urceoli sex72 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 i4 #bb2 ,treb4 ,poll4 ,vit4 ,claud4 #ag2 ,plaut4 ,m]c4 v4 #b1 #hf2 id4 ,p]s4 i4 #c1 #dc2 ,cic4 ,f94 iv4 #ab1 #cj4 ,footnote #cbee3 ,hor4 ,a4,p4 #ig3 cf4 ! episode 9 ! ,frogs 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aif72 also ! ^w ampull>i4 ,footnote #cbef3 ,pl94 ,ep4 iv4 #cj1 #f2 ,m>t4 xiv4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cbeg3 ,florida1 ii4 #i1 #b3 cf4 ! t]racotta vessels ) reliefs 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,d #bjd-e2 also ,mus4 ,greg4 i4 pl4 #aj2 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pl4 #eb4 ,isidorus d]ives ! ^w f ampla bulla1 9 ref]5ce to its rotund =m 7,etym4 xx4 #e74 ,footnote #cbeh3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xviii4 7#ahfh71 pl4 #bb1 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #cbei3 ,m>t4 vii4 #fa1 #e4 ,footnote #cbfj3 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #b1 #acd4 ,footnote #cbfa3 ,cf4 ! episode 9 ,petronius1 ,sat4 #bb4 ,footnote #cbfb3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xvi4 #abh4 ,footnote #cbfc3 ,pl9y1 ,ep4 i4 #f3 cf4 ,juv4 xii4 #fj4 ,footnote #cbfd3 ,juv4 viii4 #afa4 ,footnote #cbfe3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #h1 #da4 ,footnote #cbff3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjjh1 #d4 ,footnote #cbfg3 ,hor4 ,od4 iii4 #h1 #ac2 #ai1 #ab4 ,footnote #cbfh3 i4 #ga3 cf4 viii4 #ea1 #ba2 ix4 #ie2 xi4 #cg2 ,hor4 ,od4 iii4 #ai1 #aa ff4 ,footnote #cbfi3 ,see ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #abb2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #e1 :]e ! d]ivation f pot>e is giv54 ,footnote #cbgj3 ,virg4 ,ecl4 vi4 #ag2 ,plaut4 ,as94 v4 #b1 #ef2 ,hor4 ,od4 i4 #bj1 #b2 & see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,footnote #cbga3 ,see ,macrob4 v4 #ba4 ,footnote #cbgb3 ,hor4 ,od4 i4 #bg1 #a2 ,epod4 ix4 #cc2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #f1 describes x z a wa%-h& bas94 ,footnote #cbgc3 ,plaut4 ,/i*4 v4 #d1 #aa2 ,cic4 9 ,v]r4 iv4 #ag1 #cg & #bd1 #ed4 ,footnote #cbgd3 ,m>t4 viii4 #f1 #b2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #e4 ,footnote #cbge3 ,od4 ii4 #g1 #bb4 ,footnote #cbgf3 ,porphyrion ad ,hor4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cbgg3 ,plaut4 ,/i*4 v4 #d1 #ab4 ,footnote #cbgh3 ,id4 ,rud4 v4 #b1 #cb4 ,footnote #cbgi3 ,cic4 ,tusc4 iii4 #ai1 #df4 ,footnote #cbhj3 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #e4 ,footnote #cbha3 xi4 #ade4 ,footnote #cbhb3 ix4 #fj1 #bb4 ,footnote #cbhc3 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #abg2 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 v4 #eji4 ,footnote #cbhd3 ,ep4 #aai1 #c4 ,footnote #cbhe3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #d1 #da2 ,juv4 v4 #hj4 ,footnote #cbhf3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #hj2 ii4 #b1 #ie2 ii4 #h1 #dc1 #ee4 ,footnote #cbhg3 ,suet4 ,vitell4 #ag3 cf4 #ac4 ,footnote #cbhh3 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #d3 dispansis pat5tibusque oris4 ,footnote #cbhi3 ,pha$r4 i4 #bf4 ,footnote #cbij3 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #ij2 ii4 #d1 #ge2 i4 #f1 #aae2 ,ep4 i4 #e1 #b4 ,footnote #cbia3 ,juv4 iii4 #adb2 ,m>t4 xi4 #bh2 ,alciphr4 ,ep4 iii4 #bj2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #d4 ,footnote #cbib3 xi4 #cb1 #ah3 cf4 vii4 #dg1 #c4 ,isidorus1 ,etym4 xx4 #d1 says gabata cavata4 ,footnote #cbic3 xiii4 #ha2 v4 #gi1 #g3 see ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #h4 ,footnote #cbid3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #d1 #gg2 ,p]s4 v4 #ahb2 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #f4 ,= o!r uses see ,juv4 xi4 #ajh2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxiii4 #fi4 ,isidorus says cat9um is a bett] =m4 ,footnote #cbie3 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #d4 ,footnote #cbif3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #d1 #ge4 ,footnote #cbig3 ,hor4 ,od4 ii4 #g1 #bc2 ,sat4 i4 #c1 #ad4 ,footnote #cbih3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #h1 #hf4 ,footnote #cbii3 ,sat4 i4 #f1 #aah4 ,footnote #ccjj3 ,juv4 iii4 #bfc2 xi4 #aeh3 cf4 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bjj1 #baa1 #ejc4 ,footnote #ccja3 ,collect4 ,antiq4 v4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #ccjb3 ,catull4 #id1 #b2 ,juv4 xiv4 #aga4 ,= examples ( ollae1 see ,ov]beck1 ,pompeii1 p4 #dad1 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v41 & ,pl4 ,,lxix4 fig4 #b2 see also pp4 #chi1 #def1 #eej4 ,isidorus expressly /ates t x 0 us$ = boil+ wat] 7,etym4 xx4 #h74 ,footnote #ccjc3 vi4 #dcj4 ,isidorus 7,etym4 xx4 #f7 d]ives x f p$es4 ,footnote #ccjd3 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #aeg2 ,plant4 ,p]s4 i4 #c1 #h4 ,footnote #ccje3 ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #h4 ,footnote #ccjf3 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 p4 #ai1 #ad4 ,footnote #ccjg3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,nos4 #bdfa-bdfe2 also ,d*elette1 ,vases de la ,gaule ,roma9e1 ii4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #ccjh3 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 #edg1 #ab2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxvii4 #ah2 ,livy1 x4 #g1 #aj2 ,cic4 ,rep4 vi4 #b1 #aa2 id4 ,p>ad4 i4 #b1 #aa4 ,footnote #ccji3 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #ag1 #dc4 ,footnote #ccaj3 ,! ^w is only giv5 by ,fe/us 7p4 #bdh1 ,mll]74 ,footnote #ccaa3 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 #edg1 #ai4 ,footnote #ccab3 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 p4 #hi1 #d1 ) ,mll]'s note4 ,footnote #ccac3 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 p4 #ea1 #a4 ,footnote #ccad3 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #abd2 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 p4 #ccg1 #aj 7non dissimile cya?o74 ,footnote #ccae3 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 #edd1 #bc2 ,cic4 ,rep4 vi4 #b1 #aa2 ,juv4 vi4 #cdc4 ,footnote #ccaf3 ,cic4 ,legg4 iii4 #af1 #cf4 ,footnote #ccag3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeh4 ,an example ( a bronze simpulum may be se5 9 ! ,bronze ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,case ,e74 ,footnote #ccah3 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #cid4 ,footnote #ccai3 ,id4 ,a54 iii4 #ff2 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #abd4 ,footnote #ccbj3 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #abb2 ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #gbi4 ,footnote #ccba3 ,see ,isid4 ,etym4 xx4 #e1 :o sugge/s a d]ivation f pat]e1 8quod pat5tes sunt dispansisque labris40 ,footnote #ccbb3 ,ov4 ,fa/4 ii4 #fcd2 ,juv4 v4 #he3 cf4 ,plaut4 ,ci/4 ii4 #a1 #df4 ,footnote #ccbc3 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 p4 #bdg1 ,mll42 ,v>ro1 #edd1 #ai 7ap4 ,non474 ,footnote #ccbd3 ,paul1 ex ,fe/4 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #ccbe3 ,dige/1 xxxiv4 #b1 #ai1 #ab4 ,footnote #ccbf3 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 #edg1 #ad4 ,footnote #ccbg3 ,h4,n4 vii4 #ahe2 ,petron4 #db2 ,colum4 xii4 #dc1 #g2 ,pallad4 ,agric4 vii4 #g2 ,cels4 #b1 #aa4 ,footnote #ccbh3 ,v4 #adh3 see also ,t]t4 ,apol4 #ac2 ,v>ro ap4 ,non4 #adf1 #h2 #ede1 #b4 ,footnote #ccbi3 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #eg2 ,livy1 xxv4 #b1 #h2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xiv4 #he1 #add4 ,= a bronze congius repres5t+ ! /&>d measure see ,hults*1 ,metrologie1 p4 #abc2 also ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,on ,roman metrology g5]ally see ,krause1 ,angeiol4 p4 #ded1 & ,hults*1 op4 cit4 p4 #aab ff4 ,footnote #cccj3 ,die ,=m5 d] rm4 ,?ongefsse1 diesseits und j5seits d] ,alp5 7,/uttg>t1 #ahig74 ,= ! =ms peculi> to ! ornam5t$ w>es1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,drag5dorff's article 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 pls4 #a-c1 & ,d*elette1 ,vases de la ,gaule ,roma9e1 passim4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,roman ,,pott]y1 ,,hi/orically ,,treat$2 ,,arret9e ,,w>e ,roman pott]y m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s--8,samian0 w>e--,c5tres ( fabric--,! pott]y ( ,arretium--,*>act]i/ics--,pott]s' /amps--,%apes ( ,arret9e vases--,s\rces ( inspiration = decoration--8,italian ,meg>ian b[ls0--,subjects--,di/ribution ( ,arret9e w>es4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we propose to discuss ! orig9 & "* ( ! f9] ,roman pott]y1 or r$ glaz$ w>e ) designs 9 relief1 :i* is usually kn[n to mod]n writ]s "u ! conv5i5t designation ( t]ra sigillata1 a phrase :i* has already be5 expla9$ 7p4 #dcd74 ,n only 9 clay & glaze b 9 decoration ^! w>es are *>act]i/ically ,roman2 b ! "q z to ! actual c5tre or c5tres ( _! manufacture /ill admits ( "s discussion4 ,rely+ pr9cipally ^u ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 ,m>tial1 & o!r anci5t writ]s1 ar*aeologi/s h be5 accu/om$ to classify ! r$ w>e ) reliefs1 on a r\gh sy/em ( di/9ction accord+ to arti/ic m]it1 z ,arret9e1 ,samian1 & 8false ,samian40 ,! latt] t]m 8,samian0 has inde$ acquir$ su* popul>ity t x has pass$ into ! language z a conv5tional t]m ( almo/ e-day use2 b to ! sci5tific inve/igator x has long be5 app>5t t 9 po9t ( accuracy x almo/ /&s on a level ) t ( 8,etruscan vase40 ,t ( 8false ,samian0 has usually be5 appli$ to a c]ta9 class ( prov9cial w>es1 te*nically inf]ior to ! 8,samian40 ,b ?\gh bo? t]ms may /ill reta9 curr5cy 9 popul> language = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y are impress$ ) ! hall-m>k ( sci5tific t]m9ology4 ,be=e h[ev] we attempt to di/+ui% ! diff]5t fabrics on ! basis ( rec5t rese>*es1 x may be z well to inve/igate ! /atem5ts ( ! classical writ]s & weigh ! evid5ce :i* !y af=d on ! v>i\s k9ds ( pott]y 9 use 9 ,italy "u ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! mo/ valuable in=mation is f\nd 9 ! pages ( ,pl9y1 supplem5t$ by ,isidorus ( ,seville1 :o1 writ+ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 probably gives m]ely second-h& in=mation4 ,! =m]#ccca says3 8,! majority ( mank9d use e>!nw>e vessels4 ,samian w>e is comm5d$ ev5 at ! pres5t day = d9n] s]vices2 ?is reputation is also kept up by ,arretium 9 ,italy1 & = dr9k+-cups by ,surr5tum1 ,ha/a1 ,poll5tia1 ,saguntum 9 ,spa91 & ,p]gamum 9 ,asia4 ,tralles is also a c5tre = pott]y1 & ,mut9a 9 ,italy 444 & exportation f ! celebrat$ pott]ies goes on all ov] ! _w40 ,isidorus1 :o l>gely quotes f ,pl9y1 gives ! tradition t ,samos 0 ! seat ( ! orig9al inv5tion ( pott]y1 8:5ce too came ,samian vases40#cccb ,he goes on to say t 8,arret9e vases are s call$ f ,arretium1 a t[n 9 ,italy :]e !y are made1 = !y are r$40 ,b 9 reg>d to 8,samian w>e0 he admits t !re is ano!r explanation ( ! t]m1 namely t x is a corruption ( ,samnia4 ,h]e9 he is possibly n f> f ! tru?1 = we h already se5 t ! adjac5t region ( ,campania 0 9 ! la/ few c5turies ( ! ,republic fam\s z a c5tre = relief-w>es1 & x is possible t ! manufacture ( su* pott]y 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! di/rict1 z = in/ance at ,puteoli1 long aft]w>ds4 ,we also "k t ,allifae 9 ,samnium 0 a seat ( ?is indu/ry1#cccc & t a special class ( pott]y 0 made at ,ocriculum & at ,mevania 9 ,umbria ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 7see bel[1 p4 #dij74 ,on ! o!r h& !re is no d\bt t ,samos _h a reputation = its pott]y = _m c5turies1 z is impli$ by ! tradition :i* ,isidorus quotes & by ! words ( ,pl9y3 8ev5 at ! pres5t day x is comm5d$40 ,9 a previ\s *apt] x has be5 sugge/$ t ! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls1 :i* und\bt$ly are a prototype ( ! ,roman w>es1 repres5t ! ,samian pott]y ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod2 b :e!r ?is is s or n1 ! mo/ probable conclusion is t ! t]m 8,samian0 connotes 9 ! fir/ in/ance a ,greek1 n a ,roman1 fabric2 t ?is ,greek w>e 0 import$ into ,italy2 & t x became s popul> t ! t]m really came into use = native products1 j z n[-a-days we are able to speak ( 8,*9a0 :i* has travell$ no fur!r ?an f ,worce/]1 ,svres1 or ,dresd54 ,x may ?us h become a g5]ic "n = table-w>e4 ,plautus m5tions ,samian w>e m ?an once 7see above1 p4 #def71 usually ) ref]5ce to its brittl5ess1 z 9 ! ,m5ae*mi1#cccd :]e ,m5ae*mus says1 8,knock g5tly60 to :i* ! p>asite ,p5iculus replies3 8,i suppose y are afraid ! doors are ,samian40 ,aga9 9 ! ,bac*ides1#ccce ) a je/+ allusion to ,samos z ! home ( "o ( ! two h]o9es3 8,take c>e1 please1 t no "o h&les h] c>elessly2 y "k h[ easily a ,samian vase gets brok540 ,9 ano!r passage he speaks ( a ,samiolum pot]ium4#cccf ,& ,t]tullian1 speak+ ( ,numa's times1 says t only ,samian vases 7 z yet 9 use4#cccg ,pl9y also m5tions ,p]gamum & ,tralles z c5tres ( fabrics1 & speaks ( ! firmitas or t\ghness ( t ( ,kos1 b ( ^! we "k no?+ fur!r4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,drag5dorff t !re 0 "s manufacture ( t]ra sigillata 9 ,asia ,m9or "u ! ,empire1#ccch probably an imitation ( ! ,italian w>e1 z ! examples kn[n pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics z ! prov9cial w>es ( ,c5tral ,europe1 & ! =ms are also ^? ( ! ,arret9e vases4 ,! same writ] has %[n t !re 7 also manufactures ( t]ra sigillata 9 ,greece itself1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,s\!rn ,russia1 :i* 7 ( simil> "*4 ,to return to ,italy & its local fabrics4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t !re 0 any "o pr9cipal c5tre1 = diff]5t t[ns excell$ 9 _! respective w>es1 & ^! 7 import$ f "o to ! o!r1 & especially into ,rome4 ,?is city 0 ( c\rse orig9ally suppli$ ) e>!nw>e by ! ,etruscans1 ^: mantle fell on ! t[n ( ,arretium1 b x _c be d\bt$ t ! manufacture ( pott]y mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on to "s ext5t 9 ,rome itself aft] ! absorption ( ! ,etruscan p4 ,we read t ev5 9 ,numa's "t !re 0 a ,guild ( ,pott]s 7see p4 #cgb71 b x nev] appe>s to h excell$ 9 any ( ! f9] w>es1 & is ignor$ by ,pl9y1 ?\gh we h evid5ce f o!r s\rces4 ,?us ,m>tial speaks ( cadi ,vaticani1#ccci & ,juv5al ( fragile di%es f ! ,vatican hill4#ccdj ,cato says dolia are be/ b\ght 9 ,rome1 tiles at ,v5afrum4#ccda ,& ! evid5ce ( a pott]y 9 ! ?ird & second c5turies ,b4,c4 on ! ,esquil9e :i* is giv5 by ! f9d ( lamps describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xx4 is support$ by ,fe/us4#ccdb ,pl9y1 z we h se51 m5tions ,arretium1 ,ha/a & ,poll5tia1 ,mut9a & ,surr5tum ) comm5dation2 he also c\ples ! pott]y ( ,hadria ) t ( ,kos = firmitas4#ccdc ,he fur!r implies t ,arretium kept up ! old pre-em95ce ( ! ,samian w>e1 & ?is is borne out1 n only by :at we ga!r f ,m>tial & o!r writ]s1 b /ill m by mod]n discov]ies1 ( :i* we %all %ortly speak 9 detail4 ,( ! o!r pott]ies less is kn[n1 b rema9s h be5 f\nd at ,ha/a & ,poll5tia 7,a/i & ,poll5za 9 ,pi$mont7#ccdd & ! figl9ae ( ,velleia 9 ! same region 7 also well kn[n 9 antiquity4#ccde ,at ,mut9a 7,mod5a7 rema9s ( a pott]y 7 f\nd 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ga71 toge!r ) vases ( ,arret9e type1 & ! pott] ,=tis1 ^: "n s (t5 occurs on lamps 7p4 #dbf71 appe>s to h _h 8 work%op "h4#ccdf ,8 /amps are also f\nd on tiles & on pott]y ( all k9ds1 ev5 ,arret9e4 ,"h1 too1 7 f\nd vases ( black w>e1 ( 8,graeco-,campanian0 /yle1 sometimes ) /amps impress$ f gems1 & unglaz$ r$ plates /amp$ ) small palmettes l ! ,greek black-glaz$ w>es 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bab74 ,livy m5tions t 9 #agf ,b4,c4 a great de/ruction took place "h ( 8all k9ds ( vases1 made m = use ?an = ornam5t40#ccdg ,9 _! g5]al results ! pott]y-f9ds are in/ructive z %[+ ! transition f black to r$ w>es1 :i* may also be obs]v$ 9 ! vases ( ,popilius & ! e>ly ,arret9e fabrics 7see bel[74#ccdh ,campania 9 g5]al seems to h ma9ta9$ ! traditions ( ! ,cal5e & ,etrusco-,campanian fabrics ( ! ?ird c5tury 7,*apt] ,,xi471 & !re is evid5ce ( manufacture & export 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,horace's table 0 suppli$ ) ,campana supellex4#ccdi ,surr5tum w>e is m5tion$ by ,m>tial#ccej z well z ,pl9y1 &1 z indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #dfb71 suppli$ amphorae ( local w9e to ,pompeii4#ccea ,! pott]y ( ,cumae1 :i* place 0 at an e>li] date an important c5tre = pa9t$ vases 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #hj71 is m5tion$ by ,m>tial#cceb ,x w\ld also seem to h suppli$ clay = ! vases made at ! neighb\r+ ,puteoli1 :i* _h no local clay suitable = ! purpose1 & is n m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s4 ,! latt] has h[ev] yield$ l>ge numb]s ( vases ( a type closely resembl+ ! ,arret9e1 & a pott]y 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgd1 ) m\lds4#ccec ,"s ( ! vases h ,arret9e /amps1#cced :i* imply importations dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 b names ( local pott]s are also kn[n1 *ief ( :om is ,num]ius ,naevius ,hil>us1 :o employ$ elev5 slaves4 ,q4 ,pomponius ,s]5us & ,l4 ,val]ius ,titus are also f\nd "h & else:]e 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & at ,nismes4#ccee ,"s fragm5ts ( ?is ,puteoli w>e f v>i\s s\rces are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#ccef ,horace speaks ( pott]y f ,allifae 9 ,samnium1#cceg & ,pl9y m5tions ! popul>ity ( t made at ,rhegium & ,cumac#cceh2 ?is exhau/s ! li/ ( sites kn[n to u f anci5t writ]s4 ,9 ! prov9ces ! only place :i* _h any fame 0 ,saguntum1 allud$ to by ,pl9y & m ?an once by ,m>tial1 :o speaks ( cups 7pocula & cymbia7 fa%ion$ f ,sagunt9e clay#ccei2 also ( a syn!sis sept5>ia or ne/ ( sev5 cups1 8poli%$ by ! pott]'s co>se tool1 ( clay turn$ on ! ,spani% :eel40#ccfj ,b mod]n rese>*es on ! site h n ?r[n any light on ! "* ( ! local fabric 7p4 #edj7ccfa2 x is only at ,t>ragona t t]ra sigillata has be5 f\nd4 ,! pott]y ( ,arretium is m ?an once ref]r$ to by ,m>tial1 :o notes t x comp>$ unfav\rably ) ! spl5d\r ( cry/al vessels1 b at ! same "t begs 8 he>] n to reg>d x altoge!r ) contempt1 = ,pors5a 0 well s]v$ ) 8 ,tuscan e>!nw>e#ccfb3 ,arret9a nimis ne sp]nas vasa monemus2 ,lautus erat ,tuscis ,pors5a fictilibus4 ,an epigram 9 ! ,lat9 ,an?ology 7#bei7 says3 ,arret9e calix1 m5sis decor ante pat]nis1 ,ante manus m$ici quam b5e sanus eras4#ccfc ,o!r allusions are less direct4#ccfd ,com+ d[n to m mod]n times1 we actually f9d m5tion ( ! pott]y 9 a manuscript writt5 by ,sig4 ,ri/ori ( ,arezzo 9 #abhb1 & by ,c4 ,villani 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 writt5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,subsequ5tly ,alessi1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,leo ,x41 describ$ ! discov]y ( r$ w>e ab\t a mile f ! city1 & ,vas>i tells u t 9 #adhd 8 gr&fa!r f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ?ree vaults ( an anci5t furnace4 ,fur!r allusions are f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,gori 7#agcd7 & ,rossi 7#agif72 & 9 #ahda ,fabroni publi%$ a hi/ory ( ,arret9e w>e1#ccfe 9 :i* ! above facts are record$4 ,he tells u t 9 #aggi pott]ies 7 une>!d at ,c9celli or ,c5tum ,cellae1 :i* conta9$1 besides v>i\s implem5ts1 "p ( a pott]'s :eel1 resembl+ ^? 9 vogue at ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 compos$ ( two circul> slabs plac$ r\nd "o pivot at an int]val f "o ano!r1 _! diamet] n be+ ! same4 ,! :eel actually f\nd 0 ( t]racotta1 ab\t #aa in*es 9 diamet] by #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) a groove r\nd ! edge4 ,x 0 b\nd ) a lead5 tyre1 held 9 place by six cyl9d]s ( ! same metal1 & appe>s to h be5 ! upp] ( ! two slabs1 ! 8table0 on :i* ! clay 0 plac$4#ccff ,! ,arret9e w>e mu/ be reg>d$ z ! ,roman pott]y p> excell5ce4 ,! t]m 0 us$ anci5tly 9 an ext5d$ s5se = all vases ( a c]ta9 te*nique )\t reg>d to ! place ( manufacture1 z a piece ( evid5ce f ,spa9 t5ds to %[4 ,pott]y has be5 f\nd at ,t>ragona ) ! inscription1 ,a ,,titii ,,figvl ,,arre1 ,a4 ,titii figul7i7 ,arre7t9i71#ccfg :i* has g5]ally be5 tak5 to mean a mak] ( ,arret9e w>e liv+ on ! spot1 j z n[-a-days ,wilton or ,brussels c>pets may be made at ,kidd]m9/]4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,arret9e w>e are3 7#a7 ! f9e local r$ clay1 c>efully work$ up & bak$ v h>d to a ri* coral-col\r1 or l seal+-wax2 7#b7 ! f9e r$ glaze1 compos$ *iefly ( silica1 iron oxide1 & an alkal9e sub/ance1 :i*1 z we h se5 7p4 #dcg71 0 p]haps borax2 7#c7 ! great v>iety ( =ms employ$1 :i* %[ 9 a m>k$ degree ! influ5ce ( metal-"w2 7#d7 ! /amps ) pott]'s names1 :i* are almo/ inv>iably f\nd4 ,! duration ( ?is pott]y seems to h be5 f ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire1 at :i* "t pott]y 9 ,italy _h rea*$ a v deg5]ate /age1 & ! height ( its success & popul>ity 0 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,analyses ( ! vases %[ t practically ! same results z to _! composition are obta9$ f diff]5t p]iods4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury ^! vases h be5 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s at ,arezzo1 & !re is n[ a consid]able quantity ( !m collect$ 9 ! public museum ( t city1 z well z 9 private collections & ! museums ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! (ficial record ( ,italian excavations conta9s an acc\nt ( f9ds made 9 #ahhc1 #ahhd1 #ahij1 #ahid1 & #ahif on v>i\s sites 9 ! city & imm$iate neighb\rhood1#ccfh & gives ! locality ( ! diff]5t pott]ies1#ccfi z well z ! names ( _! own]s4 ,! fir/ pott]'s "n record$ 0 t ( ,calidius ,/rigo by ,alessi2 x 0 f\nd 9 #adib 9 ! pres5ce ( ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 aft]w>ds ,leo ,x4 ,o!rs 7 giv5 by ,gori1 & full] li/s 7up to date7 by ,fabroni 9 #ahda1 ,gamurr9i 9 #ahei1 & ,m>9i 9 #ahhd4ccgj ,at ! pres5t day ! mo/ complete in=mation on ?is head may be f\nd 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ volume ( ! ,corpus ( ,lat9 inscriptions deal+ ) ,etruria1#ccga 9 :i* ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t excavations are incorporat$4 ,a l>ge numb] h also be5 f\nd at ,rome1 ! names be+ id5tical ) ^? f\nd at ,arezzo1 & ! w>e consequ5tly import$4#ccgb ,x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! inf]ior relief w>es ei!r ( local fabric 7see p4 #dib7 or import$ f ,gaul1 ,nor!rn ,italy1 & else:]e4 ,names ( ,arret9e pott]s are also f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s at ,mod5a1 ,rim9i1 & o!r places 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 9 ,france1 ,spa91 & else:]e4 ,! /amps range 9 date f ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 d[n to ! ,*ri/ian era1 b n beyond ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire4 ,! olde/ ( all1 x is int]e/+ to note1 are f\nd on black-glaz$ w>es simil> 9 "* to ^? f ! ,esquil9e4#ccgc ,! r$-glaz$ w>e probably came 9 ab\t #ajj ,b4,c41 & ! two me?ods appe> to h be5 = a "t contemporane\s4 ,! initials ,q ,a ,f & ,c ,v :i* occur on e>ly r$ ,arret9e w>es#ccgd are also f\nd on ! ,esquil9e lamps4 ,next comes ! r$ w>e ) quadrangul> /amps repeat$ f\r or five times on ! bottom1 foll[$ by s+le quadrangul> /amps & ^? ( v>y+ =m1 especially "s 9 ! %ape ( a foot1 :i* are n f\nd 9 ! be/ p]iod at ,arretium1 & seem to belong only to ! "t ( ! ,empire4 ,?is =m ( /amp is v common on lamps & pla9 pott]y1 & !re are _m examples ( bronze /amps 9 ?is %ape extant4#ccge ,^? vases :i* h /amps on ! ext]ior 9 ! mid/ ( ! design repres5t ! middle or ,augu/an p]iod4 ,! old] /amps are m deeply impress$ 9 ! surface ( ! vase ?an ! lat]4 ,on ! :ole1 ! palaeographical evid5ce ( ! /amps is v slight1 & we c only r\ghly date !m betwe5 #ajj ,b4,c4 & #ajj ,a4,d4#ccgf ,drag5dorff has1 h[ev]1 not$ t ! slaves' names are mo/ly ,greek1 a detail :i* helps to e/abli% a t]m9us po/ quem1 plac+ !m lat] ?an #adf ,b4,c4 ,! ,calidius ,/rigo ( :om we h already spok5 0 a pott] ( "s importance1 employ+ tw5ty slaves1 ( :om ! names ( ,protus & ,syni/or occur mo/ frequ5tly4 ,b he only seems to h made pla9 table w>es )\t reliefs1 examples ( :i* are f\nd 9 ,rome & else:]e4 ,a pott] nam$ ,domitius _h a work%op on ! same spot1 b only employ$ a few slaves4 ,a m important "n is t ( ,publius ,cornelius1 fir/ f\nd by ,f]d9&o ,rossi 9 ! eighte5? c5tury at ,c9celli1 toge!r ) rema9s ( 8 work%op2 _m additional examples 7 f\nd 9 #ahhc & #ahib4 ,he employ$ no less ?an =ty slaves1 ( :om ! be/ kn[n are ,antioc7h7u1 ,fau/us1 ,h]aclides1 ,primus1 & ,rodo4 ,"o vase by ! la/-nam$ has m$allions ) ! head ( ,augu/us & ! inscription1 ,,avgv/vs1 :i* gives ! date ( ! fabric4#ccgg ,previ\s to ! discov]y ( ?is 9 #ahic ,gamurr9i _h suppos$ t ,cornelius 0 "o ( ! coloni/s plac$ at ,arezzo by ,sulla4 ,_m ( 8 vases are f\nd at ,rome1 & also 9 ,spa9 & ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! vases ) ,,corneli 9 a foot-%ap$ /amp are probably n 84 ,he appe>s to h acquir$ ! bus9ess ( two o!r pott]s--,c4 ,tellius & ,c4 ,cispius4 ,among all ! pott]s' /amps few are common] ?an t ( ,m4 ,p]5nius1 & 8 w>es c]ta9ly take ! highe/ rank = _! arti/ic m]it4 ,all 8 relief designs are copi$ f ! be/ ,greek models1 z w be se5 lat]4 ,few ( 8 vases seem to h be5 export$ to ,rome1 b !y are f\nd 9 ,spa9 & ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,! =m ( ! "n on ! /amps v>ies greatly1#ccgh ! commone/ be+ ,m4 ,,p]5ni2 ,m4 ,,p]541 ,m4 ,,p]e41 & ,m4 ,,p]4 are also f\nd1 & ev5 ,m4 ,,pe4 ) ! lett]s jo9$ 9 a monogram4 ,he employ$ sev5te5 slaves1 ( :om ! be/ kn[n is ,tigranes4 ,8 "n appe>s z ,,tigran1 ,,tigra1 or ,,tigr1 & always 9 conjunction ) t ( ,p]5nius4 ,^! two are f\nd on a vase ) ,a*illes & ,diom$e fight+ aga9/ ,hector1#ccgi & on ?ree ,arret9e m\lds 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! subjects ( :i* are a dance ( ,ma5ads1 masks ( ,ma5ads & ,satyrs1 & a banquet sc5e 7,plate ,,lxvi4 figs4 #d1 #f74 ,! "n ( ,tigranes appe>s alone on a f9e vase 9 ! ,l\vre ) ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles4#cchj ,ano!r slave1 ,c]do1 made a vase ) ! n9e ,muses1 _! names be+ inscrib$ ov] !m 9 ,greek4#ccha ,a ?ird slave :o produc$ vases ( m ?an av]age m]it 0 ,b>gates1 ^: "n is f\nd on a f9e vase 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum 7,fig4 #bah71cchb ! subject ( :i* is ! fall ( ,pha?on1 :o lies %att]$ 9 pieces on ! gr\nd1 ) ,te?ys com+ to 8 rescue4 ,zeus ) 8 ?und]bolt & ,artemis ) h] b[ h br\ght ab\t 8 d[nfall4 ,helios is se5 collect+ 8 t]rifi$ /e$s2 & ! re/ ( ! design is occupi$ ) ! trans=mation ( ! ,heliades into popl>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,philologus4 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,,arret9e ,,b[l ,,) ,,dea? ,,( ,,pha,,?on 7,,bo/on ,,museum74 ,! site ( ,p]5nius' pr9cipal work%op appe>s to h be5 9 ! city itself1 close to ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia 9 ,gradi2 b he may also h _h a bran* manufactory at ,c9celli or ,c5tum ,cellae4 ,signor ,pasqui#cchc notes t 8 "n occurs alone on ! int]ior ( pla9 b[ls & di%es4 ,next to ^! come ! copies ( ,greek models by ,c]do1 ,pilades1 ,pilemo1 & ,nicephorus1 foll[$ by ,tigranes1 & !n by ,b>gates1 :o also work$ = ,tigranes :5 he became a fre$man 7! /amps be+ 9 ! =m ,,b>gate _/ ,m ,,tigr72 la/ly occur ! names ( ,cresc5s & ,saturn9us4 ,?ree ,annii _h a pott]y ne> ! *ur* ( ,san ,francesco1 & employ$ ov] tw5ty slaves1 ) bo? ,greek & ,roman names2 ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree is ,c4 ,annius1 :o made vases ) reliefs1 z did ,lucius1 b ,sextus only made pla9 w>es4 ,!re are also vases /amp$ ,,anni only2 !y probably belong to ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,aulus ,titius is f\nd frequ5tly at ,arezzo & ,rim9i1 at ,lillebonne 9 ,france1 &1 z we h se51 9 ,spa92 8 w>es also p5etrat$ to ,africa & all p>ts ( ,italy4 ,he has no names ( slaves c\pl$ ) 81 & 8 signature appe>s 9 ! v>i\s =ms1 ,a4 ,titi1 ,a4 ,titi figul41 ,a4 ,titi figul4 ,arret4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,c4 ,titius ,nepos1 :o _h fifte5 slaves1 & !re is also a ,l4 ,titius4 ,c4 & ,l4 ,tettius occur at ,rome1 b only ! latt] at ,arezzo#cchd2 ! ^w ,,samia1 :i* occurs on 8 /amps1 is m likely to be a prop] "n ?an to h any ref]5ce to ,samian w>e4 ,! "n ( ,ras9ius1 :i* is associat$ ) m names ( slaves ?an any except ,p4 ,cornelius1 is f\nd m (t5 at ,rome ?an at ,arezzo#cche2 x also occurs at ,pompeii1#cchf & at ,neuss 9 ,g]many1 :i* facts po9t to ! "t ( ,augu/us & ,a4,d4 #gi z ! limits ( date4 ,( ! num]\s slaves1 "s 7 aft]w>ds employ$ by ,c4 ,memmius4 ,!re appe> to h be5 at lea/ two repres5tatives ( ! "n1 ,c4 ,ras9ius 9 ! ,augu/an p]iod1 & ,l4 ,ras9ius ,pisanus 9 ! ,flavian4 ,! latt] ,d*elette has %[n to be a deg5]ate ,arret9e1 mak+ imitations ( ,gauli% w>e4#cchg ,l4 & ,c4 ,petronius are f\nd at ,arezzo1 toge!r ) rema9s ( _! pott]ies1 & ,c4 ,gavius1 :o belongs to ! ,republican p]iod1 at ,c9celli4 ,num]\s o!r pott]s :o are probably ,arret9e may be f\nd 9 ,ihm's li/s#cchh2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are /amps f\nd at ,rome & 9 ,etruria :i* _c h orig9at$ f ,arretium4 ,su* are ,at5io circitor refi7ci5dum7 curavit1#cchi & ,fau/us ,sal9ator ,s]iae#ccij2 ^? ) ,,(7fic9a71 su* z ,,( ,,felicis1 :i* are f\nd at ,rome1 b are probably ,gauli%#ccia2 ^? ) fecit or epoei 771#ccib ) ! exception ( ,v5icius fecit hec1 f ,arezzo#ccic2 & ,atrane1 a "n f\nd at ,vulci1 ,*iusi1 & _m o!r sites 9 ,etruria1 b n at ,arezzo4#ccid ,! "n usually giv5 9 ! signatures on ! /amps is t ( ! mak] only2 sometimes a slave's "n is add$1 ei!r above or bel[ ! mak]'s1 or on a sep>ate /amp4 ,! mak]'s "n usually gives ! nom5 & pra5om51 imply+ a fre$man1 & :5 giv5 9 full is se5 to be 9 ! g5itive2 ! slave's "n is usually 9 ! nom9ative4 ,f\r typical v>ieties are giv5 by ! foll[+ /amps f ! pott]y ( ,p4 ,cornelius1 ) ! "n ( ! slave ,potus3 ,,potvs ,p,,corn ,,poti ,p,,corn ,p,,cor ,,potvs ,p,,corn ,,poti ,a difficulty sometimes arises 9 reg>d to ^! two-l9e /amps :5 ! slave's "n occurs bel[ t ( ! ma/]1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t abbreviations2 = in/ance1 x is n easy to say :e!r su* /amps z ,a,,vibi or ,p,,corneli ,,diom ,,an?vs d5ote "o "n or two1 = !re are c]ta9 in/ances :]e ! ma/] has ?ree names4#ccie ,x is always possible t ! "n d5otes a slave become a fre$man1 z ,a4 ,vibius ,diom$es or ,p4 ,cornelius ,an?us1 & 9 ,dr4 ,dressel's op9ion#ccif ?is is ! mo/ probable explanation2 b ! alt]native has mu* 9 its fav\r4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 /amps su* z ,p,,mese9i or ,p,,corneli ,,amplio ,s7ervus7 ,,firmvs ,f7ecit7 :i*1 ( c\rse1 leave no room = d\bt4 ,9 lat] examples ! pra5om5 is (t5 omitt$1 & occasionally ! pra5om5 & cognom5 are f\nd )\t ! g5tile "n#ccig2 !re are also a few in/ances ( female names4#ccih ,an exceptional =m ( signature is giv5 by ,,c9na ,c,l,,titi7orum7 ,s7ervus72 occasionally also1 z 9 ! example f ,spa9 already quot$1 ,,figvl7u7 ,,arre7t9us71 or simply ,,arreti7nus71 are f\nd4 ,sometimes1 aga91 two pott]s seem to h be5 9 p>tn]%ip1 z ,sura & ,philologus1 ,l4 ,gellius & ,l4 ,sempronius 7,l,,gelli ,l ,,semp71#ccii or two firms1 z ! ,umbricii & ,vibi5i4 ,! simple quadrangul> =m ( /amp is by f> ! commone/1 &1 next to ?is1 an outl9e ( a foot2 less frequ5t =ms1 & ( lat] date1 are ! circul>1 oval1 or lunate1 & o!r v>ieties ( m>ks1 su* z wrea?s1 />s1 or bran*es4 ,dr4 ,dressel gives no less ?an eighty-sev5 types f ,rome1#cdjj ( :i* ?irty-?ree are rectangul> ) ornam5tal edges4 ,! =ms ( ! lett]s are n always an indication ( date1 b su* =ms z #aead;,attic alpha #aeae;alpha = ,a1 #aeab;,e = ,e1 & #aeab;,f = ,f betok5 an e>ly date4 ,ligatur$ lett]s ab\nd4 ,! names are (t5 writt5 f "r to left1 or left to "r ) sep>ate lett]s rev]s$ or inv]t$2 or ! words are brok5 up z ,,mvs = ,docimus1 ,,mvs = ,romanu7s71 ,,doci ,,rom & s on4#cdja ,! /amps 7 probably ( wood1 b "s are tak5 f seal-r+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ms ( ,arret9e vases are all1 )\t exception1 borr[$ f metal orig9als1 & 9 _! cont\rs display ! same t5d5cy4 ,b1 z comp>$ ) ! ,hell5i/ic =ms !y %[ great simplicity1 & almo/1 z x 71 a return to ar*aism4 ,! vases are = ! mo/ "p ( small size1 & inde$ ! dim5sions ( ! furnaces at ,arezzo seem to indicate t l>g] vases c\ld n h be5 bak$ 9 !m4 ,!y are pr9cipally cups1 b[ls1 & di%es1 ! =m] ( hemisph]ical or cyl9drical =m & devoid ( h&les--a *>act]i/ic :i* usually di/+ui%es ,roman f ,greek pott]y4 ,"s ( ! m\lds = ,arret9e w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection appe> to h be5 us$ = a deep cup ) flat base & spread+ lip 7,plate ,,lxvi4 fig4 #e71 ( a type :i* f9ds no p>allel 9 ,greek %apes1 b ! hemisph]ical b[l on a l[ foot is ! prevail+ =m4 ,o!r %apes are extremely r>e1 a notable exception be+ ! beautiful krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) figures ( ! ,seasons 7,fig4 #bai71 :i*1 al?\gh f\nd at ,capua1 is c]ta9ly ,arret9e 9 /yle & te*nique4 ,! te*nical me?ods employ$ we h already describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1#cdjb & !re d n appe> to h be5 any v>iations peculi> to ?is fabric4 ,fabroni 7p4 #cg7 /ates t c9]>y urns1 tiles1 lamps1 & reliefs 7 also made 9 ! pott]ies at ,arretium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,,arret9e ,,krat] ,,) ,,! ,,f\r ,,seasons 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! prototypes ( ! =ms we h se5 to be ! ,hell5i/ic vases ( *as$ metal1 = :i* ,alex&ria 0 ! pr9cipal c5tre4 ,b1 ap>t f =m1 x is d\btful :e!r ! ,alex&r9e toreutic "w ex]cis$ mu* influ5ce on ! pott]s ( ,arretium4 ,= ! decoration & subjects !y und\bt$ly drew _! inspiration *iefly f ! ,new-,attic reliefs#cdjc & ! art ( ,asia ,m9or1 z has be5 po9t$ out by m ?an "o rec5t writ]1#cdjd :o h urg$ t ! influ5ce ( ,alex&ria on ,roman art has be5 greatly ov]-e/imat$4#cdje ,drag5dorff po9ts out t all ! fam\s *as]s kn[n to u 7 natives ( ,asia ,m9or1#cdjf & ?9ks t ,rhodes 0 probably ! c5tre ( ?is art4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! second c5tury 0 ! era ( collect+ works ( art 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or & convey+ !m to ,rome1 s t ! examples :i* 7 mo/ prom95tly be=e ! eyes ( ,italian arti/s "u ! lat] ,republic 7 j ^! products ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age4 ,moreov]1 ! ,rhodian & ,p]gam5e s*ools ( art 7 /ill liv+ :5 t ( ,alex&ria 0 dy+ out "u ! lat] ,ptolemies4 ,! mix$ /yle ( art ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 is ess5tially ,roman1 produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek works !n collect$ 9 ,rome1 & does n ext5d beyond ,italy4 ,b x is also conceivable t its pr$ecessors 9 ! l9e ( c]amic developm5t contribut$ to produce ! w>e ( ,arretium4 ,x recalls 9 "s respects ! diff]5t ,greek relief-w>es discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 ! ,cal5e phialae ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & ! s-call$ ,meg>ian or ,hom]ic b[ls1 9 :i* "s h se5 ! real 8,samian0 w>e ( ! ,roman writ]s1 dat+ f ! same p]iod4 ,to ^! succe$$ 9 ,hell5ic l&s ! fabrics ( ,a!ns1 ,s\!rn ,russia1 & ,asia ,m9or1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 & :i* (t5 pres5t simil> *>act]i/ics to ! ,arret9e fabrics4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ! e>lie/ ,arret9e pott]y 0 cov]$ ) a black glaze1 :i* may inde$ repres5t a desire to reproduce ! effect ( metal1 b is mu* m likely to be a direct h]itage f ! late ,greek pott]y1 :i* 9 ?is respect c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ! pa9t$ w>es4 ,at all ev5ts1 two ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ,hell5i/ic pott]y h pla9ly left _! m>k on ,roman fabrics3 ! disappe>ance ( pa9t+ "u ! influ5ce ( relief decoration imitat$ f metal1 & ! cessation ( ! exclusive use ( a black v>ni%4 ,! transition seems to be p>tially effect$ by a small gr\p ( vases :i* h be5 /yl$ 8,italian ,meg>ian b[ls0 or 8,vases ( ,popilius10 aft] ! pott] ,c4 ,popilius1 ^: "n occurs on _m ( !m4#cdjg ,!y =m a di/9ct class1 dat+ app>5tly f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 on ! te/imony ( ! inscriptions2 ! =m is t ( a hemisph]ical b[l )\t h&le or foot1 ) v ?9 walls1 & cov]$ ) a slip ( v>y+ col\r--yell[1 br[n1 or black4 ,^! b[ls1 too1 are a close imitation ( metal-"w1 especially 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! reliefs4 ,! ornam5t usually consi/s ( long leaves & scrolls radiat+ f a rosette on ! foot & bord]$ above by b&s ( wave- or tongue-patt]n1 scrolls1 or g>l&s2 ! gr\nd is fill$ 9 ) />s1 %ields1 & o!r devices4 ,9 ! f9] examples a frieze ( figures is add$1 ) su* motives z ,erotes1 masks1 dolph9s1 & ox-skulls repeat$4 ,! b[l ( ,popilius publi%$ by ,h>twig is ! only "o ) a def9ite subject3 a fight betwe5 ,greeks & ,b>b>ians1 :i* is an und\bt$ rem9isc5ce ( ! fam\s mosaic at ,pompeii ) ,alex&] at ! ,issus4 ,elev5 b[ls by ,popilius are kn[n1 two by ,l4 ,appius 7see ,fig4 #bbj71 & "o ea* by ,l4 ,at9ius & ,l4 ,qu9tius4 ,! fir/-nam$ pott] seems to h liv$ p>tly at ,ocriculum1 p>tly at ,mevania 9 ,umbria2 bo? he & ,appius also made 8,cal5e0 w>e4 ,^! pott]s 7 fre$m51 z ! use ( ! two names indicates4 ,_! "w does n %[ ! f9e glaze ( ! ,cal5e & ,arret9e fabrics1 b is decorative 9 its effect2 ea* ornam5tal motive is produc$ f a sep>ate /amp1 & ! pott]'s m>ks are put on en b>bot9e 7see p4 #ddb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 8,,italian ,,meg>ian0 ,,b[l ,,by ,l4 ,,appius 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,to sum up ) ,drag5dorff1#cdjh x is cle> t a c>eful /udy ( ,hell5i/ic pott]y is necess>y = a correct e/imate ( ! ,italian & ,roman4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r arts1 x proves t ! ,romans 7 m]ely receptive1 at be/ only develop+ :at !y receiv$4 ,?is developm5t began ) ! importation ( ,greek relief-w>es ) black v>ni%1 especially f ,asia ,m9or1 & _! imitation at ,cales4 ,!n1 z 9 ,greece1 s 9 ,italy1 ! se>* = new =ms1 col\r+1 & decoration began & br\ght ab\t a deg5]ation ( te*nique4 ,:at ! ,cal5e vases are to ^? ( ,asia ,m9or1 s are ! vases ( ,popilius to ! 8,meg>ian0 b[ls4 ,f9ally1 ! f9ds 9 ,s\!rn ,russia %[ t ev5 ! te*nique ( ! r$-glaz$ w>e is n an ,arret9e inv5tion1 b 0 already kn[n to ! ,greeks1 al?\gh fir/ br\ght to p]fection 9 ,italy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n[ return to ! ,arret9e vases & turn our att5tion to _! subjects & decoration1 & _! place 9 arti/ic developm5t4 ,drag5dorff#cdji divides !m into two classes1 includ+ ) !m ! vases ( ,puteoli1 :i* be> ,arret9e /amps1 & probably only repres5t a m]e (f-%oot ( ! latt] pott]ies1 m]ely diff]+ 9 ! quality ( ! design & 9 ! abs5ce ( _m ( ! be/ types4 ,^! 7 mo/ly discov]$ 9 #ahgd1 & x is possible t ! krat] f ,capua 7p4 #dhh7 may also be reckon$ z orig9at+ f ?is s\rce4 ,8 fir/ class includes ! vases ( ,m4 ,p]5nius1 :i* =m su* a l>ge proportion ( ! sign$ ,arret9e w>es4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by friezes ( figures repeat$1 or ( gr\ps ( figures all ( ! same size1 sometimes divid$ by pill>s or t]m9al figures4 ,gr\nd-ornam5ts are r>e1 & ! gr\nd "u ! figures is n indicat$ z else:]e4 ,! subjects include ,dionysiac sc5es1 su* z danc+ ,ma5ads1 sacrifices1 dr9k+-sc5es1 ! v9tage1 or ,dionysos 9 a *>iot2 ,cupids1 ,muses1 & ,seasons2 ,victory sacrific+ a bull2 ,n]eids ) ! weapons ( ,a*illes2 ,hi]oduli or prie/esses danc+1 ) wick] head-dresses2 banquet+1 erotic1 & hunt+-sc5es4 ,examples ( ! latt] classes are giv5 on ,plate ,,lxvi4 ,! types ( ! figures1 z 9 ! case ( ! danc+ ,ma5ads1 are l>gely d]iv$ f ! ,new-,attic reliefs 7see above74 ,9 ! second class1 to :i* belong ! vases ( ,p4 ,cornelius & ^? f\nd at ,puteoli1 a l>ge use ( ornam5t is ! mo/ conspicu\s feature4 ,! figures are little m ?an decorative1 or =m motives ( a sculpturesque "*1 & are n1 z 9 ! fir/ class1 isocephal\s4 ,naturali/ic motives1 su* z wrea?s1 are v frequ5t4 ,among ! types we h figures l ^? 9 ! ,nile-sc5es on ! t]racotta mural reliefs 7p4 #cga7 & ,c5taurs d]iv$ f ,hell5ic prototypes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxvi ,illu/ration3 ,,m\lds ,,& ,,/amp ,,( ,,arret9e ,,w>e1 ,,) ,,ca/s ,,f ,,! ,,=m] 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,?r\gh\t !re is a rem>kable v>iety1 n only ( subjects1 b ( ornam5ts & me?ods ( composition1 features 9 :i* ! ,greek vase-pa9t]s at all p]iods all[$ !mselves little fre$om4 ,! ornam5tation1 :i* usually bord]s ! figures above & bel[1 or /ill (t5] occupies ! :ole surface available = decoration1 includes su* motives z conv5tional wrea?s & fe/oons1 scrolls ( foliage1 & egg-&-tongue patt]n2 a fav\rite device is ! use ( columns ) spiral %afts1 (t5 surm\nt$ by masks1 betwe5 ! figures4 ,b x is (t5 naturali/ic z well z conv5tional1 at lea/ 9 detail1 & only 9 ! g5]al effect is x purely ornam5tal r ?an a reproduction ( nature4 ,9 ! figures d]iv$ f ! ,new-,attic reliefs & simil> s\rces1 su* z metal reliefs on bases1 c&elabra1 etc41 ! copyi/ usually %[s a /rong t5d5cy to ar*aism2 ! attitudes ( ! figures are graceful1 b some:at affect$4 ,!y seldom repres5t any p>ticul> action or /ory1 b ev5 human figures are m]ely decorative4 ,gr\ps ( danc+ figures are especially fav\r$1 su* z ,satyrs & ,ma5ads1 or ! ,hi]oduli or danc+ prie/esses1 :o we> a curi\s headdress ( wick]-"w 7cala?us7#cdaj2 or we see ,g5ii & ,cupids cr[n+ alt>s & lamp-/&s1 or play+ on musical in/rum5ts4 ,?r\gh\t ! p>allelism ) ! ,roman mural reliefs 7p4 #cfg ff47 is mo/ rem>kable1 :e!r 9 ! ar*ais+ /yle1 ! decorative treatm5t ( human figures1 or 9 ! *oice ( !mes3 ! danc+ ,ma5ads & ,satyrs1 ! ,hi]oduli1 ,victory sacrific+ a bull1 or ! figures ( ,seasons4 ,( ! la/-nam$ a f9e in/ance is ! beautiful krat] f ,capua1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #bai71 ! figures on :i* are mo/ delicately modell$4 ,a /amp 9 ! same collection f ,arezzo has a figure ( ,spr+1 :i* repeats ! type ( ! ,capua vase 7,plate ,,lxvi4 fig4 #b3 see p4 #dci74 ,a some:at lat] developm5t1 correspond+ to ! second class describ$ above1 seems to draw its inspiration r f ! ,hell5i/ic reliefs ( naturali/ic /yle1 su* z ,s*reib] has publi%$1 dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4#cdaa ,! figures are no long] /iff1 b free & vigor\s1 & elaborate compositions are attempt$1 "s be+ p]haps exc]pts f l>ge ,hell5i/ic compositions4 ,reali/ic l&scapes 9 ! ,hell5i/ic /yle1 ) rocks & trees1 are l>gely fav\r$1 & ! rep]tory ( subjects includes ,dionysiac sacrifices & processions1 combats ( ,c5taurs & ,lapi?s1 & hunt+-sc5es4 ,a fragm5t>y m\ld 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a good example ( ! latt]1 only t "h ! sc5e is def9itely *>act]is$ z ,alex&] ! ,great at a lion-hunt 7,plate ,,lxvi4 figs4 #a1 #c74 ,! k+ is j slay+ a lion1 :i* /&s ov] a man :om x has fell$1 & ,krat]os advances to 8 assi/ance ) an axe4 ,a wrea? :i* adorns ! bea/'s neck seems to indicate t x 0 an animal specially kept 9 ! royal p>k = hunt+4#cdab ,! m\ld be>s ! "n ( ,m4 ,p]5nius4 ,drag5dorff1 9 a valuable & illum9at+ e/imate ( ! ,arret9e w>es1#cdac po9ts out t !y are an example ( ! t5d5cy1 s con/antly occurr+ 9 classic art1 to imitate "o sub/ance 9 ano!r4 ,he is fur!r ( op9ion t !y l>gely reproduce contempor>y orig9als :i* illu/rate ! eclectic art ( ! ,augu/an p]iod1 in/itut+ a reaction aga9/ ,hell5i/ic art & =m+ 9 _! simple %apes a contra/ to ! b>oque =ms ( lat] ,hell5i/ic pott]y4 ,! art ( ! ,augu/an ,age 0 foll[$1 z ,wickh(f has po9t$ out1#cdad by a p]iod ( impressionism or illusioni/ /yle d]iv$ f pa9t+1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 completely abs5t f ,arret9e & all o!r pott]y ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be fairly assum$ t :5 ! impressioni/ /yle came into vogue1 ! art ( ! ,arret9e pott] _h _h its day4 ,all subsequ5t w>es ) reliefs are ess5tially prov9cial1 & ! orig9 ( _! /yle is unc]ta91 b x is at all ev5ts n d]iv$ f any ( ! contempor>y phases ( ,roman art4 ,! vases ( ! types :i* we h be5 describ+ are n1 z has be5 h9t$ already1 f\nd exclusively at ,arezzo4 ,9 ,italy !y are f\nd 9 all p>ts1#cdae & ! /amps ( kn[n ,arret9e pott]s occur 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ,rome1 z also at ,c]vetri1 ,*iusi1 ,vulci1 & else:]e 9 ,etruria1#cdaf & at ,mut9a 7,mod5a74#cdag ,!y are also f\nd all ov] ,campania1 at ,capua1 ,cumae1 ,pompeii1 & ,pozzuoli4 ,nor? ( ! ,alps !y occur b r>ely1 & almo/ exclusively 9 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1#cdah b we h se5 t !y are f\nd 9 ,spa91 & in/ances are also record$ f ,s>d9ia1 ,africa1 ,greece1#cdai ,asia ,m9or1 & ,cyprus4#cdbj ,f ^! details two conclusions may be drawn1 ei!r t !re 7 v>i\s c5tres scatt]$ ov] ! ,empire = ! manufacture ( :at 0 curr5tly kn[n z 8,arret9e w>e10 or t an ext5sive sy/em ( exportation w5t on f "o c5tre1 :i* w\ld naturally be ,arretium4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no diff]5ce ei!r te*nically or arti/ically betwe5 ! ,arezzo vases & "s ( ^? f\nd 9 o!r places1 su* z ,mod5a or ,capua4 ,ei!r view has some?+ 9 its fav\r1 & x is d\btful :e!r ! "q is yet ripe = solution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,arret9e w>e1 z we h se51 /eadily deg5]at$ dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire1 & at ! close ( t p]iod _h practically come to an end4 ,! "q !n arises1 ,:at took its place 9 ,italy8 ,= x w be se5 9 ! foll[+ pages t 9 discuss+ ! rema9+ examples ( t]ra sigillata :i* ,roman pott]s h left u1 we h to deal almo/ entirely ) prov9cial w>es1 made 9 ,gaul & ,g]many1 & export$ l>gely ev5 into ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,n ! lea/ /rik+ feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman pott]y is ! rapid rise ( ^! prov9cial fabrics1 & ! reputation :i* !y s spe$ily acquir$ ev5 9 ! m c5tral & m civilis$ p>ts ( ! empire4 ,yet ! manufacture ( pott]y 9 ,italy _c h di$ out entirely by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! pla9 & unglaz$ w>es = dome/ic or o!r ord9>y uses1 su* z ! dolia & w9e amphorae1 ( c\rse cont9u$ to be made 9 ,italy z else:]e1 & ! li/ ( c5tres giv5 by ,pl9y1 :i* we h already discuss$1 cle>ly %[s t 9 ! ,flavian epo* sev]al places /ill pres]v$ a reputation = ! manufacture ( pott]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h no evid5ce t ! pott]y made 9 ^! c5tres _h any o!r ?an utilit>ian m]it1 or t x repres5ts :at we "k z t]ra sigillata1 & x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t all ! ornam5tal w>es f\nd 9 ,italy are ei!r ( ! ,arret9e type or else importations f ,gaul1 ) v few exceptions4 ,lamps & tiles1 z we h se5 9 previ\s *apt]s1 cont9u$ to be made ?r\gh\t ! second & ?ird c5turies1 b bo? 7 ess5tially utilit>ian 9 _! purposes1 & ! latt]1 at any rate1 lay no claim to arti/ic di/9ction4 ,! gr[+ use ( metal vases by all b ! poor] classes1 0 also n )\t its effect on ! disappe>ance ( m\ld$ w>es 9 ,italy1 & a ref]5ce !reto may p]haps be trac$ 9 ,m>tial's plea = ! ,arret9e pott]y 7p4 #dgi74 ,x !re=e seems safe/ to assume t z 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! manufacture ( pa9t$ vases ceas$ at ,a!ns1 b ent]$ on a new era ( developm5t 9 ,s\!rn ,italy ) ! migration ( ,a!nian arti/s to ! ,hell5ic c5tres ( t region1 s 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! manufacture ( t]ra sigillata 9 ,italy--z di/+ui%$ f pla9 pott]y & o!r objects su* z lamps--gradually di$ out1 ow+ to ! migration ( arti/s & transf]5ce ( arti/ic traditions to ! ris+ c5tres ( a new civilisation 9 ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,rhone & ! ,rh9e4 ,x w be our object 9 ! succe$+ pages to collect ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce & importance ( ! pott]ies 9 ^! regions1 & to %[1 9 %ort1 t !y = "s "t suppli$ to ! :ole ,roman _w all t its repres5tatives 7 !n capable ( 9 ! way ( arti/ic & decorative "w 9 pott]y4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] w also be m conv5i5tly discuss$ ! vases ( ,ateius1 ,aco1 & o!r pott]s :i* repres5t ! transition f ! ,arret9e to ! ,gauli% fabrics4 ----- ,footnote #ccca3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afj ff4 ,footnote #cccb3 ,etym4 xx4 #d1 #c4 ,footnote #cccc3 ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #h1 #ci4 ,footnote #cccd3 i4 #b1 #fe4 ,footnote #ccce3 ii4 #b1 #bb4 ,footnote #cccf3 ,/i*4 v4 #d1 #ab3 cf4 ,m>t4 iii4 #ha1 #c2 ,lucil4 ap4 ,non4 p4 #cih2 ,tibull4 ii4 #c1 #dg2 ,cic4 pro ,murcna1 #cf1 #ge2 ,cornif4 ,rhet4 ad ,h]5n4 iv4 #ea4 ,footnote #cccg3 ,apol4 #be4 ,footnote #ccch3 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 ci4 7#ahig71 p4 #adj3 cf4 ibid4 xcvi4 p4 #be1 & ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ccci3 i4 #ai2 see above1 p4 #dfc4 ,footnote #ccdj3 vi4 #cdd4 ,footnote #ccda3 ,agric4 #ace4 ,footnote #ccdb3 ,paul4 ex ,fe/4 ed4 ,mll]1 #cdd;b2 89 ,esquil9a regione figulo cum =nax pl5a vasorum coqu]etur40 ,footnote #ccdc3 xxxv4 #afa4 ,footnote #ccdd3 ,cf4 ,m>t4 xiv4 #aeg2 8solet calices haec d>e t]ra0 7( ,poll5tia74 ,footnote #ccde3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #aadg2 = rec5t f9ds1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcg1 p4 #aj ff4 ,footnote #ccdf3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcg1 loc4 cit42 #ahge1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #ccdg3 xli4 #ah4 ,footnote #ccdh3 ,see g5]ally ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #ccdi3 ,sat4 i4 #f1 #aah3 cf4 ibid4 ii4 #c1 #add4 ,footnote #ccej3 xiv4 #ajb3 8,surr5t9ae leve toreuma rotae40 ,footnote #ccea3 ,cf4 id4 xiii4 #aaj3 8,surr5t9e cups are good en\gh = ,surr5t9e w9e40 ,footnote #cceb3 xiv4 #aad3 cf4 ,tibull4 ii4 #c1 #dh2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahge1 p4 #ff2 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #fdj1 note #b4 ,footnote #ccec3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #ed2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahge1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #cced3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjef1 #bbi4 ,footnote #ccee3 ,ibid4 xii4 #efhf1 #fif4 ,footnote #ccef3 ,see also ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjef4 ,footnote #cceg3 ,sat4 ii4 #h1 #ci4 ,footnote #cceh3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afd4 ,footnote #ccei3 xiv4 #ajh2 viii4 #f3 cf4 ,juv4 v4 #bi3 8,sagunt9a ,iag5a40 ,footnote #ccfj3 iv4 #df1 #ae4 ,footnote #ccfa3 ,see also ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 p4 #eab & ,suppl4 p4 #ajjh2 ,d*elette1 i4 pp4 #af1 #aaa2 also ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahge1 p4 #bej1 & ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #bfcb = an amphora f\nd on ! ,monte ,te/accio at ,rome ) ! /amp ,,bcm7a7,,t]ni ,,sagynto4 ,footnote #ccfb3 xiv4 #ih4 ,footnote #ccfc3 8,o ,arret9e cup1 :i* decorat$ my fa!r's table1 h[ s\nd y 7 be=e ! doctor's h&0 7ref]r+ to its use = tak+ m$ic9e74 ,footnote #ccfd3 ,p]s4 i4 #acj3 see also ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 p4 #ajha4 ,footnote #ccfe3 ,/oria degli ant4 ,vasi fitt4 aret9i1 ,arezzo1 #ahda4 ,footnote #ccff3 ,see above1 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #ccfg3 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #digj1 #eai4 ,footnote #ccfh3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahhc1 p4 #bfe2 ,nov4 #ahhd1 p4 #cfi1 pls4 #h1 #i2 #ahij1 p4 #fc ff42 #ahid1 p4 #aag ff42 #ahif1 p4 #dec ff4 ,footnote #ccfi3 ,see ! map 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ajhb4 ,footnote #ccgj3 ,iscriz4 ant4 doli>i1 p4 #dba ff4 ,footnote #ccga3 ,c4,i4,l41 loc4 cit41 & ,no4 #fgjj4 ,footnote #ccgb3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #gjb1 ,nos4 #dibe ff4 ,footnote #ccgc3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 p4 #bfe ff43 cf4 ibid4 #ahgb1 p4 #bhd ff4 = ! ,arret9e examples2 also ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahij1 pp4 #fd1 #fh4 ,footnote #ccgd3 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj1 #ab1 #gci4 ,footnote #ccge3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,nos4 #cjdc1 #cjfh1 #cajj1 etc4 ,footnote #ccgf3 ,"s may be ref]r$ to ,sulla's "t3 see ,notizie1 #ahhc1 p4 #bfi ff42 #ahij1 p4 #ga ff4 ,footnote #ccgg3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahid1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ccgh3 ,fifty v>ieties1 ) ! diff]5t slaves' names1 are giv5 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj1 #dce4 ,footnote #ccgi3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #gj1 note #b4 ,footnote #cchj3 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #ccha3 ,inscr4 ,graec4 xiv4 #bdjf1 #bh-df2 ,notizie1 #ahhd1 pl4 #h2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #cchb3 ,philologus1 lviii4 7,n4,f4 xii471 pl4 #d1 p4 #dhb2 ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #baie3 see = ?is pott]1 ,notizie1 #ahif1 p4 #deg4 ,footnote #cchc3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahif1 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #cchd3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 cii4 p4 #aai2 also f\nd 9 ,spa9 7,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #digj1 #eae74 ,footnote #cche3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #edif4 ,footnote #cchf3 ,ibid4 x4 #hjee1 #cf4 ,footnote #cchg3 ,see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 cii4 p4 #aai2 ,d*elette1 ,vases de la ,gaule ,roma9e1 i4 p4 #aaf4 ,a pott] ( ! same date & "* is ,,sex ,m ,f1 f\nd 9 ,etruria4 ,footnote #cchh3 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 cii4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #cchi3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ejaf4 ,footnote #ccij3 ,ibid4 #eegb4 ,footnote #ccia3 ,cf4 ,d*elette1 i4 pp4 #ha1 #bgb4 ,footnote #ccib3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ebaa1 #ecih4 ,footnote #ccic3 ,op4 cit4 xi4 #fgjj1 #geb4 ,footnote #ccid3 ,see on ?is ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj1 #b2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #dj2 cii4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ccie3 ,e4g4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ecbc4 ,no4 #ecgd ibid4 has cognom5 only4 ,footnote #ccif3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #gjb4 ,footnote #ccig3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #diif1 #ejid4 ,footnote #ccih3 ,ibid4 #eeae1 #eeee1 #efjc4 ,footnote #ccii3 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj1 #caa4 ,footnote #cdjj3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #gjc3 see also ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 p4 #cah2 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahij1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #cdja3 ,e4g4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #eagi1 #eebd4 ,footnote #cdjb3 ,see also ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #cdjc3 ,see ,haus]'s "w on ! subject1 ,neuattis*e ,reliefs1 passim4 ,footnote #cdjd3 ,rizzo 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bia ff42 ,drag5dorff 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 ciii4 7#ahih71 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #cdje3 ,e4g4 by ,s*reib]1 ,alex&r4 ,toreutik1 p4 #dja ff4 ,footnote #cdjf3 ,cf4 ,anzeig]1 #ahig1 p4 #abg ff42 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxiii4 #aed ff4 ,footnote #cdjg3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #dj 7,sieb\rg72 #ahih1 p4 #cii 7,h>twig72 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 xcvi4 p4 #cg2 ,mlanges d',ar*4 #ahhi1 pl4 #g1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #cdjh3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #cdji3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #cdaj3 ,cf4 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #eh3 also a m\ld 9 ! ,b4,m4 7,plate ,,lxvi4 fig4 #e71 & ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #fdf4 ,footnote #cdaa3 ,hell54 ,reliefbild]1 pls4 #a1 #i1 #aj1 #ba1 etc4 ,footnote #cdab3 ,see on ! subject1 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cdac3 ,ibid4 ciii4 p4 #ajc4 ,on ! same article ! prec$+ p>agraphs are also l>gely bas$4 ,footnote #cdad3 ,roman ,art1 ,eng4 ,trans41 p4 #ah ff4 ,footnote #cdae3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #gjb4 ,footnote #cdaf3 ,e4g4 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj1 #b1 #cjh1 #fhh1 #gfb4 ,footnote #cdag3 ,ibid4 #fgjj1 #bi1 #cjf1 #ghf4 ,footnote #cdah3 ,a f9e example has be5 f\nd at ,neuss on ! ,rh9e 7,bonn] ,jahrb4 ciii4 p4 #hh74 ,footnote #cdai3 ,see ,dumont1 ,inscrs4 ,cramiques1 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #cdbj3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #id1 ,no4 #baaf1 ,,pr9ceps ,,titi1 f ,salamis4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,roman ,,pott]y 7cont9u$72 ,,prov9cial ,,fabrics ,di/ribution ( ,roman pott]y 9 ,europe--,transition f ,arret9e to prov9cial w>es--,t]ra sigillata--,%apes & c5tres ( fabric--,subjects--,pott]s' /amps--,vases ) b>bot9e decoration--,! fabrics ( ,gaul--,/4 ,rmy--,graufes5que--8,m>bl$0 vases--,vases ) inscriptions 7,banassac7--,lez\x--,vases ) m$allions 7,s\!rn ,gaul7--,fabrics ( ,g]many--,t]ra sigillata 9 ,brita9--,ca/or w>e--,up*ur* & ,new ,=e/ w>es--,pla9 pott]y--,mort>ia--,conclusion4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,! pott]y ) :i* we h n[ to deal is t :i* 0 kn[n to an old] g5]ation z 8,samian w>e10#cdba b may n[ be m appropriately t]m$ ,prov9cial t]ra sigillata4 ,9 reg>d to its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 x is di/+ui%$ by a f9e close-gra9$ r$ clay1 h>d] ?an ! ,arret9e1 & pres5t+ :5 brok5 an edge ( light r$4 ,! surface is smoo? & lu/r\s1 ( a bright] yet d>k] r$ col\r 7i4e4 less l coral7 ?an t ( ,arret9e w>e1 b ! tone ( ! r$ v>ies ) ! degree ( heat us$4 ,! mo/ important feature is ! f9e r$ glaze ) :i* x is coat$1 simil> 9 composition to--?\gh n id5tical )--t ( ! ,arret9e 7see ! analysis giv5 on p4 #dcf72 x is exce$+ly ?9 & transp>5t1 & laid equally ov] ! :ole surface1 only slightly augm5t+ ! col\r ( ! clay1 :i* resembles t ( coral or seal+-wax4 ,! glaze v>ies 9 lu/re & quality z well z 9 col\r1 b z ! analyses %[1 x is produc$ on ! same pr9ciple at all p]iods & 9 all fabrics1 ,italian & prov9cial4 ,! ornam5tation is inv>iably ( a co>s] nature ?an t ( ,arret9e w>e1 & ?\gh x draws its inspiration !refrom1 is divid$ f x by a consid]able int]val ( arti/ic deg5]ation2 nor is ! miss+ l9k always easy to trace4 ,?is w>e is f\nd all ov] ,c5tral ,europe1 f ! ,balkan to ! ,spani% ,p59sula1 9 ! =e/s ( ,g]many1 & on ! di/ant %ores ( ,brita91 b 9 greate/ abundance & effectiv5ess 9 ! valleys ( ! ,loire & ,rh9e1 a fact :i* 9 itself directs u to look to ^! di/ricts = ! c5tres ( its manufacture4 ,:]ev] f\nd1 x is 9 its ma9 *>act]i/ics id5tical1 & readily to be di/+ui%$ f ! local w>es ) _! simple1 or entire abs5ce (1 ornam5tation4 ,! vases are usually ( small dim5sions1 consi/+ ( v>i\s types ( b[ls1 cups1 & di%es1 ( :i* two or ?ree =ms are pref]r$ almo/ to ! exclusion ( ! re/1 & !y usually be> ! /amp ( ! pott] impress$ on ! inside or outside4 ,! angul> & %>p pr(iles ( ! v>i\s %apes indicate t 9 ne>ly all cases !y are d]iv$ f metal prototypes4 ,al?\gh ?is w>e is f\nd all ov] ! ,roman _w1 yet by f> ! great] proportion ( ! mat]ial at h& comes f ! ,roman sites ( ,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,brita91 & evid5ce po9ts to two--& only two--di/ricts z ! pr9cipal c5tres ( its manufacture3 ! valleys ( ! ,loire & ! ,rh9e & _! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,ev5 9 ,italy ! mat]ial is exce$+ly scanty1 & mu* ( ! pott]y f\nd 9 ,rome or ,campania c be prov$ by ! pott]s' /amps to h be5 import$ f ,gaul4 ,9 ,greece ! f9ds ( t]ra sigillata1 ?\gh cov]+ a wide area1 are few & f> betwe51 & we are h>dly 9 a position to /ate :e!r ^! are local fabrics or importations4 ,drag5dorff notes#cdbb t 9 ! museum at ,bonn !re are fragm5ts f ,a!ns1 ,eleusis1 ,rhamnus1 ,oropos1 ,epidauros1 ,eretria1 ,argos1 ,delos1 & ,troy1 & o!rs 9 private possession at ! same place f ,alex&ria4 ,9 ! museum at ,dimitzana 9 ,arcadia !re is a vase ) ,lat9 /amps1 & ano!r )\t /amp is pres]v$ at ,*anak ,kalessi on ! ,d>danelles4 ,furtwa5gl] records a few fragm5ts f ,olympia1#cdbc "o ) ,,oct ,,salve1 & fragm5ts h also be5 f\nd at ,p]gamon4 ,!re are a few cups f ,cyprus 9 ! ,museum at ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye1 & o!rs at ,nicosia4#cdbd ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 z has already be5 not$ 7p4 #dgf71 !re is evid5ce ( manufacture ( r$ relief w>es 9 ,greek l&s "u ! ,empire1 & mu* ( ! above-m5tion$ mat]ial may n be able to lay any claim to a ,we/]n orig94 ,= ! pott]ies ( ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe !re is inde$ no lit]>y evid5ce1 =1 z we h se5 7p4 #dgi71 ,saguntum is ! only prov9cial place ( any reputation 9 antiquity1 al?\gh mod]n excavations h n upheld its claim4 ,all ! evid5ce is necess>ily d]iv$ f excavations1 & f f9ds ( m\lds & pott]ies2 b by ! c>eful & sci5tific rese>*es ( ,von ,hefn]1 ,drag5dorff1 ,d*elette1 & o!r inve/igators on ,gauli% & ,g]man sites results h be5 obta9$ ( incalculable value = e/abli%+ ! prov9cial c5tres :i* dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire inh]it$ ! traditions ( ,arretium4 ,9 ! succe$+ enquiry1 !re=e1 we %all devote our att5tion almo/ entirely to ! t]ra sigillata1 ( :i* ,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,brita9 h yield$ su* abundant quantities1 & aft] a g5]al consid]ation ( its hi/ory & *>act]i/ics1 %all discuss 9 detail ! peculi>ities ( sep>ate fabrics4#cdbe 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 invaluable treatise on t]ra sigillata#cdbf--! fir/ compreh5sive attempt at a g5]al sci5tific discussion ( ! subject :i* has be5 contribut$--,drag5dorff collect$ a s]ies ( ov] fifty v>ieties ( =ms 7almo/ exclusively cups1 b[ls1 & di%es71 :i* embrace all ! examples ( ,arret9e & prov9cial w>es ) relief-ornam5tation4 ,( ^! he consid]s ! fir/ f\rte5 peculi> to ! ,arret9e w>e1 b !re are o!r vases f\nd bo? 9 ,italy & ! prov9ces :i* 9 =m & col\r are n di/+ui%able f ! ,arret9e1 & seem to be und\bt$ examples ( e>ly importations4 ,su* vases are f\nd at ,&]na*1 ,neuss1 & ,xant5 on ! ,l[] ,rh9e1#cdbg be>+ ! /amps ( ,ateius1 ,bassus1 ,primus1 & ,xan?us1 :o are also frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4#cdbh ,) reg>d to ! fir/-nam$1 h[ev]1 !re is evid5ce to %[ t he may h work$ 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 & ! ,italian orig9 ( ?is pott]y is n absolutely c]ta94#cdbi ,at all ev5ts1 ! f9ds 9 ,g]many to :i* a date 9 ! fir/ c5tury c be giv5 seem to %[ ! adoption ( a new =m ( di% diff]+ f t *>act]i/ic ( ,arezzo#cdcj2 ?is new =m is also common at ,pompeii 7probably z an importation71 & is f\nd on ! ,limes at ,saalburg ) ! /amp ,,bollvs ,,fic4 ,x is usually q pla91 & seems to h la/$ d[n to ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,ano!r v>iety 7,no4 #ah7 0 f\nd at ,&]na* ) a co9 ( ,antonia ,augu/a1 & at ,e/e 9 ,italy ) a /amp ,,s]rae1 :i* belongs to ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,f x a lat] =m 7,no4 #ca7 0 develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,,gauli% ,,b[l 7,,=m ,,no4 #bi72 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,,aft] ,,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,,gauli% ,,b[l 7,,=m ,,no4 #cj72 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,,aft] ,,*ri/4 ,z a g5]al rule ^! e>ly prov9cial =ms 7 unornam5t$1 b ! two types ( b[l or cup :i* ,drag5dorff numb]s #bi & #cj1 & :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,figs4 #bba1 #bbb1 become ! normal =m = ! prov9cial relief-w>es ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,^! are n f\nd 9 ! ,arret9e w>e1 b occur all ?r\gh t c5tury1 n only 9 ,gaul1 b also1 = in/ance1 9 ! ca/ra on ! fronti] ( ,g]many4#cdca ,! only ,arret9e =m :i* seems to h prevail$ to any ext5t 9 ! prov9ces is ! krat] 7,drag5dorff's ,no4 #aa ,fig4 #bai74cdcb ,o!r k9ds ( deep cups ) exp&+ sides 7,drag5dorff's ,nos4 #bb-bg7 are f\nd occasionally 9 ,italy & on v>i\s sites 9 ,g]many1 & c be trac$ f _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! fir/ c5tury = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s4#cdcc ,nos4 #bd & #be are f\nd at ,xant5 7,ca/ra ,vet]a7 ) co9s ( ,julius ,caes> & ,n]o1 o!rs 9 ! cemet]y ( ,bibracte ne> ,autun1 :i* is kn[n n to be lat] ?an ! "t ( ,augu/us4#cdcd ,! g5]al conclusion seems to be t ^! w>es repres5t a sort ( transitional /age betwe5 ^? ( ,arretium & ! indubitably prov9cial t]ra sigillata4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury !y are supplant$1 notably at ,lez\x & 9 ,g]many1 by ! hemisph]ical b[l 7,drag5dorff's ,no4 #cg ,fig4 #bbc71 :i* subsequ5tly becomes ! only =m employ$ = ! m\ld$ w>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,,gauli% ,,b[l 7,,=m ,,no4 #cg72 ,a4,d4 #gj-bfj4 ,9 pursu+ 8 inve/igation ( ! prov9cial fabrics ( ! fir/ c5tury1#cdce ,drag5dorff beg9s by discuss+ v>i\s gr\ps ( vases f\nd 9 ,g]many :i* seem to repres5t a p]iod ( transition betwe5 ! ,italian ,roman 7& ! local native7 pott]y & ! prov9cial t]ra sigillata prop]1 :i* is n usually f\nd be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,fir/ we h a k9d ( light-r$ w>e1 =m]ly kn[n z 8false ,samian10 :i* lacks ! /rong lu/r\s %e5 ( ! g5u9e t]ra sigillata2 ! tone ,hettn] consid]$ to be ! result ( m]e poli%+1 )\t any glaze or slip4#cdcf ,! =ms are heavi] & co>s]1 & are n conf9$1 z 9 ! g5u9e fabric1 to deep cups or %all[ b[ls1 b include a sort ( beak] or tumbl]-%ap$ cup1#cdcg & a slim j> ) *>act]i/ic incis$ ornam5t4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,roman tombs at ,&]na*1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj4cdch ,contempor>y ) ?is 7f ,augu/us to ,vespasian7 0 a k9d ( black w>e ) incis$ l9e> ornam5t1 resembl+ t describ$ "u a subsequ5t head+ 7p4 #eae72 x be>s ! same pott]s' /amps z ! light-r$ w>e1 & is int]e/+ = its close relation to ! old] ,la ,tne pott]y1 %[+ its orig9 to be ,celtic or ,gauli%1 n ,roman4 ,! c5tre ( fabric = ^! w>es1 :i* are limit$ 9 _! di/ribution to ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 ,norm&y & ,s\!rn ,gaul1 seems to h be5 ,tri]1 :i* place is z ne>ly z possible ! c5tre ( all ! sites on :i* !y h be5 f\nd2 x is fur!r evid5t t bo? ! r$ & ! black 7 made 9 ! same pott]y4 ,drag5dorff /yles ^! fabrics 8,belgic10 on ! gr\nd t !y are mo/ly f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,gallia ,belgica4 ,x is conceivable t1 z t prov9ce became organis$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 pott]s f ,s\!rn ,gaul settl$ at ,tri]4 ,a pott]y ( t epo* has be5 f\nd !re1 ) rema9s ( black1 grey1 & light-r$ w>e1 & a piece f\nd at ,&]na* ) ! /amp ,,dvro_/,,cvavo %[s evid5ce ( hav+ be5 made at ! =m] place4#cdci ,! pott]s' /amps include bo? ,roman & non-,roman names4 ,^! w>es are v r>ely f\nd 9 ,brita94#cddj ,we n[ come to ! t]ra sigillata fabrics prop]1 :i* ext5d f ab\t ,a4,d4 #cj or ev5 e>li] to #bej1 & exhibit a great diff]5ce f ! e>li] fabrics4#cdda ,!re is no long] any "q ( ,italian manufacture or ( unsuccessful prov9cial imitations ( ,italian w>e1 b ( a prov9cial fabric ( excell5t te*nique & real arti/ic individuality4 ,! mat]ial = our purpose is suppli$ by ! ,gauli% cemet]ies & pott]y-sites ( ! ,rhone & ,alli] valleys1 ! ,cev5nes1 ,norm&y1 & ,belgium1 by ^? ( ! ,rh9e valley & ,s\!rn ,g]many1 & ^? ( ,brita94 ,9 ,nor!rn ,gaul ?is pott]y is f\nd ) co9s rang+ f ,caligula to ,commodus1 & 9 ! =ts on ! ,g]man ,limes1 su* z ^? on ! ,taunus range & along ! ,ma91 ! co9s ext5d f ,vespasian to ,galli5us 7,a4,d4 #bfj71 9 ^: "t occupation ceas$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,9 consid]+ ! probable c5tres ( fabric we f9d a rem>kable correspond5ce 9 ! pott]s' /amps 9 ! mo/ widely-sep>at$ localities1 indicat+ a limit$ numb] ( c5tres :i* _h a great reputation4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 comp>+ li/s ( /amps f\nd 9 ,london ) ^? f ,d\ai 9 ,france ,roa*-,smi? not$ t no less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! names occurr$ 9 bo? places4#cddb ,! same inve/igator1 n[ _m ye>s ago1 0 acute en\gh to d$uce ! conclusion f ?is & o!r simil> evid5ce t 9 ,brita9 !re 0 no local manufacture ( t]ra sigillata#cddc2 & he has be5 ju/ifi$ by m rec5t rese>*es1 bas$ on a mu* m ext5sive comm& ( mat]ial4 ,! two *ief au?orities on ?is subject at ! pres5t day1 ,dr4 ,drag5dorff & ,m4 ,d*elette1 are agre$ 9 _! ma9 conclusions t ! c5tre ( ?is fabric mu/ be s\ght 9 ,gaul1 & s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! latt]'s treatise on ! ,gauli% pott]ies1 !re seems little d\bt t x 0 9 ! fir/ c5tury at ,graufes5que ne> ,rodez 9 ! ,cev5nes 7,condatomagus71 9 ! succe$+ p]iod at ,lez\x 9 ,auv]gne1 :]e ext5sive rema9s ( pott]ies h come to light4 ,dr4 ,drag5dorff bas$ 8 argum5ts on ! foll[+ facts3 7#a7 ,! pott]s' names are l>gely ,gauli%4 7#b7 ,names are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts :i* are kn[n to be f a ,gauli% c5tre su* z ,lez\x4 7#c7 ,gallic epigraphical peculi>ities1 su* z dott$ circle = ,o1 cursive ,d = ,d1 & ,,ov = ,u1 are f\nd 9 ! inscriptions4 7#d7 ,ev5 names ( an und\bt$ ,lat9 type1 su* z ,julios & ,priscos1 end 9 ! ,gallic t]m9ation -os4 7#e7 ,cursive =ms su* z #aead;,attic alpha rev]s$ = ,a1 #aeab;cursive ,e = ,e1 #aeab;cursive ,f = ,f1 & cursive ,l = ,l1 are frequ5tly f\nd1 z also 9 ,gauli% inscriptions ( ! second c5tury4 ,t he 0 work+ on ! "r l9es has be5 n[ %[n by ,m4 ,d*elette1 :o has employ$ z ! basis ( 8 rese>*es ! m conclusive evid5ce ( discov]ies1 especially ( f9ds ( m\lds & rema9s ( pott]ies4 ,b ( ?is m w be said subsequ5tly4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 7 two l>ge pott]ies 9 ,g]many1 at ,rhe9zab]n1 ne> ,spei]1 & at ,we/]ndorf1 9 ,s\!rn ,bav>ia1 :]e ornam5t$ vases 7 und\bt$ly made4 ,!y 7 app>5tly n l>gely export$1 b _m ( ! /amps also occur on ! pla9 w>es f ^! pott]ies1 imply+ t ! ornam5tal vases mu/ also h be5 made by ! local m54#cddd ,! pott]y ( ,we/]ndorf beg9s ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,drag5dorff notes t ( all ! ,gauli% pott]s' /amps only =ty-"o h be5 f\nd 9 ,italy1 & _m ( ^! only 9 ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 :ile o!rs are v r>e4 ,9 reg>d to ! =ms1 ! *ief fact to be not$ is t new %apes & me?ods ( decoration n[ appe> ) ! gr[? ( ! prov9cial pott]ies1 unkn[n 9 ,italy1 & ! e>li] b[ls & di%es are n f\nd 7= in/ance7 at ,rhe9zab]n4#cdde ,"o =m ( di% 7,no4 #cb7 is new1 b ano!r 7,no4 #ca7 is cle>ly develop$ f ! ,italian type 7,no4 #ah74 ,an ess5tially ,gauli% =m ( deep b[l or cup is ,no4 #cc2 ano!r ) h&les 7,no4 #cd7 is only f\nd at ,banassac4 ,! mort>ia ) sp\t & pebbles ins]t$ = gr9d+ 7see bel[1 p4 #eea7 n[ fir/ make _! appe>ance1 especially 9 ! ,limes =ts & 9 ,brita94 ,_m ( ! =ms cle>ly indicate an imitation ( metal4 ,d*elette notes t ( ! =ms giv5 by ,drag5dorff 7,nos4 #ae-ee7 ab\t tw5ty 9 all are f\nd 9 ,gaul1 includ+ ! ?ree us$ = m\ld$ w>es 7see bel[1 & p4 #eja74cddf ,to ^! he adds sixte5 new =ms1 :i* he numb]s #ef to #ga1 & = ! vases ) b>bot9e or appliqu decoration six m 7#gb-gg7 mu/ be includ$ 9 ! li/4#cddg ,! next feature to be consid]$ 9 ^! vases is ! decoration1 :i* is n conf9$1 z 9 ! ,italian w>es1 to reliefs obta9$ f m\lds1 b is also produc$ by ornam5ts appli$ to ! surface ( ! vase1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( sep>ate figures or m$allions modell$ by h& or made f m\lds & !n atta*$1 or by ! me?od kn[n z en b>bot9e 7see bel[1 pp4 #eab1 #ebi74 ,sometimes ! decoration takes ! =m ( impress$ or incis$ patt]ns 7p4 #eae71 b ^! are m *>act]i/ic ( ! common] w>es4 ,= ! pres5t we may limit ! discussion to vases 9 :i* ! decoration is produc$ at ! same "t 9 ! m\ld4#cddh ,vases ( ?is type exhibit a rem>kable monotony ( =m1 be+1 z already not$1 practically conf9$ to two v>ieties ( ! b[l or deep cup1 "o ) curv$1 ! o!r ) /raight1 sides 7,=ms #bi & #cj ,figs4 #bba1 #bbb71 at lea/ up to ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,9 ! latt] half ( t c5tury ^! are supplem5t$ by a ?ird v>iety 7,=m #cg ,fig4 #bbc71 & at ! same "t a gradual dim9ution 9 ! %>pness ( ! outl9es1 z 9 ! reliefs !mselves1 becomes app>5t4 ,no direct connection ) ! ,arret9e w>e c be trac$1 ei!r 9 ! =ms or 9 ! decoration4 ,! pott]s' /amps are f\nd at fir/ 9 ! int]ior1 z on ! pla9 w>es1 b subsequ5tly on ! ext]ior1 9 ! middle ( ! design4 ,at fir/ !re is a g5]al abs5ce ( figure subjects1 & ! designs are purely ornam5tal1 or else animals1 su* z birds or h>es1 are introduc$ z m]e decorative elem5ts4 ,an important di/9ction f ! ,italian w>es %\ld be not$1 viz4 t 9 ! latt] ! wrea?s or scrolls :i* play su* an important "p 9 ! decoration are compos$ ( s+le deta*$ leaves or fl[]s1 :]eas 9 ! prov9cial w>es ! :ole wrea? is modell$ 9 "o cont9u\s sy/em1 ei!r =m$ ( undulat+ motives1 z at ,graufes5que1 or ( a /raight wrea? or b& ( ornam5ts1 z at ,lez\x4#cddi ,on ! o!r h& ! figure compositions are nev] cont9u\s until ! 0free0 /yle comes 9 at ,lez\x ) ! second c5tury1 b are brok5 up by ornam5ts into metope-l gr\ps4 ,! typical arrangem5t is t ( a wrea? betwe5 r[s ( beads or rais$ dots1 ) a triple b& ( hat*$ l9es or 8ma*9e-turn$0 ornam5t above1 & rays or pe>-%ap$ ornam5ts bel[1 po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,sometimes ! wrea? is duplicat$2 or ! frieze is brok5 up into metope-l gr\ps ( animals bord]$ by ornam5t1 z 9 ! fir/-c5tury b[ls f\nd 9 ,france & ,italy1 :i* ,d*elette attributes to ! pott]ies ( ,condatomagus 7,graufes5que 9 ! ,cev5nes74#cdej ,) ! introduction ( ! hemisph]ical b[ls 7=m #cg7 comes a new sy/em1 9 :i* ! upp] edge is left pla91 foll[$ by a b& ( egg-&-tongue ornam5t2 !n comes ! ma9 frieze1 & bel[ ?is a simple wrea?4 ,?is =m & me?od fir/ appe> at ,lez\x ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj1 & at ,rhe9zab]n ) ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury4 ,! f9al /age is rea*$ :5 ! decoration consi/s ( figures ei!r arrang$ 9 m$allions & arcades1 or freely 9 friezes1 a sy/em :i* obta9s exclusively at ,we/]ndorf1 & on ! bulk ( ! t]ra sigillata f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,along ) ^! *anges 9 arrangem5t goes a /eady arti/ic deg5]ation4 ,z reg>ds ! subjects1 x may be g5]ally obs]v$ t ! conceptions are good1 b ! execution is poor4 ,9 _m cases !y are obvi\sly imitations ( well-kn[n works1 & x is curi\s t no ,gauli% subjects occur4 ,! types include repres5tations ( gods & h]oes1 w>riors & gladiators1 hunt]s & animals4 ,9 g5]al !y are ( ,hell5i/ic orig91 & include all su* subjects z are *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( ! p]iod4#cdea ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 purely decorative motives hold ! field1 9 imitation ( ! ,arret9e w>e1 & x is n until aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! latt] t figure decoration is f\nd4 ,we h imitations ( sculpture1 z 9 ! types ( ,v5us ba?+ or ! ,diana la bi*e1 & ( ! ,hell5i/ic reliefs ) g5re & idyllic subjects1 z 9 ! sc5es ) f[l]s or fi%]m54#cdeb ,! 8new-,attic0 reliefs furni% models = types1 z 9 o!r bran*es ( ,roman art 7see pp4 #cfh1 #dhi71 & ,eros1 ,h]akles1 & ,dionysiac subjects are univ]sally popul>4 ,among ! my?ological types ,drag5dorff has collect$ ! foll[+#cdec3 ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 ,apollo1 ,hephai/os1 ,h]mes1 ,aphrodite1 ,artemis1 & ,a!na2 ,dionysos1 ,h]akles1 ,victory1 ,=tune1 & ,cupids2 ,amazons1 ,giants1 sea-mon/]s1 ,gryphons & ,sph9xes1 ,pygmies & cranes2 ,bell]ophon1 ,aktaeon1 ! rape ( ! ,leukippidae1 & ,romulus & ,remus suckl$ by ! wolf4 ,! gladiatorial subjects closely foll[ ! types ( ,roman art1 & ! fav\rite !me1 a combat ( two 9 :i* "o is wor/$1 resembles a common type on ! lamps 7p4 #daf74cded ,?us1 ?\gh ! /yle ( art is ess5tially prov9cial1 ! subjects draw _! inspiration exclusively f classical s\rces4#cdee ,a s]ies ( examples f ,brita9 may be not$ z cov]+ 9 _! subjects ! gr\nd indicat$2 !y are mo/ly f ,roa*-,smi?'s ext5sive collection1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#cdef ,!y include a vase ) figures 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts3 ,diana1 ,m9]va1 ,h]cules1 ,bac*us1 a man ) a cup1 & ,satyrs & ,nymphs2 ano!r ) ,h]cules 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides kill+ ! s]p5t1 ,diana1 w>riors1 & panels ( ornam5t2 a ?ird ) ,bac*us & a tig]1 ,luna1 & ,g5ii ) tor*es4 ,o!rs h ,apollo ) ,diana or pursu+ ,daphne2 ,diana & ,actaeon2 copies ( /atues ( ,v5us 7( ! ,cnidian or ,m$ici type72 ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules1 ,bac*analian orgies & processions1 & su* deities z ,victory1 ,=tune1 ,cupids1 & ,anubis1 z well z ,satyrs & ,fauns1 ,gryphons1 ,sph9xes1 & ,tritons4 ,on ! vase ( ,divixtus illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lxviii4 fig4 #b1 ! subjects are ,v5us at h] toilet1 ,diana ) a /ag1 & a ,sil5us c>ry+ a basket ( fruit4 ,! subjects f daily life include hunt+ sc5es ( v>i\s k9ds2 dogs pursu+ /ags1 bo>s1 or h>es2 combats ( be/i>ii ) v>i\s animals2 musicians1 & gladiators4 ,ornam5tation ( a purely decorative "* includes animals & trees1 & repres5tations ( fruit1 fl[]s1 & foliage1 ei!r 9 scrolls or int]sp]s$ ) o!r objects4 ,roa*-,smi? also gives a curi\s example f ,h>tlip 9 ,k5t#cdeg ) two sep>ate friezes ( figures & ! pott]'s /amp ,,sab9i,m#cdeh2 on ! upp] b& are ,l$a & ! swan & a seat$ goddess ) cornucopia2 on ! l[]1 ,diana ) a de]1 "u a canopy1 & ,victory cr[n+ a w>rior1 ! v>i\s gr\ps be+ sev]al times repeat$4 ,! /yle is v rude1 & ?\gh ! subjects are classical1 ! figures & designs are v b>b>ic1 almo/ m$iaeval 9 appe>ance4#cdei ,! t]ra sigillata fabrics appe> to h la/$ on d[n to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury 9 ! prov9ces1 b are by t "t n only r>e1 b exce$+ly deg5]ate4 ,"s f\nd at ,&]na* c be attribut$ to ! reign ( ,magnus ,maximus 7,a4,d4 #chh71 & 9 o!rs1 ap>t f ! /yle1 ! co/ume ( ! figures resembles t ( ! f\r? c5tury#cdfj2 ! pott]s' /amps by ?is "t h entirely ceas$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! names ( pott]s :i*1 z we h se51 s frequ5tly occur on ! prov9cial w>es are ne>ly all ,gauli% 9 =m or orig91 & ?is1 x has be5 not$1 is "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts = ! ,gauli% orig9 ( ! pott]y4 ,! /amps are usually quadrangul> 9 =m1 b sometimes circul> or oval1 or 9 ! =m ( a human foot2 !y are depress$ 9 ! surface ( ! vase1 b ! lett]s are 9 relief4 ,!re is consid]able v>iation 9 ! =m ( ! lett]s1 :i* are (t5 cursive 7see p4 #ejd71 (t5 ligatur$1 & frequ5tly s+le lett]s or :ole words are impress$ backw>ds4 ,! names are ei!r 9 ! nom9ative1 ) or )\t ,f1 ,,fec1 ,,fecit1 or 9 ! g5itive ) ,,(1 ,,(fic1 etc41 ,m1 or ,,manv2 ! ,gauli% ^w ,,avot = ,,fecit is also f\nd4#cdfa ,x is r>e to f9d a pott] ) m ?an "o "n1 & probably few ( ! ,gauli% pott]s 7 ,roman citiz5s#cdfb2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are few und\bt$ examples ( slaves' names4 ,"s gr\ps ( names seem to indicate p>tn]%ips1 su* z ,,vrsvs ,,felix1 ,,primi ,,pat]7ni71 ,,secvnd7i7 ,,rvf97i72 9 o!r cases ! "n ( ! fa!r is also giv51 z ,,tornos ,,voc>i ,f7ilius71 ,,vacasatvs ,,br>iati ,f1#cdfc b x is n impossible t ! =mula may mean1 8,tornos ! slave ( ,voc>ius10 or1 8,vacasatus ! slave ( ,br>iatus made 7fecit740 ,9 ,aquitania /amps occur ) ,,fam7uli7 or ,,nepotis add$ aft] ! "n4 ,"s gr\ps ( names are peculi> to c]ta9 localities1 ,amabilis1 ,belsus1 ,domitianus1 ,placidus1 etc41 be+ f\nd only 9 ,g]many2 o!r pott]s give a h9t ( _! orig91 add+ to _! names ,,arve or ,,ar = ,arv]nus1 ! di/rict ( ! ,arv]ni1 correspond+ to ! mod]n ,auv]gne4 ,vases are f\nd at ,lez\x ) ! /amp ,,rvt5vs ,,fecit#cdfd2 "h ! "n may be a delib]ate int5tion ( ! ,rut5ian pott]1 to %[ t ! vase 0 n made locally4 ,! "n ,disetus1 :i* is f\nd on ! ,rh9e1 occurs 9 ,gallia ,belgica 9 ! =m ,diseto1 ! v>iety be+ due ei!r to diff]5ces 9 date or 9 ! place ( fabric4 ,among peculi>ities 9 ! /amps may be m5tion$ an in/ance1 giv5 among ^? f ,brita91 :]e ! pott] f ignorance or caprice has impress$ ! /amp ( an oculi/1 int5d$ = a quack o9tm5t1 on ! bottom ( a cup 7f\nd 9 ,london1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74#cdfe ,x reads3 ,q ,,ivl ,,s5is ,,cr ,,ocod ,,ad ,,aspr 7crocodes1 an o9tm5t made f saffron74 ,9 #aijb "s int]e/+ graffiti 7 f\nd on pott]y at ,graufes5que 7cf4 ^? giv5 on p4 #bci71 be+ app>5tly notes made by ! pott]s1 su* z ,,v9>7ia71 ,,acet7abula71 ,,t>7i*os71 & s on1 z well z ! names ( ! pott]s & ! quantity ( ! cont5ts 9 ea* case4#cdff ,b x is n possible to asc]ta9 ! =ms correspond+ to ! names giv5 9 graffito4 ,"s peculi>ities ( ! pott]s' /amps may be not$ among ^? f ,we/]ndorf & ,rhe9zab]n1 9 :i* c]ta9 comb9ations occur on ! same vase4#cdfg ,?us at ,we/]ndorf we f9d3 ,,comitialis ,,fe -- ,,css ,,erot ,,comitialis ,f -- ,,css ,,er ,,css ,,maianvs,f ,,s$atvs ,f -- ,,css ,,er ,,css ,,maianvs -- ,,css ,,er at ,rhe9zab]n3 ,,c]ial ,,fe -- ,,con/ant ,,comitialis ,,fe -- ,,iov5ti ,,lat9ni ,,secvndaiani#cdfh ,! names ,comitialis & ,c]ialis are f\nd on /amps int]sp]s$ among ! designs1 & !re=e made ) ! vase 9 ! m\ld1 b ^? ) ,,css occur on ! rim1 & 7 !re=e add$ subsequ5tly4 ,x w be not$ f ! above examples t ! names l ,comitialis--,primitivos is ano!r in/ance--are common to m ?an "o fabric1 b ^? 9 ! second s]ies are peculi> to "o2 ! latt]1 !re=e1 ref] to ! actual pott] 7figulus71 ! =m] to ! design] ( ! decoration 7sigill>ius71 ^: m\lds 7 employ$ 9 m ?an "o place4 ,x is an int]e/+ p>allel to ! & ( ! ,greek vases4 ,?is conclusion receives additional confirmation f ! discov]y ( c]ta9 types ( decoration bo? at ,rhe9zab]n & ,we/]ndorf1 %[+ t !re 0 a sy/em ( ex*ange betwe5 ! two pott]ies4#cdfi ,! "n ,,css is only f\nd at ,we/]ndorf1 & x has be5 suppos$ t x d5otes ,c4 ,septimius ,secundianus1 a "n :i* occurs 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! "n ( ,comitialis is f\nd on a vase f ,london 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 presumably import$ f ,g]many4#cdgj ,repres5tations ( pott]s are n unkn[n 9 ,gauli% art2 & !re are also allusions to !m 9 inscriptions4 ,"s are depict$ we>+ ! tunic only1 & !reby proclaim+ _! s]vile condition2 o!rs we> ! cloak also1 z = in/ance "o ,casatus ,c>atius1 fictili>ius1 :o is repres5t$ on a /ele at ,metz hold+ a flut$ vase l ^? made 9 black w>e4#cdga ,on ano!r1 ,l4 ,aurelius ,sab9us is repres5t$1 ) an amphora1 olla1 & lag5a 9 ! backgr\nd1 & an inscription :i* runs1 ,l4 ,aurelius ,sab9us doli>ius fecit sibi et suis4#cdgb ,sev]al inscriptions f\nd 9 ,g]many speak ( negotiatores artis cret>iae1 & may be assum$ to ref] to :at we %\ld call 8comm]cial travell]s8 or 8ag5ts0 = ! sale ( ! f9] w>es4 ,9 an inscription f\nd at ,wiesbad5 ,secundus ,agricola is m5tion$ 9 ?is capacity1 & 9 ano!r f ,dornburg1 ,secund9us ,silvanus1 a native ( ,brita94#cdgd ,m4 ,messius ,=tunatus1 ^: "n actually occurs on pott]y1 is describ$ 9 inscriptions z be+ also pavim5t>ius 7road-mak]7 & pa5al>ius 7cloak-mak]74#cdge ,ap>t f ! pott]s' /amps1 "s int]e/+ inscriptions h be5 f\nd on ! vases f ,rott5burg 9 ,g]many4 ,!re are examples ) ! names ( ! consuls = ,a4,d4 #bcg1 ,didius ,caelius ,balb9us & ,m4 ,clodius ,pupi5us ,maximus 7! fir/ ye> ( _! reign74#cdgf ,o!rs h ! names ( ! legions /ation$ 9 ! colonia ( ,sumloc5e or ,solic9ium1 :i* ?is site repres5ts1 ) ! dates ,a4,d4 #afi 7,,loc5 ,a ,v ,c ,,mlvi71 #bdh 7,c ,,/i ,a ,v ,c ,,cdi71 & #cjc1 & ! names ( ! tw5ty-fir/ & tw5ty-second legions4#cdgg ,incis$ inscriptions on ,roman pott]y are common ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces1 z ! pages ( ! ,corpus indicate1 b are m usually f\nd on ! pla9 w>es ?an on ! t]ra sigillata4 ,among ! m int]e/+ examples is a vase 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 on ! neck ( :i* is incis$ ,,g5io ,,tvrnac5sivm1 8,to ! ,g5ius ( ,turnacum0 7,t\rnay7#cdgh2 ano!r f\nd at ,ickleton 9 ,cambridge%ire#cdgi _h 7ex ho7,c ,,amici ,,bibvnt1 8,fri5ds are !y :o dr9k f ?is02 a ?ird f ,leice/]1 ,,v]ecvnda ,,lvdia ,,lvcivs ,,gladiator1 suppos$ to ref] to a love-tok5 or pres5t f a gladiator to 8 mi/ress4#cdhj ,a vase ( black w>e f ,tapl[1 ,bucks1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has a ,greek inscription4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we next come to ! discussion ( ! vases decorat$ 9 ! me?od kn[n z en b>bot9e4#cdha ,?is is exce$+ly r>e 9 ,italy1 & x is probable t ! vases !re f\nd are importations2 ! process seems to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,gaul or ,g]many1 & ! only p>allel !reto 9 e>li] c]amic art is 9 ! me?od employ$ = ! gild$ vases ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #baj74 ,at its fir/ appe>ance x occurs on vases ( common grey or black unglaz$ w>e1 f\nd at ,&]na* ) co9s ( ,claudius & ,n]o1#cdhb b by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury x is also employ$ on glaz$ w>es1 r$ or black1 & ev5 on ! enamell$ glaz$ vases ( ,gallic or ,g]man orig94 ,! ornam5tation is at fir/ exce$+ly simple1 consi/+ ( pla9 leaves1 *a9s ( r+s1 or rais$ knobs1 z on ! examples f\nd 9 ,italy2 b x develop$ rapidly1 & ! patt]ns become v v>i$4 ,its *ief m]it is t x is ess5tially a free1 n a me*anical me?od1 & "s ( ! specim5s f ! ,rh9e & ,brita9 h really effective compositions ( animals & int]wov5 scrolls4 ,ev5 human figures f9d a place2 b t[>ds ! end ( its popul>ity ! ornam5tation encroa*es ^u & f9ally ou/s ! figure subjects1 & deg5]ation is manife/$ 9 artificiality & cr[d+ ( detail4 ,9 ! e>li] examples !re is a m>k$ pref]5ce = a slip pres5t+ a contra/ ( col\r to ! clay1 & we f9d :ite us$ on r$ & black w>e1 br[n on buff w>e 7e>ly ,g]man vases 9 ! =m ( human heads71 & s on4#cdhc ,9 ,gaul1 b>bot9e is limit$ to subsidi>y decorative patt]ns1 & is nev] us$ = figures z 9 ,g]many & ,brita9 7see bel[ & p4 #edd72 x is v common 9 ! ,nor? ( ,france4 ,at ,lez\x x 0 employ$ 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( t pott]y 7,a4,d4 #ej-ajj7 = simple leaf-patt]ns1 9 ! lat] 7,a4,d4 #ajj-bfj7 to complete ! decoration ( vases ) appliqu reliefs 7p4 #ebi74cdhd ,! black glaz$ w>es decorat$ en b>bot9e are *>act]i/ic ( ! second c5tury1 & ext5d d[n to ! f\r?4#cdhe ,! clay is actually r$1 ) ?9 walls1 b is cov]$ ) a black or d>k-br[n v>ni%1 (t5 ) a metallic lu/re1 :i* :5 too mu* bak$ turns to r$1 & ?us pres5ts ! appe>ance ( t]ra sigillata4 ,! b>bot9e is ei!r ( ! same col\r z ! clay1 ! v>ni% be+ subsequ5tly add$ ov] x1 or compos$ ( :ite or yell[ slip & appli$ aft] ! v>ni%4 ,! decoration usually takes ! =m ( leaves or scrolls1 or ( simple rais$ knobs2 b figures ( dogs1 h>es1 & de] are f\nd1 & occasionally m54 ,on ! r$ or t]ra sigillata w>es ! b>bot9e process is n f\nd e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury2 !re is none1 = in/ance1 at ,&]na*4 ,x is practically unkn[n 9 ,italy1 & a few fragm5ts f t c\ntry 9 ! ,l\vre & ,dresd5 ,museums are probably importations4 ,moreov]1 x is conf9$ to =ms :i* only appe> ) ! developm5t ( ! prov9cial pott]ies4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s are f\nd ) co9s ( ! ,flavian epo* at ,tri] & ,xant52 x occurs also 9 ,g]many & ,brita91 & !re are examples at ,spei] f ,rhe9zab]n1 b x does n seem to h be5 made at ,we/]ndorf4 ,! ornam5tation is v limit$ 9 its scope1 & f a /rictly arti/ic po9t ( view x 0 n really suit$ = any b simple patt]ns ( leaves 7especially ^? ( ! ivy or ( lanceolate =m7 or = runn+ animals4 ,figures ( hunt]s1 gladiators1 or be/i>ii are occasionally f\nd4 ,f ! v nature ( ! process no f9e details 7 possible1 & all mu/ be execut$ 9 long1 ?91 & s(t l9es4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 scrolls 9 b>bot9e 7 comb9$ ) figures ( m5 & animals made f m\lds1 z on ! ,lez\x w>e describ$ bel[ 7p4 #ebi74 ,pott]s' /amps are r>e1 b ,drag5dorff gives examples f ,cologne1 ,bonn1 & ,spei]4#cdhf ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ! same au?ority t ! influ5ce ( glass te*nique is /rongly m>k$1 n only 9 ! me?od1 :i* sugge/s ! imitation ( ?reads & lumps ( spun glass1 b also 9 ! =ms1 :i* frequ5tly occur 9 ! prov9cial glass w>e ( ! p]iod1 !n ris+ into prom95ce4#cdhg ,examples ( ,briti% b>bot9e w>e are giv5 on ,plate ,,lxix4 ,! o!r me?od ( decoration to :i* we h allud$1 t ( ind5t$ ornam5tation1 is und\bt$ly an imitation ( glass te*nique1 & ! =ms 7flasks & small cups or b[ls )\t feet or h&les1 ( ovoid or sph]ical =m7 are equally *>act]i/ic ( t mat]ial4#cdhh ,! decoration consi/s ( l9e> patt]ns & %>ply-cut ornam5ts 9 ! %ape ( an olive or b>ley-corn1 (t5 comb9$ ) naturali/ic foliage4 ,?is w>e may be dat$ by co9s betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ajj & #bej2 !re are no examples ) pott]s' /amps1 b x seems to h be5 made at ,lez\x1 ,tri]1 & ,we/]ndorf1 & export$ to ,brita9 & else:]e4 ,:at may be describ$ z a v>iety ( ?is te*nique1 b occurr+ 9 ! r$ glaz$ w>es1 is a me?od ( decoration 9 r[s ( l9e> incis$ patt]ns1 usually 9 small rectangul> panels ( hat*$ l9es4 ,^! belong to ! "t ( ! decad5ce ( ! c]amic indu/ry1 i4e4 to ! f\r? c5tury1 & are f\nd *iefly 9 ,nor? & ,ea/ ,france & ,g]many1 n 9 ,c5tral or ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,!re are examples f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m>ne 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,morel ,collection74 ,! patt]ns are made ) wood5 /amps1 n ) ! usual runn+ :eel4 ,d*elette ?9ks ! me?od orig9at$ 9 ,g]many ) ! vases ( ! ,la ,tne p]iod4#cdhi ,9 ord] to elucidate fur!r ! developm5t & *>act]i/ics ( ! prov9cial ,roman pott]y1 x may be f\nd s]viceable to turn our att5tion to ! v>i\s sites :i* are kn[n to h be5 c5tres ( manufacture1 or :i* h yield$ pott]y 9 l>ge quantities1 & at ! same "t to indicate ! ma9 po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! fabrics ( ,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,brita94 #b4 ,,! ,,fabrics ,,( ,,gaul ,! pott]y ( ,gaul pres5t+ ! close/ relation%ip1 bo? arti/ically & *ronologically1 ) t ( ,italy1 x w be mo/ conv5i5t to accord x prec$5ce4 ,hi!rto a g5]al survey ( ! ,gauli% fabrics has h>dly be5 possible1 z ! mat]ials _h n be5 collect$ & /udi$ z a :ole2 & su* a task 0 obvi\sly beyond ! capacity ( any "o :o _h n ! advantage ( a p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! mass ( mat]ial n[ available 9 all p>ts ( ,france4 ,b s9ce ! indisp5sable & exhau/ive "w ( ,m4 ,d*elette has appe>$1 x has r5d]$ sup]flu\s all ! previ\s lit]ature on ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,?is s*ol> has e>n$ ! gratitude ( /ud5ts by 8 c>eful /udy ( ! pott]y excavat$ on c]ta9 sites 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 by means ( :i* mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ! ,gauli% fabrics ( ! fir/ c5tury1 at ! "t :5 ! sigillata indu/ry 0 j tak+ root 9 ,gaul1 & _h h>dly fre$ itself f ,italian influ5ces4 ,9 "o section ( 8 "w he deals ) ! f9ds made 9 #ahie-aijj at ,sa9t-,rmy on ! ,alli]1 ab\t f\r miles f ,vi*y1#cdij 9 ano!r ) ^? ( #aija-jb at ,graufes5que1 ne> ,rodez1 9 ! ,cev5nes region1#cdia & ?irdly ) ! important fabrics ( ,lez\x4#cdib ,) ^! & o!rs ( m or less importance we %all deal successively 9 ! foll[+ pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,sa9t-,rmy no traces ( actual furnaces 7 f\nd1 b fragm5ts ( m\lds1 etc41 %[$ cle>ly t x 0 an important c5tre1 n only = pott]y1 b also = t]racotta figures4 ,z a rule little *ronological evid5ce is to be obta9$ f f9ds 9 ,france ow+ to ! confus$ & un/ratifi$ condition ( ! rema9s1 or f abs5ce ( sci5tific records2 b 9 ! pres5t case we are =tunate 9 possess+ a s]ies ( homog5e\s types belong+ to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( sigillata w>e 9 ,gaul2 an entire uni=mity ( clay1 te*nique1 =m1 & decoration %[s t !y mu/ all belong to "o circumscrib$ epo*1 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( co9s or o!r def9ite evid5ce4 ,at ! same "t x has be5 possible n only to connect !m ) f9ds at ,mont ,beuvray 7,bibracte71 ne> ,autun1 :i* c be dat$ n lat] ?an #e ,b4,c41 at ,ornavasso1 on ,lago ,maggiore 7co9s ( ,augu/an epo*71 & at ,&]na* 7also ,augu/an1 see pp4 #ejb1 #ecc71 b also to obta9 a clue to _! orig9als & prototypes4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,d*elette4 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,,vase ,,( ,,/4-,r,,my ,,fabric4 ,! =ms ( ! vases fall "u five cle>ly-def9$ heads3 a poculum1 or tumbl]-%ap$ vessel1 a scyphus ) flat-topp$ h&les1 a /raight-sid$ op5 b[l1 flasks ) or )\t h&les1 & ( conical =m or pe>-%ap$ 7see ,fig4 #bbd74 ,all ! vases are ( :ite clay1 ) reliefs1 b !re are no pott]s' /amps1 & ! execution is (t5 imp]fect2 ! secret ( ! r$ w>e seems z yet unkn[n1 b !re is evid5ce t x 0 gradually sub/itut$ = ! :ite1 & ! typical b[l ) slop+ sides & cont9u\s scrolls ( foliage 7,drag5dorff's ,no4 #bi ,fig4 #bba7 introduc$ "h z else:]e4 ,9 ! ,sa9t-,rmy fabrics ?is b[l only has a s+le r[ ( ornam5t1 a tongue-patt]n1 scrolls1 or arcad+ r\nd ! l[] "p4 ,! g5]al conclusion rea*$ by ,m4 ,d*elette is t d[n to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 two k9ds ( pott]y 7 introduc$ into ,gaul3 ! ,arret9e w>e1 :i* occurs at ,bibracte ) ! /amps ( ,annius1 ,memmius1 & ,tettius1 & a class ( small goblets & flasks ( yell[i% clay :i* 9 _m respects resemble ! ,sa9t-,rmy type4 ,! latt] sometimes be> ! "n ( ,,aco ,,aca/vs1#cdic a pott] :o appe>s to h work$ 9 ! region ( ,savoy or ,pi$mont1 & :o 0 inspir$ by ! ,arret9e te*nique & /yle ( signature4 ,8 w>e also occurs 9 ,lomb>dy at ,ornavasso1 & at ,klag5furt 9 ,pannonia1 :]e a fragm5t 0 f\nd 7,fig4 #bbe7 ) 8 "n & an inscription :i* runs3 8,life is %ort1 hope is frail2 come1 7! lights7 are k9dl$2 let u dr9k1 comrades1 :ile x is light40#cdid ,he c]ta9ly belongs to ! ,augu/an epo*1 & may be reg>d$ z ! imm$iate inspir] ( ! ,sa9t-,rmy fabrics4 ,h5ce ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era x may be inf]r$ t ! pott]s ( ,sa9t-,rmy & di/rict began to 8exploit0 ! ,italian te*nique1 b foll[+ ! ,gallo-,italic me?od ( ,aco r ?an ! ,arret9e4 ,! typical decorative motive by :i* ?is pott]y may be recognis$ is a k9d ( arcad+1 :i* f hav+ floriat$ po9ts gradually t5ds to assume a purely vegetable =m4 ,"s ( ! vases are only ornam5t$ ) r[s ( rais$ po9ts1 & ?is feature occurs on o!rs ) ! pott]s' names ,l4 ,s>ius ,surus & ,buccio ,norbanus4 ,figure decoration is f\nd only on ! pe>-%ap$ flasks1 9 ! =m ( animals 7,fig4 #bbd7 & be>d$ heads4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs a s]ies ( vases manufactur$ at ,vi*y & ,gannat 9 ! same di/rict4#cdie ,illu/ration3 ,f ,d*elette4 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,,vase ,,( ,,aco 7,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,,aft] ,,*ri/71 ,,) ,,inscription4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! results obta9$ f ,graufes5que1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,aveyron1 h be5 ev5 m rem>kable4 ,?is place repres5ts ! anci5t ,condatomagus1 9 ! c\ntry occupi$ by ! ,rut5i1 & appe>s to h be5 a great c5tre ( ! t]ra sigillata indu/ry4 ,al?\gh x is n m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 yet !re mu/ h be5 9 8 "t l>ge exports s\?w>ds f ?is "p ( ,gaul1 ev5 z f> z ,campania4 ,m4 ,d*elette has %[n t x suppli$ n only ,gaul & ,italy1 b ev5 ,africa1 ,spa91 & ,brita91 to a great] ext5t ?an any o!r c5tre--t1 9 fact1 f ,a4,d4 #ej to #ajj x 0 ! seat ( ! mo/ important pott]y 9 ! :ole empire4#cdif ,rema9s ( pott]y 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahhb by ! ,abb ,crs1 includ+ a s]ies ( m\lds1 :i* made x c]ta9 t ?is 0 a c5tre ( fabric4 ,^! discov]ies 7 l>gely supplem5t$ by fur!r excavations 9 #aija-jb4 ,among ! m\lds are ^? ( c]ta9 pott]s :i* are only f\nd "h1 & consequ5tly af=d satisfactory evid5ce t su* pott]s c be localis$ 9 ?is region4 ,! pott]s 7 n it9]ant1 nor 7 ! m\lds transf]r$ f "o pott]y to ano!r2 b ! important c5tral pott]y seems to h attract$ a gr\p ( small] ones to collect r\nd x1 j z we f9d ,c9celli l9k$ to ,arezzo 7p4 #dhc71 & ! m\lds c\ld be ex*ang$ f "o to ano!r )9 ?is limit$ area4 ,! local pott]y ( ,gaul1 :i* 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 _h rea*$ a high level1#cdig 0 int]rupt$ ab\t ! "t ( ,augu/us by ! invasion ( ,italian me?ods1 by :i* x 0 v rapidly ,romanis$1 & ,gaul became a m]e tribut>y ( ,roman indu/ry4 ,at fir/ two k9ds ( te*nique 7 practis$--"o ) a :ite or yell[ clay1 z at ,sa9t-,rmy & ,bibracte2 ! o!r 9 ! ord9>y r$ w>e1 :i* appe>s to h be5 employ$ exclusively at ,condatomagus & ,lez\x1 at fir/ foll[+ on ! l9es ( ! ,arret9e w>e1 b subsequ5tly attempt+ new developm5ts4 ,arti/ically x is inf]ior to ! ,arret9e1 b x is mu* m v>i$4 ,besides ! t]ra sigillata prop]1 or m\ld$ w>e ) reliefs1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 we f9d 9 ,gaul sev]al o!r v>ieties ( te*nique3 appliqu m$allions1 sep>ately m\ld$ & atta*$ ) b>bot9e1 9 imitation ( ! ,greek metal 2 b>bot9e decoration2 a class ( s-call$ 8m>bl$0 vases2 & incis$ decoration ( simple l9e> patt]ns made ) a tool 9 ! moi/ clay1 b ) bold & skilful execution4 ,b practically ! w>es f\nd at ,graufes5que are limit$ to ! m\ld$ class1 & ! o!rs1 :i* w be describ$ subsequ5tly1 only became g5]al 9 ! second c5tury1 :5 ! ,lez\x pott]ies came to ! front & ^? ( ,graufes5que 7 exhau/$4 ,9 ! t]ra sigillata w>es ?ree =ms assume m>k$ prom95ce1 ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #bba-bbc2 !y are f\nd 9 fairly equal proportions1 b ! e>lie/ =m1 :i* we may call = conv5i5ce ,no4 #bi1 has a slight prepond]ance4 ,we %all see lat] t simil>ly ! late/ =m 7,no4 #cg7 prevails at ,lez\x2 ?is =m 0 introduc$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,! int]m$iate ,no4 #cj is f\nd at bo?1 b m frequ5tly at ,graufes5que4 ,! only o!r f\nd 9 ! m\ld$ w>es is a b[l on a high /em1 :i* closely foll[s ! type ( ! ,arret9e krat] se5 9 ,fig4 #bai2 x is !re=e ei!r common to ,arretium & ,condatomagus1 or repres5ts a transition f "o fabric to ! o!r4#cdih ,d*elette quotes an in/ance ) ! /amp ,,volvs1 :i* recalls ! ,arret9e pott] ,volus5us4#cdii ,ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! vases are ornam5t$1 ! decoration fall+ into two categories3 7#a7 an e>li] class ) ornam5t only1 occurr+ on ! =ms #bi & #cj 7see ,plate ,,lxvii472 7#b7 a lat] ) figures1 su* z animals or gladiators1 ! =ms be+ ,nos4 #cj & #cg4 ,( ! ornam5tal motives on =m #bi1 !re are five pr9cipal types#cejj3 7a7 simple w9d+ scrolls2 7b7 scrolls comb9$ ) figures 9 m$allions2 7c7 scrolls comb9$ ) panels ( 8arr[-head0 patt]n2 7d7 b&s ( semicircles enclos+ volutes :i* t]m9ate 9 rosettes2 7e7 figures 9 metopes4 ,9 ?is =m ! decoration is almo/ always 9 two friezes1 a natural consequ5ce ( ! %ape ( ! vase2 ! metopes or geometrical comp>tm5ts only come 9 ) =m #cg4 ,9 ! latt] =m sev5 successive types ( decoration may be di/+ui%$3 77 a transitional sy/em ) metopes1 d]iv$ f ! old] =m#ceja2 77 metopes ) wavy bord]s1 a ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxvii ,illu/ration3 ,,gauli% ,,pott]y ,,( ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,,aft] ,,*ri/ 7,,graufes5que ,,fabric7 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- diagonal or cruci=m patt]n (t5 occupy+ alt]nate panels 7cf4 ,plate ,,lxvii4 fig4 #b7cejb2 77 l>ge m$allions1 (t5 comb9$ ) inv]t$ semicircles 7*iefly f\nd at ,lez\x3 cf4 ,plate ,,lxviii4 fig4 #c72 77 arcad+ 7r>e at ,graufes5que72 77 arcad+ & semicircles comb9$2 77 l>ge foliage-patt]ns or v9e-leaves1 (t5 int]sp]s$ ) animals2 77 friezes ( 8free0 figures 7n f\nd at ,graufes5que3 cf4 ,plate,l,x,v,i,i,i4 fig4 #a74 ,9 reg>d to ! figure subjects1 my?ological types are r>e1 & g5]ally !re is n s mu* v>iety z at ,lez\x4 ,d*elette reckons #agg diff]5t types 9 all1 ( :i* #aab are peculi> to ! fabric1 :]eas no less ?an #gic are peculi> to ,lez\x4#cejc ,h5ce1 he po9ts out1 ! orig9 ( any ,gauli% vase may be det]m9$ f ! nature ( ! types alone4 ,9 arti/ic execution !y are unequal1 "s be+ copies ( popul> !mes1 o!rs ( a nave & unsophi/icat$ "*4 ,gauli% elem5ts are conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,al?\gh ! diff]5ce f ! ,arret9e /yle is /rongly m>k$1 !re is yet ! same t5d5cy to display ! influ5ce ( toreutic prototypes1 & ev5 ( ! 8new ,attic0 reliefs & ! g5re types ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4#cejd ,b o!rs are orig9al & non-classical 9 /yle1 & !re is no homog5eity4 ,ea* pott]y d\btless _h its fav\rite subjects--a po9t :i* may prove ( use 9 det]m9+ ! sep>ate fabrics4 ,9 any case1 figure-subjects only prevail$ = a %ort p]iod at ,condatomagus1 :]eas at ,lez\x & 9 ,g]many !y ext5d ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,= ,gaul did n become ,romanis$ be=e ! reign ( ,titus2 h5ce ! previ\s abs5ce ( my?ological !mes4 ,! pott] ,lib]tus 7see bel[1 p4 #ebg71 :o work$ at ,lez\x ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 /&s out z ! =emo/ pott] & modell] 9 ,gaul1 :o1 br\ght up on classical traditions1 influ5c$ ! :ole pott]y ( ! c\ntry4 ,! "q ( ! *ronology ( ^! ,rut5ian fabrics dep5ds m ^u ! results ( comp>ison ) o!r sites ?an on ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! f9ds4 ,none ( ?is pott]y1 = in/ance1 is f\nd at ,bibracte1 :i* 0 des]t$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era2 b at ,&]na* vases ) ,rut5ian pott]s' /amps are f\nd ) co9s rang+ f ,augu/us to ,n]o4 ,!y are also abundant at ,xant51 ,neuss1 & ,ve*t5 9 ,holl&4 ,evid5ce may also be obta9$ f ! ,g]man ,limes1 :]e =m #bi disappe>s ab\t ,a4,d4 #cj4 ,! exportation ( ,rut5ian w>es1 !re=e1 began ab\t ! reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,_! wide di/ribution may be trac$ by a /udy ( ! inscriptions 9 ! ?irte5? & o!r volumes ( ! ,lat9 ,corpus4#ceje ,9 ,brita9 !y are f\nd 9 ,london#cejf & at ,sil*e/]4 ,out ( ?irty-f\r ornam5t$ vases f ! latt] site 9 ! ,read+ ,museum1 ,m4 ,d*elette attributes exactly half to ,condatomagus1 repres5t+ ! fir/ c5tury1 & ! o!r half to ,lez\x1 repres5t+ ! second4#cejg ,9 ,italy ?is w>e is f\nd at ,rome & ,pompeii1 & ( ! typical ,rut5ian subjects "s tw5ty h be5 not$ among ! t]ra sigillata 9 ,roman museums4 ,! pott]s ,bassus1 ,jucundus1 ,mommo1 & o!rs ( ,rut5ian orig9 are f\nd at ,rome1 :]eas ! only "o f ! ,auv]gne di/rict !re is ,albucius#cejh2 & ! same names occur at ,pompeii1 especially t ( ,mommo1 ^: /amps are *>act]i/ic4#ceji ,! latt] gr\p ( vases1 moreov]1 supply1 z 9 o!r cases1 important evid5ce = dat+ ! ,rut5ian vases2 !y %[1 n only t ,mommo & ! o!rs 7 9 full activity be=e ,a4,d4 #gi1 b t my?ological subjects--n f\nd on ! ,pompeian examples--7 only introduc$ t[>ds ! end ( ! pott]y's activity4 ,ano!r well-kn[n pott] :o appe>s to h work$ at ,condatomagus is ,vitalis1 ^: signature 9 full or 9 ! =m ,,( ,,vita is well kn[n !re4 ,he is also f\nd z f> afield z ,c>?age & on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,spa94#ceaj ,?is is additional te/imony to ! ext5t & quantity ( exportations f ?is c5tre1 & to its position z ! mo/ fl\ri%+ manufacture 9 ! ,roman empire at ! "t4 ,?is popul>ity x c\ld nev] h acquir$ if ! fabrics ( ,arretium1 ,mut9a1 & ,puteoli _h n n[ rea*$ _! decad5ce2 nor1 if ^? ( ,auv]gne1 su* z ,lez\x1 or ( ! ,rh5i% prov9ces _h be5 already 9 full activity1 w\ld ! ,rut5ian w>es h p5etrat$ into ,c5tral ,gaul & ,g]many4 ,m4 ,d*elette notes z an int]e/+ fact t 9 "s collections ( ,roman pott]y debas$ w>es ) ,arret9e /amps are to be se51 app>5tly n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #hj1 & evid5tly imitations ( ,rut5ian w>e#ceaa2 ^! be> ! names ( ,l4 ,ras9ius ,pisanus & ,sex4 ,m4 ,f41 ( :om m5tion 0 made 9 ! la/ *apt] 7p4 #dhe74 ,!re is no evid5ce t ?is pott]y 0 9 exi/5ce aft] ,a4,d4 #ajj1 & its rapid disappe>ance is c]ta9ly due to ! rise ( ,lez\x1 :]e1 z not$ bel[1 ,rut5ian pott]s' /amps are n uncommon 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,d*elette has collect$ =ty-?ree names ( ,rut5ian pott]s1 :i* are di/ribut$ ov] two hundr$ & ?irty-two vases or fragm5ts kn[n to him4#ceab ,on =m #bi ! /amps are only f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! vases1 & h5ce are n f\nd on ! m\lds1 b bo? 7 probably made by ! same pott]s4 ,vases ( ! o!r two =ms are (t5 unsign$4 ,( individuals ,mommo occurs sixty-?ree times1 ,g]manus ?irty-eight4 ,! same writ] po9ts out t ! evid5ce f ,graufes5que w\ld ov]?r[ any !ory ( it9]ant pott]s1 if on no o!r gr\nds1 f ! fact t ! m\lds ( a p>ticul> pott] are only f\nd on ! "o spot4 ,a gr\p ( vases :i* mu/ be m5tion$ "h1 ?\gh a v small "o & n /rictly belong+ to ! t]ra sigillata1 is t ( ! yell[ w>e ) r$ m>bl+4#ceac ,x consi/s ( a small gr\p ( b[ls & di%es ) a dull yell[ slip cov]$ ) ve9s ( a r$ col\r1 produc+ a v>iegat$ effect4 ,eight ( ^! 7 f\nd at ,tri]1 "o ) ! /amp ( ,primus1 & !re are a few o!rs 9 ,g]man museums4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,gaul1 z at ,arles1 !y are m common1 & o!rs h be5 f\nd at ,lyons & ,vi*y4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses "o f ,bordigh]a & ?ree f ,arles1 & !y are also kn[n 9 ,s>d9ia & ,s\!rn ,italy2 !re are two at ,naples f ,pompeii ) ! /amp ( ,primus4#cead ,! latt] fact gives a t]m9us ante quem = _! date1 & x is probable t "s place 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul 0 ! c5tre ( ! fabric4 ,drag5dorff sugge/$ ,arles1 :]e /amp$ examples h be5 f\nd2 b ,d*elette po9ts out t all ! pott]s' names are ,rut5ian1 & ?is is conclusive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,graufes5que2 9 any case we h "h an in/ance ( exportation f ,gaul into ,italy4 ,x is n c]ta9 9 :at mann] ! m>bl+ has be5 produc$2 x is probably an imitation ( glass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yet ano!r example ( a fabric :i* 0 import$ f ,gaul into ,italy is to be se5 9 ! pott]y ( ,banassac1 a class ( vases ) inscriptions ( a convivial "*1 ) lett]s 9 relief encircl+ ! body4#ceae ,! =m is t ( ! hemisph]ical b[l ,no4 #cg1 ! appe>ance ( :i* at ,pompeii %[s t x 0 develop$ be=e ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,!y are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 especially at ,nismes1 ,orange1 ,vi5ne1 ,montans 7,t>n71 z well z ,banassac2 at ! latt] place fragm5ts h be5 f\nd on ! site ( a pott]y1 %[+ t !y 7 made !re4 ,! mo/ notable example 7,fig4 #bbf7 0 f\nd at ,pompeii1 & is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum#ceaf2 x is inscrib$ ,,bibe ,,amice ,,de ,,meo1 8,dr9k1 fri5d1 f my 7cup710 ! lett]s be+ sep>at$ by leaves1 & is ( ord9>y r$ t]ra sigillata w>e4 ,"h1 aga91 x is possible to date ! fabric 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 n lat] ?an ! reign ( ,vespasian4 ,on ! local specim5s are f\nd su* s5tim5ts z ,gabalibus felicit7er71 ,remis 7felici7t]1 ,sequanis felicit]#ceag2 v5i ad me amica2 bonus pu]2 bona puella2 ! two la/-nam$ recall+ ! seaside mugs ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! convivial inscriptions we %all meet ) aga9 9 a lat] fabric f ! region ( ! ,rh9e 7p4 #ech74 ,t]ra sigillata 0 also made "h & at ,montans 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,t>n2 ! decoration is 9 ! =m ( metopes1 d5ot+ ! transitional p]iod 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj74 ,no pott]s' names are f\nd on ! inscrib$ vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,mus4 ,borb4 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,,vase ,,( ,,banassac ,,fabric1 ,,f\nd ,,at ,,pompeii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pott]y ( ,lez\x1 9 ,auv]gne1 0 fir/ c>efully /udi$ by ! late ,m4 ,plicque1#ceah :o excavat$ !re on a l>ge scale 9 #ahgi & succe$+ ye>s1 & obta9$ z a result ( 8 rese>*es no less ?an ?ree ?\s& diff]5t pott]s' names1 z well z ! sub/ructures ( ab\t a hundr$ & sixty furnaces1 =ty ( :i* 7 9 good pres]vation1 compris+ sixty-six di/9ct manufactories4 ,ab\t tw5ty-?ree m manufactories 7 trac$ along ! pr9cipal roads & ! banks ( ! ,dore & ,alli]4 ,he also f\nd num]\s rema9s ( tools1 pott]s' :eels1 & o!r app>atus4 ,9 addition1 he excavat$ "s two hundr$ tombs conta9+ quantities ( pott]y1 :i* seem$ to imply a g5]al use ( x 9 fun]al c]emonies4 ,! pott]ies "h seem to h be5 already 9 full work+ ord] 9 ! "t ( ,vespasian1 & la/$ d[n to ab\t ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,! e>lie/ date to be obta9$ f ! evid5ce ( co9s is ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj1 b ! e>lie/ fabrics seem to g back to ! "t ( ,claudius2 ! date ( de/ruction ( ! site is indicat$ by co9s ( ,galli5us & ,salon9us f\nd among ! burnt ru9s4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! vases h pott]s' /amps1 b !re is no rule ab\t ! signatures4#ceai ,9 ! vases ( =m #bi ! names are 9 ! int]ior1 d5ot+ ! ma/]s ( ! pott]ies2 9 ! lat] =ms !y are on ! ext]ior1 hav+ be5 plac$ on ! inside ( ! m\ld be=e bak+1 usually among ! ornam5t4 ,! ord9>y =mula is ,,(1 ,m1 or ,f1 ) ! "n 9 ! g5itive4 ,z to ! di/ribution ( ,lez\x vases1 !re 01 z not$ bel[1 little exportation be=e ,a4,d4 #ajj1 b aft] t "t !y prevail ov] ,brita9 & ,g]many4 ,d*elette gives n9ety-two examples ) pott]s' /amps 9 ,brita91 includ+ tw5ty-"o names4 ,a few specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,italy2 ,pat]nus occurs at ,tur91 ,albucius at ,rome4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxviii ,illu/ration3 ,,gauli% ,,pott]y ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,brita92 ,,lez\x ,,fabric2 ,a4,d4 #gj-bej 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,( ! m\ld$ or t]ra sigillata w>es twelve diff]5t =ms are f\nd1 ( :i* z else:]e ?ree prevail to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4#cebj ,! krat] type 7,drag5dorff's ,no4 #aa7 is only f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dj-ej1 & z already not$ 7p4 #ebj7 =ms #bi & #cj are n s common z at ,graufes5que1 :ile =m #cg1 :i* practically took ! place ( #bi1 occurs 9 great quantities4 ,d*elette di/+ui%es ?ree *ronological epo*s ( developm5t1 cov]+ respectively ! p]iods ,a4,d4 #dj-ge1 #ge-ajj1 & #aaj-bfj4ceba ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ! decoration ( =m #bi develops 9 ! same mann] z at ,graufes5que1 b ) ?is important v>iation1 t ! runn+ scroll is replac$ by a /raight patt]n ( v9e or oak leaves1 or b&s ( rosettes or circles4 ,! col\r ( ! glaze is light] ?an at ,graufes5que1 ! reliefs m delicately modell$4 ,! pott]s ( ?is p]iod1 all ( :om use =m #bi1 are ,atepom>us1 ,cobn]tus1 ,danom>us1 ,iliom>us1 & ,petrecus4 ,x w be not$ t ^! are all ,gauli% names1 :]eas ^? at ,graufes5que are all ,lat94 ,to ! second p]iod 7,a4,d4 #ge-aaj7 belong ! b[ls ( =m #cg ) transitional or metope decoration1 or 9 ! 8free0 /yle1 :i* is employ$ by ,lib]tus1 an important pott] ( ,trajan's reign4 ,exportations n[ fir/ beg91 & examples are f\nd on ! ,limes1 b g5]ally speak+ !y are few 9 numb]1 & :ile ! ,rut5ian pott]ies exi/$ ! output mu/ h be5 limit$4 ,aft] ! reign ( ,trajan1 h[ev]1 l>ge numb]s 7 export$ to ,brita9 & ,g]many4 ,! cruci=m ornam5tation 7p4 #eba7 is f\nd on ! =ms #cj & #cg1 & a peculi> type ( egg- or a/ragalus-patt]n 7borr[$ f ,arretium7 is us$ by ,butrio & ,lib]tus4 ,figure subjects1 introduc$ by ,lib]tus1 n[ become g5]al1 especially animals & hunt+-sc5es 7see = an example ,plate ,,lxviii4 fig4 #a74 ,! typical pott]s ( ! p]iod are ,butrio1 ,lib]tus1 ,c>ant9us1 ,divixtus 7,plate ,,lxviii4 fig4 #b71 ,juliccus1 ,laxtucissa1 & ,putrius4 ,! ?ird p]iod 7#aaj-bfj7 is repres5t$ almo/ exclusively by ! =m #cg ) decoration 9 8free0 /yle or l>ge m$allions & wrea?s2 a few examples ( =m #cj & ! olla 7,d*elette's ,no4 #fh3 cf4 p4 #ebi7 are f\nd4 ,! *ief pott]s' names are ,advocatus1 ,banuus1 ,catussa1 ,c9namus 7,plate ,,lxviii4 fig4 #c71 ,doeccus1 ,la/uca1 ,pat]nus1 & ,s]vus4 ,( ^!1 ,pat]nus belongs to ! p]iod ( ! ,anton9es1 & he & ,c9namus1 says ,m4 ,d*elette1 repres5t ! apogee ( ! prosp]ity ( ,lez\x1 & ( its export comm]ce4 ,! p]iod ( deg5]ation is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( b>bot9e decoration & imitations ( metal 7see bel[74 ,x is difficult to say exactly :5 ! pott]ies came to an end1 b !re is no evid5ce t t]ra sigillata 0 manufactur$ aft] ! ?ird c5tury1 & ,plicque is probably "r 9 attribut+ _! de/ruction to ! ,g]man invad]s 9 ! reign ( ,galli5us4 ,! w>es *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] p]iod include dolia ( co>se clay & o!r pla9 fabrics1 z well z ! v>i\s types ( t]ra sigillata4 ,among ! latt] are examples ( importations f ! ,graufes5que & ,banassac pott]ies & o!r places 9 ! ,aveyron di/rict1 b ! majority are ( local manufacture4 ,^! include1 besides ! m\ld$ r$ w>es ) figur$ decoration & pott]s' /amps1 orange-r$ w>es1 yell[ poli%$ w>es 7(t5 micace\s71 & black w>e ) b>bot9e ornam5tation1 on :i* pott]s' /amps are n f\nd4 ,lez\x 0 also a c5tre = ! enamell$ glaz$ w>es :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod ! r$ w>es are ornam5t$ ) figures f m\lds1 or ) b>bot9e1 or h lion's-head sp\ts 7see bel[74 ,! m>bl$ vases 7p4 #ebc7 are also f\nd1 & 9 ! ?ird c5tury ! vases ) appliqu reliefs1 ) incis$ or holl[$-out ornam5tation1 or bronz$ 9 imitation ( metal1 are ! prevail+ types4#cebb ,! sali5t po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] fabrics1 says ,plicque1 are ^!4 ,! clay ( ! e>li] is only bak$ to a small degree ( heat & is n vitre\s1 b is exce$+ly por\s4 ,x is also frequ5tly full ( micace\s p>ticles4 ,subsequ5tly x becomes m vitre\s b less por\s2 x is m compact & sonor\s1 free f mica1 & m brilliant & lu/r\s4 ,9 ! e>li]1 ! =ms are arti/ic & symmetrical1 ! ornam5t sob] & elegant1 rem>kable = its ta/e & simplicity4 ,! figures are enclos$ 9 m$allions1 & ! ornam5ts consi/ ( rays or r\nd$ leaves1 r[s ( beads1 & guillo*e-patt]ns4 ,9 ! lat]1 ! art deg5]ates1 ! ornam5tation becom+ heavy & ov]cr[d$1 & ! figures are brok5 up & badly arrang$2 ! =ms ( ! vases1 too1 become heavi]4 ,! pr9cipal decorative patt]n is ! egg-&-tongue r\nd ! rim4 ,9 ! pott]s' /amps ( ! two fir/ p]iods ! lett]s h frequ5t ligatures & abbreviations2 ! names are (t5 9 ! nom9ative or ) ,,(fic9a prec$+ ! "n4 ,lat]1 ! lett]s are co>s] & ligatures are r>e2 ! names are usually 9 ! g5itive1 foll[$ by ,m 7manu7 or ,,(7fic9a74 ,! *>act]i/ic #aeab,u = ,v f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury %\ld be not$4 ,among ! subsidi>y fabrics ( ,lez\x ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( ! vases ) appliqu reliefs4#cebc ,!y are =m$ entirely on ! :eel1 & ! decoration is made sep>ately f m\lds 7p4 #ddj71 & atta*$ ) b>bot9e1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a m$allion or ) an irregul> outl9e1 v>y+ ) ! figure4 ,b>bot9e 9 _m cases is also employ$ = foliage patt]ns fill+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! usual =m is t ( a sph]ical or ovoid vase 7,plate ,,lxix4 fig4 #b71 :i* may p]haps be t]m$ an olla1#cebd ) %ort neck & no h&les4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t su* %apes c\ld n conv5i5tly be m\ld$1 h5ce ! v>iation ( =m :5 we pass f t]ra sigillata to o!r me?ods ( decoration4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ?is comb9$ process l>gely supplant$ ! m\ld$ w>es at ,lez\x4 ,! pa/e & glaze1 h[ev]1 are id5tical ) ! t]ra sigillata4 ,no pott]s' signatures h be5 f\nd on ^! vases1 b !y occur all ov] ,gaul1 includ+ ,belgium & ,switz]l&1 & also 9 ,brita94 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,romano-,briti% ,room7 !re are two v f9e specim5s f\nd at ,felix/[e 9 ,suffolk1 "o ( :i* is t giv5 on ,plate ,,lxix4 ,roa*-,smi? m5tions o!rs f ,london1 ,york1 & ,ri*bor\gh1#cebe & !y are also kn[n at vreux 9 ,france4 ,a good b imp]fect example f ,gaul is 9 ! ,morel ,collection1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & has figures ( ,h]akles & ,ma5ads4 ,! modell+ 9 "s cases is admirable1 especially 9 ! ,felix/[e vases1 & 9 ! ,london specim5s publi%$ by ,roa*-,smi?1 ) masks & figures ( ,cupid4 ,^! vases repres5t ! late/ /age ( ! c]amic indu/ry ( ,lez\x4 ,ano!r class ( vases made at ?is c5tre :i* may be m5tion$ "h includes a s]ies ( pat]ae1 o9o*oae1 & trullae 7p4 #dgj7 ) ornam5t$ h&les1 all obvi\sly made 9 imitation ( metal4#cebf ,( ! pat]ae !re is a good example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ! ,t[neley ,collection1 ornam5t$ ) a?letic conte/s & cock-fights r\nd ! edge4 ,m4 ,d*elette 7ii4 p4 #cai7 ?9ks "s ( ! o9o*oae made at ,vi*y may be imitations ( ! bronze jugs :i* are f\nd at ,pompeii1 b _m seem to be ( a lat] date4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ,a4,d4 #ajj-djj1 & especially 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 a class ( r$ w>es appe>s at ,lez\x 9 ! =m ( l>ge b[ls ) sp\ts 9 ! %ape ( lions' heads4#cebg ,^! 7 wrongly id5tifi$ by ,plicque ) ! acratophorus 7p4 #dfd71 b !y are cle>ly mort>s 7pelves1 mort>ia71 9 :i* food 0 gr\nd or cook$1 ! sp\t s]v+ ! purpose ( /ra9+ (f liquid4 ,! lions' heads are made f m\lds & atta*$ ) b>bot9e4 ,"s ( ^! h pott]s' names4 ,z a class !y mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! pla9 mort>ia ( grey or yell[ w>e describ$ bel[ 7p4 #eea74 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! ,s\? ( ,france x is necess>y to connect a s]ies ( m$allions ) reliefs1 int5d$ = atta*m5t to vases ( t]ra sigillata w>e4#cebh ,9 "o or two cases ! vases !mselves h be5 pres]v$1 b usually ! m$allions alone rema92 !re are also examples ( ! m\lds 9 :i* !y 7 made4#cebi ,ne>ly all ( ^! h be5 f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 at ,orange or ,vi5ne1#cecj ! re/ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france1 su* z ,lez\x1 along ! ,rh9e1 or at ,rome 7two examples74 ,!y 7 probably made at ,vi5ne2 b !re 0 also a fabric 9 ,g]many1 examples ( :i* occur at ,cologne1 ,tri]1 & ,xant54 ,! subjects ( ! reliefs are v v>i$1 rang+ f figures ( deities to gladiators or ev5 animals2 !y frequ5tly be> inscriptions1 & _! date is ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,,m$allion ,,f ,,vase ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,gaul3 ,,sc5e ,,f ,,! ,,cycnus 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,z long ago z #ahgc ,froehn] publi%$ a s]ies f ,orange1#ceca ) su* subjects z ,apollo1 ,v5us ,victrix1 ,m>s & ,ilia1 a figure ( ,lugdunum p]sonifi$1 ! free+ ( ,prome!us & ! dea? ( ,h]akles1 ,dionysos & ,ariadne1 a bu/ ( ,h]mes1 a gladiator1 a cock & h5s1 & a bu/ ( ! ,emp]or ,geta1 ! la/-nam$ s]v+ z an indication ( date = ! :ole s]ies4 ,sev]al 7 inscrib$1 t ) ,v5us ,victrix hav+ ,,c]a ,,felicis1 :i* probably ref]s to ! wax 9 :i* ! figures 7 fir/ modell$1 ?\gh "s h ?\ght t x repres5ts ! ,greek 774 ,ano!r trio f ,orange#cecb repres5t respectively3--7#a7 a *>iot race 9 ! circus1 ) ! inscriptions ,,felicit]1 ,,logismus 7a horse's "n71 & ,,pras97a7 ,f7actio71 8! gre5 p>ty02 7#b7 ,fig4 #bbg1 a sc5e f a play1 probably ! ,cycnus1 9 :i* ,h]akles is say+ to ,ares1 ! w\ld-be av5g] ( 8 son1 87,invicta7 virtus nusquam t]r]i pote/10 ! god proclaim+ 8,adesse ultorem nati me cr$as mei02 9 ! backgr\nd1 on a rais$ /age or 1 are deities2 7#c7 an actor 9 female co/ume4 ,!re are also ?ree 9 ! ,h]mitage ,museum at ,pet]sburg1 ( :i* two repres5t ,poseidon1 ! ?ird ,h]mes4#cecc ,caylus also gives a repres5tation ( a vase ) ?ree su* m$allions1 ) bu/s ( ,pluto & ,p]sephone1 ,m>s & ,ilia1 & two gladiators4#cecd ,:]e gladiators ) names appe> x may be assum$ t !y are portraits ( real p1 & ,d*elette argues f ?is t ! vases 7 made specially 9 connection ) gladiatorial 7or !atrical7 p]=mances4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,gaz4 ,ar*4 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,,m$allion ,,f ,,vase ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,gaul3 ,,atalanta ,,& ,,hippom$on4 ,an int]e/+ gr\p f\nd at ,vi5ne & ,vi*y#cece h subjects tak5 f ! ,?irte5? ,iliad1 su* z ,deiphobos & ! ,locrian ,ajax1 or ,hector fight+ ! ,a*aeans4 ,among ! rema9+ examples kn[n ! mo/ int]e/+ are ?ree f ,orange1 "o ( :i* repres5ts a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,isis1 ! o!r two1 ! victory ( ,hippom$on ov] ,atalanta 7,fig4 #bbh71 ) an inscription ( ?ree l9es3 ,respicit ad malum p]nicibus ignea plantis1 ,quae pro dote p>at mortem quicumque fugaci ,velox 9 cursu cessasset virg9e visa4#cecf ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to a pap] by ,m4 ,blan*et1 9 :i* he gives a li/ ( ! sites 9 ,gaul on :i* pott]y appe>s to h be5 made 7see p4 #ddc74 ,b 9 ! majority ( ^! cases pla9 w>es mu/ h be5 ! only output4 ,m\ld$ w>es1 z ,d*elette po9ts out1 requir$ skill & res\rce to produce4#cecg ,9 any case1 v few types are f\nd on m\ld$ w>es :i* _c be also associat$ ) ,graufes5que or ,lez\x1 & any made on o!r sites mu/ h foll[$ ! same me?ods ( decoration4#cech ,! places giv5 9 ,blan*et's li/ cov] practically ! :ole ext5t ( ,france1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal c5tres ( activity 7 always ! ,aveyron & ,alli] di/ricts & ! ,rhone valley4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lez\x1 = in/ance1 vases 7 made at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ,lubi1 ,/4-,bonnet1 & ,?i]s4 ,at ,n\tre1 ,indre-et-,loire1 0 an important pott]y1 n yet fully inve/igat$2 & o!rs 7 at ,rozi] 7,lozre71 ,au* 7,g]s71 ,montauban1 ,luxueil 7,haute-,sane71 ,/4-,ni*olas ne> ,nancy1 & ,ao/e 7,isre71 :]e vases ( *>act]i/ic orig9ality 7 made4#ceci ,b x is n likely t any future inve/igations w displace ,graufes5que & ,lez\x z ! *ief c5tres = ,gauli% t]ra sigillata4 #c4 ,,! ,,fabrics ,,( ,,g]many ,9 ,g]many ! olde/ & "o ( ! mo/ important sites = pott]y is ,&]na*1#cedj betwe5 ,bonn & ,cobl5z1 :]e h[ev]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 !re 0 no local manufacture2 its importance is ma9ly z a site yield+ valuable *ronological evid5ce4 ,! f9ds ext5d f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury d[n to ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej1 ! e>li] objects f9d+ p>allels 9 cemet]ies at ,tri] & ,reg5sburg :i* c be simil>ly dat$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ,roman rema9s beg9 on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e a c5tury e>li] ?an ^? 9 ! bord] =ts on ! ,limes1 :i* cov] ! p]iod f ,a4,d4 #ajj to #bej4 ,t]ra sigillata ) reliefs is comp>atively r>e1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 x 0 at an e>ly p]iod export$ f ,gaul1 & ! pott]y consi/s *iefly ( ord9>y w>es1 r$1 grey1 & black1 usually ( good & c>eful execution1 ) ?9 walls4 ,mu* ( ?is common pott]y may be assum$ to be ( local manufacture4 ,! *>act]i/ic types ( ! fir/ c5tury are simple jugs ( pla9 w>e )\t slip = fun]>y or dome/ic use2 vases ) :ite slip 7also f\nd at ,reg5sburg72 black w>e b[ls & di%es1 sometimes ) pott]s' /amps2 black & grey c9]>y urns4 ,^! =ms include small urns & ! usual cups & b[ls ) /raight or slop+ sides1 replac$ aft] ,a4,d4 #ajj by sph]ical-bodi$ j>s ) n>r[ necks4 ,! decoration comprises all ! v>ieties we h includ$ 9 ! =ego+ survey3 b>bot9e1 incis$ l9e> patt]ns1 impress$ patt]ns made ) ! ?umb1 & rais$ ornam5ts su* z pla9 knobs or leaves work$ ) ! h&4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury pa9t$ decoration is introduc$1 z 9 ! black w>e dr9k+-vessels ) inscriptions describ$ bel[ 7p4 #ecg74 ,at ,xant5 7,ca/ra ,vet]a71 l[] d[n ! ,rh9e1 l>ge quantities ( t]ra sigillata h be5 f\nd1 :i* c be dat$ by means ( co9-f9ds f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury d[n to ! ?ird4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod a /eady deg5]ation 9 ! pott]y may be obs]v$1 al?\gh glass fabrics correspond+ly improve2 9 ! "t ( ! ,anton9es ! clay is co>se & (t5 artificially col\r$ ) r$ lead or o!r +r$i5ts1 produc+ :at 0 =m]ly kn[n z 8false ,samian0 w>e4#ceda ,an exceptionally int]e/+ c5tre1 & 9 "s respects ! mo/ important 9 ,g]many1 is t at ,we/]ndorf on ! ,inn1 betwe5 ,augsburg & ,salzburg1 :]e ! co9s range f ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj to #ccj4 ,x 0 fir/ explor$ 9 #ahjg & z long ago z #ahfb ! results 7 c>efully inve/igat$ & summ>is$ by ,von ,hefn] 9 a /ill valuable treatise4#cedb ,! pott]y includes t]ra sigillata ( ! lat] types1 & pla9 r$1 yell[1 & grey w>es1 sometimes cov]$ ) a non-lu/r\s grey or r$di% slip1 or ) black v>ni%1 ! latt] h v ?9 walls & are bak$ v h>d4 ,! decoration ( ! t]ra sigillata comprises all ! usual types1#cedc ! =ms be+ also ^? preval5t else:]e1 ) ! addition ( a cov]$ j> or pyxis1 b ! figures are conf9$ to ! cyl9drical or hemisph]ical b[ls 7,nos4 #cj & #cg74cedd ,! pla9 w>es include c9]>y urns1 deep b[ls or j>s1 ) simple ornam5t1 op5 b[ls ) impress$ patt]ns1 & mort>ia4 ,( "s peculi>ities ( ! pott]s' /amps we h already spok5 7p4 #eaj72 !y are f\nd 9 ! =m ( oblongs or human feet1 & m r>ely 9 circles1 half-moons1 or spirals1 ! lett]s be+ bo? 9 relief & incis$4 ,trade m>ks 7 sometimes us$1 ! pott] ,s5tis1 = in/ance1 us+ a ?orn-twig by way ( a play on 8 "n4 ,names are bo? 9 ! nom9ative & g5itive1 ) "s abbreviat$ =m 9 ! "o case ( ,,fecit1 9 ! o!r ( ,,manvs or ,,(fic9a4#cede ,local names are cle>ly to be se5 9 ^? ( ,belatullus1 ,iassus1 & ,vologesus4 ,ano!r important c5tre ( fabric 9 ,g]many is ,rhe9zab]n 7,tab]nae ,rh5anae7 ne> ,spei]1 :i* probably %>$ ) ,we/]ndorf a monopoly ( ! m\ld$ w>es4#cedf ,! pott]y f\nd "h is mo/ly 9 ! ,spei] ,museum2 x is almo/ all ( =m #cg1 ) its typical decoration1 & ! fabric does n seem to h be5 e/abli%$ be=e ! second c5tury4 ,! *ief pott]s' names are ,belsus1 ,c]ialis1 ,cobn]tus1 ,comitialis1 ,julius1 ,juv5is1 ,mammillianus1 ,primitivus1 & ,reg9us4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses m\lds = l>ge b[ls ) free friezes ( animals1 "o ) ! /amp ( ,c]ialis#cedg2 !re 0 little export to ,gaul1 b a consid]able am\nt to ,brita94 ,m4 ,d*elette notes ! simil>ity ( ! types to ^? ( ,lez\x1 & sugge/s t ,rhe9zab]n is an (f%oot f ! latt] pott]y4 ,?is site has also produc$ b>bot9e w>es1#cedh :i* be> a rem>kable sup]ficial resemblance to t ( ,ca/or 7see bel[1 p4 #edd71 & h be5 wrongly id5tifi$ !re)#cedi2 b !y are n f\nd at ,ca/or1 & 9 po9t ( fact diff] widely 9 arti/ic m]it1 be+ f> sup]ior to ! ,briti% fabric1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,hav]field4#ceej ,! ornam5tation is a =mal & conv5tional imitation ( classical models1 :]eas ! ,ca/or w>e is only classical 9 its elem5ts1 & is o!rwise b>b>ic yet unconv5tional4 ,x is possible t ,tri]1 & 9 fact all places m5tion$ 9 a prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #dec7 z sites ( kilns may be reg>d$ z c5tres ( manufacture1 ?\gh 9 only a few cases 0 any?+ made beyond ! ord9>y pla9 w>es4 ,( ! latt] a useful summ>y has be5 made by ,ko551#ceea *iefly f ! te*nical po9t ( view1 :i* x may be wor? :ile to recapitulate4 ,he divides ! pott]y ( ! ,rh9e di/rict 7:i* may be tak5 z typical7 into ?ree ma9 classes3 ! fir/ transitional f ! ,la ,tne p]iod#ceeb to ,roman times2 ! second1 native half-bak$ c9]>y urns2 ! ?ird1 ,roman pott]y1 ou/+ ! o!r two4 ,! fir/ two classes cov] ! local h&-made w>es ( grey1 br[n1 or black clay1 :i* are cle>ly ( native make1 & l ! simil> w>es ( ,brita9 & ,gaul h>dly come "u ! head+ ( ,roman pott]y1 ?\gh subsequ5tly !y felt its influ5ce4 ,! ,roman pott]y prop] 7:i* c be well /udi$ 9 ! museums ( ,bonn1 ,tri]1 & else:]e on ! ,rh9e7 is divid$ by ,ko55 into ?ree p]iods3 ,e>ly1 ,middle1 & ,late ,empire4 ,roman w>es fir/ appe> ) co9s ( ,augu/us1 & at ?is p]iod ex]cise mu* influ5ce on ! ,la ,tne types1 produc+ a sort ( mix$ /yle1 usually ( greyi% or black clay ) impress$ or incis$ ornam5t1 subsequ5tly replac$ by b>bot9e4 ,! t]ra sigillata is ei!r ( ! sup]ior deep r$ v>iety ) %>p outl9es & details1 :i* we h se5 to emanate f ,gaul1 or else pla9 w>e ( a light r$ hue 78false ,samian071 )\t ornam5t4#ceec ,b z ,hld] has po9t$ out1#ceed ! settlem5t ( ! *ronology ( ,g]man pott]y 7ap>t f ! sigillata7 is p>ticul>ly difficult1 because we are deal+ ) a purely utilit>ian fabric1 :i* consequ5tly pres]v$ its =ms unalt]$ ?r\gh a consid]able p]iod2 moreov]1 !re mu/ h be5 _m local fabrics & little exportation1 :i* makes comp>ison difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,,g]man ,,j> ,,) ,,convivial ,,inscription 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,to ! ,g]man fabrics belong a gr\p ( vases ) pa9t$ inscriptions f\nd on ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & less frequ5tly 9 ,nor? & ,ea/ ,france4#ceee ,!y occur 9 ! second c5tury at ! ,saalburg1 & la/ d[n to ! f\r?2 l>ge numb]s h also be5 f\nd at ,tri]1 & o!r examples at ,mesnil & taples 7,gessoriacum7 9 ,france4#ceef ,! usual =m is t ( a r\nd-belli$ cup or j> 7,fig4 #bbi71 ) a m or less high /em & pla9 m\ld$ m\?4 ,_! ornam5tation is conf9$ to b]ries1 v9e-t5drils1 & scrolls1 at fir/ naturali/ic1 aft]w>ds becom+ conv5tionalis$2 b _! *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! inscriptions1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,banassac type describ$ above 7p4 #ebd71 are ( a convivial "*4 ,!y are pa9t$ 9 bold well-=m$ capitals1 9 ! same :ite pigm5t :i* is us$ = ! ornam5tation2 ! foll[+ examples w s]ve z specim5s3 ,,amas ,,me1 ,,amo1 ,,amo ,,te ,,condite4#ceeg ,,ave1 ,,ave ,,copo1 ,,avete4#ceeh ,,bellvs ,,sva7deo874#ceei ,,bibe1 ,,bibatis1 ,,bibamvs ,,pie1 ,,bibe ,,vivas1 ,,bibe ,,vivas ,,mvltis ,,annis4#cefj ,,da ,,bib]e1 ,,da ,,m]vm1 ,,da ,,mi1 ,,da ,,v9vm4#cefa ,,de ,,et ,,d1 ,,dos 7 74#cefb ,,eme4#cefc ,,fav5tibvs4#cefd ,,felix4#cefe ,,fe7r7,o ,,v9vm ,,tibi ,,dvlcis4#ceff ,,gavdio4#cefg ,,imple4#cefh ,,lvde4#cefi ,,misce1 ,,misce ,,mi1 ,,misce ,,vivas4#cegj ,,mitte ,,m]vm4#cega ,,pete4#cegb ,,reple1 ,,reple ,,me ,,copo ,,m]i4#cegc ,,seses ,,zeses 4#cegd ,,sitio1 ,,sitis4#cege ,,vale1 ,,valiamvs4#cegf ,,v9vm1 ,,v9vm ,,tibi ,,dvlcis4#cegg ,,vita4#cegh ,,vive1 ,,vivas1 ,,vivamvs1 ,,vivas ,,felix1 ,,vive ,,bibe ,,mvltis4#cegi ,to ?is li/ mu/ be add$ a rem>kable vase ( ! same class f\nd at ,ma9z 9 #ahhh1cehj ) ! inscription ,,accipe ,m7esi7,,tie7n7,s ,,et ,,trade ,,sodali1 8,take me :5 y are ?ir/y & pass me on to y\r comrade40 ,above ! inscription are sev5 bu/s ( deities1 ,sol1 ,luna1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 & ,saturn1 repres5t+ ! sev5 days ( ! week2 bo? ! design & ! inscription1 h[ev]1 are incis$1 n pa9t$4 #d4 ,,roman ,,pott]y ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s1 ,,spa91 ,,& ,,brita9 ,9 ,holl& & ,belgium f9ds ( t]ra sigillata & pott]s' /amps are record$ f v>i\s sites1 su* z ,ar5tsburg1 ,rossem1 ,r\sse1 ne> ,oud5>de1 ,voorburg1 betwe5 ,utre*t & ,leyd51 & ,wyk-by-,dur/$e1 & also at ,utre*t4#ceha ,at ,ve*t5 ne> ,utre*t1 ! anci5t ,fictio on ! road f ,lugdunum 7,leid57 to ,noviomagus 7,nimegu57 f9ds 7 made 9 #ahfh :i* confirm ! activity ( ! ,rut5ian pott]s 9 ! fir/ c5tury4#cehb ,^! discov]ies includ$ co9s ext5d+ f ! ,republican p]iod d[n to ,trajan1 & t]ra sigillata ( ! ,graufes5que type1 ) _m names ( pott]s belong+ to t region4 ,9 ,spa9 f9ds h be5 made on v>i\s sites1 & !re are num]\s examples 9 ! museum at ,t>ragona#cehc2 at ,murvi$ro1 ! site ( ! anci5t ,saguntum1 :i*1 z we h se51 is m5tion$ by ,pl9y & ,m>tial z an important c5tre1 v>i\s k9ds ( ,roman w>e h come to light1 "s ) pott]s' /amps1 b no evid5ce rema9s ( pott]ies or ( any local manufacture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,brita9--at lea/ 9 ,engl&--f9ds ( ,roman pott]y h be5 s pl5tiful & s univ]sal t x is difficult to select typical c5tres = discussion4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t1 ) ! exception ( ! pla9 w>es & a few o!r fabrics1 su* z ! ,ca/or w>e1 we h n to deal ) local manufactures4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( t]ra sigillata may h be5 import$ f ,g]many 7e4g4 f ,we/]ndorf71#cehd b by f> ! great] proportion is f ,gaul1 z is %[n by ! pott]s' names4 ,we propose 9 ! fir/ place to review briefly ! types ( t]ra sigillata :i* occur 9 ,brita94#cehe ,! b[ls ( =ms #bi & #cj1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,g]many 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 d n occur on ! ,roman ,wall1 & we h already se5 t !y are n lat] ?an ,hadrian's "t2 b !y are common 9 ! ,s\? ( ,brita91 z at ,london & ,col*e/]4 ,roa*-,smi?#cehf & o!r e>li] writ]s h publi%$ specim5s ( ^! old] =ms decorat$ ) figures :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,london1 ,ba?1 ,york1 ,ca]leon1#cehg & else:]e4 ,! e>lie/ dateable examples ( =m #cg h be5 f\nd ) co9s ( ,n]va at ,*ur*ov] 9 ,w>wick%ire#cehh2 ?is type is inde$ common all ov] ,brita91 & is "o ( ! few v>ieties ( t]ra sigillata occurr+ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x is f\nd at ,s\? ,%ields1 along ! ,roman ,wall1 & 9 ,scotl& at ,birr5s 9 ,dumfries%ire4#cehi ,pott]y ( ! second c5tury is repres5t$ by a v>iety ( ! same =m1 ) a m\ld$ ridge break+ ! outl9e 9 ! middle#ceij2 ?is w\ld seem to be a type :i* also occurs 9 ,g]many dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,mr4 ,hav]field /ates t ?is =m is f\nd at ,s\? ,%ields & 9 ,york%ire1 & is imitat$ at ,sil*e/]4 ,( ! pr9cipal subjects on ^! we h already giv5 "s description 7p4 #ejh74 ,f9ally1 !re is ! wide %all[ type1 approximat+ to ! mort> or pelvis1 ! upp] "p ( :i* =ms ext]nally a flat1 v]tical b&1 project+ beyond & =m+ a tang5t ) ! g5]al curve ( ! b[l2 ?is is usually ornam5t$ ) lions' heads 9 relief4 ,?is v>iety is n e>li] ?an ! second c5tury1 & is also f\nd 9 ! ?ird2 we h already se5 t x 0 made at ,lez\x4#ceia ,x is important to note t all ! places m5tion$ z yield+ b[ls ( =ms #bi & #cj 7 occupi$ at lea/ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #he1 p]haps z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,b ! /yle ( ^! b[ls may h la/$ long]2 at all ev5ts1 ! v>ieties are s num]\s z to %[ a developm5t = :i* "s "t is requir$4 ,!re is also a di/9ct developm5t 9 ! pla9 b& r\nd ! upp] edge ( ! b[l1 :i*1 at fir/ a m]e bead+1 becomes broad] & m v]tical by degrees4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be assum$ t1 z none are f\nd nor? ( ,york1 x disappe>$ f ,brita91 z f ,gaul & ,g]many1 be=e ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,! w>e =m]ly kn[n z 8false ,samian0 7,drag5dorff's hellro?7#ceib appe>s 9 sev]al v>ieties4 ,! light r$ or orange col\r is produc$ by a k9d ( slip ( p\nd$ pott]y laid ov] ! surface4 ,vases ( ?is type1 glaz$ )9 & )\t ) a ?9 r$di%-br[n & some:at lu/r\s glaze1 occur 9 ,london1 & a good specim5 0 f\nd _m ye>s ago at ,oundle 9 ,nor?ants1 b has s9ce disappe>$4#ceic ,x 0 a f9e vase1 ( light-r$ clay ) r$-br[n glaze1 resembl+ ! ,gauli% t]ra sigillata1 & _h "s claim to arti/ic m]it4 ,! subject 0 ,pan hold+ up a mask1 & ?ree drap$ figures1 & x bore ! /amp ( ! ,gauli% pott] ,lib]tus 7,,( ,,lib]ti71 :o1 z we h se51 work$ at ,lez\x4#ceid ,?is w>e is (t5 co>se1 & ornam5t$ ext]nally ) rude :ite scrolls pa9t$ 9 opaque col\r1#ceie & !re is a v>iety f\nd at ,ca/or1 ( r$ glaz$ w>e ) a metalloid lu/re1 ! clay itself v>y+ f :ite to yell[i%-br[n or orange4#ceif ,bo? %apes & ornam5ts resemble ^? ( ! ,ca/or black w>e 7see bel[71 & x seems likely t ?is is actually a local fabric1 ! diff]5ce 9 col\r+ be+ due to ! degree ( heat employ$ 9 ! fir+4 ,! numb] ( pott]s' names f\nd on ^! w>es 9 ,brita9 is v l>ge1 ^? 9 ! sev5? volume ( ! ,lat9 ,corpus am\nt+ to ab\t #a1ejj4ceig ,?is li/1 publi%$ 9 #ahgc1 ( c\rse sup]s$$ all ^? previ\sly drawn up by ! ,hon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,neville1 by ,roa*-,smi?1 & by ,?omas ,wright4#ceih ,roa*-,smi?1 h[ev]1 p]=m$ a useful s]vice 9 tabulat+ ! li/ ( names f\nd 9 ,london along ) ^? f ,d\ai & o!r sites 9 ,france1#ceii :i* w5t f> to prove ! ,gauli% orig9 ( ! ,briti% t]ra sigillata4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 necess>y to discuss ! pott]s' names f\nd 9 ,brita9 9 fur!r detail4#cfjj ,besides ! pott]s' /amps1 incis$ inscriptions sometimes occur on ! pott]y1 giv+ ! own]'s "n or o!r items ( in=mation 7see above1 p4 #eab74 ,to give a detail$ acc\nt ( all ! sites 9 ,brita9 on :i* ,roman pott]y has be5 f\nd w\ld be a task entail+ m lab\r & occupy+ m space ?an ! results w\ld ju/ify4 ,n only d ! sites cov] almo/ ! :ole ( ! c\ntry f ! ,roman ,wall to ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & f ,exet] to ,norfolk1 b ! dis9t]r+ ( ! mat]ial f miscellane\s & (t5 unsci5tific records1 or f scatt]$ & uncatalogu$ collections1 w\ld be a truly gigantic a*ievem5t4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be a*iev$2 b ?is w only be by co-op]ation1 ea* c\nty p]=m+ its %>e ( ! "w1 z has be5 done 9 a few cases4 ,! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies has issu$ ar*aeological surveys ( c]ta9 c\nties1#cfja :i* )\t ent]+ into details tabulate ! sites ( ,roman rema9s2 & x is to be hop$ t =?com+ volumes ( ! ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory w d = o!r c\nties :at ^? already publi%$ h done = ,hamp%ire1 ,norfolk1 ,nor?ants1 etc4 ,! mo/ repres5tative collections are ^? ( ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,guildhall 9 ,london1 & ( ! prov9cial museums at ,col*e/]1 ,read+1 ,york1 & else:]e4 ,we n[ turn to ! consid]ation ( ! local products ( ,romano-,briti% pott]s4 ,exclusive ( ! pla9 unornam5t$ w>es :i* 7 made 9 _m places1 z ! num]\s rema9s ( kilns %[ 7cf4 p4 #ded71 !re are only ?ree di/9ct fabrics to be m5tion$4 ,9 all ( ^! ! w>e is black1 ) or )\t a glaze1 b ! /yle ( ornam5tation v>ies4 ,by f> ! mo/ important c5tre1 n only = ! quantity ( pott]y x has yield$ & ! ext5t ( its furnaces1 b also = ! arti/ic m]it ( its products1 is t ( ,ca/or1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,( ! num]\s traces ( furnaces & work%ops discov]$ "h1 9 ! neighb\r+ villages ( ,wans=d1 ,sibson1 ,*e/]ton1 & 9 ! ,b$=d ,purlieus1 we h already spok5 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #ddd ff472 x n[ only rema9s to discuss ! te*nical & arti/ic aspects ( ! pott]y4 ,artis has record$ t ! pieces ( pott]y f\nd 9 or ne> ! kilns %[ great v>iety ( =m & /yle1 includ+ ! r$ imitations ( t]ra sigillata1 pieces ornam5t$ ) 8ma*9e-turn$0 patt]ns1#cfjb & d>k-col\r$ w>e ) reliefs or ornam5t 9 :ite pa9t4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic & commone/ ,ca/or w>e has a :ite pa/e col\r$ by means ( a slip ) a d>k slate-col\r$ surface2 ! usual =m is t ( a small j> on a /em ) pla9 cyl9drical m\?4 ,"s are m]ely m>k$ ) ind5tations made by ! pott]'s ?umb1#cfjc or ) rude patt]ns laid on ! int]v5+ ridges2 b o!rs h designs laid on en b>bot9e 9 a slip ( ! same col\r z ! vase1 & o!rs ( r>] occurr5ce are decorat$ 9 :ite pa9t ) conv5tional foliat$ patt]ns1#cfjd some:at resembl+ ! ,rh5i% w>es describ$ on p4 #ecg4 ,hav]field reproduces a fragm5t ( a vase on :i* are pa9t$ 9 :ite & yell[ a man's head 9 peak$ cap1 & an arm hold+ an axe4#cfje ,! b>bot9e v>iety is ! mo/ typical1 & is by no means conf9$ to ?is site4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,engl&1 & ev5 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ specim5s 0 f\nd at ,col*e/] 9 #ahec1cfjf conta9+ calc9$ bones1 & ornam5t$ ) figures ov] :i* inscriptions are incis$4 ,! subjects1 arrang$ 9 friezes1 include two /ags1 a h>e1 & a dog1 int]sp]s$ ) foliations2 two m5 tra9+ a danc+-be>1 "o ( :om holds a :ip & is protect$ by arm\r2 & a combat ( two gladiators 7murmillo & ,?rax7 ( a type famili> to u f ,roman lamps 7see p4 #daf74 ,ov] ! heads ( ! m5 ) ! be> is inscrib$1 ,,secvndvs ,,m>io2 ov] ! gladiators1 ,,memn7o7,n ,,sac ,,viiii & ,,val5t9v ,,legionis ,,xxx1 respectively4 ,! mean+ ( ! inscriptions is n q cle>1 b ! la/ "o c]ta9ly seems to allude to games tak+ place at ! po/ ( ! ?irtie? legion--i4e4 ! ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons ,mr4 ,hav]field is ( op9ion t ! vase may h be5 made 9 t di/rict & n at ,ca/or1 & x is n1 ( c\rse1 impossible t su* w>e 0 n conf9$ to ,brita94#cfjg ,?is w\ld1 at any rate1 expla9 its pres5ce 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans has not$ ! pres5ce ( an unf9i%$ piece ( ,ca/or w>e 9 a kiln at ,littlemore1 ne> ,ox=d4#cfjh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,lxix ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,romano-,,briti% ,,pott]y3 ,,ca/or ,,w>e1 ,,etc4 ,,! ,,vase ,,) ,,incis$ ,,patt]ns ,,is ,,f ,,gaul 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,hunt+-sc5es are also v popul>1 especially a huntsman spe>+ a bo>1 or a h>e or de] *as$ by /ags1 z on a f9e vase f\nd at ,wat] ,newton1 ,hunts1 9 #ahbg4cfji ,a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) a race ( f\r-horse *>iots is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,lxix4 ,roa*-,smi? gives a rem>kable specim5 ) a my?ological subject1 t ( ,h]akles & ,hesione#cfaj2 ! subject is curi\sly treat$1 ,hesione be+ *a9$ d[n ) heavy weights4 ,ano!r int]e/+ b fragm5t>y vase f ,*e/]=d 9 ,essex has figures ( ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 & ,v5us1 & x may be assum$ t ! complete subject 0 t ( ! sev5 deities repres5t$ by ! days ( ! week4#cfaa ,o!rwise ! pott] is cont5t ) animals1 su* z dolph9s or fi%es1 or m]e foliations1 ivy-wrea?s1 engrail$ l9es1 & o!r ornam5tal patt]ns4#cfab ,9 reg>d to ! te*nique ( ^! w>es1 ,artis notes t ! ind5t$ patt]ns 7 made :ile ! vase 0 8z pliable z x c\ld be tak5 f ! la!02 = ! b>bot9e ! ?umb or a r\nd$ in/rum5t 0 employ$4 ,figures ( animals 7 execut$ ) a k9d ( skew] on :i* ! slip 0 plac$1 a ?ick] v>iety be+ us$ = c]ta9 p>ts to height5 ! relief1 & a m delicate in/rum5t = features & o!r details4 ,no subsequ5t ret\*+ 0 possible4 ,! vases 7 glaz$ subsequ5tly to ! application ( ! b>bot9e2 on ! o!r h&1 ! decoration 9 :ite pa9t 0 made aft] glaz+4 ,! glaze 01 z we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi41 p4 #ddh1 produc$ by a deposit ( c>bon1 by ! process kn[n z 8smo!r+02 x v>ies 9 quality1 be+ ei!r d>k )\t any metallic lu/re1 or ) a metalloid poli% resembl+ t produc$ ) black-lead4 ,! date ( ! ,ca/or w>e is difficult to asc]ta91 b x mu/ beg9 fairly e>ly 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 on acc\nt ( its aff9ities ) late ,celtic pott]y4 ,d*elette 7ii4 p4 #caj7 w\ld date ! w>e t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out 7p4 #ecf71 x is only ! elem5ts ( ! decoration t are classical2 !y are treat$ 9 a rude1 debas$ mann]1 ) ! free unconv5tional h&l+ *>act]i/ic ( b>b>ic art4 8,!y are n an imitation1 b a reca/+0 accord+ to ! traditions ( late ,celtic or ,gauli% art1#cfac su* z is display$1 = in/ance1 9 ! anci5t ,briti% & ,gallic co9age4 ,! fanta/ic animals1 ! treatm5t ( ! scrolls1 & ! divid+ ornam5ts ( bead+1 etc41 betwe5 ! subjects are ess5tially unclassical4 ,pott]s' /amps on ?is w>e are exce$+ly r>e1 an almo/ isolat$ in/ance be+ ,,cam>o ,f on a vase f\nd at ,l9coln4#cfad ,two o!r local v>ieties ( black w>e peculi> to ,brita9 are ^? kn[n respectively z ,up*ur* & ,new ,=e/ w>e4 ,al?\gh no rema9s ( kilns h be5 f\nd 9 ! =m] di/rict1 ! pott]y is obvi\sly local1 & its manufacture appe>s to h ext5d$ along ! banks ( ! ,m$way f ,ra9ham to ,iwade1 ov] :at are n[ m>%es1 b 0 !n firm gr\nd4 ,! rema9s consi/ ( a ?9 f9ely-m\ld$ blui%-black fabric1 ) graceful & v>i$ =ms1 ornam5t$ ) gr\ps ( small knobs 9 b&s1 squ>es1 circles1 wavy1 int]sect+1 or zigzag l9es1 or a *>act]i/ic patt]n ( conc5tric semi-circles re/+ on b&s ( p>allel v]tical l9es 7,plate ,,lxix4 fig4 #f74 ,?is w>e has also be5 f\nd on ! ,cont95t1 & may ei!r h be5 export$ or else made 9 o!r places besides ,up*ur*2 x is probably ( q late date4#cfae ,! clay is s(t & easily scrat*$1 & is cov]$ ) a poli% or lu/re produc$ by friction2 ! composition is f9e1 & ! walls ?9 & well turn$4 ,x v>ies 9 tone f greyi%1 l t ( ,london clay1 to a dull black4 ,! vases are mo/ly small 7cups1 bottles1 jugs1 small j>s1 & occasional mort>ia71 & "s h ribb$ sides2 ! ornam5tation is always ei!r 9 ! =m ( impress$ l9es or rais$ patt]ns made by apply+ pieces ( clay be=e ! vase 0 bak$4 ,no pott]s' /amps h come to light1 nor is ?is w>e f\nd ) co9s or o!r ,roman rema9s4 ,r\gh e>!nw>e 0 also made 9 ! ,m$way di/rict1 ( a r$1 yell[1 or /one col\r4 ,! ,new ,=e/ w>e is f\nd 9 ! nor?-we/ "p ( ! ,=e/1 betwe5 ,=d+bridge & ,bram%aw4#cfaf ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z 8,crockhill w>e10 f ! local "n ( ! site ( ! furnaces1 ( :i* traces 7 f\nd 9 #aheb4 ,! pott]y consi/s ( two v>ieties1 "o ( ?91 h>d1 slate-col\r$ w>e1 ) patt]ns ( leaves or grass pa9t$ 9 :ite 7,plate ,,lxix4 fig4 #e72 ^! are small j>s1 av]ag+ six in*es 9 height1 sometimes m\ld$ by ! pott]'s ?umb into an undulat+ circumf]5ce4 ,!re are po9ts ( resemblance ) ! ,ca/or w>e4 ,! o!r v>iety consi/s ( a ?ick] w>e1 ) a dull :ite-yell[i% gr\nd & co>se foliat$ patt]ns pa9t$ 9 r$ or br[n1 usually platt]s or di%es4 ,x is a rude & in>ti/ic fabric1 ( obvi\sly native orig9 & resembl+ ,celtic r ?an any ,roman or ,italian pott]y4 ,x is f\nd on o!r sites 9 ,hamp%ire1 su* z ,bitt]ne 7,claus5tum71 & ev5 z f> nor? z ,ox=d4#cfag ,! date is probably ! ?ird c5tury ( our era4 ,) ! kilns !re 7 f\nd heaps ( pot%]ds :i* _h be5 spoil$ 9 ! bak+ & reject$2 !y 7 vitrifi$ s z to resemble /onew>e1 & :5 aga9 submitt$ to ! action ( fire1 crack$ & split4 ,! glaze ) :i* ! local blue clay _h be5 cov]$ 0 ( a d>k-r$ col\r & alkal9e nature1 b _h probably be5 affect$ by imp]fect fir+4 #e4 ,,pla9 ,,roman ,,w>es ,! pla9 unornam5t$ & unglaz$ ,roman pott]y :i* answ]$ to ! mod]n e>!nw>e has usually be5 consid]$ by writ]s on ! subject 9 a diff]5t category f ! glaz$ & ornam5t$ w>es4 ,al?\gh f ! v simplicity ( its "* x defies sci5tific classification1 yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is common w>e 0 n likely to h be5 export$ v f> f ! place ( its orig91 & !re=e :]e any diff]5ces c be obs]v$ 9 ! nature or appe>ance ( ! clay1 9 peculi>ities ( =m or ( te*nique1 x is n impossible to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a local fabric4 ,b up to ! pres5t little has be5 done except 9 isolat$ in/ances4 ,c]ta9 local w>es h be5 recognis$ 9 ,brita91 z w be not$ bel[1 besides ! ,ca/or1 ,up*ur*1 & ,new ,=e/ w>es1 "s ( :i* almo/ come "u ?is head+2 & o!rs1 aga91 9 ,gaul4 ,simil>ly 9 ,g]many1 attempts h be5 made by ,ko55 & o!r writ]s to classify ! pla9 pott]y :e!r accord+ to =m or on o!r pr9ciples 7see above1 p4 #ecf74 ,_m ye>s ago a r\gh b 9 "s respects conv5i5t classification 0 made by ,brongni>t#cfah on ! basis ( ! col\r ( ! clay employ$1 :i* he di/+ui%$ "u f\r heads3 7#a7 pale yell[ or :ite w>es2 7#b7 r$ w>es1 v>y+ to r$di%-br[n2 7#c7 grey or a%-col\r$ w>es2 7#d7 black w>es4 ,9 ! fir/ division he includ$ ! l>ge1 (t5 co>se1 vases1 su* z ! dolia & amphorae2 "u ! second head ,roman w>e ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & "u ! ?ird t ( subsequ5t date2 :ile ! f\r? class compris$ ,gallo-,roman & o!r prov9cial w>es4 ,a some:at simil> sy/em1 9 "s respects ev5 less *ronological1 0 attempt$ by ,buckman1#cfai :o di/+ui%$ br[n w>e z a sep>ate fabric4 ,! obvi\s defect ( ^! sy/ems is t !y are nei!r *ronological nor accord+ to fabrics1 & t _! basis is 9 _m respects a purely accid5tal "o2 b at ! same "t !y h prov$ conv5i5t = discuss+ pla9 w>e :i* does n admit ( mu* consid]ation ap>t f its =ms & ! g5]al appe>ance ( its composition4 ,& at all ev5ts !y enable u to discuss examples ( c]ta9 %apes "u "o head1 inasmu* z ! amphorae & dolia are ne>ly all ( ! fir/ class1 ! mort>ia or pelves ( ! ?ird1 cups1 di%es1 & flasks ( ! second & f\r?1 & s on4 ,! yell[ w>e#cfbj is di/+ui%$ by its co>se clay1 ( a greyi%-:ite or yell[ col\r1 v>y+ to dirty :ite1 grey1 or r$4 ,x is to ?is division t all ! l>g] vases belong1 su* z ^? us$ = /or+ w9e & o!r commodities or = fun]>y purposes1 & ! innum]able fragm5ts ( dolia & amphorae :i* compose ! ,monte ,te/accio at ,rome4#cfba ,"s ( ^! vases 7 made on ! :eel1 b o!rs 7 modell$ by h& & turn$ f )94 ,^? us$ 9 burial 7 usually ( a globul> =m1 or ev5 dolia ) ! necks & h&les brok5 (f1 & conta9$ c9]>y urns & glass vessels4 ,we also f9d lag5ae1 trullae 7saucepans71 & mort>ia made 9 ?is w>e4 ,ano!r rem>kable v>iety may be describ$ z a k9d ( olla2 its peculi>ity is t x is modell$ 9 ! =m ( a human head1 mu* 9 ! same /yle z ! primitive vases ( ,troy 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #beh74 ,a vase ( ?is type f\nd at ,boo?am1 ne> ,l9coln1 _h pa9t$ on ! foot ,d7e7,o ,,miircvrio1 8,to ! god ,m]cury18 9 br[n lett]s4#cfbb ,! clay is light yell[1 ) a slip ( ! same col\r4 ,a f9] v>iety ( ?is clay1 (t5 ( a rosy t9t1 or :ite & micace\s1 0 us$ = mak+ ! small] vases1 :i* are ?9 & light1 & all turn$ on ! :eel4#cfbc ,!y are sometimes ornam5t$ ) b&s1 l9es1 hat*+1 or leaves1 slightly indicat$ 9 dull o*re1 laid on & fir$ ) ! vase4 ,"s specim5s are cov]$ ) a flat :ite slip1 ( a m uni=m "* ?an t employ$ on ! ,a!nian vases4 ,9 o!rs ! clay is l>gely mix$ ) gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,9 ,brita9 little j>s ( a v :ite clay h sometimes be5 f\nd1 z well z small bottles & di%es1 pa9t$ inside ) patt]ns 9 a dull r$ or br[n4 ,!y seem to h =m$ a k9d ( f9] w>e = ornam5tal purposes1 z well z = ! table4 ,! second class1 t ( ! r$ w>es1 =ms by f> ! l>ge/ division ( ,roman pla9 pott]y1 & comprises mo/ ( ! k9ds us$ = dome/ic purposes2 x is f\nd 9 all =ms & sizes1 all ov] ,europe1 (t5 cov]$ ) a coat+ or slip1 :ite1 black1 or r$4 ,?is class may be consid]$ to include all v>ieties ( r$ & r$di%-br[n w>e1 b z a rule ! clay v>ies 9 col\r f pale rose to deep coral1 & 9 quality f a co>se gritty composition to a f9e compact & homog5e\s pa/e4 ,x is usually )\t a glaze1 & sometimes ! clay is l>gely micace\s4 ,to enum]ate all ! %apes :i* illu/rate ?is w>e is unnecess>y1 b ! ,romano-,briti% & ,morel ,collections 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--& 9 fact any repres5tative collection ( ,roman pott]y--exhibit all ! pr9cipal v>ieties1 f ! c9]>y urn to ! s-call$ 8te>-bottle0 or ungu5t vase4 ,! pr9cipal %apes are also illu/rat$ 9 ! treatises ( ,hld] & ,ko554 ,among sepul*ral vases ( ?is w>e 7 ! ollae 9 :i* ! a%es ( slaves 7 plac$ 9 ! columb>ia at ,rome1 tall j>s ) m\ld$ rims & flat sauc]-%ap$ cov]s4#cfbd ,9 ,roman tombs 9 ,gaul & ,brita9 ^! ollae are usually plac$ inside l>ge dolia or amphorae1 to protect !m f ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t e>?4#cfbe ,9 ,brita9 !y h be5 f\nd at ,l9coln1 on ! sites ( ,roman settlem5ts along ! ,dov] ,road1 at ,col*e/]1 & 9 o!r places1 & z _m z tw5ty ?\s& are record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,bordeaux4#cfbf ,aft] ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity ?is practice seems to h be5 ab&on$1 b vases ( small] size cont9u$ to be plac$ r\nd ! bones ( ! dead4 ,! grey w>es 7 usually made ( f9e clay1 ( :i* !re 7 two v>ieties3 a s&y loam l t ( :i* bricks are made on ! bord]s ( ! *alk =mations 9 ,engl&1 & a heavy /one-col\r$ pa/e1 sonor\s :5 /ruck1 :i* has be5 comp>$ to ! clay ( mod]n ,/af=d%ire w>e4 ,! col\r ( ! fir/-nam$ is light & its texture brittle1 & x 0 *iefly us$ = mort>ia1 or = cook+-vessels :i* 7 expos$ to ! heat ( ! fire4 ,! mort>ia resemble mod]n milk-pans1 be+ flat1 ) ov]lapp+ edges & a groov$ sp\t op5+ 9 front4 ,!y appe> to h be5 us$ bo? = cook+1 _m be>+ traces ( ! action ( fire1 & = gr9d+ food or o!r commodities1 ! latt] purpose probably expla9+ ! pres5ce1 9 ! int]ior ( _m examples1 ( small pebbles1 or a h>d coat+ ( p\nd$ tile1 to c\nt]act ! effects ( trituration4 ,!y are usually ( a h>d co>se texture1 b compact & heavy1 & _! col\r v>ies f pale r$ to bright yell[ or creamy :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,,roman ,,mort>ium ,,f ,,rib*e/] 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,!y are frequ5tly /amp$ ) ! "n ( ! pott]1 plac$ 9 a squ>e or rectangul> panel on ! rim & (t5 arrang$ 9 two l9es4 ,! names are ei!r s+le1 d5ot+ ! "w ( slaves1 z ,alb9us1 ,brixsa1 ,catulus1 ,sollus1 & ,m>9us1 or d\ble & occasionally ev5 triple1 = ! "w ( fre$m51 z ,q4 ,val]ius1 ,sex4 ,val]ius1 ,q4 ,av]us ,v]anius1 & s on4#cfbg ,! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #bcj is f ,rib*e/] 9 ,lanca%ire1 & be>s ! /amp ,,bori$7u7 ,f7ecit74 ,a mort>ium rec5tly dug up 9 ,b[ ,lane1 ,london1 n[ 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 has ! "n ( ,av]us ,v]anius ) ,o ,,g>r ,,fac 9 small] type betwe5 ! words1 app>5tly ref]r+ to ! place ( manufacture4#cfbh ,"o ( ! commone/ names is t ( ,ripanus ,tib]9us1 :o gives ! "n ( ! place :]e he work$3 ,,ripanvs ,,tib] ,f ,,lvgvdv ,,fact1 ,ripanus ,tib]7inus7 f7ecit72 ,lugudu7ni7 fact7um74#cfbi ,! pott]s' names are usually accompani$ by ! lett]s ,,( or ,f4 ,! mort>ia v>y f sev5 to tw5ty-?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & are f\nd 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&4 ,( ! second or heavi] v>iety a curi\s vase 9 ! =m ( a human head 0 f\nd at ,ca/or#cfcj2 mu* ( ! ,new ,=e/ w>e also comes "u ! same head+1#cfca includ+ ! small cups ) p9*$-9 sides1 "s be+ cov]$ ) a slip ( micace\s consi/5cy4 ,( black w>e _m v>ieties h be5 f\nd 9 ,gaul & ,brita91 besides ! special local w>es :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,"s 7 employ$ z fun]>y urns1 b ! majority are ( small size1 & 9 quality !y v>y f ! extreme/ co>s5ess to a f9e poli%$ clay1 produc+ an effect almo/ equal to ! ,greek or ,etruscan black w>es4 ,! f9e/ specim5s ( pla9 black w>e are to be se5 9 ! vases ) a highly poli%$ surface1 pres5t+ a metallic appe>ance & an olive hue :i* almo/ approximates to t ( bronze4 ,examples ( ?is w>e are f\nd 9 ,gaul at ,lez\x1 9 ,brita9 at ,ca/or1 & else:]e4#cfcb ,9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ a sup]ior k9d ( black w>e seems to h be5 made 9 ,nor!rn ,gaul & ,g]many1 describ$ by ,drag5dorff z 8,belgic black w>e40#cfcc ,! clay is blui%-grey1 ) black poli%$ surface produc$ l t ( ! buc*]o w>e by smoke1 n l ! black glaze ( lat] ,roman w>e4 ,a simil> v>iety ( grey w>e exi/s1 b )\t glaze or poli%4 ,! =ms ( ! vases v>y v mu* f ! ,roman1 includ+ a typical high1 slim urn & o!r m squat =ms1 closely imitat+ metal2 !y be> "s relation to ^? ( ! ,la ,tne p]iod1 & are ,celtic or ,gauli% r ?an ,g]man4#cfcd ,su* ornam5tation z !y be> is exclusively l9e>1 & nev] 9 relief4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ,roman =m ( plate :i* (t5 occurs1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! fabric may be describ$ z a cont9uation ( pre-,roman pott]y influ5c$ by ,italy4 ,x is well repres5t$ at ,xant5 & ,&]na*1 b is n f\nd on ! ,limes1 & is r>e 9 ,brita92 x does n seem to h be5 made aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,flavian epo*1 :5 x 0 l>gely sup]s$$ by ! ord9>y ,roman black glaz$ w>es4 ,a special k9d ( black w>e seems to h be5 made 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 consi/+ ( pots ( a co>se1 gritty pa/e ) micace\s p>ticles1 break+ ) a co>se fracture ( a d>k r$ col\r4 ,!y h be5 mo/ly f\nd at ,vi5ne1 :]e !y seem to h be5 made4 ,! bottom ( ! vase is usually impress$ ) a circul> /amp ) ! pott]'s "n 9 late lett]s1 z ,l ,,cassi ,o1 ,f7ir7,,m9vs ,f1 ,,sevvo ,f1 ,,similis ,f 7f ,aix74#cfce ,! well-kn[n "n ( ,=tis has also be5 f\nd on black w>e f ,aix4 ,9 ,brita9 black w>e is1 z else:]e1 exce$+ly common1 & a typical gr\p ( ! small] v>ieties is af=d$ by a s]ies ( five f\nd 9 a s>cophagus at ,b9/$ 9 ,hamp%ire1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#cfcf consi/+ ( two calices1 a j> 7olla71 an acetabulum1 & a k9d ( c&le/ick4 ,! ,up*ur* w>e l>gely belongs to ?is category1 & mu* ( ! same k9d has be5 f\nd at ,weym\?4 ,br[n w>e ( a v co>se /yle is (t5 f\nd ) o!r ,roman rema9s1 consi/+ ( amphorae & o!r vessels = dome/ic use4 ,examples ( amphorae & jugs ) female heads modell$ on ! necks h be5 f\nd at ,ri*bor\gh & else:]e4#cfcg ,at ,wroxet] ! excavations yield$ two new classes ( pott]y1 "o consi/+ ( n>r[-neck$ jugs & mort>ia1#cfch v beautifully made f a :ite local clay1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ ) t f\nd at ,broseley 9 ! neighb\rhood1 n[adays supply+ mat]ial = ! manufacture ( tobacco-pipes4 ,! surface is decorat$ ) r$ & yell[ /ripes4 ,! o!r k9d is a v>iety ( r$ w>e :i* has be5 /yl$ 8,romano-,salopian10 made f clay obta9$ 9 ! ,sev]n valley1 & diff]+ f ! common ,roman w>e4#cfci ,x is1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly d\btful :e!r ^! types %\ld be class$ "u ! head+ ,roman4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be not$ t al?\gh all prov9cial museums conta9 m or less complete collections ( ! ord9>y pla9 fabrics1 !y are = ! mo/ "p ( /rictly local orig91 & n 9 !mselves suffici5t = g5]al /udy4 ,b s9ce ! acquisition ( ! ,morel ,collection by ! ,briti% ,museum ! /ud5t has ample facilities = inve/igat+ !re n only ! fabrics ( ,brita91 b also ^? ( ,gaul1 ( :i* an exhau/ive s]ies is n[ incorporat$ 9 our national collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ?is review ( ! c]amic indu/ries ( ! ,roman ,empire1 we conclude our survey ( ! pott]y ( ! classical _w4 ,we h foll[$ its rise f ! r\gh1 almo/ %apeless products ( ! ,neoli?ic & e>lie/ ,bronze ,age1 :5 ! pott]'s :eel 0 z yet unkn[n 7on classical soil71 & decoration 0 n attempt$1 or 0 conf9$ to ! rude/ k9ds ( incis$ patt]ns4 ,we h trac$ ! developm5t ( pa9t$ decoration f mono*rome to poly*rome1 f simple patt]ns to elaborate pictorial compositions1 & s to its gradual decay & disappe>ance "u ! luxuri\s & artificial t5d5cies ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 :5 m5 7 ev] seek+ = new arti/ic dep>tures1 & a new sy/em ( te*nique arose :i* f9ally sub/itut$ v>i\s =ms ( decoration 9 relief = pa9t+4 ,& la/ly1 we h se5 h[ ?is new sy/em e/abli%$ itself firmly 9 ! doma9 ( ,roman art1 until ) ! gradual decay ( arti/ic ta/e & "u ! encroa*m5ts ( b>b>ism1 x sank into neglect & oblivion4 ,we obs]ve1 too1 ) a melan*oly int]e/1 t :ile o!r arts1 su* z ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & metal-"w1 h left "s sort ( h]itage to ! lat] ,european civilisations1 & l ! runn]s 9 ! ,greek tor*-race vitai lampada tradunt1 ?is is n s 9 ! case ( pott]y4 ,?is art _h1 x w\ld seem1 completely worn itself out1 & _h1 9 fact1 return$ to ! level ( its e>lie/ beg9n+s4 ,! decorative elem5t disappe>s1 & pott]y becomes1 z 9 its e>lie/ days1 a m]e utilit>ian indu/ry1 ! secrets ( its =m] te*nical a*ievem5ts irrevocably lo/1 its ornam5tation r$uc$ to ! simple/ & r\ghe/ k9ds ( decoration1 & its /atus among ! products ( human indu/ry once m limit$ to ! m]e supply+ ( "o ( ! humble/ ( m5's ne$s4 ,b ?is 0 inevitable1 & we mu/ p]=ce be cont5t2 = h we n se51 9 ! c\rse ( its rise & fall1 a reflection ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ,greek art1 f ! humble beg9n+s 9 :i* ,pausanias descri$ ! t\* ( some?+ div9e :i* presag$ its future greatness8 ,x is unnecess>y to recapitulate ! mann] 9 :i* ! successive /ages ( ,greek art are mirror$ 9 ! pott]y1 f ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! ,a!nian pott] d[n to ! eclecticism ( ! ,arret9e w>e4 ,let x suffice to say t ! object ( ?is "w has be5 tw(old3 fir/ly1 to %[ ! _m-sid$ int]e/s ( ! hi/orical /udy ( anci5t pott]y2 secondly1 to po9t out its value to ! /ud5t ( anci5t art & my?ology3 & t x is ! mode/ hope ( ! writ] t ?is object has be5 9 "s measure fulfill$4 ----- ,footnote #cdba3 ,see a correspond5ce 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #ahdd-de1 repr9t$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e ,libr>y1 ,romano-,briti% ,rema9s1 ii4 p4 #edg ff4 ,footnote #cdbb3 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 xcvi4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #cdbc3 ,ergebnisse von ,olympia1 iv4 p4 #bjf3 cf4 ibid4 v4 p4 #ghc4 ,footnote #cdbd3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ic1 & index1 s4v4 ,samian4 ,footnote #cdbe3 ,m4 ,d*elette's epo*-mak+ "w on ,roman pott]y 9 ,gaul only appe>$ aft] ?is *apt] 0 9 type4 ,to make prop] use ( x w\ld h necessitat$ practically re-writ+ ! *apt]2 b ,i h remodell$ x :]e absolutely ess5tial1 & giv5 frequ5t ref]5ces to 8 "w 9 foot-notes1 :i* x is hop$ may suffice 9 "s measure4 ,moreov] = "s ( ! fabrics ,i h _h ! advantage ( 8 articles previ\sly publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,ar*ol4 xxxviii4 7#aija7 & ! ,revue des tudes ,anci5s1 v4 7#aijc71 :i* he has s9ce incorporat$ 9 8 book4 ,footnote #cdbf3 ,t]ra ,sigillata1 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 xcvi4 7#ahie71 p4 #ah ff4 ,footnote #cdbg3 ,see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvi4 p4 #aeb ff42 ,ko551 ,gefsskunde1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #cdbh3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjee1 #d-i2 #hjef1 #e1 #df-eb1 #bhj ff42 ibid4 v4 #haae1 #ig4 ,footnote #cdbi3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #af2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 ci4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #cdcj3 ,cf4 ,drag5dorff's ,nos4 #ae-ag 7plates #a-b7 ) ,nos4 #a-c 7plate #a74 ,footnote #cdca3 ,= examples f ,&]na*1 see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvi4 pl4 #f1 #af1 pl4 #g1 #ah4 ,footnote #cdcb3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ff1 & bel[1 p4 #ebj4 ,footnote #cdcc3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cdcd3 ,x 0 des]t$ ab\t #e ,b4,c4 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #cdce3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #hg ff4 ,footnote #cdcf3 ,fe/s*r4 fr ,joh4 ,ov]beck1 p4 #afh2 cf4 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvi4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #cdcg3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvi4 pl4 #e1 #ba1 pl4 #f1 #d1 #i-aj3 cf4 ,drag5dorff's ,nos4 #ai-bj4 ,footnote #cdch3 ,op4 cit4 xcvi4 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #cdci3 ,= o!r typical /amps see ,drag5dorff 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #ie2 ibid4 lxxxvi4 p4 #afd ff41 lxxxix4 p4 #ea ff4 ,footnote #cddj3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accf1 #gij is an isolat$ example ( ! black w>e f\nd 9 ,london4 ,footnote #cdda3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #ajc ff42 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #fd ff4 ,footnote #cddb3 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #cddc3 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #gj2 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cddd3 ,see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #cdde3 ,see ibid4 p4 #aaj1 pls4 #b-c1 figs4 #ca-ee1 = lat] prov9cial =ms4 ,footnote #cddf3 ,see 8 vol4 i4 p4 #bi1 ) plates #b-e4 ,footnote #cddg3 ,ibid4 ii4 pls4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #cddh3 ,see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #abf ff4 ,footnote #cddi3 ,cf4 ! vases giv5 9 ,plate ,,lxvii4 figs4 #a1 #b1 & ,d*elette1 i4 pp4 #gj1 #ahj1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #cdej3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ebj ,footnote #cdea3 ,see g5]ally ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #cdeb3 ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #ia ff4 ,footnote #cdec3 ,an exhau/ive li/ ( types1 figures1 & ornam5ts ( all k9ds1 z f\nd 9 ! ,graufes5que & ,lez\x fabrics1 is giv5 by ,d*elette 9 8 second volume1 p4 #e ff4 ,footnote #cded3 ,see ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #cdee3 ,see also ! useful li/ giv5 by ,von ,hefn] 9 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv1 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #bh ff41 giv+ ! *ief types on ,g]man w>es f ,we/]ndorf & else:]e4 ,footnote #cdef3 ,see ,cat4 ( ,london ,antiqs4 ,nos4 #aeh ff4 pl4 #h2 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #hi ff42 ,collect4 ,antiq4 passim2 also ,plate ,,lxviii4 ,footnote #cdeg3 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #cdeh3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjaj1 #afhb4 ,footnote #cdei3 ,h5ce ,roa*-,smi? 0 incl9$ to date ! vase z late z ! fif? c5tury2 b rec5t rese>*es %[ t ?is is impossible4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ c5tury vases ( ?is debas$ /yle are f\nd4 ,!re 7 two pott]s ( ! "n ( ,sab9us 9 ! fir/ c5tury 9 ,gaul 7,d*elette1 i4 p4 #big74 ,footnote #cdfj3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #aci3 cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #cdfa3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 "p #c1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #cdfb3 ,ibid4 p4 #abj4 ,an example f ,brita9 is ,l4 ,cosconius ,virilis 7,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accf1 #cdf3 cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 i4 p4 #aee74 ,footnote #cdfc3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjjf1 #ie1 on a mort>ium4 ,footnote #cdfd3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjaj1 #afgj4 ,footnote #cdfe3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #acad3 cf4 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxiv4 7#ahid71 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #cdff3 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #hf1 pl4 #ac2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 iii4 7#aijd71 p4 #ge ff4 ,! names ( vessels include ! int]e/+ ^w pannae1 :5ce our 8pan40 ,footnote #cdfg3 ,see ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]l4 ,ges*4 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #ch1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #a2 ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 #fjaj1 #fh2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #cdfh3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #cdfi3 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv1 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #cdgj3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accg1 #bb4 ,footnote #cdga3 ,orelli1 #dahi2 ,blan*et 9 ,bullet4 ,ar*ol4 #ahih1 p4 #bi1 & id41 ,mlanges ,gallo-roma9es1 ii4 7#aijb71 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #cdgb3 ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 p4 #fdh1 note #g4 ,footnote #cdgc3 ,h5z51 #gbeh2 ,blan*et1 loc4 cit43 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 #ehcc4 ,footnote #cdgd3 ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,danub4 et ,rh5i1 ii4 p4 #cje2 ,orelli1 #bjbi4 ,footnote #cdge3 ,orelli1 #dcjb2 ,h5z51 #gbei2 ,blan*et1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cdgf3 ,/e9]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #eh1 ,no4 #acj4 ,o!r names ( consuls f #aii to #bbh are giv5 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xv4 p4 #fa 7^! are 9 graffito74 ,footnote #cdgg3 ,/e9]1 ii4 p4 #cdi ff41 ,nos4 #afdi-ea1 #afec1 #affa2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xv4 p4 #ec ff4 ,footnote #cdgh3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgg1 p4 #ahj2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 iii4 pl4 #ca1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #cdgi3 ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc1 iv4 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #cdhj3 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #acce1 #d4 ,footnote #cdha3 ,= ! te*nique ( ?is process see above1 p4 #ddb1 & ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #cdhb3 ,!re is an example ( ?is w>e f ,cologne 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,greek & ,roman ,dep>tm5t71 & o!rs at ,tur9 & ,tri]4 ,d*elette 7ii4 p4 #cji7 /ates t x is f\nd 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote #cdhc3 ,see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #aaa ff42 ,hld]1 ,=m5 d] rm4 ,?ongef4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #cdhd3 ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #cdhe3 ,ko551 ,gefsskunde1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #cdhf3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #cdhg3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #aba3 cf4 ,mus4 ,borb4 v4 #ac4 ,footnote #cdhh3 ,see = examples ,d*elette1 ii4 pl4 #e2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxiv4 pl4 #b1 figs4 #b-e1 p4 #aji2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #ic2 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv41 #ahfc1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #aa2 & ,plate ,,lxix4 fig4 #d4 ,footnote #cdhi3 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #cdij3 i4 p4 #da ff4 ,footnote #cdia3 i4 p4 #fd ff4 ,footnote #cdib3 i4 p4 #ach ff4 ,footnote #cdic3 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #ajjji1 #c2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ca ff4 ,footnote #cdid3 ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 ,suppl4 #abjac1 #c2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #cdie3 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #cdif3 ,see also ,jullian 9 ,revue des tudes ,anci5s1 i4 7#ahii71 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #cdig3 ,pa9t$ vases ) ,geometrical decoration 7 widely export$1 ev5 to ,bohemia3 see ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxvi4 7#ahie71 pls4 #e1 #f1 p4 #aif ff42 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahha-b1 pls4 #c-d1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #cdih3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ff2 x is ! =m numb]$ #aa by ,drag5dorff4 ,footnote #cdii3 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4 #fh3 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xi4 #fgjj1 #hba4 ,footnote #cejj3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 pls4 #f1 #g1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ceja3 ,op4 cit4 i4 pl4 #h1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #cejb3 ,see also op4 cit4 pl4 #i1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cejc3 ,see 8 vol4 i4 p4 #ge = fur!r details4 ,footnote #cejd3 ,a figure ( ,artemis is d]iv$ f ! type giv5 by ,haus]1 ,neuattis*e ,reliefs1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #i3 = a g5re type1 cf4 ! fi%]m5 figur$ by ,d*elette1 ,rev4 des tudes ,anci5s1 v4 p4 #ee 7 ,vases de la ,gaule1 ii4 p4 #ia1 type ,no4 #eef74 ,footnote #ceje3 ,! li/ ( names giv5 by ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ha1 w r5d] x possible to trace ,rut5ian pott]s on ^! sites 9 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 "p #c1 fasc4 #a3 see also vols4 vii4 7,brita971 x4 7,campania71 xv4 7,rome71 etc41 & ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #aje ff4 ,footnote #cejf3 ,examples 9 ,briti% & ,guildhall ,museums4 ,footnote #cejg3 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #cejh3 ,cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 #ejei1 #ebgc1 #ecee2 #dide4 ,footnote #ceji3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjee1 #bg3 cf4 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #if ff4 ,footnote #ceaj3 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #digj1 #eei f ,t>raco1 & ! vase publi%$ 9 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxiii4 7#ahih71 p4 #ajj1 fig4 #aa1 f ,c>?age4 ,footnote #ceaa3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #ceab3 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #ceac3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #ig 78,m>morirung073 see also ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #cead3 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjef1 #bhc4 ,footnote #ceae3 ,see ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #aja2 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgg1 pl4 #bh1 p4 #agb ff42 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #abj ff4 ,footnote #ceaf3 ,mus4 ,borb4 vii4 pl4 #bi2 ,c4,i4,l4 x4 #hjef1 #d2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #ceag3 ,d*elette 7i4 p4 #abe7 notes 9 ^! names a direct pro( ( exportation2 !y 7 c>ri$ ab\t by ! negotiatores or ag5ts 7p4 #eaa7 to ! diff]5t regions nam$4 ,footnote #ceah3 tude de la ,cramique ,arv]no-roma9e 7#ahhg74 ,m4 ,d*elette has embodi$ mo/ ( ,plicque's rese>*es 9 8 own acc\nt ( ! pott]ies 7i4 p4 #ach ff474 ,footnote #ceai3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 pp4 #aee1 #aid ff4 = li/s ( names1 ) types us$ by ea* & places :]e f\nd4 ,footnote #cebj3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 pls4 #d1 #e1 ,nos4 #fc-ga1 & p4 #adi4 ,footnote #ceba3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #agh ff4 ,footnote #cebb3 ,see ,plicque's summ>y 9 8 tude de la ,cramique ,arv]no-rom4 p4 #aj ff4 ,footnote #cebc3 ,see g5]ally ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #afg ff42 also ,rev4 ,ar*4 ii4 7#aijc71 pl4 #ag1 p4 #chg4 ,footnote #cebd3 ,cf4 ! ,greek /amnos 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #afd74 ,footnote #cebe3 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pp4 #hf1 #ig1 pl4 #bi2 ,cat4 ( ,london ,antiqs4 pl4 #g1 fig4 #b2 ,ri*bor\gh1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #cebf3 ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #cebg3 ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #cebh3 ,on ! te*nical aspect ( ^!1 see above1 p4 #dda2 = all o!r in=mation ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #bce ff4 ,footnote #cebi3 ,froehn]1 ,coll4 ,grau1 ,no4 #acec4 ,footnote #cecj3 ,d*elette /ates t sev5ty-n9e h be5 f\nd at ,vi5ne1 ?irty-?ree at ,lyons1 & tw5ty-n9e at ,orange4 ,footnote #ceca3 ,muses de ,france1 pls4 #ad-af1 p4 #eb ff4 ,footnote #cecb3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgg1 pl4 #ab1 p4 #ff4 ,! second ( ^! has pass$ into ! ,briti% ,museum 79 ! ,morel ,collection74 ,see ,fig4 #bbg1 & ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #cecc3 ,/ephani1 ,vas5s4 #acec2 id41 ,compte-,r5du1 #ahgc1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #cecd3 ,recueil1 vi4 #ajg3 see ,d*elette1 ii4 pp4 #bcf1 #bej1 #bec1 #bid4 ,footnote #cece3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhi1 p4 #ej1 pl4 #ae4 ,footnote #cecf3 ,see also ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 pl4 #cj1 p4 #agh = examples f ,nismes2 ,froehn]1 ,coll4 ,grau1 #acea1 #aceb2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xix4 7#ahib71 pl4 #aa1 p4 #cac2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 iii4 art4 ,=ma1 figs4 #cahd1 #cahe2 ,c4,i4,l4 xii4 #efhg4 ,all previ\s lit]ature is n[ sup]s$$ by ,d*elette's "w 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bce ff474 ,footnote #cecg3 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #cech3 ,ibid4 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #ceci3 ,ibid4 ,! =m employ$ is 8 ,no4 #fi4 ,footnote #cedj3 ,see ,hettn] 9 ,fe/s*rift fr ,j4 ,ov]beck1 p4 #afe ff42 ,ko55 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvi4 p4 #aeb ff4 ,footnote #ceda3 ,see ,fi$l]1 ,ca/ra ,vet]a1 p4 #dj2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 v4 p4 #dbb1 pls4 #ac-d2 & = /amps1 ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,danub4 et ,rh5i1 ii4 p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #acag4 ,footnote #cedb3 ,ob]bayr4 ,ar*iv fr vat]lndis*e ,ges*i*te1 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #cedc3 ,a useful summ>y is giv5 by ,von ,hefn]1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cedd3 ,cf4 ibid4 pl4 #d1 figs4 #a-g4 ,footnote #cede3 ,ibid4 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cedf3 ,see ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #ii2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #cedg3 ,9 ! ,greek & ,roman ,dep>tm5t1 f\nd at ,ma9z4 ,footnote #cedh3 ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #cedi3 ,ar*aeologia1 lvii4 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ceej3 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ceea3 ,gefsskunde 9 d5 ,rhe9l&51 p4 #fe ff4 ,= v>i\s f9ds ( pott]y 9 ,g]many see also ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxiv4 p4 #adg2 lxxxiv4 p4 #ajh ff42 lxxxix4 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #ceeb3 ,see ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxix4 7#aija71 p4 #ea ff4 ,footnote #ceec3 ,see also g5]ally ,von ,hefn]1 op4 cit42 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #hg ff41 & index to vols4 #a-fj2 ,wolff 9 ,we/deuts*e ,zeits*r4 fr ,ges*4 u4 ,kun/1 xviii4 7#ahii71 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #ceed3 ,=m5 d] rm4 ,?ongefsse1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ceee3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xiii4 p4 #ajf ff41 xxxv4 p4 #df1 lxxxvii4 p4 #fa ff41 xcvi4 p4 #aja2 ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #caa1 p4 #cab1 note #c4 ,footnote #ceef3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 i4 pl4 #d1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ceeg3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xiii4 p4 #aab2 lxxxvii4 p4 #fb2 ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,danub4 et ,rh54 ii4 p4 #aie1 ,no4 #abeb 7f ,neuss73 cf4 ,virg4 ,ecl4 iii4 #dg4 ,footnote #ceeh3 ,/e9]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj2 ,g]h>d1 ,b]l9s ant4 ,bildw4 ,no4 #afhg2 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 i4 pl4 #d1 p4 #c2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvii4 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #ceei3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xiii4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #cefj3 ,ibid4 xiii4 pp4 #aji1 #aac1 lxxxvii4 p4 #fd2 ,/e9]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee2 & 9 ,b4,m4 7,,bibe74 ,footnote #cefa3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xiii4 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh1 xxxv4 p4 #dg1 lxxxvii4 p4 #fe2 ,b4,m4 7,fig4 #bbi74 ,footnote #cefb3 ,op4 cit4 xxxv4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #cefc3 ,op4 cit4 xxxv4 p4 #dh1 lxxxvii4 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #cefd3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #cefe3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #aaa1 lxxxvii4 p4 #ff2 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #ceff3 ,op4 cit4 xxxv4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #cefg3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #aaa1 lxxxvii4 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #cefh3 ,op4 cit4 lxxxvii4 p4 #fg2 ,collect4 ,antiq4 i4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #cefi3 ,levez[1 ,b]l9] ,v]zei*niss1 p4 #cff1 ,no4 #adgj2 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 lxxxvii4 p4 #fh ,footnote #cegj3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xiii4 p4 #ajg1 lxxxvii4 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #cega3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cegb3 ,op4 cit4 xxxv4 p4 #di1 lxxxvii4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #cegc3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #ajf1 xxxv4 p4 #dh1 lxxxvii4 p4 #gh3 cf4 ,b4,m4 7,,reple ,,copo ,,da74 ,footnote #cegd3 ,op4 cit4 xxxv4 p4 #dh1 lxxxvii4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #cege3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #ajf1 xxxv4 p4 #dg1 lxxxvii4 p4 #ga2 ,levez[1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #adfi4 ,footnote #cegf3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #aaj2 ,levez[1 ,no4 #adga4 ,footnote #cegg3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #ajg1 xxxv4 p4 #di1 lxxxvii4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #cegh3 ,op4 cit4 lxxxvii4 p4 #gb2 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #cegi3 ,op4 cit4 xiii4 p4 #aaj1 xxxv4 p4 #dh1 lxxxvii4 p4 #gc2 ,b4,m4 7,,vivas74 ,footnote #cehj3 ,zeits*r4 des ,v]e9s zur ,er=s*4 d4 rhe94 ,ges*4 u4 ,alt]t4 iv4 7#aijj71 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #ceha3 ,= /amps f\nd "h & at ,voorburg1 see ,/e9]1 ,cod4 ,inscr4 ,danub4 et ,rh54 ii4 p4 #bgf1 ,no4 #addi1 p4 #bic1 ,no4 #adhd4 ,footnote #cehb3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xlvi4 p4 #aae2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #ajc4 ,!y are n[ 9 ! ,leid5 ,museum4 ,footnote #cehc3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #digj1 & p4 #eab2 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #dec2 ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #af2 & above1 pp4 #dgi1 #dii4 ,footnote #cehd3 ,see above1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #cehe3 ,see ,hav]field 9 ,cumb]l& & ,we/m4 ,ar*4 ,soc4 ,trans4 xv4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #cehf3 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pls4 #bd-h1 p4 #hi ff42 ,ri*bor\gh1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #cehg3 ,wellbelov$1 ,eburacum1 pl4 #af2 ,sc>?1 ,aquae ,solis1 pl4 #dc2 ,lee1 ,isca ,silurum1 pls4 ,,ii1 #ab4 ,footnote #cehh3 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,w>wick%ire1 i4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #cehi3 ,ar*4 ,aeliana1 x4 p4 #bfh2 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,ant4 ,scot4 xxx4 7#ahif71 p4 #agi ff42 ,hav]field1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #ceij3 ,hav]field's fig4 #h 7loc4 cit474 ,footnote #ceia3 ,hav]field1 op4 cit41 pl4 #g1 fig4 #g1 p4 #aic2 & see p4 #ebh above4 ,footnote #ceib3 ,cf4 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 ii4 p4 #ce1 & see above1 p4 #ejb4 ,footnote #ceic3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 iv4 pl4 #ag1 p4 #fc2 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #ceid3 ,see ,d*elette1 i4 p4 #bhb1 ii4 p4 #ga1 ,no4 #dbe4 ,footnote #ceie3 ,artis1 ,durobrivae1 pl4 #cj1 figs4 #a1 #d4 ,footnote #ceif3 ,h&book to ,briti% ,pott]y 9 ,mus4 ( ,pract4 ,geol4 #ahic1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #ceig3 vii4 #accd-cf4 ,supplem5t>y li/s are giv5 9 ,ar*4 ,j\rnal1 xxxv4 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #ceih3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 p4 #bch = bibliography4 ,footnote #ceii3 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 pp4 #ajb1 #ajg4 ,footnote #cfjj3 ,g5]al ref]5ce may also be made to ! ar*aeological j\rnals ( ! ,london & prov9cial societies1 & to ! volume ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e ,libr>y on ,romano-,briti% ,rema9s2 also = ,norfolk1 ,nor?ants1 ,hamp%ire1 & o!r c\nties1 to ! respective volumes ( ! ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory4 ,footnote #cfja3 ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&1 ,h]e=d1 ,h]t=d1 ,k5t1 & ,lanca%ire4 ,footnote #cfjb3 ,see ,hav]field1 9 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 p4 #bjh1 fig4 #bi4 ,footnote #cfjc3 ,cf4 ,hav]field1 figs4 #cb1 #cc4 ,footnote #cfjd3 ,ibid4 fig4 #cc4 ,footnote #cfje3 ,ibid4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #cfjf3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 iv4 pl4 #ba1 p4 #hb2 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 p4 #baa2 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #acce1 #c4 ,footnote #cfjg3 ,b see above1 p4 #ecf1 & ,d*elette1 ii4 p4 #caa4 ,footnote #cfjh3 ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 liv4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #cfji3 ,artis1 ,durobrivae1 pl4 #bh2 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 p4 #baa1 fig4 #cd3 cf4 ibid4 p4 #aij fig4 #ah1 p4 #aib 7f ,b$=d ,purlieus74 ,footnote #cfaj3 ,collect4 ,antiq4 iv4 pl4 #bd4 ,footnote #cfaa3 ,ibid4 iv4 p4 #ia3 cf4 ! vase m5tion$ on p4 #eci4 ,footnote #cfab3 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 ,j\rn4 i4 p4 #e ff4 ,footnote #cfac3 ,hav]field1 9 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,nor?ants1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #cfad3 ,ar*4 ,j\rn41 xiii4 p4 #agc3 cf4 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accf1 #bbj4 ,footnote #cfae3 ,see on ?is w>e ,roa*-,smi?1 ,collect4 ,antiq4 vi4 p4 #agh1 pl4 #cf1 & ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #hb2 ,wright1 ,uriconium1 p4 #bdg ff41 & ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #cfaf3 ,hav]field1 9 ,vict4 ,c\nty ,hi/4 ( ,hants1 i4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #cfag3 ,ar*aeologia1 xxxv4 p4 #ia2 ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 liv4 p4 #cdh2 x4 p4 #h2 xxx4 p4 #cai2 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiq4 #a/ ,s]4 ii4 p4 #bhe1 iv4 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #cfah3 ,trait1 i4 p4 #cha4 ,footnote #cfai3 ,roman ,art 9 ,cir5ce/]1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #cfbj3 ,see ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #cfba3 ,c4,i4,l4 xv4 p4 #efj2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgh1 p4 #aai ff4 ,footnote #cfbb3 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,ant4 #bnd ,s]4 iii4 7#ahfg71 p4 #ddj 7n[ 9 ,b4,m473 cf4 ,artis1 ,durobrivae1 pl4 #di4 ,footnote #cfbc3 ,brongni>t1 i4 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #cfbd3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,olla4 ,footnote #cfbe3 ,cf4 ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #cei ff42 ,ar*aeologia1 xii4 pl4 #ad1 p4 #ajh2 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 ,j\rn4 i4 p4 #bci2 & see above1 p4 #deg4 ,footnote #cfbf3 ,brongni>t1 i4 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #cfbg3 ,see g5]ally ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accd4 ,footnote #cfbh3 ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 xlvi4 7#ahij71 p4 #aef2 o!r examples at ,col*e/] & ,exet] & ,guildhall 7,cat4 p4 #ajd1 ,no4 #fda1 ,q ,,eriv ,,g]manvs73 see also ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accd1 #fc4 ,footnote #cfbi3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ill4 ,rom4 ,lond4 p4 #hi2 ,c4,i4,l4 vii4 #accd1 #dc4 ,footnote #cfcj3 ,artis1 ,durobrivae1 pl4 #di1 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #cfca3 ,see ,vict4 ,hi/4 ( ,hants1 i4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #cfcb3 ,cf4 ,plicque1 ,cramique ,arv]no-roma9e1 pp4 #af1 #cj4 ,footnote #cfcc3 ,bonn] ,jahrb4 xcvi4 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #cfcd3 ,ibid4 p4 #hi2 ,hettn] 9 ,fe/s*r4 fr ,joh4 ,ov]beck1 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #cfce3 ,c4,i4,l4 xii4 #efhe1 #aie1 #cfb1 #hca1 #hde2 ,b4 ,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #ade-dg 7wrongly includ$ 9 t volume among tile-/amps74 ,footnote #cfcf3 ,ar*4 ,j\rn4 ix4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #cfcg3 ,roa*-,smi?1 ,ri*bor\gh1 p4 #gd2 ,wright1 ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #bha2 o!rs 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #cfch3 ,wright1 ,uriconium1 p4 #bea4 ,examples may be se5 9 ! ,%rewsbury ,museum4 ,footnote #cfci3 ,wright1 ibid4 p4 #beb1 & ,celt1 ,roman1 & ,saxon#d1 p4 #bgh4 ,,index ,,note4--,names ( arti/s & -names n includ$ 9 ?is li/ w be f\nd 9 ^? giv5 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bgc ff4 ,abaskantos1 lamp-mak]1 i4 #ajh ,abec$>ia1 ii4 #caa1 & see ,alphabet ,abella1 vases f1 i4 #ha2 fabric (1 i4 #dhd ,acan?us-patt]ns1 ii4 #bbc ,acetabulum1 ii4 #dfi ,a*aeans 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bde1 & see #bge ,a*elos1 ii4 #hc1 #aja ,a*illes on vases1 ii4 #abj ff42 fight ov] body (1 i4 #cbc ,acids us$ = clean+ vases1 i4 #dj1 #da ,aco ,aca/us1 pott]1 ii4 #eag ,acratophorum1 ii4 #dfd ,acrobats1 ii4 #afe1 #ahb ,actors on vases1 i4 #dgc1 ii4 #afj ff41 #aig ,adjuvate1 sodales1 inscription on lamp1 ii4 #daa1 #dbb ,admetos & ,alke/is1 ii4 #ajb1 #adj1 #caj1 #cab ,adonis1 ii4 #db ,adra/os1 ii4 #aai ,aecetiae pocolom1 i4 #dij ,aegean pott]y1 i4 #bfb ff41 #bge ---- ,isl&s1 vase-f9ds 9 !1 i4 #ed ff4 ,aeg9a1 p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ai1 #hb2 vases f1 i4 #ed1 #cjh1 #dib ,aegi/hos1 dea? (1 ii4 #ach ,a5eas on vases1 ii4 #abi1 #ace2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad1 #dba ,aeolis1 f9ds 91 i4 #fb2 pott]y (1 i4 #cci1 #cdg1 #cef ,aeolus1 ii4 #ad ,aeson1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #ddd ,aesop on vase1 ii4 #aea2 on lamp1 ii4 #dae2 fables (1 on lamps1 ii4 #daf 8,affect$0 amphorae1 i4 #chg ,africa1 types ( tombs 91 i4 #cf2 vases f1 i4 #fg2 ,ionic pott]y (1 i4 #cdj ff42 relations ) ,ionia1 i4 #cee2 lamps f1 ii4 #cii1 #djf1 #dbg2 bu/ (1 on lamp1 ii4 #dab 1 i4 #ih ,agam$es & ,trophonios1 ii4 #adj ,agamemnon on vases1 ii4 #abf1 #acg ,agia ,p>askevi 7,cyprus71 i4 #ce1 #ff1 #bdf ,agon1 ii4 #hi1 #aid ,agra1 my/]ies (1 ii4 #bg1 #ajd ,agriculture on vases1 ii4 #aga ,agrig5tum1 see ,girg5ti ,agrios1 my? (1 ii4 #ada ,agrippa1 pa9t] on t]racotta1 i4 #aai1 ii4 #cff ,aigeus1 ii4 #ajh ,ai?ra1 ii4 #bd ,ajax1 son ( ,oleus1 ii4 #acd1 #ace ---- son ( ,telamon1 ii4 #abd1 #abh1 #abi2 dea? (1 ii4 #acc1 #caj ,akamas & ,demophon1 ii4 #ace 1 i4 #ahf 1 i4 #agc ,akratos1 i4 #hh1 ii4 #fd 1 i4 #ig ff4 ,aktaeon on vases1 ii4 #ce1 #caj2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad2 on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejh ,aktor & ,a/yo*e1 ii4 #adc 1 i4 #acc ,alaba/ron1 i4 #aif1 #cjh1 #cab1 #dib ,alba ,longa1 i4 #gi2 hut-urns f1 ii4 #bhh ,alcaeus quot$1 i4 #acc2 on vases1 ii4 #aea ,alex&] ! ,great on ,arret9e vase1 ii4 #did ,alex&ria1 vases f1 i4 #fg1 #adf2 porcela9 w>e (1 i4 #abi2 w9e-amphorae f1 i4 #aed ff4 ,alex&r9e subjects on vases1 i4 #ejb2 9 ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #chf2 on ,roman lamps1 ii4 #dah2 on ,arret9e vases1 ii4 #dhi ,alke/is1 see ,admetos ,alkm5a1 i4 #dhj1 ii4 #ai ,alkyoneus1 ii4 #ajj ,allegory on vases1 i4 #ba ,alli]1 valley (1 z c5tre = ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #chj ff42 = pott]y1 ii4 #ecc2 clay (1 ii4 #dcd ,allifae1 pott]y (1 ii4 #dge1 #dgh 1 ii4 #agi1 #bjj ,alphabet1 introduction into ,greece & e>ly v>ieties1 ii4 #bde ff42 s*eme ( e>ly v>ieties1 ii4 #bdh2 ,attic1 i4 #ab1 ii4 #bdf1 #bfh2 e>ly ,etruscan1 ii4 #bif1 #caa ,altemura1 vases f1 i4 #he ,alyzia1 inscrib$ tile f1 i4 #ajb ,amasis1 k+ ( ,egypt1 i4 #cde ---- pott]1 i4 #cha ff41 #chg ---- vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dci ,ama?us1 pott]y f1 i4 #cf1 #ff1 #adg1 #bej1 #bec ,amazons on vases1 ii4 #ii1 #aaa1 #acb1 #add1 #aie2 on lamps1 ii4 #dae ,am]ica1 museums (1 i4 #bf1 #cj ,amorgos1 pott]y f1 i4 #ef1 #bfb ,amphi>aos1 i4 #gf1 #cah1 ii4 #aah ,amphion1 ii4 #aag ,amphitrite1 ii4 #bc1 #ahi ,amphitruo ( ,rh9?on1 see i4 #dgc ,amphorae1 =ms ( ,greek1 i4 #aec ff42 ,apulian1 i4 #afb1 #dfi2 ,attic1 i4 #bie1 #cfh1 #cgb1 #daa2 ,*alcidian1 i4 #cbb2 ,melian1 i4 #eg1 #cja2 ,nico/h5ic1 i4 #che2 ,pana!naic1 i4 #df1 #fi1 #hd1 #acb1 #ade1 #chh ff42 8,tyrrh5ian10 i4 #afj1 #cbd2 8affect$10 i4 #chg2 8false-neck$10 i4 #bdf1 #bga2 ornam5tation (1 i4 #cge1 ii4 #bcd2 prices paid =1 i4 #dd ff42 anci5t examples at ,ery?rae1 i4 #bje2 us$ z w9e-j>s1 i4 #aed ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #dfj ff4 1 i4 #ahf ,ampulla1 ii4 #dfe ,amyklae1 pott]y f1 i4 #eb ,amykos1 ii4 #aae ,amymone1 ii4 #bd ,anakles1 pott]1 i4 #chd ,anakreon on vases1 ii4 #aeb ,analyses ( pott]y1 i4 #bjc1 ii4 #cja1 #dce ,ananke1 ii4 #fi1 #ij 1 ii4 #agh ,&]na*1 ,roman pott]y f1 ii4 #ejj1 #ejb1 #eji1 #ebb1 #ecc ,&okides1 pott]1 i4 #chf1 #dja1 ii4 #beh ,&roma*e & ,a/yanax1 ii4 #aca ,&rom$a1 ii4 #aac 1 ii4 #ge ,animals on e>ly vases1 see ,*apt]s ,,vi4-,,viii4 passim2 z subjects on vases1 ii4 #ahd ff42 on lamps1 ii4 #dah2 z pets1 ii4 #afh1 #agc ,annia ,arescusana1 pott]1 ii4 #cfg ,annum novum fau/um felicem1 inscription on lamps1 ii4 #cih1 #dbj ,ansae lunulatae1 ii4 #bhg ,antaios1 i4 #dca1 ii4 #ajj ,antefixal ornam5ts1 ,greek1 i4 #ig ff42 ,etruscan1 ii4 #cag2 ,roman1 ii4 #cdc ff41 & see #cfe1 #cga ,ante-,hom]ica1 subjects f1 ii4 #d1 #aai ff4 ,antepagm5tum1 ii4 #cae1 #cfe ,an!don1 vases f1 i4 #ec ,antonius ,epaphras1 ,m41 pott]1 ii4 #cfg ,anzi1 vases f\nd at1 i4 #hc1 #dha ,apate1 ii4 #ij ,apes on vases1 i4 #cee1 ii4 #ahe ,aphidna1 e>ly pott]y f1 i4 #di1 #bgh ,aphrodite1 9 t]racottas1 i4 #abc ff42 d$ications to1 at ,naukratis1 i4 #cde2 repres5tations (1 on vases1 ii4 #db ff41 #aia2 on cup 9 ,b4 ,m41 i4 #dcd1 #deg2 ) ,p]sephone1 ii4 #bh1 #db2 at ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ii4 #abb2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfh2 9 ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #che2 on lamps1 ii4 #daj2 & see ,v5us ,apollo1 d$ications to1 i4 #aci1 #cde2 repres5tations (1 on vases1 ii4 #bi ff41 #ahi2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ac1 #ae2 ) ,h]akles1 ii4 #cc1 #ig1 #ajc2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfh2 on lamps1 ii4 #dji2 & see ,helios ,apollodoros1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dci ,apollonia1 vases f1 i4 #fj ,appius1 ,l41 pott]1 ii4 #dij ,appliqu reliefs1 i4 #aai1 #dig2 at ,lez\x1 ii4 #ebi2 & see ,apuleius quot$1 ii4 #djc ,apulia1 vases f1 i4 #hc ff42 local pott]y (1 ii4 #cbc ff42 pa9t$ pott]y (1 i4 #dfh ff41 #dhe1 #dhf2 %apes1 i4 #add1 #aga1 #agh1 #agi1 #dfi2 ornam5tation1 i4 #dfh1 ii4 #bce2 arrangem5t ( subjects on1 ii4 #bji2 inscriptions on1 ii4 #bga ff42 sepul*ral subjects on1 i4 #add1 #dgf1 ii4 #aeg2 sc5es f ,"u-_w on1 ii4 #fg ff4 ,aqu$ucts1 use ( brick 91 ii4 #ccf ,ar*emoros1 ii4 #aah 1 ii4 #ib ,ar*]s1 ii4 #agg1 #agh1 #aii ,ar*ikles1 pott]1 i4 #cgd1 #chd ,ar*itecture1 t]racotta us$ 91 i4 #ia ff42 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #cad ff42 at ,rome & ,pompeii1 ii4 #ccj ff42 use ( bricks & tiles 91 i4 #ia ff41 ii4 #ccf ff41 #cdc2 use ( vases 91 ii4 #deg2 treatm5t (1 9 vase-pa9t+s1 ii4 #bje ff42 imitations (1 9 arrangem5t ( designs1 i4 #cgh1 ii4 #bjg2 9 patt]ns1 ii4 #baa ,ar*ons1 names (1 on vases1 i4 #fi1 #cij 1 i4 #afg ,ares on vases1 ii4 #da1 #aij2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ac1 #ae2 on lamps1 ii4 #dji ,arezzo1 pott]y f\nd at1 i4 #bi1 #gb1 ii4 #dgi1 #dha2 pott]s' tools & /amps f1 i4 #bjg1 ii4 #dch1 #dci1 #dic2 & see ,arretium ,argolis1 pott]y f1 i4 #ea2 z c5tre ( fabric1 i4 #bgd1 #bih1 #cjg1 #ccf2 inscriptions 9 alphabet (1 i4 #cjh1 #cce1 #ceg1 ii4 #bdi ,argonauts on vases1 i4 #ddb1 ii4 #aae1 & see ii4 #ajd ,argos1 vases f1 i4 #eb ---- gu>dian ( ,io1 ii4 #bj ,ariadne on vases1 ii4 #eg1 #aaj1 #bih ,aridikes & ,telephanes1 pa9t]s1 i4 #cab1 #cbj1 #cie ,arimaspi1 ii4 #adh ,ari/onos1 vase (1 i4 #afh1 #big1 ii4 #bdi ,ari/ophanes quot$ or ref]r$ to1 i4 #acb1 #adc1 ii4 #bff ---- vase pa9t]1 i4 #ddd ,arkesilaos ( ,kyr5e1 i4 #cda ff41 ii4 #adi2 cup ) subject (1 i4 #dd1 #cda ff41 ii4 #adi1 #bej ---- sculptor & modell]1 ii4 #cgb ,arles1 pott]y f1 ii4 #ebd ,arm$ foot-race1 ii4 #afd ,arm5to1 vases f1 i4 #hc ,arm+ ( w>riors1 ii4 #age ,arm\r1 h[ repres5t$1 ii4 #aih ,arrangem5t ( subjects on vases1 ii4 #bjf ff4 ,arret9e vases1 ii4 #dgi ff42 connection (1 ) ,gauli% w>e1 ii4 #ejj1 #eag ff4 ,arretium z c5tre ( fabric1 ii4 #dcb1 #dge1 #dgg2 & see ,arezzo ,artemis1 on lamps1 i4 #ajg1 ii4 #dji2 on vases1 ii4 #cj ff41 #ce1 #aij2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ac1 #ae2 z ,aidos1 ii4 #ij2 ,asiatic1 i4 #ef1 #bhi1 #cja1 ii4 #ce2 ,diktynna1 i4 #dig1 ii4 #ce ,artis on kilns at ,ca/or1 ii4 #dce1 #ddg ff4 ,arti/ic aspects ( /udy ( vases1 i4 #ac1 & see i4 #bj ,arti/s' signatures1 ii4 #bdd1 #beg ff41 #bgb2 li/ (1 ii4 #bgc ff42 ,a!nian1 i4 #cgi ff41 #dbj ff41 ii4 #beg ff4 1 1 i4 #agi 1 i4 #agi ,aryballos1 i4 #abg1 #aig1 #cjj2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #cab2 lat] type1 i4 #dab1 #dib ,a%molean ,museum1 see ,ox=d ,asia p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ha ,asia ,m9or1 vase-collections 91 i4 #cj2 tombs (1 i4 #cd2 vase-f9ds 91 i4 #fa1 #ccj1 #cef2 lamps f1 i4 #ajh2 porcela9 w>e f1 i4 #abi ,asiatic art1 influ5ce (1 on ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dhi2 & see ,ionic ,as9e1 pott]y f1 i4 #eb ,asklepios1 ii4 #gf2 on lamp 7871 ii4 #daf ,askos1 i4 #aai1 #abi1 #aii2 local ,apulian1 ii4 #cbe1 #cbf ,ass>iik1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd1 #bhj1 #cdj ,assos1 pott]y f1 i4 #fb ,as/eas1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #ha1 #hc1 #dgb1 #dgd1 #dgh ff41 ii4 #ajd1 #bga ,assyrian bricks & cyl9d]s1 i4 #f1 #g2 enamels1 i4 #h2 textile fabrics1 i4 #cab1 #ccc1 #ccd2 influ5ce on ,greek pott]y1 i4 #bie1 #ccc2 & see ,ori5tal ,a/i1 see ,ha/a on tiles1 i4 #aja ,a/yanax1 ii4 #aca1 #acd ,atalante1 ii4 #ada1 #adb2 on ,gauli% vase1 ii4 #ecb ---- 9 ,lokris1 vases f\nd at1 i4 #ec ,ate1 ii4 #ij ,ateius1 ,cn41 pott]1 ii4 #ejj ,a?amas 7871 see ,salmoneus ,a!na1 on vases1 i4 #cbc1 ii4 #cg ff42 types (1 ii4 #aij2 /atues (1 ii4 #dj1 #acd1 & see ,palladion2 ,p>!nos on vases1 i4 #ddi1 #dea2 ,proma*os1 i4 #chi2 ) ,poseidon on vase1 i4 #dfd1 #dig1 ii4 #bd2 on lamp1 ii4 #dji2 bir? (1 i4 #cgj1 #cif1 ii4 #ae1 #bid2 bir?-type us$ = o!r sc5es1 i4 #chh2 ) ,h]akles1 ii4 #ch1 #aje2 9 ,trojan sc5es1 ii4 #ci1 #acc2 at ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ii4 #abb ,a!naeus on %apes ( vases1 i4 #adh ff42 on dr9k+-cups1 i4 #ahj ff4 on tile f ,m>a?on1 i4 #ii ,a!nian arti/s or pott]s1 i4 #cgi ff41 #dba ff41 ii4 #bee ff42 migration (1 to o!r p>ts1 i4 #dfd1 #dfe2 fe/ivals1 ii4 #aef2 horsem5 or knights1 ii4 #aff1 #agg1 #agi2 sepul*ral reliefs1 i4 #dgg1 ii4 #aeh2 tribal h]oes1 ii4 #adj2 vases made = ,cyprus1 i4 #bee2 export$ to o!r p>ts1 i4 #aa1 #dje1 #deh1 #dfd2 influ5c$ by ,ionian1 i4 #bid1 #bie1 #chh2 contra/$ ) ,ionian1 i4 #ccb1 #cef2 *ronology (1 i4 #dja ff41 #dfc1 ii4 #bgj2 & see g5]ally ,dipylon1 ,proto-,attic1 ,black-figur$1 ,r$-figur$2 :ite leky?i1 i4 #dh1 #ed1 #hf1 #acb1 #adb1 #aif1 #ded ff41 ii4 #aeg ,a!ns1 hi/ory (1 9 connection ) vases1 i4 #aa1 #cfi1 #dah1 #dfc2 f9ds ( vases at1 i4 #ab1 #cc1 #df ff42 ( lamps1 i4 #ajh2 museum (1 i4 #bf1 #cj1 #dh2 ,acropolis1 f9ds on1 i4 #cc1 #dh1 #ach1 #djb2 tombs at1 i4 #cc1 #dg1 #adb1 #adg2 mod]n =g]s at1 i4 #dc2 pott]s' qu>t] at1 i4 #hi1 #bca2 public measure at1 i4 #ace2 e>ly arti/ic position (1 i4 #bce1 #bib1 #cfi2 art ( pa9t+ at1 i4 #cif ff41 #dji1 #dda ff41 #ded2 pott]y (1 see ,*apt]s ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,,ix4-,,xi4 passim2 its native orig91 i4 #bj1 #bgh2 inscriptions on vases1 ii4 #bee ff41 & see ,attic2 t]m9ation ( vase-pa9t+ at1 i4 #dfc ff4 ,a?letes on vases1 i4 #dag1 #dgf1 ii4 #afb ff42 attire (1 ii4 #aig ,atilius1 ,k41 pott]1 i4 #ejb ,atlantes ( t]racotta at ,pompeii1 ii4 #cgd ,atlas1 ii4 #ge ,atreus & ,?ye/es1 ii4 #ada ,attegia tegulicia1 ii4 #cdb ,attic alphabet1 i4 #ab1 ii4 #bdf1 #bfh2 dialect1 ii4 #bcg1 #bee2 inscriptions1 i4 #bia1 #bif1 #cbe1 #cgj1 #cgi1 ii4 #bee ff42 palaeography (1 ii4 #bfh ff42 com$y reflect$ on vases1 i4 #dgc1 #dhc1 #dhd2 leg5ds on vases1 ii4 #ach ff4 ,attica1 f9ds ( pott]y 91 i4 #di1 #bgh ff42 & see ,a!ns ,auge1 i4 #dgd1 ii4 #ajd ,aulis1 sc5es at1 ii4 #abd ,aurae1 ii4 #ha1 #aic ,au/]1 /amp (1 ii4 #ddj ,au/ralis on ,roman tile1 ii4 #cei ,au/ria1 vase-collections (1 i4 #bh ,auv]gne1 pott]ies 91 ii4 #ejd2 & see ,lez\x ,avot = fecit1 ii4 #chb1 #eji ,babylonia1 bricks (1 i4 #f1 #h1 #ia1 #id2 cyl9d]s & tablets1 i4 #g2 enamels1 i4 #h ,bac*ic sc5es1 see ,dionysiac ,bac*ylides & vase-pa9t+s1 ii4 #f ,bak+1 ( t]racottas1 i4 #aaf2 ( vases1 i4 #bad ff42 ov5s =1 i4 #aje2 & see ,kilns ,ball-games1 ii4 #afg ,banassac1 fabric (1 ii4 #ebd ,banquet-sc5es1 ii4 #ahj ff42 use ( kylix 91 i4 #ahh ,b>b>ians on vases1 i4 #dbj1 ii4 #agh ff4 ,b>bot9e decoration1 i4 #acj1 #baj1 ii4 #dch1 #ddb1 #eje1 #eab2 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #eac1 #ecf2 at ,lez\x1 ii4 #ebh1 #ebi2 at ,ca/or1 ii4 #edd ,b>gates1 pott]1 ii4 #dhc ,b>i1 vases f1 i4 #hd1 #hf2 local pott]y (1 ii4 #cbf 8,base-r+0 w>e 7,cypriote71 i4 #bdb ,basile & ,e*elos1 ii4 #bg1 #adj ,ba?+-sc5es1 ii4 #afe1 #agc ,ba?s1 use ( tiles 91 i4 #ajc1 ii4 #cdb1 #cdf2 use ( bricks 91 ii4 #cca1 #cce1 #cci2 vessels us$ =1 i4 #agf ---- ( ,c>acalla1 arrangem5ts (1 ii4 #cdg ,be>s on lamps1 ii4 #cih 8,belgic0 black w>e1 ii4 #eeb ,bell]ophon on vases1 ii4 #aad2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad ,b5ghazi1 vases f1 i4 #fh2 porcela9 w>e f1 i4 #abi2 & see ,cyr5aica ,b]l9 ,museum1 i4 #be1 #bh ,bibe1 amice1 de meo on ,gauli% vase1 ii4 #ebd 1 i4 #afd 8,bil+ual0 vases1 i4 #chg ,biremes on ,geometrica vases1 i4 #bia1 ii4 #agh ,blacas krat]1 i4 #dji1 #ddc1 ii4 #gh1 #gi ,black punctur$ w>e 7,cypriote71 i4 #bdb ---- slip w>e 7,cypriote71 i4 #bda ---- v>ni%1 i4 #baj1 #bai ff41 #cga1 #dje ---- w>es 7,etruscan71 ii4 #bia2 m5tion$ 9 ,lat9 lit]ature1 ii4 #cjd2 pla9 ,roman1 ii4 #eeb2 & see ,etruria1 ,naukratis1 etc4 ,black-bodi$ amphorae1 i4 #aea2 o!r vases1 i4 #bba ,black-figur$ vases1 i4 #bai1 #cfh2 f ,cyprus1 i4 #bee2 f ,ionia1 i4 #ccj1 #cef ff42 te*nique (1 i4 #bai1 #cgj2 %apes1 i4 #cgb ff42 ornam5tation1 i4 #cge ff41 ii4 #bcd2 subjects1 i4 #cgf ff42 arti/s (1 i4 #cgi ff41 ii4 #bgd2 arrangem5t ( subjects on1 ii4 #bjg2 -names on1 ii4 #bgg2 transition to ,r4,f41 i4 #chf1 #cic1 #djj2 treatm5t ( eye on1 comp>$ ) ,r4,f41 i4 #djh2 subjects comp>$ ) ,r4,f41 i4 #daf ff42 v>ieties ( amphora 91 i4 #aei ,blan*et on ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #chj ff42 on kilns 9 ,france1 ii4 #ddc1 #dea2 on ,gauli% pott]y-c5tres1 ii4 #ecc ,bo>-hunts on vases1 i4 #cae1 ii4 #aff2 & see ,calydonian ,boat-%ap$ vases1 i4 #ahf2 lamps1 ii4 #djc ,bhlau on ,geometrical pott]y1 i4 #bhf ff42 on ,proto-,attic1 i4 #bib2 on ,phal]on w>e1 i4 #bih2 on ,ionic pott]y1 i4 #ccf ff4 ,boeotia1 pott]y f1 i4 #eb2 tiles f1 i4 #ajb2 t]racottas f1 i4 #aah1 #abc1 #bij2 ,myc5aean pott]y f1 i4 #bgd2 ,geometrical1 i4 #eb1 #aei1 #bhf2 bronze fibulae (1 i4 #bij2 ,proto-,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cjg2 lat] local fabrics1 i4 #cjj1 #cia1 #dea2 vases ) reliefs1 i4 #dig2 alphabet (1 ii4 #beb2 arti/s' signatures1 ii4 #beb1 #bgc ,boiae1 f\ndation ( 7871 ii4 #adc ,bologna1 vases f1 i4 #gb2 ,villanuova civilisation at1 ii4 #bhe ,bols5a1 vases f1 i4 #gc1 #eja ,bom>zo1 vases f1 i4 #gd 1 i4 #aih ,borax1 use (1 = r$ glaze1 ii4 #dcg ,boreades1 ii4 #ha1 #aae1 #aaf ,boreas1 ii4 #hj1 #aae1 #aid ,bori$us1 pott]1 ii4 #eea ,bo/on ,museum1 i4 #bf1 #cj2 vase 91 ii4 #dhc ,b[ls1 ,meg>ian or ,hom]ic1 i4 #ej1 #ec1 #acd1 #ahe1 #dii2 = libations1 i4 #adj1 #aib1 ii4 #dga2 8,italian ,meg>ian10 ii4 #dij2 =ms ( ,gauli%1 ii4 #eja1 #ebj ff42 & see ,calix1 ,pat]a1 ,phiale ,box]s1 ii4 #afc ,brazi]s1 i4 #aje ,bricks1 use (1 9 ,babylonia1 i4 #f1 #ia2 9 ,greece1 i4 #hi ff42 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #cad2 at ,rome1 ii4 #cca1 #ccf1 #cdj1 #ceb2 at ,pompeii1 ii4 #ccg2 sun-dri$1 i4 #ia ff41 ii4 #cca1 #cce2 bak$1 i4 #ie1 ii4 #ccd ff42 sizes ( ,roman1 ii4 #ccb2 me?ods ( con/ruction 91 ii4 #ccg ff42 /amps & inscriptions on1 ii4 #ceb ff42 & see ,tiles ,bridal sc5es1 see ,m>riage ,brita91 vase-collections 91 i4 #bg2 use ( brick 91 ii4 #ccb1 #ccg1 & see #cce2 tiles f1 ii4 #cdf1 #cdh1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfc2 t]racotta /atuettes f1 ii4 #cgi1 #chd2 kilns f\nd 91 ii4 #ddd1 #dde1 #ded2 w9e-amphorae1 ii4 #dfa2 ,roman pott]y f\nd 91 ii4 #edj ff42 import$ w>es1 ii4 #ejd1 #edj2 subjects1 #ejh2 types & *ronological sequ5ce1 ii4 #edj2 b>bot9e w>es 91 ii4 #eac1 #edd2 ,rut5ian1 ii4 #ebb2 ,lez\x w>e1 ii4 #ebi2 8false ,samian0 w>e1 ii4 #eda2 pott]s' names f1 ii4 #edb2 local fabrics1 ii4 #edc ff42 pla9 w>es1 ii4 #edi ff42 & see ,ca/or1 ,new ,=e/1 ,up*ur* ,briti% ,museum1 i4 #ag1 #bd1 #bg2 prices paid by1 = vases1 i4 #dc ff4 ---- ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 excavations (1 i4 #eg1 #bfb1 #bfe 1 i4 #ahf ,brongni>t on ,greek vases1 i4 #bjc2 on buc*]o1 ii4 #cja2 on pla9 ,roman w>es1 ii4 #dcg1 #edh ,bronze1 work]s 91 ii4 #aga2 imitations (1 9 buc*]o w>e1 ii4 #cjc2 9 ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #ebh1 #eeb ---- ,age 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #ce1 #ff1 #bjf1 #bcg ff42 9 ,italy1 ii4 #bhc ff42 porcela9 w>e (1 i4 #abg ,brunn on ,melian reliefs1 i4 #abj ,bru%es us$ = pa9t+ vases1 i4 #bbg ,brygos1 pott]1 i4 #dba1 #dcg1 ii4 #bef ,buc*]o w>e 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bdb2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhi1 #bie1 #cja ff4 ,bucket1 see 1 ,situla ,bul>*os1 pa9t]1 i4 #cfa1 #cfc ,burgon vases1 i4 #de1 #dg1 #eg1 #ade1 #bhe1 #bie ,burial sc5es1 & use ( vases 91 see ,fun]al ,burlesques1 ii4 #aei2 & see ,c>icatures1 ,com$y ,busiris1 ii4 #ajb ,bu/s ( t]racotta 7fun]eal71 i4 #abc ,butades1 i4 #ih1 #aaj ,butrio1 pott]1 ii4 #ebg ,cacus1 ii4 #ajj ,cadus1 ii4 #dfc2 & see ,caecilius ,saevus1 ,l41 lamp-mak]1 ii4 #djf1 #dbc1 #dbe1 #dbh ,ca]e1 see ,c]vetri ,ca]etan hydriae1 i4 #aff1 #cec ff41 ii4 #cjh2 alli$ fabrics1 i4 #cef ff4 ,caes>1 ,c4 ,julius1 8 f9ds ( vases at ,cor9?1 i4 #acd ,cai/or-by-,norwi*1 kiln at1 ii4 #dde1 #ddi ,cal5e phialae1 i4 #ejb1 & see ii4 #dij ,calidius ,/rigo1 pott]1 ii4 #dhb ,calix1 ii4 #dfh2 & see ,b[l1 ,kylix ,calvi 7,cales71 vases f1 i4 #ha1 #aai1 #adf1 #aia1 #ejb ,calydonian bo>-hunt1 ii4 #aad1 #bid ,calyx-patt]ns1 ii4 #bba ,cambridge1 ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 i4 #bg ,cambridge%ire1 ,roman tombs 91 ii4 #cea1 #def ,campania1 vases f\nd 91 i4 #hj1 #adf2 amphorae (1 i4 #afb1 #dfi1 #dhd2 fabrics (1 i4 #dfg ff41 #dhb ff42 local1 i4 #bbg1 #dhd2 ,roman pott]y 91 ii4 #dge1 #dgh ,c&elabrum-amphorae1 i4 #afb ,can9o1 i4 #dd1 #gf2 & see ,vulci ,canoleius1 ,l41 pott]1 i4 #ejb ,canopic j>s 7,etruscan71 ii4 #cjd ,canosa1 vases f1 i4 #hd1 #aah1 #adf1 #dhg ,cap$o1 capis1 ii4 #dga ,capitol9e ,jupit]1 temple (1 ii4 #cad1 #cga1 & see i4 #aaf2 /atue (1 ii4 #cad1 #cgb ,capua1 vases f1 i4 #ha1 ii4 #dhh1 #dic2 tiles f1 i4 #ih1 #ajc2 vases ) gild+ f1 i4 #baj1 #bca1 #dih2 =g]ies made at1 i4 #db ,c>ia1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd1 #ccj1 #cdj ,c>icatures on vases1 i4 #cib ,c>?age1 lamps f1 ii4 #cig1 #cii1 #dje1 #dbb2 ,gauli% vase at1 ii4 #ebc ,casks1 see ,dolium1 ,pi?os ,ca/or1 kilns (1 ii4 #dce1 #dcg1 #ddd1 #ddf ff42 w>e (1 ii4 #edc1 & see #ddb1 #ecf ,catagrapha1 i4 #cig1 #dee ,catalogues ( vases1 i4 #bf ff42 & see ,bibliography 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,cat9us & catillus1 ii4 #dfi ,cato on t]racotta sculpture at ,rome1 ii4 #cgc ,caudebec1 t]racotta figure f1 ii4 #chd ,cave-dwell+s1 pott]y f1 i4 #d ,ceglie1 vases f1 i4 #hd ,c5taurs1 ii4 #ajb1 #aaa1 #ade1 #aie ,c5torbi1 vases f1 i4 #hg ,c]ialis1 pott]1 ii4 #dci1 #eaa1 #ecf ,c]igo1 see ,ky!ra ,c]vetri 7,ca]e71 vases f1 i4 #ge1 ii4 #bib ff41 #big1 #cjg1 #cjh2 ar*itectural t]racottas f1 i4 #ih1 ii4 #cae1 #cag2 vases ) reliefs f1 i4 #dif1 ii4 #bib2 pa9t$ slabs f1 ii4 #bii1 #cai2 ,regul9i-,galassi tomb at1 ii4 #cjj2 abec$>ia f1 ii4 #caa2 s>cophagi f1 ii4 #cag1 #cba ,cesnola1 i4 #fe ,*a*rylion1 pott]1 i4 #dbj1 #dbd1 #dbg1 #dcj *are ka pei e1 i4 #cgc1 ii4 #bfe ,*alcidian vases1 i4 #cba ff42 alphabet & inscriptions1 ii4 #bec ,*alco/h5es or ,caico/h5es1 i4 #ib ,*alkis z pott]y c5tre1 i4 #ee1 #cjg1 #cba ff41 #die ,*amb]-tombs 7,etruscan71 ii4 #bid ff4 ,*>es1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cae ,*>9os1 pott]1 i4 #daa1 #dib ,*>iot-sc5es on vases1 ii4 #afd1 #aff1 #agf2 on lamps1 ii4 #dag1 #dbb ,*>iote]1 dress (1 ii4 #aih ,*>on1 i4 #dei1 ii4 #fi1 #aic ,*>un1 ii4 #fi1 #aic1 #caj ,*eiron1 ii4 #ie1 #abj1 #ade ,*elis1 pott]1 i4 #dbj1 #dbd1 #dbg ,*equ]-patt]ns1 ii4 #bae ,*e/ ( ,kypselos1 see ,kypselos ,*evron-patt]ns1 ii4 #bad ,*igi vase1 i4 #cji ,*ildr51 vases us$ by1 i4 #acg2 subjects relat+ to1 ii4 #afg1 #agd ,*ima]a1 ii4 #aad1 #adh ,*iton1 treatm5t (1 on vases1 i4 #cgb1 ii4 #bjj ,*iusi1 vases f1 i4 #gc2 z c5tre = ,etruscan pott]y1 ii4 #cjb1 #cjd ,*ri/ian lamps1 ii4 #djd1 #dbj ,*ronology ( ,cypriote pott]y1 i4 #bde ff42 ( ,cretan1 i4 #bfe2 ( ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dja ff41 #dfc1 ii4 #bga2 ( ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #che2 ( ,roman lamps1 ii4 #cii ff42 ( ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #eja ff41 #eaf ff4 ,*rysaor1 ii4 #aab ,*ryse1 ii4 #aje1 #aae1 #abd ,*rysos1 ii4 #he1 #hh ,*?onian deities1 9 t]racottas1 i4 #abc ff42 on vases1 ii4 #fg ff4 1 i4 #agd 1 1 i4 #bcb ,ciborium1 i4 #ahf1 ii4 #dfh ,cic]o quot$1 ii4 #cfe1 #cga ,c9celli1 pott]ies at1 ii4 #dhj1 #dhc ,c9]>y urns1 i4 #add ff42 ,etruscan1 ii4 #bhe1 #bhh2 ,roman1 ii4 #def1 & see #eej2 & see ,ossu>ia ,c9namus1 pott]1 ii4 #ebg ,circle-patt]ns1 ii4 #baf ,circus1 sc5es f1 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cgj2 on lamps1 ii4 #dag1 #dbb ,ci/ae1 ,etruscan1 comp>$ ) vases1 ii4 #cjg ,cities p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ha1 #hb1 #aid ,civil use ( pott]y1 see ,measures ,civita ,ca/ellana1 see ,fal]ii ---- ,lav9ia1 t]racottas f1 i4 #ih1 #aja1 ii4 #caf1 #cag ---- ,vec*ia1 vases f1 i4 #gd ,classical lit]ature1 see ,lit]ature ,clay1 e>lie/ work+ 91 i4 #e ff42 uses (1 i4 #hi ff42 v>ieties (1 i4 #aac1 #bjd2 us$ = bricks & tiles1 i4 #ij ff41 ii4 #ccc ff42 = s>cophagi1 i4 #ajd2 = models1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #cge2 = porcela9 objects1 i4 #abg2 9 sculpture1 i4 #aji ff41 ii4 #cad1 #cag1 #cga ff42 nature (1 = t]racotta figures1 i4 #aac1 ii4 #chj2 = mural reliefs1 ii4 #cff2 = lamps1 ii4 #djd2 = ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dcd ff41 #edh2 prep>ation (1 = vases1 i4 #bjb ff42 repres5tations ( digg+ =1 ii4 #agj ,clazom5ae1 vases f1 i4 #fb1 #fd1 #ccj1 #ced1 #cef2 z c5tre ( ,ionic fabric1 i4 #cej1 #ced2 s>cophagi (1 i4 #fb1 #cfb ff42 comp>$ ) vases1 i4 #cej ff4 ,cobn]tus1 pott]1 ii4 #ddj ,co9s1 t]racotta m\lds =1 i4 #ajf1 ii4 #cij ff42 comp>$ ) ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dbf2 evid5ce (1 = ,greek alphabets1 ii4 #bdf ,col*e/]1 t]racottas f1 ii4 #chd2 kilns at1 ii4 #dde2 vase f1 ii4 #edd ,collections ( vases1 e>ly1 i4 #af ff42 li/ ( exi/+1 i4 #bg ff4 ,col\rs us$ = t]racottas1 i4 #aaf2 = vases1 i4 #bcj2 9 ,etruscan art1 ii4 #bii1 #cba ff42 = mural reliefs1 ii4 #cff ,combats1 ii4 #age ff42 & see ,gladiators ,com$y1 sc5es f1 on vases1 i4 #dgc1 ii4 #afj ,comitialis1 pott]1 ii4 #eaa 8,complem5t>y0 me?od ( repres5tation1 ii4 #aj ,conc5tric circles1 ,cypriote1 i4 #bea1 ii4 #baf ,conclamatio1 ii4 #aeg ,concrete1 use (1 9 ,roman build+s1 ii4 #cce ff4 ,condatomagus1 see ,graufes5que ,congius1 ii4 #dgb ,consuls1 names (1 on tiles1 ii4 #cfj2 on vases1 ii4 #dfb1 #eab 8,cont9u\s0 me?od ( repres5tation1 ii4 #aj ,convivial inscriptions1 ii4 #bfe1 #ebd1 #ech ,cook+-vessels1 i4 #agd1 ii4 #dgj ,corfu1 vases f1 i4 #ed2 tiles f1 i4 #aja ,cor9?1 its e>ly comm]cial & arti/ic importance1 i4 #aa1 #cjc2 f9ds ( pott]y at1 i4 #ej1 #aci1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg2 amphora-h&les f1 i4 #aeh2 clay (1 i4 #cjd1 #cje2 indu/ries (1 repres5t$ on vases1 i4 #bjg1 #baf1 #cje1 #cag1 ii4 #agj ,cor9?ian krat]1 i4 #afh2 kylix1 i4 #aij2 pa9t]s1 i4 #cab1 #cbj1 #cie2 p9akes1 i4 #ea1 #aci1 #bjg1 #baf1 #bbd1 #cje1 #caf1 ii4 #bc1 #agj1 #bdi1 #bea2 vases g5]ally1 i4 #cjd ff42 sites :]e f\nd1 i4 #cjd2 classification1 i4 #cje ff42 %apes1 i4 #caa ff41 #cag2 ornam5tation1 i4 #caa ff41 #cbj1 ii4 #bcc2 subjects1 i4 #cad1 #cah2 inscriptions1 i4 #cae1 #cbf1 ii4 #bdi ff42 pott]s' names1 i4 #cae1 ii4 #bej1 #bgc2 imitations (1 i4 #cba2 types f1 on 8,tyrrh5ian0 amphorae1 i4 #cbf2 po9ts ( contact ) ,ionia1 i4 #cbi ff42 f\nd 9 ,etruria1 i4 #gg1 #cah1 ii4 #bid ff41 #cjg ,cor9?o-,attic vases1 see ,tyrrh5ian ,cornelius1 ,p41 pott]1 ii4 #dhb ,corneto1 vases f1 i4 #gd1 ii4 #bhd ,cornices ( t]racotta1 i4 #ig1 ii4 #cdd ,cosmogonic deities1 ii4 #gc ff4 ,co/ume on ,greek vases1 ii4 #bjj ff4 ,c\ntries p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ha1 #hb1 #aid 8,c\rt+0-sc5es1 i4 #dge1 ii4 #ahc ,crat]1 see ,krat] ,cresc5t patt]ns1 ii4 #bah ,cretan bull1 ii4 #if ,crete1 f9ds 91 i4 #ei1 #aeb1 #bfc ff42 ossu>ia 91 i4 #ade1 #bgb2 e?nography (1 i4 #bfd2 e>ly pott]y (1 i4 #bfe ff42 z ,myc5aean c5tre1 i4 #bfi1 #bgd2 influ5ce on lat] pott]y1 i4 #bgf2 ! isl& p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb ,crimea1 vases f1 i4 #fj1 #ccj1 #cdj1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dfd2 w9e-amphorae f1 i4 #aeh ,croesus1 see ,kroisos ,crudus1 us$ ( bricks1 i4 #ij1 #ib2 ( vases1 i4 #bad 8,cult ( ,tomb0 on leky?i1 i4 #adc1 #dei1 #dfj1 ii4 #aeh2 on ,apulian vases1 i4 #add1 #dgf1 ii4 #aeh ,cumae1 vases f1 i4 #hj1 #baj2 fabrics (1 i4 #dhc1 ii4 #dgh ,cupid1 see ,eros ,cups1 see ,dr9k+-cup1 ,kylix1 etc4 ,curetes & infant ,zeus1 ii4 #cfh ,curium1 tombs at1 i4 #cf1 #bee1 & see #ff1 #fg2 vases f1 i4 #abh1 #bdc ff41 #dhh ,cya?us1 ii4 #dfg2 & see ,kya?os ,cyclades1 f9ds 91 i4 #ef2 e>ly pott]y (1 i4 #i1 #ef1 #bfj ff41 #cjc ,cyclic poets & vase-subjects1 ii4 #d1 #aai ff4 ,cycnus1 sc5e f drama (1 ii4 #eca ,cyl9d]s1 ,assyrian1 i4 #g ,cyprus1 vase-collections 91 i4 #cj2 tombs 91 i4 #cd ff42 f9ds ( pott]y1 i4 #fe1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bej1 #bgc1 #bhj2 t]racottas1 i4 #aab1 #abc ff42 g5]al "* ( pott]y1 i4 #bcf2 %apes ( vases14 i4 #bch1 #beb2 ,bronze-,age pott]y1 i4 #ff1 #bjf1 #bcg ff42 ,myc5aean pott]y1 i4 #bci1 #bdd2 ,graeco-,pho5ician1 i4 #bdg ff42 ,hell5ic1 i4 #bee2 ,roman1 ii4 #die1 #dii2 e?nology ( inhabitants1 i4 #bdj1 #bdh2 *ronology ( pott]y1 i4 #bej ,cyr5aica1 tombs 91 i4 #cf2 vases f1 i4 #fi1 #dfe2 t]racottas1 i4 #abe1 #abf2 & see ,kyr5e ,cyr5e1 see ,kyr5e ,daidalos1 see ,ik>os ,daily life1 sc5es f1 on vases1 i4 #dag1 #ddi1 #dge1 ii4 #aed ff42 on lamps1 ii4 #daf ff42 ( wom5 & *ildr51 ii4 #agb ff4 ,dali1 pott]y (1 i4 #bej1 #bgc ,dana1 ii4 #ai1 #aab ,danaids1 ii4 #fh ,danaos 7871 ii4 #adj ,danc+ sc5es on ,greek vases1 ii4 #afh1 #ahb2 on ,arret9e vases1 see ,hi]oduli ,daphnae1 pott]y f1 i4 #fh1 #cdi ff42 ,fikellura /yle at1 i4 #cch1 #ceb2 scale-patt]n us$ at1 i4 #caa1 #ccg1 #ceb1 ii4 #bah ,d>danus1 see ,troad ,d>eios 9 c\ncil1 ii4 #aea ,daulis1 vases f1 i4 #ec ,dawn1 see ,eos ,dea?-deities1 ii4 #gb2 & see ,?anatos ,d*elette on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #dcb1 #ejd ff41 #eaf ff4 ,decoration ( vases1 arti/ic value (1 i4 #ad2 see ,ornam5tation1 ,subjects ,decorative patt]ns1 see ,ornam5tal ,d$icatory inscriptions on ,greek vases1 i4 #aci1 ii4 #bdb2 on lamps1 ii4 #dba ,deepd5e1 collection ( vases at1 i4 #ag1 #bg1 #cbc ,deianeira1 ii4 #ajb1 #ajd ,de9os 7vase-%ape71 i4 #agc ,deities1 t]racotta /atuettes (1 i4 #abb2 ,gauli%1 ii4 #chd ff42 repres5tations (1 on vases1 see ,*aps4 ,,xii41 ,,xiii42 on lamps1 ii4 #djh ff42 ,etruscan1 ii4 #caj ,delos z c5tre ( vase-fabric 7871 i4 #eg1 #cjb2 brazi]s made at1 i4 #aje ,delphi1 pott]y f1 i4 #ec ,delphic sc5es on vases1 ii4 #bi ff41 #ajc1 #ach ,delph9i=m lamps1 ii4 #cii ,demet]1 ii4 #bf ff41 #ahi2 bu/ (1 9 t]racotta1 i4 #abc ,demons1 on brazi]s1 i4 #aje2 & see ,dea?-deities on tiles1 i4 #ajb2 on a wa%+-bas91 ii4 #bfj on a measure1 i4 #ace ,demo/h5es1 allusions to vases 91 i4 #acc1 #adb ,d5nis1 explorations (1 9 ! ,cyr5aica1 i4 #cf2 9 ,etruria1 i4 #ch2 9 ,sicily1 i4 #hg ,dep>ture-sc5es on vases1 ii4 #agf 1 i4 #adh1 #aha ,depositio-sc5es1 i4 #dei1 ii4 #aeg ,descriptive names1 ii4 #ia1 #bfj ,devices on %ields1 ii4 #aih ,diadum5os1 t]racotta figure (1 i4 #abf ,diana on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejg1 #ejh2 & see ,artemis ,diitrephes 7871 ii4 #aea ,dike1 ii4 #fi1 #hi ,dim9i1 pott]y f1 i4 #ed 7( lamps71 i4 #ajg ,diocletian1 tile-/amps 9 reign (1 ii4 #cec1 #cfb ,diog5es on lamp1 ii4 #dae1 #dba2 tub (1 i4 #aea ,diom$es1 horses (1 ii4 #ih ---- 9 ,trojan sc5es1 ii4 #abg1 #abh1 #acc ,diomos 7tribal h]o7 81 ii4 #adj ,dionysiac p]sonifications1 ii4 #fd ff41 #ia2 sc5es on vases1 ii4 #cb1 #ed1 #eg ff42 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #daf2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfi2 on lamps1 ii4 #daa2 on ,arret9e vases1 ii4 #dib1 #dic ,dionysos on vases1 ii4 #ee ff41 #aia2 9 %ip1 i4 #cha2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ad1 #ef2 bir? (1 ii4 #ai1 #ee2 9 ,attica1 ii4 #aci2 sacrifices to1 i4 #adj1 ii4 #fj ,dioskuri on vases1 ii4 #ic1 #aae1 #aid2 on lamps1 ii4 #dac ,diota1 i4 #aed1 #afc1 ii4 #dfj ,dipylon1 cemet]y (1 i4 #i1 #dh1 #bhj2 vases f1 i4 #dh1 #bdg1 #bec1 #bee1 #bhj ff42 ornam5tation1 i4 #bhb1 ii4 #bcb2 subjects1 i4 #bhe1 ii4 #aeg1 #agh2 *ronology1 i4 #bia2 influ5ce on lat] vases1 i4 #bic1 #bih2 e>ly inscrib$ vase f1 ii4 #bdc ,discov]y ( vases1 circum/ances (1 i4 #cc ff4 ,discs ( t]racotta ( unkn[n use1 i4 #aje1 #ajf ,discus 771 "n ( vase1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #dfi2 "p ( lamp1 ii4 #cie ,di%es1 ,greek1 i4 #aid2 ,roman1 ii4 #dfh ,diskos1 ?r[+ (1 ii4 #afc ,divixtus1 pott]1 ii4 #ebg ,dodwell pyxis1 i4 #ej1 #cae1 ii4 #bej ,drpfeld1 discov]ies (1 at ,troy1 i4 #fa1 #aec1 #beg1 #bei ( ,a!nian knights1 ii4 #agg ,doli>ius1 ii4 #deg1 #eaa ,dolium1 ii4 #dch1 #deg ff42 & see ,pi?os ,dolls ( t]racotta1 i4 #aac1 #aad1 #abj ,dolon1 /ory (1 i4 #cfc1 ii4 #abh ,dome/ic use ( vases1 i4 #acf1 #ach1 & see #beb2 ,roman1 ii4 #dca1 #dee ff41 #edi ff4 ,domitia g5s1 tiles (1 ii4 #ceg1 #ceh ,dorian invasion1 i4 #bde1 #bgg ,doric ar*itecture1 use ( tiles 91 i4 #id2 dialect us$ at ,a!ns1 ii4 #bef ,d\ai1 pott]s' /amps f1 ii4 #ejc ,drag5dorff on ,roman pott]y 9 ,greece1 ii4 #dgf1 #dih2 on ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dhb1 #dhi ff42 on prov9cial w>e1 ii4 #dii ff42 on ,roman r$ glaze1 ii4 #dce ,dra9-pipes1 see ,pipes ,drama1 subjects f1 on late vases1 i4 #dga ff41 ii4 #g1 #aei ff4 ,drap]y1 treatm5t (1 on ,b4,f4 vases1 i4 #cgb2 on ,r4,f41 i4 #djh2 & see ii4 #bja ,draw+ on ,greek vases1 te*nique (1 i4 #bbb ff42 on ,b4,f4 vases1 i4 #cga2 on ,r4,f41 i4 #djf ff42 on :ite-gr\nd vases1 i4 #deg2 on ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dgj2 & see i4 #cif ,dress on vases1 see ,co/ume1 ,drap]y ,dressel on tile-/amps1 ii4 #ceb ff42 on ,arret9e /amps1 ii4 #dhf1 #dhg ,dr9k+-cups1 i4 #adh ff41 #ahj ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #dfg1 & see #dge ,dmml] on ,cypriote pott]y1 i4 #bdj2 on ,rhodian1 i4 #ccf2 on ,daphnae pott]y1 i4 #cej2 on ,ca]etan vases1 i4 #ced2 on 8,pontic10 i4 #cei2 on ,etruscan imitations ( ,ca]etan1 ii4 #cjh ,duris1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #ba1 #dba1 #dcd ff41 #ddj1 ii4 #bfc1 #bfh ,e>?-,"m1 see ,gaia1 ,e*ea1 ii4 #deg ,e*elos1 see ,basile ,e*o1 ii4 #ha2 & see ,pan ,egg-patt]n1 ii4 #bbj 1 ii4 #afg ,egnazia1 see ,gnatia 1 =m ( signature1 i4 #cgi1 #dbb1 ii4 #beg ff41 #bgc ff4 ,egypt1 pre-dyna/ic pott]y (1 i4 #d2 brick us$ 91 i4 #f1 #id2 use ( :eel 91 i4 #g2 enamels (1 i4 #h2 pott]y f\nd 91 i4 #fg2 lamps 91 i4 #ajg2 porcela9 w>e1 i4 #abf ff42 influ5ce (1 on ,cypriote pott]y1 i4 #bci1 #bdg ff42 ,cypriote pott]y 91 i4 #bci1 #bdb1 #bdc2 evid5ce f1 = ,cretan & ,myc5aean pott]y1 i4 #bff1 #bfg1 #bga2 influ5ce (1 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bii1 #cjc1 #cjd ,egyptian situla at ,daphnae1 i4 #cej2 subjects on ,ca]etan vases1 i4 #cee2 9 ,roman mural reliefs1 ii4 #cgj2 9 ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #chf2 on lamps1 ii4 #djb1 #djc1 #dab ,egyptians on vases1 ii4 #ahj 1 i4 #dfj1 ii4 #gb1 #aic ,eilei?yia1 ii4 #ae1 #gf ,eir5e1 ii4 #he 1 =m ( signature1 i4 #cgi1 ii4 #beh ,ekphantos1 pa9t]1 i4 #cab1 #cbj1 #cie ,elateia1 tiles f1 i4 #ajb ,elektra1 ii4 #acg ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 suppos$ ref]5ces to1 i4 #ba2 sc5es relat+ to1 ii4 #bg2 & see ,demet]1 ,p]sephone ,eleusis1 f9ds ( vases at1 i4 #di2 p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb 1 i4 #ajg 1 i4 #abd 1 i4 #acj2 & see ,appliqu reliefs ,emp]ors' names on tiles1 ii4 #ced ff42 on pott]y1 ii4 #dfb ,enamell+1 i4 #h1 #abf ff4 ,endt on ,ionic vases1 i4 #cej1 #ced ff4 ,engl&1 see ,brita9 ,enkelados1 ii4 #ac ,enkomi1 vases f1 i4 #ff1 #abg1 #bdb ff4 ,eos1 ii4 #gi2 ) ,kephalos1 i4 #ih1 ii4 #hj2 ) ,memnon1 ii4 #acb ,epexegetic sy/em ( int]pretation1 i4 #bj ,ephebi on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dag 1 i4 #agi 1 ii4 #afg ,ephialtes1 ii4 #ac ,epic poetry & vases1 ii4 #c ff4 ,epi*ysis1 i4 #agi1 #dfi ,epidromos 1 i4 #dbe ,epig5es1 pott]1 i4 #dde ,epiktetos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cgi1 #cih1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbe2 cups f s*ool (1 i4 #dag1 #dbe ff4 ,epilykos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dbd 1 i4 #aii 1 =m ( signature1 i4 #cgi1 #dbb1 ii4 #beg ff41 #bgc ff4 ,epona1 ii4 #chf ,eretria1 vases f1 i4 #ee1 #deh 1 i4 #aid ,erga/]ion1 i4 #bcc ,erg9os1 pott]1 i4 #ddd ---- & h]alds1 ii4 #ajb ,ergotimos1 pott]1 i4 #cgj1 #cgi1 #chj1 ii4 #beg ,eri*?onios1 bir? (1 ii4 #aci ,er9nyes1 see ,furies ,eriphyle1 ii4 #aah ,eris1 ii4 #ij1 #aid ,eros 9 t]racottas1 i4 #abf2 on vases1 i4 #cgg1 #dah1 #dge1 #dhf1 ii4 #de ff41 & see ii4 #hi2 types (1 i4 #dhf1 ii4 #de1 #dh1 #aia2 ) ,aphrodite1 ii4 #db ff42 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfi2 on lamps1 ii4 #daj ,eryman?ian bo>1 ii4 #ig ,ery?rae1 amphorae 9 temple at1 i4 #bje ,esquil9e1 lamps f1 ii4 #cic1 #cii1 & see #dha2 pott]y f1 ii4 #dgg ,e?ical ideas on vases1 ii4 #hi ,e?iopians1 ii4 #ahj 1 i4 #age ,e?nography ( ,crete1 i4 #bfd2 ( ,myc5aeans1 i4 #bge ,e?nological value ( /udy ( vases1 i4 #aj 1 i4 #ahj ,etruria1 discov]ies 91 i4 #ai1 #gb ff42 tombs (1 i4 #cg1 #gh1 #ajd1 #ade1 ii4 #bhd ff42 ar*itecture (1 9 t]racotta1 i4 #aja1 ii4 #cac ff42 t]racotta s>cophagi1 i4 #ajd1 ii4 #bii1 #cag1 #cbj ff42 sculpture 9 t]racotta1 i4 #aji1 ii4 #cac1 #cag2 relations ) ,greece 9 ,geometrical p]iod1 i4 #bib1 ii4 #bhi ff42 vase-pa9t+ 91 i4 #ceh1 ii4 #cjg ff42 relief w>es (1 i4 #dif1 #eja1 ii4 #bib ff42 pa9t+s on t]racotta1 ii4 #bii1 #cai2 e>lie/ civilisation (1 ii4 #bhb ff42 e>lie/ pott]y1 ii4 #bhe2 :eel-made1 ii4 #bij2 ,villanuova p]iod 91 ii4 #bij ff42 e>ly ,greek influ5ce 91 ii4 #bia1 #bic1 #bif ff41 #cjc2 e>ly ,ori5tal influ5ce1 ii4 #bib1 #bif ff42 "* ( art (1 ii4 #cji1 #cbb2 ,roman pott]y 91 ii4 #dhf1 & see ,arret9e w>e ,etruscan alphabet1 ii4 #caa2 arti/s at ,rome1 ii4 #cgb2 inscriptions on vases1 ii4 #caj2 pott]y1 see ,buc*]o1 ,c]vetri1 ,poll$r>a 8,etruscan0 !ory ( orig9 ( ,greek vases1 i4 #ah1 #gi ,etruscans1 orig9 (1 ii4 #bha ,euboea p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb2 vases f\nd 91 i4 #ee2 & see ,*alkis1 ,eretria ,eu*eiros1 pa9t]1 i4 #cie ,eu*eiros1 pott]1 i4 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chd ,eu]gides1 pott]1 i4 #dbd ,eum>os1 pa9t]1 i4 #cag1 #cga1 #cif ,euphorbos-plate or p9ax1 i4 #ccd1 #cce1 ii4 #abi1 #bdi ,euphronios1 pott] & pa9t]1 i4 #cih1 #djb1 #djc1 #dba ff41 #dbh1 #dcj ff41 #ddj ,euripides1 subjects f1 on vases1 i4 #dgb1 #ejj1 ii4 #afb2 on lamp1 ii4 #dae1 #dba ,europa1 ii4 #ai ,eury/heus1 i4 #aea1 ii4 #ig ,eu?ymides1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dbg1 ii4 #beh ,euxi!os1 pott]1 i4 #dba1 #dbi ,evans1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j41 discov]ies (1 i4 #ei1 #aeb1 #bfe ff4 1 i4 #aih ,ex>*os 7,abae71 vase f1 i4 #bag ,excavations1 vases f\nd 91 i4 #ach2 & see ,*apt] ,,ii4 passim ,exclamatory inscriptions on vases1 ii4 #bfa ff42 on lamps1 ii4 #dbb ,exekias1 pott] & pa9t]1 i4 #afa1 #cgd1 #cge1 #cgi1 #chj ff41 ii4 #bah1 #beg ,explanatory inscriptions on vases1 ii4 #bei ff4 ,expression ( figures1 i4 #cih1 #djh1 ii4 #bjb ff4 ,eye1 treatm5t (1 on vases1 ii4 #bjc2 on ,ionic1 i4 #cef2 on ,attic1 i4 #djh ,eyes on vases1 i4 #beg1 #ceg1 #daj1 #dbf1 #dbg ,fables on ,roman lamps1 ii4 #daf ,fabricius ,masculus1 ,l41 lamp-mak]1 ii4 #dbd1 #dbe ,fabroni on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dcg1 #dgi ,fal]ii 7,civita ,ca/ellana71 vases f\nd or made at1 i4 #ge1 #dhe1 ii4 #cja1 #cji2 e>ly settlem5ts at1 ii4 #bhi ,false amphora 7,myc5aean71 i4 #bga 8,false ,samian0 w>e1 ii4 #dgd1 #ejb1 #eda ,f>ces1 sc5es f1 on vases1 i4 #dgc1 ii4 #aei ff4 ,fasano1 vases f\nd at1 i4 #he2 & see ,gnatia ,fates on vases1 ii4 #hd ,favissae 7rubbi%-heaps ( temples71 i4 #cde2 & see i4 #ach ,faym1 pott]y f1 i4 #fg2 t]racotta co9-m\lds f1 i4 #ajf1 ii4 #cia ,fea!r-bru% or p51 use (1 9 vase-pa9t+1 i4 #bbg ff4 ,fecunditas1 ii4 #chd1 #chf ,felicitas on lamps1 ii4 #cih1 #dac ,felix/[e1 vases f1 ii4 #ddj1 #ebi ,fibulae1 ,boeotian1 comp>$ ) vases1 i4 #bhi ,fictili>ius1 ii4 #eaa ,fidelia1 ii4 #dfe ,figl9ae ( tile-mak]s1 ii4 #cef ,figure-subjects1 introduc$ on ,greek vases1 i4 #bha ff41 #cad ff42 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bia ff42 on ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dib2 on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejf1 #ejg1 #ead1 #eba1 #ebg2 at ,ca/or1 #edd 8,fikellura0 or ,samian w>e1 i4 #ccf ff42 at ,daphnae1 i4 #cch1 #ceb 8,f9e0 /yle ( ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dba1 #ddj ff4 ,f9k on ,roman lamps1 ii4 #djj1 #dbh ,fi%-plates1 i4 #aid1 #dhg1 ii4 #ahf ,flange-tiles1 ii4 #cda1 #cdb ,floral patt]ns on ,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cab2 & see ,lotos1 ,palmette1 ,rosette ,flue-tiles1 ii4 #cdf ff4 ,flute-play]s on vases1 ii4 #afi ,=e%ort5+1 i4 #cih ,=g]ies ( vases1 i4 #dj ff4 ,=ms ( vases1 see ,%apes ,=tis1 pott]1 ii4 #dbc ff41 #dgg ,=tune on money-boxes1 ii4 #cij2 on lamps1 ii4 #dac ,fossa-tombs 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhi ff4 ,fox & ,cr[1 fable (1 ii4 #daf ,france1 vase-collections (1 i4 #bg2 pott]y-f9ds 91 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 passim2 t]racottas f1 ii4 #cgi ff42 co9-m\lds f1 ii4 #cij ff42 clay (1 ii4 #dcd2 kilns 91 ii4 #ddc1 #dea ff42 pott]s' /amps 91 ii4 #ejc2 & see ,gaul ,franois vase1 i4 #gc1 #adi1 #cgj1 ii4 #aj1 #aa2 inscriptions on1 ii4 #beg1 #bgj 8,free0 /yle at ,lez\x1 ii4 #ejf1 #eba1 #ebg ,friezes ( animals on ,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cac ff41 ii4 #bjg2 on ,ionian1 i4 #cca2 g5]al treatm5t (1 ii4 #bjg ff4 ,fun]al leky?i1 i4 #adb1 #deh ff41 ii4 #aeg2 masks1 i4 #abc2 imitat$ 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #cje2 sc5es on ,apulian vases1 i4 #dgf1 ii4 #aeh2 on ,dipylon1 i4 #bhe1 ii4 #aeg2 9 g5]al1 ii4 #aef ff42 uses ( vases1 i4 #ada ff42 ( lamps1 ii4 #cig2 ( ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #def1 #eej ,furies1 ii4 #fi1 #ach1 #aib ,furnaces1 see ,kilns ,furtwa5gl] on =g]ies1 i4 #dc2 on ,myc5aean vases1 i4 #bgj2 on ,boeotian1 i4 #bhf2 on ! ,ari/onos vase1 i4 #bih ,gaia1 1 ii4 #cj1 #gc2 type (1 9 t]racotta figures1 i4 #abb ff42 ris+ f e>?1 ii4 #gc1 & see #aic2 see also ,p&ora ,gam$es1 pott]1 i4 #cjj ,games on vases1 ii4 #afg2 ( *ildr51 i4 #acg1 #dah1 #ddi1 ii4 #afg ,ganym$e1 ii4 #ah ,gaul1 enamell$ w>e f1 i4 #abi2 t]racottas f1 ii4 #cgi ff42 z c5tre ( lamp-fabric1 ii4 #dbg2 m\lds & /amps f1 ii4 #dci ff42 kilns 91 ii4 #ddc1 #dea ff42 z c5tre = prov9cial pott]y1 ii4 #dih1 #ejc1 #eae ff42 subjects on pott]y (1 ii4 #ejg2 use ( b>bot9e 91 ii4 #eac1 #ebi2 d\btful pott]y-c5tres 91 ii4 #ecc2 pott]y f1 9 ,brita91 ii4 #ebb1 #edj1 #edb2 pla9 w>es (1 ii4 #edh ff42 duration ( pott]ies 91 ii4 #dcb1 #ejc1 #ebf2 & see ,france ,gauli% inscriptions on pott]y1 ii4 #ejd2 pott]s repres5t$ 9 art1 ii4 #eaa2 pott]s' names & /amps1 ii4 #dfa1 #ejd1 #eji1 #ebb1 #ebg 1 i4 #if ,gela1 tombs at1 i4 #cg2 vases f1 i4 #hf1 #aif2 treasury (1 at ,olympia1 i4 #ajj ,gems comp>$ ) ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dbf ,g5re subjects 9 t]racotta1 i4 #abd2 miscellane\s on vases1 ii4 #ahd2 trans=m$ into my?ological1 i4 #cah1 cf4 ii4 #e ,geographical di/ribution ( ,greek vases1 i4 #cb2 ( ,roman1 ii4 #dcb1 #die1 #dih2 p]sonifications1 ii4 #ha ff4 ,geometrical pott]y 9 ,greece1 i4 #bgg ff42 description (1 i4 #bha ff42 9 ,!ra1 i4 #ef2 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bci1 #bdg1 #bec ff42 9 ,boeotia1 i4 #bhf ff42 influ5ce (1 at ,a!ns1 i4 #bid1 #bih2 9 ,boeotia1 i4 #cjj2 9 ,melos1 i4 #cjb2 at ,cor9?1 i4 #cjf1 #cjh2 at ,daphnae1 i4 #cea2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhi ff42 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ii4 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cbh2 ornam5tation (1 ii4 #bjb ff41 #bcb2 & see ,dipylon ,g]as1 ii4 #hd ,g]h>d on *ronology ( vases1 i4 #bc2 on v>ieties ( amphorae1 i4 #afj ,g]many1 vase-collections 91 i4 #bh2 inscrib$ tiles f1 ii4 #ceg1 #cfd2 t]racottas f1 ii4 #chc2 duration ( ,roman pott]y 91 ii4 #dcb2 m\lds & /amps f1 ii4 #dci ff42 kilns 91 ii4 #ddd1 #dec2 e>ly ,roman pott]y 91 ii4 #eja ff42 description ( fabrics & pott]y-c5tres1 ii4 #ejd1 #ecc ff42 classification1 ii4 #ecf2 pott]s' names1 ii4 #eji ff41 #ece2 b>bot9e decoration1 ii4 #eac1 #ead1 #ecf2 inscrib$ pott]y1 ii4 #ecg2 pla9 black w>es1 ii4 #eeb ,g]yon1 i4 #cbb1 #dcb1 ii4 #ih1 #aie ,giants1 types (1 ii4 #aie ,giganloma*ia1 ii4 #ab ff4 ,gild+ ( t]racottas1 i4 #aag2 ( vases1 i4 #bja1 #baj1 #bca1 #ddi1 #dih ,girg5ti 7,agrig5tum71 vases f1 i4 #hf1 #hg2 m\lds f4 i4 #aae ,gladiators on lamps1 ii4 #daf1 #dba2 on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #ejg1 #ecb1 #edd ,glass1 enamels1 i4 #h1 cf4 #abg ff42 imitations (1 9 pott]y1 i4 #fd1 #acj1 ii4 #ddc1 #ead1 #ebd ,glaukon 1 i4 #djc1 #dcb1 ii4 #aec1 #bfg ,glaukos & ,polyeidos1 ii4 #ada ,glaukytes1 pott]1 i4 #bcb1 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chd ,glaze on t]racottas1 i4 #h1 #aah1 #abh ff42 on ,greek vases1 i4 #bjc ff42 on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dce ff42 analyses (1 ii4 #dcf2 on prov9cial w>es1 ii4 #dig2 on ,ca/or w>e1 ii4 #ede ,gnatia or ,gna?ia 7,egnazia1 ,fasano71 vases (1 i4 #he1 #bbf1 #dhg1 #dhh ,gordion1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd ,gorgasos & ,damophilos1 ii4 #cgb ,gorgoneion 9 int]ior ( kylikes1 i4 #cgd1 #djj1 #dbg ,gorgons1 ii4 #aab1 #adf1 #aif ,graces 7,*>ites71 ii4 #hd ,graeco-,pho5ician tombs 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #ce2 pott]y1 i4 #ff1 #bdg ff41 #bea ff42 sites :]e f\nd1 i4 #bej ,graev5 on ,roman money-boxes1 ii4 #chh ff4 ,graffiti on vases at ,graufes5que1 ii4 #eaj2 & see ,inscriptions ,graufes5que pott]ies1 ii4 #ejd1 #eae ff42 ornam5tation1 ii4 #ejf1 #ebj2 graffiti on1 ii4 #eaj2 =ms & decoration1 ii4 #eai2 pott]s1 ii4 #ebb ,greece1 introduction ( pott]'s :eel 91 i4 #g1 #bjf2 e>lie/ pott]y (1 i4 #i1 #aj1 #bgg ff42 collections ( vases 91 i4 #cj2 tombs 91 i4 #cc2 f9ds ( pott]y 91 i4 #df ff42 t]ra sigillata 91 ii4 #dgf1 #dih ,greek colonies1 i4 #fj1 #hj2 isl&s1 f9ds 91 i4 #ed ff42 e>ly pott]y (1 i4 #i1 #bfb ff42 religion1 i4 #ac1 #ach ff41 ii4 #aed ff42 & see ,pott]y1 ,vases ,greeks & ,p]sians1 combats (1 ii4 #aea1 #agi ,grey ,roman w>es1 ii4 #eej ,gr\nd-ornam5ts on ,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cab1 #cbj1 ii4 #bca1 #bcc2 on ,ionic1 i4 #ccd1 ii4 #bcc ,gryphons1 ii4 #adh1 #aif2 heads (1 on ,etruscan pott]y1 ii4 #cjj ,gsell1 excavations (1 at ,vulci1 i4 #gg1 ii4 #bhj1 #bia ,guildhall ,museum1 ii4 #cei1 #cgi ,guillo*e patt]n1 ii4 #bai 1 sc5es 91 ii4 #agc ,gutt]-tiles1 i4 #ig1 ii4 #cda2 at ,pompeii1 ii4 #cdc ff4 ,guttus1 i4 #bjj1 #baa1 #ejc1 ii4 #dfi ,gypsum1 figures (1 i4 #aaa ,hades1 ii4 #bh1 #fg1 #aij2 & see ,und]world ,hadria1 vases f1 i4 #ga2 & see ii4 #dgg ,hair1 treatm5t (1 on vases1 i4 #djg1 ii4 #bja ,halik>nassos1 f9ds at1 i4 #aje1 #ajf ,hamilton1 ,sir ,w41 i4 #ag1 #dc ,hamp%ire1 pott]y f1 see ,new ,=e/ ,hanc>ville 7,d'71 i4 #ag1 #bb ,h&les ( vases1 i4 #bjh1 ii4 #ddc2 ( w9e-amphorae1 /amp$1 i4 #aee ff4 ,h>e-hunts1 ii4 #afe ,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton1 ii4 #aej ,h>pies1 ii4 #gb1 #adf1 #aif ,h>tlip1 use ( tiles 9 villa at1 ii4 #cdh2 vase f1 ii4 #ejh ,h>twig on ! fea!r-p51 i4 #bbg2 on ,r4,f4 cup-pa9t+1 i4 #cih1 #dbd ff42 on -names1 i4 #djd ,ha/a 7,a/i7 z pott]y-c5tre1 i4 #ga1 ii4 #dgg ,ha?or1 i4 #bed ,hav]field on ,ca/or kilns1 ii4 #ddh2 on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #ecf1 #eda1 #edd1 #edf ,hebe1 ii4 #gg1 #hd1 #aic ,hector1 ii4 #abf ff4 ,h$d]nheim1 kilns at1 ii4 #ddd ,hegesib\los1 pott]1 i4 #dde ,hegias1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #ddd ,heilig5b]g1 kilns at1 ii4 #ddd1 #ddf1 #ddi ,hekate1 ii4 #ga1 #aij ,hel51 ii4 #aai1 #abc1 #ace ,helios on vases1 ii4 #gh1 #ajc1 #aic1 #dhc2 on lamps1 ii4 #dab2 z ,rhodian amphora-/amp1 i4 #aef ,helios]apis lamp1 ii4 #djc2 & see i4 #bji1 #baf ,hellas p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ha ,hell5ic pott]y1 ( ,cyprus1 i4 #bcg1 #bej1 #bec1 #bee2 influ5ce ( ,myc5aean on1 i4 #bgf ,hell5i/ic art1 influ5ce (1 on ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dhi1 #did2 on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejg2 on ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #chf2 porcela9 vases1 i4 #abh2 pott]y ( ,cyprus1 i4 #bef2 t]racottas1 i4 #abe ,hem]a1 ii4 #gh1 #gi 1 i4 #ace1 #ahc1 ii4 #bda 1 i4 #agd ,hephai/os on vases1 ii4 #cf1 #aij2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ad1 #ae2 at bir? ( ,a!na1 ii4 #ae2 return (1 to ,olympos1 ii4 #ag2 smi?y (1 ii4 #cg1 #acj1 #aga ,h]a on vases1 ii4 #af1 #ba1 #ahh2 & see ,juno ,lanuv9a ,h]aion at ,argos1 i4 #eb1 #bgh1 #bih1 #cjg2 at ,olympia1 i4 #ib ff41 #ig1 #ajj ,h]akles on vases1 g5]ally1 ii4 #id ff42 h[ repres5t$1 ii4 #aid2 on ,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cad1 #cah2 on ,*alcidian1 i4 #cbb2 on ,as/eas vase1 i4 #dgi2 ) ,apollo1 ii4 #cc2 ) ,a!na1 ii4 #ch1 #aje2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cgj2 on lamps1 ii4 #dac2 on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejh1 #eca1 #ede2 skyphos (1 i4 #ahe2 ,erotes ) club (1 ii4 #daa ,h]aldic gr\ps on vases1 i4 #cah1 ii4 #bjg ,h]alds1 ii4 #agg1 #aih ,h]maios1 pott]1 i4 #dbj1 #dbd ,h]mes 9 t]racottas1 i4 #aad1 #abf2 on vases1 ii4 #ej ff41 #aij2 1 i4 #cbe1 #cbf1 ii4 #bfj2 on lamps1 ii4 #dji ,h]mione1 vases f1 i4 #eb ,h]mog5es1 pott]1 i4 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chc ,h]monax1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #ddf ,h]odotos on orig9 ( ,etruscans1 ii4 #bha ,h]oic subjects on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cgj2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad ,h]on1 i4 #dgf1 ii4 #aeh1 #aei 1 wor%ip (1 i4 #dgg ,hesiod & vase-pa9t+s1 ii4 #f ,hesp]ides1 ii4 #ib2 g>d5 (1 ii4 #ge1 #ii ,he/ia on vases1 ii4 #ec1 #aij ,hir>*ie des g5res1 law (1 i4 #bde1 #bhd1 #cae1 #ccb ,hi]oduli1 ii4 #dib1 #dic ,hi]on1 pott]1 i4 #dba1 #dcf1 ii4 #bch1 #bei ,hil9os1 pott]1 i4 #dba1 #dbi ,him]a1 vases f1 i4 #hg ,him]os1 ii4 #di ,hippalektryon1 ii4 #adi ,hipp>*os 1 i4 #djc ,hippolyta1 ii4 #ii1 #aaa ,hippolytos1 ii4 #aab ,his*ylos1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbd ,hiss>lik1 see ,troy ,hi/orical me?ods ( /udy1 i4 #bb1 #bce2 limits ( subject1 i4 #ca1 ii4 #dcj ff42 subjects & p]sonages on vases1 i4 #djc1 ii4 #adi ff41 #bff1 #bfg2 on lamps1 ii4 #dae ,hi/ory illu/rat$ by vases1 i4 #aa2 9 connection ) ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #djb ff41 #dfc ,hld] on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dfj1 #dgb1 #ecg ,hog>? on ,cretan pott]y1 i4 #bfg 1 i4 #age ,holl&1 collections 91 i4 #bh2 pott]y f1 ii4 #ebb1 #eci2 inscrib$ tiles f1 ii4 #ceh1 #cfa1 #cfe 1 i4 #agf ,hom]1 ref]5ces to vases 91 i4 #hi1 #acb1 #ade1 #adh1 #afh1 #agb1 #agd1 #ahj1 #aib2 to pott]'s :eel 91 i4 #bjg2 on ,cretan e?nography1 i4 #bfd2 subjects f1 on vases1 i4 #cce1 #dii1 ii4 #c ff41 #abf ff4 ,hom]ic b[ls1 i4 #acd1 #ahe1 #dii1 ii4 #b ,hopk9son on ,melian vases1 i4 #cjb 1 ii4 #afd ,hopp9 on ,eu?ymides1 i4 #dbh ,horace quot$1 ii4 #dfj1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #dfi ,horae1 ii4 #hd2 & see ,seasons ,horror vacui1 i4 #bhc1 #cac ,horse-race1 ii4 #afd ---- tam+1 ii4 #aff ,horsem51 ii4 #aff ,human figures1 introduction (1 on ,greek vases1 i4 #bha ff41 #cad ff4 ,hung>y1 inscrib$ tiles f1 ii4 #cei ,hunt]s on vases1 ii4 #afe1 #aig2 on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejg1 #ebg2 on ,ca/or w>e1 ii4 #edd ,hut-urns 9 ,italy1 ii4 #bhh ,hyades1 ii4 #ha1 #aic ,hybla ,h]aea1 vases f1 i4 #hh ,hydra1 ii4 #ih ,hydria1 i4 #afe ff41 #cgb ff41 #daa ,hydrophoria1 ii4 #agc ,hygia9on1 pa9t]1 i4 #cif ,hygieia1 ii4 #gf1 #hd ,hypnos1 ii4 #ga1 #hd1 #aic1 & see #aeh ,hypocau/s1 i4 #ajc1 ii4 #ccb1 #cdb1 #cdf ff4 ,hypsis1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dbi4 ,iac*os1 ii4 #bg ,ialysos1 vases f1 i4 #eh1 #aeb1 #bgj ,iapygians1 i4 #agb1 ii4 #cbc1 #cbe2 pott]y (1 ii4 #cbc ff4 ,iapys1 eponym\s h]o1 ii4 #cbg ,ik>ios 7871 ii4 #aci1 & see #cfi ,ik>os on lamp1 ii4 #dad2 ) ,daidalos on vase1 ii4 #ada ,iliad & vases1 ii4 #d2 sc5es f1 ii4 #abf ff4 1 ii4 #e1 #acc ff4 ,illum9ations1 use ( lamps 91 ii4 #cif ,imbrex1 i4 #if1 ii4 #cda ff4 ,imbrications1 i4 #caa1 #cca1 ii4 #bai ,imitations ( vases 7mod]n71 i4 #dj ff4 ,impa/o ,italico1 ii4 #bhe1 #bij1 #bie1 #cjj ,inc5se-burn]1 i4 #adj ,incis$ l9es1 i4 #caa1 #cac1 #cad1 #cca2 inscriptions1 ii4 #bcg ff41 #bga ff41 #cei1 & see ,graffiti1 ,inscriptions2 decoration on prov9cial w>es1 ii4 #eje1 #eae ,ind5t$ patt]ns on prov9cial w>es1 ii4 #ead1 #edd ,individualities p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ia ,infundibulum ( lamp1 ii4 #cid ,+hirami1 i4 #ah1 #db ,inhumation1 i4 #ade1 ii4 #bhd ,inscriptions on tiles1 i4 #aja1 ii4 #cdh1 #cea ff41 #ceg1 #ceh2 *ronology (1 ii4 #cfj ff42 on lamps1 i4 #ajg1 #ajh1 ii4 #dbj ff42 on vases1 i4 #adi1 ii4 #bcf ff42 incis$1 ii4 #bcg ff42 pa9t$1 ii4 #bdc ff42 palaeography (1 ii4 #bdf ff41 #bfh ff42 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #cae ff41 ii4 #bej ff42 8,cor9?o-,attic10 i4 #cbe2 ,ionic1 i4 #ccf1 #ceg1 ii4 #beb2 ,cyr5aic1 i4 #cdd1 ii4 #bej2 ,naucratite1 i4 #cde2 ,attic1 i4 #cgh1 #djb1 #dah1 #dbb1 ii4 #bee ff42 ,boeotian1 ii4 #beb2 ,*alcidian1 ii4 #bec2 ,s\? ,italian1 ii4 #bga ff42 -names1 i4 #djc1 ii4 #bfe ff42 arti/s' signatures1 ii4 #beg ff42 explanatory on ,attic vases1 ii4 #bei ff42 exclamatory1 ii4 #bfa ff42 convivial1 ii4 #bfe1 #ebd1 #ech2 "u feet ( vases 7names & prices71 ii4 #bci ff42 on ,etruscan vases1 ii4 #caj ff42 on t]racotta m\lds1 ii4 #chb2 on ,arret9e vases1 ii4 #dhj ff42 on ,gauli% pott]y1 ii4 #ejd1 #eab1 #eag1 #eca2 & see ,graffiti1 ,signatures1 ,/amps ,int]pretation ( subjects on vases1 i4 #ba1 ii4 #h ,ionia1 art (1 i4 #cbi1 #ccb1 #cfa2 pott]y (1 i4 #fb1 #bbd1 #cbh ff42 v>i\s fabrics (1 i4 #ccj2 influ5ce ( ,myc5aean civilisation on1 i4 #bgg1 #cbi ff42 ( ,ori5tal art1 i4 #cca ff42 influ5ce (1 on ,attic vases1 i4 #bid1 #bie1 #cjj1 #cgj1 #cgd1 #chb1 #che1 #chh2 on ,etruria1 ii4 #bif1 #bii1 #cjh1 #cag1 #cbj2 use ( incis$ l9es 91 i4 #cad2 ,b4,f4 fabrics 91 i4 #cec ff42 arrangem5t ( subjects on vases1 ii4 #bjf2 ornam5tation1 ii4 #bab ff41 #bcc2 e>ly pa9t+ (1 i4 #cfa ff4 ,ionian isl&s1 pott]y f1 i4 #ed2 & see ,corfu ,ionic alphabet1 ii4 #bdf1 #bec1 #bga2 inscriptions1 i4 #ceg1 ii4 #beb2 pott]y 9 ,egypt1 i4 #fh1 #cde ff42 type ( kylix1 i4 #ceg1 #cgd ,iphig5eia1 ii4 #ce1 #abd1 #ach ,iris1 ii4 #gf1 #abh1 #aic ,is*ia1 vases f1 i4 #hh ,isidorus on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dfd1 #dfi1 #dge ,isis on lamps1 ii4 #dab2 lamps us$ 9 wor%ip (1 ii4 #djc ,isola ,f>nese1 see ,veii 8,isolat+0 me?od ( repres5tation on vases1 ii4 #aj4 8,italian ,meg>ian 0 b[ls1 ii4 #dij ,italy1 vases f\nd 91 i4 #bb1 #fi ff42 collections 91 i4 #bi2 tombs1 i4 #cg1 ii4 #bhd ff42 porcela9 & enamell$ w>es f1 i4 #abh1 #abi2 ,cor9?ian vases 91 i4 #cje ff41 #cah1 ii4 #bid ff42 imitations ( ,ionic pott]y 91 i4 #ceh1 ii4 #cjh2 modell$ vases 91 i4 #did2 relief-w>es 91 i4 #dif1 #dih1 #eja ff41 & see ,etruscan1 ,roman2 e>ly civilisation (1 ii4 #bhj ff41 & see ,etruria2 t]racotta ar*itecture 91 i4 #ih1 #aja1 ii4 #cae ff42 sculpture1 ii4 #cac1 #cga ff42 c5tres ( lamp-manufacture 91 ii4 #dbg2 pott]y-kilns1 ii4 #ddc1 #dea2 c5tres = ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dge ff42 end ( t]ra sigillata 91 ii4 #die2 transition to prov9cial fabrics 91 ii4 #ejj1 #eae ff42 ,gauli% pott]y f\nd 91 ii4 #dih1 #ebb1 #ebd1 #ebf ---- ,s\!rn1 tombs 91 i4 #cg2 vases f\nd 91 i4 #gi ff42 ,r4,f4 vase-pa9t+ 91 i4 #dfe ff42 fabrics (1 i4 #dgi ff42 end ( vase-pa9t+ 91 i4 #dhg ff42 pla/ic & m\ld$ vases 91 i4 #did1 #dih1 #ejb2 local pott]y (1 ii4 #cbc ff4 ,italynski1 i4 #ba ,ivy-leaf patt]ns1 ii4 #bba ,ixion1 ii4 #fi ,jahn on vases1 i4 #bj1 #bc1 #aej ,j>s us$ 9 ar*itecture1 ii4 #deg ,jason1 ii4 #aae ,jatta collection1 i4 #bf1 #bi ,javel9-?r[+1 ii4 #afc ,jewell]y on vases1 ii4 #bjb ,j\b9 on ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 i4 #cfd ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ii4 #aba ff4 ,juggl] on lamps1 ii4 #dah ,jugs1 see ,o9o*o1 ,olpe ,jump+ on vases1 ii4 #afc ,juno ,lanuv9a1 ii4 #bb1 #ajc ,jupit]1 ,capitol9e1 i4 #aaf1 ii4 #cad1 #cga1 #cgb2 & see ,zeus ,juv5al quot$ on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dee ff4 ,kabeiri1 ii4 #gd2 vases f temple (1 i4 #eb1 #cia1 ii4 #aei ,kadmos1 ii4 #aag 1 i4 #afe2 & see ,cadus ,ka9eus1 ii4 #ade ,kalais1 see ,boreades ,kalliades1 pott]1 i4 #daa1 #dcd1 #dic -names1 i4 #cgi1 #djb ff41 ii4 #bfe ff42 li/ (1 ii4 #bgg 1 i4 #aff 1 i4 #if ,kalymnos1 vases f1 i4 #eh ,kam>aes1 vases f1 i4 #ei2 fabric s call$1 i4 #bfd ff4 ,kam>9a1 vases f1 i4 #hg ,kameiros1 tombs at1 i4 #cd42 vases f i4 #ei1 #abg2 t]racottas f1 see ,rhodes i4 #aaa1 #bji ,kanake1 ii4 #ada 1 i4 #aeb ,kan?>os1 i4 #ahg1 #daj 1 i4 #ahh ,k>lsruhe1 vase-collection at1 i4 #bh ,k>o on 8affect$0 vases1 i4 #chg ,k>pa?os1 tombs 91 i4 #cd2 pott]y f1 i4 #eh ,k>y/os1 vase f1 i4 #ee ,kass&ra1 ii4 #acd ,ka/or1 see ,dioskuri ,keel-haul+1 ii4 #agh ,kekrops1 ii4 #aci 1 i4 #afi 1 ii4 #afd ,keos1 fabric (1 i4 #ef1 #ceg1 ii4 #bec ,kephalos1 ii4 #hj1 #adj 1 ii4 #gb1 #ajj ,k]ameikos1 i4 #df1 #hi1 #ib1 #bca1 #bhj 1 i4 #ig 1 i4 #acf 1 i4 #hi1 #ajj1 ii4 #dee ,k]b]os1 ii4 #gj1 #ii ,k]kyon1 ii4 #aji or 1 i4 #aie1 #bja ,k]t*1 vases f1 i4 #cb1 #fj1 #ddg1 #dea1 #dfd1 #dig2 tiles f1 i4 #aja2 w9e-amphorae f1 i4 #aeh ,k]yneian /ag1 ii4 #ig 1 see ,ciborium ,kilns = ,roman pott]y1 exi/+ rema9s (1 ii4 #ddc ff42 detail$ li/ (1 ii4 #dea ff42 repres5tations (1 see i4 #bae ff4 ,kimon1 pa9t]1 i4 #cbj1 #cig1 #cih1 #djh1 #dcj1 #dee ---- /atesman1 i4 #dah ,k+s1 h[ repres5t$ on vases1 ii4 #ig ,kirke1 ii4 #acf 1 i4 #ahj ,ki?>oidos1 see ,apollo ,kittos1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #cia ,klag5furt1 vase f1 ii4 #eag ,klean!s1 pa9t]1 i4 #cbj1 #cie1 #cif ,kle9 on ,r4 ,f4 cup-pa9t+1 i4 #dbd ff42 on signatures ( arti/s1 ii4 #beg2 on -names1 ii4 #bff ,kleisophos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #chd ,kleonae1 vases f1 i4 #eb 1 i4 #aje ,klitias1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cgj1 #cgi1 ii4 #beg ,klytaemne/ra1 ii4 #acg1 #ach ,knidos1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd1 #ccj2 lamps f1 i4 #ajh1 ii4 #cig1 #dah1 #dbc1 #dbg2 amphora-h&les f1 i4 #aeg ,knossos1 excavations at1 i4 #fj1 #aeb1 #bfe ff4 ,knuckle-bone play]s1 i4 #abe ,kodros1 ii4 #adj ,ko55 on ,g]man pott]y1 ii4 #ecf ,kol*os1 pott]1 i4 #cgi ,kolias1 ,cape1 i4 #df1 #di1 #bje1 #cgj 1 ii4 #ahb ,kop5hag51 vases at1 i4 #bh1 #bhf 1 i4 #aab ff4 1 i4 #aci or 1 i4 #aab ,kos1 pott]y f1 i4 #eh1 #abi2 & see ii4 #dgf 1 i4 #adj1 #ahg ,kottabos1 i4 #ahh1 ii4 #afg1 #aha 1 i4 #ahd1 #aie ,kotyle1 i4 #ace1 #ahc1 #bab1 #bag types 9 t]racottas1 i4 #abc1 ii4 #chf2 on vases1 ii4 #cj1 #gc2 & see ,gaia ,kram]'s classification ( vases1 i4 #bb ,krat]1 i4 #afg ff41 #daa1 #dfh1 #dhb2 local ,s\? ,italian1 ii4 #cbf2 ,arret9e1 ii4 #dhh1 #eja1 #ebj2 & see ii4 #dfd ,krause on %apes ( vases1 i4 #aej ,kreon1 ii4 #aai ,kre\sa & ,ion1 ii4 #adj ,krete1 see ,crete ,krets*m] on vase-inscriptions1 ii4 #bcg ff4 ,kroisos1 brick us$ by1 i4 #ia1 #id2 repres5t$ on vase1 ii4 #f1 #aej ,krok] on ,geometrical vases1 i4 #bha ,krommyon1 ii4 #hb1 #aji ,kronos1 ii4 #gc 1 i4 #afg 1 i4 #ahf 1 i4 #aid 1 i4 #ahj ,kya?os1 i4 #agi ,kybele1 ii4 #gd ,kyklopes1 i4 #aje1 ii4 #cg1 #aga2 & see ,polyphemos ,kyknos1 ii4 #aja ,kylix1 i4 #ahh ff42 e>ly types1 i4 #bgb1 #bhg1 #cac1 #cda2 ,a!nian1 i4 #cgc1 #djj1 #dji1 #dbb ff41 #deg2 comp>$ ) calix1 ii4 #dfh ,kymation1 i4 #ig2 z patt]n on vases1 ii4 #bah ,kyme1 vases f1 i4 #fb1 #cef ,kypselos1 *e/ (1 i4 #cae1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cgh1 ii4 #bcf ,kyr5e1 goddess1 i4 #abd1 #cdc1 ii4 #ca1 #ha1 #hb2 & see ,cyr5aica ,ky!ra1 vases f1 i4 #ed1 #cae ,laconia1 vases f1 i4 #eb ,la]tes & ,antikleia 7871 ii4 #acg ,lag5a1 ii4 #dff 1 i4 #afe ,lamia1 ii4 #adi 1 ii4 #afd ,lamps1 ,greek1 i4 #ajf ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #cic ff42 uses1 #cie ff42 =ms1 #cii ff42 subjects1 #djf ff42 inscriptions1 #dbj ff4 ,l&scape on vases1 i4 #dji1 #dgj1 ii4 #bjd1 #bje2 9 sc5es on lamps1 ii4 #dah ,lanx1 ii4 #dfh ,laokon1 ii4 #acd ,l>>ia1 ii4 #cge ,l>es on lamps1 ii4 #dac ,l>isa 9 ,asia ,m9or1 pott]y f1 i4 #fb1 #cci ,l>naka1 vases f1 i4 #ff 1 see ,ossu>ia ,lasimos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dgh1 ii4 #bgb 8,late f9e0 /yle1 i4 #dba1 #ddh ff4 ,lat]>iae1 i4 #ia1 ii4 #cca ,lat]es1 ii4 #cca1 #cce ,lat9 inscriptions on vases1 i4 #dhe1 #dij2 lit]ature1 ref]5ces to1 see ,lit]ature ,latium1 vases f1 i4 #gi ,laurel-wrea?s1 ii4 #bbc ,lead us$ = glaze1 i4 #acj2 vases repair$ )1 i4 #adg ,leaf-patt]ns on vases1 ii4 #bba ff4 ,leagros 1 i4 #djc1 #dbe1 #dcj1 ii4 #aeb1 #bfg ,lea!r1 imitations (1 i4 #bdb1 #bdc ,lebes1 i4 #adf1 #agd2 1 i4 #aii2 & see ,burgon ,lecce1 vases f1 i4 #hf ,l$a1 ii4 #ai1 #abj1 #ejh ,legions1 /amps (1 on tiles1 ii4 #cea1 #cfc ,lekane1 i4 #adf1 #afd1 #agf1 #dfi 1 i4 #agg ,leky?os1 i4 #aie2 ,b4,f41 i4 #cgf2 ,r4,f41 i4 #dab2 :ite-gr\nd1 i4 #dh1 #acb1 #adc1 #bbd1 #def ff41 ii4 #aeg ,lemnos p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb ,l5ormant on ,iapygian pott]y1 ii4 #cbg ,l5t9i1 vases f1 i4 #hf 1 i4 #afe1 #dfi2 & see ii4 #dga ,lesbos1 vases f1 i4 #eg2 fabrics (1 i4 #cci1 #cdg ,leto1 ii4 #cj1 #ca 1 i4 #cig1 #ded1 ii4 #cbj ,lez\x1 pott]ies (1 ii4 #ejd1 #ebe ff42 kilns at1 ii4 #ebe2 pott]'s :eel f1 ii4 #dch2 /amps f1 ii4 #ddj2 m\lds f1 ii4 #dda2 =ms ( vases at1 ii4 #eja1 #ebf2 ornam5tation1 ii4 #ejf1 #ebg2 enamell$ w>e f1 i4 #acj2 incis$ vases1 ii4 #ddc1 #eae2 b>bot9e decoration1 ii4 #eac2 o!r fabrics1 ii4 #ebh ff42 t]m9ation ( pott]ies1 ii4 #dcb1 #ebf ,libation-b[ls1 i4 #adj1 #aib1 ii4 #dga2 see ,pat]a1 ,phiale ,libation-sc5es1 i4 #adj1 ii4 #ah1 #ca1 #hf ff41 #aee ,lib]tus1 pott]1 ii4 #dci1 #eba1 #ebg1 #edb ,l9coln1 vases f1 ii4 #edf1 #edi ,l9i>e1 i4 #cif ,lion's head sp\ts1 vases )1 ii4 #ecj1 #eda ,lip>i ,isl&s1 vases f1 i4 #hh ,liquids1 vases us$ =1 i4 #aej ff4 ,lit]ature1 classical1 & vases1 i4 #ac1 #acb1 ii4 #a ff42 ,roman pott]y 91 ii4 #dee1 #dge ff42 names ( vases 91 i4 #adh ff41 ii4 #deh ff42 lamps 91 i4 #ajg1 ii4 #cie ff42 t]racottas 91 i4 #aaj1 ii4 #cga ff42 subjects f1 on lamps1 ii4 #dae ,litl+ton1 vases 9 tombs at1 ii4 #cea1 #def ,locri1 vases f1 i4 #hf2 t]racotta reliefs f1 i4 #abj2 :ite leky?i f1 i4 #deh ,loculi1 ii4 #chh ,loes*cke on 8,cor9?o-,attic0 vases1 i4 #cbd ,lokris1 vases f1 i4 #ec ,london1 tiles f\nd 91 ii4 #cdh1 #cei1 #cfc2 kilns f\nd 91 ii4 #ddd2 pott]y f1 ii4 #ejc1 #ebi1 #edj2 & see ,briti% ,museum ,lotos-ornam5t 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bdi1 ii4 #bbd2 9 ,boeotia1 i4 #bhh2 g5]al hi/ory (1 ii4 #bbc ff4 1 i4 #agf 1 i4 #adb ,l\vre ,museum1 i4 #be1 #bg ,love-sc5es on vases1 ii4 #ahc ,lucania1 vases f1 i4 #hc1 #add1 #agb2 /yle (1 i4 #dha2 local pott]y (1 ii4 #cbd1 #cbh 1 i4 #ajg ,luck5ba* on connection ( vases & lit]ature1 ii4 #e ff4 ,luni1 t]racotta sculpture f1 ii4 #cah ,luynes1 ,duc de1 i4 #ah1 #bb ,lycia1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd ,lydian orig9 ( ,etruscans1 ii4 #bha ,lykaon1 ii4 #acj ,lyk\rgos1 ii4 #ef1 #ada ,lyre-play]s1 ii4 #afi ,lyric poetry & vases1 ii4 #f ,lyssa1 ii4 #ia1 #aid ,mack5zie on ,cretan pott]y1 i4 #bfe ff4 ,macmillan leky?os1 i4 #cji ,macrobius on ! ,sigill>ia1 ii4 #cgf ,mae&]-patt]n1 ii4 #bab ff42 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dae ,ma5ads on vases1 ii4 #ee ff41 #aib2 names (1 ii4 #fe2 on lamps1 ii4 #daa2 on ,arret9e vases1 ii4 #dib1 #dic ,ma9z1 inscrib$ vase f1 ii4 #eci ,makron1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dcf ,malta1 pott]y f1 i4 #hh ,m&rokles1 pa9t]1 i4 #cfa ,mania1 ii4 #ia ,m>a?on1 vases f1 i4 #di2 tile f1 i4 #ii2 bull (1 ii4 #aji 8,m>bl$0 vases1 ii4 #ebc ,m>9e subjects 7,myc5aean71 i4 #bgb1 ii4 #ahe2 & see ,sea-,deities ,m>ion1 see ,poli ,m>ne1 ,dep>tm5t (1 incis$ pott]y f1 ii4 #eae ,m>riage-sc5es on vases1 ii4 #af1 #cf1 #agb ,m>seilles1 pott]y f\nd at1 i4 #fi ,m>syas1 ii4 #cb ,m>?a on ,etruscan art1 ii4 #cbb ,m>tial quot$1 ii4 #cgf1 #cie1 #dfc1 #dfi1 #dgh1 #dgi ,m>zabotto1 t]racotta pipes f1 ii4 #cej ,masks ( t]racotta1 i4 #ajd1 #aje1 #abc1 ii4 #cgg2 imitation (1 9 ,canopic j>s1 ii4 #cje2 use (1 = gutt]-tiles1 ii4 #cdd 1 i4 #ahf ,matt col\r1 i4 #bdf ,maurion1 pott]1 i4 #dde ,may] on local ,apulian pott]y1 ii4 #cbc ff4 ,mazonomum1 ii4 #dfi ,measures1 vases us$ z1 i4 #ace1 ii4 #dfj1 #dfc1 #dgb ,m$allions on ,gauli% vases1 ii4 #dda1 #ecj ff4 ,m$eia1 ii4 #aaf ,m$usa1 see ,gorgon ,megakles 1 i4 #dbh ---- pott]1 i4 #dde ---- /atesman1 i4 #ab1 #ajc ,megalopolis1 pott]y f1 i4 #eb ,meg>a1 vases f1 i4 #ec2 /atue ( ,zeus at1 i4 #ib1 #aaa2 temple at1 i4 #id ,meg>ian b[ls1 i4 #ec1 #acd1 #ahe1 #dii1 ii4 #b2 z prototypes ( ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dge1 #dhi2 treasury at ,olympia1 i4 #ajj ,meidias1 pott]1 i4 #ddf ,melampus & ,proitos1 ii4 #ada ,meleag]1 ii4 #aad ,melian reliefs1 i4 #abj2 amphorae1 i4 #cja2 _! ornam5tation1 ii4 #bcb ,melos1 vases f1 i4 #eg1 #bfb2 & see ,melian ,memnon1 ii4 #acb ---- 1 i4 #dbe ,m5aidas1 pott]1 i4 #eb1 #cja ,m5d+ ( vases1 i4 #ci1 #adg ,m5ekrates1 tomb (1 i4 #ed ,m5elaos1 ii4 #abi1 #ace ,m5idi1 pott]y f1 i4 #di1 #bgc ,m]ope1 ii4 #ada ,messapians on vases1 ii4 #aea2 pott]y (1 ii4 #cbc ff4 ,metal vases1 i4 #aca ff41 #bja1 ii4 #b2 use (1 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #cjg2 at ,rome1 ii4 #dcc2 imitations (1 9 ,greece1 i4 #che1 #die ff42 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #cjc1 #cjg2 9 ,italy & ,gaul1 ii4 #dhi1 #ebh1 #ebi1 #eeb ,metaphysical ideas p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ij ,metapontum1 vases f1 i4 #he2 tile f1 i4 #ig ,metope /yle ( decoration1 i4 #bhb1 #cgh1 ii4 #bjh ,metopes ( t]racotta pa9t$1 i4 #ib ,mevania z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #dge1 #dij ,midas1 ii4 #add ,mikon1 pa9t]1 i4 #ddb ,milani on ,canopic j>s1 ii4 #cjd ,miletos z pott]y-c5tre1 i4 #cbi1 #ccf1 #cch ,milit>y subjects on vases1 ii4 #age ff42 on lamps1 ii4 #dag2 uses ( bricks & tiles1 ii4 #ccb1 #ccf1 #cfc ff4 ,mill91 i4 #ag ,mill+51 i4 #bb1 ii4 #i ,milonidas1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cae1 #cag ,miltiades 1 i4 #djc1 ii4 #bfg 1 i4 #bca2 & see ,m9ium1 ,rubrica ,m9+1 repres5tations (1 ii4 #agj ,m9ium1 i4 #aah1 #bca2 & see ii4 #cad ,m9oan pott]y1 see ,crete ,m9or ,arti/s1 i4 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chc ,m9os1 ii4 #add2 ?alassocracy (1 i4 #bfd ,m9otaur1 ii4 #aji1 #adh ,mirrors1 ,etruscan1 comp>$ ) vases1 ii4 #cjg 8,mix$0 te*nique1 ,ionic1 i4 #cca1 #ccd1 #cdf2 ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f41 i4 #cgi1 #chf1 #dja ,modell+1 ( vases1 i4 #bjh ff41 #dib ff42 9 clay1 i4 #f1 #aaj1 #aad1 ii4 #cgb1 #cge1 #cgh ,mod5a1 see ,mut9a ,moirae1 ii4 #hd ,mommo1 pott]1 ii4 #ebb ,money-boxes1 ii4 #chh ff4 ,mono*rome pa9t+1 i4 #cie ,montans1 pott]y (1 ii4 #ebe ,moretum quot$1 ii4 #cie ,morra1 game (1 ii4 #afg ,mort>ium1 ii4 #dgj1 #eej2 & see #ecj1 #eda ,"m-,goddess1 ii4 #chf2 & see ,m\lds1 i4 #aje1 #aaa1 ii4 #chh2 = co9s1 i4 #ajf1 ii4 #cij ff42 = t]racottas1 i4 #aad1 ii4 #cha2 = bricks1 ii4 #ccc2 = lamps1 ii4 #dje2 ,arret9e1 ii4 #dhh1 #did2 use (1 9 ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dch1 #ddj ,m\l9s1 manufacture ( t]racottas at1 ii4 #cgi ff4 ,m\rn]s1 i4 #bhe1 #dfj1 #dgf1 ii4 #aeg1 #aeh ,muni*1 collection at1 i4 #bf1 #bh ,mural reliefs 7,roman71 ii4 #cfe ff42 comp>$ ) ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dci1 #dic ,murray on ,clazom5ae s>cophagus1 i4 #cfc2 on ,r4,f4 pa9t]s1 i4 #dbc ff42 on :ite-gr\nd vases1 i4 #deh1 #dfa ,muses1 ii4 #hc ,museums1 i4 #bc ff42 li/ (1 i4 #bg ff4 ,musicians1 ii4 #afh1 #ahb1 #aig ,mut9a 7,mod5a71 vases f\nd at1 i4 #ga1 ii4 #die2 z c5tre = lamps1 ii4 #dja1 #dbg2 = vases1 ii4 #dgg 7myxus71 i4 #ajg1 ii4 #cie ,myc5ae1 tombs at1 i4 #cc2 pott]y f1 i4 #ea ,myc5aean pott]y1 i4 #bfi ff42 %apes1 i4 #afh1 #aha1 #aij1 #bga2 subjects & ornam5tation1 i4 #bgb1 #bgf1 ii4 #ahe1 #bjf1 #bcb2 9 ,rhodes1 i4 #eh2 9 ,crete1 i4 #ei1 #bfe ff42 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdd ff42 imitations (1 i4 #bdf1 #bhj2 influ5ce (1 on lat] pott]y3 ,geometrical1 i4 #bgg ff42 ,proto-,attic1 i4 #bid2 ,phal]on w>e1 i41 #bii2 ,melian1 i4 #cjb2 ,ionian1 i4 #cbi ff41 #cch1 #ceb2 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ii4 #cbd1 #cbe ,mylasa1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd1 #cdj ,myres on ,cypriote pott]y1 i4 #bdj ff4 ,myr9a1 pott]y f1 i4 #fb1 #cci2 t]racottas1 i4 #abe1 #abf ,myrtle-wrea?s1 ii4 #bbc ,my/]ies1 see ,eleus9ian ,my?ological subjects1 introduc$ at ,a!ns1 i4 #bif2 at ,cor9?1 i4 #cad1 #cag ff42 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #daf2 on ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dgd2 types 9 t]racottas1 i4 #abc ff42 on ,b4,f4 vases1 i4 #cgf ff42 on ,r4,f41 i4 #dai ,my?ology on vases1 i4 #ab1 #ac1 ii4 #c ,naples1 ,museum (1 i4 #bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #hj1 #dhc1 & see i4 #de2 vases f\nd at1 i4 #hj2 imitations made at1 i4 #da1 #db ,n>ce1 e>ly settlem5t at1 ii4 #bhi ,nasit]na1 ii4 #dfe ,natural products p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb ,naukratis1 f9ds at1 i4 #fh1 #ach1 #cch2 local pott]y (1 i4 #bbd1 #cde ff42 o!r pott]y at1 i4 #cch1 #cda2 connection ) ,etruria1 ii4 #bih1 #bii ,nauplia1 pott]y f1 i4 #ea ,nausikaa1 ii4 #acf ,nautilus on vases1 i4 #bgb1 ii4 #ahe ,naval subjects1 i4 #bhe1 #bia1 ii4 #agh ,ne>*os1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #chc ,negroes on vases1 ii4 #agi ,nemea p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb ,nemean lion1 ii4 #ie ,nemesis1 ii4 #ia ,neoli?ic ,age1 i4 #d1 #e2 pott]y (1 9 ,crete1 i4 #bfe1 #bfg2 rema9s 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhc ,neoptolemos1 ii4 #acc1 #ach ,neptune on ,roman ro(-tiles1 ii4 #cde2 & see ,poseidon ,n]eids1 ii4 #bf1 #acj1 #acc ,n]eus1 ii4 #be1 #aja1 #ahi ,ne/or1 ii4 #abd2 cup (1 i4 #adh1 #agb1 ii4 #b ,ne!r ,_w1 see ,"u-_w ,ne!rl&s1 ,roman pott]y f1 ii4 #eci ,network patt]ns1 ii4 #bae 1 i4 #aba 8,new ,attic0 reliefs1 ii4 #cfh1 #djg1 #daa1 #dci1 #dib1 #dic1 #ejg ,new ,=e/ w>e1 ii4 #edg ---- ,ye> lamps1 ii4 #cih1 #dab1 #dbj ---- ,york ,museum1 i4 #bf1 #fe ,newton1 ,sir ,*>les1 i4 #eg1 #eh1 #ajh ,nike 7,victory7 9 t]racottas1 i4 #abe2 on vases1 i4 #dah1 ii4 #he ff41 #aic2 ) ,h]akles1 ii4 #ajf2 on ,roman antefix1 ii4 #cdc2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfh1 #cfi2 on lamps1 ii4 #dac ,nikias1 pott]1 i4 #ddf1 ii4 #bei ,niko/h5es1 pott]1 i4 #agj1 #chd1 #cic ,nile on vases1 ii4 #hc2 sc5es on1 9 mural reliefs1 ii4 #cga ,niobids1 ii4 #cc ,nisyros1 vases f1 i4 #eh2 z weapon ( ,poseidon1 ii4 #ac ,nola1 vases f1 i4 #hb2 v>ni% (1 i4 #db1 #df 8,nolan0 amphorae1 i4 #hb1 #afb1 #bai1 #dje2 imitations (1 i4 #dhd ,norfolk1 kilns f\nd 91 ii4 #dde1 #ddi ,norm&y1 t]racottas f1 ii4 #chd ,nor?ampton%ire1 kilns f\nd 91 ii4 #ddd1 #edc2 & see ,ca/or 1 ii4 #e1 #ace ,nozzles ( lamps1 ii4 #cie2 z basis ( classification1 ii4 #cii ff4 ,numa1 pott]y 9 use "u1 ii4 #cjd1 #dee1 #dgf1 #dgg ,nurs+-,"m type1 see ,nymphs1 ii4 #ai1 #ca1 #ee1 #hb1 #ib1 #adc1 #adi ,nyx1 ii4 #gi1 #aic ,obba1 ii4 #dgb ,obr5d>ium1 ii4 #def ,occupations repres5t$ on vases1 ii4 #afi ff4 ,ocriculum z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #dge1 #dij ,oculi/'s /amp on a vase1 ii4 #eaj ,odysseus on vases1 ii4 #abh1 #acc1 #acf1 #acg2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad ,odyssey1 subjects f1 ii4 #d1 #ace ff4 ,o$ipus1 ii4 #aag1 #aah ,o5ophorum1 ii4 #dfd ,(fic9a1 mean+ (1 on tile-/amps1 ii4 #cef1 #cfb2 use (1 9 ,roman pott]s' /amps1 ii4 #dfa1 #dhf1 #eji1 #ebh1 #ece ,oikopheles1 pott]1 i4 #big1 #cgi1 ii4 #beh ,oil1 amphorae us$ =1 i4 #aec ff42 o!r vases us$ =1 i4 #aie ff42 mak+ & sell+ (1 on vases1 ii4 #aga1 #bfb 1 i4 #ahj ,o9o*o1 i4 #agg1 #ccd1 #dab1 #dfi ,o9omaos1 ii4 #aac ,o9opion1 ii4 #eh1 #ia ,oi/ros1 ii4 #ia1 #aid ,okeanos1 ii4 #be ,olbia1 vases f1 i4 #fa2 tiles f1 i4 #aja2 w9e-amphorae f1 i4 #aeg1 #aeh ,olla1 ii4 #chi1 #def1 #deg1 #dgj1 #ebi1 #eej ,olpe or olpis1 i4 #agh2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #caa2 us$ by ,amasis1 i4 #chb ,oltos1 pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dbi ,olympia1 pott]y f\nd at1 i4 #eb2 t]racotta ar*itecture (1 i4 #ib ff42 p]sonifi$1 ii4 #ha2 sc5es at1 on vases1 ii4 #aac ,olympian deities on vases1 ,*ap4 ,,xii4 passim2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad ,olympos1 sc5es 91 ii4 #ae ff41 #ajg ---- ,m\nt1 p]sonifi$ z ,satyr1 ii4 #fd1 #hc ,onesimos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dbb1 #dcd 1 i4 #aii ,opaque pa9t+ on black gr\nd1 i4 #bbf1 #cic1 #dhe1 #dhh ff4 ,oppius ,re/itutus1 ,c41 lamp mak]1 ii4 #djf1 #dbe1 #dbf ,opus doli>e1 ii4 #ccj1 #ced1 #cfa1 #deh ---- mixtum1 ii4 #ccg1 #cci ---- reticulatum1 ii4 #cch ,orange1 ,gauli% m$allions f1 ii4 #ecj ff4 ,orbetello1 pott]y f1 i4 #gc ,orbiculus on tile-/amps1 ii4 #cec1 #cfj ,or*om5os1 pott]y f1 i4 #ec ,orcio appulo1 ii4 #cbe ,ore/es & 8 /ory1 ii4 #acg ,oria1 vases f1 i4 #hf ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bci1 #bdg ff42 9 ,attica1 i4 #bie1 #bih2 at ,cor9?1 i4 #caa1 #cah2 9 ,ionia1 i4 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccd2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bib1 #bif1 #bii1 #cjc1 #cjd2 motives on vases1 ii4 #bjf ,ori5tals on vases1 ii4 #agh1 #aie1 #aii1 #bjj ,ormidhia1 vase f1 i4 #bec ,ornam5tal patt]ns1 orig9 (1 ii4 #baj2 rectil9e>1 ii4 #baa ff42 curvil9e>1 ii4 #baf ff42 vegetable & floral1 ii4 #bbj ff42 treatm5t (1 9 diff]5t fabrics1 ii4 #bcb ff42 ,myc5aean1 i4 #bgf2 ,geometrical1 i4 #bhb2 ,boeotian1 i4 #bhh2 ,melian1 i4 #cjb2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #cab ff42 ,rhodian1 i4 #ccd2 ,naucratite1 i4 #cdh2 ,ca]etan1 i4 #ced2 black-figur$1 i4 #cge2 r$-figur$1 i4 #dab2 ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dfh2 on ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 i4 #cfe ,ornam5tation ( ,roman pott]y1 h[ produc$1 ii4 #dch2 ( ,gauli% w>es1 ii4 #ebj1 #eba1 #ebf2 ( b>bot9e w>es1 ii4 #ead1 #edd2 incis$ or ind5t$1 ii4 #ead1 #edf ,orpheus1 ii4 #fh1 #adc1 #aie ,orsi1 discov]ies (1 9 ,crete1 i4 #bfd ff41 #bgb ,or?ography ( ,attic vases1 ii4 #bfh ff4 1 ii4 #afi1 #aig ,orvieto1 vases f1 i4 #gd2 krat] f1 9 ,l\vre1 i4 #dji1 #ddb1 ii4 #bjc2 t]racotta sculpture at1 ii4 #cai ,oscan inscriptions1 i4 #ajc1 #dhc1 ii4 #bgc ,oscilla1 ii4 #cgg ,osco-,samnites1 i4 #dhc1 ii4 #ahj1 #bjj1 #cbd ,ossu>ia1 i4 #ade1 #bgb1 ii4 #bhe2 & see ,c9]>y urn ,o/ia1 ro(-tile f1 ii4 #cde ,o/racism1 i4 #ab1 #ajc 1 1 i4 #hi ,oundle1 vase f1 ii4 #eda ,outl9e-draw+1 i4 #bbd1 #cbj1 #cca1 #ccd1 #cie1 #dee ,owl-vases f ,troy1 i4 #beh ,own]s' names on vases1 ii4 #bda ,ox=d1 ,a%molean ,museum1 i4 #bg 1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #bci 1 i4 #acf1 #aga1 #aid1 ii4 #bci ,pae/um1 vases f1 i4 #hb2 fabric (1 i4 #dgi2 inscriptions on vases (1 ii4 #bgb 1 ii4 #afc ,pa9t$ vases1 special uses (1 i4 #adb ff42 manufacture (1 i4 #bjb ff42 classification1 i4 #bai ff42 e>lie/ examples 9 ,greece1 i4 #bci1 #bdc1 #bfj1 #bfe2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bic1 #cjf ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #ddb2 t]m9ation (1 9 ,greece & ,italy1 i4 #dhg ff41 ii4 #caj1 #dca2 & see ,vase-pa9t+s1 ,vases ,pa9t]s ( vases repres5t$1 i4 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bbh ,pa9t+1 ,greek1 i4 #ad1 #cbj1 #cid ff41 #ddj ff41 #dej2 ,ionic1 i4 #cfa2 influ5ce (1 on vases1 i4 #ad1 #cbj1 #cid ff41 #ddj ff41 #dej1 #dee1 #dga1 ii4 #bjc2 on t]racotta1 i4 #ib1 #cig1 #ded2 ,etruscan1 on t]racotta1 ii4 #bii1 #cai ,palaeography ( vase-inscriptions1 ii4 #bde2 ( ,attic inscriptions1 ii4 #bfh ff4 ,palae/ra1 sc5es 91 ii4 #afb ff4 ,palaimon1 i4 #cad1 ii4 #bf1 #ahi ,palazzolo 7,acrae71 vases f1 i4 #hg ,palladion1 rape (1 ii4 #acc ,palmette-patt]n1 ii4 #bbd ff42 on ,boeotian ,geometrical vases1 i4 #bhh2 on ,b4,f41 i4 #cge2 on ,r4,f41 i4 #dac ff4 ,pamphaios1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #dbj1 #dbb ff41 #dbg1 ii4 #bei ,pan1 ii4 #eh1 #aib ,pana!naic amphorae1 i4 #df1 #fi1 #acb1 #ade1 #afj1 #chi2 inscriptions on1 ii4 #bfd1 #bgj 1 i4 #ahe1 #daj2 & see ,kotyle ,p&>eos1 ii4 #ada ,p&ion1 sons (1 ii4 #aci ,p&ora1 ii4 #ge2 8box0 (1 i4 #aeb ,panels on vases1 i4 #afj1 #afi1 #bba1 #cef1 #cfi1 #cgc1 #cge1 ii4 #bjh ,pan(ka1 !ories (1 i4 #ba1 #adi ,pan!on at ,rome1 date ( brickwork1 ii4 #cch1 #cfj ,panticapaeum1 see ,k]t* ,papposeil5os1 ii4 #fe1 #aib ,p>is1 son ( ,priam1 ii4 #aba ff41 #abg1 #aie2 ,judgm5t (1 ii4 #abb ,p>is1 see ,l\vre 1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #dfi ,p>os1 /amp$ amphora-h&les f1 i4 #aeg2 primitive pott]y f1 i4 #bfb ,p>rhasios1 i4 #dej ,p>!non sculptures1 & vase-pa9t+s1 i4 #ae1 #dej1 #dfj1 #dfd1 #dig2 & lamps1 ii4 #dji ,pasiades1 pott]1 i4 #cgi ,pasiteles1 use ( clay models by1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #cge ,pass]i1 !ories (1 i4 #ba2 collection ( lamps1 ii4 #djh ,pa/oral sc5es on lamps1 ii4 #dah2 & see ,tityrus ,patella1 ii4 #dfi ,pat]a1 ii4 #dga2 imitat+ metal1 ii4 #ebi2 & see ,phiale ,pat]nus1 pott]1 ii4 #ebg ,pat9a1 ii4 #def1 #dfh ,patroklos1 ii4 #abc1 #abf1 #acj2 games =1 ii4 #aca2 tomb (1 ii4 #aca ,patroni on ,italian vases1 i4 #dfg1 #dgi1 #dhc1 ii4 #cbc ff4 ,patt]ns1 see ,ornam5tal ,pausanias on use ( brick & t]racotta 9 ,greece1 i4 #ib1 #ih1 #ajj2 on ! *e/ ( ,kypselos1 ii4 #bcf ,pavem5ts1 tiles us$ 91 ii4 #cej ,p$im5t-/yle ( composition1 ii4 #bjg ,pegasos1 ii4 #gi1 #aad1 #adh ,peiri?os1 ii4 #aaa ,peisi/ratos1 i4 #cjd1 #cfi ,pei?9os1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dch ,pei?o1 ii4 #db1 #di ,peleus1 ii4 #abj1 #adb ,pelias1 fun]al games =1 i4 #cai1 ii4 #aaf 8,pelike10 i4 #afc1 #daa 1 i4 #ahf1 #cia2 & cf4 ii4 #bci ,pelops1 ii4 #aac1 #aie 1 i4 #hi ,pelvis1 ii4 #dfi ,p5elope1 ii4 #ace ,p5ta?lon1 ii4 #afc ,p5tesk\phia1 p9akes f1 i4 #ea1 #aci1 #caf ,p5!sileia1 ii4 #acb ,p5!us1 ii4 #ef1 #adb ,p]5nius1 ,m41 pott]1 ii4 #dhc1 #dib1 #did ,p]sephone1 ii4 #bf ff41 #fg1 #ahi ,p]seus1 ii4 #aab1 #aie ,p]sia1 vases f1 i4 #fd ,p]sians on vases1 i4 #dbj1 ii4 #aea1 #agi ,p]sonal names on vases1 ii4 #ib1 #bfj ,p]sonifications on vases1 ii4 #gg ff4 ,p]spective1 conv5tional1 i4 #bhf1 #cab2 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #cih2 on ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dgj ,p]ugia1 vases f1 i4 #gc ,peucetians on vases1 i4 #dhg2 pott]y (1 ii4 #cbc ff4 ,phae/os1 pott]y f1 i4 #fj1 #bfd ,pha?on on ,arret9e vase1 ii4 #dhc ,phaidra1 ii4 #aab ,phal]on w>e1 i4 #di1 #bih ,phanagoria1 vases f1 i4 #fa1 #cdj ,phaon1 ii4 #adb ,pheidias1 see ,p>!non ,pheidippos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dbd ,phiale1 i4 #adj1 #aia1 #dij1 #ejb2 & see ,pat]a ,philoktetes1 ii4 #abd ,philomela1 ii4 #aci ,ph9eus1 i4 #acf1 ii4 #ha1 #aae1 #adc2 cup ) subject (1 i4 #ceg1 ii4 #bjc ,ph9tias1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dbh1 ii4 #bei 1 i4 #he1 #dgc1 ii4 #afj ,phobos on vases1 ii4 #ij1 #aii2 on lamps1 ii4 #cih ,phocaea1 vases f1 i4 #fb1 #fd1 #bed2 z c5tre ( fabric1 i4 #ced1 #cfj ,pho5icians1 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bdg ff42 influ5ce (1 on ,etruria1 ii4 #bif1 #cjc ,pho5issae ( ,euripides1 sc5es f1 i4 #ejj1 ii4 #dad1 #dae1 #dba ,pho9ix1 ii4 #abf1 #abh ,phokis1 pott]y f1 i4 #ec ,pholos1 ii4 #ajb1 #adf ,phosphoros1 ii4 #gi 1 mean+ (1 i4 #bae ,phrynos1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #chd ,ph?onos1 ii4 #di ,phylakopi1 pott]y (1 i4 #eg1 #bfb ,physical conceptions p]sonifi$1 ii4 #gg ff41 #hd ,physiognomy1 treatm5t (1 on vases1 ii4 #bjb ff4 ,pictorial /yle on vases1 i4 #dji1 #ddj ff41 #dej1 #dgj ,pile ,c9q-,m>s1 ii4 #ccg ,p9akes1 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #ea1 #bjg1 #baf1 #bag #caf1 ii4 #agj1 #bdi2 ,rhodian1 i4 #cce ,p9ax1 i4 #aid2 votive1 i4 #aci1 #ded1 & see ,p9akes2 ) subject ( ,euphorbos1 i4 #cce1 ii4 #bdi ,p9d> quot$1 i4 #acb2 comp>ison (1 ) vase-subjects1 ii4 #f ,pipes ( t]racotta1 i4 #aji1 ii4 #cdg ff4 ,pisa1 vases f1 i4 #gb ,pi/icci1 vases f1 i4 #hc ,pi/illus1 pott]1 ii4 #chc ,pi/ox5os1 pott]1 i4 #dbc ,pitane1 vases f1 i4 #fb1 #cci ,pit*]1 see ,hydria1 ,kalpis 1 ii4 #aef ,pi?os1 i4 #eg1 #adg1 #aea ff41 #bji1 #baf2 ) reliefs1 i4 #dif1 ii4 #bib2 ,etruscan1 ii4 #bib1 #cjj ,pit-tombs ( ,etruria1 ii4 #bhd ff4 1 i4 #if ,pla/ic art1 i4 #f1 #aaj2 nature ( clay1 i4 #e2 pr9ciple 9 pott]y1 i4 #bch1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfg1 #caj1 #dia ff42 & see ,modell+ ( vases ,plautus quot$1 ii4 #def1 #dfc1 #dgf ,plicque on ,lez\x pott]y1 ii4 #ebe ff4 1 i4 #id1 #ie ,pl9y1 traditions record$ by1 i4 #ia1 #ib1 #ih1 #aaj2 on e>ly ,greek pa9t+1 i4 #cbj1 #cid ff42 on t]racotta 9 ,italy1 ii4 #cac1 #cad1 #cga1 #cgb2 on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dge ,pl\tos1 ii4 #he ,poculum1 i4 #ahj1 ii4 #dfg 1 i4 #agf ,po9ae1 ii4 #fi1 #ij ,poli 7,m>ion71 vases f1 i4 #fg1 #bej1 #bee ,poll$r>a w>e1 ii4 #big ff42 at ,naukratis1 i4 #cdg ,poll5tia1 pott]y (1 i4 #ga1 ii4 #dgg ,pollux on names ( vases1 i4 #adi ff4 ,poly*rome pa9t+1 i4 #bbd1 #bef1 #ddi1 #def2 at ,naukratis1 i4 #cdh2 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 i4 #dhd2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bii ,polydeukes1 see ,dioskuri ,polygnotos1 pa9t]1 i4 #ae1 #dji1 #dba1 #dda ff41 #dei1 ii4 #bjb1 #bji2 vases 9 /yle (1 i4 #ddc ---- vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dde ,polykleitos1 i4 #aab ,polyme/or1 ii4 #ace ,polyphemos1 ii4 #acf ,polyx5a1 i4 #cbf1 ii4 #abe1 #ace ,pom>ico1 vases f1 i4 #hc ,pomegranate-patt]ns1 ii4 #bbb ,pompeii1 w9e-amphorae f1 i4 #aeh1 ii4 #dfb2 pa9t+s (1 relation to vases1 i4 #dga1 #dhe2 bricks us$ at1 ii4 #ccg2 tiles us$ at1 ii4 #cdb ff42 mural reliefs f1 ii4 #cfg2 t]racotta /atues f1 ii4 #cgd2 /atuettes1 ii4 #cge1 #cgh2 miscellane\s t]racotta objects1 ii4 #chg2 e*ea1 ii4 #deh2 ,gauli% pott]y at1 ii4 #ebb1 #ebd 8,pontic0 vases1 i4 #cei ,popilius1 ,c41 pott]1 ii4 #dij ,porcela9 vases1 i4 #abf ff4 ,portraits on lamps1 ii4 #dae ,portus on tile-/amps1 ii4 #cfc ,poseidon on vases1 ii4 #bb ff41 #ahh2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ac ff42 on ,cor9?ian p9akes1 i4 #cag1 ii4 #bc2 on lamps1 ii4 #dji ,po/-,hom]ica1 sc5es f1 ii4 #aai ff4 1 i4 #ahj ,po?os1 ii4 #di ,pott]ies1 ,greek1 i4 #hi1 #bcc2 sc5es 91 on vases1 i4 #bjh1 #bac1 #baf ff41 ii4 #agj2 ( tile-mak]s1 ii4 #cef2 at ,arezzo1 ii4 #dhj ff42 9 ,gaul1 ii4 #ejd1 #ecc2 importance ( fix+ sites (1 ii4 #dda2 & see ,k]ameikos ,pott]s repres5t$ on vases1 i4 #bjh1 #bji1 #bac1 #baf ff41 #dbb1 ii4 #bfj2 9 sculpture1 ii4 #eaa2 li/ ( ,greek1 ii4 #bgc ff42 names or /amps (1 on t]racottas1 ii4 #cgi ff42 on lamps1 ii4 #djf1 #dbc ff42 on ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dhj ff42 ,gauli%1 ii4 #ejd1 #eji ff41 #ebb1 #ebf2 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #eaj1 #ece2 9 ,brita91 ii4 #edb2 on mort>s1 ii4 #eea2 :eel us$ by1 i4 #g1 #bjf ,pott]y1 inv5tion (1 i4 #c ff42 ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic1 i4 #d2 *>act]i/ics ( ,greek1 i4 #i2 primitive ,greek1 i4 #fd1 #bjf1 #bcg ff41 #bef ff42 ,greek t]ms =1 i4 #hi2 use (1 9 daily life1 i4 #ace ff42 %apes1 i4 #adh ff41 ii4 #deh ff42 imitations ( metal 91 i4 #bja1 #dhh1 #dib1 #die ff41 & see ,metal2 manufacture1 #bjb ff42 unpa9t$ dome/ic1 i4 #beb1 ii4 #edh ff4 ,potti] on ,greek vases1 i4 #i1 #bih1 #cje1 #cjh1 #ccj1 #cfg2 on ,etruscan1 ii4 #bha1 #cja ,pozzo-tombs 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhd ff4 ,pozzuoli1 see ,puteoli ,pra$ia on tile-/amps1 ii4 #cee ,praef]iculum1 ii4 #dga ,praefurnium1 ii4 #dff ,preimos1 lamp-mak]1 i4 #ajh ,pre-,myc5aean pott]y 9 ,greece1 i4 #bef ff4 ,priam1 ii4 #abg1 #aca1 #acd ,priapos1 pott]1 i4 #adg ,prices ( vases1 i4 #dc ff42 scrat*$ "u ! foot1 ii4 #bch ff4 ,primitive pott]y 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bcf ff42 9 ,greece1 #bef ff42 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhd ff4 ,prize-vases1 see ,pana!naic 1 i4 #afg ,processions1 ii4 #aee2 & see ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 1 i4 #agh ,prokles1 pott]1 i4 #dic ,prokne1 ii4 #aci ,prokru/es1 ii4 #aji ,prome!us1 ii4 #ge2 z pott]1 ii4 #cgh 1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #cge1 #cgh ,proteus1 ii4 #bf1 #acf 1 i4 #adb1 #dei1 ii4 #aeg ,pro!sis-amphorae1 i4 #adb1 #aei1 ii4 #aeg ,proto-,attic vases1 i4 #aei1 #bib ff4 ,proto-,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cje ff41 ii4 #bed ,prov9cial ,roman w>es1 ii4 #dig ff42 z illu/rat+ ,roman art1 ii4 #ejh1 #eba ,psiax1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #dbi 1 i4 #aej1 #agb1 #daa ,psy*o/asia1 ii4 #acj1 #acb ,ptolemies1 repres5tations (1 i4 #abi ,ptolemy ,eu]getes quot$1 ii4 #dee ,ptos1 f9ds at ,m\nt1 i4 #bhg ,pult>ius1 ii4 #dgb ,punctur$ patt]ns1 i4 #bdb 1 i4 #aje 1 i4 #bae ,purple1 use (1 = details1 i4 #bba1 #bca1 #cab1 #cga 8,pursu+0 type on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dai ,puteals1 t]racotta us$ =1 ii4 #chg ,puteoli z vase-c5tre1 ii4 #dgh1 #dib ,pygmies & cranes1 ii4 #adi ,pyrrhos1 pott]1 i4 #cjh1 ii4 #bed ,py?on1 pott]1 i4 #dbc1 #dcd ---- vase-pa9t]1 i4 #adg1 #dgh ff41 ii4 #bgb ,pyxis1 i4 #aih1 #bja1 #dab1 #ddi2 & see ,dodwell ,raimondi1 re/or] ( vases1 i4 #db ,ras9ius ,pisanus1 ,l41 pott]1 ii4 #dhe1 #ebc ,rattles1 vases us$ z1 i4 #acg ,recl9+ figures 9 t]racotta1 i4 #abd2 on ,etruscan s>cophagi1 ii4 #cag1 #cba ,r$ glaze1 ,roman1 ii4 #dce ff41 #dig2 on ,greek sites1 ii4 #dgf1 #dih2 & see ,glaze ,r$ w>es1 ,cypriote1 i4 #bda1 #bea2 ,roman1 pla91 ii4 #edi ,r$-bodi$ amphorae1 i4 #afa1 #bba1 #cfi ,r$-figur$ vases1 te*nique (1 i4 #bba2 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 i4 #bee2 *ronology (1 i4 #dja2 draw+1 i4 #djf2 %apes1 i4 #dji ff42 ornam5tation1 i4 #dab ff41 ii4 #bcd2 subjects1 i4 #daf ff42 arrangem5t ( subjects on1 ii4 #bjh2 relation to ,b4,f41 i4 #cfh1 #chf1 #cic1 #djj2 ,etruscan imitations (1 ii4 #cji ,regul9i-,galassi tomb at ,c]vetri1 ii4 #cjj ,reliefs1 ar*itectural1 i4 #ih1 ii4 #cae ff41 #cdc1 #cde2 t]racotta1 i4 #aai2 ,roman mural1 ii4 #cfe ff42 ,greek vases )1 i4 #dif ff42 ,etruscan vases )1 ii4 #bib1 & see ,buc*]o2 me?od ( produc+1 9 ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dch ff41 #eje2 appliqu1 at ,lez\x1 ii4 #ebi2 & see ,t]ra sigillata ,religion ( ,greeks1 i4 #ac1 #ach ff41 ii4 #aee2 ( ,myc5aeans1 i4 #bgc ,religi\s uses ( vases1 i4 #ach2 subjects on vases1 ii4 #aed ff4 1 i4 #aic ,re/oration ( vases1 i4 #dj1 #adg ,revels on vases1 ii4 #ahb ,rextug5os1 pott]1 ii4 #chd ,rhe9zab]n1 /amps f1 ii4 #ddj2 m\ld f1 ii4 #dda2 kilns at1 ii4 #ddf1 #dej2 pott]ies (1 ii4 #ejd1 #ece2 pott]s' names at1 ii4 #eaj ,rh5eia1 vases f1 i4 #eg1 #cjb ,rhesos1 ii4 #abh ,rh9el&1 t]racottas f1 ii4 #chj1 #chc2 pott]y (1 ii4 #dih1 #ejj ff41 #ecd ff4 ,rhodes1 tombs (1 i4 #cd1 #aba2 vases f\nd 91 i4 #eh2 t]racottas f1 i4 #aab1 #aba2 f1 i4 #aeb2 w9e-amphorae & /amps f1 i4 #aee2 typical o9o*o (1 i4 #agg2 ,myc5aean vases f1 i4 #bgd1 #bgf2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #caa2 ,b4,f4 kylikes1 i4 #ceg2 vases ) reliefs1 i4 #dig ,rhodian pott]y1 i4 #ccc ff42 ornam5tation1 i4 #ccd1 ii4 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcc2 8mix$0 te*nique (1 i4 #cch2 f\nd at ,troy1 i4 #cci2 comp>$ ) ,naukratis1 i4 #cde ff42 influ5ce on ,proto-,attic1 i4 #bid1 #bie ,rhoikos1 i4 #aaj ,rhone valley z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #ddj1 #dih1 #ejc1 #ecj1 #ecc ,rhyton1 i4 #abg1 #aib1 #bja1 #baa1 #daj1 #dic1 #did ,riegl on ornam5tation ( vases1 ii4 #bbc ff42 on ,myc5aean1 i4 #bgf ,ripanus ,tib]9us1 pott]1 ii4 #eea ,riv]-gods1 ii4 #hc1 #aid2 & see ,a*elos1 ,nile ,rivets = m5d+ vases1 i4 #adg ,roa*-,smi? on ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #ejc1 #ejh1 #ebi1 #edj1 #edb ,rob]t on ,polygnotos1 i4 #ddb1 #dde2 on ,meg>ian b[ls1 i4 #dii ,roman art1 illu/rat$ 9 pott]y1 ii4 #dhi1 #did1 #ejg1 #ejh1 #eba1 #edd ff42 porcela9 w>e1 i4 #abi2 subjects on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cgj2 on lamps1 ii4 #djg1 #dab1 #daf2 villas 9 ,brita91 use ( tiles 91 ii4 #cdf1 #cdh2 ,wall1 pott]y f1 ii4 #edj ---- pott]y1 uses (1 ii4 #chg1 #dee ff42 comp>$ ) ,greek1 ii4 #dcj1 #dgb2 limits ( subject1 ii4 #dcj ff42 ext5t ( use (1 ii4 #dca1 #dcc1 #dee1 #dgc1 #dif2 developm5t (1 f e>li]1 ii4 #dca1 #dcb1 #dhi ff42 t]m9ation (1 ii4 #dcb1 #die2 te*nical processes1 ii4 #dcc ff42 pla9 w>es1 ii4 #dcg1 #dif1 #edg ff42 kilns =1 ii4 #ddc ff42 %apes & names1 ii4 #deh ff42 c5tres ( manufacture1 ii4 #dgd ff42 transition to prov9cial w>es1 ii4 #dif1 #ejj ff42 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #ejd1 #eaj1 #ecf1 #eeb2 9 ,brita91 ii4 #edj ff42 & see ,arret9e1 ,gaul1 ,prov9cial w>es ,roman5sis1 lamp-mak]1 i4 #ajh1 ii4 #dbc1 #dbg ,romano-,briti% pott]y1 ii4 #edc ff42 f ,wroxet]1 ii4 #eec ,rome1 collections at1 i4 #bi2 pott]y f\nd at1 i4 #gi1 ii4 #def1 #dfa2 use ( t]racotta at1 = sculpture1 ii4 #cad1 #cgb2 use ( bricks & tiles at1 ii4 #cca ff42 /amp$ tiles f1 ii4 #ceb ff42 evid5ce = dat+ build+s at1 ii4 #cfj2 mural reliefs f1 ii4 #cfe2 /atuettes ( t]racotta 9 use at1 ii4 #cgf ff42 use ( lamps at1 ii4 #cic1 #cif2 z c5tre ( lamp-fabric1 ii4 #dbg2 e*ea f\nd at1 ii4 #deg2 z c5tre = pott]y1 ii4 #dgg2 ,arret9e /amps at1 ii4 #dha ff42 prov9cial w>es at1 ii4 #dih1 #ebb ,ro(s & ro(-tiles ( t]racotta1 i4 #if ff41 ii4 #cae1 #cdd1 #cde ,rosettes on vases1 i4 #cab1 #ccd1 ii4 #bcj ,rott5burg1 inscrib$ vases f1 ii4 #eab ,rubrica1 i4 #bje1 ii4 #djd ,russia1 collections 91 i4 #bh2 vases f1 i4 #fj2 tiles f1 i4 #aja2 /amp$ w9e amphorae f1 i4 #aeh2 & see ,k]t*1 ,olbia ,rut5ian pott]y & pott]s1 see ,graufes5que ,rut5us1 pott] 7871 ii4 #eaj ,ruvo1 vases f\nd at1 i4 #hc2 furnace at1 i4 #bae2 z c5tre = ,apulian vases1 i4 #dhf ,sab9us1 pott]1 ii4 #ejh ,sacrifices1 vases us$ 91 i4 #adj2 repres5tations (1 ii4 #aee ,saecul>es on lamps1 ii4 #cif1 #cih1 #dba ,saguntum z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #dgi1 #dii1 #edj ,/4-,rmy-en-,rollat1 pott]ies (1 ii4 #chb1 #che1 #eaf2 clay (1 ii4 #dcd ,sakonides1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cgi1 #chd ,sala ,consil9a1 local pott]y f1 ii4 #cbd1 #cbh ,salamis 7,attica71 p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb2 vases f1 i4 #ed ---- 7,cyprus71 vases f1 i4 #ff1 #bde2 lamp f1 ii4 #dji ,salmoneus1 ii4 #adc 8,samian0 w>e1 i4 #eg1 #ga1 ii4 #dgd ff41 #dig ,samnium z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #dge ,samos1 pott]y (1 i4 #eg1 #ccf ff41 & see ii4 #dge ,s&) on ,cypriote pott]y1 i4 #fe1 #bdj 1 i4 #aab1 #abb ,santa ,agata dei ,goti 7,saticula71 vases f1 i4 #ha1 #dhd ,sappho1 ii4 #add1 #aea ,s>apis on lamps1 ii4 #djb1 #dji1 #dab ,s>cophagi ( t]racotta1 i4 #ajd1 ii4 #deg2 f ,clazom5ae1 i4 #fb1 #ajd1 #cfb ff42 ,etruscan1 ii4 #cag1 #cbj ff4 ,s>d9ia1 vases f1 i4 #hh2 & see ,?>ros ,s>dis1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd ,s>p$on1 ii4 #abi ,s>teano1 vases f1 i4 #gc ,saticula1 fabric (1 i4 #ha1 #dhd ,saturnalia1 /atuettes 9 connection )1 ii4 #cgf ,saturnus ,balc>an5sis1 lamps f alt> (1 ii4 #cig ,satyric drama1 subjects f1 ii4 #g1 #afa2 mask ( t]racotta1 i4 #ajd1 ii4 #cgg ,satyrs1 ii4 #ed ff41 #aib2 names (1 ii4 #fe2 ,ionic1 i4 #cec1 #cee2 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #daf1 #dag2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfi2 on lamps1 ii4 #daa ,saurias ( ,samos1 pa9t]1 i4 #cfa ,scale-patt]ns1 ii4 #bah2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #caa2 ,ionic1 i4 #cch1 #ceb ,s*liemann's excavations1 i4 #bef ,s*ool-sc5es on vases1 i4 #dce1 ii4 #afh1 #bfc ,sculpture1 9 clay1 i4 #f1 #aaj2 ,etruscan1 ii4 #cac ff42 at ,rome1 ii4 #cga2 use ( clay models 91 ii4 #cge2 9 relation to vase-pa9t+s1 i4 #ae1 #dej ,scutra1 ii4 #dgj ,scyphi ,hom]ici1 i4 #acd1 #ahe1 #dii1 ii4 #b ,scy?ians1 on vases1 ii4 #agi2 dialect ( 7871 ii4 #bef ,sea-deities1 ii4 #be1 #ahi2 on ,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cad1 ii4 #bf1 #ahi ,seasons on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfh1 #cgj2 on ,arret9e vases1 ii4 #dhh1 #dic2 & see ,spr+1 ,horae ,seianti ,?anunia1 s>cophagus (1 ii4 #cbb ,seil5i1 ii4 #ed ff41 #fe1 #afa2 & see ,satyrs ,sel5e1 ii4 #gh1 #gi1 #aic2 on lamps1 ii4 #dab ,sel9us1 tombs (1 i4 #cg2 vases f1 i4 #hg ,selva la ,rocca1 vases f1 i4 #gf ,semele1 ii4 #ah1 #ef ,semitic nations1 use ( brick among1 i4 #f1 #ia2 & see ,assyrian1 ,ori5tal ,septimius ,secundanus1 ,c41 pott]1 ii4 #eaa ,sepul*ral /elae comp>$ ) vases1 i4 #dfa1 #dgg1 ii4 #aeh2 & see ,fun]al1 ,tomb 8,sev]e0 /yle ( ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dbj1 #dbb ff4 ,sexes1 di/9ction (1 on e>ly vases1 i4 #cag1 #cca2 & see ii4 #bjj ,%apes ( vases1 i4 #ac1 #adh ff42 at ,troy1 i4 #beh2 at ,!ra1 i4 #bfa2 ,myc5aean1 i4 #bga2 ,geometrical1 i4 #bha1 #bhg2 ,proto-,attic1 i4 #bic2 ,proto-,cor9?ian1 i4 #cjh2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #cac1 #cag2 ,rhodian4 i4 #ccd2 ,attic ,b4,f41 i4 #cgb ff42 ,r4,f41 i4 #dji ff42 ,:ite-gr\nd vases1 i4 #def2 ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dfh1 #dha1 #dhc1 #dhe2 ,etruscan1 ii4 #bhe ff41 #cjb2 local ,italian1 ii4 #cbe ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #deh ff42 ,arret9e1 ii4 #dhh2 prov9cial1 ii4 #ejj ff41 #eje1 #ebj1 #ebf ,%ields1 devices on1 ii4 #aih ,%ips1 ii4 #agh2 on ,dipylon vases1 i4 #bhe1 #bia2 on lamps1 ii4 #dag 8,%ort-h&0 sy/em ( indicat+ l&scape1 etc41 ii4 #bjd ff4 ,sicily1 hi/ory (1 9 relation to vases1 i4 #aa2 tombs 91 i4 #cg2 vases f1 i4 #hf1 #cjg1 #caa2 t]racotta ar*itecture (1 i4 #ajj ,sigeion1 vases f1 i4 #fa ,sigilla1 ii4 #cge ff4 ,sigill>ia1 ii4 #cgf ,sigill>ius1 ii4 #eaa ,signatures1 =ms (1 i4 #cgi1 #dbb ff41 ii4 #beg ff42 ( ,gauli% pott]s1 ii4 #cha1 #eji2 ( ,g]man pott]s1 ii4 #eaj2 ( lamp-mak]s1 ii4 #dbc ff41 #dbg ,sikanos1 pott]1 i4 #dbj1 #dbd ,sikelos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cia ,sikyon1 vases f1 i4 #ea2 alphabet (1 i4 #cba1 #cha1 ii4 #beb2 pa9t]s ( s*ool (1 i4 #cie ,sil*e/]1 pott]y f1 ii4 #ebb ,silh\ette pa9t+s on vases1 i4 #bbj1 #bhe1 #cif1 #dee2 on ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 i4 #cfb ,silphium at ,kyr5e1 i4 #cdb ,silv]1 vases coat$ )1 i4 #gd1 #ahi1 #eja ,simonides quot$1 i4 #acb ,simpulum1 simpuvium1 ii4 #dga ,s++ on vases1 ii4 #afi1 #ahb2 inscriptions d5ot+1 ii4 #bfa ,s9is1 ii4 #aji ,s9us1 ii4 #dfe ,sipylos1 pott]y f1 i4 #fd ,sir5s1 ii4 #adg1 #aif ,sisyphos1 ii4 #fh2 & cf4 ii4 #bfd ,situla1 i4 #afe1 ii4 #dfd2 f ,daphnae1 i4 #cej 1 i4 #age ,skiron1 ii4 #aji 1 i4 #ahd ,skylla1 ii4 #bf1 #adh1 #ahi 1 i4 #aih ,smikros1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #dba1 #ddj1 ii4 #bei ,smi? 7,cecil7 on ,proto-,attic vases1 i4 #bid2 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #djg2 on ,poll$r>a w>e1 ii4 #cjj ,smi?y ( ,hephai/os1 ii4 #cg1 #aga ,social advantages1 etc41 p]sonifi$1 ii4 #he1 #ia 1 i4 #if ,solygea1 vase f1 i4 #ea ,sophilos1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cgi1 #chj ,sorr5to1 vases f1 i4 #hb ,sosias1 pott]1 i4 #dba1 #dci ,sotades1 pott]1 i4 #aia1 #daj1 #dba1 #dde1 #deg ,s\!rn ,italy1 see ,apulia1 ,campania1 ,lucania1 ,italy ,spa91 ,roman pott]y 91 ii4 #dgi1 #dhj1 #edj ,sp>ta p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb ,spata1 pott]y f1 i4 #di ,sph9x1 i4 #bdi1 ii4 #adg1 #aif2 ,!ban1 ii4 #aag ,spiral patt]ns1 i4 #bib1 #cjb1 #cge1 ii4 #bag ,sporades1 pott]y f1 i4 #eg ,sport on vases1 ii4 #afe ,spr+1 /amp ) figure (1 ii4 #dci1 #dic2 & see ,seasons ,/ackelb]g1 i4 #ah1 #db1 #dh ,/age1 subjects f1 see ,drama ,/ag-hunts1 ii4 #afe 1 i4 #afc1 #daa2 f ,daphnae1 i4 #ceb ,/amp$ patt]ns on ,greek vases1 i4 #bab ,/amps on bricks & tiles1 ii4 #ceb ff42 9 ! prov9ces1 ii4 #ceg2 milit>y1 ii4 #cfc ff42 on dolia1 ii4 #dei2 on w9e-amphorae1 i4 #aee ff41 ii4 #dfa ff42 = figures 9 ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dch2 & see ,inscriptions1 ,signatures ,/>s1 ii4 #gi ,/ationes on tile-/amps1 ii4 #cfb ,/atues ( t]racotta1 i4 #aji1 ii4 #cga ff4 ,/atuettes ( t]racotta1 ,greek1 i4 #aaj ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #cge ff42 ,gauli%1 ii4 #cgi ff4 1 i4 #if ,/elae ) inscriptions on vases1 ii4 #bgb2 & see ,sepul*ral 8,/ill-life0 subjects1 ii4 #ahe ,/one ,age1 pott]y (1 i4 #d1 #i2 & see ,neoli?ic ,/rabo quot$1 i4 #ej1 #acd ,/r5ae1 ii4 #cih 8,/rong0 p]iod ( ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dag1 #dba ,/udniczka on ,cyr5aic vases1 i4 #cda ,/udy ( ,greek vases1 its uses1 i4 #aj ff42 its hi/ory1 i4 #af ff4 ,/ymphalian birds1 ii4 #ih ,subjects on vases1 i4 #ab ff42 int]pretation (1 i4 #ba1 ii4 #h2 relation to lit]ature1 ii4 #a ff42 arrangem5t (1 ii4 #bjf ff42 ,myc5aean1 i4 #bgb2 ,dipylon1 i4 #bhf2 ,proto-,attic1 i4 #bif2 ,melian1 i4 #cja2 ,proto-,cor9?ian1 i4 #cji2 ,cor9?ian1 i4 #cad ff42 ,black-figur$1 i4 #cgf ff42 ,r$-figur$1 i4 #daf ff42 ,:ite-gr\nd1 i4 #deg2 ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dgd ff42 ,campanian1 i4 #dhc2 ,etruscan1 ii4 #bib1 #cjb1 #cji2 ,arret9e1 ii4 #dib ff42 prov9cial1 ii4 #ejg1 #eba1 #edd2 on lamps1 ii4 #djh ff42 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfh ff4 ,sub-,myc5aean pott]y1 i4 #bdf ,suetonius quot$1 i4 #acd1 ii4 #ccf ,sumloc5e1 vases f colony (1 ii4 #eab ,sun-dri$ bricks1 i4 #hi ff41 ii4 #cca1 #ccc ,susa 7,p]sia71 vase f1 i4 #fd ,swall[-sc5e1 ii4 #ahe1 #bfb ,swimm+-sc5es1 ii4 #agc ,syra1 pott]y f1 i4 #bfb ,syracuse1 vases f1 i4 #hf1 #cjg ,taleides1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #chj ,talos1 ii4 #aaf ,tamassos1 vase f1 i4 #bdi ,tanagra1 vases f1 i4 #ec1 #dea2 t]racottas f1 i4 #aab1 #aaf1 #abd4 ,tantalos1 ii4 #fh ,t>as1 ii4 #add1 #afj ,t>5tum1 vases f1 i4 #he2 m\lds f1 i4 #aae2 at1 i4 #dgc2 z c5tre ( pott]y 7871 i4 #dhf1 #dhh1 ii4 #cbd ,t>ragona1 ,roman pott]y f1 ii4 #dgi1 #dhj1 #edj ,t>sus1 lamps f1 i4 #ajh2 enamell$ w>es f1 i4 #abi ,tataie leky?os1 i4 #hj1 ii4 #bdb ,taygeta1 ii4 #ai1 #hb ,te*nical processes1 = t]racottas1 i4 #aac ff42 = ,greek vases1 i4 #bjb ff42 = lamps1 ii4 #dje2 = ,roman pott]y1 ii4 #dcc ff42 = ,romano-,briti%1 ii4 #ede2 miscellane\s details1 ,b4,f41 i4 #cgj2 ,r4,f41 i4 #dje1 #ddi2 ,:ite-gr\nd1 i4 #dee2 ,s\? ,italian1 i4 #dgj ,tegulae1 i4 #if1 ii4 #cdj2 bessales1 ii4 #ccb1 #cdh2 bip$ales1 ii4 #ccb1 #ccg1 #cci1 #cdf1 #cea2 collici>es1 delici>es1 ii4 #cda2 mammatae1 ii4 #cda1 #cdf2 sesquip$ales1 ii4 #ccb2 & see ,tiles ,telema*os1 ii4 #acf ,telephos1 ii4 #abe ,tell-el-,am>na1 pott]y f1 i4 #fg ,temp]a pa9t+1 i4 #aag1 #aai1 ii4 #cba1 #cfg ,temples1 use ( t]racotta =1 9 ,greece1 i4 #ib ff42 9 ,italy1 i4 #ih1 #aja1 ii4 #cad2 lamps us$ 91 ii4 #cig ,t5ea1 vases f1 i4 #ea ,teos1 pott]y (1 i4 #fd ,t]eus1 ii4 #aci ,t]ra sigillata1 t]m expla9$1 ii4 #dcd2 & see i4 #ejc1 ii4 #dgd1 #dif2 9 ,greece1 ii4 #dgf1 #dih2 prov9cial1 ii4 #dig ff42 c5tres ( fabric (1 ii4 #ejc2 ,rut5ian1 ii4 #ebj2 at ,banassac1 ii4 #ebe2 at ,lez\x1 ii4 #ebf2 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #ecd2 9 ,brita91 ii4 #edj2 comb9$ ) b>bot9e1 ii4 #ebi2 t]m9ation (1 9 ,italy1 ii4 #die2 9 ! prov9ces1 ii4 #ejh1 #ebf ,t]racotta1 use (1 = bricks1 i4 #g1 ii4 #ccd ff42 = tiles1 i4 #if ff41 ii4 #cda ff42 9 ar*itecture1 ,greek1 i4 #ib ff42 ,etruscan1 ii4 #cad ff42 at ,rome & ,pompeii1 ii4 #cdc ff42 = pipes1 i4 #ajc1 ii4 #cdi2 9 tombs1 i4 #ajd1 ii4 #cea2 = s>cophagi1 i4 #ajd1 #cfb ff41 ii4 #cag1 #cbj ff41 #deg2 = co9-m\lds1 i4 #ajf1 ii4 #cij ff42 = impressions = seals1 i4 #ajf2 = models = /atues1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #cge2 miscellane\s uses1 i4 #ij1 #aje1 ii4 #chg ff42 ,greek t]ms =1 i4 #hi2 inv5tion ( modell+ & m\ld+1 i4 #aaj2 vases (1 i4 #aah1 #adf1 #bja2 reliefs1 i4 #aai1 ii4 #cfe ff42 antefixal ornam5ts1 i4 #ig ff41 ii4 #cae1 #cag1 #cdc2 ar*itectural sculpture 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #cag1 #cah2 /atues1 i4 #aji1 ii4 #cga ff42 /atuettes1 i4 #aab ff41 ii4 #cge ff42 ,boeotian1 i4 #bij2 ,etruscan1 ii4 #cac ff42 ,gauli%1 ii4 #cgi ff42 ,roman1 ii4 #cgc ff42 types1 i4 #aba ff42 me?ods ( manufacture1 i4 #aac ff41 ii4 #cgh2 use ( col\r =1 i4 #aaf4 ii4 #cba1 #cbb2 pa9t$ panels1 i4 #ib1 ii4 #bii1 #cai2 use (1 z sub/itute = metal1 i4 #die ff41 ii4 #dca1 #dee ,t]ram>e civilisation1 ii4 #bhc ,t]ranuova1 see ,gela ,te/a1 ii4 #cca1 cf4 #cej ,teu*eira1 vases f1 i4 #fi ,textiles1 influ5ce (1 i4 #cab1 #ccc1 ii4 #baa ,?aleia1 ii4 #ai ,?amyris1 ii4 #add ,?anatos1 ii4 #ga1 #hd1 #aic ,?>ros1 vases f1 i4 #hh2 porcela9 w>e f1 i4 #abh ,?asos1 amphora-/amps f1 i4 #aeg2 alphabet (1 i4 #ddc1 ii4 #bga ,!atrical treatm5t ( subjects1 i4 #dgj2 subjects on vases1 see ,drama ,!bes1 vases f1 i4 #eb1 #bhf1 #cij2 p]sonifi$1 ii4 #hb1 & see #hc2 leg5ds (1 ii4 #aaf ff4 ,!mis1 ii4 #gd ,!ocritus quot$1 ii4 #b ,!odoric1 tiles (1 ii4 #cee ,!okosmos1 i4 #ib1 #aaa ,!ozotos1 pott]1 i4 #eb1 #cja ,!ra1 f9ds 91 i4 #ef2 f1 i4 #aec2 e>ly pott]y (1 i4 #bfj ff42 connection ) ,crete1 i4 #bfd2 ,myc5aean vases f1 i4 #bgj ,!ricleian kylikes1 i4 #ahi 1 i4 #age ,!rmon metopes1 i4 #ib 1 i4 #afi1 #age ,!rsites1 ii4 #abf1 #acb2 & see i4 #bae ,!seus1 on ,r4,f4 vases1 i4 #dag1 #dcb1 #ddb2 ) ,m9otaur1 ii4 #aji1 #bih2 lab\rs (1 ii4 #ajh ff42 9 ,hades1 ii4 #fh1 #aaa2 9 ,crete1 ii4 #aaj2 at ,a!ns1 ii4 #aaa ,!ssaly1 pott]y f1 i4 #ed ,!tis1 ii4 #abj1 #acj ,?i]s* on ,tyrrh5ian amphorae1 i4 #cbd ff4 ,?oas1 ii4 #adc ,?racians1 ii4 #adc1 #agi1 #bjj2 & see ii4 #aff ,?yphei?ides1 pott]1 i4 #adg ,tickets ( t]racotta1 ii4 #chh ,tigranes1 pott]1 ii4 #dhc ,tiles1 ,greek1 i4 #if ff42 inscrib$1 i4 #aja1 #ajb2 us$ = tombs1 i4 #ajd ---- ,roman1 us$ z bricks1 ii4 #cca2 = o!r purposes1 ii4 #cda2 9 ,roman walls 9 ,brita91 ii4 #ccb2 lat] use (1 ii4 #cce2 v>ieties (1 ii4 #ccb1 #cda2 flang$1 ii4 #cda1 #cdb2 = ro(s1 ii4 #cdb ff42 ornam5tal1 ii4 #cdc2 us$ = w>m+1 ii4 #cdf ff42 = pavem5ts1 ii4 #cej2 = tombs1 ii4 #cea2 pott]ies =1 ii4 #cef2 inscriptions on1 ii4 #cea ff41 #ceg ff41 #cfc ff42 milit>y1 ii4 #cea1 #cfc2 f ,c5tral ,europe1 ii4 #ceg ff42 f ,brita91 ii4 #cdb1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #cej1 #cei1 #cfc2 *ronological evid5ce (1 ii4 #cfj ff4 ,timagoras1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #chc ,timonidas1 vase-pa9t]1 i4 #cae1 #cag1 ii4 #bea ,tiryns1 f9ds at1 i4 #ea ,tis*be91 i4 #ag ,titius1 ,a41 ,arret9e pott]1 ii4 #dhj1 #dhe ,tityrus on lamps1 ii4 #daf ,tleson1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #chc ,toilet-sc5es on vases1 i4 #dge1 ii4 #agb1 #agc2 & see ,aphrodite1 ,hel5 ,tomb1 cult (1 on vases1 i4 #adc ff41 #dei ff41 #dgg1 ii4 #aeh ,tombs1 ,greek1 i4 #cc ff42 ,cypriote1 i4 #ce1 #bcg1 #bej1 #bee1 #bef2 9 ,cyr5aica1 i4 #cf2 9 ,sicily1 i4 #cg2 9 ,italy1 i4 #cg ff42 9 ,dipylon at ,a!ns1 i4 #bhj2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhd ff42 a pozzo1 ii4 #bhd2 a fossa1 ii4 #bhi2 a cam]a1 ii4 #bid2 ( l>ge size1 ii4 #cjj2 arrangem5t ( vases 91 i4 #ch2 vases us$ 91 i4 #adc ff41 ii4 #def1 #eej2 tiles us$ =1 ii4 #cea2 lamps us$ 91 ii4 #cig2 =ms (1 z depict$ on vases1 ii4 #aeg1 #aeh ,tongue-patt]n1 i4 #cge1 ii4 #bai ,tools us$ 9 pa9t+ vases1 i4 #bbg ff42 by ,roman pott]s1 ii4 #dcg ff4 ,tor*-race1 ii4 #afd ,toreutic "w1 influ5ce (1 on ,arret9e w>e1 ii4 #dhi ,t[neley1 t]racottas collect$ by1 ii4 #cff1 #cgc ,toys1 ( t]racotta1 i4 #abj2 vases us$ z1 i4 #acg2 repres5tations (1 on vases1 ii4 #afg ,trades on vases1 ii4 #afi ff4 ,tradition1 lit]>y & arti/ic1 comp>$1 i4 #ac1 ii4 #c ff4 ,trag$y & vase-pa9t+s1 i4 #dga1 ii4 #g1 #afb 1 i4 #aic ,traits res]vs1 i4 #cfb ,treasury ( ,gela at ,olympia1 t]racotta us$ 91 i4 #ajj ,tr5*-tombs 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhi ,tri] z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #ejb1 #ecd1 #ecf 1 i4 #ahf ,triptolemos1 ii4 #bg1 #ahi ,triton1 ii4 #be1 #aja1 #ahi ,triumphs1 lamps us$ 91 ii4 #cif ,troad1 pott]y f1 i4 #fa1 #aec1 #ccj1 #cci2 & see ,troy 1 ( lamps1 i4 #ajg ,troilos1 i4 #dcc1 ii4 #abe ,trojan subjects on vases1 i4 #cbb1 #cce1 ii4 #d1 #aai ff42 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cgj2 on lamps1 ii4 #dad ,troy1 f9ds at1 i4 #fa1 #bef1 #cci2 e>ly pott]y (1 i4 #beg ff41 & see #dia2 comp>$ ) ,cypriote1 i4 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdc2 ,sack (1 on vases1 ii4 #acc ,trua1 trulla1 ii4 #dgj 1 i4 #aid ,tudot on ,gauli% t]racottas1 ii4 #chj ff4 ,tuguria1 ii4 #bhh ,ty*ios1 pott]1 i4 #cgi1 #chc ,tydeus1 ii4 #aah ,types on ,b4,f4 vases1 i4 #cgg1 #chh2 on ,r4,f41 i4 #dah ff42 di/9ctions (1 ii4 #ahg ff4 ,typhon1 ii4 #ab1 #adi ,tyrrh5ian amphorae1 i4 #afj1 #cbd ff4 ,tyrrh5ians1 ii4 #bha ,tyszkiewicz on =g]ies1 i4 #db2 on vase f ,vulci1 i4 #gg ,umbrian civilisation1 ii4 #bhb ,"u-_w on vases1 i4 #dgf1 ii4 #ff ff41 #aei2 types ( p]sons 91 ii4 #aib2 & see ,hades ,up*ur* w>e1 ii4 #edf ,urceus1 ii4 #dfe ,urna1 ii4 #dfd ,uss+ on vase-%apes1 i4 #aej ff4 ,vallisn]ia spiralis1 i4 #bgb1 ii4 #bbd ,v>ni%1 black1 i4 #bai ff41 #cfi1 #cga1 #dje ff4 ,vase-pa9t]s1 i4 #bai ff41 #cgi ff41 #dje ff41 #dba ff4 ,vase-pa9t+s1 e>ly int]pretations (1 i4 #ba2 te*nical aspects (1 i4 #bai ff42 lat] /udy (1 i4 #bce2 e>lie/ ,greek1 i4 #bci1 #bfj1 #bfe ff42 decad5ce (1 i4 #dfb ff41 #dhg ff42 relations (1 to ! drama1 ii4 #aei ff42 to lit]ature 9 g5]al1 ii4 #a ff42 to ,greek my?ology1 i4 #ac2 to pa9t+1 i4 #ad1 #cbj1 #cie ff41 #ddj ff41 #dga2 to sculpture1 i4 #ae1 #dej ,vases1 ,greek pa9t$1 value ( /udy (1 i4 #aj ff42 exportations (1 to ,italy1 i4 #aa1 #dfg2 e>ly publications (1 i4 #af ff42 collections (1 i4 #ag1 #bc ff42 alleg$ ,etruscan orig9 (1 i4 #ah ff41 #gi2 classification1 i4 #bb1 #bai ff42 discov]y (1 & arrangem5t 9 tombs1 i4 #cc ff42 re/orations & imitations1 i4 #ci ff42 prices paid =1 i4 #dc ff42 f\nd 9 ,italy1 i4 #ga ff42 m5tion (1 9 lit]ature1 i4 #acb ff42 uses (1 i4 #ace ff42 repair (1 9 antiquity1 i4 #adg2 %apes (1 i4 #adh ff42 manufacture1 i4 #bjb ff42 primitive1 i4 #bef ff42 influ5ce (1 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bhi ff41 #bif ff41 #cjg ff41 #cbj2 comp>$ ) ,roman1 ii4 #dcj1 #dgb ,vaults1 use ( j>s =1 ii4 #deg ,ve*t51 pott]y f\nd at1 ii4 #ebb1 #eci ,vegetable ornam5t on vases1 i4 #cab1 ii4 #bba ff4 ,veii 7,isola ,f>nese71 ,campana tomb at1 i4 #ch1 ii4 #cbj2 vases f1 i4 #ge2 sculptors 9 t]racotta f1 ii4 #cgb ,velius ,primus1 ,q41 pott]1 ii4 #cgg ,velleia z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #dgg ,v5ice1 =g]ies made at1 i4 #da ,v5us1 ,gauli%1 ii4 #che2 on prov9cial w>es1 ii4 #ejg1 #ejh2 & see ,aphrodite ,vetulonia1 e>ly rema9s at1 ii4 #bhd2 ,tomba del ,duce at1 ii4 #cjj ,victors 9 conte/s1 ii4 #afd1 #afi1 #dag ,victory1 see ,nike ,vi5na1 collections at1 i4 #bh ,vi5ne z pott]y-c5tre1 ii4 #dda1 #ecj ,villanuova civilisation 9 ,etruria1 i4 #bib1 ii4 #bhd ff4 ,v9dex1 pott]1 ii4 #chc1 #dbf ,vitalis1 pott]1 ii4 #ebb ,vitellius1 /ory (1 ii4 #def ,vit]bo1 vases f1 i4 #gd ,vitruvius quot$1 on bricks & tiles1 ii4 #cca1 #ccc1 #cce1 #cci2 on t]racotta sculpture1 ii4 #cga1 #cgb2 on e*ea1 ii4 #deg ,viv5zio vase1 i4 #de1 #adf1 #dch1 ii4 #acd ,volca ( ,veii1 ii4 #cad ,volt]ra1 vases f1 i4 #gb ,volutes on nozzles ( lamps1 ii4 #djj ,votive lamps1 ii4 #cig2 (f]+s1 ii4 #aef2 tablets1 i4 #ea1 #aci1 #caf1 #ded1 ii4 #aef1 & see ,p9ax2 vases1 i4 #ach1 ii4 #bdb ,v\rva vases1 i4 #ej1 #bie1 #bii1 #cbd ,vulci1 excavations at1 i4 #ai1 #gf ff42 tombs at1 i4 #cg1 #gh1 ii4 #bhg1 #bia1 #bid2 & see ,poll$r>a ,w>rior1 tomb (1 ii4 #aeh2 on pa9t$ p9ax1 i4 #cig1 #ded ,w>rior-vase 7,myc5aean 871 i4 #big ,w>riors1 on vases1 i4 #bhe1 #dge1 #dhc1 ii4 #age ff41 #aih2 ,italian1 i4 #dge1 #dhc1 ii4 #ahj2 ,ori5tal1 ii4 #agh1 #agi2 race (1 arm$1 ii4 #afd2 on lamps1 ii4 #dag ,wave-patt]n1 ii4 #bah ,w$d+s1 see ,m>riage ,w$gwood1 i4 #bj1 #da ,we/]ndorf1 pott]y (1 ii4 #ejd1 #ejg1 #ece2 pott]s' /amps at1 ii4 #ebj ,:eel1 = cutt+ patt]ns1 ii4 #dda2 pott]'s1 i4 #g1 #bjf1 ii4 #dcg2 e>lie/ vases made on1 9 ,greece1 i4 #bfj1 #bff2 9 ,etruria1 ii4 #bij ,:ite pa9t us$ = details1 i4 #bid1 #cca1 #cee1 #cga1 #djg1 #dgj ,:ite slip1 use (1 = pa9t+1 i4 #cig2 & see ,:ite w>es1 ,cypriote1 i4 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bea2 ,romano-,briti%1 ii4 #eec ,:ite-gr\nd vases1 i4 #bbd1 #ded ff4 ,wicks ( lamps1 i4 #ajg1 ii4 #cie1 #djc ,wide on ,myc5aean pott]y1 i4 #bgf2 on ,geometrical1 i4 #bgh ff4 ,wilis* on ,cor9?ian vases1 i4 #cjd ff4 ,w9ckelmann1 i4 #af1 #ai1 #gi ,w9ds1 ii4 #hj1 #aid ,w9e-amphorae1 i4 #aed ff41 ii4 #dfj ff4 ,w+$ figures1 i4 #dfj1 ii4 #gb1 #ij1 #aic1 #aid ,witte 7,j4 de71 i4 #bc ,wom51 games (1 ii4 #afg2 z danc]s1 ii4 #afi2 z juggl]s1 ii4 #agd1 #ahb2 life (1 on vases1 ii4 #agb ff42 dress (1 ii4 #bjj ff4 ,wre/l]s1 ii4 #afc ,writ+ mat]ials1 use ( clay =1 i4 #g ,wroxet]1 ,romano-,briti% pott]y f1 ii4 #eec ,xant5 7,ca/ra ,vet]a71 pott]y f1 ii4 #ejj1 #eja1 #ebb1 #ecd ,xan?ippos on o/rakon1 i4 #ab1 #ajc ,x5okles1 pott]1 i4 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chc ,x5ophantos1 pott]1 i4 #fa1 #dba1 #ddg1 #dfd ,x5otimos1 pott]1 i4 #dba1 #ddd 9 t]racotta1 i4 #aaj1 #abb2 ( ,h]a1 ii4 #ba2 ( ,apollo1 ii4 #cd2 ( ,artemis1 ii4 #ce2 ( ,a!na1 ii4 #dj2 ( ,dionysos1 ii4 #fj ,yell[ w>es1 pla9 ,roman1 ii4 #edh ,york1 /amp f1 ii4 #dci2 pott]y f1 ii4 #ddc1 #edj ,zagreus1 ii4 #gd ,zakro1 pott]y f1 i4 #fj1 #bfh 1 ii4 #agi1 #bjj ,zephyros1 ii4 #hj ,zetes1 see ,boreades ,ze?os1 ii4 #aag ,zeus on vases1 ii4 #ag ff41 #ahh2 9 ,gigantoma*ia1 ii4 #ac1 #ad2 at bir? ( ,a!na1 ii4 #ae2 1 ii4 #ah2 weigh+ s\ls ( h]oes1 ii4 #acj1 #acb2 on mural reliefs1 ii4 #cfi2 on lamps1 ii4 #djh ,zeuxis1 i4 #dda1 #dga ,zigzag patt]ns1 see ,*evrons 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,errors :i* c be attribut$ to pr9t]'s mi/akes h be5 correct$1 z not$ bel[4 ,lapses 9 punctuation are correct$ ) no fur!r m5tion4 ,! au?or has includ$ z ,fig4 #agc a table ( alphabets us$ on ,greek vases4 ,inscriptions are pres5t$ 9 ar*aic ,greek script1 :i* m or less foll[s t table4 ,= in/ance1 ! "* = pi 77 resembles ! mod]n gamma 774 ,all inscriptions are giv5 us+ mod]n ,greek *>act]s4 ,ref]5ces to individual *>act]s may appe> ) v brief descriptions1 d]iv$ :]e possible f t table4 ,! "* upsilon 77 frequ5tly appe>s z a mod]n ,roman ,v4 ,on occasion1 sigma appe>s 9 ! =m ( a mod]n ,c 7! lunate sigma 74 ,footnotes1 :i* 7 numb]$ sequ5tially on ea* page1 h be5 resequ5c$ to be unique across ! text4 ,cross-ref]5ces to ^? numb]s 9 ! text h be5 *ang$ to reflect ?is4 ,! notes !mselves h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,ea* plate 0 foll[$ by a blank page on its v]so1 :i* h be5 remov$ "h4 ,! position ( ea* plate1 z well z t ( all o!r figures1 has be5 adju/$ slightly to avoid fall+ 9 mid-p>agraph4 ,! pages devot$ to plates 7 n c\nt$ 9 pag9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ anomalies reg>d+ footnotes 7 obs]v$3 ,on p4 #ca1 note #ajh1 ! ref]5ce to ,ov]beck's ,kun/my?ologie ,atlas fail$ to italicize 8,atlas04 ,on p4 #gb1 ! ref]5ce to footnote 7#hhb7 is miss+ f ! text4 ,! ref]5ce has be5 add$ at ! end ( ! p>agraph end+ ) 8he floats ?r\gh ! air fully arm$1 ) l>ge w+s40 ,! description ( item ,b #bdj1 ref]r$ to 9 ! note1 f a contempor>y edition ( ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,greek & ,etruscan ,vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum agrees ) ?is *>act]ization4 ,on p4 #deh1 ! footnote numb] = #cahd 0 miss+ & has be5 replac$4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ^? textual issues :i* are readily attribut$ to pr9t]'s errors3 p4 #ach n4 #adba ,pylades at o_/,omphalos ,correct$4 p4 #cde ridge-tiles ,miss+ #8r'4 ,possibly #8edge'