,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,bold font is %[n delimit$ by ! #8' "*4 ,sup]- & subscript$ *>act]s are %[n z '#b' & '#b' respectively4 ,?is text includes ! r5d]+ ( anci5t ,greek inscriptions1 us+ ! alphabets 9 a numb] ( diff]5t regions1 n all ( :i* exi/ 9 ! unicode "* set4 ,x is n possible to r5d] ^! inscriptions 9 text )\t a :olesale loss ( in=mation ab\t ! v>iant =ms4 ,ea* inscription1 !re=e1 is simply r5d]$ us+ mod]n ,greek *>act]s1 includ+ sev]al ar*aic *>act]s 7koppa & digamma 7 :i* are support$ 9 unicode fonts4 ,^! inscriptions are bett] view$1 obvi\sly1 9 ! ,,html or epub v]sions ,m9or errors & inconsi/5cy 9 punctuation & =matt+ h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any o!r textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ,footnotes appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ text numb]$ sequ5tially on ea* page4 ,!y h be5 r5umb]$ to be unique across ! text1 & ga!r$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,! occasional ref]5ces to !m by ! orig9al numb] h be5 *ang$4 at3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#dhae e ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,i ,illu/ration3 ,,kylix ,,by ,,duris4 ,,! ,,lab\rs ,,( ,,!seus4 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ,,greek1 ,,etruscan1 ,,& ,,roman ,,by ,h4 ,b4 ,,walt]s1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,samuel ,,bir* ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,volume ,i ,,) #cjj ,,illu/rations ,,includ+ #h ,,col\r$ ,,plates ,,illu/ration ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aije ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,hazell1 ,,watson ,,& ,,v9ey1 ,,ld41 ,,london ,,& ,,aylesbury4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,9 #aheg ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* issu$ 8 well-kn[n "w on anci5t pott]y1 at t "t almo/ ! fir/ attempt at deal+ ) ! :ole subject 9 a compreh5sive mann]4 ,sixte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #ahgc1 he br\ght out a second edition1 9 "s respects cond5s$1 9 o!rs enl>g$ & br\ght up to date4 ,b x is curi\s to reflect t ! succe$+ sixte5 ye>s %\ld n only h d\bl$ or ev5 trebl$ ! mat]ial available = a /udy ( ?is subject1 b %\ld ev5 h revolutionis$ t /udy4 ,! ye> #ahhi also saw ! completion ( ! excavations ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 :i* did mu* to settle ! "q ( ! *ronology ( ,attic vases4 ,yet ano!r sixte5 ye>s1 & if ! increase 9 actual bulk ( mat]ial is relatively n s great1 yet ! advance 9 ! /udy ( pott]y1 especially t ( ! primitive p]iods1 has be5 a/\nd+2 & :ile 9 #aheg1 & ev5 9 #ahgc1 x 0 impossible to d mu* m ?an collect & co-ord9ate mat]ial1 9 #aije ,greek c]amics h become "o ( ! mo/ advanc$ & firmly bas$ bran*es ( classical ar*aeology4 ,x !re=e implies no slur on ! reputation ( ,samuel ,bir*'s "w t x has become out ( date4 ,up till n[ x has rema9$ ! only compreh5sive treatise1 & !re=e ! /&>d "w1 on ! subject2 b ( late ye>s !re has be5 a cry+ ne$1 especially 9 ,engl&1 ( a book :i* %\ld place be=e /ud5ts a cond5s$ & up-to-date acc\nt ( ,greek vases & ( ! pres5t /ate ( k ( ! subject4 ,! pres5t volumes1 :ile foll[+ 9 ! ma9 ! plan adopt$ by ,dr4 ,bir*1 necess>ily deviate !refrom 9 "s important p>ticul>s4 ,x has be5 decid$ to omit entirely ! section relat+ to ,ori5tal pott]y1 p>tly f consid]ations ( space1 p>tly f ! impossibility ( do+ ju/ice to ! subject except 9 a sep>ate treatise2 = ! same reason ! pott]y ( ! ,celts & ( ,nor!rn ,europe has be5 ignor$4 ,"p ,i4 ( ! pres5t "w1 deal+ *iefly ) ! te*nical aspect ( ! subject1 rema9s 9 its ma9 outl9es mu* z x 0 ?irty ye>s ago2 b ! o!r sections h be5 entirely re-writt54 ,= ! hi/orical acc\nt ( vase-pa9t+ 9 ,bir*'s second edition "o *apt] ( =ty pages suffic$2 x n[ ext5ds to six *apt]s1 or "o qu>t] ( ! "w4 ,! subjects on ! vases1 aga91 occupy f\r *apt]s in/ead ( two2 & mod]n rese>*es h made x possible to treat ! subjects ( ,etruscan & ,roman pott]y ) almo/ ! same sci5tific k z t ( ,greece4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition 9 ! v>i\s sections w1 x is hop$1 be p>don$ on ! gr\nd t x 0 desirable to make ea* section z f> z possible complete 9 itself2 & ano!r detail :i* may provoke unfav\rable criticism is ! old difficulty ( ! spell+ ( ,greek names & words4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] ! au?or admits t consi/5cy has n be5 atta9$1 b 8 aim has be5 r to avoid unnecess>y ,lat9is+ on ! "o h& & p$antry on ! o!r4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or desires to express 8 w>me/ ackn[l$gm5ts to all :o h be5 ( assi/ance to him 9 8 "w1 by _! writ+s or o!rwise1 especially to a fri5d1 desir+ to be nameless1 :o has k9dly read ?r\gh ! pro(s & made _m useful sugge/ions2 to ! invaluable works ( _m =eign s*ol>s1 m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,m4 ,potti]1 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 & ,m4 ,d*elette1 he owes a debt :i* ev5 a con/ant ackn[l$gm5t 9 ! text h>dly repays4 ,?anks are also due to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum = k9d p]mission to reproduce _! blocks = ,figs4 #ge1 #aji1 #aah1 #abe1 #abh1 #aca1 #ach1 #ahe1 #aia1 & #aig1 to ,m4 ,d*elette = p]mission to reproduce f 8 "w ! vases giv5 9 ,figs4 #bbd1 #bbf1 & to ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns = simil> facilities 9 reg>d to ,plate ,,xiv4 7pott]y f ,crete74 ,la/ly1 b by no means lea/1 ! au?or desires to express to ,mr4 ,hallam ,murray 8 deep s5se ( obligation = ! w>m int]e/ he has %[n 9 ! "w ?r\gh\t & = ! pa9s he has tak5 to ensure ! success ( its outw>d appe>ance4 ,h4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,london1 ,janu>y #aije4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i ,,page ,,preface v ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i ix ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,9 ,,volume ,i xiii ,,li/ ,,( ,,text-,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,volume ,i xv ,,bibliography ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pott]y xix ,,note ,,on ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w xxxvi ,,"p ,i ,,greek ,,pott]y ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,importance ( /udy ( anci5t monum5ts--,value ( pott]y z evid5ce ( e>ly civilisation--,inv5tion ( ! art--,use ( brick 9 ,babylonia--,! pott]'s :eel--,enamel & glazes--,e>lie/ ,greek pott]y--,use ( /udy ( vases--,e?nological1 hi/orical1 my?ological1 & arti/ic aspects--,e>lie/ writ+s on ! subject--,! 8,etruscan0 !ory--,hi/ory ( ! /udy ( ,greek vases--,arti/ic1 epexegetic1 & hi/orical me?ods--,! vase-collections ( ,europe & _! hi/ory--,li/ ( exi/+ collections #a-cj ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sites ,,& ,,circum/ances ,,( ,,discov]y ,,( ,,greek ,,vases ,hi/orical & geographical limits ( subject--,description ( ,greek tombs--,tombs 9 ,cyprus1 ,cyr5aica1 ,sicily1 ,italy--,condition ( vases :5 f\nd--,subsequ5t re/orations--,imitations & =g]ies--,prices ( vases--,sites on :i* pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd3 ,a!ns1 ,cor9?1 ,boeotia1 ,greek isl&s1 ,crimea1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,cyprus1 ,nor? ,africa1 ,italy1 ,etruria--,vulci discov]ies--,s\!rn ,italy1 ,sicily #ca-hh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,clay ,te*nical t]ms--,sun-dri$ clay & unburnt bricks--,use ( ^! 9 ,greece--,me?ods ( manufacture--,ro(-tiles & ar*itectural decorations 9 t]racotta--,antefixal ornam5ts--,sicilian & ,italian sy/ems--,inscrib$ tiles--,s>cophagi--,brazi]s--,m\lds--,gr eek lamps--,sculpture 9 t]racotta--,orig9 ( art--,l>ge /atues 9 t]racotta--,/atuettes--,processes ( manufacture--,m\ld+--,col\r+--,vases ) pla/ic decoration--,reliefs--,toys--,types & uses ( /atuettes--,porcela9 & enamell$ w>es--,hell5i/ic & ,roman enamell$ fabrics #hi-acj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,uses ,,& ,,%apes ,,( ,,greek ,,vases ,m5tion ( pa9t$ vases 9 lit]ature--,civil & dome/ic use ( pott]y--,measures ( capacity--,use 9 daily life--,decorative use--,religi\s & votive uses--,use 9 fun]al c]emonies--,%apes & _! names--,anci5t & mod]n classifications--,vases = /orage--,pi?os--,w9e- amphora--,amphora--,/amnos--,hydria--,va ses = mix+--,krat]--,de9os or ,lebes--,cook+-vessels--,vases = p\r+ w9e--,o9o*o & v>iants--,ladles--,dr9k+- cups--,names record$ by ,a!naeus--,kotyle--,skyphos--,kan?>os--, kylix--,phiale-- ,rhyton--,di%es--,oil- vases--,leky?os--,alaba/ron--,pyxis--,as kos--,m\ld$ vases #aca-bja ,,*apt] ,v ,,te*nical ,,processes ,nature ( clay--,places :5ce obta9$--,h&-made vases--,inv5tion ( pott]'s :eel--,me?ods ( modell+--,m\ld$ vases & relief- decoration--,bak+--,pott]ies & furnaces--,pa9t$ vases & _! classification--,black v>ni%--,me?ods ( pa9t+--,in/rum5ts & col\rs employ$--,/atus ( pott]s 9 antiquity #bjb-bcc ,,"p ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,primitive ,,fabrics ,introductory--,cypriote ,bronze-,age pott]y--,classification--,myc5aean pott]y 9 ,cyprus--,graeco- ,pho5ician fabrics--,%apes & decoration--,hell5ic & lat] vases--,primitive pott]y 9 ,greece--,troy--,!ra & ,cyclades--,crete--,rec5t discov]ies--,myc5aean pott]y--,classification & di/ribution--,c5tres ( fabric--,e?nography & *ronology #bcd-bgf ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,rise ,,( ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,greece ,geometrical decoration--,its orig9--,di/ribution ( pott]y--,%apes & ornam5tation ( vases--,subjects--,dipylon vases--,boeotian ,geometrical w>es--,*ronology--,proto-,attic fabrics--,phal]on w>e--,lat] ,boeotian vases--,melian amphorae--,cor9? & its pott]y--8,proto-,cor9?ian0 vases--,vases ) imbrications & floral decoration--,incis$ l9es & gr\nd-ornam5ts--,introduction ( figure- subjects--,*alcidian vases--8,tyrrh5ian ,amphorae0 #bgg-cbg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,ionia ,g5]al *>act]i/ics--,classification--,myc5aean influ5ce--,rhodian pott]y--8,fikellura0 w>e--,asia ,m9or fabrics--,cyr5aic vases--,naukratis & its pott]y--,daphnae w>e--,ca]etan hydriae--,o!r ,ionic fabrics--8,pontic0 vases--,e>ly pa9t+ 9 ,ionia--,clazom5ae s>cophagi #cbh-cfg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,a!nian ,,black-,,figur$ ,,vases ,def9ition ( 8black-figur$0--,! ,franois vase--,te*nical & /yli/ic details--,%apes--,decorative patt]ns--,subjects & types--,arti/s' signatures--,exekias & ,amasis--,m9or ,arti/s--,niko/h5es--,&okides--8,affect$ 0 vases--,pana!naic amphorae--,vases f ! ,kabeirion--,opaque pa9t+ on black gr\nd--,vase-pa9t+ & lit]>y tradition--,e>ly ,greek pa9t+ & its subsequ5t developm5t #cfh-cii ,,*apt] ,x ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,vases ,orig9 ( r$-figure /yle--,date ( introduction---names & hi/orical p]sonages--,te*nical *>act]i/ics--,draughts man%ip--,%apes--,ornam5tation--,subjects & types--,subdivisions ( /yle--,sev]e p]iod & arti/s--,/rong p]iod--,euphronios--,duris1 ,hi]on1 & ,brygos--,f9e p]iod--,influ5ce ( ,polygnotos--,lat] f9e p]iod--,boeotian local fabric #djj-dec ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,:ite-,,gr\nd ,,& ,,lat] ,,fabrics ,orig9 & "* ( :ite-gr\nd pa9t+--,outl9e draw+ & poly*romy--,fun]al leky?i--,subjects & types--,decad5ce ( ,greek vase-pa9t+--,rise ( new c5tres--,k]t*1 ,cyr5aica1 & ,s\!rn ,italy--,*>act]i/ics ( ! latt] fabrics--,%apes--,draughtsman%ip--,influ 5ce ( ,trag$y & ,com$y--,subjects--,pae/um fabric--,lucanian1 ,campanian1 & ,apulian fabrics--,gna?ia vases--,vases modell$ 9 =m ( figures--,imitations ( metal--,vases ) reliefs--8,meg>ian0 b[ls--,bols5a w>e & ,cal5e phialae #ded-ejd ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,9 ,,volume ,i 7,except :]e o!rwise not$ ! objects are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,,plate ,i4 ,kylix sign$ by ,duris3 ,lab\rs ( ,!seus 7col\rs7 ,frontispiece ,,to ,,face ,,page ,,ii4 ,ar*aic t]racotta antefixes #ih ,,iii4 ,re/oration ( temple at ,civita ,lav9ia #ajj ,,iv4 ,greek lamps & 8brazi]-h&les0 #ajf ,v4 ,m\lds = t]racotta figures #aad ,,vi4 ,t]racotta vases f ,s\!rn ,italy #aah ,,vii4 8,melian0 reliefs #abj ,,viii4 ,ar*aic t]racotta figures #abb ,,ix4 ,t]racotta figures ( f9e /yle #abd ,x4 ,porcela9 & enamell$ w>es #abh ,,xi4 ,cypriote ,bronze-,age pott]y #bdb ,,xii4 ,myc5aean vases f\nd 9 ,cyprus #bdf ,,xiii4 ,cypriote 8,graeco-,pho5ician0 pott]y #beb ,,xiv4 ,example ( ,kam>aes w>e f ,palaioka/ro1 ,crete 7f ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual7 #bff ,,xv4 ,myc5aean vases 7col\rs7 #bgb ,,xvi4 ,subjects f ! ,ari/onos krat] 9 ! ,vatican 7f ,wi5] ,vorl47 #bif ,,xvii4 ,phal]on1 ,boeotian1 & ,photo-,cor9?ian vases #cjj ,,xviii4 ,melian amphora 9 ,a!ns 7f ,conze7 #cjb ,,xix4 ,proto-,cor9?ian & ,e>ly ,cor9?ian vases #cjh ,,xx4 ,cor9?ian pyxis & ,rhodian o9o*o 7col\rs7 #cab ,,xxi4 ,lat] ,cor9?ian vases ) figure subjects #caf ,,xxii4 ,*alcidian vase 9 ,bibl4 ,nat41 ,p>is3 ,h]akles & ,g]yon2 *>iot #cbj ,,xxiii4 8,tyrrh5ian0 ,amphora3 ,! dea? ( ,polyx5a #cbd ,,xxiv4 ,rhodian & ,naucratite w>es #ccf ,,xxv4 ,situla f ,daphnae2 lat] ,ionic vase 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton #ceb ,,xxvi4 ,ca]etan hydria 7col\rs7 #ced ,,xxvii4 ,pa9t$ s>cophagus f ,clazom5ae #cfd ,,xxviii4 ,! ,franois vase 9 ,flor5ce1 g5]al view 7f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5m47 #cgj ,,xxix4 ,attic black-figur$ amphorae #chj ,,xxx4 ,vases by ,niko/h5es #chd ,,xxxi4 ,obv]se ( vase by ,&okides3 ,w>riors play+ draughts 7,b4,f47 #chf ,,xxxii4 ,rev]se ( vase by ,&okides3 ,h]akles & ! ,nemean lion 7,r4,f47 #chf ,,xxxiii4 ,pana!naic amphora1 e>li] /yle #chh ,,xxxiv4 ,pana!naic amphora1 lat] /yle #cij ,,xxxv4 ,vases ) opaque figures on black gr\nd 7,brit4 ,mus4 & ,l\vre7 #cid ,,xxxvi4 ,r$-figur$ 8,nolan0 amphorae & leky?os #dab ,,xxxvii4 ,cups ( ,epictetan /yle #dbb ,,xxxviii4 ,kylix at ,muni* sign$ by ,euphronios3 ,h]akles & ,g]yon 7f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold7 #dcb ,,xxxix4 ,kylikes by ,duris at ,b]l9 & 9 ! /yle ( ,brygos at ,corneto 7f ,baumei/]7 #dcf ,,xl4 ,vases sign$ by ,sotades 7,brit4 ,mus4 & ,bo/on7 #ddd ,,xli4 ,hydria sign$ by ,meidias #ddf ,,xlii4 ,vases ( 8late f9e0 /yle 7col\rs7 #ddh ,,xliii4 ,poly*rome :ite-gr\nd vases 7col\rs7 #def ,,xliv4 ,campanian & ,apulian vases #dhd ,,xlv4 ,apulian sepul*ral vase 7col\rs7 #dhf ,,xlvi4 ,vases modell$ 9 v>i\s =ms #dib ,,xlvii4 ,ar*aic vase 9 ,a!ns ) reliefs 7f 7 #dif ,,xlviii4 ,vases ( black w>e ) reliefs 7,hell5i/ic p]iod7 #ejj ,,li/ ,,( ,,text-,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,volume ,i ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,c(f9 conta9+ vases1 f ,/ackelb]g ,a!ns #cd #b4 ,bronze-,age tombs 9 ,cyprus ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ce #c4 ,tomb at ,gela 7,sicily7 ) ,a%mol4 ,vases vases #cg #d4 ,campana tomb at ,veii ,campana #ci #e4 ,map ( ,greece #dg #f4 ,map ( ,asia ,m9or & ! ,ar*ipelago #fc #g4 ,map ( ,cyprus #ff #h4 ,map ( ,italy #gj #i4 ,diagram ( ro(-til+1 ,durm ,h]aion1 ,olympia #ic #aj4 ,antefix f ,m>a?on ,brit4 ,mus4 #ii #aa4 ,inscrib$ tiles f ,ac>nania ,brit4 ,mus4 & ,corfu #ajb #ab4 ,o/rakon ( ,megakles ,b5ndorf #ajc #ac4 ,o/rakon ( ,xan?ippos ,jahrbu* #ajc #ad4 ,hemikotylion f ,ky!ra ,brit4 ,mus4 #ace #ae4 ,*ild play+ ) jug ,brit4 ,mus4 #acg #af4 ,d$ication to ,apollo ,brit4 ,mus4 7,naukratis7 #aci #ag4 ,y\? ) votive tablet ,b5ndorf #adj #ah4 ,vases us$ 9 sacrifice ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold #ada #ai4 ,fun]al leky?os ) vases ,brit4 ,mus4 inside tomb #adc #bj4 ,vases plac$ on tomb 7,lucanian ,brit4 ,mus4 hydria7 #add #ba4 ,pi?os f ,knossos #aeb #bb4 ,greek w9e-j>s ,brit4 ,mus4 #aed #bc4 ,amphora-/amps f ,rhodes ,dumont4 #aef #bd4 ,amphora-/amps f ,?asos ,dumont4 #aeh #be4 8,tyrrh5ian0 amphora #afj #bf4 ,pana!naic amphora #afj #bg4 ,panel-amphora #afa #bh4 ,r$-bodi$ amphora #afa #bi4 8,nolan0 amphora #afb #cj4 ,apulian amphora #afb #ca4 8,pelike0 #afc #cb4 ,/amnos #afd #cc4 8,lekane0 #afd #cd4 ,hydria #aff #ce4 ,kalpis #aff #cf4 ,krat] ) column-h&les #afi #cg4 ,volute-h&l$ krat] #agj #ch4 ,calyx-krat] #agj #ci4 ,bell-krat] #agj #dj4 ,lucanian krat] #agb #da4 ,psykt] #agc #db4 ,de9os or lebes #agc #dc4 ,o9o*o 7#g? c5tury7 #agg #dd4 ,o9o*o 7#e? c5tury7 #agg #de4 ,pro*os #agh #df4 ,olpe #agh #dg4 ,epi*ysis #agi #dh4 ,kya?os #agi #di4 ,kotyle #ahd #ej4 ,kan?>os #ahh #ea4 ,kylix 7e>li] =m7 #aij #eb4 ,kylix 7lat] =m7 #aia #ec4 ,phiale #aia #ed4 ,rhyton #aic #ee4 ,p9ax #aid #ef4 ,leky?os #aif #eg4 ,leky?os 7lat] =m7 #aif #eh4 ,alaba/ron #aig #ei4 ,aryballos #aig #fj4 ,pyxis #aih #fa4 ,ep9etron or ,onos #aii #fb4 ,askos #bjj #fc4 ,apulian askos #bjj #fd4 ,guttus #bjj #fe4 ,pott]'s :eel1 f ,ant4 ,d5km4 ,cor9?ian p9akes #bjg #ff4 ,pott]'s :eel 7vase ( ab\t ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ejj ,b4,c47 #bjh #fg4 ,boy poli%+ vase2 int]ior ,blmn] ( pott]y #bac #fh4 ,seil5os z pott] #baf #fi4 ,int]ior ( furnace ,ant4 ,d5km4 7,cor9?ian p9ax7 #bag #gj4 ,int]ior ( pott]y ,a?4 ,mit?4 #bah #ga4 ,r$-figur$ fragm5t1 incomplete #bbb #gb4 ,/udio ( vase-pa9t] ,blmn] #bbc #gc4 ,vase-pa9t] v>ni%+ cup ,jahrbu* #bbg #gd4 ,vase-pa9t] us+ fea!r- ,jahrbu* bru% #bbh #ge4 ,cypriote jug ) conc5tric ,brit4 ,mus4 circles #bea #gf4 ,cypriote vase f ,ormidhia ,baumei/] #bed #gg4 8,owl-vase0 f ,troy ,s*liemann #beh #gh4 ,deep cup f ,troy ,s*liemann #bei #gi4 ,vase 9 =m ( pig f ,troy ,s*liemann #bei #hj4 ,d\ble-neck$ vase f ,troy ,s*liemann #bei #ha4 ,vases f ,!ra ,baumei/] #bfa #hb4 ,myc5aean vases ) m>9e ,brit4 ,mus4 subjects #bgc #hc4 ,ornam5tation on ,geometrical ,p]rot vases #bhc #hd4 ,geometrical vase ) panels ,brit4 ,mus4 #bhd #he4 ,boeotian ,geometrical vases ,jahrbu* #bhh #hf4 ,c(f] f ,!bes 7,boeotian ,jahrbu* ,geometrical7 #bhi #hg4 ,burgon lebes ,brit4 ,mus4 #bif #hh4 ,w>rior vase f ,myc5ae ,s*liemann #big #hi4 ,proto-,attic vase f ,v\rva ,a?4 ,mit?4 #bii #ij4 ,! ,dodwell pyxis 7cov]7 ,baumei/] #caf #ia4 ,vases ( ,samian or 8,fikellura0 ,brit4 ,mus4 /yle #ccg #ib4 ,! ,arkesilaos cup 7,bibl4 ,baumei/] ,nat47 #cdb #ic4 ,cyr5aic cup ) ,kyr5e ,brit4 ,mus4 #cdd #id4 ,naukratis fragm5t ) 8mix$ ,brit4 ,mus4 te*nique0 #cdf #ie4 8,egyptian situla0 f ,daphnae ,brit4 ,mus4 #cea #if4 ,kylix by ,exekias ,wi5] ,vorl4 #cha #ig4 ,vase by ,amasis3 ,p]seus ,brit4 ,mus4 slay+ ,m$usa #chb #ih4 ,vase f ,temple ( ,kabeiri ,brit4 ,mus4 #cib #ii4 ,diagram ( r5d]+ ( eye on ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,attic vase #djh #ajj4 ,palmettes "u h&les 7e>ly ,jahrbu* ,r4,f47 #dad #aja4 ,palmettes "u h&les 7lat] ,riegl ,r4,f47 #dae #ajb4 ,developm5t ( mae&] & ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 cross patt]n #daf #ajc4 ,krat] ( ,polygnotan /yle3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ,slay+ ( ,niobids 7,l\vre7 #ddb #ajd4 ,boeotian kylix ,brit4 ,mus4 #deb #aje4 ,burlesque sc5e3 ,h]akles & ,jahrbu* ,auge #dgd #ajf4 ,apulian sepul*ral vase ,brit4 ,mus4 #dgg #ajg4 ,vase by ,as/eas 9 ,madrid ,baumei/] #dhj #ajh4 ,lucanian krat]3 ,dep>ture ( ,brit4 ,mus4 w>rior #dhb #aji4 ,hydria ) opaque pa9t+ on ,brit4 ,mus4 black gr\nd #dhi #aaj4 ,phiale ) ,lat9 inscription ,brit4 ,mus4 #dij ,,bibliography ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ,,"p ,i ,,p]iodicals ,,deal+ ,,) ,,! ,,subject ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology4 ,baltimore & ,bo/on1 #ahhe1 etc4 ,9 progress4 7,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*47 ,annali dell' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*eologica4 ,rome1 #ahbi-he4 7,ann4 dell' ,in/47 ,plates ( vases re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire des ,vases1 vol4 i4 7#ahii74 ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns4 ,london1 #ahid1 etc4 ,9 progress4 7,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual47 ,antike ,d5kml]1 h]ausgegeb5 vom kais]l4 deuts*5 ,in/itut4 ,b]l91 #ahhg1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,a supplem5t>y atlas to ! ,jahrbu*4 7,ant4 ,d5km47 ,ar*aeologia1 or miscellane\s tracts relat+ to antiquity4 ,london1 #aggj1 etc4 ,issu$ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,9 progress4 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 issu$ by ! ,royal ,ar*aeological ,in/itute4 ,london1 #ahde1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,num]\s articles on ,roman pott]y1 etc4 9 ,brita94 7,ar*4 ,j\rn47 ,ar*aeologis*e ,zeitung4 ,b]l91 #ahdc-he4 ,vols4 vii4-xxv4 h ! second>y title ,d5kml]1 ,=s*ung5 und ,b]i*te4 7,ar*4 ,zeit47 ,plates ( vases re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 vol4 i4 7#ahii74 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]4 ,b]l91 #ahhf1 etc4 ,9 progress2 a supplem5t b\nd up ) ! ,jahrbu* 7new acquisitions ( museums1 reports ( meet+s1 etc474 7,ar*4 ,anzeig]47 ,ar*aeologis*e-epigraphis*e ,mit!ilung5 aus ,oe/]rei*-,ung>n4 ,vi5na1 #ahgg-ig4 ,n[ sup]s$$ by ,jahre%efte4 7,ar*4-epigr4 ,mit?4 aus ,oe/]r47 ,a!nis*e ,mit!ilung54 ,a!ns1 #ahgf1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,organ ( ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute at ,a!ns4 7,a?4 ,mit?47 ,b]i*te d] s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,leipzig1 #ahdf1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,important articles by ,o4 ,jahn1 #ahec-fg4 7,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*47 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]4 ,jahrb*] des ,v]e9s von ,alt]?umsfreund5 im ,rhe9l&e4 ,bonn1 #ahdb1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,important = notices ( pott]y1 etc41 f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & = rec5t articles by ,drag5dorff & o!rs on ,roman pott]y 7,arret9e & prov9cial w>es1 vols4 xcvi41 ci41 cii41 ciii474 7,bonn] ,jahrb47 ,bullet9 de ,correspondance ,hellnique4 ,a!ns & ,p>is1 #ahgg1 etc4 ,9 progress4 7,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell47 ,bullett9o ar*eologico ,napolitano4 ,naples1 #ahdb-fb4 ,s]4 i4 #ahdb-dh4 ,new s]4 #ahec-fb4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 #ahii4 7,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap47 ,bullett9o dell' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*eologica4 ,rome1 #ahbi-he4 ,*iefly records ( discov]ies 9 ,italy & else:]e4 7,bull4 dell' ,in/47 ,classical ,review4 ,london1 #ahhg1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,reviews ( ar*aeological books & records ( discov]ies4 ,comptes-,r5dus de la ,commission impriale ar*ologique4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahei-hh4 ,edit$ by ,l4 ,/ephani4 ,) folio atlas1 re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 vol4 i4 7#ahii74 7,/ephani1 ,comptes-,r5dus47 4 ,a!ns1 #ahhc1 etc4 7new s]ies74 ,9 progress4 ,plates ( vases1 #ahhc-id1 re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 vol4 i4 7#ahii74 74 47 ,gazette ar*ologique4 ,p>is1 #ahge-hi4 7,gaz4 ,ar*47 ,h]mes4 ,zeits*rift fr classis*e ,philologie4 ,b]l91 #ahff1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,jahrbu* des kais]li*5 deuts*5 ar*aeologis*5 ,in/ituts4 ,b]l91 #ahhf1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,) ,ar*4 ,anzeig] 7q4v47 z supplem5t & ,antike ,d5kml] 7q4v47 z atlas4 7,jahrbu*47 ,jahre%efte des oe/]rei*is*5 ar*aeologis*5 ,in/itutes4 ,vi5na1 #ahih1 etc4 ,9 progress4 7,jahre%efte47 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies4 ,london1 #ahhj1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,) atlas 9 #dto ( plates to vols4 i4-viii41 & supplem5t>y pap]s 7,no4 #d on ,phylakopi74 7,j4,h4,s47 ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,ar*aeological ,association4 ,london1 #ahde1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,a few articles on ,roman pott]y 9 ,brita94 7,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc47 ,monum5ti anti*i1 pubblicati p] cura della ,r4 ,accad4 dei ,l9cei4 ,milan1 #ahij1 etc4 ,9 progress4 7,mon4 anti*i47 ,monum5ti in$iti dell' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*eologica4 ,rome1 #ahbi-he 7) supplem5t>y volume1 #ahia74 ,re-edit$ 7! plates ( vases7 by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 vol4 i4 7#ahii74 7,mon4 dell' ,in/47 ,monum5ts ,grecs1 publis p> l',association p\r l'enc\ragem5t des tudes grecques4 ,p>is1 #ahgb-ih4 7,mon4 ,grecs47 ,monum5ts ,piot4 ,fondation ,eugne ,piot4 ,monum5ts et mmoires publis p> l',acadmie des ,inscriptions4 ,p>is1 #ahid1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,museo italiano di anti*it classica4 #c vols4 ,flor5ce1 #ahhe-ij4 ,plates ( vases re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 vol4 i4 7#ahii74 7,a?4 ,mit?47 ,notizie degli ,scavi di ,anti*it1 communicate alla ,r4 ,accademia dei ,l9cei4 ,rome & ,milan1 #ahgf1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,important z a record ( rec5t discov]ies 9 ,italy & ,sicily4 7,notizie degli ,scavi47 ,philologus4 ,zeits*rift fr das klassis*e ,alt]?um4 ,gtt+51 #ahdf1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,) occasional supplem5t>y volumes4 ,revue ar*ologique4 ,p>is1 #ahdd1 etc4 ,9 progress 7f\r s]ies1 ea* numb]$ sep>ately74 7,rev4 ,ar*47 ,rmis*e ,mit!ilung54 ,rome1 #ahhf1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,organ ( ,g]man ,in/itute at ,rome4 7,rm4 ,mit?47 ,,"p ,,ii ,,works ,,on ,,greek ,,vases ,,adamek 7,l474 ,unsigni]te ,vas5 des ,amasis4 ,prague1 #ahie 7,prag] ,/udi51 ,heft v474 ,,amelung 7,w474 ,p]sonnifici]ung des ,leb5s 9 d] ,natur 9 d5 ,vas5bild]n d] hell5i/is*5 ,zeit4 ,muni*1 #ahhh4 ,see also ,flor5ce4 ,,&]son 7,w4 ,f4 ,c474 ,see ,engelmann & ,s*reib]4 ,antiquits du ,bosphore cimmri54 #c vols4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed1 fol4 ,vases1 etc41 f\nd 9 ! ,crimea4 7,re-edit$ 9 #hvo by ,s4 ,re9a*1 #ahib47 ,,arndt 7,p474 ,/udi5 zur ,vas5kunde4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,adopts ,brunn's !ory ( ! late ,italian orig9 ( black-figur$ vases4 ,a!ns 7,national ,museum74 ,catalogue des ,vases pe9ts1 by ,m4 ,,collignon & ,l4 ,,c\ve4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,) atlas ( photographic plates4 ,! fragm5ts f ! ,acropolis =m ! subject ( a sep>ate catalogue 79 prep>ation74 ,aus d] ,anomia4 ,collect$ articles1 "s relat+ to vases4 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,,baumei/] 7,a474 ,d5kml] des klassis*5 ,alt]?ums4 #c vols4 ,muni*1 #ahhd-hh4 ,excell5t illu/rations ( num]\s vases accompany+ ! articles1 :i* are arrang$ alphabetically 9 diction>y-=m4 ,! article ,vas5kunde1 by ,von ,rohd51 is useful1 b n[ some:at out ( date4 7,baumei/]47 ,,beg] 7,l474 ,!saurus ,br&5burgicus selectus4 #c vols4 ,kln1 #afif1 fol4 ,publi%es vases belong+ to ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #af74 ,,b5ndorf 7,o474 ,grie*is*e und sicilis*e ,vas5bild]4 ,b]l91 #ahfi-hc1 fol4 ,*iefly fun]>y vases & lat] fabrics4 7,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b47 ,see also ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]4 ,b]l94 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung im ,antiqu>ium1 by ,a4 ,,furtwa5gl]4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 #b vols4 ,) plates ( %apes4 ,,blo* 7,l474 ,die zus*au5d5 ,gtt] 9 d5 ro?fig4 ,vas5gemld54 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,,bl,,mn] 7,h474 ,te*nologie und ,t]m9ologie d] ,gew]be und ,kn/e4 #d vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahge-hf4 7,vol4 ii4 ,arbeit 9 ,?on1 = pott]y & t]racottas2 vol4 iii4 = build+ con/ruction47 ,out ( date 9 "s p>ticul>s1 b /ill exce$+ly useful1 & fairly well illu/rat$4 7,blmn]1 ,te*nologie47 ,,boeckh 7,a47 & o!rs4 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um4 #d vols4 ,b]l91 #ahbh-gg1 fol4 ,vol4 iv4 conta9s _m vase-inscriptions4 7,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g47 ,b,,hlau 7,j474 ,aus ionis*5 und italis*5 ,nekropol54 ,leipzig1 #ahih1 #dto4 ,indisp5sable = ! /udy ( ,ionic vase-fabrics4 7,bhlau1 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop47 ,bologna 7,museo ,civico74 ,catalogo dei vasi1 by ,g4 ,,pellegr9i4 ,bologna1 #aijj4 7,plates & cuts47 ,,bolte 7,j474 ,de monum5tis ad ,odysseam p]t95tibus capita selecta4 ,b]l91 #ahhb1 #hvo4 ,bonn4 ,das akademis*e ,kun/museum zu ,bonn1 by ,r4 ,,kekul4 ,bonn1 #ahgb4 ,bonn] ,/udi54 ,aufstze aus d] ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft ,r4 ,kekul gewidmet4 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,collect$ pap]s1 includ+ sev]al on ,greek vases4 ,bo/on4 ,catalogue ( ,greek1 ,etruscan1 & ,roman vases 9 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,bo/on1 #ahic4 ,by ,e4 ,,rob9son4 ,n[ )drawn1 ow+ to re-numb]+ & ext5sive subsequ5t accessions1 = :i* see ,bo/on ,museum ,reports 7bel[74 ,bo/on ,museum ,reports1 #ahie1 etc4 ,9 progress f #ahif4 ,issu$ annually1 ) full details ( new acquisitions1 describ+ _m unique specim5s4 7,bo/on ,mus4 ,report47 ,b,,ttig] 7,c4 ,a474 ,grie*is*e ,vas5gemlde4 ,weim> & ,magdeburg1 #agig-ahjj4 ---- ,kle9e ,s*rift54 #c vols4 ,dresd51 #ahcg-ci4 ,b\rguignon ,collection4 ,sale ,catalogue1 #ah ,m>* #aija4 ,p>is1 #aija4 7,be/ vases n includ$47 ,,branteghem 7,a4 ,,van74 ,see ,froehn]4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek & ,etruscan ,vases4 ,vol4 i41 by ,c4 ,smi?1 9 prep>ation4 ,vol4 ii41 ,black-figur$ vases1 by ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s 7#ahic74 ,vol4 iii41 ,r$-figur$ vases1 by ,c4 ,smi? 7#ahif74 ,vol4 iv41 ,vases ( ! lat] p]iod1 by ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s 7#ahif74 7,ref]r$ to z ,b4 ,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 or ,b4,m4 ) numb] ( vase47 ---- ,designs on ,greek ,vases1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray & ,c4 ,smi?4 #ahid1 fol4 7,plates ( int]iors ( ,r4,f4 kylikes47 ---- ,:ite ,a!nian ,vases1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray & ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?4 #ahif1 fol4 ---- ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4 #ahih1 fol4 7,! s>cophagi f ,clazom5ae1 ,kameiros1 & ,c]vetri2 see ,*apt]s ,,viii4 & ,,xviii47 ---- ,excavations 9 ,cyprus 7,enkomi1 ,curium1 ,ama?us74 #aijj4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray1 ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s1 & ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?4 ,,br,,nd/$ 7,p4 ,o474 ,a brief description ( #cb anci5t ,greek pa9t$ vases1 lately f\nd at ,vulci by ,m4 ,campan>i4 ,london1 #ahcb1 #hvo4 ,,brongni>t 7,a474 ,trait des ,arts ,cramiques1 ou des ,pot]ies consid]es dans leur ,hi/oire1 leur ,pratique1 et leur ,?orie4 #crd edn41 #ahgg4 #b vols41 ) ,atlas4 7,brongni>t1 ,trait47 ,see also ,svres4 ,,brunn 7,h474 ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,kn/l]4 #b vols4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahei4 ,! second volume has "s acc\nt ( ! vase-pa9t]s !n kn[n4 ---- ,probleme 9 d] ,ges*i*te d] ,vas5mal]ei4 ,muni*1 #ahga1 #dto4 ,!ory ( ,italian orig9 ( ,b4,f4 vases4 ---- ,neue ,probleme 9 d] ,ges*i*te d] ,vas5mal]ei4 ,muni*1 #ahhf4 ---- ,grie*is*e ,kun/ges*i*te4 #b vols4 7incomplete74 ,muni*1 #ahic-ig4 ,deals ) "s ( ! e>li] fabrics4 ---- ,kle9e ,s*rift54 ,vol4 i4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,9 progress4 ,see also ,lau4 ,,bulle 7,h474 ,die ,sil5e 9 d] ar*ais*5 ,kun/4 ,muni*1 #ahic4 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club4 ,catalogue ( objects ( ,greek ,c]amic ,art 7exhibit$ 9 #ahhh71 by ,w4 ,froehn]4 7,mo/ly vases f ,branteghem ,collection47 ---- ,catalogue ( ,exhibition ( ,anci5t ,greek ,art1 #aijc1 by ,e4 ,/rong & o!rs4 ,a revis$ dition de luxe 7#aijd7 ) plates4 ,cambridge 7,fitzwilliam ,museum74 ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,greek vases 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,,g>dn]4 ,cambridge1 #ahig4 ,) plates4 ,,canessa 7,c4 & ,e474 ,collection d',antiquits1 l',htel ,dr\ot1 #aa ,may #aijc1 #dto4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,a sale catalogue ( an anonym\s collection conta9+ sev]al int]e/+ vases4 ,,can9o 7,pr9ce ,luci5 ,bonap>te (74 ,musum trusque de ,l4 ,bonap>te1 pr9ce de ,can9o4 ,f\illes de #ahbh #ahbi4 ,vases pe9ts avec inscriptions4 ,vit]bo1 #ahbi1 #dto4 ,) atlas ( plates1 ( :i* only "o "p 0 publi%$4 ---- ,catalogo di scelte ,anti*it ,etrus*e trovate negli ,scavi del ,pr4 di ,can9o1 #ahbh-bi4 ,vit]bo1 #ahbi1 #dto4 ,,caylus 7,a4 ,c4 ,p4 de74 ,recueil d'antiquits gypti5nes1 trusques1 grecques et roma9es4 #g vols4 ,p>is1 #ageb-fg1 #dto4 7,vases giv5 9 vols4 i4 & ii47 ,,cesnola 7,l4 ,p4 di74 ,cyprus3 its anci5t cities1 tombs1 & temples4 7,) a *apt] on ! pott]y1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray47 ,london1 #ahgg1 #hvo4 ,,*ri/ie 7,j474 ,disquisitions ^u ! ,pa9t$ ,vases1 & _! connection ) ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,london1 #ahbe1 #dto4 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ba47 ,,collignon 7,m474 ,see ,a!ns1 ,rayet4 ,comm5tationes philologae 9 honorem ,t4 ,momms5i4 ,b]l91 #ahgg1 #dto4 ,sev]al useful pap]s on vases4 ,,conze 7,a474 ,melis*e ,?ongefsse4 ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 ,folio plates4 ---- ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,anfnge grie*is*] ,kun/4 ,vi5na1 #ahgj1 #hvo4 ,see also ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]4 ,,corey 7,a4 ,d474 ,de ,amazonum antiquissimis figuris4 ,b]l91 #ahia1 #hvo4 ,,c\ve 7,l474 ,see ,a!ns4 ,,d>emb]g 7,c47 & ,,saglio 7,e471 & subsequ5tly ,e4 ,,potti]4 ,dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et roma9es4 ,p>is1 #ahgc1 etc4 ,9 progress 7to ,m 9 #aijd74 7,d>emb]g & ,saglio47 ,special ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! articles ,figl9um1 ,=ma1 ,luc]na1 & ^? on vase-%apes4 ,! bibliographies are v exhau/ive4 ,,d5nis 7,g474 ,! ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgh 7#bnd edn471 #hvo4 ,introductory matt] on vases antiquat$2 useful z record ( discov]ies1 etc4 7,d5nis1 ,etruria47 ,,des ,,v]g]s 7,n474 trurie et les trusques4 #b vols4 & atlas4 ,p>is1 #ahfb-fd4 ,"s f9e vases publi%$4 ,,disney 7,j474 ,museum ,disneianum1 be+ a description ( a collection ( v>i\s anci5t fictile vases 9 ! possession ( ,j4 ,d4 7n[ at ,cambridge74 ,london1 #ahdf1 #dto4 ,,dubois-,,maisonneuve 7,a474 ,introduction l'tude des vases antiques d'argile pe9ts4 ,p>is1 #ahag1 fol4 7,dubois-,maisonneuve1 ,introd47 ,,dumont 7,a474 ,inscriptions cramiques de ,grce4 ,p>is1 #ahgb1 #hvo4 7,inscriptions on h&les ( w9e-amphorae47 ---- ,vases pe9ts de la ,grce propre4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts47 ---- ,les ,cramiques de la ,grce propre2 hi/oire de la pe9ture des vases grecs depuis les orig9es jusqu'au ,v4 sicle avant ,jsus-,*ri/4 ,illu/rations by ,j4 ,*apla94 ,revis$ by ,e4 ,potti]4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahhh-ij4 ,vol4 i41 on e>li] vase fabrics 7n[ becom+ out ( date72 plates mo/ly ( lat] vases4 ,vol4 ii41 miscellane\s pap]s 7vases1 t]racottas1 etc474 7,dumont-,potti]47 ,,endt 7,j474 ,beitrge zur ionis*5 ,vas5mal]ei4 ,prague1 #ahii1 #hvo4 7,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m47 ,,engelmann 7,r474 ,bild]-,atlas zum ,hom]4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,f4 ,c4 ,&]son3 ,pictorial ,atlas to ,hom]'s ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ,london1 #ahib4 7,engelmann-,&]son47 ---- ,ar*aeologis*e ,/udi5 zu d5 ,tragik]n4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,eranos ,v9dobon5sis 7collect$ pap]s74 ,vi5na1 #ahic1 #hvo4 ,,fea 7,c474 ,/oria dei vasi fittili dip9ti *e si trovano nell' antica ,etruria4 ,rome1 #ahcb4 7,deal+ ) 8,etruscan0 !ory47 ,fe/s*rift fr ,johannes ,ov]beck 7collect$ pap]s74 ,leipzig1 #ahic1 #dto4 ,fe/s*rift fr ,otto ,b5ndorf zu se9em #fj4 ,geburt/age gewidmet 7collect$ pap]s74 ,vi5na1 #ahih1 #dto4 ,,fiorelli 7,g474 ,notizia dei vasi dip9ti r9v5uti a ,cuma nel #ahef4 ,naples1 #aheg4 ,plates reproduc$ 9 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 7q4v474 ,,flas* 7,a474 ,angebli*e ,argonaut5bild]4 ,muni*1 #ahgj4 ---- ,die ,poly*romie d] grie*is*5 ,vas5bild]4 ,wrzburg1 #ahge4 ,flor5ce4 ,fhr] dur* die ,antik5 9 ,flor5z1 by ,w4 ,,amelung4 ,muni*1 #ahig4 ,f,,r/] 7,p4 ,r474 ,ho*zeit des ,zeus und d] ,h]a1 ,relief d] ,s*aub]t's*5 ,sammlung 9 4444 ,breslau4 ,breslau1 #ahfg1 #dto4 ---- ,d] ,raub und die ,rckkehr d] ,p]sephone4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgc4 ,,froehn] 7,w474 ,*oix de vases grecs 9dits de la collection du ,pr9ce ,napolon4 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 fol4 ---- ,deux pe9tures de vases grecs de la ncropole de ,kameiros4 ,p>is1 #ahga1 fol4 ---- ,muses de ,france4 ,recueil de monum5ts antiques4 ,p>is1 #ahgc1 fol4 ---- ,collection de ,m4 ,alb]t ,b7arre74 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 #dto4 7,sale catalogue47 ---- ,collection ,eugne ,piot1 ,antiquits4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 7,sale catalogue47 ---- ,collection van ,branteghem4 ,brussels1 #ahib1 fol41 ) plates4 7,sale catalogue47 ---- ,collection d'antiquits du ,comte ,mi*ael ,tyszkiewicz4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 7,sale catalogue47 ,& see ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 ,m>seilles ,mus4 ,,furtwa5gl] 7,a474 ,eros 9 d] ,vas5mal]ei4 ,muni*1 #ahge1 #hvo4 ---- ,collection ,sab\r(f4 #b vols4 7! fir/ giv+ vases74 ,b]l91 #ahhc-hg1 #dto4 7,also a ,g]man edition2 ! vases n[ 9 ,b]l947 ---- ,orpheus1 ,attis*e ,vase aus ,gela 79 #ejtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr41 #ahij74 ---- ,neu]e ,fls*ung5 von ,antik54 ,muni*1 #ahii1 #dto4 ---- & ,,loes*cke 7,g474 ,myk5is*e ,?ongefsse4 ,b]l91 #ahgi1 obl4 fol4 ---- ---- ,myk5is*e ,vas53 ,vorhell5is*e ,?ongefsse aus dem ,gebiete des ,mittelme]es4 ,b]l91 #ahhf1 #dto1 ) atlas 9 fol4 ---- & ,,rei*hold 7,c474 ,die grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,auswahl h]vorrag5d] ,vas5bild]4 ,muni*1 #aijj1 etc4 ,text by ,a4 ,f4 & ,c4 ,r42 plates 7sep>ate7 by ,c4 ,r4 ,& see ,b]l91 ,g5ick4 ,,g>dn] 7,e4 ,a474 ,see ,cambridge1 ,naukratis4 ,,g>dn] 7,p474 ,see ,ox=d4 ,,g>giulo 7,r474 ,c5ni sulla mani]a di r9v5ire i vasi fittili ,italo-,greci4 ,naples1 #ahca2 #bnd edn41 #ahdc4 ---- ,raccolta de ,monum5ti pi int]essanti del ,real ,mus4 ,borb4 ,naples1 #ahbe-c-4 #b vols4 ( plates4 ,,g5ick 7,a47 & ,,furtwa5gl] 7,a474 ,grie*is*e ,k]amik4 #dto4 ,tafeln ausgewhlt und aufg5omm5 von ,a4 ,g41 mit ,e9leitung und ,bes*reibung von ,a4 ,f4 #bnd edn4 ,b]l91 #ahhc1 #dto4 ,,g]h>d 7,e474 ,antike ,bildw]ke4 ,muni*1 #ahbh-dd4 ,text 9 #hvo & plates 9 fol4 ---- ,b]l9s antike ,bildw]ke4 ,b]l91 #ahcf1 #hvo4 ---- ,grie*is*e und etruskis*e ,tr9ks*al5 des knigl4 ,museums zu ,b]l94 ,b]l91 #ahdj1 fol4 ---- ,aus]les5e grie*is*e ,vas5bild]4 #d vols4 ,b]l91 #ahdj-eh4 7,g]h>d1 ,a4 ,v47 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 vol4 ii4 7#aijj74 ---- ,etruskis*e und campanis*e ,vas5bild] des knigl4 ,museums zu ,b]l94 ,b]l91 #ahdc1 fol4 ---- ,apulis*e ,vas5bild] des knigl4 ,museums zu ,b]l94 ,b]l91 #ahde1 fol4 ---- ,tr9ks*al5 und ,gefsse des knigl4 ,museums zu ,b]l9 und &]] ,sammlung54 ,b]l91 #ahdh-ej1 fol4 ---- ,gesammelte akademis*e ,abh&lung5 und kle9e ,s*rift54 #b vols4 9 #hvo & atlas 9 #dto4 ,b]l91 #ahff-fh4 7,*iefly pap]s on my?ology1 illu/rat$ by vases47 ,,gir>d 7,p474 ,la ,pe9ture antique4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,vases z illu/rative ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,,gori 7,a4 ,f474 ,museum ,etruscum4 #c vols4 ,flor5ce1 #agcg-dc1 fol4 ,,gsell 7,s474 ,f\illes dans la ncropole de ,vulci1 excutes et publies aux frais de ,pr9ce ,torlonia4 ,p>is1 #ahia1 #dto4 ,,hanc>ville 7,p4 ,f4 ,,hugues1 pseud4 ,d'74 ,antiquits trusques1 grecques1 et roma9es1 tires du cab9et de ,m4 ,hamilton4 #d vols4 folio1 #agff-fg4 ,,h>rison 7,,jane ,e474 ,my?s ( ! ,odyssey 9 art & lit]ature4 ,london1 #ahhb1 #hvo4 ---- ,my?ology & ,monum5ts ( ,anci5t ,a!ns 7) translation f ,pausanias1 by ,m4 de ,g4 ,v]rall74 ,london1 #ahij4 ,introduction important = vases relat+ to ,attic cults4 ---- ,prolegom5a to ,greek ,religion4 ,cambridge1 #aijc4 ,num]\s vases int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to my?ology & religion4 ---- & ,,maccoll 7,d4 ,s474 ,greek ,vase-pa9t+s4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,h>r[ ,s*ool ,museum4 ,catalogue ( ! classical antiquities f ! collection ( ! late ,sir ,g4 ,wilk9son1 by ,,cecil ,,torr4 ,h>r[1 #ahhg1 #hvo4 ,,h>twig 7,p474 ,die grie*is*5 ,mei/]s*al5 des /r5g5 ro?figurig5 ,/ils4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahic1 #dto1 ) atlas 9 fol4 ,invaluable = a /udy ( cups ( ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,,helbig 7,w474 ,das hom]is*e ,epos1 aus d5 ,d5kml]n erlaut]t4 #bnd edn4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd1 #hvo4 7,vases us$ to illu/rate civilisation ( ,hom]ic poems47 ---- ,les vases du ,dipylon et les naucr>ies4 ,p>is1 #ahih1 #dto4 ---- ,e9e ,he]s*au des ,peisi/ratos od] ,hippias auf e9] s*w>zfigurig5 ,s*ale4 ,muni*1 #ahih1 #hvo4 ---- ,les ,a?ni5s4 ,p>is1 #aijb1 #dto4 ,& see ,rome4 ,,h]mann 7,p474 ,das ,grb]feld von ,m>ion auf ,cyp]n4 ,b]l91 #ahhh1 #dto4 ,an acc\nt ( ! f9ds by ,o4 ,ri*t] & o!rs at ,poli1 ,cyprus4 7#dhtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr47 ,,heydemann 7,h474 ,iliup]sis auf e9] ,tr9ks*ale des ,brygos4 ,b]l91 #ahff1 fol4 ---- ,humori/is*e ,vas5bild] aus ,unt]itali54 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 7#cjtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr47 ---- ,grie*is*e ,vas5bild]4 ,b]l91 #ahgj1 fol4 7,*iefly vases at ,a!ns47 ---- ,n]eid5 mit d5 ,waff5 des ,a*ill4 ,halle1 #ahgi1 fol4 ---- ,satyr und ,bak*5nam54 ,halle1 #ahhj4 7#etes hallis*e ,fe/progr474 ,num]\s o!r monographs1 *iefly ,hallis*e or ,w9ckelmannsfe/programme4 ,& see ,naples4 ,,hirs*feld 7,g474 ,a!na und ,m>syas4 ,b]l91 #ahgb4 ,,hopp9 7,j4 ,c474 ,eu?ymides2 a /udy 9 ,attic vase-pa9t+4 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,,huddil/on 7,j4 ,h474 ,greek ,trag$y 9 ! light ( vase-pa9t+s4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahib4 ---- ,lessons f ,greek ,pott]y4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,) bibliography4 ,,+hirami 7,f474 ,monim5ti etrus*i o di etrusco nome4 ,s]4 #e4 ,vasi fittili4 ,fiesole1 #ahbd1 #dto4 ---- ,gal]ia ,om]ica4 #c vols4 ,fiesole1 #ahca-cf4 ---- ,etrusco ,museo ,*ius9o4 #b vols4 ,fiesole1 #ahcb-cd1 #dto4 ---- ,pitture di vasi fittili4 #d vols4 ,fiesole1 #ahcc-cg4 ---- ,pitture di vase etrus*i4 #d vols4 ,flor5ce1 #aheb-ef4 7,a second edition ( ! prec$+ "w47 ,,jahn 7,o474 ,telephos und ,troilos4 ,kiel1 #ahda1 #hvo4 ---- ,ueb] ,d>/ellung5 grie*is*] ,di*t] auf ,vas5bild]n4 ,leipzig1 #ahfa4 7,f ,abh&l4 des s*s4 ,gesells*4 viii47 ---- ,ar*aeologis*e ,aufstze4 ,greifswald1 #ahde1 #hvo4 ---- ,ar*aeologis*e ,beitrge4,b]l91 #ahdg1 #hvo4 ---- ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung ,knigs ,ludwigs 9 d] ,p9ako!k zu ,mn*54 ,muni*1 #ahed1 #hvo4 7,vas5s4 zu ,mn*547 ,! ,e9leitung 7,introduction7 gives a rsum ( ! :ole subject4 ---- ,ueb] bemalte ,vas5 mit ,golds*muck4 ,leipzig1 #ahfe1 #dto4 ---- ,die ,entfhrung d] ,europa auf antik5 ,kun/w]k54 ,vi5na1 #ahgj1 #dto4 ,,jatta 7,g474 ,catalogo del ,museo ,jatta 7at ,ruvo74 ,naples1 #ahfi1 #hvo4 ,k>lsruhe4 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung d] gros%]zogli*5 v]e9igte ,sammlung5 zu ,k>lsruhe1 by ,h4 ,,w9nefeld4 #ahhg1 #hvo4 ,,k>o 7,g474 ,de arte vascul>ia antiquissima quae/iones4 ,bonn1 #ahif1 #hvo4 ,,kekul 7,r4 ,,von1 n[ ,,kekule ,,von ,,/radonitz74 ,see ,bonn4 ,,kir*h(f 7,a474 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te des grie*is*5 ,alphabets4 #d? edn4 ,gt]sloh1 #ahhg4 ,,kle9 7,w474 ,euphronios2 e9e ,/udie zur ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,mal]ei4 #bnd edn4 ,vi5na1 #ahhf1 #hvo4 ---- ,die grie*is*5 ,vas5 mit ,mei/]signatur54 #bnd edn4 ,vi5na1 #ahhg1 #hvo4 ---- ,die grie*is*5 ,vas5 mit ,liebl+s9s*rift54 #bnd edn4 ,vi5na1 #ahih4 ,,knapp 7,p474 ,nike 9 d] ,vas5mal]ei4 ,tb+51 #ahgf1 #hvo4 ,kop5hag54 ,de mal$e ,vas] i ,antikkab9ettet i ,kjb5havn4 ,kop5hag51 #ahfb4 ,catalogue ( ! vases1 by ,s4 ,birket ,smi?4 7,ref]r$ to z ,kop5hag51 ) numb] ( vase47 ,,kram] 7,g474 ,ueb] d5 ,/yl und die ,h]kunft d] bemalt5 grie*is*5 ,?ongefsse4 ,b]l91 #ahcg4 ,,krause 7,j4 ,h474 ,angeiologie4 ,halle1 #ahed1 #hvo4 7,/udy ( vase-%apes & _! names47 ,,krets*m] 7,p474 ,die grie*is*5 ,vas59s*rift5 ihr] ,spra*e na* unt]su*t4 ,gt]sloh1 #ahid4 ,,la ,,borde 7,a4 ,,de74 ,collection des vases grecs de ,m4 le ,comte de ,lamb]t4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahac-bh1 fol4 ,! vases are n[ at ,vi5na4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 vol4 ii4 7#aijj74 ,,la ,,*ausse 7,m4 ,a4 de ,caussius74 ,romanum ,museum4 ,rome1 #afij2 #crd edn41 #agdf4 ,,lanzi 7,l474 ,dei vasi anti*i dip9ti volg>m5te *iamati ,etrus*i4 ,flor5ce1 #ahjf4 ,,lau 7,,?471 ,,brunn 7,h471 & ,,krell 7,p474 ,die grie*is*5 ,vas51 ihre ,=m5 und ,decorationssy/em4 ,plates & text4 ,f orig9als at ,muni*4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 7,brunn-,lau1 ,gr4 ,vas547 ,,l5ormant 7,c47 & ,,de ,,witte 7,j474 lite des monum5ts cramographiques4 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcg-fa1 #dto4 7l4 ,cr47 ,,letronne 7,j4 ,a474 ,obs]vations sur les noms de vases grecs4 ,p>is1 #ahcc4 ,london4 ,see ,briti% ,museum4 ,,longp,,ri] 7,h4 ,a4 ,,pr,,vo/ ,,de74 ,muse ,napolon ,,iii4 ,*oix de monum5ts antiques 444 ,texte explicatif p> ,a4 de ,l4 ,p>is1 unf9i%$1 #ahfh-gd1 #dto4 ,l\vre4 ,see ,p>is4 ,l,,tz[ 7,c4 ,,von74 ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,ornam5ts an d5 bemalt5 grie*is*5 ,?ongefss54 ,muni*1 #aheh4 ,,luynes 7,h4 ,d',a4 ,,de74 ,description de quelques vases pe9ts1 trusques1 italiotes1 sicili5s et grecs4 ,p>is1 #ahdj1 fol4 ,! vases are n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 ii1 7#aijj74 ,,maccoll 7,d4 ,s474 ,see ,h>rison4 ,,macph]son 7,d474 ,antiquities ( ,k]t*1 & rese>*es 9 ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus1 etc4 ,london1 #aheg1 #dto4 7,discov]ies 9 ! ,crimea47 ,madrid 7,museo arquelogico nacional74 ,catalogo del ,museo1 by ,a4 ,g4 ,guti]rez & ,j4 de ,d4 de la ,rada y ,delgado4 ,"p i4 ,madrid1 #ahhc1 #hvo4 ,m>seilles4 ,catalogue des antiquits grecques et roma9es du ,muse1 by ,w4 ,,froehn]4 #ahig4 ,,m>?a 7,j474 ,l',art trusque4 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 #dto4 ,,masn] 7,k474 ,see ,vi5na4 ,,may] 7,m474 ,die ,gigant5 und ,titan5 9 d] antik5 ,sage und ,kun/4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 ,mlanges ,p]rot4 ,p>is1 #aijb1 #dto4 7,collect$ pap]s 9 hon\r ( ,p]rot47 7,recueil de mmoires conc]nant l'ar*ologie classique1 la littrature1 et l'hi/oire anci5nes1 d$i ,georges ,p]rot47 ,,micali 7,g474 ,/oria degli anti*i popoli ,italiani4 #c tom4 ,fir5ze1 #ahcb1 #hvo4 ,) atlas entitl$ ,monum5ti p] s]vire alla /oria1 etc4 ,fol4 ------ ,monum5ti in$iti a illu/razione della /oria degli anti*i popoli italiani4 ,flor5ce1 #ahdd1 #hvo1 plates 9 fol4 ,vases f\nd 9 ,etruria4 7,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$47 ,,mil*hoef] 7,a474 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/ 9 ,grie*5l&4 ,leipzig1 #ahhc1 #hvo4 ,,milliet 7,p474 tudes sur les premires priodes de la cramique grecque4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,,mill9 7,a4 ,l474 ,pe9tures des vases antiques4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahjh-aj1 fol4 ,! ,introduction ( ,dubois-,maisonneuve 7q4v47 0 publi%$ uni=m ) ?is4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahia4 7,mill9-,re9a*47 ,,mill+5 7,f474 ,anci5t ,un$it$ ,monum5ts ( ,grecian ,art4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,london1 #ahbb-bf4 7,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,monum47 ------ ,pe9tures antiques de vases grecs1 tires de div]ses collections4 ,rome1 #ahac1 fol4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahia4 7,mill+5-,re9a*47 ------ ,pe9tures antiques de vases grecs de la collection de ,sir ,j4 ,coghill4 ,rome1 #ahag1 fol4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 ,rp]toire1 ii4 7#aijj74 ,,morg5?au 7,j4 ,c474 ,ueb] d5 ,zusamm5hang d] ,bild] auf grie*is*5 ,vas54 ,i4 ,die s*w>zfigurig5 ,vas54 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 #hvo4 ,,moses 7,h474 ,a collection ( antique vases1 etc41 f v>i\s museums & collections4 ,london1 #ahad4 ------ ,vases f ! collection ( ,sir ,h5ry ,englefield4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,,muell] 7,e474 ,drei grie*is*e ,vas5bild]4 ,zuri*1 #ahhg4 #dto4 ,m,,ll] 7,k4 ,o474 ,d5kml] d] ,alt5 ,kun/4 #ahcb-fi1 obl4 fol4 #b vols4 7#bnd re-edit$ by ,f4 ,wie/l]74 ---- ---- ,!il ii4 #crd edn41 #ahgg4 ,text #dto2 plates1 #ahha1 obl4 fol4 ,muni*4 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung ,knig ,ludwigs 9 d] ,p9ako!k1 by ,o4 ,,jahn4 ,muni*1 #ahee4 ,) admirable introduction4 ,see also ! guide 7,fhr]7 publi%$ 9 #ahie4 ,a new catalogue by ,furtwa5gl] said to be 9 progress4 ,,murray 7,a4 ,s474 ,h&book ( ,greek ,ar*aeology4 ,london1 #ahib4 7,*aps4 i4 & ii4 deal ) vases47 ,& see ,briti% ,museum4 ,museo ,borbonico4 ,naples1 #ahbd-eg4 #af vols41 #dto4 ,illu/rations ( ! collections 9 ! ,naples ,museum 7,real ,museo ,borbonico74 ,see also ,g>giulo4 ,museo ,gregoriano4 ,museo ,etrusci 444 9 ,a$ibus ,vaticanis 444 ,monum5ta4 #b vols4 7vases 9 #bnd74 ,rome1 #ahdb1 fol4 7,mus4 ,greg47 ,,myres1 ,j4 ,l4 ,see ,nicosia4 ,naples4 ,die ,vas5sammlung5 des ,museo ,nazionale zu ,neapel1 by ,h4 ,,heydemann4 ,b]l91 #ahgb4 ,see also ,g>giulo1 ,museo ,borbonico4 ,naukratis1 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,?ird & ,six? ,memoirs ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 etc4 ,london1 #ahhf-hh4 ,plates ( pott]y f\nd at ,naukratis1 discuss$ 9 text by ,c4 ,smi? & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]4 ,nicosia 7,cyprus ,museum74 ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,cyprus ,museum1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,,myres & ,m4 ,,ohnefals*-,,ri*t]4 ,ox=d1 #ahii4 ,,ohnefals*-,,ri*t] 7,m474 ,kypros1 ! ,bible1 & ,hom]4 #b vols41 text & plates4 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ,also a ,g]man edition4 ,useful = collect$ examples ( ,cypriote pott]y & t]racottas4 ,see also ,nicosia4 ,,ov]beck 7,j474 ,die ,bildw]ke zum !bis*5 und trois*5 ,held5kreis4 #b vols41 text & atlas4 ,brunswick & ,/uttg>t1 #ahec-eg4 ,li/s ( vases illu/rat+ ,!ban & ,trojan leg5ds4 7,ov]beck1 ,h]4 ,bildw47 ---- ,grie*is*e ,kun/my?ologie4 ,vols4 ii4-iv4 only publi%$ 7,zeus1 ,h]a1 ,poseidon1 ,demet]1 ,apollo1 & my?s connect$ ) !m74 ,leipzig1 #ahga-hi4 ,) atlas 9 fol4 7,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol47 ,ox=d 7,a%molean ,museum74 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,vases 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 by ,p4 ,g>dn]4 ,ox=d1 #ahic4 ,) col\r$ plates4 ,,pan(ka 7,t474 ,vasi di premio illu/rati4 ,flor5ce1 #ahbf4 ---- ,muse ,blacas4 ,p>is1 #ahbi1 fol4 ,vases mo/ly 9 ,b4,m4 ---- ,re*]*es sur les vritables noms des vases grecs4 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 ---- ,antiques du cab9et du comte ,p\rtals-,gorgi]4 ,p>is1 #ahcd1 #dto4 7,pan(ka1 ,cab4 ,p\rtals47 ---- ,bild] antik5 ,leb5s4 ,b]l91 #ahdc1 #dto4 ---- ,grie*9n5 und ,grie*5 na* ,antik5 skizzirt4 ,b]l91 #ahdd1 #dto4 ---- ,d] ,vas5bild] ,panphaios4 ,b]l91 #ahdh4 ---- ,von d5 ,nam5 d] ,vas5bildn] 9 ,beziehung zu ihr5 bildli*5 ,d>/ellung54 ,b]l91 #ahdi1 #dto4 ---- ,die grie*is*5 ,eig5nam5 mit 9 ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,bild]s*muck auf bemalt5 ,gefss54 ,b]l91 #ahej4 7,& _m o!r pamphlets ) publication ( vases1 *iefly f ! my?ological po9t ( view1 b n[ out ( date47 ,p>is 7,l\vre74 ,catalogue des vases antiques de t]re cuite1 by ,e4 ,,potti]4 ,p>is1 #ahif1 etc4 ,9 progress 7two volumes issu$1 deal+ ) e>li] fabrics74 ,) accompany+ atlas ( photographic plates 7#b vols41 d[n to ,euphronios74 ,p>is 7,biblio?que ,nationale74 ,catalogue des vases dans le ,cab9et des ,mdailles1 by ,a4 ,,de ,,ridd]4 ,p>is1 #aija-jb4 #b vols4 ,) plates4 ,,pass]i 7,j4 ,b474 ,picturae ,etruscorum 9 ,vasculis4 #c vols4 ,rome1 #agfg-ge1 fol4 ,,patroni 7,g474 ,c]amica antica nell' ,italia m]idionale4 ,naples1 #ahig4 ,a useful /udy ( ,greek & local fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,,pellegr9i 7,g474 ,see ,bologna4 ,,p]rot 7,g47 & ,,*ipiez 7,c474 ,hi/oire de l'art dans l'antiquit4 7,text by ,p]rot1 plates by ,*ipiez47 ,9 progress3 #h vols1 publi%$ 9 #ahhb-aijd4 ,vol4 iii41 ,cypriote pott]y2 vol4 vi41 ,myc5aean2 vol4 vii41 ,dipylon4 7,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art47 ,pet]sburg4 ,vas5sammlung d] kais]li*5 ,ermitage1 by ,l4 ,,/ephani4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfi4 #b vols4 ,,pollak 7,l474 ,zwei ,vas5 aus d] ,w]k/att ,hi]ons4 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 ,,potti] 7,e474 tude sur les lcy!s blancs attiques reprs5tations funraires4 ,p>is1 #ahhc1 #hvo4 7,biblio?que des coles franaises1 ,no4 #cj47 ---- ,la pe9ture indu/rielle *ez les ,grecs4 ,p>is1 #ahih1 #hvo4 ---- & ,,re9a* 7,s474 ,la ,ncropole de ,myr9a4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,see also ,d>emb]g1 ,dumont1 ,p>is4 ,,ra\l-,,ro*ette4 ,monum5s 9dits d'antiquit figure4 ,p>is1 #ahcc1 fol4 ---- ,pe9tures antiques 9dites4 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 #dto4 ,,rave/e9 7,e4 ,,de ,m4 ,,de74 ,muse de ,rave/e92 ,catalogue descriptif4 #b vols4 ,lige1 #ahga-gb1 #hvo4 ,,rayet 7,o47 & ,,collignon 7,m474 ,hi/oire de la cramique grecque4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 7,m or less popul>1 & becom+ out ( date2 well illu/rat$47 7,rayet & ,collignon47 ,,re9a* 7,s474 ,*roniques d',ori5t4 ,p>is1 #ahia-if4 #b vols4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,revue ,ar*ol4 7#ahhc-ie74 ,notes ( discov]ies1 etc4 ---- ,rp]toire des ,vases ,pe9ts4 ,p>is1 #ahii-aijj4 #b vols4 ,an invaluable re-edit+1 ) outl9e r$uctions ( ! plates1 ( _m publications ( vases1 ) bibliographical notes & explanations app5d$4 ,see ,laborde1 de ,luynes1 ,tis*be91 etc41 & li/ ( p]iodicals4 7,ref]r$ to z ,re9a*1 ) numb] ( volume & page4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,xii4-,,xv4 ! ref]5ces are all to ?is publication 9 pref]5ce to ! orig9al works47 ,see also ,mill91 ,mill+51 ,ant4 du ,bosph4 ,cimm41 & ,potti]4 ,,reis* 7,e474 ,see ,rome4 ,,ridd] 7,a4 ,,de74 ,see ,p>is4 ,,riegl 7,a474 ,/ilfrag54 ,grundlegung5 zu e9] ,ges*i*te d] ,ornam5tik4 ,b]l91 #ahic1 #hvo4 ,a valuable /udy ( e>ly vegetable ornam5t on vases4 ,,rob]t 7,c474 ,?anatos4 ,b]l91 #ahgi1 #dto4 7#cites ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr47 ---- ,bild und ,li$4 ,b]l91 #ahha1 #hvo4 ,on ! relation ( vase-pa9t+s to ! ,hom]ic poems4 ---- ,ar*aeologis*e ,mr*5 aus alt] und neu] ,zeit4 ,b]l91 #ahhf1 #hvo4 ,pap]s on v>i\s subjects1 m or less controv]sial4 ---- ,hom]is*e ,be*]4 7#ejtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr47 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,,rob]t 7,c74 ,sc55 d] ,ilias und ,ai?iopis auf e9] ,vase d] ,sammlung des ,graf5 ,m4 ,tyszkiewicz4 ,halle1 #ahia1 fol4 7#aetes ,hall4 ,w9ckelmannsprogr47 ---- ,die ,nekyiades ,polygnot4 ,halle1 #ahib4 7#aftes ,hallis*es ,fe/prog42 a re/oration ( ! pa9t+ on ! basis ( vases47 ---- ,die ,iliup]sis des ,polygnot4 ,halle1 #ahic4 7#agtes ,hallis*es ,fe/progr42 deal+ simil>ly ) t pa9t+47 ---- ,die ,m>a?ons*la*t 9 d] ,poikile und weit]es b] ,polygnot4 7#ahtes ,hallis*es ,fe/progr47 ,halle1 #ahie4 ,,rob]ts 7,e4 ,s474 ,an ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy4 ,"p i4 ,! ar*aic inscriptions & ! ,greek alphabet4 ,cambridge1 #ahhg1 #hvo4 ,,rob9son 7,e474 ,see ,bo/on4 ,,roehl 7,h474 ,inscriptiones ,graecae antiquissimae praet] ,atticas 9 ,attica rep]tas4 ,b]l91 #ahhb1 fol4 7,roehl1 ,i4,g4,a47 ,,rohd5 7,h4 ,,von74 ,see ,baumei/]4 ,rome 7,vatican1 ,museo ,gregoriano74 ,fhr] dur* die ff5tli*5 ,sammlung5 9 ,rom1 by ,w4 ,,helbig & ,e4 ,,reis*4 #bnd edn41 #ahii4 #b vols4 ,9 vol4 ii4 is giv5 a full description ( ! be/ vases 7ab\t #bej7 9 ?is collection2 !y are quot$ z ,helbig #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 accord+ to ! numb]s ( ! book4 ,see also ,museo ,gregoriano4 ,,ros*] 7,w4 ,h474 ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,my?ologie4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd1 etc4 ,9 progress 7d[n to ,p 9 #aijd74 ,_m vases publi%$ 9 ! lat] p>ts4 ,,ross 7,l474 ,reis5 auf die grie*is*5 ,inseln des gis*5 ,me]es4 ,halle1 #ahdj-eb1 #d vols41 #hvo4 ---- ,ar*aeologis*e ,aufstze4 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahee-fa4 ,) plates 9 fol4 ,,r\lez 7,j474 ,*oix de vases pe9ts du ,muse d'antiquits de ,leyde4 ,g&1 #ahed4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 vol4 ii41 #aijj4 ,ruvo 7,museo ,jatta74 ,see ,jatta4 ,,salzmann 7,a74 ,ncropole de ,camiros4 ,p>is1 #ahff-ge1 fol4 ,plates only4 ,,s*liemann 7,h474 ,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bfi4 ,,s*neid] 7,a474 ,d] trois*e ,sag5kreis 9 d] lt]5 grie*is*5 ,kun/4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ,,s*neid] 7,f4 ,j474 ,die zwlf ,kmpfe des ,h]akles 9 d] lt]5 grie*is*5 ,kun/4 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,,s*neid] 7,r474 ,die ,geburt d] ,a!na4 ,vi5na1 #ahhj1 #hvo4 ,,s*,,ne 7,r474 ,le anti*it del ,museo ,boc*i di ,adria4 ,rome1 #ahgh1 #dto4 ,,s*reib] 7,,?47 & ,,&]son 7,w4 ,c4 ,f474 ,atlas ( ,classical ,antiquities4 ,london1 #ahie1 obl4 #hvo4 7,s*reib]-,&]son47 ,,s*ulz 7,h4 ,w474 ,die ,amazon5vase von ,ruvo1 erklrt und 9 ,kun/hi/oris*] ,beziehung betra*tet4 ,leipzig1 #ahea1 fol4 ,see ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 vol4 ii4 ,svres ,museum4 ,description m?odique du ,muse ,cramique de ,svres1 by ,a4 ,,brongni>t & ,d4 ,,riocreux4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 #b vols41 ) atlas ( plates4 ,,sittl 7,k474 ,die ,ph9euss*ale und hnli*e ,vas5 mit bemalt5 ,fla*reliefs4 ,wrzburg1 #ahib4 ,,smi? 7,a4 ,h474 ,see ,briti% ,museum4 ,,smi? 7,,cecil74 ,catalogue ( ! ,=man ,collection ( ,antiquities 7illu/rat$74 ,london1 #ahii4 ,& see ,briti% ,museum4 ,,smi? 7,s4 ,b474 ,see ,kop5hag54 ,,/ackelb]g 7,o4 ,m4 ,,von74 ,die ,grb] d] ,hell554 ,b]l91 #ahcf1 fol4 ,,/ephani 7,l474 ,see ,pet]sburg & ,compte-,r5du4 ,/r5a ,helbigiana4 7,collect$ pap]s 9 hon\r ( ,w4 ,helbig47 ,leipzig1 #aijj1 #hvo4 ,,/udniczka 7,f474 ,kyr5e1 e9e altgrie*is*e ,gtt94 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ,tanis ,,ii4 ,f\r? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund 7,tell-,nebe%eh & ,def5neh74 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,f4 ,,petrie & ,f4 ,l4 ,,griffi?1 ) notes on ! ,daphnae pott]y by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4 ,,?i]s* 7,f474 ,ueb] die hell5is*5 bemalt5 ,vas51 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf die ,sammlung des ,knigs ,ludwigs von ,bay]n4 ,muni*1 #ahdi4 ,f ,abh&l4 d4 k4 bay]4 ,akad41 ,philosoph4-philol4 ,classe1 vol iv4 ,,?i]s* 7,h474 ,tyrrh5is*e ,amphor54 ,e9e ,/udie zur ,ges*i*te d] altattis*5 ,vas5mal]ei4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ,,tis*be9 7,w474 ,collection ( engrav+s f anci5t vases 7! second ,hamilton ,collection2 see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ag74 #d vols4 ,naples1 #agia-ie1 fol4 ,re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 vol4 ii41 #aijj4 ,ab\t #ajj plates 7 engrav$ = a fif? volume1 nev] publi%$4 ,,treu 7,w474 ,grie*is*e ,?ongefsse 9 ,/atuett5- und ,b/5=m54 ,b]l91 #ahge1 #dto4 7#cetes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr47 ,,tyszkiewicz 7,,c\nt ,m474 ,see ,froehn]4 ,,urli*s 7,c4 ,l4 ,,von74 ,d] ,vas5mal] ,brygos und die rul&'s*e ,mnzsammlung4 ,wrzburg1 #ahge1 fol4 ---- ,beitrge zur ,kun/ges*i*te4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd1 #hvo4 ,see also ,wrzburg4 ,,uss+ 7,j474 ,de nom9ibus vasorum graecorum disputatio4 ,cop5hag51 #ahdd4 ,vi5na4 ,die ,sammlung antik] ,vas5 und ,t]racott5 im k4 k4 ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,museum fr ,kun/ und ,indu/rie1 by ,k4 ,,masn]4 ,vi5na1 #ahib4 ,) plates4 ,,vogel 7,k4 ,j474 ,sc55 euripideis*] ,tragdi5 9 grie*is*5 ,vas5gemld54 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ,vorlegebltt] fr ar*ologis*e bung54 ,vi5na1 #ahfi-ia1 fol4 ,plates )\t text4 ,s]ies i4-viii4 #ahfi-ge1 ed4 ,a4 ,conze 7*iefly ,r4,f4 kylikes1 by ,euphronios1 ,hi]on1 ,duris74 ,s]ies ,a-,e1 #ahgi-hf1 ed4 ,o4 ,b5ndorf 7*iefly ,r4,f4 kylikes74 ,?ird s]ies1 #ahhh-ia 7#c vols471 ed4 ,b5ndorf & o!rs 7*iefly sign$ ,b4,f4 vases74 7,wi5] ,vorl47 ,,wallis 7,h474 ,pictures f ,greek ,vases4 ,! ,:ite ,a!nian leky?i4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,,walt]s 7,h4 ,b474 ,see ,briti% ,museum4 ,,watz+] 7,c74 ,de vasculis pictis t>5t9is capita selecta4 ,d>m/adt1 #ahii1 #hvo4 ,,welck] 7,f4 ,g474 ,alte ,d5kml]4 #e vols1 & atlas4 ,gtt+51 #ahdi-fd4 ,,w]nicke 7,k474 ,die grie*is*5 ,vas5 mit ,liebl+snam54 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ---- & ,,graef 7,b474 ,d5kml] d] antik5 ,kun/4 ,leipzig1 #ahii1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,a new edition ( ,mll] & ,wiesel]'s well-kn[n "w4 ,text & atlas4 ,,we/ropp 7,h4 ,m474 ,epo*s ( pa9t$ vases1 an introduction to _! /udy4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,wilis* 7,e4 ,g474 ,die altkor9?is*e ,?on9du/rie4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,,w9kl] 7,a474 ,de inf]orum 9 vasis ,italiae inf]ioris repraes5tationibus4 ,breslau1 #ahhh1 #hvo4 ,,w9nefeld 7,h474 ,see ,k>lsruhe4 ,,w9t] 7,f474 ,die jng]5 attis*5 ,vas5 und ihr ,v]haltniss zur gross5 ,kun/4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 ,,witte 7,j4 ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,de1 ,,b>on74 ,description des antiquits et objects d'art qui compos5t le cab9et de feu ,m4 ,e4 ,dur&4 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 #hvo4 ---- ,description d'une collection de vases pe9ts et bronzes antiques prov5ant des f\illes de l'trurie4 ,p>is1 #ahcg1 #hvo4 ,ano!r edition1 #aheg4 ---- ,noms des fabricants et dess9ateurs de vases pe9ts4 ,p>is1 #ahdh1 #hvo4 ---- tudes sur les vases pe9ts4 ,p>is1 #ahfe1 #hvo4 7,extract f ! ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts47 ---- ,description des collections d'antiquits cons]ves l',htel ,lamb]t 7! ,cz>toryski collection74 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 #dto4 7,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t47 ,see also ,l5ormant4 ,wrzburg4 ,v]zei*niss d] ,antik5sammlung d] ,univ]sitt ,wrzburg1 by ,c4 ,l4 ,,von ,,urli*s4 #ahfe-gb1 #hvo4 ,,zannoni 7,a474 ,gli ,scavi della ,c]tosa di ,bologna4 #b vols41 text & plates4 ,bologna1 #ahgf1 fol4 7,an acc\nt ( excavations at ,bologna2 _m illu/rations ( tombs & ,greek vases47 ,,"p ,,iii ,,t]racottas ,a!ns4 ,see ,m>?a4 ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,ausgewhlte grie*is*e ,t]rakott5 im ,antiqu>ium des knigli*es ,museum zu ,b]l91 h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,g5]alv]waltung4 ,b]l91 #aijc4 ,see also ,pan(ka4 ,,bl,,mn] 7,h474 ,te*nologie und ,t]m9ologie4 ,see above1 p4xxi4 ,vol4 ii4 deals ) me?od ( work+ 9 clay 7,?onpla/ik1 p4 #aac ff474 ,,borrmann 7,r474 ,die ,k]amik 9 d] ,baukun/4 ,durm's ,h&bu* d] ,ar*itektur1 "p i4 vol4 #d4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahig4 ,on ! use ( t]racotta 9 classical ar*itecture4 ,see also ,drpfeld4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,see above1 p4 xxii4 ---- ,catalogue ( ! ,t]racottas 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 by ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,see also ,combe4 ,,campana 7,g4 ,p474 ,anti*e op]e 9 pla/ica4 ,rome1 #ahdb-eb1 fol4 ,text incomplete2 plates ( ar*itectural t]racottas ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,,combe 7,,taylor74 ,a description ( ! collection ( anci5t ,t]racottas 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,london1 #ahaj4 ,describes ! ,t[neley figures & mural reliefs4 ,,d>emb]g 7,c471 ,,saglio 7,e471 & ,,potti] 7,e474 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits4 ,see above1 p4 xxiii4 ,! article ,figl9um 9 vol4 ii4 w be f\nd useful4 ,d,,rpfeld 7,w471 ,,graeb] 7,f471 ,,borrmann 7,r471 & ,,siebold 7,k474 b] die ,v]w5dung von ,t]rakott5 am ,geison und ,da*e 9 grie*is*5 ,bauw]ke1 7#dates ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr47 ,b]l91 #ahha4 7,on t]racotta 9 ar*itecture47 ,,furtwa5gl] 7,a474 ,collection ,sab\r(f4 ,see above1 p4 xxiv4 ,vol4 ii4 conta9s plates ( ,tanagra figures1 ) useful text to ea*4 ,,heuzey 7,l474 ,les ,figur9es antiques de t]re cuite du ,muse du ,l\vre4 ,p>is1 #ahhc1 #dto4 ,plates1 ) brief text4 ---- ,catalogue des figur9es antiques de t]re cuite du ,muse du ,l\vre4 ,vol4 i4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,deals ) ar*aic t]racottas 7,rhodes & ,cyprus74 ,no m publi%$4 ,,hui% 7,m4 ,b474 ,greek ,t]racotta ,/atuettes1 _! orig91 evolution1 & uses4 ,london1 #aijj4 7,! plates include "s d\btful specim5s47 ,,hutton 7,,miss ,c4,a474 ,greek ,t]racotta ,/atuettes4 7,portfolio monograph1 ,no4 #di47 ,london1 #ahii4 ,an excell5t rsum ( ! subject1 ) good illu/rations4 ,,kekul 7,r41 n[ ,,kekule ,,von ,,/radonitz74 ,grie*is*e ,?onfigur5 aus ,tanagra4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh1 fol4 ---- ,die antik5 ,t]racott51 im ,auftrag des ar*ologis*5 ,in/itutes des deuts*5 ,rei*s1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,r4 ,k4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhj1 etc41 fol4 ,9 progress4 ,vol4 i4 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 by ,a4 ,,von ,,rohd54 #ahhj4 ,*iefly ar*itectural4 ,vol4 ii4 ,t]racott5 von ,sicili51 by ,r4 ,,kekul4 #ahhd4 ,vol4 iii4 ,typ5 d] grie*is*5 ,t]rakott51 by ,f4 ,,w9t]4 #aijc4 ,9 two p>ts4 ,a ,corpus ( all kn[n types ( t]racotta /atuettes1 ) num]\s illu/rations & o!r useful in=mation4 ,,m>?a 7,j474 ,catalogue des ,figur9es en t]re cuite du ,muse de la ,socit ,ar*ologique d',a?nes4 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 #hvo4 7,biblio?que des coles franaises1 ,fasc4 #af47 ,,m9]v9i 7,g474 ,t]re cotte del ,museo ,campano4 ,vol4 i4 ,naples1 #ahhj4 ,illu/rations ( ar*itectural t]racottas4 ,,pan(ka 7,t474 ,t]racott5 des knigli*5 ,museums zu ,b]l94 ,b]l91 #ahdb1 #dto4 ,,p>is 7,p474 late1 la ville1 le ,temple d',a?na ,cranaia4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 7,biblio?que des coles franaises1 ,fasc4 #fj47 ,conta9s "s useful in=mation on ! subject4 ,,potti] 7,e474 ,les ,/atuettes de ,t]re ,cuite dans l',antiquit4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 7,biblio?que des ,m]veilles47 ,,potti] 7,e47 & ,,re9a* 7,s474 ,la ,ncropole de ,myr9a4 #b vols41 text & plates4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,,rohd5 7,h4 ,,von74 ,see ,kekul4 ,,s*,,ne 7,r474 ,grie*is*e ,reliefs aus a!nis*5 ,sammlung51 h]ausgegeb5 von ,r4 ,s4 ,leipzig1 #ahgb1 fol4 ,illu/ration & discussion ( ! 8,melian0 reliefs 7see pls4 #cj-cd74 ,,w9t] 7,f474 ,see ,kekul4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,roman ,,pott]y ,,artis 7,e4 ,t474 ,! ,durobrivae ( ,anton9us id5tifi$ & illu/rat$4 ,london1 #ahbh1 fol4 ,plates only2 = accompany+ text 7by ,c4 ,roa*-,smi?7 see ,j\rn4 ( ,brit4 ,ar*4 ,assoc4 i4 p4 #a ff4 ,deals ) pott]y & kilns ( ,ca/or & neighb\rhood4 ,,blan*et 7,a474 ,mlanges d',ar*ologie gallo-roma9e1 ii4 ,p>is1 #aijb1 #hvo4 7,li/s ( pott]ies 9 ,gaul on p4 #ij ff47 ,,bl,,mn] 7,h474 ,te*nologie und ,t]m9ologie1 etc4 ,see above1 p4 xxi4 ,,brongni>t 7,a474 ,trait de la ,cramique4 ,see above1 p4 xxii4 ,,buckman 7,j47 & ,,newm>* 7,c4 ,h474 ,illu/rations ( ! rema9s ( ,roman ,art 9 ,cir5ce/]1 ! anci5t ,cor9ium4 ,london & ,cir5ce/]1 #ahej1 #dto4 7,n[ some:at out ( date47 ,,caumont 7,a4 ,,de74 ,c\rs d'antiquits monum5tales2 hi/oire de l'art dans l',oue/ de la ,france4 #f vols4 ,p>is & ,ca51 #ahcj-da1 #hvo1 ) atlas 9 oblong #dto4 ,,*oisy 7,a474 ,l',art de ,btir *ez les ,roma9s4 ,p>is1 #ahgc1 #dto4 7,= ! use ( bricks & tiles47 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um4 ,b]l91 #ahfc1 etc41 fol4 ,9 progress4 ,! portions ( ! publi%$ volumes giv+ ! inscriptions on vases1 tiles1 & lamps1 "u ! head+ ,in/rum5tum ,dome/icum1 are invaluable1 especially vol4 xv4 7by ,h4 ,dressel7 relat+ to ,rome4 7,c4,i4,l47 ,d,,*elette 7,j474 ,les ,vases cramiques orns de la ,gaule roma9e 7,n>bonnaise1 ,aquita9e1 et ,lyonnaise74 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #aijd1 #dto4 ,an invaluable survey ( ! pott]y ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,gaul1 ) mu* new mat]ial4 7,d*elette47 ,,fabroni 7,a474 ,/oria degli anti*i vasi fittili aret9i4 ,arezzo1 #ahda1 #hvo4 7,on ! ,arret9e w>es47 ,guildhall ,museum4 ,see ,london4 ,h,,ld] 7,o474 ,=m5 d] rmis*e ,?ongefsse1 diesseits und j5seits d] ,alp54 ,/uttg>t1 #ahig1 #hvo4 ,,ko55 7,k474 ,gefsskunde d] vorrmis*51 rmis*51 und frankis*5 ,zeit 9 d5 ,rhe9l&54 ,bonn1 #ahie1 #hvo4 ,london 7,guildhall ,museum74 ,catalogue ( ! ,collection ( ,london ,antiquities 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum4 ,london1 #aijc1 #hvo4 ---- 7,museum ( ,practical ,geology74 ,h&book to ! collection ( ,briti% ,pott]y & ,porcela9 9 ! ,museum4 ,london1 #ahic1 #hvo4 ,,m>9i 7,g474 ,iscrizioni anti*e doli>i1 edit$ by ,g4 ,b4 de ,rossi & ,h4 ,dressel4 ,rome1 #ahhd1 #dto4 ,,m>qu>dt 7,j474 ,h&bu* d] rmis*5 ,alt]?m] 7) ,t4 ,,momms574 ,bd4 vii41 ,privatalt]?m]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgi-hb1 #hvo4 ,see p4 #faf ff4 = ,roman pott]y4 ,,maz>d 7,h4 ,a474 ,de la connaissance p> les anci5s des glaures plombifres4 ,p>is1 #ahgi1 #hvo4 7,on ! enamell$ ,roman w>es describ$ 9 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abi47 ,,middleton 7,j4 ,h474 ,! ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib1 #hvo4 7,on ! use ( bricks & tiles at ,rome47 ,,plicque 7,a4 ,e474 tude de ,cramique arv]no-roma9e4 ,ca51 #ahhg1 #hvo4 7,on ! pott]ies ( ,lez\x47 ,,roa*-,,smi? 7,c74 ,collectanea ,antiqua2 et*+s & notices ( anci5t rema9s1 etc4 #g vols4 ,london1 #ahdh-hj1 #hvo4 ,useful = records ( discov]ies ( ,roman rema9s 9 ,gaul & ,brita94 ---- ,illu/rations ( ,roman ,london4 ,london1 #ahei1 #dto4 ,,/e9] 7,j4 ,w4 ,c74 ,codex ,inscriptionum ,roman>um ,danubii et ,rh5i4 #d vols4 ,d>m/adt1 etc41 #ahea-fa1 #hvo4 ,conta9s _m inscriptions on pott]y & tiles n z yet publi%$ 9 ! ,c4,i4,l4 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ed4 by ,w4 ,,page1 etc4 ,9 progress4 ,london1 #aijj1 etc4 ,articles 9 ! fir/ volume ( ea* sep>ate c\nty hi/ory1 by ,f4 ,,hav]field1 deal+ ) all kn[n ,roman rema9s4 ,^? ( ,nor?ants & ,hamp%ire are especially useful & complete4 ,,wright 7,t474 ,! ,celt1 ! ,roman1 & ! ,saxon4 ,f\r? edn41 #ahhe4 ,/ill useful z a summ>y ( ,roman ,brita91 ?\gh out ( date & inaccurate 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ---------- ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ! ,bonn] ,jahrb*] 7see above1 p4 xix71 especially to ! treatise by ,drag5dorff 9 vol4 xcvi41 & = ,g]man pott]y to ,von ,hefn]'s article 9 ,ob]bayris*e ,ar*iv fr vat]l&is*e ,ges*i*te1 xxii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #a ff4 ,= ,bibliography ( ,roman ,lamps1 see head+ to ,*apt] ,,xx4 ---------- ,,note ,,on ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w ,b4,f4 ,black-figur$ vases4 ,r4,f4 ,r$-figur$ vases4 ,b4,m4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,re9a* ,re9a*'s ,rp]toire des ,vases 7see ,bibliography74 ,9 ! cases :]e p>ticul> vases are cit$1 z 9 ,*apt]s ,,xii4-,,xv41 ! "n ( ! museum is giv5 ) ! catalogue numb] atta*$1 z ,b4,m4 ,b #a2 ,l\vre ,g #b2 ,b]l9 #bjjj1 etc4 ,! vases 9 ! ,vatican ,museum at ,rome are quot$ z ,helbig1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 7see ,bibliography1 "u ,rome74 ,all o!r abbreviations w be f\nd 9 ! ,bibliography4 ,,"p ,i ,,greek ,,pott]y ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,importance ( /udy ( anci5t monum5ts--,value ( pott]y z evid5ce ( e>ly civilisation--,inv5tion ( ! art--,use ( brick 9 ,babylonia--,! pott]'s :eel--,enamel & glazes--,e>lie/ ,greek pott]y--,use ( /udy ( vases--,e?nological1 hi/orical1 my?ological1 & arti/ic aspects--,e>lie/ writ+s on ! subject--,! 8,etruscan0 !ory--,hi/ory ( ! /udy ( ,greek vases--,arti/ic1 epexegetic1 & hi/orical me?ods--,! vase-collections ( ,europe & _! hi/ory--,li/ ( exi/+ collections4 ,! pres5t age is above all an age ( ,discov]y4 ,! ?ir/ = k manife/s itself 9 all directions--!ological1 sci5tific1 geographical1 hi/orical1 & antiqu>ian4 ,! h&iwork ( ,nature & ( ,man alike are call$ ^u to yield up _! secrets to satisfy ! univ]sal dem& :i* has aris5 f ! spread ( education & ! ev]-increas+ desire = culture :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pres5t day4 ,& ?\gh1 p]haps1 ! sci5ce ( ,ar*aeology does n comm& z _m adh]5ts z o!r bran*es ( le>n+1 !re is /ill a v g5]al desire to enquire into ! records ( ! pa/1 to le>n :at we c ( ! me?ods ( our =efa!rs1 & to trace ! influ5ce ( _! writ+s or o!r evid5ces ( _! exi/5ce on succe$+ ages4 ,to _m ( u :at is kn[n z a classical education seems p]haps 9 ^! utilit>ian times some:at antiquat$ & unnecess>y1 b at ! same "t 8! glory t 0 ,greece & ! gr&eur t 0 ,rome0 h n lo/ _! int]e/ = u1 & c awak5 responsive *ords 9 mo/ ( our he>ts4 ,nor c we ev] be q =getful ( ! debt t we owe to ^? nations 9 almo/ e bran* ( human le>n+ & indu/ry4 ,to take ! mo/ pat5t in/ance ( all1 t ( our language1 x is n too mu* to say t ne>ly e ^w is ei!r directly d]iv$ f a classical s\rce or c be %[n to h etymological aff9ities ) ei!r ( ! two anci5t tongues4 ,nor is x necess>y to pursue illu/rations fur!r4 ,we ne$ only po9t to ! evid5ces ( classical influ5ce on mod]n lit]ature1 mod]n philosophy1 & mod]n political & social in/itutions1 to indicate h[ our civilisation is p]meat$ & saturat$ ) ! results ( anci5t ideas & ?\ghts4 ,! man ( sci5ce has rec\rse to ,greek or ,lat9 = 8 nom5clature2 ! s*ol> employs ,lat9 z ! mo/ appropriate vehicle = criticism2 & mod]n ar*itecture 0 = a long "t only a revival 7:e!r successful or n7 ( ! pr9ciples & a*ievem5ts ( ! classical g5ius4 ,n[1 ^? :o w\ld pursue ! /udy ( a nation's hi/ory _c be cont5t ) ! m]e p]usal ( su* lit]>y records z x may h left beh9d4 ,x ne$s brief consid]ation to realise t ?is leaves u equipp$ ) v little real k ( an anci5t race1 inasmu* z ! range ( lit]ature is necess>ily limit$1 & deals ) only a few sides ( ! national "*3 its milit>y hi/ory1 its political con/itution1 or its intellectual & philosophical b5t--9 %ort1 its ext]nal & public life alone4 ,he :o w\ld ?or\ghly inve/igate ! hi/ory ( a nation in/9ctively desires some?+ m2 he w seek to ga9 a compreh5sive acqua9tance ) its social life1 its religi\s beliefs1 its arti/ic & intellectual atta9m5ts1 & g5]ally to e/imate ! ext5t ( its culture & civilisation4 ,b to d ?is x is necess>y n only to be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) its lit]>y & hi/orical records1 b to turn att5tion also to its monum5ts4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ! ^w 8monum5t0 is "h us$ 9 ! quasi-te*nical s5se curr5t among ar*aeologi/s 7witness ! ,g]man use ( ! ^w ,d5kml]71 & t x mu/ be> "h a mu* wid] signification ?an is g5]ally accord$ to x n[adays4 ,x may1 9 fact1 be appli$ to any object :i* has come d[n to u z a memorial & evid5ce ( a nation's productive capacity or z an illu/ration ( its social or political life4 ,! /ud5t ( antiquity c adopt no bett] motto ?an ! famili> l9e ( ,t]5ce3 ,homo sum2 humani nihil a me ali5um puto4 ,= ! v humble/ product ( ! human bra9 or h&1 a pot%]d or a few lett]s scrat*$ on a /one1 may ?r[ ! mo/ in/ructive light on ! hi/ory ( a race4 ,9 no in/ance is ?is bett] se5 ?an 9 ! case ( ,assyria1 :]e almo/ all t we "k ( t great & wond]ful p is d]iv$ f ! cunei=m inscriptions scrat*$ on tablets ( bak$ clay4 ,or1 aga91 we may cite ! /one & bronze implem5ts ( ! primitive peoples ( ,europe z ano!r in/ance :]e 8! weak & base ?+s ( ! _w & ! ?+s t are despis$0 h ?r[n floods ( light on ! condition ( ?+s 9 a p]iod ab\t :i* we %\ld h be5 completely 9 ! d>k s long z we look$ only to lit]>y records = our in=mation4 ,no?+ is s common t x may be ov]look$1 & we may le>n m f a humble implem5t 9 daily use ?an f ! f9e/ product ( a poetic or arti/ic intellect1 if we are really desir\s ( obta9+ an intimate acqua9tance ) ! dome/ic life ( a p4 ,among ! simple/ yet mo/ necess>y adjuncts ( a develop+ civilisation ,pott]y may be recognis$ z "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal4 ,! v e>lie/ & rude/ rema9s ( any p g5]ally take ! =m ( co>se & common pots1 9 :i* !y cook$ _! food or consum$ _! bev]ages4 ,& ! fact t su* va/ quantities ( pott]y f all anci5t civilisations h be5 pres]v$ to u is due p>tly to its comp>atively imp]i%able nature1 p>tly to ! abs5ce ( any intr9sic value :i* sav$ x f fall+ a prey to ! ravages ( fire1 human gre$1 or o!r causes :i* h de/roy$ m preci\s monum5ts1 su* z gold ornam5ts1 pa9t+s1 & /atues ( m>ble or bronze4 ,moreov]1 x is always 9 ! pott]y t we p]ceive ! fir/ indications ( :atev] arti/ic in/9ct a race possesses1 clay be+ a mat]ial s easy to decorate & s readily l5d+ itself to pla/ic treatm5t = ! creation ( new =ms or developm5t f simple to elaborate %apes4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( ! art ( work+ 9 clay1 f its rise among/ ! olde/ nations ( antiquity to ! p]iod ( ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 is ! object ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! subject resolves itself into two great divisions1 :i* h engag$ ! att5tion ( two di/9ct classes ( enquir]s3 namely1 ! te*nical or practical "p1 compris+ all ! details ( mat]ial1 manipulation1 & processes2 &1 secondly1 ! hi/orical portion1 :i* embraces n only ! hi/ory ( ! art itself1 & ! application ( anci5t lit]ature to its elucidation1 b also an acc\nt ( ! light ?r[n by monum5ts 9 clay on ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,su* an inve/igation is !re=e nei!r trifl+ 9 "* nor defici5t 9 valuable results4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e :5 ! manufacture ( pott]y 0 inv5t$4 ,clay is a mat]ial s g5]ally diffus$1 & its pla/ic nature is s easily discov]$1 t ! art ( work+ x does n exce$ ! intellig5ce ( ! rude/ savage4 ,ev5 ! mo/ primitive graves ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia conta9 specim5s ( pott]y1 rude & elem5t>y inde$1 b 9 suffici5t quantities to %[ t x 0 at all times reckon$ among ! indisp5sable adjuncts ( daily life4 ,x is said t ! v e>lie/ specim5s ( pott]y1 h&-made & almo/ %apeless1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! cave-dwell+s ( ,palaeoli?ic ,man1 su* z ! ,hhlefels cave ne> ,ulm1 & t ( ,nabrigas1 ne> ,t\l\se2 & pott]y has also be5 f\nd 9 ! 8kit*5-midd5s0 ( ,d5m>k1 :i* belong to ?is p]iod4 ,su* relics are1 h[ev]1 s rude & fragm5t>y1 & s mu* d\bt has be5 ca/ on ! circum/ances ( _! discov]y1 t x is bett] to be cont5t ) ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,neoli?ic ,age1 ( :i* p]haps ! be/ au!nticat$ is ! pr$yna/ic pott]y ( ,egypt4#a ,abundant specim5s ( pott]y h be5 f\nd 9 long b>r[s 9 all p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe2 ^! are suppos$ to be ! burial-places ( ! e>ly doli*ocephalic races1 n[ repres5t$ by ! ,f9ns & ,lapps1 :i* prec$$ ! ,aryan immigration4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is pott]y is ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ornam5tation4 ,neoli?ic man appe>s to h be5 f> less end[$ ) ! arti/ic in/9ct ?an 8 palaeoli?ic pr$ecessor4 ,:]e ornam5t does occur1 x appe>s to h a q =tuit\s orig93 = in/ance1 a k9d ( rope-patt]n t appe>s on ! e>lie/ pott]y ( ,brita9 & ,g]many1 & also 9 ,am]ica1 owes its orig9 to ! practice ( m\ld+ ! clay 9 a k9d ( basket ( b>k or ?read4 ,x is also possible t cords ( "s k9d 7 us$ = c>ry+ ! pots2 & ?is rem9ds u ( ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! e>lie/ pott]y1 :i*1 inde$1 la/s d[n to ! ,bronze ,age--namely1 ! abs5ce ( h&les4 ,! bak+ ( clay1 s z to produce an inde/ructible & t5aci\s sub/ance1 0 probably also ! result ( accid5t r ?an design4 ,?is 0 po9t$ out z long ago z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ,m4 ,goguet4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ! condition ( ! atmosph]e precludes ! survival ( sun-dri$ clay = any l5g? ( "t2 moreov]1 su* a mat]ial 0 m suitable = ar*itecture 7z we %all see lat]7 ?an = vessels de/9$ to hold liquids4 ,?us x is t ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,babylonia alone h transmitt$ to po/]ity ! e>ly ef=ts ( work]s 9 sun-dri$ clay4 ,to return to ! new inv5tion4 ,! savage conceivably f\nd t ! calaba% or g\rd 9 :i* he boil$ ! wat] = 8 simple cul9>y ne$s 0 liable to be damag$ by ! action ( fire2 & x requir$ no v advanc$ m5tal process to sme> ! ext]ior ( ! vessel ) "s su* sub/ance z clay 9 ord] to protect x4 ,z he f\nd t ! surface ( ! clay 0 !reby r5d]$ h>d & imp]vi\s1 8 next /ep w\ld naturally be to disp5se ) ! calaba% & m\ld ! clay into a simil> =m4 ,^! two simple qualities ( clay1 its pla/ic nature & its susceptibility to ! action ( fire1 are ! two elem5ts :i* =m ! basis ( ! :ole developm5t ( ! pott]'s art4 ,f ! necessity = symmetrical build+s arose ! inv5tion ( ! brick1 :i* mu/ h sup]s$$ ! rude pla/]+ ( ! hut ) clay1 to protect x aga9/ ! sun or /orm4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,semitic nations ! brick appe>s among ! e>lie/ inv5tions1 & its use c be trac$ ) v>i\s modifications1 f ! build+ ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel to ! pres5t day4 ,x is ess5tial t bricks %\ld be symmetrical1 & _! =m is g5]ally rectangul>4 ,_! geometrical %ape af=ds u a clue to anci5t units ( measurem5t1 & ! v>i\s inscriptions ) :i* !y h be5 /amp$ h elevat$ !m to ! dignity ( hi/orical monum5ts4 ,?us ! bricks ( ,egypt n only af=d te/imony1 by _! composition ( /raw & clay1 t ! writ] ( ,exodus 0 acqua9t$ ) t c\ntry1 b also1 by ! hi]oglyphs impress$ ^u !m1 transmit ! names ( a s]ies ( k+s1 & te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( edifices1 all k ( :i*1 except = ^! relics1 w\ld h utt]ly p]i%$4 ,^? ( ,assyria & ,babylon1 9 addition to ! same in=mation1 h1 by _! cunei=m inscriptions1 :i* m5tion ! locality ( ! edifices = :i* !y 7 made1 af=d$ ! means ( trac+ ! sites ( anci5t ,mesopotamia & ,assyria ) an accuracy unatta9able by any o!r means4 ,! ,roman bricks h also borne _! te/imony to hi/ory4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m pres5t a s]ies ( ! names ( consuls ( imp]ial ,rome2 :ile o!rs %[ t ! pr\d nobility ( ! et]nal city p>tly d]iv$ _! rev5ues f ! kilns ( _! ,campanian & ,sab9e e/ates4 ,f ! next /ep 9 ! progress ( ! manufacture--namely1 t ( modell+ 9 clay ! =ms ( ! physical _w--arose ! pla/ic art4 ,delicate z is ! t\* ( ! f+]1 :i* ! clay seems to obey1 almo/ z if compreh5d+ ! int5tion ( ! pott]'s m9d1 yet c]ta9 =ms & ornam5ts :i* require a f9] po9t ?an ! nail gave rise to ! use ( pieces ( horn1 wood1 & metal1 & ?us contribut$ to ! inv5tion ( tools4 ,b modell+ 9 clay 0 soon sup]s$$ by sculpture 9 /one & metal1 & at l5g? only answ]$ two subord9ate ends3 t ( enabl+ ! sculptor to elaborate 8 fir/ conceptions 9 a mat]ial :i* c\ld be modifi$ at w2 & t ( readily produc+ works ( a small & inexp5sive =m1 = "s transitory purpose4 ,! inv5tion ( ! m\ld c>ri$ ?is la/ application to p]fection1 & ! t]racottas ( antiquity 7 z num]\s & z *eap z ! pla/] ca/s n[ sold by it9]ants4 ,! mat]ials us$ = writ+ h v>i$ 9 diff]5t ages & nations4 ,/one & bronze1 l95 & papyrus1 wax & p>*m5t1 h all be5 us$4 ,b ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians employ$ = _! public ar*ives1 _! a/ronomical computations1 _! religi\s d$ications1 _! hi/orical annals1 & ev5 = title-de$s & bills ( ex*ange1 tablets1 cyl9d]s1 & hexagonal prisms ( t]racotta4 ,"s ( ^! cyl9d]s1 /ill extant1 conta9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,assyrian mon>*s ,tigla?-piles] & ,assurbanipal1 & ! campaign ( ,s5na*]ib aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,judah2 & o!rs1 excavat$ f ! ,birs ,nimrud1 give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! d$ication ( ! great temple by ,nebu*adnezz> to ! sev5 planets4 ,to ?is inde/ructible mat]ial1 & to ! happy idea ( employ+ x 9 ?is mann]1 ! pres5t age is indebt$ = a detail$ hi/ory ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y2 :il/ ! decades ( ,livy1 ! plays ( ,m5&]1 & ! lays ( ,anakreon1 confid$ to a m p]i%able mat]ial1 h ei!r :olly or p>tly disappe>$4 ,! application ( clay to ! mak+ ( vases 0 made effective by ! inv5tion ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! :eel only vessels fa%ion$ by ! h&1 & ( rude unsymmetrical %ape1 c\ld h be5 made4 ,b ! application ( a circul> table or la!1 laid horizontally & revolv+ on a c5tral pivot1 on :i* ! clay 0 plac$1 & to :i* x adh]$1 0 9 its day a truly wond]ful advance4 ,z ! :eel spun r\nd1 all comb9ations ( oval1 sph]ical1 & cyl9drical =ms c\ld be produc$1 & ! vases n only became symmetrical 9 _! proportions1 b tru?fully reproduc$ ! pott]'s conception4 ,! inv5tion ( ! :eel has be5 ascrib$ to all ! great nations ( antiquity4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 full activity 9 ! ,egyptian sculptures2 x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & 0 c]ta9ly 9 use at an e>ly p]iod 9 ,assyria4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans attribut$ x to a ,scy?ian philosoph]1 & to ! /ates ( ,a!ns1 ,cor9?1 & ,sikyon1 ! fir/ two ( :i* 7 great rivals 9 ! c]amic art4 ,b1 z w be expla9$ h]eaft]1 x 0 introduc$ at a v e>ly /age 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation ^u ,greek soil 7see p4 #bjf74 ,al?\gh none ( ! v anci5t kilns h surviv$ ! de/ructive influ5ce ( "t1 yet among all ! great nations bak$ e>!nw>e is ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,9 ,egypt1 9 ! tombs ( ! fir/ dyna/ies1 vases & o!r rema9s ( bak$ e>!nw>e are abundantly f\nd2 & 9 ,assyria & ,babylon ev5 ! olde/ bricks & tablets h pass$ ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,! olde/ rema9s ( ,hell5ic pott]y 9 all cases owe _! pres]vation to _! hav+ be5 subject$ to ! action ( fire4 ,to ?is process1 z to ! consummation ( ! art1 ! o!r processes ( prep>+1 levigat+1 knead+1 dry+1 & m\ld+ ! clay 7 necess>ily ancill>y4 ,! desire ( r5d]+ t]racotta less por\s1 & ( produc+ vases capable ( reta9+ liquids1 gave rise to ! cov]+ ( x ) a vitre\s enamel or glaze4 ,! inv5tion ( glass 0 attribut$ by ! anci5ts to ! ,pho5icians2 b opaque glass or enamels1 z old z ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 & enamell$ objects z e>ly z ! ,f\r?1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,! employm5t ( copp] to produce a brilliant blue-col\r$ enamel 0 v e>ly bo? 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria2 b ! use ( t9 = a :ite enamel1 z discov]$ 9 ! enamell$ bricks & vases ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 anticipat$ by _m c5turies ! r$iscov]y ( t process 9 ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & %[s ! e>ly application ( metallic oxides4 ,?is inv5tion app>5tly rema9$ = _m c5turies a secret among ! ,ea/]n nations only1 enamell$ t]racotta & glass =m+ articles ( comm]cial export f ,egypt & ,pho5icia to e "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,among ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians enamell+ 0 us$ m frequ5tly ?an glaz+2 h5ce !y us$ a k9d ( fai5ce consi/+ ( a loose frit or body1 to :i* an enamel adh]es aft] only a slight fusion4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! art ( enamell+ t]racotta disappe>$ except among/ ! ,arab & ,moori% races1 :o _h reta9$ a tradition>y k ( ! process4 ,! application ( a transp>5t vitre\s coat+1 or glaze1 to ! entire surface1 l ! v>ni% ( a picture1 is also to be ref]r$ to a high antiquity4 ,orig9ally int5d$ to improve ! utility ( ! vase1 x 0 us$ by ,greeks & ,romans ) a ke5 s5se ( ! decorative effects t c\ld be d]iv$ f its use4 ,9 ,greece1 al?\gh ne>ly all traces ( ! ,/one ,age are want+1 & little pott]y has be5 f\nd :i* c be ref]r$ to t p]iod1#b yet ! e>lie/ exi/+ rema9s ( civilisation are1 z we %all see lat]1 9 ! =m ( pott]y2 & ,greece is no exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,b ! important diff]5ce betwe5 ! pott]y ( ,asia & ,egypt & t ( ,greece is t only 9 ! latt] 0 !re any developm5t due to arti/ic feel+4 ,( ! ,greek x may be said1 z ( ! m$ieval craftsman1 nihil tetigit quod non ornavit4 ,9 ! commone/ vessel or implem5t 9 e-day use we see almo/ f ! fir/ ! work+s ( ?is arti/ic in/9ct1 t5d+ to exalt any & e object above ! m]e level ( utilit>ianism1 & to make x1 9 addition to its prim>y purpose ( usefulness1 8a ?+ ( beauty & a joy = ev]40 ,feeble & rude x may be at fir/1 & hamp]$ by imp]fect k ( te*nique or capacity = expression--b /ill ! in/9ct is !re4 ,!re is inde$ at fir/ b little 9 ,greek pott]y to diff]5tiate x f t ( o!r nations possess+ any decorative in/9cts4 ,z ,m4 ,potti]#c has po9t$ out1 !re is a univ]sal law :i* manife/s itself 9 nasc5t art all ov] ! _w3 8,m ?an once m5 h rem>k$ ! extraord9>y resemblance :i* ! l9e> decoration ( ,p]uvian1 ,mexican1 & ,kabyle vases be>s to ! ornam5tation ( ! mo/ anci5t ,greek pott]y4 ,!re is no possibility ( contact betwe5 ^! diff]5t peoples1 sep>at$ by enorm\s di/ances ( "t & space4 ,if !y h ?is common resemblance at ! outset ( _! arti/ic evolution1 x is because all mu/ pass ?r\gh a c]ta9 phase1 result+ 9 "s measure f ! /ructure ( ! human bra94 ,ev5 s at ! pres5t day !re are savages 9 ,polynesia :o1 by means ( a po9t appli$ to ! s(t clay1 produce patt]ns exactly simil> to ^? f\nd on ,greek or ,cypriote pott]y ( fifte5 or tw5ty c5turies be=e our era40 ,or to take a lat] /age ( developm5t1 ! compositions ( vase-pa9t+s ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 are gov]n$ by ! same immutable laws ( conv5tion & pr9ciples ( symmetry z ! c>v+s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,in/ances might be multipli$ ad inf9itum2 b ! pr9ciple is univ]sal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a "q t may be well ask$ by any visitor to a great museum is1 ,:at is ! use ( ! /udy ( ,greek vases8 ,! answ] is1 t no rema9s ( ,greek art h come d[n to u 9 su* l>ge quantities1 except p]haps co9s1 & c]ta9ly none cov] s long a p]iod4 ,portray+ z !y d bo? ! objective & subjective side ( ,greek life1 !y =m p]haps ! be/ introduction to ! /udy ( ,greek ar*aeology 9 g5]al4 ,9 no o!r class ( monum5ts are ! daily life & religi\s beliefs ( ! ,greeks s vividly pres5t$ z 9 ! pa9t$ vases4 ,_! value to ! mod]n /ud5t may be treat$ "u f\r sep>ate heads3 7#a7 ,e?nological2 7#b7 ,hi/orical2 7#c7 ,my?ological2 7#d7 ,arti/ic4 7#a7 ,e?nological4--,on ?is subject we h already t\*$ 9 ?is *apt]1 po9t+ out t pott]y has an exceptional importance1 n only z "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal & in/ructive illu/rations ( ! e>ly developm5ts ( a s+le nation1 b = purposes ( comp>ison ( "o nation ) ano!r4 ,sculpture1 pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 & o!r arts h a m limit$ range1 & tell u no?+ ( dome/ic life or social progress2 b ! common ut5sils ( daily life1 l fl9t implem5ts or bronze weapons1 are ( incalculable value = ! light t !y ?r[ on ! subject1 & ! evid5ce :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( hi/orical data1 !y af=d4 ,we h also call$ att5tion to ! preval5ce ( univ]sal laws act+ on ! developm5t ( ! e>ly art ( all nations4 ,?us 9 deal+ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,greece1 be=e hi/orical records are available1 we are enabl$ by ! pott]y-f9ds to trace ! ext5t ( ! ,myc5aean civilisation1 f ,egypt to ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean2 we may see ,hom]ic cu/oms reflect$ 9 ! vases ( ! ,geometrical p]iod f ,a!ns2 & 9 ! decorative patt]ns ( ! succe$+ p]iod we may see signs ( close int]c\rse ) ,assyria & a k ( ,ori5tal textile fabrics4 ,! f9ds 9 ,rhodes1 ,cyprus1 & ! isl&s (f ,asia ,m9or also te/ify to a cont9u$ & ext5sive int]c\rse betwe5 ! ma9l& ( ,greece & ! ,ea/]n ,aegean4 7#b7 ,hi/orical4--,! hi/orical value ( ,greek vases re/s p>tly on ! ext]nal1 p>tly on ! int]nal evid5ce t !y af=d4 ,9 ! =m] aspect ^? ( hi/oric times1 l ^? ( ! primitive age1 confirm1 if !y d n actually supplem5t1 lit]>y records ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,?us ! num]\s importations ( vases f ,cor9? to ,sicily & ,italy 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 %[ ! m>itime importance ( t city & ! ext5t ( h] comm]cial relations2 :ile 9 ! succe$+ c5tury ! comm]cial rivalry betwe5 h] & ,a!ns is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( l>ge numb]s ( ,attic fabrics 9 ! tombs ( ,italy along ) ! ,cor9?ian2 ! f9al supremacy ( ,a!ns by ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! ,cor9?ian w>es1 & ! consequ5t monopoly enjoy$ by ! rival /ate4 ,! fact t aft] ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ! r$-figur$ ,attic vases are seldom f\nd 9 ,sicilian or ,italian tombs %[s cle>ly ! bl[ dealt at ,a!nian comm]ce by ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 & ! en=c$ cessation ( exports to ! we/1 ow+ to ! ho/ility ( ,sicily & ! crippl+ ( ,a!nian navies2 & ! gradual gr[? ( local fabrics %[s t ! coloni/s ( ,magna ,graecia at t "t began !mselves to supply local dem&s4 ,in/ances might be multipli$4 ,b ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! vases is ( ev5 great] value1 n only = ! political1 b /ill m = ! social hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,by ! application ( pa9t+ to vases ! ,greeks made !m some?+ m ?an m]e articles ( comm]cial value or daily use4 ,besides ! light !y ?r[ on ! ,greek s*ools ( pa9t+1 !y h become an inexhau/ible s\rce = illu/rat+ ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & lit]ature ( ,greece4 ,a ,greek vase-pa9t+--to quote ,m4 ,potti]-- is n only a "w ( art1 b also an hi/orical docum5t4 ,ev5 :5 all arti/ic qualities are lack+1 & ! vase at fir/ sight is liable to be reg>d$ z a wor?less & un9t]e/+ production1 a clos] inspection w (t5 reveal "s small po9t :i* ?r[s light on a "q ( my?ology1 or ( co/ume or arm\r4 ,or1 aga91 an inscription pa9t$ or ev5 scrat*$ on a vase may be ( surpass+ philological or palaeographical importance4 ,= in/ance1 ! e>lie/ inscription kn[n 9 ! ,attic alphabet is a graffito on a vase ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii471 :i* ( itself w\ld comm& no consid]ation2 b ?is inscription is valuable n only z evid5ce = e>ly =ms ( lett]+1 b f its subject-matt]4 ,x is true t x ne$ n necess>ily be contempor>y ) ! vase itself1 z x may h be5 scrat*$ 9 aft] x 0 made1 b ?is _c detract f its importance or affect its *ronological value4 ,or1 aga91 a fragm5t ( a pa9t$ vase f\nd at ,a!ns be>s ! "n ( ,xan?ippos rudely scrat*$ ^u x2 on ! foot ( ano!r is t ( ,megakles 7see bel[1 p4 #ajc74 ,bo? ( ^! are und\bt$ in/ances ( 1 :i* 7 us$ = ! bani%m5t ( ^! hi/orical p]sonages4 ,!y !re=e provide a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! in/itution ( ,o/racism1 & be> out :at we h said z to ! importance ( ar*aeological discov]ies = ! /udy ( ,hi/ory4 ,hi/orical or quasi-hi/orical subjects are sometimes actually depict$ on ! vases1 b ?is "q mu/ be res]v$ = full] treatm5t 9 ,"p ,,iii41 :i* deals ) ! subjects on vases 9 detail4 ,9 t section ( ! "w we %all also deal ) ! relations ( vase-pa9t+s to anci5t lit]ature2 & 9 ! li/ ( subjects tak5 f daily life 7,*apt] ,,xv47 x w be se5 :at ample in=mation is af=d$ on su* po9ts z ! vocations & pa/imes ( m51 ! life ( wom51 w> & a?letics1 sport & education4 7#c7 ,my?ological4--,on ?is head ref]5ce mu/ aga9 be made to ! *apt]s on ,subjects1 z af=d+ ample evid5ce ( ! importance ( ! vases n only = ! elucidation ( ,greek my?ology & leg5d1 b also = religi\s cults & beliefs4 ,"o o!r po9t1 h[ev]1 is wor? not+ "h4 ,our k ( ,greek my?ology1 if only d]iv$ f lit]>y records1 re/s l>gely on ! compilations ( ,roman or late writ]s1 su* z ,ovid1 ,hyg9us1 & ,apollodoros4 ,x has be5 aptly po9t$ out by a rec5t writ]#d t 9 ^! au?ors we h my?ology 9 a cry/allis$ =m1 modifi$ & sy/ematis$1 & p]haps confus$ ) ,lat9 elem5ts1 & t our popul> mod]n notions are ma9ly d]iv$ f ^! s\rces z !y h be5 filt]$ d[n to u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,lemprire's ,diction>y & simil> works4 ,b vase-pa9t+s are m or less orig9al & contempor>y docum5ts4 ,grant$ t x is possible to run to ! opposite extreme & accept art traditions to ! utt] neglect ( ! lit]>y tradition z d]iv$ f ,hom] & ! ,trag$ians1 ! fact /ill rema9s t = sugge/ions1 & = rais+ problems t c\ld nev] h aris5 ?r\gh a lit]>y m$ium1 ! evid5ce ( vases is ( ine/imable value4 ,9 reg>d to ,greek religi\s beliefs1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ) ! ,greeks art 0 ! language by :i* !y express$ _! ideas ( ! gods4 ,x 0 ?us l>gely due to _! religion t !y atta9$ supremacy 9 ! pla/ic art1 & _! absolute fre$om ( treatm5t ( _! religi\s beliefs almo/ elim9at$ ! hi]atic & conv5tional "* ( ,ori5tal art f _! own1 ) its inf9ite v>iety ( conceptions4 ,! vase-pa9t+s1 almo/ m ?an any o!r class ( monum5ts1 reveal ! univ]sal religi\s s5tim5t :i* p]vad$ _! life--! :i* prevail$ ev5 9 ,romanis$ ,a!ns4 ,?us ! vases con/itute a pictorial comm5t>y on all aspects ( ,greek life & ?\ght4#e 7#d7 ,arti/ic4--7a7 ,=m4 ,9 ! grace ( _! arti/ic =ms ! ,greeks h excell$ all nations1 ei!r pa/ or pres5t4 ,! beauty & simplicity ( ! %apes ( _! vases h caus$ !m to be tak5 z models2 b z e civilis$ p has receiv$ f o!r s\rces =ms sanction$ by "t1 & z _m ( ! ,greek =ms _c be adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n use1 !y h n be5 ext5sively imitat$4 ,yet to e eye famili> ) works ( art ( ! high] ord] _! beauty is fully app>5t4 7b7 ,decoration4 ,x is at fir/ difficult to realise h[ little we actually "k ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,our mod]n museums are s full ( specim5s ( ,greek sculpture1 ei!r orig9als or anci5t copies ( ma/]pieces1 t we feel x possible to obta9 an adequate idea ( ! g5ius ( ,pheidias or ,praxiteles at fir/-h&1 s to speak4 ,b anci5t lit]ature cle>ly %[s t pa9t+ 0 held by ! ,greeks 9 equally high e/imation ) sculpture1 if n ev5 high]4 ,consult ! writ+s ( ! eld] ,pl9y on anci5t art4 ,a consid]able space is !re devot$ to ! acc\nt ( ! great pa9t]s ,zeuxis1 ,apelles1 & ,p>rhasios1 :ile ,pheidias is b>ely m5tion$1 & ! acc\nt ( ,praxiteles' works is f> f complete4 ,yet we look 9 va9 ?r\gh mo/ mod]n collections = any specim5 ( ,greek pa9t+ on fresco or panel4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! p]i%able "* ( pictures & ! de/ruction ( ! build+s on ! walls ( :i* ! great frescoes 7 pres]v$4 ,b ! fact rema9s t we h to look 9 o!r directions = ! evid5ce we require to f9d4 ,we h "h & !re a pa9t$ ,greek tomb/one1 a ,pompeian fresco1 or ! decoration ( an ,etruscan sepul*re to give u a h9t2 b :ile ! fir/-nam$ are f> too inconsid]able 9 numb] to give u any idea ( ! art ( _! "t1 ! two latt] are m]ely products ( an imitative art1 giv+ b a fa9t e*o ( ! orig9als4 ,n[1 9 ! vases we h1 z not$ 9 reg>d to my?ology1 contempor>y evid5ce4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t vase-pa9t+ is ess5tially a decorative art2 b1 z we %all see lat] 9 trac+ its hi/orical developm5t1 !re is always a t5d5cy to ignore ! ess5tial subs]vi5cy ( design to use1 & to give ! decoration a m pictorial "*4 ,_m ( ! late vases are1 9 fact1 pictures on t]racotta4 ,aga91 !re is a class ( fif?-c5tury vases ) poly*rome pa9t+s on :ite gr\nd :i* actually recall ! me?od we "k to h be5 employ$ by ! great ma/] ( t c5tury1 ,polygnotos4 ,& ) reg>d to ! late vases we %all hope to %[ 9 a future *apt] t1 l ! ,pompeian pa9t+s1 !y (t5 reflect ! _s1 if n ! exact lik5ess1 ( "s well-kn[n pa9t+ ( :i* we h record4 ,_m in/ances might be giv5 ( vase-pa9t+s :i* reflect1 or assi/ our k (1 ! products ( ! high] arts4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! end ( ! six? c5tury ! gr\p ( ! ,tyrant-slay]s1 ! creation ( ,ant5or & ( ,kritios & ,nesiotes1 is f\nd repeat$ on a black-figur$ vase#f2 & ! e>ly poros p$im5ts f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis f9d an int]e/+ p>allel 9 an e>ly ,attic vase ( ab\t ! same date4#g ,s aga9 9 ,ionia1 ! /yle ( ! sculptures ( ! ar*aic temple at ,ephesos f9ds its reflection 9 "s ( ! local six?-c5tury vase-fabrics4#h ,com+ to ! fif? c5tury1 ! heads 9 ,euphronios' pa9t+s may be comp>$ ) "s ( ! ,attic heads 9 m>ble1 l t ( ! ephebos f ! ,acropolis4#i ,combats ( ,greeks ) ,amazons & ,c5taurs on lat] ,r4,f4 vases (t5 seem to sugge/ a comp>ison ) ! friezes ( ,phigaleia & ,olympia2 a figure f ! balu/rade ( ! ,nike temple is almo/ reproduc$ on a ,r4,f4 vase1#aj & ! rid+ y\?s ( ! ,p>!non frieze on "s ( ! :ite ,a!nian leky?i2 & ! ,k]t* vase ) ! conte/ ( ,a!na & ,poseidon 7,plate ,l47 is ( special int]e/ z an almo/ contempor>y reproduction ( ! ,p>!non we/ p$im5t4 ,9 pa9t+1 aga91 ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases 9 _m in/ances reflect :at we "k ( ! /yle & composition ( ,polygnotos' pa9t+s1 & !re are _m in/ances on ! vases ( ! subjects treat$ by him & ,mikon4#aa ,x is n necess>y "h to say m ( ! importance ( a /udy ( ,greek vases on ! sev]al l9es t we h po9t$ out4 ,x is suffici5t to say t speciali/s 9 all ^! bran*es ( ,ar*aeology in/9ctively turn to vases = ! ma9 s\rce ( _! in=mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! e>lie/ date at :i* public att5tion 0 direct$ to ! pa9t$ vases 0 ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ^? days1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 sy/ematic excavation 0 a ?+ q unkn[n1 :ile ar*aeology z a sci5ce 0 non-exi/5t4 ,beyond a few sculptures :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n at ,rome or else:]e ?r\gh _m vicissitudes1 cab9ets ( gems :i* _h be5 pres]v$ by c>d9als & o!r dignit>ies :o employ$ !m = signet-r+s1 *iefly = ecclesia/ical purposes1 & "s collections ( co9s ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 !re 7 no specim5s ( anci5t art pres]v$4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! fa%ion arose ( mak+ voyages to ,italy or ,greece1 & br++ back any spoils t might attract ! notice ( ! travell]4 ,9 ?is way ! collection ( ,arundel ,m>bles at ,ox=d 0 made1 & ! nucleus ( _m ( ! fam\s private collections ( ,engl& =m$4 ,b ! pa9t$ vases1 :i* = ! mo/ "p lay buri$ 9 tombs1 escap$ notice almo/ entirely--&1 p]haps ev5 :]e specim5s 7 pres]v$1 !y attract$ little notice--until ) ,w9ckelmann arose a gradual hank]+ aft] ! possession ( arti/ic treasures & ! =mation ( collections ( antiques4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to be f\nd to pa9t$ vases is 9 ! works ( ,la ,*ausse 7,caussius71#ab & 9 ! ,!saurus ( ,graevius1#ac :ile ! olde/ exi/+ catalogue is t ( ! collection ( ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg1 compil$ by ,l4 ,beg] 9 #afif-agja4ad ,"s few are illu/rat$ 9 ^! works1 :ile o!rs 7 giv5 lat] by ,montfaucon1#ae ,demp/]1#af ,gori1#ag & ,caylus4#ah ,w9ckelmann publi%$ sev]al vases 9 8 ,hi/oire de l',art 7#agfd7 & ,monum5ti ,anti*i 7#agfi71 & ! indu/ri\s ,pass]i 9 #agfg-ge publi%$1 besides a supplem5t to ,demp/]1 ?ree volumes conta9+ col\r$ engrav+s ( vases 9 v>i\s collections4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o 0 = "s "t ,engli% ,ambassador at ,naples1 =m$ !re a consid]able collection ( ,greek & ,roman antiquities1 mo/ly pa9t$ vases1 :i* _h be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s tombs 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & ,etruria4 ,all ^! he br\ght ) him to ,engl& & sold to ! newly in/itut$ ,briti% ,museum 9 #agfg4 ,a ,fr5*man nam$ ,hugues or ,d',hanc>ville compil$ a magnific5t "w 9 f\r volumes#ai illu/rat+ ! vases 9 ?is collection1 ) elaborate diagrams ( ! %apes2 b ! repres5tations ( ! subjects are (t5 m>r$ by ! imag9>y ornam5tal bord]s 9 :i* !y are fram$1 :ile ! :ole "w1 l o!rs ( ! same p]iod1 is m>k$ by a t5d5cy to ignore all b ! arti/ic int]e/1 & in/ead ( an accurate reproduction to aim m]ely at giv+ a pretty picture4 ,a second collection ( vases belong+ to ,hamilton 0 mo/ly lo/ at sea1 b a record ( x has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,tis*be9's "w1 ,vases d',hamilton#bj 9 f\r volumes1 :i* is m accurate & useful ?an t ( ,d',hanc>ville4 ,x is believ$ t _m ( ^! vases are n[ 9 ! ,hope collection at ,deepd5e1 :i* is un=tunately inaccessible to ar*aeologi/s4 ,! ,hamilton collection =m$1 z we h said1 ! nucleus ( ! magnific5t array ( vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,mo/ ( !m1 x is true1 belong to ! lat] p]iod or decad5ce ( vase-pa9t+1 & 7 n only f\nd1 b _h also be5 manufactur$1 9 ,italy4 ,al?\gh ! "t = a sci5tific /udy & classification 0 n yet to be = "s sixty ye>s1 ! int]e/ 9 ! subject 0 decid$ly on ! increase1 & _m ,engli% noblem5 & g5tlem5 7 =m+ collections1 z well z su* =eign]s z ! ,duc de ,blacas1 ! ,duc de ,luynes1 & ,m4 ,mill94 ,x became ! fa%ion to produce l>ge folio works embody+ ! cont5ts ( ^! collections 9 s]ies ( col\r$ illu/rations1 & ?us we h1 besides ^? already m5tion$1 ! impos+ publications ( ,mill91#ba ,mill+5#bb1 ,laborde#bc1 & o!rs4 ,on ! same l9es1 b mo/ly ( lat] date1 are ! publications ( ,de ,rossi#bd1 ,*ri/ie#be1 ,moses#bf1 ,+hirami#bg1 ,lanzi#bh1 ,bttig]#bi1 ,micali#cj1 ,ra\l-,ro*ette#ca1 ,/ackelb]g#cb1 & ! ,duc de ,luynes#cc1 :o publi%$ ei!r _! own vases1 z ,de ,luynes1 or "s well-kn[n collection l t ( ! ,duc de ,blacas1 or "s p>ticul> class ( vases3 e4g4 ,micali1 ^? f\nd 9 ,etruria2 ,ra\l-,ro*ette & ,+hirami1 ^? illu/rat+ ,hom]2 & ,/ackelb]g1 ^? f\nd 9 tombs 9 ,greece ,prop]4 ,few ( ^!1 x w be se51 7 publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e nei!r public patronage nor private ent]prise 7 f\nd prep>$ to rival ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! works ! vases are /yl$ 8,etruscan0 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,ev5 n[adays x is a v common exp]i5ce to he> vases spok5 ( z 8,etruscan0 or ev5 z 8,etruscan urns10 z if e vase 0 us$ z a receptacle = ! a%es ( ! dead4 ,?is error has la/$1 ) all ! p]sev]ance ( a popul> fallacy1 = ov] a c5tury1 & _c n[ be too /rongly d5\nc$4 ,b at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury ! ,etruscan orig9 ( pa9t$ vases 0 mo/ /rongly ma9ta9$ by erudite s*ol>s1 *iefly ,italians :o desir$ to *ampion ! cr$it ( _! own c\ntry1 & ! controv]sy rag$ ) v>y+ =ce till ,greece 0 able to sub/antiate h] own case by ! numb]s ( vases t came =? f h] tombs to proclaim _! ,hell5ic orig94 ,! 8,etruscan0 !ory 0 fir/ promulgat$ by ,montfaucon1 ,gori1 ,caylus1 & ,pass]i1 betwe5 #agai & #ageb2 _! argum5ts be+ bas$ on ! plausible gr\nd t up till t "t ! vases _h be5 f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ,etruria4 ,s ! t]m 8,etruscan vase0 pass$ into ! languages ( ,europe1 & has surviv$ 9 spite ( a c5tury ( refutation4 ,b 9 #agfc ,w9ckelmann1 ! fa!r ( sci5tific ar*aeology1 conceiv$ ! idea t ! _s & "* ( ! vase-pa9t+s 7 :olly ,greek2 & he propos$ to call !m ,italo-,greek or ,graeco-,sicilian1 indicat+ ,magna ,graecia z ! true place ( _! manufacture4 ,?is 0 a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 & he 0 support$ lat] by ,lanzi1 ,mill91 ,mill+51 & o!rs 7#agia-ahac74 ,a fur!r attempt 0 made to def9e ! p>ticul> places ( _! fabric1 & ,nola1 ,locri1 & ,agrig5tum 7 sugge/$ z ! mo/ important c5tres4 ,mean:ile1 ! discov]ies ( vases 9 ,attica1 at ,cor9?1 & else:]e 9 ,greece1 & subsequ5tly ! publication ( ,/ackelb]g's "w1 help$ to confirm ! position ( ,w9ckelmann's foll[]s4 ,9 #ahbh came :at ,m4 ,potti] t]ms 8an objectionable revival ( ,etruscomania10 ) ! ext5sive & m>vell\sly fruitful excavations at ,vulci "u ! direction ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o1 ,luci5 ,bonap>te1 on ^: e/ates mo/ ( ! tombs 7 f\nd4 ,sev]al ?\s& vases 7 ! yield ( ?is site1 mo/ly ( ! be/ p]iods ( ,greek art4 ,?is 0 a great epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /udy ( ,greek vases4 ,a flood ( fre% light 0 ?r[n on ! subject by ! mass ( new mat]ial1 & a :ole new lit]ature arose 9 consequ5ce4 ,hi!rto vases ( ! ar*aic & f9e p]iods _h only be5 kn[n 9 isolat$ in/ances1 & ! bulk ( ! exi/+ collections 0 =m$ ( ! florid vases ( ! ,decad5ce2 b n[ x became possible to fill up ! gaps & trace ! :ole developm5t ( ! art f ! simple/ specim5s ) decorative patt]ns or figures ( animals d[n to ! v la/ /ages ( pa9t+4 ,^! discov]ies prompt$ ,pr9ce ,luci5 ,bonap>te to revive ! !ory ( ,etruscan orig91 9 :i* he 0 support$ by ,d',amatis & ,de ,fea4 ,x is probable t all ?ree 7 animat$ m by patriotic motives ?an by intellectual conviction4 ,at any rate _! argum5ts appeal$ b little to s*ol>s1 al?\gh n a few incl9$ to take a middle c\rse1 & ma9ta9$ t !re exi/$1 n only 9 ,etruria b also 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 v>i\s local c5tres ( manufacture "u ,greek sup]9t5d5ce & 9 close connection ) ,a!ns & h] influ5ces4 ,^! ideas 7 upheld by ,g]h>d1 ,welck]1 ! ,duc de ,luynes1 & ,*4 ,l5ormant4 ,b ! prepond]at+ argum5ts 7 to be f\nd on ! o!r side1 f ,kram] 7#ahcg71 :o attribut$ all vases b ^? ( ! ,decad5ce to an ,attic orig91 ,o4 ,mll]1 :o limit$ ?is to ! f9] examples f ,vulci1 & ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 :o p9n$ 8 fai? to ,sicily1 to ,otto ,jahn#cd1 :o may be said to h f\nd$ ! mod]n comp>ative /udy ( ,greek c]amics on its pres5t basis 7#ahed74 ,jahn pron\nc$ decisively = ! ,greek orig9 ( all b ! lat] fabrics1 & 8 pr9ciples h be5 adopt$ by all succe$+ ar*aeologi/s1 ) ! exception ( ,brunn1 & "o or two ( ! latt]'s disciples1 :o h swung back to ! ,italian !ory 9 "s respects4 ,up to 8 "t all _h be5 9 *aos1 & ea* writ] work$ on 8 own p>ticul> l9e )\t reg>d to o!rs1 bo? z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! vases & ! subjects depict$ !reon2 b ,jahn1 9 8 epo*-mak+ catalogue ( ! vases at ,muni*1 0 ! fir/ to make a s]i\s & sci5tific attempt to r$uce ! *aos to ord]1 n only by adopt+ a rational sy/em ( int]pretation1 b by sy/ematis+ & r$uc+ to "o common d5om9ator all previ\s contributions to k4 ,we may say t ! /udy ( ,greek vases has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree ma9 /ages3 7#a7 ,arti/ic2 7#b7 ,epexegetic2 7#c7 ,hi/orical4 7#a7 ,arti/ic 7#afij--aggj74--;,9 ! fir/ /age1 z we h se51 ! arti/ic m]it ( ! vases & ! aim ( produc+ a pretty picture 7 alone reg>d$4 ,h5ce1 too1 arose ! fa%ion ( mak+ copies ( ,greek vases1 & _m specim5s 7 produc$ by ,w$gwood#ce1 be>+1 h[ev]1 no m ?an a sup]ficial lik5ess to ! orig9als4 7#b7 ,epexegetic 7#aggj--ahed74--;,9 ! second /age x seems to h be5 sudd5ly discov]$ t ! figures on ! vases 7 n m]e mean+less gr\ps1 l ! ,watteau %eph]ds & %eph]desses on ,dresd5 *9a1 & _m /range !ories 7 at fir/ promulgat$ z to ! purposes = :i* ! vases 7 made & ! subjects !reon depict$4 ,?ree ma9 l9es ( int]pretation seem to h be5 adopt$ by ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod3-- 7a7 ,pass]i1 ,mill91 ,lanzi1 & ,visconti suppos$ t allusions 7 made to ! life ( ! deceas$ p]son 9 ^: tomb !y 7 f\nd2 allegorical repres5tations 7 giv5 ( 8 *ildi% games1 8 y\?ful pa/imes1 or ! religi\s & social c]emonies 9 :i* he took "p4 7b7 ,italynski1 9 8 preface to ,tis*be9's "w1 enunciates ! /range notion t !y allude to ev5ts ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory3 = in/ance1 ?ree drap$ m5 repres5t ! ?ree *ief ar*ons ( ,a!ns1 or ?ree wom5 conv]s+1 ,veturia1 ! "m ( ,coriolanus1 ) h] daught] & daught]-9-law1 consid]+ :e!r %e %\ld appe> z a suppliant be=e h] son4 ,! utt]ly fanta/ic & unsci5tific nature ( ^! explanations 0 self-evid5t2 ! writ]s ( ! fir/ gr\p at any rate _h a s\nd] basis = _! !ories1 & on ! analogy ( ! sculptur$ ,greek tomb/ones might well h be5 ne> ! tru?4 7c7 ,ano!r !ory1 :i* atta9$ great popul>ity1 & 0 ev5 adh]$ to p>tially = "s ye>s aft]w>ds by ,pan(ka1 ,g]h>d1 & ,l5ormant1 0 t ! subjects bore allusion to ! ,my/]ies1 m p>ticul>ly ! ,eleus9ian4 ,! vases 7 reg>d$ z pres5ts giv5 to ! initiat$1 & ! reason :y _! int]pretation 0 s difficult 0 t !y relat$ to ! secrets unfold$ 9 ^? c]emonies4 ,_m attempts 7 made to unlock ^? secrets & to %[ ! my/ic moral purport ( ! pictures2 b all is ! m]e/ guesswork4 ,! height ( fanta/ic explanation is p]haps rea*$ by ,*ri/ie1 ^: "w is q wor? p]usal z a lit]>y curiosity4 ,pan(ka1 on ! o!r h&1 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! inscriptions on ! vases1#cf & disc]n$ a symbolical mean+ 9 ^!1 read+ into ! names ( arti/s rebuses on ! subjects ov] :i* !y 7 inscrib$1 e4g4 ,d\ris is indicat$ by ,a!na ) a spe> 77 or ,h]maios by a figure ( ,h]mes4 7#c7 ,hi/orical4--,! hi/orical or sci5tific me?od ( /udy+ ,greek vases consi/s ma9ly 9 classify+ !m accord+ to diff]5t p]iods1 & )9 t p]iod to diff]5t s*ools4 ,to ^! ma9 consid]ations ! arti/ic m]its ( ! vases & ! explanation ( ! subjects are subord9at$4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,! arti/ic & my?ological int]e/ ( ! vases is soon exhau/$1 & receives no new impetus f new discov]ies4 ,n[1 ) ! comp>ative /udy ( vases ?is is n ! case4 ,any day may br+ =? a new discov]y :i* w completely revolutionise all preconceiv$ !ories2 h5ce !re is ! con/ant necessity = be+ 8up-to-date10 & = ! adju/m5t ( old beliefs to new4 ,b ! hi/orical me?od is n entirely ( mod]n gr[?4 ,z long ago z #agfg ! fir/ attempt 0 made by ,d',hanc>ville#cg to classify vases accord+ to _! age4 ,tak+ su* scanty data z 7 available1 he divid$ ,italian vases into five classes1 rang+ f 8"s c5turies be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome0 d[n to ! reigns ( ,trajan1 ! ,anton9es1 & ,septimius ,sev]us1 :i* 8ann\nc'd ! total decad5cy ( ! ,art40 ,! e>li] vases he s\ght to fix m precisely by ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ z told by ,pl9y4 ,! ,duc de ,luynes1 writ+ 9 #ahcb1ch hesitates to def9e ! exact age ( ! v>i\s /yles1 ?\gh he arranges !m g5]ally 9 six classes1 rang+ f ! 8,doric0 or 8,pho5ician0 vases d[n to b>b>ic imitations by ! natives ( ,italy4 ,accord+ to him ! r$-figur$ vases la/$ f ! "t ( ,p]ikles d[n to t ( ,pyrrhos4 ,mill+5 0 cont5t ) ?ree p]iods only1 8 division#ci be+3 7#a7 anci5t /yle1 #gjj-dej ,b4,c42 7#b7 f9e /yle1 #dej-bbh ,b4,c42 7#c7 late /yle1 #bbh to ,social ,w>4 ,kram] di/+ui%es five epo*s3 7,a7 ,egyptian /yle1 #ehj-ejj ,b4,c42 7,b7 old] /yle1 #ejj-dfj ,b4,c42 7,c7 sev]e /yle1 #dfj--dbj ,b4,c42 7,d7 f9e /yle1 #dbj-chj ,b4,c42 7,e7 ri* /yle1 #chj-bjj ,b4,c4#dj ,g]h>d#da surmis$ t ! e>lie/ vases might date f ! n9? or t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! f9e /yle ext5d+ ov] ! fif? & f\r?1 :ile ! decad5ce culm9at$ 9 ! second1 & 9 ! fir/ c5tury fictile vases 7 entirely supplant$ by ^? ( metal4 ,de ,witte made a m detail$ classification1 ext5d+ to n9e gr\ps1 & bas$ r on te*nical diff]5ces1 z sev]al ( ! gr\ps are contemporane\s2 b 8 classification is ess5tially a practical "o1 & may be reg>d$ z =m+ a s\nd basis = all succe$+ catalogues & treatises1 z also = ! arrangem5t ( museums4 ,jahn 9 8 ,introduction is cont5t ) f\r ma9 head+s1 :i* = a g5]al classification ( a l>ge collection is conv5i5t en\gh1 & has1 9 fact1 be5 adopt$ 9 ! ,vase ,rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! f\r divisions are3 7#a7 ,primitive2 7#b7 ,black-figur$2 7#c7 ,r$-figur$2 7#d7 ,vases ( ! ,decad5ce4 ,9 ! ,l\vre1 on ! o!r h&1 ! arrangem5t is ma9ly geographical1 accord+ to ! sites f :i* ! vases h come4 ,x is recognis$ by mod]n ar*aeologi/s1#db work+ on ! l9es laid d[n by ,jahn 9 ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( 8 ,introduction1 t 9 dat+ & classify+ a vase or s]ies ( vases ?ree po9ts mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation3 7#a7 circum/ances ( discov]y2 7#b7 te*nique & /yle2 7#c7 inscriptions 7:5 pres5t74 ,! v>i\s que/ions ) :i* ! mod]n /udy ( vase-pa9t+s has ma9ly to deal w be fully inve/igat$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 & x is n necess>y to say m on ?is head4 ,b we tru/ t suffici5t att5tion has be5 drawn to ! _m-sid$ int]e/s pres5t$ by--x is n necess>y to say a collection ( vases1 b--a s+le vase#dc4 ,x may be wor? :ile "h to turn aside = a mom5t & /udy ! rise & gr[? ( ! v>i\s great vase-collections ( ,europe4 ,we may ) p>donable pride reg>d ! ,briti% ,museum z /&+ at ! head ( ^! collections1 possess+ z x does ! mo/ repres5tative collection ( any1 if n ! l>ge/4 ,h>dly any kn[n fabric is unrepres5t$1 nor ! "w ( any kn[n arti/2 ?\gh "h & !re ano!r museum may h ! advantage--z1 = in/ance1 ! ,l\vre 9 e>ly black-figur$ fabrics1 ,naples 9 vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy 7especially ! l>ge specim5s71 or ,a!ns 9 v>i\s fabrics peculi> to ,greece1 su* z ! e>ly vases ( ,!ra & ,melos1 or ! m>vell\s specim5s ( 8transitional0 h&iwork f\nd on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns4 ,! nucleus ( ! ,briti% ,museum collection 01 z has be5 indicat$1 =m$ by ! vases obta9$ f ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 #agfg1 supplem5t$ by ^? ( ,t[neley & ,payne ,knight 7#ahje-bd73 ^! are ne>ly all vases ( ! late p]iod f ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcg & #ahde a l>ge quantity ( f9e black-figur$ & r$-figur$ vases 0 acquir$ f ! ,can9o collection1 hav+ be5 f\nd on t e/ate at ,vulci1 & 9 #ahcf acquisitions f ,m4 ,dur&'s sale _h help$ to swell ! numb] ( vases repres5t+ t site1 includ+ "s v f9e examples4 ,9 #ahdb came ! ,burgon collection1 mo/ly ( small vases f ,a!ns & ! ,greek isl&s2 9 #ahef ! beque/ by ,sir ,william ,temple ( 8 collection1 =m$ at ,naples1 add$ greatly to ! value ( ! collection ( lat] vases4 ,9 #ahfj-fd l>ge numb]s ( vases ( all p]iods f #gjj ,b4,c4 to #djj ,b4,c4 7 excavat$ by ,salzmann & ,biliotti at ,kameiros 9 ,rhodes2 & f ,ialysos 9 ! same isl& came a numb] ( ,myc5aean vases by ! g5]osity ( ,pr(4 ,rusk9 9 #ahgj4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,blacas collection1 pur*as$ 9 #ahfg1 _h add$ a l>ge numb]1 *iefly ( r$-figur$ & ,italian vases1 & 9 #ahgc _m m f9e specim5s f ,capua1 ,nola1 & else:]e 7 acquir$ f ,m4 ,ca/ellani4 ,( late ye>s ! *ief additions h be5 f ,cyprus1 beg9n+ ) a few vases f ,cesnola 9 #ahgf d[n to ! ,turn] ,beque/ excavations 9 #ahid-if1 & f ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund's excavations at ,naukratis & ,daphnae 7#ahhd-hf74 ,o!r acquisitions h be5 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( isolat$ pur*ases1 especially ( ! :ite leky?i & simil> classes2 "s h come f important collections1 su* z ^? ( ,=man1 ,tyszkiewicz1 & ,van ,branteghem4 ,9 #ahgj1 :5 ! old ,catalogue 0 complet$1 ! collection mu/ h numb]$ ov] #b1jjj pa9t$ vases1 besides #a1jjj undecorat$2 at ! pres5t day ! total _c be comput$ at less ?an #e1jjj1 ( :i* ab\t #d1jjj may be describ$ z pa9t$ vases4 ,! ,l\vre collection 9 ,p>is#dd />t$ life ab\t a c5tury ago "u ! fir/ ,napoleon1 :o e/abli%$ a c]amic section ab\t #agig4 ,o!r vases 7 add$ f ! ,vatican & ,naples2 & mean:ile ! ,royal collection w5t to =m ! pres5t ,cab9et ( ,antiquities 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,9 #ahah ! v limit$ collection 0 augm5t$ by #efd vases f ,m4 ,to*on1 & 9 #ahbe came a magnific5t acquisition ( ab\t #b1jjj vases 7mo/ly pa9t$7 f ,m4 ,dur&4 ,f ?is "t till #ahfc ! gr[? 0 v sl[1 & ! ,l\vre does n seem to h pr(it$ l o!r museums by ! excavations at ,vulci4 ,9 ! latt] ye>1 h[ev]1 ano!r spl5did collection ( #b1jjj pa9t$ & #a1djj unpa9t$ vases 0 acquir$ f ,c\nt ,campana1 :i* necessitat$ ! build+ ( new gall]ies4 ,! e>ly ,b4,f4 fabrics1 9 :i* ! ,l\vre is s pre-em95tly ri*1 7 all 9 ?is collection4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! only acquisitions ( importance h be5 repres5tative specim5s f ,greece & ,cyprus2 b ! total numb] is n[ reckon$ at #f1jjj4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,b]l9 collection has be5 mu* m sl[ & consi/5t4#de ,its nucleus 0 d]iv$ f ! collection ( ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg describ$ by ,beg] 9 #agja4 ,up to #ahcj mo/ ( ! vases acquir$ 7 f ,s\!rn ,italy & ,campania1 includ+ #a1cdh f ! ,koll] collection 9 #ahbh4 ,9 #ahca1 #ddb vases & #agi specim5s ( ,etruscan pla9 w>e 7 acquir$ f ! ,dor[ collection1 & f #ahcc to #ahfg ! activity ( ,g]h>d procur$ f9e specim5s f "t to "t1 :ile #agd 7 bequea!d by him at 8 dea?4 ,:5 ,levez['s ,catalogue 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcd1 x includ$ #a1egi specim5s2 ! next "o by ,furtwa5gl] 9 #ahhe describes m ?an #d1jjj4 ,( late ye>s _m valuable specim5s h be5 d]iv$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,greece4 ,^! ?ree may be reg>d$ z ! typical repres5tative collections ( ,europe2 ^? ( ,a!ns1 ,muni*1 ,naples1 & ,pet]sburg are all ( great m]it & value1 b *iefly /rong 9 "o p>ticul> dep>tm5t--,a!ns 9 e>ly vases & ,attic leky?i1 ,pet]sburg 9 late r$-figur$ vases1 & ,naples 9 ! fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,_m ( ! f9e/ specim5s1 h[ev]1 are to be f\nd 9 ! small] collections 9 ! ,p>is ,biblio?que1 at ,flor5ce1 ,vi5na1 ,madrid1 & 9 ,rome4 ,( late ye>s ,europe has f\nd a =midable rival 9 ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts at ,bo/on1 :i*1 back$ by almo/ inexhau/ible private b5efactions1 is gradually acquir+ a l>ge proportion ( ! sign$ vases & o!r *efs-d'uvre :i* f "t to "t f9d _! way into ! m>ket4 ,! ,metropolitan ,museum at ,new ,york1 on ! o!r h&1 re/s its claim to di/9ction on ! possession ( ,g5]al ,cesnola's enorm\s collections ( ,cypriote pott]y ( all p]iods4 ,! gradual c5tralis+ ( vases into public museums is a notewor?y feature at ! pres5t day4 ,! private collections =m$ by s _m amateurs at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury h ne>ly all be5 long s9ce disp]s$ & incorporat$ ) ! v>i\s national collections#df2 & ^? =m$ m rec5tly are rapidly %>+ ! same fate4 ,h>dly a ye> passes n[ )\t see+ ! disp]sion ( "s notable collection l ^? ( ,m4 ,sab\r(f1 ,m4 van ,branteghem1 ,colonel ,br[n 7,=man collection71 or ,m4 ,b\rguignon2 & almo/ ! only important "o t /ill rema9s intact is t ( ,sig4 ,jatta at ,ruvo 7consi/+ almo/ entirely ( ,s\? ,italian vases74 ,n[ t ! days are pa/ :5 x 0 ! cu/om = ri* collectors to publi% magnific5tly illu/rat$ atlases ( _! possessions1 ?is t5d5cy to c5tralisation c only be welcom$ bo? by arti/s & /ud5ts4 ,= ! latt] n[ x only rema9s to be desir$ t a sci5tific & well-illu/rat$ catalogue ( e public museum %\ld be available4 ,we app5d "h a li/ ( ! pr9cipal museums & collections 9 ,europe1 :i* may =m a supplem5t to t giv5 by ,jahn 9 #ahed4 ,! m important ones are pr9t$ 9 heavi] type4 ,i4 ,,great ,,brita94 #a4 ,london4 ,briti% ,museum 7see p4 #bd74 ,catalogue by ,c4 ,smi? & ,walt]s4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 7a few isolat$ specim5s2 also "s f ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology ,j]myn ,/reet74 ,soane ,museum 7! ,cawdor ,vase74 #b4 ,ox=d4 ,a%molean ,museum4 ,catalogue by ,p4 ,g>dn] 7#ahic74 #c4 ,cambridge4 ,fitzwilliam ,museum4 ,catalogue by ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn] 7#ahif74 #d4 ,deepd5e 7,dork+74 ,hope ,collection4 ,inaccessible to /ud5ts4 ,consi/s entirely ( late vases f ,s\!rn ,italy4 #e4 ,num]\s private collections1 among ! m important be+-- ,ri*mond4 ,! late ,sir ,f4 ,cook4 ,ca/le ,a%by4 ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton4 #f4 ,h>r[ ,s*ool ,museum 7a f9e 8,!seus0 ,kylix & ,krat] ) ,c5taurs74 ,catalogue by ,c4 ,torr 7#ahhg74 #g4 ,ed9burgh4 ,,ii4 ,,france4 #a4 ,p>is4 ,! ,l\vre 7see p4 #be74 ,catalogue by ,potti] 79 progress74 ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,catalogue by ,a4 de ,ridd] 7#aijb74 ,dzialynski ,collection4 ,see ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t4 #b4 ,m>seilles ,museum4 ,catalogue by ,froehn] 7#ahig74 #c4 ,r\5 ,museum4 #d4 ,b\logne ,museum4 #e4 ,compigne ,museum4 #f4 ,svres ,museum4 ,,iii4 ,,belgium ,,& ,,holl&4 #a4 ,brussels4#dg ,see ,cat4 ( ,muse de ,rave/e94 ,somze ,collection 7n[ disp]s$74 #b4 ,am/]dam4 ,six ,collection4 #c4 ,leyd5 ,museum4 ,see ,r\lez1 ,vases de ,leyde4 ,,iv4 ,,g]many4 #a4 ,b]l94 ,antiqu>ium 7see p4 #be74 ,catalogue by ,furtwa5gl] 7#ahhe74 #b4 ,alt5burg4 #c4 ,bonn4 #d4 ,breslau4 #e4 ,brunswick4 #f4 ,dresd54 #g4 ,frankfurt4 ,museum ,/del4 #h4 ,go?a4 #i4 ,heidelb]g4 #aj4 ,k>lsruhe4 ,catalogue by ,w9nefeld 7#ahhg74 #aa4 ,leipzig4 #ab4 ,muni*4 ,catalogue by ,jahn 7#ahed74 #ac4 ,s*w]94 #ad4 ,wrzburg4 ,antik5kab9et4 ,coll4 ,bank4 ,v4 ,,d5m>k ,,& ,,sw$54 #a4 ,kop5hag54 ,catalogue by ,smi? 7#ahfb74 #b4 ,/ockholm4 ,,vi4 ,,russia4 #a4 ,pet]sburg4 ,h]mitage4 ,catalogue by ,/ephani 7#ahfi74 ,/rogan(f ,coll4 ,pis>eff ,coll4 #b4 ,dorpat 7,univ]sity74 ,,vii4 ,,au/ria4 #a4 ,vi5na4 ,oe/]rei*is*es ,museum4 ,catalogue by ,masn] 7#ahia74 ,k4 ,k4 ,kab9et4 ,univ]sity4 #b4 ,crac[4 ,cz>toryski ,coll4 #c4 ,prague4 ,pollak ,coll4 #d4 ,trie/e4 ,museum4 ,,viii4 ,,switz]l&4 #a4 ,b]ne #b4 ,g5eva ,all unimportant = ,greek ,vases4 #c4 ,zri*4 ,,ix4 ,,spa94 ,madrid4 ,x4 ,,italy ,,& ,,sicily4 #a4 ,ac]ra4 ,sp9elli ,coll4 #b4 ,adria4 ,museo ,boc*i4 ,publication by ,s*ne4 #c4 ,arezzo4 ,*iefly ,roman ,arret9e w>e4 #d4 ,bologna4 ,museo ,civico4 ,catalogue by ,pellegr9i 7#aijj74 ,univ]sit4 #e4 ,capua4 ,campana ,coll4 #f4 ,c]vetri4 ,ruspoli ,coll4 #g4 ,*iusi4 ,museum4 ,casuc*9i ,coll4 7b see p4 #gc74 #h4 ,corneto4 ,museum4 ,brus*i ,coll4 #i4 ,flor5ce4 ,museum4 #aj4 ,naples4 ,museo ,nazionale4 ,catalogue by ,heydemann 7#ahgb74 #aa4 ,orvieto4 ,museum4 ,fa9a ,coll4 #ab4 ,pal]mo4 ,museum4 #ac4 ,p>ma4 #ad4 ,p]ugia4 ,museum4 #ae4 ,ruvo4 ,jatta ,coll4 ,catalogue by ,sig4 ,g4 ,jatta 7#ahfi74 #af4 ,t>anto4 ,museum4 #ag4 ,t]ranuova 7,gela74 ,private collections4 #ah4 ,rome4 ,vatican 7,mus4 ,gregoriano74 ,guide by ,helbig4 ,museo ,capitol9o4 ,museo ,papa ,giulio4 ,num]\s private collections3 ,h>twig1 ,torlonia1 ,ca/ellani1 etc41 & ,deuts*es ,ar*4 ,in/4 ,,xi4 ,,greece4 #a4 ,a!ns4 ,national ,museum4 ,catalogue by ,c\ve & ,collignon 7#aijb74 ,d4 7,acropolis ,collection74 ,catalogue 9 progress4 ,trik\pis ,coll4 ,o!r private collections4 #b4 ,eleusis4 ,museum 7local f9ds74 #c4 ,c&ia 7,crete74 ,,xii4 ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,smyrna4 ,v>i\s private collections4 ,,xiii4 ,,cyprus4 ,nicosia4 ,cyprus ,museum4 ,catalogue by ,myres & ,ri*t] 7#ahii74 ,private collections at ,l>naka1 ,nicosia1 & ,limassol4 ,,xiv4 ,,egypt4 ,cairo4 ,ghizeh ,museum4 ,,xv4 ,,am]ica4 #a4 ,bo/on4 ,catalogue by ,rob9son4 #b4 ,new ,york4 ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,atlas ( ,cesnola ,collection f ,cyprus publi%$4 #c4 ,baltimore4 #d4 ,*icago4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,b4,m4 ,guide to ,fir/ & ,second ,egyptian ,rooms 7#aijd71 p4 #bb2 = e>ly ,neoli?ic pott]y f ,irel& see ,guide to ,antiqs4 ( ,/one ,age1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #b3 ,rema9s ( ,neoli?ic pott]y h rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,crete 7,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #aeh7 & 9 ! ,cyclades4 ,footnote #c3 ,cat4 des ,vases ,antiques du ,l\vre i4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #d3 ,miss ,h>rison1 ,my?ology & ,monum5ts ( ,a!ns1 preface1 p4 ii4 ,! ,introduction to ?is "w conta9s "s excell5t examples ( ! mod]n me?od ( us+ vase-pa9t+s to elucidate my?ology4 ,footnote #e3 ,= ! use ( vase-pa9t+s 9 illu/ration ( ,greek religi\s beliefs & cu/oms1 ref]5ce may be made to ,miss ,h>rison's ,prolegom5a to ,greek ,religion 7,cambridge ,press1 #aijc71 conta9+ _m int]e/+ int]pretations ( sc5es on ! vases :i* may be> on ! subject4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv41 ad f94 ,footnote #g3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #eg4 ,footnote #h3 ,cf4 = in/ance ,b]l9 #baed 7,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #bi74 ,footnote #i3 ,collignon1 ,hi/4 de la ,sculpt4 ,grecque1 i4 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,g]h>d1 ,aus]l4 ,vas5b4 #ha4 ,footnote #aa3 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! subjects ( ,odysseus & ,philoktetes2 ,ore/es slay+ ,aegi/hos2 ! dea? ( ,polyx5a2 ,!seus fet*+ ! r+ f ,amphitrite4 ,cf4 ,huddil/on1 ,lessons f ,greek ,pott]y1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,museum ,romanum1 ,rome1 #afij1 fol4 ,footnote #ac3 ,!saur4 ,antiq4 ,rom4 xii4 #iee4 ,footnote #ad3 ,!saur4 regii ,br&5b4 vol4 iii4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ant4 ,expliq4 iii4 pls4 #ga-gg 7#agai74 ,footnote #af3 ,etr4 ,regal4 #agbc1 fol4 ,footnote #ag3 ,mus4 ,etr4 #agcg-dc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,recueil1 #ageb-fg 7especially vols4 i4-ii474 ,footnote #ai3 ,antiqs4 tr4 ,gr4 et ,rom41 tires du ,cab9et de ,m4 ,h41 fol4 #agff-fg4 ,footnote #bj3 #agia-ahjc4 ,plates = a fif? volume 7 prep>$1 b nev] regul>ly publi%$ 7see ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire des ,vases ,pe9ts1 ii4 p4 #ccd74 ,footnote #ba3 ,pe9tures des ,vases ,antiques1 edit$ by ,m4 ,dubois-,maisonneuve1 9 two volumes1 ) ,introduction 7#ahjh-aj72 n[ re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 7#ahia74 ,footnote #bb3 ,vases ,grecs1 ,rome1 #ahac2 ,vases de ,coghill1 ,rome1 #ahag2 ,anci5t ,un$4 ,monum5ts1 ,london1 #ahbb2 ! two =m] n[ re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 #ahia & #aijj4 ,footnote #bc3 ,vases de ,lamb]g1 ,p>is1 #ahac-be2 re-edit$ by ,s4 ,re9a*1 #aijj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,vasi de ,blacas4 ,?is 0 nev] actually publi%$3 see ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 ii4 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #be3 ,disquisitions on ! ,pa9t$ ,vases1 #ahjf4 ,footnote #bf3 ,coll4 ( ,antique ,vases1 ,london1 #ahad4 ,footnote #bg3 ,vasi ,fittili1 #d vols4 #ahcc2 ,mon4 ,etrus*i 7#ahbd71 vol4 v42 ,gal4 ,om]ica1 #c vols4 #ahca-cf1 etc4 ,footnote #bh3 ,de' vasi anti*i dip9ti1 #ahjf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,gr4 ,vas5gemlde1 #agig-ahjj4 ,footnote #cj3 ,monum5ti p] s]vire alla /oria degli ant4 pop4 ital4 #bnd edn4 #ahcc2 ,monum5ti in$iti1 #ahdd4 ,footnote #ca3 ,mon4 ,9d4 #ahbh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,grb] d] ,hell551 ,b]l91 #ahcg4 ,footnote #cc3 ,descr4 de quelques vases pe9ts1 #ahdj4 ,footnote #cd3 ,die ,vas5sammlung zu ,mn*51 ,introduction4 ,footnote #ce3 ,he gave ! "n ( ,etruria to ! place 9 ,/af=d%ire :]e he set up 8 pott]y1 aft] ! suppos$ orig9 ( ! anci5t vases4 ,footnote #cf3 ,nam5 d] ,vas5bild]1 #ahdi4 ,footnote #cg3 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcb1 p4 #ade ff4 ,footnote #ci3 ,pe9tures1 p4 viii4 ,footnote #dj3 ,d] ,/il u4 ,h]kunft d] gr4 ,vas51 p4 #df ff4 ,footnote #da3 ,rapporto ,volc5te1 9 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahca1 p4 #ih ff4 ,footnote #db3 ,! names ( ! *ief mod]n writ]s on ! subject are giv5 9 ! ,bibliography1 & 9 ! notes to ! ,hi/orical ,*apt]s 7,,vi4-,,xi471 :]e also brief bibliographies are giv54 ,footnote #dc3 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ! ,introduction to ,m4 ,potti]'s admirable little ,catalogue ( ! ,vases 9 ! ,l\vre = _m ideas work$ up 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,footnote #dd3 ,see ,potti]'s ,catalogue1 i4 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ! ,introduction to ,furtwa5gl]'s ,catalogue4 ,footnote #df3 ,cf4 ! li/s giv5 by ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 pp4 xi1 xiv1 ) 7= in/ance7 ! notes app5d$ to ! pages ( ,re9a*'s ,rp]toire4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! collection made by ,b>on ,hirs* 9 ,p>is is n[ incorporat$ ) ?is ,museum4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sites ,,& ,,circum/ances ,,( ,,discov]y ,,( ,,greek ,,vases ,hi/orical & geographical limits ( subject--,description ( ,greek tombs--,tombs 9 ,cyprus1 ,cyr5aica1 ,sicily1 ,italy--,condition ( vases :5 f\nd--,subsequ5t re/orations--,imitations & =g]ies--,prices ( vases--,sites on :i* pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd3 ,a!ns1 ,cor9?1 ,boeotia1 ,greek isl&s1 ,crimea1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,cyprus1 ,nor? ,africa1 ,italy1 ,etruria--,vulci discov]ies--,s\!rn ,italy1 ,sicily4 ,be=e deal+ ) ,greek vases 9 fur!r detail1 x may be z well to say some?+ ( ! circum/ances "u :i*1 & ! localities 9 :i*1 !y h be5 discov]$4 ,& fur!r1 we mu/ cle>ly def9e ! limits ( our subject1 bo? hi/orically & geographically4 7#a7 ,hi/orical4--,x may seem some:at p>adoxical to d\bt :e!r ! primitive pott]y f\nd on ,greek soil ought1 /rictly speak+1 to be call$ ,greek4 ,9 a succe$+ *apt] we %all h occasion to t\* ^u ! "q ( ! e?nological orig9 ( ?is pott]y1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( "s au?orities1 is n ! product ( ,greeks z we und]/& ! t]m1 b ( "s ,ori5tal nation1 su* z ! ,pho5icians4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 en\gh = our pres5t purpose t x has be5 f\nd on ,greek soil1 & t x =ms a /age :i* we _c omit f a /udy ( ! developm5t ( ,greek pott]y1 see+ t its influ5ce c be pla9ly trac$ on lat] fabrics4 ,turn+ to ! o!r limit ( ! subject1 we f9d t ne>ly all ! late/ vases1 belong+ to ! p]iod ( ! ,decad5ce1 7 manufactur$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy or ,etruria4 ,b ne>ly all be> s unmi/akably ! /amp ( ,greek influ5ce1 h[ev] deg5]ate & obscur$1 t we c only reg>d !m z made by ,greek arti/s settl$ 9 ! colonies ( ,magna ,graecia1 or at any rate by native work]s 9 direct imitation ( ! ,greeks4 ,we may r\ghly def9e our hi/orical limits z f #bejj ,b4,c41 ! approximate age ( ! e>ly pott]y ( ,crete1 ,cyprus1 & ,hiss>lik1 d[n to #bjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! manufacture ( pa9t$ vases came to an end "u ! gr[+ dom9ion ( ,rome4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! s5atorial edict ( #ahf ,b4,c41 =bidd+ ! p]=mance ( ,bac*analian c]emonies 9 ,italy1 0 ! means ( putt+ an end to ?is indu/ry1 b ?is is h>dly borne out by facts2 x r di$ a natural dea? ow+ to ! gr[+ popul>ity ( relief-"w bo? 9 t]racotta & 9 metal 7see ,*apt]s ,,xi4 & ,,xxii474 7#b7 ,geographical4--,hav+ def9$ our hi/orical limits1 x rema9s to consid] ! ext5t ( ,greek civilisation dur+ t p]iod1 z atte/$ by ar*aeological or o!r evid5ce4 ,besides ! ma9l& ( ,greece & ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or may be reg>d$ z 9 a measure ,greek1 al?\gh practically speak+ only a /rip ( t]ritory along ! we/]n coa/ became really ,hell5is$1 & we %all n be conc]n$ ) pott]y-f9ds 9 any o!r "p ( ! c\ntry4#dh ,to ! nor?-ea/1 ,greek colonisation p5etrat$ z f> z ,k]t* & o!r places 9 ! ,crimea1 kn[n to ! anci5ts z ,panticapaeum & ! ,bosphoros respectively4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean ! isl& ( ,cyprus w dem& a l>ge %>e ( our att5tion4 ,egypt1 aga91 has yield$ l>ge numb]s ( vases1 mo/ly f ! two ,greek settlem5ts ( ,naukratis & ,daphnae2 & f>!r to ! we/ along ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa 0 ! ,greek colony ( ,kyr5e1 also a fruitful site = excavators4 ,! re/ ( ! gr\nd is cov]$ by ! isl& ( ,sicily & ! p59sul> portion ( ,italy f ,bologna s\?w>ds4 ,greek vases h occasionally turn$ up 9 ,spa91 ,gaul 7i4e4 ,france & ,nor? ,italy71 z at ,m>seilles 7,massilia71 :]e primitive ,greek pott]y has be5 f\nd1 & also 9 ,s>d9ia2 b ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean sites are *iefly conf9$ to ,s\!rn ,italy & ,etruria4 ,9 fact1 till rec5t ye>s ^! regions 7 almo/ our only s\rce ( in=mation on ,greek pott]y1 z has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x may be said t all ,greek vases h be5 f\nd 9 tombs1 b ! circum/ances "u :i* !y h be5 f\nd diff] accord+ to locality4 ,we propose 9 ! succe$+ section to say some?+ ( ! nature ( ! anci5t tombs1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? ( ,greece1 ,cyprus1 ,italy1 & o!r sites4 ,( f9ds on ! sites ( temples & sanctu>ies x is n necess>y to say mu* "h2 ! explanation ( su* discov]ies w receive "s att5tion 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 & ! individual sites w also be not$ 9 ! next section ( ?is *apt]4 ,x is a r>e occurr5ce to f9d complete vases "u ^! circum/ances1 z !y g5]ally owe _! pres]vation to ! fact t !y h be5 brok5 9 pieces & ca/ away z rubbi% into holes & pits4 ,! mo/ notable in/ance is ! rem>kable s]ies ( fragm5ts discov]$ on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 ,greek tombs are n usually v rem>kable 9 "*1#di be+ = ! mo/ "p small & design$ = s+le corpses2 ?is may possibly acc\nt = ! comp>atively small size ( ! vases discov]$ on mo/ ,hell5ic sites4 ,9 ! e>li] tombs at ,a!ns & ,cor9? ! pott]y 0 f\nd at a v great dep? bel[ ! soil4 ,! six %aft-graves 9 ! circle at ,myc5ae are ( great size1 & conta9$ l>ge quantities ( pa9t$ pott]y2 an exact reproduction ( ! six?1 f\nd by ,m4 ,/amatakis 9 #ahgh1 ) its cont5ts1 is 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,a!ns4 ,"h also are reproductions ( two typical fif?-c5tury ,greek tombs conta9+ sepul*ral leky?i1#ej & %[+ h[ ! vases 7 arrang$ r\nd ! corpse4#ea ,rock-graves are seldom f\nd 9 ,greece1 ! normal =m ( tomb be+ a hole or tr5* dug 9 ! e>?1 ei!r fill$ 9 ) e>? or cov]$ ) tiles 7z at ,tanagra74 ,! rock-grave is almo/ exclusively ,asiatic1 b "s f9e specim5s 7 f\nd at ,k]t* 9 ! ,crimea4#eb ,"s l>ge ones h also be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1#ec b ! mo/ typical =m ( tomb !re is a squ>e *amb] cut out ( ! h>d clayey e>?1 approa*$ by a squ>e v]tical %aft & a door4 ,!y g5]ally conta9$ s+le bodies1 r\nd :i* 7 rang$ vases & t]racotta figures4 ,sir ,a4 ,biliotti1 9 8 di>y ( ! excavations at ,kameiros 7#ahfd71 also records ! f9d+ ( tombs cut 9 ! clay 9 ! =m ( longitud9al tr5*es1 cov]$ ) flat /ones =m+ a vault$ ro(4 ,o!rs 7 m]ely tr\ghs cut 9 ! surface ( ! rock & cov]$ ) /ones & e>?4 ,9 ! %afts ( ! fir/ type ( tomb l>ge j>s or 7 (t5 f\nd conta9+ ! bones ( *ildr5 7see page #aeb74 ,ne>ly all ^! tombs h yield$ ,greek vases ( all dates4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,k>pa?os#ed ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t f\nd tombs conta9+ e>ly pott]y1 consi/+ ( two or ?ree *amb]s ) /one b5*es r\nd ! sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,c(f9 ,,f\nd ,,at ,,a!ns1 ,,%[+ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,vases4 ,! tombs ( ,cyprus are especially int]e/+ = two reasons3 fir/ly1 t !y exhibit types n f\nd else:]e2 &1 secondly1 t !y v>y 9 size & "* at diff]5t p]iods ( ! isl&'s hi/ory4 ,9 ! e>lie/ tombs ( ! ,bronze ,age p]iod 7d[n to ab\t #hjj ,b4,c47 we f9d a v simple type1 consi/+ ( a m]e ov5-l hole a few feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ) a %ort slop+ lead+ to x 7,fig4 #b74 ,^! tombs h v r>ely be5 f\nd intact1 & 9 mo/ cases are full ( fall5 e>?1 s t exact details ( _! orig9al arrangem5t c seldom be obta9$4 ,ea* tomb g5]ally conta9$ a few export$ ,myc5aean vases & a l>ge numb] ( local fabric1 usually h&-made & rude 9 "*4 ,! ri* cemet]y ( ,enkomi is1 h[ev]1 an exception1 = "h we f9d l>ge built tombs1 ) ro(s & walls ( /one4 ,sometimes ! ,bronze ,age tombs 7 9 ! =m ( a deep well4#ee ,illu/ration3 ,f ,a?4 ,mit?4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,bronze ,,age ,,tombs1 ,,agia ,,p>askevi1 ,,cyprus4 ,9 ! ,graeco-,pho5ician p]iod 7ab\t #gjj-cjj ,b4,c47 ! 8ov50 type ( tomb is pres]v$1 b on a l>g] scale & at a great] dep?1 & (t5 rea*$ by a long flight ( /one /eps4 ,^! tombs usually conta9 l>ge quantities ( ! local geometrical pott]y1 z _m z eighty or a hundr$ vases be+ sometimes f\nd 9 "o tomb4 ,at ,curium & else:]e1 :]e ! tombs conta9 ,greek pa9t$ vases1 !y are sometimes 9 ! =m ( n>r[ ramify+ passages4 ,! tombs ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod are ( a v elaborate "*1 especially ^? ( ,roman date1 ) long n>r[ lead+ to a *amb] "s t5 by tw5ty feet or m1 r\nd ! walls ( :i* are s>cophagi & ni*es2 b ^! tombs seldom conta9 any b pla9 & inf]ior pott]y1 ! manufacture ( pa9t$ vases 9 ! isl& hav+ come to an end1 z 9 ! re/ ( ,greece4 ,frequ5tly a tomb 0 f\nd to conta9 pott]y ( widely diff]5t p]iods1 especially 9 cemet]ies su* z ,ama?us & ,curium1 :]e ! f9ds are ( all dates1 %[+ t ! tombs 7 us$ aga9 & aga9 = burials4#ef ,! tombs 9 ! ,cyr5aica1 :i* 7 explor$ by ,mr4 ,d5nis & conta9$ _m ,greek vases1 he describes z foll[s#eg3 8,! great majority ( ! tombs 7 sunk 9 ! rock1 9 ! =m ( pits1 f #f to #g feet long1 f #c to #d feet wide1 & f #e to #f feet deep4444 ,vases 7 sometimes plac$ 9 all f\r corn]s ( ! sepul*re1 b ?is 0 r>e2 !y 7 g5]ally conf9$ to two corn]s1 (t5 to "o4 ,! mo/ usual place 0 ! corn] to ! "r ( ! head1 & ?is 0 ! place ( hon\r2 = "h a ,pana!naic vase 9 ! tomb ( a victor1 a ribb$ amphora ( glaz$ black w>e1 or m commonly an ord9>y w9e-diota1 w\ld be deposit$ upright1 ) a numb] ( small] vases )9 x1 or at its foot1 ei!r figur$ or ( black or pla9 w>e1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! deceas$4 ,occasionally small vases1 or sometimes t]racotta figures1 7 plac$ along ! sides ( ! tomb1 betwe5 ! head & feet ( ! corpse2 b ,i d n rememb] ev] to h f\nd vases deposit$ on ! brea/1 or "u ! arms ( ! deceas$1 z 0 (t5 ! case 9 ! ,greek tombs ( ,sicily40 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! tombs at ,gela 7,t]ranuova7 9 ,sicily1 f :i* he has excavat$ _m f9e vases = ! ,a%molean ,museum4#eh ,*ronologically ! limits ( _! date c be asc]ta9$1 betwe5 ! f\ndation ( ,gela 9 #ehi ,b4,c4 & its depopulation by ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 #dji ,b4,c41 b a few tombs belong to ! subsequ5t p]iod d[n to #bhd ,b4,c41 :5 x 0 f9ally de/roy$ by ! ,mam]t9es4 ,9 ! e>ly graves conta9+ ,b4,f4 vases skeletons 7 f\nd2 ^! tombs 7 9 ! =m ( t]racotta ci/s ) gabl$ cov]s & til$ floors4 ,! next /age1 conta9+ ,r4,f4 vases1 has vault$ ro(s made ( two pieces ( /one4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod cremation-pits conta9+ a%es & bones are sometimes f\nd2 ! burnt bones 7 plac$ 9 krat]s & cov]$ ) %all[ vessels4 ,9 ^! 7 f\nd :ite leky?i1 9 "s respects rivall+ ^? ( ,a!ns2 b ! subjects are dome/ic r ?an sepul*ral1 & !y are probably1 l _m ( ! ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases1 local fabrics4 ,"s ( ! tombs ) ,b4,f4 vases are 9 ! =m ( *amb]s ) vault$ cem5t ro(s4 ,9 ! e>li] tombs ! disposition 0 usually z foll[s3 a kylix on ! left side ( ! head1 an alaba/ron "u ! "r arm1 & a leky?os "u ! left 7,fig4 #c474 ,! tombs ( ,sel9us1 :i* are all ( e>ly date1 h be5 describ$ by a local explor]4#ei ,illu/ration3 ,f ,a%molean ,vases4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,disposition ,,( ,,vases ,,9 ,,tomb ,,at ,,gela1 ,,sicily4 ,we next review ! types ( tombs 9 ,italy f :i* vases h be5 obta9$4 ,^? at ,vulci1 & 9 ! ,etruscan t]ritory g5]ally1 f :i* ! f9e/ & l>ge/ vases h be5 extract$1 are *amb]s hewn 9 ! rocks4 ,! e>ly tombs ( ,civita ,vec*ia & ,c]vetri are tunnell$ 9 ! e>?2 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 especially 9 ,campania1 !y are l>ge *amb]s1 ab\t two feet "u ! surface4 ,9 ,d',hanc>ville's "w 7see p4 #ag7 an illu/ration is giv5#fj ( a tomb 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* is con/ruct$ ( l>ge blocks ( /one1 arrang$ 9 squ>$ masses1 call$ ! ,etruscan /yle ( masonry1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,cyclopean4 ,! walls are pa9t$ ) subjects1 ! body is laid ^u ! /one floor1 & ! l>g] vases1 su* z ! krat]s1 are plac$ r\nd x4 ,! jugs are hung ^u nails r\nd ! walls4 ,fig4 #d4 gives an example ( a tomb ( ?is k9d f ,veii4 ,a full acc\nt1 ) illu/rations1 ( ! tombs excavat$ 9 ! ,c]tosa at ,bologna ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 has be5 giv5 by ,signor ,zannoni4#fa ,! tombs ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,italy 7 made ^u ! same plan1 & ! same description applies to bo? sites4#fb ,! mo/ ord9>y tombs 7 con/ruct$ ( rude /ones or tiles1 ( a dim5sion suffici5t to conta9 ! body & five or six vases2 a small "o ne> ! head & o!rs betwe5 ! legs1 & on ea* side1 m (t5 on ! "r ?an on ! left side4 ,an o9o*oe & phiale 7 usually f\nd 9 e tomb2 b ! numb]1 size1 & quality ( ! vases v>i$1 probably accord+ to ! rank or weal? ( ! p]son = :om ! tomb 0 made4 ,! bett] sort ( tombs 7 ( l>g] size1 & con/ruct$ ) l>ge hewn /ones1 g5]ally )\t1 b sometimes complet$ )1 cem5t2 ! walls 7 /ucco$1 & sometimes ornam5t$ ) pa9t$ patt]ns4 ,9 ^! tombs1 :i* 7 l small *amb]s1 ! body lay face upw>ds on ! floor1 ) ! vases plac$ r\nd x2 sometimes vases h be5 f\nd hang+ ^u nails ( iron or bronze1 atta*$ to ! side walls4 ,! vases 9 ! l>g] tombs 7 always m num]\s1 ( a l>g] size1 & ( a sup]ior quality 9 e respect to ^? ( ! ord9>y tombs1 :i* _h little to recomm5d !m except _! =m4 ,_m ( ! l>g] & m important ,etruscan tombs h also be5 describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,d5nis 9 8 "w on ,etruria1 especially ^? ( ,vulci & ,corneto1 :i* are fam\s bo? = _! cont5ts & = ! pa9t+s :i* adorn _! walls4#fc ,9 ! basem5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 l>ge models ( ,etruscan tombs 9 :i* ! arrangem5t is c>efully reproduc$4 ,! vases1 z we h already m5tion$1 are (t5 rang$ r\nd ! dead1 be+ hung ^u or plac$ ne> ! walls1 or pil$ up 9 ! corn]s4 ,"s hold ! a%es ( ! deceas$2 o!rs1 small objects us$ dur+ life4 ,!y are seldom p]fect1 hav+ g5]ally ei!r be5 cru%$ into fragm5ts by ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t e>?1 or else brok5 into %]ds1 & ?r[n into corn]s4 ,"s exhibit m>ks ( burn+1 probably f hav+ accompani$ ! deceas$ to ! fun]al pyre4 ,sometimes !y are dug up 9 a complete /ate ( pres]vation1 & /ill full ( ! a%es ( ! dead4#fd ,^! are sometimes f\nd inside a l>ge & co>s] vase ( unglaz$ clay1 :i* =ms a case to protect !m f ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,! ,,campana ,,tomb ,,at ,,veii1 ,,z ,,x ,,appe>$ ,,:5 ,,op5$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,almo/ all ! vases 9 ! museums ( ,europe h be5 m5d$1 & ! mo/ skilful workm5 at ,naples & ,rome 7 employ$ to re/ore !m to _! pri/9e p]fection4 ,_! defective p>ts 7 scrap$1 fil$1 rejo9$1 & suppli$ ) pieces f o!r vases1 or else complet$ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 ov] :i* coat+ ! re/or$ portions 7 pa9t$ 9 appropriate col\rs1 & v>ni%$1 s z to deceive ! inexp]i5c$ eye4 ,b ei!r ?r\gh c>elessness1 or else ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( process1 ! re/orations _h "o gl>+ te*nical defect3 ! inn] l9es are n ( ! glossy hue ( ! g5u9e vases1 & !re is no indication ( ! ?ick rais$ l9e :i* foll[s ! orig9al outl9e 9 ! old pa9t+s4 ,sometimes ! re/or] p>$ away ! anci5t incru/ation1 & cut d[n to ! dull-col\r$ pa/e ( ! body ( ! vase4 ,sometimes he ev5 w5t s f> z to pa9t figures 9 a light r$ or orange oil pa9t on ! black gr\nd1 or 9 black pa9t ( ! same k9d on orange gr\nd4 ,b 9 all ^! frauds ! dull tone ( col\r1 ! inf]ior /yle ( art1 & ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 mod]n & anci5t draw+ & treatm5t ( subjects1 disclose ! deception4 ,! calc>e\s incru/ation deposit$ on ! vases by ! infiltration into ! tombs ( wat]1 conta9+ lime 9 solution1 c be remov$ by soak+ ! vases 9 a solution ( hydro*loric acid4#fe ,9 o!r cases vases ) subjects h be5 c\nt]feit$ by tak+ an anci5t vase cov]$ entirely ) black glaze1 trac+ ^u x ! subject & inscription int5d$ to be fabricat$1 & cutt+ away all ! black portions surr\nd+ ^! trac+s1 s z to expose ! natural col\r ( ! clay = ! fictiti\s gr\nd4 ,:5 r$ figures 7 int5d$ to be c\nt]feit$1 ! contr>y c\rse 0 adopt$1 ! "p = ! figures only be+ scrap$ away1 & ! re/ left unt\*$4 ,vases1 inde$1 9 :i* ! gr\nd or figures are bel[ ! surface %\ld always be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 & _! g5u95ess c only be det]m9$ by ! g5]al composition & /yle ( ! figures1 & by ! peculi>ities ( ! inscriptions4 ,! latt] also are (t5 fictiti\s1 be+ pa9t$ 9 ) col\rs imitat+ ! true ones1 & (t5 incis$2 inde$1 ne>ly all inscriptions incis$ aft] ! vase has be5 bak$ are liable to give rise to suspicion4 ,! diff]5ce ( /yle 9 ! composition ( gr\ps1 & especially small po9ts 9 ! draw+1 su* z ! ov]-c>eful draw+ ( details1 ! indication ( nails1 & v>i\s o!r m9ute p>ticul>s1 are also crit]ia = detect+ false or imitat$ vases4 ,wat]1 alcohol1 & acids w remove false inscriptions1 b leave ! true ones intact4 ,greek vases are n s easy to imitate z t]racotta figures1 ! ma9 difficulty be+ ! black v>ni%1 :i* c nev] be successfully reproduc$4 ,acids or alcohol w always remove mod]n c\nt]feits1 b _c t\* ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,s9ce ! discov]y 9 ,greece ( :ite-gr\nd vases =g]s h _h a bett] *ance1 & !y h (t5 +5i\sly avail$ !mselves ( g5u9e anci5t vases on :i* to place mod]n pa9t+s4 ,b ! antique draw+ is exce$+ly difficult to imitate4 ,9 =m] times ,pietro ,fondi e/abli%$ manufactories at ,v5ice & ,corfu1 & ! ,vas>i family at ,v5ice1 = fictiti\s vases1#ff & _m su* imitations h be5 made at ,naples = ! purpose ( mod]n decoration4 ,! fir/ to make su* an attempt 9 ,engl& 0 ! fam\s pott] ,w$gwood1 ^: copy ( ! ,portl& ,vase is well kn[n4 ,8 pa/e is1 h[ev]1 too heavy1 & 8 draw+s f> inf]ior to ! antique 9 fre$om & _s4 ,at ,naples1 *iefly ?r\gh ! rese>*es & "u ! direction ( ,g>giulo1 vases 7 produc$1 :i* 9 _! pa/e & glaze resembl$ ! antique1 al?\gh ! draw+s 7 va/ly inf]ior1 & ! imitation c\ld be at once detect$ by a practis$ eye4 ,!y 71 inde$1 f> inf]ior 9 all ess5tial respects to ! anci5t vases4 ,ev5 soon aft] ! acquisition ( ! ,hamilton collection by ! public1 ! ta/e creat$ = ^! novelties caus$ v>i\s imitations to be produc$4 ,"s ( ! simple/ k9d 7 made ( wood1 cov]$ ) pa9t$ pap]1 ! subjects be+ trac$ f ! vases !mselves1 & ?is 0 ! mo/ obvi\s mode ( mak+ !m4 ,battam also made v excell5t facsimiles ( ^! vases1 b !y 7 produc$ 9 a mann] v diff]5t f t ( ! anci5t pott]s1 ! black col\r = ! gr\nds or figures n be+ laid on ) a glaze1 b m]ely ) a cold pigm5t :i* _h n be5 fir$1 & _! lu/re 0 produc$ by a poli%4 ,9 te*nical details !y did n equal ! imitations made at ,naples1 "s ( ! be/ ( :i* deceiv$ bo? ar*aeologi/s & collectors4 ,sometimes illu/rations ( vases :i* nev] _h any real exi/5ce h appe>$ 9 publications4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! fabricat$ engrav+s 0 issu$ by ,brnd/$ & ,/ackelb]g 9 a fit ( ar*aeological jeal\sy4 ,a mod]n ar*aeologi/ is se5 runn+ aft] a drap$ woman call$ ,,ph,m1 or 8,fame10 :o flies f him exclaim+1 1 8,a long way (f1 my f9e fell[60 ,?is vase1 :i* nev] exi/$ except ^u pap]1 deceiv$ ! cr$ul\s ,+hirami1 :o too late endeav\r$ to cancel x f 8 "w4 ,o!r vases1 evid5tly false1 h also be5 publi%$4#fg ,m4 ,tyszkiewicz1 ! great collector1 9 8 ent]ta9+ ,s\v5irs1#fh gives "s int]e/+ illu/rations ( ! me?ods ( ,italian =g]s ( vases1 ( :i* he _h frequ5t exp]i5ce4 8,! ,neapolitans10 he says1 8excel above all o!rs 9 ?is indu/ry2 & x is 9 anci5t ,capua1 n[ ,/a4 ,m>ia di ,capua ,vet]e1 t ! be/ ateli]s = ! manufacture ( pa9t$ vases are situat$40 ,b 8ev5 ! fam\s connoisseur ,raimondi1 :o 0 consid]$ ! ma/] ( 8 art at ,/a4 ,m>ia--ev5 he c\ld nev] inv5t altoge!r ! decoration ( a vase s z to make x pass = an antique4 ,only if ?is tal5t$ arti/ c\ld get j a few fragm5ts ( a f9e vase1 he 0 clev] en\gh to be able1 by ! aid ( illu/rations ( vases 9 museums or 9 private collections1 to recon/ruct ! :ole subject4 ,he replac$ ! miss+ p>ts1 & ?rew su* an air ( uni=mity ov] ! vase t x 0 almo/ impossible to tell :at 0 mod]n4 ,b if y tri$ to wa% a vase fak$ up 9 ?is mann]1 9 pure alcohol *emically rectifi$1 y w\ld f9d t ! mod]n portions w\ld vani%1 :ile ! anci5t pa9t+s w\ld rema94 ,nei!r ,raimondi nor any "o else c\ld ev] manage to discov] ! secret ( ! anci5t pott]s--h[ to obta9 ! backgr\nd ( a brilliant black col\r1 improp]ly kn[n z ! v>ni% ( ,nola4 ,to disguise _! failure 9 ?is respect1 ! =g]s are oblig$1 :5 ! vase is entirely recon/ruct$ & repa9t$1 to cov] x all ov] ) a v>ni% ( _! own inv5tion2 b ! surface ( ?is v>ni%1 al?\gh brilliant1 lacks ! fre%ness & brightness ( t us$ by ! anci5ts4 ,relatively ?is surface appe>s dull1 & vani%es ! mom5t x is wa%$ ) alcohol40 ,at ,a!ns also1 says ,m4 ,tyszkiewicz1 laboratories h be5 e/abli%$ = mak+ vases1 ( :i* he 0 acqua9t$ ) ?ree4 ,^! =g]s excel 9 turn+ out ! :ite-gr\nd vases1 :i*1 ev5 :5 antique1 _c resi/ ! action ( alcohol4 ,= ! same reason !y apply gild+ to _! black-&-r$ vases1 because ?is also yields to its action4 ,! l>ge prices fet*$ by ! :ite vases 7see bel[7 h /imulat$ _! activity 9 ?is direction1 & _! ef=ts h n be5 )\t arti/ic m]it1 ?\gh fail+ 9 te*nique4#fi ,on ! subject ( =g]ies 9 relation to ,greek vases ! lit]ature is v scanty2 b ref]5ce may be made to ,pr(4 ,furtwa5gl]'s ,neu]e ,fls*ung5 von ,antik51 :i* raises "s v int]e/+ que/ions 9 reg>d to =g]ies1 ?\gh 8 conclusions may sometimes be ?\ght r arbitr>y4 ,( ! prices paid = pa9t$ vases 9 anci5t times1 no positive m5tion occurs 9 classical au?orities1 yet x is mo/ probable t vases ( ! be/ class1 ! products ( em95t pa9t]s1 obta9$ consid]able prices4 ,= works ( inf]ior m]it only small sums 7 paid1 z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! acc\nt ( ! inscriptions :i* 7 incis$ und]nea? _! feet1 & gave _! contempor>y value 7,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,9 mod]n times we h no in=mation ab\t ! prices paid = ^! works ( art till ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago1 :5 !y began to realise consid]able sums4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! collections ( ,mr4 ,t[neley1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,"l ,elg91 & ,mr4 ,payne ,knight all conta9$ pa9t$ vases2 b z !y includ$ o!r objects1 x is difficult to det]m9e ! value plac$ on ! vases4 ,! sum ( #h1djj 0 paid = ! vases ( ! ,hamilton collection1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! "t1 & consi/+ ( _m beautiful specim5s f ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! great discov]ies ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o 9 #ahbg1 & ! subsequ5t sale ( num]\s vases1 gave !m1 h[ev]1 a def9ite m>ket value1 to :i* ! sale ( ! collection ( ,b>on ,dur&1 :i* consi/$ almo/ entirely ( vases1 af=ds "s clue4 ,8 collection sold 9 #ahcf = #cac1afj francs1 or ab\t #ab1ebd4 ,! mo/ valuable specim5 9 ! collection 0 ! vase repres5t+ ! dea? ( ,kroisos 7,fig4 #acb71 :i* 0 pur*as$ = ! ,l\vre at ! price ( #f1fjj francs1 or #bfd4 ,! cup ) ! subject ( ,arkesilaos 7p4 #cdb7 br\ght #a1jej francs1 or #db4 ,ano!r magnific5t vase1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ) ! subject ( ! y\?ful ,h]akles /rangl+ ! s]p5ts1#gj 0 only secur$ = ,france aft] rea*+ ! price ( #f1jjj francs1 or #bdj2 ano!r1 ) ! subject ( ,h]akles1 ,deianeira1 & ,hyllos1#ga 0 pur*as$ = ! sum ( #c1eej francs1 or #adb4 ,a krat]1 ) ! subject ( ,akamas & ,demophon br++ back ,ai?ra1 0 obta9$ by ,magnonc\rt = #d1bej francs1 or #agj4gb ,an amphora ( ! mak] ,exekias 7,b #baj7 0 b\ght by ! ,briti% ,museum = #adb4 ,! inf]ior vases ( c\rse realis$ mu* small] sums1 v>y+ f a few francs to a few p\nds2 b high prices cont9u$ to be obta9$1 & ! sale by ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o 9 #ahcg ( "s ( 8 f9e/ vases contribut$ to enri* ! museums ( ,europe1 al?\gh1 z _m ( ! vases 7 b\ght 91 x does n af=d a good crit]ion z to price4 ,an o9o*o ) ,apollo & ! ,muses1 & a hydria1 ) ! same subject1 7 b\ght 9 = #b1jjj francs1 or #hj ea*4 ,a kylix1 ) a love sc5e1 & ano!r ) ,priam r$eem+ ,hektor's corpse1#gc br\ght #f1fjj francs1 or #bfd4 ,an amphora ) ! subject ( ,dionysos1 & ! ,euphronios cup ) ,h]akles & ,g]yon 7,plate ,,xxxviii471 sold = #h1jjj francs1 or #cbj ea*4 ,a vase ) ! subject ( ,!seus seiz+ ,korone 7,*ap4 ,,xiv471 ano!r by ,eu?ymides ) ! arm+ ( ,p>is1 & a ?ird ) ,peleus & ,!tis1 sold = #f1jjj francs1 or #bdj4 ,! collector ,/eu>t 0 (f]$ #g1ejj francs1 or #cjj1 = a l>ge krat]1 f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ornam5t$ ) ! subject ( ,kadmos & ! dragon2 #abj 0 paid by ! ,briti% ,museum = a f9e krat] ornam5t$ ) ! exploits ( ,a*illes#gd2 #ajj = an amphora ( ,apulian /yle1 ) ! subject ( ,pelops & ,o9omaos at ! alt> ( ! ,olympian ,zeus4#ge ,= ano!r vase1 ) ! "n ( ,m\saios1 #abj 0 paid1 & #ajj = ! well-kn[n ,a!nian prize vase excavat$ by ,burgon4#gf ,at ,mr4 ,beck=d's sale ! ,duke ( ,hamilton gave #bjj = a leky?os repres5t+ a procession ( ,p]sians1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #fie74 ,at ,naples ! passion = possess+ f9e vases out/ripp$ ^! prices2 #b1djj ducats1 or #ejj1 0 giv5 = a vase ) gild$ figures discov]$ at ,capua4 ,/ill m incr$ible1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #h1jjj ducats1 or #a1ejj1 0 paid to ,viv5zio = ! vase n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum repres5t+ ! sack ( ,troy2 #f1jjj ducats1 or #a1jjj1 = "o ) a ,dionysiac fea/2 & #d1jjj ducats1 or #hjj1 = ! gr& vase ) ! battle ( ! ,amazons1 publi%$ by ,s*ulz4#gg ,ano!r vase1 = :i* ! sum ( #a1jjj 0 paid1 0 ! s-call$ ,capo di ,monte ,vase1 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 at ,naples4#gh ,= ! l>ge colossal vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy f #cjj to #ejj has be5 giv51 accord+ to _! condition & /yle4 ,b su* sums w n be h]eaft] realis$1 n[ t _! place 9 ! e/imation ( ! connoisseur has be5 rightly tak5 by ! f9e r$-figur$ or :ite gr\nd vases1 :i*1 ow+ to ! /r+5cy ( mod]n laws1 seldom n[ f9d _! way into ! m>ket4 ,! vases ) :ite gr\nds & poly*rome figures h also be5 always mu* s\ght aft]1 & h realis$ l>ge prices1 ! be/-pres]v$ examples fet*+ z mu* z #gj or #ajj4gi ,g5]ally ! highe/ prices h be5 paid = arti/ic m]it1 b ^! h be5 surpass$ 9 ! case ( "s vases ( high lit]>y or hi/orical value4 ,z a g5]al rule vases ) inscriptions h always be5 mo/ s\ght aft]1 especially :5 ! inscriptions are ! signatures ( ! names ( pott]s or arti/s1 or names ( hi/orical int]e/4 ,! inf]ior k9ds h fet*$ prices mu* m mod]ate1 ! kylikes av]ag+ f #e to #aj1 ! amphorae f #aj to #bj1 ! hydriae ab\t ! same2 ! krat]s f #e to #bj1 accord+ to _! g5]al excell5ce1 ! o9o*oae ab\t #e1 & o!r %apes f a few %ill+s to a few p\nds4 ,! *>m+ glaze & %apes ( ! vases discov]$ at ,nola h (t5 obta9$ good prices f amateurs4 ,^? ( ,greece ,prop] h also fet*$ high] prices ?an ^? ( ,italy1 on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ atta*$ to ! place ( _! discov]y4#hj 99 99 99 99 99 ,we propose n[ to give a survey ( ! pr9cipal localities 9 :i* ! fictile products ( ! ,greeks h be5 discov]$1 & ! excavations :i* h tak5 place on ^! sites4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said1 h[ev]1 t x is q impossible to detail all ! places :]e specim5s ( common pott]y h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,map ,,( ,,greece4 ,i4 ,,greece ,we naturally beg9 ) ,greece1 foll[+ ! geographical ord] obs]v$ by ,jahn1#ha z ! ma9l& & c5tre ( ,hell5ic civilisation2 & s9ce ,a!ns 0 n only ! pr9cipal1 = _m ye>s ! only1 c5tre ( ! manufacture ( ,greek vases1 b has also be5 ! mo/ prolific s\rce ( rec5t discov]ies1 x is to ,a!ns t we fir/ turn our att5tion4 ,a!ns 0 duly celebrat$ 9 anci5t times z ! *ief home ( ! c]amic indu/ry4#hb ,! clay ( ,cape ,kolias is eulogis$ by ,suidas = its excell5t qualities1 & ! ext5t ( ! 1 or pott]s' qu>t]1 is /ill visible beyond ! ,dipylon gate4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ pa9t$ vases f\nd on ,attic soil 0 ! fam\s ,pana!naic amphora discov]$ by ,burgon 9 #ahac outside ! ,a*>nian gate1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#hc ,! tomb 9 :i* x 0 f\nd also conta9$ rema9s ( burnt bones1 a leky?os1 & o!r small vases4 ,! subjects are3 on "o side ,a!na br&i%+ a spe>1 ) ! inscription 1 8,i am a prize f ! games at ,a!ns02 on ! o!r1 a man driv+ a biga1 or two-horse *>iot4 ,! date is usually consid]$ to be ab\t #efj ,b4,c4 ,x 0 rightly id5tifi$ by ! e>ly writ]s z "o ( ! prize-vases describ$ by ,p9d> 9 ! passage we h quot$ else:]e 7p4 #acb71 & 0 ! means ( id5tify+ _m o!r vases simil>ly pa9t$ & inscrib$1 b f\nd on o!r sites1 z belong+ to ! same class4 ,a consid]able numb] ( vases f\nd on ,greek soil1 mo/ly at ,a!ns1 7 publi%$ by ,/ackelb]g 9 #ahcg1hd b little 0 done = _m ye>s 9 ! way ( sy/ematic excavation4 ,! ,national ,museum 0 op5$ %ortly aft] ! decl>ation ( ,greek indep5d5ce1 & assi/$ by royal b5efactions4 ,! law =bidd+ ! export ( antiquities has n[ be5 9 =ce = _m ye>s1 b un=tunately has _h a bad z well z a good effect1 9 t ! v5dors ( surreptiti\s f9ds are wont to give imag9>y acc\nts ( ! circum/ances ( _! discov]ies1 9 ord] to scre5 !mselves4 ,to give any?+ l a description ( ! vases f\nd at ,a!ns w\ld be useless "h1 :]e s _m classes are illu/rat$ by ! f9ds2 x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to note a few ( ! mo/ typically ,a!nian gr\ps ( pott]y4 7#a7 ,e>lie/ 9 date are ! ,dipylon vases1 :i* 7 f\nd outside ! gate ( t "n1 & h f _! conspicu\s "* giv5 a "n to a :ole class4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 fully treat$ ( 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 7#b7 ,! num]\s fragm5ts ( vases f\nd on ! ,acropolis1 :i* c all be dat$ ant]ior to #dhj ,b4,c41 include _m exce$+ly beautiful & unique specim5s ( ! transitional p]iod ( vase-pa9t+1 "s hav+ black1 "s r$ figures4#he ,al?\gh 9 few cases any?+ m ?an fragm5ts h be5 pres]v$1 yet ^! fragm5ts are en\gh to %[ t ! orig9als 7 ma/]pieces surpass+ ev5 ! f9e/ examples f ! ,italian cemet]ies4 ,!y w1 x is to be hop$1 %ortly be made kn[n to ! _w by means ( an exhau/ive catalogue4 7#c7 ,! :ite leky?i1 discuss$ at l5g? else:]e 7,*apt] ,,xi471 besides =m+ a class by !mselves1 are specially rem>kable z be+ almo/ peculi> to ,a!ns4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t !y 7 n made also at ,eretria1 :]e _m f9e ones h be5 f\nd ( late ye>s2 b o!rwise none h be5 f\nd outside ,attica1 ) ! exception ( a few importations to ,cyprus1 ,locri 9 ,italy1 or ,sicily4 7#d7 ,a gr\p ( late ,r4,f4 vases ( ! 8f9e0 /yle1 mo/ly ( small size & sometimes ) poly*rome decoration4 ,! draw+ is free & graceful1 b t5ds to c>elessness2 ! subjects are drawn *iefly f ! life ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,"s ( ! small] specim5s 7 no d\bt actually *ildr5's play?+s4 ,else:]e 9 ,attica vases h n be5 num]\s4 ,eleusis has yield$ "s int]e/+ fragm5ts1#hf includ+ a plaque ( ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 ) an int]e/+ repres5tation ( ! local deities1 f\nd 9 #ahie2 at ,m>a?on ! grave ( ! fall5 w>riors has be5 rec5tly explor$1 & 0 f\nd to conta9 bo? ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases1 b none ( p>ticul> m]it4#hg ,! f9d 01 h[ev]1 important1 z illu/rat+ ,greek me?ods ( burial4 ,! tombs ( ,phal]on are important1 z hav+ yield$ a special class ( e>ly vases :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( ! site4#hh ,^! ,phal]on vases comb9e 9 an int]e/+ mann] ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,geometrical & ,rhodian or ,ori5tal /yles1 be+ ak9 to ! s-call$ ,proto-,cor9?ian4 ,! beehive tombs at ,m5idi & ,spata & o!r tombs at ,haliki1 ne> ,m>a?on1 h yield$ ,myc5aean pott]y ( ! usual types1 & an in/ructive f9d ( e>ly ,geometrical pott]y has be5 made at ,aphidna4#hi ,!re are vases 9 ! museums ( ,a!ns & ,b]l9 ( v>i\s dates1 to :i* ! foll[+ prov5ances are assign$3 ,alike1 ,alopeke1 ,hymettos1#ij ,kephissia1 ,cape ,kolias1#ia ,pikrodaphni1#ib ,peiraeus1#ic ,sunium1#id ,?orikos1#ie ,trakhones1#if ,v>i1#ig ,velanideza1 & ,v\rva1 ! two latt] ne> ,m>a?on4#ih ,meg>a#ii has produc$ little beyond specim5s ( a class ( late b[ls ) designs 9 relief1 sometimes kn[n z 8,meg>ian b[ls10 b m probably ( ,boeotian orig9 7see p4 #ec74 ,cor9?1 z a c5tre ( ! manufacture ( vases1 occupi$ 9 e>ly times a position 9 ,greece only second to ,a!ns4 ,d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury x actually seems to h held ! pre-em95ce2 b aft] ! rise ( ,a!ns x sank altoge!r into obscurity1 & ceas$ to produce any pott]y at all aft] ab\t #ebj ,b4,c4 ,b we "k f ,/rabo#ajj t ! fame ( ,cor9?ian w>es /ill exi/$ 9 ,roman times1 = 9 ! days ( ,julius ,caes> ! tombs ( ! new ,colonia ,julia 7 ransack$ = ! vases :i* 7 ! admiration ( ! ri* nobles ( ,rome4 ,! expression us$ by ,/rabo1 1 seems to imply t ^! 7 probably specim5s ( ! lat] relief-w>e :i* did n become popul> 9 ,greece be=e ! f\r? c5tury1 b !n gradually ou/$ ! pa9t$ fabrics4 ,cor9?1 l ,a!ns1 claim$ ! inv5tion ( pott]y & ( ! :eel2 x 0 also "o ( ! suppos$ c5tres ( ! orig9 ( pa9t+ 9 ,greece4 ,we read1 moreov]1 t :5 ,dem>atos fl$ !nce to ,italy he took ) him two arti/s nam$ ,eu*eir & ,eugrammos1 :o d\btless help$ to develop ! art ( vase-mak+ 9 ,etruria4 ,! vases f\nd "h are ne>ly all ( ! e>ly ar*aic & ,b4,f4 p]iods1 f ! s-call$ ,proto-,cor9?ian w>es d[n to ord9>y ,b4,f4 fabrics4 ,! ,myc5aean & ,geometrical /yles are practically unrepres5t$1 b occasional f9ds h be5 made ( ,attic ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases4 ,) ^! exceptions all 7 actually made at ,cor9?1 z is %[n 9 _m cases by ! inscriptions 9 ! local alphabet pa9t$ ^u ! vases4 ,! e>lie/ discov]y1 & 9 "s respects "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 0 ! vase kn[n z ! ,dodwell pyxis 7see p4 #cae71 :i* 0 acquir$ by t travell] 9 #ahje1 & is n[ at ,muni*4 ,9 #ahce a l>ge numb] ( vases 7 f\nd by peasants at ,*iliomodi1 ! anci5t ,t5ea1#aja "o ( :i* repres5t$ ,h]akles & ! ,c5taur ,nessos2 mo/ ( ^! are n[ at ,a!ns4 ,9 #ahdc ,ross#ajb records ! discov]y ( ov] a ?\s& at v>i\s sites1 on ! ,i/hmus & at or ne> ,t5ea1 & ev] s9ce t "t tomb-digg+ has be5 c>ri$ on )\t int]mission4 ,! be/ collections ( ,cor9?ian vases are ^? at ,a!ns1 ,b]l91 & ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,b ! mo/ notewor?y f9d at ,cor9? has be5 t ( ! s]ies ( plaques 77 or votive tablets discov]$ at ,p5tesk\phia 9 #ahgi1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ at ,b]l94 ,!y are all ( votive "*1 & come f ! rubbi%-heap ( a temple ( ,poseidon2 mo/ ( !m are pa9t$ ) figures ( & inscrib$ ) d$ications to t deity1 & !y belong to ! late sev5? or e>ly six? c5tury ,b4,c4#ajc ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a ,r4,f4 8pelike0 f ,solygea1 ne> ,cor9?1 & isolat$ f9ds are also record$ f ,sikyon4#ajd ,turn+ to ! adjo9+ /ate ( ,argolis1 we f9d ?ree sites ( special importance 9 e>ly times--,myc5ae1 ,tiryns1 & ,argos4 ,( ^! ! two =m] _h ceas$ to h any importance 9 hi/oric times1 b ?is is amply comp5sat$ = by ! wond]ful discov]ies ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod4#aje ,at ,myc5ae l>ge quantities ( pa9t$ pott]y 7 f\nd 9 ! six %aft-tombs 9 ! ,agora1 five ( :i* 7 excavat$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann2 outside ! ,acropolis1 & possibly belong+ to a lat] p]iod1 0 f\nd ! rem>kable vase ) figures ( w>riors m>*+4#ajf ,! f9ds at ,tiryns 7 *iefly fragm5t>y1 b at ,nauplia1 :]e consid]able quantities 7 f\nd1 !re 7 "s fragm5ts ) pa9t$ designs ( *>iots l ! vases f ,cyprus 7p4 #bdf74ajg ,myc5aean pott]y has also be5 f\nd at ,as9e1#ajh & ! site ( ! ,h]aion at ,argos1 rec5tly excavat$ by ! ,am]ican ,s*ool1 has yield$ an exhau/ive s]ies ( fragm5ts ( pott]y1 repres5tative ( ne>ly e kn[n fabric f ,myc5aean times d[n to ! be/ ,greek p]iod4 ,!y h n z yet be5 publi%$1 b may be expect$ to yield important results4 ,o!r occasional f9ds are report$ f ,argos1 includ+ a curi\s ar*aic vase ) a repres5tation ( ,h]akles & ,k]b]os4#aji ,at ,kleonae1 on ! nor!rn fronti] ( ! /ate1 0 f\nd a ,cor9?ian vase sign$ by ,timonidas1 & !re are vases f ,h]mione 9 ! museum at ,a!ns4#aaj ,9 ! re/ ( ! ,peloponnese f9ds ( pa9t$ vases h be5 exce$+ly r>e4 ,! ,b]l9 ,museum possesses a ,b4,f4 vase f\nd at ,megalopolis1#aaa & isolat$ f9ds are also record$ f ,mag\la 9 ,laconia & ,amyklae ne> ,sp>ta4#aab ,at ,olympia pa9t$ vases 7 v r>e1 b sev]al diff]5t fabrics f ! ,proto-,cor9?ian d[nw>ds are repres5t$ by fragm5ts4#aac ,9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,greece ! only fruitful region has be5 ,boeotia1 p>ticul>ly its capital1 ,!bes4 ,?is city1 l ,cor9?1 has pr9cipally yield$ e>ly vases4 ,z has be5 %[n else:]e 7pp4 #bhf1 #cjj71 ,boeotia 0 ! home ( m ?an "o indig5\s fabric1 notably ! local v>iety ( ,geometrical w>e1 p>tly p>allel ) t ( ,a!ns & o!r sites1 p>tly a deg5]ate v>iety ) local peculi>ities1 =m+ a transition to ! ,phal]on & ,proto-,cor9?ian fabrics4 ,! la/-nam$ h frequ5tly be5 f\nd at ,!bes1 notably ! ,macmillan leky?os 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,sign$ vases ( local fabric1 ) ! names ( ,gam$es1 ,m5aidas1 & ,!ozotos1 are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,on ! site ( ! ,temple ( ! ,kabeiri1 ne> ,!bes1 a rem>kable s]ies ( late ,b4,f4 pott]y came to light1 evid5tly a local fabric1 ) d$icatory inscriptions & subjects ( a grotesque or c>icatur$ nature4#aad ,!y are q peculi> to ! site1 & seem to h _h a close connection ) its religi\s rites4 ,besides _m examples ( ! ,geometrical & ,cor9?ian fabrics1 !re h be5 f\nd at ,!bes sev]al specim5s ( ! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls ) reliefs1 ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 ! proportion to o!r sites is su* t ,!bes has be5 ?\ght to be ! c5tre ( ! fabric4 ,ano!r local fabric is t produc$ by ,tanagra ab\t ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 consi/+ ( small cups1 toilet-boxes1 etc41 ) some:at nave outl9$ designs4#aae ,! vase-f9ds "h h s]v$ z evid5ce = ! dat+ ( ! t]racotta /atuettes1 ) :i* no pa9t$ fabrics 7 f\nd1 b only ribb$ or m\ld$ black-glaze w>es1 *>act]i/ic ( ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c4#aaf ,:]e pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd1 ! accompany+ /atuettes 7 all ( an ar*aic or ev5 primitive type4#aag ,9 excavations at ,or*om5os 9 #ahicaah ! ,fr5* ,s*ool une>!d l>ge numb]s ( fragm5ts1 ,myc5aean1 ,boeotian ,geometrical1 ,proto-,cor9?ian1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,attic black-figur$2 ,myc5aean vases h be5 f\nd at ,lebadea1 & ,!spiae1 ,?isbe1 & ,akraiphiae are also m5tion$ z sites :]e pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd4#aai ,v few sites 9 ,nor!rn ,greece h yield$ f9ds ( pott]y1 b ! ,a!ns ,museum conta9s ,r4,f4 vases f ,lokris1 ,phokis1 & ,lamia#abj on ! ,malian ,gulf1 & f9ds are also record$ f ,an!don1#aba ,atalante1#abb ,ex>*os1 & ,galaxidi 9 ,lokris1 f ,elateia1#abc ,abae1#abd & ,daulis 9 ,phokis1 & f ,!ssaly4 ,fragm5ts ( pa9t$ pott]y 7 se5 by e>ly travell]s at ,delphi4#abe ,at ,daulis ! pott]y 0 ( ,myc5aean "*1#abf z also t f ! beehive-tombs ( ,volo 9 ,!ssaly & its neighb\rhood4 ,a rec5t excavation at ,dim9i is report$ to h yield$ v e>ly pa9t$ vases ( a q new1 probably local w>e1 ) aff9ities to ! ,cycladic types ( ,!ra & else:]e4#abg ,turn+ n[ to ! ,greek isl&s1 we f9d some:at m ext5sive & int]e/+ results4 ,little inde$ has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s ( ! we/]n coa/1#abh ev5 9 ,corfu1 :i* z a rule has be5 fruitful 9 works ( art4 ,! only vases wor? m5tion+ f t isl& are ^? f\nd 9 ! cemet]y ( ,ka/rades1 9 ! tomb ( ,m5ekrates4#abi ,! cont5ts ( ?is tomb1 :i* are all ( an e>ly & some:at mix$ "*1 are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 !y c be dat$ f ! inscription on ! tomb ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,travell+ r\nd by ! s\? ( ! ,peloponnese1 we come to ,ky!ra1 :i* has yield$ a cup 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 rem>kable = its inscription1 2 x is illu/rat$ bel[1 p4 #ace4 ,salamis#acj aga9 has produc$ little1 b "s int]e/+ pott]y ( a transitional "* f ,myc5aean to ,geometrical has be5 f\nd4#aca ,aeg9a appe>s to h be5 a pott]y c5tre 9 e>ly times1 & rec5t discov]ies are add+ to our k ( its fabrics4 ,among ! old] f9ds f ?is isl& are a f9e e>ly o9o*oe 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7f ! ,ca/ellani collection71 =m]ly suppos$ to be f ,!ra1#acb & sev]al v f9e r$-figur$ & :ite-gr\nd vases1 notably ! elegant ,r4,f4 a/ragalos or knucklebone-%ap$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) its figures ( danc]s2 a :ite ,a!nian leky?os1 ) ! subject ( ,*>on1#acc & two beautiful vases n[ 9 ! ,muni* ,museum 7#bjh1 #bji71 ) poly*rome designs on a :ite gr\nd4#acd ,9 #ahib-ic ! ,briti% ,museum acquir$ a s]ies ( ,myc5aean1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,attic vases f a f9d on ?is isl&1#ace & o!r examples ( ,cor9?ian & ,attic vases are record$4#acf ,9 #ahid excavations 7 made on ! site ( ! s-call$ temple ( ,aphrodite1 & yield$ a numb] ( e>ly vases *iefly ,myc5aean1 ,geometrical ( ! ,a!nian type1 & a l>ge s]ies ( ,proto-,cor9?ian w>es1 "s ( unusual size4#acg ,"s ( ?is pott]y may possibly be ( local fabric4 ,m rec5tly ! excavations on ! site ( ! great ,doric temple 7n[ %[n to be d$icat$ to ! goddess ,aphaia7 h yield$ an ext5sive s]ies ( fragm5ts ( diff]5t dates4#ach ,aeg9a 0 always celebrat$ 9 antiquity = its arti/ic a*ievem5ts1 & t x 0 a c5tre = pott]y is indicat$ by an anonym\s comic writ]1 :o addresses ! isl& z 8rocky e*o1 v5dor ( pots0 774#aci ,euboea possess$ two important art-c5tres 9 ,*alkis & ,eretria4 ,x is true t no vases h actually be5 f\nd at ,*alkis1 b ! exi/5ce ( e>ly ,b4,f4 vases ) inscriptions 9 ! local dialect amply te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( pott]ies !re 7see p4 #cba74 ,eretria1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 c>efully excavat$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & has yield$ _m antiquities bo? ( ! e>ly & ( ! f9e/ p]iod4 ,among ! =m] are vases ( a type ak9 to ! e>li] ,attic fabrics1 b di/+ui%$ by ! use ( a 8pot-hook0 decorative ornam5t1 & o!rs m ak9 to ! ,attic ,b4,f4 vases1 b cle>ly ( local make#adj2 among ! latt] are s _m f9e :ite-gr\nd leky?i 7z well z o!r =ms7 t x has be5 suppos$ t !y mu/ h be5 specially manufactur$ "h z well z at ,a!ns4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has lately acquir$ sev]al :ite-gr\nd & late ,r4,f4 vases ( consid]able beauty f ?is site4 ,_m ye>s ago an inscrib$ ,cor9?ian vase 0 f\nd at ,k>y/os4#ada ,! ,cyclades4--,9 ^! isl&s we f9d traces ( absolutely ! e>lie/ fabrics kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek pott]y1 b lat] f9ds ( pa9t$ vases are comp>atively r>e4 ,myc5aean pott]y has be5 f\nd 9 ! isl&s ( ,amorgos1#adb ,delos & ,rh5eia1 ,ky?nos1 ,s]iphos1 ,sik9os1 ,syros1 ,!ra1 & ,melos4#adc ,o!r f9ds record$ are f ,p>os & ,antip>os 7e>ly fabrics71 ,keos1 ,kimolos1#add ,ky?nos1#ade ,siphnos1 & ,syros#adf2 a rem>kable ,ionic vase 9 ! ,l\vre1 f\nd 9 ,etruria1 has also be5 attribut$ to an isl& fabric1 t ( ,keos1#adg & ano!r at ,wrzburg to t ( ,naxos4#adh ,! *ief f9ds ( 8,cycladic0 or pre-,myc5aean pott]y are ^? f ! volcanic deposits ( ! isl& ( ,!ra 7see p4 #bfj71 :i*1 f ! circum/ances ( _! discov]y & ! geological hi/ory ( ! isl&1 are suppos$ to date back beyond #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,!y are pa9t$ ) vegetable patt]ns 9 br[n on a :ite gr\nd1 & h *iefly be5 excavat$ by ! ,fr5* ,s*ool dur+ ! ye>s #ahfg-gd2 a few are 9 ,a!ns1 b ! majority are 9 ! ,l\vre or ! ,svres ,museum4 ,9 ! sup]9cumb5t lay]s ,myc5aean & ,geometrical pott]y came to light1#adi & a fragm5t ( a l>ge ,melian amphora ) ! s-call$ ,asiatic ,artemis1 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7,no4 #cja71 is /at$ by ,ross to h come f ?is isl&4 ,! same travell] saw "h l>ge ) pa9t$ subjects ( e>ly "* & simil> small] vases1 also "s ) black figures1 9 a private collection4#aej ,m rec5tly 79 #aijj7 excavations made 9 ! ,acropolis cemet]y by ,g]man ar*aeologi/s yield$ a l>ge quantity ( pott]y1 *iefly ,geometrical 9 "*1 ext5d+ f ! eigh? to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4#aea ,! vases f\nd 9 ,melos am\nt to a consid]able numb]1 ( diff]5t ages & /yles4#aeb ,rec5t excavations by ! ,briti% ,s*ool on ! site ( ,phylakopi br\ght to light l>ge quantities1 n only ( ,myc5aean1 b ( pre-,myc5aean rema9s1 includ+ pott]y4#aec ,mr4 ,?omas ,burgon's collection includ$ _m ,b4,f4 & lat] vases f ,melos1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 !y are mo/ly small & unimportant4 ,ross also saw pa9t$ vases 9 ,melos4#aed ,! isl& is1 h[ev]1 *iefly celebrat$ = a class ( e>ly vases1 few 9 numb]1 b ( exceptional m]it1 :i* h mo/ly be5 f\nd 9 ! isl&1 & s are kn[n z 8,melian0 amphorae 7see bel[1 p4 #cja74 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 l>ge numb]s ( fragm5ts ( simil> pott]y h be5 f\nd at ,rh5eia1 opposite ,delos1 & x is possible t ,delos 0 ! c5tre ( ! fabric1 n ,melos1 z hi!rto suppos$4#aee ,!y date f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,among ! f9ds ( lat] date f ,melos1 by f> ! mo/ notewor?y is ! ,l\vre ,gigantoma*ia krat] 7see ,*apt] ,,xii474#aef ,turn+ n[ to ! ea/]n gr\p ( ,aegean ,isl&s1 kn[n z ! ,sporades1 we beg9 ) ,lesbos1 :]e _m fragm5ts ( ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,newton dur+ 8 ,vice-,consulate4 ,f epigraphical evid5ce x seems probable t _m ( ! e>ly ,b4,f4 fragm5ts f\nd at ,naukratis 7see bel[7 %\ld be attribut$ to a ,lesbian fabric1 b ?is has n s f> be5 e/abli%$4 ,vases h also be5 f\nd 9 ,t5$os & ,*ios4#aeg ,next we come to ,samos1 an isl& always r5[n$ 9 antiquity = its fictile w>e4 ,! ,hom]ic hymn to ! pott]s is address$ to ,samians4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 ,roman times t its r5[n 0 especially great1 & its connection ) a c]ta9 class ( r$ glaz$ w>es has caus$ ! "n ( 8,samian ,w>e0 to be appli$ indiscrim9ately b falsely to all ,roman pott]y ( t k9d4#aeh ,f9ds ( pott]y h1 h[ev]1 be5 few & f> betwe54 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a leky?os ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod 9 ! =m ( a s&all$ foot 7,plate ,,xlvi471 :i* ,mr4 ,f9lay obta9$ "h4 ,m rec5tly ,dr4 ,bhlau excavat$ "s e>ly cemet]ies1 & f\nd a consid]able quantity ( pott]y ( ! 8,ionic0 type1 :i* enabl$ him to e/abli% a ,samian orig9 = c]ta9 w>es ( ! six? c5tury4#aei ,kalymnos 0 explor$ by ,mr4 ,newton 9 #ahef1 b has yield$ little beyond pla9 glaz$ w>e1#afj & ! same may be said ( ,kos1 al?\gh ! latt] 0 fam$ 9 antiquity = its amphorae & cul9>y vessels4 ,! small isl&s ( ,telos1#afa ,nisyros1 ,*iliodromia1#afb & ,k>pa?os h be5 explor$ at diff]5t times by ,ross1 ,!odore ,b5t1 & o!rs1 & h yield$ vases ( a late ,r4,f4 p]iod1 correspond+ to ! lat] ,a!nian fabrics1 sev]al ( :i* are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,messrs4 ,b5t & ,paton h also f\nd pott]y ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod 9 ,kalymnos & ,k>pa?os#afc2 & simil> rema9s are report$ f ,kos4#afd ,b all o!r discov]ies 9 ! isl&s are f> exce$$ bo? 9 ext5t & importance by ^? ( ,rhodes4#afe ,!y are pr9cipally due to ! lab\rs ( ,messrs4 ,salzmann & ,biliotti1 :o dilig5tly explor$ ! isl& dur+ ! 'sixties1 & ! results z f> z pott]y is conc]n$1 ext5d f ,myc5aean times d[n to ! de/ruction ( ,kameiros 9 #djd ,b4,c4 ,! e>lie/ f9ds 7 on ! site ( ,ialysos1 & ^! are exclusively ( 8,myc5aean0 type4 ,! tombs conta9+ ,myc5aean vases 7 cut 9 ! rock 9 quadrangul> =m1 ) vault$ & /eps4 ,?is site 0 explor$ by ! above-nam$ g5tlem5 ab\t ! ye>s #ahfg-gj1 & ! results ( ! excavation1 by ! lib]ality ( ,pr(4 ,rusk91 f\nd _! way into ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,_! ar*aeological value 0 n recognis$ = "s ye>s2 b :5 ! discov]ies ( ,myc5ae became kn[n1 x 0 at once se5 t ! ,ialysos pott]y mu/ fall into l9e ) !m4 ,kameiros is fir/ he>d ( z a ,dorian colony ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & its hi/ory ext5ds d[n to #djh ,b4,c4 ,x 0 fully & sy/ematically excavat$ betwe5 #ahei & #ahfd4 ,f> m abundant & compreh5sive ?an ! ,ialysos results1 ! ,kameiros f9ds illu/rate ! hi/ory ( ,greek pott]y f ! ,geometrical p]iod#aff d[n to ! "t ( its decl9e1 & include _m f9e specim5s ( ! ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 p]iods1 z well z num]\s examples ( ! ,rhodian1 ,cor9?ian1 & o!r e>ly classes1 f ! eigh? to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ discov]y 0 p]haps t ( ! p9ax1 ) ! fight ov] ! body ( ,euphorbos1 :i* is describ$ else:]e 7p4 #cce74 ,among ! f9] specim5s ( ! lat] p]iod is ! poly*rome pelike ) ,peleus woo+ ,!tis4 ,! majority ( ^! f9ds are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 toge!r ) porcela91 bronze1 & o!r objects illu/rat+ ! e>ly pott]y2 "p also w5t to ! ,l\vre & to ,b]l94 ,! late/ vases are ( ! free & c>eless type ( late ,r4,f4 ,a!nian fabrics1 & s9ce !y are kn[n to be n lat] ?an ! fif? c5tury !y supply valuable evid5ce = ! dat+ ( ,r4,f4 vases4 ,crete 9 all probability w1 be=e _m ye>s are ov]1 supply a great mass ( mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,greek pott]y4 ,until rec5t ye>s x has receiv$ little att5tion f travell]s or explor]s1 & few vases ( any p]iod h come !refrom into our ,museums4#afg ,b ,crete has always be5 look$ to by ar*aeologi/s = ! solution ( ! ,myc5aean problem1 & ! sy/ematic excavations n[ at l5g? set on foot are ev5 ri*] 9 _! yield ( ,myc5aean & primitive pott]y ?an ^? ( ,rhodes1 ,melos1 & ,cyprus4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,myres f\nd at ,kam>ais 9 #ahid a s]ies ( fragm5ts ( pa9t$ pott]y ) designs 9 opaque col\rs on a black gr\nd1 :i* he reg>d$ z pre-,myc5aean4#afh ,?is !ory 0 subsequ5tly borne out by ! discov]ies ( ,messrs4 ,ar?ur ,evans & ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? at ,knossos & else:]e1 :i* h be5 v ri* 9 pott]y ( a simil> k9d1 & also 9 vases ) rem>kably naturali/ic patt]ns 9 relief4#afi ,o!r f9ds h be5 made 9 ! ,dictaean ,cave1#agj at ,zakro#aga & ,palaeoka/ro1#agb at ,phae/os1#agc ,praesos1 ,erganos & ,k\rtes1 & ,kav\si4#agd ,be=e we turn our att5tion to ! cont95t ( ,asia we mu/ h>k back to ! ,european ma9l&1 work+ r\nd by ! nor!rn coa/s ( ! ,aegaean & ,eux9e ,seas4 ,mac$onia & ,?race h yield$ sc>cely any?+1#age b :5 we come to ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,black ,sea we f9d at ,k]t*1 9 ! ,crimea 7! anci5t ,panticapaeum71 a rem>kable c5tre ( ,greek arti/ic production4 ,! f9ds "h are practically limit$ to "o p]iod1 cov]+ little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 & ma9ly illu/rate ! art ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m magnific5t vases1 :i* 9 /yle1 if n 9 %ape or composition ( subjects1 mu/ belong to an e>li] "t--namely1 t ( ! f9e r$-figur$ p]iod4#agf ,! excavations h mo/ly be5 und]tak5 by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 9 ^: museum at ! ,h]mitage ! collections are n[ to be se51 b mu* 0 done unsy/ematically by ,engli%m5 & o!rs at ! "t ( ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,x _c be said t m ?an ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! total f9d ( #djj vases h any m]it2 !y are *iefly small1 ) r$ figures1 & ( ! lat] f9e p]iod2 "s are poly*rome & ornam5t$ ) gild+4#agg ,! mo/ rem>kable by f> is ! vase sign$ by ! ,a!nian ,x5ophantos 7p4 #ddg72 b t ) ! conte/ ( ,a!na & ,poseidon 7,plate ,l47 is also an exceptionally f9e specim52 & o!rs h int]e/+ subjects relat+ to ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,at ,phanagoria an e>ly ,b4,f4 vase ( ,ionic /yle came to light4#agh ,vases h also be5 f\nd at ,olbia on ! neighb\r+ ma9l&1 at ,kief1 at ,temir ,gora 9 ,circassia1 & on ! mod]n sites ( ,blisnitza1 ,i\z ,oba1 ,melek ,*esme & ,pavlovski-,k\rgane 9 ! ,crimea4#agi ,,ii4 ,,asia ,,m9or ,! ,troad fir/ claims our att5tion4 ,"h on ! site ( ! second city ( ,troy1 at ,hiss>lik1 ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd ! e>lie/ pott]y at pres5t kn[n f ,greek soil 7see ,*apt] ,,vi474 ,?is has be5 g5]ally dat$ ab\t #bejj-bjjj ,b4,c4 ,9 subsequ5t excavations ,dr4 ,drpfeld prov$ ! six? city to be ! ,hom]ic ,troy1 ! rema9s f :i*1 includ+ pott]y1 are all ( ,myc5aean "*4 ,lat] f9ds ( pott]y f ! ,troad are ( no great importance#ahj2 "s are ( ,aeolic or ,ionian orig91 & o!rs seem to be f an inf]ior local fabric1 consi/+ ( flat b[ls ) loop$ side-h&les1 c>elessly pa9t$ 9 matt-black silh\ette ) figures ( ducks & o!r animals4 ,"s ( ^! 7 f\nd 9 #ahee-ef by ,mr4 ,brunton on ! sites ( ,new ,ilium & ,d>danus2 o!rs by ,mr4 ,calv]t 9 #ahge-gf1 & by ,drpfeld & ,brueckn] 9 #ahic4 ,! f9ds ( ! two fir/-nam$ are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 toge!r ) "s poor ,r4,f4 vases ( late /yle4 ,f ,sigeion two poly*rome leky?i h be5 report$1 resembl+ ! ,attic :ite-gr\nd fabric#aha2 ,jahn also records f9ds ( pa9t$ vases f ,lampsakos & ,p>ion1#ahb & a f9e gild$ vase ) figures 9 relief has rec5tly be5 f\nd on ! =m] site4#ahc ,9 ,aeolis & ,mysia ! f9ds h n be5 consid]able1 b "s are ( importance z ?r[+ light on ! exi/5ce ( local fabrics4 ,9 a private collection at ,smyrna !re is or 0 a late ,b4,f4 vase f ,assos1 ) c>eless silh\ette figures4#ahd ,at ,pitane a v curi\s ,myc5aean false amphora has be5 f\nd1 ) figures ( m>9e & o!r animals#ahe2 & at ,l>isa ,dr4 ,bhlau has f\nd fragm5ts ( e>ly pa9t$ vases1 probably a local fabric imitat+ t ( ,rhodes4#ahf ,,mm4 ,potti] & ,re9a*1 9 ! c\rse ( _! excavations at ,myr9a 7#ahhd-he71 f\nd pott]y ( v>i\s dates & /yles3 ,myc5aean1 ,ionian1 ,cor9?ian1 ,attic ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f41 late ,r4,f41 & vases ( ! s-call$ ,gnatia /yle 7see p4 #dhh7 or ) reliefs4#ahg ,among ^? :i* c be trac$ to an ,ionic or local fabric !re is a v rem>kable "o ) a head ( a be>d$ man4 ,p]gamon does n seem to h yield$ any vases1 b ,kyme may h be5 a c5tre ( ,ionic vase-manufacture 7see ,*apt] ,,viii474 ,"s fragm5ts ( an e>ly ,b4,f4 krat] h be5 f\nd !re :i* pres5ts simil> *>act]i/ics to ^? ( ! ,ionian fabrics m5tion$ bel[4#ahh ,com+ l[] d[n ! coa/ ( ,ionia we meet ) ! home ( an important s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ! six? c5tury1 :i* seems to h c5tr$ 9 ! fl\ri%+ cities ( ,phocaea1 ,clazom5ae & else:]e r\nd ! ,gulf ( ,smyrna4 ,! actual f9ds ( su* vases 9 ! neighb\rhood is n great1 b is comp5sat$ = by ! rem>kable s]ies ( pa9t$ t]racotta s>cophagi discov]$ at ,clazom5ae1 ! f9e/ ( :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^!1 :i* obvi\sly repres5t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ionian s*ool ( pa9t+1 %[ su* a close relation ) a s]ies ( vases f\nd at ,naukratis & ,daphnae 9 ,egypt1 & at ,c]vetri & else:]e 9 ,italy1 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,,! ,,ar*ipelago ,%[+ sites on :i* pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd4 ,,fig4 #f4 t ! latt] classes c only be reg>d$ z ( ,ionian orig91 or1 if n import$1 local ,italian imitations ( ! ,ionic w>es4 ,su* are ! ,ca]etan hydriae :i* 7 directly imitat$ by ! ,etruscans4#ahi ,a vase obta9$ at ,phocaea by ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay 9 #ahhj 7p4 #bed7 appe>s to be an import$ ,cypriote fabric ( late date1 ?\gh ar*aic 9 appe>ance4 ,at ,smyrna little has be5 f\nd1 b !re are "s vases attribut$ !reto 9 ! ,leyd5 ,museum4 ,at ,clazom5ae "s fragm5ts ( pa9t$ vases 9 ! /yle ( ! ,ca]etan hydriae h rec5tly be5 f\nd1 :i* help to e/abli% ! !ories above m5tion$4#aij ,teos is associat$ ) a p>ticul> k9d ( cup 7 7 m5tion$ by ! poet ,alcaeus1#aia b no?+ has be5 f\nd !re1 nor yet at ,kolophon1 ,ephesos1 or ,miletos4 ,9 ! int]ior regions ( ,asia primitive pa9t$ pott]y is record$ f ,m\nt ,sipylos1#aib & also f ,s>dis on ! sites ( ! tombs ( ! ,lydian k+s4 ,f ! tumulus kn[n z ,b9 ,tepe on ! latt] site ! ,briti% ,museum has obta9$ 7?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,mr4 ,d5nis7 "s e>ly pott]y1 :i* is decorat$ app>5tly 9 direct imitation ( ,pho5ician glass w>es4 ,fragm5ts ( ,myc5aean & o!r primitive fabrics are report$ f ,cappadocia & f ,gordion 9 ,galatia1#aic & h be5 rec5tly pick$ up by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay at ,d]be 9 ,lycaonia4 ,9 ,c>ia e>ly local fabrics seem to be indicat$ by f9ds at ,mylasa & ,/ratonikeia 7,idrias74#aid ,at ,ass>lik ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton f\nd pott]y ( a transitional "* f ,myc5aean to ,geometrical4 ,tralles & ,knidos 7 fam\s 9 antiquity = pott]y1#aie b h left virtually no?+1 nor has ,halic>nassos4 ,a ,myc5aean false amphora is report$ f ,telmessos 9 ,lycia1 & fragm5ts ( ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases f ,xan?os4#aif ,f ! di/ant site ( ,susa 9 ,p]sia an int]e/+ f9d has be5 rec5tly report$1#aig ( "p ( a ,r4,f4 rhyton 9 ! =m ( a horse's head1 on :i* is pa9t$ ! figure ( a ,p]sian 9 poly*rome on a :ite gr\nd4 ,x belongs to ! p]iod #ejj-dhj ,b4,c41 & may h be5 c>ri$ (f by ! ,p]sians :5 !y sack$ ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,cyprus4--,?is isl& is ( special int]e/ to u z be+ n[ ! only classical l& 9 our own possession4 ,al?\gh we h n p]haps utilis$ to ! full ext5t ! opportunities !reby af=d$ u = excavations1 yet ( late ye>s mu* has be5 done1 especially by ! ,briti% ,museum1 to rem$y ?is defect1 & ! collection ( ,cypriote antiquities 9 ! national museum is n[ fully wor?y ( t in/itution & z repres5tative z c\ld be wi%$4 ,previ\s to ! ,engli% occupation ! isl& rema9$ undi/urb$1 ) a few exceptions1 ! fir/ be+ ! excavations ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,lang at ,dali 7,idalion7 9 #ahfg4 ,! f9ds "h 7 *iefly ( t]racottas & sculpture1 & are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b1 ow+ to ! misconception ( ,cypriote hi/ory t =m]ly prevail$1 h be5 some:at incongru\sly plac$ 9 ! ,ori5tal ,dep>tm5t4 ,mean:ile1 ano!r consul1 ,g5]al ,l4 ,cesnola1 0 n sl[ to make use ( 8 opportunities1 see+ 9 ! obvi\s ri*ness ( ! field1 ! *ances ( ga9+ great di/9ction z an explor]4 ,( 8 en]gy & lib]ality 9 ! cause !re c be little d\bt2 b he 0 n an ar*aeologi/1 & did n realise ! value ( sci5tific evid5ce1 negative or positive4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh he des]ves a me$ ( praise z ! pione] ( ,cypriote exploration1 8 /atem5ts are n always suffici5tly explicit to be us$ )\t hesitation4 ,8 ext5sive collections are n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum at ,new ,york2 ! ,briti% ,museum has a few ( ! vases1 b lo/ ! opportunity ( acquir+ ! :ole4 ,ano!r ,engli% consul1 ,mr4 ,s&)1 also made a collection ( ,cypriote pott]y1 &1 ) an acut5ess 9 advance ( 8 "t1 made a successful attempt to classify x accord+ to p]iods & /yles4 ,la/ly1 a bro!r ( ,g5]al ,cesnola's1 ,a4 ,p4 di ,cesnola1 :o liv$ = "s "t 9 ! isl&1 made l>ge collections 9 ! same mann] z 8 bro!r1 b ) ! same lack ( sci5tific accuracy4 ,! record ( discov]ies s9ce #ahgh has be5 c>efully sy/ematis$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,myres1 :o has giv5 an excell5t summ>y ( results4#aih ,! cemet]ies 9 :i* ! isl& is s extraord9>ily ri* may be divid$ into two classes3 ,bronze ,age tombs1 includ+ ,myc5aean & e>li] rema9s2 & ,graeco-,pho5ician1 ) tombs ( ,hell5i/ic & ,roman date4 ,on "s sites1 su* z ,curium & ,salamis1 tombs ( all p]iods are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,map ,,( ,,cyprus4 ,mr4 ,myres notes ab\t ?irty sites on :i* ,bronze ,age pott]y has be5 discov]$1 mo/ly 9 ! c5tre & ea/ ( ! isl&1 i4e4 9 ! m level & cultivat$ di/ricts4 ,! mo/ important sites are ,enkomi 7,salamis71 ,curium1 ,alambra1 ,agia ,p>askevi 7,nicosia71 ,m>oni1 & ,l>naka 7sev]al sites71 at all ( :i* ,myc5aean pott]y has be5 f\nd1 ,enkomi be+ especially ri* 9 ?is respect2 o!rs only conta9$ local v>ieties1 ei!r ( ! e>lie/ incis$ w>es or ( ! h&-made pott]y :i* seems to h be5 a lat] developm5t4 ,graeco-,pho5ician pott]y 7#gjj-cjj ,b4,c47 has be5 f\nd 9 great quantities 9 all p>ts ( ! isl&1 *iefly at ,ama?us1 ,dali1 ,l>naka 7,kition71 ,curium1 ,poli 7,m>ion71 ,paphos 7,k\klia71 ,salamis1 & ,tamassos4 ,9 conjunction !re) ,hell5ic vases h appe>$ at ,ama?us1 ,curium1 ,salamis1 & especially at ,poli1 :]e "s really f9e ,r4,f4 vases h be5 f\nd1 "s ) arti/s' names4#aii ,hell5i/ic pott]y has appe>$ on mo/ ( ! above sites1 ,poli & ,curium supply+ ! be/ examples4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( ,cypriote pott]y are describ$ 9 detail 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,iii4 ,,africa ,greek settlem5ts 9 ,africa 7 f> few] ?an 9 ,asia1 & 9 fact only two appe> to h _h any importance1 ^! be+ ! ,ionic colony 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta & ! ,dorian colony f ,!ra 9 ! ,cyr5aica4 ,myc5aean vases h1 h[ev]1 appe>$ spasmodically 9 ,egyptian tombs ( ! eighte5? to tw5ty-fir/ dyna/ies1 ! evid5ce = ! date ( ^? at ,tell-el-,am>na 7c4 #adjj ,b4,c47 be+ app>5tly well e/abli%$4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t pre-,myc5aean w>es correspond+ to ! second city pott]y at ,hiss>lik & ! ,kam>aes 7,crete7 pott]y h be5 f\nd at ,kahun & else:]e 9 ! ,faym1 9 tombs ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? dyna/ies 7#bejj-bjjj ,b4,c474#bjj ,pa9t$ & o!r pott]y ( ! ,hell5i/ic age has n infrequ5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt2 ! ,briti% ,museum acquir$ a specim5 f ,alex&ria 9 #ahih ) a boy rid+ on a fi% pa9t$ 9 opaque p9k & blue on a r$ unglaz$ gr\nd4 ,o!r examples come f ,naukratis1#bja & f ! ,faym4#bjb ,at ,alex&ria1 :]e = obvi\s reasons no vases e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury c\ld h come to light1 a hydria 0 f\nd 9 ! catacombs ) a myrtle-wrea? pa9t$ on a light gr\nd2 ?is :5 discov]$ 0 fill$ ) bones4#bjc ,o!r vases ( ! same type are said to be 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ,mons4 ,g4 ,feu>d5t's collection 9 ,new ,york1 ! late ,pr(4 ,m]riam saw a gr\p ( sev5ty-five vases f rock-cut tombs at ,alex&ria1 "s ) inscriptions4#bjd ,!y include hydriae ( a d>k r$ clay1 cov]$ ) a :ite slip on :i* are poly*rome designs 7,gorgoneia1 arm\r1 etc472 o!rs ( unglaz$ salmon-col\r$ clay1 pa9t$ ) wrea?s1 mon/]s1 etc42 two-h&l$ vases ( black w>e ) ribb$ body & twi/$ h&les1 decorat$ ) m$allions 9 relief & wrea?s 9 :ite1 l ! vases ( ,gnatia 7p4 #dhh74 ,! inscriptions are laid on 9 ink ) a re$1 or incis$1 ! =m] be+ 9 ,,ms4 type2 ! me?od ( dat+ is difficult to int]pret1 b !y seem to belong to ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! ,ionian settlem5ts ( ,naukratis & ,daphnae 7,def5neh7 9 ! ,delta h yield$ v important results = ! hi/ory ( ,greek pott]y1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 ext5t4 ,! f9ds ( pott]y at ,daphnae may f ! circum/ances ( discov]y be dat$ entirely betwe5 #fjj & #eej ,b4,c42 & ?\gh only fragm5t>y1 !y are int]e/+ n only z %[+ ! results ( ,egyptian influ5ces1 b = ! po9ts ( comp>ison !y af=d ) ! pott]y ( ,ionic orig9 & ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi4 ,at ,naukratis1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f9ds =m a complete s]ies ext5d+ f ! f\ndation ( ! city by ,milesians ab\t #fej ,b4,c41 d[n to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 at :i* po9t importations ( ,greek pott]y ceas$4 ,! e>li] fabrics are by f> ! mo/ important1 be+ almo/ entirely ( local "* & di/+ui%$ by ! :ite gr\nd on :i* ! ,naucratite arti/ pa9t$ 8 designs or figures 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,among ! fragm5ts ( ,b4,f4 pott]y 7 _m ) names ( arti/s4 ,^! f9ds 7 all made among ! rubbi%-heaps ( temple-sites by ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund 9 #ahhd-hf1 ) ! exception ( "s subsequ5t "w by ! ,briti% ,s*ool 9 #ahih-ii4 ,mo/ ( ! results are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 see also p4 #cde ff4 ,9 ! second season 7#ahhe-hf7 at ,naukratis 7 f\nd sev]al int]e/+ fragm5ts ( a ,b4,f4 :ite-gr\nd w>e1 :i* f ! nature ( ! designs has be5 connect$ ) ,kyr5e 7see ,*apt] ,,viii41 p4 #cda74 ,b s f> no specim5s ( ?is w>e h be5 f\nd 9 ! latt] place1 nor inde$ any?+ e>li] ?an ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! e>li] cemet]ies are yet to be discov]$4 ,mr4 ,george ,d5nis & o!rs1 h[ev]1 explor$ a consid]able tract ( c\ntry 9 ! ,cyr5aica betwe5 #ahef & #ahfh1bje & f\nd _m vases ( late ,r4,f4 /yle1 "s ( consid]able m]it2 also sev]al ,pana!naic amphorae ( ! f\r? c5tury on :i* ! old ,b4,f4 me?od ( pa9t+ is pres]v$4 ,^! 7 f\nd on ! site ( ,teu*eira1 b mo/ ( ! vases came f ,b5ghazi1 ! anci5t ,euesp]itis1 m to ! s\?-we/1 ! anci5t "n ( :i*1 ,b]5ike1 came f ! que5 ( ,ptolemy ,eu]getes4 ,ne>ly all ! vases f\nd "h are ( ! late f9e ,r4,f4 p]iod1 correspond+ to ^? ( ! ,crimea2 !y are1 h[ev]1 mo/ly small] & inf]ior 9 m]it4 ,! ,pana!naic amphorae c be dat$ by ! names ( ,a!nian ar*ons :i* appe> ^u !m3 ,nikokrates1 #ccc ,b4,c42 ,hegesias1 #cbd ,b4,c42 ,kephisodoros1 #cbc ,b4,c42 ,ar*ippos1 #cba ,b4,c42 & ,!ophra/os1 #cac ,b4,c4 7see p4 #cij74 ,!y are ( c\rse importations f ,a!ns4 ,among ! ,r4,f4 vases is "o repres5t+ a ,p]sian k+ attack$ by a lion2 "s h poly*rome designs1 9 "o case comb9$ ) reliefs 7,b4,m4 ,g #ab74 ,mo/ ( ! ,cyr5aica vases are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,l\vre4 ,,iv4 ,,italy ,) ! ma9l& ( ,italy we include 9 our review ! two isl&s ( ,sicily & ,s>d9ia4 ,! rema9+ area 9 :i* ,greek pott]y has be5 f\nd on classical sites ?us corresponds ) ! mod]n k+dom ( ,italy4 ,beyond its bord]s !re is only "o site1 t ( ,massilia 7,m>seilles71 :i* has produc$ ,greek pott]y4 ,vases ( ! primitive ,!ra /yle 7see p4 #bfa7 7 f\nd "h1#bjf betok5+ a sy/em ( comm]ce betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 ^? times4 ,! vases f\nd 9 ,greece may be reg>d$ z on ! :ole small 9 size & few 9 numb]1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? discov]$ 9 ! anci5t cemet]ies & on ! sites ( ! old cities ( ,italy4 ,^! are inde$ s num]\s t 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 !y might 9 !mselves almo/ s]ve z a basis = ! hi/ory ( ,greek vase-pa9t+4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! vases f\nd 9 ,italy fall into two geographical divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,map ,,( ,,italy4 ,! fir/ division comprises ! vases discov]$ 9 ,etruria1 :i* are f\nd 9 e ,etruscan city ( importance1 f ,atria or ,hadria at ! m\? ( ! ,po to ! v gates ( ,rome itself4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! tombs ( ,ca]e1 ,t>qu9ii1 & above all ,vulci1 h yield$ an imm5se numb] ( vases4 ,! second is =m$ by ! vases f\nd 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! p59sula1 includ+ ! t]ritories ( ,campania1 ,lucania1 & ,apulia1 & ! cities ( ,magna ,graecia1 su* z ,cumae1 ,locri & ,t>5tum4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! pott]'s art 9 ^! m>itime cities at an e>ly /age ( ,greek hi/ory help$ to infuse a c]ta9 degree ( civilisation into ! regions ( ! int]ior1 & its influ5ce is to be se5 9 ! pott]y ( ! semi-b>b>\s populations1 su* z ! ,osco-,samnites & ,iapygians4 ,! *ief sites = ! discov]y ( vases are3 9 ,apulia & ,calabria1 ,ruvo1 ,canosa1 & ,t>5tum2 9 ,lucania1 ,anzi2 9 ,campania1 ,capua & ,nola4 ,we n[ proce$ to describe 9 detail ^! sites & ! discov]ies ( :i* !y h be5 ! sc5e4 ,x is obvi\s t x w be f\nd impossible to enum]ate e spot 9 ,italy :]e pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd1 b x is hop$ t no place or site ( int]e/ has be5 omitt$4 ,! ord] foll[$ 9 describ+ ^! sites is a geographical "o f nor? to s\?1 :i* on ! :ole w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,we accord+ly beg9 ) ! nor!rnmo/ spot to :i* ! exportation ( ,greek vases seems to h rea*$--namely1 ,atria or ,hadria1 at ! m\? ( ! ,po4 ,?is place d[n to ! "t ( ,pl9y#bjg cont9u$ to manufacture dr9k+-cups ( f9e quality1 celebrat$ = _! durability1 & pa9t$ vases h also be5 f\nd 9 its tombs4 ,!y 7 fir/ excavat$ z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury2 & 9 lat] excavations und]tak5 by ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t fragm5ts ( ,greek pott]y 7 f\nd at "s dep? bel[ rema9s ( ! ,roman p]iod4#bjh ,! cities ( ,a/i1 ,mod5a 7,mut9a71 & ,poll5za 7,poll5tia7 7 also celebrat$ 9 ,pl9y's "t = _! cups1 :i* he gr\ps ) ^? ( ,arretium "u ! head+ ( 8,samian0 w>e#bji2 specim5s ( ?is w>e h be5 f\nd 9 ! two latt] places4#baj ,ne> ,mantua a vase 0 discov]$ ) ! subject ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a#baa2 & o!rs at ,gavolda on ! ,m9cio4#bab ,at ,g5oa a f9e ,r4,f4 krat] 0 f\nd 9 #ahih4bac ,bologna has be5 ! sc5e ( discov]ies suffici5tly important to dem& a sep>ate p>agraph4 ,^! 7 made by ,signor ,zannoni1 9 #ahfi-gf1 9 ! cloi/] ( ! ,c]tosa conv5t1 & a fully illu/rat$ description 0 publi%$ by him at ! conclusion ( 8 lab\rs4#bad ,! f9ds include1 besides rem>kable bronzes ( ! ,villanova p]iod ( ,italian civilisation 7#hjj-ejj ,b4,c471 a l>ge numb] ( ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases cov]+ ! :ole p]iod ( exportations f ,a!ns to ,etruria 7#eej-djj ,b4,c471 & also "s local imitations ( ,b4,f4 fabrics4 ,all ^! are n[ 9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,bologna4 ,turn+ n[ to ! important di/rict ( ,,etruria1 :i* has be5 s prolific 9 discov]ies ( anci5t vases1 we come fir/ to ,pisa1 :]e1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 a pott]'s e/abli%m5t 0 discov]$4 ,s9ce t "t r$-figur$ vases bo? ( ! sev]e & f9e /yles h be5 f\nd1 includ+ a hydria figur$ by ,+hirami4#bae ,at ,volt]ra 7,volat]rae7 ,jahn /ates t _m pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd#baf2 b ! cont5ts ( ! local museum are limit$ to inf]ior ,etruscan pott]y ( ! lat] p]iod ) yell[ figures on black gr\nd or />+ heads pa9t$ 9 silh\ette4 ,on ! o!r h& "s ( ! pla9 black w>e is rem>kably good4#bag ,arezzo 7,arretium7 enjoy$ 9 ,pl9y's "t an ev5 wid] reputation ?an ! places already m5tion$1 = its pott]y ( all k9ds1 n only cups#bah2 its w>e is also ref]r$ to by ,m>tial & o!r au?ors4 ,^! allusions h be5 fully borne out by ! ext5sive discov]ies ( pott]ies t h be5 made2 ! r$ glaz$ w>e1 /amp$ ) ! pott]'s "n & ) designs 9 relief1 has be5 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities1 & fully ju/ifi$ ! sub/itution ( ! "n ,arret9e = ! old 8,samian0 9 relation to ! :ole class4 ,x is m fully dealt ) 9 ! section on ,roman pott]y 7,*apt] ,,xxii474 ,few ,greek vases h be5 f\nd "h2 b ,lucignano 9 ! neighb\rhood is m5tion$ z a site :]e !y h be5 discov]$4#bai ,p]ugia 0 ano!r important t[n ( anci5t ,etruria1 b does n appe> to h be5 a c5tre ei!r = ! manufacture or importation ( pott]y4 ,! museum1 h[ev]1 conta9s sev]al good ,greek vases ) my?ological subjects1 & "s ,etruscan imitations ( ,r4,f4 vases h also be5 f\nd "h4#bbj ,at ,*iusi 7,clusium71 on ! o!r h&1 "s v important discov]ies h be5 made1 includ+ ! magnific5t krat] ( ! ,flor5ce ,museum1 kn[n z ! 8,franois ,vase10 aft] its discov]]4#bba ,x 0 f\nd 9 a tomb :i* _h be5 already pillag$1 & 0 brok5 to pieces1 b entire4 ,_m vases ( ! ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 p]iods h be5 f\nd1 "s sign$ ) arti/s' names1 includ+ ^? ( ,pamphaios & ,anakles4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is site has yield$ m f9e vases ?an any 9 ,etruria1 except ,c]vetri1 & ( c\rse ,vulci2 x is also notewor?y = ! e>ly ,etruscan black w>es1 ( :i* !re are _m rem>kable specim5s 9 ! ,museum4#bbb ,! ,casucc9i collection1 :i* 0 v repres5tative ( ,*iusi f9ds1 has n[ be5 dispos$ ( en bloc to ! ,museum at ,pal]mo4#bbc ,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood is ,s>teano1 also rem>kable = ! specim5s ( e>ly black w>e :i* x has yield$1 b almo/ entirely defici5t 9 pa9t$ vases4 ,at ,roselle 7,rusellae7 & ,orbetello 9 ! ,m>emma ! f9ds ( pott]y h be5 ( a comp>atively insignificant "*1 ! vases ( ,orbetello be+ ne>ly all late ,etruscan fabrics1 ( rude =ms1 ) co>se ill-drawn subjects4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,toscanella1 ne> ,vulci1 :]e ,greek vases are seldom f\nd4 ,bols5a 7,vols9ii7 is specially di/+ui%$ by a curi\s class ( late vases ( co>se r$ w>e ) designs 9 relief1 :i* %[ evid5t signs ( hav+ be5 coat$ ) a solution produc+ ! effect ( silv]4#bbd ,!y seem to be peculi> to ?is locality1 ?\gh ,a!naeus#bbe tells u t a simil> practice 0 9 vogue at ,naukratis4 ,no o!r k9ds ( pott]y h be5 f\nd4 ,at ,orvieto excavations 7 fir/ made 9 #ahcj1 b )\t v great results2 ! site 0 !n neglect$ until ! 'sev5ties1 dur+ :i* ye>s ,signor ,manc9i's excavations 7 s successful t a local ,museum has be5 e/abli%$1 :i* n[ conta9s _m good specim5s ( ,greek vases1 z well z ,etruscan black w>es4#bbf ,at ,vit]bo v>i\s ,greek vases1 mo/ly black-figur$1 7 f\nd 9 ! e>ly 'tw5ties1 & lat] on a kylix by ! ma/] ,euphronios came to light4#bbg ,bom>zo has yield$ "s good ,greek vases1 includ+ sign$ examples by ,euphronios & ,hi]on4#bbh ,corneto is m fam\s = ! spl5did wall-pa9t+s ( its tombs & = its col\r$ s>cophagi ?an = pa9t$ vases1 b has nev]!less yield$ "s vases ( consid]able int]e/1 notably a f9e ,r4,f4 kylix ) repres5tation ( ! ,olympian deities1 sign$ by ,oltos & ,euxi!os1 ! beautiful kylix repres5t+ ! des]tion ( ,ariadne by ,!seus1#bbi & "s specim5s ( ,cor9?ian w>es4 ,"u its anci5t "n ( ,t>qu9ii x 0 ( c\rse fam\s z ! spot to :i* ,dem>atos & 8 arti/-companions 7 said to h fl$ f ,cor9?4 ,excavations 7 fir/ begun 9 #ahbe-bg4 ,besides ! collection n[ 9 ! public ,museum1#bcj !re is a l>ge "o made by ,c\nt ,brus*i f excavations on 8 own l&s1 ! majority ( ! vases be+ ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod4#bca ,n f> di/ant are ,civita ,vec*ia1 repres5t$ only by "s rem>kable e>ly vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#bcb ,italian imitations ( ! ,greek ,dipylon w>e1 & ,la ,tolfa1 :]e ,etruscan1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,ionic ,b4,f4 vases h be5 f\nd4#bcc ,few f9ds1 at lea/ ( ,greek pott]y1 h be5 made at ,civita ,ca/ellana1 ! anci5t ,fal]ii2 b ?is t[n appe>s to h _h a special manufacture ( its own 9 ! f\r? or ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 l all o!r ,etruscan fabrics an imitation ( ,greek vases1 b ) c]ta9 /rongly m>k$ peculi>ities ( draw+ & col\r+4 ,!re is a f9e specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bcd ,^! vases h only be5 f\nd 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,briti% ,museum also 7among o!rs7 possesses an int]e/+ collection ( local e>ly black & r$ w>es f ?is site1 includ+ two l>ge caldrons on op5-"w /&s1 ) ,gryphons' heads project+4 ,isola ,f>nese1 ! anci5t ,veii1 aga91 is m celebrat$ = its local fabrics ?an = ,greek importations4 ,pa9t$ vases 7 f\nd 9 #ahch-ci1bce & 9 #ahdc ,campana discov]$ a rem>kable tomb conta9+ vases ( e>ly "* )\t human figures1 & e>ly ,italian w>es4 ,! ar*aic pa9t+s ( ?is tomb are ( special int]e/ = comp>ison ) ! vases ( ! p]iod4#bcf ,next to ,vulci1 :i* we h res]v$ = ! la/1 by f> ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 ,etruria are ^? made 9 ! tombs ( ,c]vetri 7,ca]e71 mo/ly ( e>ly fabrics4 ,9 #ahcf ! fam\s ,regul9i-,galassi tomb came to light1 a passage-l /ructure sixty feet 9 l5g?1 ) doorway ( slabs slop+ =w>d to =m an ar*2 b x conta9$ few vases4 ,9 ! same ye> 0 f\nd a rem>kable vase ( pla9 black w>e1 on :i* 0 engrav$ an e>ly ,greek alphabet1 ) a sort ( syllabic prim]4#bcg ,ano!r tomb conta9$ a s]ies ( slabs pa9t$ ) ar*aic ,etruscan figures 9 ! /yle ( e>ly ,b4,f4 vases1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,o!rs ( simil> "* are 9 ! ,l\vre4#bch ,b ?\gh ^! l>ge tombs yield$ little pa9t$ pott]y1 yet ,c]vetri has be5 ! site ( _m notable discov]ies1 *iefly ( e>ly ,b4,f4 vases illu/rat+ v>i\s developm5ts ( vase-pa9t+4 ,! mo/ important is =m$ by ! s]ies ( hydriae nam$ 8,ca]etan10 aft] ! site1 :i* are fully discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii42 & among o!r f9ds we may note ! ,amphi>aos krat] at ,b]l91#bci ( ,cor9?ian /yle4 ,excavations w5t on = _m ye>s f #ahca onw>ds1 & yield$ also "s int]e/+ lat] vases1 includ+ examples ) ! signatures ( ,niko/h5es1 ,x5okles1 ,pamphaios1 ,euphronios1#bdj & ,*>itaios1 & ! fam\s vase repres5t+ ! oil-m]*ant4#bda ,jahn#bdb gives a li/ ( ! mo/ important r$-figur$ vases f\nd "h4 ,at ,selva la ,rocca1 ne> ,mont]oni 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 ! ,du*essa di ,s]moneta excavat$ a s]ies ( ,greek pa9t$ vases ( all p]iods4 ,o!r sites 9 ,etruria on :i* vases h be5 f\nd are ,doganella1#bdc ,f]5to ne> ,vit]bo1#bdd ,capannori1#bde ,montepulciano1#bdf ,pitigliano1#bdg ,poggia ,sommavilla on ! bord] ( ! ,sab9e t]ritory1#bdh ,s4 ,filippo dei ,n]i1 ,tragliatella4#bdi ,b ! discov]ies made on all ! o!r ,etruscan sites comb9$ are surpass$1 bo? 9 numb] & int]e/1 by ^? ( ,vulci1 a "n :i* eighty ye>s s9ce 0 sc>cely kn[n1 b n[ repres5ts to u "o ( ! mo/ important cities ( antiquity4 ,! site is repres5t$ by ! mod]n ,ponte della ,badia1 a di/rict ( ab\t five miles 9 circumf]5ce r\nd ! bridge ov] ! /ream ,fiora1 betwe5 ! e/ates ( ,can9o & ,montalto4 ,! =m] e/ate lay on ! left bank1 di/+ui%$ by a hill nam$ ,cucumella4 ,! discov]y ( pa9t$ vases "h 0 br\ght ab\t purely by accid5t1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbh4 ,"s ox5 9 pl\gh+ broke ?r\gh into an ,etruscan tomb conta9+ two brok5 vases1 & ?us ! local l&lord1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o1 0 l$ to fur!r rese>*es4 ,9 ! c\rse ( f\r mon?s he discov]$ ab\t #b1jjj objects 9 tombs on "o small plot ( gr\nd1 & subsequ5tly o!r explor]s jo9$ 9 emulat+ 8 good =tune4 ,! numb] ( pa9t$ vases alone discov]$ dur+ ! ye> #ahbi is reckon$ at ov] #c1jjj1 accord+ to ! elaborate report publi%$ by ,g]h>d 9 ! ,annali1#bej describ+ & classify+ ! results4 ,x w\ld n be too mu* to ass]t t n9e-t5?s ( ! pa9t$ vases t h be5 br\ght to light 9 ,etruria are f ?is site4 ,mo/ ( ^? n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are f ,camposcala1 on ! ,montalto e/ate2 b _m are f ! collections =m$ by ,luci5 ,bonap>te1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o1 :o cont9u$ to excavate int]mitt5tly = _m ye>s1 ?\gh ! numb]s ( ! f9ds mat]ially dim9i%$ aft] ! fir/ great discov]y4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! only important excavations on ?is site h be5 ^? conduct$ by ,m4 ,gsell on ! e/ate ( ,musignano1 at ! exp5se ( ! proprietor1 ,pr9ce ,torlonia4 ,! object 0 to exhau/ ! site by sporadic digg+s ov] ! ?ree pr9cipal areas ( ,ponte della ,badia1 ,poll$r>a1 & ,cucumella4 ,9 all #acf tombs 7 op5$1 rang+ f ! p]iod ( 8well-tombs0 7ab\t ! n9? or eigh? c5tury ,b4,c47 d[n to ! *amb]-tombs ( ! e>ly fif? c5tury4#bea ,besides local pott]y ( all k9ds !y conta9$ import$ ,greek fabrics f ! ,geometrical w>e d[n to ! r$-figure p]iod4 ,! lat] includ$ ,cor9?ian vases ( v>i\s k9ds1 a good 8,tyrrh5ian0 amphora1 & "o ( ! 8affect$0 ,b4,f4 /yle1 a cup sign$ by ,tleson & "o 9 ! /yle ( ,epiktetos1 & ,etruscan imitations ( ,b4,f4 fabrics4 ,m4 ,tyszkiewicz1 ! great collector1 9 8 ent]ta9+ ,s\v5irs1#beb tells a curi\s /ory ( ! fate ( "o ( ! vases f\nd 9 ,m4 ,gsell's excavations3-- 8,"o day ,i receiv$ a visit f a c\ntry fell[1 :o said he _h come f ! neighb\rhood ( ,can9o1 & br\ght ) him a vase pa9t$ 9 ! e>ly ,cor9?ian mann]1 ! names ( ! figures be+ indicat$ by ,greek inscriptions4 ,! man decl>$ he _h discov]$ x 9 a tomb :i* _h fall5 9 aft] heavy ra9s4 ,! price ask$ 0 v reasonable1 & ! b>ga9 0 soon conclud$4 ,at t "t ,m4 van ,branteghem 444 0 "o ( ! mo/ eag] buy]s ( ,greek vases1 & he 0 s envi\s ( my acquisition t ,i _h real pleasure 9 giv+ x up to him4 ,a little :ile aft] ?is1 !re call$ on me at my h\se a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool 9 ,rome1 ,m4 ,gsell4444 ,he began by ask+ me if ,i _h n lately pur*as$ a vase1 :i* he closely describ$1 & :i* prov$ to be ! v "o ,i _h b\ght f ! native ( ,can9o4 ,n[ ,m4 ,gsell inspect$ s att5tively ! excavations "u 8 c>e t x 0 impossible1 he assur$ me1 = ! workm5 to h /ol5 any?+4 ,all objects f\nd 7 regi/]$ z soon z !y 7 tak5 out ( ! tombs1 & 7 lock$ up e ev5+ 9 a w>eh\se4 ,h[ev]1 "o day ,m4 ,gsell p]ceiv$ t "o _h disappe>$4 ,he s5t = ! suppos$ ?ief 7"o ( 8 sup]9t5d5ts71 & by means ( ?reats extract$ a confession ( ! !ft1 & ! "n ( ! amateur to :om ! vase _h be5 sold4 ,9 conclusion1 ,m4 ,gsell entreat$ me to let him h ! vase4444 ,hav+ p>t$ ) ! vase1 ,i felt ! situation v emb>rass+1 b ,i told my int]locutor :at _h happ5$1 & :y ,i _h h&$ ! vase ov] to ,m4 van ,branteghem4 ,! di/ress ( ,m4 ,gsell on he>+ ?is news t\*$ me to su* a degree t ,i end$ by tell+ him t1 kn[+ ,m4 van ,branteghem to be a g5tleman1 ,i w\ld in=m him he _h become ! own] ( /ol5 goods1 & ?r[ myself on 8 m]cy4 ,! same day ,i wrote to ! ,belgian amateur & made a clean brea/ ( ! matt]1 & ! vase 0 return$ z quickly z possible4 ,! vase 0 replac$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,pr9ce ,torlonia at ! ,lung>a4 8,ye>s pass$ away1 :5 "o morn+ ,i 0 told t a peasant1 :o 0 wait+ 9 ! hall1 desir$ to %[ me an antique "w ( art4 ,?is 0 an ev5t ( daily occurr5ce--inde$1 x happ5$ sev]al times e day1 & usually ,i f\nd t ! object = ^: sake ,i _h be5 di/urb$ 0 ei!r q un9t]e/+ or else a fraud4 ,b ?is "t--a/oni%+ fact6--,i 0 %[n ! v vase t ,i _h re/or$ to ! ,fr5* ,s*ool1 & _h aft]w>ds se5 at ! ,lung>a ,museum4 ,once aga9 x _h be5 /ol560 ,! tombs 9 :i* ! vases 7 f\nd 7 mo/ly small grottoes holl[$ 9 ! tufa1 & ) a few exceptions only a few feet und]gr\nd4 ,!re 0 no?+ rem>kable 9 !m except ! vases1 = !y 7 nei!r spaci\s nor decorat$1 nor f9i%$ ) spl5did ornam5ts l ! tombs ( ,corneto & ( ,magna ,graecia4 ,"s _h seats = hold+ ! objects deposit$ ) ! dead2 o!rs pegs = hang+ ! vases on ! walls4 ,! wond] 0 to f9d su* f9e specim5s ( art 9 tombs s homely4 ,^! vases 7 ( all /yles & epo*s f e>ly ,cor9?ian ( ab\t ! sev5? c5tury to ! ,decad5ce4 ,besides ^!1 an imm5se numb] ( vases pa9t$ black only1 )\t any subject1 & o!rs ( ! black buc*]o w>e1 7 discov]$ 9 ! v>i\s tombs1 along ) bronzes1 ivories1 & o!r objects peculi>ly ,etruscan4#bec ,?is va/ discov]y naturally attract$ ! att5tion ( ,europe4 ,not)/&+ ! obvi\s fact ( _! possess+ ,greek inscriptions1 & ! light ?r[n ^u !m by ! rese>*es ( ,w9ckelmann1 ,lanzi1 & o!r enlight5$ s*ol>s1 ! ,italian antiqu>ies1 fir$ ) a mi/ak5 patriotism1 insi/$ on claim+ all ! vases z ,etruscan fabrics4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is error1 long s9ce discr$it$1 is briefly summ>is$ 9 ! ,introductory *apt]4#bed 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ n[ to ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,latium ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,x is true t ,greek vases h f "t to "t be5 f\nd at ,rome1 or at any rate fragm5ts1 z 9 ! rec5t excavations 9 ! ,=um#bee2 b few ( ^! are ( importance except z hi/orical data4 ,:5 ,rome is giv5 z ! prov5ance ( a vase1 x probably implies no?+ m ?an t x has be5 acquir$ f "s deal] 9 t city4 ,at ,civita ,lav9ia ,"l ,savile f\nd "s fragm5ts ( pa9t$ pott]y ( diff]5t p]iods4 ,alba ,longa is fam\s z ! site :5ce ! hut-urns1 else:]e discuss$1 h be5 obta9$2 b on ! :ole ,rome & ! cities ( ,latium seem to be q b>r5 9 reg>d to f9ds ( pott]y4 ,) ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( ! s\!rn half ( ,italy ! case is q diff]5t4 ,x is true t !re has be5 no ,vulci 9 ^! di/ricts1 & inde$ t no sci5tific excavations h tak5 place comp>$ ) ^? 9 ,etruria2 yet ! yield ( vases f ^! p>ts is extraord9>ily l>ge4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples1 ,pae/um1 etc41 0 a fav\rite hunt+-gr\nd ) dilettanti1 su* z ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o appe> to h acquir$ _! l>ge collections *iefly f ,campanian tombs2 b un=tunately !y h left no record ( ! sites on :i* ^! vases 7 f\nd4 ,9 ! ,samnite di/rict & nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es pott]y-f9ds are almo/ unkn[n2 :ile ! b>b>ic regions ( ,bruttii & ,calabria are only repres5t$ by a few late pa9t$ vases ( ! rude/ local fabrics4 ,x may be not$ t z a g5]al rule ! ,greek colonies on ! coa/1 :i* ma9ta9$ f ! e>lie/ times a con/ant int]c\rse ) ,greece1 h yield$ f _! tombs a fair proportion ( ! old] ,greek fabrics1 :]eas ! inl& cities are m rem>kable = _! rema9s ( ! lat] ,a!nian & local w>es1 be+ ( m rec5t orig94 ,beg9n+ ) ,campania1 we take fir/ ! fam\s colony ( ,cumae1 ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,magna ,graecia1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ! ,*alcidians ( ,kyme 9 ,aeolis at an unkn[n date1 b n lat] ?an ! eigh? c5tury4 ,vases ( all p]iods h be5 f\nd "h1 ?\gh n 9 great numb]s4 ,! e>lie/ belong to ! infancy ( ! colony1 & include ! fam\s leky?os ( ,tataie f\nd 9 #ahdc1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bef ,x be>s an inscription 9 ! ,*alcidian alphabet4 ,b ! majority ( ! f9ds belong to ! p]iod :5 !re appe>s to h be5 a fl\ri%+ local fabric1 ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,!y are ! mo/ typical repres5tatives ( ! ,campanian /yle1 & may be /udi$ to be/ advantage 9 ! ,raccolta ,cumana ( ! ,naples ,museum1 :]e !y are collect$ toge!r4#beg ,_m ( ^! 7 f\nd 9 #ahdb4 ,cumae 0 fam\s = its pott]y ev5 9 ,roman times1#beh & specim5s ( ,roman w>e ) reliefs h be5 f\nd "h1 z also at ! neighb\r+ ,puteoli 7,*apt] ,,xxii47 ,next 9 importance = ! hi/ory ( local fabrics are ! vases f\nd at ,s4 ,agata dei ,goti1 ! anci5t ,saticula1 :i* c also claim a manufacture ( its own4#bei ,!y are = ! mo/ "p bell-%ap$ krat]s1 & 7 *iefly excavat$ at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,sign$ vases by ! ,pae/um ma/]s ,as/eas & ,py?on 7see bel[7 came f ?is site4 ,! vases ( ,abella =m ano!r class ( ,campanian w>e1 b ( a deg5]ate & late type1 mo/ly hydriae ( v pale clay4 ,o!r sites :i* h yield$ ,campanian vases are3 ,naples 7,neapolis71 ,telese1 ,teano1 ,ac]ra1 ,sessa1 & ,nuc]ia ,alfat]na 7,noc]a74#bfj ,capua1 on ! o!r h&1 does n appe> to h _h any special fabric ( its own1 al?\gh ! f9ds ( all p]iods are z num]\s z f any site 9 ,s\!rn ,italy except ,ruvo & ,nola4 ,among ! e>li] specim5s may be m5tion$ ! inscrib$ ,cor9?ian krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #cg7 f ! ,hamilton collection 7,plate ,,xxi474 ,! r$-figur$ vases include cups sign$ by ,eu]gides1 ,epiktetos1 & ,pi/ox5os4 ,! vases ( ! ,decad5ce h1 z indicat$1 no di/9ctive features ( _! own4 ,mo/ ( ! late r$-figur$ vases ( fancy %apes 7su* z rhyta7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are f ?is site1 :5ce !y pass$ into ! h&s ( ,ca/ellani4 ,! black vases ) gild$ ornam5tation1 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum possesses "s f9e specim5s1 are also *>act]i/ic ( ,capua4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! vases obta9$ by ,sir ,william ,temple are f ?is site1 z is also "o ( ! lat] ,pana!naic amphorae4#bfa ,at ,calvi 7,cales7 ,greek pa9t$ vases are almo/ unrepres5t$1#bfb b ?is site is di/+ui%$ z ! orig9 ( two late v>ieties ( fictile w>e4 ,"o is =m$ by ! ,cal5e phialae 7p4 #ejb71 or b[ls ( black w>e ) int]ior designs 9 relief1 sometimes sign$ ) ! names ( local pott]s2 ! o!r consi/s ( l>ge vases highly ornam5t$ ) t]racotta figur9es atta*$ 9 diff]5t places1 or else modell$ 9 ! =m ( female figures or heads4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! latt] mu/ be class$ "u ! head+ ( t]racottas 7see p4 #aai74 ,la/ly1 we h to speak ( ,nola1 :i*1 l ,capua1 0 always a city ( consid]able importance1 & is repres5t$ by a l>ge s]ies ( vases ( all p]iods4#bfc ,"h aga9 we c detect no signs ( a special local fabric1 ?\gh = a long "t ! s-call$ 8,nolan0 amphorae ( ! r$-figur$ p]iod 7 ?\ght to h be5 made on ! spot1 s frequ5tly h !y be5 f\nd4 ,! "n is /ill reta9$ z conv5i5t = describ+ ?is p>ticul> =m ( amphora 7see p4 #afb71 ) its exquisite black v>ni%1 graceful outl9es1 & simple yet effective decoration2 b x is1 ( c\rse1 q conv5tional4 ,! vases are purely ,attic 7"s are sign$ by ,a!nian arti/s71 & x c only be suppos$ t !y f\nd especial fav\r 9 ! ,nolan m>ket4 ,cor9?ian & ,attic black-figur$ vases occur 9 l>ge numb]s1 & bo? "h & at ,capua !re seems to h be5 a t5d5cy to imitate ! export$ ,a!nian w>es4 ,?us we f9d n only vases ) black figures on buff gr\nd on :i* ! draw+ is obvi\sly free & develop$1 b also imitations ( ! 8,nolan0 amphorae1 bo? classes dat+ f ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,at ,sorr5to & ! neighb\r+ ,vico ,equ5se a few vases ( diff]5t p]iods h be5 f\nd1 includ+ a f9e ,r4,f4 krat] sign$ by ,polygnotos1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahic1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bfd ,sal]no is also m5tion$ z a site :]e ,greek vases h come to light4 ,! fam\s city ( ,pae/um lay actually )9 ! bord]s ( ,lucania1 b all its relations 7 ) ,campania1 & x may practically be reg>d$ z a ,campanian city4 ,little has be5 f\nd "h except local f\r?- & ?ird-c5tury fabrics1 b ^! are = ! mo/ "p s rem>kable t !y h e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( a s*ool ( vase-pa9t+ at ,pae/um q di/9ct f & e>li] ?an ! fabrics ( ! ?ree di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,italy4#bfe ,ne>ly all ! vases f\nd "h 7includ+ ?ree sign$ by ! ma/] ,as/eas7 h ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is class4 ,!y are mo/ly to be se5 9 ! ,naples ,museum2 a full] acc\nt ( !m is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,among ! sites 9 ,lucania on :i* vases h be5 f\nd1#bff ! mo/ important is ,anzi1 ! anci5t ,anxia1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! *ief c5tre = ! manufacture ( ! ,lucanian vases4 ,e>li] examples ( ,greek r$-figur$ vases h also come f ?is site1 b ! majority are ( ! ,lucanian class4#bfg ,prov5ances 9 ?is di/rict are1 h[ev]1 always d\btful1 & 9 _m cases no?+ m def9ite ?an 8,basilicata0 c be asc]ta9$4 ,b discov]ies on ! foll[+ sites seem to be well atte/$3 ,arm5to1#bfh ,eboli1#bfi ,missanello1 ,grum5to1 ,pot5za1#bgj ,pom>ico1 & ,pi/icci4#bga ,! ,briti% ,museum collection includes a f9e ,b4,f4 krat] 7,b #cfj7 f ,arm5to1 ! fam\s vase ) ! ,doloneia 7,f #aeg ,fig4 #acj47 f ,pi/icci1 sev]al f ,anzi1 & a few f ,pom>ico4 ,9 ! ,naples ,museum are vases f ,pom>ico1 ,pi/icci1 & else:]e 7*iefly 9 ! ,santangelo collection71 :ile ! ,koll] collection1 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 conta9s _m f ,ca/elluccio1 ,s4 ,arcangelo1 & o!r sites4 ,b none ( ^! f9ds comp>e 9 any s5se ) ^? ( ,apulia & ,campania4 ,!re 7 no anci5t cities ( special importance 9 ?is region1 & h5ce no l>ge cemet]ies1 :ile ! local fabric 0 probably n ( long duration4 ,9 ,apulia ! site above all o!rs important is t ( ,ruvo1 :i* 0 no d\bt ! *ief c5tre ( ! local pott]y-manufactures1 & has yield$ a great majority ( ! vases kn[n z 8,apulian10 z well z _m ( e>li] /yle4 ,excavations began "h 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 b x 0 n until #ahbh t !y 7 und]tak5 on any l>ge scale4 ,vases are /ill f\nd f "t to "t at ! pres5t day1 & "o ( ! l>ge/ private collections /ill exi/+1 t ( ,signor ,jatta1 is extraord9>ily ri* 9 ! vases ( ,apulian /yle collect$ by ?is g5tleman & pres]v$ on ! spot4 ,x is curi\s t ,ruvo 7,rubi7 _h no special importance 9 antiquity2 x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? not+ t rema9s ( a pott]y ) furnaces1 etc41 h come to light4#bgb ,! ,apulian vases f ,ruvo h no special *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% !m f ! o!r ,apulian fabrics4 ,x w\ld be futile to attempt a detail$ description ( ! f9ds at ,ruvo1#bgc :i* include su* a l>ge proportion ( ! magnific5t ,apulian vases cov]$ ) pa9t+s ( an elaborate nature4 ,( e>li] specim5s1 an isolat$ ,cor9?ian vase1 two ,pana!naic amphorae1 & sundry o!r ,b4,f4 vases are kn[n1 z also occasional ,r4,f4 vases1 b ^! are almo/ exceptions4 ,among ! mo/ fam\s ,apulian vases are ^? repres5t+ ! ,dea? ( ,talos1 ! ,dea? ( ,ar*emoros1 prep>ations = a ,satyric ,drama1 & s on4#bgd ,m important 9 antiquity1 ?\gh less productive 9 vases1 is ,canosa1 ! anci5t ,canusium1 :]e a set ( f9e vases 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahac & publi%$ by ,mill94 ,among ! be/ ( ^! is ! great ,d>eios vase at ,naples 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ad f9474 ,ne>ly all are ( ! ,apulian class1 ) pref]5ces = c]ta9 =ms & details 7su* z ! use ( purple7 n appe>+ at ,ruvo1 & a typical local product is a k9d ( pro*os or tall jug4#bge ,canosa 0 also a c5tre = ! l>ge t]racotta vases :i* h be5 also f\nd at ,calvi 7see p4 #aai74 ,at ,b>i vases h be5 f\nd f "t to "t1 & !re is a fair collection 9 ! local museum#bgf2 !y include ! fam\s ,poniat[ski vase ) ,triptolemos' sett+-out1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #bfi7 ) ! burlesque combat ( ,ares & ,hephai/os ov] ,h]a4 ,ceglie has *iefly suppli$ ! ,b]l9 ,museum ) its ,apulian specim5s 7f ! ,koll] collection71 o!rs pass+ into a private collection at ,naples4 ,!y are mo/ly ( ! lat] ov]-elaborat$ /yle4 ,altemura has suppli$ a few1 b *iefly f9e1 vases1 includ+ ! ,r4,f4 krat] ) ! bir? ( ,p&ora 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,e #dfg7 & ! magnific5t vase repres5t+ ! ,"u-_w f\nd 9 #ahdg & n[ 9 ,naples4 ,o!r f9ds h be5 made at ,polignano1 ,putignano1 & ,fasano 7,gnatia71 :i* la/ site is int]e/+ z ! probable c5tre ( a late fabric4 ,mo/ ( ! vases f\nd "h h figures or patt]ns pa9t$ 9 opaque :ite & purple on ! black glaze1 & repres5t ! late/ /age ( vase-pa9t+ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4#bgg ,!y are f\nd almo/ exclusively on ?is site4 ,x is also repres5t$ by "s late ,r4,f4 vases ) poly*rome decoration4 ,9 ! region cov]$ by ! 8heel0 ( ,italy ! mo/ important site1 z also ! mo/ important city 9 anci5t times1 is ,t>anto or ,t>5tum4 ,*iefly on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,l5ormant1#bgh ?is city 0 = a long "t reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( _m ,s\? ,italian fabrics1 includ+ ! vases ) burlesque sc5es 771 ^? ( ,pae/um1 ! ,fasano w>e1 &1 9 fact1 all ,apulian fabrics4 ,b ! ext5sive excavations t h tak5 place at ,t>5tum ( late ye>s h %[n t ,l5ormant & ^? :o foll[$ him 7 q misl$4 ,few ,apulian vases h come to light1 ! ,pae/um fabric is unrepres5t$1 & al?\gh ! ( ,t>5tum 7 no d\bt specially fam\s 9 antiquity1 !re is no au?ority = connect+ ?is class ( vases ) !m to ! exclusion ( o!r sites4 ,vases1 9 fact1 are extremely r>e at ,t>5tum1 :i* made a mu* great] speciality ( t]racottas1 especially ( a votive k9d2 a few ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 specim5s are kn[n1#bgi includ+ ! rem>kable fragm5t ( a ,r4,f4 krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #did71 & a f9e krat] ) an ,amazonoma*ia 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #dba74 ,vases f ,metapontum also are few & f> betwe52 ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a specim5 ) figures 9 relief on black gr\nd2 & f9ds are also report$ f ,lecce1 ,br9disi1 & ,oria4#bhj ,_m examples ( local fabrics1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii41 h be5 f\nd 9 ?is di/rict1 & specim5s are pres]v$ 9 ! museums at ,b>i1 ,lecce1 & else:]e4 ,la/ly we h to speak ( ! f9ds made at ,locri on ! ea/ side ( ! 8toe0 ( ,italy1 ! only important site 9 t di/rict :i* has yield$ ,greek vases4 ,_m ( ^! are :ite leky?i ) figures 9 outl9e & poly*rome1 resembl+ ! well-kn[n ,a!nian fabrics4 ,!y 7 orig9ally 7l ^? ( ,gela7 ?\ght to be local products1 b x is m likely t !y 7 made at ,a!ns & import$1 ! ,locrians hav+ a p>ticul> pref]5ce = ^! vases1 z ! p ( ,nola _h = ! slim amphorae4 ,"s ( ! ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases f\nd "h are ( a v fair ord] ( m]it4#bha ,sicily1 s celebrat$ = its magnific5t works ( art1 has yield$ a consid]able numb] ( pa9t$ vases ( all p]iods4 ,! cities ( ! s\!rn coa/ h produc$ ! greate/ numb]1 especially ,syracuse1 ,gela 7,t]ranuova71 & ,agrig5tum 7,girg5ti74 ,_m h also come f ! cemet]ies ( ,acrae1 ,leont9i1 & ,meg>a ,hyblaea4 ,pal]mo1 ,mess9a1 & ,catania h produc$ isolat$ examples4 ,! ri*e/ f9ds h be5 9 ! rec5tly excavat$ cemet]ies ( ,syracuse4 ,! discov]ies ( e>ly vases & fragm5ts made "h by ,dr4 ,orsi are ( ! utmo/ importance1 & include quantities ( specim5s ( ,myc5aean & 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 w>es4#bhb ,at ,t]ranuova or ,gela1 "o ( ! e>lie/ settlem5ts ( ! isl&1 vases ) black & ) r$ figures 7 f\nd z long ago z ! eighte5? c5tury1#bhc & 9 #agib a pott]y ) furnaces & vases 0 discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4#bhd ,( late ye>s vases ) black & r$ figures1 "s ( ! latt] be+ ( ! f9e/ /yle1 h be5 discov]$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 z well z :ite leky?i1 probably import$ f ,a!ns4 ,( ^! f9ds we h already giv5 "s description 7p4 #cg74 ,9 #ahfb ,mr4 ,george ,d5nis f\nd a s]ies ( f9e ,r4,f4 leky?i ( ! 8sev]e0 p]iod1 toge!r ) ,b4,f4 vases & ar*aic t]racottas1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ^! h be5 fully rivall$ by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans' discov]ies 9 lat] ye>s4 ,! site has also yield$ vases ( a primitive "*1 imitat+ e>ly ,greek w>es4 ,gela 0 always not$ = its pott]ies1 z ! c]amic decorations ( ! ,geloan ,treasury at ,olympia %[ 7p4 #ajj72 _m ( ! vases h *>act]i/ic ,sicilian subjects1 & !re 0 und\bt$ly a consid]able local fabric4 ,( ! vases f\nd at ,girg5ti 7,agrig5tum7 ! mo/ notewor?y is ! beautiful lebes n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#bhe ( ! f9e/ ,r4,f4 /yle1 describ$ z 8"o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ,greek c]amography t has come d[n to u1 absolutely unsurpass$ 9 its comb9ation ( arti/ic m]it & my?ological int]e/40 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #ahcj1 & belong$ to ! poet ,samuel ,rog]s2 ! subject is ! combat ( ,!seus ) ! ,amazons4 ,o!r ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases ( f9e /yle h come f ?is site1#bhf z well z a s]ies ( m\lds = vases ) reliefs1 ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4#bhg ,f9e vases are said to h be5 f\nd at ,kam>9a1#bhh a few ) r$ figures at ,him]a1 & "s ar*aic leky?i at ,sel9us4#bhi ,f ,l5t9i ,jahn records poly*rome & ,r4,f4 vases1 ! latt] ( ! 8/rong0 & lat] p]iods4#bij ,at ,palazzolo 7,acrae7 ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases h be5 f\nd1 includ+ a ,b4,f4 kotyle 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #gi71 repres5t+ ,dionysos 9 a c> =m$ l a %ip4 ,at ,c5torbi 7,c5turipae7 almo/ ! only f9d ( note 0 a conical cov] ( a l>ge b[l ornam5t$ ) encau/ic pa9t+s1 ! col\rs hav+ be5 prep>$ ) wax2 p>ts ( two b[ls 7 also f\nd decorat$ ) designs 9 relief & gilt1 ( scrolls1 small ,cupids1 & heads ( ,m$usa4#bia ,o!r sites t may be m5tion$ are3 ,hybla ,h]aea 7,ragusa71#bib ,catania1 ,alicata1#bic ,ad]no#bid at ! foot ( ,etna1 & ,monte ,s>ac5o4#bie ,at ,?>ros1 9 ,s>d9ia1 ext5sive excavations 7 made 9 #ahef1 & a long s]ies ( tombs f\nd conta9+ ,pho5ician objects 9 porcela91 engrav$ sc>abs1 t]racotta figures1 & o!r objects1 b little pa9t$ ,greek pott]y ( any importance4#bif ,an int]e/+ krat] ( late date1 ) ! head ( ! ,satyr ,akratos1 f ! isl& ( ,lip>i is n[ 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,/ev5son at ,glasg[#big2 & 9 ,is*ia 0 f\nd a krat] ) ! subject ( ! infant ,dionysos confid$ to ! ,nymphs4#bih ,9 ! public museum ( ,malta "s ,greek vases are to be se51#bii b x is n kn[n :e!r !y 7 actually f\nd !re4 ,we h n[ complet$ ! circuit ( ! anci5t _w1 s f> z f9ds ( ,greek pott]y are conc]n$1 z ) ! exception ( ,m>seilles1 already allud$ to none c be trac$ 9 ,spa9 or ,c5tral ,europe4 ----- ,footnote #dh3 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! relative proportions ( ,greek & ,ori5tal civilisation 9 ,asia ,m9or are almo/ exactly ! same at ! pres5t day z 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,greeks are mo/ly to be f\nd 9 t[ns l ,smyrna1 & ! adjo9+ isl&s1 :ile ! c5tral "p ( ! c\ntry is almo/ entirely ,turki%4 ,footnote #di3 ,see = ref]5ces to descriptions ( tombs ,h]mann1 ,lehrbu* d4 ,antiq4 iv4 7#ahhb71 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,room ,k1 ,cases #fi-gb4 ,footnote #ea3 ,= specim5s ( typical ,a!nian tombs see ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell551 pl4 #g4 ,fig4 #a4 gives a reproduction ( a ci/ full ( vases f ibid4 pl4 #h4 ,= an admirable description ( ! tombs ( ! ,dipylon1 see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahic1 p4 #gd ff4 ,footnote #eb3 ,compte-,r5du1 ,atlas1 #ahei1 pls4 #e-f2 ,macph]son1 ,antiqs4 ( ,k]t*1 passim4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahej1 p4 #bji1 pl4 #ai4 ,footnote #ed3 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 vi4 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,see = illu/rations ( tombs at ,agia ,p>askevi1 ne> ,nicosia1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 xi4 p4 #bji ff41 & ,suppl4 pl4 #b1 f :i* ,fig4 #b4 is tak54 ,footnote #ef3 ,= specim5s ( ,cypriote tombs ( all p]iods ! read] is ref]r$ to ,cesnola's ,cyprus2 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 #ahic-if2 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 ix4 p4 #bfd 7,paphos7 & xi4 p4#ai ff4 7,poli74 ,footnote #eg3 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lit4 #bnd ,s]4 ix4 7#ahgj71 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #eh3 ,g>dn]1 ,cat4 ( ,vases 9 ,a%mol4 ,mus4 p4 vii4 ,footnote #ei3 ,cavall>i 9 ,bull4 della ,comm4 di ,anti*4 9 ,sicil4 #ahgb1 v4 p4 #aj1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #fj3 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #eg1 vignette4 ,models ( ?is tomb exi/ 9 cork1 & specim5s may be se5 9 ! ,w9*e/] ,college ,museum & ,eton ,s*ool ,libr>y4 ,footnote #fa3 ,scavi di ,c]tosa1 #ahge1 text & plates4 ,footnote #fb3 ,= tombs at ,ruvo see ,jatta1 ,cat4 del ,museo1 p4 #ec ff4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #ahc ff4 ,footnote #fd3 ,= an example 9 ! ,b4,m4 see ,e #haa 9 ! ,f\r? ,vase ,room1 ,cases #f-g4 ,a pla9 j> ( late date1 f ,halik>nassos1 full ( calc9$ bones1 is 9 ! ,t]racotta ,room ( ! ,b4,m41 ,case #bj4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see also ,ra?g51 ,kons]virung von ,alt]tumsfund51 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ff3 ,we/ropp1 ,epo*s ( ,pa9t$ ,vases1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #fg3 ,+hirami1 ,vasi ,fittili1 i4 pl4 #ac2 a false vase is also publi%$ 9 ,pass]i1 #cjj1 & o!rs 9 ,d',hanc>ville1 ii4 #ga1 #hd4 ,! wor/ specim5 is p]haps t engrav$ by ,mill91 ,pe9tures1 ii1 pls4 #ed-e 7reproduc$ 9 ,re9a*'s edition71 :i* yet = a long "t f\nd g5]al acceptance4 ,z a curiosity & a w>n+ x des]ves p]petuation4 ,footnote #fh3 ,eng4 transl4 p4 #ahj ff4 ,footnote #fi3 ,curi\sly en\gh !re 0 9 ,m4 ,tyszkiewicz's own collection a :ite-gr\nd cup ) ! subject ( ,phrixos 7,sale ,cat4 pl4 #ce71 :i* is c]ta9ly op5 to suspicion ,footnote #gj3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahge1 pl4 #ad4 ,footnote #ga3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #fb 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #gb3 ,b4,m4 ,e #deh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,muni* #djd4 ,footnote #gd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfh4 ,footnote #ge3 ,b4,m4 ,f #cca4 ,footnote #gf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #acj4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 ii4 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #gh3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 pl4 #di2 n[ at ,deepd5e 7874 ,footnote #gi3 ,?is has be5 especially ! case ( late ye>s1 z 9 ! sale ( ,m4 van ,branteghem's collection 9 #ahib1 :5 a small kylix sign$ by ,sotades co/ z mu* z #djj1 & two o!rs slightly less4 ,footnote #hj3 ,"s acc\nt ( ! prices paid = vases w be f\nd 9 ,de ,witte's ,description des ,antiquits et ,objets d',art qui compos5t le cab9et de feu ,m4 le ,*ev4 ,e4 ,dur&1 ,p>is1 #ahcf2 & 9 ! same au?or's ,description d'une collection de vases pe9ts et bronzes antiques prov5ant des f\illes de l'trurie1 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,footnote #ha3 ,8 ,introduction to ! ,muni* ,vase ,catalogue gives a good acc\nt ( f9ds ( vases 9 ,greece up to t "t 7#ahed72 see p4 xxi4 ff4 ,footnote #hb3 ,cf4 ,a!naeus1 i4 #bh ,c2 xi4 #dhd ,f1 & #dhj ,c4 ,footnote #hc3 ,b #acj4 ,see ,cat4 vol4 ii4 = li/ ( publications ( ?is vase4 ,footnote #hd3 ,grb] d] ,hell554 ,he also gives "s description ( ! tombs 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 & ! nature ( _! cont5ts 7see above1 p4 #cc74 ,footnote #he3 ,good summ>ies ( ^! discov]ies w be f\nd 9 ! ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #ac ff41 & ,b]l9] ,philol4 ,wo*5s*r4 #ahie1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #hf3 ,e4g4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hfe bis2 4 4 #ahhe1 pls4 #h-i2 #ahhh1 pl4 #ab2 #ahih1 pls4 #b-e2 #aija1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #hg3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahic1 p4 #df ff43 see also ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dif bis1 #ejf4 ,footnote #hh3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dag is f ! neighb\r+ ,muny*ia4 ,footnote #hi3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahif1 p4 #che ff42 & see bel[1 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #ij3 ,b]l9 #ef ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #ia3 ,a f9e ,r4,f4 & poly*rome kylix ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x4 #cg a ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 p4 #bjg2 also ,a!ns #fhh ,re9a*1 i4 #afd4 ,footnote #ib3 ,b]l9 #bjcj2 ,a!ns #aafg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,b]l9 #bdic1 #bfij2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhj1 pl4 #af ,re9a*1 i4 p4 #dbh4 ,footnote #id3 ,b]l9 #bcgc4 ,footnote #ie3 4 4 #ahie1 pl4 #aa 7,myc5aean74 ,footnote #if3 ,b]l9 #ahhg-hi4 ,footnote #ig3 ,a!ns #abda2 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijc1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see = ! ,v\rva vases ,a!ns #eib ff42 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #cah ff42 ,jahrbu*1 #aijc1 p4 #abd ff42 & p4 #bii bel[4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,dodwell1 ,t\r1 ii4 p4 #ahj4 ,/ephanus ( ,byzantium speaks ( ! pott]y ( ,meg>a 7s4v47 ,see also ,a!ns #aheh2 ,pet]sburg #aefc a4 ,footnote #ajj3 viii4 p4 #cha3 cf4 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ross1 ,ar*4 ,aufs4 ii4 p4 #cdd2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #aja3 see also ,jahn's ,e9leitung1 p4 xxv4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 i4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,see p4 #caf4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,e4g4 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #id1 #cac1 #aagi4 ,footnote #aje3 ,see g5]ally ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 #ej2 = notices ( ,myc5aean fragm5ts by e>ly travell]s1 ,dodwell1 ,t\r1 ii4 p4 #bcg1 & ,burgon 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lit4 #bnd ,s]4 ii4 7#ahdg71 p4 #beh ff41 ) plate opposite p4 #bif4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,fig4 #hh1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ibid4 pls4 #ae1 #ba1 p4 #de2 4 4 #ahie1 pl4 #aa4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahei1 pl4 #abe ,re9a*1 i4 #chi3 see also ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcb1 p4 #fb2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdg1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cat4 #afae1 #aija1 #aica-cb3 see also ,branteghem ,sale ,cat4 #id4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,cat4 #aigd4 ,footnote #aab3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #aff2 ,class4 ,review1 #ahia1 p4 #gc2 4 4 #ahib1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see ,ergebnisse1 iv4 p4 #aih ff4 ,footnote #aad3 ,see p4 #cia4 ,footnote #aae3 ,see p4 #dea4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,kekul1 ,?onfigur5 aus ,tanagra1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #aag3 ,isolat$ vase-f9ds f ,tanagra are ! e>ly ,b4,f4 tripod1 ,b]l9 #agbg1 & ! f9e ,r4,f4 krat]1 ,a!ns #abei4 ,footnote #aah3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 xix4 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #aai3 ,cf4 ,a!ns #fgh1 #hji1 #aaef1 #aaeh4 ,footnote #abj3 ,vases f ,lamia are ,nos4 #afba & #aihd2 f ,lokris1 #aced1 #adcd2 f ,phokis1 #aagg1 #aaha4 ,footnote #aba3 ,branteghem ,sale ,cat4 ,no4 #if4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ibid4 ,no4 #dc2 ,b]l9 #bich4 ,footnote #abc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #gai1 an alaba/ron =m]ly 9 ! ,branteghem collection4 ,footnote #abd3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 p4 #aea3 see bel[1 p4 #bag4 ,a late ,b4,f4 vase ( 8,kabeirion0 /yle4 ,footnote #abe3 ,fragm5ts f ,delphi are record$ 9 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahda1 p4 #aj2 ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 xxv2 ,morg5blatt1 #ahce1 p4 #fih4 ,footnote #abf3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #abg3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #abh3 ,= ,kephall5ia see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiv4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdg1 p4 #bdg1 note #e2 ,mu/oxidi1 ,delle cose ,corciresi1 i4 p4 #bga2 ,b4,m4 ,a #afgj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,a beautiful poly*rome leky?os 9 ! ,b4,m4 7,d #gj ,plate ,,lv47 is f ?is isl&1 on ! au?ority ( ,ra\l-,ro*ette 7,pe9t4 ,antiq4 p4 #dae72 b see ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 p4 #db1 :]e x is attribut$ to ,aeg9a4 ,footnote #aca3 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vii4 pp4 #ea1 #bjh4 ,footnote #acb3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #acc3 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #dh2 ,magaz9 ,encycl4 #ahaa1 ii4 p4 #adj2 & see note #acj4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see also ,brongni>t1 ,mus4 ,cram4 pl4 #ac1 #aa1 & ,trait1 i4 p4 #egf2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahbi1 p4 #aac1 #ahcj1 p4 #abi2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcg1 p4 #ace1 #ahdb1 p4 #ajc1 #ahdg1 p4 #bej2 & num]\s vases 9 ! ,bibl4 ,nat4 7see p4 #fhi ( ,catalogue74 ,footnote #ace3 ,j4,h4,s4 xvii4 p4 #gg2 xviii4 p4 #bha ff4 ,footnote #acf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #h2 ,b]l9 #afhb ,re9a*1 i4 #dda2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aah1 #b2 ,b4,m4 ,e #ejh2 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4,b4 iii4 #bch ,re9a*1 ii4 #abj 79 ,b]l971 sign$ by ,ergotimos4 ,footnote #acg3 ,pallat 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #ach3 ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #aija1 pp4 #ajja1 #adcf4 ,footnote #aci3 ,see ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 he adds1 1 4 ,footnote #adj3 ,jahrbu*1 #aijc1 p4 #abd ff42 4 4 #aija1 pls4 #i-ab1 p4 #agc ff4 ,footnote #ada3 ,a!ns #fah ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aifc1 fig4 #bjih4 ,footnote #adb3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #adc3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #add3 ,ross1 ,reis51 iii4 p4 #be4 ,footnote #ade3 ,a!ns #ahfa4 ,footnote #adf3 ,class4 ,review1 #ahii1 p4 #dfh4 ,footnote #adg3 ,e #gcb3 see p4 #ceg & ,fig4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #adh3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5mal]ei1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #adi3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #ba4 ,= ,geometrical1 see ,brongni>t & ,riocreux1 ,mus4 de ,svres1 pl4 #ac1 figs4 #d1 #ac1 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #aej3 ,reis51 i4 p4 #ff2 iii4 p4 #bg4 ,see also ,b]l9 #cija1 #djhh2 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #egg2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ai1 #ba1 #bb4 ,! ,svres vases m5tion$ by ,brongni>t 7 f\nd ab\t ?irty feet bel[ ! volcanic deposits4 ,footnote #aea3 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijc1 p4 #a ff42 ,h4 von ,ga]tr+51 ,!ra1 vol4 ii4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,see ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 xxvi2 ,b]l9 #ahhf2 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #ahdc1 p4 #dce2 ,boettig]1 ,vas5gem4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #aec3 ,^! are fully describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 a volume issu$ by ! ,hell5ic ,society 7#aijd74 ,footnote #aed3 ,op4 cit4 iii4 p4 #ae ff4 ,footnote #aee3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 p4 #df ff4 ,footnote #aef3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #ahdc4 p4 #dce2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #hgc 7,*ios72 = ,t5$os z a pott]y c5tre see ,dio ,*rys4 ,orat4 #db1 #e2 ,plut>*1 ,vit4 a]4 ali54 #b4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,= anci5t ref]5ces to ,samian w>e see ,*apt] ,,xxii41 :]e ! subject is discuss$ 9 detail4 ,footnote #aei3 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 7#ahih72 he also f\nd ,cyr5aic1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,attic pott]y 7p4 #abe ff474 ,see bel[1 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #afj3 ,see also ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahdh1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see ,ross1 ,reis51 iv4 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #afb3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #eha 7pla9 w>es only74 ,footnote #afc3 ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 p4 #ddf4 pl4 #hc4 ,footnote #afd3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #acj ff4 ,footnote #aff3 ,see on ! ,geometrical pott]y ,potti]1 op4 cit4 p4 #acf4 ,x is probably import$1 al?\gh ,dmml] 7,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 p4 #bfh7 ?9ks o!rwise4 ,footnote #afg3 ,!re is at lea/ "o late ,r4,f4 vase f ,crete 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,a!ns 7,cat4 #ahea1 #ahfj1 #aiba74 ,see = o!r in/ances ( e>li] f9ds1 bel[1 p4 #bfi2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #bb2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #afh3 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 #bnd ,s]4 xv4 7#ahie71 p4 #cea ff4 ,footnote #afi3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #aeg ff4 = an e/imate ( ! ,knossos pott]y2 also p4 #bfe bel[4 ,footnote #agj3 ,briti% ,s*ool ,annual1 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #id ff42 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 p4 #gh ff4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ibid4 #aijj-ja1 p4 #aba ff42 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #bdh ff4 ,footnote #agb3 ,ibid4 #aija-b1 p4 #bhi ff42 #aijb-c1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #agc3 ,r5diconti dell' ,accad4 dei ,l9cei1 #aijj1 p4 #fca4 ,footnote #agd3 ,am]ican ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aija1 p4 #cga ff41 #cjb1 #abh2 ,briti% ,s*ool ,annual1 #aija-jb1 p4 #bce 7,praesos74 ,footnote #age3 ,nos4 #ih & #ii 9 ! collection ( ,m4 van ,branteghem 7 two f9e ,r4,f4 8aryballi0 f ,apollonia 9 ,?race4 ,footnote #agf3 ,! read] :o wi%es to ga9 a compreh5sive idea ( ^! vases is ref]r$ to ! plates ( ! ,atlas to ,/ephani's ,compte-,r5du de la ,comm4 imp4 ar*4 de ,/4-,pt]sb\rg 7#ahfa-hc7 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see also ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 xxvii4 ,footnote #agh3 ,compte-,r5du1 #ahgj-ga1 pl4 #d ,re9a*1 i4 #cd4 ,footnote #agi3 ,see an int]e/+ article 9 ,anzeig]1 #aijj1 p4 #aea1 on ! relations ( ! ,black ,sea colonies to ,greece1 especially 9 reg>d to pott]y4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,see ,drpfeld1 ,troja und ,ilion1 i4 p4 #cjd ff4 ,footnote #aha3 ,s ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 p4 xxvii1 b f ! illu/ration giv5 9 ,*oiseul-,g\ffi]'s ,voyage pittoresque1 pt4 #b1 pl4 #cj1 ?is seems d\btful4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 p4 xxvii4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,monum5ts ,piot1 x4 pls4 #f-g4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,! /yle resembl$ t ( ,b #hj 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vi4 pp4 #ibi1 #ica4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a simil> "o f ,kalymnos 7p4 #bgc74 ,footnote #ahf3 ,ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 pp4 #hf-g4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #bgd2 ,potti] & ,re9a*1 ,ncropole de ,myr9a1 pp4 #bba1 #dii2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhd1 p4 #eji2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 pl4 #f2 n[ 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,see g5]ally ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,footnote #aij3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 pl4 #f1 p4 #ch ff4 ,footnote #aia3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dha ,a4 ,see also ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijj1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #aib3 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lit4 #bnd ,s]4 ii4 7#ahdg71 p4 #beh1 & plate1 fig4 ,d4 ,footnote #aic3 ,*antre1 ,re*]*es ar*ol4 pls4 #h-ad2 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #cg ff4 ,footnote #aid3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xii4 7#ahhg71 pp4 #bbf1 #cgf4 ,footnote #aie3 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afa2 ,a!naeus1 i4 #bh ,d2 ,lucian1 ,lexiph4 #g4 ,= pott]y f ,dat*a1 ne> ,knidos1 see ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxv4 7#ahid71 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #aif3 ,jahn1 p4 xxvii4 ,footnote #aig3 ,comptes-,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,inscr4 ,aug4 #aijb1 p4 #dbh ff42 #aijc1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #aih3 ,catalogue ( ,cyprus ,museum1 ,ox=d1 #ahii4 ,footnote #aii3 ,see ,h]mann1 ,grb]feld von ,m>ion 7#ahhh72 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #da ff41 xii4 p4 #cae2 ,branteghem ,sale ,cat4 ,nos4 #ad-ah1 #bh-cj4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #bja3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 ,f #eaj-ab4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,petrie1 ,haw>a1 pl4 #af1 figs4 #a-d4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum by ,sir ,e4 ,codr+ton 9 #ahcj4 ,simil> pa9t$ vases 7 f\nd 9 ,roman tombs at ,curium1 ,cyprus 7,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gh74 ,footnote #bjd3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahhe1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #bje3 ,see ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,lit4 #bnd ,s]4 ix4 p4 #afe ff41 & ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahdf1 p4 #baf2 also p4 #cf above4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhd1 pl4 #ac2 ,froehn]1 ,ant4 du ,mus4 de ,m>seilles1 #aibh-cj4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afa4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,see ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 lxxxiv2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahej1 pl4 #ah ,re9a*1 i4 #cgb2 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 pl4 #de1 p4 #bgi2 & ,s*ne1 ,mus4 ,boc*i1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #bji3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afj4 ,footnote #baj3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxii41 & ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #ehc4 ,footnote #baa3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdh1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #bab3 ,ibid4 #ahdg1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #bac3 ,class4 ,review1 #ahii1 p4 #cbi2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #bad3 ,scavi della ,c]tosa di ,bologna1 text & plates1 #ahgf3 see also ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgb1 pp4 #ab ff41 #gf ff41 #ajh ff4 ,footnote #bae3 ,see ,vasi ,fitt4 iv4 pl4 #cee1 p4 #hb2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdi1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #baf3 ,p4 lxxxiii4 ,footnote #bag3 ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 ii4 p4 #ahi2 ,micali1 ,mon4 ,in$4 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #bah3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afj3 ,ret9et hanc nobilitatem 7sc4 ( ,samian w>e7 et ,arretium 9 ,italia4 ,footnote #bai3 ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 p4 lxxxii2 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #afc1 #ccb2 & see #aff4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 ii4 p4 #dca2 ,jahn1 p4 lxxxii2 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #acg1 #afa1 #bea1 #chd4 ,footnote #bba3 ,see ,plate ,,xxviii4 & p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,see ,d5nis1 ii4 p4 #cjg ff42 ,jahn1 p4 lxxix4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,d5nis1 ibid4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #be1 ,nos4 ,g #agi-id3 cf4 ,class4 ,review1 #ahig1 p4 #bgf1 & ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahga1 p4 #e ff4 ,footnote #bbe3 xi4 #dhj ,e4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 ii4 p4 #df4 ,class4 ,review1 #ahid1 p4 #bgg1 gives "s m rec5t f9ds4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #dg1 p4 #dff3 cf4 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcj1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,see ,jahn1 p4 lxxviii4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc1 #bbb 7,plate ,,xxxix74 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see also ,class4 ,review1 #ahic1 pp4 #hd1 #cha2 #ahid1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #bca3 ,d5nis1 i4 p4 #dje2 ,jahn1 p4 lxviii4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,b4,m4 ,a #dfi1 #aecg1 #aedj4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 pls4 #e-f1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,f #dgi2 also ,re9a*1 i4 #bae4 ,= a late ,r4,f4 vase ) a ,lat9 inscription f ?is site see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 pl4 #aj1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #bce3 ,jahn1 p4 lxv4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is tomb see ,d5nis1 i4 p4 #cc ff41 & above1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii41 & ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #bch3 ,see = ^! ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,footnote #bci3 ,cat4 #afee,re9a*1 i4 #aii3 see p4 #cai4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,! ,antaios krat] & ! ,pet]sburg psykt]3 see p4 #dca4 ,footnote #bda3 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,p4 lxvi4 ff43 see also g5]ally ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cee ff4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #da4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aijb1 p4 #hd ff4 ,footnote #bde3 ,class4 ,review1 #ahid1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cbj4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,class4 ,review1 #ahig1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,jahn1 p4 lxiv2 ,re9a*1 i4 #aji1 #cfh2 ,class4 ,review1 #ahig1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cde4 ,footnote #bej3 #ahca2 see also ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahca1 p4 #afa4 ,a view ( ! site is giv5 9 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 i4 pl4 #da4 ,footnote #bea3 ,see g5]ally ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! f9ds are describ$ 9 a "w edit$ by ,gsell1 entitl$ ,f\illes de ,vulci 7#ahia74 ,footnote #beb3 ,eng4 transl4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #bec3 ,besides ! already cit$ ,rapporto ,volc5te ( ,g]h>d 9 ! ,annali = #ahca1 an acc\nt ( ^! discov]ies w be f\nd 9 ! ,musum trusque ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o2 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ( ,lit4 ii4 7#ahcd71 p4 #gf ff4 7,mill+572 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahbi1 p4 #ahh ff42 ,jahn's ,e9leitung1 p4 lxviii2 & an excell5t description 9 ,d5nis's ,etruria1 #bnd edn4 i4 p4 #ddh ff43 see also ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,above all1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! rec5t summ>y by ,gsell 7see above74 ,footnote #bed3 ,^? :o are curi\s 9 su* matt]s may be grateful = a bibliography ( ! controv]sy3 ,lanzi1 ,dei ,vasi anti*i dip9ti2 ,w9ckelmann1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 i4 p4 #ahh ff42 ,can9o1 ,mus4 tr4 7#ahbi71 & ,cat4 di scelte ant4 tr42 ,annali1 #ahca1 p4 #aje ff41 #ahcd1 p4 #bhe2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahbi1 pp4 #fj1 #aac ff41 #ahca1 p4 #afa ff41 #ahcb1 p4 #gd ff41 #ahcc1 p4 #gc ff42 ,g]h>d1 ,b]l4 ant4 ,bildw4 p4 #adc2 ,j\rnal de ,savans1 #ahcj1 pp4 #aae ff41 #agg ff42 ,kram]1 ,/yl und ,h]kunft1 p4 #adf2 ,?i]s*1 ,hell4 bemalte ,vas51 etc4 ,footnote #bee3 ,f9ds ( 8,proto-,cor9?ian10 ,b4,f41 & ,r4,f4 fragm5ts h be5 rec5tly made 9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple ( ,ve/a 7,class4 ,review1 #aija1 p4 #ic74 ,footnote #bef3 ,a #ajed ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 ii4 pl4 #a1 #a-b4 ,footnote #beg3 ,see p4 #dhc1 & ,patroni1 ,c]amica ,antica1 p4 #gi ff4 ,footnote #beh3 ,m>t4 ,ep4 xiv4 #aad2 ,/at4 ,silv4 iv4 #i1 #dc4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see ,patroni1 op4 cit4 p4 #ic1 also ,jahn1 op4 cit4 p4 lxii1 = ,b4,f4 & o!r vases f\nd "h4 ,"s ( ! vases are direct imitations ( ,a!nian fabrics4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,naples #cceb-ee4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,b4,m4 ,b #faj4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,see ,jahn1 p4 lxiii2 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #cag4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,see ,jahn1 p4 lii4 ,^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,nola came *iefly f ! ,blacas collection4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,see also ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #bbh1 #cdh2 ,branteghem ,sale ,cat4 ,nos4 #hd-e2 & ,jahn1 p4 li4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,walt]s1 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #af2 ,patroni1 ,c]am4 ,ant4 pp4 #cg1 #gf4 ,footnote #bff3 ,see ,jahn1 p4 xlvi ff4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,e4g4 ,pet]sburg #cee1 & o!rs 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,pet]sburg #aahg1 #adbg2 ,naples #biia1 ,s4,a4 #aa1 #gjh-i4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,see ,jahn1 p4 l1 = examples f ?is site1 mo/ly ( inf]ior m]it2 also ,re9a*1 i4 #bej4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,b]l9 #bfid2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcj1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #bga3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aeg2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #dbb4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,l5ormant1 ,gr&e ,grce1 i4 p4 #id4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,see ,jahn1 p4 xl4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,= rec5t excavations see ,class4 ,review1 #ahic1 p4 #cha2 #ahid1 p4 #abi 7vases ) subjects ( ,kanake & ,!seus ) ! r+74 ,footnote #bge3 ,patroni1 ,c]am4 ,ant4 p4 #adb2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcg-ch4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,cf4 also ,pet]sburg #ggh1 #hie4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,see p4 #dhh1 & ,b4,m4 ,f #edc ff42 = e>li] vases1 ,re9a*1 i4 pp4 #dga-gg4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,la ,gr&e ,grce1 i4 p4 #ib ff4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,class4 ,review1 #ahih1 p4 #ahe1 = m5tion ( two ,b4,f4 kylikes sign$ by ,antidoros2 also ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aijc1 p4 #cd ff41 #bje ff41 = o!r int]e/+ ,b4,f4 vases1 includ+ signatures ( ,tleson1 ,sakonides1 & ,?rax4 ,! two latt] 7 f\nd at ,leporano1 ab\t t5 miles ,s4,w4 ( ,t>5tum4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,myc5aean vases f ?is site are 9 ! ,l\vre 7,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 #dh74 ,footnote #bha3 ,z = in/ance ,muni* #gha ,re9a*1 ii4 #abf4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,^! discov]ies are summ>is$ 9 ! ,class4 ,review1 #ahid1 p4 #bgh2 #ahif1 p4 #agc2 #ahih1 p4 #dbh4 ,full] details are giv5 9 ! ,notizie degli ,scavi = ^? ye>s4 ,see also ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,jahn1 p4 xxxi4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,ar*4-,intell4 ,blatt1 #ahcf1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,g]h>d1 ,aus]l4 ,vas5b4 #cbi-cj2 ,=man ,sale ,cat4 ,no4 #ceg4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,mill9-,re9a*1 ii4 #fa-b 7,taleides72 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 i4 pl4 #eb2 ,b4,m4 ,b #bie 7,niko/h5es72 ,b4,m4 ,e #dgd1 ,e #dgh3 cf4 ,jahn1 p4 xxxii1 & ! index to ,re9a*'s ,rp]toire1 s4v4 ,agrig5te4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfa ff4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,jahn1 p4 xxxi4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,ar*4-,intell4 ,blatt1 #ahcd1 ,no4 #ef1 p4 #deg ff43 see also ,bull4 della ,comm4 di ,anti*4 9 ,sicilia1 #ahgb1 p4 #ac ff4 pls4 #d-e4 ,footnote #bij3 ,p4 xxxi4 ,"o ( ! late vases ) burlesque sc5es 7,mon4 dell' ,in/4 iv4 pl4 #ab7 0 also f\nd "h4 ,footnote #bia3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #a-b2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #bib3 ,class4 ,review1 #ahic1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #bic3 ,jahn1 p4 xxxii4 ,footnote #bid3 ,ibid4 p4 xxx4 ,footnote #bie3 ,re9a*1 i4 #djh4 ,footnote #bif3 ,a ,b4,f4 vase 9 ! ,cagli>i ,museum is publi%$ 9 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,nap4 ,n4,s4 iv4 pl4 #ac4 ,footnote #big3 ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 pl4 #fb1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #bih3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahdb1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bii3 ,jahn1 p4 xxix4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,clay ,te*nical t]ms--,sun-dri$ clay & unburnt bricks--,use ( ^! 9 ,greece--,me?ods ( manufacture--,ro(-tiles & ar*itectural decorations 9 t]racotta--,antefixal ornam5ts--,sicilian & ,italian sy/ems--,inscrib$ tiles--,s>cophagi--,brazi]s--,m\lds--,gr eek lamps--,sculpture 9 t]racotta--,orig9 ( art--,l>ge /atues 9 t]racotta--,/atuettes--,processes ( manufacture--,m\ld+--,col\r+--,vases ) pla/ic decoration--,reliefs--,toys--,types & uses ( /atuettes--,porcela9 & enamell$ w>es--,hell5i/ic & ,roman enamell$ fabrics4 ,we n[ proce$ to treat ! subject ( ! fictile art among ! ,greeks 9 its te*nical aspects1 prefac+ our /udy ) a section deal+ ) ! uses ( clay 9 g5]al4 ,! t]m employ$ by ! ,greeks = pott]y is 1 or = ! mat]ial 4 ,! ^w = clay 9 a g5]al s5se is 1 :ile has ! m re/rict$ s5se ( clay z mat]ial = fictile objects2 ! latt] ^w is suppos$ to be connect$ ) 1 to mix4 ,!y likewise appli$ to pott]y ! t]m 1 mean+ lit]ally an oy/]-%ell1 & #cjj is also an expression f\nd = works 9 t]racotta4 ,nor mu/ we omit to m5tion t too comes to be> a re/rict$ s5se1 :5 x is appli$ to ! unburnt or sun-dri$ bricks freely employ$ 9 e>ly ar*itecture4 ,k]amos 0 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z a leg5d>y h]o1 f :om ! "n ( ! di/rict 9 ,a!ns kn[n z ! ,k]ameikos1 or pott]'s qu>t]1 0 d]iv$4#cja ,! ^w soon became g5]ic1 & z e>ly z ,hom]'s "t we f9d su* an expression z = a bronze vessel#cjb2 simil>ly x came to be us$ = tiles1 ev5 :5 !y 7 ( m>ble 7see bel[1 p4 #ajj74 ,! art ( work+ 9 clay may be consid]$ among ! ,greeks1 z among all o!r nations1 "u ?ree heads1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! processes employ$3 7#a7 ,sun-dri$ clay 7,gk4 or 1 ,lat4 cruda72 7#b7 bak$ clay )\t a glaze1 or t]racotta 7,gk4 72 7#c7 bak$ clay ) ! addition ( a glaze1 correspond+ to ! mod]n porcela94 ,x is !n possible to treat ( ! uses ( clay "u ^! ?ree heads4 ,! fir/1 f its limit$ use1 w occupy our att5tion b v briefly2 ! second1 ! manufacture ( build+ mat]ials & t]racotta figures1 only te*nically comes "u ! head+ ( pott]y1 & w !re=e also receive comp>atively brief m5tion4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s1 z 9 ! prec$+1 x w be almo/ exclusively ) ! ?ird head+ t we are conc]n$4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 deal+ ) ?is ?ird head+1 or pott]y1 we may review briefly ! purposes = :i* clay 0 work$1 "u ! o!r two head+s ( brick & t]racotta4 ,! uses ( clay among ! ,greeks 7 v v>i$ & ext5sive4 ,sun-dri$ clay 0 us$ = build+ mat]ial1 & we h already se5 :at an important "p 0 play$ by pott]y 9 _! dome/ic & religi\s life4 ,! uses ( t]racotta are almo/ m manifold ?an ^? ( pott]y4 ,x suppli$ ! mo/ important p>ts bo? ( public & private build+s1 su* z bricks1 ro(-tiles1 dra9-tiles1 & v>i\s ar*itectural adornm5ts2 & 0 frequ5tly us$ 9 ! con/ruction & decoration ( tombs & c(f9s4 ,among its adaptations = religi\s purposes may be not$ its use z a sub/itute = m exp5sive mat]ials 9 ! /atues ( deities1 z well z ! c\ntless figur9es or /atuettes 9 ?is mat]ial1 _m ( :i* h be5 f\nd on ! sites ( temples or 9 private %r9es2 & besides ! /atuettes & o!r figures1 ( :i* su* quantities h be5 f\nd 9 tombs1 x 0 us$ = imitations ( jewell]y or metal vases made solely = a sepul*ral purpose4 ,x also suppli$ _m ( ! wants ( e-day life1 9 ! =m ( sp9dle-:orls1 !atre-tickets1 lamps & brazi]s1 & cul9>y & dome/ic ut5sils ( all k9ds1 tak+ ! place ( ! e>!nw>e ( mod]n times4 ,x suppli$ ! pott] ) m\lds = 8 figures & ! sculptor ) models = 8 "w 9 m>ble or bronze1 & plac$ works ( art )9 ! rea* ( ^? :o f\nd m>ble & ! preci\s metals beyond _! means4 ,"o ( ! mo/ elem5t>y uses ( clay is = ! manufacture ( build+ mat]ial1 = :i* x plays an important "p1 z we h already se51 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,semitic races4 ,bo? burnt & unburnt bricks 7 employ$ 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia1 & _! use has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,introduction4 ,vitruvius#cjc speaks ( ! use ( brick 9 ! palace ( ,kroisos at ,s>dis1 & we also read ( ! walls ( ,babylon & ,l>issa 7on ! site ( ,n9eveh7 z be+ ( brick4#cjd ,g5]ally speak+1 sun-dri$ bricks belong to an e>li] p]iod ( developm5t ?an bak$ bricks2 at any rate1 ?is is ! case 9 ! build+s ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,9 ,greece itself ! antiquity ( brick is impli$ by ! words ( ,pl9y1#cje :o tells u t ,hyp]bius & ,euryalus ( ,a!ns 87 ! fir/ to0 con/ruct brick-kilns 7lat]>ias7 & h\ses2 be=e _! "t m5 liv$ 9 caves4 ,he fur!r goes on to say t ,gellius reg>d$ "o ,toxius z ! inv5tor ( build+s ( sun-dri$ clay1 inspir$ by ! con/ruction ( swall[s' ne/s4 ,! ref]5ce is obvi\sly to ! employm5t by swall[s ( /raw & twigs to make ! clay = _! ne/s coh]e2 ?is may well h sugge/$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! pr9ciple ( mix+ /raw ) sun-dri$ clay bricks1 z 0 done by ! ,israelites 9 _! bondage 9 ,egypt4 ,! me?od is "o /ill practis$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e 9 su* c\ntries z ,pale/9e & ,cyprus :ole villages built 9 ?is fa%ion may be se54 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,greece1 ) its /ores ( m>ble & /one = build+1 brick nev] became g5]al1 ?\gh x 0 probably m us$ 9 sun-dri$ =m 9 e>li] build+s be=e ! ,greeks _h begun to realise ! possibilities ( /one build+s4 ,pausanias#cjf speaks ( temples ( ,demet] at ,lepreon 9 ,arcadia & ,/iris 9 ,phokis1 ( a %r9e ( ,asklepios at ,panopeus 9 ,phokis1 & ( ! ,/oa ( ,kotys at ,epidauros 7re/or$ by ,anton9us ,pius7 z be+ ( unburnt brick 774 ,( ! same mat]ial 0 ! cella ( a temple at ,patrae#cjg2 b ! walls ( v>i\s cities1 su* z ,mant9ea1 7 ( burnt brick4#cjh ,nor 0 ! use ( sun-dri$ clay conf9$ to build+ mat]ial4 ,x seems also to h be5 employ$ = modell+ decorations ( public build+s4 ,?us ,pausanias m5tions 8images ( clay10 repres5t+ ,dionysos fea/+ 9 ! h\se ( ,amphiktyon1 adorn+ a *amb] 9 ! tem5os ( t god 9 ! ,k]ameikos1#cji & x seems highly probable t ^! are to be id5tifi$ ) ! cruda op]a ( "o ,*alco/h5es or ,caico/h5es m5tion$ by ,pl9y1#caj :]e ! ^w cruda c only be us$ 9 a te*nical s5se 7,greek 74 ,he also m5tions at ,tritaea 9 ,a*aia#caa /atues ( ! 9 clay1 & at ,meg>a an image ( ,zeus by ,!okosmos1#cab ( :i* ! face 0 gold & ivory1 ! re/ clay & gypsum4 ,our k ( ! use ( brick 7bo? burnt & unburnt7 & t]racotta 9 ,greek ar*itecture has be5 l>gely increas$1 n to say revolutionis$1 by rec5t discov]ies 9 all p>ts ( ! ,greek _w1 & go+ back to a v remote p]iod4 ,rec5t excavations h yield$ walls ( unburnt brick at ,eleusis1 ,myc5ae1 ,olympia1 ,tegea1 & ,tiryns4#cac ,! ,h]aion at ,olympia1 :i* dates f ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 is a p]ipt]al temple ) /one /ylobate1 pill>s & antae ( wood1 & cella-wall ( unburnt brick4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles ! temple ( ,zeus & ,h]akles at ,patrae 7see above74 ,x also possesses ! olde/ kn[n example ( a t]racotta ro( 7,fig4 #i474 ,a rec5tly discov]$ temple at ,!rmon 9 ,ac>nania is con/ruct$ ( wood & t]racotta1 ) pa9t$ t]racotta slabs 9 wood5 frames = metopes2 ! /yle ( ! pa9t+s appe>s to be ,cor9?ian1 & !y =m a valuable contribution to ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,greek pa9t+4#cad ,illu/ration3 ,f ,durm's ,h&bu*4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,ro(-,,til+1 ,,h]aion1 ,,olympia4 ,! /one /ylobate at ! ,h]aion 0 a necessity because ( ! de/ructive effect ( ! moi/ e>? on t]racotta2 x consi/$ ( a r[ ( v]tical slabs on :i* ! bricks 7 plac$ 9 regul> c\rses4 ,we may see 9 ?is me?od ( con/ruction ! =]unn] ( ! sy/em1 univ]sal s9ce t "t1 ( build+ walls on a pl9?1 :i* survives ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! same way door-jambs & l9tels1 :i* 7 ( necessity made ( wood1 n ( brick1 cont9u$ to be con/ruct$ 9 t mat]ial ev5 aft] ! introduction ( /one4#cae ,x has be5 assum$ by "s au?orities t ! ,doric /yle ( ar*itecture is d]iv$ f a wood5 prototype2 ?is1 h[ev] true ( ! ,ionic /yle1 is n altoge!r true ( ,doric4 ,! proportions ( ! latt] are too heavy4 ,a m probable explanation is t x is ! comb9ation ( wood ) sun-dri$ tiles or bricks :i* we see 9 ! ,h]aion t develop$ ) ! introduction ( /one into ! ,doric sy/em4#caf ,x is !n cle> t al?\gh 9 ,greece bricks 7 by no means indisp5sable = build+ temples1 h\ses1 & walls1 & ?\gh /one & m>ble und\bt$ly _h ! pref]5ce1 especially 9 lat] times1 yet _! use is m g5]al ?an 0 hi!rto suppos$4 ,b :5 !y are m5tion$ by classical au?ors x is g5]ally :5 speak+ ( =eign or b>b>ian edifices1 su* z ! palace ( ,kroisos at ,s>dis or ! monum5t ( ,hephae/ion at ,babylon1#cag & 9 a mann] :i* %[s t !y 7 n mu* employ$ 9 ,greece at ! "t :5 !y wrote4 ,! old] temple ( ,apollo at ,meg>a is describ$ by ,pausanias#cah z hav+ be5 ( brick 771 b we are left 9 d\bt z to :e!r ?is 0 bak$ or sun-dri$2 :ile ! excavations at ,olympia h di/9ctly contradict$ 8 /atem5t#cai t ! ,philippeion 0 ( brick1 z x is prov$ to h be5 built ( /one a%l>4#cbj ,9 #ccc-cbi ,b4,c4 ! ,long ,walls ( ,a!ns 7 con/ruct$1 p>tly 9 brick1 "u ,habron1 son ( ,lyk\rgos1 ) ,laconian tiles = ! ro(s4#cba ,o!r record$ build+s are all ( late date & "u ,roman influ5ce1 & we mu/ leave an acc\nt ( ,roman brick-build+ to be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt] 7,,xix474 ,!re is an int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,birds ( ,ari/ophanes1 9 :i* he is describ+ ! build+ ( ! city ( ,nephelokokkygia1 ! walls ( :i* are app>5tly conceiv$ z be+ ( sun-dri$ brick4 ,he !re speaks ( 8,egyptian brick-be>]s10#cbb imply+ t ! use ( brick 0 a *>act]i/ic di/9ction ( t nation4 ,! passage 7#aacc-ea7 is wor? quot+ 9 full1 z %[+ ! process employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( sun-dri$ bricks4 ,mess4 ,birds & none else2 no bricklay] ( ,egypt1 ,no /one-hew] 0 !re1 no c>p5t]3 ,) _! own h&s !y did x1 to my m>vel4 ,!re came f ,libya ?irty ?\s& cranes1 ,all hav+ swall[$ d[n f\ndation-/ones1 ,:i* ) _! beaks ! rails /ill aptly %ap$3 ,ano!r p>ty ( t5 ?\s& /orks ,7 brick-mak]s3 & wat] f bel[ ,! plov]s & ! o!r wad+ birds ,7 rais+ up into ! high] air4 ,pei/h4 ,& :o convey$ ! mort>#cbc = !m8 ,mess4 ,h]ons1 ,9 hods 774 ,pei/h4 ,& h[ did !y get 9 ! mort>8 ,mess4 ,t 0 ! clev]e/ device ( all1 sir4 ,! geese ) _! webb$ feet1 z ?\gh ) spades 771 ,dipp'd d[n1 & laid x neatly on ! hods4 ,pei/h4 ,:at feat inde$ may n be wr\ght ) feet8 ,mess4 ,aye1 & ! ducks1 by ,jove1 all tightly girt1 ,kept c>ry+ bricks1 & o!r birds 7 fly+1 ,) tr[el on _! head1 to lay ! bricks2 ,& !n1 l *ildr5 suck+ lollipops1 ,! swall[s m9c$ ! mort> 9 _! m\?s4 7,k5n$y's ,trans47 ,sun-dri$ bricks 7 kn[n z 7lat]es crudi72 bak$ bricks z 7lat]es cocti or coctiles74 ,! ,romans also us$ ! ^w te/a = bak$ brick1 correspond+ to ! ,greek 4 ,vitruvius#cbd di/+ui%es ?ree v>ieties ( unburnt bricks1 z us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,"o1 kn[n z 8,lydian10 0 also us$ by ! ,romans1 :o nam$ ! bricks f _! l5g? sesquip$ales2 _! size 0 #a by #a ft4 ,! o!r two1 exclusively ,greek1 7 kn[n z & 1 ! ^w signify+ a 8palm0 or ?ree in*es2 9 o!r words1 !y 7 respectively fifte5 in*es & "o foot squ>e4 ,! =m] 0 us$ = public build+s1 ! latt] = private h\ses1 & !y 7 arrang$ 9 ! walls 9 c\rses ( alt]nate :ole & half bricks1 z is frequ5tly done at ! pres5t day4 ,vitruvius also speaks ( bricks made at ,pitane 9 ,mysia1 & 9 ,spa91 :i* 7 s light t !y w\ld float 9 wat]4#cbe ,he advises t bricks %\ld n be made ( s&y or pebbly clay1 :i* makes !m heavy & prev5ts ! /raw f coh]+1 s t !y fall to pieces aft] wet4 ,_m o!r directions are giv5 by him1#cbf b are too l5g?y to quote "h4 ,bricks 7 made 9 a m\ld call$ 1 a rectangul> framework ( bo>ds#cbg2 & ! sun-dri$ bricks 71 z we le>n f ! passage quot$ above1 made by collect+ ! clay ) %ovels 77 into tr\ghs 77 & work+ x ) ! feet4#cbh ,x is probable t we h "s allusion to ! use ( m\lds 9 c]ta9 passages f ! ,lat9 writ]s4#cbi ,! f9al proce$+ 0 ! dry+ 9 ! sun4 ,an important bran* ( ! subject is ! use ( t]racotta = ro(-tiles & o!r ar*itectural decorations ( temples & o!r build+s4 ,on ?is po9t our k has dur+ ! la/ five-&-tw5ty ye>s be5 m>vell\sly increas$1 ! ext5t ( its use 9 ar*itecture hav+ be5 hi!rto b little suspect$4#ccj ,! g5]ic t]m = a ro(-tile is 9 ,greek 2 !y are g5]ally divid$ into flat tiles 7 or 1 tegulae7 & cov]+-tiles 71 imbrices74 ,besides ! ord9>y ro(-tiles !re mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation f\r v>ieties ( ornam5tal tiles :i* f\nd _! place on a classical build+4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ! cov]+-slabs arrang$ 9 a r[ along ! 1 or rak+ cornice ( ! p$im5t2 7#b7 ! or cornice above ! 2 7#c7 ! cornice along ! sides ( ! build+1 ) sp\ts 9 ! =m ( lions' heads1 to c>ry (f ra9-wat]2 7#d7 ! r[ ( antefixal ornam5ts or surm\nt+ ! side-tiles4#cca ,! flat ro(-tiles or 1 z 9 ! ,h]aion ( ,olympia & o!r e>ly build+s1 are squ>e & slightly concave1 s t ! rais$ edges plac$ side by side may cat* "u ! semi-cyl9drical 1 & s be held 9 _! place4 ,! latt] are ( pla9 semi-cyl9drical =m1 except ! r[ at ! l[] edge ( ! ro(1 :i* h atta*$ to !m ! v]tical semi-elliptical slabs kn[n z 8antefixae10 ( :i* m lat]4 ,! 7 pa9t$ ) elaborate patt]ns ( lotos-&-honeysuckle1 or mae&]s1 9 r$1 blue1 br[n1 & yell[1 ! pr9ciple be+ pres]v$ 7z always 9 ,greek ar*itectural decoration7 ( employ+ curvil9e> patt]ns only on curv$ surfaces1 rectil9e> only on flat surfaces4#ccb ,at ! back 0 ! gutt] = collect+ ra9-wat]1 :i* ran (f ?r\gh ! holes pi]c$ at int]vals 9 ! cornice1 pass+ ?r\gh ! m\?s ( lions' heads1 m\ld$ 9 v sali5t relief4 ,^! correspond to ! gurgoyles ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,_m specim5s h be5 f\nd at ,olympia1 ,elateia1 & else:]e 9 ,greece2 "o ( ! f9e/1 f a temple ( ,apollo at ,metapontum1 is n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale at ,p>is4 ,x is v f9ely modell$1 & ! :ole1 ) ! backgr\nd1 ri*ly col\r$ 9 r$1 yell[1 & black4#ccc ,sp\ts 7 sometimes modell$ 9 o!r =ms1 su* z a ,satyric mask1 or ! =e-"p ( a lion2 ( ! latt] !re are "s examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#ccd ,9 ! acc\nts = ! erection ( ! ars5al at ! ,peiraeus !re is an int]e/+ entry relat+ to ^! lions' head sp\ts1 9 :i* !y are describ$ z 1 8pr9cipal tiles ) lions' heads40#cce ,! inv5tion ( antefixae is attribut$ by ,pl9y#ccf to ,butades ( ,sikyon1 :o is also cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( modell+ 9 clay1 9 a well-kn[n /ory2 8he 010 says ,pl9y1 8! fir/ to place masks on ! extremities ( ! ro(-tiles1 :i* 7 at fir/ call$ bas-reliefs 7protypa71 b aft]w>ds alto-reliefs 7ectypa740#ccg ,x is possible t ! se5 by ,pausanias 9 ! ,/oa ,basileios at ,a!ns#cch 7 or antefixal ornam5ts at ! angles ( ! cornice1 b !y are m likely to h be5 modell$ free & 9 ! r\nd ?an 9 relief on a backgr\nd4#cci ,su* sculptur$ gr\ps 7 n uncommon 9 ,greek ar*itecture2 ?us ! cornice ( ! p$im5t ( ! temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia 0 adorn$ ) a s]ies ( figures ( ,victory4 ,! gr\ps above m5tion$ repres5t$ ,!seus slay+ ,skiron & ,eos c>ry+ (f ,kephalos2 & x is int]e/+ to note t a t]racotta gr\p ) ! latt] subject f\nd at ,c]vetri#cdj also und\bt$ly came f ! cornice ( a build+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,,ar*aic ,,antefixae ,,( ,,graeco-,,italian ,,/yle 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a4 ,,satyr ,,& ,,ma5ad1 ,,f ,,civita ,,lav9ia2 #b4 ,,female ,,head1 ,,f ,,capua4 ------------------------------------ ,! mann] 9 :i* ! antefixae 7 treat$ by ! ,greeks & ,etruscans = purposes ( decoration is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection4 ,9 ,cases #fd-ga ( ! ,t]racotta ,room may be se5 a s]ies f ,capua ( ar*aic /yle1 ! front "p be+ semi-elliptical 9 =m1 hav+ )9 an ornam5tal bord] a female bu/1 ,gorgon's head1 or o!r design 9 relief1 all be+ ri*ly col\r$ 7,plate ,,ii474 ,! back projects 9 a semi-cyl9drical t]m9ation1 =m+ ! cov]+-tile1 ) an ar*$ support to ! upright piece4 ,simil> antefixae 7 f\nd by ,"l ,savile at ,civita ,lav9ia 7see bel[71 & "s h elaborate subjects1 su* z ,artemis ) two lions1 or a ,satyr & ,ma5ad ) a pan!r 7,plate ,,ii474#cda ,_m h also be5 f\nd at ,c]vetri1 f :i* site came "s int]e/+ friezes ( t]racotta n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #fbf7 & at ,b]l94 ,^! works ( art1 ) :i* we mu/ rank = _! /yle ! reliefs on ! ar*aic t]racotta s>cophagus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii471 %[ ?r\gh\t a /rong influ5ce ( ,ionic art2 ?\gh all ( local manufacture1 _! /yle is purely ,greek1 z is ! case ) _m ( ! contempor>y works 9 bronze f\nd 9 ,italy4#cdb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,t]racotta ,,antefix ,,f ,,m>a?on 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,antefixes f ,hell5ic sites are n s common1 nor d !y pres5t ! same v>iety ( subject or ri*ness ( col\r4 ,9 _m cases1 z 9 ! f\r?-c5tury ,briti% ,museum specim5s f ,asia ,m9or1#cdc ! decoration is conf9$ to scrolls & floral patt]ns 9 l[ relief1 ! palmette be+ reg>d$ z ! mo/ appropriate decorative motive = ?is =m ( tile4 ,an example ( ?is type 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,c #ijb ,fig4 #aj471 f\nd on ! field ( ,m>a?on1 is inscrib$ ) ! "n ,a!naios4 ,_m lat] antefixes ) rema9s ( col\r+ h be5 f\nd at ,t>5tum1 ! subjects be+ *iefly heads ( wom5 or my?ological p]sonages4 ,ro(-tiles prop] h be5 discov]$ 9 l>ge numb]s bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,olympia has prov$ ! ri*e/ site 9 ?is respect1 & !re are _m specim5s 9 ! ,museums ( ,a!ns & ,pal]mo4#cdd ,_m ( !m h col\r$ decoration1 & ^! t]racotta rema9s are almo/ ! only evid5ce we n[ h ( ! ext5sive sy/em ( col\r+ appli$ by ! ,greeks to _! temples4#cde ,at ,olympia all ! build+s h t]racotta ro(s except ! temple ( ,zeus & two o!rs1 ! dates v>y+ f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 d[n to ,roman times4 ,we "k f ,pausanias#cdf t ! temple ( ,zeus 0 ro($ ) m>ble tiles 9 imitation ( t]racotta1 an inv5tion traditionally attribut$ to ,byzes ( ,naxos4 ,! cov]+-tiles ( ! ,h]aion ro( 7see ,fig4 #i47 end 9 semicircul> discs pa9t$ ) ornam5tal patt]ns2 ! flat ro(-tiles are ( ! concave type describ$ above4 ,! normal six?-c5tury type ( ro( is se5 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,meg>ians1 :i* has smoo? flat tiles & cov]+-tiles end+ 9 antefixes ) palmette-&-lotos ornam5t1 & a kymation cornice ) lion's head sp\ts4 ,a great] v>iety ( tiles is to be se5 9 ! ,treasury ( ,gela4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t we note ! introduction ( a new sy/em1 :i* consi/s 9 nail+ slabs ( t]racotta ov] ! surface ( ! /onework1 or1 to use ! conv5i5t ,g]man t]m1 8,bekleidung/e*nik40#cdg ,x is obvi\s at ! fir/ glance t ! orig9 ( ?is practice dates f ! "t :5 build+s 7 l>gely or :olly ( wood1 :i* requir$ protection f ! wea!r4 ,:5 ! wood 0 replac$ by /one1 ! fa%ion held its gr\nd = a "t2 b ) ! m ext5sive use ( m>ble1 :i* c\ld n well be cov]$ 9 ?is mann]1 x disappe>$ altoge!r 9 ,greece4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,iii ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,ar*aic ,,temple ,,) ,,t]racotta ,,ro(1 ,,civita ,,lav9ia1 ,,z ,,re/or$ ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ------------------------------------ ,b ! ,treasury ( ,gela is by a ,sicilian ar*itect1 & x seems highly probable t ! me?od ( decoration employ$ 0 n "o usually practis$ 9 ,greece1 b 0 introduc$ f ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,?\gh r>e 9 ,greece1 x is exce$+ly common 9 ,sicily & ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! middle temple 7kn[n z ,c7 on ! acropolis ( ,sel9us1 & build+s at ,gela & ,syracuse1 may be cit$ z examples4 ,! pr9ciple is also well illu/rat$ 9 ! t]racotta rema9s ( ! temple at ,civita ,lav9ia1 excavat$ by ,"l ,savile 9 #ahij-id1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y h1 z f> z possible1 be5 incorporat$ 9 a conjectural re/oration 9 ! ,etruscan ,saloon 7,plate ,,iii474#cdh ,x w be not$ t mo/ ( ! slabs are pi]c$ ) holes1 by means ( :i* !y 7 atta*$ to ! walls or surface ( ! entablature2 !y are mo/ly decorat$ ) lotos-&-honeysuckle & o!r patt]ns1 9 relief & col\r$1 ! same be+ repeat$ 9 col\r only on ! back ( ! ov]hang+ edges ( ! cornice4 ,^! rema9s belong to two p]iods1 ! end ( ! six? c5tury & ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c42 !y may be easily di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5ces 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ornam5tal patt]ns1 :ile !re is a m>k$ abs5ce ( col\r+ 9 ! lat] rema9s4 ,simil> ar*itectural rema9s 9 t]racotta h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruria1 & are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! ,civita ,lav9ia slabs are flat1 :]eas ^? us$ at ,olympia1 & _m o!rs 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily1 are ?ree-sid$4 ,specim5s ( ord9>y ,greek tiles h be5 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! anci5t _w1 besides ^? = special ar*itectural purposes already discuss$4 ,avolio#cdi m5tions _m examples f ,acrae & else:]e 9 ,sicily1 /amp$ ) emblems or names ( (ficials & ( mak]s4 ,at ,olbia1 9 ,s\!rn ,russia1 tiles 7 f\nd /amp$ ) names ( ,greek a$iles 771 l ! amphora-h&les describ$ bel[ 7p4 #aeh71cej & 9 ,corfu tiles & bricks ) names ( magi/rates 771 indicat+ 9 ea* case ! exi/5ce ( public regulations conc]n+ ! pott]ies4#cea ,at ,k]t* 7,panticapaeum7 ,dr4 ,macph]son discov]$ l>ge numb]s ( tiles ) labels on :i* 0 /amp$ ! ^w 1 8,royal10 toge!r ) o!r inscriptions4#ceb ,^! tiles %[$ ! mann] ( _! atta*m5t "o ^u ! o!r1 & _! dim5sions answ]$ to ! ,lydian v>iety m5tion$ above4 ,o!r tiles discov]$ by ,mr4 ,burgon at ,a!ns1 by ,sir ,*>les ,newton 9 ,kalymnos1 & by ,mr4 ,colnaghi at ,k&yla 7,alyzia7 9 ,ac>nania1 bore labels ) inscriptions & designs 9 relief4#cec ,on "o ( ! latt] s]ies 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ! inscription ,,alyzei,n1 8( ! p ( ,alyzia0 7,fig4 #aa72 on ano!r 0 inscrib$ 9 ! mann] ( ! ,a!nian vases 7see ,*apt]s ,x4 & ,,xvii47 1 8,hippeus seems h&some to ,ari/om$es40#ced ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,inscrib$ ,,tiles ,,f ,,ac>nania ,,& ,,corfu 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,inscrib$ tiles f ,greece prop] are some:at r>e1 & ! be/-kn[n examples1 to ! numb] ( sixte51 h be5 collect$ by ,m4 ,p>is#cee2 !y are usually inscrib$ ) ! ^w or 1 z a sort ( ,gov]nm5t /amp4 ,o!rs h magi/rates' names1 z ,f1 771 on a tile at ,cor9?1 or ! mak]'s "n1 ,f1 ,f1 on "o f ,?isbe 9 ,boeotia4#cef ,^? f\nd by ,m4 ,p>is at ,elateia h ei!r ! ^w or ) ! "n ( ! magi/rate2 ?\gh all are fragm5t>y1 x is possible to re/ore ! full =mula z 1 8gov]nm5t bricks1 9 ! ye> ( ,apelleas' (fice40#ceg ,a rem>kable tile or /ele1 f\nd ne> ,capua & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 has an inscription 9 ,oscan1 & two /amps ( a bo> & a head ( ,a!na1 resembl+ types on ,italian co9s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury4#ceh ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,f ,b5ndorf ,f ,jahrbu* d4 ar*4 ,in/4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,calyx-,,krat] ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,o/rakon ,,( ,,xan?ippos4 ,we may recall ! fact t x 0 ) a tile t ,pyrrhus met 8 dea? :5 besieg+ ,argos4 ,nor is ?is ! only occasion on :i* ^! humble objects h play$ a "p 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ! well-kn[n ,a!nian in/itution ( ,o/racism ! act ( vot+ 0 p]=m$ by writ+ on fragm5ts ( tiles or pot%]ds ! names ( ^? :om x 0 desir$ to bani%4 ,rec5t excavations h yield$ m ?an "o actual specim5 ( ^! or %]ds1--"o be>+ ! "n ( ,megakles 7,fig4 #ab472 ano!r1 "p ( a pa9t$ vase f ! pre-,p]sian dbris on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 ! "n ( ,xan?ippos1 ! fa!r ( ,p]ikles 7,fig4 #ac72 & a ?ird1 t ( ,!mi/okles4#cei ,x is also probable t 9 ,greece1 z among ! ,romans1 ! holl[ floors ( ! hypocau/s1 z well z ! flue-tiles ( ! hot ba?s1 7 made ( t]racotta4 ,! same mat]ial 0 also us$ = ! pipes1 by means ( :i* wat] 0 convey$ f aqu$ucts or dra9$ f ! soil4 ,a dra9-pipe f ,ephesos 9 ! ,museum at ,svres is not$ by ,brongni>t & ,riocreux1#cfj & o!rs h be5 f\nd at ,a!ns#cfa & 9 ! ,troad4#cfb ,tiles 7 also employ$ = con/ruct+ graves1 z has already be5 not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 7see p4 #cd74 ,9 "s tombs ! floor 0 pav$ ) flat tiles1 & ! ro( 0 con/ruct$ ( ar*$ tiles =m+ a vault4 ,! flat & squ>e tiles 7 n us$ = tombs until a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,"s graves _h a second lay] ( tiles to protect ! body f ! sup]9cumb5t e>?4#cfc ,we %all h occasion to make fur!r allusion to ! use ( pa9t$ t]racotta slabs 9 ,etruscan tombs 7,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,! s>cophagi :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ! tomb 7 also frequ5tly made ( t]racotta1 ?is mat]ial be+ mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ,etruria4 ,we h already m5tion$ 7p4 #fb7 ! s]ies ( ar*aic pa9t$ s>cophagi1 :i* h all come f ,clazom5ae1 ne> ,smyrna1 & furni% u ) mu* valuable in=mation on ! art ( pa9t+ 9 ,ionia 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,!y w receive "s att5tion f ?is po9t ( view 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s two v rem>kable examples ( ,etruscan t]racotta s>cophagi1 :i* are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii41 z well z a s]ies ( small] examples1 :i* are m]e c9]>y urns4 ,among o!r examples ( t]racotta z us$ 9 tombs may be m5tion$ "h a s]ies ( small reliefs f\nd 9 tombs at ,capua & else:]e 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,!y consi/ ( masks ( ,satyrs1 riv]-gods1 & ,gorgons1 & are (t5 highly col\r$ 9 r$ & blue4 ,!y are ( late ar*aic "w1 ab\t #dhj ,b4,c41 b ! exact way 9 :i* !y 7 us$ to decorate ! tombs is unc]ta94 ,! ,briti% ,museum collection conta9s _m specim5s ( ^! objects4#cfd ,!re is a curi\s class ( objects :i* h>dly come "u ! head+ ( any o!r category1 b may be conv5i5tly discuss$ "h4 ,complete specim5s are v r>e1 b !re is "o 9 ! ,museum at ,g5eva :i* has be5 id5tifi$ z a brazi] 7 or 71 & m rec5tly z a bak+-ov5 774#cfe ,! =m is t ( a l>ge bas9 on a high /&1 holl[ und]nea?1 ) ?ree squ>e solid h&les project+ upw>ds f ! rim4 ,^! h&les1 ( :i* ov] a ?\s& examples are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s collections1 are usually ! only "p rema9+1 sometimes ) "p ( ! rim atta*$4 ,!y are decorat$ ) heads & o!r devices1 usually 9 relief on squ>e panels1 & ! majority ( ^! heads are ( a ,satyric or grotesque "*1 we>+ conical caps or adorn$ ) ivy-wrea?s4 ,!y probably repres5t demons ( "s k9d1 & are plac$ !re ) sup]/iti\s int5t1 to av]t evil influ5ces f :atev] 0 bak$ or cook$ 9 ! vessel4 ,simil> masks are usually se5 atta*$ to repres5tations ( =ges & ov5s on ! pa9t$ vases1#cff & rem9d u ( ! pseudo-,hom]ic invocation ( evil deities aga9/ ! pott]s ( ,samos 7see also p4 #bac bel[74 ,pr(essor ,furtwa5gl] has id5tifi$ ! heads z ^? ( ! ,kyklopes1 ! att5dant workm5 ( ,hephai/os4#cfg ,^! objects are f\nd all ov] ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially at ,halik>nassos1 ,naukratis1 & ,delos1 & ! la/-nam$ place has be5 reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( _! manufacture4 ,!y are all ( ! same brick-l1 co>se1 r$ clay4 ,"s be> ! "n ( _! mak]1 ,hekataios or ,nikolaos4 ,besides ! heads already m5tion$1 heads ( goats or ox51 or ( ,sirius1 ?und]bolts & rosettes are us$ by way ( devices4 ,!y h be5 collect$ toge!r1 & illu/rations ( all ! diff]5t types giv5 by ,conze 9 ! ,jahrbu* = #ahij1 p4 #aah ff43 two specim5s are giv5 on ,plate ,,iv4 ,!y belong to ! ,hell5i/ic ,age4 ,o!r objects t exemplify ! use ( clay or t]racotta 9 ,greek daily life are3 m\lds = vases & t]racotta figures1 lamps1 weights1 & /amps = v>i\s purposes4 ,_m flat discs ( t]racotta h be5 f\nd at ,t>sus1 ,gela 9 ,sicily1 ,t>5tum1 & o!r places1 pi]c$ ) two holes & ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4#cfh ,!y are /amp$ ) v>i\s devices & inscriptions1 b _! use is unkn[n4 ,o!r discs ( convex =m f\nd at ,halik>nassos & /amp$ ) heads 9 relief are suppos$ to h be5 weights 77 to hold d[n ! ?reads ( ! loom 771#cfi su* z are us$ by ! ,greeks at ! pres5t day2 o!rs aga9 may be ! weights us$ = keep+ ! ends ( ! folds ( a himation 9 position4 ,small pi]c$ cones ( t]racotta (t5 f\nd 9 ! fields ( ,greece h be5 suppos$ to h be5 susp5d$ r\nd ! necks ( cattle1 b are probably weights ( "s k9d4#cgj ,la/ly1 t]racotta egg-%ap$ objects h be5 f\nd 9 ,sicily inscrib$ ) v>i\s names1 & are suppos$ to h be5 vot+-tickets us$ = ! ballots ( ! tribes4#cga ,_m examples h be5 f\nd ( t]racotta impressions f co9s1 :i* may h be5 ! trial-pieces ( die-s9k]s or =g]s1 s9ce p]sons ( t class1 z among ! ,romans1 seem to h employ$ ?is mat]ial = _! nef>i\s practices4 ,!y are m fully discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a l>ge collection ( ^! f\nd 9 ! ,faym 9 ,egypt1 all ( ,roman date2 also a copy ( a co9 ( ,l>issa f ,ac>nania4 ,t]racotta m$allions ) impressions ( gems or seals are n uncommon1 especially 9 ,asia ,m9or & at ,naukratis1 & among ! latt] are _m lumps ( clay actually us$ z seals1 ) ! patt]n ( ! sub/ance 9 :i* !y 7 impress$ adh]+ to ! back ( !m1 :ile on ! front is a design f a signet-r+4#cgb 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subject ( ,lamps is "o t is m conv5i5tly & appropriately treat$ 9 ! ,roman section ( ?is "w 7see ,*apt] ,,xx471 almo/ all exi/+ examples 9 t]racotta be+ ( t p]iod2 x may n1 h[ev]1 be out ( place to include "h a few g5]al rem>ks on ! subject1 po9t+ out ! di/9ctive features ( ^? ( purely ,greek orig94 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,iv ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,lamps ,,& 8,,brazi]-,,h&les40 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f1 ,,lamps ,,f ,,greek ,,sites2 #b1 #e ,,brazi]s ,,f ,,halik>nassos ,,& ,,cyprus 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,! inv5tion ( lamps 0 ascrib$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria to ! ,egyptians2 & !y 7 c]ta9ly 9 common use among ! ,greeks4 ,h]odotos#cgc describes ^? :i* he saw 9 ,egypt z simple sauc]s fill$ ) oil 9 :i* ! wick float$1 & ?is /atem5t is p>tly support$ by ! =m ( ! lamps f\nd 9 ! e>li] tombs ( ,cyprus & on sites "u ,pho5ician influ5ce4#cgd ,he also uses ! phrase 1 8ab\t ! "t ( light+ lamps10 to d5ote ! ev5+4#cge ,! ,greek comic writ]s allude to ! use ( lamps ( t]racotta or metal1#cgf & !y play$ a "p 9 religi\s c]emonies4 ,! regul> ,greek "n = a lamp 0 7n 1 :i* means a tor*71 & a lamp/& 0 call$ 2 ! sp\t or nozzle 9 :i* ! wick 0 plac$ 0 kn[n z or 1 ! wick itself z 4#cgg ,a lamp ) m ?an "o nozzle 0 kn[n z or 4#cgh ,! simple =m 0 t d]iv$ f ! ,pho5ician lamp1 an op5 sauc] ) a b5t-up lip 9 :i* ! wick 0 plac$2 b commonly ! ,greek lamp _h a circul> or oval body 7! receiv]7 ) flat cov]$ top1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 ! fill+-hole4 ,to ?is 0 sometimes atta*$ a h&le p]mitt+ ! ins]tion ( a f+]1 & ! nozzle 0 usually v small & q pla94 ,an epi!t appli$ by ,ari/ophanes#cgi to a lamp is 1 8made on ! :eel02 b evid5ce po9ts to _! be+ always made 9 m\lds4 ,! majority ( ! lamps :i* h be5 f\nd on ,greek sites are ( ,roman date1 & !y frequ5tly be> ,lat9 inscriptions2 ^? ( ! ,hell5ic p]iod are seldom ornam5t$1 & are usually cov]$ ) a ?9 black glaze4 ,o!rs are modell$ 9 ! =m ( human figures1 animals1 heads1 or s&all$ feet2 ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a good example ( grey w>e f ,knidos 9 ! =m ( a figure ( ,artemis 7,cat4 ,c #dba71 ) ! oil-receptacle on ! top ( h] head2 ano!r f ,naukratis repres5ts ,eros 7see = ^! ,plate ,,iv474 ,"o f ,a!ns 0 inscrib$ 1 8,d n t\*10#chj an inscription ( simil> import to ^? on ! ,roman lamps f ! ,esquil9e describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,little has at pres5t be5 done 9 ! way ( a sci5tific inve/igation ( ,roman lamps1 b ! results ( a r\gh classification accord+ to %apes %[ t c]ta9 =ms are m specially associat$ ) ,greek sites1 & moreov] frequ5tly be> names ( mak]s 9 ,greek lett]s4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) "o =m1 :i* appe>s to be conf9$ to ,a!ns1 ,corfu1 ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ,cyprus4 ,^! lamps1 ( a pale yell[ clay1 h a circul> body ) flat top1 r\nd ! edge ( :i* runs a bord] ( impress$ egg-patt]n1 int]rupt$ on ei!r side by a small pla9 rais$ panel4#cha ,! h&le is small & pi]c$ ) a hole1 ! nozzle also small1 ) /raight sides4 ,^! lamps be> ! mak]s' names 79 ! g5itive71 ,primus 771 ,abaskantos 7,c71 etc41 ! =m] be+ especially common2 all are 9 ,greek lett]s4 ,"s aga9 only h a s+le lett] or monogram engrav$ und]nea?4 ,!y are (t5 v c>efully execut$1 ) %>ply cut details1 & ! subjects are usually my?ological 7see ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a72 !y appe> to be ( v late date1 n e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,ano!r =m :i* appe>s to be specially *>act]i/ic ( ,greek sites is t ) a pla9 or he>t-%ap$ nozzle1 sometimes ) a groove incis$ at ! base1 b )\t a h&le4 ,!y are usually q small1 ) circul> bodies4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,newton at ,knidos 9 #ahei1chb & by ,mr4 ,b>k] at ,t>sos 9 #ahde4chc ,! subjects are mo/ly poor & devoid ( int]e/1 includ+ animals1 rosettes1 & v>i\s floral patt]ns4 ,_m ( ^! lamps be> ! signature ,,roma9e7,n7,,sis1 ! =m ( ! ^w indicat+ t !y 7 made by a ,roman resid+ abroad 7i4e4 at ,knidos71 n 9 ,rome4#chd ,a ?ird =m1 approximat+ to ! ,*ri/ian type1 has a small solid h&le & pla9 nozzle1 & is conf9$ to sites on or ne> ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,^!1 ) ! rema9+ types ( lamps1 w be m fully dealt ) 9 ! ,roman section ( ?is "w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile m5tion+ "h t ,mr4 ,newton f\nd at ,knidos sev]al lamps ( a co>se black w>e1 cov]$ ) ?9 glaze1 :i* are mo/ly ( l>ge size4 ,!y are circul>1 & convex above1 & are suppli$ ) two or m long nozzles ) blunt t]m9ations radiat+ r\nd !m 7see ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f74 ,betwe5 ! nozzles are r\ghly /amp$ devices ( ,satyrs' heads1 fl[]s1 etc41 9 relief4 ,^! may fairly be reg>d$ z a ,greek type4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subject ( ,greek sculpture 9 t]racotta is s wide z to dem& a volume to itself2 b a discussion ( ! uses to :i* clay 0 put by ! ,greeks w\ld n be complete )\t "s m5tion ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,we propose !re=e briefly to review ! ma9 features ( ,greek t]racotta /atuettes & reliefs1 by way ( illu/rat+ ! purely arti/ic use :i* !y made ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! subject may be divid$ "u f\r heads3 7#a7 ,l>ge /atues2 7#b7 ,/atuettes or figur9es2 7#c7 ,reliefs2 7#d7 ,m\lds4 ,l>ge or life-size /atues belong m p>ticul>ly to ! e>li] phases ( ,greek art1 b appe> aga9 9 its lat] developm5ts1 "u ,italian influ5ces4 ,/atues ( t]racotta 7 also a common feature ( ,italian art1 be+1 9 fact1 ! usual mat]ial employ$ by ,etruscan /atu>ies1 z well z = ! decoration ( temples 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,greek t]racotta /atues are practically non-exi/5t2 & al?\gh !re are "s female figures ne>ly life-size & a male torso ( almo/ colossal proportions 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 also a ,h]mes 9 ! ,vatican1 ^! 7 f\nd at ,rome1 belong to ! ,roman p]iod1 &1 ?\gh ,greek 9 /yle1 are really foll[+ an ,etruscan fa%ion4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5ic race t f its e>lie/ beg9n+s x did n employ clay = utilit>ian purposes exclusively1 b1 influ5c$ p>tly by ! natural imitative in/9cts ( man1 p>tly by ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cies ( ! ,greek religion1 soon le>n$ ! value ( ?is easily work$ mat]ial = produc+ images ( deities1 animals1 & o!r objects4 ,al?\gh an equally high antiquity may be claim$ = images ( wood1 & ! ^w us$ = a primitive cult-/atue argues = ! frequ5t use ( ?is mat]ial1 yet ! hi/ory ( ! ^w tells equally 9 ! o!r direction4 ,orig9ally us$ ( m\ld+ wet clay1 x came by degrees to d5ote modell+ 9 g5]al1 & f9ally its d]ivative became ! au?oris$ classical ^w = sculpture4 ,lactantius#che speaks ( ,prome!us z ! inv5tor ( fictile images = religi\s purposes1 & ( figures 9 bronze & m>ble z a lat] developm5t2 ! ,lat9 poets#chf be> simil> witness to ! primitive use ( clay = sculptur$ images1 & ,pl9y m>vels at its long-cont9u$ employm5t 9 ,italy4#chg ,among e>ly ,greek leg5ds ! mo/ notewor?y is t ( ,butades1 ! pott] ( ,sikyon1 to :om ! inv5tion ( modell+ clay 9 relief 0 ascrib$ by ,pl9y#chh & ,a!nagoras4 ,! /ory z told by ! =m] 0 t1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! lik5ess ( 8 daught]'s lov]1 he m\ld$ 9 t]racotta ! %ad[ ( 8 pr(ile :i* ! girl drew on ! wall4 ,?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 is n v intelligible1 & ! clue is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! words ( ,a!nagoras1#chi :o says t he holl[$ out ! l9es ( ! face 9 ! wall1 fill$ 9 ! grooves ) clay1 & s obta9$ 8 relief z f a m\ld4 ,?is primitive "w ( art 0 said to h be5 exhibit$ 9 ! ,nymphaeum at ,cor9?4 ,b ?is same inv5tion 0 also claim$ by ! ,samian sculptors1 ,!odoros & ,rhoikos1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 pre-em95tly arti/s 9 bronze1 & 7 associat$ ) ! introduction ( holl[-ca/+ 9 t mat]ial into ,greece2 x may !re=e be suppos$ t !y actually 7 among ! fir/ to use clay models = /atues1 ?is be+ an ess5tial prelim9>y to ! holl[-ca/+ process4 ,?is w\ld n be incompatible ) ! inv5tion ( m\ld+ reliefs by ,butades1 admitt+ ! tru? ( 8 /ory4 ,! latt] 0 also cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( antefixal ornam5ts 7see above1 p4 #ih7 & ! introduction ( a mixture ( r$ o*re or ruddle ) clay 9 ord] to give x a w>m] tone4 ,! clay models us$ by sculptors z ! basis ( _! "w1 :i* 7 kn[n z 1 7 probably made on ! same l9es z ! l>ge works ( art 9 clay4 ,we read t ,lysi/ratos ( ,sikyon1 ! bro!r ( ,lysippos1 0 ! fir/ to make ca/s ( /atues by means ( t]racotta m\lds1#cij imply+ t x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! practice arose ( multiply+ ! pr9cipal /atues 9 ! same mann] z is n[ done by means ( pla/] ca/s4 ,"s ( ! latt] arti/s comb9$ ! pla/ic art ) t ( pa9t+1 & ,zeuxis is said to h previ\sly modell$ 9 t]racotta ! subjects :i* he aft]w>ds pa9t$4 ,pasiteles1 an arti/ :o liv$ at ,rome 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 always fir/ modell$ 8 /atues 9 t]racotta1 & spoke ( ! pla/ic art z ! "m ( /atu>y4#cia ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t z a g5]al rule ! ,greek sculptors work$ _! m>ble /atues f models2 r1 ! contr>y 0 ! case1 & ,pasiteles seems to h be5 peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,! /atue ( ,zeus1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ z made by ,!okosmos = ,meg>a 7p4 #ib71 appe>s to h be5 made f a clay model4 ,x 0 int5d$ to be ( gold & ivory1 b ! break+ out ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> prev5t$ ! arti/ f c>ry+ out 8 int5tion1 & only ! head 0 complet$1 ! o!r portions be+ ( gypsum & t]racotta4 ,at a lat] p]iod gypsum 0 sometimes us$ = sculpture1 z 9 ! case ( an ,apollo m5tion$ by ,prud5tius1#cib & "s fragm5t>y rema9s f ,cyprus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! clay models 7 sometimes made entirely by h&1 b m usually on a wood5 core kn[n z 1#cic :i* we may conjecture to h be5 =m$ ( two rods 9 ! =m ( a cross1 f ! use ( ! ,lat9 ^w crux 9 ?is connection4#cid ,x 0 c]ta9ly a framework1 n a solid core1 & mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f 1 a lay-figure4 ,ari/otle1 9 an int]e/+ passage1 uses ! ^w 9 speak+ ( skeletons drawn on a wall4#cie ,! modell+ ( details 0 done p>tly ) tools1 p>tly ) ! f+]4 ,! use ( ! f+]-nail = ?is purpose became prov]bial1 z 9 ! say+ attribut$ to ,polykleitos3 8,:5 ! clay has rea*$ ! f+]-nail /age1 !n ! real difficulty beg9s40#cif ,! *ief att5tion ( inf]ior arti/s 0 direct$ to ! production ( small t]racotta figures1 :i* ! ,greeks us$ z ornam5ts or h\sehold gods1 buri$ 9 _! tombs1 or d$icat$ 9 _! temples4 ,!y foll[ ! same l9es ( developm5t z ! l>g] sculptures1 beg9n+ ) ! column> 77 & bo>d-l 77 types f\nd 9 ! primitive tombs ( ! ,myc5aean & e>ly ,hell5ic civilisation4 ,orig9ally !y seem to h be5 manufactur$ purely = religi\s purposes1 b 9 c\rse ( "t1 ) ! gradual rationalis+ ( religi\s beliefs & consequ5t secul>isation ( art-types1 !y lo/ ?is significance1 &1 :ile ! types 7 pres]v$1 !y 7 conv]t$ into g5re figures f daily life4 ,^! /atuettes h be5 f\nd on ne>ly all ! fam\s sites ( antiquity f ,babylonia to ,c>?age & ,k]t*2 ! mo/ fruitful h be5 ,tanagra 9 ,boeotia1 ,rhodes1 ! ,cyr5aica1 ,capua & ,canosa 9 ,italy1 & v>i\s sites 9 ,sicily4 ,9 ,cyprus1 ,s>d9ia1 & to a great ext5t also 9 ,rhodes1 ,pho5ician influ5ces seem to h be5 dom9ant1 & ! e>li] types be> a m>k$ly ,ori5tal "*4 ,= beauty & *>m ! palm has by g5]al cons5t be5 giv5 to ! ,tanagra /atuettes ( ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies1 :i* 7 kn[n 9 antiquity z or 8maid5s10 f ! preval5ce ( ! seat$ or /&+ types ( girls 9 v>i\s attitudes4 ,! mak]s ( ^! *>m+ figures1 kn[n z or 1 71 l ! vase-pa9t]s1 q 9 a subord9ate position 9 ! arti/ic _w1 & are spok5 ( ) "s contempt by ,isokrates1 z if x w\ld be absurd to comp>e !m ) a ,pheidias or a ,zeuxis4#cig ,a fable ( ,aesop's#cih repres5ts ,h]mes be+ (f]$ a /atue ( ,zeus = a dra*ma & "o ( himself = a m]e song2 ! l[ price seems to sugge/ t !y 7 ( t]racotta1 b ! v5dor is call$ an 1 n a 4 ,demo/h5es#cii condemns ! ,a!nians = vot+ = figure-head g5]als l mak]s ( toys = ! m>ket2 & 9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! uses to :i* !y 7 put1 we may cite ! def9ition ( ,suidas1 ( 8^? :o fa%ion little images out ( clay ( all k9ds ( creatures1 ) :i* to trick *ildr502 & ! rem>k ( ,dio ,*ryso/om1 :o speaks ( ^? :o buy ! 8maid50 figures = _! *ildr54 ,a pretty epigram 9 ! ,an?ology#djj tells h[ ,tim>eta1 :5 ab\t to m>ry1 d$icat$ to ,artemis ! play?+s ( h] *ildhood1 includ+ h] t]racotta dolls 774 ,la/ly1 ,plato speaks ( & images hung up 9 %r9es4#dja ,! processes employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( t]racotta /atuettes 7 five 9 numb]3 7#a7 ! prep>ation ( ! clay2 7#b7 m\ld+2 7#c7 ret\*+2 7#d7 bak+2 & 7#e7 col\r+ & gild+4 ,x does n foll[ t all five 7 employ$ 9 ! production ( any "o object2 on ! o!r h&1 all processes necess>y to ! completion ( any "o object fall "u "o or o!r ( ^! heads4 ,!re 7 _m v>ieties ( clay 9 use among ! ,greeks1 "s be+ consid]$ m suitable = "o purpose1 "s = ano!r4 ,^! clays v>y 9 _! *>act]i/ics 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,greek _w1 & ?is may (t5 be an important crit]ion = di/+ui%+ fabrics & detect+ in/ances ( importation4 ,! clay ( ,cyprus diff]s mu* f t ( ,rhodes1 & t ( ,naukratis aga9 f ei!r1 be+ ( a d>k1 co>se1 & brick-l consi/5cy4 ,m4 ,potti] not$ n9e v>ieties ( clay 9 use at ,myr9a 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,m4 ,m>?a di/+ui%es five 9 ! t]racottas ( ,a!ns4 ,b ^! diff]5ces may be expla9$ by v>iations 9 ! l5g? or temp]ature ( ! fir+ r ?an 9 ! clay4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! clay ( ! t]racottas is s(t] & m por\s ?an t ( ! vases4 ,x is easily scrat*$ or m>k$1 & does n r+ a cle> s\nd :5 /ruck2 nor does x :5 submitt$ to a high temp]ature become s h>d z ! pott]y4#djb ,its col\r ranges f deep r$ to a pale buff col\r1 & its texture & d5sity v>y greatly 9 diff]5t localities4 ,x 0 prep>$ by be+ wa%$ free ( all granul> sub/ances1 & !n knead$ ) ! aid ( wat]4 ,s1 z we read 9 ,hesiod's acc\nt ( ! creation ( ,p&ora1#djc ! god direct$ ! mix+ ( clay & wat]1 9 ord] to =m 8 new creation4 ,! modell+ ( ! figures 0 done by h& 9 ! case ( ! e>li] fabrics1 & ( small objects su* z ! toys & dolls2 ! clay 0 work$ up into a solid mass ) ! f+]s1 & ! m>ks ( ^!1 left :ile x 0 wet1 may /ill be (t5 se54 ,subsequ5tly ! use ( m\lds became univ]sal1 ! f9al t\*es be+ giv5 to ! figure ei!r ) ! f+] or ) a grav+-tool1 traces ( :i* are (t5 visible on ! faces & hair ( ! ,tanagra figures4 ,^! 7 inv>iably m\ld$1 & ! f9] ones %[ traces ( hav+ be5 mo/ c>efully t\*$ up4 ,!re is a pretty epigram 9 ! ,an?ology1#djd :i* seems to imply t ! :eel 0 sometimes br\ght into use = modell+ figures1 p]haps = ! fir/ r\gh outl9+4 ,a /atuette ( ,h]mes is suppos$ to say3 ,! roll+ circle ( ! pott]'s :eel ,me1 ,h]mes1 =m$1 ( clay f head to heel4 ,mud-made1 ,i lie n3 ! poor pott]'s art1 ,/rang]6 0 ev] pleasant to my he>t4 7,,macgregor47 ,! process ( m\ld+ gave scope = r$uc+ ! 8walls0 ( ! figure to ! smalle/ possible ?ickness1 !reby avoid+ ! dang] ( %r9kage 9 ! bak+2 x also r5d]$ !m extremely light1 & all[$ ( great accuracy 9 detail4 ,a model 77 0 made 9 t]racotta ) modell+-tools1 f :i* ! m\ld 77 0 tak51 also 9 t]racotta1 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,v ,illu/ration3 ,,m\lds ,,= ,,t]racotta ,,figures1 ,,) ,,ca/s ,,f ,,! ,,m\lds4 #b1 #c4 ,,ar*aic1 ,,f ,,rhodes2 #a1 #d4 ,,ar*ai/ic1 ,,f ,,t>5tum 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ usually 9 two pieces1 :i* 7 !n bak$ to a consid]able h>dness4 ,f ?is m\ld ! figure 0 made by sme>+ x ) lay]s ( clay until a suffici5t ?ickness 0 rea*$1 leav+ ! figure holl[4 ,! back 0 made sep>ately1 ei!r f a m\ld or by h&1 & !n fitt$ c>efully on to ! front1 ! jo9 be+ conceal$ by a lay] ( wet clay4 ,! base 0 usually left op51 & a v5t-hole 0 left at ! back :i* may h s]v$ a d\ble purpose--fir/ to all[ ! clay to contract )\t crack+1 & subsequ5tly 9 "s cases = ! susp5sion ( ! complet$ figure4 ,! heads & arms 7 usually m\ld$ sep>ately & atta*$ aft]w>ds1 & altoge!r ! av]age numb] ( m\lds employ$--say = a ,tanagra figure--0 f\r or five4 ,m4 ,potti]#dje quotes an in/ance ( an ,eros f ,myr9a :i* is made up ( no less ?an f\rte52 yet x is n a specially complicat$ figure4 ,greek m\lds1 ei!r = /atuettes or reliefs1 are some:at r>e2 b ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a fair numb] f ,t>5tum ( all k9ds 7see ,plate ,v474#djf ,^? t we possess are mo/ly = small objects1 su* z figures ( animals2 b 9 ! ,museum collection !re are sev]al m\lds = reliefs1 z well z = vases ( ! lat] class ) reliefs 7see ,*apt]s ,,xi41 ,,xxii471 su* z ! ,cal5ian phialae ) emboss$ designs4#djg ,m\lds employ$ = mak+ /amps ( v>i\s k9ds are also 9 exi/5ce2 at ,naukratis ,mr4 ,petrie f\nd sev]al circul> 8cake-/amps0 ) v>i\s designs4 ,( ! m\lds us$ by =g]s or o!rs = copy+ co9s we h already spok5 7p4 #ajf74djh ,! %r9kage ( ! clay z x dri$ aft]w>ds p]mitt$ ! figure to be )drawn easily f ! m\ld1 & x 0 !n ready = ! necess>y ret\*+4 ,x is obvi\s f a glance at any collection ( t]racottas t !re is a great simil>ity betwe5 ! v>i\s repres5tatives ( any "o type1 & t actual or virtual repetitions are by no means uncommon4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 due to ! fact t only a limit$ numb] ( m\lds 7 us$1 correspond+ to ! diff]5t types4 ,at ! same "t !re are 9 almo/ all cases m9ute diff]5ces :i* r$eem !m f a *>ge ( monotony1 & ^! 7 obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways3 by v>y+ ! pose ( ! head or atta*+ ! arms 9 diff]5t positions2 by ret\*+ be=e ! bak+2 or by ! addition ( attributes & col\r+4 ,z x has be5 neatly put by ,m4 ,potti]1#dji 8,all ! ,tanagra figures are si/]s1 b few ( !m are tw9s40 ,b ret\*+ is n inv>iable1 & is1 9 fact1 conf9$ to ! f9] specim5s1 su* z ^? ( ,tanagra4 ,9 ! /atuettes f ! ,cyr5aica & ,s\!rn ,italy x is ! exception4 ,! diff]5ce :i* x effect$ may be well obs]v$ by comp>+ two /atuettes ( ,eros 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,myr9a 7,c #ece-cf71 :i* are f ! same m\ld4 ,!y are id5tical 9 /yle & type1 yet "o is f> sup]ior to ! o!r 9 arti/ic m]it1 j because ( ! great] f9i% ( detail4 ,! process ( bak+ requir$ great c>e & att5tion2 = if no all[ance 0 made = ! evaporation ( moi/ure1 or if too great a degree ( temp]ature 0 rea*$1 ! result 0 b\nd to be disa/r\s4 ,x does n appe> t a v high temp]ature 0 rea*$1 especially z comp>$ ) ! pott]y4 ,! clay 0 fur!r insur$ aga9/ too rapid dry+ by prelim9>y exposure to ! air4 ,a /ory told by ,plut>*#daj ( ! fate :i* befell ! *>iot ca/ = ! temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol illu/rates ! possibility ( disa/]s ei!r f accid5t or c>elessness4 ,! clay swell$ up to su* a size & h>dness t x c\ld only be extract$ by pull+ ! kiln to pieces4 ,! col\r+ ( /atuettes may be consid]$ a fairly univ]sal practice1 al?\gh n always sugge/$ by _! pres5t appe>ance4 ,! e>li] ar*aic specim5s 7 n always1 or only r\ghly1 col\r$1 & ^? ( ! ,roman p]iod seem to h be5 (t5 left pla92 b o!rwise x is ! g5]al rule4 ,! surface on :i* ! col\rs 7 appli$ 0 =m$ by a :ite slip or engobe ( a creamy col\r & consi/5cy1 ) :i* ! :ole figure 7except ! back7 0 coat$4 ,?is :5 dry becomes v flaky1 & is liable to drop (f1 c>ry+ ! col\rs ) x2 mo/ /atuettes reta9 at lea/ traces ( ?is coat+4 ,! me?od ( pa9t+ is t kn[n z 9 temp]a1 ! pigm5ts be+ opaque1 mix$ ) "s /iff5+ m$ium4 ,! col\r+ 0 z a rule conv5tional1 aim+ at giv+ ! figure a pleas+ appe>ance1 )\t any p>ticul> reg>d to nature4 ,x 0 appli$ aft] ! fir+1 z 9 t process ! col\rs w\ld h be5 liable to injury4 ,! t9ts are :at are kn[n z body-col\rs1 )\t any attempts at %ad+1 & ^? usually employ$ are r$1 blue1 yell[1 & black1 ! :ite slip =m+ a gr\nd ?r\gh\t1 & left unt\*$ ov] ! nude p>ts & (t5 ov] ! drap]y2 ( ^! ! fav\rites1 especially = drap]y1 7 blue & r$1 z also we le>n f ,lucian4#daa ,pollux says x 0 a speciality ( ! to col\r _! figures yell[1 or ) a gold5 t9t4#dab ,! r$s range 9 %ade f sc>let to rose-col\r & purple4 ,at all times !re 0 a t5d5cy to treat ! drap]y 9 masses ( col\r1 & ?is we see especially 9 ! ,tanagra figures1 9 :i* ! *iton is almo/ inv>iably blue1 ! himation rose-p9k4 ,at a lat] date x became m cu/om>y to leave ! drap]y :ite1 ) bord]s & /ripes only ( col\r4 ,black 0 only us$ = details ( features1 su* z ! eyes2 gre5 is v r>e2 & yell[ 0 employ$ 79 a deep br[ni% %ade7 = ! hair1 & also = jewell]y1 etc4 ,! use ( gild+ is at all times r>e 9 ! /atuettes2 b "s good examples are kn[n--z1 = in/ance1 two ar*aic /atuettes f ! ,poll$r>a tomb1 & a head ( ,zeus1 all 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#dac ,imitation jewell]y 9 t]racotta gilt is n at all uncommon4 ,on _m ( ! e>li] figures f ,cyprus ! drap]y is indicat$ by /ripes ( r$ & yell[ laid directly on ! clay1 :ile animals are usually decorat$ ) /ripes ( r$ & black2 ! me?od employ$ is ! same z on ! contempor>y vases 7p4 #bec74 ,simil>ly1 9 ! t]racottas ( ! ,myc5aean & ,geometrical p]iods1 su* z ^? f ,boeotia1 ! te*nique ( ! pa9t$ vases is closely foll[$1 & ! same decorative patt]ns are employ$4 ,! use ( an enamell$ glaze fir/ appe>s at ,a!ns 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & x is also occasionally f\nd at ,tanagra4 ,! col\r is uni=mly a dull a%5-grey4 ,a few examples are also kn[n f ! ,cyr5aica1 b x 0 9 ,sicily t ! practice f\nd mo/ fav\r4 ,!re we f9d attempts to reproduce ! col\r+ ( ! fle% by an enamel coat+ v>y+ 9 hue f rose-p9k to orange1 & also grey & purple t9ts4 ,x is probable t ! col\rs employ$ = pa9t+ t]racottas 7 made f ! same e>?s1 ?\gh ( a co>s] k9d1 z ! w>e itself4 ,"s in=mation on ! subject may be d]iv$ f ,!ophra/os1 ,vitruvius1 & ,dioskorides4#dad ,= :ite ! arti/ us$ a :ite e>?1 su* z ,melos produces1 & :ite lead2 x is also said to h be5 produc$ f ! burnt lees ( w9e1 & f ivory4 ,! r$s 7 compos$ ( a r$ e>?1 probably o*re f ,s9ope1 & v]milion or m9ium4 ,yell[ 0 obta9$ f ,skyros & ,lydia2 & a yell[ o*re 0 obta9$ by burn+ a r$ e>?4#dae ,! ,egyptian smalto or cobalt s]v$ = blue1 & a copp] solution prep>$ ) alkali & silica 0 also employ$4 ,copp] gre5 0 obta9$ f _m places1 & mix$ ) :ite or black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is may be a conv5i5t po9t at :i* to speak ( a class ( vases :i* come r "u ! head+ ( t]racottas ?an t ( pa9t$ pott]y4 ,!y are f\nd at ,calvi1 ,canosa1 ,cumae1 & o!r places 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 & belong to ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 =m+ a p>allel developm5t to ! glaz$ w>es ) reliefs ( :i* we %all speak lat] 7p4 #dig ff474 ,!y comb9e 9 a m>k$ degree ! *>act]i/ics ( ! vase & ! /atuette1 "s be+ vases ) m\ld$ reliefs or small figures 9 ! r\nd atta*$ 9 diff]5t places1 o!rs aga9 actual figures or colossal heads modell$ 9 vase =m by ! addition ( m\?1 h&le1 & base 7see ,plate ,,vi474 ,!y are usually ( consid]able--sometimes gigantic--size1 & d n appe> to h s]v$ any practical purpose2 "s1 inde$1 are only imitation vases ) false bottoms4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t !y 7 manufactur$ = sepul*ral purposes only1 l ! l>ge pa9t$ krat]s & amphorae ( ,apulia 7p4 #dgf74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,vi ,illu/ration3 ,,t]racotta ,,vases ,,f ,,s\!rn ,,italy 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,l ! /atuettes1 !y are cov]$ ?r\gh\t ) a :ite slip laid directly on ! unglaz$ clay1 & ?is is (t5 ri*ly col\r$ 9 temp]a4 ,"s ( ! heads h ! hair cov]$ ) int]sect+ p9k l9es to imitate a net1 & ! figures atta*$ to !m are usually col\r$ 9 ! mann] ( ! /atuettes1 ) blue & p9k drap]ies4 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! encau/ic or a simil> process seems to h be5 employ$#daf2 "o example1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #ahe1 %[n on ,plate ,,vi471 has a ,hippocamp pa9t$ on ei!r side 9 :ite & col\rs outl9$ ) black1 ! w+s be+ elaborately r5d]$ 9 blue1 br[n1 yell[1 & p9k4 ,! same process is employ$ = a l>ge cov] ( a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,sicily 7,d #a71 b ! figures are n[ ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,! prevail+ %ape ( ^! vases is t conv5tionally kn[n z ! askos1 ) sph]ical body1 ov] :i* passes a flat h&le & ?ree m\?s on ! top2 ! latt] are (t5 cov]$ 9 & figures plac$ ^u !m4 ,on ! front & back ( ^! vases appliqu masks ( ,m$usa or figures 9 relief are usually plac$1 flank$ by ! =e-p>ts ( gallop+ horses4 ,o!rs take ! =m ( a l>ge jug or b[l ) appliqu ornam5ts4 ,x n[ rema9s to consid] ! small b int]e/+ class ( t]racotta reliefs1 :i* are ne>ly all ( ! late ar*aic p]iod1 dat+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,lat] reliefs are ne>ly all ar*itectural 9 "*1 & h already be5 describ$1 z h ^? :i* 7 made = ! decoration ( tombs & s>cophagi4 ,b ! purpose = :i* ! reliefs 7 made1 ( :i* we are ab\t to speak1 is n s c]ta94 ,"o gr\p appe>s f ! "* ( ! subjects to be votive1 & !y may possibly h be5 let into ! walls ( temples or %r9es2 b ! o!rs are mo/ly kn[n to h be5 f\nd 9 tombs4 ,! =m] gr\p are f\nd at ,a!ns & at ,locri 9 ,s\!rn ,italy2 ! latt] at ,melos & o!r sites r\nd ! ,aegean ,sea1 be+ usually kn[n z 8,melian0 reliefs4 ,! "* ( ! "w ( ^! ,melian reliefs 7see ,plate ,,vii47 is exce$+ly delicate & ref9$2 ! subjects are ma9ly my?ological1 & include ! slay+ ( ,m$usa by ,p]seus & ( ! ,*ima]a by ,bell]ophon1 ,helle on ! ram1 ,peleus seiz+ ,!tis1 ,eos c>ry+ (f ,kephalos1 & ! dea? ( ,aktaeon4 ,?ree classes h be5 di/+ui%$1#dag ( :i* ! peculi>ly ,melian type has ! figures cut out1 )\t backgr\nd2 9 ! second only ! out] cont\rs are cut r\nd1 & ! ?ird consi/s ( rectangul> plaques4 ,brunn#dah consid]s t !y s]v$ a def9ite ar*itectural purpose1 be+ int5d$ to cov] a field enclos$ by bord]s1 & t ! holes ) :i* !y are pi]c$ %[ t !y 7 us$ ei!r = susp5sion or atta*m5t4 ,b 8 reasons = reg>d+ !m z an ar*ai/ic survival h n be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,! ,locrian type ( relief takes ! =m ( a squ>e plaque4#dai ,!y are easily recognis$ by ! r\gh micace\s "* ( ! clay1 & by _! subjects1 :i* mo/ly relate to ! my? & cult ( ,p]sephone4 ,!y 7 probably d$icat$ 9 "o ( h] %r9es1 z 7 ^? f\nd on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns to ,a!na4 ,all ^! reliefs seem to h be5 impress$ 9 m\lds1 n modell$ by h&1 z _m ( !m exi/ 9 duplicate4 ,^? f ,greece are sometimes col\r$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,vii ,illu/ration3 ,,t]racotta 8,,melian0 ,,reliefs1 ,,ar*aic ,,p]iod 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ------------------------------------ ,_m little figures 9 ! %ape ( animals & o!r objects1 su* z goats1 pigs1 pigeons1 tortoises1 *>iots or boats1 boys or apes rid+ on animals1 wom5 mak+ bread1 & simil> subjects1 toge!r ) jo9t$ dolls or 1 7 evid5tly us$ z *ildr5's toys4 ,!y h be5 f\nd deposit$ ) ! bodies ( *ildr5 9 ! tombs ( ,melos1 ,rhodes1 & ,a!ns4 ,9 ,mr4 ,biliotti's excavations at ,kameiros 9 ,rhodes 9 #ahfc1 "o *ild's tomb 0 f\nd conta9+ two ( ! 8,melian0 reliefs1 small vases ( glass & black-glaz$ w>e1 a t]racotta basket ( fruit1 & a sea-%ell2 9 ano!r 7 a bird1 two dolls1 a *ild 9 a cradle1 two grotesque figures1 a woman play+ a tamb\r9e1 & two o!r t]racotta figures4 ,! t]racotta dolls 7 ca/ 9 a m\ld l ! ord9>y figures1 b ! bodies1 legs1 & arms are =m$ ( sep>ate pieces pi]c$ ) holes1 s t !y might be jo9$ & mov$ ) /r+s1 l ! mod]n m>ionettes2 h5ce _! "n ( 1 8drawn by wires40 ,!y all repres5t girls1 & sometimes danc]s ) ca/anets 9 _! h&s2 !y are col\r$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & date f v>i\s p]iods betwe5 #ejj & #bjj ,b4,c4 ,allusion is sometimes made to ^! figures 9 ! ,greek writ]s--z1 = in/ance1 by ,x5ophon1 :o 9 8 ,symposium#dbj introduces ,socrates inquir+ ( an exhibitor ( ^! puppets :at he *iefly relies on 9 ! _w4 8,a great numb] ( fools10 he replies1 8= su* are ^? :o support me by ! pleasure !y take 9 my p]=mances40 ,ari/otle#dba m5tions dolls t mov$ _! limbs & w9k$ _! eyes l m>ionettes1 b ?is c h>dly ref] to t]racotta figures4#dbb 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld require too mu* space to enum]ate all ! subjects repres5t$ 9 ! t]racotta /atuettes4 ,b x may be f\nd conv5i5t to give an outl9e ( ! subjects & pr9cipal types adopt$ at diff]5t p]iods4#dbc ,r\ghly speak+1 ! range ( subjects may be divid$ into sev5 gr\ps3 7#a7 figures ( deities2 7#b7 my?ological subjects2 7#c7 sc5es f daily life2 7#d7 imitations ( works ( art2 7#e7 c>icatures2 7#f7 masks2 7#g7 animals4 ,among ! figures ( ! ,olympian deities we f9d mo/ commonly ,demet]1 ,aphrodite1 & ,artemis2 ,hephai/os1 ,ares1 & ,he/ia are seldom if ev] repres5t$2 ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 ,h]a1 & ev5 ,a!na are also v r>e4 ,( ! inf]ior deities1 ,dionysos1 ,p]sephone1 ,eros1 & ,nike 7,victory7 are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd1 z well z ,satyrs & simil> p]sonages4 ,nor is x always easy to asc]ta9 def9itely :e!r a figure is or is n int5d$ to be my?ological 9 significance4 ,?is "q is1 9 fact1 closely b\nd up ) t ( ! ,uses = :i* ! /atuettes 7 made1 z on su* a purpose _! int]pretation 9 a my?ological or human s5se may l>gely dep5d4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( id5tification arises f ! practice :i* obta9$ ( adh]+ closely to c]ta9 recognis$ types1 :i* occur repeat$ly at all p]iods4 ,!re is a /rong probability t a cle> di/9ction 0 n recognis$ by ! ,greek 1 b t ! same type ( figure might be us$ ei!r = a votive (f]+ to a deity1 or z a m]e ornam5t or article ( tomb-furniture4 ,& we are fur!r met ) ! fact t a type :i* 0 my?ological at "o p]iod ceases to be s at ano!r1 or at any rate is trans=m$ by "s slight alt]ation ( details or omission ( an attribute4 ,?us ! seat$ figure ( an ,e>?-goddess or ,nurs+-"m ( a ,rhodian or ,cypriote tomb becomes ! nurse & *ild ( ! f\r? c5tury at ,tanagra1 :ile ! ar*aic /&+ type ( a ,p]sephone hold+ a fl[] requires little b ! omission ( h] special head-dress to trans=m h] into ! girl-type ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,viii ,illu/ration3 ,,ar*aic ,,greek ,,t]racottas 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a4 ,,man ,,) ,,ram 7,,rhodes72 #b4 ,,p]sephone 7,,sicily72 #c4 ,,rhodes2 #d4 ,,doll 7,,a!ns74 ------------------------------------ ,! e>lie/ beg9n+s ( ! /atuette prop] %[1 z might be expect$ 9 primitive ,greek art1 a v limit$ range ( ideas4 ,z 9 m>ble1 bronze1 & wood1 s also 9 clay1 ! type ( ! female deity reigns supreme4 ,! primitive ,hell5ic type ( goddess adopts two =ms1 bo? d]iv$ f an orig9al 9 wood1 ! bo>d-=m or 1 & ! column-=m 7 or 71 ea* ( :i* f9ds p>allels 9 sculpture4 ,! limbs are ei!r completely want+ or ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y description1 ! figure t]m9at+ bel[ 9 a spread+ base4 ,bo? ^! types are f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 b on ! ma9l& ( ,greece ! column> =m is conf9$ to ! ,myc5aean p]iod4 ,9 ! succe$+ 8,geometrical0 age ! bo>d-l types rose into popul>ity at ,a!ns & ,tegea1 & above all 9 ,boeotia4 ,two v>ieties are f\nd1 a /&+ & a sitt+ type1 & !y are usually pa9t$ 9 ! mann] ( ! local vases 7see p4 #bij74 ,! lat] examples %[ a great advance 9 modell+1 especially 9 ! heads4 ,! column> =m exhibits its developm5t be/ 9 ! t]racottas ( ! ,graeco-,pho5ician p]iod f ,cyprus4 ,! /&+ & sitt+ goddess 7,plate ,,viii47 are ! two pr9cipal types 9 ar*aic ,greek art1 & are rem>kable = _! wide di/ribution & univ]sal popul>ity4 ,! "n ( ! goddess may v>y ) ! locality1 b ! types rema9 almo/ id5tical1 & ! attributes %[ little v>iation4 ,ano!r int]e/+ ar*aic type is ! s-call$ fun]al mask or bu/ 7,plate ,,viii471 ( :i* ! be/ examples h come f ,rhodes4 ,be+ almo/ exclusively fem99e1 we mu/ suppose t !y ceas$ to repres5t ! image ( ! dead p]son1 z 9 ,egypt & primitive ,greece1 & became images ( ! ,*?onian goddess1 ,demet] or ,p]sephone1 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a bu/ ris+ out ( ! e>?4#dbd ,?us !y play$ 9 ! tombs ! rle ( protection aga9/ evil influ5ces1 l ! mask ( ,demet] ,kid>ia1 worn by ! prie/ at ,ph5eus 9 ,arcadia on c]ta9 occasions4#dbe ,male masks are occasionally f\nd1 repres5t+ ! ,*?onian ,dionysos4 ,!y are v r>e aft] ! fif? c5tury4 ,! purely div9e & my?ological types 9 ! ar*aic p]iod are v few 9 numb]4 ,( ! ,olympian deities few are repres5t$1 except 9 ! conv5tional hi]atic types1 h>dly to be diff]5tiat$ "o f ano!r4 ,b on c]ta9 sites are f\nd repres5tations ( nature-goddesses1 su* z ! ,e>?-"m ) a *ild 9 h] lap 7,gaia ,k\rotrophos71 or a nude goddess )9 a %r9e1 :o may be a comb9ation ( ,a/>te & ,aphrodite4 ,^! types are ( ,ori5tal orig91 & are f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 ,naukratis1 & ,s>d9ia4 ,!y may repres5t (f]+s made aft] *ild-bir?4 ,among ! individualis$ deities we may po9t to figures ( ,h]mes ,kriophoros 7f ,rhodes & ,sicily71#dbf ( ,h]akles1#dbg or ( ! local nymph ,kyr5e1 :o appe>s hold+ ! silphium-plant 9 a t]racotta f ,c>?age4#dbh ,among miscellane\s fem99e types are ! hydrophoros or wat]-c>ri]1 ! woman rid+ on a mule1 horse1 or o!r animal1 ! musician1 & ! "m nurs+ a *ild4 ,"s ( ^! h _! my?ological c\nt]p>ts1 z 9 ! ,aphrodite rid+ on a goose1 or ! ,e>?-"m1 already m5tion$4 ,male types are curi\sly r>e1 ! a?letic influ5ces1 :i* are s /rongly manife/ 9 e>ly ,greek sculpture1 n affect+ t]racottas4 ,! mo/ popul> is t ( ! horseman1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,cyprus4 ,^! figures are usually ( a rude & primitive k9d1 especially 9 ,cyprus & at ,halik>nassos4 ,! examples f ,greece ,prop] %[ a m develop$ ar*aism1 & are f\nd at ,a!ns & 9 ,boeotia4 ,sometimes in/ead ( a horse ! man rides on a swan1 mule1 or tortoise4 ,recl9+ male figures are sometimes *>act]is$ z ,h]akles or a ,satyr2 b ?is type is mo/ fully develop$ at ,t>5tum1 9 num]\s t]racottas repres5t+ ! well-kn[n subject ( ! ,sepul*ral ,banquet1 associat$ ) a cult ( ! ,*?onian deities4#dbi ,!re are also v>i\s types ( grotesque figures1 usually 9 a squatt+ or cr\*+ attitude2 "s assume ! =m ( a ,satyr1 & o!rs are obvi\sly d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian figures ( ,ptah-,so*>is1 ) b5t knees & protrud+ /oma*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,ix ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,t]racottas ,,( ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a1 #d1 ,,tanagra2 #b1 #c1 ,,s\!rn ,,italy4 ------------------------------------ ,9 ! f9e & lat] p]iods1 f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury onw>ds1 ! /&+ or seat$ fem99e figures are /ill by f> ! mo/ prom95t4 ,! *ange1 h[ev]1 :i* has tak5 place1 f my?ological to g5re1 has be5 describ$ z an evolution r ?an a revolution1 br\ght ab\t by arti/ic1 n religi\s1 consid]ations4 ,! possible v>ieties ( ! fem99e /&+ types may be be/ /udi$ 9 ! ,tanagra figures 7,plate ,,ix471 :i* include wom5 or girls 9 e v>iety ( pose or attitude4 ,9 mo/ cases ! arms are m or less conceal$ by ! himation1 :i* is drawn closely across ! figure2 9 o!rs a fan1 mirror1 wrea?1 or mask is held 9 "o h&1 ! o!r draw+ ! edges ( ! drap]y toge!r4 ,"s lean on a column or are seat$ on a rock2 o!rs play ) a bird or p]=m _! toilet4 ,imitations ( ! ,tanagra figures1 b va/ly inf]ior 9 m]it1 subsequ5tly became popul> all ov] ! ,greek _w2 !y are f\nd at ,myr9a 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,cyprus1 ! ,cyr5aica1 & _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,among miscellane\s types ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 _m ( ! ar*aic ones already m5tion$ reta9 _! popul>ity4 ,o!rs appe> = ! fir/ "t1 & are m 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! age1 su* z girls danc+1 play+ ) knucklebones1 or c>ry+ "o ano!r pick-a-back4 ,!re is a beautiful gr\p ( two knucklebone-play]s f ,capua 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #afa74 ,! danc+ type is f\nd widely di/ribut$4 ,figures ( goddesses & my?ological subjects are v r>e at ,tanagra1 b fairly common on o!r sites1 z at ,myr9a & ,naukratis4 ,ar*ai/ic imitations ( ! ar*aic seat$ & /&+ goddesses are (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,cyr5aica & ,s\!rn ,italy2 b ! ,*?onian deities appe> b r>ely among ! types ( m advanc$ /yle4 ,z 9 sculpture & vase-pa9t+s1 ,aphrodite n[ becomes ! mo/ prom95t among ! fem99e deities1 & "s ( ! lat] /atuettes appe> to be reproductions ( well-kn[n works ( art1 ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite1 ! ,anadyom5e1 or ! cr\*+ type ( ,aphrodite at ! ba?4 ,artemis & ,a!na are occasionally f\nd1 b ,nike 7,victory7 is really ! mo/ popul> figure aft] ,aphrodite4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 plays little m ?an ! "p ( a female ,eros1 a c\nt]p>t to :om ! ,hell5ic arti/ felt to be a necessity4 ,=m]ly ^! w+$ female types 7 /yl$ ,psy*e1 b ?is 0 a conception ( po/-,hell5i/ic orig94 ,among ! male deities ! conditions rema9 mu* z be=e4 ,zeus appe>s = ! fir/ "t1 & 0 especially popul> at ,smyrna1 & ,s>apis & ,asklepios are also occasionally f\nd4 ,9 ,naukratis ! influ5ce ( ! ,egyptian religion made itself felt 9 ! production ( num]\s figures ( ,bes1 ,h>pocrates1 & ! l4 ,h]mes is n f\nd s (t5 z might h be5 expect$1 ?\gh !re is a notable in/ance 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,c #djf7 ( a c>icature ( ! fam\s /atue by ,praxiteles1 :]e a ,satyr takes 8 place4 ,dionysos is only met ) occasionally1 z are ,satyrs & ,ma5ads2 b masks ( a ,bac*ic "* are v common 9 ,italy4 ,! "o deity :o really seems to h caught ! popul> ta/e is ,eros1 al?\gh at ! "t :5 mo/ ( ! ,tanagra /atuettes 7 produc$ ?is popul>ity 0 h>dly assur$4 ,! types ( ,eros /&+1 seat$1 fly+1 or rid+ on animals are innum]able & f\nd all ov] ! ,greek _w4 ,! be/ examples come f ,eretria 9 ,euboea1 b ,myr9a & ,sicily h also produc$ l>ge numb]s4 ,!y v>y f almo/ ,praxitelean conceptions1 l ! ,fly+ ,eros f ,eretria 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,c #aii71 to ! v]itable ,pompeian amoretti f ! same site & f ,myr9a4 ,! rid+ types ( ,eros 7on a horse1 dog1 swan1 or dolph97 are *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,cyr5aica or ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,9 _m cases ! ,eros types are us$ = ord9>y unw+$ boys4 ,among ! human male types a new feature is ! introduction ( ! a?lete1 z he appe>s 9 _m boyi% figures f ,tanagra1 & lat] z a box] among ! some:at co>se conceptions ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,"s ye>s ago a rem>kable copy ( ! ,diadum5os ( ,polykleitos 9 t]racotta 0 f\nd 9 ,asia ,m9or4#dcj 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! tombs ( ! ,aegean ,isl&s1 ,italy1 & else:]e1 a class ( w>e has sometimes be5 f\nd q di/9ct f ! ord9>y fictile pott]y & resembl+ ! porcela9 or enamell$ w>e ( ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians1 su* z ! u%abtiu1 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ! =m]1 & ! enamell$ bricks ( ! latt]4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y mu/ be reg>d$ z importations1 ( =eign manufacture1 ! m$ium ( comm]ce be+ ! ,pho5icians1 :o n only introduc$ ,egyptian objects ( art1 b !mselves endeav\r$ to imitate !m4 ,h5ce we mu/ di/+ui% "s z ( ,egyptian orig91 o!rs z made by ! ,pho5icians4 ,z might be expect$1 !y are mo/ (t5 f\nd :]e ,pho5ician influ5ce 0 /rong1 z 9 ,rhodes & ,s>d9ia4 ,egyptian p]fume-vases h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,poll$r>a tomb at ,vulci 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii47 & may be dat$ by ! accompany+ sc>abs ( ,psammeti*us ,i4 z belong+ to ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,b ^! are by no means ! e>lie/ examples4 ,9 ! ,bronze ,age tombs ( ,cyprus occasional f9ds h be5 made ( plates ( blue porcela9 or faence1 ) ,egyptian designs go+ back to ! eighte5? dyna/y#dca2 & = sev]al c5turies o!r ,egyptian objects 9 porcela91 or ) enamell$ glaze1 cont9ue to be f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 & ,greece4 ,& !re is also a consid]able quantity ( su* w>es :i* is n ,egyptian 9 "*1 al?\gh x may be to "s ext5t imitative1 & !re=e dem&s notice4 ,( ?is ! mo/ rem>kable examples are ! rhyta1 or dr9k+-horns1 f\nd at ,enkomi 9 ,cyprus1 9 #ahif1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#dcb ,! two f9e/ specim5s are 9 ! =m ( a female head surm\nt$ by a cup 7,plate ,x47 & a ram's head respectively4 ,al?\gh f\nd 9 tombs ) ,myc5aean objects1 & !re=e presumably ( e>ly date1 ! /yle & modell+ are s f> advanc$--s purely ,hell5ic--t !y may be comp>$ ) ar*aic "w ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 or ev5 lat]4 ,9 ! tombs ( ,kameiros 9 ,rhodes1#dcc along ) ,egyptian porcela9 objects1 7 f\nd _m vases ( ?is w>e1 ( app>5tly ,greek workman%ip4 ,?is is fur!r impli$ by ! pres5ce 9 "o tomb ( a figure ( a dolph9 ) a ,greek 1 8,i belong to ,py!s40#dcd ,x is q conceivable t ! ,greeks ( ,rhodes 7z ( ,naukratis3 see bel[7 knew & practis$ ,egyptian me?ods4 ,! f9ds include small alaba/ra ) friezes ( m5 & animals 9 relief1 & flasks ( a compress$ globul> %ape simil>ly ornam5t$2 also aryballi ( v>i\s m\ld$ =ms1 su* z animals or helmet$ heads 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #c74 ,! vase 9 ! =m ( a head seems to be an e>ly ,pho5ician idea2 & ?is p>ticul> type ( ! helmet$ head seems to h be5 adopt$ subsequ5tly by ,ionian arti/s 9 ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi4#dce ,simil> vases & figures h be5 discov]$ 9 ! tombs ( ,melos1 ,cor9?1 ,c]vetri1 & ,vulci1 & also 9 ,syria & at ,naukratis 9 ,egypt4#dcf ,o!rs aga9 f ! tombs ( ,kameiros & ,vulci take ! =m ( j>s ( opaque glass ornam5t$ ) zigzag patt]ns 9 :ite & dull crimson on a gre5i% gr\nd4#dcg ,a specim5 ( some:at simil> w>e 0 f\nd 9 a ,bronze ,age tomb at ,curium1 ,cyprus1 9 #ahie1dch consi/+ ( a tall funnel-%ap$ beak] ( blue & yell[ glaz$ w>e ) an edg+ ( d>k br[n 7,plate ,x474 ,! te*nique is sup]ior to t ( ! lat] examples1 & m on a level ) t ( ! porcela9 rhyta f ,enkomi4 ,9 ,greece ,prop] !re are altoge!r few traces ( ?is enamell$ w>e1 & aft] ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 x q disappe>$4 ,b "s v f9e specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,a jug ) delicate ornam5tation 9 blue & :ite came f ,naples1 & a simil> vase f ! same site1 b %ap$ l a kala?os & ( a pale gre5 col\r1 is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,objects ( ?is w>e h also be5 f\nd on ! site ( ! anci5t ,?>ros 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,_! glaze 0 a pale gre51 l t ( ! tw5ty-six? dyna/y w>es1 & ) !m 0 f\nd a sc>ab ( ,psammeti*us ,i1 :i* %[s !m to be contemporane\s ) ! objects f\nd 9 ! ,poll$r>a tomb4 ,b ! /rong ,pho5ician elem5t 9 ,s>d9ia is suffici5t to indicate t ^! fabrics are all ( ,egyptian importation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,x ,illu/ration3 ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,enamel-,,glaz$ ,,w>es 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #d1 #f1 ,,cypriote ,,bronze ,,age2 #c1 ,,ar*aic ,,greek 7,,rhodes72 #a1 #b1 #e1 ,,graeco-,,roman ,,p]iod4 ------------------------------------ ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 :5 vase-pa9t+ _h rea*$ its late/ /ages1 ! fa%ion ( glaz$ enamell$ w>e 0 reviv$2 its *ief c5tre 0 ,alex&ria1 :i* w\ld naturally h c>ri$ on ! traditions ( ,egyptian porcela9 or faence4 ,specim5s ( glaz$ w>e ) reliefs or modell$ 9 v>i\s =ms h be5 f\nd at ,naukratis & 9 ! ,faym1 includ+ a f9e blue porcela9 head ( a ,ptolemaic que5 7,plate ,x474 ,9 a tomb at ,tanagra 7 f\nd a beautiful askos 9 ! =m ( a duck on :i* ,eros rides1 & ano!r porcela9 vase1#dci evid5tly import$ f ,alex&ria1 or "s o!r indu/rial c5tre ( ,hell5is$ ,egypt4 ,porcela9 jugs1 inscrib$ ) ! names ( ,ars9oe1 ,b]5ike1 & "o ( ! ,ptolemies1 h be5 f\nd at ,b5ghazi 9 ,nor? ,africa1 at ,alex&ria1 & at ,canosa 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4#ddj ,!y are ( blue w>e1 ) reliefs ( ,greek /yle atta*$4 ,fragm5ts ( ! same k9d dat+ f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 7 f\nd at ,t>sos 9 ,cilicia1#dda & 9 ! ,l\vre !re are glaz$ w>es cov]$ ) yell[ or gre5 enamel f ,smyrna & ,kyme4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses simil> vases f ,kos & else:]e1 ) wrea?s & simil> patt]ns 9 relief 7,plate ,x471 b ^! are n e>li] ?an ! ,roman p]iod4 ,enamell$ w>es ( e>ly ,roman date h also be5 f\nd on ! ,esquil9e1 & ! w>e is common at ,pompeii4#ddb ,x does n appe> t ! manufacture ( ^! enamell$ w>es 0 conf9$ to "o spot2 !y are f\nd all ov] ,asia ,m9or1 ,italy1 & ,gaul1 & 9 o!r c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 ?ree pr9cipal c5tres ( ! fabric1 at lea/ 9 ! ,roman p]iod4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 9 ,asia ,m9or1 or ! isl&s along its coa/s1 :5ce came ! specim5s f\nd at ,t>sos1 9 ,ionia1 & 9 ! isl&s su* z ,kos4 ,^! are mo/ly small vases1 ( metallic =m1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( ! h&les 7cf4 ,plate ,x41 fig4 #e71 ! col\r be+ usually a blui% gre51 ?\gh "s examples are m poly*romatic4 ,^! seem to h be5 export$ to ,italy1 & vi ,m>seilles to ,gaul4 ,next1 !re are ! w>es made at ,alex&ria1 ( :i* ! vases describ$ above are examples4 ,&1 ?irdly1 !re 0 a ,gauli% fabric1 :i* mu/ probably be locat$ at ,lez\x 9 ! ,auv]gne 7see ,*apt] ,,xxiii471 examples f :i* are f\nd at ,vi*y1 9 ! ,rhone ,valley1 & at ,tri] & ,&]na* 9 ,g]many4#ddc ,fragm5ts ( ?is w>e are ev5 report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&--z1 = in/ance1 at ,ewell 9 ,surrey1 at ,col*e/] & ,weym\?4#ddd ,^! are ( grey clay ) yell[1 gre51 or br[n glaze1 ) ornam5ts ( leaves1 v9e-bran*es1 or scrolls1 /amp$ 9 m\lds2 ! %apes are jugs1 flasks1 or two-h&l$ cups4 ,a lat] v>iety is ( :ite clay ) a mala*ite-gre5 glaze1 ! =ms be+ aga9 ( a metallic type1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod imitations ( glass ) b>bot9e decoration 7see ,*apt] ,,xxiii47 appe>4 ,^! two gr\ps cov] ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,sometimes ! ornam5tation ( ! lat] glaz$ w>es f ,italy takes ! =m ( small reliefs 7emblemata71 made sep>ately & atta*$ be=e ! glaze 0 appli$1 & !re are two or ?ree specim5s ( ?is class 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 also n infrequ5tly us$ = lamps1 :i*1 ap>t f ! glaze1 h all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ord9>y k9ds1 & ev5 = figures ( gladiators1 boats1 & o!r objects4 ,! glaze is ( a ?ick vitre\s "*1 & 0 n improbably produc$ by lead2 at all ev5ts a ,fr5* writ]#dde ma9ta9s1 9 opposition to ! views ( ,brongni>t & ,blmn]1 t by a /udy ( ?is w>e he has e/abli%$ a k ( lead-glaze among ! anci5ts4#ddf ----- ,footnote #cjj3 ,/rabo1 viii4 p4 #cha 7! expression %\ld probably be conf9$ to vases ) reliefs74 ,footnote #cja3 ,paus4 i4 #c1 #a2 ,h>pokration1 s4v4 4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,il4 v4 #chg4 ,footnote #cjc3 ii4 #h1 #aj4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,hdt4 i4 #agi2 ,x54 ,anab4 iii4 #d1 #g4 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ,mel4 iv4 #eg3 8ubi dicitur altam ,coctilibus muris c9xisse ,semiramis urbem40 ,footnote #cje3 ,h4,n4 vii4 #aid4 ,footnote #cjf3 v4 #e1 #d2 x4 #ce1 #e & #d1 #c2 ii4 #bg1 #g 7 3 see ,fraz]'s note ad loc472 ,niss51 ,pompeian4 ,/udi51 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,vitr4 ii4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,x54 ,hell4 v4 #b1 #e2 ,paus4 viii4 #h1 #e4 ,footnote #cji3 1 i4 #b1 #e4 ,footnote #caj3 xxxv4 #aee2 see ,mil*hoef] 9 ,ar*4 ,/ud4 ,h4 ,brunn d>gebr4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #caa3 vii4 #bb1 #f4 ,footnote #cab3 i4 #dj1 #d4 ,footnote #cac3 ,see on ! subject g5]ally ,drpfeld & o!rs1 ,die ,v]w5dung von ,t]rakott51 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,footnote #cad3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xxiv4 7#ahii71 p4 #cej2 4 4 #aijc1 pls4 #b-f1 p4 #ga ff4 ,cf4 ! pa9t$ t]racotta panels 9 wood5 frames at ,sp>ta1 m5tion$ by ,vitruvius 7ii4 #h1 #i74 ,footnote #cae3 ,see a passage 9 ,x5ophon 7,mem4 iii4 #a1 #g7 be>+ on ! diff]5t mat]ials us$ 9 ,greek dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,footnote #caf3 ,see ,drpfeld1 ,die antike ,ziegelbau u4 se9 ,e9fluss auf d4 dor4 ,/yl1 9 ,hi/4 u4 ,phil4 ,aufstze ,e4 ,curtius gewidmet1 p4 #aci ff4 ,footnote #cag3 ,diod4 ,sic4 xvii4 #aae4 ,footnote #cah3 i4 #db1 #e4 ,footnote #cai3 v4 #bj1 #e4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #aa2 ,olympia 7,ergebnisse71 ii4 p4 #abi ff4 ,footnote #cba3 ,inscr4 ,gr4 7,atticae71 ii4 #afg4 ,footnote #cbb3 7l4 #aacc74 ,footnote #cbc3 ,an obvi\sly incorrect r5d]+ ( 2 ,tr4 plos ! process ( mak+ sun-dri$ bricks is c]ta9ly "h ref]r$ to1 z ! allusion to implies4 ,footnote #cbd3 ii4 #c1 #c4 ,footnote #cbe3 ii4 #b1 #d4 ,footnote #cbf3 ii4 #b1 #a1 #b4 ,= fur!r details see ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,ar4 ,ran4 #hjj1 quot$ by ,pollux1 x4 #adh3 cf4 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,sol4 #be4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,= repres5tations ( ?is process 9 ,egyptian wall-pa9t+s see ,rosell9i1 ,mon4 ,civili1 ii4 p4 #bee1 pl4 #di1 #a1 & ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 i4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,isid4 ,orig4 xix4 #aj1 #af3 lat]es 444 inde nom9ati sunt quod lati ligneis =mis efficiuntur4 ,cf4 ibid4 xv4 #h1 #af4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,see on ! subject g5]ally1 ,drpfeld1 ,die ,v]w5dung von ,t]rakott51 #ahha1 & ,borrmann's excell5t treatise 9 ,durm's ,h&bu* d4 ,ar*itektur1 ,die ,k]amik 9 d4 ,baukun/ 7#a4 ,!il1 ,bd4 #d71 p4 #bh ff42 also ,wieg&1 ,puteol4 ,bau9s*r4 pp4 #gai1 #gef ff4 ,footnote #cca3 ,on ! orig9 ( see ,b5ndorf 9 ,jahre%efte1 #ahii1 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,c #ijd4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,rayet & ,collignon1 pl4 #af4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #gjg-h4 ,footnote #cce3 ,boeckh1 ,urkunde b] ,scewes5 7,/aat%au%altung1 iii471 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aea4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeb4 ,footnote #cch3 i4 #c1 #a4 ,footnote #cci3 ,! use ( ! ^w also seems to po9t to ?is conclusion4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhb1 pl4 #ae4 ,footnote #cda3 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #cae4 ,see g5]ally1 ,m9]v9i1 ,t]recotte del ,museo ,campano4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,see ,furtwa5gl]1 ,mei/]w]ke1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,c #iaj ff4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,a good example ( a pa9t$ tile f ,aegion 9 ,a*aia is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,c #ijh74 ,footnote #cde3 ,cf4 also ! tiles f ! temple at ,elateia 9 ,boeotia1 describ$ by ,m4 ,p>is1 late1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #cdf3 v4 #aj1 #c4 ,x is notewor?y t ,pausanias "h uses ! ^w 1 al?\gh ! tiles are n ( t]racotta1 indicat+ t x _h become by long usage ! g5]ic ^w = tiles ( all k9ds4 ,cf4 ,/4 ,luke v4 #ai4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,see ,drpfeld1 etc41 ,v]w5dung von ,t]rakott51 pls4 #a-d2 ,olympia1 ii4 p4 #aic ff4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,see ,build]1 #d ,m>* #ahii1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,fatture di argille 9 ,sicilia1 pp4 #bg1 #ca4 ,footnote #cej3 ,beck] 9 ,mlanges ,grco-,roma9es1 i4 7#ahed71 p4 #dhb ff4 ,footnote #cea3 ,inscr4 ,gr4 ix4 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,antiqs4 ( ,k]t*1 pp4 #gb1 #ge1 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #cec3 ,see ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #aca ff41 ,e #ahf4 ,footnote #ced3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #eda4 ,footnote #cee3 late1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cef3 ,see also ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahgg1 p4 #dda1 = a long inscription f ,sp>ta4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,o!rs ) & a magi/rate's "n are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #aca-cc1 #ahf ff473 see also ,inscr4 ,gr4 ix4 #gce ff4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #acj4 ,footnote #cei3 ,see ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 p4 #ej1 pl4 #bi1 fig4 #aj2 ,jahrbu* d4 ar*4 ,in/4 ii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #afa2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #cde2 ,hicks & ,hill1 ,gk4 ,hi/4 ,inscrs4 p4 #af4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,muse de ,svres1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 ii4 7#ahgg71 pl4 #h1 p4 #aai2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dict4 i4 p4 #abfj1 fig4 #afgc4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 i4 p4 #cch1 fig4 #cii4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,cf4 ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell551 pl4 #g2 ,dodwell1 ,t\r1 i4 p4 #deb4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #did ff4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,b5ndorf 9 ,eranos ,v9dobon5sis1 p4 #chd4 ,footnote #cff3 ,fig4 #fg44 ,cf4 also ,b]l9 #bbid1 & see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,cam9us4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,jahrbu*1 vi4 7#ahia71 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #aef ff4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,cf4 ,macph]son1 ,antiqs4 ( ,k]t*1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #cga3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 iii4 #efhf4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,= examples ( ^! see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #ic ff4 ,footnote #cgc3 ii4 #fb4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,see ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 art4 ,luc]na1 init42 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #cge3 vii4 #bae4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,ar4 ,eccl4 #a2 ,axionikos1 quot$ by ,pollux1 x4 #abb4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,! words & seem to d5ote ! mat]ial ( :i* ! wick 0 made 7cf4 ,pollux1 x4 #aae74 ,footnote #cgh3 ,pollux1 vi4 #ajc2 x4 #aae4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,loc4 cit4 supr4 ,footnote #chj3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahfh1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #cha3 ,probably an imitation ( ! projections on bronze lamps1 to :i* *a9s = susp5sion 7 atta*$4 ,see on ?is type ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijc1 p4 #cch ff4 ,footnote #chb3 ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies1 ii4 p4 #ahd;,discov]ies1 ii4 pt4 #b1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #chc3 ,b>k] & ,a9swor?1 ,l>es & ,p5ates1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #chd3 ,see ,c4,i4,l4 iii4 ,suppl4 ,no4 #gcaj4 ,footnote #che3 ,div4 ,in/4 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #chf3 ,juv5al1 xi4 #aaf2 ,prop]tius1 v4 #a1 #e2 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 i4 #bjb4 ,footnote #chg3 ,h4,n4 xxxiv4 #cd4 ,footnote #chh3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aea4 ,footnote #chi3 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/4 #ag1 #bic1 ed4 ,migne2 see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #abi1 note #b4 ,footnote #cij3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aec4 ,footnote #cia3 ,ibid4 #aef4 ,footnote #cib3 ,apo!osis1 #deh4 ,see g5]ally ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #adj ff4 ,footnote #cic3 ,pollux1 x4 #ahi2 ,hesy*41 s4v42 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #db2 ,blmn]1 ii4 pp4 #db1 #aag2 & cf4 p4 #aec bel[4 ,footnote #cid3 ,t]tull4 ,apol4 #ab2 ad ,nat4 i4 #ab4 ,footnote #cie3 ,anim4 ,g5]4 ii4 #f2 ,hi/4 ,anim4 iii4 #e4 ,footnote #cif3 ,plut4 ,de pr(ect4 9 virt4 #ag1 p4 #hf ,a2 ,quae/4 conviv4 ii4 #c1 #b1 p4 #fcf ,c4 ,footnote #cig3 ,de p]mut4 #b4 ,footnote #cih3 ,fab4 #acg 7,teubn]74 ,footnote #cii3 ,phil4 i4 #i1 #dg4 ,footnote #djj3 ,an?4 ,p4 vi4 #bhj4 ,footnote #dja3 ,pha$r4 #bcj ,b4 ,footnote #djb3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #djc3 ,op4 et ,di4 #fj3 444 4 ,footnote #djd3 ,an?4 ,p4 xvi4 #aia4 ,footnote #dje3 ,/atuettes de ,t]re ,cuite1 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #djf3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #a ff4 ,footnote #djg3 ,see also = "s int]e/+ m\lds f ,girg5ti1 ,rm4 ,mit?4 xii4 7#ahig71 p4 #bec ff4 ,simil> specim5s h be5 f\nd at ,k]t* & ,smyrna4 ,footnote #djh3 ,see also on ! subject ,c4 ,c4 ,edg>1 ,greek ,m\lds 7,cat4 du ,muse du ,caire1 viii4 #aijc71 pls4 #bc-h1 #cc1 p4 xiv ff4 ,^! m\lds are ne>ly all made ( pla/]2 b ! acc\nt !re giv5 ( ! te*nical processes w\ld hold good ( t]racotta m\lds4 ,footnote #dji3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #daj3 ,poplic4 #ac3 see ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,footnote #daa3 ,lexiph4 #bb4 ,footnote #dab3 vii4 #afc4 ,footnote #dac3 ,cat4 ,b #deh-ei1 ,d #cib4 ,footnote #dad3 ,see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 iv4 p4 #dfd ff4 ,footnote #dae3 ,hirt1 ,ges*4 d4 bild4 ,kun/1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #daf3 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 xxxvi4 #ahi7 m5tions "o ,agrippa :o pa9t$ 9 encau/ic on t]racotta3 see ,*apt] ,,xix4 = possible examples ( ?is process4 ,footnote #dag3 ,s*ne1 ,gr4 ,reliefs1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #dah3 ,sitzungb]4 d4 k4 bay]4 ,akad4 ,phil4 ,cl4 #ahhc1 p4 #bii ff4 ,footnote #dai3 ,see = ^? f ,a!ns ,j4,h4,s4 xvii4 p4 #cjf ff4 ,footnote #dbj3 iv4 #ee4 ,footnote #dba3 ,de ,mundo1 #f1 #cih4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,see on ! subject ,h]mann1 ,lehrbu* d4 gr4 ,alt]t4 iv4 7#ahhb71 p4 #bie2 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #abc2 ,baumei/]1 ,d5km4 ii4 p4 #ggh4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,a ,corpus ( all ! kn[n types ( t]racotta /atuettes has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,w9t] 7,typ5 d] figrli*5 ,t]rakott51 #b vols4 #aijc74 ,footnote #dbd3 ,cf4 ! types on pa9t$ vases1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 7,eleus9ian deities74 ,footnote #dbe3 ,paus4 viii4 #ae1 #c4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,b4,m4 ,b #beh1 #daj4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bef1 #bhf1 #cce4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cei3 cf4 p4 #cdd4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,j4,h4,s4 vii4 p4 #i ff4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 pl4 #fa4 ,footnote #dca3 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 p4 #ajb2 ,b4,m4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #ce1 fig4 #fc4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,b4,m4 ,excavations1 p4 #bb1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #aej2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #aic2 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #dce3 ,cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #aa4 ,heuzey1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t ! ,pho5icians imitat$ ! ,greek pa9t$ examples ( ?is "t 7su* z ,a #aaag ff4 9 ,b4,m474 ,cf4 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,good examples are giv5 9 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 p4 #fgf2 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 pl4 #bh 79 ,l\vre1 f ,cor9?72 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahgi1 pl4 #ai3 cf4 also ,b]l9 #abhh-ia1 & _m examples 9 ,b4,m4 7,fir/ ,vase ,room74 ,on "o f ,kos 0 f\nd ! "n ( ,apries 7#eii-efi ,b4,c474 ,see also ,naukratis ,i4 pl4 #b1 figs4 #f-ah4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art4 iii4 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #dch3 ,b4,m4 ,excavations1 p4 #fi1 fig4 #ii4 ,footnote #dci3 ,furtwa5gl]1 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 pl4 #gj1 fig4 #c 7) text72 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,see ,j\rn4 des ,savans1 ,m>* #ahfb1 p4 #afc2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 vii4 7#ahfc71 p4 #bei 7"n ( ,ptolemy wrongly read z ,kleopatra72 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahfi1 p4 #ce2 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #dda3 ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts1 ,nov4 #ahgf1 p4 #che ff4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,von ,rohd51 ,t]racott5 von ,pompeii1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,hettn] 9 ,fe/s*r4 fr ,j4 ,ov]beck1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,ar*aeologia1 xxxii4 p4 #deb 7,ewell72 ,briti% ,museum1 ,romano-,briti% ,room1 ,case ,h4 ,footnote #dde3 ,maz>d1 ,de la connaissance p> les anci5s des glaures plombifres2 cf4 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,on ! subject g5]ally see ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 *ap4 xiii42 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #cfe ff42 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 s4v4 ,figl9um1 p4 #aaca2 & = ! ,graeco-,roman enamell$ w>es1 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 xcvi4 p4 #aag1 & ,maz>d1 op4 cit41 :]e a full description & li/ ( examples is giv54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,uses ,,& ,,%apes ,,( ,,greek ,,vases ,m5tion ( pa9t$ vases 9 lit]ature--,civil & dome/ic use ( pott]y--,measures ( capacity--,use 9 daily life--,decorative use--,religi\s & votive uses--,use 9 fun]al c]emonies--,%apes & _! names--,anci5t & mod]n classifications--,vases = /orage--,pi?os--,w9e-amphora--,amphora-- ,/amnos--,hydria--,vases = mix+--,krat]--,de9os or ,lebes--,cook+-vessels--,vases = p\r+ w9e--,o9o*oe & v>iants--,ladles--,dr9k+-cups--,names record$ by ,a!naeus--,kotyle--,skyphos--,kan?>os--, kylix--,phiale--,rhyton-- ,di%es--,oil-vases--,leky?os--,alaba/ron --,pyxis--,askos--,m\ld$ vases4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! enorm\s numb] ( pa9t$ vases n[ ga!r$ toge!r 9 our ,museums1 %[+ ! important "p !y mu/ h play$ 9 ! daily life ( ! ,greeks & ! high e/imation 9 :i* !y 7 cle>ly held1 z evid5c$ by ! great c>e be/[$ on _! decoration & ! pride exhibit$ by arti/s 9 _! sign$ productions1 may feel "s surprise t s few allusions to !m c be trac$ 9 classical lit]ature4 ,su* passages z c be int]pret$ z ref]r+ to !m may actually be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&1 & ev5 ^! are b pass+ allusions2 :ile any full descriptions ( vases1 su* z t 9 ,!ocritus' fir/ ,idyll or "s ( ^? 9 ,a!naeus' ,book ,,xi41 almo/ inv>iably ref] to metal vases ) *as$ designs4 ,nor c we trace any ref]5ce to kn[n pott]s or arti/s 9 lit]ature or docum5ts1 save 9 a few inscriptions rec5tly f\nd at ,a!ns1 :i* are1 ( c\rse1 ( second>y importance = lit]>y hi/ory4 ,m g5]al allusions to pott]y & its use 9 daily life are common en\gh1 & x w\ld h>dly be pr(itable to quote all su* passages 9 detail2 _m inde$1 su* z ! e>ly allusion to ! pott]'s :eel 9 ! ,iliad 7see p4 #bjg71 h f\nd a place else:]e 9 ?is "w4 ,! passage ( ,hom] at all ev5ts supplies pro(1 if su* 7 ne$$1 t ! use ( ! :eel 0 kn[n 9 e>ly times 9 ,greece4 ,( und\bt$ ref]5ces to pa9t$ vases !re are b two1 ?\gh bo? ( !m are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 z !y ref] to well-kn[n special classes ( ,attic vases4 ,! e>li] ( ! two is 9 ,p9d>'s t5? ,nemean ,ode1#ddg 9 :i* he celebrates ! victory ( ,?iaios ( ,argos1 :o _h twice be5 successful 9 ! ,pana!naic games at ,a!ns4 ,he says3 1 4#ddh ,^! prize-vases are also m5tion$ by ,simonides ( ,keos3 ' ' 4#ddi ,! o!r passage1 f ! ,ecclesiazusae ( ,ari/ophanes 7l4 #iif71 is equally well kn[n4 ,"o speak]1 9 some:at contemptu\s t]ms1 alludes to 8! fell[ :o pa9ts ! leky?i = ! dead03 4#dej ,^! leky?i may ) c]ta9ty be id5tifi$ ) ! :ite ,a!nian v>iety decorat$ ) appropriate subjects & made specially = fun]als 7see ,*apt] ,,xi474 ,! be/ examples ( ?is class belong to ! v p]iod at :i* ! ,ecclesiazusae 0 writt5 7#cib ,b4,c471 b mo/ ( !m %[ signs ( be+ ha/ily execut$ or made to be sold at a l[ price4 ,x is probably = ?is reason t ! speak] implies 8 contempt = ! pa9t]1 al?\gh at ! same "t x seems likely t vase-pa9t]s1 l all craftsm51 7 look$ d[n ^u by ! ,a!nians ( t day1 9 spite ( ! real beauty & arti/ic m]it ( _! productions4 ,"o or two d\btful allusions mu/ next be consid]$4 ,! lyric poet ,alcaeus1 :o fl\ri%$ #faj-ehj ,b4,c41 seems to allude to pa9t$ vases1 b ! read+ is v d\btful4 ,! passage is read by ,b]gk z foll[s 7,poet4 ,lyr4 ,graec4 iii4 p4 #afe1 frag4 #da73 ' 1 ' 1 1 444 1 ' 4#dea ,ahr5s#deb read = ' 1 1 1 & o!r v]sions h be5 sugge/$4 ,b]gk's read+ is v unc\?1 & x c]ta9ly seems z if 0 int5d$1 :atev] ! prec$+ ^w4 ,if x is all[$ to /&1 x obvi\sly implies pa9t$ vases1 z 9 ! ( ,p9d>4 ,9 ! spee* ( ,demo/h5es ,de ,falsa ,legatione 7p4 #dae7 occurs a passage :i* is g5]ally tak5 z hav+ ref]5ce to pa9t$ vases3 1 1 1 8,& y1 ,philo*>es1 :o pa9t ! alaba/os-/&s & ! p$im5ts40 ,! ^w is commonly suppos$ to describe a /& ) hold]s = pots ( p]fume 7also call$ 1 see bel[1 p4 #aie71 al?\gh mo/ pa9t$ examples ( ?is vase f\nd 9 ,greece are ( v e>ly date4 ,! are m easy ( explanation1 be+ ! triangul> p$im5ts ( temples1 :i*1 l ! metopes ( ! s-call$ ,!seion at ,a!ns & ^? at ,!rmon 7p4 #ib71 7 no d\bt (t5 adorn$ ) pa9t+s 9 place ( sculpture4 ,o!r passages1 if !y d n actually ref] to pa9t$ or ev5 to fictile vases1 are at lea/ ( value z giv+ in=mation z to ! curr5t names = ^? 9 e-day use1 or z to v>i\s purposes = :i* !y 7 us$4 ,ref]5ce w be made to _m ( ^! 9 ! c\rse ( ! *apt]4 ,suetonius 9 8 ,life ( ,caes> 7 #ha7 describes h[ ! coloni/s :o 7 s5t out "u ! ,lex ,julia to build new h\ses 7 de/roy+ anci5t tombs = ! purpose :5 !y came ^u rema9s ( anci5t pott]y 7aliquantum vasculorum op]is antiqui71 ! discov]y ( :i* caus$ !m to r$\ble _! ef=ts 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,simil>ly ,/rabo#dec tells u t :5 ,julius ,caes> s5t coloni/s to rebuild ,cor9? !y came ^u tombs conta9+ l>ge quantities ( 1 :i* !y nicknam$ 8,necrocor9?ia40 ,! mean+ ( ?is expression is some:at d\btful1 b ! ^w seems to imply *as$ or relief "w1 & x is probable t ^! 7 n pa9t$ vases1 b ,hell5i/ic w>e ) reliefs1 l ! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls4#ded ,! latt] c be id5tifi$1 by means ( _! subjects1 ) ! scyphi ,hom]ici ( :i* ,n]o 0 s fond2 ,suetonius tells u t !y 7 s nam$ a caelatura c>m9um ,hom]i1 f ! subjects f ,hom]'s poems c>v$ 9 relief ^u !m4#dee ,! scyphi 7 d\btless ( metal1 ! use ( :i* 0 conf9$ to ! weal?y & luxuri\s1 :ile ! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls & simil> w>e 7 copi$ f !m 9 ! *eap] mat]ial = ! use ( ! humbl] classes4 ,we see1 !n1 t classical lit]ature ?r[s b little light on ! uses made ( pa9t$ vases z su* by ! ,greeks4 ,b we are by no means ill suppli$ ) in=mation z to ! uses ( pott]y 9 g5]al1 ab\t :i* evid5ce may be obta9$ bo? f ! vases !mselves & f innum]able passages 9 anci5t writ]s or ! comm5t>ies ( ! s*olia/s & lexicograph]s4 ,?is "q is m or less b\nd up ) t ( ! diff]5t %apes & names ( vases1 ( :i* "s #aej h be5 h&$ d[n by ,a!naeus1 ,pollux1 & o!r writ]s1 & ^! w be consid]$ 9 detail subsequ5tly4 ,= ! pres5t x may suffice to say a few words on :at is kn[n ( ! use ( pott]y 9 g5]al & ( pa9t$ vases 9 p>ticul>4 ,z mo/ ( ! vases hi!rto kn[n h be5 discov]$ 9 tombs1 x w\ld at fir/ sight appe> t !y 7 exclusively de/9$ = sepul*ral purposes2 b ?is seems to h be5 9 _m cases only a subsequ5t use ( !m1 & !y d\btless also f\nd a place among ! wants ( daily life4 ,t ?is is true ( ! pla9 unglaz$ or unpa9t$ pott]y goes inde$ )\t say+2 9 reg>d to ! pa9t$ vases ! "q is1 9 view ( ! scanty lit]>y evid5ce1 m difficult to decide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,hemikotylion 7,,vase ,,us$ ,,z ,,measure74 ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,z ! civil & dome/ic use ( pott]y is ! mo/ important1 x is necess>y to consid] x fir/4 ,= ord9>y purposes e>!nw>e l>gely took ! place ( bronze & ! preci\s metals1 j z x does at ! pres5t day4 ,"o in/ance ( ?is we h already quot$ 9 speak+ ( ! 8,hom]ic b[ls10 & o!rs might be cit$1 9 p>ticul> its use = measures1 = :i* metal w\ld naturally be employ$ z a g5]al rule4 ,?is usage is e/abli%$ by ! occasional discov]y ( vases inscrib$ ) ! names ( measures & ! l4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a small "o-h&l$ cup ( black glaz$ w>e 7,f #eie ,fig4 #ad7 f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,c]igo 7,ky!ra71 on :i* is incis$ 9 fif?-c5tury lett]+ ! ^w 1 1 or 8half-kotyle40 ,! ^w is int]e/+ z d5ot+ n only a %ape ( a dr9k+-cup 7see bel[1 p4 #ahd71 b a ,greek measure1 equival5t to ab\t half a p9t4 ,aga91 9 #ahfg1 a cyl9drical vase ( r$ w>e 0 f\nd at ,a!ns inscrib$ 1 1 or 8public 7measure740#def ,x 0 /amp$ ) ! figure ( an owl & an olive-bran*1 ! (ficial seal ( ,a!ns1 & has be5 suppos$ to repres5t ! or qu>t1 its capacity hav+ be5 e/imat$ at #jif litres1 or #a p9ts1 :ile ! is g5]ally reckon$ z equival5t to #a litre4#deg ,_m ( ! names 9 common use = %apes ( vases are also f\nd appli$ to measures ( capacity ei!r = liquid or dry /uffs2 & x is possible t h]e9 lies ! explanation ( ! some:at puzzl+ graffiti inscriptions f\nd "u ! feet ( ,attic vases 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii471 :]e ! words us$ seem to h no relation to ! vase itself4 ,?us 9 liquid measure ! amphora 77 or 1 also kn[n z 1 0 equival5t to ab\t #g gallons1 & 0 divid$ into #ab 1 ! into #ab 1 :i*1 z we h se51 answ] to our -p9ts4 ,! 0 "o-f\r? ( a 1 ! "o-six?4#deh ,all ^! words 7 9 common use to express v>i\s =ms ( vases1 z w be se5 lat] on4 ,fur!r1 ! ^w 1 :i*1 l ! ,lat9 te/a1 is us$ g5]ally = pott]y1 has a m re/rict$ s5se ( a cask or vessel us$ = transport+ w9e1 & is ev5 us$ z a t]m ( measure1 presumably equival5t to ! amphora4#dei ,e>!nw>e 0 also us$ g5]ally = ! purpose ( /or+ liquids or v>i\s k9ds ( food1 = ! prep>ation ( food & liquids1 & = ! uses ( ! table or toilet4 ,! pa9t$ w>e1 h[ev]1 0 n employ$ = ! common] purposes1 nor to conta9 l>ge quantities ( liquids1 = :i* x w\ld h be5 f> too exp5sive4 ,b we "k t x 0 l>gely us$ at banquets & dr9k+-b\ts1 & on o!r occasions1 f ! evid5ce ( ! vases !mselves4 ,?us1 9 ! well-kn[n vase ) ! ,h>pies robb+ ! bl9d ,ph9eus ( 8 food 7p4 #ceg71 a kotyle pa9t$ ) black figures is se5 9 ! k+'s h&s2 & 9 a sc5e repres5t+ ! reception ( ,p>is by ,hel51#dfj ! =m] is (f]$ w9e drawn f a l>ge f\r-h&l$ vase on :i* figures are pa9t$4#dfa ,vases ) subjects repres5t$ on !m are also se5 plac$ on columns =m+ ! backgr\nd ( sc5es1 z if =m+ "p ( ! furniture ( a hall or *amb]4 ,b z a g5]al rule ! vases repres5t$ 9 banquet sc5es & else:]e are left pla9 or only decorat$ ) patt]ns4 ,to ! use ( vases 9 connection ) a?letic games we h already allud$ 9 discuss+ ,p9d>'s m5tion ( ! ,pana!naic amphorae2 x is1 ( c\rse1 likely t o!r =ms ( vases 7 also giv5 z prizes or pres5t$ to "y m5 on special occasions1 su* z ent]+ ! ranks ( ! or be+ m>ri$1 b we h no evid5ce ( su* cu/oms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,*ild ,,play+ ,,) ,,jug 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,vases 7 also us$ z toys1 z is prov$ by ! discov]y ( _m little vases1 *iefly jugs1 9 ! tombs ( *ildr5 at ,a!ns1 on :i* are depict$ *ildr5 play+ at v>i\s games4#dfb ,!y are too small to h s]v$ any o!r purpose1 & z simil>ly %ap$ jugs appe> among ! toys us$ by ! *ildr5 9 ^! sc5es1 x is reasonable to suppose t !y 7 play?+s4 ,no d\bt "s ( ! m unusual %apes 7 made ) ! same end1 su* z vases 9 ! %ape ( animals or fruit1 or ! aski 7p4 #bjj71 :i* conta9$ little balls & 7 us$ z rattles4 ,we h already h9t$ at ! purely decorative use ( vases z dome/ic ornam5ts1 9 :i* capacity !y 7 (t5 plac$ on columns2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no h9t ( ?is 9 anci5t au?ors4 ,b t x 0 cu/om>y 9 ,greece & ,italy1 at all ev5ts 9 ! lat] p]iod 7i4e4 aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s71 seems to be indicat$ by ! practice :i* obta9s ) ! l>g] vases ( execut+ only "o side ) c>e1 :ile ! o!r exhibits an unimportant & badly pa9t$ design 7g5]ally ?ree boys or m5 wrapp$ 9 mantles74 ,x is natural to suppose t ! c>elessly execut$ side 0 n suppos$ to be se51 ow+ to ! fact t ! vase 0 int5d$ to be plac$ aga9/ a wall4 ,"s ( ! l>ge r\nd di%es ( ,apulian fabric seem to h be5 int5d$ = hang+ up aga9/ a wall1 on ! same pr9ciple4#dfc ,! "q :i* next arises is t ( ! ext5t to :i* vases 7 us$ = religi\s & votive purposes4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ) "o exception not$ bel[1 we d]ive little aid f a /udy ( ! pa9t$ vases !mselves1 9 spite ( ! frequ5cy ( my?ological subjects4 ,b inasmu* z _m in/ances are kn[n ( (f]+s ( metal vases 9 ! temples ( ! gods1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t pa9t$ vases s]v$ ! same purpose = ^? :o c\ld only af=d ! humbl] mat]ial4 ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ! l>ge vases pa9t$ = a front view only1 ( :i* we h j spok51 7 de/9$ = ?is purpose2 b z !y are mo/ly f\nd 9 tombs1 ?is c h>dly be ! case4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 mu* light has be5 ?r[n ^u ?is "q by means ( sci5tific excavations4 ,on _m temple-sites :i* h be5 sy/ematically explor$1 su* z ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns or ,naukratis 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta1 enorm\s numb]s ( fragm5ts ( pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd :i* are cle>ly ! rema9s ( votive (f]+s4 ,x 0 a well-kn[n ,greek cu/om to cle> out ! temples f "t to "t & =m rubbi%-heaps ( ! disus$ vases & /atuettes1 sometimes by digg+ pits = !m2 & ?us ^! brok5 fragm5ts1 reject$ f _! app>5t uselessness1 h f ^! v circum/ances be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t day to ca/ a flood ( light on _m po9ts ( ar*aeology4 ,at ,naukratis _m ( ! fragm5ts be> incis$ inscriptions 9 ! =m ( d$ications to ,apollo 7,fig4 #af47 or ,aphrodite1 accord+ to ! site on :i* !y 7 f\nd4 ,at ,p5tesk\phia ne> ,cor9? a l>ge s]ies ( e>ly pa9t$ tablets1 ) repres5tations ( ,poseidon & inscrib$ d$ications1 7 f\nd 9 #ahgi 7p4 #caf71 & illu/rate ! practice ( mak+ (f]+s 9 ?is =m1 m5tion$ by ,aes*ylos4#dfd ,tablets pa9t$ ) figures & hung on trees or walls are n infrequ5tly depict$ on r$-figur$ vases1 ! subject g5]ally imply+ _! votive "*4#dfe ,fig4 #ag4 repres5ts a y\? c>ry+ a tablet ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,rim ,,( ,,vase ,,f ,,naukratis ,,) ,,d$ication ,,to ,,apollo 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,y\? ,,) ,,votive ,,tablet4 ,!re is no d\bt t vases 7?\gh n1 p]haps1 pa9t$ ones7 mu/ h play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,a!nian fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia1 ! second day 0 devot$ to ! hold+ ( 1 or 8pot-conte/s10 vessels full ( corn be+ d$icat$ to ,h]mes ,*?onios4#dff ,at ! fe/ival ( ! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis fl[]-pots ( e>!nw>e conta9+ fl[]s 7 ca/ into ! sea1 z a type ( ! premature dea? ( ,adonis4#dfg ,^! fl[]-pots 7 also plac$ on ! tops ( h\ses1 & 9 ?is same fe/ival1 :i* 0 *iefly celebrat$ by hetairae1 little t]racotta figures 77 7 introduc$4#dfh ,! use ( fl[]-pots plac$ 9 w9d[s to =m artificial g>d5s is m5tion$ by ,m>tial & ,pl9y#dfi2 & !y 7 also employ$ to protect t5d] plants1 z h9t$ by ,!ophra/os1#dgj :o speaks ( ! necessity ( propagat+ s\!rnwood by slips 9 pots4 ,x is1 p]haps1 h>dly necess>y to speak ( ! con/ant use ( ! jug & b[l 7phiale7 9 sacrifices & libation sc5es1 z se5 on innum]able vases ( ! ,r4,f4 & lat] p]iods 7see pp4 #agh1 #aia74 ,fig4 #ah %[s ! use ( vases on ! occasion ( a sacrifice to ,dionysos4 ,!re is also a type ( vase :i*1 accord+ to a rec5t writ]1#dga 0 us$ = burn+ inc5se4 ,x is a =m :i* hi!rto _h be5 conv5tionally nam$ ! 1 on acc\nt ( its recurv$ lip 7see bel[1 p4 #ahg72 b x is po9t$ out t x _h ?ree feet 7! =m be+ cle>ly d]iv$ f ! tripod71 & !re=e /ood1 & 0 n c>ri$ ab\t2 also t x v>ies mu* 9 size1 & is f\nd at an e>ly date1 & *iefly 9 wom5's graves4#dgb ,!re is also evid5ce t x 0 meant to /& fire or hold coals4 ,f ^! details ! conclusion is d$uc$ t x repres5ts ! e>li] =m ( inc5se-burn] 7d[n to ab\t #ejj ,b4,c471 ^? ( lat] date be+ ( a diff]5t =m1 z (t5 se5 on ,r4,f4 vases4#dgc ,illu/ration3 ,f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold4 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,vases ,,us$ ,,9 ,,sacrifice 7,,f ,,vase ,,at ,,naples74 ,! mo/ important use1 h[ev]1 = :i* vases 7 employ$1 & t to :i* _! pres]vation is ma9ly due1 0 = purposes connect$ ) fun]al c]emonies4 ,^! 7 ( a v>i$ nature1 includ+ ! use ( vases at ! burial1 ! plac+ ( !m on ! tomb to hold (f]+s1 & ! deposit+ ( !m 9 ! tomb1 ei!r to hold ! a%es ( ! dead or z 8tomb-furniture10 9 accordance ) ! religi\s beliefs ( ! ,greeks on ! life aft] dea?4 ,! pr9cipal me?ods 9 :i* !y h be5 f\nd deposit$ 9 ! tombs h already be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,vases 7 employ$ 9 ! burial rites 9 v>i\s ways1 z we le>n f ! subjects depict$ ^u !m4 ,9 ! celebrat$ vase repres5t+ ! dea? & fun]al ( ,ar*emoros1#dgd two p]sons are se5 c>ry+ tables lad5 ) vases to ! tomb1 :ile an o9o*o is plac$ "u ! bi] on :i* ! corpse is laid4 ,x is also probable t !y 7 (t5 burnt on ! fun]al pile ) ! corpse1 & if ?is is ! case x may acc\nt = ! discol\r$ condition ( _m f9e vases 9 :i* ! r$ glaze has turn$ to an a%5 grey "u ! action ( fire4#dge ,9 any case vases 7 (t5 brok5 be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! tomb1 ! idea be+ t !y mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! dea? ( ! p]son to :om !y 7 consecrat$4 ,!re is a special class ( ,b4,f4 amphorae f\nd at ,a!ns1 :i* are commonly kn[n z 8pro!sis-amphorae10 ! subjects relat+ exclusively to ! or lay+-out1 & o!r fun]al rites4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 probably plac$ r\nd ! bi] dur+ ?is c]emony4 ,vases 7 also us$ = hold+ milk1 oil1 ungu5ts1 & o!r liquids :i* 7 p\r$ ^u ! corpse1 or = ! lu/ral wat] plac$ at ! entrance ( ! tomb4 ,x 0 ! regul> practice ( ! ,a!nians to place vases on ! outside ( ! tombs1 ! commone/ =ms be+ t ( ! leky?os1 or a l>g] vase kn[n z ! 1 m5tion$ by ,demo/h5es4#dgf ,^! 71 h[ev]1 g5]ally ( /one1 & are sometimes sculptur$ 9 relief1 or be> inscriptions l ! ,attic /elae#dgg & mod]n tomb/ones4 ,! cu/om ( plac+ leky?i on tombs is also allud$ to once or twice by ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,ecclesiazusae--e4g4 l9e #ech3 ' 1 & aga91 l9e #ajcb3 4#dgh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,fun]al ,,leky?os1 ,,) ,,vases ,,inside ,,tomb 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,! mann] ( employ+ vases z adjuncts to ! tomb is n[h]e bett] illu/rat$ ?an on ! ,a!nian :ite leky?i1 :i* are almo/ all pa9t$ ) fun]al subjects1 &1 f ! ha/y way 9 :i* _m are execut$1 %[ t !y 7 (t5 made to ord] at %ort notice 7see above1 p4 #acb74 ,9 p>ticul>1 "o example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #ef ,fig4 #ai7 %[s ! int]ior ( a conical tomb or tumulus1 )9 :i* vases ( v>i\s %apes are se54 ,9 o!r examples !y are rang$ along ! /eps ( a /ele1 or are repres5t$ z be+ br\ght to ! tomb 9 baskets by m\rn+ wom54#dgi ,! l>g] vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* simil>ly %[ by _! subjects t !y 7 only made = fun]al purposes1 be> a close relation to ! :ite leky?i1 & also to ! ,attic fun]al /elae ) reliefs4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject v>ies 9 ! diff]5t fabrics1 b two ma9 types prevail4 ,9 ! "o1 ( ,lucanian orig91 ! tomb takes ! =m ( a /ele or column1 r\nd :i* vases are rang$ on /eps#dhj2 9 ! o!r1 on ! l>ge ,apulian krat]s & amphorae1 ! tomb is 9 ! %ape ( a or small temple1 )9 :i* is se5 ! figure ( ! deceas$1 :ile on ei!r side approa* wom5 be>+ (f]+s 7,fig4 #ajf72 b vases d n play an important "p 9 ^! latt] sc5es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,vases ,,plac$ ,,on ,,tomb 7,,lucanian ,,hydria ,,9 ,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,?irdly1 we h to deal ) ! use ( pa9t$ vases 9 ! tomb itself4 ,z reg>ds _! use z c9]>y urns1 to conta9 ! a%es ( ! dead1 x appe>s to h be5 some:at re/rict$4 ,9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod we "k t inhumation1 n cremation1 0 ! practice1 contr>y to t ( ! h]oic or ,hom]ic age1 9 :i* an entirely diff]5t /ate ( ?+s is repres5t$4 ,b :5 we d read 9 ,hom] or ! tragic poets1 ( ! me?ods ( deal+ ) ! a%es ( ! dead1 !re is no m5tion ( any b metal urns4 ,?us ! a%es ( ,patroklos 7 collect$ 9 a #dha 7! ^w is probably us$ loosely71 :ile ^? ( ,a*illes 7 /or$ 9 a gold5 amphora4#dhb ,aga91 ,sophokles1 9 ! fictiti\s acc\nt ( ,ore/es' dea? giv5 9 8 ,electra1 uses ! expression 7l4 #geh7dhc3 1 %[+ t metal vases 7 g5]ally employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,no in/ances occurr$ among ! e>ly tombs 9 ! ,dipylon cemet]y at ,a!ns or else:]e 9 ,greece be=e ! six? c5tury1 nor 0 ! practice usually fav\r$ by ! ,etruscans1 :o employ$ pa9t$ vases 9 _! tombs exclusively z furniture4 ,9 ,myc5aean times 9 ,crete c(f]s 77 ( t]racotta1 pa9t$ l ! vases1 7 us$ z ossu>ia#dhd2 & simil>ly 9 ,etruria at all p]iods ! rema9s ( ! deceas$ 7 plac$ 9 rectangul> *e/s or s>cophagi ( t]racotta or /one4 ,b 9 ! e>lie/ tombs ( ,etruria & ,c5tral ,italy urns & hut-%ap$ receptacles = ! a%es 7 inv>iably employ$ 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t 9 c\rse ( "t !re 0 a p>tial adoption ( ! practice 9 ,greece4 ,z e>ly z ! middle ( ! six? c5tury !re is an in/ance 9 ! well-kn[n ,burgon ,pana!naic amphora1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#dhe f\nd by ,mr4 ,burgon 9 #ahac2 x conta9$ rema9s ( burnt bones & sev]al small pla9 vases4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! ,pana!naic amphorae 9 p>ticul> 7 consid]$ appropriate = ?is purpose1 namely1 t ! *]i%$ prize won by ! liv+ %\ld be us$ = ! mo/ sacr$ purpose 9 connection ) ! dead4 ,among ! r$-figur$ vases ( ! fif? c5tury :i* h be5 f\nd to conta9 a%es1 may be m5tion$ ! fam\s ,viv5zio vase at ,naples1#dhf :i* 0 f\nd c>efully deposit$ )9 ano!r vase at ,nola1 & a vase ( ! %ape kn[n z 1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f\nd ne> ! ,peiraeus4#dhg ,!re is also a cov]$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#dhh :i* 0 employ$ = a simil> purpose4 ,x is n1 /rictly speak+1 a pa9t$ vase1 be+ cov]$ ) a :ite slip & col\r$ l ! t]racottas1 :ile ! heads ( mon/]s project f its sides2 ! %ape is t kn[n z 78ture5071 & x dates f ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x conta9$ human bones1 among :i* 7 f\nd a small t]racotta figure ( a ,sir5 & o!r objects2 ! jaw-bone1 :i* 0 pres]v$1 _h /ill fix$ 9 x ! obolos1 or small silv] co9 :i* 0 plac$ !re z ,*>on's f>e = f]ry+ ! s\l ov] ! ,/yx4 ,( lat] date is a vase f\nd at ,alex&ria1 9 ! catacombs1 simil>ly decorat$1 & also fill$ ) bones2 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum 9 #ahcj by ,sir ,e4 ,codr+ton4 ,! class ( l>ge t]racotta vases f\nd 9 tombs at ,canosa1 ,cumae1 ,capua & ,calvi 7,cales71 ( :i* f9e specim5s may be se5 9 ! ,t]racotta ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7see above1 p4 #aai71 seems to h be5 made = sepul*ral purposes1 z 9 _m cases !y are n adapt$ = practical use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may h be5 ornam5ts = h\ses4 ,!y are decorat$ ) figures 9 high relief1 or atta*$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! vase1 & _m ( !m1 especially ^? 9 ! =m ( female heads1 are /rictly speak+ n vases at all1 hav+ no prop] bottom4 ,! majority ( pa9t$ vases f\nd 9 ! tombs mu/ be reg>d$ purely z tomb-furniture1 plac$ !re ) ! idea t ! deceas$ w\ld require 9 8 future life all t _h be5 associat$ ) 8 =m] exi/5ce4 ,sometimes !y 7 plac$ r\nd ! corpse1 ) food or liquids 9 !m = ! use ( ! 8gho/10 & in/ances are kn[n ( eggs & o!r objects hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 ?is mann]4#dhi ,toy-vases are f\nd buri$ ) *ildr5 9 tombs at ,a!ns & else:]e1 & toilet-boxes or ungu5t-vases 9 wom5's graves4 ,nev]!less1 x is probably n wide ( ! m>k to say t 9 ! six? & fif? c5turies ! cu/om _h lo/ mu* ( its orig9al mean+2 ! habit ( plac+ pa9t$ vases 9 tombs surviv$1 b ! orig9al idea ( ! practice _h become obscur$1 & ! religi\s significance 0 re/rict$ to c]ta9 classes ( vases1 ! pro!sis-amphorae1 :ite leky?i1 & o!rs1 :i* 7 n us$ dur+ life b only made specially = ?is purpose4 ,great value seems to h be5 set ^u ! pa9t$ vases by _! possessors4 ,:5 brok51 !y 7 repair$ by ! pieces be+ skilfully fitt$ & drill$1 ) a rivet ( lead or bronze neatly atta*$ to ! sides4 ,sev]al m5d$ vases exi/ 9 ! ,european collections4#dij ,occasionally !y 7 repair$ by ins]t+ pieces ( o!r vases4 ,?us a vase ) two h&les1 f\nd at ,vulci1 ( ! %ape call$ 1 is repair$ ) a "p ( a kylix repres5t+ q a diff]5t subject1 & ?us pres5ts a discordant effect4#dia ,a ,r4,f4 vase 9 ! ,l\vre has actually be5 m5d$ ) "p ( a ,b4,f4 vase4#dib ,a ,b4,f4 kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #cih7 has a piece ins]t$ ) ! "n ( ,priapos2 simil>ly ! two h&les ( ! ,r4,f4 kylix ,e #d1 ) ! signature ( ,?yphei?ides1 d n belong to ! vase2 b ^! may bo? be mod]n re/orations4 ,! l>ge casks ( co>se & unglaz$ w>e 77 7 also repair$ ) lead5 cramps4 8,! casks ( ! ill-clad ,cynic10 says ! ,roman satiri/1 8d n burn2 %\ld y break "o ( !m1 ano!r h\se w be made by to-morr[1 or ! same w cont9ue to s]ve :5 repair$ ) lead40#dic ,ari/ophanes puts into ! m\? ( 8 old litigant turn$ r\ a popul> /ory ( ,syb>is :i* alludes to ! use ( bronze rivets4 ,a woman ( t city broke an e>!n pot1 :i* 0 repres5t$ z scream+ out1 & call+ = witnesses to prove h[ badly x _h be5 treat$4 8,by ,p]sephone60 exclaims ! dame1 87 y to leave (f bawl+ = witnesses1 & make ha/e to buy a copp] clamp 77 to rivet y\rself )1 y w\ld %[ m s5se40#did 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] not+ ! *ief uses ( ,greek vases x is necess>y to give "s acc\nt ( ! diff]5t %apes1 & to id5tify ! record$ names z f> z possible ) ! v>i\s k9ds actually f\nd4 ,! subject is1 h[ev]1 "o ( great difficulty1 & x is impossible to atta9 to sci5tific accuracy1 ow+ to ! diff]5ces ( "t betwe5 ! au?ors by :om !y are m5tion$1 ! difficulty ( expla9+ types by v]bal descriptions1 & ! ambiguity (t5 caus$ by ! anci5t practice ( describ+ a vase ( "o %ape by ! "n ( ano!r4 ,a /udy ( any collection ( ,greek vases w make x app>5t t !re is a great v>iety 9 ! =ms ( ! diff]5t p]iods4 ,?is is especially m>k$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ,greece1 9 :i* ! v>iety is almo/ endless1 & ! adoption & developm5t ( c]ta9 recognis$ =ms practically unkn[n4 ,x mu/ !re=e be evid5t t ! /atem5ts ( anci5t writ]s mu/ always be us$ ) caution1 & t a %ape describ$ by an e>ly writ] mu/ n be tak5 z repres5t+ ! same 9 a lat] p]iod1 ev5 if ! same ^w be us$1 or vice v]sa4 ,= in/ance1 ! ( ,hom]1 :i* f9ds a curi\s p>allel 9 ! gold cup ) ! doves discov]$ by ,s*liemann at ,myc5ae1 is1 :atev] view we may take ( ! ,hom]ic civilisation1 only an example ( a pass+ fa%ion4 ,or aga91 _m ( ! dr9k+-cups describ$ by ,a!naeus 9 8 elev5? book are d\btless only in/ances ( new exp]im5ts 9 pott]y or metal-"w *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 ) its t5d5cy to /rive aft] novelties4 ,_m ( 8 names are little m ?an nicknames = famili> %apes1 :i* enjoy$ a tempor>y popul>ity4 ,"s in=mation may be d]iv$ f ! vases !mselves by means ( inscriptions1 specim5s ( :i* are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,?us on ! ,franois vase ! ?ree-h&l$ pit*] us$ by ,polyx5a is inscrib$ 1 or 8wat]-pot10 & enables u to apply ! "n hydria ) c]ta9ty to a ?ree-h&l$ vase1 ( :i* _m black- & r$-figur$ specim5s exi/4#die ,!n we h ! leky?os ( ,tataie1 & ! kylikes ( ,philto & ,kephisophon1#dif :i* te/ify by inscriptions to ! "n by :i* !y 7 kn[n4 ,! names incis$ 9 graffito on ! feet ( vases#dig are a m d\btful s\rce ( evid5ce1 inasmu* z !y may ref] ei!r to mix$ bat*es ( vases or to ! names ( measures ( capacity4 ,examples ( cursory m5tion ( names 9 ! anci5t writ]s1 su* z ,ari/ophanes1 are innum]able1 b seldom explicit1 & ! s*olia on ^! writ]s are h>dly m useful1 inasmu* z ! gramm>ians probably knew little m ab\t obsolete %apes ?an we d ourselves1 & _! comm5t>ies h little critical weight4 ,! loci classici on ! subject are ! book ( ,a!naeus already ref]r$ to1#dih 9 :i* he gives a li/ ( ov] "o hundr$ names1 ) m or less full explanation & comm5t>y1 mo/ ( ! =ms be+ app>5tly v>ieties ( dr9k+-cups1 & ! ,onoma/icon ( ,pollux4#dii ,notices ( vases are also to be f\nd 9 ! lexicograph]s1 su* z ,hesy*ius & ,suidas1 & ! ,etymologicum ,magnum4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( mod]n ar*aeology ! fir/ to propose an id5tification ( ! %apes ( vases 0 ,pan(ka1#ejj ^: fanciful & uncritical lucubrations 7 %ortly aft]w>ds combat$ by ,letronne#eja & ,g]h>d1#ejb ! latt] ( :om introduc$ a m sci5tific me?od ( criticism & classification1 ?\gh 8 results _c be consid]$ z f9al4 ,o!r writ]s 7 ,mll]1#ejc ,?i]s*1#ejd ,uss+1#eje ,krause1#ejf & ,jahn1#ejg ( :om ,uss+ foll[$ practically on ,g]h>d's l9es b ) m success2 ,krause1 ?\gh exhau/ive1 is on ! :ole uncritical2 & ,jahn has treat$ ! subject ) 8 wont$ concis5ess & sobriety4 ,( late ye>s little att5tion has be5 paid to x1 pr9cipally1 no d\bt1 = ! reason t s _m conv5tional names h be5 g5]ally accept$ = ! ord9>y %apes by ar*aeologi/s1 :o h recognis$ ! fact t x w nev] be possible to treat ! subject ) sci5tific accuracy4#ejh ,! classification ( ! %apes ( vases has usually be5 und]tak5 on ! l9es ( di/+ui%+ _! ma9 uses1 su* z 7#a7 ^? 9 :i* food or liquids 7 pres]v$2 7#b7 ^? 9 :i* liquids 7 mix$ or cook$2 7#c7 ^? by means ( :i* liquids 7 p\r$ out or food di/ribut$2 7#d7 dr9k+-cups2 7#e7 o!r vases = ! use ( ! table or toilet4 ,?us we h ! pi?os & amphora = /or+ w9e1 ! krat] = mix+ x1 ! psykt] = cool+ x1 ! kya?os = ladl+ x out1 & ! o9o*o or pro*oos = p\r+ x out2 ! hydria 0 us$ = fet*+ wat] f ! well4 ,( small] vases1 ! names = dr9k+-cups are innum]able1 b ! phiale1 = in/ance1 0 employ$ *iefly = p\r+ libations2 :ile di%es & plates are repres5t$ by ! lekane1 tryblion1 p9ax1 & s on4 ,! pyxis 0 us$ by wom5 at _! toilet1 & ! leky?os1 alaba/ron1 & askos = hold+ oil & ungu5ts4 ,!re is an int]e/+ passage 9 ,a!naeus 7iv4 #adb ,d7#eji :i* gives a li/ ( ! vases requir$ = use at a banquet3 8,& on ! tripod 0 plac$ a bronze w9e-cool] 77 & a 7bucket7 & a silv] hold+ two kotylae 7"o p9t71 & a ladle 772 & ! w9e-jug 77 0 ( bronze1 b nobody 0 (f]$ dr9k unless he ask$ = x2 & "o ladleful 0 giv5 out be=e ! meal40 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! purposes ( ?is "w x is hop$ t ! usual me?od ( classification indicat$ above w be f\nd suffici5t1 supplem5t$ by ! descriptions ( ,a!naeus & o!r writ]s1 :]e any details c be obta9$2 b x is obvi\s t a really critical treatm5t ( ! subject %\ld be *ronological1 ) endeav\rs to trace ! fir/ appe>ance & developm5t ( ea* type4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 h[ev]1 x w\ld seem impossible to d s ) success4 ,we beg9 our description ( ! vases ( ! ,greeks ) an acc\nt ( ! l>ge vases ( r\gh manufacture calculat$ to hold great quantities ( w9e1 wat]1 or food4 ,! *ief vase ( ?is class is ! ,pi?os or cask 7,lat4 dolium71 a vase ( gigantic size1 f\nd bo? 9 ,italy & ,greece4#eaj ,!y are %ap$ l enorm\s b>rels1 ) bulg+ bodies & wide m\?s1 & answ] to ! mod]n hog%ead or pipe4 ,:5 full1 ! casks 7 clos$ ) a circul> /one1 or ) a cov] ( clay4 ,!y 7 us$ to hold honey1 w9e1 & figs1 & 7 usually kept half-buri$ 9 ! e>?4#eaa ,!y 7 suffici5tly capaci\s to hold a man1 & ! fam\s 8tub0 ( ,diog5es 0 ( ?is =m4 ,on a lamp 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r monum5ts#eab he is repres5t$ appe>+ f "o1 presumably on ! occasion ( 8 int]view ) ,alex&]4 ,9 ! vase-pa9t+s ,eury/heus takes refuge 9 a pi?os f ,h]akles :5 he br+s ! ,eryman?ian bo>1#eac & ! same %ape ( vase is repres5t$ z hold+ ! w9e ( ! ,c5taurs & ! wat] drawn by ! ,danaids4#ead ,! 8box0 ( ,p&ora 0 9 reality a l>ge j> ( ?is k9d1 z we le>n f ,hesiod4#eae ,x requir$ great skill to make ^! vases1 :5ce a ,greek prov]b *>act]is$ an ambiti\s b inexp]i5c$ man z 8"o :o began ) a cask0 7 74#eaf ,!y 7 n made on ! :eel b by a peculi> process1 :i* is describ$ z pla/]+ ! clay r\nd a framework ( wood1 call$ #eag2 x appe>s to h be5 made ( v]tical bo>ds rang$ 9 a circle1 l a tub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,pi?os ,,f ,,knossos4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses two or ?ree ( exceptional size1 ornam5t$ ) b&s ( geometrical patt]ns 9 relief1 :i* 7 obta9$ f ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,a47 ,biliotti's excavations at ,ialysos 9 ,rhodes1 & belong to ! ,myc5aean p]iod4 ,9 #aijj ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans1 among ! rema9s ( ! ,m9oan palace at ,knossos 9 ,crete1 came ^u a c\rty>d r\nd :i* /ood a numb] ( simil> 1 ) decorations ( a ,myc5aean "* 7see ,fig4 #ba74eah ,^! may be consid]$ to belong to ! middle ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c41 & x is !re=e evid5t t ! may claim an antiquity second to none among =ms ( ,greek vases4 ,among examples ( lat] date may be m5tion$ ! l>ge s]ies rec5tly f\nd 9 ,!ra by ,g]man explor]s1 "s pla91 o!rs ) pa9t$ geometrical decoration2 !y are p>tly ( native make1 p>tly importations f ,crete1 & date f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4#eai ,dr4 ,drpfeld f\nd examples ( 9 ! rema9s ( ! e>li] cities at ,hiss>lik1 f ! second to ! sev5? lay]s4 ,^! 7 us$ = keep+ all sorts ( liquids & solids1 & also app>5tly =m$ "p ( ! cook+ app>atus4#ebj ,o!rs 7 f\nd 9 ! excavations ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,brunton on ! site ( ,d>danus 9 ! ,troad2 !y 7 ( pale r$ clay1 ) a /one cov]4 ,9 excavat+ betwe5 ,balaclava & ,seva/opol ,colonel ,munroe discov]$ no less ?an sixte51 ab\t #d ft4 #d 94 9 height1 )9 a circul> build+1 app>5tly a /oreh\se2 !y 7 also ( pale r$ w>e4 ,"o _h incis$ ^u its lip 1 app>5tly indicat+ its price4 ,simil> h be5 f\nd 9 ,a!ns1 "s hav+ fractures jo9$ by lead5 rivets4 ,l>ge ) ar*aic reliefs h be5 f\nd 9 ,crete1 ,rhodes1 ,sicily1 & ,etruria 7at ,c]vetri72 !y are imitat$ f metal vases1 ) designs ( ,ori5tal "*4#eba ,p]haps ( all ! anci5t vases ! be/ kn[n is ! ,amphora 7 or 71 :i* 0 us$ = a v>iety ( dome/ic & comm]cial purposes4 ,s num]\s are ! vases ( ?is =m1 f\nd all ov] ! ,greek _w1 t !y m]it a l5g?y description4 ,!y 7 pr9cipally us$ = w9e1 b also = corn1 honey1 oil1 & o!r sub/ances1#ebb & to ! use ( ! ^w z a measure ( capacity we h already allud$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! conv5tional use ( ! ^w amphora 9 speak+ ( ! pa9t$ ,greek vases implies a q diff]5t =m f ! pla9 w9e-amphorae1 :i* 7 nei!r pa9t$ nor v>ni%$2 ! type ( vase is ! same1 b ! pa9t$ examples are small] & /\t]1 ) a prop] foot4 ,= ! pres5t we conf9e our description to ! unadorn$ amphora ( comm]ce4 ,besides ! two h&les f :i* ! ^w d]ives its "n1#ebc ! w9e-amphora 7,fig4 #bb47 is di/+ui%$ by its long egg-%ap$ body1 n>r[ cyl9drical neck1 & po9t$ base2 ?is =m is (t5 kn[n z diota 7! ,lat9 equival5t74 ,! base is sometimes suppli$ ) a r+ to /& on1 b is m usually po9t$1 9 ord] to be easily fix$ 9 ! e>? 9 cell>s4 ,! m\? 0 seal$ by means ( a conical cov] t]m9at+ 9 a boss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,greek ,,w9e-,,j>s 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,rema9s ( ^! amphorae h be5 discov]$ n only 9 ,greece itself1 b also :]ev] ! ,greek comm]ce & settlem5ts ext5d$1 z 9 ,alex&ria1 ,k]t* 7,panticapaeum71 ,corfu1 ,rhodes1 ,sicily1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y appe> to h be5 us$ at a v e>ly p]iod1 pla9 specim5s ( r$ w>e be+ f\nd n only 9 ! e>ly ,greek tombs1 l t ( ,m5ekrates 9 ,corfu 7p4 #ed71 b ev5 9 tombs ( ! ,bronze ,age p]iod1 z 9 ,cyprus4 ,! typical long %ape1 h[ev]1 did n come into fa%ion until ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! isl& ( ,rhodes 0 a great trad+ c5tre1 c>ry+ on an active comm]ce all ov] ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,amphorae ( ?is =m are repres5t$ on ! co9s ( ,*ios & ,?asos ) ref]5ce to _! trade 9 w9e1 & on ! ,a!nian silv] tetradra*ms :i* belong to ! p]iod subsequ5t to ab\t #bbj ,b4,c42 !y are %[n on ! rev]se1 ly+ horizontally1 ) an owl above4 ,9 ?is case ! ref]5ce may be ei!r to ! l>ge ,attic trade 9 oil or to ! use ( ! amphora = vot+ at ! election ( magi/rates 7see p4 #afg74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! w9e-amphorae is ! device or impression /amp$ on ! h&les ei!r 9 a circul> m$allion or an oblong depression4 ,?is 0 done by means ( a /one or bronze /amp1 :ile ! clay 0 /ill moi/4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! anci5t _w1 b ! great] numb] c be trac$ to a few places ( orig91 ( :i* ! mo/ important are3 ,rhodes1 ,knidos1 ,?asos1 ,p>os1 & ,olbia 9 ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,z reg>ds ! /amps1 ! usage diff]s at ea* c5tre2 b ap>t f !m ! h&les c be di/+ui%$ by _! %apes & mat]ial1 z w be se5 9 ! subsequ5t description4 ,! ,rhodian amphorae1 ( :i* l>ge numb]s h be5 f\nd at ,alex&ria z well z 9 ! isl& itself1 7 ( a v pure & t5aci\s clay1 ) a fracture z %>p z t ( delf4 ,! col\r is pale1 deep5+ to a salmon hue4 ,! num]\s sep>ate h&les :i* h also be5 f\nd h all belong$ to ! same =m ( amphora1 ) long squ>e-%\ld]$ h&les1 z on ! ,a!nian & ,*ian co9s4 ,an entire vase1 b )\t a /amp1#ebd :i* 0 br\ght f ,rhodes1 0 #dj 94 9 height1 & ! height ( ! h&les alone 0 #aj 941 ! upp] "p atta*$ to ! top ( ! m\? be+ #c 94 long4 ,?is is a typical in/ance = ! %ape4 ,! seal :5 f\nd is impress$ on ! upp] "p ( ! h&le1 ! size ( ! label be+ g5]ally ab\t #a 94 or #a 94 long1 by 94 wide1 except :5 !y are oval or circul>4 ,at ,alex&ria eight di/9ct v>ieties ( h&les 7 f\nd1 brok5 f amphorae ( diff]5t c\ntries1 b only "o inscrib$2 ! base also assum$ v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! ,rhodian amphorae two /amps are 9 use1 a pr9cipal & an accessory "o 7,fig4 #bc4;a74#ebe ,! =m] has a device ( ! head ( ,helios1 ! ,sun-,god1 or ! emblematic rose1 bo? ( :i* types occur on ! co9s2 x is accompani$ by an inscription1 9 ! =m 1 sometimes explicitly describ$ z 1 i4e4 9 ! ye> ( ! eponym\s prie/ ( ! ,sun4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! "n ( a ,rhodian mon?4 ,! accessory /amp conta9s ! "n ( a p]son1 usually 9 ! g5itive4 ,! mon?s belong to ! ,doric cal5d>1 & are z foll[s3 ,!smophorios1 ,!udaisios1 ,p$ageitnyos1 ,dio/hyos1 ,badromios1 ,sm9?ios1 ,artamitios1 ,agrianios1 ,hyak9?ios1 ,panamos1 ,dalios1 ,k>neios1 & ! second ,panamos1 an int]cal>y mon?4#ebf ,! object ( ! /amps is involv$ 9 obscurity1 b !y 7 probably int5d$ to c]tify t ! amphora 7:i* 0 also a measure7 held ! prop] quantity4 ,x is cle> t !y c\ld n h be5 int5d$ to atte/ ! age ( ! w9e1 z ! vessel might be us$ = any sort1 & ! /amps be> ! "n ( e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,dumont4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,amphora-,,/amps ,,f ,,rhodes4 ,o!r h&les ( ,rhodian amphorae1 /amp$ ) an oblong c>t\*e or label1 may be divid$ into two classes3 7#a7 ,^? inscrib$ ) ! "n ( a magi/rate & an emblem4 ,! latt] resembl$ ! 8adjuncts0 f\nd on ! co9s ( "s ,greek cities1 b x is unc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 select$ on any fix$ pr9ciple1 or m]ely adopt$ f caprice4 ,!y may p]haps allude to ! deity :om ! magi/rate p>ticul>ly hon\r$ z ! patron god ( 8 tribe or village4 ,! same symbol 01 h[ev]1 (t5 us$ by _m individuals1 & on ! :ole ! numb] kn[n is n l>ge4 7#b7 ,^? be>+ ! "n ( a magi/rate1 accompani$ by t ( a mon? ( ! ,doric cal5d>1 b )\t any emblem 7,fig4 #bc4;b74 ,_m h&les ( amphorae f ,knidos h be5 f\nd on diff]5t sites4 ,_! clay is co>s] ?an ! ,rhodian1 its col\r d>k] & dull]1 & ! amphorae diff] also some:at 9 =m1 nor are !y ( s e>ly a date1 be+ mo/ly z late z ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! /amps on ! ,cnidian amphorae1 l ^? ( ,rhodes1 are inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! eponym\s magi/rate1 & also ) t ( ! w9e-gr[] or export] ( ! produce1 :i* is always m>k$ z ,cnidian4 ,! /amps %[ a great v>iety 9 ! matt] ( emblems4 ,rema9s ( ,cnidian amphorae h be5 f\nd 9 ,sicily1 at ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 & ,olbia4 ,! palaeography ( ! inscriptions cov]s a p]iod ( two c5turies1 f ,augu/us to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 or ev5 lat]4 ,num]\s examples h be5 f\nd ( h&les ( amphorae1 9 :i* ! celebrat$ w9e ( ,?asos 0 export$ to places su* z ,?asos & ,olbia4 ,! /amps are ne>ly squ>e1 ) a device 9 ! middle1 ! inscription 1 & ! "n ( an (ficial4 ,! names are usually 9 ! nom9ative1 b 9 "o in/ance at lea/ ! g5itive is us$4 ,! symbols include an amphora1 kneel+ ar*]1 cornucopia1 dolph91 etc4 7,fig4 #bd74ebg ,! kn[n /amps ( ,p>os are few 9 numb]2 !y are simply inscrib$ 1 :i* 9 "o in/ance is writt5 retrograde4#ebh ,h&les inscrib$ ) ! "n ( an a$ile 77 & ( ano!r p]son1 probably a magi/rate1 h be5 f\nd on v>i\s sites 9 ! ,crimea & ,s\!rn ,russia1 pr9cipally at ,olbia4 ,at ,panticapaeum 7,k]t*7 two amphorae 7 f\nd ) /amps across ! neck1 ?us3 ,,eu>*o ,,epi ,,kallia ,,ari/on ,,eopamonos ! upp] "n be+ t ( ! magi/rate4#ebi ,^! vases appe> to h be5 made on ! spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,dumont4 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,amphora-,,/amps ,,f ,,?asos4 ,/odd>t also m5tions amphora-h&les z hav+ come f ,cor9?1#ecj ) names :i* c be trac$ to ! "t ( ! ,roman dom9ion4 ,falkn] f\nd at ,pompeii an amphora ) a ,greek inscription ( ?ree l9es pa9t$ 9 r$ & black1 ) ! "n ( ,m5odotos & ! lett]s ,,kor4 ,,opt41 :i* may mean 8! be/ ,corcyraean br&40#eca ,a bibliography ( ! subject is app5d$ bel[4#ecb ,among pa9t$ vases ! amphora holds a high place1 especially 9 ! black-figure p]iod1 dur+ :i* x 0 mo/ prom95t4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! pla9 type1 z already po9t$ out1 by ! proportions ( ! body1 z well z by ! graceful curve ( ! h&les & ! flat circul> foot4 ,! v>iations 9 its =m at diff]5t places & p]iods are s m>k$ t !y h l$ to ! adoption ( qualify+ adjectives = ea* k9d4 ,al?\gh ^! names _c n[ be accept$ 9 a /rict s5se1 !y are sometimes useful z conv5tional expressions4 ,we proce$ to describe ^! 9 detail4 7#a7 ,! orig9 ( ! ,greek amphora is cle>ly to be s\ght 9 ! pi?os ( primitive times1 z may be se5 9 ! vases ( ! ,melian & ,proto-,attic classes1 & 9 ! e>ly vases ) reliefs f ,boeotia1 ,crete1 ,!ra1 & else:]e4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ! ,myc5aean /yle1 ! l>ge vases ( :i* come "u ! head+ ( ! krat] 7see bel[72 & its appe>ance 9 ,greece dates f ! develop$ /age ( ! ,geometrical p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s among ! pa9t$ vases are virtually small pi?oi1 *>act]is$ by a long cyl9drical neck1 & l>ge elaborate h&les obvi\sly imitat+ metal 7see p4 #die74 ,( ?is type are sev]al ( ! ,boeotian ,geometrical & ,proto-,attic vases discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41#ecc & ! ,boeotian vases ) reliefs4#ecd ,among ! ,proto-,attic vases f\nd at ,v\rva a developm5t occurs1 9 :i* ! neck is greatly elongat$1 & ! body becomes exce$+ly slim1 :ile ! h&les are simplifi$ into pla9 flat b&s unit$ to ! neck by b>s ( clay 7see ,fig4 #hi1 p4 #bii74 ,?is =m is f\nd /ill fur!r develop$ 9 ! pro!sis-amphorae ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod#ece2 b ^! are comp>atively r>e1 & ! m normal evolution ( ! amphora ) cyl9drical neck is to be trac$ 9 ! v>ieties 7#b7 & 7#f7 describ$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 8,,tyrrh5ian0 ,,amphora4 7#b7 ,! e>ly amphorae prec$+ ! ord9>y ,b4,f4 ,a!nian types 7 divid$ by ,g]h>d into two classes1 8,egyptian0 & 8,tyrrh5ian40#ecf ,he describes ! =m] z a vase ) tol]ably pron\nc$ curve ( body1 entirely cov]$ ) horizontal b&s ( figures2 ! latt] z ( simil> =m1 b ) decoration conf9$ to a panel on ei!r side4 ,z reg>ds %ape1 !re=e1 ! two are actually "o1 & may be reg>d$ z su* = our pres5t purpose2 b x is curi\s to note t ! p>ticul> class call$ 8,egyptian0 by ,g]h>d has s9ce 8 "t be5 g5]ally kn[n z 8,tyrrh5ian10 :ile 8 8,tyrrh5ian0 class has n[ receiv$1 f ! peculi> mann]isms ( ! pa9t+s1 ! "n ( 8affect$0 vases4#ecg ,at all ev5ts ! ^w is conv5i5t to adh]e to = ! description ( ?is p>ticul> %ape 7,fig4 #be71 ) its long1 egg-%ap$ body1 ! v]tical section ( :i* is almo/ an ellipse1 a %ape common to all e>ly ,b4,f4 fabrics--,a!nian1 ,rhodian1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian--b be/ illu/rat$ by ! 8,cor9?o-,attic0 class describ$ by ,?i]s*4#ech ,x is seldom f\nd 9 purely ,attic examples1 & disappe>s aft] ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,pana!naic ,,amphora4 7#c7 ,g]h>d's next class is t ( ! ,pana!naic amphorae1 :i* h a long body %ap$ some?+ l a top1 & tap]+ %>ply d[nw>ds2 ! m\?1 h&les1 & neck are small1 z is also ! foot 7,fig4 #bf74 ,x is s call$ z be+ ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! e>li] 7six?-c5tury7 ,pana!naic prize-vases1 b is also occasionally f\nd 9 ! ord9>y fabrics4 ,?is type1 toge!r ) ! two foll[+ examples1 n m5tion$ explicitly by ,g]h>d or ! o!r e>ly writ]s1 =m ! class ( 8black-bodi$0 amphorae1 z !y may conv5i5tly be t]m$1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ^? ) panel-decoration f ^? 9 :i* ! body is entirely cov]$ ) r$ glaze 7see bel[74 7#d7 ,! second v>iety ( 8black-bodi$0 amphora 7,fig4 #bg47 is closely ak9 to ! ,pana!naic1 b ! body is bett] proportion$4 ,x is *>act]is$ by ! wide m\? 9 ! =m ( a ?ick r+1 ! cyl9drical h&les1 & ! concave curve ( ! %\ld]4 ,f ! /yle ( ! pa9t+s x is probable t ?is v>iety mu/ be plac$ e>ly 9 ! black-figure p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,panel-,,amphora4 7#e7 ,?is type1 on ! o!r h&1 is lat] 9 ! p]iod1 be+ develop$ out ( ! la/1 f :i* x is m>k$ (f only by ! =m ( ! h&les1 :i* are broad & flang$1 & (t5 decorat$ ) patt]ns4 ,^! vases are mo/ly ( l>ge size1 & are transitional1 "s ,r4,f4 v>ieties be+ kn[n4 ,! pa9t+s on !m are 9 ! /yle ( ,exekias1 ,&okides1 & ,eu?ymides 7see = an example ,plates ,,xxxi41 ,,xxxii474 7#f7 ,! %ape ( ! 8r$-bodi$0 amphora 7,fig4 #bh7 is peculi> to ! black-figure p]iod4#eci ,its *>act]i/ic features are ! /raight1 cyl9drical neck1 ) its *a9 ( lotos-&-honeysuckle1 ! wid? ( ! %\ld]1 & ! ribb$ h&les1 =m$ f m\lds 9 two or ?ree p>allel pieces4 ,arti/ically x is f> sup]ior to ! black-bodi$1 & includes "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ,b4,f4 pa9t+ 7z 9 ! vases ( ,exekias71 :ile ! decorative elem5t rea*es ! p]fection ( beauty & symmetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,r$-,,bodi$ ,,amphora4 7#g7 ,! r$-bodi$ amphora seems to h be5 ! prototype ( :at is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =m ( ! r$-figure p]iod--! s-call$ 8,nolan0 amphora 7,fig4 #bi74edj ,^! h be5 l>gely1 b n exclusively1 f\nd at ,nola1 :i!r !y seem to h be5 import$ 9 l>ge numb]s f ,greece4 ,! :ole vase is cov]$ ) black1 & ! decoration conf9$ to "o or two figures ea* side1 :ile ! elegant & beautiful outl9e1 ! lu/re ( ! v>ni%1 & ! re/ra9t ( ! designs comb9e to r5d] ^! p]haps ! mo/ beautiful products ( ,a!nian c]amic art4 ,! h&les are sometimes f\r-sid$1 m (t5 ribb$1 & sometimes =m$ ( two twi/$ /r&s1 produc$ by roll+ up ! s(t pa/e2 ! g5]al outl9e is t ( ! la/ class1 b ! proportions are f> m sl5d] & graceful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 8,,nolan0 ,,amphora4 7#h7 ,! ,apulian amphora 7,fig4 #cj7 illu/rates ! =m :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,apulia1 may h _h its orig9 at ,a!ns1 z x is adopt$ = ! f\r?-c5tury ,pana!naic amphorae4#eda ,x is di/+ui%$ by its great size & egg-%ap$ body2 ! m\? is ?ick & high1 spread+ out l an inv]t$ cone1 & ! neck is n cyl9drical1 b m]ges into ! %\ld]4 ,a v>iety ( ! ,apulian amphora1 h>dly common en\gh to =m a sep>ate class1 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! 8c&elabrum-amphora10 f its resemblance to an inc5se-burn] 7an object wrongly int]pret$ =m]ly z a c&elabrum1 or lamp-/&74 ,its peculi>ities are ! cyl9drical body1 tall neck1 & elaborate h&les 9 ! =m ( d\ble scrolls4#edb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,apulian ,,amphora4 7#i7 ,! ,campanian amphora is d]iv$ directly f ! 8,nolan10 & is 9 fact a local adaptation1 b x 0 *iefly manufactur$ at ,cumae4#edc ,x g5]ally has twi/$ h&les1 & is pa9t$ 9 poly*rome2 ! proportions are some:at m elongat$ ?an ^? ( ! 8,nolan0 class4 7#aj7 ,a r>e v>iety ( ! amphora is sometimes f\nd 9 ! r$-figure p]iod1 ) l>ge sph]oidal body & po9t$ base1 int5d$ to be plac$ 9 a sep>ate /&4 ,! conv5tional "n ( diota is sometimes giv5 to ?is =m1 f its imitation ( ! po9t$ base ( ! w9e-amphora4#edd 7#aa7 ,! la/ v>iety ( ! amphora :i* calls = consid]ation is ! wide-belli$ type1 usually call$ 7on v slight au?ority7 a pelike1 k 7,fig4 #ca74ede ,! "n 0 inv5t$ by ,g]h>d1 & has be5 g5]ally adopt$ s9ce1 b is only to be reg>d$ z a conv5tional t]m4 ,?is =m1 :i* swells out t[>ds ! base1 & has no /em or neck1 is v r>ely f\nd be=e ! fif? c5tury1#edf b is common 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 & 9 ! ,apulian /yle1 9 :i* its proportions are usually m sl5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,s-,,call$ 8,,pelike40 ,! amphora :5 complete usually _h a cov] ( clay1 ei!r coat$ ) a pla9 black v>ni% or decorat$ ) b&s & patt]ns2 x 0 lift$ by means ( a c5tral knob4 ,an amphora 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7,cat4 #ahfj7 has a d\ble cov]1 ! inn] "o be+ ( alaba/]4 ,( ! o!r names :i* seem to d5ote vases adapt$ = conta9+ & /or+ w9e or o!r commodities1 ! mo/ important is ! ,/amnos 771 us$ = hold+ w9e & oil4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,pollux#edg 9 8 li/ ( w9e-j>s1 & he quotes a l9e f ,ari/ophanes ab\t 8a /amnos ( ,*ian w9e arriv+40 ,! dim9utives & are also f\nd1 & ,ari/ophanes speaks ( a 8small ,?asian /amnos ( w9e40#edh ,! amphora is def9$ 9 ! ,etymologicum ,magnum z 8a two-e>$ 40 ,x has be5 g5]ally id5tifi$ ) a =m well kn[n 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 b only f\nd 9 t /yle3 a sph]ical j> ) %ort ?ick neck & small side-h&les1 ( :i* "s v beautiful specim5s exi/ 7,fig4 #cb74 ,! ^w is /ill 9 use 9 mod]n ,greek4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,/amnos4 ,! is describ$ by ,hesy*ios z a ) e>s1 & by ,eu/a?ius z a vessel hold+ w9e#edi2 x 0 also us$ = figs & salt$ food4#eej ,x is probably only ano!r "n = ! 1 b x seems to be inaccurately describ$ by ,a!naeus#eea z 8a sauc]-%ap$ dr9k+-cup0 7 74 ,x 0 app>5tly id5tical ) ! 1#eeb a ^w us$ by ,ari/ophanes1#eec b m commonly by ,roman writ]s 9 its ,lat9 =m orca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,s-,,call$ 8,,lekane40 ,! names ( ,apulian /amnos or h at diff]5t times be5 giv5 to a late =m ( pa9t$ vase f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ) high or l[ /em1 upright h&les1 & cov]1 :i* latt] (t5 takes an elaborate =m1 be+ surm\nt$ by "o or m small vases1 also ) h&les 7,fig4 #cc474 ,! ^w 1#eed h[ev]1 seems to indicate a l>ge b[l r ?an a cov]$ j>1 & no satisfactory "n has z yet be5 f\nd4 ,a simil> b flatt] =m ( vase1 l a cov]$ b[l or di%1 has be5 nam$ 1 1 or cov]$ pyxis1 b no "n is satisfactory4 ,! or seems to h be5 a n>r[-neck$ j> ( consid]able size4 ,a!naeus#eee says ! ^w repres5t$ a ,greek measure1 equival5t to twelve ,attic 1 or six p9ts1 & t x 0 9 use at ,patrae4 ,! ^w is us$ by ,plut>* = ! j> 9 :i* ! /ork (f]$ ent]ta9m5t to ! fox#eef2 x frequ5tly appe>s 9 ! ,lat9 =m lag5a 7see ,*apt] ,,xxi474 ,a wick]-cov]$ 0 kn[n z a 4#eeg ,ano!r =m ( ! same class is ! s1 ) its dim9utive 1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! ,lat9 situla1 or bucket1 ! latt] ^w be+ ! "o usually employ$ by ar*aeologi/s4 ,x is a =m easily to be recognis$ 9 ,greek art1 b is m usually f\nd 9 metal-"w1 e4g4 9 ,etruscan & ,italian bronzes1 ?an 9 pott]y4#eeh ,! pa9t$ situlae1 ( :i* a few late examples f ,italian tombs exi/1 are obvi\sly direct imitations ( ! metal buckets1 & 9 "s cases actually h movable bronze h&les atta*$4 ,! situla appe>s to h be5 us$ n only = keep+ w9e 9 ! cell>1 b = s]v+ x up at banquets#eei2 ! ^w is also us$ by ,ari/ophanes = a vot+-urn & a well-bucket4#efj ,9 ,lat9 ! uses 7 probably di/+ui%$1 cadus d5ot+ a w9e-j>1 situla a wat]-bucket4 ,a!naeus obvi\sly goes a/ray 9 reg>d+ x z a dr9k+-cup4 ,a vase :i* 0 us$ almo/ exclusively = c>ry+ wat] 0 ! ,hydria1 z is impli$ by its "n 71 f 74 ,its mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic is ! possession ( ?ree h&les1 a l>ge "o at ! back = c>ry+ :5 empty1 & two small horizontal h&les at ! sides = c>ry+ :5 full4 ,! %ape ( ! body v>ies at diff]5t p]iods2 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod ! %\ld] is flat & m>k$ (f by a %>p angle f ! body 7,fig4 #cd72 b ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ?is is replac$ by a =m ) m r\nd$ outl9e & small] h&le at ! back1 g5]ally kn[n = ! sake ( di/9ction z a kalpis 7,fig4 #ce74 ,9 ! e>li] v>iety 7( :i* "s ,r4,f4 examples are kn[n7 !re are always two subjects1 "o =m+ a frieze on ! %\ld]1 ! o!r treat$ m 9 ! mann] ( a metope on ! body2 !y are inv>iably enclos$ 9 frames or panels1 z on ! 8black-bodi$0 amphorae4 ,sometimes a ?ird subject 9 ! =m ( a frieze ( animals is add$ bel[4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod ?is =m is seldom f\nd1 except 9 a class kn[n z ! 8,ca]etan hydriae10 di/+ui%$ 7z f> z conc]ns _! %ape7 by _! r\nd1 plump body1 z also by ! florid "* ( _! ornam5t & curi\s treatm5t ( subjects 7p4 #cec74 ,^! vases 7 closely copi$ by ! ,etruscans4 ,! kalpis =m sometimes occurs ) black figures1 b only 9 small late specim5s1 *iefly f\nd 9 ,rhodes4 ,9 ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy ! kalpis is fairly popul>1 b ! body is m cyl9drical & ! foot high]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,hydria4 ,any d\bt t might h exi/$ z to ! id5tification ( ! is solv$ by ! appe>ance ( ! ^w inscrib$ ov] ! pit*] :i* ,polyx5a dropp$ 9 h] flight f ,a*illes1 on ! ,franois vase4 ,9 a sc5e v common on ,b4,f4 hydriae1 :i* repres5ts wom5 draw+ wat] at a f\nta91 ?is =m ( vase is inv>iably depict$4 ,! ^w seldom occurs 9 ,greek lit]ature1 b ,kallima*os speaks ( plac$ on ! ro( ( ! ,p>!non 787 at ,a!ns1 n1 he says1 by way ( ornam5t1 b z prizes ( wre/l]s4#efa ,h5ce ! idea 0 conceiv$ by ,pan(ka t ,pana!naic prize-vases 7 ( ?is =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,kalpis4 ,pollux 7x4 #gd7 ?9ks t ! hydria 0 also a w9e-vase1 & sugge/s its id5tity ) ! 1 a vase ) broad base us$ 9 ! ,my/]ies2 b ,a!naeus#efb implies t ?is 0 us$ = p\r+1 & x mu/ !re=e h be5 "s k9d ( jug4 ,! is actually id5tifi$ ) ! by ,ari/ophanes1 z may be se5 by a comp>ison ( two l9es 9 ! ,lysi/rata4#efc ,f a passage 9 ,isocrates#efd x w\ld appe> t ! hydria 0 us$ z a vot+-urn or ballot-box1 b ! 0 m g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,t ! amphora 0 also s us$ we "k f ,a!nian co9s4 ,! next class to be consid]$ is t ( vases employ$ = mix+ w9e & wat] = dr9k+1 = :i* ! g5]ic "n is t ( 7f 1 8,i mix074 ,be=e discuss+ ?is =m1 h[ev]1 allusion mu/ be made to a vessel :i* is v>i\sly describ$ z a hydria or a krat]1 & is !re=e a l9k betwe5 ! two v>ieties2 x 0 at any rate pre-em95tly a wat]-j>1 & 0 kn[n z a 7connect$ ) ,fr4 cru*e ,eng4 8crock074 ,we h no indications ( its =m except t x _h two h&les#efe2 ,pollux 7viii4 #ff7 ranks x ) ! & z a wat]-vessel4#eff ,x 0 also us$ = hold+ a%es1#efg & ,plut>* enum]ates x among ! vessels 9 ! ba? ( ,d>ius4#efh ,( ! same "* 0 p]haps ! or 1 describ$ z a wat]-pot4#efi ,a!naeus also m5tions a 1 or wood5 vessel ( ! krat] type1 z us$ 9 ,attica4#egj ,! ,krat] is di/+ui%$ f ! amphora by its l>g] body1 wid] m\?1 & small] h&les4 ,x 0 (t5 plac$ on a /&1 call$ 1 or 1#ega :i* 0 ei!r ( pott]y or metal su* z bronze4 ,?is ei!r took ! =m ( a holl[ cyl9drical base1 pa9t$ ) subjects1 or ( an elaborately m\ld$ /em ) egg-&-tongue & o!r patt]ns4#egb ,x is con/antly m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 b ! krat]s /&+ 9 ! halls ( ! great palaces1 z 9 t ( ,odysseus1 7 made ( gold or silv]4 ,x is on ! av]age ! l>ge/ ( all ,greek vases 7except ! pi?os71 "s ( ! lat] ,apulian specim5s 7( :i* ,f #bgh 9 ! ,b4,m4 is "o7 rea*+ a height ( ab\t f\r feet2 ! ord9>y examples h a capacity ( ?ree or f\r gallons4 ,! names ,argolic1 ,lesbian1 ,laconian1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,!ricleian are appli$ to x by v>i\s anci5t au?ors4#egc ,9 ! diff]5t fabrics ( ,greek pott]y x takes sev]al di/9ct =ms1 to :i* conv5i5t descriptive names h be5 giv5 by ,italian deal]s1 & "s attempt has be5 made to id5tify names giv5 by classical au?ors z =ms ( ! krat]1 b )\t any success4 ,! ,italian names1 h[ev]1 :i* w be m5tion$ 9 due c\rse1 are some:at cumb]some = ,engli% use4 ,among ,myc5aean vases !re is a v>iety almo/ conf9$ to ,cyprus1 to :i* ! "n ( krat] may fairly be giv54#egd ,its *ief *>act]i/ics are a wide sph]oidal body1 h>dly contract$ at ! neck 7:i* 9 "s v>ieties is non-exi/5t71 flat v]tical side-h&les1 & a high /em4 ,we h>dly meet ) ?is =m aga9 until ! end ( ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 :5 x sudd5ly leaps into popul>ity4#ege ,! =m 9 :i* x appe>s recalls1 ?\gh x c h>dly be imitat$ f1 ! ,myc5aean krat]1 b ! /em disappe>s1 & ! body is 9 section ab\t two-?irds ( a circle4#egf ,x is cle>ly a local inv5tion1 & on ! evid5ce ( f9ds at ,syracuse1 its fir/ appe>ance may be trac$ to ! fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,its di/+ui%+ feature1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! h&les1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( two %ort v]tical b>s1 sometimes meet+ 9 an ar*1 support+ a flat squ>e piece =m$ by a projection f ! flat broad rim1 :i* is g5]ally decorat$4 ,f ! column> appe>ance ( ^! h&les1 ! type has receiv$ ! "n ( vaso a colonnette1 :i* at all ev5ts is a m accurate description ?an ! "n :i*1 fir/ propos$ by ,g]h>d1 has be5 g5]ally employ$ by ar*aeologi/s1 on :at gr\nds x is n cle>4 ,?is ^w1 z describ$ by ,a!naeus1 is cle>ly int5d$ to imply a dr9k+-cup ( "s k9d#egg2 he quotes f ,anakreon 7frag4 #fc1 ,b]gk71 :o speaks ( dr9k+ its cont5ts at "o draught 774 ,on ! o!r h& he quotes ! au?ority ( ,pamphilos = id5tify+ x ) ! 1 or 8wat]-heat]10 a k9d ( kettle4 ,! probability is t x 0 a g5]al & loosely-employ$ ^w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,krat] ,,) ,,column-,,h&les4 ,! column-h&l$ krat] is also f\nd 9 ! ,naukratis w>es ( ! six? c5tury1 z well z 9 ! imitations ( ,cor9?ian fabrics 9 :i* ! ,campana collection ( ! ,l\vre is s ri*2 ! clay1 /yle1 & inscriptions ( ! latt] cle>ly %[ _! ,cor9?ian orig91 ap>t f ! =m4 ,?is krat] is (t5 decorat$ ) friezes ( figures 7z 9 ! fam\s ,amphi>aos krat]1 p4 #cai74 ,9 ! few exi/+ ,attic examples ) black figures ! subjects are 9 fram$ panels4 ,?is =m1 aft] dy+ out be=e ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 is reviv$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! fif? 9 ! lat] ,r4,f4 fabrics1 b 9 a mu* alt]$ =m1 :i* gives great] prom95ce to ! column> "* ( ! h&les4 ,! neck is high] & n>r[]1 & ! h&les consequ5tly l5g!n$1 ! squ>e tops be+ mu* dim9i%$1 & ! body also takes a n>r[] & /raight] =m4 ,9 ! fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy ?is developm5t is ev5 m /rongly m>k$1 & ! elongat$ neck is adorn$ ) an ivy-wrea? 9 a panel2 ?is type enjoy$ "s popul>ity bo? 9 ,apulia & ,lucania4 ,! sy/em ( panel-decoration is employ$ ?r\gh\t 9 all ^! cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,volute-,,h&l$ ,,krat]4 ,! only o!r =m ( krat] f\nd 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod--& t b r>ely--is t kn[n z volute-h&l$ 7a rotelle71 f ! l>ge h&les rea*+ above ! lip & curv$ r\nd 9 a scroll 7,fig4 #cg74 ,x has an egg-%ap$ body & l>ge neck4 ,! be/ & e>lie/ example is ! ,franois vase 7p4 #cgj71 f :i* x may be cle>ly se5 t ! =m is d]iv$ f ! column>-h&l$ krat]4 ,! ,briti% ,museum also possesses a f9e example sign$ by ,niko/h5es1 ) a design 9 a frieze on ! neck 7,b #cfd74 ,! same %ape & me?od ( decoration appe> 9 "s f9e examples ( ! sev]e ,r4,f4 /yle 7cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfh1 #dfi74 ,dur+ ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 two entirely new =ms ( krat] sudd5ly appe>1 kn[n respectively z ! vaso a calice & ! vaso a campana1 or 8calyx-krat]0 & 8bell-krat]02 ! =m] is fir/ us$ by ,euphronios4#egh ,^! names give a v accurate description ( ! =ms1 ! "o be+ l ! op5+ calyx ( a fl[]1 ! o!r l an inv]t$ bell 7,figs4 #ch1 #ci74 ,9 ea* ! lip projects above ! body1 ! neck hav+ entirely disappe>$1 :ile ! h&les ( ! calyx-krat] drop to ! l[] "p ( ! vase1 & ^? ( ! bell-krat] are atta*$ horizontally to ! sides4 ,bo? types ( h&le are evid5tly adapt$ to c>ry+ full vessels1 l ! side-h&les ( ! hydria4 ,! "n ( 0 giv5 by ,g]h>d#egi to ! bell-krat]1 aga9 )\t any real au?ority1 & probably ow+ to an error1 f f9d+ ! "n scrat*$ und]nea? "o example4 ,comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ) simil> inscriptions 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii47 %[s cle>ly t ! 0 a small measure1 less ev5 ?an a 1 or ladleful4 ,a!naeus 7xi4 #did ,b7 is v explicit on ?is po9t4 ,he d]ives ! "n f 1 v9eg>1 :i* liquid ! vessel 0 us$ to conta91 & describes x z 4 ,x 0 !re=e a small cup ( "s k9d 7see p4 #aid74 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,calyx-,,krat] ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,bell-,,krat] ,9 ,s\!rn ,italy ! krat] holds ! same position z ! amphora ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod4#ehj ,! calyx- & bell-krat]s are ! two =ms *iefly affect$ 9 ! transition p]iod :5 ,a!nian arti/s 7 work+ 9 ,italy1 or ,italian arti/s directly "u ! influ5ce ( ,a!nian 7see p4 #dfe71 b !y are also f\nd among ! purely local fabrics1 especially ^? ( ,cumae & ,pae/um 7ibid474 ,! calyx-krat] seems to h be5 res]v$ = ! bett] & m c>efully-execut$ specim5s1#eha & ! ,italian bell-krat]s (t5 h a top-heavy effect f ! great] height ( _! /ems4 ,9 ,apulia 7& occasionally also 9 ,lucania--! ,campanian pott]s did n affect l>ge vases7 ! volute-h&l$ krat] once m appe>s1 9 great magnific5ce4 ,n only is ! total size & bulk increas$1 b ! neck is l5g!n$ & ! h&les are (t5 treat$ ) great elaboration ( detail1 end+ bel[ 9 swans' necks spread+ ov] ! vase4 ,9 ,apulia ! volutes are g5]ally replac$ by m$allions 7:5ce ! ,italian "n vaso con mani*e a mas*]oni7 decorat$ ) ,gorgons' heads or figures1 9 relief1 pa9t$ :ite1 yell[1 & r$4 ,^! vases are sometimes1 b incorrectly1 call$ amphorae2 !y range f two to ?ree or f\r feet 9 height4 ,!y are g5]ally pa9t$ f head to foot ) subjects1 (t5 ( a sepul*ral nature1 & 7 no d\bt l>gely made = use at fun]al c]emonies4 ,!y are m fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,lucanian ,,krat]4 ,! la/ v>iety ( krat] 7,fig4 #dj7 is =m$ by a peculi> type ( vase1 app>5tly devis$ by ! ,iapygian aborig9es ( ,s\!rn ,italy1#ehb :i* has a wide m\? & slop+ %\ld]1 & sometimes a high neck4 ,its peculi>ity is t x has f\r h&les1 two upright & two horizontal1 to ! sides ( :i* l>ge discs are atta*$1 :5ce its ,italian "n is vaso con mani*e a rotelle1 f ! :eel or rosette patt]ns pa9t$ on ! discs4 ,?is feature caus$ ,pan(ka to give x ! "n ( 1 ) ref]5ce to ! fam\s f\r-h&l$ cup ( ,ne/or 7,il4 xi4 #fcb74 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t !re c be little 9 common betwe5 ?is =m & ! dr9k+-cup us$ by ! ,hom]ic h]o1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! latt] 0 too heavy = an ord9>y man to lift4 ,we ne$ n suppose t ,ne/or's cup 7conc]n+ :i* see bel[1 p4 #aha7 0 l>g] ?an an ord9>y 8lov+-cup10 & ! poet 0 probably guilty ( a p>donable exagg]ation4 ,z a pa9t$ vase1 ?is f\r-h&l$ krat] is peculi> to ,lucania1 & x is int]e/+ to note t x sometimes appe>s depict$ on ,lucanian vases z us$ 9 daily life4#ehc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,psykt]4 ,closely relat$ to ! krat] is ! or 1 a w9e-cool] 7f 1 8cool071 :i* 0 us$ = cool+ w9e by means ( sn[ or cold wat]4#ehd ,! extant specim5s are b few 9 numb] & v>y 9 =m4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a v rem>kable specim5 9 ! =m ( a ,b4,f4 panel amphora 7,b #adh71ehe ) d\ble walls & bottom1 & a l>ge sp\t on "o side1 ?r\gh :i* ! sn[ or cold wat] 0 introduc$ into ! out] space2 x 0 aft]w>ds )drawn ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! bottom4#ehf ,simil> vases 9 ! 8,*alcidian0 /yle are also kn[n4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod a new type 0 introduc$ 9 ! %ape ( a vessel ) a %ort neck1 ! body ( :i* bulges out t[>ds its base1 & is support$ on a high /em2 x g5]ally has two small e>$ h&les 7,fig4 #da74 ,sev]al ,r4,f4 examples are kn[n1 ( :i* two are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#ehg & ?ree or f\r 9 ! ,l\vre2 ! ,briti% ,museum also possesses a late ,b4,f4 specim5 7,b #bii74 ,! designs are pa9t$ 9 a frieze r\nd ! vase4 ,! 1 or vessel = hold+ unmix$ w9e1 seems to h be5 ano!r "n = ! 2 ,pollux 7vi4 #ij7 says ! diff]5ce 0 t x 0 support$ on small knobs 7lit4 small knucklebones7 in/ead ( a /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,de9os ,,or ,,lebes4 ,ano!r "n id5tifi$ 9 antiquity ) ! is t ( ! 7sometimes spell$ 72 b ! id5tity 0 m probably "o ( usage ?an ( =m4#ehh ,z to ! latt]1 !re is consid]able discrepancy 9 ! acc\nts ( ! gramm>ians#ehi2 "o calls x a deep cup tap]+ d[n to a po9t2 ano!r1 probably m correctly1 s9ce x 0 c]ta9ly n a dr9k+-vessel1 a clay vessel = w9e )\t a base1 b r\nd$ und]nea?4 ,9 virtue ( ?is description ! "n has usually be5 appli$ to a class ( vase1 common] 9 ! e>li] p]iods ?an ! lat]1 & m (t5 f\nd on ,greek sites ?an on ,italian1 :i* has a r\nd$ base )\t foot1 & no h&les 7,fig4 #db74 ,^! vases are f\nd z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury 9 ,greece1 & 7 v common at ,naukratis1 appe>+ also 9 mo/ ( ! ,b4,f4 fabrics4 ,t !y 7 us$ to conta9 ! a%es ( ! dead is %[n by ! ,b4,m4 example already ref]r$ to 7p4 #adf71 :i* belongs to ! end ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4#eij ,9 ,s\!rn ,italy ?is =m ( vase is g5]ally plac$ on a sep>ate high m\ld$ /em1 & has a cov] ) an ornam5tal knob4 ,a v>iety ) hemisph]ical cov] ne>ly equal 9 size to ! vase itself has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! 78cut 9 half071 a =m m5tion$ by ,a!naeus4#eia ,?is type ( vase has m usually be5 describ$ by ! "n ( 1 d5ot+ a kettle or caldron2 b ?\gh ! =m ( ! 0 practically ! same 7z we may ga!r f ! fact ( its always be+ plac$ on a tripod71 ! purpose = :i* x 0 us$ 7i4e4 = boil+ wat]7 & ! fact t x 0 always ( metal1 sugge/ t x is n su* an appropriate "n z = ?is =m ( pa9t$ vase4 ,! is con/antly m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 bo? z a cook+-vessel & z a wa%+-bas94#eib ,h]odotos#eic says t ! ,scy?ians us$ a = cook+ fle%1 :i* resembl$ ! ,lesbian krat]1 b 0 mu* l>g]4 ,x 0 also ! vessel 9 :i* ! ram1 & subsequ5tly ,pelias1 7 boil$ by ,m$eia2 & may be se5 depict$ 9 sev]al ,b4,f4 repres5tations ( t /ory4#eid ,a gold5 lebes 0 plac$ at ea* angle ( ! temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia4#eie ,x is also ! "n ( ! vessel us$ by ! ,boeotians 9 _! +5i\s contrivance at ! siege ( ,delion4#eif ,to its use z a c9]>y urn 9 ! tragic poets we h already allud$4 ,! ord9>y "n = a cook+-vessel ( e>!nw>e 9 ,greece 0 1 answ]+ to our 8pot03 x 0 us$ bo? = wat] & = solids1 z well z = o!r dome/ic purposes4 ,*ildr5 7 expos$ 9 #eig2 & a boy's game call$ is describ$ by ,pollux#eih2 x 0 app>5tly play$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by a boy repres5t+ a 1 :o 0 pull$ ab\t by ! o!r play]s until he caught "o1 or by a boy c>ry+ a pot1 ) "s obscure ref]5ce to ! /ory ( ,midas4 ,!re 7 sev]al prov]bial expressions connect$ ) ! 1 su* z 1 8to pa9t pots10 expressive ( useless lab\r1 ow+ to ! r\ghness ( ! w>e2 & toge!r ) ! 1 a vessel only kn[n z a measure 7#ab kotylae or #e p9ts71 x play$ a "p 9 ! fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia1 "o day ( :i* 0 kn[n z 1 or 8,pot-&-,pan ,day40#eii ,! ^w 1 us$ by ,hesiod#fjj & ,ari/ophanes1#fja seems m]ely to d5ote a cook+-pot ) feet4 ,! or l>ge clay vessels us$ ei!r z brasi]s or = bak+ purposes1 h be5 already describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a few o!r g5]al words = cook+-vessels & dome/ic ut5sils may also be m5tion$ "h4 ,! m5tion$ by ,pollux#fjb is presumably id5tical ) ! & ( ,a!naeus 7#dge ,d1 #ghc ,f71 ! =m]1 z its "n implies1 be+ a vessel 9 :i* hot dr9ks 7 prep>$4 ,x seems to h be5 exclusively made ( metal1 & may1 inde$1 only be ano!r "n = ! 4 ,x has1 z we h se51 be5 id5tifi$ ) ! 4 ,pollux gives a li/ ( vessels us$ = w>m+ wat]4#fjc ,! 1 or /ra9]1#fjd answ]s to ! mod]n col&]1 & is repres5t$ by a flat r\nd vessel ) long h&le1 ( :i* "s late fictile examples exi/4#fje ,x is m5tion$ among ! vessels 9 ! ,sigeian inscription1#fjf b is !re spell$ 4 ,mo/ ( ! exi/+ specim5s are ( bronze4 ,! m5tion$ by ,a!naeus#fjg appe>s to h be5 a b[l us$ = wa%+ cups4 ,! 78boat07 is a g5]al t]m us$ 9 ! classics = vessels ( v>i$ import3 bas9s1 tr\ghs1 wa%+-tubs1 b[ls1 etc4#fjh ,x is ! "n us$ 9 inscriptions relat+ to ! ,pana!naic fe/ival to describe ! flat di%es or trays borne by ! maid5s :o 7 call$ ,skaphephori 9 ! procession1 z repres5t$ on ! ,p>!non frieze4#fji ,! dim9utive =m or also occurs1 & is id5tifi$ ) 4 ,! 1 g5]ally us$ to d5ote a mort>1#faj also signifi$ a b[l1#faa & _h ! special signification ( ! holl[ b[l 9 :i* ! prie/ess ( ,apollo sat :5 deliv]+ oracles f ! ,delphic tripod4 ,x may "h be not$ t ! ^w appe>s to be us$ 9 anci5t writ]s#fab n only = ! /& :i* support$ ! & o!r vessels1 b = a vessel itself :5 ?us support$ on ?ree feet4 ,mo/ ( ! exi/+ tripods are made ( bronze1#fac b "o or two fictile examples are kn[n1 includ+ a v rem>kable "o 9 ,b]l91#fad f\nd at ,tanagra1 & cov]$ ) ar*aic pa9t+s 9 ! ,b4,f4 me?od4 ,on ba?+ & wa%+ vessels our be/ au?ority is ,pollux 7x4 #fc72 x is n1 h[ev]1 likely t !y 7 (t5 ( e>!nw>e4 ,! at all ev5ts 0 ( metal2 x is (t5 se5 on ,r4,f4 vases ) ! subject ( ,!seus kill+ ,procru/es4#fae ,l>ge vessels1 resembl+ mod]n ba?s1 7 kn[n by ! names ( 3 & #faf2 ! 1 or lav]1 on a high /em1 is frequ5tly repres5t$ on ,s\? ,italian vases1#fag b is a purely decorative adjunct4 ,x is !re pa9t$ :ite to indicate m>ble4 ,! #fah %\ld also p]haps be includ$ "h1 z accord+ to ! lit]>y acc\nts x 0 a bas9 us$ = wa%+ feet or clo!s1 or = vomit+4 ,x also s]v$ ! purpose ( a mort>1 & 0 us$ 9 ! game ( kottabos4 ,a me?od ( div9ation sometimes practis$ 0 kn[n z & consi/$ 9 plac+ wax5 images 9 a lekane full ( wat]1 :i* became z x 7 animat$ & sank1 ?us signify+ ! de/ruction ( an enemy4 ,9 ,pseudo-,calli/h5es we read h[ ,nectanebos1 ! suppos$ fa!r ( ,alex&]1 made use ( ?is proc$ure4#fai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,o9o*o 7#g,,? ,,c5tury74 ,! next s]ies ) :i* we h to deal is t ( vases us$ = p\r+ out w9e & s]v+ x at ! table4 ,!y fall into two classes3 ! w9e-jug = p\r+1 & ! ladle = fill+ x out ( ! mix+-b[l4 ,we beg9 ) ! s]ies ( w9e-jugs1 z be+ ! m important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,o9o*o 7#e,,? ,,c5tury74 ,( ^! ! mo/ conspicu\s is ! ,o9o*o 71 f 1 8w9e10 & 1 8p\r071 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful %apes among ,greek vases4 ,x appe>s 9 sev]al =ms1 b ! "n is g5]ally re/rict$ to "o1 :i* corresponds mo/ closely to ! mod]n be]-jug4 ,x is f\nd at all p]iods1 & ! =m nev] v>ies to any m>k$ ext5t1 except t ! lat] examples are r m graceful ?an ! e>li]1 & "s ( ! f9e ,r4,f4 specim5s rea* ! p]fection ( elegance 9 =m & decoration 7,fig4 #dd74 ,its *ief *>act]i/ic is ! trefoil-%ap$ m\?1 b ?is is n inv>iable1 _m specim5s hav+ a pla9 circul> lip4 ,x is v commonly f\nd 9 ! ,rhodian w>es ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ) designs 9 a cont9u\s frieze 7,fig4 #dc72 & a peculi> =m appe>s 9 an ,ionic fabric 7see page #cei71 ) egg-%ap$ body & co>se designs4 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod ! subjects are ne>ly always 9 fram$ panels4 ,among ! ,r4,f4 vases ( ! f9e /yle1 _m dim9utive o9o*oae occur1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 f\nd at ,a!ns1 ! subjects be+ ^? ( *ildr5 play+ ) g-c>ts & o!r toys1 & sometimes ) jugs ( ! same %ape4 ,z ^! appe> to h be5 f\nd 9 *ildr5's tombs1 x is evid5t t ^! pa9t$ specim5s 7 actually us$ z play?+s4#fbj ,! o9o*o is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 vase-pa9t+s1 *iefly 9 sc5es ( libation1 9 :i* c]emony x 0 inv>iably us$ = p\r+ w9e into ! phiale or pat]a1 f :i* ! libation 0 made4 ,x occurs on ! ,p>!non frieze4 ,9 conjunction ) ! krat]1 or mix+-b[l1 x is se5 on a 8,cyr5aic0 kylix 9 ! ,b4,m4 7,b #c71 9 a sc5e repres5t+ a sacrifice4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is may be quot$ a curi\s injunction giv5 by ,hesiod 7,op4 et ,di4 #gdd71 ' 1 :i* seems to imply t x 0 consid]$ an unlucky ?+ to put ! jug back 9 its place on ! edge ( ! krat] dur+ a banquet4#fba ,?ucydides#fbb speaks ( silv] o9o*oae 9 ! temple at ,eryx1 9 conjunction ) libation-b[ls & inc5se-burn]s1 & ,a!naeus#fbc m5tions simil> (f]+s at ,metapontum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,pro*o,s4 ,a v>iety ( ! o9o*o1 :i* is n f\nd be=e ! middle ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 b becomes v popul> 9 ,apulia1 has a v high curv$ h&le & tall /em1 ! body tap]+ /raight] d[nw>ds 7,fig4 #de74 ,?is is usually kn[n z ! 1 & corresponds 9 =m to our cl>et-decant]4 ,! s]v$ ! same purpose z ! 1 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,hom]4 ,x 0 us$ n only = p\r+ w9e1 b = wat] to wa% ! h&s ( gue/s4#fbd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,olpe4 ,a ?ird =m1 usually kn[n z ! 7,fig4 #df71 is almo/ cyl9drical 9 %ape1 ) pla9 or trefoil lip & no m>k$ neck2 x is m usually f\nd 9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod4 ,9 e>ly ,b4,f4 w>es ! subjects on ! olpae are usually pa9t$ on ! side1 adjo9+ ! h&le on ! "r#fbe2 !y are always 9 panels4 ,! ^w is m5tion$ by ,sappho & ,ion ( ,*ios4#fbf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,epi*ysis4 ,la/ly1 we h a curi\s =m1 only f\nd 9 ,apulia1 & belong+ to ! extreme decad5ce ( vase-pa9t+ 7,fig4 #dg71 :i* has a flat cyl9drical body l a r\nd toilet-box 7see ,pyxis1 p4 #aih7 ) m\ld$ edges4 ,?is is surm\nt$ by a long n>r[ neck & beak-l semi-cyl9drical m\?#fbg2 & ! :ole effect is awkw>d & in>ti/ic4 ,! "n 1 d]iv$ f ! li/ giv5 by ,pollux1#fbh is g5]ally giv5 to ?is =m4 ,= ! ladle us$ = draw+ w9e out ( ! krat] to fill ! o9o*o ! ord9>y "n 0 7,lat4 simpulum74 ,?is ^w also commonly d5ot$ a measure ( ab\t "o gill4 ,among ! pa9t$ vases x is repres5t$ by a r>e b p>ticul>ly graceful %ape1 ! body fa%ion$ l a /raight-sid$ b[l1 ) a high loop$ h&le 7,fig4 #dh74 ,9 ! e>ly ,b4,f4 examples a high /em is add$4 ,?is %ape is n f\nd 9 ! lat] ,r4,f4 p]iod or 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! long h&le is obvi\sly = conv5i5ce 9 dipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,kya?os4 ,a s]ies ( names1 all ( :i* are d]ivatives f ! ^w 1 8draw0 7us$ only ( draw+ wat]71 appe> to repres5t ladles ( v>i\s =ms & uses4 ,h]odotos#fbi m5tions ! ^w 1 & ! =ms 1 1 1 1 are also f\nd4#fcj ,! appe>s to h be5 a bronze ladle1 us$ 9 ! ba?s = collect+ oil1 & = fill+ lamps4#fca ,! 1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a w9e-ladle1 also kn[n z an 2 x appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 vot+ 9 ! law-c\rts4#fcb ,ano!r ^w us$ by ,ari/ophanes is #fcc2 two p>allels to :i* are ! & ( ! same au?or#fcd & o!r comic writ]s1 bo? words mean+ 8s\p-ladle40 ,x is d\btful if any ( ^! words 7 9 use = fictile ut5sils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next bran* ( ! subject is conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s =ms ( ,dr9k+-cups 9 use among ! ,greeks4 ,9 ^! ! pott]s may p]haps be said to h atta9$ _! highe/ excell5ce1 n only 9 reg>d to beauty & grace ( =m1 b also1 s f> z conc]ns "o v>iety at any rate--! ,r4,f4 ,a!nian kylix--9 reg>d to ! decoration4 ,! locus classicus on ! subject is ! elev5? book ( ,a!naeus1 to :i* frequ5t ref]5ce has already be5 made#fce2 b !re are ( c\rse frequ5t ref]5ces to ^! cups 9 ,hom] & o!r poets4 ,a!naeus devotes a disc\rse by "o ( 8 8,doctors at ,d9n]0 entirely to ?is subject1 ! diff]5t names be+ discuss$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,_m ( !m are1 z w be se51 only alt]natives names or nicknames = well-kn[n %apes1 :ile o!rs includ$ 9 8 description are c]ta9ly n dr9k+-cups at all4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t _m ( ! names are purely g5]ic1 l ! ,lat9 poculum1 & are n int5d$ to connote any special =m2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! descriptions ( ,hom]1 :]e1 inde$1 we %\ld n look = sci5tific accuracy4 ,! ord9>y ^w = a dr9k+-cup 0 or 1 b nei!r is kn[n to ,hom]#fcf2 ! t]ms he uses are 1 1 & 1 ! fir/ be+ fur!r def9$ z 4 ,! ^w #fcg may be once = all briefly dismiss$2 x 0 s call$ f 7ivy71 probably z be+ ornam5t$ ) ivy-foliage 9 relief1 & 0 made ( wood4 ,x is seldom t ,hom]'s descriptions give any details z to =m1 & :]e !y d !y are difficult to int]pret aright4 ,a!naeus devotes a l5g?y section ( 8 disc\rse to ! explanation ( ! fam\s cup 77 ( ,ne/or1#fch :i* he names 7cf4 p4 #agb71 b arrives at no def9ite conclusion4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t a h9t at its =m seems to be giv5 by ! gold & silv] cups f\nd 9 ,myc5aean tombs1 at ,myc5ae1 & ,enkomi 9 ,cyprus1 al?\gh x ne$ n be assum$ t ^! are ! products ( ! civilisation :i* ,hom] describes2 he may1 h[ev]1 be speak+ ( traditional =ms4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! 9 leg5d1 is 9 ! /ory ( ,h]akles cross+ ! ocean 9 ! gold5 ( ! ,sun4#fci ,among ! names ( dr9k+-cups giv5 by ,a!naeus1 ! foll[+ may be tak5 z us$ 9 a purely g5]al s5se1 )\t any idea ( a p>ticul> =m4 4--,a cup f :i* x is possible to dr9k at "o draught 7cf4 1 p4 #afi74 4--,a two-h&l$ cup 7see "u ,skyphos1 p4 #ahf74 4--,a cup nam$ aft] ,k+ ,antigonos4 4--,a cup ( metal 7n necess>ily silv]74 ,pollux also gives ! ^w 4 4--,a ,cypriote "n = a cup 78)\t h&les10 f & 74 4--,an ,alex&r9e v>iety1 ( glass or clay4 4--,also an ,alex&r9e =m1 wid5+ out bel[4 4--,a ,meg>ian "n 7! =m ( ! ^w is ,doric74 4--,an unc]ta9 =m1 v>i\sly expla9$4 4--,a bye-=m ( 1 9 use at ,kleitor 9 ,arcadia4 4--,also kn[n z 4 ,see "u ,rhyton 7p4 #aic74 or 4--,! significance ( ^! names is n obvi\s1 b see p4 #agi = ! =m]4 4--,a ,rhodian "n 7cf4 ,pollux1 vi4 #if74 ,said to h be5 made by ! ,rhodians 9 competition ) ! ,a!nian 7see bel[1 p4 #ahi74 ,!y 7 ( light make1 & n1 l ! ,!ricleian cups1 = ! exclusive use ( ! ri*4 4--,app>5tly an ,egyptian "n4 4--,an ,a!nian cup1 probably hemisph]ical 7b see above1 p4 #agd74 4--,a ,cypriote t]m4 4--,see "u ,krat] 7p4 #afi74 4--,an ,asiatic "n4 ,m5&] describes x z hold+ t5 kotylae1 or ab\t five p9ts4 or 4--,polemon m5tions silv] specim5s 9 ! temple ( ,h]a & treasury ( ! ,byzant9es at ,olympia4 4--,x is d\btful if ?is ^w d5otes a cup1 z x is catalogu$ ) ! 1 1 & 4 4--,a ,p]sian cup1 nam$ f 8gre$y0 dr9k+ 7 74 4--,a cup made ( ,laconian clay4 4 4--,a cup or b[l plac$ on ! top ( ! kottabos-/&1 & us$ 9 ! game ( kottabos to receive ! drops ( w9e ?r[n f ! kylix 7q4v47 4 4--,a "n giv5 to ! w9e-cup d$icat$ to ,h]akles by ! ephebi at ! "t ( entry into t rank4 4--,a wood5 cup4 4--,probably a v>iety ( ! ,skyphos 7q4v474 4--,see "u ,amphora 7p4 #afc74 ,a g5]ally disput$ =m4 4--,a wide flat cup 7f 1 8spread074 4 4--,nam$ f ! k+ ( ,bi?ynia4 4--,call$ a cup by ,a!naeus1 b m probably to be id5tifi$ ) ! 7p4 #agh74 or 4--,probably a v>iant ( 4 ,x is describ$ z tak+ ! =m ( a ,gryphon or ,pegasos1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 rhyta 7p4 #aic74 4--,a ,p]sian cup4 4--,a cup nam$ aft] ,k+ ,seleukos4 4--,a wood5 cup4 4--,probably a k9d ( rhyton 7p4 #aic74 4--,see p4 #ahf1 "u 4 4 4--,probably nam$ f ! ,?racian ,*alkidike4 4--,a bronze cup 7p]haps a k9d ( kylix74 4--,a cup associat$ ) ! s++ ( 4 4--,an egg-%ap$ cup4 4--,a d\ble cup1 app>5tly l an egg /&+ 9 an egg-cup4 ,pollux also m5tions ! names & 2 & ,a!naeus describes a 1 or cup ornam5t$ ) lett]s 79 relief71 probably a late ,hell5i/ic type4 ,we n[ come to ! names :i* c be id5tifi$ ) exi/+ vases1 or are describ$ ) "s indication ( _! =m4 ,a "n :i* con/antly occurs 9 two =ms is ! or 4 ,! di/9ction appe>s to be t ! =m] _h no h&les1 b ! latt] "o1#fdj b o!rwise ! =m 0 probably mu* ! same1 be+ t ( a deep cup2 x is also probable t x 0 sometimes us$ l ! 1 z a ladle = draw+ out w9e1 z well z = dr9k+4 ,! ^w is f\nd z e>ly z ,hom]1#fda us$ metaphorically = ! holl[ :]e ! ?igh-bone jo9s ! hip2 9 its prop] mean+ z a cup1 x occurs 9 ! famili> prov]b#fdb :i* has be5 adopt$ into our language3 8,!re's _m a slip 'twixt ! cup & ! lip40 ,z a measure x 0 equival5t to six kya?i1 or r\ghly half a p9t1 z already %[n 7p4 #ace74 ,! !re discuss$ is1 h[ev]1 a "o-h&l$ cup1 & !re=e to be call$ a r ?an a 4 ,! latt] is a ^w con/antly f\nd 9 ,greek lit]ature f ,hom] d[nw>ds1 z 9 ! passage :]e ,&roma*e describes ! imp5d+ fate ( h] orphan *ild1 to :om a pity+ patron w hold out a cup1 m]ely to ta/e1 n to dra94#fdc ,f ,a!naeus we le>n t ! 0 l a deep wa%+-bas9 771 & t x 0 associat$ ) ,dionysos4 ,erato/h5es#fdd calls x ! mo/ beautiful & ! be/ = dr9k+ ( all cups4 ,! dim9utive =m occurs 9 connection ) ! 1 discuss$ bel[ 7p4 #aie71 :i* _h _m ( ^! little cups atta*$ to x4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to apply ! "n to a class ( vase f\nd at all p]iods1 ) flat base1 slightly curv$ sides1 & two flat h&les level ) ! rim 7,fig4 #di72 x sometimes atta9s a consid]able size = a dr9k+-cup1 & is usually decorat$ ) "o or two figures ea* side4 ,a notable exception is ! beautiful vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,li471 sign$ by ,hi]on1 ) its frieze ( figures all r\nd4 ,?is id5tification is ( c\rse at v>iance ) ,a!naeus' /atem5t t ! kotyle has no h&le2 b no o!r satisfactory "n has be5 f\nd = ! =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,kotyle4 ,closely connect$1 x w\ld seem1 ) ! is ! cup kn[n z ! or 1 to :i* !re are frequ5t ref]5ces 9 ! poets & else:]e b n 9 ,ari/ophanes4 ,hom]#fde describes x z a ru/ic sort ( b[l1 :i* held milk2 ,simonides applies to x ! epi!t 1 or 8h&l$40 ,a!naeus connects ! ^w ) 1 a r\nd wood5 vessel :i* held milk or :ey1 & ?is seems to accord ) ! m5tion ( x 9 ,hom]4 ,x 0 always specially associat$ ) ,h]akles1#fdf :o 0 said to h us$ x on 8 exp$itions2 h5ce c]ta9 v>ieties 7 kn[n z 1 b x is m probable t ?is ^w ref]s to ,h]aklea ,tra*9ia 9 ,nor!rn ,greece4 ,besides ! ,h]akleotic1 ,a!naeus m5tions specially ,boeotian1 ,rhodian1 & ,syracusan skyphi4 ,! ord9>y %ape ( ! vase may be inf]r$ f ! =m ( t :i* ,h]akles is (t5 depict$ hold+ on ! monum5ts#fdg2 x is ( ! same type z ! 1 b ! body tap]s bel[ & has a high] foot1 :ile ! h&les are plac$ l[] d[n & b5t upw>ds4 ,among ! late black-glaz$ w>es ) opaque pa9t+s 7p4 #dhh7 "s examples occur ( cups ) h&les twi/$ 9 a k9d ( knot1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! repres5t ! 8,h]aklean knot0 describ$ by ,a!naeus#fdh z to be se5 on ! h&les ( ^!3 4 ,! ^w is also frequ5tly us$ by ,roman au?ors1 & !re is a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ passage 9 ,suetonius 7cf4 p4 #acd7 allud+ to ! ,hom]ici scyphi adorn$ ) *as$ designs f ! ,hom]ic poems#fdi :i* ,n]o possess$2 ^! 71 ( c\rse1 metal b[ls ) reliefs1#fej b !y h _! fictile c\nt]p>ts 9 ! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls 7p4 #dii74 ,a!naeus#fea quotes f ! philosoph] ,poseidonios a passage ref]r+ to dr9k+-cups call$ 1 :i* may be suppos$ to h "s connection ) ! ,pana!naic fe/ival1 & attempts h be5 made to id5tify !m ) a class ( skyphi or kotylae ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 ! inv>iable subject on :i* is an owl betwe5 two olive-bran*es 7p4 #daj74feb ,!re is no d\bt "s ref]5ce to ! ,a!nian goddess1 b x is m likely t !y repres5t "s k9d ( (ficial measure 7see above1 p4 #ace74 ,x w be not$ t ! appe>s to h be5 orig9ally a wood5 vessel us$ z a milk+-pail1 & x is fur!r id5tifi$ 9 ,!ocritus ) ! wood5 1 to :i* we h already allud$4 ,two o!r words are giv5 by ,a!naeus to d5ote l>ge wood5 b[ls ( ! type ( ! 1 namely ! & ! #fec bo? us$ z milk+-pails4 ,!y 7 n /rictly speak+ dr9k+-cups4 ,among exi/+ ,greek vases ?is =m1 viz4 a deep /raight-sid$ b[l1 su* z a c>v$ wood5 vessel w\ld naturally take1 seems to be be/ repres5t$ by ! examples discov]$ on ! site ( ! ,cabeiric temple at ,!bes1 :i* are ( ?is %ape & ( consid]able size 7see ,fig4 #ih1 p4 #cib74fed ,! is describ$ by ,a!naeus#fee z a cup resembl+ ! tall] skyphi1 & ! #fef 7:5ce ! ecclesia/ical ,lat9 ciborium#feg7 0 also a k9d ( skyphos4 ,! "n %\ld also be includ$ "h1 f ! lik5ess ( ! cup to ! skyphos4 ,its *>act]i/ic is t x has no foot b only a small knob1 & !re=e exactly resembles a woman's brea/ ) ! nipple1 :5ce its "n4 ,9 ,greek pott]y ! only kn[n pa9t$ examples are ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1#feh & ^! are usually modell$ & pa9t$ ) great c>e & delicacy4 ,! s-call$ ,meg>ian b[ls 7see p4 #dii7 %\ld also be includ$ "u ?is head+1 9 ref]5ce to :i* x has be5 po9t$ out t ( metal 7 d$icat$ 9 temples at ,oropos 9 ,boeotia & at ,paphos4#fei ,ano!r =m ( cup1 ( :i* ,a!naeus has mu* to say1 is ! #ffj 7o!r =ms be+ & 71 :i* 0 suppos$ to repres5t ! ( ,hom]4 ,he describes x z small & deep1 )\t foot or h&les4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w also means 8a boat10 & we fur!r f9d ! words & cit$ by ,a!naeus#ffa z names ( cups1 ! =m] be+ expressly call$ 8a boat-%ap$ cup40 ,?is has ! support ( ! au?or ,didymos 7quot$ by ,a!naeus1 #dha ,f7 :o says ! 0 a long n>r[ cup l a %ip4#ffb ,a possible in/ance ( x is a long askos-%ap$ vessel 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#ffc on :i* is incis$ 1 8,dr9k1 d n lay me d[n02 b x is n ( a =m adapt$ = dr9k+4 ,! "q mu/ !re=e rema9 undecid$4 ,uss+ ?9ks t 0 orig9ally a cup-"n1 & t ! o!r mean+ is d]iv$ f x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 & are m]ely nicknames z appli$ to cups4 ,! is a cup :i* _c n[ be id5tifi$1 b is (t5 ref]r$ to by anci5t au?ors4#ffd ,x seems to h be5 a ,sp>tan "n = a soldi]'s cup1 us$ = dr9k+-wat]1 & 0 adapt$ by its recurv$ m\? = /ra9+ (f mud4#ffe ,x has be5 conjectur$ to h be5 ! "n = ! %ape we h above describ$ z a 1 b on no good gr\nds2 ,pollux 7vii4 #afb7 wrongly classifies x ) ! & amphora1 b x 0 und\bt$ly a cup1 z inde$ he implies else:]e 7vi4 #ig74 ,usually ( clay1 x is sometimes describ$ z ( bronze1#fff & ,ari/ophanes applies to x ! epi!t 1#ffg :i* sugge/s a bright metallic surface4 ,hesy*ius & ,suidas describe x z hav+ "o h&le4 ,f ! 0 d]iv$ ! ^w 1 8to dr9k h>d40#ffh ,! 0 a cup s call$ because ( a fanci$ resemblance to an inv]t$ beetle4#ffi ,x 0 specially associat$ ) ,dionysos1#fgj & f ?is fact its =m has be5 id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty f ! two-h&l$ dr9k+-cup :i* he is s (t5 depict$ hold+1 especially on ,b4,f4 vases4 ,x is a v beautiful ?\gh = "s reason nev] a v popul> %ape 9 pott]y1 & is f\nd at all p]iods4#fga ,9 =m x may be describ$ z a deep /raight-sid$ cup on a high /em1 ) loop-%ap$ h&les />t+ f ! rim ea* side & com+ d[n to ! l[] edge ( ! body 7,fig4 #ej74 ,probably x 0 consid]$ a difficult %ape to produce 9 pott]y1 & 0 common] 9 metal examples4 ,at all ev5ts ! 1 a simil> k9d ( cup1 seems to h be5 consi/5tly made ( metal4 ,a!naeus#fgb describes x ) m ?an usual detail z tall1 mod]ately contract$ 9 ! middle1 ) h&les rea*+ to ! bottom 7i4e4 ( ! b[l74 ,! =m is to be recognis$ on ! monum5ts 7if n 9 actual examples#fgc7 z a v>iation ( ! 9 :i* ! body has a sort ( 8wai/10 bulg+ out aga9 bel[4 ,virgil m5tions c>*esia1#fgd & silv] specim5s 7 among ! d$ications 9 ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns4#fge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,kan?>os4 ,( all ! anci5t =ms ( dr9k+-cup1 ! mo/ celebrat$ & 9 "s respects also ! mo/ beautiful1 0 ! ,kylix 1 ,lat4 calix71#fgf a two-h&l$ cup ( v>y+ size1 ) l>ge b[l on a high /em4 ,! %ape ( ?is vase %[s a cont9u\s developm5t1 z does also its decorative treatm5t1 f ! mo/ primitive times d[n to ! end ( ,greek vase-pa9t+4 ,x 0 moreov] ! =m :i* ! great arti/s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury select$ z ! m$ium ( _! f9e/ ef=ts4 ,! kylix play$ an important "p at ! banquet1 be+ n only "o ( ! commone/ =ms ( dr9k+-cup 9 use1 b z be+ also us$ 9 ! game ( kottabos 7see ,*apt] ,,xv474 ,9 ! banquet+-sc5es :i* are s popul> a subject on ! ,r4,f4 kylikes ( ! be/ p]iod1 ! gue/s are (t5 repres5t$ twirl+ vases ( ?is %ape on "o f+] crook$ ?r\gh ! h&le2 ?is be+ ! mann] 9 :i* !y dis*>g$ ! drops ( w9e at ! m>k4 ,h5ce ! kylix 0 also kn[n z or 4 ,:5 n 9 use ! kylix 0 hung on a peg on ! wall1 z x is sometimes depict$ on ,r4,f4 vases4#fgg ,a!naeus#fgh cites ! ,a!nian & ,argive kylikes z be+ ( special repute2 ! latt] are describ$ by ,simonides z 1 a ^w ( d\btful mean+4#fgi ,9 ! =m]'s own city ( ,naukratis a special k9d ( kylix#fhj 0 made by h& 7n on ! :eel71 ) f\r h&les & a v flat base1 & ?is 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( silv] to give x a metallic appe>ance4#fha ,lac$aemonian1 ,*ian1 & ,teian kylikes are also m5tion$ 7! la/-nam$ by ,alcaeus3 see p4 #fd74 ,b ! mo/ fam\s v>iety 0 ! ,!ricleian1 s nam$ f ,!rikles1 a ,cor9?ian pott] contempor>y ) ,ari/ophanes4 ,^! cups 7 *iefly made at ,a!ns2 !y are frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,middle & ,new ,com$y writ]s1 & are describ$ by ,a!naeus#fhb z depress$ r\nd ! sides1 deep1 ) %ort h&les4 ,!y 7 imitat$ 9 wood or glass1 & gild$1 & ,a!naeus m5tions t ! ,rhodians made 7see above7 9 emulation ( !m4#fhc ,besides ! v>i\s dim9utive =ms ( 1 su* z 7see above1 p4 #acc71 1 etc41#fhd !re is a long li/ ( synonyms = ?is =m1 ab\t mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ to say except t !y are probably m]e nicknames4 ,a!naeus gives ! foll[+3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 & 2 also 1 f its use aft] ! wa%+ ( ! h&s1 i4e4 at ! end ( ! meal2 1 nam$ f a k+ ( ,bi?ynia2 & 1 correspond+ to our 8lov+-cup40#fhe ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ ! kylix is a %ape kn[n & popul> at all p]iods1 f ! ,myc5aean ,age d[n to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury2 9 ! fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy x b seldom occurs4 ,! ,myc5aean =m is peculi>ly graceful1 ) its tall /em & swell+ b[l2 x is g5]ally decorat$ ) a cuttle-fi%1 a motive well suit$ to its outl9es 7see ,plate ,,xv474 ,dur+ ! ar*aic p]iod ( ,greek vases a /eady developm5t c be trac$1 bo? 9 =m & me?ods ( decoration1 until ! outbur/ ( ! ,r4,f4 /yle4 ,! e>ly ,cor9?ian specim5s 7cf4 p4 #cac7 are some:at cumbr\s1 ) v l[ /em1 %all[ b[l ) heavy ov]hang+ lip & small h&les2 9 /rong contra/ !reto are ! ,cyr5aic cups 7p4 #cda ff471 :i* are 9 execution q 9 advance ( _! "t 7fir/ half ( six? c5tury72 _! graceful1 delicate =ms are evid5tly imitat$ f metal4 ,^! e>ly cups are z a rule cov]$ ) a cream-col\r$ or buff slip & decorat$ all ov]1 & ! int]ior designs1 :i* cov] ! :ole or almo/ ! :ole ( ! inside1 are a m>k$ feature ( ^! types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,kylix 7,,e>li] ,,=m74 ,turn+ to ! ,attic fabrics we f9d t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ! preval5t =m 7evolv$ f ! ,cor9?ian type7 has a high /em & deep b[l ) (f-set lip1 ! decoration be+ conf9$ to ! upp] b& ( ! ext]ior1 9 ! =m ( a frieze 7,fig4 #ea74 ,?is type is also illu/rat$ by a small ,rhodian gr\p 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#fhf :i*1 h[ev]1 has elaborate int]ior designs4 ,9 ! next /age1 repres5t$ by ! ,m9or ,arti/s 7see p4 #cgi ff471 ! =m rema9s ! same1 b ! mann] ( decoration is diff]5t1 int]ior designs aga9 appe>+2 (t5 ! design is conf9$ to a n>r[ b&1 ! re/ ( ! ext]ior be+ col\r$ black4 ,la/ly1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 an entirely new =m is introduc$1 9 :i* ! break 9 ! outl9e disappe>s & ! b[l becomes flatt]1 ) a gracefully-curv$ convex outl9e1 :ile ! /em is %ort5$ 7,fig4 #eb74 ,?is =m is ! "o adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 ) few exceptions1 & x is possible t x 0 actually inv5t$ by ! e>lie/ ,r4,f4 arti/s1 su* z ,niko/h5es & ,pamphaios1 ?\gh x is also employ$ by ,exekias4#fhg ,! me?ods ( decoration _c h[ev] be treat$ ( "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,kylix 7,,lat] ,,=m74 ,an extremely delicate =m ( kylix is us$ by ! pott] ,sotades 7,*apt] ,x471 ) h&les 9 imitation ( a bird's m]ry?\ght4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ! %ape *anges some:at1 ! /em disappe>+ & ! b[l becom+ deep]4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,italy ! kylix-=m is only repres5t$ by gigantic %all[ b[ls1 ) small /\t h&les atta*$ to ! rim1 probably int5d$ = hang+ aga9/ ! wall4 ,! ,naucratite kylikes m5tion$ above seem to h be5 made some:at aft] ?is patt]n2 x 0 at any rate typical ( ,hell5i/ic ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,phiale4 ,! ^w #fhh 7,lat4 pat]a7 bore 9 ,greek a v diff]5t mean+ f t sugge/$ by ! mod]n ^w phial4 ,x 0 9 fact a %all[ b[l %ap$ l a sauc]1 & _h no h&le1 b 9 place ( "o a boss 77 9 ! c5tre1 :i* 0 holl[$ out und]nea? 9 ord] to admit ( ! ins]tion ( a ?umb or f+] 7,fig4 #ec74 ,h5ce x 0 g5]ally /yl$ or 4#fhi ,z a vase-=m x is n ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & 0 probably m frequ5tly made 9 metal1 especially 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,^? depict$ on pa9t$ vases are usually indicat$ z hav+ ribb$ or flut$ ext]iors1 :i* c only d5ote metal 7cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,fig4 #acb74 ,ab\t ! ?ird or second c5tury ,b4,c4 imitations ( metal phialae 9 t]racotta1 ) m\ld$ int]ior designs1 are ( common occurr5ce4 ,be+ sign$ by pott]s resid+ at ,cales1 !y are usually kn[n z 8,cal5e phialae40 ,!re are two 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#fij :i* are an exact reproduction ( silv] specim5s 9 ! same collection4 ,hom] uses ! ^w 9 two s5ses3 7#a7 z equival5t to a 1 z if us$ = boil+ wat]#fia2 7#b7 z a c9]>y urn4#fib ,obvi\sly 9 bo? ^! cases ! significance ( ?is p>ticul> ^w mu/ n be press$4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 we f9d v frequ5t m5tion ( ! phiale 9 classical au?ors1 su* z ,h]odotos1 ,p9d>1 & ,plato1 9 all cases ) ! same re/rict$ significance1 t ( a vessel us$ 9 mak+ libations4 ,on ! ,r4,f4 vases x appe>s 9 c\ntless examples1 us$ 9 ?is mann]1 especially by ,nike4 ,ari/otle1 by way ( illu/rat+ ! inv]sion ( a simile1 says 8,y may call ! %ield ! phiale ( ,ares1 or ! phiale ! %ield ( ,dionysos10 no d\bt ) ref]5ce to its buckl]-l %ape4#fic ,a!naeus 7xi4 #dfb ,d7 quotes a passage f ,x5ophanes :i* implies its use = hold+ p]fumes at banquets4 ,_m words occur z synonyms ( 1 su* z ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 & 4#fid ,! la/-nam$ ^w has be5 sugge/$ above 7p4 #afe7 = a k9d ( l>ge cov]$ di% or b[l1 b we c only asc]ta9 t x 0 a dr9k+-vessel ( "s k9d1 resembl+ a l>ge kylix4#fie ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,rhyton4 ,! 1 or dr9k+-horn 7f 1 8fl[071 is a famili> %ape 9 ! ,r4,f4 & lat] /yles1 b z a vase-=m does n occur be=e ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4#fif ,its peculi>ities 73 fir/ly1 t x c\ld n be set d[n )\t dr9k+ ! cont5ts2 secondly1 t ! n>r[ end 0 almo/ always modell$ 9 ! =m ( ! head ( "s animal1 or ( a woman or ,satyr4 ,"s examples are kn[n 9 ! =m ( two heads back to back1 usually a ,satyr & a ,ma5ad1 b ^! hav+ a flat circul> base are an exception to ! fir/ rule not$ above1 & p>take m ( ! nature ( a cup ?an ( a dr9k+-horn4 ,al?\gh no ar*aic examples h be5 pres]v$1 ! rhyton1 or 1#fig z x is also call$1 frequ5tly appe>s on ,b4,f4 vases1 be+ g5]ally held by ,satyrs or revell]s1 or by ,dionysos4#fih ,a!naeus says x 0 a =m res]v$ = ! use ( h]oes1 & t 0 ! old] "n = x4#fii ,among ! ,s\? ,italian vases1 x is f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ,apulia1 & ^! belong to ! decad5ce ( ! ,apulian /yle1 ! pa9t+s be+ limit$ to a figure ( ,eros1 or a woman1 & little m4 ,^! rhyta h "o h&le1 & ! cup-"p is g5]ally cyl9drical 9 =m1 tap]+ slightly t[>ds ! l[] "p1 :]e ! head is atta*$ 7,fig4 #ed474 ,9 "s in/ances ! =m is n>r[] & m elongat$1 ) flut$ body4 ,! animals' heads are usually left unv>ni%$1 & col\r$ 9 detail l ! t]racotta figures2 ! m\? (t5 =ms a sp\t f :i* ! liquid c\ld be all[$ to run out4#gjj ,! heads1 :i* occur 9 great v>iety1 include ! pan!r1 fox1 wolf1 horse1 goat1 mule1 de]1 & dog#gja2 also ,gryphons & ,pegasi 7see bel[74 ,a!naeus m5tions a vase call$ ! 1#gjb :i* 0 d\btless a rhyton end+ 9 two heads1 a goat & a de] conjo9$1 l "s kn[n specim5s2 he also quotes a description ( ano!r call$ 1 expla9$ z a rhyton ) two sp\ts 774#gjc ,fur!r1 "u ! head+ 1 :i* is d\btless a synonym = 1 he m5tions "o 9 ! =m ( a ,gryphon1 ano!r 9 ! =m ( a ,pegasos4#gjd ,! "n is m5tion$ by ,demo/h5es1 toge!r ) & 4#gje ,x is wor?y ( m5tion t among ! ,myc5aean objects discov]$ at ,enkomi 9 ,cyprus1 9 #ahif1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re are two or ?ree rhyta 9 porcela91 correspond+ 9 =m to ^? ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 & ( v advanc$ /yle#gjf2 !y are 9 fact q unique4 ,a few comp>atively unimportant names ( vessels = hold+ food & liquids at ! table may next be discuss$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,p9ax4 ,! names giv5 = di%es are 1 1 & 1 ! latt] ( :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ,ari/ophanes1 b seems to be ( late introduction1 & m us$ by ! ,romans 7see ,*apt] ,,xxi474#gjg ,= a plate ! usual "n 0 7also 1 71 a =m :i* is int]e/+ z (t5 occurr+ among pa9t$ vases 7,fig4 #ee74 ,x is f\nd at all p]iods1 f ! fabrics ( ,rhodes & ,naukratis d[n to ! ,apulian & ,campanian 8fi%-plates10 :i* h a s9k+ 9 ! c5tre1 & are pa9t$ ) fi%1 %ell-fi%1 etc4 ,!y 7 no d\bt us$ = eat+ fi%1 ! s9k+ be+ = ! sauce4#gjh ,a fam\s e>ly in/ance ( ! p9ax is ! 8,euphorbos-plate0 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7see p4 #cce74 ,! "n is also giv5 to ! squ>e plaques or tablets1 su* z ^? f\nd at ,cor9?1 on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 & else:]e1 :i* 7 g5]ally ( a votive "*4 ,!y are (t5 depict$ on ! vases !mselves1 indicat+ ! locality ( a %r9e4#gji ,vessels = hold+ v9eg> or sauces 7 kn[n by ! names ( 1 1 or 4#gaj ,! %apes are n exactly kn[n1 b !y 7 app>5tly small cups or di%es2 ! incorrect id5tification ( ! fir/-nam$ ) ! we h already discuss$ 7p4 #aga74 ,! words & are giv5 by ,pollux#gaa z vases = hold+ sweets1 & ! or 01 z ! "n implies1 a box or receptacle = spices4#gab ,! la/-nam$ has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! 1 describ$ by ,a!naeus z 8a r\nd vessel1 hav+ atta*$ sev]al little kotylae 7740#gac ,two exi/+ =ms correspond 9 "s degree to ?is description3 "o f\nd 9 ,cyprus & at ,cor9?1 & consi/+ ( a holl[ r+1 to :i* small cups or j>s are atta*$ at int]vals2 ! o!r f\nd *iefly 9 ,melos1 & consi/+ ( a c5tral /&1 r\nd :i* are gr\p$ a v>y+ numb] ( alaba/ron-l vases1 evid5tly design$ = hold+ small quantities ( ungu5ts or p]fumes1 or p]haps fl[]s1 eggs1 or o!r objects4 ,!y are all ( v e>ly date1 & decorat$ 9 primitive fa%ion4#gad ,a bett] =m ( ! ^w seems to be 4 ,_m h be5 f\nd at ,eleusis1#gae & x is suppos$ t !y 7 us$ 9 ! ,my/]ies = c>ry+ ! fir/-fruits4#gaf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,leky?os4 ,sev]al k9ds ( vases 7 us$ = hold+ oil1 ! *>act]i/ic ( all ^! %apes be+ ! n>r[ neck & small m\?1 :i* 7 bett] adapt$ = p\r+ ! liquid drop by drop4 ,! ord9>y ,greek ^w = an oil-flask is 1 frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,ari/ophanes & else:]e4 ,we h already ref]r$ 7pp4 #acb1 #adc7 to ! passages 9 ! ,ecclesiazusae :]e ! practice ( plac+ leky?i on tombs1 & g5]ally ( us+ !m = fun]al purposes1 f9ds allusion4 ,f ^! passages x has be5 possible to id5tify ! class ( :ite-gr\nd ,a!nian vases on :i* fun]al subjects are pa9t$1 ) absolute c]ta9ty z ,leky?i4 ,b ! %ape is n conf9$ to ?is "o class4 ,9 ! e>ly ,b4,f4 p]iod 7especially 9 ,cor9?ian w>es7 x assumes a less elegant =m1 ) cup-%ap$ m\?1 %ort ?ick neck1 & quasi-cyl9drical body tap]+ slightly upw>ds 7cf4 ! alaba/ron bel[74 ,! lat] =m1 :i* prevails f ! middle ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod d[n to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury at ,a!ns1 ) v little v>iation ( =m1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful types ( ,greek vases 7,fig4 #ef74 ,x has a long neck1 to :i* ! h&le is atta*$1 flat or almo/ concave %\ld]1 & cyl9drical body1 semi-oval at ! base4 ,! ,b4,f4 examples are seldom f\nd 9 ,italy1 & almo/ all come f ,a!ns & o!r ,hell5ic sites1 or f ,sicily1 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! =m seems to h be5 exceptionally popul>4 ,! same may be said ( ! ord9>y ,r4,f4 examples1 :i* h no sepul*ral ref]5ce1 & are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s at ,gela 7,t]ranuova7 9 ,sicily1 b seldom else:]e4 ,! :ite leky?i h be5 f\nd 9 ,eretria1 & at ,gela1 & ,locri 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 besides ,a!ns4 ,! leky?os seldom atta9s to any great size1 except 9 ! m>ble examples us$ z tomb/ones4 ,!y 7 probably us$ at ! ba? & 9 ! gymnasium1 & may also h s]v$ o!r purposes1 e4g4 = pigm5ts4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is ref]5ce may be made to ! well-kn[n passage 9 ,ari/ophanes' ,frogs 7#abjj ff471 :]e ! je] ( ,aes*ylos at ,euripides' /]eotyp$ beg9n+s ( 8 plays1 1 seems to imply 8he is h>d up = some?+ new to say10 i4e4 8he has lo/ 8 pa9t-pot2 8 l9es ne$ embelli%m5t40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,leky?os 7,,lat] ,,=m74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ! leky?os takes a new dep>ture 7,fig4 #eg71 & appe>s ) a squat1 almo/ sph]ical body1 )\t foot 7except = ! base-r+74 ,?is =m is sometimes kn[n z aryballos 7see bel[71 b is p]haps m accurately describ$ z a 8wide-bodi$0 7,g]m4 bau*ige7 leky?os4 ,x is v popul> at ,a!ns 9 ! late f9e or poly*rome vases1#gag & 0 adopt$ exclusively 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :]e x is ! only =m ( leky?os f\nd4 ,?is type ( vase is (t5 f\nd 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,decad5ce ) a subject m\ld$ 9 relief atta*$ to ! front1 sometimes ( a comic nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,alaba/ron4 ,! alaba/ron 7 or 1 bo? =ms be+ f\nd 9 ,classical ,greek7 is a %ape closely alli$ to ! leky?os4 ,x pres]ves ! same =m ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ 7,fig4 #eh471 b is n (t5 f\nd aft] ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,9 ! e>ly ,cor9?ian w>es x is v common4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! mat]ial ( :i* x 0 orig9ally made1 & _m examples ( alaba/] vases ( ?is %ape h be5 f\nd 9 excavations4 ,x 0 *iefly us$ = hold+ oil1 ungu5ts1 & cosmetics1 & is (t5 repres5t$ 9 sc5es ( ladies' toilet z 9 use = ^! purposes4 ,its *>act]i/ics are a flat r\nd top ) small orifice1 %ort neck1 & m or less cyl9drical body ) r\nd$-(f base1 int5d$ = plac+ 9 a /& 774#gah ,x is g5]ally )\t h&les1 b :5 !y occur !y are 9 ! =m ( two small e>s1 ?r\gh :i* a cord 0 pass$ = c>ry+ or susp5d+ x4 ,! 8alaba/] box0 ( ! ,gospels 0 a vessel ( ?is =m 7cf4 ! orig9al ,greek71 & x 0 brok5 by knock+ (f ! top1 9 ord] t ! cont5ts might fl[ out quickly4 ,! "n is also giv5 z a synonym ( ! 4#gai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,aryballos4 ,ano!r vase ( ! same type is t kn[n z ! 4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w is unkn[n1 b ! fir/ half connects x ) ! 8ladle0 class ( vases 71 etc471 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,x c1 h[ev]1 h>dly be a vase ( t type1 & ! connection seems to be its use 9 ! ba?1#gbj i4e4 z an oil-flask4 ,x is g5]ally describ$ z resembl+ a purse2 ,a!naeus#gba says x is broad] bel[ ?an above1 l a purse ti$ at ! neck ) a /r+4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1 is usually appli$ to a =m ( vase ak9 to ! alaba/ron1 b ) small globul> body1 h&le1 & v %ort neck 7,fig4 #ei474 ,?is type is almo/ conf9$ to ! ,cor9?ian & o!r e>ly fabrics1 & frequ5tly occurs 9 glaz$ or enamell$ w>e 7see p4 #abg74 ,its connection ) ! ba? is und\bt$1 & x 0 g5]ally c>ri$ on a /r+1 toge!r ) a /rigil or fle%-scrap]4 ,z ?is =m di$ out 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! "n has be5 us$1 z not$ above1 = a lat] v>iety ( ! leky?os1 9 :i* ! body approa*es a globul> =m4 ,transitional betwe5 ! alaba/ron & ! aryballos is a type ( :i* "s examples occur among e>ly ,cor9?ian w>es1 ) egg-%ap$ body1 flat r\nd top1 & small e>-l h&le1 ! base be+ r\nd$ (f4 ,to ?is ! "n has be5 t5tatively giv51 on ! au?ority ( ,anti/h5es1 :o def9es ! ^w z mean+ a k9d ( leky?os ) n>r[ neck4#gbb ,9 ! same passage ( ,a!naeus#gbc x is contra/$ ) ! quickly-empti$ or b[l2 ^? :o dr9k f x mu/ d s drop by drop 7 74 ,! "n may d5ote a cocoon1 ! %ape ( :i* ?is vase resembles1 or may be imitative1 f ! gurgl+ s\nd made by a liquid p\r$ !refrom4 ,! 0 also probably a k9d ( oil-flask4#gbd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,pyxis4 ,a few =ms ( vases 7 exclusively devot$ to fem99e use4 ,^! include ! 1 a cyl9drical box ) cov]1 9 :i* jewell]y or o!r objects su* z hair-p9s1 cosmetics1 etc41 might be kept = use 9 ! toilet 7,fig4 #fj474 ,! pa9t$ examples ( ?is =m1 :i* ne>ly all belong to ! lat] ,r4,f4 p]iod1 are usually decorat$ ) appropriate subjects1 wom5 at _! toilet1 prep>ations = w$d+s1 etc4 ,! 1 or soap-box1 s]v$ simil> purposes4#gbe ,x seems to be repres5t$ by a =m ( vase ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a specim5 7)\t figure decoration71 ) cov] & high /em1 b no h&le except ! knob on ! cov]4 ,x is int]m$iate 9 =m betwe5 ! pyxis & ! s-call$ 7p4 #afe71 & sometimes appe>s 9 toilet & o!r sc5es4#gbf ,a r>e =m1 f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1#gbg consi/+ ( a globul> vase ) v]tical loop$ h&les on a high /em1 has be5 v>i\sly nam$1 b ! late/ !ory is t x repres5ts a 4#gbh ,x conta9$ lu/ral wat]1 & is usually decorat$ ) bridal sc5es4 ,"o is depict$ 9 a toilet sc5e on a pyxis 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#gbi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,ep9etron ,,or ,,onos4 ,la/ly1 a peculi> semi-cyl9drical vessel1 clos$ at "o end & op5 d[n ! side 7,fig4 #fa471 0 = a long "t a puzzle to ar*aeologi/s1 b its use 0 f9ally det]m9$ by its appe>ance 9 a vase-pa9t+4#gcj ,x is !re held by a seat$ woman1 fitt$ ov] h] knee & ?igh1 & 0 us$ :ile sp9n+ to pass ! ?read ov]4 ,! "n ( ^! objects is giv5 by ,pollux 7vii4 #cb7 z or 78! donkey074 ,sev]al ( !m are pa9t$ ) sp9n+ sc5es1 & ! vase-pa9t+ allud$ to above is curi\sly en\gh on a vase ( ?is =m4 ,!re is a type ( vase1 ( :i* two or ?ree v>ieties occur1 :i*1 f its g5]al lik5ess to a w9e-sk91 is usually /yl$ ,askos4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> t !re is any direct au?ority = ?is1 at lea/ 9 lit]>y records2 :]e ! ^w does occur1 x always d5otes a lea!r sk91 su* z is sometimes depict$ on ! vases1 c>ri$ by a ,seil5os or ,satyr4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a conv5i5t expression1 & !re is no o!r record$ t]m :i* c on any gr\nds be associat$ ) ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,askos4 ,! e>lie/ examples1 :i* date f ! middle ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 h a flat r\nd body ) convex top1 & a project+ sp\t 7,fig4 #fb72 ! h&le is sometimes ar*$ ov] ! back to meet ! sp\t1 or else takes a sep>ate r+-l =m4#gca ,!y are usually decorat$ ) two small figures1 "o on ea* side4 ,9 ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy a new =m appe>s 7,fig4 #fc71 *iefly f\nd 9 ,apulia1 9 :i* ! resemblance to a w9e-sk9 is mu* m app>5t1 ! ti$-up pairs ( legs be+ repres5t$ by ! sp\t or a projection4 ,! h&le is usually ar*$ ov] ! back1 & ! p\*-%ap$ body sometimes assumes an almo/ birdlike =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,apulian ,,askos4 ,a v>iety :i* is also common 9 ,s\!rn ,italy is made ( pla9 black w>e1 & is n pa9t$ b has a subject 9 relief 9 a m$allion on ! top#gcb2 ! h&le is r+-%ap$#gcc & ! =m g5]ally resembles ! v>iety fir/ describ$1 except t ! body is flat on ! top1 & convex bel[1 ) a base-r+ 7,fig4 #fd74 ,x seems probable t ^! vases 7 us$ = hold+ oil = fe$+ lamps1 & consequ5tly !y are g5]ally kn[n by ! ,lat9 "n ( guttus1 or 8lamp-fe$]0 7see pp4 #baa1 #ejc74 ,:e!r ! pa9t$ aski 7 us$ = ! same purpose is d\btful2 ^?1 h[ev]1 ) ! l>ge body seem to h be5 int5d$ = o!r purposes1 especially z !y (t5 h a /ra9] ins]t$ 9 !m4 ,"s inde$ appe> to h be5 us$ z rattles1 & /ill conta9 small balls or pebbles1 plac$ )9 !m = t purpose4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x seems m conv5i5t to reckon ! ) ! oil-vases4#gcd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,s-,,call$ 8,,guttus40 ,among vases :i* d n exactly fall "u ! head+ ( any p>ticul> %ape may be not$ c]ta9 types ( m\ld$ vases1 & ^? ) reliefs modell$ on !m or atta*$4 ,_m ( ^! almo/ fall "u ! category ( t]racotta figures1 b /ill mu/ be reckon$ z vases1 ev5 :5 pa9t$ 9 ! me?ods ( t]racottas r ?an pott]y4 ,su* are ! l>ge aski describ$ on page #aai1 & ! contempor>y ornam5tal vases modell$ 9 ! =m ( female heads1 ( ,ma5ads1 or ( ,a!na 7z ,b4,m4 ,g #a74 ,o!r types we h describ$ else:]e1#gce su* z ! rhyta end+ 9 animals' heads1 ! kan?>i & rhyta ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod 9 ! =m ( human or ,dionysiac heads1 & ! analog\s vases ( ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,aga91 !re are su* =ms z ! flasks ) flat circul> bodies1 & ! l>ge pyxides :i* are (t5 f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4#gcf ,!y usually be> a subject 9 relief1 cov]$ ) a :ite slip & pa9t$ 9 p9k & blue1 l ! ,canosa vases2 a specim5 f ,pompeii1 ) ri* rema9s ( col\r+1 has lately be5 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! curi\s type ( vase sometimes f\nd 9 ,sicily1 ) a tall conical cov]1 ! ornam5tation be+ p>tly 9 encau/ic1 p>tly 9 gild$ relief1 has be5 already m5tion$4#gcg ,!re is also a late v>iety ( ! s-call$ k]nos 7p4 #aie71 consi/+ ( f\r cups unit$ on an elaborate flut$ /&1 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum possesses two good examples4#gch ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t all ^! exceptional %apes are probably imitations ( metal-"w1 p]haps made = ! b5efit ( ^? :o c\ld n af=d ! m exp5sive mat]ial1 j z imitation jewell]y 0 sometimes made 9 gilt t]racotta4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod 7to :i* ! classes we are discuss+ *iefly belong71 ! univ]sal t5d5cy is to sub/itute metal vases = pott]y1 & m\ld$ or relief-w>es = pa9t$ decoration1 & ! pott]1 f9d+ ! pa9t$ vases 7 no long] appreciat$1 0 =c$ to conf9e himself to imitat+ metal1 & ?us keep abrea/ ) ! new fa%ion4 ,! :ole subject ( ! pla/ic decoration ( vases has be5 m fully dealt ) else:]e 7,*apt] ,,xi474 ----- ,footnote #ddg3 ,l4 #fd4 ,footnote #ddh3 8,& 9 e>!nw>e bak$ 9 ! fire1 )9 ! closure ( figur$ urns1 !re came among ! goodly folk ( ,h]a ! prize ( ! olive-fruit0 7,my]s74 ,footnote #ddi3 8,& he won five g>l&s 9 succession at ! ,pana!naic games1 amphorae full ( oil0 7,frag4 #aee1 ed4 ,b]gk ,an?4 ,p4 xiii4 #ai74 ,see also ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,nub4 #ajje1 & ,inscr4 ,gr4 7,atticae71 ii4 #ife;b4 ,footnote #dej3 ,cf4 ,s*ol4 9 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cfh ,c3 4 ,footnote #dea3 8,& raise ! great goblets1 or if1 ,oikis1 ?\ desire/ aught else 444 p\r 9 & mix "o & two full up to ! brim1 & let ! "o goblet ou/ ! o!r40 ,footnote #deb3 ,graec4 ,l+4 ,dialect1 i4 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #dec3 viii4 #cha3 see also p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ded3 ,see p4 #dii4 ,footnote #dee3 ,suet4 ,n]4 #dg3 see ,rob]t1 ,hom]4 ,be*]1 & ,class4 ,review1 #ahid1 p4 #cbe4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a silv] phiale1 ) t]racotta replicas 7,g #aag1 #aah71 "o ( :i* is %[n on ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,see also p4 #ejj4 ,footnote #def3 ,cf4 ! use ( ! ^w on bronze & lead weights4 ,footnote #deg3 ,egg] 9 ,revue ,ar*ol4 xvi4 7#ahfg71 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #deh3 ,see ,hults*1 ,metrologie1 p4 #ii ff4 ,footnote #dei3 ,ari/4 ,categ4 #ab2 also ,polybius1 iv4 #ef1 4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,b4,m4 ,f #age4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,o!r in/ances are3 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #b2 ,muni* #dbc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bia-ib4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ecd-cg1 #edh-ec2 also ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell551 pl4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ae is f ! vase ,f #aja 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #deg-ff4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,suppl4 #dfc4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #did4 ,see also ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,footnote #dff3 ,see ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,ran4 #bah1 & ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #aaj ff4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,= explanation & p>allels see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 p4 #aai ff4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,ra\l-,ro*ette 9 ,revue ,ar*ol4 viii4 7#ahea71 p4 #aab3 see also ,!ocr4 xv4 #aac ff4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,revue ,ar*ol4 l4c4 p4 #aah2 ,m>t4 xi4 #ai2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xix4 #ei4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,hi/4 ,plant4 vi4 #g4 ,footnote #dga3 ,p]nice 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #fj ff4 ,he w\ld also reg>d ! s-call$ 7see p4 #aih7 z a vase ( ?is class2 b ?is seems mu* m d\btful4 ,see also p4 #afg1 "u 4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,cf4 ,bhlau1 ,ion4 u4 ,ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #ci2 ,b]l9 #aajh4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,p]nice's argum5ts h be5 directly impugn$ by ,k\roniotes 9 4 4 #ahii1 p4 #bcc1 & by ,rob9son 9 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 p4 #gc2 & x c]ta9ly seems m probable t metal vessels w\ld h be5 us$ = ?is purpose2 moreov]1 ! =m ( ! is well kn[n4 ,b he has p]sonally assur$ ! pres5t writ] t ! clay %[ traces int]nally ( ! use ( fire4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bce ,naples #cbee4 ,footnote #dge3 ,see p4 #bad4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,adv4 ,leo*4 #ajhf1 #ajhi4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpture1 i4 p4 #big4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,see note on p4 #acb above4 ,! cu/om seems to h be5 specially 9 fav\r 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,d #fe1 #gj-a2 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #b4 ,on ! subject g5]ally1 see ibid4 p4 #afi ff4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,fig4 #bj ,f #ic1 a ,lucanian hydria 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is a v f9e in/ance1 sev]al ( ! vases be+ repres5t$ ) pa9t$ subjects4 ,among !m is a ,pana!naic amphora 7see above1 p4 #acb71 on :i* is depict$ a *>iot-race4 ,footnote #dha3 ,il4 xxiii4 #bec4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,q4 ,smyrn4 iii4 #gcg4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,x no d\bt sugge/$ ,t5nyson's 8,two h&fuls ( :ite du/1 %ut 9 an urn ( brass40 ,cf4 l4 #aadb 774 ,footnote #dhd3 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 #aija-b1 pls4 #ah-ai1 p4 #bih2 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 i4 p4 #bja1 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,b #acj3 see also p4 #df4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,no4 #bdbb ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cd4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,e #haa3 see = o!r in/ances1 ,jahn1 ,vas5samml4 zu ,mn*51 p4 lxxxv1 note #fjj1 & p4 #ci above4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,c #ab4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,myres1 on op5+ a tomb at ,ama?us1 9 ,cyprus1 9 #ahid1 f\nd jugs1 b[ls1 & o!r k9ds ( vases rang$ r\nd ! body1 l a d9n]-s]vice set out on a table4 ,footnote #dij3 ,a good in/ance is ! ,py?on krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #adi71 "o ( ! h&les ( :i* has be5 repair$ ) lead4 ,see also ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 ci1 note #gca2 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjg1 ,b #fjh1 ,e #ajf2 ,b]l9 #agfh4 ,footnote #dia3 ,g]h>d1 ,aus]l4 ,vas5b4 ii4 #ade ,re9a*1 ii4 #ge4 ,footnote #dib3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 iii4 7#aijd71 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #dic3 ,juv5al1 xiv4 #cjh4 ,footnote #did3 ,vespae1 #adcg4 ,footnote #die3 ,! use ( ?is =m ( vase is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! hydrophoria-sc5es on ,b4,f4 vases1 9 :i* x con/antly occurs4 ,see bel[1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #dif3 ,b4,m4 ,a #ajed1 ,b #dej2 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #ede4 ,footnote #dig3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii41 :]e examples are giv54 ,footnote #dih3 ,cf4 also ,bk4 v4 #aih ff4 ,footnote #dii3 x4 #fb ff4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,re*]*es sur les vritables ,noms des ,vases ,grecs1 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 ,footnote #eja3 ,obs]vations sur les ,noms des ,vases ,grecs1 etc41 ,p>is1 #ahcc1 & ,supplm5t1 #ahcg-ch4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,rapporto ,volc5te 9 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahca1 p4 #bba ff42 & 9 criticism ( ,letronne1 ,b]l9s ant4 ,bildw]ke1 i4 p4 #cdb ff41 & ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahcf1 p4 #adg ff4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,h&bu* d4 ,ar*ol4 #bih-cja4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,ueb] die hell5is*5 bemalt5 ,vas51 ,muni*1 #ahdd4 ,footnote #eje3 ,de ,nom9ibus ,vasorum ,graecorum1 ,kop5hag51 #ahdd4 ,?is "w is v useful = its exhau/ive ref]5ces to classical lit]ature4 ,x is also critically up to ! m>k4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,angeiologie1 ,halle1 #ahed4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,vas5samml4 zu ,mn*51 p4 lxxxvi ff4 7#ahed74 ,footnote #ejh3 ,!re are "s v useful articles 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's ,dictionnaire "u ! respective head+s1 s f> z ! "w has appe>$ 7d[n to ,m 9 #aijd74 ,footnote #eji3 ,cf4 also xi4 #dfb ,d4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 iii4 #hb7 /ates t ! isl& ( ,pi!cusa 7! mod]n ,is*ia7 0 s call$ n f 1 an ape1 b f 7a figul9is doliorum71 imply+ t w9e-casks 7 made "h 9 antiquity1 z !y are at ! pres5t day4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dfe ,a1 & cf4 #die ,b2 ,il4 xxiv4 #ebg2 see ,uss+1 p4 #cc1 & ,suidas1 s4v4 ,! comic poets also speak ( a 1 or small 1 us$ = hold+ w9e at fe/ivals4 ,footnote #eab3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xx41 & a relief 9 ! ,villa ,albani1 ,helbig1 ,fhr]#b1 ii4 p4 #ef1 ,no4 #hec2 cf4 also ,hesy*ius1 1 & ,ar4 ,eq4 #gib4 ,footnote #eac3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 7,fig4 #abf74 ,footnote #ead3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dfd1 ,f #baj4 ,footnote #eae3 ,op4 et ,di4 #ih2 ! ^w has be5 confus$ ) 1 mean+ a box4 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xx4 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,hesy*4 s4v42 ,pollux1 vii4 #afc4 ,footnote #eag3 ,?is mu/ be di/+ui%$ f 7see p4 #aaa71 a skeleton frame on :i* /atues 7 modell$4 ,see ,geoponica1 vi4 #c1 p4 #d2 ,pollux1 vii4 #afd2 ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #db2 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #db4 ,footnote #eah3 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #bb2 cf4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aija1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #eai3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijc1 pp4 #if ff41 #adj ff41 ,beilag5 #a-e4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,troja und ,ilion1 i4 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #eba3 ,see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #cha ff42 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 pl4 #d2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 xii4 7#ahig71 p4 #bef2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #dd ff42 ,kekul1 ,t]racott5 von ,sicili51 pls4 #ee-g1 #fj2 & p4 #dif4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,hom4 ,il4 xxiii4 #agj2 ,od4 ii4 #bij1 ix4 #afd2 ,inscr4 ,gr4 7,atticae71 ii4 #ife b 7oil72 & see ,*ap4 ,,xxi41 s4v4 ,see also ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 xcii1 & cf4 ! amphora 9 ,rome ) ! oil-sell+ sc5e 7,helbig1 #gj ,re9a*1 i4 p4 #ajf74 ,footnote #ebc3 1 f 1 8on ei!r side10 & 1 8,i c>ry40 ,a!naeus 7xi4 #eja ,a7 expla9s x z 4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lit4 #bnd ,s]4 iii4 7#ahej71 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,dumont1 ,inscrs4 ,cramiques1 pl4 #i4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,! ord] "h giv5 is t sugge/$ by ,h4 von ,ga]tr+5 9 ,inscr4 ,gr4 xii4 pt4 #a1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,dumont1 ,inscrs4 ,cramiques1 pl4 #f2 see also ,revue ,ar*ol4 ,n4,s4 iii4 7#ahfa71 pls4 #i1 #aj1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,jahrb*] fr ,philol4 ,suppl4 xvii4 7#ahij71 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #baba4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lit4 iii4 7#ahej71 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #eca3 ,c4,i4,l4 iv4 #behd2 o!r examples f ,pompeii are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,/odd>t 9 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lit4 #bnd ,s]4 iii4 7#ahej71 p4 #a ff41 iv4 7#ahec71 p4 #a ff42 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 iii4 ,nos4 #ecge-ecib1 #eeee-eeff1 #egea 7,sicily72 ,philologus1 #ahea1 p4 #bgh ff4 7,sicily72 ,jahrb4 fr ,philol4 ,suppl4-,bd4 xviii4 p4 #ebj ff42 ,abh4 d4 phil4-phil4 ,kl4 d4 k4 bay]4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ii4 7#ahcg71 p4 #gha ff42 ,mlanges ,grco-,roma9es1 i4 p4 #daf ff4 7,olbia72 ,dumont1 ,inscrs4 ,cramiques de ,grce1 ,p>is1 #ahgb2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahif1 p4 #abg ff42 ,jahrb4 fr ,philol4 ,suppl4-,bd4 iv4 p4 #dec1 v4 p4 #ddg1 x4 pp4 #a1 #bjg 7,olbia72 ,inscr4 ,gr4 7,ins4 ,m>is ,aegaei71 xii4 pp4 #age-bjc1 ,nos4 #ajfe-adda 7amphora-h&les f ,rhodes72 & o!r ref]5ces already giv54 ,footnote #ecc3 ,e4g4 ,a!ns #feg4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 pls4 #d1 #f2 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,footnote #ece3 ,e4g4 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aige1 fig4 #baad2 ,a!ns #fhh1 #fij4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,b]l9s ant4 ,bildw4 p4 #cdf2 see also ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor51 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,see bel[1 p4 #chh1 & ,k>o 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #adg ff4 ,footnote #ech3 ,see note #ecf above2 also p4 #cbd4 ,footnote #eci3 ,a 8transitional0 example has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,h>twig 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #aija1 pl4 #e1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #edj3 ,see also ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,footnote #eda3 ,cf4 ,b #fjc-fji ) ,f #cca1 #ccb 9 ! ,f\r? ,vase ,room ( ! ,brit4 ,mus4 ,b x appe>s 9 ,s\!rn ,italy at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! f\r? c5tury2 see ,patroni1 ,c]am4 ,antica1 p4 #ach1 & bel[1 p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #edb3 ,see = examples ,f #cci1 #cdj 9 ,brit4 ,mus41 & ,patroni1 ,c]amica ,antica1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #edc3 ,see ,patroni1 ,c]amica ,antica1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #edd3 ,in/ances 9 ,b4,m41 ,e #cej1 & ,brussels ,museum 7,noel des ,v]g]s1 trurie1 pls4 #cb-cf72 also a pla9 w9e-amphora ( ?is =m1 dr$g$ up f ! sea1 9 ! ,t]racotta ,room1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,case #ea4 ,footnote #ede3 ,see ,pollux1 x4 #gh2 ,a!n4 xi4 #die ,a4 ,! =m] gives z an ,aeolic synonym ( 4 ,footnote #edf3 ,b4,f4 8pelikae0 9 ,b4,m41 ,b #aij-aib4 ,footnote #edg3 x4 #gb4 ,cf4 also ,plat4 ,com4 apud ,a!n4 xi4 #ghc ,d4 ,footnote #edh3 ,lys4 #aif4 ,see also ,demo/h4 ,lacr4 #icc1 :]e eighty /amni ( s\r w9e are m5tion$4 ,footnote #edi3 1 ad ,il4 xviii4 #aafc1 #bc4 ,cf4 also ,h]odotos1 i4 #aid2 ,x54 ,anab4 i4 #i1 #be4 ,footnote #eej3 ,lucian1 ,m]etr4 dial4 #ad2 ,a!n1 iii4 #aaf ,f4 ,footnote #eea3 xi4 #ghd ,d4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,pollux1 vi4 #ad4 ,footnote #eec3 ,vesp4 #fgf1 & ,s*ol4 ad loc4 ,footnote #eed3 ,see bel[ = an acc\nt ( ?is ^w 7p4 #agf74 ,footnote #eee3 xi4 #dii ,b1 q4v4 = sev]al quotations illu/rative ( ?is ^w2 also ,an?4 ,p4 vi4 #bdh 774 ,footnote #eef3 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 i4 #a1 #e1 p4 #fad ,e 773 cf4 ,pha$r4 i4 #bf1 #h4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,hesy*4 s4v4 4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,see = a f9e in/ance1 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 #fej4 ,footnote #eei3 ,cf4 ,hdt4 iii4 #bj2 ,a!n4 xi4 #dhc ,d2 ,hor4 ,od4 iv4 #aa1 #b2 #ab1 #ag4 ,footnote #efj3 ,av4 #ajcb2 ,eccl4 #ajjb4 ,footnote #efa3 ,uss+1 p4 #de4 ,cf4 ,p9d4 ,ol4 vi4 #fh2 also ,s*ol4 9 ,nem4 x4 #fd4 ,footnote #efb3 xi4 #dif ,a4 ,see ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #efc3 ,cf4 #cbg ) #eci4 ,see = o!r m5tions ( ! ^w1 ,uss+1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #efd3 ,trapezitae1 #cc2 cf4 ,lucian1 ,h]mot4 #dj1 #eg 771 & ,*ap4 ,,xxi4 ,footnote #efe3 ,soph4 ,o4,c4 #dgc1 4 ,he is "h speak+ ( a 1 b 9 l4 #dgh he calls ! same vase a 4 ,footnote #eff3 ,cf4 also ,aes*4 ,fr4 #ia1 & ,eur4 ,cycl4 #hi2 ,ion1 #aagc2 ,!ocr4 xiii4 #df4 ,footnote #efg3 ,mos*4 iv4 #cd2 ,an?4 ,p4 vii4 #gaj4 ,footnote #efh3 ,alex4 #bj4 ,footnote #efi3 ,hesy*4 s4v42 ,pollux1 viii4 #ff4 ,footnote #egj3 xi4 #die ,a4 ,footnote #ega3 ,cf4 ,hdt4 i4 #be & ! ,sigean inscription 7,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #gh74 ,footnote #egb3 ,examples ( su* pa9t$ /&s 9 ! ,b4,m4 are ,a #chc-he1 #dfd 7,geometrical72 ,a #acdi2 ,b #afg 7does n belong to ! amphora bel[ :i* x is plac$74 ,a #gda is unpa9t$2 ,f #bgi is plac$ on an ornam5tal op5 /& ( bronze4 ,footnote #egc3 ,see ,hdt4 iv4 #fa1 #aeb2 ,a!n4 xi4 #dgb ,a & v4 #aih ,d1 #aii ,b1 #aii ,e4 ,footnote #egd3 ,see p4 #bdf & ,plate ,,xii4 ,footnote #ege3 ,! ,ari/onos krat] 7see p4 #big7 is almo/ ( ! ,myc5aean =m1 & repres5ts ! transition to ! ,cor9?ian4 ,cf4 also ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahie1 p4 #ahe1 = "o f\nd at ,syracuse4 ,footnote #egf3 ,= specim5s f\nd at ,cor9?1 see ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahih1 p4 #aif2 ! =m is also depict$ on ! ,cor9?ian p9akes 7,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #h1 ,nos4 #ab1 #ah74 ,footnote #egg3 xi4 #dge ,d4 ,b ,c\ve1 9 8 valuable article 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's ,dictionnaire 7s4v4 ,kelebe71 is equally confid5t t ! passage implies a k9d ( krat]4 ,footnote #egh3 ,! ,antaios krat] 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,g #ajc4 ,footnote #egi3 ,see ,b]l9s ,ant4 ,bildw4 p4 #ceh1 ,no4 #ah4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #f4 ,footnote #eha3 ,cf4 ,f #cg1 #bfi-gc 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,xviii2 ,patroni1 ,c]amica ,antica1 p4 #be2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bja ff4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,e4g4 ,fig4 #ajh1 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,symp4 #bad ,a1 :]e x is describ$ z hold+ m ?an eight kotylae4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #f1 p4 #ada2 cf4 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #ia2 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 i4 p4 #hba1 fig4 #ajbf4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,a vase ( ! same type1 b probably us$ z a 8puzzle-jug10 is publi%$ 9 ! ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 xix4 pls4 #ai1 #bj4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,e #gfg1 #gfh1 ! latt] sign$ by ,duris2 see also ,j4,h4,s4 l4c4 ,ano!r good example is ! ,euphronios psykt] 9 ,pet]sburg 7p4 #dca74 ,footnote #ehh3 ,cf4 ,a!n4 xi4 #ejc ,c & #dfg ,d4 ,9 #dfg ,f he id5tifies ! ) ! 2 ?is use w\ld be p>allel to ! ,hom]ic use ( ! = wa%+ 7see bel[74 ,footnote #ehi3 ,cf4 ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,nub4 #bhj1 #adgb ff4 ,footnote #eij3 ,cf4 ! use ( ! ^w = a c9]>y urn by ,aes*ylus & ,sophokles 7,ag4 #ddd2 ,*o4 #fhf2 ,el4 #adja74 ,footnote #eia3 xi4 #dgj ,d4 ,an example 9 ! ,b4,m4 is ,f #cjf4 ,footnote #eib3 ,e4g4 ,il4 xxi4 #cfb2 ,od4 xix4 #chf4 ,footnote #eic3 iv4 #fa4 ,footnote #eid3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #bba1 ,b #cbh4 ,footnote #eie3 ,paus4 v4 #aj1 #d4 ,footnote #eif3 ,?uc4 iv4 #ajj4 ,footnote #eig3 ,h5ce ! ^w 4 ,cf4 ! episode 9 ,ar4 ,!sm4 #eje ff4 ,footnote #eih3 ix4 #aac-ad4 ,footnote #eii3 ,cf4 ,ar4 ,a*4 #ajgf4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,op4 et ,di4 #gdh4 ,footnote #fja3 ,ran4 #eje4 ,footnote #fjb3 vi4 #hi & x4 #ff4 ,footnote #fjc3 x4 #ff4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,eur4 ,fr4 #cgc2 ,ph]ekr4 4 #d 7apud ,a!n4 xi4 #dhj ,b74 ,footnote #fje3 ,b4,m4 ,vases1 iv4 ,g #aid4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #fjg3 v4 #aie ,c1 #aii ,e3 see also ,pollux1 vi4 #ajj2 ,plut4 ,alex4 #bj4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,uss+1 p4 #aaf2 ,poll4 x4 #gg4 ,footnote #fji3 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpture1 i4 p4 #aff1 ,no4 #cbeaa4 ,footnote #faj3 ,hdt4 i4 #bjj4 ,footnote #faa3 ,a!n4 xi4 #did ,a 774 ,see also ,liddell & ,scott1 s4v4 ,footnote #fab3 ,see ,liddell & ,scott1 s4v4 ,footnote #fac3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,nos4 #ehg1 #ehh1 etc42 also ,olympia1 iv4 pl4 #cd4 ,footnote #fad3 ,cat4 #agbg4 ,footnote #fae3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,footnote #faf3 ,cf4 ,hom4 ,od4 iii4 #dfh1 iv4 #abh1 x4 #cfa2 ,il4 x4 #egf2 also ,j4,h4,s4 ,suppl4 iv4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #fag3 ,e4g4 ,f #ccb 9 ,b4,m4 7,plate ,,xlv474 ,an e>ly specim5 is giv5 by ,wolt]s 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahih1 p4 #bf2 #ahii1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #fah3 ,see ,pollux1 x4 #gf-gh2 ,ar4 ,av4 #hdj1 #aadc1 ,vesp4 #fjj2 ,s*ol4 9 ,pac4 #abdd2 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #cjga2 & g5]ally1 ,uss+1 p4 #aah4 ,! "n has be5 conv5tionally giv5 to a k9d ( j>2 see above1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #fai3 ,budge1 ,life & ,exploits ( ,alex&]1 p4 #d ff4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,see p4 #acg1 & ,b4,m4 ,e #ecc ff41 #edh ff4 ,footnote #fba3 ,cf4 ! mod]n sup]/ition aga9/ cross+ a knife & =k on a plate4 ,footnote #fbb3 vi4 #df4 ,footnote #fbc3 xi4 #dgi ,f2 cf4 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #aej1 l9e #cj ,b4,m4 ,inscrs4 #bi4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,od4 i4 #acf2 xviii4 #cih4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #aecb1 ,b #cc1 ,b #eb4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,a!n4 x4 #dbe ,d 79 =m 72 xi4 #die ,b4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,g]man ,s*nabelkanne4 ,?is type ( m\? is (t5 se5 9 ! primitive pott]y ( ,cyprus4 ,footnote #fbh3 vi4 #ajc2 x4 #ib4 ,footnote #fbi3 ii4 #afh4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,a!n4 x4 #dbd ,b2 xi4 #ghc ,f4 ,footnote #fca3 ,ar4 ,eq4 #ajia2 ,pollux1 x4 #fc2 ,!ophr4 ,*>4 #i4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,hesy*4 s4v42 ,pollux1 vi4 #ai2 ,a!n4 x4 #dbd ,c2 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #baci2 ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,vesp4 #hee4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,a*4 #bde & ,s*ol4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,a*4 #ajfg & ,s*ol42 ,a!n4 iv4 #afi ,b2 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #afa1 #c4 ,footnote #fce3 ,see also ,pollux1 x4 #ff4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! cups he describes are always ( metal4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,od4 ix4 #cdf1 xiv4 #gh2 cf4 ! description 9 ,!ocr4 i4 #bf ff41 & see bel[1 p4 #ahe2 also ,uss+1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #fch3 xi4 #dhh ff42 cf4 ,il4 xi4 #fcb4 ,x is describ$ by ,hom] z 8/udd$ ) gold5 nails2 & f\r h&les !re 72 & ab\t ea* re/$ two gold5 doves2 & b5ea? !re 7 two bottoms40 ,footnote #fci3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiii42 & bel[1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,poll4 vi4 #if2 ,a!n4 xi4 #dgh ,b1 ,f4 ,footnote #fda3 ,il4 v4 #cjf4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dgh ,e4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,il4 xxii4 #did4 ,see = o!r in/ances ( its use1 ,od4 xv4 #cab1 xvii4 #ab 7 1 8bite & sup072 ,s*ol4 ad ,ar4 ,plut4 #ajed2 & ,a!n4 xi4 #dgh-gi4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,apud ,a!n4 #dhb ,b4 ,footnote #fde3 ,od4 xiv4 #aab4 ,see ,a!naeus1 xi4 #dih = quotations2 also ,eur4 ,cycl4 #bef1 #cij1 #eef1 & ,liddell & ,scott1 s4v4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,a!n4 xi4 #ejj ,a2 ,macrob4 v4 #ba1 #af4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 #abdd1 #abgb1 #acji-ad2 ,/ephani1 ,ausruh5de ,h]akles1 pp4 #aea ff41 #aie ff4 ,footnote #fdh3 7#ejj ,a74 ,footnote #fdi3 ,! sculptor ,mys made a ) ! sack ( ,troy *as$ ^u x 7,a!n4 xi4 #ghb ,b74 ,footnote #fej3 ,9 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #bheb silv] *as$ ) figures ( animals are record$ among ! (f]+s 9 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,bran*idae4 ,footnote #fea3 xi4 #die ,a4 ,footnote #feb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #aeb1 & see ,cat4 iii4 p4 #ad4 ,! owl & olive-bran* seem to h be5 (ficial m>ks2 !y appe> on co9s & dica/s' tickets4 ,footnote #fec3 xi4 #ghc ,d2 #die ,c2 cf4 ,!ocr4 i4 #be4 ,footnote #fed3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #gg1 #gh2 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #fee3 xi4 #ghd ,d4 ,footnote #fef3 ,see id4 xi4 #dgg ,e4 ,footnote #feg3 ,! ^w also occurs 9 ,horace 7,od4 ii4 #g1 #bb7 = a l>ge w9e-cup4 ,footnote #feh3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgj1 #cga1 #fha4 ,footnote #fei3 ,rob]t1 ,hom]is*e ,beck]1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ffj3 xi4 #dha ,d4 ,footnote #ffa3 xi4 #ghb ,f1 #ejj ,f4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,cf4 ,macrob4 v4 #ba3 pocula proc]a ac navibus similia4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! resemblance ( a b[l to a %ip we may cite ! /ory ( ! wise m5 ( ,go?am1 also ! gold5 b[l ( ! ,sun 7p4 #aha71 & ! =m ( ! ,wel% coracle4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,f #eif4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dhc ,b4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,cf4 ,ar4 ,eq4 #fjj1 & see ! acc\nt ( ?is cup giv5 by ,plut>*1 ,lycurg4 #i4 ,! ^w = ! inn] rim or lip is 7,pollux1 vi4 #ig2 ,critias apud ,a!n4 xi4 #dhc ,b2 see ibid4 viii4 p4 #cdg ,b74 ,! %ape =m]ly reg>d$ z a on acc\nt ( its recurv$ lip has be5 ?\ght by ,p]nice to h be5 us$ = inc5se 7,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #fj72 b see above1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #fff3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #afa4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,pac4 #ajid4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dhc ,f4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,ibid4 #dgc ,d4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,macrob4 v4 #ba4 ,footnote #fga3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bhh4 ,= typical examples see ,a!ns #fab & ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahig1 p4 #dej 7,boeotian72 also ,b]l9 #agcg1 #baaf-bj1 #bhgf1 #bhgg1 #djai2 ,anzeig]1 #ahia1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #fgb3 xi4 #dgd ,e2 cf4 v4 #aih ,b1 ,c4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,e4g4 ,visconti1 ,mus4 ,pio-,clem4 iv4 pl4 #ce2 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #dij4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,georg4 iv4 #chj4 ,footnote #fge3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 i4 #adj1 #ada1 #aej ,b4,m4 ,inscrs4 #bg-bi4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,s call$ f be+ turn$ 77 on ! :eel 7,a!n4 xi4 #dhj ,b74 ,! ^w con/antly occurs 9 lit]ature3 ,phokyl4 #aa2 ,sappho1 #e2 ,hdt4 iv4 #gj1 etc4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #di1 #ej4 ,cf4 ,h]mippus apud ,a!n4 xi4 #dhj ,e1 & ! ,ficoroni ci/a 7,ros*]1 i4 p4 #ebg74 ,footnote #fgh3 xi4 #dhj ,c 7quot+ ,p9d>74 ,footnote #fgi3 ,see p4 #bae4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dhj ,e4 ,footnote #fha3 ,?is 0 also done 9 ! case ( "s late ,italian fabrics2 see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #be & bel[1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #fhb3 xi4 #dgj ,e1 #dga ,d2 cf4 v4 #aii ,b4 ,footnote #fhc3 xi4 #dfi ,b4 ,9 #dfd ,c he speaks ( 1 :i* less5$ ! t5d5cy to inebriety1 & 9 #dif ,f he describes a cup call$ 4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,pollux1 vi4 #ie-ih2 x4 #ff4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,ar4 ,lys4 #bjc4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,b #cgi-hb4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,a rec5t writ] 7,bhlau1 9 ,a!n4 ,mit?4 = #aijj1 p4 #dj ff47 attributes ?is %ape to an ,ionic orig94 ,footnote #fhh3 ,see g5]ally ,a!n4 xi4 #eja ff4 ,isidorus 7,etym4 xx4 #e7 says3 8,phyalae dictae quod ex vitro fiant0 7sc4 74 ,footnote #fhi3 ,! words 1 1 & also seem to be descriptive ( ?is type4 ,phialae 77 d$icat$ to ,aga! ,ty*e1 ,!mis1 ,leto1 & ,hekate1 7 among ! possessions ( ! temple ( ,apollo at ,bran*idae 7,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #bheb74 ,footnote #fij3 ,g #aag1 #aah3 see ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,footnote #fia3 ,il4 xxiii4 #bgj1 :]e x is describ$ z 1 imply+ t x 0 us$ ov] a fire4 ,footnote #fib3 ,ibid4 l4 #bdc4 ,footnote #fic3 ,rhet4 iii4 #d3 cf4 ,a!n4 x4 #dcc ,c4 ,footnote #fid3 ,see ,a!n4 xi4 s4vv42 also ,pollux1 vi4 #ih4 ,footnote #fie3 ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,pac4 #iaf4 ,footnote #fif3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #ghd-hjc4 ,footnote #fig3 ,see = a discussion ( ?is ^w1 ,a!n4 xi4 #dgf ,a4 ,footnote #fih3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #db1 #df1 #aha1 #bjd1 etc4 ,footnote #fii3 xi4 #dfa ,b1 #dig ,b4 ,footnote #gjj3 1 ,a!n4 xi4 #dig ,e4 ,footnote #gja3 ,exx4 9 ,b4,m4 ,f #dag-cf4 ,footnote #gjb3 xi4 #ejj ,e4 ,9 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,bran*idae !re 7 1 1 1 ) d$icatory inscriptions to ,apollo & ,artemis2 evid5tly rhyta ( ?is k9d 7,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #bheb74 ,an example 9 ! ,b4,m4 7,f #dca7 ends 9 ! heads ( a bo> & dog conjo9$4 ,footnote #gjc3 xi4 #dfh ,f2 cf4 #dig ,a4 ,footnote #gjd3 xi4 #dif ,e2 o!r names = ! rhyton are 7,pollux1 vi4 #ig71 1 1 & 3 see note #gjb4 ,footnote #gje3 ,9 ,meid4 #efe f94 ,footnote #gjf3 ,see p4 #abg & ,plate ,x4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,pollux1 vi4 #hd-e2 x4 #hf2 ,ar4 passim2 ,lucian1 ,somn4 #ad1 p4 #gbc 772 see ,uss+1 ,de nom4 vas4 graec4 p4 #afj ff4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,s*ne 9 ,comm4 phil4 9 hon4 ,momms5i1 p4 #fec1 m5tions a plate ) inscrib$ und]nea?4 ,cf4 also ,plate ,,xliv4 & p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #gji3 ,see p4 #aci4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,pollux1 vi4 #he2 x4 #hf2 ,ar4 ,ran4 #addj1 ,plut4 #hab1 ,av4 #cfa2 ,a!n4 ii4 #fg ,d1 xi4 #did ,c4 ,cf4 = ^! words ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #gaa3 x4 #ib4 ,liddell & ,scott /ate t is a vox nihili4 ,footnote #gab3 ,pollux1 x4 #ic4 ,footnote #gac3 xi4 #dgf ,e4 ,footnote #gad3 ,see ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 iii4 7#ahif-ig7 p4 #eh2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 p4 #bga2 ,c\ve 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's ,dict4 s4v4 ,k]nos4 ,a!naeus _c h kn[n ?is type4 ,footnote #gae3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 pls4 #ac1 #ad2 ,ephem4 ,ar*4 #ahhe1 pl4 #i1 #ahig1 p4 #afc ff4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 loc4 cit4 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #gag3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #eg ff4 ,footnote #gah3 ,cf4 ,dem4 ,fals4 ,leg4 p4 #dae1 & p4 #acc above4 ,footnote #gai3 ,a!n4 xi4 #ghd ,b4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,see ,pollux1 vii4 #aff2 x4 #fc4 ,footnote #gba3 xi4 #ghc ,f2 he d]ives ! - f 7sic74 ,he also says x is l ! 1 & t 4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,see ,a!n4 xi4 #ghd ,d2 ,pollux1 vi4 #ih2 ,hippokrates1 #did1 #ee4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,he some:at vaguely id5tifies x ) ! ,!ricleian & ,rhodian kylikes4 ,pollux 7vi4 #ih7 also implies x to be a cup4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,see ,uss+1 p4 #aag2 ,pollux1 vi4 #ajf1 x4 #aba2 ,ar4 ,a*4 #ajfc4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,hesy*4 s4v4 4 ,also call$ 4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 #bjh1 #bbe1 #cgf1 #chf1 #gid1 #haj1 ,d #fe4 ,b see on ?is %ape ,p]nice 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #fh1 & ,rob9son 9 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #gc4 ,! latt] rejects ,p]nice's inc5se-burn] !ory 7see above1 p4 #adj71 & sugge/s _! use = p]fume or sc5t$ wat]4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,! ,b4,m4 has a late ,b4,f4 example1 ,b #bih4 ,footnote #gbh3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,e #ggd2 ,e #haj 9 ! ,b4,m4 is a good example ( ?is =m4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be a k9d ( ro(-tile4 ,see ,rob]t 9 4 4 #ahib1 p4 #bdg2 ,b4,m4 ,b #eig1 #eih2 ,a!ns #aehh-ib4 ,footnote #gca3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iii4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #gcb3 ,see op4 cit4 iv4 p4 #h1 fig4 #ah4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,9 ! examples f ,greek sites1 su* z ! ,cyr5aica1 ! h&le is ar*$ ov] ! back1 z 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,= ! ,myc5aean 8false amphora10 a v>iation ( ! askos1 see p4 #bga & ,plate ,,xv4 ,footnote #gce3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xi4 = a g5]al discussion ( ! subject1 & ,*apt] ,v4 = its te*nical aspect4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #bjd ff4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,see p4 #hh2 also ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #a-b2 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #gch3 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,d #bji-aj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,te*nical ,,processes ,nature ( clay--,places :5ce obta9$--,h&-made vases--,inv5tion ( pott]'s :eel--,me?ods ( modell+--,m\ld$ vases & relief-decoration--,bak+--,pott]ies & furnaces--,pa9t$ vases & _! classification--,black v>ni%--,me?ods ( pa9t+--,in/rum5ts & col\rs employ$--,/atus ( pott]s 9 antiquity4 ,9 ?is *apt] we propose to deal ) ! v>i\s te*nical processes requir$ = ! manufacture ( pa9t$ vases1 t be+ ( all ! me?ods ( work+ 9 clay employ$ by ! ,greeks ! mo/ important1 & ?us1 z already impli$1 =m+ ! ma9 bran* ( our subject4 ,^! vases %[1 9 fact1 ! highe/ po9t ( p]fection to :i* ! c]amic art atta9$4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ,greek vases we c di/+ui% f\r sep>ate /ages3 7#a7 ,prep>ation ( ! clay2 7#b7 ,modell+ 7a7 on ! :eel1 7b7 by h&1 or 7c7 f a m\ld2 7#c7 ,bak+2 7#d7 ,pa9t+1 glaz+1 & o!r decoration4 ,! la/-nam$ is n absolutely ess5tial1 i4e4 a vase1 especially "o = ord9>y daily use1 may be consid]$ complete )\t x4 ,fur!r1 ! ?ree fir/ /ages are practically ! same at all p]iods ( ,greek art1 :]eas ! sy/ems ( pa9t+ & decoration are subject to local v>iations & *ronological developm5t4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t *apt] x is suffici5t to consid] only ^? vases :i* h und]gone ! complete process ( manufacture1 or :at are kn[n = ! purposes ( /udy z 8,pa9t$ ,greek ,vases40 #a4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,clay ,! pa/e ( ^! vases is simil> to t]racotta 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 su* z ! con/itution ( ! mixture ( :i* x is compos$2 x is 9 g5]al v delicate1 b deep] 9 tone & f9] 9 texture ?an t ( ! t]racottas4 ,brongni>t has describ$ x z 8t5d]1 easily scrat*$ or cut ) a knife1 rem>kably f9e & homog5e\s1 b ( loose texture0#gci2 b x w\ld be m accurate to say t x v>ies 9 "o respect1 be+ sometimes s h>d t cutt+ or scrat*+ has no effect ^u x4 ,:5 brok5 x exhibits a dull opaque col\r1 v>y+ f r$ to yell[ & yell[ to grey4 ,on be+ /ruck x gives =? a dull metallic s\nd2 x is exce$+ly por\s1 & easily all[s wat] to ooze ?r\gh4 ,! surface 0 protect$ by a f9e1 ?9 alkal9e glaze1 :i* is semi-transp>5t1 enhanc+ ! col\rs ) :i* ! vase 0 pa9t$1 l ! v>ni% ( a picture4 ,x is ?is glaze :i* =ms ! special di/9ction ( ! ,greek pa9t$ vases & r5d]s !m1 9 contradi/9ction to common pott]y or e>!nw>e1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! m$ieval faences or majolicas1 or ! f9] porcela9 ( ! pres5t day4 ,z to ! *emical composition ( ! pa/e1 x w\ld seem t hi!rto inve/igations h be5 conf9$ to vases ( ,italian orig91 b probably ^? f\nd on ,greek soil w\ld yield simil> results4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5ts are clay1 silicic acid1 & iron oxide1 ) slight admixtures ( c>bonate ( lime & magnesia4 ,! pr9cipal results ( previ\s inve/igations h be5 tabulat$ by ,blmn]1#gdj & yield ! foll[+ av]age result 7*iefly f analyses ( vases f ,s\!rn ,italy73-- ,silicic acid #eb to #fj p>ts4 ,clay e>? #ac to #ai p>ts4 ,*alk #e to #aj p>ts4 ,magnesia #a to #c p>ts4 ,iron oxide #ab to #ai p>ts4 ,! l>ge/ proportion ( clay f\nd 9 any "o vase 0 #bg p>ts2 !re 0 also "o in/ance giv5 ( #bd p>ts ( iron oxide4 ,! v>iations 9 tone ( ! clay ( ,greek vases are v m>k$4 ,! usual col\r is an o*re v>y+ f yell[i%-:ite to br[ni%-r$1 ! mean be+ a sort ( orange4 ,^! v>iations 7 app>5tly regulat$ by ! am\nt ( iron oxide employ$4 ,x has be5 not$ by ,jahn#gda t vases 7 sometimes m\ld$ 8d\ble10 i4e4 turn$ on ! :eel 9 two diff]5t ?icknesses ( clay1 ! f9] & ruddi] =m+ ! ext]ior surface = decoration4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ primitive ,greek vases 7includ+ ^? ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod7 9 mo/ cases exhibit ! natural quality ( ! clay1 rang+ f yell[ to grey 9 col\r2 x is usually co>se & insuffici5tly bak$1 & protect$ by no lu/r\s glaze4 ,9 ! e>ly ar*aic vases1 su* z ^? ( ,melos1 ,a!ns1 & ,rhodes1 we obs]ve a pale yell[ tone1 :i* is app>5tly n a glaze1 b inh]5t 9 ! clay4#gdb ,!nce=w>d ! clay becomes appreciably r$d] & w>m] 9 tone until ! lu/r\s glaze rea*es its p]fection 9 ! ,attic vases ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! lat] ,italian fabrics aga9 !re is a great deg5]ation1 ! clay rapidly rev]t+ to a pal] hue1 especially 9 ! vases ( ,campania2 :ile 9 ! ,etruscan imitations ( ! ?ird c5tury x is a dull co>se yell[1 app>5tly due to a prepond]ance ( lime4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x may be said t ! col\r dep5ds on ! proportion 9 :i* ! con/itu5t p>ts are mix$1 a l>g] proportion ( iron oxide produc+ a r$d]1 a l>g] proportion ( lime a pal] hue4 ,! clay is p]meable1 all[+ wat] to exude :5 n glaz$1 & :5 moi/5$ emits a /rong e>?y smell4 ,x is n kn[n h[ ?is pa/e 0 prep>$1 = ! ,greeks h left few or no details ( _! processes1 b x has be5 conjectur$ t ! clay 0 f9$ by p\r+ x into a s]ies ( vats1 & con/antly decant+ ! wat]1 s t ! la/ vat held only ! f9e/ p>ticles 9 susp5sion4 ,! clay 0 work$ up to ! "r consi/5cy ) ! h&s1 & is suppos$ to h be5 gr\nd 9 a mill or trodd5 out ) ! feet4 ,ei!r r$ or :ite clay1 or a mixture ( ! two1 0 pref]r$ by ! anci5ts1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! pott]y requir$ to be made1 z we le>n f an int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,geoponica3--8,all k9ds ( e>? are n suit$ = pott]y1 b "s pref] ! r$di% v>iety1 o!rs ! :ite2 o!rs aga9 bl5d ! two 444 b ! pott] ought p]sonally to assi/ 9 ! op]ations & see t ! clay is well levigat$ & n plac$ on ! :eel until he has obta9$ a cle> idea ( ! probable appe>ance ( ! j> aft] ! bak+0 7vi4 #c74 ,c]ta9 sites enjoy$ 9 antiquity great reputation = _! clays4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 t procur$ f a m9e ne> ! promontory ( ,cape ,kolias1#gdc close to ,phal]on1 f :i* 0 produc$ ! pa/e :i* gave s mu* r5[n to ! products ( ! ,a!nian ,k]ameikos4 ,! vases made ( x became s fa%ionable1 t ,plut>*#gdd relates an anecdote ( a p]son :o1 hav+ swall[$ poison1 refus$ to dr9k ! antidote except out ( a vessel made ( ?is clay4 ,x seems to h be5 ( a f9e quality1 b n rem>kably w>m 9 tone :5 submitt$ to ! furnace2 ruddle1 or r$ o*re 7rubrica71 be+ employ$ to imp>t to x t ri* deep orange gl[ :i* di/+ui%es ! f9e/ vases ( ! be/ p]iod4#gde ,cor9?1#gdf ,knidos1 ,samos1 & v>i\s o!r places fam\s = _! pott]ies1 7 provid$ ) f9e clays4 ,at ,koptos1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,rhodes1 vases 7 manufactur$ ( an aromatic e>?4#gdg ,! extreme lightness ( ! pa/e ( ^! vases 0 rem>k$ by ! anci5ts1 & its t5uity is m5tion$ by ,plut>*4#gdh ,t x 0 an object ( ambition to excel 9 ?is respect1 appe>s f ! two amphorae m5tion$ by ,pl9y z pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,ery?rae1#gdi ( extreme lightness & ?9ness1 made by a pott] & 8 pupil :5 cont5d+ :i* c\ld produce ! lighte/ vase4 ,! ?9ne/ vases :i* h come d[n to u are sc>cely ?ick] ?an pieces ( /\t pap]4 ,great diff]5ce is to be obs]v$ 9 ! pa/es ( vases f widely-sep>at$ localities1 due ei!r to ! composition or to ! bak+1 z has be5 not$ 9 ! case ( ! t]racottas 7p4 #aac74 #b4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,vases ,! e>lie/ glaz$ vases 7 made ) ! h&1 b ! :eel 0 an inv5tion ( v remote antiquity1 z has be5 not$ 9 our ,introductory ,*apt]4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t its orig9 is to be attribut$ to ,egypt4 ,its introduction into ,greece may easily be trac$ by a /udy ( primitive pott]y f any site su* z ,crete1 ,cyprus1 or ,troy1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 h&-made & :eel-made vessels is cle>4 ,?us 9 ! tombs ( ,cyprus :i* belong to ! ,bronze ,age1 ! e>li] f9ds1 dat+ f ab\t #bejj-aejj ,b4,c41 are exclusively ( h&-made pott]y4#gej ,! latt] "p ( ! ,bronze ,age may be reg>d$ z a transitional p]iod1 9 :i* ! tombs conta9 h&-made unglaz$ pa9t$ vases1 toge!r ) pott]y ( a mu* m develop$ "*1 ) a lu/r\s yell[ glaze1 be>+ unmi/akable evid5ce ( hav+ be5 turn$ on a :eel4 ,?is pott]y appe>s to be l>gely import$1 z oppos$ to ! local w>es1 :i* are /ill h&-made1 & its widespread di/ribution ov] ! :ole ( ! 8,aegean0 area m>ks an important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly c]amics 7see ,*apt] ,,vi474 ,x cov]s ! p]iod f #aejj to ab\t #ijj ,b4,c41 & x is to ?is "t t we may attribute ! g5]al use ( ! pott]'s :eel 9 ,greece1 al?\gh x 0 kn[n ev5 e>li]1 z "s isolat$ specim5s prove4 ,among ! ,greeks !re 7 _m cont5d+ claims = ! hon\r ( hav+ inv5t$ ! pott]'s :eel4 ,tradition attribut$ x to v>i\s p]sonages1 su* z ,da$alos1#gea or 8 nephew & rival ,talos#geb2 ,hyp]bios ( ,cor9?#gec2 ,koroibos ( ,a!ns2 & ,ana*>sis ! ,scy?ian4#ged ,kritias1 ! comic poet1 claim$ ! inv5tion = ,a!ns--8t city :i* 444 inv5t$ pott]y1 ! fam\s (fspr+ ( ! :eel1 ( e>?1 & ( fire40#gee ,!re is also a famili> allusion to x 9 ,hom]1#gef :i* is a fair te/imony to its antiquity3-- 8,full lightly1 z :5 "s pott] sitte? & make? assay ,( ! :eel to 8 h&s well-fitt$1 to "k if x runne? true40 ,z reg>ds ! traditions1 ev5 ,/rabo#geg realis$ _! absurdity1 :5 he ask$1 8,h[ c\ld ! :eel be ! inv5tion ( ,ana*>sis1 :5 8 pr$ecessor ,hom] knew ( x80 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,poseidonios adh]es to ! tradition1 ma9ta9+ t ! passage 9 ,hom] is an int]polation4#geh ,o!r allusions to ! :eel are 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato#gei & ! comic poet ,antiphanes4#gfj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,pott]',s ,,:eel 7,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,,ab\t #fjj ,b4,c474 ,among ! ,egyptians & ,greeks ! :eel took ! =m ( a l[ circul> table1 turn$ ) ! h&1 n z n[adays ) ! foot4#gfa ,! assumption t ! :eel 0 turn$ ) ! foot is only support$ by "o passage 9 ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/icus#gfb2 ! evid5ce ( ,plut>*#gfc & ,hippokrates#gfd tells decid$ly aga9/ x4 ,9 #ahdj "s discs ( t]racotta1 /r5g!n$ ) spokes & a lead5 tire1 came to light on ! site ( ! anci5t pott]ies at ,arezzo1 & ^! _h evid5tly be5 us$ z pott]'s :eels4#gfe ,! process is also repres5t$ on two or ?ree vases1 z on a ,cor9?ian pa9t$ tablet ( ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 7,fig4 #fe71gff on a kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #dcc71 on a ,b4,f4 hydria 9 ,muni* 7,fig4 #fg b1 bel[71 & on a ,r4,f4 fragm5t f ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns 7,fig4 #ff71gfg :i* %[s a man modell+ ! foot ( a l>ge krat]1 :ile a boy or slave turns ! :eel1 z on ! ,muni* vase4 ,on ! ,briti% ,museum cup ! pott] is seat$ on a l[ /ool1 app>5tly modell+ a vase :i* he has j turn$ into %ape on ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,pott]',s ,,:eel 7,,f ,a ,,vase ,,( ,,ab\t #ejj ,b4,c474 ,9 mak+ ! vases ! :eel 0 us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a piece ( pa/e ( ! requir$ size 0 plac$ ^u x v]tically 9 ! c5tre1 & :ile x revolv$ 0 =m$ ) ! f+] & ?umb1 ! pott] pay+ reg>d n only to ! production ( ! "r %ape1 b to ! necess>y ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,?is process suffic$ = ! small] pieces1 su* z cups or jugs2 ! l>g] amphorae & hydriae requir$ ! introduction ( ! arm4 ,! feet1 necks1 m\?s1 & h&les 7 sep>ately turn$ on m\lds1 & fix$ on :ile ! clay 0 moi/4 ,!y are (t5 modell$ ) great beauty & precision1 especially ! feet1 :i* are admirably f9i%$ (f1 to effect :i* ! vase mu/ h be5 inv]t$4 ,! modell+ & sep>ate atta*m5t ( ! h&le is repres5t$ 9 m ?an "o anci5t "w ( art 7see ,fig4 #ff74 ,9 _m cases ! jo9+ ( ! h&les is s excell5t t x is easi] to break ?an to deta* !m4 ,great te*nical skill 0 display$ 9 turn+ c]ta9 peculi> =ms ( vases1 & g5]ally speak+ ! ,greeks ) _! simple :eel effect$ wond]s1 produc+ %apes /ill unrivall$ = beauty4 ,9 ! case ( ! e>li] vases1 :i* are made by h&1 aft] ! clay 0 prop]ly knead$ ! pott] took up a mass ( ! pa/e1 & holl[+ x into ! %ape ( walls ) "o h&1 plac$ ! o!r inside x & press$ x out into ! requir$ =m4 ,9 ?is way also ! ?ickness ( ! walls c\ld be regulat$4 ,:5 rais$ or incis$ ornam5ts 7 requir$1 he us$ modell]'s tools1 su* z wood5 or bronze *isels4 ,! l>ge/ & co>se/ vases ( ! ,greeks 7 made ) ! h&1 & ! l>ge 1 or casks1 su* z h be5 rec5tly f\nd 9 su* numb]s 9 ,crete & ,!ra 7p4 #aeb71 7 modell$ by ! aid ( a k9d ( hoop$ m\ld 773 see ibid474 ,! small] & f9] vases1 h[ev]1 7 inv>iably turn$ on ! :eel4 ,on a ,graeco-,roman lamp f ,pozzuoli1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#gfh a pott] is se5 /&+ & modell+ a vase be=e 8 furnace1 9 ! mann] no d\bt employ$ at all p]iods4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! anci5t pa9t$ vases 7 modell$ by ! pott] f ! e>lie/ times--e4g4 on ^? ( ! ,geometrical p]iod horses are occasionally f\nd on ! cov]s ( ! flat di%es m\ld$ 9 full relief1 & 9 o!r examples ! h&le is enri*$ ) ! m\ld$ figure ( a s]p5t tw9+ r\nd x4 ,?is k9d ( ornam5t is m suitable to works 9 metal ?an 9 clay1 & sugge/s ! idea t su* vases 71 9 fact1 imitations ( metallic ones4 ,on vases ( all p]iods m\ld$ bosses & heads1 l ! reliefs on metal vases1 are sometimes f\nd2 ev5 9 black-figur$ vases ! ins]tions ( ! h&les ( hydriae & o9o*oae are occasionally ?us enri*$4 ,9 ! lat] /yles modell+ 0 m pr(usely employ$2 small project+ heads 7 affix$ to ! h&les ( jugs#gfi at _! tops & bases1 & on ! l>ge krat]s f\nd 9 ,apulia ! discs 9 :i* ! h&les t]m9at$ 7see above1 p4 #aga7 7 ornam5t$ ) heads ( ! ,gorgon ,m$usa1 or ) su* subjects z ,satyrs & ,ma5ads4 ,^! portions 7 sometimes cov]$ ) ! black v>ni% us$ = ! body ( ! vase1 b frequ5tly !y 7 pa9t$ ) :ite & r$ col\rs ( ! opaque k9d4 ,a peculi> k9d ( modell+ 0 us$ = ! gild$ portions ( reliefs1 introduc$ ov] ! black v>ni%4 ,:5 ! vase 0 bak$ a f9e clay 0 appli$ to ! p>ts int5d$ = gild+ & delicately modell$1 ei!r ) a small tool or a bru%1 a process simil> to t adopt$ 9 ! ,roman r$ w>e 7en b>bot9e1 see ,*apt] ,,xxi474 ,x may inde$ h be5 squeez$ 9 a fluid /ate ?r\gh a tube ^u ! vase1 & !n modell$4 ,z ! gild$-portions are g5]ally small1 ?is process 0 n difficult or important4 ,a vase discov]$ at ,cumae#ggj has two friezes execut$ 9 ?is /yle1 ! upp] r\nd ! neck1 repres5t+ ! ,eleus9ian deities1 delicately modell$1 col\r$1 & ) ! fle% completely gild$2 ! l[] "o consi/s ( a b& ( animals & arabesque ornam5ts4 ,sev]al vases f ! same locality1 f ,capua & f ! ,cyr5aica1 h wrea?s ( corn1 ivy1 or myrtle1 & necklaces r\nd ! neck1 modell$ 9 ! same /yle1 :ile ! re/ is pla94 ,b ! art ( modell+ 0 soon ext5sively sup]s$$ by t ( m\ld+1 or produc+ sev]al impressions f a m\ld1 g5]ally itself ( t]racotta4 ,! subject 0 9 ! fir/ place modell$ 9 relief ) consid]able c>e2 & f ?is model a ca/ 9 clay 0 tak5 & !n bak$4 ,! pott] avail$ himself ( m\lds = v>i\s purposes4 ,f !m he produc$ entire p>ts ( 8 vase 9 full relief1 su* z ! h&les1 & possibly 9 "s in/ances ! feet4 ,he also /amp$ out c]ta9 ornam5ts 9 relief1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! ornam5ts ( cakes are prep>$1 & fix$ !m :ile moi/ to ! /ill damp body ( ! vase4 ,su* ornam5ts 7 pr9cipally plac$ ^u ! lips or at ! base ( ! h&les1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ! kylikes or cups ( a late /yle4 ,a late b[l ( black glaz$ w>e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7see ,plate ,,xlviii47 conta9s an impression f "o ( ! lat] ,syracusan decadra*ms hav+ = its subject ! head ( ,p]sephone surr\nd$ by dolph9s3 x 0 /ruck ab\t #cgj ,b4,c4 by ,eua9etos4#gga ,! la/ me?od to be describ$ is t ( produc+ ! entire vase f a m\ld by /amp+ x out1 a process ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,roman pott]y4 ,dur+ ! be/ p]iod ( ! fictile art1 :ile pa9t+ fl\ri%$1 su* vases 7 v r>e2 b on ! introduction ( a ta/e = magnific5t vases ( *as$ metal1 ! pott]s endeav\r$ to meet ! public ta/e by imitat+ ! reliefs ( metal w>e4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! m\ld$ vases are ! rhyta or dr9k+-horns1 ! bodies ( :i* t]m9ate 9 ! heads ( animals1 produc$ f a m\ld 7see above1 p4 #aib74 ,by ! same process 7 also made vases 9 ! =m ( jugs or leky?i1 ! bodies ( :i* are m\ld$ 9 ! %ape ( human heads1 & sometimes glaz$1 :ile ! necks 7 fa%ion$ on ! la!1 & ! h&les add$4 ,^! 7 col\r$ & ornam5t$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! rhyta1 ! vase-portion be+ g5]ally cov]$ ) a black glaze1 b sometimes ) a :ite slip1 aft] ! mann] ( ! t]racottas4 ,besides ! rhyta1 phialae1 or sauc]s1 7 also m\ld$2 f9e examples ( :i* process may be se5 on ! flat boss$ sauc]s1 or phialae mesomphaloi1 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 p4 #ejb4 ,amphorae & o!r vases ( late black w>e1 ! bodies ( :i* are re$$1 7 also evid5tly produc$ f m\lds1 & c\ld n be made by ! exp5sive process ( modell+4 ,( small] dim5sions1 b also made by m\ld+1 7 ! vases kn[n z gutti1 or 8lamp-fe$]s0 7see above1 p4 #bjj74 ,!y h re$$ bodies1 long-neck$ m\?s1 & circul> h&les2 & on _! upp] surface a small circul> m$allion 9 bas-relief1 ) a my?ological subject4 ,su* vases are pr9cipally f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & 9 ,sicily1 & belong to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 7,*apt] ,,xi41 p4 #ejb74 ,aft] be+ m\ld$ !y 7 entirely cov]$ ) a black glaze4 ,o!r vases aga9 are entirely m\ld$ 9 human or animal =ms1 ) a small m\? or sp\t4 ,^! are f\nd at all p]iods1 b *iefly 9 ! ar*aic ,rhodian & ,cor9?ian fabrics1 & aga9 reviv+ 9 ! lat] /ages ( vase-fabrics 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,examples may be se5 9 ! ,fir/ ,vase ,room 7,cases #cc-cd & ,f7 & ,f\r? ,vase ,room 7,case ,b7 ( ! ,briti% ,museum3 see also ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,o!rs aga9 reta9 ! =m ( ! jug or leky?os1 ) a figure or relief atta*$ to ! front ( ! body & col\r$ or cov]$ ) a :ite slip1 :ile ! back is v>ni%$ black4 ,! :ole subject is treat$ 9 full] detail 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,_m vases ( ! f\r? c5tury & lat] are entirely cov]$ ) a coat+ ( black glaze1 :ile r[s ( small /amp$ ornam5ts1 app>5tly made ) a metal pun*1 h be5 impress$ on ! wet clay be=e ! glaze 0 appli$4 ,^! decorations are unimportant 9 _! subjects1 :i* are g5]ally small ,gorgons' heads1 t5drils1 or palmettes1 & hat*$ b&s1 arrang$ r\nd ! axis ( ! vase4 ,?is latt] ornam5t 0 probably produc$ by roll+ ! edge ( a disc not*$ = ! purpose r\nd ! vase1 9 ! same mann] z a bookb9d] uses 8 brass pun*4 ,:5 ^! vases came into use ! pott]'s trade _h ceas$ to be arti/ic1 & 0 ess5tially me*anical4 ,!y are f\nd on almo/ all sites f ,cyprus to ,italy4#ggb 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! vases _h be5 made on ! :eel !y 7 duly dri$ 9 ! sun#ggc & lightly bak$1 aft] :i* !y 7 ready = v>ni%+ & pa9t+2 x is evid5t t !y c\ld n be pa9t$ :ile wet & s(t4 ,moreov] ! glaze ran be/ on a surface already bak$4 ,x is also probable t ! glaze 0 br\ght out by a process ( poli%+1 ! surface ( ! clay be+ smoo!d by means ( a small piece ( wood or h>d lea!r4 ,at all ev5ts ?is seems ! mo/ satisfactory int]pretation ( a vase-pa9t+ 9 ,b]l9 7,fig4 #fg;a71#ggd :]e a boy is se5 apply+ a tool ( "s k9d to ! out] surface ( a complet$ vase 7kotyle72 t ! vase is n yet v>ni%$ is %[n by its be+ left 9 a r$ col\r1 :ile two o!rs1 v>ni%$ black all ov]1 /& on ! /eps ( an ov5 close by1 probably to dry aft] ! application ( ! v>ni%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 7a7 ,,cup ,,9 ,,b]l9 ,,) ,,boy ,,poli%+ ,,vase2 7b7 ,,hydria ,,9 ,,muni*3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,pott]y4 ,_m vases1 :e!r decorat$ ) designs or n1 are v>ni%$ black ?r\gh\t ! ext]ior1 except ! feet & lips1 & we _c be c]ta9 :e!r or n any glaze _h be5 previ\sly appli$ to ! surface2 b 9 respect ( ! r$-figur$ vases1 x is cle> f ! me?od employ$ 7see p4 #bba7 t !y 7 orig9ally glaz$ ?r\gh\t4 ,?is lu/r\s glaze is1 l ! black v>ni%1 n[ q a lo/ art4 ,se5 "u a microscope x has evid5tly be5 fus$ by bak+2 x yields nei!r to acids nor ! bl[-pipe4 ,x is rem>kably f9e & ?91 insomu* t x c only be analys$ ) great difficulty4 ,no lead ent]$ into its composition4 ,x is h[ev] f> inf]ior to mod]n glazes1 be+ p]meable by wat]2 b x is n decompos$ by ! same *emical ag5ts4 ,on ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases x is ( decid$ly inf]ior quality1 & (t5 scales away1 c>ry+ ! sup]impos$ col\rs ) x4#gge #c4 ,,! ,,bak+ ,,( ,,vases ,! process ( bak+ 71 coqu]e7 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ critical 9 ! pott]'s art4 ,x 0 n inde$ univ]sal1 z ,plato#ggf di/+ui%es betwe5 vases :i* h or h n be5 expos$ to ! action ( fire 7 & 71 & ,pl9y#ggg speaks ( fictile crudum 77 us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,b all ! vases t h come d[n to u h c]ta9ly be5 bak$4 ,! necess>y am\nt ( heat requir$ 0 regulat$ by ! "* ( ! w>e1 & 9 ! case ( mo/ ,greek fabrics x appe>s to h be5 high4 ,_m examples exi/ ( discol\r$ vases :i* h be5 subject$ to too mu* or too little heat1 & 9 :i* ! v>ni% has acquir$ a gre5i% or r$di% hue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s ( ^? t h be5 subject$ to subsequ5t burn+1 ! r$ glaze has turn$ to an a%5-grey col\r1#ggh ! black rema9+ unimpair$2 b !re are also in/ances ( ! v>ni% peel+ (f1 ! r$ col\r alone pres]v+ ! outl9e ( ! figures4 ,o!r accid5ts 7 liable to befall !m 9 ! bak+1 su* z ! crack+ ( ! vase "u too great heat2 ?is produc$ an effect express$ by ! t]m or 1 words :i* seem to h "s ref]5ce to ! s\nd ( a crack$ pot4#ggi ,or ! %ape ( a vase might be damag$ :ile x 0 yet s(t1 "o knock+ aga9/ ano!r & d5t+ its side1 or cru%+ ! lip ?r\gh be+ c>elessly sup]impos$4 ,on a ,r4,f4 amphora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #bie7 a d5t has be5 caus$ by ! pressure ( ano!r vase1 :i* has left traces ( a b& ( mae&]s4 ,?is probably happ5$ :5 ! vases 7 9 ! kiln = ! second fir+4 ,! quality ( ! bak+ 0 te/$ by tapp+ ! walls ( ! vase4#ghj ,^! mis=tunes 7 attribut$ to ! action ( malici\s demons1 ^: influ5ce _h to be c\nt]act$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ?us1 = in/ance1 a ,satyric or grotesque head 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! furnace & 0 suppos$ to h an apotropaeic effect aga9/ ! evil eye4#gha ,! pseudo-,hom]ic hymn address$ to ! pott]s ( ,samos invokes ! protection ( ,a!na = ! vases 9 ! furnace1 & m5tions ! evil spirits :i* are ready to injure !m 9 ! case ( bad fai? on ! pott]'s "p4 ,among ! names giv5 are3 1 8! ,unqu5*able02 1 8! ,cra%]02 1 8! ,sma%]02 1 8! ,savage ,conqu]or40 ,! =m ( ! ov5 probably diff]$ little f ^? 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,no furnaces h be5 f\nd 9 ,greece1 & our only evid5ce is d]iv$ f ! pa9t$ vases2 b !y h be5 f\nd at ,ruvo#ghb & else:]e 9 ,italy1 & also 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,^? ( ,roman date are inde$ by no means uncommon1 b are discuss$ 9 full] detail 9 ! correspond+ section ( ! "w 7,*apt] ,,xxi474 ,z depict$ on vases & else:]e1 ! anci5t furnaces seem to h be5 ( simple con/ruction1 tall conical ov5s f$ by fires f b5ea?1 into :i* ! vases 7 plac$ ) a long %ovel resembl+ a bak]'s peel4 ,! kilns 7 heat$ ) *>coal or wood fuel1 & 9 "s ( ! repres5tations ( !m we see m5 hold+ long in/rum5ts ) :i* !y are ab\t to poke or rake ! fires 7,fig4 #fh74 ,!y _h two doors1 "o = ! ins]tion ( ! vases & "o = ! pott] to wat* ! progress ( ! bak+4 ,= vases ( great size1 l ! huge 1 special ov5s mu/ h be5 necess>y2 & we h a repres5tation on a ,cor9?ian p9ax#ghc ( su* an ov51 ! ro( ( :i* resembles ! upp] "p ( a l>ge pi?os surr\nd$ by flames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,seil5os ,,z ,,pott]4 ,on ! lamp f ,pozzuoli 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ref]r$ to on p4 #bji1 !re is a curi\s subject 9 relief1 repres5t+ a pott] ab\t to place a vase 9 an ov5 ) a tall *imney2 & on a hydria at ,muni*#ghd 7,fig4 #fg b7 a man is ab\t to place an amphora 9 a kiln1 :ile o!r j>s 7pa9t$ :ite7 /& ready to be bak$4 ,b = our purposes ! ,cor9?ian p9akes are ev5 m valuable = ! in=mation !y af=d4 ,!re are sev]al repres5t+ ! ext]ior ( ! conical furnace1 ) m5 /&+ by wat*+ ! fires & t5d+ !m ) rakes#ghe2 9 ano!r we h a bird's-eye view 9 horizontal section ( ! int]ior ( an ov51 fill$ ) jugs ( v>i\s =ms 7,fig4 #fi74 ,flames are usually indicat$ ris+ f und]nea? ! ov5s4#ghf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,furnace 7,,f ,,cor9?ian ,,p9ax7 ,! ,muni* hydria 7,fig4 #fg;b7 reproduces ! int]ior ( a pott]'s work%op ) su* detail t a full description ( ! sc5e may be p]missible4#ghg ,on ! left ( ! picture a seat$ man seems to be exam9+ an amphora1 :i* has j be5 f9i%$ 7x is pa9t$ black7 & is br\ght up = 8 approval4 ,next is se5 an amphora on ! pott]'s :eel1 pa9t$ :ite to indicate its imp]fect /ate2 "o man places 8 arm inside to %ape ! int]ior1 :ile ano!r turns ! :eel = him4 ,on _! "r ano!r :ite amphora is be+ c>ri$ out1 j fre% f ! :eel1 b )\t h&les or m\?1 to be dri$ 9 ! op5 or at ! furnace2 next is ano!r /&+ on ! gr\nd to dry4 ,on ! "r ( ! sc5e /&s ! =eman or ma/] ( ! pott]y1 be=e :om a nude man c>ries :at has be5 ?\ght to be a sack ( coals = ! furnace1 :i* is se5 on ! extreme "r4 ,ev5 m vivid & in/ructive1 9 spite ( its c>eless execution1 is ! pa9t+ on a kotyle f\nd at ,ex>*os or ,abae 9 ,lokris1 & n[ 9 ! ,a!ns ,museum 7,fig4 #gj74ghh ,! /yle is t ( ! imitation ,b4,f4 vases f\nd 9 ! temple ( ! ,kabeiri at ,!bes1 late 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,we see repres5t$ ! int]ior ( a pott]'s work%op1 9 :i* ! ma/] ( ! bus9ess sits hold+ up a kylix 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r he ?reat5s a slave1 :o runs (f ) ?ree kotylae ready = ! furnace2 ?ree simil> kotylae /& by ! ma/]'s feet1 & beh9d him are two m vases on a %elf4 ,on ! "r ( ! sc5e a workman sits at a table on :i* is a pot full ( pa9t1 ) a bru% 9 x2 he holds up a newly-pa9t$ kotyle1 admir+ 8 workman%ip4 ,! picture is complet$ by a reali/ic repres5tation ( an un=tunate slave susp5d$ by cords to ! ceil+ z a puni%m5t = "s (f5ce1 :ile ano!r belab\rs him ) a lea!r ?ong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,pott]y4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! vases aft] ! bak+ 7 (t5 plac$ on ! ext]ior ( ! furnace1 ei!r to prev5t ! too rapid cool+ ( ! clay1 or 7z indicat$ on ! ,b]l9 cup7 = ! pigm5ts to dry4 ,jahn & o!rs h publi%$ a gem#ghi on :i* a small two-h&l$ vase is plac$ on ! top ( an ov51 & a y\? is apply+ two /icks to x1 p]haps 9 ord] to take x d[n )\t injury by ! contact ( ! h&4 ,a companion gem1#gij on :i* an arti/ is pa9t+ a simil> j>1 %[s a jug & a kylix /&+ on a kiln4 ,:5 ! vases 7 return$ f ! furnace1 ! pott] appe>s to h made good z f> z possible ! defects ( ^? n absolutely spoil$2 & if naturally or by accid5t any p>ts rema9$ too pale aft] ! bak+1 ! defect 0 rem$i$ by rubb+ !m ov] ) a deep r$ o*re1 :i* suppli$ ! necess>y tone4 #d4 ,,pa9t+ ,we may di/+ui% ?ree pr9cipal classes ( pa9t$ pott]y1 ( :i* "o at lea/ admits ( sev]al subdivisions3-- 7#a7 ,primitive ,greek vases1 ) simple pa9t$ ornam5ts1 *iefly l9e> & geometrical1 laid directly on ! gr\nd ( ! clay ) ! bru%4 ,! col\r employ$ is usually a yell[i% or br[ni% r$1 pass+ into black4 ,! execution v>ies1 b is (t5 extremely co>se4 7#b7 ,greek vases 7& ,italian imitations7 pa9t$ ) figures4 ,^! may be subdivid$ z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,vases ) figures 9 black v>ni% on r$ glaz$ gr\nd 7see ,frontispiece1 ,vol4 ,,ii472 7b7 ,vases ) figures left 9 ! r$ glaze on a gr\nd ( black v>ni% 7see ,frontispiece1 ,vol4 ,i474 7#c7 7a7 ,vases ( v>i\s dates ) outl9e or poly*rome decoration on :ite gr\nd 7see ,plate ,,xliii472 7b7 ,vases 7also ( v>i\s dates7 ) designs 9 opaque col\r on black gr\nd4 ,( ^!1 ! second gr\p is by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ important1 & ! complicat$ & te*nical processes :i* x involv$ w dem& by f> ! great] %>e ( our att5tion 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( pa9t+4 ,9 bo? ! classes 7a7 & 7b7 ! col\r+ is almo/ conf9$ to a contra/+ ( ! r$ glaz$ gr\nd ( ! clay ) a black v>ni%-l pigm5t1 a contra/ :i* p]haps m ?an any?+ else furni%es ! great *>m ( a ,greek vase4 ,?is black v>ni% is p>ticul>ly lu/r\s & deep1 b v>ies "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,great diff]5ce ( op9ion has always exi/$ z to its nature1 & ! me?od by :i* x 0 br\ght to su* p]fection by ! ,greeks4 ,! v>iations 9 its appe>ance are due p>tly to diff]5ces ( locality & fabric1 p>tly to accid5ts ( production4 ,x is se5 9 its greate/ p]fection 9 ! s-call$ ,nolan amphorae ( ! sev]e r$-figure p]iod2 & at its wor/ 9 ! ,etruscan & ,italiote imitations ( ,greek fabrics4 ,on ! vases f\nd at ,vulci x %[s a t5d5cy to assume a gre5i% hue1 z oppos$ to ! blue-black ( ! ,nolan vases1 :ile v>iations 9 ! direction ( r$1 br[n1 & 7on late ,s\? ,italy fabrics7 grey are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,x is probable t ^! gradations ( quality are ma9ly due to ! action ( fire1 accord+ z a high] or l[] temp]ature 0 employ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! a%5-grey hue :i* vases ( all p]iods sometimes assume#gia seems to be due to ! direct action ( fire 9 contact ) !m1 & ?is may p]haps be expla9$ by suppos+ t !y _h be5 burnt on a fun]al pyre4 ,?is v>ni% also v>ies 9 ! ?ickness ) :i* x 0 laid on1 z c be easily detect$ ) ! f+]4 ,al?\gh ! *emical action ( ! e>? sometimes causes ! black v>ni% to disappe> entirely1 leav+ only ! figures fa9tly indicat$ on ! r$-clay gr\nd1 !re has nev] yet be5 f\nd any acid :i* has any effect ^u x4#gib ,v>i\s op9ions h be5 promulgat$1 f ,caylus d[nw>ds1 z to ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$4#gic ,brongni>t#gid has analys$ x ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,silicic acid #dfcj #ejjj ,clay e>? #aaij ,iron oxide #afgj #agjj ,*alk #egj ,magnesia #bcj ,soda #agaj ,copp] traces4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to ent] 9 detail into ! num]\s o!r !ories ( its composition1 b s f> x _c be said t any c]ta9ty has be5 atta9$4 ,turn+ n[ to ! me?ods by :i* ! black v>ni% 0 appli$1 we f9d x necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two classes ( black-figur$ & r$-figur$ vases2 "s vases1 ( c\rse1 are completely cov]$ ) x1 hav+ no pa9t$ design1 b ^! d n ent] into ! "q4 ,9 ! black-figur$ vases ! figures are pa9t$ 9 black silh\ette on ! r$ gr\nd ( ! vase1 ! outl9es be+ fir/ r\ghly indicat$ by a po9t$ in/rum5t mak+ a fa9t l9e4#gie ,! surface )9 ^! outl9es 0 !n fill$ 9 ) ! black pigm5t by means ( a bru%1 ! details ( anatomy1 drap]y1 arm\r1 etc41 be+ subsequ5tly br\ght out 9 "p by fur!r incis+ ( l9es ) a po9t$ tool4 ,9 "s ( ! f9e/ vases1 su* z ^? ( ,amasis & ,exekias 7p4 #cha71 ! delicacy & m9ut5ess ( ^! l9es is br\ght to an extraord9>y pit* ( p]fection4 ,aft] a second bak+ _h tak5 place1 ! designs 7 fur!r enri*$ by ! application ( opaque purple & :ite pigm5ts1 usually foll[+ c]ta9 conv5tional pr9ciples1 ! fle% ( wom5 & devices on %ields1 = in/ance1 be+ always :ite1 folds ( drap]y always purple4 ,a ?ird bak+ at a mu* l[] heat 0 necess>y to fix ^! col\rs1 & ! vase 0 !n complete4 ,x %\ld "h be not$ t !re are really two subdivisions ( ^! black-figur$ vases1 :i* may be t]m$ = conv5i5ce 8r$-bodi$0 & 8black-bodi$40#gif ,9 ! =m] ! :ole vase /&s out 9 ! natural r$ col\r ( ! clay2 :]eas 9 ! latt] ! treatm5t approa*es m ne>ly to ! r$-figure me?od :i* we %all pres5tly discuss4 ,! :ole body ( ! vase is 9 ^! examples cov]$ ) ! black v>ni%1 ) ! exception ( a fram$ panel ( r$1 on :i* ! figures are pa9t$4 ,?is di/9ction may be well obs]v$ 9 ! ,second ,vase ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e mo/ ( ! vases on ! ea/ side ( ! room belong to ! =m] or 8r$-bodi$0 class1 :ile all ^? on ! we/ side are 8black-bodi$10 ) designs 9 panels4 ,9 ! r$-figur$ vases ! black v>ni% is us$ z ! backgr\nd1 & cov]s ! :ole vase1 z 9 ! 8black-bodi$0 ,b4,f4 fabrics1 ! figures n be+ actually pa9t$1 b left r$ 9 ! col\r ( ! clay4 ,! process 0 z foll[s3--,be=e ! v>ni% 0 appli$ ! outl9es ( ! figures 7 indicat$1 n by incis$ l9es b by draw+ a ?ick l9e ( black ) a bru% r\nd _! cont\rs4 ,x is probable t a f9e bru% 0 us$ at fir/1 especially = m delicate "w1 & !n a broad] bru% produc+ a l9e ab\t an eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! process1 be x not$1 is m ak9 to draw+ ?an pa9t+2 & x 0 z draughtsm5 p> excell5ce t ! r$-figure arti/s excell$4 ,! next /age 0 to m>k ! inn] details by means ( v f9e black l9es 7correspond+ to ! incis$ l9es ( ,b4,f4 vases71 or by masses ( black = surfaces su* z ! hair2 :ite & purple 7 also employ$1 b f> m sp>+ly ?an on ! e>li] vases4 ,9 ! late ,a!nian & ,s\? ,italian vases a t5d5cy to poly*romy sprang up1 b ! ma9 process always rema9$ ! same to ! f9al decad5ce ( ! art4 ,! figures be+ complet$ & protect$ f accid5ts by _! broad black bord]s1 ! v>ni%+ ( ! :ole ext]ior surface 0 !n proce$$ )4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse a purely me*anical bus9ess4 ,a fragm5t ( a r$-figur$ vase 9 ! ,svres ,museum =ms an excell5t illu/ration ( ! me?od employ$1 z1 al?\gh ! figures are f9i%$1 ! gr\nd has nev] be5 fill$ 91 & ! orig9al black bord] is pla9ly visible 7,fig4 #ga74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,unf9i%$ ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,vase4 ,! result ( ! second bak+ 0 to fix ! v>ni% & cause x to p]meate ! surface ( ! clay 9 su* a way z to become practically insep>able f x4 ,! subsidi>y col\rs1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* 7 laid on ov] ! black1 are always liable to disappe> or fade4 ,a v int]e/+ repres5tation ( pa9t]s at "w on _! vases is to be se5 on a hydria f ,ruvo 7,fig4 #gb74gig ,?ree pa9t]s are seat$ at "w ) _! bru%es1 ( :om two are be+ cr[n$ by ,victories1 :ile ! ?ird is ab\t to receive a wrea? f ,a!na1 ! protect+ goddess ( ! indu/ry4 ,_! pa9t-pots are to be se5 by _! side4 ,at "o end ( ! sc5e a woman is simil>ly occupi$4 ,f ,blmn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,/udio ,,( ,,vase-,,pa9t]4 ,9 class #c 7a71 or vases ) figures on :ite gr\nd1 we h to deal ) ! process ( cov]+ ! naturally pale clay ) a :ite slip ( m or less ?ick & creamy consi/5cy1 on :i* ! designs 7 pa9t$4 ,9 ! ar*aic p]iod ?is process is fairly common1 especially 9 ! e>lie/ vases ( ,cor9? & ( ,ionia1 & at ,kyr5e & ,naukratis4 ,x 0 reviv$ at ,a!ns ab\t ! end ( ! six? c5tury 7see pp4 #che1 #dee74 ,b :5 once ! :ite slip 0 laid on1 ! te*nical process diff]$ little f t 9 use on ord9>y r$-gr\nd vases1 except = ! g5]al avoidance ( :ite z an accessory2 x m]ely results t in/ead ( a contra/ ( black & r$1 "o ( black & cream is obta9$4 ,! me?od 0 "o also l>gely practis$ 9 e>ly pa9t+1 z we see 9 ! ,cor9?ian p9akes & ! s>cophagi ( ,clazom5ae 7pp4 #caf1 #cfb74 ,b !re is ano!r class ( :ite-gr\nd vases to :i* we mu/ devote m special att5tion1 namely1 ^? on :i* ! figures are pa9t$ ei!r 9 outl9e or ) poly*rome wa%es on ! same :ite slip4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( su* a me?od is 9 ! s]ies ( fragm5ts f\nd at ,naukratis1 dat+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury 7see p4 #cdh71 :i* te*nically & arti/ically are ( rem>kably advanc$ "*1 & comb9e ! two me?ods ( pa9t+ 9 outl9e & 9 wa%es ( col\r4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! practice 0 reviv$ at ,a!ns z a means ( obta9+ effective results ) small vases1 & became especially *>act]i/ic ( "o class1 ! fun]al leky?i1 :i* are else:]e describ$ 7,*apt] ,,xi474 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ s]ve z ! mo/ conv5i5t place = a few rem>ks on _! te*nique4 ,! vases1 aft] !y _h left ! :eel & 7 fitt$ ) h&le1 etc41 7 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( :ite flaky pigm5t1 9 consi/5cy resembl+ liquid pla/] ( ,p>is1 or1 :5 dry1 pipeclay4 ,!y receiv$ ?is coat ( :ite :ile /ill on ! :eel1 & !n a second coat+1 ( ! usual black v>ni%1 0 appli$ to su* p>ts z 7 n requir$ = decoration4 ,usually ! :ite cov]$ ! cyl9drical "p ( ! body1 & ! %\ld] up to ! neck2 black 0 appli$ to ! m\?1 neck1 h&le1 base ( body1 & /em4 ,! clay1 x %\ld be not$1 is ( ! ord9>y k9d1 b two v>ieties h be5 di/+ui%$1 "o ( pale r$1 = light ?9 vases1 ! o!r ( a blacki%-grey1 = ?ick] & heavi] w>e4 ,! natural col\r appe>s on ! inside ( ! lip & foot4 ,be=e be+ remov$ f ! :eel ! vases 7 f9ely poli%$1 :i* gave to ! :ite coat+ a sort ( lu/r\s %e52 !y 7 !n fir$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! me?od ( decoration#gih 0 usually z foll[s3--,a prelim9>y sket* 0 made ) f9e grey l9es1 ignor+ drap]ies 7h5ce ! l9es ( figures are usually visible ?r\gh ! drap]ies71 b n always necess>ily foll[$ :5 ! col\rs 7 laid on4 ,?is 0 done z soon z ! fir/ l9es 7 dry1 ! col\r be+ appli$ ) a f9e bru% & 9 mono*rome--black1 yell[1 or r$--foll[+ ! l9es ( ! sket* m or less closely4 ,9 ! lat] examples r$ 0 us$ exclusively1 & at all p]iods at ,a!ns2 b 9 ! vases attribut$ to ,locri & ,sicily1 a black turn+ to yell[ is us$4 ,?is comb9ation ( black & yell[ is also us$ on ! be/ ,attic vases = v>i\s details1 su* z eyes & hair4 ,! outl9es also s]v$ to indicate ! folds ( ! drap]ies4 ,= ! surfaces ( drap]y & o!r details1 poly*rome wa%es 7 employ$1 ! col\r be+ spread uni=mly by means ( a l>ge bru%4 ,all v>ieties ( r$ f rose to br[n are f\nd1 also violet1 light & br[ni% yell[1 blue1 black1 & gre54 ,hair is sometimes treat$ 9 outl9e1 sometimes by means ( wa%es4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! lat] examples ! wa%-col\rs 7 (t5 pa9t$ "r ov] ! r$ l9es4 ,on ! bodies ( ! figures ^! wa%es are r>e1 b 9 "s cases %ades ( br[n are us$ = fle% col\r1 z on ! figure ( ,hypnos on a leky?os 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #eh74 ,at ,a!ns ?is poly*rome decoration 0 n inde$ limit$ to ! leky?i1 b 0 ext5d$ to ! kylix1 ! pyxis1 & o!r =ms1 ( :i* "s beautiful examples exi/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & at ,a!ns4#gii ,9 ^!1 z 9 ! be/ ( ! leky?i1 ! draw+ ( ,greek arti/s seems almo/ to h rea*$ p]fection1 & ar\ses our wond] yet m :5 we reflect t ev]y?+ 0 done m]ely by freeh& /rokes ( ! bru%4 ,?is te*nique is practically limit$ to ! p]iod #dhj-cej ,b4,c4 ,! subsidi>y ornam5tation ( ! leky?i 0 put on ei!r aft] ! ma9 design or be=e1 ?is be+ immat]ial4 ,! l9es above ! design c be se5 to h be5 pa9t$ on ! :eel1 z !y g all r\nd ! vase2 b ! palmettes on ! %\ld] & mae&] patt]ns above ! design d n ext5d beyond x4 ,aft] ! col\r+ ! vases appe> to h be5 fir$ aga91 & 9 "s cases ! :ite slip 0 probably v>ni%$4 ,! details ( _! manufacture %[ t ! leky?i 7 n int5d$ = daily use2 ! %ape is awkw>d = h&l+--! h&les1 = in/ance1 are obvi\sly n int5d$ = practical use--& ! delicate1 lightly bak$ slip made !m too por\s = liquids4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds 9 ! direction ( elegance & delicacy4 ,our next sub-division consi/s ( vases1 *iefly ( late date1 9 :i* ! decoration is by means ( opaque col\rs laid on ! surface ( a vase altoge!r coat$ ) black v>ni% or glaze4 ,! process is n inde$ "o absolutely unkn[n 9 e>li] times1 = !re is ! primitive ,kam>aes w>e ( ,crete 7p4 #bff71 & also a small s]ies ( ar*aic vases belong+ to ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury 7p4 #cic7 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple is adh]$ to1 ! designs be+ pa9t$ 9 opaque r$ or :ite on ! black v>ni%4 ,! latt] seem to %[ a developm5t f ! black-figure p]iod1 to ! end ( :i* !y belong1 & may h be5 int5d$ to rival ! new r$-figure me?od1 b fail$ to atta9 popul>ity4 ,we next meet ) ! process 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :]e x aga9 appe>s z ! la/ ef=t ( a worn-out fa%ion to flick] into life ) r5ew$ popul>ity4 ,! c5tre ( ?is revival1 :i* foll[s on aft] ! ,apulian vases ( ! ?ird c5tury1 0 ,gnatia 7,fasano71 on ! coa/ ( t di/rict4 ,! vases are p>tly modell$ 9 relief1 or h ornam5ts 9 relief atta*$2 ! decoration1 9 :ite & purple1 is conf9$ to "o side only1 & is v feeble & limit$ 9 its scope4 ,an app>5tly local v>iety1 p]haps made 9 ,campania by native craftsm51 has ! figures 9 opaque r$1 ) details m>k$ by rudely incis$ l9es4 ,! ,gnatia /yle 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans 9 ! second c5tury = a small s]ies ( vases inscrib$ ) names ( ,italian deities1 su* z ,juno & ,ve/a 7p4 #dij71 & x appe>s 9 ! me?od ( decoration kn[n z en b>bot9e on ! pott]y ( ! ,empire 7see ,*apt]s ,,xxi41 ,,xxiii474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,vase-,,pa9t] ,,v>ni%+ ,,cup ,,on ,,:eel4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* 7 employ$ = ! pa9t+ ( ! vases 7 n1 z =m]ly suppos$1 limit$ to a metal or re$ p51 & a camel's-hair bru%4 ,x has be5 rec5tly po9t$ out 9 a mo/ illum9at+ article by ,dr4 ,h>twig#hjj t ! l9es ( black bord]+ ! figures on r$-figur$ vases are usually d\ble1 ! space 9 betwe5 be+ fill$ 9 ) v>ni% ?us3 ornam5t4 ,practical exp]im5ts h %[n t ?is c be obta9$ ) a fea!r bru% or p51 draw+ ! l9es sep>ately1 n concurr5tly1 z might be done ) a metal p54#hja ,! fea!rs ( ! snipe 7 specially suitable = ?is purpose1 z 7 also ^? ( ! swall[4 ,x is probable t we see ! use ( ! ord9>y bru% on ! ,ruvo vase-pa9t+ already m5tion$1 b ?is 0 no d\bt us$ = fill+ 9 ! gr\nd & all p>ts :]e ! col\r 0 laid on 9 l>ge masses4 ,aga91 on a fragm5t f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis 7,fig4 #gc7hjb a man is se5 cov]+ ! inside ( a ,b4,f4 kylix ) black v>ni% :ile he turns x on ! :eel2 ?is is also done ) an ord9>y bru%4 ,b !re is a ,r4,f4 kylix1#hjc on ! int]ior ( :i* we see ! und\bt$ use ( ! fea!r-bru% or p5 7,fig4 #gd74 ,9 8 left h& ! pa9t] seems to hold ! %>p tool = engrav+ ! outl9es ( ! figures1 & ) 8 "r he manipulates ! fea!r-p5 :i* is se5 to consi/ ( a small fea!r ins]t$ 9 a wood5 hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,vase-,,pa9t] ,,us+ ,,fea!r-,,bru%4 ,x is n likely t ?is in/rum5t 0 g5]ally us$ be=e ! introduction ( ! ,r4,f4 /yle2 x w\ld h>dly h be5 requir$ ei!r = ! silh\ette figures ( ! ,b4,f4 vases or ! outl9es on ! :ite gr\nd4 ,accord+ to ,h>twig1 ,&okides1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,r4,f4 arti/s 7ab\t #ebj ,b4,c47 0 mak+ exp]im5ts 9 ! use ( ! fea!r-p51 & 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s1 9 ! vases ( ,epiktetos & 8 s*ool1 its use _h become g5]al4 ,x is n inde$ unkn[n on ,b4,f4 vases1 & c be trac$ 9 ! ornam5tation :]e f9e l9es 7 requir$1 z on ! ,amasis vase 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4#hjd ,x 0 probably fir/ us$ 9 ! m develop$ ,ionic pott]y1 b z we h se5 _h no *ance ( becom+ g5]ally us$ until ! ess5tially l9e> ,r4,f4 /yle came into vogue4 ,! arti/s :o rea*$ ! height ( skill 9 its use 7 ,meidias & ! pa9t]s ( ! delicate little vases ( ! latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury1 ?is in/rum5t be+ also admirably adapt$ = mak+ ! f9e inn] l9es 9 :i* ! pa9t]s ( t p]iod a*iev$ su* success4 ,besides ! pa9t+-bru% & ! fea!r-p51 ! o!r in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! decoration ( vases include ! po9t$ grav+-tools employ$ = incis$ l9es1 modell+-tools = ! p>ts 9 relief1 a /ick = /eady+ ! h& :ile at "w1 & a pair ( compasses4 ,! latt] 7 employ$ = m>k+ circles1 z may be cle>ly se5 on %ields on ! ,b4,f4 vases1 :]e ! m>k left by ! c5tral po9t ( ! compasses is (t5 visible4 ,! difficulties 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,greek vases mu/ h be5 num]\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 necess>y = ! arti/ to f9i% 8 sket* ) great rapidity1 s9ce ! clay rapidly absorb$ ! col\r+ matt]1 & ! outl9es 7 requir$ to be bold & cont9u\s1 any jo9s produc+ a bad effect4 ,aga91 ! vases 7 (t5 pa9t$ :ile 9 an upright position1 & ! arti/ 0 oblig$ to /oop1 rise1 & execute 8 "w 9 ^! difficult attitudes2 nor c\ld he remove ! p5cil f any figure :i* he _h once begun4 ,! eye mu/ h be5 8 only guide4 ,!n1 z he 0 oblig$ to draw 8 outl9e ^u a damp surface1 ! black col\r :i* he us$ 0 in/antly conf\nd$ ) ! t9t ( ! clay4 ,! l9es grew broad at fir/1 & aft]w>ds contract$ !mselves1 leav+ b a light trace1 s t ! arti/ c\ld ) difficulty disc]n :at he _h be5 do+4 ,moreov]1 ! l9es1 once begun1 c\ld n be left (f except :]e !y met o!r l9es :i* cut or t]m9at$ !m4 ,?us1 = example1 ! pr(ile ( a head mu/ h be5 execut$ ) a s+le cont9u\s l9e1 :i* c\ld n be int]rupt$ till x met ! neck2 & 9 draw+ a ?igh or leg1 ! :ole outl9e mu/ h be5 f9i%$ )\t tak+ (f ! p5cil3 proce$+ f ! top d[nw>ds1 mak+ use ( ! po9t to m>k ! horizontal l9es1 & aft]w>ds ris+ upw>ds to f9i% ! opposite side4 ,! draw+ 0 done entirely by ! h& & no patt]n us$4 ,! outl9es r\nd ! figures on ,r4,f4 vases 7 drawn /rongly1 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 to prev5t ! backgr\nd encroa*+ on ! figure4 ,t ?is 0 done :ile ! clay 0 moi/ appe>s by ! outl9es unit+1 :i* c\ld n h tak5 place if ! clay _h be5 dry4 ,x 0 s difficult to fill 9 ! outl9es )\t alt]ation1 t !y 7 frequ5tly *ang$1 & sometimes ! gr\nd 0 n rea*$1 :ile at o!rs x exce$$ ! l9e4 ,! anci5t arti/s1 not)/&+ ^! difficulties1 obs]v$ all ! laws ( balance & proportion1 especially 1 or ! law ( equal height ( all figures2 convey$ expression by means ( attitude2 &1 by ! use ( pr(ile1 & ! introduction ( accessories1 or small objects1 into ! backgr\nd1 contriv$ to comp5sate = ! want ( p]spective4 ,?is latt] defici5cy 0 due to ! use ( flat col\rs1 :i* did n all[ ( %ades1 & ! figures 7 consequ5tly n se5 9 masses di/+ui%$ by light & %ade1 b isolat$ 9 ! air4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to make ! figures di/9ct1 & to express by attitude all ! actions & s5tim5ts requir$1 ! arti/ 0 compell$ to use pr(ile4 ,! black col\r1 ! *oice ( :i* may at fir/ appe> s+ul>1 is1 aft] all1 ! mo/ h>moni\s1 & ! be/ suit$ = %[+ ! elegance & purity ( ! outl9e2 :il/ by its aptness to reveal any defects ( %ape1 x compell$ ! arti/ to be v c>eful 9 8 draw+4 ,! col\rs employ$#hje 71 z we h se51 rem>kably few 9 numb]4 ,( ! black v>ni% :i* plays su* an important "p1 & ( its composition we h already spok54 ,( ! opaque accessory col\rs1 ! :ite is said by ,brongni>t#hjf to be a c>bonate ( lime or f9e clay4 ,x is evid5tly an e>? ( "s k9d1 & gives no trace ( lead "u analysis4 ,! creamy slip ( ! :ite-gr\nd vases is ( simil> "*1 & appe>s to be a k9d ( pipeclay4 ,x 0 probably ( ! same "* z ! e>? ( ,melos us$ by ,polygnotos4#hjg ,! deep purple or crimson1 s l>gely employ$ on ! ,cor9?ian & e>ly ,attic ,b4,f4 vases1 is kn[n to be an oxide ( iron1 an elem5t :i* ent]$ l>gely into ! r$ glaze4 ,! yell[ f\nd on ! :ite vases & ^? ( ,apulia z an accessory to :ite is ( an o*r\s nature4 ,! r$ us$ = outl9es on ! :ite leky?i is probably n v]milion 7m9ium71 b r$ o*re 71 rubrica74 ,blue & gre51 :i* are r>ely f\nd1 & only on vases ( ! lat] /yles1 7 produc$ f a basis ( copp]4 ,on vases f ! "t ( ,euphronios & ,brygos 7ab\t #dhj ,b4,c47 onw>ds1 gild+ 0 occasionally employ$1 ! process be+ "o :i* we h already describ$ 7see above1 p4 #baj74 ,good in/ances ( ?is process are to be se5 9 ! f\r?-c5tury vases f ,capua1 :i* are glaz$ black ?r\gh\t & ornam5t$ solely ) gild+4#hjh ,b ! gold leaf has (t5 p]i%$4 ,besides ,capua1 ^! vases are f\nd *iefly 9 ,a!ns & ! ,cyr5aica4 #e4 ,,/atus ,,( ,,pott]s ,x n[ rema9s to say some?+ respect+ ! mak]s ( ,greek vases--! pott]s ( antiquity4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 little is kn[n ( _! condition1 except t !y =m$ a guild1 or frat]nity1 & t !y amass$ consid]able =tunes by export+ _! products to ! pr9cipal emporia ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! exi/5ce ( two ,k]ameikoi1 or pott]y di/ricts1 at ,a!ns %[s ! great comm]cial importance ( ! manufacture4 ,9 lat] times !re seems to h be5 a consid]able t5d5cy to division ( lab\r among ! pott]s1 & ea* man 8specialis$0 9 "s p>ticul> %ape2 h5ce we f9d !m *>act]is$ z & 1#hji 1#haj 1#haa or 4#hab ,x is assum$ t ! ^w 1 8made10 :5 f\nd on a vase1 indicates ! pott]1 & n ! arti/1 al?\gh x is reasonable to suppose t :5 no arti/'s "n accompanies ! =mula ! pott] 0 at ! same "t ! pa9t]4 ,on "o vase ! names ( two pott]s1 ,glaukytes & ,ar*ikles1 are f\nd#hac2 "o has be5 suppos$ to be ! arti/'s1 b x is m probable !y 7 p>tn]s4 ,by ! ,a!nians1 pott]s 7 call$ ,prome!ans1#had f ! ,titan ,prome!us1 :o made man out ( clay--:i*1 accord+ to "o my?1 0 ! blood ( ! ,titans1 or ,giants--& 0 ?us ! f\nd] ( ! fictile art4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 mu* e/eem$1 al?\gh )\t d\bt ! pursuit ( x 0 a lucrative "o1 & _m ( ! trade realis$ l>ge =tunes2 9 pro( ( :i* may be cit$ ! well-kn[n anecdote ( ,aga?okles1#hae :o1 at a "t :5 ! ri* us$ plate1 0 9 ! habit ( mix+ e>!nw>e ) x at 8 table1 tell+ 8 (fic]s t he =m]ly made su* w>e1 b t n[1 ow+ to 8 prud5ce & val\r1 he 0 s]v$ 9 gold--an anecdote :i* also sugge/s t ! pr(ession 0 n highly e/eem$4 ,! guild at ,a!ns 0 call$ 1 8( ! pott]s10#haf & we also he> ( a college ( at ,?yateira4#hag ,h[ev]1 ! competition 9 ! trade 0 s w>m z to pass into a prov]b1 & ! animosity ( "s ( ! rival pott]s is ev5 record$ ^u ! vases4#hah ,to ?is _s are also probably to be ref]r$ _m ( ! tricks ( ! trade1 su* z imitations ( ! names ( mak]s1 & ! num]\s illegible inscriptions4 ,:5 ! pott]'s e/abli%m5t--call$ an erga/]ion--0 l>ge1 he employ$ "u him a numb] ( p]sons1 "s ( :om 7 probably free b poor citiz5s1 :il/ o!rs 7 slaves belong+ to him4#hai ,h[ ! lab\r 0 subdivid$ !re are no means ( accurately det]m9+1 b ! foll[+ h&s 7 probably employ$3--7#a7 ,a pott]1 to make ! vase on ! :eel2 7#b7 an arti/1 to trace ) a po9t 9 outl9e ! subject ( ! vase2 7#c7 a pa9t]1 :o execut$ ! :ole subject 9 outl9e1 & :o probably return$ x to ,no4 #b1 :5 incis$ l9es 7 requir$2 7#d7 a modell]1 :o add$ su* p>ts ( ! vase z 7 m\ld$2 7#e7 a fireman1 :o took ! vase to ! furnace & br\ght x back2 7#f7 a fireman = ! furnace2 7#g7 pack]s1 to prep>e ! vases = exportation4 ,h5ce x may readily be conceiv$ t a l>ge e/abli%m5t employ$ a consid]able numb] ( h&s1 & exhibit$ an animat$ sc5e ( indu/rial activity4 ----- ,footnote #gci3 ,trait1 i4 p4 #edh4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #gda3 ,die ,mal]ei1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,see ,jahn1 ,vas5s4 zu ,mn*51 p4 cxliv2 & ,brunn-,lau1 ,grie*4 ,vas51 p4 #f4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,suidas1 s4v42 ,a!naeus1 xi4 #dhb ,b2 ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,de recta audi5di rat4 #i1 #db ,d4 ,footnote #gde3 ,suidas1 s4v4 2 cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #aeb4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,= repres5tations ( qu>ry+ = clay at ,cor9? see ! p9akes at ,b]l91 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #h1 ,nos4 #g1 #bc4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,a!n4 xi4 #dfd ,b4 ,c4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,reg4 et ,imp4 ,apoph?4 #agd ,e4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #afa4 ,footnote #gej3 ,myres 9 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #af4 ,footnote #gea3 ,diod4 ,sic4 iv4 #gf4 ,footnote #geb3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 note to i4 #ba1 #d4 ,footnote #gec3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 vii4 #aih2 ,s*ol4 ad ,p9d4 ,ol4 xiii4 #bg4 ,footnote #ged3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 i4 #aje2 ,suidas1 s4v4 4 ,footnote #gee3 ,a!n4 i4 #bh ,c4 ,footnote #gef3 ,il4 xviii4 #fjj4 ,footnote #geg3 vii4 #cjc4 ,footnote #geh3 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ij1 #ca4 ,footnote #gei3 ,rep4 #dbj ,e4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,apud ,a!naeum1 x4 #ddi ,b4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ch1 note #c4 ,footnote #gfb3 xxxviii4 #bi3 444 4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,de g54 ,socr4 #bj1 p4 #ehh ,f4 ,footnote #gfd3 i4 #fde ,k1 quot$ by ,blmn]4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #ci2 ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 p4 #dj1 note4 ,see also ,*apt]s ,,xxi4-,,xxii4 ,footnote #gff3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #h1 figs4 #ag1 #ah2 cf4 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xiv4 7#ahhi71 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,z on ! vases ( ,niko/h5es 7see bel[1 p4 #che2 ,b4,m4 ,b #fai1 #fbj2 ,l\vre ,f #aaf1 #aag74 ,footnote #ggj3 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #aa ,pet]sburg #ebe4 ,footnote #gga3 ,evans1 9 ,num4 ,*ron4 #crd ,s]4 xi4 p4 #cai ,b4,m4 ,cat4 iv4 ,g #aba1 #abb4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,see = examples ,b4 ,m4 ,cat4 iv4 ,g #hg-ie4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,cf4 ,aesop1 ,fab4 #aff a1 b4 ,footnote #ggd3 ,cat4 #bedb ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 ii4 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #gge3 ,brongni>t1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #eeb4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,legg4 iii4 #fgi ,a4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,h4,n4 xxix4 #cd4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbf1 ,e #dei4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,cf4 ,ar4 ,a*4 #icc3 4 ,see also ,suid4 s4v4 2 ,pollux1 vii4 #afd2 ,etym4 ,magn4 p4 #gih1 #ag2 & ,s*ol4 9 ,hom4 ,il4 ii4 #bai4 ,i _c b ?9k t 9 ! t]m 1 z appli$ to ,!rsites' head1 !re is "s correspond5ce to our phrase 8crack-bra9$40 ,simonides 7apud ,a!n4 xi4 #dhj ,d7 speaks ( a 1 a t]m ( disput$ mean+2 b a cup ( :i* ! brim 77 w\ld sugge/ ! %ape ( a peak$ head is h>dly conceivable2 & "h aga9 !re mu/ surely be "s notion ( s\nd4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,see ,blmn]1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #df4 ,footnote #gha3 ,see ,fig4 #fg b2 ,b]l9 #bbid2 ,furtwa5gl]1 9 ,jahrbu*1 vi4 7#ahia71 p4 #aaj1 po9ts out t ^! heads probably repres5t ! ,kyklopes or demon-att5dants ( ! fire-god ,hephai/os4 ,see above1 p4 #aje1 "u 2 also ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 art4 ,cam9us4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,l5ormant1 ,la ,gr&e ,grce1 i4 p4 #id4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,b]l9 #hjb ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #h1 #d4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,cat4 #gca ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahed1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #a1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ghe3 ,a ,seil5os 9 ?is act appe>s on a vase 9 ,sale ,cat4 ,htel ,dr\ot1 ,may #aa?1 #aijc1 ,no4 #aca 7reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #fh74 ,footnote #ghf3 ,examples are3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #h1 figs4 #ab1 #ai;b1 #bb 79 ,b]l972 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #ghg3 ,a bett] draw+ has rec5tly be5 giv5 9 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 p4 #aei2 b ! reproduction 9 ,fig4 #fg is accurate 9 all ess5tials4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,cat4 #aaad ,a?4 ,mit?4 xiv4 7#ahhi71 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #ghi3 ,see ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #gij3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #gia3 ,see above1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #gib3 ,blmn] 7ii4 p4 #ge7 gives an acc\nt ( v>i\s *emical exp]im5ts made ^u x4 ,footnote #gic3 ,see ,blmn]1 ii4 p4 #gf ff4 ,footnote #gid3 ,trait1 i4 p4 #eej4 ,footnote #gie3 ,?is process is well illu/rat$ on c]ta9 vases 7e4g4 ,b #aeh 9 ,brit4 ,mus471 :]e ! arti/ has subsequ5tly alt]$ 8 design1 & ! l9es /ill rema9 visible4 ,footnote #gif3 ,see = a full] consid]ation ( ?is po9t p4 #cfh4 ,footnote #gig3 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #aiib1 fig4 #bacg ,re9a*1 i4 #ccf4 ,footnote #gih3 ,see ,potti]1 ,lecy!s blancs1 p4 #ii ff4 ,footnote #gii3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xi41 & ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*al51 p4 #dii4 ,footnote #hjj3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #adg ff4 ,footnote #hja3 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahia1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #hjb3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #hjc3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,cat4 #bbb4 ,footnote #hje3 ,see ,dur&-,grville 9 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xviii4 7#ahia71 p4 #ii ff41 xix4 7#ahib71 p4 #cfc ff4 ,footnote #hjf3 ,see ,blmn]1 ,te*nol4 ii4 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,see = ! f\r col\rs us$ by him1 ,plut4 de defect4 orac4 #dg1 #dcf ,c2 ,cic4 ,brut4 #ah1 #gj2 & cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #ej4 ,footnote #hjh3 ,on vases ) gild+1 see ,jahn1 ,vas5 mit ,golds*muck 7#ahfe74 ,footnote #hji3 ,plat4 ,!aet4 #adg ,a1 ,rep4 iv4 #dba ,d2 ,pollux1 vii4 #afc4 ,footnote #haj3 ,/rabo1 xv4 #gag2 ,pollux1 vii4 #ahb4 ,footnote #haa3 ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,pac4 #abjb4 ,footnote #hab3 ,pollux1 vii4 #afj4 ,footnote #hac3 ,b4,m4 ,b #djj4 ,footnote #had3 ,lucian1 ,prom4 9 ,v]bis1 #b2 cf4 ,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #hae3 ,plut>*1 ,apoph?4 ,reg4 et ,imp4 #agf ,e4 ,footnote #haf3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpt4 i4 #eii2 ,ross-,mei]1 ,dem5 von ,attika1 p4 #abb1 ,no4 #fg4 ,! p]sons "h m5tion$ 7 n necess>ily pott]s4 ,footnote #hag3 ,boeckh1 ,c4,i4,g4 ii4 #cdhe4 ,footnote #hah3 ,hes4 ,op4 et ,di4 #be3 2 quot$ by ,ari/otle1 ,rhet4 ii4 #d1 #ba1 & ,plat4 ,lys4 #bae ,c4 ,eu?ymides on "o ( 8 vases places ! boa/1 8,euphronios nev] did any?+ l ?is40 ,see = ^! two arti/s1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,footnote #hai3 ,cf4 ! vase at ,a!ns describ$ above 7p4 #bah71 & ! o!rs ) repres5tations ( pott]ies4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,primitive ,,fabrics ,introductory--,cypriote ,bronze-,age pott]y--,classification--,myc5aean pott]y 9 ,cyprus--,graeco-,pho5ician fabrics--,%apes & decoration--,hell5ic & lat] vases--,primitive pott]y 9 ,greece--,troy--,!ra & ,cyclades--,crete--,rec5t discov]ies--,myc5aean pott]y--,classification & di/ribution--,c5tres ( fabric--,e?nography & *ronology4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h giv5 a g5]al rsum ( ! subject ( ,greek pott]y2 we h discuss$ ! sites on :i* ,greek vases h be5 f\nd1 ! me?ods employ$ 9 _! manufacture1 ! %apes :i* !y assume1 & ! uses to :i* !y 7 put bo? on e>? & 9 ! tombs2 & we h n[ rea*$ p]haps ! mo/ important "p ( ! subject1 at any rate 9 ! eyes ( ar*aeologi/s1 namely1 ! hi/ory ( ! rise1 developm5t & decad5ce ( pa9t+ on ,greek vases4 ,x has already be5 not$ 79 ,*apt] ,i47 t ?is bran* ( ! /udy ( ,greek vases is "o t has only be5 call$ into exi/5ce 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 & t up to ! ye> #ahed or !reab\ts all attempts at dat+ ! vases 7*iefly ( c\rse ow+ to ! pov]ty ( mat]ial7 7 purely empirical & t5tative4 ,!y 7 moreov] l>gely comb9$ ) fanta/ic int]pretations ( ! pa9t$ designs4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 & especially dur+ ! la/ tw5ty1 ! /eady gr[? ( ar*aeological /udy & increas$ att5tion to excavations h enorm\sly increas$ bo? ! mat]ial at comm& & ! p[] ( utilis+ x ) sci5tific me?od4 ,! ext5sive f9ds ( pott]y 9 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,italy1 & else:]e1 includ+ m especially products ( ! e>li] p]iods1 h enabl$ ! /ud5ts ( ! subject to trace ! sequ5ce ( fabrics f ! rude w>es ( ,troy & ! ,greek ,isl&s up to ! graceful & f9i%$ products ( ! ,a!nian ateli]s1 & onw>d to ! ov]gr[n luxuri\sness ( ! gigantic ,apulian w>es4 ,! subjects ( ! pa9t+s1 once ( all-absorb+1 are n[ only ( subord9ate int]e/1 except s f> z !y illu/rate c]ta9 phases ( developm5t1 & ! *ief int]e/ ( ! vases is ! "q ( _! orig91 _! mak]1 or _! place 9 relation to o!rs4 ,x w !re=e be ! object ( ?is & ( ! succe$+ *apt]s to trace ) all possible detail1 z f> z space p]mits1 ! hi/ory ( ,greek vase-manufacture & vase-pa9t+ 9 all _! aspects4 ,we h already indicat$ 7p4 #ca7 ! limits )9 :i* ! subject falls1 & ! conv5i5t r\gh division into f\r ma9 classes ( :i* x p]mits 7p4 #bc74 ,?is introductory *apt]1 !re=e1 deals ) ! primitive fabrics1 lead+ up1 ?r\gh ! two foll[+1 to ! p]iod ( black-figur$ vases 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! l9es ( dem>cation are1 inde$1 difficult if n impossible to draw1 b !y mu/ n 9 any case be tak5 z rigid ones1 be+ l>gely conv5tional1 & only adopt$ 9 ord] to obta9 a po9t ( division = ! *apt]s4 ,p]haps ! lead+ feature ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,greek vases is ! gradual coalesc5ce ( ! num]\s local fabrics fir/ into two or ?ree ma9 /reams1 & f9ally into ! "o great & all-absorb+ curr5t ( ,a!nian art4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ?is 0 really br\ght ab\t m by hi/orical causes ?an any?+ else1 z a result ( ! gradually increas+ supremacy ( ,a!ns 9 art & culture f ! "t ( ! ,peisi/ratidae d[n to t ( ,p]ikles4 ,"o region1 & "o only1 pursues its arti/ic c\rse )\t reg>d to ! contemporane\s t5d5cies prevail+ 9 ! ,greek _w1 & t is ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,"h aga9 ! causes are l>gely political1 z we %all see2 l>gely also e?nographical & geographical1 f ! "* ( ! inhabitants & ! position ( ! isl&1 a meet+-place & bone ( cont5tion betwe5 ! great nations ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,= ?is reason we propose to deal fir/ ) ! pott]y ( ,cyprus1 :i* has little 9 common ) t ( ! re/ ( ,greece1 & always reta9s some?+ ( its primitive "*1 ?\gh x is always z mu* influ5c$ f ,greece on ! "o h& z f ! ,ea/ on ! o!r4 ,x is 9 ,cyprus also t we meet ) "s ( ! e>lie/ rema9s ( pott]y yet f\nd on ,greek soil4 #a4 ,,cypriote ,,pott]y ,,bibliography ,cesnola1 ,cyprus2 ,o4-,ri*t]1 ,kypros1 ! ,bible1 & ,hom]2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 p4 #fdh ff42 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 7,myres & ,o4-,ri*t]72 ,b4,m4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus 7,turn] ,beque/71 #ahid-f2 ,dmml] 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xi4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bji ff42 ,ar*aeologia1 xlv4 p4 #abg ff42 ,potti]1 ,cat4 des ,vases ant4 du ,l\vre1 i4 p4 #hb ff41 & o!r ref]5ces !re giv54 ,9 ord] to und]/& aright ! hi/ory ( ,cypriote art1 x is inde$ necess>y to "k some?+ ( its e?nography & political hi/ory1 & ! v>i\s influ5ces to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,b space =bids u to d m ?an make v brief allusions to ! m important ( ^! features4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ,cyprus may be reg>d$ z a c5tre :]e9 h met all ! curr5ts ( anci5t civilisation1 =m+ an amalgamation ( arti/ic elem5ts4 ,?us ,cypriote art1 ?\gh x loses 9 orig9ality1 ga9s 9 int]e/2 & yet ?\gh (t5 slavi%ly imitative1 x has at bottom great individuality1 m especially 9 its pott]y4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t x is ess5tially necess>y to consid] ! pott]y ( ,cyprus z a ?+ ap>t4 ,z reg>ds *ronology1 except = a c]ta9 det]m9able sequ5ce ( arti/ic phases1 ev5 m caution ?an 9 deal+ ) ,hell5ic art is requir$4 ,! rem>kable cons]vatism & p]si/5ce ( types exhibit$ by ,cypriote art has m ?an once prov$ a pitfall1 & has giv5 rise to consid]able controv]sy at "o "t or ano!r4 ,dates c only be us$ 9 ! vague/ mann]4 ,! pott]y ( ,cyprus falls "u ?ree head+s1 :i* = conv5i5ce1 ?\gh n p]haps ) ! /ricte/ accuracy1 are usually def9$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,bronze ,age1 f ab\t #bejj ,b4,c4 to #hjj ,b4,c4 #b4 ,graeco-,pho5ician p]iod1 f #hjj ,b4,c4 to #djj ,b4,c41 ov]lapp+ ) #c4 ,hell5ic p]iod1 f #eej ,b4,c4 to #bjj ,b4,c41 repres5t+ ! "t dur+ :i* import$ ,greek vases are f\nd 9 ! tombs1 native pott]y gradually dy+ out except 9 ! =m ( pla9 vessels4 ,! pott]y ( ! ,bronze-,age p]iod aga9 falls into two di/9ct p]iods3 7#a7 ,copp] ,age or pre-,myc5aean p]iod 7#bejj-aejj ,b4,c471 dur+ :i* few bronze implem5ts are f\nd 9 ! tombs1 & all ! pott]y is purely indig5\s1 ! "w ( ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! isl&1 )\t any admixture ( importations4 7#b7 ,! ,myc5aean p]iod 7#aejj-hjj ,b4,c471 dur+ :i* ! local pott]y 7includ+ bo? unpa9t$ & pa9t$ vases7 is re9=c$ by l>ge quantities ( import$ ,myc5aean pott]y1 toge!r ) elaborately decorat$ vases ( ,myc5aean te*nique1 ei!r made locally or specially made = ,cyprus & import$4 ,! sites on :i* ,bronze-,age rema9s are f\nd 7see above1 p4 #ff7 are *iefly conf9$ to ! c5tral & s\!rn p>ts ( ! isl&1 ! mo/ important sites be+ ne> ! mod]n t[ns ( ,nicosia1 ,l>naka1 & ,famagu/a4 ,! discov]y 9 ^! tombs ( su* objects z milk+-b[ls & qu]ns is an additional pro( ( ! conclusion naturally to be drawn--t ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,cyprus 7 a race ( pa/oral l[l&]s4#hbj ,! tombs 7see p4 #ce7 are mo/ly pit-tombs ( mod]ate dep?1 recall+ 9 type ! ,egyptian ma/aba1 & burial is univ]sal4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! art ( pott]y 0 introduc$ into ,cyprus co9cid5tly ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,copp] ,age1 :i* may be plac$ at ab\t ! ye> #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,al?\gh no bronze is f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ tombs1 on ! o!r h& /one implem5ts are abs5t1 & ! types ( ! pott]y are id5tical ) ^? ( ! lat] ,bronze ,age4 ,x w be se5 t x pres5ts ?r\gh\t v /rik+ p>allels ) ! pott]y ( ,hiss>lik1 :i* w =m ! subject ( ! next section4 ,! =ms are l>gely simil> & ! te*nique is ! same1 b ! ,hiss>lik pott]y is rud] & ( inf]ior clay4 ,/one implem5ts are f\nd at ,hiss>lik1 b no copp]1 f :i* ! inf]5ce may be drawn t t metal1 be+ indig5\s to ,cyprus1 supplant$ /one !re at an e>li] date ?an 9 ! ,troad1 :i!r x _h to f9d its way by means ( comm]ce4 ,x 0 no d\bt l>gely due to ! exi/5ce ( its copp] ores t ,cyprus s e>ly %[s an advance 9 its civilisation4 ,! %apes ( ! e>lie/ ,cypriote pott]y are purely indig5\s & v *>act]i/ic1 b ! te*nique may v likely h be5 le>n$ f else:]e2 9 reg>d to :i* x %\ld be not$ t z x is inv>iably h&-made1 an ,egyptian orig9 is altoge!r preclud$1 ow+ to ! e>ly use ( ! :eel = pott]y 9 t c\ntry 7see pp4 #g1 #bjf74 ,= ! mo/ "p ! =ms are *>act]is$ by a t5d5cy to fanta/ic & unsymmetrical modell+1 ) a pref]5ce = complicat$ =ms1 su* z two or ?ree vases jo9$ toge!r4 ,o!rs aga9 imitate g\rds or vessels ( /raw & basket-"w1 su* z are us$ 9 ,cyprus at ! pres5t day4 ,!y h no foot or 8base-r+0 to /& ^u2 & ano!r *>act]i/ic is ! frequ5t abs5ce ( h&les1 ! place ( :i* is suppli$ by small e>s1 by means ( :i* ! vase 0 hung up or c>ri$ by cords4#hba ,sometimes ^! e>s cov] ! :ole outl9e ( ! vase4 ,! pla/ic pr9ciple is always popul> 9 ! ,bronze-,age pott]y1 & manife/s itself 9 m ?an "o direction4 ,f ! fir/ x is exhibit$ 9 ! t5d5cy1 s common 9 e>ly art1 to comb9e ! vase & ! /atuette1#hbb a t5d5cy :i* is ev5 /rong] 9 ! pott]y ( ,hiss>lik4 ,x also takes ! =m ( designs 9 relief cov]+ ! surface (1 or m\ld$ to1 ! vase4 ,9 "o po9t ,cyprus is manife/ly 9 advance ( ! re/ ( ! anci5t _w1 & t is1 9 ! decoration ( ! pott]y4 ,"h1 9 fact1 we meet ) ! fir/ attempts at pa9t$ vases1 comb9$ ) ! employm5t ( a f9e bright r$ or poli%$ black slip to cov] ! surface4 ,9 ! e>li] v>ieties ! designs1 :5 !y occur1 are conf9$ to simple rectil9e> geometrical patt]ns incis$ ?r\gh ! slip be=e bak+2 b ^! are soon supplem5t$ by ! employm5t1 fir/ ( a matt-:ite pigm5t1 secondly ( a br[n-black pa9t obta9$ f ! native umb]4 ,! only o!r locality 9 :i* pa9t$ vases occur at s e>ly a p]iod is ! isl& ( ,!ra 7see bel[1 p4 #bfj74 ,we pass n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! lat] ,bronze-,age pott]y--namely1 t :i* is f\nd 9 tombs toge!r ) vases ( ,myc5aean /yle4 ,9 ?is we see v>i\s modifications ( ! indig5\s art1 & witness its ev5tual trans=mation by ! introduction ( new processes & ideas f v>i\s s\rces4 ,! ma9 /reams ( influ5ce are ?ree 9 numb]1 com+ f ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/ respectively4 ,( ^! ! fir/ repres5ts ! ,asiatic civilisations ( ,babylonia & ! ,hittites1 to :om 9 ! fir/ place are due ! engrav$ cyl9d]s frequ5tly f\nd 9 ^! tombs1 & at a comp>atively late date su* objects z ! ivory draught-box f ,enkomi 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* af=ds po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! reliefs ( ,k\y\njik4 ,egyptian influ5ces date f ! invasion ( ,cyprus by ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7eighte5? dyna/y71 ab\t #adej ,b4,c41 z exemplifi$ by ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( sc>abs & porcela9 objects4 ,a c\nt]-influ5ce ( ,cyprus on ,egypt is se5 9 ! pres5ce ( export$ ,cypriote pott]y 9 tombs at ,kahun1 ,saqq>a1 & else:]e4#hbc ,la/ly1 !re is ! f> m ext5sive influ5ce ( ! ,myc5aean civilisation1 cov]+ sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 & ev5tually absorb+ ! indig5\s fabrics until ! f\ndations ( a new phase ( decorative art 7 laid on a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,! ,myc5aean vases belong to ! lat] /yles exclusively 7see bel[1 p4 #bga71 & %[ a /rong pref]5ce = c]ta9 =ms su* z ! false-neck$ amphora & ! l>ge ri*ly-decorat$ krat] peculi> to ,cyprus2 b ^! we mu/ discuss lat] 9 full] detail4 ,briefly1 !y repres5t ! fir/ entry ( ,greece prop] into ! ,cypriote _w4 ,! e?nological aff9ities ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,cyprus _c be positively asc]ta9$4 ,9 ,m4 ,heuzey's op9ion !y 7 ,asiatics1 ,syrian r ?an ,pho5ician1 & he sugge/s t ! names ( ,kition 7,*ittim7 & ,ama?us 7,hama?7 imply ,hittite & ,hama?ite coloni/s4 ,dmml] reg>d$ !m z closely ak9 to ! race :i* inhabit$ ! second city at ,hiss>lik1#hbd an idea to :i* ! simil>ity ( ! pott]y might be ?\ght to l5d support4 ,at all ev5ts 9 ,greek leg5d ?is p 0 p]sonifi$ by ! my?ical k+ ,k9yras1 ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 :o came f ! neighb\r+ ,asiatic coa/4 ,! ,hell5ic1 or r ,a*aean1 invasion is cry/allis$ into ! leg5ds ( ,teuc]'s colonisation ( ,salamis aft] ! fall ( ,troy1#hbe ( an ,arcadian settlem5t at ,k]ynia & else:]e1 & ( ! f\nd+ ( ,curium by ,argives 78 ,myc5aeans74#hbf ,! fir/ attempt to classify ! pott]y ( ,cyprus1 & to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,bronze-,age w>es & :at are n[ kn[n z ! ,graeco-,pho5ician fabrics1 0 made by ! late ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,s&) 9 #ahgf4hbg ,consid]+ ! comp>ative pov]ty ( mat]ial at 8 comm&1 & ! /ate ( ar*aeological k at ! "t1 8 brief b illum9at+ monograph is a wond]fully accurate & sci5tific contribution1 &1 s f> z x goes1 8 classification c /ill be accept$ 9 ! ma94 ,b ! ext5sive s]ies ( excavations 9 ! isl& s9ce ! ,briti% occupation1 & ! inve/igation ( su* fruitful sites z ,salamis1 ,curium1 & ,kition1 h result$ 9 a great advance ( our k ( ! subject4 ,! elaborate classification made by ,messrs4 ,myres & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] ( ! repres5tative collections ( ! ,cyprus ,museum mu/ = ! pres5t be reg>d$ z f9al1 & ( necessity =ms ! basis ( ! succe$+ description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pott]y ( ! ,bronze ,age may be classifi$ "u two ma9 head+s3 ,pa9t$ & ,unpa9t$ ,pott]y4 ,( ^! ! =m] is practically conf9$ to ! lat] tombs1 & we naturally turn fir/ to ! unpa9t$ pott]y z tak+ prec$5ce 9 *ronology & developm5t4 ,almo/ ! commone/1 & probably ! e>lie/1 v>iety is ! r$ poli%$ w>e1 sometimes pla91 b g5]ally ornam5t$ ) incis$ patt]ns or reliefs 7see ,plate ,,xi41 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #g74hbh ,! poli%$ surface1 :i* seems to betok5 a great advance 9 te*nique1 0 d\btless produc$ by means ( a burni%]4 ,9 "s v>ieties ! surface is black1 a result due to ! action ( smoke 9 fir+4 ,! commone/ =ms are a globul> bottle ) long neck & h&le1 a pla9 b[l1 a cook+-pot on feet1 & a two-h&l$ globul> amphora2 besides composite & abnormal =ms4 ,none ( ^! vases h any k9d ( base except ! cook+-pots4 ,! incis$ patt]ns1 :5 !y occur1 are scrat*$ 9 deeply be=e fir+1 & (t5 fill$ 9 ) :ite2 ! patt]ns1 :i* t5d to become m & m elaborate1 consi/ ( zigzags1 wavy l9es1 *equ]s & loz5ges1 network patt]ns1 & conc5tric circles4 ,ornam5t 9 relief is appli$ 9 ! =m ( /rips ( clay1 (t5 work$ into ! %ape ( rude figures ( trees1 snakes1 animals1 or simple patt]ns4 ,_m tombs & ev5 cemet]ies1 z at ,alambra1 ,agia ,p>askevi1 & else:]e1 conta9 no o!r =m ( pott]y2 b ?\gh ^! are und\bt$ly e>li] ?an ! mix$ tombs1 ! r$ w>e 9 a deg5]ate =m cont9ues long aft]w>ds4 ,!re is also a small class ( black-slip w>e1 cov]$ ) a ?9 d>k lu/reless slip :i* flakes (f easily4 ,! ornam5tation1 :i* is seldom abs5t1 is g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a /raight or wavy l9e ) a r[ ( dots alt]nately on ei!r side1 ei!r incis$ or 9 relief4 ,! =ms are mu* ! same z 9 ! r$ w>e1 b (t5 seem to sugge/ metal or lea!r prototypes4 ,an int]e/+ class is =m$ by ! black punctur$ w>e1 9 :i* ! clay is black ?r\gh\t1 )\t a slip1 b p>tly poli%$4 ,mo/ ( ^! vases are small jugs ) a n>r[ neck1 swell+ body1 & small foot1 & !y are ornam5t$ ) punctur$ dots1 usually 9 triangul> pat*es1 b sometimes irregul>ly di/ribut$4 ,9 ,cyprus !y are mo/ly f\nd 9 ! e>ly necropolis at ,kalopsida1 b !y also occur 9 ! late ,myc5aean tombs at ,enkomi4 ,! special int]e/ ( ?is w>e is t x is f\nd 9 ,egypt1 "u su* circum/ances t x c fairly be dat$2 notably at ,khata'anah 9 conjunction ) sc>abs & fl9t *ips ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? dyna/ies 7#bejj-bjjj ,b4,c474 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! ,faym1 :]e ,pr(4 ,petrie obta9$ "s good specim5s4#hbi ,alli$ to ?is is ! ,cypriote buc*]o w>e1 ( pla9 black clay )\t slip1 ornam5t$ ) ribs or flut+s4 ,x is only f\nd 9 ! lat] tombs1 & c be trac$ ?r\gh ! subsequ5t transitional p]iod4#hcj ,( ! rema9+ fabrics ! mo/ conspicu\s is t t]m$ by ,mr4 ,myres ! base-r+ w>e1 :i* is m>k$ (f f o!r ,bronze-,age types by its flat-r+$ base 9 all cases4 ,! clay is d>k & ( f9e texture1 ) ?9ly-glaz$ surface4 ,! ornam5t is ei!r 9 relief or pa9t$ 9 matt-:ite1 ! patt]ns be+ exclusively ( a basket or network type 7,plate ,,xi41 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,! reliefs1 :5 !y occur1 consi/ ( scrolls or rais$ seams curv+ ov] ! body1 obvi\sly 9 imitation ( ! seams ( a lea!r bottle2 !y sometimes end 9 a leaf-ornam5t1#hca & at o!r times take ! =m ( a snake4 ,?is fabric is v commonly f\nd 9 ! lat] tombs ) ,myc5aean vases1 & h>dly e>li]4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt & at ,la*i%4#hcb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xi ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,cypriote ,,pott]y 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a1 #b1 8,,base-,,r+0 ,,black ,,w>e2 #c1 #d1 #g1 ,,incis$ ,,r$ ,,& ,,black ,,w>es2 #e1 #f1 8,,:ite-,,slip0 ,,w>es4 ------------------------------------ ,among ! r>] v>ieties ( unpa9t$ w>es ,mr4 ,myres includes :ite base-r+ w>e 7plates & b[ls71 imitations ( /raw-plait or wick]-"w1 & pla9 :eel-made w>es ) r$ or black slip1 ( peculi> =m4#hcc ,among ! ,pa9t$ ,pott]y by f> ! mo/ widely-spread local fabric is t /yl$ by ,mr4 ,myres ! :ite-slip w>e1 :i* appe>s 9 ! tombs ( ! lat] ,bronze ,age1 & is m ?an any o!r associat$ ) ,myc5aean vases4 ,9 cemet]ies su* z ,enkomi1 ,curium1 & ,m>oni#hcd x has be5 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 almo/ e tomb1 & its range is n limit$ to ,cyprus4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is w>e are a black gritty clay1 work$ v ?91 & a ?ick :ite creamy slip ) :i* x is cov]$ bo? inside & out2 x is exce$+ly brittle1 & p]fect specim5s are comp>atively uncommon4 ,! ornam5t is laid on 9 a black pigm5t1 (t5 turn+ to r$ by ! action ( fire2 ! mo/ common =m is t ( a hemisph]ical b[l ) a flat triangul> h&le1 not*$ at ! apex4 ,almo/ ! only o!r =ms are a long-neck$ flask or bottle ( ! leky?os type & a l>ge jug ) cyl9drical body 7l an olpe7 & a flat ?umb-piece above ! h&le4 ,mr4 ,myres#hce po9ts out t ! s*eme ( decoration seems int5d$ to imitate ! b9d+ & seams ( a lea!r b[l2 x usually consi/s ( a b& ( v>i\s patt]ns 7lattice-"w1 zigzags1 loz5ges1 or l9es ( dots7 r\nd ! rim1 f :i* simil> b&s desc5d v]tically1 b d n meet at ! bottom4 ,simil>ly ! h&le seems int5d$ to repres5t two pieces ( flexible wood b\nd toge!r4 ,9 ! case ( ! jugs ! patt]ns foll[ a simil> pr9ciple1 giv+ ! effect ( a decoration 9 panels to ! upp] "p4 ,specim5s ( ?is w>e are giv5 9 ,plate ,,xi41 ,nos4 #e1 #f4 ,beyond ! conf9es ( ,cyprus isolat$ specim5s ( ?is w>e h be5 f\nd at ,a!ns1 ,hiss>lik1 ,!ra1 ,la*i% 9 ,pale/9e1 & at ,saqq>a & ,tell-el-,am>na 9 ,egypt1 9 ! la/-nam$ in/ance along ) ,myc5aean vases4#hcf ,! resemblance ( "s :ite-slip w>es to ! ,dipylon vases is n a little curi\s4#hcg ,b x c h>dly be ?\ght t ! "o influ5c$ ! o!r4 ,! o!r local pa9t$ w>es are by no means s common4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 almo/ limit$ to specim5s ( an unpoli%$ :ite w>e1 ) f9e cream-col\r$ clay1 on :i* patt]ns su* z gr\ps ( /raight or wavy l9es1 *evrons1 *equ]s1 & triangles fill$ ) hat*$ l9es are pa9t$ ) a pigm5t v>y+ f dull black to dull r$4 ,! commone/ =ms are "o-h&l$ b[ls & small bottles1 ei!r globul> or sausage-%ap$4 ,! latt] are di/+ui%$ by (t5 hav+ long tube-l sp\ts atta*$ & by ! num]\s p]=at$ projections = ! atta*m5t ( /r+s1 h&les be+ g5]ally abs5t at fir/1 b :5 !y are introduc$ ! projections rema9 z an ornam5tal survival4 ,9 a few isolat$ specim5s ! surface is cov]$ ) a poli%$ slip4 ,o!rs aga9 are cov]$ ) a black glaze1#hch on :i* are pa9t$ 9 dull r$ gr\ps ( %ort p>allel l9es1 :i* 7z ,mr4 ,myres po9ts out7 seem to h be5 execut$ at a s+le /roke ) a clu/] ( bru%es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,myc5aean pott]y :i* has be5 f\nd on n a few sites 9 ,cyprus1 & ( late ye>s 9 su* surpris+ quantities at ,enkomi & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,l>naka & ,limassol 7,m>oni1 ,curium1 etc471 belongs prop]ly to ano!r section ( ?is *apt]1 & w\ld n call = discussion 9 ?is connection1 b = ! fact t 9 ,cyprus x pres5ts c]ta9 features :i* seem to be almo/ exclusively local4 ,at all ev5ts x is advisable to consid] h[ f> ,myc5aean pott]y 9 ,cyprus diff]s f t f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 ,crete1 or ,myc5ae4 ,two po9ts claim our att5tion 9 ! fir/ in/ance3 7#a7 t 9 po9t ( te*nique ! ,cypriote f9ds fall absolutely into l9e ) ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,myc5aean _w2 7#b7 t ! range ( subjects depict$ on ! vases f\nd 9 ,cyprus is wid] & 9 a measure m develop$ ?an else:]e4 ,to :at ext5t we may be p]mitt$1 be>+ bo? facts 9 m9d1 to pr$icate a local fabric ( ,myc5aean pott]y 9 ,cyprus1 mu/ = ! pres5t rema9 an op5 "q2 at ! same "t x seems extremely probable t ! l>g] vases1 :i* x w be necess>y to discuss 9 detail1 are1 if n ( local manufacture1 at all ev5ts a fabric made specially = exportation to ,cyprus1 z we %all see 0 ! case ) a lat] v>iety ( black-figur$ ,attic w>e4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,cypriote-,myc5aean pott]y is t :]eas on o!r sites ! decoration is conf9$ to l9e> ornam5ts1 & animal or vegetable subjects drawn almo/ exclusively f ! aquatic _w 7su* z cuttle-fi%1 %ell-fi%1 or seawe$71 9 ,cyprus we f9d repres5t$ n only animals1 su* z bulls1 de]1 goats1 & dogs1 b ev5 human figures1 bo? male & female1 & mon/]s su* z ,sph9xes & ,gryphons4 ,hav+ reg>d to :at ,m4 ,potti]#hci calls ! law ( ! hi]>*ie des g5res1 x does n seem impossible t ?is may imply a late survival ( ,myc5aean art 9 ,cyprus1 & al?\gh ?is view has be5 hi!rto /rongly conte/$ 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 x f9ds support f o!r evid5ce obta9$ 9 rec5t excavations4 ,! :ole *ronology ( ,cypriote pott]y is /ill 9 a v unsettl$ /ate1 & until x c be def9itely %[n t ! ,cypriote ,geometrical /yle began concurr5tly ) ! appe>ance ( ,geometrical pott]y 9 ,greece1 x is /ill admissible to urge t ,myc5aean art prevail$ "h = "s "t subsequ5t to its disappe>ance f ! great] "p ( ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,= ?is ! accept$ date is ! end ( ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 b x is n necess>y to ext5d its influ5ce 9 ,cyprus m ?an two c5turies long]1 i4e4 beyond ! eigh? c5tury1 at ! late/4 ,if we accept ! view g5]ally held t ! ,myc5aean civilisation 0 ,a*aean1 & t aft] ! ,dorian invasion its repres5tatives 7 driv5 9 an ea/]ly direction & settl$ on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or2 & if aga9 we reg>d ?is z an hi/orical v]sion ( ! ,greek traditions ( ! ,trojan w> & ! subsequ5t migrations ( ! ,a*aean h]oes#hdj2 we may !n consid] t ! /ories ( ,teuc]'s f\ndation ( a new ,salamis & ( an ,argive colonisation ( ,curium f9d _! v]ification 9 ! ,myc5aean settlem5ts rec5tly discov]$ on ^? two ,cypriote sites4 ,! ext5t & ri*ness ( ! old ,salamis at ,enkomi at any rate seems to sugge/ t x may h fl\ri%$ z a ,myc5aean settlem5t = "s c5turies4 ,b to return to ! pott]y4 ,two =ms are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cypriote v>ieties4 ,( ^!1 "o--! 8false amphora0 7p4 #bga7--;is n peculi> to ! isl&1 b is f\nd :]ev] ,myc5aean pott]y has p5etrat$2 ?\gh especially common 9 ,cyprus1 x is 9 fact ! mo/ popul> ( all ,myc5aean %apes4 ,! o!r is a l>ge krat]1 f\nd 9 two v>ieties1 ei!r a /raight-sid$ deep b[l ) wide m\? & no neck1 or a sph]oidal vessel on a high /em1 ) a l[ /raight neck ( less diamet] ?an ! body4 ,x is ?is latt] class :i* appe>s to be ( local manufacture & pres5ts su* a v>iety ( pa9t$ decoration4 ,up to ! ye> #ahie only "s half-doz5 ( ^! krat]s 7 kn[n1 "o ( :i* 0 f\nd by ,g5]al ,cesnola 9 ! ri* necropolis at ,agia ,p>askevi ne> ,nicosia#hda2 ano!r he alleg$ to h come f ,ama?us1 b x 0 no d\bt f\nd at ,m>oni1 n s f> di/ant1 :]e = _m ye>s a ,bronze-,age cemet]y has be5 kn[n4 ,9 ! above-nam$ ye> two m came to light at ,curium1#hdb "o ( ! same type z ,g5]al ,cesnola's1 ) figures driv+ two-horse *>iots2 ! o!r hav+ 9 addition ! unique subject ( a s]ies ( wom51 ea* figure 9 a sep>ate panel1 repres5t$ z wav+ _! arms or hold+ fl[]s4#hdc ,^! 7 spe$ily foll[$ by ! ri* & valuable s]ies f ,enkomi n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 s9ce :i* "t o!r int]e/+ specim5s h be5 obta9$ = ! ,museum 9 v>i\s excavations or h f\nd _! way into ! h&s ( local collectors 7see ,plate ,,xii474 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xii ,illu/ration3 ,,myc5aean ,,vases ,,f ,,cyprus 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,native imitations ( ! ,myc5aean vases1 :i* h be5 describ$ z 8sub-,myc5aean w>es10 h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s on mo/ ( ! sites :]e ! g5u9e ,myc5aean w>e exi/s4 ,!y fall te*nically "u ! head+ ( pa9t$ :ite w>e 7p4 #bea71hdd ! diff]5ce be+ t ! decoration is 9 matt col\r 7v>y+ f black to r$7 on an unpoli%$ drab gr\nd4 ,! patt]ns mo/ly foll[ ,myc5aean models1 b "s are new4 ,!y are well repres5t$ on ! ,myc5aean site at ,curium1#hde especially 9 "o or two tombs ( transitional "*1 & 9 "s cases ! decoration is ( a di/9ctly ,geometrical type1 illu/rat+ ! developm5t ( ! succe$+ /yle4 ,9 any case x is n difficult to di/+ui% !m f ! g5u9e ,myc5aean fabrics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ^! s-call$ sub-,myc5aean vases we c trace ! be/ evid5ce ( ! transition f ! ,bronze ,age to ! succe$+ or ,graeco-,pho5ician p]iod4 ,b on ! :ole ! l9e ( dem>cation is cle>ly def9$1 z = in/ance by ! =ms & position ( ! tombs1 :i* become l>g] & lie deep]2 by ! appe>ance ( iron implem5ts & bronze fibulae2 & by ! fact t all ! native pott]y is n[ made on ! :eel4 ,relations ) cont95tal ,greece are evid5c$ by ! occasional importation ( ,geometrical pott]y ( ! ,dipylon type 7z 9 ! great vase f\nd at ,curium71 dat+ f ! n9? & eigh? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,z we h already se51 ! fir/ ,hell5ic settlem5ts 9 ,cyprus seem to h foll[$ on m or less imm$iately aft] ! ,dorian invasion1 9 ! sites ( ,salamis1 ,curium1 ,k]ynia1 ,paphos1 & o!rs :i* aft]w>ds became ! capitals ( small ,hell5ic k+doms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,pho5ician ?alassocracy1 :i* began ab\t ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 nev] _h mu* foo?old 9 ,cyprus1 less at any rate ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,politically at all ev5ts ! ,pho5ician influ5ce 0 comp>atively small1 ev5 9 _! settlem5ts at ,kition & ,ama?us#hdf2 we read ( exp$itions ( ! k+s ( ,tyre 9 ! t5? & eigh? c5turies1 ! object ( :i* 0 to =ce ! =m] t[n to pay tribute2 b subsequ5tly !y 7 compell$ by ! ,assyrian dom9ation "u ,s>gon to retreat we/w>ds4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury a new p[] arose 9 ! %ape ( ,egypt1 & 9 ! six? ,cyprus became a tribut>y ( ,amasis4#hdg ,?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 relations ) ,greece 7 ma9ta9$1 & we read t 9 #eja ,b4,c4 ! ,cypriote pr9ces jo9$ ! ,ionians 9 _! revolt aga9/ ,p]sia1 a fact :i* %[s ! /r5g? ( ! ,hell5ic elem5t4 ,nev]!less ! t]m 8,graeco-,pho5ician10 :i* has be5 adopt$ to describe ! art ( ?is p]iod1 is conv5i5t1 & c h>dly be improv$ ^u1 if we be> 9 m9d t ! t]m 8,pho5ician0 really repres5ts ! comb9ation ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian elem5ts ( art :i* filt]$ ?r\gh t race into ,cyprus1 & 9 :i* sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r has ! pr$om9ance4 ,?is is se5 p]haps m cle>ly 9 ! sculpture1 metal-"w1 & t]racottas1 z = in/ance 9 ! incis$ bronze & silv] b[ls1#hdh ?an 9 ! pott]y4 ,pa9t$ pott]y 0 nev] a feature ( ,ori5tal art1 & ! ,pho5ician influ5ce 9 ! pott]y is conf9$ to borr[$ motives ( ,ori5tal "*1 l =eign words 9 a language4 ,ano!r pro( t ,cyprus resi/$ ! ,pho5ician dom9ation is af=d$ by ! curi\s fact t ?\gh ! ,greeks ( ! ma9l& adopt$ ! ,pho5ician alphabet entirely1 9 ,cyprus1 on ! o!r h&--:]e1 above all1 we %\ld h expect$ to f9d x--its place is tak5 by a syllab>y1 ! =ms ( :i* appe> to be> "s relation to ! ,lycian1 ,c>ian1 & ,pamphylian alphabets4 ,t ?is syllab>y1 :i* is univ]sally employ$ = inscriptions d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 is ( a v high antiquity is %[n by its close aff9ities ) ! newly-discov]$ ,cretan script1 & by ! fact t s+le *>act]s ( a simil> type are (t5 f\nd engrav$ on ! h&les ( ,myc5aean vases 9 ,cyprus4 ,ea* "* repres5ts a syllable1 n a lett] 7except 9 ! case ( v[els71 & ! dialect is ?\ght to be l>gely influ5c$ by ,aeolic4 ,myc5aean influ5ce1 z might be expect$1 0 sl[ to die out 9 ,cyprus1 & ! pott]y is no exception4 ,x is se5 n only 9 ! patt]ns1 su* z ! conc5tric circles--an inv5tion ( ! ,cypriote-,myc5aean pott]y1 :i* =ms a fav\rite & almo/ univ]sal motive at a lat] date--b 9 ! subjects & te*nique4 ,! practice ( pa9t+ figures 9 outl9e1 n 9 silh\ette1 z 9 ! birds & bea/s ( ! ,enkomi krat]s1 ! use ( dull r$ & black pigm5ts on an unglaz$ light-col\r$ surface1 & _m o!r details are an h]itage f ! ,bronze ,age1 ext5d+ ov] _m a succe$+ c5tury4 ,) ^! are comb9$ ! influ5ces ( ! e>ly ,attic pott]y1#hdi 9 ! panels ( ,geometrical patt]ns1 & ! lat] rosette & conv5tionalis$ lotos-fl[]1 :i*1 ) ! conc5tric circles1 =m ! /ock-9-trade ( ! 8,graeco-,pho5ician0 pott]4 ,! ,briti% ,museum collection includes "o or two rem>kable isolat$ specim5s :i* illu/rate ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is = in/ance in/ructive to comp>e ! ,sph9xes on a krat] f ,enkomi#hej ) ^? on a l>ge amphora lately acquir$ f ! ,k>pas1#hea or ! o9o*oe f ,g5]al ,cesnola's collection ) a *>iot-sc5e 7,plate ,,xiii471#heb ) ^? f ,myc5aean sites simil>ly decorat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! extraord9>y l>ge vase f ,tamassos1#hec ) its crudely & *ildi%ly drawn figures1 comb9es a curi\s admixture ( ,greek & ,ori5tal motives1 & e>ly z x mu/ be1 is n ,myc5aean 9 conception or te*nique4 ,ori5tal influ5ce is n1 h[ev]1 altoge!r want+ 9 ! pott]y4 ,! lotos-fl[]s & rosettes1 ( :i* we h already spok51 are d]iv$ respectively f ,egypt & ,assyria1 & ! conv5tionalis$ palm-trees1 :i* also appe>1 are ( c\rse purely ,ori5tal4 ,s too1 aga91 ! typically ,ori5tal subject ( ! sacr$ tree betwe5 two animals appe>s 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,b "h aga9 we are met ) ! surpris+ fact t ! ,ori5tal elem5t is f> /rong] 9 ,greece ?an 9 ,cyprus1 z w be se5 lat] 9 ! acc\nt ( ! e>ly ,hell5ic fabrics2 & no d\bt x is due to ?is cause t ! ,geometric /yle 0 n driv5 out f ,cyprus z x 0 f ,greece1 b cont9u$ = _m c5turies4 ,9 attempt+ a detail$ description ( ! ,graeco-,pho5ician pott]y1 x w be se5 t any *ronological sy/em is impossible4 ,! cons]vative t5d5cy ( ,cypriote art caus$ ! same me?ods ( decoration to be employ$ ) extraord9>y p]si/5cy dur+ a p]iod ( "t :i* saw ! :ole developm5t ( ,hell5ic vase-pa9t+ f its e>lie/ beg9n+s to its decl9e1 & ?\gh !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iety1 !re is no developm5t prop]ly speak+1 & ! late/ fabrics are1 arti/ically speak+1 on ! same level z ! e>lie/4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! evid5ce ( excavations w\ld comp5sate = ?is abs5ce ( arti/ic crit]ia2 b su* is n ! case4 ,z a g5]al rule 9 tombs conta9+ import$ ,greek vases1 ! dates ( :i* c be fix$ )9 reasonable limits1 native pott]y is conspicu\s by its abs5ce1 z may be se5 f ! results obta9$ at ,curium4 ,9 any case1 9 ! tombs ri*e/ 9 ,hell5ic pott]y1 z at ,poli1 ! local w>es are l>gely ( a def9itely late "*1 & s f> di/9ct f ! ,geometrical & ,ori5talis+ fabrics z to =m a class by !mselves4 ,ano!r difficulty :i* has to be tak5 into acc\nt1 is t caus$ by ! frequ5cy ( re-burials 9 ,cypriote tombs4 ,( ?is !re 7 c\ntless in/ances at ,ama?us & ,poli1 s mu* s t explor]s ( ! latt] site 7 actually l$ to believe t ! ,geometrical pott]y 0 contemporane\s ) rema9s ( ! ,hell5i/ic age ) :i* x 0 frequ5tly f\nd4#hed ,b :]e tru/wor?y evid5ce c be obta9$1 x entirely militates aga9/ ?is possibility4 ,! pr9cipal sites#hee on :i* 8,graeco-,pho5ician0 pott]y has be5 f\nd are3 ,ama?us1 ,curium1 ,dali 7,idalion71 ,kition1 ,lapa?os1 ,poli 7,m>ion-,ars9oe71 ,paphos1 ,salamis1 ,soli1 & ,tamassos4 ,o!r sites are n at pres5t id5tifi$1 b ! f9ds 7 made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mod]n ,a*na1 ,ormidhia1 & o!r villages1 & 9 ! ,k>pas4 ,( ^! sites ! ri*e/ are ,ama?us1 ,dali1 ,curium1 & ,poli2 b 9 ! f9e/ collection ( vases ( ?is class1 t ( ,g5]al ,cesnola at ,new ,york1 ! alleg$ sites are n always to be accept$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,jug ,,) ,,conc5tric ,,circles3 ,,graeco-,,pho5ician ,,p]iod 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,graeco-,pho5ician pott]y is1 z has be5 said1 exclusively :eel-made1 & almo/ always suppli$ ) a 8base-r+40 ,reliefs & incis$ ornam5ts are nev] f\nd1 b in/ances ( m\ld$ w>es1 comb9+ ! vase ) ! /atuette1 are n want+1 especially among ! lat] v>ieties4 ,! designs are usually pa9t$ 9 a non-lu/r\s black pigm5t1 v>i$ ) ! use ( opaque purple & :ite1 correspond+ to ! pigm5ts employ$ by ,hell5ic pott]s4 ,! gr\nd is ei!r :ite1 )\t any poli% or slip--z 9 ! pa9t$ :ite w>e ( ! ,bronze ,age & sub-,myc5aean fabrics--or else cov]$ ) a m or less lu/r\s r$ slip1 v>y+ f a bright orange or deep r$ to a d>k br[n 7! latt] usually ) unpoli%$ surface74 ,purple is employ$ only on ! :ite w>es1 :ite only on ! r$4 ,! typical decoration ( ! :ite w>es consi/s ( lotos-patt]ns1 tree-ornam5ts1 & wat]-f[l4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ^! are e>li] ?an ! r$4 ,on ! lu/r\s r$ w>es ! decoration is usually conf9$ to simple patt]ns ( conc5tric circles1 v]tical & horizontal1 mae&] crosses1 loz5ges & triangles4 ,fig4 #ge1 f ,curium1 is a typical specim5 ( ! m elaborate types1 & ano!r is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,! =ms are at fir/ v v>i$1 b gradually cry/allise into "s half-doz5 ma9 types3 di%es1 b[ls on /ems1 leky?i ) "o or two h&les1 jugs ) globul> bodies1 & l>ge amphorae ) v]tical side-h&les4 ,( ^! ! jug is by f> ! commone/4 ,among ! peculi> =ms 9 ! e>li] tombs 7eigh? to six? c5turies7 may be m5tion$ aski 9 ! =m ( birds or ox5 7! latt] a ,myc5aean survival71 & a k9d ( flask ) b>rel-%ap$ body1 on :i* ! decoration ( conc5tric circles1 etc41 does n foll[ ! usual horizontal sy/em ( classical pott]y1 b is dispos$ v]tically1 9 contradiction to all arti/ic feel+ 7see ,plate ,,xiii474 ,! circles are (t5 v f9e & close1 & 7 produc$ by hold+ a bru% full ( pa9t close to ! surface ( ! vase z x 0 turn$ on ! :eel4 ,! draw+ ( ! circles 9 diff]5t planes1 )\t reg>d to ! l9es ( ! vase1 0 easily effect$ by plac+ x 9 diff]5t positions4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ,hell5ic importations ! pr9cipal =m is ! jug ) ovoid body & modell$ sp\t1 & flat di%es are also common4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unpa9t$ pott]y is almo/ z common z pa9t$ 9 ! ,graeco-,pho5ician p]iod1 & calls = a few words ( sep>ate treatm5t4 ,= ! mo/ "p x comes "u ! head+ ( ,dome/ic ,w>e1 or e>!nw>e vessels simil> to ^? 9 ord9>y use at ! pres5t day4 ,!y are made ( pla91 unref9$1 usually r$di%1 clay1 )\t any slip or poli%1 & include v>i\s =ms ( jugs1 b[ls1 & plates1 z well z ! l>ge w9e-amphorae ) po9t$ bases univ]sally f\nd at all p]iods4 ,_m lamps & small 8cup-&-sauc]0 d\ble b[ls occur 9 ?is category4 ,9 ! e>li] tombs ( ! ,transitional p]iod1 pott]y ( a black-slip w>e1 ) re$$ body1 is frequ5tly f\nd1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( jugs & krat]s4 ,pla9 black w>es1 l ! ,italian buc*]o1 are also r>ely f\nd2 z are vessels cov]$ ) a f9e r$ slip & poli%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 mo/ ( ! pa9t$ pott]y ( ! ,graeco-,pho5ician p]iod1 especially 9 its e>li] phases1 ! te*nical me?ods are ^? :i* we h already describ$ 9 speak+ n only ( ! 8sub-,myc5aean0 or ,transitional fabrics1 b also ( ! pa9t$ :ite w>e ( ! ,bronze-,age tombs4 ,t is to say1 t ! decoration is 9 dull col\r on a lu/reless & 7usually7 unpoli%$ :ite or drab gr\nd4 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 is usually n r$1 z 9 ! e>li] /ages1 b black1 r$ be+ us$ *iefly z an accessory or = pick$-out details4 ,! latt] v>ies f a pale brick-r$ to deep purple4 ,! sy/em ( decoration is (t5 extremely elaborate1 al?\gh ! range ( subjects is limit$4 ,ap>t f geometrical or conv5tional patt]ns1 su* z ! /ylis$ palmette1 lotos-fl[]1 />s1 or trees1 we only f9d wat]-f[l1 fi%1 a few quadrup$s su* z bulls or de]1#hef & f9ally human figures4 ,b ! la/ are exce$+ly r>e1 & conf9$ to ! :ite w>es1 ! be/ example be+ p]haps ! v ,ori5tal design ( two w>riors driv+ 9 a *>iot1#heg or ! wor%ipp]s r5d]+ homage to seat$ deities on ! f9e vase f ,ormidhia 7,fig4 #gf74heh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xiii ,illu/ration3 ,,cypriote ,,pott]y3 ,,graeco-,,pho5ician ,,p]iod 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,! sy/em ( geometrical decoration on "s ( ! e>li] vases1 especially ! l>ge j>s1 is (t5 extremely elaborate1 cov]+ e available in* ( ! surface#hei2 ! patt]ns consi/ ( rosettes1 panels ( loz5ge-patt]n or *equ]s1 triangles ( hat*$ l9es1 dott$ circles1 etc41 all comb9$ 9 p>allel b&s or friezes1 mu* 9 ! same way z on ! ,dipylon w>es4 ,! disappe>ance ( ?is elaborate /yle1 toge!r ) human figures & figures ( animals1 is p]haps to be acc\nt$ = by ! importations ( ,hell5ic w>es :i* began 9 ! six? c5tury1 & relegat$ ! local fabrics to a subord9ate position1 j z 9 ,greece ! e>ly ,geometrical fabrics 7 obscur$ by ! ,myc5aean pott]y 7see bel[1 p4 #bgi74 ,"s int]e/+ specim5s1 =m+ a late survival ( ^! e>li] ,geometrical w>es1 7 f\nd at ,ama?us 9 #ahid4hfj ,!y include "o :i* has a p>allel 9 a vase f\nd at ,phocaea by ,pr(4 ,ramsay1#hfa & orig9ally ?\ght to be ,ionic 9 orig92 ! decoration consi/s ( a head ( ,ha?or ! ,egyptian goddess 9 a panel1 ) debas$ geometrical patt]ns4 ,!re c be no d\bt n[ t ! fabric is ,cypriote1 probably ( ! fif? c5tury1 & n )\t traces ( ,ionic influ5ce4 ,ano!r %[s a rem>kable developm5t 9 ! direction ( naturalism1 & ! subject is unique 9 ,cypriote pott]y3 m5 banquet+ "u a palm-tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,cypriote ,,vase ,,f ,,ormidhia4 ,^! probably date f ! fif? c5tury1 ! p]iod :i* seems to be repres5t$ by ! lat] ,geometrical r$ w>es ) conc5tric circles1 n[ sl[ly dy+ out "u ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ic importations1 & exce$+ly r>e 9 tombs :]e ,greek vases are f\nd4 ,at ! same "t a great trans=mation comes ov] ! cont5ts ( ! tombs1 :i* !mselves beg9 to increase 9 size1 ) a %ort] 1 to :i* a flight ( /eps leads d[n4 ,o!r tombs--& ?is is (t5 ! case :]e ,greek importations are f\nd1 z at ,curium--are m]ely 9 ! =m ( ramify+ passages cut 9 ! e>?1 )\t any /ructural rema9s4 ,six? c5tury & e>li] ,greek fabrics1 su* z ! ,geometrical1 ,cor9?ian1 or ,ionian w>es1 are v r>e2 b ! import$ ,dipylon vase f\nd by ,g5]al ,cesnola at ,curium#hfb is a notable in/ance4 ,black-figur$ vases :5 f\nd are almo/ inv>iably ( a late & c>eless type1 *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ ef=ts ( t /yle 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable exception 9 ! case ( a small class ( jugs1 :i* are 9 %ape an exact imitation ( ! globul> ,cypriote jugs ) conc5tric-circle decoration#hfc2 ! long n>r[ neck & trefoil m\?1 ) its incis$ eyes1 are reta9$1 b ! decoration is purely ,attic1 9 ! /yle ( ,b4,f4 vases ( #ebj-ejj ,b4,c4 ,^! are f\nd at ,poli & ,ama?us1 & appe> to h be5 made specially at ,a!ns = importation to ,cyprus4 ,poli 7,m>ion7 0 = "s reason a great c5tre = ,a!nian imports 9 g5]al1 & has yield$ _m f9e specim5s ( ,hell5ic pott]y 7see p4 #fg74 ,r$-figur$ vases sign$ by ,*a*rylion1 ,h]maios1 etc41 h be5 f\nd "h1#hfd & at ,curium a f9e ,r4,f4 krat] ) ! "n ( ,megakles 77#hfe2 also "s f9e :ite-gr\nd specim5s at ,poli4#hff ,by ! f\r? c5tury1 if n e>li]1 ! ,geometrical & ,hell5ic vases are almo/ entirely replac$ by a new class ( w>es1 :i* may be t]m$ 8,graeco-,cypriote10 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,graeco-,pho5ician4 ,! same r$ clay1 cov]$ ) a m or less poli%$ r$ slip1 /ill obta9s1 b ! pa9t$ decoration is conf9$ to olive-wrea?s 9 br[n or pla9 b&s ( col\r4 ,we also witness ! revival ( an old practice1 9 a p>tial return to ! ta/e = pla/ic decoration on vases4 ,9 _m ( ! f\r?-c5tury tombs are f\nd l>ge pit*]s1 ) a sp\t modell$ 9 ! =m ( a woman hold+ a jug1 out ( :i* ! liquid 0 int5d$ to p\r 7,plate ,,xiii474#hfg ,^! are sometimes ri*ly decorat$ 9 poly*rome1 r$1 blue1 gre51 black1 p9k1 & :ite2 b ! col\r+ is apt to flake (f & disappe>4 ,! import$ w>es ( ! f\r? c5tury are conf9$ to pla9 cups & b[ls ( glaz$ black w>e ) /amp$ patt]ns1 su* z are (t5 f\nd 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod 7#cjj-adf ,b4,c47 pa9t$ vases are practically unkn[n1 ?\gh a few r>e specim5s h turn$ up at ,curium#hfh2 & x is n long be=e !y are entirely replac$ by ! glass vessels & common w9e-amphorae ( ! l>ge & elaborate ,roman tombs4 #b4 ,,primitive ,,pott]y ,,9 ,,greece ,,bibliography ,,troy3 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios2 ,drpfeld1 ,troja #ahic1 & ,troja und ,ilion 7#aijb71 i4 p4 #bdc ff42 ,dumont-,potti]1 ,cramiques1 i4 p4 #c ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #gd ff4 ,,!ra3 ,f\qu1 ,santor92 ,dumont-,potti]1 ,cramiques1 i4 p4 #ai ff42 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vi4 p4 #ace ff42 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 #ah2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #aai ff42 ,hill] von ,ga]tr+51 ,!ra1 vol4 ii4 7#aijc71 p4 #abg ff42 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xxviii4 7#aijc71 p4 #a ff4 ,,melos3 ,excavations ( ,briti% ,s*ool at ,phylakopi 7,j4,h4,s4 ,suppl4 ,vol4 iv4 #aijd74 ,see also ,dmml] 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xi4 7#ahhf71 p4 #ae ff4 ,! e>lie/ rema9s ( pott]y on ,hell5ic soil are to be s\ght *iefly 9 ! ,cyclades & on ! site ( anci5t ,troy4 ,we h already _h occasion to allude to ! latt] 9 speak+ ( ! e>lie/ ,cypriote fabrics1 & x is !re=e fitt+ t we %\ld n[ give x our fir/ att5tion4 ,! site ( ,troy1 n[ kn[n z ,hiss>lik1 01 z is well kn[n1 fir/ explor$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann 9 8 laudable endeav\rs to prove ! tru? ( ! e>ly ,greek leg5ds ( ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,al?\gh d\btless !re are visible l9ks betwe5 ! ,hom]ic poems & ! discov]ies at ,hiss>lik1 & al?\gh x is n necess>y to d5y all cr$5ce to ! hi/orical tru? ( ! 8,bible ( ! ,greeks10 yet x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t ,dr4 ,s*liemann's p>donable en?usiasm sometimes l$ him to ha/y conclusions4 ,= in/ance1 ,dr4 ,drpfeld 9 8 m rec5t inve/igations prov$ t if any rema9s are to be connect$ ) ! tale ( ,troy1 x is ^? ( ! six?1 n ( ! second or burnt city4#hfi ,n9e lay]s 9 all h be5 trac$1 ( :i* ! five l[e/ may be t]m$ prehi/oric1 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? be+ m]e villages on ! ru9s ( ! fir/ two4 ,9 ! l[e/ & e>lie/ ( all1 :i* may be r\ghly dat$ #cjjj-bejj ,b4,c41 fl9t implem5ts 7 f\nd1 toge!r ) rude black pott]y3 h&-made ut5sils bak$ 9 ! op51 ) r+s = susp5sion 9 place ( h&les4 ,! second city belongs to ! p]iod #bejj-bjjj ,b4,c41 & x is ?is :i* has yield$ pott]y analog\s to ! e>lie/ examples f ,cyprus 7p4 #bch74 ,x is ( ! same r\gh h&-poli%$ black w>e1 ) decoration ei!r ( a pla/ic "* or engrav$ 9 ! clay :ile wet & fill$ 9 ) :ite pa9t4 ,ap>t f ?is !re are no traces ( pa9t$ decoration1 or ( any slip2 b ! col\r ( ! surface v>ies ) ! fir+4 ,! patt]ns consi/ ( zigzags1 circles1 & o!r rudim5t>y geometrical ornam5ts4 ,a few :eel-made specim5s 7 f\nd1 b ! majority are made by h&4 ,:at arti/ic s5se 0 ev9c$ by ^! primitive pott]s 0 %[n exclusively 9 ! =ms1 & 9 ! t5d5cy :i* is especially conspicu\s 9 primitive times1 ?\gh x l+]$ on ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ,greek art1 & aga9 broke out 9 ! p]iod ( ! decad5ce1 to comb9e ! c]amic & ! pla/ic idea1 & to give to ! vase ! rude resemblance ( ! human =m4#hgj ,t ?is 0 no f>-fet*$ idea is %[n by ! univ]sal nom5clature :i* p]mits u to speak ( ! m\?1 neck1 %\ld]1 body1 & foot ( a vase--a pr9ciple :i* has be5 ext5d$ by g5]al cons5t to c\ntless inanimate objects4 ,?us we f9d ! ,hiss>lik pott] incis+ eyes on ! upp] "p ( ! vase1 or affix+ lumps ( clay to give a rude sugge/ion ( e>s1 nose or brea/s1 or b&s to d5ote necklaces4 ,! h&les (t5 seem int5d$ = rudim5t>y arms1 & we are tempt$ to see 9 ! hat-%ap$ cov]s ( ! vases ! idea ( a head-cov]+4 ,s*liemann ev5 w5t s f> z to reg>d !m z actual idols1 & 0 l$ by ! sup]ficial resemblance ( "s to ! =m ( an owl into id5tify+ !m ) figures ( ! 8owl-ey$0 77 ,pallas ,a!na 7cf4 ,fig4 #gg74 ,b ?is int]pretation has n f\nd fav\r = _m reasons1 & ! accid5tal comb9ation ( =ms is obvi\sly only an arti/ic phase4 ,!re are also _m simil> %apes1 su* z pla9 j>s & jugs1 & deep funnel-%ap$ cups ) two graceful h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 8,,owl-,,vase0 ,,f ,,troy4 ,m4 ,dumont#hga classifies ! fabrics z foll[s3 7#a7 ord9>y vessels1 plates1 etc42 7#b7 l>ge j>s or amphorae2 7#c7 primitive krat]s1 deep cups1 etc42 7#d7 sph]ical vases ) base-r+ 8 & long neck#hgb2 7#e7 long two-h&l$ cups2 7#f7 vases reproduc+ ! human =m2 7#g7 vases 9 ! =m ( pigs & o!r animals2 7#h7 exceptional =ms1 su* z d\ble vases2 7#i7 vases ) incis$ patt]ns1 on "o ( :i* a ,sph9x is engrav$4 ,figs4 #gh-hj give examples ( classes 7#e71 7#g71 & 7#h72 ,fig4 #gg a specim5 ( class 7#f74hgc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,funnel-,,vase ,,f ,,troy4 ,! ,hiss>lik pott]y may be reg>d$ z a local developm5t1 p>tly p>allel ) t ( ,cyprus1#hgd p>tly d]ivative !refrom2 ( ,ori5tal influ5ce !re are no traces1 b ! connection ) ,!ra & ,cyprus is indisputable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,vase ,,9 ,,=m ,,( ,,pig1 ,,f ,,troy4 ,pass+ ov] ! unimportant traces ( ! ?ree succe$+ settlem5ts1 we f9d 9 ! six? city a great advance4 ,! pla/ic =ms disappe>1 & g5]ally speak+ ! %apes become m classical4 ,besides pla9 pott]y ) matt-black poli%$ surface we meet ) pa9t$ vases ) curvil9e> & vegetable patt]ns4 ,! rema9s ( g5u9e ,myc5aean pott]y1 ! =tifications & build+s1 ) great halls 9 ! /yle ( ,myc5ae & ,tiryns1 be> out ,dr4 ,drpfeld's cont5tion t ?is is ! ,troy ( ,hom]4 ,two po9ts among ! pott]y f9ds ( ?is p]iod are wor? not+2 fir/ly t !y includ$ a fragm5t ( ,cypriote 8:ite-slip0 w>e1 secondly t ,geometrical patt]ns m+le ) ! ,myc5aean 9 ! upp] lay]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,vase ,,) ,,two ,,necks 7,,troy74 ,! ?ree rema9+ lay]s cov] respectively ! ar*aic p]iod1 ! develop$ ,hell5ic & ,hell5i/ic p]iods1 & ! age 9 :i* ! city ( ,ilium 0 ref\nd$ by ! ,romans4 ,dr4 ,drpfeld f\nd "s int]e/+ local fabrics dat+ f ! fif? c5tury1 examples ( :i* _h previ\sly be5 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,calv]t = ! ,briti% ,museum4#hge 99 99 99 99 99 ,( almo/ equal antiquity ) ! rema9s at ,hiss>lik is "s ( ! pott]y discov]$ 9 ! ,cyclades1 & especially at ,!ra4 ,"h1 inde$1 we meet ) ! e>lie/ kn[n examples ( ,greek pa9t$ pott]y 7,crete except$71 & t1 z we %all see1 ( a rem>kably develop$ type4 ,! isl& ( ,!ra may be describ$ z a sort ( prehi/oric ,pompeii buri$ "u volcanic deposits1 :i* h completely trans=m$ ! configuration ( ! isl&4 ,! results ( prelim9>y excavations by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahff %[$ t ! cataclysm :i* ov]:elm$ ! isl& mu/ 7on geological gr\nds7 h tak5 place ab\t ! tw5tie? c5tury ,b4,c41 & t ! rema9s ( pott]y mu/ be ant]ior to ?is ev5t4#hgf ,h]odotos#hgg /ates t ,kadmos f\nd$ a settlem5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! ,m9yae aga9 ab\t ! twelf?1 & ! isl& mu/ h be5 un9habitable = a long "t previ\sly4 ,! h\ses & o!r rema9s ( civilisation discov]$ bel[ ! volcanic deposits %[ an advance on ,hiss>lik 7second city7 & ! e>lie/ ,cypriote culture1 & ! pott]y is no exception4 ,! vases are :eel-made1 fir$ at a mod]ate heat 9 clos$ furnaces 7sometimes bak$ 9 ! sun71 & pla/ic =ms are almo/ want+4#hgh ,_m are pi]c$ ) holes 9 ! bottom1 = :at purpose is n kn[n4 ,!y 7 (t5 f\nd 9 situ1 mix$ ) /one implem5ts1 & ) evid5ce ( hav+ conta9$ gra94 ,! =ms are v regul>1 a cyl9drical %ape be+ specially affect$1 & !y are made ( a badly levigat$ clay1 cov]$ ) a greyi% slip1 on :i* ! patt]ns are laid 9 matt col\rs--:ite1 black1 or r$--)\t any incis$ m>k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,vases ,,f ,,!ra4 ,m4 ,dumont di/+ui%es f\r v>ieties ( ornam5t3 simple patt]ns1 su* z b&s1 hat*+s1 & dots2 volutes1 wave-patt]ns1 & int]sect+ circles2 vegetable motives1 su* z long n>r[ leaves or fl[]s2 & animals1 includ+ de]1 & ducks or swans4 ,g5]ally !re is a /rong pr$ilection = vegetable motives1 & 9 ?is naturali/ic t5d5cy we may see ! prelude to ! ,myc5aean p]iod4 ,among ^? n[ at ! ,fr5* ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 :i* has ! be/ collection1 are sev]al int]e/+ examples illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ha4hgi ,"o is a trefoil-m\!d jug ) runn+ quadrup$s 9 black1 & r$ b&s1 on a grey gr\nd2 ano!r jug is pa9t$ ) birds 9 black1 ! details 9 r$ & :ite4 ,a sort ( cream-jug is decorat$ ) wat]-plant patt]ns2 a cyl9drical j> ) oblique wrea?s2 & a di% ) seawe$4 ,a funnel-%ap$ vase & a beak-m\!d jug are obvi\s prototypes ( ,myc5aean =ms4 ,! *ief diff]5ces f ! ,hiss>lik vases are 9 ! =ms & me?ods ( decoration1 b resemblances may be not$ 9 ! long n>r[ necks1 & ! r+s = susp5sion1 z 9 ! pla/ic =ms :5 !y d occur4 ,t ! fabric is a local "o h>dly admits ( d\bt1 b x is int]e/+ to note ! occurr5ce ( a b[l ( :ite-slip w>e f ,cyprus 9 ,!ra1#hhj & conv]sely ! appe>ance ( a vase ( ,!ra fabric at ,myc5ae4#hha ,?us we h evid5ce ( ext5sive comm]cial relations4 ,"s tombs ( ! ,hell5ic p]iod seem to h be5 dug "r d[n into ! volcanic deposit1 = !y conta9$ pott]y ) ,geometrical decoration4#hhb ,! discov]y ( primitive /one idols 9 ,!ra %[s t x belong$ to ! ,cycladic civilisation1 :i* ext5d$ f #bejj to #afjj ,b4,c41 fill+ up ! gap betwe5 ,hiss>lik & ,myc5ae4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! ,cycladic peoples 7 ,c>ians1#hhc subsequ5tly driv5 to ! ,asiatic ma9l& by ,m9os1 :o typifies ! ris+ p[] ( ,crete & ! ,myc5aean _w4#hhd ,?is ,cycladic civilisation is also exemplifi$ 9 ! e>lie/ f9ds f o!r isl&s1 su* z ,amorgos1 ,syra1 ,p>os1 & ,antip>os1 & 9 o!r in/ances not$ e>ly 9 ! c5tury by ! obs]vant travell] ,ross4#hhe ,! pott]y f ^! sites is1 h[ev]1 less advanc$ ?an t ( ,!ra1 b v>ies 9 "*4 ,pa9t$ patt]ns 7 f\nd on vases f ,amorgos & ,syra1 ! latt] 9 ! =m ( br[n foliage on yell[ gr\nd4 ,x w\ld n be "r to conclude ?is section )\t "s notice ( ! rem>kably int]e/+ pott]y excavat$ at ,phylakopi 9 ,melos by ! ,briti% ,s*ool 9 #ahif-ii1 :i* is important z =m+ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,cycladic w>es & ! fully-develop$ ,myc5aean /yle4 ,space =bids m ?an a brief ab/ract ( ! results obta9$1 :i* h j be5 giv5 to ! _w 9 an admirable publication4#hhf ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,edg>1 to :om ! task ( /udy+ ! pott]y 0 allott$1 di/+ui%es f\r ma9 gr\ps3 #a4 7a7 ,primitive pott]y ( ! ci/-tomb type1 correspond+ to t ( ,hiss>lik2 7b7 m advanc$ w>e ( ! same k9d4 #b4 ,pa9t$ ,geometrical w>es4 #c4 ,local pott]y 9 ,myc5aean /yle ) spiral & naturali/ic designs1 fall+ into two divisions1 e>li] & lat]4 #d4 ,import$ ,myc5aean pott]y ( ! ?ird & f\r? /yles 7see bel[1 p4 #bga74 ,g5]ally speak+ ! pott]y is ( local make1 & ,phylakopi seems to h be5 an important c5tre 9 ! e>ly ,myc5aean p]iod1 hav+ consid]able int]c\rse ) ,crete4 ,! e>lie/ w>es 7class #a7 include pla9 pott]y1 h&-made1 ) burni%$ br[n surface or simple incis$ patt]ns2 ^? ( class #b are pa9t$ 9 lu/r\s or matt black on a :ite slip1 or 9 :ite on lu/r\s black or r$1 ) simple patt]ns2 !y appe> to be h&-made4 ,! ,myc5aean pott]y is m or less ak9 to t f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,aegean4 #c4 ,crete ,,bibliography ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #fd 7f9ds 9 #ahgh at ,knossos72 ,mil*hoef]1 ,anfnge d] ,kun/2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 #bb2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #agc2 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 p4 #ccc ff42 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 p4 #gh ff41 xxiii4 p4 #aeg ff42 ,briti% ,s*ool ,annual1 vi4 p4 #he ff41 vii4 p4 #ea1 & ix4 p4 #big ff42 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 xv4 7#ahid71 p4 #cea ff4 ,9 turn+ our att5tion next to ! isl& ( ,crete1 we are confront$ ) a new elem5t 9 ,greek ar*aeology2 namely1 ! results ( ! rec5t discov]ies1 :i* z yet h h>dly become mat]ial ripe = use 9 a g5]al h&book4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! s+ul> importance des]ves full recognition4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be borne 9 m9d t mu* 9 ! succe$+ section is m]ely ! embodim5t ( previ\s rese>*es1 & t ! new evid5ce c only be briefly summ>is$4 ,allusion has j be5 made to ! ?alassocracy ( ,m9os & its be>+ on ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,greek civilisations1 & ! rec5t discov]ies h done mu* to %[ t ! pr9ce :o built ! great palace at ,knossos 9 ! e>ly days ( ,myc5aean civilisation1 if he is n actually ! ,m9os ( ,greek leg5d1 yet repres5ts ! ris+ p[] :i* ext5d$ its dom9ion ov] ! ,aegean & drove ! ,c>ian p to ! ma9l&4 ,?is supremacy ( ,crete f ! fifte5? to ! elev5? c5tury 0 arti/ic z well z political4 ,! ,crete ( ,m9os 01 moreov]1 ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! ,aegean peoples & ! ,ori5tal races2 & 9 ! /ory ( ! ,m9otaur we may p]haps see a reflection ( ! human sacrifices (f]$ to ! ,pho5ician ,molo* or ,melk>?4 ,! famili> passage 9 ,hom]#hhg :i* deals ) ! e?nography ( ,crete speaks ( f\r compon5t elem5ts1 :i* may be expla9$ z 7#a7 ! ,eteokretes1 or aborig9es ( ! isl&1 to :om ! e>ly civilisation exemplifi$ 9 _! c]amic & glyptic products is ma9ly due2 7#b7 ! ,kydonii or ,leleges1 br\ght by ,m9os f ! isl&s#hhh2 7#c7 ! ,a*aeans or ma9l& ,greeks ( ! p]iod ( ! ,trojan ,w>2 7#d7 ! ,dorians1 ^: connection ) ! isl& dates f ! elev5? c5tury onw>ds4 ,ev5 be=e ! rec5t excavations pott]y _h be5 f\nd 9 ,crete :i* dat$ f ! dawn ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 & f ! isl&'s e>ly connection ) ,egypt 0 ?\ght to be contemporane\s ) t ( ,hiss>lik & ,!ra4 ,f ! circum/ances ( its fir/ appe>ance 9 any quantity at ,kam>aes1 9 ! pla9 ( ,ida1 x has usually be5 nam$ aft] t place4 ,dr4 ,orsi discov]$ two fragm5ts ( ,hiss>lik type at ,phae/os1#hhi also a vase ( isl& type1 "o ( ,!ra type1#hij & "s e>ly ,cypriote w>es4#hia ,l>ge numb]s ( fragm5ts ( ?is w>e 9 ! ,museum at ,c&ia 7 fir/ not$ by ,dr4 ,orsi & ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,myres ab\t #ahid4hib ,! ext5sive discov]ies made by ,messrs4 ,hog>? & ,wel* = ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns 9 #ahii-aijj 7see p4 #fj7 h add$ /ill fur!r to our k ( ! w>e2 & ^!1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans's ext5sive f9ds at ,knossos 7#ahii-aijb71 h enabl$ a rec5t writ] to draw up a t5tative classification ( all ! prehi/oric pott]y ( ,crete4#hic ,9 8 pap] ,mr4 ,mack5zie divides ! pott]y into ?ree ma9 classes1 :i* he di/+ui%es z ,neoli?ic1 ,e>ly & ,middle ,m9oan1 & ,late ,m9oan4 ,! fir/-nam$ ext5ds d[n to ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c42 ! second cov]s ! p]iod #cjjj-bjjj ,b4,c42 & ! ?ird 7includ+ ,myc5aean pott]y ( ! usual types7 la/s d[n to #aejj ,b4,c41 ab\t :i* "t ! ,cretan supremacy came to an end1 & ! ,myc5aean c5tre ( gravity 0 %ift$ to ! ma9l& ( ,greece4 7#a7 ,pott]y ( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod is q exceptional 9 ,aegean localities2 yet ! evid5ce f ! excavations is s unmi/akable t !re c be no "q ( its great antiquity4 ,x consi/s ( common h\sehold vessels ( grey clay1 h&-made & burni%$2 at fir/ devoid ( decoration1 b subsequ5tly fragm5ts appe> ) incis$ patt]ns fill$ 9 ) :ite4 ,^!1 x may be not$1 may help to date ! analog\s w>es f ,troy & ,egypt4 ,! black surface becomes m & m lu/r\s1 & 9 "s cases a sort ( rippl+ effect is produc$ 9 ! s(t clay ) a blunt in/rum5t#hid2 f9ally an age ( decl9e manife/s itself1 b at ! same "t an advance is made f fill+ 9 holl[s ) :ite to pa9t+ 9 col\rs on ! flat surface4 7#b7 ,! pott]y 9 ?is /age is /ill h&-made2 b ! clay1 :i* is ( a brick or t]racotta col\r1 is greatly improv$1 & %[s t a pott]'s ov5 mu/ h be5 employ$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature is t1 along ) ! :ite or poly*rome patt]ns on d>k gr\nd1 ! orig9 ( :i* has be5 not$1 !re appe> vases ) patt]ns 9 lu/r\s d>k col\r on buff gr\nd1 l ! ,myc5aean w>es4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 suppos$ t ! latt] process 0 mu* lat] ?an ! o!r#hie2 b ! ,cretan evid5ce admits ( no d\bt z to _! syn*ronism1 ev5 at ?is e>ly /age ( pa9t$ pott]y 9 any =m4 ,! pre-,myc5aean "* ( ! ,e>ly ,m9oan deposits is1 = in/ance1 prov$ by ! entire abs5ce ( pla9 pott]y ( ,myc5aean types4 ,x is !n cle> t ,crete develop$ bo? indep5d5tly (1 & ) f> great] rapidity ?an1 ! re/ ( ! ,aegean at ?is p]iod4 ,! pa9t$ patt]ns are usually ( a ,geometrical "*4#hif ,! middle deposits ( ! ?ird mill5nium1 f\nd above ! floors ( ! fir/ palace1 are1 l ! prec$+1 bo? poly*rome & mono*rome 9 _! decoration4 ,! =m] include mo/ ( ! types =m]ly kn[n z ,kam>aes w>e1 ! patt]ns be+ ma9ly b n exclusively ,geometrical2 ! curvil9e> are r lat] 9 date4 ,! commone/ %ape is "o resembl+ a tea-cup4#hig ,9 ! next /age relief-"w is introduc$ to enhance ! poly*rome effect1 probably 9 imitation ( metal4 ,9 ! late/ deposits a great decl9e is manife/1 & ! mono*rome vases t5d to ass]t !mselves to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,t ! p]iod "u discussion mu/ h be5 "o ( great l5g? is %[n by ! dep? ( ! 8,m9oan0 deposits2 !y are1 moreov]1 s ext5sive at ,knossos1 & s scanty & isolat$ are examples f o!r sites1 t x _c be d\bt$ t "h we h ! c5tre ( ! fabric4 ,z reg>ds _! date we h good evid5ce f e>ly ,aegean deposits 9 ,egypt4 ,by means ( ,pr(essor ,petrie's f9ds at ,kahun 9 ! ,faym1 :i* include specim5s ( ! be/ ,m9oan w>e1#hih we are able to place ! height ( ! p]iod ab\t #bejj ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xiv ,illu/ration3 ,f ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 ix4 ,,/& ,,= ,,vase2 ,,kam>aes ,,w>e4 ,,f ,,palaioka/ro1 ,,crete4 ------------------------------------ ,! appe>ance ( ! s-call$ ,kam>aes w>e is unmi/akable1 ) its bright1 almo/ gay1 aspect1 & ! contra/ ( ! col\rs ) ! lu/r\s black gr\nd4 ,! pigm5ts employ$ are f\r 9 numb]--milky :ite1 yell[ o*re1 brick-r$1 & purple-r$4 ,^! vases are mo/ly made on ! :eel1 & ! buff-col\r$ clay is fairly well levigat$1 z is ! slip1 on :i* ! pigm5ts are directly laid2 its lu/re (t5 almo/ rivals t ( ! be/ ,hell5ic pott]y4 ,mr4 ,evans f\nd "s specim5s 9 #aijb ( an extremely delicate "*1 almo/ z ?9 z an egg-%ell4 ,! col\rs are1 h[ev]1 sometimes dull & p[d]y1 & apt to flake away except :5 fir$4 ,! =ms are ( a ,cycladic type1 ! fav\rite be+ a two-h&l$ globul> vase ) sp\t1 & a pe>-%ap$ "o-h&l$ vase1 also ) a sp\t#hii 7see also ,plate ,,xiv4#ijj74 ,! decoration is1 z has be5 indicat$1 pla/ic z well z pictorial2 ! relief ornam5ts are (t5 ( an elaborate type1 z may be se5 9 "s ( ,mr4 ,hog>?'s f9ds4#ija ,"s vases are m]ely cov]$ ) knobs1 or ) a sort ( honeycomb+ 9 relief#ijb2 9 o!rs too!d or boss$ b&s are employ$1 ei!r simply or comb9$ into complex patt]ns4 ,9 any case ?is pla/ic elem5t is q a new dep>ture4 ,! pictorial designs include geometrical & l9e> patt]ns1 zigzags1 network1 conc5tric circles1 spirals1 & swa/ikas2 leaves1 rosettes1 & o!r vegetable =ms2 fi%es1 & ev5 9 "o case a human figure4#ijc ,! *ief field ( decoration is ! %\ld] ( ! vase4 ,al?\gh v>y+ 9 ! ext5t ( _! naturalism1 ! patt]ns exhibit consid]able boldness & p[] ( draw+2 !y seem to be drawn *iefly f floral or textile s\rces1 & are closely p>allel to ! ,!ra vases1 b m advanc$4 ,"s motives are ( ,myc5aean "*1 su* z ! use ( r[s ( :ite dots#ijd2 on ! o!r h&1 ! /yle ( ! fi%es & human figure is m l t ( ! ,geometrical vases4 ,mr4 ,hog>? notes t metal types ( ,kam>aes cups appe> 9 ! h&s ( ,kefti tribut>ies 9 ! pa9t+s ( ! tomb ( ,rekhm>a 7ab\t #aeej ,b4,c471 & he ev5 f\nd _! ,neoli?ic prototypes at ,kephala1 ne> ,knossos4#ije ,he also traces a connection ) ! e>ly ,aegean pott]y ( ,phylakopi 9 ,melos4 ,! ,kam>aes pott]y c be %[n n to h surviv$ ! incom+ ( ! new ,myc5aean influ5ces1 b ! patt]ns rapidly became conv5tionalis$1 & are replac$ by ! new motives ( ! ,myc5aean w>es4 ,x may fur!r be not$ t fragm5ts ( ,kam>aes w>e h turn$ up n only 9 ,egypt1 z at ,kahun 7already m5tion$71 b at ,tiryns1 9 ! fif? & six? ,acropolis graves at ,myc5ae1 & at ,curium 9 ,cyprus4 7#c7 ,! pott]y ( ! 8,late ,m9oan0 p]iod f ! palace ( ,knossos falls into two gr\ps--! 8palace0 /yle1 & ! ord9>y ,myc5aean fabrics4 ,! =m] class ( vases has be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! second palace1 & also at ,zakro & o!r sites4 ,! vases are pa9t$ 9 a lu/r\s br[n-to-black glaze on a buff h&-poli%$ slip1 ) f9e & elaborate naturali/ic designs1 includ+ vegetable patt]ns1 birds1 & fi%es2 o!rs1 aga91 are m ar*itectonic 9 "*4#ijf ,we also f9d adaptations ( ! ,kam>aes /yle1 ) b&s ( :ite pa9t laid on ! black v>ni%1 ! usual =ms be+ a flat b[l & a small cup ) flat h&les l ! ,vaphio cups4#ijg ,9 _! decoration ! mo/ highly develop$ v>ieties ( ! 8palace0 /yle %[ a p>allelism ) ! wall-pa9t+s1 ! patt]ns consi/+ ( rosettes1 spirals1 & conv5tional fl[]s2 9 "s v naturali/ic examples ?is is /rongly m>k$1 ! designs ( olive & myrtle wrea?s & bulb\s plants %[+ an almo/ ,japanese fidelity to nature4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h m>9e subjects--seawe$1 %ells1 & rocks4 ,la/ly1 !re are ! repres5tations ( ! d\ble axe1 :i* ,mr4 ,evans has %[n to be a religi\s symbol4#ijh ,! :ole ( ?is pott]y belongs to ! ?ird or highe/ p]iod ( ,myc5aean pott]y1 a "t :5 decad5ce 0 actually beg9n+ to set 91 concurr5t ) ! end ( ! eighte5? dyna/y4 ,at ?is "t all ov] ! ,aegean area1 9 ,melos1 ,egypt1 & else:]e1 ! /yles ( pott]y 7 p]fectly uni=m1 & _h cle>ly be5 import$ f "o c5tre4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t discov]ies we c no long] d\bt t ?is c5tre 0 ,crete1 & ! previ\s hi/ory ( its pott]y & ! e>ly developm5t ( its te*nical processes1 z well z its geographical position1 po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aejj ,b4,c4 ! site appe>s to h be5 invad$ & ab&on$1 ) ! consequ5t result t ,myc5aean civilisation n[ spread all ov] ! ,aegean1 c5tr+ *iefly 9 ,greece1 :]e x la/$ sev]al c5turies long]4 ,( its influ5ce on ,cyprus we h already spok54 ,myc5aean vases _h turn$ up 9 ,crete = "s "t previ\s to #ahii 9 a sporadic fa%ion#iji2 b ^!1 be+ = ! mo/ "p ( ! ord9>y type1 d n call = sep>ate consid]ation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o class t appe>s to be peculi> to ! isl&4 ,x consi/s ( l>ge 8false amphorae0 & o!r vases1 made ( a r\gh co>se-gra9$ clay1 & decorat$ 9 ! 8?ird ,myc5aean0 /yle ) l>ge cuttle-fi%2 at ,knossos ?is 0 f\nd only outside ! palace1 & 0 probably a co>se h\sehold w>e4 ,a good specim5 has also be5 f\nd at ,curium 9 ,cyprus4#iaj #d4 ,,myc5aean ,,pott]y ,,bibliography ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk5is*e ,?ongefsse 7#ahgi71 & ,myk5is*e ,vas5 7#ahhf72 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #dg ff42 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vi4 p4 #hic ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #aha ff4 ,g5]al ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excavations 7transl4 ,e4 ,sell]s72 ,s*liemann's own works2 ,hall1 ,olde/ ,civilisation ( ,greece2 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 ,! ,myc5aean ,age2 & o!r works4 ,we h already _h occasion to deal to "s ext5t ) ,myc5aean pott]y 9 connection ) ,cyprus & ,crete1 b x is n[ necess>y to review x z a :ole 9 ! light ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ?is wond]ful civilisation & its products4 ,to ent] "h ^u ! wide & mu*-debat$ que/ions to :i* ! discov]ies ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s h giv5 rise is ( c\rse beyond our prov9ce2 b ! pott]y ( ! p to :om ! "n ,myc5aean has be5 some:at loosely giv5 is ( s homog5e\s a "*1 al?\gh f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t x may be treat$ z a phase ( ,greek c]amics1 indep5d5tly ( consid]ations ( e?nography & *ronology4 ,fir/ f\nd 9 any quantity at ,ialysos 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 its exact position 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly art 0 n !n recognis$2 b :5 ! m>vell\s discov]ies ( ,he9ri* ,s*liemann at ,myc5ae became kn[n to ! _w1 includ+ l>ge numb]s ( simil> vases1 ,sir ,*>les ,newton readily recognis$ t ! ,ialysos vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum belong$ to ! same class4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! :ole numb] ( vases ( ?is type1 n[ *ri/5$ ,myc5aean1 0 collect$ 9 a 8,corpus0 by two ,g]man s*ol>s1 ) num]\s illu/rations2 b s9ce t "t ! excavations ( 8,myc5aean0 sites 9 ,cyprus & ,crete mu/ h d\bl$ or ev5 trebl$ ! mat]ial available4 ,! pott]y at ,myc5ae 0 f\nd 9 f\r diff]5t positions1 imply+ consecutive *ronological /ages1 rang+ r\ghly f ! fifte5? to ! t5? or ev5 n9? c5tury4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke#iaa di/+ui%$ f\r ma9 classes2 b x w be se5 t ^! are capable ( ev5 m subdivision4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two ma9 classes1 di/+ui%$ by ! use ( matt & lu/r\s col\r respectively2 & ( ! fir/ ( ^! two1 ( ! second f\r1 subdivisions are possible4 ,class 7#a7 is inde$ comp>atively r>e1#iab & only f\nd at ,!ra & 9 ! olde/ tombs on ! ,myc5aean ,acropolis2 x repres5ts ! transition f ! pott]y ( ,troy & ,!ra to t ( ,myc5ae4 ,! subdivision is a purely te*nical "o3 7a7 vases ( pale co>se clay1 ) patt]ns 9 a br[n col\r1 "s h&-made#iac2 7b7 :eel-made vases ( a r$di% & f9] clay1 ! designs 9 black & pale r$1 occasionally :ite4#iad ,! decoration g5]ally resembles t ( ! ,!ra vases1 & animals occasionally appe>4 7#b7 ,! vases ) lu/r\s pa9t+ may be classifi$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,badly levigat$ clay2 floral motives 9 matt-:ite or r$-br[n on black gr\nd4#iae ,a f9e example ( ?is class 0 rec5tly excavat$ at ,m>oni 9 ,cyprus1 a l>ge krat] ) a figure ( a bird outl9$ 9 :ite on ei!r side 7,plate ,,xii474 7b7 ,simil> clay1 b coat$ ) a :ite or yell[ slip on :i* geometrical or floral patt]ns are pa9t$ 9 lu/r\s black4#iaf 7c7 ,f9e clay ) poli%$ yell[ surface2 designs 9 black turn+ to r$ or yell[1 ) occasional details 9 :ite2 *iefly m>9e plants & animals1 b occasionally 7especially 9 ,cyprus7 human figures4#iag ,?is class is by f> ! mo/ num]\s ( all1 b is n f\nd 9 ,!ra4 ,x corresponds ) ! p]iod #adjj-ajjj ,b4,c4 7d7 ,clay grey or r$di%1 less brilliant1 z is also ! black2 l>ge figures ( quadrup$s & human figures4#iah ,! vases are sometimes pa9t$ inside1 :i* is a sign ( late date4 ,! /ructure ( ^! vases is v v>i$1 & no less ?an #abb diff]5t =ms may be di/+ui%$ 9 ! illu/rations to ! ,myk5is*e ,vas54 ,mo/ *>act]i/ic & popul> is ! 8false amphora10 z x is g5]ally t]m$ 7,g]man1 ,bgelkanne71 a vase ) sph]oidal body1 ( v>y+ size1 ) ! peculi>ity t ! ord9>y neck & m\? on ! top are clos$ by a flat h&le ar*+ ov] ! vase1 & ! only ap]ture is a sp\t on "o side 7see ,plate ,,xv4 & ,fig4 #hb74 ,^! are v widely di/ribut$1 b _! decoration is z a rule v simple2 !y appe> depict$ on ! pa9t+s ( ,egyptian tombs ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 & ?is has (t5 be5 us$ z an argum5t = ! dat+ ( ,myc5aean vases4 ,b !y mu/ h rema9$ 9 fav\r = a consid]able p]iod4 ,o!r fav\rite %apes are3 a funnel-%ap$ vase ) h&le at ! top1 d\btless a rem9isc5ce ( a ,hiss>lik type 7p4 #beh72 a tall graceful two-h&l$ goblet or kylix1 almo/ inv>iably decorat$ ) cuttle-fi% 7see ,plate ,,xv471 z ! funnel-vases are ) murex 7purple dye7 %ells2 a beak$ jug 7,g]man ,s*nabelkanne71 d]iv$ f ,!ra2 a squat j> or pyxis1 ) ?ree small h&les 7cf4 ,fig4 #hb72 & a tall pe>-%ap$ vase ) ?ree h&les on a high /em1 :i* is p]haps ! prototype ( ! hydria4 ,! l>ge krat]s are1 z we h se51 peculi> to ,cyprus4 ,r>] =ms are a sort ( mug1 & a comb9ation ( ! false amphora & pyxis4 ,m5tion %\ld also be made ( ! pa9t$ or ossu>ia f\nd 9 ,crete by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,m>%all 7p4 #bfh above7 & by ,dr4 ,orsi4#iai ,! te*nique pres5ts sev]al entirely new features1 su* z ! use ( a slip z a basis = ! col\rs2 ! poli%$1 brilliant1 & ev5 surface2 & above all ! lu/r\s black v>ni%1 :i* 0 ! peculi> pride ( ,greek pott]s1 & is n[ a lo/ art4 ,! comp>ative monotony ( ! col\r+ is probably due to a purely te*nical reason1 namely1 ! difficulty ( resi/+ ! action ( fire2 o!rwise su* an arti/ic p w\ld d\btless h exhibit$ ! same ri*ness ( col\r+ 9 _! pott]y t we f9d 9 _! frescoes4 ,! ,myc5aean pott]y is des]v$ly held 9 high e/imation = its picturesque & naturali/ic /yle1 :i* 9 its reproduction ( animal & vegetable =ms (t5 rivals ,japanese art4 ,al?\gh its scope is rem>kably wide1 yet !re is a /rong pref]5ce = m>9e subjects--! cuttle-fi%1 ! murex %ell1 ! nautilus1 & v>i\s k9ds ( seawe$ or su* plants z ! ,vallisn]ia spiralis 7,*apt] ,,xvi474 ,9 ,fig4 #hb two good examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are illu/rat$--"o f ,egypt1 ! o!r f ,kalymnos4#ibj ,altoge!r !re is an orig9ality & poetry ( ideas su* z nev] appe>s aga9 9 ,greek art2 b t is n a peculi> possession ( ! pott]s1 z ! metal-"w1 gem-engrav+1 & fresco-pa9t+s te/ify--above all1 su* ma/]pieces z ! ,vaphio gold cups1 or "s ( ! wall-pa9t+s rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,crete4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xv ,illu/ration3 ,,myc5aean ,,pott]y 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,to face page #bgc4 ------------------------------------ ,religi\s ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 are /rangely conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,myc5aean my?ology is s f> almo/ nonexi/5t 9 ! art2 & al?\gh attempts h at times be5 made to detect traces ( e>ly cults1 z 9 ! figures ( m5 dress$ z animals1#iba or ! repres5tations ( ! d\ble axe1#ibb !y h n z yet met ) univ]sal acceptance4 ,m improbable is ! curi\s idea rec5tly moot$1#ibc t ! subjects ( ! vase-pa9t+s indicate an acqua9tance ) su* !ories z ^? ( biological evolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,myc5aean ,,vases ,,) ,,m>9e ,,subjects 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,myc5aean pott]y has be5 f\nd on a v l>ge numb] ( sites ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! mo/ productive h be5 ,myc5ae1 ,crete1 & ,cyprus1 especially ! cemet]y at ,enkomi 9 ! latt] isl&4 ,o!r ,cypriote c5tres are ,curium1 ,agia ,p>askevi ne> ,nicosia1 ,m>oni1 & ! neighb\rhood ( ,dali & ,l>naka 7see p4 #ff74 ,9 ,attica ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns & ! beehive tombs ( ,spata & ,m5idi h be5 mo/ fruitful1 & f9ds h be5 made at ,haliki & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,peloponnese ! *ief site is ,tiryns1 & _m fragm5ts h also be5 f\nd at ,nauplia2 9 ,c5tral ,greece sev]al sites 9 ,boeotia1 su* z ,or*om5os1 may be m5tion$4 ,( ! ,aegean isl&s1 ,rhodes & ,melos are mo/ conspicu\s1 especially ! sites ( ,ialysos 9 ! =m] isl&1 ,phylakopi 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,myc5aean rema9s are r>e1 except at ,troy1 b 9 ,egypt !re is ample evid5ce ( a close comm]cial relation1 z 9 ! f9ds at ,tell-el-,am>na1 9 ! ,faym1 & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean1 ,syracuse has yield$ num]\s fragm5ts1 & occasional f9ds h be5 made 9 ,italy4#ibd ,hav+ review$ ! ext5t ( ,myc5aean influ5ce1 ! next "q we mu/ consid] is :i*1 if any1 0 ! c5tre :5ce ?is pott]y 0 export$4 ,x _h be5 = "s "t obs]v$ t ! e>ly v>ieties ( ,!ra1 & ^? ( ,crete & ,cyprus 7v4 supra71 %[$ /rong indications ( local orig92 b on ! :ole ! ,myc5aean pott]y prop] is rem>kably uni=m & homog5e\s4 ,x is p]haps possible to detect te*nical diff]5ces betwe5 ! pott]y1 e4g41 ( ,a!ns & ,rhodes1 b !y may be only diff]5ces ( date r ?an fabric4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke reg>d$ ,argolis z ! c5tre ( manufacture1 at lea/ = ! lat] lu/r\s v>ieties#ibe2 ,potti]1 on ! o!r h&1 writ+ be=e ! rec5t discov]ies1 ?\ght t ,crete 01 aft] ,!ra1 ! orig9al c5tre1 & ,argolis only subsequ5tly1 ! pott]y ( ,rhodes ly+ midway betwe54 ,9 ! light ( ! ,cretan discov]ies x is n[ possible l>gely to disreg>d previ\s !ories4 ,we h se5 t ,myc5aean pott]y f\nd 9 ,crete has a p$igree :i* no o!r region c claim1 & t x c only h a local orig94 ,we h also se5 t ! ,cretan supremacy came to an end ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 & t1 ?\gh ! pott]y may h cont9u$ to be made 9 ! isl&1 x ceas$ to be an exclusive c5tre1 & = ! rema9d] ( ! ,myc5aean ,age ! art1 le>n$ 9 ,crete1 spread to o!r ,aegean c5tres--,myc5ae1 ,rhodes1 & ,cyprus4 ,a f> m difficult "q to decide is ! e?nographical "o1 toge!r ) ! consid]ation ( ! relation ( ! ,myc5aean civilisation to o!rs 9 :i* ! same decoration appe>s 7z 9 ! case ( ! spiral74 ,"o po9t seems to be abundantly cle>1 viz4 t ,myc5aean decoration owes no?+ to ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,t !re 0 a close relation ) ! ,ea/ has already be5 indicat$1 & is mu* m app>5t 9 o!r =ms ( ,myc5aean art2 b no /ud5t ( ?is art 9 g5]al c d\bt t x is1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 purely spontane\s & unique1 ! art ( a p ( g5u9e arti/ic g5ius4 ,among ! art ( anci5t races x /&s alone 9 ?is respect1 t ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 its only prom95t rivals1 be+ always ess5tially conv5tional2 & h]e9 lies its special di/9ction4 ,t ! ,myc5aeans 7 a m>itime p admits ( no d\bt4 ,x is %[n by ! position ( _! *ief c5tres1 by ! evid5ce ( _! ext5sive comm]cial relations1 &1 z f> z conc]ns _! pott]y1 pre-em95tly by ! subjects :i* =m ! /aple decoration4 ,h5ce ( late ye>s an attempt has be5 made to sub/itute = 8,myc5aean0 ! m compreh5sive t]m 8,aegean10 & !re is mu* to be said 9 its fav\r4 ,z reg>ds ! actual e?nographical position ( ! race1 ,quot hom9es1 tot s5t5tiae1 may almo/ be said4 ,!y h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,a*aeans1 ! ,pelasgians1 ! ,pho5icians1 ! ,c>ians1 & z comb9ations ( ,phrygians ) ,cretans1 ( ,pho5icians ) ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or4#ibf ,b few ( ^! t]ms h real hi/orical value1 & su* id5tifications d n really advance ! solution ( ! "q4 ,a m real gr\nd ( battle is t af=d$ by ! "q ( date1 ?\gh on ?is po9t s*ol>s n[ %[ a great] t5d5cy to fall into l9e1 & a p]iod culm9at+ 9 ! ye>s #adjj to #aajj or #ajjj ,b4,c4 is n[ v g5]ally accept$4#ibg ,! "q necess>ily turns l>gely on ! evid5ce af=d$ by ,crete & ,egypt1 & s f> z ?is is tru/wor?y x all po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,b x w\ld be beyond ! scope ( a "w ( ?is k9d to d m ?an briefly summ>ise ! g5]al results ( ar*aeological criticism4 ,an int]e/+ /udy ( ,myc5aean ornam5tation has be5 made by ,dr4 ,riegl1#ibh :o deals g5]ally ) ! pr9ciples und]ly+ its vegetable motives1 & po9ts out t "h we fir/ meet ) scrolls or cont9u\s b&s ( foliage appli$ to a decorative purpose4 ,^! motives are peculi> to ,greek art1 & 9 ,myc5aean design _! orig9 is to be s\ght4 ,9 ?is way we may reg>d x z ! imm$iate =]unn] ( ,hell5ic art1 al?\gh its developm5t 0 tempor>ily arre/$ by ! ,dorian invasion1 j z ! p :o produc$ x =m$ ! basis ( ! ,hell5ic race4 ,! naturalism ( ,myc5aean ornam5t1 :i* is se5 bo? 9 cont9u\s & 9 isolat$ patt]ns1 is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! conv5tion ( ,egypt1 :]e ! same motives may be 9 use4 ,x is n1 9 %ort1 ! motive1 b its treatm5t1 :i* %[s ! indep5d5ce ( ,myc5aean art4 ,!re are1 aga91 o!r patt]ns1 su* z ! spiral1 :i* _c be trac$ 9 ,ori5tal art1 & seem to be purely orig9al1 at lea/ z f> z conc]ns ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,ano!r rec5t writ]1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,wide1 has notic$ t :]e ,myc5aean influ5ce 0 orig9ally /ronge/1 z 9 ,crete & ,rhodes1 !re its *>act]i/ics 7 mo/ /rongly impress$ ^u ! art ( ! succe$+ p]iod1 & he is incl9$ to place ! c5tre ( ! fabric 9 ^! isl&s or on ! coa/ ( ! adjo9+ cont95t ( ,asia4 ,at all ev5ts ! ,myc5aean influ5ce %[s itself m 9 ! pott]y ( ! isl&s ?an x does 9 ,attica2 &1 9 ,crete & ,rhodes 9 p>ticul>1 in/ances h be5 f\nd ( und\bt$ survivals ( typical ,myc5aean ornam5ts 9 lat] pott]y4#ibi ----- ,footnote #hbj3 ,see ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #hba3 ,cf4 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 figs4 #dhg-ic4 ,footnote #hbb3 ,cf4 ,p]rot1 op4 cit4 iii4 figs4 #dih-ejc4 ,footnote #hbc3 ,see ,hall1 ,olde/ ,civilisation ( ,greece1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #hbd3 ,see ,a!n4 ,mit?4 xi4 p4 #bdi ff41 & ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vi4 p4 #fdh4 ,a fragm5t ( late ,bronze-,age ,cypriote pott]y 0 f\nd at ,hiss>lik 7,drpfeld1 ,troja und ,ilion1 i4 p4 #bhf1 fig4 #ahb74 ,footnote #hbe3 ,see ,meursius1 ,cyprus1 i4 *ap4 #bj2 ,heuzey1 ,cat4 des ,fig4 ant4 du ,l\vre1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #hbf3 ,/rabo1 xiv4 #f1 p4 #fhc4 ,footnote #hbg3 ,ar*aeologia1 xlv4 p4 #abg ff4 ,footnote #hbh3 ,simil> r$ poli%$ w>es 7 f\nd 9 ! ,new-,race tombs ( ,egypt 7sev5? to t5? dyna/y71 b 9 spite ( ! lik5ess x _c be said t "o is borr[$ f ! o!r 7,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #af74 ,footnote #hbi3 ,see ,hall1 ,olde/ ,greek ,civilisation1 p4 #fi2 ,j\rn4 ,hell4 ,/ud4 xi4 pl4 #ad2 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #hcj3 ,! resemblance to ,italian buc*]o w>e is probably only accid5tal4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,footnote #hca3 ,e4g4 ,a #ff 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #hcb3 ,hall1 ,olde/ ,civilisation1 pp4 #gb1 #ih4 ,footnote #hcc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #fg-h4 ,footnote #hcd3 ,cf4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 pp4 #cd ff41 #gb4 ,footnote #hce3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #hcf3 ,myres1 ibid4 ,footnote #hcg3 ,cf4 = in/ance ! jug giv5 9 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 p4 #djh1 fig4 #bi4 ,footnote #hch3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #acd3 cf4 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 #dja-b4 ,footnote #hci3 ,cat4 des ,vases du ,l\vre1 i4 p4 #bej3 see bel[1 pp4 #bhd1 #cae4 ,footnote #hdj3 ,! ,trojan leg5ds 7 famili> 9 ,cyprus1 z ! ( ! local ,cyclic poet ,/as9os %[s4 ,footnote #hda3 ,cf4 ,p]rot1 ,hi/1 de l',art1 iii4 pp4 #gad-ae1 figs4 #ebe-bf4 ,footnote #hdb3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #hdc3 ,rec5t discov]ies by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans at ,knossos 7,brit4 ,s*4 ,annual1 #aija-b1 p4 #ae7 seem to sugge/ t ^! panels may be meant = w9d[s or /oreys ( h\ses4 ,cf4 also ! bronze f ,enkomi 7,excavations1 p4 #aj74 ,footnote #hdd3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #hde3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #hdf3 ,see ,a!n4 ,mit?4 xi4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bdh2 cf4 also ,meursius1 ,cyprus1 i4 *ap4 #aj2 ,heuzey1 ,cat4 des ,fig4 ant4 du ,l\vre1 pp4 #aaf-ag4 ,footnote #hdg3 ,cypriote pott]y ) conc5tric circles has be5 f\nd at ,nebe%eh 9 ! ,delta4 ,x 0 br\ght by ! ,cypriote m]c5>ies1 enroll$ by ,psammeti*us1 9 ! sev5? c5tury 7,eg4 ,expl4 ,fund1 #d? ,mem4 pl4 #c1 p4 #bj74 ,footnote #hdh3 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 p4 #gfi ff4 ,footnote #hdi3 ,m4 ,potti] 7,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #ib7 ?9ks t ,greek influ5ce may expla9 all ! /ages ( ,cypriote pott]y f ! ,myc5aean p]iod onw>ds4 ,see also on ?is subject ,dmml]1 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xi4 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #hej3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #h1 fig4 #ad4 ,footnote #hea3 ,b4,m4 ,c #bdd4 ,footnote #heb3 ,b4,m4 ,c #aba ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 pp4 #gaf-ag1 figs4 #ebg-h4 ,footnote #hec3 ,b4,m4 ,c #abj ,rev4 ,ar*4 ix4 7#ahhg71 p4 #gg ff4 ,footnote #hed3 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #hee3 ,ibid4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #hef3 ,see ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 figs4 #eaj-ac2 ibid4 figs4 #ebj-bc 7human figures72 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 p4 #ee1 pls4 #dd-f2 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 pp4 #ge1 #ajd ff42 ,j4,h4,s4 v4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #heg3 ,see above1 p4 #bdi4 ,cf4 ,lay>d1 ,monum5ts ( ,n9eveh1 pl4 #aj ,nimr\d ,gall]y ( ,b4,m41 slab #d;a4 ,footnote #heh3 ,p]rot1 op4 cit4 iii4 p4 #gaa1 fig4 #ebc4 ,footnote #hei3 ,e4g4 ,p]rot1 op4 cit4 iii4 figs4 #ejg1 #ebc1 pp4 #fii1 #gaa2 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 pp4 #ajd-e1 figs4 #aea-eb4 ,footnote #hfj3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #aje1 fig4 #aeb4 ,footnote #hfa3 ,b4,m4 ,c #bfh ,j4,h4,s4 ii4 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #hfb3 ,cyprus1 pl4 #bi4 ,footnote #hfc3 ,see ,o4-,ri*t]1 ,kypros1 ! ,bible1 & ,hom]1 p4 #dig1 & frontispiece to text volume2 also ,b4,m4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #aje1 fig4 #aeb4 ,footnote #hfd3 ,b4,m4 ,e #cd2 ,branteghem ,cat4 #cj2 ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4#b p4 #bba4 ,footnote #hfe3 ,l\vre ,a #beh4 ,footnote #hff3 ,e4g4 ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 pl4 #ad2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 pl4 #aa4 ,footnote #hfg3 ,see ,h]mann1 ,grb]feld von ,m>ion1 p4 #df ff42 ,b4,m4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 pp4 #gh1 #aji4 ,footnote #hfh3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gh1 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,footnote #hfi3 ,troja #ahic1 p4 #hf2 ,troja u4 ,ilion1 i4 p4 #ah4 ,on ! pott]y g5]ally see ! latt]1 p4 #bdc ff4 ,footnote #hgj3 ,its evolution is well illu/rat$ by ! ,canopic vases describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,footnote #hga3 ,cramiques1 i4 p4 #f3 see = examples ibid4 pp4 #g1 #aa4 ,footnote #hgb3 ,a jug ) beak-%ap$ m\?1 call$ by ! ,g]mans a ,s*nabelkanne4 ,! base-r+ to :i* he alludes is n app>5t4 ,cf4 = ! type ,fig4 #ha bel[1 f ,!ra4 ,footnote #hgc3 ,see ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 pp4 #cdj1 #cgb1 #cge1 #chd4 ,footnote #hgd3 ,cf4 ,cyprus ,mus4 ,cat4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #hge3 ibid41 p4 #aah2 ibid41 i4 p4 #caj2 ,b4,m4 ,b #hc ff42 & see p4 #cci4 ,footnote #hgf3 ,see ,f\qu1 ,santor91 passim2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #bh2 ,hill] von ,ga]tr+51 ,!ra1 i4 p4 #cf ff4 ,footnote #hgg3 iv4 #adg-dh4 ,footnote #hgh3 ,"o is giv5 by ,dumont-,potti]1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #ac4 ,footnote #hgi3 ,see ,dumont-,potti]1 p4 #ba1 figs4 #cb-c1 pls4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #hhj3 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 pl4 #ab1 ,no4 #hj4 ,footnote #hha3 ,f\qu1 op4 cit4 p4 #abg1 note4 ,footnote #hhb3 ,on ! lat] pott]y f ,!ra see g5]ally ,hill] von ,ga]tr+51 ,!ra1 ii4 p4 #abg ff42 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijc1 p4 #a ff4 ,footnote #hhc3 ,dmml] 7,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #de7 calls !m 8,leleges02 b he places ,m9os 9 ! ,geometrical p]iod4 ,footnote #hhd3 ,cf4 ,hdt4 i4 #aga1 & ,?uc4 i4 #d-h4 ,footnote #hhe3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 p4 #ae2 ,ross1 ,reis5 dur* die ,inseln1 passim2 ,a!ns ,mus4 ,nos4 #bc-i1 #acf1 #adb-dc2 ,j4,h4,s4 v4 p4 #ec ff4 ,footnote #hhf3 ,j4,h4,s4 ,suppl4 ,pap]s1 vol4 iv4 7#aijd74 ,footnote #hhg3 ,od4 xix4 #agb ff4 ,footnote #hhh3 ,hdt4 i4 #aga4 ,footnote #hhi3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 p4 #cdb1 pl4 #ab1 figs4 #ej1 #eb4 ,footnote #hij3 ,ibid4 pl4 #aa1 figs4 #dd-e4 ,footnote #hia3 ,ibid4 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #bc2 pl4 #ab1 figs4 #eg1 #ei4 ,footnote #hib3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 p4 #ccc ff41 pls4 #i-aa2 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiqs4 #bnd ,s]4 xv4 p4 #cea ff4 ,footnote #hic3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #aeg ff4 ,footnote #hid3 ,ibid4 pl4 #d1 figs4 #f-ad4 ,footnote #hie3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 vi4 ,footnote #hif3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 p4 #ig1 fig4 #ca1 w s]ve z an example4 ,footnote #hig3 ,ibid4 xxiii4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #hih3 ,ibid4 xi4 pl4 #ad1 figs4 #e-aj1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #hii3 ,cf4 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 pl4 #i1 fig4 #h2 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ad4 ,footnote #ijj3 ,f ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 ix4 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #ija3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 pls4 #f1 #g1 p4 #hd ff4 ,footnote #ijb3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 pl4 #i1 figs4 #b1 #f2 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ad4 ,footnote #ijc3 ,ibid4 pl4 #i1 fig4 #aj4 ,footnote #ijd3 ,ibid4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #ije3 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 vi4 p4 #he4 ,on ! ,kefti1 see ibid4 viii4 p4 #aeg ff4 ,footnote #ijf3 ,see = examples,j4,h4,s4 xxiii4 p4 #aib ff4 ,footnote #ijg3 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 vi4 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ijh3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 p4 #ii ff4 ,see ! l>nax publi%$ by ,mr4 ,bosanquet 9 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 viii4 pls4 #ah-i3 cf4 ibid4 vii4 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #iji3 ,see ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,vas51 pls4 #ac-d2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 pl4 #c & pl4 #d 7a l>ge pi?os ) reliefs1 = :i* comp>e p4 #aeb above72 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhj1 p4 #abe1 #ahib1 p4 #bie2 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vi4 p4 #dea ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #iaj3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gd1 fig4 #abh4 cf4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 op4 cit4 pl4 #ad1 ,no4 #hh2 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 vi4 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #iaa3 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 vi4 ff4 ,! evid5ce f ,crete1 h[ev]1 appe>s to upset ?is *ronology1 ! vases ) lu/r\s pa9t+ be+ !re f\nd on a level ) ! matt pa9t+s on d>k gr\nd4 ,footnote #iab3 ,= examples see ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 ,myk54 ,?ongef4 pls4 #a2 #d1 #ac2 #e1 #bj2 #g1 #dj2 #aa1 #eb4 ,footnote #iac3 ,myk54 ,?ongef4 pl4 #a1 fig4 #f2 ,myk54 ,vas51 pls4 #bc-d4 ,footnote #iad3 ,myk54 ,?ongef4 pl4 #h2 pl4 #aa1 #eb2 ,myk54 ,vas51 pl4 #bc4 ,footnote #iae3 ,myk54 ,?ongef4 pl4 #f1 #cb1 #cd4 ,footnote #iaf3 ,myk54 ,?ongef4 pl4 #ab2 ,myk54 ,vas51 pls4 #g1 #be4 ,footnote #iag3 ,s*liemann1 ,tiryns1 pl4 #bb1 p4 #ii1 fig4 #bj2 ,myk54 ,?ongef4 pls4 #b1 #d2 ,myk54 ,vas51 pls4 #bf-cd1 #ci-da4 ,footnote #iah3 ,myk54 ,vas51 pls4 #cg-da4 ,footnote #iai3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 i4 p4 #bja ff41 pls4 #a-b4 ,footnote #ibj3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xvii4 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 ,footnote #iba3 ,cook 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 p4 #ha ff4 ,footnote #ibb3 ,evans 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xxi4 p4 #ii ff4 ,rec5t discov]ies seem to leave little room = d\bt z to ! correctness ( ,mr4 ,evans' !ories4 ,footnote #ibc3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxvi4 7#ahie71 p4 #a ff42 xxx4 7#ahig71 p4 #ha ff43 cf4 ibid4 xxviii4 7#ahif71 p4 #bd ff4 ,footnote #ibd3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xxiv4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #ibe3 ,myk54 ,vas51 p4 ix4 ff4 ,footnote #ibf3 ,see = a summ>y ( ! !ories1 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #bjj ff4 ,footnote #ibg3 ,see ,hall1 ,olde/ ,civilisation1 *ap4 iii42 ,potti]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #bji2 & ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahib1 p4 #aa ff4 ,footnote #ibh3 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #aab ff4 ,footnote #ibi3 ,see ,wide1 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bcc2 & = "s g5]al consid]ations on ,myc5aean pott]y & its a*ievem5ts1 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #bdg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,rise ,,( ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,greece ,geometrical decoration--,its orig9--,di/ribution ( pott]y--,%apes & ornam5tation ( vases--,subjects--,dipylon vases--,boeotian ,geometrical w>es--,*ronology--,proto-,attic fabrics--,phal]on w>e--,lat] ,boeotian vases--,melian amphorae--,cor9? & its pott]y--8,proto-,cor9?ian0 vases--,vases ) imbrications & floral decoration--,incis$ l9es & gr\nd-ornam5ts--,introduction ( figure-subjects--,*alcidian vases--8,tyrrh5ian ,amphorae40 #a4 ,,! ,,geometrical ,,p]iod ,,bibliography ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vii4 p4 #aed ff42 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgb1 p4 #ach ff42 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 p4 #id ff42 #ahii1 pp4 #bf1 #gh1 #ahh2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahha1 p4 #ajf2 #ahib1 p4 #bhe2 #ahic1 p4 #gc ff42 #ahif1 p4 #che ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #bab ff4 ,= ,boeotian ,geometrical pott]y1 ,bhlau 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhh1 p4 #cbe ff42 = e>ly ,argive w>es1 ,wald/e91 ,argive ,h]aeum1 i4 p4 #di ff4 ,! ,dorian invasion ( ,greece1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to h tak5 place 9 ! twelf? c5tury--! traditional date is ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4--01 l ! contemporane\s ,etruscan immigration 7,*apt] ,,xviii471 only an episode 9 ! g5]al displacem5t tak+ place ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 ,greece x caus$ a disp]sion ( ! ,a*aean race1 *iefly 9 ! direction ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i*1 z we h already se51 probably gave rise to ! /ories ( ! ,trojan ,w> & subsequ5t adv5tures ( ! ,a*aean lead]s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,myc5aean civilisation 0 driv5 to seek a new home else:]e1 & to lay ! f\ndations ( a new arti/ic developm5t 9 ! cities ( ,aeolis & ,ionia4 ,b its disappe>ance f ,greece 0 n complete1 & ,hell5ic ,greece 0 f ! beg9n+ an amalgam ( ! old & new elem5ts1 ! ,a*aean 7or ,ionian7 & ! ,dorian1 9 :i* "o or ! o!r _h at diff]5t times or 9 diff]5t places ! pre-em95ce4 ,! ,ionian elem5t repres5ts ! civilisation ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 succe$+ to t ( ! ,myc5aean _w2 ! ,dorian1 ! influ5ce ( ,c5tral ,europe4#icj ,x has hi!rto be5 a truism ( ar*aeology t ! ,dorians br\ght ) !m f ,c5tral ,europe a new =m ( art1 ( :i* ! *ief *>act]i/ic is t ( rectil9e> & geometrical decoration1 =m+1 x is obvi\s1 a m>k$ contra/ to ! curvil9e> & naturali/ic ,myc5aean designs4 ,?is new pr9ciple 0 ?\ght to be mo/ conspicu\sly illu/rat$ by ! pott]y :i* n[ replaces ! ,myc5aean4 ,b c]ta9 rec5t discov]ies h giv5 occasion = "s scepticism 9 reg>d to ! acceptance ( ?is idea z convey+ ! :ole tru?2 & ev5 if !y d n radically alt] preconceiv$ ideas1 !y are at lea/ wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,at ,aphidna 9 ,attica a f9d has be5 made ( v rude pott]y1 )\t glaze or v>ni%1 b ) decoration ( a ,geometrical "*1 sometimes pa9t$4#ica ,al?\gh e>li] ?an any o!r pott]y 9 ,attica1 x ne$ n be pre-,myc5aean 9 date2 x seems m likely to be a contempor>y survival4 ,e>ly w>es h also be5 f\nd 9 ! isl&s1 z 9 ,aeg9a1 ) ,geometrical ornam5t 9 matt-col\r2 nor mu/ we =get t ! ,geometrical pr9ciple 0 kn[n 9 ,cyprus & ! ,cyclades1 z also at ,hiss>lik1 at a v remote age4 ,f ^! data ,dr4 ,wide has +5i\sly drawn ! conclusion t ! ,geometrical /yle 0 always indig5\s 9 ,greece1#icb po9t+ out t x 0 m likely & m 9 accordance ) hi/orical prec$5t t ! ,dorians1 l ,rome 9 lat] days1 accept$ ! art ( ! p !y conqu]$#icc ?an t !y introduc$ _! own & =c$ x ^u ! subjugat$ race4 ,?is !ory has ! additional m]it ( dispos+ ( a difficulty :i* _h always be5 felt4 ,if ! ,geometrical pott]y 0 ,dorian1 h[ d we acc\nt = its rea*+ its height 9 ,attica1 :i* 0 nev] at any "t ,doric1 or influ5c$ by ,doric *>act]i/ics8 ,b if x c be %[n to be indig5\s 9 ,attica1 ! difficulty disappe>s4 ,aga91 x is necess>y to expla9 ! v>y+ "* ( ,geometrical pott]y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,greece1 z comp>$ ) ! homog5eity ( ! ,myc5aean w>es4 ,if1 z 0 suppos$1 ! ,geometrical /yle came full-gr[n into ,greece1 :y %\ld ?is be8 ,dr4 ,wide !re=e ma9ta9s t !re 7 9 ,greece concurr5tly a ,bau]n/il or dome/ic art1 aborig9al & indu/rial1 :i* produc$ ! rude geometrical fabrics1 & a ,h]r5/il or art de luxe1 exotic & ornam5tal1 :i* we "k z ,myc5aean4 ,) ! upheaval & disp]sion ( ! ,a*aean ari/ocracy ?is art practically di$ out1 b ! humbl] indu/ry held its gr\nd1 & gradually =g$ its way to comp>ative excell5ce1 p]haps le>n+ mu* f ,myc5aean te*nique4 ,! real novelty ( ! develop$ ,geometrical pott]y :i* n[ manife/s itself 9 ,greece consi/s 9 its evolution z a /yle1 & ! comb9ation ( ! patt]ns into an arti/ic sy/em1 ) a cont9u\s progress t[>ds symmetry & rhy?m4 ,geometrical patt]ns are inde$ ! prop]ty ( all primitive peoples1 & are no less spontane\s & univ]sal 9 _! orig9 ?an ! folk-lore /ories :i* we f9d adopt+ ! same or simil> =ms 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ,greece1 no d\bt1 ! cultur$ traditions ( ,myc5aean art _h 9 c\rse ( "t _! due effect1 & bo? 9 te*nique & 9 ornam5t left _! impress on ! inf]ior fabrics1#icd z we h se5 to h be5 ! case1 especially 9 ! ,greek isl&s4 ,x is an influ5ce :i* is n conf9$ to ! pott]y1 b made itself felt1 = in/ance1 9 ar*itecture4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t 9 ! ,lion ,gate ( ,myc5ae we f9d ! prototype ( ! ,doric column2 & ! p>allel ) ! ,geometrical pott]y c be fur!r foll[$ up :5 we consid] t ,doric ar*itecture also became ! common prop]ty ( ,cont95tal ,greece1 & also realis$ its highe/ p]fection at ,a!ns4 ,! ,geometrical pott]y has be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ,attica & ,boeotia1 9 ! isl&s ( ,aeg9a1 ,melos1 ,!ra1 ,rhodes1 & ,crete1#ice 9 ,argolis & ,laconia1 9 ,sicily & ,etruria1 & also isolat$ specim5s 9 ,cyprus & ! ,troad4#icf ,t f\nd 9 ,italy & ,cyprus is c]ta9ly export$ f ! ma9l&4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ea* region has its own peculi> v>iety ( ! /yle1 & ?is is especially conspicu\s 9 ! examples f ,attica & ,boeotia4#icg ,! fir/ writ] :o attempt$ to deal ) x sci5tifically 0 ,conze1#ich b ow+ to its cle>ly-def9$ *>act]i/ics x has always be5 m or less correctly treat$ by ! old] s*ools ( ar*aeologi/s4 ,b ) a m ext5d$ outlook ov] ! fabrics ( e>ly ,hellas1 _m problems h aris5 9 connection ) x :i* h call$ = m rec5t discussion1 & ! writ+s ( ,krok]1 ,bhlau1 & ,wide 9 p>ticul> %\ld be /udi$4#ici ,at ,myc5ae fragm5ts ( ,geometrical pott]y 7 f\nd bo? on ! surface & 9 ! palace1 among ! dbris ( ! huts built on its site2 :ile 9 ! isl& ( ,salamis !re is a cemet]y ( di/9ctly transitional "*1 conta9+ false amphorae ) l9e> decoration & comb9ations ( ! spiral ) ! mae&]4#idj ,x may be not$ t a simil> transitional cemet]y 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,paton at ,ass>lik 9 ,c>ia1#ida & t ! 8sub-,myc5aean0 pott]y ( ,cyprus 7p4 #bdf7 has be5 %[n to exhibit ! same comb9ation ( features4 ,^! facts fall into l9e ) :at has already be5 said z to ! survival ( ,myc5aean art 9 ^! fabrics4 ,f ! fact t l>ge quantities ( ?is w>e h be5 obta9$ f ! tombs ( ! ,k]ameikos ne> ! ,dipylon ,gate ( ,a!ns1 *iefly betwe5 #ahgj & #ahia1 x has frequ5tly be5 /yl$ ,dipylon w>e2 b x is que/ionable :e!r ?is title %\ld n be res]v$ = v>ieties peculi> to ?is site4 ,^! ,dipylon tombs 7 9 ! =m ( deep quadrangul> tr5*es1 & ! bodies _h be5 sometimes inhum$1 sometimes cremat$1 ! bones be+ plac$ 9 vessels ( bronze or clay1 conta9+ small] objects4 ,above ! tr5*es 0 a lay] ( e>? mix$ ) burnt (f]+s1 on ! top ( :i*1 outside ! tombs1 7 plac$ ! l>ge pa9t$ vases 7repres5t+ ! tomb/ones or /one sepul*ral vases ( lat] times7 :i* n[ =m a prom95t "p ( ! collections at ,a!ns & 9 ! ,l\vre4#idb 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ to treat ( _! g5]al *>act]i/ics1 we note t ! vases are all :eel-made1 ( a c>efully-prep>$ r$ clay cov]$ ) a lu/r\s & imp]meable yell[ slip1 on :i* ! designs are pa9t$ 9 ! same lu/r\s black z ! ,myc5aean w>es4 ,lat]1 b r>ely1 :ite is introduc$ z an accessory4 ,z reg>ds ! %apes1 !re is less v>iety ?an 9 ,myc5aean pott]y4 ,!y include ! typical =ms ( ,dipylon vases1 a l>ge wide-m\!d krat] on a high /em1 & an amphora ) cyl9drical neck & side-h&les2 also ! lebes1 ! cyl9drical jug or olpe1 ! wide b[l or skyphos1 & ! pyxis or cov]$ j>4 ,op5-"w /&s = vases are (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,cyclades4#idc ,on ! cov]s ( ! pyxides a gr\p ( two or ?ree rudely-modell$ horses sometimes =ms ! h&le4 ,9 consid]+ ! =ms g5]ally1 x is p]missible to say t ! pott] ( ! day 0 9 advance ( 8 ,myc5aean pr$ecessor1 al?\gh ! pa9t] 0 n4 ,! decoration foll[s a developm5t :i* p]mits ( ! division ( ,geometrical vases into ?ree p]iods1 9 :i* we foll[ ,krok]#idd3 7#a7 = a long "t x is exclusively limit$ to ,geometrical patt]ns1 & 7#b7 ev5 :5 quadrup$s & birds are introduc$ !y are /ill only decorative 7z 9 ,boeotia72 7#c7 f9ally1 :ile ! animals take a subsidi>y place1 human figures & l>ge compositions spr+ into prom95ce4 ,b ?is f9al developm5t is *iefly *>act]i/ic ( ,a!ns4 ,wide di/+ui%es f\r v>ieties ( ! ,dipylon w>e3 7a7 amphorae1 ) black v>ni%$ bodies & designs only on ! neck2 7b7 8black ,dipylon w>e10 ma9ly v>ni%$1 b m decorat$ ?an 7a72 7c7 l>ge vases1 ) l9e> decoration or figures all ov] 9 horizontal friezes 7! tomb-amphorae72 7d7 z ! la/1 b ) v]tical panels1 divid$ l metopes4 ,8 view is t ^! repres5t a cont9u\s developm5t1 b t ! /yle did n la/ long 9 ,attica4 ,return+ to ,krok]'s classification1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ?ree classes are n successive 9 po9t ( "t1 only 9 arti/ic developm5t2 ! pla9 l9e> decoration surviv$ ?r\gh\t1 & is (t5 f\nd 9 tombs contemporane\sly ) ! figure subjects4 ,! patt]ns are ma9ly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 rectil9e>1 & sometimes extremely elaborate4 ,! fav\rite are a l>ge bold mae&]1 *evrons1 *equ]s1 & arrangem5ts ( hat*$ l9es2 also squ>es1 ) diagonals & mu* gr\nd-ornam5t4 ,among ! simpl] motives are l9es ( dots1 triangles1 loz5ges1 & v>i\s =ms ( crosses2 b conc5tric & 8tang5t0 circles occur n infrequ5tly1 ! latt] be+ cle>ly d]iv$ f ! ,myc5aean spiral1 & "o vegetable motive appe>s 9 ! =m ( a conv5tionalis$ leaf1 lat] develop$ into a rosette4 ,m4 ,p]rot#ide gives a v in/ructive diagram ( ! typical s*eme ( ornam5tation on ! neck & body ( a vase1 includ+ mo/ ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ^! patt]ns occur frequ5tly on ! field ( ! designs z gr\nd-ornam5ts1 to cov] ! vacant spaces4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! patt]ns an ar*itectural in/9ct is cle>ly at "w1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,doric metope be+ especially prom95t4 ,!y are usually arrang$1 z ! diagram 7,fig4 #hc7 %[s1 9 horizontal b&s r\nd ! neck & body1 l ! b&s ( pa9t$ ornam5t on ! entablature ( a temple4 ,! metopes & triglyphs are repres5t$ by l>ge squ>e patt]ns ( ornam5t1 sep>at$ by n>r[ v]tical /rips ( simpl] motives 7cf4 ,fig4 #hd74 ,! introduction ( ! frieze pr9ciple prop] is a lat] developm5t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !re is an inv>iable t5d5cy t[>ds symmetry & ref9em5t 9 ! arrangem5t4 ,:5 figure subjects beg9 to be introduc$1 x betok5s a great advance 9 decorative art1 especially ov] ! ,cypriote & o!r v>ieties ( ! /yle4 ,9 ! t5d5cy to a horror vacui1 ! /yle is inf]ior to ,myc5aean1 z also 9 ! figure-draw+1 ( :i* m anon4 ,! abs5ce ( any plant-ornam5t is mo/ *>act]i/ic1 z %[+ ! great *ange f ! ,myc5aean _s2 b x 0 n long be=e ?is elem5t 0 de/9$ to reappe> & virtually usurp ! field ( decoration4#idf ,illu/ration3 ,f ,p]rot's ,hi/4 de l',art4 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,s*eme ,,( ,,ornam5tation ,,on ,,geometrical ,,vases4 ,9 reg>d to its ornam5tation ! ,geometrical /yle may be said to h atta9$ success4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 ) its repres5tations ( liv+ =m1 lea/ ( all ^? ( human be+s4 ,b ?is is only 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple :i* ,m4 ,potti] /yles ! hi]>*ie des g5res1 a pr9ciple :i* is univ]sal 9 all e>ly developm5t ( ,greek art1 & to :i* we h already ref]r$ 7p4 #bde3 see also p4 #cae74 ,briefly x is ?is3 fir/1 ! pr$om9ance ( pure ornam5t & ! p]fect+ ( ! same2 secondly1 ! employm5t ( animal =ms & ! relegation ( ornam5t to a subsidi>y place2 ?irdly & la/ly1 ! rise & developm5t ( human =ms1 ! o!r animals ceas+ to =m ! ma9 !me ( decoration1 & s9k+ to ! level ( m]e decorative adjuncts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,geometrical ,,vase ,,) ,,panels 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ,h5ce we f9d t figures ( animals :5 fir/ introduc$ on ,geometrical vases are ( a conv5tional & ill-drawn "*1 b %[ a gradual progress & developm5t4 ,human =ms aga91 :i* n[ appe> = ! fir/ "t1 are only se5 9 a v rude & undevelop$ /age1 f :i* !re is cont9u\s developm5t ?r\gh\t ! ar*aic p]iod till p]fection is rea*$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,_! orig9al extreme conv5tionality may be ! result ( a tra9+ 9 ,egyptian canons ( art4 ,! fav\rite animal motives are ! horse1 ! de]1 & wat]-f[l4 ,! fir/ also appe>s 9 a pla/ic =m1 surm\nt+ ! cov]s ( vases & =m+ a sort ( h&le4 ,usually a s+le animal is se5 9 a metope-l panel 7cf4 ,fig4 #hd71 & ! frieze sy/em is seldom f\nd at ?is p]iod4 ,a curi\s conception is t ( a lion or wolf dev\r+ a man1 ^: legs are se5 protrud+ f its m\?1 & ?is appe>s to h be5 adopt$ by ! ,etruscans1 on ^: ar*aic bronze-"w & buc*]o vases x sometimes occurs4#idg ,! lions on ! ,geometrical vases1 x may be not$ 9 pass+1 are obvi\sly drawn )\t k1 & borr[$ f ,asiatic art2 ! same conv5tional type obta9s at a lat] date1 z 9 ! ,burgon lebes 7bel[1 p4 #bif74 ,human figures are almo/ conf9$ to ! l>ge vases f ! ,dipylon cemet]y1 :i* are evid5tly a purely local product2 almo/ ! only exceptions are two f ,boeotia 7see bel[1 p4 #bhh71 & "o f ,rhodes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,a #dci74 ,! infantile & b>b>\s /yle ( ! figures recalls 9 a measure ! primitive m>ble idols f ! ,cyclades2 !re is seldom any actual di/9ction ( sex1 ! n>r[ wai/1 wide hips1 & tap]+ limbs be+ app>5tly common to bo?4 ,! figures be+ pa9t$ 9 pla9 silh\ette1 !re is no attempt at r5d]+ features4 ,:]e x is int5d$ to repres5t a w>rior1 ! body is completely hidd5 beh9d a %ield ( ! ,boeotian type ,boeotian %ield1 a ready res\rce ( ! arti/ = avoid+ anatomical difficulties1 :i* 0 also adopt$ lat] by 8 sev5?-c5tury ,cor9?ian successors1 except t 9 ! latt] case ! %ield is circul>4 ,! subjects include battles & naval sc5es1 dances ( wom5 h& 9 h&1 & fun]al processions4 ,f ! comb9ation ( %ips ) fun]al sc5es1 x w\ld seem t !y 7 sometimes us$ = c>ry+ ! dead4 ,a rem>kable lebes rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum#idh is decorat$ ) a l>ge %ip-(-w> ) two banks ( r[]s 7bireme71 & appe>s to repres5t a w>rior l&+ !refrom on %ore4#idi ,! fun]al sc5es on ! great ,dipylon vases are exce$+ly elaborate1 & exhibit a corpse drawn on a bi]1 accompani$ by *>iots & b&s ( m\rn+ wom5 beat+ _! heads4#iej ,by a conv5tional attempt at p]spective ! figures are (t5 plac$ above ! c5tral gr\p :5 !y are suppos$ to be on its f>!r side1 j z1 9 ! fresco f ,tiryns1 & an 8,isl&-gem0 ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 a man lead+ a bull is repres5t$ ov] its back4#iea ,two v int]e/+ specim5s ( ,geometrical fabrics are 9 ! museum at ,kop5hag51#ieb late inde$ & almo/ transitional 9 "*1 b /ill typical4 ,"o is a deep two-h&l$ cup or b[l ) long panels on ei!r side1 9 two ti]s2 ! upp] ones are fill$ ) ornam5ts & animals1 & 9 ! l[] are sev]al subjects--combatants1 lyre-play]s1 a dance ( arm$ m5 ) %ield & spe>1 two lions dev\r+ a man 7see above71 & m5 ) jugs & lu/ral bran*es prep>+ = "s religi\s rite4 ,! o!r is a jug1 ) v little ornam5tation except on ! backgr\nd ( ! designs1 :i* also include sev]al subjects4 ,on ! neck is a man hold+ horses2 on ! %\ld]1 dogs pursu+ a h>e2 & on ! body1 combats on l& & sea4 ,9 ! range ( subjects a g5]al correspond5ce ) epic poetry is to be not$1#iec z 9 ! fun]als & combats2 b !re are "s important discrepancies1 su* z ! quadriga 9 place ( ! ,hom]ic biga1 ! types ( ! %ips1 & 9 ! appe>ance ( horsem51 :i* are ( c\rse unkn[n to ,hom]4#ied ,! ,geometrical vases f\nd 9 ,boeotia =m an important & di/9ct local v>iety1 :i* calls = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is local /yle 0 fir/ suspect$ by ,furtwa5gl] 9 #ahgh on see+ ! fir/ f9ds made at ,!bes1 & x has s9ce be5 /udi$ ) great c>e & detail by ,bhlau4#iee ,among ^! f9ds 71 9 addition to ! recognis$ local pott]y1 ord9>y 7import$7 ,dipylon vases1 & lat] ,proto-,cor9?ian & ,cor9?ian w>es1 z well z bronze fibulae & t]racotta figures1 to :i* subsequ5t ref]5ce mu/ be made4 ,simil> pott]y 0 also f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s on ! site ( ! temple ( ,apollo at ,m\nt ,ptos 9 #ahhe-ia1 & o!r examples h turn$ up at ,tanagra4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 ?\gh on some:at slight gr\nds1 t ,aulis 0 ! c5tre ( ! local fabric2 &1 fur!r1 x 0 suppos$ by ,bhlau1 :o is support$ by ,p]rot1#ief t ! ,boeotian w>es repres5t a primitive phase ( ! ,geometrical pott]y1 ant]ior to ! ,dipylon1 & consequ5tly t ,boeotia is ! orig9al home ( ! /yle z a :ole4 ,b 9 view ( :at has be5 said above1 & g5]ally ( ! relation ( ! ,boeotian pott]y to ! ,dipylon1 & to ! lat] ,proto-,cor9?ian1 x seems d\btful if ?is view c be ma9ta9$4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 po9t$ out by ,m4 ,holleaux1#ieg 9 discuss+ ! ,ptos f9ds1 t ! pure ,geometrical vases 7 f\nd at a l[] level ?an ! typical local w>es1 & 7 nev] f\nd ei!r ) !m or ) ! analog\s t]racotta figures4 ,?is c]ta9ly po9ts to ! lat] orig9 ( ! ,boeotian pott]y4 ,! local clay diff]s f t ( ,a!ns bo? 9 nature & appe>ance1 be+ less well levigat$ & ( a r$di%-yell[ col\r1 z comp>$ ) ! w>m br[n ( ! ,dipylon4 ,fur!r1 ! designs are n laid directly on ! clay1 z 9 ! latt]1 b on a ?9 creamy-yell[ slip1 z 9 ,myc5aean & ,ionian pott]y4 ,! te*nique is1 g5]ally speak+1 inf]ior1 z is also ! black pigm5t us$2 ! "w is r\gh & ha/y1 ! draw+ c>eless & inaccurate4 ,! vases are mo/ly small1 at lea/ comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,dipylon1 & ! fav\rite %ape is ! kylix1 ) or )\t a /em4 ,out ( sev5ty-two examples giv5 by ,bhlau1 no less ?an fifty-five take ?is =m4 ,he traces its developm5t f a deep b[l ) 8base-r+10 :i* seems to be relat$ to ! ,cypriote :ite-slip "o-h&l$ b[ls2 b ! ,boeotian type has at fir/ two small f+]-pieces 9 place ( h&les1 aft]w>ds replac$ by a s+le h&le = hang+ up4 ,! majority1 h[ev]1 h no less ?an f\r h&les1 & t !y 7 /ill int5d$ = susp5sion is %[n by ! me?od ( decoration :i* c only be prop]ly se5 9 ?is position 7cf4 ,fig4 #he74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,jahrbu*4 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,boeotian ,,geometrical ,,vases 7,,b]l9 ,,museum74 ,!re is a we>isome uni=mity 9 ! patt]ns1 & inde$ 9 ! decoration g5]ally4 ,only two examples are kn[n f ,boeotia ) human figures1#ieh & ! re/ belong to ! int]m$iate class1 ) its comb9ation ( animals & decorative patt]ns4 ,on ! ext]ior is usually a broad frieze1 divid$ by b&s ( ornam5t into f\r or five fields1 9 :i* are birds or palmette patt]ns2 ^! panels are n necess>ily arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! h&les4 ,! patt]ns comprise r[s ( v]tical zigzags1 dott$ loz5ges1 *evrons1 lattic$ triangles1 rosettes1 & scrolls1 ! fir/-nam$ be+ specially *>act]i/ic ( ,boeotia4 ,x is to be not$ t ! typical ,a!nian motives1 ! mae&] & ! ornam5t$ squ>e1 d n occur2 9 fact1 ^! b[ls h no analogies 9 ! ,dipylon w>e4 ,b x is also int]e/+ to obs]ve ! appe>ance ( a new vegetable elem5t 9 ! =m ( friezes ( palmettes & lotos-fl[]s4#iei ,! importance ( ?is feature is due to ! ext5sive "p x 0 de/9$ to play 9 ! ornam5tation ( ,greek vases all ?r\gh ! six? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! palmettes are rem>kably advanc$1 & ! :ole patt]n is ev5 emancipat$ f ! conf9em5t ( ! frieze1 & treat$ freely )\t reg>d to space4#ifj ,bhlau1 9 8 analysis ( ! ornam5t z a :ole1 notes its indep5d5ce ( ! ,a!nian vases1 ?\gh rema9+ a p>allel & closely-relat$ developm5t4 ,individual vases d n call = mu* comm5t1 b !re is a curi\s c(f] ( t]racotta f ,!bes 9 ,b]l9 7,fig4 #hf71ifa pa9t$ ) figures 9 ?is /yle4 ,! subjects include ! ,asiatic ,artemis1 a h>e-hunt1 a woman lead+ a horse1 a horse ti$ up1 & two s]p5ts erect1 confront$4 ,! gr\nd is fill$ 9 ) rosettes1 crosses1 & o!r ornam5ts1 su* z ! s-call$ swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,jahrbu*4 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,c(f] ,,f ,,!bes3 ,,boeotian ,,geometrical ,,/yle 7,,b]l9 ,,museum74 ,:ile on ! subject ( ! ,boeotian vases x is wor? :ile to call att5tion to ! rem>kable p>allels pres5t$ by two o!r classes ( objects also f\nd 9 t region3 bronze fibulae & t]racotta /atuettes4 ,! =m] may be reg>d$ z important *ronological evid5ce1 inasmu* z _! developm5t c be cle>ly trac$ f _! fir/ appe>ance at ! end ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod 7ab\t ! t5? c5tury71 & simil> types h be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 at ,olympia1 & else:]e4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,boeotian fibulae is ! flat plate :i* =ms ! foot 79 "s cases ! c5tral "p or b[71 & is g5]ally ( a quadrangul> =m1 decorat$ ) an engrav$ subject1 usually animals or birds ( a simil> type to ^? pa9t$ 9 ! panels on ! vases4 ,m r>ely %ips or human figures are f\nd4#ifb ,! t]racotta figures 7p4 #abc71 on ! o!r h&1 be> a diff]5t relation to ! pott]y4 ,!y are flat bo>d-l figures 771 kn[n to ! mod]n ,greek digg] z 8,pappades10 ! high head-dress :i* !y we> sugge/+ to him ! well-kn[n hat ( ! or?odox 8,papas0 or prie/4 ,! flat surface ( ! body gives scope = ornam5tation repres5t+ embroid]$ robes1#ifc & ! patt]ns employ$ are j ^? :i* are se5 on ! vases2 &1 moreov]1 ! me?od ( pa9t+ is ! same1 ! figures be+ cov]$ ) a buff slip1 ! patt]ns 9 black ) purple details4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t "s ( ^! figures are comp>atively develop$ 9 /yle1#ifd & t !y are practically lat] imitations ( ! decoration ( ! vases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 consid]+ ! ,geometrical vases z a :ole1 we are /ruck ) ! laudable aspirations ( ! arti/1 :o1 ?\gh unable to execute 8 new ambitions ) complete success1 yet %[s 9 8 "w ! same promise ( ! future t is lat5t 9 all e>ly ,greek art4 ,8 be/ a*ievem5t is 9 ! ornam5tation4 ,ori5tal influ5ces z yet c\nt = v little1 ?\gh !y are p]haps to be disc]n$ 9 ! human figures1 z already not$2 ,krok] also ?9ks t ! nude female figures on ! l>g] vases are due to ,ori5tal art4#ife ,9 any case !y are n to be trac$ until late 9 ! p]iod1 & fir/1 z might be expect$ = geographical reasons1 9 ! fabrics f\nd at ,kameiros 9 ,rhodes4 ,! "q ( *ronology mu/ next be consid]$4 ,t ! develop$ ,geometrical /yle succe$s to ! ,myc5aean1 & =ms a l9k betwe5 x & ! e>ly ,attic attempts at black-figur$ w>e1 ( :i* we %all subsequ5tly treat1 is suffici5tly cle>4 ,x may also be laid d[n t ! ,dipylon w>e repres5ts ! la/ /age ( ,geometrical decoration1 be+ 9 po9t ( fact too f> advanc$ to be reg>d$ z a purely typical ,geometrical w>e4 ,su* data z ! f9d+ ( iron 9 ! tombs1 or ! evid5ce ( f9ds at ,troy1#iff also t5d to place ! beg9n+ ( ! /yle at lea/ z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury4 ,x has also be5 not$ t ! figures correspond closely ) ! bronzes ( ,olympia :i* are dat$ ab\t ! n9? c5tury1 & ?is1 if accept$1 necessitates plac+ ! simpl] l9e> decoration back z f> z ! t5?4 ,! l[] limits ( ! /yle may be r\ghly fix$ by ! evid5ce f ! tombs ( ,etruria1 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii41 at ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 ,next1 !re is ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! %ips1#ifg :i* x %\ld be not$ are all ( ! bireme or =m1 ) two banks ( o>s4 ,! inv5tion ( ! trireme1 z we le>n f ,?ucydides 7i4 #ac1 #e71 0 due to ,ame9okles1 ab\t ! ye> #gjd ,b4,c4 ,h5ce ,krok]'s dat+ ( ! ,dipylon vases ab\t ! ye> #gjj c h>dly be accept$4 ,b ! eigh? c5tury may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! late/ p]iod ( ! ,geometrical pott]y1 bo? 9 ,attica & ,boeotia4 ,! curi\s inscription engrav$ on a ,dipylon vase f ,a!ns is dealt ) else:]e 7,*apt] ,,xvii472 und\bt$ly ! e>lie/ kn[n ,attic inscription1 its value z evid5ce is limit$ to t ( a t]m9us ante quem1 f ! fact t x 0 probably engrav$ at a subsequ5t "t to ! manufacture ( ! vase4 ,! "q ( c5tres ( manufacture is "o t has already be5 ! subject ( "s discussion1#ifh ! result ( :i* has be5 to %[ t !re is no complete homog5eity 9 ! w>es f diff]5t sites1 & consequ5tly no "o c5tral fabric4 ,! colossal fun]>y vases1 :i*1 x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 /& at ! head ( a long l9e ( fun]>y fabrics & %[ ! ,a!nian fondness = ?is class ( vase1#ifi 7 n1 & c\ld n h be51 g5]ally export$1 9 spite ( ! notable exception at ,curium4 ,! ord9>y w>es might h be5 made 9 "s "o place 7probably a ,dorian c5tre1 n ,attica or ,boeotia72 b we h se5 t mo/ f9ds1 z 9 ,rhodes1 pres5t local peculi>ities4#igj ,a!ns at ?is p]iod 0 n suffici5tly advanc$ to become ! c5tre ( l>ge pott]ies1 & did n become s1 z we %all see1 be=e ! age ( ! ,peisi/ratidae2 su* vases z 7 made 7 /rictly conf9$ to special purposes4 ,x is a curi\s fact t v little ,geometrical w>e 0 f\nd on ! ,acropolis4 ,! ,geometrical pott]y ( ,cyprus has already be5 discuss$ 9 its relation to t ( ,greece 7pp4 #bdi1 #bec7iga2 b !re is yet ano!r region :i* pass$ ?r\gh a ,geometrical p]iod simil> to t ( ,greece1 & t is ,etruria 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] illu/rat$ by ! metal products ( ! ,villanova p]iod1 su* z ! bronze discs & l>ge c9]>y urns1 ?an by ! local pott]y1 :i* nev] rea*$ ! same level z 9 ,greece2 9 ! =m] ! same comb9ations ( elaborate ornam5t ) rude animals & yet rud] human figures may be witness$1 & x is possible t importations f ,greece may h _h a %>e 9 influ5c+ ^! products4 ,!y cov] ! p]iod f ! t5? to ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 #b4 ,,attica1 ,,boeotia1 ,,& ,,melos ,foll[+ on to ! ,geometrical vases bo? 9 *ronological & arti/ic sequ5ce is a small class ( ,a!nian vases1 :i*1 m = conv5i5ce ?an ) reg>d to /rict accuracy1 h be5 /yl$ ,proto-,attic4 ,! t]m has ?is mu* ( tru? 9 x1 t ! gr\p may be said to /& at ! head (1 & 9 direct relation to1 ! long s]ies ( pa9t$ vases produc$ 9 ! ,a!nian pott]ies = "s two c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t a suffici5t numb] ( ^! vases has become kn[n = !m to be /udi$ z a sep>ate class1 & ev5 :5 ,bhlau fir/ drew att5tion to !m1 9 #ahhg1 only two or ?ree 7 kn[n4 ,! li/ up to date is z foll[s 7! ord] be+ r\ghly *ronological73-- #a4 ,a!ns #dfg 7,c\ve's ,amphora ,k]ameikos ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahib1 pl4 ,cat47 #aj4 #b4 ,b]l9 #ef ,amphora ,hymettos ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 pl4 #e4 #c4 ,a!ns #dfh ,hydria ,analatos ibid4 pls4 #c1 #d4 7,phal]on7 #d4 ,a!ns #dfd ,lebes ,!bes ibid4 pl4 #d4 #e4 ,a!ns #dfi ,amphora ,pikrodaphni ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 pls4 #b1 #c4 #f4 ,a!ns ,mus4 ,amphora ,kynos>ges ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 pls4 #b-d4 #g4 ,a!ns #fej ,fragm5t ,aeg9a ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #ed4 #h4 ,a!ns #feg ,amphora ,k]ameikos ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #eg4 #i4 ,a!ns #fea ,amphora ,peiraeus 4 4 #ahig1 pl4 #e4 #aj4 ,b]l9 #afhb ,lebes ,aeg9a ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhb1 pls4 #i1 #aj4 #aa4 ,b4,m4 ,a #ece ,lebes ,a!ns ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #dc ,fig4 #hg4 ,we may also add to ?is li/ ,a!ns #feb-ffd1 a vase f ,aeg9a 7,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 pl4 #h71 ,b4,m4 ,a #aeca 7,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #bhe71 & ano!r at ,a!ns 7ibid4 p4 #bhc74 ,x w be notic$ t ! majority are ( ! amphora =m1 & t all )\t exception h be5 f\nd 9 or ne> ,a!ns1 :i* leaves little room = d\bt z to _! orig94 ,a close connection ) ! ,dipylon vases may be obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree1 n only 9 %ape & te*nique1 b 9 decoration4 ,9 ,no4 #b1 :i* we may take z typical ( ! olde/ =m ( ! ,attic amphora1 a comb9ation ( ,geometrical & ,myc5aean ornam5t is to be obs]v$1 b ! figures ( ! w>riors are purely ,hell5ic1 l ^? ( ! ,euphorbos p9ax 7p4 #cce74 ,! %ape ( ,no4 #c is typical ( ! ,geometrical vases1 ) its long neck & slim body1 & x is p]haps m accurately call$ a ?ree-h&l$ jug ?an a hydria1 ?\gh at ! same "t x is cle>ly ! prototype ( ! lat] ,attic hydria4 ,! panel on ! neck ( ! vase 7also se5 9 ,no4 #f7 is also a ,geometrical feature1 & ! figures !re9 are q 9 ! ,dipylon /yle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! designs 9 cont9u\s friezes )\t v]tical divisions we trace ! incom+ influ5ce ( a =eign /yle--! ,rhodian or ,ionian4 ,o!r motives aga91 su* z ! birds & ! vegetable ornam5ts1 h no?+ ( ! ,geometrical or ,ionian ab\t !m1 & may p]haps be directly d]iv$ f ,myc5aean vases4 ,b ! typically ,geometrical loz5ges1 zigzags1 etc41 /ill hold _! own4 ,9 ,no4 #f ,mr4 ,cecil ,smi? notes t ! ornam5tation cov]+ ! field ( ! design is p>tly rectil9e> & geometrical1 p>tly floral & ( ,myc5aean orig94 ,! spiral patt]n :i* "h closes ! design1 & is also se5 on ,no4 #a1 is aga9 an in/ance ( ,myc5aean influ5ce1 & is a motive :i* became exce$+ly popul>4 ,9 ano!r sev5?-c5tury class1 ! s-call$ ,melian vases1 x is absolutely ov]done1 b ! m re/ra9$ ,attic tradition is pres]v$ = _m ye>s z an appropriate decoration = ! division ( ! designs "u ! h&les1 especially 9 ! r$-bodi$ amphorae ( ! develop$ ,b4,f4 /yle4 ,?is vase has "s o!r unusual features1 su* z incis$ l9es1 :i* are also f\nd on "s e>ly ,attic fragm5ts f ! ,acropolis1#igb b seem to appe> equally e>ly at ,cor9?1 s t x is impossible to say c]ta9ly if ! process is an ,attic inv5tion4 ,at all ev5ts x is n ,ionian1 z its place is tak5 on ! ea/ ( ! ,aegean by l9es ( :ite pa9t 7e4g4 9 ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi74 ,curi\sly en\gh1 9 ?is same vase 7,no4 #f7 may be not$ attempts at ?is v process1 "h1 no d\bt1 z on ! ,ionian vases1 due to ,myc5aean influ5ce 7see p4 #cca72 b x is unique 9 e>ly ,attic "w4#igc ,! peculi> treatm5t ( ! eye & hair is also wor?y ( att5tion4 ,to sum up ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,proto-,attic vases1 x may be said t !y repres5t ! trans=mation ( ! ,attico-,dorian elem5t into ! ,attico-,ionian1 j z we %all see 9 ! next /age a fur!r trans=mation "u new influ5ces into ,attico-,cor9?ian 7p4 #cbd74 ,! ,ionian influ5ce br+s ) x into ,attica n only a revival ( ,myc5aean elem5ts1 b also traces ( ,ori5talism4#igd ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! decoration l9ks x ) ! ,geometrical1 b clos] exam9ation %[s ! admixture ( spirals1 rosettes1 & lotos-fl[]s ) ! loz5ges & zigzags1 :ile ! ,geometrical animal-types are comb9$ ) new ones f ,ionia1 su* z ! lion1 & ! fun]al sc5es & combats are supplant$ by ,c5taurs & w+$ g5ii ( ,assyrian "*4#ige ,fur!r1 !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to get rid ( ! old silh\ette & to draw 9 outl9e1 a practice typical ( ,ionia & a direct h]itage f ,myc5aean vase-pa9t+s4 ,z 9 ! ,rhodian vases1 ! bodies are r5d]$ 9 full col\r1 ! heads 9 outl9e2 :ile ! practice ( cov]+ ! field ) gr\nd-ornam5ts is also a peculi>ly ,rhodian *>act]i/ic4 ,^! latt]1 h[ev]1 gradually disappe>1 z d ! ,geometrical conv5tions 9 ! draw+ ( ! figures4 ,! amphora-type develops /eadily onw>ds f ! ,b]l9 ,hymettos amphora1 :i*1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is ! olde/ ,attic v>iety4 ,9 "s ( ! =ms1 z 9 ,no4 #e1 !re are traces ( a metallic orig91 %[n by ! op5-"w h&les & o!r details4#igf ,g5]ally speak+1 !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds ! colossal1 & t[>ds emphasis+ ! figure-decoration1 n only by increas+ ! size ( ! figures1 b by conf9+ ! subject to "o side4 ,m4 ,potti] ?9ks t ?is is due to ar*itectural influ5ces1 & sugge/s a comp>ison ) a temple-faade4 ,b ! local traditions are /ill /rong1 & 9 spite ( ! influ5ce ( ! lively & orig9al ,ionic /yle1 ! vases rema9 8cont95tal0 at bottom1 ! draw+ always sob]] & m p[]ful ?r\gh\t4 ,9 _m respects !re is1 z we %all see1 a close p>allelism ) ! s-call$ ,melian fabrics4 ,no4 #aa1 ! l>ge ,burgon lebes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #hg71 is "o ( ! late/ repres5tatives ( ! ,proto-,attic class2 its ,ionic-look+ lions & 8,rhodian0 weal? ( gr\nd-ornam5ts seem to sugge/ ,asiatic influ5ces1 ! pres5ce ( :i* has be5 acc\nt$ = above4 ,moreov]1 ! loop-patt]n on ! rev]se is di/9ctly ,proto-,attic1 & f9ds its p>allels on vases f\nd at ,eretria1#igg z well z on o!rs ( ! class "u consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,burgon ,,lebes 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t 9 connection ) ! ,proto-,attic vases is ! introduction ( my?ological subjects1 z on ,no4 #f 7,h]akles & ,antaios71 ,no4 #h 7,h]akles & ! ,c5taur ,nessos71 ,no4 #aj 7,p]seus & ,a!na1 & a ,h>py#igh74 ,! only p>allel to ?is e>ly appe>ance ( my?s on vases is to be f\nd 9 ! ,melian class 7see bel[1 p4 #cja71 ! ,ari/onos krat] 7see bel[7 & ! ,euphorbos p9ax 7p4 #cce71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is ( lat] date4 ,x w be se5 t !y only occur 9 ! lat] gr\p ( ! ,attic vases4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xvi ,illu/ration3 ,f ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,,! ,,ari/ono,s ,,krat] 7,,9 ,,! ,,vatican74 ------------------------------------ ,on two ( ^! x is to be not$ t inscriptions occur1 id5tify+ ! figures 7,nos4 #h & #aj74 ,^! are ! olde/ pa9t$ inscriptions on ,attic vases1 b h5ce=w>d !y increase 9 numb]1 at lea/ 9 ! ,a!nian & ,cor9?ian fabrics2 !y are always m *>act]i/ic ( ! ma9l& ?an ( ,asia ,m9or4#igi ,!re are two e>ly sign$ vases :i* may possibly repres5t ! "w ( ,a!nian arti/s prior to ! "t ( ! ,franois vase1 ! cup by ,oikopheles at ,ox=d1#ihj & ! fam\s vase ( ,ari/onophos1#iha ,ari/on ( ,kos 7 71 ,ari/ono?os1 or ,ari/onos z v>i\s s*ol>s int]pret ! "n4#ihb ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 is some:at ar*ai/ic 9 "*1 ) c>eless r ?an incompet5t draw+1 & h>dly e>li] ?an ! six? c5tury2 & ! latt] has be5 claim$ ) mu* probability z ,ionian "w1 on acc\nt ( ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 details1 z well z on ! gr\nd ( ! "n ,ari/on ( ,kos 7if ?is int]pretation be accept$74 ,! inscription is n conclusive ei!r way1 & x may also be "h rem>k$ t ! krat] has sev]al po9ts ( resemblance ) ! well-kn[n 8,w>rior0 vase ( ,myc5ae 7,fig4 #hh71ihc :i* is probably lat] 9 date ?an ! re/ ( ! pott]y f t site1 be+ f\nd outside ! ,acropolis4 ,! ,ari/onos vase 7,plate ,,xvi47 is usually dat$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & is int]e/+ = its subjects z well z = its arti/ic position4 ,on "o side is a sea-fight1 a subject only common on ,greek vases 9 ! ,geometrical p]iod1 & !re=e obvi\sly d]iv$ f t s\rce2 on ! o!r1 ! bl9d+ ( ,polyphemos by ,odysseus1 a subject popul> 9 ar*aic vase-pa9t+ 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv471 & f\nd 9 ,cyr5aic & o!r e>ly examples4 ,at fir/ sight ?is vase w\ld c]ta9ly seem to be ( ! ,proto-,attic class1 %[+ ! transition f ,geometrical to develop$ ,attic /yle2 b ! ,myc5aean & ,ionian elem5ts mu/ n be left out ( consid]ation4 ,z reg>ds ! ,w>rior vase1 ,m4 ,potti] has giv5 good gr\nds = %[+ t x also is to be reckon$ z ,proto-,attic4 ,b we mu/ n leave out ( sight ! view urg$ by ,furtwa5gl]1#ihd t ! ,ari/onos vase is ( an ,argive fabric4 ,:5 ! ,h]aion f9ds are publi%$1 !y may af=d m evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,mean:ile1 x may be rem>k$ t ! circum/ances ( ! f9d+ ( ! ,w>rior vase may support ?is view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,vase ,,f ,,myc5ae1 ,,) ,,w>riors4 ,closely connect$ ) ^! e>ly ,attic fabrics is a v int]e/+ s]ies ( small vases :i*1 f ! place ( _! discov]y1 are usually kn[n z ,phal]on w>e4 ,!y are ne>ly all small jugs1 & numb] "s fifty1 mo/ly at ,a!ns1 b !re is a repres5tative s]ies 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,m conspicu\sly1 p]haps1 ?an ! ,proto-,attic1 !y illu/rate ! gr[+ t5d5cy to comb9e ,geometrical & ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,9 =m & te*nique !y are ,geometrical1 b 9 ! ornam5tation !re is a l>ge admixture ( ,ori5tal elem5ts4 ,x has be5 said t 8! :ole "* ( ^! vases seems to reflect an influ5ce ( ! /yle ( ,ori5tal vases on pa9t]s accu/om$ to ! ,dipylon /yle10#ihe & x is l>gely 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! decoration t ! =m] is app>5t1 z well z 9 ! introduction ( new motives & patt]ns4#ihf ,see = examples ,plate ,,xvii4 figs4 #b1 #d1 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij4 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,vase ,,( ,,proto-,,attic ,,type ,,f ,,v\rva4 ,! usual s*eme consi/s ( a panel ) figures on ! neck1 a b& ( ornam5t r\nd ! %\ld]1 & bel[ t p>allel b&s ( l9es or o!r ornam5ts1 ) zigzags or rays r\nd ! foot4 ,a typical example is ,a #dga 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) a cock on ! neck1 & bel[1 dogs pursu+ a h>e4#ihg ,on a cup ( ,geometrical =m1 ) conv5tionalis$ plants & gr\nd-ornam5ts ( ,geometrical "*1 are two de] flee+ f a lion1 & !re is also a pyxis ) *>iot-sc5es obvi\sly d]iv$ f ,myc5aean vases4 ,b mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ is a jug ) two be>d$ heads & a woman ) v small body1 app>5tly play+ flutes4#ihh ,! g5]al effect is q unique1 b ! draw+ is rude & *ildi% to a degree2 ! middle head is almo/ ,semitic 9 type4 ,x w\ld seem t "h aga9 we h a ,myc5aean influ5ce at "w1 & 9 g5]al ! appe>ance & /yle ( ^! vases und\bt$ly recall ! figur$ vases f ,cyprus4#ihi ,ano!r s]ies ( vases 9 close relation to ! ,proto-,attic fabrics is t f\nd at ,v\rva1 ne> ,m>a?on#iij2 !y are important z =m+ a connect+ l9k ) ! next developm5t ( ,attic vase-pa9t+1 ! ,tyrrh5ian amphorae describ$ at ! conclusion ( ?is *apt]4 ,!y h be5 /udi$ by ,bhlau1#iia & m rec5tly by ,nilsson1#iib & ^! writ]s h %[n h[ !y repres5t ! influ5ce ( ,ionic ideas1 d]iv$ ?r\gh ,euboea4 ,on ! o!r h& ! friezes ( animals1 :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ?is class1 are cle>ly d]iv$ f ,cor9?ian s\rces1 b are di/+ui%$ f ^? on ,cor9?ian vases by ! abs5ce ( accessory col\rs4 ,fig4 #hiiic may be tak5 z a typical example4 ,!y appe> to be contempor>y ) ! lat] ,proto-,attic vases1 su* z ! ,burgon lebes1 on :i* also traces ( ,ionic influ5ce h be5 not$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! ,geometrical p]iod onw>ds ! manufacture ( pa9t$ vases seems to h be5 cont9u$ int]mitt5tly 9 ,boeotia d[n to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x w\ld be tak+ too great a lib]ty ) *ronology to deal ) all ,boeotian fabrics "h1 & ! lat] mu/ fall into _! place ) ! contempor>y ,attic fabrics4 ,b !re is a small class :i* seems to take its orig9 directly or indirectly f ! ,geometrical pott]y2 & z x belongs to a p]iod ant]ior to ! p]fect$ ,b4,f4 /yle1 x may be treat$ "h z analog\s 9 developm5t to ! ,proto-,attic vases4 ,a fav\rite %ape among ! ,boeotian ,geometrical w>es 0 t ( a jug ) long cyl9drical neck & some:at flat body1 ( a =m cle>ly imitat$ f metal4#iid ,?is %ape1 :i* is also (t5 f\nd 9 ,proto-,cor9?ian fabrics 7see bel[1 p4 #cjh71 0 utilis$ by a pott] nam$ ,gam$es1 ^: signature is f\nd on a vase f ,tanagra 9 ! ,l\vre1#iie 9 ! ,boeotian alphabet ( ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,x is decorat$ ) ! figure ( a h]dsman driv+ be=e him a bull & a flock ( %eep1 ! figures be+ 9 black silh\ette1 ) details indicat$ by :ite m>k+s )9 incis$ l9es4 ,?is is q a local peculi>ity1#iif & seems to be due to a comb9ation ( ,cor9?ian & ,ionian influ5ces4 ,gam$es has also sign$ 8 "n on an unpa9t$ aryballos ( ! typical e>ly ,cor9?ian globul> =m 7see p4 #aig7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #f71 & a simil> vase 9 ! ,l\vre is sign$ by ,m5aidas4#iig ,yet ano!r ,boeotian pott]1 ,!ozotos1 has a sign$ vase ) a simil> subject to ! ,gam$es jug1 b ! /yle is m advanc$4#iih ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xvii ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,pott]y ,,f ,,greece 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a1 #c1 8,,proto-,,cor9?ian02 #b1 #d1 #e1 8,,phal]on0 ,,w>e2 #f1 ,,boeotian1 ,,sign$ ,,by ,,gam$es4 ------------------------------------ ,ano!r typically ,boeotian =m f\nd 9 ! same p]iod is a kan?>os1#iii also obvi\sly imitat$ f metal & decorat$ ) figures ( animals or palmette-&-lotos patt]ns ( a peculi>ly local type4 ,! /yle ( ! animals is1 l t ( ! ,gam$es vase1 also peculi> & local2 b bo? 9 decoration & te*nique ^! vases seem to reflect ,cor9?ian influ5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a small b rem>kable class ( vases1 :i* seem to /& almo/ by !mselves1 is t kn[n z ! ,melian amphorae4 ,f\r vases ( ?is type n[ 9 ! ,a!ns ,museum#ajjj 7 f\nd 9 ,melos _m ye>s ago1 & 7 recognis$ z a sep>ate class & describ$ z 8,melian vases0 z long ago z #ahfb by ,conze4#ajja ,s9ce t "t a spl5did example has be5 add$ to ! li/1 f\nd 9 ! same isl& 9 #ahicajjb2 & to ?is mu/ be add$ sev]al fragm5ts recognis$ at diff]5t times1 includ+ "o f ,naukratis 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#ajjc ,all ! complete vases are l>ge amphorae1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 b ( elegant proportions1 ) two h&les bran*+ out l[ d[n on ! body4 ,! figures are pa9t$ 9 br[n on a pale yell[ gr\nd1 & enhanc$ ) dull r$ & purple accessories1 "s ( ! details also be+ incis$4 ,9 two cases ! subjects are my?ological1 "o repres5t+ ,apollo ) 8 lyre 9 a *>iot accompani$ by ,artemis & two ,muses#ajjd2 ano!r ! ,asiatic ,artemis 7see ,*apt] ,,xii47#ajje2 ano!r1 ! "o f\nd 9 #ahic1 has ! subjects ( ,h]mes & ,a!na1 & ,h]akles c>ry+ (f ,iole4 ,deities 9 *>iots are a typical ,melian subject4 ,! figures are ( q orig9al design1 9 no way imitative1 & ! co/umes seem to indicate a p]iod betwe5 ,hom] & ! six? c5tury4 ,!y may be r\ghly dat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5?4 ,!y exhibit a comb9ation ( highly-develop$ ,geometrical ornam5t ) vegetable motives f ! ,ea/ & ,myc5aean details1 su* z ! spiral1 :i*1 z has already be5 not$ 7p4 #bid71 atta9s almo/ to a rank gr[? ov] ! vacant spaces ( ! vases4 ,! human =ms are conceiv$ ) a rem>kable degree ( fre$om4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance !y are n unlike ! l>ge ,proto-,attic amphorae1 b mu* ri*] & fre] 9 /yle2 !y may be also said to approa* ! f9] ,naukratite or ,rhodian vases1 su* z ! ,euphorbos p9ax ) its quasi-,hom]ic subject & lavi% use ( ornam5t4#ajjf ,! decoration is m advanc$ ?an t ( ! ,proto-,attic class1 ! palmettes1 = in/ance1 be+ m freely treat$4 ,riegl#ajjg notes t ! palmettes & lotos-fl[]s are d]iv$ f ,egypt1 b trans=m$ & ,hell5is$1 & t ! spirals are n ,geometrical1 b are naturalis$ into plants4 ,! *>act]i/ic arrangem5t ( ! ornam5t 9 long v]tical /ripes he traces f ,egypt ?r\gh ,myc5aean art2 x develops lat] into ! plait-b& ( ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi 7,plate ,,xxvii474 ,9 brief1 ! ornam5t ( ! ,melian vases =ms a direct l9k betwe5 ,myc5aean & ,hell5ic ornam5t4 ,an altoge!r new light has be5 ?r[n on ?is gr\p by a l>ge s]ies ( fragm5ts ( pa9t$ pott]y f\nd 9 #ahih 9 ! isl& ( ,rh5eia1 :i* und\bt$ly =m "p ( ! cont5ts ( graves br\ght ov] f ,delos 9 #dbf-be ,b4,c41 z record$ by ,?ucydides 7iii4 #ajd74 ,!y h be5 rec5tly made ! subject ( c>eful /udy by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hopk9son1#ajjh :o recognis$ !m z belong+ to ! ,melian class1 & id5tifi$ p>ts ( at lea/ t5 di/9ct vases4 ,! scanty pres]vation ( fragm5ts ( complete vases is1 9 8 op9ion1 due to ! fact t !y _h be5 orig9ally plac$ outside ! tombs l ! ,dipylon vases4 ,l ! complete examples1 !y are *>act]is$ by _! f9e slip & brilliant poly*rome te*nique1 ! sy/em ( frieze-decoration ) ,geometric ornam5ts & spirals1 ! free & spirit$ draw+1 & _! purely pla/ic =ms1 %[+ no signs ( imitation ( metal4 ,!y also be> out ! isolat$ "* ( ?is fabric1 9 :i* all ! vases seem to be on ! same level ( excell5ce1 )\t any signs ( transition at ei!r end4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xviii ,illu/ration3 ,,melian ,,amphora 7,,a!ns ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,mr4 ,hopk9son draws ! conclusion1 9 :i* he may prove to be ju/ifi$1 t ?is pott]y is ( ,delian manufacture1 b if s1 t ! clay mu/ h be5 import$1 z ! local clay is1 & always has be51 too poor 9 "*4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,cycladic orig9 ( ! fabric c h>dly be a matt] ( d\bt1 & x is cle> t ! int]m$iate position ( ^! isl&s w\ld acc\nt = a comb9ation ( ,geometrical & ,ionian elem5ts1 s f> z su* exi/s4 ,b ! /rongly individuali/ic "* ( ! vases compels u to seek "s o!r influ5ce = _! real orig91 & x seems on ! :ole probable t !y repres5t a sep>ate & indep5d5t desc5t f ,myc5aean pott]y1 />t+ ) ! spiral z ! basis ( ornam5tation4 ,"s evid5ce ( ?is desc5t may be trac$ 9 ! native pott]y ( ,phylakopi1 to :i* allusion has be5 made 9 ! previ\s *apt] 7p4 #bfc74ajji #c4 ,,cor9? ,,bibliography ,wilis*1 ,altkor9?is*e ,?on9du/rie 7#ahib72 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dag ff42 ,dumont-,potti]1 ,cramiques1 i4 *aps4 xi4 & xvi42 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #ci ff4 ,= 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 pott]y see ref]5ces giv5 9 text4 ,z a comm]cial & arti/ic c5tre1 no "o city dur+ ! e>ly ar*aic p]iod ent]$ into s]i\s rivalry ) ,cor9?1 :i* 0 at a v remote date 9 relations ) ! ,ea/1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,greek /ates to ext5d ! sy/em ( colonisation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 by ! f\ndation ( ,corcyra1 ,syracuse1 & o!r important outpo/s4 ,! epo* ( ?is supremacy & ( its comm]cial prosp]ity ext5ds f ! eigh? to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 be+ co9cid5t ) ! rule ( ! great tyrants1 ,p]i&]1 ,kypselos1 etc4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! six? c5tury1 :5 ! ,a!nian tyranny rose to su* a great height "u ,peisi/ratos1 ,cor9?1 ) equal rapidity1 sank to a subord9ate position1 & h] arti/ic supremacy pass$ to ! gr[+ p[] ( ,a!ns4 ,h5ce x is fitt+ t ,cor9? & its fam\s pott]ies %\ld be ! subject ( our next section4 ,two causes contribut$ to ! importance ( ,cor9? z a c5tre ( c]amic indu/ry--! excell5ce ( its clay 7see p4 #bje71 & its position z a comm]cial port at ! junction ( ! ,peloponnese & ,c5tral ,greece4 ,pollux#ajaj selects ,cor9?ian clay = comm5dation1 & o!r writ]s speak ( diff]5t v>ieties ( pott]y z ,cor9?ian4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t l>ge quantities ( pott]y %\ld h be5 f\nd "h1 ! local orig9 ( :i* is e/abli%$ by ! inscriptions 9 ! ,cor9?ian alphabet :i* are frequ5tly pa9t$ ^u !m2 & n only t1 b simil> pott]y has be5 f\nd almo/ all ov] ! ,m$it]ranean1 be+ m widely di/ribut$ ?an any o!r fabric except ! ,a!nian ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 vases4 ,! li/ ( sites z giv5 by ,wilis* is z foll[s3 ,a!ns1 ,eleusis1 ,aeg9a1 ,argos1 ,kleonae1 ,tiryns1 ,myc5ae1 ,!bes1 & ,tanagra 9 ,greece2 ,euboea 7,k>y/os71 ,melos1 ,corfu1 ,crete1 ,rhodes1#ajaa ,samos1 & ,cyprus among ! isl&s2 ,hiss>lik1 ,smyrna1 ,pontus1 & ! ,crimea2 ,alex&ria1 ,naukratis1 & ,c>?age2 ,syracuse & ,sel9us 9 ,sicily1 & ,s>d9ia2 & _m places 9 ,italy1 su* z ,b>i1 ,nola1 ,capua1 ,cumae1 ,b5ev5tum1 ,c]vetri1 ,vulci1 ,orvieto1 ,corneto1 & ,vit]bo4 ,m4 ,potti] ?9ks t ?is wide di/ribution is due1 n to ! m]it ( ! vases !mselves1 :i* are (t5 ( poor /yle1 b to ! m]*&ise :i* !y conta9$4 ,?is might1 at any rate1 acc\nt = ! great prepond]ance ( small oil-flasks1 a =m :i* took ! place ( ! ,myc5aean 8false amphora40 ,! ,cor9?ian vases are n1 h[ev]1 /rictly homog5e\s1 &1 9 fact1 fall into c]ta9 di/9ct categories4 ,! e>lie/ class f\nd at ,cor9? /&s q by itself1 & has be5 t]m$ 8,proto-,cor9?ian10 ?\gh ! ju/ice ( ?is title has be5 /rongly combat$ by "s s*ol>s4 ,on _m ( ! ,sicilian & ,italian sites a class ( small vases#ajab is f\nd :i* diff]s f ! au!ntic ,cor9?ian examples ( ! same =ms1 & may n impossibly d5ote local fabrics4 ,if ?is is s1 !y w\ld /& 9 ! same relation to ! g5u9e ,cor9?ian z ! ,boeotian ,geometrical vases to ^? ( ! ,dipylon1 =m+ a sort ( supplem5t>y fabric4 ,at all ev5ts1 su* imitations ( a popul> w>e might reasonably be expect$4 ,m4 ,potti] ma9ta9s t five di/9ct v>ieties ( clay may be obs]v$1 :i* p>tially s]ve z a basis = classification1 ap>t f que/ions ( /yle & ornam5tation4 ,!y are z foll[s3 7#a7 small vases ( a gre5i%-yell[ clay f\nd 9 ,greece1 especially at ,cor9?1 b r>e 9 ,italy2 7#b7 vases ( cream-col\r$ clay f ,boeotia1 & l>ge krat]s f ,c]vetri2 7#c7 vases ( r$di% clay f ,boeotia1 ,euboea1 & ,etruria2 7#d7 vases ( :ite & grey clay1 v num]\s 9 ,italy2 7#e7 vases ( yell[ clay1 *iefly f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,"s ( ! 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 w>es belong to ,class 7#a71 b z a rule !y are m>k$ (f f ! re/ by te*nique z well z decoration4 ,?is fir/ class is )\t d\bt exclusively local1 & repres5ts ! ( ,pollux2 ! same clay is ev5 us$ at ,cor9? at ! pres5t day4 ,on "o ( ! ,p5teskuphia p9akes 7see p4 #caf71 ! clay ( :i* diff]s f ! re/1 a pott] is repres5t$ mak+ an aryballos ( 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 =m#ajac2 b ! majority belong to ! second class1 :i* is also local1 & includes ! l>ge krat]s ( advanc$ /yle ) ,cor9?ian inscriptions4 ,9 col\r & porosity ! clay resembles t ( ,boeotia4 ,! r$ clay ( ,class 7#c7 sugge/s a connection ) ,*alkis1 a "q :i* ne$s future consid]ation 7see bel[1 p4 #cba72 7#d7 & 7#e7 pres5t analogies to ! native clays ( ,italy1 & include all ! local imitative fabrics4 ,! old] v>ieties ) m]ely l9e> decoration are mo/ l>gely f\nd at ,cor9? & ,syracuse1 & ! lat] ) incis$ l9es & figures ( animals or m5 are comp>atively r>e4 ,b z f> z ! pres5t /ate ( our k p]mits1 x is c]ta9ly possible to claim z ,cor9?ian1 at lea/ 9 a s5se1 all ! v>ieties ( fabrics :i* h be5 hi!rto m5tion$1 except probably ! 8,proto-,cor9?ian40 ,9 describ+ ^! fabrics 9 detail1 x w be f\nd m conv5i5t to ignore ! te*nical diff]5ces1 & adopt ! m *ronologically accurate sy/em ( classification :i* foll[s ! developm5t ( ! decoration4 ,we ?us obta9 five di/9ct classes1#ajad :i* may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #a4 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 w>es 7call$ by ,m4 ,potti] ! ,cor9?ian ,geometric /yle74 #gej-fej ,b4,c41 & lat]4 #b4 ,cor9?ian vases ) incis$ scale-patt]ns or imbrications4 #c4 ,cor9?ian vases ) floral decoration1 gr\nd-ornam5ts1 & figures n incis$4 #d4 ,simil> vases1 b ) figures incis$4 ,classes #b to #d r\ghly cov] ! sev5? c5tury4 #e4 ,cor9?ian vases )\t gr\nd-ornam5ts1 & ) l>ge friezes ( animals or human figures2 incis$ details4 #fjj-eej ,b4,c4 #a4 ,al?\gh ! priority ( ! s-call$ ,proto-,cor9?ian or ,cor9?ian ,geometrical pott]y is c]ta91 ! t]m is1 /rictly speak+1 appli$ to vases ( diff]5t dates1 :i* are only connect$ by =m ) ! orig9al fabrics4#ajae ,! di/9ction lies 9 ! fact t ! e>li] vases h l9e> decoration )\t purple accessories or incis$ l9es1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 ! m develop$ examples z ! result ( ! revolution effect$ by ! ,cor9?ian pa9t]s4#ajaf ,!y !re=e fall into two ma9 classes1 ( :i* ! e>li] includes ! l>g] vases ) purely ,geometrical decoration ( a simple type1 d\btless reflect+ ! orig9al local ,geometrical pott]y1 & sometimes ) zones ( animals4 ,! figures are m]ely 9 black silh\ette4 ,9 ! lat] class ! vases are small1 sometimes dim9utive1 b ( develop$ /yle1 ) zones ( animals ( ! lat] ,cor9?ian type1 & ) purple accessories & incis$ l9es4 ,! e>li] class date f ! eigh? to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c42 ! lat] _c be old] ?an ! six?4 ,= ! dat+ ( ! e>li] gr\p "s evid5ce may be d]iv$ f ! results ( excavations at ,syracuse1 f\nd$ f ,cor9? 9 #gce ,b4,c4 ,9 its e>lie/ cemet]ies1 z also at ,meg>a ,hyblaea1 num]\s ,proto-,cor9?ian vases ( ! e>li] class h be5 f\nd4#ajag ,9 ,italy ,proto-,cor9?ian w>es 7 f\nd 9 tr5*-tombs ( ab\t #gej-fej ,b4,c41 & 9 ! e>li] *amb]-tombs 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,! old] class disappe>s by ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 ! typical ,cor9?ian aryballos 7see p4 #aig7 takes its place4 ,besides ,cor9? & ,syracuse1 ,proto-,cor9?ian vases h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s at ! ,argive ,h]aion1 at ,!bes1 & 9 ! isl& ( ,aeg9a1 & m r>ely at ,tiryns1 ,a!ns1 ,eleusis1 ,tanagra1 ,smyrna1 & ,hiss>lik4 ,out ( ?irty 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 eight c]ta9ly came f ,cor9?4 ,tak+ ?is into consid]ation1 & also ! ,cor9?ian orig9 ( ,syracuse1 x is evid5t t !re is1 ap>t f _! /yle1 a /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( _! ,cor9?ian orig94#ajah ,z long ago1 h[ev]1 z #ahgg ,helbig ca/ d\bts on ?is & propos$ to locate !m at ! rival comm]cial c5tre ( ,*alkis4#ajai ,he 0 foll[$ by ,dmml]1 ,kle91 & o!rs1#ajbj b rec5tly ,aeg9a#ajba & ,boeotia#ajbb h also be5 sugge/$1 ! latt] at lea/ = ! e>li] class4 ,yet m rec5tly ! p5dulum has swung 9 ano!r direction1 t ( ,argos1#ajbc *iefly 9 view ( ! ext5sive f9ds at ! ,h]aion 7n yet publi%$74 ,two specim5s h rec5tly be5 made kn[n :i* be> inscriptions1 b nei!r yields v def9ite evid5ce4 ,"o is a sign$ vase 7) ! "n ( ,pyrrhos#ajbd71 9 :i* ! alphabet is mix$1 b ma9ly ,*alcidian 9 "*2 9 ! o!r#ajbe ! inscriptions are fragm5t>y1 b ?\gh ! lett] appe>s 9 ,argive1 n ,cor9?ian1 =m1 ! is n ( ! peculi> ,argive ,argive type1 b ,sicyonian 4 ,! ,pyrrhos inscription _c be mu* lat] ?an #gjj ,b4,c41 & ?us ranks z ! e>lie/ kn[n 8signature40 ,mr4 ,hopp91#ajbf argu+ f ! ,h]aion f9ds1 reg>ds ! ,proto-,cor9?ian fabrics z a direct (f%oot ( ,myc5aean pott]y1 n z =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! ,geometrical & ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 may be pres]v$1 z imply+ priority 9 po9t ( "t1 & x _c be said z yet t ! ,cor9?ian !ory is absolutely disprov$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xix ,illu/ration3 8,,proto-,,cor9?ian0 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,cor9?ian ,,vases 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a-c1 #e1 ,,e>ly ,,cor9?ian2 #d1 #f1 8,,proto-,,cor9?ian40 ------------------------------------ ,! dom9at+ =m is t ( ! alaba/ron or leky?os1 a pe>-%ap$ vase ) flat r\nd lip & flat h&le4 ,! aryballos =m is also kn[n1 z are ! skyphos1 pyxis1 & a small krat]4 ,a *>act]i/ic %ape is ! jug ) flat base ris+ 9 pyramidal =m to a long cyl9drical neck1 ) trefoil lip & h&le4#ajbg ,! e>li] gr\p1 al?\gh ( 8,cor9?ian0 te*nique1 usually h only 8,geometrical0 ornam5t1 su* z wat]-birds or simple patt]ns2 h5ce !y h be5 held1 = in/ance1 by ,m4 ,potti]1 to repres5t ! true type ( ,cor9?ian ,geometrical pott]y4 ,b x does n seem t ! ,geometrical /yle 0 ev] popul> at ,cor9?1 & !re are _m signs t ! ,proto-,cor9?ian fabrics 7 to a great ext5t influ5c$ directly by ,myc5aean w>es4 ,! patt]ns1 :i* are 9 black mono*rome1 are on ! small] vases limit$ to b&s1 r[s ( dots1 or a k9d ( 8tongue0-patt]n ( /ylis$ leaves4 ,! ,proto-,cor9?ian vases f\nd 9 ,aeg9a#ajbh =m 9 "s respects a class by !mselves1 be+ (t5 ( consid]able size2 !y also include "s unusual v>ieties1 su* z cups1 & ev5 amphorae4#ajbi ,!y usually h ,geometrical decoration 9 ! =m ( zigzags1 mae&]1 *evrons1 triangles1 or p>allel rays2 on ! l>g] ones are f\nd friezes ( animals1 su* z dogs pursu+ de]1 bulls1 or wat]-f[l4 ,examples ( ?is class are3 ,b4,m4 ,a #dhg1 #ajej ff4 7see ,plate ,,xvii4 figs4 #d & #f1 ,,xix4 fig4 #a72 ,l\vre ,e #ac1 #ah1 #cb1 #cji1 #cge1 #cij1 #cif 7,atlas1 pls4 #ci1 #dj72 ,b]l91 #caf-ce2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgg1 pls4 ,c1 ,d1 ,u1 ,v2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 pl4 #g 7,b4,m4 ,a #aecj1 ( ,aeg9a type74 ,! second class is "o ( consid]able int]e/4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( m9iature vases1 ( :i* "s tw5ty 9 all are kn[n1 ( ! pe>-%ap$ leky?os =m1 ) m9ute b skilfully-execut$ figures 9 a v advanc$ /yle4 ,at _! head = beauty & delicacy ( execution /&s ! exquisite little ,macmillan leky?os 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#ajcj a ma/]piece ( its k9d4 ,!re is also a f9e specim5 9 ,b]l9 7,no4 #ccf71 o!rs 9 ! ,l\vre#ajca & ! ,syracuse ,museum 7! latt] f ! local excavations71 & ?ree v f9e ones h rec5tly be5 acquir$ by ! ,bo/on ,museum4#ajcb ,b = size & ri*ness1 if n = beauty1 all ^! are surpass$ by a m>vell\s vase 9 ! ,*igi collection at ,flor5ce4#ajcc ,?is is a jug or o9o*o1 decorat$ ) no less ?an f\r friezes1 two ( :i* are broad1 ) num]\s figures1 ! two alt]nate =m+ n>r[ bord]s to ^!1 ) hunt+ sc5es4 ,! col\r+ is mo/ rem>kable1 ! figures be+ pa9t$ 9 black1 yell[ o*re1 & bright crimson on a cream gr\nd1 ) a lavi% use ( incis$ l9es1 & on ! upp] n>r[ frieze ! animals are actually pa9t$ 9 pale buff on a black gr\nd4 ,! upp] l>ge frieze repres5ts a combat1 ) s]ri$ ranks ( w>riors & horsem5 advanc+ to meet ea* o!r1 ^? on ! "r all hav+ elaborate emblems on _! %ields 7birds1 ox-heads1 ,gorgon-heads1 etc474 ,on ! l[] friezes ! figures fall into gr\ps3 a f\r-horse *>iot & a r[ ( boys on horseback2 a ,sph9x2 hunt]s slay+ a lion2 & la/ly a fragm5t>y gr\p1 cle>ly repres5t+ ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv474 ,x is ! figures ( ?is gr\p :i* be> ! inscriptions allud$ to above4 ,z an in/ance ( ! extreme ri*ness & delicacy ( ! pa9t+1 att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! *>iot-horses 9 ! l[] frieze1 :i* are drawn slightly 9 advance ( ea* o!r1 & pa9t$ respectively yell[1 black1 r$1 & yell[4 ,! ,macmillan leky?os1 9 spite ( its dim9utive size1 is decorat$ ) no less ?an ?ree friezes ( human figures & animals1 z well z o!r ornam5ts2 ! ma9 design repres5ts a combat ( w>riors2 ! next1 a race ( boys on horseback2 ! l[e/1 dogs pursu+ a h>e1 & a cr\*+ ape4 ,! total height ( ! vase is b>ely #b in*es1 & yet e detail 9 ^! friezes is m>k$ ) surpris+ c>e & accuracy1 ! %ield-devices ( ! w>riors1 = in/ance1 be+ drawn ) wond]ful m9ut5ess4 ,! ?ree ,bo/on vases are int]e/+ = _! subjects3 on "o is ,bell]ophon slay+ ! ,*ima]a2 on ! next1 a h]o attack+ a lion ) a human head on its back 7a mon/] no d\bt sugge/$ by ! ,*ima]a72 ! ?ird has ! fav\rite e>ly subject ( ,h]akles' combat ) ! ,c5taurs4 ,9 all ^! vases ! use ( a r$ col\r on ! human figures %\ld be not$1 a te*nical device :i* we h already not$ 9 ! figures on ! ,melian amphorae 7see above1 p4 #cja74 ,x is abundantly cle> t su* "w c\ld n h be5 produc$ 9 ! eigh?1 or ev5 ! sev5?1 c5tury2 ! /yle is virtually t ( ! subsequ5t black-figur$ vases1 & we are !re=e =c$ to ! conclusion t ^! m9iature vases 7 made "u ! m or less direct influ5ce ( ! lat] ,cor9?ian w>es prop]1 at a "t :5 t /yle 0 develop+ into ! black-figur$4 ,) ! ,proto-,cor9?ian w>e may be l9k$ a s]ies ( vases 9 ! =m ( animals1 human heads1 etc41 :i* imitate ,ori5tal porcela9 vases & %[ an e>ly developm5t ( ! pla/ic art :i* is rem>kable = its advanc$ /yle 7see pp4 #abg1 #dib74 ,! decoration ( ^! vases is usually ( a simple ,geometrical "*4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,rhodes & on _m o!r sites1 su* z ,eretria1 ,vulci1 & ,nola4 #b4 ,vases ) incis$ imbrications4--,! importance ( ?is class is betok5$ by ! appe>ance ( ! incis$ l9e1 :i* z a matt] ( pure te*nique is ( c\rse only a revival f ! primitive fabrics1 b z an adjunct to figure-decoration 9 ord] to express details is an entirely new feature 7see above1 p4 #cjf1 & bel[1 p4 #cac74 ,x 0 probably d]iv$ f metal-"w1 9 :i* x _h long be5 famili>1 z ! ,boeotian ,geometrical fibulae & ! e>ly ,cor9?ian or ,*alcidian bronze reliefs te/ify4 ,al?\gh de/9$ l>gely to revolutionise design1 x 0 at fir/ us$ ) re/ra9t4 ,9 ! vases "u consid]ation x is conf9$ to ! imbrications#ajcd or scale-patt]ns ) :i* ! body is l>gely cov]$ 7,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #c74 ,!y 7 produc$ by means ( a compass 9 :i* ! grav+-tool 0 fix$1 ! edge ( ea* scale =m+ an arc ( a circle1 ! c5tre po9ts ( :i* are usually visible4 ,?is scale-patt]n is n a new feature 9 ! decoration ( vases2 x appe>s 9 a pa9t$ =m on _m ,myc5aean specim5s1#ajce & 0 also adopt$ by ! ,ionian pa9t]s ( ,daphnae 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta 7see p4 #ceb74 ,b z a m satisfactory result 0 obta9$ by incis+1 ! ,cor9?ian v>iety soon became exce$+ly popul>4 ,! effect is (t5 enhanc$ by ! use ( r$ col\r4#ajcf ,9 "s cases ?is ornam5t is comb9$ ) pa9t$ friezes ( animals 7z 9 ! ,l\vre vase ,e #dba74 ,! %apes employ$ are v>i\s1 b a new & conspicu\s v>iety is ! l>ge jug or olpe1 ) circul> lip & l>ge discs atta*$ on ei!r side to ! tops ( ! h&les4 ,attempts h be5 made to dissociate ?is fabric f ,cor9?1 by attribut+ x to ,rhodes1 ,ionia1 & ,sicily#ajcg2 b al?\gh x is c]ta9ly true t l>ge numb]s 7 f\nd 9 ,rhodes & 9 ,sicily1 ! claims ( nei!r prevail ov] ^? ( ,cor9?1 & ! mo/ t c be said ) any c]ta9ty is t "s are local imitations4 ,x is1 moreov]1 possible to discov] _! prototypes 9 ! ,proto-,cor9?ian w>es4 #c4 ,vases ) floral decoration1 b no incis$ l9es 7ab\t #gjj-fej ,b4,c474--,t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury may be obs]v$ an influx ( ,ori5tal motives1 trans=m+ ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 j z at ,a!ns x trans=m$ ! local /yle1 produc+ ! ,phal]on w>e4 ,its effect c also be obs]v$ 9 ,etruria 7,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,x is l>gely due to hi/orical causes1 su* z ! developm5t ( ,greek comm]ce & colonial expansion1 & g5]ally to ! fusion ( ,dorian & ,ionian elem5ts4 ,h5ce ! prom95t *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es ! new v>iety f ! ,proto-,cor9?ian2 namely1 ! employm5t ( vegetable ornam5t1 n f direct obs]vation ( nature1 b conv5tionalis$4 ,^! patt]ns seem to be l>gely drawn f ,ori5tal textile embroid]ies1 & ma9ly take ! =m ( rosettes1 leaves1 & fl[]s /rewn all ov] ! field2 accord+ to "s writ]s1 ?is is ! explanation ( ! phrase sp>g5tes l9eas intus1#ajch us$ 9 connection ) ! ,cor9?ian pa9t]s ,aridikes & ,telephanes4 ,gr\nd-ornam5ts are almo/ unkn[n 9 ,ori5tal art2 b _! adoption f ! embroid]ies w\ld only exemplify ! pr9ciple1 univ]sal 9 e>ly art1 ( imitat+ 9 "o mat]ial ! sali5t features ( ano!r4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! fl[]s & leaves are int5d$ to repres5t ! gr\nd on :i* ! animals are walk+4 ,if ?is is s1 ! effect is due to a pr9ciple already exi/+ 9 ,myc5aean art--! conv5tional r5d]+ ( p]spective by plac+ objects ^: real position is beyond ! pr9cipal subjects 9 ! same v]tical plane ) !m4 ,ano!r fav\rite patt]n1 ei!r z a gr\nd-ornam5t or z "p ( ! subord9ate decoration1 is a comb9ation ( ! palmette & lotos-fl[]1 pick$ out ) purple accessories#ajci2 ?is patt]n is purely conv5tional1 & (t5 assumes colossal dim5sions 9 relation to ! size ( ! vase4 ,! purple accessories1 :i* n[ become v common1 may possibly be connect$ ) ano!r traditional ,cor9?ian inv5tion1 t ( ,ekphantos1 :o us$ a r$ pigm5t made f p\nd$ e>? 7see p4 #cie74ajdj ,z reg>ds %apes1 ! alaba/ron & aryballos#ajda are preem95tly popul>2 ! flat-bottom$ jug1 ! pyxis or cov]$ j>1 & ! skyphos or kotyle1 are also f\nd 7see ,plate ,,xix4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #e74 ,!re arises n[ a t5d5cy 9 ! l>g] vases to divide ! body into zones or friezes1 :i* h5ce=? become a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! subjects are /rictly limit$ to animals su* z ! lion1 or v>i\s types ( birds2 & friezes ( runn+ dogs & o!r quadrup$s n[ become ! typical ,cor9?ian motive4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xx ,to face page #cab ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,( ,,cor9?ian ,,fabric4 #b4 8,,rhodian0 ,,o9o*oe4 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ #d4 ,vases ) floral decoration & figures ) incis$ l9es 7ab\t #fej-fjj ,b4,c474--,9 ?is next /age1 ! date ( :i* corresponds ) ! lat] tr5*-tombs & old] *amb]-tombs ( ,etruria 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii471 !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy ( ! vases to increase 9 size1 & sev]al new =ms are ei!r introduc$ = ! fir/ "t or increase 9 popul>ity4 ,besides ! ev]-popul> aryballos & alaba/ron1 !re are v>i\s =ms ( cov]$ j>s1 ! cyl9drical pyxis1 & ! s-call$ lekane1 a sort ( ture52 also v>i\s dr9k+-cups1 ! kotyle1 ! s-call$ ko?on1 & ! kylix1 ! la/ a new type4 ,its prototype is p]haps to be s\ght 9 ! %all[ f\r-h&l$ b[ls ( ! ,boeotian ,geometrical w>e1 & x is m>k$ by its b5t-ov] rim & l[ foot4#ajdb ,! decoration loses all re/ra9t1 & ! prevail+ idea ) ! arti/ is ! horror vacui :i* impels him to fill up e vacant "p ( ! surface1 at ! exp5se ( utt]ly conv5tionalis+ 8 figures & ornam5ts & di/ort+ _! =ms 7cf4 ,plate ,,xix4 figs4 #a1 #e1 & ,,xx4 fig4 #a74 ,! vases contra/ unfav\rably ) _! ,ionian contempor>ies1 9 :i*1 h[ev] pr(use ! gr\nd-ornam5ts1 ! importance ( ! figures is nev] lo/ sight (1 & !y nev] fail to /rike ! eye4 ,incis$ l9es & purple accessories are employ$ freely1 & ev5 ! rosettes are always m>k$ by cross-wise incisions4 ,incision z a me?od ( ornam5t+ vases 0 ( c\rse always kn[n f ! e>lie/ times1 b x 0 n until n[ employ$ )9 & r\nd pa9t$ designs4 ,hi!rto ! only alt]natives 7 pla9 silh\ettes 7z 9 ,geometrical vases7 or half-opaque1 half-outl9$ figures 7z 9 ,myc5aean & "s e>ly ,ionian vases74 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 7 too conv5tional1 ! latt] too elaborate1 & ! new me?od ( pa9t+ plus engrav+ reconcil$ ! two1 be+ at once m reali/ic & m rapid4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ?is me?od 0 a ,cor9?ian inv5tion 7comp>e its use 9 ! imbricat$ vases1 p4 #caa71 b x is n unkn[n 9 e>ly ,attic vases1 & ,bhlau attributes its orig9 to an e>ly ,ionian t5d5cy to imitate metal w>e4#ajdc ,b ?is 0 an anomaly1 & ! ,ionians nev] took to ! incis+ me?od1 pref]r+ outl9e designs or inn] l9es ( :ite pa9t 7see p4 #cca74 ,9 any case ! ,cor9?ians 7 ! fir/ to adopt x & popul>ise x4 ,! subjects1 :i* n[ beg9 to pres5t great] int]e/1 include all k9ds ( animals & mon/]s1 arrang$ 9 friezes1 & by degrees human figures1 & ev5 sc5es f my?ology1 make _! appe>ance4 ,"s vases h only decorative ornam5t1 su* z a fl[] ( f\r long1 po9t$ petals1 :i* is frequ5tly f\nd on ! aryballi4#ajdd ,! animals include ! lion1 pan!r1 bo>1 bull1 ram1 de]1 goat1 swan1 & eagle2 ! mon/]s are ,gryphons1 ,sph9xes1 or ,sir5s1 & a sea-deity ( :i* ! upp] "p is human 7bo? male & female71 ! l[] is 9 ! =m ( a s9u\s fi%-tail1 & ! figure is (t5 w+$ 9 addition4#ajde ,x is possible t 9 ^! figures we may see ! local sea-deities ,palaemon & ,ino-,leuko!a4 ,! human figures are ei!r s+le1 rang$ 9 friezes1 or 9 gr\ps2 ! fav\rite types are combats ( two w>riors & ,bac*analian dances2 hunt+ sc5es2 & w>riors sett+ out 9 *>iots4 ,! my?ological sc5es include ! combat ( ,h]akles ) ! ,c5taurs1#ajdf & sc5es f ! ,trojan ,w>1 su* z ! combat ( ,ajax & ,a5eas1 or ! episode ( ,dolon4#ajdg ,s f>1 !n1 9 ! ?ree gr\ps ( ,cor9?ian fabrics prop]1 we are able to trace ! work+ ( ,m4 ,potti]'s law ( ! hir>*ie des g5res1#ajdh ! law :i* 0 made by ,m4 ,dumont ! basis ( 8 "w ,les ,cramiques de ,grce propre 7vol4 i41 deal+ ) ! e>li] fabrics74 ,accord+ to ?is law1 ! decoration ( vases advances by a logical process f l9e> patt]ns to floral ornam5t1 & !n f animals to human1 & f9ally my?ological1 figures4 ,ano!r feature 9 ?is gr\p is t inscriptions n[ appe> = ! fir/ "t4 ,!y became exce$+ly popul> at ,cor9?1 & on mo/ ( ! vases ) figure-subjects !y may be f\nd1 ea* p]son be>+ a "n1 :e!r ! sc5e is my?ological or n4#ajdi ,! fa%ion seems to h receiv$ an impetus f ! *e/ ( ,kypselos1 :i* 0 l>gely a ,cor9?ian "w1 & (t5 %[s close p>allel ) ! vases 7see bel[74 ,we h a sign$ vase ) figures 9 ?is /yle by ,*>es 7,l\vre ,e #fji71 & o!rs by ,timonidas 7,a!ns #fbj71 & ,milonidas 7a p9ax 9 ,l\vre74#ajej ,! abundance ( ^! inscriptions has done mu* to increase our k ( ! some:at peculi> ,cor9?ian alphabet 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,among ! vases ( ?is p]iod "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! s-call$ ,dodwell vase 9 ,muni* 7,fig4 #ij71ajea f\nd at ,m]tese1 ne> ,cor9?1 ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 & pur*as$ by ! explor] ,dodwell4 ,x is a cyl9drical j> or box 7pyxis71 ) cov]1 decorat$ r\nd ! sides & on ! top4 ,r\nd ! body are two friezes ( animals1 ) num]\s fl[]s z gr\nd-ornam5ts2 on ! top ( ! cov] is a frieze repres5t+ a bo>-hunt1 9 :i* eight fancifully-nam$ p]sonages take m or less active "p4 ,( ^! ,philon lies dead "u ! bo>'s feet2 ,!rs&ros attacks x ) a sword 9 front1 & ,pakon dis*>ges an arr[ at x f beh9d4 ,beh9d him ,&rytas hurls a spe>1 & he is foll[$ by f\r inactive figures1 all drap$ & un>m$--,dorima*os1 ,sakis1 ,alka 444 & ,agamemnon4 ,! sc5e is clos$ by a h]aldic gr\p ( two ,sph9xes4 ,x w be obs]v$ t "h1 z 9 o!r contempor>y sc5es ) human figures1 ! gr\nd-ornam5ts are already %[+ a t5d5cy to die out2 p]haps "u ! influ5ce ( ,ionia1 :]e x 0 soon discov]$ t !y int]f]$ ) ! effect ( figures 9 action4 ,! alphabet ( ! inscriptions enables u to date ?is vase ab\t #fej-fbj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,! ,,dodwell ,,pyxis 7,,cov]74 ,! p9akes1 or votive tablets1 f ,p5teskuphia1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 made else:]e 7p4 #ea71 =m an important feature 9 ?is gr\p1 bo? f _! subjects1 _! inscriptions1 & ! me?od ( pa9t+4 ,!y appe> to range 9 date f #fej to #eej ,b4,c41 & fall into ?ree classes 9 po9t ( /yle4 ,! e>lie/ h designs 9 rude silh\ette )\t incis$ l9es2 9 ! second only ! cont\rs ( ! figures are incis$2 ! ?ird are l ! vases1 ) incis$ l9es & purple details4 ,9 a few cases ! clay is r$1 n drab-col\r$4 ,"s are decorat$ on bo? sides1 b ! majority on "o only1 & !y 7 cle>ly int5d$ = hang+ up 9 a temple4 ,two ( !m are sign$ by arti/s1 ,timonidas & ,milonidas1#ajeb & !re are o!r int]e/+ inscriptions1 besides ! ord9>y d$ications to ,poseidon & ,amphitrite 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,! subjects are p>tly ! same z on ! vases1 b ! majority fall "u two heads3 7a7 ,poseidon & ,amphitrite1 /&+ or 9 a *>iot 7,fig4 #aae72 7b7 g5re sc5es f ,cor9?ian indu/ries1 su* z m9]s digg+ out clay1 pott]s & pa9t]s at "w1 & vessels export+ pott]y ov] ! sea 7cf4 pp4 #bjg1 #baf1 & ,*apt] ,,xv4 #e74 ,( ! subjects common to ! vases1 ,ori5tal animal-types & horses occur mo/ frequ5tly2 also rosettes & floral gr\nd-ornam5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxi ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,imitation ,,cor9?ian ,,krat]1 ,,return ,,( ,,hephai/os2 #b1 ,,cor9?ian ,,krat] ,,) ,,bo>-,,hunt 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ #e4 ,! vases ( ! fif? class 7#fjj-eej ,b4,c47 are *>act]is$ by ! preval5ce ( human & my?ological subjects1 ) l>ge friezes ( animals1 a g5]al use ( incis$ l9es1 & an abs5ce ( gr\nd-ornam5ts4 ,!y are mo/ly ( consid]able size1 b small vases /ill cont9u$ to be made dur+ ! six? c5tury1 z is se5 9 ! 8,proto-,cor9?ian0 leky?i4 ,! amphora & hydria n[ fir/ make _! appe>ance2 ! lat] leky?i approa* m to ! ,attic =m4#ajec ,"o or two o!r typical %apes may also be notic$1 su* z ! column-h&l$ krat] 7,plate ,,xxi47 & ! trefoil-m\!d jug ) a panel on "o side ( ! vase only2 ! prototype ( ! =m] we h se5 9 ! krat] ( ,ari/onos4 ,ano!r important feature is ! g5]al use ( a r$ gr\nd 9 ! place ( ! old creamy :ite2 & yet ano!r1 ! use ( :ite accessories1 especially = ! fle% ( female figures4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is :ite is always appli$ directly on ! clay1 z 9 ,ionian fabrics1 n z 9 ! ,attic1 ^u ! black v>ni%4 ,we may be> 9 m9d t x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ,a!nian ,eum>os m>em a fem9a discrevit1 accord+ to ,pl9y2 b 8 date is unc]ta91 & ! be>+ ( ?is inv5tion on ! vase-pa9t+s is n to be accept$ )\t hesitation4 ,= ! faces ( male figures purple is (t5 us$1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! vases t5d to pres5t a poly*rome appe>ance4 ,?is aga9 is an ,ionian *>act]i/ic4 ,! subjects n[ take a mu* wid] range1 & include almo/ e v>iety kn[n 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,friezes ( animals seldom =m ! ma9 motive ( decoration1 b are plac$ 9 subord9ation ei!r on ! %\ld] or l[ d[n on ! body4 ,"s ( ! old] types /ill l+]1 su* z ! mon/]s & fi%-tail$ sea-deities1 & also t ( a h]aldic gr\p ( two animals ) a palmette & lotos patt]n betwe51 sugge/+ ! old ,assyrian motive ( two animals gu>d+ ! sacr$ tree4 ,g5]ally1 !re is a great advance 9 composition2 b two traditional pr9ciples are /ill obs]v$--! juxtaposition ( figures turn$ 9 ! same direction1 z 9 ,ori5tal compositions1 & a symmetrical disposition ( ! two sides conv]g+ to a c5tre1 a 8,cont95tal0 pr9ciple already se5 9 ! ,dipylon vases4 ,! subjects tak5 f daily life include combats1 banquets1 ,bac*ic or grotesque dances1 hunt+-sc5es1 w>riors sett+ out = battle1 & processions4 ,"s appe> n[ = ! fir/ "t1 z1 = in/ance1 ! banquets4 ,among ! my?ological sc5es1 ,h]akles & 8 adv5tures f9d mo/ fav\r2 sc5es f ! ,trojan cycle are f> f uncommon2 & o!r my?s ( m isolat$ "* are ^? ( ,amphi>aos1 ,p]seus1 & ! ,!ban cycle 7,tydeus kill+ ,ism5e74 ,_m ( ! my?ological sc5es are really only g5re sc5es ) names add$2 = in/ance1 ! krat] 9 ! ,l\vre ) ,h]akles' reception by ,eurytos 7,e #fce71 is only an ord9>y banquet-sc5e 9 composition1 b = ! inscriptions2 & s ) _m o!rs1 z we h also obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ class4 ,x may suffice to describe "o vase 9 detail z typical ( ! lat] ,cor9?ian w>es4 ,?is is ! s-call$ ,amphi>aos krat] 9 ,b]l91#ajed a column-h&l$ krat] ( consid]able size & v ri*ly decorat$4 ,x belongs to a s]ies exceptionally well repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,e #fac-ci2 all f\nd1 l ?is1 at ,c]vetri71 & illu/rat+ ! absolutely late/ developm5t ( ,cor9?ian pictorial art4 ,its special int]e/ is t x af=ds a close comp>ison 9 sev]al po9ts ) ! *e/ ( ,kypselos4 ,! subjects are dispos$ 9 two r[s all r\nd ! vase1 ( :i* ! upp] is ! m important1 conta9+ two my?ological subjects4 ,^!1 :i* are unequally divid$1 "o occupy+ m ( ! circumf]5ce ?an ! o!r1 are ! ,dep>ture ( ,amphi>aos & ! ,fun]al ,games = ,pelias1#ajee ! ( ,pausanias4#ajef ,on ! l[] frieze are sev5 boys tak+ "p 9 a horse-race1 sev5 gr\ps ( combatants1 & two m>*+ hoplites4 ,x w be not$ t !re is no frieze ( animals4 ,! ,amphi>aos sc5e depicts t h]o 9 ! act ( asc5d+ 8 w>-*>iot1 9 :i* ! driv] ,baton /&s2 he turns to look at 8 family beh9d1 consi/+ ( two daught]s1 a son1 & an infant 9 ! nurse's arms1 & la/ ( all 8 wife ,eriphyle1 :o /&s 9 ! re> ) ! pe>l necklace1 ! price ( h] trea*]y4 ,h] *ildr5 seem to be supplicat+ = h]4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ,amphi>aos' h\se is indicat$ by a ,doric build+4 ,! correspond5ce ( ?is sc5e ) ! description ( ! ,kypselos *e/#ajeg is extraord9>y2 ! latt] might almo/ be a description ( ! vase4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ?is pa9t+ is =m$ by ! animals :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! sc5e3 a h>e1 a h$gehog1 an owl & ano!r bird1 a s]p5t1 a scorpion1 & a liz>d or salam&]4#ajeh ,! fun]al games = ,pelias adjo9$ ! ,amphi>aos sc5e on ! *e/1 j z !y d "h1 except t ! sc5e on ! vase is only an exc]pt f ! conte/ ( ! ,p5ta?lon1 :i* is !re complete4 ,we h "h only ! wre/l+ 7by ,peleus & ,hippalkimos71 & 9 place ( ! o!r sc5es a *>iot-race1 ) ! judges wait+ to decide ! result2 z on ! *e/1 tripods are /&+ ready z prizes = ! victor4 ,x mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be suppos$ t ^! sc5es are directly copi$ f ! *e/--! discrepancies are too great1 al?\gh ! p>allels are v int]e/+2 b ! only object ( su* comp>isons is to assi/ u to an idea ( ! appe>ance ( ^! great contempor>y works ( art4#ajei ,"o ( ! *ief features ( ?is class is ! almo/ total disappe>ance ( ! gr\nd-ornam5ts4 ,sometimes inde$ a frieze ( animals ) ! old pr(usion ( rosettes is comb9$ on ! same vase ) a design ( figures on a cle> field2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 rosettes are n f\nd ) ! figure subjects4 ,_! place is almo/ suppli$ by ! inscriptions1 :i* become m & m ext5sively employ$1 ev5 = animals4 ,accessory col\rs are us$ 9 a purely conv5tional fa%ion1 n to reproduce nature1 b--probably--to reproduce metal-"w4 ,?us we may surmise t :ite is int5d$ to give ! effect ( silv] 7or ivory7 & r$ t ( copp] 7or gold71 j z su* sub/ances 7 us$ on ! *e/ ( ,kypselos 9 ord] to give v>iety & picturesqu5ess to ! surface4 ,! black !n repres5ts ! gr\nd ( bronze or wood4 ,! six?-c5tury ,cor9?ian vase-pa9t+s h a special importance at ! pres5t day1 because !y are almo/ ! only remnant left to u ( ! arti/ic products ( ! city at t "t4#ajfj ,?\gh n ( c\rse to be reckon$ z examples ( ! high] art1 !y yet reflect x 9 "s measure1 & help u to recon/ruct su* works z ! *e/ ( ,kypselos1 almo/ e subject on :i* f9ds a p>allel 9 ! ,cor9?ian vases4 ,& x is possible t !y are important 9 ano!r respect4 ,we "k f ,pl9y t !re 0 a v influ5tial s*ool ( pa9t+ c5tr$ at ,cor9? 9 ?is c5tury1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! names ( ,klean!s & ,aridikes1 ,ekphantos1 ,aregon1 & p]haps also ,kimon ( ,kleonae4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,rob]t#ajfa has endeav\r$ to %[ t ! traditions are untru/wor?y1 & places ,kimon 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ,klean!s lat]1 ! probability is t !y may fairly be upheld1 & ,pl9y's dates accept$4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! inv5tions traditionally associat$ ) ,aridikes & ,ekphantos2 b ,kimon belongs to a lat] developm5t ( pa9t+ altoge!r1 & mu/ be res]v$ = a lat] *apt]4 ,( ,klean!s x is only /at$ t he 8inv5t$ l9e> draw+10 :atev] t may mean2 ,pl9y1 our in=mant1 0 p]haps h>dly aw>e himself1 & is no m def9ite z to ! p]iod at :i* he liv$4 ,we c only1 !re=e1 assume t he m>ks ! epo* ( "s new dep>ture or advance 9 cont\r or outl9e draw+4#ajfb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxii ,illu/ration3 ,,*alcidian ,,vase3 ,,h]akles ,,& ,,g]yon2 ,,quadriga 7,,biblio?,,que ,,nationale74 ------------------------------------ ,!re are a few vases :i*1 on acc\nt ( v>i\s peculi>ities1 c only be describ$ z 8imitation ,cor9?ian40 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ "o ) an inscription 9 ! ,sicyonian alphabet 7,b]l9 #aadg71 & a krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #db on ,plate ,,xxi47 ) designs on a :ite gr\nd1 :i* f ! simil>ity ( its /yle to ! ,b]l9 vase may be l9k$ !re)4#ajfc ,! late ,f4 ,dmml] 0 ( op9ion t ^! two vases 7 made at ,sikyon4 ,!re is also ! gr\p ( vases f ,ca]e 9 ! ,campana collection ( ! ,l\vre1 :i* h usually be5 reg>d$ z imitations ( ,cor9?ian w>e made 9 ,italy2 b ,m4 ,potti] 9 8 catalogue makes no di/9ction betwe5 ^! & ! g5u9e ,cor9?ian fabrics4 #d4 ,,*alcidian ,,vases ,a v puzzl+ class ( vases1 ab\t :i* little is at pres5t kn[n1 is t =m$ by ! s-call$ ,*alcidian gr\p4 ,!y are s nam$ f ! fact ( _! be>+ inscriptions :i* may und\bt$ly be ref]r$ to ! alphabet ( ,*alkis 9 ,eretria2 b !re is no evid5ce t !y 7 actually made !re4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ,*alkis 0 a great art-c5tre & rival ( ,cor9? 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies1 & 0 especially fam\s = "w 9 metal4 ,z1 !re=e1 m ?an "o ( ^! vases be>s evid5t indications1 9 ! %ape ( ! h&les1 ! ornam5tation1 & o!r details1 ( an imitation ( metallic orig9als1 !re may be "s gr\nd = ! attribution4 ,only a doz5 or s ( ^! vases ) ,*alcidian inscriptions are kn[n1 & sev]al ( !m are 9 "* almo/ to be rank$ ) ! develop$ ,b4,f4 ,attic w>es2 _! date _c !re=e be e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 probably ab\t #efj-edj ,b4,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y (t5 pres5t a close p>allel1 especially 9 ! ornam5tal patt]ns1 to ! lat] ,cor9?ian w>es1#ajfd :5ce x seems probable t !y =m1 l ! s-call$ ,tyrrh5ian amphorae 7see bel[71 a connect+-l9k betwe5 ,cor9? & ,a!ns4 ,:ile z yet x is impossible to obta9 a def9ite idea ( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8,*alcidian0 vases1 ! attempt to classify o!r un9scrib$ vases ) !m c only be v t5tative1 al?\gh !re is m ?an "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & else:]e1 :i* pres5ts "s feature especially typical ( ! inscrib$ examples4#ajfe ,! prevail+ %ape is ! amphora1 all b "o ( ! inscrib$ gr\p com+ "u ?is head+1 9 :i* ! outl9e ( ! body approa*es ne>] to a pure ellipse ?an is usual 9 ?is =m2 ! typical ornam5ts are r[s ( oblique zigzags & a peculi> v>iety ( ! lotos-patt]n4 ,an occasional rosette 9 ! field pres]ves a trace ( ,cor9?ian influ5ce4 ,! subjects are ma9ly my?ological1 su* z ! combat ( ,h]akles & ,g]yon1 battle-sc5es f ! ,trojan leg5ds1 etc42 & two po9ts are wor? not+ z app>5tly *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p3 7#a7 ! t5d5cy to repres5t fall5 figures 9 full face1 :i* is v r>e 9 ar*aic vase-pa9t+2 7#b7 ! type ( ,g]yon1 :o is w+$1 & n1 z 9 ! ,attic vases1 8?ree m5 jo9$ toge!r10 z ,pausanias describes ! figure on ! *e/ ( ,kypselos1 b a triple-head$1 six-arm$ mon/]4 ,! mo/ typical example ( ! class is ! amphora 9 ! ,hope collection at ,deepd5e1#ajff ) sc5es f ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,ajax /&s ov] ! body ( ,a*illes1 def5d+ x f ! attacks ( ,glaukos1 :om he has w\nd$1 & ( ,p>is1 :o has j dis*>g$ 8 b[2 beh9d ! latt] advance ,a5eas & two o!r ,trojans ) spe>s1 :ile a f\r? falls back w\nd$4 ,a*illes & ! two w\nd$ m5 are all %[n 9 full face4#ajfg ,! combat is wat*$ by a /iff ar*aic figure ( ,a!na1 ) s]p5t-fr+$ aegis1 & beh9d h]1 /&+ ap>t1 is ,diom$e1 hav+ 8 w\nd$ h& b\nd up by ,/h5elos4 ,! draw+ on ! :ole is accurate1 & ! /yle m vigor\s & less conv5tional ?an t ( ! ,attic vases4 ,two ( ! gr\p repres5t ,h]akles enc\nt]+ ,g]yon3 an amphora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #aee7 & "o 9 ! ,biblio?que at ,p>is 7#bjb74 ,9 ! latt] ! figure ( ,a!na is almo/ exactly repeat$ f ! ,deepd5e vase1 & beh9d h] is a gr\p ( cattle4 ,! rev]se ( ?is vase repres5ts a quadriga se5 f ! front 7a typical ,*alcidian subject74 ,bo? sides ( ! vase are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,until ! :ole s]ies ( ,*alcidian vases is prop]ly /udi$ & e/imat$1#ajfh x is difficult to give an adequate acc\nt ( ?is important gr\p2 we app5d1 h[ev]1 a li/ ( ^? be>+ inscriptions 9 ! alphabet1 & a few o!rs = v>i\s reasons associat$ ) !m4#ajfi #e4 8,,tyrrh5ian ,,amphorae0 ,!re is a l>ge & important class ( vases1 n diff]+ 9 te*nique f ! ,attic ,b4,f4 vases prop]1 yet cle>ly ( e>li] date1 & :ile n exclusively ,attic 9 all _! *>act]i/ics1 yet suffici5tly s to sugge/ t !y are closely connect$ !re)4 ,! problem :i* ^! vases h = a long "t pres5t$ is :e!r !y m]ely repres5t an e>ly /age ( ! ,attic ,b4,f4 fabrics1 l9k+ !m to ! 8,proto-,attic10 or :e!r !y owe _! orig9 to =eign1 e4g4 ,cor9?ian1 s\rces4 ,ab\t eighty vases1 ne>ly all amphorae1 h be5 recognis$ z pres5t+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is class1 & all h be5 f\nd 9 ,italy1 *iefly at ,c]vetri & ,vulci2 h5ce !y h be5 kn[n = _m ye>s4 ,z long ago z #ahcj ! "n 8,tyrrh5ian amphorae0 0 appli$ to !m by ,g]h>d1 mean+ !reby a sort ( cross betwe5 ,greek vases prop] & ^? ( obvi\sly ,italian orig94 ,! "n has adh]$ to !m1 & 0 also us$ g5]ally to describe ! *>act]i/ic =m ( amphora1 ) its cyl9drical neck & egg-%ap$ body#ajgj2 b x 0 n long be=e x began to be realis$ t ! vases bore inscriptions 9 ! ,attic dialect1 &1 fur!r1 t ! subjects on !m _h mu* 9 common ) ! lat] ,cor9?ian fabrics4 ,!reupon sprang up ! idea1 fo/]$ by ,loes*cke1#ajga t ! vases 7 made by ,a!nian pott]s1 b t !y 7 l>gely indebt$ to ,cor9?ian--or1 z ,loes*cke call$ !m1 ,peloponnesian--prototypes4#ajgb ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s or s !y h be5 g5]ally kn[n z 8,cor9?o-,attic10 b ,?i]s*1 ! mo/ rec5t writ] on ! subject1#ajgc rev]ts to ! old "n ( ,tyrrh5ian1 us+ x ( c\rse 9 a purely conv5tional s5se4 ,8 conclusion is t ! class is to be reg>d$ z 8old ,attic10 r ?an imitative ( ,cor9?ian1 & he %[s cle>ly t x mu/ be reg>d$ z a developm5t ( ! ,v\rva vases 7p4 #bii71 z w be se5 f an exam9ation ( ! vase giv5 9 ,fig4 #hi1 p4 #bii2 b t x is entirely free f ,cor9?ian influ5ce c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,we h se5 t ! ,v\rva class borr[$ f ,cor9? ! friezes ( animals :i* are also *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p1 & x is possible t ?is influ5ce cont9u$ to make itself felt4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is w>e belongs to ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & /&s 9 close relation to ! ,franois vase1 & o!rs :i* repres5t ! e>lie/ s*ool ( ,attic ,b4,f4 arti/s4 ,its specially ,attic *>act]i/ic are1 accord+ to ,holw]da1 7#a7 ! inscriptions1 7#b7 ! clay1 7#c7 ! types ( ! lotos & o!r ornam5ts1 7#d7 ! importance giv5 to "o subject1 7#e7 ! ?9 proportions ( ! figures4#ajgd ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxiii ,illu/ration3 8,,tyrrh5ian0 ,,amphora3 ,,dea? ,,( ,,polyx5a 7,,brit4 ,,mus474 ------------------------------------ ,! vases are = ! mo/ "p decorat$ 9 ! same mann]1 ) an elaborate lotos-&-honeysuckle patt]n on ei!r side ( ! neck1 & sev]al friezes ( figures1 usually ?ree1 cov]+ ! body1 ( :i* all b ! pr9cipal "o are compos$ ( animals or mon/]s4 ,! pr9cipal frieze is always ! upp] "o1 cov]+ ! body f ! neck to ! middle4 ,! friezes are m num]\s on ! e>li] examples2 !y become few] z ,cor9?ian *>act]i/ics give way to ,attic4 ,altoge!r1 ^! vases are rem>kably homog5e\s1 bo? 9 /yle1 9 %ape1 & 9 te*nique1 & x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t ! :ole s]ies is ! "w ( "o man2 nor is ?is an impossibility4 ,an int]e/+ feature is =m$ by ! inscriptions1#ajge :i* are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,!y t5d1 h[ev]1 to deg5]ate into mean+less collocations ( lett]s1 :i* "s h ?\ght to repres5t ,cor9?ian inscriptions misund]/ood2 b ! alphabet is pure ,attic ?r\gh\t1 except = ! d\ble =ms on ! ,b]l9 amphora 7see bel[71 & a ,*alcidian ,*alcidian = on a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! arti/ is fond ( giv+ 8 figures surnames1 & ?us we f9d ,h]mes /yl$ 1 8( ,kyll5e10 ,ne/or 1 8( ,pylos10 & ,ajax 1 8son ( ,oileus10 a feature :i* h>dly occurs on any o!r class ( vases4 ,! mean+less inscriptions are n easy to acc\nt =2 c]ta9 gr\ps ( lett]s are repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 & x has be5 sugge/$ by ,?i]s* t !y are analog\s to ! friezes ( animals1 ) _! repetitions & comb9ations4 ,!y also seem to s]ve a decorative purpose by fill+ up spaces4 ,! subjects are ma9ly my?ological1 ) _m features ( int]e/4 ,= sev]al ! arti/ seems to h _h a decid$ pref]5ce1 su* z ! combats ( ,h]akles ) ,amazons & ) ! ,c5taur ,nessos1 t ( ! ,lapi?s ) ! ,c5taurs1 ! adv5ture ( ,troilos & ,polyx5a f ! ,trojan leg5ds4 ,bac*ic sc5es are altoge!r want+1 b on _m examples a ,cor9?ian type is adopt$ 9 _! place1 repres5t+ grotesque danc+ figures 9 v>i\s attitudes4#ajgf ,( sc5es f daily life1 combats ( arm$ w>riors & "y rid]s gallop+ prevail above all o!rs2 ! latt] are1 z on ! ,ca]etan hydriae 7p4 #cee71 little m ?an decorative4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is d\btful if ,loes*cke's idea ( types borr[$ f ! ,peloponnese c be ma9ta9$2 x is true t "s sc5es :i* occur on ! *e/ ( ,kypselos may be f\nd1 b ! treatm5t is n q ! same2 & "s subjects seem to be r f an ,ionic s\rce4 ,! animals or mon/]s :i* =m ! subord9ate friezes include ! ,sph9x & ,sir52 ! lion1 pan!r1 goat1 & de]2 ! eagle1 swan1 & cock4#ajgg ,"s ( ! vases call = m ?an pass+ m5tion1 especially ! rem>kable ,b]l9 vase 7,cat4 #agjd7 ) ! ,bir? ( ,a!na1 & ! ri*ly decorat$ specim5 rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) ! ,dea? ( ,polyx5a4 ,! =m] seems to be ! e>lie/ example ( its subject1 & 9 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! figures x resembles ! f9e e>ly ,attic amphora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #adg74 ,its *ief int]e/ is epigraphical1 9 ! use ( ! d\ble =ms 7,cor9?ian & ,attic7 9 ! same ^w ( ! lett]s ,e 7,cor9?ian ,e7 & 774#ajgh ,ov] ! figure ( ,h]mes is writt5 7sc4 71 z already not$ above4 ,?is vase may be reg>d$ z hav+ e/abli%$ ! 8type0 = ! subject s long popul> on ,attic vases1 until ,pheidias creat$ a new & m ideal v]sion4#ajgi ,! ,museum vase 7,plate ,,xxiii47 has a v rem>kable repres5tation ( a subject r>e 9 ,greek art1 ) sev]al unique features4#ajhj ,! body ( ,polyx5a is c>ri$ 9 a rigid horizontal position by ,ajax ,iliades 7sc4 son ( ,oleus7 & two o!rs1 to ! tomb ( ,a*illes1 ov] :i* ,neoptolemos /&s to p]=m ! fatal de$4 ,pho5ix1 ,diom$e1 & ,ne/or 8( ,pylos0 are spectators ( ! act4 ,! /yle ( ! vases z a :ole is co>se & clumsy1 ?\gh x (t5 rises to a great] /&>d ( m]it2 ! l9es are (t5 me*anically drawn & lifeless1 :i* may be to "s ext5t ! result ( imitation4 ,details ( drap]y are seldom %[n1 except t ! dresses are (t5 ri*ly decorat$ ) incis$ patt]ns1 b ! folds are nev] indicat$4#ajha ----- ,footnote #icj3 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #bbb-c4 ,footnote #ica3 ,wide1 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahif1 p4 #che ff42 see also ibid4 #ahic1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #icb3 ,cf4 ! results f ! ,argive ,h]aion 7,wald/e91 i4 p4 #di ff474 ,footnote #icc3 ,cf4 ,horace1 ,ep4 ii4 #a1 #aef3 ,graecia capta f]um victorem cepit1 et artes intulit agre/i ,latio4 ,footnote #icd3 ,m4 ,potti] notes ! unexpect$ repetition ( curvil9e> elem5ts 9 ,geometrical pott]y 7,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #bbc74 ,footnote #ice3 ,= ,melos1 see ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 p4 #aab2 = ,!ra1 ,h4 von ,ga]tr+51 ,!ra1 ii4 p4 #abg ff42 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijc1 p4 #a ff42 = ,crete1 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #icf3 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 pl4 #bi2 ,b4,m4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #ajc1 fig4 #aej2 ,drpfeld1 ,troja und ,ilion1 i4 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #icg3 ,see ,wide's /udy ( ! pott]y 9 ! ,a!ns ,museum1 ,jahrbu*1 xiv4 7#ahii71 pp4 #bf1 #gh1 #ahh2 xv4 7#aijj71 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ich3 ,zur ,ges*i*te d4 ,anfnge d4 ,kun/1 p4 #a ff4 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 #ahgj1 lxiv4 p4 #eje ff474 ,footnote #ici3 ,see ,bibliography4 ,footnote #idj3 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 vii4 pp4 #ea1 #bjh4 ,footnote #ida3 ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 p4 #fh ff42 cf4 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #bbc ff4 ,footnote #idb3 ,see p4 #ce1 & ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahic1 p4 #gc ff4 ,footnote #idc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #chc1 #chd2 ,l\vre1 ,a #dij1 #dia2 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgb1 pl4 ,k1 fig4 #ab4 ,footnote #idd3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ide3 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vii4 p4 #afe1 reproduc$ 9 ,fig #hc4 ,! "p bracket$ d5otes ! ornam5tation ( ! neck4 ,footnote #idf3 ,see ,riegl1 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #aej ff4 ,footnote #idg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 #fjj4 ,footnote #idh3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #h4 ,footnote #idi3 ,= o!r in/ances ( %ips on ,dipylon vases1 see ,*apt] ,,xv4 #g2 also ,mon4 ,grecs1 xi4-xiii4 7#ahhb-d71 p4 #dj ff42 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxv4 7#ahid71 p4 #ad ff4 ,footnote #iej3 ,cf4 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vii4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #iea3 ,s*liemann1 ,tiryns1 pl4 #ac2 ,j4,h4,s4 xvii4 pl4 #c1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ieb3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 pl4 #h4 ,footnote #iec3 ,jahrbu*1 i4 7#ahhf71 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #ied3 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,dipylon vases h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,monum5ti1 vol4 ix4 pl4 #ci1 & ,annali1 #ahgb1 pl4 #a1 besides ! o!rs already m5tion$4 ,see also ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 pl4 #bi2 ,l\vre ,cat4 ,a #eaf-ai1 #ebf1 #ege2 ,a!ns ,cat4 #aif-bad1 #cej1 etc4 ,footnote #iee3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhh1 p4 #cbe ff4 ,footnote #ief3 ,hi/4 de l',art1 vii4 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ieg3 ,monum5ts ,piot1 i4 p4 #ce ff4 ,footnote #ieh3 ,a #ege 9 ! ,l\vre1 ) fun]al sc5es2 ,fig4 #hf bel[4 ,footnote #iei3 ,see ,riegl1 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #ifj3 ,riegl1 fig4 #ha4 ,footnote #ifa3 ,cat4 #cjf2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhh1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #ifb3 ,on ^! fibulae see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 p4 xxxix1 & ,nos4 #aai-ba1 #cbjd-e4 ,footnote #ifc3 ,?is w\ld seem to sugge/ a textile orig9 = ,geometrical patt]ns1 at lea/ on ,boeotian vases4 ,footnote #ifd3 ,e4g4 ,b #eg-h 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,footnote #ife3 ,jahrbu*1 i4 7#ahhf71 p4 #ii ff43 see also1 = relations ) ,egypt1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #iff3 ,drpfeld1 ,troja und ,ilion1 i4 p4 #cjd ff4 ,footnote #ifg3 ,see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #bcb1 & ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahib1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #ifh3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 p4 #ajf2 ,potti]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #ifi3 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1 p9akes & pro!sis-amphorae 7,a!ns #fhh-fij1 #hde-hdg2 ,b]l9 #ahaa-bf1 #ahhg-hi72 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 ! :ite leky?i4 ,footnote #igj3 ,see ,potti]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #ace ff4 ,footnote #iga3 ,see also ,a?4 ,mit?4 xiii4 7#ahhh71 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #igb3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahie1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #igc3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #igd3 ,ionian influ5ce 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury is also indicat$ by ! f9ds ( ,rhodian & ,naucratite pott]y on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns2 & 9 ano!r way by ! /yle ( ! vases f\nd at ,v\rva & o!rs f ,eretria3 see ,bhlau1 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop41 p4 #aaf2 ,nilsson 9 ,jahrbu*1 #aijc1 p4 #abd ff4 ,footnote #ige3 ,cf4 ,a!ns #dfd1 #dfi2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahig1 pl4 #g2 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahie1 p4 #ahf1 z examples ( ! transition4 ,footnote #igf3 ,cf4 ! l>ge ,boeotian 1 7,plate ,,xlvii41 & ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 p4 #dig ff474 ,footnote #igg3 ,a!ns #ffe-ff3 cf4 #dfi4 ,footnote #igh3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,footnote #igi3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #ihj3 ,a%molean ,vases1 ,no4 #ahi4 ,footnote #iha3 ,9 ! ,vatican 7,helbig1 i4 p4 #dce1 ,no4 #fda74 ,re9a*1 i4 #agi ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 #a1 #h4 ,footnote #ihb3 ,= ! int]pretation ( ! inscription see ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #ahg 7,ramsay72 ,ar*4-epigr4 ,mit?4 aus ,oe/]r4-,ung>n1 #ahhh1 p4 #he 7,dmml]72 ,class4 ,review1 #aijj1 p4 #bfd 7,ri*>ds74 ,! la/ explanation 7,ari/onos7 seems ! mo/ natural4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #ihc3 ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae1 p4 #acc3 cf4 ,potti] 9 ,revue ,ar*4 xxviii4 7#ahif71 p4 #ai4 ,! te*nique ( ! vase is n /rictly ,myc5aean1 z ! use ( yell[ col\r = details implies4 ,footnote #ihd3 ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahie1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #ihe3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #ihf3 ,t !y are an imm$iate developm5t ( ! ,dipylon /yle is indicat$ by v>i\s features ( ! lat] ,attic ,geometrical vases 7,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ih1 #abj74 ,footnote #ihg3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #dh1 fig4 #h ,plate ,,xvii4 ,no4 #e4 ,footnote #ihh3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ihi3 ,see p4 #bdf2 & cf4 = example ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gc1 figs4 #abf-bg4 ,= a lat] ,ionic vase ( simil> type see ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhd1 pl4 #g 7bel[1 p4 #cci74 ,footnote #iij3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 pls4 #aj-ab2 #ahic1 pl4 #b4 ,footnote #iia3 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #aae ff4 ,footnote #iib3 ,jahrbu*1 #aijc1 p4 #abd ff4 ,footnote #iic3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #iid3 ,cf4 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahig1 p4 #ddf1 & ,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #e 7,cor9?ian74 ,footnote #iie3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #a1 figs4 #b & #g3 cf4 ,b]l9 #afea ,bull4 de ,cor4 ,hell4 #ahig1 p4 #ddh4 ,footnote #iif3 ,x also occurs at ,daphnae3 see bel[1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #iig3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #iih3 ,l\vre ,f #fi4 ,= o!r signatures see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #iii3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahig1 p4 #dej3 cf4 ,a!ns #fab & a ,b]l9 vase ,anzeig]1 #ahia1 p4 #aaf4 ,on ?is %ape see above1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #ajjj3 ,cat4 #dgc-gf4 ,plate ,,xviii4 gives ,no4 #dgd4 ,footnote #ajja3 ,melis*e ,?ongefsse4 ,see also ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #bac2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ajjb3 ,a!ns #dgg ,mylonas 9 4 4 #ahid1 pls4 #ab-d1 p4 #bbf 7admirably reproduc$ 9 col\rs74 ,footnote #ajjc3 ,cf4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ajjd3 ,a!ns #dge4 ,footnote #ajje3 ,b]l9 #cja ,re9a*1 i4 #chj1 #d4 ,footnote #ajjf3 ,cf4 also ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 pl4 #gi & ,b4,m4 ,a #gfb-fd1 #gij4 ,footnote #ajjg3 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #ajjh3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 p4 #df ff4 ,footnote #ajji3 ,cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ajaj3 x4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ajaa3 ,on ! relations ( ,cor9?ian & ,rhodian pott]y1 see ,wilis*1 ,altkor4 ,?on9du/rie1 p4 #abg4 ,! ,cor9?ian vases f\nd 9 ,rhodes are r\ghly contemporane\s ) ! s-call$ ,rhodian fabric4 ,footnote #ajab3 ,e4g4 ,l\vre ,e #dfj1 #dfg2 ,b]l9 #aaef ff4 ,furtwa5gl]1 ,dmml]1 & ,wilis* call ^! ,italo-,cor9?ian1 b ,bhlau reg>ds !m z ,aeolic1 ,orsi & ,gsell z ,sicilian4 ,see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #ajac3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhj1 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #ajad3 ,wilis*1 ,altkor4 ,?on9du/rie1 p4 #f ff41 limits ^! classes to ?ree3 ,proto-,cor9?ian1 ,yell[-gr\nd1 & ,r$-gr\nd2 he arrives at ?is by comb9+ ,classes #b1 #c1 & #d 9 "o4 ,footnote #ajae3 ,cf4 ,c\ve 9 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #ajaf3 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #af1 ( ,aridikes & ,telephanes1 sp>g5tes l9e> intus4 ,b x is n c]ta9 t ?is passage ref]s to ! use ( incis$ l9es4 ,footnote #ajag3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgg1 pls4 ,c1 ,d2 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 i4 p4 #ghj4 ,footnote #ajah3 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #agc2 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 p4 #dha4 ,footnote #ajai3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgg1 p4 #djf2 ,italik] 9 d] ,po-eb5e1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ajbj3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #ah2 ,kle91 ,euphronios1 p4 #fh2 ,wilis*1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ajba3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 pp4 #bfb1 #bfe ff42 & ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ajbb3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ajbc3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfb2 ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahie1 p4 #bjb2 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 p4 #dda4 ,footnote #ajbd3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xl4 7#aijb71 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ajbe3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 pls4 #dd-e4 ,footnote #ajbf3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #ajbg3 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is =m q disappe>s1 & is n reviv$ until ! glass vessels ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #age3 see also p4 #cjj2 & = ?is & ! o!r %apes1 ,plates ,,xvii41 ,,xix4 ,footnote #ajbh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfe ff4 ,footnote #ajbi3 ,9 "s specim5s ,ionian influ5ce seems to manife/ itself3 cf4 = in/ance ! ,ionic palmette 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bgi4 ,/udniczka notes t ! purely mono*rome outl9e draw+ ( ! ,aeg9a vases is l t ascrib$ by ,pl9y to ! e>ly ,cor9?ian pa9t]s 7,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahii1 p4 #cgf74 ,footnote #ajcj3 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #c ,a #ajej ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 pls4 #a1 #b3 cf4 also ibid4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #ajca3 ,mlanges ,p]rot1 pl4 #d1 p4 #bfi1 & see p4 #bga1 note #b2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxii4 7#ahih71 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #ajcb3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #aijj1 pls4 #d-f1 p4 #dda4 ,footnote #ajcc3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 pls4 #dd-e4 ,footnote #ajcd3 ,s call$ f ! imitation ( ov]lapp+ ro(-tiles 7imbrices74 ,footnote #ajce3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #aic1 #bbc2 ,l\vre ,a #bge4 ,footnote #ajcf3 ,e4g4 ,l\vre1 ,atlas1 pl4 #dj1 ,e #cdg4 ,footnote #ajcg3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 iv4 p4 #bga ff42 ,bhlau1 ,ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ajch3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #af4 ,see p4 #cjf1 note #ajaf4 ,footnote #ajci3 ,cf4 ,l\vre ,e #cej ff4 ,footnote #ajdj3 ,/udniczka 7,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #aea7 connects ,ekphantos ) ,melos 7cf4 ! inscription 9 ,rob]ts1 ,gk4 ,epigraphy1 i4 p4 #cb74 ,on ! connection ( ,cor9? ) ,melos1 see ,wilis*1 p4 #abc ff4 ,footnote #ajda3 ,! aryballos is also f\nd 9 e>ly ,boeotian fabrics 7subsequ5t to ! ,geometrical p]iod73 cf4 ! ,gam$es vase 9 ! ,b4,m4 7p4 #cjj471 & t ( ,m5aidas 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,footnote #ajdb3 ,see ,wilis*1 p4 #bd2 examples 9 ,a!ns ,mus41 ,nos4 #fba1 #fbb1 #fdj ff4 ,footnote #ajdc3 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dcg ff42 b see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahie1 p4 #abe1 & ,bhlau1 ,ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #ajdd3 ,e4g4 ,a!ns ,mus4 #ejb & #ejg2 ,b]l9 #ajcd ff42 ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #cab 7f ,cyprus72 & cf4 ,wilis*1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ajde3 ,see l4 ,cr4 iii4 #ca-cb ,b1 etc41 & ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,footnote #ajdf3 ,j4,h4,s4 i4 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #ajdg3 ,l\vre ,e #fjj2 ,wilis*1 figs4 #dg-i4 ,9 "s ( ^! ! inscrib$ names may be purely fanciful4 ,! ,cor9?ian pott]s 7 p>ticul>ly fond ( idealis+ ord9>y sc5es 9 ?is way4 ,cf4 = ,trojan sc5es ,*apt] ,,xiv4 & ,h]mes1 #aija1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #ajdh3 ,see above1 pp4 #bde1 #bhd4 ,footnote #ajdi3 ,cf4 ! ,dodwell pyxis describ$ bel[4 ,footnote #ajej3 ,cf4 also ! aryballos ( ,a9etas1 ,b4,m4 ,a #ajhj ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahfb1 pl4 ,a1 & ! s]ies ( p9akes describ$ bel[4 ,footnote #ajea3 ,cat4 #baa2 ,dodwell1 ,t\r1 ii4 p4 #aig2 ,baumei/]1 iii4 pl4 #hh1 fig4 #bjdf4 ,footnote #ajeb3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #ajec3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cj & ,b #ehf4 ,footnote #ajed3 ,cat4 #afee ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #aj ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #ajee3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,footnote #ajef3 v4 #ag1 #i4 ,footnote #ajeg3 ,paus4 v4 #ag-ai4 ,footnote #ajeh3 ,cf4 ! ,arkesilas vase describ$ bel[1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #ajei3 ,see on ?is subject ,h4 ,s4 ,jones 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xiv4 p4 #cj ff4 ,footnote #ajfj3 ,cf4 ! ,!rmon metopes 7p4 #ib74 ,footnote #ajfa3 ,ar*4 ,mr*51 p4 #aba3 see p4 #cie ff4 ,footnote #ajfb3 ,see on ! a*ievem5ts ( ! e>ly ,greek pa9t]s z describ$ by ,pl9y1 ,jex-,blake & ,sell]s1 ,pl9y's ,*apt]s on ,greek ,art1 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #ajfc3 ,b see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahid1 p4 #eaj1 & ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bhg1 note4 ,! o!r vases classifi$ 9 ! ,museum ,catalogue z imitations 7,b #dc-f1 #di-ec7 are m probably ( ,ionic or quasi-,ionic fabric4 ,a!ns #fee is 9 /yle n unlike ,b4,m4 ,b #db4 ,footnote #ajfd3 ,see ,wilis*1 ,altkor4 ,?on9du/rie1 p4 #acc ff4 ,footnote #ajfe3 ,furtwa5gl]1 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 p4 #afa1 po9ts out t ! ,*alcidian fabrics are n l ^? ( ,cor9? & ,a!ns1 exhibit+ gr[? & developm5t1 b a small gr\p com+ f "o work%op4 ,footnote #ajff3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 i4 #ea ,re9a*1 i4 #hb4 ,footnote #ajfg3 ,x is curi\s t ! ,*alcidian arti/s only attempt$ ?is novelty 9 ! case ( helmet$ w>riors4 ,footnote #ajfh3 ,a publication by ,loes*cke is 9 prep>ation 7#aijd74 ,see also ,furtwa5gl]'s rem>ks on ?is gr\p 7to :i* he adds "s examples7 9 ,gr4 ,vas5mal]ei1 p4 #afa4 ,= ! inscriptions see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #ajfi3 ,! li/ 9 ,kle9's ,euphronios1 p4 #fe1 is z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 i4 #ea 7,deepd5e73 ,combat ov] body ( ,a*illes4 7#b7 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #aje-f ,re9a*1 ii4 #eh1 #bec 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjb73 ,g]yon2 quadriga 7,plate ,,xxii474 7#c7 ,b4,m4 ,b #aee3 ,g]yon2 ,p]seus & ,nymphs4 7#d7 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #aij-ia ,re9a*1 ii4 #ie 7,bibl4 ,nat4 #bjc73 ,w>riors arm+4 7#e7 ,ibid4 #cbb ,re9a*1 ii4 #afj 7,wurzburg #cae73 ,dep>ture ( ,hector4 7#f7 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahci1 plate ,p ,re9a*1 i4 #bei 7,kop5hag5 #fd74 ,skyphos3 ,tydeus & ,adra/os4 7#g7 ,leid5 #afbf 7,re9a*1 ii4 #bfh73 ,sil5i & ,ma5ads4 7#h7 ,dur& ,coll4 #ade4 7#i7 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #bcg ,re9a*1 ii4 #abj 7,muni* #abe74 ,hydria3 ,zeus & ,typhon2 ,peleus & ,atalanta4 7#aj7 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgj1 p4 #ahg1 ,no4 #cb 79 ,flor5ce74 7#aa7 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #ie-f ,re9a*1 ii4 #ec3 ,conte/s ( ,h]akles ) hydra & ,amazons4 ,to ^! may be add$ 7#ab1 #ac7 ,b4,m4 ,b #ge & ,b #gf 7bo? inscrib$72 7#ad7 ,muni* #aajh2 7#ae7 ,vi5na #bai2 7#af7 ,jahrbu*1 ii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #aed1 note #hb2 7#ag7 ,b4,m4 ,b #aed 7inscriptions ,attic1 b /yle resembl+ ,no4 #a72 7#ah7 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #bje1 #c-d ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje1 #b 7inscriptions ,ionic1 b /yle ,*alcidian72 7#ai7 ,kop5hag5 #aae ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 i4 p4 #hba1 fig4 #ajbf2 7#bj7 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 p4 #ia 79 ,b]l972 also ,l\vre ,e #gic-hac 7accord+ to ,potti]74 ,see on ! subject g5]ally ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #eea1 & = ! inscriptions1 ,krets*m]1 ,gr4 ,vas59s*r4 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #ajgj3 ,= a description ( ! %ape ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( amphora1 see p4 #afj4 ,footnote #ajga3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahgf1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ajgb3 ,on ! relation ( ,attic vases to ,cor9?ian1 see ,wilis*1 ,altkor4 ,?on9du/rie1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #ajgc3 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor5 7#ahih74 ,footnote #ajgd3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahij1 p4 #bcg ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #efd4 ,footnote #ajge3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #ajgf3 ,see1 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bhg4 ,! dance is t kn[n z ! 4 ,footnote #ajgg3 ,on ! ornam5tal patt]ns typical ( ?is gr\p1 see ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor51 p4 #fi ff4 ,footnote #ajgh3 ,cf4 ! 77 on ,e #heb 9 ! ,l\vre2 & see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #ajgi3 ,m4 ,re9a*1 9 a rec5t article 7,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #aija1 p4 #abg ff471 ma9ta9s t ! vases ) ?is subject are ( ,meg>ian orig94 ,see also ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahgf1 p4 #ajh ff4 ,footnote #ajhj3 ,see = full] discussion ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #ae1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ajha3 ,see on ! subject ( ^! vases g5]ally1 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #cbi ff42 ,jahrbu*1 #ahij1 p4 #bcg ff42 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bhc2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #efd2 & above all1 ,?i]s*1 ,tyrrh54 ,amphor5 7#ahih74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,ionia ,g5]al *>act]i/ics--,classification--,myc5aean influ5ce--,rhodian pott]y--8,fikellura0 w>e--,asia ,m9or fabrics--,cyr5aic vases--,naukratis & its pott]y--,daphnae w>e--,ca]etan hydriae--,o!r ,ionic fabrics--8,pontic0 vases--,e>ly pa9t+ 9 ,ionia--,clazom5ae s>cophagi4 ,hav+ trac$ ! hi/ory ( vase-pa9t+ 9 ,greece ,prop] d[n to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! po9t at :i* a t5d5cy t[>ds unification ( /yle becomes p]ceptible1 we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ! rema9s ( ! art on ! o!r side ( ! ,aegean1 among ! repres5tatives ( ! ,ionian race & 9 ! c5tres ( ,ionian influ5ce4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t x is difficult to treat ! subject at all 9 a h&book1 z1 ow+ *iefly to want ( mat]ial1 ! exi/5ce ( an ,ionian s*ool ( vase-pa9t+ has only be5 realis$ ( late ye>s1 & x is z yet too e>ly to sift pro(s f !ories1 or to give a succ9ct & sy/ematis$ acc\nt ( ! developm5t & a*ievem5ts ( ?is s*ool4 ,! mo/ t c be attempt$ is to pres5t ! read] ) a review ( ! accumulat$ mat]ials1 & to po9t out :at gr\ps ( vases may be reg>d$ z exhibit+ 8,ionian0 *>act]i/ics1 or at all ev5ts su* z p]mit ( _! be+ connect$ toge!r4#ajhb ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t "s ( ^! fabrics1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,rhodian w>es1 h n actually be5 f\nd 9 ,ionic settlem5ts2 9 o!r words1 ! "n ,ionian is to be appli$ to c]ta9 /yles or s*ools1 9 ! ma9 associat$ ) t race1 ap>t f consid]ations ( e?nography4 ,on "o po9t s*ol>s are 9 g5]al agreem5t--namely1 t ,ionic art is a direct survival ( ,myc5aean4 ,?is 0 recognis$ z long ago z #ahgi by ,furtwa5gl]#ajhc & by ,l5ormant1#ajhd :o po9t$ out t ! silv] cauldron d$icat$ by ,k+ ,alyattes at ,delphi mu/ h be5 q ,myc5aean 9 "*1 al?\gh n e>li] ?an ! sev5? c5tury4 ,x 0 decorat$ ) aquatic animals & plants4 ,!re 0 9 ,ionia no di/urb+ elem5t1 su* z ! ,dorian invasion introduc$ into ,europe1 betwe5 ,myc5aean culture & ! spread ( ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,! ,greek cities 9 ,ionia owe _! orig9 to t upheaval1 b _! culture 0 n affect$ by x2 & _! f\nd]s br\ght _! ,myc5aean civilisation ) !m fre% f ,greece to _! new homes 9 ,miletos1 ,ephesos1 ,phocaea1 ,*ios1 & ,samos4 ,?is 0 9 ! elev5? & t5? c5turies ,b4,c41 & ! ,panionion1 or union ( ,ionian cities1 la/$ d[n to ! six? c5tury 7:5 x 0 brok5 up by ! ,p]sian invasion71 besides /ret*+ out its feel]s ov] ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ! ,egyptian ,delta & else:]e4 ,! actual c5tres ( pott]y-manufacture are n1 h[ev]1 easy to det]m9e1 & mu* may dep5d on ! results ( future excavations4 ,t !re 0 m ?an "o is fairly obvi\s1 & x w probably appe> t ,clazom5ae1 ,miletos1 & p]haps ,phocaea1 play$ ! mo/ important p>ts4 ,z reg>ds ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ionian w>es1 a r\gh division may be made into two classes1 correspond+ to ! buff-clay & r$-clay ,cor9?ian w>es respectively4 ,9 ! e>li]1 ! vases are always cov]$ ) a creamy-:ite or drab-col\r$ slip1 on :i* ! figures /& out 9 lu/r\s black pa9t4#ajhe ,! mo/ typical fabric is t ( ! ,rhodian w>es1 f\nd 9 su* l>ge quantities 9 t isl&1 b n necess>ily made !re4 ,9 ! lat] gr\p ! place ( ! :ite slip is tak5 by a r$ coat+ or glaze simil> to t ( ! ,attic & lat] ,cor9?ian w>es1 b some:at bright]4 ,! pr9cipal subdivisions may be classifi$ z foll[s 7! arrangem5t is ,m4 ,potti]'s1 ) "o or two small diff]5ces73-- ,i4 #a4 ,rhodian w>es4#ajhf #b4 ,samian & 8,fikellura0 w>es4#ajhg #c4 ,asia ,m9or fabrics3 7a7 ,c>ia4#ajhh 7b7 ,knidos4#ajhi 7c7 ,l>issa4#ajij 7d7 ,myr9a4#ajia 7e7 ,pitane4#ajib 7f7 ,phocaea4#ajic 7g7 ,troad4#ajid #d4 ,vases f\nd 9 ! ,crimea4#ajie #e4 ,naukratis w>es4#ajif #f4 ,clazom5ae s>cophagi4#ajig ,,ii4 #a4 ,cyr5aic w>es4 #b4 ,daphnae w>es4 #c4 ,ca]etan hydriae4 #d4 ,s-call$ 8,pontic0 vases4 #e4 ,develop$ ,b4,f4 ,ionian fabrics f ,clazom5ae1 ,kyme1 ,naukratis1 ,rhodes1 etc4 #f4 ,italo-,ionic vases ( ! decad5ce & ,etruscan imitations4#ajih ,! subdivision betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] fabrics is1 r\ghly speak+1 betwe5 ^? ) :ite & r$ gr\nd1 & betwe5 ^? 9 :i* gr\nd-ornam5ts are us$ or n4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all ! second class h m 9 common ) ! ,attic ,b4,f4 vases ?an ) 8primitive0 fabrics4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( ^! fabrics 9 detail1 x may be z well to note "s ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,ionian pott]y4 ,9 ! use ( incis$ l9es & accessory pigm5ts we may note two po9ts3 fir/ly1 ! abs5ce = "s "t ( any attempt at incis$ l9es1 _! place be+ tak5 p>tly by cont\rs drawn 9 outl9e on ! clay2 secondly1 ! use ( :ite l9es or pat*es = details4 ,! incis$ l9es1 :5 !y d appe>1 seem to be d]iv$ f ,cor9?4 ,we may1 p]haps1 detect _! arrival 9 ! vases ) imbrications 7see p4 #caa71 :i* 7 import$ !nce to ,rhodes2 b ano!r !ory is t !y 7 d]iv$ f engrav$ "w 9 metal4 ,practically _! place _h be51 & to "s ext5t cont9u$ to be1 tak5 by ! :ite pa9t1 :i*1 be x not$1 is obvi\sly a ,myc5aean survival or revival4#ajii ,x frequ5tly occurs on ! pott]y ( ,ialysos & ,enkomi1 9 precisely ! same mann] z we see x us$ 9 ,rhodes or on ! s>cophagi ( ,clazom5ae4 ,sometimes bo? ! incis$ l9es & ! :ite-pa9t details are f\nd on ! same vase1 z is se5 9 "s ( ! ,rhodian jugs1 or on a p9ax f ,naukratis4#aajj ,! :ite pigm5ts are usually laid directly on ! clay1 n on ! black1 z at ,a!ns4 ,!y are us$ = fle% t9ts1 b n to di/+ui% sex 7cf4 ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 p4 #cee1 :]e m5 are pa9t$ :ite1 z on ! ,melian vases !y are yell[74 ,z reg>ds ! ornam5tation1 ! p]si/5ce ( ,myc5aean motives is exce$+ly rem>kable4#aaja ,x is se5 especially 9 ! fabrics ( ,rhodes & ,naukratis1 ) _! weal? ( gr\nd-ornam5ts1 & is f\nd n only 9 ! m conv5tional motives su* z spirals1 or scale-patt]n1 b also 9 ! vegetable patt]ns4 ,!re is g5]ally 9 ! floral decoration ( ! vases a t5d5cy t[>ds ! naturalism ( ,myc5aean pott]y4 ,animals1 :5 decoratively treat$1 are usually arrang$ 9 long friezes1 contra/+ ) ! ,cor9?ian me?od ( gr\p+ !m h]aldically 9 pairs4#aajb ,9 ! human figures ,ori5tal influ5ce is frequ5tly prom95t1 z 9 ! hybrid be+s :i* s (t5 adorn ! vases1 or 9 su* types z ! 8,asiatic ,artemis02 or1 aga91 9 small details1 ! conical caps & %oes ) turn$-up toes1 :i* recall ! figures on ! monum5ts ( ,lydia & ,phrygia4 ,ori5tal co/umes g5]ally are reproduc$ ) great fidelity4 ,z a rule ! proportions are gross & heavy1 z comp>$ ) ! slimness ( figures on ,attic vases1 :]e9 a curi\s contra/ may be obs]v$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ,ionian & ,cont95tal ar*itecture & sculpture1 9 :i* ^! features are rev]s$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a conspicu\s abs5ce ( /iffness 9 ! ,ionian compositions--r1 a rem>kable fre%ness1 vig\r1 & orig9ality q 9 advance ( _! "t4 ,ano!r po9t ( contra/ ) ! ,attic vases is ! abs5ce ( any diff]5tiation ( ! sexes 9 ! %ape ( ! eye1 :i* is always oval 7cf4 p4 #djh74 ,9 ! *oice ( subjects ! same law may be obs]v$ to prevail z 9 ! ,cor9?ian w>es--t ( ! hir>*ie des g5res4 ,my?ological subjects appe> fir/ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 9 ! ,euphorbos p9ax4 ,lat] we f9d actually sc5es ( a quasi-hi/orical "*1 z 9 ! battle-sc5es on ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi & ! ,cyr5aic ,arkesilaos vase4 ,?r\gh\t !re is a rem>kable abs5ce ( inscriptions1 :i* are only f\nd at ! mo/ on "s half-doz5 vases4 ,! height ( ! ,ionian /yle may be said to h be5 rea*$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 la/+ up to ab\t ! middle ( ! six?2 !nce !re is a rapid d[nfall1 due ma9ly to hi/orical causes1 & ! traces ( its influ5ce are only to be s\ght 9 ,italian imitations ( an inf]ior k9d1 & 9 "s ( ! ,attic black-figur$ vases1 su* z ^? ( ,amasis & ,niko/h5es4 ,b ! influ5ce t 0 ex]cis$ dur+ all ?is p]iod by ,ionian art 9 g5]al on ,greece is n easy to e/imate2 x is n conf9$ to ! pott]y1 b is f\nd 9 sculpture & ar*itecture z well z ! m9or arts4 ,!re are num]\s passages 9 anci5t writ]s be>+ on ! activity ( e>ly ,ionian arti/s1 su* z ,!odoros & ,rhoikos ( ,samos1 & _! works1 :i* (t5 took ! =m ( (f]+s ( ,asiatic pr9ces to ! ,greek temples4 ,! ,ionic s*ool ( sculpture1 illu/rat$ by ! e>ly temple at ,ephesos1 ! 8,h>py0 ,monum5t1 & o!r notable works1 z well z ! great ,amyclaean ?rone1 :i* ,ba?ykles ( ,magnesia 0 commission$ to erect1 e/abli%$ ! fame ( e>ly ,greek sculpture 9 no small degree2 & ,ionic ar*itecture1 ?\gh sl[] to w9 its way to fav\r 9 ,greece ,prop]1 rea*$ a high degree ( excell5ce at an e>ly p]iod on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,aegean4 ,( pa9t+ 9 ,ionia1 ap>t f ! vases1 we propose to speak lat]4 ,9 lit]ature & 9 civilisation g5]ally ,ionia 01 up to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 f> m advanc$ ?an any "p ( ! ,greek ma9l&4 #a4 ,,rhodes ,,& ,,asia ,,m9or ,! di/9ctive pott]y ( ,rhodes1#aajc :i*1 :e!r ( local manufacture or n1 is f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 t isl&1#aajd repres5ts ! union ( ,myc5aean elem5ts ) a new feature1 t ( ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,al?\gh prim>ily due to ! disp]sion ( ! ,pho5icians by ,assyria 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ?is ,ori5talis+ ( ,ionia is purely arti/ic & indu/rial1 n political1 & is due to ! comm]cial activity ( ! ,pho5icians4 ,! pott]y repres5ts a sort ( transition betwe5 ,assyrian & ,greek decorative art1 ! ess5tially ,greek elem5ts 9 :i* are a survival ( ,myc5aean ornam5ts & a ,myc5aean faculty ( obs]vation ( nature1 especially 9 ! animal _w4 ,f ! ,ea/ 7 d]iv$ su* features z hybrid mon/]s 7! ,sph9x1 ,sir51 etc471 animals su* z ! lion1 isolat$ motives l ! lotos-fl[] & ! rosette1 & g5]ally a t5d5cy to imitate textile fabrics ) long b&s ( decoration1 9 :i* ! gr\nd is /rewn ) ^! rosettes & o!r ornam5ts4 ,we h already se5 t ^! features also made _! m>k on ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 b !y are m especially *>act]i/ic ( ,rhodes4 ,human figures are exce$+ly r>e4 ,9 reg>d to ! %apes a great advance is made t[>ds ! classical types2 ! p>ts ( ! vase are m cle>ly di/+ui%$1 & ! =ms are few & consi/5t4 ,! special ,rhodian %ape is ! o9o*o1 a l>ge jug ) trefoil lip & sph]ical body1 decorat$ ) two or ?ree friezes ( animals 7see ,plate ,,xx4 & p4 #agg72 next 9 popul>ity is ! circul> plate or p9ax4 ,! ornam5tation is always 9 lu/r\s black pa9t on ! *>act]i/ic :ite or drab-col\r$ slip1 ) a free use ( purple = details4 ,:ite is little us$ z an accessory--!re seems to h be5 a prejudice aga9/ its use :5 ! gr\nd ( ! vase 0 also :ite--b incis$ l9es occur m freely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! heads ( animals are almo/ always outl9$ 9 black on ! clay gr\nd1 a feature d]iv$ f ,myc5aean pott]y1 & int]ior details are also frequ5tly left 9 ! gr\nd ( ! clay1 z 9 ! ,geometrical /yle4 ,we h already m5tion$ in/ances 9 :i* ! two me?ods are f\nd on ! same vase4 ,! typical ,rhodian o9o*oae1 l ! contempor>y ,cor9?ian vases1 owe mu* to ! imitation ( ! textile embroid]ies ( ,assyria1 ( :i* we h already spok5 "u ! o!r head 7p4 #cab74 ,^! _h become famili> 9 ,rhodes ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,pho5icians1 b x is also possible t ! ,ionians 7 !mselves pr(ici5t 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,! b&s ( lotos-ornam5t & friezes ( animals also appe> on ! porcela9 vases f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s at ,kameiros 7p4 #abg71 :i* are sometimes mo/ elaborately ornam5t$1 & are cle>ly ( ,pho5ician orig92 ! sev5? c5tury 01 9 fact1 ! "t :5 ! ,greek _w 0 mo/ dom9at$ by ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,! ornam5tal patt]ns on ! vases ( ?is class fall "u two heads--! small] indep5d5t gr\nd-ornam5ts1 & ! m elaborat$ b&s ( vegetable ornam5t4 ,! =m] are be/ illu/rat$ by ! ,euphorbos p9ax1 pres5tly to be describ$2 9 contra/ to ! unv>y+ ,cor9?ian rosette1 !y %[ a consid]able v>iety ( treatm5t1 & are p>tly v>iations on ! rosette !me1 p>tly geometrical1 l ! fragm5ts ( mae&]1 or crosses ) hook$ arms1 :i* recall 9 =m ! ubiquit\s swa/ika4 ,! b& ( lotos-fl[]s & buds actually occurs at a mu* e>li] date 9 ,boeotia1 z we h se51 b x is at ,rhodes t x fir/ assumes ! *>act]i/ic ,greek =m4 ,on ! p9akes a developm5t ( ?is motive1 =m+ a fan-%ap$ comb9ation ( radiat+ leaves1 is usually employ$ to fill 9 ! 8ex]gue0 bel[ ! designs2 a simil> ornam5t is f\nd on ! black w>es ) incis$ patt]ns1 & x is ! =]unn] ( ! pe>-%ap$ radiations pa9t$ on ! small b[ls ( a m rec5t date4#aaje ,a typically ,ionian motive is ! plait-b&1 f\nd at ,naukratis & on ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 & introduc$ f ,assyria4 ,! ,myc5aean spiral1 s prom95t 9 ,attica & ,melos1 retires into ! backgr\nd1 or loses its geometrical significance1 & becomes a m]e vegetable motive1 an adjunct to ! floral comb9ations ( bud & fl[]4 ,! ,rhodian vases are1 9 fact1 ! fir/ 9 :i* spiral motives 7 freely us$ = calyx-ornam5ts1 z1 g5]ally speak+1 !y 7 ! fir/ 9 po/-,myc5aean times to raise floral motives f m]e gr\nd-ornam5ts to indep5d5t decoration4#aajf ,! s]ies ( p9akes yield ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( ,rhodian vase-pa9t+2 !y are usually decorat$ ) a figure ( a ram or o!r animal on a l>ge scale 7,plate ,,xxiv471 ! ex]gue or l[] portion ( ! field be+ fill$ 9 ) a suitable patt]n1 su* z a sort ( fan-patt]n ( spread+ rays or fronds 7see above71 or a free v>iation ( ! ,egyptian lotos-fl[]4 ,b "o is ( surpass+ int]e/ & importance1 ! fam\s ,euphorbos p9ax z x is g5]ally call$1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,kameiros1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! subject is ! combat ( ,m5elaos & ,hector ov] ! body ( ,euphorbos1#aajg a sc5e f ! ,iliad1 b n reproduc$ 9 accurate detail1 z1 inde$1 is seldom ! case 9 ar*aic art4 ,! figures are drawn p>tly 9 outl9e1 ) a lavi% use ( purple = details1 & ! :ole ( ! gr\nd is fill$ 9 ) v>i\s ornam5ts1 rosettes1 etc41 "o at ! top ( ! sc5e tak+ ! =m ( a pair ( eyes1 ) a conv5tionalis$ floral patt]n betwe54 ,additional int]e/ is giv5 to ! design by ! fact t ! figures are nam$1 ! words be+ 9 ! ,argive alphabet 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,?is inscription does n necess>ily affect ! "q ( ! place ( fabric ( ! p9ax1 z x has be5 %[n t ! ,argive alphabet 0 us$ 9 ,rhodes 9 ! sev5? c5tury#aajh2 b x enables u to fix its date ab\t ,b4,c4 #fej1 & ! :ole ( ! ,rhodian w>e may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ t ! subject is copi$ f an ,argive metal relief1 & ?is might acc\nt = ! unexpect$ pres5ce ( an inscription4 ,z to ! place ( fabric ( ,rhodian w>e g5]ally1 x has be5 m ?an once sugge/$ t x is to be s\ght1 n 9 ,rhodes1 b 9 ! neighb\r+ ,ionian city ( ,miletos4#aaji ,dmml]'s !ory ( an ,argive orig91 re/+ z x does almo/ exclusively on ! ,euphorbos inscriptions1 is practically negativ$ by ! abs5ce ( any simil> pott]y 9 ! ext5sive f9ds at ! ,argive ,h]aion4 ,miletos1 h[ev]1 0 9 close connection ) ,rhodes1 & 9 fav\r ( ! argum5t is ! rem>kable p>allelism ( ! pott]y ( ,naukratis1 :i* 0 und\bt$ly 9 close association ) ,miletos2 x 01 9 fact1 fir/ colonis$ by ,milesian ,greeks1 & ! ,milesian ,apollo 0 wor%ipp$ !re4 ,b fur!r evid5ce is ne$$ be=e ?is view c be reg>d$ z o!r ?an a m]e hypo!sis4 ,at all ev5ts1 no conv9c+ argum5t has z yet be5 urg$ aga9/ ! pott]y be+ ( local manufacture4 ,9 date1 z has be5 said1 x cov]s ! sev5? c5tury1 be+ ?us contemporane\s ) ! ,melian & e>li] ,cor9?ian fabrics4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxiv ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,p9ax ,,f ,,rhodes2 #b4 ,,b[l ,,f ,,naukratis 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,9 "o ( ! ext5sive cemet]ies ( ,kameiros1 kn[n z ,fikellura1 !re 7 f\nd quantities ( a class ( pott]y :i* has s9ce be5 g5]ally kn[n by t "n1 b is probably n a local fabric4 ,x has also be5 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! isl& ( ,samos1#aaaj :]e ,rhodian vases are comp>atively r>e1 & ow+ to ?is m rec5t evid5ce ! w>e has be5 reg>d$ z probably ( ,samian orig94 ,sev]al specim5s 7 also f\nd on ano!r ,ionian site1 t ( ,daphnae 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta1 b are q di/9ct f ! local fabric ( t place4 ,! date ( ! tombs 9 ,samos is ! second half ( ! six? c5tury1 & x is notewor?y t f ! ornam5tation ( ^! vases all ,ori5tal influ5ce has disappe>$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y seem to repres5t ! la/ l+]+ ve/iges ( ,myc5aean influ5ce4 ,! majority are 9 ! =m ( amphorae1 b o!r =ms1 su* z jugs & leky?i1 are kn[n4 ,! te*nique is t ( ! ,ori5talis+ vases1 ) ! typical ,ionian creamy-:ite slip2 ! black has a t5d5cy to become br[n1 or ev5 r$1 & purple accessories are employ$4 ,incis$ l9es d n appe>1 b details are m>k$ by spaces left 9 ! gr\nd ( ! clay4 ,! subjects are simple 9 "* & arrangem5t1 usually "o or two animals 7or sometimes human figures7 on ei!r side ( ! body1 ! spaces be+ fill$ 9 ) palmettes1 spirals1 or o!r ornam5ts4 ,! ornam5tation is /rik+ly *>act]i/ic1 especially ! network patt]ns on ! necks ( ! vases1 ! scale-patt]ns1 & ! b&s ( cresc5ts :i* we also f9d 9 use 9 ,lesbos & at ,daphnae4#aaaa ,!y =m altoge!r a cle>ly-di/+ui%$ gr\p1 b sometimes %[ signs ( late date1 if !y are n actually to be reg>d$ z ar*ai/ic4 ,examples are giv5 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,vases ,,( ,,samian ,,or 8,,fikellura0 ,,/yle 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! sy/em ( decoration is curi\sly rem9isc5t ( ! ,myc5aean vases1#aaab z exemplifi$ 9 ! great prom95ce giv5 to ! ornam5t z ! ma9 decoration1 ! scrolls & palmettes recall+ ! seawe$ & o!r vegetable patt]ns on ! =m]4 ,?is prom95ce ( ornam5t is always an ,ionian *>act]i/ic1 reta9$ z late z ! ,ca]etan hydriae 7p4 #ced71 ) _! bold b&s ( palmettes & lotos-fl[]s r\nd ! v c5tre ( ! body4 ,! scale-patt]ns1 ano!r ,myc5aean legacy1 we %all meet ) aga9 at ,daphnae1 :]e simil>ly !y cov] ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! vases4 ,! mo/ repres5tative s]ies ( ,fikellura vases is t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f ,rhodes1 ,naukratis1 & ,daphnae2 !re are also "s 9 ! ,l\vre 7,a #cba-cd74aaac ,dr4 ,bhlau1 9 8 treatise on ,ionian pott]y1#aaad discusses z a class c]ta9 vases :i*1 9 accordance ) 8 !ory1 he t]ms 8,lat] ,milesian40 ,at all ev5ts1 !y dem& att5tion f ! rem>kable way 9 :i* !y comb9e ,ionian & ,cor9?ian *>act]i/ics1 sometimes1 z we h se51 on ! same vase4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 ,naukratis1 & ,italy1 b ! place ( _! manufacture is v>i\sly assign$ to ,cor9?1 ,naukratis1 & ,miletos4#aaae ,an o9o*oe f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 ) ! incis$ l9es 9 "o animal-frieze & ! details left 9 ! col\r ( ! clay or %[n 9 black outl9e 9 ! o!r1 seems to incl9e to an ,asiatic orig91 at lea/ z reg>ds its %ape#aaaf2 on ! o!r h&1 ! f9e krat] 9 ! ,l\vre#aaag is ( a =m m usually associat$ ) ,cor9?4 ,! upp] half ( ! latt] is ,cor9?ian 9 /yle1 ! l[] ,rhodian1 & ?us !re is n mu* to *oose4 ,b on ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,dr4 ,bhlau#aaah x w\ld seem to be m probably ( ,ionian fabric4 ,x may be t fur!r evid5ce w enable u to assign ^! vases ( mix$ /yle to ,naukratis1 always a meet+-place ( /yles or fabrics2 b x has n z yet be5 def9itely asc]ta9$ to :at ext5t ! e>li] fabrics ( t place are local 9 orig94 ,mean:ile1 ! gr\p is "o t fully des]ves sep>ate consid]ation4 ,dr4 ,bhlau po9ts out t x is *>act]is$ by ! half-palmettes at ! h&les ( ! vases1 by ! ,myc5aean-l spirals1 & ! inf]ior c>eless gr\nd-ornam5ts1 & g5]ally by its deviations f ! normal ,rhodian types4 ,! black w>e ) patt]ns 9 purple & :ite & incis$ l9es :i* has be5 m5tion$ z f\nd 9 ,rhodes is reg>d$ by ,bhlau#aaai z ,aeolic4 ,x is1 z we %all see1 p>allel$ at ,naukratis by w>es :i* !re is good reason = reg>d+ z ( ,lesbian orig94 ,! typical =m ( decoration1 ! fan-%ap$ palmette1 also occurs at ,daphnae4 ,9 any case !re is cle>ly an attempt at ! imitation ( metal vases1 ! poly*rome col\r+ be+ int5d$ to reproduce ! effect ( bronze inlaid ) gold & silv]4 ,b be=e x c be e/abli%$ z an ,aeolic fabric m results mu/ be obta9$ by excavation 9 t "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 v>i\s places on ! ma9l& ( ,asia ,m9or 7see p4 #fb7 vases ( e>ly fabric h be5 f\nd1 ab\t :i* at pres5t little is kn[n1 except t !y usually %[ "s po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! recognis$ ,ionian fabrics1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z ( local manufacture1 or at lea/ f "s place on ! coa/ ( ,asia4 ,an attempt has inde$ be5 made by ,bhlau to recognise 9 ^! also an ,aeolic fabric1 c5tr+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kyme & ,myr9a4 ,an example is to be se5 9 ! rem>kable vase f\nd at ,myr9a1#aabj ) ! bu/ ( a man pa9t$ 9 outl9e1 :i* resembles 9 %ape ! ,fikellura vases1 & is probably int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,rhodian & ?is fabric4 ,simil> pott]y f9ds h be5 made at ,l>isa1 at ,pitane1 & 9 ! ,troad4 ,at ,l>isa & ,myr9a ,bhlau notes vases ( ! e>li] ,rhodian /yle1 & at ,l>isa o!rs :i* %[ a di/9ct indep5d5t d]ivation f ,myc5aean pott]y1 especially 9 ! gr\nd-ornam5ts4 ,on ! site ( ,troy ,dr4 ,drpfeld f\nd fragm5ts ( pott]y ( a ,rhodian type ) ornam5ts ( pe>-%ap$ leaves1 su* z occur on late six?- c5tury b[ls f ,kameiros#aaba2 also a vase ) a female head resembl+ t f ,myr9a1 & ano!r ( ,naucratite "*4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a local fabric 9 ! six? c5tury--or p]haps ev5 lat]--( flat b[ls ) bracket-h&les1 on :i* are pa9t$ figures ( birds1 etc41 9 co>se black pigm5t )\t any incis$ l9es or accessories2 a s]ies ( ^! is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & o!rs 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,drpfeld 7see above1 pp4 #fa1 #bei74 ,9 ,c>ia ! ,ionian /yle is repres5t$ by f9ds at ,/ratonikeia & ,mylasa1#aabb ) ornam5tation ( ,myc5aean "*1 :i* appe>s to h rea*$ a simil> /age ( developm5t to ! e>li] ,graeco-,pho5ician vases f ,cyprus2 _m analogies may be not$4 ,t ! ,myc5aean influ5ce 0 /rong 9 ,c>ia is also %[n by ! pott]y ( transitional "* f\nd by ,mr4 ,paton at ,hiss>lik4#aabc ,at ,temir-,gora 7,phanagoria7 9 ! ,crimea a vase 0 f\nd 9 #ahgj ) pa9t+s 9 br[n on buff gr\nd1 repres5t+ a h>e-hunt1 pan!rs1 & o!r animals4#aabd ,! /yle has evid5t aff9ities to t ( ! 8,rhodian0 vases1 & ,phanagoria be+ a ,milesian colony1 ?is is only natural4 ,b x seems to be a local product1 n an importation2 ! pan!r1 = in/ance1 is unkn[n on ,rhodian vases prop]4 #b4 ,,africa ,! fabrics ( ! ,ionian s*ool are n conf9$ to ,asia ,m9or z reg>ds _! place ( orig94 ,9 ! ,greek colonies :i* 7 f\nd$ 9 ,africa 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies we f9d evid5ces ( great indu/rial activity1 & 9 "s cases ext5sive rema9s ( pa9t$ pott]y1 :i* exhibit a close connection ) ! fabrics m closely associat$ ) ,asia ,m9or4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o gr\p ( vases :i* seems to /& by itself1 & :i*1 ?\gh x may be rank$ ) ! ,ionian fabrics f its use ( ! :ite slip & f ! orig9al naturali/ic treatm5t ( ! subjects1 yet %[s a m>k$ indep5d5ce bo? 9 te*nique & 9 decoration4 ,! vases gr\p$ "u ?is head h be5 f\nd *iefly 9 ,etruria1 b m rec5tly sev]al examples h come to light 9 ! ,ionian colony ( ,naukratis 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta & 9 ,samos4#aabe ,z long ago z #ahha x 0 propos$ by ,pu*/e9 to connect !m ) ! ,!raean colony ( ,kyr5e on ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa1 on ! gr\nd ( ! subject depict$ on ! f9e/ & mo/ rem>kable ( !m--! ,arkesilaos cup ( ! ,cab9et des ,mdailles at ,p>is4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,naucratite specim5s turn$ up1 x 0 ?\ght t !y might aft] all be a local fabric ( t colony1 especially z t place 0 kn[n to h _h a close connection ) ,kyr5e1 :5ce ab\t #egj ,b4,c4 came ! que5 ( ,amasis1 :o 0 a great b5efactor to ,naukratis4 ,b to urge only "o ( ! oppos+ argum5ts1 !re seems to h be5 little or no export ( pott]y f ,naukratis1 al?\gh import$ specim5s h be5 f\nd !re ( almo/ e e>ly fabric kn[n4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! +5uity ( ,dr4 ,/udniczka#aabf to id5tify a sc5e on a fragm5t>y cup f\nd !re ) ! figure ( ! nymph ,kyr5e1 ! patron goddess ( t city1 & !reby to e/abli% def9itely ! orig9 ( ?is class4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 no rema9s ( ! e>ly colony ( ,kyr5e h ev] be5 discov]$2 b :51 if ev]1 !y are br\ght to light1 x may be confid5tly hop$ t fur!r evid5ce w be obta9$4 ,! ,cyr5aic vases1 z !y are n[ g5]ally /yl$1 are = ! mo/ "p kylikes ( a sl5d] & graceful =m1 ow+ mu* app>5tly to metal orig9als1 z indicat$ by ! use ( palmettes at ! ends ( ! h&les1 & by _! =m & ornam5tation 9 g5]al4 ,! designs are pa9t$ 9 black on a slip v>y+ 9 t9t f deep buff to a pale cream-col\r1 ) firmly-drawn incis$ l9es & a pl5tiful use ( purple = details4 ,! draw+ is rem>kably spirit$1 & ! subjects mo/ly m>k$ by navet & fre%ness4 ,! popul>ity ( my?ological sc5es is rem>kable2 we f9d repres5tations ( ,zeus1 ,atlas & ,prome!us1 ,kadmos1 ,pelops1 & o!r h]oic figures1 besides ! rem>kable vases :i* deal ) local leg5d & hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,arkesilaos ,,( ,,kyr5e ,,sup]9t5d+ ,,8 ,,comm]ce 7,,f ,a ,,kylix ,,9 ,,! ,,bibl4 ,,nat474 ,! ,arkesilaos vase#aabg 7,fig4 #ib7 dem&s some?+ m ?an a pass+ description4 ,x repres5ts ! k+ ( ,kyr5e sup]9t5d+ ! weigh+ ( ! silphium-plant1 :i* 0 a valuable s\rce ( 8 rev5ue4 ,al?\gh !re 7 f\r sov]eigns ( t "n1 ! *oice is practically limit$ to "o1 ! second ( ! "n1 :o reign$ ab\t #ehj-eej ,b4,c4 ,! sc5e takes place on a %ip ready to sail1 ( :i* ! y>d-arm & "p ( ! sails are visible2 f ! y>d hangs a l>ge balance1 inscrib$ ) ! ^w 1 9 ea* pan ( :i* is a l>ge mass ( "s sub/ance1 :i* has g5]ally be5 int]pret$ z repres5t+ ! silphium4 ,b z a matt] ( fact x is op5 to d\bt :e!r x is n really wool1 or "s simil> article ( m]*&ise4 ,on ! left ( ! sc5e1 on a fold+-*air1 sits ! k+1 ) fl[+ locks & l>ge hat1 be=e :om a man nam$ ,sophortos /&s1 ) a ge/ure imply+ t he is mak+ a /atem5t relat+ to ! transaction4 ,on ! "r are f\r m5 v>i\sly occupi$1 two c>ry+ bags ( ! /uff ti$ at ! neck2 "o ( ^! is nam$ 1#aabh a ^w ( unc]ta9 mean+1 b app>5tly hav+ "s ref]5ce to ! silphium4 ,a horizontal l9e is drawn bel[ ! sc5e1 & 9 ! l[] "p ( ! circle we see p]haps ! /or+ ( ! m]*&ise 9 ! hold1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( an (ficial nam$ 7gu>dian72 two m5 are c>ry+ bags to add to a heap ( ?ree already /or$ away4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! design & beh9d ,arkesilaos are depict$ v>i\s birds1 a monkey1 a liz>d1 & a pan!r1 p]haps to give local col\r+ to ! sc5e4#aabi ,! :ole is conceiv$ ) wond]ful navet & fre%ness1 s mu* s t e>ly writ]s reg>d$ x z a p>ody or burlesque ( a s]i\s subject2 b ?is c h>dly be ! case4 ,sev]al o!r sc5es on ! ,cyr5aic vases m]it description1 did space p]mit2 b x mu/ suffice to ref] to ! li/ ( subjects already giv54 ,! majority ( ! specim5s are 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* possesses no less ?an t5 cups1 besides ?ree l>g] vases1 decorat$ ) animals & ornam5ts only4 ,!re are also f\r 9 ! ,cab9et des ,mdailles1 ( :i*1 besides ! ,arkesilaos cup1 "o repres5t+ ,polyphemos dev\r+ ! companions ( ,odysseus & ! subsequ5t bl9d+ 7all 9 "o sc5e7 is ( conspicu\s int]e/4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses two or ?ree cups & sev]al fragm5ts f ,naukratis1 includ+ ! important "o re/or$ by ,/udniczka z repres5t+ ! local nymph hold+ bran*es ( silphium & pomegranate1 & surr\nd$ by fly+ daemons1 male & female1 or ,boreads & ,h>pies 7,fig4 #ic74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,cyr5aic ,,cup ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,kyr5e 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,( ?is s]ies ! ,arkesilaos cup is ! only "o ) inscriptions4 ,!y are )\t d\bt 9 an alphabet ( ,peloponnesian1 n ,ionian1 "*1 z is %[n1 = in/ance1 by ! = 9 4 ,b ?is may be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! city1 :i* 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies receiv$ a consid]able influx ( ! ,dorian elem5t1 especially f ,sp>ta1 ^: alphabet may h be5 adopt$ = g5]al use4 ,! total numb] ( specim5s 9 exi/5ce is ab\t =ty2 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are m]ely fragm5t>y examples4#aacj ,allusion has already be5 made to ! ext5sive f9ds ( pott]y at ,naukratis1 among ! mo/ rem>kable ( rec5t ye>s1 :i* h done mu* to increase our k ( ,ionian indu/rial art4 ,z has be5 said1 almo/ e o!r e>ly fabric is repres5t$ !re1 f ! ,melian & ,cor9?ian w>es to ^? ( ,rhodes & o!r ,asiatic sites1 includ+ a l>ge s]ies ( ,a!nian vases or fragm5ts d[n to ! late/ times4 ,b ) ^! 7 pres5t 9 ov]:elm+ numb]s specim5s ( an entirely new fabric :i* c\ld only be reg>d$ z local 9 its orig94 ,( ! pott]y ) figure subjects ?ree /ages c be trac$1 all *>act]is$ by ! ,ionian cream-col\r$ slip1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ is rem>kably l ! ,rhodian w>es1 ! next is di/+ui%$ by its poly*rome decoration on a :ite gr\nd1 & ! ?ird repres5ts a sort ( transition f ! quasi-,rhodian /yle ( decoration to ! regul> black-figur$ w>e1 & is p>allel 9 _m respects to ! si/]-fabric ( ,daphnae 7see bel[74 ,all ?is pott]y 0 discov]$ 9 favissae or rubbi%-heaps atta*$ to ! sanctu>ies ( ,apollo1 ,aphrodite1 ,h]a1 & ! ,dioskuri1 especially ! two =m]4 ,z ! vases _h be5 reject$ z useless or cr[d$ out by new ones1 !y are almo/ all brok5 & fragm5t>y4 ,b x is int]e/+ to note t on numb]s ( ! e>li] pot%]ds f ! ,apollo temple ! words 1 8,i am ,apollo's10 h be5 r\ghly scrat*$1 z if ! prie/s _h wi%$ to m>k !m z sacr$ & pres]ve !m f pr(ane uses1 al?\gh no long] requir$4 ,ev5 m frequ5t on all ! sites are d$ications to ! respective deities1 ) ! =mula 1 or 1 9 ! ,ionic alphabet 7cf4 ,fig4 #af1 p4 #aci74 ,on palaeographical gr\nds ! inscriptions may be dat$ z rang+ f ab\t #fjj to #ebj ,b4,c41 b !re are "s difficulties ) reg>d to ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! settlem5t4 ,/rabo 7xvii4 #a1 p4 #hja7 assigns ! f\ndation to ,greeks ( ,miletos1 ab\t #fbj ,b4,c41 b ! words ( ,h]odotos 7ii4 #agh7 are to ! effect t ,amasis 7#efd-ebf ,b4,c471 8:o 0 a phil-,hell5e 444 gave ^? :o arriv$ 9 ,egypt ! city ( ,naukratis to inhabit40 ,if ?is means t no ,greeks _h liv$ !re be=e 8 "t1 we _c place any ( ! pott]y e>li] ?an #egj2 b x does n seem unreasonable to take ! words to mean t ! city already exi/$1 & t ,amasis m]ely recognis$ ! "r ( ,greeks to reside !re4 ,h]odotos also tells u t by p]mission ( ,amasis ! ,milesians indep5d5tly f\nd$ ! tem5os ( ,apollo4 ,f ! evid5ce ( ! excavations ,messrs4 ,petrie & ,erne/ ,g>dn] felt !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ ! f\ndation ( ! city ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 a date :i* c]ta9ly seems to be requir$ by ! "* ( ! e>lie/ pott]y4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! local fabrics & _! replacem5t by ,attic importations w\ld !n fall ab\t #ebj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,fragm5t ,,f ,,naukratis1 ,,illu/rat+ 8,,mix$ ,,te*nique40 ,9 ! e>lie/ class a di/9ction1 z 9 ,rhodes1 is to be not$ betwe5 figures )\t incis$ l9es1 b ) faces 9 outl9e1 & figures ) incis$ l9es1 ! two be+ sometimes comb9$ on "o vase1 z 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! =m] mu/ be e>li] 9 orig9 ?an ! latt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! poly*rome :ite w>e 7see bel[7 ! incis$ l9es aga9 disappe>2 b ! m advanc$ /yle ( ! draw+ & *oice ( subjects te/ifies to its be+ a lat] v>iety4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t ! influ5ce ( ,rhodes 7or :atev] 0 ! fabric-c5tre ( 8,rhodian0 pott]y7 0 v /rong at ,naukratis1 & if we adopt ,bhlau's !ory ( a ,milesian orig9 = ! ,rhodian w>es1 ?is is fully acc\nt$ = by ! hi/ory ( ! place4 ,consequ5tly ! two fabrics are v difficult to di/+ui%1 &1 9 fact1 ! diff]5ce is ma9ly 9 po9t ( /yle4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a class ( w>es f\nd at ,naukratis :i* does n seem to be ( local orig94 ,?is is ! s-call$ ,poll$r>a fabric1 or black w>e resembl+ t f\nd 9 ,etruria1 & especially 9 ! tomb ( t "n at ,vulci 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,x has also be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 :]e black w>es are by no means uncommon1 "s closely resembl+ ! ,italian buc*]o 9 "*4 ,x is h>dly likely t ?is w>e is ,naucratite 9 orig91 al?\gh ! ,poll$r>a tomb conta9s objects und\bt$ly export$ f ,egypt4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]#aaca has po9t$ out t "o ( ! black-w>e vases be>s an inscription %[+ t x 0 d$icat$ by a ,mytil5aean1 & o!rs h inscriptions 9 ,aeolic dialect4 ,h5ce he d$uces ! !ory t ?is black w>e 0 made 9 ,lesbos1 & export$ !nce bo? to ,rhodes & to ,naukratis4 ,he also po9ts out t x is really di/9ct f ! ,italian v>iety bo? 9 /yle & te*nique1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,italian use ( blue4 ,b !re is a class ( pott]y1 un=tunately only repres5t$ by fragm5ts1 :i* appe>s to be develop$ p>tly f ! 8,lesbian0 w>e1 p>tly f ! e>ly ,naucratite fabric1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be ( local orig94 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd else:]e1#aacb & ! comb9ation ( 8,lesbian0 & ,rhodian elem5ts also po9ts to ?is conclusion4 ,! vases1 :i* seem to h be5 l>ge b[ls1 are cov]$ on ! inside ) a black v>ni%1 on :i* patt]ns ( purely decorative "* 7palmettes1 pe>-%ap$ rays ( ,rhodian or ,aeolic =m1 etc47 are pa9t$ 9 :ite & r$4 ,! outside1 on ! contr>y1 is cov]$ ) a :ite slip1 ! designs be+ pa9t$1 p>tly 9 outl9e1 9 v>i\s t9ts1 su* z fle%-col\r1 d>k br[n1 purple1 d>k r$1 yell[1 & ev5 opaque :ite4 ,9 spite ( ! ret5tion ( ! ,rhodian sy/em ( outl9es & abs5ce ( incis$ l9es1 ! /yle is rem>kably advanc$1 & ! treatm5t ( details (t5 mo/ c>eful & elaborate2 moreov]1 ! subjects are almo/ exclusively human figures1 al?\gh ! fragm5t>y nature ( ! rema9s r5d]s ! int]pretation 9 _m cases almo/ impossible4 ,!y seem to /& on ! same level z ! ,daphnae pott]y 7see bel[71 bo? 9 /yle & range ( subject4#aacc ,to return to ! vases ( 8,rhodian0 type1 a few typical *>act]i/ics may be not$1 %[+ _! developm5t4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s are decorat$ exclusively ) animals1 pa9t$ 9 ! ,rhodian fa%ion1 ) heads & o!r p>ts 9 outl9e & details only indicat$ by leav+ !m 9 ! col\r ( ! clay4 ,! typical gr\nd-ornam5ts are ! cross ) hook$ arms1 ! spiral1 & a patt]n ( diagonals ) *evrons betwe54#aacd ,lat]1 a pref]5ce is %[n = l>ge vases1 usually b[ls or krat]s1 sometimes also l>ge plates1 ) friezes ( animals & ,sph9xes on a correspond+ scale4 ,! ,rhodian /yle /ill obta9s1 ) ! addition ( purple accessories4 ,! fav\rite animals are ! lion1 bull1 bo>1 & ,cretan goat2 a broad plait-b& or guillo*e z bord] is ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 & 9 addition to ! gr\nd-ornam5ts already m5tion$1 v>i\s =ms ( rosettes & bord]s ( mae&] are f\nd4 ,on a l>ge b[l d$icat$ to ,aphrodite by "o ,so/ratos 7,plate ,,xxiv471 besides lions1 ,sph9xes1 & wat]-f[l1 two dogs are se5 attack+ a bo>2 ! draw+ is m advanc$ ?an 9 mo/ examples4#aace ,! next /age 9 :i* ! incis$ l9es beg9 to appe> is be/ illu/rat$ by ! f9e plate ) a seat$ ,sph9x1#aacf :]e !y are comb9$ ) outl9$ cont\rs 79 ! head71 & details r5d]$ by :ite laid on ! black1 z also are ! patt]ns r\nd ! rim4 ,ano!r l>ge plate 7,a #ihf7 has a dance ( m5 & a frieze ( animals ) incis$ l9es & purple accessories1 b ! surr\nd+ patt]ns 7lotos-fl[]s & palmettes1 tongue-patt]n1 etc47 are 9 pla9 black4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! /age :i* =ms a transition f ! e>li] or 8,rhodian0 /yle to ! black-figur$1 9 :i* = a "t ! influ5ce ( ,cor9? seems to make itself felt4 ,! figures are pa9t$ 9 black1 :i* (t5 turns to r$ ?r\gh faulty fir+1 on a w>m buff gr\nd1 sometimes ) purple accessories4 ,! fav\rite %apes are ! lebes or de9os ) flat rim1 & ! column-h&l$ krat] s popul> at ,cor9? 9 ! six? c5tury1 ) flat-topp$ h&les1 on :i* human heads or animals are pa9t$4 ,cor9?ian influ5ce is sometimes also se5 9 ! designs1 z 9 ! ,sph9xes ( ,b #ajj2 or 9 o!r ways1 z 9 ! olpe ,a #aecd1 ) a ram 9 a panel on "o side ( ! h&le4 ,ano!r curi\s example is ! column-h&l$ krat] ,a #aecc1 ) two friezes ( animals1 ( :i* ! l[] is m ,ionic 9 type4 ,! ,briti% ,museum collection also conta9s num]\s fragm5ts 7,b #ajb-c7 9 ?is local /yle1 toge!r ) a few ( o!r fabrics1#aacg among :i* an int]e/+ repres5tation ( ,odysseus pass+ ! ,sir5s may be not$2 also a s]ies ( *>iot-sc5es & horsem51 :i* 9 /yle recall ! ,ca]etan hydriae 7see p4 #cee74 ,! m]g+ ( ! local /yle 9 ! fully-develop$ black-figure ,a!nian /yle is cle>ly visible 9 ^! fragm5ts1 :i* are int]e/+ f _! p>allelism1 ?\gh n _! resemblance1 to ^? ( ,daphnae4 ,among ! lat] ,ionic fabrics1 ( practically fully-develop$ black-figure /yle 7i4e4 ) buff gr\nd1 incis$ l9es1 & accessory col\rs71 n ! lea/ int]e/+ is ! gr\p ( vases & fragm5ts f ,daphnae 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#aach ,l ! pott]y ( ,naukratis1 !y illu/rate ! relations betwe5 ,ionia & ,africa 9 ! six? c5tury1 b ev5 9 a m m>k$ degree1 inasmu* z !y 7 m directly influ5c$ by local circum/ances4 ,?is pott]y 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 #ahhf1 on a site kn[n z ,tell ,def5neh1 repres5t+ ! ,tahpanhes ( ! ,hebrew prophets & ! ,daphnae ( ,h]odotos1#aaci f :om we le>n t a =t 0 f\nd "h by ,psammeti*os ,i4 at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,z ,naukratis gu>d$ ! we/ ( ! ,delta1 s did ,daphnae ! ea/1 ) ! highway to ,syria4 ,h]odotos#aadj also speaks ( camps g>rison$ by ,ionian & ,c>ian troops2 & if we might id5tify ^! ) ,daphnae1 we %\ld h a t]m9us po/ quem = ! pott]y1 z ! camps 7 desolat$ by ,amasis ab\t #efj ,b4,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pott]y is h>dly to be dat$ s e>ly f its /yle1 & x is important to notice t x is practically unrepres5t$ at ,naukratis1 t meet+-place ( all e>ly fabrics4 ,! *ief problem ) :i* we are confront$ 9 reg>d to ! ,daphnae pott]y is :e!r x is a local fabric or import$4 ,op9ions ( s*ol>s are some:at divid$1 ,dmml] & ,endt decl>+ = ! local fabric1#aada ,zahn = importations f ,clazom5ae4#aadb ,! close connection ) ! fabrics ( ,asia ,m9or1 su* z ! ,ca]etan hydriae & ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 _c be d5i$1 & !re are _m small details :i* are peculi> to ,ionic vases2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is mu* t is peculi> to ?is gr\p & tells 9 fav\r ( a local orig94 ,x is also important to be> 9 m9d t ! ,daphnae pott]y has little 9 common ) t ( ,naukratis1 9 spite ( ! relation ( bo? to ,ionia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 8,,egyptian ,,situla10 ,,f ,,daphnae 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,x w p]haps be conv5i5t to take ! gr\ps ( ,daphnae fragm5ts "o by "o1 not+ ! g5]al *>act]i/ics & individual peculi>ities ( ea*4 ,fir/ we h a gr\p ( tall cyl9drical vases#aadc 7"o or two ( :i* are completely pres]v$71 ( an obvi\sly ,egyptian =m1 :i* has be5 call$ a situla or pail 7,fig4 #ie74 ,! clay is ( a drab col\r1 brittle1 & badly levigat$1 & cov]$ ) a d>k br[n v>ni% laid on a coat+ ( glaze4 ,ow+ to *emical causes ?is v>ni% has 9 almo/ all cases disappe>$1 c>ry+ ) x mo/ ( ! designs1 :i* c only be di/+ui%$ by ! incis$ l9es4 ,! figure subjects are conf9$ to panels on ei!r side ( ! neck1 & usually consi/ ( h]aldic gr\ps ( animals or w+$ mon/]s4 ,r\nd ! body are patt]ns ( lotos-fl[]s & fan-%ap$ half-rosettes ( ,rhodian type4 ,! te*nique1 h[ev]1 & o!r po9ts recall ! ,geometrical vases1 & ?is is especially m>k$ 9 "o case 7,b4,m4 ,b #ajd ,fig4 #ie71 :]e ! panels are bord]$ & fill$ 9 ) ornam5tal patt]ns ( ,geometrical /yle4#aadd ,! :ole appe>ance ( ?is vase1 9 :i* ! v>ni% is pres]v$1 is t ( ! ,geometrical /yle2 ! me?od may h be5 le>n$ ?r\gh ,rhodes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s subjects are ( ,egyptian type1 su* z ! hawks 7,b #ajfb71 & ! pair ( combatants ) _! nude bodies & %av5 cr[ns 7,b #ajfa74 ,secondly1 !re is a gr\p ( tall slim amphorae1 ( purely ,greek /yle1#aade ) a *>act]i/ic s*eme ( decoration1 consi/+ ( panels on ! neck1 usually conta9+ a ,sph9x or ,sir51 & two friezes r\nd ! body1 divid$ by a b& ( dots2 ! neck is always divid$ f ! body by a m\ld$ r+1 bel[ :i* is a poly*rome tongue-patt]n 9 black1 :ite1 & purple alt]nately4 ,an example is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,x is important to note "h t ! :ite col\r+1 ( :i* lavi% use is made1 is laid directly on ! clay1 z 9 o!r ,ionic vases2 incis$ l9es are only employ$ = inn] details1 n = cont\rs4 ,?is gr\p is obvi\sly ( lat] date ?an ! situlae1 & ! po9ts ( correspond5ce betwe5 x & ! ,ca]etan hydriae & s>cophagi ( ,clazom5ae 7see bel[7 are v m>k$4 ,sometimes ! place ( ! ma9 design is tak5 by a panel ( scale-patt]n1#aadf r5d]$ 9 col\r only1 curi\sly rem9isc5t ( ,myc5aean vases4 ,two o!r po9ts are wor? cit+ "h z pres5t+ ! same feature3 ! two-h&l$ cup ) tall /em on ,b #aaeb1 :i* is cle>ly ! ,myc5aean type ( kylix1 & ! bord]s ( :ite dots laid on ! black :i* sometimes occur on ! drap]ies4 ,! clay is ( a w>m yell[ col\r1 well levigat$ & poli%$1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! vases is bright & pleas+4 ,! l[] frieze on ! body usually takes ! =m ( a r[ ( animals1 especially ( geese fe$+2 b :]e ! ma9 design is replac$ by a scale-patt]n1 danc+ figures are usually f\nd4 ,?irdly1 !re is a squat =m ( amphora1 ) cyl9drical neck & wide body1 :i* has be5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( /amnos4#aadg ,mo/ ( ! vases ( ?is =m f\nd at ,daphnae are ( ! 8,fikellura0 type describ$ above 7p4 #ccg71 & are obvi\sly importations1 :e!r f ,samos or ,rhodes2 b o!rs 7ne>ly all fragm5t>y7 are ( ! same type z ! amphorae4 ,on bo? %apes a motive is sometimes introduc$ :i* is cle>ly le>n$ f ! ,fikellura vases1 t ( a r[ ( cresc5ts1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely pa9t$ 9 black1 are treat$1 l ! tongue-patt]n1 9 poly*rome4#aadh ,! only o!r %ape f\nd is ! hydria1 ( a type diff]+ greatly f ! ,ca]etan 7see bel[7 ) its flat %\ld] at "r angles to ! body2 b ! same typical wrea? ( po9t$ leaves occurs on bo? 7cf4 ,b #abf-bg74 ,! li/ is complet$ by a few fragm5ts ( import$ ,b4,f4 vases f ,a!ns4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxv ,illu/ration3 ,,ionian ,,vases4 #a4 ,,situla ,,f ,,daphnae 7,,briti% ,,museum72 #b4 ,,de9os ,,9 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 ------------------------------------ ,! subjects comprise sev]al int]e/+ my?ological !mes3 ,odysseus & ,kirke1#aadi ! ,calydonian bo>-hunt1 ,boreas & "o ( 8 sons1 ,bell]ophon & ! ,*ima]a4 ,!re is a curi\s s]ies ( nude figures on horseback1 pa9t$ :ite ?r\gh\t1 accompani$ by w>riors & dogs2 !y h usually be5 int]pret$ z fem99e1 b are n s necess>ily1 z ,ionian pa9t]s us$ :ite indiscrim9ately = ei!r sex4#aaej ,dionysiac sc5es are popul>1 b monoton\s1 & (t5 v co>se2 ! ,satyrs are ( ! ,ionic type1 ) horses' ho(s1 & v be/ial 9 appe>ance2 _! place is (t5 tak5 by grotesque danc]s1 z on ! ,cor9?ian vases4 ,among small details ! ,ori5tal embroid]$ saddle-clo?s#aaea %\ld be m5tion$1 z also ! curi\s hook 77 9 front ( ! w>rior's helmet on ,b #aa2 bo? are f\nd on ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi1 & ! latt] is typical ( ,ionic art4#aaeb #c4 ,,lat] ,,ionic ,,fabrics ,:at is 9 _m ways ! mo/ rem>kable gr\p ( ,ionian vases is =m$ by ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 s call$ because !y h be5 f\nd almo/ exclusively at ,ca]e 7,c]vetri7 9 ,etruria4 ,!y =m a v homog5e\s gr\p1 & _! typical features are unmi/akable4 ,orig9ally !y 7 ?\ght to be ( local1 i4e4 ,etruscan1 manufacture1 or ev5 imitations ( ,cor9?ian vases4 ,b s9ce ! s>cophagi ( ,clazom5ae & ! pott]y ( ,naukratis & ,daphnae h be5 made kn[n & /udi$1 x has be5 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt t !y /& 9 close relation to ^! und\bt$ly ,ionian fabrics4#aaec ,if fur!r pro( 7 want$1 x is to be f\nd 9 a class ( ,etruscan vases :i* are cle>ly imitat$ f !m 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,!y 7 fir/ collectively discuss$ 9 #ahhh by ,dmml]1 :o gave a li/ ( f\rte51 assign+ !m to ,phocaea2 a m complete li/ ( tw5ty has s9ce be5 drawn up by ,endt1 :o to "s ext5t endorses ,dmml]'s views1 b is incl9$ to attribute !m to ,clazom5ae1 on ! opposite side ( ! ,gulf ( ,smyrna1 ?us br++ !m into clos] relation ) ! s>cophagi4 ,:i*ev] be ! correct view1 !re is no d\bt t !y come f ?is region1 & ! exi/5ce ( a c]amic fabric at ,clazom5ae1 z atte/$ by ! s>cophagi & a few pa9t$ fragm5ts ( pott]y1 is 9 fav\r ( ,endt's attribution4 ,we h also to set by ! side ( ?is ! abs5ce 7s f>7 ( any pott]y at ,phocaea4 ,9 any case ! place mu/ h =m$ "p ( ! ,naucratite conf$]ation1 & x 0 p]haps influ5c$ mu* by ,rhodes4#aaed ,t ! vases h all be5 f\nd at ,c]vetri ne$ excite no surprise1 z !re is abundant evid5ce t c]ta9 fabrics 7 specially fav\r$ by diff]5t places1 & app>5tly made = exclusive importation4 ,f ! circum/ances ( discov]y ( "s ( !m !y may be dat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c42 ! /yle is rem>kably advanc$1 & %[s ! rapid developm5t ( ,ionian art z comp>$ ) t ( ,cont95tal ,greece4 ,z reg>ds ! =m ( ! hydria1 x is *>act]is$ by ! egg-%ap$ body1 ! division ( neck f %\ld] by a m\ld$ r+1 ! l[ flat-ribb$ h&le at ! back1 & ! high concave foot4 ,ev5 m m>k$ is ! sy/em ( ornam5tation4 ,! ma9 design runs 9 a broad frieze r\nd ! body1 brok5 at ! back by a palmette patt]n "u ! h&le1 on ei!r side ( :i* are usually gr\p$ two simil> or oppos$ figures1 di/9ct f ! pr9cipal subject4 ,! re/ ( ! surface is giv5 ov] to floral patt]ns1 :i* assume great prom95ce on ^! vases4 ,! normal arrangem5t is z foll[s3 inside ! m\? a l>ge tongue-patt]n 9 r$1 bord]$ ) black2 on ! neck1 palmette-&-lotos patt]n2 on ! %\ld]1 ivy-wrea?s or o!r plants1 treat$ 9 a naturali/ic mann]2 r\nd ! l[] "p ( ! body1 a broad b& ( l>ge palmettes & lotos-fl[]s alt]nat+1 =m+ a v effective patt]n & enhanc$ ) :ite & purple details4 ,an illu/ration 9 col\rs ( a typical specim5 is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxvi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxvi ,illu/ration3 ,to face page #ced4 ,,ca]etan ,,hydria4 7,,briti% ,,museum47 ------------------------------------ ,! range ( subjects is wide & orig9al1 bo? 9 *oice & me?od ( treatm5t4 ,we f9d among my?ological sc5es ! return ( ,hephai/os to heav51 ! rape ( ,europa1 ! conte/ ( ,h]akles ) ,busiris1 & ! hunt ( ! ,calydonian bo>4#aaee ,o!r subjects1 su* z combatants or horsem51 are m 9 ! mann] ( ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi4 ,a curi\s feature ( ! gr\p is ! entire abs5ce ( friezes ( animals4 ,! reali/ic treatm5t ( ! ,egyptians on ! ,busiris vase1 & ! introduction ( apes & o!r ,african animals into "s ( ! sc5es1 cle>ly indicate a relation ) t "p ( ! _w1 obvi\sly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o ( ! ,greek colonies ( ,egypt4 ,naukratis1 z we h se51 0 l>gely colonis$ f ,phocaea1 & "s ( ! lat] fragm5ts f ?is site#aaef %[ a p>allelism ) ! hydriae4 ,among ! small] details :i* are typically ,ionian may be m5tion$ ! horse-ho($ type ( ,seil5os 7z at ,daphnae72 ! f\r-w+$ deities & w+$ bo>s#aaeg2 ! fav\rite types ( /ag-hunts1#aaeh horsem51 & combats1 all appe>+ on ! s>cophagi2 ! runn+ dogs & ! owls on horses' backs2 ! high-peak$ cap ( wom5 & %oes ) turn$-up toes4 ,all ^! are g5]ally1 b n inv>iably1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ionian fabrics1 z is ! peculi> treatm5t ( boys' hair1 :i* is ti$ 9 a tuft at ! back4 ,9 reg>d to te*nique ! *ief po9t is ! ext5sive use ( accessories1 :i* give a bright & v>i$ appe>ance to ! vases4 ,& we mu/ also note ! g5]al use ( :ite = fle%1 ( m5 z well z ( wom51 ! :ite be+ laid on ! black v>ni% 9 ! ,attic fa%ion1 & n on ! clay1 z usual 9 ,ionia4 ,! clay1 too1 is n cov]$ ) ! *>act]i/ic creamy slip1 b ) a r$ glaze approa*+ m ne>ly to ! 8cont95tal0 fabrics4 ,incis$ l9es are us$ ) great c>e1 & folds ( drap]y are always indicat$2 ! male eye is always oval1 & undi/+ui%$ f ! female4 ,two gr\ps ( fragm5ts f sites 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 "s degree f ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 yet obvi\sly /& 9 close relation4 ,( ^!1 "o set1 =m+ a l>ge krat] ( ! ,cor9?ian type1 0 f\nd at ,kyme 9 ,aeolis#aaei2 !y appe> to be lat] ?an ! hydriae1 i4e4 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 b ! /yle & te*nique are n dissimil>1 except t ! :ite is "h laid on ! clay gr\nd & ! draw+ t5ds to fre$om & c>elessness4#aafj ,folds ( drap]y are n indicat$2 ! typical ,ionic motive ( a l>ge bud 9 ! field is f\nd4#aafa ,!y may be describ$ z a local diff]5tiation f ! hydriae1 repres5t+ ! transition f ! s>cophagi#aafb to ,b4,f4 fabrics1 or r1 p]haps1 =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! ,ca]etan gr\p & t next to be discuss$4 ,! o!r set 0 f\nd at ,clazom5ae1#aafc & appe>s to /& midway betwe5 ! ,daphnae pott]y & ! hydriae2 x is probably ( local orig91 & also exhibits po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! s>cophagi4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is fabric has be5 trac$ 9 "s ,attic ,b4,f4 vases :i* repres5t a simil> sc5e--! h>ness+ ( a *>iot4#aafd ,!re are also v>i\s gr\ps ( vases 7mo/ly amphorae7 ( advanc$ ,b4,f4 te*nique1 b ?or\ghly ,ionian *>act]i/ics1#aafe :i* seem to trace _! desc5t ma9ly f ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 al?\gh ! s*eme ( ornam5tation is widely diff]5t4 ,9 ! majority ! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! adoption ( ! panel-design1 ! re/ ( ! vase be+ cov]$ ) black4 ,?is is cle>ly non-,ionic1 & probably due to ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ,attic vase-pa9t+1 9 :i* x e>ly became a m>k$ feature2 b x is usually comb9$ ) a di/9ct neck1 on :i* is a small] design1 & ?is1 on ! o!r h&1 is a non-,attic idea4 ,^! vases 7 all mo/ probably made 9 ! ,clazom5ae region2 !y are1 h[ev]1 r to be reg>d$ z =m+ l9ks betwe5 ! ,ionian fabrics prop] & ! ,attic ,b4,f4 vases1 & are ! pr$ecessors ( a gr\p ( vases ( fully-develop$ ,b4,f4 te*nique :i* are yet m ,ionic ?an ,attic 9 feel+ & treatm5t 7see bel[1 p4 #chg74 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ two gr\ps ( kylikes1 "o f\nd 9 ,rhodes & ri*ly decorat$ ) figures )9 & )\t1 ! =m sugge/+ a metallic orig9al4#aaff ,! o!r consi/s ( a s]ies ( kylikes decorat$ on ! outside ) l>ge eyes 7=m]ly ?\ght to be ( symbolical import71 at ! head ( :i* /&s ! well-kn[n ,wrzburg cup1 ) ! subject ( ,ph9eus attack$ by ! ,h>pies4#aafg ,?is vase be>s rema9s ( inscriptions 9 ! ,ionic alphabet2 ! cup is ( a =m aft]w>d introduc$ at ,a!ns by ,exekias1 9 :i* ! (f-set rim & high foot ( ! o!r gr\p are replac$ by a wide-spread+ b[l ( pla9 convex section1 ) a l[ foot4 ,once adopt$ at ,a!ns1 ?is type rema9$ firmly 9 fav\r ?r\gh\t ! ,r4,f4 p]iod4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t inscrib$ vases are rem>kably r>e among ,ionian fabrics2 !re are n m ?an six at ! outside1 includ+ ! ,euphorbos p9ax1 ! alphabet ( :i* we h se5 to be ,argive4#aafh ,b !re are two vases ! alphabet ( :i* app>5tly belongs to ! isl& ( ,keos1 be+ "o ( ! ,ionic or ,ea/]n gr\p1 & ( ^! "o#aafi may well be associat$ ) ! lat] ,ionic fabrics4 ,! o!r1 h[ev]1 is 9 a /yle :i* is usually associat$ ) ! ,*alcidian gr\p#aagj2 !re is ! typical feature ( ! fall5 w>rior ) face turn$ to ! front4 ,if ! two c bo? be assum$ to h be5 actually made 9 ,keos1 ! geographical position ( t isl& w\ld acc\nt = ! comb9ation ( ^! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n elem5ts4#aaga ,a complete & detail$ li/ ( ! ,ca]etan hydriae & ( ! alli$ types may be f\nd 9 ,endt's book 7pp4 #a1 #ba1 #bi1 etc472 b a brief summ>y may also be f\nd useful3-- #a4 ,ca]etan hydriae3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ei 7,plate ,,xxvi472 ,l\vre ,e #fif-gjb2 ,vi5na #bag-ah2 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 #bh 79 ,b]l972 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #af1 #b;a2 ,jahn1 ,entfhrung d] ,europa1 pl4 #e;a2 ,endt1 figs4 #a-b1 #e-h2 f\r o!rs unpubli%$4 ,see also g5]ally ,dmml] 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 p4 #aff ff41 & ,potti] 9 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahib1 p4 #bec ff41 & ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #ecd4 #b4 ,lat] ,ionic ,b4,f4 fabrics1 *iefly amphorae1 krat]s1 hydriae1 & de9oi1 f ! region ( ! ,gulf ( ,smyrna3 ,l\vre ,e #gcf1 ,e #gcg1 ,e #gci2 ,vi5na #bae2 ,muni* #egc1 #ehc1 #fhe2 ,b]l9 #afgd1 #ahhe1 #baed2 ,wrzburg1 iii4 #cbh 7 ,re9a*1 ii4 #ig7 & #cca2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #aef2 ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 pp4 #aha1 #ahe1 & ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #hc 79 ,b]l972 ,l\vre ,e #ged-ha2 ,b]l9 #afgf ,re9a*1 ii4 #bb1 #c-e2 & ! fragm5ts f ,kyme & ,clazom5ae already discuss$4 ,see besides ,endt1 ,potti] 9 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #dbc ff42 ,zahn 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 p4 #ch ff42 ,k>o 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #adf ff4 #c4 ,kylikes ( ,attic-,ionic /yle3 7a7 ,rhodian3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi-;,b #chb3 see ,j4,h4,s4 v4 p4 #bbj ff42 7b7 lat] type1 ) eyes 7see p4 #cgd72 ,wrzburg1 iii4 #ced ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #da 7,ph9eus cup7 & #cdi2 ,b]l9 #ahjc1 #bjed1 #bjef2 ,muni* #dbh1 #dfh1 #fcj1 #eec1 #gaa1 #abci1 #acaf1 #ajbg1 #abci2 & o!rs giv5 by ,bhlau2 to :i* may be add$ ! ,briti% ,museum cups ) eyes1 ,b #dbg ff41 & ! amphora ,b4,m4 ,b #bae4 #d4 ,keos fabric 7873 ,l\vre ,e #gcb ,re9a*1 i4 #afb2 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #bje1 #c-d4 ,!re are also num]\s vases scatt]$ ab\t our museums :i* are ( a debas$ & inf]ior ,b4,f4 type1 & on good gr\nds h be5 ?\ght to be ( ,italian manufacture1 :e!r ,etruscan or ,s\? ,italian4 ,! =m] usually display unmi/akable local *>act]i/ics1 & !re is a class s %>ply def9$ t its ,etruscan orig9 is und\bt$1 9 spite ( its aff9ities to ! ,ca]etan hydriae4 ,a full description w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on ,etruscan pott]y 7,,xviii474 ,o!rs aga9 h m 9 common ) ! class next to be discuss$2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 !y may all be f\nd to %[ ,ionian aff9ities4 ,b ! l9e is n easy to draw3 debas$ ,b4,f4 vases may h be5 produc$ 9 ,ionia1 z !y und\bt$ly 7 at ,kameiros#aagb2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ext5sive export ( ,ionic w>es to ,cumae1 ,c]vetri1 & o!r places may h incit$ ! ,italian pott]s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,etruscan class j m5tion$1 to unsuccessful attempts at imitation4 ,!re rema9s yet "o class ( ,ionic vases to be discuss$1 a class :i* c be cle>ly def9$1 b = :i* z yet no satisfactory "n has be5 f\nd4 ,l ! ,ca]etan hydriae1 !y 7 fir/ discuss$ by ! late ,f4 ,dmml]2 b 8 gr\nds = assign+ !m to ! region ( ,pontus--:5ce !y h be5 provisionally /yl$ 8,pontic0--h n f\nd g5]al acceptance4#aagc ,!y 7 also orig9ally1 l ! ,ca]etan gr\p1 ?\ght to be ,etruscan1 a view :i* at fir/ sight might seem ju/ifi$ by _! r\gh execution2 b /yle & o!r reasons preclude su* a possibility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q possible t "s ( !m are imitative fabrics made 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,all at pres5t kn[n h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruria4 ,! gr\p is =m$ by a s]ies ( ab\t tw5ty amphorae & sixte5 o9o*oae1 to :i* ,endt app5ds a li/ ( tw5ty or s :i* may ei!r be ( ?is fabric or ,italian imitations4 ,ano!r example 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 is illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,xxv4 ,! li/ might d\btless be ext5d$4 ,t !y date f ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury seems indicat$ by ! discov]y ( "o at ,orvieto1 toge!r ) an e>ly ,cor9?ian cup4 ,l s _m ( ! ,ionic fabrics1 !y exhibit a fondness = bright col\r+1 ) an ext5sive use ( accessory col\rs4 ,9 "s cases ,cor9?ian influ5ce seems to h be5 at "w1 especially 9 ! te*nique4 ,incis$ l9es are sp>+ly & c>elessly employ$1 & seldom = cont\rs4 ,among ! subjects my?ological sc5es are r>e1 b "o ( ! ,briti% ,museum examples 7,b #eg7 has a curi\s subject--! conte/ ( ,h]akles & ! ,lac9ian ,h]a 7! ,roman ,juno ,sospita71 assi/$ respectively by ,a!na & ,poseidon4 ,w+$ male figures are n uncommon1 & ! typically ,cor9?ian subject ( grotesque figures danc+ is occasionally f\nd4 ,b ! specially *>act]i/ic feature ( ! gr\p is =m$ by ! friezes ( animals4 ,( ^! !re are usually two on ea* vase1 m r>ely "o2 sometimes !y are int]sp]s$ ) figures ( m51 n repres5t+ any def9ite subject1 b z an imitation ( /amp$ metal vases 7z on ! ,buc*]o vases ( ,etruria1 ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,! animals are s *>act]i/ic z 9 !mselves to m>k (f ?is class z di/9ct2 sometimes !y are naturali/ic1 sometimes conv5tional1 & repetitions 9 "o frieze are v r>e4 ,! fav\rite quadrup$ is a de]2 ,gryphons ( a peculi> type & ,sph9xes are frequ5tly f\nd1 & on "s specim5s a subord9ate frieze ( quails4#aagd ,on ! necks ( ! amphorae h]aldic gr\ps ( pan!rs or o!r animals confront$ are sometimes se51 v>i$ by palmette & lotos patt]ns4 ,! latt] =m ! *ief decorative motive2 b a comb9ation ( mae&]s & />s 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi47 is (t5 f\nd on ! o9o*oae1 & ?is1 x is int]e/+ to note1 also appe>s on ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi4 ,on "o ( ! vases publi%$ by ,dmml] !re is repres5t$ a combat ( ,greeks & m\nt$ ,b>b>ians2 ! latt] he id5tifi$ z ,scy?ians1 & ma9ly on ?is gr\nd attribut$ ! gr\p to ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,b !y are m likely to be f ,phocaea1 or ,kyme1 or "o ( ! neighb\r+ cities4 ,! o9o*oae appe>1 f ! abs5ce ( human figures1 to be e>li] ?an ! amphorae1 & ! numb] ( friezes (t5 exce$s two2 !re are also a few m9or di/9ctions4#aage #d4 ,,e>ly ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,ionia ,x is n[ "t to turn1 by way ( supplem5t+ our acc\nt ( ,ionic pott]y1 to ! hi/ory ( ! art ( pa9t+ 9 g5]al among ^! peoples1 s f> z x is illu/rat$ by lit]>y records & by exi/+ monum5ts o!r ?an ! vases4 ,t ! latt] d af=d u consid]able in=mation on ! subject ( pa9t+ 9 ,ionia is amply %[n 9 ! =ego+ pages2 b !re is yet ano!r gr\p ( monum5ts :i* ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made w\ld alone entitle to inclusion 9 ?is "w1 ap>t f ! valuable illu/ration !y af=d ( c]ta9 aspects ( ,ionic pott]y4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n rese>*es1 we are prep>$ to f9d 9 ,ionia a great c5tre = ! art ( pa9t+ 9 ! ar*aic p]iod4 ,t ?is region inh]it$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ,myc5aean art has already be5 s abundantly %[n t we ne$ n hesitate to believe t1 among o!r bran*es ( art1 t ( fresco-pa9t+ 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,asiatic colonies4 ,! art ( :i* ,crete1 ,myc5ae1 & ,tiryns h furni%$ su* rem>kable examples is h>dly likely to h di$ out4 ,h5ce x ne$ excite no surprise :5 we read t z e>ly z ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 ,k&aules1 ! k+ ( ,lydia1 pur*as$ = its weight 9 gold a picture pa9t$ by ,bul>*os repres5t+ a battle ( ! ,magnetes4#aagf ,t su* an elaborate subject %\ld h be5 treat$ at ?is e>ly date1 :5 ! vase-pa9t] _h n em]g$ f 8 e>lie/ limitations1 is1 if we may accept ,pl9y's acc\nt1 a mo/ rem>kable pro( ( advanc$ art4 ,saurias ( ,samos is also m5tion$ z an e>ly pa9t]1#aagg :o 8inv5t$ silh\ette draw+10 & ,philokles ! ,egyptian1 :o 8inv5t$ l9e> draw+10 0 probably a ,naucratite1 & 8 8inv5tions0 may be reflect$ 9 ! outl9$ pa9t+s on :ite gr\nd :i* h be5 describ$ above4 ,la/ly1 we read t ab\t #eae ,b4,c4 ,m&rokles ( ,samos pa9t$ a picture :i* repres5t$ ,d>eios wat*+ 8 army cross+ ! ,bosphoros1#aagh & ,kalliphon ( ,samos1 probably a contempor>y1 pa9t$ sc5es f ! /ory ( ,troy4#aagi ,comb9+ ^! traditions ) :at we also "k ( ,ionic pa9t+ f ! pott]y1 we %\ld expect to f9d t its *>act]i/ic =m 0 t ( figures 9 black silh\ette or outl9e on a gr\nd cov]$ ) :ite slip2 &1 fur!r1 t ! subjects treat$ 7 by no means ( an elem5t>y "*1 b compris$ elaborate battle-sc5es or gr\ps ( w>riors1 & ev5 hi/orical !mes4 ,n[1 ^! conditions are exactly fulfill$ 9 ! gr\p ( t]racotta s>cophagi excavat$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s at or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,clazom5ae1 on ! ,gulf ( ,smyrna4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t all h come f ?is di/rict1#aahj & no attempt has ev] be5 made to connect !m ) any o!r site4 ,fur!r1 we h already se5 t !re are reasons = attribut+ "s ( ! vase-fabrics to ?is place1 or at lea/ = connect+ !m closely ) ! s>cophagi2 & ?us !re are good gr\nds = reg>d+ ,clazom5ae z "o ( ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ,ionian art4 ,! s>cophagi :i* h come to light up to ! pres5t numb] ov] tw5ty1 inclusive ( fragm5ts1 b v few are any?+ l complete4 ,!re are f9e specim5s at ,b]l91 ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 & ,con/ant9ople1 ) pa9t+s r\nd ! flat rims2 b all are ov]%ad[$ by ! magnific5t example rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1#aaha :i* is absolutely complete1 ) a massive gabl$ cov]1 & decorat$ ov] almo/ e in* ( its surface ) subjects or ornam5tal patt]ns4 ,its dim5sions are3 body1 #g ft4 #f 94 by #c ft4 #i 94 by #b ft4 #i 942 cov]1 #h ft4 by #d ft4 by #b ft4 ,! only undecorat$ portions are ! c5tral panels on ! sides ( ! c(f9 & ! bottom1 b 9 "s o!r p>ts ! designs are l>gely worn away4 ,x is made ( a co>se brick-l clay ( v h>d consi/5cy1 :i* is completely cov]$1 except on ! bottom1 ) a ?ick :ite slip to receive ! pa9t+s4 ,! figures are pa9t$ ?r\gh\t 9 black silh\ette1 )\t any me?od ( reproduc+ inn] details except by traits rs]vs1 i4e4 by leav+ !m unpa9t$ on ! :ite gr\nd2 b ! great] "p has be5 imp]fectly fir$1 s t ! black has become bright r$4 ,on ! long sides ( ! int]ior are repres5tations ( fun]al games1 su* z conte/s ) spe>s & a *>iot-race2 ! %ort] sides h gr\ps ( w>riors on horseback & on foot4 ,! *>iot-races are also repeat$ along ! flat rim ( ! c(f91 ! ext]ior & ! space above ! int]ior designs be+ ornam5t$ ) b&s ( egg-&-d>t m\ld+ & ! typical ,ionic patt]n ( mae&] int]sp]s$ ) />s1 :i* we h already met ) 9 ! pott]y 7p4 #cfj74 ,! ma9 designs on ! cov] are 9 two r[s1 ^? on "o side hav+ almo/ entirely disappe>$2 on ! complete side ! upp] b& repres5ts an episode f ! /ory ( ,dolon1 ! l[] an ord9>y sc5e ( combat4#aahb ,! gable-ends h gr\ps ( ,c5taurs & horsem51 & along ! l[] edges ( ! cov]1 und]nea?1 are fur!r sc5es f ! ,doloneia1 gr\ps ( ,sph9xes & ,sir5s1 & b&s ( ornam5tal patt]n 7rosettes1 mae&]1 etc474 ,( ! _m m9or details ( int]e/ 9 ^! pa9t+s ?is is n ! place to speak2 b !y h be5 fully discuss$ by ,murray 7op4 cit471 especially peculi>ities ( arm\r & co/ume4 ,x is possible t ! battle-sc5es on ?is & o!r s>cophagi may1 z ,murray & ,s4 ,re9a*#aahc h sugge/$1 h "s be>+ on ! "q ( ! pa9t+ by ,bul>*os already m5tion$4 ,x w\ld1 at all ev5ts1 help to expla9 ! sell+ ( ! pa9t+ = its weight 9 gold1 if we may reg>d x z pa9t$ on t]racotta2 b x is n safe to say m ?an t ! s>cophagi confirm ! /ory to ! ext5t ( %[+ ! popul>ity ( su* subjects 9 e>ly ,ionian art4 ,_m ( ! motives on ! ,briti% ,museum s>cophagus are f\nd repeat$ aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 especially ! battle-sc5es2 gr\ps 8h]aldically0 compos$1 su* z a w>rior betwe5 two *>iots or horsem51 or pairs ( ,sph9xes 7,plate ,,xxvii471 or animals confront$1 are ( con/ant occurr5ce4 ,!re are also v>i\s m9or motives con/antly repeat$1 su* z helmet$ heads ( w>riors 7,plate ,,xxvii471#aahd pairs ( horses1 "o look+ up1 ! o!r d[n 7?is be+ a conv5i5t position = silh\ettes71 or dogs runn+ "u ! horses4 ,m4 ,j\b91#aahe consid]+ ! gr\p ( s>cophagi z a :ole1 recognises a triple developm5t 9 =m1 te*nique1 & decoration1 enabl+ him to divide !m into ?ree classes4 ,9 reg>d to te*nique we obs]ve ?r\gh\t a rem>kable comb9ation ( two me?ods1 ! details ( figures be+ express$ ei!r by outl9+ or by leav+ 9 ! col\r ( ! clay1 z 9 ! e>li] ,rhodian & ,naucratite vases 7see p4 #cca ff471 or by l9es ( :ite pa9t laid on ! black4 ,! latt] me?od1 :i* is n unkn[n on ! vases 7see p4 #cdg71 0 no d\bt us$ 9 place ( incis+1 :i* w\ld h be5 a difficult matt] 9 ! h>d clay4#aahf ,9 ! olde/ gr\p1 !n1 ! usual me?od is t ( outl9+ or 8res]v+0 on ! clay2 ! second gr\p may be reg>d$ z transitional#aahg2 & 9 ! ?ird gr\p1 :i* 9 /yle answ]s to ! ,ca]etan hydriae & lat] ,ionic fabrics1 ! use ( :ite = details1 & ev5 ( purple1 is g5]al4 ,b x is notewor?y t1 = ! gr\ps ( animals at ! bases ( ! s>cophagi or else:]e1 ! old 8,rhodian0 me?od ( ! e>li] examples is reta9$4 ,?is1 x may be rem>k$1 is 9 accordance ) a pr9ciple by :i* an old] te*nique t5ds to survive 9 subord9ate decoration1 j z on ,r4,f4 vases friezes ( animals or ornam5tal patt]ns are frequ5tly pa9t$ 9 ! old black-on-r$ me?od4#aahh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxvii ,illu/ration3 ,,s>cophagus ,,f ,,clazom5ae 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,9 ! decoration ! developm5t is 9 ! direction ( sc5es ) human figures1 9 pref]5ce to friezes ( animals & floral patt]ns2 ! compositions advance f s+le figures to l>ge gr\ps1 & accessory figures are introduc$1 l ! dogs "u ! horses4 ,f9ally1 we h ! long friezes ( figures :i* are s *>act]i/ic1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum s>cophagus4 ,my?ological sc5es1 except ! ,doloneia1 are conspicu\sly abs5t2 battles1 *>iot-races1 & hunt+-sc5es h ! pref]5ce1 z well z ! h]aldic gr\ps ( animals4 ,nor is ! developm5t conf9$ to ! ma9 decoration2 x may be trac$ bo? 9 ! =m ( ! s>cophagi & 9 ! subord9ate ornam5tation4#aahi ,! old] examples approa* m to ! human =m1 ) a %\ld]$ op5+ at ! top indicat+ ! place = ! head2 b t[>ds ! end ( ! s]ies ! rectangul> =m pr$om9ates--! op5+ enl>ges1 & ! upp] edge projects ov] ! l[]4 ,! ,briti% ,museum example & "o 9 ,con/ant9ople#aaij are v elaborate1 ) m\ld+s & c>efully-consid]$ ar*itectural proportions4 ,! orig9 ( ! =m is d\btless to be trac$ to ! ,egyptian mummy-cases1 or p]haps to ,*aldaean s>cophagi2 b ! ,cretan c9]>y urns 7p4 #ade7 are also on ! same plan1 & may h =m$ an int]m$i>y l9k4 ,9 po9t ( date ! s>cophagi seem to ext5d ov] ! great] "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t "s pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics ( pa9t+ z ! e>li] ,rhodian & ,naucratite fabrics2 o!rs fall m into l9e ) ! ,ca]etan hydriae & ,ionic ,b4,f4 pott]y4 ,9 any case ! s>cophagi =m our be/ /&>d = det]m9+ ! sequ5ce & relation ( ! ,ionic fabrics1 & at ! same "t furni% an argum5t = reg>d+ ,clazom5ae z "o ( ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ,ionic pott]y4 ,m4 ,re9a* is ( op9ion t none are lat] ?an ab\t #edj ,b4,c41 at :i* "t ! p ( ,clazom5ae1 m5ac$ by ! invad+ p[] ( ,p]sia1 migrat$ to ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,b "o or two in/ances ( advanc$ te*nique seem to po9t to a lat] date4 ,! li/ ( ,clazom5ae s>cophagi z at pres5t kn[n is z foll[s#aaia3-- ,re9a*'s ,j\b9's ,li/4 ,li/4 #a4 ,brit4 ,mus4 7#ahie7 -- -- ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 pls4 #a-g4 #b4 ,brit4 ,mus4 7#aijj7 -- -- -- #c4 ,brit4 ,mus4 7#aijb7 -- -- ,plate ,,xxvii4 ( ?is "w4 #d4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #g #ab ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #df1 #d ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 pl4 #ca4 #e4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #h #ac ,ibid4 pl4 #df1 #c ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #bj1 fig4 #ae4 #f4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #i #ac ,ibid4 pl4 #df1 #e ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #ai1 fig4 #ad4 #g4 ,l\vre #aj #aa ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell41 #ahij1 pl4 #f4 #h4 ,l\vre #aa #c ,ibid41 #ahib1 p4 #bdj4 #i4 ,l\vre #ab #a ,ibid41 #ahie1 pls4 #a-b1 p4 #ga4 #aj4 ,l\vre #ac #b ,ibid41 #ahie1 p4 #hj4 #aa4 ,b]l9 #a #h ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pl4 #dd4 #ab4 ,b]l9 #b #i ,ibid4 pl4 #df1 #b4 #ac4 ,vi5na #ae #aj ,ibid4 pl4 #de4 #ad4 ,smyrna #ad #ad ,ibid4 pl4 #df1 #a4 #ae4 ,con/ant9ople #c #g ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 xi4 pl4 #ec ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #h ff4 #af4 ,con/ant9ople #d #d1 #e ,ibid4 pl4 #ed ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #b ff4 #ag4 ,con/ant9ople #e -- ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 p4 #afc4 #ah4 ,con/ant9ople #f #f ,revue des tudes ,gr4 #ahie1 p4 #afa4 #ai4 8 #af -- ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #ae4 #bj4 8 #ag -- ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #bj4 #ba-c4 ,9 ! m>ket #ah-bj -- ,see ,revue des tudes ,gr4 i4e4 ,to :i* may be add$3-- #bd4 ,brit4 ,mus41 f -- -- ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 pl4 ,kameiros #h4 ,we h se5 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt] ! gradual evolution ( ,ionic vase-pa9t+1 f ! "t ( l+]+ ,myc5aean influ5ces d[n to ! p]iod :5 x ceas$ to h any exi/5ce z a sep>ate /yle1 & hav+ rea*$ ! same po9t ( developm5t z ,attic vase-pa9t+1 0 soon m]g$ 9 ! latt]4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 l>gely due to political circum/ances1 :i* put an end to ,ionic art & indu/ry g5]ally ab\t ! close ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! conque/ ( ,ionia by ,h>pagos 9 #ede ,b4,c4 0 ! ev5t :i* l$ to ?is result1 & consequ5tly to ! disp]sion ( ,ionic arti/s1 p>tly into ,greece1 p>tly into ,italy4 ,! migration ( ! ,phocaeans 9 p>ticul> caus$ an influx ( ,ionian culture into ! semi-b>b>\s regions ( ,italy1 & contribut$ to ! production ( ! imitative vase-fabrics to :i* allusion has be5 made4 ,m4 ,potti]1 9 summ+ up ! rle play$ by ,ionian ,greece 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 reg>ds x z ! pr9cipal ag5t ( transmission ( culture betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,europe1 & ?us ! true civilis] ( ,europe1 influ5c+ bo? ,doric ,greece & ,etruscan ,italy4 ,?us we may see 9 ,ionia ! p>5t ( mod]n civilisation4 ----- ,footnote #ajhb3 ,see ,m4 ,potti]'s excell5t rsum 9 8 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dhf ff4 ,footnote #ajhc3 ,bronzefunde von ,olympia1 p4 #de3 cf4 ,olympia1 iv4 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #ajhd3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgi1 p4 #bjh3 cf4 ,a!naeus1 v4 #baj ,b1 & ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #ajhe3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahij1 p4 #cgh4 ,! pa9t+ on a :ite slip m>ks an important developm5t1 & a rupture ) all previ\s /yles 7ibid474 ,footnote #ajhf3 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #abi ff42 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhc1 p4 #agi2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #afa ff42 ,bhlau1 ,ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #gc ff4 ,footnote #ajhg3 ,bhlau1 p4 #eb ff4 ,footnote #ajhh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #ajhi3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxv4 7#ahid71 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ajij3 ,bhlau1 p4 #hf ff4 ,footnote #ajia3 ,potti]1 ii4 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #ajib3 ,bhlau1 i4e42 ,potti] & ,re9a*1 ,ncropole de ,myr9a1 p4 #eje4 ,footnote #ajic3 ,see above1 p4 #bed2 probably a ,cypriote fabric4 ,footnote #ajid3 ,drpfeld1 ,troja und ,ilion1 i4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #ajie3 ,/ephani1 ,comptes-,r5dus1 #ahgj-ga1 pl4 #d ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #ajif3 ,naukratis ,i41 ,,ii42 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #abf ff4 ,footnote #ajig3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #ajih3 ,= bibliographies ( ,class ,,ii4 see bel[1 pp4 #cdd1 #cdi1 #ceh ff4 ,footnote #ajii3 ,see ,monum5ts ,piot1 i4 p4 #de4 ,footnote #aajj3 ,cf4 ,fig4 #id bel[2 ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 p4 #ahf1 viii4 pl4 #gi2 & ,monum5ts ,piot1 i4 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #aaja3 ,see ,potti]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejc4 ,footnote #aajb3 ,see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #aajc3 ,see g5]ally ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 i4 p4 #abi ff4 ,a li/ ( ,rhodian vases is giv5 9 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhc1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #aajd3 ,= fragm5ts f\nd 9 ,cyprus see ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #adb2 ,b4,m4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #ajd1 fig4 #aea4 ,footnote #aaje3 ,cf4 examples 9 ,cases #dc-d 9 ! ,fir/ ,vase ,room1 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,footnote #aajf3 ,see g5]ally ,riegl1 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #aajg3 ,il4 xvii4 #fj ff43 see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! vase is publi%$ by ,salzmann1 ,ncropole de ,camiros1 pl4 #ec2 ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gcj1 fig4 #ghd4 ,footnote #aajh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahia1 p4 #aah3 cf4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahia1 p4 #bfc1 & ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahie1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #aaji3 ,! late/ support] ( ?is view is ,bhlau 7,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #gc ff474 ,footnote #aaaj3 ,bhlau1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec ff4 ,footnote #aaaa3 ,bhlau reg>ds ?is patt]n z 8,myc5aean10 on ! gr\nd t x does n foll[ ! l9es ( ! vase4 ,footnote #aaab3 ,cf4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,loes*cke1 pl4 #ba1 fig4 #ahh1 & ,mon4 ,anti*i1 vi4 pl4 #aa1 figs4 #cj1 #cd4 ,footnote #aaac3 ,see ,bhlau's li/1 op4 cit4 p4 #ec ff4 ,footnote #aaad3 i4e4 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #aaae3 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #ebd2 ,naukratis ,i4 p4 #ej2 ,bhlau1 i4e4 ,footnote #aaaf3 ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 p4 #ahf1 fig4 #c 7n[ 9 ,b]l974 ,cf4 ,fig4 #id on p4 #cdf4 ,footnote #aaag3 ,e #fei ,monum5ts ,piot1 i4 pl4 #d1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #aaah3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #he4 ,footnote #aaai3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #hi ff4 ,footnote #aabj3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhd1 pl4 #g2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #aaba3 ,see examples 9 ,b4,m4 7,second ,vase ,room1 ,cases #bd-e74 ,! ,b4,m4 also possesses simil> vases f\nd 9 ! ,troad4 ,footnote #aabb3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #aabc3 ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 p4 #fh ff4 ,footnote #aabd3 ,/ephani1 ,compte-,r5du1 #ahgj-ga1 pl4 #d1 p4 #agh2 ,re9a*1 i4 #cd4 ,footnote #aabe3 ,bhlau1 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #aabf3 ,kyr5e 7#ahij71 p4 #ag ff4 ,footnote #aabg3 ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #affd1 fig4 #agbh2 ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 p4 #ha2 & see bibliography 9 ,de ,ridd]'s ,catalogue1 i4 p4 #ih4 ,x is a matt] = mu* regret t no satisfactory publication ( ?is vase has z yet be5 made4 ,! be/ is 9 ,babelon's ,cab4 des ,antiques de la ,bibl4 ,nat4 pl4 #ab4 ,footnote #aabh3 ,i4e4 4 ,footnote #aabi3 ,cf4 ! ,amphi>aos krat] 7p4 #cai74 ,footnote #aacj3 ,! li/ is z foll[s3 ,b4,m4 ,b #a-g2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #ahi-ib2 ,l\vre ,e #ffj-gb2 ,pet]sburg #ahc2 ,muni* #gcg & #aafd2 ,vi5na #adj2 two ea* 9 ! ,vatican1 ,flor5ce1 & ,wrzburg 7,nos4 #b1 #d1 #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #bf 9 ,dumont's li/72 "o 9 ,brussels 7,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 pl4 #ad72 ,anzeig]1 #ahih1 p4 #ahi 7,b]l972 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pp4 #cja1 #cje1 ,nos4 #ag & #cb2 ,l\vre ,e #ffg ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #bch2 ,jahrbu*1 #aija1 pl4 #c1 p4 #ahi1 & see ibid4 pp4 #aia1 #aic2 ,bhlau1 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #abe ff42 & a d\btful example 9 ,b4,m4 ,b #eh4 ,= an exhau/ive bibliography ( ! subject1 see ,potti] 9 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #aaca3 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #aacb3 ,o!r examples ( ,naucratite w>es h be5 f\nd 9 ,rhodes 7,j4,h4,s4 loc4 cit471 ,cyprus 7,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #adb71 & at ,a!ns on ! ,acropolis 7,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 p4 #cda74 ,footnote #aacc3 ,^! fragm5ts w be fully illu/rat$ 9 col\r 9 ! =?com+ vol4 i4 ( ! ,b4,m4 ,catalogue ( ,vases4 ,footnote #aacd3 ,cf4 ,a #gfc 9 ,b4,m4 ,naukratis ,,ii4 pl4 #e1 #a4 ,footnote #aace3 ,a #gfb4 ,o!r good examples are ,a #gfd1 #gij1 #gib4 ,footnote #aacf3 ,a #ihe ,j4,h4,s4 viii4 pl4 #gi4 ,footnote #aacg3 ,"o ,melian2 ,b #ajbe & #ajbbi 7) ,cor9?ian inscriptions72 ,b #ajbac1 #ajbbg1 #ajbcb 7,daphniote71 etc4 ,footnote #aach3 ,see g5]ally ,tanis ,,ii4 7,f\r? ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund71 pp4 #dh ff41 #fa ff41 pls4 #be-ca2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #ce ff4 & ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 pl4 #ba2 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 ii4 p4 #da2 ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #aaci3 ii4 #cj1 #ajg4 ,footnote #aadj3 ii4 #aed4 ,footnote #aada3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahie1 p4 #ce ff42 ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #aadb3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 p4 #ea3 & cf4 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahib1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #aadc3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ajd-f4 ,footnote #aadd3 ,cf4 = ! crosses 9 ! field ! ,boeotian example giv5 9 ,fig4 #hf1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #aade3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ajg-ae4 ,footnote #aadf3 ,see ,bhlau1 ,aus ion4 u4 ital4 ,nekrop4 p4 #fe4 ,he d]ives ?is patt]n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! 8,fikellura0 vases4 ,footnote #aadg3 ,b4,m4 ,b #aaf-be4 ,footnote #aadh3 ,?is is also occasionally f\nd at ,naukratis1 & appe>s on a fragm5t f ,mytil5e 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #ii7 ( ,daphniote /yle4 ,footnote #aadi3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahig1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #aaej3 ,see ,zahn 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #aaea3 ,cf4 ! ,xan?os reliefs1 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpt4 i4 ,no4 #hf4 ,footnote #aaeb3 ,see ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ag1 & cf4 co9s ( ,me?ymna4 ,footnote #aaec3 ,cf4 ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 pp4 #e1 #ac ff41 :o po9ts out ! simil>ity 9 subject & decoration1 z also 9 details ( col\r+1 arm\r1 etc41 ) ! o!r gr\ps4 ,footnote #aaed3 ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #ahie1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #aaee3 ,vi5na #bag-ah2 ,l\vre ,e #fif4 ,= li/ ( subjects see ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahib1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #aaef3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ajcad = in/ance4 ,footnote #aaeg3 ,cf4 ,l\vre ,e #gci4 ,also f\nd at ,daphnae z a %ield-device 7,b4,m4 ,b #aaeb71 & on co9s ( ,clazom5ae 7see ,endt1 p4 #bd74 ,footnote #aaeh3 ,cf4 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahib1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #aaei3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 iii4 7#ahhh71 p4 #aei ff42 n[ 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #aafj3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #aafa3 ,x is f\nd also on ! s>cophagi 7cf4 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi 9 ,b4,m4 pls4 #a1 #b71 on ! quasi-,ionic vase1 ,g]h>d1 ,a4 ,v4 #bje1 & on ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi 7see bel[74 ,footnote #aafb3 ,cf4 = in/ance ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 xi4 #ec-d4 ,footnote #aafc3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahih1 pl4 #f1 p4 #ch ff4 ,footnote #aafd3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,frontisp42 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abd4 ,footnote #aafe3 ,cf4 especially ,b]l9 #baed 7,endt1 op4 cit4 pl4 #a1 figs4 #aa-ac7 & ,g]h>d1 ,a4 ,v4 #aid ,re9a*1 ii4 #ig4 ,!y h be5 discuss$ by ,endt 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ba1 #bi71 by ,potti] 9 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahic1 p4 #dbd ff41 & by ,k>o 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #adf ff4 ,footnote #aaff3 ,b4,m4 ,b #cgi-hb2 ,j4,h4,s4 v4 pls4 #dj-c4 ,footnote #aafg3 ,^! h be5 rec5tly collect$ & discuss$ by ,bhlau 7,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijj1 p4 #dj ff471 :o notes a total ( sev5te54 ,8 li/ is c]ta9ly incomplete1 z "s examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum might h be5 add$4 ,see also ,furtwa5gl]1 ,gr4 ,vas5mal]ei1 p4 #bbj1 :o attributes ! ,ph9eus cup to ,naxos4 ,footnote #aafh3 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijj1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #aafi3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 vi4-vii4 pl4 #gh3 see ,fig4 #aaa & ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #aagj3 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #bje1 #c-d ,re9a*1 ii4 #aje3 see p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #aaga3 ,see on ,ionian inscrib$ vases1 ,endt1 ,ion4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ch2 ,bhlau1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #aagb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cdh-eh1 #dci-ej4 ,footnote #aagc3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #aga ff4 ,furtwa5gl] reg>ds ! :ole class z ,s\? ,italian 7,antike ,gemm51 iii4 p4 #hh72 ,potti] 7,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #ech7 wav]s betwe5 ,kyme & ,italy4 ,footnote #aagd3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eg2 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #ahe3 cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #eh1 :i* is difficult to classify4 ,footnote #aage3 ,a complete li/ ( ?is gr\p is giv5 by ,endt 7p4 #ci ff471 & may be briefly recapitulat$3--7#a7 ,amphorae3 ,b4,m4 ,b #eg2 ,cambridge #dc2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #aga-gc2 ,b]l9 #afgc1 #afge2 ,muni* #abc1 #aee2 ,vi5na #baf & ,kais]haus #bgh2 ,wrzburg1 iii4 #gi-hj1 #hd2 f\r 9 ,rome 7see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 pls4 #h-i72 o!rs 9 ,brussels1 ,k>lsruhe1 & ,orvieto4 7#b7 ,jugs3 ,b4,m4 ,b #ed-f2 ,bibl4 ,nat4 #agh2 ,muni* #agc1 #agf1 #ajdg1 #abia2 ,wrzburg1 iii4 #cf & #dj2 o!rs 9 ,k>lsruhe1 ,flor5ce1 & ,b\logne4 7#c7 ,ionic or ,italian alli$ fabrics3 ,b]l9 #afgg-gi & num]\s o!rs 9 ,muni* & ,wrzburg1 enum]at$ & illu/rat$ by ,endt1 p4 #ee ff4 figs4 #bg-dj3 cf4 also ,l\vre ,e #gjc ,re9a*1 ii4 #ib ,endt1 p4 #fe4 ,to 8 li/ mu/ be add$ ! vase on ,plate ,,xxv4 ,footnote #aagf3 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #ee4 ,footnote #aagg3 ,a!nag4 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/o1 #ag1 #bic4 ,footnote #aagh3 ,hdt4 iv4 #hh4 ,footnote #aagi3 ,paus4 v4 #ai1 #a1 x4 #bf1 #f4 ,footnote #aahj3 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a s>cophagus ( ! same type f ,kameiros 9 ,rhodes 7,murray1 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi1 pl4 #h74 ,footnote #aaha3 ,publi%$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,murray 9 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 pls4 #a-g1 & 9 ,monum5ts ,piot1 iv4 p4 #bg ff4 ,footnote #aahb3 ,see ,murray's description & comm5t>y1 op4 cit4 p4 #g ff41 & 9 ,monum5ts ,piot1 iv4 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #aahc3 ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #ahie1 p4 #afa ff4 ,footnote #aahd3 ,cf4 ! ar*aic ,rhodian vases 9 ! =m ( helmet$ heads 7e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #aaag1 #aaah1 #aaba2 ,pl4 ,,xlvi4 fig4 #a74 ,footnote #aahe3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahie1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #aahf3 ,cf4 ,j4,h4,s4 vi4 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #aahg3 ,examples ( ! e>lie/ are ,nos4 #i-ab1 #af-ah 9 li/ bel[2 ( ! second1 ,nos4 #h1 #ac1 #ae 9 li/ bel[4 ,footnote #aahh3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahib1 p4 #bdj ff4 ,footnote #aahi3 ,! pr9cipal decorative patt]ns are ! guillo*e or plait-b&2 mae&]1 (t5 comb9$ ) />s1 z on ! 8,pontic0 vases2 palmettes2 a bold egg-&-d>t patt]n ( ,ionic type4 ,= an ,egyptian prototype ( ! mae&]-&-/> patt]n1 cf4 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 i4 fig4 #eda4 ,footnote #aaij3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 xi4 #ec ,no4 #ae bel[4 ,footnote #aaia3 ,! foll[+ bibliography may be useful3 ,j4,h4,s4 iv4 p4 #a ff42 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell41 #ahib1 p4 #bdj ff41 #ahie1 p4 #fi ff42 ,murray1 ,t]racotta ,s>cophagi 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 p4 #a ff41 & id4 9 ,monum5ts ,piot1 iv4 p4 #bg ff42 ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 #ahie1 p4 #afa ff4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,a!nian ,,black-,,figur$ ,,vases ,def9ition ( 8black-figur$0--,! ,franois vase--,te*nical & /yli/ic details--,%apes--,decorative patt]ns--,subjects & types--,arti/s' signatures--,exekias & ,amasis--,m9or ,arti/s--,niko/h5es--,&okides--8,affect$ 0 vases--,pana!naic amphorae--,vases f ! ,kabeirion--,opaque pa9t+ on black gr\nd--,vase-pa9t+ & lit]>y tradition--,e>ly ,greek pa9t+ & its subsequ5t developm5t4 ,! t]m 8black-figur$0 is g5]ally appli$ to ! ,a!nian fabrics ( a c]ta9 well-def9$ "* & a comp>atively re/rict$ p]iod1 b 9 po9t ( fact is /rictly applicable to sev]al ( ! classes already discuss$1 su* z ! ,*alcidian & ! lat] ,cor9?ian & ,ionian w>es4 ,x is1 inde$1 9 "s respects inadequate z a def9ition4 ,we mu/ rememb] t x 0 orig9ally introduc$ at a "t :5 ! ,greek vases 9 public museums consi/$ ma9ly ( two classes--! "o ) figures pa9t$ 9 black silh\ette on r$ gr\nd1 ! o!r ) figures drawn 9 outl9e & surr\nd$ ) black1 s t !y /& out 9 r$4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes ! t]ms 8black-figur$0 & 8r$-figur$0 (f]$ an obvi\s & useful di/9ction4 ,by way ( illu/ration1 x may be advantage\s to make a comp>ison betwe5 ! two ma9 v>ieties ( black-figur$ ,attic amphorae 7see pp4 #afa1 #bba71 z1 = in/ance1 !y are gr\p$ on ! two sides ( ! ,second ,vase ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ^? ) r$ figures 9 ! ,?ird ,room4 ,9 ! "o class ( black-figur$ amphorae ! :ole vase /&s out 9 ! natural r$ col\r ( ! clay1 :]eas ! r$-figur$ amphorae are cov]$ ) black col\r1 s z to conceal ! :ole ( ! r$ ( ! clay except :]e x is left to fill 9 ! cont\rs ( ! figures4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "o class1 :i* we may t]m 8r$-bodi$0 amphorae1 are r$ all b ! figures2 ! o!r class are black all b ! figures4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an int]m$iate class1 :i* no d\bt sugge/$ ! arrangem5t ( decoration on ! r$-figur$ amphorae 7see bel[1 p4 #daa71 & :i* we may call 8black-bodi$0 amphorae4 ,"h ! :ole body ( ! vase is cov]$ ) black col\r1 except a fram$ panel1 :i* is left 9 ! r$ to receive ! black figures4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ?is second class ( black-figur$ amphorae approa*es m ne>ly 9 aspect to ! r$-figur$1 al?\gh x does n foll[ t !y 7 necess>ily a late or transitional developm5t4 ,b 9 reg>d to our def9ition1 x is necess>y to reckon ) ! fact t !re are n only vases ( an e>li] /age ( art :i* h black figures pa9t$ on a 7m or less7 r$ gr\nd1 b t !re are o!rs 9 :i* ! figures are pa9t$ n on r$1 b on a :ite slip4 ,9 p>ticul> we may in/ance ! ,cyr5aic vases & "s ( ! ,naucratite w>es4 ,we ?us lose ! s5se ( an exact contra/ betwe5 black figures on r$ gr\nd & r$ figures on black2 &1 moreov]1 ! t]m acquires almo/ too wide a connotation to be ( any value = a sy/em ( classification4 ,! t]m 8black-figur$0 mu/ !re=e be us$ to "s ext5t conv5tionally1 to d5ote a c]ta9 class ( vases made at ,a!ns dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod & ) c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,! latt] may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 7#a7 black v>ni% entirely fill+ 9 ! cont\rs ( ! figures2 7#b7 r$ glaze 7or :ite slip7 employ$ z backgr\nd2 7#c7 details indicat$ by accessory pigm5ts ( :ite & purple1 & incis$ l9es2 7#d7 subjects almo/ exclusively human & my?ological figures4 ,! hi/ory ( vase-pa9t+ 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 is l>gely ! hi/ory ( a gradual c5tralis+ ( t art 9 "o place f a numb] ( scatt]$ local fabrics4 ,?is 0 ma9ly br\ght ab\t by "o cause--namely1 ! extraord9>y advance 9 art & culture at ,a!ns "u ! b5efic5t rule ( ! tyrant ,peisi/ratos & 8 successors 7#efe-eaj ,b4,c474 ,previ\s to ?is "t ,a!nian art 0 v limit$ 9 its scope1 & 9 ! doma9 ( pa9t+ _h s f> produc$ no?+ except ! great ,dipylon fun]al vases1 _! imm$iate successors 7! 8,proto-,attic0 w>es71 & ! 8,tyrrh5ian0 vases1 :i*1 z we h se51 7 l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( ,cor9?4 ,attic importations into ,italy _c be trac$ until ! black-figure /yle is well develop$4 ,! imm$iate result ( ?is advance 0 to attract arti/s f all p>ts ( ,greece--n only f ,cor9?1 ^: p[] 0 n[ on ! wane1 b also f ,ionia1 ^: arti/s 7 driv5 to seek refuge else:]e by ! encroa*+ conque/s ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s4 ,?us we %all see t c]ta9 arti/s1 l ,amasis & ,niko/h5es1 infus$ a l>ge am\nt ( ,ionic elem5t into _! productions1 j z 9 o!rs we see ! influ5ce1 m or less m>k$1 ( ,cor9?4 ,b "o m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,attic six?-c5tury vases is ! entire disappe>ance ( ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,at ! head ( ! new developm5t /&s ! fam\s ,franois vase 9 ,flor5ce 7,plate ,,xxviii471 to :i* allusion has be5 made already 7p4 #gc74 ,its date c h>dly be lat] ?an ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 probably some:at e>li]1 & ! two arti/s ,klitias & ,ergotimos1 :o 7 responsible = its production1 are among ! e>lie/ ( :om we h any record at ,a!ns4 ,! alphabet ( ! inscriptions leaves no d\bt t x is a purely ,a!nian "w1 & ! te*nique is also purely ,attic1 z are "s ( ! subjects2 b !re are n a few small po9ts :i* betray ! influ5ce ( a ,cor9?ian arti/1 su* z ! arrangem5t 9 sev]al friezes4 ,! w+$ goddesses1 ,sph9xes1 & animals are non-,attic1 b n necess>ily ,cor9?ian4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 *iefly int]e/+ = its weal? ( subjects1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ano!r *apt] 7,*apt] ,,xii472 ) ^! e available space is decorat$4 ,! /yle has be5 describ$ z 8dry1 precise1 & c>eful10 ! arti/ z 8exact & well in/ruct$40 ,closely relat$ to ?is vase is "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum repres5t+ ! ,bir? ( ,a!na 7,b #adg74 ,al?\gh ! subjects 7exclusive ( ^? on ! cov]7 are only two 9 numb]1 ! m9ut5ess ( treatm5t 9 detail & ! ri*ness ( ! composition %[ t x belongs to ! same s*ool4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxviii ,illu/ration ,f ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold4 ,,! ,,fran,,ois ,,vase ,,9 ,,flor5ce4 ------------------------------------ ,9 reg>d to te*nique1 two po9ts di/+ui% ,a!nian vases at all p]iods above o!r fabrics4 ,fir/ly1 ! admirable clay1 traditionally obta9$ f ,cape ,kolias 9 ,attica1 & m+l$ ) r$ o*re 7rubrica7 9 ord] to produce its ruddy hue2 ?is clay 0 em95tly suit$ = tak+ a glaze1 :i* 0 ( c\rse an ess5tial prelim9>y = pa9t+ ! surface4 ,next1 ! black v>ni%1 ) its exquisitely lu/r\s %e51 :i* 0 br\ght to a pit* ( p]fection 9 ! subsequ5t p]iod1 & always af=ds su* an admirable c\nt]foil to ! r$ ( ! clay1 ?\gh x has n be5 altoge!r popul> ) ! mod]n photograph]1 ow+ to its reflect+ qualities4 ,z reg>ds ! figures1 !y 7 seldom left entirely black1 ?\gh black is at all times _! preval5t aspect4 ,! accessory :ites & purples are us$ 9 v>y+ degrees at diff]5t times1 & x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule t purple is m affect$ on ! e>li] vases1 :ite on ! lat]4 ,a l pr9ciple obta9s ) ! accessories on r$-figur$ vases4 ,9 ! lat] examples1 moreov]1 !y are mu* m sp>+ly us$1 p]haps ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! new te*nique1 & by ! end ( ! six? c5tury !y disappe> altoge!r4 ,! m c>eful arti/s pay great] att5tion to ! use ( incis$ l9es1 & pref] to produce effects ( ri*ness & delicacy by elaboration ( details & patt]ns 9 ?is mann]4 ,at fir/ !re is a t5d5cy to use purple 9 l>ge masses1 & ev5 = ! fle% ( m52 b x is g5]ally employ$ = folds or portions ( drap]y1 & = ?r[+ up diff]5t p>ts ( animals' figures1 or ( ! decorative patt]ns1 su* z palmettes & lotos-buds4 ,:ite is employ$ = ! hair ( old m51 = rocks & details ( build+s1 = ! long g>m5t worn by *>iote]s1 & above all = ! fle% ( wom54 ,! latt] we h already se5 7p4 #cag7 to be an inv5tion traditionally attribut$ to ,eum>os1 :o probably liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury2 b :e!r x 0 fir/ introduc$ at ,a!ns or ,cor9? is unc]ta94 ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod !re is a /eady advance 9 draw+1 b m 9 ! direction ( c>efulness & ref9em5t ?an 9 accuracy & tru?fulness to nature2 t is to say1 t x always rema9s conv5tional4 ,we %all see lat] t1 ev5 aft] ! r$-figur$ /yle came 91 a c]ta9 ar*aic /iffness /ill prevail$ = a "t1 bo? 9 ! old & new me?ods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a deg5]ate class ( black-figur$ vases1 f\nd *iefly on ,greek sites1 9 :i* ! draw+ is free almo/ to c>elessness1 & x is cle> t ^! illu/rate ! la/ ef=ts ( ! black-figur$ me?od 9 ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury2 b ! vases are all r\gh & ha/y productions1 altoge!r devoid ( m]it or int]e/4 ,! treatm5t ( drap]y may g5]ally be reg>d$ z a fair indication ( date4 ,! *iton is at fir/ /raight1 ) rigid /ripes or casual pat*es ( purple2 !n patt]ns are incis$ or pa9t$ 9 :ite2 ! wai/ is usually v small1 & (t5 b\nd tightly ) a broad girdle4#aaib ,by degrees ! l9es indicat+ ! folds ( ! skirt take an oblique direction1 z if to indicate motion1 :ile ! himation or mantle--:i* is adopt$ 9 addition by ! wom5 to we> ov] ! *iton--is made to fall 9 long =mal folds ) diagonal edges1 kn[n z 4 ,x is curi\s t ! m advanc$ /yle ( drap]y is usually f\nd on ! r$-bodi$ amphorae1 ! old] types on ! black-bodi$4 ,9 ! hydriae1 :i* pres]ve ! panel =m ( decoration ?r\gh\t1 a progress is visible f ! mo/ rigid sev]ity to comp>ative fre$om4 ,! %apes mo/ frequ5tly employ$ by ,a!nian pott]s are v limit$ 9 numb]--z1 = in/ance1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,cor9?ian & o!r e>li] fabrics4 ,! really popul> =ms are limit$ to five3 ! amphora1 hydria1 kylix1 o9o*oe1 & leky?os4 ,besides ^! we f9d ! krat] 7usually ) column> h&les71 ! de9os1 ! skyphos or kotyle 7) its v>iant ! ma/os71 ! kya?os1 ! pyxis1 & ! p9ax1 & occasionally also ! alaba/ron2 b ^! are practically all4 ,"s ( ^! rema9 con/ant ?r\gh\t1 b o!rs 9 _! =m & sy/em ( decoration pres5t int]e/+ v>ieties ( developm5t4 ,9 all cases !re is an evid5t aim at improv+ ^u ! some:at in>ti/ic ,cor9?ian =ms1 9 ! direction ( grace1 lightness1 & ar*itectonic symmetry4 ,! diff]5t types ( ,attic amphora h be5 describ$ else:]e 7p4 #afj71 b may be briefly recapitulat$ "h4 7#a7 ,! s-call$ ,tyrrh5ian amphora1 f\nd 9 ! ,cor9?o-,attic & 8affect$0 v>ieties1 ) elliptical body 7,plates ,,xxiii41 ,,xxix474 7#b7 ,! panel-amphora1 ) cyl9drical h&les4 7#c7 ,! panel-amphora1 ) broad groov$ h&les 7probably a lat] developm5t7 7,plates ,,xxxi-,,ii474 7#d7 ,! r$-bodi$ amphora1 di/+ui%$ by its /raight neck %>ply m>k$ (f f ! %\ld] 7,plate ,,xxix474 7#e7 ,! ,pana!naic amphora1 ) small m\? & foot & widely swell+ body 7,plates ,,xxxiii-,,iv474 7#f7 ,! pro!sis-amphora1 a tall1 elongat$ type1 us$ 9 connection ) fun]al c]emonies 7see above1 p4 #aei74 7#g7 ,! ,niko/h5es type 7,plate ,,xxx474 ,! hydria1 o9o*oe1 & krat] almo/ univ]sally adh]e to ! panel =m ( decoration1 b ! leky?os is r$-bodi$4 ,9 none ( ^! is !re mu* *ange visible1 except 9 ! lat] hydriae1 "s ( :i* assume ! curvil9e> =m ( ! ,r4,f4 8kalpis0 7see p4 #aff74 ,! evolution ( ! kylix is1 h[ev]1 ( consid]able int]e/1 especially 9 view ( its subsequ5t importance4 ,be=e ! six? c5tury ?is =m 0 unkn[n at ,a!ns1 its ne>e/ equival5t be+ ! skyphos1 or deep two-h&l$ b[l ) l[ base4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t two =ms ( ! kylix make _! appe>ance1 "o app>5tly e>li] ?an ! o!r1 & probably d]iv$ f a ,cor9?ian prototype4 ,at ,cor9? ! kylix took ! =m ( a l>ge %all[ b[l1 ) bulg+ outl9e & flat lip1 on a v l[ foot4 ,?is type 0 also kn[n 9 ,ionia1 z at ,samos & ,naukratis4 ,x 0 usually decorat$ ) friezes1 int]nal or ext]nal1 sometimes ) a ,gorgon's head 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,a!nians adopt$ ?is =m1 b rais$ x on a high /em1 proportionately r$uc+ its diamet] 7p4 #aij74 ,at ! same "t !y greatly r$uc$ ! surface available = decoration1 ei!r cov]+ ! :ole ) black v>ni%1 except a n>r[ r$ b& on ! ext]ior1 or else leav+ ! :ole ( ! ext]ior r$1 b conf9+ ! figures /rictly to ! upp] "p4 ,?is became a v fav\rite fa%ion1 & 9 c\rse ( "t a s*ool ( pa9t]s arose ^: practice 0 ei!r to pa9t a r[ ( dim9utive figures 7or ev5 a s+le figure1 z ,fig4 #if7 on ! upp] b& & sign _! names bel[1 or else to leave ! cup q pla9 except = ! signature on "o side & a motto on ! o!r1 su* z 1 1 8,hail1 & dr9k deep60 ,^! arti/s are kn[n z ! m9or or m9iature pa9t]s1 & among !m are f\nd ! names ( ,ar*ikles & ,glaukytes1 ,eu*eiros1 ,h]mog5es1 ,tleson1 & ,x5okles4 ,at fir/ !y pref]r$ n to decorate ! int]ior1 b !n a small m$allion ) a figure ( an animal or mon/]1 su* z a ,sph9x1 is introduc$4 ,int]ior designs1 h[ev]1 7 n at any "t popul> 9 ?is /yle4 ,! second type ( kylix is purely ,ionic 9 orig9 7see above1 p4 #ceg74 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by ! abs5ce ( a lip1 by its l[1 ?ick foot1 & by ! great] wid? & %all[ness ( ! b[l 7p4 #aia74 ,) a v slight modification x obta9s ?r\gh\t ! r$-figure p]iod4 ,its =m is cle>ly d]iv$ f ! libation-b[l1 or phiale1 ) ! addition ( foot & h&les2 & x appe>s fir/ 9 ,ionia 9 ! l>ge cups ornam5t$ ) eyes1 ! be/ ( :i* is ! ,ph9eus cup 9 ,wrzburg 7see p4 #ceg74 ,! ,cyr5aic cup 7see p4 #cda7 seems to be half-way betwe5 ! two types1 hav+ a high /em & a v slight m>k+ (f ( ! lip4 ,! introduction ( ?is =m into ,attica 0 app>5tly due to ,exekias1 :o belongs to ! middle ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1 & has left a v f9e specim51 decorat$ ) ! ,ionic eyes & a beautiful int]ior design ( ,dionysos sail+ ov] ! sea 7see p4 #cha74 ,!y are inv>iably r$-bodi$ ext]nally1 &1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r =m1 decorat$ all ov]1 inside & out4 ,"s ( ! l>g] v>ieties h an inn] frieze surr\nd+ ! m$allion#aaic2 b 9 _m ( ! small] examples ! practice is to pa9t a ,gorgon's face 9 ! int]ior1 leav+ ! re/ black4 ,on ! ext]ior1 n only are ! ,ionic eyes g5]ally to be se51 b also ! :ole sc5e is fill$ 9 ) a backgr\nd ( int]lac+ bran*es or foliage--a common *>act]i/ic ( lat] ,b4,f4 vases1 & suppos$ to be also ,ionic 9 its orig94 ,f ! %apes we pass to ! decorative patt]ns on ,a!nian vases1 :i* =m a l9k ) ! important "q ( subjects4 ,z ! me?ods ( dispos+ ! ma9 designs became fix$1 s did ! s*eme ( subsidi>y decoration1 until x almo/ became /]eotyp$4 ,?us on ! neck ( an amphora !re is always a patt]n ( d\ble palmettes & lotos-buds 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi471 r\nd ! foot always rays or po9t$ leaves %oot+ upw>ds4 ,! =m] seems to h be5 a ,cor9?ian1 or p]haps ,*alcidian1 inv5tion2 ! latt] is ,ionic1 & is f\nd z e>ly z ! ,rhodian vases4 ,on ! %\ld] ( ! r$-bodi$ amphorae is a 8tongue0-patt]n bord]+ ! field ( design above1 & bel[ ! field are r[s ( mae&]-patt]n & lotos-buds1 sometimes repeat$4 ,! *>act]i/ic ornam5t ( ?is class is1 h[ev]1 ! arrangem5t ( palmettes & lotos-buds "u ! h&les1 :i* is (t5 v delicate & arti/ically conceiv$4 ,a v>iation is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,exekias1 :o replaces x by an elaborate sy/em ( spirals--a patt]n :i*1 z we h se51 desc5d$ f ,myc5aean art1 by way ( ! ,melian amphorae1 to ,a!ns4 ,9 ! panel-amphorae ! only ornam5ts besides ^? ( ! neck & foot are ^? bord]+ ! panels1 usually along ! top only1 &1 9 ! case ( ^? ) l>ge flang$ h&les1 on t "p ( ! vase also4 ,9 ! =m] case a b& ( lotos-buds1 sometimes alt]nat+ ) palmettes1 is mo/ commonly f\nd2 9 ! latt]1 r[s ( ivy-leaves or rosettes occur on ! sides ( ! h&les1 & a palmette at ! po9t ( junction ) ! vase4#aaid ,9 ! hydriae ! ornam5tation consi/s ( rays r\nd ! foot1 ) tongue-patt]n on ! top ( ! %\ld] & r\nd ! h&les2 to ?is are add$ b&s ( ornam5t d[n ! sides & along ! bottom ( ! panel on ! body4 ,= ! sides ! fav\rite patt]n is an ivy-wrea?2 b network is also us$1 &1 on ! inf]ior v>ieties1 pla9 dots4 ,along ! bottom ! fav\rite device is a scroll ( palmettes1 (t5 v arti/ic 9 "*1 ! place ( :i* is sometimes tak5 by a frieze ( animals4 ,! same decorative pr9ciples are se5 9 ! o!r %apes1 b 9 a m limit$ degree4 ,! ornam5t on a kylix is almo/ conf9$ to palmettes spr++ f ea* side ( ! h&les2 b ! int]ior designs are sometimes surr\nd$ ) tongue-patt]n4 ,! panels on ! o9o*oae are (t5 bord]$ ) ivy1 network1 or dots1 z on ! hydriae2 on ! leky?os ! ornam5t is conf9$ to a r[ ( lotos-buds or palmettes on ! %\ld]4 ,_m vases ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod are decorat$ solely ) ^! patt]ns2 b ^! are usually small & insignificant specim5s1 ) a b& ( palmettes or o!r patt]n c>elessly pa9t$1 p]haps us$ = ! tomb by ^? :o c\ld n af=d m elaborate specim5s4 ,9 ! tombs ( ,rhodes & ,cyprus small amphorae & leky?i are (t5 f\nd1 ! bodies ( :i* are cov]$ ) a pla9 network patt]n 9 black on a r$ or :ite gr\nd4#aaie ,o!rs1 aga91 seem to h be5 execut$ ) great c>e1 & !re is a beautiful example f ,vulci 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--a jug ) a frieze ( palmettes & scrolls on a :ite gr\nd 7,b #fcb74 ,to treat ( ! subjects depict$ on ,a!nian black-figur$ vases )9 a reasonable compass is n only well-nigh impossible1 b unnecess>y1 s9ce x w\ld practically be to trav]se ! gr\nd cov]$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al consid]ations :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,:ile we be> 9 m9d t !y are z compreh5sive 9 _! "* z ^? on any o!r class ( ,greek vases1 x may n be amiss to po9t out 9 :at respects !y v>y1 = in/ance1 f ! r$-figur$ ,a!nian vases or f ^? ( ! decad5ce4 ,! ma9 po9t ( diff]5ce is t 9 ,b4,f4 vases ! my?ological elem5t on ! :ole pr$om9ates1 :]eas 9 ! lat] p]iods x is fully c\nt]balanc$1 if n outweigh$1 by ! prepond]ance ( subjects f daily life4 ,! ,attic ephebos has n yet atta9$ to ! height ( popul>ity :i* he rea*es on ! r$-figure kylikes ( ,euphronios & ,duris1 & ! s(t] side ( ,greek life1 ! life ( ! wom5's qu>t]s1 or ! s5tim5tal sc5es ( c\rt+ :i* beg9 to prevail t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 are ! products ( a lat] developm5t ( social conditions4 ,religion1 x is true1 does n ma9ta9 on ! vases ! ov]:elm+ importance t x does 9 o!r bran*es ( art1 except 9 a few classes relat+ to c]ta9 cults2 nor has ! cult ( ! dead z yet f\nd g5]al expression4 ,to :at1 !n1 d we owe ! pref]5ce = sc5es f h]oic leg5d1 & ! my?s relat+ to ! gods8 ,x is1 p]haps1 l>gely due to ! extreme conv5tionality ( ,greek art 9 ! six? c5tury1 :i* embodies its conceptions 9 a s]ies ( fix$ types1 :i* ! arti/ repeats aga9 & aga9 f %e] inability to /rike out a new l9e = himself4 ,b ) ! g5]al & rapid advance ( arti/ic conception & te*nical p[] at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! *ange at once becomes app>5t1--n1 be x not$1 ) ! beg9n+ ( ! r$-figure /yle1 :i* = a "t pres]ves mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( its pr$ecessor2 b ) ! rip5+ ( ! p[]s ( a ,euphronios & a ,brygos1 :o pav$ ! way = ! great] fre$om & v>iety ( conception exhibit$ 9 ! highe/ products ( fif?-c5tury vase-pa9t+4 ,at ! same "t an e?ical *ange is to be obs]v$1 especially 9 ! position n[ occupi$ by two deities :o are entirely abs5t f ! ,b4,f4 vases--! god ( love 7,eros71 & ! goddess ( victory 7,nike74 ,to ! popul>is+ ( ^! two conceptions is ma9ly due ! prepond]ance ( ! s5tim5tal & a?letic elem5ts ( ! subsequ5t age4 ,to return to ! black-figur$ vases1 we mu/ n[ devote a few words to ! consid]ation ( ! feature to :i* allusion has j be5 made1 namely1 ! conv5tionalis$ types & s*emes ( composition 9 :i* ! v>i\s my?s & o!r !mes are portray$4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !y fall into ?ree classes3 7#a7 subjects repres5t$ by "o s+le & con/ant type#aaif2 7#b7 subjects repres5t$ by two or m di/9ct types#aaig2 7#c7 subjects :i* fall into two or m episodes1 ea* repres5t$ by a diff]5t type4#aaih ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( ^! types is a difficult "o to answ]4 ,!y appe> to h sprung1 l ! fully-arm$ ,a!na f ! head ( ,zeus1 9 a matur$ =m f ! bra9 ( ! ,a!nian arti/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! g5ius ( "s s*ool ( arti/s1 su* z ^? :o conceiv$ ! decoration ( ! *e/ ( ,kypselos or ! ?rone at ,amyklae1 may h influ5c$ ! vase-pa9t]s to a great ext5t4 ,we h already se5 h[ closely ! sc5es on "s lat] ,cor9?ian vases adh]e to ! description ( ,kypselos' *e/4 ,x is also a curi\s fact t ! simpl] =m ( a type is n necess>ily ! old]4 ,"s e>ly types are ( a q complicat$ or elaborate nature2 & ! only v>iation app>5t 9 a p>ticul> type is t ( ! numb] ( by/&]s wat*+ ! ev5t4 ,?is1 aga91 is due to an accid5tal cause--namely1 ! surface available = ! pa9t]1 :o1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 took ! ar*itectural sculptures ( a temple = 8 model1 & :]e 8 space resembl$ t ( a metope 7z 9 ! panel-vases7 r$uc$ ! numb] ( 8 figures to a m9imum1 or :]e x took ! =m ( a frieze fill$ 9 ! space ) a conv5i5t numb] ( spectators1 ! orig9al 8type0 be+ pres]v$ z a con/ant quantity 9 ei!r case4 ,a "q :i* has always pres5t$ great difficulties to /ud5ts ( vase-pa9t+s is "o t to a c]ta9 degree arises at all p]iods1 b m especially 9 ! "o "u discussion--namely1 ! difficulty ( decid+ :e!r c]ta9 subjects h a my?ological mean+ or n4 ,! difficulty is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 due to ! type-sy/em4 ,if ! arti/ wi%$ to depict a m>riage procession 9 daily life1 he in/9ctively _h rec\rse to a famili> s*eme = ! purpose--namely1 ! 8*>iot-procession0 type consecrat$ to ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a & simil> ,olympian triumphs4 ,or1 aga91 sc5es ( w>riors dep>t+ to battle or engag$ 9 ! fray w\ld naturally be copi$ f su* famili> types z t ( ,hector p>t+ f 8 wife & *ild1 or ! fight ( ,a*illes & ,memnon ov] ! body ( ,antilo*os4 ,ev5 inscriptions d n l5d ! aid t might be expect$1 z 9 "s cases !y are wrongly appli$1 or ! names convey no mean+ 7z on ! ,cor9?ian vases1 see pp4 #cae1 #cah72 & x is probable t 9 _m cases ! int5tion 0 j to produce a sort ( p>able or idealis$ picture ( ev5ts ( ord9>y life1 9 ord] to give m int]e/ to a !me4#aaii ,mu* ( ! int]e/ ( ,a!nian vases is d]iv$ f ! inscriptions f\nd ^u !m4 ,^!1 :i* w be m fully dealt ) else:]e 7,*apt] ,,xvii471 fall into ?ree ma9 classes--arti/s' signatures1 names ) 1 & descriptive names ref]r+ to ! designs4 ,on ! la/-nam$ head no m ne$ n[ be said2 ! second is m appropriately dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]#abjj--;al?\gh n a few -names are f\nd on ,b4,f4 vases2 & x only rema9s !re=e to treat ( ! arti/s ^: signatures h come d[n to u4#abja ,we h already met ) a few sign$ vases1 among ^? ( ,cor9? & ,boeotia1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ g back to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,^? ( und\bt$ly ,attic orig9 fall into ?ree or f\r ma9 gr\ps1 ! repres5tative names 9 :i* may "h be giv54#abjb 7#a7 ,e>ly arti/s3 ,klitias & ,ergotimos1 ,taleides1 ,sophilos1 ,oikopheles4 7#b7 ,middle p]iod3 ,amasis1 ,exekias1 ,kol*os1 ,ne>*os1 ,timagoras1 ,ty*ios4 7#c7 ,m9or arti/s1 :o pa9t$ kylikes almo/ exclusively3 ,ar*ikles1 ,eu*eiros1 ,glaukytes1 ,h]mog5es1 ,phrynos1 ,tleson1 ,x5okles1 ,sakonides4 7#d7 ,lat] arti/s1 comb9+ ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 me?ods1 or pa9t+ 9 transitional /yle3 ,&okides1 ,*>9os1 ,niko/h5es1 ,pamphaios1 ,his*ylos & ,epiktetos1 ,pasiades4 ,kittos1 :o pa9t$ 9 black figures a ,pana!naic amphora ( ! lat] class 7see p4 #cia71 belongs to ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,mo/ ( ^! arti/s use ! =mula 1#abjc imply+ t ! same man bo? made & pa9t$ ! vase2 b ,exekias 9 two cases 7see bel[7 says 4 ,! ,franois vase1 z we h se51 records ! names bo? ( pa9t] & arti/4 ,"s ( ^! pa9t]s give ! "n ( _! fa!r1 & ?us we le>n t ,eu*eiros 7,class #c7 0 ! son ( ,ergotimos 7,class #a71 ,tleson 7,class #c7 ! son ( ,ne>*os 7,class #b74 ,! names ,&okides & ,ne>*os are f\nd among ! d$ications on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,we n[ proce$ to speak ( ^! arti/s 9 detail4 ,9 ,class #a ,sophilos appe>s z ! mak] ( a vase ( :i* fragm5ts 7 f\nd on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4#abjd ,9 /yle x closely resembles ! ,franois vase1 & its subject also appe>s to h be5 ak9--! m>riage ( ,peleus & ,!tis--to judge f ! figures ( ,horae /ill visible4 ,taleides1 ^: "w is ( e>ly "*1 pa9t$ an amphora repres5t+ ,!seus slay+ ! ,m9otaur & two m5 weigh+ goods 9 a balance4#abje ,ergotimos1 besides ! ,franois vase1 sign$ a kylix f\nd 9 ,aeg9a1 & n[ 9 ,b]l91#abjf ) int]ior & ext]ior subjects4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxix ,illu/ration3 ,,attic ,,black-,,figur$ ,,amphorae 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a4 ,,9 ,,/yle ,,( ,,exekias2 #b4 ,,9 8,,affect$0 ,,/yle4 ------------------------------------ ,9 ! next gr\p are two v int]e/+ names1 ^? ( ,amasis & ,exekias1 & bo? dem& special att5tion1 ! latt] = ! excell5ce ( 8 "w1 ! =m] z connect$ ) a special bran* ( ,attic ,b4,f4 vases1 :i* mu/ be treat$ by !mselves4 ,! vases ( ,exekias include f\r amphorae1 f\r cups 7see ,fig4 #if71 & two fragm5ts1 toge!r ) a few unsign$ vases :i* = v>i\s reasons may be attribut$ to him4#abjg ,! f9e/ ( 8 works is an amphora 9 ! ,vatican1#abjh on "o side ( :i* are ,ajax & ,a*illes play+ draughts1 ! "o call+ out 8f\r60 ! o!r 8?ree60#abji ,on ! rev]se are ! ,dioskuri1 ) ,tynd>eus & ,l$a4 ,besides ! signature 9 iambic =m #bidjj ' 1 ! vase is inscrib$ ) ! -"n ,onetorides4 ,! o!rs are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #baj71 ! ,l\vre 7,f #ec71 & ,b]l9 7#agbj7 respectively1 & are all pa9t$ ) my?ological subjects4 ,a fragm5t ( a de9os#abaj is int]e/+1 z hav+1 besides ! signature1 an iambic l9e 9 ! alphabet ( ,sikyon 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,among ! f\r cups1 "o 9 ,muni* 7#cci7 is a ma/]piece ( its k9d4 ,x is ( ! lat] =m ( ,b4,f4 kylix 7see p4 #cgd71 & repres5ts on ! inside ,dionysos 9 a %ip :i* takes ! =m ( a fi%1 ! ma/ & y>d ov]gr[n ) ! v9e2 on ! ext]ior are l>ge eyes & gr\ps ( w>riors4 ,! o!r ?ree are ( ! e>li] 8,kle9mei/]0 type1 & two are m]ely sign$1 )\t subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,kylix ,,by ,,exekias3 8,,m9or ,,arti/0 ,,type4 ,exekias may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ typical ,b4,f4 arti/s4 ,8 subjects are mo/ly f ! usual /ock-9-trade ( ! "t1 b di/+ui%$ above o!r examples by ! c>e & accuracy display$ 9 e detail1 especially 9 ! extraord9>y delicacy & m9ut5ess ( ! incis+ & ! judici\s b sp>+ use ( accessory col\r1 z also by ! c>eful nam+ ( ! figures 9 almo/ all cases4 ,he /&s midway betwe5 ,klitias ( ! ,franois vase & ! transitional "w ( ,&okides & ,pamphaios1 & helps to c>ry on ! tradition ( m9ut5ess & accuracy 9 detail *>act]i/ic ( all ^! arti/s4 ,amasis is an arti/ ( simil> calibre & temp]am5t4 ,8 /yle is m individual ?an t ( any ,b4,f4 arti/1 & h5ce x is possible to attribute to him _m vases :i* he has n sign$4 ,x is m>k$1 l t ( ,exekias1 by accuracy ( draw+ & c>eful & delicate "w 9 details#abaa2 b 8 subjects are m monoton\s & 8 figures mu* m rigid & conv5tional4 ,!re is mu* 9 8 vases :i* sugge/s a connection ) ,ionia1 especially ) ! lat] fabrics discuss$ above 7p4 #cef72 & ?is po9t has be5 well br\ght out by ,k>o4#abab ,we h sev5 sign$ vases f 8 h&1 ( :i* no less ?an f\r are jugs ( a *>act]i/ic =m--a =m n unkn[n 9 ,ionic fabrics1#abac b usually f\nd among ! lat] ,cor9?ian w>es4 ,x is ( ! =m kn[n z olpe1 ) ! design 9 a panel1 on ! "r side ( ! h&le only4 ,an example ( 8 "w is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,p]seus ,,slay+ ,,m$usa3 ,,f ,,an ,,olpe ,,by ,,amasis 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,x has be5 ?\ght by m ?an "o writ] t he mu/ h be5 a =eign]4 ,! "n1 ( c\rse1 sugge/s ,egypt1 & 8 ,ionic aff9ities w\ld fur!r sugge/ ,naukratis or ,daphnae z 8 home2 b he may well h come f ,asia ,m9or4#abad ,8 be/-kn[n "w is ! f9e amphora 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale at ,p>is 7#bbb71 ) a repres5tation ( ,a!na & ,poseidon1 & among ! olpae1 "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #dga71 ) ,p]seus slay+ ,m$usa 7,fig4 #ig71 & "o 9 ! ,l\vre 7,f #cj71 ) ,h]akles' reception by ! ,olympian deities4#abae ,( ! o!r arti/s 9 ?is gr\p1 ,ne>*os is only repres5t$ by a fragm5t>y vase f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis#abaf2 ,timagoras 0 ! arti/ ( two f9e hydriae 9 ! ,l\vre 7,f #ch-i71 "o repres5t+ ,h]akles wre/l+ ) ! fi%-bodi$ ,triton2 ,ty*ios has also sign$ a hydria2 ,kol*os is only kn[n f "o vase1 b t a v f9e jug ) ! combat ( ,h]akles & ,kyknos 7,b]l9 #agcb74 ,! design on ! la/-nam$ is n1 z usual1 conf9$ to a panel1 b is cont9u$ all r\nd ! body4 ,! li/ ( 8,kle9mei/]10 or m9or arti/s1 is a long "o1#abag b few individual names are ( importance4 ,! mo/ prolific is ,tleson1 ^: "n appe>s on no few] ?an =ty cups1 f\rte5 ( :i* h no design1 b only ! signature on ei!r side4 ,o!rs h a design 9 ! int]ior only1 su* z a ,sph9x or ,sir52 o!rs1 aga91 a figure ( an animal--a cock1 h51 or ram--on ei!r side above ! signature4 ,sev5te5 are ascrib$ to ,h]mog5es1 n9e ) signature only1 & ?irte5 to ,x5okles1 ( :i* eight h no design4 ,b t ,x5okles sometimes _h l>g] aims is %[n by two ( ! cups 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,deepd5e collection1 z well z by an o9o*oe :i* he made = ! pa9t] ,kleisophos to decorate4 ,! ,museum cup 7,b #dbe7 has on "o side ! ?ree cosmic deities ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 & ,hades2 on ! o!r a subject ( f\r figures :i* may be int]pret$ z ! return ( ,p]sephone f ,hades4 ,! ,deepd5e cup#abah has 9 ! int]ior ! procession ( ! goddesses to ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 & on ! ext]ior ,h]akles ) ,k]b]os & ,a*illes' pursuit ( ,troilos4 ,phrynos1 an arti/ ( simil> /yle1 has "o cup 7,b4,m4 ,b #dbd7 ) ! ,bir? ( ,a!na & ! reception ( ,h]akles 9 ,olympos1 ! figures be+ v dim9utive1 z are ^? on ! ,briti% ,museum ,x5okles cup4 ,eu*eiros & ,sakonides#abai %[ a pref]5ce = a female bu/ pa9t$ 9 outl9e on ei!r side ( ! cup1 z does also ,h]mog5es4#abbj ,ar*ikles & ,glaukytes are associat$ on a f9e cup 9 ,muni* 7#ccc71 :i* is rem>kable = ! numb] ( figures ea* side1 ! /yle be+ v m9ute & detail$4 ,on "o side is ,!seus slay+ ! ,m9otaur1 on ! o!r ! hunt ( ! ,calydonian bo>1 appropriate figures be+ add$ ea* side to fill 9 ! spaces at ! ends ( ! friezes4 ,!re are sev5te5 figures 9 ! fir/ sc5e1 &1 exclusive ( animals1 n9e 9 ! latt]4 ,a simil> cup 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #djj71 ) cont9u\s frieze1 repres5t+ a battle 7tw5ty fight]s1 ?ree *>iots71 is sign$ by ,glaukytes alone4 ,o!r names are ,anakles1 ,*>itaios1 ,ergoteles1 ,epitimos1 ,myspios1 ,ne&ros1 ,psoieas1 ,sokles1 ,sondros1 ,?rax1 & ,tl5polemos4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxx ,illu/ration3 ,,vases ,,by ,,niko/h5es 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,9 ! f\r? class we are introduc$ to a v int]e/+ p]sonality1 t ( ,niko/h5es1 ! mo/ prolific ( all ,greek vase-pa9t]s kn[n to u1 & ( ! ,b4,f4 arti/s by f> ! mo/ orig9al4#abba ,he 01 h[ev]1 a pott] r ?an a pa9t]1 & on _m ( 8 vases ! designs are little m ?an decorative motives4 ,he fav\r$ vases ( metallic =m1#abbb su* z ! phiale mesomphalos1 & inv5t$ a peculi> type ( amphora1 also d]iv$ f a metallic orig91 ) broad1 flat h&les & slim body1 ) m\ld$ r+s divid+ ! subjects 7see ,plate ,,xxx474 ,altoge!r1 sev5ty-eight examples ) 8 signature are kn[n1 ( :i* =ty-eight1 or ne>ly two-?irds1 are amphorae1 n9ete5 are cups1 f\r jugs1 & "o a krat]4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ two cups 9 mix$ ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 te*nique1 "o made = ,epiktetos1 & ?ree kan?>i 9 ! ,r4,f4 me?od1 ( :i* he 0 probably only ! pott]4 ,t he _h aff9ities ) ! 8m9or arti/s0 is %[n by 8 mak+ a cup ) ,anakles1 z also by ! /yle ( "s ( 8 pa9t+s#abbc2 :ile "s ( 8 cups h only ! signature4 ,! amphorae are all v mu* alike1 ) subjects ( a simple "*--,sph9xes & ,sir5s1 combats ( w>riors or box]s1 ,satyrs & ,ma5ads danc+1 & ,h]akles ) ! ,nemean lion1 a subject ( :i* he seems to h be5 especially fond4 ,! l>ge krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #cfd7 is int]e/+ z an e>ly example ( ! =m ) volute h&les1 & = ! mann] ( its decoration1 ) a n>r[ b& ( m9ute figures on ! neck only4 ,9 ! ,l\vre !re are two elegant jugs repres5t+ ! reception ( ,h]akles 9 ,olympos 7,f #aaf-ag71 ! figures be+ pa9t$ on a :ite slip 9 ! ,ionic mann]4#abbd ,?is po9t is important1 because x has be5 held by _m writ]s t ,niko/h5es 0 ( ,ionian orig91 & introduc$ ! :ite-slip me?od at ,a!ns4 ,attempts h ev5 be5 made to connect him ) ,naukratis4 ,! jug figur$ on ,plate ,,xxx4 is simil> to ^? 9 ! ,l\vre1 & is probably also ,niko/h5es' h&iwork4#abbe ,:e!r ?is view c be ma9ta9$ or n1 !re is no d\bt t t[>ds ! end ( ! six? c5tury ! practice ( us+ a :ite slip does appe> at ,a!ns = vases ) black figures1 & x is q reasonable to associate its introduction ) a v]satile & orig9al arti/ l ,niko/h5es4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ?is /yle ( pa9t+ mu/ be res]v$ = a lat] page 7p4 #dee74 ,pamphaios & ,epiktetos1 ) _! associates ,his*ylos1 ,pheidippos1 & ,*elis1 mu/1 on ! :ole1 be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 ! majority ( _! works be+ purely 9 t /yle2 !y w !re=e be consid]$ "u a subsequ5t head+4 ,b ! case ( ! rema9+ "n 9 our f\r? class1 t ( ,&okides1 is some:at diff]5t4 ,among ! sign$ examples we h f 8 h& only "o is purely ,b4,f41 ?ree are 9 mix$ /yle1 & two are purely ,r4,f4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t he repres5ts1 bett] ?an any o!r arti/1 ! int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! two /yles1 m especially z a :ole s]ies ( amphorae c be attribut$ to him 9 :i* ! two are comb9$1 sometimes 9 :at has be5 call$ 8bil+ual0 fa%ion--t is to say1 t ! design on bo? sides ( ! vase is id5tical1 except = ! v>iation ( te*nique4#abbf ,!re are1 !n1 six vases sign$ by ,&okides1 ( :i* "o is a kylix1 ! re/ amphorae ) designs 9 panels & broad groov$ h&les4 ,! ,b4,f4 amphora repres5ts a *>iot se5 f ! front1 9 v m9ute1 c>eful /yle4#abbg ,"o ( ! 8mix$0 amphorae 7,l\vre ,f #bjc7 has ?ree ,amazons prep>+ = battle 7,b4,f471 & wom5 9 ! ba?1 "o ( :om is swimm+1 ano!r div+ 7,r4,f47 #abbh2 ! o!r1 a ,dionysiac ,b4,f4 sc5e1 & ,apollo1 ,artemis1 ,leto1 & ,ares on ! ,r4,f4 side4 ,! 8mix$0 kylix#abbi is a rem>kable example ( ! c\nt]*ang+ pr9ciple1 ! two halves ( ! ext]ior be+ exactly rev]s$ 9 te*nique1 ! divid+-l9e pass+ "u ! h&les4#abcj ,( ! two ,r4,f4 amphorae1 "o 9 ,b]l9 repres5ts ! conte/ = ! tripod & a pair ( wre/l]s2 ! o!r1 9 ! ,l\vre1 a combat & a musical conte/4#abca ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxi ,illu/ration3 ,,amphora ,,9 ,,/yle ,,( ,,&okides 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,,obv43 ,,h]oes ,,play+ ,,draughts4 ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxii ,illu/ration3 ,,amphora ,,9 ,,/yle ,,( ,,&okides 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,,rev43 ,,h]akles ,,) ,,nemean ,,lion4 ------------------------------------ ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,&okides' "w are fre$om ( composition1 delicacy ( draw+1#abcb & weal? ( detail2 b he is always b\nd by conv5tionalities1 & 8 p[] ( obs]vation is /rong] ?an 8 p[] ( correct del9eation4 ,furtwa5gl] ?9ks 8 comb9ations ( ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 7 delib]ately *os5 to %[ ! sup]iority ( ! latt]4#abcc ,8 date may be plac$ ab\t #ebe ,b4,c41 & x is probable t 8 "n appe>s on a m>ble base f\nd on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns4 ,he seems to h le>nt 8 art ei!r f ,exekias or ,amasis1 probably ! latt]4 ,s*ol>s are g5]ally agre$ 9 attribut+ to him ! s]ies ( 8bil+ual0 amphorae already m5tion$1 ( :i* ! mo/ notable examples are "o 9 ,muni* 7#chh7 repres5t+ ,h]akles banquet+1 & "o 9 ,bo/on ) ,h]akles & a bull4#abcd ,ev5 m probable is ! attribution to 8 h& ( "s half-doz5 amphorae ( ! type :i* he employ$1 ) diff]5t designs on ei!r side1 b ,b4,f4 & ,r4,f4 respectively4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is an amphora 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #aic ,plates ,,xxxi4-,,ii471 ) ! typical ,b4,f4 repres5tation ( w>riors play+ ) pessi on "o side1 q 9 ! mann] ( ,exekias 7see above71 & on ! o!r ,h]akles ) ! ,nemean lion1 9 :i* sc5e ! pa9t] has attempt$ a new dep>ture4 ,! lion is already subdu$1 & ! h]o c>ries x 9 triumph on 8 %\ld]1 no d\bt ) a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,eryman?ian bo> types 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv474#abce 99 99 99 99 99 ,a curi\s gr\p ( ,b4,f4 vases f\nd exclusively 9 ,italy1 & belong+ app>5tly to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 is m>k$ by ! extremes to :i* ! mann]isms ( ! arti/s ,exekias & ,amasis are c>ri$4 ,!y are )\t exception amphorae1 & s simil> 9 /yle t !y mu/ all h be5 produc$ by "o work%op1 if n "o h&4 ,9 spite ( ! excell5ce ( te*nique & c>eful draw+ :i* !y exhibit1 %[+ a really advanc$ /age ( ,b4,f4 vase-pa9t+1 !y are lifeless & monoton\s almo/ to grotesqu5ess4 ,k>o1 9 publi%+ ! s]ies1#abcf reckons =ty-f\r 9 all1 & po9ts out ! v>i\s ,ionian peculi>ities !y pres5t1 :i* m>k !m ei!r z an (f%oot ( ! s*ool ( ,amasis or a p>allel developm5t4 ,orig9ally kn[n z 8,tyrrh5ian10 f ! =m ( ! amphora 7cf4 p4 #afj71 !y are n[ g5]ally spok5 ( z 8affect$ amphorae10 9 allusion to _! peculi> & mann]$ /yle4 ,an example is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxix4 ,! subjects are all dull repetitions ( c]ta9 8types10 (t5 )\t any app>5t mean+1 ! p]sonages be+ usually w>riors1 horsem51 or ord9>y drap$ figures1 "y & old4 ,wom5 are r>ely se52 subjects ( a ,dionysiac "* are occasionally f\nd1 b my?ological sc5es nev]1 except t ! 8type0 ( ! 8,bir? ( ,a!na0 is borr[$1 copi$1 & dive/$ ( all mean+ by omitt+ ! figure ( ! goddess & depriv+ ! o!rs ( _! attributes4#abcg ,9 addition to ?is1 ,k>o notes six prevail+ motives3 7#a7 two m5 9 animat$ disc\rse1 occurr+ ab\t =ty times2 7#b7 a w>rior arm+1 putt+ on a greave2 7#c7 a w>rior conv]s+ ) ano!r man1 ) spectators2 7#d7 two w>riors 9 combat2 7#e7 a "y rid] ) second horse 7,troilos872 7#f7 a reception ( a gue/1 sometimes1 b r d\btfully1 id5tifi$ z ,ik>ios receiv+ ,dionysos 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv474 ,! complete abs5ce ( inscriptions is an ,ionic feature z are ! ornam5tal patt]ns1 su* z ! tongue-patt]n r\nd ! h&les2 ! fondness = w+$ figures also po9ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! comb9ation ( good te*nique ) feeble compositions po9ts to a late & imitative /age1 & is contr>y to ! ,attic t5d5cy to pref] new ideas & new subjects to a high /&>d ( te*nique4 ,among o!r *>act]i/ic details we may note ! t5d5cy to give ! human figures tap]+ extremities1 common to all ar*aic art1 b "h greatly exagg]at$2 also ! elaborate ornam5tation ( ! drap]ies ) purple & :ite fl[]s or rosettes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,pana!naic amphorae1 ( :i* "s m5tion has already be5 made else:]e 7pp4 #dh1 #acb71 =m "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ gr\ps ( black-figur$ vases4#abch ,! ,pana!naic games1 :i* 7 celebrat$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ea* ,olympiad1 7 traditionally attribut$ to ,!seus1 b at any rate 7 recon/itut$ by ,peisi/ratos ab\t #eff ,b4,c41 :5 rhapsodic conte/s 7 introduc$4 ,to ^! musical conte/s ) flute & lyre 7 add$ 9 #def by ,p]icles4 ,! prizes 71 z we "k f ,p9d>1 pa9t$ amphorae conta9+ olive oil1 & !re is an int]e/+ inscription#abci :i* gives ! numb] assign$ z prizes = ea* conte/4 ,?us1 = ! p5ta?lon1 ! fir/ prize 0 #dj amphorae1 ! second #h2 = ! *>iot-race1 ! fir/ #ajd1 ! second #dj2 = ! foot-race1 ! fir/ #ej to #fj1 ! second #aj to #ab4abdj ,t ^! vases 7 greatly valu$ & buri$ 9 tombs we "k f ! numb] f\nd "u su* circum/ances4 ,ab\t #acj 9 all are 9 exi/5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,illu/ration3 ,,pana!naic ,,amphora 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,,e>li] ,,type 7,,obv4 ,,& ,,rev474 ------------------------------------ ,! %ape ( ! six?-c5tury amphora is peculi>1 b n exclusively us$ = ?is class#abda2 9 height !y v>y f tw5ty-five in*es to ab\t eight in*es4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 & dur+ ! fif?1 o!r =ms 7 sometimes employ$1 t ( ! r$-bodi$ amphora & ev5 ! 8,nolan0 be+ f\nd4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury a great *ange took place1 ! height be+ greatly increas$ & ! body becom+ proportionately slim2 ! =m exactly resembles t ( ! contempor>y ,apulian sepul*ral amphorae 7,fig4 #cj1 p4 #afb71 ) ! addition ( a conical cov]4 ,aft] ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury !y appe> to h be5 made only ( metal1 b t !y cont9u$ to be made we "k bo? f lit]ature & monum5ts1 su* z ! ,a!nian co9s4 ,! designs are always 9 panels1 ! obv]se repres5t+ ! goddess to :om ! games 7 sacr$1 9 h] "* ( ,a!na ,proma*os2 ! rev]se1 ! conte/ 9 :i* ! prize 0 won 7see ,plates ,,xxxiii4-,,iv474 ,a!na is repres5t$ /&+ to ! left1 ) cre/$ helmet1 spe> rais$ al(t 9 "r h&1 & %ield on left arm1 adorn$ ) an emblematic device2 h] drap]y is usually mu* ornam5t$4 ,except 9 ! e>lie/ examples !re is a ,doric column on ei!r side ( h]1 surm\nt$ by a cock1 z ! bird sacr$ to ,agon1 ! god ( a?letic conte/s2 sometimes 9 place ( x a ,sph9x1 ,sir51 pan!r1 or vase4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury we sometimes f9d a figure ( ,nike or ,triptolemos 9 8 c> surm\nt+ ! columns4 ,d[n ! side ( ! left-h& column is usually plac$ ! inscription 7always pres]v+ an ar*aic =m73 1 1 87a prize7 f ! games at ,a!ns40 ,on ! e>lie/ kn[n1 ! ,burgon amphora 7,b4,m4 ,b #acj71 ! ^w is add$4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! inscription /ill reads d[n ! side ( ! column1 b ! lett]s are plac$ p>allel to x1 n at "r angles4 ,fur!r1 9 ?is p]iod x (t5 becomes cu/om>y to add on ! "r-h& side ! "n ( ! ar*on 9 ^: ye> ( (fice ! games 7 held1 ?us enabl+ u to date ! vase exactly4#abdb ,( ^!1 "s t5 examples are kn[n1 rang+ f #cfg to #cac ,b4,c41 ! li/ be+ z foll[s3-- ,polyzelos #cfg ,b4,c4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjc ,f\nd at ,teu*eira1 ,cyr5aica ,!mi/okles #cdg 0 ,a!ns ,mus4 0 ,a!ns ,py?odelos #ccf 0 ,b4,m4 ,b #fjg & #fjh 0 ,c]vetri ,nikokrates #ccc 0 ,b4,m4 ,b #fji 0 ,b5ghazi ,niketes #ccb 0 ,b4,m4 ,b #faj 0 ,capua ,eu?ykritos #cbh 0 ,b4,m4 ,b #faa 0 ,teu*eira ,hegesias #cbd 0 ,l\vre 0 ,b5ghazi ,kephisodoros #cbc 0 ,l\vre 0 ,b5ghazi ,ar*ippos #cba 0 ,l\vre 0 ,b5ghazi ,!ophra/os #cac 0 ,l\vre 0 ,b5ghazi ,! conte/s repres5t$ include ! p5ta?lon1 *>iot-race1 foot-race1 arm$ foot-race1 tor*-race1 tilt+ on horseback1 ! 1 & musical conte/s 7see ,*apt] ,,xv41 #d74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,illu/ration3 ,,pana!naic ,,amphora 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,,lat] ,,type 7,,obv4 ,,& ,,rev474 ------------------------------------ ,! black-figure me?od is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t1 9 spite ( ! developm5t 9 draw+1 t ( ! f\r?-c5tury vases be+ p]fectly free4 ,9 ! latt] !re is a lavi% use ( :ite & purple = details1 especially on ! figure ( ,a!na2 & ,nike1 :5 pres5t at ! conte/s1 is usually pa9t$ :ite2 b ! t5d5cy ( lat] vases to neglect ! rev]se at ! exp5se ( ! obv]se 9 ! matt] ( decoration is /rongly manife/$4 ,! figure ( ,a!na becomes greatly elongat$1 until h] head is actually pa9t$ on ! neck ( ! vase1 & 9 all ! vases aft] #ccf ,b4,c4 %e is turn$ to ! "r in/ead ( ! left4 ,two signatures ( arti/s are f\nd--,sikelos 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,kittos 9 ! f\r?4 ,!re also exi/ "s m9iature f\r?-c5tury examples ( ^! vases1 ! purpose ( :i* is n obvi\s2 on ! rev]se ( "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is repres5t$ a runn] 9 ! tor*-race4#abdc 99 99 99 99 99 ,a peculi> local developm5t ( ! black-figure /yle is to be se5 9 ! vases f\nd on ! site ( ! temple ( ! ,kabeiri1 ne> ,!bes1 9 ,boeotia4 ,f ! /yle ( ! pa9t+1 :i* is free & c>eless1 !y c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! fif? c5tury1 & may be lat]1 ! old /yle be+ pres]v$1 z 9 ! ,pana!naic amphorae1 = religi\s reasons4 ,! site 0 excavat$ 9 #ahhg-hh1 & yield$ a l>ge numb] ( vases & fragm5ts1 toge!r ) ,attic ,r4,f4 & pla9 black glaz$ w>es4 ,( ! local fabrics ! majority are ( a ,dionysiac "*1 or h ref]5ce1 m or less direct1 to ! cult ( ! ,kabeiri2 _m be> d$icatory inscriptions to ! presid+ deities1 su* z or 1 etc4 ,! mat]ial is a r$di%-yell[ clay ( good quality1 on :i* ! designs are pa9t$ 9 a pigm5t v>y+ f yell[-br[n to ! deep lu/r\s black ( ! be/ ,attic vases4 ,occasionally details 9 :ite or purple are add$2 incis$ l9es are us$ only = inn] m>k+s z a rule4 ,! %apes are conf9$ almo/ entirely to "o1 a l>ge deep b[l ) two small r+-h&les1 to :i* are atta*$ projections = ! support ( ! f+]s2 x comes ne>e/ to ! pella describ$ by ,a!naeus 7see p4 #ahf74 ,! decorative motives are simple--v9e-wrea?s1 ivy-wrea?s1 myrtle & olive1 & ! wave-patt]n2 sometimes ! rev]se is only ornam5t$ ) a patt]n ( ?is k9d4#abdd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,vase ,,f ,,temple ,,( ,,kabeiri3 ,,p>ody ,,( ,,a*illes ,,& ,,*eiron 7,,brit4 ,,mus4 ,b #gg74 ,! subjects are int]e/+ f ! fact t !y are an e>ly in/ance 79 vase-pa9t+s7 ( int5tional c>icatures or grotesques2 ?is is %[n n only 9 ! mann] ( treat+ ! !mes select$1 b 9 ! rude "* ( ! draw+4 ,among ^? drawn f my? & leg5d may be m5tion$ ,odysseus ) ,kirke 7two in/ances7 & trav]s+ ! sea on a raft2 ,peleus br++ ! "y ,a*illes to ,*eiron 7,fig4 #ih72 ,kephalos hunt+ a fox2 & ,bell]ophon slay+ ! ,*ima]a4 ,a fav\rite subject is t ( ,pigmies 9 combat ) cranes4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ is "o :i* repres5ts ! deity ,kabeiros 7answ]+ to ,dionysos7 ) 8 son 7,pais1 i4e4 ,iac*os7 at a banquet1 accompani$ by ?ree symbolical figures--,mitos1 ,pratolaos1 & ,krateia4 ,ano!r fragm5t %[s a tra9 ( wor%ipp]s approa*+ ! ,kabeiros1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,asklepios reliefs4#abde ,! transitional /age f black to r$ figures is illu/rat$ by m ?an "o class ( vases4 ,^? 9 :i* ! two me?ods are unit$ on "o vase h be5 discuss$ else:]e1 9 consid]+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! arti/s :o us$ bo?4 ,b !re is ano!r class correspond+ to nei!r me?od1 & yet p>tak+ ( ! "* ( bo?1 9 :i* ! figures are pa9t$ 9 opaque r$ or :ite pigm5t laid directly on ! surface ( ! vase1 :i* is cov]$ ?r\gh\t ) black v>ni% 7,plate ,,xxxv474 ,inasmu* z ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 col\rs is m sugge/ive ( ! ,b4,f4 vases1 !y are class$ !re) 9 "s collections1 z 9 ! ,briti% & ,a!ns ,museums2 b s9ce _! appe>ance & /yle l9k !m m closely ) ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 !y are f\nd 9 o!rs1 z at ,b]l91 rang$ ) ! latt] class4 ,9 any case !y =m a di/9ct gr\p1 9 :i* ! e>li] examples correspond m ) ! ,b4,f41 ! lat] ) ! ,r4,f41 vases4 ,!y are und\bt$ly ( ,a!nian orig91 b to :at ext5t !y affect$ ! *ange f black to r$ figures is d\btful4 ,! practice ( lay+ col\rs on ! black v>ni% is1 ( c\rse1 "o t 0 q famili> to ,b4,f4 arti/s2 ! analog\s proc$ure 9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod 0 ! lay+ ( black pigm5t on ! r$ glaze1 z 0 necess>ily done = details su* z devices on %ields4 ,! transition 0 !re=e easy 9 ! case ( a vase cov]$ ) black v>ni%1 to pa9t+ ! figures only 9 ! opaque col\rs ^u x1 !reby enl>g+ ! scope ( ! process4 ,! incis$ l9es 9 :i* ! figure 0 necess>ily sket*$ out be=e pa9t+ 7& :i* frequ5tly occur 9 ?is class7 l$ ! way to ! process by :i* ! ,r4,f4 arti/ engrav$ 8 design on ! r$ clay be=e cov]+ ! re/ ( ! vase ) v>ni%4 ,9 ! case ( female figures x is obvi\s t ?is me?od 0 already practis$1 especially 9 sc5es 9 :i* !y appe>$ entirely nude1 & ! :ole figure 0 pa9t$ :ite ov] ! black silh\ette1 ! black becom+ ! real accessory :]e x 0 requir$ = ! hair1 etc4#abdf ,dr4 ,six1 :o has /udi$ ?is class1 gives a li/ ( ab\t sev5ty examples1#abdg includ+ "o sign$ by ,niko/h5es 7,plate ,,xxxv41 fig4 #b ,f #aad 9 ! ,l\vre7 :i* has a figure ( a woman pa9t$ 9 :ite ea* side1 ! /yle1 be x not$1 be+ purely black-figur$4 ,9 lat] specim5s ! object seems to h be5 to imitate ! appe>ance ( ! ,r4,f4 vases1 & to pa9t ! figures 9 a simil> b opaque r$ col\r in/ead ( :ite4#abdh ,o!r examples aga9 h figures only incis$ on ! black1 )\t any addition ( col\r4#abdi ,9 "s ( ! e>li] ones ! use ( black z an accessory#abej %[s t ! pa9t]1 s to speak1 8?\ght0 9 ! ,b4,f4 /yle1 b us$ :ite = black & vice v]sa4 ,mo/ ( ! e>li] examples h be5 f\nd 9 ,greece or ,magna ,graecia2 !y are usually ( ! leky?os =m1 :i* is always r>e 9 ,etruria4 ,! lat] gr\p *iefly consi/s ( small b[ls 7phialae7 ( v neglig5t /yle1 b "s are ( ! typical ,r4,f4 =ms1 su* z ! 8,nolan0 amphora & ! /amnos4 ,a consid]able numb] ( fragm5ts 7 f\nd on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 %[+ t ev5 ^! late imitative specim5s1 9 spite ( _! rude1 c>eless execution1 _c be plac$ lat] ?an #dhj ,b4,c4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples is a fragm5t f\nd on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1#abea ) an owl )9 an olive-wrea?2 x _h be5 d$icat$ to ,a!na by a pott] ^: "n is n[ lo/4 ,!re is also a good s]ies 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #fha-gjj71 includ+ a leky?os ) ,odysseus c>ri$ "u ! ram1 pa9t$ 9 poly*rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e emb>k+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! r$-figur$ vases x may be well to endeav\r to see :at light ! vase-pa9t+s up to ?is po9t ?r[ on ! lit]>y traditions pres]v$ = u1 *iefly by ,pl9y1 9 reg>d to e>ly pa9t+4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no subject :i* t writ] has treat$ ) great] vagu5ess2 & we are =c$ to ! conclusion t he really knew no?+ ab\t x1 & did n compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! e>li] writ]s f :om he borr[$4#abeb ,/ill1 x may fairly be suppos$ t ! names he m5tions are ^? ( real p]sons1 ev5 if 8 acc\nt ( _! a*ievem5ts is vague or imag9>y4 ,!re are also a few /ray items ( in=mation giv5 by ,ari/otle1 ,aelian1 ,/rabo1 & ,a!nagoras4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxv ,illu/ration3 ,,vases ,,) ,,opaque ,,designs ,,on ,,black ,,gr\nd4 #a4 ,,brit4 ,,mus42 #b4 ,,by ,,niko/h5es1 ,,9 ,,l\vre4 ------------------------------------ ,pl9y#abec beg9s by attribut+ to ,cor9? or ,sikyon ! discov]y ( ! possibility ( produc+ figures by outl9+ %ad[s1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,butades 7p4 #aaj74 ,! next /age1 he says1 0 to fill 9 ! outl9es ) s+le col\rs1 or mono*rome4 ,he next /ates t ,philokles1 an ,egyptian1#abed & ,klean!s ( ,cor9? 8inv5t$ l9e> pa9t+10 & t !y 7 foll[$ by ,aridikes ( ,cor9? & ,telephanes ( ,sikyon1 :o1 /ill )\t us+ any col\rs1 introduc$ inn] m>k+s & details1#abee & inscrib$ names ov] _! figures4 ,ekphantos ( ,cor9? introduc$ ! use ( a r$ wa%1 employ+ a pigm5t made f p\nd$ pott]y 7te/a trita71#abef :i* may repres5t ! purple s lavi%ly employ$ on ,cor9?ian vases4 ,a lat] developm5t 0 t ( mono*rome pa9t+--i4e4 ! use ( a s+le flat body-col\r--introduc$ by ,hygia9on1 ,de9ias1 & ,*>madas4 ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 speaks ( ,eu*eiros ( ,cor9? z ! 8inv5tor ( pa9t+40 ,! "n rem9ds u ( ! tradition ( ,dem>atos1 :o took ) him f ,cor9? to ,etruria a craftsman ( t "n4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! "n is borne by an ,a!nian kylix-pa9t] 7see above1 p4 #chd71 ! son ( ,ergotimos1 :o made ! ,franois vase4 ,possibly he may h be5 ! gr&son ( ! ,cor9?ian arti/4 ,/rabo 7viii4 #cdc7 & ,a!naeus 7viii4 #cdf ,c7 m5tion a picture by ,klean!s 7see above7 :i* repres5t$ ! ,bir? ( ,a!na1#abeg & c h>dly h be5 lat] ?an ! sev5? c5tury--a p]iod to :i* su* evid5ce z we h w\ld allot ! s]ies ( arti/s already nam$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! names ( ^! e>ly arti/s are ^? ( draughtsm51 n ( pa9t]s4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,polygnotos draw+ 0 ! *ief aim ( all arti/s--z ! r$-figur$ vases amply te/ify--& pa9t+1 z we reg>d ! art1 only came into exi/5ce aft] ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! developm5t f l9i>em1 or 8outl9e-draw+10 to mono*rome at fir/ sight pres5ts a difficulty1 z x seems to be oppos$ to ! evolution ( vase-pa9t+1 :i* is f silh\ette 7z 9 ! ,dipylon w>e7 to outl9es 7z 9 ! ,ionic vases74 ,b ev5 if x is n always intelligible1 we c /ill obs]ve a di/9ct cont9uity 9 ,pl9y's acc\nt4#abeh ,aft] ,ekphantos _h introduc$ ! fill+-9 ( outl9es ) r$ wa%es1 & ,hygia9on & 8 confrres _h cont9u$ pa9t+ ) a s+le col\r1#abei a /ep fur!r 0 made by ,eum>os ( ,a!ns1 :o di/+ui%$ ! sexes & 8introduc$ all k9ds ( new subjects40 ,"h we may cle>ly disc]n ! introduction ( :ite 9 ! lat] ,cor9?ian & e>ly ,attic w>es = female figures1 & ! gr[? ( my?ological & g5re subjects on ! vases ( ! "t4#abfj ,8 innovations ( te*nique & subject may !re=e be fairly reg>d$ z co9cid5t ) ! great advance 9 vase-pa9t+ made at ,a!ns "u ,peisi/ratos & react+ ^u ,cor9?4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! "n ( ,eum>os occurs on a m>ble base f\nd on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns2 & if ?is c be ! pa9t]1 8 date w\ld be fix$ ab\t #eij-egj ,b4,c4#abfa ,9 any case "o ?+ is c]ta9--t pa9t+ _h n yet develop$ into any?+ l a high art4 ,x 0 /ill purely decorative1 & ! few e>ly pa9t+s ( :i* we he>1 su* z ^? ( ,bul>*os 7p4 #cfa7 & ,klean!s1 7 n beyond ! level ( ! ,clazom5ae s>cophagi or ! ,franois vase 9 m]it4 ,we probably ga9 ! be/ idea ( pa9t+ :i* 0 n m]ely decorative f ! ,cor9?ian p9akes 7p4 #caf7 & ! ,acropolis w>rior-tablet1#abfb especially z !y are pa9t$ on ! :ite slip or 1 :i* we "k to h be5 fav\r$ by e>ly ,greek pa9t]s4#abfc ,! relation ( ,pl9y's next arti/1 ,kimon ( ,kleonae1 & ( 8 improvem5ts to ! "w ( ! vase-pa9t]s1 has be5 mu* discuss$ by writ]s on ! r$-figur$ vases2 & !y h n be5 by any means unanim\s 9 _! conclusions1 ei!r z to ! nature ( 8 8inv5tions0 or z to ! "t at :i* _! influ5ce made itself felt4 ,!y are describ$ by ,pl9y 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,cimon ( ,cleonae improv$ ^u ! inv5tions ( ,eum>us4 ,he inv5t$ catagrapha--t is1 oblique images--& v>i$ positions ( ! features1 look+ back or up or d[n4 ,he di/+ui%$ limbs f jo9ts1 emphasis$ ! ve9s1 & fur!r reproduc$ folds & holl[s 9 ! drap]y40#abfd ,! crux ( ?is passage is ( c\rse ! ^w catagrapha1 ) ,pl9y's ,lat9 equival5t1 obliquas imag9es4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t ! ,lat9 r5d]+ ( ! ^w connect$ x ) ! r5d]+ ( ! face 9 a new way1 i4e4 9 ?ree-qu>t] aspect in/ead ( ! old pr(ile ( ! silh\ettes4 ,b ?is 0 n introduc$ into vase-pa9t+ until q a late p]iod#abfe2 x is f\nd1 = in/ance1 on ! ,meidias vase ab\t #ddj ,b4,c41 & is c]ta9ly n e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,euphronios1 :]eas ,kimon appe>s to h liv$ ab\t #edj-dij ,b4,c4#abff ,moreov]1 !re seems to be "s anti!sis betwe5 ! imag9es & voltus--i4e4 v>ios =m>e voltus is n an explanation ( ! imag9es--&1 on ! :ole1 x seems m natural to take ! fir/ ^w z a g5]al t]m = figures4 ,obliquas imag9es1 !n1 w\ld obvi\sly imply "s k9d ( p]spective1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to ! human figure1 indicates =e%ort5+4 ,n[1 ?is advance 9 draw+ is fir/ f\nd 9 ! e>li] "w ( ,euphronios1 i4e4 ab\t #ejj-dij ,b4,c41 ?\gh traces ( x are to be se5 9 ! lat] "w ( ! ,epictetan cycle4 ,x w be not$ 9 ! next *apt] t ,epiktetos & 8 contempor>ies are /ill 9 ! trammels ( ! old me?od4 ,_m ( ^! vases ev5 exhibit traces ( a decad5t /yle1 ) r\gh & c>elessly drawn figures4 ,z ,h>twig has well po9t$ out1 ! real division ( /yle comes1 n be=e ,epiktetos1 b betwe5 him & ,euphronios4 ,! ,epictetan cycle is transitional1 & a "t ( prep>ation1 fir/ly 9 ! *ange ( te*nique1 secondly 9 ! evolution ( cup-decoration1 ?irdly 9 ! discov]y ( new motives & ext5d+ ! scope ( subjects4 ,! new bir? is se5 9 ! =m ( increas$ naturalism1 & is p>allel to ! developm5t ( sculpture "u ,py?agoras & ,myron1 :o1 l ,kimon1 8gave prom95ce to s9ews & ve9s40 ,we may !re=e sum up ) ,/udniczka & ,h>twig by say+ t ! re=ms ( ,kimon1 :i* fir/ manife/ !mselves 9 ,euphronios & 8 contempor>ies ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 imply a new !oretical k ( l9e> p]spective1 :i* 9 practice displays itself 9 a correct r5d]+ ( =e%ort5+4#abfg ,9 m9or details ! same advance is at ?is "t app>5t1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! eye1 :i* n[ beg9s to be r5d]$ ) "s approa* to tru?1 & 9 ! accurate & detail$ r5d]+ ( muscles & anatomy1 & ( folds ( drap]y4 ,^! are precisely ! po9ts 9 :i* ,pl9y reg>ds ,kimon z hav+ s greatly advanc$ 8 art1 :i*1 z ,aelian tells u1 he 8help$ out ( lead+-/r+s40#abfh ,! fir/ pa9t] 9 poly*rome 0 ,pana5os1 :o also introduc$ portraiture1 b mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z a draughtsman only2 &1 f9ally1 ,polygnotos1 by su* innovations z giv+ expression to faces1 & r5d]+ transp>5t drap]ies1 gave ! fir/ real advance to ! art4 ,s f> ,pl9y on ! beg9n+s ( ,greek pa9t+2 b its fur!r developm5ts1 & m p>ticul>ly ! relation ( ,polygnotos to ! fif?-c5tury vase-pa9t+s1 mu/ be m fully dealt ) 9 a succe$+ section4 ----- ,footnote #aaib3 ,e4g4 ,b #acj 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #aaic3 ,b4,m4 ,b #dbf4 ,footnote #aaid3 ,e4g4 ,b #aic-bje 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #aaie3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gf1 fig4 #aci4 ,footnote #aaif3 ,z ! ,bir? ( ,a!na1 ,b4,m4 ,vases1 ii4 p4 #aa1 & ,fig4 #aac 7,*apt] ,,xii474 ,footnote #aaig3 ,h]akles & ! ,nemean ,lion1 ibid4 p4 #ac2 ,fig4 #abe 7,*apt] ,,xiv47 & ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,footnote #aaih3 ,h]akles & ! ,eryman?ian ,bo>3 see ,fig4 #abf 7,*apt] ,,xiv474 ,footnote #aaii3 ,see also on ?is subject ,*apt] ,,xii4 init4 ,footnote #abjj3 ,g5]al ref]5ce may "h be made to ,kle9's ,liebl+s9s*rift51 #bnd edn4 ,footnote #abja3 ,see id41 ,mei/]signatur51 #bnd edn41 = full details4 ,footnote #abjb3 ,see also table at end ( ,*apt] ,,xvii41 & ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4#b p4 #cb ff4 ,! pr9cipal examples ( sign$ vases are illu/rat$ 9 ! ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]1 #ahhh-ia4 ,footnote #abjc3 ,a unique exception is ! e>ly ,attic pott] ,oikopheles1 :o uses ! ^w 7,ox=d #ahi ,a%molean ,vases1 pl4 #bf74 ,footnote #abjd3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhi1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #abje3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhi1 pl4 #e1 #a4 ,footnote #abjf3 ,re9a*1 ii4 #abj4 ,footnote #abjg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #baa 7,plate ,,xxix474 ,footnote #abjh3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #f1 fig4 #a4 ,footnote #abji3 ,cf4 ,ar4 ,ran4 #adjj3 ' 4 ,footnote #abaj3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #abaa3 ,adamek ,unsigni]te ,vas5 des ,a41 p4 #ac ff47 notes ! use ( fr+$ drap]ies z especially *>act]i/ic ( ,amasis4 ,by ?is means he is enabl$ to trace sev]al o!r vases to 8 h&4 ,footnote #abab3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #abac3 ,cf4 ,a #aecb f ,naukratis 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #abad3 ,loes*cke & ,k>o connect him ) ,samos1 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #abae3 ,see on ,amasis1 ,kle91 ,mei/]s4 p4 #dc2 ,adamek1 ,unsigni]te ,vas5 d4 ,a4 7,prag] ,/udi51 ,heft v472 ,k>o1 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #ace ff42 ,loes*cke 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,lexikon1 s4v4 ,o!r vases sign$ by ,amasis are3 ,re9a*1 i4 #cei1 #a & #dec1 #c2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijc1 ,no4 #de 7fragm5t ( cup ) eyes72 ,wrzburg1 iii4 #chd2 & "o m5tion$ 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahif1 p4 #agh1 note #a4 ,unsign$ vases attribut$ to him by ,adamek1 ,k>o1 & o!r writ]s are ,b4,m4 ,b #ec1 ,b #aea1 ,b #aig2 ,l\vre ,f #be1 ,f #bf1 ,f #bh1 ,f #cf2 ,b]l9 #afhh-ib1 #agca2 ,muni* #ge & #ha2 ,adamek1 op4 cit4 pls4 #a1 #b 7,b]l972 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #c2 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 pl4 #e 7,wrzburg72 ,re9a*1 i4 #eac1 #a-e 7,a!ns72 & two o!rs m5tion$ ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #aci1 ,nos4 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #abaf3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 #ahhh1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #b4 ,b see also ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahif1 pls4 #f-g1 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #abag3 ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 #gb ff41 reckons sev5te51 to :i* numb] two or ?ree mu/ be add$4 ,footnote #abah3 ,kle91 op4 cit4 p4 #ha1 ,no4 #ac4 ,footnote #abai3 ,= a rec5tly-discov]$ kylix pa9t$ by ,sakonides1 ) ,kaulos 787 z pott]1 see ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #aijc1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #abbj3 ,see ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 p4 #ahi ,footnote #abba3 ,mo/ ( 8 vases are illu/rat$ 9 ! ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt] = #ahij-ia4 ,footnote #abbb3 ,see ,loes*cke 9 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #ce4 ,he may h imitat$ ,etruscan bronze jugs1 :i* 7 n[ be+ import$4 ,! ,b]l9 vase 7,fig4 #acf1 ,*apt] ,,xv47 seems to be an imitation ( ! e>ly ,cyprio-,pho5ician metal b[ls 7ibid474 ,footnote #abbc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfd4 ,footnote #abbd3 ,loes*cke 7,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #cf7 has po9t$ out t ^! are ! mo/ ar*aic examples ( ! ,attic :ite-gr\nd vases4 ,footnote #abbe3 ,fig4 #b on ,plate ,,xxxv4 is also 8 "w4 ,footnote #abbf3 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ analogy is ! 8c\nt]*ang+0 ( h]aldry4 ,footnote #abbg3 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,cat4 #ahhh1 ,no4 #ajh2 #aijc1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #abbh3 ,see on ! curi\s te*nique ( ?is design ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahgi1 p4 #bij1 note #d4 ,footnote #abbi3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhi1 pl4 #d4 ,footnote #abcj3 ,note especially ! treatm5t ( ! l>ge eyes 9 ei!r case4 ,footnote #abca3 ,see on all ^! vases ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 p4 #a ff42 also ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 p4 #ae ff41 & ,jahre%efte1 #aijj1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #abcb3 ,on 8 te*nique see ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #aeg1 & ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai ff4 ,footnote #abcc3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #abcd3 ,a ?ird example is giv5 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 pp4 #dj-da 7) w>riors play+ dice74 ,footnote #abce3 ,! o!r examples are ,muni* #cgc1 #cge2 ,l\vre ,f #bjd2 a vase 9 ,bologna 7,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 pp4 #ah1 #ai72 & "o 9 ,wrzburg4 ,footnote #abcf3 ,j4,h4,s4 xix4 p4 #adg ff4 ,see also ,b4,m4 ,b #adi-ec2 ,gsell1 ,f\illes de ,vulci1 pls4 #g-h1 p4 #ejb4 ,footnote #abcg3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #adi1 #aeg4 ,footnote #abch3 ,see g5]ally ,c4 ,smi? 9 ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 #ahif-ig1 p4 #ahg ff42 & = a bibliography1 ,urli*s1 ,beitrge1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #abci3 ,inscr4 ,gr4 ii4 7,atticae7 pt4 #b1 ,no4 #ife4 ,footnote #abdj3 ,x is n likely t all ( ^? giv5 z prizes 7 pa9t$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( ! amphorae may d5ote ! numb] ( measures ( oil giv51 ! pa9t$ vases be+1 l mod]n silv] cups1 symbolical & honorific 7,c4 ,smi?1 loc4 cit474 ,footnote #abda3 ,see p4 #afj = a description4 ,footnote #abdb3 ,a f\r?-c5tury fragm5t at ,a!ns has ! "n ( ! agono!tes in/ead ( ! ar*on3 77 4 ,see ,brit4 ,s*ool ,annual1 #ahif-ig1 pl4 #af 7b74 ,footnote #abdc3 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #abdd3 ,riegl1 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #agf1 notes ! abs5ce ( all ! usual ,b4,f4 patt]ns4 ,! ivy-wrea?s repres5t an old ,boeotian tradition4 ,footnote #abde3 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhh1 pls4 #i-ab2 ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 pl4 #d1 p4 #gg ff42 ,b4,m4 ,b #gg-h4 ,footnote #abdf3 ,six 7see next note7 quotes ! ,b]l9 vase1 #ahdc l4 ,cr4 iv4 #ah1 9 illu/ration ( ?is4 ,footnote #abdg3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahhh1 pp4 #aic ff41 #bha ff4 ,footnote #abdh3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fia1 #gjj4 ,footnote #abdi3 ,cf4 ,mus4 ,ital4 ii4 pl4 #c ,de ,witte1 ,coll4 l',htel ,lamb]t1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #abej3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,b #fic4 ,footnote #abea3 ,six1 op4 cit4 pl4 #bi1 fig4 #i4 ,footnote #abeb3 ,8 *ief s\rce 0 ,x5okrates ( ,sikyon1 ab\t #bhj ,b4,c43 see ,jex-,blake & ,sell]s1 ,pl9y's ,*apt]s on ,greek ,art1 p4 xxviii2 ,mnz] 9 ,h]mes1 xxx4 7#ahie71 p4 #dii ff42 id41 ,beitr4 zur ,quell5kritik d] ,naturges*i*te des ,pl9ius 7#ahig74 ,footnote #abec3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #ae3 see ibid4 #ef4 ,footnote #abed3 ,probably an inhabitant ( ,naukratis1 & connect$ ) ! ,ionian s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,see ,smi?1 ,dict4 ,antiqs4#c ii4 p4 #dja2 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #ehb4 ,footnote #abee3 ,z oppos$ to m]e silh\ettes1 e4g4 ( ! ,dipylon vases4 ,"s writ]s take ! words 7sp>g5tes l9eas intus7 to ref] to gr\nd-ornam5ts 7see above1 p4 #cab74 ,footnote #abef3 ,on ! possible connection ( ,ekphantos ) ,melos1 see above1 p4 #cab4 ,/udniczka's argum5t re/s p>tly on ! e>ly use ( r$ on ! ,melian vases4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! use ( ! ^w 9 ! ,melian inscription1 he ?9ks t ! column support$ a votive pa9t$ p9ax or vase4 ,= te/a trita see ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie1 iv4 p4 #dgh ff4 ,footnote #abeg3 ,! e>lie/ vase-pa9t+ ) ?is subject is "o f ,a!ns 74 47 #ahhf1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #a74 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #abeh3 ,see ,jex-,blake & ,sell]s1 op4 cit4 p4 xxix4 ,footnote #abei3 ,^! arti/s repres5t ! ,dorian & ,cont95tal s*ool1 z oppos$ to ! poly*rome ,ionian 7see ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #ehd74 ,footnote #abfj3 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 sugge/$ 7,jex-,blake & ,sell]s1 p4 #aja7 t figuras1 ! ^w us$ by ,pl9y1 d5otes 8positions0 r ?an 8subjects40 ,b ?is w\ld seem m appropriate to ,kimon 7see bel[74 ,footnote #abfa3 ,z ,/udniczka ma9ta9s 7,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #aeb73 see also ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #abfb3 4 4 #ahhg1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #abfc3 ,a!nag4 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/o1 #ag1 #bic 7ed4 ,migne74 ,footnote #abfd3 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #ef4 ,footnote #abfe3 ,ev5 full face is exceptional on ! e>li] ,r4,f4 vases4 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #fg1 #gd1 & ,h>twig1 pl4 #ei1 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #abff3 ,he is p]haps m5tion$ by ,simonides ( ,keos 7,ov]beck1 ,s*riftquell51 #cgi74 ,footnote #abfg3 ,/udniczka says t catagrapha is a sci5tific t]m 8projection ( a figure40 ,cf4 ,/ephanus1 ,!saurus1 s4v41 & ,jahn 9 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahej1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #abfh3 ,lit4 8releas$ f milk & swaddl+-clo!s0 7,v>4 ,hi/4 viii4 #h74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,r$-,,figur$ ,,vases ,orig9 ( r$-figure /yle--,date ( introduction---names & hi/orical p]sonages--,te*nical *>act]i/ics--,draughtsman%ip--,%apes--,o rnam5tation--,subjects & types--,subdivisions ( /yle--,sev]e p]iod & arti/s--,/rong p]iod--,euphronios--,duris1 ,hi]on1 & ,brygos--,f9e p]iod--,influ5ce ( ,polygnotos--,lat] f9e p]iod--,boeotian local fabric4 ,at fir/ sight ! sudd5 rev]sal ( te*nical me?od involv$ 9 ! *ange f black figures on r$ gr\nd to r$ figures on black gr\nd is n easy to expla94 ,t x 0 a new inv5tion1 n a developm5t f ! old /yle1 is obvi\s1 see+ t no int]m$iate /age is possible4 ,! !ory has be5 promulgat$ by a ,g]man writ]#abfi t ! idea arose f ! effect ( ! ,gorgoneion pa9t$ on ! inside ( _m late ,b4,f4 kylikes4 ,und\bt$ly ! effect is t ( ! ,r4,f4 /yle1 ! face itself be+ left r$1 surr\nd$ by black hair1 beyond :i* ! black is cont9u$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! int]ior4#abgj ,b ?is !ory has n really mu* to support x2 ! ,gorgoneion is 9 ! ,r4,f4 te*nique1 & did n !re=e sugge/ x2 & ! e>lie/ ,r4,f4 kylikes usually h ,b4,f4 int]iors1 n ,r4,f4 ,x is exce$+ly d\btful t ! kylikes _h any?+ to d ) br++ ab\t ! *ange4 ,mu* m probable is ! sugge/ion t ! class ( vases ) opaque figures on black gr\nd 7p4 #cic7 repres5ts ! transition1 if transition x c be call$4#abga ,we h se5 t "s ( ^! correspond m to ! ,b4,f4 vases1 o!rs to ! ,r4,f41 & t 9 _m cases _! appe>ance is t ( ,r4,f4 vases4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t x occurr$ to ! pa9t] t x 0 m effective to let ! r$ clay ( ! backgr\nd appe> ?r\gh ! black :]ev] he w\ld place a figure ?an to pa9t ! r$ on to ! black4 ,b ^! vases are few 9 numb]2 & z ! ,r4,f4 vases sprang at once into great popul>ity1 ! new inv5tion mu/ h become too g5]al at ! v fir/ to h be5 adopt$ f su* a comp>atively r>e me?od4 ,!re is also a great] t5d5cy to naturalism 9 t class ?an 9 ! e>li] ,r4,f4 vases4 ,! fact is t !re _h be5 go+ on ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( e>ly art a t5d5cy 7to :i* ,b4,f4 vase-pa9t+ =ms an exception7 9 fav\r ( draw+ figures on a light gr\nd aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd4 ,& ev5 9 ! ,b4,f4 vases ?is t5d5cy is n altoge!r abs5t1 z se5 9 ! attempts at light5+ ! figures by mak+ !m poly*rome1 i4e4 ) purple & :ite1 & also by ! practice ( cov]+ ! re/ ( ! vase entirely ) black4 ,n[1 we h already se5 t ,&okides 0 a pa9t] :o lik$ to comb9e ! two me?ods on "o vase1 & also t he 0 "o :o inv>iably adopt$ ! completely black v>iety ( amphora1 = ,b4,f4 pa9t+ z well z ,r4,f4 ,8 ,l\vre vase ) ! wom5 swimm+ is cle>ly "o ( ! e>lie/ ,r4,f4 examples 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is !re=e mu* m likely t he repres5ts = u ! au?or ( ! new me?od ?an ,epiktetos or ! o!r arti/s :o pa9t$ 8mix$0 kylikes or :o us$ bo? /yles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t x 0 really 9 ! kylikes t ! new /yle rose into popul>ity4#abgb ,next to ! "q ( h[ ! new /yle 0 br\ght ab\t comes t ( :5 x arose1 & ! l5g? ( its duration at ,a!ns4 ,! *ronology ( ,r4,f4 vases re/s on two consid]ations--! inscriptions on ! vases !mselves1 & ! evid5ce ( hi/ory & excavations4 ,until )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s x _h be5 cu/om>y to reg>d ! ye> #dhj ,b4,c4 z ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two me?ods1 & ! e>lie/ date = ,r4,f4 vases4 ,yet z long ago z #ahcd ,ludwig ,ross1 f9d+ a fragm5t ( ,r4,f4 pott]y among ! debris ( ! ,p]sian sack ( ! ,acropolis1 acutely d$uc$ !refrom t ?is /yle mu/ necess>ily h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ! date ( ! sack1 i4e4 be=e #dhj ,b4,c4 ,8 views1 h[ev]1 fell on deaf e>s1 & x 0 n until ! sci5tific exploration ( ! ,acropolis 9 #ahhe-hi t 8 d$uction 0 se5 to be ju/ifi$4 ,! result ( ^! excavations 0 to %[ t among ! mass ( pott]y f\nd 9 ! pre-,p]sian /ratum a consid]able quantity belong$ to a comp>atively advanc$ /age ( ,r4,f4 pa9t+1 includ+ signatures ( arti/s ( ! ar*aic & sev]e /yle d[n to ,euphronios4 ,"s writ]s h ?\ght t ^! fragm5ts may belong to ! p]iod betwe5 #dhj & #dfj1 :5 ! rebuild+ ( ! site 0 begun2 b s _m %[ traces ( burn+ t x is f> m probable t ! e>li] date is correct4#abgc ,all[+1 !n1 = ! necess>y /ages ( developm5t up to ! "t ( ,euphronios1 ! beg9n+ ( ! /yle may be plac$ ab\t #ebe-ebj ,b4,c41 ! date at :i*1 z we h se51 ,&okides may be plac$4 ,besides 8 "n 7see above1 p4 #chg7 t ( ,euphronios 8! pott]0 0 also f\nd on a base 9 ! ,acropolis excavations4#abgd ,! o!r limit ( date w be m conv5i5tly discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t connection1 & x may suffice to say "h t ! gradual pu%+ back ( ! t]m9us po/ quem po9ts n[ to a mu* e>li] t]m9us ante quem ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,reasons w subsequ5tly appe> = plac+ ! t]m9ation ( ! r$-figure fabrics at ,a!ns 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> 7#daj-djj ,b4,c474 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by inscriptions is necess>ily affect$ 9 "s degree by t ( excavations1 & *iefly important = ! relative dates ( ! vases4 ,x is n palaeographical1 b is af=d$ ma9ly by "o class ( inscriptions1 t ( ! -names1 s f> z !y h an hi/orical significance4 ,^! names w be ! subject ( discussion else:]e1#abge & are only allud$ to "h = _! connection ) ! "q ( *ronology4 ,x is a well-kn[n feature ( ^! -names t _m are ^? ( fam\s hi/orical p]sonages1 su* z ,alkibiades1 ,megakles1 ,miltiades1 & ,hipp>*os4#abgf ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 any attempts to connect ! vases ) ! hi/orical be>]s ( ! names h met ) little success2 !re is also ! dang] ( argu+ 9 a circle--e4g4 ( say+ t because ,miltiades' "n appe>s on a vase1 x is !re=e to be dat$ 9 8 y\?1 & because ! vase belongs to ! date :5 ,miltiades 0 "y1 !re=e x be>s ! "n ( t individual4 ,:]e ! importance ( ^! names really comes 9 is 9 _! relation to p>ticul> arti/s or gr\ps ( arti/s4 ,9 ?is way1 z ,kle9 & ,h>twig h %[n1 connect+-l9ks betwe5 ! arti/s c be trac$ & _! *ronological sequ5ce assur$4 ,?is1 tak5 9 conjunction ) que/ions ( /yle & our fix$ dates obta9$ f o!r s\rces1 enables u to extract a fair work+ *ronology f all ! data4 ,! subject mu/1 h[ev]1 be dealt ) 9 great] detail :5 consid]+ ! "w ( individual arti/s1 & only a few g5]al /atem5ts c be laid d[n "h4 ,_m ( ! hi/orical -names1 su* z ,hipp>*os or ,glaukon1 7 probably v common at ,a!ns1#abgg & we h !re=e no gr\nds = atta*+ importance to _! appe>ance4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! great pa9t] ,euphronios1 ^: date is fairly c]ta91 x is important to note t two diff]5t names are connect$ ) vases 9 8 e>li] & lat] mann] respectively1 viz4 ,leagros#abgh & ,glaukon4 ,euphronios began 8 c>e] ab\t #ejj-dij ,b4,c41 & x probably cov]$ "s =ty ye>s1 f ab\t #die to #dee4 ,h5ce we may place ! "t ( ,leagros' y\? ab\t #die-dij1 t ( ,glaukon ab\t #dfe-dfj1 & x is rem>kable t ! latt] appe>s z 8son ( ,leagros0 9 "o or two cases4#abgi ,n[1 we "k t !re 0 an ,a!nian g5]al ,leagros :o 0 9 #dfg1 & fell 9 battle aga9/ ! ,edones 9 t ye>4 ,also t he _h a son1 ,glaukon1 :o comm&$ at ,k]kyra 9 #dcc-dcb4 ,9 ?is case ! hi/orical data fit 9 s exactly ) ! evid5ce ( ! vases & ( ! ,acropolis excavations#abhj t we ne$ h>dly hesitate to accept ! id5tity ( ^! two names4 ,x has be5 assum$--& ! assumption has h>dly be5 que/ion$--t ! -names are necess>ily always ^? ( y\?s1 i4e4 ( ab\t sev5te5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age2 ?is view is support$ bo? by ! g5]al "* ( ! subjects on ! vases :]e !y appe>1 & by ! frequ5t use ( ! analog\s =mula 4 ,dr4 ,h>twig has laid d[n c]ta9 conclusions 9 reg>d to ^! names :i* h met ) g5]al acceptance1 & may be briefly re/at$ "h by way ( summ>is+ ! subject4 7#a7 ,all vases ) ! same -"n are limit$ to a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 & consequ5tly all ^? :i* are by "o arti/ belong to a def9ite circumscrib$ p]iod ( 8 life4 7#b7 ,all vases by diff]5t arti/s1 b ) ! same -"n1 are approximately contemporane\s1 i4e4 )9 t5 ye>s4 7#c7 ,! appe>ance ( two or m -names on ! same vase indicates ! approximate simil>ity ( age ( ! p]sons nam$1 ! greate/ possible diff]5ce be+ t5 ye>s4 7#d7 ,all vases ) ! same -"n1 :e!r by "o arti/ or m1 c always be l9k$ toge!r by _! /yle2 ! same "n does n appe> on a man's e>lie/ & late/ vases4 ,he fur!r impresses ! caution t ! id5tity & position ( ! 7i4e4 :e!r or no !y belong$ to ! ari/ocratic class7 is a second>y "q comp>$ ) t ( ! developm5t ( pa9t+ :i* !y help to elucidate4 ,! "q ( fabric is "o t h>dly ne$s discussion1 ! evid5ce po9t+ s unanim\sly to ,a!ns 9 all cases4 ,! app>5t exceptions sugge/$ by classes ( vases f\nd almo/ exclusively on "o site1 l ! 8,nolan0 amphorae or ! ,gela leky?i1 c easily be %[n to be no real exceptions4 ,we h already met m ?an once ) in/ances ( p>ticul> fabrics be+ fav\r$ by p>ticul> places2 & j z ,ionian vases 7 import$ to ,ca]e or ,vulci1 & a special class ( ,attic ,b4,f4 vases made = ,cyprus1 s we may suppose t c]ta9 ,a!nian mak]s _h a monopoly ( export to ,nola1 to ,gela1 or else:]e4 ,o!rwise simil>ity ( /yle1 ( te*nique1 ( subject1 ( ! alphabet ( inscriptions1 & all o!r details po9t to a purely homog5e\s fabric1 & t ?is 0 locat$ 9 ,a!ns itself is n a matt] to be s]i\sly disput$4 ,to ?is complete monopoly :i* ,a!ns enjoy$ 9 ! fif? c5tury only "o exception c be trac$1 t ( ,boeotia1 :]e local fabrics cont9u$ to be made at ,!bes & ,tanagra4 ,( ^! "o class has already be5 discuss$ 7p4 #cia72 ! o!r w be treat$ ( subsequ5tly 7p4 #dea74 ,we mu/ next consid] briefly ! te*nical *>act]i/ics & ! =ms ( ! ,attic ,r4,f4 vases4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 ! me?od pursu$ dur+ ! p]iod "u consid]ation may be summ>is$ z foll[s4 ,! arti/ sket*es 8 design on ! r$ clay ) a f9e-po9t$ tool2 he !n surr\nds ?is outl9e ) black v>ni%1 laid on ) a p5 or bru%1#abha to ! ext5t ( ab\t an eigh? ( an in* all r\nd1 ?is be+ done to prev5t ! v>ni%1 :5 laid on ov] ! re/ ( ! gr\nd1 f runn+ ov] into any "p ( ! design4 ,f9ally1 details su* z features or folds ( drap]y are add$ ) a bru% 9 black l9es on ! r$1 ?is process repres5t+ ! incis$ l9es ( ! old /yle2 & fur!r details are (t5 express$ ei!r 9 a ?9n$ black pigm5t :i* becomes br[n & is sometimes only p]ceptible 9 a /rong light1 or by application ( :ite & purple z 9 ! la/ p]iod4 ,9 ! sev]e /yle purple is g5]ally us$2 b at a lat] /age ?is col\r 0 dropp$1 & f9ally replac$ by :ite4 ,! accessory col\rs 7 *iefly us$ = fillets 9 ! hair1 liquids1 fl[]s1 & o!r small details1 z well z = inscriptions4 ,?us we see t ! te*nical process ( ! prec$+ me?od is exactly rev]s$ & t ! figures n[ /& out 9 ! natural col\r ( ! clay aga9/ ! black gr\nd4 ,! advantages ( ! new me?od 7 obvi\s4 ,z long z ! vase-pa9t]s cont9u$ cont5t ) /iff & hi]atic =ms & m]e silh\ettes ! black figures 7 suffici5t4 ,! c>eful mapp+-out ( ! hair & muscles1 ! decorations1 & all ! details ( %ad[ 9 pa9t+ & ( unequal surface 9 sculpture c\ld be easily express$ by ! new me?od4 ,b x is evid5t t ^! /iff l9es 7 q inadequate to express ^? s(t] cont\rs1 :i* melt$1 z x 71 into "o ano!r1 & m>k$ ! m ref9$ grace & fre$om ( ! rapidly advanc+ s*ools ( sculpture & pa9t+4 ,by ! *ange ( col\r ( ! figures to ! lucid r$ or orange ( ! backgr\nd1 ! arti/ 0 enabl$ to draw l9es ( a tone or t9t sc>cely d>k] ?an ! clay itself1 b /ill suffici5t to express all ! f9] anatomical details2 :ile ! m important outl9es /ill cont9u$ to be m>k$ ) f9e black l9es4 ,at fir/ ! /yle is ess5tially ! same1 ! =ms precise1 ! eyes 9 pr(ile1 ! attitudes rigid1 & ! drap]ies rectil9e>4 ,! backgr\nds may h be5 pa9t$ 9 by an ord9>y workman1 & "s specim5s exi/ 9 :i* x has nev] be5 laid on 7cf4 p4 #bbb74 ,! arti/s seem to h work$ f slight sket*es1 & accord+ to _! individual feel+s & ideas1 & z duplicate designs are q unkn[n1 !re 0 cle>ly no sy/em ( copy+4 ,! correspond5ce ( /yle 9 ! figures on ! e>li] ,r4,f4 vases to ^? ( ,b4,f4 te*nique %[s t ! two me?ods mu/ h coexi/$ = a "t1 & ?is is fur!r borne out by ! mix$ vases ( ,&okides1 ,his*ylos1 & o!rs1 & by ! "w ( arti/s :o employ$ ei!r /yle1 l ,pamphaios4 ,! latt]1 = in/ance1 seems to h adh]$ to ! old /yle by pref]5ce = hydriae & l>ge vases1 b pref]r$ to foll[ ! new fa%ion 9 ! kylix4 ,to quote a rec5t writ]3 8,! new me?od op5$ up a pa? = ! fre] ex]cise ( ! imag9ation10 & we c see 9 ! r$-figure vases a gradual developm5t ( arti/ic conception & p[] ( expression1 toge!r ) ! %ak+ (f ( all re/rictions until ! p]fection ( draw+ is rea*$1 & 8! r$ figures /& out aga9/ ! black1 un5cumb]$ ) any?+ t might di/ract f h>mony ( col\r+ or purity ( outl9e40#abhb ,x is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! new /yle t x is draw+ r ?an pa9t+1 & x /&s out z ! f9al atta9m5t ( :at ! vase-pa9t]s _h really be5 /riv+ aft] f ! days ( ! ,melian & e>ly ,ionic w>es--namely1 ! p]fection ( l9e> design4 ,! same pr9ciple is at "w 9 ! vases ) :ite gr\nd :i* pass$ ?r\gh p>allel phases ( developm5t4 ,among m9or details ( draw+ 9 :i* an advance is conspicu\s is ! treatm5t ( hair1 eyes1 & drap]y4 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 /yle ! hair 0 indicat$ z a black mass1 /&+ out aga9/ ! light backgr\nd2 b n[ t ! backgr\nd _h become black1 a sep>ation 0 necess>y4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 done by adh]+ to ! old engrav$ l9e me?od1 = :i* came to be sub/itut$ a n>r[ unpa9t$ l9e4 ,next1 an advance 0 made 9 ! treatm5t ( ! hair itself1 ) a view to m accuracy 9 detail1 & ! cont\rs are undulat$ or sep>ate locks %[n on ! =ehead4 ,sometimes a k9d ( /ippl+ process is adopt$1 by means ( :i* ! hair is indicat$ by r[s or clu/]s ( rais$ dots1 repres5t+ close curls1 su* z are se5 9 ,attic sculpture ( ! late ar*aic p]iod4 ,! g5]al cont\rs ( ! =ms are sl5d]2 ! =eheads are l[1 ! noses prom95t1 ! eyes long1 ! *9s %>p1 ! legs %ort & ?ick1 & ! folds ( ! g>m5ts /iff & rectil9e>4 ,wom5 are n di/+ui%$ 9 ?is /yle ei!r by _! col\r or by ! %ape ( _! eyes1 9 :i* respects !y are drawn j l ! m51 b exclusively by _! co/ume & =m4 ,! :ite hair ( old m5 is indicat$ by :ite m>k+s on ! black gr\nd1 & curly hair1 z not$1 by little rais$ knobs ( black pa9t 774 ,! figures are g5]ally small1 b "s ( gr&iose proportions occur ev5 9 ! e>li] /ages1 ?\gh m *>act]i/ic ( ! succe$+ 8/rong0 /yle4 ,! pr9cipal outl9es are usually f9i%$ ) wond]ful _s & tru?1 b sometimes1 z 9 ! extremities1 great c>elessness is visible4 ,! g5]al effect is mu* enhanc$ by ! f95ess ( ! clay1 :i* 9 ! e>li] ,r4,f4 vases is ( a bright orange-r$1 z also by ! brilliancy ( ! black v>ni%4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,b4,m4 ,cat4 iii4 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,r5d]+ ,,( ,,eye4 ,! developm5t ( ! =m ( ! eye is mo/ important1 z an aid to *ronology 7see ,fig4 #ii74 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 p]iod x 0 inv>iably treat$ 9 two ways1--t ( a man z a complete circle1 9 front view1 betwe5 ! lids1 ( :i* ! upp] is m ar*$ ?an ! l[]2 t ( a woman is almond-%ap$4 ,9 ! ,r4,f4 vases ! eye 9 front view is /ill ma9ta9$ ) figures 9 pr(ile1 b ! sexes are n di/+ui%$2 ! pupil is pa9t$ black1 & ! lids drawn at fir/ l ! ,b4,f4 male eye1 !n almond-%ap$4 ,! next /age is to %ift ! pupil 7:i* n[ becomes a r+ ) c5tral dot7 into ! inn] corn]4 ,la/ly1 ?is corn] is op5$ out till x assumes ! correct pr(ile appe>ance1 & !n1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! pupil also atta9s ! correct =m4 ,ab\t midway 9 ?is developm5t1 z we h already se51 ! p[] is acquir$ ( mov+ ! position ( ! pupil to express look+ upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 or sideways2 ! importance ( ?is po9t z be>+ on ! new developm5ts ( ,kimon ( ,kleonae we h already discuss$4 ,! eyela%es are n r5d]$ until ! correct pr(ile is atta9$1 except 9 a few in/ances1 su* z ! ,b]l9 cup ( ,euphronios 7#bbhb71 :]e ! lids are fr+$ ) %ort1 v]tical /rokes4#abhc ,9 reg>d to ! treatm5t ( drap]y1 ! e>li] vases1 su* z ^? ( ! ,epiktetos cycle1 reta9 ! ,b4,f4 me?od ( r5d]+ folds only 9 ! skirts ( ! *iton1 ^! tak+ ! =m ( p>allel l9es4 ,gradually ! folds foll[ ! motion ( ! body2 & f9ally1 "u ,euphronios1 comes a m>k$ advance1 :]eby contra/s ( mat]ial are indicat$4#abhd ,he uses f9e br[n cr9kly l9es to repres5t ! s(t transp>5t ,a!nian fabric :i* we also see worn by ! ar*aic female figures ( ! ,acropolis4 ,among ! _m improvem5ts 9 draw+ effect$ dur+ ! ,r4,f4 p]iod1 a notable "o is t ( ! introduction ( true p]spective & m ?an conv5tional l&scape4 ,we "k f ! %ield ( ! ,a!na ,p>!nos t ?is began to be und]/ood at ,a!ns by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 z also f ! pa9t+s ( ,polygnotos1 & h5ce we are n surpris$ to f9d x appe>+ 9 ! vases ( ! p]iod :5 t arti/'s influ5ce began to be felt4 ,a f9e example is ! krat] f ,orvieto 9 ! ,l\vre1 ) an ,argonautic sc5e 7see p4 #ddb72 & ev5 m beautiful is ! ,blacas krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* %[s ,sel5e disappe>+ ov] ! top ( a hill1 & ! />s sett+ 9 ! sea 7see ,plate ,,liii474 ,^! two vases also illu/rate ! introduction ( ! new pr9ciple ( plac+ figures at diff]5t levels :i* 0 elaborat$ 9 ! ,meidias hydria1 ! vases ( ,k]t*1 & to a /ill great] degree 9 ^? ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,all ^! details indicate ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds a pictorial /yle1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 due to ,polygnotos4 ,! %apes ( ! ,r4,f4 p]iod are to a great ext5t ! same z 9 ! la/1 b mo/ ( !m are modifi$ to "s degree1 & "s new ones are introduc$4 ,moreov]1 ! relative popul>ity ( c]ta9 %apes v>ies1 ! amphora & hydria ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod be+ n[ surpass$ 9 fav\r by ! kylix1 ! krat] & leky?os receiv+ m att5tion1 & c]ta9 new =ms1 su* z ! askos & /amnos1 appe>+ at diff]5t /ages4 ,= ! fir/ half ( ! p]iod1 f #ebj to #dfj ,b4,c41 ! kylix is pre-em95t1 n only 9 po9t ( numb]s1 b = ! att5tion devot$ to its decoration4 ,x is1 z we h se51 d\btful :e!r x 0 actually 9 ! kylikes t ! new /yle came into be+1 b 9 any case !y =m ! mat]ial = ! /udy ( its e>li] phases4 ,! =m is t ( ! lat] ,b4,f4 v>ieties 7see p4 #aia71 z us$ by ,exekias & ! pa9t]s :o us$ ! l>ge eyes 9 its decoration1 trac+ its orig9 probably to an ,ionic s\rce4#abhe ,at fir/ ! decoration is (t5 conf9$ to ! int]ior1 or ! ext]ior designs are little m ?an conv5tional1 consi/+ ( ! eyes & a simple motive or figure betwe54#abhf ,9 ! /rong p]iod !re is usually a connection betwe5 ! int]ior & ext]ior designs1 ! :ole (t5 =m+ successive episodes ( a /ory#abhg2 b subsequ5tly ! old pr9ciple ass]ts itself1 & ! int]ior subject becomes ! important "o4 ,slight v>iations ( =m occur1#abhh z 9 ! cups ( ,brygos1 ) _! (f-set lip1 or ! delicate products ( ,sotades1 ! h&les ( :i* are %ap$ l a *ick5's m]ry?\ght4 ,9 ! late/ specim5s ! /em is (t5 replac$ by a flat broad foot1 or ! b[l becomes flat & ugly1 los+ all ! beauty ( ! e>li] graceful curves4 ,among o!r dr9k+-cups ! kotyle1 kan?>os1 & rhyton are mo/ (t5 f\nd4 ,! =m] 0 fav\r$ by ,epiktetos & ,hi]on1 & a kan?>os is sign$ by ,epig5es1 o!rs by ,niko/h5es & ,duris4 ,! kan?>os1 ?\gh a v beautiful =m1 is nev] common 9 ! pa9t$ vases1 be+ p]haps (t5] made 9 metal4 ,among ! kotylae we may m5tion "h a s]ies pa9t$ ) an owl & olive-wrea?1#abhi :i* obvi\sly h "s ref]5ce to ! cult ( ,a!na4 ,!y h be5 id5tifi$1 b on slight au?ority1 ) ! m5tion$ by ,a!naeus#abij2 b _! real mean+ has n yet f\nd a satisfactory explanation4 ,! rhyton /rictly belongs to ! s]ies ( pla/ic vases 7see pp4 #bja1 #baa71 ! l[] portion be+ always modell$ 9 ! =m ( a head1 human or animal1 or two conjo9$4 ,"s ( ^! are sign$ by arti/s1 su* z ,*>9os & ,kaliades4#abia ,( ! amphora ?ree ma9 v>ieties are f\nd4 ,! e>li] type1 :i* reproduces ! 8black-bodi$0 or panel-amphora ( ! ,b4,f4 p]iod1 did n long rema9 9 fav\r1 & 0 ma9ly us$ by ,&okides & ,eu?ymides & _! associates4 ,! panel sy/em ( decoration is /ill reta9$1 ! framework be+ =m$ ( ornam5tal patt]ns z 9 ! old /yle4 ,secondly1 !re is ! 8,nolan0 amphora1 :i* came 9 ab\t #ejj-dhj ,b4,c41 & 0 obvi\sly an improvem5t on ! old 8r$-bodi$0 ,b4,f4 type4 ,x is a v graceful1 sl5d] =m1 ) long neck1 di/+ui%$ by ! surpass+ excell5ce ( its black v>ni%1 & ! impression ( ta/e & re/ra9t giv5 by its simple decoration ( "o or two figures ea* side 7see ,plate ,,xxxvi474 ,! ?ird v>iety is ! s-call$ pelike 7see p4 #afc71 a n v successful v>iation ( ! amphora1 b = "s reason v popul> 9 ! lat] /ages4 ,) its flat foot & bulb\s body x /&s 9 ! same relation to ! amphora z does ! s-call$ aryballos 7see bel[7 to ! leky?os4 ,two =ms t may be connect$ ) ! amphora are ! /amnos & ! psykt] 7see pp4 #afc1 #agb74 ,! =m] is peculi> to ! ,r4,f4 p]iod 9 its e>li] /ages2 ! fir/ kn[n example is sign$ by ,pamphaios1 a 8transitional0 arti/4 ,mo/ ( ! kn[n specim5s atta9 a high av]age ( excell5ce4 ,! psykt] or w9e-cool] is v r>e1 b !re are two f9e examples sign$ by ,euphronios & ,duris4 ,! hydria 9 ?is p]iod at fir/ reta9s ! ,b4,f4 =m1 z se5 9 an example ( ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 sign$ by ,ph9tias 7,b4,m4 ,e #aei71 b ! t5d5cy to pref] a curvil9e> outl9e is soon manife/$4 ,! new developm5t is conv5tionally kn[n z a kalpis4 ,! %\ld] hav+ ceas$ to be di/9ct f ! body1 ! design becomes s+le1 or else is conf9$ to ! upp] "p ( ! field4 ,( ! krat] we h at lea/ f\r v>ieties1 all belong+ to ! m develop$ /ages ( ! p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ example is ! ,antaios-krat] ( ,euphronios 9 ! ,l\vre1 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 :i* is ( ! =m kn[n z vaso a calice 7p4 #agj72 b ?is & ! o!r v>ieties nev] become really common till ! f9al /ages are rea*$4 ,! bell-krat]1 or vaso a campana1 is only f\nd 9 ! late f9e p]iod1 & is !n almo/ ! only k9d ( l>ge vase made2 ! volute-h&l$ krat]1 :i* 0 develop$ f ! old column-h&l$ type1 is se5 9 "s f9e specim5s4 ,at fir/ ! design 7z 9 ! ,b4,f4 example by ,niko/h5es1 ,b4,m4 ,b #cfd7 is conf9$ to ! neck4 ,! treatm5t ( ! column-h&l$ type is int]e/+ z a survival ( ar*aism bo? 9 design & arrangem5t1 ) ! bord]$ panels & occasional ,b4,f4 friezes ( animals4#abib ,among ! small] vases1 ! o9o*o & leky?os ) _! v>ieties1 ! askos & ! pyxis1 are ! mo/ important4 ,) ! exception ( ! ord9>y =m ( leky?os ^! belong *iefly to ! lat] /ages1 :5 ! pref]5ce 0 = a sort ( m9iature /yle4 ,v few ( ^! be> arti/s' signatures4 ,! o9o*o diff]s little f ! ,b4,f4 examples2 ! pyxis is practically a revival ( an old =m fav\r$ 9 ! ,cor9?ian & o!r e>ly fabrics4 ,! latt] are usually decorat$ ) dome/ic or m>riage subjects1 9 ref]5ce to _! use by wom5 = toilet purposes 7see ,plates ,,xlii41 ,,xliii474 ,! leky?os 01 z we %all see1 ! =m exclusively employ$ = ! fun]al vases1 & l>gely also = o!rs ) poly*rome decoration on :ite gr\nd4 ,^? pa9t$ ) r$ figures belong ma9ly to ! /rong p]iod 7#ejj-dfj71 & h be5 mo/ly f\nd 9 ,sicily1 :i!r !y 7 import$ by pref]5ce1 l ! amphorae made = ,nola2 a f9e specim5 is giv5 on ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,:5 ?is =m came to be adopt$ = ! fun]al vases1 a new type arose ) bulb\s or sph]ical body1 conv5tionally kn[n z an aryballos4 ,9 ! late f9e /yle we h _m examples ( ?is =m1 ) ri* poly*rome decoration & gild+ 7,plate ,,xlii474#abic ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,illu/ration3 ,,r$-,,figur$ 8,,nolan0 ,,amphorae ,,& ,,leky?os 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,! ornam5tal patt]ns on ,r4,f4 vases d n1 g5]ally speak+1 call = s mu* att5tion z ^? ( e>li] /yle2 !y are on ! :ole us$ ) great re/ra9t & little v>iety1 & are m subord9ate to ! designs ?an at any o!r p]iod ( vase-pa9t+4 ,! pr9cipal motives are ! palmette1 mae&]1 & egg-patt]n2 all o!rs are comp>atively r>e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 on ! e>ly amphorae & hydriae1 & on ! column-h&l$ krat]s d[n to q a late date1 ! survival ( ! old panel sy/em ) its bord]s ( ornam5t4 ,/rictly speak+1 n[ t ! backgr\nd 0 black ?r\gh\t1 !re 0 no necessity = enclos+ ! space on :i* ! figures 7 depict$2 b ! cons]vative in/9cts prevail$1 especially :ile ! old %apes 7 reta9$4#abid ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ^! vases assum$ new =ms1 ! bord]s 7 almo/ unconsci\sly dropp$--fir/ ! sides1 !n ! top1 & la/ly ! l[] bord]1 :i* ma9ta9$ its gr\nd long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! same t5d5cy1 f a =mal framework to absolute fre$om1 is 9 fact to be obs]v$ 9 all ! vases2 & 9 ! lat] /ages we note a new developm5t1 t ( an elaborate patt]n ( palmettes "u ! h&les1 :i* assumes m & m prom95ce4 ,! evolution ( ! palmette on ,r4,f4 vases has be5 skilfully trac$ by ,dr4 ,w9t]#abie 9 ref]5ce to ! kylikes2 b x is no less int]e/+ 9 ! amphorae & simil> =ms4 ,9 bo? cases x arose f ! t5d5cy to make ! h&les t]m9ate 9 /ylis$ palmettes1 :i* on ! ,b4,f4 kylikes ( ! m9or arti/s are (t5 a prom95t elem5t 9 ! decoration4 ,simil>ly1 on ! ,b4,f4 r$-bodi$ amphorae we h ! symmetrical compositions ( palmettes "u ! h&les radiat+ f a common c5tre4 ,^! 7 at fir/ r$uc$ to a mode/ s+le palmette or a pair1 b soon spread out aga91 pres]v+ at fir/ ! symmetrical gr\p+2 subsequ5tly1 ) an increas+ t5d5cy to naturalism1 ! palmettes1 enclos$ )9 graceful t5drils1 =m unsymmetrical b highly pleas+ compositions )\t any def9ite c5tre4#abif ,?is developm5t ( ornam5t "u ! h&les--to :i* "p ( ! vase x 0 almo/ re/rict$--c be trac$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 till x rea*es its height ab\t ! middle4 ,:]e a b& ( ornam5t 0 requir$ r\nd ! base ( ! design1 z on ! l>ge calyx-krat]s1 x takes ! =m ( a r[ ( palmettes enclos$ 9 t5drils1 9 ! /yle ( mod]n arabesques2 or ! palmettes are arrang$ 9 pairs1 set obliquely1 & ea* pair divid$ by a scroll end+ 9 volutes4 ,or1 aga91 a r[ ( some:at squat palmettes1 simil>ly enclos$1 alt]nates ) lotos-fl[]s 9 ! old /yle1 z on ,b4,m4 ,e #afi4abig ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,palmettes ,,"u ,,h&les 7,,e>ly ,r4,f4 ,,p]iod74 ,9 ! kylikes ! developm5t ( ! h&le-ornam5t fir/ beg9s ) ,epiktetos1 :o 7z on ,e #c 9 ,b4,m47 fir/ draws a free palmette ) sep>at$ leaves on ei!r side4#abih ,z ! t5d5cy to cov] ! :ole ( ! ext]ior space ) ! design increas$1 ! int]v5+ space "u ! h&le came to be fill$ 9 also1 by ext5d+ ! t5drils ( ! palmettes & t]m9at+ !m ) buds 7,fig4 #ajj74abii ,next1 a t5d5cy to symmetrical composition ea* side is se51 ! palmettes be+ d\bl$ 9 numb]#acjj2 or1 aga91 an attempt is made at unit+ ! two isolat$ palmette-sy/ems 9 "o h>moni\s :ole1 & at ! same "t to fill ! int]v5+ space1 by means ( int]lac+ t5drils4#acja ,! palmettes are fur!r increas$ to ?ree or f\r ea* side1 & 9 ! arrangem5t is se5 ! t5d5cy to fre$om ev5 at ! co/ ( symmetry already not$1 z 9 ,fig4 #aja4acjb ,?us is rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! sev]e passes into ! /rong /yle4 ,9 ! latt] ! palmettes are (t5 omitt$ altoge!r1#acjc especially :]e ! two ext]ior sc5es are connect$2 or _! place is tak5 by "s figure "u ! h&le1 z on vases by ,hi]on or ,brygos4 ,:]e ! patt]ns d occur1 !y are (t5 /]eotyp$1 z 9 ! vases ( ,duris1 :o on n9e examples ) h&le-patt]ns repeats ! same device 9 ea* case4 ,9 ! f9e /yle1 aft] #dfj ,b4,c41 ! symmetrical arrangem5t recurs1 ! usual type consi/+ ( a d\ble palmette betwe5 two l>ge ones1 ) connect+ & enclos+ t5drils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,palmettes ,,"u ,,h&les 7,,lat] ,,/age74 ,ano!r me?od ( trac+ ! *ronological sequ5ce ( ! ,r4,f4 cups is by means ( ! mae&] patt]ns :i* surr\nd ! int]ior design & ext5d bel[ ! outside sc5es 7,fig4 #ajb74acjd ,a p>allel developm5t ( ?is patt]n may also be trac$ on ! amphorae & o!r vases1 :]e x is us$ z a bord] bel[ ! figures4 ,9 ! sev]e /yle1 z 9 ! cups ( ,epiktetos1 ?is patt]n has n yet made its appe>ance1 & its place is tak5 by a simple l9e ( r$2 & 9 ! vases ( ,euphronios1 on :i* x is fir/ f\nd1 a simple mae&] is employ$4 ,! fir/ to v>y ?is 0 ,duris1 :o alt]nates x ) squ>es1 ! c5tre ( :i* is 8void$0 9 ! =m ( a r$ cross1 & ?is practice subsequ5tly became inv>iable4 ,! squ>e itself %[s a developm5t ( =m1 ! cross be+ fir/ fill$ 9 ) a black c5tre1 !n made diagonal2 next1 ! black backgr\nd is l>gely dim9i%$1 until x disappe>s1 except = dots betwe5 ! arms ( ! black cross2 f9ally1 x *anges into ! =m ( a *equ]$ squ>e1 black & r$1 ( :i* ! r$ squ>es are sometimes dott$4 ,! subjects on r$-figur$ vases may n p]haps be s v>i$ or s full ( my?ological int]e/ z ^? on ! black-figur$1 b yet pres5t _m features wor?y ( att5tion4 ,at ! v outset we see ! t5d5cy t[>ds sc5es f real life 9 pref]5ce to ^? f my?ology2 & on ! :ole ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ! ratio ( "o class to ! o!r is exactly ! rev]se ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,nor are ! /ock subjects 9 ei!r class ! same4 ,9 reg>d to my?ology ! cosmogonic !mes ( ,b4,f4 vases1 su* z ! ,gigantoma*ia & ! ,bir? ( ,a!na1 are replac$ by su* subjects z ,eleus9ian & ,attic local cults1 ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos or ! bir? ( ,eri*?onios4 ,9 ! h]oic cycles ,h]akles is no long] ! popul> fav\rite1 b is supplant$1 = reasons pres5tly to be detail$1 by ,!seus4 ,! ,argonautika frequ5tly provides subjects = vases ( ! m develop$ /yle1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,polygnotos is felt2 & ! ,odyssey beg9s to rival ! ,iliad z a s\rce ( epic !mes4 ,! influ5ce ( ! /age is z yet h>dly felt1 ?\gh "h & !re sc5es may be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( "s ,satyric drama4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,b4,m4 ,cat4 iii4 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,mae&]-,,&-,,cross ,,patt]n4 ,9 subjects relat+ to ,dionysos & 8 att5dant ,satyrs & ,ma5ads a consid]able *ange is to be not$1 9 ! direction ( a pref]5ce = viol5t action4 ,! ,bac*ic revell]s ( ! ,b4,f4 vases1 ev5 at _! highe/ pit* ( excitem5t1 are g5]ally /iff wood5 figures1 ) me*anical & re/ra9$ pose or action4 ,b ! ext]iors ( _m cups ( ! be/ ,r4,f4 p]iod1 su* z ^? ( ,hi]on or ,brygos1 are enliv5$ by ?rongs ( fr5zi$ ,ma5ads & wild drunk5 ,satyrs1 giv5 up to ! mo/ unre/ra9$ & lic5ti\s m]rim5t 7see ,*apt] ,,xiii474 ,turn+ to ! subjects ( daily life aga91 x may be obs]v$ t on ! ,b4,f4 vases ! pref]5ce is = battle-sc5es1 w>riors sett+ out = battle1 or sc5es ( ! *ase2 ev5 a?letic subjects are 9 a great m9ority1 except on ! ,pana!naic amphorae4 ,9 ! ,r4,f4 p]iod ! pref]5ce is = a?letic sc5es1 banquets1 & ! life ( wom5 & *ildr52 we also f9d frequ5t illu/rations ( religi\s cults1 & sc5es ( sacrifice & libations4 ,! ,r4,f4 vases ( ! sev]e /age 9 ! ma9 foll[ on ! l9es ( ! lat] ,b4,f4 p]iod1 except 9 ! int]iors ( ! kylikes ( ! ,epictetan cycle4 ,9 ^! we f9d v few in/ances ( my?ological subjects1 unless x be s+le figures ( ,satyrs4 ,! ma9 object ( ! pa9t] 0 to fill 9 ! circul> space z be/ he might1 & ?is space only admitt$ ( a s+le figure1 ! rule be+ obs]v$ t ext]ior & int]ior figures %\ld be ( simil> proportions4 ,h5ce ! easie/ solution 0 obvi\sly to *oose a simple figure1 su* z t ( a nude "y man1 & depict him 9 v>i\s simple attitudes1 runn+1 leap+1 c>ry+ a vase or musical in/rum5t1 or o!rwise engag$ 9 su* a way z to fill ! space ) 8 limbs or ! objects he c>ri$ 7see p4 #dbf74 ,9 ! 8/rong0 /yle we obs]ve a new pr9ciple at "w1 :i* may be describ$ 9 a s+le phrase z 8! glorification ( ! ,attic ephebos or "y a?lete40 ,a new impetus _h be5 giv5 to a?letics at ,a!ns by ! ,peisi/ratidae1 :o enc\rag$ a m ext5sive celebration ( fe/ivals1 & ?us we f9d a gr[+ fondness = ! introduction ( sc5es f ! palae/ra & /adium1 (t5 r5d]$ ) consid]able _s & unconv5tionality1 z 9 a gr\p ( box]s qu>rell+1#acje or on ano!r vase depict+ ! humor\s side ( ! arm$ foot-race4#acjf ,! introduction ( sc5es f ! /ory ( ,!seus1 :i* n[ beg9 to be frequ5t1 especially on ! kylikes1 is no d\bt due p>tly to ?is cause1 ?\gh p>tly also to religi\s & patriotic reasons4 ,!seus seems to h be5 reg>d$ z ! typical ,attic ephebos & a?lete1 & 8 conte/s z analog\s to success 9 ! palae/ra4 ,h5ce ! gr\p+ ( sc5es f 8 lab\rs aft] ! mann] ( gr\ps ( a?letes v>i\sly engag$4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ! popul>ity ( ! ,!seus leg5ds 0 due to ! br++ back ( 8 bones f ,skyros by ,kimon1 & _! solemn burial 9 ! ,!seion1 :i* gave rise to a regul> cult ( ! national h]o4 ,b ?is took place 9 #dfi ,b4,c41 & rec5t inve/igations h %[n t _m ( ! ,!seus vases mu/ be plac$ at an e>li] date4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 suppos$ to h appe>$ at ! battle ( ,m>a?on 9 aid ( ! ,a!nians1 & ?is ev5t may h be5 q suffici5t to br+ 8 cult into prom95ce4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury sev]al new types are introduc$--su* z ! y\? z di/+ui%$ f ! ephebos1 ! girl z di/+ui%$ f ! matur$ woman1#acjg & ! infant play+ ) toys4 ,juv5ile games1 su* z ! top1 hoop1 & knucklebones1 n[ become g5]ally popul>4 ,! evolution ( ! types ( ,eros & ,nike virtually dates f ?is "t#acjh2 hi!rto ,eros 7z1 = in/ance1 on ! kylikes7 has seldom appe>$1 & ,nike is also h>dly f\nd be=e ! 8/rong0 /yle4 ,mean+less gr\ps ( figures1 conv]s+ or )\t p>ticul> action1 are common on ! ext]ior ( cups by ,hi]on & 8 contempor>ies2 & simil> gr\ps1 ?\gh1 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! times1 m freely & pictorially compos$1 become ! recognis$ me?od ( decorat+ ! small elegant vases ( ! late f9e /yle4 ,9 "s ( ^! an anci5t practice is reviv$ ( attempt+ to give int]e/ to ! sc5es by add+ my?ological names to ! figures4 ,b ^! are *os5 q at haphaz>d1 sometimes z vague p]sonifications 7see ,*apt] ,,xii41 "u ,aphrodite71 sometimes 9 su* anomal\s collocations z ,!tis & ,hippolyte1 or ,danae1 ,hel51 & ,iphig5eia4#acji ,9 ! treatm5t ( my?ological sc5es x is curi\s to note h[1 almo/ f ! fir/1 ! well-worn conv5tional types ( ! ,b4,f4 /yle are disc>d$1 ! pa9t]1 ) 8 new-born capacities = draw+ & free composition1 in/9ctively =m+ 8 own idea ( 8 subject1 & dep>t+ f ! l9es on :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h work$4 ,"s subjects are almo/ entirely ignor$1 su* z ! *>iot procession 7( ,h]akles or deities71 ! conte/s ( ,h]akles ) ,triton & ! ,cretan bull1 w>riors play+ draughts1 & ,odysseus & ,polyphemos4 ,! lab\rs ( ,h]akles are l>gely replac$ by ^? ( ,!seus4 ,9 o!r cases ! subjects are /ill popul>1 b ! 8type0 is no long] pres]v$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is or "s ( ! lab\rs ( ,h]akles4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! pr9ciple ( recognis$ 8types0 is altoge!r abs5t f ! ,r4,f4 vases4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 c]ta9 motives :i* occur ov] & ov] aga91 only ) ?is diff]5ce--t !y are n always employ$ ) ! same signification4 ,?us ! 8pursu+0 type1 :i* is z common z any on ,r4,f4 vases1 may be ei!r my?ological or ord9>y4 ,9 ! =m] case ,eos pursues ,kephalos1 or ,m5elaos ,hel52 9 ! latt] a ,seil5os pursues a ,ma5ad1 or a w>rior or hunt] a woman4 ,?is type becomes almo/ conv5tional1 & ! figures c only be id5tifi$ :5 inscrib$4 ,!seus1 ,ajax1 ,ore/es1 ,ion1 ,alkmaion1 & ,neoptolemos all pursue wom5 9 ! same mann]4 ,aga91 ! ,b4,f4 type ( ,peleus seiz+ ,!tis1 sometimes f\nd on ,r4,f4 vases1#acaj is us$ = t ( a ,seil5os seiz+ a ,ma5ad1 ev5 ! snakes into :i* ,!tis trans=ms h]self becom+ ! ord9>y attribute ( ! ,bac*anal4 ,a diff]5t class ( subjects1 9 :i* ! subject rema9s ! same b ! type v>ies1 is also f\nd on ,r4,f4 vases4 ,9 su* cases ! v>i\s arti/s seem to h drawn _! inspiration f ! same model2 x might be a fam\s six?-c5tury pa9t+ or sculptur$ gr\p1 b ea* has treat$ x accord+ to 8 own individuality4 ,a good in/ance is ! subject ( ! sack ( ,troy1 ! pr9cipal episodes ( :i* we f9d depict$ by ! ma/]s ,euphronios & ,brygos 7,plate ,,liv471 & on a hydria ( some:at lat] date4#acaa ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,r4,f4 vases is ! individualis+ ( b>b>ian types1 a new feature 9 ,greek art4 ,x is possible t ?is is l>gely ! effect ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 :i* r5d]$ ! ,greeks famili> ) b>b>ian co/umes4#acab ,9 any case ! fa%ion ( we>+ ,?racian cloaks & o!r outl&i% g>m5ts seems to h be5 adopt$ by ! "y m5 ( ,a!ns at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 & _m ( ! cups ( t p]iod repres5t "y horsem5 app>ell$ 9 ?is fa%ion 7see ,*apt] ,,xv474 ,!re 0 also 9 ! fif? c5tury a fondness = vases modell$ 9 ! =m ( heads ( negroes or ,p]sians4 ,su* subjects z ^? relat+ to ,orpheus1 ! rape ( ,orei?yia1 ,h]akles & ,busiris1 or combats ( ,greeks ) ,amazons or ,p]sians1 also illu/rate ! popul>ity ( ^! new ideas4 ,! only o!r class ( subjects to :i* ref]5ce ne$ be made is t deal+ ) religi\s cults1#acac su* z libations or sacrifices to deities or t]m9al figures1 p>ticul> c]emonies & fe/ivals1 or quasi-religi\s competitions ( an a?letic or musical k9d4#acad ,9 reg>d to /yle1 ! ,attic r$-figur$ vases fall into f\r pr9cipal gr\ps1 :i* are usually classifi$ z foll[s 7?\gh ea* gr\p is sometimes subdivid$73-- 7#a7 ,! ar*aic or sev]e p]iod 7ab\t #ebj-ejj ,b4,c471 9 :i* !re is little advance 9 ! draw+1 :i* is /iff & lacks te*nical fre$om4 ,ap>t f ! new exp]im5ts 9 te*nique1 x is m>k$ by its wide & novel *oice ( subjects1 ) great att5tion paid to details4 ,! pr9cipal arti/s ^: signatures are f\nd 9 ?is gr\p are3 7a7 cup-pa9t]s--,epiktetos1 ,his*ylos1 ,pheidippos1 ,pamphaios1 ,*elis1 ,*a*rylion1 ,eu]gides1 ,epilykos1 ,h]maios1 ,sikanos2 7b7 o!r pa9t]s--,&okides1 ,eu?ymides1 ,ph9tias 7amphora & hydria71 ,hypsis 7hydria71 ,psiax & ,hil9os4 7#b7 ,! /rong /yle 7ab\t #ejj-dfj ,b4,c471 *>act]is$ by a great & sudd5 advance 9 draw+ & p[] ( expression1 :i* leads ! pa9t] to attempt difficult subjects ) success4 ,! difficulties ( front-view or ?ree-qu>t] draw+1 z oppos$ to ! old pr(ile-figures1 are also l>gely ov]come4 ,9 ! amphorae & o!r =ms ! compositions are re/ra9$ & dignifi$1 be+ (t5 limit$ to "o or two figures 9 l>ge /yle4 ,! pr9cipal arti/s are3 7a7 cup-pa9t]s--,euphronios1 ,oltos1 ,sosias1 ,ph9tias1 ,pei?9os1 ,duris1 ,hi]on1 ,brygos1 ,amasis1 ,onesimos2 7b7 o!r arti/s--,euxi!os1 ,smikros4 7#c7 ,! f9e /yle 7ab\t #dfj-ddj ,b4,c47 exhibits ! culm9ation ( te*nique & composition1 ) great bread? & l>g5ess ( conception 9 ! l>g] vases1 delicacy & ref9em5t 9 ! small]4 ,cup-pa9t+ has pass$ its z5i?1 & yields comp>atively few arti/s' names4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! influ5ce ( ,polygnotos & ! great pa9t]s beg9s to make itself felt1 9 a t5d5cy to m pictorial composition2 l&scape is indicat$1 & figures are plac$ at diff]5t levels4 ,! influ5ce ( sculpture may also be trac$4 ,! *ief arti/s' names are3 ,aeson1 ,ari/ophanes & ,erg9os1 ,epig5es1 ,hegias1 ,h]monax1 ,megakles1 ,polygnotos1 ,sotades1 & ,x5otimos2 ,meidias & ,nikias2 ,x5ophantos4 7#d7 ,! late f9e /yle 7ab\t #ddj-djj ,b4,c47 is m>k$ by a great fall+-(f 9 e respect4 ,! extraord9>ily rapid advance1 bo? 9 arti/ic conception & 9 p[] ( execution1 dur+ ! prec$+ fifty ye>s1 fo/]$ by ! concurr5t advance 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 ha/5$ ! vase-pa9t] to 8 ru94 ,) ! atta9m5t ( p]fection 9 draw+1 dext]ity & grace are 8 sole aim1 & 9 place ( vig\r & orig9ality we meet ) ov]-ref9em5t & mann]isms1 & florid pictorial compositions execut$ 9 a c>eless mann]4 ,we n[ propose to speak 9 detail ( ! pr9cipal arti/s ( ?is p]iod1 a /udy ( ^: works w be suffici5t to give a cle> idea ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! new /yle1 at all ev5ts d[n to ! middle ( ! c5tury4#acae ,aft] t "t ! signatures become s r>e t ! lat] vases are be/ treat$ z a :ole4 ,x is important to note1 by way ( prelim9>y1 ! v>i\s me?ods ( signature :i* ! arti/s adopt 7see also ,*apt] ,,xvii474#acaf ,! ord9>y signatures fall "u f\r head+s3 7#a7 2 7#b7 2 7#c7 ,a4 1 ,b4 7#d7 ,a4 4 ,9 ! ar*aic p]iod cov]s ! "w ( ! pott] & pa9t]1 except 9 ! case :]e ! latt] is specially m5tion$4 ,9 ! be/ p]iod we usually f9d on ! kylikes1 on ! amphorae4 ,euphronios & ,ph9tias use ei!r 7#a7 or 7#b74 ,! vase ,e #ab 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has only ! inscription1 2 b1 z w be se5 lat]1 !re is good reason = suppos+ t ! ext]ior 0 n pa9t$ by him4 ,diff]5t =mulae1 x has be5 sugge/$1 may repres5t diff]5t p]iods 9 a man's c>e]1 z 9 ! case ( ,euphronios1 :o 0 at fir/ a pa9t] 9 ,*a*rylion's work%op1 !n work$ indep5d5tly1 & f9ally adopt$ ,onesimos z a p>tn] 7see p4 #dcd74 ,! use ( ! imp]fect 9 "s cases is *>act]i/ic ( ! transitional p]iod 7see bel[1 p4 #dcj74 ,9 ! ar*aic or sev]e p]iod ! typical "n is t ( ,epiktetos1 :o1 z we h se51 is ?\ght by "s au?orities to h be5 actually ! inv5tor ( ! r$-figure /yle4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he is ! pr9cipal repres5tative ( ! developm5t ( cup-pa9t+ dur+ ?is p]iod--a developm5t :i* has be5 c>efully trac$ by ,kle94#acag ,we h no ,b4,f4 kylikes sign$ by him1 al?\gh !re are f\r examples ( 8mix$0 cups ) ,b4,f4 int]iors1 ?ree ( :i* 7 made by ,his*ylos1 ! f\r? by ,niko/h5es1 :ile ,epiktetos 0 presumably responsible = ! :ole ( ! decoration4 ,he inv>iably signs ) ! =mula 1 f :i* we "k t all 8 sign$ vases are actually ! "w ( 8 bru%4 ,besides ^? already m5tion$1 he pa9t$ two cups :i* be> ,pamphaios' "n z pott]1 & two m ) ^? ( ,his*ylos & ,py?on z pott]s--all ,r4,f4 ?r\gh\t1 "o ( ! ,pamphaios cups reta9+ ! old fa%ion ( decoration ) eyes on ! ext]ior4 ,! vase made by ,py?on#acah is int]e/+ f its subject--! slay+ ( ,busiris by ,h]akles4#acai ,x belongs to an advanc$ /age ( 8 c>e]1 :5 ! ext]ior designs 7 assum+ m importance & develop+ f decorative compositions to regul> friezes4 ,?irte5 kylikes & t5 plates ) designs l ^? on ! int]iors ( ! cups 7,plate ,,xxxvii471 a kotyle ) ,pi/ox5os' "n z pott]1 & two amphorae1 make up ! total ( ,epiktetos' p]=mances4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,kylix ,,( ,,transitional ,,/yle2 #b1 ,,plate ,,by ,,epiktetos 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,murray ?us describes ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,epiktetos' "w#acbj3 8,no pa9t] is s uni=m & at ! same "t s peculi> 9 8 mann] z ,epiktetos4 ,8 draw+ is always *>act]is$ by precision & fa/idi\sness4 ,he loves slim1 y\?ful =ms4444 ,he pref]s to draw 8 figures on a small scale1 :]e 8 m9ute t\*es produce at times a />tl+ vividness4 ,he appe>s to h be5 influ5c$ 9 a measure by ! old] m9iature vase-pa9t]s ! #8m9or arti/s' 444 8 mann] is s+ul>ly precise & fa/idi\s 444 b 8 precision nev] fails him4444 ,he uses skilfully fa9t yell[ l9es = ! inn] m>k+s ( muscle & bone40 ,h>twig po9ts out t he cont9ues ! developm5t ( a ref9$ ar*aism f ,amasis 7p4 #chb74 ,! p]iod ( 8 activity may be plac$ betwe5 #ecj & #ejj ,b4,c4 ,pamphaios1 al?\gh ! majority ( 8 vases are 9 ! ,r4,f4 te*nique1 really excell$ 9 ! old me?od4 ,we h f 8 h& two ,b4,f4 hydriae1 f\r ,b4,f4 kylikes1 two mix$ kylikes1 fifte5 ,r4,f4 kylikes 7five ) int]ior designs only71 two amphorae & a /amnos1 & he also made two cups = ,epiktetos4 ,he signs consi/5tly 4 ,9 ! ,b4,f4 hydria 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b #cjj ,fig4 #abj71 he1 z ,murray says1 has indulg$ to excess 8 s5se ( ref9em5t & grace1 9 :i* he 0 unsurpass$4 ,:5 he turn$ to r$ figures1 ! new te*nique seems to h p]plex$ him1 & he f\nd himself unable to use 8 faculty = m9ute detail4 ,b ?\gh comp>atively co>se & decad5t1 !re is a fre%ness & vig\r 9 8 new conceptions1 especially 9 ! ,museum /amnos 7,e #dcg7 ) ,h]akles & ,a*eloos1 :i* atones = o!r defici5cies4 ,mo/ rem>kable ( all 8 sign$ works is ! ,briti% ,museum kylix 7,e #ab71 ) its exquisite ext]ior designs1 ( :i* ,murray says1 8,surely 9 ! :ole realm ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ !re is h>dly to be met ) a f9] conception0 ?an ! figures ( ! two w9d-gods or dea?-deities c>ry+ (f ! body ( ! dead w>rior4 ,nor are ! figures ( ,amazons arm+ on ! o!r side ( inf]ior m]it4 ,s m>k$1 inde$1 is ! sup]iority ( ^! designs to ,pamphaios' ord9>y "w1 t mo/ au?orities are agre$ 9 attribut+ !m to ano!r arti/ belong+ to a m advanc$ s*ool--namely1 ,euphronios4 ,we h aft] all no c]ta9 pro( t ! pa9t+ ( ! cup is ,pamphaios' h&iwork1 & we c only say t1 if x is1 x betok5s a mo/ surpris+ outbreak ( arti/ic p[]4 ,( ! o!r arti/s 9 ?is cycle ,his*ylos appe>s *iefly z a pott] = o!r arti/s2 = ,sakonides he made a 7,b4,f47 kylix1 = ,epiktetos f\r1 & = ,pheidippos "o4 ,a ,b4,f4 plate1 two 8mix$0 cups1 & "o ,r4,f4 cup be> 8 "n alone4 ,he always signs ) 1 b x is n improbable t he 0 responsible = ! int]ior ,b4,f4 designs on ?ree ( ! cups made = ,epiktetos4 ,pheidippos is only kn[n f ! "o cup already m5tion$4 ,eu]gides made ?ree cups1 ,epilykos ?ree1#acba ,h]maios five#acbb 7"o ( :i* be>s a figure ( ,h]mes1 p]haps by way ( a sort ( cant+ h]aldry71 & ,sikanos "o plate4 ,! cups by ,*elis numb] five1 ( :i* "o has a ,b4,f4 int]ior4 ,*a*rylion1 :o /&s on ! v]ge ( ! next p]iod1 calls = m detail$ treatm5t1 especially s9ce ! exhau/ive discussion ( 8 "w by ,h>twig4#acbc ,sixte5 cups sign$ by him are kn[n1 two hav+ be5 discov]$ s9ce ,kle9 made 8 li/2 he also act$ z pott] = ,euphronios on "o occasion4 ,he always signs 1 b we may assume t ?is includes ! decoration ( ! vases4 ,) him we ent] ^u ! p]iod 9 :i* ! use ( 8fav\rite names0 by vase-pa9t]s becomes regul>1 ^? employ$ by ,*a*rylion be+ ,leagros & ,memnon4 ,! =m] "n is also us$ by ,oltos1 ,eu?ymides1 & ,euphronios1 & ! names ( ,epidromos & ,a!nodotos belong to ?is p]iod1 if n to ?is cycle4 ,a numb] ( vases ) ! "n ,memnon h no signature1 & ^! h usually be5 attribut$ en bloc to ,*a*rylion4 ,b x has be5 po9t$ out by ,h>twig t "s ( !m mu/ belong to an e>li] /age1 /&+ 9 mu* clos] relation to ! ,b4,f4 vases4 ,besides ! sixte5 sign$ vases1 ,h>twig assigns to him sev5 ) ! "n ( ,epidromos1 & two o!rs ) t ( ,leagros 9 addition1 & ano!r )\t "n4 ,a rem>kable numb] ( ^! cups h no ext]ior decoration4 ,*a*rylion's "w is 9 "* ess5tially transitional4 ,"s ( 8 cups#acbd are 9 ! /yle ( ! ar*aic decad5ce1 be=e ! new influ5ce ( ,euphronios1 b he nev] fre$ himself f ! trammels ( ! sev]e /yle4 ,he drops ! ,epictetan me?od ( decorat+ ! ext]ior ) l>ge eyes & animals b\nd+ ! sc5e1 & uses l>ge palmettes "u ! h&les2 b 8 int]ior sc5es are /ill bord]$ ) a pla9 r+1 in/ead ( ! lat] mae&]4 ,he is nev] altoge!r happy 9 8 ext]ior designs2 h5ce 8 pref]5ce = int]iors1 9 :i*1 x may be not$1 he is almo/ ! fir/ to introduce m ?an "o figure4#acbe ,8 figures1 l ^? ( ,epiktetos1 h slim proportions & small heads1 ! bodily =ms bett] r5d]$ ?an ! limbs4 ,he seems to /rike a m$ium betwe5 ! vig\r ( ,pamphaios & ! ref9em5t ( ,epiktetos1 comb9+ robu/ness & grace ) a t5d5cy to l>g5ess ( /yle1#acbf :i* %[s t he is prep>+ ! way = ,euphronios4 ,9 summ+ up ! *>act]i/ics ( ! cups ( sev]e /yle1 we note t !y exhibit ?r\gh\t a developm5t 9 te*nique & decoration r ?an 9 /yle & draw+4 ,! e>lie/ are little remov$ f ! lat] ,b4,f4 kylikes ) int]ior designs & l>ge eyes on ! ext]ior1 _m hav+ 9 fact ,b4,f4 int]iors4 ,) ! eyes occupy+ s mu* space1 x is r>e at fir/ to f9d any?+ l a composition on ! ext]ior2 b gradually ! eyes disappe>1 ! palmette ornam5ts 7see p4 #dad7 decrease 9 size1 & ! figures ext5d !mselves into friezes1 ) def9ite action4 ,we h sc5es ( combat ) a m>k$ c5tre1 l a sculptur$ p$im5t1 gr\p ( a?letes or revell]s1 & my?ological or h]oic subjects f ! /ories ( ,h]akles1 ,!seus1 & ,troy4 ,9 ! int]iors ! developm5t is some:at diff]5t4 ,beg9n+ ) a simple design ( a simple figure )9 a pla9 circle--at fir/ an en=c$ necessity1 b subsequ5tly due to *oice--! t5d5cy is to fill 9 ! space m & m z ! p[] ( draw+ develops1 & ! pa9t] ca/s ab\t = new ideas4 ,h5ce1 z ,kle9#acbg says1 8,"h we h c>ry+1 lift+1 hurry+1 runn+1 /oop+1 danc+1 spr++ 444 & all = ! sole purpose ( obta9+ ^? movem5ts ( ! human body :i* ! space ( ! vase dem&$40 ,we also note ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( my?ological sc5es 9 ! int]iors2 repose or simple action is all t is aim$ at1 :]eas on ! ext]iors sc5es ( activity or ev5 viol5ce are admitt$4 ,murray#acbh has po9t$ out "s int]e/+ p>allels betwe5 ! kylix-int]iors & contempor>y co9s & gems1 :i* %[ ! vase-pa9t] to h be5 9 full accord ) ! _s ( ! times4 ,?us1 to take ! co9s fir/1 ! ,sph9x ( ,*ios is repeat$ on ! ,b4,m4 vase ,e #aj1 ! arm$ w>rior ( ,asp5dos on ,e #aa1 ! ,diskobolos ( ,kos on ,e #gh1 & ! squatt+ ,satyr ( ,naxos on a vase =m]ly 9 ! ,b\rguignon collection4#acbi ,among fif?-c5tury gems we f9d su* subjects z a y\? kneel+ & hold+ a jug1 a woman at a wa%+-bas91 a ,satyr ) w9e-sk91 a y\? fa/5+ 8 s&al1 & an ar*]#accj--;all ( :i* occur on ! int]ior ( ,r4,f4 kylikes4 ,! beautiful subject ( ! body ( ,memnon borne by two g5ii 7see above71 al?\gh an ext]ior subject1 may also be m5tion$ "h z p>allel$ 9 a f9e gem4#acca ,9 ,kle9's valuable monograph on e>ly ,r4,f4 cup-pa9t+ !re is a useful table#accb sett+ =? ! developm5t ( ! ,epictetan cycle ( cups1 bo? 9 subject & arrangem5t4 ,8 fir/ class includes ! purely ,b4,f4 cups ( ,niko/h5es & ,pamphaios1 ) ! ,gorgoneion 9 ! int]ior & l>ge eyes on ! ext]ior1 :i* =m ! prelude to ! ,r4,f4 s]ies4 ,9 ! next /age a ,b4,f4 subject1 su* z a w>rior1 horseman1 or de]1 takes ! place ( ! ,gorgoneion2 ! ext]iors are ,r4,f41 b ! eyes are reta9$1 all[+ only ( a s+le figure ea* side4 ,?ree ( ^! are pa9t$ by ,epiktetos1 o!rs by ,pamphaios & ,*elis4 ,! ?ird /age has only ,r4,f4 int]iors1 ! ext]ior pres]v+ ! same "*2 in/ances may be f\nd among ! works ( ,*elis & ,pheidippos4 ,f9ally1 !re is a long s]ies ( ne>ly eighty cups & plates1 _m ( ! =m] ) int]ior designs only1 9 :i* ! eyes are f9ally dropp$1 & ! ext]ior subjects are develop$ into regul> friezes1 be+ (t5 my?ological4 ,^! include ! majority ( ! works ( ,epiktetos1 ,pamphaios1 & ,*a*rylion1 ! latt] ( :om m>ks ! transition to ! next /age4 ,turn+ n[ to ! works ( o!r arti/s 9 ?is p]iod1 & pass+ ov] ,&okides1 :om we h already discuss$ 7p4 #chf71 we f9d t ,eu?ymides is ! mo/ conspicu\s "n aft] ^? ( ! cup-pa9t]s4#accc ,/rictly speak+1 he does n belong exclusively to ! sev]e p]iod1 at lea/ 9 po9t ( date1 ?\gh 8 /yle is comp>atively beh9dh&2 z we %all see1 he 0 p>tly contempor>y ) ,euphronios4 ,8 /yle is curi\sly simil> to t ( ,ph9tias1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! same unsign$ vases h be5 attribut$ to bo? by diff]5t au?orities4 ,five vases be> 8 signature 79 two cases 1 9 ! o!rs 71 & he gives ! additional in=mation t he 0 ! son ( ,polios4 ,he uses ?ree -names-- ,megakles1 ,smiky?os1 & ,phayllos1 ! fir/-nam$ be+ also employ$ by ,ph9tias4 ,two ( 8 vases 79 ,muni*2 see ,fig4 #acg7 are amphorae1 "o a hydria1 "o a psykt]1 & "o a circul> di% or plate l ^? ( ,epiktetos4 ,! simil>ity ( 8 "w to t ( ,ph9tias sugge/s t !y 7 p>tn]s4 ,a vase ) ! inscription 1 1 8,?is vase ,i d$icate to !e1 ,eu?ymides10 has be5 attribut$ by ,h>twig to ,ph9tias1 & may be an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! fri5d%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! two arti/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,eu?ymides seems to h view$ ) appreh5sion & jeal\sy ! gr[+ success ( 8 junior1 ,euphronios4 ,on "o ( ! ,muni* amphorae he places ! boa/--by no means ) ju/ification--8,euphronios nev] made ! l0 7 74 ,! height ( 8 activity may be plac$ ab\t #ejj-dij ,b4,c41 a date :i* suits ! use ( ! "n ,megakles4 ,?is probably d5otes ! gr&fa!r ( ,alkibiades & uncle ( ,p]ikles1 :o 0 o/racis$ 9 #dhg ,b4,c4 ,! same "n1 z is well kn[n1 occurs on ! w>rior-tablet f\nd on ! ,acropolis#accd1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is ,hopp9 attributes ! tablet to ,eu?ymides4#acce ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no pro( t su* tablets1 :i* belong r to ! high] bran* ( pa9t+ at t "t1 7 made by vase-pa9t]s4 ,! /yle ( ,eu?ymides & 8 pref]5ce = ! amphora seem to indicate t he 0 mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ,&okides4 ,he /ill cl+s to ! old /yle 9 8 me?ods ( decoration1 z 9 ! bord]s ( ! designs4 ,8 individuality1 says ,hopp91 is be/ %[n 9 8 drap]ies1 ! details ( :i* are fa9tly indicat$ 9 r$1 & he %[s "s skill 9 =e%ort5+1 b 8 heads are too l>ge4 ,he also exhibits a /rong pref]5ce = my?ological subjects1 su* z ! arm+ ( ,hector1 b usually balances ^! subjects ) a g5re-sc5e f ! gymnasium or symposium4 ,8 p>tn] ,ph9tias#accf is di/+ui%$ f him 9 "o respect--namely1 t he pa9t$ cups z well z o!r %apes4 ,b 8 cups h no?+ 9 common ) 8 ,epictetan cycle1 & seem r to h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,euphronios4 ,we may !re=e reg>d him z ano!r connect+-l9k betwe5 ! sev]e & /rong p]iods4 ,eight vases are actually sign$ by him1#accg ?\gh "o ( ^! has no subject1 be+ m]ely modell$ 9 ! =m ( a head 7see bel[1 p4 #dic72 b f 8 use ( ,megakles & ,*airias z -names1 & o!r indications1 ,h>twig has be5 enabl$ to add to ! numb] no less ?an twelve cups & elev5 o!r vases#acch4 ,! cups are mo/ly small1 ) int]ior designs only1 & ^? s+le figures2 8 composition is n a /rong po9t1 b ! s+le figures are good1 especially ! nude =ms2 8 drap]ies are /iff1 b effective1 & 8 heads are influ5c$ by ,euphronios1 z ,h>twig notes4 ,a pair ( pa9t]s t may be l9k$ toge!r are ,oltos & ,euxi!os1 ! =m] ! pa9t]1 ! latt] ! pott]1 ( a kylix 9 ,b]l9 7#bbfd74 ,we also h a magnific5t kylix at ,corneto1 ) ! "n ( ,euxi!os z pott]1 probably pa9t$ by ,oltos2 on "o side ( ! ext]ior is an assemblage ( ! gods1 on ! o!r a ,dionysiac sc5e4#acci ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is an amphora1 also made by ,euxi!os 7,e #beh2 sign$ on h&les71 ) a s+le figure ea* side 7,a*illes & ,briseis71 & a krat] 9 ! ,l\vre ) ! -"n ,leagros seems to be by ! same h&4#acdj ,h>twig1 :o reg>ds ,oltos z ! pa9t] 9 ea* case1 %[s 8 connection on ! "o side ) ,&okides & ,eu?ymides1 on ! o!r ) ,hi]on4 ,he displays a pref]5ce = l>ge figures & = ,dionysiac subjects4 ,! "o vase ( ,hypsis1 a hydria1#acda mu/ be ( e>ly date2 ! %ape1 ornam5tation1 & arrangem5t ( ! designs are purely ,b4,f4 9 "*4 ,we h two vases ( ! alaba/ron =m#acdb--;an unusual "o = signatures--made by ,hil9os & pa9t$ by ,psiax1 & a kylix ( ,epictetan /yle 9 ,muni* sign$ by ! latt]4#acdc ,! two =m] are ea* decorat$ ) two figures 9 a simple1 sev]e1 yet effective /yle2 ! latt] has a ,b4,f4 int]ior 7figure ( ,seil5os71 & ,r4,f4 ext]ior ) ! l>ge eyes1 & a w>rior on "o side only4 ,9 ! latt] case ! signature is simply 1 )\t a v]b2 on ! ,odessa vase ! imp]fect t5se is us$1 ! casual use ( :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( ! transitional p]iod4#acdd ,mr4 ,hopp9 has giv5 sev]al reasons = attribut+ an e>ly date to ^? two arti/s 7ab\t #ebj-ejj71 n ! lea/ conv9c+ ( :i* is ! use ( a ,b4,f4 te*nique & ( ! l>ge eyes4 ,we n[ f9d ourselves at ! po9t :]e ,euphronios =ces 8 way to ! front z ! great ma/] 9 ! new s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,kimon ( ,kleonae c be trac$4#acde ,h>twig comp>es ?is new dep>ture ( art to ! ,italian s*ools ( pa9t+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 :i* also naturalism & a k ( p]spective become ! *>act]i/ics 9 :i* !y diff] mo/ m>k$ly f _! pr$ecessors4 ,! e>ly "w ( ! s*ool ( ,euphronios1 :i* we may place ab\t #ejj-dhj ,b4,c41 is be/ illu/rat$ by ! s]ies ( cups ) ! -"n ,leagros1 :i* mu/ belong to ?is "t4 ,?is "n is f\nd on two ( ! vases sign$ by ,euphronios1 ! ,antaios krat] 9 ! ,l\vre & ! ,g]yon kylix 9 ,muni*1 ( :i* ,*a*rylion 0 ! pott]4 ,! fact t x is f\nd also on "s ,b4,f4 vases#acdf seems to argue1 n = its appe>ance previ\s to ?is date1 b r = ! view t at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury !re 0 /ill a pref]5ce = ! old me?od = c]ta9 %apes--! amphora1 hydria1 & leky?os4 ,x may also be inf]r$ t ,euphronios _h already appe>$ on ! sc5e :ile ,*a*rylion1 ,pamphaios1 & ,oltos 7 /ill pa9t+ m 9 ! mann] ( ,epiktetos1 & h5ce we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ^? arti/s z belong+ to ! sev]e /yle1 ev5 ?\gh !y ov]lap ) ! succe$+ p]iod4 ,! lab\rs ( ,h>twig & o!r s*ol>s h n[ made x possible to associate an ext5sive s]ies ( vases ) ! s*ool ( ,euphronios1 b !re are only t5 9 exi/5ce :i* actually be> 8 signature4#acdg ,!y are z foll[s 7! ord] be+ r\ghly *ronological73-- 7#a7 ,krat] 9 ,l\vre1 ,g #ajc3 ,h]akles & ,antaios2 musical p]=mance4 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,atlas1 pls4 #ajj1 #aja4 7#b7 ,psykt] 9 ,pet]sburg1 #afgj3 ,banquet ( ,hetairae4 7#c7 ,kylix 9 ,muni*1 #ccg3 ,h]akles & ,g]yon4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bb ,plate ,,xxxviii4 7#d7 ,kylix 9 ,l\vre1 ,g #ajd3 ,!seus' adv5tures4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #e2 ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #ad4 7#e7 ,kylix 9 ,bibl4 ,nat41 #ebf3 ,sc5e f ,doloneia 7fragm5t>y74 ,kle91 ,euphronios1#b p4 #acg4 7#f7 ,kylix 9 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,e #dd3 ,h]akles & ,eury/heus4 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #bc4 7#g7 ,kylix 9 ,p]ugia3 ,a*illes & ,troilos sc5es4 ,h>twig1 pls4 #eh-i4 7#h7 ,kylix 9 ,b]l91 #bbha3 ,sack ( ,troy 7fragm5t>y74 7#i7 ,kylix 9 ,bo/on3 ,banquet sc5es4 ,h>twig1 pls4 #dg-h4 7#aj7 ,kylix 9 ,b]l91 #bbhb 7poly*rome73 ,a*illes & ,diom$e4 ,h>twig1 pls4 #ea-b4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree in/ances he signs 1 9 ! re/ 4 ,! ,l\vre krat] %[s ,euphronios 9 8 e>ly mann]1 :51 z ,murray says1 8he 0 9 ! mood ( draw+ massive limbs & colossal proportions40 ,! 8type0 ( ! ,h]akles & ,antaios is int]e/+ z a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,b4,f4 wre/l+-s*eme adopt$ = ,h]akles & ! ,nemean lion 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv474 ,! *ief v>iation is t ! figures are pos$ 9 a sort ( elongat$ isosceles triangle1 no d\bt ) ! int5tion ( %[+ ,h]akles' ef=ts to raise ! giant f ! e>? to :i* he s /r5u\sly cl+s4 ,9 ! =m ( ,antaios we already obs]ve ! capacity = r5d]+ a body accurately 9 diff]5t planes :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief di/9ctions ( ! new s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! agitat$ female figures 9 ! backgr\nd are depict$ 9 ! old quasi-,egyptian attitudes1 ) bodies 9 front view & heads 9 pr(ile2 yet 9 ! treatm5t ( _! drap]ies !re is a great advance4 ,! ,g]yon cup 7,plate ,,xxxviii47 is a wond]ful comb9ation ( picturesque & effective gr\p+ ) elaboration ( detail1 & is s f> ! mo/ naturali/ic piece ( "w t any vase-pa9t] has produc$4 ,"h aga9 ! old ,b4,f4 8type0 is reta9$1 at lea/ = ! ,g]yon1 :o appe>s z ! 8?ree m5 jo9$ toge!r0 ( ! ,kypselos *e/1#acdh "o ( :om falls backw>d w\nd$4 ,b ! :ole sc5e is vivid & in/9ct ) life2 ev5 ,a!na & ,iolaos1 in/ead ( calmly wat*+ ! conte/1 jo9 9 animat$ comm5t !reon1 & ! =m] seems to be ha/5+ =w>d to jo9 9 ! fray4 ,n ! lea/ effective "p ( ! design is =m$ by ! gr\p ( ,g]yon's c[s on ! rev]se1 :i* %[ t ,euphronios 0 a ke5 obs]v] ( nature & anatomy1 & ! v>i$ poses & skilful gr\p+ ( ! h]d are /rik+ in/ances ( 8 art 9 composition4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,illu/ration3 ,,kylix ,,by ,,euphronios 7,,9 ,,muni*73 ,,h]akles ,,slay+ ,,g]yon4 ------------------------------------ ,z typical ( 8 lat] mann] 7ab\t #dhj-dfj ,b4,c47 we may take ! ,briti% ,museum kylix & t 9 ! museum at ,p]ugia4 ,!y be> respectively ! -names ,panaitios & ,lykos1 :ile ! contempor>y ,b]l9 cup 7#bbhb7 has ! "n ( ,glaukon4 ,^! cle>ly =m a new gr\p1 di/9ct f ! ,leagros s]ies1 &1 if ! hi/orical id5tification ( ,glaukon 7see p4 #djd above1 & ,*apt] ,,xvii47 is correct1 enable u to place !m ab\t #dgj-dfj ,b4,c4 ,! int]ior gr\p ( ! ,briti% ,museum cup %[s u two figures1 a woman /&+ by ! side ( a man1 :o is seat$ to ! front & drawn 9 a v boldly =e%ort5$ attitude4 ,_! physiognomy1 9 p>ticul> ! l>ge prom95t nose1 is especially *>act]i/ic ( ,euphronios' rip] /yle1 & 9 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y we di/+ui% a great advance ev5 on 8 e>li] vases4 ,n only is x execut$ ) p]fect fre$om & naturalness1 b ev5 diff]5t qualities ( mat]ial are indicat$1 e4g4 by ! use ( f9e cr9kly l9es4 ,! ,!seus kylix 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* ,h>twig reg>ds z ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,r4,f4 /yle1 a /udy 9 idealism r ?an naturalism1 is also conspicu\s = its excell5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,troilos kylix 9 ,p]ugia1 :i* z f> z c be asc]ta9$ is ! late/ ( ,euphronios' works1 is int]e/+1 ap>t f its arti/ic treatm5t1 z an in/ance ( ! curr5t t5d5cy to comb9e int]ior & ext]ior sc5es 9 "o :ole1 repres5t+ di/9ct or successive episodes ( a s+le subject4 ,on "o side ( ! ext]ior1 ,a*illes1 hav+ em]g$ f 8 ambu%1 drags ! un=tunate boy by 8 hair to ! alt> at :i* ! trag$y is to be consummat$2 8 horses betake !mselves (f ) fly+ re9s4 ,mean:ile1 on ! o!r side1 ,troilos' ,trojan comrades1 z on ! ,franois vase1 ha/ily arm !mselves 9 ord] to come to 8 rescue4 ,b ! int]ior sc5e %[s u t _! ef=ts are 9 va92 ! boy1 9 ^: c\nt5ance fe> & agony are admirably depict$1 is ab\t to fall a victim to ! sword ( 8 rel5tless foe1 :o 9 a vigor\s yet ev5 graceful attitude raises 8 arm to deal ! dea?-bl[4 ,( ! vase z a :ole ,murray says1 8,!re is no mi/ak+ 9 x ! pres5ce ( all ! be/ & /ronge/ qualities ( ,euphronios1 ?\gh 9 a m subdu$ & m poetic =m4 ,8 drap]ies444are full ( ref9em5t & beauty40 ,x rema9s to say a ^w on ,euphronios 9 ano!r aspect--z a pa9t] 9 poly*rome on :ite gr\nd4 ,! ,b]l9 cup ,no4 #bbhb1 sadly fragm5t>y z x is1 be>s n only ! signature ( ,euphronios1 b ! -"n ,glaukon1 to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,! me?od ( pa9t+1 to :i* we h ref]r$ on a subsequ5t page 7p4 #deg71 0 "o j at its height 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! two heads1 :i* are ! be/-pres]v$ p>ts ( ! cup1 are rem>kable = _! bread? & l>g5ess ( /yle1 & = _! idealis+ t5d5cy1 :i* recalls ! co9s ( a slightly lat] p]iod & su* works ( sculpture z ! ephebos-head f ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 to say no?+ ( ! sculptures ( ,olympia4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit to notice "h ! views ( "s rec5t writ]s1 :o are incl9$ to d\bt :e!r ! pa9t+s on "s ( ^! lat] vases are actually f ,euphronios' h&4#acdi ,x is c]ta9ly notewor?y t he has ceas$ to sign 2 b to ma9ta9 t ! 1 :]e no o!r pa9t]'s "n occurs1 does n include ! pa9t+ ( ! vase1 is to re/ on some:at negative evid5ce1 & w\ld also lead to ! refusal to recognise ,*a*rylion & o!r not$ arti/s z ! pa9t]s ( _! sign$ vases4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is view is to be accept$1 x w\ld entail ! attribution ( ! sc5es on ! ,troilos cup to ,onesimos1 :o pa9t$ a cup ( simil> /yle 9 ! ,l\vre1#acej ( :i* ,euphronios 0 ! pott]4 ,h>twig ?9ks t ! ,b]l9 cup is n by ,euphronios1 b w\ld attribute to him a simil> fragm5t>y cup 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #a74 ,! beautiful ,aphrodite cup 9 ! same collection 7,d #b7 be>s ! -"n ( ,glaukon1 b 9 view ( :at has be5 said any attempt to attribute x to ,euphronios w\ld be dang]\s4#acea ,we n[ h to deal ) a trio ( 8 contempor>ies1 m5 ( m>k$ individuality & capacity1 :o display ! same in/9cts = naturalism & fre$om ( /yle1 ?\gh no "o ( !m rises q to ! height ( ,euphronios' g5ius4 ,( ^! ,duris has left a total ( tw5ty-?ree sign$ vases1 ( :i* no less ?an tw5ty-"o are kylikes1 ! o!r two be+ a kan?>os & a psykt]4 ,he signs almo/ consi/5tly 1 b 9 addition on ! kan?>os2 he employs ?ree pott]s at diff]5t times--,py?on 7:o work$ = ,epiktetos71 ,kleophrades 7:o work$ = ,amasis ,,ii471 & ,kalliades4 ,( -names he uses no less ?an five1 ! fir/ two ( :i* g toge!r 9 8 e>li] p]iod--,*aire/ratos & ,panaitios4 ,! latt] "n1 z we h se51 0 us$ by ,euphronios4 ,on ! vases 9 8 lat] mann] ! names ( ,ari/agoras1 ,h]mog5es1 & ,hippodamas appe>4 ,he seems to h be5 ab\t t5 ye>s ! junior ( ,euphronios1 b to :at ext5t he 0 influ5c$ by him is unc]ta94 ,murray traces ! influ5ce ( ! o!r 9 8 lat] mann]1 :5 he =sakes 8 old love ( figures 9 repose = subjects entail+ viol5t action4 ,h>twig1 on ! o!r h&1 attributes ?is *ange to ! influ5ce ( ,brygos2 & 9 any case1 x is c]ta9 t he nev] atta9$ to ! vitality & fre$om ( ,euphronios4 ,8 /yle is s m>k$ t x is possible--ap>t f ! evid5ce ( -names--to attribute to him _m vases n actually sign$ by him1 z may be ga!r$ f ! /udy ( 8 "w by ,h>twig4#aceb ,9 8 e>li] vases he %[s a /rong pref]5ce = sc5es f ! palae/ra1 & only two are my?ological4 ,accord+ to ,h>twig x is ^! vases t %[ ! close/ p>allelism ) ,euphronios1 bo? 9 *oice ( subject & 9 treatm5t4 ,! lat] works %[ a great & surpris+ fall+ (f1 & are frequ5tly dull & comp>atively c>eless4 ,!y %[1 9 fact1 a *ange f ! p]fect+ ( naturalism to m]e mann]ism1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! *ange 9 subjects f repose to viol5t action4 ,x is probable t he fell away f ! influ5ce ( ,euphronios to t ( ,hi]on & ,brygos1 lack+ entirely1 z he did1 ! g5ius ( ! old] arti/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 *oice ( subjects becomes mu* m v>i$1 _m be+ h]oic or my?ological1 & among ^! sc5es f ! lab\rs ( ,!seus take ! place ( ! old] a?letic types 7cf4 p4 #dah74 ,he is also fond ( banquet-sc5es at all times1 & f\nd 9 !m scope = bold =e%ort5+ z appli$ to figures 9 repose4#acec ,! be/-kn[n vase by ,duris is a kylix 9 ,b]l9 7#bbhe ,plate ,,xxxix471 on ! ext]ior ( :i* are pa9t$ sc5es f a s*ool4 ,on "o side a boy receives in/ruction 9 ! lyre1 :ile ano!r /&s be=e 8 tea*] read+ f a roll on :i* is inscrib$ ! fir/ l9e ( an epic poem3 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,on ! o!r side1 ! five figures on :i* exactly balance ^? on ! fir/1 we h a lesson on ! flute & 9 draw+ or writ+2 ! seat$ figure 9 ! middle holds a p5 & an op5 tablet4 ,! fif? figure 9 ea* case is a be>d$ man1 seat$ on a /ool wat*+ ! proce$+s4 ,9 ! field are susp5d$ lyres1 writ+-tables1 & rolls ( manuscript4 ,!re is also a beautiful cup 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! int]ior ( :i* repres5ts ,eos ) ! body ( ,memnon2 ! ext]ior1 ,hom]ic combats4#aced ,( ! ?ree examples ( 8 "w 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o is occupi$ ) ! lab\rs ( ,!seus 7,frontispiece72 ano!r 7,e #di7 %[s 8 love ( slim nude figures1 contra/$ ) c>eful & =mal drap]y4 ,! peculi> %ape ( ! heads %\ld be notic$2 also ! treatm5t ( ! eye1 z a circle ) a dot 9 ! c5tre4 ,l ,epiktetos1 a slave ( precision1 he 9 ne>ly all ^! cases avoids viol5ce ( action1 & seeks aft] a quiet gracefulness4 ,8 peculi>ly f9e te*nical skill appe>s to h be5 mu* appreciat$ 9 8 day4#acee ,hi]on has sign$ tw5ty-eight vases1 all be+ kylikes except ?ree1 :i* are kotylae4 ,8 inv>iable =mula is 1 & ! signature is g5]ally incis$ on ! h&le ( ! vase4 ,h>twig is incl9$ to attribute "o or two cups ) ?is signature to ano!r ma/]1 :o _h a pref]5ce = introduc+ bald-head$ figures#acef2 &1 9 reg>d to o!rs1 !re is fairly c]ta9 evid5ce t !y 7 n pa9t$ by him4 ,= in/ance1 a v f9e kylix ) ! c>ry+ (f ( ,hel5 be>s ! "n ( ,makron z pa9t]1#aceg & x is possible t o!rs are actually pa9t$ by t arti/1 :o 9 any case mu/ h be5 a p>tn] ( 84 ,8 "w is reg>d$ by ,h>twig z full ( individuality & excell5ce4 ,hi]on1 on ! o!r h&1 is incl9$ to ! repetition ( c]ta9 types1 little individualis$4 ,he seems to h be5 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,oltos r ?an t ( ,euphronios1#aceh except t he le>n$ f ! latt] ! use ( =e%ort5+4 ,8 only -"n is t ( ,hippodamas1 also us$ by ,duris4 ,8 subjects comprise sc5es f my? & leg5d1 musical & conv]sational gr\ps1 & ,dionysiac sc5es4 ,he is fond ( decorat+ 8 ext]iors ) r[s ( m5 & wom5 ( a some:at s5tim5tal type1 smell+ fl[]s1 or 9 amor\s conv]se4 ,b he rises to high] flights 9 ! ,b]l9 cup 7#bbij71 ) ,ma5ads sacrific+ to ,dionysos ,d5drites1 & /ill m 9 ! spl5did kotyle 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #adj ,plate ,,li471 ) ! ga!r+ ( ! ,eleus9ian deities at ! s5d+ =? ( ,triptolemos 7see ,*apt] ,,xii474 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xxxix ,illu/ration3 #a1 ,,kylix ,,by ,,duris 7,,9 ,,b]l973 ,,s*ool ,,sc5e4 #b1 ,,kylix ,,9 ,,/yle ,,( ,,brygos 7,,corneto73 ,,!seus ,,des]t+ ,,ariadne4 ------------------------------------ ,8 figures exhibit a /rongly m>k$ type ( head1 l>ge & simple1 p]haps develop$ f ^? ( ,duris4 ,b x is 9 ! treatm5t ( drap]y t he *iefly excels1 especially 9 ! ,briti% ,museum kotyle & ! ,b]l9 cup4 ,p>ticul> m5tion %\ld be made ( ! elaborate g>m5t worn by ,demet] on ! =m]1 ) its ri* figur$ embroid]ies 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi472 & ! robes ( ,p]sephone1 ?\gh simpl] 9 decoration1 %[ an ev5 great] ri*ness ( treatm5t 9 ! delicate l9es ( ! *iton & ! graceful fall ( ! mantle4 ,on a cup 9 ,b]l9 ) ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7,fig4 #abi7 he makes a notable attempt at l&scape1 %[+ ,p>is seat$ on a rock1 surr\nd$ by a flock ( goats4 ,brygos has only left eight cups1 b !y are on ! :ole ( a high ord] ( m]it4 ,! ,acropolis excavations yield$ a fragm5t ( 8 "w1 %[+ t ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] mu/ be plac$ be=e #dhj ,b4,c4 ,b al?\gh he reta9s "s ar*aisms f 8 e>ly tra9+1 he /&s1 z ,murray has po9t$ out1 on ! ?re%old ( ! f9e /yle1 & 9 "s ( 8 compositions !re is a di/9ctly pictorial t5d5cy4 ,8 use ( gild+ 7z on ,e #fe 9 ,b4,m47 is also1 z ) ,euphronios 9 8 poly*rome cup1 an evid5ce ( advanc$ "w4 ,he %[s 9 8 "w m directness & actuality1 z comp>$ ) ! /atel9ess & grace ( ,hi]on & ,makron1 & ! infusion ( e>ne/ness & animation into 8 figures is a typical *>act]i/ic4#acei ,he pays m att5tion to 8 compositions ?an to 8 s+le figures1 b lacks ! rhy?m ( ,euphronios4 ,8 subjects are v v>i$1 & cov] almo/ all ! vase-pa9t]s' gr\nd except ! palae/ra4 ,h>twig on ?is acc\nt connects him ) ! s*ool ( ,oltos1 ,hi]on1 & ,pei?9os1 :o pref]r$ erotic & ,dionysiac to a?letic subjects1 & po9ts out t 8 use ( bold =e%ort5+ effects ne$ n connote ! direct influ5ce ( ,euphronios1 inasmu* z 7 by ?is "t ! common prop]ty ( vase- pa9t]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t he uses no -"n1 & bo? he & ,hi]on seem to belong to a "t :5 ?is fa%ion 0 dy+ out2 by ! end ( ! 8/rong0 p]iod x _h practically disappe>$4 ,to speak ( 8 vases 9 detail1 ! ,briti% ,museum cup has be5 prais$ = ! composition & draw+ ( its ext]ior designs & its clev] =e%ort5+4 ,! ext]ior subject is int]e/+ z be+ d]iv$ f a ,satyric drama4 ,! diff]5ce ( scale betwe5 ! figures ( deities & ^? ( ! ,satyrs rem9ds u 7?\gh !re is ( c\rse no "q ( influ5ce7 ( ! simil> treatm5t ( ! ea/ frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by sev]al writ]s t ! "n ,brygos implies a ,mac$onian orig9 = ?is pa9t]1 & on ^! gr\nds a kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #fh7 has be5 attribut$ to him :i* be>s inscriptions 9 ! ,mac$onian or "s k9dr$ dialect--,pilon = ,philon1 ,pilipos = ,philippos 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,?is cup is int]e/+ = ! introduction ( a new type1 t ( ! "y danc+ girl4#acfj ,! beautiful cup on ,plate ,,xxxix4 7fig4 #b7 has also be5 ref]r$ to him4 ,among o!r int]e/+ subjects are ! ,triptolemos cup 9 ,frankfurt1 ! cup ) ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7:i* may be comp>$ ) t ( ,hi]on71 & ! ,sack ( ,troy cup 9 ! ,l\vre 7,plate ,,liv474 ,?is latt] subject we h already se5 treat$ z a :ole by ,euphronios1 ?\gh previ\sly x _h only appe>$ 9 ! =m ( isolat$ episodes2 b ! gr[+ t5d5cy to pictorial treatm5t ( su* subjects is well illu/rat$ by ! cup ( ,brygos & ! lat] ,viv5zio hydria 9 ,naples4 ,pei?9os is a ma/] :o has be5 l>gely r$iscov]$ by ,h>twig4 ,only "o cup ) 8 signature is kn[n1 a f9e example 9 ,b]l9 7#bbgi7 ) ! ,euphronian -"n ,a!nodotos1 & ! int]ior subject ( ,peleus seiz+ ,!tis1 treat$ ) great decorative effect4 ,h>twig traces 8 /yle 9 eight m cups1 *iefly ) erotic & banquet+ subjects1 & po9ts out among ! =m] an e>ly in/ance ( s5tim5tality 9 vase-pa9t+ 9 ! figure ( a love-sick man4 ,he *>act]ises 8 /yle z 8ov]-ripe ar*aism10 ) a slight rev]sion to ! mann]isms ( ,exekias1 & great att5tion to detail 9 g5]al4 ,he sees 9 ,pei?9os ! fir/ in/ance ( ! pictorial t5d5cy ( :i* we h spok51 contra/+ him ) ,euphronios & o!r pa9t]s :o 7 always 9 ! fir/ in/ance draughtsm54 ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum !re is a magnific5t cup 7#bbgh7acfa purport+ to be made by ,sosias1 a "n :i* does n o!rwise occur4#acfb ,9 ! abs5ce ( indications ( ! pa9t]1 ,h>twig & ,furtwa5gl] are incl9$ to ?9k t ! decoration may be ! "w ( ,pei?9os2 b ?is c h>dly am\nt to m ?an a matt] ( individual op9ion4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ sumptu\sly decorat$ cups ( ?is p]iod t we possess1 b ! ext]ior is un=tunately greatly damag$4 ,9 ! int]ior ,a*illes is repres5t$ b9d+ up ! w\nd$ arm ( 8 comrade ,patroklos4 ,! expressions ( ! figures & ! rem>kable =e%ort5+ ( ,patroklos' "r leg are indications ( ! admirable skill ( ! pa9t]1 :oev] he may h be54 ,on ! ext]ior is an assemblage ( gods & goddesses to receive ,h]akles on 8 entry into ,olympos1 includ+ sev5te5 figures 9 all1 di/+ui%$ by inscriptions4 ,9 ! lat] *apt]s ( 8 great "w ,h>twig has dis5tangl$ ! /yles ( sev]al ma/]s ( ?is p]iod1 ?\gh n 9 e case is he able to give _! names2 b "s vases c be gr\p$ toge!r by means ( -names or by special peculi>ities1 su* z ! use ( a conv5tional foliage-ornam5t4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p ( inf]ior m]it to ^? ( ! pa9t]s hi!rto discuss$4 ,among ! pa9t]s' names are ^? ( ,amasis ,,ii41 ,apollodoros1 & ,onesimos2 ! latt] has already be5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,euphronios4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! cups ( ?is p]iod is ! t5d5cy to treat ! int]ior & ext]ior z repres5t+ successive episodes ( "o !me1#acfc z 9 ! ,troilos cup ( ,euphronios1 or at lea/ z hav+ "s connection1 m or less def9ite1 z 9 ! ,!seus cup ( ! same ma/]4 ,bo? 9 ext]ior & int]ior designs ! developm5t ( composition is v /rongly m>k$1 & !re is a notable t5d5cy to enhance ! effect ( int]ior sc5es by ri* decorative bord]s4 ,ev5 9 ! "w ( individual pa9t]s a great developm5t is to be obs]v$1 %[+ h[ rapid ! gr[? ( arti/ic p[] 0 at ?is "t2 & ?us we are able to di/+ui% 9 ,euphronios & ,duris an e>li] & a lat] mann]4 ,z ,h>twig has said 7p4 #ie71 ! p]iod ( progress associat$ ) ! names ( ,euphronios & ,brygos is *>act]is$ by an individuality & fre$om :i* 7 p>tly ! cause & p>tly ! effect ( a clos] /udy ( nature & an increas$ capacity = r5d]+ x4 ,among o!r arti/s ( ! "t1 almo/ ! only conspicu\s "n is t ( ,smikros1 ! pa9t] ( two /amni1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #dch7 & ,brussels1#acfd & also mo/ probably ( a 8,nolan0 amphora 9 ! ,l\vre 7,g #ajg71 :i* is inscrib$ 1 8,?is is evid5tly ,smikros' "w40 ,he signs 9 bo? ! =m] cases ) 4 ,he appe>s1 says ,m4 ,gasp>1 z a rival ( ,euphronios & ,duris1 b fails 9 ! attempt to equal _! a*ievem5ts 9 vividness1 orig9ality1 & fai?ful reproduction ( ! human figure4 ,! ,brussels /amnos is int]e/+ z repres5t+ inscrib$ p]sons f ord9>y life1 j z ,ph9tias 7see p4 #dbi7 introduces on a vase figures ( ! arti/s ,tl5polemos & ,eu?ymides4 ,kle9 also attributes to him a krat] at ,arezzo#acfe ) ! -"n ,pheidiades1 :i* occurs on ! sign$ vases4 ,x is rem>kable = ! treatm5t ( ! subject 7,h]akles & ! ,amazons7 9 ! /yle ( ! ,b4,f4 vases4 ,! next developm5t ( ,r4,f4 vase-pa9t+1 :i* pres5ts all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art & ( ! highe/ po9t to :i* t art atta9$1 is t call$ ! f9e /yle4 ,9 ?is ! influ5ce ( pa9t+ fir/ really beg9s to manife/ itself1 especially t ( ! ,polygnotan s*ool1 :i* cov]s ! ye>s #dgj-ddj ,b4,c4 ,x is %[n alike 9 composition & 9 draw+1 & to a less] degree 9 ! col\r+2 b ! g5]al use ( col\rs & gild+ on vases really belongs to ! succe$+ /age4 ,z reg>ds ! draw+1 ! figures h lo/ ! h>dness :i* at fir/ *>act]is$ !m2 ! eyes are no long] repres5t$ obliquely1 b 9 pr(ile2 ! extremities are f9i%$ ) great] c>e1 ! *9 & nose are m r\nd$1 & h lo/ ! extreme elongation ( ! e>li] s*ools4 ,! limbs are full] & ?ick]1 ! faces noble1 ! hair ( ! head & be>d treat$ ) great] bread? & mass1 j z subsequ5tly ! pa9t] ,zeuxis gave m fle% to 8 figures 9 ord] to make !m appe> ( great] bread? & gr&eur1 l ,hom]1 :o repres5t$ ev5 8 wom5 ( l>g] proportions4#acff ,! great *>m ( ^! designs is ! beauty ( ! composition1 & ! m p]fect proportion ( ! figures4 ,! head is an oval1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( :i* =ms ! di/ance f ! *9 to ! e>2 ! disproportionate l5g? ( limbs has entirely disappe>$1 & ! c\nt5ance assumes a natural =m & expression4 ,! folds ( ! drap]y1 too1 are fre]1 & ! attitudes h lo/ _! old rigidity4 ,x is ! outgr[? ( ! life & fre$om ( an ideal proportion1 unit$ ) c>eful composition4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! ,polygnotan /yle ( composition1 ! figures are g5]ally l>ge1 & arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( two or ?ree on ea* side1 occupy+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! height ( ! vase2 b ! pictorial influ5ce is m 9 ! direction ( small] figures1 gr\p$ at diff]5t levels4 ,figures 9 full face are n[ mu* less uncommon4 ,9 "s ( ! l>g] vases ) figures on bo? sides1 su* z ! krat]s1 ! rev]se side is n f9i%$ ) ! same c>e z ! obv]se1 be+ int5d$ to /& aga9/ a wall1 or at lea/ to be less prom95tly se54 ,! c>e] ( ,polygnotos ext5ds f #dgh ,b4,c4 to #ddg ,b4,c41 z f> z c be ga!r$ f ! v>i\s works on :i* we "k him to h be5 engag$4 ,9 #dgh he pa9t$ frescoes = ! temple ( ,a!na ,areia at ,plataea1 9 #dgd he decorat$ ! ,!seion & ,anakeion at ,a!ns1 9 #dfj he work$ ) ,mikon on ! ,/oa ,poikile1 & f #deh to #ddg he 0 engag$ on 8 great pa9t+s ( ! & = ! ,les*e at ,delphi4#acfg ,z all ^! pa9t+s are describ$ m or less 9 detail by ,pausanias1 _! subjects =m a valuable clue to ! inve/igation ( 8 influ5ce on ! vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,krat] ,,( ,,polygnotan ,,/yle ,,9 ,,l\vre3 ,,! ,,slay+ ,,( ,,! ,,niobids4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 ?is is limit$ to s+le figures or motives#acfh2 x is n until ab\t #dgj t 8 me?od ( composition1 ) its r\gh p]spective & v>iety ( level1 f9ds its way on to ! vases4 ,! olde/ vase on :i* ^! new features appe> is ! krat] f ,orvieto 9 ! ,l\vre1#acfi :i* has usually be5 plac$ ab\t #dgj1 ?\gh at fir/ sight x appe>s to be lat]2 b c]ta9 small details ( an ar*aic "* po9t ! o!r way4 ,! ma9 subject is a gr\p ( ,argonauts1 :i* has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$1 b ,rob]t sugge/s t ! sc5e repres5ts _! prep>ations = dep>ture1 & is ?us able to associate x ) a pa9t+ by ,mikon 9 ! ,anakeion1 on :i* t subject 0 employ$4 ,! v>i\s vases :i* depict ! /ory ( ,!seus' visit to ,amphitrite#acgj are ref]r$ also by ,rob]t to an orig9al by ,mikon 9 ! ,!seion 7ab\t #dgj ,b4,c474 ,! cup ( ,euphronios 7p4 #dca7 & ! ,girg5ti krat] repres5t a /age ( ! subject contempor>y ) t pa9t]2 on ! ,bologna krat] we h a r$uc$ v]sion ( 8 "w2 & on ! ,tricase vase f ,ruvo1 :i* belongs to ! s*ool ( ,h]monax 7see bel[7 a simpl] =m ( ! my? occurs1 contempor>y ) ! prec$+4 ,! te*nique & col\r+ ( ,polygnotos' works f9d _! reflection pr9cipally 9 ! poly*rome vases 7see bel[1 p4 #dee74 ,on ! r$-figur$ vases ( ?is p]iod we mu/ look = 8 influ5ce r 9 ! arrangem5t & poses ( ! figures1 ! me?ods ( indicat+ locality1 & ! attempts at p]spective4 ,pr(essor ,rob]t's +5i\s reproductions ( 8 pa9t+s#acga may be pr(itably comp>$ ) su* vases z ! ,orvieto krat]1 ! ,blacas krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #dff ,plate ,,liii471 or ! some:at lat] hydria ( ,meidias 7see bel[74 ,! pr9ciple adopt$ 0 t ( arrang+ ! figures1 n 9 ev5 r[s or 9 prop] p]spective1 b at diff]5t levels1 ^? 9 ! backgr\nd be+ sometimes half hidd5 by ris+ gr\nd4 ,x is a pr9ciple :i* we %all f9d ev5 m fully develop$ 9 ! ,s\? ,italy vases ( ! succe$+ c5tury2 b x 0 at ! "t ( its appe>ance q sudd5 & unexpect$1 contradict+ at fir/ sight ! decorative pr9ciples ( vase-pa9t+4 ,polygnotos 0 also fond ( indicat+ *>act]i/ics ( 8 p]sonages or allusions to _! hi/ory by means ( subtle t\*es or actions4 ,?us ,pha$ra 0 repres5t$ 9 a sw+1 ,eriphyle ) h] h& on h] neck 7) ref]5ce to ! necklace71 ,!seus & ,peiri?oos 9 sitt+ po/ures1 & s on4 ,?is is q 9 ! mann] ( ! fif?-c5tury vase-pa9t]4 ,f9ally1 ! late ,f4 ,dmml] has po9t$ out t 8 influ5ce is possibly to be trac$ 9 ano!r mann] on c]ta9 vases1 viz4 9 ! use ( ! dialect ( ,p>os & ,?asos = ! inscriptions in/ead ( ,attic =ms4#acgb ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t he 0 a native ( ,?asos1 & w\ld naturally h us$ 8 native dialect = ! inscriptions ov] 8 figures4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( vases %[+ ,polygnotan influ5ce3 7#a7 ,9 types & motives only 7#dgj-dfj ,b4,c47#acgc3 ,b4,m4 ,e #agj1 #dej1 #dfi2 ,b]l9 #bdjc ,re9a*1 i4 #dej2 ,naples #bdba ,re9a*1 ii4 #bgh & #cjhi ,mill+5- ,re9a*1 #cc2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ahd 7two vases71 #bah1 #bba2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #b2 ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #di-ej2 ,furtwa5gl]1 #ejtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr4 pl4 #bacgd2 ,l\vre ,a #bef ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 pl4 #aa 7,dmml]74 7#b7 ,9 me?od ( composition 7#dfj-ddj ,b4,c47#acge3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bbd1 ,e #dff1 ,e #dib2 ,b]l9 #behh ,re9a*1 i4 #bag & #bdga ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 #ee2 ,naples ,r4,c4 #bci ,re9a*1 i4 #dhb2 ,jatta #ajic1 #ajie1 #adih ,re9a*1 i4 #age1 #aai1 #aaa2 ,pet]sburg #agib1 #ahjg ,re9a*1 i4 #a1 #g2 ,re9a*1 i4 #ebb1 #e 79 ,bologna72 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 #cf 7ibid472 ,re9a*1 i4 #aia2 & reflect+ ! /yle ( ,polygnotos or ( ,mikon3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bbf-bg ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #aah 7,l\vre72 ,re9a*1 i4 #bcb ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bgg4 ,to ^! may p]haps be add$3 ,naples #bhhi ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 ,mon4 ,9d4 pls4 #ac-d2 ,a!ns #aiba ,re9a*1 i4 #eaa2 ,b]l9 #bcbf 7see ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #agb74 ,9 ?is /age1 z has be5 not$1 arti/s' signatures are f> m r>e ?an 9 ei!r ( ! two prec$+1 & cup-pa9t]s 9 p>ticul> are few & f> betwe54 ,! -names1 too1 h almo/ entirely come to an end4 ,( ! cup-pa9t]s ! only kn[n names are ^? ( ,aeson1 ,erg9os & ,ari/ophanes1 ,hegias1 ,hegesib\los1 ,sotades1 & ,x5otimos1 & ( ^! f\r 7,aeson1 ,hegesib\los1 ,hegias1#acgf & ,x5otimos#acgg7 are only repres5t$ by s+le specim5s4 ,two v f9e cups1 made by ,erg9os & pa9t$ by ,ari/ophanes1 are 9 ! museums ( ,b]l9 & ,bo/on respectively1--! =m] decorat$ ) sc5es f ! ,gigantoma*ia )9 & )\t 7,fig4 #aab72 ! latt] has 9 ! int]ior ,h]akles rescu+ ,deianeira f ,nessos1 on ! ext]ior a battle ( ,c5taurs & ,lapi?s4 ,an unsign$ duplicate ( ?is vase 0 acquir$ by ! ,bo/on ,museum at ! same "t4#acgh ,! vase by ,aeson is decorat$ ) sc5es f ! lab\rs ( ,!seus4#acgi ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xl ,illu/ration3 ,,cups ,,by ,,sotades4 #a1 ,,9 ,,bo/on2 #b1 ,,brit4 ,,mus43 ,,polyeidos ,,9 ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,glaukos4 ------------------------------------ ,sotades /&s ap>t f 8 contempor>ies z an arti/ ( mu* individuality1 ) a t5d5cy to great ref9em5t & delicacy 9 8 "w4 ,he has left "o ,r4,f4 kan?>os & "s half-doz5 vases ( ! :ite-gr\nd type1 two ) v int]e/+ subjects 7see also p4 #deg72 all b ! fir/ 7 =m]ly 9 ,m4 van ,branteghem's collection1 & ^! are n[ divid$ betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,bo/on ,museums4 ,he is rem>kable = 8 extremely delicate cups1 ) h&les 9 ! =m ( a *ick5's m]ry?\ght1 & he also made two phialae ) :ite int]ior & m\ld$ ext]ior pa9t$ 9 r+s ( r$1 :ite1 & black2 on ! int]ior ( "o ( ^! a cicala 77 is +5i\sly modell$ s z to appe> re/+ !re 7,plate ,,xl474 ,hegesib\los1 "o ( ^: vases 0 also 9 ! ,van ,branteghem collection1#achj seems to h be5 an arti/ ( simil> t5d5cies4 ,( ! re/1 ,epig5es' "n appe>s on a small kan?>os 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 & ^? ( ,megakles & ,maurion on pyxides4 ,among ! pa9t]s :o ex]cis$ _! skill on l>g] vases ! mo/ notewor?y is ,polygnotos1 :o has left an amphora & two /amni4 ,! simil>ity ( 8 "n to t ( ! great contempor>y pa9t] has naturally l$ to conjectures z to a possible connection ( ! two1 :i* has be5 discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]t 9 publi%+ two ( ! vases ) 8 signature4#acha ,8 conclusion is t !y belong to ! p]iod #dfj-dej ,b4,c41 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! pa9t] is beg9n+ to make itself felt1 b only 9 isolat$ figures & motives1 n1 z 9 a class ( :i* we %all pres5tly speak1 9 ! composition ( sc5es4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ?ree is ! /amnos 9 ,brussels1 ) ! subject ( ,ka9eus ov]:elm$ by ! ,c5taurs#achb2 next comes ! /amnos ) ! combat ( ,h]akles & ! ,c5taur ,dexam5os#achc2 & la/ly ! ,briti% ,museum amphora1#achd :i* reta9s an ar*aic =m1 b 9 its /yle & draw+ pres5ts no traces ( ar*aism4#ache ,9 ! rev]ses ( 8 vases1 ) _! t5d5cy to mean+less & c>elessly drawn figures1 we seem to trace ! beg9n+s ( ! decad5ce4 ,h]monax1 :o pa9t$ f\r /amni & a 8pelike10 seems to be closely associat$ 9 /yle ) ,polygnotos4#achf ,pr(essor ,rob]t w\ld also attribute to a pupil ( ,polygnotos ?ree f9e ,r4,f4 cups ( ab\t #dde ,b4,c4--! ,kodros cup 9 ,bologna 7,*apt] ,,xiv47 & two 9 ,b]l9 7#becg-ch71 ) ! subjects ( ! bir? ( ,eri*?onios1 & ,aegeus consult+ ! oracle ( ,!mis4 ,nikias1 ( :om we h only "o example1 a bell-%ap$ krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7=m]ly 9 ! ,tyszkiewicz collection71#achg is evid5tly1 f ! =m ( ! vase & ! /yle ( ! pa9t+s1 an arti/ ( ! late/ /age ( ,r4,f4 vase-pa9t+ at ,a!ns4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 rem>kable 9 "o respect1 namely ! =m ( 8 signature1#achh :i* gives n only 8 p>5tage b--a unique in/ance among vase-pa9t]s--8 deme3 4 ,! subject ( ! vase is ! tor*-race1 "o (t5 f\nd on late ,a!nian krat]s1 & seldom at an e>li] date4 ,la/ly we h a hydria f ! h& ( ,meidias1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! ,hamilton collection 7,plate ,,xli474 ,w9ckelmann e/imat$ x above all o!r vases kn[n to him1 & reg>d$ x z illu/rat+ ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ! ,greeks 9 ! way ( draw+4 ,8 criticism is h>dly ev5 n[ out ( date1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s numb] t n[ *all5ge comp>ison ) x1 z f> z conc]ns ! beauty & ri*ness ( ! draw+ & ( ! composition4 ,! arti/1 says ,furtwa5gl]1 8revels 9 a sea ( beauty & grace2 y\? & *>m are idealis$ 9 8 "w40 ,9 po9t ( /yle x belongs to ! epo* ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ab\t #dcj-dbj ,b4,c41 b s admirable is ! "w t x c h>dly be plac$ s l[ z ! contempor>y vases ( 8late f9e0 /yle1 ) _! pat5t evid5ces ( decad5ce4 ,meidias may !re=e fairly be includ$ ) ! =ego+4#achi ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xli ,illu/ration3 ,,hydria ,,by ,,meidias 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,! subjects repres5t$ are arrang$ 9 two friezes all r\nd ! vase1 ! upp] conta9+ ! rape ( ! ,leukippidae by ! ,dioskuri--a subject :i* _h be5 *os5 by ,polygnotos = 8 pa9t+ 9 ! ,anakeion4#acij ,n only ?is1 b all ! vases ) ! same subject are d\btless l>gely indebt$ to ! pa9t+ = _! ideas1 especially 9 ! sy/em ( composition ) figures at diff]5t levels4#acia ,on ! l[] r[ ! front view %[s ,h]akles 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1 & at ! back is a gr\p ( ,a!nian tribal h]oes4#acib ,all ! figures h _! names inscrib$2 ^!1 toge!r ) ! arti/'s signature1 7 only fir/ notic$ by ,g]h>d 9 #ahci4 ,among ! details ( treatm5t are to be not$ ! exquisitely f9e l9es = ! folds ( drap]y1 & ! elaborate *equ]s & o!r patt]ns repres5t+ embroid]y1 ! occasional use ( gild+1 ! attempts to imp>t expression to faces by means ( wr9kles1 & ! *>act]i/ic r5d]+ ( ! hair ) wavy d>k l9es ( ?9n$ black on a br[n wa%4 ,! la/ arti/ ( ,a!nian orig9 :o rema9s to be m5tion$ is ,x5ophantos1 a contempor>y ( ,meidias1 ^: "n appe>s on a vase f\nd at ,k]t* & n[ 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,pet]sburg4#acic ,"h he expressly calls himself an ,a!nian1 & x has !re=e be5 suppos$ t ! vase 0 made on ! spot1 o!rwise x w\ld n be obvi\s :y he %\ld proclaim 8 nationality 7see bel[1 p4 #dfd74 ,! *ief feature ( ! vase--a leky?os ( ! 8belli$0 type s common at ?is /age--is ! use ( figures m\ld$ 9 relief & appli$ to ! surface1 9 conjunction ) gild+ & a lavi% use ( :ite col\r4 ,! subject is ! ,p]sian k+ hunt+4 ,! vases ( ! late f9e /yle1 into :i* ! 8f9e0 /yle m]ges ab\t ! ye> #dcj ,b4,c41 may be divid$ into two classes1--t ( ! l>g] vases1 *iefly krat]s1 9 :i* ! pictorial traditions ( ! ,polygnotan vases are c>ri$ on & develop$1 & ! influ5ce ( contempor>y art makes itself felt2 & t ( ! small] types1 su* z ! pyxis & ! wide-belli$ leky?os1 9 :i* new features & new subjects are introduc$ 7cf4 ,plate ,,xlii474 ,! =m] class is *iefly made up ( ! vases f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 ! ,crimea1 ! ,cyr5aica1 & ! ,greek isl&s1 :i* are app>5tly ( ,a!nian1 n local1 fabric2 b !y are comp>atively r>e at ,a!ns & 9 ,greece ,prop]1 :]e ! small] vases h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,x may be f\nd conv5i5t to deal fir/ ) ! latt]1 z m typically ,a!nian1 :ile ! l>g] vases s]ve z a connect+-l9k ) ! succe$+ fabrics dealt ) 9 ! next section4 ,9 ^! vases l9e> draw+ rea*es its limits 9 respect ( p]fect fre$om & ref9em5t ( detail2 b x is at a sev]e co/4 ,! arti/ seems to h lo/ int]e/ 9 8 subject :5 x no long] requir$ an ef=t to execute x1 & is cont5t to decorate 8 vase ) a few /ock figures 9 conv5tional attitudes1 un*>act]is$ by action or attribute4 ,frequ5t faults ( design may be obs]v$1 su* z co>s5ess ( draw+ or neglig5ce 9 ! lay+ on ( ! black v>ni%4 ,! arti/ works by r\t9e1 & appe>s to be non*alant & bor$4 ,my?ological sc5es become exce$+ly r>e1 & are conf9$ to ,dionysos or ,aphrodite ) _! att5dant p]sonifications1 & ! compositions are fanciful or decorative 9 "*1 )\t any sugge/ion ( p>ticul> ev5ts or actions4 ,! all-p]vad+ pres5ce ( ,eros is ano!r feature :i* is new to vase-pa9t+1 b h5ce=w>d 8 position is e/abli%$4 ,an ev5 great] novelty is ! prepond]ance ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xlii ,illu/ration3 ,,vase ,,( 8,,late ,,f9e0 ,,/yle4 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ( subjects connect$ ) ! daily life ( wom5 or *ildr5--! toilet1 ! occupations ( e-day life1 or nuptial c]emonies2 & a :ole s]ies ( small jugs1 !mselves 9 all probability toys1 depicts ! v>i\s games 9 :i* ! ,a!nian *ild delight$--! hoop1 ! g-c>t1 & ! ball1 or 8 pet animals 7cf4 ,plate ,,xlii474 ,! %apes mo/ popul> 9 ?is gr\p are1 z we h indicat$1 ! o9o*o1 ! wide-belli$ leky?os1 & ! pyxis 7,plate ,,xlii474 ,mil*hoef]1 9 a mo/ important article1#acid reg>ds ! leky?i z m in/ructive ?an any o!r gr\p = illu/rat+ ! lat] developm5ts ( ,r4,f4 vase-pa9t+4 ,beg9n+ ) e>ly examples ( ! f9e /yle1#acie !y ext5d to ! v end )\t any gaps1 ! tradition be+ fur!r cont9u$ 9 ,apulia4 ,!y exhibit a developm5t f simple to ri* compositions1 f 8/rong0 /yle to p]fect fre$om4 ,9 ! late/ examples1 su* z t by ,x5ophantos1 we see ! /ra9+ aft] novelty :i* m>ks ! decad5ce1 9 ! introduction ( figures 9 relief appli$ to ! surface ( ! vase1 z well z 9 ! increase ( poly*romy & gild+4 ,among ! f9] vases we may note a hydria at ,k>lsruhe 7#bei7 ) ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 9 :i* may be trac$ ! h& ( ,meidias2 ! leky?os 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ,cyprus 7,e #fif71 ) ,o$ipus slay+ ! ,sph9x1 9 :i* ! figure ( ,a!na ) its :ite coat+ is cle>ly rem9isc5t ( ! gold-&-ivory ,p>!nos /atue2 & two pretty leky?i f ,apollonia1 9 ,?race1 ) ! subject ( inc5se-ga!r+4 ,!re are also two pyxides 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #ggc-d71 on :i* are gr\ps ( wom51 ) fancy names add$ to give int]e/ to ! sc5e3 ?us ,klytaemne/ra1 ,danae1 & ,iphig5eia occur all toge!r1 & ! ,n]eids are engag$ 9 ! e-day occupations ( ! wom5's ap>tm5ts4 ,f a te*nical po9t ( view1 ! pr9cipal *ange is 9 ! increas$ use ( gild+ & poly*rome col\r+4 ,! =m]1 employ$ exceptionally by ,euphronios & ,brygos1 n[ becomes ! rule1 & concurr5tly ! use ( :ite = fle%-t9ts1 z 9 ! figure ( ,a!na j m5tion$1 & ( r$1 gre51 & blue = drap]ies1 becomes m & m g5]al4 ,! gild+ 0 appli$ = small details1 su* z wrea?s1 & = ! hair2 & ! places :]e x 0 to be appli$ 7 m>k$ by l[ relief4 ,x 0 fix$ 9 ! =m ( gold-leaf by means ( a yell[i% gum4 ,jahn1 :o "s ye>s ago collect$ ! li/ ( vases ) gild+1#acif reckon$ fifty-"o kn[n to him1 *iefly f ,k]t*2 & ,heydemann & ,collignon#acig h s9ce add$ sev]al to ! li/1 *iefly f collections at ,a!ns4 ,!y h be5 f\nd n only 9 ,a!ns & ,k]t*1 b at ,cor9?1 ,meg>a1 ,h]mione1 ,!bes1 & 9 ,ac>nania & ,?race4 ,9 ! l>g] vases ( ?is p]iod ! pictorial me?od ( ! prec$+ phase is1 z might h be5 expect$1 greatly develop$4 ,among ! vases ( und\bt$ ,attic orig9 we h1 fir/ ( all1 ! ,meidias hydria & its companion vase1 ! ,k>lsruhe hydria ) ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is#acih2 &1 secondly1 ! great ,gigantoma*ia vase f ,melos 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* conta9s no less ?an =ty-sev5 figures4#acii ,ano!r f9e in/ance is ! poly*rome ,kameiros vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! subject ( ,peleus & ,!tis4 ,rob]t#adjj sees 9 ! two latt] a possible influ5ce ( ,p>rhasios1 :o is kn[n to h paid great att5tion to draw+1 &1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,kameiros vase1 draws att5tion to ! pla/ic silh\ette effect ( ! figures4 ,p>rhasios' art consi/$ 9 giv+ ?is effect by 8 l9e> draw+4#adja ,! influ5ce ( ,zeuxis is less app>5t1 ?\gh f 8 e>li] date x might m naturally h be5 expect$4#adjb ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill m in/ructive to trace 9 ?is gr\p ! influ5ce ( ! ,p>!non sculptures1 :i*1 :]e x c be obs]v$1 enables u to date ! vases approximately z at any rate n e>li] ?an #dch ,b4,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t sculptor & pa9t] may (t5 h gone back to ! same orig9al type4 ,?is expla9s ! appe>ance ( app>5tly ,pheidian motives on vases ( an e>li] /yle--su* z rid+ y\?s1 wat]-c>ri]s1 etc4--or ! simil>ity ( composition on "o ( ! ,p>!non metopes & a vase ( und\bt$ly e>li] date4#adjc ,b 9 "o or two in/ances !re c be no d\bt ( su* influ5ce1 mo/ notably 9 ! ,a!na & ,poseidon vase f ,k]t* 7see bel[1 p4 #dfd74 ,x _c be )\t significance "h t ! two figures are actually 9 relief on ! vase1 & ! p>allelism ) ! p$im5t 7s f> z we "k ! design7 is s close t a copy ( x 0 manife/ly ! vase-arti/'s int5tion4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( a figure ( ! ,p>!nos on a vase ( ?is p]iod1 & ano!r in/ance1 ?\gh n on a pa9t$ vase1 may be not$ 9 ! poly*rome bu/ ( ! goddess 9 t]racotta f ,a!ns1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#adjd ,"s in/ances ( ?is type on vases may be e>li] ?an ! /atue2 x 0 n creat$ by ,pheidias4#adje 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t !re is "o exception to ! ,a!nian monopoly ( vase-mak+ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & ?is is 9 ! local fabrics ( ,boeotia4 ,( ! ,kabeirion vases1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 ! ,b4,f4 te*nique1 belong to ?is p]iod1 we h already spok54 ,!re rema9s a small class--only five examples are at pres5t kn[n--:i* appe>s to h be5 made at ,tanagra4 ,all five evid5tly came f ! same work%op1 & 9 ?ree cases ! prov5ance is c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,two are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #hac-d71 & ?ree 9 ! ,museum at ,a!ns4#adjf ,) ! exception ( ,e #had 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is a pyxis1 all are small two-h&l$ cups1 ) l[ feet4 ,! designs are outl9$ on a backgr\nd ( yell[ clay 9 a black-br[n pigm5t1 ! l9es be+ co>sely drawn4 ,inn] details are indicat$ by means ( ?9n$-out pigm5t4 ,t !y are ( ,boeotian orig9 is fur!r %[n by ! ornam5tation3 ! pyxis has r\nd ! sides r[s ( v]tical wavy l9es1 su* z are (t5 se5 on ! ,boeotian geometrical fabrics 7p4 #bhh71 & also an ivy-leaf :i* recalls ! ,kabeirion w>e4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! hang+s r\nd ! *air on ,a!ns #aabj exactly resembles ! patt]ns indicat+ ! drap]y on "s ( ! e>ly ,boeotian t]racottas4#adjg ,! subjects1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to sugge/ ,a!nian prototypes3 9 ! designs mu* ar*aism is to be obs]v$--su* z defects 9 p]spective1 ! r5d]+ ( ! eyela%es1 & ! draw+ ( ! feet 9 pr(ile1 b ) toes 9 front4 ,num]\s small details po9t to a date late 9 ! fif? c5tury1 :i*1 9 view ( ! cons]vative t5d5cies ( ,boeotia1 is n unlikely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,boeotian ,,kylix 7,,briti% ,,museum73 ,,girl ,,play+ ,,kottabos7874 ,! subjects are ( "s int]e/1 & include two figures ( ,h]akles1 "o be>d$1 ! o!r y\?ful2 a girl play+ kottabos 7,fig4 #ajd72 & a cultus-image ( an en?ron$ ,*?onian goddess 7,demet] or ,p]sephone71 hold+ a tor*1 e>s ( corn1 & poppies4 ,^! vases h be5 collect$ & fully discuss$ 9 an int]e/+ article by ,dr4 ,s4 ,wide4#adjh ----- ,footnote #abfi3 ,kle91 ,euphronios1#b p4 #ca ff4 ,footnote #abgj3 ,see ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahid1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #abga3 ,see ,norton 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahif1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #abgb3 ,furtwa5gl]1 9 ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahid1 p4 #aab1 9 repudiat+ ! idea t ! new /yle 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! kylikes1 seems to h misund]/ood ,h>twig's argum5ts4 ,footnote #abgc3 ,jahrbu*1 ii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #aei ff4 ,! alt]native view is upheld by ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #bf ff41 & he is foll[$ by ,murray1 ,designs on ,gk4 ,vases1 p4 #f4 ,kle9 comp>es ,epictetan vases ) ! "w ( ,mikon1 & also bases 8 argum5t on ! /ory ( ,kimon & ! bones ( ,!seus 7see p4 #dah74 ,footnote #abgd3 ,inscr4 ,gr4 i4 7,atticae71 ,suppl4 pp4 #gi1 #aed2 ,jahrbu*1 loc4 cit4 p4 #add4 ,footnote #abge3 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,see also especially ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*rift5 7#bnd edn4 #ahih72 ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*al52 ,w]nicke1 ,liebl+snam52 & ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iii4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #abgf3 ,on ! id5tity ( ^! names 9 p>ticul>1 see ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #bg ff42 ,murray1 ,designs1 p4 #f2 ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #chj4 ,footnote #abgg3 ,h>twig 7p4 #aa7 po9ts out t vase-pa9t]s also be> well-kn[n names1 su* z ,hi]on1 ,&okides1 ,ari/ophanes4 ,footnote #abgh3 ,! "n ( ,leagros also occurs on late ,b4,f4 hydriae1 e4g4 ,b #cbe 9 ,b4,m4 ,x is us$ by f\r ,r4,f4 pa9t]s 9 all4 ,footnote #abgi3 ,e4g4 ,branteghem ,cat4 #eg4 ,footnote #abhj3 ,see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #c1 & id4 9 ,mlanges d',ar*4 #ahid1 p4 #aj4 ,he also cites a vase 9 ,b]l9 7#aijf7 :i* be>s ! "n ,/esileos 4 ,?is may ref] to ! ,s4 :o fell at ,m>a?on4 ,footnote #abha3 ,on ! in/rum5t employ$1 see above1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #abhb3 ,c4 ,smi? 9 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iii4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #abhc3 ,see also ,b4,m4 ,e #ae1 ,e #deh4 ,footnote #abhd3 ,cf4 ,pl9y's ,9 ve/e rugas et s9us inv5tit1 ( ,kimon4 ,footnote #abhe3 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aijj1 p4 #dj ff41 & above1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #abhf3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dbg1 = full] details ( ! e>ly developm5t4 ,footnote #abhg3 ,cf4 ! ,troilos kylix ( ,euphronios 7bel[1 p4 #dcc74 ,footnote #abhh3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iii4 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #abhi3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iii4 p4 #ad2 ,urli*s1 ,beitrge1 p4 #cg2 & cf4 p4 #ace = a m5tion ( a vase /amp$ ) an owl & olive-bran*1 & suppos$ to be an (ficial *o9ix measure4 ,footnote #abij3 xi4 #die ,b4 ,footnote #abia3 ,see ,reis* 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 v4 7#ahij71 p4 #cac ff41 & bel[1 p4 #dic4 ,footnote #abib3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dga ff4 ,footnote #abic3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #abid3 ,see :at has be5 said above on ! *anges 9 ! =m ( ! amphora1 hydria1 & krat]4 ,footnote #abie3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahib1 p4 #aje ff4 ,footnote #abif3 ,e4g4 ,vi5na #bcd1 #cci 7! latt] giv5 9 ,fig4 #aja74 ,footnote #abig3 ,see also "s valuable notes on ! subject 9 ,riegl's ,/ilfrag51 p4 #aia ff4 ,footnote #abih3 ,b4,m4 ,e #d-e2 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 pl4 #af1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #abii3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ag-ai2 ,b]l9 #bbfc1 #dbbj2 ,l\vre ,g #ah2 ,helbig #bdf ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #gj1 #b4 ,all ^! are cups ) ! "n ( ,memnon 4 ,footnote #acjj3 ,b]l9 #bbfb4 ,footnote #acja3 ,b4,m4 ,e #bb1 #da2 ,b]l9 #bbfd-fe2 ,l\vre ,g #ag4 ,footnote #acjb3 ,e4g4 ,muni* #aafj 7by ,his*ylos7 ,b4,m4 ,e #cg-h1 #dj4 ,footnote #acjc3 ,z on ,e #fi1 #gh4 ,footnote #acjd3 ,see also ,*apt] ,,xvi4 #c4 ,footnote #acje3 ,b4,m4 ,e #f1 #gh4 ,footnote #acjf3 ,b4,m4 ,e #hah4 ,footnote #acjg3 ,see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #cba2 & cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #fh1 #gah4 ,footnote #acjh3 ,see ,furtwa5gl]1 ,eros 9 d4 ,vas5m42 ,knapp1 ,nike 9 d4 ,vas5m4 ,footnote #acji3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ggb-gc4 ,footnote #acaj3 ,notably on ! f9e kylix by ,pei?9os 9 ,b]l9 7,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 pl4 #bd74 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dfb1 #eaj1 & ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 pls4 #dd-e ,muni* #djh4 ,footnote #acaa3 ,cf4 also1 = v>i$ treatm5t ( ! same subject by two arti/s1 ,b4,m4 ,e #dd 7ext47 ) ,l\vre ,g #ag4 ,footnote #acab3 ,see ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #eae ff42 & = fur!r details1 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,footnote #acac3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xv4 #a4 ,footnote #acad3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #djf 7,lampad$romia72 ,e #bih1 #dfj1 #dfi1 #bgj 7musical conte/s74 ,footnote #acae3 ,g5]al ref]5ce may be made to ,kle9's ,mei/]sig41 #bnd edn41 supplem5t$ by ,h>twig4 ,footnote #acaf3 ,cf4 also ,c4 ,smi? 9 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iii4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #acag3 ,euphronios1#b p4 #ad ff41 ) li/ ( cups 9 ,app5dix4 ,footnote #acah3 ,b4,m4 ,e #ah4 ,footnote #acai3 ,! type1 x %\ld be not$1 is purely ,b4,f4 9 "*4 ,footnote #acbj3 ,designs on ,gk4 ,vases1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #acba3 ,! ,l\vre cup ,f #abi1 inscrib$ 1 _c be assign$ to him1 al?\gh ,kle9 did s4 ,see ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 pp4 #aeg1 #afh ff4 ,footnote #acbb3 l4 ,cr4 iii4 #gc2 ,b4,m4 ,e #cd2 ,branteghem ,cat4 #bh2 fragm5t acquir$ by ,b4,m41 #ahif2 ,bo/on ,mus4 ,report1 #aijc1 ,no4 #eb4 ,footnote #acbc3 ,mei/]s*al51 *ap4 iv4 ,footnote #acbd3 ,nos4 #h-aa 9 ,kle9's li/1 accord+ to ,h>twig1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #acbe3 ,! e>lie/ example seems to be ,re9a*1 i4 #bbc ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,d4 #e 7a cup by ,pamphaios74 ,footnote #acbf3 ,z 9 ! ,epidromos cup 7,b4,m4 ,e #be74 ,footnote #acbg3 ,euphronios1#b p4 #bf3 cf4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,footnote #acbh3 ,designs on ,gk4 ,vases1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #acbi3 ,re9a*1 i4 #dfj1 #a4 ,footnote #accj3 ,see ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 pl4 #ci1 fig4 #h1 pl4 #dj1 figs4 #aa-ab2 ! ,satyr & ar*] are among rec5t acquisitions ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #acca3 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhc1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #accb3 ,euphronios1 p4 #bhi ff4 ,footnote #accc3 ,see ,hopp9's monograph on ?is pa9t]1 passim4 ,9 addition to ! five sign$ vases 7= :i* see ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 #aid7 he gives ! foll[+ z probably ,eu?ymides' "w3 ,b4,m4 ,b #bed-ef1 #gfg2 ,muni* #daj ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cc2 ,b]l9 #bahj2 ,re9a*1 ii4 #acc4 ,footnote #accd3 4 4 #ahhg1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #acce3 ,see also ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #chj4 ,footnote #accf3 ,see ,h>twig1 *ap4 ix4 ?r\gh\t2 also ,jones 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xii4 p4 #cff ff4 ,footnote #accg3 ,kle9 only knew ( f\r1 b ,h>twig 7p4 #afh7 has add$ to 8 li/4 ,footnote #acch3 ,a hydria 9 ,muni* 7,no4 #f7 is also probably 8 "w4 ,x repres5ts 8 colleague ,eu?ymides & ano!r pott]1 ,tl5polemos 7see p4 #ddj74 ,cf4 ! vase m5tion$ above1 d$icat$ by ,ph9tias to ,eu?ymides4 ,footnote #acci3 ,re9a*1 i4 #bjc4 ,footnote #acdj3 ,see also ,h>twig1 pl4 #f4 ,footnote #acda3 ,g]h>d1 ,a4,v4 #ajc ,re9a*1 ii4 #eg4 ,! vase 9 ,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 pl4 #h1 is probably n 8 "w1 z has be5 sugge/$4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! hydria is n giv5 accurately by ,g]h>d 7see ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4 p4 #aih74 ,footnote #acdb3 ,k>lsruhe #bdb2 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahid1 p4 #ahj 7at ,odessa74 ,footnote #acdc3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahie1 p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #acdd3 ,x is us$ by ,&okides1 ,*elis1 ,eu?ymides1 ,pamphaios1 & ,niko/h5es4 ,footnote #acde3 ,see ,kle91 ,euphronios1 passim2 ,h>twig1 *aps4 vii4 xviii42 ,murray1 ,designs on ,gk4 ,vases1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #acdf3 ,e4g4 ! ,b4,m4 hydria ,b #cbe3 see ,kle91 ,liebl+s9s*r#b4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #acdg3 ,h>twig1 p4 #aeb1 m5tions ano!r possible in/ance1 an amphora 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,all ! vases except 7#i7 are publi%$ 9 ,kle9's ,euphronios1 & all except 7#h7 & 7#i7 9 ! ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]1 s]4 #e1 pls4 #a-g4 ,a few m rec5t publications are not$ 9 ! li/4 ,footnote #acdh3 ,paus4 v4 #ai1 #a4 ,footnote #acdi3 ,h>twig1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhg2 ,furtwa5gl] 9 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 p4 #aaj 7d5ies ! ,b4,m4 kylix to ,euphronios74 ,footnote #acej3 ,h>twig1 pl4 #ec4 ,footnote #acea3 ,z not$ on p4 #deg1 x has be5 attribut$ by ,furtwa5gl] 7) "s probability7 to ,sotades4 ,= o!r attributions ( vases to ,euphronios1 see ,h>twig1 *aps4 vii4 & xviii4 ,footnote #aceb3 ,op4 cit4 *aps4 x4 & xxi4 ,footnote #acec3 ,a good in/ance ( ?is is ,e #ej 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #aced3 ,wi5] ,vorl4 vi4 pl4 #g4 ,footnote #acee3 ,murray1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #acef3 ,see 8 *ap4 xvii43 8,d] ,mei/] mit dem ,kahlkopf40 ,footnote #aceg3 ,h>twig1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #aceh3 ,ibid4 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #acei3 ,murray1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #acfj3 ,see ,murray1 ,designs1 p4 #af2 ,h>twig1 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #acfa3 ,ant4 ,d5km4 i4 pls4 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #acfb3 ,except 9 "o insignificant in/ance3 see ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #acfc3 ,murray 7,designs1 p4 #e7 notes ! same *>act]i/ic 9 ! cups ) g5re subjects1 z 9 ! ,b4,m4 examples ,e #cc1 #ci1 #di1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #fa1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gh4 ,footnote #acfd3 ,see ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 pls4 #b-c1 p4 #ae ff ,footnote #acfe3 ,liebl+s9s*r4#b p4 #abf ,re9a*1 i4 #aff4 ,footnote #acff3 ,qu9t4 ,in/4 ,or4 xii4 #ae4 ,footnote #acfg3 ,?is *ronology is tak5 f ,rob]t's ,m>a?ons*la*t1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #acfh3 ,cf4 ,jahrbu*1 ii4 7#ahhg71 p4 #agj ff4 ,footnote #acfi3 ,j4,h4,s4 x4 p4 #aah4 ,! rev]se is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,footnote #acgj3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 pl4 #ad1 p4 #bgf ff4 ,footnote #acga3 ,see 8 monographs on ! ,nekyia & ,iliup]sis ,hallis*es ,fe/programm1 ,nos4 #af & #ag 7#ahib-ic74 ,footnote #acgb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,e #dib2 ,re9a*1 i4 #bag4 ,footnote #acgc3 ,see ,rob]t 9 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 p4 #bd2 id4 ,m>a?ons*la*t1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #acgd3 ,! type ( ,orpheus on ?is vase is cle>ly d]iv$ f ,polygnotos2 ! figure /&+ ) "o foot rais$1 l ,antilo*os 9 ! ,nekyia1 is a well-kn[n motive ( 84 ,see ,furtwa5gl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #acge3 ,see ,rob]t1 ,nekyia1 p4 #dc2 ,dmml] 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #agj ff4 ,footnote #acgf3 ,/ackelb]g1 pl4 #be4 ,footnote #acgg3 ,branteghem ,cat4 #hd ,ant4 ,d5km1 i4 #ei3 see also ibid4 #he4 ,footnote #acgh3 ,report = #aijj1 ,nos4 #ag-h4 ,footnote #acgi3 ,9 ,madrid 7,ant4 ,d5km4 ii4 pl4 #a74 ,! vase ,e #hd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is v simil>1 & ! /yle also has aff9ities ) t ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,footnote #achj3 ,cat4 #afg4 ,footnote #acha3 ,mon4 ,anti*i1 ix4 pls4 #b-c1 p4 #e ff4 ,footnote #achb3 ,op4 cit4 pl4 #b4 ,footnote #achc3 ,ibid4 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #achd3 ,e #bhd ,re9a*1 ii4 #abc4 ,footnote #ache3 ,naples #cjhi ,mill+5-,re9a*1 #cc is probably also by ,polygnotos4 ,footnote #achf3 ,! ,briti% ,museum pelike ) ! ,bir? ( ,a!na 7,e #daj7 & ! ,tricase vase 7,j4,h4,s4 xviii4 p4 #bgi7 may p]haps be 8 "w4 ,footnote #achg3 ,froehn]1 ,tyszkiewicz ,coll4 pl4 #ce4 ,footnote #achh3 ,= facsimile see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,footnote #achi3 ,! foll[+ vases are 9 ! /yle ( ,meidias1 ?\gh n necess>ily f 8 h&3 ,a!ns #abhg ,re9a*1 i4 #cdb2 ,naples1 ,s4,a4 #caa ,re9a*1 i4 #dgd1 #g2 ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #beb2 ,k>lsruhe #bei ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #cj2 ,re9a*1 i4 #dgb1 #a2 #dgf1 #b2 #dgg1 #b2 #dic1 #c2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #h2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #ei4 ,footnote #acij3 ,paus4 i4 #ah1 #a4 ,footnote #acia3 ,see ,rob]t1 ,m>a?ons*la*t1 p4 #ig2 ,nekyia1 p4 #db4 ,on late ,r4,f4 vases ) d\ble friezes see ,w9t]1 ,jng]e attis*e ,vas51 p4 #fi1 & ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #ajb4 ,! pr9ciple is frequ5tly adopt$ 9 ! vases ( ,apulia 7e4g4 ,plate ,,xlv472 = e>ly ,apulian examples see p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #acib3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xiii4 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #acic3 ,cat4 #agij ,ant4 du ,bosph4 ,cimm4 pl4 #df 79 col\rs7 ,re9a*1 i4 #bc4 ,= a curi\s imitation ( ?is vase1 see ,naples #biib4 ,footnote #acid3 ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #eg ff4 ,footnote #acie3 ,naples #cace1 accord+ to him1 is contemporane\s ) ! ,b4,m4 ,aphrodite cup 7,d #b71 ab\t #dfj ,b4,c4 ,footnote #acif3 ,vas5 mit ,golds*muck 7#ahfe74 ,footnote #acig3 ,gr4 ,vas5bild]1 p4 #b1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #c1 pl4 #i1 fig4 #a2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxx4 7#ahge71 pp4 #a1 #gc1 pls4 #ag-bj4 ,see also ,b]l9 #bffa ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #beg1 & #bgje ,re9a*1 i4 #dbf1 #b4 ,footnote #acih3 ,( simil> /yle are ! fragm5t ,naples #bffd ,re9a*1 i4 #aha1 & ,a!ns #abei ,re9a*1 i4 #ejf4 ,footnote #acii3 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahge1 pls4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #adjj3 ,m>a?ons*la*t1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #adja3 ,cf4 ,qu9t4 xii4 #aj1 #c1 & ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #fg4 ,footnote #adjb3 ,see ,rob]t1 ,iliup]sis1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #adjc3 ,cf4 ,mi*aelis1 ,p>!non1 pl4 #d1 #be1 ) a vase 9 ! ,vatican 7,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #gdf72 & see ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #agg1 & ,ros*]1 i4 p4 #acee4 ,footnote #adjd3 ,e #gaf ,j4,h4,s4 xv4 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #adje3 ,see ,jahrbu*1 #ahid1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #adjf3 ,nos4 #aaai-bj1 & "o uncatalogu$4 ,footnote #adjg3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #eg-h4 ,footnote #adjh3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 p4 #adc ff41 ) pl4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,:ite-,,gr\nd ,,& ,,lat] ,,fabrics ,orig9 & "* ( :ite-gr\nd pa9t+--,outl9e draw+ & poly*romy--,fun]al leky?i--,subjects & types--,decad5ce ( ,greek vase-pa9t+--,rise ( new c5tres--,k]t*1 ,cyr5aica1 & ,s\!rn ,italy--,*>act]i/ics ( ! latt] fabrics--,%apes--,draughtsman%ip--,influ 5ce ( ,trag$y & ,com$y--,subjects--,pae/um fabric--,lucanian1 ,campanian1 & ,apulian fabrics--,gna?ia vases--,vases modell$ 9 =m ( figures--,imitations ( metal--,vases ) reliefs--8,meg>ian0 b[ls--,bols5a w>e & ,cal5e phialae4 #a4 ,,:ite-,,gr\nd ,,vases ,! me?od ( pa9t+ on a :ite gr\nd1 :i* 0 br\ght to su* p]fection 9 ! fif? c5tury1 really requires a section to itself1 its developm5t be+ p>allel to1 yet diff]5t f1 t ( ! pa9t+ 9 r$ on black4 ,its g5ealogy c be trac$ almo/ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ,greek vase-pa9t+1 beg9n+ ) ! ,ionian fabrics ( ,rhodes & ,samos1 ?r\gh ! m develop$ vases ( ,naukratis & ,kyr5e1 until x 0 introduc$ at ,a!ns 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury1 p]haps1 z we h se5 7p4 #che71 by ,niko/h5es4 ,! me?od 0 n1 ( c\rse1 new !n to ,cont95tal ,greece4 ,x 0 ! "o usually employ$ = pa9t+ votive tablets or pictures on wood1 ! surface ( ! tablet be+ prep>$ by cov]+ x ) a ?ick slip ( creamy-:ite lu/r\s "*1 kn[n z 4#adji ,?us x is us$ 9 "o ( ! few examples kn[n ( ,attic pa9t+1 ap>t f ! vases1 ! ,w>rior p9ax f ! ,acropolis1 :i* may be dat$ ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 & /&s midway betwe5 frescoes & :ite-gr\nd vases 7see above1 p4 #cig74 ,possibly ! idea ( ! :ite slip 0 to get ! effect ( pa9t+ on m>ble su* z we see 9 ! tomb/ones ( ,lyseas & ,a9eos4#adaj ,?is me?od 0 adh]$ to ?r\gh\t ! fif? c5tury by all ! great pa9t]s1 su* z ,polygnotos1 & h5ce ! importance to u ( ! :ite-gr\nd vases ( t "t1 z reflect+ _! me?ods1 & 9 a m9iature =m ! appe>ance ( _! works4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! all-important consid]ation 9 a picture 0 p]fection ( design & composition2 col\r+ 0 relatively unimportant1 & ! te*nical processes exce$+ly simple1 ?ree or f\r col\rs alone be+ employ$4 ,cic]o#adaa tells u t ,polygnotos1 ,zeuxis1 & ,timan!s only us$ f\r col\rs--black1 :ite1 r$1 & yell[4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! are j ! f\r col\rs we ord9>ily f9d on ! poly*rome vases1 ! flat t9ts s frequ5tly employ$ be+ no d\bt sugge/$ by ! mural pa9t+s4 ,to g back to ! e>li] ,a!nian vases ) :ite gr\nd1 we obs]ve t at fir/ ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 silh\ette1 9 ! mann] ( ! ord9>y ,b4,f4 vases1 obta9s exclusively4#adab ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ?is me?od is sup]s$$ by :at we may reg>d z a transitional class1 9 :i* ! figures are pa9t$ p>tly 9 silh\ette1 p>tly 9 outl9e1 ! simple black-on-:ite design be+ pres]v$1 ) a v occasional use ( purple or yell[4#adac ,accord+ to ,w9t]1 ! orig9 ( outl9e draw+ ( ?is k9d may be f\nd 9 ! p>tly outl9$ female heads :i* are f\nd on "s ( ! m9or arti/s' cups1 su* z ^? ( ,sakonides1 ,eu*eiros1 & ,h]mog5es4#adad ,we ne$ n g z f> z he does 9 expla9+ ! catagrapha ( ,kimon 7see p4 #cig7 z ! replacem5t ( m]e silh\ettes by outl9e draw+1 s z to give individuality & v>iety to faces2 b ! vases :i* he publi%es are rem>kable = ! highly develop$ "* ( ! heads depict$ !reon4#adae ,"o 9 p>ticul> is m l a head by ,euphronios ?an "o ( ! ,epictetan cycle1 to :i* x mu/ belong 9 po9t ( date4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,epiktetos & 8 s*ool 7 /ill hamp]$ by ar*aic conv5tions1 :ile ! pa9t] on a :ite gr\nd 0 c>v+ out ! way to p]fect fre$om4 ,! %apes employ$ = ! new :ite-gr\nd te*nique are mu* ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! previ\s p]iod--! kylix1 ! leky?os1 ! o9o*o1 ! pyxis1 & ! alaba/ron4#adaf ,b ( ^! only "o reta9s its popul>ity = any l5g? ( "t2 9 fact1 aft] ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury x is ! only "o employ$ at all4 ,?is %ape is ! leky?os1 on :i*1 inde$1 alone ! :ole developm5t ( :ite-gr\nd pa9t+ c be trac$ f ! ,b4,f4 types d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 x f9ally disappe>s4 ,al?\gh n exclusively ! sepul*ral vase 7z may be se5 f ! appe>ance ( o!r vases on tombs 9 ! pa9t$ fun]al sc5es#adag71 yet = "s reason x came to be reg>d$ z ! prop] %ape = su* purposes1 & ! fa%ion ( mak+ :ite leky?i exclusively = ! tomb1 & decorat$ z a g5]al rule ) fun]>y subjects1 prevail$ = ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,we h else:]e 7pp4 #acb1 #adc7 not$ in/ances ( its use record$ by ,ari/ophanes4 ,! introduction ( poly*romy is a gradual developm5t4 ,at fir/1 z we h se51 col\r is v sp>+ly employ$1 only 9 ! use ( a br[ni% yell[ 7produc$ by ?9n+ out ! black7 = details or wa%es1 or ( a purple or p9ki% br[n4 ,subsequ5tly ! outl9es are drawn 9 black or br[n1 & fill$ 9 ) black1 br[n1 or purple wa%es2 ! occasional use ( a cle>1 ?ick1 :ite pigm5t1 /&+ out aga9/ ! cream backgr\nd1 is also to be not$#adah2 & next a wa% ( bright r$ or v]milion is employ$4 ,9 ! f9al /ages ( poly*rome pa9t+1 dur+ ! f\r? c5tury1 ! range ( col\rs is greatly ext5d$1 & blue or gre5 are employ$ ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xliii ,illu/ration3 ,,vases ,,) ,,poly*rome ,,designs ,,on ,,:ite ,,gr\nd4 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,to face page #def4 ------------------------------------ 9 addition to ^? already nam$4 ,! outl9es are also pa9t$ 9 ! v]milion col\r already m5tion$1 in/ead ( ! black 9 previ\s use4 ,up to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ! col\r+ always pres]ves a "* ( sob]ness & au/]ity2 & su* a feature z ! use ( gild+#adai is q exceptional4 ,"s ( ! :ite-gr\nd kylikes are only p>tially s2 ! ext]ior is pa9t$ 9 ! ord9>y ,r4,f4 mann]1 ( ! 8/rong0 /yle1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,anesidora cup 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a f9e cup at ,go?a has a r$-figur$ int]ior & poly*rome ext]ior4#adbj ,9 ! ,muni* collection !re are ?ree v beautiful cups ( ?is k9d4#adba ,! int]ior subjects are respectively ,europa on ! bull1 a fr5zi$ ,ma5ad1 & ,h]a4 ,! cup ) ! ,ma5ad is attribut$ by ,furtwa5gl] to ! /yle ( ,brygos1 & may !re=e be dat$ ab\t #dgj-dfj ,b4,c4 ,x is r>e to f9d a l>ge vase decorat$ 9 ?is me?od1 b !re is a v f9e krat] ( ! calyx type 9 ! ,museo ,gregoriano at ,rome1#adbb :i* has be5 attribut$ to ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury 7contempor>y ) ,euphronios' lat] mann]72 ! subject is ! deliv]y ( ! infant ,dionysos to ! nymphs ( ,nysa1 & is pa9t$ ?r\gh\t 9 poly*rome on a :ite gr\nd4 ,( late ye>s "s v f9e pyxides 9 ?is /yle h be5 f\nd 9 ,greece1#adbc (t5 decorat$ ) m>riage sc5es1 ! /yle ( ! pa9t+ be+ contempor>y ) ,duris & ,brygos4 ,b = beauty & delicacy all are surpass$ by "s ( ! small] cups1 above all ! ,aphrodite cup f ,kameiros 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#adbd 9 :i* ref9em5t & grace are comb9$ ) boldness ( conception & accuracy ( draw+ 9 a m>vell\s degree4 ,or1 aga91 ! gr\p ( cups & b[ls by ,sotades 7see above1 p4 #dde71adbe "s ) my?ological or o!r subjects pa9t$ 9 m9ute & graceful /yle1 o!rs ( fanta/ic or unusual %ape & decoration1 =m a unique s]ies among ! :ite-gr\nd vases4#adbf ,to sum up 9 ! words ( ,a4 ,s4 ,murray ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! vases#adbg3 8,!re 0 ?us 9 ! :ite vases an exceptional opportunity = purity ( outl9e 9 ! draw+1 & x is n )\t reason t !y are reg>d$ z ! be/ repres5tatives we yet possess ( ! great age ( ,greek fresco-pa9t+1 9 :i* also purity & sweep ( outl9e on a :ite gr\nd1 simplicity ( composition1 & a limit$ scale ( brilliant col\rs1 7 ! *ief *>act]i/ics40 ,x rema9s n[ to speak ( ! fun]al leky?i z a di/9ct class1 _! subjects & me?od ( treatm5t4#adbh ,al?\gh x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y to speak ( 8vases ( ,locri0 or 8vases ( ,gela0 9 speak+ ( examples f\nd on ^? sites1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t !y are all really ( ,a!nian orig94#adbi ,ap>t f ! fact t ! great majority h be5 f\nd at ,a!ns1 !re are no special peculi>ities ab\t ^? f o!r sites :i* w\ld ju/ify any su* di/9ction ( fabrics4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! num]\s examples :i* h be5 f\nd ( late ye>s at ,eretria 9 ,euboea1 & h caus$ "s recrudesc5ce ( ! !ory ( non-,attic orig94#adcj ,b ,eretria 0 s ne> to ,a!ns t importation mu/ h be5 q a simple matt]4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,locri vases1 x has be5 not$ by ,m4 ,potti]#adca t !y seem to repres5t an inf]ior1 ?\gh /ill ,a!nian fabric1 9 :i* ! :ite is m lu/r\s & less flaky ?an 9 ! bett] examples1 & ! outl9es are 9 black exclusively4 ,black silh\ettes are occasionally f\nd1 & ! subjects are n necess>ily fun]>y4 ,! fun]>y subjects fall into f\r classes2 !y w be enum]at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv41 :]e examples ( ea* class are giv51 b may be briefly recapitulat$ "h1 9 ord] to note "s arti/ic consid]ations4 7#a7 ,! ,pro!sis1 or lay+-out ( ! corpse 7,plate ,,lv474 7#b7 ,! ,depositio1 or lay+ ( ! body 9 ! tomb3 *iefly 9 ! ,?anatos & ,hypnos type 7see ,fig4 #abc1 ,*apt] ,,xiii474 7#c7 ,! ,j\rney to ,hades2 ,*>on 9 8 b>k 7see ,fig4 #abb1 ,*apt] ,,xiii474 7#d7 ,! ,cult ( ! ,tomb1 ?is be+ by f> ! mo/ common ( ! f\r classes 7see ,plate ,,lv4 & ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #adc74 ,! ,pro!sis type is an old "o1 occurr+ n infrequ5tly on black-figur$ vases1 especially on ! slim 8pro!sis-amphorae0 :i* are sometimes f\nd at ,a!ns4 ,m4 ,potti] reckons t5 examples1 to :i* may be add$ a f9e specim5 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lv41 fig4 #a74 ,! ,depositio type is some:at r>e2 x is occasionally f\nd 9 ,b4,f4 vases1#adcb b is usually idealis$1 ! body be+ c>ri$ by w+$ g5ii1 to :om ! names ( ,?anatos & ,hypnos are usually giv54 ,! type1 z has be5 po9t$ out else:]e1 is orig9ally my?ological1 be+ d]iv$ f t ( ! burial ( ,memnon4 ,"s half-doz5 examples are kn[n 7see ,*apt]s ,,xiii41 ,,xv474 ,( ! ,*>on vases ,m4 ,potti] reckons tw5ty-"o1 :i* he classifies "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ,*>on on ! left 9 a boat1 :i* two or ?ree p]sons ent]4 7#b7 ,*>on on ! "r 9 a boat2 p]sons ready to ent]4 7#c7 ,! deceas$ is seat$ on a /ele at :i* wom5 make (f]+s2 ,*>on approa*es 9 8 boat4#adcc ,! conception is ess5tially a pictorial "o1 & x may reasonably be inf]r$ t x is a reflection ( ,polygnotos4 ,! same subdu$ pa?os & ! same /yle ( composition are *>act]i/ic ( 8 pa9t+s4 ,pausanias1 9 describ+ 8 ,nekyia 9 ! ,les*e at ,delphi1 says3 8,!re is wat]1 :i* seems int5d$ = a riv]1 evid5tly ! ,a*]on1 & re$s gr[+ !re9 444 & !re is a boat on ! riv]1 & ! f]ryman at ! o>40#adcd ,9 ! vases repres5t+ ! ,cult ( ! ,tomb 7,plate ,,lv4 & ,fig4 #ai71 ! normal type is t ( two or ?ree p]sons br++ (f]+s1 wrea?s1 vases1 etc41 to a /ele#adce ornam5t$ ) col\r$ sa%es1 or engag$ 9 conv]sation !reat2 sometimes "o sits on ! /eps ( ! /ele4 ,! p]sons ) (f]+s are usually fem99e2 :]e m5 occur1 !y are ei!r attir$ z w>riors1 or /& lean+ on a spe> or /aff1 conv]s+ ) ! wom54 ,! correspond5ce ( "s ( ^! compositions to ! 8type0 ( ,ore/es & ,electra meet+ at ! tomb ( ,agamemnon has m ?an once be5 notic$1 b x does n seem "h to be a case ( borr[+ ! h]oic 8type10 z 9 ! ,?anatos & ,hypnos in/ance4 ,:]e su* sc5es c be id5tifi$ on vases1#adcf !y are all ( late date & mo/ly ( ,s\? ,italian manufacture2 & we may r suppose t ! contr>y 0 ! case1 & t ! leky?os 8type0 0 idealis$ & borr[$ = ! ,ore/es sc5e4 ,moreov]1 ! popul>ity ( ! latt] subject is probably l>gely due to its treatm5t by ! tragic poets4 ,among o!r details ( int]e/ 9 ^! sc5es may be not$ ! appe>ance ( ! or gho/s ( ! deceas$1 repres5t$ z t9y hov]+ w+$ creatures4 ,m4 ,potti] has not$ eighte5 in/ances1 & ! numb] has s9ce !n be5 greatly increas$4#adcg ,! inv>iable y\?fulness ( ! figures--:i*1 x may be rem>k$1 are always purely imp]sonal2 & m]e types ( m\rn]s--is notewor?y z a *>act]i/ic ( lat] fif?-c5tury art1 :i* t5d$ to create ideals ( y\? & beauty4#adch ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ev]y:]e app>5t 9 sculpture1 z 9 ! ,p>!non frieze & ! works ( ,polykleitos2 & rem9isc5ces ( ,pheidian y\?ful types may be sugge/$ by "s ( ! figures on ! leky?i4#adci ,9 ! figures ( deities ! same *ange 0 go+ on1 z 9 ! case ( ,h]mes1 & ev5 ! ag$ & grim figure ( ,*>on is ton$ d[n on ! fun]al vases to a m humane conception4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! *oice ( y\?ful figures is due to ! ?\ght t y\? is ! p]iod :5 b]eavem5t produces its simple/ & mo/ natural effects4 ,! influ5ce ( ! sepul*ral /elae ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies soon beg9s to be app>5t 9 ! leky?i1 especially 9 ! sc5es ( tomb-(f]+s4#addj ,l ! vases1 ! /elae always v>i$ 9 m]it1 "s be+ ref9$ & arti/ic compositions1 o!rs poor & commonplace4 ,! *oice ( subjects1 inde$1 diff]s 9 "s degree1 ! subjects on ! /elae relat+ *iefly to ! previ\s life ( ! deceas$1 ^? ( ! vases to ! actual dea? & burial4 ,b !re are _m leky?i1 ! subjects on :i* are m l ^? ( ! /elae1 n be+ /rictly fun]>y4#adda ,?us we see ! deceas$ z a w>rior *>g+ ) a spe> or on horseback1 l ! ,dexileos ( ! ,k]ameikos2 ! "y hunt] pursu+ a h>e2 ! lady at h] toilet ) mirror or jewell]y 9 h&1 att5d$ by h] maid5s1 l ! *>m+ ,hegeso 7,plate ,,xliii472 or ! w>rior p>t+ f 8 sp\se4 ,reg>d+ ! fun]al leky?i 9 _! arti/ic aspect1 we note1 z ,m4 ,potti] po9ts out1 two ma9 *>act]i/ics--re/ra9t & uni=mity ( composition4 ,! space = ! decoration be+ limit$ to ab\t two-?irds ( ! :ole circumf]5ce1 ! figures are necess>ily few 9 numb]1 v>y+ f "o to ?ree1 b v r>ely m4 ,emotion & pa?os are produc$ by ! simple/ means4 ,murray in/ances ! pro!sis leky?os 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,lv4 fig4 #a7 z an example ( deep pa?os express$ 9 a simple1 yet /rong & rapid mann]1 & two o!rs 7,d #gj ,plate ,,lv4 fig4 #b1 & ,d #ga7 z %[+ almo/ tragic emotion express$ only by a few outl9es4 ,uni=mity ( composition is manife/$ 9 ! repetition ( types1 (t5 copi$ f famili> models1 yet ) an inf9ite v>iety ( detail 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! =m ( ! /elae7 :i* does n affect ! con/ancy ( ! ma9 idea4 ,9 ?is respect !y may be comp>$ ) ! t]racotta ,tanagra figures1 ( :i* _m are turn$ out f ! same m\ld2 yet by v>y+ ! pose ( ! head or position ( ! arms ! arti/ 0 able to avoid ! absolute id5tity ( any two figures4 ,! leky?i c h>dly be classifi$ *ronologically2 we _c say to :at ext5t ! r\gh] examples may be e>li]1 & vice v]sa2 b ev5 9 ! poore/ examples skill & lightness ( t\* are always disc]nible4 ,! classification giv5 by ,m4 ,potti]1#addb h[ev]1 may s]ve z a g5]al indication ( *ronological succession & developm5t4 ,he collects !m "u ?ree heads1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! pa/e is ( a light r$ col\r1 ! walls ?91 & ! :ite slip unpoli%$2 ! ma9 design is fir/ sket*$1 !n pa9t$1 ! outl9es be+ usually 9 r$4 ,! ornam5ts are palmettes & mae&]1 9 black & r$1 ! subjects almo/ exclusively fun]>y4 ,! slip & col\rs are delicate1 ! /yle f9e1 & ! poly*romy re/ra9$4#addc 7#b7 ,! pa/e is grey1 ! walls ?ick]2 ! :ite is sometimes poli%$1 & ! outl9es black or br[n4 ,! ornam5ts are palmettes & mae&]1 ) crosses or />s1 9 black only4 ,! subjects are fun]>y or f daily life1 ) figures ( deities2 ! /yle is /ill f9e1 b ! poly*romy is m v>i$4#addd 7#c7 ,! clay is r$ & light1 ! :ite unpoli%$1 ! outl9es yell[4 ,! slip is n ext5d$ to ! %\ld]1 on :i* is a tongue-patt]n 9 black2 ! mae&] is c>eless4 ,! subjects are ei!r fun]>y or f daily life1 ! /yle neglig5t2 ! designs are almo/ entirely mono*rome4#adde #b4 ,,! ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,greek ,,vase-,,pa9t+ ,we h n[ rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! c5tre ( c]amic indu/ry is no long] to be f\nd at ,a!ns1 b mu/ be s\ght 9 di/ant colonies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ext9ction ( vase-pa9t+ z a decorative art at ,a!ns 0 br\ght ab\t z mu* by political ev5ts z by %e] arti/ic decad5ce at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,x _h until rec5t ye>s be5 cu/om>y to assume t r$-figur$ vases cont9u$ to be made at ,a!ns ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury2 b ! evid5ce ( excavations on _m sites has be5 too decisive = ! ma9t5ance ( su* a view4 ,t c]ta9 classes ( c]amic products1 su* z ! ,pana!naic amphorae & ! fun]al leky?i1 /ill cont9u$ to be made we h already se52 b ^! are only exceptions1 & due entirely to _! religi\s associations4 ,! evid5ce = ! revis$ *ronology has be5 summ>is$ by ,mil*hoef] 9 a pap] already ref]r$ to1#addf 9 :i* he po9t$ out ! importance ( hi/orical consid]ations4 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,peloponnesian ,w> ! manufacture & export ( pa9t$ vases mu/ h be5 mu* crippl$1 & ! abs5ce ( ! lat] ,a!nian w>es f ! tombs ( ,etruria cle>ly %[s t comm]cial relations betwe5 ! two c\ntries _h ceas$4#addg ,simil>ly int]c\rse ) ,campania l>gely ceas$ aft] ! ,samnite invasion ( #ddj ,b4,c41 & relations ) ,sicily mu/ h be5 entirely brok5 (f aft] ! outbreak ( ho/ilities ) ,syracuse 9 #dbg4 ,aga91 9 ! city ( ,rhodes1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 ,b4,c4 #djh1 no ,attic vases h be5 f\nd1 :ile all ^? f ,kameiros mu/ be e>li] ?an t date4#addh ,9 ,a!ns itself no ,r4,f4 vases ( any importance h be5 f\nd 9 f\r?-c5tury tombs1 al?\gh "s fragm5ts ( f9e /yle are report$ f ! tomb ( ,dexileos1 :i* is n e>li] 9 date ?an #cid ,b4,c4#addi ,h5ce ! conclusion is irresi/ible t no good ,attic ,r4,f4 vases c be assign$ to ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* is only repres5t$ at ,a!ns by ! fun]al leky?i1 ! ,pana!naic amphorae1 & a few isolat$1 g5]ally inf]ior1 ,r4,f4 specim5s4 ,! new c5tres ( vase-pa9t+1 f ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 are ?ree 9 numb]--! ,crimea1 ! ,cyr5aica 9 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,among ! vases f ! ,crimea#adej are "s ( ! mo/ magnific5t t we possess1 :i* 9 spite ( _! florid /yle & c>eless te*nique are really ( consid]able m]it4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 h>dly be consid]$ to rank m highly ?an ! be/ ( ! products ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* we are n[ ab\t to consid]2 9 o!r words1 !y belong to a lat] /age ( developm5t ?an ! 8late f9e0 /yle ( ,attic ,r4,f4 vases1 z repres5t$ by ! ,rhodian 8pelike0 ) ,peleus & ,!tis 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,gigantoma*ia vase f ,melos 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! f9e krat] ) ! conte/ ( ,a!na & ,poseidon at ,pet]sburg 7,plate ,l47 is cle>ly a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,p>!non p$im5t1 &1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce ( /yle1 _c be e>li] ?an ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,aga91 !re is ! vase sign$ by ,x5ophantos1#adea :o1 z we h se51 expressly calls himself an ,a!nian1 & on ?is gr\nd has be5 reg>d$ z a resid5t 9 ,panticapaeum 7,k]t*74 ,! reliefs ) :i* ?is vase is p>tly decorat$ are examples ( a t5d5cy :i* h>dly came into exi/5ce be=e ! f\r? c5tury2 ! subject also is m sugge/ive ( local ta/e4 ,x may be an op5 "q :e!r ^! vases 7 import$ f ,a!ns1 b at lea/ ! vase ( ,x5ophantos te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( a local fabric at ,panticapaeum1 & x is n at all unlikely t ! g5]al upheaval br\ght ab\t by ! ,peloponnesian ,w> l$ to a disp]sion ( ,a!nian arti/s1 & ?us to ! cont9uance ( _! art 9 o!r l&s1 b n 9 ,a!ns itself4 ,we %all see t ?is l>gely acc\nts = ! orig9 ( ! fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,9 any case ,panticapaeum 0 a place ( consid]able importance 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 be+ ! *ief place :5ce ! ,a!nians obta9$ _! supplies ( gra91 z we le>n f ! orations ( ,demo/h5es1 su* z ! ,contra ,phormionem4 ,) ! ,cyr5aica circum/ances 7 no d\bt little diff]5t4 ,b ! vases f ?is site1 ?\gh simil> to ^? ( ! ,crimea1 are mo/ly inf]ior1 ( small size1 & (t5 ( v r\gh "*4 ,l ! =m] !y exhibit a pref]5ce = poly*romy & gild+4 ,simil> fabrics are also f\nd 9 ! ,greek isl&s1 su* z ,k>pa?os & ,telos1 9 ! ,troad1 & else:]e1#adeb b = ! mo/ "p ( a v inf]ior "*4 ,9 ! tombs ( ,s\!rn ,italy _m vases are f\nd repres5t+ ! same /age ( developm5t z ^? ( ! ,crimea & ,cyr5aica1 v>y+ f l>ge krat]s ) f9e if florid designs1 (t5 enhanc$ by a lavi% use ( :ite pigm5t1 to inf]ior & almo/ wor?less specim5s4 ,inasmu* z ^! vases are n di/+ui%$ by any /ylis+ t5d5cies su* z enable u to classify ! o!r fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy & assign !m to p>ticul> di/ricts1 & on ! o!r h& be> ! same relation to ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases ( ,a!ns z d ^? ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 x is evid5t ei!r t all ^! fabrics 7 import$ f ,a!ns or t ,a!nian arti/s _h be5 driv5 to settle 9 ^! respective regions4 ,& s9ce x is exce$+ly unlikely t ! exportation ( pott]y f ,a!ns c h gone on to any ext5t 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 x seems1 on ! :ole1 mo/ probable t ! latt] is ! true v]sion4 ,we may1 !n1 e/abli% a class ( vases int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,r4,f4 fabrics prop] & ! local ,italian fabrics1 :i* repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* ,a!nian arti/s c>ri$ on _! traditions "u new circum/ances1 & s]ves to expla9 h[ ! new ,italian s*ools came into be+4#adec ,^! vases are (t5 *>act]is$ by a ref9em5t ( draw+ & simplicity ( conception :i* recall ! e>li] ,r4,f4 p]iod1 & 9 su* cases accessory col\rs1 elaborate drap]ies1 & ! fill+-9 ( ! field ) miscellane\s objects are /udi\sly avoid$4 ,ev5 ! decorative patt]ns %[ consid]able re/ra9t4 ,x is probable t "s ( ^! belong to ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 ev5 if !y are n actually import$ f ,a!ns4 ,b !re are o!rs ( a di/9ctly florid k9d1 9 :i* we may trace ! influ5ce ( ,meidias & 8 s*ool4 ,! compositions are cr[d$ ) figures1 (t5 plac$ at diff]5t levels 7)\t indication ( gr\nd-l9es71 & !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to elaborate decoration1 bo? by means ( :ite pigm5t & by ri*ly embroid]$ drap]ies4 ,z examples may be cit$ two f9e krat]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o ) a sc5e f ! less] ,my/]ies at ,agra 7,f #fh71 ano!r ) ,!tis & ! ,n]eids be>+ ! arms ( ,a*illes 7,f #fi74 ,! bell-%ap$ krat] is by f> ! mo/ fav\rite =m1 al?\gh practically a new "o 9 ,greek c]amics2 contr>y to ! usual rule1 ! rev]se (t5 has a def9ite subject1 9 :i* accessories are us$1 al?\gh ! t5d5cy _h begun "s "t be=e ! end ( ! fif? c5tury to neglect ! decoration ( ! rev]se 9 krat]s & o!r l>ge vases4 ,9 its new home 9 ,s\!rn ,italy ?is bran* ( ,greek art _h light$ on a v fav\rable soil4 ,! great colonies su* z ,t>5tum1 ,capua1 ,cumae1 & ,poseidonia1 f\nd$ almo/ 9 ! dawn ( ,greek hi/ory1 7 n only z completely ,hell5ic z ,a!ns & ,cor9?1 b 9 luxury & spl5d\r ev5 surpass$ !m at ?is p]iod4 ,h5ce1 art fl\ri%$ 9 su* t[ns f> m readily ?an 9 ! di/ant & comp>atively b>b>\s regions ( ,s\? ,russia & ,nor? ,africa4 ,9 ! "* ( _! productions we %all see ! nature & condition ( ! inhabitants ( ,s\!rn ,italy reflect$4 ,! *ief aim is spl5d\r & g5]al effect2 & bo? ! size & col\r+ ( ! vases indicate to "s ext5t ! luxury & magnific5ce 9 :i* ! p liv$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t vase-pa9t+ 0 a new art introduc$ to ?is region by ,a!nians 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 ano!r *apt] we %all speak ( ! e>ly attempts at imitation ( ,greek vases on ! "p ( ! semi-b>b>ian natives ( ! p59sula1 & rem9isc5ces ( ^! e>ly attempts crop up f "t to "t "u circum/ances ( great] developm5t1 z w be se54 ,moreov]1 a con/ant /ream ( importations f ,a!ns 7small inde$ z comp>$ ) t to ,etruria1 b /ill /eady7 _h be5 f9d+ its way to ! ,greek colonies ( ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily2 special fabrics 7 made = export to ,nola1 ,gela1 & o!r places2 & ?us ! local arti/s _h all along be5 und]go+ an unconsci\s tra9+ :i* enabl$ !m to take up ! indu/ry at ! po9t :]e ! ,a!nian arti/s left (f4#aded ,! local fabrics ( ,s\!rn ,italy fall into ?ree ma9 classes1 correspond+ to ! geographical divisions ( ,apulia1 ,lucania1 & ,campania1 :i* ?ree1 ) "s modifications1 include all t come "u discussion 9 ! pres5t section4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ ^u ! "q ( ! crit]ia on :i* ?is classification is bas$1 a few g5]al consid]ations may be t\*$ ^u by way ( preface4 ,! /udy ( ,s\? ,italy fabrics is to "s ext5t a new "o4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 sc>cely any vases _h be5 f\nd outside ,italy1 ! majority ( bo? public & private collections consi/$ ( vases ( ?is p]iod4 ,( ^? n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,vase ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 at lea/ "o-fif? are f ! collections ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,*>les ,t[neley1 & ,ri*>d ,payne ,knight2 & 9 su* publications z ^? ( ,d',hanc>ville1 ,tis*be91 ,+hirami1 & ,mill91 a great majority ( ! plates are devot$ to !m4 ,h5ce _! importance 0 mu* ov]-e/imat$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 no att5tion 0 paid to que/ions ( /yle or prov5ance1 & !y 7 only reg>d$ z pretty pictures4 ,subsequ5tly to ! discov]ies at ,vulci1 & ! gradual gr[? ( ! sci5tific /udy ( vase-pa9t+1 ! lat] vases suff]$ greatly f neglect1 z yield+ less int]e/ ?an ! e>ly fabrics & ! products ( ! be/ ,a!nian arti/s1 & ev5 at ! pres5t day x is r>e to f9d !m made ! subject ( s]i\s /udy4 ,! only writ]1 9 fact1 :o has attempt$ 9 rec5t ye>s to apply to !m ! critical me?ods ( mod]n ar*aeology is ,signor ,g4 ,patroni ( ! ,naples ,museum1 :o has avail$ himself ( ! opportunities af=d$ by ! ext5sive s]ies "u 8 c>e4#adee ,! vases f ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* f _! /yle may be reg>d$ z und\bt$ly local non-,attic fabrics1 are all di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 common features4 ,9 all !re is se5 a p]petual /riv+ aft] effect r ?an beauty1 manife/$ 9 ! size & spl5did appe>ance ( ! e>li] ,apulian products1 9 ! l>g5ess ( /yle & bold draw+ ( ,lucanian arti/s1 especially ! s*ool ( ,pae/um1 & 9 ! gaudy col\r+ ( ! ,campanian vases4 ,! lat] ,apulian w>es are *iefly rem>kable = v>i$ & exagg]at$ %apes4 ,common to all vases alike is ! fondness = ornam5tal patt]ns1 su* z ! egg-patt]n1 wave-patt]n1 mae&]1 palmettes1 & wrea?s ( laurel1 myrtle1 or ivy2 ?\gh ev5 ^! are guid$ by c]ta9 rules1 mu* z on ! black-figur$ vases4 ,on ! l>ge bell-%ap$ krat]s ! decoration almo/ inv>iably consi/s ( a laurel-wrea? r\nd ! lip1 mae&] bel[ ! designs1 & palmette patt]ns "u ! h&les2 & e %ape ( vase has its *>act]i/ic decoration4 ,! ,campanian vases %[ ! lea/ t5d5cy to =mal ornam5t1 & ! ,lucanian run to ! opposite extreme4 ,! column-h&l$ krat]s are almo/ alone 9 reta9+ ! ar*aic s*eme ( decoration 9 panels ) bord]s ( ornam5t1 to :i* !y adh]e ?r\gh\t ! ,r4,f4 p]iod2 b ! panels are occasionally employ$ = hydriae or o9o*oae4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! luxuriant palmette patt]ns "u ! h&les =m an adequate frame = ! design ) ! mae&] b& bel[4 ,a female head frequ5tly occurs z a decorative motive1 especially 9 ! ,apulian vases2 ei!r =m+ ! ma9 decoration1 or plac$ "u ! h&les1 or adorn+ ! neck1 encircl$ ) foliage4 ,s too ! figure ( ,eros is employ$ on ! lat] ,apulian vases purely z a decorative motive4 ,! %apes ( ! vases pres5t a v great v>iety1 z comp>$ ) ! ,a!nian fabrics4#adef ,! bell-%ap$ krat] enjoy$ a %ort vogue1 & is only f\nd 9 ! e>li] examples2 b besides ! column-h&l$ type already m5tion$1 ! calyx-krat] 7vaso a calice7 & ! volute-h&l$ 7a rotelle7 =m occur f "t to "t4 ,among ! e>ly ,apulian vases a v>iety ( ! latt]1 ) m$allions 7mas*]one7 9 place ( ! volutes1 frequ5tly occurs2 ^! are (t5 ( gigantic size1 decorat$ ) sev]al r[s ( figures1 & ne>ly all ! f9e/ exi/+ specim5s are ( ?is =m4 ,x is also ! usual type = ! sepul*ral vases 7see bel[74 ,! m$allions are ornam5t$ ) ,gorgons' masks & o!r devices1 col\r$ on a :ite slip4 ,a peculi> local v>iety ( ! krat]1 ) f\r h&les1 is f\nd 9 ,lucania only 7see p4 #agb74 ,o!r vases = hold+ liquids are ! situla1 lebes1 amphora1 & hydria1 =ms :i* are m or less famili>4 ,! amphora is sl5d]1 ) m or less elliptical body2 9 ,campania x is small & squat-%\ld]$1 ! body almo/ cyl9drical1 b 9 ,apulia x is usually v tall & elegant 7cf4 ,plate ,,xlv474 ,an occasional v>iant has a cyl9drical flat-topp$ body1 ) elaborate h&les 9 ! =m ( scrolls2 ! s-call$ pelike is a m common type1 b some:at inelegant4 ,! hydria is usually a deg5]ate v]sion ( ! ,r4,f4 kalpis1 b at ,pae/um ! ,attic type /ill obta9s4 ,a new =m is t kn[n z ! lekane1 a j> = hold+ sweetmeats2 x has v]tical h&les & a cov] ( elaborate =m1 (t5 surm\nt$ by a small vase4 ,( simil> type is ! s-call$ lepa/e1 a circul> cov]$ di% on a high /em4 ,among ! small] vases may be m5tion$ ! o9o*o1 ( :i* !re are "o or two v>ieties1 notably ! graceful pro*oos1 ) its high h&le & foot1 & ! equally ungraceful epi*ysis1 ) its long beak-l m\? & pyxis-%ap$ body2 bo? ( ^! are conf9$ to ,apulia4 ,! leky?os reta9s ! bulb\s body & l[ foot ( ! lat] ,r4,f4 p]iod2 ! askos 9 v>i\s =ms is fairly common4 ,two new v>ieties are a sort ( alaba/ron )\t a h&le b ) flat base1 & a j> ) a h&le ov] ! m\?4 ,( dr9k+-cups ! kan?>os & rhyton are popul> among ! lat] ,apulian w>es2 ! kotyle is r>e1 & ! kylix has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 its place be+ tak5 by a gigantic circul> di%1 elaborately decorat$ inside & out4 ,^! are obvi\sly design$ ) a view to g5]al effect1 & seem to h be5 int5d$ = hang+ up aga9/ a wall4 ,9 reg>d to ! te*nique ! g5]al me?od is t ( ! lat] ,r4,f4 vases2 b 9 ! majority all idea ( simplicity & ref9em5t is lo/1 & ! t5d5cy to exagg]ation & %[9ess is manife/$ bo? 9 draw+ & col\r+4 ,?r\gh\t !re is a fondness = l>ge masses ( :ite1 & ?is pigm5t is us$ n only = ! fle% ( wom5 & ( ,eros1 b = ar*itectural details & o!r objects1 su* z temples1 %r9es1 & lav]s4 ,yell[ is l>gely employ$ = details1 especially = features or hair1 & = pick+ out ! ornam5tal patt]ns2 purple1 too1 is n uncommon4 ,attempts at %ad+ are occasionally f\nd4#adeg ,accessory col\rs are1 h[ev]1 seldom f\nd on ! rev]ses ( ! vases1 :i* are always drawn & pa9t$ ) ! greate/ c>elessness4 ,! draw+ is entirely free1 & 9 fact errs on ! o!r side1 becom+ c>eless & faulty2 ! =ms are s(t1 & ! male figures (t5 effem9ate4 ,an extreme facility ( h& has inde$ prov$ ! ru9 ( ! vase-pa9t]4 ,! love ( ! f>-fet*$ betrays itself 9 v>iety ( po/ure & elaborate =e%ort5+2 & 9 ! ri*ly embroid]$ drap]ies & /udi$ sett+s ( "s sc5es ! influ5ce ( ! !atre is obvi\sly to be trac$4 ,frequ5t attempts are made at p]spective1 especially 9 build+s ( :i* ! insides are %[n1 b ! attempts are seldom successful4 ,z a rule ! arti/ is cont5t to indicate figures 9 ! backgr\nd by plac+ !m on a high] level1 or only %[+ ! upp] half ( ! figure4 ,on _m vases ) my?ological subjects1 especially ^? ( ,apulia1 a r[ ( deities is ?us repres5t$1 z if seat$ on ! ( ! /age4 ,l&scape is repres5t$ by rocks1 /ones1 & fl[]s scatt]$ ab\t1 trees & build+s2 b 9 mo/ cases ! pa9t] pref]s ! old sy/em ( m]ely giv+ a clue to ! sc5e1 repres5t+ ! palae/ra by jump+-weights or oil-flasks susp5d$1 wom5's ap>tm5ts by sa%es1 toilet-boxes1 or small w9d[s1 & s on4 ,! pictorial effect ( ! sc5es on _m vases naturally gives rise to ! "q to :at ext5t ! arti/s 7 indebt$ to ! great pa9t]s ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies4 ,9 "s cases ! pa9t+s seem to be m naturally adapt$ = l>ge canvases ?an = ! limit$ surface ( a vase2 b m ?an ?is1 9 o!rs ! subjects actually lead our ?\ghts directly back to ! works ( great ma/]s ( :i* we h record4 ,! influ5ce ( ,polygnotos & 8 s*ool has inde$ di$ out1 b ! emotional t5d5cies ( ! f\r?-c5tury pa9t]s & _! fondness = new & difficult subjects f\nd a ready e*o 9 ! conceptions ( ! ,apulian vase-pa9t]s4 ,x may suffice to quote a few in/ances f ! ,briti% ,museum collection4 ,?us on "o vase 7,f #dgi7 we f9d a repres5tation ( ! infant ,h]akles /rangl+ ! snakes1 a !me select$ by ! great ,zeuxis1 & also to be se5 9 "o ( ! pa9t+s f ! h\se ( ! ,vettii at ,pompeii4 ,or1 aga91 ! fam\s sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia & ! dea? ( ,hippolytos1 subjects :i* employ$ ! bru%es ( ,timan!s & ,antiphilos respectively1 are depict$ 9 a truly pictorial mann] on two krat]s 7,f #afj1 ,f #bgi74 ,9 ea* case we are able to note a correspond5ce ) ! description ( ! pictures giv5 by ,pl9y2 9 ! la/-nam$1 also1 ) a picture describ$ by ,philo/ratos4 ,7 m kn[n ( anci5t pictures1 x is possible t o!r examples w\ld be readily f\nd2 b t "s su* influ5ce 0 ex]t$ c h>dly be que/ion$4 ,aga91 9 ! lat] vases ) opaque designs on black gr\nds 7see p4 #dhh71 mo/ ( :i* are m]ely decorat$ ) wrea?s1 fe/oons1 or masks1 we are at once rem9d$ ( ! ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s1 or r ( _! pr$ecessors 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 s9ce ! vases mu/ be e>li] ?an mo/ ( ! pictures ( ,pompeii4 ,!re is a vase ( late date 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #edb7 :i*1 ) its elaborate treatm5t ( light & %ade effects & its bord] ( arabesques1 n only 9 its subject 7a "y %eph]d & 8 dog71 b also 9 me?od1 sugge/s a close connection ) ! ,pompeian frescoes4#adeh ,ano!r influ5ce at "w on ! vases ( ! p]iod besides t ( ! great pa9t]s 0 t ( ! /age1 9 :i* bo? trag$y & com$y play _! "p4 ,! influ5ce ( trag$y z repres5t$ on ! ,greek /age is se5 n only 9 ! *oice ( subjects1 b 9 ! composition ( ! sc5es & ! co/umes ( ! figures4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! l>ge ,apulian vases ) my?ological subjects4 ,! ar*itectural arrangem5ts1 ) a temple1 alt>1 or /atue 9 ! c5tre1 ! embroid]$ drap]ies & gorge\s ti>as worn by ! pr9cipal p]sonages1 & ! abundance ( dramatic or ev5 passionate action1 c only be due to ! influ5ce ( ! /age4 ,b x is only to ,euripides t we c ascribe ?is influ5ce4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a great revival ( 8 plays t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 especially 9 ,magna ,graecia1 & ! ext5t ( ! effect ( ?is revival on ! vase-pa9t+s has be5 discuss$ by sev]al writ]s4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! age to passion & pa?os1 se5 9 ! ,p]gam5e sculptures & o!r great works ( art1 z well z 9 ! pa9t+s ( a ,p>rhasios or a ,timan!s1 w\ld naturally f9d an e*o 9 ! subjects treat$ ( by ,euripides4 ,( ! exi/+ dramas1 we f9d sc5es drawn m or less directly f ! ,hecuba1 ! ,h]cules ,fur5s1 ! ,hippolytos1 ! two ,iphig5eias1 ! ,m$eia1 & ! ,pho5issae4 ,_m o!rs c be trac$ to ! lo/ dramas1 z = in/ance 7to quote only f examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ! ,alkm5a1 ! ,o9eus1 ! ,antigone1 ! ,&rom$a1 ! ,o9omaos1 & ! ,lyk\rgos4#adei ,x has be5 obs]v$ t on _m vases ( ?is p]iod on :i* my?ological subjects are repres5t$1 al?\gh ! !me is ess5tially tragic1 yet ! treatm5t has a some:at grotesque1 n to say burlesque effect4 ,a notable in/ance is ! well-kn[n vase ( ,as/eas 9 ,madrid1 ) ,h]akles de/roy+ 8 *ildr5 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,?is quasi-comic elem5t1 :i* appe>s to be q un9t5tional1 is (t5 accompani$ by consid]able l>g5ess ( scale1 exemplifi$ 9 ! size ( ! figures1 ! expression ( ! features1 & ! draw+ g5]ally4 ,x may be t a c]ta9 elem5t ( exagg]ation att5d$ ! revival ( trag$y 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1#adfj caus$ by unsuccessful attempts to reta9 ! l(ty mann] & l>ge /yle ( ! old productions4 ,h5ce too1 p]haps1 ! fondness = burlesques ( trag$ies among ! comic writ]s ( ! p]iod1 reflect$ 9 ano!r class ( vases4 ,9 ! vases ) comic subjects x is n necess>y to h rec\rse to ! ,attic ,com$y1 ,new1 ,middle1 or ,old1 to acc\nt = _! introduction2 an explanation lies ne>] at h&4 ,x is true t ! co/umes worn by ! actors are closely relat$ to ^? ( ! ,old ,com$y1#adfa & t "o or two subjects may possibly be trac$ to ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes 7see ,*apt] ,,xv474 ,b x is n likely t ^! plays 7 ev] reviv$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 z 7 ^? ( ,euripides4 ,!y 7 ess5tially topical1 & _! political & social satire w\ld h be5 lo/ on a lat] g5]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t a k9d ( f>ce1 kn[n z ! 0 especially popul> ) ! p ( ,t>5tum & o!r t[ns ( ,s\!rn ,italy 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ei!r deal+ ) subjects ( daily life or burlesqu+ my?ology & h]oic leg5ds4 ,x 0 dur+ ! p]=mance ( "o ( ^! 9 ! !atre at ,t>5tum t ! spectators saw ! ,roman fleets ent]+ _! h>b\r 9 #cjb ,b4,c4#adfb ,! be/-kn[n writ] ( phlyakes 0 ,rh9?on1 ^: ,amphitruo 0 ! orig9al ( ,plautus' play ( t "n2 a sc5e f ?is may be portray$ 9 a vase 9 ! ,museo ,gregoriano at ,rome4#adfc ,8 plays1 to judge f ! titles1 7 ma9ly burlesques2 b all lit]>y rema9s h p]i%$1 & we c only =m an idea ( !m f ! vases4 ,9 _m ( ^! sc5es ! actual /age is repres5t$2 9 o!rs we h m]ely ! figure ( a comic actor1 sometimes 9 a grotesque attitude4 ,! figures almo/ inv>iably we> masks & padd$ /oma*s1 _! dress consi/+ ( a close-fitt+ lea!r g>m5t ) sleeves & tight tr\s]s1 ov] :i* is a %ort loose tunic 7see ,fig4 #aje72 on _! feet are ! traditional socci or l[ %oes ( com$y1 & !re is "o in/ance ( an actor we>+ gloves4 ,! subjects ( ^! vases h be5 dealt ) else:]e1#adfd & ne$ n be recapitulat$ "h2 ! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #aje1 a burlesque ( ,h]akles & ,auge1#adfe may s]ve z typical4 ,!y h a peculi> /yle ( _! own1 & c h>dly be class$ ) any ( ! kn[n fabrics1 ?\gh f\nd all ov] ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,"o is sign$ by ! pa9t] ,as/eas ( ,pae/um1 b we look 9 va9 = evid5ce ( 8 usual /yle !reon4 ,!y may all be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,jahrbu*1 i4 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,burlesque ,,sc5e3 ,,h]akles ,,& ,,auge4 ,turn+ to ! subjects 9 g5]al on ^! vases1 we note ! sy/ematic supplant+ ( ! old h]oic my?s by new subjects ( a dramatic & emotional nature4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! gods ,zeus & ,a!na are replac$ by ,apollo1 ,aphrodite1 & ,dionysos1 s in/ead ( ! lab\rs ( ,h]akles & ,!seus we f9d !mes drawn f ! /ories ( ,troy & ,!bes1 or ! leg5ds ( ,pelops1 ,hippolytos1 ,p5!us1 & ,lyk\rgos4 ,! tak+ ( ,troy 9 p>ticul> is a popul> subject on ! l>ge vases1 z are s+le episodes1 su* z ,ajax seiz+ ,kass&ra4 ,among entirely new subjects1 introduc$ f ! trag$ies1 are ^? relat+ to ,alkm5a1 ,pelops1 ,o$ipus1 & ! lat] ,!ban h]oes4 ,cosmogonic my?s su* z ! ,gigantoma*ia & ! ,bir? ( ,a!na entirely disappe>1 z d _m ( ! my?s connect$ ) ! gods2 on ! o!r h&1 su* subjects z ! conte/ ( ,apollo & ,m>syas1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 ,triptolemos1 or ,europa & ! bull1 reta9 _! popul>ity4 ,h]akles is convey$ to ,olympos by ,nike in/ead ( ,a!na2 b 8 lab\rs & combats are seldom repres5t$4 ,! typically ,attic subjects1 ,!seus1 ,eos & ,kephalos1 & ! ,bir? ( ,eri*?onios1 disappe> z might h be5 expect$1 z does ! wre/l+ ( ,peleus & ,!tis4 ,combats ( ,greeks ) ,c5taurs & ,amazons are fav\rite subjects1 b (t5 little m ?an decorative4 ,dionysiac sc5es are v frequ5t1 b usually 9 ! =m ( gr\ps ( figures )\t any p>ticul> mean+2 ,aphrodite1 & ev5 ,apollo1 simil>ly occur 9 ! mid/ ( ,nymphs & att5dants1 )\t special *>act]is+ ( ! figures4 ,a peculi> feature ( ! p]iod is ! almo/ univ]sal pres5ce ( ,eros4 ,:e!r ! sc5e be my?ological1 ,dionysiac1 or f daily life1 he is an almo/ inv>iable p>ticipant1 & on ! lat] ,apulian vases frequ5tly occurs z a s+le decorative figure4 ,sc5es f daily life are1 if any?+1 m common ?an my?ological subjects4 ,banquet-sc5es & revels are v popul>1 & ! kottabos is sometimes introduc$ 7see ,*apt] ,,xv474 ,a dep>t+ w>rior is sometimes repres5t$ on ,lucanian & ,campanian vases 7see ,fig4 #ajh & ,plate ,,xliv471 b *>iot & battle sc5es are comp>atively r>e4 ,among ! ,apulian vases occur a l>ge class ( subjects =m]ly *>act]is$ on insuffici5t gr\nds z 8toilet sc5es0 ( ,aphrodite or ,hel54 ,_m no d\bt actually repres5t sc5es f wom5's daily life2 b ! commone/ type is t ( a seat$ woman & a /&+ y\? ex*ang+ pres5ts ( fruit1 mirrors1 sa%es1 or toilet-boxes4 ,! pres5ce ( ,eros 9 mo/ cases sugge/s sc5es ( c\rt+ & ! (f]+s ( lov]s2 b z a rule !y are purely fanciful1 l ! designs on ,dresd5 & ,svres *9a4 ,a?letic sc5es1 9 :i* a race or conte/1 is go+ on1 are practically non-exi/5t2 b gr\ps ( a?letes1 or r ( ephebi1 usually wrapp$ 9 mantles & conv]s+ toge!r1 furni% ! /ock decoration ( ! rev]se ( ! krat]s & o!r d\ble-sid$ vases1 a practice already begun 9 ! ,a!nian ,r4,f4 vases1 & n[ become inv>iable4 ,two classes ( subjects to :i* allusion has n yet be5 made1 & :i* are almo/ conf9$ to ! l>ge ,apulian vases1 h an important be>+ on ! purpose = :i* ^! vases 7 made--namely1 = use at fun]als4 ,! fir/ class includes sc5es f ! "u-_w1 & 9 ?is s]ies are "s ( ! mo/ magnific5t ( exi/+ vases 7see ,plate ,,lii474 ,! subjects & ! mann] ( _! repres5tation h be5 fully discuss$ else:]e 7,*apt] ,,xiii472 !y are treat$ 9 ! same !atrical /yle z ! my?ological sc5es already discuss$4 ,! second class is conf9$ to sc5es repres5t+ (f]+s at ! tombs ( ! dep>t$1 :i* may take two =ms4 ,9 ! simpl]1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,lucania & ,campania1 & especially ( ! hydria =m1 ! tomb is a /ele1 l ^? ( ! ,a!nian leky?i1 at :i* ! relatives ( ! deceas$ meet to m\rn or make (f]+s 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! 8type0 is t ( ,ore/es & ,electra at ! tomb ( ,agamemnon1 b only 9 "o or two cases is x possible to sugge/ ?is int]pretation4 ,on ! ,apulian vases1 almo/ exclusively on ! l>ge krat]s & amphorae1 b sometimes also on ! hydriae1 a m elaborate treatm5t ( ! subject is employ$4 ,! c5tre ( ! sc5e is occupi$ by an ,ionic di/yle build+ repres5t+ a or %r9e devot$ to ! wor%ip ( an ance/or or family 8h]o40 ,9 ! entrance ( ?is build+ 7:i* is pa9t$ :ite to d5ote m>ble7 /&s or sits ! figure ( a "y man or a woman hold+ "s attribute--a cup or piece ( arm\r--or /&+ by a horse4 ,^! figures are usually pa9t$ :ite ?r\gh\t l ! build+1 :i* seems to imply t a /atue or relief is repres5t$ r ?an an actual human figure4#adff ,on ei!r side ( ! %r9e figures are repres5t$ br++ libations4 ,sometimes ! actual tomb ( ! deceas$ is repres5t$ ) a plant gr[+ 9 x2 or1 aga91 a lady is repres5t$ at h] toilet ) h] maid1 z 9 ! ,a!nian sepul*ral reliefs 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,ea* p]son is repres5t$ ) 8 appropriate co/ume or attributes--! w>rior ) horse or arm\r1 ! hunt] ) dog1 ! lady ) articles ( toilet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,apulian ,,vase ,,) ,,sepul*ral ,,sc5e 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( 8banquet0 or 8greet+0 sc5es1 ! p>allelism ) ! ,attic reliefs is v m>k$1 & ! sepul*ral "* ( ^! vases is indubitable4 ,x is1 fur!r1 natural to suppose t !re is "s ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( a or deceas$ ance/or1 su* z is kn[n to h be5 a univ]sal cu/om among ! ,greeks4#adfg ,reliefs h be5 f\nd at ,t>5tum ) subjects :i* obvi\sly h ?is ref]5ce4 ,ap>t f ^! two classes1 h[ev]1 ! majority ( ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy seem to h be5 made orig9ally = ornam5tal purposes1 su* z ! decoration ( a h\se1 z is impli$ by ! di/9ction 9 ! arti/ic m]it ( ! two sides4 ,arti/s' signatures 9 ?is p]iod are exce$+ly r>e2 only ?ree1 9 fact1 are kn[n4 ,( ^! "o may be briefly dismiss$--,lasimos1#adfh :o sign$ a f9e ,apulian vase 9 ! ,l\vre1 ) sepul*ral & o!r sc5es2 8 /yle is h>dly di/9ctive en\gh to admit ( id5tify+ any o!rs z 8 "w4 ,b 9 ! o!r two names1 ^? ( ,as/eas & ,py?on1 we f9d m int]e/4 ,five vases exi/ ) ! signature ( ,as/eas1 & "o ) t ( ,py?on1 & x is int]e/+ to note t !y bo? use ! =m 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii474 ,! li/ is z foll[s3 ,,as/eas4 7#a7 ,krat] f ,pae/um 9 ,madrid4 ,re9a*1 i4 #afh ,baumei/]1 i4 p4 #ffe1 fig4 #gcb ,fig4 #ajg4 ,h]akles de/roy+ 8 *ildr54 7#b7 ,krat] f ,pae/um 9 ,naples 7#cdab74 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #b4 ,phrixos & ,helle4 7#c7 ,krat] f ,s4 ,agata dei ,goti 9 ,naples 7#cbbf74 ,mill+51 ,anc4 ,un$4 ,mon4 i4 #bg4 ,kadmos slay+ ! dragon4 7#d7 ,krat] f ,s4 ,agata dei ,goti 9 ,b]l9 7#cjdd74 ,wi5] ,vorl4 ,b4 #c1 #a4 ,sc5e f f>ce 7p>ody ( ,prokru/es874 7#e7 ,leky?os f ,pae/um 9 ,naples 7#bhgc74 ,mill9-,re9a*1 i4 pl4 #c4 ,! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides4 ,,py?on4 ,krat] f ,s4 ,agata dei ,goti 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #adi74 ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 pl4 #f4 ,alkm5a on ! fun]al pyre4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,as/eas' "w are v m>k$1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,py?on's diff]s little f x4 ,bo? are ess5tially pictorial arti/s1 tra9$ 9 ,greek traditions1 & inh]it+ f ,attic pa9t]s l ,meidias ! love ( elaborate & m9utely r5d]$ drap]ies & picturesque gr\p+ ( figures at diff]5t levels4 ,9 ! latt] detail we also seem to see signs ( ! influ5ce ( ,polygnotos4 ,!re are _m o!r vases 9 our museums :i* pres5t ! same features ( /yle & treatm5t z ^!4#adfi ,besides ^? already m5tion$1 ! fondness = half-figures 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! l>ge heads1 pron\nc$ features1 & heavy masses ( hair 9 ! figures on ^! vases connect !m unmi/akably ) ! s*ool repres5t$ by ! two arti/s4 ,x is n ! /yle ( ,lucania or ( ,campania1 /ill less t ( ,apulia2 & yet x is cle>ly an ,italian fabric4 ,"s previ\s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t ,as/eas came f 7or 0 resid5t at7 ,t>5tum1 argu+ ?us p>tly on epigraphical gr\nds1 p>tly on ! gr\nd ( 8 employm5t ( sc5es f ! f>ces1#adgj :i*1 z we h se51 7 popul> 9 t city4 ,b hav+ reg>d to ! fact t ?ree out ( five ( ,as/eas' vases 7 f\nd at ,pae/um1 & t he comb9es c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ,lucanian & ,campanian fabrics1 we may fairly assume t he 7& !re=e also ,py?on7 resid$ 9 t city1 :i* lay on ! bord] ( ! two di/ricts4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to e/abli% a /yle ( ,pae/um di/9ct f ! o!r ,italian fabrics--a conclusion at :i* ! pres5t writ] & ,signor ,patroni arriv$ indep5d5tly "s ye>s back4 ,! latt] has po9t$ out t sev]al small details also po9t to t city--su* z ! gaily plum$ helmet worn by ,h]akles on ! ,madrid vase1 :i* resembles ^? worn by local w>riors on pa9t+s f\nd 9 t city4#adga ,& 9 ! ,naples ,museum !re are sev]al o!r vases 9 ! /yle ( ,as/eas f ,pae/um4#adgb ,signor ,patroni dates ,as/eas ab\t #cej-cbj ,b4,c41 ,py?on a little lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,baumei/]4 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,vase ,,by ,,as/eas ,,9 ,,madrid3 ,,h]akles ,,de/roy+ ,,8 ,,*ildr54 ,! ,madrid vase & ! ,py?on krat] are 9 _! way ma/]pieces1 & =m almo/ ! f9e/ examples we possess ( ,s\? ,italian vase-pa9t+4 ,bo? are extraord9>ily ri* 9 col\r+ z well z 9 detail4 ,! =m] 7,fig4 #ajg7 repres5ts1 z has be5 said1 ,h]akles de/roy+ 8 *ildr5 ! subject be+ treat$ 9 a mann] :i* to u appe>s almo/ grotesque1 n to say comic4 ,b x is probable t ?is is due p>tly to ! elem5t ( exagg]ation :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ! revival ( trag$y 7see p4 #dgb74 ,! :ole conception is obvi\sly !atrical1 ) ! sett+ ( ,h]akles & 8 *ild1 ! pr9cipal figures1 aga9/ a backgr\nd =m$1 aft] !atrical models1 by ! front ( ! palace1 ?r\gh op5+s 9 :i* appe> ! horrifi$ faces ( ,alkm5a & ,iolaos1 & t ( ,mania1 ! goddess ( madness4 ,h]akles has already set fire to a confus$ pile ( h\sehold furniture--tables1 *airs1 & wool-baskets--& a *ild cl+s to him 9 agony1 :ile ,meg>a te>s h] di%evell$ hair2 b _! plead+s h no effect4 ,9 ! ,py?on krat] ! action is less viol5t & !atrical1 b !re is ! same gaud9ess ( col\r+ & ri*ness ( embroid]$ co/ume4 ,alkm5a is seat$ on ! pyre1 to :i* ,amphitryon & ,ant5or are ab\t to set light1 & raises h] h& 9 supplication to ,zeus1 ^: bu/ is se5 above4 ,9 answ] to h] pray] ! ,hyades or ra9-nymphs p\r d[n wat] f _! pit*]s to ext+ui% ! flames4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ?is pa9t+ we h sev]al successive /ages ( "t comb9$ 9 "o 7cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aj72 ! pyre is n yet light$1 b ! wat] is already desc5d+ to ext+ui% x4 ,we n[ proce$ to describe 9 detail ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ?ree pr9cipal fabrics1 beg9n+ ) t ( ,lucania1 z ! e>lie/ 9 "*1 if n necess>ily 9 po9t ( "t4 ,lucanian vases /& ne>] to ! late/ ,attic fabrics ?an d ^? ( ! o!r di/ricts1 & d n pres5t ! same local peculi>ities2 nor d !y s9k l ! o!rs into a /ate ( decad5ce & b>b>ism1 b are v cons]vative 9 _! /yle4 ,we note 9 !m a mu* great] unity ( /yle ?an 9 ! vases ( ,campania1 & ev]y?+ po9ts to "o c5tre ( fabrication4 ,?is is mo/ probably ,anzi1 :]e ! l>ge/ numb] h be5 f\nd4 ,in=mation z to prov5ance is un=tunately (t5 vague1 b few o!r places are giv5 z s\rces 7see p4 #hc71 almo/ ! only o!r names be+ ^? ( ,pi/icci & ,pom>ico4 ,b ! numb] ( vases t x is possible to attribute to ,lucania is n l>ge 9 any case4 ,! designs are usually some:at sev]e & re/ra9$1 & *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 /iffness ( draw+ & l>g5ess ( scale4 ,! heads ( figures are abnormally l>ge1 ) great />+ eyes & masses ( hair r5d]$ )\t detail4 ,! drap]ies are comp>atively free f ornam5tation1 only broad black bord]s & patt]ns ( small dots be+ admitt$4 ,! clay is ( a ri* r$ col\r1 b accessory col\rs are exce$+ly r>e4 ,h5ce !y pres5t a great contra/ to ! ,apulian & ,campanian1 ) _! masses ( :ite & g5]ally gaudy appe>ance4 ,ano!r peculi>ity is t fillets 9 ! hair are r5d]$ simply by leav+ a n>r[ b& across ! head 9 ! col\r ( ! clay4 ,! figures (t5 /& 9 ! air )\t ! usual dott$ gr\nd-l9es1 b sometimes ! gr\nd is repres5t$ by a heap ( loose /ones4 ,a fav\rite device is t ( a half-%ield se5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! sc5e1 z a sort ( indication ( locality or action4#adgc ,fig4 #ajh gives a typical example ( ,lucanian vase-pa9t+4 ,among ! fav\rite %apes are ! bell-%ap$ krat] & ! amphora1 also ! hydria & column-h&l$ krat]4 ,! hydria is g5]ally employ$1 z 9 ,campania1 = sepul*ral subjects4 ,! vases are mo/ly ( l>ge size1 :5ce a correspond+ l>g5ess ( ! figures2 :]eas ,campanian vases are g5]ally small1 & make up = ! abs5ce ( impos+ figures by _! col\r+4 ,an entirely new %ape1 peculi> to ?is /yle1 is ! f\r-h&l$ krat]1 to :i* ! "n ( ne/oris has be5 some:at absurdly giv5#adgd2 x is und\bt$ly a local =m1 be+ f\nd 9 ! indig5\s pott]y ( ! di/rict4#adge ,!re are two v>ieties1 "o ) a high neck1 ! o!r ) slop+ %\ld] & no neck4 ,! h&les are usually ornam5t$ ) discs pa9t$ ) rosettes1 & ! designs are 9 panels surr\nd$ by ornam5t1 sometimes on ! second v>iety ) a l[] frieze ( figures4 ,g5]ally speak+1 second>y ornam5tation is l>gely employ$ on ^! vases1 especially on ! la/-nam$ %ape4 ,! palmette patt]ns "u ! h&les are usually v luxuriant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,dep>ture ,,( ,,w>rior1 ,,f ,a ,,lucanian ,,krat] 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,! vases ( ,campania pres5t 9 _m ways a /rik+ contra/ to ^? ( ,lucania4 ,_! *ief *>act]i/ic is1 z has be5 not$1 love ( picturesque effect & v>iety ( col\r1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( introduc+ attempts at %ad+ 7see above1 p4 #dga74 ,! vases are mo/ly small1 & none ( ! l>ge krat]s or amphorae belong to ?is class4 ,! fav\rite %apes are ! hydria1 leky?os ) bulb\s body1 & amphora2 ! latt] is cle>ly an imitation ( ! ,attic 8,nolan0 amphorae1 :i* 7 s l>gely import$ into ! di/rict1 b ! body is usually m symmetrical4 ,! clay is usually ( a buff or dull yell[ o*re tone1 & r$ & yell[ wa%es are frequ5tly us$1 z well z l>ge masses ( :ite2 ^! t9ts are laid on v c>elessly1 & ! :ite is ( a k9d t is apt to flake (f & disappe>4 ,yell[1 purple1 & :ite are l>gely us$ z accessories1 & ! draw+ has a t5d5cy to become v c>eless4 ,! l9es ( ! gr\nd are indicat$ by occasional /rokes ( :ite1 or by rocks /rewn ) fl[]s4 ,ornam5tal patt]ns are n s popul> z 9 ,lucania2 ! fav\rite is ! wave1 & ! palmettes "u ! h&les are ?ick & ugly1 ) angul> leaves4 ,"s decorative motives seem to be d]iv$ directly f nature4 ,! subjects are (t5 int]e/+ & uncommon1 introduc+ recondite or unusual my?s2 _m ( ! vases ) comic sc5es appe> to belong to ?is class1 & "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has an ,oscan inscription4 ,local peculi>ities ( co/ume & arm\r1 :i* ,signor ,patroni calls ,osco-,samnite1 are (t5 f\nd2 = in/ance1 w>riors we> a v %ort *iton ) broad girdle1 a helmet ) wav+ cre/ & tall side-plumes ( ,italian type1#adgf & a rem>kable brea/-plate =m$ ( ?ree circul> plates ( metal arrang$ 9 a triangle4#adgg ,^! same peculi>ities are f\nd on ! wall-pa9t+s at ,pae/um1 & !re are indications t ,virgil 0 famili> ) !m4#adgh ,signor ,patroni1 by d9t ( an exhau/ive /udy ( ! ,naples collection1 has made a t5tative classification ( ,campanian vases accord+ to fabric2 he di/+ui%es ^? ( ,cumae1 ,saticula 7,santa ,agata dei ,goti71 & ,abella2 b ^? ( ,capua1 ,nola1 & ,neapolis appe> to h no di/9ctive /yle4 ,! ,cumae fabric1 = /udy+ :i* ! ,raccolta ,cumana 9 ,naples gives exceptional facilities1 is repres5t$ by ! long1 /raight-bodi$ amphorae1 ! hydriae ) female heads "u ! h&les1 & krat]s on :i* ! design is fram$ by /ylis$ floral patt]ns or heavy palmettes4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic patt]ns are ! wave1 l>ge fl[]s 9 pr(ile1 & gr\nd-ornam5ts g5]ally1 su* z ivy-leaves1 bran*es1 & small w9d[s4 ,! /rong t5d5cy to poly*romy seems to be ! result ( us+ ! late ,attic poly*rome vases z models4 ,9 ! col\r+ a new feature is ! use ( a c>m9e r$1 :i*1 accord+ to ,patroni1 is only f\nd 9 ! ,cumae fabrics4#adgi ,my?ological subjects are r>e1#adhj sepul*ral common1 & %r9es are f\nd on ^! alone2 b ! majority h sc5es f daily life1#adha banquets1 return ( w>riors1 etc4 ,x is on ^! t ! local co/umes are usually f\nd4 ,! ,saticula fabrics are v uni=m1#adhb practically all bell-%ap$ krat]s ) r$ clay2 col\rs are sp>+ly us$1 & !n only :ite2 a mae&] takes ! place ( ! wave-patt]n z a bord]2 gr\nd-l9es are usually indicat$4 ,( subjects ,dionysiac h ! pref]5ce4 ,! vases ( ,abella are ( late date1 *iefly hydriae ( v pale clay ) accessory col\rs2 among ! typical patt]ns are arabesques end+ 9 :ite daisies4 ,!y sometimes %[ rem9isc5ces ( ! ,pae/um /yle4#adhc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xliv ,illu/ration3 ,,s\? ,,italian ,,vases 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a1 #b1 ,,apulian ,,vases2 #c1 ,,campanian4 ------------------------------------ ,!re are a few peculi> fabrics :i* we may also attribute to a ,campanian orig91 includ+ rude imitations ( ! ,b4,f4 /yle1 *iefly small amphorae ) s+le figures2 imitations ( ,nolan amphorae1 reproduc+ bo? _! =m & _! s*eme ( decoration#adhd2 & bell-%ap$ krat]s imitat+ ! ,attic /yle1 :i* ,signor ,patroni has associat$ ) ,saticula4 ,! imitations ( ,nolan amphorae h a slim body1 twi/$ h&les1 & a %>ply set-(f %\ld] =m+ a "r angle ) ! neck in/ead ( a graceful curve4 ,z 9 _! prototypes1 ! subjects are conf9$ to "o or two figures ea* side4 ,! lu/r\s black glaze ( ! ,attic vases is admirably reproduc$4 ,!re is also a class ( vases ) designs pa9t$ 9 opaque r$ on ! black gr\nd1 reproduc+ ! me?od ( ! transitional vases describ$ on p4 #cic4adhe ,!y are v rude 9 "*1 ) r\ghly incis$ details & subjects ( a simple k9d2 ! r$ pigm5t appe>s to h be5 made f fragm5ts ( p\nd$ pott]y 7te/a trita74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o rem>kable exception--a small phiale 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#adhf dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury1 ) ! subject ( a %eph]d-boy ) 8 dog4 ,! design is c>efully pa9t$ 9 opaque r$ & :ite 9 ! /yle ( ! ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s1 & ! effect ( light & %ade produc$ by hat*$ l9es is bo? rem>kable & unique4 ,a krat] f\nd at ,civita ,ca/ellana 7,fal]ii71#adhg ! pa9t+s on :i* are 9 ,campanian /yle1 is unique 9 hav+ ,lat9 inscriptions ov] ! figures1 a gr\p consi/+ ( ,zeus 7444 ,,spat]1 ,diespat]71 ,ganym$e1 ,eros 7,,cvpido71 & ,a!na 7,,m5]va74 ,! subject is conceiv$ r 9 ! /yle ( ! ,etruscan mirrors ?an t ( ! pa9t$ vases1 & is obvi\sly "u local influ5ce4 ,z ,fal]ii 0 de/roy$ 9 #bdc ,b4,c41 a t]m9us ante quem may be obta9$ = ! date ( ! vase1 z = o!rs f\nd on ?is site 7see p4 #ge74 ,! vases ( ,apulia are n only m num]\s1 b ( m m]it & great] int]e/ ?an ^? ( ! o!r two classes4 ,9 !m may be obs]v$ two or ?ree /ages ( developm5t1 beg9n+ ) a fif?- or e>ly f\r?-c5tury gr\p ( ,attic type1 consi/+ ( l>ge amphorae ) two friezes ( figures4#adhh ,bo? 9 %ape & me?od ( decoration ^! =m ! prototype ( ! l>ge krat]s & amphorae :i* comprise ! second class2 !y are di/+ui%$ f ! latt] by sev]ity ( treatm5t & abs5ce ( col\r4 ,! second class includes ! l>ge vases ) my?ological & tragic subjects1 ! ,"u-_w vases1 & ^? ) sepul*ral sc5es2 !y are all ri*ly decorat$ f head to foot1 ) two ma9 r[s ( figures1 small] subjects on ! neck1 & ornam5tation ov] e available space4 ,! !atrical *>act]i/ics ( :i* we h spok5 above 7p4 #dgb7 are be/ illu/rat$ by "s ( ?is s]ies4 ,! ?ird class includes "s l>ge vases1 su* z ! s-call$ pelikae & ! l>ge phialae1 & ! small] =ms1 ! o9o*o & its v>ieties1 & kan?>i1 rhyta1 & o!r k9ds ( dr9k+-cups4 ,"s %apes are peculi> to ?is class4 ,9 spite ( ! great v>iety ( %ape1 !re is a rem>kable pov]ty ( conception 9 ! subjects1 :i* %[ a t5d5cy to become purely decorative1 & are ma9ly conf9$ to ! vague 8c\rt+0 sc5es or 8toilet0 sc5es1 or to s+le figures ( ,eros & ,nike4 ,on ! smalle/ vases ! commone/ subject is (t5 t ( a female head cov]$ ) a cap1 sometimes ( a relatively colossal size1 & ?is also occurs1 surr\nd$ by foliage1 on ! necks ( ! l>ge vases4 ,! %apes1 z 9 ! case ( ! epi*ysis 7p4 #agi71 (t5 t5d to ugl9ess & ov]-ref9em5t4 ,! conception ( ,eros on ! lat] ,apulian vases is "o ( _! *ief *>act]i/ics 7cf4 ,plate ,,xliv474 ,an almo/ inv>iable p>ticipant 9 e sc5e1 8 =m assumes an &rogyn\s "*2 8 hair is arrang$ 9 fem99e fa%ion1 & 8 p]son adorn$ ) necklaces1 e>r+s1 & o!r jewell]y4 ,among o!r peculi>ities we may note ! d\ble l9e ( :ite or yell[ dots = gr\nd-l9es2 ! *>act]is+ ( ,ori5tal figures by ti>as & cross-belts2 ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! hair ( wom51 at fir/ long1 ?ick1 & wig-l1 b lat] ga!r$ up 9 a cap1 f :i* ! ends float out beh9d2 ! ?ick b effem9ate proportions ( ! m52 & ! small heads ( ! horses4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xlv ,to face page #dhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apulian ,,amphora4 ,,p]sephone ,,9 ,,hades4 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,!re does n seem to be any possibility ( di/+ui%+ diff]5t c5tres ( fabric 9 ,apulia4 ,nor c ,t>5tum h be5 a c5tre ( vase-fabrics1 al?\gh ,l5ormant /\tly upheld its claims1 z ! *ief c5tre ( ,greek civilisation 9 t region4 ,b ,t>5tum has be5 ! sc5e ( mu* excavation1 & results d n po9t to t conclusion2 mo/ ( ! vases f\nd !re are purely ,greek4 ,on ! o!r h&1 enorm\s numb]s h be5 f\nd at ,ruvo1 & ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! *ief c5tre1 ?\gh )\t a di/+ui%+ /yle ( its own4 ,ruvo 0 fam\s = its r$ clay1 & rema9s ( furnaces & pott]ies h be5 f\nd !re4 ,o!r sites :]e vases h be5 f\nd are ,b>i1 ,canosa1 & ,ceglie4 ,at ,canosa !re 0 a pref]5ce = ! tall amphora ) scroll-h&les1 ! l>ge phiale1 & ! pro*os1#adhi & purple accessories 7 l>gely us$ "h4 ,x is also int]e/+ to recall t ,canosa seems to h be5 ! c5tre = ! l>ge ornam5tal vases ( t]racotta pa9t$ 9 temp]a 7p4 #aai74 ,on "s ( ! column-h&l$ krat]s#adij local co/umes appe>1 probably repres5t+ ! ,peucetians1 & hav+ "s aff9ities ) ^? ( ,lucania2 ! pr9cipal features are ! tall po9t$ cap & %ort /rip$ *iton worn by bo? sexes4 ,ano!r gr\p peculi> to ,apulia is =m$ by ! fi%-plates#adia--;a peculi> =m ( plate1 ) l[ /em1 a s9k+ 9 ! c5tre1 & edge turn$ ov]1 all be+ pa9t$ ) fi% ( v>i\s k9ds 7,plate ,,xliv474 ,!y 7 no d\bt us$ = eat+ fi%1 ! s9k+ be+ = ! sauce2 b !y may also h be5 hung up z votive (f]+s 9 ! temple ( "s m>9e deity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ ef=ts ( vase-pa9t+ on ! soil ( ,magna ,graecia date f ! latt] half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,by ?is "t vase-pa9t+ _h rea*$ a /age ( complete decad5ce1 devoid ( /yle or ta/e1 & rapidly v]g+ on b>b>ism1 z %[n 9 "s specim5s1 :i* seem to be ! ef=ts ( local craftsm5 to copy ! bett] examples1 b ) ! same want ( success z ! ,etruscans4#adib ,ano!r direction :i* vase-pa9t+ took be=e x f9ally disappe>$ is illu/rat$ by a gr\p ( vases mo/ly f\nd at ,egnazia 7,gna?ia7 9 ,apulia1 :i* cle>ly =m a f9al /age 9 ! evolution ( ! local fabric j discuss$4 ,orig9ally kn[n f ! place :]e ! majority 0 f\nd z vasi di ,egnazia or ,gna?ia vases1 !y 7 9 ! view ( ,l5ormant m probably made at ,t>5tum4#adic ,b we h se5 t !re is slight evid5ce ( local fabric !re1#adid & _! connection ) ! fabrics ( ,ruvo & ,canosa makes x m likely t !y came f t neighb\rhood4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! old "n is ! correct "o4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is gr\p are3 7#a7 ! black v>ni% ) :i* ! :ole vase is cov]$2 7#b7 ! designs pa9t$ 9 opaque col\rs--:ite1 purple1 & yell[2 7#c7 ! t5d5cy to imitate vases ( metal1 z se5 9 ! v]tically ribb$ bodies & o!r details ( =m4 ,! important rle play$ by ! black v>ni% is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! increas+ t5d5cy to r$uce ! pa9t]'s lab\r to a m9imum1 comb9$ ) a /riv+ aft] novelty & ! rejuv5ation ( ! art4 ,! practice1 no d\bt1 arose f ! discov]y ( ! pa9t] t x 0 easi] to pa9t ! figures on ! black 9 opaque col\r ?an to trace !m out 9 ! clay & "w r\nd !m ) ! v>ni%1 especially 9 ! case ( ! elaborate foliage patt]ns :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ,apulian vases4 ,! subjects are usually conf9$ to ! %\ld] or neck1 at lea/ ( ! l>g] vases2 b figures are comp>atively r>e4 ,"o krat] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #edc7 :i* belongs to ! comic s]ies is a notable exception2 & !re is a pleas+ subject on a skyphos 9 ! ,l\vre#adie--;a cock & goose confront$1 & greet+ "o ano!r ) ! respective salutations1 8,ah1 ! goose60 8,oh1 ! cock60 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases ! only designs are female heads1 ,erotes 7,fig4 #aah71 birds1 comic & tragic masks susp5d$ f wrea?s1 & simple foliage patt]ns4 ,! rev]se ( ! two-sid$ vases is (t5 undecorat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,hydria ,,) ,,opaque ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,black ,,gr\nd1 ,,f ,,curium 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t specim5s ( ?is w>e are sometimes f\nd on ,greek sites1 su* z ,a!ns1 ,myr9a 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,melos1 & ,cyprus4 ,at ,curium 9 ! latt] isl& a f9e hydria 9 ?is /yle1 ) figures on ! %\ld] 7,fig4 #aji71 0 f\nd 9 #ahie4adif ,:e!r ^! 7 import$ f ,italy or made else:]e is q unc]ta94#adig ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,phiale ,,) ,,lat9 ,,inscription3 8,,! ,,cup ,,( ,,aequitia0 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,ano!r int]e/+ b mu* small] class :i* belongs to ! latt] half ( ! ?ird c5tury is =m$ by a gr\p ( vases1 mo/ly small phialae1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by be>+ pa9t$ ,lat9 inscriptions4#adih ,"s also h figures 7,eros1 a female head1 etc471 :i* are treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,gnatia vases4 ,x is probable t ,rome 0 ! place ( orig9 ( ?is class1 9 spite ( ! fact t mo/ ( !m 7 f\nd 9 ,etruria4#adii ,b ! ,lat9 language at t "t 0 m at home 9 ,campania ?an any:]e else outside ,rome4 ,! inscriptions take ! =m3 ,,aecetiai ,,pocolom1 ,aequitiae poculum 7,b4,m4 ,f #fjd ,fig4 #aaj72 ,,ivnon5es ,,pocolom1 ,junonis poculum2 & s on1--,saturn1 ,m]cury1 & o!r ,roman deities be+ includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,reasons h be5 giv5 = dat+ ?is s]ies 9 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>1 #bfj-bdj ,b4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,=m]ly x 0 univ]sally suppos$ t ! art ( vase-pa9t+ 0 br\ght to an end 9 #ahf ,b4,c4 by ! action ( ! ,roman ,s5ate :5 !y issu$ _! edict aga9/ ,bac*analian c]emonies1 :i* und\bt$ly affect$ ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,b ?is 0 only a natural view to be tak5 by writ]s :o associat$ ! pa9t$ vases ) ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies & simil> ideas2 on o!r gr\nds x is h>dly t5able4 ,especially 9 reg>d to ! g5]al putt+ back ( ! *ronology ( ! art1 x is impossible to suppose t pa9t$ vases ) my?ological subjects 7 /ill made 9 ! second c5tury4 ,! "* ( ! mid-?ird-c5tury vases j describ$ is suffici5t to indicate t !y repres5t ! la/ /age to :i* ,greek pa9t+ c\ld ev] h rea*$4 #c4 ,,figure-,,vases ,,& ,,vases ,,) ,,reliefs ,we propose to conclude ?is sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,greek vase-pa9t+ ) a few words on a pr9ciple :i*1 :ile always pres5t 9 ,greek pott]y1 yet at all times lay 9 ! backgr\nd1 until ! late/ /ages ( ! art1 :5 x ent]$ on a phase ( increas$ popul>ity4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( comb9+ ! c]amic ) ! pla/ic art--9 o!r words1 ! manufacture ( vases 9 ! =m ( human or animal figures or heads4 ,x has already be5 not$1 9 discuss+ ! primitive pott]y ( ,troy 7p4 #beg71 t ! idea ( associat+ ! vase =m & ! human =m is a v old "o4 ,at ,troy x is ( c\rse se5 9 its mo/ rudim5t>y /age1 :5 correct modell+ 0 a ?+ q beyond ! pott]'s scope1 & he c\ld only r\ghly indicate features & limbs on ! surface ( ! vase1 :i* ?us always rema9$ a vase1 & ! figure idea nev] ga9$1 z 9 lat] times1 ! pr$om9ance4 ,9 ! ,myc5aean p]iod ! advance 9 modell+ 0 great1 b only rea*$ a high level 9 ,crete4 ,x is only s9ce ! discov]ies at ,knossos t we h be5 able to acc\nt = ! a/\nd+ gr\p ( porcela9 rhyta f ! ,enkomi tombs 9 ,cyprus 7see ,plate ,x41 fig4 #d71aejj :i* at fir/ sight seem to h be5 made by a six?-c5tury arti/1 s admirable & lifelike are !y4 ,al?\gh ! rams' heads be> ! palm1 ! female heads are1 = ! p]iod1 a t\r de =ce1 s advanc$ 9 type t x w\ld be p>donable to argue--ap>t f ! circum/ances ( _! discov]y--t !y mu/ belong to a lat] /age ( art4 ,ap>t f ^!1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple did n f9d its way into ,greece be=e ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 & !n its orig9 is indubitably ,ori5tal4 ,x is be/ exemplifi$ by ! discov]ies 9 ,rhodes1 especially at ,kameiros1#aeja :]e vases ( porcela9 & t]racotta are f\nd modell$ 9 ! =m ( helmet$ heads or heads ( animals 7see ,plate ,,xlvi41 fig4 #a1 & p4 #abg74 ,! type adopt$ is t ( ! aryballos 7p4 #aig72 x 0 no d\bt a comp>atively easy matt] to model its sph]ical body into ! =m requir$1 apply+ pa9t :]e necess>y to br+ out ! details z on ! vases4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean ! alaba/ron =m seems to h be5 m popul>4#aejb ,x is (t5 adopt$ = ! ,canopic vases ( ,etruria 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii474 ,_m ( ^! are unpa9t$1 or r are cov]$ ) a :ite slip & !n pa9t$ 9 temp]a l ! ord9>y t]racotta figures2 !y are1 9 fact1 figur9es 9 ess5ce1 vases by accid5t2 :]eas 9 ! fir/-nam$ gr\p ! vase idea reta9s ! pr$om9ance4 ,b x is almo/ impossible to draw ! l9e4 ,a f9e e>ly in/ance ( imitation ( metal 9 e>ly ,greek pott]y is ! ,briti% ,museum jug f ,aeg9a 7,a #deg7 t]m9at+ 9 ! head ( a ,gryphon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xlvi ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,vases ,,modell$ ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms 7,,briti% ,,museum74 #a1 #f1 ,,six? ,,c5tury2 #b1 #d1 #e1 ,,fif? ,,c5tury2 #c1 ,,f\r? ,,c5tury4 ------------------------------------ ,dur+ ! six? c5tury pa9t$ figur9e vases are r>e1 ?\gh !re are n want+ v>i\s examples ( ! class j describ$1 :i* belong to ?is p]iod2 b at all ev5ts h>dly any examples c be trac$ to ,a!nian manufacture dur+ ! age ( ,b4,f4 vase-pa9t+4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! fa%ion 0 re9troduc$ by ! pott] ,*>9os1 :o belongs to ! transitional p]iod 7ab\t #ebe-ejj ,b4,c474 ,a vase sign$ by him1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,corneto1 is 9 ! =m ( a female head surm\nt$ by a kala?os4#aejc ,x 0 made 9 a m\ld l ! t]racotta figures1 b ! pa9t$ decoration1 :i* is rem>kably elaborate & m9ute1 is entirely ,b4,f4 9 "*4 ,! patt]ns on ! head-dress include mae&]1 />s1 ivy-leaves1 loz5ge & net patt]ns1 & a m9ute frieze ( animals1 pa9t$ 9 black on ! clay gr\nd4 ,a simil> vase1 b lat] 9 date1 is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum#aejd2 9 ?is example we may note ! introduction ( ,r4,f4 ornam5tation1 9 ! palmettes & diap]+ r\nd ! top4 ,^! two /& at ! head ( a s]ies ( simil> vases ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! succe$+ p]iods d[n to ! end ( ! age ( pa9t$ vases4 ,!y comp>e = /yle ) ! heads ( ! female /atues f\nd on ! ,acropolis1 :i* belong to ! same p]iod4 ,two o!r pott]s1 ,kaliades & ,prokles1 made simil> vases4#aeje ,! fa%ion />t$ by ,*>9os cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! fif? c5tury1 b ! pla/ic conception t5d$ to become subord9ate to ! c]amic1 & x became m & m cu/om>y to decorate ! non-pla/ic portions 9 ! mann] ( ! vases4 ,( ?is developm5t ! mo/ notewor?y example is ! beautiful rhyton 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ! =m ( a ,sph9x 7,e #ghh71 ! upp] or vase "p ( :i* is ornam5t$ ) ! subject ( ,kekrops & ,eri*?onios4 ,! body ( ! ,sph9x is cov]$ ) a f9e :ite slip1 & ! details are pick$ out ) r$ & gild+4 ,?is vase dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,!re also exi/ _m examples ( rhyta or kan?>i1 =m$ ( a head or two heads back to back1 usually a ,ma5ad & a ,seil5os4#aejf ,ano!r fav\rite type is t ( a jug 9 ! =m ( a negro's or ,ae?iopian's head#aejg2 & !re are also rhyta :i* t]m9ate 9 ! head ( a lion1 mule1 or o!r animal f9ely modell$ 7,plate ,,xlvi41 figs4 #b1 #e74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury !re is a rev]sion to ! purely pla/ic figure-vase1 usually 9 ! =m ( a leky?os ) sph]ical body1 to ! front ( :i* ! figure is atta*$ 7,plate ,,xlvi41 fig4 #d74 ,! vase is usually cov]$ ) black glaze1 & ! figure ) a :ite slip l ! t]racottas1 ) poly*rome col\r+4 ,examples ( ?is class are ! s]ies ( leky?i repres5t+ ,aphrodite ,anadyom5e 9 a scallop-%ell1 ( :i* !re are examples at ,a!ns & ,pet]sburg1#aejh & ! f9e vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,e #gaf7 ) ! bu/ ( ,a!na ,p>!nos4 ,a s]ies ( small] leky?i1 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum possesses examples 7,g #b-g71 repres5ts ,eros on a dolph91 ! "y ,dionysos 9 a sort ( canopy1 ,europa on ! bull1 a boy ) a dog1 & o!r subjects2 ! te*nique is simil> to t ( ! l>g] specim5s1 ) p9k & gre5 col\r+4 ,!y =m *>m+ little objects1 & are (t5 well execut$4#aeji ,9 ,s\!rn ,italy _m ( ^! types are cont9u$1 ! mo/ popul> be+ t ( ! rhyton end+ 9 an animal's head 7p4 #aic71 ( :i* _m examples h be5 f\nd 9 ,apulia4 ,!y usually h "s simple design pa9t$ on ! upp] "p1 su* z a figure ( ,eros4 ,!re are also num]\s examples ( vases 9 ! =m ( animals or human figures 7,plate ,,xlvi41 fig4 #c71 "s ( :i* are 9 black glaz$ w>e ) patt]ns 9 :ite l ! vases ( ,egnazia1 o!rs be+ cov]$ ) :ite slip l ! t]racottas4 ,) ! decay ( pa9t$ decoration ! pla/ic elem5t gradually pr$om9ates m & m1 until ! vase =m becomes1 s to speak1 purely accid5tal4 ,?us 9 ! ?ird c5tury ! fabrics ( ,canosa1 ( :i* we h spok5 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #aah71 entirely hold ! field1 & ! vases pass out ( ! sph]e ( ! hi/ory ( vase-pa9t+4 ,9 all or ne>ly all ( ! vases j describ$ we obs]ve ! same pr9ciple at "w--namely1 ! t5d5cy to imitate metal 9 t]racotta4 ,x is "o t is con/antly recurr+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( ,greek c]amics1 ) m or less p]si/5cy & prom95ce4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ,melian1 ,proto-,attic1 & o!r fabrics1 ! imitation is limit$ to ! =m ( ! h&les1 :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 inappropriate 9 t]racotta1 ?\gh frequ5tly f\nd 9 e>ly bronze vessels4#aeaj ,x is seldom f\nd 9 ,ionia1 b 9 ,we/]n ,greece !re are _m examples dur+ ! sev5? & six? c5turies1 z 9 "s ( ! ,proto-,cor9?ian & e>ly ,cor9?ian w>es1#aeaa ,?is is d\btless 9 a l>ge measure due to ! influ5ce ( ! great c5tres ( metal-"w at t "t1 ,cor9? & ,*alkis4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 surpris$ to f9d ! t5d5cy exemplifi$ 9 ! pott]y fabrics ( ^? two c5tres1 & at ,*alkis1 z has already be5 not$ 7p4 #cba71 x is especially conspicu\s 9 ! =m & m9or details ( ! vases4 ,at ,a!ns examples are r>e1 ) ! exception ( ! vases ( ,niko/h5es1 :o n only copies complete vases 9 metal1 z 9 8 peculi>ly-%ap$ amphorae & 9 a small phiale mesomphalos 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#aeab b is also addict$ to adorn+ ! h&les ( jugs ) female heads 9 relief1 z on specim5s 9 ! ,l\vre & else:]e4#aeac ,aft] ! six? c5tury ! t5d5cy is f> less conspicu\s1 ow+ to ! high e/eem 9 :i* vase-pa9t+ 0 !n held1 & little is se5 ( attempts at imitat+ metal until ! revival ( ! pla/ic elem5t 9 pott]y 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,an almo/ unique exception is ! ,b]l9 krat] f ,cor9? 7#bhhb71 :i* mu/ date f ! fif? c5tury4 ,x is ( black w>e1 ) designs 9 relief r\nd ! body4#aead ,! t5d5cy also manife/s itself 9 a m>k$ degree 9 ano!r direction 9 e>ly ,greek art--namely1 9 t ( ornam5t+ vases ) reliefs4 ,s mu* evid5ce ( ?is has be5 yield$ by discov]ies on ,greek soil t x is n[ c]ta9 t ?is me?od ( decoration _h its orig9 9 ,greece1 & n 9 ,etruria1 al?\gh ! close resemblance betwe5 e>ly relief-w>es f ,rhodes & ! l>ge ( ,c]vetri 7see p4 #aec7 _h l$ ar*aeologi/s 9 ! pa/ to reg>d ,etruria z its orig9al home4 ,! ,etruscans always pref]r$ modell$ vases or relief decoration to pa9t$ w>e1 z _! buc*]o fabrics %[2 b we "k t !y _h no inv5tive p[]1 & ev5 9 ?is !y h prov$ to be only imitators4#aeae ,turn+ to details ( ! e>ly ,greek vases ) reliefs1 we may note t !re are two v>ieties3 fir/ly1 ^? 9 :i* ! reliefs are made by roll+ a cyl9d] r\nd ! vase1 ! design be+ repeat$ ov] aga92 secondly1 ^? 9 :i* ! reliefs are made f sep>ate m\lds1 & atta*$ ) "s k9d ( cem5t4#aeaf ,9 bo? classes ! %ape usually affect$ is t ( a l>ge 7cf4 p4 #aea71 ( a some:at co>se r$ clay4 ,x is ! fir/ v>iety :i* s closely resemble ! f\nd at ,c]vetri1 & :i* are n[ kn[n to be ! prototypes1 n imitations1 ( ! ,etruscan examples4#aeag ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xlvii ,illu/ration3 ,f 4 4 ,,ar*aic ,,pi?os ,,) ,,reliefs ,,f ,,boeotia 7,,a!ns ,,mus474 ------------------------------------ ,9 ,greece fragm5ts ( ! fir/ class h be5 f\nd on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 ! recurr+ design be+ a two-horse *>iot :i* a w>rior m\nts1 ) a scorpion 9 ! field4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! clay1 ! %ape1 & ! te*nique ( ! reliefs ) ! ,c]vetri vases is rem>kable2 ! subject is "o common on ,cor9?ian vases4 ,o!r fragm5ts h be5 f\nd at ,tanagra1 & !re is a good example 9 ! ,l\vre ) a s]ies ( figures1 repres5t+ a dance ( wom51 all ( simil> types1 yet n f ! same /amp1 b diff]5t m\lds4#aeah ,! v>iations ( detail 9 dress & hair %[ conclusively t ! cyl9d] process is n employ$ "h1 b t ! figures are freely modell$ f a s+le type4 ,! co/ume is t typical ( ! wom5 on e>ly ,b4,f4 vases 7cf4 p4 #cgb74 ,"s v f9e examples ( ) reliefs1 dat+ f ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 h be5 publi%$ by ,de ,ridd]4#aeai ,!y are all f ,boeotia1 & are simil> to ^? made 9 ,rhodes1 b ) ! *>act]i/ic ornam5tal h&les ( metallic =m4 ,"h aga9 ! figures are freely modell$ ) v>iations ( detail1 & !y af=d int]e/+ po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! pa9t$ vases & ) ! e>ly bronze reliefs :i* are v>i\sly attribut$ to ,cor9? & ,*alkis4#aebj ,"o 9 ,a!ns 7,cat4 #dfb7 has ! int]e/+ subject ( ,artemis ,diktynna2 ano!r 7,cat4 #dff ,plate ,,xlvii471 an acc\*em5t sc5e4 ,simil> f9ds h be5 made 9 ,ky?nos1 ,t5os1 ,crete1 & ,rhodes1#aeba ! ornam5tation be+ = ! mo/ "p purely geometrical1 b sometimes ) ,c5taurs or human figures4#aebb ,9 none ( ^! examples is !re any peculi>ly ,etruscan feature2 all is purely ,hell5ic1 pres5t+ close analogies n only ) metal-"w 9 relief1 b also ) ! ,ori5tal art to :i* ! ,greek "w ( t age 0 s mu* indebt$1 z 9 ! case ( ! cyl9d] process4#aebc ,a new me?od ( decorat+ vases1 :i* fir/ makes its appe>ance t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 is by means ( appliqu reliefs4 ,x is d\btless due to ! influ5ce ( sculpture1 & p]haps m especially to t ( ! bronze reliefs :i* on vases & mirror-cases 7 n[ becom+ popul>4 ,! =m] influ5ce is cle>ly at "w 9 ! great ,k]t* vase ) ! conte/ ( ,a!na & ,poseidon 7,plate ,l471 :]e we may see 9 ! two c5tral figures1 :i* are modell$ 9 relief & appli$ to ! surface ( ! vase1 an und\bt$ rem9isc5ce ( ! we/]n ,p>!non p$im5t4 ,!re are also vases f ,a!ns1 ,k]t*1 ! ,cyr5aica1 & ,s\!rn ,italy1#aebd 9 :i* ! figures are ei!r p>tially or :olly modell$ 9 relief1 l ! vase ( ,x5ophantos or a f9e leky?os 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,g #bc7 repres5t+ ! rape ( ,kass&ra by ,ajax4 ,ano!r f9e specim51 f\nd at ,cumae & n[ at ,pet]sburg1 has a gr\p ( ,eleus9ian deities 9 relief on ! %\ld]4#aebe ,yet ano!r example1 rec5tly f\nd at ,lampsakos1 has ! ,calydonian bo>-hunt z its subject2 ! figures are 9 relief on a gild$ gr\nd4#aebf ,! imitation ( metal te*nique#aebg is ev5 m m>k$ 9 ! vases ( ,s\!rn ,italy ?an 9 ^? f o!r p>ts4 ,at ,capua1 ,cumae1 & ,metapontum amphorae1 hydriae1 & o9o*oae are f\nd1 cov]$ ) a v brilliant black v>ni%1 b )\t any pa9t$ decoration2 ! only ornam5t is 9 ! =m ( gild$ wrea?s & o!r simple patt]ns1 or designs 9 relief4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a f9e s]ies f ,capua ) g>l&s ( foliage & ornam5ts 9 ! =m ( fe/oons & p5dants1 ! :ole =m+1 z ,m4 ,collignon says1 8a brilliant & luxuri\s sy/em ( decoration :i* contra/s ) ! sob] ta/e ( ! ,attic pott]s40 ,"s ( ! hydriae are cle>ly ( local fabric1 imitations ( ! ,campanian hydriae ( bronze4#aebh ,! =ms are (t5 v elaborate1 ) ornam5tal h&les1 ribb$ bodies1 & m\ld$ /ems4 ,an o9o*o has be5 f\nd ) an inscription :i* gives ! names ( lea = smoo?-surfac$ vases1 = ^? ribb$ or flut$4 ,heavy imitations ( ! gilt & relief w>es h (t5 be5 f\nd at ,alex&ria1#aebi & isolat$ specim5s occur 9 ,attica1 ,rhodes1 & ! ,cyr5aica4 ,! gr[+ fa%ion ( us+ only vases ( *as$ gold & silv] 9 pref]5ce to pa9t$ pott]y made itself m & m felt bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy dur+ ! ,alex&r9e p]iod4 ,! same t5d5cy :i* we h already not$1 to reproduce z f> z possible ! *>act]i/ics & appe>ance ( metal1 may be obs]v$ 9 all ! pott]y ( ?is p]iod4 ,n only d ! subjects m\ld$ 9 relief reproduce ! appe>ance ( ! *as$ & rep\ss designs1 b ! %apes are ^? ( ! metal vases1 & ev5 9 ! black glaze !re are attempts to produce a metallic effect4 ,x is cle> t ! pott]y ( ?is p]iod pres5ts ?r\gh\t ! effect ( a /riv+ aft] outw>d %[ on ! "p ( ^? :o 7 unable to af=d ! m preci\s metal = _! h\sehold ut5sils1 & 7 =c$ to be cont5t ) imitat+ x to ! be/ ( _! ability 9 ! humbl] mat]ial4 ,9 ,greece ?is t5d5cy is be/ illu/rat$ by a s]ies ( vases kn[n z ,meg>ian or ,hom]ic b[ls1 ( hemisph]ical =m1#aecj )\t h&les4 ,! =m] "n 0 giv5 to !m by ,dumont#aeca & ,b5ndorf1#aecb b ) little au?ority beyond ! fact t sev]al 7 f\nd at ,meg>a4 ,b !y might on equally good gr\nds be call$ ,boeotian1 o!rs hav+ be5 f\nd at ,!bes & else:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd 9 ,kalymnos1 ,crete1 & ,cyprus1 b ! majority are f ,!bes1 ,tanagra1 & ,an!don4 ,pr(essor ,rob]t ?9ks !y may be id5tifi$ ) ! vasa ,samia s (t5 m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s 7see ,*apt] ,,xxii471 & ref]s to ! d$icat$ at ,oropos & ,paphos4#aecc ,all are ( r$ clay1 ) a ?9 metallic black glaze giv+ a quasi-metallic appe>ance2 ! hemisph]ical =m is only dep>t$ f 9 "o or two in/ances4#aecd ,! o!r "n1 ,hom]ic1 has be5 appli$ to !m by ,pr(essor ,rob]t ) ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n passage ( ,suetonius1 :i* describes ,n]o z us+ b[ls 7scyphi7 call$ ,hom]ic because !y 7 *as$ ) subjects f ,hom]'s poems4#aece ,our clay examples w\ld !n be reproductions ( ! *as$ metal vases1 us$ by ^? :o c\ld n af=d orig9als1 & correspond+ 9 "s degree to mod]n pla/] ca/s4 ,x is true t only five ( ! examples we possess h subjects f ,hom]2 b mo/ ( ! o!rs may be s call$ z belong+ to ! ,epic cycle4 ,!y ?us diff] f mo/ relief-vases ( ! p]iod1 9 t ! designs are n purely decorative or repetitions ( simple motives1 b are1 s to speak1 8illu/rations ( ! classics40 ,pr(essor ,rob]t di/+ui%es two classes3 7#a7 ^? ) figures made f sep>ate /amps1 atta*$ to ! vase aft] x 0 made1 & (t5 repeat$2 7#b7 vases made :olly1 figures & all1 9 a m\ld1 l ! ,arret9e w>es4#aecf ,9 ! latt] case !y 7 d\btless made f ! same m\lds z ! metal vases1 & ( ?is we h an und\bt$ example1 n inde$ among ! 8,meg>ian0 b[ls1 b 9 analog\s specim5s f ,italy4 ,x has already be5 not$ 7p4 #acd7 t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are two examples ( a silv] b[l ) rep\ss designs1 repres5t+ r\nd ! int]ior f\r deities 9 *>iots1 :i* =m "p ( a silv] treasure f\nd at ze 9 ! s\? ( ,france2 & t 9 ! same collection !re is also a clay b[l 7,cat4 ,g #aah ,plate ,,xlviii41 fig4 #e7 :i* exactly reproduces ! silv] vase 9 %ape1 size1 & decoration4 ,among ! subjects we h ! rape ( ,p]sephone#aecg2 ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia2 ,a*illes & ,priam#aech2 ! flight to ! %ips 7f ! ,iliad71 ! sack ( ,troy & ! sacrifice ( ,polyx5a2 ! de/ruction ( ! suitors 7f ! ,odyssey74 ,f ! ,!ban leg5d we h ! /ories ( ,o$ipus's *ildhood & ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes#aeci2 o!r vases give ! lab\rs ( ,h]akles or 8 rape ( ,auge 7,plate ,,xlviii41 fig4 #b7aedj2 & a jug made by ,dionysios has ! int]e/+ subject ( ,autolykos & ,sisyphos4#aeda ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a v int]e/+ b[l ) sc5es tak5 directly f ! ,pho5issae ( ,euripides1#aedb & o!r comp>isons ) t au?or may be made 9 ! case ( ! b[ls ) ,iphig5eia & ,polyx5a4 ,sometimes ! sc5es are inscrib$ ) v]ses f ! poems or plays illu/rat$1 or ) a prose description ( ! sc5e1#aedc or m]ely ) ! names ( ! figures4 ,! lett]s 9 all cases are rais$4 ,x is cle> t all ^! b[ls belong to ! same p]iod & fabric1 & _m small details po9t to ! ?ird c5tury z _! date4 ,we may be> 9 m9d t ?is 0 ! "t ( ! great revival ( ,hom]ic /udy at ,alex&ria4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,xlviii ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,vases ,,( ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod3 ,,black ,,w>e ,,) ,,reliefs 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ------------------------------------ ,9 ,italy ! introduction ( relief w>es became g5]al z pa9t+ 0 ab&on$1 b did s gradually1 n sudd5ly4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury bo? exi/$ side by side4 ,! pr9ciple ( a purely me*anical process 9 pott]y1 :i* n[ fir/ appe>s 9 ! manufacture f a m\ld1 0 n1 /rictly speak+1 a new "o 9 ,italy1 nor yet 9 ,greece4 ,x is fir/ se5 9 ! e>ly ,etruscan & ,rhodian vases 7see p4 #dif7 ) /amp$ & roll$-out designs repeat$ 9 long friezes4 ,& we %all see lat] h[ = sev]al c5turies m\ld$ vases1 9 ! =m ( buc*]o w>e1 =m$ ! national pott]y ( ,etruria4 ,!re 0 always 9 ,etruscan1 z also 9 ,greek pott]y1#aedd a t5d5cy t[>ds ! imitation ( metal1 & ?is t5d5cy ab\t ! f\r? c5tury seems to h spread ov] ! re/ ( ,italy1 ev5 to ! ,iapygian ,p59sula4 ,?us x is t ! vases ( ,gnatia 7p4 #dhh7 are l>gely metallic 9 =m & treatm5t1 ) _! ribb$ bodies & o!r details4 ,to ! same cause is ma9ly due ! s]ies ( ,capua & ,cumae vases :i* has already be5 discuss$1 ) its brilliant v>ni% & gild+4 ,signor ,gamurr9i actually gave to ! ,italian black glaze w>es ! "n ( 8,etrusco-,campanian40#aede ,aft] ! disappe>ance ( buc*]o w>e simil> vases came to be made at ,c]vetri1 ,*iusi1 ,corneto1 & ,bols5a1 ! pr9cipal art c5tres ( ,etruria4 ,at ,bols5a 9 p>ticul> !y h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s2 & z ?is city 7,vols9ium novum7 0 only f\nd$ 9 #bfd ,b4,c41 a t]m9us po/ quem = _! date is af=d$4 ,a gr\p ( vases f\nd *iefly at ! la/-nam$ place#aedf does n appe> to h be5 cov]$ ) black v>ni%1 b ) a metallic prep>ation ( gold or silv]1 :i* has n[ mo/ly disappe>$1 & !y are left ) ! pla9 glaz$ clay4 ,"s ( ^! are n )\t m]it4 ,9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! designs1 usually 9 friezes r\nd ! %\ld]1 !re is obvi\sly a rem9isc5ce ( buc*]o w>e4 ,! metallic prep>ation ) :i* !y 7 cov]$ may h be5 some?+ ( ! k9d :i* ,a!naeus#aedg describes 9 speak+ ( c]ta9 dr9k+-cups made at ,naukratis1 :i* 87 dipp$ 9 "s prep>ation s z to appe> silv]40 ,9 ,italy ! manufacture ( vases ( black w>e ) reliefs appe>s to h c5tr$ at ,cales 9 ,campania dur+ ! ?ird c5tury4#aedh ,! pr9cipal type is t ( a b[l1 n ( ! hemisph]ical =m1 b %all[1 ) ! designs 9 ! int]ior1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a frieze or ( a c5tral m$allion4 ,^! are usually call$ ,cal5e phialae1 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! majority 7 really made at ,cales4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is1 l 8,meg>ian b[l10 a conv5i5t "n = ! class4 ,! ,briti% ,museum b[l ,g #aah1 ) ! frieze ( *>iots 7see above71 is a good example ( ! frieze type ( design4 ,! subject1 :i* is treat$ 9 a v spirit$ mann]1 is ! apo!osis ( ,h]akles1 :o is conduct$ by ,a!na1 ,ares1 & ,artemis to ,olympos1 accompani$ by ,victories4 ,!re is also a good specim5 9 ,b]l9 7,cat4 #chhb7 ) ,odysseus & ! ,sir5s4 ,ano!r ) decorative patt]ns only1 be>s ! signature ( ! pott]1 ,l4 ,canoleios ( ,cales1 9 ,lat9 lett]s4#aedi ,examples are also giv5 9 ,plate ,,xlviii41 figs4 #c1 #e1 #f4 ,( ! type ) c5tral m$allions comp>atively few complete examples exi/1 b ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a s]ies ( fragm5ts on :i* ! m$allions h be5 pres]v$4#aeej ,! subjects are usually ^? *>act]i/ic ( ! ,alex&r9e p]iod3 ,aphrodite1 ,adonis1 & ,erotes2 ,h]akles & ,hylas1 & o!rs famili> f ,!ocritus2 or ,trojan sc5es1 su* z ,!tis ) ! arms ( ,a*illes or ,p>is attack$ by ,deiphobos4 ,a unique in/ance is t ( ,romulus & ,remus suckl$ by ! wolf 7,g #abe74 ,two names ( pott]s occur--,k4 ,atilius & ,g4 ,gab9ius4 ,! date ( ^! phialae is probably t ( ! ,second ,punic ,w> 7ab\t #bcj-bjj ,b4,c474 ,! designs1 be+ tak5 f m\lds#aeea & ins]t$ sep>ately1 are frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! fa%ion--obvi\sly ano!r in/ance ( imitation ( metal#aeeb--( adorn+ b[ls ) c5tral designs also takes o!r =ms at ?is p]iod4 ,simple heads ( deities or ,satyrs are f\nd1 & !re are also in/ances ( facsimiles ( ,syracusan co9s4 ,two b[ls 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,g #aba-bb7 h 9 ! c5tre copies ( a decadra*m ) ! head ( ,p]sephone 7,plate ,,xlviii41 fig4 #d3 cf4 p4 #baj74aeec ,analog\s to ^! 9 "* & te*nique are ! s]ies ( small lamp-fe$]s or gutti1 a v>iation ( ! askos =m1 :i* are f\nd *iefly 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 b also 9 ,nor? ,africa & ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4#aeed ,9 ! latt] case !y are usually di/+ui%$ by hav+ an ar*$ h&le ov] ! back in/ead ( ! usual r+-h&le at ! side1 & ! body is flatt]4 ,! ,italian type has a deep ribb$ body1 ) a flat circul> space on ! top conta9+ a design 9 relief1 made sep>ately & ins]t$ 9 ! vase 7,plate ,,xlviii41 fig4 #a74 ,! range ( subjects is wide1 b ! majority are my?ological3 heads or masks ( a ,dionysiac "* or ( ,m$usa =m a l>ge proportion ( ! :ole4 ,l>g] vases ( black w>e ) reliefs ins]t$ or atta*$ are sometimes f\nd1 b are n common4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses two good specim5s--a krat] 7,g #bi7 ) panels ins]t$ be>+ my?ological designs1#aeee & a l>ge cov]$ j> 7,g #bh7 ) ! inscription ,,bassvs 9 ,roman lett]s1 presumably ! pott]'s "n4 ,! subjects1 9 two friezes1 repres5t ,erotes & fe/oons ( v9e-leaves1 & ,poseidon & ,victory1 five times repeat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s]ies ( vases :i* we h be5 discuss+ are cle>ly pav+ ! way = ! new developm5t ( pott]y :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman p]iod--t ( ! w>e =m]ly kn[n z ,samian1 b n[ usually spok5 ( z ,arret9e or 7a m compreh5sive t]m7 ,t]ra sigillata4 ,?is w ( c\rse be m appropriately dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t *apt] "u ! head+ ( ,roman ,pott]y4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury ! ,roman dom9ion spread ov] mo/ ( ! ,greek l&s1 & ,greek art z an indep5d5t entity almo/ ceas$ to exi/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a little rem>kable at :at a late date "s =ms ( di/9ctively ,greek pott]y l+]$ on 9 ,hell5ic regions1 su* z ,attica1 ,egypt1 & ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,! subject has hi!rto receiv$ b little att5tion1 & ! mat]ials h h>dly be5 collect$ ) suffici5t complet5ess to admit ( adequate discussion & classification4#aeef ----- ,footnote #adji3 ,see ,hesy*4 s4v4 2 ,a!nag4 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/o1 #ag1 p4 #bic2 also p4 #caf4 ,footnote #adaj3 ,see ,loes*cke 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahgi1 p4 #bhi ff4 ,! revision ( *ronology s9ce 8 article 0 writt5 has only s]v$ to give additional support to 8 view1 br++ ! :ite vases ne>] 9 date to ! pa9t$ /elae4 ,footnote #adaa3 ,brut4 xviii4 #gj3 see also ,plut4 de defect4 orac4 #dg1 #dcf ,c2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 xxxv4 #ej4 ,footnote #adab3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 ii4 ,b #fac ff4 ,footnote #adac3 ,w9t] 9 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 p4 #aie ff4 ,footnote #adad3 ,ibid4 p4 #ahg ff43 cf4 also ,h>twig 9 ,jahrbu*1 #ahii1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #adae3 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 pl4 #ab4 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,d #bb1 #cb2 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 pl4 #aa2 ,rayet & ,collignon1 pl4 #aj1 #a4 ,! sev]e type ( face %\ld be comp>$ ) ,attic co9s ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,footnote #adaf3 ,cf4 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #adag3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,d #fe & ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #adah3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,d #ba1 #cc4 ,footnote #adai3 ,z on ! ,anesidora cup 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,d #d7 & ! ,euphronios cup 9 ,b]l9 7#bbhb74 ,footnote #adbj3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x4 #cg a2 ,annali1 #ahgg1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #adba3 ,cat4 #bjh1 #ccb1 #ccf2 publi%$ 9 ,jahn1 ,entfhr4 d4 ,europa1 pl4 #g2 ,furtwa5gl] & ,rei*hold1 pl4 #di 7,fig4 #aba72 & ,ov]beck1 ,kun/my?ol4 ,atlas1 pl4 #i1 ,no4 #ai4 ,footnote #adbb3 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bbc3 see ,anzeig]1 #ahia1 p4 #fi1 :]e x is attribut$ to ,sotades4 ,footnote #adbc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,d #aa ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #a2 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahgh1 pl4 #b 79 ,l\vre74 ,footnote #adbd3 ,also attribut$ by ,furtwa5gl] to ,sotades 7,anzeig]1 loc4 cit474 ,footnote #adbe3 ,=m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,m4 van ,branteghem3 see 8 ,sale ,cat4 ,nos4 #aei-ff1 & ,plate ,,xl4 ,footnote #adbf3 ,a complete li/ ( :ite-gr\nd cups is giv5 by ,h>twig1 ,mei/]s*4 p4 #dii4 ,among sign$ examples are ! ,euphronios cup 9 ,b]l9 7#bbhb72 ^? by ,sotades & ,hegesib\los 7p4 #dde71 & also ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 x4 #cg;a 7-- 74 ,footnote #adbg3 ,:ite ,a!nian ,vases1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #adbh3 ,see g5]ally ,potti]1 ,les ,lcy!s ,blancs4 ,footnote #adbi3 ,9 ! ,b4,m4 collection1 ,d #eb is f ,locri1 ,d #bh1 #dg1 #fc1 #hg f ,gela4 ,footnote #adcj3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,d #cc1 #ed-g1 #fb2 ,a!ns #afbe ff4 ,footnote #adca3 ,see ,dumont-,potti]1 ii4 pp4 #ej1 #ec4 ,footnote #adcb3 ,notably ,a!ns #fhh ,re9a*1 i4 p4 #afd 7,mon4 dell' ,in/4 viii4 pl4 #d74 ,footnote #adcc3 ,= ref]5ces to ?is subject on ! leky?i see ,*apt] ,,xiii41 & = a typical example1 ibid41 ,fig4 #abb4 ,= ! diff]5t types see 7#a7 ,a!ns #affb-fc2 7#b7 ,b4,m4 ,d #fa2 7#c7 ,b]l9 #bfhj-ha1 ,a!ns #affa4 ,footnote #adcd3 x4 #bh1 #a4 ,footnote #adce3 ,on ! =ms ( ! /ele see ,brueckn]1 ,ornam5t und ,=m d] attis*5 ,grab/el54 ,footnote #adcf3 ,z = in/ance ,naples #agee ,baumei/]1 iii4 p4 #ahdh1 fig4 #aici4 ,see also ,ros*]1 iii4 p4 #ifg2 ,b4,m4 ,f #eg4 ,footnote #adcg3 ,cf4 also ,b4,m4 ,d #ed2 ,potti]1 pls4 #b1 #d2 & see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,footnote #adch3 ,we may recall ! dictum ( ,ari/otle 7,poet4 #b7 t ,polygnotos pa9t$ m5 bett] 7or m beautiful7 ?an reality4 ,footnote #adci3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,d #ed1 ,d #ef2 & ano!r ) horsem5 unpubli%$4 ,footnote #addj3 ,x may be not$ conv]sely t ,attic tomb/ones 7 (t5 9 ! =m ( leky?i 7e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpt4 i4 ,nos4 #fha-hb1 #fhg ff474 ,footnote #adda3 ,see ! li/ ( non-fun]>y subjects giv5 by ,potti]1 op4 cit4 p4 #e4 ,cf4 also ,b4,m4 ,d #ba1 #ea1 #eg1 ,d #ai & #bd 7,nike71 #ca 7,iris71 & #bc 7prie/ess ( ,a!na74 ,footnote #addb3 ,lcy!s ,blancs1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #addc3 ,examples are3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 ,sic4 ,vas5b4 pls4 #bf1 #cc4 ,footnote #addd3 ,e4g4 ,a!ns #afbf2 ,b5ndorf1 pl4 #ah1 fig4 #b1 pl4 #bj1 fig4 #b4 ,footnote #adde3 ,e4g4 ,b5ndorf1 pl4 #bd1 figs4 #a1 #c4 ,footnote #addf3 ,jahrbu*1 ix4 7#ahid71 p4 #eg ff4 ,footnote #addg3 ,mil*hoef] attributes ?is to ,hi]o's victory 9 #dgd2 b ! date seems too e>ly comp>$ ) o!r evid5ce4 ,footnote #addh3 ,! late/ ,r4,f4 vase f ,kameiros is ! poly*rome 8pelike0 ,e #dbd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,furtwa5gl] 7,gr4 ,vas5mal]ei1 p4 #bje7 gives reasons = dat+ x 9 ! ?ird c5tury2 b ! circum/ances ( its discov]y at ,kameiros r5d] s late a date improbable1 ap>t f consid]ations ( /yle4 ,footnote #addi3 ,h>twig 9 ,mlanges d',ar*4 #ahid1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #adej3 ,see above1 p4 #fj1 = ! sites on :i* !y h be5 f\nd2 also ! plates ( ! ,atlas to ,/ephani's ,compte-,r5du & ( ! ,ant4 du ,bosph4 ,cimmri54 ,footnote #adea3 ,see above1 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #adeb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,f #d-g1 #bc1 #bg-i4 ,footnote #adec3 ,see on ?is gr\p ( vases "s v illum9at+ rem>ks by ,furtwa5gl] 9 8 ,mei/]w]ke1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #aded3 ,see also :at is said bel[ 7p4 #dhe7 on e>ly ,apulian fabrics4 ,footnote #adee3 ,see 8 ,c]amica ,antica1 passim4 ,footnote #adef3 ,see g5]ally ,*apt] ,,iv41 p4 #afb ff4 ,footnote #adeg3 ,cf4 ,b4,m4 ,f #aic1 ,f #baj1 ,f #edb4 ,footnote #adeh3 ,see also bel[1 p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #adei3 ,! subject has be5 fully treat$ by ,vogel1 ,sc55 ,eurip4 ,tragdi52 ,huddil/on1 ,gk4 ,trag$y 9 ,vase-pa9t+s2 & ,engelmann1 ,ar*4 ,/udi5 zu d5 ,tragik]n3 see also ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #adfj3 ,see ,j4,h4,s4 xi4 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #adfa3 ,see ,krte 9 ,jahrbu*1 viii4 7#ahic71 p4 #fa ff4 ,footnote #adfb3 ,dio ,cassius1 frag4 #ci1 ed4 ,bekk]4 ,footnote #adfc3 ,helbig1 ii4 p4#cad1 ,no4 #aba ,s*reib]-,&]son1 ,atlas1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #h3 see also ,b4,m4 ,f #aej4 ,footnote #adfd3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xv4 #c4 ,!y are also fully discuss$ by ,heydemann 9 ,jahrbu*1 i4 p4 #bfj ff4 ,footnote #adfe3 ,see also ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,fig4 #acd4 ,footnote #adff3 ,cf4 a tomb ) pa9t+s at ,tritaea 9 ,a*aia describ$ by ,pausanias1 vii4 #bb1 #d4 ,footnote #adfg3 ,cf4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 i4 p4 #bdda ff4 7s4v4 ,h]os72 ,j4,h4,s4 v4 p4 #aje ff42 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ( ,sculpt4 i4 p4 #bic ff42 ,furtwa5gl]1 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 i4 p4 #ag ff4 ,footnote #adfh3 ,possibly a mi/ake =1 or v>iation (1 ! "n ,dasimos1 :i* occurs on a f\r?-c5tury bronze votive helmet f ,s\!rn ,italy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cat4 #cag74 ,footnote #adfi3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,f #aej-f2 ,naples #aggh1 #aggi1 #aghb1 #aghg1 #cbdh2 & o!rs giv5 by ,patroni1 ,c]amica ,antica1 p4 #gg4 ,a vase publi%$ by ,+hirami 7,vasi ,fitt4 #a-c7 is ?\ght by ,engelmann to be ! "w ( ,py?on 7,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahgd1 p4 #ce74 ,b ?is h>dly seems likely4 ,! ,b4,m4 vase ,f #aee is mu* m aft] 8 /yle4 ,footnote #adgj3 ,two ( ^! vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,f #aej-ea7 are 9 ! /yle ( ,as/eas4 ,furtwa5gl] assigns all1 includ+ t sign$ by ,a41 to ,campania4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m likely t !y 7 mo/ly made at ,pae/um4 ,! "o 9 ,rome ) ,zeus & ,alkm5a 7see p4 #dgc7 may be by ,py?on4 ,footnote #adga3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 viii4 pl4 #ba4 ,footnote #adgb3 ,see note above & ,patroni1 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #adgc3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,b #aei1 #afj1 #agd4 ,footnote #adgd3 ,see above1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #adge3 ,see ,patroni1 op4 cit4 p4 #be1 & ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,x appe>s 9 ! vase-pa9t+ giv5 9 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,footnote #adgf3 ,cf4 t worn by ,h]akles on ! ,as/eas vase1 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,footnote #adgg3 ,see ,plate ,,xliv4 & ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,bronzes1 ,no4 #bhde4 ,footnote #adgh3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 viii4 pl4 #ba & ,annali1 #ahfe1 p4 #bfb ff43 cf4 ,virg4 ,a54 vii4 #ghe2 ix4 #cfe4 ,see also ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #adgi3 ,naples #hef2 ,b4,m4 ,f #bac 7874 ,footnote #adhj3 ,naples #bbic & ,r4,c4 #ada ,re9a*1 i4 #chg2 ,b]l9 #cjbc4 ,footnote #adha3 ,b4,m4 ,f #aia ff42 ,naples #hga1 #bhee1 #ccfh4 ,footnote #adhb3 ,patroni ?9ks t su* vases z ,jatta #adih 7 ,re9a*1 i4 #aaj1 #d7 h =m$ ! model = ^! ,saticula vases4 ,footnote #adhc3 ,e4g4 ,naples #bheb4 ,footnote #adhd3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,f #adc-adh2 ,naples #cjic1 #cabi3 see ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #ahic1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #adhe3 ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv41 ,f #ebc ff4 ,footnote #adhf3 ,f #edb3 see above1 p4 #dga4 ,footnote #adhg3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 pl4 #aj1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #adhh3 ,e4g4 ,re9a*1 i4 #ddh ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhc1 pl4 #g2 ,dubois ,maisonneuve1 ,introd4 pl4 #fi2 ,naples #cbda ,re9a*1 i4 #chd1 #a-c2 ,naples #bdaf1 #bdah1 #bhid1 #biah1 #cbdg2 see ,patroni1 ,c]am4 ,antica1 p4 #cc1 & ,furtwa5gl]1 ,mei/]w]ke1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #adhi3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,f #bcg1 #bch 7wrongly attribut$ to ,campania 9 ,catalogue74 ,footnote #adij3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,f #big1 #cja1 & ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #aheb1 pls4 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 p4 #caf ff4 ,footnote #adia3 ,b4,m4 ,f #bed-fh2 ,b]l9 #cfjg-ai2 ,naples #bedb-fa2 ,pet]sburg #afic-agaj4 ,cf4 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahid1 p4 #ajg1 & ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 pl4 #b 7an example f ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns72 also a plate inscrib$ und]nea? ,v 7,s*ne 9 ,comm4 ,phil4 9 hon4 ,momms5i1 p4 #fec74 ,see also p4 #aid & ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,footnote #adib3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,= examples ( ^! deg5]ate vases see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 iv4 ,f #dij ff4 ,footnote #adic3 ,9 ?is he is foll[$ by ,rayet & ,collignon 7p4 #cbh74 ,footnote #adid3 ,l5ormant1 h[ev]1 /ates t !y h be5 f\nd at ,t>5tum1 z also 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lecce & ,b>i 7,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahha-hb1 p4 #ajc74 ,footnote #adie3 ,rayet & ,collignon1 pl4 #ac1 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #adif3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 p4 #gg1 fig4 #adj4 ,footnote #adig3 ,see also ,b4,m4 ,f #eec2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 pls4 #c1 #d1 p4 #gj ff42 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #adih3 ,see ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhd1 p4 #e ff42 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #ccb4 ,f\rte5 or fifte5 examples are kn[n4 ,footnote #adii3 ,"o 0 f\nd by ,"l ,savile at ,civita ,lav9ia 7,lanuvium7 9 rec5t ye>s 7,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahie1 p4 #de74 ,!y h also be5 f\nd on ! ,esquil9e 7see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahhg1 p4 #bcc74 ,footnote #aejj3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 pl4 #c4 ,footnote #aeja3 ,= t]racotta examples pa9t$ 9 temp]a see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,b #bha-ia2 & comp>e ,b #bhf ) an example f ,cyprus1 ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 de l',art1 iii4 p4 #fig4 ,see also ,b]l9 #abib ff4 ,footnote #aejb3 ,see = a t]racotta example ,b #dfj 9 ,b4,m42 also ,b #bjc-d f ,rhodes4 ,cf4 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 *ap4 xiii4 ,footnote #aejc3 ,rm4 ,mit?4 v4 7#ahij71 pl4 #aa1 p4 #cac ff4 ,footnote #aejd3 ,cat4 #baij3 cf4 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahij1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #aeje3 ,kle91 ,mei/]sig4#b p4 #baf2 ,b]l9 #bbjb4 ,a vase 9 ! ,l\vre ) ! -"n ,epilykos is probably by ,prokles 7see ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 p4 #adb74 ,footnote #aejf3 ,see ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bfa3 = o!r examples1 ,b4,m4 ,e #ghf1 #gib1 #gic2 ,b]l9 #djdd ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 #fi2 ,mus4 ,greg4 ii4 #hi1 #a2 & ! ,kleom5es vase 9 ! ,l\vre 7if g5u9e74 ,see on ?is vase ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahig1 pls4 #af-g1 p4 #ec2 ,furtwa5gl]1 ,neu]e ,fals*ung51 p4 #ba2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxxvii4 7#aijj71 p4 #aha2 ,monum5ts ,piot1 ix4 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #aejg3 ,see ,h>twig 9 4 4 #ahid1 pl4 #f1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #aejh3 ,/ephani1 ,compte-,r5du1 #ahgj-ga1 pl4 #a2 ,b]4 d4 s*s4 ,gesells*4 #ahec1 pls4 #a-b 7) ,eros1 dove1 & swan73 cf4 ! ,b4,m4 t]racottas1 ,d #hi-ia4 ,footnote #aeji3 ,see ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bge1 & = o!r examples ,/ackelb]g1 ,grb] d] ,hell4 pls4 #di-eb2 ,treu1 ,gr4 ,?ongef4 pl4 #a2 ,cab4 ,p\rtals1 pl4 #bh4 ,footnote #aeaj3 ,cf4 ! ,proto-,attic vases1 ,a!ns #dfh & #feg1 ) ! ,b4,m4 bronze vase-h&les1 ,nos4 #beh1 #chc4 ,footnote #aeaa3 ,cf4 ! ,aeg9a jug m5tion$ above1 ,b4,m4 ,a #acfi & ! vase giv5 9 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #fh2 also ! ,tanagra tripod1 ,b]l9 ,no4 #agbg1 & ,l\vre ,a #cif f ,rhodes4 ,footnote #aeab3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,b #bie1 #bif1 #chb4 ,footnote #aeac3 ,l\vre ,f #aaf-ag2 ,b4,m4 ,b #fbj4 ,see ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahha1 p4 #cf1 & p4 #che above4 ,footnote #aead3 ,cf4 ,coll4 ,sab\r(f1 pl4 #gd1 #c3 see also ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhj1 pl4 #aj2 4 4 #ahhe1 pl4 #i1 #aa2 ,b4,m4 ,g #bb-c2 ,b]l9 #bgjd1 #bhhd2 ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 ,mon4 ,9d4 pl4 #di1 #c4 ,footnote #aeae3 ,cf4 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bec ff42 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 p4 #dc ff42 ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #cda2 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhh1 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #aeaf3 ,cf4 ,dumont-,potti]1 i4 p4 #ahf ff4 ,footnote #aeag3 ,see ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhh1 p4 #dia 7,potti]74 ,footnote #aeah3 ,ibid4 p4 #dig2 also ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 pl4 #h1 p4 #dd3 cf4 ! ,etruscan buc*]o vases1 e4g4 ,potti]1 ,l\vre ,cat4 ii4 p4 #caf ff4 ,footnote #aeai3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahih1 pp4 #dci1 #dig4 ,footnote #aebj3 ,de ,ridd]1 ,de ectypis a5eis1 passim4 ,footnote #aeba3 ,bull4 de ,corr4 ,hell4 #ahhh1 p4 #ejj2 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahhf1 pl4 #d 7,crete74 ,footnote #aebb3 ,e4g4 ,b4,m4 ,a #ehg1 #eig ff4 ,footnote #aebc3 ,= a complete li/ ( e>ly vases ) reliefs see ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 p4 #ed ff4 ,footnote #aebd3 ,= examples see ,rayet & ,collignon1 p4 #bff2 ,jahrbu* #ahid1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #aebe3 ,cat4 #ebe ,re9a*1 i4 #aa4 ,footnote #aebf3 ,monum5ts ,piot1 x4 pls4 #f-g4 ,footnote #aebg3 ,on ! lat] developm5t ( imitation ( metal 9 vases see ,rizzo 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 xii4 7#ahig71 p4 #bec ff4 ,footnote #aebh3 ,see also on ^! vases ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgi1 pl4 #f1 p4 #ch ff41 & ,m>?a1 ,l',art trusque1 p4 #dhh4 ,!y are /yl$ by ,gamurr9i 8,etrusco-,campanian40 ,footnote #aebi3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahhe1 pl4 #a4 ,footnote #aecj3 ,to ?is ! "n has be5 giv53 cf4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #aeca3 ,cramiques1 i4 p4 #cic4 ,footnote #aecb3 ,gr4 u4 sic4 ,vas5b4 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #aecc3 ,hom]is*e ,be*]1 9 #ejtes ,w9ckelmannsfe/progr4 7#ahij74 ,footnote #aecd3 ,g #ajd 9 ,b4,m4 & ! jug by ,dionysios 7,rob]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #ij74 ,footnote #aece3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #a ff43 cf4 ,suet4 ,n]4 #dg4 ,footnote #aecf3 ,clay m\lds = ^! b[ls h be5 f\nd at ,a!ns1 sugge/+ t !re 0 a fabric !re4 ,b !y 7 probably n conf9$ to "o c5tre4 ,see ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 p4 #fg1 note4 ,footnote #aecg3 ,j4,h4,s4 xxii4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aech3 ,ar*4 ,anzeig]1 #aijd1 p4 #aia 79 ,ox=d74 ,footnote #aeci3 ,cf4 ,mon4 ,grecs1 #ahhe-hh1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #aedj3 ,b]l9 #bhia1 f ,crete4 ,footnote #aeda3 ,see ,rob]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #ij4 ,9 ! same "w w be f\nd full descriptions ( mo/ ( ! o!r b[ls4 ,footnote #aedb3 ,see ,class4 ,review1 #ahid1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #aedc3 ,e4g4 ,g #aje1 9 ,b4,m4 ,footnote #aedd3 ,see above1 p4 #die4 ,footnote #aede3 ,see above1 p4 #dih4 ,footnote #aedf3 ,b4,m4 ,g #agi ff43 see ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 #ahga1 p4 #e ff42 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfj2 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 #ahig1 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #aedg3 xi4 #dhj ,e3 see above1 pp4 #gc1 #ahi4 ,footnote #aedh3 ,gaz4 ,ar*4 #ahgi1 p4 #dc4 ,rec5t writ]s h ma9ta9$ t 8,cal5e0 w>e is ,greek 9 orig91 & n conf9$ to ?is site4 ,see ,drag5dorff 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 xcvi4 p4 #be1 & ,rizzo 9 ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bei3 cf4 ,b]l9 #chhb4 ,footnote #aedi3 ,b5ndorf1 ,gr4 u4 sic4 ,vas5b4 pl4 #ef4 ,footnote #aeej3 ,ibid4 pls4 #eg-h4 ,footnote #aeea3 ,= in/ances ( m\lds = ^! m$allions see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,t]racottas1 ,e #gb-d4 ,footnote #aeeb3 ,see ,rm4 ,mit?4 #ahig1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #aeec3 ,see ,evans1 ,syracusan ,m$allions1 9 ,num4 ,*ron4 #crd ,s]4 xi4 p4 #cai2 also ,rev4 ,ar*4 xxiv4 7#ahid74 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #aeed3 ,see ,b4,m4 ,cat4 ( ,vases1 iv41 ,g #cg ff41 & above1 pp4 #bjj1 #baa4 ,footnote #aeee3 ,a simil> example is 9 ! ,a!ns ,museum1 f ,crete 7,inv5t4 ,no4 #bada74 ,footnote #aeef3 ,ref]5ce may be made g5]ally to important articles by ,watz+] 9 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #aija1 p4 #ej ff41 & ,drag5dorff 9 ,bonn] ,jahrb*]1 ci4 p4 #adj ff42 also 7= ,egypt7 to ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ar*4 #ahhe1 p4 #ah ff41 & ,furtwa5gl] 9 ,gr4 ,vas5m4 p4 #bje ff4 ,see also ,*apt] ,,xxii41 & ,,xxi4 init4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,mr4 ,murray's ,/&>d ,works ,b]5son1 ,b]nh>d4 ,,! ,,draw+s ,,( ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,pa9t]s4 ,classifi$1 ,criticis$1 & ,/udi$ z ,docum5ts 9 ! ,hi/ory & ,appreciation ( ,tuscan ,art4 ,) a ,copi\s ,catalogue ,raisonn1 & #ahj ,facsimile ,illu/rations4 #b ,vols4 ,folio4 #ba net4 ,borgia1 ,lucretia1 ,,! ,,life ,,(4 ,accord+ to ,orig9al ,docum5ts & ,correspond5ce ( h] ,day4 ,by ,,f]d9& ,,gregorovius4 ,translat$ by ,,john ,,leslie ,,g>n]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,br[n1 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,baldw94 ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,! ,orig91 ,aims1 & ,conditions ( ,arti/ic ,"w z appli$ to ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 & ,ar*itecture4 ,new & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ---- ,,! ,,arts ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,engl&4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #c ,vols4 ,royal #hvo4 #afs4 net4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,saxon ,,engl& ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,arts4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,engl& ,,f ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,saxons ,,to ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,decorative ,,arts ,,( ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,p]iod4 ,brugs*1 ,pr(essor4 ,,egypt ,,"u ,,! ,,ph>aohs4 ,hi/ory d]iv$ entirely f ! ,monum5ts4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,m4 ,,brodrick4 ,maps1 ,plans1 & ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 ,burton-,br[n1 ,e4 ,,rec5t ,,excavations ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,=um1 #ahih-aije4 ,a ,h&book4 ,illu/rations & ,plans4 ,fcap #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,c>twright1 ,julia 7,mrs4 ,ady74 ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,flor5ce4 ,f ! #ac? to ! #af? ,c5turies4 ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,cripps1 ,wilfrid4 ,,old ,,engli% ,,plate3 ,ecclesia/ical1 ,decorative1 & ,dome/ic3 ,its ,mak]s & ,m>ks4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) #abc ,illu/rations & #b1fjj ,facsimile ,plate ,m>ks4 #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,tables ( ! ,date-,lett]s & ,m>ks sold sep>ately4 #es4 ---- ,,old ,,fr5* ,,plate3 ,its ,mak]s & ,m>ks4 ,) ,tables ( ,mak]s' ,m>ks1 9 addition to ! ,plate ,m>ks4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,cr[e1 ,sir ,j4 ,a41 & ,cavalcaselle1 ,g4 ,b4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 ,umbria1 ,flor5ce1 & ,si5a1 f ! #bnd to ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,editorial ,notes by ,,langton ,,d\glas1 ) upw>ds ( #bjj ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,demy #hvo4 #f ,vols4 #bas4 net ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,art4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,giotto ,,& ,,! ,,giottesques4 ---- ---- ,,raphael3 ,8 ,life & ,works4 ,demy #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i41 #aes4 ,cu/1 ,lionel4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,au!ntic ,,portraits ,,( ,,m>y ,,que5 ,,( ,,scots4 ,bas$ on ! ,rese>*es ( ! late ,sir ,george ,s*>f1 ,director ( ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y--,re-writt5 9 ! light ( new in=mation4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto4 #c #cs4 net4 ,d\glas1 ,langton4 ,,si5a1 ,,h] ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,art4 ,) ,maps & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #bes4 net4 ,fan%awe1 ,h4 ,c4 ,,delhi3 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,f]gusson1 ,james4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,all ,,c\ntries ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times4 ,) #a1gjj ,illu/rations4 #e ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #f #fs4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,m$i,,val4 #fcs4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,indian ,,& ,,ea/]n4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,vols4 ,,iv4 & ,v4 ,,mod]n4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,arrangem5ts h be5 made ) ,booksell]s enabl+ !m to (f] special t]ms = ! above "w complete4 ,hodgson1 ,j4 ,e41 & ,eaton1 ,f4 ,a4 ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,& ,,its ,,memb]s4 ,a ,hi/ory f #agfh to #ahcj4 ,) ,portraits4 ,l>ge ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,hog>?1 ,d4 ,g41 ,edit$ by4 ,,au?ority ,,& ,,ar*,,ology1 ,,sacr$ ,,& ,,pr(ane4 ,essays on ! ,relation ( ,monum5ts to ,biblical & ,classical ,lit]ature4 ,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 ,jameson1 ,mrs4 ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,pa9t]s--,,& ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,italy--,,cimabue ,,to ,,bassano4 ,) #ej ,portraits4 ,po/ #hvo4 #abs4 ,kugl]'s ,,h&book ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! ,italian ,s*ools ( ,pa9t+4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$4 ,by ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d1 ,g4,c4,b4 ,) ne>ly #bej ,illu/rations4 #b ,vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #cjs4 ---- ,! ,g]man1 ,flemi%1 & ,dut* ,s*ools4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,a4 ,,cr[e4 ,) #fj ,illu/rations4 #b ,vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bds4 ,lay>d1 ,sir ,a4 ,h5ry4 ,,n9eveh ,,& ,,its ,,rema9s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,,n9eveh ,,& ,,babylon4 ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,,e>ly ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,p]sia1 ,,babylonia1 ,,& ,,susiana4 ,portrait1 ,illu/rations1 & ,maps4 #b ,vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bds4 ,popul> ,edition 9 #a ,vol4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,,autobiography ,,& ,,lett]s1 f 8 ,*ildhood until 8 ,appo9tm5t z ,h4,m4 ,ambassador at ,madrid4 ,) an additional ,*apt] on 8 ,p>liam5t>y ,c>e] by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,,ar?ur ,,otway4 ,edit$ by ! ,hon4 ,,william ,,napi] ,,bruce4 ,) ,portraits & ,illu/rations4 #b ,vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #bes4 net4 ,m>iette1 ,augu/e4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,hi/ory4 ,second ,edition4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,,m>y ,,brodrick4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,map4 #es4 ,m>illi]1 ,h4 ,c4 ,,! ,,liv]pool ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pa9t]s4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,liv]pool ,academy1 f #ahaj to #ahfg4 ,) ,memoirs ( ! ,lead+ ,arti/s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,squ>e ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,maudslay1 ,a4 ,p4 & ,a4 ,c4 ,a ,,glimpse ,,at ,,guatemala4 ,"s ,notes on ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,) ,maps1 ,plans1 #gd ,photogravures1 & o!r ,illu/rations4 #dto4 #d #ds4 net4 ,morelli1 ,giovanni4 ,,italian ,,pa9t]s4 ,critical ,/udies ( _! ,works4 ,) an ,introductory ,notice by ,sir ,,h5ry ,,lay>d1 ,g4,c4,b4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #b ,vols4 #aes4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,borghese ,,& ,,doria ,,pamphili ,,gall]ies ,,9 ,,rome4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,gall]ies ,,( ,,muni* ,,& ,,dresd54 ,murray1 ,a4 ,s4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times4 ,) #acj ,illu/rations4 #b ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #cfs4 ---- ,,h&book ,,( ,,greek ,,ar*,,ology4 ,sculpture1 ,vases1 ,bronzes1 ,gems1 ,t]ra-cottas1 ,ar*itecture1 ,mural ,pa9t+s1 etc4 ,_m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ahs4 ---- ,,! ,,sculptures ,,( ,,! ,,p>!non4 ,) ,illu/rations ( ! :ole ,rema9s4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,okakura1 ,kakuzo4 ,,! ,,ideals ,,( ,,! ,,ea/1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,art ( ,japan4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,phillipps1 ,evelyn ,m>*4 ,,! ,,frescoes ,,9 ,,! ,,sixt9e ,,*apel ,,9 ,,rome4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations & a ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,smi?1 ,sir ,wm41 ,diction>ies3-- ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,bible2 ,compris+ its ,antiquities1 ,biography1 ,geography1 & ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #c ,vols4 ,enl>g$ & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #d #ds4 ,complete sets ( ! above "w may be pur*as$ ?r\gh any ,booksell] at r$uc$ rates4 ,,concise ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #bas4 ,,small] ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,antiquities4 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,in/itutions1 & ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,w4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,c4,l41 & ,ar*deacon ,,*ee?am1 ,d4,d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #b ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #c #acs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,biography1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,sects1 ,,& ,,doctr9es4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,,wm4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,c4,l41 & ,,h5ry ,,wace1 ,d4,d4 #d ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #f #afs4 #f;d4 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,antiquities4 ,includ+ ! ,laws1 ,in/itutions1 ,dome/ic ,usages1 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,music1 ! ,drama1 etc4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,,wm4 ,,smi?1 ,,william ,,wayte1 ,m4,a41 ,g4 ,e4 ,,m>9d91 ,m4,a4 ,?ird ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,) #ijj ,illu/rations1 #b ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,concise ,,diction>y ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,antiquities4 ,edit$ by ,f4 ,,w>re ,,corni%1 ,m4,a4 ,) ov] #a1ajj ,illu/rations tak5 f ! be/ examples ( ,anci5t ,art4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #bas4 ,,small] ,,diction>y ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,antiquities4 ,) #bjj ,woodcuts4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,biography ,,& ,,my?ology4 ,illu/rat$ by #efd ,engrav+s on ,wood4 ,9 #c ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #d #ds4 ,,classical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,biography1 ,,my?ology1 ,,& ,,geography4 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ ,edition4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,m>9d91 ,m4,a4 ,) ov] #hjj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,small] ,,classical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,biography1 ,,my?ology1 ,,& ,,geography4 ,) #bjj ,woodcuts4 ,9 great "p re-writt5 by ,g4 ,e4 ,,m>9d91 ,m4 ,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,diction>y ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,geography4 ,illu/rat$ by #ecd ,engrav+s on ,wood4 #b ,vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #efs4 ,,complete ,,lat9-,,engli% ,,diction>y4 ,) ,tables ( ! ,roman ,cal5d>1 ,measures1 ,weights1 ,money1 & a ,diction>y ( ,prop] ,names4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #afs4 ,,small] ,,lat9-,,engli% ,,diction>y4 ,by ,sir ,,wm4 ,,smi? & ,t4 ,d4 ,,hall1 ,m4,a4 ,squ>e #abmo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,copi\s ,,& ,,critical ,,engli%-,,lat9 ,,diction>y4 ,by ,sir ,,wm4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,c4,l41 & ,t4 ,d4 ,,hall1 ,m4,a4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #afs4 ,,small] ,,engli%-,,lat9 ,,diction>y4 ,by ,sir ,,wm4 ,,smi? & ,t4 ,d4 ,,hall1 ,m4,a4 ,squ>e #abmo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,van ,mill+51 ,a4 ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,con/ant9ople4 ,/udies ( ! ,topography ( ! ,byzant9e ,city & adjac5t objects ( int]e/4 ,plans & ,illu/rations4 #dto4 #bas4 net4 ,wakeman's ,,h&book ,,( ,,iri% ,,antiquities4 ,edit$ by ,,john ,,cooke1 ,m4,a4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,w>d1 ,john4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,beetle4 ,egyptian ,sc>abs 9 ,art & ,hi/ory4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ---- ,,greek ,,co9s ,,& ,,_! ,,p>5t ,,cities4 ,) #bb ,autotype ,plates & upw>ds ( #ejj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #dto4 #bes4 net4 ---- ,,our ,,s\dan3 ,,its ,,pyramids ,,& ,,its ,,progress4 ,d$icat$ by reque/ to ,"l ,kit*5] ( ,kh>t\m4 ,cr[n #dto4 #djj ,pages1 #gbj ,illu/rations4 #bas4 net4 ,includ+ ,maps & _m ,portraits4 ,watt1 ,sir ,george4 ,,indian ,,art ,,at ,,delhi1 #aijc4 ,be+ ! ,(ficial ,catalogue ( ! ,delhi ,exhibition1 #aijb-c4 ,! ,illu/rative "p by ,,p]cy ,,br[n1 ,a4,r4,c4,a41 ,assi/ant-,director4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,welbeck ,catalogue4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,lett]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,hi/orical ,,docum5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,at ,,welbeck4 ,compil$ by ,s4 ,,ar?ur ,,/rong4 ,) ,portraits & num]\s ,facsimiles ( ,manuscripts 9 ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,portl&4 #dto4 #b #bs4 net4 ,wilk9son1 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,,! ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #c ,vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #d #ds4 ---- ,,popul> ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians4 ,abridg$ f ! above "w4 ,) #ejj ,woodcuts4 #b ,vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,errors :i* c be attribut$ to pr9t]'s mi/akes h be5 correct$1 z not$ bel[4 ,lapses 9 punctuation are correct$ ) no fur!r m5tion4 ,9 ,volume ,,ii1 ! au?or has includ$ z ,fig4 #agc a table ( alphabets us$ on ,greek vases4 ,inscriptions are pres5t$ 9 ar*aic ,greek script1 :i* m or less foll[s t table4 ,= in/ance1 ! "* = pi 77 resembles ! mod]n gamma 774 ,all inscriptions are giv5 us+ mod]n ,greek *>act]s4 ,ref]5ces to individual *>act]s may appe> ) v brief descriptions1 d]iv$ :]e possible f t table4 ,! "* upsilon 77 frequ5tly appe>s z a mod]n ,roman ,v4 ,on occasion1 sigma appe>s 9 ! =m ( a mod]n ,c 7! lunate sigma 74 ,footnotes1 :i* 7 numb]$ sequ5tially on ea* page1 h be5 resequ5c$ to be unique across ! text4 ,cross-ref]5ces to ^? numb]s 9 ! text h be5 *ang$ to reflect ?is4 ,! notes !mselves h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,ea* plate 0 foll[$ by a blank page on its v]so1 :i* h be5 remov$ "h4 ,! position ( ea* plate1 z well z t ( all o!r figures1 has be5 adju/$ slightly to avoid fall+ 9 mid-p>agraph4 ,! pages devot$ to plates 7 n c\nt$ 9 pag9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ anomalies reg>d+ footnotes 7 obs]v$3 ,on p4 #aec1 ! ref]5ce to ! ?ird footnote 7#eba71 ref]r+ ! read] to 8,potti] ,l\vre ,cat41 p4 #cha ff40 does n appe> 9 ! text4 ,! section discusses 8,les vases reliefs de /yle ar*aique en ,italie et en ,sicile04 ,! ref]5ce has be5 add$ foll[+ ! p>agraph end+ ) 8designs ( ,ori5tal "*04 ,on p4 #aeh1 ! ref]5ce to footnote 7#eca7 is miss+ f ! text4 ,! ref]5ce has be5 add$ at ! end ( ! s5t5ce beg9n+ 8,falkn] f\nd at ,pompeii44404 ,on p4 #baj1 ! sole footnote is miss+ its numb]1 :i* is add$ "h z #ggj4 ,on p4 #bad1 ! ref]5ce to ! fir/ footnote 7#gge71 ref]r+ ! read] to ,alex&re ,brongni>t's ,trait des arts cramiques3 ou des pot]ies1 i41 p #eeb1 does n appe> 9 ! text4 ,! passage discusses ! analysis ( ! glaze1 & x seems appropriate to add ! ref]5ce at ! end ( ! p>agraph beg9n+ 8,?is lu/r\s glaze44404 ,on p4 #dbg1 footnote #acad ref]s to a s]ies ( items1 ! la/ ( :i* 7#8#bgj'7 seems ei!r out ( ord]1 or a mispr9t = #8#dgj'4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ^? textual issues :i* are readily attribut$ to pr9t]'s errors3 p4 #if :i*1 7 s light ,remov$ p4 #bjd ,x has be5 not$ by ,jo_/ahn ,correct$4