,illu/ration3 ,sir ,w4 ,bee*y4 ,i4 ,j4 ,h9*liff4 ,james ,watt4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,inv5tions1 ,,discov]ies1 ,,& ,,orig9s4 ,,by ,,john ,,beckmann1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,conomy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,g,,tt+54 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man1 ,,by ,,william ,,john/on4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,,c>efully ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,william ,,francis1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,gazette2 ,,& ,j4 ,w4 ,,griffi?1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,,lic5tiate ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,physicians4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 #ahdf4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,& ,,john ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,! ,/eam-,eng9e1 & ,discov]ies ( ,james ,watt v ,l5d+ & ,pawnbrok+ #a ,*emical ,names ( ,metals #bc ,z9c #cb ,c>p #df ,camp-mills #ee ,mirrors #ef ,glass-cutt+4 ,et*+ on ,glass #hd ,soap #ib ,madd] #ajh ,juggl]s1 ,rope-danc]s1 ,automata1 etc4 #aae ,artificial ,ice4 ,cool+ ,liquors #adb ,hydromet] #afa ,light+ ( ,/reets #agb ,night-wat* #ahe ,plant-skeletons #aie ,bills ( ,ex*ange #bjc ,t94 ,t9n+ #bjf ,s[+-ma*9es #bcj ,manganese #bce ,pr9ce ,rup]t's ,drops4 ,lacrym ,vitre #bda ,fire-eng9es #bde ,indigo #beh ,vanes4 ,wea!rcocks #bha ,gild+ #bij ,fur ,dresses #bif ,/eel #cbd ,/amp+-works #ccc ,kit*5 ,vegetables #ccf ,knitt+ ,nets & ,/ock+s4 ,/ock+-,loom #cee ,hops #cgf ,black ,lead #chh ,sal-,ammoniac #cif ,=ks #djg ,lott]y4 ,tont9e #dad ,bologna ,/one #dbi ,f\ndl+ ,hospitals #dcd ,orphan ,h\ses #ddi ,infirm>ies4 ,hospitals = ,invalids4 ,field ,laz>ettos #ded ,cock-fight+ #dgc ,saltpetre4 ,gunp[d]4 ,aqua=tis #dhb ,book-c5sors #eab ,exclusive ,privilege = ,pr9t+ ,books #eah ,catalogues ( ,books #ebb ,ribbon-,loom #ebg ,guns4 ,gun-,locks #ecc ,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e1 ,,& ,,! ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,james ,,watt4 ,al?\gh ! plan ( ?is new edition ( ,beckmann's #8,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions & ,discov]ies' 0 to conf9e x to ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! orig9al "w1 yet we feel x imp]ative to make an exception 9 fav\r ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e1 ! mo/ important ( all mod]n inv5tions4 ,! p[] ( /eam 0 n entirely unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 b be=e ! ra r5d]$ memorable by ! discov]ies ( ,,james ,,watt1 ! /eam-eng9e1 :i* has s9ce become ! object ( su* univ]sal int]e/1 0 a ma*9e ( extremely limit$ p[]1 inf]ior 9 importance & usefulness to mo/ o!r me*anical ag5ts us$ z prime mov]s4 ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 :o liv$ ab\t #abj ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 has left u ! description ( a ma*9e1 9 :i* a cont9u$ rotatory motion 0 imp>t$ to an axis by a bla/ ( /eam issu+ f lat]al orifices 9 arms plac$ at "r angles to x4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 ,de ,caus1 inv5t$ a ma*9e by :i* a column ( wat] might be rais$ by ! pressure ( /eam conf9$ 9 ! vessel1 above ! wat] to be elevat$2 & 9 #afbi1 ,branca1 an ,italian philosoph]1 contriv$ a plan ( work+ sev]al mills by a bla/ ( /eam aga9/ ! vanes2 f ! descriptions1 h[ev]1 :i* h be5 left u ( ^! contrivances1 x does n appe> t _! projectors 7 acqua9t$ ) ^? physical prop]ties ( ela/icity & cond5sation on :i* ! p[] ( /eam z a me*anical ag5t dep5ds4 ,9 #affc1 ! celebrat$ ,m>quis ( ,worce/] describ$ 9 8 ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 an app>atus = rais+ wat] by ! expansive =ce ( /eam only4 ,f ?is "w we extract ! foll[+ %ort acc\nt ( ! fir/ /eam-eng9e4 8#fh4 ,an admirable & mo/ =cible way to drive up wat] by fire2 n by draw+ or suck+ x upw>ds1 = t mu/ be z ! philosoph] calle? x1 intra sphram activitatis1 :i* is b at su* a di/ance4 ,b ?is way ha? no b\nd]1 if ! vessel be /rong en\gh3 = ,i h tak5 a piece ( :ole cannon1 :]e( ! end 0 bur/1 & fill$ x ?ree-qu>t]s full ( wat]1 /opp+ & screw+ up ! brok5 end z also ! t\*-hole2 & mak+ a con/ant fire "u x1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs x bur/ & made a great crack2 s t hav+ a way to make my vessels s t !y are /r5g!n$ by ! =ce )9 !m1 & ! "o to fill aft] ! o!r1 ,i h se5 ! wat] run l a con/ant /ream1 =ty feet high3 "o vessel ( wat] r>efi$ by fire1 drive? up =ty ( cold wat]2 & a man t t5ds ! "w is b to turn two cocks1 t "o vessel ( wat] be+ consum$1 ano!r beg9s to =ce & refill ) cold wat]1 & s successively2 ! fire be+ t5d$ & kept con/ant1 :i* ! self-same p]son may likewise abundantly p]=m 9 ! int]im1 betwe5 ! necessity ( turn+ ! said cocks40 ,! next "n to be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! progressive hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e1 is t ( ,d5is ,pap91 a native ( ,france1 :o1 be+ bani%$ f 8 c\ntry1 0 e/abli%$ ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 by ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse4 ,he fir/ conceiv$ ! important idea ( obta9+ a mov+ p[] by means ( a pi/on work+ 9 a cyl9d] 7#afhh71 & subsequ5tly 7#afij7 t ( produc+ a vacuum 9 ! cyl9d] by ! sudd5 cond5sation ( /eam by cold4 ,9 accordance ) ^! ideas he con/ruct$ a model consi/+ ( a small cyl9d]1 9 :i* 0 ins]t$ a solid pi/on1 & b5ea? ?is a small quantity ( wat]2 on apply+ heat to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 /eam 0 g5]at$1 ! ela/ic =ce ( :i* rais$ ! pi/on2 ! cyl9d] 0 !n cool$ by remov+ ! fire1 :5 ! /eam cond5s$ & became aga9 conv]t$ into wat]1 ?us creat+ a vacuum 9 ! cyl9d]1 into :i* ! pi/on 0 =c$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce ( 8 hav+ c>ri$ t or any o!r ma*9e into practical use1 be=e ma*9es work$ by /eam _h be5 con/ruct$ else:]e4 ,! fir/ actual work+ /eam-eng9e ( :i* !re is any record1 0 inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,sav]y an ,engli%man1 to :om a pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #afih = a /eam-eng9e to be appli$ to ! rais+ ( wat]1 c4 ,?is g5tleman produc$ a work+-model be=e ! ,royal ,society1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ extract f _! ,transactions3--8,june #ad?1 #afii4 ,mr4 ,sav]y ent]ta9$ ! ,royal ,society ) %[+ a small model ( 8 eng9e = rais+ wat] by help ( fire1 :i* he set to "w be=e !m3 ! exp]im5t succe$$ accord+ to expectation1 & to _! satisfaction40 ,?is eng9e1 :i* 0 us$ = "s "t to a consid]able ext5t = rais+ wat] f m9es1 consi/$ ( a /rong iron vessel %ap$ l an egg1 ) a tube or pipe at ! bottom1 :i* desc5d$ to ! place f :i* ! wat] 0 to be drawn1 & ano!r at ! top1 :i* asc5d$ to ! place to :i* x 0 to be elevat$4 ,?is oval vessel 0 fill$ ) /eam suppli$ f a boil]1 by :i* ! atmosph]ic air 0 fir/ bl[n out ( x4 ,:5 ! air 0 ?us expell$1 & no?+ b pure /eam left 9 ! vessel1 ! communication ) ! boil] 0 cut (f1 & cold wat] p\r$ on ! ext]nal surface4 ,! /eam )9 0 ?us cond5s$ & a vacuum produc$1 & ! wat] drawn up f bel[ 9 ! usual way by suction4 ,! oval /eam-vessel 0 ?us fill$ ) wat]2 a cock plac$ at ! bottom ( ! l[] pipe 0 !n clos$1 & /eam 0 introduc$ f ! boil] into ! oval vessel above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is /eam be+ ( high pressure1 =c$ ! wat] up ! asc5d+ tube1 f ! top ( :i* x 0 dis*>g$2 & ! oval vessel be+ ?us refill$ ) /eam1 ! vacuum 0 aga9 produc$ by cond5sation1 & ! same process 0 repeat$ by us+ two oval /eam-vessels1 :i* w\ld act alt]nately2 "o draw+ wat] f bel[1 :ile ! o!r 0 =c+ x upw>ds1 by :i* an un9t]rupt$ dis*>ge ( wat] 0 produc$4 ,ow+ to ! dang] ( explosion1 f ! high pressure ( ! /eam :i* 0 us$1 & f ! enorm\s wa/e ( heat by unnecess>y cond5sation1 ^! eng9es soon fell into disuse4 ,sev]al +5i\s m5 n[ turn$ _! att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e1 ) a view to r$uce ! consumption ( fuel1 :i* 0 f\nd to be s imm5se z to preclude its use except "u v fav\rable circum/ances2 & 9 #agje1 ,?omas ,newcom51 a blacksmi? or ironmong]1 & ,john ,cawley1 a plumb] & glazi]1 pat5t$ _! atmosph]ic eng9e1 9 :i* at fir/ cond5sation 0 effect$ by ! affusion ( cold wat] ^u ! ext]nal surface ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* 0 introduc$ into a holl[ cas+ by :i* x 0 surr\nd$4 ,hav+ accid5tally obs]v$ t an eng9e work$ sev]al /rokes ) unusual rapidity )\t ! supply ( cond5s+ wat]1 ,newcom5 f\nd1 on exam9+ ! pi/on1 a hole 9 x ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p\r$ on to keep x air-tight issu$ 9 ! =m ( a little jet1 & in/antly cond5s$ ! /eam "u x2 ?is l$ him to ab&on ! cas+ & to introduce a pipe furni%$ ) a cock1 into ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 by :i* wat] 0 suppli$ f a res]voir4 ,newcom5's eng9e requir$ ! con/ant att5dance ( "s p]son to op5 & %ut ! regulat+ & cond5s+ valves1 a duty :i* 0 usually entru/$ to boys1 call$ cock-boys4 ,x is said t "o ( ^! boys1 nam$ ,humphrey ,pott]1 wi%+ to jo9 8 comrades at play1 )\t expos+ himself to ! consequ5ces ( susp5d+ ! p]=mance ( ! eng9e1 contriv$ by atta*+ /r+s ( prop] l5g? to ! lev]s :i* gov]n$ ! two cocks1 to connect !m ) ! beam1 s t x %\ld op5 & close ! cocks z x mov$ up & d[n1 ) ! mo/ p]fect regul>ity4 ,by ?is simple contrivance ! /eam-eng9e = ! fir/ "t became an automaton4 ,x 0 9 repair+ a work+ model ( a /eam-eng9e on ,newcom5's pr9ciple = ! lectures ( ! pr(essor ( natural philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 t ,james ,watt direct$ 8 m9d to ! prosecution ( ^? inv5tions & beautiful contrivances1 by :i* he gave to s5seless matt] an almo/ in/9ctive p[] ( self-adju/m5t1 ) precision ( action m ?an belongs to any animat$ be+1 & :i* h r5d]$ 8 "n celebrat$ ov] ! _w4 ,at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 ,newcom5's eng9e 0 ( ! la/ & mo/ approv$ con/ruction4 ,! mov+ p[] 0 ! weight ( ! air press+ on ! upp] surface ( a pi/on work+ 9 a cyl9d]2 /eam be+ employ$ at ! t]m9ation ( ea* d[nw>d /roke to raise ! pi/on ) its load ( air up aga91 & !n to =m a vacuum by its cond5sation :5 cool$ by a jet ( cold wat]1 :i* 0 ?r[n into ! cyl9d] :5 ! admission ( /eam 0 /opp$4 ,^u repair+ ! model1 ,watt 0 /ruck by ! incapability ( ! boil] to produce a suffici5t supply ( /eam1 ?\gh x 0 l>g] 9 proportion to ! cyl9d] ?an 0 usual 9 work+ eng9es4 ,?is arose f ! nature ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* be+ made ( brass1 a bett] conductor ( heat ?an ca/-iron1 & pres5t+1 9 consequ5ce ( its small size1 a mu* l>g] surface 9 proportion to its solid cont5t ?an ! cyl9d]s ( work+ eng9es1 necess>ily cool$ fa/] betwe5 ! /rokes1 & !re=e at e fre% admission consum$ a great] proportionate quantity ( /eam4 ,b be+ made aw>e ( a mu* great] consumption ( /eam ?an he _h imag9$1 he 0 n satisfi$ )\t a ?or\gh inquiry into ! cause4 ,) ?is view he made exp]im5ts ^u ! m]its ( boil]s ( diff]5t con/ructions2 on ! effect ( sub/itut+ a less p]fect conductor1 z wood1 = ! mat]ial ( ! cyl9d]2 on ! quantity ( coal requir$ to evaporate a giv5 quantity ( wat]2 on ! degree ( expansion ( wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam3 & he con/ruct$ a boil] :i* %[$ ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ 9 a giv5 "t1 & ?us enabl$ him to calculate ! quantity ( /eam consum$ at ea* /roke ( ! eng9e4 ,?is prov$ to be sev]al times ! cont5t ( ! cyl9d]4 ,he soon discov]$ t1 :atev] ! size & con/ruction ( ! cyl9d]1 an admission ( hot /eam into x mu/ necess>ily be att5d$ ) v great wa/e1 if 9 cond5s+ ! /eam previ\sly admitt$1 t vessel _h be5 cool$ d[n suffici5tly to produce a vacuum at all approa*+ to a p]fect "o4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 to prev5t ?is wa/e1 he cool$ x less ?or\ghly1 a consid]able quantity ( /eam rema9$ uncond5s$ )91 & by its resi/ance weak5$ ! p[] ( ! desc5d+ /roke4 ,^! consid]ations po9t$ out a vital defect 9 ,newcom5's eng9e2 involv+ ei!r a loss ( /eam1 & consequ5t wa/e ( fuel2 or a loss ( p[] f ! pi/on's desc5d+ at e /roke ?r\gh a v imp]fect vacuum4 ,x soon occurr$ to ,watt1 t if ! cond5sation 7 p]=m$ 9 a sep>ate vessel1 "o great evil1 ! cool+ ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! consequ5t wa/e ( /eam1 w\ld be avoid$4 ,! idea once />t$1 he soon v]ifi$ x by exp]im5t4 ,by means ( an arrangem5t ( cocks1 a communication 0 op5$ betwe5 ! cyl9d]1 & a di/9ct vessel exhau/$ ( its air1 at ! mom5t :5 ! =m] 0 fill$ ) /eam4 ,! vap\r ( c\rse ru%$ to fill up ! vacuum1 & 0 !re cond5s$ by ! application ( ext]nal cold1 or by a jet ( wat]2 s t fre% /eam be+ cont9ually drawn (f f ! cyl9d] to supply ! vacuum cont9ually creat$1 ! d5sity ( t :i* rema9$ might be r$uc$ )9 any assignable limits4 ,?is 0 ! great & fundam5tal improvem5t4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a radical defect 9 ! atmosph]ic eng9e1 inasmu* z ! air be+ admitt$ into ! cyl9d] at e /roke1 a great deal ( heat 0 ab/ract$1 & a proportionate quantity ( /eam wa/$4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ,watt exclud$ ! air f ! cyl9d] altoge!r2 & recurr$ to ! orig9al plan ( mak+ /eam ! mov+ p[] ( ! eng9e1 n a m]e ag5t to produce a vacuum4 ,9 remov+ ! difficulties ( con/ruction :i* beset ?is new plan1 he display$ great +5uity & p[]s ( res\rce4 ,on ! old plan1 if ! cyl9d] 0 n bor$ q true1 or ! pi/on n accurately fitt$1 a little wat] p\r$ ^u ! top r5d]$ x p]fectly air-tight1 & ! leakage into ! cyl9d] 0 ( little consequ5ce1 s long z ! injection wat] 0 ?r[n into t vessel4 ,b on ! new plan1 no wat] c\ld possibly be admitt$ )9 ! cyl9d]2 & x 0 necess>y1 n m]ely t ! pi/on %\ld be air-tight1 b t x %\ld "w ?r\gh an air-tight coll>1 t no portion ( ! /eam admitt$ above x might escape4 ,?is he accompli%$ by pack+ ! pi/on & ! /uff+-box1 z x is call$1 ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on-rod works1 ) hemp4 ,a fur!r improvem5t consi/$ 9 equalis+ ! motion ( ! eng9e by admitt+ ! /eam alt]nately above & bel[ ! pi/on1 by :i* ! p[] is d\bl$ 9 ! same space1 & ) ! same /r5g? ( mat]ial4 ,! vacuum ( ! cond5s] 0 p]fect$ by add+ a p[]ful pump1 :i* at once drew (f ! cond5s$ & inject$ wat]1 & ) x any portion ( air :i* might f9d admission2 z ?is w\ld int]f]e ) ! action ( ! eng9e if all[$ to accumulate4 ,8 la/ great *ange 0 to cut (f ! communication betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! boil]1 :5 a portion only1 z "o-?ird or "o-half1 ( ! /roke 0 p]=m$2 leav+ x to ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam to complete x4 ,by ?is1 conomy ( /eam 0 obta9$1 toge!r ) ! p[] ( v>y+ ! ef=t ( ! eng9e accord+ to ! "w :i* x has to d1 by admitt+ ! /eam ?r\gh a great] or small] portion ( ! /roke4 ,^! are ! *ief improvem5ts :i* ,watt effect$ at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life4 ,he 0 born ,june #ai1 #agcf1 at ,gre5ock1 :]e he receiv$ ! rudim5ts ( 8 education4 ,hav+ at an e>ly age manife/$ a p>tiality = ! practical "p ( me*anics1 he w5t 9 8 eighte5? ye> to ,london to obta9 in/ruction 9 ! pr(ession ( a ma!matical in/rum5t-mak]1 b rema9$ !re little m ?an a ye>1 be+ compell$ to return home on acc\nt ( 8 heal?4 ,9 #ageg1 %ortly aft] 8 return home1 he 0 appo9t$ in/rum5t-mak] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 & accommodat$ ) premises )9 ! prec9cts ( t le>n$ body4 ,9 #agfc he remov$ into ! t[n ( ,glasg[1 int5d+ to practise z a civil eng9e]4 ,8 fir/ pat5t is dat$ ,june #e1 #agfi1 :i* p>liam5t ext5d$ 9 #agge = tw5ty-five ye>s 9 consid]ation ( ! national importance ( ! inv5tions1 & ! difficulty & exp5se ( introduc+ !m to public notice4 ,he di$ at 8 h\se at ,hea?field 9 ! c\nty ( ,/af=d1 on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #ahai1 at ! advanc$ age ( eighty-f\r1 aft] hav+ realiz$ an ample =tune1 ! well-e>n$ rew>d ( 8 indu/ry & ability4 ,to ent] into ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s applications ( ! /eam-eng9e to ! diff]5t bran*es ( indu/ry w\ld c>ry u beyond ! b\nds ( ?is "w4 8,to enum]ate its pres5t effects10 says a well-kn[n writ] on ! /eam-eng9e#a1 8w\ld be to c\nt almo/ e com=t & e luxury ( life4 ,x has increas$ ! sum ( human happ9ess1 n only by call+ new pleasures into exi/5ce1 b by s *eap5+ =m] enjoym5ts z to r5d] !m atta9able by ^? :o be=e c\ld nev] h hop$ to %>e !m3 ! surface ( ! l&1 & ! face ( ! wat]s are trav]s$ ) equal facility by its p[]2 & by ?us /imulat+ & facilitat+ ! int]c\rse ( nation ) nation1 & ! comm]ce ( p ) p1 x has knit toge!r remote c\ntries by bonds ( amity n likely to be brok54 ,/reams ( k & in=mation are kept fl[+ betwe5 di/ant c5tres ( population1 ^? m advanc$ diffus+ civilization & improvem5t among ^? t are m backw>d4 ,! press itself1 to :i* mank9d owes 9 s l>ge a degree ! rapidity ( _! improvem5t 9 mod]n times1 has _h its p[] & influ5ce increas$ 9 a manifold ratio by its union ) ! /eam-eng9e4 ,x is ?us t lit]ature is *eap5$1 & by be+ *eap5$1 diffus$2 x is ?us t reason has tak5 ! place ( =ce1 & ! p5 has sup]s$$ ! sword2 x is ?us t w> has almo/ ceas$ ^u ! e>?1 & t ! diff]5ces :i* inevitably arise betwe5 p & p are = ! mo/ "p adju/$ by peaceful negotiation40 ,,footnotes #a ,dr4 ,l>dn]4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,discov]ies4 ,,l5d+ ,,& ,,pawnbrok+4 ,x appe>s s+ul> to u at pres5t t x %\ld h be5 once consid]$ unlawful to receive int]e/ = l5t money2 b ?is circum/ance w excite no wond] :5 ! reason ( x is fully expla9$4 ,! diff]5t occupations by :i* "o c ma9ta9 a family )\t robb]y & )\t w>1 7 at e>ly p]iods nei!r s num]\s nor s productive z 9 mod]n times2 ^? :o borr[$ money requir$ x only = imm$iate use1 to relieve _! necessities or to procure ! conv5i5ces ( life2 & ^? :o advanc$ x to su* indig5t p]sons did s ei!r ?r\gh b5evol5ce or fri5d%ip4 ,! case n[ is widely diff]5t4 ,) ! assi/ance ( borr[$ money p ent] into bus9ess1 & c>ry on trades1 f :i* by _! abilities1 dilig5ce1 or good =tune1 s mu* pr(it arises t !y soon acquire m ?an is requisite = _! daily support2 & "u ^! circum/ances ! l5d] may und\bt$ly receive = ! b5eficial use ( 8 money a c]ta9 remun]ation1 especially z he himself might h employ$ x to advantage2 & z by l5d+ x he runs ! risk ( los+ ei!r ! :ole or a "p ( 8 capital1 or at lea/ ( n receiv+ x aga9 s soon z he may h occasion = x4 ,l5d+ on int]e/1 !re=e1 mu/ h become m usual 9 proportion z trade1 manufactures1 & ! arts 7 ext5d$2 or z ! art ( acquir+ money by money became m common3 b x long cont9u$ to be dete/$1 because ! anci5t abhorr5ce aga9/ x 0 by an improp] con/ruction ( ! ,mosaic law conv]t$ into a religi\s prejudice#b1 :i*1 l _m o!r prejudices m p]nici\s1 0 /r5g!n$ & confirm$ by sev]e papal laws4 ,! p1 h[ev]1 :o (t5 devise means to r5d] ! faults ( _! legislators less hurtful1 conceal$ ?is practice by v>i\s inv5tions1 s t nei!r ! borr[] nor l5d] c\ld be puni%$1 nor ! giv+ & receiv+ ( int]e/ be prev5t$4 ,z x 0 ( m b5efit ?an prejudice to trade1 ! impolicy ( ! prohibition became always m app>5t2 x 0 kn[n t ! new-inv5t$ usuri\s arts "u :i* x 0 privately foll[$ w\ld occasion great] evils ?an ^? :i* _h be5 appreh5d$ f l5d+ on int]e/ publicly2 x 0 p]ceiv$ also t ! ,jews1 :o 7 n affect$ by papal mal$ictions1 =eign]s1 & a few natives :o _h nei!r religion nor consci5ce1 & :om ! *ur* wi%$ lea/ ( all to fav\r1 7 ^? pr9cipally enri*$ by x4 ,9 no place 0 ?is inconv5i5ce m felt ?an at ! ,romi% c\rt1 ev5 at a "t :5 x boa/$ ( div9e infallibility2 & n[h]e 0 m c>e employ$ to remove x4 ,a plan1 !re=e1 0 at l5g? devis$1 by :i* ! evil1 z 0 suppos$1 w\ld be bani%$4 ,a capital 0 collect$ f :i* money 0 to be l5t to ! poor = a c]ta9 p]iod on pl$ges )\t int]e/4 ,?is idea 0 inde$ n new2 = su* e/abli%m5ts _h long be=e be5 =m$ & support$ by humane pr9ces4 ,! emp]or ,augu/us1 we are told1 conv]t$ into a fund ! surplus ( ! money :i* arose to ! ,/ate f ! confiscat$ prop]ty ( crim9als1 & l5t sums f x1 )\t int]e/1 to ^? :o c\ld pl$ge effects equal to d\ble ! am\nt#c4 ,tib]ius also advanc$ a l>ge capital1 f :i* ^? 7 suppli$ ) money = ?ree ye>s1 :o c\ld give security on l&s equival5t to twice ! value#d4 ,alex&] ,sev]us r$uc$ ! int]e/ ( money by l5d+ x at a l[ rate1 & advanc+ sums to ! poor )\t int]e/ to pur*ase l&s1 & agree+ to receive paym5t f ! produce ( !m#e4 ,^! examples ( ! anci5ts 7 foll[$ 9 mod]n ,italy4 ,9 ord] to collect money1 ! popes conf]r$ ^u ^? :o w\ld contribute t[>ds t object a great _m fictiti\s advantages1 :i* at any rate co/ !m no?+4 ,by bulls & holy wat] !y disp5s$ indulg5ces & et]nal salvation2 !y p]mitt$ bur!nsome v[s to be conv]t$ into donations to l5d+-h\ses2 & au?oris$ ! ri* :o advanc$ !m consid]able sums to legitimate su* ( _! *ildr5 z 7 n born 9 w$lock4 ,z an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d requir$ a great _m s]vants1 !y endeav\r$ to procure ^! also on ! same conditions2 & !y (f]$1 besides ! above-m5tion$ b5efits1 a great _m o!rs n wor? notice1 to ^? :o w\ld engage to dis*>ge gratis ! bus9ess ( _! new und]tak+2 b 9 cases ( necessity !y 7 to receive a mod]ate sal>y f ! funds4 ,?is money 0 l5t )\t int]e/ = a c]ta9 "t to ! poor only1 provid$ !y c\ld deposit prop] pl$ges ( suffici5t value4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 soon obs]v$ t an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d c\ld nei!r be ( ext5sive use nor ( long duration4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! secret l5d+ ( money1 by ! usuri\s arts :i* _h begun to be practis$1 x 0 necess>y t x %\ld advance sums n only to ^? :o 7 poor 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 b to ^? also :o1 to secure !mselves f pov]ty1 wi%$ to und]take & c>ry on useful employm5ts1 & :o = t purpose _h ne$ ( capitals4 ,h[ev] p[]ful ! attractions might be1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! religi\s folly t !n prevail$1 induc$ p to make l>ge contributions1 !y gradually lo/ _! =ce1 & ! latt] 7 less5$ 9 proportion1 especially z a _s ( re=mation began soon aft] to break out 9 ,g]many1 & to spread m & m into o!r c\ntries4 ,ev5 if a l5d+-h\se %\ld n be exhau/$ by ! ma9t5ance ( its s]vants1 & v>i\s accid5ts t c\ld n be gu>d$ aga9/1 x 0 /ill necess>y1 at any rate1 to borr[ z mu* money at int]e/ z might be suffici5t to support ! e/abli%m5t4 ,z x 0 impossible t x c\ld relieve all ! poor1 ! only me?od to be pursu$ 0 to prev5t _! increase1 by enc\rag+ trade1 & by supply+ ^? ) money :o want$ only a little to enable !m to ga9 m1 & :o 7 9 a condition & will+ to pay a mod]ate int]e/4 ,! pontiffs1 !re=e1 at l5g? resolv$ to all[ ! l5d+-h\ses to receive int]e/1 n = ! :ole capitals :i* !y l5t1 b only = a "p1 m]ely t !y might raise z mu* money z might be suffici5t to defray _! exp5ses2 & !y n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 adopt$ ! long-e/abli%$ maxim1 t ^? :o enjoy ! b5efits %\ld assi/ to be> ! bur!n--a maxim :i* v cle>ly proves ! legality ( int]e/4 ,:5 ?is op5+ 0 once made1 "o /ep m only 0 necess>y to place ! l5d+-h\ses on t judici\s foot+ on :i* !y w\ld 9 all probability h be5 put by ! inv5tor himself1 _h he n be5 "u ! influ5ce ( prejudice4 ,9 ord] t !y might h suffici5t /ock 9 h&1 x 0 ?\ght prop] to give to ^? :o %\ld advance !m money a mod]ate int]e/1 :i* !y prud5tly conceal$ by bl5d+ x ) ! unavoidable exp5ses ( ! e/abli%m5t1 to :i* x inde$ belong$1 & :i* _! debtors1 by ! practice a little be=e introduc$1 7 oblig$ to make good4 ,! l5d+-h\ses1 !re=e1 gave & receiv$ int]e/4 ,b t ! odi\s "n might be avoid$1 :atev] int]e/ 0 receiv$1 0 said to be pro indemnitate2 & ?is is ! expression made use ( 9 ! papal bull4 ,all ?is1 x mu/ be confess$1 0 devis$ ) mu* +5uity3 b p]sons ( acut5ess /ill discov]$ ! conceal$ int]e/2 & a viol5t conte/ soon arose respect+ ! legality ( l5d+-h\ses1 9 :i* ! greate/ div9es & juri/s ( ! age took a "p2 & by :i* ! old "q1 :e!r "o might d any?+ wick$1 or e/abli% int]e/1 9 ord] to effect good1 0 aga9 reviv$ & exam9$4 ,=tunately = ! pontifical c\rt1 ! folly ( mank9d 0 /ill s great t a bull 0 suffici5t to suppress1 or at lea/ to sil5ce1 ! _s ( inquiry4 ,! pope decl>$ ! holy m\nta9s ( piety1 8sacri monti de piet10 to be legal2 & ?reat5$ ^? ) 8 v5geance :o d>$ to ent]ta9 any fur!r d\bts on ! subject4 ,all ! cities n[ ha/5$ to e/abli% l5d+-h\ses2 & _! example 0 at l5g? foll[$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,su*1 9 a g5]al view1 is ! hi/ory ( ^! e/abli%m5ts3 ,i %all n[ confirm x by ! necess>y pro(s4 ,:5 "u ! appellation ( l5d+-h\se we und]/& a public e/abli%m5t :]e any p]son c borr[ money ^u pl$ges1 ei!r = or )\t int]e/1 we mu/ n comp>e x to ! tab]n arg5t>i or m5s nummul>i ( ! ,romans4 ,^! 7 bank+-h\ses1 at :i* ! /ate & ri* p caus$ _! rev5ues to be paid1 & on :i* !y gave _! cr$itors ord]s ei!r to receive _! debts 9 money1 or to h ! sums transf]r$ 9 _! own "n1 & to receive security = !m4 ,to assign ov] money & to pay money by a bill 7 call$ p]scrib]e & rescrib]e2 & an assignm5t or draft 0 call$ attributio4 ,^! arg5t>ii1 m5s>ii1 nummul>ii1 collybi/ & trapezit foll[$ ! same employm5t1 !re=e1 z our ca%i]s or bank]s4 ,! =m]1 l ! latt]1 dealt 9 ex*anges & disc\nt2 & 9 ! same mann] also !y l5t f _! capital on int]e/1 & gave int]e/ !mselves1 9 ord] t !y might receive a great]4 ,^? :o among ! anci5ts 7 enemies to ! l5d+ ( money on int]e/ br\ght ^! p into "s disrepute2 & ! contempt ent]ta9$ = !m 0 probably increas$ by prejudice1 ?\gh ^? numm>ii :o 7 e/abli%$ by gov]nm5t z public ca%i]s held s exalt$ a rank t "s ( !m became consuls4 ,su* bank+-h\ses exi/$ 9 ! ,italian ,/ates 9 ! middle ages1 ab\t ! ye> #acgg4 ,!y 7 call$ apo!c seu casan f5]is#f1 & 9 ,g]many ,we*selbanke1 banks ( ex*ange2 b !y 7 n l5d+-h\ses 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i "h und]/& !m4 ,equally di/9ct also f l5d+-h\ses 7 ^? banks e/abli%$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 _m cities ( ,italy1 su*1 = example1 z ,flor5ce1 9 ord] to raise public loans4 ,^? :o advanc$ money on t acc\nt receiv$ an obligation & mon?ly int]e/1 :i* on no pretext c\ld be refus$1 ev5 if ! cr$itor _h be5 guilty ( any crime4 ,^! obligations 7 soon sold ) advantage1 b (t5] ) loss2 & ! price ( !m rose & fell l t ( ! ,engli% /ocks1 b n s rapidly2 & !ologi/s disput$ :e!r "o c\ld ) a safe consci5ce pur*ase an obligation at less ?an ! /at$ value1 f a proprietor :o 0 oblig$ to dispose ( x = ready specie4 ,if ! ,/ate 0 desir\s or "u ! necessity ( repay+ ! money1 x avail$ itself ( t regale call$ by ,leys] regale fals monet1 & return$ ! capital 9 money ( an inf]ior value4 ,?is e/abli%m5t 0 confirm$1 at lea/ at ,flor5ce1 by ! pontiff1 :o subject$ ^? :o %\ld commit any fraud 9 x to ecclesia/ical puni%m5t & a f9e1 :i* 0 to be c>ri$ to ! papal treasury3 b long be=e t p]iod ! republic ( ,g5oa _h rais$ a loan by mortgag+ ! public rev5ues4 ,i h be5 m p>ticul> on ?is subject1 because ,le ,bret#g calls ^! banks1 v improp]ly1 l5d+-h\ses2 & 9 ord] to %[ to :at a degree ( p]fection ! pr9cely art ( contract+ & pay+ debts 0 br\ght s e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,^? :o h z yet det]m9$ ! orig9 ( l5d+-h\ses ) ! greate/ exactness1 place x1 z ,doro!us ,ascanius1 t is ,mat?ias ,zimm]mann#h1 does1 9 ! "t ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 or ,paul ,,ii41 :o fill$ ! papal *air f #adfd to #adga2 & ! reason = suppos+ x to h be5 "u ! pontificate ( ! latt] is1 because ,leo ,x4 9 8 bull1 :i* ,i %all quote h]eaft]1 m5tions t pope z ! fir/ :o confirm$ an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d4 ,z ! above acc\nt did n appe> to me satisfactory1 & z ,i knew be=e t ! olde/ l5d+-h\ses 9 ,italy 7 "u ! inspection ( ! ,franciscans1 ,i consult$ ! ,annals ( ! ,s]aphic ,ord]1 ) full expectation t ?is s]vice w\ld n be omitt$ 9 t "w2 & ,i inde$ f\nd 9 x m mat]ials t[>ds ! hi/ory ( l5d+-h\ses ?an has ev] be5 collect$1 z f> z ,i "k1 by any o!r p]son4 ,z compla9ts aga9/ usury1 :i* 0 practis$ by _m ,*ri/ians1 b p>ticul>ly by ! ,jews1 became l\d] & m public 9 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,b>nabas ,int]amn5sis1 probably ( ,t]ni1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( e/abli%+ a l5d+-h\se4 ,?is man 0 orig9ally a physician2 _h be5 admitt$ to ! degree ( doctor2 0 held 9 great respect on acc\nt ( 8 le>n+2 became a ,m9orite1 or ,franciscan2 acquir$ 9 t situation e rank ( hon\r1 & di$1 9 ! fir/ mona/]y ( ?is ord] at ,assisi 79 monte ,subasio#i71 9 ! ye> #adgd4 ,:ile he 0 employ$ 9 prea*+ "u ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 at ,p]ugia1 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,*ur*1 & obs]v$ h[ mu* ! poor 7 oppress$ by ! usuri\s deal+s ( ! ,jews1 he made a proposal = rais+ a capital by collections1 9 ord] to l5d f x on pl$ges to ! indig5t1 :o %\ld give mon?ly1 = ! use ( ! money borr[$1 z mu* int]e/ z might be necess>y to pay ! s]vants employ$ 9 ?is e/abli%m5t1 & to support x4 ,=tunatus de ,copolis1 an able juri/ ( ,p]ugia1 :o aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife became also a ,franciscan1 approv$ ( ?is plan1 & (f]$ to assi/ 9 putt+ x into execution4 ,to be assur$ 9 reg>d to an und]tak+ :i* seem$ to approa* s ne> to ! l5d+ on int]e/1 bo? ^! p]sons laid _! plan be=e ! univ]sity ( t place1 & reque/$ to "k :e!r su* an e/abli%m5t c\ld be all[$2 & an answ] be+ giv5 9 ! affirmative1 a consid]able sum 0 soon collect$ by prea*+1 s t !re 0 a suffici5cy to op5 a l5d+-h\se4 ,not)/&+ ?is sanction1 _m 7 displeas$ ) ! design1 & consid]$ ! receiv+ ( int]e/1 h[ev] small x might be1 z a species ( usury4 ,^? :o exclaim$ mo/ aga9/ x 7 ! ,dom9icans 7ex ord9e ,prdicatorum73 & !y seem to h cont9u$ to prea* 9 opposition to x1 till !y 7 compell$ by ,leo ,x4 to be sil5t2 :ile ! ,franciscans1 on ! o!r h&1 def5d$ x1 & endeav\r$ to make x be g5]ally adopt$4 ,! dispute became m viol5t :51 at ! end ( a ye>1 aft] all exp5ses 7 paid1 a consid]able surplus 0 f\nd rema9+2 & z ! manag]s did n "k h[ to dispose ( x1 !y at l5g? ?\ght prop] to divide x among/ ! s]vants1 because no fix$ sal>ies _h be5 appo9t$ = !m4 ,su* 0 ! me?od fir/ pursu$ at ,p]ugia2 b 9 o!r places ! annual ov]plus 0 employ$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! p>ticul> ye> :5 ?is e/abli%m5t began to be =m$ ,i h n[h]e f\nd m>k$2 b z x 0 9 ! "t ( ,pius ,,ii41 x mu/ h be5 9 #adfd1 or be=e t p]iod#aj4 ,x is v rem>kable t ?is pontiff confirm$ ! l5d+-h\se at ,orvieto 7,urbs ,vetus7 s e>ly z ! above ye>2 :]eas t at ,p]ugia 0 sanction$1 = ! fir/ "t1 by ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 9 #adfg4 ,x is s+ul> also t ,leo ,x41 9 8 confirmation ( ?is e/abli%m5t1 m5tions ,paul ,,ii41 ,sixtus ,,iv41 ,innoc5t ,,viii41 ,alex&] ,,vi4 & ,julius ,,ii42 b n ,pius ,,ii4 ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv41 z ,wadd+ says1 confirm$ 9 #adgb ! l5d+-h\se at ,vit]bo1 :i* _h1 h[ev]1 be5 begun s e>ly z #adfi1 by ,franciscus de ,vit]bo1 a ,m9orite#aa4 ,9 ! ye> #adgi ,sixtus ,,iv4 confirm$ ! l5d+-h\se :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,savona1 ! place ( 8 bir?1 ^u ! same plan z t at ,p]ugia4 ,! bull issu$ = ?is purpose is ! fir/ pontifical confirmation ev] pr9t$#ab2 = t obta9$ = ,p]ugia 0 n1 z we are told by ! editor1 to be f\nd 9 ! ar*ives !re 9 #afah1 ! "t :5 ! o!r 0 pr9t$4 ,i h nev] f\nd ! confirmation ( ^? at ,orvieto & ,vit]bo4 ,ascianus s\ght = !m1 b )\t success1 9 ,bull>ium ,magnum ,*]ub9i1 & !y are n m5tion$ by ,sixtus4 ,?is pontiff1 9 8 bull1 lam5ts t ! great exp5ses to :i* he 0 subject$ did n p]mit him to relieve 8 c\ntrym5 ) money1 b t he w\ld grant to ! l5d+-h\se s _m spiritual advantages1 z %\ld induce ! fai?ful to contribute t[>ds its support2 & t x 0 8 desire t money %\ld be l5t f x to ^? :o w\ld assi/ gratis dur+ a ye> 9 ! bus9ess :i* x requir$4 ,if none c\ld be f\nd to s]ve on ^! conditions1 a mod]ate sal>y 0 to be giv54 ,he add$ a clause also respect+ pl$ges2 b pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce t ! debtors 7 to contribute any?+ = ! support ( ! in/itution by pay+ int]e/1 :i* ,b>nabas1 ^: "n does n occur 9 ! bull1 introduc$ h[ev] at ,p]ugia1 & :i* ! pope tacitly approv$4 ,! great] "p ( ! l5d+-h\ses 9 ,italy 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! fifte5? & foll[+ c5turies by ! ,m9orites ,m>cus ,bononi5sis1 ,mi*ael a ,c>cano#ac1 ,*]ub9us ,spoletanus1 ,jacobus de ,m>*ia1 ,antonius ,v]cell5sis1 ,angelus a ,clavasio1 & above all1 ,b]n>d9us ,tomitano1 nam$ also ,feltr5sis & ,p>vulus4 ,?is man 0 born at ,feltri1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,treviso1 9 ! ye> #adci4 ,8 fa!r 0 call$ ,donato ,tomitano1 & 8 "m ,corona ,rambaldoni2 !y 7 bo? ( di/+ui%$ families1 ?\gh "s ass]t t he 0 ( l[ extraction1 & a native ( ,tomi1 a small place ne> ,feltri1 on :i* acc\nt he got ! "n ( ,tomitano4 ,! "n ( ,p>vulus arose f 8 dim9utive /ature1 :i* he sometimes made a subject ( pleasantry#ad4 ,?is mu* at any rate is c]ta91 t he _h receiv$ a good education4 ,9 #adef1 :5 sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 he suff]$ 8 in/ructors1 contr>y to ! incl9ation ( 8 fa!r1 to c>ry him to ,padua1 to be ent]$ 9 ! ord] ( ! ,m9orites2 & on ?is occasion he *ang$ 8 *ri/ian-"n ,m>t9 into ,b]n>d9us4 ,z he 0 a good speak]1 he 0 employ$ by 8 ord] 9 travell+ ?r\gh ,italy & prea*+4 ,he 0 he>d ) applause1 & 9 _m p>ts ! p almo/ paid him div9e hon\rs4 ,! *ief object ( 8 s]mons 0 to bani% gam+1 intemp]ance1 & extravagance ( dress2 b he above all attack$ ! ,jews1 & excit$ su* a hatr$ aga9/ !m1 t ! gov]nm5ts 9 _m places 7 oblig$ to entreat or to compel him ei!r to quit _! t]ritories or n to prea* 9 opposition to ^! un=tunate p1 :om ! cr[ds he collect$ ?reat5$ to massacre2 & sometimes :5 he visit$ cities :]e !re 7 ri* ,jews & p]sons :o 7 connect$ ) !m 9 trade1 he 0 9 dang] ( los+ ev5 8 own life4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is g5]al antipa?y to ! ,jews1 he ex]t$ himself1 aft] ! example ( ,b>nabas1 8 bro!r ,m9orite1 to get l5d+-h\ses e/abli%$1 & di$ at ,pavia 9 ! ye> #adid4 ,! ,m9orites play$ a numb] ( juggl+ tricks ) 8 body1 pret5d+ t x p]=m$ miracles1 by :i* means !y procur$ him a place 9 ! catalogue ( ! sa9ts2 & to r5d] 8 "n /ill m la/+1 "s ( 8 s]mons h be5 pr9t$ among ! works ( ! writ]s ( ! ,franciscan ord]#ae4 ,! l5d+-h\ses 9 ,italy1 ) ! orig9 ( :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 are z foll[s3--,! l5d+-h\se at ,p]ugia 0 inspect$ 9 #adhe by ,b]n>d9us1 :o enl>g$ its capital4 ,! same ye> he e/abli%$ "o at ,assisi1 :i* 0 confirm$ by ,pope ,innoc5t1 & :i* 0 visit$ & improv$ by its f\nd] 9 #adhgaf4 ,9 ! ye> #adhf1 aft] mu* opposition1 he e/abli%$ a l5d+-h\se at ,mantua1 & procur$ = x also ! pope's sanction#ag4 ,f\r ye>s aft]1 h[ev]1 x _h decl9$ s mu*1 t he 0 oblig$ to prea* 9 ord] to obta9 new donations to support x4 ,at ,flor5ce he met ) /ill m opposition2 = ! ri* ,jews brib$ ! memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 :o wi%$ 9 appe>ance to fav\r ! e/abli%m5t ( ! l5d+-h\se1 to :i* !y _h cons5t$ eighte5 ye>s be=e1 :ile !y secretly ?w>t$ x2 & "s boys hav+ once proce$$1 aft] he>+ a s]mon1 to attack ! h\ses ( ! ,jews1 ! ,m9orites 7 ord]$ to ab/a9 f prea*+ & to quit ! city#ah4 ,x 0 h[ev] completely e/abli%$2 b by ! ,dom9ican ,hi]onymus ,savon>ola#ai4 ,9 ! ye> #adhh ,b]n>d9us e/abli%$ a l5d+-h\se at ,p>ma1 & procur$ = x ! pope's sanction1 z well z = "o at ,ces5a1 :]e ! int]e/ 0 def9$ to be 8pro sal>iis (ficialium et aliis montis on]ibus p]f]5dis40 ,ab\t ! conclusion ( ?is ye> he 0 at ! o!r end ( ,italy1 :]e he re-e/abli%$ ! l5d+-h\se at ,aquila 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples#bj4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ he e/abli%$ "o at ,*ieti 7,!ate7 9 ! same k+dom1 ano!r at ,rieti 7,reate7 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,*ur*1 a ?ird at ,n>ni 7,n>nia7#ba2 & a f\r? at ,lucca1 :i* 0 confirm$ by ! bi%op1 not)/&+ ! opposition ( ! ,jews1 :o did e ?+ 9 _! p[] to prev5t x4 ,9 ! ye> #adij a l5d+-h\se 0 e/abli%$ at ,piac5za 7,plac5tia7 by ,b]n>d9us1 :o at ! same "t f\nd "o at ,g5oa :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! be=e-m5tion$ ,angelus a ,clavasio#bb4 ,at ?is p]iod also a l5d+-h\se 0 e/abli%$ at ,v]ona#bc1 & ano!r at ,milan by ! ,m9orite ,mi*ael de ,aquis4 ,9 #adia a l5d+-h\se 0 e/abli%$ at ,padua1 :i* 0 confirm$ by ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 9 #adicbd2 & ano!r 0 e/abli%$ at ,rav5na#be4 ,9 #adib ,b]n>d9us re=m$ ! l5d+-h\se at ,vic5za1 :]e1 9 ord] to avoid ! reproa* ( usury1 ! artifice 0 employ$ ( n dem&+ any int]e/1 b admoni%+ ! borr[]s t !y %\ld give a remun]ation accord+ to _! piety & ability4 ,z p 7 by ^! means induc$ to pay m int]e/ ?an :at 0 legally requir$ at o!r l5d+-h\ses1 ,b]n>d9us caus$ ?is me?od to be aboli%$#bf4 ,he e/abli%$ a l5d+-h\se also ! same ye> 9 ! small t[n ( ,campo ,s4 ,pietro1 n f> f ,padua1 & expell$ ! ,jews :o _h l5t ^u pl$ges4 ,at ?is p]iod !re 7 l5d+-h\ses at ,bassano1 a village 9 ! c\nty ( ,trevisi1 & also at ,feltri1 :i* he inspect$ & improv$#bg4 ,9 ! ye> #adic ,b]n>d9us caus$ a l5d+-h\se to be e/abli%$ at ,crema1 9 ! ,v5etian dom9ions2 ano!r at ,pavia1 :]e he reque/$ ! op9ion ( ! juri/s1 :om he 0 happy to f9d fav\rable to 8 design2 & likewise a ?ird at ,gubbio1 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,*ur*4 ,at ! same "t ano!r ,franciscan e/abli%$ at ,cremona a mons frum5ti pietatis1 f :i* corn 0 l5t out on int]e/ to necessit\s p]sons2 & x appe>s t !re _h be5 an in/itution ( ! l k9d be=e at ,p>ma#bh4 ,9 ! ye> #adid1 ,b]n>d9us1 a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 assi/$ to e/abli% a l5d+-h\se at ,montagnana1 9 ! ,v5etian t]ritories#bi1 & to improve t at ,brescia1 :i* 0 likely to decay1 because ! s]vants _h n fix$ sal>ies#cj4 ,! same ye> ano!r ,franciscan e/abli%$ ! l5d+-h\se at ,mod5a4 ,9 ! ye> #aejf ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 confirm$ ! l5d+-h\se at ,bologna4 ,t ( ,trivigi 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aeji2 & 9 #aeab1 ,elizabe? ( ! family ( ,gonzaga1 z wid[ ( duke ,guido ,ubaldus1 e/abli%$ ! fir/ l5d+-h\se 9 ! du*y ( ,urb9o at ,gubbio1 & procur$ p]mission = x to co9 money#ca4 ,! hi/orical acc\nt ,i h "h giv51 displays 9 ! /ronge/ light ! great =ce ( prejudice1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! prejudice ( ecclesia/ics4 ,not)/&+ ! manife/ advantages ) :i* l5d+-h\ses 7 att5d$1 & ?\gh a great "p ( !m _h be5 already sanction$ by ! infallible c\rt ( ,rome1 _m1 b *iefly ,dom9icans1 exclaim$ aga9/ ^! in/itutions1 :i* !y did n call montes pietatis1 b impietatis4 ,no opposition gave ! ,m9orites s mu* uneas9ess z t ( ! ,dom9ican ,?omas de ,vio1 :o aft]w>ds became celebrat$ z a c>d9al "u ! "n ( ,cajetanus4 ,?is monk1 :ile he taught at ,pavia 9 #adih1 wrote a treatise ,de ,monte ,pietatis#cb1 9 :i* he inveigh$ bitt]ly aga9/ tak+ pl$ges & int]e/1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] 0 de/9$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! s]vants4 ,! popes1 he said1 _h confirm$ l5d+-h\ses 9 g5]al1 b n e regulation t might be introduc$ into !m1 & _h only giv5 _! express approbation ( !m s f> z !y 7 consi/5t ) ! laws ( ! *ur*4 ,^! words1 he add$1 _h be5 wick$ly left out 9 ! bulls :i* _h be5 pr9t$2 b he _h he>d !m1 & read !m1 9 ! confirmation ( ! l5d+-h\se at ,mantua4 ,i inde$ f9d t ^! words are n 9 ! copy ( t bull giv5 9 ,wadd+1 :i* is said to h be5 tak5 f ! orig9al2 nor 9 ! /ill old] confirmation ( ! l5d+-h\se at ,savona4 ,b ev5 7 !y to be f\nd !re1 ?is w\ld n ju/ify ,cajetan's opposition1 z ! pope 9 bo? ^! bulls recomm5d$ ! plan ( ! l5d+-h\se at ,p]ugia to be adopt$1 ( :i* receiv+ int]e/ =m$ a "p4 ,b]n>d9us de ,bu/is#cc1 a ,m9orite1 took up ! cause 9 opposition to ,cajetan1 &1 accord+ to ,wadd+'s acc\nt1 ) r too mu* vehem5ce4 ,among 8 antagoni/s 7 ,b>rianus & ,franc4 ,papafava1 a juri/ ( ,padua#cd4 ,z ?is dispute 0 reviv$ ) a great deal ( w>m? 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 at l5g? t]m9at$ by ,pope ,leo ,x41 :o 9 ! t5? sitt+ ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an decl>$ by a p>ticul> bull t l5d+-h\ses 7 legal & useful2 t all d\bts to ! contr>y 7 s9ful1 & t ^? :o wrote aga9/ !m %\ld be plac$ 9 a /ate ( excommunication#ce4 ,! :ole assembly1 except "o ar*bi%op1 vot$ 9 fav\r ( ?is det]m9ation2 & x appe>s f a decree ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 t x also ackn[l$g$ _! legality1 & confirm$ !m#cf4 ,not)/&+ ?is decision1 !re 7 /ill writ]s :o sometimes condemn$ !m2 & :o did n consid] all ! decrees1 at lea/ ! above "o ( ! ,lat]an c\ncil1 z agreeable to ju/ice4 ,among ^! 0 ,dom9icus de ,soto1 a ,dom9ican4 ,all opposition1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t subsid$1 & 9 ! ye> #aefe1 ,*>les ,borromeo1 ! pope's legate at ! c\ncil ( ,milan1 ord]$ all gov]nm5ts & ecclesia/ics to assi/ 9 e/abli%+ l5d+-h\ses#cg4 ,( ! l5d+-h\ses e/abli%$ aft] ?is p]iod 9 ,italy1 ,i %all m5tion ^? only ( ,rome & ,naples4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! pope's capital %\ld h be5 )\t an in/itution ( ?is k9d till ! ye> #aeci1 & t x %\ld h be5 =m$ by ! ex]tions ( ,giovanni ,calvo1 a ,franciscan4 ,paul ,,iii41 9 8 bull ( confirmation1 ord]$ t ,calvo's successors 9 rank & employm5t %\ld always h ! inspection ( x1 because ! ,franciscans _h tak5 ! greate/ pa9s to endeav\r to root out usury#ch4 ,! l5d+-h\se at ,naples 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #aeci or #aedj4 ,two ri* citiz5s1 ,aurelio ,pap>o1 & ,leon>do or ,n>do di ,palma1 r$eem$ all ! pl$ges :i* 7 at t "t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,jews1 & (f]$ to deliv] !m to ! own]s )\t int]e/1 provid$ !y w\ld return ! money :i* _h be5 advanc$ on !m4 ,m opul5t p]sons soon foll[$ _! example2 _m bequea!d l>ge sums = ?is b5evol5t purpose2 & ,tol$o1 ! vic]oy1 :o drove ! ,jews f ! k+dom1 support$ x by e me?od possible4 ,?is l5d+-h\se1 :i* has inde$ und]gone _m v>iations1 is ! l>ge/ 9 ,europe2 & x conta9s su* an imm5se numb] ( diff]5t articles1 _m ( !m exce$+ly valuable1 t x may be consid]$ z a repository ( ! mo/ important "p ( ! moveables ( ! :ole nation4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aefc1 ano!r e/abli%m5t ( ! l k9d 0 =m$ "u ! title ( banco de' pov]i4 ,at fir/ ?is bank advanc$ money )\t int]e/1 only to relieve conf9$ debtors2 aft]w>ds1 z its capital increas$1 x l5t ^u pl$ges1 b n above ! sum ( five ducats )\t int]e/4 ,= l>g] sums ! usual int]e/ 0 dem&$#ci4 ,at :at "t ! fir/ l5d+-h\se 0 e/abli%$ at ,v5ice ,i h n be5 able to le>n#dj4 ,?is ,/ate seems to h long tol]at$ ! ,jews2 x endeav\r$ to mod]ate ! hatr$ conceiv$ aga9/ ^! p1 & gave ord]s to ,b]n>d9us to =be> prea*+ aga9/ !m#da4 ,x appe>s to me 9 g5]al1 t ! pr9cipal comm]cial cities ( ,italy 7 ! late/ to avail !mselves ( ?is inv5tion2 because !y knew t to regulate int]e/ by law1 :]e trade 0 fl\ri%+1 w\ld be ineffectual or useless2 or because ! ri* ,jew m]*ants f\nd means to prev5t x4 ,! "n mons pietatis1 ( :i* no satisfactory explanation has be5 z yet giv51 came ) ! inv5tion f ,italy1 & is equally old1 if n old]4 ,funds ( money =m$ by ! contributions ( diff]5t p]sons1 = "s end specifi$1 7 long be=e call$ montes4 ,9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 free gifts 7 collect$ & pres]v$ 9 *ur*es by ecclesia/ics1 p>tly = ! purpose ( defray+ ! exp5se ( div9e s]vice1 & p>tly to relieve ! poor4 ,su* capitals1 :i* 7 consid]$ z ecclesia/ical funds1 7 by ,prud5tius1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 call$ montes annon & arca num9is#db4 ,t]tullian calls !m deposita pietatis#dc2 & h5ce has be5 =m$ montes pietatis4 ,at any rate ,i am ( op9ion t ! inv5tor *ose & adopt$ ?is "n 9 ord] to give 8 in/itution a sacr$ or religi\s appe>ance1 & to procure x m approbation & support4 ,i f9d h[ev] t ^? banks employ$ 9 ,italy1 dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 to borr[ money 9 ! "n ( ,/ates1 = :i* ! public rev5ues 7 mortgag$ & int]e/ paid1 7 also call$ montes#dd4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w is us$ by ,italian hi/orians ( mu* lat] times2 & ^? are greatly mi/ak51 :o1 ) ,ascian & _m o!rs1 consid] all ^! montes z real l5d+-h\ses4 ,^! loan-banks or montes receiv$ v>i\s names1 sometimes f ! pr9ces :o e/abli%$ !m1 sometimes f ! use to :i* ! money borr[$ 0 appli$1 & sometimes f ! objects :i* 7 mortgag$4 ,( ?is k9d 7 ! mons fidei1 or loan op5$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 9 ! ye> #aebf1 = def5d+ 8 capital#de2 ! mons alum9>ius1 "u ,pope ,pius ,,iv41 = :i* ! pontifical alum-works 7 pl$g$2 ! mons religionis1 "u ,pius ,v41 = c>ry+ on ! w> aga9/ ! ,turks2 & ! montes f>91 c>nium1 v9i1 c41 :5 ! duties ^u ^! articles 7 pl$g$ z a security4 ,to facilitate ^! loans1 e condition t c\ld induce p to advance money 0 ?\ght (4 ,sometimes high int]e/ 0 giv51 if ! subscrib]s agre$ t x %\ld cease1 & ! capital fall to ! bank aft] _! dea?2 & sometimes l[ int]e/ 0 giv51 b ! security 0 h]itable & c\ld be transf]r$ at pleasure4 ,! =m] 7 call$ montes vacabiles1 & ! latt] montes non vacabiles4 ,sometimes ! ,/ate engag$ to pay back ! capital at ! end ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 su* = example z n9e ye>s1 z 0 ! case 9 reg>d to ! mons nov5nalis1 "u ,paul ,,iv42 or x res]v$ to itself ! option ( return+ ! money at su* a p]iod z x might ?9k prop]1 & sometimes ! capital 0 sunk & ! int]e/ made p]petual4 ,! fir/ k9d 7 call$ montes r$imibiles1 & ! second irr$imibiles#df4 ,"o c "h cle>ly discov] ! orig9 ( life-r5ts1 annuities1 tont9es1 & gov]nm5t securities2 b ! fur!r illu/ration ( ?is subject ,i %all leave to ^? :o may wi% to employ _! tal5ts on a hi/ory ( national debts4 ,i h introduc$ ^! rem>ks1 m]ely to rectify a mi/ake :i* has become almo/ g5]al1 & :i* occasion$ "s difficulties to me 9 ?is rese>*2 & ,i %all only obs]ve fur!r1 t ! popes gave to _! loans1 9 ord] to raise _! s9k+ cr$it1 _m ( ^? spiritual advantages :i* !y conf]r$ on ! montes pietatis4 ,?is error !re=e 0 m easily propagat$1 z bo? 7 call$ montes2 & h5ce x has happ5$ t ,ascianus & o!rs ass]t t _m l5d+-h\ses 7 misappli$ by ! popes 9 ord] to raise public loans4 ,f ! in/ances "h adduc$1 "o may see t ! fir/ l5d+-h\ses 7 sanction$ by ! pontiffs1 because !y only c\ld det]m9e to ! ,ca?olics 9 :at cases x 0 lawful = !m to receive int]e/4 ,?is circum/ance seems to h r5d]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( !m out ( ,italy difficult4 ,at any rate ! ,prote/ants 7 at fir/ av]se to imitate an in/itution :i* orig9at$ at ! c\rt ( ,rome1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! prevail+ prejudice ( ! times1 x alone c\ld approve2 & f ! same consid]ation !y w\ld n adopt ! re=mation :i* _h be5 made 9 ! cal5d>4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( a l5d+-h\se 9 ,g]many1 :i* ,i h z yet met )1 is to be f\nd 9 ! p]mission grant$ by ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 to ! citiz5s ( ,nuremb]g1 9 ! ye> #adih1 to drive ! ,jews f ! city1 & to e/abli% an ex*ange-bank4 ,! p]mission fur!r /at$1 8,t !y %\ld provide = _! bank prop] manag]s1 cl]ks1 & o!r p]sons to conduct x accord+ to _! pleasure1 or z necessity might require2 t su* ( _! fell[-citiz5s z 7 n able to c>ry on _! trades1 call+s1 & occupations )\t borr[+ & )\t pl$g+ _! effects1 %\ld1 on dem&1 accord+ to _! trade & circum/ances1 receive money1 = :i* pl$ges1 caution & security %\ld be tak52 t at ! "t ( paym5t a c]ta9 sum %\ld be exact$ by way ( int]e/2 t ! cl]ks & conductors ( ! bank %\ld receive sal>ies = _! s]vice f ! int]e/2 & t if any surplus rema9$ x %\ld be employ$ = ! common use ( ! city ( ,nuremb]g1 l any o!r public fund40 ,x "h appe>s t ! l5d+-h\ses 9 ,g]many 7 fir/ kn[n "u ! "n ( ex*ange-banks1 by :i* 0 be=e und]/ood any bank :]e money 0 l5t & ex*ang$2 b x does n !nce foll[1 z ,pr(essor ,fis*] ?9ks#dg1 t !y 7 an ,italian inv5tion4 ,! citiz5s ( ,nuremb]g _h n !n a l5d+-h\se1 nor 0 "o e/abli%$ !re till ! ye> #afah4 ,at t p]iod !y procur$ f ,italy copies ( ! regulations drawn up = v>i\s h\ses ( ?is k9d1 9 ord] to select ! be/4 ,^? ( ! city ( ,augsburg h[ev] 7 ! gr\nds on :i* !y built1 & !y s5t ?i!r ! p]sons *os5 to manage _! l5d+-h\se1 t !y might make !mselves fully acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! e/abli%m5t at t place#dh4 ,9 ! ye> #aeia1 ! magi/rates ( ,augsburg _h prohibit$ ! ,jews to l5d money1 or to take pl$ges2 at ! same "t !y grant$ #cj1jjj flor9s z a fund to e/abli% a l5d+-h\se1 & ! regulations ( x 7 publi%$ 9 #afjgdi4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,france & ,engl&1 l5d+-h\ses 7 fir/ kn[n "u ! "n ( ,lomb>ds1 ! orig9 ( :i* is evid5t4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! ?irte5? & foll[+ c5turies _m opul5t m]*ants ( ,italy1 :i* at ^? p]iods 0 almo/ ! only "p ( ,europe t c>ri$ on an ext5sive trade1 7 invit$ to ^! c\ntries1 :]e !re 7 few m]cantile p able to engage deeply 9 comm]ce4 ,= ?is reason !y 7 fav\r$ by gov]nm5ts 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge cities2 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y became objects ( univ]sal hatr$1 because !y ex]cis$ ! mo/ oppressive usury1 by l5d+ at int]e/ & on pl$ges4 ,!y 7 call$ ,longob>di or ,lomb>di1 z :ole nations are (t5 nam$ aft] a "p ( _! c\ntry1 9 ! same mann] z all ! ,helvetians are call$ ,swiss1 & ! ,russians sometimes ,moscovites4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 call$ frequ5tly also ,caorc9i1 ,caturc9i1 ,caurs9i1 ,caw>s9i1 ,caw>t9i1 ,b>di1 & ,amanati2 names1 :i* 9 all probability arose f "s ( _! greate/ h\ses or banks4 ,we "k1 at any rate1 t ab\t ^? p]iods ! family ( ! ,cors9i 7 9 great consid]ation at ,flor5ce4 ,!y _h banks 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns = l5d+ money2 !y dem&$ exorbitant int]e/2 & !y receiv$ pl$ges at a l[ value1 & reta9$ !m z _! own prop]ty if n r$eem$ at ! /at$ "t4 ,!y elud$ ! prohibition ( ! *ur* aga9/ int]e/ :5 !y f\nd x necess>y1 by caus+ ! int]e/ to be previ\sly paid z a pres5t or a premium2 & x appe>s t "s sov]eigns borr[$ money f !m on ^! conditions4 ,9 ?is mann] did ,edw>d ,,iii4 k+ ( ,engl&1 :5 travell+ ?r\gh ,france 9 ! ye> #acbi1 receive #ejjj m>ks f ! bank ( ! ,b>di1 & give !n 9 return1 by way ( ackn[l$gem5t1 a bond = #gjjjej4 ,:5 compla9ts aga9/ ! usuri\s practices ( ^! ,*ri/ian ,jews became too l\d to be disreg>d$1 !y 7 ?reat5$ ) expulsion f ! c\ntry1 & ^? :o _h r5d]$ !mselves mo/ obnoxi\s on t acc\nt1 7 (t5 bani%$1 s t ^? :o rema9$ 7 oblig$ to conduct !mselves 9 _! bus9ess ) m prud5ce & mod]ation4 ,x is probable t ! comm]ce ( ^! c\ntries 0 !n 9 too infant a /ate to disp5se altoge!r ) ! assi/ance ( ^! =eign]s4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 !y treat$ by ,l\is ,,ix4 9 #abfh1 & likewise by ,philip ! ,bold2 & sometimes ! popes1 :o w\ld n au?orise int]e/1 l5t _! assi/ance by prohibitions1 z 0 ! case 9 reg>d to ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,engl& 9 #abdj4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! ,lomb>ds 9 ! ,ne!rl&s paid to gov]nm5t r5t = ! h\ses 9 :i* !y c>ri$ on _! money transactions1 & some?+ besides = a p]mission4 ,( ?is we h in/ances at ,delft 9 #acac1 & at ,dordre*t 9 #acdbea4 ,z 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! orig9al ,lomb>ds became ext9ct1 ^! h\ses 7 let1 ) ! same p]mission1 = ! l employm5t#eb2 b gov]nm5ts at l5g? fix$ ! rate ( int]e/ :i* !y ought to receive1 & e/abli%$ regulations = !m1 by :i* usuri\s practices 7 re/ra9$4 ,( leases grant$ on su* conditions1 an in/ance occurs at ,delft 9 ! ye> #afee4 ,9 #aegh1 ,william pr9ce ( ,orange recomm5d$ to ! magi/rates ( ,am/]dam ,francis ,masasia1 "o ( ! ,lomb>ds1 z !y 7 !n call$1 9 ord] t he might obta9 = him p]mission to e/abli% a l5d+-h\se#ec1 z _m obta9$ p]mission to keep billi>d-tables1 & ,jews lett]s ( protection4 ,9 ! ye> #afaa1 ! proprietor ( su* a h\se at ,am/]dam1 :o dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 lease _h ga9$ by 8 capital at lea/ ?irty-?ree & a half p] c5t41 (f]$ a v l>ge sum = a r5ewal ( 8 p]mission2 b 9 #afad1 ! city resolv$ to take ! lomb>d or l5d+-h\se into _! own h&s1 or to e/abli% "o ( ! same k9d4 ,h[ev] odi\s ?is plan might be1 a dispute arose respect+ ! legality ( x1 :i* ,m>ets#ed & ,claude ,saumaise endeav\r$ to support4 ,! public l5d+-h\se or lomb>d at ,brussels 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afai2 t at ,antw]p 9 #afbj1 & t at ,gh5t 9 #afbb4 ,all ^! 7 e/abli%$ by ! ar*duke ,alb]t1 :5 he ent]$ on ! gov]nor%ip1 ) ! advice ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,me*l92 & on ?is occasion ! ar*itect ,w5ceslaus ,cob]g] 0 employ$1 & appo9t$ inspector-g5]al ( all ! l5d+-h\ses 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s#ee4 ,"s ,italians ass]t t ! ,flem+s 7 ! fir/ p :o borr[$ money on int]e/ = _! l5d+-h\ses2 & !y tell u t ?is practice began 9 ! ye> #afaief4 ,we are assur$ also1 t aft] a long delib]ation at ,brussels1 x 0 at l5g? resolv$ to receive money on int]e/ at ! l5d+-h\ses4 ,x h[ev] appe>s c]ta9 t 9 ,italy ?is 0 nev] done1 or at lea/ n till a late p]iod1 & t ! capitals ( ! l5d+-h\ses !re 7 amass$ )\t giv+ int]e/4 ,?is b5eficial in/itution 0 always oppos$ 9 ,france2 *iefly because ! doctors ( ! ,sorbonne c\ld n dive/ !mselves ( ! prejudice aga9/ int]e/2 & "s 9 mod]n times :o und]took !re to accommodate p ) money on ! l t]ms1 7 puni%$ by gov]nm5t#eg4 ,a l5d+-h\se h[ev] 0 e/abli%$ at ,p>is "u ,l\is ,,xiii41 9 #afbf2 b ! manag]s next ye> 7 oblig$ to ab&on x#eh4 ,9 #afie1 "s p]sons =m$ a capital at ,m>seilles = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ "o !re accord+ to ! plan ( ^? 9 ,italy#ei4 ,! pres5t mont de pit at ,p>is1 :i* has sometimes 9 its possession =ty casks fill$ ) gold wat*es t h be5 pl$g$1 01 by royal comm&1 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #agggfj4 ,! foll[+ is ! rate ( pr(it or int]e/ :i* pawnbrok]s 9 ?is c\ntry are entitl$ to *>ge p] cal5d> mon?4 ,= #bs4 #f;d4 "o halfp5ny2 #es4 "o p5ny2 #gs4 #f;d4 ?ree halfp5ce2 #ajs4 twop5ce2 #abs4 #f;d4 twop5ce halfp5ny2 #aes4 ?reep5ce2 #ags4 #f;d4 ?reep5ce halfp5ny2 #a f\rp5ce2 & s on progressively & 9 proportion = any sum n exce$+ #djs4 ,= e sum exce$+ #djs4 & n exce$+ #dbs4 eightp5ce2 & = e sum exce$+ #dbs4 & n exce$+ #aj1 ?reep5ce to e p\nd1 & s on 9 proportion = any fractional sum4 ,:]e any int]m$iate sum l5t on a pl$ge exce$s #bs4 #f;d4 & does n exce$ #djs41 a sum ( f\rp5ce may be *>g$ 9 proportion to ea* #a4 ,goods pawn$ are =feit$ on ! expiration ( a ye>1 exclusive ( ! date ( pawn+4 ,b x has be5 held t ! prop]ty is n transf]r$1 b t ! pawnbrok] m]ely has a "r to sell ! article2 & consequ5tly t1 on a claim aft] ?is p]iod1 ) t5d] ( pr9cipal & int]e/1 ! prop]ty mu/ be re/or$ if unsold 7,walk] v4 ,smi?1 #e ,b>n4 & ,ald4 #dci74 ,pl$ges mu/ n be tak5 f p]sons intoxicat$ or "u twelve ye>s ( age4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 pawnbrok]s mu/ take out a lic5se1 :i* co/s #ae )9 ! limits ( ! old twop5ny-po/1 & #g #ajs4 9 o!r p>ts4 ,no lic5se is requir$ 9 ,irel&4 ,a second lic5se1 :i* co/s #e #aes41 is requir$ to take 9 pl$ge articles ( gold & silv]4 ,f #ahcc to #ahch ! numb] ( pawnbrok]s 9 ! metropolitan di/rict increas$ f #cfh to #chf2 9 ! re/ ( ,engl& & ,wales1 f #ajhc to #aaid2 & 9 ,scotl&1 f #eb to #hh2 mak+ a total ( #affh e/abli%m5ts1 pay+ #ae1dai = _! lic5ses1 besides ! lic5ses :i* _m ( !m take out z deal]s 9 gold & silv]4 ,! bus9ess ( a pawnbrok] 0 n kn[n 9 ,glasg[ until ,augu/ #ahjf1 :5 an it9]ant ,engli% pawnbrok] comm5c$ bus9ess 9 a s+le room1 b decamp$ at ! end ( six mon?s2 & 8 place 0 n suppli$ until ,june #ahac1 :5 ! fir/ regul> (fice 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! we/ ( ,scotl& = receiv+ goods 9 pawn4 ,o!r individuals soon ent]$ ! bus9ess1 & ! practice ( pawn+ _h become s common1 t 9 #ahbj1 9 a season ( di/ress1 #bjdc heads ( families pawn$ #gchj articles1 on :i* !y rais$ #gci #es4 #f;d4 ,( ^! heads ( families #acge _h nev] appli$ = or receiv$ *>ity ( any description2 #dgd receiv$ occasional aid f ! relief committee1 & #aid 7 paup]s4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 ?is bus9ess 9 #ahdj 0 ab\t #bf1jjj4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! articles pl$g$ are r$eem$ )9 ! legal p]iod4 ,!re are no means ( asc]ta9+ ! exact numb] ( pawnbrok]s' e/abli%m5ts 9 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,engl&4 ,9 #ahca1 ! numb] ( males above ! age ( tw5ty employ$ 9 ^? at ,man*e/] 0 #ajg2 at ,liv]pool1 #ia2 ,birm+ham1 #ed2 ,bri/ol1 #cc2 ,%effield1 #ca4 ,! foll[+ curi\s return 0 made by a l>ge pawnbrok+ e/abli%m5t at ,glasg[ to ,dr4 ,clel&1 :o read x be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahcf4 ,! li/ compris$ ! foll[+ articles3--#eci m5's coats1 #cee ve/s1 #bhh pairs ( tr[s]s1 #hd pairs ( /ock+s1 #aihj wom5's g[ns1 #edj petticoats1 #acb wrapp]s1 #abc duffies1 #ij pelisses1 #bdj silk h&k]*iefs1 #bid %irts & %ifts1 #fj hats1 #hd b$-ticks1 #ajh pill[s1 #bfb pairs ( blankets1 #cjj pairs ( %eets1 #afb b$-cov]s1 #cf tableclo?s1 #dh umbrellas1 #ajb bibles1 #bjd wat*es1 #baf r+s1 & #dh ,wat]loo m$als4 ,!re 7 ab\t ?irty pawnbrok]s 9 ,glasg[ 9 #ahdj4 ,9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( /rikes1 or 9 seasons ( comm]cial emb>rassm5t1 _m hundr$s ( families pawn ! great] "p ( _! we>+ app>el & h\sehold furniture4 ,! practice ( hav+ rec\rse to ! pawnbrok]s on su* occasions is q ( a diff]5t "* f ! habits ( dep5d5ce into :i* _m ( ! work+ classes suff] !mselves to fall1 & :o1 8on be+ paid _! wages on ! ,saturday1 are 9 ! habit ( tak+ _! holiday clo!s out ( ! h&s ( ! pawnbrok] to enable !m to appe> respectably on ! ,sabba?1 & on ! ,monday foll[+ !y are aga9 pawn$ & a fre% loan obta9$ to meet ! exig5cies ( _! families = ! rema9d] ( ! week40 ,x is on ^! transactions & on su* z arise out ( ! desire ( obta9+ "s mom5t>y gratification t ! pawnbrok]s make _! l>ge pr(its4 ,x is /at$ 9 "o ( ! reports on ! poor laws t a loan ( ?reep5ce1 if r$eem$ ! same day1 pays annual int]e/ at ! rate ( #ebjj p] c5t42 weekly1 #hff p] c5t42 #d;d41 annual int]e/ #cijj p] c5t41 or #fej p4 c4 weekly2 #ab;d41 annual int]e/ #acjj p] c5t41 or #baf p4 c4 weekly4 ,x is /at$ t on a capital ( sixp5ce ?us employ$ 79 weekly loans71 pawnbrok]s make 9 twelve mon?s #bs4 #b;d42 on five %ill+s !y ga9 #ajs4 #d;d42 on t5 %ill+s1 #bbs4 #c;d42 & on tw5ty %ill+s l5t 9 weekly loans ( sixp5ce1 !y m ?an d\ble _! capital 9 tw5ty-sev5 weeks1 & %\ld ! goods pawn$ rema9 9 _! h&s = ! t]m ( twelve mon?s 7:i* seldom occurs71 !y !n frequ5tly d]ive #ajj p] c5t4#fa ,,footnotes #b ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis1 9 ,syntagma ,comm5tationum1 ii4 p4 #i2 & 8 ,mosais*es ,re*t4 iii4 p4 #hf4 #c ,sueton4 ,vita ,augu/i1 cap4 #da4 #d ,taciti ,annal4 vi4 #ag4--,sueton4 ,vita ,tib]ii1 cap4 #dh4--;,dio ,cassius1 lviii4 #ba4 #e lius ,lamprid4 ,vita ,alex4 ,sev]i1 cap4 #ba4 #f ,m4 ,manni circa i sigilli anti*i dei secoli bassi1 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #hf4 ,! au?or "h quotes f an anci5t city-book ! foll[+ passage3--8,franciscus f5]ator pro se et apo!ca seu casana f5oris1 quam t5ebat 9 via ,quattro ,pagoni10 c4 #g ,algeme9e ,wel?i/orie1 xlv4 p4 #aj4 #h ,?is !ologian1 born at ,ep]ies 9 ,hung>y 9 #afbe1 0 driv5 f 8 native c\ntry on acc\nt ( 8 religion1 & di$ sup]9t5dant at ,meisse 9 #afhi4 ,he wrote1 besides o!r works1 ,doro!i ,asciani ,montes ,pietatis ,roman5ses1 hi/orice1 canonice1 et !ologice detecti4 ,lipsi1 #afgj1 #dto4 ,?is book is at pres5t v sc>ce4 ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( m5tion+ also ! foll[+1 because _m :o h writt5 on l5d+-h\ses h quot$ x1 ?\gh !y nev] saw x3--,montes ,pietatis ,roman5ses1 das i/1 die ,b]g d] ,fromheit od] ,gottes=*t 9 d] ,/adt ,rom4 ,dur* ,ely*nium ,gottlieb4 ,/rasburg1 #afjh1 #hvo4 ,x conta9s no?+ ( importance t may n be f\nd 9 ,ascianus4 #i ,( ?is ,b>nabas ,i "k no?+ m ?an :at ,i h "h extract$ f ,wadd+ii ,annales ,m9orum1 tom4 xiv4 p4 #ic4 ,wadd+ ref]s to ,m>ian4 lib4 v4 c4 #dj4 #ag2 & ,m>c4 #c4 p4 lib4 #e4 cap4 #eh4 ,! =m] is ,m>ianus ,flor5t9us1 ^: ,fasciculus ,*ronicoram ,ord9is ,m9orum1 :i* consi/s ( five books1 0 us$ 9 manuscript by ,wadd+1 9 compos+ 8 l>ge "w1 & 9 my op9ion has nev] be5 pr9t$4 ,m>c4 is ,m>cus ,ulyssopon5sis1 ^: ,*ronica ,ord9is ,m9orum ,i h n be5 able to procure1 ?\gh x is translat$ into sev]al languages4 ,see ,wadd+ii ,scriptores ,ord9is ,m9orum4 ,rom #afej1 fol4 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi4 #aj ,?is is confirm$ by ,m4 ,b4 ,salon1 9 t4 #b4 ,contr4 de ,ju/it4 et ,jure1 9 ii4 #b ,?om4 ,aqu94 qu4 #hh4 art4 #b4 controv4 #bg3 8,hujus modi mons non erat 9 usu apud antiquos4 ,cpit f]e a #aej annis1 tempore ,pii ,,ii40 ,9 ,c4 ,l4 ,ri*>d's ,analysis ,conciliorum ,g5]alium et ,p>ticul>ium1 ,v5etiis1 #aggf1 #d vol4 fol4 iv4 p4 #ih1 ,i f9d t ! fir/ l5d+-h\se at ,p]ugia 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #adej2 b ,pius ,,ii41 "u ^: pontificate x appe>s by v>i\s te/imonies to h be5 f\nd$1 0 n *os5 pope till ! ye> #adeh4 #aa ,bussi1 ,i/oria della citt di ,vit]bo4 ,9 ,roma1 #agdb1 fol4 p4 #bga4 #ab ,x may be f\nd 9 ,bolle et ,privilegi del ,sacro ,monte della ,piet di ,roma4 ,9 ,roma1 #afah3 ri/ampati l'anno #afeh4 ,?is collection is commonly b\nd up ) ! foll[+ "w1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! same ye> & aga9 repr9t$3 ,/atuti del ,sacro ,monte della ,piet di ,roma4 ,?is bull is ins]t$ entire by ,ascianus1 p4 #gai1 b 9 ! ,collection ( ! pontifical bulls x is omitt$4 #ac ,?is ,mi*ael travell$ & prea*$ mu* 9 company ) ,b]n>d9us1 & di$ at ,como 9 #adhe4--,wadd+1 xiv4 p4 #cif4 #ad ,! ,piccolim9i1 nephews ( ! pope1 hav+ once paid _! respects to him at ,si5a1 he told !m he 0 _! namesake4--,wadd+1 xiv4 p4 #ddg4 #ae ,wadd+ii ,scriptores ,ord9is ,m9orum1 p4 #eh4 ,fabricii ,biblio?4 ,m$i et ,infim t4 i4 p4 #ehf4 #af ,wadd+1 xiv4 pp4 #cih1 #dcc4 #ag ,x may be f\nd entire 9 ,wadd+1 xiv4 p4 #daa4 ,x 0 ord]$ t ! pl$ges %\ld be wor? d\ble ! sum l5t1 & t !y %\ld be sold if n r$eem$ )9 a ye>4 #ah ,wadd+1 xiv4 p4 #ddf4 #ai ,d4 ,manni circa i ,sigilli ,anti*i1 tom4 xxvii4 p4 #ib1 :]e mu* in=mation respect+ ?is subject may be f\nd4 #bj ,wadd+1 xiv4 p4 #dea4 #ba ,ibid4 pp4 #dfb1 #dfe4 #bb ,ibid4 xiv4 pp4 #dhj1 #dha4 #bc ,ibid4 p4 #eag4 #bd ,ibid4 xiv4 pp4 #ic1 #dhb4 #be ,ibid4 p4 #ead4 #bf ,ibid4 xv4 pp4 #f1 #fe4 #bg ,wadd+1 xv4 pp4 #g1 #i1 #ab4 #bh ,ibid4 xv4 pp4 #cg1 #de1 #df4 #bi ,ibid4 xv4 #fg4 #cj ,ibid4 xv4 p4 #fh4 ,b]n>d9us consid]$ ! giv+ ( wages z a necess>y evil4 #ca ,della ,zecca di ,gubbio1 e delle ,ge/e de' ,conti e ,du*i di ,urb9o2 op]a di ,r9aldo ,reposati4 ,bologna1 #aggb1 #dto4 #cb ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n l>ge collection ( juridical writ+s quot$ commonly "u ! title ,tractatus ,tractatuum4 ,v5etiis1 #aehd1 fol4 p4 #dai1 vol4 vi4 "p #a4 ,x has also be5 pr9t$ sep>ately4 #cc ,8 works 7 pr9t$ toge!r1 9 folio1 at ,brescia 9 #aehh4 #cd ,! "w ( ! =m] appe>$ 9 #adif4 ,! writ+s ( bo? are pr9t$ 9 ! "w ( ,ascianus1 or ,zimm]mann1 :i* has be5 (t5 quot$ already4 #ce ,?is bull1 :i* =ms an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( l5d+-h\ses1 may be f\nd 9 ,s4 ,lat]an54 ,concilium ,novissimum4 ,rom1 #aeba1 fol4 ,?is sc>ce "w1 :i* ,i h n[ be=e me1 is ins]t$ entire 9 ,h>du9i ,acta ,conciliorum1 tom4 ix4 ,p>isiis1 #agad1 fol4 ,! bull may be f\nd p4 #aggc4 ,x may be f\nd also 9 ,bull>ium ,magnum ,*]ub9i1 i4 p4 #efj2 ,wadd+ii ,annal4 ,m9or4 xv4 p4 #dgj2 ,ascianus1 p4 #gch2 & ,bey]l9ck's ,!atrum ,vit ,hum4 v4 p4 #fjc4 #cf ,?is is ! conclusion =m$ by ,ri*>d1 9 ,analysis ,conciliorum1 because 9 sess4 #bb1 cap4 #h1 l5d+-h\ses are reckon$ among ! pia loca1 & ! inspection ( !m assign$ to ! bi%ops4 #cg ,wadd+ii ,annal4 ,m9or4 xv4 p4 #dga4 #ch ,ibid4 xvi4 p4 #ddd2 ,ascianus1 p4 #gff4 #ci 7,summonte7 ,hi/oria de ,napoli1 #agdi1 #dto1 vol4 iv4 p4 #agi4--;,giannone1 vol4 iv4--,de' ,ban*i di ,napoli1 da ,mi*ele ,rocco4 ,neap4 #aghe1 #c vols4 #hvo1 i4 p4 #aea4 #dj ,vettor ,s&i1 9 ,pr9cipi di ,/oria civile della ,republica di ,v5ezia4 ,9 ,v5ezia #agga1 #dto1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcf4 ,! au?or treats expressly ( ! in/itution ( ?is bank1 b ! ye> :5 x comm5c$ is n m5tion$4 #da ,wadd+ii ,annal4 ,m9or4 xv4 p4 #fg4 #db ,hymnus ii4 honorem ,laur5tii4 ,! poet relates1 t 9 ! ?ird c5tury ! pagan gov]nor ( ! city dem&$ ! *ur* treasure f ,laur5tius ! deacon4 #dc ,?is passage1 ) :i* ,s5k5b]g 0 n acqua9t$1 may be f\nd 9 ,t]tullian's ,apolog4 cap4 #ci1 edition ( ,de la ,c]da1 p4 #ahg4 #dd ,?is ^w h[ev] is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,gloss>ium ,manuale4 #de ,see ! bull 9 ,bull>ium ,magnum1 n4 #ag4 #df ,see ,petr4 ,gregorius ,?olosanus de ,republica4 ,franc(4 #afji1 #dto1 lib4 xiii4 c4 #af1 p4 #eff2 & ,ascianus1 p4 #gec4 #dg ,ges*i*te des ,teuts*5 ,h&els1 ii4 p4 #ded4 #dh ,gok9k's ,j\rnal fr ,teuts*l&1 #aghd1 i4 p4 #ejd1 :]e may be f\nd ! fir/ & ! newe/ regulations respect+ ! l5d+-h\se at ,nuremb]g4 #di ,/ett5s ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,augsburg4 ,frankf4 #agdb1 #b vols4 #dto1 i4 p4 #gbj1 #ghi1 #hcc4 #ej ,fd]a1 vol4 iv4 p4 #chg4 #ea ,bes*ryv+ d] ,/adt ,delft4 #agbi1 fol4 p4 #eec4 #eb ,salmasius de ,fnore trapezitico4 ,lugd4 #afdj1 #hvo1 p4 #gdd4 #ec ,de ,kooph&el van ,am/]dam4 ,rott4 #aghj1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #bba4 #ed ,s4 de ,m>ets ,diss4 de trapezitis4 #ee ,bey]l9ck1 ,magnum ,!atrum ,vit1 tom4 v4 p4 #fjb4 #ef ,ri*>d1 ,analysis ,concilior4 iv4 p4 #ih4 #eg ,turgot1 ,mem4 sur le prt intre/1 c4 ,p>4 #aghi1 #hvo4 #eh ,sauval1 ,hi/4 de la ,ville de ,p>is4 #ei ,rufel1 ,hi/4 de la ,ville de ,m>seille2 #afif4 fol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #fj ,tableau de ,p>is4 ,hamb4 #agha4 #hvo1 i4 p4 #gh4 #fa ,wat]/on's ,cyclopdia ( ,comm]ce4 ,,*emical ,,names ,,( ,,metals4 ,z ^? metals e>lie/ kn[n1 viz4 copp]1 iron1 gold1 silv]1 lead1 quicksilv] & t91 receiv$ ! same names z ! ne>e/ heav5ly bodies1 :i* appe> to u l>ge/1 & h be5 di/+ui%$ by ! l *>act]s1 two que/ions arise3 ,:e!r ^! names & *>act]s 7 giv5 fir/ to ! planets or to ! metals8 ,:51 :]e1 & on :at acc\nt 7 !y made *oice (2 & :y 7 ! metals nam$ aft] ! planets1 or ! planets aft] ! metals8 ,! latt] ( ^! que/ions1 9 my op9ion1 _c be answ]$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty2 b some?+ may be said on ! subject1 :i* w n1 p]haps1 be disagreeable to ^? fond ( su* rese>*es1 & :o h n _h an opportunity ( exam9+ x4 ,t ! pres5t usual names 7 fir/ giv5 to ! heav5ly bodies1 & at a lat] p]iod to ! metals1 is beyond all d\bt2 & x is equally c]ta9 t !y came f ! ,greeks to ! ,romans1 & f ! ,romans to u4 ,x c be prov$ also t old] nations gave o!r names to ^! heav5ly bodies at mu* e>li] p]iods4 ,! olde/ appellations1 if we may judge f "s examples /ill pres]v$1 seem to h orig9at$ f c]ta9 emotions :i* ^! bodies excit$ 9 ! m9ds ( m52 & x is n improbable t ! planets 7 by ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,p]sians nam$ aft] _! gods1 & t ! ,greeks only adopt$ or translat$ into _! own language ! names :i* ^? nations _h giv5 !m#fb4 ,! idea t ea* planet 0 ! resid5ce ( a god1 or t !y 7 gods !mselves1 has aris51 accord+ to ! mo/ probable conjecture1 f rude nations wor%ip+ ! sun1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( 8 b5efic5t & necess>y influ5ce ov] all t]re/rial bodies1 !y consid]$ ei!r z ! deity himself1 or 8 abode1 or1 at any rate1 z a symbol ( him4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :5 h]oes & p]sons :o by extraord9>y s]vices _h r5d]$ _! names respect$ & immortal1 receiv$ div9e hon\rs1 p>ticul> heav5ly bodies1 ( :i* ! sun1 moon & planets seem$ ! fitte/1 7 also assign$ to ^! div9ities#fc4 ,by :at laws ?is di/ribution 0 made1 & :y "o planet 0 d$icat$ to ,saturn & n to ano!r1 ,plu*e did n v5ture to det]m9e3 & on ?is po9t ! anci5ts !mselves are n all agre$#fd4 ,:5 ! planets 7 once d$icat$ to ! gods1 folly1 :i* nev] /ops :]e x beg9s1 proce$$ /ill fur!r1 & ascrib$ to !m ! attributes & p[]s = :i* ! deities1 aft] :om !y 7 nam$1 _h be5 celebrat$ 9 ! fictions ( _! my?ologi/s4 ,?is 9 "t laid ! f\ndation ( a/rology2 & h5ce ! planet ,m>s1 l ! deity ( t "n1 0 said to cause & to be fond ( w>2 & ,v5us to preside ov] love & its pleasures4 ,! next "q is1 ,:y 7 ! metals divid$ 9 ! l mann] among ! gods1 & nam$ aft] !m8 ,( all ! conjectures t c be =m$ 9 answ] to ?is "q1 ! foll[+ appe>s to me ! mo/ probable4 ,! numb] ( ! deifi$ planets made ! numb] sev5 s sacr$ to ! ,egyptians1 ,p]sians & o!r nations1 t all ^? ?+s :i* am\nt$ to ! same numb]1 or :i* c\ld be divid$ by x )\t a rema9d]1 7 suppos$ to h an aff9ity or a lik5ess to & connexion ) ea* o!r#fe4 ,! sev5 metals1 !re=e1 7 consid]$ z hav+ "s relation%ip to ! planets1 & ) !m to ! gods1 & 7 accord+ly nam$ aft] !m4 ,to ea* god 0 assign$ a metal1 ! orig9 & use ( :i* 0 "u 8 p>ticul> provid5ce & gov]nm5t2 & to ea* metal 7 ascrib$ ! p[]s & prop]ties ( ! planet & div9ity ( ! l "n2 f :i* arose1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 _m ( ! ridicul\s conceits ( ! al*emi/s4 ,! olde/ trace ( ! division ( ! metals among ! gods is to be f\nd1 z f> z ,i "k1 9 ! religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,p]sians4 ,orig51 9 8 ,refutation ( ,celsus1 :o ass]t$ t ! sev5 heav5s ( ! ,*ri/ians1 z well z ! ladd] :i* ,jacob saw 9 8 dream1 _h be5 borr[$ f ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 says1 8,among ! ,p]sians ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 repres5t$ by sev5 /airs1 :i* conduct$ to ! same numb] ( gates4 ,! fir/ gate 0 ( lead2 ! second ( t92 ! ?ird ( copp]2 ! f\r? ( iron2 ! fif? ( a mix$ metal2 ! six? ( silv]1 & ! sev5? ( gold4 ,! lead5 gate _h ! sl[ t$i\s motion ( ,saturn2 ! t9 gate ! lu/re & g5tl5ess ( ,v5us2 ! ?ird 0 d$icat$ to ,jupit]2 ! f\r? to ,m]cury1 on acc\nt ( 8 /r5g? & fitness = trade2 ! fif? to ,m>s2 ! six? to ! ,moon1 & ! la/ to ! ,sun#ff40 ,"h !n is an evid5t trace ( metallurgic a/ronomy1 z ,borri*ius calls x1 or ( ! a/ronomical or my?ological nom9ation ( metals1 ?\gh x diff]s f t us$ at pres5t4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t1 t9 belong$ to ,jupit]1 copp] to ,v5us1 iron to ,m>s1 & ! mix$ metal to ,m]cury4 ,! conjecture ( ,borri*ius1 t ! transcrib]s ( ,orig5 h1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or design1 transpos$ ! names ( ! gods1 is highly probable3 = if we reflect t 9 ?is nom9ation m5 at fir/ diff]$ z mu* z 9 ! nom9ation ( ! planets1 & t ! names giv5 !m 7 only confirm$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ( :i* ,i %all soon produce pro(s1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! causes assign$ by ,orig5 = 8 nom9ation d n well agree ) ! pres5t read+1 & t !y appe> mu* ju/] :5 ! names are dispos$ 9 ! same mann] z t 9 :i* we n[ use !m#fg4 ,?is a/rological nom9ation ( metals appe>s to h be5 convey$ to ! ,brahmans 9 ,india2 = we are in=m$ t a ,brahman s5t to ,apollonius sev5 r+s1 di/+ui%$ by ! names ( ! sev5 />s or planets1 "o ( :i* he 0 to we> daily on 8 f+]1 accord+ to ! day ( ! week#fh4 ,?is c be no o!rwise expla9$ ?an by suppos+ t he 0 to we> ! gold r+ on ,sunday2 ! silv] "o on ,monday2 ! iron "o on ,tuesday1 & s ( ! re/4 ,allusion to ?is nom9ation ( ! metals aft] ! gods occurs "h & !re 9 ! anci5ts4 ,didymus1 9 8 ,explanation ( ! ,iliad1 calls ! planet ,m>s ! iron />4 ,^? :o dream ( hav+ _h any?+ to d ) ,m>s are by ,artemidorus ?reat5$ ) a *irurgical op]ation1 = ?is reason1 he adds1 because ,m>s signifies iron#fi4 ,h]aclides says also 9 8 allegories1 t ,m>s 0 v prop]ly consid]$ z iron2 & we are told by ,p9d> t gold is d$icat$ to ! sun#gj4 ,plato likewise1 :o /udi$ 9 ,egypt1 seems to h admitt$ ?is nom9ation & mean+ ( ! metals4 ,we are at lea/ assur$ s by ,m>silius ,fic9us#ga2 b ,i h be5 able to f9d no pro( ( x1 except :]e he says ( ! isl& ,atlantis1 t ! ext]ior walls 7 cov]$ ) copp] & ! int]ior ) t91 & t ! walls ( ! citadel 7 ( gold4 ,x is n improbable t ,plato adopt$ ?is ,p]sian or ,egyptian repres5tation1 z he assign$ ! planets to ! demons2 b p]haps x 0 fir/ introduc$ into 8 sy/em only by 8 disciples#gb4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h v>i$ f ! nom9ation us$ at pres5t2 z !y d$icat$ to ,v5us copp]1 or brass1 ! pr9cipal compon5t "p ( :i* is inde$ copp]2 to ,m]cury t92 & to ,jupit] electrum4 ,! la/-m5tion$ metal 0 a mixture ( gold & silv]2 & on ?is acc\nt 0 probably consid]$ to be a di/9ct metal1 because 9 e>ly p]iods mank9d 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( sep>at+ ^! noble metals#gc4 ,! *>act]s by :i* ! planets & metals are g5]ally express$ :5 "o does n *oose to write _! names1 af=d a /rik+ example h[ readily ! m9d may be induc$ to suppose a connexion betwe5 ?+s :i* 9 reality h no aff9ity or relation to ea* o!r4 ,antiqu>ies & a/rolog]s1 accord+ to ^: op9ion ! planets 7 fir/ di/+ui%$ by ^! *>act]s1 consid] !m z ! attributes ( ! deities ( ! same "n4 ,! circle 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods among ! ,egyptians 0 ! symbol ( div9ity & p]fection2 & seems ) great propriety to h be5 *os5 by !m z ! "* ( ! sun1 especially z1 :5 surr\nd$ by small /rokes project+ f its circumf]5ce1 x may =m "s repres5tation ( ! emission ( rays4 ,! semicircle is 9 l mann] ! image ( ! moon1 ! only "o ( ! heav5ly bodies t appe>s "u t =m to ! nak$ eye4 ,! "* is suppos$ to repres5t ! sy! ( ,saturn2 ! ?und]bolts ( ,jupit]2 ! lance ( ,m>s1 toge!r ) 8 %ield2 ! look+-glass ( ,v5us2 & ! caduceus or w& ( ,m]cury4 ,! expression by *>act]s adopt$ among ! old] *emi/s agrees ) ?is my?ological signification only 9 ! "* assign$ to gold4 ,gold1 accord+ to ! *emi/s1 0 ! mo/ p]fect ( metals1 to :i* all o!rs seem$ to be inf]ior 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,silv] approa*$ ne>e/ to x2 b 0 di/+ui%$ only by a semicircle1 :i*1 = ! m p]spicuity1 0 drawn d\ble1 & !nce _h a great] resemblance to ! mo/ rem>kable appe>ance ( ! moon2 ! "n ( :i* ?is metal _h already obta9$4 ,all ! o!r metals1 z !y seem$ to h a great] or less aff9ity to gold or silv]1 7 di/+ui%$ by m>ks compos$ ( ! *>act]s assign$ to ^! preci\s metals4 ,9 ! "* ! adepts discov] gold ) a silv] col\r4 ,! cross plac$ at ! bottom1 :i* among ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics _h a my/]i\s signification#gd1 expresses1 9 _! op9ion1 some?+ ,i "k n :at1 )\t :i* quicksilv] w\ld be silv] or gold4 ,?is some?+ is comb9$ also ) copp]1 ! possible *ange ( :i* into gold is express$ by ! "* 4 ,! "* decl>es ! l hon\rable aff9ity also2 ?\gh ! half-cross is appli$ 9 a m conceal$ mann]2 =1 accord+ to ! mo/ prop] mode ( writ+1 ! po9t is want+ at ! top1 or ! upright l9e ought only to t\* ! horizontal1 & n to int]sect x4 ,philosophical gold is conceal$ 9 /eel2 & on ?is acc\nt x produces su* valuable m$ic9es4 ,( t9 "o-half is silv]1 & ! o!r consi/s ( ! some?+ unkn[n3 = ?is reason ! cross ) ! half moon appe>s 9 4 ,9 lead ?is some?+ is pr$om9ant1 & a similitude is obs]v$ 9 x to silv]4 ,h5ce 9 its "* ! cross /&s at ! top1 & ! silv] "* is only susp5d$ on ! "r-h& beh9d x4 ,! my?ological signification ( ^! *>act]s _c be old] ?an ! ,grecian my?ology2 b ! *emical may be trac$ to a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,"s1 :o consid] !m z rema9s ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics#ge1 pret5d t !y may be discov]$ on ! table ( ,isis1 & employ !m z a pro( ( ! high antiquity1 if n ( ! art ( mak+ gold1 at lea/ ( *emi/ry4 ,we are told also t !y correspond ) _m o!r *>act]s :i* ! adepts h left u z emblems ( _! wisdom4 ,if we are desir\s ( decid+ )\t prejudice respect+ bo? ^! explanations1 x w be f\nd necess>y to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! olde/ =m ( ! *>act]s1 :i* 9 all probability1 l ^? us$ 9 writ+1 7 subject$ to _m *anges be=e !y acquir$ t =m :i* !y h at pres5t4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 m5tion only ?ree le>n$ m51 ,salmasius#gf1 ,du ,cange#gg1 & ,huet#gh1 :o took ! tr\ble to collect ^! *>act]s4 ,z ,i am afraid t my read]s might be disgu/$ 7 ,i "h to ins]t !m1 ,i %all give a %ort ab/ract ( ! conclusion :i* !y =m f !m2 b ,i mu/ fir/ obs]ve t ! olde/ manuscripts diff] v mu* 9 _! repres5tation ( ^! *>act]s1 ei!r because !y 7 n fully e/abli%$ at ! p]iods :5 !y 7 writt51 or because _m suppos$ adepts endeav\r$ to r5d] _! in=mation m enigmatical by wilfully conf\nd+ ! *>act]s2 & x is probable also t _m mi/akes may h be5 committ$ by transcrib]s4 ,! "* ( ,m>s1 accord+ to ! olde/ mode ( repres5t+ x1 is evid5tly an abbreviation ( ! ^w 1 "u :i* ! ,greek ma!maticians und]/ood t deity2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! fir/ lett] 1 ) ! la/ lett] plac$ above x4 ,! "* ( ,jupit] 0 orig9ally ! initial lett] ( 2 & 9 ! olde/ manuscripts ( ! ma!matical & a/rological works ( ,julius ,firmicus ! capital only is us$1 to :i* ! la/ lett] 0 aft]w>ds add$ at ! bottom1 to r5d] ! abbreviation m di/9ct4 ,! suppos$ look+-glass ( ,v5us is no?+ else ?an ! initial lett]1 a little di/ort$1 ( ! ^w 1 :i* 0 ! "n ( t goddess4 ,! imag9>y sy! ( ,saturn has be5 gradually =m$ f ! fir/ two lett]s ( 8 "n 1 :i* transcrib]s1 = ! sake ( dispat*1 made always m conv5i5t = use1 b at ! same "t less p]ceptible4 ,to discov] 9 ! pret5d$ caduceus ( ,m]cury ! initial lett] ( 8 ,greek "n 1 "o ne$s only look at ! abbreviations 9 ! olde/ manuscripts1 :]e !y w f9d t ! 0 once writt5 z 2 !y w rem>k also t transcrib]s1 to di/+ui% ?is abbreviation /ill m f ! re/1 plac$ ! ,c ?us1 2 & add$ "u x ! next lett] 4 ,if ^? to :om ?is d$uction appe>s improbable w only take ! tr\ble to look at o!r ,greek abbreviations1 !y w f9d _m t diff] /ill fur!r f ! orig9al lett]s !y express ?an ! pres5t "* f ! & unit$4 ,x is possible t lat] transcrib]s1 to :om ! orig9 ( ?is abbreviation 0 n kn[n1 may h endeav\r$ to give x a great] resemblance to ! caduceus ( ,m]cury4 ,9 %ort1 x _c be d5i$ t _m o!r a/ronomical *>act]s are real symbols1 or a k9d ( prop] hi]oglyphics1 t repres5t c]ta9 attributes or circum/ances1 l ! *>act]s ( ,aries1 ,leo1 & o!rs quot$ by ,salmasius4 ,b h[ old is ! pres5t =m ( ^! *>act]s8 ,accord+ to ,scalig]#gi1 !y are ( great antiquity1 because !y are to be f\nd on v old gems & r+s4 ,if ! r+ ,no4 #ajd 9 ,goru be old & accurately del9eat$1 ?is mu/ inde$ be true2 = "s ( ^! *>act]s may be v pla9ly di/+ui%$ on ! beazel#hj4 ,we are told by ,wall]ius t !y 7 c]ta9ly us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 because ,democritus1 :o resid$ five ye>s 9 ,egypt1 speaks ( !m 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms4 ,i d n "k :5ce ,wall]ius d]iv$ ?is in=mation1 b x proves no?+4 ,he und\bt$ly alludes to ! laugh+ philosoph] ( ,abd]a1 :o liv$ ab\t #dej ye>s be=e our ra1 b no au!ntic writ+s ( 8 are n[ extant4 ,fabricius says t we h a ,lat9 translation ( a "w ( 81 ,de ,arte ,sacra1 ,patavii1 #aegb1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly a production ( mu* lat] times4 ,i h x n[ be=e me f ! libr>y ( our univ]sity2 & ,i f9d t x is n ! :ole book1 b only an ab/ract1 & writt5 9 s extravagant a mann] t ! deception is n easily discov]$4 ,x conta9s *emical processes1 b no?+ ( ! *>act]s ( metals2 :i* is ! case also ) ! lett]s ( ,democritus1 publi%$ by ,lubb9us#ha4 ,by way ( contra/ to ! sev5 metals ) :i* ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$1 we may enum]ate ^? kn[n at ! pres5t day4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,gold #b4 ,silv] #c4 ,iron #d4 ,copp] #e4 ,m]cury #f4 ,lead #g4 ,t9 #h4 ,antimony ,basil ,val5t9e #adij4 #i4 ,bismu? ,agricola #aecj4 #aj4 ,z9c 7,p>acelsus87 #aecj4 #aa4 ,ars5ic ,br&t #agcc4 #ab4 ,cobalt #ac4 ,plat9um ,wood #agda4 #ad4 ,nickel ,cron/$t #agea4 #ae4 ,manganese ,gahn #aggd4 #af4 ,tung/5 ,d',elhuj>t #agha4 #ag4 ,tellurium ,mll] #aghb4 #ah4 ,molybd5um ,hjelm #aghb4 #ai4 ,uranium ,klapro? #aghi4 #bj4 ,titanium ,gregor #agia4 #ba4 ,*romium ,vauquel9 #agig4 #bb4 ,columbium ,hat*ett #ahjb4 #bc4 ,palladium ,wolla/on #ahjc4 #bd4 ,rhodium #be4 ,iridium ,t5nant #ahjc4 #bf4 ,osmium #bg4 ,c]ium ,his+] #ahjd4 #bh4 ,potassium #bi4 ,sodium #cj4 ,b>ium ,davy #ahjg4 #ca4 ,/rontium #cb4 ,calcium #cc4 ,cadmium ,/romey] #ahah4 #cd4 ,li?ium ,arfw$son #ahah4 #ce4 ,silicium ,b]zelius #ahbd4 #cf4 ,zirconium #cg4 ,alum9um #ch4 ,gluc9um ,whl] #ahbh4 #ci4 ,yttrium #dj4 ,?orium ,b]zelius #ahbi4 #da4 ,magnesium ,bussy #ahbi4 #db4 ,vanadium ,sef/rm #ahcj4 #dc4 ,didymium ,mos&] #ahdb4 #dd4 ,lan?anium #de4 ,erbium ,mos&] #ahdc4 #df4 ,t]bium #dg4 ,pelopium ,h4 ,rose #ahde4 #dh4 ,niobium #di4 ,ru!nium ,claus #ahde4 #ej4 ,norium ,svanb]g #ahde4 ,,footnotes #fb ,see ,goguet1 ,orig9es4 ,bailly1 ,hi/4 de l',a/ron4 ,anci5ne4 #fc ,jablonski1 ,pan!on gypt4 #agej1 p4 #di4 #fd ,^! contradictions are po9t$ out by ,goguet1 9 a note1 p4 #cgj4 ,a bett] view ( !m may be f\nd 9 ,hyg9i ,a/ronom4 7ed4 ,van ,/av]571 xlii4 p4 #dif4 #fe ,jablonski1 ,pan?4 p4 #ee4 ,vossius de ,idololatria1 ii4 #cd1 p4 #dhi4 ,bruck]i ,hi/or4 ,philosoph4 i4 p4 #ajee4 #ff ,orig5es ,contra ,celsum1 lib4 vi4 #bb4 ,i expect$ to h receiv$ "s explanation ( ?is passage f ! editors ( ,orig51 & 9 ^? au?ors :o h treat$ expressly on ! religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,p]sians2 b ,i f9d t !y are quot$ nei!r by ,hyde2 ,philip a ,turre1 ^: ,monum5ta ,vet]is ,antii is pr9t$ 9 ,!saurus ,antiquitat4 et ,hi/or4 ,itali2 nor by ,bani] 9 8 ,my?ology4 #fg ,borri*ius arranges ! words 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,secundam portam faciunt ,jovis1 comp>antes ei /anni spl5dorem et mollitiem2 t]tiam ,v5]is ratam et solidam2 qu>tam ,m>tis1 e/ enim laborum pati5s1 que ac f]rum1 celebratus hom9ibus2 qu9tam ,m]curii propt] mi/uram 9qualem ac v>iam1 et quia negotiator e/2 sextam ,lun arg5team2 septimam ,solis auream40--,ol4 ,borri*ius ,de ,ortu et ,progressu ,*emi40 ,hafni1 #affh1 #dto1 p4 #bi4 ,pr(essor ,ei*horn rem9d$ me1 z allusive to ?is subject1 ( ! sev5 walls ( ,ecbatana1 ! capital ( ,m$ia1 ! out]mo/ ( :i* 0 ! l[e/1 & ea* ( ! re/ progressively high]1 s t !y ov]topp$ ea* o!r4 ,ea* 0 ( a p>ticul> col\r4 ,! out]mo/ 0 :ite2 ! second black2 ! ?ird purple2 ! f\r? blue2 ! fif? r$1 or r ( an orange col\r2 & ! summit ( ! six? 0 cov]$ ) silv]1 & t ( ! sev5?1 or inn]mo/1 ) gold4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,h]odotus1 i4 #ih2 & x appe>s to me n improbable t !y may h _h a relation to ! sev5 planets1 ?\gh no?+ is h9t$ on t subject by ! hi/orian4 #fh ,philo/rat4 ,vita ,apollonii1 iii4 #da1 p4 #acj4 ,h[ 0 ! r+ = ,w$nesday made8 ,p]haps x 0 holl[1 & fill$ ) quicksilv]4 ,gesn]1 9 ,comm5t>ia ,societat4 ,sci54 ,gott+4 #agec1 iii4 p4 #gh1 ?9ks t ^! r+s might h be5 made or ca/ "u c]ta9 con/ellations4 #fi ,oneirocritica1 v4 #cg4 #gj ,i/hm4 ,od4 v]4 #a4 ,( ! l k9d are _m passages 9 ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]'s ,iliad1 b4 xi41 & also ! foll[+ passages ( ,con/ant9us ,manasses1 :]e he describes ! creation ( ! />s1 9 8 ,annales 7edit4 ,meursii1 ,lugd4 #afaf71 p4 #g1 & p4 #bfc3 8,saturnus nigricabat1 colore plumbeo2 ,jupit] ut arg5tum spl5debat2 ,m>s flammeus conspiciebatur2 ,sol in/> auri puri lucebat2 7,v5us uti /annum27 ,m]curius in/> ris rubebat2 ,luna 9 morem glaciei pellucida suam et ipsa lucem emittebat10 c4 #ga ,9 8 ,preface to ,critias4 ,platonis ,op]a2 ,franc(4 #afjb1 fol4 p4 #ajig4 #gb ,x is probable t ,fic9us _h 9 view a passage 9 ,olympiodori ,comm5t>4 9 ,meteora ,ari/4 ,v54 #aeea1 fol4 lib4 iii4 p4 #ei4 #gc ,?is di/ribution1 :i* is ascrib$ to ! ,platoni/s1 may be f\nd also 9 ! s*olia/s on ,p9d>1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? ,i/hmian ,ode1 p4 #dei4 #gd ,jablonski1 ,pan!on gypt4 i4 p4 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhg2 & ii4 p4 #aca4 ,?is au?or makes x ! repres5tation ( some?+ :i* _c be well nam$4 ,kir*]i dipus gypt4 t4 ii4 p>s ii4 p4 #cii4 ,rom1 #afec1 fol4 #ge ,goguet1 ii4 pp4 #cgj1 #cga1 consid]s !m z rema9s ( ! orig9al hi]oglyphics2 b he is ( op9ion t we receiv$ !m 9 _! pres5t =m f ! ,arabians4 #gf ,pl9ian ,ex]citat4 9 ,sol9um1 p4 #hgd4 #gg ,gloss4 ad ,script4 ,m$4 et ,infim ,grcitatis4 #gh ,9 8 ,annotations on ,manilii ,a/ronomicon 79 usum ,delph9i74 ,p>4 #afgi1 #dto1 p4 #hj4 #gi ,9 8 ,annotations on ,manilii ,a/ron4 ,/rasb4 #affe1 #dto1 p4 #dfj4 #hj ,9 ,gorii ,!saurus ,gemm>um antiqu>um a/rif]>um1 ,flor5t4 #agej1 #c vols4 fol41 ,i f\nd no?+ on ?is subject4 ,*>act]s ( ! moon & ( ! signs 9 ! zodiac (t5 occur2 b no o!rs are to be se51 except 9 tab4 #cc1 :]e !re is a r+1 :i* has on x ! pres5t *>act]s ( ,m>s & ,v5us4 ,9 g5]al ! planets are repres5t$ by sev5 small a/]isks1 or by six & ! "* ( ! moon4 ,besides1 ! antiquity ( ?is gem _c be asc]ta9$4 #ha ,see ! collection ( ,greek lett]s ( ,eilh4 ,lubb9us4 ,commel94 #afja1 #hvo4 ,,z9c4 ,z9c is "o ( ^? metals :i* 7 n kn[n to ! ,greeks#hb1 ,romans1 or ,arabians4 ,?is we h reason to conjecture1 because x has n be5 di/+ui%$ by a *emical "* l ! re/2 b x is fully prov$1 by our n f9d+ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts any in=mation t appe>s ev5 to allude to x4 ,i "k b ( "o in/ance :]e x is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd among rema9s ( antiquity4 ,grignon pret5ds t some?+ l x 0 discov]$ 9 ! ru9s ( ! anci5t ,roman city 9 ,*ampagne#hc4 ,su* an unexpect$ discov]y des]v$ to h be5 inve/igat$ ) ! utmo/ m9ut5ess2 b x seems to h be5 exam9$ only 9 a v sup]ficial mann]2 & z t 0 ! case1 x is impossible to guess :at k9d ( a metal or metallic mixture ?is au?or consid]$ z z9c4 ,x is n surpris+ t ?is metal %\ld h rema9$ s long unkn[n1 = x has nev] yet be5 f\nd 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,its ores are (t5 & 9 a great degree mix$ ) =eign +r$i5ts2 & :5 !y are melt$1 x sublimes 9 a metallic =m1 & is f\nd adh]+ above to ! cool sides ( ! furnace2 b a p>ticul> app>atus is necess>y1 else ! r$uc$ metal p>tly evaporates1 & is p>tly oxidiz$1 by :i* means x appe>s l an e>?1 & exhibits to ! eye no traces ( metal4 ,t mixture ( z9c & copp] call$ at pres5t brass1 tomback1 p9*beck1 pr9ces-metal1 c41 & :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ by ores1 abundant 9 z9c1 yield+ :5 melt$ n pure copp]1 b brass1 0 c]ta9ly kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,m9es t conta9$ ores1 f :i* ?is gold-col\r$ metal 0 produc$1 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/imation2 :5 exhau/$1 ! loss ( !m 0 regrett$2 & x 0 suppos$ t ! metal w\ld nev] be aga9 f\nd4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t x 0 rem>k$1 no "o kn[s by :at accid5t1 t an ore1 :i* mu/ h be5 calam9e1 :5 add$ to copp] :ile melt+1 gave x a yell[ col\r4 ,?is ore 0 !re=e us$1 ?\gh x 0 n kn[n :at metal x conta9$1 9 ! same mann] z oxide ( cobalt 0 employ$ 9 col\r+ glass be=e m9]alogi/s 7 acqua9t$ ) t metal itself4 ,ari/otle & ,/rabo speak ( an e>? ( t k9d1 ! use ( :i* 9 mak+ brass has be5 reta9$ ?r\gh e c5tury4 ,ambrosius1 bi%op ( ,milan1 9 ! f\r? c5tury2 ,primasius1 bi%op ( ,adrumetum 9 ,africa1 9 ! six?2 & ,isidore1 bi%op ( ,seville1 9 ! sev5?1 m5tion an addition by :i* copp] acquir$ a gold col\r1 & :i* und\bt$ly mu/ h be5 calam9e4 ,:5 9 c\rse ( "t m calam9e 0 discov]$1 ! anci5t me?od ( procur+ brass f copp]-ore t conta9$ z9c 0 ab&on$2 & x 0 f\nd m conv5i5t fir/ to extract f x pure copp]1 & !n to conv]t x into brass by ! addition ( calam9e4 ,^? desir\s ( inquir+ fur!r into ! k :i* ! anci5ts _h ( ?is metal mu/ exam9e ! mean+ ( ! ^w cadmia1 :i* seems to h _h v>i\s significations4 ,?is task ,i h v5tur$ to und]take2 & ?\gh ,i _c cle> up ev]y?+ t occurs respect+ x1 ,i %all lay be=e my read]s :at in=mation ,i h be5 able to obta9 on ! subject1 because p]haps x may am\nt to some:at m ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( old comm5tators4 ,cadmia signifi$1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 a m9]al ab\nd+ 9 z9c1 z well z any ore comb9$ ) x1 & also t z9c-e>? :i* we call calam9e4 ,^? :o %\ld und]/& "u x only ! latt]1 w\ld n be able to expla9 ! great] "p ( ! passages 9 ! anci5ts :]e x is m5tion$4 ,x is probable t ore conta9+ z9c acquir$ ?is "n1 because x fir/ produc$ brass#hd4 ,:5 x 0 aft]w>ds rem>k$ t calam9e gave to copp] a yell[ col\r1 ! same "n 0 conf]r$ on x also4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t x 0 seldom f\nd by ! anci5ts#he2 & we mu/ consid] cadmia 9 g5]al z signify+ ore t conta9$ z9c4 ,gold-col\r$ copp] or brass 0 long pref]r$ to pure or common copp]1 & ?\ght to be m beautiful ! ne>] x approa*$ to ! be/ auri*alcum4 ,brass !re=e 0 suppos$ to be a m valuable k9d ( copp]2 & on ?is acc\nt ,pl9y says t cadmia 0 necess>y = procur+ copp]1 t is brass4 ,copp]1 z well z brass1 0 = a great l5g? ( "t call$ s1 & x 0 n till a late p]iod t m9]alogi/s1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m1 gave ! "n ( cuprum to ! =m]#hf4 ,pl9y says t x 0 good :5 a l>ge quantity ( cadmia _h be5 add$ to x1 because x n only r5d]$ ! col\r m beautiful1 b increas$ ! weight4 ,9 ! l mann] a qu9tal ( copp] 9 ,hung>y produces a hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( brass4 ,! same au?or rem>ks also t ! cadmia 7fossilis7 0 n us$ 9 m$ic9e3 ?is h[ev] is to be und]/ood only ( ! raw ore1 = "s physicians prep>$ oxide ( z9c f ore t conta9$ z9c1 z he aft]w>ds tells u2 & ,gal5 extols ! calam9e f\nd 9 ,cyprus on acc\nt ( its sup]ior effects1 because1 p]haps1 ! oxide c\ld be obta9$ f x mu* pur]4 ,9 ! second place1 cadmia1 among ! anci5ts1 0 :at we call 7(5bru*7 furnace-calam9e1 or :at 9 melt+ ore t conta9s z9c1 or 9 mak+ brass1 falls to ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & :i* consi/s ( m or less calc9$ z9c4 ,z ?is furnace-calam9e assumes v>i\s appe>ances1 accord+ to ! mann] ( melt+1 & accord+ to _m o!r circum/ances t 9 "p _c be def9$1 & z ! anci5ts compreh5d all its v>ieties "u ! g5]al "n ( cadmia1 & give to ea* v>iety1 accord+ to its =m1 consi/5ce & col\r1 a p>ticul> "n also1 a confusion ( names has h5ce aris5 :i* _c n[ be cle>$ up1 especially z x is n ?\ght wor? :ile to di/+ui% all its incid5tal v>iations4 ,our physicians e/eem only ! pure oxide ( z9c2 & z !y "k h[ to obta9 x1 !y are n "u ! necessity ( us+ impure furnace-calam9e4 ,9 our melt+-h\ses x is employ$1 )\t mu* nicety 9 ! *oice1 = mak+ z9c or brass#hg4 ,:at "h appe>s to me mo/ s+ul> is1 t ! anci5ts %\ld h giv5 ! same names to furnace-calam9e z !y gave to ores t conta9$ z9c4 ,! aff9ity ( ^! sub/ances !y c\ld conjecture only f _! effects1 or p]haps !y 7 induc$ to d s f obs]v+ t furnace-calam9e 0 n produc$ b :5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( cadmia1 z !y 7 call$1 7 melt$2 t is1 :5 yell[ & n r$ copp] 0 obta9$4 ,(5bru* got ! "n ( furnace-calam9e at ,rammelsb]g1 :5 x 0 obs]v$ t x c\ld be employ$ in/ead ( native calam9e = mak+ brass#hh4 ,7 ! anci5ts !n 9 any measure acqua9t$ ) ?is use ( x8 ,gal5 & ,dioscorides speak only ( its use 9 m$ic9e1 & say no?+ ( its be+ employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( brass4 ,! ,arabian writ]s1 p>ticul>ly ! translators ( ! ,greek physicians1 speak 9 a mu* cle>] mann] ( ! prep>ation ( brass2 b ! appellations :i* !y employ are s indet]m9ate 9 _! signification1 t an answ] to ! above "q _c be d$uc$ f !m4 ,climia1 :i* "s pron\nce calimia & f :i* ! mod]n ,greeks made kelimia1 & ! ,lat9s lapis calam9>is1 seems to h entirely ! same mean+ z cadmia4 ,tutia1 :i* occurs fir/ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 9 ,avic5na1 & :i* ! ,greeks write t\tia1 or p]haps m prop]ly ?\?ia1 signifies sometimes pompholyx2 b 9 common x seems to express also m9]als t conta9 z9c1 & likewise furnace-calam9e#hi4 ,c\ld x be prov$ t ! tutia ( ! ,arabs & lat] ,greeks 0 furnace-calam9e1 or ! tutia ( our druggi/s1 ! olde/ acc\nt ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ ( furnace-calam9e1 employ$ 9 mak+ brass1 w\ld occur 9 ,zosimus1 :o1 accord+ to e appe>ance1 liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury#ij4 ,?is au?or tells u1 t 9 ord] to make brass1 ,cyprus copp] mu/ be melt$1 & p\nd$ tutia mu/ be /rew$ ov] x4 ,salmasius suspects t ,zosimus "h means only calam9e3 b h[ev] ?is may be1 8 receipt has be5 reta9$ till ! pres5t "t 9 books on ! arts2 = ^! recomm5d n calam9e1 b tutia#ia4 ,we c ) m c]ta9ty affirm t ?is use ( furnace-calam9e1 9 mak+ brass1 0 kn[n to ,alb]tus ,magnus 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 = he says1 fir/1 t yell[ copp] 0 made by ! addition ( calam9e1 :i* he calls lapis calam9>is4 ,he tells u aft]w>ds1 t ,h]mes taught h[ to give a gold col\r to copp] by ?r[+ p\nd$ tutia into ! melt$ metal4 ,tutia1 says he1 :i* is us$ 9 ! transmutation ( metals1 is n a native m9]al1 b an artificial mixture1 produc$ 9 ! furnace :5 copp]-ore is melt$2 & he advises glass-gall to be /rew$ ov] ! ore1 o!rwise calam9e & tutia w lose _! =ce 9 ! fire#ib4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! la/-m5tion$ "n1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 signifi$ only furnace-calam9e1 & t its use = mak+ brass 0 at t p]iod kn[n4 ,= _m c5turies1 h[ev]1 ! (5bru* 7furnace-calam9e71 ) :i*1 z we are told1 ! furnaces at ,rammelsb]g ov]fl[$1 0 ?r[n aside z useless1 till at l5g?1 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,erasmus ,eb5] fir/ %[$ t x might be us$ in/ead ( native calam9e = mak+ brass4 ,?is ,eb5]1 desc5d$ f ! noble family ( t "n at ,nuremb]g1 0 a man ( great le>n+1 & an able /atesman4 ,he 0 employ$ by 8 native city1 & by =eign pr9ces1 on occasions ( ! highe/ importance4 ,9 #aefi he 0 privy-c\nsellor to ,julius duke ( ,brunswick1 & di$ 9 #aegg1 at ,helm/adt1 :]e he 0 buri$4 ,i regret mu* t ,i c give no fur!r acc\nt ( ?is important discov]y2 ! "t ev5 :5 x 0 made is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,lhneyss says t x 0 sixty ye>s be=e ! p]iod :5 he wrote4 ,b at :at p]iod did he write8 ,! olde/ edition1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 ( 8 treatise on m9es1 is ( ! ye> #afag1 s t ?is discov]y w\ld fall ab\t ! ye> #aeegic4 ,calvr caus$ to be pr9t$ an old acc\nt ( ! ,rammelsb]g m9es1 :i* 0 said to h be5 publi%$ 9 #aefe4 ,accord+ to t "w1 ,eb5] made ! above-m5tion$ obs]vation at ,nuremb]g1 ab\t sev5te5 ye>s be=e1 t is1 ab\t ! ye> #aedh4 ,s*lut] assigns z ! p]iod ab\t #aeej1 & ,honemann ab\t #aeei4 ,we may !re=e v safely place x 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & probably ! discov]y happ5$ 9 #aeec1 at :i* "t ,eb5] 0 s5t to duke ,h5ry1 ) :om he cont9u$ a long "t1 z we are expressly told by ,doppelmay]4 ,?is use ( calam9e refuse induc$ ! manag]s ( ! pr(itable brass-works 9 ! ,h>z =e/ to pick up c>efully t :i* be=e _h be5 ?r[n aside4 ,duke ,julius1 :o endeav\r$ to improve e bran* ( manufacture1 & p>ticul>ly :at relat$ to metallurgy1 & :o1 agreeably to ! !n prevail+ mode ( pr9ces1 suff]$ himself to be dup$ ) ! hopes ( mak+ gold1 improv$ ! brass-works at ,bun!im1 bel[ ,h>zburg1 & by ^! means br\ght a great rev5ue to ! electoral treasury4 ,ano!r production ( z9c1 artificial :ite vitriol1 0 also long prep>$1 us$ & employ$ 9 comm]ce be=e x 0 kn[n t x 0 procur$ f ?is metal4 ,t x 0 n kn[n be=e ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & t x 0 fir/ made at ,rammelsb]g1 may ) confid5ce be affirm$4 ,s*lut] ascribes ! inv5tion ( x to duke ,julius1 & places x 9 ! ye> #aegj3 b x mu/ be some:at old] ?an ! above-quot$ acc\nt ( ,rammelsb]g2 = ! au?or1 :o wrote ab\t #aefeid1 relates1 t 9 8 "t "o citiz5 only1 :om he calls ,h5ni ,bald]1 boil$ :ite vitriol2 & x appe>s t ?is p]son kept ! process a secret4 ,t ! inv5tion 0 n !n new1 is evid5t f 8 add+1 t :at its effects might be 9 m$ic9e _h n be5 exam9$2 b t its use 9 mak+ eye-wat] _h be5 kn[n almo/ z e>ly z ! "t :5 x 0 discov]$4 ,?is agrees ) ano!r acc\nt1 accord+ to :i* ! me?od ( boil+ :ite vitriol 0 f\nd out at ! "t :5 ,*ri/oph] ,s&]1 ^: s]vice to ! ,h>z is well-kn[n1 0 ti!-ga!r]4 ,honemann says t ,s&] 0 ti!-ga!r] at ! m9es ( ! ,upp] ,h>z be=e ! ye> #aefd1 b t 9 ?is ye> he 0 pr9cipal ti!-ga!r] & director ( ! m9es & melt+-h\ses at ,gosl>4 ,s&] himself1 9 a pap] dat$ ,augu/ #c1 #aege1 seems to ascribe ! inv5tion ( :ite vitriol to duke ,julius#ie4 ,at fir/ ?is salt 0 call$ ,erzalaun1 a "n occasion$ by its lik5ess to alum1 b aft]w>ds x 0 m frequ5tly kn[n by ^? ( ,gallitz5/e91 ,golitz5/e91 & ,calitz5/e94 ,! latt] names h[ev] appe> to be old] ?an :ite vitriol itself2 z we f9d t gre5 vitriol1 ev5 be=e ! ye> #aefe1 0 call$ gre5 ,gallitz5/e94 ,may n ! ^w be d]iv$ f gall2 because x is probable t vitriol & galls 7 = a long "t ! pr9cipal articles us$ = mak+ ink & 9 dye+8 ,i am ( op9ion t ! :ite vitriol1 :i* is produc$ 9 ! m9es ( ,rammelsb]g 9 ! =m ( icicles1 gave rise to ! discov]y & manufacture ( ?is salt4 ,! =m]1 s e>ly z ! ye> #aefe1 0 call$ :ite native vitriol1 or :ite ,gogkelgut1 & 0 pack$ up 9 casks1 & 9 t mann] transport$ = sale#if4 ,i %all n "h ent] into ! old conjectures respect+ ! orig9 & compon5t p>ts ( ?is vitriol2 b x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ,h5kel & ,neumann#ig obs]v$ 9 x a mixture ( z9c1 by :i* ,br&t1 a memb] ( ! ,sw$i% c\ncil ( m9es1 0 l$ to prove1 t1 :5 pure1 x consi/s ( vitriolic acid & oxide ( z9c2 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,hellot#ih4 ,i come n[1 9 ! la/ place1 to ! hi/ory ( ?is metal1 :i*1 :5 furnace-calam9e 0 us$1 c\ld n rema9 long unobs]v$1 z x is sometimes f\nd among/ x uncalc9$ 9 metallic drops4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o fir/ describ$ ! use ( furnace-calam9e 9 mak+ brass1 is ! olde/ au?or 9 ^: works m5tion is made ( z9c4 ,he calls x m>*asita aurea4 ,?is 0 prop]ly a /one1 ! metallic p>ticles ( :i* 7 s entirely sublimat$ by fire1 t no?+ b useless a%es rema9$ beh9d4 ,x conta9$ fix$ quicksilv]1 communicat$ a col\r to metals1 on :i* acc\nt x 0 well kn[n to ! al*emi/s1 burn$ 9 ! fire1 & 0 at l5g? entirely consum$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts1 b t at ,gosl> 0 ! be/1 because ! copp] x conta9$ seem$ to h 9 x a mixture ( gold4 ,to give ?is copp] h[ev] a /ill great] resemblance to gold1 "s t9 0 add$ to x1 by :i* means x became m brittle4 ,?is m>*asita also r5d]$ copp] :ite z silv]4 ,?us f> ,alb]tus4 ,x obta9$ )\t d\bt ! "n ( m>*asita aurea1 because z9c communicates a yell[ col\r to copp]2 & = ! same reason ! ,greeks & ! ,arabians call$ cadmia gold5 or aurea4 ,b h[ c\ld ,alb]tus say t m>*asite made copp] :ite8 ,did he commit a mi/ake1 & mean t98 ,to me ?is appe>s n probable1 z at "o "t he seems to call x arg5tea4 ,i imag9e t he knew t copp]1 :5 mix$ ) z mu* z9c z possible1 t is1 accord+ to ,s*eff]1 eighty-n9e p\nds to a hundr$1 became :ite2 & x appe>s t by ?is he wi%$ to e/abli% its aff9ity ) quicksilv]4 ,! next au?or :o gives an intelligible acc\nt ( ?is metal is ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 :o di$ 9 #aeda4 ,i d n h[ev] imag9e t x 0 =gott5 9 ?is long int]val1 at lea/ by ^? :o 7 call$ al*emi/s4 ,i am r ( op9ion1 t on acc\nt ( ! great hopes :i* x gave !m by ! col\r+ ( copp]1 !y describ$ x purposely 9 an obscure mann]1 & conceal$ x "u o!r names1 s t x 0 n discov]$ 9 _! works4 ,!re are few :o w\ld h pati5ce to wade ?r\gh ^!1 & ! few :o c\ld d s1 turn _! att5tion to objects ( great] importance ?an ^? :i* occupy m9e4 ,gold & silv] except$1 !re is no metal :i* has _h =m]ly s _m & s wond]ful names z z9c#ii4 ,= ?is reason1 *emi/s long believ$ t z9c 0 n a di/9ct metal1 b only a v>iety ( t9 or bismu?2 & ) ^! p]haps x may h5ce h be5 (t5 conf\nd$4 ,! "n z9c occurs fir/ 9 ,p>acelsus4 ,he expressly calls x a di/9ct metal1 ! nature ( :i* 0 n suffici5tly kn[n2 :i* c\ld be ca/1 b 0 n malleable1 & :i* 0 produc$ only 9 ,c>9?ia4 ,0 he !n unacqua9t$ ) ! z9c ( ,gosl>1 :i* 0 kn[n at an e>li] p]iod to ,alb]tus ,magnus#ajj8 ,george ,agricola1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #aeej1 speaks h[ev] ( ! ,gosl> z9c1 b he calls x liquor c&idus1 & 9 ,g]man cont]fey#aja4 ,ma!sius1 :o publi%$ 8 s]mons 9 #aefb1 says1 8at ,freyb]g !re is r$ & :ite z9c40 ,p]haps he did n mean ! metal1 b m9]als t conta9$ z9c4 ,george ,fabricius1 :o di$ 9 #aega1 conjectures t /ibium is :at ! m9]s call c9cum1 :i* c be melt$1 b n hamm]$4 ,x is se5 by ^! imp]fect acc\nts t ?is metal mu/ h be5 sc>ce1 ev5 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & t x 0 n 9 ! collection ( ,agricola1 :i* 0 consid]able = t p]iod4 ,libavius1 :o di$ 9 #afaf1 m5tions x sev]al times1 b he regrets1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 t he _h n be5 able to procure any ( x#ajb4 ,0 ?is ow+ to ! prohibition ( duke ,julius1 by :i* x 0 =bidd5 to be sold8 ,?is prohibition is quot$ by ,pott f ,jungii ,m9]alogia1 ) :i* ,i am unacqua9t$2 b z ,pott has already1 by 8 un9telligible quotations1 made me sp5d _m h\rs to no purpose1 ,i %all n wa/e m 9 se>*+ = x4 ,! prohibition allud$ to is m5tion$ nei!r by ,rehtmei] nor by any o!r au?or4 ,! fooli% ta/e = al*emy1 :i* prevail$ !n at ! duke's c\rt1 makes x n altoge!r improbable t "o 0 issu$#ajc2 & if t 0 really ! case1 x 0 occasion$ n s mu* by any dread ( ?is metal be+ misus$1 z ,pott ?9ks1 b by ! high hopes :i* 7 ent]ta9$ ( its utility 9 mak+ gold4 ,! fir/ accurate & c]ta9 acc\nt ( ! me?od ( procur+ z9c at ,gosl>1 is1 z f> z ,i "k1 giv5 by ,lhneyss1 9 #afag1 ?\gh he consid]s x to be ! same z bismu?#ajd4 ,joh4 ,s*rd] ( ,we/phalia1 :o di$ 9 #affd1 calls x m>casita pallida4 ,! fir/ p]son :o purposely procur$ ?is metal f calam9e1 by ! addition ( "s inflammable sub/ance1 0 und\bt$ly ,h5kel1 :o gave an acc\nt ( 8 success 9 ! ye> #agda1 ?\gh he conceal$ ! :ole process#aje4 ,aft] him1 ,dr4 ,isaac ,lawson1 a ,scotsman1 seems to h made exp]im5ts :i* prov$ ! possibility ( obta9+ z9c 9 ?is mann] on a l>ge scale2 & 9 #agcg ,h5kel he>d t x 0 !n manufactur$ 9 ,engl& ) great advantage4 ,( ?is ,lawson ,i "k no?+ m ?an :at is relat$ by ,dr4 ,watson#ajf4 ,an?ony von ,swab1 memb] ( ! ,sw$i% c\ncil ( m9es1 procur$ ?is metal aft]w>ds f calam9e by di/illation1 9 #agdb2 z did ,m>ggraf 9 #agdf1 :o appe>s h[ev] n to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! ,sw$i% exp]im5t4 ,9 ! ye> #agdc1 "o ,*ampion e/abli%$ z9c works at ,bri/ol1 :i* 7 cont9u$ by 8 successor ,james ,em]son1 :o e/abli%$ works ( ! l k9d at ,h5ham1 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! metal 0 procur$1 has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,watson 9 8 ,*emical ,essays4 ,! great] "p ( ?is metal1 us$ 9 ,europe1 0 und\bt$ly br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! ,comm]cial ,company 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 betwe5 ! ye>s #agge & #aggi1 caus$ to be sold1 on _! acc\nt1 above #idc1jha p\nds ( x#ajg4 ,9 ! ye> #aghj1 ! *amb] ( ,rott]dam alone sold #bh1jjj p\nds2 & ,i f9d1 by pr9t$ catalogues1 t ! o!r *amb]s1 at t p]iod1 _h n any ( x 9 _! possession4 ,if ! acc\nt giv5 by ,raynal be true1 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company pur*as$ annually1 at ,palimbang1 a million & a half ( p\nds#ajh4 ,9 #agha1 ! ,dani% ,company at ,cop5hag5 pur*as$ #aec1iec p\nds ( tut5age1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ ?i!r 9 two vessels1 at ! rate ( f f\r & "o-eigh? to f\r & a qu>t] s*ill+s ,lubec p] p\nd4 ,x is probable t ! ,engli% & ,sw$es import ?is article also4 ,x w\ld be ( "s consequ5ce if "o c\ld le>n 9 :at "p ( ,india1 :51 & 9 :at mann] ?is metal 0 fir/ procur$1 & 9 :at ye> x 0 fir/ c>ri$ !nce to ,europe4 ,accord+ to ! scanty in=mation :i* we h on ! subject1 x comes f ,*9a1 ,b5gal1 ,malacca#aji1 & ! ,malab> coa/1 f :i* copp] & t9 are also import$4 ,9 ! olde/ bills ( lad+ ( %ips belong+ to ! ,ne!rl&s ,i f9d no m5tion ( z9c2 b x is possible t x may be compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( ,indian t92 = s x 0 at fir/ call$4 ,savot1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #afdj1 relates1 on ! au?ority ( a contempor>y writ]#aaj1 t "s ye>s be=e ! ,dut* _h tak5 f ! ,portuguese a %ip lad5 ) ?is metal1 :i* 0 sold "u ! "n ( speautre4 ,x is probable !re=e t x 0 br\ght to ,europe s e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,indian t9 is m5tion$ by ,boyle4 ,x is probable t ?is metal 0 discov]$ 9 ,india be=e any?+ ( ! ,european z9c _h be5 kn[n 9 t c\ntry2 b we are /ill less acqua9t$ ) ! cause ( ! discov]y ?an ) ! me?od ( procur+ ! metal4 ,we are told t an ,engli%man1 :o1 9 ! above c5tury1 w5t to ,india1 9 ord] to discov] ! process us$ !re1 return$ ) an acc\nt t x 0 obta9$ by di/illation v] desc5sum4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t names ( ?is metal1 ,i c (f] v little4 ,cont]fey signifi$ =m]ly e k9d ( metal made 9 imitation ( gold#aaa4 ,fris* says x 0 call$ z9k1 f :i* 0 =m$ fir/ z9etum1 & aft]w>ds z9cum1 because ! furnace-calam9e assumes ! figure ( 7z9k5 or zack57 nails or spikes2 b x is to be rem>k$ t ^! names d n occur be=e ! discov]y ( ?is metal1 ?\gh (5bru* 0 kn[n long be=e4 ,fulda speaks ( ! ,anglo-,saxon s91 z9k1 :i* he translates obryzum4 ,spiaut]1 speaut]1 & spialt]1 f :i* ,boyle made speltrum1 & also tutaneg or tuttanego1 came to u f ,india ) ! commodity4 ,"u ! la/-m5tion$ "n is sometimes compreh5d$ a mixture ( t9 & bismu?4 ,calaem is also an ,indian appellation giv5 to ?is metal1 & has a consid]able lik5ess to calam9e2 b ,i am ( op9ion ) ,salmasius t ! latt] is n d]iv$ f ! =m]1 z lapis calam9>is occurs 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & calaem 0 fir/ br\ght to u by ! ,portuguese f ,india4 ,mo/ ( ! z9c works 9 ?is c\ntry are situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham & ,bri/ol2 a few furnaces also exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,%effield1 among ! coal-pits surr\nd+ t t[n2 !re is also "o at ,mae/ag 9 ,glamorgan%ire4 ,! ores work$ at ,bri/ol & ,birm+ham are pr9cipally obta9$ f ! ,m5dip-hills & ,fl9t%ire2 ^? at ,%effield f ,al/on ,moor4 ,! great] "p h[ev] ( ! z9c us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is import$ 9 +ots & plates f ,silesia1 by way ( ,hamburg1 ,antw]p1 ,dantzic1 c4 ,we receive annually f #ajj1jjj to #agj1jjj cwts4 f ,g]many2 ( ?is quantity1 ab\t #hj1jjj cwt4 are ent]$ = home consumption1 & ! re/ is export$ = ,india4 ,f its mod]ate price & ! ease ) :i* x c be work$1 z9c is n[ ext5sively us$ = mak+ wat]-ci/]ns1 ba?s1 pipes1 cov]+ ( ro(s1 & a great _m ar*itectural purposes4 ,x has also ( late be5 employ$ 9 ! curi\s art ( transf]r+ pr9t+1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,z9cography1 b ow+ to ! ease ) :i* ?is metal becomes coat$ ) a film ( oxide or c>bonate1 by exposure to ! air1 ! plates _c be pres]v$ = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,,footnotes #hb ,x has be5 obs]v$ by an anonym\s review] 7,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ical ,review1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cfa7 t a passage 9 ,/rabo au?orises ! belief t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ?is metal 9 its sep>ate /ate1 & t x is ! false silv]1 1 ( t anci5t geograph]4 #hc ,bullet9 des f\illes d'une ville ,roma9e1 p4 #aa4 #hd ,pl94 lib4 xxxiv4 sect4 #bb4 #he ,z9c-ore1 besides be+ m5tion$ by ,ari/otle & ,/rabo1 is m5tion$ by ,gal51 ,de ,simplic4 ,m$icam4 ,facultatibus1 lib4 ix4 p4 #adb4 ,z he f\nd no furnace-calam9e :5 he resid$ 9 ,cyprus1 he procur$ f ! ov]se] ( ! m9es "s raw cadmia1 :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s & rivulets1 & :i* c]ta9ly mu/ h be5 calam9e4 #hf ,at fir/ x 0 call$ s cyprium1 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t only cyprium2 f :i* 0 at l5g? =m$ cuprum4 ,x _c h[ev] be asc]ta9$ at :at p]iods ^! appellations 7 common4 ,! epi!t cupreus occurs 9 manuscripts ( ,pl9y & ,palladius2 b "o _c say :e!r lat] transcrib]s may n h *ang$ cyprius into cupreus1 ) :i* !y 7 p]haps bett] acqua9t$4 ,! olde/ writ] :o uses ! ^w cuprum is ,sp>tian2 :o says1 9 ! ,life ( ,c>acalla1 8cancelli ex re vel cupro40 ,b may n ! la/ ^w h be5 add$ to ! text z a gloss8 ,pl9y1 book xxxvi4 #bf1 says1 8,addito cyprio et nitro20 :i* ,isidore1 xvi4 #ae1 p4 #cic1 expresses by ! words adjecto cupro et nitro4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,cyprian copp] gave occasion to ?is appellation2 z ! be/ iron or /eel 0 call$ *alybs1 f ! ,*alybes 7a p ( ,galatia7 :o prep>$ ! f9e/1 & c>ri$ on ! greate/ trade ) x4 ,b 9 :at did ! sup]iority ( ?is ,cyprian copp] consi/8 ,9 its purity1 or 9 its col\r1 :i* approa*$ ne> to t ( gold8 ,t isl& produc$ a great deal ( ore :i* conta9$ z9c1 & ab\nd$ also ) calam9e4 ,pl9y says1 89 ,cypro prima fuit ris inv5tio40 ,r$ copp] h[ev] _h be5 kn[n !re f ! e>lie/ p]iods1 s t ! hon\r ( its inv5tion mu/ be all[$ to t isl& )\t any contradiction2 & ,pl9y mu/ und\bt$ly allude 9 ! above passage to "s p>ticul> k9d4 #hg ,dioscorides1 book v4 c4 #hd1 fir/ m5tions "s sorts ( cadmia1 1 & 4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,gal5 & ,pl9y1 are und\bt$ly c]ta9 k9ds ( 7(5bru*7 furnace-calam9e2 b ,salmasius 9 8 book ,de ,homonymis1 p4 #bcj1 & ,s>rac5 9 8 ,annotations1 p4 #aac1 are ( op9ion t ,dioscorides consid]$ !m z native k9ds ( cadmia1 or m9]als abundant 9 z9c4 ,i _c h[ev] all[ myself to believe t ,dioscorides1 :o 0 s c>eful1 & :o imm$iately aft] describes ! artificial prep>ation ( cadmia cle>ly & prop]ly1 %\ld h ?us err$4 ,besides1 e k9d ( (5bru* 7furnace-calam9e7 mu/ h discov]$ its orig9 f fire to su* a good judge ( m9]als z ,dioscorides4 ,i am conv9c$ t he1 z well z ,gal5 & ,pl9y1 consid]$ ! above k9ds z furnace-calam9e4 ,pompholyx 0 ! "n ( ! :ite fl[]s ( z9c :i* ,dioscorides1 v4 #he1 p4 #ceb1 comp>es to wool1 & :i* by *emi/s 7 =m]ly call$ lana philosophica4 ,! anci5ts collect$ ^! fl[]s :5 produc$ by ! melt+ ( z9c-ore2 b !y obta9$ !m also by an app>atus :i* is fully describ$ by ,dioscorides & ,gal51 & :i* approa*es ne> to t us$ = collect+ ars5ic 9 ! poison melt+-h\ses1 z !y are usually call$4 #hh ,?is h[ev] ,i w n ) c]ta9ty affirm4 ,z calmey & galmey h probably tak5 _! rise f cadmia or calimia1 & z bo? ^! words signifi$ prop] calam9e1 z well z (5bru*1 ! latt]1 p]haps1 may at an e>li] p]iod h signifi$ furnace-calam9e4 #hi ,pro(s respect+ ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ,salmasius ,de ,homonymis4 #ij ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n :5 ?is ,zosimus ,panopolitanus liv$4 ,8 works1 :i* mu/ conta9 abundance ( in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry1 h nev] yet be5 pr9t$4 ,! great] "p ( !m 7 pres]v$ 9 ! k+'s libr>y at ,p>is4 ,! receipt to :i* ,i allude has be5 ins]t$ by ,salmasius1 p4 #bcg4 #ia ,we read 9 ,obs]vations sur la ,physique1 vi4 p4 #bee1 t = _m ye>s tutia has be5 collect$ & sold 9 ! bi%opric ( ,liege4 ,lehmann endeav\rs to %[ t x 0 made by ! ,jews 9 ,pol&4 ,novi ,comm5t4 ,acad4 ,petrop4 xii4 p4 #cha4 ,z ! use ( tutia :i* is an impure oxide ( z9c f\nd 9 ! *imneys ( ! furnaces 9 :i* z9c-ores are roa/$1 or 9 :i* z9cif]\s lead-ores are smelt$ has be5 almo/ ab&on$1 because physicians pref] pure fl[]s ( z9c1 & because ^? :o make p9*beck employ purifi$ z9c1 x is probable t ?is sub/ance w soon be entirely neglect$4 #ib ,de ,m9]alibus4 ,coloni1 #aefi1 #abmo1 p4 #cej1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #e2 & lib4 v4 cap4 #g1 p4 #chh4 #ic ,! o!r edition 0 pr9t$ at ,/ockholm & ,hamburg1 by ,liebezeit1 & is ! same z t m5tion$ by ,h4 ,gatt]]1 9 ,anleitung d5 ,h>z zu b]eis51 i4 p4 #cac1 & ii4 p4 #ac4 #id 8,:ite vitriol also is made at ,gosl>1 b by "o citiz5 only1 nam$ ,h5ni ,bald]4 ,x is n procur$ by ! evaporation ( copp] l o!r vitriol2 b :5 l>ge quantities ( ore are roa/$ 9 ! furnaces1 a r$ sub/ance is f "t to "t collect$ on ! refuse ( ! ore1 & f\nd 9 "s places half an ell ?ick4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is salti%1 is =m$ into a lye1 & boil$ 9 small lead5 pans4 ,! re/ ( ! process ,i d n "k1 b ,i obs]v$ t x cry/allizes l saltpetre1 b is /rong] & :it]4 ,x is also ca/ into small cakes ab\t ! ?ickness ( "o's h&4 ,?is vitriol is employ$ by ! lea!r-dress]s1 & may be us$ = _m ?+s in/ead ( alum2 b x _c be us$ 9 dress+ :ite sk9s1 because x makes !m yell[i%40 #ie ,bruckmann1 ii4 p4 #ddf4 ,s*w>tze1 9 8 ,ph>m4 ,tabell4 #bnd edit4 p4 #ggi1 /ates t :ite vitriol 0 kn[n t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? or at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #if ,calvor1 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t1 p4 #aii & #bjj4 ,prop]ly x is writt5 & pron\nc$ jckel4 ,x is v rem>kable t 9 ,icel& ?is ^w at pres5t signifies icicles4 #ig ,*emie1 von ,kessel1 iv4 #b1 p4 #hcb1 :]e may be f\nd ! old op9ions on ?is subject4 #ih ,br&t1 9 ,acta ,upsali5s4 #agce4 ,hellot1 9 ,mmoires de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 #agce1 p4 #bi4 ,sulphate ( z9c or :ite vitriol is at pres5t manufactur$ 9 consid]able quantity = ph>maceutical purposes1 & = ! calico-pr9t]4 #ii ,a great _m may be f\nd collect$ 9 ,fu*s1 ,ges*i*te des ,z9ks4 ,erfurt1 #aggh1 #hvo4 #ajj ,p>acelsi ,op]a4 ,/rasb4 #afaf1 fol4 ,i %all "h transcribe ! pr9cipal passage4 ,( z9c3--,!re is ano!r metal1 z9c1 :i* is 9 g5]al unkn[n4 ,x is a di/9ct metal ( a diff]5t orig91 ?\gh adult]at$ ) _m o!r metals4 ,x c be melt$1 = x consi/s ( ?ree fluid pr9ciples1 b x is n malleable4 ,9 its col\r x is unlike all o!rs1 & does n gr[ 9 ! same mann]2 b ) its ultima mat]ia ,i am z yet unacqua9t$1 = x is almo/ z /range 9 its prop]ties z arg5tum vivum4 ,x admits ( no mixture1 w n be> ! fabricationes ( o!r metals1 b keeps itself entirely to itself4 #aja ,de ,re ,metallica1 lib4 ix4 p4 #cbi4 #ajb ,9 ,j4 ,hornung's ,ci/a ,m$ica4 ,lipsi4 #ajc ,h[ mu* duke ,julius1 :o 9 o!r respects did great s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 suff]$ himself to be dup$ by ! art ( mak+ gold1 appe>s f an anecdote giv5 by ,rehtmei]1 p4 #ajaf4 ,( ?is anecdote ,i receiv$ f ,m4 ,ribb5trop an old acc\nt 9 manuscript1 :i* "o _c read )\t a/oni%m5t4 ,!re is /ill %[n1 at ! ca/le ( ,wolf5buttle1 an iron /ool1 on :i* ! impo/or1 ,anna ,m>ia ,ziegl]9n1 nam$ ,s*lut] ,ils*e1 0 burnt1 ,febru>y #e1 #aege4 #ajd ,page #hc3--8,:5 ! p at ! melt+-h\ses are employ$ 9 melt+1 !re is =m$ "u ! furnace1 9 ! crevices ( ! wall1 among ! /ones :]e x is n well pla/]$1 a metal :i* is call$ z9c or cont]feht2 & :5 ! wall is scrap$1 ! metal falls d[n into a tr\gh plac$ to receive x4 ,?is metal has a great resemblance to t91 b x is h>d] & less malleable1 & r+s l a small bell4 ,x c\ld be made also1 if p w\ld give !mselves ! tr\ble2 b x is n mu* valu$1 & ! s]vants & workm5 only collect x :5 !y are promis$ dr9k-money4 ,!y h[ev] scrape (f m ( x at "o "t ?an at ano!r2 = sometimes !y collect two p\nds1 b at o!rs n above two ounces4 ,?is metal1 by itself1 is ( no use1 z1 l bismu?1 x is n malleable2 b :5 mix$ ) t91 x r5d]s x h>d] & m beautiful1 l ! ,engli% t94 ,?is z9c or bismu? is 9 great reque/ among ! al*emi/s40 #aje ,kie%i/orie1 p4 #ega1 & p>ticul>ly p4 #gba4 #ajf ,pott ref]s to ,lawson's ,diss]t4 de ,nihilo1 & quotes "s words f x2 b ,i _c f9d x2 nor am ,i surpris$ at ?is1 z x 0 n kn[n to ,dr4 ,watson4--,see ,*emical ,essays1 iv4 p4 #cd4 ,pryce1 9 ,m9]al4 ,cornub41 p4 #di1 says1 8,! late ,dr4 ,j4 ,lawson1 obs]v+ t ! fl[]s ( lapis calam9>is 7 ! same z ^? ( z9c1 & t its effects on copp] 7 also ! same ) t semi-metal1 nev] remitt$ 8 endeav\rs till he f\nd ! me?od ( sep>at+ pure z9c f t ore40 ,! same acc\nt is giv5 9 ! supplem5t to ,*amb]s's ,diction>y1 #agec1 art4 calm4 & z9c2 & 9 ,campbell's ,political ,survey ( ,brita91 ii4 p4 #ce4 ,! latt] h[ev] adds1 t ,lawson di$ too e>ly to d]ive any b5efit f 8 discov]y4 #ajg ,ric>ds ,h&bu* d] ,kaufleute1 i4 p4 #eg4 #ajh ,raynal says t ! company pur*ase x at ! rate ( tw5ty-eight flor9s ?ree-qu>t]s p] hundr$ weight1 & t ?is price is mod]ate4 ,at ,am/]dam1 h[ev]1 ! price 0 commonly f sev5te5 to eighte5 flor9s banco4 ,accord+ to a catalogue :i* ,i h 9 my possession1 ! price1 on ! #i? ( ,may1 #aghh1 0 sev5te5 flor9s1 & on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y1 #agha1 x 0 only sixte54 #aji ,l9s*ot51 b4 ii4 c4 #ag4 ,! au?or calls x calaem1 ! "n us$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is a k9d ( t94 #aaj ,de ,nummis ,antiquis2 9 ,grvii ,!s4 ,antiq4 ,rom4 xi4 p4 #aaie4 #aaa ,mat!sius1 ,pr$4 v4 p4 #bej4--8;,cont]feil is a metal ( little value1 =m$ by additions & col\r+ sub/ances1 s t x resembles gold or silv]1 z an image1 or any?+ c\nt]feit$1 does its ar*etype4 ,?us copp] is col\r$ by calam9e & o!r mixtures1 9 su* a mann] t x appe>s to be pure gold40 ,9 ! police ord9ance issu$ at ,/rasburg 9 #afbh1 "y wom5 are =bidd5 to we> gold or silv]1 or any cont]faite1 & ev]y?+ t might h ! appe>ance ( gold or silv]4 ,,c>p4 ,s obscure is ! i*?yology ( ! anci5ts1 or s little c>e has be5 tak5 to expla9 x1 t ! "q :e!r our c>p 7 kn[n to ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 & _! contempor>ies1 _c ) any great degree ( probability be det]m9$4 ,besides1 t subject is att5d$ ) mu* great] difficulties ?an ! natural hi/ory ( quadrup$s4 ,among f\r-foot$ animals !re is a great] v>iety 9 _! bodily con=mation1 :i* at any rate /rikes ! eye m1 & c be m easily describ$ ?an t ( fi%es1 :i* 9 g5]al are s l 9 %ape1 t an exp]i5c$ sy/ematic naturali/ f9ds x sometimes difficult to det]m9e ! *>act]s ( ! g5]a & species4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t ! simple descriptions ( ! anci5ts1 or r ! %ort acc\nts :i* !y give u ( fi%1 d n af=d in=mation suffici5t to enable u to di/+ui% ) accuracy ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,quadrup$s may t]rify u by _! f]ocity1 or endeav\r to avoid u by %yness & craft2 b x is /ill possible to obs]ve _! sexes1 _! age1 & _! habits1 & to rem>k _m ?+s t are common to "o or only a few species4 ,fi%es1 on ! o!r h&1 live 9 an elem5t 9 :i* we _c approa* !m1 & :i* = ! mo/ "p conceals !m f our obs]vation4 ,! *ase1 s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iods1 & 9 mod]n times m ?an =m]ly1 has be5 ! employm5t ( idle p]sons1 :o be/[ ^u x great] att5tion ! few] ^? objects are :i* c attract _! curiosity or employ _! m9ds3 b fi%+ has almo/ always be5 ! labori\s occupation ( poor p1 :o h no "t to make obs]vations1 z !y are oblig$ to foll[ x 9 ord] to f9d a subsi/5ce2 & mank9d 9 g5]al seldom see fi% except on _! tables or 9 collections ( natural hi/ory4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^? prop]ties ( fi% by :i* _! species c\ld be det]m9$1 7 less kn[n4 ,! descriptions ( f\r-foot$ animals :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f ! "t ( ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 give u1 at any rate1 "s in=mation2 b f ^? ( fi%es1 :i* are m uncommon1 we c sc>cely d]ive any2 unless "o 7 z acute or easy ( belief z _m collectors ( petrefactions1 :o imag9e t !y c di/+ui% ea* species ( fi% 9 ! impressions :i* !y see 9 /ones4 ,m h[ev] might be done t[>ds elucidat+ ! i*?yology ( ! anci5ts ?an has hi!rto be5 attempt$4 ,x w\ld be necess>y only to make a beg9n+ by collect+ ! species & names :i* c ) c]ta9ty be det]m9$1 toge!r ) ! au?orities1 & sep>at+ !m f ! re/2 & an ab/ract %\ld be =m$ ( :at is said 9 ! anci5ts respect+ ! unkn[n species1 or :atev] may 9 any measure s]ve to make u acqua9t$ ) !m2 b m]e conjectures ought nev] to be giv5 z pro(s1 nor ought ! op9ions ( comm5tators1 or ! explanations ( diction>ies to be adopt$ )\t suffici5t gr\nds4 ,if ^! are to be believ$ )\t fur!r exam9ation1 ! names cypr9i & lepidoti mu/ be consid]$ z ^? ( c>p2 & ! propos$ "q w\ld be soon answ]$3 b t op9ion has sc>cely probability 9 its fav\r :5 "o se>*es aft] pro(s4 ,i %all n "h lay be=e ! read] ev]y?+ completely t ! anci5ts h said respect+ ! cypr9i1 & :i* is 9 "p s corrupt$ by transcrib]s1 t no c]ta9 mean+ c be drawn f x4 ,7 ,i to treat ( ! i*?yology ( ! anci5ts1 x might be necess>y2 b z t is n ! case1 ,i %all only quote su* p>ts ( x z h be5 employ$ by ,rondelet & o!rs to prove t !y 7 our c>p4 ,_! pr9cipal gr\nds seem to be1 t among all ! fi% ( ! anci5ts no o!rs occur :i* c ) any probability be consid]$ z c>p4 ,if ! cypr9i !re=e 7 n c>p1 ^! mu/ n h be5 nam$ by ! anci5ts2 & t und\bt$ly w n readily be admitt$4 ,x is well kn[n :at a high value ! anci5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! ,ori5tals1 set ^u fi%1 ( :i* !y _h a great v>iety2 & x appe>s t !y pref]r$ !m to all di%es prep>$ f f\r-foot$ animals or f[ls4 ,fi% seem to h be5 ! *oice/ delicacies ( voluptu>ies1 & 9 t respect !y are (t5] m5tion$ by hi/orians ?an f[ls4 ,physicians also1 to :om ! mo/ sumptu\s tables h 9 all ages be5 ( ! greate/ b5efit1 speak ( fi% (t5] 9 _! writ+s ?an ( di%es made ( ! fle% ( o!r animals4 ,9 ! anci5t cook]y1 ! numb] ( di%es prep>$ f fi% is inde$ great 9 comp>ison ( ^? dress$ f f[ls4 ,turdi & attag9es are mu* prais$2 b _h pheasants1 snipes1 p>tridges1 & o!rs1 be5 z mu* e/eem$ !n z !y are n[1 ^! w\ld n h be5 =gott51 or w\ld h occurr$ (t5]4 ,fi% at pres5t =m ! pr9cipal food 9 ,greece1 z well z at ,con/ant9ople1 & a great abundance & v>iety ( !m may be f\nd !re 9 ! m>kets2 b f[ls :i* h be5 caught or %ot are seldom expos$ = sale4 ,:5 ! ,egyptian & ,greek monks wi%$ to di/+ui% !mselves by ab/95ce & temp]ance1 !y d5i$ !mselves all k9ds ( fi%1 z ! ri*e/ delicacies1 9 ! same mann] z pret5d$ devotees among ! ,europeans d5y !mselves fle%4 ,b ?\gh all ?is may be true1 x does n prove t our c>p mu/ occur 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts4 ,! ,roman voluptu>ies1 inde$1 left v little untri$ t 0 likely to gratify _! appetite2 b x 0 impossible = !m to make a trial ( ev]y?+4 ,!re may h be5 p>ticul> reasons :i* prev5t$ !m f meet+ ) c>p2 & :o w v5ture to affirm t all ! k ( ! anci5ts mu/ be conta9$ 9 ^? few ( _! writ+s :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u by accid5ts8 ,if "o1 fre$ f ^! prejudices1 %\ld n[ ask :y ! cypr9us mu/ be our c>p1 ! answ] w be1 because :at we read ( ! tongue & scales ( ! cypr9i _c be appli$ ) s mu* propriety to any species ( fi% z to ! ,cypr9us c>pio ( ,l9nu4 ,ari/otle in=ms u t ! cypr9i _h prop]ly no tongue1 b t _! s(t fle%y palate might v readily be tak5 = "o#aab4 ,a!nu affirms t !y _h a tongue1 b t x lay 9 ! upp] "p ( ! m\? or palate2 & 9 confirmation ( ?is he ref]s to ,ari/otle#aac4 ,?is ass]tion ( ,a!nu h[ev] is v dubi\s2 = ^! words are n to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle :i* h be5 pres]v$1 ?\gh ! same mean+ might be inde$ =c$1 9 case ( necessity1 f ! passage fir/ quot$4 ,x is possible t ,a!nu1 z ,casaubon#aad has already conjectur$1 may "h1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts1 allude to "s book ( ,ari/otle n n[ extant4 ,besides1 he calls ! fi% ( :i* he speaks1 n cypr9us1 b cyprianus2 & a "q !re=e arises1 :e!r he may n h meant "s o!r k9d4 ,?is mu* at any rate appe>s c]ta9 f ! passage ( ,ari/otle1 t ! cypr9us _h a ?ick fle%y palate2 & t inde$ is ! case ) our c>p1 s t ! head1 on acc\nt ( ! delicacy & agreeable ta/e ( ! palate1 is reckon$ ! mo/ reli%+ "p4 ,by t circum/ance h[ev] no?+ is prov$2 z x is n peculi> to c>p alone1 b common to e species ( ! same family1 su* z ! bream1 t5*1 c4 ,fi% ( ?is k9d1 says ,blo*1 h prop]ly no tongue2 t :i* appe>s to be "o is m]ely a c>tilag9\s sub/ance :i* projects ?r\gh ^? b&-l p>ts t enclose x on ea* side4 ,?is pro( w\ld h m weight1 did we f9d x relat$1 t 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 ! tongue 0 consid]$ z an exquisite morsel3 b t is n m5tion$2 & ,h4 ,krunitz is mi/ak51 :5 he says t ,heliogabalus1 to satisfy 8 luxuri\s appetite1 0 induc$ to try a fricassee ( ! tongues ( c>p3 x consi/$ only ( ! tongues ( peacocks & night+ales#aae4 ,_h ! anci5ts really us$ c>p on _! tables1 we mu/ h ascrib$ to !m ! discov]y ( ^! delici\s fi%4 ,! o!r pro( :i* is br\ght f ! scales consi/s 9 :at is said by ,dorion1 9 ,a!nu#aaf1 t ! cyprianus 0 call$ also by "s lepidotus1 or scaly4 ,z ne>ly all fi% h scales1 ! scales ( ?is species mu/ h be5 extremely l>ge1 z !y got t "n by way ( em95ce2 & x mu/ be inde$ all[$1 t ! above epi!t w\ld suit our c>p exce$+ly well1 z _! scales are v l>ge4 ,b ?is circum/ance alone proves no?+1 z ! ,mullus & ,mugil h /ill l>g] scales2 & to ! fir/ g5us belong$ "o ( ! fi% mo/ e/eem$ by ! anci5ts#aag4 ,/rabo m5tions ! lepidotus among ! sacr$ fi% ( ! ,nile2 b :e!r x be ! same z t ( :i* ,dorion speaks1 _c be det]m9$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,nile conta9s c>p /ill2 = ,nord5 saw !m caught at ! wat]fall ne> ,essuane1 :i* is ! anci5t ,sy5e4 ,did we "k t ! mod]n ,greeks at pres5t call c>p cypr9i1 ?is w\ld prove m2 = x is an und\bt$ fact t ! anci5t names h = ! mo/ "p be5 reta9$ 9 ,greece4 ,we are assur$ by ,mass>ius#aah1 t ! ,greeks /ill use ! "n cypr9us2 b ,gyllius says t x is employ$ only by a few3 & ?is is confirm$ by ,bellon1 :o m5tions all ! names ( c>p :i* he he>d 9 ,greece1 & :i* are entirely diff]5t f ! anci5t#aai2 b he adds1 t c>p 9 tolia are /ill call$ cypr9i4 ,bo? ! be=e-m5tion$ circum/ances respect+ ! cypr9i agree extremely well ) our c>p2 b z !y w suit o!r k9ds equally well1 !y af=d no complete pro(1 b only a probability :i* am\nts to ?is1 t among ! l>ge-scal$ fi%1 c>p 9 p>ticul> h a fle%y palate2 & x is readily admitt$ t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) all k9ds1 & *ose names = !m ) m f\ndation ?an is done at pres5t4 ,9 opposition to ?is probability x may be said t ,oppian & ,pl9y reckon ! cypr9i among ! sea-fi%1 to :i* k9d our c>p d n belong4 ,?is reply h[ev]1 :i* "s h inde$ made1 is n ( great weight4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 bo? ^! writ]s seem to h be5 9 an error2 = :at ,pl9y says ( ! cypr9i is evid5tly tak5 f ,ari/otle1 & ! latt] does n tell u t ^! fi% live 9 ! sea1 b r ! contr>y4 ,! ,roman au?or1 z ,dale*amp rem>ks1 add$ ! words 9 m>i1 if !y 7 n add$ by "s transcrib]4 ,oppian z a poet does n always adh]e /rictly to tru?2 & he makes m ( ! fre%wat] fi% ( ,ari/otle to be inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i consid] ! di/9ction made betwe5 sea-fi%1 fre%wat] fi% & ^? kept 9 ponds1 to be n always v c]ta9 or well f\nd$4 ,:o kn[s :e!r ! great] "p ( ! la/ may n h be5 orig9ally sea-fi%8 ,?is is ! m probable 9 reg>d to c>p1 z ,pr(essor ,fo/] says t c>p are sometimes caught 9 ! h>b\r at ,dantzic#abj4 ,9 ord] to answ] ! "q "h propos$1 ano!r po9t may be consid]$4 ,z all nations at pres5t give ^! fi% ! same "n1 x is probable t x 0 br\ght ) !m f t c\ntry :]e !y 7 fir/ f\nd1 & f :i* !y 7 procur$4 ,cassiodorus1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 is ! olde/ au?or z yet kn[n 9 :om t "n has be5 obs]v$#aba4 ,9 a passage :]e he speaks ( ! mo/ delicate & co/ly fi%1 :i* at t "t 7 s5t to ! tables ( pr9ces1 he says1 8,among ^! is ! c>pa1 :i* is produc$ 9 ! ,danube40 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,lat9 translation ( ,ari/otle1 ! ^w cypr9us1 z ,camus says1 is express$ by c>pra4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ?is fi% 0 call$ by ,v9c5tius de ,beauvais#abb c>p]a1 & by ,cs>ius c>po2 & x is highly probable t bo? ^! names allude to our c>p4 ,by ! above passage ( ,cassiodorus1 ! op9ion t ^! fi% 7 ! cypr9i ( ! anci5ts obta9s a new1 b at ! same "t a v feeble pro(2 = ! cypr9us 0 f\nd also 9 ! ,danube1 z we le>n f lian#abc1 :o among ! fi% ( ! ,i/]1 m5tions black cypr9i2 & ^!1 accord+ to ! conjecture ( ,pr(essor ,s*neid]1 7 ! black fi% ( ! ,danube :i* ,pl9y consid]s z unheal?ful or poison\s1 & l :i* !re 7 "s 9 ,arm5ia4 ,our c>p inde$ are n poison\s1 b ,pl9y alludes to a p>ticul> v>iety1 & :at he says 0 only report1 to :i* some?+ mu/ h giv5 rise1 z also to ! idea ( c>p ) a dea?'s head1 & ! head ( a pug-dog1 z "s h be5 repres5t$ by writ]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! c>po ( ,cs>ius appe>s to h be5 our c>p1 because its scales _h a v great resemblance to ^? ( ! latt]2 = we are told 9 ! "w already quot$1 t ! devil1 once indulg+ 9 a frolic1 appe>$ 9 a coat ( mail1 & _h scales l ! fi% c>po4 ,! c>p]a ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais is /ill less d\btful1 z ! same craft 9 avoid+ rakes & nets is ascrib$ to t fi% z is kn[n to be employ$ by our c>p4 ,sometimes !y ?ru/ _! heads into ! mud & suff] ! net to pass ov] !m2 & sometimes !y jo9 ! head & tail toge!r1 & sep>at+ !m sudd5ly1 ?r[ !mselves t[>ds ! surface ( ! wat]1 & spr++ (t5 f\r or five feet above ! net1 make _! escape4 ,b :5ce did ?is "n arise8 ,! orig9 assign$ by ,v9c5tius1 or ! anonym\s au?or ( ! lo/ books ,de ,natura ,r]um1 l ano!r m5tion$ 9 ridicule by ,gesn]1 is too silly to be repeat$4 ,m le>n$ at any rate is ! d]ivation ( ,m5age1 :o traces x f cypr9us1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds trans=m$ into cupr9us1 cuprius1 cuprus1 cupra1 curpa1 & la/ly into c>pa4 ,= my "p1 ,i am m incl9$ to d]ive x f a dialect :i* 0 spok5 on ! banks ( ! ,danube1 & to believe t x 0 br\ght ) ! fi% f ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe2 b ,i am too little acqua9t$ ) t dialect to be able to r5d] my conjecture v probable2 & ! etymologi/s ,i consult$1 su* z ,wa*t]1 ,ihre1 ,johnson1 c41 af=d$ me no assi/ance4 ,fulda gave me "s hopes1 z he all[s ! ^w to be ( ,g]man extraction2 b ,i mu/ confess t 8 d]ivation is too f>-fet*$1 & l ! *emi/ry ( ! adepts1 to me n p]fectly intelligible4 ,x may p]haps n be sup]flu\s "h to obs]ve t "o mu/ n conf\nd c>pa & c>po1 or our c>p1 ) c>pio4 ,! latt] belongs to ! g5us ( ! salmon & tr\t2 & 9 ! ,l9nan sy/em is call$ ,salmo c>pio4 ,x is f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,lago di ,g>da1 ! anci5t ,lacus ,b5acus1 on ! conf9es ( ,tyrol4 ,! olde/ acc\nt ( ?is fi% is to be f\nd 9 works ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 su* z ! poems ( ,pi]ius ,val]ianus1 & 9 ,jovius de ,piscibus4 ,accord+ to ,l9nu1 x is f\nd 9 ! riv]s ( ,engl&2 b t is false4 ,?is celebrat$ naturali/ suff]$ himself to be misl$ by ,art$i1 :o gives ! *> or *>e1 m5tion$ by ,camd5 9 8 description ( ,lanca%ire1 z ! ,salmo c>pio4 ,p5nant h[ev]1 by :om x is n m5tion$ among ! ,engli% fi%1 says expressly t ! *> is n ! c>pio ( ! ,lago di ,g>da1 b r a v>iety ( ! ,salmo alp9us#abd4 ,t our c>p 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 & convey$ !nce to o!r c\ntries1 is und\bt$ly c]ta94 ,ev5 at pres5t !y d n ?rive 9 ! nor!rn regions1 & ! fur!r nor? !y are c>ri$ ! small] !y become#abe4 ,"s acc\nts ( _! transportation are /ill to be f\nd4 ,if x be true t ! ,lat9 poem on ! exp$ition ( ,attila is z old z ! fif? or six? c5tury1 & if ! fi% :i* ,wal!r gave to ! boatman :o f]ri$ him ov] ! ,rh9e1 & :i* ! latt] c>ri$ to ! kit*5 ( ,gun!r k+ ( ! ,franks1 7 c>p1 ?is circum/ance is a pro( t ^! fi% _h n be5 be=e kn[n 9 t "p ( ,france :i* bord]$ on ! ,rh9e#abf4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is conjecture ,i %all h[ev] leave to o!rs4 ,d',aussy quotes a book nev] pr9t$1 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 entitl$ ,prov]bes1 & 9 :i* is giv5 an acc\nt ( ! be/ articles produc$ at t "t by ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & assures u t a great _m k9ds ( fi% 7 m5tion$ 9 x1 b no c>p1 ?\gh at pres5t !y are common all ov] ,france4 ,x appe>s also t !re 7 no c>p 9 ,engl& 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 at lea/ !y d n occur 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,diction>y ( lfric1 :o 9 #ajea di$ ar*bi%op ( ,york#abg4 ,we are assur$ likewise t !y 7 fir/ br\ght into ! k+dom 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 or 9 #aead1 by ,leon>d ,mascal ( ,plum/$ 9 ,sussex#abh4 ,:at we read 9 ! ,l9nan ,sy/em1 t ^! fi% 7 fir/ br\ght to ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,:]e t celebrat$ naturali/1 "u :om ,i _h ! pleasure ( /udy+1 acquir$ ?is in=mation1 ,i d n "k4 ,d5m>k is indebt$ = ^! fi% to t celebrat$ /atesman ,pet] ,oxe1 :o introduc$ !m into ! k+dom z well z cray-fi%1 & o!r objects = ! table4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #aege4 ,we are told t ^! fi% 7 br\ght f ,italy to ,prussia1 :]e !y are at pres5t v abundant1 by a nobleman ^: "n is n m5tion$4 ,?is s]vice h[ev] may be ascrib$ ) m probability to ! upp] burg-grave1 ,casp> von ,no/iz1 :o di$ 9 #aehh1 & :o 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury fir/ s5t c>p to ,prussia f 8 e/ate 9 ,silesia1 & caus$ !m to be put into ! l>ge pond at ,ar5sb]g n f> f ,creuzburg4 ,z a memorial ( ?is circum/ance1 ! figure ( a c>p1 cut 9 /one1 0 %[n =m]ly ov] a door at ! ca/le ( ,ar5sb]g4 ,?is colony mu/ h be5 v num]\s 9 ! ye> #aece1 = at t p]iod c>p 7 s5t f ,knigsb]g to ,wilda1 :]e ! ar*duke ,alb]t !n resid$4 ,at pres5t 7#agih7 a great _m c>p are transport$ f ,dantzic & ,knigsb]g to ,russia1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k4 ,x appe>s to me probable t ^! fi% aft] t p]iod became ev]y:]e kn[n & e/eem$1 z eat+ fi% 9 ,l5t & on fa/-days 0 among ,*ri/ians consid]$ to be a religi\s duty1 & t on ?is acc\nt !y endeav\r$ to h ponds /ock$ ) !m 9 e c\ntry1 because no species c be s easily br$ 9 ^! res]voirs4 ,i %all obs]ve 9 ! la/ place1 t ! ,spiegel-c>p51 mirror-c>p1 di/+ui%$ by yell[ scales1 :i* are mu* l>g]1 ?\gh few] 9 numb]1 & :i* d n cov] ! :ole body1 are n m5tion$ b by mod]n writ]s4 ,blo* says t !y 7 fir/ describ$ by ,john/on "u ! "n ( royal c>p4 ,! passage :]e he does s ,i _c f9d2 b 9 plate xxix4 !re is a bad engrav+1 ) ! title ,spiegel-k>p51 :i* h[ev] h scales all ov] _! bodies1 & _c be ! k9d allud$ to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,spiegel-k>p5 are m5tion$ by ,gesn]1 :o1 z x appe>s1 nev] saw !m4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,balb9us1 :o wrote 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ p]son :o gave a true & complete description ( !m2 & accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 !y seem to h come orig9ally f ,bohemia4 ,! fir/ correct figure ( !m is to be f\nd 9 ,m>sigli4 ,,footnotes #aab ,hi/or4 ,animal4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #h4 #aac ,lib4 vii4 p4 #cji4 #aad ,animadv]s4 vii4 #ag1 p4 #edj4 #aae ,lampridii ,vita ,heliogab4 c4 #bj4 #aaf ,lib4 vii4 p4 #cji4 #aag ,?is fi% 0 a fir/-rate article ( luxury among ! ,romans1 & 0 pur*as$ at a de> rate4 ,juv5al says1 8,mullum sex millibus emit1 quantem sane p>ibus se/]tia libris40 ,see ,pl94 lib4 ix4 c4 #ag4 ,! ,italians h a prov]b1 8,la triglia non mangia *i la piglia10 :i* implies1 t he :o cat*es a mullet is a fool if he eats x & does n sell x4 ,:5 ?is fi% is dy+1 x *anges its col\rs 9 a v s+ul> mann] till x is entirely lifeless4 ,?is spectacle 0 s gratify+ to ! ,romans1 t !y us$ to %[ ! fi% dy+ 9 a glass vessel to _! gue/s be=e d9n]4 #aah ,fr4 ,mass>ii 9 ix4 ,pl9ii4 libr4 ,ca/igat4 ,bas4 #aecg1 #dto4 #aai ,a great s]vice w\ld be r5d]$ to ! natural hi/ory ( ! anci5ts1 if "s able sy/ematic naturali/ w\ld collect all ! ,greek names us$ at pres5t4 ,t\rne=t & o!rs made a beg9n+4 #abj ,philosophical ,transact4 vol4 lxi4 #agga1 "p i4 #caj4 #aba ,v>iorum1 p4 #chj4 #abb ,speculum ,naturale4 #abc ,de ,nat4 ,anim4 xiv4--,pl94 xxxi4 sect4 #ai4--;,antig4 ,c>4 c4 #aha4 #abd ,briti% ,zoology1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bei4 #abe ,pontoppidan1 ,natrli*e ,hi/orie von ,norweg51 ii4 p4 #bcf4 #abf ,de ,prima ,exp$it4 ,attil1 ed4 ,fis*]4 ,lips4 #aghj1 #dto4 #abg ,pr9t$ at ! end ( ,somn]i ,dict4 ,saxonicum4 #abh ,see ,&]son's ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce1 & ,p5nant's ,zoology1 p4 #cjj4 ,bo? ^! au?ors ref] to ,full]'s ,briti% ,wor?ies4 ,! c>p exi/$ 9 ,engl& be=e ! ye> #adhf3 = 9 ,dame ,juliana ,b]n]s' "w on ,angl+1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,/4 ,albans 7h5ce call$ ! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans7 9 #adhf1 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 speak+ ( ! c>p1 %e says 8,t x is a deynt\s fys%e1 b !re b5 b few 9 ,englonde4 ,& !re=e ,i wryte ! lesse ( hym4 ,he is an euyll fys%e to take4 ,= he is s /ronge en>myd 9 ! m\!1 t !re maye noo weke h>nays hold him40 ,,camp-,,mills4 ,"u ?is appellation are und]/ood portable or moveable mills1 :i* c be us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! "t ( w>1 :5 !re are nei!r w9d- nor wat]-mills 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & :i* on t acc\nt =m]ly accompani$ armies 9 ! same mann] z camp-ov5s & camp-=ges4 ,"s ( ^! mills h /ones = gr9d+ ! corn1 & o!rs are con/ruct$ ) a not*$ roll] l ^? ( our c(fee-mills4 ,"s ( !m also are s contriv$ t ! ma*9]y is put 9 motion by ! revolution ( ! :eels ( ! c>riage on :i* !y are plac$2 & o!rs1 & p]haps ! great] "p ( ^? us$1 are driv5 by horses or m51 aft] ! :eels ( ! c>riage are sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 or fa/5$ 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,to ! latt] k9d belongs t mill ( :i* ,zonca#abi has giv5 a co>se engrav+1 b )\t any description4 ,he says x 0 inv5t$ by ,pompeo ,t>gone1 eng9e] to ! well-kn[n m>quis ,ambrose ,sp9ola2 & he seems to place ! "t ( ! inv5tion ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is mill is ! same z t describ$ by ,bey] 9 8 ,!atrum ,ma*9>um ,mol>ium1 & repres5t$ 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? plate ( t "w#acj4 ,bey] rem>ks t x 0 employ$ by ,sp9ola4 ,! inv5tor1 z 8 "n %[s1 0 an ,italian1 :o made himself kn[n1 9 p>ticul>1 at ! celebrat$ siege ( ,ro*elle1 "u ,l\is ,,xiii41 at :i* he 0 *os5 to assi/1 because 9 ! ye> #afjc1 :5 ) ,sp9ola1 :o 0 consult$ respect+ ! op]ations at ,ro*elle1 he _h help$ by means ( a mole to %ut ! h>b\r ( ,o/5d dur+ ! t$i\s siege ( t place4 ,he 0 likewise 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice1 z int5dant des ma*9es du roi2 b 8 num]\s & exp5sive und]tak+s did n succe$ accord+ to 8 expectations#aca4 ,he inv5t$ also a p>ticul> k9d ( gun-c>riages1 & a v>iety ( w>like ma*9es#acb4 ,ano!r old figure ( su* a mill 0 %[n to me by ,pr(essor ,mei/]1 9 ,recueil de ,plusieurs ,ma*9es ,militaires1 pr9t$ 9 #afbj4 ,?is ma*9e 0 driv5 by ! :eels ( ! c>riage2 b :e!r x 0 ev] us$ ! au?or does n in=m u4 ,lancellotti#acc ascribes ?is inv5tion to ! ,g]mans1 ab\t ! ye> #afcc4 ,c>riages = transport+ camp-=ges & mill-ma*9]y are m5tion$ by ,leon>d ,fronsp]g]#acd1 b he does n say :e!r complete mills 7 affix$ to !m4 ,,footnotes #abi ,novo ,teatro di ,ma*9e ed ,edificii1 di ,vittorio ,zonca4 ,pad\a1 #afba1 & repr9t$ 9 #afef1 fol4 ,! great] "p ( ! ma*9es del9eat$ 9 ?is sc>ce book are eng9es = rais+ heavy bodies2 b _m ( !m are us$ 9 v>i\s trades & manufactures1 & may s]ve 9 "s measure to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( !m4 #acj ,j4 ,m4 ,bey]'s ,s*auplatz d] ,mhl5-,bau-kun/4 ,leipzig1 #agce1 fol4 ,repr9t$ at ,dresd51 #agfg4 #aca ,all ^? au?ors :o h writt5 expressly on ! fate ( ! ,hugu5ots1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ri*elieu1 ,l\is ,,xiii41 & ! siege ( ,ro*elle1 make m5tion ( ,t>gone4 #acb ,hi/oire de la ,milice ,franoise1 p> ,daniel4 ,am/4 #agbd1 i4 p4 #ccb4 #acc ,l',hoggidi1 ov]o gl',+egni non inf]iori a' passati4 ,v54 #afcf1 #hvo4 #acd ,kriegsbu*1 ,frankf4 #aeif1 fol4 p4 #i4 ,,mirrors#ace4 ,x is highly probable t a limpid brook 0 ! fir/ mirror#acf1 b we h reason to ?9k t artificial mirrors 7 made z mank9d began to ex]cise _! art & +5uity on metals & /ones4 ,e solid body1 capable ( receiv+ a f9e poli%1 w\ld be suffici5t = ?is purpose2 & inde$ ! olde/ mirrors m5tion$ 9 hi/ory 7 ( metal4 ,^? :i* occur 9 ,job#acg are prais$ on acc\nt ( _! h>dness & solidity2 & ,moses relates#ach1 t ! braz5 lav]1 or wa%+-bas91 0 made f ! mirrors ( ! wom5 :o _h assembl$ at ! door ( ! tab]nacle to pres5t !m1 & :i* he caus$ !m to deliv] up4 ,z ! wom5 appe>$ 9 full dress at div9e wor%ip1 x 0 necess>y = !m to h look+-glasses aft] ! ,egyptian mann]4 ,) ^! ! wa%+-bas9s1 accord+ to ! conjecture ( mo/ int]pretators1 7 only ornam5t$1 cov]$1 or p]haps hung r\nd2 & ,mi*aelis#aci himself 0 once ( ?is op9ion4 ,b :y %\ld we n r believe t ! mirrors 7 melt$ & =m$ into wa%+-bas9s8 ,z soon z mank9d began to endeav\r to make good mirrors ( metal1 !y mu/ h rem>k$ t e k9d ( metal 0 n equally prop] = t use1 & t ! be/ c\ld be obta9$ only f a mixture ( diff]5t metals4 ,9 ! mirrors h[ev] :i* 7 collect$ by ,moses1 ! arti/s _h a suffici5t /ock ( speculum metal1 & 7 n "u ! necessity ( mak+ x !mselves2 & = ?is reason !y c\ld mu* m easily give to ! :ole bas9 a poli%$ surface1 9 :i* ! prie/s1 :5 !y wa%$1 might survey !mselves at full l5g?4 ,at any rate su* a bas9 w\ld n be ! only "o employ$ in/ead ( a mirror4 ,artemidorus#adj says t he :o dreams ( view+ himself 9 a bas91 w h a son born to him by 8 maid4 ,dreams inde$ are g5]ally z gr\ndless z ?is int]pretation2 b "o c h>dly conjecture t ,artemidorus w\ld h ?\ght ( su* a dream1 _h x n be5 v common = p to contemplate !mselves 9 a bas94 ,!re 7 =m]ly a k9d ( =tune-tell]s1 :o pret5d$ to %[ 9 poli%$ bas9s to ! simple & ignorant1 :at !y wi%$ to "k#ada4 ,! anci5ts also _h dr9k+-vessels1 ! inside ( :i* 0 cut into mirrors1 s dispos$ t ! image ( ! p]son :o drank f !m 0 se5 multipli$#adb4 ,vopiscus m5tions1 among ! valuable pres5ts ( ,val]ian to ! emp]or ,probus1 :5 a tribune1 a silv] cup ( great weight1 :i* 0 cov]$ on ! inside ) mirrors ( ?is sort#adc4 ,m5>d & o!rs conjecture t mirrors 9 ! "t ( ,hom] 7 n mu* us$1 because he m5tions !m on no occasion1 n ev5 :]e he describes 9 s circum/antial a mann] ! toilet ( ,juno#add4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i h two ?+s to obs]ve4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n to be expect$ t ,hom] %\ld h m5tion$ e article ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$2 & secondly1 we are assur$ by ,callima*us1 :]e he evid5tly has imitat$ ! passage ( ,hom] be=e-quot$#ade1 t nei!r ,juno nor ,pallas employ$ a mirror :5 !y dress$4 ,my?ology !re=e did n all[ ! poet to introduce a mirror ^u ! toilet ( t deity4 ,polydore ,v]gilius1 ,boccace1 ,m5>d1 & o!rs h all fall5 into ! error ( mak+ sculapius ! inv5tor ( mirrors1 ?\gh ,cic]o#adf seems to say ! same ?+2 b ! be/ comm5tators h long s9ce obs]v$ v ju/ly1 t ! ,roman philosoph] alludes n to a mirror b to a probe1 ! inv5tion ( :i* we may all[ to ! fa!r ( m$ic9e1 :o 0 at fir/ only a surgeon4 ,:5 "o reflects ^u ! use made ( metal mirrors1 p>ticul>ly at ,rome1 to add to magnific5ce & = o!r purposes1 & h[ _m arti/s1 dur+ _m successive c5turies1 7 employ$ 9 con/ruct+ !m1 & vi$ to excel ea* o!r 9 _! art1 "o _c help conjectur+ t ?is bran* ( bus9ess mu/ at ^? p]iods h be5 c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection4 ,x is !re=e to be regrett$ t !y h n be5 p>ticul>ly describ$ by any writ]1 & t on ?is acc\nt ! art 0 entirely lo/ aft] ! inv5tion ( glass mirrors1 :i* are mu* m conv5i5t4 ,no "o at t "t ent]ta9$ ! lea/ suspicion t circum/ances w\ld aft]w>ds occur :i* w\ld r5d] ^! metal mirrors aga9 necess>y1 z has be5 ! case 9 our days by ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,our arti/s !n 7 oblig$ to make new exp]im5ts 9 ord] to discov] ! be/ mixture = mirrors ( metal2 & ?is %\ld be a w>n+ to mank9d1 nev] to suff] arts :i* h be5 once inv5t$ & useful to become aga9 unkn[n4 ,a circum/antial description ( !m %\ld at any rate be pres]v$ = ! use ( po/]ity1 9 libr>ies1 ! ar*ives ( human k4 ,:5 we comp>e metals 9 reg>d to _! fitness = mirrors1 we %all soon p]ceive t ! h>de/ ( a :ite col\r possess 9 ! highe/ degree ! necess>y lu/re4 ,= ?is reason plat9a is pref]able to all o!rs1 z is prov$ f ! exp]im5ts made by ! ,c\nt von ,sick5g54 ,/eel approa*es ne>e/ to ?is new metal1 & silv] foll[s /eel2 b gold1 copp]1 t9 & lead1 are mu* less end[$ ) ! requisite prop]ty4 ,i h h[ev] obs]v$ among ! anci5ts no traces ( /eel mirrors2 & x is probable !y did n make any ( t metal1 z x is s liable to become t>ni%$1 or to contract ru/4 ,an anci5t /eel-mirror is inde$ said to h be5 once f\nd1 b z "s m>ks ( silv]+ 7 p]ceiv$ on x1 a "q arises :e!r ! silv]$ side 0 n prop]ly ! face ( ! mirror#adg4 ,besides1 e p]son kn[s t a /eel mirror w\ld n reta9 its lu/re _m c5turies amid/ ru9s & rubbi%4 ,! great] "p ( ! anci5t mirrors 7 made ( silv]1 n on acc\nt ( co/l9ess & magnific5ce1 z _m ?9k1 b because silv]1 z has be5 said1 0 ! fitte/ & ! mo/ durable ( all ! !n kn[n unmix$ metals = t use4 ,9 ! ,roman code ( laws1 :5 silv] plate is m5tion$1 "u ! heads ( heir%ip & succession by prop9quity1 silv] mirrors are r>ely omitt$2 & ,pl9y#adh1 ,s5eca#adi1 & o!r writ]s1 :o inveigh aga9/ luxury1 tell u1 ridicul+ ! extravagance ( ! age1 t e "y woman 9 _! "t mu/ h a silv] mirror4 ,^! poli%$ silv] plates may h[ev] h be5 v slight1 = all ! anci5t mirrors1 pres]v$ 9 collections1 :i* ,i h ev] se51 are only cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( t exp5sive metal2 & 9 ! l mann] our arti/s h at l5g? le>n$ a me?od ( mak+ ! cases ( gold & silv] wat*es s ?9 & light1 t e footman & soldi] c we> "o4 ,at fir/ ! f9e/ silv] only 0 employ$ = ^! mirrors1 because x 0 imag9$ t !y c\ld n be made ( t :i* 0 /&>d2 b aft]w>ds metal 0 us$ ( an inf]ior quality4 ,pl9y tells u s expressly1 & ,i =m ! same conclusion f a passage ( ,plautus#aej4 ,philematium hav+ tak5 up a mirror1 ! prud5t ,scapha gives h] a t[el1 & desires h] to wipe h] f+]s1 le/ h] lov] %\ld suspect by ! smell t %e _h be5 receiv+ money4 ,f9e silv] h[ev] communicates z little smell to ! f+]s z gold2 b x is to be rememb]$ t ! anci5ts und]/ood mu* bett] ?an ! mod]ns h[ to discov] ! f95ess ( ! noble metals by ! smell1 z _m modes ( pro( :i* we use to f9d out ! alloy1 7 to !m unkn[n4 ,money-*ang]s !re=e employ$ _! smell :5 !y 7 desir\s ( try+ ! purity ( co9#aea4 ,! witty ?\ght ( ,vespasian1 :o1 :5 reproa*$ on acc\nt ( 8 tax ^u ur9e1 desir$ ^? :o did s to smell ! money x produc$1 & to tell him :e!r x _h any smell ( ! article :i* 0 ! object ( x1 alludes to ?is circum/ance4 ,9 ! l mann] _m savage nations at pres5t c by _! smell det]m9e ! purity ( gold#aeb4 ,we are in=m$ by ,pl9y1 t ,praxiteles1 9 ! "t ( ,pompey ! ,great1 made ! fir/ silv] mirror1 & t mirrors ( t metal 7 pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,silv] mirrors h[ev] 7 kn[n long be=e t p]iod1 z is prov$ by ! passage ( ,plautus above-quot$4 ,to reconcile ?is contradiction1 ,meursius rem>ks t ,pl9y speaks only ( 8 c\ntrym51 & n ( ! ,greeks1 :o _h su* articles mu* e>li]1 & ! sc5e 9 ,plautus is at ,a!ns4 ,?is !re=e seems to ju/ify ! acc\nt ( ,pl9y1 b ( :at he says aft]w>ds ,i c f9d no explanation4 ,h>d\9 is ( op9ion1 t mirrors1 accord+ to ! newe/ inv5tion1 at t p]iod1 7 cov]$ beh9d ) a plate ( gold1 z our mirrors are ) an amalgam4 ,b z ! anci5t plates ( silv] 7 n transp>5t1 h[ c\ld ! gold at ! back "p ( !m produce any effect 9 reg>d to ! image8 ,may n ! mean+ be1 t a ?9 plate ( gold 0 plac$ at "s di/ance be=e ! mirror 9 ord] to ?r[ m light ^u its surface8 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! case1 ,pl9y himself seems n to h _h mu* confid5ce 9 ! inv5tion4 ,mirrors ( copp]1 brass & gold1 ,i h f\nd m5tion$ only by ! poets1 :o p]haps employ$ ! names ( ^! metals because !y be/ suit$ _! measure1 or because !y wi%$ to use uncommon expressions1 & ?\ght a gold5 mirror ! noble/4 ,by ! brass ones p]haps are to be und]/ood only su* z 7 made ( mix$ copp]4 ,did gold5 mirrors occur (t5]1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to ref] ! epi!t r to ! frame or ornam5ts ?an to ! mirror itself2 = at pres5t we say a gold wat*1 ?\gh ! cases only may be ( t metal4 ,mirrors seem = a long "t to h be5 made ( a mixture ( copp] & t91 z is expressly said by ,pl9y#aec1 :o adds1 t ! be/ 7 con/ruct$ at ,brundisium4 ,?is mixture1 :i* 0 kn[n to ,ari/otle1 produces a :ite metal1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its col\r1 may h be5 extremely prop] = ! purpose1 & ev5 at pres5t ! same mixture1 accord+ to ! c>eful exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,mudge1 an ,engli%man#aed1 produces ! be/ metal = specula4 ,x appe>s t ! anci5ts _h n det]m9$ ! proportion v accurately2 = ,pl9y assures u twice t 9 8 "t mirrors ( silv] 7 pref]r$4 ,x is inde$ n easy to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ea* metal t ought to be tak51 & ! mo/ advantage\s degree ( heat2 ^u :i* a great deal dep5ds4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties is to ca/ ! metal )\t bli/]s or air-holes1 & )\t caus+ any "p ( ! t9 to oxidize1 :i* occasions knots & cracks1 & prev5ts x f receiv+ a f9e poli%4 ,a passage ( ,lucian#aee1 :i* no "o z yet has be5 able to cle> up1 alludes c]ta9ly1 9 my op9ion1 to ^! faults4 ,a mixture ( copp] & t9 is s brittle1 t x is v liable to crack2 & a mirror =m$ ( x1 if n pres]v$ ) great c>e1 soon becomes s dim1 t x _c be us$ till x has be5 previ\sly clean$ & poli%$4 ,= ?is reason a sponge ) p\nd$ pumice-/one 0 g5]ally susp5d$1 f ! anci5t mirrors1 & !y 7 kept likewise 9 a case or box1 z may be se5 by ! great] "p ( ^? /ill extant4 ,mirrors ( silv] 7 less subject to ?is inconv5i5ce1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! latt] on ?is acc\nt made ! =m] be disus$1 z we are in=m$ by ,pl9y4 ,z anci5t mirrors ( metal are /ill to be f\nd 9 collections ( antiquities1 x might be ( "s importance to ! arts if *emical exp]im5ts 7 made on _! composition4 ,^? :o h hi!rto giv5 u any acc\nt ( !m h cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+ _! ext]nal figure & %ape4 ,c\nt ,caylus#aef is ! only p]son1 z f> z ,i "k1 :o caus$ any *emical exp]im5ts to be und]tak5 on ?is subject4 ,!y 7 made on a mirror f\nd ne> ,naples1 by ,m4 ,r\x1 :o ass]ts t ! composition 0 a mixture ( copp] & regulus ( antimony1 ) a little lead4 ,antimony h[ev] 0 n kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,if t metal 0 really a compon5t "p1 ! mirror mu/ h be5 ! "w ( m mod]n times1 or x mu/ be all[$ t ! arti/ _h metal comb9$ ) antimony )\t kn[+ x2 b ! latt] is n probable4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,r\x d n seem to me to h prov$ 9 a satisfactory mann] ! pres5ce ( regulus ( antimony2 moreov]1 no c]ta9 in=mation c be d]iv$ f !m1 = ! antiquity ( ! mirror 0 n asc]ta9$2 nor 0 x kn[n :e!r x ought to be reckon$ among/ ! be/ or ! wor/ ( ! p]iod :5 x 0 made4 ,^? mirrors1 :i* 7 s l>ge t "o c\ld see "o's self 9 !m at full l5g?1 mu/1 9 all probability1 h consi/$ ( poli%$ plates ( silv]2 = to ca/ plates ( su* a size ( copp] & t9 w\ld h requir$ m art ?an we c all[ to ^? p]iods2 & ,i d n "k :e!r our arti/s ev5 n[ w\ld succe$ 9 !m#aeg4 ,we read 9 v>i\s au?ors1 t1 besides metals1 ! anci5ts =m$ /ones into mirrors1 :i* 7 likewise 9 use4 ,x is und\bt$ly c]ta9 t _m /ones1 p>ticul>ly ( ! vitre\s k9d1 :i* are opake & ( a d>k col\r1 w\ld answ] exce$+ly well = t purpose2 b let ! *oice h be5 ev] s good1 !y w\ld n1 9 ?is respect1 h be5 ne>ly equal to metals4 ,^! ( all m9]al bodies h ! mo/ p]fect opacity2 & = t reason ! greate/ lu/re3 bo? ^! prop]ties are produc$ by _! solidity2 & h5ce !y reflect m p]fectly1 & ) m regul>ity1 ! rays ( light t proce$ f o!r bodies4 ,our glass mirrors1 inde$1 are prop]ly metallic4 ,/ones1 on ! o!r h&1 h at any rate "s1 ?\gh (t5 h>dly p]ceptible1 transp>5cy2 s t _m ( ! rays ( light are absorb$1 or at lea/ n reflect$4 ,m5tion ( /one mirrors occurs also s seldom 9 ! anci5ts1 t we may conclude !y 7 made r = ornam5t ?an real utility4 ,9 g5]al1 we f9d acc\nts only ( poli%$ plates or panels ( /one1 fix$ 9 ! walls ( wa9scot$ ap>tm5ts1 :i* 7 celebrat$ on acc\nt ( _! prop]ty ( reflection4 ,pl9y#aeh praises 9 ?is respect ! obsidian /one1 or1 z x is n[ call$1 ! ,icel&ic agate4 ,ev]y?+ t he says ( x w be p]fectly intelligible to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ?is species ( /one or vitrifi$ lava4 ,! image reflect$ f a box made ( x1 :i* ,i h 9 my possession1 is l a %ad[ or silh\ette2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t "o sees n only ! cont\r1 b also ! :ole figure di/9ctly1 ?\gh ! col\rs are d>k5$4 ,to =m x into images & ut5sils1 :i* ,pl9y speaks (1 mu/ h be5 exce$+ly difficult1 on acc\nt ( its brittl5ess4 ,i saw at ,cop5hag51 among o!r ?+s made ( x1 a dr9k+-cup & cov]1 on :i* ! arti/ _h be5 employ$ f\r ye>s4 ,domitian1 :5 he suspect$ t plots 7 =m$ aga9/ him1 caus$ a gall]y1 9 :i* he us$ to walk1 to be l9$ ) ph5gites1 :i* by its reflection %[$ ev]y?+ t 0 done beh9d 8 back#aei4 ,"u t appellation we are und\bt$ly to und]/& a calc>e\s or gypse\s sp>1 or sel5ite1 :i* is inde$ capable ( reflect+ an image2 b we _c !re=e pret5d to say t ! anci5ts =m$ mirrors ( x2 nor d ,i expla9 :at ,pl9y says1 :]e he speaks ( ! ph5gites1 z if :ole build+s _h be5 once con/ruct$ ( x#afj4 ,t k9d ( /one1 = v>i\s reasons1 & p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( its brittl5ess1 is altoge!r unfit = su* a purpose4 ,at ^? p]iods1 ! w9d[s ( h\ses 7 op51 & n fill$ up ) any transp>5t sub/ance1 b only cov]$1 sometimes by lattices or curta9s4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ^? op5+s ( ! walls ( ! build+ m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 :]e ! w9d[s us$ to be1 7 fill$ up ) ph5gites1 :i*1 by admitt+ a fa9t light1 prev5t$ ! place f be+ d>k ev5 :5 ! doors 7 %ut2 s t ,pl9y might say1 8,x appe>$ z if ! light did n fall into ! build+1 b z if x 7 inclos$ 9 x40 ,i might be accus$ ( omission did ,i n "h m5tion also a passage ( ,pl9y#afa1 :]e he seems to speak ( a mirror made ( an em]ald1 :i* ,n]o us$ to assi/ him to see ! combats ( ! gladiators4 ,c>y ass]ts t ,n]o 0 %ort-sight$1 & t 8 em]ald 0 =m$ l a concave l5s4 ,! =m] is expressly said by ,pl9y#afb1 b ! latt]1 ?\gh by ,abat consid]$ n improbable#afc1 ,i c sc>cely all[ myself to believe1 because su* an int]pretation ( ,pl9y's words is too =c$1 & because !y c be expla9$ mu* bett] 9 ano!r mann]4 ,z no m5tion ( su* an excell5t help to %ort-sight$ p is to be f\nd 9 any o!r anci5t au?or1 we mu/ all[1 if ,c>y's op9ion be adopt$1 t ?is prop]ty ( ! concave em]ald 0 casually rem>k$1 & t no exp]im5ts 7 made to cut any o!r natural or artificial glass 9 ! same =m = ! l use1 because p imag9$ t ?is prop]ty 0 peculi> to ! em]ald alone1 :i* 0 !n commonly suppos$ to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( greatly /r5g!n+ ! eye-sight4 ,mu* m probable to me is ! explanation ( an ,italian1 :i* ,abat also does n entirely reject1 t ! em]ald _h a smoo? poli%$ surface1 & s]v$ ,n]o z a mirror#afd2 & ! passage ( ,pl9y allud$ to seems to h be5 ?us und]/ood by ,isidore#afe & ,m>bodu4 ,x may "h be object$1 t real em]alds are too small to admit ( be+ us$ z mirrors2 b ! anci5ts speak ( "s suffici5tly l>ge = t purpose1 & also ( artificial ones#aff2 s t we may ) c]ta9ty conclude1 t !y class$ among ! em]alds fluor-sp> gre5 vitrifi$ lava1 or ! gre5 ,icel&ic agate z x is call$1 gre5 jasp]1 & also gre5 glass4 ,! piece ( gre5 glass 9 ! mona/]y ( ,rei*5au1 :i* is sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 & weighs tw5ty-eight p\nds ?ree-qu>t]s2 & ! l>ge cup at ,g5oa1 :i* is h[ev] full ( flaws#afg1 h be5 giv5 out to be em]alds ev5 to ! pres5t "t4 ,mirrors 7 made also ( rubies1 z we are assur$ by ,pl9y#afh1 :o ref]s to ,!ophra/us = 8 au?ority2 b ?is preci\s /one is nev] f\nd n[ ( su* a size z to r5d] ?is use possible2 & ,g>y & ! anonym\s ,italian be=e-m5tion$ h prov$ v prop]ly t ,pl9y has committ$ a gross mi/ake1 :i* has n be5 obs]v$ by ,h>d\94 ,!ophra/us1 9 ! passage allud$ to#afi1 does n speak ( a ruby1 b ( ! well-kn[n black m>ble ( ,*io1 ?\gh he calls bo? c>bunculus1 a "n giv5 to ! ruby on acc\nt ( its lik5ess to a burn+ coal1 & to ! black m>ble on acc\nt ( its lik5ess to a qu5*$ coal or c9d]2 & ! latt]1 z well z ! obsidian /one1 0 us$ sometimes = mirrors4 ,! acc\nt h[ mirrors 7 =m$ by ! native ,am]icans1 be=e !y _h ! mis=tune to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,europeans1 is ( consid]able importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is art4 ,^! p _h inde$ mirrors :i* ! ,europeans c\ld n help admir+4 ,"s ( !m 7 made ( black1 some:at transp>5t1 vitrifi$ lava1 call$ by ! ,spani>ds gall9azo1 & :i* is ( ! same k9d z ! obsidian /one employ$ by ! ,romans = ! l purpose4 ,( ?is sub/ance ! ,am]icans _h plane1 concave1 & convex mirrors4 ,!y _h o!rs also made ( a m9]al call$ ! ,inca's /one#agj1 :i*1 z has be5 already said by ,bom>e1 ,sage1 ,wall]ius1 & o!r m9]alogi/s1 0 a compact pyrites or m>casite1 susceptible ( a f9e poli%2 & on t acc\nt (t5 br\ght to ,europe1 & worn =m]ly 9 r+s "u ! "n ( ! /one ( heal?4 ,ulloa says ! ,inca's /one is brittle1 opake1 & ( a some:at blui% col\r2 x has (t5 ve9s :i* _c be poli%$1 & :]e ^! ve9s are x frequ5tly breaks4 ,! mirrors =m$ ( x1 :i* he saw1 7 f two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 b he saw "o :i* 0 a foot & a half4 ,! op9ion :i* "s h ent]ta9$1 t ^! mirrors 7 ca/1 has no o!r f\ndation ?an ! lik5ess ( poli%$ m>casite to ca/ brass4 ,?is m9]al is v prop] = reflect+ images2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! ,p]uvians _h bett] mirrors ?an ! ,greeks or ! ,romans1 among :om we f9d no traces ( m>casite be+ employ$ 9 t mann]4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! ,indians _h mirrors also ( silv]1 copp]1 & brass#aga4 ,i come n[ to ! "q 9 :at c5tury 7 inv5t$ our glass mirrors1 :i* consi/ ( a glass plate cov]$ at ! back ) a ?9 leaf ( metal4 ,?is "q has be5 answ]$ by "s ) s mu* confid5ce1 t "o might almo/ consid] ! po9t to be det]m9$2 b in/ead ( real pro(s1 we f9d only conjectures or probabilities2 & ,i mu/ "h rem>k1 t ,i _c help ?9k+ t !y are old] ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 h[ev] desir\s ,i may be to sep>ate hi/orical tru? f conjecture4 ,:5 ,i h br\ght toge!r ev]y?+ :i* ,i "k on ! subject1 ,i w\ld say1 t attempts 7 ev5 made at ,sidon to =m mirrors ( glass2 b t !y mu/ h be5 inf]ior to ^? ( metal1 because !y did n bani% ! use ( ! latt]4 ,! fir/ glass mirrors appe> to me to h be5 ( black-col\r$ glass1 or an imitation ( ! obsidian /one2 & to h be5 =m$ aft]w>ds ( a glass plate ) "s black foil plac$ beh9d x#agb4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 bl[n glass1 :ile hot1 0 cov]$ 9 ! inside ) lead or "s metallic mixture2 & /ill lat]1 &1 z appe>s1 fir/ at ,murano1 arti/s began to cov] plates ( glass ) an amalgam ( t9 & quicksilv]4 ,! newe/ improvem5ts are1 ! ca/+ ( glass-plates1 & ! art ( mak+ plates equally l>ge by bl[+ & /ret*+1 )\t ! exp5sive & unc]ta9 process :i* is requir$ = ca/+4 ,t glass mirrors 7 made at ! celebrat$ glass-h\ses ( ,sidon1 is m5tion$ s cle>ly by ,pl9y t x _c be d\bt$#agc4 ,:5 ,i read ! passage1 h[ev]1 )\t prejudice1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation :at o!rs h said on x1 & comp>e x ) :at c]ta9 in=mation ! anci5ts1 9 my op9ion1 give on ! same subject1 ,i c und]/& x no o!rwise ?an z if ! au?or said1 t ! art ( manufactur+ glass v>i\s ways 0 inv5t$1 pr9cipally1 at ,sidon1 :]e attempts _h be5 made to =m mirrors ( x4 ,he appe>s !re=e to allude to exp]im5ts :i* _h n completely succe$$2 & to say t su* attempts1 at ! "t :5 he wrote1 _h be5 entirely ab&on$ & 7 almo/ =gott54 ,_h ?is circum/ance =m$ an epo* 9 ! art1 ,pl9y1 9 ano!r place1 :]e he describes ! v>i\s improvem5ts ( x s fully1 w\ld n h omitt$ x2 b ( ^? exp]im5ts he makes no fur!r m5tion#agd4 ,all ! inv5tions :i* he speaks (1 evid5tly relate to metal mirrors only1 ( :i* ! silv]1 at t "t1 7 ! newe/4 ,_h ! ,sidonian mirrors consi/$ ( glass plates cov]$ at ! back1 ^? ( metal1 ! mak+ ( :i* 01 at any rate1 att5d$ ) no less tr\ble1 :i* 7 m inconv5i5t = use on acc\nt ( _! aptness to break1 _! requir+ to be frequ5tly clean$ & pres]v$ 9 a case1 & :i* 7 m unpleasant on acc\nt ( ! fa9t1 dull image :i* !y reflect$1 c\ld n possibly h cont9u$ s long 9 use z !y really did2 & circum/ances & expressions relative to glass mirrors mu/ c]ta9ly h occurr$4 ,?\gh glass cont9u$ long to be held 9 high e/imation1 p>ticul>ly at ,rome2 & ?\gh _m k9ds ( glass-w>e are m5tion$ 9 anci5t au?ors1 among co/ly pieces ( furniture1 mirrors are m5tion$ only among articles ( silv] plate4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no c]ta9 trace ( glass mirrors f ! "t ( ,pl9y to ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b aft] t p]iod1 at :i* !y are spok5 ( 9 ! cle>e/ mann]1 we f9d !m (t5 m5tion$ 9 e c5tury2 & mirrors ( metal at l5g? entirely disappe>4 ,h[ ! ,sidonian mirrors 7 made1 is n kn[n2 b if ,i may be all[$ a conjecture1 ,i am ( op9ion t !y consi/$ ( d>k-col\r$ glass1 :i* _h a resemblance to ! obsidian /one4 ,su* is ! usual progress ( inv5tions4 ,at ^? p]iods "o _h no o!r repres5tation ( glass mirrors ?an t af=d$ by natural glass or vitre\s /ones4 ,:5 arti/s wi%$ to make mirrors ( glass1 !y w\ld try to imitate ! latt]4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 p endeav\r$ to r5d] pr9t$ books z l z possible to manuscripts2 because !y imag9$ t ?is inv5tion 0 to be approv$ only s f> z x enabl$ !m to imitate ^!1 )\t obs]v+ t x c\ld f> excel ! art ( writ+4 ,b ! ,sidonian glass mirrors 7 s mu* surpass$ by ! silv] or brass ones1 :i* p]haps 7 inv5t$ ab\t ! same "t1 t on ?is acc\nt !y 7 nev] br\ght into use4 ,glass mirrors1 p]haps1 w\ld h be5 inv5t$ soon]1 _h mank9d employ$ at an e>li] p]iod glass-w9d[s1 :i* (t51 :5 !y are %ut on ! outside s t no light c pass ?r\gh !m1 reflect images 9 a mu* bett] mann] ?an ! be/ mirrors ( metal4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* may be made daily1 w\ld !n1 9 all probability1 h be5 soon] turn$ to advantage4 ,no "o has employ$ a great] pr(usion ( words to ma9ta9 an op9ion opposite to m9e1 ?an ,abat2 b :5 8 pro(s are dive/$ ( _! ornam5ts1 !y appe> s weak t "o has v little incl9ation to agree ) him4 8,! obs]vation10 says he1 8t a plate ( glass is ! be/ mirror1 :5 all o!r rays ( light1 except ^? reflect$ back f ! glass1 are prev5t$1 by a metallic cov]+ plac$ beh9d x1 f fall+ on ! eye1 is s easy1 t x mu/ h be5 made imm$iately aft] ! inv5tion ( glass40 ,:o does n ?9k "h ( ,columbus & 8 egg8 ,in/ances occur 9 hi/ory ( _m hav+ approa*$ s ne> an inv5tion1 t we are a/oni%$ h[ !y c\ld h miss$ x2 s t we may exclaim ) a c]ta9 emp]or1 8,taurum toties non f]ire difficile e/#age40 8,! ,sidonian inv5tion10 cont9ues he1 8w\ld n h be5 wor? m5tion+1 _h x n produc$ bett] mirrors ?an ^? :i* ! anci5ts _h be=e ( ! obsidian /one4 ,b ^! ev5 are m5tion$ only once1 9 s %ort & abrupt a mann]1 & z x 7 out ( ridicule1 t "o may easily p]ceive !y 7 n mu* e/eem$40 8,if ! ,sidonians10 adds he1 87 n ! inv5tors1 let "s o!r inv5tor be m5tion$20 & he assures u t he _h s\ght in=mation on ?is subject1 9 ,n]i1 ,kunkel1 & ,m]ret1 b )\t success4 ,t ,i believe2 b ,abat does n rem>k t by ! same mann] ( reason+ we may ascribe to ! ,sidonians ! inv5tion ( wat*es1 & _m o!r articles1 ! inv5tors ( :i* are n to be f\nd 9 books :]e !y ought z mu* to be expect$ z ! inv5tor ( glass 9 ,n]i4 ,! gr\nds on :i* _m old comm5tators ( ! ,bible1 ,ni*olas de ,lyra & o!rs1 h suppos$ t glass mirrors 7 kn[n s e>ly z ! "t ( ,moses1 are /ill weak]4 ,if quot+ ! names ( writ]s :o ent]ta9 a l op9ion be ( any weight1 ,i c\ld produce a mu* great] numb] ( le>n$ m51 :o1 aft] an express exam9ation ( ! "q1 d5y altoge!r t glass mirrors 7 us$ by ! anci5ts4 ,dr4 ,watson#agf also has endeav\r$ to support ! op9ion ( ,abat1 b ) less confid5ce & ) m critical acum54 ,8 gr\nds1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h weak5$ already2 b "o obs]vation "h des]ves n to be ov]look$1 because x sugge/s an idea t may s]ve to illu/rate a passage ( ,pl9y1 :i*1 z ,i be=e rem>k$1 has nev] yet be5 expla9$4 8,if we admit10 says he1 8t ,pl9y 0 acqua9t$ ) glass mirrors1 we may ?us und]/& :at he says respect+ an inv5tion1 :i* 0 !n new1 ( apply+ gold beh9d a mirror40 ,in/ead ( an amalgam ( t91 "s "o _h propos$ to cov] ! back ( ! mirror ) an amalgam ( gold1 ) :i* ! anci5ts 7 c]ta9ly acqua9t$1 & :i* !y employ$ 9 gild+#agg4 ,he m5tions1 also1 on ?is occasion1 t a ?\ght _h once occurr$ to ,buffon1 t an amalgam ( gold might be mu* bett] = mirrors ?an t us$ at pres5t#agh4 ,?is conjecture appe>s1 at any rate1 to be +5i\s2 b :5 ,i read ! passage aga91 )\t prejudice1 ,i c h>dly believe t ,pl9y alludes to a plate ( glass 9 a place :]e he speaks only ( metallic mirrors2 & ! ov]lay+ ) amalgam requires too mu* art to all[ me to ascribe x to su* a p]iod )\t suffici5t pro(4 ,i consid] x m probable t "s p]son _h tri$1 by means ( a poli%$ plate ( gold1 to collect ! rays ( light1 & to ?r[ !m ei!r on ! mirror or ! object1 9 ord] to r5d] ! image bright]4 ,pr(essor ,he]5 %[$ me a passage 9 ! ,ecloga ( ,/obu1 :i*1 on ! fir/ view1 seems to allude to a glass mirror#agi4 ,x is !re said1 ,philolaus ! ,py?agorean believ$ t ! sun 0 a vitre\s body1 :i* only receiv$ ! rays ( ! !real fire & reflect$ !m to u l a mirror4 ,:5 we comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! words ( ,/obu ) ^? by :i* ,plut>*#ahj1 ,a*illes ,tatius#aha1 ,eusebius#ahb1 & o!rs1 express ! same ?+1 t mean+ _c be drawn f !m4 ,x appe>s1 at fir/1 z if ,philolaus _h consid]$ ! sun to be transp>5t1 & suppos$ t ! rays pass$ ?r\gh x1 & came cond5s$ to our e>?1 9 ! same mann] z !y are br\ght to a focus by a glass globe4 ,"s comm5tators h expla9$ ! passage 9 ?is mann]2 & on acc\nt ( ! aff9ity ( ! ,greek words h ?\ght also ( a funnel4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! comp>ison ( ! sun ) a mirror w\ld n h be5 j2 & if x be admitt$ t ,philolaus consid]$ ! sun z a bright body end[$ ) ! prop]ty ( reflection1 :at he says ( rays pass+ or transmitt$ ?r\gh x1 & ( ! pores ( ! sun's body1 w become un9telligible4 ,b ev5 if we adopt ! la/ explanation1 t ,philolaus imag9$ ! sun to be a mirror1 x does n foll[ t he _h any idea ( a glass "o#ahc2 & besides1 he only speaks ( a body capable ( reflect+ a /rong light2 & t glass1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 is fit = t purpose1 may h be5 rem>k$ z soon z x 0 inv5t$1 ?\gh m5 might n f9d out ! art ( =m+ x into prop] mirrors by plac+ "s opake sub/ance beh9d x#ahd4 ,emp$ocles also said1 t ! sun 0 a mirror1 & t ! light receiv$ by our e>? 0 ! reflection ( ! !real fire1 :i* ,eusebius comp>es to ! reflection made by wat]#ahe4 ,9 ! problems ascrib$ to ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 glass mirrors1 cov]$ on ! back ) t91 are cle>ly m5tion$2 b ?is in=mation does n lead u "o /ep fur!r 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art2 z x is prov$ t ! above ,alex&]1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 c\ld n h writt5 t "w4 ,! au?or1 :o mu/ h be5 a physician1 ma9ta9s ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 ) ,ari/otle1 d5ies4 ,"s !re=e h ascrib$ ^! problems to ,alex&] ,trallianus1 :o practis$ physic 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury2 b ?is is only a conjecture :i* no "o has z yet r5d]$ probable1 especially z !re h be5 _m physicians ( ! "n ( ,alex&]4 ,! problem to :i* ,i allude is n to be f\nd 9 e manuscript & edition2 s t x is d\btful :e!r x may n be ! production ( a lat] au?or ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! book1 p>ticul>ly z x is c]ta9 t _m :o _h x 9 _! possession add$ problems ( v>i\s k9ds accord+ to _! pleasure4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is evid5t t ! au?or ( ?is problem 0 acqua9t$ ) mirrors cov]$ at ! back2 & ! expression :i* he uses does n m]ely imply t a leaf ( t9 0 plac$ beh9d ! glass plate1 b t ! t9 9 a liquid /ate 0 rubb$ ov] x4 ,! old ,fr5* translator ?9ks t ! au?or speaks ( w9d[s2 b t op9ion is und\bt$ly false#ahf4 ,( z little importance z ! above passage ( ,alex&]1 is ano!r ( ,isidore1 (t5 quot$ 9 support ( ! antiquity ( glass mirrors4 ,on ! fir/ view x appe>s to be a te/imony ( great weight2 b :5 closely exam9$ x becomes r$uc$ to v little4 8,no?+10 says he1 8is s fit = mirrors z glass#ahg40 ,abat & o!rs1 :o h consid]$ ^! words z decisive1 make less hesitation to ascribe to ! six? c5tury1 9 :i* ,isidore liv$1 a k ( mirrors cov]$ on ! back ) t9 & quicksilv]1 z ! same writ]1 9 ano!r place1 obs]ves1 t quicksilv] c be kept 9 no vessel b "o ( glass#ahh4 ,x is v true t a glass fill$ ) t metal w =m a v good mirror2 b ,i am ( op9ion t ?is may h be5 long kn[n1 be=e p ?\ght ( mak+ an amalgam ( t9 & quicksilv] 9 ord] to cov] ! backs ( mirrors4 ,! fir/ passage1 :i* is prop]ly ! "o ( any consequ5ce1 loses its =ce :5 we see t x is tak5 f ,pl9y & copi$ incorrectly4 ,! latt] says1 t "o c give to glass e k9d ( %ape & col\r1 & t no sub/ance is m ductile1 or fitt] to be m\ld$ into any =m#ahi4 ,isidore1 z is usual1 says ! same ?+1 & 9 ! same words1 except1 t in/ead ( sequacior he sub/itutes speculis aptior2 s t ! m5tion ( a mirror is altoge!r unexpect$1 & s little suit$ to :at goes be=e & :at foll[s1 t "o mu/ believe t ?is alt]ation1 occasion$ p]haps by ! similitude ( ! words1 or by an abbreviation1 0 n made by ,isidore1 b by "s transcrib]4 ,b ev5 if we believe t ,isidore himself spoke ( glass be+ us$ at t p]iod = mirrors1 we are n able to compreh5d1 f :at he says1 h[ glass mirrors 7 made 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,i h met ) no in=mation respect+ ?is subject 9 ! :ole p]iod betwe5 ! age ( ,isidore & ! elev5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aajj1 at lea/ z is suppos$ n )\t probability1 ,alhaz5 ! ,arabian wrote 8 well-kn[n treatise on ,optics1 9 :i* ,i conjectur$ t ,i %\ld f9d m5tion made ( glass mirrors2 b ,i se>*$ t "w 9 va91 ?\gh ,i mu/ confess ,i did n read x ?r\gh entirely4 ,:]e he beg9s 8 catoptrical lessons1 he h[ev] (t5 speaks ( iron mirrors1 by :i* we may und]/& mirrors ( ! be/ /eel4 ,9 expla9+ a c]ta9 phnom5on1 he says1 t ! cause ( x _c be 9 ! d>kness ( ! iron mirror1 because if a mirror ( silv] be us$1 ! same effects w be produc$4 ,w\ld he n on ?is occasion h introduc$ glass mirrors1 _h he be5 z well-acqua9t$ ) !m z ) ^? already m5tion$8 ,at fir/1 he nev] speaks ( mirrors )\t add+ ( iron1 ( silv]2 b he m5tions !m aft]w>ds )\t any epi!t ( ! k9d4 ,all ^! mirrors ,i f9d also 9 ! ,optics ( ,vitello1 :o wrote 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ,italy1 a c\ntry :i* 0 at t "t almo/ ! only "o :]e ! arts fl\ri%$#aij4 ,t au?or has1 inde$1 borr[$ a great deal f ,alhaz51 ?\gh !re are _m ?+s ( 8 own1 & he gives an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts on ! refract+ p[] ( glass2 b he nev]1 z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 m5tions glass mirrors4 ,:e!r ,jordanus ,nemor>ius1 or ,nemoratius1 :o also wrote1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a book ,de ,speculorum ,natura1 makes m5tion ( !m1 ,i d n "k1 because ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( see+ t "w4 ,i am ( op9ion x 0 nev] pr9t$4 ,x is 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t ,i f9d ! fir/ und\bt$ m5tion ( glass mirrors cov]$ at ! back ) t9 or lead4 ,johannes ,peckham1 or ,peccam1 an ,engli% ,franciscan monk1 :o taught at ,ox=d1 ,p>is1 & ,rome1 & :o di$ 9 #abib1 wrote ab\t ! ye> #abgi a treatise ( optics1 :i* 0 once pr9t$1 ) ! title ( ,johannis ,pisani ,p]spectiva ,communis#aia4 ,9 ?is "w1 besides mirrors made ( iron1 /eel1 & poli%$ m>ble1 ! au?or n only speaks (t5 ( glass mirrors1 b says also t !y 7 cov]$ on ! back ) lead1 & t no image 0 reflect$ :5 ! lead 0 scrap$ (f4 ,v9c5tius ,bellovac5sis#aib speaks 9 a mann] /ill cle>]1 = he tells u t lead 0 p\r$ ov] ! glass plate :ile hot4 ,to ! same c5tury also belong ! concurr5t te/imonies ( ,raimundus ,lullius#aic1 ,rog] ,bacon#aid1 ,antonius di ,padua#aie1 & ,nicephorus ,gregoras#aif1 :o di$ aft] ! ye> #acfjaig4 ,t ?is inv5tion _c be mu* old] we h reason to conclude1 because glass mirrors 7 extremely sc>ce 9 ,france ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :ile mirrors ( metal 7 9 common use2 & we are told t ! mirror ( ,anne de ,bretagne1 consort ( ,l\is ,,xii41 0 ( ! latt] k9d#aih4 ,metal mirrors also 7 made & employ$ 9 ,p]sia & ! ,ea/1 :]e inde$ anci5t usages cont9u$ longe/1 & glass mirrors 7 n kn[n !re till ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,european trade ) ^! remote regions4 ,! =m] are /ill pref]r$ 9 ^? c\ntries1 because !y are n s liable to break1 & c be pres]v$ bett] 9 a dry hot climate ?an ! amalgam ( ! latt]4 ,respect+ ! progress ( ?is art1 ,i "k no?+ m ?an :at foll[s3--,at fir/1 melt$ lead1 or p]haps t91 0 p\r$ ov] ! glass plate :ile yet hot z x came f ! furnace4 ,?is process agrees ) t :i*1 s9ce v e>ly p]iods1 has be5 employ$ 9 or ar\nd ,nuremb]g = mak+ convex mirrors by bl[+ ) ! pipe into ! glass-bubble :il/ /ill hot a metallic mixture1 ) a little res9 or salt ( t>t>1 :i* prev5ts oxidation & assi/s ! fusion4 ,:5 ! bubble is cov]$ all ov] 9 ! inside1 & aft] x has cool$1 x is cut into small r\nd mirrors4 ,?is art is an old ,g]man inv5tion1 = x is describ$ by ,porta & ,g>zoni1 :o bo? liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :o bo? expressly say1 t x 0 !n common 9 ,g]many4 ,curi\s =eign]s (t5 attempt$ to le>n x1 & imag9$ t ! ,g]mans kept x a secret4 ,boyle made v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 ord] to discov] ! process2 & ! secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society endeav\r$1 by means ( ! ambassador f ,*>les ,,ii41 :o1 p]haps ab\t #afgj1 resid$ at ,frank=t1 to obta9 a k ( x2 b did n succe$1 z we are told by ,leibnitz#aii4 ,x 0 call$ ! art ( prep>+ mirrors )\t foil2 & x 0 highly e/eem$1 because x 0 suppos$ t x might be useful to ^? fond ( catoptrics1 by enabl+ !m to =m convex & concave mirrors !mselves4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,leibnitz seems to h l$ ,von ,murr into a slight error1 & induc$ him to believe t ! art ( mak+ convex mirrors )\t foil 0 fir/ f\nd out at ,nuremb]g 9 #afgj4 ,i introduce ?is rem>k because ,i flatt] myself he w n be displeas$ t ,i make ! above s]vice1 r5d]$ by 8 native city1 to be a c5tury & a half old]4 ,^! small convex mirrors1 :i* reflect a dim9i%$1 b a cle>] image ?an our usual mirrors1 are p]haps made /ill1 ?\gh !y are n n[ c>ri$ r\nd s frequ5tly = sale 9 ,g]many z !y 7 ?irty ye>s ago1 at :i* "t1 if ,i rememb] "r1 !y 7 call$ 7,o*s5-aug57 ox-eyes4 ,!y 7 set 9 a r\nd pa9t$ bo>d1 & _h a v broad bord] or m>g94 ,"o ( !m1 9 my possession1 is two in*es & a half 9 diamet]4 ,x is probable t ! l[ price ( plane mirrors1 :5 glass-h\ses began to be m num]\s1 occasion$ ^! convex ones to be little s\ght aft]4 ,! mixture employ$ 9 mak+ !m 01 accord+ to ,porta1 antimony1 lead1 & colophonium2 b accord+ to ,g>zoni1 x 0 una mi/ura di piombo1 /agno1 m>*esita d'arg5to1 e t>t>o1 :i* 9 ! ,g]man edition is translat$ v badly1 8lead1 t91 fl9t1 silv]1 & t>t>40 ,! foll[+ obs]vation p]haps is n altoge!r useless3 ,colophonium1 :i* is employ$ on _m o!r occasions = sold]+1 0 =m]ly call$ mirror-res91 & 0 sold "u t "n ev5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,fris* assigns no reason = ?is appellation1 & ,jacobson gives a wrong "o1 viz4 its hav+ a bright %9+ surface :5 brok54 ,! true reason 0 ! above-m5tion$ use2 & z t is n[ v little kn[n1 x is call$ f t to :i* x is pr9cipally appli$1 viol9-res94 ,x appe>s t1 in/ead ( p\r+ melt$ metal ov] plates ( glass1 arti/s = "s "t appli$ to !m ! be=e-m5tion$ amalgam ( t91 or cov]$ !m 9 "s o!r mann]1 p]haps 9 ! same way z ,boyle cov]$ concave glasses 9 ! inside4 ,porta h[ev] saw almo/ ! same process employ$ at ,murano z t :i* is /ill foll[$ at pres5t4 ,! t91 hamm]$ to ?9 leaves1 0 spread out v smoo?ly2 & quicksilv] 0 p\r$ ov] x1 & rubb$ into x1 ei!r ) ! h& or a h>e's foot2 & :5 ! t9 0 saturat$ x 0 cov]$ ) pap]4 ,! glass1 wip$ exce$+ly clean1 0 !n laid above x2 & :ile ! workman press$ x d[n ) 8 left h&1 he drew out v c>efully ) 8 "r ! pap] t lay betwe5 ! t9 & ! glass1 ov] :i* weights 7 aft]w>ds plac$4 ,?is mu* at any rate is c]ta91 t ! me?od ( cov]+ ) t9 foil 0 kn[n at ,murano s e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury#bjj1 & !re=e x is mu* old] ?an ,j4 ,m4 ,h(fmann supposes4 ,to conclude1 :e!r ?is +5i\s inv5tion belongs to ! ,v5etians1 z sev]al lat]1 & p>ticul>ly ,italian1 writ]s ass]t1 ,i c nei!r prove nor contradict2 b x is well kn[n t till ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _! mirrors 7 sold all ov] ,europe & 9 bo? ! ,indies4 ,aft] t p]iod ! glass-h\ses 9 o!r c\ntries 7 improv$1 & new ones e/abli%$2 & ! discov]y made 9 ,france1 t glass1 l metal1 c\ld be ca/ into mu* l>g] plates ?an _h be5 be=e prep>$ by bl[+ & roll+1 0 9 m ?an "o respect prejudicial to ! sale ( ^? made at ,v5ice4 ,s e>ly z ! ye> #afcd1 attempts 7 made 9 ,france to e/abli% glass-h\ses = manufactur+ mirrors1 & ,eu/a*e ,gr&mont obta9$ a pat5t = t purpose2 b 8 und]tak+ 0 n att5d$ ) success4 ,z ,colb]t ex]t$ himself v mu* to promote manufactures ( e k9d1 ,ni*olas de ,noy] propos$ to make mirrors accord+ to ! ,v5etian me?od4 ,?is plan 0 adopt$ by ,*>les ,rivire1 sieur du ,fr5i1 valet-de-*ambre to ! k+2 & hav+ procur$ ! royal p]mission1 he sold x aft]w>ds = a l>ge sum to ,de ,noy]1 :o1 9 #affe1 receiv$ a confirmation ( ! pat5t1 & an advance ( #ab1jjj livres = f\r ye>s1 on condition ( 8 procur+ workm5 f ,v5ice1 :o1 aft] s]v+ eight ye>s 9 ! k+dom1 7 to be naturaliz$4 ,de ,noy] 0 jo9$ by sev]al m1 :o ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) him1 & p>ticul>ly by "o ,poquel91 :o _h hi!rto c>ri$ on ! greate/ trade 9 ,v5etian mirrors1 & :o engag$ workm5 f ,murano4 ,! glass-h\ses 7 erect$ at ! village ( ,t\rlaville1 ne> ,*]b\rg1 9 ,l[] ,norm&y4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,colb]t1 :o 0 succe$$ by ,l\vois1 ! *>t] ( ! company 0 9 #afhd r5ew$ = ?irty ye>s long]1 & at t p]iod ,pi]re de ,bagneux 0 at ! head ( x4 ,sc>cely _h five ye>s ( ?is p]iod elaps$1 :51 9 #afhh1 ,abraham ,!v>t made a proposal to ! c\rt = ca/+ glass mirrors ( a mu* l>g] size ?an any ev] be=e made4 ,?is plan1 aft] an accurate inve/igation1 0 approv$2 & 9 ! same ye> he receiv$ ! royal p]mission to use 8 inv5tion = ?irty ye>s1 b x 0 n regi/]$ till #afic or #afid4 ,! fir/ plates 7 ca/ at ,p>is1 & a/oni%$ e arti/ :o saw !m4 ,!y 7 eighty-f\r in*es 9 height1 & fifty 9 bread?4 ,9 ord] to less5 ! excessive exp5se1 ! glass-h\ses 7 erect$ at ,/4 ,gob91 9 ,pic>dy2 & to prev5t all dispute ) ! old privileg$ company1 ,!v>t 0 expressly b\nd to make plates at lea/ sixty in*es 9 l5g? & =ty 9 bread?1 :]eas ! l>ge/ ( ^? made be=e _h nev] exce$$ =ty-five or fifty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! old company 7 all[$ to make plates ( a small] size1 & 7 prohibit$ f employ+ any ( ! in/rum5ts or app>atus inv5t$ by ,!v>t4 ,^! h[ev] _h n be5 s accurately def9$ z to remove all cause ( litigation betwe5 ! companies1 & = t reason p]mission 0 at l5g? grant$1 9 #afie1 = bo? to be unit$ into "o1 "u ! inspection ( ,franois ,pla/ri]1 to :om ! k+1 9 #afii1 sold ! palace ( ,/4 ,gob94 ,aft] ?is !y decl9$ s rapidly1 t 9 #agja !y 7 n able to pay _! debts1 & 7 oblig$ to ab&on sev]al ( ! furnaces4 ,to add to _! mis=tune1 "s ( ! workm5 :om !y _h dis*>g$ retir$ to o!r c\ntries1 :i* 7 already jeal\s ( ! ,fr5* inv5tion1 & wi%$ to turn x to _! advantage4 ,! ,fr5* writ]s ass]t t _! attempts nev] succe$$1 & t mo/ ( ! workm5 return$ aga9 to ,france1 :5 a new company 0 =m$ 9 #agjb1 "u ! managem5t ( ,anto9e d',ag9c\rt1 :o by prud5t conomy improv$ ! e/abli%m5t1 s z to r5d] ! pr(it v consid]able4 ,at pres5t mirrors are ca/ z well z bl[n1 bo? at ,/4 ,gob9 & at ,*]b\rg2 & 9 #ageh ! price ( !m 0 greatly r$uc$1 9 ord] probably to weak5 ! competition ( ! =eign glass-h\ses1 among :i* !re are _m n inf]ior to ! ,fr5*4 ,?is %ort hi/ory ( ! glass manufactories 9 ,france is collect$ f ,sav>y#bja & ,expilly#bjb4 ,a m p>ticul> acc\nt p]haps may be expect$ ( ! inv5tor1 ( 8 fir/ exp]im5ts1 & ( _! success2 b not)/&+ a /rict se>*1 ,i h n be5 able to f9d any fur!r in=mation on ! subject4 ,we are told only t 8 "n 0 sieur ,abraham ,!v>t1 ?\gh ! hi/orians :o record t circum/ance h fill$ _! pages ) un9t]e/+ anecdotes1 & ev5 ) ! vices ( _m ( ! c\rti]s ( ! same p]iod4 ,! pr9cipal b5efit :i* has aris5 to ! art f ?is inv5tion1 prop]ly is1 t mu* l>g] mirrors c be obta9$ ?an =m]ly2 = :5 attempts 7 made to bl[ v l>ge plates1 !y 7 always too ?94 ,ca/+1 h[ev]1 besides great exp5se 9 app>atus#bjc1 requires s _m exp]t workm51 & s t$i\s & sev]e lab\r1 & is accompani$ ) s mu* dang]1 t x is only seldom t plates ( an extraord9>y size succe$1 & ! great] "p ( !m mu/ be cut into small] plates :i* might h be5 bl[n4 ,^? ca/ are nev] s ev5 & smoo? z ^? t h be5 bl[n2 !y require !re=e a great deal ( poli%+1 & on t acc\nt mu/ be v ?ick4 ,! mon/r\s mass requisite = a mirror ( ! l>ge/ size1 /&s ready melt$ 9 a v frail r$-hot e>!n pot1 :i* is tak5 f ! furnace & plac$ ^u an iron plate1 /rongly heat$1 t ! mass may be ca/ ^u x into a glass plate4 ,! latt] mu/ !n be spe$ily convey$ to ! cool+-furnace1 & if x be f\nd free f faults1 x is gr\nd1 poli%$ & silv]$2 b ! la/ "p ( ! process is g5]ally done at ! place :]e a pur*as] c be f\nd = s exp5sive an article1 9 ord] t less loss may be su/a9$ 9 case x %\ld happ5 to break by ! way4 ,^! great difficulties1 :i* h excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( e "o :o has se5 ! process1 & t ( f9d+ sale = s exp5sive & magnific5t w>es1 h oblig$ arti/s to return to ! old me?od ( bl[+2 & _m h be5 s =tunate 9 improv+ ?is bran* ( manufacture1 t plates are =m$ n[ by bl[+1 sixty-f\r ,flemi% in*es 9 height & tw5ty-?ree 9 bread?1 :i* x 0 impossible to make be=e b by ca/+4 ,! mass ( matt] necess>y = ?is purpose1 weigh+ m ?an a hundr$ p\nds1 is by ! workman bl[n into ! %ape ( a l>ge bag2 x is !n r$uc$ to ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 & be+ cut up1 is1 by /ret*+1 roll+ x ) a smoo? iron1 & o!r means1 trans=m$ into an ev5 plane4 ,all b ! v commone/ mirrors are n[ made ( plate-glass2 :i* is also us$ to a great ext5t = w9d[-panes1 & is manufactur$ by ca/+1 roll+ & poli%+4 ,! enorm\s plates ( glass :i* are se5 9 _m ( ! l>ge %ops ( ?is city are well-calculat$ to excite ! a/oni%m5t ( ^? :o are n yet aw>e ( ! late improvem5ts 9 ?is bran* ( manufacture4 ,an idea ( :at may be accompli%$ by bl[+ 0 giv5 9 #ahde1 at ! ,exhibition at ,vi5na1 :]e a bl[n glass #g feet 9 l5g? & #c 9 bread? 0 exhibit$2 & :i* 0 ( suffici5t ?ickness to admit ( poli%+4 ,nev]!less1 ! ca/+ ( plate-glass is n[ manag$ ) su* comp>ative ease1 t !re appe>s to be no limit to ! size to :i* ! plates c be br\ght1 s t ! bl[+ ( l>ge panes ( glass is giv5 up 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,private h\ses may n[ be se5 decorat$ ) s+le %eets ( glass upw>ds ( #bj feet 9 height & #aj 9 wid?4 ,a pat5t = a v +5i\s process = silv]+ glass 0 tak5 out 9 ,novemb] #ahdc by ,mr4 ,drayton4 ,x consi/s 9 deposit+ silv]1 f a solution1 ^u glass1 by deoxidiz+ ! oxide ( silv] 9 solution1 s t ! precipitate w adh]e to ! glass1 )\t ! latt] hav+ be5 coat$ ) metallic or o!r sub/ances4 ,?is is effect$ by mix+ #a oz4 ( co>sely p[d]$ nitrate ( silv] ) oz4 ( spirits ( h>t%orn & #b oz4 ( wat]2 aft] /&+ = #bd h\rs1 ! mixture is filt]$ 7! deposit on ! filt]1 :i* conta9s silv]1 be+ pres]v$71 & an addition is made !reto ( #c oz4 ( _s 7by pref]5ce1 _s ( w9e7 at #fj above pro(1 or naph?a2 f #bj to #cj drops ( oil ( cassia are !n add$1 & aft] rema9+ = ab\t #f h\rs long]1 ! solution is ready = use4 ,! glass to be silv]$ mu/ h a clean & poli%$ surface2 x is to be plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 & a wall ( putty =m$ ar\nd x1 s t ! solution may cov] ! surface ( ! glass to ! dep? ( f ? to ? ( an in*4 ,aft] ! solution has be5 p\r$ on ! glass1 f #f to #ab drops ( a mixture ( oil ( cloves & _s ( w9e 79 ! proportion ( #a "p by measure ( ! oil to #c ( _s ( w9e7 are dropp$ into x at diff]5t places2 or ! dilut$ oil ( cloves may be mix$ ) ! solution be=e x is p\r$ ^u ! glass2 ! m oil ( cloves us$1 ! m rapid w be ! deposition ( ! silv]1 b ! pat5tee pref]s t x %\ld occupy ab\t two h\rs4 ,:5 ! requir$ deposit has be5 obta9$1 ! solution is p\r$ (f2 & z soon z ! silv] on ! glass is p]fectly dry1 x is v>ni%$ ) a composition1 =m$ by melt+ toge!r equal quantities ( bees' wax & tall[4 ,! pat5tee /ates t1 by exp]im5t1 he has asc]ta9$ t ab\t #ah grs4 ( nitrate ( silv] are us$ = ea* squ>e foot ( glass4 ,x has be5 urg$ z an objection to ?is process1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks ! surfaces ( ! mirrors =m$ by x become dott$ ov] ) small br[ni%-r$ spots1 :i* greatly injures _! appe>ance4 ,dr4 ,/5h\se /ates t ^! spots are caus$ by ! metallic silv]1 :il/ be+ deposit$ on ! surface ( ! glass1 c>ry+ d[n ) x me*anically small quantities ( a res9\s matt]1 result+ mo/ probably f ! oxidation ( ! oil4 ,?is subsequ5tly acts ^u ! metallic surface ) :i* x is 9 contact1 & produces ! small br[n spots already m5tion$4 ,mr4 ,drayton1 h[ev]1 /ates t ! br[n spots only occur :5 ! oil employ$ is old & unfit = use4 ,,footnotes #ace ,! works 9 :i* ?is subject has be5 already treat$ are ! foll[+3--,eb]h>tus de ,weihe1 de ,speculi orig9e1 usu et abusu4 ,a compilation =m$ )\t ta/e1 ( :i* ,i gave "s acc\nt 9 ! ,article on ,*imneys4--,spanhemii ,obs4 9 ,callima*i hymn4 lavacr4 ,palladis1 p4 #fae4--;,acadmie des ,inscriptions1 t4 xxiii4 p4 #adj4--,re*]*es sur les ,miroirs des ,anci5s1 p> ,m5>d4 ,a %ort pap]1 b>r5 ( in=mation4--,saggi di ,diss]tazioni ,accad4 dell' ,accad4 ,etrusca dell' citt di ,cortona1 vii4 p4 #ai3 ,sopra gli ,spec*i degli ,anti*i1 del ,sig4 ,c>i4 ,a translation f ! ,fr5*1 ) ! figures ( "s anci5t mirrors4 ,x conta9s an explanation ( "s passages 9 ,pl9y1 :]e he seems to speak ( a mirror =m$ ( a ruby1 & "s conjectures respect+ ! mirror ( ,n]o4 ,an anonym\s memb] ( ! ,academy1 9 an app5dix1 confirms ! =m]1 & consid]s ! latt]1 v prop]ly1 z improbable4--,caylus1 ,recueil d',antiquits1 iii4 p4 #cca1 & v4 p4 #agc4 ,a description & figures ( anci5t mirrors1 ) "s *emical exp]im5ts on _! composition4--,amusem5s ,philosophiques4 ,p> le pre ,bonav5ture ,abat4 ,am/4 #agfc1 #hvo1 p4 #dcc3 ,sur l',antiquit des ,mirroirs de ,v]re4 ,a diss]tation wor?y ( be+ read on acc\nt ( ! au?or's acqua9tance ) ! anci5t writ]s1 & 8 k ( te*nology2 b he roves beyond all pro(1 & employs too mu* v]bosity to decorate 8 conjectures4 #acf ,passages ( ! poets1 :]e female deities & %eph]desses are repres5t$ z contemplat+ !mselves 9 wat] in/ead ( a mirror1 may be f\nd 9 ! notes to ,phdri ,fab4 i4 #d1 9 ! edition ( ,burmann4 #acg ,*ap4 xxxvii4 v]4 #ah4 #ach ,exodus1 *ap4 xxxviii4 v]4 #h4 #aci ,hi/oria ,vitri apud ,judos1 9 ,comm5t4 ,societat4 ,sci5t4 ,gott+4 iv4 p4 #ccj4 ,hav+ reque/$ ,pr(essor ,ty*s5's op9ion on ?is subject1 ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]3--8,y h conjectur$ v prop]ly t ! mirrors ( ! ,israeliti% wom51 m5tion$ ,exod4 xxxviii4 #h1 7 n employ$ = ornam5t+ or cov]+ ! wa%+-bas9s1 9 ord] t ! prie/s might behold !mselves 9 !m2 b t !y 7 melt$ & bas9s ca/ ( !m4 ,! =m] 0 a conceit fir/ advanc$1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 by ,nicol4 de ,lyra1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & :i* ,mi*aelis himself adopt$ 9 ! ye> #aged2 b he aft]w>ds retract$ 8 op9ion :5 he made 8 translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t at a rip] age4 ,9 ! ,hebrew expression !re is no gr\nd = x2 & mirrors c\ld h>dly be plac$ v conv5i5tly 9 a bas9 employ$ = wa%+ ! feet4 ,i mu/ at ! same "t confess t ! ^w 77 :i* is "h suppos$ to signify a mirror1 occurs n[h]e else 9 t s5se4 ,ano!r explanation !re=e has be5 giv51 by :i* bo? ! wom5 & mirrors disappe> f ! passage4 ,x is by a le>n$ ,flem+1 ,h]mann ,gid4 ,clem5t1 & may be f\nd 9 8 ,diss]tatio de ,labro neo1 ,gron+4 #agcb1 & also 9 ,ugol9i ,!saurus1 tom4 xix4 p4 #aeje4 ,he translates ! passage ?us3 ,fecit labrum neum et op]culum ejus neum cum figuris ornantibus1 qu ornabant o/ium tab]naculi4 ,?is explanation h[ev] is att5d$ ) v great difficulties2 & z all ! old translators & ,jewi% comm5tators h "h und]/ood mirrors2 & z ! common translation is p]fectly agreeable to ! language & circum/ances1 we ought to believe t ,moses1 n hav+ copp]1 melt$ d[n ! mirrors ( 8 c\ntrywom5 & conv]t$ !m into wa%+-bas9s = ! prie/s40 #adj ,oneirocrit4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #cj4 p4 #agf4 #ada ,joh4 ,s>isb]i5sis1 i4 cap4 #ab4 #adb ,pl94 lib4 xxxiii4 cap4 #i4 ,s5eca1 ,qu/4 ,nat4 i4 cap4 #e4 #adc ,vita ,probi1 cap4 iv4 p4 #ibf3 8,pat9am arg5team libr>um decem specillatam40 ,salmasius *ooses r to read specellatam4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is ^w ought to be read 9 ,suetonius in/ead ( speculatum1 :]e he speaks ( an ap>tm5t :i* ,horace seems to h be5 fond (4 ,t hi/orian1 9 8 ,life ( ,horace1 says1 8,ad res v5]eas intemp]antior traditur3 nam speculato cubiculo scorta dicitur habuisse disposita1 ut quocunque respexisset1 ibi ei imago coitus ref]retur40 ,less+1 :o 9 8 ,miscellanies 7,v]mis*t5 ,s*rift51 ,b]l9 #aghd1 #abmo1 iii4 p4 #bje7 endeav\rs to v9dicate ! poet f ?is asp]sion1 consid]s ! expression speculatum cubiculum1 if translat$ an ap>tm5t l9$ ) mirrors1 z contr>y to ! ,lat9 idiom1 & ?9ks !re=e t ! :ole passage is a =g]y4 ,baxt] also be=e said t ?is anecdote _h be5 ins]t$ by "s malici\s impo/or4 ,?is ,i w n v5ture to contradict1 b ,i am ( op9ion t specillatum or specellatum cubiculum is at any rate z mu* agreeable to ! ,roman idiom z pat9a specillata4 ,?is expression ,salmasius & ,casaubon h ju/ifi$ by simil> phrases1 su* z op]a filicata1 tesselata1 h$]ata1 c4 ,! *amb] 9 :i* ,claudian makes ,v5us ornam5t h]self1 & be ov]come by ! p]suasion ( ,cupid1 0 also cov]$ ov] ) mirrors1 s t :i*ev] way h] eyes turn$1 %e c\ld see h] own image4 ,did ,claudian imag9e t ?is goddess knew h[ to employ su* an ap>tm5t1 n only = dress+1 b ev5 aft] %e 0 undress$1 z well z ,horace8 ,i h se5 at a c]ta9 c\rt1 a b$ entirely cov]$ 9 ! inside ) mirrors4 #add ,iliad4 lib4 xiv4 v]4 #aff4 #ade ,hymnus 9 ,lavacrum ,palladis1 v4 #ae1 #ba4 ,x 0 h[ev] cu/om>y to ascribe a mirror to ,juno1 z ,spanheim on ?is passage proves2 & ,a?anasius1 9 ,orat4 contra ,g5tes1 cap4 xviii4 p4 #ah1 says t %e 0 consid]$ z ! inv5tress ( dress & all ornam5ts4 ,%\ld n !re=e ! mirror1 ! pr9cipal in/rum5t ( dress1 belong to h]8 ,may x n h be5 d5i$ to h] by ,callima*us1 because he did n f9d x m5tion$ 9 ! description :i* ,hom] has giv5 ( h] dress+-room8 #adf ,de ,natur4 ,deorum1 iii4 #bb4 #adg ,licetus de ,luc]nis ,antiq4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #ib4 #adh ,lib4 xxxiv4 cap4 #ag1 p4 #ffi4 #adi ,qu/4 ,nat4 at ! end ( ! fir/ book4 #aej ,mo/ell4 act i4 sc4 #c4 v4 #aja4 #aea ,arrianus 9 ,epictet4 i4 cap4 #bj1 p4 #gi4 #aeb ,among ! rema9+ passages ( ! anci5ts ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( silv] mirrors1 ! foll[+ des]ves notice4 ,*ryso/om1 ,s]m4 xvii4 p4 #bbd1 :o1 9 draw+ a picture ( ! extravagance ( ! wom51 says1 8,! maid-s]vants mu/ be cont9ually importun+ ! silv]smi? to "k :e!r _! lady's mirror be yet ready40 ,! be/ mirrors !re=e 7 made by ! silv]smi?s4 ,x appe>s t ! mirror-mak]s at ,rome =m$ a p>ticul> company2 at lea/ ,muratori1 9 ,!saur4 ,inscript4 ,clas4 vii4 p4 #ebi1 has made kn[n an inscription 9 :i* collegium specul>iorum is m5tion$4 ,!y occur also 9 ,codex ,!odos4 xiii4 tit4 #d1 #b4 p4 #eg1 :]e ,ritt] has quot$ m passages 9 :i* !y may be f\nd4 ,b p]haps ! same "n 0 giv5 to ^? :o cov]$ walls ) poli%$ /ones1 & 9 latt] times to glazi]s4 #aec ,lib4 xxxiii4 c4 #i4 p4 #fbg1 & lib4 xxxiv4 c4 #ag1 p4 #ffi4 #aed ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 lxvii4 p4 #bif4 #aee ,quomodo ,hi/oria sit conscrib4 cap4 #ea1 ,bipont edition1 iv4 p4 #baj1 #ece4 ,comm5tators h f\nd no o!r way to expla9 7a ^w :i* occurs 9 ,lucian's description ( ! mirror71 ?an by ! ^w c5tre1 to :i*1 accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 !re c be "h no allusion4 ,9 my op9ion signifies ^? faulty places :i* are n capable ( a complete poli%1 on acc\nt ( ! knots or cracks :i* are f\nd 9 !m4 ,lucian !re=e speaks ( a faultless mirror :i* repres5ts ! image p]fect1 z he aft]w>ds in=ms u4 #aef ,z ! acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts is giv5 only 9 an exp5sive "w1 :i* may n (t5 fall into ! h&s ( ^? :o are be/ able to exam9e x1 ,i ins]t x "h4 8,! anci5t mirror1 :i* ,i exam9$1 0 a metallic mixture1 v t5d] & brittle1 & ( a :iti% col\r incl9+ to grey4 ,:5 put into ! fire1 x rema9$ a long "t 9 a /ate ( ignition be=e x melt$4 ,x 0 nei!r inflammable nor emitt$ any smell l g>lic1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! case _h x conta9$ ars5ic4 ,x did n ei!r produce ^? fl[]s :i* are g5]ally produc$ by all mixtures 9 :i* !re is z9c4 ,besides1 ! basis ( ?is mixture be+ copp]1 x w\ld h be5 ( a yell[ col\r _h t semi-metal =m$ a "p ( x4 ,i took two drams ( x & dissolv$ !m 9 ! nitr\s acid4 ,a solution 0 spe$ily =m$1 :i* assum$ ! same col\r z solutions ( copp]4 ,x precipitat$ a :ite p[d]1 :i* ,i c>efully edulcorat$ & dri$4 ,hav+ put x into a crucible ) a r$uctive flux1 ,i obta9$ lead v s(t & malleable4 8,hav+ filt]$ ! solution1 ,i took a "p ( x1 ^u :i* ,i p\r$ an infusion ( gall-nuts1 b x produc$ no *ange4 ,a solution ( gold1 :i* ,i p\r$ ^u ano!r "p1 made x assume a beautiful gre5 col\r2 b no precipitate 0 =m$3 :i* is suffici5t to prove t !re 0 nei!r iron nor t9 9 ! mixture4 8,on ! rema9+ "p ( ! solution ,i p\r$ a suffici5t quantity ( ! volatile alkali to dissolve all ! copp] t might be conta9$ 9 x4 ,! solution became ( a beautiful sapphire blue col\r1 & a :ite precipitate 0 =m$4 ,hav+ decant$ ! liquor1 & c>efully edulcorat$ ! precipitate1 ,i endeav\r$ to r$uce x2 b :e!r x 0 ow+ to ! quantity be+ too small1 or to my n giv+ x suffici5t heat1 ,i c\ld n succe$4 ,i _h rec\rse !re=e to ano!r me?od4 8,i took ! weight ( two drams ( ! mixture1 :i* ,i br\ght to a high /ate ( ignition 9 a cuppel4 ,:5 x 0 ( a :iti%-r$ col\r1 ,i ?rew ^u x gradually f\r drams ( sulphur1 & :5 ! flame ceas$1 ,i /r5g!n$ ! fire 9 ord] to br+ x to complete fusion4 ,by ^! means ,i obta9$ a t5d] brittle regulus1 :it] ?an ! mixture1 9 :i* ,i obs]v$ a few small ne$les4 ,be+ appreh5sive t "s copp] might /ill rema91 ,i sulphurat$ x a second "t1 & !n obta9$ a small regulus :i* 0 almo/ pure antimony4 8,x results f ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! metal ( :i* ! anci5ts made _! mirrors 0 a composition ( copp]1 regulus ( antimony1 & lead4 ,copp] 0 ! pr$om9ant1 & lead ! smalle/ "p ( ! mixture2 b x is v difficult1 z is well kn[n1 to det]m9e ) any c]ta9ty ! exact proportion ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 su* compositions40 ,9 ! exam9ation ( an ,etruscan mirror1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 my h&s = analysis by ,pr(essor ,g]h>dt ( ,b]l91 x 0 f\nd to consi/1 9 #ajj p>ts1 ( #fgab copp]1 #bdic t91 & #hac lead1 approximat+ closely to an alloy ( eight p>ts ( copp] to ?ree ( t9 & "o ( lead4 ,! oxide ( t9 obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( analysis 0 c>efully exam9$1 be=e ! bl[pipe1 = antimony1 b ,i did n succe$ 9 detect+ a trace ( t metal4 ,a simil> mirror _h be5 likewise analys$ by ,klapro?2 he f\nd #fb p] c5t4 copp]1 #cb t91 & #f p] c5t4 lead1 b no trace ( antimony4--,w4 ,f4 #aeg ,( su* l>ge mirrors ,s5eca speaks 9 8 ,qu/4 ,nat4 lib4 i4 ,( ! l k9d 0 ! mirror ( ,demo/h5es m5tion$ by ,plut>*1 ,lucian1 & ,qu9tilian4--,in/itut4 ,orat4 xi4 #c1 #fh1 p4 #egb4 #aeh ,lib4 xxxvi4 c4 #bf1 p4 #geh4 #aei ,sueton4 9 ,vita ,domit4 cap4 xiv4 p4 #ccd4 #afj ,lib4 xxxvi4 #bb1 p4 #geb4--8;,cappadoci lapis1 duritia m>moris1 c&idus atque translucidus1 ex quo quondam templum con/ructum e/ a quodam rege1 =ibus aureis1 quibus clausis cl>itas diurna erat40--,isidor4 ,orig94 #af1 #d4 ,our sp> is transp>5t1 ?\gh cl\ds & ve9s occur 9 x1 l ! violet & isabella-col\r$1 = example1 ( t f\nd at ,&reasb]g4 ,comp>e ?is explanation ) :at ,salmasius says 9 ,ex]citat4 ,pl94 p4 #ahd4 #afa ,lib4 xxxvii4 cap4 #e1 p4 #ggd4 #afb ,lib4 xi4 cap4 #cg1 p4 #fag4 #afc ,?is diss]tation ( ,abat may be f\nd translat$ 9 ,neu5 ,hamburg4 ,magaz94 i4 p4 #efh4 #afd ,academia di ,cortona1 vii4 p4 #cd4 #afe ,orig94 xvi4 #g4 #aff ,goguet1 ii4 p4 #aaa4 ,fabricii ,biblio?4 ,grca4 vol4 i4 p4 #gj4 #afg ,keyssl]1 i4 pp4 #ag & #dda4 #afh ,lib4 xxxvii4 cap4 #g4 #afi ,de ,lapid4 #fa4 #agj ,?is /one acquir$ its "n f its be+ mu* us$ 9 ornam5ts by ! ,incas or ,pr9ces ( ,p]u4 #aga ,de la ,vega1 ii4 #bh4 #agb ,montamy 9 ,abh&lung von d5 ,f>b5 zum ,porzellan1 ,leipzig1 #agfg1 #hvo1 p4 #bbb1 ass]ts t he saw1 9 a collection ( antiquities1 glass mirrors :i* 7 cov]$ beh9d only ) a black foil4 #agc ,lib4 xxxvi4 cap4 #bf1 p4 #geh4 #agd ,lib4 xxxiii4 cap4 #i1 p4 #fbg4 #age ,trebell4 ,pollio1 ,vita ,galli54 cap4 #ab4 #agf ,*emical ,essays1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdf4 #agg ,pl94 lib4 xxxiii43 s inaur>i arg5to vivo1 aut c]te hydr>gyro1 legitimum erat4 ,! fir/ "n "h seems to signify native quicksilv]1 & ! second t sep>at$ f ! ore by an artificial process4 #agh ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,supplem4 i4 p4 #dea4 #agi ,/ob4 ,eclog4 ,antv4 #aege1 fol4 p4 #ef4 #ahj ,de ,placitis ,philos4 ii4 cap4 #bj4 #aha ,9 ,aratum1 cap4 #ai4 #ahb ,lib4 i4 cap4 #h4 #ahc ,x is und\bt$ly c]ta91 t 1 :i* is translat$ vitre\s or glassy1 means any smoo? poli%$ body capable ( reflect+ rays ( light4 ,orig9ally x signifi$ a wat]y body2 & because wat]y bodies h a lu/re1 x 0 at l5g? us$ = glass4 ,see ,salmas4 ad ,sol94 p4 #gga4 #ahd ,m obs]vations respect+ ! op9ion ( ,philolaus may be f\nd 9 ! edition ( ,plut>*'s "w ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum by ,ed4 ,cors9us1 ,flor4 #agej1 #dto1 p4 #fa1 & p4 #bc4 #ahe ,pr(essor ,he]5 hav+ giv5 me 8 op9ion on ?is passage ( ,/obu1 ,i %all "h ins]t x = ! satisfaction ( ! le>n$ read]4 ,! critics1 says he1 w h>dly be p]suad$ t ! words ' are correct1 z !y c be translat$ diff]5t ways4 ,) reg>d to ! explanation ( ! matt]1 ,i build only on ! pla9 mean+ ( ! words4 ,! au?or tells u1 t ,philolaus ?\ght ! sun to be a mirror2 b we mu/ conclude t he speaks ( a mirror su* z 7 !n 9 use2 a smoo? plate ( metal1 & n a globe4 ,9 ?is case ! fir/ explanation ( a glass globe falls to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is confirm$ by ,eusebius1 :o calls x 1 ?\gh x is possible t ! latt] ^w may be a gloss add$ by "s gramm>ian1 or by ,eusebius himself4 ,if we ent] fur!r into ! explanation1 we mu/ adopt ! pla9 idea1 t ! rays ( ! sun fall ^u ?is plate1 & are reflect$ to u4 ,i am h[ev] ( op9ion1 t ought to be translat$ glass1 glassy or vitre\s2 = ! int5tion ( ,philolaus evid5tly 0 to def9e ! sub/ance ( ! sun's body4 ,! result ( ! :ole is1 ,philolaus consid]$ ! sun z a pla9 plate ( glass :i* reflect$ ! rays or brightness ( ! !real fire4 ,b t he 0 acqua9t$ ) a prop] glass mirror does n !nce foll[ ) c]ta9ty4 #ahf ,p\rquoy relui5t les f5e/res de v]re si =t8 ,p\rtant que la nature de l'e/a91 duquel elles sont ba/ies p> d$ans1 =t cl]e1 mesle avec le v]re cl] aussi de lui mesme reluy/ d'avantage2 et le quel e/a9 outrepassant ses raons p> les petits pores du v]re1 et augm5tant d\blem5t la face extrieure du dit v]re1 la r5d gr&em5t cl]e4--,problemes d',alex&re ,aphrod41 traduit p> ,m4 ,h]ret4 ,p>is #aeee1 #hvo1 p4 #ej4 #ahg ,orig94 lib4 xvi4 #ae1 p4 #cid4 #ahh ,orig94 lib4 xvi4 #ah1 p4 #cif4 #ahi ,lib4 xxxvi4 cap4 #bf1 p4 #gei4 #aij ,bayle1 ,diction4 ,hi/or4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dfb4 #aia ,pr9t$ at ,leipzig1 #aejd1 9 small folio4 ,!re is an edition also pr9t$ at ,cologne 9 #afbd1 & ,fabricius quotes a ,v5etian edition4 ,pisanus seems to h be5 a by-"n giv5 by "s "o to ,peckham4 #aib ,specul4 ,natur4 ii4 #gh1 p4 #abi4 #aic ,ars ,magna1 cap4 lxvii4 p4 #eag1 9 ,lullii ,op]a4 ,arg5t4 #afjg1 #hvo4 #aid ,opus ,majus1 ed4 ,jebb4 ,lond4 #agcc1 fol4 p4 #cdf4 #aie ,franc4 ,assisiatis et ,ant4 ,paduani ,op]a4 ,lugd4 #afec1 fol4 #aif ,nicephori ,s*ol4 9 ,synesium1 9 ,synesii ,op4 ,p>4 #afab1 fol4 p4 #dai4 #aig ,9 ! collection ( antiquities at ,/4 ,d5is1 an anci5t mirror 0 %[n1 :i* 0 said to h belong$ to ,virgil4 ,x 0 oval1 & be=e ,mabillon let x fall1 0 f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g? & twelve 9 bread?1 & weigh$ ?irty p\nds4 ,x is transp>5t1 & ( a br[ni%-yell[ col\r4 ,accord+ to exp]im5ts made on purpose1 x 0 f\nd to consi/ ( artificial glass1 mix$ ) a consid]able portion ( lead2 & z x _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! above collection f ! e>lie/ p]iods1 ! practice ( add+ lead to glass mu/ be v old4 ,b :e!r ?is mirror 0 cov]$ at ! back1 & h[ x 0 cov]$1 ?\gh ^! are ! mo/ important po9ts1 ,i f9d n[h]e m5tion$4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany !re is a piece ( ! same k9d1 said also to h be5 ! mirror ( ,virgil4 ,see ,le ,veil1 ,kun/ auf ,glas zu mal51 ,nurnb4 #aggi1 #dto1 p4 #bc1 & ,hi/4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #agcg1 p4 #dab4 #aih ,vill>et1 ,hi/4 de ,france4 ,p>4 #agfc1 xi4 p4 #adb4 #aii ,9 ,miscellanea ,b]ol95sia1 i4 p4 #bfc2 b no?+ fur!r is said respect+ ! art1 ?an t x 0 daily us$ 9 ! glass-h\ses4 ,_h ,i an opportunity1 ,i %\ld make exp]im5ts ( e k9d 9 ord] to discov] a me?od ( =m+ plane mirrors also 9 ! l mann]4 #bjj ,weck]1 9 8 book ,de ,secretis1 lib4 x4 p4 #egb1 seems to say1 t "o mu/ lay ! saturat$ t9 leaf s c>efully on ! glass plate1 t no air c settle betwe5 !m4 ,accord+ to ,g>zoni1 ! t9 leaf is spread out on a smoo? /one table1 & aft] x has be5 rubb$ ov] ) quicksilv]1 ! glass is plac$ above x4 #bja ,tome iii4 p4 #hg1 art4 ,glace4 #bjb ,dict4 ,gog4 de la ,france4 ,am/4 #agfb1 fol4 v4 pp4 #dae1 #fgb4 #bjc ,a furnace = ca/+ l>ge glass plates1 be=e x is fit to be set at "w1 co/1 x is said1 #cejjl4 ,x seldom la/s above ?ree ye>s1 & ev5 9 t "t x mu/ be repair$ e six mon?s4 ,x takes six mon?s to rebuild x1 & ?ree mon?s to repair x4 ,! melt+-pots are z big z l>ge hog%eads1 & conta9 above #bjj cwt4 ( metal4 ,if "o ( !m bur/ 9 ! furnace1 ! loss ( ! matt] & "t am\nts to #bejl4--,,trans4 ,,glass-,,cutt+4 ,,et*+ ,,on ,,glass4 ,i d n "h mean to ent] into ! hi/ory ( engrav+ on /one1 z t subject has be5 already suffici5tly illu/rat$ by sev]al m5 ( le>n+ well acqua9t$ ) antiquities4 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t ! anci5t ,greek arti/s =m$ ^u glass bo? rais$ & engrav$ figures2 z may be se5 by articles /ill pres]v$ 9 collections1 ?\gh x is probable t _m pieces ( glass may h be5 m\ld$ l pa/e2 = t art also is ( v great antiquity#bjd4 ,x appe>s likewise t !y cut ^u plates ( glass & holl[ glass vessels all k9ds ( figures & ornam5ts1 9 ! same mann] z names1 coats ( arms1 fl[]s1 l&scapes1 c4 are cut ^u dr9k+-glasses at pres5t#bje4 ,if we c believe t le>n$ engrav] 9 /one1 ! celebrat$ ,natt]1 ! anci5ts employ$ ! same k9d ( in/rum5ts = ?is purpose z ^? us$ by ! mod]ns#bjf4 ,!y und\bt$ly _h 9 l mann] a :eel :i* mov$ r\nd 9 a horizontal direction above ! "w-table1 or t ma*9e :i* by writ]s is call$ a lapid>y's :eel4 ,if ?is conjecture be true1 :at ,pl9y says respect+ ! v>i\s ways ( prep>+ glass is p]fectly intelligible4 ,x is turn$1 says he1 by ! :eel1 & engrav5 l silv]4 ,9 my op9ion we are to und]/& by ! fir/ "p ( ?is s5t5ce1 t ! glass 0 cut by ! :eel1 l /one1 bo? holl[ & 9 relief1 ?\gh x is possible t dr9k+-cups or vessels may h be5 =m$ f ! glass metal by means ( ! :eel also#bjg4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! s5t5ce we mu/ n imag9e t ,pl9y alludes to grav]s l ^? us$ by silv]smi?s1 = ! comp>ison w n apply to in/rum5ts or to ! mann] ( work+1 :i* 9 silv] & glass mu/ be totally diff]5t2 b to ! figures del9eat$ on ! =m]1 :i* 7 only cut out on ! surface 9 a %all[ mann]2 & su* figures 7 =m$ on glass by ! anci5t arti/s1 z !y are by our glass-cutt]s1 by means ( a :eel4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 affirm t ! art ( glass-cutt+1 toge!r ) ! necess>y in/rum5ts1 0 fir/ inv5t$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! inv5tor is said to h be5 ,casp] ,lehmann1 :o orig9ally 0 a cutt] ( /eel & iron2 & :o made an attempt1 :i* succe$$1 ( cutt+ cry/al1 & aft]w>ds glass1 9 ! l mann]4 ,he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! emp]or ,rodolphus ,,ii41 :o1 9 ! ye> #afji1 besides pres5ts1 conf]r$ on him ! title ( lapid>y & glass-cutt] to ! c\rt1 & gave him a pat5t by :i* e "o except himself 0 =bidd5 to ex]cise ?is new art4 ,he work$ at ,prague1 :]e he _h an assi/ant nam$ ,za*>ias ,belz]2 b ,george ,s*wanh>d ! eld]1 "o ( 8 s*ol>s1 c>ri$ on ! same bus9ess to a f> great] ext5t4 ,! latt]1 :o 0 a son ( ,hans ,s*wanh>d1 a jo9] at ,ro!nburg1 0 born 9 #afja2 & 9 #afah w5t to ,prague to le>n ! art ( glass-cutt+ f ,lehmann4 ,by 8 good behavi\r he s mu* ga9$ ! e/eem ( 8 ma/]1 :o di$ a ba*elor 9 #afbb1 t he 0 left 8 heir2 & obta9$ f ! emp]or ,rodolphus a cont9uation ( ,lehmann's pat5t4 ,s*wanh>d1 h[ev]1 remov$ to ,nuremb]g1 :]e he work$ = _m ( ! pr9cipal nobility2 & by ^! means procur$ to t city ! hon\r ( be+ acc\nt$ ! bir?-place ( ?is new art4 ,9 ! ye> #afeb he work$ at ,prague & ,ratisbon by comm& ( ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii41 & di$ 9 #affg1 leav+ beh9d him two sons1 :o bo? foll[$ ! occupation ( ! fa!r4 ,! eld]1 :o _h ! same *ri/ian "n z ! fa!r1 di$ s e>ly z #afgf2 b ! o!r1 ,h5ry1 surviv$ him sev]al ye>s4 ,aft] t p]iod ,nuremb]g produc$ 9 ?is art m exp]t ma/]s1 :o1 by improv+ ! tools & devis+ *eap] me?ods ( employ+ !m1 br\ght x to a mu* high] degree ( p]fection#bjh4 ,t ! art is ( s mod]n date seems to be confirm$ by ,zahn1 :o speaks ( x z ( a new employm5t c>ri$ on at t "t1 p>ticul>ly at ,nuremb]g4 ,he describes ! "w-table z well z ! o!r in/rum5ts2 & gives a figure ( ! :ole1 :i* he appe>s to h consid]$ z ! fir/#bji4 ,x may be se51 h[ev]1 f :at ,i h already quot$1 t ?is inv5tion does n belong entirely to ! mod]ns2 &1 to d5y t ! anci5ts 7 altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) x1 w\ld be do+ !m an inju/ice4 ,x 0 =gott5 & aga9 reviv$2 & ?is is ! op9ion ( ,caylus4 ,i mu/ "h rem>k1 t be=e ?is inv5tion !re 7 arti/s1 :o1 ) a diamond1 cut or engrav$ figures on glass1 :i* 7 ev]y:]e admir$4 ,)\t ent]+1 h[ev]1 into ! hi/ory ( diamonds1 :i* w\ld require m mat]ials ?an ,i h yet be5 able to collect1 ,i w v5ture to ass]t t ! anci5t arti/s employ$ diamond du/ = poli%+ or cutt+ o!r k9ds ( /ones4 ,pl9y#baj speaks ( ?is 9 s cle> a mann] t x _c be d\bt$4 ,! same ?+ has be5 repeat$ by ,sol9us#baa1 ,isidore#bab1 & ,alb]tus ,magnus#bac1 9 a mann] equally cle>1 & ,m>iette#bad consid]s x z fully prov$2 b x does n appe> t ! anci5ts made any attempts to cut ?is preci\s /one ) its own du/2 ,i mean to give x diff]5t faces & to r5d] x brilliant4 ,:e!r !y engrav$ on x 9 t mann] ,i _c pret5d to decide1 z ! greate/ arti/s are n agre$ on ! subject4 ,m>iette#bae d5ies t !y did2 :]eas ,natt]#baf seems n to d5y x altoge!r1 & ,klotz#bag confid5tly ass]ts x z a ?+ c]ta94 ,b ! la/-m5tion$ au?or knew no?+ m ( ?is circum/ance ?an :at he _h read 9 ! above-quot$ writ]s4 ,! "q :i* prop]ly belongs to my subject is1 :e!r ! ,greeks & ! ,romans us$ diamond p5cils = engrav+ on o!r /ones4 ,t _m anci5t arti/s assi/$ _! lab\r by !m1 or gave _! "w ! f9i%+ t\*es1 seems1 accord+ to ,natt]1 to be %[n by v>i\s antique gems4 ,b ev5 all[+ ?is to h be5 ! case 7= at any rate ,i d>e n contradict s em95t a connoisseur71 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h f\nd no pro(s t ! anci5ts cut glass ) a diamond4 ,we are h[ev] acqua9t$ ) ! means employ$ by ! old glazi]s to cut glass3 !y us$ = t purpose em]y1 %>p-po9t$ in/rum5ts ( ! h>de/ /eel1 & a r$-hot iron1 by :i* !y direct$ ! r5ts accord+ to _! pleasure4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( a diamond be+ us$ = writ+ on glass occurs 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,francis ,i4 ( ,france1 :o 0 fond ( ! arts1 sci5ces1 & new inv5tions1 wrote ! foll[+ l9es ) 8 diamond r+ ^u a pane ( glass1 at ! ca/le ( ,*ambord1 9 ord] to let ,anne de ,pisseleu1 du*ess ( ,e/ampes1 "k t he 0 jeal\s3 ,s\v5t femme v>ie1 ,mal habil qui s'y fie4 ,! hi/orian record$ ?is n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! admonition1 :i* is n new1 z because x 0 !n ?\ght v +5i\s to write ^u glass#bah4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aefb1 fe/oons & o!r ornam5ts1 cut ) a diamond1 7 extremely common on ,v5etian glasses1 :i* at t p]iod 7 acc\nt$ ! be/4 ,george ,s*wanh>d ! eld] 0 a great ma/] 9 ?is art#bai2 & 9 m mod]n times1 ,john ,ro/1 an arti/ ( ,augsburg1 ornam5t$ 9 a v curi\s mann] ) a diamond p5cil1 "s dr9k+-glasses :i* 7 pur*as$ by ! emp]or ,*>les ,,vi4 ,i n[ come to ! art ( et*+ on glass1 :i* prop]ly 0 ! subject ( ?is article4 ,z ! acid :i* dissolves silice\s e>?1 & also glass1 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ye> #agga1 by ,s*eele ! *emi/#bbj1 9 fluor-sp>1 "o might imag9e t ! art ( engrav+ ) x ^u glass c\ld n be old]4 ,x has inde$ be5 ann\nc$ by _m z a new inv5tion#bba2 b x c be prov$ t x 0 discov]$ z e>ly z ! ye> #afgj1 by ! be=e-m5tion$ arti/ ,h5ry ,s*wanh>d4 ,we are told t "s aqua=tis hav+ fall5 by accid5t ^u 8 spectacles1 ! glass 0 corrod$ by x2 & t he !nce le>n$ to make a liquid by :i* he c\ld et* writ+ & figures ^u plates ( glass#bbb4 ,h[ ,s*wanh>d prep>$ ?is liquid ,i f9d n[h]e m5tion$2 b at pres5t we are acqua9t$ ) no o!r acid b t ( fluor-sp> :i* w corrode e k9d ( glass2 & x is v probable t 8 prep>ation 0 ! same z t kn[n to "s arti/s z a secret 9 #agba4 ,! inv5tor h[ev] employ$ x to a purpose diff]5t f t = :i* x is us$ at pres5t4 ,at pres5t ! glass is cov]$ ) a v>ni%1 & ^? figures :i* "o int5ds to et* are trac$ out ?r\gh x2 b ,s*wanh>d1 :5 ! figures 7 =m$1 cov]$ !m ) v>ni%1 & !n by 8 liquid corrod$ ! glass ar\nd !m2 s t ! figures1 :i* rema9$ smoo? & cle>1 appe>$ :5 ! v>ni% 0 remov$1 rais$ f a dim or d>k gr\nd4 ,he p]haps adopt$ ?is me?od 9 ord] to r5d] 8 inv5tion diff]5t f ! art kn[n long be=e ( cutt+ ! figures on ! glass z if engrav54 ,_h he be5 able to inve/igate prop]ly :at accid5t pres5t$ to him1 he might h enri*$ ! arts ) a discov]y :i* gave great reputation to a *emi/ a hundr$ ye>s aft]4 ,i m5tion$ ?is old me?od ( et*+ 9 relief to our +5i\s ,kl9dwor?1 :o possesses great dext]ity 9 su* arts1 & reque/$ him to try x4 ,he drew a tree ) oil v>ni% & col\rs on a plate ( glass1 appli$ ! acid to ! plate 9 ! usual mann]1 & !n remov$ ! v>ni%4 ,by ^! means a bright1 smoo? figure 0 produc$ ^u a dim gr\nd1 :i* _h a mu* bett] effect ?an ^? figures t are cut into ! glass4 ,i recomm5d ?is process1 because ,i am ( op9ion t x may be br\ght to mu* great] p]fection2 & ,m4 ,r5>d1 t celebrat$ arti/ ( ,/rasburg1 ^: !rmomet]s ) glass scales1 9 :i* ! degrees & numb]s are et*$1 h met ) univ]sal approbation1 0 ( ! same op9ion1 :5 ,i m5tion$ ! me?od to him :ile he resid$ "h1 bani%$ f 8 home by ! di/urbances 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,x is probable t ,s*wanh>d & 8 s*ol>s kept ! prep>ation ( ?is liquid a secret1 z ! receipt = t purpose 0 n made kn[n till ! ye> #agbe1 ?\gh x is possible t "o old] may be f\nd 9 "s ( ^? books :i* treat on ! arts4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ ye>1 ,dr4 ,john ,george ,weyg&1 f ,gold+5 9 ,c\rl&1 s5t to ! editor ( a p]iodical "w a receipt :i* _h be5 writt5 out = him by ,dr4 ,mat?4 ,pauli ( ,dresd51 !n deceas$1 :o _h et*$1 9 ?is mann] on glass1 arms1 l&scapes1 & figures ( v>i\s k9ds#bbc4 ,we f9d by x t a /rong acid ( nitre 0 us$1 :i* c]ta9ly dis5gages ! acid ( fluor-sp>1 ?\gh ! vitriolic acid is commonly employ$ = t purpose#bbd4 ,t ! ,bohemian em]ald or hesphorus1 m5tion$ 9 ! receipt1 is gre5 fluor-sp>1 _c be d\bt$1 & w appe> /ill m c]ta9 f ! hi/ory ( ?is species ( /one1 z f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) x1 :i* ,i %all "h ins]t4 ,9 ! works ( ! old m9]alogi/s1 fluor-sp> is ei!r n m5tion$1 or is class$ among _! natural glasses & preci\s /ones2 & 9 ^? ( ! fir/ sy/ematic writ]s x is s m+l$ ) qu>tz & calc>e\s & gypse\s sp>s1 t x is impossible to discov] x4 ,! old ,g]man m9]s1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ x s e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 & call$ x fluss2 because !y us$ x to accel]ate ! fusion ( ores t 7 difficult to be r$uc$ to t /ate4 ,agricola1 :o fir/ rem>k$ ?is1 *ang$ ! ,g]man "n into fluor1 an appellation1 :i*1 l _m o!rs1 =m$ by him f ,g]man words1 su* = example z qu>zum f qu>z1 spatum f spat1 wismu?um1 z9cum1 cobaltum1 c41 became aft]w>ds common4 ,if a passage ( ! anci5ts c be quot$ t seems to allude to fluor-sp>1 x is t ( ,!ophra/us1 :]e he says t !re are c]ta9 /ones :i*1 :5 add$ to silv]1 copp]1 & iron ores1 become fluid#bbe4 ,! fir/ sy/ematic writ] :o m5tion$ ?is k9d ( /one z a p>ticul> g5us1 0 ,cron/$t4 ,besides be+ kn[n by its metallurgic use1 fluor-sp> is kn[n also by hav+ ! col\rs ( "s preci\s /ones1 s t x may be sold1 or at lea/ %[n z su* to ^? :o are n exp]t judges2 because ! fir/ "t :5 heat$ 9 ! d>k x %9es ) a blui%-gre5 lu/re4 ,x is possible t fluor-sp> may h be5 among ! numb] ( t great v>iety ( /ones :i* ! anci5ts1 ) mu* a/oni%m5t1 tell u %one 9 ! d>k2 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t ! pr9cipal "p ( !m 7 only light-magnets1 z !y are call$1 or su* z reta9 = a c]ta9 p]iod ! light !y h absorb$ 9 ! day-"t4 ,! obs]vation1 h[ev]1 t fluor-sp> emits light aft] x is heat$1 seems to h be5 fir/ made :5 artificial phosphorus excit$ ! inquiry ( naturali/s & *emi/s2 & :5 !y began to se>* 9 _! own c\ntry = /ones :i*1 9 ! prop]ty ( emitt+ light1 might h a resemblance to ! ,bologna sp>1 made kn[n ab\t ! ye> #afcj4 ,x is well kn[n t ! latt] is prep>$ = t purpose by calc9ation4 ,/ones ( ! l k9d 7 s\ght =2 & among ^! fluor-sp>1 :i* is n sc>ce 9 ,g]many4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! obs]vation 0 made 9 ! ye> #afgf2 = 9 t ye> ,el%olz in=m$ ! memb]s ( ! ,society = inve/igat+ ,nature1 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) a phosphorus :i* _h its light nei!r f ! sun nor f fire1 b :i*1 :5 heat$ on a metal plate ov] gl[+ coals1 %one ) a blui%-:ite lu/re2 s t by /rew+ ! p[d] ( x ov] pap]1 "o might =m lum9\s writ+4 ,i d\bt mu* :e!r ?is exp]im5t 0 ev] tri$2 at lea/ ,i f9d no fur!r acc\nt ( x 9 ! pap]s ( ! ,society1 nor 9 ! re-publication ( ! above au?or's fir/ diss]tation1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afhabbf4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ,kir*mai]1 pr(essor at ,witt5b]g1 0 ! fir/ :o disclos$ ! secret1 9 ! ye> #afgibbg4 ,bo? call ?is phosphorus ! sm>agd9e2 because ! anci5ts speak mu* ( lum9\s em]alds1 & because gre5 fluor-sp> is (t5 exhibit$ z an em]ald4 ,kir*mai] calls ?is m9]al also hesp]us & vesp]ugo2 & ^! names h be5 (t5 giv5 s9ce to fluor-sp>1 z 9 ! receipt be=e-m5tion$ = mak+ a liquid to et* on glass4 ,kir*mai]'s in=mation1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 v little kn[n2 = ! ,jesuit ,casatus1 :o1 9 #afhd1 wrote 8 ,treatise on ,fire1 0 n acqua9t$ ) x1 z he has ins]t$ only ! words ( ,el%olz4 ,?is obs]vation mu/ h be5 new to ,leibnitz himself1 & to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l91 9 #agaj2 = ! =m] !n m5tion$ x to ! ,society z a philosophical novelty#bbh4 ,i %all rem>k1 9 ! la/ place1 t ! manufactur+ ( vessels & ornam5ts ( e k9d f solid fluor-sp> 0 begun 9 ,d]by%ire 9 ! ye> #agfebbi4 ,! articles =m$ ( x are 9 ,engl& call$ sp> ornam5ts1 & sometimes blue ,john4 ,_m beautiful col\rs mu/1 z is said1 be br\ght =w>d by means ( fire4 ,b ! heat mu/ be appli$ ) great caution2 = fluor-sp>1 z is well kn[n1 by a /rong & p>ticul>ly a sudd5 heat+1 cracks1 & loses its transp>5cy4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i f9d t ,m4 ,raspe#bcj d5ies ?is br++ =w>d ( col\rs by fire4 ,,footnotes #bjd ,m>iette1 ,trait des ,pi]res graves4 ,p>4 #agej1 fol4 #bje ,! two anci5t glasses f\nd at ,nismes1 & describ$ 9 ,caylus' ,recueil d',antiquits1 ii4 p4 #cfc1 7 probably ( ?is sort4 #bjf ,natt]1 ,trait de la ,m?ode antique de grav] en ,pi]res f9es1 comp> avec la ,m?ode mod]ne4 ,lond4 #aged1 fol4 #bjg ,( ?is k9d 7 ! calices audaces ( ,m>tial1 xiv4 #id1 & ^? cups :i* (t5 broke :5 ! arti/ wi%$ to give !m ! f9i%+ t\*4 #bjh ,see ,s&r>t's ,teuts*e ,akademie1 vol4 i4 "p #b1 p4 #cde1 :]e !re is mu* valuable in=mation respect+ ! ,g]man arti/s4 ,comp>e also ,doppelmay]'s ,na*ri*t von ,nrnb]g4 ,kn/l]n4 #bji ,oculus ,artificial4 iii4 p4 #gi4 #baj ,lib4 xxxvii4 #baa ,cap4 #eb1 p4 #ei4 #bab ,orig94 xvi4 #h4 #bac ,de ,m9]4 lib4 ii4 #b4 #bad ,trait des ,pi]res graves1 i4 pp4 #ij1 #aef4 #bae ,ibid4 p4 #aef4 #baf ,9 ! preface1 p4 #ae4 #bag ,ueb] d5 ,nutz5 d4 ges*nitt4 ,/e9e4 ,alt5b4 #agfh1 p4 #db4 #bah ,le ,veil1 iii4 p4 #ai4 ,?is anecdote h[ev] is n m5tion$ by ,mez]ay1 ,ca/elnau1 or ,lab\reur2 & ,bayle mu/ h be5 unacqua9t$ ) x1 or he w\ld h introduc$ x into 8 long article on ! ,du*esse d',e/ampes4 #bai ,doppelmay]1 p4 #bcb4 #bbj ,abh&lung5 d] ,s*w$4 ,akad4 xxxiii4 p4 #abb4 #bba ,halle1 ,=tgesetzte ,magie4 ,b]l91 #aghh1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #eaf4 ,?is au?or says t ! inv5tion came f ,engl&1 :]e x 0 kept v secret2 b ! hon\r ( ! second inv5tion belongs to ,h4 ,klapro?4 #bbb ,s*wanh>d1 by ! acut5ess ( 8 g5ius1 prov$ :at 0 be=e consid]$ z impossible1 & f\nd out a corrosive s p[]ful t ! h>de/ cry/al glass1 :i* _h hi!rto )/ood ! =ce ( ! /ronge/ spirits1 0 oblig$ to yield to x1 z well z metals & /ones4 ,by ^! means he del9eat$ & et*$ on glass1 figures ( m51 "s nak$ & "s dress$1 & all k9ds ( animals1 fl[]s1 & plants1 9 a mann] p]fectly natural2 & br\ght !m into ! highe/ e/imation4--,s&r>t1 ,teuts*e ,akademie1 i4 #b1 p4 #cdf4--;,doppelmay]1 p4 #bej1 says1 8,aft] #afgj he accid5tally f\nd out by ! glass ( 8 spectacles1 ^u :i* "s aqua=tis _h fall51 becom+ q s(t1 ! art ( et*+ on glass40 #bbc ,breslau] ,sammlung zur ,natur- und ,m$ic9-,ges*i*te4 #agbe1 ,janu>y1 p4 #ajg4 8,inv5tion ( a p[]ful acid by :i* figures ( e k9d1 accord+ to fancy1 c be et*$ ^u glass4--,:5 spiritus nitri p] di/illationem has pass$ into ! recipi5t1 ply x ) a /rong fire1 & :5 well dephlegmat$1 p\r x1 z x corrodes ord9>y glass1 into a ,wald5burg flask2 !n ?r[ into x a pulv]is$ gre5 ,bohemian em]ald1 o!rwise call$ hesphorus 7:i*1 :5 r$uc$ to p[d] & heat$1 emits 9 ! d>k a gre5 light71 & place x 9 w>m s& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,take a piece ( glass well clean$ & fre$ f all grease by means ( a lye2 put a bord] ( wax r\nd x1 ab\t an in* 9 height1 & cov] x all equally ov] ) ! above acid4 ,! long] y let x /& ! bett]1 & at ! end ( "s "t ! glass w be corrod$1 & ! figures1 :i* h be5 trac$ out ) sulphur & v>ni%1 w appe> z if rais$ above ! plane ( ! glass40 ,?is receipt has be5 ins]t$ by ,h4 ,krunitz 9 8 konomis*e ,encyclop$ie1 xi4 p4 #fgh4 #bbd ,kl9dwor? cov]s ! glass ) ! et*+ gr\nd ( ! engrav]s2 b 9 ! ,annals ( ,*emi/ry = #agij1 ii4 p4 #ada1 a solution ( is+lass 9 wat]1 or a turp5t9e oil v>ni%1 mix$ ) a little :ite lead1 is recomm5d$4 ,complete in/ructions = acquir+ ?is art may be f\nd !re also4 #bbe ,de ,lapidibus1 sect4 #ai4 #bbf ,see ,ephem]id4 ac ,nat4 ,cur4 #afgf1 ,dec4 #a1 obs4 #ac1 p4 #cb2 & ,el%oltii ,de ,phosphoris ,obs]vationes1 ,b]ol4 #afha1 #dto4 #bbg ,g4 ,c4 ,kir*mai]i ,de ,phosphoris et ,natura ,lucis1 necnon de ,igne1 ,comm5tatio ,epi/olica4 ,witteb]g1 #afhj1 #dto4 #bbh ,miscellanea ,b]ol94 #agaj1 vol4 i4 p4 #ig4 ,! fluor-sp> e>?1 or phosphoric e>?1 z x is call$1 :i* 9 lat] times has be5 f\nd 9 m>ble qu>ries1 & :i* "s at pres5t consid] z an e>? saturat$ ) phosphoric acid1 is m5tion$ by ! ,sw$e ,hi]ne1 9 ,prodromus ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,sueci4 ,h5kel _h nev] se5 x4 #bbi ,watson's ,*emical ,essays1 ii4 p4 #bgg4 #bcj ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ,tassie's ,engrav$ ,gems1 ,lond4 #agia1 #b vols4 #dto1 i4 p4 #ea4 ,,soap4 ,t ! fir/ express m5tion ( soap occurs 9 ,pl9y & ,gal51 & t ! =m] decl>es x to be an inv5tion ( ! ,gauls1 ?\gh he pref]s ! ,g]man to ! ,gallic soap#bca1 has already be5 rem>k$ by _m4 ,pl9y says t soap#bcb 0 made ( tall[ & a%es2 t ! be/ 0 made ( goats' tall[ & ! a%es ( ! bee*-tree1 & t !re 7 two k9ds ( x1 h>d & s(t4 ,! au?or ( a "w on simple m$ic9es1 :i* is ascrib$ to ,gal51 b :i* h[ev] does n seem to h be5 writt5 by t au?or1 & ( :i* only a ,lat9 translation has be5 pr9t$1 speaks ( soap be+ made by a mixture ( ox51 goats'1 or %eep's tall[1 & a lye ( a%es /r5g!n$ ) quicklime4 ,he says ! ,g]man soap 0 ! pure/1 ! fatte/1 & ! be/1 & t ! next 9 quality 0 ! ,gallic#bcc4 ,?is acc\nt corresponds m exactly ) ! process us$ 9 ,g]many at pres5t2 :]eas ! ,fr5* use m9]al alkali1 & in/ead ( tall[1 employ oil1 :i* appe>s to be a lat] inv5tion4 ,pl9y 9 8 description does n speak ( quicklime2 b z he m5tions a mixture ( goats' tall[ & quicklime a little be=e1 x is probable t ! use ( ! latt] 0 !n kn[n at ,rome4 ,gallic & ,g]man soap are (t5 m5tion$ by lat] writ]s#bcd1 z well z by ! ,arabians1 sometimes on acc\nt ( _! ext]nal use z a m$ic9e1 & sometimes on acc\nt ( _! use 9 wa%+ clo!s4 ,! latt] purpose is t = :i* soap is pr9cipally employ$ 9 mod]n times2 b x does n seem to h be5 ! cause ( ,g]man soap be+ introduc$ at ,rome4 ,wa%+ !re 0 ! occupation ( indig5t sc\r]s1 :o did n give !mselves mu* tr\ble conc]n+ =eign commodities4 ,! ,g]man soap1 ) :i*1 z ,pl9y tells u1 ! ,g]mans col\r$ _! hair r$1 0 import$ to ,rome = ! use ( ! fa%ionable ,roman ladies & _! gallants4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! pil ,mattiac1 :i* ,m>tial recomm5ds z a prev5tive ( gray hair#bce2 ! cau/ica spuma ) :i* ! ,g]mans dy$ _! hair#bcf2 & ! ,batavian fro? or la!r :i* ! ,romans employ$ = col\r+ !irs#bcg1 7 ,g]man soap4 ,x is probable t ! ,g]mans t+$ x ) ^? plants :i* 7 s5t to ,rome = dye+ ! hair#bch2 & accord+ to ! mod]n mann] ( speak+1 x 0 m prop]ly a k9d ( pomade ?an soap4 ,x appe>s t ! ,romans at fir/ consid]$ hair-soap z an o9tm5t made f a%es2 = we read 9 v>i\s passages ( anci5t au?ors1 t ! hair 0 dy$ by means ( a%es1 or an o9tm5t made ( a%es & a c]ta9 k9d ( oil4 ,x is h[ev] possible t !y may h _h su* an o9tm5t1 :i* und\bt$ly w\ld be ( a saponace\s nature1 be=e !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,g]man soap1 or t !y imitat$ ! ,g]man pomade ) diff]5t v>iations#bci4 ,z soap is ev]y:]e us$ = wa%+ at pres5t1 a "q arises :at sub/itutes 7 employ$ be=e x 0 inv5t$4 ,^? ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ ,i %all m5tion & endeav\r to illu/rate4 ,!y are all /ill us$1 ?\gh n 9 g5]al2 & !y are all ( a soapy nature1 or at lea/ h ! same effects z soap2 s t we may say ! anci5ts us$ soap )\t kn[+ x4 ,our soap is produc$ by a mixture ( lixivi\s salts & tall[1 by :i* means ! latt] becomes soluble 9 wat]4 ,! great] "p ( ! dirt on our l95 & clo!s consi/s ( oily p]spiration or grease1 or du/ :i* t grease attracts1 & :i* ei!r _c be wa%$ out1 or1 b v imp]fectly1 by wat] alone4 ,b if w>m wat]1 to :i* lixivi\s salts h 9 any mann] be5 add$1 be tak51 & if dirty clo? be rubb$ 9 x1 ! greasy dirt unites ) ! salts1 becomes saponace\s1 & is s f> soluble 9 wat] t x may be wa%$ out4 ,!re are also natural juices :i* are ( a soapy quality1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d !m1 & :i* c be employ$ 9 ! /ead ( artificial soap4 ,( ?is k9d is ! gall ( animals & ! sap ( _m plants4 ,! =m] be+ less /rong 9 its effects on acc\nt ( its slimy nature1 is us$ at pres5t p>ticul>ly = col\r$ /uffs1 ! dye ( :i* is apt to fade4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 h[ev]1 x 0 n employ$ by ! anci5ts#bdj1 b x is c]ta9 t 9 wa%+ !y us$ saponace\s plants4 ,9 ! remote/ p]iods x appe>s t clo!s 7 clean$ by be+ rubb$ or /amp$ ^u 9 wat]1 )\t ! addition ( any sub/ance :atev]4 ,we are told by ,hom]1 t ,nausicaa & h] att5dants wa%$ _! clo!s by tread+ ^u !m ) _! feet 9 pits1 into :i* !y _h collect$ wat]#bda4 ,! epi!t black1 :i* ! poet gives to ! wat]1 might induce "o to conjecture t x _h be5 mix$ ) a%es1 :i* w\ld conv]t x into a lye2 b :]e 7 ! a%es to be f\nd8 ,_h !y br\ght !m along ) !m1 ! b>d1 :]e he be=e enum]ates ev]y?+ t !y c>ri$ ) !m1 & ev5 oil1 w\ld n h fail$ to m5tion !m2 & su* a conjecture is r5d]$ entirely gr\ndless by 8 apply+ ! same epi!t to pure wat]1 9 o!r places1 :]e no?+ c be suppos$ to h col\r$ x#bdb4 ,wat]1 :5 x /&s 9 deep pits1 reflects s few rays ( light1 t 9 a poetical s5se x may v prop]ly be call$ black4 ,we f9d h[ev] m5tion made at lat] p]iods ( a%es1 & a lye ( a%es employ$ = wa%+2 b ,i ?9k v seldom1 & ,i d n "k h[ old ! use ( !m may be4 ,accord+ to ,julius ,pollux1 konia1 m5tion$ by ,ari/ophanes & ,plato1 0 a sub/ance us$ = wa%+2 & he says expressly1 t we are to und]/& by x a lye ( a%es4 ,?is ,i m5tion = ! sake ( ^?1 :o1 l me1 place little confid5ce 9 ! t]ms ( art giv5 9 diction>ies4 ,) ! above lye1 oil- & w9e-j>s 7 clean$#bdc2 & x 0 employ$ also = wa%+ ! images ( ! gods#bdd4 ,! me?od ( /r5g!n+ ! lye by means ( unslak$ lime 0 kn[n1 at any rate1 9 ! "t ( ,paulus g9eta2 b x appe>s t ! ,romans 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! salt itself1 :i* is procur$ by dissolv+ common wood-a%es 9 wat]3 ,i mean1 !y did n und]/& ! art ( produc+ x 9 a dry solid =m1 or ( boil+ pota%es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t fix$ lixivi\s salt1 ! m9]al :i* nature pres5ts 9 _m ( ! s\!rn c\ntries1 0 long kn[n & us$ 9 wa%+4 ,?is 0 ! nitrum1 or1 z ! p ( ,attica pron\nc$ x1 ! litrum1 ( ! anci5ts1 z has already be5 rem>k$ by o!rs#bde4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be wor? ! tr\ble to inve/igate ! pro(s /ill fur!r4 ,by exam9+ !m ) m m9]alogical & *emical k ?an h hi!rto be5 employ$ = t purpose1 !y might be fur!r /r5g!n$1 & s]ve to illu/rate _m obscure passages4 ,= my "p1 ,i h nei!r leisure nor room "h to und]take su* a task1 ?\gh ,i h collect$ _m obs]vations relative to t subject4 ,x is c]ta9 at any rate1 t ! anci5ts employ$ nitrum = wa%+1 & x is evid5t f ! te/imony ( v>i\s au?ors1 t x 0 mu* us$ 9 ! ba?s#bdf4 ,t ! p ( ,egypt1 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 made m9]al alkali also f ! a%es ( "s plants1 we h reason to conclude1 because he says t x 0 necess>y to put ! ,egyptian nitre into vessels well-cork$1 else x became liquid4 ,natural alkali is nev] liable to d s1 unless x be v mu* burnt2 & z no reason is assign$ = its assum+ t =m1 we may believe t ! ,egyptian alkali 0 ! /rongly burnt a%es ( ^? plants :i* are /ill us$ 9 ,egypt = mak+ salt1 & p]haps ! same ) :i* ! ,spani>ds 7 made acqua9t$ by ! ,arabians1 & :i* !y cultivate = mak+ soda4 ,/rabo speaks ( an alkal9e wat] 9 ,arm5ia1 :i* 0 us$ by ! sc\r]s = wa%+ clo!s#bdg4 ,( ?is k9d also mu/ h be5 ! lake ,ascanius1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,ari/otle#bdh1 ,antigonus ,c>y/ius#bdi1 & ,pl9y#bej4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! anci5ts made o9tm5ts ( ?is m9]al alkali & oil1 b n h>d soap1 ?\gh by ^! means !y approa*$ ne>] to ! inv5tion ?an ! old ,g]mans 9 _! use ( wood-a%es2 = dry solid soap c be made ) m ease f ! m9]al ?an ! vegetable alkali2 & :5 ,hung>ian1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man soap are ( equal goodness1 ! la/ does m cr$it to ! manufactur]s because !y _c employ ! m9]al alkali4 ,i %all "h obs]ve1 t ?is alkali 0 us$ = wa%+ by ! ,hebrews1 & t x occurs 9 ! sacr$ writ+s "u ! "n ( bori?#bea4 ,! *eape/ h[ev]1 & ! mo/ common article us$ = wa%+1 0 ! ur9e ( m5 & animals4 ,:5 ?is excrem5t becomes old1 ! alkali dis5gages itself1 :i* may be p]ceiv$ by its ftid smell2 & su* alkalis$ ur9e be+ w>m$1 & employ$ to wa% greasy clo!s1 produces ! same effects z ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts4 ,x is /ill us$ = ! l purpose 9 our clo? manufactories4 ,to procure a supply ( x1 ! anci5t wa%]s & sc\r]s plac$ at ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 vessels :i* !y c>ri$ away aft] !y _h be5 fill$ by ! pass5g]s1 :o 7 at lib]ty to use !m2 & ! practice ( hav+ su* conv5i5ces 0 c]ta9ly m dec5t ?an t ( employ+ ! walls ( *ur*es & o!r build+s1 :i* ! police ( ,dresd5 =bade "s ye>s ago1 b ) no effect4 ,at ,rome1 t :i* at pres5t spoils & r5d]s fil?y our noble/ edifices1 0 conv]t$ to use4 ,:5 clo!s 7 wa%$1 !y 7 trod ^u ) ! feet1 z 0 ! case 9 ! clo? manufactories at ,le$s1 ,halifax1 & o!r places ( ,engl&1 :]e ! ur9e 0 collect$ by s]vants1 & sold by measure to ! manufactur]s "u ! "n ( old lant4 ,on acc\nt ( ! disagreeable smell att5d+ _! employm5t1 sc\r]s at ,rome 7 oblig$ to reside ei!r 9 ! suburbs or 9 "s ( ! unfrequ5t$ /reets#beb4 ,my read]s "h w und\bt$ly call to remembrance ! s\rce ( taxation devis$ by ! emp]or ,vespasian1 :o1 z 8 hi/orians tell u1 ur9 vectigal comm5tus e/#bec4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n 9 :at mann] ?is impo/ 0 regulat$4 ,did ! emp]or decl>e t article1 :i* 0 n subt]raneum r>ius1 to be a regale z a res d]elicta1 s t ! sc\r]s 7 oblig$ to pay him :at he ?\ght a reasonable sum proportion$ to ! b5efit :i* !y d]iv$ f x8 ,or 0 x impos$ only z a poll-tax8 ,= e tax ^u any?+ indisp5sably necess>y to all1 is1 to speak 9 ! language ( f9ance1 ! same z :at is call$ a poll-tax1 or a tax paid by e "o :o has a head4 ,! latt] conjecture is ! mo/ probable1 especially z ?is tax cont9u$ two c5turies1 till ! "t ( ,ana/asius1 & z we read also ( vectigal pro ur9a jum5torum et canum1 :i* 0 exact$ f e p]son :o kept cattle4 ,vespasian !re=e 0 n =tunate 9 ! *oice ( a "n = 8 tribute1 :i* on t acc\nt mu/ h be5 und\bt$ly m dete/$4 ,a poll-tax at pres5t is call$ by ^? :o d n speak fav\rably ( x1 ! ,turki%-tax1 because ! ,turks impose x on all unbeliev]s4 ,:5 x 0 introduc$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 #afie1 he call$ x la capitation4 ,( plants ) a saponace\s juice1 ! anci5ts1 at any rate1 us$ "o in/ead ( soap2 b x is difficult or r impossible to def9e x4 ,i %all n !re=e cont5t myself m]ely ) transcrib+ ! passages :]e x is m5tion$1 b ,i %all arrange :atev] ,i c f9d respect+ x 9 su* a mann]1 z1 accord+ to my op9ion1 ! names ( plants ought to be expla9$ 9 diction>ies4 1 ,/ru?ium1 ,lat9is ,h]ba lan>ia1 et ,pl9io etiam ,radicula4 #a4 ,e/ planta sp9osa1 ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9ius4 #b4 ,grata aspectu1 s$ s9e odore1 ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9ius4 #c4 ,folio ole1 ,pl9ius2 vel papav]is ,h]aclei1 ,!ophra/us4 #d4 ,caule f]ulaceo1 t5ui1 lanug9oso1 eduli1 ,pl9ius4 #e4 ,radice magna1 acri1 m$ic9ali1 ,pl9ius1 ,dioscorides2 spumesc5te1 ,lucian4 #f4 ,floret /ate1 ,!ophra/us4 ,pl9ius2 s$ sem5 nullum1 ,pl9ius4 #g4 ,nascitur saxosis et asp]is locis1 ,pl9ius4 #h4 ,sponte1 prcipue 9 ,asia ,syriaque2 trans ,euphratem laudatissima2 sativa ubique1 ,pl9ius4 #i4 ,radix conditur ad lanas lav&as1 ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9ius1 ,dioscorides1 ,columella1 et alii4 #aj4 ,h]ba ovibus lac auget1 ,pl9ius4 ,! above is all t ! anci5ts h told u respect+ ?is plant4 ,! in=mation is inde$ v scanty1 & at ! same "t x is n altoge!r c]ta92 b ev5 if x 71 x w\ld be suffici5t only to confute "s conjectures1 b n to e/abli% ! sy/ematic "n ( ! plant4 ,i call ! prop]ties ( x describ$ to u unc]ta93 fir/1 because ,i d n "k :e!r ,pl9y did n mean to di/+ui% ! wild plant f t :i* 0 cultivat$1 & _m h und]/ood z allud+ to ! =m] t :i* ,i h appli$ to bo?3 secondly1 because ! words ( ,!ophra/us1 be+ 9 "o passage evid5tly corrupt$1 w admit ( v>i\s con/ructions2 & because 9 ano!r1 on acc\nt ( "s exceptions1 ( :i* he speaks1 !y appe> at lea/ to me un9telligible3 ?irdly1 because ,pl9y1 :o gives u ! be/ acc\nt ( x1 is ! only au?or :o calls ! /ru?ium or soap-plant radicula1 a "n by :i* is r to be und]/ood a dye-plant ( ! same k9d z madd]4 ,we h reason !re=e to suspect t he has conf\nd$ ! prop]ties ( ! two plants1 especially z ! f\r? prop]ty 0 ascrib$ by o!rs to a ,rubia1 ,asp]ula1 or ,galium1 :i* 0 cultivat$ 9 ,syria1 & nam$ (t5 radicula ,syriaca4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is dim9utive is v ill-suit$ to a root :i* ,pl9y himself calls l>ge4 ,! words ( t au?or1 8t+5ti1 quicquid sit cum quo decoquatur10 h be5 by "s expla9$ z if he meant t ! /ru?ium 0 a dye-plant1 ?\gh z a soapy plant x mu/ h be5 de/itute ( col\r2 & !y h h5ce d$uc$ a pro( t ,pl9y conf\nd$ ! /ru?ium ) ! radicula us$ 9 dye+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h>d\9 reads ungu5tis in/ead ( t+5ti4 ,he assures u t he f\nd ! =m] 9 manuscripts1 & is ( op9ion t ! sap ( ! /ru?ium 0 us$ also = o9tm5ts4 ,9 my op9ion1 h[ev]1 t+5ti mu/ be reta9$2 & ! mean+ is t :5 clo? 0 to be dy$ x 0 necess>y to prep>e x = t purpose by soak+ x & wa%+ x ) ! sap ( ?is plant4 ,?is he expressly tells u himself2 8t+5tibus et radicula lanas prp>at40 ,x is probable t ! anci5t dy]s mix$ _! dye-liquors ) ! juice ( ! /ru?ium1 = ! same purpose z bran & ! se$s ( f5ugreek are add$ to dye-liquors at pres5t2 t is1 to r5d] !m ?ick] & m slimy1 9 ord] t ! col\r+ p>ticles may be long] & m equally susp5d$ 9 or diffus$ ?r\gh !m#bed4 ,! words quidquid sit cum quo decoquatur w n[ become intelligible4 ,:atev] may be employ$ = dye+1 says ! au?or1 ! addition ( ! juice ( ! /ru?ium is s]viceable4 ,z :at has be5 said conta9s no?+ t c enable u to det]m9e ! g5us ( ! /ru?ium accord+ to ! rules ( botany1 we may be all[$ to conjecture t x 0 "o ( ^? plants /ill us$ = ! l purpose 9 ,italy & o!r neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,fu*s ?9ks x mu/ h be5 ! ,sapon>ia (fic9alis 7soap-wort71 ! roots ( :i* inde$ conta9 a saponace\s juice t readily *anges ! saliva into fro?4 ,! root 0 employ$ = t purpose by ! impo/or 9 ,lucian2 & ! juice is us$ at pres5t = clean+ wool & clo?4 ,9 ! ,helvetian ,alps1 ! %eep1 be=e !y are %orn1 are wa%$ ) a decoction ( ! plant & its roots2 & ) a mixture ( a%es x s]ves = clean+ l954 ,! ta/e ( x is s %>p1 t x is comp>$ by "s to t ( ! small burnet-saxifrage4 ,?is ,sapon>ia (fic9alis h[ev] diff]s too mu* f ! rema9+ prop]ties#bee ( ! /ru?ium4 ,its root is z ?ick only z a quill1 or at mo/ z "o's f+]4 ,! /em1 :i* is ?ree feet 9 height1 ?r[s out _m bran*es1 & _c be call$ caulis f]ulaceus1 t5uis4 ,x is n r\gh & prickly1 &1 in/ead ( gr[+ 9 poor rocky soil1 x is r fond ( deep gr\nd & ! bord]s ( corn-fields4 ,we may !re=e conjecture ) m probability t ! ,gypsophila ,/ru?ium1 ,l9n4#bef1 a plant /ill us$ = wa%+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ,italy & ,spa91 is ! /ru?ium ( ! anci5ts4 ,?is op9ion acquires "s /r5g? by its be+ adopt$ among ! ,italians & ,spani>ds2 & because ! plant1 z ,pl9y says1 gr[s 9 a rocky soil & on ! m\nta9s4 ,x is also /ill call$ lan>ia by ! ,calabrian peasants4 ,x has a t5d] /em2 its leaves are s l ^? ( ! olive-tree t !y might be comp>$ to !m by ^? :o are n botani/s2 & its root is l>ge1 b x is nei!r r\gh nor prickly4 ,?is contradiction may be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ,pl9y1 ?r\gh a mi/ake1 ( :i* ,i h already accus$ him1 ascrib$ falsely to ! soap-plant ! prickly or r\gh leaves ( ! dye-plant :i* _h an aff9ity to madd]4 ,b ev5 aft] ?is explanation !re /ill rema9s to be got ov] a dubi\s passage ( ,!ophra/us1 :o inde$ seems to make ! plant prickly also4 ,i d n !re=e place entire confid5ce 9 ?is op9ion2 b suspect r t we %all receive f ! ,ea/ an acc\nt ( a plant1 /ill us$ !re1 :i* w correspond m exactly ) ! soap-plant describ$ by ,pl9y4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,i h already f\nd "s precursory in=mation respect+ x 9 ,bauh91 :o says t 9 ,syria !re is ano!r k9d ( soap-plant1 :i* has prickly leaves l ! ?i/le1 & a ?ick root ( a %>p acrid ta/e4 ,! root1 he adds1 0 employ$ = wa%+ clo!s & wool2 & ! confection]s ( ,damascus =m$ ( x1 ) honey & w9e1 a k9d ( sweetmeat :i* appe>$ z :ite z if x _h be5 made ( ! f9e/ fl\r & sug>1 & :i* 0 s h>d t x c\ld sc>cely be brok5 ) ! tee?4 ,?is plant seems to belong to ^?1 ! cultivation ( :i* 0 ab&on$ 9 ,europe1 aft] ! use ( !m 0 r5d]$ sup]flu\s by new] discov]ies4 ,t ! anci5ts employ$ _! /ru?ium = wa%+ wool is confirm$ by v>i\s au?orities2 b ,i d n rememb] to h f\nd any evid5ce ( its be+ us$ = clean+ clo!s :i* _h be5 worn4 ,salmasius h[ev] quotes a passage f ! works1 un=tunately nev] pr9t$1 ( ! old *emi/ ,zosimus1 9 :i* he gives directions = re/or+1 by means ( ! soap-plant1 ! lu/re ( pe>ls :i* h become yell[#beg4 ,! meal ( _m k9ds ( se$s may be us$ = wa%+1 z well z v>i\s k9ds ( bran4 ,t ( almonds1 :i* on acc\nt ( its oil is rem>kably s(t1 is employ$ at pres5t = wa%+ ! h&s by ^? :o are desir\s ( hav+ a :ite delicate sk94 ,clo?1 ! col\rs ( :i* easily fade1 & :i* w nei!r endure soap nor h>d rubb+1 may be wa%$ extremely well ) bran4 ,our full]s1 !re=e1 & /ock+ manufactur]s use oat-1 b>ley- & bean-meal1 especially :5 !y wi% ! clo? to be sl[ly mill$4 ,:e!r ! anci5ts employ$ bran 9 ! same mann] ,i h n _h an opportunity ( exam9+4 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t !y did2 & !re is a passage ( ,gal5 :i* seems to allude to ! use ( bean-meal#beh4 ,9 all probability ! beans ( ! anci5ts 7 ! smalle/ & r\nde/ v>iety ( our horse-beans1 or ^? us$ z fodd]4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ! anci5ts1 at ^? p]iods ( :i* ,i speak1 us$ full]s-e>? mu* (t5] ?an x is us$ at pres5t4 ,till ! c\ntries :]e x 0 procur$ be describ$ by travell]s :o unite a k ( antiquities ) skill 9 m9]alogy1 ! species ( ?is e>?1 m5tion$ 9 ! works ( anci5t au?ors1 _c be di/+ui%$ ) accuracy4 ,b f ! purposes to :i* !y 7 appli$1 we c ) c]ta9ty conclude t !y mu/ h be5 p>tly ( ! nature ( m>l & p>tly ( ! nature ( soap/one4 ,accord+ to ! !n usual me?od ( wa%+1 by :i* ! clo!s 7 /amp$ ) ! feet1 ! cret fulloni1 z ,pl9y#bei calls !m1 act$ 9 ! same mann] z our full]s-e>? employ$ at pres5t1 p>tly by sc\r+ & p>tly by absorb+ ! greasy dirt4 ,! anci5ts1 aft] _! mann]1 gave !m names only f ! c\ntries :]e !y 7 produc$2 & h5ce we f9d m5tion made ( t]ra ,cimolia#bfj1 ,*ia#bfa1 ,lemnia#bfb1 ,s>da#bfc1 ,umbria#bfd1 ,samia1 ,tympha#bfe1 & o!rs4 ,_m ( !m1 l t br\ght f ,s>d9ia1 c\ld n be us$ 9 clean+ col\r$ /uffs2 & = ?is reason1 p]haps1 because "s col\rs w\ld n /& h>d sc\r+1 or endure _! cau/ic nature4 ,! full]s1 h[ev]1 did n use ^! e>?s m]ely = wa%+1 b also = :it5+ _m k9ds ( clo?4 ,?is 0 done by rubb+ f9e :ite e>? into ! clo?1 9 ! same mann] z soldi]s d to give "s p>ts ( _! dress a bright] appe>ance4 ,a l process is employ$ by glov]s & ^? :o wa% or clean lea!r4 ,! e>? us$ by ! latt] is a yell[i%-:ite iron-o*re1 call$ f ! purpose to :i* x is appli$ coll>-e>?#bff4 ,:5 a p]fect :ite 0 requir$1 a k9d ( :ite pott]s-clay or m>l 0 employ$2 & ! clos] x adh]$ to ! clo?1 & ! less easily x c\ld be rubb$ out1 x 0 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! poor at ,rome rubb$ x ov] _! clo!s on fe/ivals1 9 ord] t !y might appe> bright]#bfg4 ,x des]ves "h to be p>ticul>ly rem>k$1 t "s ( ^! e>?s1 su* z t ( ,*ios1 7 employ$ 9 ! ba?s in/ead ( nitrum2 & ?is is ! case 9 ! ,levant /ill4 ,de la ,valle extols 9 ?is respect a k9d ( r$di% e>?1 & says t p ( ! fir/ di/9ction nev] ba! )\t x4 ,p]fumes are (t5 mix$ ) x2 & x is =m$ into small balls1 :i* :5 us$ are suff]$ to dissolve 9 ! wat]4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( vessels1 & p>ticul>ly ^? 9 :i* w9e & oil _h be5 kept1 7 cleans$ ) ^! e>?s also#bfh4 ,glass flasks :i* h _h oil 9 !m1 _c be cleans$ bett] or m spe$ily ?an by %ak+ 9 !m a mixture ( full]s-e>? or pott]s-clay4 ,:5 ^! are n to be _h1 blott+-pap] may be us$4 ,! oil is absorb$ by ! e>? or ! pap]1 & ) !m c be easily wa%$ out4 ,to r5d] clo? p]fectly :ite1 x 0 also fumigat$ ) sulphur by ! full]s1 :o 7 n ignorant t _m col\rs 7 de/roy$ by its vap\rs#bfi4 ,we are told by ,apuleius t ! wife ( a sc\r] conceal$ h] gallant "u a vessel ( basket-"w1 ov] :i* clo? us$ to be laid to :it5 by ! effects ( sulphur k9dl$ "u x4 ,our wa%]-wom5 employ a cask 9 ?is mode ( blea*+1 & our clo?i]s a small close ap>tm5t1 9 :i* ! wet clo? is susp5d$ ^u hooks4 ,pl9y has describ$ ! me?od ( wa%+ us$ at ,rome1 b _m ?+s respect+ x appe> to me obscure#bgj4 ,! clo? 0 fir/ wa%$ ) ,s>dian e>?2 x 0 !n fumigat$ ) sulphur1 & aft]w>ds r9s$ ) real ,cimolian e>?4 ,! ^w desquamatur 0 und\bt$ly a t]m ( art1 :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1 because we are unacqua9t$ ) ! op]ation to :i* x alludes4 ,pl9y seems to h be5 p>ticul> 9 m5tion+ real ,cimolian e>?1 because ! false k9d became black by ! /eam ( ! sulphur :i* ! clo? absorb$4 ,0 x adult]at$ ) "s metallic oxide or ) :ite lead8 ,x 0 de> en\gh to induce p to mix x ) su* articles2 & 9 t case x mu/ necess>ily h become black4 ,! expression funditur sulphure seems to be att5d$ ) no less difficulty4 ,9 comp>+ ! diff]5t read+s1 ,i f9d t ! olde/ editions h (funditur1 :i* has be5 *ang$ into effunditur1 & la/ly into funditur4 ,x is probable h[ev] t in/ead ( (funditur we ought to read (f5ditur1 :i* w\ld make ! :ole cle>4 ,i am mu* surpris$ t ?is read+ 0 n adopt$ by ,h>d\94 ,z ,pl9y says 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 "w 8(f5dit /oma*um10 & 8(f5dit aciem oculorum10 he might und\bt$ly h appli$ t ^w to ! e>? & its col\r4 ,fa/ col\rs1 :i* ! acid ( sulphur might r5d] pale1 b c\ld n entirely de/roy1 w\ld by wa%+ ) ,cimolian e>? be improv$ or r re/or$1 z ! e>? w\ld absorb & c>ry (f ! acid4 ,!re 0 also ano!r k9d ( e>? 7saxum7 :i* 0 useful 9 ! prep>ation ( clo? fumigat$ ) sulphur1 b :i* injur$ ! dye1 probably because x 0 too calc>e\s1 & :i* 0 p]haps our common *alk4 ,i d n int5d to treat "h ( ! :ole art ( ,roman full]s1 :i* belongs r to ! hi/ory ( weav+ or manufactur+ clo? 9 g5]al2 b ,i hope ,i %all be =giv5 if ,i add ! few foll[+ obs]vations4 ,! full]s receiv$ ! clo? z x came f ! loom1 9 ord] t x might be sc\r$1 walk$ & smoo!d4 ,x 0 walk$ by be+ /amp$ ^u ) ! feet4 ,! r\gh wool rais$ by ?is op]ation 0 comb$ (f1 p>tly ) ! sk9 ( a h$gehog1 & p>tly ) ! tops ( "s plants ( ! ?i/le k9d1 9 ord] to give ! clo? a nap4 ,%e>+ seems n !n to h be5 kn[n3 ,i h at lea/ met ) no passage :]e x is m5tion$3 & ! case is ! same ) ! use ( presses2 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 7 n inv5t$ till ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! :ole process ( smoo?+ seems to h consi/$ 9 mak+ ! wool or nap lie z ev5ly z possible "o way1 :i* c]ta9ly mu/ h giv5 to ! clo? a mu* bett] appe>ance4 ,z clo? at pres5t is m dress$ & %orn on "o side ?an ano!r1 ! anci5t full]s prep>$ !irs 9 ! l mann]2 s t clo!s c\ld be turn$1 aft] ! inside ( !m _h be5 new dress$4 ,:e!r !y made felt1 also1 ,i h n yet inquir$2 b ,i conjecture t ! manufactur+ x 0 ! occupation ( ^? call$ lan>ii1 coactores1 & coactil>ii4 ,! occupation ( ! full]s 0 at ,rome v ext5sive1 & af=d$ employm5t to a great numb] ( p1 b x at l5g? entirely decay$4 ,s*ttg5 is ( op9ion t x belongs to ^? arts :i* h be5 lo/4 ,b o!r writ]s h decl>$ arts :i* are ex]cis$ n[ 9 great] p]fection ?an =m]ly to be lo/1 m]ely because !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) !m2 or because1 on acc\nt ( ! alt]ations !y h und]gone1 !y did n "k :]e to f9d !m4 ,all ! diff]5t op]ations ( full+ h become s complex by new me?ods1 improvem5ts1 & inv5tions1 t !y c no long] be conduct$ by "o man2 & ! :ole bus9ess has = t reason be5 sep>at$ or divid$ into sev]al di/9ct bran*es4 ,! sc\r+ ( clo? :5 x comes f ! loom1 01 toge!r ) walk+1 sep>at$ f ! re/1 aft] ! inv5tion ( ! walk-mill4 ,h[ old t inv5tion may be1 ,i _c accurately det]m9e2 b we f9d x m5tion$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5?1 & ev5 at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,su* a mill =m]ly 0 call full5cium1 or mol5d9um cum fullone#bga4 ,! dress+ & smoo?+ ( clo?1 s9ce ! inv5tion ( %e>+ & press+1 requires s mu* art1 t ^! op]ations c be p]=m$ only by skilful workm51 :o are call$ clo?-%e>]s or clo?-dress]s4 ,! sc\r+ ( clo? dirti$ 9 manufactur+1 is by ! inv5tion ( soap1 blea*+1 & o!r processes1 become s easy t x c be p]=m$ by wom54 ,! ,romans = ! mo/ "p wore a :ite dress made 9 ! =m ( a cloak2 :i* inde$1 z %irts 7 n !n us$1 mu/ h (t5 /ood 9 ne$ ( be+ clean$#bgb4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 we> 9 g5]al %ort close clo!s ( col\r$ clo?2 :i* by ! fa%ion 9 :i* !y are made1 are less expos$ to be dirti$2 & we are m accu/om$ also to use clo!s ( l95 or cotton1 :i* c be wa%$ ) mu* less lab\r4 ,felt1 :i* is employ$ almo/ = hats alone1 is manufactur$ by our hat-mak]s4 ,:oev] takes a g5]al view ( all ^! employm5ts toge!r1 w be readily conv9c$ t !y ma9ta9 m p1 & 9 a bett] mann]1 ?an ! :ole ars fullonia did at ,rome4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( soap manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry are1--:ite soap1 compos$ *iefly ( tall[ & soda1 b = "s purposes ( olive oil & soda2 yell[ soap1 made ( tall[1 ros9 & soda1 a little palm oil be+ occasionally add$2 mottl$ soap1 =m$ ( tall[1 kit*5 /uff & soda1 its peculi> appe>ance be+ communicat$ by disp]s+ ! lees ?r\gh x t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation2 br[n soap1 made f palm oil1 ros9 & soda4 ,s(t soap is made ) pota% & dry+ oils1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) tall[1 & o!r co>se fatty matt]s4 ,! fatty matt] is mix$ ) ! alkal9e ley1 & ! :ole boil$ g5tly = "s "t1 until ! fat is completely saponifi$1 :i* may be kn[n by its becom+ cle> & transp>5t1 & its susceptibility ( be+ drawn into long ?reads4 ,a quantity ( common salt is !n add$ to ! boil+ mixture1 until ! soap loses its ?ready "*1 & drops f ! spatula 9 %ort ?ick lumps4 ,! soap is !n remov$1 ei!r aft] cool+1 or at once ladl$ out4 ,common fatty matt]s1 z tall[1 fat-oils1 c41 are comp\nds ( a fatty acid ) a base1 ?us resembl+ salts2 ! base is a peculi> sweet pr9ciple1 glyc]9e2 by ebullition ) ! cau/ic lye1 ! neutral fatty comp\nd is decompos$1 ! fatty acid comb9+ ) ! base soda1 & =m+ ! soap1 :il/ ! glyc]9e ) ! excess ( alkali rema9s 9 ! liquid4 ,! s-call$ silicat$ soap1 ( :i* l>ge quantities are n[ manufactur$1 is made by comb9+ silicate ( soda ) h>d soap 9 ! hot & pa/y /ate2 9 ?is way f #aj to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! silicate may be introduc$4 ,su* soap possesses1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,ure1 v p[]ful det]g5t qualities1 b x is apt to feel h>d & some:at gritty 9 use4 ,! silicat$ soda is obta9$ by boil+ gr\nd fl9ts 9 a /rong cau/ic lye4 ,_m sub/ances are us$ to adult]ate soap1 su* z potatoe-/>*1 clay1 c41 = :i* improvem5ts1 z !y are t]m$1 num]\s pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! h>d k9d ( soap is *iefly made at ,liv]pool & ,london1 b 9 consid]able quantities also at ,runcorn1 ,bri/ol1 ,br5t=d1 ,hull1 ,bromsgrove1 ,plym\? & ,se?wick1 & at ,glasg[ & ,lei? 9 ,scotl&2 ! s(t soap is made pr9cipally at ,liv]pool1 ,glasg[ & ,brad=d2 & silicat$ soap is likewise ext5sively manufactur$ at ,liv]pool4 ,f ! excise returns1 x appe>s t #adj1gab1ece p\nds ( h>d1 #i1ghh1hea p\nds ( s(t1 & #c1iba1hfb p\nds ( silicat$ soap 7 made 9 ,engl& 9 #ahda2 & #aj1gjh1dfd p\nds ( h>d1 & #d1ece1jcj p\nds ( s(t soap 9 ,scotl&2 mak+ 9 all #afi1fff1gdb p\nds1 :i* is an increase ( ab\t #cj p] c5t4 s9ce #ahcbbgc4 ,! excise duty on soap 0 fir/ impos$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #agaa1 :5 x 0 fix$ at #a;d4 p] p\nd4 ,x 0 rais$ 9 #agac to #a;d4 p] p\nd2 & aga91 9 #aghb1 :5 h>d & s(t soap 7 fir/ di/+ui%$1 ! =m] be+ rat$ at #b;d41 & ! latt] at #a;d4 p] p\nd4 ,9 #ahaf1 t on h>d soap 0 increas$ to #c;d4 p] p\nd4 ,b s9ce ,may #ca1 #ahcc1 ! duty has be5 #a;d4 p] p\nd on h>d soap1 & #a;d4 p] p\nd on s(t4 ,9 #ahci1 ! numb] ( soap manufactur]s 9 ,engl& 0 #agg2 9 ,scotl& #ai2 & 9 ,irel& #ahc4 ,ea* requires an annual lic5se1 co/+ #dl4 ,an all[ance ( duty is made on soap us$ 9 ! wooll51 silk1 flax1 & cotton manufactures1 :i* 9 #ahda 0 grant$ on #aj1aij1afj p\nds ( h>d1 & #i1jij1ahd p\nds ( s(t soap2 ! all[ances am\nt+ to #gh1aabl4 ,9 ! same ye> ! net am\nt yield$ by ! soap-duty to ! public rev5ue 0 #hae1hfdl4 ,irel& is n subject to ! soap-duty4 ,! soap-mak] 0 =m]ly subject$ to an arbitr>y & vexati\s int]f]5ce f ! excise2 b ( late ye>s ! regulations h be5 greatly improv$1 & !re is n[ no sup]9t5d5ce ( ! process ( manufacture1 :i* may be conduct$ 9 any way & ( any mat]ial4 ,,footnotes #bca ,pl94 xviii4 #ab1 sect4 #ea1 p4 #dge4 #bcb ,x is beyond all d\bt t ! words sapo & 7 d]iv$ f ! ,g]man sepe1 :i* has be5 reta9$ 9 ! ,l[ ,g]man1 ! olde/ & orig9al dialect ( our language4 ,9 ! ,high ,g]man ?is d]ivation has be5 r5d]$ a little m undi/+ui%able by ! p be+ *ang$ into ! h>d] f4 ,su* *anges are common1 z s*ap1 s*af2 s*ip1 s*iff1 c4 #bcc ,de ,simplicibus ,m$icam9ibus1 p4 #ij1 ,g4 #bcd ,accord+ to ,aretu ,de ,diuturnis ,morbis1 ii4 #ac1 p4 #ih1 soap appe>s to h be5 =m$ into balls4 #bce ,m>t4 xiv4 #bg4 ,?is soap acquir$ ! epi!t ( ,mattiacum f ! "n ( a place :i* 0 9 ,hesse4 #bcf ,cau/ica ,teutonicos acc5dit spuma capillos1 ,captivis pot]is cultior esse comis4--,m>t4 xiv4 #bf4 ,^! l9es are g5]ally expla9$ 9 ?is mann]3--8,dye ?y hair ) soap1 & x w become m beautiful ?an t ( ! ,g]mans40 ,b 9 ?is case all ! wit ( ! advice is lo/2 & ! expression1 8eris cultior quam com captiv10 seems to me to be v improp]4 ,i %\ld r translate !m z foll[s3--8,let ! ,g]mans dye _! hair ) pomade2 z !y are n[ subdu$1 ?\ may/ ornam5t ?yself bett] ) a p]uke made ( ! hair ( ^! captives40 ,?is 0 a piece ( delicate flatt]y to ,domitian & ! ,roman pride4 ,t pr9ce ?\ght he _h conqu]$ ! ,g]mans2 & ! mo/ beautiful ,g]man hair1 t :i* 0 n dy$1 c\ld be procur$1 !re=e1 at ,rome1 mu* easi] ?an be=e4 ,if ! title ( ?is epigram 0 writt5 by ,m>tial himself1 x conta9s ! fir/ m5tion ( ! ^w sapo4 #bcg ,=tior et tortos s]vat vesica capillos1 ,et mutat ,latias spuma ,batava comas4--,m>t4 viii4 #bc1 #ai4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ! above proves t p !n cov]$ _! heads1 9 ! night-"t1 ) a bladd] to keep _! hair1 aft] x 0 dress$1 f be+ d]ang$2 & a bladd] 0 und\bt$ly z fit = t use z ! nets & cauls employ$ = ! l purpose at pres5t4 #bch ,fem9a canitiem ,g]manis inficit h]bis4 ,ovidius ,de ,arte ,am&i1 iii4 #afc4 #bci ,val]4 ,max4 i4 #e1 p4 #ace3 ,capillos c9]e rutil>unt4 ,ad rutilam speciem nigros flavesc]e cr9es1 ,ungu5to c9]is prdixit ,pl9ius auctor4 ,q4 ,s]5us1 ,de ,m$ic4 iv4 #ef4 ,s]5us seems to allude to a passage ( ,pl9y1 xxiii4 #b1 p4 #cjf1 :]e he speaks ( an o9tm5t made f ! burnt lees ( v9eg> & oleum l5tisc9um4 ,! same ?+ is m5tion$ 9 ,dioscorides1 v4 #acb1 p4 #cgi4 ,s]vius1 n4 iv4 quotes ! foll[+ words f ,cato3 8,muli]es no/r c9]e capillum ungitabant1 ut rutilus esset cr9is40 ,alex4 ,trallianus1 #a1 #c1 gives directions h[ to make an o9tm5t = gray hair f soap & ! a%es ( ! :ite fl[]s ( ! ,v]bascum4 ,! ,c9]>ii1 h[ev]1 ( ,t]tullian1 lib4 ii4 ad uxor4 #h1 p4 #fda1 seem to h be5 only hair-dress]s1 :o 7 s call$ because !y w>m$ _! curl+-irons among ! hot a%es4 #bdj ,pl9y says t spots ( ! sk9 may be remov$ by ox-gall4 #bda ,odyss4 vi4 #ia4 #bdb ,iliad1 ix4 #ad1 & xvi4 #d4 #bdc ,geopon4 vii4 #f4--,pl94 xiv4 cap4 #ba4--;,columella1 xii4 #ej4 #ad4 #bdd ,arnobius1 vii4 p4 #bcg4 #bde ,! ^w 9 ,pollux ought n to h be5 translat$ sapo4 #bdf ,cic]4 ,ep4 ,fam4 viii4 #ad4--,pollucis ,onom4 viii4 #i1 #ci2 x4 #ace4--,ovid4 ,de ,m$icam4 ,faciei1 v]4 #gc et #he4--,phavor9i ,diction>4 p4 #ebg4 ,gynesius calls clo!s wa%$ ) nitrum1 1 nitro p]fricata4 #bdg ,lib4 xi4 p4 #hja4 #bdh ,de ,mirabil4 ,auscult4 c4 #ed4 #bdi ,hi/4 ,mirab4 c4 #afb1 p4 #baf4 #bej ,lib4 xxxi4 #aj1 p4 #efd4 #bea ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis ,comm5tationes1 #dto1 p4 #aea4 ,i mu/ m5tion also ,c4 ,s*oettg5ii ,antiquitates ,fulloni1 ,traj4 #agbg1 #hvo4 ,my read]s w d me a pleasure if !y comp>e ! above "w ) ?is article4 ,no "o w accuse me ( vanity :5 ,i pret5d to und]/& ! !ory ( wa%+ bett] ?an ! le>n$ ,s*ttg52 b if ,i h expla9$ ! passages :i* he quotes 9 a m satisfactory mann]1 & turn$ !m to m advantage1 ,i mu/ ascribe ?is sup]iority to my k ( t art4 ,i %all "h take occasion to rem>k1 t !re is no subject1 h[ev] trifl+1 :i* may n be r5d]$ useful1 or at lea/ agreeable1 by be+ treat$ 9 a sci5tific mann]2 & to turn su* into ridicule1 in/ead ( display+ wit1 w\ld betray a want ( judgm5t4 #beb ,pl94 xxviii4 #f2 xxviii4 #h4--,m>tial4 vi4 ep4 #ic4--;,a!nu1 xi4 p4 #dhd4 ,macrobius1 ii4 #ab1 speak+ ( drunk5 p1 8,dum eunt1 nulla e/ 9 angiporto amphora1 quam non impleant1 quippe qui vesicam pl5am v9i habeant40 ,?is passage is quot$ also 9 ,joh4 ,s>isb]g4 ,polior4 viii4 #g1 p4 #dgi4 #bec ,sueton4 9 ,vita ,vespas4 viii4 #bc4 #bed ,porn]'s ,anleitung zur ,f>bekun/1 p4 #ca4 #bee ,^? numb]$ #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 #bef ,?is plant 0 s5t by ,imp]ati to ,casp4 ,bauh91 "u ! "n ( lan>ia vet]um2 & ! latt] made x fir/ kn[n 9 8 ,p9ax ,plant4 iv4 p4 #bjf4 ,! =m] describ$ x himself1 & gave a bad engrav+ ( x1 9 ,hi/4 ,nat4 p4 #hga4 ,lffl+ f\nd ?is plant on ! ,spani% m\nta9s1 z well z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aranjuez2 & he relates1 t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,la ,man*a ! p boil clo!s t are to be wa%$ ) ! root ( ?is plant in/ead ( soap4 ,l9nu did n hesitate to decl>e ! /ru?ium ( ! anci5ts & ! /ru?ium ( 8 sy/em to be ! same plant2 & he gave 8 c\ntrym5 reason to hope t _! ,gypsophila fa/igiata1 :i* has a great resemblance to x1 might be employ$ 9 ! l mann]4--,amnitat4 ,academ4 v4 p4 #cbi4 #beg ,salmas4 ad ,sol94 p4 #hah4 a4 #beh ,de ,alim5tor4 ,facultate1 i4 cap4 #ai4 9 ,op4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cae4 #bei ,lib4 xvii4 #ah4 #bfj ,pollux4--,pl94 #bfa ,dioscor4 #bfb ,?is t]ra ,lemnia is entirely diff]5t f seal+-e>?4 ,see ,gal54 ,de ,simplic4 ,m$4 #bfc ,pl94 #bfd ,pl94 ,! ,s>da 0 *eap1 & pur*as$ by measure2 ! ,umbria 0 de>]1 & sold by weight4 #bfe ,!ophra/4 ,dioscor4 #bff ,i "h mean t x got its "n f be+ employ$ to clean t piece ( arm\r1 =m]ly us$1 :i* cov]$ only ! brea/ & ! back1 & :i* 0 call$ a koll]4 ,! ,sw$es also call yell[ iron-o*re kill]frg or kyll]f>g4 #bfg ,see ,taubmann's ,annotations to ,plauti ,aulul>4 iv4 sc4 #i1 #f4 #bfh ,geopon4 vii4 #f4--,pl94 xiv4 cap4 #ba4--;,columella1 xii4 #ej1 #ad4 #bfi ,pollux1 vii4 #aa1 #da1 #gae4--,pl94 xxxv4 #ag1 p4 #gai2 & xxxv4 #ae1 p4 #gad4--;,isidor4 ,orig94 xvi4 #a4 #bgj ,lib4 xxxv4 cap4 #ag1 sec4 #eg4 #bga ,du ,cange 9 8 ,gloss>ium4 #bgb ,i ackn[l$ge myself "o ( ^? :o _c =m a prop] idea ( ! ,roman toga4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! weav]s made ea* piece ( clo? only l>ge en\gh to be fit = ?is article ( dress2 or t :5 "o toga 0 wove1 x 0 cut f ! loom1 9 ord] t ano!r might be begun4 ,on ?is acc\nt we f9d s (t5 ! expressions tex]e ve/es1 tex]e togas4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! toga1 :5 x came f ! h&s ( ! weav]1 0 q ready = use2 & we !re=e nev] read ( tailors1 b :5 torn clo!s 7 to be m5d$4 ,! toga _h no sleeves1 & p]haps no seam4 ,if x 0 /it*$ along ! edges be=e1 half-way up1 ! assi/ance ( a tailor w\ld n be necess>y = t purpose4 ,x 0 b\nd r\nd ! body ) a girdle1 & fa/5$ ) clasps4 ,su* a mantle c\ld be easily made & easily sc\r$4 ,"o may n[ readily compreh5d :y ! ,roman au?ors nev] m5tion clo? manufactories1 or clo?1 among ! articles ( comm]ce1 b speak only ( clo!s2 & :y we nev] read ( clo? be+ measur$4 #bgc ,wat]/on's ,encyclopdia ( ,comm]ce4 ,,madd]4 ,?is plant1 ! root ( :i* is ei!r dri$ & bruis$1 or us$ fre%1 = dye+ r$1 has a weak1 squ>e1 jo9t$ /em2 & rises to ! height ( eight feet :5 support$1 o!rwise x creeps along ! gr\nd4 ,at ea* jo9t !re are f f\r to six leaves1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 almo/ an in* broad 9 ! middle1 & po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,! upp] side ( ! leaves is smoo?2 b ! middle n]ve ( ! "u side is arm$ ) small r\gh prickles2 & o!rs ( ! same k9d may be f\nd on ! /em4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! leaves1 :i* drop annually1 adh]e readily to o!r bodies1 l ^? ( ! asp]ugo4 ,! bran*es1 :i* 9 ,june be> fl[]s divid$ into f\r yell[ leaves1 proce$ f ! jo9ts4 ,! fruit1 a k9d ( b]ry1 :i*1 t[>ds ! "t ( its rip5+1 ?\gh t seldom happ5s among u1 is fir/ ( a br[ni% col\r1 & !n black1 conta9s a r\nd se$4 ,! roots gr[ sometimes to ! ?ickness ( "o's f+]1 pu% !mselves deep into ! e>?1 are surr\nd$ by _m small fibres1 h a yell[i%-r$ pi?1 & are cov]$ ) a black b>k or r9d4 ,?is plant gr[s wild 9 ! ,levant1 z well z 9 ,italy1 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,france1 & 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! cultivat$ k9d is well kn[n1 & is propagat$ ) mu* advantage 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,:5 "o comp>es ?is %ort description ) :at ,dioscorides says ( a plant :i* he calls ereu?odanon1 x w be readily se5 t he meant our madd]4 ,he ev5 comp>es its long squ>e /em1 arm$ ) a great _m hooks1 to t ( ! asp]ugo2 & he tells u t ! leaves /& 9 ! =m ( a /> ar\nd ! jo9ts4 ,! fruit 0 at fir/ gre51 !n r$1 & la/ly black4 ,! ?9 long roots1 adds he1 :i* are r$1 s]ve = dye+2 & on t acc\nt ! cultivat$ k9d 7he mu/ !re=e h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! wild sort7 is re>$ ) mu* b5efit 9 ,galilee1 ar\nd ,rav5na 9 ,italy & 9 ,c>ia1 :]e x is plant$ ei!r among ! olive-trees1 or 9 fields de/9$ = t purpose4 ,x is rem>k$ 9 "s manuscripts1 t ?is plant _h a "n giv5 x by ! ,romans1 :i*1 z ,m>cellus ,virgil obs]ves1 meant ! same ?+ z ,rubia sativa1 & t x 0 call$ 9 ,etruria ,lappa m9or1 d\btless because1 l ! bur1 x adh]$ to o!r bodies4 ,on acc\nt ( ! col\r :i* x communicat$1 x 0 call$ also sometimes c9nab>is#bgd4 ,9 opposition to ?is ass]t$ id5tity ,i f9d only "o d\bt2 namely1 t among ^? plants :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! position ( _! leaves1 7 call$ /ellat1 & :i* 7 all s l t we mu/ r$uce !m to "o natural ord]1 !re are m sorts1 ! roots ( :i* dye r$1 & :i* on t acc\nt are v improp]ly call$ wild madd]4 ,:y1 !re=e1 %\ld ! plant ( ,dioscorides be our madd]1 & n "s o!r plant ( ! l nature8 ,= ?is reason1 9 my op9ion3 because ! anci5ts1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) all ^! plants1 :i* grew wild 9 _! l&s1 7 equally prud5t z ! mod]ns1 & cultivat$ t k9d only :i* 0 ! mo/ productive or b5eficial1 viz4 our ,rubia t9ctorum4 ,?is op9ion w be /r5g!n$ by comp>+ ! acc\nts giv5 ( t plant by o!r anci5t writ]s4 ,!ophra/us agrees almo/ p]fectly ) ,dioscorides2 & adds1 t x did n gr[ upright1 b 0 fond ( recl9+4 ,! comp>ison1 !re=e1 ) ! leaves ( ivy _c be j2 b t ,i %all leave to ! critics4 ,pl9y says expressly1 t ! ery?rodanum or ereu?odanum 0 9 8 "m-tongue call$ rubia2 & t its r$ roots 7 us$ to dye wool & lea!r r$#bge4 ,9 ! middle ages ?is plant 0 call$ v>antia1 a "n :i* mu/ h aris5 f v]antia4 ,! latt] means ! real1 g5u9e dye2 z aurantia signifi$ a gold5 yell[4 ,till ! ye> #agcf1 ?is plant 0 little reg>d$1 except among dy]s1 f>m]s & m]*ants1 :o pur*as$ x f ! f>m]s1 9 ord] to sell x to ! dy]s ) pr(it2 & among a few h]b-deal]s & physicians1 :o1 on ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts1 ascrib$ to x em95t virtues1 :i* o!rs d\bt$ or altoge!r d5i$4 ,9 ! above ye>1 h[ev]1 a prop]ty ( x 0 discov]$ by accid5t1 z usual1 :i* r5d]$ x an object ( m att5tion4 ,john ,bel*i]1 an ,engli% surgeon1 hav+ d9$ ) a cotton-pr9t]1 obs]v$ t ! bones ( ! pork :i* 0 br\ght to ! table 7 r$4 ,z he seem$ surpris$ at ?is circum/ance1 8 ho/ assur$ him t ! r$ness 0 occasion$ by ! sw9e fe$+ on ! wat] mix$ ) bran 9 :i* ! cotton clo? 0 boil$1 & :i* 0 col\r$ by ! madd] us$ 9 pr9t+ x4 ,bel*i]#bgf1 to :om ?is effect 0 new1 conv9c$ himself by exp]im5ts t ! r$ col\r ( ! bones _h aris5 f ! madd] employ$ 9 pr9t+ ! cotton1 & f no o!r cause2 & he communicat$ 8 discov]y to ! ,royal ,society1 9 a pap] :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 _! ,transactions4 ,?is s+ul>ity 0 n[ soon kn[n to all ! naturali/s1 sev]al ( :om made new exp]im5ts1 ! result ( :i* br\ght to light _m tru?s useful to physiology4 ,besides ! roots ( madd]1 ^? ( ! ,galium 7yell[ ladies-b$-/raw7 & o!r plants :i* h an aff9ity to madd]1 produce ! l effects2 b ?is is ! case nei!r ) saffron nor woad1 nor ) _m o!rs mu* us$ 9 dye+4 ,! col\r+ takes place soone/ 9 "y animals2 & is /ronge/ :]e ! bones are h>de/ & ?icke/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n rea* ! s(t p>ts2 appe>s only a little 9 ! milk2 & 9 g5]al is n p]ceptible 9 ! animal juices#bgg4 ,z ! ,engli% calico-pr9t]s 7 acqua9t$ ) ?is effect ( madd] be=e x 0 kn[n to naturali/s1 x is n improbable t x 0 kn[n mu* soon] 9 o!r places1 :]e ! plant has be5 mu* cultivat$ & us$ s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iods4 ,f :at ,j4 ,e4 ,/ief says1 we h reason to believe t ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,breslau1 8 native city1 :o gave ! /alks ( ! madd] plant to _! c[s in/ead ( /raw1 mu/ h fir/ discov]$ t x possess$ ! prop]ty ( communicat+ a r$ col\r to ! bones#bgh4 ,z _m tru?s n yet inve/igat$ by means ( new exp]im5ts1 & :i* on t acc\nt h n yet be5 ackn[l$g$1 are conceal$ among ! evid5tly false ass]tions to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 & z ^! works 7 ?r[n aside too e>ly1 be=e _! cont5ts 7 prop]ly exam9$1 ,i 0 induc$ to suspect t "s h9ts ( ?is col\r+ prop]ty might also be m5tion$ 9 !m1 :i* inde$ is ! case4 ,we le>n f ! works ( ,gal5 & ,dioscorides1 t ! anci5t physicians rem>k$ t ! use ( c]ta9 roots1 :i* !y adm9i/]$ to _! pati5ts1 communicat$ a col\r to _! ur9e & excrem5ts2 & ?is obs]vation has be5 repeat$ by ,c>dan1 ,?urneiss]1 ,porta1 ,ca/or1 ,durantes1 & o!rs4 ,_h ^? anci5t physicians1 :o (t5 prescrib$ ^! roots1 & paid att5tion to ! col\r ( ! excrem5ts ( _! pati5ts1 be5 accu/om$ to op5 _! bodies :5 !y di$ "u _! h&s1 !y w\ld h p]haps rem>k$1 9 human bones1 :at 0 obs]v$ long aft] 9 ! bones ( animals1 :5 ! roots 7 no long] us$ 9 m$ic9e2 & :at1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 0 nev] yet obs]v$ 9 ! bones ( ! human species#bgi4 ,bhm]1 :o made rese>*es respect+ ! antiquity ( ?is obs]vation1 f\nd x nei!r 9 ,romb]t4 ,dodonu1 ,mi*4 ,ettmull]1 ,mor91 ,w4 ,salmon1 nor o!rs1 :o1 h[ev]1 speak ( col\r$ ur9e4 ,9 8 op9ion ! olde/ writ] :o speaks ( col\r$ bones is ,mizaldus2 b :at he relates is all tak5 f ! treatise ( ,lemnius ,de ,miraculis ,occultis ,natur2 & ! latt] !re=e is ! olde/ writ] t ,i at pres5t c m5tion z acqua9t$ ) ?is prop]ty4 ,he 0 a physician 9 ,zeal&1 :]e madd] has be5 cultivat$ s9ce ! e>lie/ ages1 & :]e he _h an opportunity ( rem>k+ x4 ,he says t ! bones ( animals became r$1 z _h be5 obs]v$ :5 ! fle% 0 dress$1 by _! eat+ only ! leaves1 & n ! roots4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ! above "w1 pr9t$ 9 octavo1 9 ! ye> #aeei1 :i* consi/s ( two books1 ?is in=mation w n be f\nd2 b x may be conta9$ 9 ! second ( #aefd1 :i* compreh5ds f\r books4 ,! madd] plant is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,holl&1 b ,macquei obs]ves t ! ,dut* 7 fir/ indebt$ to ! ,flemi% refugees = _! k ( ! me?od ( prep>+ ?is plant4 ,its culture has (t5 be5 attempt$ 9 ,engl&1 b always )\t success#bhj4 ,x is also l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,alsace & ,prov5ce 9 ,france1 especially ne> ,avignon1 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 & 9 ,italy2 f :i* places x is l>gely export$4 ,! ,turkey & ,prov5ce madd] is procur$ f ,rubia p]egr9a2 ! rema9d] f ,r4 t9ctorum4 ,to prep>e ! root1 :i* is ! "p us$ 9 dye+1 x is remov$ f ! gr\nd1 pick$1 dri$ & gr\nd4 ,madd] conta9s ?ree di/9ct col\r+ pr9ciples2 two ( ^! are r$1 viz4 aliz>9e & purpur9e1 & "o1 xan?9e1 is yell[4 ,s9ce #ahcf1 two new products h be5 introduc$ into comm]ce1 :i* are de/9$ to replace madd] 9 ! op]ations ( dye+ & calico-pr9t+2 "o is call$ g>anc9e1 ! o!r color9e4 ,g>anc9e is prep>$ by wa%+ & mac]at+ madd]1 & filt]+ ?r\gh l954 ,! gr\nds are !n cru%$ & mix$ ) sulphuric acid1 equal to half ! am\nt ( madd] fir/ employ$2 ! acid %\ld be some:at dilute4 ,x is !n p\r$ hot ^u ! madd]1 agitat$1 & :5 ! mixture appe>s intimate1 ! temp]ature is rais$ to #bab1 & ma9ta9$ = ab\t an h\r4 ,x is !n aga9 mix$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,x is f9ally press$1 dri$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve4 ,?is is ! process pat5t$ by ,,mm4 ,lagi]1 ,robiquet & ,col91 9 #ahbh4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ into comm]ce by ! h\se ( ,lagi] & ,?omas1 at ,avignon1 9 #ahbi4 ,! great advantage ( g>anc9e ov] madd] is t x does n *ange ! :ite1 & t ! blea*+ ( ! /uffs dy$ ) x is r$uc$ to a m]e no?+4 ,hot wat] or bran are ! only means us$ = cle>+ !m4 ,madd] is an adjective col\r1 t is to say1 "o :i* requires to be comb9$ ) "s basic sub/ance or mordant to r5d] its fixture ^u ! dye-/uff p]man5t4 ,,footnotes #bgd ,"s also may ) equal propriety h call$ x s&yx2 & ,i am ( op9ion t "u ?is "n we are to und]/& our madd]1 at lea/ 9 a passage ( ,virgil1 ,eclogue iv4 #de1 :]e he says1 8,sponte sua s&yx pasc5tes ve/iet agnos40 ,z ! wool ( ! %eep became r$ by eat+ ! madd] :i* grew 9 ! fields1 x c\ld be imm$iately manufactur$1 )\t dye+ x artificially4 ,we manufacture ! wool ( our br[n %eep 9 its natural col\r1 & ?is 0 done also by ! anci5ts4 ,clo?s ( ?is k9d 7 ! panni nativi coloris1 z !y are call$ by ,pl9y1 xxxvi4 #g2 & ! words ( ,m>tial1 xiv4 #acc1 allude to a dress made ( su* clo?3 ,non e/ lana mihi m5dax1 nec mutor ano1 444 me mea t9xit ovis4 ,i %all "h take occasion to rem>k1 t ! ^w lutum1 9 ! l9e prec$+ ! above passage ( ,virgil1 mu/ be translat$ yell[-we$1 & n woad4 ,! =m]1 ,res$a luteola1 dyes yell[2 b ! latt]1 ,isatis1 dyes blue4 ,lutum1 h[ev]1 9 ,cs> ,de bello ,gallico1 v4 #ad1 seems to h be5 woad3 8,omnes se ,britanni luteo inficiunt1 quod et cruleum efficit colorem40 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t bo? names 7 liable to be conf\nd$ 9 ! ,lat91 z !y are 9 ! ,g]man2 unless ,davis be "r1 :o1 in/ead ( luteo1 reads vitro4 ,t s&yx1 9 ,virgil1 signifies a plant r ?an a m9]al1 is to me f> m probable4 ,! au?or speaks ( plants :i* ! %eep ate :ile fe$+ 7pasc5tes72 & bo? ! above-m5tion$ dye-plants1 yell[-we$ & woad1 gr[ wild 9 ,italy4 ,! op9ion ( ,pl9y1 :o und]/ood ! passage s1 is n to be despis$2 & !re=e ! poetical acc\nt1 t ! pa/ure dy$ ! wool1 is n altoge!r )\t f\ndation2 especially z n only ! roots1 b also ! leaves ( madd]1 communicate a col\r to ! solid p>ts ( animal bodies4 ,i w h[ev] all[ t mo/ p readily fall into ! error ( be+ l$ away by imag9ation2 & (t5 suppose t !y f9d 9 passages ( anci5t au?ors m ?an o!rs c discov]1 or p]haps ev5 ?an !y conta94 #bge ,lib4 xxiv4 #i1 p4 #cda4 #bgf ,! fir/ acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance may be f\nd 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 xxxix4 n4 #ddb1 p4 #bhg2 n4 #ddc1 p4 #bii4 ,among ! pr9cipal exp]im5ts made on ?is subject1 are ^? ( ! ,italian ,mat?4 ,bazanus1 9 ,comm5t4 ,bononi5s4 & ( ,j4 ,h4 ,b5j4 ,bhm]1 9 a diss]tation entitl$ ,radicis ,rubi t9ctorum effectus 9 ,corpore ,animali1 ,lips4 #agea4 ,o!r works & obs]vations relative to ?is s+ul>ity are m5tion$ 9 ,hall]'s ,elem5ta ,physiologi1 v4 p4 #cbg4 #bgg ,t ! ,rubia col\rs ! milk has be5 d5i$ by _m1 :o are m5tion$ 9 ,hall]'s ,physiol4 viii4 p4 #cbh4 ,"y1 9 8 ,treatise ,de ,lacte1 says only t x has no effect on c>nivor\s animals4 ,be+ once engag$ 9 mak+ exp]im5ts on ! madd] dye1 ,i gave ! plant to a c[ = sev]al days1 & ,i f\nd t ! milk became r$di% & /reak$ ) ve9s :i* 7 ( a d>k] col\r ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,t well-kn[n f>m]1 ,gug5mus1 gave ! madd]-plant1 =m$ into hay1 to 8 c[s1 :o ate x readily4 ,_! milk 0 some:at r$di%1 & ! butt] & *eese acquir$ by ^! means 9 w9t] an agreeable col\r4 ,p]haps ! effects d n take place :5 ! animals get o!r food at ! same "t4 ,or may n ! /ate ( _! heal? occasion "s diff]5ce8 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t ,*elidonium 7swall[-wort7 makes ! milk ( c[s t are weak appe> bloody1 :ile ! same effect does n foll[1 or at lea/ imm$iately1 9 ^? t are /rong4 ,ruellius1 ,de ,natura ,/irpium1 ,basili1 #aedc1 fol4 p4 #egb1 says ( ! ,rubia1 8,folia capillum t+unt40 ,if he meant t ! hair became r$ by eat+ ! leaves1 he committ$ a mi/ake4 #bgh ,diss]tatio de ,vita ,nuptiisque ,plant>um4 ,lipsi1 #agda1 p4 #aa4 #bgi ,i d n "k t any "o ev] rem>k$ human bones to h be5 dy$ by madd]1 ?\gh ! proposal = us+ ! roots ( x aga9/ ! ra*itis might h giv5 occasion to make obs]vations on t subject4 ,see ,g4 ,l4 ,hans51 ,diss4 de ,ra*itide4 ,gott+1 #agfb1 p4 #cf4 ,pr(essor ,arnemann1 :o has a v num]\s & valuable collection ( skeletons1 & :o c>efully exam9$ _m ( ! l k9d dur+ 8 travels1 assur$ me t he nev] saw any bones t _h be5 dy$ by madd] 9 ! human body4 #bhj ,on ,vegetable ,sub/ances1 by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 ,,juggl]s1 ,,rope-,,danc]s1 ,,automata1 ,,etc4 ,"u ?is title ,i compreh5d n only ^? prop]ly call$ juggl]s1 :o1 = ! sake ( money1 by quick & artful motions ( _! h&s1 bodies1 & limbs1 & by v>i\s prep>ations1 delude ! s5ses 9 an agreeable mann]1 or practise an innoc5t deception on ! spectators1 s t !y ?9k !y he> & see :at !y d n really he> & see1 b also rope-danc]s2 p :o place _! bodies 9 positions accord+ to all appe>ance dang]\s2 & ^? :o = pay exhibit animals taught to p]=m uncommon tricks1 z well z automata1 :i* by _! conceal$ con/ruction seem to produce wond]ful effects4 ,b is x wor? :ile to inquire into ! antiquity ( all ^! arts1 unpr(itable to ! public1 :i* =m ! fav\rite amusem5ts ( ! populace8 ,! selfi% "q cui bono1 :i* is (t5 ?r[n out by way ( reproa* to m5 ( lett]s1 b (t5] to naturali/s1 & ev5 to juri/s1 :51 9 _! rese>*es1 !y advance beyond ! beat5 track1 ,i might easily get rid ( by civilly tell+ ! qu]i/s to pass ov] ?is article if !y ?9k !y are n likely to d]ive b5efit f x4 ,i might also apologise = employ+ my "t & lab\r on ?is subject1 by us+ ! words ( a c]ta9 hi/orian3 8,frivola hc =tassis cuipiam et nimis levia esse videantur1 s$ curiositas nihil recusat40 ,i %all h[ev] adopt nei!r ( ^! me?ods2 z ,i flatt] myself t ?is essay may af=d z mu* amusem5t z _m t are read daily2 & t !re=e x may n only be excus$1 b ev5 ju/ifi$4 ,^? arts & employm5ts :i* are mo/ necess>y 9 life 7 und\bt$ly ! e>lie/1 & !y h /ill cont9u$ to be ! mo/ important2 b :5 ^! 7 suffici5tly occupi$1 or c>ri$ on by z _m p]sons z c\ld live by !m1 ! re/1 :o 7 exclud$ f !m1 conceiv$ ! idea ( amus+ ! =m] :5 tir$ ) _! lab\r1 t by ^! means !y might obta9 f !m a "p ( ! fruits ( _! indu/ry4 ,i reque/ my read]s to reflect h[ _m occupations h be5 devis$ = no o!r purpose4 ,!y w f9d t sev]al ( ^! h acquir$ a pre-em95ce ov] ! necess>y or useful arts2 & to ! same class belong juggl]s4 ,all political writ]s tell u1 z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 t population ought to be increas$4 ,?is maxim h[ev] is j only "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 t is1 :5 employm5t c be procur$ to a great] numb] ( inhabitants ?an a c\ntry already possesses4 ,( begg>s we h to ma9ta9 too _m4 ,all our trades & occupations are n only fill$ up ) workm51 b ov]fl[4 ,our f>m]s c employ no m lab\r]s1 & our manufactur]s no m h&s ?an !y h at pres5t2 our regim5ts are full2 & 9 e employm5t !re are m c&idates & m sup]num]>ies ?an is consi/5t ) ! good ( ! public4 ,mu/ x n !re=e give u pleasure1 :5 necessity inv5ts new means ( acquir+ a livelihood1 al?\gh !y c\ld be disp5s$ )8 ,x is mu* bett] t ^? :o h le>n$ no useful art2 :o h lo/ _! y\? 9 ! s]vice ( o!rs2 or :o are de/itute1 ?r\gh any o!r cause1 %\ld ga9 _! bread by amus+ _! fell[-citiz5s1 ?an t !y %\ld ei!r beg or /eal4 ,^! arts are inde$ n unpr(itable1 = !y af=d a com=table subsi/5ce to ^? :o practise !m2 b _! ga9 is acquir$ by too little lab\r to be ho>d$ up2 &1 9 g5]al1 ^! rov+ p sp5d on ! spot ! fruits ( _! +5uity2 :i* is an additional reason :y _! /ay 9 a place %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,i h h[ev] kn[n "s :o sav$ s mu* f _! e>n+s1 t1 9 _! old age1 !y 7 enabl$ to ent] into "s bus9ess m c]ta9 z well z m pr(itable4 ,p ( ?is description w nev] want enc\ragem5t & support :ile !y exhibit ) confid5ce any?+ uncommon1 & "k h[ to suit ! nature ( _! amusem5ts to ! ta/e ( ! spectators4 ,! great] "p ( mank9d love deception s mu*1 t !y rew>d lib]ally ^? :o impose on _! s5ses1 z is prov$ by ! ready sale ( gilt articles1 artificial gems1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s :i* are n 9 reality :at !y appe> to be4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,montagne is "r 9 consid]+ x z a sign ( ! weakness ( our judgem5t1 t we take a pleasure 9 behold+ objects on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 novelty1 or ! difficulty t att5ds !m1 ?\gh !y may be subs]vi5t to no useful purpose#bha4 ,?is appe>s to me to proce$ f t innate curiosity :i* s]ves z a spur to incite u to enl>ge our k1 & to engage 9 rese>*es & und]tak+s t (t5 lead to discov]ies ( great] importance4 ,juggl]s inde$ seldom exhibit any?+ t c appe> wond]ful to ^? acqua9t$ ) natural philosophy & ma!matics2 b ^! ev5 (t5 f9d satisfaction 9 see+ tru?s already kn[n to !m appli$ 9 a new mann]2 & !y readily embrace e opportunity ( hav+ !m fur!r illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts4 ,_m h[ev] are too precipitate1 & attempt to expla9 be=e !y h suffici5tly exam9$1 ( :i* ! gold5 too? at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! conjur+-rod at ! end ( ! sev5te5?1 & ! *ess-play] & speak+-ma*9e at ! end ( ! eighte5?1 may s]ve z in/ances4 ,b x (t5 happ5s1 t :at ignorant p]sons fir/ employ1 m]ely z a %[1 = amusem5t or deception1 is aft]w>ds ennobl$ by be+ appli$ to a m important purpose4 ,! ma*9e ) :i* a ,savoy>d1 by means ( %ad[s1 amus$ *ildr5 & ! populace1 0 by ,lieb]khn conv]t$ into a sol> microscope2 & to give "o example m1 :i* may conv9ce female read]s1 if ,i c hope = su*1 ! art ( mak+ ice 9 summ]1 or 9 a heat$ ov51 enables gue/s1 mu* to ! cr$it ( _! ho/ess1 to cool ! mo/ exp5sive di%es4 ,! ,indian discov]s preci\s /ones1 & ! ,european1 by poli%+1 gives !m a lu/re4 ,b if ! arts ( juggl+ s]v$ no o!r end ?an to amuse ! mo/ ignorant ( our citiz5s1 x is prop] t !y %\ld be enc\rag$ = ! sake ( ^? :o _c enjoy ! m exp5sive deceptions ( an op]a4 ,!y answ] o!r purposes h[ev] ?an t ( m]ely amus+2 !y convey in/ruction 9 ! mo/ acceptable mann]1 & s]ve z a mo/ agreeable antidote to sup]/ition1 & to t popul> belief 9 miracles1 exorcism1 conjuration1 sorc]y1 & wit*craft1 f :i* our ance/ors suff]$ s sev]ely4 ,:]ev] ! vulg> 7 a/oni%$ at ! effects ( %ad[s1 electricity1 mirrors1 & ! magnet1 int]e/$ p]sons endeav\r$ by ^! to fright5 !m2 & ?us misappli$ ! p[]s ( nature to promote _! own advantage4 ,! pontiffs & _! cl]gy ought1 und\bt$ly1 to be dete/$ = disc\rag+ exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,t sci5ce !y consid]$ z a =midable enemy2 & !y ?\ght !y ga9$ no small advantage :5 !y induc$ ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 by grant+ x ! c>d9al%ip1 to suppress ! ,academy del ,cim5to4 ,:5 ,gasn] exhibit$ 8 deceptions1 "s "o propos$ to him to try 8 art at ,b]l9 or ,gtt+51 & to drive out !re if x 7 only ! smalle/ ( all ! devils2 b ^! cities 7 n !atres :]e he 0 likely to succe$1 & he nev] v5tur$ to appe> 9 !m#bhb4 ,x is h[ev] bett] t ! populace1 if !y w absolutely pay = be+ deceiv$1 %\ld be expos$ to a mom5t>y deception f juggl]s ?an to a cont9ual deception f prie/s4 ,z ! =m] are n cov]$ ) ! sacr$ cloak ( religion1 _! deceptions are m easily se5 ?r\gh & detect$2 & !y consequ5tly soon cease to be hurtful4 ,s late z ! ye> #afja1 a horse1 :i* _h be5 taught to p]=m a numb] ( tricks1 0 tri$1 z possess$ by ! devil1 & condemn$ to be burnt#bhc4 ,at pres5t horses ( ?is k9d are s (t5 exhibit$ publicly 9 ! h]etical c\ntries ( ,europe1 t ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 p]haps1 w soon be a%am$ ( consid]+ su* pro(s ( ! docility ( ^! animals1 & ( ! pati5t dext]ity ( _! tea*]s1 z ! "w ( ! devil1 z !y did at ! above p]iod4 ,^? :o view ! art ( ! juggl] 9 ! same light z ,i d1 w1 ,i hope1 =give me = introduc+ ^! obs]vations1 & all[ me to cont9ue !m :ile ,i inquire into ! antiquity ( ?is employm5t2 especially z ,i %all endeav\r by ^! means to illu/rate m fully my subject4 ,_h t book :i* ,celsus wrote aga9/ ! ,magi be5 pres]v$1 we %\ld h be5 mu* bett] acqua9t$ ) ! art ( ! anci5t conjurors or juggl]s4 ,?is ,celsus1 )\t d\bt1 is ! same au?or ^: virul5t attack aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 0 refut$ by ,orig52 & we h1 !re=e1 great] cause to regret t a "w on ! above subject1 by s le>n$ & acute a philosoph]1 %\ld h be5 lo/4 ,he is m5tion$ ) respect by ,lucian1 & ev5 by ,orig52 & ! =m] d]iv$ f him ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ,alex&] ! impo/or#bhd4 ,m anci5t au?ors also wrote ^u ! same subject4 ,"s ( !m are m5tion$ by ,diog5es ,lartius 9 8 preface2 & ,suidas quotes ! ,magicon ( ,anti/h5es1 ?\gh nei!r ( ^! speaks ( ,celsus2 b ( all ^? writ+s none are n[ extant4 ,! deception ( brea?+ out flames1 :i* at pres5t excites 9 a p>ticul> mann] ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ignorant1 is v anci5t4 ,:5 ! slaves 9 ,sicily1 ab\t a c5tury & a half be=e our ra1 made a =midable insurrection1 & av5g$ !mselves 9 a cruel mann] = ! sev]ities :i* !y _h suff]$1 !re 0 among/ !m a ,syrian nam$ ,eunus#bhe1 a man ( great craft & c\rage1 :o1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh _m sc5es ( life1 _h become acqua9t$ ) a v>iety ( arts4 ,he pret5d$ to h imm$iate communication ) ! gods2 0 ! oracle & lead] ( 8 fell[-slaves2 &1 z is usual on su* occasions1 confirm$ 8 div9e mission by miracles4 ,:51 heat$ by en?usiasm & desir\s ( inspir+ 8 foll[]s ) c\rage1 he brea!d flames or sp>ks among !m f 8 m\? :ile he 0 address+ !m4 ,we are told by hi/orians1 t = ?is purpose he pi]c$ a nut-%ell at bo? ends1 &1 hav+ fill$ x ) "s burn+ sub/ance1 put x into 8 m\? & brea!d ?r\gh x4 ,?is deception1 at pres5t1 is p]=m$ mu* bett]4 ,! juggl] rolls toge!r "s flax or hemp1 s z to =m a ball ab\t ! size ( a walnut2 sets x on fire2 & suff]s x to burn till x is ne>ly consum$2 he !n rolls r\nd x1 :ile burn+1 "s m flax2 & by ^! means ! fire may be reta9$ 9 x = a long "t4 ,:5 he wi%es to exhibit1 he slips ! ball unp]ceiv$ into 8 m\? & brea!s ?r\gh x2 :i* aga9 revives ! fire1 s t a numb] ( weak sp>ks proce$ f x2 & ! p]=m] su/a9s no hurt1 provid$ he inspire ! air n ?r\gh ! m\?1 b ! no/rils#bhf4 ,by ?is art ! rabbi ,b>-,co*eba1 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,hadrian1 made ! cr$ul\s ,jews believe t he 0 ! hop$-= ,messias#bhg2 & two c5turies aft]1 ! emp]or ,con/antius 0 ?r[n into great t]ror1 :5 ,val5t9ian in=m$ him t he _h se5 "o ( ! body-gu>ds brea?+ out fire & flames 9 ! ev5+#bhh4 ,= deceptions ) fire ! anci5ts employ$ also naph?a1 a liquid m9]al oil1 :i* k9dles :5 x only approa*es a flame4 ,gal5 in=ms u1 t a p]son excit$ great a/oni%m5t by ext+ui%+ a c&le & aga9 light+ x1 )\t any o!r process ?an hold+ x imm$iately aga9/ a wall or a /one4 ,! :ole secret ( ?is consi/$ 9 hav+ previ\sly rubb$ ov] ! wall or /one ) sulphur4 ,b z ! au?or1 a few l9es be=e1 speaks ( a mixture ( sulphur & naph?a1 !re is reason to ?9k t he alludes to ! same "h4 ,plut>*#bhi relates h[ ,alex&] ! ,great 0 a/oni%$ & delight$ ) ! secret effects ( naph?a1 :i* 7 exhibit$ to him at ,ecbatana4 ,! same au?or1 z well z ,pl9y1 ,gal51 & o!rs1 has already rem>k$1 t ! sub/ance ) :i* ,m$ea de/roy$ ,creusa1 ! daught] ( ,creon1 0 no?+ else ?an ?is f9e oil#bij4 ,%e s5t to ! un=tunate pr9cess a dress besme>$ ) x1 :i* bur/ into flames z soon z %e approa*$ ! fire ( ! alt>4 ,! blood ( ,nessus1 :]e9 ! dress ( ,h]cules1 :i* took fire likewise1 _h be5 dipp$1 0 und\bt$ly naph?a also#bia2 & ?is oil mu/ h be5 always employ$ :5 (f]+s caught fire 9 an imp]ceptible mann]#bib4 ,9 all p]iods ( ! _w prie/s h act$ z juggl]s to simple & ignorant p4 ,9 mod]n times1 p]sons :o c\ld walk ov] burn+ coals or r$-hot iron1 or :o c\ld hold !m 9 _! h&s & _! tee?1 h (t5 excit$ wond]4 ,9 ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 an ,engli%man1 nam$ ,ri*>dson1 :o1 z we are assur$1 c\ld *ew burn+ coals1 p\r melt$ lead ^u 8 tongue1 swall[ melt$ glass1 c41 r5d]$ himself v fam\s by ^! extraord9>y feats#bic4 ,lay+ aside ! deception#bid practis$ on ! spectators1 ! :ole ( ?is secret consi/s 9 r5d]+ ! sk9 ( ! soles ( ! feet & h&s s call\s & ins5sible1 t ! n]ves "u !m are secur$ f all hurt1 9 ! same mann] z by %oes & gloves4 ,su* callosity w be produc$ if ! sk9 is cont9ually compress$1 s+$1 prick$1 or injur$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,?us d ! f+]s ( ! indu/ri\s semp/ress become horny by be+ frequ5tly prick$2 & ! case is ! same ) ! h&s ( fire-work]s1 & ! feet ( ^? :o walk b>e-foot$ ov] scor*+ s&#bie4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #agfe1 :5 ,i visit$ ! copp]-works at ,awe/ad1 "o ( ! workm51 = a little dr9k-money1 took "s ( ! melt$ copp] 9 8 h&1 & aft] %[+ x to u1 ?rew x aga9/ a wall#bif4 ,he !n squeez$ ! f+]s ( 8 horny h& close to ea* o!r2 put x a few m9utes "u 8 armpit1 to make x sweat1 z he said2 &1 tak+ x aga9 out1 drew x ov] a ladle fill$ ) melt$ copp]1 "s ( :i* he skimm$ (f1 & mov$ 8 h& backw>ds & =w>ds1 v quickly1 by way ( o/5tation4 ,:ile ,i 0 view+ ?is p]=mance1 ,i rem>k$ a smell l t ( s+$ horn or lea!r1 ?\gh 8 h& 0 n burnt4 ,! workm5 at ! ,sw$i% melt+-h\ses %[$ ! same ?+ to "s travell]s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 = ,regn>d saw x 9 #afha1 at ! copp]-works 9 ,lapl&4 ,x is highly probable t ! p :o hold 9 _! h&s r$-hot iron1 or :o walk ^u x1 z ,i saw done at ,am/]dam1 b at a di/ance1 make _! sk9 call\s be=e1 9 ! l mann]4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by frequ5tly moi/5+ x ) oil ( vitriol2 accord+ to "s ! juice ( c]ta9 plants w produce ! same effect2 & we are assur$ by o!rs t ! sk9 mu/ be v frequ5tly rubb$1 = a long "t1 ) oil1 by :i* means1 inde$1 lea!r also w become horny4 ,( ?is art1 traces may be f\nd also 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,a fe/ival 0 held annually on ,m\nt ,soracte1 9 ,etruria1 at :i* ! ,hirpi1 :o liv$ n f> f ,rome1 jump$ ?r\gh burn+ coals2 & on ?is acc\nt !y 7 indulg$ ) peculi> privileges by ! ,roman s5ate#big4 ,wom5 also1 we are told1 7 accu/om$ to walk ov] burn+ coals at ,ca/abala 9 ,cappadocia1 ne> ! temple d$icat$ to ,diana#bih4 ,s]vius rem>ks1 f a "w ( ,v>ro n[ lo/1 t ! ,hirpi tru/$ n s mu* to _! own sanctity z to ! c>e :i* !y _h tak5 to prep>e _! feet = t op]ation4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) ev]y?+ t conc]ns ! trial by ordeal1 :5 p]sons accus$ 7 oblig$ to prove _! innoc5ce by hold+ 9 _! h&s r$-hot iron2 b ,i am almo/ conv9c$ t ?is also 0 a juggl+ trick ( ! prie/s1 :i* !y employ$ z might be/ suit _! views4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is mode ( exculpation 0 all[$ only to weak p]sons1 :o 7 unfit to wield arms1 & p>ticul>ly to monks & ecclesia/ics1 to :om1 = ! sake ( _! security1 t by s+le combat 0 =bidd54 ,! trial itself took place 9 ! *ur* entirely "u ! inspection ( ! cl]gy2 mass 0 celebrat$ at ! same "t2 ! def5dant & ! iron 7 consecrat$ by be+ spr9kl$ ) holy wat]2 ! cl]gy made ! iron hot !mselves2 & !y us$ all ^! prep>atives1 z juggl]s d _m motions1 only to div]t ! att5tion ( ! spectators4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! accus$ p]sons %\ld rema9 at lea/ ?ree days & ?ree nights "u _! imm$iate c>e1 & cont9ue z long aft]4 ,!y cov]$ _! h&s bo? be=e & aft] ! pro(2 seal$ & unseal$ ! cov]+3 ! =m]1 z !y pret5d$1 to prev5t ! h&s f be+ prep>$ any h[ by art2 & ! latt] to see if !y 7 burnt4 ,"s artificial prep>ation 0 !re=e kn[n1 else no precautions w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,x is highly probable t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ! prev5tive 0 appli$ to ^? p]sons :om !y wi%$ to appe> innoc5t2 & t ! ?ree days aft] ! trial 7 requisite to let ! h&s resume _! natural /ate4 ,! sacr$ seal+ secur$ !m f ! exam9ation ( presumptu\s unbeliev]s2 = to det]m9e :e!r ! h&s 7 burnt1 ! la/ ?ree days 7 c]ta9ly n want$4 ,:5 ! ordeal 0 aboli%$1 & ?is art r5d]$ useless1 ! cl]gy no long] kept x a secret4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury an acc\nt ( x 0 publi%$ by ,alb]tus ,magnus1 a ,dom9ican monk#bii4 ,if 8 receipt be g5u9e1 x seems to h consi/$ r 9 cov]+ ! h&s ) a k9d ( pa/e ?an 9 h>d5+ !m4 ,! sap ( ! ,al?a 7m>%-mall[71 ! slimy se$s ( ! flea-bane1 :i* is /ill us$ = /iff5+ by ! hat-mak]s & silk-weav]s1 toge!r ) ! :ite ( an egg1 7 employ$ to make ! pa/e adh]e2 & by ^! means ! h&s 7 z safe z if !y _h be5 secur$ by gloves4 ,! use ( ?is juggl+ trick is v old1 & may be trac$ back to a pagan orig94 ,9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 ! gu>ds plac$ ov] ! body ( ,polynices1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ away & buri$ contr>y to ! ord]s ( ,creon1 (f]$1 9 ord] to prove _! innoc5ce1 to submit to any trial3 8,we w10 said !y1 8take up r$-hot iron 9 our h&s1 or walk ?r\gh fire#cjj40 ,! exhibition ( balls & cups1 :i* is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts z ! mo/ common art ( juggl]s1 is also ( great antiquity4 ,x consi/s 9 convey+ spe$ily & ) great dext]ity1 :ile ! p]=m] endeav\rs by v>i\s motions & cant phrases to div]t ! att5tion ( ! simple spectators f obs]v+ 8 movem5ts too n>r[ly1 sev]al light balls1 accord+ to ! pleasure ( any p]son 9 company1 "u "o or m cups2 remov+ !m sometimes f ! :ole2 & convey+ !m aga9 back 9 an imp]ceptible mann]4 ,9 g5]al1 ?ree lead5 cups are us$1 & z _m balls ( cork2 & to prev5t all discov]y by _! slipp+ f ! ?umbs ( ! juggl]1 or mak+ a noise1 z he mu/ lay hold ( !m ) mu* quickness1 ! table be=e :i* he sits is cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,^! small balls 7 by ! anci5ts call$ calculi2 & ! cups acetabula1 or p>opsides4 ,casaubon#cja has already quot$ mo/ ( ^? passages 9 anci5t au?ors :i* relate to ?is subject2 & !y h be5 repeat$ by ,bul5g]#cjb2 b nei!r ( ^! writ]s makes m5tion ( ! fulle/ & cle>e/ description giv5 9 ! lett]s ( ,alciphron#cjc4 ,we h !re an acc\nt ( a c\ntryman :o came to t[n1 & 0 conduct$ by a m]*ant to ! !atre1 :]e he saw ) great a/oni%m5t ! exhibition ( cups & balls4 8,su* an animal10 says he1 8z ! p]=m] ,i w\ld n wi% to h ne> me 9 ! c\ntry2 = 9 8 h&s my prop]ty w\ld soon disappe>40 ,! art ( oratory1 because x deceives ! auditors1 is frequ5tly comp>$ to t ( balls & cups4 ,f ! ,lat9 ^w gabata1 m5tion$ by ,m>tial1 toge!r ) p>opsides1 ! ,fr5* h made gobelets & h5ce _! common expressions j\] des gobelets1 & j\eur des gobelets1 :i* !y use :5 speak+ ( juggl]s4 ,9 all ages ( ! _w !re h be5 m5 :o excit$ great wond] by extraord9>y /r5g?4 ,in/ances ( ?is h be5 already collect$2 b !y d n belong to my pres5t subject#cjd4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 prove t above fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago !re 7 p :o1 by apply+ a k ( ! me*anical p[]s to _! bodies1 p]=m$ feats :i* a/oni%$ e ignorant spectator2 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t any s\nd man ( common /r5g? c\ld p]=m ! same by employ+ ! l means4 ,( ^! "o may say ) ,celsus1 8,neque h]cule sci5tiam prcipuam hab5t hi1 s$ audaciam usu ipso confirmatam40 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 su* a /rong man1 or ,samson1 z he call$ himself1 a native ( ,g]many1 travell$ ov] almo/ all ,europe2 & 8 pret5d$ art has be5 m5tion$ by s _m writ]s1 t we may conclude x _h n be5 (t5 exhibit$ be=e2 & t x 0 !n consid]$ z new4 ,8 "n 0 ,john ,*>les von ,eckeb]g2 he 0 born at ,h>zg]ode 9 ,anhalt2 & at t "t 0 ?irty-?ree ye>s ( age4 ,:5 he fix$ himself betwe5 a c\ple ( po/s1 on any level place1 two or m horses 7 n able to draw him f 8 position2 he c\ld break ropes asund]1 & lift a man up on 8 knee :ile he lay ext5d$ on ! gr\nd4 ,b :at excit$ ! greate/ a/oni%m5t 01 t he suff]$ l>ge /ones to be broke on 8 brea/ ) a hamm]1 or a smi? to =ge iron on an anvil plac$ above x4 ,?is la/ feat 0 exhibit$ ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 by ,firmus or ,firmius1 :o1 9 ! "t ( ,aurelian1 endeav\r$ to make himself emp]or 9 ,egypt4 ,he 0 a native ( ,seleucia 9 ,syria2 esp\s$ ! cause ( ,z5obia1 ! celebrat$ que5 ( ,palmyra2 & 0 at l5g? execut$ publicly by ord] ( ! emp]or ,aurelian4 ,x is ( ?is ,firmus1 & n ( ano!r1 :o a c5tury aft] 0 ov]come 9 ,africa by ! fa!r ( ! emp]or ,!odosius1 t ,vopiscus speaks :]e he relates t he c\ld suff] iron to be =g$ on an anvil plac$ on 8 brea/4 ,= ?is purpose he lay on 8 back2 b he put himself 9 su* a position1 by re/+ ) 8 feet & %\ld]s aga9/ "s support1 t 8 :ole body =m$ an ar*2 s t he seem$ r to be susp5d$ ?an to lie at full l5g?#cje4 ,?is art1 :i* is expla9$ & illu/rat$ by ,desaguli]s#cjf & ,pr(essor ,kuhn#cjg ( ,dantzic1 has n[ become s common t x is (t5 exhibit$ )\t occasion+ mu* surprise4 ,9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 rope-danc]s are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,! passages :]e !y occur h be5 collect$ by v>i\s au?ors1 ?\gh nev] completely2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^? :o h se5 _m p]=m]s ( ?is k9d w\ld be able to cle> up "s t are obscure4 ,i h se5 _m myself2 b ,i h =got ! great] "p ( :at ,i obs]v$2 & !re are o!r reasons also :i* prev5t me f und]tak+ t task3 ,i dread ! reproa* ( 8multum ag5do nihil agis40 ,t ,i may n1 h[ev]1 pass ov] ?is subject entirely1 ,i %all pres5t ! read] ) :at foll[s#cjh4 ,we meet ) v>i\s appellations giv5 to rope-danc]s1 :i* d n1 z "s h imag9$1 po9t out diff]5t k9ds1 b allude only to new-inv5t$ arts1 leaps1 or dext]ities1 :i*1 :ile recomm5d$ by novelty1 7 mu* wond]$ at1 ?\gh !y 7 aft]w>ds imitat$ by all4 ,to ^! belong ! s*nobat1 oribat1 neurobat1 petam9>ii1 funambuli1 c4 ,"s ( ! anci5t rope-danc]s seem to h us$ a balanc+-pole1 or at lea/ to h _h weights 9 _! h&s to pres]ve an equipoise#cji4 ,x is c]ta9 also t rope-danc]s 7 n want+ 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 ! ye> #abcg !y 7 v common 9 ,italy#caj2 & 9 #acic !re 7 "s ( !m at ,augsburg1 :o exhibit$ _! dext]ity on ! rope1 & receiv$ f ea* spectator ?ree ,g]man halfp5ce#caa4 ,to place m5 ^u ! %\ld]s ( ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] t e r[ consi/s ( a man few]1 till !y =m a pyramid end+ 9 a s+le p]son1 ^u ^: head a boy (t5 /&s ) 8 feet upw>ds1 is likewise an anci5t piece ( dext]ity4 ,?is exhibition is v>i$ _m ways2 & on t acc\nt x is difficult to =m ev5 conjectures respect+ x1 especially z ! description giv5 ( x by a ,roman poet is v un9telligible#cab4 ,i am h[ev] /ill less acqua9t$ ) an art 9 :i* hoops & :eels 7 employ$ by ! petauri/1 :o excit$ great a/oni%m5t among ! populace4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! art may h consi/$ 9 no?+ m ?an ! v>i$ contortions & tumbl+ :i* we /ill see practis$ by *ildr5 tra9$ = t purpose4 ,cilano expla9s a well-kn[n passage ( ,manilius1 z if ! p]=m]s _h d>t$ ?r\gh susp5d$ iron hoops1 made (t5 r$-hot4 ,( ?is ,i ent]ta9 less d\bt ?an h[ we ought to und]/& ! corpora jactata petauro ( ,juv5al#cac2 & ! corpora valido excussa petauro ( ,manilius#cad1 :i* _m h attempt$ to expla9 already4 ,at any rate ?is :eel 0 diff]5t f t ^u :i* a female danc]1 z m5tion$ by ,x5ophon1 wrote & read :ile x turn$ r\nd ) great velocity#cae4 ,! art ( exhibit+ v>i\s feats ( horseman%ip1 :i* has be5 practis$ s mu* 9 mod]n times1 seems to h come fir/ f ! ,ea/4 ,at any rate1 ^? p]=m]s 9 t way :o1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 7 at ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 & :o travell$ all ov] ,europe1 came f ,egypt4 ,!y c\ld /& on ! horses :5 at a gallop2 m\nt & dism\nt :ile on full spe$ at ! *ase2 tumble on horseback1 & d _m o!r ?+s equally extraord9>y#caf4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 an ,italian1 :o _h le>n$ ?is art :ile a slave 9 ,turkey1 w5t ab\t exhibit+ 8 dext]ity 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,montagne saw him at ,rome 9 #aehacag2 & ! ye> foll[+ he 0 at ,p>is#cah4 ,"s ( ^! feats 7 p]=m$ by ! anci5t desultores4 ,:e!r ! anci5ts taught horses1 dogs1 birds1 & o!r animals1 to p]=m v>i\s tricks :i* are frequ5tly exhibit$ at pres5t = money1 ,i d n "k2 b x is c]ta9 t :at !y made ! elephant1 :i* und\bt$ly is ! mo/ sagaci\s & tractable ( all animals1 p]=m1 exce$s ev]y?+ yet kn[n ( ! k9d4 ,)\t repeat+ :at has be5 s (t5 relat$1 ,i %all only m5tion ! elephant :i* walk$ ^u a rope backw>ds & =w>ds1 z well z up & d[n2 & :i* ,galba fir/ caus$ to be %[n to ! ,roman p4 ,aft] ?is1 s mu* confid5ce 0 plac$ 9 ! dext]ity ( ! animal1 t a p]son sat on an elephant's back :ile he walk$ across ! !atre ^u a rope ext5d$ f ! "o side to ! o!r4 ,lipsius1 :o has collect$ ! te/imonies1 ?9ks !y are s /rong t !y _c be d\bt$#cai4 ,! tra9+ ( horses to obey a private signal1 imp]ceptible to ! mo/ att5tive spectator1 & to p]=m actions :i* appe>1 to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! art1 to display rational faculties1 ,i h nev] f\nd m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,t ! ,syb>ites h[ev] taught _! horses to dance to ! s\nd ( music1 is ass]t$ by a v>iety ( au?ors#cbj4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 dogs tra9$ 9 ! l mann] excit$ great wond]#cba4 ,9 ! ye> #agff1 an ,engli%man1 nam$ ,wildman1 made himself mu* kn[n by tam+ or tra9+ bees1 9 su* a mann] t !y n only foll[$ him :]ev] he w5t1 b settl$ ev5 on 8 face & h&s )\t /++ him1 & seem$ z if ob$i5t to 8 ord]s#cbb4 ,"s ye>s aft]1 a p]son :o practis$ ! l art1 travell$ ab\t ?r\gh ,g]many1 & gave himself out to be ,wildman2 b ,m4 ,riem prov$ t he 0 n ,wildman1 & publi%$ ! secret by :i* he acquir$ s mu* p[] ov] ^! insects#cbc4 ,i _c say :e!r ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ?is art2 b ,i %all "h rem>k1 t x 0 kn[n 9 ! k+dom ( ,galam1 at ,s5egal1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,wildman2 = :5 ,brue1 a ,fr5*man1 0 !re 9 #afih1 he 0 visit$ by a man :o call$ himself ! k+ ( ! bees#cbd4 8,let 8 secret10 says t travell]1 8consi/ 9 :at x may1 ?is mu* is c]ta92 t !y foll[$ him :]ev] he w5t1 z %eep d _! %eph]d4 ,8 :ole body1 & p>ticul>ly 8 cap1 0 s cov]$ ) !m t !y appe>$ l a sw>m j settl$4 ,:5 he dep>t$ !y w5t along ) him2 = besides ^? on 8 body1 he 0 surr\nd$ by ?\s&s :i* always att5d$ him#cbe40 ,9 mod]n times1 p]sons de/itute ( arms & h&s1 or :o h ^! limbs =m$ v imp]fectly1 b :o possess ! art ( supply+ t want by ! use ( _! feet & toes1 %[ !mselves sometimes = money2 & z !y ent]ta9 ! spectators by excit+ _! wond]1 !y des]ve f !m t support :i* !y are n able to obta9 9 any o!r mann]4 ,in/ances ( su* p :o _h acquir$ ?is art1 h be5 v common )9 ! la/ two c5turies#cbf2 b 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts ,i h f\nd only "o4 ,an ,indian k+1 nam$ ,porus1 s5t to ! emp]or ,augu/us an embassy ) pres5ts1 among :i* 7 "s r>e animals1 & a man )\t arms1 :o ) 8 feet1 h[ev]1 c\ld b5d a b[2 dis*>ge arr[s2 & put a trumpet to 8 m\? & bl[ x4 ,dio ,cassius confesses t he did n "k h[ ?is 0 possible2 b ,/rabo ref]s = 8 au?ority to ,nicolaus ( ,damascus1 :o saw all ! pres5ts z !y pass$ ?r\gh ,antio*#cbg4 ,_h ?is de=m$ p]son1 :om ,/rabo comp>es to a ,h]mes1 travell$ ab\t1 accord+ to ! mod]n practice1 z a %[1 he w\ld h be5 bett] kn[n1 & 9 all probability 8 example w\ld h induc$ o!rs to imitate 8 art#cbh4 ,manilius says1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 p1 :o1 9 play+ at ball1 c\ld use _! feet ) z mu* dext]ity z _! h&s1 :o c\ld cat* ! ball ) !m1 & aga9 ?r[ x back2 b ! poet1 p]haps1 did n allude to ! small h&-ball1 b to ! l>ge "o :i* is /ruck ) ! fi/1 & :i* may be /opp$ also by ! foot4 ,besides1 ! passage is read & expla9$ diff]5t ways#cbi4 ,figures or puppets1 :i* appe> to move ( !mselves1 7 employ$ =m]ly to "w miracles2 b !y c\ld h>dly be us$ = t purpose at pres5t 9 any ca?olic c\ntry ( ,europe1 ?\gh !y /ill s]ve to amuse ! vulg>4 ,among ^! are ! m>ionettes#ccj1 z !y are call$1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* are put 9 motion imp]ceptibly by a ?read4 ,( a /ill m +5i\s con/ruction are ^? :i* are mov$ by ! turn+ ( a cyl9d]1 z is ! case 9 ! ma*9es ) :i* "s ( ! old m9]s 9 ,g]many e>n a livelihood2 b ! mo/ +5i\s ( all are ^? :i* are kept 9 cont9ual movem5t = a c]ta9 "t1 by ! help ( :eels ) a weight or spr+4 ,! latt] are call$ automata2 &1 :5 !y repres5t human figures1 &roides4 ,"u ! =m] g5]al "n are compreh5d$ our wat*es1 ! mo/ useful ( all1 & also jacks#cca1 ) _m o!rs4 ,! latt] appellation is giv5 to small puppets1 :i*1 :5 _! inn] works h be5 w\nd up1 run ^u ! table or pavem5t1 & z !y advance move _! head1 eyes1 & h&s4 ,!y h be5 exhibit$ sometimes "u ! "n ( c\rrante ,m>g>e!1 :i* gave rise p]haps to ! ^w m>ionette4 ,! prop] m>ionettes are v old4 ,!y 7 common among ! ,greeks1 & f !m !y 7 br\ght to ! ,romans4 ,!y 7 kn[n by ! "n ( neurospa/a1 & 7 mu* us$ at _! %[s4 ,ari/otle speaks ( "s :i* mov$ _! head1 eyes1 h&s & limbs 9 a v natural mann]#ccb4 ,!y are m5tion$ ) equal precision by ,gal51 ,x5ophon1 ,anton9us1 ,horace1 ,gellius1 & o!rs4 ,to ^! belong ! phalli1 :i* 7 c>ri$ r\nd dur+ ! fe/ivals ( ,osiris & ,bac*us1 & ( :i* "o memb] only1 t prop]ly meant by ! "n1 & :i* 0 almo/ z l>ge z ! :ole body1 mov$ ^u c]ta9 ?reads be+ pull$#ccc4 ,c\nt ,caylus has giv5 an engrav+ ( ! body ( a small puppet1 made ( ivory or bone2 b he requires too mu* :5 he desires u to consid] t fragm5t1 m]ely on 8 ^w1 z a piece ( ,greek or ,roman antiquity4 ,he at lea/ ought to h in=m$ u :]e x 0 f\nd1 & by :at means he procur$ x4 ,9 reg>d to su* articles1 x is z easy to deceive z to be l$ into an error2 & objects ( bone are c]ta9ly ( no great duration#ccd4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! antiquity ( automata1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* are mov$ by :eels1 weights & spr+s1 ,i %all leave to ^? :o h read ! works ( ! anci5t ma!maticians1 & :o may be desir\s ( writ+ on ! hi/ory ( me*anics4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! anci5ts 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! art ( mak+ !m1 unless "s propositions ( ,ctesibius1 m5tion$ by ,vitruvius1 allude to t subject4 ,:5 clocks 7 br\ght to p]fection1 "s arti/s add$ to !m figures1 :i* at ! "t ( /rik+ p]=m$ v>i\s movem5ts2 & z !y succe$$ 9 ^!1 "s attempt$ to make1 deta*$ f clocks1 s+le figures1 :i* ei!r mov$ c]ta9 limbs1 or advanc$ =w>d & ran4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,hans ,bullmann#cce1 a padlock-mak] at ,nuremb]g1 con/ruct$ figures ( m5 & wom5 :i* mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by clock-"w1 beat a drum1 & play$ on ! lute accord+ to musical "t1 !y excit$ univ]sal a/oni%m5t z a new inv5tion4 ,x 0 ab\t ! same p]iod t wat*es came into use4 ,! acc\nts h[ev] :i* speak ( mu* old] automata des]ve to be exam9$ ) m att5tion4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( all are und\bt$ly ! tripods con/ruct$ by ,vulcan#ccf1 :i* be+ furni%$ ) :eels1 advanc$ =w>ds to be us$1 & aga9 return$ to _! places4 ,b :at 0 impossible to ! gods ( ,hom]8 ,an unbeliev] might conjecture t ^! tripods1 :i* are m5tion$ also by ,ari/otle#ccg1 & :i* p]haps 7 only a k9d ( small tables or dumb-wait]s1 _h :eels s contriv$ t !y c\ld be put 9 motion & driv5 to a di/ance on ! smalle/ impulse1 l ! fire-pans 9 our c\ntry be]-h\ses1 at :i* ! boors light _! pipes4 ,t ,ddalus made /atues :i* c\ld n only walk1 b :i* x 0 necess>y to tie1 9 ord] t !y might n move1 is relat$ by ,plato#cch1 ,ari/otle1 & o!rs4 ,! latt] speaks ( a wood5 ,v5us1 & rem>ks t ! secret ( its motion consi/$ 9 quicksilv] hav+ be5 p\r$ into x4 ,:at ! au?or "h means ,i _c compreh5d2 b ,i d n imag9e t ?is ,v5us ?rew itself topsy-turvy backw>ds1 l ! ,*9ese puppets4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is a/oni%+ t ! ,*9ese %\ld h fall5 ^u ! inv5tion ( giv+ motion to puppets by means ( quicksilv]1 & 9 s +5i\s a mann]1 t ,mus*5broek#cci ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to describe _! :ole con/ruction1 & to illu/rate x by figures4 ,b be=e ?is me?od 0 kn[n 9 ,europe1 ,kir*] _h an idea ( putt+ a small waggon 9 motion by add+ to x a pipe fill$ ) quicksilv]1 & heat+ x ) a c&le plac$ bel[ x#cdj4 ,! acc\nt ( ,ari/otle is m my/]i\s1 = he does n in=m u h[ ! quicksilv] act$4 ,calli/ratus1 ano!r writ]1 :o 0 ! tutor ( ,demo/h5es1 gives u to und]/& t ! /atues ( ,ddalus 7 made to move by ! me*anical p[]s#cda4 ,b :at has be5 ass]t$ by ,palphatus1 & by ,g$oyn#cdb1 ,bani]1 ,goguet1 & o!rs among ! mod]ns1 is mo/ probable4 ,! fir/ /atues ( ! ,greeks 7 imitations ( ^? ( ! ,egyptians1 = ! mo/ "p clumsy figures1 ) _! eyes %ut1 _! arms hang+ d[n close to ! body on ea* side1 & _! feet jo9$ toge!r4 ,^? made by ,ddalus _h _! eyes op51 z well z _! feet & h&s free2 & ! arti/ gave !m su* a po/ure1 t !y seem$ ei!r recl9+1 or appe>$ z if ready to walk or to run4 ,z ,anacreon#cdc1 /ruck ) wond]1 exclaim$ :5 he saw a wax5 image ( 8 fav\rite object1 8,begone1 wax1 ?\ wilt soon speak60 ! a/oni%$ ,greeks 9 l mann] cri$ out1 :5 !y beheld ! /atues ( ,ddalus1 8,!y w soon walk40 ,! next g5]ation affirm$ t !y really walk$2 & _! po/]ity1 add+ /ill to :at 0 told !m1 ass]t$ t !y w\ld h run _h !y n be5 b\nd4 ,equally imp]fect is ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! wood5 pigeon con/ruct$ by ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum4 ,we are in=m$ t x flew2 b :5 x _h once settl$1 x c\ld n aga9 take flight4 ,! latt] is n incr$ible2 b ev5 if we all[ t aro/atic ma*9es 7 !n kn[n1 x is impossible to believe ! =m]4 ,at pres5t "o _c det]m9e ) any probability1 :at piece ( me*anism gave rise to ?is relation#cdd4 ,! head ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :i* is said n only to h mov$1 b to h spok51 is too little kn[n = any op9ion to be =m$ conc]n+ x4 ,! con/ruction ( x mu/ h be5 v +5i\s & complex1 if x be true t he 0 employ$ ^u x ?irty ye>s#cde4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & foll[+ c5turies1 automata1 z ,i h said1 7 frequ5tly made4 ,among ^! 0 ! iron fly ( ,john ,mll] or ,molitor1 or1 z he is sometimes call$1 ,regiomontanus1 :i* is said to h fl[n ab\t2 & 8 artificial eagle1 :i* flew to meet ! ,emp]or ,maximilian on 8 arrival at ,nuremb]g1 ,june ! #g?1 #adgj4 ,none ( ! contempor>y writ]s1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y (t5 speak ( ?is v le>n$ man1 make ! lea/ m5tion ( ^! pieces ( me*anism2 & x is probable t ! :ole tale orig9at$ ) ,pet] ,ramus#cdf1 :o nev] 0 at ,nuremb]g till ! ye> #aega4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bai]#cdg endeav\rs to prove t ! above-m5tion$ fly1 mov$ by :eel-"w1 leap$ ab\t ^u a table2 & t ! eagle p]*$ ^u ! t[n-gate1 /ret*$ out its w+s on ! emp]or's approa*1 & salut$ him by an incl9ation ( its body4 ,we "k t ,*>les ,v41 aft] 8 abdication1 amus$ himself dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( 8 life ) automata ( v>i\s k9ds#cdh4 ,! mo/ +5i\s1 or at lea/ ! mo/ celebrat$ automata1 7 ^? made by ,vaucanson1 :i* he exhibit$ publicly at ,p>is1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 #agch4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* repres5t$ a flute-play] sitt+1 p]=m$ twelve tunes1 &1 z we are assur$1 by w9d issu+ f its m\? into a ,g]man-flute1 ! holes ( :i* x op5$ & %ut ) its f+]s4 ,! second 0 a /&+ figure1 :i* 9 ! l mann] play$ on ! ,prov5al %eph]d's pipe1 held 9 its left h&1 & ) ! "r beat ^u a drum or tamb\r de ,basque4 ,! ?ird 0 a duck1 ( ! natural size1 :i* mov$ its w+s1 exhibit$ all ! ge/ures ( t animal1 quack$ l a duck1 drank wat]1 ate corn1 & !n aft] a little "t let drop beh9d x some?+ t resembl$ ! excrem5t ( a duck#cdi4 ,^! pieces mu/ h be5 (t5 imitat$4 ,i saw "s ( ! l k9d 9 ! ye> #agfd1 at ! palace ( ,z>sko-,selo1 ne> ,pet]sburg1 & 0 told t !y _h be5 pur*as$ f ,vaucanson#cej4 ,z f> z ,i c rememb]1 ! tamb\r9 0 damag$4 ,i saw !re also a regim5t ( soldi]s1 :i* w5t ?r\gh _! ex]cise1 mov$ by :eel-"w#cea4 ,9 ! ye> #ageb1 "o ,du ,m\l91 a silv]smi?1 travell$ ab\t ?r\gh ,g]many ) automata l ^? ( ,vaucanson4 ,9 #aged1 he wi%$ to dispose ( !m to ! m>grave ( ,bayreu?2 b he 0 oblig$ to pawn !m 9 ,nuremb]g1 at ! h\se ( ,pflug]1 :o (f]$ to sell !m = #cjjj flor9s1 ! sum l5t ^u !m4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds pur*as$ by c\nsellor ,beireis1 at ,helm/adt1 :o k9dly %[$ !m to me4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! ma*9]y ( !m is greatly d]ang$2 ! flute-play] emits only "s v fa9t tones2 b ! duck eats1 dr9ks1 & moves /ill4 ,! ribs1 :i* are ( wire1 _h be5 cov]$ ) duck's fea!rs1 s z to imitate nature2 & z ^! are n[ lo/1 "o c see bett] ! int]ior con/ruction2 respect+ :i* ,i %all only obs]ve1 t ! motion is communicat$ by means ( a cyl9d] & f9e *a9s1 l t ( a wat*1 all proce$+ ?r\gh ! feet ( ! duck1 :i* are ( ! usual size4 ,nicolai#ceb says t ,du ,m\l9 came to ,pet]sburg 9 #agee1 & di$ at ,mosc[ 9 #agfe4 ,x is probable t he made ! automata :i* ,i saw 9 ,russia4 ,^? :i* he left beh9d him at ,nuremb]g seem ei!r n to h be5 complet$1 or to h be5 design$ly spoil$ by him2 = !y appe>$ to h defects :i* c\ld n be ascrib$ to any accid5t4 ,m4 ,beireis h[ev] has begun to cause !m to be repair$4 ,( all ^! automata1 ! duck ,i confess appe>$ to me ! mo/ +5i\s2 b ,i c prove t l pieces ( me*anism 7 made be=e ! "t ( ,vaucanson4 ,we are told by ,labat#cec1 t ! ,fr5* g5]al ,de ,g5nes1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #afhh1 def5d$ ! colony ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] aga9/ ! ,engli%1 con/ruct$ a peacock :i* c\ld walk ab\t1 pick up f ! gr\nd corn ?r[n be=e x1 dige/ x1 accord+ to appe>ance1 & aft]w>ds drop some?+ t resembl$ excrem5t4 ,?is man 0 ( an anci5t noble family 9 ,brittany1 :i* _h h[ev] be5 s r$uc$1 t ! fa!r c>ri$ on a h&icraft4 ,! son became acqua9t$ ) ! m>quis de ,vivonne1 :o1 on acc\nt ( 8 promis+ tal5ts1 br$ him to ! sea4 ,he rose to be comm&] ( a vessel1 conduct$ a squadron to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 :]e x 0 int5d$ to =m a colony1 & obta9$ 9 ,cay5ne a tract ( l&1 :i* he got erect$ into a c\nty1 "u ! "n ( ,oyac4 ,he inv5t$ ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds useful 9 navigation & gunn]y1 &1 z we are told1 con/ruct$ clocks t mov$ )\t weights or spr+s4 ,! flute-play] also ( ,vaucanson 0 n ! fir/ ( its k9d4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! anonym\s au?or ( t well-kn[n poem ,zodiacus ,vit1 saw at ,rome a figure made 9 ! l mann] by a pott]4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t no acc\nt is giv5 ( its con/ruction4 ,vidi ego dum ,rom1 decimo regnante ,leone1 ,essem1 opus a figulo factum1 juv5isque figuram1 ,efflantem angu/o validum v5tum oris hiatu#ced4 ,i %all "h beg leave to say a few words respect+ an object ( juggl+1 :i*1 h[ev] old x may be1 /ill excites a/oni%m5t1 & has (t5 impos$ ^u ! cr$ulity ( m5 ( le>n+#cee3 ,i mean ^? speak+ ma*9es1 :i*1 accord+ to appe>ance1 answ] v>i\s que/ions propos$ to !m1 sometimes 9 diff]5t languages1 s+1 & ev5 bl[ a huntsman's horn4 ,! figure1 or only a head1 is (t5 plac$ ^u a box1 ! =ep>t ( :i*1 = ! bett] deception1 is fill$ ) a pair ( bell[s1 a s\nd+-bo>d1 cyl9d]1 & pipes1 suppos$ to repres5t ! organs ( spee*4 ,at o!r times ! ma*9e is only l a p]uke-mak]'s block1 hung r\nd ) a ,turki% dress1 furni%$ ) a pair ( arms1 & plac$ be=e a table1 & sometimes ! puppet /&s ^u ! table1 or aga9/ a wall4 ,! s\nds are he>d ?r\gh a speak+-trumpet1 :i* ! figure holds 9 its m\?4 ,_m juggl]s are s impud5t z to ass]t t ! voice does n proce$ f a man1 b is produc$ by ma*9]y1 9 ! same mann] z ! music ( an organ4 ,"s1 l ! la/ :om ,i saw1 are m mode/ or timor\s1 & give evasive answ]s to ! que/ions ask$ !m respect+ ! cause ( ! voice1 ) z mu* art z ^? :o exhibit ) balls & cups4 ,conc]n+ ^! speak+ ma*9es1 h[ev]1 diff]5t op9ions are ent]ta9$4 ,"s affirm t ! voice issues f ! ma*9e2 o!rs1 t ! juggl] answ]s himself1 by speak+ z v5triloqui/s d1 or by hav+ ! p[] to alt] 8 voice2 & "s believe t ! answ]s are giv5 by a man some:]e conceal$4 ,! viol5ce ) :i* ^! op9ions are ma9ta9$ exposes ! juggl] (t5 to ! dang] ( los+ 8 life2 =1 :5 ! illusion is detect$1 ! populace1 :o 9 "p suff] !mselves will+ly to be deceiv$1 & :o ev5 pay ! juggl] = 8 deception1 imag9e t !y h a "r to av5ge !mselves = be+ impos$ on4 ,! ma*9es are sometimes brok52 & ! own]s ( !m are h>%ly treat$ z impo/ors4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n see :y a juggl]1 ) a speak+ ma*9e1 is a m culpable impo/or ?an he :o pret5ds to brea! out flames & to swall[ boil+ oil1 or to make puppets speak1 z 9 ! ,*9ese %ad[s4 ,! spectators pay = ! pleasure :i* !y receive f a well-conceal$ deception1 & ) great] satisfaction ! m difficult x is = !m to discov] x4 ,b ! p]son :o speaks or s+s ?r\gh a puppet1 is s well hid1 t p ( consid]able p5etration h imag9$ t su* concealm5t 0 impossible4 ,at pres5t ?is art is well kn[n4 ,ei!r a *ild or a woman is conceal$ 9 ! juggl]'s box2 or "s p]son1 plac$ 9 a neighb\r+ ap>tm5t1 speaks into ! end ( a pipe :i* proce$s ?r\gh ! wall to ! puppet1 & :i* conveys ! answ]s to ! spectators4 ,! juggl] gives e necess>y assi/ance to ! p]son by signs previ\sly agre$ on4 ,i 0 once %[n1 9 company ) ,m4 ,/ock1 ^u promis+ secrecy1 ! assi/ant 9 ano!r ap>tm5t1 /&+ be=e ! pipe1 ) a c>d 9 8 h& on :i* ! signs 7 m>k$2 & he _h be5 br\ght into ! h\se s privately t ! l&lady 0 ignorant ( ! circum/ance4 ,! juggl]1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$g$ t he did n exhibit )\t fe>2 & t he w\ld n v5ture to /ay long at a place l ,gtt+51 or to return ) 8 ,turks1 ?\gh ! populace 7 s civil z to p]mit him to dep>t peaceably ) :at he _h ga9$4 ,! inv5tion ( caus+ /atues to speak by ?is me?od seems s simple1 t "o c sc>cely help conjectur+ t x 0 employ$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods to support sup]/ition2 & _m h imag9$ t ! great] "p ( ! oracles spoke 9 ! same mann]#cef4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is false1 z has be5 prov$ by ! ,jesuit ,baltus1 & ! anonym\s au?or ( a ,reply to ,font5elle's ,hi/ory ( ,oracles#ceg4 ,x appe>s t ! pagan prie/s1 l our juggl]s1 7 afraid t _! deceptions1 if long practis$1 might be discov]$4 ,!y consid]$ x !re=e z m secure to deliv] ! answ]s !mselves2 or cause !m to be deliv]$ by wom5 in/ruct$ = t purpose1 or by writ+1 or by any o!r means4 ,we read1 nev]!less1 t idols#ceh & ! images ( sa9ts once spoke2 = at pres5t ! latt] w n v5ture to op5 _! m\?s4 ,if _! vot>ies ev] really he>d a voice proce$ f ! /atue1 x may h be5 produc$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ mann]4 ,:e!r ! head ( ,orpheus spoke 9 ! isl& ( ,lesbos1 or1 :at is m probable1 ! answ]s 7 convey$ to x by ! prie/s1 z 0 ! case ) ! tripod at ,delphi1 _c ) c]ta9ty be det]m9$4 ,t ! impo/or ,alex&]1 h[ev]1 caus$ 8 sculapius to speak 9 ?is mann]1 is expressly relat$ by ,lucian#cei4 ,he took1 says t au?or1 in/ead ( a pipe1 ! gullet ( a crane1 & transmitt$ ! voice ?r\gh x to ! m\? ( ! /atue4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 bi%op ,!ophilus broke to pieces ! /atues at ,alex&ria1 he f\nd "s :i* 7 holl[1 & plac$ 9 su* a mann] aga9/ a wall t a prie/ c\ld slip unp]ceiv$ beh9d !m1 & speak to ! ignorant populace ?r\gh _! m\?s#cfj4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) a passage :i* seems to imply t ,cassiodorus1 :o1 x is well kn[n1 con/ruct$ v>i\s pieces ( me*anism1 made also speak+ ma*9es2 b ,i mu/ confess t ,i d n ?9k ,i und]/& ! words p]fectly#cfa4 ,t p v5tur$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago to exhibit speak+ ma*9es = money1 has be5 prov$ by ,reitz 9 8 annotations to ,lucian1 :]e he produces ! in/ance ( "o ,?omas ,irson1 an ,engli%man1 :om he himself knew1 & ^: art excit$ mu* wond] 9 k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 & 8 :ole c\rt4 ,:5 ! a/oni%m5t1 h[ev]1 became g5]al1 "o ( ! pages discov]$1 9 ! adjo9+ *amb]1 a popi% prie/ :o answ]$ 9 ! same language1 ?r\gh a pipe1 ! que/ions propos$ to ! wood5 head by :isp]+ into its e>4 ,?is deception ,irson (t5 relat$ himself#cfb4 ,i %all n[ add only a few obs]vations respect+ ! ,*9ese %ad[s1 :i* ,i h occasionally m5tion$ be=e4 ,?is +5i\s amusem5t consi/s 9 mov+1 by pegs fa/5$ to !m1 small figures cut out ( pa/ebo>d1 ! jo9ts ( :i* are all pliable1 beh9d a piece ( f9e pa9t$ gauze plac$ be=e an op5+ 9 a curta91 9 su* a mann] z to exhibit v>i\s sc5es1 accord+ to pleasure2 :ile ! op5+ cov]$ ) gauze is illum9at$1 t[>ds ! ap>tm5t :]e ! spectators sit1 by means ( light reflect$ back f a mirror2 s t ! %ad[s ( ! pegs are conceal$4 ,:5 x is requisite to cause a figure to p]=m a v>iety ( movem5ts1 x is necess>y to h sev]al p]sons1 :o mu/ be exce$+ly exp]t4 ,:5 a snake is to be repres5t$ glid+1 ! figure1 :i* consi/s ( delicate r+s1 mu/ be direct$ at lea/ by ?ree assi/ants4 ,?is amusem5t1 :i* "o c h>dly see ! fir/ "t )\t pleasure1 is really a ,*9ese inv5tion4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,i h se5 ,*9ese boxes on :i* su* moveable figures 7 app>5t only :5 ! box 0 held aga9/ ! light4 ,9 ,*9a1 ^! %ad[s are us$ at ! well-kn[n fea/ ( lant]ns2 & a description ( !m may be f\nd 9 ! works ( "s travell]s4 ,t !y 7 common also 9 ,egypt1 we are in=m$ by ,prosp] ,alp9us#cfc1 :o admir$ !m mu*2 b he 0 n able to discov] ! me?od by :i* !y 7 produc$1 z x 0 kept a secret4 ,i 0 told by an ,italian1 :o exhibit$ !m at ,gtt+5 "s ye>s ago1 t !y 7 fir/ imitat$1 f ! ,*9ese1 at ,bologna4 ,,footnotes #bha ,essais1 i4 #ed4 #bhb ,! juggl] m5tion$ 9 ,x5ophon reque/$ ! gods to all[ him to rema9 only 9 places :]e !re 0 mu* money & abundance ( simpletons4 #bhc ,le ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,b]l91 #agea1 #abmo1 i4 p4 #dd4 ,?is horse 0 se5 9 ! above-m5tion$ ye> by ,casaubon1 to :om ! own]1 an ,engli%man1 discov]$ ! :ole art by :i* he _h be5 tra9$4 ,see ,casauboniana1 p4 #ef4 ,we are assur$ by ,jablonski1 9 8 ,lexicon d] ,kn/e und ,wiss5s*aft51 p4 #edg1 t he 0 condemn$ to ! flames at ,lisbon4 ,9 ! ye> #agci1 a juggl] 9 ,pol& 0 tortur$ till he confess$ t he 0 a sorc]]1 & )\t fur!r pro( he 0 hang$4 ,! :ole acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance may be f\nd 9 ! ,s*lesis*5 gelehrt5 ,neuigkeit5 = ! ye> #agci4 #bhd ,see ,luciani ,op]a1 ed4 ,bipont4 v4 pp4 #chh1 #djg4 #bhe ,florus1 iii4 #ai1 #d4 #bhf ,directions = p]=m+ ?is trick may be f\nd 9 v>i\s works1 su* z ,joh4 ,wallb]g5's ,zaub]kn/e1 ,/uttg>d1 #aged1 #hvo1 & ,natrli*es ,zaub]bu*1 ,nurnb]g1 #agdj1 #hvo4 #bhg ,see ,bayle's ,diction4 i4 p4 #dej1 art4 ,b>*o*ebas4 #bhh ,philo/orgii ,hi/4 ,eccles4 vii4 #g1 p4 #ic4 #bhi ,vita ,alex&ri1 p4 #fhg4 #bij ,gal51 l4 c4 #bia ,ovid4 ,met4 lib4 ix4 #afj4 #bib ,in/ances may be f\nd collect$ 9 ,huetii ,alnetan ,qu/ion4 lib4 ii4 & 9 ,bayle's ,diction>y1 art4 ,egnatia4 #bic ,j\rnal des ,savans1 #affg1 pp4 #ed1 #bbb2 & #afhj1 p4 #bib4 ,desl&es1 ,mmoires de ,physique1 ii4 & ,brem5s*] ,magaz91 i4 p4 #ffe4 ,see also ,busbequii ,omnia1 ,basil1 #agdj1 #hvo1 p4 #cad4 #bid ,deception might h be5 easily practis$ 9 ?is case4 ,fusible metal1 z sugge/$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,nat4 ,magic1 p4 #cja1 :i* consi/s ( m]cury1 t9 & bismu?1 & :i* melts at a l[ temp]ature1 might easily h be5 sub/itut$ 9 place ( lead2 & fluids1 ! boil+-po9t ( :i* is l[] ?an wat]1 might easily h be5 sub/itut$ = t liquid4 ,a solution ( sp]maceti 9 sulphuric !r1 t+$ ) alkanet root1 :i* solidifies at #ej ,f41 & melts & boils ) ! heat ( ! h&1 is suppos$ to be ! sub/ance :i* is us$ at ,naples1 :5 ! dri$ blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius melts spontane\sly & boils ov] ! vessel :i* conta9s x4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,tillet1 ,dr4 ,=dyce & ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 w %[ ! great heat :i* may be endur$ by ! human body4 ,"s ( ^! g5tlem5 rema9$ 9 a room :]e ! heat 0 "o or two degrees above #bfj ,f4 = eight m9utes2 a beaf-/eak 0 cook$ 9 ! same atmosph]e1 & 0 ov]done 9 ?irty-?ree m9utes2 :5 ! /eak 0 bl[n ^u ) a pair ( bell[s1 x 0 f\nd to be pretty well done 9 ?irte5 m9utes4 ,b ,sir ,f4 ,*antry expos$ himself to a /ill great] heat 9 ! furnace us$ = dry+ 8 m\lds4 ,:5 rais$ to its highe/ temp]ature1 ! !rmomet] indicat$ #cej ,f41 & ! iron floor 0 r$-hot4 ,! workm5 (t5 ent]$ x at #cdj4 ,on "o occasion ,sir ,f41 accompani$ by five or six ( 8 fri5ds1 ent]$ ! furnace1 & aft] rema9+ two m9utes1 !y br\ght out a !rmomet] :i* indicat$ #cbj4 ,"s ( ! p>ty exp]i5c$ %>p pa9s 9 ! tips ( _! e>s1 & 9 ! septum ( ! nose1 :il/ o!rs felt a pa9 9 _! eyes4--,brew/]1 l4 c4 #bie ,! peculi> prop]ty ( m9]als & v>i\s salts1 z alum1 9 =m+ & protect+ articles ( dress1 c4 f ! effects ( fire1 has long be5 kn[n4 ,b ! art ( practically apply+ x1 is due to ! +5uity ( ! ,*evali] ,ald9i ( ,milan4 ,8 dress consi/$ ( a /rong clo? cov]+ :i* _h be5 /eep$ 9 a solution ( alum1 = ! body1 arms & legs2 :il/ ! head-dress 0 a l>ge cap envelop+ ! :ole head d[n to ! neck1 ) holes = ! nose1 eyes & m\?2 ! cov]+ = ! feet 0 compos$ ( asbe/os1 or amian?us clo?4 ,! /ock+s & cap 7 s+le1 b ! gloves 7 d\ble1 to enable ! fireman to take burn+ or r$-hot bodies into 8 h&s4 ,a metallic dress 0 add$ to ?is1 consi/+ ( a cap1 ) a mask1 leav+ a space betwe5 x & ! asbe/os cap2 a cuirass2 a piece ( arm\r = ! trunk & ?ighs2 a pair ( boots ( d\ble wire-gauze2 & an oval %ield five feet long by two & a half wide1 made by /ret*+ ! wire-gauze ov] a sl5d] frame ( iron4 ,all ^! pieces 7 made ( wire-gauze4 ,x 0 f\nd1 t :5 arm$ ) ?is app>atus1 a man c\ld walk ^u hot iron1 9 ! mid/ ( high flames1 keep 8 head ov] a pan ( flam+ fire1 c4 = sev]al m9utes1 & ?is 9 "s cases :]e ! heat 0 s int5se t by/&]s 7 oblig$ to /& at ! di/ance ( eight or t5 y>ds4 ,?is 0 rem>kably %[n 9 #ahbi1 9 ! y>d ( ! b>racks ( ,/4 ,j]vais4 ,two t[]s 7 erect$1 two /ories high1 & 7 surr\nd$ ) heaps ( inflam$ faggots & /raw4 ,"o ( ! firem51 ) a *ild on 8 back1 9 a wick] basket cov]$ ) metallic gauze1 & hav+ a cap ( amian!ric clo?1 ru%$ into a n>r[ place1 :]e ! flames 7 rag+ eight y>ds high4 ,! viol5ce ( ! fire 0 s great t he c\ld n be se51 :ile a ?ick black smoke spread ar\nd1 ?r[+ out a heat :i* 0 insupportable to ! spectators4 ,! man rema9$ s long invisible t s]i\s d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ ( 8 safety4 ,he at l5g?1 h[ev]1 issu$ f ! fi]y gulf un9jur$4 #bif ,! same ?+ 0 p]=m$ by ,s*reb] 9 #agfj4 #big ,pl94 vii4 #aa4--,virg4 n4 xi4--,silius ,ital4 v4--,/rabo1 v4 #bih ,/rabo1 xii4 #bii ,9 8 "w ,de ,mirabilibus ,mundi1 at ! end ( 8 book ,de ,secretis ,muli]um1 ,am/elod4 #agjb1 #abmo1 p4 #ajj4 #cjj ,antigone1 #bgj4 #cja ,animad4 9 ,a!n4 lib4 i4 #ae4 #cjb ,de ,!atro1 lib4 i4 #dj1 9 ,grvii ,!s4 ,ant4 ,rom4 ix4 #cjc ,lib4 iii4 epi/4 #bj4--,s5eca1 ,epi/4 #de4 ,comp>e ,suidas1 ,pollux1 & ,a!ni ,deipn4 #d4 ,x is probable t ,qu9tilian alludes to ?is art 9 8 ,in/itut4 x4 #g1 #aa4 #cjd ,pl94 vii4 #bj1 p4 #che4--,m>tial4 v4 #ab4--,suidas1 speak+ ( ,!og5es ,?asius4--,hall]1 ,elem4 ,physiol4 iv4 p4 #dhf4 #cje ,vopiscus1 ,vita ,firmi4 ,see ! figure 9 ,desaguli]s1 tab4 xix4 fig4 #e4 ,he describes ! position ?us3--,! pret5d$ ,samson puts 8 %\ld]s 7n 8 head1 z he us$ to give out7 ^u "o *air1 & 8 heels ^u ano!r 7! *airs be+ made fa/71 & supports "o or two m5 /&+ on 8 belly1 rais+ !m up & d[n z he brea!s1 mak+ ) 8 backbone1 ?ighs & legs1 an ar* ^: abutm5ts are ! *airs4 #cjf ,a c\rse ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 ,lond4 #agde1 #dto1 i4 p4 #bff4 ,a popul> acc\nt ( ^! extraord9>y feats1 ) illu/rations & explanations ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d1 is giv5 by ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 8 int]e/+ volume on ,natural ,magic1 p4 #bdf4 #cjg ,v]su*e und ,abh&l4 d] ,natur=s*4 ,gesels*4 9 ,danzig4 #cjh ,a great _m ( ^! passages ( ! anci5ts h be5 collect$ by ,bul5g]1 9 8 "w ,de ,!atro1 i4 cap4 #da4 ,see also ,des ,camps 9 a diss]tation conta9$ 9 ,re*]*es ,curieuses d',antiquit1 p> ,spon4 ,a ,lyon #afhc4--,m]curialis ,de ,arte ,gymna/4 & ,fabricii ,biblio?4 ,antiq4 p4 #iie4 #cji ,an epigram1 ascrib$ to ,petronius1 at page #edb ( ! edition ( ,hadrianides1 belongs to ?is subject4 #caj ,muratori ,antiquit4 ,ital4 ,m$4 vi1 ii4 p4 #hdf4 #caa ,von ,/ett51 ,kun/ges*i*te von ,augsburg1 ii4 p4 #agg4 #cab ,claudian4 de ,mallii ,consul4 #cbj4 ,9 ,cilano's ,rmis*5 ,alt]?m]1 ii4 fig4 #h1 !re is a repres5tation l :at ,i h (t5 se5 exhibit$4 ,b ! mo/ dang]\s & ! mo/ curi\s is t ( :i* an engrav+ is giv5 9 ,spl5dor ,urbis ,v5eti>um1 to be f\nd 9 ,grvii ,!saurus ,antiquit4 ,itali1 v4 #c4 p4 #cgd4 #cac ,sat4 xiv4 #bfe4 #cad ,lib4 v4 #dcc4 #cae ,symposium1 p4 #fee1 edition ( ,basle1 #aeee4 fol4 ' 4 ,9 ! old edition ( ,j4 ,ribittus1 ?is passage is ?us translat$3 8,allata e/ saltatrici orbis saltatorius1 9 quo admir&a erat editura40 ,! fir/ "q t arises is1 :at 0 4 ,! la/ ^w allud$ to a place at ,a!ns :]e wre/l+ 0 exhibit$ e ye>2 & on t acc\nt ,ari/ophanes uses ! expression 4 ,?is h[ev] af=ds no explanation4 ,bul5g]1 :o quotes ! same passage1 translates x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,illata e/ saltatrici figul>is rota1 p] quam se trajic]et1 et miracula patr>et40 ,he means "h !re=e a pott]'s :eel1 ! inv5tion ( ,ana*>sis1 b t 0 always call$ 1 & n 4 ,b ev5 all[+ t a pott]'s :eel is meant1 x is wrong to add p] quam se trajic]et2 = ! pott]'s :eel is n l a hoop1 b l a plate or di%2 & :5 turn$ r\nd revolves n v]tically1 b horizontally4 ,besides1 h[ ! p]=m] c\ld write or read on a :eel t %e jump$ ?r\gh1 he has n ?\ght prop] to expla94 8,scrib]e et leg]e 9 rota dum v]satur1 mirabile quiddam e/40 ,if a pott]'s :eel be meant1 ,i consid] x z c]ta9ly possible = a p]son to /& ^u x :il/ x revolves ) ! greate/ velocity1 & ev5 to read or write2 b x w\ld be necess>y to lift up ! legs1 9 turn1 ) ! utmo/ quickness4 #caf ,nicephorus ,gregor4 viii4 #aj4 p4 #bae4 ,?is company ( rope-danc]s came f ,egypt4 ,!y travell$ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,asia1 & all ,europe1 z f> z ! extremity ( ,spa94 ,at ,con/ant9ople !y ext5d$ ! ropes1 on :i* !y fir/ exhibit$ _! art1 betwe5 ! ma/s ( %ips4 ,"o is almo/ induc$ to believe t /upid sup]/ition did n !n prevail s mu* 9 ,europe z at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! hi/orian says t ! company at fir/ consi/$ ( =ty p]sons2 b t ! half ( !m 7 ca/ away on _! passage to ,con/ant9ople4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 tell u t !y or _! horses 7 any:]e burnt z conjurors1 or possess$ ) ! devil4 #cag ,see ! ,g]man translation ( 8 ,travels1 ii4 p4 #bch4 #cah ,j\rnal du ,rgne de ,h5ri ,,iii4 p4 #eg4--,recueil de ,pices s]vant l',hi/4 de ,h5ri ,,iii4 ,cologne1 #afff1 #abmo4 #cai ,epi/ol>um ,select>um ,c5turia4 ,antv]pi1 #afje1 #dto1 i4 epi/4 #ej4 p4 #ei4--,pl94 viii4 #a & #c4--,s5eca1 epi/4 #hf4--,suetonii ,vit4 ,galb4--,dio ,cassius4 ,a great _m also may be f\nd collect$ 9 ,h>t5fels ,elephantographia1 ,er=di1 #agae1 #dto4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury "s v5tur$ to ride a horse ^u a rope4 ,see ! ,*ronicle ,alb]i*i ,mona*i ,trium-,fontium1 ins]t$ by ,leibnitz 9 ,accessiones ,hi/oric1 vol4 ii41 :]e a description is giv5 ( ! solemnities at ! w$d+ ( ,rob]t1 bro!r to ! k+ ( ,france1 9 ! ye> #abcg4 ,sev]al in/ances ( ! dext]ity ( ! elephant may be f\nd 9 ,lipsii ,laus ,elephantis1 ins]t$ 9 ,diss]tat4 ,ludicr>um et ,amnitatum ,scriptores v>ii1 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #afch4--,,trans4 #cbj liani ,hi/4 ,an4 xvi4 #bc4 vi4 #aj4--;,a!nu1 lib4 xii4--,pl9ius4 #cba ,"o in/ance may be f\nd 9 ,!ophanis ,*ronographia1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,p>is #afee1 fol4 ,x occurr$ 9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 or #edc4 #cbb ,univ]sal ,magaz9e1 #agff1 ,octob]1 p4 #bag4 #cbc ,d] entl>vte ,wildman1 ,betrg] gross] ,hfe4 ,b]l91 #aggd1 #hvo4 ,see also ,gtt+is*e ,gelehrte ,anzeig4 #agge1 p4 #haf4 ,! "n ( impo/or giv5 to ,wildman 01 h[ev]1 too h>%2 = ,i d n ?9k t he :o p]=ms any?+ extraord9>y1 nev] done by any "o be=e1 becomes an impo/or :5 ano!r discov]s 8 art4 #cbd ,! voyage ( ,brue is 9 ,labat's ,afrique ,occid5tale1 iv4 #cbe ,a curi\s exhibition ( ?is k9d has be5 made public = sev]al ye>s 9 ! ,/r&1 viz4 ! 8indu/ri\s fleas40 ,^! noxi\s animals are "h se5 to draw & drive a coa* & f\r2 fire (f a small cannon2 & v>i\s o!r p]=mances ( a simil> k9d4 #cbf ,sev]al in/ances ( ! l k9d may be f\nd also 9 ,mon/rorum ,hi/oria ,memorabilis a ,j4 ,g4 ,s*5kio a ,graf5b]g filio1 ,franc(4 #afji1 #dto1 p4 #bh et seq4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s is t ( ,?omas ,s*weick]1 born at ,halle 9 ,prussian ,saxony1 9 ! ye> #aehf4 ,cam]>ius saw him n only write1 b ev5 make a p5 ) 8 feet4--,,trans4 #cbg ,/rabo1 lib4 xv4 p4 #ajdh4 ed4 ,almel4--,dio ,cassius1 lib4 liv4 p4 #gci4 ,suetonius1 ,eutropius1 ,eusebius & ,orosius1 speak ( ?is embassy1 b make no m5tion ( ! pres5ts4 #cbh ,9 mod]n times ! idle portion ( ! public has be5 gratifi$ by ! exhibition ( ! ,siamese tw9s2 ! dim9utive mon/] ,tom ,?umb2 & q rec5tly a *ild ) ?ree legs4 ,! bir? ( su* mon/]s is equival5t to a legacy or =tune to ! p>5ts1 :o by _! exhibitions realise l>ge sums3 ! morbid ta/e ( ! public1 especially ! weak] portion1 = su* sights is truly deplorable4 #cbi ,man4 ,a/ron4 lib4 v4 #afe4 #ccj ,fris* d]ives ?is ^w f morio1 a fool or buffoon4 #cca ,?is piece ( kit*5 furniture 0 kn[n 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,montagne saw "o at ,brix51 9 ,tyrol1 9 ! ye> #aehj1 & wrote a description ( x 9 8 ,j\rnal1 z a new inv5tion4 ,he says x consi/$ entirely ( :eels2 t x 0 kept 9 motion by a heavy piece ( iron1 z clocks are by a weight1 & t :5 w\nd up 9 ! l mann]1 x turn$ ! meat = a :ole h\r4 ,he _h be=e se51 9 "s o!r place1 ano!r driv5 by smoke4--,reise1 i4 pp4 #aee1 #bdi4 ,! latt] k9d seem to be some:at old]4 ,scappi1 cook to pope ,pius ,v41 gave a figure ( "o 9 8 book ,op]a di ,m4 ,b>tolomeo ,scappi1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice #aegj1 :i* is exce$+ly sc>ce4 ,i lately saw a copy1 :i*1 in/ead ( eighte51 _h tw5ty-f\r engrav+s4 ,x 0 pr9t$ twice aft]w>ds at ! same place1 viz4 9 #aega & #afje1 9 qu>to4 ,! ?ird edition says1 8con due aggiunte1 cio il ,tr9ciante et il ,mae/ro di casa40 ,bayle seems to conf\nd ?is book ) t ( ,plat9a ,de ,hone/a ,voluptate1 or to ?9k t ! latt] 0 ! real au?or ( x4 ,?is h[ev] _c be1 z !re 7 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s betwe5 ! p]iods :5 ,scappi & ,plat9a liv$4 ,plat9a di$ 9 #adha1 & n 9 #aeha1 z we read 9 ,bayle4 #ccb ,de ,mundo4 cap4 vi4 #ccc ,h]odot4 ii4 #dh4 p4 #abg4--,lucian4 de ,syria ,dea1 #af1 ed4 ,bipont4 ix4 p4 #ii4 #ccd ,recueil des ,antiquit4 iv4 p4 #bei4 #cce ,doppelmay]1 p4 #bhe4 #ccf ,iliad1 xviii4 #cgc4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t !re 7 also su* at ! banquet ( ,i>*as4 ,see ,philo/rat4 ,op]a1 ed4 ,ole>ii1 pp4 #aag1 #bdj4 #ccg ,polit4 i4 #c4 #cch ,9 8 ,m5on1 p4 #dbf4--;,eu?yphron1 pp4 #h1 #aa4 #cci ,introd4 9 ,philos4 ,nat4 i4 p4 #adc4 #cdj ,physiologia ,kir*]iana1 fol4 p4 #fi4 #cda ,9 ,philo/rati ,op]a1 ed4 ,ole>ii1 p4 #hii4 #cdb ,9 ,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,inscr4 xiii4 p4 #bgd4 #cdc ,ode xxvii4 #cdd ,aulus ,gellius1 x4 #ab4 #cde ,see ,naud's ,apology1 ,bayle's ,diction>y1 c4 ,?omas ,aqu9as is said to h be5 s fright5$ :5 he saw ?is head1 t he broke x to pieces1 & ,alb]tus !reupon exclaim$1 8,p]iit opus trig9ta annorum60 #cdf ,s*ol4 ,ma!mat4 lib4 ii4 p4 #fe4 #cdg ,diss]tat4 de ,regiomontani ,aquila et ,musca ,f]rea4 ,altorfi1 #agji4--,see ,mmoires de ,trev\x1 #agaj1 ,juillet1 p4 #abhc4--;,doppelmay]1 p4 #bc4--;,fabricii ,bibl4 ,m$4 tat4 iv4 p4 #cee4--;,heilbronn] ,hi/4 ,ma?4 p4 #ejd4 #cdh ,/rada ,de ,bello ,belgico4 ,mogunt4 #afea1 #dto1 p4 #h4 ,he calls ! arti/ ,jannellus ,turrianus ,cremon5sis4 #cdi ,9 ! ye> #agch1 ,le ,m*anisme du ,fluteur ,automate1 p> ,vaucanson1 0 pr9t$ at ,p>is1 9 a ?9 #dto4 ,x conta9s only a %ort description ( ! flute-play]1 :i* is copi$ into ! ,encyclopdie1 i4 p4 #ddh1 "u ! article ,&roide4 ,! duck1 z f> z ,i "k1 has be5 n[h]e describ$4 #cej ,vaucanson di$ at ,p>is 9 #aghb4 #cea ,! publi%] is 9 possession ( an elegantly =m$ me*anical bird-cage1 9 :i* two artificial bullf9*es :eel ab\t on a p]*1 flutt] _! w+s1 & move _! beaks1 :ile emitt+ musical s\nds 9 imitation ( _! natural note4 ,a f\nta9 con/ruct$ ( spiral glass plays 9 ! c5tre4 ,b5ea? ! cage is a clock :i* sets ! :ole 9 motion h\rly1 = ?ree or f\r m9utes2 b x may be set go+ indep5d5tly1 l a musical snuff-box4 ,x is presum$ to h be5 made by ,vaucanson ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & 0 at "o "t a pr9cipal attraction at ,weeks's celebrat$ ,museum1 :]e t s+ul> piece ( me*anism ! ,t>antula spid] 0 fir/ exhibit$4 #ceb ,nicolai1 ,reise1 i4 p4 #bhg4 #cec ,n\veau ,voyage aux ,iles de l',am]ique4 ,a la ,haye #agbd1 #b vols4 #dto1 ii4 pp4 #bih1 #chd4 ,f 8 c\nty he 0 call$ ,c\nt de ,g5nes4 #ced ,zodiacus ,vit1 xi4 #hdf4 #cee ,see a small treatise ,ueb] ,h4 ,d4 ,mull]'s ,r$5de ,mas*9e1 und b] r$5de ,mas*95 b]haupt4 ,nurnb]g1 #aghh1 #hvo4--,algem4 ,teuts*es ,biblio?4 vol4 lxxxvii4 p4 #dgc4 ,! ,speak+ ,figure & ! ,automaton ,*ess-play] expos$ & detect$4 ,london1 #aghd1 #hvo4--,?is celebrat$ *ess-play+ automaton1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,vankempel91 0 repair$ & exhibit$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbj1 by ! +5i\s me*anician ,maelzel1 ) consid]able success4 ,! figure & ma*9]y 7 always submitt$ to ! inspection ( ! visitors1 & %ift$ along ! floor 9 v>i\s directions be=e ! game comm5c$1 & ! deception 0 s adroitly manag$ z to escape ! detection ( ! mo/ scrut9iz+4 ,! proprietor always took c>e to secure ! be/ *ess-play] 9 ! t[n be=e he comm5c$ op]ations1 ! wond] !re=e 0 greatly increas$ by ! sup]iority ( ! automaton's play4 ,mr4 ,lewis direct$ x 9 ,london4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t a boy 0 conceal$ inside4 #cef ,van ,dale ,de ,oraculis4 ,am/elod4 #agjj1 #dto1 i4 #aj1 p4 #bbb4 #ceg ,rponse l',hi/oire des ,oracles de ,m4 de ,font5elle4 #ceh ,a few in/ances are relat$ by ,livy1 ,val]ius ,maximus1 & ,plut>*4 ,among ! fables ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* !y are m num]\s4 #cei ,vol4 v4 p4 #ij4 editio ,bipont4 #cfj ,!odoreti ,hi/4 ,eccles4 v4 #bb4 #cfa ,cassiodori ,v>i>4 i4 ep4 #de4 #cfb ,speak+ ,automaton4--,!re is a piece ( me*anism n[ exhibit+ to ! public at ! ,egyptian ,hall--! "w ( ,pr(essor ,fab]1 ( ,vi5na1 & ! result1 z he /ates1 ( tw5ty-five ye>s ( lab\r & prep>ation4 ,! "n :i* he has giv5 to ?is product ( 8 +5uity is ! ,euphonia2 & ! "w1 z t "n implies1 is ano!r ( ^? _m comb9ations :i* h attempt$1 by ! anatomical & physiological /udy ( ! /ructures t contribute to ! human voice1 to atta9 to an imitation ( t organ z reg>ds bo? s\nd & articulation4 ,z an example ( inductive & me*anical skill ?is exhibition is well des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,! pr(essor himself1 by an arrangem5t ( bell[s-pipes1 p$al & keys1 :i* he plays some:at l ! keys ( a piano1 prompts ! disc\rse ( 8 automaton2 :i* c]ta9ly does enunciate bo? s\nds & words4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! room we f\nd x s++ to a select society4 ,x requires all our s5se ( ! +5uity & p]sev]ance :i* h be5 be/[$ on ! "w to induce our ass5t to ! proposition :i* calls ! voice human2 b und\bt$ly x is a rem>kable result ( contriv+ skill & sci5tific pati5ce4--,a?neum4 #cfc ,hi/oria gypti ,natural4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #agce1 #dto1 p4 #fj4 ,,artificial ,,ice4 ,,cool+ ,,liquors4 ,! art ( pres]v+ sn[ = cool+ liquors dur+ ! summ]1 9 w>m c\ntries1 0 kn[n 9 ! e>lie/ ages4 ,?is practice is m5tion$ by ,solomon#cfd1 & pro(s ( x are s num]\s 9 ! works ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 t x is unnecess>y = me to quote !m1 especially z !y h be5 collect$ by o!rs#cfe4 ,h[ ! repositories = keep+ x 7 con/ruct$1 we are n expressly told2 b :at ,i "k on ! subject ,i %all "h lay be=e ! read]4 ,t ! sn[ 0 pres]v$ 9 pits or tr5*es1 is ass]t$ by _m#cff4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great besieg$ ! city ( ,petra1 he caus$ ?irty tr5*es to be dug & fill$ ) sn[1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) oak bran*es1 & :i* kept 9 t mann] = a long "t#cfg4 ,plut>* says t a cov]+ ( *aff & co>se clo? is suffici5t#cfh2 & at pres5t a l me?od is pursu$ 9 ,portugal4 ,:]e ! sn[ has be5 collect$ 9 a deep gulf1 "s grass or gre5 sods1 cov]$ ) dung f ! %eep-p5s1 is ?r[n ov] x2 & "u ^! x is s well pres]v$1 t ! :ole summ] ?r\gh x is s5t ! di/ance ( sixty ,spani% miles to ,lisbon#cfi4 ,:5 ! anci5ts !re=e wi%$ to h cool+ liquors1 !y ei!r drank ! melt$ sn[ or put "s ( x 9 _! w9e1 or !y plac$ j>s fill$ ) w9e 9 ! sn[1 & suff]$ x to cool !re z long z !y ?\ght prop]4 ,x appe>s t 9 ^! tr5*es x c\ld n rema9 long clean2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 g5]ally s full ( *aff1 t ! sn[-wat] 0 some:at col\r$ ) x1 & _h a ta/e ( x1 & = ?is reason x 0 necess>y to /ra9 ei!r x or ! w9e t _h be5 cool$ by x#cgj4 ,t ice also 0 pres]v$ = ! l purpose1 is probable f ! te/imony ( v>i\s au?ors#cga2 b x appe>s n to h be5 us$ s mu* 9 w>m c\ntries z 9 ! nor!rn4 ,ev5 at pres5t sn[ is employ$ 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,portugal2 b 9 ,p]sia1 ice#cgb4 ,i h nev] any:]e f\nd an acc\nt ( ,grecian or ,roman ice-h\ses4 ,by ! writ]s on agriculture !y are n m5tion$4 ,mank9d h[ev] soon conceiv$ ! idea ( cool+ wat] )\t sn[ or ice1 f hav+ rem>k$ t x became cold m spe$ily :5 x _h be5 previ\sly boil$1 or at lea/ w>m$1 & !n put 9 a vessel among sn[1 or 9 a place mu* expos$ to ! air4 ,pl9y seems to give ?is z an inv5tion ( ,n]o#cgc2 & a jocul> expression 9 ,suetonius#cgd makes x at any rate probable t he 0 fond ( wat] cool$ by ?is me?od2 b x appe>s to be mu* old]4 ,x seems to h be5 kn[n ev5 to ,hippocrates3 at lea/ ,gal5#cge believes s4 ,& ,ari/otle#cgf 0 und\bt$ly acqua9t$ ) x2 = he says t "s 7 accu/om$1 :5 !y wi%$ wat] to become soon cold1 to place x fir/ 9 ! sun & suff] x to gr[ w>m4 ,he relates also t1 ! fi%]m5 ne> ! ,black ,sea p\r$ boil+ wat] ov] ! re$s :i* !y us$ 9 fi%+ on ! ice to cause !m to freeze soon]4 ,gal5#cgg on ?is subject is /ill m precise4 ,he in=ms u t ! above practice 0 n s mu* us$ 9 ,italy & ,greece1 :]e sn[ c\ld be procur$1 z 9 ,egypt & o!r w>m c\ntries1 :]e nei!r sn[ nor cool spr+s 7 to be f\nd4 ,! wat] aft] x _h be5 boil$ 0 put into e>!n vessels or j>s1 & expos$ 9 ! ev5+ on ! upp] "p ( ! h\se to ! night air4 ,9 ! morn+ ^! vessels 7 put into ! e>? 7p]haps 9 a pit71 moi/5$ on ! outside ) wat]1 & !n b\nd r\nd ) fre% or gre5 plants1 by :i* means ! wat] c\ld be pres]v$ cool ?r\gh\t ! :ole day4 ,a!nu#cgh1 :o gives a l acc\nt f a book ( ,protagorides1 rem>ks1 t ! pit*]s fill$ ) wat]1 :i* _h become w>m by /&+ all day long 9 ! sun1 7 kept cont9ually wet dur+ ! night1 by s]vants de/9$ to t (fice1 & 9 ! morn+ 7 b\nd r\nd ) /raw4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,cimolus#cgi1 wat] :i* _h become w>m 9 ! day-"t 0 put into e>!n j>s1 & deposit$ 9 a cool cell>1 :]e x grew z cold z sn[4 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ !re=e1 t wat] :i* _h be5 w>m$ or boil$1 0 soone/ cool$1 z well z acquir$ a great] degree ( refrig]ation2 & on ?is acc\nt boil$ wat] is m5tion$ s (t5 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts#chj4 ,! same op9ion prevails at pres5t 9 ! s\!rn c\ntries ( ,asia1 & p !re /ill let _! wat] boil be=e !y expose x to ! air to cool#cha4 ,! exp]im5ts h[ev] :i* h be5 made on ?is subject by philosoph]s1 h prov$ v diff]5t 9 ! result4 ,:5 "o inde$ places boil+ & cold wat]1 all o!r circum/ances be+ equal1 9 fro/y air1 ! latt] w become ice be=e ! =m] has cool$2 b :5 "o exposes to ! cold1 wat] t has be5 boil$1 & unboil$ wat] ( equal temp]atures1 ! =m] w be conv]t$ into ice some:at soon]4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,m>iotte#chb1 ,p]rault#chc1 ! ,academy del ,cim5to#chd1 ,m>ian#che & o!rs1 %[$ no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( freez+1 betwe5 boil$ & unboil$ wat]2 b ! =m] produc$ ice h>d] & cle>]1 ! latt] ice m full ( bli/]s4 ,9 lat] times1 ,dr4 ,black ( ,ed9burgh has1 f 8 exp]im5ts1 ass]t$ ! contr>y4 ,boil$ wat]1 he says1 becomes ice soon] ?an unboil$1 if ! latt] be left at p]fect re/2 b if ! latt] be /irr$ sometimes ) a *ocolate /ick1 x is conv]t$ into ice z soon z ! =m]4 ,?is diff]5ce he expla9s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,"s motion promotes congelation2 ?is arises 9 ! boil$ wat] ?r\gh its re-imbib+ air2 & !re=e x mu/ necess>ily freeze be=e ! unboil$1 provid$ ! latt] be kept at p]fect re/4 ,fahr5heit _h be=e rem>k$ t wat] n mov$1 w\ld %[ a cold sev]al degrees bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 )\t becom+ ice#chf4 ,m4 ,li*t5b]g1 ) :om ,i conv]s$ on ^! contradictory results1 assur$ me t he 0 n surpris$ at ?is diff]5ce 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,! "t ( congelation is regulat$ by circum/ances1 ) :i* philosoph]s are n yet suffici5tly acqua9t$4 ,a c]ta91 b n e degree ( /irr+ ha/5s x2 s t e icy p>ticle :i* is =m$ on ! side ( ! vessel1 or :i* falls f ! atmosph]e1 may conv]t ! wat] suffici5tly cool$ into ice in/antane\sly2 & su* unavoidable accid5ts mu/1 :]e all o!r circum/ances are equal1 cause a great diff]5ce 9 ! p]iod ( freez+4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! cool+ ( wat]1 9 anci5t times1 ( :i* ,i h already spok51 is n to be ascrib$ s mu* to ! boil+ z to ! j>s be+ kept cont9ually wet1 & to ! air to :i* x 0 expos$4 ,a false op9ion seems !re=e to h prevail$ respect+ ! cause2 & because x 0 consid]$ to be ! boil+1 _m h n m5tion$ ! real cause1 :i* appe>$ to !m only to af=d a trifl+ assi/ance1 ?\gh x has be5 rem>k$ bo? by ,gal5 & ,a!nu4 ,we "k at pres5t t coolness is produc$ by evaporation4 ,a !rmomet] kept wet 9 ! op5 air falls z long z evaporation cont9ues#chg4 ,) sulphuric !r1 & /ill bett] ) t ( nitre1 :i* evaporates v rapidly1 wat] may be made to freeze ev5 9 ! middle ( summ]2 & ,cavallo saw 9 summ] a ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 :i* /ood at #fd1 fall 9 two m9utes1 by means ( !r1 to #c1 t is to #bi bel[ ! freez+-po9t#chh4 ,on ?is pr9ciple dep5ds ! art ( mak+ ice at ,calcutta & o!r p>ts ( ,india1 betwe5 #be #cj & #bc #cj ( nor? latitude1 :]e natural ice is nev] se5 unless import$4 ,tr5*es two feet deep1 dug 9 an op5 pla91 are /rew$ ov] ) dry /raw2 & 9 ^! are plac$ small %all[ unglaz$ e>!n pans1 fill$ ) wat] at sunset4 ,! ice :i* is produc$ 9 !m is c>ri$ away be=e sunrise next morn+1 & convey$ to an ice-cell> fifte5 feet deep2 :]e x is c>efully cov]$ ) /raw to be pres]v$ f ! ext]nal heat & air4 ,a great deal1 9 ?is process1 dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 calm1 pure & s]5e1 x is mo/ fav\rable to ! congelation2 b :5 ! w9ds are v>iable1 or ! wea!r heavy & cl\dy1 no ice is =m$2 & ! same is (t5 ! case :5 ! nights are raw & cold#chi4 ,x 0 once believ$ t ?is freez+ 0 occasion$ pr9cipally by ! wat] hav+ be5 boil$2 b x seems to be ow+ mu* r to evaporation#cij4 ,x is n h[ev] said t ! vessels are kept cont9ually wet on ! outside1 b t !y are unglaz$1 & s por\s or little burnt1 t ! wat] oozes ?r\gh !m2 & on t acc\nt _! ext]ior surface appe>s always moi/#cia4 ,by vessels ( ?is k9d ! tr\ble ( wett+ is sav$4 ,:at has be5 said respect+ ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r s]ves1 9 "s measure1 to confirm my conjecture4 ,! m x fav\rs evaporation1 ! ice is n only =m$ m easily1 b x is bett]2 & :5 evaporation is prev5t$ by ! w9d or ! wea!r1 no ice is produc$4 ,! late/ acc\nts h[ ice is made at ,b5>es1 say expressly t boil$ wat] is n employ$2 & t all ^? vessels1 ! pores ( :i* are /opp$ by hav+ be5 us$1 d n yield ice s soon or s good4 ,9 porcela9 vessels none is produc$2 & ?is is ! case also :5 ! /raw is wet#cib4 ,ano!r me?od ( cool+ wat] also seems to h be5 kn[n to ,plut>*4 ,x consi/$ 9 ?r[+ into x small pebbles or plates ( lead#cic4 ,! au?or ref]s to ! te/imony ( ,ari/otle2 b ?is circum/ance ,i _c f9d 9 ! works ( t philosoph] :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,x seems to be too un9telligible to admit ( any op9ion be+ =m$ ^u x2 & ! explanation giv5 by ,plut>* conveys /ill less in=mation ?an ! proposition itself4 ,?is is ! case1 9 g5]al1 ) almo/ all ! propositions ( ! anci5ts4 ,we inde$ le>n f ! que/ions t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) _m phnom5a2 b ! answ]s sc>cely ev] repay ! tr\ble :i* "o mu/ employ 9 ord] to und]/& !m4 ,!y seldom conta9 any fur!r illu/ration2 & nev] a satisfactory explanation4 ,x appe>s t ! practice ( cool+ liquors1 at ! tables ( ! great1 0 n usual 9 any c\ntry besides ,italy & ! neighb\r+ /ates1 be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! middle ( t c5tury !re 7 no ice-cell>s 9 ,france2 = :5 ,bellon relates1 9 ! ,acc\nt ( 8 travels1 9 #aeec1 h[ sn[ & ice 7 pres]v$ at ,con/ant9ople ?r\gh\t ! :ole summ]1 = ! purpose ( cool+ %]bet1 he assures u t ! l me?od might be adopt$ by 8 c\ntrym52 because he _h f\nd ice-cell>s 9 c\ntries w>m] ?an ,france4 ,! ^w glacire also is n to be met ) 9 ! old] diction>ies2 & x does n occur ev5 9 t ( ,monet1 pr9t$ 9 #afcecid4 ,*ampi]1 ! physician :o att5d$ ,francis ,i4 :5 he _h a conf]5ce ) ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 & pope ,paul ,,iii4 at ,nice1 saw ! ,spani>ds & ,italians put sn[1 :i* !y caus$ to be br\ght f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 into _! w9e 9 ord] to cool x4 ,t practice1 :i* excit$ 8 a/oni%m5t1 he decl>$ to be unheal?ful2 & ?is proves t 9 8 "t x _h n be5 introduc$ at ! ,fr5* c\rt#cie4 ,gr& d',aussy quotes an anecdote1 relat$ by ,brantome1 f :i* he =ms ! same conclusion4 ,! dauph91 son ( ,francis ,i41 be+ accu/om$ to dr9k a great deal ( wat] at table1 ev5 :5 he 0 ov]heat$1 ,donna ,agnes ,beatrix ,pa*eco1 "o ( ! ladies ( ! c\rt1 by way ( precaution1 s5t to ,portugal = e>!n vessels1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! wat] cool] & m heal?ful2 & f :i* all ! wat] us$ at ! c\rt ( ,portugal 0 drunk4 ,z ^! vessels are /ill us$ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 :]e ! w9e is cool$ also ) sn[1 bo? me?ods might h be5 foll[$ 9 ,france4 ,i h 9 my collection ( curiosities1 fragm5ts ( ^! ,portuguese vessels2 !y are made ( r$ bole2 are n glaz$1 ?\gh !y are smoo?1 & h a fa9t gloss on ! surface l ! ,etruscan vases4 ,!y are s little burnt t "o c easily break !m ) ! tee?2 & ! bits readily dissolve to a pa/e 9 ! m\?4 ,if wat] be p\r$ into su* vessels1 x p5etrates _! sub/ance2 s t1 :5 9 ! lea/ /irr$1 _m air-bubbles are produc$2 & x at l5g? oozes entirely ?r\gh !m#cif4 ,! wat] t has /ood 9 !m acquires a ta/e :i* _m consid] z agreeable2 & x is probable t x proce$s f ! b>k ( ! fir-tree1 ) :i*1 z we read1 !y are burnt4 ,:5 ! vessels are new1 !y p]=m _! s]vice bett]2 & !y mu/ !n also h a m pleasant smell4 ,if !y really r5d] wat] cold1 or reta9 x cool1 t effect1 9 my op9ion1 is to be ascrib$ to ! evaporation4 ,_! simil>ity to ^? 9 :i* ! ,indians make ice is v app>5t4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 "u ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 ! use ( sn[ mu/ h be5 well kn[n at ! ,fr5* c\rt1 ?\gh x appe>s t x 0 consid]$ by ! p z a m>k ( excessive & effem9ate luxury4 ,9 ! witty & sev]e satire on ! voluptu\s life ( t sov]eign & 8 fav\rites1 kn[n "u ! title ( ,l',isle des ,h]maphrodites#cig1 a "w highly wor?y ( notice b :i* is exce$+ly sc>ce1 we f9d an ord] ( ! ,h]maphrodites t l>ge quantities ( ice & sn[ %\ld ev]y:]e be pres]v$1 9 ord] t p might cool _! liquors ) !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y might occasion extraord9>y maladies1 :i*1 x seems1 7 !n appreh5d$4 ,9 ! description ( an ent]ta9m5t we are told t sn[ & ice 7 plac$ ^u ! table be=e ! k+2 & t he ?rew "s ( !m into 8 w9e2 = ! art ( cool+ x )\t weak5+ x 0 n !n kn[n4 ,! same me?od 0 practis$ ev5 dur+ ! :ole fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury#cih4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! above c5tury ?is luxury mu/ h be5 v common 9 ,france4 ,at t p]iod !re 7 a great _m :o dealt 9 sn[ & ice2 & ?is 0 a free trade :i* e p]son might c>ry on4 ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 :i* c\ld nev] extort f ! p money en\gh to supply ! wants ( an extravagant c\rt1 f>m$ out1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 a monopoly ( ^! cool+ w>es4 ,! f>m]s1 !re=e1 rais$ ! price f "t to "t2 b ! consumption & rev5ue decreas$ s mu* t x 0 n ?\ght wor? :ile to cont9ue ! re/riction2 & ! trade 0 aga9 r5d]$ free4 ,! price imm$iately fell2 & 0 nev] rais$ aft]w>ds b by mild w9t]s or hot summ]s4 ,! me?od ( cool+ liquors by plac+ !m 9 wat] 9 :i* saltpetre has be5 dissolv$1 c\ld n be kn[n to ! anci5ts1 because !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) t salt4 ,!y might h[ev]1 h produc$ ! same coolness by o!r salts :i* !y knew1 & :i* w\ld h _h a bett] effect2 b ?is1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 !y nev] attempt$4 ,! above prop]ty ( saltpetre 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & x 0 n rem>k$ till a long p]iod aft]w>ds1 t x belongs to o!r salts also4 ,! ,italians at any rate 7 ! fir/ p by :om x 0 employ$2 & ab\t ! ye> #aeej1 all ! wat]1 z well z ! w9e1 drunk at ! tables ( ! great & ri* families at ,rome1 0 cool$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,blasius ,villafranca1 a ,spani>d1 :o practis$ physic 9 t capital1 & att5d$ _m ( ! nobility1 publi%$1 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ ye>1 an acc\nt ( x1 9 :i* he ass]ts1 m ?an once1 t he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o _h made ! discov]y publicly kn[n4 ,9 8 op9ion x 0 occasion$ by ! rem>k t salt wat] 9 summ] 0 always cool] ?an fre% wat]4 ,accord+ to 8 directions1 :i* are illu/rat$ by a figure1 ! liquor mu/ be put into a bottle or globul> vessel ) a long neck1 t x may be held ) m conv5i5ce2 & ?is vessel mu/ be imm]s$ 9 ano!r wide "o fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,saltpetre mu/ !n be ?r[n gradually into ! wat]2 & :ile x is dissolv+1 ! bottle mu/ be driv5 r\nd ) a quick motion on its axis1 9 "o direction4 ,villafranca ?9ks t ! quantity ( saltpetre %\ld be equal to a f\r? or fif? "p ( ! wat]2 & he assures u1 t :5 aga9 cry/alliz$1 x may be employ$ sev]al times = ! same use1 ?\gh ?is1 be=e t p]iod1 _h by _m be5 d5i$4 ,:e!r o!r salts w\ld n produce ! l effect1 ! au?or did n ?9k ( try+2 b he attempts to expla9 ?is ( saltpetre f ! pr9ciples ( ,ari/otle2 & he tells 8 noble patrons :at rules !y %\ld obs]ve = ! pres]vation ( _! heal?1 9 reg>d to cool+ liquors4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ?is me?od ( cool+ liquors 0 well kn[n1 ?\gh no m5tion is made ( x by ,scappi1 9 8 book on cook]y4 ,m>cus ,antonius ,zim>a1 h[ev]1 speaks ( x 9 8 ,problems#cii4 ,i d n "k at :at "t ?is ,appulian physician liv$4 ,9 a li/ ( ! pr(essors ( ,padua1 8 "n is to be f\nd "u ! ye> #aebe1 z ,explicator philosophi ord9>i2 & because ano!r is nam$ "u ! ye> #aecb1 we h reason to conjecture t he di$ ab\t t "t4 ,b 9 t case ! physician ,villafranca w\ld probably h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! ,problemata ( ,zim>a2 & w\ld n h said t no "o _h spok5 ( ?is use ( saltpetre be=e him4 ,lev9us ,lemnius#djj also m5tions ! art ( cool+ w9e by ?is me?od s mu*1 t ! tee? c sc>cely endure x4 ,we are in=m$ by ,bayle t ! e>lie/ edition ( 8 "w1 :i* has be5 (t5 repr9t$1 0 publi%$ at ,antw]p1 9 ! ye> #aeei1 9 octavo4 ,x conta9s only ! fir/ two books2 b z ! above acc\nt occurs 9 ! second book1 x mu/ be f\nd 9 ?is edition4 ,nicolaus ,mon>des1 a ,spani% physician1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #aegh1 m5tions ?is use ( saltpetre likewise4 ,x 0 inv5t$1 z he says1 by ! galley-slaves2 b he condemns x z prejudicial to heal?4 ,f "s expressions :i* he uses1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t he 0 n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) x2 & t he imag9$ t ! salt itself 0 put into ! liquor4 ,at a lat] p]iod we f9d "s acc\nt ( x 9 v>i\s books ( receipts2 su* z t writt5 by ,mizaldus 9 #aeff1 & :i* 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t ! ye> foll[+#dja4 ,9 ! ,m9]alogy ( ,aldrov&i1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #afdh1 ?is process is describ$ aft] ,villafranca2 b :]e ! editor1 ,b>?olomu ,ambrosianus1 speaks ( common salt1 he relates t x 0 usual 9 c\ntries :]e fre% wat] 0 sc>ce to make deep pits 9 ! e>?2 to ?r[ rock-salt into !m2 & to place 9 !m vessels fill$ ) wat]1 9 ord] t x might be cool$4 ,?is rem>k proves t ! latt] salt 0 !n employ$ = ! same purpose2 b x has l$ ! editor into a v gross error4 ,he ?9ks he c conclude f x1 t ! int5tion ( pott]s1 :5 !y mix common salt ) _! clay1 is n only to r5d] ! vessel m compact1 b also to make x m cool+ = liquors4 ,b ! =m] only is true4 ,! addition ( salt produces 9 clay1 o!rwise difficult to be fus$1 ! fa9te/ comm5cem5t ( vitrification2 a cohesion by :i* ! vessel becomes s solid t x c conta9 fluids1 ev5 :5 unglaz$2 b = ?is v reason x w\ld be mo/ improp] = cool+1 :i* is promot$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat] t oozes ?r\gh4 ,! ,jesuit ,cabeus1 :o wrote a volum9\s comm5t>y on ! ,meteorologica ( ,ari/otle1 :i* 7 pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #afdf1 assures u t ) ?irty-five p\nds ( saltpetre "o c n only cool a hundr$ p\nds ( wat]1 by quickly /irr+ x1 b conv]t x also into solid ice2 & = ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion he ref]s to an exp]im5t :i* he made4 ,b>?ol9 says t = ! above acc\nt he c give him full cr$it#djb2 b ! tru? ( x is d5i$ by ,duhamel1 :o suspects t ?is ,jesuit took ! %oot+ cry/als ( ! salt to be ice#djc4 ,:o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( mix+ sn[ or ice ) saltpetre & o!r salts1 :i* increases ! cold s mu*1 t a vessel fill$ ) wat]1 plac$ 9 t mixture1 is congeal$ into a solid mass ( ice t may be us$ on ! table1 ,i _c ) c]ta9ty det]m9e2 b ,i %all m5tion ! e>lie/ acc\nt ( x t ,i h be5 able to f9d4 ,lat9us ,tancr$us1 a physician & pr(essor at ,naples1 ^: book ,de ,fame et ,siti 0 publi%$ 9 #afjg1 speaks ( ?is exp]im5t2 & assures u t ! cold 0 s mu* /r5g!n$ by saltpetre1 t a glass fill$ ) wat]1 :5 quickly mov$ 9 ! above mixture1 became solid ice#djd4 ,9 ! ye> #afbf1 ! well-kn[n comm5t>y on ! works ( ,avic5na1 by ,sanct4 ,sanctorius1 0 publi%$ at ,v5ice4 ,! au?or 9 ?is "w relates1 t 9 ! pres5ce ( _m spectators1 he _h conv]t$ w9e into ice1 n by a mixture ( sn[ & saltpetre1 b ( sn[ & common salt#dje4 ,:5 ! salt 0 equal to a ?ird "p ( ! sn[1 ! cold 0 ?ree times z /rong z :5 sn[ 0 us$ alone4 ,"l ,bacon1 :o di$ 9 #afbf1 says t a new me?od _h be5 f\nd out ( br++ sn[ & ice to su* a degree ( cold1 by means ( saltpetre1 z to make wat] freeze4 ,?is1 he tells u1 c be done also ) common salt2 by :i* x is probable he meant unpurifi$ rock-salt2 &1 he adds1 t 9 w>m c\ntries1 :]e sn[ 0 n to be f\nd1 p made ice ) saltpetre alone2 b t he himself _h nev] tri$ ! exp]im5t#djf4 ,boyle1 :o di$ 9 #afia1 made exp]im5ts ) v>i\s k9ds ( salts2 & he describes h[1 by means ( salt1 a piece ( ice may be froz5 to ano!r solid body#djg4 ,desc>tes says t 9 8 "t ?is 0 a well-kn[n phnom5on1 b highly wor?y ( att5tion#djh4 ,s9ce t p]iod ! art ( mak+ ice has be5 spok5 ( 9 ! writ+s ( all philosoph]s :]e !y treat$ on heat & cold1 & ) _m o!r exp]im5ts has be5 introduc$ into v>i\s books ( receipts4 ,x 0 !n employ$ m]ely = amusem5t#dji2 & no "o suspect$ t x w\ld ev] =m an important item ( luxury4 ,9 ! l mann] ,fugg]'s fir/ bills ( ex*ange 7 said to be useful only = gambl+1 & gunp[d] 0 call$ a trifl+ discov]y4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 dr9k+-cups made ( ice & ic$ fruit 7 fir/ br\ght to ! table2 b t[>ds ! end ( t c5tury x appe>s t ! ,fr5* began to congeal 9 ?is mann] all k9ds ( well-ta/$ juices1 :i* 7 s]v$ up z refre%m5ts at ! tables ( ! great & weal?y#daj4 ,?is 0 a gr& inv5tion = ! art ( cook]y2 :i* became common among ! ,g]man cooks1 bo? male & female1 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury2 & s9ce t "t our confection]s sell s+le glasses ( ic$ articles at balls & 9 ! !atres4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no old] in=mation respect+ ?is inv5tion ?an :at is conta9$ 9 ,b>clay's ,arg5is1 :i* is1 inde$1 a romance2 b ! au?or's acc\nt makes ! possibility ( its be+ us$ s cle>1 t we may c]ta9ly conclude x 0 !n employ$2 especially z he m5tions x sev]al times4 ,arsidas f9ds 9 ! middle ( summ]1 at ! table ( ,juba1 fre% apples1 "o-half ( :i* 0 encru/$ ) transp>5t ice4 ,a bas91 made also ( ice & fill$ ) w9e1 0 h&$ to him2 & he 0 in=m$ t to prep>e all ^! ?+s 9 summ] 0 a new art4 ,sn[ 0 pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye> 9 pits l9$ ) /raw4 ,two cups made ( copp] 7 plac$ ! "o )9 ! o!r1 s z to leave a small space betwe5 !m1 :i* 0 fill$ ) wat]2 ! cups 7 !n put into a pail1 amid/ a mixture ( sn[ & unpurifi$ salt co>sely p\nd$1 & ! wat] 9 ?ree h\rs 0 conv]t$ into a cup ( solid ice1 z well-=m$ z if x _h come f ! h&s ( a pewt]]4 ,9 ! l mann] apples j pull$ f ! tree 7 cov]$ ) a coat ( ice4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,arg5is 0 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #afba1 & 9 t ye> ! au?or di$ at ! age ( ?irty-n9e4 ,aft] br&y1 f be+ a m$ic9e1 came into g5]al use z a liquor at table1 & 0 drunk 9 common by ! populace1 ! ,italians1 above all1 endeav\r$ to r5d] x weak] & m pleasant by v>i\s mixtures2 & by rais+ its value to make x m respectable1 & at ! same "t m useful to p ( ! fir/ rank4 ,t _! w>es might be di/+ui%$ ) m c]ta9ty1 !y gave !m ! "n ( liquori2 & "u t appellation sold !m to =eign nations4 ,! ,fr5* 7 ! fir/ :o adopt$ ! use ( ^! articles2 p>ticul>ly aft] ! m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 :5 duke ( ,orleans1 ) ,ca?>9e de ,m$ici1 9 ! ye> #aecc4 ,?is ev5t br\ght to ,france great numb]s ( ,italians1 :o made ! ,fr5* acqua9t$ ) ^! delicacies ( _! native c\ntry2 & :o taught !m to prep>e & to use !m4 ,!y 7 ! fir/1 !re=e1 :o made & sold ! f9e liqueurs at ,p>is2 & 9 ord] to s]ve ^? :o c\ld n be> heat+ liquors1 or r to s]ve !mselves by fill+ _! pockets ) money1 _! successors 9 ?is bus9ess inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #afcj or #afcc t bev]age call$ lemonade1 because ! juice ( lemons or oranges 0 its *ief compon5t "p4 ,?is liquor soon came into high repute1 z x n only s]v$ = cool+ & refre%+ p dur+ ! sultry heats ( summ]1 b 0 ev5 recomm5d$ by physicians aga9/ putrid diseases4 ,! limonadi]s1 or v5d]s ( lemonade1 endeav\r$ to increase ! fir/ prop]ty1 :i* occasion$ ! f> greate/ consumption1 by ! means ( ice2 & "o ( !m1 ,procope ,c\teaux1 an ,italian f ,flor5ce1 ab\t ! ye> #affj1 conceiv$ ! happy idea ( conv]t+ su* bev]age entirely into ice1 by a process :i* _h be5 be=e employ$ only by juggl]s4 ,! ready sale :i* he f\nd = 8 inv5tion induc$ o!rs to make articles ( ! l k9d4 ,8 example1 !re=e1 0 foll[$ by ,le ,fevre & ,foi2 & ^! ?ree = "s ye>s enjoy$ a monopoly ( ?is new-fa%ion$ commodity4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afgf1 liquors cool$ by1 or *ang$ into ice1 mu/ h[ev] h be5 ! pr9cipal ?+s sold by ! limonadi]s2 = be+ !n =m$ into a company1 ! foll[+ delicacies 7 m5tion$ 9 ! pat5t :i* !y receiv$ on t occasion3 8,eaux de gele et glaces de fruits et de fleurs1 d'anis et de canelle1 fran*ipanne1 d'aigre de cetre1 du sorbec10 c4 ,!re 7 at t "t 9 ,p>is two hundr$ & fifty ma/]s 9 ?is employm5t4 ,9 #afij1 :5 ,de la ,qu9t9y wrote1 ic$ liquors 7 extremely common#daa4 ,p1 h[ev]1 long imag9$ t su* articles c\ld be us$ only dur+ ! hot mon?s ( summ]4 ,9 ! ye> #agej1 ,dubuisson1 successor to ! celebrat$ ,procope1 au caf de la rue des ,fosss de ,s4 ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 & au?or ( ! ,art du ,d/illateur1 began to keep ready prep>$1 ! :ole ye> ?r\gh1 ices ( e k9d = ! use ( ^? :o 7 fond ( !m4 ,at fir/ !y 7 little call$ =1 except 9 ! dog-days2 b "s physicians recomm5d$ !m 9 c]ta9 disord]s4 ,h ! physicians !n1 by _! op9ion1 done mo/ s]vice to ! v5d]s ( liqueurs & to cooks1 or ! latt] to ! physicians8 ,?is w\ld make a f9e subject = an inaugural diss]tation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 = we are told s by ,dubuisson himself1 t aft] two cures1 9 :i* ices _h be5 ( ! greate/ s]vice1 ! m disc]n+ "p ( ! public made use ( !m 9 e season ( ! ye>4 ,t ?is "p ( ! public might nev] lose _! conceit1 ! v5d]s ( liqueurs always employ$ _! ?\ghts ^u new inv5tions4 ,among ! late/ is t ( ic$ butt]1 :i* acquir$ its "n on acc\nt ( "s lik5ess to t sub/ance4 ,x 0 fir/ kn[n at ! ,p>isian c(fee-h\se 7caveau7 9 #aggd4 ,! ,duke de ,*>tres (t5 w5t ?i!r to enjoy a glass ( ic$ liquor2 & ! l&lord1 to 8 great satisfaction & surprise1 hav+ "o day pres5t$ him ) 8 arms =m$ ( eatable ice1 articles ( a simil> k9d imm$iately became fa%ionable4 ,ice is n[ us$ ext5sively = a v>iety ( conomical purposes1 su* z pack+ salmon1 cool+ liquors1 c4 ,( late ye>s x has become a regul> article ( comm]ce4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahcc1 a c>go ( ice1 %ipp$ at ,bo/on1 0 dis*>g$ at ,calcutta4 ,x 0 sold at ?reep5ce p] p\nd1 :ile ! native ice fet*$ sixp5ce4 ,x 0 pack$ 9 solid masses1 )9 *amb]s ( d\ble plank+1 ) a lay] ( refuse tan or b>k betwe5 !m4 ,! quantity %ipp$ 0 #ahj tons1 ( :i* ab\t #fj wa/$ on ! voyage1 & #bj on ! passage up ! riv] to ,calcutta4 ,?\s&s ( tons are n[ annually %ipp$ f ,bo/on 7,unit$ ,/ates7 to our ,ea/ ,indies1 to ! ,we/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & to ! ,cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & q rec5tly #8,! ,w5ham ,lake ,ice ,company' h erect$ ext5sive ice-h\ses 9 ,london & at ,liv]pool1 & arrang$ = ! transportation to ?is c\ntry ( ?\s&s ( tons ( ice4 ,"o surpris+ circum/ance connect$ ) ! trade1 is ! fact t _! ice1 ?\gh transport$ to ?is c\ntry 9 ! heat ( summ]1 is sc>cely r$uc$ 9 bulk4 ,! masses are s l>ge t !y expose a v small surface to atmosph]ic action 9 proportion to _! weight1 & !re=e d n suff] f exposure to x1 z ! small] & ?9n] fragm5ts d1 :i* are obta9$ 9 our own or o!r w>m] climates4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ice froz5 ^u v deep wat]1 is m h>d & solid ?an ice ( ! same ?ickness obta9$ f %all[ wat]2 & ev5 :5 an equal surface is expos$1 melts m sl[ly4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! collection ( ice1 ev5 by ^? l>gely engag$ 9 ! trade1 is an occasional & fitful und]tak+2 dep5d+1 bo? z to "t & quantity1 ^u ! accid5tal occurr5ce ( sev]e fro/2 & :5 ! process ( collection is c>ri$ on1 x is ) v few artificial aids4 ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is lab\r c be regul>ly c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! :ole w9t]2 :ile ! adjuncts ( ma*9]y = cutt+ & /or+1 & ( /eam = transport+ x1 are br\ght ext5sively into action4 ,! details connect$ ) ?is trade1 z c>ri$ on 9 ,am]ica1 are s novel & s int]e/+1 t we lay !m be=e our read]s ) ! confid5t belief t ! result ( our lab\rs w prove attractive to !m4 ,w5ham ,lake1 :5ce a l>ge proportion ( ! ice n[ import$ to ?is c\ntry is obta9$1 is eighte5 miles f ,bo/on1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usets2 x occupies a v elevat$ position1 & lies embosom$ 9 hills ( maje/ic height & bold rugg$ "*4 ,! lake has no inlet :atev]1 b is f$ solely by ! spr+s :i* issue f ! rocks at its bottom1 a dep? ( #bjj feet f its surface4 ,! ice-h\se1 :i* is capable ( /or+ #bj1jjj tons ( ice1 is built ( wood1 ) d\ble walls1 two feet ap>t1 all ar\nd2 ! space betwe5 :i* is fill$ ) sawdu/2 ?us int]pos+ a m$ium1 t is a non-conductor ( heat1 betwe5 ! ice & ! ext]nal air2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t ! ice is sc>cely affect$ by any condition or temp]ature ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 & c be pres]v$ )\t wa/e = an indef9ite "t4 ,! ma*9]y employ$ = cutt+ ! ice is v curi\s1 & 0 inv5t$ = t express purpose4 ,x is work$ by m5 & horses 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,f ! "t :5 ! ice fir/ =ms1 x is c>efully kept free f sn[ until x is ?ick en\gh to be cut2 t process comm5ces :5 ! ice is a foot ?ick4 ,a surface ( "s two acres is !n select$1 :i* at t ?ickness w furni% ab\t #bjjj tons1 & a /raight l9e is !n drawn ?r\gh its c5tre f side to side ea* way4 ,a small h&-pl\gh is pu%$ along "o ( ^! l9es1 until ! groove is ab\t ?ree in*es deep & a qu>t] ( an in* 9 wid?1 :5 ! #8,m>k]' is introduc$4 ,?is implem5t is drawn by two horses1 & makes two new grooves1 p>allel ) ! fir/1 tw5ty-"o in*es ap>t2 ! gauge rema9+ 9 ! orig9al groove4 ,! m>k] is !n %ift$ to ! outside groove1 & makes two m4 ,hav+ drawn ^! l9es ov] ! :ole surface 9 "o direction1 ! same process is repeat$ 9 a transv]se direction1 m>k+ all ! ice out into squ>es ( #ba in*es4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! #8,pl\gh1' drawn by a s+le horse1 is foll[+ 9 ^! grooves1 cutt+ ! ice to a dep? ( #f in*es4 ,"o entire range ( blocks is !n sawn out1 & ! rema9d] are split (f t[>d ! op5+ ?us made ) an iron b>4 ,?is b> is %ap$ l a spade & ( a w$ge-l =m4 ,:5 x is dropp$ into ! groove1 ! block splits (f2 a v slight bl[ be+ suffici5t to produce t effect1 especially 9 v cold wea!r4 ,! lab\r ( #8splitt+' is slight or o!rwise1 accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 #8,plat=ms1' or l[ tables ( frame-"w1 are plac$ ne> ! op5+ made 9 ! ice1 ) iron slides ext5d+ into ! wat]1 & a man /&s on ea* side ( ?is slide1 arm$ ) an ice-hook4 ,) ?is hook ! ice is caught & by a sudd5 j]k ?r[n up ! #8slide' on to ! #8plat=m4' ,9 a cold day ev]y?+ is spe$ily cov]$ ) ice by ! freez+ ( ! wat] on ! plat=ms1 slides1 c41 & ! enorm\s blocks ( ice1 weigh+ "s ( !m m ?an two cwt41 are hurl$ along ^! slipp]y surfaces1 z if !y 7 )\t weight4 ,beside ?is plat=m1 /&s a #8sl$' ( ! same height1 capable ( conta9+ ab\t ?ree tons2 :i*1 :5 load$1 is drawn ^u ! ice to ! front ( ! /ore-h\se1 :]e a l>ge /ation>y plat=m ( exactly ! same height1 is ready to receive its load2 :i*1 z soon z dis*>g$1 is hoi/$ block by block1 into ! h\se4 ,=ty m5 & twelve horses w cut & /[ away #djj tons a day4 ,9 fav\rable wea!r #ajj m5 are sometimes employ$ at once4 ,:5 a ?aw or a fall ( ra9 occurs1 x entirely unfits ! ice = m>ket1 by r5d]+ x opake & por\s2 & occasionally sn[ is imm$iately foll[$ by ra91 & t aga9 by fro/1 =m+ sn[-ice1 :i* is valueless1 & mu/ be remov$ by ! #8plane4' ,! op]ation ( #8plan+' is some:at simil> to t ( #8cutt+4' ,a plane gaug$ to run 9 ! grooves made by ! #8m>k]1' & :i* %aves ! ice to ! dep? ( ?ree in*es1 is drawn by a horse1 until ! :ole surface ( ! ice is plan$4 ,! *ips ?us produc$ are !n scrap$ (f2 & if ! cle> ice is n rea*$1 ! process is repeat$4 ,if ?is makes ! ice too ?9 = cutt+1 x is left 9 /atu quo1 & a few nights ( h>d fro/ w add bel[ z mu* z has be5 tak5 (f above4 ,9 addition to fill+ _! ice-h\ses at ! lake & 9 ! l>ge t[ns1 ! company fill a l>ge numb] ( private ice-h\ses dur+ ! w9t]1 all ! ice = ^! purposes be+ transport$ by railway4 ,x w easily be believ$1 t ! exp5se ( provid+ tools1 build+ h\ses1 furni%+ lab\r1 & con/ruct+ & keep+ up ! railway1 is v great2 b ! traffic is s ext5sive1 & ! managem5t ( ! trade s good1 t ! ice c be furni%$1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 at a v trifl+ co/#dab 7x is retail$ at twop5ce p] p\nd74 ,,footnotes #cfd ,prov]bs1 xxv4 v]4 #ac4 #cfe ,b>?ol9i de ,nivis ,usu ,m$ico ,obs]vationes1 ,hafn4 #affa4 #cff ,s5eca1 ,qu/4 ,natur4 iv4 #ac4 #cfg ,a!nu1 iii4 p4 #abd4 #cfh ,sympos4 vi4 qu/4 #f4--;,augu/9us ,de ,civitate ,dei1 xxi4 #d1 p4 #faj4 #cfi ,mmoires ,in/ructifs p\r un ,voyageur4 ,h[ ! sn[ repositories at ,con/ant9ople are con/ruct$1 is relat$ by ,bellon 9 8 ,obs]vat4 iii4 #bb4 #cgj ,! dissipat$ ,heliogabalus caus$ :ole m\nts ( sn[ to be heap$ up 9 summ] 9 ord] to cool ! air4 ,see ,lampridius1 ,vita ,heliogab4 cap4 #bc4 #cga ,pl94 xix4 #d4--,lat9us ,pacatus 9 ,panegyr4 ,!odos4 #cgb ,de la ,valle1 iii4 p4 #fj1 :]e ! ,p]sian ice-pits are describ$1 z well z 9 ,*>d91 iv4 p4 #aie4 #cgc ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxi4 #c1 #bc1 p4 #eeb4 #cgd ,vita ,n]onis1 cap4 #dh3 ,hc e/ ,n]onis decocta4 #cge ,9 lib4 vi4 ,hippocrat4 de ,morbis ,vulg>4 comm5t4 #d1 #aj4 #cgf ,meteorol4 i4 cap4 #ab4 #cgg ,9 ! place be=e quot$4 #cgh ,deipnos4 iii4 p4 #abd4 #cgi ,ibid4 p4 #abc4 #chj ,see ,pitisci ,lex4 ,antiq4 ,rom4 "u ! ^w ,decocta4 #cha ,philosoph4 ,transact4 vol4 lxv4 "p i4 p4 #abf4 #chb ,trait du ,m\vem5t des ,eaux4 #chc ,du ,hamel1 ,hi/4 de l',academ4 l4 i4 c4 #c1 p4 #ii4 #chd ,t5tam9a ,exp]im5torum ,acad4 del ,cim4 p4 #ahc4 #che ,diss]tation sur la ,glace4 ,p>is1 #agdi1 #abmo1 p4 #ahg4 #chf ,philosoph4 ,transact4 vol4 lxv4 "p i4 p4 #abd4 #chg ,9 ,india1 "o mode ( cool+ w9es1 is to susp5d ! bottle 9 a ?ick flannel bag1 or folds ( blott+-pap]1 kept con/antly wett$1 & plac$ 9 ! sun's rays1 or a curr5t ( air1 or bo?2 by :i* means ! evaporation1 & !re) int5se coldness1 is produc$4 #chh ,philosoph4 ,transact4 vol4 lxxi4 "p ii4 p4 #eaa4 ,m4 ,b\tigny's beautiful exp]im5t ( mak+ ice 9 a r$-hot crucible is a /rik+ phnom5on ( ?is k9d4 ,x is ?us p]=m$3--,a deep crucible ( plat9um is heat$ to a gl[+ r$ heat2 liquid sulphur\s acid1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! fluid /ate by a freez+ mixture1 & "s wat] are !n at ! same in/ant p\r$ into ! crucible4 ,! rapid evaporation ( ! volatile sulphur\s acid1 :i* boils bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( wat]1 produces su* an int5se degree ( cold z to freeze ! wat]1 :i* is !n ?r[n out ( ! crucible z a solid lump4 #chi ,philosoph4 ,transact4 vol4 lxxi4 "p ii4 p4 #beb3 ! process ( mak+ ice 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies2 by ,rob]t ,b>k]4 #cij ,!re is no "q t ?is refrig]ation is caus$ by ! evaporation ( a portion ( ! wat]1 :]eby a v l>ge quantity ( heat becomes lat5t 9 ! vap\r4 ,a cle> s]5e sky be+ necess>y = ! success ( ! production ( ! ice1 w\ld t5d to %[ t ! fur!r loss ( heat by radiation1 :i* always ensues to a great ext5t at nights1 :5 ! sky is cle>1 is necess>y4 #cia 444 a numb] ( small1 %all[1 e>!n pans4 ,^! are unglaz$1 sc>ce a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 ab\t an in* & a qu>t] 9 dep?1 & made ( an e>? s por\s1 t x 0 visible f ! ext]ior "p ( ! pans1 ! wat] _h p5etrat$ ! :ole sub/ance4 ,our ord9>y w9e-cool]s1 :i* consi/ ( extremely por\s vessels1 act f evaporation4 ,a portion ( ! wat]1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cool]1 evaporates ?r\gh its pores1 & produces cold by r5d]+ a consid]able am\nt ( heat lat5t4 #cib ,see ! acc\nt ( ,lloyd ,williams1 9 ! ,univ]sal ,magaz9e1 ,june #agic1 p4 #daj4 ,?9 unglaz$ vessels are employ$ at pres5t 9 ,egypt also = cool+ wat]1 z we are told 9 sev]al books ( travels4 #cic ,sympos4 vi4 #e1 p4 #fij4 #cid ,! ^w h[ev] may be f\nd 9 ,dictionnaire p> ,ri*elet1 ,g5ve #afhj1 #dto4 #cie ,j4 ,b4 ,campegii ,libri xxii4 de re cib>ia1 xvi4 #i1 p4 #ffi4 #cif ,mo/ vessels ( ?is k9d 9 ,portugal are made at ,e/remos1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,al5tejo4 ,! description giv5 ( !m by ,brantome is z foll[s3--8,cette t]re toit tanne1 si subtile et si f9e qu'on diroit proprem5t que c'e/ une t]re sigille2 et porte telle v]tu1 que quelque eau froide que v\s y mettiez d$ans1 v\s la v]rez b\illis et faire de petits b\illons1 comme si elle e/oit sur le feu2 et si p\rtant elle n'en p]d sa froideur1 mais l'entreti5t1 et jamais l'eau ne fait mal qui la boit1 quelque *aud qu'il fasse1 ou quelque ex]cice viol5t qu'il fasse40 ,?is clay seems to be ! same z t :i* ! ladies 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal *ew = ! sake ( its pleasant ta/e1 ?\gh to ! prejudice ( _! heal?4 ,!y are s fond ( x t _! confessors make !m ab/a9 f ! use ( x "s days by way ( p5ance = _! transgressions4 ,see ,madame ,d',aunoi1 ,voy4 en ,espagne1 ii4 pp4 #ib1 #aji4 ,mmoires ,in/ructifs p\r un ,voyageur4 ,a vessel ( ! above k9d is call$ buc>o & b>ro4 ,see ,diccion4 de la ,l5gua ,ca/ellana1 ,madrid1 #aghc1 fol4 #cig ,?is curi\s "w conta9s s mu* valuable in=mation respect+ ! ,fr5* mann]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 t "s acc\nt ( x may n prove unacceptable to my read]s4 ,! title is1 ,dscription de ,l',isle des ,h]maphrodites1 n\vellem5t dc\v]te 444 p\r s]vir de ,supplem5t au ,j\rnal de ,h5ri ,,iii4 ,! preface1 to :i* !re is no signature1 says t ! book 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #afje4 ,9 ! fir/ editions nei!r date nor place is m5tion$2 b "o edition is dat$ #afab4 ,x appe>s to h be5 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 aft] ! peace ( ,v]v9s1 conclud$ 9 #aeih1 :i* ! au?or m5tions 9 ! beg9n+4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 w\ld n suff] any inquiry to be made respect+ ! au?or t he might be puni%$1 because1 he said1 ?\gh he _h tak5 great lib]ty 9 8 writ+1 he _h writt5 tru?4 ,he is n !re=e kn[n4 ,"s h conjectur$ t x 0 ! production ( c>d9al ,p]ron1 & o!rs ( sieur d',em]y1 ,?omas ,artus4 ,b ! =m] w\ld n h *os5 to la% vices su* z ^? m5tion$ 9 ?is satire1 ) s mu* wit & sev]ity2 & ! latt] c\ld n h done x4 ,! "o 0 too vici\s1 & ! o!r too vehem5t4 ,! c>d9al mu/ h del9eat$ 8 own picture2 & ,artus h exce$$ :at he 0 capable (4 ,! same op9ion respect+ ,artus is ent]ta9$ by ,m>*&1 9 8 ,dict4 ,hi/orique4 ,! frontispiece1 :i* 9 _m editions is want+1 repres5ts an effem9ate voluptu>y ) a womani% face1 dress$ half 9 m5's & half 9 wom5's clo?+4 ,m>*& says ! inscription is ,les ,h]maphrodites4 ,9 "s editions h[ev] x is mu* m cutt+3 8,p>s e/ una patris2 ct]a matris habet40 ,?is p5tamet] is tak5 f ,m>tial1 lib4 xiv4 ep4 #agd4 ,! :ole "w is ins]t$ also 9 ,j\rnal de ,h5ri ,,iii41 p> ,pi]re de l',e/oiles1 la ,haye #agdd1 #hvo1 iv4 p4 #a4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject see ,le ,long1 ,biblio?que ,hi/orique de la ,france1 ii4 p4 #cbf1 n4 #aiabh4 #cih ,9 ! ,contes de ,gaill>d1 pr9t$ 9 #afbj1 x is said1 8,il alla un j\r d'e/ s\p] *ez un voluptueux1 qui lui fit mettre de la glace en son v940 #cii ,problema #ajb4 ,^! ,problemata are (t5 pr9t$ ) ! ,problemata ,ari/otelis1 ,alex&ri ,aphrodis4 & o!rs4 ,! collection :i* ,i h 0 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam1 #afhe1 #abmo4 #djj ,de ,miraculis1 libri iv4 ,colon4 #aeha1 #hvo1 p4 #bhh4 #dja ,c5turi ix ,memorabilium4 ,franc(4 #aeii1 #abmo1 p4 #fg4 #djb ,de ,nive1 p4 #ch4 #djc ,j4 ,b4 ,du ,hamel1 ,op]a ,philosophica1 ,norimb4 #afha1 #dto4 #djd ,l4 ,tancr$i de ,fame et ,siti libri tres4 ,v54 #afjg1 #dto1 lib4 iii4 #dje ,:5 sn[ or ice is mix$ ) salt1 bo? beg9 to be liquid4 ,?is process is employ$ 9 ,russia to clean w9d[s cov]$ ) fro/4 ,!y are rubb$ ) a sponge dipp$ 9 salt1 & by ^! means !y become imm$iately transp>5t4 ,! rationale ( ?is appe>s to consi/ 9 ! salt absorb+ wat] & deliquesc+1 & 9 ?is fluid ! sn[ subsequ5tly dissolves1 ! mixture requir+ a mu* l[] temp]ature = its assum+ ! solid /ate4 #djf ,hi/oria ,vit et ,mortis1 #dd4--;,de ,augm5tis ,sci5t4 v4 #b4--,silva ,silv>um1 c5t4 i4 #djg ,hi/ory ( ,cold1 title i4 #ag2 title v4 #c2 title xv4 #g4 ,! me?od ( mak+ "o or two freez+ or cool+ mixtures w n p]haps be )\t int]e/ "h4 ,:]e sn[ is n at h&1 a mixture ( #e p>ts ( p[d]$ nitre & #e ( p[d]$ sal-ammoniac may be mix$ ) #af p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is r$uces ! !rmomet] f #ej to ab\t #aj ,f41 or1 #i p>ts ( phosphate ( soda1 #f ( nitrate ( ammonia1 & #d ( dilute nitric acid1 r$uce ! !rmomet] f #ej to -#ba2 #e p>ts ( common salt1 #e ( nitrate ( ammonia & #ab ( sn[1 r$uce x f ! ord9>y temp]ature to -#bh4 ,! mo/ int5se degree ( cold1 probably kn[n1 has be5 produc$ by ,dr4 ,f>aday 9 8 exp]im5ts ^u ! liquefaction ( gases4 ,?is 0 effect$ by plac+ solid c>bonic acid mix$ ) !r1 "u ! air-pump1 & exhau/+4 #djh ,des ,c>tes ,specim9a ,philosophi4 ,am/4 #afej1 #dto1 p4 #baf4 #dji ,von ,hohb]g says1 9 8 ,adli*es ,l&leb51 8,! foll[+1 :i* s]ves m = amusem5t ?an use1 is well-kn[n to *ildr54 ,if "o put sn[ & saltpetre into a jug1 & place x on a table1 ov] :i* wat] has be5 p\r$1 & /ir ! sn[ & salt well r\nd 9 ! jug ) a /ick1 ! jug w be soon froz5 to ! table40 ,?is b>on1 !re=e1 :o1 aft] he _h sold 8 prop]ty 9 ,au/ria on acc\nt ( ! p]secution aga9/ ! ,prote/ants1 wrote at ,reg5sburg 7,ratisbon71 :]e he di$ 9 #afhh1 at ! age ( sev5ty-six1 0 n acqua9t$ ) ic$ delicacies4 ,_h !y be5 kn[n to him1 he w\ld h c]ta9ly m5tion$ !m :]e1 9 8 ,book ( ,cook]y1 he gives ample directions = lay+ out a table ( ! fir/ rank4 #daj ,! application ( ice to ! purposes ( confection>y1 has1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 become mu* m ext5sive2 enc\rag$1 no d\bt1 by ! facility ) :i* x is n[ procurable at all seasons ( ! ye>1 & 9 any quantity4 ,imitations ( pea*es1 nect>9es1 apricots1 & o!r fruits1 are n[ produc$ 9 ice pa/e 9 su* p]fection1 z at fir/ sight to deceive ! mo/ practis$ eye2 & su* elegances are no long] conf9$ to ! tables ( ! weal?y4 #daa ,in/ruction p\r les ,j>d9s4 ,p>is1 #agcj1 #dto1 i4 p4 #bfc4 ,! au?or says t ice 9 summ] is inde$ useful2 b1 z a g>d5]1 he wi%es t fro/ c\ld be prev5t$2 & t ice might be import$ f ! ,nor?1 z olives & oranges are f ! ,s\?4 ,"s ye>s ago1 z no ice c\ld be procur$ on acc\nt ( ! great mildness ( ! prec$+ w9t]1 ! m]*ants at ,hamburg s5t a %ip to ,gre5l& = a load ( x1 by :i* !y acquir$ consid]able pr(it4 #dab ,= ! above acc\nt ( ! mode ( collect+ ! ice at ,w5ham ,lake1 we are indebt$ to ! #8,illu/rat$ ,london ,news' = ,may #ag1 #ahde4 ,,hydromet]4 ,?is in/rum5t1 call$ 9 ,lat9 hydrometrum1 hygroscopium1 hygrob>oscopium1 hydroscopium1 areometrum1 & b>yllion1 s]ves to det]m9e ! weight or specific gravity ( diff]5t fluid masses1 by ! dep? to :i* x s9ks 9 !m4 ,! laws respect+ ! comp>ative specific gravity ( fluids & solid bodies imm]s$ 9 !m 7 discov]$ by ,ar*im$es1 :5 he tri$ ! well-kn[n exp]im5t1 by ord] ( ,hi]o k+ ( ,sicily1 to f9d ! cont5t ( a gold5 cr[n1 made = t sov]eign4 ,^u ^! is f\nd$ ! con/ruction ( ! hydromet]2 & x is n improbable t ,ar*im$es1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ! ye> #bab be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra1 0 ! inv5tor ( x1 ?\gh no pro(s to w>rant ?is conjecture are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( t great man1 or 9 ^? ( any o!r au?or4 ,! olde/ m5tion ( ! hydromet] occurs 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & may be f\nd 9 ! lett]s ( ,synesius to ,hypatia4 ,( ! lives ( ^! two p]sons ,i mu/ "h give "s anecdotes1 z !y des]ve to be kn[n on acc\nt ( ! s+ul> fate :i* att5d$ !m4 ,hypatia 0 ! daught] ( ,!on1 a well-kn[n ma!matician ( ,alex&ria1 "s ( ^: writ+s are /ill extant4 ,by h] fa!r %e 0 in/ruct$ 9 ma!matics1 & f o!r great m51 :o at t "t ab\nd$ 9 ,alex&ria1 %e le>n$ ! ,platonic & ,ari/otelian philosophy1 & acquir$ su* a complete k ( ^! sci5ces1 t %e taught !m publicly ) ! greate/ applause4 ,%e 0 "y & beautiful1 _h a p]sonable figure1 0 sprightly & agreeable 9 conv]sation1 ?\gh at ! same "t mode/2 & %e possess$ ! mo/ rigid virtue1 :i* 0 pro( aga9/ e temptation4 ,%e conduct$ h]self ) s mu* propriety t[>ds h] lov]s1 t !y nev] c\ld obta9 m ?an ! pleasure ( h] company & ( he>+ h] disc\rse2 & ) ?is1 :i* !y consid]$ z an hon\r1 !y 7 cont5t$4 ,^? :o wi%$ to intrude fur!r 7 dismiss$2 & %e de/roy$ ! appetite ( "o :o w\ld n suff] h] to philosophise1 by means ( "s /rong prep>ation1 :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 rema9$ a secret4 ,%e 0 n baptiz$1 & ) all h] k1 adopt$ ! bl9d sup]/ition ( paganism4 ,_h %e be5 a ,*ri/ian1 & suff]$ a cruel dea? f hea!n p]secution1 %e w\ld h m]it$ a place 9 ! m>tyrology ( ! sa9ts3 b ! case 0 rev]s$2 =1 by ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ians t[>ds h]1 %e became entitl$ to h h] "n enroll$ 9 ! m>tyrology ( ! philosoph]s4 ,! patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 at ! "t :5 %e liv$1 0 ,cyril1 ^: family = a hundr$ ye>s be=e _h produc$ bi%ops1 :o 7 ( m s]vice to _! relations ?an to ! *ur*4 ,?is prelate 0 a pr\d1 litigi\s1 v9dictive & intol]ant man1 :o ?\ght e ?+ lawful :i* he conceiv$ to be = ! glory ( ,god2 & :o1 z prosecutor & judge1 condemn$ ,ne/orius )\t he>+ 8 def5ce4 ,9 ! city ( ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 !n v fl\ri%+ on acc\nt ( its comm]ce1 ! emp]or all[$ great] tol]ation ?an he imag9$ c\ld be ju/ifi$ to ! cl]gy 9 any o!r place2 & x conta9$ a great _m ,jews1 :o c>ri$ on an ext5sive trade1 z well z a numb] ( pagan families :o 7 ( s]vice to ! city1 or at lea/ did x no h>m4 ,?is1 9 ! eyes ( ,cyril1 0 n prop]2 he w\ld h ! %eep-fold clean1 & ! ,jews mu/ be bani%$4 ,ore/es1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nor1 :o 0 a man ( prud5ce1 & bett] acqua9t$ ) ! int]e/s ( ! city1 oppos$ a measure t 0 likely to be att5d$ ) mis*ief1 & he ev5 caus$ to be condemn$ to dea? a ,*ri/ian pr(ligate1 :o _h done "s injury to ! ,jews4 ,?is malefactor 01 by ! ord] ( ,cyril1 buri$ 9 ! *ur* z a m>tyr2 & he imm$iately collect$ five hundr$ monks1 :o ill-treat$ ,ore/es 9 ! /reets1 & excit$ an insurrection among ! p1 :o plund]$ ! un=tunate ,jews1 & expell$ !m f a city 9 :i* !y _h liv$ s9ce ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,cyril1 obs]v+ "o day a great numb] ( horses & s]vants belong+ to p]sons ( ! fir/ rank1 be=e a c]ta9 h\se 9 ! city1 inquir$ ! cause ( _! be+ assembl$ 9 t mann]4 ,he 0 in=m$ t ! h\se 0 ! habitation ( ! celebrat$ female philosoph] ,hypatia1 :o1 on acc\nt ( h] ext5sive le>n+ & em95t tal5ts1 0 visit$ n only by p ( ! highe/ di/9ction1 b ev5 by ! gov]nor himself4 ,?is 0 suffici5t to excite ! bi%op's jeal\sy aga9/ ! unbeliev+ ,hypatia1 & he resolv$ to effect h] ru94 ,z he _h in/igat$ ! p aga9/ ! ,jews1 he 9 l mann] enc\rag$ !m to attack ,hypatia4 ,!y seiz$ h] 9 ! /reet1 hurri$ h] to ! *ur*1 /ripp$ (f h] clo!s1 tore h] fle% to pieces ) pot%]ds1 dragg$ h] mangl$ limbs ab\t ?r\gh ! city1 & at l5g? burn$ !m4 ,?is bloody trag$y1 :i* took place 9 ! ye> #dae1 c\ld t5d only to inspire ! hea!ns ) a great] hatr$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & to make s5sible ,*ri/ians a%am$ ( ! conduct ( _! bre?r54 ,to ,cyril1 h[ev]1 x occasion$ no %ame2 on ! contr>y1 he endeav\r$ to div]t ! emp]or f puni%+ ^? :o _h be5 guilty ( s gross a violation ( ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 & 9 ?is he 0 assi/$ by 8 num]\s adh]5ts & fri5ds4 ,9 "s circum/ances ( ?is relation hi/orians are n agre$1 b !y all concur 9 be/[+ praise on ,hypatia1 ^: memory 0 hon\r$ & pres]v$ by h] grateful & affectionate s*ol>s#dac4 ,among ^! 0 ,synesius1 ( a noble pagan family1 :o cultivat$ philosophy & ! ma!matics ) ! utmo/ ard\r1 & :o _h be5 "o ( h] mo/ intimate fri5ds & foll[]s4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 le>n+1 tal5ts1 & op5 disposition1 he 0 univ]sally e/eem$1 & he _h be5 employ$ ) great success on public occasions ( importance4 ,! *ur* at ,ptolemais at l5g? wi%$ to h him = _! bi%op4 ,aft] mu* reluctance he accept$ ! (fice1 b on condition t !y %\ld n require him to ackn[l$ge ! resurrection ( ! dead1 :i* he d\bt$4 ,! p hav+ cons5t$ to all[ him ?is indulg5ce1 he suff]$ himself to be baptiz$1 & became _! bi%op4 ,he 0 confirm$ by ! or?odox patri>* ,!ophilus1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,cyril1 to ^: jurisdiction ,ptolemais belong$2 & he aft]w>ds r5\nc$ 8 errors1 & decl>$ himself conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! resurrection4 ,?is le>n$ man %[$ 8 gratitude to ,hypatia1 by ! hon\rable m5tion :i* he made ( h] 9 "s lett]s t are /ill pres]v$ among 8 writ+s4 ,9 8 fifte5? lett]1 he tells ,hypatia t he 0 s un=tunate1 or f\nd himself s ill1 t he wi%$ to use a hydroscopium1 & he reque/s t %e w\ld cause "o to be con/ruct$ = him4 8,x is a cyl9drical tube10 adds he1 8( ! size ( a re$ or pipe4 ,a l9e is drawn ^u x l5g?wise1 :i* is int]sect$ by o!rs1 & ^! po9t out ! weight ( wat]4 ,at ! end ( ! tube is a cone1 ! base ( :i* is jo9$ to t ( ! tube1 s t !y h bo? only "o base4 ,?is "p ( ! in/rum5t is call$ b>yllion4 ,if x be plac$ 9 wat]1 x rema9s 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 s t "o c discov] by x ! weight ( ! fluid40 ,petavius1 :o publi%$ ! works ( ,synesius 9 ! ye> #afdj1 ackn[l$ges 9 8 annotations1 t ?is passage he did n und]/&4 ,an old s*olia/1 he says1 :o _h add$ "s illegible words1 seem$ to ?9k t x ref]r$ to a wat]-clock2 b ?is he consid]s improbable1 z a clepsydra 0 n imm]s$ 9 wat]1 b fill$ ) x4 ,he conjectures1 !re=e1 t x may allude to "s su* in/rum5t z t :i* ,vitruvius calls *orobates4 ,! latt] h[ev] 0 employ$ = level+2 & x appe>s t ,synesius1 :o compla9s ( ! bad /ate ( 8 heal?1 c\ld n ?9k ( level+4 ,besides1 no "p ( ! description 9 ,vitruvius agrees ) t :i* is giv5 9 s cle> a mann] by ,synesius4 ,petau publi%$ 8 edition ( ! works ( ?is philosoph] 9 ! "t ( ,pet] de ,f]mat1 conseill] au p>lem5t de ,t\l\se1 a man ( great le>n+1 :o 0 an excell5t ma!matician1 & well-acqua9t$ ) antiquities & ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,we h by ! latt] a comm5t>y ^u "s obscure passages ( ,a!nu1 annotations on ! writ+s ( ,!on ( ,smyrna1 & em5dations f a manuscript to ! ,/ratagemata ( ,polynus1 :i* may be f\nd also 9 8 ,miscellanies4 ,murs9na1 9 8 edition ( ! same au?or1 has add$ !m to ! end ( ! preface4 ,z ,f]mat 0 (t5 consult$ respect+ difficult passages ( ! anci5ts1 he c\ld n be unacqua9t$ ) t 9 ! new edition ( ,synesius4 ,he drew up an explanation ( x1 & gave x to a fri5d :o 0 !n ab\t to publi% a ,fr5* translation ( ,b5$4 ,ca/elli's book1 ,della ,misura dell',acque ,corr5ti1 & :o caus$ x to be pr9t$ along ) t "w4 ,f]mat di$ 9 ! ye> #affe4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 son publi%$ "s ( 8 writ+s "u ! title ( ,v>ia ,op]a ,ma!matica#dad2 & 9 ?is collection is ins]t$ 8 %ort treatise on ! hydroscopium1 f :i* ,i h extract$ ! foll[+ explanation4 ,x is impossible1 says he1 t ! hydroscopium c\ld be ! level or *orobates ( ,vitruvius1 = ! l9es on ! latt] 7 p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 :]eas ! l9es on ! =m] 7 p>allel to x4 ,! hydroscopium 0 und\bt$ly a hydromet] ( ! simple/ con/ruction4 ,! tube may be made ( copp]1 & op5 at ! top2 b at ! o!r end1 :i*1 :5 us$1 is ! l[e/1 x mu/ t]m9ate ) a cone1 ! base ( :i* is sold]$ to t ( ! tube4 ,l5g?wise1 along ! tube1 are drawn two l9es1 :i* are int]sect$ by o!rs1 & ! m num]\s ^! divisions are1 ! in/rum5t w be s mu* m correct4 ,:5 plac$ 9 wat]1 x s9ks to a c]ta9 dep?1 :i* w be m>k$ by ! cross l9es1 & :i* w be great] 9 proportion to ! lightness ( ! wat]4 ,a figure1 :i* is add$1 illu/rates ?is explanation m ?an 0 necess>y4 ,:5 a common fri5d ( ,f]mat & ,petavius %[$ x to ! latt]1 he consid]$ x to be s j1 t he wi%$ to h an opportunity ( introduc+ x 9 a new edition4 ,m]s5ne1 on ! o!r h&1 ent]ta9s "s d\bt#dae respect+ ?is in/rum5t1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ,f]mat1 ) :om he 0 well-acqua9t$2 = 9 ! dispute :i* ! latt] _h ) ,desc>tes1 ,m]s5ne 0 ! be>] ( ! lett]s t pass$ betwe5 !m1 z we le>n f ! ,life ( ,desc>tes1 by ,baillet4 ,8 objections h[ev] are ( little weight4 ,:y %\ld ,synesius1 asks ,m]s5ne1 consid] himself un=tunate1 because he _h n a hydromet]8 ,x may be "h repli$1 t he 0 9 an infirm /ate1 & t ! physicians seem to h ord]$ him to dr9k no wat] b :at 0 pure & light4 ,we "k t 9 =m] times1 :5 s _m artificial liquors 7 n 9 use1 p 7 accu/om$1 m ?an at pres5t1 to good wat]4 ,we read 9 ! works ( ! anci5t physicians1 su* z ,gal5 & ,celsus1 directions h[ to exam9e ! lightness & purity ( wat]4 ,he might h tri$ x1 says ,m]s5ne1 ) a common balance4 ,he inde$ might1 b n s conv5i5tly4 ,t ,synesius 0 9 a bad /ate ( heal? is app>5t f sev]al ( 8 lett]s2 o!rwise "o might say t 9 a lett] _m expressions may be only jocul>1 respect+ "s circum/ance kn[n to ! fri5d to :om "o writes2 & t e expression is n to be tak5 accord+ to its lit]al mean+4 ,"o might confess also1 )\t weak5+ a receiv$ explanation1 n to "k :at ,synesius alludes to 9 ! fir/ l9e ( 8 lett]4 ,b ev5 if we all[ t ! in/rum5t 0 n a hydromet]1 b a wat]-clock1 or a level2 x may be ask$ h[ ! want ( ^! c\ld make him un=tunate8 ,m]s5ne ?9ks fur!r1 t ! cone1 add$ to ! end ( ! tube1 w\ld h be5 unnecess>y 9 a hydromet]2 b x s]ves to keep ! in/rum5t ) m ease 9 a p]p5dicul> direction 9 ! wat]4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,h4 ,klugel1 :om ,i %all soon h occasion to quote4 ,= ! explanation ( ,f]mat "o may produce a /ill /rong] te/imony1 ) :i* he seems n to h be5 acqua9t$4 ,x c be prov$ t ?is in/rum5t 0 us$ 9 ! next1 or at lea/ 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,( t p]iod1 we h a ,lat9 poem on weights & measures1 :i* conta9s a v j description ( a hydromet]4 ,! au?or1 9 manuscripts1 is call$ sometimes ,priscianus1 & sometimes ,rhemnius ,fannius ,palmon2 b we "k1 f gr\nds :i* d n belong to ?is subject1 t ! =m] 0 8 real "n4 ,two p]sons ( t "n are kn[n at pres5t4 ,! "o1 ,!odore ,priscian1 0 a physician1 & liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! emp]or ,val5t9ian1 t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,z m physicians h writt5 on weights & measures1 ) :i* x is indisp5sably necess>y !y %\ld be acqua9t$1 "o might conjecture t ?is ,priscian 0 ! au?or ( ! above poem4 ,! re/ ( 8 writ+s1 h[ev]1 /ill pres]v$1 are 9 s co>se & heavy a /yle1 t "o c sc>cely ascribe to him a "w :i* is f> f be+ ill-writt52 especially z x is n[h]e said t he 0 a poet4 ,) mu* m probability may we consid] z ! au?or ! well-kn[n gramm>ian ,priscian1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #ebh4 ,?is poem has be5 (t5 pr9t$1 & n unfrequ5tly at ! end ( ,q4 ,s]5i ,samonici ,de ,m$ic9a ,prcepta4 ,! be/ edition is t ins]t$ by ,w]nsdorf 9 ! fif? "p ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,poet ,m9ores1 :]e an acc\nt may be f\nd ( ! o!r editions4 ,be ! au?or :o he may1 ?is mu* is evid5t1 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! hydromet] ( ,synesius1 & has describ$ x 9 a v cle> mann]4 8,fluids10 says he1 8are diff]5t 9 weight1 z may be prov$ by ! specific gravity ( oil & honey comp>$ ) t ( pure wat]20 & ! giv5 proportion agrees almo/ ) t f\nd by mod]n exp]im5ts4 8,?is10 adds he1 8may be discov]$ by an in/rum5t10 :i* he ?us describes3--8,x consi/s ( a ?9 metallic cyl9d] made ( silv] or copp]1 ab\t z l>ge z ! jo9t ( a re$ betwe5 two knots1 to ! end ( :i* is add$ a cone4 ,?is cone makes ! l[] end s heavy1 t ! in/rum5t1 )\t s9k+ or float+ on ! surface1 rema9s susp5d$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! wat]4 ,l5g?wise1 ^u ! cyl9d]1 is drawn a l9e1 :i* is divid$ by cross l9es into z _m p>ts z are equal to ! weight ( ! in/rum5t 9 scripla4 ,if plac$ 9 light fluids1 m ( ! divisions w be cov]$ ?an :5 put into heavy fluids2 or x s9ks deep] into ^? :i* are light ?an into ^? :i* are heavy4 ,?is diff]5ce ( gravity may be f\nd also10 cont9ues he1 8by fill+ vessels ( equal size ) ! fluids & weigh+ !m2 = ! heavi] mu/ !n weigh mo/2 b :5 "o takes an equal weight ( two fluids1 ! light] w occupy m space ?an ! heavi]4 ,if tw5ty-"o divisions ( ! in/rum5t are cov]$ 9 wat]1 & tw5ty-f\r 9 oil1 & if "o take tw5ty-f\r scripla ( wat]1 tw5ty-"o scripla ( oil only c be conta9$ 9 ! space occupi$ by ! wat]40 ,su* is ! mann] 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,klugel has conjectur$ ! mean+ ( ! au?or f hydro/atic pr9ciples2 ?\gh nei!r he nor ,w]nsdorf has v5tur$ to give a lit]al translation ( ! words :i* ought to convey ?is explanation4 ,b h[ev] obscure !y may be1 x evid5tly appe>s t !y allude to a hydromet]4 ,?is poem 0 once publi%$ toge!r ) ,celsus ,de ,re ,m$ica1 9 #aeff1 by ,rob]t ,con/ant91 :o di$ at an advanc$ age 9 #afje1 & :o add$ a few1 b excell5t notes1 :i* h be5 ins]t$ by ,w]nsdorf 9 8 edition4 ,?is ,con/ant9 seems to h kn[n t ! in/rum5t ( ,priscian & ! hydroscopium ( ,synesius 7 ! same2 & t !y 7 us$ = det]m9+ ! weight ( fluids4 ,he expla9s ! use ( !m v prop]ly2 b is mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ! cone to h be5 ( wood1 ?\gh x s]v$ to r5d] ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t heavi]1 z ! poet himself says3 8cui cono int]ius modico p>s ima gravatur40 ,i am almo/ induc$ to ?9k t int]ius implies t additional weight 0 giv5 to ! cone by ?r[+ "s small heavy bodies into x1 ?r\gh ! op5+ above2 & at pres5t gra9s ( lead5 %ot are employ$ = t purpose4 ,x appe>s !re=e t ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ giv5 a good explanation ( ! be=e-quot$ passage ( ,synesius belongs r to ,con/ant9 ?an to ,f]mat2 b ,i c readily believe t ! latt] 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! obs]vations made on x by ! =m]4 ,be=e ,i conclude ! hi/ory ( ?is in/rum5t among ! anci5ts1 ,i %all add two rem>ks fur!r4 ,x is evid5tly wrong :5 "o1 ) ,mus*5broek & o!rs1 ^: op9ion ,i adopt$ be=e ,i engag$ 9 ?is rese>*1 consid]s ,hypatia z ! inv5tress ( ! hydromet]4 ,x 0 kn[n at h] "t1 & 0 made at ,alex&ria2 b x seems n to h be5 v common1 z ,synesius wrote to ,hypatia to procure him "o1 & ev5 ?\ght x necess>y to give h] a description ( x4 ,^? are mi/ak5 likewise1 :o say t ?is in/rum5t 0 call$ also b>yllium4 ,t ^w1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 occurs only 9 ,synesius1 :o expressly tells u t ! small heavy cone alone 0 meant by x4 ,9 ! same mann] has x be5 und]/ood by ,con/ant94 ,9 ! ,diction>y ( ,basle x is said to be hydroscopii p>s2 & 9 ,/eph5's ,diction>y x is expla9$ by pondusculum1 z well z 9 t ( ,erne/1 :]e x is giv5 z ! dim9utive ( b>os4 ,x signifi$ !re=e ! heavy "p ( ! hydromet] only4 ,x is equally errone\s :5 "o says1 ) ,mus*5broek & o!rs1 t ^? :o among ! ,romans made x _! employm5t to exam9e ! quality ( wat] ) ! hydromet]1 7 call$ b>ylli/ or b>ynil4 ,^! words d n occur 9 ! works ( ! anci5t ,lat9 au?ors1 nor 9 any ( ! complete/ diction>ies4 ,we read only ! foll[+ passage 9 "s editions ( ! ,comm5t>y ( ,s]vius ^u ,virgil3 8,scrutatores et rep]tores aqu>um 7aquilices dicuntur7 b>9ulas dix]unt#daf40 ,if ^! words 7 really writt5 by ,s]vius1 :o liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 he ei!r conf\nd$ ! wat]-se>*]s1 aquilices1 ^? :o s\ght = spr+s1 ) ^? :o exam9$ ! nature ( wat] :5 f\nd1 z ! hydromet] 0 ( no s]vice to ! =m] 9 _! bus9ess2 or bo? employm5ts mu/ at t "t h be5 foll[$ by ! same p1 & ^! mu/ h acquir$ _! "n f a "p only ( "o in/rum5t !y us$1 :i* is n at all probable4 ,i ?9k we may ) c]ta9ty believe t ! hydromet] 0 n kn[n to ,s5eca1 ,pl9y1 or ,gal51 :o di$ ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,7 n ?is ! case1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 m5tion$ by ! fir/1 :]e he speaks s m9utely ( ! specific gravity ( h>d & fluid bodies#dag2 by ! second1 :]e he says t ! weight ( wat] 0 asc]ta9$ by a common balance#dah2 & by ! la/1 :]e he gives directions h[ to discov] its lightness4 ,gal5 adds1 t 9 8 "t a me?od _h be5 inv5t$ ( det]m9+ ! quality ( salt-lye by plac+ an egg 9 x1 & obs]v+ :e!r x float$#dai4 ,h we n reason to ?9k t on ?is occasion ! hydromet] mu/ h occurr$ to him _h x be5 !n us$8 ,b h[ev] well-kn[n x may h be5 9 ! fif? c5tury1 x seems t x 0 aft]w>ds entirely =gott51 & t t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? x 0 aga9 = ! fir/ "t reviv$ or inv5t$ anew4 ,to ,george ,agricola x 0 sc>cely kn[n2 = :]e he speaks ( ! weight ( diff]5t k9ds ( wat]1 & p>ticul>ly ( t ( salt spr+s#dbj1 he does n m5tion x4 ,con/ant91 h[ev]1 :o liv$ at ! same "t1 mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) x1 else he c\ld n h expla9$ ! be=e-m5tion$ passages ( ,synesius & ,priscian4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! hydromet] be+ aga9 br\ght into use mu/ be f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,g]man books on salt-works4 ,x is at any rate c]ta9 t f ^! ! mod]n philosoph]s became fir/ acqua9t$ ) x4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ :o has describ$ x is ! ,jesuit ,cabeus1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #afdddba2 b he confesses t he acquir$ 8 in=mation f a ,g]man treatise by ,?old51 :om ,kir*]#dbb calls a ,g]man arti/4 ,he 0 h[ev] n prop]ly an arti/4 ,he 0 a native ( ,hesse2 a good *emi/ = 8 "t2 & resid$ ab\t ! ye> #afjj or #afad z ov]se] ( ! salt-works at ,frank5haus5 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,8 treatise1 :i* ,cabeus _h 9 8 possession1 0 entitl$ ,?old5's ,haligraphia1 pr9t$ at ,leipsic 9 #afjc4 ,ano!r edition1 pr9t$ at ! same place 9 #afac1 is m5tion$ by ,draudius2 b at pres5t ,i h n be5 able to f9d x2 & c say only f ,cabeus & ,leupold1 t ,?old5's hydromet] _h a weight susp5d$ to x2 & t he speaks ( ! in/rum5t n z a new b a well-kn[n inv5tion1 & on t acc\nt has describ$ x only imp]fectly4 ,kir*]1 ^: works 7 g5]ally read1 seems to h pr9cipally contribut$ t[>ds mak+ x publicly kn[n2 & ,s*ott#dbc1 ,/urm#dbd & o!rs1 9 _! acc\nt ( x1 ref] to 8 writ+s4 ,! arti/s at ,nuremb]g1 :o work$ 9 glass1 & :o con/ruct$ a great _m hydromet]s :i* 7 ev]y:]e sold1 assi/$ 9 ?is likewise4 ,"o1 above all1 made by ,mi*ael ,sigismund ,hack1 0 highly valu$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 z we are told by ,j4 ,h5ry ,mull]1 pr(essor at ,altorf4 ,( ?is arti/1 (t5 m5tion$ by ,/urm & o!r philosoph]s1 an acc\nt has be5 giv5 by ,doppelmay]4 ,he di$ 9 #agbd4 ,_m improvem5ts1 or p]haps only alt]ations1 h be5 made 9 ?is in/rum5t 9 lat] times by a v>iety ( arti/s4 ,! task ( collect+ ^! completely 9 *ronological ord] ) explanations1 ,i %all leave to o!rs2 & only m5tion a few ( !m4 ,"o ( ! fir/ :o endeav\r$ to adapt ! hydromet] = det]m9+ ! specific gravity & purity ( metals 0 ,monconys4 ,almo/ ab\t ! same p]iod ,cornelius ,may] & ,boyle seem to h conceiv$ ! idea ( facilitat+ ! weigh+ ( solid bodies by a weigh+-scale add$ to ! in/rum5t4 ,! =m] affirms t ?is improvem5t 0 inv5t$ by him z e>ly z ! ye> #affhdbe2 :]eas ,boyle did n make 8 kn[n till #afgedbf4 ,besides ^! ! foll[+ also are wor?y ( notice3 ,feuille#dbg1 ,fahr5heit1 ,cl>k#dbh1 & ,leutmann#dbi1 ^: improvem5ts h be5 describ$ by ,wolf#dcj1 ,leupold#dca1 ,gesn]1 ,weigel & o!rs4 ,! pr9cipal hydromet] n[ 9 use is t ( ,sykes1 ?is is adopt$ 9 e/imat+ excise duties on liquids4 ,t ( ,baum is pr9cipally employ$ abroad4 ,^? ( ,beck or ,c>ti] are b r>ely us$4 ,^! in/rum5ts diff] m]ely 9 _! graduation4 ,sykes's plan ( increas+ ! ext5t ( ! indications )\t enl>g+ ! in/rum5t is +5i\s4 ,x is effect$ by means ( a numb] ( weights :i* may be app5d$ z coll>s to ! /em ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a useful me?od ( asc]ta9+ specific gravities = comm]cial purposes1 consi/s 9 us+ a s]ies ( glass beads1 previ\sly adju/$ & numb]$4 ,:5 ?r[n into any liquid1 ! heavi] ones s9k & ! light] float on ! surface2 b ! "o :i* has ! same d5sity z ! liquid w rema9 indiff]5t1 or p]haps slightly bel[ ! surface4 ,! specific gravity is !n f\nd by ! numb] ) :i* x is m>k$4 ,,footnotes #dac ,a full] acc\nt ( ,hypatia may be f\nd 9 ,m5agii ,hi/or4 ,muli]4 ,philosoph4 ,lugd4 #afij2 ,bruck]i ,hi/4 ,crit4 ,philos4 ii4 p4 #cea2 & ,wolfii ,fragm5ta ,muli]um ,grc4 ,gott4 #agci1 #dto4 #dad ,v>ia ,op]a ,ma!matica ,d4 ,petri de ,f]mat1 ,tolos1 #afgi1 folio4 #dae ,cogitata ,physico-,ma!m4 ,p>41 #afdd1 & 9 ,phnom5a ,hydraulica4 #daf ,on ,georg4 i4 #aji4 ,^! words are quot$ by ,emm5essius1 ! editor ( ! ,v>iorum edition ( ,virgil1 b 9 ! edition ( ,s]vius1 ,v5etiis1 #aefb1 fol41 !y are n to be f\nd4 ,! ,comm5t>y ( ,s]vius may at pres5t be no long] indisp5sable = expla9+ ,virgil2 b x des]ves to be pr9t$ once m z completely & accurately z possible4 ,x conta9s mu* useful in=mation1 z well z _m fragm5ts ( works n[ lo/2 & on ?is acc\nt _c well be entirely disp5s$ )4 #dag ,qu/4 ,nat4 iii4 #be1 p4 #gbf4 #dah ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxi4 #c1 sect4 #bc1 p4 #eeb4--;,a!n4 ii4 p4 #df4--,plut>*i ,qu/4 ,nat4 #g4 #dai ,de ,simplic4 ,m$4 ,facultatibus1 iv4 #bj4 #dbj ,de ,natura eorum qu effluunt ex ,t]ra1 lib4 ii4 p4 #abd4 #dba ,philosophia ,exp]im5talis1 sive ,comm5t>ia 9 ,ari/otelis ,meteorolog4 lib4 ii4 textus #bf1 qu/4 #b1 tom4 ii4 p4 #aeh1 b4 #dbb ,mundus ,subt]raneus1 vol4 i4 p4 #bed4 #dbc ,cursus ,ma!mat4 p4 #dee1 icon4 #bj4 #dbd ,collegii ,exp]im5t4 p>s ii4 ,norimb4 #agae1 #dto4 #dbe ,nuovi ,ritrovam5ti4 ,roma1 #afif1 fol4 #dbf ,philosoph4 ,transact4 #afge3 :]e an engrav+ is giv5 ( all ! p>ts4 #dbg ,j\rnal des ,obs]vations ,physiques et ,ma?4 ,p>4 #agad1 #dto4 #dbh ,philosoph4 ,transact4 ,no4 #chd1 p4 #adj2 & ,no4 #dac1 p4 #bgg4 #dbi ,comm5t4 ,acad4 ,petrop4 v4 p4 #bgd4 #dcj ,9 8 ,v]su*54 ,halle1 #agcg1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #eef4 #dca ,!atrum ,hydro/aticum4 ,,light+ ,,( ,,/reets4 ,! light+ ( /reets1 :ile x greatly contributes to ornam5t our pr9cipal cities1 adds consid]ably also to ! conv5i5ce & security ( ! inhabitants4 ,b ( :atev] b5efit x may be1 x is g5]ally consid]$ z a mod]n inv5tion4 ,m4 ,/4 ,evremond says1 8,! inv5tion ( light+ ! /reets ( ,p>is dur+ ! night1 by a multitude ( lamps1 des]ves t ! mo/ di/ant nations %\ld g to see :at nei!r ! ,greeks nor ! ,romans ev] ?\ght ( = ! police ( _! republics40 ,?is op9ion appe>s to be well-f\nd$2 = ,i h nev] yet met ) any in=mation :i* proves t ! /reets ( ,rome 7 light$4 ,"s passages1 inde$1 9 anci5t au?ors r indicate ! contr>y2 & accord+ to my ideas1 ! ,romans w\ld n h consid]$ ! use ( flambeaux & lant]ns s necess>y on _! return f _! nocturnal visits1 z !y seem to h done1 _h _! /reets be5 light$2 ?\gh ,i w all[ t ! public light+ ( ! /reets 9 our cities does n r5d] l9ks or lant]ns altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,:oev] walk$ ! /reets ( ,rome at night )\t a lant]n1 0 "u ! necessity ( creep+ home 9 p]fect d>kness1 & 9 great dang]#dcb1 l ,alexis 9 ,a!nu4 ,meursius endeav\rs to make x appe> t ! /reets ( ,rome 7 light$2 & 9 support ( ?is op9ion quotes ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 & ! ,life ( ,julius ,cs> 9 ,suetonius2 b 8 argum5ts to me are f> f be+ conv9c+#dcc4 ,t ,naples 0 n light$1 appe>s f ! return ( ,gito 9 ! night-"t1 m5tion$ by ,petronius#dcd4 ,"s circum/ances h[ev] relat$ by anci5t au?ors make x probable t ,antio*1 ,rome & a few o!r cities _h public lant]ns1 if n 9 all ! /reets1 at lea/ 9 ^? :i* 7 mo/ frequ5t$4 ,libanius1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 says 9 8 ,panegyric#dce1 :]e he praises 8 native city ,antio*1 8,! light ( ! sun is succe$$ by o!r lights1 :i* are f> sup]ior to ! lamps light$ by ! ,egyptians on ! fe/ival ( ,m9]va ( ,sais4 ,! night ) u diff]s f ! day only 9 ! appe>ance ( ! light3 ) reg>d to lab\r & employm5t ev]y?+ goes on well4 ,"s "w cont9ually2 b o!rs laugh & amuse !mselves ) s++40 ,i _c all[ myself to imag9e t ! sophi/ "h consid]s x z a subject ( praise to 8 native city1 t ! inhabitants aft] sun-set did n sit 9 d>kness1 b us$ lights to "w by4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t he alludes to ! light+ ( ! /reets4 ,9 ano!r passage1 9 ! oration to ,ellebi*us#dcf1 ! same au?or tells u1 t ! ropes f :i* ! lamps t ornam5t$ ! city 7 susp5d$1 _h be5 cut by "s riot\s soldi]s1 n f> f a ba?4 8,proce$+10 says he1 8to a ba? n f> (f1 !y cut ) _! swords ! ropes f :i* 7 susp5d$ ! lamps t af=d$ light 9 ! night-"t1 to %[ t ! ornam5ts ( ! city ought to give way to !m40 ,?is quotation indicates1 at any rate1 t !re 7 lamps susp5d$ f ropes ne> ! ba?s & places ( greate/ resort4 ,! foll[+ passage ( ,j]ome1 h[ev]1 seems to make x probable1 or r c]ta91 t ! /reets ( ,antio* 7 light$4 ,9 ! alt]cation betwe5 a ,lucif]an & an ,or?odox1 he relates t an adh]5t ( ! s*ismatic ,lucif] disput$ 9 ! /reet ) a true believ] till ! /reets 7 light$1 :5 ! li/5+ cr[d dep>t$2 & t !y !n spat 9 ea* o!r's face1 & retir$4 ,9 ! elegant edition ( ! works ( t fa!r1 by ,dom9icus ,vall>sius1 we h a %ort diss]tation on ! "t :5 ?is unmann]ly dispute took place2 & ! editor %[s t x happ5$ at ,antio* 9 ! ye> #cghdcg4 ,basilius ! ,great1 9 a lett] to ,m>t9ianus1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! mis]able situation ( 8 native city ,cs>ea1 9 ,cappadocia1 9 ! ye> #cga1 says !y _h nights )\t lights 7noctes non illu/ratas74 ,mo/ comm5tators expla9 ?is passage z if x meant t ! lamps 9 ! /reets _h n be5 light$#dch4 ,t ! /reets1 n only ( ,antio*1 b also ( ,edessa1 9 ,syria1 7 light$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 seems prov$ by a passage 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,jesue ,/ylites4 ,x is !re expressly said1 t ,eulogius1 gov]nor ( ,edessa1 ab\t ! ye> #eje1 ord]$ lamps to be kept burn+ 9 ! /reets dur+ ! night2 & t he employ$ = t purpose a "p ( ! oil :i* 0 be=e giv5 to ! *ur*es & mona/]ies#dci4 ,) reg>d to ! public light+ ( :ole cities on fe/ivals1 & p>ticul>ly on joyful occasions1 :i* we call illum9ations1 t practice seems to be ( great antiquity4 ,( ?is k9d 0 a p>ticul> fe/ival ( ! ,egyptians#ddj1 dur+ :i* lamps 7 plac$ be=e all ! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & kept burn+ ! :ole night#dda4 ,dur+ t fe/ival ( ! ,jews1 call$ fe/um encniorum1 ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication ( ! ,temple1 :i*1 accord+ to common op9ion1 0 celebrat$ 9 ,decemb]1 & cont9u$ eight days1 a numb] ( lamps 7 light$ be=e ea* ( _! h\ses4 ,a passage 9 s*ylus %[s t su* illum9ations 7 us$ also 9 ,greece4 ,at ,rome1 ! =um 0 light$ :5 games 7 exhibit$ 9 ! night-"t2 & ,caligula1 on a l occasion1 caus$ ! :ole city to be light$#ddb4 ,z ,cic]o 0 return+ home late at night1 aft] ,catil9e's conspiracy _h be5 defeat$1 lamps & tor*es 7 light$ 9 all ! /reets 9 hon\r ( t great orator4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e caus$ ! :ole city ( ,con/ant9ople to be illum9at$ ) lamps & wax c&les on ,ea/] eve#ddc4 ,! fa!rs ( ! fir/ c5tury frequ5tly inveigh aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 because1 to please ! hea!ns1 !y (t5 illum9at$ _! h\ses1 on idolatr\s fe/ivals1 9 a m elegant mann] ?an !y4 ,?is !y consid]$ z a species ( idolatry#ddd4 ,t ! h\ses ( ! anci5ts 7 illum9at$ on bir?-days1 by susp5d+ lamps f *a9s1 is too well kn[n to require any pro(#dde4 ,( mod]n cities1 ,p>is1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 0 ! fir/ t foll[$ ! example ( ! anci5ts by light+ its /reets4 ,z ?is city1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 mu* infe/$ ) /reet robb]s & inc5di>ies1 ! inhabitants 71 f "t to "t1 ord]$ to keep lights burn+1 aft] n9e 9 ! ev5+1 be=e ! w9d[s ( all ! h\ses :i* front$ ! /reet4 ,?is ord] 0 issu$ 9 ! ye> #aebd1 & r5ew$ 9 #aebf & #aeecddf2 b 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] #aeeh1 falots 7 erect$ at ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 or1 :5 ! /reet 0 s long t x c\ld n be light$ by "o1 ?ree 7 erect$ 9 ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,^! lights _h1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 a resemblance to ^? us$ 9 "s m9es2 = we are told1 9 ! ,gr& ,vocabulaire ,franois#ddg1 t falot is a l>ge vase fill$ ) pit*1 ros91 & o!r combu/ibles1 employ$ 9 ! k+'s palace & h\ses ( pr9ces to light ! c\rts4 ,at t p]iod !re 7 9 ,p>is #iab /reets2 s t ! numb] ( lights !n us$ mu/ h be5 less ?an #bgcf4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 ! same ye>1 ^! lights 7 *ang$ = lant]ns ( ! l k9d z ^? us$ at pres5t4 ,! light+ ( ! /reets ( ,p>is cont9u$1 h[ev]1 = a long "t to be v imp]fect1 till ! abb ,laudati1 an ,italian ( ! ,c>affa family1 conceiv$ ! idea ( lett+ out tor*es & lant]ns = hire4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>* #affb1 he obta9$ an exclusive privilege to ?is e/abli%m5t = tw5ty ye>s2 & he und]took to erect1 at c]ta9 places1 n only 9 ,p>is1 b also 9 o!r cities ( ! k+dom1 boo?s or po/s :]e any p]son might hire a l9k or lant]n1 or1 on pay+ a c]ta9 sum1 might be att5d$ ?r\gh ! /reets by a man be>+ a light4 ,he 0 au?oris$ to receive f e "o :o hir$ a lant]n to a coa*1 five s\s = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 & f e foot-pass5g]1 ?ree s\s4 ,to prev5t all disputes 9 reg>d to "t1 x 0 ord]$ t a regulat$ h\r-glass %\ld be c>ri$ along ) ea* lant]n4 ,9 #affg1 h[ev]1 ! light+ ( ! city ( ,p>is 0 put on t foot+ on :i* x is at pres5t4 ,at ! same "t ! police 0 greatly improv$1 & x aft]w>ds s]v$ z a patt]n to mo/ ( ! o!r cities 9 ,europe4 ,affairs ( judicature1 & ^? respect+ ! public police1 in/ead ( be+ committ$1 z be=e1 to "o magi/rate1 call$ ! 8,lieut5ant civil du prevo/ de ,p>is10 7 by a royal edict1 ( ! mon? ( ,m>* 9 ! above ye>1 divid$ betwe5 two p]sons4 ,"o ( !m1 :o _h ! managem5t ( judicial affairs1 reta9$ ! old title2 & ! o!r1 :o sup]9t5d$ ! police1 _h t ( 8,lieut5ant du prevo/ de ,p>is p\r la police10 or 8,lieut5ant gnral de police40 ,! fir/ lieut5ant ( police 0 ,ni*olas de ,reynie1 a man :o1 accord+ to ! praises be/[$ on him by ,fr5* writ]s1 =m$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n police4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,p>is1 s (t5 already quot$1 he is call$ an enlight5$1 upright1 & vigilant magi/rate1 z zeal\s = ! s]vice ( ! k+ z = ! good ( ! public1 & :o succe$$ s well 9 ?is new (fice1 t we may say1 adds ! au?or1 x is to him1 m ?an to any o!r1 t we are indebt$ = ! good ord] :i* prevails at pres5t 9 ,p>is4 ,! fir/ useful regulation by :i* ,la ,reynie r5d]$ a s]vice to ! police1 0 t = improv+ ! 7guet7 night-wat*1 & ! light+ ( ! /reets4 ,i c f9d no complete acc\nt ( ! *anges he introduc$2 b f\r ye>s aft]1 t is1 on ! #bcrd ( ,may #afga1 an ord] 0 made t ! lant]ns e ye> %\ld be light$ f ! #bj? ( ,octob] till ! end ( ,m>* 9 ! ye> foll[+1 & ev5 dur+ moonlight2 because ! latt] 0 ( little use 9 bad wea!r1 & ev5 9 f9e wea!r 0 n suffici5t to light "s ( ! mo/ dang]\s /reets4 ,be=e ?is p]iod ! /reets 7 light$ only dur+ ! f\r w9t] mon?s2 & on acc\nt ( ! numb]less atrocities committ$ 9 ! night-"t1 :5 !re 7 no lights1 ! ,p>isians (f]$ to contribute z mu* money z %\ld be suffici5t to defray ! exp5se ( keep+ ! lamps light$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole w9t]4 ,! lamps employ$ by ,la ,reynie 71 on acc\nt ( _! lik5ess to a bucket1 call$ lant]nes seau1 & succe$$ ^? inv5t$ by "o ,h]ault1 call$ lant]nes cul-de-lampe4 ,:5 ,de ,s>t9es held ! (fice ( lieut5ant de police1 a premium 0 (f]$ to :oev] %\ld discov] ! mo/ advantage\s means ( improv+ ! light+ ( ! /reets2 & ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7 to decide on ! diff]5t plans t might be propos$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is (f]1 a j\rneyman glazi]1 nam$ ,g\jon1 receiv$ a premium ( #bjj livres1 & ,messrs4 ,bailly1 ,le ,roy1 & ,b\rgeois de ,*ateaublanc #bjjj livres4 ,to ! la/-m5tion$ g5tleman is ascrib$ ! inv5tion ( ! pres5t rev]b]at+ lamps1 describ$ by ,la ,vieil1 :i* 7 introduc$ 9 #agff4 ,9 a small "w1 call$ an ,essay on ,lant]ns1 by a society ( lit]>y m5#ddh1 :i*1 ?\gh writt5 to ridicule antiqu>ian rese>*es & c]ta9 p]sons at ,p>is1 conta9s "s au!ntic in=mation respect+ ! light+ ( ! /reets1 we are told t rev]b]at+ lamps 7 inv5t$ by an abb ,p41 :o !re=e1 says ! au?or humor\sly1 is ! second abb :o c boa/ ( hav+ enlight5$ ! fir/ city 9 ! _w4 ,! sup]iority ( ^! lamps _c be d5i$2 b1 besides _! exp5se1 !y are att5d$ ) ?is disadvantage :5 !y hang 9 ! middle ( ! /reet1 t !y ?r[ a %ade ov] x1 s t "o _c be kn[n by ^? :o pass4 ,9 cities also1 :]e p walk pr9cipally 9 ! middle ( ! /reets1 or :]e ! /reets are broad1 !y are n v conv5i5t1 & !y occasion a /oppage :5 x is necess>y to clean !m4 ,9 ! ye> #agba1 ! lamps 9 ,p>is are said to h am\nt$ to #eggb2 b 9 ! ,tableau de ,p>is1 pr9t$ 9 #agfj1 ! numb] is reckon$ to be only #efid1 & 9 ! ,curiosits de ,p>is1 #agga1 !y are /at$ to be #fbcb4 ,9 #aggg1 ! road betwe5 ,p>is & ,v]sailles1 :i* is ab\t n9e miles 9 l5g?1 0 light$ at ! ye>ly exp5se ( #ae1jjj livres by ! same contractors :o light$ ,p>is4 ,! city ( ,nantes 0 light$ ! same ye>2 & 9 #aghj _h #ejj lamps4 ,/rasburg began to be light$ 9 #aggi4 ,if :at ,maitl& says 9 8 hi/ory#ddi be true1 t 9 ! ye> #adad an ord] 0 issu$ = hang+ out lant]ns to light ! /reets1 & if t regulation 0 cont9u$ aft] ! above p]iod1 :i* ,i v mu* d\bt1 !n mu/ x be all[$ t ,london prec$$ ,p>is 9 ?is useful e/abli%m5t4 ,maitl& ref]s = 8 au?ority to ,/['s ,survey ( ,london2 b 9 ! edition ( t "w publi%$ 9 #afcc1 ,i f9d only1 :]e a li/ ( ! magi/rates is giv51 ! foll[+ in=mation3--8#adag1 ,mayor1 ,sir ,h5ry ,b>ton1 sk9n]4 ,?is ,h5ry ,b>ton orda9$ lan?orns ) lights to bee hang$ out on ! w9t] ev5+s1 betwixt ,hallontide & ,c&lemasse40 ,no?+ m occurs 9 ! edition by ,/rype1 publi%$ 9 #agbj4 ,9 ! ye> #affh1 :5 sev]al regulations 7 made = improv+ ! /reets1 ! ,london]s 7 rem9d$ t !y %\ld hang out lant]ns duly at ! accu/om$ "t#dej4 ,9 ! ye> #afij ?is ord] 0 r5ew$1 & e h\sekeep] 0 requir$ to hang out a light or lamp e night z soon z x 0 d>k1 betwe5 ,mi*aelmas & ,lady-day2 & to keep x burn+ till ! h\r ( twelve at night4 ,9 ! ye> #agaf x 0 orda9$ by an act ( common c\ncil1 t all h\sekeep]s1 ^: h\ses front$ any /reet1 lane1 or public passage1 %\ld1 9 e d>k night1 t is1 e night betwe5 ! second night aft] e full moon till ! sev5? night aft] e new moon1 set or hang out "o or m lights1 ) suffici5t cotton wicks1 t %\ld cont9ue to burn f six o'clock at night till elev5 o'clock ( ! same night1 "u ! p5alty ( "o %ill+4 ,all ^! regulations1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 ineffectual1 ow+ to bad managem5t4 ,! city 0 light$ by contract1 & ! contractors = lib]ty to light x 7 oblig$ to pay annually to ! city ! sum ( six hundr$ p\nds4 ,besides1 ! contractors receiv$ only six %ill+s p] annum f e h\sekeep] ^: r5t exce$$ t5 p\nds2 & all p]sons :o hung out a lant]n & c&le be=e _! h\ses 7 exempt$ f pay+ t[>ds ! public lamps4 ,! /reets 7 light$ no m ?an "o hundr$ & sev5te5 nights2 & z ?is gave great opportunity to ?ieves & robb]s to commit depr$ations 9 ! night-"t1 ! "l mayor & common c\ncil judg$ x prop]1 9 ! ye> #agcf1 to apply to p>liam5t = p[] to enable !m to light ! /reets ( ! city 9 a bett] mann]2 & an act 0 accord+ly pass$1 by :i* !y 7 emp[]$ to erect a suffici5t numb] ( su* sort ( glass lamps z !y %\ld judge prop]1 & to keep !m burn+ f ! sett+ to ! ris+ ( ! sun ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,in/ead !re=e ( a ?\s& lamps1 ! numb] 0 n[ increas$ to #dfgi2 b z ^! ev5 7 n suffici5t1 sev]al ( ! w>ds made a consid]able augm5tation1 s t ! :ole c\ld am\nt to no less ?an #ejjj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! am\nt ( all ! lamps 9 ,london1 b ( ^? 9 :at is prop]ly call$ ! city & lib]ties4 ,z ?is division =ms only a fif? "p ( ,london1 ,maitl& reckons ! :ole numb] ( public & private lamps to h be51 ev5 at t p]iod1 upw>ds ( #ae1jjj4 ,! "t ( light+ also1 :i* be=e _h be5 only #gej h\rs annually1 0 increas$ to #ejjj4 ,9 our cities ( ,l[] ,saxony1 ! /reets ( :i* are n s d>k z ^? ( ,london1 ! light+ cont9ues #aeai h\rs4 ,9 ! ye> #agdd1 ow+ to ! great numb] ( robb]ies committ$ 9 ! /reets dur+ ! night1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to apply = ano!r act ( p>liam5t to regulate /ill f>!r ! light+ ( ! city2 & at t p]iod ?is e/abli%m5t 0 plac$ ^u t foot+ on :i* x n[ /&s4 ,! lamps ( ,london1 at pres5t 7#aghf71 are all ( cry/al glass2 ea* is furni%$ ) ?ree wicks2 & !y are affix$ to po/s plac$ at ! di/ance ( a c]ta9 numb] ( paces f ea* o!r4 ,!y are light$ e day 9 ! ye> at sunset4 ,ox=d-/reet alone is said to conta9 m lamps ?an all ,p>is4 ,! roads1 ev51 sev5 or eight miles r\nd ,london1 are light$ by su* lamps2 & z ^! roads f ! city to diff]5t p>ts are v num]\s1 ! lamps se5 f a little di/ance1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\nty ( ,surrey1 :]e a great _m roads cross ea* o!r1 h a beautiful & noble effect4 ,birm+ham 0 light$1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 #agcc1 ) #gjj lamps4 ,x appe>s t ! /reets ( ,am/]dam 7 light$ by lant]ns z e>ly z #affi2 = 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y t ye>1 ! magi/rates1 :o 9 #affe _h =bidd5 ! use ( tor*es1 issu$ an ord] aga9/ de/roy+ ! lamp-po/s1 to :i* x 0 cu/om>y to fa/5 horses4 ,?is ord]1 z well z ! in/ructions giv5 to ! lamp-light]s 9 #affi1 may be f\nd 9 a "w call$ ! ,privileges ( ! city ( ,am/]dam4 ,! lant]ns 7 n ( glass1 b ( horn2 = ! lamp-light]s 7 ord]$1 9 _! in/ructions1 to wipe (f e day ! smoke ( ! tra9-oil :i* adh]$ to ! horn ( ! lant]ns4 ,at ! ,hague an ord] 0 issu$ 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] #aeec1 t ! inhabitants %\ld place lights be=e _! doors dur+ d>k nights2 & aft]w>ds small /one build+s 7 erect$ at ! corn]s ( ! pr9cipal /reets1 9 :i* lights 7 kept burn+2 b 9 ! ye> #afgh lamps 7 fix$ up 9 all ! /reets4 ,! /reets ( ,cop5hag5 7 fir/ light$ by lamps 9 #afha2 & on ! #af? ( ,july #afhc new regulations 7 made1 by :i* ! plan 0 mu* improv$1 z well z t ( ! night-wat*4 ,! /reets ( ,rome are n yet light$4 ,sixtus ,v4 0 desir\s to introduce ?is improvem5t 9 ! police1 b he met ) insurm\ntable ob/acles4 ,t ! b5efit ( light+ might be enjoy$ 9 "s measure1 he ord]$ ! numb] ( ! lights plac$ be=e ! images ( sa9ts to be augm5t$4 ,de la ,l&e says1 9 8 ,travels1 t ,v5ice _h be5 light$ = "s ye>s be=e ! p]iod :5 he wrote1 by #cjjj lamps4 ,mess9a & ,pal]mo1 9 ,sicily1 are bo? light$4 ,madrid1 :i* till lately 0 ! dirtie/ ( all ! capital cities ( ,europe1 is at pres5t z well light$ z ,london#dea4 ,val5cia 9 ,spa9 0 "s ye>s ago indebt$ = ?is improvem5t to ,joa*im ,manuel ,fos1 !n inspector ( ! manufactories4 ,b>celona is light$ also#deb4 ,lisbon h[ev] has no lights4 ,! /reets ( ,philadelphia are light$1 & on ea* side !re is a foot-pavem5t4 ,9 ! ye> #afgb ! c\ncil ( ,hamburg made a proposal to ! citiz5s = light+ ! /reets4 ,! ye> foll[+ ?is proposal 0 accept$1 b ! lamps 7 n fix$ up till two ye>s aft]1 t is to say 9 #afge4 ,9 ! ye> #afgi1 ,b]l9 _h advanc$ s f> t[>ds ?is improvem5t1 t ! inhabitants 7 oblig$ 9 turns to hang out a lant]n ) a light at e ?ird h\se4 ,9 #afhb1 ! ,elector ,fr$]ick ,william caus$ lamp-po/s ) lamps to be erect$1 not)/&+ ! opposition made by ! inhabitants on acc\nt ( ! exp5se4 ,9 a petition :i* !y pres5t$ 9 #afhj1 !y /at$ t ! lamps co/ #ejjj doll>s1 & t #cjjj 7 requir$ ye>ly to keep !m light$4 ,at pres5t ,b]l9 has #bced lamps1 :i* are kept light$ f ,septemb] till ,may1 & at ! k+'s exp5se4 ,potsdam has #eijdec4 ,vi5na began to be light$ 9 ! ye> #afhg4 ,! lights 7 hung out 9 ! ev5+ on a signal giv5 by ! fire-bell4 ,9 #agjd lamps 7 introduc$2 b at fir/ ! light :i* !y af=d$ 0 v imp]fect1 z ! lamps burn$ badly1 & because1 to save ! exp5se ( lamp-light]s1 e h\sekeep] 0 oblig$ daily to remove ! empty lamps1 to c>ry !m to ! lamp-(fice to be fill$1 & to light !m aga9 on a signal giv5 ) a bell4 ,9 #aggf1 ! lamps1 :i* be=e am\nt$ to #bjjj1 7 increas$ to #cjjj1 & a contract 0 ent]$ into = light+ !m at ! rate ( #cj1jjj flor9s4 ,^! lamps 7 inv5t$ by c\nsellor ,sonn5fels1 & am\nt$ 9 #aggi to #cdde4 ,!y are made ( :ite glass1 9 a globul> =m1 & h a cov]+ ( t9-plate1 pa9t$ r$ on ! outside & poli%$ )94 ,!y are support$ by lamp-irons1 fix$ 9 ! h\ses at ! height ( fifte5 feet f ! e>?4 ,ea* lant]n is only sixte5 paces di/ant f ! o!r1 s t ! /reets are completely illum9at$4 ,!y are kept light$ bo? summ] & w9t]1 :e!r ! moon %9es or n2 & ?is is m necess>y at ,vi5na ?an any:]e else1 on acc\nt ( ! height ( ! h\ses & ! n>r[ness & crook$ness ( ! /reets4 ,! lamp-light]s we> an uni=m1 & are "u milit>y discipl9e4 ,9 #aghc ! ye>ly exp5se ( ! lamps 0 e/imat$ at only #ag1jjj flor9s#ded4 ,leipzig 0 light$ 9 #agjb1 & ,dresd5 9 #agje4 ,9 #agff1 ! numb] ( lamps at ! latt] am\nt$ only to #gbh1 = ! light+ ( :i* oil ( rape-se$ 0 employ$4 ,9 ,cassel ! /reets began to be light$ "u ! ,l&grave ,*>les1 9 #agba2 b z regulations 7 n made suffici5t to support ?is improvem5t1 x 0 at l5g? dropp$4 ,x 0 h[ev] reviv$ 9 #agdh1 & 9 #aggh ! numb] ( ! lamps 0 increas$ to #ajac1 besides ^? at ! l&grave's palace4 ,hanov] 0 light$ 9 #afif1 ,halle 9 #agbh1 & ,gtt+5 9 #agce4 ,brunswick s9ce #agfe has _h #aefe lamps4 ,zuri* has be5 light$ s9ce #aggh1 b ! lamps are v few 9 numb]4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( /reet-light+ t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & _m ( ! read]s ( ?is "w w rememb] ! r\nd glass lamps & _! dismal oil-light1 :i* long aft] ! /reets ( ,london 7 illum9at$ ) gas1 /ill cont9u$ to be employ$ 9 ! outskirts ( ?is imm5se metropolis4 ,h[ *ang$ is all ?is n[1 & h[ surpris+ mu/ x appe>1 t a ?+ s simple z ! employm5t ( ! combu/ible gases produc$ 9 ! di/illation ( coal & o!r bodies ( organic orig9 %\ld date f s rec5t a p]iod6 ,b su* is ! case ) mo/ ( ! improvem5ts :i* t5d to ! com=t & happ9ess ( ! human race2 sl[ & by degrees !y progress t[>ds p]fection1--a fact mo/ admirably illu/rat$ by num]\s articles conta9$ 9 ^! volumes4 ,! fir/ idea ( apply+ coal-gas to conomical purposes is g5]ally attribut$ to ,mr4 ,william ,murdo*1 :o 9 #agib employ$ coal-gas = light+ 8 h\se & (fices at ,r$ru? 9 ,cornwall1 & 9 #agih con/ruct$ ! app>atus = ! purpose ( light+ ,b\lton & ,watt's celebrat$ manufactory at ,soho1 ne> ,birm+ham1 :i* on ! occasion ( ! peace 9 #ahjb 0 publicly illum9at$ by ! same means4 ,?is display va/ly attract$ public att5tion to ! subject1 & soon aft] sev]al manufactur]s ^: works requir$ light & heat adopt$ ! use ( gas2 a button manufactory at ,birm+ham us$ x l>gely = sold]+2 ,halifax1 ,man*e/] & o!r t[ns soon foll[$4 ,a s+le cotton-mill 9 ,man*e/] us$ above #ijj burn]s1 & _h sev]al miles ( pipe laid d[n to supply !m4 ,mr4 ,murdo*1 :o erect$ ! app>atus us$ 9 ?is mill1 s5t a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 op]ations to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahjh1 & receiv$ ! gold m$al ( t body4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f an int]e/+ pap] by ,r4 ,c4 ,taylor on ! coal-fields ( ,*9a#dee1 t ! ,*9ese1 if n manufactur]s1 are nev]!less gas consum]s & employ]s on a gr& scale1 & h evid5tly be5 s ages be=e ! k ( its application 0 acquir$ by ,europeans4 ,b$s ( coal are frequ5tly pi]c$ by ! bor]s = salt wat]2 & ! inflammable gas is =c$ up 9 jets tw5ty or ?irty feet 9 height4 ,f ^! f\nta9s ! vap\r has be5 convey$ to ! salt-works 9 pipes1 & !re us$ = ! boil+ & evaporation ( ! salt2 o!r tubes convey ! gas int5d$ = light+ ! /reets & ! l>g] ap>tm5ts & kit*5s4 ,z !re is /ill m gas ?an requir$1 ! excess is conduct$ beyond ! limits ( ! salt-works1 & !re =ms sep>ate *imneys or columns ( flame4 ,b ?is1 l _m o!r discov]ies ( ! ,*9ese1 rema9$1 ow+ to _! exclusive habits1 unkn[n to u till )9 a rec5t p]iod1 & ! _w may fairly be said to be indebt$ to ,mr4 ,w9sor1 = ! va/ b5efit conf]r$ ^u x by gas-illum9ation4 ,aft] sev]al exp]im5ts1 ?is g5tleman 9 #ahjc-ahjd light$ ! ,lyceum !atre1 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 #ahjg1 "o side ( ,pall-,mall ) gas di/ill$ f coal4 ,soon aft] t p]iod companies 7 =m$ = c>ry+ on ! manufacture ( gas ^u an ext5sive scale1 oil-lamps 7 bani%$ f all ! great ?or\ghf>es ( ! metropolis1 & 9 ! c\rse ( fifte5 ye>s n only 0 e /reet & alley illum9at$ f ! same s\rce1 b x 0 g5]ally introduc$ into %ops & h\ses1 0 c>ri$ into ! suburbs1 & has n[ become g5]al 9 e t[n & city ( ! empire4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> to ent] into m9ute details conc]n+ ! /ructure1 uses & arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s app>atus employ$ 9 ! production ( gas2 x w suffice to obs]ve t :5 coal is heat$ to r$ness 9 a close vessel1 x yields a v>iety ( products :i* may be class$ "u ?ree heads1 z1--#a/1 p]man5t gases2 #bndly1 vap\rs cond5sable into ! liquid or solid /ate by cool+2 & #crdly1 ! residu>y matt]1 coke1 :i* rema9s 9 ! retort4 ,! object ( gas manufacture is to sep>ate ^! f ea* o!r1 & to purify ! gase\s products by wa%+ & o!r means1 s z to r5d] !m fit = combu/ion4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 tak5 f ,br&e's ,diction>y ( ,sci5ce1 may s]ve to give an idea ( ! quantity ( gas annually consum$ 9 ,london4 ,! olde/ ( ! ,london gas-works is ! e/abli%m5t belong+ to ! orig9al *>t]$ company4 ,!y h ?ree /ations2 ! l>ge/ situat$ 9 ,pet]-/reet1 ,we/m9/]2 ! second 9 ,brick-lane1 ,/4 ,luke's1 & ! ?ird 9 ! ,curta9-road1 ,%or$it*4 ,?is company consumes #ej1jjj *aldrons ( coals annually1 ! produce ( :i* 9 gas may be e/imat$ at ab\t six hundr$ million cubic feet1 or ab\t eighte5 million sev5 hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p\nds weight ( gas4 ,x may be assum$ t ea* *aldron ( coals weighs #bhhj lbs41 & yields an av]age produce ( #ab1jjj cubic feet ( purifi$ gas4 ,! prime co/ ( gas is ab\t f\r or five %ill+s p] #ajjj cubic feet2 ! usual retail price is f sev5 to t5 %ill+s p] #ajjj cubic feet4 ,! *>t]$ company probably supplies ab\t a fif? "p ( ! :ole ( ! gas consum$ 9 ,london & ! suburbs2 s t ! total annual consumption ( coal employ$ = ?is important manufacture 9 ! ,london di/rict only1 probably exce$s two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& *aldrons1 & ! quantity ( gas produc$ = ! supply ( ?is di/rict am\nts annually to ?ree ?\s& million cubic feet4 ,! weight ( ?is quantity ( gas exce$s sev5ty-five millions ( p\nds2 & ! light produc$ by its combu/ion may be consid]$ z equival5t to t :i* w\ld be obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( "o hundr$ & sixty millions ( p\nds ( m\ld-c&les ( six to ! p\nd4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,london ,gas-light ,company1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahcc1 are also on a scale ( great magnitude4 ,_! works1 situat$ at ,vauxhall1 are n only ! mo/ p[]ful1 b ! mo/ complete 9 arrangem5t ( any 9 ! _w4 ,f ?is po9t _! ma9s ramify to a prodigi\s ext5t 9 ,middlesex z well z ,surrey1 & by ! admirable mode 9 :i* !y are laid1 aid$ by ! p[] ( _! works1 !y are enabl$ to supply gas at ,highgate ,hill 7sev5 miles di/ance7 ) ! same precision & 9 ! same abundance z at ,vauxhall4 ,! ext5t ( _! pipes exce$s "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,! co/ ( light equival5t to t ( sev5 m\ld c&les 7six to ! p\nd7 is 9 coal-gas ?ree f>?+s p] h\r1 9 an ,arg& oil-lamp #c;d4 p] h\r1 9 m\ld c&les #c;d4 p] h\r1 & 9 wax c&les #as4 #b;d4 p] h\r4 ,gas has also be5 manufactur$ f oil1 ros9 & o!r sub/ances4 ,oil-gas is procur$ abundantly by ! decomposition ( oil1 trickl$ into a r$-hot retort1 half-fill$ ) coke or brick4 ,x conta9s no sulphurett$ hydrog51 requires no purification1 & is mu* ri*] 9 c>burett$ hydrog5 ?an coal-gas4 ,its exp5se has h[ev] l$ ne>ly to ! entire disuse ( ?is k9d ( gas4 ,9 ,london !re are eighte5 public gas e/abli%m5ts & twelve companies2 ! capital inve/$ 9 works & app>atus is e/imat$ at #c1jjj1jjjl4 ,,footnotes #dcb ,a!n4 ,deipn4 vi4 #h4 p4 #bcf4 #dcc ,joh4 ,meursii ,op]a1 ex rec5sione ,joannis ,lami4 ,flor5t4 #agde1 fol4 v4 p4 #fce4 #dcd ,pet4 cap4 lxxix4 ,t ! au?or "h speaks ( ,naples1 ,i conclude f cap4 lxxxi41 :]e ! city is call$ ,grca urbs4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ) less probability1 are ( op9ion t ,capua is meant4 #dce ,libanii ,op]a1 ,lutet4 #afbg1 fol4 ii4 p4 #chg4 #dcf ,ib4 #ebf4 #dcg ,see vol4 ii4 p4 #agj4 #dch ,valesius in=ms u1 9 8 obs]vations on ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 t to d5ote public sorr[1 on occasions ( great mis=tune1 x 0 cu/om>y n to light ! /reets2 & 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion he quotes a passage ( ,libanius1 :]e x is said t ! p ( ,antio*1 9 ord] to mitigate ! ang] ( ! emp]or1 be?\ght !mselves ( light+ ei!r no lamps or a v small numb]4 #dci ,assemani ,biblio!ca ,ori5talis4 ,rom1 #agai1 fol4 i4 p4 #bha4 #ddj ,x 0 call$ by ! ,greeks 4 #dda ,h]odot4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #fb4 #ddb ,suet4 ,vita ,calig4 c4 #ah4 #ddc ,euseb4 lib4 iv4 ,de ,vita ,con/ant9i1 cap4 #bb4 ,comp>e ) ! above ,greg4 ,naz4 ,orat4 #ai1 & ,orat4 #b1 :]e ! au?or alludes to ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]4 #ddd ,t]tuliian4 de ,idololatria1 cap4 xv4 p4 #ebc4 ,see also 8 ,apologet4 cap4 #ce1 p4 #agh4 ,9 bo? places ,la ,c]da quotes simil> passages f o!r writ]s4 ,9 ,concilio ,elib]itano1 cap4 #cg1 x 0 decre$ 8prohib5dum etiam ne luc]nas publice acc5dant40 ,see also ,joh4 ,ciamp9i ,vet]a ,monum5ta1 9 quibus musiva op]a illu/rantur4 ,rom1 #afij1 #b vols4 fol4 i4 p4 #ij1 :]e1 on a piece ( mosaic "w1 said to be ( ! fif? c5tury1 "s lamps are repres5t$ hang+ ov] a door4 #dde ,j4 ,lipsii ,electa1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #c4 #ddf ,?is ord] may be se5 9 t l>ge & elegant "w1 entitl$ ,hi/oire de la ,ville de ,p>is1 ,felibi51 revue1 augm5te p> ,lob9eau1 ,p>is1 #agbe1 #e vols4 folio4 ,see vol4 ii4 pp4 #iea1 #igg1 & vol4 iv4 pp4 #fdh1 #fgf1 #gfd4 #ddg ,p>is1 #aggj1 x4 p4 #bfe4 #ddh ,essai sur les ,lant]nes4 ,a ,dole1 #agge4 #ddi ,hi/ory ( ,london4 ,london1 #agef1 #b vols4 fol4 i4 p4 #ahf4 #dej ,noor?\ck's ,hi/ory ( ,london4 ,lond4 #aggc1 #dto1 p4 #bcc4 ,= ! safety & peace ( ! city1 all inhabitants 7 ord]$ to hang out c&les duly at ! accu/om$ h\r4 #dea ,see ,twiss & ,dalrymple's ,travels4 #deb ,sw9burne's ,travels ?r\gh ,spa91 #aggi1 #dto4 #dec ,nicolai ,bes*reibung von ,b]l9 und ,potsdam1 pp4 #cjh1 #iga4 #ded ,nicolai ,bes*reibung e9] ,reise1 iii4 pp4 #bab1 #bad4 #dee ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #ahdf4 ,,night-,,wat*4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ^? p :o are oblig$ to keep wat* 9 ! /reets ( cities dur+ ! night1 belongs to ! olde/ regulations ( police4 ,su* wat*m5 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 & !y occur also 9 ! book ( ,psalms4 ,a!ns & o!r cities ( ,greece _h at lea/ s5t9els po/$ 9 v>i\s p>ts2 & "s ( ! !smo!t 7 oblig$ to visit !m f "t to "t1 9 ord] to keep !m to _! duty#def4 ,at ,rome !re 7 triumviri nocturni1 cohortes vigilum1 c4 ,! object ( all ^! in/itutions seems to h be5 r ! prev5tion ( fires ?an ! gu>d+ aga9/ nocturnal al>ms or dang]2 ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( "t att5tion 0 paid to ^! also4 ,:5 ,augu/us wi%$ to /r5g!n ! night-wat*1 = ! purpose ( suppress+ nocturnal commotions1 he us$ z a pretext ! appreh5sion ( fires only4 ,! regulations respect+ ^! wat*m51 & ! discipl9e to :i* !y 7 subject$1 7 almo/ ! same z ^? = night-s5t9els 9 camps dur+ ! "t ( w>2 b x does n appe> t ! night-wat*m5 9 cities 7 oblig$ to prove _! pres5ce & vigilance by s++1 call+ out1 or by any o!r means4 ,signals 7 made by ! patroles alone1 ) bells1 :5 ! wat*m5 wi%$ to say any?+ to ea* o!r4 ,s++ by s5t9els 9 "t ( w> 0 cu/om>y1 at lea/ among "s nations2 b 9 all probability t practice 0 n common 9 ! "t ( peace#deg4 ,call+ out ! h\rs seems to h be5 fir/ practis$ aft] ! erection ( city gates1 &1 9 my op9ion1 to h tak5 its rise 9 ,g]many2 ?\gh inde$ x mu/ be all[$ t su* a regulation w\ld h be5 v useful 9 anci5t ,rome1 :]e !re 7 no clocks1 & :]e p _h no?+ 9 _! h\ses to ann\nce ! h\rs 9 ! night-"t4 ,dur+ ! day p c\ld "k ! h\rs aft] wat]-clocks _h be5 con/ruct$ at ! public exp5se1 & plac$ 9 op5 build+s erect$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,! case seems to h be5 ! same 9 ,greece2 & ri* families kept p>ticul> s]vants bo? male & female1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to ann\nce to _! ma/]s & mi/resses c]ta9 p]iods ( ! day1 z po9t$ out by ! city clocks4 ,^! s]vants consi/$ pr9cipally ( boys & "y girls1 ! latt] be+ de/9$ to att5d on ! ladies4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! c\rse ( "t wat]-clocks 7 kept also 9 ! palaces ( ! great3 at any rate ,trimal*io1 ! celebrat$ voluptu>y m5tion$ 9 ,petronius1 _h "o 9 8 d9+-room1 & a s]vant /ation$ ne> x to proclaim ! progress ( ! h\rs1 t 8 ma/] might "k h[ mu* ( 8 lifetime 0 sp5t2 = he did n wi% to lose a s+le mom5t )\t enjoy+ pleasure4 ,i h n read ev]y?+ t has be5 writt5 by o!rs on ! division ( "t among ! anci5ts2 b aft] ! rese>*es ,i h made1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i d n "k :e!r ! h\rs 7 ann\nc$ 9 ! night-"t to ^? :o wi%$ & _h occasion to "k !m4 ,!re 7 !n no clocks :i* /ruck ! h\rs1 z has be5 already said2 & z wat]-clocks 7 bo? sc>ce & exp5sive1 !y c\ld n be procur$ by lab\r+ p1 to :om x 0 ( mo/ importance to be acqua9t$ ) ! progress ( "t#deh4 ,x w\ld !re=e h be5 a useful & necess>y regulation to h caus$ ! wat*m5 9 ! /reets to proclaim ! h\rs1 :i* !y c\ld h kn[n f ! public wat]-clocks1 by bl[+ a horn1 or by call+ out4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t p mu/ h be5 soon l$ to su* an in/itution1 because ! above me?ods _h be5 long practis$ 9 w>4 ,! p]iods = m\nt+ gu>d 7 det]m9$ by wat]-clocks2 at ea* wat* a horn 0 bl[n1 & e "o c\ld by ?is signal "k ! h\r ( ! night#dei2 b ,i h met ) no pro( t ^! regulations 7 e/abli%$ 9 cities dur+ ! "t ( peace1 ?\gh _m mod]n writ]s h n hesitat$ to ref] to ! night-wat* 9 cities :at alludes only to nocturnal gu>ds 9 ! "t ( w>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am /ill m /rongly incl9$ to ?9k t anci5t ,rome 0 entirely de/itute ( su* a police e/abli%m5t4 ,! bells borne by ! night wat*m5 7 us$ only by ! patroles1 z we are expressly told1 or to give signals ^u extraord9>y occasions1 su* z t ( a fire1 or :5 any viol5ce _h be5 committ$4 ,cic]o1 comp>+ ! life ( a civil ) t ( a milit>y (fic]1 says1 8,! =m] is awak$ by ! cr[+ ( ! cock1 & ! latt] by ! s\nd ( ! trumpet40 ,! =m] !re=e _h no o!r means ( kn[+ ! h\rs ( ! night b by att5d+ to ! noise made by t animal#dfj4 ,an anci5t poet says t ! cock is ! trumpet] :i* awak5s p 9 ! "t ( peace#dfa4 ,! anci5ts inde$ und]/ood mu* bett] ?an ! vulg> at pres5t1 :o are already too mu* accu/om$ to clocks1 h[ to det]m9e ! p]iods ( ! night by obs]v+ ! />s2 b "h ,i am speak+ ( capital cities1 & 9 ^! p are n v fond ( quitt+ _! b$s to look at ! />s1 :i* are n always to be se54 ,)\t ent]+ into fur!r rese>*es respect+ wat*m5 among ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 ,i %all prove1 by su* te/imonies z ,i am acqua9t$ )1 t ! police e/abli%m5t ( :i* ,i speak is m mod]n 9 our cities ?an "o might suppose4 ,b ,i mu/ except ,p>is2 = x appe>s t night-wat*+ 0 e/abli%$ !re1 z at ,rome1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( its mon>*y4 ,de la ,m>e#dfb quotes ! ord9ances on ?is subject ( ,clo?aire ,,ii41 9 ! ye> #eie1 ( ,*>lemagne1 & ( ! foll[+ p]iods4 ,at fir/ ! citiz5s 7 oblig$ to keep wat* 9 turns1 "u ! comm& ( a miles gueti1 :o 0 call$ also *evali]4 ,! ,fr5* writ]s rem>k on ?is circum/ance1 t ! t]m guet1 :i* occurs 9 ! olde/ ord9ances1 0 =m$ f ! ,g]man words wa*e1 wa*t1 ! gu>d1 or wat*2 & 9 l mann] sev]al o!r anci5t ,g]man milit>y t]ms1 su* z biv\ac1 l&squ5et1 c4#dfc h be5 reta9$ 9 ! ,fr5* language4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :5 g5]al tranquillity prevail$1 a cu/om 0 gradually introduc$ ( avoid+ ! duty ( wat*+ by pay+ a c]ta9 sum ( money1 until at l5g? p]man5t compagnies de guet 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 ,orleans1 & aft]w>ds 9 o!r cities4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! e/abli%m5t ( s+le wat*m51 :o g ?r\gh ! /reets & call out ! h\rs1 is peculi> to ,g]many1 & 0 copi$ only 9 mod]n times by our neighb\rs4 ,! antiquity ( x h[ev] ,i w n v5ture to det]m9e#dfd4 ,at ,b]l91 ! elector ,john ,george appo9t$ wat*m5 9 ! ye> #aehhdfe2 b 9 #afgg !re 7 none 9 t capital1 & ! city (fic]s 7 oblig$ to call out ! h\rs#dff4 ,montagne1 dur+ 8 travels 9 #aehj1 ?\ght ! call+ out ( ! night-wat* 9 ! ,g]man cities a v s+ul> cu/om4 8,! wat*m510 says he1 8w5t ab\t ! h\ses 9 ! night-"t1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ?ieves z on acc\nt ( fires & o!r al>ms4 ,:5 ! clocks /ruck1 ! "o 0 oblig$ to call out al\d to ! o!r1 & to ask :at x 0 o'clock1 & !n to wi% him a good night#dfg40 ,?is circum/ance he rem>ks also :5 speak+ ( ,inspruck4 ,mabillon likewise1 :o made a lit]>y t\r ?r\gh ,g]many1 describes call+ out ! h\rs z a practice altoge!r peculi> to t c\ntry4 ,! horn ( our wat*m5 seems to be ! bucc9a ( ! anci5ts1 :i*1 z we "k1 0 at fir/ an ox's horn1 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds made ( metal#dfh4 ,rattles1 :i* are mo/ prop] = cities1 z horns are = villages1 seem to be ( lat] inv5tion#dfi4 ,! common =m1 8,he>1 my ma/]s1 & let me tell y10 is v old4 ,i am n ! only p]son to :om ?is "q has occurr$1 :y x %\ld n r be1 8,ye p1 or citiz5s40 ,! *ancellor von ,ludwig d$uces x f ! ,romans1 :o1 z he says1 7 m lib]al ) ! ^w ,ma/]1 l our neighb\rs ) ,messieurs1 ?an ! old ,g]mans2 b ! ,roman wat*m5 did n call out1 nor yet d ! ,fr5* at pres5t4 ,if ,i may be all[$ a conjecture on s trifl+ an object1 ,i %\ld say t ! city s]vants or beadles 7 ! fir/ p]sons appo9t$ to call out ! h\rs1 z 0 ! case at ,b]l94 ,^! !re=e call$ out to _! ma/]s1 & 8,our ma/]s0 is /ill ! usual appellation giv5 to ! magi/rates 9 old cities1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn portions ( ,g]many1 & 9 ,switz]l&4 ,at ,gtt+5 ! anci5t =m 0 aboli%$ 9 ! ye> #agia1 & ! wat*m5 call out n[1 8,! clock has /ruck t51 x is t5 o'clock40 ,wat*m5 :o 7 /ation$ on /eeples by day z well z by night1 & :o1 e "t ! clock /ruck1 7 oblig$ to give a pro( ( _! vigilance by bl[+ a horn1 seem to h be5 fir/ e/abli%$ on a p]man5t foot+ 9 ,g]many1 & p]haps be=e wat*m5 9 ! /reets4 ,9 ,engl& !re are none ( ^! wat*m52 & 9 g5]al !y are v r>e beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,g]many4 ,t wat*m5 7 po/$ on ! tops ( t[]s1 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 to look out = ! approa* ( an enemy1 is well kn[n4 ,9 ! times ( feudal diss5sion1 :5 "o *ief1 if he call$ 9 any assi/ance1 c\ld (t5 d a great deal ( hurt to a l>ge city1 ei!r by plund]+ & burn+ ! suburbs & neighb\r+ villages1 or by driv+ away ! cattle ( ! citiz5s1 & attack+ s+le travell]s1 su* precaution 0 m necess>y ?an at pres5t4 ,! nobility !re=e kept 9 _! /rong ca/les wat*m51 /ation$ on t[]s2 & ?is practice prevail$ 9 o!r c\ntries besides ,irel& & ,burgundy#dgj4 ,x appe>s by ! laws ( ,wales1 t a wat*man ) a horn 0 kept 9 ! k+'s palace#dga4 ,! ,g]man pr9ces _h 9 _! ca/les1 at any rate 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 t[]-wat*m51 :o 7 oblig$ to bl[ a horn e morn+ & ev5+4 ,at fir/1 ! citiz5s !mselves 7 oblig$ to keep wat* 9 turns on ! *ur*-/eeples1 z well z at ! t[n-gates2 z may be se5 9 a police ord9ance ( ! city ( ,e9beck#dgb1 9 ! ye> #aegc4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ^! wat*m51 especially :]e !re 7 no t[n clocks1 to ann\nce c]ta9 p]iods1 su* z ^? ( op5+ & %utt+ ! city-gates4 ,! idea ( giv+ ord]s to ^! wat*m5 to att5d n only to dang] f ! enemy b f fire also1 &1 aft] ! introduction ( public clocks1 to prove _! vigilance by mak+ a signal ) _! horn1 mu/ h naturally occurr$2 & ! utility ( ?is regulation 0 s important1 t wat*m5 on /eeples 7 reta9$1 ev5 :5 cities1 by ! preval5ce ( peace1 _h no occasion to be appreh5sive ( ho/ile incursions4 ,aft] ?is p]iod p]sons 7 appo9t$ = ! p>ticul> purpose ( wat*+2 & small ap>tm5ts 7 con/ruct$ = !m 9 ! /eeples4 ,at fir/ !y 7 all[$ to h _! wives ) !m2 b ?is 0 sometimes prohibit$1 because a pr(anation ( ! *ur* 0 appreh5d$4 ,9 mo/1 if n 9 all cities1 ! t[n-pip]1 or z we say at pres5t1 t[n-musician1 0 appo9t$ /eeple-wat*man2 & lodg+s 7 assign$ to him 9 ! /eeple2 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z ^! 7 too high & too inconv5i5t1 a h\se 0 giv5 him ne> ! *ur*1 & he 0 all[$ to s5d "o ( 8 s]vants or dome/ics to keep wat* 9 8 /ead4 ,?is is ! case /ill at ,gtt+54 ,! city musician 0 call$ =m]ly ! ,hausmann1 :i* "n is /ill reta9$ "h z well z at ! ,h>tz1 9 ,halle1 & sev]al o!r places2 & ! /eeple 9 :i* he us$ to dwell & keep wat* 0 call$ ! ,hausmann's ,?urm#dgc4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts1 h[ev]1 7 n g5]al2 & 7 n ev]y:]e =m$ at a p]iod equally e>ly1 z w be %[n by ! pro(s :i* ,i %all "h adduce4 ,if we c cr$it an ,arabian au?or1 ^: ,travels 7 publi%$ by ,r5audot1 ! ,*9ese 7 accu/om$1 s e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 to h wat*m5 po/$ on t[]s1 :o ann\nc$ ! h\rs ( ! day z well z ( ! night1 by /rik+ or beat+ ^u a susp5d$ bo>d4 ,m>co ,paulo1 :o1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 travell$ ?r\gh ,t>t>y & ,*9a1 confirms ?is acc\nt2 at lea/ 9 reg>d to a city :i* he calls ,qu9sai1 ?\gh he says t signals 7 giv5 only 9 cases ( fire & di/urbance4 ,su* bo>ds are us$ 9 ,*9a ev5 at pres5t#dgd2 & 9 ,pet]sburg ! wat*m5 :o are /ation$ at s+le h\ses or 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! city1 are accu/om$ to ann\nce ! h\rs by beat+ on a susp5d$ plate ( iron4 ,su* bo>ds are /ill us$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,levant to assemble p to div9e s]vice1 ei!r because !y d>e n r+ bells or are unable to pur*ase !m4 ,! =m] is relat$ by ,t\rne=t ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,grecian isl&s1 & ! latt] by ,*>d9 ( ! ,m+relians4 ,! l means 7 employ$ 9 mona/]ies1 at ! e>lie/ p]iods1 to give notice ( ! h\rs ( pray]1 & to awak5 ! monks#dge4 ,mahomet1 :o 9 8 =m ( wor%ip borr[$ _m ?+s f ! ,*ri/ians ( ,syria & ,arabia1 adopt$ ! same me?od ( assembl+ ! p to pray]s2 b :5 he rem>k$ t x appe>$ to 8 foll[]s to sav\r too mu* ( ,*ri/ianity1 he aga9 introduc$ ! practice ( call+ out4 ,! /eeple-wat*m5 9 ,g]many are (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! ye> #acea1 :5 ! c\ncil ( ,erfurt r5ew$ t police ord9ance :i* 0 call$ ! ,zu*tbrief1 lett] ( discipl9e1 because x kept ! p 9 prop] subjection1 x 0 ord]$1 besides o!r regulations 9 reg>d to fire1 t two wat*m5 %\ld be po/$ on e /eeple4 ,a wat*man ( ?is k9d 0 appo9t$ at ,m]seburg & ,leisnig s e>ly z ! ye> #adjj4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! t[n-pip] ( ,leisnig liv$ /ill 9 ap>tm5ts 9 ! /eeple4 ,9 ! ye> #aefc1 a *ur*-/eeple 0 erect$ 9 t place1 & an ap>tm5t built 9 x = a p]man5t wat*man1 :o 0 oblig$ to ann\nce ! h\rs e "t ! clock /ruck4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! city ( ,ulm kept p]man5t wat*m5 9 _m ( ! /eeples4 ,9 ! ye> #adeb a bell 0 susp5d$ 9 ! t[] ( ! ca!dral ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 :i* 0 to be rung 9 times ( feudal al>m1 & all ! wat*m5 on ! /eeples 7 !n to bl[ _! horns & hoi/ _! bann]s4 ,9 ! ye> #adgf1 a room = ! wat*man 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! /eeple ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,9 ! ye> #aeji1 wat*m5 7 kept bo? on ! wat*-t[]s & /eeples1 :o gave notice by fir+ a musket :5 /rang]s approa*$4 ,! wat*man on ! t[] ( ! ca!dral imm$iately ann\nc$1 by bl[+ a trumpet1 :e!r ! /rang]s 7 on foot or on horseback2 & at ! same "t hung out a r$ flag t[>ds ! qu>t] 9 :i* he obs]v$ !m advanc+4 ,! same wat*man 0 oblig$1 likewise1 to bl[ 8 horn on an al>m ( fire2 & t ^! p might be vigilant day & night1 bo? 9 w9t] & summ]1 ! c\ncil suppli$ !m ) fur-cloaks1 sev5 ( :i*1 9 ! above-m5tion$ ye>1 7 pur*as$ = t5 flor9s & a half4 ,9 ! ye> #adif1 ! l>ge clock 0 put up 9 ! /eeple ( ,oett+51 & a p]son appo9t$ to keep wat* on x#dgf4 ,9 #aehj1 ,montagne 0 mu* surpris$ to f9d on ! /eeple at ,con/ance a man :o kept wat* !re cont9ually2 & :o1 on no acc\nt1 0 p]mitt$ to come d[n f 8 /ation4 ,"o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts ( mod]n times1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is ! e/abli%m5t ( t highly effici5t body1 ! new police4 ,! fir/ introduction ( ! police 0 made by ! magi/rates ( ,*e%ire 9 #ahbi1 "u an au?ority f p>liam5t 7,act #aj ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #ig74 ,! fir/ metropolitan e/abli%m5t 0 also made 9 #ahbi4 ,be=e ?is "t ! total old =ce ( ! metropolitan wat*m5 consi/$ ( #gig p>o*ial day (fic]s1 #bghe night-wat*1 & upw>d ( #ajj private wat*m52 includ+ ! ,b[-/reet day & night patrol1 !re 7 ab\t #djjj m5 employ$ 9 ! di/rict /ret*+ f ,br5t=d ,bridge on ! we/ to ! riv] ,lea on ! ea/1 & f ,highgate on ! nor? to ,/rea?am on ! s\?1 exclud+ ! city ( ,london4 ,! act ( p>liam5t creat+ ! new police =ce 7#aj ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #dd7 plac$ ! control ( ! :ole body 9 ! h&s ( two commission]s1 :o devote _! :ole "t to _! duties4 ,! total numb] ( ! metropolitan police 9 ,janu>y #ahdj consi/$ ( #cdhf m54 ,^! are arrang$ 9 divisions1 ea* ( :i* is employ$ 9 a di/9ct di/rict4 ,! metropolis is divid$ into 8beats0 & is wat*$ day & night4 ,s9ce ,augu/ #ahci1 ! horse-patrol1 consi/+ ( sev5ty-"o m\nt$ m51 :o are employ$ )9 a di/ance ( sev]al miles ar\nd ,london1 has be5 incorporat$ ) ! metropolitan police4 ,! ,?ames police consi/s ( tw5ty-"o surveyors1 ea* ( :om has *>ge ( ?ree m5 & a boat :5 on duty4 ,! e/abli%m5t is "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! magi/rates ( ! ,?ames police-(fice4 ,! police affairs ( ! city ( ,london are /ill "u its own managem5t4 ,9 #ahcc1 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! sev]al w>ds ( ! city 01--ord9>y wat*m51 #ejj2 sup]9t5d+ wat*m51 #fe2 patroll+ wat*m51 #ia2 beadles1 #ed2 total1 #gaj4 ,!re are ab\t #djj m5 do+ duty 9 ! city at midnight4 ,9 addition to ! paid wat*m51 ab\t #djj w>d-con/ables are appo9t$4 ,! exp5se ( ! day-police1 consi/+ ( ab\t #abj m51 am\nts to ab\t #ijjj a ye>1 & is defray$ by ! corporation3 & ! sum levi$ on ! w>ds = ! support ( ! night-wat* av]ages ab\t #db1jjj p] annum4 ,! police ( ! metropolis & ! di/rict )9 fifte5 miles ( ,*>+ ,cross 7exclusive ( ! city7 is regulat$ by ! acts #aj ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #dd1 & #b & #c ,vict4 c4 #dg4 ,9 ne>ly all ! bor\ghs con/itut$ "u ! ,municipal ,re=m ,act1 a paid police =ce has be5 e/abli%$ on ! same foot+ z ! metropolitan police4 ,,footnotes #def ,!y 7 call$ bell-be>]s or bellm51 because :ile go+ ! r\nds !y gave a signal ) _! bells1 :i* ! s5t9els 7 oblig$ imm$iately to answ]4 ,see ! ,s*olia/s on ! ,aves ( ,ari/ophanes1 v]4 #hda4 ,dio ,cassius1 lib4 liv4 #d1 p4 #ggc1 says1 8,! wat*m5 9 ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! city h small bells1 t !y may make signals to ea* o!r :5 !y ?9k prop]40 ,! bells !re=e did n s]ve = ann\nc+ ! h\rs1 z "s h imag9$4 #deg ,! ,p]sian s5t9els sung 9 ?is mann] :5 !y 7 surpris$ 9 ! city by ! ,romans4--,ammianus ,m>cell4 xxiv4 #ae4 #deh ,t ! s]vants 9 _m h\ses 7 wak5$ by ! r++ ( a bell1 appe>s f :at ,lucian says 9 8 treatise1 ,de iis qui m]c$e conducti 9 divitum familiis vivunt1 cap4 xxiv4 p4 #bde1 & cap4 xxxi4 p4 #bed1 ,bipont edition1 vol4 iii4 ,x does n h[ev] foll[ t !re 7 !n /rik+ or al>m-clocks1 z "s h !nce conclud$4 ,see ,magius ,de ,t9t9nabulis1 cap4 #f1 9 ,sall5gre1 ,!saurus ,antiquit4 ii4 p4 #aagg4 #dei ,vegetius ,de ,re ,milit4 iii4 #h4 ,t ,cs> _h su* clocks may be conclud$ f ! obs]vation :i* he makes 9 8 ,comm5t>ies1 on ! l5g? ( ! day 9 ! isl&s ne> ,irel&1 lib4 v4 #ac4 ,mat]nus1 9 ,romis*e ,alt]?m]1 iii4 p4 #dg1 endeav\rs to prove by :at ,suetonius relates ( ,domitian1 cap4 #af1 t ?is pr9ce _h 9 8 palace nei!r a sun-dial nor a wat]-clock4 ,b :at k9d ( a pro(6 ,domitian ask$ :at ! h\r 01 & "s "o answ]$1 ! six?4 ,su* insignificant dicta probantia h be5 bani%$ f philosophy by ! mod]ns1 & ought !y n to be bani%$ f antiquities likewise8 ,! (t5-quot$ passage also ( ,val]ius ,maximus1 viii4 #g1 #e1 proves no?+1 unless we fir/ adopt ! am5dm5t ( ,gre54 ,c>neades1 x is said1 0 s engag$ 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 t he w\ld h =got 8 meals _h n ,melissa put him 9 m9d ( !m4 ,gre5 reads monitrix dome/ica2 b ,val]ius says1 8,melissa1 quam uxoris loco habebat40 ,see ,sall5gre1 ,!s4 ,antiq4 ,rom4 i4 p4 #gba4 ,a passage likewise 9 ,pl9y's ,epi/les1 iii4 #a1 p4 #aha1 8ubi hora bal9ei nunciata e/10 does n prop]ly prove t x alludes to "o ( ^? boys :o ann\nc$ ! h\rs4 ,t su* s]vants h[ev] 7 kept1 is evid5t f ! und\bt$ te/imony ( v>i\s au?ors4 ,m>tial1 viii4 ep4 #fg4--;,juv54 ,sat4 x4 #baf4--,s5eca ,de ,brevit4 ,vit1 c4 #ab4--;,alciphron1 ,epi/4 lib4 iii4 p4 #bhb4--,sidon4 ,apoll94 ii4 ep4 #i1 p4 #abj4 #dfj ,cic4 ,orat4 pro ,murna1 cap4 #bb4 #dfa ,sil4 ,ital4 vii4 #aee4 #dfb ,trait de la ,police1 vol4 i4 9 ! ,index "u ! ^w ,guet4 #dfc ,biv\ac1 f ! ,g]man beiwa*t1 is an additional night-gu>d dur+ a siege1 or :5 an army is encamp$ ne> ! enemy4 ,lansqu5ets 7 ,g]man soldi]s add$ by ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france to 8 infantry1 & :o 7 cont9u$ 9 ! ,fr5* army till ,francis ,i4 introduc$ 8 legions4--,,trans4 #dfd ,) respect to ! in/itution ( night-wat* 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,/[ says1 8,= a full rem$y ( enormities 9 ! night1 ,i read1 t 9 ! ye> #abec ,h5ry ,,iii4 comm&$ wat*es 9 ! cities & bor\gh t[ns to be kept1 = ! bett] obs]v+ ( peace & quietness among 8 p4444 ,& fur!r1 by ! advice ( !m ( ,savoy1 he orda9$1 t if any man *anc$ to be robb$1 or by any means damnifi$ by any ?ief or robb]1 he to :om ! *>ge ( keep+ t c\ntry1 city1 or bor\gh1 *iefly app]ta9$1 :]e ! robb]y 0 done1 %\ld compet5tly re/ore ! loss4 ,& ?is 0 aft] ! use ( ,savoy1 b yet ?\ght m h>d to be obs]v$ "h ?an 9 ^? p>ts2 & !re=e1 leav+ ^? labori\s wat*es1 ,i w speak ( our pleasures & pa/imes 9 wat*+ by night40 7,survey ( ,london1 ,?oms's edition1 #ahdb1 p4 #ci47 ,he !n describes ! m>*+ wat*es :i* 7 in/itut$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 on ! vigils & ev5+s ( fe/ival days2 ) ! cresset lights1 c4 ,b he does n /ate :e!r ^! wat*es 7 cont9u$ 9 8 "t2 nor does he /ate ! au?or ( ! in=mation :i* he gives u f 8 read+4 ,! /atute ( ,w9*e/]1 #ac ,edw>d ,i4 c4 #d1 en=ces a cont9uation ( ! wat*es z !y _h previ\sly be5 made1 f ,asc5sion-day to ,mi*aelmas-day2 ! night-wat* f sun-set to sunrise1 9 e city by six m5 at ea* gate1 9 e bor\gh by twelve m51 9 e op5 t[n by six or f\r m54 #dfe ,nicolai ,bes*reib4 von ,b]l91 i1 p4 #ch4 #dff ,ib4 p4 #di4 #dfg ,it] ,g]manicum4 ,hamburgi1 #agag1 #hvo1 p4 #bf4 #dfh ,lipsius ,de ,milit4 ,rom4 iv4 #aj1 p4 #aih4--;,bo*>t4 ,hi]ozoic4 i4 #dfi ,f ! "n ( ?is in/rum5t1 call$ 9 "s places ( ,g]many a ratel1 arose ! appellation ( ratelwa*e1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ at ,hamburg 9 #afga4 ,9 ! ,dut* language ! words ratel1 ratela>1 ratel51 ratelmann1 ratelwagt] 7a night-wat*man71 are q common4 #dgj ,/anihur/ ,de ,rebus 9 ,hib]nia ,ge/is1 lib4 i4 p4 #cc4 #dga ,leges ,walli4 ,lond4 #agcj1 fol4 #dgb ,! p]son ^: turn x 0 to wat* at ! gates1 0 oblig$ to p]=m ! duty himself1 or to cause x to be p]=m$ by a fit & prop] "y citiz54 ,^? :o att5d$ to trade & neglect$ ! wat*1 paid = e omission "o m>k to ! c\ncil4 ,! case 0 ! same ) ! wat* on ! t[] 9 ! m>ket-place4 #dgc ,9 ! ,b]l9 police ord9ance ( ! ye> #aehj1 x 0 ord]$ t ! ,ra?s-?urn od] ,hausmann1 /eeple-wat*man or city-musician1 %\ld att5d at w$d+s ) music = ! accu/om$ pay1 b only till ! h\r ( n9e at night1 9 ord] t he might !n bl[ 8 horn on ! /eeple1 & place ! night-wat*4 #dgd ,m>t9i ,atlas ,s95s4 p4 #ag4 ,mat*es or l9ks1 to :i* al>ums are sometimes add$1 are employ$ 9 ,*9a to po9t out ! h\rs2 & ^! are ann\nc$ by wat*m5 plac$ on t[]s :o beat a drum4 ,see ,kmpf]'s ,japan1 :]e ! m5tion ( mat*es is omitt$4 ,?unb]g says1 8,"t is measur$ "h n by clocks or h\r-glasses1 b by burn+ mat*es1 :i* are plait$ l ropes1 & h knots on !m4 ,:5 ! mat* burns to a knot1 :i* m>ks a p>ticul> lapse ( "t1 ! h\r is ann\nc$1 dur+ ! day1 by a c]ta9 numb] ( /rokes on ! bells 9 ! temples2 & 9 ! night by wat*m5 :o g r\nd & give a l signal ) two pieces ( bo>d1 :i* !y knock aga9/ ea* o!r40 #dge ,a great deal ( important in=mation1 :i* is z yet too little kn[n1 has be5 collect$ on ?is subject by ,reiske1 on ,con/ant9i ,lib4 de ,c]emoniis ,aul ,byzant4 ii4 p4 #gd4 #dgf ,?is is relat$ 9 ! ,oett+is*es ,ges*i*ts-almana*1 p4 #g1 on ! au?ority ( an acc\nt 9 ! p>i% books ( ,oett+51 said to be extract$ f an anci5t *ronicle ( t t[n4 ,! au?or ( ?is almanac1 :i* is n[ little kn[n1 01 z ,i h be5 told1 ,s*abl51 sup]9t5dant at ,oett+54 ,,plant-,,skeletons4 ,plants1 z well z animals1 are organis$ bodies1 & l !m _! p>ts may be dissect$ & decompos$ by art2 b ! anatomy ( ! =m] has n be5 cultivat$ s long & ) s mu* zeal & success z t ( animals4 ,"s naturali/s1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 fir/ began to make x an object ( att5tion1 to comp>e ! /ructure ( plants ) t ( animals2 & = t purpose to employ ! microscope4 ,among ^!1 two di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 a p>ticul> mann]2 ,m>cellus ,malpighi1 an ,italian2 & ,nehemiah ,grew1 an ,engli%man2 :o bo? und]took almo/ ! same exp]im5ts & made !m kn[n at ! same "t2 s t x is impossible to det]m9e :i* ( !m 0 ! e>li]4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ,grew publi%$ "s ( 8 obs]vations a little soon]2 b ,malpighi 0 prior 9 mak+ 8 kn[n 9 a complete mann]4 ,b ev5 all[+ t ! "o _h receiv$ h9ts ( ! processes ( ! o!r1 !y are bo? entitl$ to praise t ea* made exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 & f ^! prep>$ figures1 :i* are always m correct ! ne>] !y correspond ) ea* o!r4 ,among ! v>i\s helps t[>ds acquir+ a k ( ! anatomy ( plants1 "o ( ! pr9cipal is ! art ( r$uc+ to skeletons leaves1 fruit & roots2 t is1 ( free+ !m f _! s(t1 t5d] & pulpy sub/ance1 9 su* a mann]1 t "o c survey alone _! int]nal1 h>d] vessels 9 _! entire connexion4 ,?is may be done by expos+ ! leaves to decay = "s "t soak$ 9 wat]1 by :i* means ! s(t] p>ts w be dissolv$1 or at lea/ sep>at$ f ! int]nal h>d] p>ts1 s t "o1 by c>efully wip+1 press+ & r9s+ !m1 c obta9 ! latt] alone p]fectly entire4 ,"o w possess !n a tissue compos$ ( innum]able woody ?reads or filam5ts1 :i*1 9 a multiplicity ( ways1 run ?r\gh & int]sect ea* o!r4 ,by suffici5t practice & caution "o may deta*1 f ea* side ( a leaf1 a v ?9 cov]+1 betwe5 :i* lies a delicate web ( exce$+ly t5d] vessels4 ,^! =m a woody net-"w1 betwe5 ! me%es ( :i* f9e gl&ules are di/ribut$4 ,?is net is d\ble1 or at lea/ c be divid$ l5g?wise into halves1 betwe5 :i* may be obs]v$ a sub/ance t appe>s z x 7 to be ! m>r[ ( ! plant4 ,p]sons :o are exp]t (t5 succe$ s f>1 ) _m leaves1 z to sep>ate ! ext]nal cov]+ on bo? sides f ! woody net1 & to split ! latt] into two1 s t ! :ole leaf seems to be divid$ into f\r4 ,"o might conjecture t ?is me?od ( r$uc+ leaves to skeletons mu/ h be5 long kn[n1 z "o frequ5tly f9ds 9 ponds leaves :i* h dropp$ f ! neighb\r+ trees1 & :i* by decomposition1 )\t ! assi/ance ( art1 h be5 conv]t$ into su* a woody net-"w1 q p]fect & entire4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t a naturali/1 ab\t ! ye> #afde1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ decomposition = ! purpose ( mak+ leaf-skeletons1 & ( assi/+ x by +5i\s op]ations ( art4 ,?is naturali/1 ,m>cus ,aurelius ,sev]9us1 pr(essor ( anatomy & surg]y at ,naples1 0 born 9 #aehj1 & di$ ( ! plague 9 #afef4 ,9 8 ,zootomia ,democrita1 pr9t$ 9 #afde1 he gave ! figure1 ) a description ( a leaf ( ! ,ficus ,opuntia r$uc$ to a skeleton4 ,( ! p>ticul> process employ$ to prep>e ?is leaf1 ! figure ( :i* is v co>se & indi/9ct1 he gives no acc\nt4 ,he says only t ! s(t sub/ance 0 s dissolv$ t ! vessels or n]ves alone rema9$2 & t he _h be5 equally successful ) a leaf ( ! palm-tree4 ,a piece ( a leaf ( ! l k9d he s5t by ,?omas ,b>?ol9 to ,olaus ,wormius1 :o caus$ x to be engrav$ on copp]1 9 a mu* neat] mann]1 )\t say+ any?+ ( ! me?od 9 :i* x _h be5 prep>$#dgg4 ,! process ,sev]9 kept secret2 b he communicat$ x to ,b>?ol91 9 a lett]1 on ! #be? ( ,febru>y #afde1 on condition t he w\ld n disclose x to any "o4 ,at t p]iod1 h[ev]1 x excit$ v little att5tion1 & 0 soon =gott51 ?\gh 9 ! ye> #afhe "o ,gabriel ,claud] made kn[n t he _h r$uc$ v9e-leaves1 ! calyx ( ! w9t] *]ry1 & a root ( hemlock1 to a net or tissue by bury+ !m 9 s& dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 & hang+ !m up "s mon?s 9 ! op5 air till !y 7 completely dri$4 ,?is art 0 consid]$ to be ( mu* m importance :5 x 0 aga9 reviv$ by ! well-kn[n ,dut*man1 ,fr$]ick ,ruys*4 ,t naturali/ f\nd means to conduct all 8 und]tak+s & lab\rs 9 su* a mann] z to excite great wond]2 b we mu/ all[ him ! m]it ( hav+ br\ght ! great] "p ( !m to a degree ( p]fection :i* no "o _h atta9$ be=e4 ,by ! anatomy ( animals1 9 :i* he 0 em95tly skill$1 he 0 l$ to ! dissection ( plants2 & z x seem$ impossible to fill _! t5d] vessels1 l ^? ( animals1 ) a col\r$ solid sub/ance#dgh1 he fell ^u a me?od ( sep>at+ ! h>d p>ts f ! s(t1 & ( pres]v+ !m 9 t mann]4 ,= ?is purpose he fir/ tri$ a me?od :i* he _h employ$ ) uncommon success1 9 reg>d to ! p>ts ( animals4 ,he cov]$ ! leaves & fruit ) insects1 :i* ate up ! s(t or pulpy p>ts1 & left only ^? t 7 h>d4 ,b h[ev] well ^! insects1 :i* he call$ 8 little assi/ants1 may h execut$ _! task1 !y did n ab/a9 altoge!r f ! solid p>ts1 s t !y nev] produc$ a complete skeleton4 ,he dismiss$ !m1 !re=e1 & endeav\r$ to execute ) 8 own f+]s :at he _h be=e caus$ ! insects to p]=m1 aft] he _h sep>at$ ! s(t p>ts f ! h>d by decomposition4 ,9 ?is he succe$$ s p]fectly1 t all :o saw 8 skeletons ( leaves or fruit 7 a/oni%$ at ! f95ess ( ! "w & wi%$ to imitate !m4 ,i _c exactly det]m9e ! ye> 9 :i* ,ruys* began to prep>e ^! skeletons4 ,trew ?9ks t x mu/ h be5 :5 he 0 9 a v advanc$ age1 or at any rate aft] ! ye> #agah2 = :5 he 0 admitt$ to ,ruys*'s collection 9 t ye>1 he obs]v$ none ( ^! curiosities4 ,rundmann1 h[ev]1 saw "s ( !m 9 8 possession 9 ! ye> #agjhdgi4 ,at fir/ ,ruys* endeav\r$ to keep ! process a secret1 & to evade giv+ direct answ]s to ! que/ions ( ! curi\s4 ,we are in=m$ by ,rundmann1 t he attempt$ to imitate 8 art by bury+ leaves at ! end ( h>ve/ 9 ! e>?1 & leav+ !m !re till ! spr+1 by :i* _! s(t p>ts became s t5d] t he c\ld /rip !m (f ) ! greate/ ease4 ,he produc$ also ! same effect by boil+ !m4 ,! fir/ acc\nt :i* ,ruys* himself publi%$ ( 8 process1 01 z f> z ,i "k1 9 ! ye> #agbc4 ,aft] he _h suffici5tly excit$ ! g5]al curiosity1 he gave figures ( "s ( 8 vegetable skeletons1 relat$ ! :ole me?od ( prep>+ !m1 & ackn[l$g$ t he _h accid5tally met ) an imp]fect engrav+ ( a leaf-skeleton 9 ! ,museum ( ,wormius1 :i* _h at "o "t occasion$ mu* wond]#dhj4 ,x is n improbable t he knew h[ ! ,italian1 :om he does n m5tion1 ?\gh he is m5tion$ by ,wormius1 & ?\gh he mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 acqua9t$ ) 8 ,zootomia1 prep>$ 8 skeletons4 ,i mu/ h[ev] obs]ve1 t x is rem>k$ by ^? :o knew ,ruys*1 t he _h read few books1 & 0 v little v]s$ 9 ! lit]ature ( 8 pr(ession4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+1 ,ruys* describ$ m articles ( ! l k9d1 & gave figures ( "s pe>s prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 #agbf1 :5 ,vat]1 pr(essor at ,witt5b]g1 express$ great a/oni%m5t at ! f95ess ( 8 works1 he repli$1 9 a lett] writt5 9 #agbg1 t he _h at fir/ caus$ !m to be execut$ by insects1 b t he !n made !m himself ) 8 f+]s#dha4 ,he repeat$ ! same ?+ also 9 #agbh1 :5 he describ$ & gave engrav+s ( m ( ^! curi\s objects#dhb4 ,! progress ( ?is inv5tion is relat$ 9 ! same mann] by ,s*reib]1 9 8 ,life ( ,ruys*4 ,:5 ! me?od ( produc+ ^! skeletons became publicly kn[n1 !y 7 soon prep>$ by o!rs2 "s ( :om made obs]vations1 :i* 7 contr>y to ^? ( ,ruys*4 ,among ^! 9 p>ticul> 7 ,j4 ,bapt4 ,du ,hamel1 :o1 s e>ly z ! ye> #agbg1 describ$ & illu/rat$ ) elegant engrav+s ! int]ior con/ruction ( a pe>#dhc2 ,trew#dhd1 9 ^: possession ,keysl] saw su* skeletons 9 #agcj2 ,p4 ,h4 ,g4 ,mohr+#dhe2 ,seba#dhf2 ,francis ,ni*olls#dhg1 an ,engli%man2 ,pr(essor ,hollmann#dhh at ,gtt+51 ,ludwig#dhi1 ,wal!r#dij1 ,gesn]#dia & o!rs4 ,ni*olls seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o split ! net ( an apple- or a pe>-tree leaf into two equal p>ts1 ?\gh ,ruys* split a leaf ( ! opuntia into ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 five lay]s1 z he himself says4 ,9 ! ye> #agdh1 ,seligmann1 an engrav]1 began to publi%1 9 folio plates1 figures ( sev]al leaves :i* he _h r$uc$ to skeletons#dib4 ,z he ?\ght x impossible to make draw+s suffici5tly correct1 he took impressions f ! leaves or nets !mselves1 ) r$ ink1 & 9 a mann] :i* may be se5 describ$ 9 v>i\s books on ! arts4 ,( ! great] "p he gave two figures1 "o ( ! upp] & ano!r ( ! "u side4 ,he promis$ also to give figures ( ! objects z magnifi$ by a sol> microscope2 & two plates 7 to be deliv]$ mon?ly4 ,seligmann h[ev] di$ soon aft]1 if ,i am n mi/ak52 & a lawsuit took place betwe5 8 heirs1 by :i* ! :ole ( ! copies pr9t$ 7 arre/$1 & = ?is reason ! "w 0 nev] complet$1 & is to be f\nd only 9 a v few libr>ies4 ,cobres says t eight pages ( text1 ) two black & tw5ty-n9e r$ copp]-plates1 7 complet$4 ,! copy :i* is 9 ! libr>y ( our univ]sity has only eight pages ( text1 consi/+ p>tly ( a preface by ,c4 ,trew1 & p>tly ( an acc\nt ( ! au?or1 pr9t$ 9 ,lat9 & ,g]man opposite to ea* o!r4 ,trew gives a hi/ory ( ! physiology ( plants & ( leaf-skeletons2 & ,seligmann treats on ! me?ods ( prep>+ ! latt]4 ,! numb] ( ! plates h[ev] is great] ?an t assign$ by ,cobres4 ,! copy :i* is n[ be=e me conta9s ?irty-?ree plates1 pr9t$ 9 r$2 & besides ^!1 two plates 9 black1 ) figures ( ! objects magnifi$4 ,( ! second plate 9 r$1 !re is a duplicate ) ?is title1 8,leaves ( a b]gamot pe>-tree1 ! fruit ( :i* is mild20 b ! figures 9 bo? are n ! same2 & x appe>s t ! au?or consid]$ "o ( ! plates z defective1 & !re=e gave ano!r4 ,! leaves repres5t$ 9 ! plates are ^? ( ! orange-tree1 lemon-tree1 %addock-tree1 but*]'s-broom1 walnut-tree1 pe>-tree1 laurel1 lime-tree1 ivy1 m$l>1 *e/nut-tree1 maple-tree1 holly1 will[1 :ite haw?orn1 c4 ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( ins]t+ "h ! hi/ory ( ! art ( rais+ trees f leaves4 ,! fir/ :o made ?is art kn[n 0 ,ago/9o ,m&irola1 doctor ( !ology1 an ,italian m9orite ( ! ,franciscan ord]4 ,9 a small "w ^u ,g>d5+1 :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t at ,vic5za1 9 duodecimo1 9 ! ye> #afeb1 & :i* 0 repr9t$ aft]w>ds 9 v>i\s places1 he gave an acc\nt ( 8 hav+ produc$ trees f ! leaves ( ! c$>- & lemon-tree#dic2 b he does n relate ?is circum/ance z if he consid]$ x to be a great discov]y4 ,on ! contr>y1 he appe>s r to ?9k x a matt] ( v little importance4 ,8 book 0 soon translat$ into ,g]man2 & 8 acc\nt copi$ by o!r writ]s1 su* z ,bckl]#did & ,hohb]g#die1 :o 7 at t "t mu* read4 ,a g>d5] ( ,augsburg1 z we are told by ,agricola1 0 ! fir/ :o imitat$ ?is exp]im5t1 & prov$ ! possibility ( x to o!rs4 ,he is said to h tri$ x ) good success 9 ! g>d5 ( c\nt de ,wratislau1 ambassador at ,ratisbon f ! elector ( ,bohemia4 ,b nev] 0 ?is exp]im5t s (t5 & s successfully repeat$ z 9 ! g>d5 ( b>on de ,mun*haus51 at ,swobb]4 ,a "y tree 0 obta9$ !re f a leaf ( ! ,limon a ,rivo1 :i* produc$ fruit ! second ye>4 ,x 0 s5t to ,m4 ,volkam]1 at ,nuremb]g1 :o caus$ a draw+ to be made f x1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds engrav$1 9 ord] t x might be publi%$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,hesp]ides2 b z ! au?or di$ too e>ly1 x 0 n pr9t$4 ,! exact draw+1 z x 0 !n execut$ at ,nuremb]g1 & an acc\nt ( ! :ole process employ$ 9 ! exp]im5t at ,swobb]1 h be5 publi%$ by ! b>on de ,mun*haus5 himself1 f au!ntic pap]s 9 8 gr&fa!r's own writ+#dif4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 excit$ s mu* att5tion to ?is circum/ance z ! well-kn[n ,george ,&rew ,agricola1 physician at ,ratisbon1 :o1 ) t confid5ce & prolixity :i* 7 peculi> to him1 v5tur$ to ass]t t trees c\ld be propagat$ 9 ! spe$ie/ mann] by plant+ ! leaves1 aft] be+ /eep$ 9 a liquor :i* he _h inv5t$2 & = ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion he ref]r$ to 8 own exp]im5ts#dig4 ,among ! naturali/s ( t p]iod none took m tr\ble to exam9e ! possibility ( ?is effect ?an ,?ummig#dih1 :o endeav\r$ to prove t n only leaves ) eyes left to !m1 c\ld1 9 well-moi/5$ e>?1 ?r[ out roots :i* w\ld produce a /em1 b t leaves also )\t eyes w\ld gr[ up to be trees4 ,b>on ,mun*haus51 on ! o!r h&1 assures u1 t accord+ to ! _m exp]im5ts made 9 8 g>d51 "o c only expect "y plants f ! leaves ( ^? trees :i* d n br+ =? buds2 t exp]im5ts made ) ! leaves ( ! lemon-tree _h alone succe$$1 b nev] ^? made ) ! leaves ( ! orange- or lime-tree2 & t ,agricola & ,?ummig _h errone\sly imag9$ t ! leaves !mselves %ot up into trees1 _! middle fibre 7ra*is7 becom+ ! /em1 & ! collat]al fibres ! bran*es4 ,b ! leaf decays z soon z x has resign$ all its sap to ! "y tree1 :i* is spr++ up bel[ x4 ,to conclude3 ,x is probable t ! well-kn[n multiplication ( ! ,indian fig1 or ,opuntia1 gave ! fir/ idea ( ?is exp]im5t2 = e jo9t ( t plant1 /uck into ! e>?1 & prop]ly nurtur$1 ?r[s out roots & gr[s4 ,z ^! jo9ts 7 commonly consid]$ to be leaves1 p tri$ :e!r o!r leaves w\ld n gr[ 9 ! l mann]4 ,luckily1 ^? ( ! lemon-tree 7 *os5 = ?is purpose2 & :at 0 expect$ took place4 ,?us f a false hypo!sis h new tru?s (t5 be5 d]iv$2 & ?us 0 ,kepl]1 by a false & ev5 improbable op9ion1 l$ to an ass]tion1 aft]w>ds confirm$1 t ! p]iodical revolutions ( ! planets 7 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! sun4 ,b ! rais+ ( trees f leaves 0 too ra%ly decl>$ to be a me?od t might be g5]ally employ$2 = x is c]ta9 t x n[ seldom succe$s4 ,beckmann c]ta9ly ov]rates ! value ( ^! plant-skeletons 9 assi/+ ! acquirem5t ( a k ( ! anatomy ( plants4 ,by mac]at+ plants 9 wat]1 all b ! woody fibres are decompos$ by ! putrefactive f]m5tation :i* ensues4 ,f an exam9ation ( ^!1 a k ( /ructure m]ely is atta9able1 :i* may be n[ truly said to be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x gives u no insight into its functions4 ,! mod]n microscope has reveal$ to u ! /ructure ( all ! compon5ts ( vegetable tissues1 & has mo/ mat]ially assi/$ 9 develop+ ! functions ( sev]al2 _m1 h[ev]1 rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! physiologi/4 ,nev]!less1 ^! plant-skeletons exhibit ! true c\rse & arrangem5t ( ! woody fibres1 & =m mo/ beautiful objects4 ,! leaves are n ! only p>ts :i* c be ?us prep>$2 ! petals ( _m plants are ev5 m delicate & beautiful 9 _! ligne\s /ructure1 z evid5c$ 9 ! hydrangea & sev]al o!rs4 ,_! prep>ation is exce$+ly simple1 b t$i\s1 & c only be well effect$ by mac]ation 9 wat]1 :i* frequ5tly requires to be consid]ably prolong$4 ,! pulpy half-decompos$ portions are gradually remov$ by a camel-hair p5cil1 or o!r means1 ) great delicacy & c>e2 !y are f9ally wa%$ & blea*$1 if necess>y1 ) *loride ( lime or soda4 ,by wa%+ 9 consid]ably dilut$ muriatic acid & wat]1 all traces ( ?is reag5t are remov$2 !y are !n dri$1 & w keep = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,,footnotes #dgg ,museum ,wormianum4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #afee1 fol4 p4 #adi4 #dgh ,! well-kn[n ,sir ,john ,hill1 an ,engli%man1 has prov$1 h[ev]1 9 lat] times1 ! possibility ( inject+ a sub/ance into ! vessels ( plants also4 ,he dissolv$ sug> ( lead 9 wat]1 susp5d$ 9 x bits ( ! f9e/ wood1 s t "o-half ( !m 0 "u wat] & ! o!r above x1 & cov]$ ! vessel 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ ) an inv]t$ glass4 ,at ! end ( two days he took ! bits ( wood out1 cut (f ! p>ts :i* _h be5 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 dipp$ !m 9 a w>m lye made ( unslak$ lime & orpim5t1 l :at 0 us$ =m]ly = prov+ w9e2 & by ^! means ! f9e/ vessels1 :i* _h be5 be=e fill$ ) sug> ( lead1 acquir$ a d>k col\r1 & _! ap]tures became mu* m di/9ct4 ,?is process he describes himself 9 8 "w on ! ,con/ruction ( ,timb]4 #dgi ,r>iora ,natur et ,artis4 ,breslau & ,leipsic1 #agcg1 fol4 p4 #dba4 #dhj ,adv]s>iorum decas iii4 9 ,ruys*ii ,op]a ,omnia ,anat4 ,m$4 #dha ,a4 ,vat]i ,epi/4 ad ,ruys*ium de ,musculo ,orbicul>i1 #agbg4 ,( employ+ diff]5t k9ds ( insects1 p>ticul>ly ! d]me/es1 z !y are call$1 = r$uc+ animal & vegetable bodies to skeletons1 ,heb5/reit has treat$ 9 ,program4 de ,v]mibus ,anatomicorum adm9i/ris4 ,lips4 #agda4 ,figures ( ! insects & ( "s ( _! prep>ations are add$4 #dhb ,acta ,eruditorum1 #agbi1 ,febr4 p4 #fc4 #dhc ,mmoires de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ann4 #agcj1 #agca1 #agcb4 #dhd ,comm]c4 ,litt]4 ,norim4 #agcb1 p4 #gc4 #dhe ,ib4 #dhf ,phil4 ,transact4 #agcj1 ccccxvi4 p4 #dda4 #dhg ,ib4 ccccxiv4 p4 #cga4 #dhh ,ib4 cccclxi4 p4 #ghi1 & cccclxiii4 p4 #gif4--;,comm]c4 ,litt]4 ,norimb4 #agce1 p4 #cec4 #dhi ,in/itutiones ,regni ,vegetabil4 ,9 ! "p on ,leaves4 #dij ,programma de ,plant>um ,/ructura4 ,lips4 #agdj1 #dto1 #e1 #f4 #dia ,diss]tat4 ,phys4 de ,vegetabilibus1 pr9t$ ) ,l9ni ,orat4 de ,necessitate ,p]egr9at4 intra ,patriam4 ,lugd4 ,b4 #agdc4 #dib ,die ,nahrungs-,gefsse 9 d5 ,bltt]n d] ,bume4 ,nurnb4 #agdh4 #dic ,_m editions ( ?is book may be f\nd m5tion$ 9 ,hall]i ,bibl4 ,botan4 i4 p4 #dhd2 ,bhm]i ,bibl4 ,hi/4 ,nat4 iii4 p4 #fgi4 #did ,haus- und ,feld-,s*ule1 i4 #bf4 #die ,georgica ,curiosa1 i4 p4 #ghg4 #dif ,hausvat]1 vol4 v4 p4 #ffb4 #dig ,v]su* d] ,univ]sal-v]mehrung all] ,bume4 ,reg5sb4 #agaf1 fol41 or ! edition by ,braus]4 ,reg5sb4 #aggb4 #dih ,?ummigii ,meletemata4 ,brunsw4 #agbg1 #hvo1 p4 #e4 ,,bills ,,( ,,ex*ange4 ,i %all n "h repeat :at has be5 collect$ by _m le>n$ m5 respect+ ! important hi/ory ( ?is noble inv5tion1 b only lay be=e my read]s an ord9ance ( ! ye> #acid1 conc]n+ ! acceptance ( bills ( ex*ange1 & also two bills ( ! ye> #adjd1 z !y may s]ve to illu/rate fur!r :at has be5 be=e said on ! subject by o!rs4 ,^! docum5ts are1 inde$1 m mod]n ?an ^? f\nd by ,raphael de ,turre#dii 9 ! writ+s ( ! juri/ ,baldus#ejj1 :i* are dat$ ,m>* #i1 #acbh2 b !y are att5d$ ) su* circum/ances z suffici5tly prove t ! me?od ( transact+ bus9ess by bills ( ex*ange 0 fully e/abli%$ s e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & t ! pres5t =m & t]ms 7 ev5 !n us$4 ,= ?is important in=mation ,i am indebt$ to ,von ,m>t5s1 :o f\nd x 9 a ,hi/ory1 writt5 9 ,spani%1 ( ! m>itime trade & o!r bran*es ( comm]ce at ,b>celona1 tak5 entirely f ! ar*ives ( t city1 & accompani$ ) docum5ts f ! same s\rce1 :i* ab\nd ) matt] highly int]e/+#eja4 ,among ^! is an ord9ance issu$ by ! city ( ,b>celona 9 ! ye> #acid1 t bills ( ex*ange %\ld be accept$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] !y 7 pres5t$2 & t ! acceptance %\ld be writt5 on ! back ( ! bill#ejb4 ,9 ! ye> #adjd1 ! magi/rates ( ,bruges1 9 ,fl&]s1 reque/$ ! magi/rates ( ,b>celona to in=m !m :at 0 ! common practice1 9 reg>d to bills ( ex*ange1 :5 ! p]son :o pres5t$ a bill rais$ money on x 9 an unusual mann]1 9 ! case ( its n be+ paid1 & by ^! means increas$ ! exp5ses s mu* t ! draw] w\ld n cons5t to su/a9 ! loss4 ,! bill :i* gave occasion to ?is "q is ins]t$ 9 ! memorial4 ,x is writt5 9 ! %ort =m /ill us$1 :i* c]ta9ly seems to imply great antiquity4 ,x speaks ( usance2 & x appe>s t fir/ & second bills 7 at t "t drawn1 & t :5 bills 7 n accept$1 x 0 cu/om>y to prote/ !m4 ,x may n1 p]haps1 be un9t]e/+ to ! read] to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! pres5t mode ( conduct+ transactions ( bills ( ex*ange2 ?is we cond5se f ,wat]/on's ,encyclopdia ( ,comm]ce1 :i* conta9s ! mo/ rec5t & practical acc\nt4 ,! individual :o issues ! bill is call$ ! draw]1 ! p]son to :om x is address$ ! drawee1 until he cons5t to hon\r ! draft or obey ! ord] or bill1 by writ+ 8 "n on ! face ( x1 aft] :i* he is call$ ! acceptor4 ,! bill may be pass$ f h& to h& by deliv]y or indorsation1 & 9 ! latt] case ! p]son :o makes ov] is call$ ! indors]1 & ! p]son :o receives ! indorsee4 ,! indors] commonly puts 8 "n on ! back1 ) or )\t a direction to pay to a p>ticul> p]son4 ,he :o is 9 legal possession ( ! bill & ! obligation conta9$ 9 x1 is call$ ! hold] or ! payee4 ,!re is no p>ticul> =m = a bill ( ex*ange requir$ by law1 fur!r ?an t ! m&ate to pay 9 money be di/9ct1 & ! p]son :o is to pay1 ! p]son :o is to receive1 & ! "t ( paym5t %all be asc]ta9able beyond a d\bt4 ,by special /atute 9 ,engl&1 all bills "u #bjs4 are void2 & ^? betwe5 t sum & #e mu/ be made payable )9 tw5ty-"o days aft] date1 conta9 ! "n & description ( ! payee1 & be> date at ! "t ( mak+4 ,bills ( ex*ange mu/ be on a prop] /amp4 ,bills1 ?\gh !y are ( ! nature ( a 8*ose 9 action10 :i* is n /rictly assignable1 may be transf]r$ f h& to h& or negociat$4 ,to all[ ( ?is1 !re mu/ be negotiable words1 z 8or ord]0 or 8be>]40 ,! v>i\s p>ties ^u a bill1 besides ! acceptors1 indors]s1 draw]s & o!rs1 become liable = its paym5t on failure ( ! acceptor4 ,bills ( ex*ange cease 9 ,engl& to be docum5ts ( debt on ! expiration ( six ye>s f ! "t nam$ = paym5t4 ,9 =eign bills1 ! t]m 8usance0 is sometimes employ$ to express ! p]iod ( runn+ 9 =eign bills4 ,x means a c]ta9 "t fix$ by cu/om1 z betwe5 any two places4 ,an usance betwe5 ?is k+dom & ,rott]dam1 ,hamburg1 ,altona1 or ,p>is1 or any place 9 ,france1 is "o cal5d> mon? f ! date ( ! bill2 an usance betwe5 u & ,cadiz1 ,madrid or ,bilboa1 two2 an usance betwe5 u & ,leghorn1 ,g5oa1 or ,v5ice1 ?ree4 ,,footnotes #dii ,disp4 i4 qu/4 #d4 n4 #bc4 #ejj ,consil4 #cdh4 #eja ,memorias ,hi/oricas sobre la ,m>9a ,comm]cio1 etc4 de ,b>celona1 por ,d4 ,ant4 de ,capmany4 ,madrid1 #aggi1 #b vols4 #dto4 ,! foll[+ important articles w be f\nd 9 ?is "w3--,a cu/om-h\se t>iff1 writt5 9 ,lat91 ( ! ye> #abba1 9 :i* occur a great numb] ( rem>kable names & articles ( m]*&ise n expla9$4 ,ano!r ( ! l k9d1 ( ! ye> #abeb4 ,lett]s ( p[] to appo9t consuls 9 di/ant c\ntries1 su* z ,syria1 ,egypt1 c41 dat$ 9 ! ye>s #abff1 #abfh1 & #acba4 ,an ord9ance ( ! ye> #adeh1 respect+ insurance1 :i* requir$ t "u-writ+ %\ld be done 9 ! pres5ce ( a not>y1 & decl>$ polices o scriptures privades to be null & void4 ,a privilegium ( ! emp]or ,&ronicus ,,ii4 to ! m]*ants ( ,b>celona1 writt5 9 ,greek & ,spani%1 9 #abij4 ,acc\nt ( ! olde/ ,spani% trade ) wool1 silk1 salt1 & saffron2 & ( ! olde/ guilds or incorporat$ societies ( tradesm5 at ,b>celona1 c4 #ejb ,vol4 ii4 p4 #chb4 ,,t94 ,,t9n+4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! metal call$ at pres5t t9 0 kn[n & employ$ 9 ! arts1 n only 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 b z e>ly z t ( ,h]odotus1 ,hom]1 & ,moses4 ,?is ,i w n v5ture to d5y2 b ,i c only admit t x is probable1 or t ! great antiquity ( ?is metal _c be s fully prov$ z t ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 iron1 lead1 & quicksilv]4 ,t9 is "o ( ^? m9]als :i* hi!rto h be5 f\nd 9 quantity only 9 a few c\ntries1 none ( :i* ev] belong$ to ! ,greeks or ! ,romans#ejc1 or 7 visit$1 at an e>ly p]iod1 by _! m]*ants4 ,z x nev] occurs 9 a native /ate#ejd1 ! discov]y ( x supposes "s accid5t m extraord9>y ?an t ( ^? metals :i* are commonly1 or at any rate1 (t5 f\nd native4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 atta* mu* importance to ?is circum/ance1 z ! anci5ts became acqua9t$ ) iron at an e>ly p]iod1 ?\gh n s e>ly z ) copp]4 ,i mu/ also admit t t9 might h be5 m easily discov]$1 because x is frequ5tly f\nd ne> ! surface ( ! e>?2 does n require a /rong heat or artificial app>atus = fus+ x1 & !re=e c be m easily won ?an copp]4 ,b if t9 0 kn[n s e>ly z has hi!rto be5 believ$1 x mu/1 on acc\nt ( ! circum/ance "h fir/ rem>k$1 h be5 sc>ce & !re=e exce$+ly de>4 ,9 ?is mann] ! auri*alcum or ,cor9?ian brass1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,plautus1 0 8auro contra c>um40 ,! metal ( ! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* is believ$ to h be5 t91 0 n s r>e & co/ly4 ,vessels ( x are n (t5 m5tion$1 9 g5]al2 b !y nev] occur among valuable articles4 ,! circum/ance also1 t vessels ( t9 h nev] or v seldom be5 f\nd among ,greek or ,roman antiquities1 & t :5 discov]$ ! nature ( ! metal has be5 v d\btful1 ?\gh t9 is n apt to *ange f ! action ( ! air1 wat]1 or e>?1 & at any rate f> surpasses 9 durability copp] & lead1 anci5t articles made ( :i* are frequ5tly f\nd1 appe>s to me wor?y ( att5tion4 ,x possesses also s _m excell5t prop]ties1 t x might be expect$ t ! p ( e age1 to :om x 0 kn[n1 w\ld h employ$ x 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,x recomm5ds itself by its sup]ior silv]y col\r2 its ready fusion2 ! ease ) :i* x c be hamm]$ & twi/$2 its lightness1 & its durability4 ,x is n soon t>ni%$2 x is /ill less liable to ru/ or to become oxidiz$2 x reta9s its spl5d\r a long "t1 & :5 x is lo/ easily recov]s x aga94 ,x is n s soon attack$ by salts z _m o!r metals2 & ?is till lately has be5 consid]$ a pro( ( its be+ less p]nici\s ?an x possibly may be4 ,aft] an accurate inve/igation1 %\ld ev]y?+ said by ! anci5ts ( _! suppos$ t9 be z applicable to a metallic mixture z to our t91 my ass]tion1 t x is probable1 b by no means c]ta91 t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) our t91 w be fully ju/ifi$4 ,! olde/ m5tion ( ?is metal1 z g5]ally believ$1 is to be f\nd 9 ! sacr$ scriptures4 ,9 ! book ( ,numb]s1 *ap4 xxxi4 v]4 #bb1 ,moses seems to "n all ! metals !n kn[n2 &1 besides gold1 silv]1 brass 7prop]ly copp]71 iron1 & lead1 he m5tions also b$il1 :i* all comm5tators & diction>ies make to be t94 ,:5 ,ezekiel1 *ap4 xxvii4 v]4 #ab1 gives an acc\nt ( ! comm]ce ( ,tyre1 he names1 among ! commodities1 silv]1 iron1 copp]1 & b$il4 ,9 ,ze*>iah1 *ap4 iv4 v]4 #aj1 ! plummet ( ! build] or ar*itect is said to be made ( ! b$il /one4 ,9 ,isaiah1 *ap4 i4 v]4 #be1 ! ^w occurs 9 ! plural numb]1 & appe>s !re to d5ote ei!r scori1 or all ^? inf]ior metallic sub/ances :i* mu/ be sep>at$ f ! noble metals4 ,9 ! old ,greek v]sions ( ^! ,hebrew books1 b$il is always translat$ by cassit]os1 except 9 ! passage ( ,isaiah1 :]e no metal is m5tion$4 ,9 ,ze*>iah1 ! translator calls ! b$il /one 4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt1 t = ! purpose "h m5tion$1 p w\ld employ1 n ! light] metal t91 b lead1 & t ! plummet 0 call$ ! lead-/one1 because at fir/ a /one 0 us$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 probable t 9 ! fir/-quot$ passage b$il is our t92 b mu/ x n appe> a/oni%+ t ! ,midianites1 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 %\ld h possess$ ?is metal8 ,is x n possible t ! ,hebrew ^w d5ot$ a metallic mixture or artificial metal1 :i* =m]ly 0 an article ( comm]ce1 z our brass is at pres5t#eje8 ,! ,greek translators consid]$ b$il to be :at !y call$ cassit]os2 & z ! mod]ns translat$ ?is by /annum1 ^! words h ?us f\nd _! way into ! ,lat91 ,g]man1 & o!r v]sions ( ! ,hebrew scriptures1 :i* !re=e c contribute v little t[>ds ! hi/ory ( ?is metal4 ,! exam9ation ( ! ^w cassit]os w\ld be ( m importance2 b be=e ,i proce$ to x1 ,i %all make "s obs]vations on :at ! anci5ts call$ /annum4 ,?is1 at pres5t1 is ! g5]al "n ( our t92 & f x seem to be =m$ ! e/a9 ( ! ,fr5*1 ! t9 ( ! ,l[ ,g]man & ,engli%1 & ! z9n ( ! ,high ,g]man4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be fully prov$ t ! /annum ( ! anci5ts 0 no peculi> metal2 at any rate n our t91 b r a mixture ( two o!r metals1 :i*1 l our brass1 0 made into v>i\s articles & employ$ = diff]5t purposes1 on :i* acc\nt a great trade 0 c>ri$ on ) x4 ,?is1 at lea/1 may ) great c]ta9ty be conclud$ f a well-kn[n passage ( ,pl9y#ejf2 ?\gh to u1 because we are n fully acqua9t$ ) ! metallurgic op]ations ( ! anci5ts1 x is n suffici5tly intelligible4 ,:at ,i h be5 able to collect1 h[ev]1 t[>ds illu/rat+ ! passage1 ) ! assi/ance ( my pr$ecessors1 & by comp>+ myself ! acc\nt ( ! ,roman ) our works1 ,i %all "h lay be=e ! read]2 & p]haps x may induce o!rs to improve & enl>ge x4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ obs]ve1 t !re c be no d\bt t ! nigrum plumbum ( ! anci5ts 0 our lead4 ,?is metal1 accord+ to ,pl9y's acc\nt1 !y obta9$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f _! own lead m9es or lead ore1 :i* imm$iately on its fusion gave pure or saleable lead4 ,to compreh5d ?is1 x is necess>y to "k t mo/ k9ds ( lead ore conta9 also silv]1 & _m ( !m 9 su* quantity t !y might ) m propriety be call$ silv] ores1 or r arg5tif]\s lead ores or plumbif]\s silv] ores4 ,^? :i* conta9 no silv] are s sc>ce1 t ,i am ignorant :e!r any o!r has yet be5 f\nd1 except t ( ,bleyb]g1 n f> f ,villa*1 9 ,c>9?ia4 ,z ,villa* lead1 accord+ to "s exp]im5ts made on a l>ge scale1 is entirely free f silv]1 x is well-kn[n1 & p>ticul>ly useful = assay+4 ,x may !re=e appe> s+ul> t ! anci5ts _h lead ( ?is k9d 9 su* abundance t ,pl9y 0 able to make ( x a p>ticul> division4 ,b x is to be obs]v$1 t 9 anci5t times p paid little att5tion to a small admixture ( silv]2 & t !y 7 accu/om$ to sep>ate ?is metal only :5 x 0 capable1 by ! old imp]fect process ( smelt+1 to defray ! exp5ses1 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld n be ! case1 :5 a qu9tal ( ore conta9$ only a few ounces1 or ev5 a p\nd ( silv]4 ,/rabo says ?is expressly ( "s ,spani% ores4 ,su* poor ores 7 !n us$ m]ely = lead2 & our silv] ref9]s1 )\t d\bt1 w\ld sep>ate silv] ) consid]able advantage f ! lead ( ! anci5ts4 ,h5ce has aris5 ! common op9ion1 t lead & also copp]1 ) :i* "s ( ! olde/ build+s are cov]$1 _h 9 ! c\rse ( "t become arg5tif]\s4 ,?is is impossible2 b x is possible = u to sep>ate f !m ! noble metal1 :i* ! anci5ts ei!r c\ld n d1 or did n ?9k x wor? ! tr\ble to attempt4 ,secondly1 ! anci5ts obta9$1 z we d1 a great deal ( lead f arg5tif]\s ores1 f :i* !y sep>at$ ! silv] & reviv$ ! lead4 ,! ore 0 p\nd$ v f9e1 or1 z we say1 /amp$2 x 0 !n wa%$ & roa/$1 & =m$ into a p[d] or pa/e4 ,?is 0 !n put into ! furnace1 & by ! fir/ fusion gave a regulus consi/+ ( silv] & lead1 :i* 0 call$ /annum1 & 0 ! same sub/ance z t kn[n to our metallurgi/s by ! "n ( w]k4 ,if x 0 requir$ to sep>ate ! silv]1 x 0 aga9 fus$1 n 9 ! fir/ furnace1 b 9 a p>ticul> ref9+ furnace ) a he>? ( lixiviat$ a%es4 ,?is circum/ance ,pl9y has n m5tion$2 p]haps x appe>$ to him unnecess>y2 p]haps he did n fully und]/& e "p ( ! process2 & 7 "o incl9$ to say any?+ 9 8 def5ce1 mod]n travels & o!r works might be quot$1 9 :i* metallurgic op]ations are describ$ 9 a mann] no less imp]fect4 ,! produce obta9$ by ! second fusion1 call$ 9 ,g]man treib5 or abtreib51 0 silv]1 & besides t half-vitrifi$ lead1 gltte1 :i* 9 "p falls into ! he>?4 ,?is sub/ance1 call$ by ,pl9y gal5a1 a ^w :i* d5otes also molybdna#ejg1 0 once m fus$ or reviv$1 & !n gave lead4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 obta9$ ?ree diff]5t productions1 :i* 7 all us$ 9 comm]ce1 namely1 /annum1 arg5tum & gal5a1 or reviv$ lead1 plumbum nigrum4 ,^! ,pl9y seems to h consid]$ z compon5t p>ts ( lead ore2 b n inde$ accord+ to ! pres5t signification#ejh4 ,?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ?is passage ( ,pl9y _c be fully und]/ood by any explanation1 x proves to conviction t ! /annum ( ! anci5ts 0 nei!r our t9 nor a peculi> metal1 b ! w]k ( our smelt+-h\ses4 ,?is 0 long ago rem>k$ by ^? writ]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) metallurgy1 ( :om ,i %all "h m5tion ,agricola#eji1 ,encelius#eaj1 ,fallopius#eaa1 ,savot#eab1 ,b]nia#eac1 & ,jung#ead4 ,! anci5ts us$1 z a peculi> metal1 a mixture ( gold & silv]1 because !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! art ( sep>at+ !m1 & aft]w>ds gave x ! "n ( electrum4 ,9 ! l mann] !y employ$ w]k or /annum1 :i* 0 obta9$ almo/ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! fusion ( silv]4 ,9 all probability x 0 employ$ be=e p became acqua9t$ ) ! art ( sep>at+ ^! two metals1 & cont9u$ 9 use ?r\gh habit1 ev5 aft] a me?od ( sep>at+ !m 0 discov]$4 ,if ! ore subject$ to fusion 0 abundant 9 silv]1 ?is mixture approa*$ ne> to ! noble metals2 if poor 9 silv]1 x consi/$ *iefly ( lead4 ,:5 x consi/$ ( silv] & lead only1 x 0 s(t & ductile2 b if o!r metals1 difficult ( fusion1 su* z copp]1 iron1 or z9c1 7 int]mix$1 x 0 h>d] & m brittle1 & 9 t case approa*$ ne>] to :at ! ,g]man silv] ref9]s call abzug & ab/ri*4 ,t ?is /annum 0 employ$ z an article ( comm]ce1 & t ! anci5ts made ( x vessels ( v>i\s k9ds1 _c be d\bt$4 ,! vasa /annea h[ev] may be consid]$ z vessels :i* 7 cov]$ ) t9 only 9 ! inside2 = t ?is 0 cu/om>y ,i %all prove h]eaft]4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! vasa /annea are nam$ :]e m5tion is made ( sal9e or oily ?+s1 or su* z w\ld readily acquire a ta/e & smell f o!r metals1 7 !y boil$ or pres]v$ 9 !m = any l5g? ( "t#eae4 ,x has be5 long ago rem>k$ t mo/ ( ! ,roman vessels 7 made ( copp]1 & t ^! p 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( t9n+ or silv]+ !m2 b t t9n$ vessels h nev] be5 f\nd1 & silv]$ ones v r>ely4 ,h5ce s _m ?+s appe> to h be5 made ( :at is call$ bronze1 :i* is less liable to acquire t dang]\s ru/ or oxide1 kn[n "u ! "n ( v]digris1 ?an pure copp]4 ,?is bronze is sometimes giv5 out z ,cor9?ian & sometimes ,syracusan brass1 z ! gold-col\r$ co9s ( ! fir/ size 7 consid]$ to be ,cor9?ian brass also4 ,b 9 my op9ion1 a great & p]haps ! great] "p ( all ^! ?+s 7 made ( /annum1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* by ! admixture ( ! noble metals1 & "s difficult ( fusion1 0 r5d]$ fitt] = use ?an pure copp]4 ,we are told by ,suetonius1 t ! emp]or ,vitellius took away all ! gold & silv] f ! temples & sub/itut$ 9 _! /ead auri*alcum & /annum#eaf4 ,:e!r ! ,greeks work$ /annum1 & "u :at "n1 ,i d n "k3 p]haps we ought to class "h ! ( ! olde/ times1 ( :i* ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,:at ,i h already said 9 reg>d to w]k w be r5d]$ m c]ta9 by ! circum/ance1 t ev5 two c5turies ago1 vessels ( all k9ds call$ halbw]k 7 made ( x 9 ,g]many4 ,?is we are told by ,encelius#eag z a ?+ well-kn[n 9 8 "t1 :i* h[ev] ,i %\ld wi% to see fur!r exam9$4 ,i h se>*$ 9 va9 = ?is "n 9 a great _m works ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b ,i h long ent]ta9$ an idea1 :i* ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( m5tion+3--,among ! olde/ *ur* vessels ,i h se5 "s articles :i* ,i consid]$ to be vasa /annea1 ,i mean su* z :5 newly sc\r$ & poli%$ _h a silv]y brightness1 & :5 !y rema9$ long )\t be+ clean$ acquir$ a dull gray col\r1 & a great] weight ?an bronze4 ,^? :o %[ ^! ?+s commonly say t ! me?od ( compos+ ! metal is lo/2 b t x conta9s silv]1 & accord+ to ! ass]tion ( _m1 ev5 gold4 ,su* articles des]ve1 und\bt$ly1 to be exam9$ by our *emi/s4 ,i %all fur!r rem>k1 on ?is subject1 t ! ab/ri*1 z x is call$1 :i* 9 _m respects has a resemblance to /annum1 & conta9s also lead & silv]1 b at ! same "t metals difficult ( fusion1 is employ$ 9 ! arts1 & collect$ = ! use ( ! lett]-f\nd]s#eah4 ,= ?is purpose x is well-adapt$1 on acc\nt ( its h>dness & durability2 & 9 want ( x lead mu/ be mix$ ) regulus ( antimony4 ,at ! ,l[] ,h>ze ! workm5 began s e>ly z #afhh to revive ?is ab/ri* 9 p>ticul>2 & z ! lead !nce obta9$1 on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 c\ld n be dispos$ ( l common lead1 x 0 sold to ! lett]-f\nd]s at ,brunswick1 at fir/ at ! rate ( a hundr$ weight = two & a half doll>s1 & 9 ! ye> #afhi = ?ree doll>s4 ,b 9 ,s*lt]'s "t a small quantity ( x only 0 made annually1 because ! ab/ri* c\ld be us$ ) m advantage = o!r purposes4 ,?is lead1 says ,s*lt]1 _h ! appe>ance ( bronze1 & 0 s brittle1 t a piece ( x broke into fragm5ts :5 /ruck#eai4 ,speise also1 :i* is obta9$ at ! blue col\r-works1 c be employ$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,"u ?is t]m is und]/ood a metallic mixture deposit$ dur+ ! prep>ation ( blue glass1 & :i* is compos$ ( v>i\s metals comb9$ ) cobalt1 b p>ticul>ly nickel1 iron1 copp]1 ars5ic1 & p]haps also bismu?4 ,x is h>d1 brittle1 sonor\s1 & assumes a good poli%1 ?\gh x is n always ( ! same quality 9 all manufactories4 ,z x conta9s "s col\r+ p>ticles1 x is 9 g5]al aga9 add$ to ! glass residuum4 ,b :5 ,i lately paid a visit to ! col\r-mill at ,c>l%af51 ,m4 ,birn/e9 ! inspector told me1 t ! speise 0 manufactur$ at ,halle into buttons ( e k9d4 ,?is probably is ! case !re 9 ^? button-manufactories e/abli%$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,s*i]1 9 :i* buttons ( all patt]ns are made annually to ! value ( #cj1jjj doll>s#ebj4 ,! anci5ts1 9 my op9ion1 employ$ 9 a simil> mann] ! w]k ( _! silv] smelt+-h\ses4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to exam9e t metal :i* ! ,greeks nam$ 1 or1 z ,pl9y says1 ,cassit]on1 & :i* he expressly adds 0 call$ by ! ,lat9s plumbum c&idum 7:ite lead74 ,i h no new hypo!sis to recomm5d2 my sole object is tru?4 ,i wi% = c]ta9ty1 &1 :5 t is n to be obta9$1 probability2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ,i _c re/ satisfi$ ) ! judgem5t giv5 by ! compil]s ( diction>ies1 & ! translators & comm5tators ( anci5t au?ors1 because ,i firmly believe t !y nev] made any rese>*es !mselves on ! subject4 ,t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) our t9 z e>ly z we f9d ! ^w cassit]os m5tion$ by !m1 ,i am n able to prove1 & ,i d\bt :e!r x is possible to d s2 ! contr>y seems to me to be m probable4 ,9 my op9ion1 x 0 impossible = ! ,phnicians1 at s e>ly a p]iod1 to obta9 ?is metal f ,portugal1 ,spa91 & ,engl&1 9 su* quantity t x c\ld be spread all ov] ! old _w4 ,! c>riage ( m]*&ise 0 n !n s easy4 ,if all ! cassit]on 0 procur$ f ! nor?-we/ p>ts ( ,europe1 x appe>s to me t x mu/ h be5 mu* de>] ?an x seems to h be5 9 ! olde/ times1 to judge f ! in=mation t has be5 pres]v$4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! olde/ cassit]on 0 no?+ else ?an ! /annum ( ! ,romans1 ! w]k ( our smelt+-h\ses1 t is1 a mixture ( lead1 silv]1 & "s o!r accid5tal metals4 ,t ?is has n be5 expressly rem>k$ by any ,greek writ]1 is to me n at all surpris+4 ,! works ( ^? :o might be suppos$ to h possess$ k ( ?is k9d h n be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,we %\ld n h kn[n :at /annum 01 _h n ! only passage ( ,pl9y :i* in=ms u be5 pres]v$4 ,i am z little surpris$ t ,h]odotus %\ld say he did n "k :]e cassit]on 0 obta9$4 ,h[ _m mod]n hi/orians are ignorant ( ! place f :i* z9c1 bismu?1 & tombac are br\ght6 & h[ev] easy x might be = our hi/orians to acquire k ( ?is k9d if !y *ose1 x 0 9 ! same degree difficult = ,h]odotus1 9 ^: "t !re 7 n works on m9]alogy1 te*nology1 & comm]ce1 to furni% su* in=mation4 ,at ! p]iod :5 he liv$1 cassit]on p]haps 0 no metallurgic production ( any neighb\r+ m9es1 b a =eign commodity1 a k ( :i*1 m]cantile p endeav\r$ 9 ^? e>ly ages1 mu* m ?an is ! case 9 mod]n times1 to conceal1 & :i* also c\ld be bett] conceal$ ?an at pres5t4 ,t real t9 0 aft]w>ds kn[n to ! ,greeks1 ,i readily believe2 b ,i f9d no pro( ( x1 nor c ,i det]m9e ! "t at :i* !y fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ?is metal4 ,x is n improbable t !y consid]$ x only z a v>iety ( _! old cassit]on1 or ! /annum ( ! ,romans1 z ! latt] decl>$ bo? to be a v>iety ( lead4 ,x might be expect$ t ! ,greeks w\ld h giv5 a peculi> "n to ! new t91 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! old1 z ! ,romans really did2 b ?is appe>s n to h be5 ! case4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 to h rem>k$ t1 s e>ly z ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 real =eign t9 0 call$ ! ,tyrian or ,celtic1 because ,tyre und\bt$ly 01 at t p]iod1 ! m>ket = ?is commodity4 ,accord+ to ! conjectural acc\nts hi!rto giv51 !re is no necessity = believ+ ! ^w cassit]on to be ,phnician or ,celtic4 ,! ,greeks seem to h us$ x be=e !y _h ,phnician t92 & because !y aft]w>ds consid]$ ! ,phnician w>e z a k9d ( _! cassit]on1 & at ! same "t he>d ( isl&s f :i* x 0 br\ght1 !y nam$ ^! isl&s ! ,cassit]ian1 z ,h]odotus has done1 ?\gh he expressly says t he did n "k :]e !y 7 situat$4 ,?is anci5t hi/orian seems to h ent]ta9$ ne>ly ! same op9ion 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! "n1 = he adds1 8,at any rate ! "n ,eridanus is n =eign1 b orig9ally ,greek#eba40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v possible t e ?+ said ( ^! isl&s1 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 0 m]ely a fabrication ( ! ,greek m]*ants1 none ( :om _h ! lea/ k ( ! ,phnician trade to ,engl&#ebb4 ,9 ?is case ! b$il ( ! ,hebrews might be only /annum1 & ?us w\ld be remov$ ! wond] ( ,mi*aelis1 h[ ! ,midianites c\ld h obta9$ t9 s e>ly#ebc4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 d5y t ! contr>y ( :at has be5 "h /at$ is equally possible4 ,! ,greeks might h obta9$ real t9 at a v e>ly p]iod by trade1 & along ) x ! =eign "n1 f :i* 0 =m$ cassit]os4 ,! art ( prep>+ /annum may n h be5 kn[n among !m1 & !re=e "u ! cassit]on ( ! ,greeks we mu/ und\bt$ly und]/& t94 ,9 ?is case "o c\ld compreh5d :y /annum is n m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ! ,greeks2 & if ! plumbum album ( ,pl9y be our t91 ( :i* !re c be sc>cely a d\bt1 8 te/imony t ! cassit]on ( ,hom] 0 ! same belongs to ?is place4 ,9 reg>d to ! "q1 :i* op9ion seems ! mo/ probable1 ,i w n ent] into any dispute2 b ,i mu/ ma9ta9 t1 9 reg>d to ! p]iods ( ,hom] & ,h]odotus1 no c]ta9ty c be obta9$4 ,to ju/ify ?is ass]tion1 ,i %all "h po9t out ev]y?+ ,i h f\nd relat+ to cassit]on1 &1 z f> z possible1 9 ! orig9al words1 quot+ ! diff]5t works 9 ! mann] 9 :i* all ! words = diction>ies ( natural hi/ory ought to be arrang$4 ,i4 ,vocatur ,lat9is plumbum c&iduma sive albumab1 et ,grcis jam ,iliacis temporibus te/e ,hom]o cassit]ona4 ,,ii4 ,m9] 7calculi7 coloris nigri1 quibus eadem gravitas qu auroa4 ,,iii4 ,non nascitur cum arg5to1 quod ex nigro fita4 ,,iv4 ,nascitur summa tellure ar5osaa2 s$ etiam ex pr(unda effoditurh4 ,v4 ,ar5 i/ lavantur a metallicis1 conflatque 9 album plumbum resolvuntura4 ,,vi4 ,plumbum c&idum e/ pretiosius nigroa4 ,,vii4 ,facile 9 igne fluit1 ita ut plumbi albi exp]im5tum 9 *>ta sit1 ut liquefactum pond]e videatur1 non calore rupisseac4 ,celticum citius quam plumbum fluit1 atque adeo 9 aqua2 colore inficit1 qucunque tangatc4 ,,viii4 ,nulli rei s9e mixtura utilea4 ,,ix4 ,adult]atur plumbo nigrod4 ,x4 ,/annum adult]atur addita ris c&idi t]tia portione 9 plumbum albuma4 ,,xi4 ,incoquitur ris op]ibus1 ,galli>um inv5to1 ita ut vix disc]ni possit ab arg5to1 eaque incoctilia vocanta4 ,,xii4 ,adhibetur ad ocreas h]\mp2 ad ?oraces exorn&osqr2 ad scuta orn&ast2 ad speculay4 ,,xiii4 ,ex eo nummos p]cussit ,dionysius tyrannus ,syrac4uv4 ,,xiv4 ,secum jungi nequit s9e plumbo nigro1 nec plumbum nigrum int] se jungi pote/ s9ealboax4 ,,xv4 ,gignitur 9 ,hispaniah2 ,lusitaniaah ,gallciaa1 9 ,ib]iakl1 apud ,artabrosh1 9 ,britanniaj3 9 insulis qu ,cassit]ides dict sunt ,grcisefhkw1 9 insula quam ,mictim vocat ,timu1 et a ,britannia sex di]um navigatione abesse ref]tg2 9 insulis ,hesp]idibusmno apud ,drangas populos ,p]sicos regionis ,ariani4#ebd ,to ?is ,i %all add ! foll[+ illu/ration4 ,! "n cassit]on is suppos$1 9 g5]al1 to be d]iv$ f ! ,phnician or ,*aldaic#ebe2 b on ?is po9t ,i am n able to decide4 ,mela1 :]e he expla9s ! "n ( ! ,cassit]ian isl&s1 calls x only plumbum1 )\t ! addition ( any epi!t1 unless x has be5 lo/ 9 transcrib+4 ,b ,pl9y himself says#ebf1 8,cassit]ides dict ,grcis a f]tilitate plumbi40 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t ! lead5 vessels1 :i* are (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 7 9 "p t92 b ,i _c possibly agree ) ,mill9#ebg1 :o makes ! cyanos ( ,hom] to be t94 ,?is ^w evid5tly d5otes m\nta9-gre51 or "s species ( /one col\r$ by x1 :i* 9 =m] times1 l ! lapis lazuli at pres5t1 0 employ$ = mak+ v>i\s k9ds ( ornam5ts4 ,besides1 cyanos & cassit]os are m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad#ebh z two diff]5t ?+s#ebi4 ,:at ,pl9y says ( ! col\r & weight ( ^? m9]als t produc$ t91 corresponds exce$+ly well ) t9 ore1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is among ! heavie/ ( m9]als1 ?\gh ! specific gravity ( ! metal itself is b small4 ,x is also true t lead is seldom f\nd )\t silv]2 & t9 p]haps has nev] be5 f\nd ) ! latt]4 ,:at we read 9 reg>d to ! obta9+ ( t9 ore1 agrees v well ) our wa%+-works4 ,ev5 at pres5t ! great] "p ( ! t9 ores are f\nd 9 fragm5ts & wa%$4 ,! smelt+ ( ?is metal1 ev5 :5 all ! rules ( art are n employ$1 is att5d$ ) little difficulty1 ?\gh ,goguet is ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,z ( all metals x melts easie/ 9 ! fire1 x requires only a small degree ( heat & no artificial furnace2 b z x is readily calc9$1 & aft] repeat$ r$uction loses its malleability1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! r$uc$ metal c imm$iately fl[ (f2 & on t acc\nt our furnaces h an ap]ture always kept op54 ,x is probable t ! anci5ts1 9 _! small furnaces1 c\ld easily make a simil> arrangem5t4 ,t9 at all times mu/ h be5 de>] ?an lead1 z ! latt] 0 f\nd 9 abundance1 b ! =m] 9 small quantities4 ,9 ,engl& at pres5t t9 co/s ab\t f\r times z mu* z lead4 ,at ,hamburg1 9 #agid1 a p\nd ( ,engli% block t9 co/ elev5 s*ill+s & a half1 & t9 9 b>s ?irte5 s*ill+s2 b a hundr$ p\nds ( ,engli% lead 7 wor? at t "t only f\rte5 m>ks1 & ,gosl> lead elev5 & a half m>ks ready money4 ,t t9 melts easi] ?an lead is v true4 ,accord+ to ! late/ exp]im5ts ! =m] fuses at #ddb1 :]eas lead requires #fab ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,bo? metals c be fus$ 9 pap] :5 x is closely wrapp$ r\nd !m4 ,ari/otle & ,pl9y meant to say ! same ?+ ( _! pap]2 & ! latt] adds t ! pap]1 ev5 :5 x became torn1 0 n burnt4 ,:at ! fir/ says ( melt+ 9 wat]1 "s h too inconsid]ately decl>$ to be a fable2 b x is n entirely false4 ,t91 :5 mix$ ) lead & bismu? 9 c]ta9 proportions1 is s fusible t x melts 9 boil+ wat]1 because x requires less heat to be fus$ ?an wat] does to be br\ght to a /ate ( ebullition4 ,t ! ,celtic t9 conta9$ a great deal ( lead1 appe>s f ! obs]vation1 t :5 rubb$ x made ! f+]s black2 an effect :i* w\ld n h be5 produc$ by pure t94 ,t t9 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y 0 mix$ ) lead1 & 9 v>i\s proportions1 we are told by himself4 ,at t p]iod a mixture ( equal p>ts t9 & lead 0 call$ arg5t>ium2 & t ( two p>ts lead & "o "p t91 t]ti>ium4 ,o!rs mix$ ! latt] composition ) an equal quantity ( t91 & nam$ ! mixture also arg5t>ium1 & ?is 0 commonly us$ = t9n+4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ge t ! la/ words ( ,pl9y ,i d n fully compreh5d4 ,!y h n inde$ be5 notic$ by any comm5tator2 b ,i d n on t acc\nt believe t ,i am ! only p]son to :om !y h be5 9 "p un9telligible4 ,savot & ,watson#ecj1 :o 7 und\bt$ly capable ( giv+ "s decisive op9ion on !m1 h purposely left t "p1 :i* to me appe>s obscure1 untranslat$ & )\t any explanation4 ,pl9y says1 8,improbiores ad t]ti>ium additis quis p>tibus albi1 arg5t>ium vocant1 et eo qu volunt1 incoquunt40 ,he seems "h to ?r[ out a reproa* aga9/ ^? :o melt$ toge!r equal quantities ( t]ti>ium & pure t91 & !n gave x ! "n ( arg5t>ium1 z if x _h be5 ( an inf]ior quality to ! arg5t>ium fir/ nam$4 ,b equal quantities ( t]ti>ium & pure t9 produc$ a mixture1 9 :i* = "o "p ( lead !re 7 two ( t94 ,h[ !n c\ld ^? :o made ?is mixture be call$ improbiores8 ,to answ] ?is "q ,i %all v5ture to give my conjecture4 ,pl9y p]haps meant to say1 t t9n+ prop]ly ought to be done ) pure t91 b t unpr9cipl$ arti/s employ$ = t purpose t9 mix$ ) lead4 ,if ?is be ! true mean+1 8 reproa* 0 n unf\nd$4 ,on ! same acc\nt1 because all t9 0 !n adult]at$ ) lead1 ,gal5 gives cautions aga9/ ! use ( t9n$ vessels1 & advises p to pres]ve m$ic9es r 9 glass or 9 gold5 vessels4 ,b :y does ,pl9y add1 8ideo album nulli rei s9e mixtura utile80 ,9 us+ ^! words1 x is possible he may h allud$1 n to t9n+1 b to ?+s ca/ ( t91 :i*1 accord+ to ! ideas ( t "t or ! nature ( ! t91 if ( t metal alone1 w\ld be too brittle4 ,?is seems to be said by ! prec$+ words1 to :i* ! ideo ref]s3 8albi natura plus aridi habet1 contraque nigri tota humida e/1 ideo album44440 ,i hope ! read] w =give me = ent]+ s deeply into criticism2 b if ,pl9y's valuable "w is ev] to become intelligible1 occasional contributions ( ?is k9d mu/ n be despis$4 ,( ! process employ$ 9 t9n+ 9 anci5t times1 we h no acc\nt2 b ! words ( ,pl9y incoqu]e & incoctilia seem almo/ to d5ote t x 0 p]=m$1 z 9 t9n+ our iron w>es1 by imm]s+ ! vessels 9 melt$ t94 ,x appe>s also to h be5 done at an e>ly p]iod 9 a v p]fect mann]1 bo? because ! t9n$ articles1 z ,pl9y says1 c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f silv]1 & because ! t9n+1 z he adds1 ) an expression ( wond]1 did n increase ! weight ( ! vessels4 ,! metal1 !re=e1 0 appli$ s ?9 t x c\ld make no p]ceptible addition to ! weight4 ,?is is ! case /ill1 :5 ! "w has be5 skilfully execut$2 & x af=ds a rem>kable pro( ( ! a/oni%+ divisibility ( metal4 ,dr4 ,watson caus$ a vessel1 ! surface ( :i* conta9$ #bed squ>e in*es1 & :i* weigh$ tw5ty-six ounces1 to be t9n$1 & f\nd t ! weight 0 increas$ only half an ounce2 consequ5tly half an ounce ( t9 0 spread ov] #bed squ>e in*es4 ,b1 not)/&+ all ?is dext]ity1 :i* mu/ be all[$ to ! ,romans1 !y appe> to h employ$ t9n+ at any rate = kit*5 ut5sils & h\sehold furniture v seldom4 ,x is sc>cely ev] m5tion$1 & nev] :]e "o might expect x1 t is to say1 9 works on cook]y & dome/ic conomy1 :]e ! au?ors give directions = prep>+ & pres]v+ salt provisions4 ,:5 !y speak ( ! *oice ( vessels1 !y m]ely say t new e>!n ones %\ld be employ$4 ,"s ( ! physicians only h _h ! =esight to recomm5d t9n$ vessels4 ,x does n appe> inde$ t ! ,romans1 ?\gh copp] vessels 7 9 g5]al use among !m1 employ$ any precautions to prev5t !m f be+ injuri\s to ! heal?4 ,pl9y only says t a coat+ ( /annum improv$ ! ta/e ( food1 & gu>d$ aga9/ v]digris4 ,! =m] "p is to be ?us und]/ood2 t ! bad ta/e occasion$ by copp] 0 prev5t$2 b he does n say t ! heal? 0 secur$ by x4 ,! t]m also incoctilia1 usual 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 is f\nd 9 8 works alone4 ,x is likewise rem>kable1 t among ! num]\s vessels f\nd at ,h]culaneum1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 ! great] "p ( !m 7 ( copp] or /annum1 few ( :i* 7 silv]$1 & none t9n$4 ,_h t9n+ be5 !n z mu* us$ z at pres5t1 "s t9n$ vessels mu/ h be5 f\nd4 ,i %all fur!r rem>k1 t ,pl9y ascribes ! inv5tion ( t9n+ to ! ,gauls2 & t he extols 9 p>ticul> ! "w ( ! ,bituriges1 ! old inhabitants ( ! prov9ce ( ,b]ry1 & ^? articles made at ,alexia or ,alegia1 :i* is consid]$ to h be5 ,alise 9 ,auxois2 t he speaks ( t9n+ copp] & n iron1 & t accord+ to 8 acc\nt n only t9 0 us$ = t purpose1 b also /annum4 ,by ! passages already quot$1 x is prov$ t 9 ! "t ( ,hom] cassit]on 0 employ$ = ornam5t+ %ields & c]ta9 k9ds ( dresses2 b ! fur!r illu/ration ( !m ,i %all leave to o!rs4 ,! %ields p]haps 7 inlaid ) t92 & x is n improbable t ?reads 7 !n made ( ?is metal1 & us$ = embroid]+4 ,t ?is art 0 at t p]iod kn[n may be readily believ$1 s9ce ! wom5 ( ,lapl& embroid] _! dresses1 & p>ticul>ly _! fur cloaks1 9 s delicate & +5i\s a mann]1 ) t9 ?reads drawn out by !mselves1 z to excite a/oni%m5t#eca4 ,:at ,pl9y says is true1 t lead _c be sold]$ )\t t91 or t9 )\t lead4 ,= ?is op]ation a mixture ( bo? metals1 :i* fuses m readily ?an ea* ( !m s+ly1 is employ$4 ,in/ead ( oil1 m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 workm5 use at pres5t 9 ?is process colophonium1 or "s o!r res94 ,t vessels 7 made ( ca/ t9 at an e>ly p]iod is highly probable2 b ,i d n rememb] to h se5 any ( !m 9 collections ( antiquities4 ,i am acqua9t$ only ) two in/ances ( _! be+ f\nd1 bo? ( :i* occurr$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury "s pieces ( t9 7 discov]$ 9 ,york%ire1 toge!r ) o!r ,roman antiquities#ecb2 & 9 #agef "s t9 vessels ( ,roman workman%ip ) ,roman inscriptions 7 dug up 9 ,cornwall#ecc4 ,i %all pass ov] ! hi/ory ( ! t9 trade ( ! ,phnicians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,gauls & ! ,romans1 respect+ :i* only scanty & d\btful in=mation is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 b 9 ^? ( ! mod]ns a great] numb] ( hypo!ses4 ,! situation ev5 ( ! ,cassit]ides isl&s _c ) c]ta9ty be det]m9$1 ?\gh x is suppos$ 9 g5]al1 & n )\t probability1 t !y 7 ! ,scilly isl&s1 :i* lie at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?irty miles f ! mo/ we/]n "p ( ! ,engli% coa/2 t is1 ! extremity ( ,cornwall1 or1 z x is call$1 ! ,l&'s ,end4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ adopt ! op9ion ( ,ortelius1 t "u t appellation 7 includ$ ! coa/s ( ,cornwall & ,devon%ire#ecd4 ,to ^? :o are on ! ,scilly isl&s1 ,cornwall1 z ,borlase rem>ks1 appe>s to be an isl&2 & z x is impossible t ! ,scilly isl&s1 :i* 7 call$ also ,silures1 c\ld furni% t9 suffici5t = ! anci5t trade1 especially z few & v small traces ( old works are obs]v$ 9 !m1 x is m probable t ! great] "p ( ! metal 0 obta9$ f ,cornwall4 ,t ! ,phnicians !mselves work$ m9es !re1 _c be prov$2 x is r to be suppos$ t !y procur$ ! metal f ! inhabitants by b>t]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is reason to believe1 f v>i\s antiquities1 t ! ,romans dug up ! ore !mselves f ! m9e1 & _h works = extract+ ! metal4 ,! isl& ,ictis ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 to :i* ! anci5t ,britons c>ri$ t91 & f :i* x 0 convey$ by ! ,gallic m]*ants1 is g5]ally consid]$ z ! ,isle ( ,wight2 b ,borlase rem>ks v prop]ly#ece1 t ,ictis1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ! anci5ts1 mu/ h be5 mu* ne>] to ! coa/ ( ,cornwall4 ,he conjectures !re=e1 & ) great probability1 t ?is ^w 0 ! g5]al appellation ( a p59sula1 or bay1 or a place ( dept = m]*&ise#ecf4 ,if ! ,mictis ( ,timu & ! ,vectis ( ,pl9y are n ?is isl& ,ictis1 x w be difficult to f9d !m4 ,x is v s+ul>1 t ,dionysius1 a lat] writ]1 & 8 foll[] ,priscian1 & ,avi5us1 call ! ,cassit]ides isl&s ! ,hesp]ides#ecg4 ,t ! ,drangians _h t9 m9es appe>s to me highly improbable2 ,/rabo is ! only writ] :o says s1 9 a few words2 & no?+ ( ! k9d is to be f\nd 9 any o!r au?or4 ,if ,drangiana be consid]$ z a "p ( ,p]sia1 to :i* t di/rict belongs at pres5t1 x is /at$ by all mod]n travell]s t t9 is n to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! ,p]sian empire#ech4 ,if we reckon x a "p ( ,india1 ,pl9y ass]ts t no t9-works 7 !n kn[n 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 8 "t1 ?is metal 0 s5t ?i!r z an article ( comm]ce1 & 0 pur*as$ ) preci\s /ones & pe>ls4 ,?is la/ circum/ance has by "s be5 consid]$ z a pro( ( ! high price ( ! metal at t p]iod2 b he says no?+ fur!r ?an t t9 0 among ! imports ( ,india at t "t1 & t jewels & pe>ls =m$ a "p ( ! exports4 ,x may be said t ! inhabitants ( ! ,spani% colonies 9 ,am]ica gave _! silv] = our l951 b we _c !nce prove t x be>s a high price4 ,t ! ^w /annum1 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 did n signify t9 b a comp\nd$ metal1 is z c]ta9 z t 9 lat] times x became ! common "n ( t94 ,h5ce arises ! "q1 ,s9ce :at "t has our t9 be5 kn[n "u ! appellation ( /annum8 ,?is "q1 z f> z ,i "k1 has nev] yet be5 exam9$2 & ?is1 ,i hope1 w be a suffici5t excuse if ,i %\ld n be able to give an answ] completely satisfactory4 ,! fir/ au?or 9 :om ,i f9d ! ,greek ^w cassit]os translat$ by /annum is ,avi5us1 9 ! free translation ( ,dionysius2 :o1 z prov$ by ,w]nsdorf1 liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! next :o translates ! ,greek ^w 9 ! same mann]1 is ,priscian2 :o1 accord+ to ! gr\nds alleg$ by ,w]nsdorf1 mu/ h liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,f :at ,i already "k1 ,i suspect t ! long & improp] "n plumbum c&idum began 9 ! f\r? c5tury to be ex*ang$ = /annum2 & x is probable t1 at t "t1 t9 0 s abundant t x bani%$ ! old /annum1 to :i* x might h a resemblance4 ,9 lat] c5turies1 !n1 /annum always signifi$ t92 & 9 ! middle ages v>i\s words 7 arbitr>ily =m$ f x :i* d n occur 9 ! ,lat9 au?ors4 ,! /annea tecta1 or ro( ( ! *ur* at ,ag51 on ! ,g>onne1 9 ,gui5ne1 describ$ by ! ecclesia/ical poet ,=tunatus#eci1 ab\t ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 consi/$ und\bt$ly ( t9n$ plates ( copp]4 ,/agn>e occurs (t5 = t9n+1 z /agnator does = a t9-f\nd]4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,engl& gave z a pres5t a /agn>ium or a /ann>ia1 a t9 m9e or t9 "w1 or z o!rs say1 fod9a /anni4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re 0 9 ,engl&1 "u ,edw>d ,,iii41 a /ann>ia curia2 & 9 ! same c5tury1 besides v>i\s o!r ornam5ts1 lunul /anneat 7 =bidd5 to ! cl]gy4 ,9 a catalogue ( ! ye> #acgi1 ! foll[+ articles occur3 8tria p>va /anna modici valoris 444 item unum /annum p>vum 444 item duo magna /anna#edj40 ,9 reg>d to ! t9 trade ( ! ,spani>ds1 ,i c un=tunately say no?+3 ! t9-works 9 ,spa91 we are told1 7 ab&on$ "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,moors4 ,engl&1 z is g5]ally ass]t$1 enjoy$ an exclusive trade 9 ?is metal till ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! t9 m9es 7 discov]$ & work$ 9 ,bohemia4 ,b ! exact "t :5 ?is took place ,i am n able to det]m9e4 ,! ,bohemian works1 9 all probability1 are old] ?an ! ,saxon2 b x is /ill m c]ta9 t ! acc\nt giv5 by ,hagec1 t !y 7 kn[n s e>ly z ! ye> #gih1 is entirely void ( f\ndation#eda4 ,:5 ! ,engli% writ]s#edb treat on ! hi/ory ( ?is metal1 !y seldom fail to repeat :at has be5 said on ! subject by ,mat!w ,p>is4 ,?is ,b5$ict9e monk1 :o 0 by bir? an ,engli%man1 & di$ 9 #abei1 relates1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 t a ,corni%-man hav+ fl$ to ,g]many1 on acc\nt ( a murd]1 fir/ discov]$ t9 !re 9 ! ye> #abda4 ,he adds1 t ! ,g]mans soon aft] furni%$ ?is metal at s *eap a rate1 t !y c\ld sell x 9 ,engl&1 on :i* ! price !re fell1 v mu* to ! loss ( ,ri*>d ,e>l ( ,cornwall1 s well kn[n by 8 hav+ be5 elect$ k+ ( ! ,romans#edc4 ,s9ce ,mat!w relates ?is z an ev5t :i* took place 9 8 "t1 x w\ld p]haps be improp] to d\bt x2 b x /ill appe>s /range t no m5tion is to be f\nd ( ?is circum/ance 9 ! ,bohemian or ,g]man ,annals4 ,gmel9 also mu/ n h met ) any acc\nt ( x1 else he w\ld h ann\nc$ x4 ,pei?n] likewise is sil5t respect+ x3 on ! contr>y1 he says t ! t9 m9es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n ( ,graupp5 7 discov]$ z e>ly z ! ye> #aadf1 by a peasant nam$ ,wnadec1 belong+ to ! village ( ,*odicze4 ,( ! antiquity ( ! ,saxon m9es ,i c give no acc\nt3 _h any in=mation on t subject exi/$1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 notic$ by ,gmel94 ,brus*1 :o 0 murd]$ by two noblem5 9 #aeei1 seems to place ! discov]y ( ! t9 m9es at ,s*lack5walde1 :i* he says are y\ng] ?an ^? ( ,s*nfeld1 9 ! ?irte5? or twelf? c5tury#edd4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o di$ 9 #abhj1 says t 9 8 "t a great deal ( t9 0 dug up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,at pres5t ! pr9cipal t9 works are at ,gey]1 ,ehr5fri$]sdorf & ,alt5b]g4 ,! art ( t9n+ plate-iron 0 inv5t$ ei!r 9 ,bohemia or ,g]many1 & introduc$ at a lat] p]iod into ,engl&1 ,france1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,b z ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,g]man m9es is v defective & unc]ta91 ! p]iod :5 ?is useful & highly pr(itable bran* ( bus9ess 0 begun is n kn[n4 ,y>ranton1 an ,engli% writ]1 ( :om ,i %all speak m h]eaft]1 relates t ! fir/ t9n+ ( ?is k9d 0 made 9 ,bohemia2 t a ,ca?olic cl]gyman1 :o embrac$ ! ,lu!ran religion1 br\ght ! art1 ab\t ! ye> #afbj1 to ,saxony1 & t s9ce t "t all ,europe has be5 furni%$ ) t9-plate f ,g]many4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t ! t9n+ ( iron is m mod]n ?an ! t9n+ ( copp]4 ,! fir/ articles made by ! bottle-mak]s 7 flasks ( copp] t9n$1 :i* 9 old times 7 us$ 9 w> & on j\rneys1 l ! /agnone1 /ill employ$ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 9 :i* all k9ds ( di/ill$ wat]s are s5t f ,malta#ede4 ,among ! ,engli%1 :o =m]ly _h a monopoly ( ! t9 trade1 & :o /ill possess ! be/ & ri*e/ t9 m9es1 ! introduction ( ?is art ( employ+ _! native production did n at fir/ succe$2 & ?is circum/ance af=d$ ,be*] a subject = raill]y#edf4 ,b ab\t ! ye> #afgj1 a company s5t to ,saxony1 at _! exp5se1 an +5i\s man nam$ ,&rew ,y>ranton1 9 ord] to le>n ! process ( t9n+4 ,hav+ acquir$ !re ! necess>y k1 he return$ to ,engl& ) "s ,g]man workm51 & manufactur$ t9-plate1 :i* met ) g5]al approbation4 ,be=e ! company1 h[ev]1 c\ld c>ry on bus9ess on an ext5sive scale1 a man ( "s di/9ction1 hav+ made himself acqua9t$ ) ,y>ranton's process1 obta9$ a pat5t = ?is art2 & ! fir/ und]tak]s 7 oblig$ to give up _! ent]prise1 :i* _h co/ !m a great deal ( money1 & yet no use 0 made ( ! pat5t :i* _h be5 obta9$#edg4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! _m new s*emes & ! deceptive trade c>ri$ on 9 consequ5ce ( !m1 w ev] be memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% folly1 among ! _m bubbles1 z !y 7 !n call$1 0 an e/abli%m5t = mak+ t9-plate2 & ?is 0 "o ( ! few speculations ( t p]iod :i* 7 att5d$ ) advantage4 ,! fir/ manufactory ( ?is k9d 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,monm\?%ire1 p]haps at ! village ( ,pontypool1 :]e t9-plate 0 at any rate made s e>ly z #agcjedh4 ,9 ,france1 ! fir/ exp]im5t to introduce ?is bran* ( manufacture 0 made "u ,colb]t1 :o procur$ workm51 "s ( :om 7 e/abli%$ at ,*5esey1 9 ,fran*e-,comt1 & o!rs at ,beaumont-la-,f]ri]e 9 ! ,niv]nois4 ,b ! want ( skill & prop] support r5d]$ ?is exp5sive und]tak+ fruitless4 ,"s manufactories1 h[ev]1 7 br\ght to be productive 9 ! la/ c5tury2 ! olde/ ( :i* 0 e/abli%$ at ,mansvaux 9 ,alsace1 9 ! ye> #agbf4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 9 #agcc1 by ano!r at ,ba9 9 ,lorra9e1 :i* obta9$ its privilege f ,duke ,francis ,,iii41 & ?is 0 confirm$ by ,/anislaus 9 #agdeedi4 ,t t91 9 mod]n times1 has be5 br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies to ,europe is well-kn[n2 b ,i h nev] be5 s =tunate z to discov] :5 ?is trade began4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 kn[n1 t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury a good deal ( in=mation _h be5 obta9$ 9 ,europe 9 reg>d to ,ea/ ,indian t94 ,l\is ,b>!ma1 :o 0 !n 9 ,india1 speaks ( ,malacca t9#eej1 z does also ,f4 ,m5dez ,p9to1 :o 0 !re 9 #aecg1 & ,odo>d ,b>bosa m5tions t :i* 0 c>ri$ f ,c>anguor to ,malacca4 ,b>bosa wrote 9 #aeafeea4 ,mun/]1 ,m]cator1 & o!r old geograph]s relate1 t be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,portuguese dom9ion 9 ,india1 l>ge t9 co9s 7 9 circulation 9 ! isl& ( ,sumatra4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,ea/-,indian t9 comes f ,siam1 ,malacca1 & ,banca4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ place1 :i* is an isl& ne> ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ,sumatra1 ! m9es are said to h be5 discov]$ 9 #agaa4 ,9 #aggf !re 7 t5 pits1 :i* 7 work$ by ,*9ese1 on acc\nt ( ! k+ ( ,palimbang4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds co/ him only five rix doll>s2 & = ?is quantity he receiv$ f ! ,dut* ,ea/-,india company1 to ^: gov]nm5t he 0 subject1 f ?irte5 to fifte5 doll>s4 ,! great] "p w5t to ,*9a1 or 0 us$ 9 ,india2 b 9 ! ye> #aggh ! company s5t #gjj1jjj p\nds to ,europe1 :i* 0 sold at ! rate ( a hundr$ p\nds = =ty-two flor9s4 ,malacca furni%es ye>ly ab\t ?ree or f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds2 b ! pr9cipal "p ( x rema9s 9 ,india4 ,9 ! ye> #aggh ! company sold #ajj1jjj p\nds 9 ,am/]dam4 ,a great deal ( t9 is sold also 9 its factory at ,siam4 ,all ! t9 sold by x at ,am/]dam betwe5 ! ye>s #agge & #aggi am\nt$ to #b1dba1eig p\nds4 ,t9 occurs native 9 two =ms1 z p]oxide & z sulphuret ( t9 & copp]4 ,! la/ is r>e2 ! =m] con/itutes ! great s\rce ( t91 & 9 its native /ate mix$ ) ars5ic1 copp]1 z9c & tung/51 is call$ t9-/one2 b :5 occurr+ 9 r\nd$ masses1 gra9s1 or s& 9 alluvial soil1 is call$ /ream-t94 ,! metal r$uc$ f ! t9-/one =ms block-t92 :il/ t f ! /ream-t91 & :i* is ! pure/1 is call$ gra9-t94 ,! annual produce ( ! t9 m9es & works ( ,cornwall is e/imat$ at #djjj tons1 wor? f #fe to #hj a ton4 ,ab\t #cj1jjj cwt4 ( unwr\ght t9 are annually export$ f ,brita91 *iefly to ,france1 ,italy & ,russia2 :i* is1 exclusive ( t9 & pewt] w>es & t9-plates1 9 decl>$ value ne>ly #djj1jjj1 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ! colonies1 c4 ,moreov]1 f #aj1jjj to #cj1jjj cwt4 ( ,banca & ,malay t9 are import$ = re-exportation to ! cont95t & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an important enamel has lately be5 pat5t$ = l9+ ! int]ior ( ca/ iron vessels & ut5sils us$ 9 cook+1 *emical op]ations1 c41 :i* w probably replace t9n$ articles 9 a great degree4 ,to apply ! process1 ! vessels are cleans$ ) weak sulphuric acid1 !n wa%$ & dipp$ into a ?9 pa/e made ) qu>tz fir/ melt$ ) borax1 felsp> & clay free f iron1 !n r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 & suffici5t wat] add$ to =m ?9ni% pa/e4 ,! vessels are !n p[d]$ inside ) a l95 bag1 conta9+ a v f9ely p[d]$ mixture ( felsp>1 c>bonate ( soda1 borax1 & a little oxide ( t94 ,! articles are !n dri$ & heat$ 9 an enamell+ furnace4 ,! coat+ is v :ite1 be>s ! action ( fire )\t crack+1 & completely resi/s acid or alkal9e solutions4 ,,footnotes #ejc ,t9-/one h[ev] occurs 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal2 & ,watson1 9 8 ,*emical ,essays1 /ates t ,spa9 furni%$ ! anci5ts ) consid]able quantities ( t94 #ejd ,native t9 nev]1 or at any rate1 v r>ely occurs4 ,9 ! ye> #agfe a piece 0 suppos$ to be f\nd1 ( :i* an acc\nt may be se5 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lvi4 p4 #ce1 & vol4 lix4 p4 #dg4 ,b ! tru? ( ?is 0 d5i$ by mo/ m9]alogi/s1 su* = example z ,j>s 9 ,mmoires de l',acad4 ,p>is1 anne #aggj1 p4 #edj4 ,soon aft] ! above-m5tion$ piece ( t9 0 f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 "s deal]s 9 m9]als sold simil> pieces to amateurs at a v de> rate2 b all ^! _h be5 tak5 f roa/+-places1 :]e ! t9 exudes2 & v (t5 :at is suppos$ to be t9 is only exud$ bismu?1 z is prov$ by "s specim5s 9 my collection4 ,i %all "h obs]ve1 t x may n be improp]1 9 ! hi/ory ( t91 to %[ t x 0 believ$ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago t ?is metal 0 f\nd 9 a native /ate4 #eje ,hav+ reque/$ ,pr(essor ,ty*s51 to ^: pr(\nd k ( ,ori5tal hi/ory1 languages1 & lit]ature ,i h be5 already indebt$ = mu* assi/ance1 to po9t out ! gr\nds on :i* b$il is consid]$ to be our t91 ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]1 ) p]mission to ins]t x 9 ?is place4 8,b$il1 1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable d]ivation1 means ! sep>at$4 ,x may !re=e1 consi/5t ) etymology1 be :at ,pl9y calls /annum1 n t91 b lead f :i* ! silv] has n be5 suffici5tly sep>at$4 ,! passage 9 ,isaiah1 *ap4 i4 v]4 #be1 appe>s to af=d a confirmation1 because ! ^w !re is put 9 ! plural1 equival5t to scori1 z some?+ sep>at$ by fusion4 8,o!rs d]ive b$il f ! mean+ ( ! ,arabic ^w badal1 t is1 sub/itutum1 succ$aneum4 ,9 ?is case inde$ x might mean t91 :i* may be readily conf\nd$ ) silv]4 8,! que/ions1 :y b$il has be5 translat$ t91 & h[ old ?is explanation may be1 are answ]$ by ano!r3 ,is t98 ,if ?is be admitt$1 ! explanation is z old z ! ,greek v]sion ( ! sev5ty int]pret]s1 :o 9 mo/ passages1 ,ezekiel1 *ap4 xxii4 v]4 #ah & #bj1 & *ap4 xxvii4 v]4 #ab1 express x by ! ^w 4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ passage1 t9 & iron h ex*ang$ places4 ,! ,t>gumi/s also call x t92 & "s1 ) ! ,sam>itan translation1 use ! ,greek ^w1 b corrupt$ into ka/]on1 ka/ira4 ,x is also ! usual ,jewi% explanation1 t b$il means t91 z (]et does lead4 8,9 ! olde/ passage1 h[ev]1 :]e b$il occurs1 t is 9 ,numb]s1 *ap4 xxxi4 v]4 #bb1 ! ,sev5ty translate x by 1 lead1 & ! ,vulgate by plumbum1 & vice v]s1 ! ,sev5ty = (]et put 1 & ! ,vulgate /annum4 ,?is1 z ! olde/ explanation :i* ! ,lat9 translator f\nd already 9 ! ,septuag9t1 is p>ticul>ly wor?y ( notice4 ,accord+ to x1 "o might take 1 1 /annum1 = ! /annum ( ,pl9y1 lead ) silv]2 ! gradation ( ! metals /ill rema9s2 ! ( ! ,sev5ty may be t9 or real lead4 ,x may h d5ot$ t9 & lead toge!r1 & p]haps ! ,sev5ty plac$ "h 1 9 ord] t !y might h "o metal m = ! ,hebrew (]et4 ,b f ?is explanation x w\ld foll[ t ,moses 0 n acqua9t$ ) t94 8,! ,ea/ has /ill ano!r "n = lead & t91 1 anac1 :i* occurs only 9 ,amos1 *ap4 vii4 v]4 #g & #h1 b is abundant 9 ! ,syriac1 ,*aldaic1 & ,arm5ian1 & compreh5ds plumbum1 nigrum1 & c&idum4 8,9 ! ,p]sian t9 is nam$ kalai1 ress1 arziz1 :i* are all ( ,arabic1 or1 l kalai1 ( ,turki% extraction4 ,none ( ^! h any aff9ity to & b$il4 8,z t9 is br\ght f ,india1 x occurr$ to me :e!r ! olde/ "n1 l tombak1 might n be ,malayan4 ,b 9 ! ,malayan1 tima is ! "n = t9 & lead4 ,rel&i ,diss]tat4 ,miscell4 iii4 p4 #fe4 ,x w\ld inde$ be 9 va9 to look = ,asiatic etymologies 9 reg>d to 1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! express ass]tion ( ,h]odotus1 ! ,greeks did n procure t9 f ,asia1 b f ! ,cassit]ides isl&s4 ,! "n may be ,phnician2 & ?\gh ,bo*>t has n v5tur$ to give any etymology ( x1 "o1 9 case ( necessity1 might h be5 f\nd equally probable z t :i* he has giv5 ( ,britannia4 ,b x appe>s to me m probable t ! ^w is ( ,celtic extraction1 because simil> names are f\nd 9 ,brita91 su* z ,cassi1 an old ,briti% family2 ,cassivelaunus1 a ,briti% lead] oppos$ to ,cs>2 ,cassibelanus1 9 all probability1 ! same "n 9 ! "t ( ,claudius4 ,cassi-t]1 ) ! ,greek t]m9ation 1 seems to be a ,celtic comp\nd1 ! mean+ ( :i* might p]haps be f\nd 9 ,pelleti]1 ,bullet1 c40 #ejf ,pl94 lib4 xxxiv4 cap4 #af1 #dg1 p4 #ffi4 #ejg ,! la/ mean+ is f\nd 9 ,pl9y1 xxxiii4 #f1 #ca1 & xxxiv4 #ah1 #ec3--8;,e/ et molybdna1 quam alio loco gal5am vocavimus1 v5a arg5ti plumbique communis4 ,adhrescit et auri et arg5ti =nacibus2 et hanc metallicam vocant40 ,"h !n !re are bo? ! significations1 fir/ bleyglanz1 secondly (5bru*4 ,! "n gal5a seems to h be5 borr[$ f =eign metallurgic works1 p]haps f ! ,spani%1 z 0 conjectur$ by ,agricola 9 ,b]mannus1 p4 #dcd4 ,?is1 at any rate1 is m probable ?an ! d]ivation ( ,vossius f 1 spl5d]e1 especially z ! ,greeks h n ! ^w gal5a4 #ejh ,i expla9 ! passage 9 ?is mann]1 b ,i ackn[l$ge t difficulties /ill rema94 ,i h h[ev] ?\ght t x might p]haps be ?us und]/ood2 t 9 ! process ( fusion1 z !n us$1 ! gal5a =m$ ! ?ird "p ( ! weight ( ! ore or pa/e1 & lead a ?ird "p ( ! gal5a2 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r ! products ( metallic works 7 !n s accurately weigh$4 ,i %all leave ! read] to det]m9e :e!r ! two explanations ( ,savot are bett]4 ,he supposes ei!r t ,pl9y gives ?ree ways ( obta9+ lead1 namely1 f lead ore1 arg5tif]\s ore1 & gal5a2 or t he says t silv] =ms a ?ird1 lead a ?ird1 & slag ! rema9+ ?ird4 ,b if ! fir/ op9ion be correct1 :y did ,pl9y say 8,plumbi origo duplex80 #eji ,b]mannus1 pp4 #dej1 #dhe4 #eaj ,de ,re ,metallica1 lib4 iii4 ,franc4 7#aeea71 #hvo4 #eaa ,de ,metallis1 cap4 #bb4 ,franc4 #afjf1 fol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 #eab ,disc\rs sur les mdailles antiques p> ,l\is ,savot4 ,p>is1 #afbg1 #dto1 ii4 #b1 p4 #dh4 ,?is "w conta9s valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! m9]alogy ( ! anci5ts4 #eac ,9 ,aldrov&i ,musum ,metallicum4 ,bonon4 #afdh1 fol4 p4 #aha4 #ead ,j4 ,jungii ,doxoscopia1 ,hamb4 #affb1 cap4 #e1 de metalli speciebus4 #eae ,i %all "h po9t out a few passages :]e su* vessels are m5tion$4 ,dioscorides1 ii4 #hd1 p4 #aji4--,pl94 xxix4 #b1 #bj2 xxx4 #e1 #ab1 & xxx4 #g1 #ai4--;,columella1 xii4 #da4--,vegetius1 i4 #af4--,scribonius ,l>gus ,composit4 ,m$4 ,patavii1 #afee1 #dto1 #bcj4 #eaf ,sueton4 ,vitell4 #f1 p4 #aib2 :]e x is said t91 :i* 0 ( a :ite col\r1 0 to s]ve in/ead ( silv]4 #eag ,9 ! "w already quot$1 i4 cap4 #cb1 p4 #fd3 8,vides /annum ,pl9io esse quiddam de plumbo nigro1 nempe primum fluorem plumbi nigri20 s t :5 our lead ore is fus$1 ! fir/ "p t fl[s w\ld be ! /annum ( ,pl9y4 8,et hoc docet ,pl9ius adult]>i plumbo c&ido20 ) our t91 & prop]ly consid]$ ! /annum ( ,pl9y is m]ely our halbw]k1 ( :i* ^? cans call$ halbw]k are made4 ,entzel des]ves t ,i %\ld "h revive ! remembrance ( him4 ,he 0 a native ( ,salfeld2 prea*]1 pa/or ,o/]hus5sis1 & a fri5d ( ,melanc?on1 :o recomm5d$ ! book = publication to ,eg5holf1 a booksell] ( ,frank=t1 9 a lett] dat$ #aeea1 9 :i* ye> x 0 fir/ pr9t$4 ,x 0 repr9t$ at ! same place 9 #aeeg1 & at ,basle 9 #aeee1 #hvo4 #eah ,! ,fr5* lett]-f\nd]s take f\r-fif?s ( lead & "o-fif? regulus ( antimony2 ^? ( ,b]l9 use elev5 p\nds ( antimony1 tw5ty-five ( lead1 & five ( iron4 ,_m add also t91 copp]1 & brass4 ,^? ( ,engl& use ?ree p>ts ( lead & "o ( antimony4 #eai ,von ,hutt5-w]k51 p4 #cgf4 #ebj ,a good acc\nt ( ?is manufactory may be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal fr ,fabrik1 ,manufact4 ,h&lung und ,mode1 #agic4 ,we are told !re t ! buttons 7 made ( a composition :i* _h a :ite silv]-l col\r1 & 0 susceptible ( a f9e poli%4 ,?is 0 probably "s alloy ( nickel1 "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ,g]man silv]4 #eba ,lib4 iii4 p4 #bed4 #ebb ,t ! m]*ants1 9 ! olde/ p]iods1 endeav\r$ by false in=mation to conceal ! s\rces ( _! trade1 might be prov$ by v>i\s in/ances4 #ebc ,supplem5ta 9 ,lexica ,hebraica p4 #aea4 #ebd ,! au?ors "h quot$1 correspond+ to ! above lett]s1 are z foll[s3-- a ,pl9ius1 xxxiv4 #af1 p4 #ffh4 b ,cs> ,de ,bello ,gallico1 v4 #ab4 c ,ari/ot4 ,auscult4 ,mirab4 cap4 #ea1 p4 #ajj4 d ,gal5us ,de ,antidot4 i4 #h4 p4 #bji4 ed4 gr4 ,basil4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dca4 e ,pl94 iv4 #bb4 p4 #fcj4 f ,h]odot4 lib4 iii4 p4 #bed4 edit4 ,wess4 g ,pl94 iv4 #af1 p4 #bbc4 h ,/rabo1 lib4 iii4 p4 #bai4 ed4 ,almel4 i ,/rabo1 lib4 xv4 p4 #ajee4 j ,diodor4 ,sic4 lib4 v4 p4 #cdg4 ed4 ,wess4 k ,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 v4 p4 #cfa4 l ,/ephan4 ,byzant4 v4 ,t>tessus1 p4 #fci4 m ,dionys4 ,p]iegesis1 v4 #efc4 n ,prisciani ,p]ieg4 v4 #ege4 o ,avi5us ,descript4 ,urbis1 v4 #gdc4 p ,hom]i ,iliad4 xviii4 #fab4 q ,iliad4 xi4 #be4 r ,iliad4 xxiii4 #efa4 s ,iliad4 xviii4 #efe1 #egd4 t ,hesiod4 ,scut4 ,h]culis1 v4 #bjh4 u ,ari/ot4 conom4 lib4 ii4 p4 #eid4 v ,pollux ,onoma/4 p4 #ajee4 w ,pomp4 ,mela1 iii4 #f1 #bd1 p4 #bge4 x ,pl94 xxxiii4 #e1 p4 #fba4 y ,pl94 xxxiv4 #ag1 #dh1 p4 #ffi2 & lib4 xxxiii4 #de3 ,optima specula apud majores fu]ant ,brundisiana /anno et re mixtis4 ,f a simil> mixture ! be/ metallic specula are ca/ at pres5t4 #ebe ,borlase's ,antiquities ( ,cornwall4 ,ox4 #aged1 fol4 p4 #bi4 #ebf ,lib4 iv4 cap4 #bb1 p4 #bcj4 #ebg ,m9ralogie ,hom]ique1 ,p>4 #agij1 #hvo4 ,a small treatise mu* e/eem$4 #ebh ,lib4 xi4 #bd1 #be4 #ebi ,see :at ,i h already said1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgb4 #ecj ,savot1 p4 #ec4--,watson's ,*emical ,essays1 iv4 p4 #ahg4 #eca ,s*eff]i ,lapponia1 ,franc(4 #afgc1 #dto1 pp4 #baj1 #bfa1 :]e a figure is giv5 ( a ,lapl& woman draw+ ?reads4 #ecb ,phil4 ,trans4 #agjb1 #agjc1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #aabi4 #ecc ,phil4 ,trans4 #agei1 vol4 li4 p4 #ac1 :]e figures ( ! vessels are giv54 ,:itak]'s ,hi/4 ( ,man*e/]1 i4 p4 #cjf4 #ecd ,borlase's ,cornwall1 p4 #cj2 & 8 ,obs]vations on ! ,isl&s ( ,scilly4 ,oxf4 #agef1 #dto4 #ece ,natural ,hi/4 ( ,cornwall1 p4 #agg4 #ecf ,9 ! ,antiquities ( ,cornwall1 p4 #cid3 ,ik1 yk1 ick1 a common t]m9ation ( creeks 9 ,cornwall1 z ,pord9ik1 ,pradnik4 #ecg ,dionysii ,orbis ,descriptio4 ,lond9i1 #afgi1 #hvo1 p4 #bbj1 :]e ,hill's obs]vations des]ve to be read4 #ech ,voyages de ,*>d94 ,r\51 #agbc1 #abmo1 iv4 #fe1 :]e x is expressly said t ,p]sia has no t91 b t x obta9s x f ,india4 ,! same ?+ is confirm$ by ,tav]ni]4 #eci ,=tunati ,op]a4 ,rom1 #aghf1 #dto1 i4 p4 #ad1 lib4 i4 cap4 #h4 #edj ,pro(s may be f\nd 9 ,dufresne4 #eda ,w5cesl4 ,hagec ,bhmis*e ,*ronik4 ,nrnb4 #afig1 fol4 p4 #ec4 #edb ,= example1 ,borlase 9 ,natur4 ,hi/4--,spe$'s ,!atre ( ,great ,brita94--,camd5's ,britannia4--,&]son's ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce1 c4 #edc ,?is metal1 h[ev]1 mu/ h rema9$ long de>2 = x is rem>k$ 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aed1 f an exp5se-book ( ! ,e>ls ( ,nor?umb]l&1 t vessels ( t91 ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 9 consequ5ce ( _! de>ness1 _h n become common4 ,?is is confirm$ also by a regulation respect+ ! h\sehold ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 pr9t$ also 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 :]e x is said1 8,(fic]s ( ! squill]y to see all ! vessels1 z well silv] z pewt]1 be kept & sav$ f /eal+40 #edd ,c4 ,brus*ii r$ivivi ,bes*reib4 des ,fi*telb]ges4 ,nrnb4 #afhc4 #ede ,see ,geg5wrtig] ,/aat von ,engl&1 ,portugal1 und ,spani5 7by ,!odore ,k+ ( ,corsica71 ii4 p4 #be4 #edf ,n>ris* ,wei%eit1 p4 #ea4 #edg ,y>ranton's ,engl&'s ,improvem5t by ,sea & ,l&1 #afih4 #edh ,watson's ,*em4 ,essays1 iv4 p4 #bjc4--;,&]son's ,comm]ce4 #edi ,?is is relat$ by ,did]ot 9 8 article ,f]-blanc 9 ! ,encyclopdie4 ,t ! ,f]-blanc ( ! ,fr5* is t9 plate e "o kn[s2 b :at are we to und]/& by f]rum c&idum1 a hundr$ tal5ts ( :i* 7 giv5 z a pres5t to ,alex&] 9 ,india8 ,no comm5tator has notic$ ?is appellation4 ,9 ! index1 h[ev]1 to ,snak5burg's ,curtius1 ,i f9d ! conjecture t x may mean ! f]rum ,indicum1 :i*1 lib4 xvi4 #g4 ff de ,publicanis1 or ,dige/4 xxxix4 #d1 #af1 #g1 is nam$ among ! articles liable to pay duty2 b "s editions 9 ?is passage h eb5um ,indicum4 ,! read] is ref]r$ also to ,photii ,biblio?4 p4 #ade1 :]e ,ctesias relates a fable 9 reg>d to ,indian iron4 ,pl9y1 xxxiv4 #ad1 p4 #ffg1 m5tions f]rum ,s]icum1 :i* 9 8 "t 0 consid]$ z ! be/2 b /ill x may be ask$1 :y is ! epi!t :ite appli$ 9 p>ticul> to ! ,indian iron8 ,comp>e ,ari/ot4 de ,mirab4 ,auscult4 pp4 #if1 #dbf4 #eej ,ramusio1 fol4 i4 p4 #aff4 c4 #eea ,ib4 i4 p4 m4 #cag4 d4 ,,s[+-,,ma*9es4 ,t "u ! t]ms s[+-ma*9e1 semoir1 drill-pl\gh1 mac*9e p] sem9>e1 are und]/ood implem5ts by :i* ! se$s ( ^? plants cultivat$ on a l>ge scale1 & p>ticul>ly ! diff]5t species ( corn1 c be regul>ly deposit$ 9 ! e>?1 & at any di/ance f ea* o!r1 at pleasure1 is at pres5t g5]ally kn[n4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! ma*9e consi/s ( a box1 hav+ )9 x a cyl9d] furni%$ ) cogs1 :i* =ms ! axes ( two :eels1 & :i*1 z x revolves1 assi/s ! se$ put into ! box to escape ?r\gh holes =m$ at a prop] di/ance f ea* o!r 9 ! bottom4 ,at fir/1 ^! ma*9es 7 exce$+ly simple1 & _h only 9 ! =e-"p a pl\gh%>e2 b aft]w>ds a h>r[ 0 appli$ beh9d1 s t ) su* an app>atus "o c\ld pl\gh1 s[1 & h>r[ at ! same "t4 ,x 0 att5d$1 h[ev]1 ) ! common fault ( all v complex ma*9es2 x 0 too artificial1 too exp5sive1 & too easily d]ang$4 ,! great] "p1 !re=e1 ( ^? lately made h only a h>r[ beh9d !m4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury s _m ma*9es ( ?is k9d h be5 inv5t$1 t to give a complete catalogue ( !m w\ld be difficult4 ,! inv5tion1 h[ev]1 does n belong ei!r to our p]iod or to ! ,engli%1 :o h hi!rto paid ! greate/ att5tion to ! improvem5t & employm5t ( x4 ,i h some:]e read t a proposal = a ma*9e ( ?is k9d occurs 9 ,!ophra/us2 b ,i h n yet be5 able to discov] ! passage4 ,i am mu* r incl9$1 f ! in=mation ,i h hi!rto obta9$1 to place ?is inv5tion 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & to ascribe ! m]it ( x to ! ,italians4 ,by our olde/ writ]s on agriculture1 ,h]esba*1 ,col]us1 ,flor9us1 ,hohb]g & o!rs1 x is n m5tion$4 ,joseph ,locatelli1 ( :om1 h[ev]1 v little is kn[n1 is commonly consid]$ z ! inv5tor4 ,t he 0 a nobleman ( ,c>9?ia1 b n a c\nt1 z he is call$ 9 ,i*]'s ,diction>y ( ,le>n$ ,m51 is prov$ by a small "w consi/+ ( two %eets 9 qu>to1 n[ 9 my possession#eeb4 ,x is !re /at$1 t exp]im5ts 7 made ) a ma*9e ( ?is k9d by ! emp]or's ord]1 at ! imp]ial palace & m>ket ( ,lax5burg1 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission]1 nam$ ,pietro ,bonav5tura von ,crollolanza1 appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,^! exp]im5ts succe$$ s well1 t a crop ( sixty = "o 0 obta9$ f l& n manur$1 & subject to frequ5t inundation4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! emp]or rew>d$ ! inv5tor1 & s5t him ) lett]s ( recomm5dation to ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,9 ?is small "w no date is m5tion$ b on ! title-page2 & if t be correct1 ! inv5tion mu/ be plac$ 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! sixte5? or ! fir/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 consequ5tly 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,rudolphus ,,ii41 :o _h a great fondness = me*anical inv5tions4 ,?is treatise is c]ta9ly ! same :i*1 z ,re9man says1 0 pr9t$ 9 #afij )\t any place be+ m5tion$1 & accord+ to ,hall]1 at ,j5a1 #afij2 b ! au?or ( x _c h be5 ! inv5tor1 z ass]t$ by ,i*]1 :o adds1 t ! tract 9 "q 0 pr9t$ at ,vi5na 9 ! ye> above-m5tion$4 ,! date #afjc1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be correct2 x ought r to be #afic1 & 9 t case ! tract might h be5 ?ree times pr9t$ betwe5 t p]iod & #afij4 ,! date 9 ! title-page ( my copy appe>s prop]ly to h 9 x a #i1 :i* resembles a z]o1 only because ! compositor us$ a type on :i* ! l[] "p ( ! figure 0 broke4 ,t ?is conjecture is true1 ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly prov$2 ?\gh ,mun*haus51 ,hall]1 & o!rs read ! date #afjc4 ,9 ! ye> #affi1 ,john ,evelyn gave to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london a complete description ( ,locatelli's inv5tion#eec4 ,he !re says t ! inv5tor w5t ) 8 ma*9e to ,spa91 :]e he prov$ ! advantage ( x by public exp]im5ts1 & describ$ !m 9 a ,spani% "w1 d$icat$ to ,g]onimo de ,cam>go1 memb] ( ! ,consejo real de ,ca/illa1 :o 0 commission$ by ! k+ to make kn[n & promote ! use ( ?is ma*9e1 ! sale ( :i* 0 secur$ to ! inv5tor at a price fix$ 9 8 pat5t4 ,?is ,spani% "w1 f :i* ,evelyn made an extract1 0 pr9t$ ) ! ,au/rian approbation ( ,crollolanza1 & ! date ,aug4 #a/1 #affc4 ,locatelli mu/ imm$iately aft] h gone to ,spa91 = x is !re /at$ t 8 ma*9es 7 made & sold 9 great abundance at ,madrid1 9 #affd4 ,! inv5tion belongs1 !re=e1 to ! ye> #affc4 ,?is ma*9e 0 exce$+ly simple4 ,! se$-box1 ! cyl9d] ( :i* 0 furni%$ ) two small :eels1 requir$ only to be hook$ or fa/5$1 by means ( ropes1 to ! /ilt ( ! pl\gh4 ,a figure ( x may be f\nd 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ ,g]man tract2 also 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & !nce copi$ into ,duhamel's ,trait de la ,culture des ,t]res#eed4 ,! ,italians1 h[ev]1 dispute ) ,locatelli ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion4 ,!y ass]t t "o ( _! c\ntrym51 nam$ ,m4 ,giovanni ,cavall9a1 ( ,bologna1 propos$ su* a s[+-ma*9e a c5tury & a half be=e2 & !y ref] = a pro( to ! acc\nt pres]v$ by ,gio ,batti/a ,segni 9 8 "w ^u ,sc>city4 ,?is book ,i h nev] se54 ,hall] gives ! title f ,segui]1 & says t x 0 fir/ pr9t$ at ,bologna1 9 #afjb2 b ,zanon /ates #afje1 & says t ?is ,segni1 :o is n notic$ by ,i*]1 0 a canonicus regul>is#eee4 ,( ,cavall9a ,i h n be5 able to f9d any fur!r acc\nt2 n ev5 9 ! l>ge & full "w ( ,fantuzzi4 ,i c !re=e give only ! description ( ,segni z transcrib$ by ,zanon#eef4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! ma*9e allud$ to _h also a se$-box ) two :eels1 & might be comp>$ to a bolt+-mill1 b bel[ ea* hole ( ! bottom bo>d !re seems to h be5 an iron funnel1 :i* be=e 0 %ap$ l a pl\gh-%>e4 ,! ma*9e1 !re=e1 seems to h =m$ z _m small furr[s z x dropp$ gra9s ( corn2 &1 z f> z c be judg$1 !re 0 9 ! bottom only "o r[ ( holes4 ,x appe>s also t ea* gra9 ( corn1 z soon z x dropp$1 0 cov]$ ) e>? by ! ma*9e4 ,:e!r ,locatelli took advantage ( ?is inv5tion1 & gave x out1 ) "s alt]ation1 z 8 own1 _c be easily det]m9$4 ,soon aft] ,locatelli's inv5tion ano!r s[+-ma*9e 0 propos$ at ,brescia1 by ! ,jesuit ,lana1 :o seems to h _h no k ( ! prec$+ ones2 at lea/ he makes no m5tion ( !m4 ,! case ) ,lana 0 p]haps ! same z ) _m +5i\s m51 :o possess great p[]s ( inv5tion4 ,z !y nev] read1 b only ?9k1 !y are unacqua9t$ ) :at o!rs h done be=e !m1 & !re=e consid] e idea :i* comes into _! m9d z new4 ,he propos$ a h>r[1 ! spikes ( :i* %\ld make holes 9 ! e>?1 9 ! same mann] z g>d5]s d ) _! bean-plant]1 & ! gra9s ( corn 7 to fall into ^! holes f a box pi]c$ l a sieve1 & plac$ ov] ! h>r[#eeg4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is1 at pres5t1 c\ld be call$ a s[+-ma*9e2 b x is n improbable t an app>atus ( ?is k9d w\ld facilitate ! plant+1 or1 z x is t]m$1 sett+ ( :eat1 :i* 9 mod]n times has be5 reviv$ 9 ,engl&1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,suffolk4 ,= ?is purpose holes are made ?ree in*es ap>t1 9 r[s f\r in*es di/ant f ea* o!r1 ) a bean-plant]1 by m5 & wom54 ,ea* lab\r] is foll[$ by ?ree *ildr51 :o ?r[ two or ?ree gra9s ( se$ into ea* hole4 ,"o lab\r] 9 a second c make f\r holes1 & 9 two or ?ree days plant an acre4 ,= ?is he obta9$ n9e %ill+s1 "o-half ( :i* 0 giv5 to ! *ildr5#eeh4 ,by ^! means !re is a sav+ ( "o-half ! se$2 & ?is defrays ! exp5ses4 ,! :eat also1 :5 x gr[s up1 is clean] z well z m beautiful2 & ?is me?od1 besides1 af=ds employm5t to a great numb] ( p]sons4 ,h[ev] m9ute & ridicul\s ?is me?od ( plant+ may appe> to our practical f>m]s1 x is nev]!less true t x has be5 f\nd b5eficial 9 ,upp] ,lusatia#eei4 ,! objection t corn :5 plant$ 9 ?is mann] may ?r[ out too _m /ems1 :i* w n all rip5 at ! same "t1 c be true only :5 ! gra9s are plac$ at too great a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! ,g]man mode ( f>m+ h[ev] is /ill too remote f horticulture to admit ( our atta*+ great value to ! advantages ) :i* ?is me?od is att5d$4 ,i %all "h rem>k1 t ,sir ,francis ,bacon says t 9 8 "t1 t is1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 attempts _h be5 made to plant :eat1 b be+ too labori\s x 0 aga9 ab&on$1 ?\gh he decl>es x to be und\bt$ly advantage\s#efj4 ,9 ! mo/ popul\s di/ricts ( ,*9a almo/ all ! corn is set1 or x is fir/ s[n 9 =c+-b$s1 & !n transplant$4 ,! ,engli% call ! lab\r ) ! s[+-ma*9e drill+1 & ! plant+ ( :eat !y "n dibbl+4 ,sev]al s[+-ma*9es h be5 inv5t$1 & pat5ts tak5 out = !m 9 late ye>s4 ,z x is v difficult to give a description ( !m1 & /ill m s = ! read] to compreh5d !m )\t figures1 we ref] to ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 art4 8,s[+-ma*9e10 = an acc\nt ( ! m important4 ,,footnotes #eeb ,! title is1 ,bes*reibung e9es neu5 ,in/rum5ts mit wel*em das ,getraide zuglei* geack]t und geset w]d5 kan2 erfund5 von ,locatelli1 ,l&mann im ,erz-,h]zog?um ,crndt54 ,anno #afjc4 ,)\t ! "n ( any place1 pr9t]1 or publi%]4 #eec ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 v4 ,no4 #fj1 p4 #ajef4 #eed ,p>is1 #agec1 #abmo1 i4 p4 #cfh1 tab4 #f4 ,duhamel has committ$ a d\ble error4 ,he speaks ( ! inv5tion z if ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ,spa91 & z if ^? 9 ,au/ria _h be5 lat]4 ,he says also1 t ! latt] 7 made dans le ,luxemb\rg 9 ,i/ria4 ,! ,engli% acc\nt also says errone\sly ,luxemb\rg1 in/ead ( ,la*s5burg or ,laxemburg1 :i* is 9 ,au/ria1 & n 9 ,i/ria4 #eee ,( ,segni an acc\nt may be f\nd 9 ,notizie degli ,scrittori ,bolognesi raccolte da ,giovanni ,fantuzzi4 ,9 ,bologna #aghd-agid1 #i vols4 #dto1 vii4 p4 #cgg4 ,segni1 :o di$ 9 #afaj1 wrote a great _m ascetic books1 ! names ( :i* are !re giv54 #eef ,dell' agricultura1 dell' arti e del comm]cio4 ,lett]e di ,antonio ,zanon4 ,9 ,v5ezia #agfd1 #hvo1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbe4 #eeg ,prodromo1 ov]o saggio di alcune inv5tioni nuove1 premesso all' arte mae/ra4 ,9 ,brescia #afgj1 fol4 p4 #if1 fig4 #bf4 #eeh ,see ! excell5t acc\nt ( ! agriculture 9 ,suffolk 9 my ,j\rnal1 ! ,beytrag5 zur ,oekonomie1 c41 i4 p4 #a4 ,x 0 writt5 by ,m4 ,f4 ,wild1 ( ,durla*1 :o 9 ! ye> #agfg 0 "o ( my pupils1 & aft]w>ds became tea*] 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,education at ,colm>4 ,b alas6 ,i d n "k :i!r he has n[ be5 swept by ! vortex ( ! revolution4 #eei ,leske ,reise dur* ,sa*s54 ,leipzig1 #aghe1 #dto1 p4 #cai4 #efj ,sylva ,sylv>um1 c5t4 #e1 #ddb4 ,,manganese#efa4 ,t ! art ( glass-mak+ may h aris5 f an accid5t1 su* z t m5tion$ by ,pl9y#efb1 ,i am ready to admit2 b by :at accid5t 7 arti/s made acqua9t$ ) ! use ( manganese1 a m9]al ! outw>d appe>ance ( :i* seems to ann\nce no?+ t c\ld be useful to ! glass-mak]8 ,x is n f\nd 9 su* abundance z to all[ u to suppose t x naturally pres5t$ itself2 nor d we "k t any old] application ( x may h induc$ ! anci5ts to employ & exam9e x 9 su* a mann] t ! pres5t use ( x might be accid5tally discov]$4 ,9 g5]al1 x resembles "s k9ds ( iron-/one1 :i* x 0 consid]$ to be till a v late p]iod4 ,t iron1 h[ev]1 col\rs glass mu/ h be5 v e>ly rem>k$2 & !re=e x c\ld occur to no "o to employ manganese = depriv+ frit#efc ( its col\r4 ,x produces ?is decoloration only :5 x is add$ sp>+ly1 & accord+ to a det]m9ate proportion2 o!rwise x gives to ! glass a violet col\r1 some?+ simil> to t ( ! ame?y/4 ,! application ( manganese 0 c]ta9ly taught by accid5t1 & n by !ory4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! "q1 :y x frees glass f its dirty col\r1 x mu/ be admitt$1 if we readily ackn[l$ge ! tru?1 t we c (f] only hypo!ses2 z ! old *emi/s call$ 9 ! aid ( phlogi/on1 & ! new t ( oxyg5#efd4 ,did a false hypo!sis1 !n1 conduct to ?is discov]y8 ,t ?is 0 ! case1 has be5 ass]t$ by old z well z m mod]n writ]s1 & is no d\bt possible4 ,?us ,kepl]1 f an errone\s hypo!sis 9 reg>d to ! revolution ( ! planets1 discov]$ ! ratio ( _! motion1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! sun2 & su* in/ances may be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( hypo!ses :i* h done m h>m ?an good4 ,b1 9 my op9ion1 9 exam9+ ! orig9 ( ! anci5t arts1 we ought n to give cr$it to any cause assign$ = an inv5tion until no o!r c be f\nd4 ,9 reg>d to ! art 9 "q1 ,i ?9k ,i c m5tion "o :i*1 at any rate1 has probability 9 its fav\r1 & :i* ,i %all "h submit to ! read]'s decision4 ,t x 0 obs]v$ at an e>ly p]iod t metallic oxides1 & p>ticul>ly t ( iron1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly occurs1 communicate v>i\s col\rs to glass1 has be5 already prov$#efe4 ,x ne$s !re=e excite no wond] t m5 %\ld be induc$ to make exp]im5ts on col\r+ glass ) v>i\s m9]als1 & especially su* z conta9$ iron4 ,n[1 s9ce manganese1 z already said1 has a great resemblance to iron-/one1 x 0 also occasionally employ$2 & x 0 soon f\nd t ?is suppos$ species ( iron-/one1 accord+ z x is us$ 9 great] or less quantity1 gives to glass _m beautiful %ades ( a violet1 r$1 & d>k br[n col\r4 ,z x 0 necess>y t ! arti/ %\ld weigh ! manganese1 9 ord] to proportion x to ! vitre\s mass1 accord+ to ! requir$ col\r1 x is possible t ! glass1 :5 a v small quantity _h be5 add$1 0 f\nd to be col\rless4 ,?is obs]vation mu/ h be5 made ) ! great] satisfaction1 & m readily turn$ to advantage1 ! high] col\rless glass1 :i* approa*$ ne>e/ to rock cry/al1 0 at t "t e/eem$#eff4 ,! p]iod h[ev] :5 ?is great improvem5t 9 "o ( ! mo/ useful arts 0 =tunately introduc$1 _c ) c]ta9ty be det]m9$2 b x is v probable t x 0 practis$ 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y4 ,7 n ?is ! case1 :at %\ld h induc$ him1 m ?an once1 to rem>k t ! magnet 0 employ$ 9 glass8 ,"u ?is "n ! anci5ts c]ta9ly compreh5d$ manganese2 :i*1 9 g5]al1 _h a resemblance to ! magnet1 & 0 consid]$ z su* by ,agricola1 ,kir*]1 & o!rs1 at a m mod]n p]iod4 ,pl9y#efg1 9 "o passage1 speaks ( a k9d ( magnet :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,cantabria1 n 9 ve9s1 b int]sp]s$ or 9 nuclei2 & he adds t he did n "k :e!r x 0 useful 9 glass-mak+1 because no "o _h ev] tri$ x4 ,?is use ( manganese !n mu/ at t "t h be5 v common1 s9ce x occurr$ s readily to a writ] 9 speak+ ( a suppos$ magnet4 ,ano!r passage ( ,pl9y has be5 suppos$ to allude to manganese1 b 9 my op9ion ) mu* less probability4 ,x is t :]e he says ,alab&icus fl[s 9 ! fire1 & is fus$ at ! glass-h\ses#efh4 ,b by t t]m he seems to und]/& a k9d ( m>ble1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,isidorus1 by :om ! ^w is repeat$4 ,z a calc>e\s e>? x 0 p]haps add$ to promote ! fusion ( ! s&4 ,camillus ,leon>dus1 h[ev]1 consid]$ ! ,alab&icus z manganese#efi4 ,x is n improbable t ! anci5ts employ$ manganese1 if n = glaz+1 at any rate = pa9t+ _! pott]y or e>!nw>e1 z soon z !y became acqua9t$ at ! glass-h\ses ) its susceptibility ( be+ conv]t$ into a col\r$ vitre\s mass4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ prov$1 ?\gh c\nt ,caylus1 ,g5ssane & o!rs positively ass]t t ! s-call$ ,etruscan vases & lamps 7 pa9t$ ) ! same manganese t we use = our e>!n-w>e4 ,^? :o attempt to trace out ! hi/ory ( ! arts mu/ be v cauti\s n to admit1 )\t suffici5t pro(1 t :at ! anci5ts accompli%$ 0 effect$ by ! same means z ^? employ$ by u = ! same purpose4 ,?is1 9 "s cases1 may be true2 b 9 _m o!rs false4 ,?us1 !y made a beautiful k9d ( blue & r$ glass1 )\t be+ acqua9t$ ) our cobalt & m9]al purple2 & !y p]=m$ v long sea voyages )\t our compass4 ,x is ! duty ( ! hi/orian ei!r to po9t out ! means :i* ! anci5ts employ$1 :e!r !y 7 ! same or n z ^? us$ at pres5t1 or to ackn[l$ge t _! processes are unkn[n to u4 ,^? :o inv>iably foll[ ?is rule w sometimes discov] t1 9 anci5t times1 m5 7 able to accompli% ! same objects & to produce ! same effects1 by means totally diff]5t f ^? us$ at pres5t2 & !n ! "q w sometimes arise1 ,:i* ( ! means1 ! old or ! new1 are ! *eape/1 ! mo/ conv5i5t1 & ! sure/8 ,?is leads to te*nological problems1 ! solution ( :i*1 not)/&+ ! great sup]iority we possess 9 ^? auxili>ies ( ! arts1 natural hi/ory1 *emi/ry1 c41 is impossible4 ,i h indulg$ 9 ^! obs]vations1 9 m5tion+ ! celebrat$ ,caylus1 because ,i well "k t he has (t5 err$ 9 n att5d+ to !m4 ,i ackn[l$ge & respect ! s]vice ( ?is em95t man2 b ,i am conv9c$ t by ! boldness ( 8 ass]tions he acquir$ great] confid5ce & m celebrity ?an he des]v$4 ,! col\rs on ! ,etruscan vases h a resemblance inde$ to ^? on our /one-w>e1 b x is also true t !y might be produc$ by oxide ( iron4 ,! sub/ances us$ by ! anci5t pott]s c be det]m9$ only by ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts or by exp]im5ts2 b ! =m] is n to be f\nd2 & ! latt] h nev] be5 made1 ?\gh !y w\ld n be difficult to any *emi/ :o might *oose to sacrifice a few vessels ( t k9d4 ,! "q h[ ! use ( manganese 0 fir/ f\nd out1 occurr$ ev5 to ,pl9y2 & 8 op9ion on t subject des]ves to be quot$1 especially z x 0 long consid]$ z true by ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,canep>ius1 & _m lat] writ]s4 ,to und]/& x "o mu/ "k t x 0 at fir/ believ$ t ! magnet1 z x attracts iron1 c\ld attract o!r bodies also2 & x 0 conjectur$ t o!r m9]als might possess a simil> prop]ty4 ,"s imag9$ t !y _h f\nd magnets = gold & silv]4 ,9 ! olde/ times m5 _h s errone\s an op9ion ( ! art ( glass-mak+1 t !y conceiv$ t glass 0 obta9$ f s&1 z metal f its ore2 & ,pl9y ?9ks t !y !n conjectur$ t a magnet c\ld attract glass z well z x does iron4 ,n[ z manganese1 on acc\nt ( its simil>ity1 0 consid]$ to be a magnet1 x 0 consequ5tly subject$ to exp]im5ts1 :i* gave rise to ! b5eficial discov]y t x r5d]s glass col\rless4 ,?is use ( x !n has be5 reta9$ ?r\gh e age to ! pres5t "t1 & x is m5tion$ by all ^? au?ors :o h writt5 on glass-mak+4 ,avic5na#egj makes s complete a di/9ction betwe5 x & ! magnet1 t he treats ( ea* 9 a p>ticul> section1 ?\gh he says no?+ ( its employm5t 9 ! glass-h\ses2 b inde$ z a physician he _h no opportunity ( do+ s4 ,alb]tus ,magnus#ega1 h[ev]1 :o liv$ a c5tury lat]1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,basilius ,val5t9e1 ,camillus ,leon>dus1 ,bir+occio1 ,m]cati1 ,n]i & _m o!rs h spok5 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms ( ?is application4 ,x is se5 by ! words quot$ f diff]5t au?ors1 t ! "n1 :i* z f> z ,i "k occurs fir/ 9 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 0 writt5 9 a great _m diff]5t ways3 magnesia1 magnosia1 magnasia1 mangan5sis1 mangadesum1 & 9 ,fr5* magalaise1 mganaise1 magnese4 ,"o might imag9e t x is d]iv$ f magnet1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( ! two sub/ances1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( its suppos$ p[] to attract glass4 ,besides1 its o!r "n sid]a seems to h a ref]5ce to ! ,greek ^w = iron4 ,m]cati1 h[ev]1 d$uces ! t]m f mangoniz>e1 because pott]s besme> _! w>es ) ?is m9]al2 b ,i suspect t ! "n 0 common be=e t use ( ! sub/ance 0 kn[n4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t to ?is ^w v>i\s o!r significations h be5 giv54 ,sometimes x seems to d5ote common iron-/one1 & sometimes pyrites4 ,:at ! gold-mak]s und]/ood by x w be be/ discov]$ by consult+ ! works ( _! foll[]s4 ,braun/e9 also1 ! ,g]man "n1 ! e>lie/ m5tion ( :i* occurs p]haps 9 ! writ+s ( ,basilius ,val5t9e1 d5ot$ at fir/ e k9d ( f]rug9\s e>? employ$ by ! pott]s = pa9t+4 ,?us ,s*w5kfeld gave ! "n ( ,braun/e9 & ,braunf>be to a k9d ( blood/one#egb4 ,= a long "t ! manganese import$ f ,pi$mont 0 9 ,g]many acc\nt$ ! be/1 & !re=e 0 mu* s\ght aft] by ! arti/s ( ,nuremb]g4 ,aft]w>ds1 a k9d br\ght f ,p]igord1 a place 9 ,guy5ne1 & nam$ pi]re de ,prigueux1 or lapis petracorius1 0 highly e/eem$4 ,wall]ius gives ?is z a peculi> species2 & 9 my op9ion he is "r4 ,its di/+ui%+ *>act]s are1 t x resembles a burnt coal or c9d]2 has a some:at %9+ surface1 & on ! fracture appe>s to be f9ely /rip$ & a little col\r$4 ,a piece :i* ,i h 9 my possession exhibits all ^! m>ks4 ,?is species has be5 m5tion$ by v few ( ! new m9]alogi/s4 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 = "s c5turies pa/ has employ$ its own manganese1 :i* ev5 9 ! "t ( ,bir+occio 0 s5t z an article ( comm]ce to ,italy4 ,! di/9ctness ( ! metal conta9$ 9 ! manganese ( comm]ce f iron 0 fir/ prov$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pott 9 #agdj1 by ,kaim & ,w9t]l 9 #aggj1 & by ,s*eele & ,b]gman 9 #aggd4 ,soon aft] ?is ! metal itself 0 obta9$ 9 an isolat$ /ate by ,gahn1 :o gave to x ! "n ( magnesium1 :i* t]m h[ev] 0 subsequ5tly appli$ to ! metal conta9$ 9 magnesia1 & ! ^w manganese has be5 adopt$ to designate bo? ! metal & ! black ore4 ,9 addition to its application 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 x is n[ v ext5sively us$ 9 ! decomposition ( common salt = ! production ( *lor9e = blea*+4 ,"s salts ( ! l[] oxides ( manganese h lately be5 us$ 9 calico-pr9t+ z a s\rce ( br[n col\rs4 ,,footnotes #efa ,! ^w manganese1 /rictly speak+1 designates ! metal itself1 ! p]oxide ( :i* is und]/ood by ! au?or :5ev] ! ^w manganese occurs 9 ! text4 #efb ,lib4 xxxvi4 #bf1 #be4--,see ,hamb]g]i ,vitri ,hi/oria1 9 ,comm5t4 ,societ4 ,gtt+4 tom4 iv4 anni #aged1 p4 #dhg4 #efc ,"u ?is appellation1 writ]s on ! art ( glass-mak+ und]/& a mixture ( s& or silice\s e>? & alkal9e salts1 :i* at ! ,g]man glass-h\ses1 :]e ! above ^w is seldom he>d1 is call$ ,e9satz4 ,x appe>s to h be5 br\ght to u1 along ) ! art1 f ,italy1 :]e x is writt5 at pres5t fritta1 & to be d]iv$ f fritto1 :i* signifies some?+ broil$ or roa/$4 ,x seems to be ! same ^w z freton1 :i* occurs 9 ,?omas ,norton's ,poem1 ,cr$e mihi1 sive ,ord9ale1 :]e x h[ev] signifies a p>ticul> k9d ( solid glass1 fus$ toge!r f small fragm5ts4 ,?is ,engli%man liv$ ab\t ! ye> #adgg4 ,8 treatise 0 sev]al times pr9t$4 #efd ,! action ( p]oxide ( manganese 7! only comp\nd ( ! metal us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass7 is simple & cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! s& 7silica7 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass frequ5tly conta9s iron1 :i* by ! heat necess>y = ! fusion ( ! glass becomes r$uc$ to ! /ate ( protoxide1 giv+ ! glass a gre5i% or yell[i% col\r2 also1 if any organic sub/ance be pres5t 9 ! mat]ials 7& :]e sulphate ( soda is us$1 *>coal is add$71 ! glass is n col\rless4 ,:5 p]oxide ( manganese is add$1 x p>ts ) "s ( its oxyg51 becom+ r$uc$ to ! protoxide1 :i* rema9s col\rless 9 ! glass1 ! protoxide ( iron absorb+ ! oxyg51 becomes at ! same "t conv]t$ into ! p]oxide1 :i* also imp>ts no col\r to ! glass1 :i* is ?us r5d]$ col\rless4 ,if m ( ! p]oxide ( manganese be add$ ?an ! c>bon or protoxide ( iron c r$uce1 x w t+e ! glass ( an ame?y/ col\r1 z /at$ 9 ! text4 #efe ,see ! ,hi/ory ( ,ruby-glass 9 vol4 i4 p4 #abc4 #eff ,pl94 xxxvi4 #bf1 p4 #gei1 & lib4 xxxvii4 cap4 #f1 p4 #gfi2 he says t arti/s c\ld make glass vessels ne>ly simil> to ^? ( rock cry/al2 b he rem>ks t ! latt] _h nev]!less ris5 9 price4 #efg ,lib4 xxxvii4 #bd1 #ff4 #efh ,pl94 xxxvi4 #h1 #ac1 p4 #gce4 #efi ,speculum ,lapidum1 ,p>isiis1 #afaj1 #hvo1 p4 #ga4 ,x may n be sup]flu\s "h to rem>k1 t ?is ,alab&icus ( ,pl9y mu/ n1 z is (t5 ! case1 be conf\nd$ ) ! preci\s /one to :i* he gives ! same "n1 lib4 xxxvii4 cap4 #h4 ,! "n prop]ly d5otes only a /one f ,alab&a 9 ,c>ia4 ,x occurs1 b mu* corrupt$1 z ! "n ( a co/ly /one1 9 writ+s ( ! middle ages4 ,see 9 ,du ,cange ,alam&91 ,alav&91 ,alm&92 & ev5 9 our p]iod s f]tile 9 names1 a /one :i* is sometimes class$ ) ! ruby & sometimes ) ! g>net1 & :i* is sometimes said to h an aff9ity to ! topaz & hyac9?1 is call$ ,alam&9e & ,alab&ik54 ,see ,brckman on ,preci\s ,/ones1 :o 9 ! second cont9uation1 p4 #fd1 d$uces ! ^w f ,allem&s1 )\t recollect+ ! prop] d]ivation1 :i* he gives himself1 i4 p4 #hi accord+ to ,pl9y4 #egj ,canon ,m$ic91 lib4 ii4 tract4 #b1 cap4 #dgj1 de ,magnete2 & cap4 #dgb1 de ,magnesia4 #ega ,9 8 book ,de ,m9]alibus1 lib4 ii4 tract4 #b1 cap4 #aa4 #egb ,/irpium et ,fossilium ,silesi ,catalogus1 ,lipsi1 #afjj1 #dto1 p4 #cha4 ,,pr9ce ,,rup]t',s ,,drops4 ,,lacrym ,,vitre4 ,x is m ?an probable t ^! drops1 & ! s+ul> prop]ty :i* !y possess1 h be5 kn[n at ! glass-h\ses s9ce "t immemorial4 ,all glass1 :5 sudd5ly cool$1 becomes brittle1 & breaks on ! lea/ scrat*4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 z f> back z ! hi/ory ( ! art c be trac$1 a cool+ furnace 0 always con/ruct$ close to ! fus+ furnace4 ,a drop ( fus$ glass fall+ into wat]#egc might easily h giv5 rise to ! inv5tion ( ^! drops2 at any rate ?is might h be5 ! case 9 rubb+ (f :at is call$ ! navel#egd4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t !y 7 n kn[n to exp]im5tal philosoph]s till ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,_! )/&+ great =ce appli$ at ! ?ick end1 & ev5 bl[s2 & on ! o!r h&1 bur/+ into ! f9e/ du/ :5 ! smalle/ fragm5t is brok5 (f f ! ?9 end1 are prop]ties s peculi> t !y mu/ excite ! curiosity ( philosoph]s1 & induce !m to exam9e ^! effects1 especially at a "t :5 mank9d 9 g5]al ex]t !mselves ) ! greate/ zeal to become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! phnom5a ( natural bodies4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y h be5 notic$ 9 almo/ e introduction to exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,to det]m9e ! "t !n 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ made kn[n1 seems to be att5d$ ) little difficulty2 b x /ill rema9s d\btful by :om & 9 :at c\ntry4 ,x appe>s c]ta9 t ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made by philosoph]s ) ^! drops 9 ! ye> #afef4 ,monconys#ege1 :o travell$ at t p]iod1 0 pres5t :5 su* exp]im5ts 7 made at ,p>is1 be=e a le>n$ society1 :i* assembl$ at ! h\se ( ,mommor1 ! well-kn[n patron ( ,gass5di2 & ! same ye> he saw simil> exp]im5ts made by sev]al sci5tific p]sons at ,london4 ,he tells u expressly t ,*anut1 ! ,sw$i% resid5t1 procur$ glass drops = ! fir/ ,p>isian exp]im5ts1 & t ^! drops 7 br\ght f ,holl&4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ glass drops 7 made 9 ,holl&2 yet ,montan>i1 :o 0 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,bologna1 says t ! fir/ 7 n made by ! ,dut*1 b by ! ,sw$es4 ,! gr\nds1 h[ev]1 on :i* he re/s 8 ass]tion are exce$+ly weak4 ,because a ,sw$i% resid5t procur$ ^? us$ = ! fir/ exp]im5ts1 x does n foll[ t !y 7 made at ,sw$i% glass-h\ses1 especially z x is positively said t !y 7 br\ght f ,holl&4 ,x 0 inde$ /at$ s e>ly z #affa1 by ,h5ry ,regius or ,van ,roy1 pr(essor at ,utre*t1 t ^! glass drops came f ,sw$52 b may n ?is h be5 a lapse ( memory1 occasion$ by ! circum/ance t ! fir/ drops us$ by ! natural philosoph]s ( ,p>is 7 procur$ by a ,sw$i% resid5t4 ,monconys1 ^: relation inde$ be>s evid5t m>ks ( great ha/e z well z cr$ulity1 calls ,*anut ,rsid5t de ,sude1 & seems to h consid]$ him z a ,sw$i% resid5t at ! ,fr5* c\rt2 an op9ion 9 :i* he has be5 foll[$ by _m lit]>y m54 ,b ,pi]re ,*anut 0 ,fr5* resid5t at ,/ockholm1 & at t "t s well-kn[n t ,monconys c\ld h>dly be unacqua9t$ ) 8 quality4 ,he 0 resid5t f ! ye> #afde to #afdi2 & he 0 aft]w>ds envoy = adju/+ ! disputes betwe5 ,sw$5 & ,pol&1 :i* 7 to be settl$ at ,lubec4 ,he is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,puff5dorf's book ,de ,rebus ,suecicis1 & ! pr9t$ acc\nt ( 8 missions & negociations conta9 important mat]ials t[>ds a hi/ory ( que5 ,*ri/9a1 ) :om he 0 a great fav\rite4 ,he sup]9t5d$ ! fun]al ( ,desc>tes1 :o 0 int]r$ ) great hon\r4 ,he 0 born 9 #afja2 b ) ! "t ( 8 dea? ,i am unacqua9t$4 ,he 0 celebrat$ z a man ( great le>n+1 & p>ticul>ly an able ma!matician2 & x is nei!r improbable nor ev5 impossible t he may h s5t ! fir/ glass drops to ,p>is f ,sw$52 b :y does ,monconys add t !y 7 br\ght f ,holl&8 ,x des]ves to be m5tion$1 t ab\t fifte5 ye>s be=e1 t is 9 #afda1 ! fir/ glass-h\ses 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,sw$51 & 9 all probability by ,g]mans4 ,x is possible t :5 ! bl[+ ( glass 0 fir/ se51 glass drops may h excit$ an att5tion :i* !y _h n met ) 9 ,g]many1 :]e no "o expect$ any?+ new 9 glass-h\ses1 :i* 7 !re common & _h long be5 e/abli%$4 ,x c nev]!less be prov$ t !y 7 kn[n to our glass-bl[]s at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,9 #afie1 ,john ,*ri/ian ,s*ul5burg1 subrector ( ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,brem51 publi%$ !re a ,g]man ,diss]tation on glass drops & _! prop]ties1 9 :i* he says t he 0 in=m$ by glass-mak]s wor?y ( cr$it1 t ^! drops _h be5 made m ?an sev5ty ye>s be=e at ! ,meckl5burg glass-h\ses1 t is to say1 ab\t ! ye> #afbe4 ,samuel ,reyh]1 pr(essor at ,kiel1 says t ,h5ry ,siev]s1 tea*] ( ma!matics 9 ! gymnasium ( ,hamburg1 _h assur$ him t su* glass drops 7 giv5 to 8 fa!r by a glass-mak] s e>ly z ! ye> #afcg2 & t 8 fa!r _h exhibit$ !m 9 a company ( fri5ds1 :o 7 mu* a/oni%$ at _! effects4 ,reyh] adds1 t he himself _h se5 at ,leyd51 9 #afef1 ! fir/ ( ^! glass drops1 :i* _h be5 made at ,am/]dam1 :]e he aft]w>ds pur*as$ "s ( ! same k9d2 b 9 #afff he procur$ = a v small sum a great _m ( !m f ! glass-h\ses 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kiel4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,huet#egf1 :o paid consid]able att5tion to ! hi/ory ( inv5tions1 says t ! fir/ glass drops1 :i* he _h se5 also 9 ! society held at ! h\se ( ,mommor1 7 br\ght to ,france f ,g]many4 ,accord+ to ,an?ony ,le ,gr& !y came f ,prussia#egg4 ,! fir/ glass drops 7 br\ght to ,engl& by ! well-kn[n ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 ?ird son ( ! elector ,palat9e1 ,fr$]ic ,v41 & ! pr9cess ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,james ,i42 & exp]im5ts1 describ$ by ,rup]t ,moray1 7 made ) !m 9 #affa by comm& ( 8 maje/y4 ,?is is expressly /at$ by ,m]ret#egh2 & !re=e :at "s ,engli% writ]s h suppos$1 t ,pr9ce ,rup]t himself 0 ! inv5tor1 is entirely errone\s#egi4 ,! s]vices :i* he r5d]$ to ! useful arts 7 too great & too num]\s to be ei!r less5$ or increas$ by su* trifles4 ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+1 t ^? small glasses h]metically seal$ & conta9+ a drop ( wat]1 :i* :5 plac$ on hot coals bur/ ) a l\d report1 & !re=e are call$ 9 ,g]man knallgls]1 fulm9at+ glasses1 7 kn[n be=e #affe4 ,hooke speaks ( !m 9 8 ,micrographia#ehj pr9t$ 9 t ye>1 & !y 7 m5tion$ by ,reyh] 9 #affi1 9 8 ,diss]tation already quot$4 ,9 ,g]many !y are made *iefly by ,nuremb]g arti/s2 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( :om 0 ,mi*ael ,sigismund ,hack4 ,he le>nt ! art ( glass-bl[+ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 #afgb return$ to ,nuremb]g1 :]e he 0 born 9 #afdceha4 ,,footnotes #egc ,x is n always necess>y t ! wat] %\ld be cold2 ^! drops w be =m$ also 9 w>m wat]1 z well z 9 e o!r fluid1 & ev5 9 melt$ wax4 ,see ,r$i's exp]im5ts 9 ,miscellan4 ,natur ,curios4 anni secundi1 #afga1 p4 #dbf4 ,!y succe$ be/ ) gre5 glass1 yet ,i h 9 my possession "s ( :ite glass1 :i* 9 friability are n inf]ior to ^? ( gre54 #egd ,! navel1 9 ,g]man nabel1 is t piece ( glass :i* rema9s adh]+ to ! pipe :5 any article has be5 bl[n1 & :i* ! workman mu/ rub (f4 ,^! navels1 h[ev]1 are seldom 9 s fluid a /ate z to =m drops4 #ege ,j\rnal des ,voyages de ,m4 ,monconys1 ,lyon1 #afff1 #dto1 ii4 p4 #afb4 #egf ,comm5t>ius de rebus ad eum p]t95tibus1 ,lips4 #agai4 #egg ,hi/oria ,naturalis4 ,edit4 secunda1 ,lond9i #afhj1 #dto1 p4 #cg4 #egh ,9 8 ,obs]vations on ,n]i ,ars ,vitr>ia1 ,am/el4 #affh1 #abmo4 #egi ,?is is said1 = example1 by ,gra+] 9 8 ,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,london1 #agfi1 vol4 ii4 "p #b1 p4 #djg4 #ehj ,?is book 0 only once pr9t$1 b ! title-page has ! date #affg4 ,see ,biographia ,britannica1 iv4 p4 #bfed4 #eha ,doppelmay]1 p4 #bgf4 ,,fire-,,eng9es4 ,! inv5tion ( pumps ,i %all leave to ^? :o und]take to write ! hi/ory ( hydraulics1 & "h only rem>k t1 on ! te/imony ( ,vitruvius#ehb1 x is 9 g5]al ascrib$ to ,ctesibius1 on :i* acc\nt !y are call$ ma*9 ,ctesibic2 & t ,ctesibius liv$ at ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus & ,ptolemy ,eu]getes ,i41 consequ5tly two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,my pres5t object ext5ds no fur!r ?an to /ate :at ,i "k 9 reg>d to ! "q1 ,at :at "t 7 ^! ma*9es fir/ employ$ = ext+ui%+ fires8 ,= ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 x 0 necess>y t ! pump-"w employ$ at fir/ only = rais+ wat] %\ld und]go "s alt]ation4 ,to use x = ext+ui%+ fires1 x 0 requisite t ! wat] %\ld be spe$ily driv5 f ! upp] ap]ture z high z possible2 :]eas = ! fir/ purpose1 x is en\gh if ! wat] be ?r[n out 9 suffici5t quantity to be convey$ to ! place ( its de/9ation4 ,m additional p>ts necess>y = ext+ui%+ fires w\ld !n be an imp]fection2 z ! p[] :i* gives ! wat] a ne$less velocity might be employ$ ) m advantage to raise a great] quantity ( x4 ,9 my op9ion x is highly probable t ,ctesibius _h an idea ( conv]t+ 8 pump into a fire-eng9e1 = 8 s*ol>1 ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 speaks expressly ( ?is use1 & describes ! con/ruction ( a =c+-pump ) two cyl9d]s#ehc2 b x is v d\btful :e!r ?is application ( x soon became g5]al1 & :e!r ?is advantage\s ma*9e 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,romans4 ,:at ,i h be5 able to le>n on ! subject is z foll[s4 ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 aft] tell+ ! emp]or ,trajan1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 t ! t[n ( ,nicom$ia 9 ,bi?ynia _h be5 almo/ entirely de/roy$ by a fire1 adds1 t ! deva/ation _h be5 increas$ by a viol5t /orm :i* took place at ! "t2 by ! laz9ess ( ! inhabitants1 & by ! want ( ma*9es or app>atus prop] = ext+ui%+ ! flames#ehd4 ,! ^w sipho1 :i* ! au?or "h uses1 0 c]ta9ly ! fire-eng9e ( ,ctesibius2 ?\gh "s "u ?is t]m und]/& only aqu$ucts1 canals1 & pipes = di/ribut+ wat] ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,i w n d5y t ?is ^w may h signifi$ su* pipes1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( a passage 9 ,/rabo#ehe1 :]e he speaks ( ! subt]ranean conduits ( ,rome1 & says t almo/ all ! h\ses _h ci/]ns1 siphones1 or wat]-pipes1 & runn+ /reams4 ,b ,pl9y at ! same "t m5tions wat]-buckets1 :i* may be consid]$ z an app5dage absolutely necess>y to a fire-eng9e4 ,x is also h>dly possible to believe t a t[n1 imm$iately situat$ on an arm ( ! sea1 %\ld be de/itute ( wat]#ehf4 ,i c h[ev] produce f a contempor>y writ]1 a /rong pro( t ,pl9y allud$ "h to a fire-eng9e1 & ,i d n f9d t ! passage has be5 be=e quot$4 ,apollodorus1 ! ar*itect1 :o 0 employ$ by ! emp]or ,trajan 9 con/ruct+ ! celebrat$ bridge ov] ! ,danube1 & erect+ "s l>ge works at ,rome1 & :o 0 put to dea? by 8 successor ,adrian1 out ( rev5ge = a je]+ answ] :i* he receiv$ f him1 z we are told by ,dio ,cassius1 describes 9 ! fragm5t ( 8 book on w>like ma*9es1 h[ assi/ance may be giv5 :5 ! upp] "p ( a build+ is on fire1 & ! ma*9e call$ sipho is n at h&4 ,9 ?is case lea!rn bags fill$ ) wat] are to be fa/5$ to long pipes 9 su* a mann]1 t by press+ ! bags ! wat] may be =c$ ?r\gh ! pipes to ! place :i* is 9 flames#ehg4 ,! sipho1 !re=e1 0 a ma*9e by :i* wat] might be easily project$ to a consid]able height1 to ext+ui% a place on fire t c\ld n be rea*$ by any o!r means4 ,t 9 ! f\r? c5tury at lea/ a fire-eng9e1 prop]ly s call$1 0 und]/ood "u ! t]m sipho1 is fully prov$ by ,hesy*ius1 & also by ,isidorus1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury#ehh4 ,z ! latt] rem>ks t su* eng9es 7 employ$ 9 ! ,ea/ = ext+ui%+ fires1 !re is reason to conclude t !y 7 n !n us$ 9 ! we/4 ,! "q /ill rema9s1 at :at "t ?is app>atus = ext+ui%+ fires 0 introduc$ at ,rome4 ,f ! num]\s ord9ances = prev5t+ accid5ts by fire1 & 9 reg>d to ext+ui%+ fires1 :i* occur 9 ! ,roman laws#ehi1 !re is reason to conjecture t ?is capital 0 n unprovid$ ) ^? useful implem5ts & ma*9es1 ( ! want ( :i* 9 a prov9cial t[n ,pl9y compla9s1 & :i* he himself _h suppli$4 ,?is conjecture1 h[ev]1 ,i am n able to prove2 & in/ances bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times %[ t ! good police e/abli%m5ts ( small t[ns are n always to be f\nd 9 capitals4 ,antio* & sev]al o!r t[ns 7 provid$ ) lant]ns1 :i* 7 want+ ev5 9 ! pr\d ,rome4 ,b :at excites "s d\bt is1 t fire-eng9es are nev] m5tion$ 9 ! num]\s acc\nts giv5 ( ! fires :i* took place 9 t city4 ,at pres5t x is impossible to speak ( a mis=tune ( ?is k9d )\t /at+ :e!r a suffici5t numb] ( eng9es 7 assembl$1 & :at !y effect$1 z ,pl9y has n fail$ to d 9 8 %ort acc\nt ( ! fire at ,nicom$ia4 ,"o passage1 h[ev]1 9 ,ulpian is commonly quot$ z a pro( t 9 8 "t !re 7 fire-eng9es at ,rome4 ,:]e he enum]ates ^? ?+s :i* ought to belong to a h\se :5 sold1 he m5tions1 besides o!r articles us$ = ext+ui%+ fires1 siphones#eij4 ,b if ?is ^w means "h fire-eng9es1 ! passage seems to prove too mu*2 = x mu/ !n be admitt$ t ea* h\se _h a fire-eng9e ( its own4 ,^! implem5ts !re=e mu/ h be5 small h&-eng9es1 su* z are kept 9 _m h\ses at pres5t2 & 9 t case ! passage _c be adduc$ z a pro( ( public eng9es1 su* z ,pl9y regrets ! want ( at ,nicom$ia4 ,b x is mu* m probable t ,ulpian alludes only to ^? siphones :i*1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,/rabo1 7 to be f\nd 9 e h\se at ,rome2 t is1 pipes :i* convey$ wat] to x = dome/ic purposes4 ,f ! total want ( fire-eng9es1 or ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* !y 7 con/ruct$1 :at ,s5eca says mu/ h be5 true1 namely1 t ! height ( ! h\ses at ,rome r5d]$ x impossible to ext+ui% !m :5 on fire#eia4 ,t ! build+s !re 7 exce$+ly high1 & ! lanes1 ! bridges & ev5 ! pr9cipal /reets rem>kably n>r[1 is well-kn[n#eib4 ,x is suppos$ by ,ar*5holz & o!rs1 t ! h\ses at ,rome 7 built ( su* a height on acc\nt ( ! great heat 9 t w>m climate2 b ! *ief reason 0 und\bt$ly t assign$ by ,vitruvius#eic1 :i* /ill produces a l effect4 ,= want ( room on ! e>?1 ! build+s 7 ext5d$ t[>ds ! heav5s2 s t at la/ ! greate/ height ( an edifice 0 fix$ by law at sev5ty1 & aft]w>ds at sixty feet4 ,9 ,hamburg1 at pres5t1 :]e gr\nd is de> & daily becom+ m valuable1 ! great] "p ( ! h\ses are little less ?an sixty feet 9 height2 a few ev5 are sev5ty2 & t x is !reby r5d]$ difficult1 if n impossible1 not)/&+ ! p]fection ( ! ,g]man eng9es1 to ext+ui% fires1 is prov$ by ! melan*oly in/ance ( ,g]a1 :]e ! h\ses are n[ built l[]4 ,) ,neub]t's eng9e1 :i* 0 tri$ at ,hamburg 9 #agfi1 eight firem5 ?rew elev5 & a half cubic feet ( wat] to ! height ( sixty-two or sixty-?ree feet4 ,9 ! ,ea/ eng9es 7 employ$ n only to ext+ui% b to produce fires4 ,! ,greek fire1 inv5t$ by ,call9icus1 an ar*itect ( ,heliopolis1 a city aft]w>ds nam$ ,balbec1 9 ! ye> #fgh1 ! use ( :i* 0 cont9u$ 9 ! ,ea/ till #abiaeid1 & :i* 0 c]ta9ly liquid#eie1 0 employ$ 9 _m diff]5t ways2 b *iefly on bo>d %ip1 be+ ?r[n f l>ge fire-eng9es on ! %ips ( ! enemy4 ,sometimes ?is fire 0 k9dl$ 9 p>ticul> vessels1 :i* might be call$ fire-%ips1 & :i* 7 introduc$ among a ho/ile fleet2 sometimes x 0 put into j>s & o!r vessels1 :i* 7 ?r[n at ! enemy by means ( projectile ma*9es#eif1 & sometimes x 0 squirt$ by ! soldi]s f h&-eng9es2 or1 z appe>s1 bl[n ?r\gh pipes4 ,b ! ma*9es ) :i* ?is fire 0 dis*>g$ f ! =e-"p ( %ips1 c\ld n h be5 ei!r h&-eng9es or su* bl[-pipes4 ,!y 7 con/ruct$ ( copp] & iron1 & ! extremity ( !m sometimes resembl$ ! op5 m\? & jaws ( a lion or o!r animal2 !y 7 pa9t$ & ev5 gild$1 & x appe>s t !y 7 capable ( project+ ! fire to a great di/ance#eig4 ,^! ma*9es by anci5t writ]s are expressly call$ sp\t+-eng9es4 ,john ,cam5iata1 speak+ ( ! siege ( 8 native city1 ,!ssalonica1 :i* 0 tak5 by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! ye> #ijd1 says t ! enemy ?rew fire into ! wood5 works ( ! besieg$1 :i* 0 bl[n into !m by means ( tubes1 & ?r[n f o!r vessels#eih4 ,?is passage1 :i* ,i d n f9d quot$ 9 any ( ! works t treat on ! ,greek fire1 proves t ! ,greeks 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury 7 no long] ! only p acqua9t$ ) ! art ( prep>+ ?is fire1 ! precursor ( our gunp[d]4 ,! emp]or ,leo1 :o ab\t ! same p]iod wrote 8 art ( w>1 recomm5ds su* eng9es1 ) a metal cov]+1 to be con/ruct$ 9 ! =e-"p ( %ips#eii1 & he twice aft]w>ds m5tions eng9es = ?r[+ out ,greek fire#fjj4 ,9 ! ,ea/ "o may easily h conceiv$ ! idea ( load+ "s k9d ( pump ) ! ,greek fire2 z ! use ( a =c+-pump = ext+ui%+ fires 0 long kn[n !re be=e ! inv5tion ( ,call9icus4 ,at :at "t ! t[ns 9 ,g]many 7 fir/ furni%$ ) fire-eng9es ,i am n able to det]m9e4 ,9 my op9ion !y _h regulations 9 reg>d to fires mu* e>li] ?an eng9es2 & ! =m] d n seem to be old] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! olde/ respect+ ! city ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is ( ! ye> #adfj4 ,! fir/ g5]al ord9ance respect+ fires 9 ,saxony 0 issu$ by ,duke ,george 9 #aeba4 ,! fir/ = ! city ( ,dresd51 :i* ext5d$ also to ! :ole c\ntry1 0 dat$ #aebi4 ,9 _m t[ns1 ! fir/ regulations made by public au?ority = prev5t+ fires w no d\bt be f\nd 9 ! g5]al regulations 9 reg>d to build+1 :i* seem to be some:at old] ?an ! p>ticul> ord9ances conc]n+ fires4 ,at ,augsburg an express regulation 9 reg>d to build+ 0 drawn up & made publicly kn[n z e>ly z #addg4 ,9 turn+ ov] old *ronicles1 x is rem>k$ t great fires began to occur less frequ5tly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ?is is und\bt$ly to be ascrib$ to ! improv$ mode ( build+#fja1 ! precautions enjo9$ by gov]nm5ts to prev5t fires1 & ! introduction ( app>atus = ext+ui%+ !m4 ,b by ! inv5tion ( fire-eng9es1 e ?+ 9 ?is respect 0 s mu* *ang$1 t a complete revision ( ! regulations 9 reg>d to ! ext+ui%+ ( fires became necess>y2 & !re=e ! fir/ m5tion ( t[n fire-eng9es w 9 all probability be f\nd 9 ! new fire ord9ances ( ! sixte5? & foll[+ c5tury4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,von ,/ett51 t 9 ! build+ acc\nts ( ! city ( ,augsburg1 fire-eng9es are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ye> #aeah4 ,!y are call$ !re in/rum5ts = fires1 wat] syr+es useful at fires2 & ^! names seem to ann\nce t ! ma*9e 0 !n 9 its infancy4 ,at t "t !y 7 made by a goldsmi? at ,fri$b]g1 nam$ ,an?ony ,blatn]1 :o ! same ye> became a citiz5 ( ,augsburg4 ,f ! acc\nt add$1--t ! :eels & lev]s 7 con/ruct$ by a :eelwright1 & f ! greatness ( ! exp5se1--!re is reason to conclude t ^! 7 n small1 simple h&-eng9es1 b l>ge & complex ma*9es4 ,9 t respectable diction>y entitl$ ,maal]'s ,teuts*spra*1 ,zuri*1 #aefa1 ,i f9d fire-hooks & fire-ladd]s1 b no in/rum5t simil> to a fire-eng9e4 ,9 ! ye> #afeg1 ! well-kn[n jesuit ,casp> ,s*ott 0 /ruck ) admiration on see+ at ,nuremb]g a fire-eng9e1 :i* _h be5 made !re by ,john ,hauts*4 ,x /ood on a sl$ge1 t5 feet long & f\r feet broad4 ,! wat]-ci/]n 0 eight feet 9 l5g?1 f\r 9 height1 & two 9 wid?4 ,x 0 mov$ by tw5ty-eight m51 & =c$ a /ream ( wat] an in* 9 diamet] to ! height ( eighty feet#fjb2 consequ5tly ov] ! h\ses4 ,! ma*9e 0 drawn by two horses4 ,hauts* di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many an engrav+ ( x1 ) an (f] ( con/ruct+ simil> ones at a mod]ate price1 & tea*+ ! use ( !m2 b he refus$ to %[ ! int]nal con/ruction ( x to ,s*ott1 :o h[ev] readily conjectur$ x4 ,f :at he says ( x1 "o may easily p]ceive t ! cyl9d]s did n /& 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 b lay horizontally 9 a box1 s t ! pi/ons mov$ horizontally1 & n v]tically1 z at pres5t4 ,upright cyl9d]s !re=e seem to belong to ! m mod]n improvem5ts4 ,s*ott adds1 t ?is 0 n a new inv5tion1 z !re 7 su* eng9es 9 o!r t[ns2 & he himself =ty ye>s be=e1 & consequ5tly 9 #afag1 _h se5 "o1 b mu* small]1 9 8 native city4 ,he 0 born1 z is well-kn[n1 9 #afjh1 at ,knig%(51 n f> f ,wrzburg4 ,george ,hauts* also1 son ( ! above arti/1 con/ruct$ simil> eng9es1 & p]haps ) improvem5ts1 = ,wag5seil#fjc & o!rs h ascrib$ to him ! inv5tion4 ,! fir/ regulations at ,p>is respect+ fires1 z f> z is kn[n1 7 made to re/ra9 inc5di>ies1 :o 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "u ! "n ( ,b\tef\x1 occasion$ great deva/ation1 n only 9 ! capital1 b 9 ! prov9ces4 ,?is city appe>s to h obta9$ fire-eng9es = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ye> #afii2 at any rate ! k+ at t p]iod gave an exclusive "r to ,dum\ri] ,dup]ri] to con/ruct ^? ma*9es call$ pompes portatives2 & he 0 engag$ at a c]ta9 sal>y to keep 9 repair sev5te5 ( !m1 pur*as$ = ,p>is1 & to procure & to pay ! necess>y workm54 ,9 ! ye> #agbb ! numb] ( ^! eng9es 0 increas$ to ?irty1 :i* 7 di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! city2 & at t "t ! contractors receiv$ annually #bj1jjj livres4 ,! city1 h[ev]1 besides ^! ?irty royal eng9es1 _h a great _m o!rs :i* belong$ to ! ,hotel de ,ville1 & ) :i* ! ,sieur ,dup]ri] _h no?+ to d#fjd4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury fire-eng9es inde$ 7 /ill v imp]fect4 ,!y _h nei!r an air-*amb] nor buckets1 & requir$ a great _m m5 to "w !m4 ,!y consi/$ m]ely ( a suck+-pump & =c+-pump unit$1 :i* project$ ! wat] only 9 spurts1 & ) cont9ual int]ruption4 ,su* ma*9es1 on ea* movem5t ( ! lev]1 exp]i5ce a /oppage1 dur+ :i* no wat] is ?r[n out2 & because ! pipe is fix$1 x _c convey wat] to remote places1 ?\gh x may rea* a fire at no great di/ance1 :]e !re are doors & w9d[s to af=d x a passage4 ,at ! same "t ! workm5 are expos$ to dang] f ! fall+ ( ! h\ses on fire1 & mu/ remove f !m to a great] di/ance4 ,hauts*1 h[ev]1 _h adapt$ to 8 eng9e a flexible pipe1 :i* c\ld be turn$ to any side z might be necess>y1 b c]ta9ly n an air-*amb]1 o!rwise ,s*ott w\ld h m5tion$ x4 ,9 ! "t ( ,belidor !re 7 no o!r eng9es 9 ,france1 & ! same k9d alone 7 us$ 9 ,engl& 9 #agfj4 ,pr(essor ,bus* at lea/ concludes s#fje1 f ! acc\nt !n giv5 by ,f]guson1 :o call$ ,new%am's eng9e1 :i* ?rew ! wat] out 9 a cont9u$ /ream1 a new inv5tion4 ,9 ,g]many ! olde/ eng9es are ( ?is k9d4 ,:o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ to ! fire-eng9e an air-*amb]1 9 :i* ! includ$ air1 by compress+ ! wat]1 =ces x out 9 a cont9u$ /ream1 is n kn[n4 ,accord+ to a conjecture ( ,p]rault1 ,vitruvius seems to speak ( a simil> con/ruction2 b ,p]rault himself ackn[l$ges t ! obscure passage 9 "q#fjf might be expla9$ 9 ano!r mann]4 ,! air-*amb] 9 its action has a simil>ity to ,h]o's f\nta91 9 :i* ! air compress$ by ! wat] obliges ! latt] to asc5d#fjg4 ,i c f9d no old] fire-eng9e con/ruct$ ) an air-*amb] ?an t ( :i* ,p]rault has giv5 a figure & description4 ,he says x 0 kept 9 ! k+'s libr>y at ,p>is1 & dur+ fires c\ld project wat] to a great height2 t x _h only "o cyl9d]1 & yet ?rew out ! wat] 9 "o cont9u$ jet4 ,he m5tions nei!r its age nor ! inv5tor2 & ,i c only add t 8 book 0 pr9t$ 9 #afhd4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is ma*9e1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 m5tion$ be=e by ,m>iotte1 :o on ?is acc\nt is by "s consid]$ z ! inv5tor2 b he does n appe> to h _h any idea ( a fire-eng9e1 at lea/ he does n m5tion x4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! air-*amb]1 at lea/ 9 ,g]many1 came into common use aft] x 0 appli$ by ,leupold to fire-eng9es1 a great numb] ( :i* he manufactur$ & sold4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( x 9 a small "w1 consi/+ ( f\r %eets qu>to1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agbj1 b at fir/ he kept ! con/ruction a secret4 ,! eng9es :i* he sold consi/$ ( a /rong copp] box closely %ut & well-sold]$4 ,!y weigh$ no m ?an sixte5 p\nds1 occupi$ little room1 _h only "o cyl9d]2 & a man ) "o ( !m c\ld =ce up ! wat] )\t int]ruption to ! height ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,ab\t #agbe ,du ,fay saw "o ( ,leupold's eng9es at ,/rasburg1 & discov]$ by conjecture ! con/ruction ( x1 :i* he made kn[n 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is = t ye>4 ,x is v s+ul> t on ?is occasion ,du ,fay says no?+ ( ,m>iotte1 or ( ! eng9e 9 ! k+'s libr>y4 ,leupold1 h[ev]1 _h "s "t be=e1 t is 9 #agbd1 giv5 a description & figure 9 8 ,!atrum ,ma*9>um ,hydraulic>um#fjh1 ) :i* und\bt$ly ,du ,fay 0 n acqua9t$4 ,ano!r improvem5t1 no less useful1 is ! lea!r hose add$ to ! eng9e1 :i* c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ z necess>y1 & to :i* ! fire-pipe is appli$1 s t ! p]son :o directs ! jet ( wat] c approa* ! fire ) less dang]4 ,?is inv5tion1 x is well kn[n1 belongs to two ,dut*m51 bo? nam$ ,jan van d] ,heide#fji1 :o 7 inspectors ( ! app>atus = ext+ui%+ fires at ,am/]dam4 ,! fir/ public exp]im5ts made ) x took place 9 #afgb2 & 7 att5d$ ) s mu* success1 t at a fire next ye>1 ! old eng9es 7 us$ = ! la/ "t1 & ! new ones introduc$ 9 _! /ead4 ,9 #afgg1 ! inv5tor obta9$ an exclusive privilege to make ^! eng9es dur+ ! p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 #afhb1 eng9es on ?is con/ruction 7 di/ribut$ 9 suffici5t numb] ?r\gh\t ! :ole city1 & ! old ones 7 entirely laid aside4 ,9 #afie !re 7 9 ,am/]dam sixty ( ^! eng9es1 ! ne>e/ six ( :i* 7 to be employ$ at e fire4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s !y 7 common ?r\gh\t all ! t[ns 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,all ^! circum/ances h be5 relat$ by ! inv5tor 9 a p>ticul> "w2 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! excell5t engrav+s x conta9s1 is exce$+ly valuable#faj4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ sev5 repres5t dang]\s conflagrations at :i* ! old eng9es 7 us$1 b produc$ v little effect4 ,"o ( !m is ! fire :i* took place 9 ! /ad?\se ( ,am/]dam 9 ! ye> #afeb4 ,! twelve foll[+ plates repres5t fires :i* 7 ext+ui%$ by means ( ! new eng9es1 & exhibit1 at ! same "t1 ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! eng9es may be employ$ ) advantage4 ,accord+ to an annex$ calculation1 ! city ( ,am/]dam lo/ by t5 fires1 :5 ! old app>atus 0 9 use1 #a1jbd1acj flor9s2 b 9 ! foll[+ five ye>s1 aft] ! introduction ( ! new eng9es1 ! loss occasion$ by =ty fires am\nt$ only to #ah1cee flor9s2 s t ! ye>ly sav+ 0 n9ety-eight p] c5t4 ,( ! int]nal con/ruction ( ^! eng9es no description or plates h be5 giv52 nor d ,i rememb] to h read a passage 9 any au?or f :i* x c be conclud$ t !y 7 furni%$ ) an air-*amb]1 ?\gh 9 ! pat5ts !y 7 always call$ sp\t+-eng9es1 :i* ?rew up "o cont9u$ jet ( wat]4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ev5 ( ! nature ( ! pipe or hose is %ort & defective1 probably ) a view to r5d] x m difficult to be imitat$4 ,x is only said t x 0 made ( lea!r 9 a p>ticul> mann]2 & t1 besides be+ ?ick1 x 0 capable ( resi/+ ! =ce ( ! wat]4 ,! convey] or br+] 0 inv5t$ also ab\t ! same "t by ^! two ,dut*m54 ,?is "n is giv5 at pres5t to a box :i* has on ! "o side a suck+-pump1 & on ! o!r a =c+-pump4 ,! =m] s]ves to raise ! wat] f a /ream1 well1 or o!r res]voir1 by means ( a /iff lea!rn pipe1 hav+ at ! extremity a metal /ra9] pi]c$ ) holes to prev5t ! admission ( dirt1 & :i* is kept susp5d$ above ! mud by a r\nd piece ( cork4 ,! =c+-pump drives ! wat] ?us drawn up ?r\gh a lea!rn pipe into ! eng9e1 & r5d]s ! labori\s conveyance ( wat] by buckets unnecess>y4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 ?is ma*9e 0 exce$+ly simple4 ,x consi/$ only ( a lea!rn pipe screw$ to ! eng9e1 ! end ( :i* wid5$ into a bag support$ ne> ! res]voir1 & kept op5 by means ( a frame1 :ile ! lab\r]s p\r$ wat] into x f buckets4 ,a pump1 h[ev]1 to answ] ?is purpose 0 soon con/ruct$ by ! ,van d] ,heides1 :o nam$ x a snake-pump4 ,by its means !y 7 able to convey ! wat] f ! di/ance ( a ?\s& feet2 b ,i c f9d no acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 made4 ,f ! figure1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !y us$ only "o cyl9d] ) a lev]4 ,sometimes also !y plac$ a portable pump 9 ! wat]1 :i* 0 ?us drawn into a lea!rn hose connect$ ) x1 & convey$ to ! eng9e4 ,e pipe or hose = convey+ wat] 9 ?is mann] !y call$ a wass]s*lange1 wat]-snake1 & ?is 0 n made ( lea!r1 l ! hose furni%$ ) a fire-pipe1 b ( sail-clo?4 ,!y ann\nc$1 h[ev]1 t x requir$ a p>ticul> prep>ation1 :i* consi/$ 9 mak+ x wat]-tight by means ( a prop] cem5t4 ,! pipe also1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is drawn up1 mu/ be /iff5$ & di/5d$ by means ( metal r+s2 o!rwise ! ext]nal air1 on ! fir/ /roke ( ! pump1 w\ld compress ! pipe1 s t x c\ld admit no wat]4 ,x is "h se5 t pipes made ( sail-clo? are n s new an inv5tion z _m h suppos$4 ,t our pres5t app>atus = convey+ wat] to ! fire-eng9e is mu* m +5i\s1 z well z conv5i5t1 mu/ be all[$2 b ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d t 9 all cities !re %\ld be pumps1 or runn+ wells ( wat]1 to ! sp\t ( :i* pipes hav+ "o end screw$ to a fire-eng9e might be affix$4 ,! ,van d] ,heides1 among ! advantages ( _! inv5tion1 /at$ t ?is app>atus r5d]$ x unnecess>y to h lea!rn buckets1 :i* are exp5sive1 or at any rate less5$ _! numb]1 z well z t ( ! workm54 ,f ?is acc\nt1 ! tru? ( :i* _c be d\bt$1 "o may readily believe t eng9es ) lea!rn hose 7 c]ta9ly n inv5t$ by ,gottfri$ ,fu*s1 director ( ! fire app>atus at ,cop5hag51 9 ! ye> #afig1 z publicly ann\nc$ 9 #agag1 ) ! addition1 t ?is inv5tion 0 soon employ$ bo? 9 ,holl& & at ,hamburg4 ,fu*s seems only to h made kn[n ! ,dut* inv5tion 9 ,d5m>k1 on occasion ( ! great fire :i* took place on ! #ai? ( ,april #afhi1 at ! ,op]a-h\se ( ,amali5burg1 :5 ! beautiful palace ( t "n1 & m ?an #cej p]sons 7 consum$4 ,at any rate we are told 9 hi/ory1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is calamity1 an improvem5t 0 made 9 ! fire e/abli%m5t1 by new regulations issu$ on ! #bcrd ( ,july #afhi1 & t eng9es on ! ,dut* con/ruction1 :i* _h be5 us$ m ?an twelve ye>s at ,am/]dam1 7 introduc$4 ,hose or pipes ( ?is k9d = convey+ wat] 7 h[ev] n entirely unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,at lea/ ! ar*itect ,apollodorus says1 t to convey wat] to high places expos$ to fi]y d>ts1 ! gut ( an ox1 hav+ a bag fill$ ) wat] affix$ to x1 might be employ$2 = on compress+ ! bag1 ! wat] w\ld be =c$ up ?r\gh ! gut to ! place ( its de/9ation#faa4 ,?is 0 a convey] ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,among ! late/ proposals = improv+ ! hose is t ( weav+ "o )\t a seam4 ,9 #agbj1 "s ( ?is k9d 7 made ( hemp at ,leipsic1 by ,beck1 a lace-weav]1 z we are told by ,leupold1 9 8 be=e-m5tion$ "w on fire-eng9es1 :i* 0 pr9t$ ! same ye>4 ,aft] ?is !y 7 made by ,erke1 a l95-weav] ( ,weim>2 & at a lat] p]iod !y 7 made ( l95 at ,dresd51 & also 9 ,silesia#fab4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,hegn] & ,ehrliholz] _h a manufactory at ,be?nal-gre51 ne> ,london1 :]e !y made wat]-tight hose )\t seams#fac4 ,"s ( ! same k9d are made by ,m4 ,mgl+ on 8 e/ate ne> ,/utg>d1 on a loom ( 8 own inv5tion1 & are n[ us$ 9 _m t[ns ( ! du*y ( ,wirtemb]g4 ,i %all "h rem>k1 t ,braun _h a loom on :i* %irts c\ld be wove )\t a seam1 l ^? curi\s works ( art sometimes br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ( :i* he has giv5 a full description ) an engrav+#fad4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ,i %all obs]ve1 t not)/&+ ! belief ( ! ,turks 9 pr$e/9ation1 fire-eng9es are 9 use at ,con/ant9ople1 hav+ be5 introduc$ by ,ibrahim ,eff5di4 ,! fire-eng9es n[ 9 use are made ^u ! air-*amb] pr9ciple above-describ$4 ,mr4 ,brai?waite has appli$ /eam-p[] to ! work+ ( fire-eng9es4 ,on ?is pr9ciple a locomotive & a float+ eng9e h be5 con/ruct$4 ,! =m] 0 fir/ employ$ at a fire 9 ! ,argyle ,rooms 9 #ahcj4 ,x requir$ eighte5 m9utes to elapse be=e ! wat] 9 ! boil] 0 rais$ to #bab1 & ?rew up f ?irty to =ty tons ( wat] p] h\r1 to a height ( n9ety feet4 ,two o!rs h be5 con/ruct$ by ! same eng9e]1 "o ( :i* ?rew up n9ety tons ( wat] p] h\r1 & "o made = ! k+ ( ,prussia ?rew up ab\t #fa tons p] m9ute4 ,9 ! /eam float+ eng9e :i* lies 9 ! ,?ames1 ! ma*9]y ei!r propels ! vessel1 or works ! pumps z requir$4 ,! pipes us$ = convey+ ! wat] f ! plugs to ! eng9es are n[ con/ruct$ ( lea!r1 ! seams be+ ei!r sew$ up or fa/5$ ) metallic rivets4 ,,footnotes #ehb ,lib4 x4 cap4 #ab1 p4 #cdg4 ,comp>e lib4 ix4 cap4 #i4 p4 #cba4 #ehc ,9 t book entitl$ 1 or ,spiritualia4 ,x may be f\nd ,greek & ,lat9 9 ,vet]um ,ma!maticorum ,op]a1 ,p>isiis #afic1 fol4 p4 #ahj4 #ehd ,epi/4 #db1 lib4 x4 #ehe ,lib4 v4 edit4 ,almel4 p4 #cfj4 #ehf ,pl94 lib4 v4 cap4 ult4 #ehg ,poliorcetica1 p4 #cb1 9 ,vet]um ,ma!maticorum ,op]a4 #ehh ,orig4 xx4 #f4 ,fire-eng9es are us$ 9 _m t[ns to wa% ! w9d[s 9 ! upp] /ories1 :i* _c be tak5 out4 #ehi ,see ,dige/4 i4 tit4 #ae1 :]e all p]sons are ord]$ to h wat] always ready 9 _! h\ses4 ,also ,dige/4 #dg1 tit4 #i4 ,_m ?+s relat+ to ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ,l4 ,a4 ,hamb]g]i ,opuscula1 ,j5 et ,lips4 #agdj1 #hvo1 p4 #ab2 9 ! ,diss]tation de ,inc5diis4 ,fur!r in=mation respect+ ! police e/abli%m5t ( ! ,romans 9 reg>d to fires1 is conta9$ 9 two diss]tations1 entitl$ ,g4 ,c4 ,m>qu>ti de ,cura ,romanorum circa ,inc5dia4 ,lips4 #afhi1 #dto4 ,& ,ev4 ,ottonis ,diss]tat de ,(ficio ,prfecti ,vigilum circa ,inc5dia4 ,ultrajecti #agcc4 #eij ,dige/4 xxxiii4 #g1 #ah4 ,di]4 ,g5ial4 v4 #bd4 #eia ,controv]s4 #i1 libri ii4 #eib ,9 ,g]many also ! roads & ! di/ance betwe5 ! ruts made by c>t-:eels 7 9 old times v n>r[4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 ! new tile-kiln 0 built be=e ! ,geism> gate at ,gtt+51 !re 0 f\nd at a great dep?1 a pro( ( its antiquity1 a /reet or road :i* _h =m]ly proce$$ to ! city ) s small a space m>k$ out by c>riage-:eels1 t "o l x is n to be se5 9 ,g]many4 #eic ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #h4 #eid ,hanovii ,disquisitiones4 ,g$ani #agej1 #dto1 p4 #fe4 #eie ,ann ,comn5 ,alexiad4 lib4 #af4 p4 #che2 4 #eif ,a projectile ma*9e ( ?is k9d is m5tion$ by ,jo9ville1 p4 #ci4 #eig ,see ! passage ( ,anna ,comn5a quot$ by ,hanov4 p4 #cce4 #eih ,9 ,leonis ,allatii 4 ,colon4 #afec1 #hvo1 p4 #bci4 #eii ,cap4 #ai1 #f1 p4 #cbb4 #fjj ,pp4 #cdd1 #cdf4 #fja ,?us 9 ! ye> #adff /raw ?at*1 & 9 #adgd ! use ( %+les 7 =bidd5 at ,frank=t4--,l]sn]1 ii4 p4 #bb4 #fjb ,doppelmay] says t ! wat] 0 driv5 to ! height ( a hundr$ feet4 #fjc ,doppelmay]1 p4 #cjc4 #fjd ,cont94 du ,traite de la ,police1 p> ,de la ,m>e1 p4 #acg4 #fje ,ma!matik zum ,nutz5 und ,v]gng51 #hvo1 p4 #cif4 #fjf ,lib4 x4 cap4 #ab4 #fjg ,spiritualia1 #cf1 p4 #ce4 #fjh ,vol4 i4 p4 #abj1 tab4 #de1 fig4 #b4 #fji ,9 ! pat5t1 h[ev]1 !y 7 nam$ ,jan & ,ni*olas van d] ,heyd54 #faj ,bes*ryv+ d] nieuwliiks uitgevond5 ,slang-,br&-,spuit51 ,jan van d] ,heide1 ,am/4 #afij1 folio4 #faa ,poliorcet4 page #cb4 #fab ,leipzig] ,intellig5zblatt1 #agge1 p4 #cde2 & #agfg1 p4 #fi4 ,teuts*] ,m]kur1 #aghc4 #fac ,lysons's ,environs ( ,london4 #fad ,ve/itus ,sac]dotum ,hebrorum4 ,am/4 #agja1 #dto1 i4 p4 #bgc4 ,mu* useful in=mation 9 reg>d to v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! app>atus = ext+ui%+ fires may be f\nd 9 ,aug4 ,niemann ,ueb]si*t d] ,si*]ungsmittel geg5 ,feu]sgefahr54 ,hamb4 und ,kiel1 #agif1 #hvo4 ,,indigo4 ,x is m ?an probable t indigo1 s e>ly z ! "t ( ,dioscorides & ,pl9y1 0 br\ght to ,europe1 & employ$ !re 9 dye+ & pa9t+4 ,?is ,i %all endeav\r to %[2 b "u t "n mu/ be und]/ood e k9d ( blue pigm5t1 sep>at$ f plants by f]m5tation1 & conv]t$ into a friable sub/ance by desiccation2 = ^? :o %\ld ma9ta9 t real indigo mu/ be made f ^? plants nam$ 9 ! botanical sy/em ,indig(]a t9ctoria1 w\ld conf9e ! subject )9 too n>r[ limits2 z ! sub/ance :i* our m]*ants & dy]s consid] z real indigo is prep>$1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 f s great a numb] ( plants1 t !y are n ev5 v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,be=e ! ,am]ican colonies 7 e/abli%$1 all ! indigo employ$ 9 ,europe came f ! ,ea/ ,indies2 & till ! discov]y ( a passage r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 x 0 convey$1 l o!r ,indian productions1 p>tly ?r\gh ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & p>tly by l& to ,babylon1 or ?r\gh ,arabia & up ! ,r$ ,sea to ,egypt1 f :i* x 0 transport$ to ,europe4 ,consid]+ ?is long c>riage1 z ! article 0 n obta9$1 accord+ to ! ,italian expression1 a drittura1 t is1 9 a direct mann]1 x ne$s excite no surprise1 t our k1 9 reg>d to its real c\ntry & ! mann] ( prep>+ x1 %\ld be exce$+ly unc]ta9 & imp]fect4 ,is x a/oni%+ t articles1 always obta9$ ?r\gh ,arabia1 %\ld be consid]$ z productions ( t c\ntry2 & t _m commodities :i* 7 ! "w ( art1 %\ld be giv5 out to be productions ( nature8 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ! ,dut* pur*as$ f ! ,saxons cobalt1 & smalt made f x1 & sold !m aga9 9 ,india2 & ! ,indians knew z little :]e & 9 :at mann] ! ,dut* obta9$ !m1 z ! ,saxons did ! p :o 7 ! ultimate pur*as]s & consum]s4 ,! real nature ( indigo 0 n g5]ally kn[n 9 ,europe till ! ,europeans procur$ x f ! fir/ h&2 yet long aft] t p]iod1 & ev5 9 ! lett]s-pat5t obta9$ on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] #agje1 by ! proprietors ( ! m9es 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,halb]/adt & ! c\nty ( ,re9/e91 indigo 0 class$ among m9]als on acc\nt ( :i* works 7 suff]$ to be erect$2 b ?is only proves ! individual ignorance ( ! und]tak]s1 & also ( _! sup]iors1 :5 !y read :at !y _h writt51 & confirms ! ju/ness ( ,ovid's advice1 ,disce bonas artes1 moneo1 ,g]mana juv5tus2 ,non tantum trepidos ut tue>e reos4 ,:at ,dioscorides calls ,indicon1 & ,pl9y & ,vitruvius ,indicum1 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to believe to h be5 our indigo#fae4 ,x 0 a blue pigm5t br\ght f ,india1 & us$ bo? 9 pa9t+ & 9 dye+4 ,:5 p\nd$ x gave a black p[d]1 & :5 susp5d$ 9 wat] x produc$ an agreeable mixture ( blue & purple4 ,x belong$ to ! co/ly dye-/uffs1 & 0 (t5 adult]at$ by ! addition ( e>?4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 t :i* 0 s(t )\t any r\ghness1 & :i* resembl$ an inspissat$ juice1 0 e/eem$ ! be/4 ,pl9y ?9ks#faf t pure indigo may be di/+ui%$ f t :i* is adult]at$ by burn+ x1 z ! =m] gives an exce$+ly beautiful purple flame1 & emits a smell simil> to t ( sea-wat]4 ,bo? he & ,dioscorides speak ( two k9ds1 "o ( :i* adh]es to re$s1 9 ! =m ( slime or scum ?r[n up by ! sea2 ! o!r1 z ,dioscorides says1 0 scrap$ f ! sides ( ! dye-pans 9 ! =m ( a purple-col\r$ scum2 & ,pl9y expressly rem>ks1 t x 0 collect$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! e/abli%m5ts = dye+ purple4 ,! =m] relates also1 t ,indicum belong$ to ! a/r+5t m$ic9es2 t x 0 us$ = ulc]s & inflammations1 & t x cleans$ & heal$ w\nds4 ,?is is all1 z f> z ,i "k1 t is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts respect+ ,indicum4 ,i h giv5 x at full l5g?1 z accurately z possible1 & ,i h add$1 9 ord] t ! read] may be bett] able to comp>e & judge1 ref]5ces to ! orig9al words ( ! au?ors4 ,indicon1 x is true1 occurs 9 o!r passages2 b x 0 c]ta9ly diff]5t f ! "o already m5tion$4 ,i allude1 = example1 to ! black ,indicon ( ,arrian & ! ,indicon ( ,hippocrates4 ,( ! =m] ,i %all treat 9 p>ticul> h]eaft]2 & 9 reg>d to ! latt]1 ,i ref] to ! au?or quot$ 9 ! note bel[#fag4 ,x is n at all surpris+ t ^! names %\ld be appli$ to m ,indian commodities1 s9ce at pres5t we give to _m k9ds ( fruit1 fl[]s1 f[ls & o!r ?+s1 ! appellation ( ,indian4 ,! anci5ts1 inde$1 7 n s c>eful z to di/+ui% always1 by a prop] addition1 ! _m articles to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ,indica2 & !y _h reason to expect t _! contempor>ies w\ld readily compreh5d by ! connexion1 ! k9d t 0 prop]ly meant4 ,_! comm5tators1 h[ev]1 9 lat] times h = ! mo/ "p ?\ght only ( "o species or ?+1 & by ^! means !y h fall5 into mi/akes :i* ,i %all "h endeav\r to rectify4 ,ev]y?+ said by ! anci5ts ( ,indicum seems to agree p]fectly ) our indigo4 ,! prop] c\ntry ( ?is production is ,india2 t is to say1 ,guds*>at or ,guts*]ad1 & ,cambaye or ,cambaya1 f :i* x seems to h be5 br\ght to ,europe s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iods4 ,x is f\nd m5tion$1 f "t to "t1 9 e c5tury2 x is nev] spok5 ( z a new article1 & x has always reta9$ its old "n2 :i* seems to be a pro( t x has be5 us$ & employ$ 9 comm]ce )\t int]ruption4 ,x is true1 z ! anci5ts say1 t good indigo1 :5 pulv]iz$1 is ( a blacki% col\r4 ,! t9cture1 h[ev]1 is p>tly blue & p>tly purple2 b "u ! latt] t]m we mu/ und]/& an agreeable violet1 & n1 z is (t5 ! case1 our sc>let4 ,x is true also t good indigo is s(t or smoo? to ! t\*#fah :5 p\nd$2 x floats on wat]1 & at pres5t1 z 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 is adult]at$ & r5d]$ heavi] by ! admixture ( "s e>?1 :i* 9 g5]al1 z appe>s1 is f9e p\nd$ slate#fai4 ,x is fur!r true t ! purity ( x c be discov]$ by burn+ x4 ,indigo free f all =eign bodies leaves b little a%1 :ile t :i* is impure leaves a l>ge quantity ( e>?4 ,pl9y1 p]haps1 did n rightly und]/& ?is te/ by fire1 & add$ f conjecture1 :at he says 9 reg>d to ! col\r ( ! flame & ! smell ( ! smoke1 t ?is pro( might n rema9 )\t an explanation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ^? :o consid]$ indigo to be sea-slime1 imag9$ t !y p]ceiv$ 9 x a smell ( sea-wat]4 ,a naturali/ ( mod]n times1 :o ref]s petrifactions to ,noah's flood1 believ$ t he c\ld smell sea-wat] 9 !m aft] ! lapse ( s _m ?\s& ye>s4 ,indicum1 on acc\nt ( its long c>riage by l&1 mu/ h be5 de>1 & !re=e x 0 "o ( ^? pigm5ts :i* ! anci5t pa9t]s1 :o 7 (t5 poor slaves1 7 n accu/om$ to keep 9 any quantity by !m1 & ) :i* x 0 necess>y !y %\ld be suppli$ by ^? = :om !y execut$ pa9t+s#fbj4 ,our indigo 0 also exce$+ly de> till x 0 cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e ! value ( x decreas$ z long z good l& 0 pl5tiful & ! price ( lab\r 0 less5$ by ! slave-trade4 ,t indigo1 :i* at pres5t is us$ only by dy]s1 %\ld h be5 employ$ also = pa9t+1 ne$s excite no surprise4 ,x 0 appli$ to ?is purpose till ! inv5tion ( pa9t+ 9 oil1 & ! discov]y ( ,prussian blue1 smalt & o!r pigm5ts ( a sup]ior quality4 ,x is ev5 /ill us$ by l&scape-pa9t]s to produce a pale gray2 b x w n h>monise ) oil4 ,z to ! m$ical prop]ties ( indigo1 ,i c at any rate %[ t ! exp]im5ts made ) x at ! end ( ! sev5te5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury fully confirm ! high encomium be/[$ by ,dioscorides ^u 8 ,indicum4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! =m] 0 mu* prescrib$ & recomm5d$4 ,at pres5t our physicians are acqua9t$ ) pur] & m p[]ful rem$ies ?an indigo1 ! int]nal use ( :i*1 z ! f]m5t$ mass is prep>$ 9 copp] vessels1 mu/ be att5d$ ) suspicion4 ,t ! au?or1 s (t5 m5tion$ already1 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! prep>ation ( indigo1 _c be d5i$4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 extraord9>y _h ! acc\nt ( x rea*$ ! ,greeks & ! ,romans undisguis$ by fables1 add$ ei!r to answ] ! purposes ( ! int]e/$ m]*ant1 or accid5tally 9 ! c\rse ( its long j\rney1 9 pass+ ?r\gh s _m c\ntries & languages4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ?r\gh ^! x may /ill be discov]$2 & 9 all probability we %\ld be bett] able to =m "s idea ( x 7 ! olde/ me?od ( mak+ indigo /ill kn[n4 ,9 ! slime deposit$ on ! re$s1 ,i ?9k ,i c rem>k ! fir/ degree ( f]m5tation1 or comm5cem5t ( putrefaction1 )\t :i* ! pigm5t c\ld n be sep>at$4 ,:o kn[s :e!r ! indigo plants 9 ! e>lie/ times 7 n deposit$ 9 pits or 9 /agnant wat]1 9 ! same mann] z our flax & hemp8 ,:o kn[s :e!r aft] putrefaction !y 7 n tak5 out1 & ! col\r+ p>ts adh]+ to !m wa%$ (f & collect$8 ,! quantity inde$ obta9$ by ?is process w\ld n be great1 & at pres5t a mu* bett] me?od is employ$2 b ! improvem5ts made 9 e art h be5 gradual4 ,! old inhabitants ( ! ,can>y isl&s scrat*$ _! l& ) ! horns ( ox51 because !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! spade1 & f> less ) ! pl\gh4 ,! above conjecture w appe> mu* m probable1 :5 x is kn[n t 9 _m p>ts ( ,india ! plants 7 =m]ly plac$ 9 l>ge pits2 & 9 ,malta1 :]e indigo 0 /ill cultivat$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !y 7 put into res]voirs or bas9s 9 ord] to f]m5t#fba4 ,if ?is 0 usual 9 ! olde/ times1 x may be easily se5 h[ fabul\s acc\nts might arise4 ,indigo 0 a slime attract$ f ! wat] by a re$1 :i* ! indigo plant1 /ripp$ ( its b>k1 0 consid]$ to be4 ,dioscorides speaks ( ano!r k9d ( indigo1 :i* 0 ! dri$ purple-col\r$ scum ( ! dye-pans4 ,my pr$ecessors1 consid]+ ?is acc\nt z an error1 :i* might h aris5 ei!r f conjecture or misconception1 or :i* 0 purposely occasion$ by m]*ants1 did n ?9k x wor?y ( fur!r exam9ation4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 refra9 f rem>k+1 t a blue pigm5t1 & ev5 a v f9e "o1 if ! prop] prep>ations _h be5 made = t purpose1 might h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x 0 n inde$ indigo1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 b a pigm5t ( a simil> nature4 ,t f9e high-pric$ p[d] sold1 at pres5t1 "u ! "n ( blue c>m9e1 is made f ! sep>at$ scum ( a dye-liquor1 9 :i* ! f9e/ col\r+ p>ticles rema9 susp5d$4 ,! scum or fl[] ( a blue pan#fbb :i* floats on ! surface exhibits a play ( _m col\rs2 & z among ^! ! anci5t purple is frequ5tly obs]v$1 x may !re=e v prop]ly be said to h a purple col\r#fbc4 ,9 my op9ion1 !re is no reason to disbelieve ,dioscorides1 :5 he says t 9 8 "t a blue pigm5t nam$ indigo 0 made 9 ?is mann]1 especially z x c be prov$ t ! woad-dy]s1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 sep>at$ f _! pans a col\r+ sub/ance1 :i* !y sold in/ead ( indigo1 an article at t "t exce$+ly de>#fbd4 ,besides1 we read t 9 ! e/abli%m5ts = dye+ black1 ! scum 0 9 l mann] collect$ 9 old times 9 ! =m ( a black pigm5t1 & ?is practice1 z appe>s1 0 usual 9 all ! dye-h\ses 9 g5]al4 ,pl9y1 :o says t ?is indigo 0 made 9 ! purple dye-h\ses1 seems ei!r to h misund]/ood ,dioscorides1 or to h be5 too precipitate2 b x is c]ta9 t ! scum 9 ! purple dye-h\ses may h be5 collect$ & dri$ into a purple-col\r$ c>m9e4 ,z ! ,europeans did n become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( indigo till mod]n times1 x ne$s excite no a/oni%m5t t ! old comm5tators %\ld h err$ 9 expla9+ ! passages to :i* ,i "h allude2 & _! op9ion c !re=e be ( little weight 9 opposition to m9e4 ,^? :o h approa*$ ne>e/ to ! tru?1 ,s>az51 ,ma?ioli1 ,salmasius1 c41 speak z if indigo 7 made f our woad1 :i* h[ev] does n gr[ 9 ,india4 ,dioscorides speaks also ( woad 9 a p>ticul> section4 ,m>cellus ,v]gilius says1 t ,dioscorides meant indigo is c]ta92 & ?is article is s g5]ally kn[n t x is n wor? :ile to m5tion x4 ,b he himself seems n to h be5 acqua9t$ ) x1 else he w\ld h am5d$ ! errone\s passage :i* speaks ( ,indian /one#fbe4 ,?is arose f ! ignorance ( ! old transcrib]s1 :o be+ unacqua9t$ ) ,indicum ?\ght only ( gemma ,indica1 m5tion$ by ,pl9y#fbf4 ,b ,v]gilius 0 "r 9 ?is1 t ! purple lake1 spok5 ( by ,pl9y1 & n by ,dioscorides z he believes1 c no long] be produc$4 ,i h long made x a rule1 & prescrib$ x to o!rs1 9 expla9+ any object m5tion$ by ! anci5ts1 nev] to admit1 )\t ! /ronge/ pro(s1 t ! same article is d5ot$ by diff]5t appellations4 ,?is1 x is true1 has be5 (t5 done4 ,by ^! means ! small k we possess ( a ?+ t occurs "u "o "n only may be increas$4 ,a wid] field may ?us be op5$ = conjecture1 & m latitude may be giv5 to ! imag9ation2 b at ! same "t "o may fall into gr\ndless explanations1 & haz>d ass]tions1 :i*1 ) :atev] caution & le>n+ propos$1 w1 on clos] exam9ation1 be f\nd ei!r false or highly improbable4 ,accord+ to ?is rule1 ,i h c>efully endeav\r$ n to suff] myself to be s f> misl$ by ! respectability ( my pr$ecessors1 z to consid] ! ,indicum & ,indicum nigrum ( ! anci5ts to be ! same sub/ance4 ,on fur!r rese>* ,i f9d t ! latt] n only appe>s by ! epi!t to be diff]5t f indigo1 b t x is ,*9a1 or1 z ! ,dut* call x1 ,indian ink4 ,to prove ?is1 ,i mu/ ref] to ! passage ( ,pl9y#fbg on :i* my ass]tion is f\nd$2 & p]haps ! %ort illu/rations add$ w r5d] ?is m9ut5ess less t$i\s to ^? :o are fond ( su* disquisitions4 ,9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 ,pl9y enum]ates all ! mat]ials :i* 9 8 "t 7 us$ = black ink4 ,he !re=e m5tions two vitriolic sub/ances1 a slime or s$im5t 7salsugo71 & a yell[ vitriolic e>? 7call$ also misy74 ,su* m9]als cont9u$ 9 use z long z m5 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( lixiviat+ ! salt1 & caus+ x to cry/allize2 or 9 o!r words1 z long z !y _h no vitriol-manufactories4 ,he speaks also ( lamp-black be+ made 9 huts built = ! purpose1 :i* are describ$ by ,vitruvius1 & f :i* ! smoke ( burn+ p9e-wood 0 convey$ into a close ap>tm5t4 ,! article 0 c]ta9ly adult]at$1 :5 soot1 tak5 f ! ba?s & o!r places :]e an op5 fire 0 ma9ta9$ ) wood ( all k9ds1 0 int]mix$ ) x4 ,x is v rem>kable t black f burnt refuse ( grapes1 noir de vigne1 :i* at pres5t our arti/s1 & p>ticul>ly our copp]-plate pr9t]s1 consid] z ! mo/ beautiful black1 0 made ev5 at t p]iod4 ,g]many hi!rto has obta9$ ! great] "p ( ?is article f ,m5tz1 ?r\gh ,frank=t1 & on t acc\nt x is call$ ,frank=t black4 ,"s is made also at ,kits+51 ,m>kbreit1 & ,muni*4 ,= ?is purpose ! refuse ( ! grapes is *>r$ 9 a close fire1 & be+ !n f9ely p\nd$ is pack$ into casks4 ,pl9y obs]ves1 t x 0 ass]t$ t f ?is sub/ance "o c\ld obta9 a black :i* might be sub/itut$ = indigo4 ,ano!r pigm5t 0 bone-black1 or burnt ivory1 :i* is highly e/eem$ ev5 at pres5t4 ,besides ^!1 cont9ues he1 !re is obta9$ f ,india :at is call$ ,indicum1 ! prep>ation ( :i* ,i h n yet be5 able to le>n3 b a simil> pigm5t is made f ! black scum ( ! dye-pans1 9 places = dye+ black1 & ano!r k9d is obta9$ f *>r$ fir-wood f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,! cuttle-fi% 7sepia7 likewise gives a black2 b t h[ev] has no?+ to d ) ! pres5t "q4 ,he rem>ks1 9 ! la/ place1 t e k9d ( black pigm5t is improv$1 or r ! prep>ation ( x complet$1 by exposure to ! sun#fbh2 t is to say1 aft] gum has be5 add$ to t int5d$ = writ+1 & size to t de/9$ = pa9t+4 ,b t :i* 0 made ) v9eg> 0 m durable1 & c\ld n be easily effac$ by wa%+4 ,all ?is is v true4 ,our ink acquires a sup]ior quality :5 expos$ to ! light ( ! sun 9 flat vessels4 ,t v9eg> r5d]s black col\rs fa/]1 is well kn[n to our calico-pr9t]s2 & ^? :o wi% to h good ink mu/ employ 9 mak+ x ! brighte/ v9eg> ( be]4 ,x is equally true1 t e black pigm5t mix$ up ) gum or size c be soon] & easi] wa%$ out aga9 ) wat]#fbi4 ,a consid]able "p ( :at has hi!rto be5 quot$ f ,pl9y1 may be f\nd also 9 ,vitruvius#fcj4 ,! latt]1 9 l mann]1 m5tions huts = mak+ lamp-black2 he speaks also ( ivory-black1 & says expressly1 t :5 x is prop]ly made x n only =ms a good col\r & excell5t ink1 b approa*es v ne> to ,indicum4 ,n[ ,i might "h ask1 :e!r x is at all probable t ! le>n$ ,pl9y & ! practical connoisseur ( pa9t+1 ! ar*itect ,vitruvius1 c\ld consid] & describe our blue indigo z a pigm5t :i*1 l lamp-black1 c\ld be employ$ z a black col\r & z ink8 ,is x cr$ible t ,pl9y1 if he meant blue indigo 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ passage1 w\ld h said t he 0 n able to le>n ! prep>ation ( x1 :5 he expressly describes x1 z he believ$ x to be1 9 ! c\rse ( a few l9es fur!r8 ,w\ld ,pl9y & ,vitruvius1 _h !y be5 acqua9t$ ) black indigo only1 rem>k imm$iately aft]1 t1 :5 co/ly indigo c\ld n be obta9$1 e>? saturat$ ) woad1 consequ5tly a blue e>?1 might be us$ 9 its /ead8 ,is n allusion "h made to a blue pigm5t1 z 0 be=e to a black "o8 ,is x n !re=e evid5t1 t ! "n ( ,indicum 0 giv5 to a black & also to a blue pigm5t br\ght f ,india8 ,& if ?is be ! case1 is x n highly probable t ! black ,indicum 0 :at we at pres5t call ,indian ink1 :i* approa*es s ne> to ! f9e/ ivory-black1 & black ( w9e lees1 t x is (t5 c\nt]feit$ by ^! sub/ances1 a prep>ation ( :i* is frequ5tly sold z ,indian ink to unw>y pur*as]s8 ,indian ink is 9 g5]al use 9 ,india1 & has be5 s 9 all probability s9ce ! e>lie/ ages4 ,9 ,india all artificial productions are ( v great antiquity2 & !re=e ,i w v5ture to say1 t x is n probable t ,indian ink is a new inv5tion 9 ,india1 al?\gh x may probably h be5 improv$1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ,*9ese4 ,to conf\nd ! two sub/ances1 h[ev]1 call$ indigo 7indicum7 at t p]iod 0 n possible1 z e pa9t] & deal] 9 col\rs w\ld "k t !re 7 two k9ds1 a blue & a black4 ,x has1 nev]!less1 occurr$ to me1 t 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts obscurity may h sometimes be5 avoid$ by ! addition ( an epi!t2 & ,i once ?\ght ,i _h f\nd 9 ,pl9y an in/ance ( ?is =esight2 t is1 :]e he names all k9ds ( col\rs--purpurissum1 ,indicum cruleum1 mel9um1 auripigm5tum1 c]ussa#fca4 ,i conceiv$ t 9 ?is passage our indigo 0 di/+ui%$ f ! black indicum by ! epi!t cruleum4 ,b my joy at ?is discov]y 0 soon damp$ by ,h>d\91 :o places betwe5 ,indicum & cruleum a comma1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 _m ( ! olde/ & be/ editions4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 get rid ( ?is comma2 = x is beyond all dispute t cruleum 0 ! common appellation ( blue copp] o*re1 t is1 m\nta9 blue4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to exam9e :e!r my obs]vation be true1 t ! ,greeks frequ5tly us$ ! t]m black indicum1 :5 !y meant to d5ote ! black1 & n ! blue4 ,! t]m nigrum ,indicum occurs 9 ,arrian1 ,gal51 ,paulus g9eta1 & p]haps 9 ! works ( o!r ,greek physicians2 & z ! ,lat9 writ]s 7 acqua9t$ ) an ,indicum :i* dy$ black1 !re is reason to conjecture t ?is 0 ! ,indicum nigrum ( ! ,greeks1 ?\gh ,i %\ld r be incl9$ to translate ?is appellation by ! words ,indian black1 9 ! same mann] z we may say ,b]l9 blue1 ,roman r$1 ,naples yell[1 ,brunswick gre51 ,spani% br[n1 c42 or ,i %\ld z readily translate x ,indian ink4 ,arrian introduces x along ) o!r ,indian w>es4 ,i d n inde$ f9d t he makes any m5tion ( indigo prop]ly s call$2 b a complete catalogue ( m]*&ise is n to be expect$ f him4 ,indicum1 h[ev]1 occurs once m 9 ?is au?or2 b 9 ! passage :]e x is f\nd x is only an epi!t to ano!r article4 ,speak+ ( c9nab>1 he adds1 t he means t k9d call$ ,indian1 :i* is obta9$ f a tree 9 ! same mann] z gum4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t he alludes to dragon's blood1 :i* on acc\nt ( its col\r 0 at t "t call$ c9nab>4 ,"s h conjectur$ t :at 9 ,arrian is nam$ laccos *romat9os 0 our indigo1 :i* inde$ might be class$ among ! lakes1 accord+ to ! pres5t mean+ ( t ^w4 ,o!rs und]/& by x gum-lac#fcb4 ,b ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any pro(s t gum-lac 0 kn[n at s e>ly a p]iod4 ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ?is mean+ ( ! ^w lac be s old2 & ,i mu/ confess t ! op9ion ( ,salmasius appe>s to me highly probable1 namely1 t ,arrian allud$ to a k9d ( p>ty-col\r$ g>m5t3 = besides ! gr\nds adduc$ by ,salmasius1 x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t 9 ! passage 9 "q diff]5t k9ds ( clo!s1 & no o!r articles are m5tion$4 ,besides1 ! epi!t *romat9os is appli$ by ! same writ]1 9 ! same s5se1 to o!r k9ds ( clo?+4 ,x _c !re=e be said t ,arrian m5tions our gum-lac1 ! orig9 ( :i* ^w ,salmasius endeav\rs to discov]4 ,9 ! works ( ,gal51 :i* h n yet be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$1 ,i h f\nd ,indicum nigrum only f\r times4 ,9 a place :]e he speaks ( diseases ( ! eyes#fcc1 he extols x on acc\nt ( its cleans+ quality2 & says x c be us$ = w\nds1 :5 !re is no inflammation4 ,9 ano!r place#fcd1 x occurs 9 ?ree prescriptions = eye-salves4 ,i h h[ev] endeav\r$1 b )\t success1 to f9d 9 ?is excell5t writ] an explanation ( :at he calls ,indicum2 ?\gh he has expla9$ almo/ all ! diff]5t articles !n us$ 9 ! ,mat]ia m$ica4 ,x appe>s !re=e t ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( ,indicum to our indigo1 & also to ,indian black or ,indian ink4 ,x h[ev] _c be d5i$ t1 9 opposition to ?is op9ion1 consid]able d\bts arise4 ,_m :o ?9k t ! black indigo 7nigrum ,indicum7 ( ,pl9y & ,vitruvius 0 n ink1 b our indigo1 rem>k1 t ?+s ( a d>k blue or d>k violet col\r 7 by ! ,greeks & ! ,romans frequ5tly nam$ black2 & !re=e t ! blue indigo might 9 ?is mann] be call$ black#fce4 ,b ! examples adduc$ z pro(s are epi!ts appli$ by ! poets to d>k-col\r$ fl[]s4 ,because nature produces no black fl[]s1 ! poets1 :o are fond ( ev]y?+ uncommon1 extraord9>y1 & hyp]bolic1 call fl[]s black1 :5 !y are ( s d>k a t9t z to approa* ne>ly to black4 ,?us cle> & deep wat] is call$ black4 ,x is h[ev] h>dly cr$ible t pa9t]s & dy]s1 :o mu/ e/abli% an accurate di/9ction betwe5 col\rs1 %\ld h spok5 9 s vague a mann]4 ,salmasius suspects t ,nil & ,nir1 ! ,arabic names ( indigo1 h aris5 f ! ,lat9 ^w nig]4 ,! objection1 t ,paulus g9eta1 ! physician1 9 a passage :]e he ref]s to ,dioscorides = ! m$ical virtues ( ,indicum1 applies to x ! epi!t black1 seems to h m weight#fcf4 ,x may be add$ also1 t ! virtues1 9 g5]al1 :i* ,gal5 ascribes to ! ,indicum nigrum1 appe> to be simil> to ^? ascrib$ by ,dioscorides to ,indicum2 & ! latt] 9 "o place#fcg1 :]e he speaks ( ! heal+ ( w\nds1 uses only ! expression ,indicum1 & n ,indicum nigrum4 ,x is p>ticul>ly wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,zosimus1 ! *emi/1 decl>es ! hyac9? col\r ( ! anci5ts1 t ( woad1 & ! ,indicum nigrum1 to be ! same#fch or simil>4 ,b to ^? :o "k on h[ slight gr\nds ! anci5t physicians ascrib$ m$ic9al qualities to _m sub/ances1 x w n p]haps appe> /range1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! same "n1 !y %\ld ascribe ! same qualities to two diff]5t ?+s4 ,x is n improbable t 9 cases ( ext]nal injury1 = :i* ! ,indicum nigrum 0 recomm5d$1 indigo & ,indian ink might produce z mu* or z little effect4 ,i %\ld consid] ( f> great] importance ! op9ion ( ! *emi/ ,zosimus2 b un=tunately 8 writ+s h n yet be5 pr9t$4 ,! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$ is /ill unc]ta91 & x is n kn[n :e!r all ! *emical manuscripts :i* be> t "n 7 writt5 by ! same au?or4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ,i ?9k x may1 at any rate1 be inf]r$1 t 9 ! "t ( ,vitruvius & ,pl9y1 indigo1 z well z ,indian ink1 0 procur$ f ,india1 & t bo? 7 nam$ ,indicum4 ,x is less c]ta9 t ! ,greeks call$ indigo ,indicum1 & ,indian ink ,indian black4 ,nay1 x appe>s t indigo1 on acc\nt ( ! v d>k blue col\r :i* x exhibits bo? :5 dry & 9 ! /ate ( a saturat$ t9cture1 0 (t5 nam$ ,indian black4 ,9 my op9ion1 x is prov$ also t1 9 ! old dye-h\ses1 ! workm5 collect$ ! scum ?r[n up by ! dye-pans1 & dri$ x into a k9d ( lake or c>m9e4 ,i %all n[ prove :at ,i h already ass]t$1 t indigo 0 at all times us$1 & cont9u$ )\t int]ruption to be import$ f ,india4 ,i %all quote m5tion made ( x 9 v>i\s c5turies2 b ,i am conv9c$ t att5tive read]s may f9d in/ances :]e x occurs 9 _m o!r writ]s4 ,! ,arabian physicians1 x is probable1 all speak ( indigo2 b x is un=tunate t 9 ?is po9t we mu/ dep5d ^u v incorrect ,lat9 translations4 ,x appe>s also t !y (t5 repeat ! in=mation ( ! ,greeks1 9 reg>d to articles ( ! ,mat]ia m$ica1 )\t hav+ be5 acqua9t$ ) !m !mselves4 ,rhases1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury#fci1 m5tions1 8,nil1 alias ,indicum40 ,avic5na1 :o di$ 9 #ajcf1 (t5 speaks ( indigo#fdj2 b 9 ! m>g9 ( ! wret*$ translation x is rem>k$1 t "u ! t]m ,indicum1 alum 7or mu* r gre5 vitriol7 is to be und]/ood4 ,9 a passage1 h[ev]1 :]e he speaks ( dye+ ! hair black1 he c]ta9ly alludes to indigo1 :i*1 accord+ to ! translation1 produc$ colorem pavonaceum1 or a violet col\r4 ,9 ! ,lat9 we f9d 8,indicum indum bonum10 & ?is awkw>d expression ,salmasius expla9s by rem>k+1 t ! words 9 ! ,arabic are ,alusma ,alh5dia1 t is1 ,indian woad4 ,9 ! same place he m5tions ,indicum c>m5um1 a k9d ( indigo :i* did n dye s mu* a violet col\r z a black1 t is to say ) ! addition ( gre5 vitriol4 ,c>mania1 inde$1 bord]$ on ,g$rosia1 :i* is ! prop] c\ntry ( indigo1 :]e ! be/ is /ill prep>$ at ,guz]at4 ,9 ! explanation ( "s ,arabic words1 pr9t$ 9 my copy ( ,avic5na1 ,indicum is translat$ granum ,nil4 ,s]apion1 ab\t ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 mix$ toge!r1 z appe>s1 e ?+ t ! ,greeks h said 9 reg>d to indigo & woad4 ,av]roes1 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 m5tions ! m$ic9al qualities ( indigo z giv5 by ! ,greeks1 & adds1 t x 0 mu* us$ = dye+4 ,muratori gives a treaty1 writt5 9 ,lat91 ( ! ye> #aaic1 betwe5 ! citiz5s ( ,bologna & ,f]r>a1 :i* conta9s a li/ ( ^? articles subject to pay duty4 ,among ^! occurs indigum#fda4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! celebrat$ ,m>co ,polo1 :o sp5t tw5ty-six ye>s 9 travell+ ?r\gh ,asia1 & ev5 "s p>ts ( ,*9a1 relates t he saw indigo1 :i* ! dy]s us$1 made 9 ! k+dom ( ,c\lan or ,coilum2 & he describes ! process = prep>+ x#fdb4 ,mu* curi\s in=mation 9 reg>d to ! trade ) ?is article1 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is conta9$ 9 ! valuable "w ( ,francesco ,balducei ,pegolotti#fdc4 ,we !re f9d ! names ( diff]5t k9ds1 su* z ,indaco di ,baldacca detto buccaddeo1 9 all probability f ,bagdad1 a city :i* 9 _m old books ( travels is call$ ,balda* or ,baldac2 also ,indaco del ,golfo1 ,indaco di ,cipri1 ,indaco ,rifanti4 ,indigo1 at t "t1 0 import$ 9 hides 7cuojo71 or 9 lea!r bags 7otre71 & also 9 boxes 7casse74 ,:at ?is travell] says 9 reg>d to ! signs by :i* its goodness may be kn[n1 is v rem>kable4 ,nicolo ,conti1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ,india be=e ! ye> #addd1 m5tions endego among ! m]*&ise ( ,camboia#fdd4 ,t ! expression color indicus 0 us$ 9 ! middle ages to d5ote blue mix$ ) violet1 is prov$ by ,du ,cange4 ,x appe>s to me !re=e highly improbable t indigo %\ld n be kn[n to ,rosetti1 z ,pr(essor ,bis*( supposes#fde4 ,9 t important "w on dye+1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i m5tion$ long ago#fdf1 x occurs sev]al times1 & always "u ! "n endego4 ,i %all "h make "o obs]vation1 :i* is ( "s importance 9 ! hi/ory ( dye+4 ,x is f\nd t 9 ! middle ages ! ,jews ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,levant a great _m e/abli%m5ts = dye+1 & 7 ! pr9cipal p :o c>ri$ on ?is bran* ( bus9ess4 ,b5jam9 ! ,jew1 :o di$ 9 #aagc1 says 9 8 travels1 9 speak+ ( "s places1 t 8a ,jew liv$ !re :o 0 a dy]20 or he rem>ks1 9 reg>d to o!rs1 t 8mo/ ( ! ,jews foll[$ ! occupation ( dye+40 ,a sc>let-dy] liv$ at ,t>5to1 & a purple-dy] at ,!bes4 ,at t p]iod ! ,jews at ,j]usalem _h hir$ f ! k+ a place p>ticul>ly well-fitt$ = dye+1 on ! express condition t no p]son besides !mselves %\ld be suff]$ to c>ry on !re ! same bus9ess#fdg4 ,i am fully aw>e t well-f\nd$ d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! cr$it :i* ought to be giv5 to ,b5jam9's n>ration1 & ,jewi% vanity is ev]y:]e well-kn[n2 b ,i d n see :y he ought n to be believ$ 9 reg>d to ?is po9t2 = x may v naturally be ask$1 :y he %\ld h falsely ascrib$ ?is occupation to 8 c\ntrym5 & no o!r8 ,he speaks only once ( a ,jew glass-mak]1 a wooll5- & a silk-weav]4 ,to ?is may be add$1 t x is frequ5tly /at$ 9 v>i\s au?ors1 t ! bus9ess ( dye+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,italy by ! ,jews4 ,?us1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 among ! bran*es ( rev5ue aris+ to ! popes f ,b5ev5to1 m5tion is made ( ! taxes paid by ! ,jews on acc\nt ( _! dye-h\ses4 ,9 ! middle ages pr9ces seem to h ma9ta9$ dye-h\ses on _! own acc\nt4 ,in/ances occur ( _! giv+ away1 z pres5ts1 su* e/abli%m5ts ) all _! app>atus#fdh4 ,a place ( ?is k9d 0 call$ t9cta1 t+ta1 or t9toria4 ,?is dye regale is to be d$uc$ p]haps f ! old e/abli%m5ts = dye+ purple1 :i* c\ld be =m$ only by sov]eigns1 & n by private individuals4 ,along ) ^! t9ct ! ,jews are (t5 m5tion$1 s t x appe>s probable !y 7 employ$ !re z workm54 ,!re is reason !re=e to conjecture t ! ,jews le>n$ ?is art 9 ! ,ea/1 & t !y employ$ 9 ,italy ! same pigm5ts z 7 us$ 9 ! dye-h\ses ( ! ,levant4 ,x is n improbable also1 t 9 ! room ( woad1 :i* 0 !n cultivat$ 9 ,italy1 !y introduc$ indigo1 a sub/ance ri*] 9 col\r+ matt]1 or at any rate1 r5d]$ x m common4 ,! ,italians 7 ! fir/ p 9 ,europe :o br\ght ?is art to a great] degree ( p]fection1 z !y did _m o!rs2 & x c be prov$ t ! k ( x 0 !nce diffus$ to o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! same proportion z ?is took place1 indigo1 9 my op9ion1 bani%$ ! native woad1 :i* 0 nei!r s advantage\s1 nor communicat$ s beautiful a col\r z ! ,italians 7 able to dye ) ! =m]4 ,! use ( x became m ext5d$ :5 ! productions ( ! ,ea/ ,indies 7 br\ght to ,europe by sea1 & p>ticul>ly aft] x c\ld be obta9$ f ,am]ica at a mu* *eap] rate4 ,! fir/ ,portuguese %ip1 t comm&$ by ,vasco de ,gama1 return$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 ! ye> #adii1 & 0 soon foll[$ by sev]al m1 all lad5 ) ! mo/ valuable m]*&ise ( ! ,ea/4 ,i h nev] yet be5 able to f9d any invoice ( ! c>goes ( ^! vessels2 &1 un=tunately1 we h no acc\nt ( ! e>ly trade c>ri$ on by ! ,portuguese ) ,indian productions4 ,i h no means1 !re=e1 ( prov+ t indigo 0 among ! commodities fir/ import$4 ,spices1 :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al preval5ce ( luxury1 sold at t "t exce$+ly de>1 toge!r ) preci\s /ones1 =m$1 no d\bt1 ! fir/ articles ( trade2 b x is n improbable t !y 7 soon foll[$ by indigo1 = all ! travell]s :o ab\t t p]iod visit$ ,india1 speak ( x z "o ( ! mo/ curr5t articles4 ,b>bosa1 a ,portuguese1 :o collect$ !re 9 #aeaf valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to geography & trade1 :o aft]w>ds accompani$ ,magelha5s on 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 & p]i%$ ) him at ! isl& ( ,zebu1 has giv5 a price-curr5t ( ! m]*&ise at ,calecut1 9 :i* ! value ( good indigo at t "t is /at$#fdi4 ,corsali also1 9 8 lett]s writt5 f ,india 9 #aeaf1 m5tions indigo among ! w>es ( ,camboya4 ,l\is ,guicci>d9i1 :o wrote fir/ 9 #aefc1 & di$ 9 #aehi1 speak+ ( ! m]*&ise obta9$ by ,antw]p f ,portugal1 m5tions anil among t ( ! ,ea/ ,indies#fej4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t ! trad+ company e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 #afjb1 :o le>n$ at an e>ly p]iod ! art ( r5d]+ indisp5sably necess>y to ! ,europeans cottons1 tea1 sago1 & o!r ?+s ( :i* !y c\ld always hope to f9d a suffici5t supply 9 ,india1 c>ri$ on ! greate/ trade ) ^! articles4 ,! fir/ ,g]man writ]s :o compla9 ( indig5\s woad be+ bani%$ by indigo1 & ^? sov]eigns :o1 by public ord]s1 endeav\r$ to prev5t ?is *ange1 ascribe ! fault to ! ,ne!rl&]s4 ,niska1 :o wrote 9 #afcj1 says indigo _h be5 introduc$ into ,g]many only ?irty ye>s2 & an ord] ( ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii41 dat$ #afed1 says t x _h be5 import$ into ,g]many f ,holl& "s ye>s be=e t p]iod4 ,t ! importation at ?is "t 0 v great1 is prov$ by ! c>goes ( ! %ips :i* arriv$ 9 ,holl& f ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 #afca4 ,! fir/ _h #ac1eci p\nds ( ,sir*es indigo2 ! second #hb1gcd p\nds ( ,guz]at indigo2 ! ?ird #ff1iif p\nds ( ! same2 ! f\r? #ej1gie p\nds ( ,bajano indigo2 ! fif? #cb1bea p\nds ( ,*ir*es indigo2 ! six? #ei1fih p\nds ( ,bejana indigo2 & ! sev5? #bg1ecb p\nds ( ,*ir*es4 ,i h m5tion$ ^! s p>ticul>ly1 z "o may !nce see ! diff]5t k9ds1 & ! places :]e made4 ,^! sev5 vessels1 !re=e1 br\ght to ,europe #ccc1ede p\nds1 :i*1 at a l[ valuation1 7 wor? five tons ( gold1 or #ejj1jjj doll>s4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,april #afcc1 ?ree %ips br\ght home #djib k>tel ( indigo1 :i* 7 wor? #b1jdf1jjj rix-doll>s4 ,! pr(it att5d+ ?is trade induc$ p1 soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 to manufacture indigo 9 t c\ntry2 & !y 7 ! m enc\rag$ to d s by obs]v+ t ! native ,am]icans1 be=e !y _h ! mis=tune to become kn[n to ! ,*ri/ians1 t+$ _! bodies & faces ( a blue-violet col\r1 by means ( indig5\s plants1 :i* resembl$ ! indigo plant ( ,asia4 ,:e!r ! two plants are ( ! same g5us1 or :e!r ! ,am]ican is diff]5t f t us$ 9 ! o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 has n yet1 z f> z ,i c f9d1 be5 ) c]ta9ty det]m9$#fea4 ,x is h[ev] prov$1 t ! ass]tion ( ,raynal & o!rs1 t ?is plant 0 fir/ convey$ to ! new _w f ,asia by ! ,europeans1 is entirely errone\s4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,francis ,colon 7or ,columbus71 9 ! ,life ( 8 fa!r#feb1 among ! valuable productions ( ! isl& ( ,hispaniola or ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,francis ,h]n&es reckons x among ! natural plants ( ,mexico1 & says t ! ,am]icans us$ x = dye+ _! hair black4 ,he adds1 t !y made f x a pigm5t :i* !y nam$ ,mohuitli & ,tleuohuilli1 ! same z ! ,lat9s nam$ cruleum1 & he describes also ! me?od ( prep>+ x4 ,?is is confirm$ by ,clavig]o 9 8 acc\nt ( ,mexico4 ,?is plant !re=e mu/ be reckon$ among ! few :i* are indig5\s 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly probable t ! ,europeans1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 introduc$ a bett] species or v>iety into ,am]ica1 :]e sev]al k9ds are actually cultivat$ at pres5t4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican indigo1 ,i mu/ "h leave a consid]able hiatus1 :i* p]haps may be "o day fill$ up f books ( travels & topography4 ,all t ,i "k at pres5t is1 t ! fir/ indigo br\ght to ,europe 0 procur$ f ,guatimala1 consequ5tly f ,mexico1 & t ?is article 0 suppli$ at fir/1 & = a long "t1 by none ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s b ,/4 ,dom+o alone4 ,krunitz says#fec1 b on :at au?ority ,i d n "k1 t ,lopez de ,gomes relates1 t 9 8 "t a v f9e sky-blue col\r 0 prep>$ 9 ,hispaniola4 ,if ! p]son "h allud$ to be ,lopez de ,gom>a1 :o accompani$ ,f]d9& ,cortez z *apla9#fed1 ?is w\ld be ! olde/ te/imony t c\ld be expect$1 & w\ld correspond ) ! acc\nt giv5 by ,labat4 ,b ,i %all leave ! fur!r inve/igation ( ?is subject to o!rs1 & obs]ve1 t ! cultivation ( indigo 0 begun 9 ,c>ol9a 9 #agdg1 & accord+ to ,&]son1 0 enc\rag$ ! ye> foll[+ by premiums4 ,?is article1 !re=e1 0 br\ght f bo? ! ,indies to ,europe1 & recomm5d$ itself s mu* by ! sup]iority & ri*ness ( its dye1 by ! facility ) :i* x c\ld be us$1 & ! advantages att5d+ x1 t x sudd5ly bani%$ f all dye-h\ses ! ,european woad1 :i* 0 cultivat$1 9 p>ticul>1 9 ,?ur+ia 9 ,g]many1 9 ,langu$oc 9 ,france1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rieti 9 ! dom9ions ( ! *ur*4 ,at fir/1 a small quantity ( indigo only 0 add$ to ! woad1 by :i* ! latt] 0 improv$2 m 0 aft]w>ds gradually us$1 & at la/ ! quantity became s l>ge1 t ! small admixture ( woad s]v$ only to revive ! f]m5tation ( ! indigo1 b 0 n capable itself ( communicat+ any col\r4 ,x 0 soon obs]v$ t e y>d ( clo? c\ld be dy$ some:at *eap] :5 indigo 0 us$ along ) woad1 ?an :5 ! latt] 0 employ$ alone1 accord+ to ! anci5t me?od4 ,g]many !n lo/ a production by :i* f>m]s1 m]*ants1 c>ri]s1 & o!rs1 acquir$ great ri*es4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury p began1 9 _m c\ntries1 to make consid]able improvem5ts 9 dye+4 ,= ?is purpose1 new dye-/uffs1 bo? indig5\s & =eign1 7 subject$ to exp]im5t1 & trials 7 made ) salts :i* _h nev] be=e be5 employ$4 ,9 ?is mann] dy]s sometimes obta9$ col\rs :i* pleas$ by _! novelty & beauty2 b x ne$s excite no surprise t _m new me?ods ( dye+ did n produce ! desir$ effect4 ,_m communicat$ col\rs :i* 7 agreeable to ! eye1 b !y soon fad$2 & "s r5d]$ ! dy$ clo? s t5d] t x soon rott$ on ! %opkeep]s' %elves4 ,gov]nm5ts conceiv+ x !n necess>y to d some?+ = ! security ( ! pur*as]1 consid]$ ! imp]fection ( ! art z a prem$itat$ deception2 & z x 0 at t "t suppos$ t "s pigm5ts c\ld give durable & g5u9e col\rs1 & o!rs fad+ or false ones2 & also t ! p]nici\s effects ( salts c\ld n be prev5t$ or mod]at$1 !y1 9 g5]al1 prohibit$ ! use ( all new mat]ials f :i* hurtful consequ5ces _h be5 obs]v$ to arise4 ,legislators are nei!r almighty1 omnisci5t1 nor infallible4 ,) ! be/ views1 & a firm det]m9ation to dis*>ge _! duty1 !y may recomm5d ?+s hurtful1 & prohibit o!rs t might be att5d$ ) advantage4 ,7 _! comm&s & prohibitions inviolable1 insup]able1 & irresi/ible1 !y w\ld (t5 conf9e ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & r5d] useful inv5tions impossible4 ,b ! p1 :5 !y h n entirely become ma*9es1 "k h[ to elude1 ev5 at great p]sonal haz>d1 faulty regulations1 & by prohibit$ ways to obta9 great] advantages ?an ^? :i* =m$ ! object ( ! ord]s issu$ by _! gov]nm5t4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 reg>d to ! art ( dye+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a recess ( ! diet held 9 #aegg1 prohibit$1 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties1 ! newly inv5t$ p]nici\s1 deceitful1 eat+1 & corrosive dye call$ ! devil's dye1 = :i* vitriol & o!r eat+ sub/ances 7 us$ in/ead ( woad4 ,?is prohibition 0 r5ew$ 9 #aeid & #afjc1 ) ! addition ( ?is rem>k1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! weight ( ! bad dyes1 a p\nd ( undy$ silk = sew+ or embroid]y w\ld produce two or ?ree p\nds ( dy$#fee4 ,allusion seems to be made "h to black1 :i* at t "t 0 ! col\r ( ! high] ord]s4 ,x appe>s t at ?is p]iod a/r+5t juices & gre5 vitriol began to be us$ m ?an !y _h be5 =m]ly1 & clo? :5 too long boil$ ) ^! sub/ances1 becomes exce$+ly t5d]3 black clo? is ev5 sometimes spoilt 9 ?is mann] at pres5t4 ,x is also true t clo? receives ! greate/ addition 9 weight :5 dy$ black1 & ! next greate/ :5 dy$ blue4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) accurate exp]im5ts 9 reg>d to ! weight :i* clo? acquires by dye+2 b "o may safely ass]t1 t x is /at$ f> too high 9 ! recess ( ! diet4 ,fifte5 ounces ( raw silk lose by t k9d ( sc\r+ :i* ! ,fr5* call dcruem5t1 f\r ounces2 consequ5tly :ite silk weighs elev5 ounces1 b aft] x is dy$ black its weight is increas$ to ?irte5 ounces4 ,9 g5]al1 a black dye increases ! weight ( clo? a fif? m ?an bright dyes4 ,z indigo aft] ?is soon became common1 & ! sale ( woad 0 injur$1 ! fir/ prohibition aga9/ ! =m] 0 issu$ by ,saxony 9 ! ye> #afej2 & because gov]nm5t well knew h[ mu* dep5ds on a "n1 :5 "o wi%es to r5d] an object odi\s or e/imable1 ! prohibition 0 c\*$ 9 t]ms :i* seem$ to %[ t indigo 0 includ$ among ^? eat+ sub/ances1 t]m$ 9 ! recess already m5tion$ devil's dyes4 ,9 ! ye> #afeb1 ,duke ,erne/ ! ,pi\s caus$ a proposal to be made to ! diet by 8 envoy1 ,dr4 ,hnn51 t indigo %\ld be entirely bani%$ f ! empire1 & t an exclusive privilege %\ld be grant$ to ^? :o dy$ ) woad4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an imp]ial prohibition on ! #ba/ ( ,april #afed1 9 :i* e ?+ ord]$ 9 reg>d to ! devil's dyes is repeat$1 ) ?is addition1 t great c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! private introduction ( indigo1 by :i* ! trade 9 woad 0 less5$1 dy$ articles injur$1 & money c>ri$ out ( ! c\ntry4 ,! elector took ! e>lie/ opportunity ! same ye> to make kn[n & en=ce ?is prohibition ) great sev]ity 9 8 dom9ions#fef4 ,! p ( ,nuremb]g1 :o at t "t cultivat$ woad1 w5t /ill fur!r4 ,!y made a law t _! dy]s %\ld annually take an oa? n to use indigo2 & at pres5t !y are oblig$ to d ! same ?+1 ?\gh indigo is z necess>y to !m z to o!rs2 a mo/ indec5t disreg>d to religion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n )\t example4 ,9 ! ,fr5* mon>*y1 :]e all (fices 7 pur*as$ & sold1 e c\nsellor ( p>liam5t1 on 8 entrance1 0 oblig$ to swe> t he _h n obta9$ 8 place by money1 until at l5g? "s "o _h ! c\rage to refuse tak+ a false oa?4 ,?us also 9 ,g]many _m placem5 mu/ swe> t !y w obs]ve all ! ord]s ( gov]nm5t1 yet _m ( !m are daily violat$1 & inde$ _c be obs]v$1 or at any rate1 n )\t great mis*ief & confusion4 ,:at 0 done 9 ,g]many 9 reg>d to ,?ur+ia1 0 done 9 ,france 9 reg>d to ,langu$oc4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an urg5t repres5tation by ! /ates ( t prov9ce1 ! use ( indigo 0 =bidd5 9 #aeih2 & ?is prohibition 0 aft]w>ds repeat$ sev]al times4 ,b 9 ! well-kn[n edict ( #affi1 9 :i* ,colb]t sep>at$ ! f9e f ! common dy]s1 x 0 /at$ t indigo %\ld be us$ )\t woad2 & 9 #agcg dy]s 7 left at lib]ty to use indigo alone1 or to employ a mixture ( indigo & woad#feg4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e1 ,i believe1 woad 0 n at t "t cultivat$1 ! fir/ m5tion ( indigo 9 ! laws occurs 9 ! ye> #aeha1 "u ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 n1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( a blue b a black dye4 ,no wooll5 articles 7 to be dy$ black ) ! gall-nut1 madd] or o!r mat]ials1 till !y _h receiv$ ! fir/ gr\nd1 or be5 r5d]$ blue by woad1 or woad & indigo toge!r#feh4 ,9 l mann] x 0 long believ$ t no durable black c\ld be produc$ unless ! article 7 fir/ dy$ 9 a blue pan4 ,hats also 7 n consid]$ to be prop]ly dy$ unless traces ( a blue t9t c\ld be discov]$ on ! place :]e !y 7 cut#fei4 ,at pres5t our dy]s c communicate a durable black )\t a blue gr\nd1 z well z dye a fix$ blue )\t woad2 & 9 e "p ( ,europe =eign indigo w cont9ue to be ! mo/ common mat]ial = dye+1 till its high price r5d] x necess>y to obta9 a simil> pigm5t f indig5\s plants#ffj4 ,! dye-/uff ( indigo is obta9$ f ! plant by all[+ x to f]m5t ) wat]2 dur+ ?is process x subsides 9 ! =m ( a blue deposit1 :i* is collect$ & dri$4 ,z x occurs 9 comm]ce1 x conta9s sev]al impurities1 su* z lime1 silica1 alum9a1 & oxide ( iron1 9 addition to ! col\r+ matt]s1 :i* are ?ree 9 numb]1 a br[n1 r$ & blue2 z also "s glut9\s matt]4 ,! *ief localities ( ! indigo-plant at pres5t are ,b5gal & ,guatimala1 ?\gh ( late ye>s ! exportation f ! latt] has be5 mat]ially *eck$ by ! di/urb$ /ate ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( our occupation ( ,india1 indigo =m$ a lead+ bran* ( ! ,company's trade2 b ! rude manufacture ( ! native population 0 9 ! c\rse ( "t expell$ f ! m>kets ( ,europe by ! m skilfully prep>$ drug ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,soon aft] ! peace ( #aghc1 ! ,we/ ,indian process ( manufacture 0 introduc$ into ,b5gal1 & ! directors hav+ relax$ _! prohibitory sy/em s f> z to p]mit ! application ( ,briti% capital & skill to ! cultivation ( ! plant on ! alluvial depositions ( ! ,ganges1 ! exportations 7 gradually increas$1 & ! ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian indigo almo/ entirely driv5 f ! m>ket4 ,! manufacture 0 also introduc$ into ,oude & ! o!r nor?-we/]n di/ricts ( ! great pla9 ( ! ,ganges2 & 9 lat] p]iods into "s ( ! ,madras prov9ces1 into ,java & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! indigo produc$ ev]y:]e else is1 h[ev]1 v second>y bo? 9 quantity & quality to t ( ,b5gal & ,bah>1 ! soil & climate ( :i* seem to be p>ticul>ly cong5ial to ! plant4 ,! av]age supply ( indigo at pres5t may be e/imat$ z foll[s3--,b5gal prov9ces1 #cd1ejj *e/s1 or ab\t #i1jjj1jjj lbs42 o!r c\ntries1 includ+ ,madras & ,guatimala1 #hejj *e/s2 total1 #dc1jjj *e/s4 ,( ?is !re are consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #aa1ejj *e/s1 or ab\t #c1jjj1jjj lbs42 ,france1 #hjjj *e/s2 ,g]many & ! re/ ( ,europe1 #ac1ejj *e/s2 ,p]sia1 #cejj *e/s2 ,india1 #bejj *e/s2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bjjj *e/s2 o!r c\ntries1 #bjjj *e/s2 total1 #dc1jjj *e/s1 or upw>ds ( #aa1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,! quantity import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahdj am\nt$ to #e1hca1bfi lbs41 & ! quantity ent]$ = home consumption am\nt$ to #c1jaa1iij lbs4 ,upw>ds ( f\r-fif?s ( ! imports are f ! ,ea/ ,indies2 ! rema9d] *iefly f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,guatimala1 ,p]u & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! surplus import$ beyond ! quantity consum$ is re-export$ to ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,holl& & o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates d]ive _! ma9 supplies by direct importation f ,calcutta4 ,,footnotes #fae ,dioscor4 lib4 v4 cap4 #ajg1 p4 #cff4 4 #faf ,pl94 lib4 xxxv4 cap4 #f1 #bg1 p4 #fhh2 & ,isidorus1 ,orig94 lib4 xix4 cap4 #g1 p4 #dfd4 #fag ,foesii conomia ,hippocratis4 ,franc(4 #aehh1 fol4 p4 #bha4 #fah means also juicy1 or some?+ t has a ta/e4 ,nei!r ( ^! significations is applicable "h1 :]e ! subject relates to a sub/ance :i* is dry & insipid1 or at any rate :i* c possess only a small degree ( a/r+5cy4 ,x mu/ 9 ?is place d5ote an inspissat$ or dri$ juice2 b ,i c f9d no o!r passage to support ?is mean+4 #fai ,9 ,pl9y's "t p col\r$ a :ite e>? ) indigo1 or only ) woad1 vitrum1 9 ! same mann] z co>se lakes & crayons are made at pres5t1 & sold x = indigo4 ,"o ( !m he calls annul>ia1 & ?is 0 "o ( ! seal+ e>?s1 ( :i* ,i h already spok5 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,9 my op9ion x is ! same :ite pigm5t :i* ,pl9y imm$iately aft] calls annul>e3 8,annul>e quod vocant1 c&idum e/1 quo muliebres pictur illum9antur40 ,^! words ,i f9d n[h]e expla9$1 & !re=e ,i %all haz>d a conjecture4 ,pl9y1 ,i ?9k1 meant to say t 8?is 0 ! beautiful :ite ) :i* ! ladies pa9t$ or ornam5t$ !mselves40 #fbj ,pl94 lib4 xxxv4 #ab1 p4 #fhd4--,vitruv4 lib4 vii4 cap4 #ad4 #fba ,tav]ni]1 ii4 p4 #aab4 ,we are told s 9 ,malta ,vetus et ,nova a ,bur*>do ,ni$]/$t adornata4 ,helme/4 #afei1 fol4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #f1 a "w ins]t$ 9 ,grvii ,!saurus ,ital4 vi4 p4 #cjjg4 ,?is man br\ght home ) him to ,g]many1 aft] 8 travels1 a great _m ,p]sian manuscripts1 :i* 7 pur*as$ = ! k+'s libr>y at ,b]l94 ,ni$]/$t1 h[ev]1 is n ! only p]son :o speaks ( indigo be+ cultivat$ 9 ,malta4 ,b>?ol91 ,epi/4 ,m$4 c5t4 i4 ep4 #ec1 p4 #bbd1 says ! same4 #fbb ,x is entirely diff]5t f ! molybdate ( t91 ! labori\s prep>ation ( :i* is describ$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,ri*t] 9 8 ,*emie1 "p ii4 p4 #ig4 #fbc ,x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ! ,greek dy]s1 speak+ ( a f]m5t+ dye-pan cov]$ ) scum1 us$ to say1 l our dy]s1 t x _h its fl[]1 4 ,9 ,hippocrates ! words d5ote a scum :i* arises on ! surface4 ,among ! ,lat9s flos 9 ?is s5se is v common4 #fbd ,canep>ius de ,atram5tis1 ,rot4 #agah1 #dto1 v4 #b4 #ag4--,val5t9i ,museum ,museor4 i4 p4 #bbe4--,pomet1 i4 p4 #aib4 #fbe ,see 8 edition ( ,dioscorides1 ,colon4 #aebi1 fol4 p4 #ffg4 #fbf ,lib4 xxxvii4 #aj4 sect4 #fa1 p4 #gia4 #fbg ,lib4 xxxv4 cap4 #f4 #fbh ,p]fici is a t]m ( art :i* is (t5 us$ to express ! f9i%+ or la/ lab\r be/[$ ^u any article3 ,vasa sole p]ficiuntur4 ,:5 vessels ( e>!n-w>e h be5 =m$1 !y mu/ be suff]$ to dry & become h>d 9 ! sun4 ,see ,h>d\9's index to ,pl9y4 #fbi ,gum & gummy sub/ances ( e k9d us$ to make ink ?ick] & give x m body1 7 call$ f]rum54 ,see ,petronius1 cap4 #ajb1 #ae4 #fcj ,vitruv4 vii4 #aj1 p4 #bdf4 #fca ,lib4 xxxv4 cap4 #g4 #fcb ,ex]citat4 ,pl94 p4 #haf1 b4 ,& 9 ! ,annotationes 9 ,flavium ,vopiscum1 p4 #cih1 9 ,hi/ori ,augu/21 ,p>is1 #afbj1 fol4 #fcc ,de ,composit4 ,ph>mac4 secundum locos1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #d4 ,edit4 ,gesn4 ,class4 v4 p4 #cjd4 #fcd ,lib4 iv4 cap4 #g4 #fce ,salmasii ,ex]citat4 ,pl94 p4 #ijh1 a4 #fcf ,pauli g9et libri vii4 ,basili1 #aech1 fol4 p4 #bdf1 lib4 vii4 #fcg ,p>abilium lib4 i4 #afa1 p4 #dc4 #fch ,salmasius 9 ,homonymis ,hyl4 ,iatr4 p4 #agg1 a2 & 9 ,ex]citat4 ,pl94 p4 #haj1 b2 & p4 #icf1 b4 ,9 reg>d to ! manuscripts ( ! "w ( ,zosimus1 :i* is commonly call$ ,panopolita1 see ,fabricii ,bibl4 ,grca1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #fab1 #fac2 & vol4 xii4 pp4 #gdh1 #gfa4 ,i wi% ,i may be s =tunate z to outlive ! publication ( x2 x w c]ta9ly ?r[ mu* light on ! hi/ory ( ! arts4 ,x is rem>kable t ,zosimus calls indigo-dy]s & 1 9 ord] p]haps to di/+ui% !m f ! dy]s ) woad4 ,! di/9ction !re=e betwe5 indigo-dy]s & ^? :o dy$ ) woad mu/ be v old4 #fci ,9 ! edition ( "s ,arabian physicians1 publi%$ by ,brunfels1 at ,/rasburg1 #aeca1 fol4 #fdj ,avic5n ,canon4 ,m$4444 ,v5et4 #afjh1 fol4 ii4 p4 #bcg4 #fda ,antiquitates ,itali ,m$ii vi1 ii4 p4 #hid4 #fdb ,lib4 iii4 cap4 #ca1 p4 #aej4 #fdc ,lisbona e ,lucca1 #agff1 #dto4 #fdd ,ramusio ,viaggi1 #afac1 i4 p4 #cdb4 #fde ,ges*i*te d] ,f>b]kun/4 ,/5dal1 #aghj1 #hvo1 p4 #fi4 #fdf ,anleitung zur ,te*nologie1 f\r? edit4 p4 #abc4 ,i c n[ add1 t ,roso1 9 ,memorie della ,societa ,italiana1 ,v]ona1 #agid1 #dto1 vii4 p4 #bea1 quotes also ! edition p] ,francesco ,rampazetto1 #aedj1 #dto4 #fdg ,it9]>ium ,b5jam9is1 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #afcc1 #hvo4 #fdh ,du ,cange quotes a diploma ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 dat$ #abaj1 & "u ! ^w ,t9toria1 a diploma ( ,*>les ,,ii4 k+ ( ,sicily4 #fdi ,ramusio1 i4 p4 #cbc4 #fej ,totius ,belgii ,descript4 ,am/4 #affj1 #abmo1 i4 p4 #bdb4 #fea ,!y bo? belong to ! same g5us b are specifically di/9ct1 ! species cultivat$ 9 ,india be+ pr9cipally ! ,indig(]a t9ctoria1 & t 9 ,am]ica ! ,indig(]a anil4 #feb ,?is "w has be5 sev]al times pr9t$4 ,x is also 9 ,b>cia ,hi/oriadores primitivos de las ,indias ,occid5tales4 ,madrid1 #agdi1 fol4 vol4 i4 ,at p4 #fa1 we f9d among ! productions ( ! above isl&1 m9as de cobre1 anil1 amb>1 c4 ,an ,engli% translation 9 ,*ur*ill's ,collection1 ii4 p4 #fba1 r5d]s ^! words m9es ( copp]1 azure1 & amb]4 #fec ,encyclop4 vol4 xxix4 p4 #edh4 #fed ,8 works may be f\nd 9 ,b>cia's ,collection1 vol4 ii4 #fee ,all ^! prohibitions may be f\nd 9 ,s*reb]'s ,bes*reibung des ,waidtes4 ,halle1 #ageb1 #dto1 9 ! app5dix1 pp4 #a1 #b4 #fef ,s*reb] ut supra1 p4 #aa4 #feg ,see ,mmoires de l',acad4 ,p>is1 anne #agdj4 #feh ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 vol4 ii4 ,lond4 #agce1 p4 #bej4 ,dr4 ,ure1 h[ev]1 says t indigo 0 actually d5\nc$ z a dang]\s drug1 & =bidd5 to be us$ by our ,p>liam5t 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,an ,act 0 pass$ au?oriz+ se>*]s to burn bo? x & logwood 9 e dye-h\se :]e !y c\ld be f\nd4 ,?is ,act rema9$ 9 full =ce till ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 t is1 = a great "p ( a c5tury4 #fei ,m>p]g]'s ,bes*reibung des ,hutma*]-h&w]ks4 ,alt5burg1 #agai1 #hvo1 p4 #he4 #ffj ,?is obs]vation has be5 v]ifi$2 = tol]ably l>ge quantities ( indigo are n[ extract$ f ! ,polygonum t9ctorium1 :i* is cultivat$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,france & ,belgium = t purpose4 ,,vanes4 ,,wea!rcocks4 ,if ! poet ,s5eca 0 well in=m$1 mank9d1 9 ! infancy ( navigation1 _h no p>ticul> names = di/+ui%+ ! pr9cipal w9ds#ffa4 ,?is is n at all incr$ible2 because ) _! rafts & floats1 :i* 7 ! fir/ vessels1 !y = a long "t v5tur$ out to sea only s f> t !y c\ld easily return to ! %ore2 & !re=e :ile navigation cont9u$ 9 ?is /ate1 !y _h little reason to tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! direction ( ! w9ds4 ,x is m c]ta9 t ^? nations respect+ :om we h ! olde/ in=mation1 di/+ui%$ by names ! f\r pr9cipal w9ds only4 ,?is is g5]ally prov$ by a passage 9 ,hom]1 :]e he int5ds to m5tion all ! w9ds1 & names only f\r#ffb2 b ?is pro( is ( little weight2 = :at poet at pres5t w\ld1 ) ! l view1 ?9k ( box+ ! compass1 or ( introduc+ into a poem ! names ( all ! ?irty-two po9ts8 ,w\ld he n r be satisfi$ ) ! names ( ! f\r *ief w9ds alone8 ,if m names1 !re=e1 7 usual 9 ,hom]'s "t1 he w\ld n consid] x necess>y to "n !m4 ,9 ano!r passage he names only two w9ds#ffc2 & f ^! "s h endeav\r$ to prove t no m 7 !n kn[n2 b ?is ass]tion inde$ is completely refut$ by ! passage fir/ quot$4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be easily prov$1 t = a long "t names 7 giv5 to ! f\r pr9cipal w9ds only4 ,x is easily se5 :at at fir/ gave rise to ?is di/9ction4 ,! sun at noon /&s always ov] "o po9t ( ! horizon1 :i* appe>s to ! obs]v] z a circle1 hav+ ! place :]e he himself is at its c5tre4 ,?is po9t is call$ ! m]idian or s\?1 & ! "o opposite to x ! nor?4 ,if ! obs]v] turns 8 face t[>ds ! nor?1 he w h on 8 "r-h& ! ea/1 & on 8 left ! we/4 ,! space betwe5 ^! pr9cipal w9ds conta9s n9ety degrees1 or a "r angle4 ,! numb]1 h[ev]1 mu/ soon h be5 rais$ to eight1 & ?is division 0 usual 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle#ffd4 ,aft]w>ds twelve po9ts 9 ! heav5s 7 adopt$1 also z _m w9ds2 & 9 ! "t ( ,vitruvius tw5ty-f\r 7 di/+ui%$ & nam$1 ?\gh ?is division 0 v little us$4 ,to det]m9e ! names1 h[ev]1 employ$ 9 ! la/ two divisions is att5d$ ) "s difficulties2 & x almo/ appe>s z if writ]s did n always apply to !m ! same mean+4 ,! ,greeks consid]$ olus z ! fir/ p]son :o made navigators acqua9t$ ) ! w9ds4 ,he is said to h rul$ ov] ! ,volcanic isl&s1 aft]w>ds nam$ ! olian2 & if ?is be true1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h a good opportunity ( obs]v+ ! wea!r1 & m>k+ ! w9ds by ! smoke cont9ually ris+ up !re f burn+ volcanoes4 ,?is celebrat$ p]sonage1 :o receiv$ ,ulysses on 8 return f ! ,trojan w>1 by ! k ?us obta9$ may h assi/$ navigators1 :o aft]w>ds made kn[n ! s]vices :i* he r5d]$ to !m4 ,! antiquity ( ! division into ?irty-two po9ts1 us$ at pres5t1 ,i am n able to det]m9e4 ,riccioli ?9ks t !y h be5 employ$ s9ce ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,great1 b ,i d n "k :e!r ?is c be prov$4 ,t ass]tion p]haps is f\nd$ only on ! op9ion1 t ?is emp]or gave ,g]man names to ! w9ds & ! qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,?is inde$ is /at$ by 8 hi/orian ,eg9h>t1 :o m5tions ! names1 :i* ,i %all "h ins]t1 toge!r ) ! ,lat9 names add$ by ,eg9h>t1 & ^? usual at pres5t#ffe4 ,subsolanus ,o/roniw9d ,,ea/4 ,eurus ,o/sundroni ,ea/-s\?-ea/4 ,euroau/] ,sundo/roni ,s\?-ea/4 ,au/] ,sundroni ,,s\?4 ,au/roafricus ,sundwe/roni ,s\?-s\?-we/4 ,africus ,we/sundroni ,s\?-we/4 ,zephyrus ,we/roni ,,we/4 ,corus ,we/nordroni ,we/-nor?-we/4 ,circius ,nordwe/roni ,nor?-we/4 ,septemtrio ,nordroni ,,nor?4 ,aquilo ,nordo/roni ,nor?-nor?-ea/4 ,vulturnus ,o/nordroni ,nor?-ea/4 ,x has h[ev] be5 long s9ce rem>k$1 t ^! names are mu* old] ?an ,*>les ! ,great#fff2 & x is highly probable t !y 7 only m accurately def9$1 or publicly confirm$ by ?is pr9ce1 or t 9 8 "t !y came into g5]al use4 ,h[ (t5 h e>ly inv5tions be5 ascrib$ to sov]eigns1 ?\gh !y 7 only made 9 _! reign6 ,ev5 :ole nations h be5 said to be desc5d$ f ^? pr9ces "u :om !y fir/ became kn[n to =eign]s2 z1 = example1 ! ,poles f ,le*1 & ! ,bohemians f ,ze*4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 did n give names to ?irty-two1 b to twelve w9ds4 ,nor 0 he ! fir/ :o add$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts eight o!rs1 = ! same ?+ is ass]t$ ( _m4 ,b x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t 9 ,*>les's names "o c discov] traces ( t +5i\s mode ( d5ot+ all ! w9ds ) f\r words2 t is to say1 by diff]5t comb9ations ( ,ea/1 ,we/1 ,s\?1 & ,nor?4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! names ( ! diff]5t po9ts & w9ds us$ by all ! ,european nations1 ! ,italians only except$1 are ( ,g]man orig91 z well z ! great] "p ( ! t]ms ( art employ$ 9 navigation & naval ar*itecture4 ,x appe>s to me n improbable t ! division us$ at pres5t 0 introduc$ soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! magnetic ne$le2 at lea/ ,honorius1 surnam$ ,augu/odun5sis#ffg1 :o mu/ h fl\ri%$ be=e ! ye> #aabe1 speaks only ( twelve w9ds2 z d also ,g]vasius 9 #abaa1 & ,v9c5t de ,beauvois 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o gives f ,isidorus1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #fcf1 ! twelve ,lat9 names us$ by ,eg9h>t#ffh4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t means = indicat+ ! w9ds 7 inv5t$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,i "h allude to vanes1 flags1 & e o!r app>atus by :i* ! direction ( ! w9d c be conv5i5tly & accurately discov]$1 & simil> to ^? erect$ at pres5t on _m private h\ses1 on mo/ ( our *ur* /eeples1 & on bo>d %ips4 ,i mu/ h[ev] confess t ,i h hi!rto sc>cely obs]v$ any trace ( !m among ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,i c f9d no acc\nt ( !m 9 works :]e all ! p>ts ( edifices are nam$2 :]e %ips & ev]y?+ belong+ to !m are expressly describ$2 no?+ 9 ,pollux1 & no?+ 9 any ( ! poets4 ,i am unacqua9t$ also ) any old ,greek or ,lat9 ^w t c be appli$ to an app>atus = po9t+ out ! w9d4 ,9 ! edition ( ,kirs*'s ,g]man & ,lat9 ,diction>y1 pr9t$ 9 #aged1 we f9d ,wett]hahn 7a wea!rcock7 petalum1 triton2 b ! latt] t]m is borr[$ f ! t[] ( ,&ronicus1 ( :i* ,i %all h occasion to speak h]eaft]2 & nei!r ?is ^w nor petulum1 or petul1 arum1 :i* ,kirs* gives also1 occurs 9 ?is s5se 9 any anci5t au?or2 & ! case is ! same ) p9nacella1 v5tilogium1 aurologium1 & o!r names :i* are to be f\nd 9 "s diction>ies4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no old] in=mation 9 reg>d to an app>atus = obs]v+ ! w9ds1 ?an :at is giv5 by ,vitruvius respect+ ! t[] built at ,a!ns by ,&ronicus ,cyrrhe/es1 t is1 ( ,cyrrhus1 a t[n 9 ,syria4 ,?is t[]1 :i* 0 built ( m>ble1 9 an octagonal =m1 _h on ea* side a repres5tation ( t w9d opposite to :i* x 0 plac$4 ,its summit t]m9at$ 9 a small spire1 on :i* 0 a copp] triton1 made to turn 9 su* a mann] z to pres5t its front to ! w9d1 & to po9t ) a rod held 9 its "r-h& to ! image ( ! w9d bl[+ at ! "t#ffi4 ,?is t[] is /ill /&+2 & a description & figure ( x may be se5 9 ! travels ( ,spon & ,:eel]1 & 9 ^? also ( ,pocock#fgj4 ,! figures repres5t+ ! w9ds1 :i* are l>g] ?an ! life1 are execut$ 9 basso-relievo1 & correspond to ! seasons at :i* !y g5]ally bl[4 ,at ! top ( ea* side1 "u ! ar*itrave1 ! "n ( ! w9d is inscrib$ 9 ,greek *>act]s4 ,boreas1 ! ,nor? w9d1 holds 9 8 h& a mussel-%ell1 :i* seems to d5ote 8 peculi> p[] ov] ! sea4 ,! ,zephyr has its bosom full ( fl[]s1 because x prevails 9 ,m>*1 at ! "t :5 ! fl[]s *iefly bl[ 9 ,greece2 & simil> attributes are assign$ to ! re/4 ,v>ro _h an app>atus ( ! same k9d at 8 f>m#fga4 ,)9 ! build+ 0 a circle1 9 :i* ! eight w9ds 7 repres5t$1 & an index1 l t ( a clock1 po9t$ to t w9d :i* 0 bl[+ at ! "t4 ,no?+ !re=e 0 necess>y b to look at ! ceil+ to "k f :at qu>t] ! w9d came4 ,i h se5 an app>atus ( ! same k9d on "s ex*ange1 ei!r at ,lubec or ,rott]dam4 ,v>ro calls ! t[] ( ,&ronicus horologium1 a ^w :i* ,salmasius wi%es to *ange into aurologium4 ,b x conta9$ also a sun-dial1 z we are assur$ by ,pocock1 :o obs]v$ ! necess>y h\r-l9es2 & !re=e x is n improbable1 t ! p1 :o ?r\gh ! want ( clocks w\ld (t5] look to ! dial ?an to ! wea!rcock1 gave to ! t[] a "n allud+ to ! =m] r ?an to ! latt]4 ,du ,cange says1 t a triton1 by way ( wea!rcock1 0 plac$ on ! temple ( ,&rogeus at ,rome2 b ,i am unacqua9t$ ) ! s\rce f :i* he d]iv$ ?is in=mation1 & ( t temple ,i h n be5 able to obta9 any acc\nt#fgb4 ,:e!r ! tritons plac$ on ! temple ( ,saturn at ,rome 7 indicators ( ! w9d1 or :e!r !y _h a le>n$ signification1 z ,macrobius ass]ts1 ,i w n v5ture to det]m9e#fgc4 ,x is probable t ! pill>1 "s rema9s ( :i* 7 f\nd at ,gaeta 7,cajeta71 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 & on :i* ! names ( ! w9ds 7 cut out 9 ,greek & ,lat91 s]v$ z a w9d indicator also4 ,b x is m ?an probable t an app>atus = po9t+ out ! w9d1 simil> to t at ,a!ns1 0 erect$ also at ,con/ant9ople4 ,at lea/ ,i consid] z su* :at 0 call$ by "s anemodulium1 & by o!rs anemod]ium2 ! in=mation respect+ :i* has n1 z ,i conceive1 be5 hi!rto und]/ood1 n ev5 by ,b&uri4 ,9 my op9ion x 0 n a build+ or t[]1 b a column furni%$ ) a vane1 some:at simil> to :at is /ill se5 9 _m places on ! sea coa/1 :]e a high pole is erect$ ) a flag4 ,?is pill>1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 consi/$ entirely ( copp]2 x 0 squ>e1 & 9 height n inf]ior to ! l(tie/ columns 9 ! city4 ,its summit =m$ a pyramid1 &1 z ,i conjecture1 an octagonal "o1 ^u :i* /ood a female figure t turn$ r\nd ) e w9d1 & consequ5tly 0 a vane1 only n a triton1 z at ,a!ns4 ,bel[ x1 on ea* side ( ! pyramid1 7 se5 a great _m figures1 :i* ,i w v5ture to ass]t 7 attributes or images ( ! w9ds1 to :i* ! female figure po9t$4 ,nicetas says1 t !re 7 obs]v$ among !m birds1 agricultural implem5ts1 ! sea ) %ipp+1 fi%+-boats1 & nak$ cupids sport+ ) apples1 :i* 9 my op9ion d5ot$ ! diff]5t seasons 9 :i* ea* w9d 0 accu/om$ to bl[#fgd4 ,x is n improbable t ! :ole pill> 0 con/ruct$ ( diff]5t pieces ( copp]1 ca/ s+ly & !n jo9$ toge!r2 & x appe>s t nei!r ,nicetas1 nor ,c$r5us1 nor ! ,lat9s1 :o 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury pull$ d[n & melt$ ! num]\s objects ( art1 plund]$ f v>i\s cities by ! emp]or ,con/ant9e to ornam5t 8 capital1 7 acqua9t$ ) ! purpose = :i* ?is pill> 0 orig9ally de/9$1 or ! mean+ ( ! emblematical figures repres5t$ ^u x4 ,nay1 !re is ev5 reason to ?9k t ! ,greeks !mselves1 at ?is "t1 7 s ignorant z to believe su* objects to be ! productions ( magic4 ,accord+ to ,c$r5us1 ?is co/ly w9d indicator 0 erect$ by ,!odosius ! ,great1 & accord+ to o!rs by ,leo ,isauricus4 ,7 ! fir/ ass]tion true1 x w\ld belong to ! f\r? c5tury1 & 9 ! second case to ! eigh?2 b ,i _c help suspect+ t x 0 con/ruct$ be=e ! "t ( ,!odosius4 ,! female figure :i* indicat$ ! w9d1 01 accord+ to ,nicetas1 call$ anemod\lon1 b accord+ to ,c$r5us anemod]ion4 ,! =m] d5otes a p]son :o belongs to ! w9d2 ! latt] "o :o cont5ds ) ! w9d2 & bo? ^! appellations are well suit$ to a vane or w9d indicator4 ,if my explanation be correct1 ?is "w ( art at ,con/ant9ople _h no?+ 9 common ) ! /atue ( ,jupit] con/ruct$ by ,lysippus at ,t>5tum#fge4 ,! latt] 0 =ty cubits 9 height2 & :at excit$ great a/oni%m5t 01 t ?\gh x w\ld %ake :5 pu%$ ) ! h&1 x )/ood ! =ce ( ! mo/ viol5t /orms4 ,i %\ld r comp>e ! /atue ( ,lysippus to ^? moveable masses ( rock :i* are m5tion$ by v>i\s au?ors1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,x is n improbable t !re may h be5 w9d indicators ( ?is k9d 9 o!r places1 & t m passages allud+ to !m1 n hi!rto rem>k$1 may be f\nd 9 diff]5t au?ors4 ,pr(essor ,mi*aelis1 :o 0 desir\s to assi/ me 9 my rese>*es1 po9t$ out to me an acc\nt1 und\bt$ly writt5 be=e ! ye> #aaeafgf1 9 :i* x is /at$ t !re 0 at ,hems1 9 ,syria1 =m]ly call$ ,emessa1 a high t[]1 on ! summit ( :i* 0 a copp] /atue ( a horseman t turn$ ) e w9d4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t "u ! vane !re 7 figures1 among :i* 0 t ( a scorpion2 9 all probability ! emblem ( "s season4 ,9 ,europe1 ! cu/om ( plac+ vanes on ! summits ( ! *ur*-/eeples is v old2 & z ^! vanes 7 made 9 ! figure ( a cock1 !y h !nce be5 d5om9at$ wea!rcocks4 ,9 ! ,lat91 !re=e1 ( ! middle ages1 we meet ) ! words gallus & v5tilogium4 ,! latt] is us$ by ,radulphus1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #abgjfgg4 ,m5tion ( wea!rcocks occurs 9 ! n9?#fgh1 elev5?1 twelf? & ?irte5?#fgi c5turies4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! cock 0 int5d$ z an emblem ( cl]ical vigilance4 ,9 ! ages ( ignorance ! cl]gy frequ5tly /yl$ !mselves ! cocks ( ! ,almighty1 ^: duty x 01 l ! cock :i* r\s$ ,pet]1 to call ! p to rep5tance1 or at any rate to *ur*#fhj4 ,! ,engli%1 !re=e1 are mi/ak5 :5 !y suppose t ! figure ( a cock 0 fir/ made *oice ( = vanes 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "u ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 ord] to ridicule ! ,fr5*1 ) :om !y 7 !n at w>2 & t ! cu/om ( cock-?r[+1 t is to say1 ( ?r[+ /icks at a cock expos$ ) 8 w+s ti$1 z !n practis$1 took its rise at ! same "t4 ,9 ,france1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 none b noblem5 7 all[$ to h vanes on _! h\ses2 nay1 at "o "t ?is 0 ! privilege ( ^? :o1 at ! /orm+ ( a t[n1 fir/ plant$ _! /&>ds on ! ramp>ts4 ,^! vanes 7 pa9t$ ) ! knights' arms1 or ! arms 7 cut out 9 !m1 & 9 t case !y 7 call$ panonceaux#fha4 ,flags or vanes on %ips occur v e>ly1 b !y are always m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! use 9 mak+ signals4 ,!y 7 ( v>i\s =ms & col\rs2 7 sometimes drawn up1 & sometimes tak5 d[n2 plac$ sometimes on ! "r & sometimes on ! left side ( ! %ip1 & 7 *ang$ 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 directions = :i* may be se5 9 ! ,tactics ( ! emp]or ,leo4 ,!y 7 nam$ vexilla1 flammul1 also flammula & b&a1 & ! la/ two appellations occur 9 ! works ( ! y\ng] ,greek writ]s#fhb4 ,b ?\gh ! olde/ writ]s on ! art ( naval w>f>e1 su* z ,vegetius1 recomm5d a k ( ! w9ds1 ,i h n yet met ) any c]ta9 acc\nt ( app>atus = det]m9+ ! direction ( !m on bo>d a %ip4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! magnetic ne$le1 su* accuracy z is necess>y at pres5t w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s2 yet naval comm&]s mu/ long be=e h _h "s means ( di/+ui%+ at lea/ ! twelve w9ds !n def9$1 ?\gh no traces ( !m are to be f\nd 9 ! works :i* h be5 accid5tally pres]v$ to u4 ,s*eff]#fhc1 :o1 z is well-kn[n1 collect$ f ! works ( ! anci5ts all ! t]ms ( art applicable to navigation1 ?9ks t ! b&1 tnia1 affix$ to a pole at ! /]n ( ! %ip#fhd1 did n s]ve s mu* = an ornam5t z to indicate ! c\rse ( ! w9d4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 able to produce no o!r au?ority = ?is op9ion ?an a passage 9 "o ( ,cic]o's lett]s1 :i* has be5 *ang$ & am5d$1 till x at l5g? seems to say t ,cic]o _h resolv$ to emb>k1 because ! vanes _h ann\nc$ a fav\rable w9d#fhe4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t at pres5t ,i c produce no old] in=mation 9 reg>d to vanes us$ on bo>d %ip1 to indicate ! c\rse ( ! w9d1 ?an ( ! elev5? c5tury1 tak5 f ! life ( ,emma1 ! consort ( ,canute ! ,great1 k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ,norway & ,engl&1 ! au?or ( :i* 0 an eye-witness ( :at he relates4 ,describ+ ! magnific5t ,norman fleet s5t to ,engl& 9 ! ye> #ajac1 he says t birds1 :i* turn$ r\nd ) ! w9d1 7 plac$ on ! top ( ! ma/s#fhf4 ,at t "t1 !re=e1 in/ead ( ! flags us$ at pres5t1 a vane1 %ap$ l a bird1 0 plac$ at ! summit ( ! ma/2 p]haps also ! figure ( a cock1 z ! emblem ( vigilance1 b 9 ?is case n ( cl]ical vigilance4 ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,bayeux1 9 ,france1 is a piece ( tape/ry1 repres5t+ ! actions ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 execut$ ) ! ne$le1 ei!r by 8 consort or "u h] direction1 9 :i* vanes are se5 at ! top ( ! ma/s 9 _m ( ! %ips#fhg4 ,anemoscopes1 or in/rum5ts = %[+ ! direction ( ! w9d1 are n[ 9 con/ant use 9 meteorological e/abli%m5ts2 ! indications are made ^u dials1 & ! app>atus does n diff] 9 pr9ciple f t describ$ by ,beckmann4 ,anemomet]s1 or in/rum5ts = measur+ ! p[] or =ce ( ! w9d1 h also be5 contriv$ ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! fir/ 0 inv5t$ by ,wolf4 ,9 ?is ! w9d act$ ^u f\r sails some:at resembl+ ^? ( a w9dmill1 ! motion be+ communicat$ by cog-:eels to a lev] load$ ) a weight4 ,:5 ! w9d act$ ^u ! sails1 ! b> rose1 ?is motion cont9u+ until ! increas$ lev]age ( ! weight c\nt]pois$ ! mov+ p[] ( ! w9d4 ,o!rs on a diff]5t pr9ciple h be5 made by ,l9d1 ,regni]1 ,m>t91 & a v beautiful in/rum5t = ?is purpose1 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,d5t1 may be se5 at ,lloyd's room 9 ! ,royal ,ex*ange4 ,,footnotes #ffa ,m$ea1 v]4 #caf4 #ffb ,odyss4 v4 #bie4 #ffc ,iliad1 ix4 #e4 #ffd ,ari/ot4 ,meteorol4 ii4 cap4 #e et #f4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 z ,salmasius rem>ks1 ! book ,de ,mundo _c belong to ,ari/otle1 z m5tion is made 9 x ( twelve w9ds4 #ffe ,de ,vita et ,ge/is ,c>oli ,magni4 ,traj4 #agaa1 #dto1 pp4 #acb1 #acc4 #fff ,adelung's ,wrt]bu*1 "u ! ^w ,ea/4 #ffg ,( ! writ+s ( ?is monk1 :om ,i %all aga9 h occasion to quote1 sep>ate editions are sc>ce4 ,!y are h[ev] to be f\nd 9 ,maxima ,biblio!ca ,patrum1 tom4 xx4 #ffh ,speculum ,natur4 iv4 #cd1 p4 #bed4 #ffi ,vitruv4 i4 #f1 p4 #da4 #fgj ,see ,/u>t's ,antiquities ( ,a!ns1 i4 #c1 tab4 i4--xix4 #fga ,v>ro ,de ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #e4 #ag4 ,our common wea!rcocks & vanes1 :5 well made1 & pres]v$ f ru/1 %[ ! po9t f :i* ! w9d proce$s1 b d n tell _! names4 ,by ! vanes on *ur* /eeples1 "o kn[s t our *ur*es /& 9 a direction f ea/ to we/1 & t ! alt> is plac$ 9 ! ea/]n end4 ,on o!r build+s an arr[1 :i* po9ts to ! nor?1 is plac$ "u ! vane4 #fgb ,du ,cange ref]s to ,anonymus de ,arte ,ar*itectonica1 cap4 #b4 #fgc ,saturn4 i4 #h1 p4 #bbc4 #fgd ,! passage ( ,nicetas may be f\nd 9 ,fabricii ,biblio?4 ,grca1 vi4 p4 #djg1 & 9 ,b&uri ,imp]ium ,ori5tale1 ,p>4 #agaa1 fol4 tom4 i4 lib4 vi4 p4 #ajh4 ,nicetas speaks ( x aga9 9 lib4 ii4 de ,&ronico1 ,v5et4 #agbi1 fol4 p4 #age4 ,he !re says t ! emp]or 0 desir\s ( plac+ 8 image on ! anemodulium1 :]e ! cupids /ood4 ,ano!r writ]1 9 ,b&uri ,imp]4 ,ori5t4 i4 p4 iii4 lib4 i4 p4 #ag1 says expressly t ! twelve w9ds 7 repres5t$ on x1 & t x 0 erect$ ) mu* a/ronomical k by ,heliodorus1 9 ! "t ( ,leo ,isauricus4 #fge ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxiv4 #g4 sect4 #ah4 p4 #fdg4 #fgf ,geographia ,nubi5sis4 ,p>isiis1 #afai1 #dto1 p4 #aah4 #fgg ,9 ,vita ,s4 ,ri*>di ,cice/r5sis4 ,see also ,du ,cange4 #fgh ,9 ,ughelli ,italia ,sacra1 ,rom1 #afeb1 fol4 iv4 p4 #gce1 we f9d ! foll[+ inscription on a wea!rcock !n exi/+ at ,brix53--8,dom9us ,ramp]tus ,episc4 gallum hunc fi]i prcepit an4 #hbj40 #fgi ,rayn]us2 cap4 #e4 #fhj ,ambrosius1 v4 cap4 #bd4--,vossius de ,idol4 iii4 cap4 #hf4--,pi]ii ,val]iani ,hi]oglyphica4 ,franc4 ad ,m4 #afgh1 p4 #bhh4 #fha ,dictionnaire ,trev\x1 #agjd1 fol4 article ,gir\ette4 #fhb ,hirtius de ,bello ,alex&4 cap4 #de4--,tacit4 ,annal4 #bb4--,livius1 lib4 xxxvii4 cap4 #bd4--,leonis ,tactica1 cap4 #ai1 #dj1 #db1 pp4 #cdb1 #cdc1 edit4 ,meursii4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #afab1 #dto4 #fhc ,de ,milit4 ,navali4 ,upsali1 #afed4 #fhd ,pollux1 i4 #i1 #ij1 p4 #fa4 #fhe ,epi/4 ad ,atticum1 v4 #ab4 #fhf ,! ,encomium ,emm is pr9t$ 9 ,du ,*esne1 ,hi/ori ,normannor4 ,scriptor4 ,p>is1 #afai1 fol4 #fhg ,?is hon\rable memorial ( ! la/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury is expla9$ & illu/rat$ by a figure 9 ,mmoires de l',academ4 des ,inscript4 ,p>is1 #agcc1 #dto1 vol4 viii4 p4 #fjb4 ,,gild+4 ,! a/oni%+ ext5sibility ( gold1 a prop]ty 9 :i* x f> surpasses all o!r metals1 induc$ mank9d1 at an e>ly p]iod1 to attempt beat+ x into ?9 plates1 z ! value ( x l$ !m to ! art ( cov]+ or gild+ ?+s ( e k9d ) leaves ( x4 ,x is prov$ by ,h]odotus1 t ! ,egyptians 7 accu/om$ to gild wood & metals#fhh2 & gild+ is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t#fhi4 ,! gold plates1 h[ev]1 us$ = ?is purpose1 z may be readily conceiv$1 7 n s ?9 z ^? made at pres5t2 & = ?is reason1 ! gild+ on /atues1 :i* h la9 _m c5turies 9 ! e>?1 appe>s to be /ill entire4 ,w9kelmann says#fij1 t among ! ru9s ( two ap>tm5ts 9 ! imp]ial palace1 on ! palat9e hill1 9 ! ,villa ,f>nese1 ! gold ornam5ts 7 f\nd to be z fre% z if !y _h be5 newly appli$1 ?\gh ^! ap>tm5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ buri$ "u ! e>?1 7 exce$+ly damp4 ,! circul> b&s ( sky-blue1 ) small figures 9 gold1 c\ld n be se5 )\t admiration4 ,! gild+ also is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis4 ,b1 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 ! art ( gold-beat+ 0 c>ri$ s f> at ,rome1 t an ounce ( gold c\ld be beat into sev5 hundr$ & fifty leaves & m1 ea* f\r squ>e in*es 9 size#fia4 ,i %all n comp>e ?is result ) :at ! art c d at pres5t1 because ! acc\nt ( ,pl9y is n ! mo/ accurate1 & because ! conv]sion ( ! old measures into ! mod]n /&>d is always att5d$ ) unc]ta9ty4 ,buon>otti1 h[ev]1 :o made "s rese>*es on ?is subject#fib1 is ( op9ion t ! gold us$ at ,rome = fire-gild+ 9 8 "t1 t is1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 beat six times z ?92 & t ! gold employ$ = gild+ wood & o!r ?+s1 )\t ! application ( fire1 0 tw5ty-two times z ?9 z ! gold leaf made at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y4 ,b ?is ,italian au?or1 z appe>s to me1 has1 ?r\gh too great precipitation1 translat$ ! words 8sept+5 et qu9quag5 bracte0 fifty & sev5ty4 ,gold1 h[ev]1 at t "t1 0 beat s ?9 at ,rome1 t ,lucretius comp>es x to a spid]'s web1 & ,m>tial to a vap\r#fic4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 n yet met ) any in=mation 9 reg>d to ! me?od 9 :i* ! anci5t arti/s beat ! gold1 or ! in/rum5ts & app>atus !y employ$ = t purpose4 ,b ! ,g]man monk ,!ophilus1 ^: real "n seems to h be5 ,rg]1 & :o1 z ,less+ ?9ks1 liv$ 9 ! n9?1 b1 accord+ to ,morelli1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 describes ! process ne>ly z x is at pres5t#fid4 ,! gold1 at t "t1 0 beat betwe5 p>*m5t1 9 ! same mann] z is /ill practis$2 & ! arti/s knew h[ to prev5t ! gold f adh]+ to ! p>*m5t1 by cov]+ x ov] ) burnt o*re r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 & !n rubb+ x smoo? ) a too?4 ,) ! l view1 our gold-beat]s rub ov] ) a f9e bolus ! ?9 pap] us$ = mak+ ! books into :i* !y put _! gold leaf1 9 ord] to pres]ve x4 ,b ! flatt+-mills1 betwe5 ! /eel roll]s ( :i* ca/ & hamm]$ +ots ( gold are at pres5t r$uc$ to ?9 leaves1 seem n to h be5 !n kn[n1 at lea/ ?is monk makes no m5tion ( !m4 ,less+1 to :om we are indebt$ = ?is curi\s fragm5t ( ,!ophilus1 is ( op9ion t ea* arti/ at t "t 0 oblig$ to beat ! gold leaf :i* he us$1 because gold-beat+ 0 n !n a di/9ct bran* ( bus9ess4 ,?is ,i w n controv]t2 b x is no pro( ( x1 t ! monk taught ! art to 8 bre?r52 = 9 conv5ts ! cl]gy endeav\r$ to make ev]y?+ !y us$1 9 ord] t !y might pur*ase z little z possible4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! art1 x be+ f\nd t p>*m5t 0 too ?ick & h>d = ! above purpose1 workm5 endeav\r$ to procure "s f9] sub/ance1 & at l5g? discov]$ t ! sk9 ( an unborn calf 0 ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,by means ( ?is improvem5t1 gold leaf 0 made mu* ?9n] ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e possible2 b ! art 0 br\ght to /ill great] p]fection by employ+ t f9e pellicle :i* is deta*$ f ! gut ( an ox or a c[4 ,lancellotti1 :o wrote 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury#fie1 says t ?is inv5tion 0 made by ! ,g]man gold-beat]s1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! w>1 !y 7 n able to obta9 f ,fl&]s ! sk9s ( unborn calves4 ,i h (t5 he>d t ! prep>ation ( ?is pellicle1 :i* ! ,fr5* call baudru*e & ! ,dut* liez51 & :i* is s ?9 t two ( !m mu/ be pa/$ toge!r1 is a secret1 & t ! be/ is obta9$ f ,engl&4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aghe1 :5 ,i paid a visit to a v +5i\s gold-beat] at ,hamburg1 he assur$ me t he prep>$ ?is sub/ance himself1 & t ! case 0 ! same ) mo/ ( ! gold-beat]s 9 ,g]many4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ye> #agfc1 ?is art 0 kn[n only to two or ?ree p]sons1 :o practis$ x z a bus9ess1 b kept x s secret t ,lewis 0 n able to obta9 a prop] acc\nt ( x#fif4 ,9 ,irel& also ?is sk9 is prep>$ & s5t to ,engl&#fig4 ,:5 ! ,fr5*1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! revolution>y w>1 hop$ to out-manuvre ! ,g]mans by ! use ( a]o/atic ma*9es1 x became ( "s importance to !m to obta9 a supply ( ^! sk9s4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! ,commission des armes et p\dres drew up in/ructions = prep>+ !m1 :i* !y caus$ to be pr9t$ & di/ribut$ to all ! but*]s4 ,at ,/rasburg !y 7 pr9t$ 9 ,fr5*1 & at ! same "t 9 ,g]man1 b 9 _m p>ts faulty & un9telligible4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afba1 ,m]s5ne excit$ g5]al a/oni%m5t1 :5 he %[$ t ! ,p>isian gold-beat]s c\ld beat an ounce ( gold into #afjj leaves1 :i* toge!r cov]$ a surface ( #aje squ>e feet4 ,b 9 #agaa1 :5 ! pellicles1 discov]$ by ! ,g]mans1 came to be us$ 9 ,p>is1 ,reaumur f\nd t an ounce ( gold1 9 ! =m ( a cube1 five & a qu>t] l9es at mo/ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 & :i* cov]$ only a surface ( ab\t tw5ty-sev5 squ>e l9es1 c\ld be s ext5d$ by ! gold-beat]s z to cov] a surface ( m ?an "o hundr$ & =ty-six & a half squ>e feet4 ,?is ext5sion1 !re=e1 is ne>ly "o-half m ?an 0 possible ab\t a c5tury be=e4 ,:5 ^! sk9s are worn out by ! hamm] ( ! gold-beat]1 !y are employ$1 "u ! "n ( ,engli% sk91 = pla/]s1 or prop]ly to unite small w\nds4 ,by ! ,engli% !y are call$ gold-beat]s' sk9#fih2 b1 s9ce silk cov]$ ) is+lass & ,p]uvian balsam1 :i* 9 ,g]many is nam$ ,engli% pla/]1 = ! ,g]mans at pres5t call e ?+ ,engli%1 has become ! mode1 ?is sk9 is mu* less us$#fii4 ,i m5tion ?is t ,i might h an opportunity ( rem>k+1 t 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ! ,levant at lea/1 a v ?9 pellicle 0 9 l mann] us$ = w\nds4 ,= :5 ! emp]or1 ,john ,comn5us1 accid5tally w\nd$ himself 9 ! h& ) a poison$ arr[ :ile hunt+1 a piece ( sk91 :i*1 f ! "n & description may be consid]$ ! same z t us$ at pres5t by ! gold-beat]s1 0 appli$ to ! w\nd4 ,! emp]or1 h[ev]1 di$ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is w\nd1 aft] x _h become inflam$ "u ! pellicle1 :i*1 9 l>ge w\nds1 & :5 ! sk9 is suff]$ to rema9 too long1 is commonly ! case1 ?\gh ! poison alone w\ld h be5 a suffici5t cause ( dea?4 ,reaumur & o!rs are a/oni%$ t arti/s %\ld h s\ght = & f\nd a "p ( _! app>atus 9 ! b[els ( an ox2 b ,i am ( op9ion t ?is pellicle1 :i* is sometimes sep>at$ 9 wa%+ & clean+ ! b[els1 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! but*]s1 & made kn[n by !m z a pla/]2 & t x came into reque/ among ! ,g]man gold-beat]s1 z ! f9e/ ( all ! pellicles !n kn[n1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! art ( gild+1 & p>ticul>ly unmetallic bodies1 0 mu* facilitat$ by ! inv5tion ( oil-pa9t+2 b x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! process employ$ by ! anci5ts 9 cold-gild+ 0 ne>ly ! same z t us$ at pres5t4 ,pl9y says#gjj t gold leaves 7 appli$ to m>ble ) a v>ni%1 & to wood ) a c]ta9 k9d ( cem5t1 :i* he calls leucophoron4 ,)\t ent]+ into any rese>* respect+ ! m9]als employ$ = ?is cem5t1 "o may readily conceive t x mu/ h be5 a f]rug9\s o*re1 or k9d ( bole1 :i* is /ill us$ z a gr\nd 7polim5t1 assiette7#gja4 ,b gild+ ( ?is k9d mu/ h suff]$ f dampness1 ?\gh _m specim5s ( x are /ill pres]v$4 ,"s ( ! anci5t arti/s1 p]haps1 may h employ$ res9\s sub/ances1 on :i* wat] c produce v little effect4 ,t gold-leaf 0 affix$ to metals by means ( quicksilv]1 ) ! assi/ance ( heat1 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 we are told by himself 9 m places ?an "o4 ,! metal to be gild$ 0 prep>$ by salts ( e k9d1 & rubb$ ) pumice-/one 9 ord] to clean x ?or\ghly1 & to r5d] ! surface a little r\gh#gjb4 ,?is process is simil> to t us$ at pres5t = gild+ ) amalgam1 by means ( heat1 especially z amalgamation 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,b1 to speak ! tru?1 ,pl9y says no?+ ( heat+ ! metal aft] ! gold is appli$1 or ( evaporat+ ! quicksilv]1 b ( dry+ ! clean$ metal be=e ! gold is laid on4 ,_h he n m5tion$ quicksilv]1 8 gild+ might h be5 consid]$ z t ) gold-leaf by means ( heat1 dorure en feuille feu1 9 :i* ! gold is laid ^u ! metal aft] x has be5 clean$ & heat$1 & /rongly rubb$ ) blood-/one1 or poli%$ /eel4 ,felibi5 0 und\bt$ly "r :5 he regrett$#gjc t ! process ( ! anci5ts1 ! excell5ce ( :i* is prov$ by rema9s ( antiquity1 has be5 lo/4 ,false gild+1 t is1 :]e ?9 leaves ( a :ite metal1 su* z t9 or silv]1 are appli$ to ! article to be gild$1 & !n rubb$ ov] ) a yell[ transp>5t col\r1 ?r\gh :i* ! metallic spl5d\r appe>s1 is mu* old] ?an ,i believ$ x to be 9 ! ye> #aghj4 ,! process = ?is purpose is giv5 by ! monk ,!ophilus1 ^: fragm5ts 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aghagjd4 ,accord+ to 8 directions1 t9 beat into ?9 leaves 0 to be r5d]$ ( a gold5 yell[ col\r by a v9\s t9cture ( saffron1 s t o!r pigm5ts c\ld be appli$ ov] x4 ,! v>ni% or solution ( res9 9 _s ( w9e or oil1 us$ = ?is purpose at pres5t1 appe>s n !n to h be5 kn[n4 ,b 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ?is art 0 v common2 & in/ructions respect+ x 7 giv5 by ,g>zoni#gje1 ,c>dan#gjf1 ,canep>ius#gjg & o!rs 9 _! writ+s4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod a pewt]] at ,nuremb]g1 nam$ ,mel*ior ,ko*1 0 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( communicat+ a gold5 col\r1 9 ! l mann]1 to t9 goblets & di%es4 ,he di$ 9 #aefg2 & ) him1 z ,doppelmay] says1 ! art 0 lo/4 ,a me?od ( apply+ a :ite metal to pap]1 & !n draw+ ov] x a gold v>ni%1 has be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iods#gjh4 ,at pres5t ?is me?od ( gild+ is practis$ m 9 ,sicily ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,x appe>s also to h be5 us$1 at an e>ly p]iod1 = gild+ lea!r & lea!r tape/ry2 & ?is p]haps 0 fir/ attempt$ at ,mess9a1 z we are told by ,john ,mat?u#gji1 :o1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r place ascribes ! inv5tion to a sa9t ( ,lucca1 nam$ ,cita4 ,b gilt lea!r 0 made z e>ly z ! "t ( ,lucian1 :o conjectures t ,alex&] ! impo/or _h a piece ( x b\nd r\nd 8 ?igh#gaj4 ,! dress ( ! prie/s1 on ! fe/ival ( ,bac*us1 0 p]haps ( ! same k9d#gaa4 ,,footnotes #fhh ,h]odot4 lib4 ii4 #fc4 ,see ,w9kelmann ,hi/4 de l',art4--,caylus1 ,recueil d',antiquits1 i4 p4 #aic4 ,gori seems to h _h 9 8 possession two ,egyptian gilt figures4 ,see ,mus4 ,etr4 t4 i4 p4 #ea4 #fhi ,9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t gild+ & gold plates are cle>ly m5tion$4 ,moses caus$ sev]al p>ts ( ! sanctu>y to be ov]laid ) gold4 #a/4 ,! ark ( %ittim wood 0 cov]$ ) gold bo? on ! outside & inside1 ,exodus1 *ap4 xxv4 v]4 #aa2 also ! /aves1 v]4 #ac4 #bnd4 ,! wood5 table ) its /aves1 v]4 #bc & #bh4 #crd4 ,! alt> ( burnt inc5se1 *ap4 xxx4 v]4 #c4 #d?4 ,! bo>ds :i* =m$ ! sides ( ! tab]nacle1 *ap4 xxvi4 v]4 #bi4 ,solomon caus$ v>i\s p>ts ( ! temple to be ov]laid ) gold4 #a/4 ,! :ole inside ( ! h\se1 #a ,k+s1 *ap4 vi4 v]4 #ba & #bb4 #bnd4 ,! alt> ( burnt inc5se1 v]4 #bj & #bb4 #crd4 ,! wood5 *]ubim above sev5te5 feet 9 height1 v]4 #bh4 #d?4 ,! floor1 v]4 #cj4 #e?4 ,! doors ( ! oracle1 on :i* 7 c>v$ *]ubims1 palm-trees & op5 fl[]s1 v]4 #cb & #ce1 s t ! gold accurately exhibit$ ! figures ( ! c>v$ "w4 ,n[ ! "q is1 :e!r all ^! 7 gilt1 or cov]$1 or ov]laid ) gold plates4 ,b :5 ! passages are comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t gild+ is d5ot$4 8,! ,hebrews probably br\ght ! art ( gild+ ) !m f ,egypt1 :]e x seems to h be5 v old1 z gild+ is f\nd n only on mummies1 ! antiquity ( :i* inde$ is unc]ta92 b1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 9 ! olde/ temples1 on images4 ,x appe>s also1 t 9 ! "t ( ,moses ! ,hebrews und]/ood ! art bo? ( gild+ & ( ov]lay+ ) plates ( gold1 & express$ bo? by ! g5]al t]m 40 #fij ,page #ecd4 #fia ,lib4 xxxiii4 #c4 ,! ?ick] gold-leaf 0 call$1 at t "t1 bractea ,prne/9a2 ! ?9n]1 bractea qu/oria4 #fib ,oss]vazioni ,i/ori*e sopra alcum ,m$aglioni ,anti*i4 ,9 ,roma1 #afih1 fol4 p4 #cgj4 #fic ,lucret4 iv4 #gcj4--,m>tial4 viii4 #cc4 #fid ,less+ zur ,ges*i*te und ,litt]atur1 iv4 p4 #cji4 #fie ,l'oggidi ov]o gl'+egni non inf]iori passati4 ,v5et4 #afcf4 #hvo4 #fif ,zusamm5hang d] ,kn/e4 ,zuri*1 #agfd1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #ge4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,trait des ,monnoies1 p> ,abot de ,baz+h54 ,p>is1 #agfd1 #dto1 i4 p4 #ajb4 #fig ,rutty's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,dubl91 #aggb1 #b vols4 #hvo1 i4 p4 #bfd4 #fih ,von ,uff5ba* ,reis51 iii4 p4 #bah4 #fii ,i 0 told t ,pr(essor ,pickel ( ,wrzburg prep>es gold-beat]s' sk9 by means ( a v>ni%1 :i* r5d]s x fitt] = use2 & t a /ud5t ( t place _h f\nd out ! art ( mak+ x transp>5t1 9 ord] t ! w\nd might be se54 #gjj ,lib4 xxxiii4 #bj1 p4 #faf4 #gja ,pl94 lib4 xxxv4 #ag1 p4 #fhe4 #gjb ,lib4 xxxiii4 #cb1 p4 #fbb4 8,cum ra inaurantur1 sublitum bracteis p]t9acissime ret9et4 ,v]um pallore detegit simplices aut prt5ues bracteas4 ,quapropt] id furtum qur5tes ovi liquore c&ido usum eum adult]av]e40 ,see also sect4 #db1 p4 #fbf4 ,i ackn[l$ge t ?is passage ,i d n fully compreh5d4 ,x seems to say t ! quicksilv]1 :5 ! gold 0 laid on too ?91 appe>$ ?r\gh x1 b t ?is might be prev5t$ by mix+ ) ! quicksilv] ! :ite ( an egg4 ,! quicksilv] !n rema9$ "u ! gold2 b ?is is impossible4 ,:5 ! smalle/ drop ( quicksilv] falls ^u gild+1 x corrodes ! noble metal1 & produces an empty spot4 ,x is !re=e incompreh5sible to me h[ ?is c\ld be prev5t$ by ! :ite ( an egg4 ,did ,pl9y himself completely und]/& gild+8 ,p]haps ,pl9y only meant to say1 t _m arti/s gave out ! cold-gild+1 :]e ! gold-leaf 0 laid on ) ! :ite ( an egg1 z gild+ by means ( heat4 ,i %all "h rem>k1 t ! read] may sp>e himself ! tr\ble ( turn+ ov] ,dur&'s ,hi/oire ,naturelle de l',or et d',arg5t1 ,londres #agbi1 fol4 ,?is ,fr5*man did n und]/& :at he translat$4 #gjc ,pr9cipes de l',ar*itecture4 ,p>is1 #afgf1 #dto1 p4 #bhj4 #gjd ,less+ zur ,ges*i*te und ,litt]atur1 vi4 p4 #caa4 #gje ,piazza ,univ]sale4 ,v5et4 #afaj1 #dto1 p4 #bha4 #gjf ,de ,r]um ,v>4 xiii4 cap4 #ef4 #gjg ,de ,atram5tis4 #gjh ,mmoires conc]nant les ,*9ois1 xi4 p4 #cea4 #gji ,de ,r]um ,inv5toribus1 ,hamb4 #afac1 #hvo1 pp4 #da1 #cg4 #gaj ,luciani ,op]a1 ed4 ,bipont4 v4 p4 #ajj4 #gaa ,plut>*i ,sympos4 iv4 9 f9e4 ,,fur ,,dresses4 ,z long z mank9d liv$ "u palm-trees 9 _! orig9al c\ntry1 betwe5 ! tropics1 !y _h no occasion to provide ei!r food or clo?+3 ! =m] 0 spontane\sly suppli$ by ! e>?1 t is1 )\t c>e or lab\r2 & ! latt] 9 t w>m climate 0 sup]flu\s4 ,! art ( cultivat+ plants1 & t ( prep>+ clo!s1 7 n innate1 b fir/ taught by necessity2 & ?is did n exi/ till m51 9 consequ5ce ( _! increase1 7 oblig$ to spread t[>ds bo? ! poles4 ,9 proportion z !y remov$ f _! =m] abode1 provisions became sc>c]1 & ! climate cold]4 ,h5ce arose ! bre$+ ( cattle1 z well z agriculture2 & m5 !n fir/ v5tur$ on ! cruelty ( kill+ animals1 9 ord] t !y might dev\r !m z food1 & use _! sk9s to %elt] !m aga9/ ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r4 ,at fir/ ^! sk9s 7 us$ raw1 )\t any prep>ation2 & _m nations did n till a late p]iod fall ^u ! art ( r5d]+ !m s(t]1 & mak+ !m m pliable1 durable1 & conv5i5t4 ,z long z mank9d trad$ only = necess>ies1 & paid no att5tion to ornam5ts1 !y turn$ ! hairy side t[>ds ! body2 b z ! art ( dress+ sk9s 0 n !n und]/ood1 ! fle% side mu/ h giv5 to ?is k9d ( clo?+1 :5 ! mann]s ( p began to be m ref9$1 an appe>ance :i* c\ld n fail ( excit+ disgu/4 ,to prev5t ?is ! ,ozol inv]t$ ! sk9s1 & wore ! hair outw>ds2 & 9 ?is mann] "s acc\nt = ! bad smell :i* exhal$ f _! bodies#gab4 ,?is cu/om1 h[ev]1 0 s g5]al1 t ,juv5al1 :]e he describes a mis]ly p]son1 says1 8to gu>d himself aga9/ ! cold he does n we> ! co/ly wooll5 clo?+ ( ! luxuri\s ,romans1 b ! sk9s ( animals1 & ^! ev5 inv]t$1 t is to say1 ) ! hairy side turn$ inw>ds1 )\t c>+ :e!r ! appe>ance be agreeable or n#gac40 ,9 :at mann] ! art ( tann+ 0 aft]w>ds f\nd out1 ,goguet has endeav\r$ to conjecture f ! acc\nts giv5 by travell]s1 9 reg>d to ! savages 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica & ,asia1 b p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! ,gre5l&]s4 ,! f> m +5i\s me?od ( manufactur+ wool1 fir/ into felt & !n into clo?1 seems to h be5 discov]$ by ! inhabitants ( temp]ate di/ricts1 :]e ! mildness ( ! w9t] r5d]$ fur dresses unnecess>y4 ,! %eep came f ,africa2 b 9 t c\ntry x has hair & n wool2 & x is only 9 cold] climates t ! =m] acquires a woolly nature4 ,if x be true t a ,h]cules fir/ br\ght ?is species ( animal f ,africa to ,greece#gad1 t improvem5t may h fir/ be5 effect$ 9 ! latt] c\ntry2 9 :i* case x is probable t ! fir/ attempts to manufacture wool 7 made by ! ,a!nians1 t is to say1 among ! ,greeks2 = ?is art 0 be=e kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 :o ascribe ! inv5tion ( x to _! ,isis4 ,x may be readily compreh5d$ t _m c5turies mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! t5d] %eep c\ld be convey$ to & re>$ 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries1 :]e ?ick & imm5se =e/s produc$ 9 abundance a great v>iety ( ^? animals :i* 7 capable ( supply+ ! be/ furs2 :]e mank9d increas$ b sl[ly2 appli$ to hunt+ till a lat] p]iod2 & 7 n s soon compell$ to employ artificial me?ods ( obta9+ ! mo/ necess>y productions2 & :]e !y also liv$ too widely scatt]$ to be soon conduct$ to ! arts by a communication ( exp]i5ce & inv5tions4 ,! nor!rn nations1 !re=e1 clo!d !mselves 9 ! raw sk9s ( animals1 a long "t aft] ! s\!rn tribes 7 acqua9t$ ) ! sp9n+ & weav+ ( wool1 flax1 & cotton2 & on ?is acc\nt ! =m] 7 a/oni%$ at ! appe>ance ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! ,greeks give u a picture ( ^! b>b>ians1 !y sc>cely ev] fail to /ate h[ disgu/+ !y 7 on acc\nt ( _! dress2 :i* h[ev]1 by ! ackn[l$gem5t ( _! hi/orians1 0 long worn by _! own =efa!rs#gae4 ,! h]oes ev5 ( ! ,grecian fabul\s hi/ory clo!d !mselves 9 ! sk9s ( ! mo/ t]rible animals#gaf1 su* z lions & tig]s1 & on ^! !y also slept4 ,:5 ! ,romans wi%$ to describe ! mann]s ( _! ance/ors1 & to exhibit ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & _! own1 !y commonly m5tion$ ! use ( sk9s4 ,?us ,prop]tius calls ! s5ators ( ! e>lie/ p]iods ! pelliti#gag1 & ,val]ius ,maximus says#gah1 speak+ ( ! luxury ( 8 "t1 t no "o 9 imitation ( ,cato w\ld use goat sk9s z a cov]+ to 8 b$4 ,b x appe>s t ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 at ! "t ( _! prosp]ity1 :5 ! arts & sci5ces 7 cultivat$ among !m1 made little use ( fur clo?+4 ,x 0 worn at t p]iod only on c]ta9 fe/ivals1 & m]ely by ! poor] classes & ru/ics#gai1 or employ$ 9 ! "t ( w>#gbj4 ,at any rate1 x is n m5tion$ among ! dresses ( ! ri*1 or articles ( magnific5ce & ornam5t4 ,! anci5t physicians1 :]e !y treat on ! influ5ce :i* clo?+ has on ! heal?1 & ! *oice ( x = w9t] & summ]1 make no m5tion ( furs4 ,suetonius1 describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! emp]or ,augu/us dress$ 9 w9t]1 names v>i\s articles ( clo?+1 b no furs2 :i* ! emp]or1 :o 0 s s5sible ( cold1 w\ld c]ta9ly h worn1 _h !y be5 usual4 ,!y no d\bt w\ld h be5 mu* m conv5i5t & answ]$ ! purpose bett]1 ?an ! f\r tunic drawn ov] ea* o!r1 & ! ?ick toga1 ! wooll5 %irt & brea/-clo?1 & all ! o!r articles m5tion$4 ,m>tial ridicules a petit-matre1 :o wi%$ = ! arrival ( w9t] & = sev]e wea!r 9 t season1 9 ord] t he might exhibit 8 co/ly w9t] dresses4 ,_h furs1 at t p]iod1 be5 ! fa%ionable & pr9cipal w9t] clo?+1 ! poet c]ta9ly w\ld n h omitt$ to m5tion !m4 ,at pres5t ! bacc> = ! l reason make _! appe>ance z soon z ! fir/ fro/ takes place1 along ) l>ge muffs1 :i* leave sc>cely any "p ( ! body to be se5 b ! head & ! feet4 ,_h furs be5 employ$ by way ( ornam5t 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 he no d\bt w\ld h notic$ ?is use ( !m1 especially z he m5tions & ridicules s _m sup]/iti\s ways ( apply+ ! sk9s ( animals2 b ,i d n rememb] to h read 9 ! works ( ?is naturali/ any acc\nt ( fur clo?+4 ,he relates t an attempt _h be5 made to manufacture ! fur ( ! h>e2 b x _h n succe$$1 because ! fur1 on acc\nt ( its %ortness1 z he supposes1 w\ld n adh]e1 or1 z we say at pres5t1 c\ld n be felt$#gba4 ,he1 h[ev]1 says no?+ ( h>e's fur be+ employ$ to l9e clo!s4 ,x appe>s also t furs d n (t5 occur z clo?+ 9 ! sacr$ scriptures#gbb4 ,9 ! ?ird1 or p]haps ev5 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 fur dresses seem to h be5 kn[n to ! ,romans1 & to h be5 mu* e/eem$ by !m4 ,! num]\s nor!rn tribes1 :o at t "t advanc$ t[>ds ! s\?1 7 clo!d 9 furs2 b !y 7 n all raw1 dirty1 & disgu/+1 l ^? :i* _h be=e be5 9 use4 ,x may ) c]ta9ty be suppos$ t ! *ief m5 among !m _h ! mo/ beautiful furs2 & t 9 g5]al !y 7 s well acqua9t$ ) ! art ( prep>+ !m1 & we>+ !m 9 ! mo/ graceful mann]1 t !y by ^! means recomm5d$ !m to ! notice ( ! "y ,romans4 ,= t all ^? w>like tribes :o attack$ ! ,roman empire1 & 9 "p subdu$ x1 are n to be consid]$ z uncultivat$1 savage b>b>ians1 unacqua9t$ ) ! arts or ! sci5ces1 addict$ to plund]+ & murd]1 :o ov]turn$ gov]nm5ts & de/roy$ public happ9ess & trade1 has be5 lately rem>k$1 :5 ! ,fr5* appli$ ! t]m ,v&alism to ! horrid cruelties committ$ dur+ ! late revolution#gbc4 ,x c be prov$ t ! ,romans adopt$ f _! un9vit$ gue/s ^? k9ds ( dress2 t furs soon became fa%ionable among !m1 & 7 an object ( luxury & ( comm]ce2 & x appe>s t sk9s 7 ! fir/ article :i* occasion$ a trade f ,italy to ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! ,nor?1 z 9 ! fifte5? c5tury !y 7 ! cause ( ! discov]y & conque/ ( ,sib]ia4 ,! lat] ! art ( manufactur+ wool1 & ( conv]t+ ! noble metals into lace & o!r ornam5ts1 0 kn[n1 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries1 & ! lat] ! inhabitants became acqua9t$ ) cotton1 silk1 & preci\s /ones1 ! e>li] & ! m !y ex]t$ !mselves to f9d out & prep>e ! mo/ beautiful furs1 & to trim & to bord] ) !m _! dresses2 & x ne$s excite no surprise t ! s\!rn nations1 ?\gh _! climate did n require x1 adopt$ ?is magnific5ce2 especially z ! di/ance & sc>city ( furs made !m de> en\gh to be consid]$ by ! ri* & p ( rank z a luxuri\s m>k ( di/9ction4 ,?is1 9 my op9ion1 w be prov$ by :at foll[s4 ,:5 hi/orians speak ( ^? nor!rn nations ) :om ! ,romans c>ri$ on long & = ! mo/ "p un=tunate w>s1 !y sc>cely ev] =get to m5tion _! fur clo?+2 & ?is is ! case 9 p>ticul> ) ^? writ]s :o liv$ at ! "t4 ,we are told by ,h]odotus1 t ! p ne> ! ,caspian sea clo!d !mselves 9 seal-sk9s4 ,! same ?+ is relat$ by ,/rabo ( ! ,massaget2 & ,cs> & ,sallu/ bo? ass]t1 t ! sk9 ( ! re9-de] =m$ 9 "p ! clo?+ ( ! anci5t ,g]mans4 ,i allude "h to ^? dresses :i* !y call r5ones4 ,t ?is ^w is d]iv$ f ! animal nam$ at pres5t by ! ,sw$es ,r52 t ! re9-de] 0 common 9 anci5t ,g]many1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ cov]$ ) =e/s & m>%es1 x _h a mu* cold] climate & produc$ m re9-de] moss ?an at pres5t2 & t ,cs>1 :]e he describes ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s ( ,g]many1 m5tions ! re9-de] "u ! "n ( bos c]vi figura1 ,i ?9k ,i h prov$ 9 my juv5ile production on ! anci5t animals ( t c\ntry4 ,r5o is also ,lappmud1 or ! re9-de] sk91 :i* is /ill worn 9 ,sw$51 :i* ,i h worn !re myself1 & :i* is h&some & co/ly4 ,! objection ( ,wa*t]#gbd to ?is op9ion is ( v little weight4 ,h[ is x possible to believe1 says he1 t ^! animals 7 =m]ly s num]\s1 t all ! ,g]mans & ,gauls c\ld clo! !mselves 9 _! sk9s8 ,b on ?is occasion he does n recollect :at he has (t5 prov$ by examples1 t ! "n ( a species is (t5 giv5 to ! :ole g5us4 ,because a great _m wore r5ones1 ( :i* ! ,romans p]haps 7 fonde/1 !y gave ! "n ( r5ones to all ^! fur dresses ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! pro(s1 9 anci5t au?ors1 9 reg>d to ! fur clo?+ ( ! ,scy?ians1 ! ,go?s1 ! ,get1 & ,huns1 are too num]\s to be collect$4 ,i %all !re=e ref] only to ^? passages :i* ,i h occasionally rem>k$1 & :i* ,i %all soon employ = ano!r purpose#gbe4 ,x c easily be prov$ t ! ,g]mans & o!r nor!rn nations1 9 consequ5ce ( _! int]c\rse ) ! ,romans1 gradually left (f ! use ( furs1 & became m & m accu/om$ to wooll5 clo?+2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,romans adopt$ ! /ate dress ( _! conqu]ors4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus1 ^? ,g]mans :o liv$ on ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 & consequ5tly :o 7 ne>e/ to ! ,romans1 set mu* less value on furs ?an ^? :o1 resid+ fur!r )9 ! c\ntry1 7 at a great] di/ance f int]c\rse ) =eign]s & f trade#gbf4 ,! latt] _h ! mo/ co/ly furs1 :i* !y knew h[ to ornam5t & v>iegate ) trimm+s ( e k9d1 9 ! same mann] p]haps z our furri]s at pres5t ornam5t :ite fur ) ! tail ( ! erm9e#gbg4 ,^! p possess$ no o!r articles ( luxury1 & _h no o!r means ( di/+ui%+ !mselves among _! c\ntrym51 b by ! r>ity & co/l9ess ( _! furs4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! ,sp>tans :5 ,lycurgus depriv$ !m ( all _! sup]fluities4 ,!y !n ornam5t$1 & !reby enhanc$ ! value ( ! necess>y articles !y _h left1 b$s1 tables & wood5 b[ls1 f :i* !y drank wat]1 & to su* a degree1 t at l5g? ^! ?+s 7 z capable ( gratify+ ! ta/e ( luxury z ! =eign w>es !y _h be=e pur*as$ at s de> a rate#gbh4 ,! same ?+ has be5 rem>k$ by ! ,dani% & ,sw$i% hi/orians4 ,:5 ^! nations1 by _! sea voyages1 piratical exp$itions & trade1 became acqua9t$ ) =eign mann]s1 & m conv5i5t k9ds ( clo?+1 !y accu/om$ !mselves to wool1 cotton & silk2 yet1 9 s sl[ a mann]1 t ! use ( ^! w>es 0 introduc$ z an extravagant luxury4 ,h>old ,hrdrt ,sigurdson1 or ,h>old ,,iv4 k+ ( ,norway1 9 ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :o _h collect$ great ri*es 9 ! ,levant1 wore a r$ mantle l9$ ) :ite furs4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! pr9cipal m5 at ! ,dani% c\rt 7 clo!d 9 %eep-sk9s#gbi2 & :5 ,duke ,canute1 or ,canute ,law>d1 ! son ( ,eric ,eiegod1 :o 0 assass9at$ 9 ! ye> #aaca1 appe>$ at a fe/ival at ,ripe 9 a dress ( r$ clo?1 he excit$ att5tion & envy1 & 0 subject$ to ! mortification ( he>+ ! mo/ bitt] s>casms f ,h5ry ,skattel]1 or r ,skokal1 t is1 ! lame1 :o wore a native %eep-sk9#gcj4 ,t furs 7 consid]$ by ! ,get z objects ( magnific5ce1 & t z su* !y 7 worn by _! k+s & ! pr9cipal m5 at c\rt1 is prov$ by ! passages ,i h quot$4 ,! reproa* ?r[n out by ,claudian aga9/ ,ruf9us1 t he 0 n a%am$ to we> ,getic furs1 proves t ! ,romans adopt$ ! mann]s ( _! conqu]ors1 & t ?is practice 0 c5sur$ by _! patriots4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k also1 t ! juri/s1 ,ulpian & ,paulus1 reckon furs among articles ( dress1 to :i* be=e _! "t !y did n belong#gca4 ,acron1 an old comm5tator on ,horace1 ^: p]iod1 z f> z ,i "k1 has n yet be5 det]m9$1 says t 9 8 "t ! s5ators & pr9cipal m51 :5 !y appe>$ 9 _! (ficial dresses1 wore co/ly furs obta9$ f =eign c\ntries1 & ,t]tullian#gcb indignantly inveighs aga9/ ! female dresses bord]$ & trimm$ ) furs1 :i* seem to be m5tion$ also by bi%op ,maximus 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> #cig1 ! emp]or ,honorius =bade ,go?ic dresses1 & 9 p>ticul> furs1 to be worn ei!r 9 ,rome or )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! city2 b t su* ord]s aga9/ fa%ions _h v little effect appe>s f ?is circum/ance1 t ^! laws1 ext5d$ z well z r5d]$ m sev]e1 7 r5ew$ 9 #cii & #daf1 & yet 7 n obey$4 ,ev5 ! ,go?s !mselves 7 =bidd5 to use su* dresses4 ,! ,go?ic s]vants1 :o at t "t 7 kept 9 mo/ families1 7 to be subject$ to corporal puni%m5t1 & ^? ( high] rank to a f9e1 9 case !y transgress$ ?is prohibition4 ,b ,synesius1 :o liv$ at t p]iod1 & z a good patriot lam5t$ ! use ( ^! outl&i% dresses1 :i* af=d$ a melan*oly presage t ! dom9ion ( ! ,go?s w\ld at l5g? prevail1 relates1 t ! pr9cipal m5 among ^! p appe>$ at ,rome 9 ! ,roman dress1 b on _! return home !y ex*ang$ x = _! native clo?+1 & aga9 assum$ _! furs4 ,furs1 h[ev]1 7 n ! only "p ( ! ,go?ic co/ume :i* became modi% among ! ,romans2 = !y adopt$ also _! bree*es or hose4 ,t su* articles ( dress 7 n us$ be=e t "t1 ei!r by ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 or ! ,hebrews1 has be5 prov$ by _m4 ,on ?is acc\nt m5tion is s (t5 made ( indec5t po/ures1 z :5 ! ,scot* ,highl&]s r5d5t les armes1 by :i* p>ts are expos$ t mode/y requires to be conceal$4 ,?is is consid]$ by ,!ophra/us z "o ( ! m>ks ( cl[ni%ness#gcc4 ,?us1 a po/ure inadv]t5tly assum$1 expos$ ,philip to reproa*1 z we are told by ,plut>*#gcd2 & to gu>d aga9/ a simil> indecorum1 ,cs>1 z he fell1 collect$ 8 robes ar\nd him4 ,h5ce1 z is well kn[n1 ! expression reta9$ by ,lu!r1 se9e ,fsse b$eck51 8to cov] "o's feet10 or z ! ,greeks say1 8to compose "o's clo!s#gce40 ,p]sons :o lab\r$ "u weakness or indisposition1 wrapp$ b&ages ar\nd _! legs2 & 9 ! "t ( ,qu9tilian1 ! use ( ^! c\ld be excus$ only by sickness#gcf4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 became aft]w>ds m common1 s t by ,ulpian !y are reckon$ among ! ord9>y articles ( dress#gcg4 ,!y =m$ a /ep t[>ds bree*es1 prop]ly s call$1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 cov]$ = _m c5turies ! lo9s1 ?ighs & legs1 z may be se5 on seals & c>v$ "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury#gch4 ,t ! ,batavians1 ,gauls1 ,g]mans1 ,s>matians1 ,get1 ,go?s1 c4 _h su* articles ( clo?+1 is prov$ by _m passages 9 anci5t au?ors1 already quot$ by o!rs1 & by ! well-kn[n appellation ,gallia braccata4 ,! anaxurides also ( ! ,p]sians 7 bree*es1 :i* ! ,romans adopt$1 n f ^! p1 b f ! nor!rn nations1 yet )\t ! approbation ( ! patriots1 :o exclaim$ aga9/ !m1 z !y _h be=e done aga9/ furs4 ,at fir/ !y seem to h be5 us$ only on j\rneys & 9 w>4 ,:5 ! ,go?ic co/ume 0 =bidd5 by ,honorius1 bree*es 7 expressly m5tion$2 & ,ovid reproa*es ! p ( ,tomi1 on ! ,pontus ,eux9us1 t ?\gh !y wi%$ to be ?\ght ( ,greek extraction1 !y 7 n a%am$ to we> ,p]sian bree*es#gci4 ,z furs = dresses ( c]emony 7 ei!r n us$ at all by ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 or 7 adopt$ only at a late p]iod & seldom employ$1 an acc\nt ( ! fur trade is n to be expect$ 9 _! writ+s4 ,i am well aw>e t ,isaac ,vossius _h an idea t ! hi/ory ( ! gold5 fleece might be consid]$ z ! olde/ trace ( x#gdj1 & !re=e ass]t$ t ! object ( ! ,argonautic exp$ition to ,col*is 0 a comm]cial speculation1 z 0 ! case ) ! voyages ( ! ,engli% to ,nootka ,s\nd4 ,x is also true t ?is op9ion met ) "s approbation2 b x has no m probability ?an t ent]ta9$ by ! al*ymi/s 9 reg>d to ! same exp$ition s9ce ! "t ( ,suidas4 ,t ! ,col*i1 inde$1 c>ri$ on a v ext5sive trade is suffici5tly prov$ by ! te/imony ( ,pl9y & ,/rabo2 b ! latt]1 9 ! catalogue ( w>es1 m5tions timb] = %ip-build+1 pit*1 wax1 l95 & hemp1 b n furs1 :i* at t "t c\ld n be an article mu* s\ght aft] 9 =eign comm]ce4 ,ano!r acc\nt :i* we read 9 ,pl9y seems mu* r to ref] to ! fur trade4 ,i "h allude to t quot$ by ,bttig]#gda1 f :i* x appe>s t furs 7 reckon$ among ! articles obta9$ at t "t f ! ,s]es#gdb4 ,i1 h[ev]1 freely confess t ,i _c readily admit ?is s+le ^w ( ,pl9y z a complete pro(4 ,z f> z ,i h yet be5 able to f9d1 o!r writ]s1 among ! articles furni%$ by ! ,*9ese1 m5tion iron1 pe>ls1 silk1 cotton1 & silk or cotton clo!s1 b say no?+ ( furs2 & x is v improbable t a c\ntry :i* produc$ silk or cotton c\ld supply su* furs z w\ld be wor? convey+ to s great a di/ance4 ,! only ?+ ,i c admit is1 t ! furs 7 br\ght by a transit trade to ,europe2 t is to say1 ! ,s]es obta9$ !m f ! fur c\ntries1 prop]ly s call$1 or ^? :i* at pres5t furni% sables1 & aga9 sold !m to ! ,romans4 ,n[ ?is 0 a v circuit\s r\te1 :e!r we consid] ,s]ica to h be5 ,*9a1 ,siam1 or ! ,less] ,bu*>ia2 yet n s circuit\s z t by :i* ! ,*9ese obta9$ f ! ,engli%1 ?r\gh ,russia1 ! be/ beav]-sk9s br\ght f ,canada & ,hudson's ,bay4 ,7 we to reckon among ! pelles ,s]um ( ,pl9y ! lucida vell]a1 tactu mollia ,s]um1 m5tion$ by ,s5eca1 ,boe?ius & o!rs1 we %\ld und\bt$ly be 9 an error2 = ^! may be expla9$ by ! false in=mation :i* at t "t 0 obta9$ p>tly 9 reg>d to cotton1 & p>tly 9 reg>d to silk1 & :i* may be se5 9 ,sol9us#gdc & o!rs4 ,is x n possible t ^! lucida vell]a may h be5 meant likewise by ,pl9y8 ,i h "s d\bts also respect+ a passage ( ,/rabo1 :]e he relates t among ! w>es br\ght by ! nomadic tribes ( ,europe & ,asia to ! ,tanais1 or pres5t ,azoph1 at ! m\? ( ! ,don1 !re 7 slaves & furs#gdd4 ,x is c]ta9 t d]mata may signify1 n only furs1 b also tann$ sk9s4 ,if ,/rabo "h meant furs1 ,i am incl9$ to conjecture t !y 7 dispos$ ( 9 ! ne>e/ c\ntries1 b did n come into ! ,european trade2 & ! case1 p]haps1 0 ! same ) ! slaves m5tion$ 9 ! same passage4 ,polybius also1 among ! w>es br\ght f ,pontus to ,byzantium1 m5tions d]mata#gde4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 confess1 t if ,i f\nd t ! ,romans actually obta9$ d]mata f ,asia1 ,i %\ld c>efully exam9e :e!r "u t t]m sk9s1 or ev5 dy$ lea!r1 7 n r meant4 ,sk9s1 & p>ticul>ly = milit>y purposes1 !y inde$ procur$ f v di/ant places4 ,?us ! ,friesl&]s1 in/ead ( a tax1 7 oblig$ to supply ox-hides#gdf2 & x may be prov$ by ! te/imony ( v>i\s writ]s1 t ! art ( giv+ a beautiful dye to lea!r is v old 9 ,asia2 & !re=e t _m k9ds ( :at we call morocco 0 at an e>ly p]iod br\ght f !nce to ,europe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f :at is said by lian#gdg1 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt t 9 8 "t a trade 9 furs 0 c>ri$ on ) ,p]sia4 ,to t c\ntry 7 s5t1 he says1 ! s(t sk9s ( ! ,pontic m\se1 :i*1 :5 sew$ toge!r1 =m$ w>m dresses4 ,i am conv9c$ also t m pro(s might be f\nd ( ! use ( fur-clo?+ among ! ,p]sians4 ,!y employ$ furs likewise in/ead ( mattresses & bol/]s4 ,?us we are told by ,plut>*#gdh t ,ph>nabazus recl9$ ^u s(t furs3 & x is n improbable t ! r\gh or ?ick w9t] gloves ( ! ,p]sians1 m5tion$ by ,x5ophon1 7 ( ! same mat]ial#gdi4 ,x is /at$ by mod]n travell]s1 t at pres5t sable & erm9e sk9s are among ! mo/ common & valuable ornam5ts ( ! ,p]sians2 & x is well kn[n t ! co/ume ( ^! p is v old1 because !y are n expos$ z we are to ! influ5ce ( fickle fa%ion4 ,b ! ,p]sian sk9s1 pelles ,p>?ic or ,p]sic1 :i* are (t5 extoll$1 especially 9 lat] times1 on acc\nt ( _! beauty1 d n belong to ?is head2 ?\gh ,vossius1 ,brisson & ,gesn]1 consid] !m to h be5 sables4 ,!y 7 und\bt$ly diff]5t k9ds ( dy$ lea!r1 ( :i* %oes 7 made = pr9ces & opul5t p]sons4 ,9 ! "t ( ! emp]or ,maximianus1 a ,roman soldi] hav+ f\nd a lea!rn purse :i* conta9$ real pe>ls1 ?rew away ! latt] & reta9$ only ! purse1 because x _h a beautiful col\r#gej4 ,( ! same k9d ( lea!r 0 t dy$ ) k]mes1 m5tion$ by ,zosimus#gea2 & t :i* by ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5etes1 :]e he m5tions all ^? w>es :i* ! nor!rn nations obta9$ ?r\gh ,con/ant9ople1 is expressly nam$ highly-dy$ ,p]sian lea!r4 ,( a simil> k9d1 z appe>s1 0 ! ,babylonian lea!r4 ,zon>as#geb speaks ( a co/ly t5t made ( x2 & 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,j]ome x 0 consid]$ z an object ( luxury4 ,z ,p]sian & ,babylonian lea!r are m5tion$ at ! same "t1 !re is reason to ?9k t a di/9ction 0 made 9 comm]ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds#gec4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e1 among ! p]sons *>g$ to furni% articles = ! imp]ial w>drobe at ,con/ant9ople1 & :o on t acc\nt enjoy$ c]ta9 immunities1 m5tions ! p>?ic>ii1 p>tic>ii1 or p>?i>ii#ged2 & ?\gh we are unc]ta9 9 reg>d to ! or?ography1 x may be readily conceiv$ t ^! words d n allude1 z ,vossius says1 to furri]s1 b to m]*ants :o dealt 9 co/ly dy$1 & p]haps pa9t$ sk9s1 :i* !y procur$ f ,p]sia4 ,x is well-kn[n t at pres5t ! ,p]sians und]/& ! art ( prep>+ & dye+ _m k9ds ( lea!r 9 a m beautiful mann] ?an ! ,europeans2 & among ^! 9 p>ticul> are %agre5 & morocco1 :i* are /ill import$ f ! ,ea/#gee4 ,f ! gr\nds "h adduc$1 ,i am l$ to conjecture t ! trade 9 furs to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe _h its comm5cem5t dur+ ! exp$itions ( ! nor!rn tribes to ,italy2 & ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,i h f\nd no old] in=mation on ?is subject ?an t furni%$ by ,jordanes or ,jorn&es1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,?is writ]1 speak+ ( ! nor!rn nations1 m5tions ! ,sue?ans1 & says#gef1 t ^! are ! p :o s5d to ! ,romans ! celebrat$ furs2 :i*1 h[ev]1 pass$ necess>ily ?r\gh ! h&s ( _m int]m$iate tribes4 ,^! ,sue?ans1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 inhabit$ a "p ( ,scanzia1 & t "u ?is "n he includ$ ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,lapl&1 ,f9l&1 c4 has be5 already prov$ by ,masc\#geg4 ,soon aft] he m5tions also ,hanug>i1 :om he reckons among ! ,scy?ians2 ^! he says 7 kn[n on acc\nt ( _! trade ) m\se-sk9s#geh4 ,x is too well kn[n to require any pro(1 t 9 ! olde/ p]iods ! :ole ri*es ( ! nor!rn c\ntries consi/$ 9 furs2 t ^!1 if n ! only1 7 ! pr9cipal w>es export$1 & t all taxes 7 paid ) !m4 ,o!r1 :o liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 /ates ! numb] ( m>t51 re9-de]1 be> & ott] sk9s1 :i* 7 deliv]$ annually by ! ,f9l&]s & ,norwegians#gei4 ,:5 ,?orolf1 9 ! ye> #hgh1 s5t a %ip to ,engl& ) m]*&ise1 !re 7 among x pelles mu/el9 alb#gfj4 ,i %all rem>k also1 t s e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury sk9s & lea!r began to be c\nt$ by decuri2 f :i* is d]iv$ ! appellation de*]1 adopt$ into ! ,engli%1 ,sw$i% & ,dani% languages1 z well z ! ^w dacra or dacrum pellium#gfa1 us$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,sables & erm9es1 h[ev]1 are /ill sold by zimm]n2 & ?is appellation also is v old4 ,a timb] ( h>e-sk9s occurs ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 & unum timbrium m>tr9>um z e>ly z #abjg4 ,at pres5t a zimm] makes f\r de*]s or tw5ty pairs1 & 9 ! "t ( ,george ,agricola sable-sk9s 7 sold 9 ?is mann]1 =ty 9 "o lot#gfb4 ,b a zimm] has n always be5 ! same 9 all c\ntries & at all times2 at any rate 9 ,france a zimm]1 timbre1 0 reckon$ to conta9 sixty sk9s4 ,be=e ,i proce$ fur!r1 ,i mu/ endeav\r to expla9 ! diff]5t names ( furs :i* occur 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts2 b 9 ?is attempt ,i c sc>cely hope to atta9 to great probability4 ,! in=mation ( ! anci5ts 9 reg>d to ^? species ( animals ) ! c\ntry ( :i* !y 7 n acqua9t$1 is exce$+ly defective4 ,:at !y relate 0 obta9$ f ! acc\nts ( m]*ants2 & ^!1 9 all probability1 ?r\gh a pr9ciple ( self-int]e/1 falsifi$ ! little t !y really knew4 ,besides1 ! anci5t writ]s d n always accurately di/+ui% ! names ( ! diff]5t furs1 nor affix to !m ! same mean+2 :i* is ! less surpris+1 z few "k h[ to give prop] names to ! pr9cipal k9ds ( furs ev5 at pres5t4 ,x is probable t ! sk9s ( ! erm9e1 m>t51 & squirrel1 became at a v e>ly p]iod objects ( comm]ce1 & =m$ ! *ief articles 9 ?is bran* ( trade2 b f ! little kn[n on ?is subject1 no zoologi/ w\ld v5ture to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! species4 ,he mu/ be s c&id z to admit all conjectures :i* he is n able to refute4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! sk9 ( ! m\se1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,pontic or ,caspian m\se1 is t ( :i* ! fir/ & mo/ frequ5t m5tion occurs 9 ! olde/ times4 ,t ! "n mus d5ot$ at fir/ n only t animal to :i* we apply x1 b also all small w>m-blood$ quadrup$s1 has be5 long ago rem>k$4 ,9 ! same mann] e l>ge animal 0 =m]ly call$ bos4 ,:5 ! ,romans fir/ saw elephants !y gave !m ! "n ( boves luc4 ,pausanias also calls ! rh9oc]os ! ,e?iopian ox2 & ,cs> names ! re9-de]1 ! ox ) /ag's horns4 ,! ox 0 ! l>ge/1 z ! m\se 0 ! smalle/1 w>m-blood$ animal ) :i* ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$1 & !re=e !y call$ all l>ge animals ox51 & all small ones mice#gfc4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 9 expla9+ ! anci5t names ( animals1 t at fir/ !y _h a mu* m ext5sive signification1 & "o mu/ endeav\r to conjecture :at ! animals compreh5d$ "u !m _h 9 common ) ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! anci5ts4 ,to words ( ?is k9d =mica seems to belong1 & p]haps ! pr9cipal idea relat$ to collect+ & lay+ up2 & p]haps 9 ?is mann] "o might be able to expla9 ! fable ( ! gold-se>*+ ants1 m5tion$ by ,h]odotus4 ,x is h[ev] (t5 difficult to conjecture :at ! pr9cipal idea 04 ,:at idea did ! anci5ts affix to ! t]m pass] 7sp>r[71 :5 !y call$ ! o/ri* ! l>ge ,libyan or ,arabian sp>r[8 ,we le>n no?+ m !re=e f ! words pelles murium1 ?an t !y 7 n ! sk9s ( l>ge animals4 ,! epi!ts ,pontic & ,caspian only %[1 t ^! w>es1 l _m o!rs1 7 br\ght f ,pontus & ! ,caspian sea4 ,f su* epi!ts 7 we to det]m9e ! orig9al c\ntry ( any article us$ 9 comm]ce1 or ! place :]e x 0 fir/ produc$1 we %\ld (t5 fall into error4 ,w>es 7 frequ5tly call$ ,syrian1 ,turki% & ,arabian1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t !y 7 br\ght f v diff]5t c\ntries4 ,:at fur!r in=mation ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 reg>d to ?is species ( animal1 m]ely is1 t its sk9 0 exce$+ly s(t2 t x =m$ a good def5ce aga9/ ! w9d1 & t a great _m ( !m 7 sew$ toge!r 9 ord] to make a g>m5t#gfd4 ,n[1 if cr$it be giv5 to ! acc\nt ( ,ari/otle & ,pl9y1 t ! ,pontic m\se belongs to ! rum9at+ class ( animals1 h[ c any?+ *>act]i/ic be d$uc$ f x8 ,^? :o wi% to af=d m room = conjecture might1 f a passage ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 r5d] x probable t ?is k9d ( fur _h ! same smell z musk4 ,musk inde$ 0 !n kn[n2 b is x n possible t ?is fa!r may h consid]$ ! musk animal to be a m\se1 z ,conrad ,gesn] suspect$8 ,to me x is m probable t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! musk bags us$ 9 comm]ce1 & nam$ !m p]egr9i muris ol5tes pellicul4 ,x h[ev] _c be prov$ by ?is passage1 t ! sk9 ( ! musk animal 0 pur*as$ = fur clo?+ on acc\nt ( its smell4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! sk9 ( ?is animal1 ) ! hair on x1 has n a musky smell2 & ?is is kn[n n only f ! description giv5 ( x1 b is prov$ by a sk9 :i* ,i obta9$ 9 a v fre% /ate4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is animal is z l>ge z a de] half a ye> old2 ! size !re=e w n w>rant ! use ( ! dim9utive pellicula4 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! sk9 does n af=d valuable fur4 ,! hair is ?ick2 almo/ bri/ly1 & s t5d] t x breaks ) ! lea/ =ce4 ,^! sk9s are us$ only by ! natives ( ! c\ntry :]e !y are produc$1 = caps & w9t] clo?+2 b :5 !y h be5 fre$ f ! hair1 & tann$ :ite1 !y =m lea!r exce$+ly s(t & f9e4 ,^? :o are satisfi$ ) an appe>ance ( probability may recollect1 9 read+ ! passage ( ,j]ome1 t ! sable1 :5 daily us$1 ?r[s out a fa9t & n unpleasant smell ( musk1 & ass]t t ! ,pontic m\se 0 ! sable4 ,f> m probable is ! conjecture ( our great zoologi/1 t mus ,ponticus 0 ! "n giv5 at fir/ to ! e>less m>mot1 ,m4 catili1 & t x 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! squirrel & erm9e#gfe4 ,?is op9ion he supports by ! obs]vation1 t ! torpidity 9 w9t]1 ! rum9ation1 & ! aff9ity to ! alp9e m\se1 ,m4 alp9us1 :i* ,pl9y seems to ackn[l$ge#gff1 agree bett] ) ! ,m4 catili ?an any o!r animal4 ,to ?is may be add$1 t x is said by ,hesy*ius & ,phavor9us1 t ! ,p>?ian "n ( ! animal 0 simoor2 & t ! e>less m>mot is /ill nam$ by ! ,t>t>s symron1 & by ! ,calmucks d%ymbura4 ,! simil>ity is inde$ great1 & ?is op9ion is fur!r confirm$ by ! sk9s ( ! e>less m>mot be+ us$ at pres5t by "s ( ! ,sib]ian tribes = summ] clo?+1 & s5t z articles ( comm]ce1 ) o!r furs1 to ,*9a1 ?\gh !y belong only to ! *eape/ k9ds1 s t a ?\s& ( !m co/ sc>cely eight or t5 r\bles#gfg4 ,amid/ ?is scanty in=mation1 7 ,i all[$ to (f] a conjecture1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ r to ! op9ion ( ^? :o consid] ! ,pontic m\se to h be5 our erm9e4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is animal is v abundant 9 ! c\ntries f :i* ! anci5ts obta9$ _! beautiful furs2 & x seems almo/ impossible t !y %\ld n at an e>ly p]iod h rem>k$ ! sup]iority ( its sk9 to t ( ! e>less m>mot4 ,secondly1 x appe>s t ! ,pontic m\se has be5 commonly consid]$ z ! erm9e1 s9ce t "n 9 g5]al 0 kn[n2 & !re is reason to ?9k t our =efa!rs c\ld n err 9 ! "n ( an article :i* has be5 un9t]rupt$ly employ$ 9 comm]ce4 ,! "n erm9e occurs v (t5 9 works ( ! middle ages1 & writt5 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z ,h>mell9a1 ,h>mel9us1 ,ermel9us1 ,h>m9i & ,arm9i or ,arm]9 or h]em9i pelles1 ,erm5a1 ,erm9ea & erm9atus1 ornam5t$ ) erm9e2 all :i* words ,du ,cange supports by pro(s4 ,at :at "t ^! names 7 fir/ us$ ,i am n able to det]m9e2 b !y are to be f\nd1 at any rate1 z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury1 9 ! lett]s ( ,pet] ,damiani#gfh4 ,du ,cange ass]ts t !y came f ,arm5ia1 9 :i* c\ntry ?is k9d ( fur 0 9 old times highly e/eem$1 z is prov$ by a passage 9 ,julius ,pollux2 & ?is appe>s ! m probable1 f ! circum/ance t ! words ,h]m5ia & ,h]m5ii 7 =m]ly us$ & writt5 in/ead ( ,arm5ia & ,arm5ii#gfi4 ,fis*] has reject$ ?is op9ion too inconsid]ately1 because ! erm9e 0 n procur$ f ,arm5ia1 b s5t ?r\gh x1 f ! nor!rn c\ntries to ,europe4 ,! same ?+ is said by ,du ,cange2 b he gives x to be und]/ood t ?is commodity 0 among ! ,arm5ian productions2 & ev5 if he has err$ 9 ?is respect1 8 d]ivation /ill rema9s ! mo/ probable4 ,m>co ,polo1 ! celebrat$ travell] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5tions ! erm9e among ! mo/ exp5sive ornam5ts ( ! ,t>t>s1 & says t x 0 br\ght f ! nor!rn c\ntries to ,europe4 ,! sable seems to h be5 kn[n mu* lat] ?an ! erm9e4 ,its real c\ntry is ! mo/ nor!rn "p ( ,asia1 to :i* comm]ce 0 n ext5d$ till a late p]iod2 yet x is probable t x 0 kn[n be=e ! ,russians became acqua9t$ ) ,sib]ia1 by means ( ! ,p]mians1 ,woguls & ,samoeides1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is also fully prov$ t ! f9e furs ( ,sib]ia 7 ! production :i* induc$ ! ,russians to make a conque/ ( t c\ntry#ggj4 ,besides1 sables exi/$ =m]ly 9 ,p]mia1 :]e at pres5t !y are v sc>ce4 ,! num]\s rema9s ( antiquity /ill f\nd 9 ,sib]ia prove t at a v e>ly p]iod x 0 inhabit$ by a p :o c>ri$ on comm]ce1 & 7 well-acqua9t$ ) ! arts4 ,conrad ,gesn] believ$ t ! "n sable occurs = ! fir/ "t 9 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o wrote 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "u ! ^w ,cebalus1 or ,*ebalus4 ,9 ! same c5tury ,m>co ,polo m5tions1 at lea/ 9 ! ,lat9 translation1 zibell9a pellis1 z a valuable k9d ( fur4 ,b if sabelum be ! sable1 z ! simil>ity ( ! ^w seems to %[1 x mu/ h be5 kn[n 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & ev5 e>li]4 ,! "n sabelum occurs 9 ,alanus ,insulanus1 & ,du ,cange f\nd sabel9 pelles z e>ly z ! ye> #aach1 ?\gh sabelum p]haps means ! m>t54 ,gebell9ica pellis1 gibel9i or gibell9i m>tores1 7 m5tion$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & sabell9 & gebell9ic pelles 7 und\bt$ly ! same#gga4 ,i %all n h[ev] ent] fur!r into ?is inquiry1 :i* x appe>s w\ld be endless1 & at ! same "t ( little b5efit4 ,! m>t51 ! fur ( :i* approa*es ne>e/ to t ( ! sable1 appe>s to be fir/ m5tion$ by ,m>tial1 :o says1 speak+ ( an unsuccessful hunt+ excursion1 t ! hunt] 0 ov]joy$ if he caught only a m>t5#ggb4 ,b ! read+ is v d\btful2 = _m1 in/ead ( m>tes1 read meles2 & ! latt] occurs 9 ,v>ro1 ,pl9y1 & o!r writ]s1 :]eas ! =m] is f\nd n[h]e else4 ,9 ! middle ages1 h[ev]1 or at any rate 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 m>tures1 m>dr9i1 & m>tur9 ve/es frequ5tly occur2 & ,i c see no reason :y !y may n be consid]$ z m>t5 sk9s1 a "n :i* has be5 reta9$ 9 all ! ,european languages4 ,) z little c]ta9ty c x be det]m9$ :at our =efa!rs meant by ! words v>es1 v>ii1 vairus1 vajus1 v>us1 vayrus1 veyrus or ! vair ( ! ,fr5*1 & "u griseum & grisum4 ,t !y belong to co/ly k9ds ( fur is univ]sally admitt$4 ,sometimes v>ium & griseum appe> to be ! same2 & sometimes ! =m] seems to be m valuable ?an ! latt]4 ,t ! =m] 0 spott$1 or p>ti-col\r$1 is app>5tly ann\nc$ by ! "n2 = bo? ! leop>d & pan!r are by ,pl9y call$ v>i4 ,:at 9 h]aldry is nam$ by ! ,fr5* vair1 & ! ,g]mans eis5htle91 vellus v>ium1 & :i* is consid]$ by ! =m] z ! sk9 ( an animal gray on ! back & :ite on ! belly#ggc1 alludes to ?is also4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x seems to signify a fur dress compos$ ( diff]5tly-col\r$ pieces ( fur sew$ toge!r4 ,mo/ writ]s are ( op9ion t x means grauw]k1 petit-gris1 ve*1 veh1 ve*1 vehwamm51 also ! squirrel2 & !re is c]ta9ly a species ( t animal :i* might ju/ify ! "n v>ius1 z its sk9 is at pres5t employ$ = v>iegat$ bord]+ or trimm+2 b ,i d n "k :e!r grauw]k#ggd c\ld be s de> z v>ium is said to h be51 z x is among ! productions ( ,europe1 ?\gh ! be/ at pres5t comes f ,sib]ia4 ,! ^w veeh is d]iv$1 z ,fris* says1 f ! ,italian vaio2 ! latt]1 accord+ to ,muratori#gge1 is =m$ f v>ius1 & ev5 at pres5t a dress l9$ ) fur is call$ roba vaja4 ,cirogill9 pelles1 nam$ by ! c\ncil ( ,p>is 9 ! ye> #abab1 7 rabbit sk9s#ggf4 ,rabbit w>r5s1 s e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 7 n sc>ce 9 ,engl&2 = 9 a lett] ( grace respect+ ! =e/s1 9 #abae1 e proprietor 0 p]mitt$ to e/abli% !m on 8 own l&s#ggg4 ,by ! t]m catt9 pelles#ggh1 :i* are also (t5 nam$1 mu/ und\bt$ly be und]/ood cats' sk9s4 ,9 ,france1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! sk9s ( native animals 7 consid]$ z ( little value2 b ! ,spani% & ,italian 7 highly priz$4 ,! sk9s ( ! black fox1 :i* at pres5t are ! de>e/ k9d ( furs1 z a s+le "o 9 ,russia is (t5 sold = six hundr$ & ev5 a ?\s& r\bles1 occur 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 among ! w>es :i* 7 s5t f ! mo/ nor!rn c\ntries to ,europe#ggi2 & )\t d\bt ^! 7 meant by ,damiani 9 ! passage above quot$#ghj4 ,clo?+ made ( ! beav] sk9 occurs mu* e>li]4 ,x seems to be m5tion$ by ,claudian#gha 9 ! f\r? c5tury2 & x is spok5 ( by ,ambrosius#ghb1 :o liv$ at ! same p]iod4 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 call$ ^? :o wore x ca/or9ati4 ,! s*olia/ ( ,juv5al1 :o inde$ belongs to an unkn[n b mu* lat] p]iod1 has also pelles bebr9 or bev]94 ,z ! erm9e 0 call$ ! ,pontic m\se1 ! beav] 0 nam$ ! ,pontic dog4 ,i h[ev] firmly believe t ?is ca/or clo?+ 0 no m fur clo?+1 ?an our beav] hats are fur hats4 ,at t "t ! hair 0 spun & wove2 & ,claudian1 9 my op9ion1 speaks ( a worn-out beav] dress1 :i* _h no?+ m left ( t valuable fur b ! "n4 ,?is me?od ( manufactur+ beav]s' hair seems n to h be5 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y2 = ?\gh he speaks mu* ( ! ca/or1 & m5tions pellis fibr9a#ghc ?ree times1 he says no?+ 9 reg>d to manufactur+ ! hair1 or to beav] fur4 ,z attempts1 h[ev]1 _h !n be5 made to manufacture ! fur ( ! h>e1 x is probable t beav] hair began to be worn soon aft]4 ,isidorus1 :o liv$ ne>ly ab\t t p]iod1 z he di$ 9 #fcf1 reckons beav] hair1 :i* he calls fibr9um1 among ! mat]ials employ$ = mak+ clo?#ghd2 & :]e he enum]ates ! diff]5t k9ds ( clo?1 he m5tions also ve/is fibr9a1 & says t ! w>p 0 ( beav]1 & ! wo( ( goats' hair1 p]haps ! s-call$ camel hair#ghe4 ,an upp] g>m5t ( ?is clo? 0 worn by ! emp]or ,nicephorus ,,ii4 ,phocas1 at 8 coronation 9 ! ye> #ifc1 :i* und\bt$ly 0 n a ca/or pelisse2 because fur clo?+1 z ,i %all soon prove1 0 n fa%ionable at ! c\rt ( ! ,greek emp]ors#ghf4 ,x des]ves "h to be rem>k$1 t furs began to be dy$ s e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury2 & x appe>s t ! col\r 0 *iefly r$1 = we f9d pelles rubricat arietum1 t is1 %eep-sk9s dy$ r$2 b ,du ,cange ?9ks he c prove t ! sk9s ( ! m>t5 & erm9e 7 dy$ ( ! same col\r4 ,?is ,i c believe 9 reg>d to ! erm9e2 b to dye ! d>k fur ( ! m>t5 & sable w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be h>dly possible4 ,/4 ,b]n>d#ghg says1 t su* r$ dy$ lea!r 9 ! twelf? c5tury 0 call$ gul1 :i*1 ) ,h]m9 engol ( ! old poets1 seems to signify ! same ?+1 erm9e sk9s dy$ r$4 ,:5 fur dresses became fa%ionable 9 ,italy1 !y 7 soon spread all ov] ,europe4 ,at fir/ ! be/ indig5\s furs 7 employ$2 b aft]w>ds ^? ( =eign c\ntries1 z be+ sup]ior2 & ! de>] !y 71 ! m !y 7 e/eem$4 ,at e c\rt !y =m$ ! /ate co/ume ( ! reign+ family1 & 9 a little "t t ( ! ri*e/ nobility4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! mantle1 cottes d'armes ( ! knights1 :i* !y drew ov] _! cuirass or h>ness1 0 bord]$ ) ! co/lie/ furs4 ,x _h no sleeves1 & resembl$ ! dress ( c]emony worn by our h]alds4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 z is well kn[n1 erm9e & o!r k9ds ( fur became p>ts ( ! olde/ coats ( arms4 ,sometimes magnific5ce1 9 ?is respect1 0 c>ri$ to su* an extravagant l5g?1 t morali/s declaim$ aga9/ x1 :ile gov]nm5ts endeav\r$ to limit ! use ( furs by laws1 & ! cl]gy to prohibit !m entirely4 ,_m k9ds1 !re=e1 7 reta9$ only by ! pr9cipal nobility1 & o!rs 7 =bidd54 ,*>lemagne1 h[ev]1 wore 9 w9t] a pelisse :i* cov]$ 8 %\ld]s & brea/2 b be+ an enemy to all =eign dress1 he employ$ only ! furs ( 8 native c\ntry2 &1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( "s manuscripts1 ott] sk9s alone#ghh4 ,x nev]!less appe>s t ! co/ly ori5tal furs 7 !n kn[n at 8 c\rt2 = hav+ gone out hunt+ ) 8 suite1 on a cold ra9y holiday1 he himself wore only a %eep's sk92 b ! dresses ( 8 att5dants1 :o _h become acqua9t$ 9 ,italy ) ! valuable articles 9 :i* ! ,v5etians !n dealt1 consi/$ ( =eign clo? & furs4 ,^!1 :5 ?or\ghly dr5*$ & dri$ at ! fire1 crumbl$ to pieces4 ,! emp]or !n caus$ 8 %eep's sk9 :5 dri$ to be rubb$1 & %[+ x to 8 c\rti]s ridicul$ !m on _! =eign fur dresses1 :i* ?\gh exp5sive 7 ( little use#ghi4 ,! imp]ial pr9cesses1 h[ev]1 on holidays wore dresses ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones1 gold1 silv] & silk1 & also =eign furs2 at any rate ! pr9cess ,b]ta _h a valuable mantle or tippet ( erm9e1 :i* ,alcu9 calls mur9a#gij4 ,fur gloves 7 at t "t usual also4 ,! monks1 at lea/1 9 w9t] wore gloves ( %eep's sk91 :i* 7 call$ mufful2 :]eas ! summ] gloves 7 nam$ wanti#gia4 ,9 ! ,wel% laws ( ,hywel ,dda1 :o reign$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! sk9 ( an ox1 a de]1 a fox1 a wolf & an ott]1 are e/imat$ at ! same price1 t is1 eight times z de> z ! sk9 ( a %eep or a goat4 ,! sk9 ( a :ite weazle 0 elev5 times z de>1 t ( a m>t5 tw5ty-f\r times1 & t ( a beav] "o hundr$ & tw5ty#gib4 ,9 ! ye> #ajja ! emp]or ,otto ,,iii4 s5t an ambassador to ,con/ant9ople1 ^: att5dants 7 clo!d 9 co/ly furs#gic4 ,adam ( ,brem51 :o liv$ 9 ! same c5tury1 says1 9 8 description ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on ,pol& & ,russia1 t f ^! di/ricts 7 procur$ ^? co/ly furs :i* 7 s eag]ly pur*as$ by ! luxuri\s#gid4 ,:5 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 9 ! ye> #ajif1 paid a visit to ! emp]or ,alexius at ,con/ant9ople1 :at ! latt] *iefly admir$ 0 ! ri* & co/ly dresses ( ! ,europeans bord]$ ) furs#gie4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury ! canons ( a ca!dral suff]$ !mselves to be corrupt$ by beautiful furs#gif4 ,! use ( !m1 h[ev]1 0 =bidd5 to ! cl]gy at "o ( ! c\ncils4 ,accord+ to t ( ,london1 9 #aabg1 ! abbesses & nuns 7 to we> ^? only made ( lamb-sk9s & cat-sk9s#gig4 ,9 ! ye> #aahg1 :5 ! ,*ri/ians 7 beat5 ne> ,tib]ias1 c\nt ,raimond hav+ trea*]\sly gone ov] to ! ,turks1 ! latt] f\nd among ! plund] ( ! ,*ri/ian camp a complete assortm5t ( furs#gih4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,gottfri$ or ,gaufr$1 prior ( ,vigeois1 compla9$ t no "o w\ld any long] we> %eep-sk9s & fox-sk9s1 :i* be=e _h be5 worn by b>ons & ! pr9cipal cl]gy#gii4 ,we h[ev] f9d t pr9ces sometimes endeav\r$ by ! mo/ effective means to re/ra9 ?is magnific5ce4 ,:5 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,france & ,ri*>d ,i4 ( ,engl&1 ab\t ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 und]took a crusade to ! ,holy ,l&1 !y resolv$ t nei!r ( !m %\ld we> erm9e1 sable1 or o!r co/ly furs#hjj4 ,x appe>s t a simil> resolution 0 adopt$ by ,/4 ,l\is 7,l\is ,,ix47 9 ! foll[+ c5tury2 = ! hi/orians1 speak+ ( 8 crusade1 expressly say t he avoid$ all magnific5ce1 & wore no co/ly furs#hja4 ,9 ! ye> #accf1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 k+ ( ,engl&1 :5 =eign articles import$ into ! k+dom began to be tax$1 x 0 enact$1 t no p]son ^: ye>ly income did n am\nt to a hundr$ p\nds %\ld we> furs1 "u ! p5alty ( los+ !m#hjb4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 #adig1 citiz5s :o did n belong to ! nobility or eque/rian ord] 7 =bidd5 to we> l9+ ( sable or erm9e4 ,accord+ to an ord9ance ( #aecj1 common citiz5s1 tradesm51 & %opkeep]s 7 to we> no trimm$ clo!s1 nor to use m>t5 or o!r co/ly l9+1 & ! ri* 7 to we> l9+ made only ( lamb-sk9s1 or ^? ( ! c[1 fox1 weasel1 & ! l4 ,m]*ants & tradespeople 7 n to we> m>t51 sable1 or erm9e1 & at mo/ weasel-sk9s2 & _! wives 7 to we> ! fur only ( ! squirrel4 ,c\nts & lords 7 all[$ all k9ds ( l9+1 sable & su* l exp5sive k9ds except$4 ,! latt] p]mission 0 repeat$1 ^w = ^w1 9 ! ye> #aedh4 ,:5 "o consid]s h[ mu* ! use ( fur dresses 0 spread all ov] ,europe1 x mu/ excite a/oni%m5t t !y 7 n introduc$ at ! c\rt ( ,byzantium4 ,no traces ( !m are to be f\nd 9 any ( ! ,byzant9e hi/orians2 n ev5 9 t "w 9 :i* ! emp]or ,con/ant9e describes ! :ole c]emonial ( 8 c\rt1 & 9 :i* dresses ( v>i\s k9ds are nam$1 z ,reiske has already rem>k$#hjc4 ,furs are n[h]e repres5t$ on ,grecian /atues1 9 pa9t+s1 or o!r works ( art2 & x w be se5 9 ! passages quot$1 t 9 ! magnific5ce :i* ! ,european pr9ces display$ 9 ! "t ( ! crusades at ! c\rt ( ,con/ant9ople1 no?+ attract$ s mu* att5tion z ! diff]5t k9ds ( fur dresses4 ,?is seems ! m a/oni%+1 z a great trade 0 c>ri$ on at t "t betwe5 ,con/ant9ople & ^? c\ntries f :i* ^! w>es 7 s5t to ,europe4 ,ov] "o ( ! gates ( ,milan is an image cut out 9 /one ( ! twelf? c5tury1 repres5t+ an emp]or ^: mantle is ornam5t$ ) small triangul> pat*es ( fur4 ,flamma believ$ t ?is c>v+ 0 int5d$ to repres5t "o ( ! ,greek emp]ors2 b ,giul9i ju/ly rem>ks1 9 opposition to ?is op9ion1 t furs nev] occur 9 any ( ! ,greek sculpture4 ,besides1 t image 0 evid5tly =m$ to ridicule ! emp]or1 z is prov$ by ! hide\s mon/] seat$ close to him4 ,b at t "t ! ,milanese c]ta9ly _h no cause to (f5d ! ,greek emp]or1 ) :om !y 7 9 alliance2 & ,giul9i has prov$1 9 a v satisfactory mann]1 t ! ,milanese erect$ ?is image to ridicule ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i41 :o 0 _! bitt]e/ enemy#hjd4 ,on ano!r image at ,milan1 cut out 9 /one1 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* repres5ts ! emp]or ( ,g]many on 8 ?rone1 surr\nd$ by ! electors1 ! latt] h small mantles1 :i* are ornam5t$ ) triangul> pat*es ( fur ( ! same k9d#hje4 ,s9ce ! discov]y & settlem5t ( ,canada1 furs or peltries h mo/ly be5 obta9$ f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica1 "s f ! /ates ( ,rio de la ,plata1 a few f ,g]many1 ,holl&1 c4 ,! success obta9$ by ! ,fr5* aft] _! settlem5t 9 ,canada 9 #afjh1 induc$ ! =mation ( ! ,engli% ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 :i* 0 *>t]$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 9 #afgj1 ) ! exclusive privilege ( trad+ ) ! ,indians 9 ! va/ t]ritories adjo9+ ,hudson's ,bay4 ,b _! *>t] nev] hav+ be5 confirm$ by p>liam5t1 hunt+ 9 ^? regions 0 /ill consid]$ z op5 to all ,briti% subjects1 & _m engag$ 9 x4 ,9 #agff1 private adv5tur]s began to traffic f ,mi*illimak9ac1 ^: success incit$ o!rs to foll[ _! example2 & indep5d5t trad]s gradually spread ov] e "p ( ! c\ntry1 until #aghg1 :5 ^! scatt]$ p>ties 7 unit$ into "o great body1 "u ! "n ( ! 8,nor?-we/ ,company40 ,! rivalry ( ^! associations _h ! effect ( inspirit+ & ext5d+ ! trade1 & l$ to con/ant & furi\s di/urbances betwe5 ! two4 ,at l5g?1 9 #ahba1 ! two conc]ns unit$1 "u ! title ( ! 8,hudson's ,bay ,fur ,company10 ) mu* advantage to ! peace ( ! fur c\ntries1 & p]haps to ! p]man5t int]e/s ( ! trade4 ,! sk9s collect$ by ?is company are all %ipp$ to ,london1 mo/ly f _! factories ( ,york ,=t & ,moose ,=t 9 ,hudson's ,bay2 o!rs f ,=t ,vanc\v]1 on ! riv] ,columbia1 & f ,montreal4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! fur trade is *iefly prosecut$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,fur ,company1 ^: pr9cipal e/abli%m5t is at ,mi*illimak9ac1 :]e x receives sk9s f ! po/s dep5d+ on t /ation & f ^? on ! ,mississippi1 ,miss\ri & ,yell[/one riv]s1 & ! great range ( c\ntry ext5d+ !nce to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,( o!r associations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! mo/ celebrat$ are ,a%ley's ,company f ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,capta9 ,bonneville's1 =m$ at ,new ,york 9 #ahca2 :i* la/ has pu%$ its ent]prises into tracts betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! coa/s ( ,mont]rey & ,upp] ,cali=nia4 ,inde$ ! :ole ( ! di/ricts f ! ,mississippi to ! ,pacific1 & f ! ,arctic ,sea to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 are n[ trav]s$ 9 e direction by ! hunt]4 ,almo/ all ! ,am]ican furs :i* d n belong to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company f9d _! way to ,new ,york1 :]e !y are ei!r di/ribut$ = home consumption1 or export$ *iefly to ,london4 ,! fur trade is also ext5sively pursu$ by ! ,russians 9 ! nor? ( ,asia & ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,_! *ief association is ! ,russian ,am]ican ,company ( ,mosc[2 & ! pr9cipal m>kets = _! furs are ! fairs ( ,kia*ta1 ,novgorod & ,leipsic4 ,london is ! pr9cipal emporium ( ! fur trade3 ! vessels ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company arrive "h ab\t ,septemb]2 ! public sales are held 9 ,m>*1 & are att5d$ by a great _m =eign m]*ants1 ^: pur*ases are *iefly s5t to ! great fairs ( ,leipsic1 :5ce !y are di/ribut$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,,footnotes #gab ,pausan4 x4 #ch4 p4 #hie4 #gac ,sat4 xiv4 #ahe4 #gad ,v>ro ,de ,re ,ru/4 lib4 i4 #a1 #f4 #gae ,diodor4 ,siculus1 ,pausanias1 ,prop]tius4 #gaf ,virg4 neid4 viii4 #agg1 #cfh2 ix4 #cjf2 xi4 #egf4 ,to ! same purpose are v>i\s passages 9 ! ,odyssey4 #gag ,eleg4 iv1 #a4 #ab4 #gah ,lib4 iv4 #c1 #aa4 #gai ,see ,f]r>ius ,de ,re ,ve/i>4 iv4 #b4 #b4 9 ,!saurus ,antiquitat4 ,roman4 vi4 p4 #ijh4 ,ari/ophan4 ,nubes1 #a1 #a1 #gc4 #gbj ,livius1 v4 #b4 p4 #aa4--;,florus1 #a4 #ab4--,tacit4 ,annal4 #ad4 #ch4--;,corn4 ,nepos1 ,agesil4 cap4 #h4--,lipsius ,de ,militia ,rom4 lib4 v4 dial4 #a1 p4 #cac4 #gba ,lib4 viii4 #ee1 p4 #dhc4 ,! hair ( ?is animal seems to h be5 an article ( trade1 & compreh5d$ "u ! head ( wool1 z we f9d by ! ,roman code ( laws4 ,l4 #gj4 #i4--;,de ,legat4 #c1 or ,dige/4 lib4 xxxii4 leg4 #gj4 #i4 ,cu%ions h[ev] 7 /uff$ ) x4 ,see ,wa>5kunde1 i4 p4 #bga4 #gbb ,= ! foll[+ in=mation on ?is subject ,i am indebt$ to ! fri5d%ip ( ,pr(essor ,ei*orn3--8,( furs be+ us$ z dresses ( magnific5ce ,i f9d v fa9t traces4 ,i %all h[ev] quote all ! passages :]e allusion is made to furs4 8,9 ,g5esis1 *ap4 xxv4 v]4 #be1 ,esau is said to h felt to ! t\* l a hairy g>m5t1 4 ,a fur dress mu/ "h be meant2 = ,rebecca endeav\r$ to make ,jacob l 8 bro!r1 by b9d+ pieces ( goats' sk9s ar\nd 8 h&s & neck4--,g5esis xxvii4 v]4 #af4 8,9 ,jo%ua1 *ap4 vii4 v]4 #ba1 ! true read+ is 1 & signifies a ,babylonian mantle1 consequ5tly "o made ( wool1 respect+ :i* _m passages h be5 collect$ by v>i\s au?ors1 & p>ticul>ly ,fis*] 9 ,prolus4 de ,v]s4 ,grc4 ,vet4 ,te/4 p4 #hg4 ,"o manuscript1 accord+ to ,k5nicot1 has h[ev] 1 a hairy mantle or fur2 b ?is has aris5 ei!r ?r\gh an error 9 transcrib+1 "o consonant1 ,nun1 be+ omitt$2 or f ! conjecture ( "s ,jewi% copyi/1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) co/ly furs b n ) a ,babylonian mantle4 ,if ! read+ ( ,k5nicot is to be reta9$1 x w\ld1 on acc\nt ( ! price1 be an important passage1 9 reg>d to co/ly furs4 8,among ! ,hebrews1 ! prophets wore fur dresses1 if n 9 g5]al1 at any rate v (t54 8,! mantle ( ,elijah1 #b ,k+s1 *ap4 ii4 v]4 #h1 #ac1 #ad1 0 ( fur2 because on acc\nt ( 8 clo?+ he 0 call$ a hairy man1 #b ,k+s1 *ap4 i4 v]4 #h4 8,a hairy mantle1 z a m>k ( di/9ction1 is m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,ze*>iah1 *ap4 xiii4 v]4 #d4 8,9 #a ,maccabees1 *ap4 xiii4 v]4 #cg1 ! high prie/ ,simon obta9$ f k+ ,demetrius 1 :i* is c]ta9ly a false read+ = 1 or 4 ,! only "q is1 :e!r 1 :i* 0 m]ely a %eph]d's dress1 consequ5tly made ( %eep sk9s1 signifi$ also a dress ( /ate1 z !re is reason to conjecture f ! p]sons :o s5t & :o receiv$ x z a pres5t4 ,see ,!ocrit4 ,idyll4 iii4 #be4 et ibi ,s*ol4 ,furs1 z a pres5t1 9 ! hot climate ( ,bassorah1 are m5tion$ by ,niebuhr40 #gbc ,! be/ refutation ( ?is suppos$ ,v&alism is to be f\nd 9 ,s*lz]'s ,essay1 9 ! second edition ( ,f4 ,i4 ,l4 ,may]s ,fragm5t5 aus ,p>is4 ,hamb4 #agih1 #hvo1 ii4 p4 #cec4 ,n[h]e d we f9d t ! works ( art 7 de/roy$ by ! ,go?s or ,v&als2 on ! contr>y1 x appe>s t !y _h suffici5t culture to hold !m 9 j e/imation4 ,g5s]ic c>ri$ away works ( art f ,rome1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,romans _h done f ,greece2 b !y 7 c>efully pack$ up & n de/roy$2 he did !re=e :at ,bonap>te did 9 ^? c\ntries :i* 7 unable to )/& ! =ce ( 8 armies4 ,if ! epi!t ( ,v&alism is to be appli$ to mod]n ev5ts1 x seems mo/ applicable to ^? :o c>ri$ away works ( art f c\ntries into :i* ! conqu]ors promis$ to introduce ! rights ( man1 lib]ty1 & happ9ess4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ev51 & among ^! ,/4 ,augu/9e1 admit t ! ,go?s aft] _! victories 7 n s cruel & rapaci\s z ! ,romans4 ,orosius1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 relates1 t a ,go? ( high rank1 aft] ! tak+ ( ,rome1 hav+ f\nd 9 a h\se "s gold & silv] vessels :i* _h be5 plund]$ f ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 gave notice to ,al>ic1 & t ! latt] caus$ !m to be s5t back safe to ! *ur*4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! arms & acc\trem5ts ( ^! nor!rn tribes proves also t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! arts1 & t !y employ$ !m to ornam5t _! clo?+4 ,! fur dresses !re=e may h be5 v h&some4 #gbd ,gloss>ium1 p4 #abhb4 #gbe ,virgilii ,georg4 iii4 #cha4--,ovid4 ,tri/4 iii4 #aj1 #ai2 v4 #g1 #di4--;,ex ,ponto1 iv4 #aj1 #a4--;,ju/9us1 ii4 #b1 p4 #dc4--,s5eca1 epi/4 #ij4--,rutilii ,it9]4 ii4 #di4--;,claudian1 viii4 #dff2 xxvi4 #dha4--;,ammian4 ,m>cell4 xxxi4 #b4--,prud5tius 9 ,symma*um1 ii4 #fie4--;,isidor4 ,orig94 xix4 #bc4--,sidon4 ,apoll94 epi/4 i4 #b1 :]e he describes ,!odoric ,,ii4 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 ! son ( ,!odoric ,i4 & bro!r ( ,?orismundus3 pellitorum turba satellitum4 ,9 epi/4 vii4 #i1 ! k+s ( ! ,go?s are call$ pelliti reges4 #gbf ,tacitus ,de ,moribus ,g]man4 #ag4 #gbg ,v>iegat$ furs ( ?is k9d sew$ toge!r are m5tion$ by ,pollux1 vii4 #fj1 p4 #gbi4 #gbh ,plut>*us 9 ,lycurgo4 ,9 l mann]1 ! savages 9 ! ,s\? ,seas are acqua9t$ ) ! art ( giv+ m beauty & value to _! ornam5ts made ( fea!rs1 %ells1 & ! tee? ( _! enemies kill$ 9 battle4 #gbi ,lag]br+ ,svea ,rikes ,hi/4 ,"p #b4 p4 #hh4 #gcj ,at ?is p]iod ! ,danes appe> to h sp5t 9 eat+ & dr9k+ ! treasure !y obta9$ 9 plund]+2 !y employ$ _! "t only 9 hunt+ & bre$+ cattle1 & clo!d !mselves 9 ! sk9s ( _! %eep2 b ,canute endeav\r$ to introduce among !m ! ,saxon mann]s & dress4 ,he _h invit$ into 8 k+dom f ,l[] ,saxony1 :i* at t "t 0 consid]$ ! seat ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & ref9$ mann]s1 a great _m workm5 & arti/s1 a colony ( :om he e/abli%$ 9 ,roeskild1 ! capital4 #gca ,dige/or4 lib4 xxxiv4 #gcb ,de ,habitu ,muliebri1 cap4 i4 p4 #eea4 #gcc ,*>act4 cap4 #e et #ab4 #gcd ,apoph!gm4 #gce ,see ,h]odian1 ix4 #ac4 #gcf ,de ,in/itut4 ,orat4 xi4 #c1 #add4 #gcg ,lex4 #be1 ,de ,auro1 ,arg5to1 ,mundo4 #gch ,see ! in/ances quot$ by ,g4 ,s4 ,treu] 9 ,ana/asis ,vet]is ,g]mani ,g]manque ,fem94 ,helm/4 #agbi1 #dto4 #gci ,tri/4 v4 #aj1 #ca4 ,= a complete hi/ory ( _! dress ! read] mu/ consult ! au?ors quot$ 9 ,fabricii ,bibliograph4 ,antiqu>ia1 p4 #hfa2 & 9 ,pitisci ,lex4 ,antiq4 v4 ,bracca4 #gdj ,9 8 ,annotations on ,catullus1 p4 #ajj4 #gda ,9 t le>n$ & +5i\s "w1 ,erklrung d] ,vas5gemlde1 i4 #c1 p4 #ahf4 #gdb ,lib4 xxxiv4 cap4 #ad1 #da1 p4 #ffg4 #gdc ,cap4 #ej1 #c4 #gdd ,lib4 xi4 p4 #gee3 4 #gde ,hi/or4 lib4 iv4 p4 #cjf4 #gdf ,tacitus1 ,annal4 iv4 #gb4 #gdg ,hi/4 ,animal4 xviii4 #ag4 ,! s+ul> ^w 1 respect+ :i* a great deal has be5 said by ,pauw 9 8 annotations to ,phile de ,animal4 #dh1 p4 #bdf1 has lately be5 translat$ by ,bttig] v happily1 by ! ^w kaftane1 a k9d ( ,turki% robe4 ,9 ! pres5t day ^! dresses ( c]emony are ( cotton1 ) flocks ( silk work$ into !m1 & = ! mo/ "p are :iti%1 ) a few rudely-=m$ pale yell[ fl[]s3 b ! ^w =m]ly may h signifi$ clo!s 9 g5]al1 or fur clo?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & p]haps ! silk flocks may h be5 at fir/ int5d$ to repres5t fur4 ,t furs at pres5t are employ$ at ,bassorah z pres5ts1 is prov$ by ,pr(essor ,ei*orn4 #gdh ,vita ,agesilai1 p4 #fjb4 ,see also ,hell5ica1 lib4 iv4 #gdi ,cyropdia1 lib4 viii41 :]e he m5tions 4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 h[ev]1 did n we> gloves4 #gej ,ammian4 ,m>cell4 xxii4 #e1 p4 #bcb4 #gea ,lib4 v4 #da4 #geb ,annal4 lib4 xiii4 ,9 ,a!nu1 ,deipnos4 v4 p4 #aig1 ,callix5us describes ,p]sian c\nt]panes ) figures repres5t+ animals1 b ,i d n "k :e!r ,i ought n1 ) ,valois1 to consid] !m z pa9t$ lea!r1 or r work$ tape/ry4 #gec ,dige/4 lib4 xxxix4 tit4 #d1 #af1 #g1 or ,l4 ult4 #g1 de publicanis4 ,9 ,gronovii ,geographia ,antiqua1 p4 #bfa1 x is said t a great trade 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,cappadocia ) ,babylonian lea!r4 ,! ve/es lepor9 appe> to h be5 made ( ! hair ( ! ,angora rabbits4 #ged ,l4 #g1 ,c4 de excus4 mun4 or ,cod4 lib4 #aj1 tit4 #dg1 #g4 #gee ,*>d91 iv4 p4 #bde4 #gef ,de ,rebus ,geticis1 cap4 #c1 p4 #fab4 #geg ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]mans1 vol4 ii4 #geh ,cap4 #e1 p4 #faf4 #gei ,langebek ,scriptores ,r]um ,danic>um1 fol4 ii4 p4 #aaa4 #gfj ,torfi ,hi/4 ,norveg4 ,p4 #b1 p4 #cd4 ,comp>e ,s*lz]'s ,nordis*e ,ges*i*te 9 ,algem4 ,wel?i/or4 vol4 xxxi4 pp4 #dde1 #deh4--;,hav+ he>d f ,m4 ,s*lz] t ! fir/ c]ta9 traces ( ! ,russian fur trade 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ,russian ,*ronicles1 works nev] yet us$1 ,i reque/$ him1 z ! only p]son 9 ,g]many :o c\ld draw f ^! s\rces1 to transmit to me :at he _h rem>k$ on t subject4 ,i am indebt$ to him1 !re=e1 = ! foll[+ valuable in=mation1 ! result ( a labori\s comp>ison ( v>i\s manuscript *ronicles1 = :i* he w no d\bt receive ! read]'s ?anks4 8,! foll[+ passages are tak5 f ! t5 ,russian ,*ronicles1 ! great] "p ( !m /ill 9 manuscript1 z a pro( t f ! n9? c5tury tribute 9 furs 0 dem&$ f ! p 9 ,russia by _! conqu]ors4 ,i4 8,9 ! ye> #hei1 ! ,w>+ians1 :o came by sea1 _h tribute f ! ,ts*udi1 ! ,slavi1 ! ,m]i1 & ! ,kriwits*es1 a squirrel p] man4 ,! ,*az>es 79 ! ,crimea7 _h tribute f ! ,poles 7! inhabitants ( ! ,ukra971 ! ,sev]ians & ! ,wits*es1 a squirrel = ea* fireplace or he>?4 8,! squirrel ,sciurus vulg>is _h 9 ! old & new ,russian language ! five foll[+ names3--#a/4 #8,bla4' ,?is primitive ^w has be5 lo/ 9 ! new ,russian language1 b is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ronicles1 & 9 ! adjectives #8blij' & #8bliczij m*1 ,grauw]k' 7squirrel-sk9s74 #8,bl' 9 all ! ,sclavonic dialects signifies :ite4 ,c any connexion be discov]$ betwe5 ! squirrel & a :ite col\r8 #bnd4 #8,blka1' ! dim9utive ( ! =m]1 is at pres5t g5]ally curr5t4 #crd4 #8,wks*a1' f :i* is d]iv$1 #d?4 #8,wks*itza1' ! dim9utive4 #e?4 #8,wew]itza' is old1 b /ill exi/s 9 ! ,poli%4 8,! v>iations ( ^! words :i* occur 9 manuscripts are abundant1 & "s ( !m exce$+ly laughable4 ,"o transcrib] has #8bla2' mo/ ( ! re/ add #8wks*a1' #8wks*itza' or #8wew]itza1' z if #8bla' 7 ! adjective :ite4 ,two manuscripts say expressly1 #8bla1' t is #8wks*a4' ,9 "o1 h[ev]1 f #8bla wew]itza' has be5 made #8bla #8dewitza1' a fair or beautiful maid4 ,,ii4 8,9 ! ye> #hhc ,oleg w5t aga9/ ! ,drewians & ,sev]ians1 :om he oblig$ to pay tribute1 ea* a black m>t54 8#8,po cz]n kun' /&s 9 all ! manuscripts2 "o only has ! dim9utive #8kunitz4' ,ano!r bad manuscript1 :i* has #8kon1' a black horse1 is n wor?y ( any rem>k4 ,,iii4 8,9 #ifi ,svtoslav spoke to 8 "m & boy>s3 #8,i am n fond ( ,kief2 ,i w reside 9 ,p]eyaslawetz on ! ,danube4 ,!re ,i %all be 9 ! middle ( my l&s1 to :i* e ?+ good 9 my t]ritories fl[s3 f ! ,greeks gold & pavoloki 7silk-/uffs871 & w9e & fruit ( e k9d2 f ! ,ts*e*es 7,bohemians7 & ,hung>ians silv] & horses2 f ,russia skora1 wax1 honey1 & s]vants4' ,skora1 skura1 furs 7accord+ to ! ,great ,lexicon ( ! ,russian ,academy71 f :i* is d]iv$ skornak1 simil> furs prep>$4 ,t co>se sk9s or furs 79 ,russian s*urka71 su* z ! t]ga b\m1 impos$ by ! ,romans on ! ,friesl&]s1 are n "h meant1 is prov$ by a passage 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,nicon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae1 :]e x is relat$ ( a savage p1 :o liv$ f> to ! nor? on ! ,ural1 t !y gave skora = a knife & a hat*et4 8,t m>t5-sk9s1 z well z pieces ( !m 7mortki7 & ( squirrel-sk9s1 7 us$ z money 9 ,novogorod1 till ! ye> #adaa1 is well-kn[n f ,saml4 ,russ4 ,ges*i*te1 vol4 v4 p4 #dcj40 #gfa ,du ,cange ,gloss>ium4 #gfb ,de ,animantibus ,subt]4 p4 #dij4 #gfc ,v>ro ,de ,l+4 ,lat4 lib4 vi4 p4 #ea4 #gfd ,s5eca1 epi/4 #ij4 #gfe ,pallas1 ,nov ,species ,quadr4 e ,glirium ord4 #aggh1 p4 #abj4 #gff ,lib4 viii4 #cg4 #gfg ,pallas1 p4 #adb4 ,i %all "h take occasion to rem>k1 t ! use ( ?is animal's sk91 z well z ! "n1 occurs 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 9 ,b]n>dus ,sylve/]4 #gfh ,lib4 ii4 ep4 #b4 #gfi ,see a diss]tation ,de l',orig9e des ,c\leurs et des ,mtaux dans les ,armoiries1 add$ by ,du ,cange to 8 edition ( ,jo9ville4 ,p>is1 #affh1 fol4 p4 #abg4 ,see also ! article ,h]m9e1 9 8 ,gloss>y to ,ge(froy de ,ville-,h>d\9's ,conque/e de ,con/ant9ople2 or ! same 9 ,diction4 ,etymolog4 #ggj ,mull]s ,samlung ,russis*] ,ges*i*te1 vi4 p4 #dia4 ,fis*]s ,sibiris*e ,ges*i*te4 ,/4 ,pet]sb4 #agfh1 #hvo1 p4 #bij4 #gga ,du ,cange1 9 8 obs]vations on ,jo9ville1 p4 #acg1 ?9ks t ! zebel9 or sabel9 pelles came f ,zibel or ,zibelet1 a m>itime t[n 9 ,pale/9e1 =m]ly call$ ,biblium1 because ! sk9s 7 s5t f x to ,europe4 ,?is au?or meant ,byblus1 at pres5t ,gibelet or ,gibeletto2 b ?is d]ivation appe>s to me highly improbable4 #ggb ,epigram4 x4 #cg1 #ah4 #ggc ,tri]'s ,wap5-,kun/1 p4 #fb4--;,gatt]]s ,h]aldik4 p4 #da4 #ggd ,grauw]k veh or feh means prop]ly a k9d ( fur1 compos$ ( t ( ! ,sib]ian squirrel & ! m>t5 jo9$ toge!r4--,,trans4 #gge ,antiquit4 ,ital4 ,m$ii vi1 ii4 p4 #dac4 #ggf ,see ! passages quot$ by ,du ,cange1 & :at ,gesn] has said 9 ,hi/or4 ,animal4 "u ! head ,cuniculus4 #ggg ,rap9's ,engl&4 #ggh ,see ?is article 9 ,du ,cange & ,h(fmann's ,lexicon4 #ggi ,m>co ,polo4 #ghj ,lib4 ii4 epi/4 #b4 #gha ,epig4 #ib3 de birro ca/oreo4 #ghb ,de dignitate sac]dotali1 cap4 #e4 #ghc ,lib4 xvii4 cap4 #bh4 #dg2 xxxii4 cap4 #i & #aj4 #ghd ,lib4 xix4 cap4 #bg1 p4 #dgd4 #ghe ,lib4 xix4 cap4 #bb4 #ghf ,con/ant94 de ,c]emoniis ,aul ,byzant91 i4 p4 #bed3 4 ,! editor1 ,reiske1 ?9ks t x may h be5 a pelisse1 because ,h]odotus1 iv4 #aji1 speaks ( ! beav]'s sk9 be+ us$ = clo?+4 ,b h[ diff]5t mu/ ! old ,s>matian mann]s h be5 f ! ,byzant9e6 #ghg ,epi/4 #db4 #ghh ,eg9h>tus1 ,vita ,c>oli ,magni1 cap4 #bc4 #ghi ,?is anecdote is relat$ by ! monk ( ,/4 ,gall1 ^: "n is suppos$ to be ,notk]1 9 8 book ,de ,ge/is ,c>oli ,magni1 ii4 #bg1 pr9t$ 9 ,b\quet1 ,hi/ori5s de la ,gaule1 v4 p4 #aeb4 ,:e!r ,notk] 0 ! au?or ( ?is *ronicle or n1 !re c be no d\bt t x 0 writt5 aft] ! ye> #hhc & be=e #hhg1 z has be5 prov$ by ,basnage4 ,pavontalis ve/is1 a t]m us$ 9 ?is passage1 does n always signify clo? wove or pa9t$ s z to resemble ! col\rs ( ! peacock2 ! sk9 ( ! peacock 0 us$ = ornam5t2 ! p ( all nations inde$ decorat$ !mselves ) fea!rs till !y became acqua9t$ ) dye+4 ,! art ( ^? :o prep>$ fea!rs 0 bani%$ by t ( ! dy]s4 #gij ,c>m5 ,de ,c>olo ,magno1 9 ,op4 ii4 p4 #dec1 v4 #bbe4 #gia ,at ! c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #hag1 :]e ! dress ( ! monks 0 def9$1 x 0 ord]$1 8abbas provideat1 unusquisque mona*orum habeat 444 wantos 9 /ate1 muffulas 9 hieme v]vec9as40 ,see ,sirmond's ,concil4 ,antiq4 ,galli1 ,p>is1 #afbi1 fol4 i4 p4 #ddb4 ,wantus is /ill reta9$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&i% dialect1 :]e want signifies a glove )\t f+]s1 hav+ only a place = ! ?umb2 p]haps x is ! same ^w z want1 w&1 or gew&1 :i* =m]ly d5ot$ e k9d ( wooll5 clo?4 ,h5ce is d]iv$ ! ,fr5* ^w g&2 = gwantus & gantus 7 =m]ly us$ in/ead ( wantus4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t muffula is ( ,g]man extraction2 m\w at pres5t 9 ,dut* signifies a sleeve4 ,b at :at "t t cov]+ came into use into :i* bo? h&s are ?ru/ at pres5t to secure !m f ! fro/1 & :i* accord+ to ! size n[ fa%ionable cov]s ! :ole body & is call$ a muff1 ,i am n able to det]m9e4 #gib ,leges ,wallic1 ed4 ,wottoni4 ,lond9i1 #agcj1 fol4 p4 #bfa4 #gic ,l&ulphus1 lib4 ii4 c4 #ah1 9 ,murat4 ,r]4 ,ital4 ,script41 tom4 iv4 #gid ,adam ,brem5sis 9 ,l9d5brogii ,script4 ,r]4 ,g]m41 p4 #fg4 #gie ,alb]tus ,aqu5sis1 9 ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 i4 p4 #bjc4 #gif ,ivo ,c>n4 ,epi/ol #ajd4 #gig ,canon #ab4 #gih ,alb]tus ,aqu5sis1 9 ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 i4 p4 #cba4 #gii ,9 ,labbei ,biblio?4 ,nova1 tom4 ii4 #hjj ,wilhelmus ,neubrig5sis1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #bb4 #hja ,wilhelmus de ,nangis1 p4 #cdf4 ,gottfr4 de ,bello ,loco1 cap4 #h4 ,jo9ville ,hi/4 de ,/4 ,l\is1 p4 #aah4 #hjb ,b>r+ton's ,obs4 on ! m ,anci5t ,/atutes1 #dto1 p4 #baf4 #hjc ,con/ant9i lib4 de ,c]emoniis ,aul ,byzant91 #aged4 #hjd ,giul9i1 ,mem4 della ,citt di ,milano1 vi4 p4 #djg4 #hje ,ib4 viii4 p4 #ddc4 ,,/eel4 ,/eel is a c>buret ( iron1 & possesses "s rem>kable prop]ties1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f common iron4 ,x is ( su* a sup]ior degree ( h>dness1 t x is capable ( fil+ ! latt]2 x /rikes fire ) silice\s /ones1 & scrat*es ! h>de/ glass2 x is heavi]1 emits a /rong] s\nd1 exhibits on fracture a f9] gra91 assumes a bright] :ite lu/re :5 poli%$1 is susceptible ( great] ela/icity2 becomes m sl[ly magnetic1 b reta9s t p[] long]2 does n s easily acquire ru/2 9 ! fire x assumes v>i\s /rong t9ts1 & :5 heat$ is spe$ily cool$ 9 cold wat]1 b is !n h>d]1 m brittle & less pliable4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! qualities x is fit = _m uses to :i* common iron ei!r _c be appli$1 or is less prop]4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! inv5tion ( /eel is ( v great antiquity4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 ! m5tion ( x is v d\btful1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ty*s51 ^: rem>ks on ?is subject ,i subjo9 9 a note bel[#hjf2 b x appe>s t x 0 us$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hom]1 & t ! ,greeks gave to x diff]5t names1 "o ( ! mo/ common ( :i* 0 /omoma1 ?\gh x seems c]ta9 t ?is ^w did n s mu* d5ote /eel itself z ! /eel$ "p ( an in/rum5t1 or ! op]ation ( /eel+4 ,! "n *alybs 0 giv5 to /eel f ! ,*alybes1 a p on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,pontus ,eux9us1 betwe5 ,col*is & ,paphlagonia1 :o _h consid]able m9es1 & 9 p>ticul> iron & /eel works3 ?\gh o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 d]ive ! "n ( ! p f ! pr9cipal article ( _! comm]ce4 ,?is d]ivation appe>s ! m probable1 z ,ju/9 says t a riv] ( ,spa91 on :i* !re 7 /eel works1 0 nam$ ,*alybs1 b at a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,"s also h ascrib$ to ! ,*alybes ! inv5tion ( iron1 :i* h[ev] is mu* old]4 ,b x seems to be less kn[n t adamas also at fir/ d5ot$ /eel4 ,?is is expressly said by ,hesy*ius1 & _m epi!ts d]iv$ f adamas are appli$ to articles made ( /eel or ( iron4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! helmet ( ,h]cules1 9 ,hesiod#hjg1 & ! s-call$ adamant9e *a9s1 gates1 & b>s ( ! poets1 :i* 9 diction>ies are always expla9$ z consi/+ ( preci\s /ones4 ,x 0 n till a late p]iod t ?is ^w 0 appli$ to ! mo/ co/ly ( all ! preci\s /ones4 ,9 ?is s5se x occurs nei!r 9 ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 ,h]odotus1 ,orpheus1 nor ,dioscorides1 ?\gh ! fir/ ( ^! writ]s (t5 describes v>i\s k9ds ( valuable ornam5ts4 ,goguet & o!rs !nce conclude t ! diamond 0 n !n kn[n4 ,at pres5t ,i _c ent] into ! hi/ory ( ?is /one2 b ,i mu/ own1 t ,i consid] ! k ( x to be old]1 & suspect t x 0 fir/ introduc$ "u ano!r "n1 & is m5tion$ by ,orpheus & "s o!rs "u t ( jasp] 7jaspis74 ,?is poet comp>es 8 jaspis to rock cry/al1 & says t x k9dles fire 9 ! same mann]4 ,t he knew h[ to use rock cry/al z a burn+-glass1 he expressly tells u himself2 b he c]ta9ly c\ld n procure a diamond ( su* a size z to be able to burn ) x4 ,f its vitre\s nature h[ev] he conjectur$1 & v prop]ly1 t x might be employ$ = t purpose4 ,he calls ! jaspis transp>5t1 comp>es x to glass1 & says t x _h t sky col\r :i* at pres5t is nam$ color hyal9us4 ,?is is probably ! reason :y ,dioscorides & o!rs call "s k9ds ( jasp] transp>5t & sky-col\r$4 ,! jaspis 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john#hjh1 describ$ z a co/ly transp>5t cry/all9e k9d ( /one1 0 p]haps our diamond1 :i* aft]w>ds 0 ev]y:]e di/+ui%$ by t "n4 ,! ,romans borr[$ f ! ,greeks ! ^w *alybs2 & 9 consequ5ce ( a passage 9 ,pl9y#hji1 _m believe t !y gave also to /eel ! "n ( acies1 f :i* ! ,italians made _! acciajo1 & ! ,fr5* _! aci]4 ,! ^w acies1 h[ev]1 d5ot$ prop]ly ! /eel$ or cutt+ "p only ( an in/rum5t4 ,f ?is1 9 lat] times1 0 =m$ aci>ium1 = ! /eel :i* gave ! in/rum5t its %>pness1 & also aci>e to /eel#haj4 ,at pres5t !re are two me?ods ( mak+ /eel2 ! fir/ ( :i* is by fusion ei!r f iron-/one or raw iron1 & ! second by cem5tation4 ,i h nev] f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts any traces ( /eel prep>$ by cem5tation2 nor am ,i acqua9t$ ) ! antiquity ( t process1 ?\gh ! anci5ts1 )\t kn[+ x1 employ$ x = brass4 ,spielman says#haa1 t ,pl9y 9 "o "p calls x to/io2 b ?is ^w occurs nei!r 9 ,pl9y nor 9 any anci5t writ]4 ,x is h[ev] possible t ! ^w torr]e may some:]e signify cem5tation1 b ,i h n yet met ) an in/ance ( x4 ,! prep>ation h[ev] by fusion1 z practis$ by ! ,*alybes1 has be5 twice describ$ by ,ari/otle2 b z ,i h already giv5 9 ano!r "w#hab ev]y?+ ,i 0 able to collect t[>ds an explanation ( ^! passages1 ,i %all n "h repeat x4 ,i %all only rem>k1 t ! /eel ( ! anci5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( n be+ cem5t$1 suff]$ itself to be hamm]$1 & 0 n ne>ly s brittle z ! h>de/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$ at pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s+ul> me?od ( prep>+ /eel employ$ by ! ,celtib]ians1 9 ,spa91 des]ves to be "h describ$4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,diodorus#hac & ,plut>*#had1 ! iron 0 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & left 9 t situation till ! great] "p ( x 0 conv]t$ into ru/4 ,:at rema9$1 )\t be+ oxydiz$1 0 aft]w>ds =g$ & made into weapons1 & p>ticul>ly swords1 ) :i* !y c\ld cut asund] bones1 %ields1 & helmets4 ,h[ev] improbable ?is may appe>1 x is nev]!less ! process /ill us$ 9 ,japan2 & ,sw$5borg has introduc$ x among ! diff]5t me?ods ( mak+ /eel#hae4 ,! art ( h>d5+ /eel by imm]s+ x sudd5ly1 :5 r$-hot1 9 cold wat]1 is v old#haf4 ,hom] says1 t :5 ,ulysses bor$ out ! eye ( ,polyphemus ) a burn+ /ake1 x hiss$ 9 ! same mann] z wat] :5 ! smi? imm]ses 9 x a piece ( r$-hot iron1 9 ord] to h>d5 x#hag4 ,sophocles uses ! comp>ison ( be+ h>d5$ l imm]s$ iron#hah2 & ,salmasius#hai quotes a "w ( an old ,greek *emi/1 :o treats on ! me?od ( h>d5+ iron 9 ,india4 ,x is also a v anci5t op9ion1 t ! h>d5+ dep5ds *iefly on ! nature ( ! wat]4 ,_m riv]s & wells 7 !re=e 9 great reputation1 s t /eel works 7 (t5 erect$ ne> !m1 ?\gh at a consid]able di/ance f ! m9es4 ,in/ances ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ,pl9y#hbj & 9 ,ju/9#hba4 ,! m delicate articles ( iron 7 n qu5*$ 9 wat]1 b 9 oil4 ,an op9ion1 x is well kn[n1 long prevail$1 t !re 7 v>i\s fluids & mixtures :i* communicate to /eel diff]5t degrees ( h>dness1 & e arti/ ?\ght he knew a peculi> h>d5+ k9d ( wat]1 ! prep>ation ( :i* he kept a secret4 ,?is notion is by "s /ill ma9ta9$#hbb2 because !re are (t5 f\nd /ones cut by ! anci5ts1 :i* ! mod]ns1 on acc\nt ( _! h>dness1 z is believ$1 h seldom v5tur$ to t\*4 ,( ?is k9d is ! h>de/ porphyry4 ,!re are p :o /ill endeav\r to f9d out t h>d5+ k9d ( wat]1 9 :i* ! anci5ts prep>$ _! tools = cutt+ su* /ones4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i#hbc1 t wat] 0 actually discov]$ by ! ar*duke ,cosmo1 9 ! ye> #aeee4 ,among a l>ge collection ( /ones he _h a block ( porphyry1 f :i* he wi%$ a bason to be made = a well1 b 0 told by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ arti/s t x 0 impossible4 ,on ?is1 says ,vas>i1 9 ord] to r5d] ! "w possible1 he prep>$ f c]ta9 h]bs1 :i* he does n "n1 a wat] :]e9 ! r$-hot tools 7 qu5*$1 & by ^! means s h>d5$1 t !y 7 capable ( cutt+ porphyry4 ,) tools temp]$ 9 ?is mann] ! arti/ ,francesco del ,tadda n only made ! requir$ bason1 b v>i\s o!r curi\s articles#hbd4 ,w9kelman1 !re=e1 does inju/ice to ,vas>i :5 he says1 8,vas>i1 9 pret5d+ t ,cosmo ar*duke ( ,tuscany discov]$ a wat] = mak+ porphyry s(t1 betrays *ildi% cr$ulity40 ,on ! contr>y1 he v prop]ly ass]ts t !re is no wat] ( su* a quality z to s(t5 porphyry2 ?\gh ,porta & _m old writ]s imag9$ t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) "o capable ( produc+ on t /one1 :i* !y consid]$ z a species ( m>ble1 ! same effects z an acid does on ! latt]4 ,b ,vas>i says no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,aft] ,tadda's dea?1 ! art ( cutt+ porphyry came to ,raphael ,curradi1 :o communicat$ to ,dom9ico ,corsi ?is secret1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds employ$ by ,cosimo ,silve/r9i#hbe4 ,i1 h[ev]1 agree 9 op9ion ) ,w9kelman & ,fiorillo1 our le>n$ connoisseur 9 ! arts1 t ! me?od ( work+ porphyry 0 kn[n 9 e age1 ev5 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s1 ?\gh arti/s1 no d\bt1 pref]r$ work+ on o!r /ones :i* 7 less brittle & h>d4 ,we "k h[ev] f ! late/ rese>*es1 t all ! k9ds ( h>d5+ wat] hi!rto inv5t$ are 9 no?+ sup]ior to common wat]2 & t 9 h>d5+ m dep5ds on ! nature ( ! /eel1 or r on ! degree ( heat1 ?an on ! wat]2 al?\gh x is true t ! workman does "r :5 he adds to ! wat] a ?9 cake ( grease1 or p\rs ov] x hot oil1 ?r\gh :i* ! /eel mu/ necess>ily pass be=e x ent]s ! wat]1 = by ^! means x is prev5t$ f acquir+ cracks & flaws4 ,! inv5tion ( conv]t+ b> iron into /eel by dipp+ x into o!r fus$ iron1 & suff]+ x to rema9 !re sev]al h\rs1 is commonly ascrib$ to ,reaumur#hbf4 ,b ?is process is m5tion$ by ,agricola1 ,imp]ati & o!rs1 z a ?+ well-kn[n & practis$ 9 _! "t4 ,pl9y1 ,daima*us#hbg & o!r anci5t writ]s m5tion v>i\s c\ntries & places :i*1 9 _! "t1 produc$ excell5t /eel4 ,among ! de>e/ k9ds 7 ! f]rum ,indicum & ,s]icum4 ,! =m] appe>s to be ! f]rum c&idum1 a hundr$ tal5ts ( :i* 7 giv5 z a pres5t to ,alex&] 9 ,india#hbh4 ,is x n probable t ?is 0 ! excell5t k9d ( /eel /ill common 9 t c\ntry1 & kn[n "u ! "n ( wootz1 "s pieces ( :i* 7 s5t f ,bombay 9 ! ye> #agie to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london8 ,its silv]-col\r$ appe>ance :5 poli%$ may h1 p]haps1 giv5 occasion to ! epi!t ( c&idum4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ x is /ill unkn[n1 b x is suppos$ to be a k9d ( fus$ /eel#hbi4 ,?is h[ev] is a m]e conjecture1 unsupport$ by any pro(s#hcj4 ,at :at "t 0 damask$ /eel obta9$ f ! ,levant8 ,?ree k9ds ( /eel are n[ pr9cipally manufactur$2 b> or bli/]$ /eel1 %e> /eel & ca/ /eel4 ,! b> or bli/]$ /eel is made by ! process ( cem5tation3 ?is consi/s 9 putt+ b>s ( ! pure/ malleable iron alt]nately ) lay]s ( *>coal or soot into a prop] furnace2 ! air be+ c>efully exclud$ & ! :ole kept at a r$ heat = sev]al days4 ,by ?is process ! c>bon comb9es ) ! iron1 alt]+ its texture f fibr\s to granul> or cry/all9e1 & r5d]+ ! surface bli/]$4 ,! action ( ! c>bon occasions fissures & cavities 9 ! sub/ance ( ! b>s1 r5d]+ !m unfit = tool-mak+1 until !y are cond5s$ & r5d]$ uni=m by ! op]ation ( tilt+1 i4 e4 compression by a p[]ful hamm] work$ by ma*9]y4 ,%e> /eel is made by break+ up b>s ( bli/]$ /eel into l5g?s ( ab\t #ah in*es1 & b9d+ f\r or six ( !m toge!r ) a /eel rod1 & !n heat+ !m to a full weld+ heat1 ! surface be+ cov]$ ) f9e clay or s& to prev5t oxidation4 ,!y are !n drawn out into a b>1 hamm]$1 tilt$ & roll$4 ,9 ?is /ate x is susceptible ( a mu* f9] poli%1 & is also m t5aci\s & malleable1 & fit = mak+ /rong spr+s1 knives1 c4 ,ca/ /eel1 :i* 0 fir/ made by ,mr4 ,huntsman at ,att]cliff1 ,%effield1 9 #aggj1 is made by melt+ bli/]$ /eel1 ca/+ x into +ots & roll+ x into b>s4 ,9 ?is condition its texture is mu* m uni=m1 clos] & f9] gra9$4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( h>dness requir$ = /eel are giv5 by ! process call$ temp]+1 :i* is effect$ by heat+ ! /eel up to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & !n qu5*+ x sudd5ly 9 cold wat]4 ,its h>dness & brittl5ess are ?us mu* increas$1 b x may be aga9 s(t5$ by exposure to heat simply4 ,,footnotes #hjf ,9 reg>d to ! h>d5+ ( iron & ! qu5*+ ( x 9 wat]1 no?+1 z f> z ,i "k1 occurs 9 ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! passages :]e x seems to be m5tion$ are1 ,isaiah1 *ap4 xliv4 v]4 #ab4 8,! smi? b5ds ! iron1 works x 9 a fire ( coals1 & =ms x ) ! hamm]2 he lab\rs on x ) a /rong arm10 c4 accord+ to ! translation ( ,mi*aelis4 ,x may inde$ be translat$ o!rwise1 b x c]ta9ly alludes to ! =mation ( an image ( metal4 ,! words1 *ap4 liv4 v]4 #af1 are /ill m g5]al4 ,iron1 b>zel1 (t5 occurs1 & 9 "s passages inde$ /eel may be und]/ood "u ?is "n2 = example1 9 ,ezekiel1 *ap4 xxvii4 v]4 #ai1 f]rum fabrefactum1 or1 accord+ to ,mi*aelis & o!rs1 sabre blades f ,usal 7,sanaa 9 ,yem574 ,a pretty cle> indication ( /eel is giv5 9 ,j]emiah1 *ap4 xv4 v]4 #ab3 8,iron f ! nor?10 :i* is describ$ !re z ! h>de/4 ,to ! nor? ( ,juda 0 situat$ ,*alybia1 ! anci5t c\ntry ( /eel4 ,x appe>s t ! ,hebrews _h no p>ticul> "n = /eel1 :i* !y p]haps compreh5d$ "u ! t]m b>zel1 or di/+ui%$ x only by ! epi!t ,nor!rn1 especially z ! lat] ,jews h = x no o!r "n ?an 1 i/oma1 :i* h[ev] is no?+ else ?an ! ,greek 1 & signifies r /eel+ or h>d5+4 ,*alamis* is c]ta9ly a h>d k9d ( /one2 granite or porphyry1 accord+ to ,mi*aelis1 :o treats expressly ( x 9 ,supplem4 ad ,lex4 ,hebr4 ,n4 #gdj4 #hjg ,scutum ,h]culis1 x4 #acg4 #hjh ,*ap4 xxi4 v]4 #aa1 #ah1 #ai4 #hji ,lib4 xxxiv4 sect4 #da4 p4 #fff4 8,/rictur vocantur h omnes1 quod non 9 aliis metallis a /r+5da acie vocabulo imposito4 ,et =nacum maxima diff]5tia e/2 nucleus quidem f]ri excoquitur 9 8 ad indur&am aciem2 aliqu modo ad d5s&as incudes1 malleorumve ro/ra40 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 /rictur 0 ! "n giv5 to pieces ( /eel completely manufactur$ & br\ght to t /ate :i* r5d]$ !m fit = comm]ce4 ,at pres5t /eel comes f ,biscay 9 cakes1 f o!r places 9 b>s1 & bo? ^! =m]ly 7 call$ /rictur1 because !y 7 employ$ *iefly = giv+ %>pness to in/rum5ts or tools1 t is1 = /eel+ !m4 ,9 speak+ ( o!r metals1 ,pl9y says t ! f9i%$ productions at ! works 7 n call$ /rictur 7?is 0 ! case1 = example1 ) copp]71 ?\gh %>pness c\ld be giv5 to in/rum5ts ) o!r metals also4 ,! words ( ,pl9y la/ quot$ are read diff]5t ways1 & /ill rema9 obscure4 ,i conjecture t he meant to say t "s /eel works produc$ ?+s :i* 7 entirely ( /eel1 & t o!rs 7 employ$ only 9 /eel+4 ,i %all "h rem>k t ! /rictur f]ri rem9d u ( ! /rigiles auri3 su* 0 ! "n giv5 to native pieces ( gold1 :i* )\t be+ smelt$ 7 us$ 9 comm]ce4--,pl94 xxxiii4 #c4 p4 #faf4 #haj ,see ,vossii ,etymol4 & ,m>t9ii ,lex4 ,philolog4 #haa ,in/itut4 ,*imi1 p4 #beb4 ,he ref]s to lib4 xxxiii4 cap4 #d4 #hab ,9 my obs]vations on ,ari/ot4 ,auscult4 ,mirab4 cap4 #di4 #hac ,diod4 lib4 v4 cap4 #cc4 #had ,plut4 de ,g>rul4 #hae ,de ,f]ro1 i4 p4 #aid4 ,see also ,watson's ,*em4 ,essays1 i4 p4 #bbj4 ,( ! iron works 9 ,japan ,i "k no?+ fur!r ?an :at has be5 said by ,?unb]g 9 8 ,travels4 ,t c\ntry possesses v little ( ?is metal3 b ! sabres made !re are incomp>able2 )\t hurt+ ! edge "o c easily cut ?r\gh a nail ) !m2 &1 z ! ,japanese say1 cleave asund] a man at "o bl[4 ,^! sabres are (t5 sold = fifty1 sev5ty1 & ev5 a hundr$ doll>s4 #haf ,"l ,bacon seems n to h be5 ( ?is op9ion2 see 8 ,silva ,silv>um1 c5t4 i4 #hf4 ,b ?is me?od ( h>d5+ 0 usual 9 ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury2 = x is describ$ by ,!ophilus ,presbyt]1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ai4 #hag ,odyss4 ix4 #cia4 #hah ,ajax1 #gbj4 #hai ,ex]citat4 ,pl94 p4 #gfc4 #hbj ,lib4 xxxiv4 #ad1 p4 #fff4 #hba ,lib4 xliv4 p4 #fbj4 #hbb ,!re c be no "q t ! h>d5+ or temp]+ effect produc$ by ! sudd5 imm]sion ( heat$ /eel 9 fluids has no relation to ! quality ( ! fluid1 save z reg>ds its conduct+ p[] ( heat4 ,! m sudd5ly ! heat is ab/ract$ f ! metal1 ! great] is ! am\nt ( h>dness & brittl5ess4 ,m]cury has be5 f\nd sup]ior to any o!r fluid = ?is purpose1 und\bt$ly because x is s good a conductor ( heat4 #hbc ,le ,vite de ,pittori4 ,bologna1 #afha1 #dto1 i4 p4 #aa4 #hbd ,"s acc\nt ( ?is arti/ is giv5 9 ,j4 ,c4 ,bul5g]i de ,pictura1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #g1 9 ,gronovii ,!saurus ,antiq4 ,grc4 ix4 p4 #hge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/urm says1 9 t "p ( ! ,ritt]platzes :i* relates to ar*itecture1 p4 #ah3 8,an ar*duke at ,flor5ce discov]$ aga9 ! art ( work+ porphyry1 b suff]$ x to die ) him 9 ! ye> #aeef40 #hbe ,florillo ,ges*4 d] ,zei*n5d5 ,kn/e1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #dfa4 #hbf ,art de conv]tir le ,f] en ,aci]1 p4 #bde4 #hbg ,/ephanus de ,urbibus1 "u ! ^w 1 p4 #dac4 #hbh ,clem5s ,alex&r4 9 ,pdagog4 ii4 p4 #afa1 edit4 ,cologne1 #afhh1 fol4 says1 speak+ ( luxury1 8,"o c cut meat )\t hav+ ,indian iron40 #hbi ,philos4 ,transact4 #agie1 ii4 p4 #cbb4 #hcj ,! mann] 9 :i* iron ore is smelt$ & conv]t$ into wootz or ,indian /eel1 by ! natives at ! pres5t day1 is probably ! v same t 0 practis$ by !m at ! "t ( ! invasion ( ,alex&]2 & x is a uni=m process1 f ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s to ,cape ,comor94 ,! furnace or bloom]y 9 :i* ! ore is smelt$1 is f f\r to five feet high2 x is some:at pe>-%ap$1 be+ ab\t two feet wide at bottom & "o foot at top2 x is built entirely ( clay1 s t a c\ple ( m5 may f9i% its erection 9 a few h\rs1 & h x ready = use ! next day4 ,!re is an op5+ 9 front ab\t a foot or m 9 height1 :i* is built up ) clay at ! comm5cem5t1 & brok5 d[n at ! end1 ( ea* smelt+ op]ation4 ,! bell[s are usually made ( a goat's sk91 :i* has be5 /ripp$ f ! animal )\t ripp+ op5 ! "p cov]+ ! belly4 ,! ap]tures at ! legs are ti$ up1 & a nozzle ( bamboo is fa/5$ 9 ! op5+ =m$ by ! neck4 ,! orifice ( ! tail is enl>g$ & di/5d$ by two slips ( bamboo4 ,^! are grasp$ 9 ! h&1 & kept close toge!r 9 mak+ ! /roke = ! bla/2 9 ! return+ /roke !y are sep>at$ to admit ! air4 ,by work+ a bell[s ( ?is k9d ) ea* h&1 mak+ alt]nate /rokes1 a tol]ably uni=m bla/ is produc$4 ,! bamboo nozzles ( ! bell[s are ins]t$ into tubes ( clay1 :i* pass into ! furnace at ! bottom corn]s ( ! tempor>y wall 9 front4 ,! furnace is fill$ ) *>coal1 & a light$ coal be+ introduc$ be=e ! nozzles1 ! mass 9 ! int]ior is soon k9dl$4 ,z soon z ?is is accompli%$1 a small portion ( ! ore1 previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat]1 to prev5t x f runn+ ?r\gh ! *>coal1 b )\t any flux :atev]1 is laid on ! top ( ! coals1 & cov]$ ) *>coal to fill up ! furnace4 ,9 ?is mann] ore & fuel are suppli$1 & ! bell[s are urg$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 :5 ! process is /opp$1 & ! tempor>y wall 9 front brok5 d[n2 ! bloom is remov$ ) a pair ( tongs f ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,9 conv]t+ ! iron into /eel1 ! natives cut x into pieces to enable x to pack bett] 9 ! crucible1 :i* is =m$ ( refractory clay1 mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( *>r$ husk ( rice4 ,x is seldom *>g$ ) m ?an a p\nd ( iron1 :i* is put 9 ) a prop] weight ( dri$ wood1 *opp$ small1 & bo? are cov]$ ) "o or two gre5 leaves2 ! proportions be+ 9 g5]al t5 p>ts ( iron to "o ( wood & leaves4 ,! m\? ( ! crucible is !n /opp$ ) a h&ful ( temp]$ clay1 ramm$ 9 v closely1 to exclude ! air4 ,z soon z ! clay plugs ( ! crucibles are dry1 f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r ( !m are built up 9 ! =m ( an ar* 9 a small bla/ furnace2 !y are kept cov]$ ) *>coal1 & subject$ to heat urg$ by a bla/ = ab\t two h\rs & a half1 :5 ! process is consid]$ to be complete4 ,! crucibles be+ n[ tak5 out ( ! furnace & all[$ to cool1 are brok51 & ! /eel is f\nd 9 ! =m ( a cake1 r\nd$ by ! bottom ( ! crucible4--,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures1 art4 ,,/eel4 ,,/amp+-,,works#hca4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate metallic ores f ! b>r5 rock or /ones ) :i* !y occur1 & to promote _! fusion1 x is necess>y t ! pieces ( rock or /one %\ld be r$uc$ to small fragm5ts by /amp+ !m4 ,= ^? ores :i* occur 9 a s&y =m1 ?is is unnecess>y2 & 9 reg>d to ri* silv] ore1 :i* conta9s v little or no lead & o!r metals1 ?is process might be hurtful2 = ) dry /amp+ a great deal w\ld fly (f 9 du/1 & ) wet /amp+ a consid]able "p w\ld be wa%$ away by ! wat]4 ,h[ev] imp]fect ! k ( ! anci5ts may h be5 9 reg>d to ! fusion ( ores1 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! b5efit ( /amp+2 b ! means !y employ$ = t purpose 7 ! mo/ inconv5i5t & exp5sive4 ,!y r$uc$ ! ore to co>se p[d]1 by p\nd+ x 9 mort>s1 & !n gr\nd x 9 h&-mills1 l ^? us$ = corn1 till x acquir$ su* a degree ( f95ess t x c\ld be easily wa%$4 ,?is is prov$ by ! scanty in=mation :i* we f9d 9 ,diodorus ,siculus#hcb & ,aga?>cides#hcc1 9 reg>d to ! gold m9es ( ! ,egyptians2 9 ,hippocrates1 respect+ ! smelt+-works ( ! ,greeks#hcd1 & 9 ,pl9y 9 reg>d to ! metallurgy ( ! ,romans#hce4 ,rema9s ( su* mort>s & mills z 7 us$ by ! anci5ts h be5 f\nd 9 places :]e !y c>ri$ on metallurgic op]ations2 = in/ance1 9 ,transylvania & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! h&-mills _h a resemblance to our mu/>d-mills#hcf2 & = wa%+ ! mud !y employ$ a sieve1 b 9 wa%+ aurif]\s s& !y made use ( a raw hide4 ,f ! latt]1 ,c\nt von ,vel!im has expla9$1 9 a v +5i\s mann]1 ! fable ( ! anci5ts conc]n+ ! ants :i* dug up gold#hcg4 ,our works = p\nd+ ore1 at pres5t1 are /amp+-mills1 :i* consi/ ( heavy /amp]s %od ) iron4 ,^! /amp]s are put 9 motion by a cyl9d] furni%$ ) cogs1 :i* is driv5 by a wat]-:eel1 & p\nd ! ore 9 tr\ghs l9$ ) iron4 ,:5 ! ore subject$ to ?is op]ation is poor1 wat] is introduc$ into ! tr\ghs1 :i* runn+ ?r\gh grates 9 ! bottoms ( !m1 c>ries ) x ! p\nd$ matt] into a gutt]1 :]e x becomes purifi$1 & deposits ! mud mix$ ) s&4 ,"o might conjecture t ?is app>atus 0 inv5t$ soon aft] ! inv5tion ( cyl9d]s ) cogs2 b ?is 0 n ! case1 ?\gh ,i am n able to det]m9e ! antiquity ( ^! cyl9d]s4 ,at any rate1 x is c]ta9 t mort>s & sieves 7 us$ 9 ,g]many ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 & 9 ,france1 to :i* ! art ( m9+ 0 convey$ 9 g5]al f t c\ntry at a late p]iod1 !y 7 /ill employ$ ab\t ! ye> #aegihch4 ,9 ! olde/ times m5 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! art ( employ+ wat] at m9es 9 s advantage\s a mann] z at pres5t4 ,! bell[s 7 work$ by m52 & ^? aqu$ucts rais$ on po/s1 by :i* di/ant wat] may be made to act on ma*9es1 0 n yet inv5t$4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 rema9s ( ore are f\nd 9 places :]e ! mod]ns1 9 consequ5ce ( t indisp5sable article wat]1 w\ld n be able to ma9ta9 metallurgic works#hci4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es :i* ,i h hi!rto _h an opportunity to make1 our /amp+-mills 7 inv5t$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 &1 z appe>s1 9 ,g]many2 b ,i _c det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ei!r ! "n ( ! inv5tor or 8 c\ntry4 ,^? :o e/abli%$ or introduc$ ! fir/ /amp+-works 9 ,saxony & ! ,h>z are only m5tion$2 & ^!1 z usual1 h be5 consid]$ z ! inv5tors4 ,9 ! ye> #aeai ! processes ( sift+ & wet-/amp+ 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,joa*im/hal by ,paul ,gromme/ett]1 a native ( ,s*w>z1 nam$ on t acc\nt ! ,s*w>z]1 :om ,melz] praises z an +5i\s & active wa%]2 & we are told t he _h be=e introduc$ ! same improvem5ts at ,s*neeb]g4 ,soon aft]1 t is 9 #aeba1 a l>ge /amp+-"w 0 erect$ at ,joa*im/hal1 & ! process ( wa%+ 0 begun4 ,a consid]able sav+ 0 ?us made1 z a great _m metallic p>ticles 7 be=e left 9 ! wa%$ s&1 :i* 0 ei!r ?r[n away or us$ z mort> = build+4 ,9 ! ye> #aebe ,hans ,prtn] employ$ at ,s*lack5walde ! wet me?od ( /amp+1 :]eas be=e t p]iod ! ore !re 0 gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,h>z ?is inv5tion 0 introduc$ at ,wild5mann by ,pet] ,philip1 :o 0 assay-ma/] !re1 soon aft] ! works at ! ,upp] ,h>z 7 resum$ by ,duke ,h5ry ! y\ng] ab\t ! ye> #aebd4 ,?is we le>n f ! pap]s ( ,h]dan ,hacke or ,hcke1 :o 0 prea*] at ,wild5mann 9 #aegb4 ,z f> z c be conclud$ f 8 imp]fect in=mation1 ! fir/ /amp+-"w !re consi/$ only ( a /amp] rais$ by means ( two lev]s fix$ to ! axis ( a :eel4 ,! p\nd$ ore 0 !n ?r[n into a sieve1 call$ 9 ,g]man ! sa*s#hdj1 & fre$ f ! co>s] p>ts4 ,b z ?is /amp+ 0 p]=m$ 9 ! dry mann]1 x produc$ s mu* du/ t ! lab\r]s 7 imp$$ by x1 & ! ore on t acc\nt c\ld n be prop]ly smelt$4 ,! bus9ess h[ev] 0 n giv5 up2 new improvem5ts 7 made1 & soon aft] ,simon ,krug & ,ni*olas ,kl]] introduc$ ! wet me?od1 & =tunately br\ght x to p]fection#hda4 ,x is said 9 sev]al mod]n works t wet /amp+ 0 inv5t$ 9 #aeje1 by a ,saxon nobleman nam$ von ,maltitz4 ,?is ass]tion has be5 s (t5 repeat$1 t x 0 kn[n to ,gobet#hdb1 :o adopt$ x z tru?4 ,i h n h[ev] be5 able to f9d ! hi/orian on ^: te/imony x is f\nd$2 b x appe>s by ,gauh5's ,diction>y ( ,nobility t ,sigismund ,maltitz 0 *ief surveyor ( =e/s at ! ,erzgebrge1 to ! electorate ( ,saxony 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,,footnotes #hca ,i %all ref] ^? desir\s ( be+ acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ?is lab\r1 to ,gatt]]'s ,anleitung d5 ,h>z zu b]eis54 ,gtt+51 #aghe1 #hvo4 i4 p4 #aja4 ,figures ( ! /amp+-works may be se5 9 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures1 pp4 #hah & #aaai4 #hcb ,diodor4 iii4 #ac1 p4 #ahb4 #hcc ,photii ,bibl4 p4 #acdb4 #hcd ,hippocrates de ,victus ,rat4 lib4 i4 sect4 #d4 #hce ,pl94 xxxiii4 #d1 sect4 #ba4 #hcf ,g5sane ,trait de la ,fonte des ,m9es4 ,p>4 #aggj1 i4 p4 #ad4 #hcg ,von d4 goldgrab5d5 ,ameis5 u4 ,greiff5 d] ,alt54 ,helm/4 #agii4 ,?is diss]tation may be f\nd also 9 a valuable collection ( diff]5t pieces by ! same au?or1 pr9t$ at ,helm/adt1 #ahjj4 #hch ,see ,franois ,g>rault1 ,des ,m9es d',arg5t tr\ves en ,france1 ,p>is #aegi1 :]e m5tion is made only ( mort>s1 mills & sieves4 ,?is ,g>rault is ! fir/ ,fr5* writ] on m9+4 ,8 "w1 :i* is sc>ce1 0 pr9t$ by ,gobet 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,anci5s ,m9ralogi/es de ,france1 ,p>is #aggi1 #hvo4 #hci ,at ! ,n]ts*9sk works 9 ,sib]ia1 ! ma*9]y mu/ be /ill driv5 by m5 or cattle1 because all ! dams & sluices are de/roy$ by ! fro/1 & ! wat] conv]t$ into ice4 ,"s ( ! works !re h[ev] h ma*9]y driv5 by wat] dur+ ! few summ] mon?s4 #hdj ,sa*s or sx 9 old times d5ot$ a cutt+ or /abb+ in/rum5t1 su* = example z s*a>-sa*s1 a razor2 s*reib-sa*s1 a p5knife4 ,see ,frits*'s ,wrt]bu*1 :o d]ives sa*s f sec>e4 ,may n ! ^w 1 :i* 9 ,pollux means ! sieve us$ at smelt+-works1 be ( ! same orig98 ,i conjecture also t ! c\lt] ( ! pl\gh1 :i* cuts ! e>? 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 _h ! "n ( se*1 & t ! words sge & si*el h an aff9ity to x4 ,if ?is d]ivation be "r1 ! ,high b n ! ,l[ ,g]man mu/ h ( sa*s made se*4 ,! latt] w\ld h said sas or ses1 z x says in/ead ( se*s1 ses2 in/ead ( wa*s1 02 in/ead ( fla*s1 flas2 & in/ead ( fu*s1 fos4 ,se* is nam$ also kolt]1 z 9 ! ,ne!rl&s k\t]1 :i* words h aris5 no d\bt f cult]4 #hda ,calvr ,mas*95wes51 ii4 p4 #gd4 #hdb ,anci5s ,m9ral41 i4 p4 #bbe4 ,,kit*5 ,,vegetables4 ,! great] "p ( our kit*5 vegetables1 t is to say ^? plants :i*1 indep5d5tly ( ! corn k9ds1 are cultivat$ z food 9 our g>d5s1 are p>tly indig5\s & p>tly =eign4 ,( ! =m] _m at pres5t gr[ wild1 su* z asp>agus2 b by cont9u$ cultivation1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s1 !y h produc$ num]\s v>ieties1 :i* diff] z mu* f ! wild plants z ! ,european females f ^? ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,_m ( our indig5\s vegetables are collect$ = food1 b are n re>$ expressly = t purpose2 & ^! ev51 9 all probability1 might be improv$ by culture4 ,"s inde$ are "h & !re re>$ 9 an artificial mann]1 ?\gh we reckon !m among our we$s2 = example1 d&elion1 ,leontodon t>axacum1 ! fir/ leaves ( :i* 9 spr+ are employ$ 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries z salad4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& ?is plant is s[n ?r\gh\t ! :ole summ]2 & its leaves be+ blan*$1 x is us$ 9 w9t] z endive4 ,culture frees _m plants f _! h>% ta/e1 makes !m t5d]1 l>g] & m pulpy1 & produces !m at a season :5 ! wild ones h become unfit = use4 ,our =eign kit*5 vegetables h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 procur$ f ! s\!rn c\ntries1 b *iefly f ,italy2 & ! numb] ( !m has increas$ 9 an uncommon degree 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ two c5turies4 ,_m ( !m require labori\s att5tion to make !m ?rive 9 our sev]e climate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s gr[ s readily1 & increase s mu* )\t culture1 ev5 9 ! op5 fields1 t !y h become l indig5\s we$s1 z is ! case ) hops1 :i* at pres5t ab\nd 9 our h$ges4 ,"s plants1 h[ev]1 bo? indig5\s & =eign1 :i* 7 =m]ly rais$ by art & us$ at ! table1 are no long] cultivat$1 because we h become acqua9t$ ) o!rs m b5eficial4 ,_m ( !m s]v$ our =efa!rs 9 ! room ( =eign spices1 to ! use ( :i* trad+ companies h accu/om$ u1 mu* to _! advantage & to our hurt4 ,x is true also t _m h be5 bani%$ m]ely by fa%ion2 = ?is tyrant1 :i* rules ) univ]sal sway1 comm&s ! ta/e z well z ! smell to consid] z intol]able articles to :i* our ance/ors _h a peculi> atta*m5t4 ,9 ! olde/ times mank9d 7 s fond ( sweet ?+s1 t ! goodness & agreeable ta/e ( e k9d ( food 0 det]m9$ accord+ to ! degree ( its sweetness2 & su* is ! mann] ( judg+ ev5 at pres5t ?r\gh\t all ! ,ea/1 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is is ! case also among u ) ! great] "p ( ! l[] classes1 :o are n able to foll[ ! mode ( ri*] tables4 ,9 ! nor!rn c\ntries ?is ta/e is almo/ ev]y:]e preval5t4 ,?us ! ,sw$es spoil1 by ! addition ( sug>1 co/ly ,rh5i% w9e1 s\r kraut1 & o!r articles1 ! agreeable t>tness ( :i* is gratify+ to o!r nations4 ,9 proportion to _! population & luxury1 ! ,sw$es seem to use m sug> ?an ! ,g]mans1 & ! ,g]mans m ?an ! ,engli% or ,fr5*2 & "o might almo/ suspect t a ta/e = sweet ?+s 7 9 ! inv]se ratio ( civilization#hdc4 ,at any rate1 "o c ?us expla9 :y _m vegetable productions1 :i* "s c5turies ago 7 reckon$ among ! mo/ agreeable di%es1 appe> to u to be nause\sly sweet4 ,skirret1 :i* ! emp]or ,tib]ius caus$ to be br\ght = ! use ( 8 table f ! ,rh9e1 is little reli%$ at pres5t2 & ! case is ! same ) p>snips1 "s k9ds ( apples1 & sev]al o!r ?+s4 ,fa%ion sometimes recalls into use species long =gott51 & ) ! greate/ success1 :5 !y are introduc$ "u a diff]5t "n4 ,?us1 aft] an int]val ( _m ye>s1 "s began to cultivate aga9 monks-rhub>b#hdd1 & to recomm5d ?is s\ri% plant in/ead ( ! m sav\ry sp9age4 ,accord+ to ,bock1 x 0 transplant$ 9 ! middle ages by ! monks f ! woods into g>d5s1 to :i* x has be5 aga9 br\ght back "u ! impos+ appellation ( ,engli% sp9age4 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 :5 ! use ( s5sual enjoym5ts 0 n s well-regulat$ & modifi$ by religi\s & political pr9ciples1 _m vegetables & o!r di%es 7 prais$ & recomm5d$ by writ]s on agriculture & cook]y1 z well z by ! mo/ fav\rite poets & em95t au?ors1 on acc\nt ( effects :i* _c at pres5t be nam$1 except 9 ! writ+s ( physicians1 )\t disgu/+ ! read] & incurr+ ! imputation ( indelicacy4 ,:5 ?is mode ( ?9k+ began to prevail1 p dete/$ to see 9 _! g>d5s or on _! tables plants :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( indec5t prop]ties1 7 g5]ally kn[n2 & by be+ ?us disus$1 ! k ( !m 0 at l5g? s mu* lo/1 t we "k only _! old names1 & :at ! anci5ts h relat$ respect+ !m4 ,9 ?is mann]1 _m receipts 9 ,apicius are totally un9telligible1 because we are no long] acqua9t$ ) ! ?+s = ! prep>ation ( :i* he gives directions4 ,( ?is k9d are ! num]\s bulb\s roots 7bulbi71 :i* =m$ ! mo/ fav\rite di%es ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 & :i* at pres5t no botani/1 mu* less comm5tator1 w\ld be able to det]m9e4 ,!y belong to ! lo/ arts1 b n to ^? :i* 7 ab&on$ because bett] ones 7 f\nd to supply _! place4 ,! ,am]ican vanilla1 :i* p]haps 0 indebt$ only to its high price = ! p]mission ( be+ mix$ ) *ocolate1 does n c]ta9ly supply ! place ( ! anci5t ,meg>ean bulbs1 z our gunp[d] does t ( ! ,greek fire4 ,among ^? kit*5 vegetables :i* 7 =m]ly cultivat$1 b at pres5t are no m e/eem$1 are ! foll[+3--,w9t]-cresses#hde1 an indig5\s plant1 ! "y leaves ( :i*1 l wat]-cresses1 may be eat5 9 w9t] z salad2 also common alex&]s#hdf1 :i* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 us$ in/ead ( cel]y2 bulb\s *rophyllum#hdg1 ! roots ( :i* are /ill br\ght to m>ket at ,vi5na1 :]e p well "k :at is good1 & :]e !y are boil$ & eat5 z salad ) v9eg> & oil4 ,rampion#hdh 0 =m]ly us$ 9 ! l mann]4 ,! e>?-nut#hdi1 :i* gr[s wild 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many1 is /ill cultivat$ 9 ,holl& & 9 "s di/ricts on ! ,rh9e4 ,rocket 7,eruca sativa71 ! "y leaves ( :i* 7 readily eat5 by our =efa!rs z salad1 is no long] e/eem$1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its h>% ta/e1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( its nause\s smell1 :i* resembles t ( rancid bacon2 x has h[ev] be5 /ill reta9$ 9 ,italy1 8excitet ut ,v5]i t>dos eruca m>itos#hej40 ,vet*es 7,la?yrus sativus1 & ,cic]7 are n[ bani%$ f our g>d5s1 z exp]i5ce has %[n t !y are prejudicial to ! heal?4 ,:5 pepp] 0 s de>1 t to promise a sa9t ye>ly a p\nd ( x 0 consid]$ z a lib]al beque/1 economical h\sewives season$ _! di%es ) ! leaves ( pepp]-wort 7,lepidium latifolium71 :i* on ?is acc\nt is call$ at pres5t 9 ,engl& poor man's pepp]4 ,borage 7,borago (fic9alis71 s9ce ! f\rte5?1 or at lea/ ! fifte5? c5tury1 has be5 s[n n only = m$ic9al purposes1 b = ! use ( ! kit*54 ,! "y leaves1 :i* h[ev] soon become h>d1 r\gh1 & unfit = ! table1 7 us$ 9 s\p1 & ! beautiful blue fl[]s 7 put into salad & w9e4 ,?is plant 0 n kn[n to ! anci5ts2 = ! conjecture t x 0 :at !y call$ buglossum1 is n v probable4 ,z f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 ,ni*olas ,myrepsus1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is ! fir/ :o uses ! "n 1 :i* c]ta9ly means borago4 ,b :o kn[s :5ce ?is writ]1 :o introduces 9 8 works a great _m new inexplicable names1 "s ( !m =m$ f ! ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,italian1 obta9$ t appellation8 ,"s ( ! old botani/s h conjectur$ t x is d]iv$ f ! ^w corago1 :i* ,apuleius1 ^: p]iod is unc]ta91 gives z a synonym ( buglossum4 ,"s ?9k t ! read+ 9 ,apuleius ought to be borago2 & o!rs ass]t t corago is ! true "n1 & arose f ! quality :i* ! plant has ( /r5g!n+ ! he>t2 consequ5tly we ought prop]ly to read corago1 & n borago#hea4 ,x is probable t our =efa!rs1 "u ! idea t _! borage 0 ! buglossum ( ! anci5ts1 & !re=e _h ! prop]ty ( /r5g!n+ ! he>t1 ?rew ! fl[]s into w9e1 t _! spirits might by ^! means be m enliv5$4 ,our borage is c]ta9ly a =eign plant1 & ,csalp9us said t x 0 br\ght f o!r c\ntries to ,italy4 ,l9nu#heb positively /ates t x fir/ came f ,aleppo2 b ,i h n yet be5 able to f9d on :at au?ority ?is ass]tion is f\nd$4 ,at pres5t borage1 at lea/ 9 ! ,g]man cook]y1 is no long] us$4 ,among ! kit*5 vegetables ( :i* no c]ta9 traces are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 is sp9age 7,sp9acea ol]acea74 ,its native c\ntry is unkn[n2 b ! "n is new1 & c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! nature ( its prickly se$s4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 x fir/ occurs 9 ! ye> #acea1 among ! food us$ by ! monks on fa/-days#hec2 & at t "t x 0 ,sp9>gium or ,sp9a*ium4 ,meursius f\nd 9 ! middle ages 1 9 a poem :i* he has (t5 m5tion$1 b n def9$ ) suffici5t accuracy#hed4 ,?is plant seems to h be5 made kn[n f ,spa92 = _m ( ! old botani/s1 su* = example z ,bock1 call x olus ,hispanicum4 ,ruellius & o!rs "n x ,atriplex ,hispani5sis2 & ! latt] adds1 t ! ,arabians or ,moors call$ x ,hispana*1 :i* signifies ,spani% plant2 x is h[ev] well kn[n t =m]ly ev]y?+ =eign 0 /yl$ ,spani%4 ,none ( ! kit*5 vegetables ( ! anci5ts seem to approa* ne>] to sp9age ?an _! ,blitum1 :i* ,rondolet consid]$ to be ! same4 ,b all ! prop]ties assign$ to ?is vegetable production1 namely1 t x 0 insipid1 & t on ?is acc\nt x 0 necess>y to r5d] x palatable by ! addition ( v9eg>1 pepp]1 & o!r ?+s2 t x readily multipli$2 t x 0 indige/ible & g5tly ap]i5t2 p]fectly correspond1 n only ) our sp9age1 b ) _m o!r plants1 su*1 = example1 z our beet & ora*1 & ! good k+ ,h5ry 7,*5opodium bonus ,h5ricus71 ! "y leaves ( :i* are /ill dress$ z sp9age4 ,x is also possible t ! blitum ( ! anci5ts may h be5 a k9d ( ,am>an?us1 "s species ( :i* are c]ta9ly eatable4 ,blitum1 !re=e1 w rema9 z difficult to be def9$ z ! malva1 :i* 0 us$ at ! same "t4 ,! ,brassic ( ! anci5ts belong$ c]ta9ly to ! cabbage g5us2 yet no "o1 z f> z ,i "k1 has exam9$ botanically :at is said ( !m1 & completely prov$ _! id5tity4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be fruitless lab\r to attempt to apply our mod]n names to ! cabbage k9ds ( ! anci5ts1 & se>* out 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans ^? :i* we use at pres5t2 = by cont9u$ culture1 ?r\gh s _m ages & 9 s _m c\ntries1 new v>ieties h f "t to "t aris51 & old ones mu/ h become lo/2 s t x is impossible = u to h all ! v>ieties ( ! anci5ts1 z x 0 = !m to be acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ( ^? produc$ 9 our times4 ,i _c !re=e v5ture to ass]t t we /ill possess t k9d ( cabbage :i* ! anci5ts1 to prev5t intoxication1 ate raw l salad#hee4 ,we c dress 9 ?is mann] cabbage heads :5 !y are *opp$ f9e1 b we d n "k ) c]ta9ty :e!r ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) our cabbage2 ?\gh ,ruellius1 n )\t probability1 consid]$ z su* t species :i* 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y 0 kn[n "u ! "n ( lacuturris#hef4 ,b ev5 if ?is be admitt$ z true1 we n[h]e f9d any traces ( t excell5t prep>ation ( cabbage call$ by ! ,g]mans s\r kraut2 ?\gh ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( prep>+ turnips 9 ! same mann]#heg4 ,i %\ld h be5 incl9$ to consid] s\r kraut z a ,g]man inv5tion1 fir/ made 9 ,l[] ,saxony1 :i* our neighb\rs le>nt f u 9 mod]n times1 _h n ,bellon#heh relat$ t ! ,turks are accu/om$ to pickle cabbage = w9t] food4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ^! p take ! :ole heads1 z 9 ,g]many1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ,upp] m ?an ,l[] ,saxony1 "s pres]ve kumskohl1 a "n :i*1 z well z compo/ & ! ,fr5* ^w compote1 ,fris* d]ives ) great probability f compositum 7pres]v$74 ,! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) curl$ cabbage1 & ev5 ) "s ( ^? k9ds :i* we call broccoli4 ,"u ?is t]m is und]/ood all ^? species1 ! num]\s "y fl[]y heads ( :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 spr+ & autumn1 c be us$ l caulifl[]s4 ,su* "y %oots are call$ cym1 b n turiones2 = ! latt] t]m d5otes ! fir/ %oots t arise1 l ^? ( hops1 asp>agus1 & o!r escul5t plants4 ,! broccoli us$ at pres5t 0 h[ev] fir/ br\ght f ,italy to ,france1 toge!r ) ! "n1 ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury#hei4 ,our caulifl[]1 ab\t ! end ( ! same c5tury1 0 fir/ br\ght f ! ,levant to ,italy2 & 9 ! end ( ! sev5te5? 0 transplant$ !nce to ,g]many4 ,= a long "t ! se$s 7 procur$ annually f ,cyprus1 ,c&ia1 & ,con/ant9ople1 by ! ,v5etians & ,g5oese1 :o s5t !m to e "p ( ,europe1 because at t "t ! art ( rais+ se$ 0 n und]/ood#hfj4 ,prosp] ,alp9us1 9 ! ye> #aehh1 f\nd abundance ( ?is vegetable 9 ,egypt1 & f 8 acc\nt !re is reason to conjecture t x 0 !n v little kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,conrad ,gesn] seems n to h be5 acqua9t$ ) x2 at any rate x is n m5tion$ by him 9 a li/ ( ! cabbage k9d ( plants#hfa4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,bauh9 x mu/ h belong$ to ^? vegetables :i* 7 sc>ce2 because he has be5 s p>ticul> 9 nam+ ! g>d5 9 :i* he saw x4 ,von ,hohb]g1 :o wrote ab\t #afhb1 says t caulifl[]1 a few ye>s be=e1 _h be5 br\ght to ,g]many = ! fir/ "t#hfb4 ,x w\ld be difficult to def9e all ! species ( ! cabbage k9d1 ! leaves & fl[]s ( :i* 7 us$ by ! anci5ts z food2 b x w\ld be a task /ill m ardu\s to det]m9e ^? :i* h escul5t roots4 ,to r5d] ?is cle>1 & to %[ :at in=mation ,i h be5 able to obta9 on ! subject by my rese>*es1 ,i mu/ v5ture to indulge 9 a little botanical criticism4 ,our plant-connoisseurs h un=tunately n yet condesc5d$ to exam9e ! class ( kit*5 vegetables2 ?\gh x w\ld c]ta9ly be r5d]+ a f> great] s]vice to botany1 & promote its utility mu* m1 to describe & del9eate all ! species1 v>ieties1 & deviations1 ?an to give new names to a doz5 ( new g5]a f ,polynesia4 ,accord+ to ! ,l9nan sy/em1 we h at pres5t ! foll[+ species ( ! cabbage1 :i* h be5 adopt$ by all botani/s1 )\t fur!r obs]vation4 ,fir/1 ,brassica ol]acea1 to :i* belong all ^? k9ds ! leaves & fl[]s ( :i* are eat54 ,x is c]ta9ly probable t all ^! h be5 gradually produc$ f "o p>5t /ock1 :i* x is n[ impossible p]haps to f9d 9 its orig9al wild /ate4 ,a simil>ity is rem>k$ betwe5 all ^! k9ds2 & ) a little +5uity "o might =m a g5ealogical tree ( !m1 z ,buffon has done 9 reg>d to ! race ( dogs2 b a g5ealogical tree )\t pro(s is ( z little value 9 natural hi/ory z 9 claims = h]$it>y titles or e/ates4 ,at pres5t1 9 our sy/em1 we mu/ admit t su* plants z always gr[ up f _! se$s1 )\t v>iation1 & d n pass into o!r =ms1 are peculi> species2 b ?is w n prove t ^! suppos$ species 7 n orig9ally produc$ f "o mat]nal /em2 = ! v>iation ( ! succe$+ plants took place gradually2 & ! lat] ones always deviat$ m & m f ! p>5t /ock4 ,:o kn[s h[ _m /eps & gradations 7 necess>y be=e cabbage1 savoys1 & caulifl[] 7 produc$ f our common colewort8 ,n few]1 p]haps1 ?an 7 requir$ to produce :ite m5 f ,moors1 or ! t]ri] & lap-dog f ! bull-dog4 ,i %all call ! "m plant1 or orig9al species1 ,a1 :i* by unkn[n causes has produc$ ,b1 & ! latt] by cont9u$ & frequ5tly *ang$ culture has become ,c2 f ?is has be5 produc$ ,d1 & f ?is ,e1 & f ?is ,f1 c4 ,n[ z we are unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( *ang+ ,a into ,f1 & ,f into ,a1 we believe t ,f is a species really diff]5t f ,a4 ,z we "h comp>e two di/ant l9ks ( a *a91 ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* increase v gradually1 we f9d !m s diff]5t1 t x is impossible = u to consid] !m z ! same4 ,b sometimes1 p]haps1 ,f *anges aga9 into ,e2 ,e into ,d2 ,d into ,c2 & ,c into ,b or into ,a4 ,p]haps also ,b may be aga9 produc$ f ,a1 or ,f f ,e4 ,_h a botani/ obs]v$ ?is by exp]i5ce1 he probably w\ld h no hesitation to consid] ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f z v>ieties ( ,a4 ,b su* obs]vations seldom occur2 we h n ! p[] ( mak+ !m accord+ to our pleasure1 = we d n "k all ! causes by :i* ^! num]\s v>iations are produc$4 ,! few obs]vations :i* h be5 made no "o has yet collect$1 comp>$1 & employ$ = e/abli%+ any c]ta9 conclusions4 ,! division1 !re=e1 ( ! cultivat$ plants into species & v>ieties w\ld be a fruitless & unc]ta9 und]tak+1 respect+ :i* "o ought n to dispute )\t suffici5t pro(s4 ,x is ne$less to ref] to ! =m1 col\r1 smell1 & ta/e ( ! leaves1 fl[]s1 & roots4 ,t ! ind5t$ leaves1 su* z ^? :i* all ! cabbage species h1 are mo/ liable to *ange1 is %[n by exp]i5ce4 ,! col\r is no less v>iable2 & ,rei*>d1 :o _h a great belief 9 ! p]petuity ( ! species ( plants1 ass]ts1 t 9 ! same c\ntry & climate he c\ld produce f ! se$s ( r$ cabbage & black radi%es1 :ite cabbage & :ite radi%es#hfc4 ,! production & *ange ( ! h]maphrodite plants is s well kn[n t x is only necess>y to m5tion !m4 ,! smell1 = example2 b ! musky smell ( cabbage e/abli%es no ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,nay1 a plant may entirely lose its odor\s pr9ciple1 spiritus rector1 & yet reta9 its old =m1 z well z all its o!r compon5t p>ts & prop]ties#hfd4 ,9 s&y soil ! smell ( plants is (t5 entirely lo/2 & ! ta/e is frequ5tly *ang$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! l& & ! manure4 ,! mo/ p[]ful m$ic9al plants are ^? :i* gr[ wild 9 _! native c\ntry1 & n ^? re>$ 9 ri* g>d5s1 :]e _m poison\s plants become eatable4 ,ev5 ! duration does n always det]m9e ! diff]5ce ( ! species4 ,?us x is c]ta9 t w9t] & summ] rape are ! same plants1 ?\gh ! =m] is a bi5nial & ! latt] an annual4 ,:]e !n are ! pro(s 9 reg>d to ! cabbage k9d1 &1 9 g5]al1 ^? :i* %[ t diff]5t plants are species ( "o g5us1 & o!rs only v>ieties8 ,precision or c]ta9ty 9 sy/ems c be expect$ only by novices2 b 9 botany ! case is ! same z 9 e o!r sci5ce1 ma!matics except$2 ! m we le>n1 ! m unc]ta9ty we discov]1 & ! m circumscrib$ is ! real k :i* we acquire4 ,x is necess>y t ?is %\ld be kn[n to ^? :o may take ! tr\ble to exam9e ! hi/ory ( kit*5 vegetables & o!r conomical plants2 & !re=e ,i %all (f] no apology = hav+ ent]$ into ?is botanical disquisition4 ,to ! ,brassica ol]acea belong two plants :i* are us$ 9 ! same mann] z turnips or roots4 ,! fir/ is ! turnip-cabbage1 kohlrabi above ! e>? 7,brassica gongylodes71 ! /em ( :i* swells out1 above ! e>?1 into a ?ick pulpy turnip-l tub]cle1 :i* is dress$ & eat5 9 ! same mann] z turnips4 ,x is a mon/r\s excresc5ce ( ! /em1 :i* is h]$it>y1 l ! broad /em ( ! ,italian f5nel4 ,?is turnip-cabbage 0 c]ta9ly n kn[n to ! anci5ts2 x occurs = ! fir/ "t among ! botani/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,spielmann conjectures t x 0 br\ght f ! ,levant dur+ ! crusades2 b x 0 kn[n at too late a p]iod to w>rant ?is op9ion4 ,/ill new] is t v>iety call$ kohlrabi1 subt]ranean or turnip-root$ cabbage1 ! /em ( :i* produces a simil> tub]cle at ! surface ( ! e>? or imm$iately "u x4 ,9 my op9ion1 x 0 fir/ describ$ by ,casp> ,bauh91 9 ! ye> #afbj1 "u ! "n napo-brassica1 :i* x /ill reta9s1 z a new species1 to :i* he 0 n able to assign any synonyms4 ,he says t ?is turnip 0 cultivat$ on ! ,bohemian fronti]s1 :]e x 0 call$ ,dors5 or ,dors*52 & ! same "n is giv5 to x !re at pres5t1 z is confirm$ by ,mehl]1 9 ^: "w !re is a good figure ( x#hfe4 ,9 ,g]many x is commonly call$ ,/eckrbe1 &1 z is said1 0 fir/ made kn[n !re ab\t ! ye> #agfd by ! ,bohemian glass-deal]s4 ,! second cabbage species 9 ! ,l9nan sy/em is ! ,brassica napus1 a plant :i* gr[s wild on ! s&y sea-coa/s ( ,engl&1 z well z 9 ! isl& ( ,go?l&1 & :i* 9 _m ( ! nor!rn c\ntries is cultivat$ = ! oil obta9$ f ! se$s1 "u ! "n ( w9t] & summ] rape4 ,:5 ?9ly plant$ 9 a n\ri%+ soil x produces escul5t roots1 :i* h a some:at h>% ta/e1 & prop]ly 9 ,g]man x ought to be call$ ,/eckrbe4 ,su* is ! "n giv5 to x 9 ! works ( all ! old writ]s by :om x 0 fir/ m5tion$2 & x is call$ s at pres5t 9 ,bohemia1 :]e x is cultivat$1 z well z kohlrabi "u ! e>?1 :i* 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many is improp]ly nam$ ,/eckrbe1 & a prop] di/9ction is made betwe5 ! two species#hff4 ,?is k9d1 ! real ,/eckrbe1 is nev] v ?ick1 be+ only ( ! size ( ^? :i* gr[ 9 ! ,m>k4 ,! leaves arise imm$iately f ! roots1 b 9 ! gongylodes & napo-brassica !y proce$ f ! /em4 ,?is species ( turnip ,i did n expect to f9d among ! anci5ts4 ,i conceiv$ t x might p]haps h be5 produc$ 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries1 s9ce rape began to be cultivat$ = oil4 ,aft]w>ds ?is plant may h become s mu* dome/icat$ among u1 z to be f\nd n unfrequ5tly 9 a wild /ate4 ,"s p]son may !n h easily rem>k$ ! pulpy roots ( plants gr[+ 9 a manur$ soil1 & mak+ a trial ( !m f\nd !m well-ta/$4 ,:5 fir/ cultivat$1 x mu/ h be5 obs]v$ t _! h>% ta/e 0 mod]at$1 sometimes m & sometimes less1 9 a s&y soil1 & r5d]$ 9 "s degree aromatic2 by :i* means !y acquir$ s great a sup]iority to ! common & almo/ insipid rape1 t !y 7 br\ght to ! fir/-rate tables "u ! "n ( ! ,m>ki%1 ,telt[1 ,borsfeld1 ,bob5hus] & ,wilhelmsburg rapes4 ,9 ea* c\ntry !y 7 nam$ aft] ^? places :]e !y acquir$ ! be/ sav\r2 & ?is 0 ! case only :]e ! soil consi/$ ( clay mix$ ) m or less s&4 ,f su* di/ricts l>ge quantities ( !m 7 s5t to a great di/ance2 b p]haps nev] 9 m abundance ?an f ,telt[1 9 ! ,middle ,m>k1 :i* small t[n sold to ! am\nt ( m ?an two ?\s& doll>s1 *iefly to ,b]l9 & ,hamburg2 & f ,hamburg ^! agreeable roots 7 frequ5tly s5t to bo? ! ,indies4 ,ar\nd ,/5dal also1 9 ! ,old ,m>k1 !y 7 rais$ 9 consid]able quantity1 b ! se$s are procur$ !re f ,telt[#hfg4 ,if we wi% to introduce !m into our g>d5s1 we mu/ ei!r mix mu* s& ) ! soil1 or procure fre% se$s annually4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h little occasion = cultivat+ rape4 ,!y _h o!r vegetables1 f ! se$s or fruit ( :i* !y c\ld obta9 a bett] oil1 & 9 m abundance4 ,:]e ! olive w\ld n ?rive1 !y cultivat$1 z at pres5t1 sesamum2 or express$ oil f ! nuts & se$s ( ! turp5t9e tree#hfh1 )\t speak+ ( ! _m ess5tial oils :i* !y us$ = salves4 ,b h[ev] probable ?is may appe>1 ,i am incl9$ to suspect1 t "u & napus our /eckrb5 are to be und]/ood1 z mo/ ( ! old botani/s h admitt$2 & t ! roots ( !m 7 us$ = food1 be=e ! se$s 7 employ$ = mak+ oil4 ,! napus ( ! anci5ts _h long ?9 roots1 :i* 7 s small t !y c\ld be pres]v$ )\t be+ cut into slices2 on ! o!r h&1 ! rapa _h l>ge conical roots1 :i* c\ld n be pres]v$ till !y 7 slic$4 ,! napus1 because ! roots grew *iefly d[nw>ds1 7 s[n ?ick] ?an ! rapum4 ,! napus 0 cultivat$ only = ! use ( man2 b ! rapum 0 rais$ 9 great abundance z fodd] = cattle4 ,( ! napus !re 7 _m kn[n v>ieties1 ( diff]5t degrees ( goodness1 :i*1 z is ! case at pres5t ) /eckrb51 7 nam$ f ! place :]e !y *iefly grew4 ,:5 s[n late 9 ! season1 !y 7 injur$ by ! e>?-flea2 to prev5t :i*1 ! "y plants 7 /rew$ ov] ) soot4 ,bo? ! napi & rapa 7 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 :]e !y 7 kept 9 a fre% /ate dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! =m]1 to prev5t !m f deg5]at+1 requir$ c>eful cultivation2 & inde$ !re are few kit*5 vegetables :i* s easily *ange _! /ate1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil1 z ! /eckrb54 ,b :at op9ion c be =m$ ( ! ass]tion1 (t5 repeat$1 t brassica napus1 & rapum1 or rapa1 readily *ange into ea* o!r2 consequ5tly are only v>ieties or deviations ( ! same species#hfi8 ,i am n dispos$ to decl>e ?is ass]tion to be altoge!r false2 ?\gh ,i w n v\* = ! possibility ( conv]t+ our ,m>ki% rapes into turnips or cabbage4 ,i conjecture t 9 ! olde/ times1 :5 ^! ?ree plants 7 n s f> sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]m$iate species or degrees ( deg5]ation1 z !y _h a great] resemblance to ea* o!r1 & 7 all ne>] to ! orig9al species1 su* transitions 7 easi] ?an !y possibly c\ld be at pres5t4 ,! ?ird species ( cabbage 9 ! ,l9nan sy/em1 belong+ to ?is place1 is ! ,brassica rapa1 or turnip1 ! roots ( :i*1 m or less conical1 diff] 9 figure1 col\r & ta/e#hgj4 ,t ^! roots are ! same z ^? call$ by ! ,romans rapa1 & by ! ,greeks or 1 appe>s to be subject to no d\bt1 ?\gh at pres5t we may h a great] numb] ( v>ieties4 ,! turnip 0 well-kn[n to ! ,romans1 & all t c be ga!r$ on ?is subject f ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts r5d]s x probable t x occupi$ ne>ly ! same place 9 ,roman culture z x does 9 ,briti% husb&ry at ! pres5t day4 ,columella#hga recomm5d$ t ! gr[? ( turnips %\ld be abundant1 because ^? :i* 7 n requir$ = human food c\ld be giv5 ) mu* advantage to cattle2 & bo? he & ,pl9y concur 9 _! te/imony1 t ?is produce 0 e/eem$ next to corn 9 utility & value4 ,! be/ grew 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,sab9es1 & 7 wor? at ,rome a se/]tius1 or #b;d4 ea*#hgb4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,roman me?od ( cultivation mu/ h be5 sup]ior to t ( ! mod]ns1 s9ce ,pl9y relates t "s s+le roots weigh$ z mu* z =ty p\nds1 a weight f> surpass+ any :i* has be5 obta9$ by ! mo/ skilful mod]n agriculturi/s4 ,x is v probable t ! g>d5 culture ( ! turnip 0 introduc$ by ! ,romans into ?is c\ntry1 & t1 l "s ( ! fruit trees :i* !y _h transplant$ "h1 ?\gh neglect$1 x 0 nev] altoge!r lo/4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is root 0 9 cultivation 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,:e!r reviv$ by native indu/ry1 or introduc$ at t p]iod by ! ,flem+s1 is a "q diff]5tly answ]$ by diff]5t writ]s4 ,t[>ds ! latt] end ( ! sixte5? c5tury x is m5tion$ by m ?an "o writ]4 ,cogan1 9 8 ,hav5 ( ,heal?1 publi%$ 9 #aeig1 says1 t 8al?\gh _m m5 love to eat turnips1 yet d sw9e abhor !m40 ,g]>de1 :o publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 & :o _h r m rational views on ! subject ( plants1 leads u to conclude t m ?an "o v>iety 0 cultivat$ 9 ! environs ( ,london at t "t4 8,! small turnips10 says he1 8gr[n by a village ne> ,london1 call$ ,hackney1 9 a s&ie gr\nd1 & br\ght to ! crosse 9 ,*eapside by ! wom5 ( ! village to be solde1 are ! be/ t ,i ev] ta/$40 ,g]>de is sil5t conc]n+ ! field culture ( turnips2 nei!r is ?is m5tion$ by ,p>k9son1 :o wrote 9 #afbi4 ,we d n f9d any acc\nt ( ! root be+ gr[n 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry until ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7loc4 sup4 citat474 ,turnips sometimes atta9 a v l>ge size 9 ?is c\ntry2 ,tull#hgc speaks ( "s weigh+ z mu* z n9ete5 p\nds1 & ( (t5 meet+ ) o!rs ( sixte5 p\nds4 ,"o 0 dug up 9 ,surrey1 9 ,july #ahbh1 :i* weigh$ tw5ty-"o p\nds1 & 0 "o y>d 9 circumf]5ce#hgd4 ,our m imm$iate ance/ors appe> to h appli$ ! turnip to m ext5sive uses z an escul5t ?an is done at pres5t4 ,x is /at$1 t 9 #afbi & #afcj1 :5 !re 0 a de>? 9 ,engl&1 v good1 :ite1 la/+ & :olesome bread 0 made ( boil$ turnips1 depriv$ ( _! moi/ure by pressure1 & !n knead$ ) an equal quantity ( :eat5 fl\r4 ,! same 0 _h rec\rse to 9 ,essex 9 #afichge4 ,! "q :e!r ! ,greeks & ! ,romans 7 acqua9t$ ) our c>rots#hgf1 seems to be att5d$ ) m difficulties ?an might be expect$4 ,:oev] wi%es to answ] x fully1 & at ! same "t expla9 ! in=mation ( ! anci5ts1 & exam9e ! op9ions ( ! botani/s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 7= ! mod]n botani/s give !mselves v little tr\ble 9 reg>d to su* rese>*es71 mu/ ent] into a disquisition ( su* l5g? z might be agreeable p]haps to few read]s4 ,i %all h[ev] "h /ate :at ,i ?9k ,i "k1 & h[ev] little x may be1 x w p]haps af=d "s assi/ance to ^? :o are desir\s to illu/rate ! works ( ! anci5t physicians & agriculturi/s4 ,dioscorides1 :o1 next to ,!ophra/us among ! ,greeks1 possess$ ! greate/ %>e ( botanical k1 0 c]ta9ly acqua9t$ ) our c>rot1 & gave x ! "n ( /aphyl9os4 ,= ?is plant1 he says1 l dill1 be>s umbell consi/+ ( :ite fl[]s1 :i* 9 ! middle are ( a purple r$ or almo/ saffron r$ col\r4 ,our c>rots1 x is well kn[n1 h ^! *>act]i/ics1 be=e ! umbell1 t[>ds ! "t ( _! rip5+1 =m !mselves into a nidus4 ,! plant meant by ,dioscorides grew wild1 b 0 re>$ 9 g>d5s1 on acc\nt ( its escul5t root2 & our c>rots are c]ta9ly desc5d$ f plants :i* grew wild1 ?\gh ,mill]1 au?or ( ! ,g>d5]'s ,diction>y1 c\ld n succe$ 9 r5d]+ ! small pung5t roots eatable by culture4 ,we mu/ believe ,columella & ,pl9y1 t ! /aphyl9os ( ! ,greeks 01 9 _! "t1 call$ pa/9aca2 ?\gh !y give no in=mation f :i* x c be conclud$ t _! pa/9aca 0 our c>rot4 ,! =m] speaks ( x z a plant useful to bees1 :i* is ! case also ) our wild & cultivat$ c>rots4 ,aft]w>ds he tells u t x 0 cultivat$ l sis]4 ,^? !re=e h err$ :o consid] sis] & pa/9aca z ! same plant1 & believe x to be our liquorice4 ,t /aphyl9us1 or pat9aca1 or our c>rot1 0 by ! ,greeks call$ also daucus1 is ass]t$ by ,pl9y1 z well z ,gal52 & 9 ! ,geoponica1 daucon is nam$ among ! kit*5 vegetables4 ,b ,dioscorides seems to make a diff]5ce betwe5 /aphyl9us & daucon1 z he treats ( !m 9 diff]5t sections4 ,he h[ev] says t daucon is l /aphyl9us1 & has also a :ite umbella4 ,daucon p]haps may h signifi$ a peculi> v>iety ( c>rot4 ,9 ! la/ place1 t ! pa/9ac1 or c>rots1 7 nam$ also c>ot1 is m5tion$ by ,apicius4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ p]haps f 1 :i* 9 ,a!nu d5otes ! l>ge roots ( ! /aphyl9us1 & also f 1 :i* occurs 9 ,hesy*ius & ,apuleius z a synonym ( pa/9aca1 /aphyl9us1 & daucion2 b x is possible t all ^! words may h be5 corrupt$ by transcrib]s4 ,! ,g]mans & ,fr5* h[ev] h !nce =m$ ! appellation c>rottes4 ,b 1 a plant :i* ,gal5#hgg names along ) ! roots ( ! /aphyl9us & daucus1 signifi$1 und\bt$ly1 our c>away 7,c>um ,c>vi74 ,dioscorides says t ! spicy aromatic se$s ( ! 7 us$1 & t ! roots also 7 boil$ & eat5 l c>rots4 ,pl9y calls ! plant c>eum4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans !re=e 7 acqua9t$ ) our c>rots2 b 9 my op9ion !y 7 f> less us$ 9 cook]y & z fodd] = cattle ?an !y are at pres5t1 o!rwise !y mu/ h m frequ5tly occurr$ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,b :e!r1 "u ! t]m pa/9aca1 ! anci5ts did n sometimes und]/& our p>snip1 ,i w n v5ture to det]m9e4 ,i c only ass]t1 ) "s degree ( probability1 t ! latt] is by ,dioscorides call$ elaphoboscon1 a "n :i* occurs also 9 ,pl9y4 ,! =m] says expressly t ?is plant _h umbell ) yell[ fl[]s1 & l>ge :ite sweet roots fit to be eat54 ,n[ among our umbellif]\s plants1 besides dill1 f5nel & lovage1 ! p>snip is ! only "o :i* has yell[ fl[]s2 at any rate ,i "k ( no o!r ) yell[ fl[]s & escul5t roots4 ,if ! p>snip _h no o!r names among ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 x mu/ h be5 v little us$ by !m2 = x is m5tion$ only by ,dioscorides & ,pl9y4 ,at pres5t we "k t x =ms excell5t fodd] = black cattle1 %eep & sw9e4 ,x ne$s h[ev] excite little wond] t x is s difficult to discov] ^! plants 9 ! works ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,!y all belong to "o natural ord]1 ! species ( :i* c ) difficulty be di/+ui%$ by ! mo/ exp]t botani/4 ,i mean to say1 t all ! umbellif]\s plants are s l to ea* o!r1 t !y may be readily conf\nd$4 ,?is difficulty is /ill fur!r increas$ by ! old physicians1 :o us$ a great _m plants ( ?is k9d1 & nam$ !m aft] ! kit*5 vegetables to :i* !y _h a resemblance1 s t by ^! means plants totally diff]5t occur "u ! same "n4 ,to di/+ui% ^!1 x is necess>y fir/ to exam9e :i* ( !m 0 a kit*5 vegetable1 & :i* 0 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,among our kit*5 vegetables1 z among ! spices1 !re are _m k9ds :i*1 at fir/1 7 kn[n only on acc\nt ( _! m$ic9al prop]ties1 b aft]w>ds 7 e/eem$ & cultivat$ on acc\nt ( _! good ta/e4 ,( ?is k9d is ! scorzon]a#hgh1 :i* became fir/ kn[n 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ,spa91 :]e x 0 consid]$ z an antidote to ! poison ( a snake call$ !re scurzo4 ,a ,moor1 :o _h le>nt ?is prop]ty ( x 9 ,africa1 cur$ ) ! juice ( ! leaves & ! roots a great _m peasants bitt5 by snakes :ile m[+2 b he w\ld n discov] ! plant1 t he might reta9 all ! advantage to himself4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o foll[$ him to ! m\nta9s1 :]e he collect$ x1 obs]v$ t x 0 ! ,scurzon]a1 or ,scorzon]a hispanica1 s call$ f ! "n ( ! snake4 ,petrus ,canniz] transmitt$ ! plant1 toge!r ) a draw+ ( x1 to ,john ,odori* ,mel*ior1 physician to ! que5 ( ,bohemia2 & ! latt] s5t :at he _h obta9$ to ,mat?ioli1 :o at t "t 0 n acqua9t$ ) x#hgi4 ,soon aft] ! roots 7 extoll$ 9 a p>ticul> tract by ,ni*olas ,mon>des1 z a p[]ful rem$y = ! poison ( snakes#hhj4 ,x is probable also t ^! roots 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,spa9 z food1 & ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 c>ri$ !nce to ,france4 ,! anonym\s au?or ( ! well-kn[n "w ,le ,j>d9i] ,franois1 :o 0 a g>d5]1 & dealt 9 trees & se$s at ,p>is1 boa/s ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ :o introduc$ ^! roots into ! ,fr5* g>d5s4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 book1 :i* greatly contribut$ to improve g>d5+ 9 ,france1 0 pr9t$ 9 #afaf4 ,at pres5t ! roots ( ! scorzon]a are to be f\nd 9 mo/ g>d5s1 b no "o places fai? 9 _! m$ic9al virtue2 & :5 !y are occasionally prescrib$ by any physician = a ptisan p]haps1 ! o!r k9d1 ! ,scorzon]a humilis1 is pref]r$1 ?\gh 9 ! apo!c>ies' %ops ! ,spani%1 tak5 f ! g>d5s1 is us$ 9 its /ead#hha4 ,among our species ( ! ,allium g5us1 %allots1 9 consequ5ce ( _! mild ta/e1 are pref]r$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is "n1 z well z ! ,fr5* *alotte1 is d]iv$ f ,ascalonia2 & ! above species 9 ! sy/em is call$ ,allium ascalonicum#hhb4 ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9y1 ,columella1 ,apicius1 & o!rs1 speak ( a species call$ ascalonia1 br\ght f ! city ( ,ascalon1 9 ,pale/9e1 z we are told by ,pl9y1 ,/rabo1 & ,/ephanus4 ,! la/-m5tion$ au?or /ates x z a report1 t ! fir/ bulbs 7 obs]v$ 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,^! names are f\nd 9 ! olde/ catalogues ( ! ,g]man g>d5 vegetables4 ,!re is suffici5t reason also to conjecture t our %allots 7 ! ascaloni ( ! anci5ts1 & t !y came orig9ally f ,pale/9e2 especially z ,hasselqui/ f\nd ! same species gr[+ !re wild4 ,an important d\bt1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ?is op9ion arises f :at is said by ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y2 namely1 t _! ascaloni c\ld n be propagat$ by bulbs1 b by se$s#hhc2 on ! o!r h&1 our %allots 9 ,g]many1 & p]haps 9 e o!r "p ( ,europe1 nev] come to fl[]1 & are obta9$ only by ! bulbs2 s t ,l9nu procur$ ! fir/ fl[]s1 ?r\gh ,hasselqui/1 f ,pale/9e4 ,b :y %\ld n all ! o!r allium species be propagat$ by plant+ ! bulbs8 ,! kit*5-g>d5s ( ,engl& 7 z scantily suppli$ ) vegetables1 until ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z ! pleasure-gr\nds 7 ) %rubs & fl[]s4 8,x 0 n10 says ,hume1 8till ! end ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 t any salads1 c>rots1 turnips or o!r edible roots 7 produc$ 9 ,engl&2 ! little ( ^! vegetables t 0 us$ 0 import$ f ,holl& & ,fl&]s4 ,que5 ,ca!r9e1 :5 %e want$ a salad1 0 oblig$ to despat* a mess5g] ?i!r on purpose40 ,hume is n h[ev] q correct 9 ?is po9t4 ,our ance/ors1 be=e ,h5ry ,v,i,i,ith's "t1 _h always _! w9t]-cresses & wat]-cresses1 & common ,alex&]s1 :i* s]v$ !m = cel]y2 !y _h rampion & rocket2 borage = _! cool tank>d1 & am>an?us & goose-foot1 or good ,h5ry ) spr\t-kales1 :i* !y us$ z gre5s4 ,_! fruits 7 nei!r num]\s nor good1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to gooseb]ries1 currants & /rawb]ries2 ! apples & pe>s 7 g5]ally indiff]5t1 & _! plums & *]ries bad2 al?\gh ! latt] are suppos$ to h be5 plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry s e>ly z ! ye> #hjj1 at :i* "t !y 7 br\ght f ,italy4 ,! mo/ important ( kit*5 vegetables ( ! pres5t day is c]ta9ly ! potato4 ,!re is sc>cely a d\bt ( ! potato be+ a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & its exi/+ 9 a wild /ate 9 elevat$ places 9 ! tropical regions & 9 ! m temp]ate di/ricts ( ! we/]n coa/ ( t c\ntry4 ,x appe>s probable t x 0 fir/ br\ght into ,europe f ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,quito1 to ,spa91 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 !y 7 "h call$ papas4 ,f ,spa9 !y 7 c>ri$ to ,italy1 & !re receiv$ ! same "n z ! truffle1 t>at\fli4 ,f ,italy !y w5t to ,vi5na1 ?r\gh ! gov]nor ( ,mons 9 ,ha9ault1 :o s5t "s to ,clusius 9 #aeih4 ,! potato arriv$ 9 ,engl& f ,nor? ,am]ica1 be+ br\ght f ,virg9ia by ! coloni/s s5t out by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 9 #aehd1 & :o return$ 9 ,july #aehf1 & 9 all probability br\ght back ! potato ) !m4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks2 moreov]1 9 ,de ,bry's ,collection ( ,voyages#hhd1 he describes a plant call$ op5awk1 :i* is 9 all probability id5tical ) ! potato4 ,g]>de1 9 8 h]bal1 publi%$ 9 #aeig1 figures ! potato1 "u ! "n ( ! potato ( ,virg9ia1 :5ce he says he receiv$ ! roots4 ,! potato 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,irel& by ! gr&fa!r ( ,sir ,rob]t ,s\?well1 f tub]s giv5 him by ,sir ,w4 ,raleigh4 ,"s "t aft]1 !y 7 gr[n 9 ,lanca%ire1 z "s say1 be+ convey$ !re ?r\gh a %ipwreck2 !nce _! culture has gradually diffus$ itself ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! great dep5d5ce = n\ri%m5t plac$ 9 ! potato by s _m ( ! poor1 has be5 lately exhibit$ 9 ! great di/ress caus$ by ! disease ( ! crops4 ,9 addition to its use z a direct article ( food1 ! potato is appli$ to furni% />*1 :i* is n unfrequ5tly sub/itut$ = arr[-root & sug>4 ,9 ! ye> #afai1 ! common m>ket-price ( ! potato 0 #as4 p] lb4 ,,footnotes #hdc ,! v rev]se ( ?is is n[ g5]ally admitt$1 & ! prosp]ity ( a c\ntry may be judg$ ( f ! am\nt ( sug> consum$ 9 x4 #hdd ,rumex pati5tia4 ,k]n]1 tab4 #gbj4 #hde ,b>b>ea plantag9ea4 ,k]n]'s konom4 ,pflanz51 tab4 #efb4 #hdf ,smyrnium olusatrum4 ,k]n]1 #cef4 #hdg ,*rophyllum bulbosum4 ,k]n]1 tab4 #bii4 ,jacqu91 ,flora ,au/riaca1 i4 tab4 #fc4 #hdh ,phyteuma spicata4 ,k]n]1 tab4 #aec4 #hdi ,! tub]\s roots ( ! ,la?yrus tub]osus4 ,k]n]1 tab4 #cbh4 #hej ,columella4 x4 #aji4 ,virgil1 ,moretum1 #he4 #hea ,apuleius de ,virtute ,h]b>4 cap4 #da4 ,pl9ius1 xxv4 #h4 #heb ,spec4 ,plant>um4 #hec ,du ,cange4 #hed ,meursii ,gloss>4 ,anonymus de vulpe et lupo4 ,9 p4 #feg1 he says t ?is poem 0 pr9t$1 b :]e we are n told4 #hee ,see ! passages quot$ by ,niclas 9 ,geopon4 v4 #aa4 #c1 p4 #cde4 #hef ,pl94 xix4 #h4 sect4 #da4 ,! same species is m5tion$ by ,columella1 x4 #ach4 ,b ( r$ cabbage no acc\nt is f\nd 9 any anci5t au?or4 #heg ,columella1 xii4 #ed4 ,pallad4 ,decem4 #e4 ,nic&] 9 ,a!nu1 iv4 #heh ,bellonii ,obs4 ,it94 iii4 #bg4 #hei ,m5age1 ,dict4 v4 ,broccoli4 #hfj ,?is is /at$ 9 ,v9c5zo ,tan>o ,economica del ,cittad9o 9 ,villa4 ,?is book1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #afdb1 0 (t5 pr9t$2 b ,i h nev] be5 s =tunate z to meet ) a copy4 ,! elev5? edition1 be+ ! late/1 0 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #agde1 #dto4 ,9 ,nonnii ,diteticon1 p4 #di1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 #afbg1 x is said t ! se$s ( caulifl[] 7 br\ght f ,italy to ,antw]p1 :]e no se$ 0 rais$1 or su* only z produc$ deg5]ate plants4 #hfa ,9 ,horti ,g]mani1 at ! end ( ,cordi ,op]a1 p4 #bej1 ,b4 #hfb ,georgica ,curiosa1 ,nurnb]g1 #agaf1 fol4 i4 p4 #fdc4 #hfc ,l&- und ,g>t5s*atz1 p4 #hd4 #hfd ,see ! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( ,dalib]t 9 ,mmoires prs5tes sur les ,ma?matiques et la ,physique1 tom4 i4 ,/rong-smell+ plants lose _! smell 9 a s&y soil1 & d n recov] x :5 transplant$ into a ri* soil4 ,on ?is ,rozi] f\nds 8 proposal = improv+ rape-oil4 #hfe ,mehl]1 p4 #af1 tab4 vi4--,k]n]1 tab4 #cab4 #hff ,a good figure is giv5 by ,mehl]1 tab4 viii4 #hfg ,see a figure ( ! ,telt[ rapes 9 ,k]n]1 tab4 #ecd4 #hfh ,geopon4 lib4 ix4 #ah1 p4 #faa4 ,! oil ( turp5t9e ( ! pres5t day is obta9$ f ! res9 by di/illation1 a process ) :i* ! anci5ts 7 unacqua9t$4 #hfi ,columella1 ii4 #aj1 #bb-be2 xi4 #c1 #fj2 xii4 #ed4--,pl9ius1 xx4 #d2 & xix4 #aj & #e4 ,t ,i may n be too prolix1 ,i %all leave ! confusion :i* occurs 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts unt\*$4 #hgj ,see ! figure ( ! ,mayrbe 9 ,k]n]1 tab4 #eec2 ( ! ,guckelrbe1 tab4 #eaf2 & ,mehl]'s tab4 vii4 7or #cg47 #hga ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #aj4 #hgb ,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 xviii4 c4 #ac2 lib4 xix4 c4 #e4 #hgc ,tull's ,horse-,hoe+ ,husb&ry4 #hgd ,g>d4 ,magaz4 #hge ,lib4 ,ent]t4 ,k1 ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances4 #hgf ,k]n]'s konom4 ,pflanz51 tab4 #cai4--,mehl]1 tab4 x4 7or #dj47 #hgg ,de ,alim5t4 ,facult4 ii4 #fg4 ,gal5 has 1 n 4 #hgh ,k]n]1 tab4 #ia4 #hgi ,mat?ioli ,epi/4 ,m$4 v4 p4 #bji2 9 ,op]a1 ,basil4 #afgd1 fol4 #hhj ,a translation1 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,spani% 9 #aefi1 is 9 ,clusii ,exotica1 p4 #ae4 #hha ,murray1 ,app>at4 ,m$4 i4 p4 #afj4 #hhb ,k]n]1 tab4 #cjg4 #hhc ,cep fissiles1 or scissiles1 or s*i/1 are leeks1 z ,!ophra/us tells u himself1 :i*1 :5 ! leaves become yell[1 are tak5 f ! e>?1 & be+ fre$ f ! leaves1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 !n dri$1 & 9 spr+ aga9 put into ! gr\nd4 ,if we believe t ! ascaloni c be propagat$ only by se$1 we mu/ c]ta9ly read 9 ,!ophra/us 1 z ,scalig] has already rem>k$4 #hhd ,vol4 i4 p4 #ag4 ,,knitt+ ,,nets ,,& ,,/ock+s4 ,,/ock+-,,loom4 ,9 ! art ( weav+1 ! wo( is ?r[n or made to pass ?r\gh ! num]\s ?reads ( ! w>p#hhe1 & is reta9$ by !m2 b 9 knitt+ !re is only "o ?read1 :i* is entw9$ 9 s +5i\s a mann] t x produces a tissue approa*+ ne> to clo?1 bo? 9 its use & appe>ance1 ?\gh x _c be call$ clo?1 because x is =m$ )\t w>p & wo(4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 qu>rel 9 reg>d to names3 ! spid]'s web is produc$ by only "o ?read1 b 9 a mann] inde$ :i* diff]s z mu* f weav+ z x does f knitt+2 & x is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty :e!r ,ara*ne f\nd out ! art ( weav+ clo? or ( mak+ nets#hhf4 ,!re are two me?ods ( knitt+1 ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r2 ! "o employ$ 9 mak+ nets1 & ! o!r 9 knitt+ /ock+s4 ,9 ! =m] ! tw9e is knott$ into me%es by means ( a knitt+-ne$le2 :]eas 9 ! knitt+ ( /ock+s ! me%es are produc$ )\t knots4 ,h5ce x may be readily compreh5d$ :y knit /ock+s c be s easily & s spe$ily un-knit1 9 ord] t ! ?read may be employ$ = new "w2 & :y 9 nets ?is is impossible4 ,! knots :i* prev5t x r5d] x on ! o!r h& possible = nets to be cut or torn asund]1 )\t de/roy+ m me%es ?an ^? imm$iately expos$ to ! =ce appli$4 ,"o may easily see also ! cause :y ?+s knit 9 ! same mann] z /ock+s c be /ret*$ )\t be+ torn1 &1 l ela/ic bodies1 aga9 contract z soon z ! action ( ! di/5d+ =ce ceases4 ,on ?is acc\nt no k9d ( clo? has yet be5 f\nd fitt] = gloves1 /ock+s1 g>t]s & b&ages4 ,:5 n too closely knit1 s+le p>ts c be ext5d$ )\t injury1 z ! ?reads 9 ! neighb\r+ me%es give way1 & ! me%es become n>r[ or contract$4 ,?is1 on acc\nt ( ! knots1 is n possible 9 knitt+ ( ! fir/ k9d1 :i* h[ev] produces ! be/ nets1 z ! me%es suff] ! wat] & mud1 toge!r ) ! fi% t are too small1 to pass ?r\gh !m1 & reta9 only ! fi% t are l>g]4 ,a captur$ fi%1 9 ord] to escape1 mu/ te> to pieces1 aft] ea* o!r1 z _m me%es z are equal to ! circumf]5ce ( its body4 ,7 ! net =m$ 9 ! same mann] z a /ock+1 a s+le me%1 if torn1 w\ld suff] x to pass ?r\gh#hhg4 ,x is to be reckon$ among ! advantages ( ! pres5t age1 t a read9ess 9 knitt+ is requir$ z a "p ( female education 9 all ranks2 & x may be easily acquir$ ev5 by *ildr51 ) ! assi/ance ( an exp]t & indulg5t in/ructress4 ,x is h[ev] a/oni%+ t ?is art has n be5 bani%$ by ! ref9em5t ( mod]n mann]s1 especially z s mu* ( ! "t ( "y females is employ$ 9 ! read+ ( novels & romances4 ,b x is to be obs]v$1 t ?is occupation1 :i*1 ) a little practice1 becomes s easy t x may be call$ r an amusem5t1 does n int]rupt disc\rse1 di/ract ! att5tion or *eck ! p[]s ( ! imag9ation4 ,x =ms a ready res\rce :5 a vacuity occurs 9 conv]sation1 or :5 a circum/ance takes place :i* ought to be he>d or se51 b n treat$ ) too mu* s]i\sness3 ! prud5t knitt] !n he>s & sees :at %e does n wi% to seem to he> or to see4 ,knitt+ does no injury ei!r to ! body or ! m9d1 ! latt] ( :i* suff]s f romances4 ,x occasions no prejudicial or disagreeable position1 requires no /ra9+ ( ! eye-sight1 & c be p]=m$ ) z mu* conv5i5ce :5 /&+ or walk+ z :5 sitt+4 ,x may be int]rupt$ )\t loss1 & aga9 resum$ )\t tr\ble2 & ! :ole app>atus = knitt+1 :i* is *eap1 ne$s s little room1 & is s light1 t x c be kept & gracefully c>ri$ ab\t 9 a basket1 ! beauty ( :i* displays ! exp]tness1 or at any rate ! ta/e1 ( ! fair arti/4 ,knitt+ belongs to ! few useful occupations ( old p]sons1 :o h n lo/ ! use ( _! h&s4 ,^? :o wi% to reproa* ! fair sex = ! "t !y wa/e 9 endeav\r+ to please ! m51 ought n to =get t ! =m] "k h[ to occupy ^? mom5ts :i* ! latt] devote1 n to lab\r1 b to social enjoym5t or pleasure1 or :i* w\ld be o!rwise lo/--! "t 9 :i* ! male sex are able to d no?+ t is useful4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 w s]i\sly object ?is to ! male sex1 ^: daily occupations t5d s mu* to exhau/ ! spirits2 b is x n to be regrett$ t ^? :o1 9 consequ5ce ( _! situation1 p]=m prop]ly no "w1 :o are sc>cely "u ! necessity ( ?9k+1 & :o r become corrupt$ ?r\gh idl5ess1 d n employ _! vacant h\rs 9 knitt+1 9 ord] to ga9 money8 ,:at ,i mean to say is1 %\ld n s]vants1 soldi]s1 %eph]ds1 & ! male *ildr5 ( ! peasants :o are unfit = h>d lab\r1 le>n to knit1 t !y might e>n some?+ = !mselves & _! families8 ,a sale = knit articles1 /ock+s1 mitts1 caps1 nets & f9e lace c nev] be want+4 ,my panegyric1 h[ev]1 on knitt+ is applicable1 /rictly speak+1 to ! second k9d only1 :i* surpasses ! fir/ 9 utility1 b is a mu* m mod]n inv5tion2 = fi%+ & hunt+ 7 ! olde/ occupations1 & m5tion ( nets occurs 9 ! e>lie/ writ+s4 ,x is n improbable t ! p :o resid$ on ! banks ( riv]s abundant 9 fi%1 endeav\r$ to cat* !m at fir/ ) baskets1 su* z ^? :i* mo/ ( ! ,indians "k h[ to make1 or ) o!r vessels :i* suff]$ ! wat] to run ?r\gh !m2 b t 9 ! c\rse ( "t a piece ( ?9 clo? 0 employ$1 & at a /ill lat] p]iod1 :at 0 f> m conv5i5t1 nets4 ,m5tion h[ev] ( fi%+ & hunt+ nets occurs v (t5 9 ! ,scriptures2 & 9 "s passages x is cle>ly prov$ t we are to und]/& by !m su* z 7 knit4 ,b ,i %all leave comm5tators to det]m9e :e!r g9s compos$ ( ropes or cords#hhh are n (t5 meant :]e ! translators h introduc$ nets4 ,! =m] are c]ta9ly old] ?an ! latt]2 !y 7 long us$ bo? 9 hunt+ & 9 w>1 & are /ill employ$ among "s savage tribes :o are n acqua9t$ ) fire-arms4 ,t nets1 h[ev]1 %\ld be inv5t$ at an e>ly p]iod ne$s excite no wond]1 = !y h be5 f\nd 9 mod]n times among v rude nations4 ,waf]#hhi saw "s among ! ,am]ican savages :i* 7 made ( ! b>k ( a tree2 & ! ,gre5l&]s made "s ( ! same k9d ( ! hair ( ! :ale's be>d1 & ( ! s9ews ( o!r animals4 ,i %all omit "h :at has be5 said 9 reg>d to nets 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :i* treat on fi%+ & hunt+4 ,! ,lat9s say tex]e retia2 & ,pl9y calls ! y>n or tw9e ( :i* nets 7 made /am52 yet ,i am incl9$ to believe1 t bo? ! ,greeks & ! ,romans made _! nets 9 ! same mann] z we d at pres5t4 ,weav+1 prop]ly s call$1 is out ( ! "q2 & x appe>s t ^! words 7 us$ 9 a v g5]al s5se1 because !re 0 !n no t]m ( art to d5ote knitt+4 ,at any rate1 ,i _c believe t ! f> m +5i\s process by :i* our lace-weav]s prep>e ! nett$ sc>fs us$ by milit>y (fic]s 0 !n kn[n1 z ,braun seems to ?9k#hij4 ,me%es 7 call$ by ! ,lat9s macul & nodi2 b ,i z little und]/& :at ,pl9y says1 8retia succ9o nodantur10 z ! suppos$ explanation ( ,h>d\91 8retia nodos e succ9o habebant#hia40 ,! au?or alludes "h p]haps to "s ornam5t add$ to ^? nets :i* 7 drawn r\nd ! boxes or seats ( ! s5ators4 ,"s manuscripts read notantur3 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ ornantur4 ,! art ( mak+ nets ( f9e y>n1 silk1 or cotton1 by ! process ( knitt+1 & employ+ !m z articles ( dress or ornam5t1 is n an inv5tion ( mod]n luxury4 ,i rememb] to h se5 9 old *ur*es reti=m hang+s1 & on old dresses ( c]emony bord]s or trimm+ ( ! same k9d1 :i* fa%ion seems alt]nately to h bani%$ & recall$4 ,t 9 ! middle ages ! mantles ( ! cl]gy _h (t5 cov]+s ( silk made 9 ! same mann] z fi%+-nets1 has be5 prov$ by ,du ,cange#hib4 ,i suspect also t ! transp>5t dresses us$ by ! ladies1 m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 to cov] ^? beauties :i* !y /ill wi%$ to be visible1 7 nets ( ?is k9d#hic4 ,f> m +5i\s & ( mu* lat] inv5tion is t art :i* 0 und\bt$ly fir/ employ$ 9 mak+ /ock+s1 & on t acc\nt call$ /ock+-knitt+4 ,t ! ,romans & mo/ ( ! anci5t nations _h no p>ticul> clo?+ = ! l[] "p ( ! body1 is s well kn[n1 t x is unnecess>y = me to repeat ! pro(s4 ,_! legs h[ev] did n suff] m f ! cold ?an our h&s :5 !y are n cov]$ by gloves1 or ?an ! feet ( ! ,franciscans at pres5t2 & :at is common is n indec5t4 ,x is well kn[n t ! nor!rn nations fir/ _h hose or tr[s]s1 :i* cov]$ n only ! legs b ! ?ighs & lo9s2 & x 0 n till a few c5turies ago1 t f ?is article ( dress p began to make two2 ! upp] "p reta9$ ! old "n1 & ! l[]1 t :i* cov]$ ! legs1 0 call$ 9 ,g]man /rumpf1 truncus1 :i* ^w ,mal] 9 8 ,diction>y expla9s by halbhos51 half-hose1 & hos5/rumpf4 ,! dim9utive /rmpfle signifies1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 hose t rea* to ! calf ( ! leg4 ,! fir/ /ock+s 7 ( clo?1 & made by ! tailors2 consequ5tly !y 7 n s commodi\s z our knit-/ock+s1 :i*1 = ! reason already m5tion$1 become closely contract$1 )\t press+ ! foot or imp$+ a p]son 9 walk+4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! art ( knitt+ /ock+s 0 fir/ f\nd out 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b ! "t ( ! inv5tion is d\btful2 x is also unc]ta9 to :at p we are indebt$ = x1 & ! "n ( ! inv5tor is entirely unkn[n4 ,sav>y appe>s to be ! fir/ p]son :o haz>d$ ! conjecture#hid1 t ?is art is a ,scotti% inv5tion1 because ! ,fr5* /ock+-knitt]s1 :5 !y became s num]\s z to =m a guild1 made *oice ( ,/4 ,fiacre1 a native ( ,scotl&1 to be _! patron2 & besides ?is1 !re is a tradition1 t ! fir/ knit /ock+s 7 br\ght to ,france f t c\ntry4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! fir/ lett] ( f\ndation = ?is guild1 nam$ 8la ,communaut des ,maitres ,bonneti]s au ,tricot10 is dat$ ! #af?1 or1 z o!rs say1 ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #aebg4 ,/4 ,fiacre1 ,i %all "h rem>k1 0 ! second son ( ,eug5ius1 :o is said to h be5 k+ ( ,scotl& 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury2 he liv$ z a h]mit at ,meaux 9 ,france1 & 8 "n 9 ! sacr$ cal5d> /&s opposite to ! #cj? ( ,augu/#hie4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be ackn[l$g$ t ,sav>y's conjecture re/s only on a v slight f\ndation4 ,some:at m probable is an op9ion1 :i* has be5 long preval5t 9 ,engl&1 & is support$ by ! te/imony ( respectable writ]s4 ,h[ell1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 pr9t$ 9 #afhj1 relates t ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o reign$ f #aeji to #aedg1 & :o 0 fond ( %[ & magnific5ce1 wore at fir/ wooll5 /ock+s2 till by a s+ul> occurr5ce he receiv$ a pair ( knit silk /ock+s f ,spa94 ,8 son ,edw>d ,,vi41 :o succe$$ him on ! ?rone1 obta9$ by means ( a m]*ant nam$ ,?omas ,gre%am1 a pair ( long ,spani% knit silk /ock+s2 & ?is pres5t 0 at t "t highly priz$4 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( h] reign1 t is 9 #aefa1 receiv$ by h] silk-woman1 nam$ ,montague1 a pair ( black silk knit /ock+s1 & aft]w>ds w\ld n we> any o!r k9d#hif4 ,?is in=mation is confirm$ by ano!r acc\nt4 ,x is relat$ 9 ,/['s ,*ronicle1 t ! e>l ( ,pembroke 0 ! fir/ nobleman :o wore wor/$ knit /ock+s4 ,9 ! ye> #aefd1 ,william ,rid]1 an appr5tice ( ,ma/] ,?omas ,burdet1 hav+ accid5tally se5 9 ! %op ( an ,italian m]*ant a pair ( knit wor/$ /ock+s1 procur$ f ,mantua1 & hav+ borr[$ !m1 made a pair exactly l !m1 & ^! 7 ! fir/ /ock+s knit 9 ,engl& ( wooll5 y>n4 ,f ?is te/imony1 x has be5 hi!rto believ$ 9 ,engl& t knit /ock+s 7 fir/ made kn[n !re "u ,h5ry ,,viii42 t !y 7 br\ght f ,spa9 to t c\ntry2 & t ! inv5tion belongs1 9 all probability1 to ! ,spani>ds4 ,7 ?is really ! case1 "o might conjecture t ! fir/ knit /ock+s kn[n 9 ,engl& 7 ( silk1 ?\gh ! imitations made by ,rid] 7 ( wool4 ,= "u ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 & ,elizabe?1 silk /ock+s only are m5tion$2 & at t p]iod silk1 & n wooll5 articles1 7 import$ f ,italy & ,spa94 ,did ! inv5tion belong to ! ,spani>ds1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to conjecture t ^! p obta9$ x f ! ,arabians1 to :om we are indebt$ = _m useful & +5i\s arts4 ,b at any rate ! conjecture ( ,sav>y falls to ! gr\nd2 = z ! ,fr5* _h a /ock+-knitt]s' guild z e>ly z #aebg1 x is highly improbable t ! ,engli%1 =ty ye>s aft]1 or ab\t ! ye> #aefd1 %\ld h be5 unacqua9t$ ) ! inv5tion ( _! ne>e/ neighb\rs1 ! ,scots4 ,"s ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 sev]al le>n$ m5 9 ,engl& 7 l$1 by a s+ul> circum/ance1 to collect in=mation 9 reg>d to ! antiquity ( ! art ( knitt+ /ock+s4 ,i "h allude to ! =g]ies ( ,?omas ,*att]ton1 :o 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #ageb1 & t]m9at$ 8 un=tunate life by suicide on ! #bd? ( ,augu/ #aggj4 ,?is +5i\s y\? publi%$ "s poems :i* he pret5d$ 7 writt5 by ,?omas ,r[ley1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 t is ab\t ! ye> #adfa4 ,_m lit]>y m5 d5i$ ! au!nticity ( ^! poems1 ?\gh !y possess$ great beauty2 proclaim$ ,*att]ton to be a second ,psalmanas>2 & ju/ifi$ _! op9ion by ! circum/ance ( knit /ock+s be+ m5tion$ 9 !m4 ,?is !y said 0 an ana*ronism1 z ! inv5tion ( knitt+ /ock+s1 accord+ to ,h[ell & ,/[1 mu/ be a c5tury lat] ?an ! suppos$ poet ,r[ley4 ,o!rs1 :o support$ ! g5u95ess ( ^! poems1 endeav\r$ on t acc\nt to make ! inv5tion old]1 & collect$ in=mation 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( x1 f :i* ,i h made ! foll[+ extract#hig4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! p ( ,scotl& _h bree*es1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 & wore a k9d ( /ock+s2 = ,hector ,boe?ius1 :o 0 pr(essor at ,ab]de5 9 #adig1 relates t ! ,scots wore hose :i* rea*$ only to ! knee1 consequ5tly /ock+s made ( l95 or wooll51 & bree*es *iefly ( hemp#hih4 ,^! p>ticul> articles ( dress 7 usual at t "t ev5 9 ,engl&2 = 9 ! ye> #aeaj k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 appe>$1 on a public occasion1 ) 8 att5dants1 9 elegant dresses1 9 ! description ( :i* bree*es & hose are p>ticul>ly m5tion$#hii4 ,9 ! ye> #aecj1 ! ^w knit1 appli$ to /ock+s1 mu/ h be5 common 9 ,engl&2 = at t "t ,john ,palsgrave1 ,fr5* ma/] to ! ,pr9cess ,m>y1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 publi%$ a gramm>1 9 :i* he /at$ t ?is ^w 9 ,fr5* 0 appli$ to ! mak+ ( nets z well z ( caps & /ock+s4 ,f a h\sehold book ( a noble family 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 we le>n t knit /ock+s1 bo? = gr[n-up p & *ildr51 7 sold at s l[ a price t x _c be suppos$ !y 7 =eign articles#ijj4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 v>i\s k9ds ( knit articles mu/ h be5 made 9 ,engl&1 z appe>s by "s regulations relat+ to trade & manufactures issu$ 9 #aeebija4 ,x nev]!less c be prov$1 t 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! reign ( que5 ,m>y1 t is 9 #aeeh1 !re 7 _m :o wore /ock+s ( clo?2 = ,dr4 ,s&s1 :o 0 aft]w>ds ar*bi%op ( ,york1 s5t = a tailor to measure him = a pair ( hose#ijb4 ,?is might s]ve to confirm ! ass]tion ( ,/[1 t /ock+s 7 n knit 9 ,engl& till six ye>s aft]4 ,b accord+ to ! te/imonies already produc$1 ?is _c be true4 ,x is mu* m cr$ible1 t ! cl]gy & old p1 :o are n ready to adopt new modes1 wore "s ye>s lat] ! old-fa%ion$ /ock+s ( clo?1 :i* 9 all probability 7 simil> to our gait]s4 ,x might be m5tion$1 z a fur!r pro(1 if necess>y1 ( bree*es & /ock+s be+ consid]$1 long be=e ! reign ( que5 ,elizabe?1 z sep>ate p>ts ( dress1 t 9 ! catalogue !n drawn up ( ! rev5ue ( ! bi%op ( ,/4 ,asaph1 x is /at$ t he receiv$ z a p]quisite1 on ! dea? ( e cl]gyman :o _h a liv+1 8 be/ bree*es & /ock+s#ijc4 ,ab\t #aegg1 t is t5 ye>s aft] ! p]iod ( ! inv5tion z giv5 by ,/[1 knitt+ mu/ h be5 common ?r\gh\t all ,engl&1 & practis$ ev5 9 villages4 ,! b>k ( ! ald] 0 us$ by ! wives ( ! peasants = dye+ ! /ock+s :i* !y _h knitt$#ijd4 ,accord+ to ! well-kn[n poet ,george ,gascoigne#ije1 ! greate/ ornam5ts 9 dress1 ab\t ! ye> #aegf1 7 knit silk /ock+s & ,spani% lea!r %oes4 ,ab\t #aegi1 & n #aegj z /at$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 :5 que5 ,elizabe? 0 at ,norwi*1 sev]al female *ildr5 appe>$ be=e h]1 "s ( :om 7 sp9n+ wor/$ y>n1 & o!rs knitt+ wor/$ y>n hose#ijf4 ,! art ( knitt+ /ock+s w\ld be mu* old] 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,france or 9 ,engl&2 & ,*att]ton1 at any rate1 w\ld be fre$ f ! *>ge ( committ+ an ana*ronism1 7 x true1 z ,micrlius wrote 9 ! ye> #afci1 t ! consort ( ! duke ( ,pom]ania1 :o di$ 9 #adag1 :5 %e c\ld no long] sew or embroid] amus$ h]self ) knitt+#ijg4 ,b x is v probable t ?is good man committ$ an ana*ronism1 l ,*att]ton2 &1 9 ord] to %[ ! indu/ry ( ! du*ess1 nam$ ^? occupations :i* 7 usual 9 8 own "t4 ,9 ,g]many1 z f> z ,i "k at pres5t1 /ock+-knitt]s occur = ! fir/ "t ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 "u ! "n ( hos5/rick]1 a t]m :i* 9 ,l[] ,saxony is /ill n uncommon4 ,at ,hamburg ! p say has5kntt]1 & use ! ^w hase = /ock+s4 ,9 ,b]l9 !re 7 /ock+-knitt]s ab\t ! ye> #aeij4 ,9 _m c\ntries !y _h a p>ticul> guild2 & ?is is ! case at pres5t 9 ! du*y ( ,wirtemb]g1 :]e !y are entirely diff]5t f ^? :o "w at ! loom1 & :o are call$ /ock+-weav]s4 ,ea* h _! own regulations1 9 :i* x is ord]$ t ! /ock+-knitt]s %all we> no articles wove1 t is knit1 9 a loom1 & ! /ock+-weav]s no articles knit ) ! h&4 ,t knitt+ h[ev] may be left free1 z an occasional occupation to e "o1 ! foll[+ words are ins]t$ 9 ! regulations ( ! /ock+-knitt]s3--8,poor p1 :o ?r\gh want ( o!r means procure a subsi/5ce by knitt+ /ock+s1 & ^? :o at ! gates keep wat* = !mselves or o!rs1 & at ! same "t knit1 %all be at lib]ty to we> :atev] !y make ) _! own h&s40 ,! ,g]man t]ms ( art :i* relate to knitt+ are old] ?an ! art itself1 = !y are all borr[$ f ! mak+ ( nets2 kntt51 knteis51 kn?olz1 kntspan1 /rick5 & /ricknadel1 & also mas*51 are all t]ms :i* occur 9 ! fi%+-regulations ( ,br&5burg = ! ye> #aegd1 & no d\bt e>li]4 ,! tricot] ( ! ,fr5* _h ! same orig9 z ! ,g]man ^w /rick53 ,trica 0 a lock ( hair1 a noose2 & tric>e signifi$ to entangle1 & deceive4 ,lac] is d]iv$ f laqs1 a rope1 a noose2 & ?is comes f laqueus4 ,! ,engli% ^w /ock+ is d]iv$ f /ock1 truncus1 ! trunk ( a tree1 a ^w /ill reta9$ by ! ,g]man =e/]s1 :o 9 ! ,l[ ,g]man speak ( root+ out /ocks4 ,silk /ock+s1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( _! high price1 7 = a long "t us$ only on v gr& occasions4 ,h5ry ,,ii41 k+ ( ,france1 wore su* /ock+s = ! fir/ "t at ! m>riage ( 8 si/] ) ! duke ( ,savoy 9 #aeeiijh4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #aege1 ! consort ( ,ge(froy ,camus de ,pontc>re1 :o held a high (fice 9 ! /ate1 w\ld n we> silk /ock+s giv5 to h] by a nurse1 :o liv$ at c\rt1 z a ,*ri/mas pres5t1 because %e consid]$ !m to be too gay4 ,9 ! ye> #aefi1 :5 ! privy-c\nsellor ,b>?old von ,m&elsloh1 :o _h be5 envoy to _m diets & c\rts1 appe>$ on a week-day at c\rt ) silk /ock+s :i* he _h br\ght f ,italy1 ! m>grave ,john ( ,cu/r9 said to him1 8,b>?old1 ,i h silk /ock+s also2 b ,i we> !m only on ,sundays & holidays40 ,! celebrat$ ,leon>d ,?urneiss]1 h[ev]1 :o liv$ at ! c\rt ( ,br&5burg ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 wore silk /ock+s daily1 & 9 g5]al dress$ v magnific5tly 9 silk & velvet4 ,knitt+ ) wires1 ! me?od ( :i* ,i h hi!rto spok51 has always appe>$ to me s +5i\s1 t ,i conceiv$ ! inv5tor ( x mu/ h _h a patt]n to s]ve z a guide4 ,?is patt]n ,i ?9k ,i h discov]$4 ,wire-work]s1 & o!r arti/s :o us$ wire1 ex]cis$ _! +5uity "s c5turies ago1 m ?an at pres5t1 9 mak+ wire-scre5s 9 v>i\s ways2 & x mu/ be confess$ t _m ( !m produc$ articles1 :i* ev5 at pres5t1 ?\gh n suit$ to ! mod]n ta/e1 des]ve admiration4 ,works ( ?is k9d may /ill be f\nd 9 old *ur*es4 ,! art ( mak+ !m has (t5 be5 consid]$ z too difficult = human h&s2 & h5ce popul> tradition has ass]t$ t ! arti/s 7 assi/$ by ! devil4 ,a tale ( ?is k9d is /ill relat$1 ?\gh no long] believ$1 to ^? ^: curiosity induces !m to view ! wire-scre5 :i* surr\nds ! baptismal font 9 ,/4 ,m>y's *ur* at ,wism>1 & :i* is plait$ or wove 9 s +5i\s a mann]1 z if ) ropes1 t nei!r ! beg9n+ nor end ( ! wires c be obs]v$4 ,a simil> leg5d is told to /rang]s :5 %[n ! scre5 ar\nd ! pulpit 9 ! ca!dral ( ,lubec1 :i*1 accord+ to ! inscription1 0 made 9 #aegb4 ,x is n improbable t1 among works ( ?is k9d1 "s may be f\nd made ) me%es1 z if =m$ by knitt+4 ,our p9-mak]s c con/ruct "s mu* m +5i\s4 ,t ,i might be bett] able 9 my te*nological lectures to convey to my pupils an idea ( knitt+1 ,i made a draw+ on ! subject1 & caus$ a p9-mak] to weave = me a small scre5 ( brass wire4 ,?is "w is easy1 because x is execut$ 9 a frame ( /rong b pliable wire4 ,i suspect !re=e t "s "o fir/ tri$ to make an imitation ( su* a wire-net ) y>n1 & 9 "o exp&$ piece1 = :i* only two or ?ree small /icks w\ld be necess>y4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a frame1 ! inv5tor1 x is probable1 fa/5$ to 8 clo!s ! /ick on :i* ! me%es 7 made1 or on :i* he knitt$2 b aft]w>ds employ$ a %ea? to p]=m t s]vice4 ,?us1 mo/ ( ! ,wirtemb]g /ock+-knitt]s1 at pres5t1 knit ) two wires & a %ea?4 ,h5ce _! /ock+s1 l ^? wove 9 ! /ock+-loom1 are sew$ or h a seam beh9d4 ,among ! ma/]-pieces ( ! ,wirtemb]g /ock+-knitt]s1 a c>pet ( beautiful fl[]-"w & figures is m5tion$ 9 _! regulations4 ,x is mill$1 & :5 spread out measures ?ree ells 9 l5g? & "o & a half 9 bread?4 ,x is probable t "s p]son1 by repeat$ trials1 f\nd out ! me?od ( knitt+ 9 a circul> =m2 b = ?is purpose sev]al wires w\ld be necess>y4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is improv$ art ( knitt+ simil> to ! old me?od1 ! me%es 7 s arrang$ t ! /ock+s seem$ to h a seam1 = :i* h[ev] !re 0 no occasion4 ,! %ea?1 :i* 0 fa/5$ to ! left side1 0 long reta9$ by our knitt]s2 b z x ret>d$ ! "w1 & z x 0 necess>y to keep ! body 9 an uneasy po/ure1 injuri\s to ! gr[? ( "y & indu/ri\s p]sons1 means 7 devis$ to disp5se ) x & to knit ) mu* less re/ra9t4 ,9 ?is mann] ! art 0 br\ght to its pres5t p]fection2 & x mu/ excite no small a/oni%m5t :5 x is consid]$ t x 0 inv5t$ all at once1 & by "o p]son4 ,! inv5tion ( ! /ock+-loom is wor?y ( m admiration1 :5 "o reflects t x 0 n a matt] ( accid5t1 l mo/ ( ! great discov]ies1 b ! result ( tal5ts & g5ius4 ,x is a ma*9e exce$+ly complex1 consi/+ ( two ?\s& p>ts1 :i*1 9 a mom5t almo/1 c make two hundr$ me%es ( loops1 )\t requir+ mu* skill or lab\r 9 ! workman4 ,!re are few descriptions ( ?is ma*9e2 & ^? publi%$ d n fully answ] ! purpose#iji4 ,b my object is m]ely ! "q1 ,:o 0 ! inv5tor1 9 :at c\ntry1 & at :at "t did he live8 & ,i c say1 t aft] ! mo/ dilig5t rese>*1 x does n appe> subject to any d\bt1 z "s h hi!rto believ$4 ,"u ! adm9i/ration ( ,cromwell1 ! /ock+-knitt]s ( ,london pres5t$ a petition1 9 :i* !y reque/$ p]mission to e/abli% a guild4 ,9 ?is petition !y gave to ! ,protector an acc\nt ( ! rise1 progress1 & importance ( _! art or trade2 & !re c be no d\bt t ?is well-writt5 docum5t conta9s ! olde/ au!ntic in=mation 9 reg>d to ?is inv5tion1 :i* 0 !n sc>cely fifty ye>s old4 ,e ?+ mu/ !n h be5 fre% 9 ! memory ( ^? by :om x 0 drawn up2 e circum/ance c\ld easily be exam9$2 & ! petition]s mu/ h be5 s5sible t _! misrepres5tations1 = :i* h[ev] !y _h no reason1 c\ld easily be contradict$4 ,h[ev] unimportant my rese>* may appe>1 x gave me mu* pleasure to f9d a copy ( ?is petition 9 ,de]+'s ,acc\nt ( ,nott+ham1 already m5tion$1 9 :i* ! au?or has collect$ _m au!ntic circum/ances f ! records ( t t[n1 :]e ! loom 0 fir/ employ$ & enri*$ _m families1 & :5ce ! use ( x 0 spread all ov] ,engl& & ,europe#iaj4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! real inv5tor 0 ,william ,lee1 ^: "n 9 ! petition is writt5 ,lea1 a native ( ,woodbor\gh1 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 a village ab\t sev5 miles di/ant f ! t[n ( ,nott+ham4 ,he 0 heir to a consid]able freehold e/ate1 & a graduate ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,x is report$1 t be+ enam\r$ ( a "y c\ntry-girl1 :o dur+ 8 visits paid m att5tion to h] "w1 :i* 0 knitt+1 ?an to h] lov] & 8 proposals1 he endeav\r$ to f9d out a ma*9e :i* might facilitate & =w>d ! op]ation ( knitt+1 & by ^! means af=d m leisure to ! object ( 8 affection to conv]se ) him4 ,love inde$ is f]tile 9 inv5tions1 & gave rise1 x is said1 to ! art ( pa9t+2 b a ma*9e s complex 9 its p>ts & s wond]ful 9 its effects1 w\ld seem to require long] & quiet] reflection1 m judgem5t1 & m "t & pati5ce1 ?an c be expect$ 9 a lov]4 ,b ev5 if ! cause %\ld appe> problematical1 !re c be no d\bt 9 reg>d to ! inv5tor1 :om mo/ ( ! ,engli% writ]s positively ass]t to h be5 ,william ,lee4 ,a>on ,hill seems to make ! /ock+-loom y\ng]1 & relates ! circum/ance 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a /ud5t ( ,ox=d 0 s imprud5t z to m>ry at an e>ly p]iod1 )\t money & )\t income4 ,8 "y wife1 h[ev]1 0 able to procure ! necess>ies ( life by knitt+2 b z ! natural consequ5ces ( love1 an increase ( family1 0 likely to r5d] ?is soon insuffici5t1 ! husb& inv5t$ a ma*9e by :i* knitt+ c\ld be p]=m$ 9 a spe$i] & m pr(itable mann]4 ,hav+ ?us complet$ a /ock+-loom1 he became by its means a man ( consid]able weal?#iaa4 ,b ,hill1 9 8 acc\nt1 gives nei!r names1 date1 nor pro(s2 & z he seems to h =m$ x f an imp]fect remembrance ( :at he _h he>d or read 9 reg>d to ,lee1 x is n wor?y ( fur!r exam9ation4 ,de]+ says expressly1 t ,lee made ! fir/ loom 9 ! ye> #aehi2 & ?is acc\nt has be5 adopt$ by ,&]son & mo/ ( ! ,engli% writ]s4 ,9 ! /ock+-weav]s' hall1 at ,london1 is an old pa9t+1 9 :i* ,lee is repres5t$ po9t+ out 8 loom to a female knitt]1 :o is /&+ ne> him2 & bel[ x is se5 an inscription ) ! date #aehi1 :i* 0 ! ye> ( ! inv5tion#iab4 ,o!r acc\nts make x some:at lat]4 ,?us ,h[ell1 aft] relat+ t ,que5 ,elizabe? obta9$ ! fir/ /ock+s 9 #aefa1 says t ?irty-n9e ye>s aft] ! loom 0 inv5t$ by ,lee1 9 :i* case ! p]iod w\ld be #afjjiac4 ,9 ! petition ( ! /ock+-knitt]s x is /at$1 t ! loom1 at t "t1 _h be5 f\nd out ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is docum5t has no date2 b z ,cromwell reign$ f #afec to #afeh1 ! inv5tion w\ld fall 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t x belongs to ! end ( ! sixte5?4 ,lee in/ruct$ 8 bro!r ,james 9 ! use ( ! loom1 & took appr5tices & assi/ants1 ) :om he c>ri$ on bus9ess = "s ye>s at ,calv]ton1 a village five miles di/ant f ,nott+ham4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,calv]ton has by "s be5 consid]$ z 8 bir?-place4 ,he %[$ 8 "w to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o di$ 9 #afjc1 & reque/$ f t pr9cess "s support or remun]ation2 b he obta9$ nei!r1 & 0 imp$$ r ?an assi/$ 9 8 und]tak+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,lee accept$ an invitation f ,h5ry ,,iv4 k+ ( ,france1 :o _h he>d ( ?is inv5tion1 & promis$ to give a h&some rew>d to ! au?or ( x4 ,he !re=e c>ri$ n9e j\rneym5 & sev]al looms to ,r\5 9 ,norm&y1 :]e he work$ ) great approbation2 b ! k+ be+ assass9at$1 & int]nal commotions hav+ tak5 place1 ,lee fell into great di/ress1 & di$ soon aft] at ,p>is4 ,two only ( 8 p rema9$ 9 ,france1 "o ( :om 0 /ill alive :5 ! be=e-m5tion$ petition 0 pres5t$ to ,cromwell4 ,sev5 ( !m return$ to ,engl&2 & ^!1 ) a p]son nam$ ,a/on1 :o at fir/ 0 a mill] at ,?oroton1 ! place ( 8 bir?#iad1 b aft]w>ds an appr5tice ( ,lee1 by :om he _h be5 left beh9d 9 ,engl&1 :]e he made "s improvem5ts 9 ! loom1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! /ock+-manufactory 9 t c\ntry4 ,! numb] ( ma/]s increas$ !re 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s s mu*1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to unite !m into "o guild2 = :i* ,cromwell1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( reasons n kn[n1 refus$ ! prop] sanction2 b 9 #affc !y receiv$ lett]s pat5t1 :i* gave !m c]ta9 privileges to ! ext5t ( t5 miles r\nd ,london4 ,9 ! ye> #afad1 ! ,v5etian ambassador1 ,antonio ,corr]1 p]suad$ an appr5tice1 ,h5ry ,mead1 by ! promise ( five hundr$ p\nds /]l+1 to g ) a loom to ,v5ice = a /at$ "t1 & to tea* !re ! use ( x4 ,mead met ) a fav\rable reception 9 t city1 & 0 mu* admir$2 b ! loom becom+ d]ang$1 & no p]son at ,v5ice be+ able to repair x1 :5 ! "t ( 8 agreem5t 0 expir$1 he return$ to ,engl&4 ,! ,v5etians _h n resolution en\gh to cont9ue ! attempt2 & s5t ! damag$ loom1 toge!r ) "s bad imitations ( x1 to ,london1 :]e !y 7 sold = a m]e trifle4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! petition be=e-m5tion$4 ,zano1 h[ev]1 an ,italian writ]#iae1 ass]ts1 on ! au?ority ( in=mation pres]v$ 9 manuscript among family docum5ts1 t ,corr] c>ri$ two /ock+-weav]s ) looms to ,v5ice2 t he imm$iately plac$ "u !m f\r appr5tices1 & :5 !y w5t back to ,engl& s5t ) !m a boy1 :o return$ to ,v5ice well-in/ruct$ 9 ! art1 & :o cont9u$ to c>ry on bus9ess !re ) great success4 ,giambatti/a ,c>li ( ,gemona1 a smi? :o work$ 9 /eel1 saw ! loom at ,v5ice1 :i* _h be5 made aft] ! model ( ^? br\ght f ,engl& & sold to ,francesco ,alpruni ( ,ud9a4 ,9 a %ort "t a great _m /ock+s 7 manufactur$ !re1 & s5t = sale1 *iefly to ,gradisca 9 ,au/ria4 ,b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pov]ty ( ! ,v5etian /ock+-knitt]s1 an ord] 0 issu$ t ,c>li %\ld make no m looms2 & ?is productive bran* ( bus9ess at ,ud9a 0 s mu* d]ang$1 t ! ma/]s remov$ ) _! looms to ,gradisca1 :]e ! inhabitants ( ,ud9a 7 oblig$ to pur*ase su* /ock+s z !y _h occasion to use4 ,"s ye>s aft] ! /ock+-loom _h be5 introduc$ at ,v5ice1 ,abraham ,jones1 :o und]/ood /ock+-weav+ & ! con/ruction ( ! loom1 ?\gh nev] regul>ly taught1 w5t ) "s assi/ants to ,am/]dam1 :]e he work$ on 8 own acc\nt two or ?ree ye>s1 till he & 8 p 7 c>ri$ (f by a contagi\s disease4 ,! looms1 because no "o c\ld use !m1 7 s5t to ,london & sold = a l[ price4 ,9 ! petition to ,cromwell ! ma/]s /ate1 ) great satisfaction1 t 9 ?is mann] ! trade _h rema9$ 9 ,engl&2 &1 t x may be exclusively reta9$ 9 _! native c\ntry1 !y wi% = ! e/abli%m5t ( a privileg$ company4 ,x appe>s to me !re=e prov$ beyond all d\bt1 t ! /ock+-loom 0 inv5t$ by ,william ,lee1 an ,engli%man1 ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ?is is admitt$ by "s ,fr5* writ]s1 su* z ,voltaire#iaf & ! editor ( ! fir/ ,encyclopdie1 :om ! au?or ( ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique h[ev] f9ds fault )4 ,o!r ,fr5* writ]s1 :o are ! m num]\s p>ty1 wi% to ascribe ! hon\r ( ?is inv5tion to "o ( _! own c\ntrym52 b ! pro(s !y br+ are s weak t !y sc>cely des]ve notice4 ,sav>y p]haps is ! fir/ p]son :o publicly v5tur$ to support ?is in/ance ( ,gallic vanity2 at any rate he is quot$ by ! m mod]n writ]s z _! au?ority :5 !y wi% to contradict ! ,engli%4 ,accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 a ,fr5*man1 ( :om h[ev] he kn[s no?+ fur!r1 inv5t$ ! /ock+-loom2 b n be+ able to obta9 ! exclusive privilege ( us+ x 9 8 own c\ntry1 w5t ) x to ,engl&4 ,! utility ( x be+ soon discov]$ !re1 x 0 =bidd51 "u pa9 ( dea?1 to c>ry a loom or a model ( x out ( ! k+dom4 ,b ano!r ,fr5*man1 respect+ :om he is equally ignorant1 hav+ se5 ! loom1 ! =m ( x made s deep an impression on 8 memory1 t on 8 return he copi$ x exactly2 & f ?is loom all ! o!rs us$ 9 ,france & ,holl& 7 con/ruct$4 ,sav>y adds1 did ! inv5tion belong to ! ,engli%1 :o are accu/om$ to pay due hon\r to ^? :o discov] useful ?+s1 !y und\bt$ly c\ld tell ! "n ( ! inv5tor1 :i* h[ev] !y are n able to d4 ,x is v /range t ?is %\ld be writt5 by a ,fr5*man1 :o himself did n "k ! "n ( ! ,fr5* inv5tor1 or ( ! p]son :o c>ri$ back ! inv5tion4 ,no ord] to prev5t ! exportation ( ! /ock+-loom 0 issu$ 9 ,engl& s e>ly1 else x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! petition pres5t$ to ,cromwell4 ,x 0 n till ! eigh? ye> ( ! reign ( ,william ,,iii41 t is #afif1 :5 looms 7 ev]y:]e common1 t ! exportation ( !m 0 =bidd52 probably because ! be/ 7 made 9 ,engl&1 & x 0 wi%$ t ! gradual improvem5t ( !m %\ld be kept secret4 ,! p5alty also 0 n dea?1 b a f9e & confiscation ( ! looms4 ,"s h endeav\r$ to give an air ( probability to ?is ass]tion ( ,sav>y1 by ! relation ( an apo!c>y 9 ! ,hotel-,dieu at ,p>is4 ,?is p]son is said to h decl>$ t ! inv5tor 0 a j\rneyman locksmi? ( ,l[] ,norm&y1 :o gave a pair ( silk /ock+s1 8 own workman%ip1 to ,colb]t1 9 ord] t !y might be pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xiv42 b z ! m>*&s boneti]s1 :o dealt 9 articles knit accord+ to ! old mann]1 caus$ sev]al loops ( ^! /ock+s to be cut by "s ( ! s]vants at c\rt1 :om !y _h brib$ = t purpose1 !y did n meet ) approbation4 ,! inv5tor 0 s hurt by ?is disappo9tm5t1 t he sold ! loom to an ,engli%man1 & di$ an old man 9 ! ,hotel-,dieu1 :]e ! apo!c>y became acqua9t$ ) him4 ,x 0 necess>y to expose ! lives ( _m workm51 & ev5 ( "s m5 ( le>n+1 9 ord] to br+ back a loom to ,france4 ,rom de la ,platire adds1 t he he>d at ,nimes1 t 9 ! "t ( ,colb]t a p]son ( t place1 nam$ ,cavelli]1 c>ri$ ! fir/ loom to ,france2 & t1 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s1 ! numb] ( ! looms 9 t t[n & neighb\rhood increas$ to "s ?\s&s4 ,x appe>s mu* m c]ta9 t ! /ock+ manufactory1 z ,sav>y ass]ts1 0 e/abli%$ at ! ca/le ( ,madrid 9 ! ,bois ,b\logne ne> ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #afef1 "u ! direction ( ,john ,h9dret4 ,i d n "k at :at "t ! fir/ loom 0 br\ght to ,g]many2 b x is c]ta9 t ?is bran* ( manufacture 0 spread *iefly by ! ,fr5* refugees :o s\ght %elt] 9 t c\ntry aft] ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes4 ,w9kelmann says expressly1 t !y c>ri$ ! fir/ looms to ,hesse4 ,?is is n at all improbable1 because our /ock+ manufactur]s give ,fr5* names to e "p ( _! looms1 z well z to _! diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,be*] boa/s ( hav+ introduc$ ! loom at ,vi5na1 & ( hav+ fir/ con/ruct$ looms ( wood4 ,at pres5t _m wood5 ones are made at ,ob]nhau 9 ! ,erzgebrge1 & sold at ! rate ( tw5ty-eight doll>s2 :]eas iron ones1 ( ! mo/ inf]ior k9d1 are sold 9 ,vogtl& = sixty or sev5ty4 ,9 #affc a *>t] 0 grant$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 to ! ,frame-"w ,knitt]s' ,society ( ,london 7/ock+-mak]s71 :i* _h be5 refus$ to !m a few ye>s be=e by ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,six ye>s aft]w>ds ! numb] ( /ock+-frames 9 ,engl& am\nt$ to #gjj1 employ+ #abjj workm51 ?ree-fif?s ( :om made silk /ock+s1 & ! o!rs wor/$2 = cotton 0 n !n rank$ among ,engli% manufactures4 ,by #agad ! numb] ( frames _h increas$ to #hjjj or #ijjj4 ,"s ye>s aft] ?is1 ! ,frame-"w ,knitt]s' ,company attempt$ to control bo? ! manufacture itself1 & ! mak+ & sell+ ( ! /ock+s2 b ! project fail$4 ,by ! ye> #agec ! numb] ( frames 9 ,engl& 0 #ad1jjj4 ,9 #ageh a ma*9e = mak+ ribb$ /ock+s 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,/rutt ( ,belp]4 ,9 #ahch /ock+-frames ) a rotatory action1 & work$ by /eam1 7 successfully br\ght into use 9 ,nott+ham4 ,( ! pres5t ext5t & value ( ! hosi]y manufacture1 p]haps ! be/ e/imate is t made a few ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,felk9 ( ,nott+ham4 ,?is g5tleman calculates ! value ( cotton hosi]y annually made at #hhj1jjj1 t ( wor/$ at #hgj1jjj1 & t ( silk at #bda1jjj4 ,he e/imates ! numb] ( /ock+s annually manufactur$ at #c1eaj1jjj doz5s2 & 9 ! production ( ^! !re are us$ #d1ehd1jjj lbs4 ( raw cotton1 value #aec1jjj2 #adj1jjj lbs4 ( raw silk1 value #ia1jjj2 & #f1cah1jjj lbs4 ( ,engli% wool1 value #caf1jjj2 mak+ ! total value ( ! mat]ials #efj1jjj1 :i* are ultimately conv]t$ into ! ex*angeable value ( #a1iia1jjj4 ,! total numb] ( p]sons employ$ is #gc1jjj4 ,,footnotes #hhe ,x is sc>cely necess>y to in=m ! read] t ! w>p consi/s ( ! longitud9al ?reads ( a wov5 fabric1 :i* are cross$ by ! transv]se ?reads or wo(4 #hhf ,ovidii ,metamorph4 vi4 #e-ade4 ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #ef4 #hhg ,an ,engli%man1 nam$ ,j4 ,w4 ,boswel1 inv5t$ a ma*9e on :i* sixty-eight me%es1 ) p]fect knots1 c\ld be knit at ! same "t3 x c\ld be adapt$ also to f9e works1 & to lace4 ,a description ( x may be se5 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ! ,arts1 vol4 xiv4 #hhh ,_m comm5tators on ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s h fall5 into mi/akes respect+ ^! noose-ropes1 because !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( !m4 ,_! use among ! ,p>?ians is confirm$ by ,suidas1 "u ! ^w 1 p4 #cjc2 :]e he says t on t acc\nt !y 7 call$ 4 ,josephus ass]ts t !y 7 employ$ by ! ,alani1 & relates t ,tiridates w\ld h be5 caught 9 ?is mann]1 _h he n quickly cut to pieces ! rope4 ,"u ! same head may be compreh5d$ ! reti>ii & laque>ii1 9 ! bloody spectacles ( ! ,romans1 ^: me?od ( fight+ is said to h be5 f\nd out by ,pittacus4 ,see ,diog54 ,la]t4 i4 #gd4 ,to ?is subject belong ! sn>es ( ! devil1 pe/il5ce1 & dea?1 9 ! ,scriptures1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,psalm xviii4 v]4 #e4 ,! laquei mortis ( ,horace1 ,c>m4 iii4 #bd1 #h1 7 h5ce to be expla9$1 & n by a ,hebraism1 z "s ( ! old comm5tators h imag9$4 ,9 ! ordeals ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 :5 a man 0 oblig$ to combat ) a woman1 ! latt] _h a rope ) a noose1 :i* %e ?rew ov] h] antagoni/1 :o /ood 9 a pit1 9 ord] t %e might m easily ov]come him4 ,t su* ropes are /ill employ$ among v>i\s nations is prov$ by ,vanc\v]4 ,9 ,hung>y ! wild horses at pres5t are said to be caught by ropes ( ?is k9d4 #hhi ,waf]'s ,voyage4 ,&]son's ,icel&4 ,! au?or says t ! be>ds are cut into slips2 b ^! slips 7 fi%-bone1 :i* c\ld be made into baskets b n into nets4 ,he c]ta9ly meant ! hair on ! be>d1 :i* 9 ,holl& is us$ = wigs4 #hij ,de ,ve/4 ,sac4 ,hebr4 p4 #ajj4 #hia ,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 xxxvii4 cap4 #c4 #hib ,rete1 id e/ ornam5tum s]icum ad in/> retis contextum4--,acta ,s4 ,deodati1 tom4 iii4 ,junii1 p4 #hga4 #hic ,9 ! ,limpurg ,*ronicle1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ,von ,hon!im1 ,hi/4 ,trevir5sis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajhd1 is ! foll[+ passage3 8,! ladies wore new weite hauptf9/]n1 s t ! m5 almo/ saw _! brea/s20 & ,mos]1 :o quotes ?is passage 9 8 ,phantasi51 conjectures t ! hauptf9/]n might approa* ne> to lace4 ,i nev] met ) ! ^w any:]e else2 b ,fris*1 9 8 ,diction>y1 says1 8,v9/] 9 a ,vocabul>ium ( ! ye> #adib is expla9$ by ! words drat1 s*udrat1 ?read1 co>se ?read40 ,may x n be ! ^w f5/]1 a w9d[8 ,& 9 t case may x n allude to ! wide me%es8 ,f5e/ratum meant =m]ly1 p]=at$ or reticulat$2 & ?is signification seems applicable to ^? %oes m5tion$ by ,du ,cange "u ! "n ( calcei f5e/rati4 ,at any rate x is c]ta9 t ! article d5ot$ by hauptf9/]n belong$ to ^? dresses m5tion$ by ,s5eca 9 8 treatise ,de ,b5eficiis1 #ei4 ,pl9y says t su* dresses 7 worn1 8ut 9 publico matrona transluceat40 #hid ,dict4 de ,comm]ce4 ,cop5h4 #agei1 fol4 i4 pp4 #chh1 #egf4 #hie ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 vol4 liii4 #aghc1 p4 #ch4 ,9 ! ,heilig5 ,lexicon ,/4 ,fiacre is improp]ly call$ ! son ( an ,iri%man ( di/9ction4 #hif ,h[ell1 9 speak+ ( ! trade 9 ! olde/ times1 says1 p4 #bbb1 8,silk is n[ gr[n nigh z common z wool1 & become ! cloa?+ ( ^? 9 ! kit*9 z well z ! c\rt2 we we> x n onely on our backs1 b ( late ye>s on our legs & feet1 & tread on t :i* =m]ly 0 ( ! same value ) gold itself4 ,yet t magnific5t & exp5sive pr9ce1 ,h5ry ,,viii41 wore ord9>ly clo?-hose1 except !re came f ,spa91 by great *ance1 a pair ( silk /ock9s4 ,k4 ,edw>d1 8 son1 0 pres5t$ ) a pair ( long ,spani% silk /ock9s by ,?omas ,gre%am1 8 m]*ant1 & ! pres5t 0 tak5 mu* notice (4 ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 ! ?ird ye> ( h] reign 0 pres5t$ by ,mrs4 ,montague1 h] silk-woman1 ) a pair ( black knit silk /ock9s1 & !nce=? %e nev] wore clo? any m40 #hig ,! l9es :i* allude to ?is subject are 9 ! trag$y ( ,ella3-- 8,%e sayde1 z h]r :ytte hondes :yte hos5 7 knytt+e1 ,:atte pleasure ytt ys to be m>ri$60 #hih ,9 8 ,description ( ,scotl&1 accord+ to ! old translation1 9 ,holl+%$1 8,_! hos5 7 %ap5 also ( l9n5 or wool51 :i* nev] came high] ?an _! knees2 _! bree*es 7 = ! mo/ "p ( hempe40 #hii 8,! k+ & "s ( ! g5tlem5 _h ! upp] p>ts ( _! hos51 :i* 0 ( blue & crimson1 p[d]$ ) ca/els & %eafes ( arr[s ( f9e ducket gold1 & ! ne!r p>ts ( sc>let1 p[d]$ ) timbrels ( f9e10 c4444 ,!re is reason h[ev] to suppose t ! upp] & ne!r p>ts ( ! hose 7 sep>ate pieces1 z !y 7 ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,?is description /&s 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,holl+%$'s ,*ronicles1 p4 #hjg1 :]e x is said1 speak+ ( ano!r fe/ival1 8,! g>m5ts ( six ( !m 7 ( /range fa%ion1 ) also /range cuts1 ev]ie cut knit ) po9ts ( f9e gold1 & tassels ( ! same1 _! hos5 cut 9 & ti$ likewise40 ,:at ! ^w knit "h signifies might p]haps be discov]$ if we _h an ,engli% ,j\rnal ( ,luxury & ,fa%ions = ! sixte5? c5tury4 #ijj ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #aghb1 vol4 lii4 p4 #bbi4 ,f an au!ntic & curi\s h\sehold book kept dur+ ! life ( ,sir ,?o4 ,l',e/range1 ,knt4 ( ,hun/anton 9 ,norfolk1 by 8 lady ,ann1 daught] ( ! "l ,vaux1 are ! foll[+ entries3-- #aecc4 #be ,h4 #h4 #g ,sept4 ,peyd = #d peyr ( knytt hose ,,viii s4 #aech4 #cj ,h4 #h4 #c ,oct4 44444444 two peyr ( knytt hose ,i s4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! fir/-m5tion$ 7 = ,sir ,?omas & ! latt] = 8 *ildr54 #ija ,! act made on ?is occasion is n to be f\nd 9 any ( ! old or new editions ( ! ,/atutes at ,l>ge4 ,x is omitt$ 9 t publi%$ at ,london1 #agce1 fol4 ii4 p4 #fc1 because x 0 aft]w>ds annull$4 ,smi?1 9 ,memoirs ( ,wool1 ,lond4 #agdg1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #hi1 says x 0 nev] pr9t$2 b x is to be f\nd 9 a collection ( ! acts ( k+ ,edw>d ,,vi41 pr9t$ by ,ri*>d ,grafton1 #aeeb1 fol4 ,! foll[+ passage f ?is collection1 :i* is s sc>ce ev5 9 ,engl& t x is n nam$ 9 ,ames's ,typographical ,antiquities1 is giv5 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 vol4 liii4 "p #a1 p4 #abg3--8;,9 ?is acte limit+e ! tymes = buie+ & sellyng ( wolles1 m5tion is made ( *amblettes1 wol/5de1 saies1 /am9e1 knitte hose1 knitte peticotes1 knitte gloves1 knitte slieves1 hattes1 coives1 cappes1 arrasse1 tapiss]y1 cov]lettes1 girdles1 or any o!r ?+ us$ to be made ( woolle40 #ijb ,?is acc\nt is to be f\nd 9 ,holl+%$'s ,*ronicles4 8,dr4 ,s&s at 8 go+ to b$ 9 ,hurle/on's h\se1 _h a paire ( hose newlie made1 t 7 too long = him4 ,= :ile he 0 9 ! ,t[]1 a tailor 0 admitt$ to make him a pair ( hose4 ,"o came 9 to him ^: "n 0 ,b5iam91 dwell+ 9 ,bir*9-lane2 he might n speak to him or come to him to take measure ( him1 b onelie to look ^u 8 leg2 he made ! hose1 & !y 7 two in*es too long4 ,^! hose he prai$ ! good wife ( ! h\se to s5d to "s tailor to cut two in*es %ort]4 ,! wife requir$ ! boy ( ! h\se to c>rie !m to ! next tailor1 :i* 0 ,b5iam9 t made !m4 ,! boy requir$ him to cut ! hose4 ,he said ,i am n ! mai/]'s tailor4 ,sai? ! boy1 because ye are our next neighb\r1 & my mai/]'s tailor dwelle? f> (f1 j come to y4 ,b5iam9 took ! hose & look$ ^u !m1 he took 8 h&le "w 9 h&1 & said1 ^! are n ?y mai/]'s hose1 b ,dr4 ,s&s1 !m j made 9 ! ,t[]40 #ijc 8,item1 8 be/ coat1 j]k91 d\blet & bree*es4 ,item1 8 hose or ne!r /ock+s1 %oes & g>t]s40--,survey ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,asaph1 by ,br[ne ,willis1 #agbj1 #hvo4 #ijd ,holl+%$'s ,*ronicle1 #aegg1 p4 #bac4 #ije ,9 8 satyre call$ ,! ,/eel ( ,glass3--8,9 silk knitt hose1 & ,spani% lea!r %oes40 #ijf ,9 ,holl+%$1 ?ird "p1 p4 #abij3--8,^u ! /age !re /ood at ! "o end eight small wom5 *ildr51 sp9n+ wor/$ y>ne1 & at ! o!r z manie knitt+ ( wor/$ y>n hose40 #ijg ,bu* des ,alt5 ,pomm]l&es1 #afci1 #dto1 p4 #chh3--8;,duke ,bogislaus ,,viii4 suff]$ himself at l5g? to be ov]come by love1 & m>ri$ ,sophia1 daught] ( ,procopius m>grave ( ,moravia1 :o 0 a v prud5t & mod]ate lady4 ,9 h] old age1 :5 h] sight became bad1 s t %e 0 incapable ( sew+ or embroid]+1 %e nev] put ! knitt+-ne$le out ( h] h&s1 z is writt5 9 our *ronicles4 ,! rhymes :i* %e always _h 9 h] m\? are rem>kable3-- ,ni*t bet51 g]n spatzi]5 gehn1 ,(t im ,f5/] und vorm ,spiegel /ehn1 ,viel g]$et1 und w5ig ge?an1 ,me9 ,k9d1 da i/ ni*ts ,fettes an4 #8,nev] to pray2 to be fond ( walk+2 to /& (t5 at ! w9d[ & be=e ! look+-glass2 to talk mu* & d little2 is n1 my *ild1 ! way to be ri*4'0 #ijh ,mez]ay1 :]e he speaks ( ! silk manufactories "u ,h5ry ,,iv4 #iji ,! fir/ description ( ! /ock+-loom illu/rat$ by figures1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is 9 ,de]+'s ,nott+ham1 #agea1 #dto1 b x is v imp]fect4 ,a mu* bett] is to be f\nd 9 ! second volume ( ! ,encyclopdie1 pr9t$ at ,p>is1 #agea1 fol4 p4 #id-aac4 ,! figures are 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! second "p ( ! ,plan*es1 & make elev5 plates1 eight ( :i* are full %eets4 ,! read] w also f9d a v good description ( ! /ock+-loom illu/rat$ ) woodcuts 9 ,ure's ,diction>y1 art4 ,,hosi]y4 #iaj ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 ! petition1 p4 #cjb3 8,:i* trade is prop]ly /il$ framework-knitt+1 because x is direct & absolute knit-"w 9 ! /it*es !re(1 no?+ diff]5t !re9 f ! common way ( knitt+ 7n mu* m anti5tly = publick use practis$ 9 ?is nation ?an ?is71 b only 9 ! numb]s ( ne$les1 at an in/ant work+ 9 ?is1 m ?an 9 ! o!r by an hundr$ = "o1 set 9 an eng9e or frame compos$ ( above #bjjj pieces ( smi?1 jo9]s1 & turn]s "w1 aft] s artificial & exact a mann]1 t1 by ! judgem5t ( all behold]s1 x f> excels 9 ! +5uity1 curiosity1 & subtility ( ! inv5tion & contexture1 all o!r frames or in/rum5ts ( manufacture 9 use 9 any kn[n "p ( ! _w40 #iaa ,?is acc\nt is giv5 by ,a>on ,hill 9 8 ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,bee*-oil ,inv5tion1 #agae1 #hvo4 #iab ,! inscription may be f\nd 9 ,seym\r's ,survey ( ,london1 #agcc1 fol4 vol4 i4 p4 #fjc3 8,9 ! ye> #aehi ! +5i\s ,william ,lee1 ,ma/] ( ,arts ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 devis$ ?is pr(itable art = /ock+s 7b be+ despis$ w5t to ,france7 yet ( iron to himself1 b to u & o!rs ( gold2 9 memory ( :om ?is is "h pa9t$40 #iac ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 already quot$1 p4 #aga3 8,n9e & ?irty ye>s aft] 0 inv5t$ ! weav+ ( silk /ock+s1 we/coats1 & div]s o!r ?+s1 by eng9es1 or /eel looms1 by ,william ,lee1 ,ma/] ( ,arts ( ,/4 ,john's ,college 9 ,cambridge1 a native ( ,nott+ham1 :o taught ! art 9 ,engl& & ,france1 z 8 s]vants 9 ,spa91 ,v5ice1 & ,irel&2 & 8 device s well took1 t n[ 9 ,london 8 artific]s are become a company1 hav+ an hall & a ma/]1 l z o!r societies40 #iad ,( ?is ,a/on ! foll[+ acc\nt is to be f\nd 9 ,?oroton's ,nott+ham%ire1 #afgg1 fol4 p4 #big3 8,at ,calv]ton 0 born ,william ,lee1 ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 ,cambridge1 & heir to a pretty freehold "h2 :o see+ a woman knit1 inv5t$ a loom to knit1 9 :i* he or 8 bro!r ,james p]=m$ & ex]cis$ be=e ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & leav+ x to 444 ,a/on 8 appr5tice1 w5t beyond ! seas1 & 0 !reby e/eem$ ! au?or ( t +5i\s eng9e1 :]e) !y n[ weave silk & o!r /ock+s4 ,?is 444 ,a/on add$ some?+ to 8 ma/]'s inv5tion2 he 0 "s "t a mill] at ,?oroton1 nigh :i* place he 0 born40 #iae ,dell' ,agricoltura1 dell' ,arti1 e del ,comm]cio4 ,v54 #agfc1 #hvo4 #iaf ,le ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,hops4 ,my object1 9 ?is article1 is n to give a hi/ory ( be]1 because = t purpose x w\ld be necess>y to def9e accurately ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans2 & ?is w\ld be a t$i\s1 z well z difficult1 & to me a v unpleasant lab\r2 z ,i %\ld be oblig$ to controv]t a great _m receiv$ op9ions4 ,i %all only endeav\r to answ] ! "q1 ,:]e & at :at "t did hops beg9 to be us$ z an addition to be]8 ,?is subject has already engag$ ! att5tion ( two le>n$ m5#iag1 ^: rese>*es ,i %all employ & enl>ge by my own obs]vations4 ,hops at pres5t are s well kn[n1 t a =mal description ( !m w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,i ?9k x necess>y1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( p]spicuity1 to /ate :at foll[s4 ,?is plant at pres5t gr[s wild 9 ! great] "p ( ,europe1 & 9 ,g]many is common 9 ! h$ges & f5ces4 ,x cl+s to ! trunks ( trees1 & (t5 climbs r\nd poles1 if long en\gh1 to ! height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet4 ,x is almo/ ev]y:]e r\gh & %>p to ! t\*1 & sometimes clammy4 ,! leaves are g5]ally divid$ into ?ree1 & (t5 into five ind5t$ lobes2 b ! upp] ones are %ap$ l a he>t & undivid$4 ,! male plants be> fl[]s1 l ^? ( ! currant-bu% or ( ! male hemp2 ! female plants produce _! fl[]s 9 cones1 :i* are n unlike ^? ( ! fir1 except t ! latt] are woody1 :ile ! =m] are foliace\s4 ,^! cones only are us$ = be]2 on t acc\nt ! female plants alone are cultivat$1 & f ^! !y are pick$ & dri$ z soon z !y beg9 to become pulv]ul5t4 ,!y are transplant$ or propagat$ by means ( se$l+s1 9 hop-gr\nds prop]ly prep>$1 :]e ! cones become l>g] & bett] ?an ^? ( ! wild plants1 :i* h[ev] are n entirely useless4 ,!y are add$ to be] to r5d] x m palatable1 by giv+ x an agreeable bitt] ta/e2 &1 at ! same "t1 to make x keep long]2 & x mu/ inde$ be confess$1 t ( ! num]\s & v>i\s additions :i* s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iods h be5 tri$1 none has bett] answ]$ ! purpose1 or be5 m g5]ally employ$4 ,among ! botani/s ( ! la/ two c5turies1 :o p]us$ ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 & endeav\r$ to discov] ^? plants :i* !y meant to describe1 _m imag9$ t !y f\nd 9 !m hops4 ,b :5 "o takes ! tr\ble to exam9e )\t prejudice _! op9ions1 no?+ appe>s b a v slight probability2 & "s ev5 ( ^! le>n$ botani/s1 su* z ,mat?ioli & o!rs1 h ackn[l$g$ t x _c be prov$ t ! ,greeks & ! ,romans 7 acqua9t$ ) our hops4 ,! plant :i* p]haps has be5 *iefly consid]$ z ! hop is ! ,smilax asp]a#iah ( ,dioscorides#iai1 ! same no d\bt z t describ$ by ,!ophra/us "u ! "n ( smilax1 )\t any epi!t#ibj4 ,t ! description agrees = ! mo/ "p ) our hops _c be d5i$2 b x is equally true t x might be appli$1 ) no less propriety1 to _m o!r creep+ plants1 & c]ta9ly ) ! greate/ probability to t :i* 9 ! ,l9nan sy/em has reta9$ ! "n ,smilax asp]a4 ,:at ! ,grecian writ] says ( ! fruit is p>ticul>ly applicable to ?is plant2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x diff]s f ! fruit ( ! hop4 ,"o might ) m probability conjecture t hops occur 9 ,pl9y#iba1 "u ! "n ,lupus salict>ius4 ,b ! :ole ( :at he says ( ?is plant is1 t x 0 escul5t1 & grew 9 ! will[ plantations4 ,?is is und\bt$ly true ( hops1 = t ! "y %oots are eat5 9 spr+ z salad is well kn[n2 b ! "n lupus alone has induc$ ! comm5tator to apply all ?is1 ?\gh equally applicable to o!r plants1 to our hop1 :i* at pres5t is call$ lupulus4 ,mu* m unf\nd$ is ! conjecture1 t ! hop is t wild plant :i*1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,cato1 0 us$ z fodd] = cattle#ibb4 ,b ! ^w 9 manuscripts is diff]5tly writt51 & consequ5tly unc]ta92 besides1 !re are _m plants :i* might be employ$ 9 ! place ( /raw4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible t hops might h be5 9 use among ! nor!rn nations1 at ! "t ( ^! writ]s1 )\t _! hav+ any k ( !m2 = ! ,romans 7 acqua9t$ ) be] only f ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! ,g]mans & _! mann]s#ibc1 & !y consid]$ t bev]age m]ely z an unsuccessful imitation ( _! w9e4 ,b ,i agree 9 op9ion ) ,conr+1 ,meibomius1 & o!rs1 t hops 7 n us$ till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! names humulus & lupulus also are ( no great antiquity4 ,! =m] is ! olde/1 & seems to belong to ! p :o fir/ add$ ?is improvem5t to be]4 ,! humble & humle ( ! ,sw$es & ,danes1 ! *umel ( ! ,bohemians1 ! h\blon ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,spani%1 ,hung>ian & ,p]sian appellations1 all seem to be d]iv$ f ! same orig91 z well z ! ,lat9 names ( lat] times1 humelo1 humolo1 humulo1 humlo#ibd4 ,lupulus does n occur till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! ,g]man ^w1 :i* ! ,engli% also h adopt$1 appe>s fir/ to h be5 writt5 hoppe1 f :i* 0 =m$ aft]w>ds 9 ,high ,g]man ,hopf51 by conv]t+1 z x commonly does1 ! d\ble p into ! h>d] pf4 ,?us f toppe x has made topf1 & f koppe1 kopf1 c4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ?is ^w is f\nd1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 a diction>y :i* seems to be ( ! t5? c5tury#ibe1 & :i* has ,timalus1 ,hoppe & ,br&igabo ,feldhoppe4 ,accord+ to my conjecture1 timalus has be5 errone\sly pr9t$ = humulus2 b 9 reg>d to br&igabo ,i c give no explanation4 ,x is d]iv$ p]haps f brace or bracium4 ,! =m] 0 kn[n to ,pl9y#ibf2 & ! latt] occurs 9 ! same diction>y along ) ! translation1 malt4 ,no m5tion is made ( hops ei!r 9 ,walafrid ,/rabo1 :o di$ 9 #hdi1 or 9 milius ,mac]1 :o _c h liv$ e>li] ?an ! ye> #hej2 9 ! laws ( ! old ,franks1 9 :i* be] & malt are (t5 m5tion$1 or 9 ! ,capitul>e de ,villis ,imp]atoris1 :i* are ascrib$ to ,*>les ! ,great4 ,_h be] be5 !n us$ & brew$ 9 ,g]many1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 at any rate m5tion$ by ! emp]or4 ,hall] says#ibg x is relat$ by ,isidorus t ! exp]im5t ( add+ hops to be] 0 fir/ made 9 ,italy4 ,7 ?is ! case1 x w\ld be ! olde/ m5tion ( t circum/ance1 = ,isidorus di$ 9 ! ye> #fcf4 ,x is h[ev] n only highly improbable t ! use ( hops %\ld be discov]$ 9 ,italy1 :i* is a w9e c\ntry1 b x c be prov$ to be false4 ,n ! smalle/ notice ( x is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole "w ( ,isidorus2 & 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,botanica1 :5 ,hall] _h ! book be=e him & extract$ f x _m ?+s rem>kable1 he does n repeat ?is ass]tion#ibh4 ,! passage :i* has giv5 rise p]haps to ?is error1 appe>s to be t :]e ! au?or describes a k9d ( be] call$ by him celia1 & :]e ! g]m9ation ( corn1 ! %oot+ ( malt1 & ! sweet wort made f x1 toge!r ) its f]m5tation1 are cle>ly m5tion$1 b n hops#ibi4 ,"s "o p]haps ?\ght t hops also ought to be suppos$ 9 ?is passage1 else be] w\ld n acquire t /rong ta/e & intoxicat+ quality spok5 ( by ,isidorus1 :o v prop]ly ascribes bo? to f]m5tation4 ,! same acc\nt has be5 repeat$ by ,v9c5tius#icj1 )\t any *ange or addition4 ,b z ,isidorus sc>cely conta9s any?+ :i* is n borr[$ f e>li] writ]s1 ,i endeav\r$ to discov] ! s\rce ( t in=mation1 & at l5g? f\nd x 9 ! hi/ory ( ,orosius#ica1 :o1 z is well kn[n1 liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ! works ( ! ,arabian physician ,mesue#icb is a description1 b z is commonly ! case1 a defective "o1 ( a creep+ plant1 ) r\gh ind5t$ leaves "u ! "n ( lupulus1 :i* inde$ corresponds exce$+ly well ) our hops4 ,! cones 9 p>ticul> are exactly describ$4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 speaks !re only ( ! m$ic9al qualities ( ! plant1 & makes no m5tion ( its application to be]4 ,mesue liv$ ab\t ! ye> #hde1 consequ5tly is ! fir/ :o uses ! t]m lupuli4 ,b we h only a wret*$ old translation ( ! writ+s ( ?is physician2 x is probable t ! ^w lupulus comes only f ! translator4 ,?is passage !re=e c prove no?+4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t hops 7 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ! ,c>ol+ian dyna/y1 = a lett] ( donation by ,k+ ,pep9 speaks ( humol>i1 :i* )\t d\bt mu/ h be5 hop-g>d5s#icc4 ,9 l mann] ,adel>d1 abbot ( ,corbey1 9 ! ye> #hbb1 fre$ ! mill]s belong+ to 8 di/rict f all lab\r relat+ to hops1 & on ?is occasion employ$ ! words humlo & brace1 by :i* is to be und]/ood corn & malt us$ = be]4 ,9 ! ,fris+5 collection ( anci5t docum5ts1 !re are _m :i* 7 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,ludovicus ,g]manicus1 consequ5tly 9 ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury2 & 9 "s ( ^!1 hop-g>d5s1 :i* 7 !n call$ humul>ia1 are m5tion$#icd4 ,9 ! tax regi/]s ( ! two foll[+ c5turies1 among ! articles deliv]$ to *ur*es & mona/]ies1 modii & mold]a humuli are v (t5 nam$#ice4 ,hop-fields & ! deliv]y ( hops occur mu* (t5] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "u ! appellations humuleta1 humileta1 & humul>ia#icf4 ,9 ! ,sa*s5spiegel#icg & ! municipal law ( ,magdeburg 7,wei*bildsre*te#ich71 !re is an ord] 9 reg>d to ! hop-plants :i* grew ov] h$ges4 ,i %all omit ! /ill m num]\s in/ances :]e !y occur 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury z well z ! pro(s t hops 7 !n cultivat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many2 & x is p]haps true1 z said by ,mhs51 & aft] him by ,fis*]1 on ^: b>e ^w h[ev] ,i d n entirely rely1 t _m t[ns 9 ,g]many 7 indebt$ = ! great sale ( _! be] to ! use ( hops 7:i* und\bt$ly appe>s to be a ,g]man discov]y71 & to _! peculi> goodness4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ?is me?od ( season+ be] 0 adopt$ at a mu* lat] p]iod by our neighb\rs ! ,engli%1 ,dut*1 ,sw$es1 & o!rs4 ,if ! two passages above quot$1 :]e ! ^w lupuli occurs1 be reject$ because !y are d\btful1 ,i mu/ consid] ?is "n ( hops to be m mod]n ?an ! ^w humulus2 & if ?is be true1 x is impossible to believe1 ) ,du ,cange1 t ! latt] 0 =m$ f ! fir/ by ?r[+ away ! initial lett]4 ,z yet ,i _h n f\nd ! "n lupulus giv5 to hops e>li] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ?is "t liv$ ,simon ( ,g5oa1 commonly call$ ,johannes de ,janua or ,janu5sis1 :o also _h ! surname ( ,cordus4 ,he 0 physician to ,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv42 aft]w>ds *apla9 & sub-deacon to ,pope ,boniface ,,viii42 & !re=e fl\ri%$ at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,( 8 writ+s none is bett] kn[n1 or 0 =m]ly m e/eem$1 ?an 8 ,ca?olicon1 a book 9 :i* he describes1 9 alphabetical ord]1 all ! sub/ances !n us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & on :i*1 z he says himself1 he 0 employ$ ?irty ye>s4 ,9 ?is diction>y1 :i* is commonly consid]$ z ! fir/ ( ! ,mat]ia m$ica1 !re is an article "u ! head lupulus1 copi$ h[ev] f ! be=e-m5tion$ ,lat9 translation ( ,mesue1 b ) ! addition1 t ?is plant by ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans is nam$ humilis1 & t ! fl[]s ( x 7 us$ 9 a bev]age :i* he calls m$o#ici4 ,?is ,italian1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h be5 prop]ly acqua9t$ ) ! subject2 = he tells u himself#idj1 t "u ! "n m$o or mead1 is und]/ood a bev]age made ( dilut$ honey1 = :i* hops are nev] employ$4 ,9 ,italy also1 at t "t1 hops 7 n 9 use4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod1 ,arnold de ,villanova1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! "w on ,regim51 publi%$ by ,john ( ,milan1 9 ! "n ( ! celebrat$ s*ool ( ,sal]no1 m5tions lupuli1 & ! use ( !m 9 brew+ be]#ida4 ,pr(essor ,ty*s51 to ^: fri5d%ip ,i h be5 frequ5tly indebt$ = assi/ance 9 my rese>*es1 sugge/$ to me ! conjecture t lupulus p]haps is d]iv$ f lup9us1 because ,columella says t ! bitt] se$s ( ?is plant 7 add$1 9 ,egypt1 to be] 9 ord] to mod]ate its sweetness#idb4 ,?is use is confirm$ also by ,g4 ,w4 ,lorsba*1 f ! ,arabic hi/orian ,ebn ,*alican#idc4 ,at any rate1 ?is proves t 9 ,egypt at t "t bitt] ?+s began to be add$ to be]4 ,x is also well kn[n t 9 ,italy lup9es 7 r5d]$ fit = ! use ( man z well z ( animals1 by mac]at+ !m 9 wat]#idd2 & ,i am ( op9ion1 t on ?is acc\nt ,v>ro requir$ wat] to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a f>m-y>d#ide4 ,lup9es s(t5$ 9 wat] are /ill employ$ = mak+ d\gh4 ,b if lupulus 0 =m$ f lup9us1 x mu/ h[ev] be prov$ t ! use ( x = be] 0 common beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,egypt4 ,ev5 if we admit ) ,s*ttg51 t ! poet employs zy?um = be] 9 g5]al1 ?is bev]age 0 nev] us$ 9 ,italy1 & ,i h met ) no o!r m5tion ( lup9es 9 brew+4 ,9 ! brew]ies ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 hops seem to h be5 fir/ kn[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 = ab\t ?is "t we f9d _m compla9ts t ! new me?od ( brew+ ) hops less5$ ! consumption ( gruit1 & also ! income aris+ f gruitgeld4 ,! ^w gruit seems to h _m mean+s3 9 ! fir/ place x signifies malt2 b ?\gh ,i =m]ly consid]$ ?is z ! prop] mean+1 & ?\gh "s approv$ my op9ion1 ,i mu/ confess t on fur!r exam9ation ,i am n able fully to prove x4 ,9 ! second place1 x signifi$ a c]ta9 tax paid at ea* "t ( brew+3 ?irdly1 a c]ta9 addition ( h]bs us$ = be] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury3 & 9 ! la/ place1 ! be] brew$ ) x 0 itself sometimes call$ gruit4 ,t ?is ^w always d5ot$ malt is impossible2 = x is said t aft] hops 7 introduc$1 less gruit 0 us$ & sold ?an =m]ly _h be5 ! case4 ,b h[ c\ld hops be employ$ in/ead ( malt8 ,john1 bi%op ( ,liege & ,utre*t1 compla9$ to ! emp]or ,*>les ,,iv41 t = ?irty or =ty ye>s a new me?od ( brew+1 t is to say1 ) ! addition ( a c]ta9 plant call$ humulus or hoppa1 _h be5 introduc$1 & t 8 income aris+ f gruitgeld _h be5 !reby mu* less5$4 ,! emp]or1 !re=e1 9 ! ye> #acfd1 p]mitt$ him1 = ! purpose ( mak+ good 8 loss1 to dem& a gros*5 = ea* cask ( hops2 & ?is "r 0 confirm$ to bi%op ,arnold by pope ,gregory#idf4 ,by ?is & simil> acc\nts ,i am induc$ to conjecture t a bev]age compos$ ( diff]5t h]bs 0 at t "t prep>$1 & t ! sale ( ?is mixture & ( gruit 0 conv]t$ into a s-call$ regale4 ,nay1 x almo/ appe>s t gruit 0 a f]m5t+ sub/ance1 indisp5sably necess>y to be]1 in/ead ( ! yea/ us$ at pres5t4 ,accord+ to e appe>ance ! anci5t be] c\ld n be long kept2 & be] fit to be pres]v$ seems to h come into use aft] ! introduction ( hops4 ,! olde/ writ]s :o treat ( ! good & bad effects ( hops1 reckon among ! latt]1 t !y dri$ up ! body & increas$ melan*oly2 b among _! good qualities1 !y praise _! prop]ty ( pres]v+ liquors f corruption#idg4 ,x 0 soon rem>k$ also1 t ! keep+ ( be] dep5d$ a great deal on ! season 9 :i* x 0 brew$2 = ,m4 ,anton quotes f ! ,ilm /atutes ( #acej1 t p 7 p]mitt$ to brew only f ,mi*aelmas to ,/4 ,walpurgis' day#idh2 at o!r times x 0 =bidd5 "u c]ta9 p5alties4 ,at t p]iod v>i\s k9ds ( be] seem to h be5 9 use1 & p]haps became fa%ionable in/ead ( w9e1 c(fee1 & tea4 ,?us ,m4 ,anton quotes1 f a ,h]vord docum5t ( ! ye> #aadd1 c]visia mellita & non mellita4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 at pres5t1 honey is us$ = _m k9ds ( be]2 su* = example z t brew$ at ,nimegu51 :i* has an ext5sive sale "u ! "n ( moll1 a ^w d]iv$ no d\bt f mollig1 mild2 :i* is appli$ also to w9e4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,engli% us$ liquorice4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! use ( hops seems to h be5 introduc$ at a mu* lat] p]iod2 b x is said t !y 7 at fir/ consid]$ z a dang]\s production1 & t ! plant+ ( !m 0 =bidd5 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury#idi4 ,?is ,i w n v5ture to d5y1 ?\gh ,i v mu* d\bt x4 ,i h f\nd no pro( ( x 9 any ,engli% writ]1 & ,i h se>*$ 9 va9 = ! prohibition among ! ord]s ( t pr9ce1 9 :i* h[ev] !re occurs "o 9 reg>d to malt#iej4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m ,engli% hi/orians ass]t t ! use ( hops 0 fir/ made kn[n 9 ,engl& by "s p f ,artois1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 or ab\t ! ye> #aebdiea4 ,x is nev]!less true1 t ?is sov]eign1 9 an ord] respect+ ! s]vants ( 8 h\sehold1 9 ! tw5ty-second ye> ( 8 reign1 t is 9 #aecj1 =bade brew]s to put into ale hops & sulphur#ieb4 ,b p]haps 8 maje/y 0 n fond ( hopp$ be]4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 mo/ ( ! diction>ies call ale1 be] brew$ )\t hops2 & an ,engli% physician says expressly t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ale & be] is1 t hops are n employ$ = ! =m]#iec4 ,b accord+ to ! ,engli% in/ructions = brew+1 hops are requir$ = ale also4 ,9 ! ,engli% laws hops are m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 t is 9 #aeeb1 at :i* p]iod "s privileges 7 grant$ to hop-gr\nds4 ,! cultivation ( hops h[ev]1 :i*1 l ! art ( brew+1 has 9 ,engl& be5 c>ri$ to ! greate/ p]fection1 0 v limit$ ev5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 = ,james ,i41 9 ! fif? ye> ( 8 reign1 t is 9 #afjc1 f\nd x necess>y to =bid1 "u sev]e p5alties1 ! introduction & use ( spoilt & adult]at$ hops4 ,at t "t1 !re=e1 ,engl& did n produce a quantity suffici5t = its own consumption4 ,9 ,sw$51 at lea/ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 hops seem n to h be5 v common#ied2 = at t "t sweet gale 7,myrica gale7 0 employ$ = be]2 & s g5]ally1 t k+ ,*ri/oph]1 9 #addj1 confirm$ ! old law1 t ^? :o collect$ ?is plant be=e a c]ta9 p]iod1 on any common or on ano!r p]son's l&1 %\ld be subject$ to a f9e4 ,a simil> puni%m5t h[ev] 0 appo9t$ = ! too e>ly pick+ ( hops2 & ! cultivation ( !m 0 s /rongly en=c$1 t e f>m] :o _h n =ty poles ) hops gr[+ r\nd !m 0 puni%$1 unless he c\ld %[ t 8 l& 0 unfit = produc+ !m#iee4 ,b x 0 long d\bt$ 9 ,sw$5 :e!r ?is plant w\ld ?rive 9 ! cold climate ( t c\ntry2 9 :i* h[ev] x gr[s wild4 ,9 ! "t ( ,gu/avus ,i41 :o became k+ 9 #aebc1 ,sw$5 0 oblig$ to give = ! =eign hops x us$ #abjj s*ifpfunds ( iron1 :i* 0 ab\t ! n9? "p ( all ! iron made 9 ! k+dom4 ,9 ! ye> #aeeh ! k+ compla9$1 9 an edict1 t a p\nd ( hops co/ z mu* z a b>rel ( malt1 & on t acc\nt 0 desir\s to enc\rage ! cultivation ( ! hop-plant4 ,b 8 ex]tions 7 att5d$ ) s little effect1 t ev5 "u ! reign ( que5 ,*ri/9a1 t is1 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 all ! hops us$ 9 ! k+dom 7 import$ f ,g]many1 & p>ticul>ly f ,brunswick & ,saxony4 ,! que5 _h "s hop plantations z r>ities 9 h] g>d52 yet ! cultivation ( hops 0 begun "u ?is pr9cess1 & c>ri$ s f> t ,g]man hop f>m]s1 :o be=e _h be5 accu/om$ to travel to ,sw$5 e ?ree ye>s1 to receive paym5t & take new ord]s1 return$ v mu* dissatisfi$1 & suff]$ a "p ( _! hop-gr\nds to run to wa/e4 ,"u ,*>les ,,xi41 h[ev]1 :o reign$ f #affj to #afig1 ! cultivation ( hops 0 fir/ br\ght to a /ate ( consid]able improvem5t4 ,9 ! ye> #agff1 ,l9nu haz>d$ a conjecture t hops1 sp9age1 *5opodium1 t>ragon1 & _m o!r g>d5 vegetables 7 br\ght to ,europe by ! ,go?s1 dur+ _! p]iods ( emigration1 f ,russia & p>ticul>ly ! ,ukra9e1 because ! old writ]s make no m5tion ( ^! plants1 & because 9 ^? di/ricts !y all gr[ wild at pres5t#ief4 ,x h[ev] appe>s c]ta9 t hops belong to our indig5\s plants1 z !y gr[ ev]y:]e wild 9 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,engl&1 & ,sw$51 & ev5 9 c\ntries into :i* ! cultivation ( !m has nev] yet be5 introduc$1 & :]e x _c be suppos$ t !y accid5tally became wild by be+ convey$ f hop-fields & g>d5s4 ,! want ( in=mation 9 works old] ?an ! emigrations ( ! nor!rn tribes1 is no pro( t a plant did n !n exi/4 ,at t "t !re 0 no ,l9nu to transmit plants to po/]ity1 z ,hipp>*us1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,pl9y1 did ! />s4 ,su* vegetable productions only z _h become rem>kable on acc\nt ( _! utility or hurtful qualities1 or by "s s+ul> circum/ance1 occur 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,_m o!rs rema9$ unkn[n1 or at lea/ )\t names1 till natural hi/ory acquir$ a sy/ematic =m2 & ev5 at pres5t botani/s h (t5 ! satisfaction to discov] "s plant n be=e obs]v$4 ,is x probable t ! ,*9ese ev5 are acqua9t$ ) our hops8 ,!y h a k9d ( be] made f b>ley & :eat1 :i* is call$ t>asun2 & accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,j4 ,g4 ,gmel91 :o purposely made himself acqua9t$ ) ! prep>ation ( x1 hops =m$ by pressure into masses1 %ap$ l a brick1 are add$ to x#ieg4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,*9ese h also a k9d ( tea =m$ into cakes by /rong pressure4 ,our hops are compress$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ,bohemia2 & 9 t /ate w keep )\t los+ any ( _! /r5g? = fifty ye>s4 ,!y are put into a sack or bag ( co>se canvass1 & subject$ to a press4 ,a squ>e sew$ bag1 ea* side ( :i* is two ells1 conta9s fifty bu%els ( hops prep>$ 9 ?is mann]2 & :5 any ( !m are requir$ = brew+1 ! bag is made fa/ to a beam1 & z mu* z may be necess>y is cut out ) an axe4 ,! :ole mass is ( a br[n col\r1 & has a resemblance to pit*1 9 :i* n a s+le hop-leaf c be di/+ui%$4 ,:e!r ! ,*9ese conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ our common hops = ! l purpose1 is a "q ( "s importance 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( !m2 b at pres5t ,i am n able to answ] x4 ,hops are ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 & ,h]e=d%ire2 & to a less ext5t 9 ,worce/]%ire1 ,wilt%ire1 ,hamp%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,surrey1 & sev]al o!r c\nties4 ,f #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj acres ( l& are cov]$ 9 ,engl& ) hop-g>d5s1 ab\t "o-half be+ 9 ,k5t2 an excise duty ( #ahs4 #h;d4 p] cwt4 is levi$ ^u _! produce4 ,briti% hops are export$ to ,hamburg1 ,antw]p1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,new ,york1 ,au/ralia1 & o!r places4 ,a trifl+ quantity is also import$1 pr9cipally f ,fl&]s4 ,! duty on hops ( ! gr[? ( ,great ,brita9 produc$ 9 #ahdb1 #bfj1igi4 ,,footnotes #iag ,"o ( ^!1 9 p>ticul>1 is ,j4 ,f4 ,tres5reut]1 9 ,a ,diss]tation on ,hops1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g1 #agei1 #dto1 ) a preface by ,j4 ,heumann4 #iah 4 #iai ,dioscor41 iv4 #bdd4 #ibj ,hi/4 ,plant4 iii4 #ah4 #iba xxi4 #ae1 sect4 #ej4 #ibb ,cato ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 xxxvii4 p4 #ee4 #ibc ,mo/ ( ! passages 9 anci5t au?ors :i* relate to be] h be5 collect$ by ,di?m> 9 8 edition ( ,tacitus ,de ,moribus ,g]man4 cap4 xxiii42 & by ,meibom ,de ,c]evisiis ,vet]um 9 ,gronovii ,!s4 ,antiq4 ,grc41 ix4 p4 #edh4 #ibd ,! ^w humulus is d]iv$ f humus1 fre% e>?1 ! hop only gr[+ 9 ri* soils4--,l\don & ,sir ,w4 ,hook]4 #ibe ,?is valuable monum5t ( antiquity is to be f\nd 9 7,ny]up7 ,symbol ad ,lit]aturam ,teutonicam1 sumtibus ,a4 ,f4 ,suhm1 ,havni #aghg1 #dto1 pp4 #cca1 #djd4 #ibf ,lib4 xviii4 cap4 #g4 #ibg ,hi/or4 ,/irpium1 ii4 p4 #bij4 #ibh ,biblio?4 ,botan4 i4 p4 #afa4 #ibi ,orig9um lib4 xx4 #c1 p4 #dhg4 #icj ,speculum ,naturale1 lib4 xi4 #aji4 #ica ,lib4 v4 cap4 #g4 #icb ,joh4 ,mesu ,op]a4 ,v5etiis1 #aehi1 fol4 #icc ,du ,cange ,d\blet ,hi/4 ,s&ionys4 i4 #c1 p4 #ffi4 #icd ,9 ,c4 ,mei*elbeck's ,hi/or4 ,fris+4 ,i4 ,in/rum5t4 p4 #cei4 #ice ,see ! works quot$ by ,tres5reut]1 p4 #ae3 ,pezii ,!saur4 ,anecdot4 i4 ,p4 #c1 pp4 #fh1 #gb4--;,j4 ,c4 ,h>5b]g ,hi/or4 ,g&]%eim4 p4 #acej4--;,ecc>d ,orig94 ,saxon4 p4 #ei4--,leukfeld ,antiquit4 ,poeld5s4 p4 #gh4 #icf ,f4 ,g4 de ,somm]sb]g ,silesiac4 ,r]4 ,scriptor4 i4 pp4 #hja1 #hbi1 #heg4--,von ,ludwig ,reliq4 ,hi/or4 v4 p4 #dbe4--,tres5reut]1 p4 #bj1 quotes lat] in=mation 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #icg ,l4 ii4 art4 #eb4 #ich ,art4 #abf4 #ici ,= an acc\nt ( ! au?or & 8 works1 :i* are n[ sc>ce1 see ,hall]'s ,biblio!ca ,botan4 i4 p4 #bbb4 #idj ,article ,ydromel4 #ida ,?is celebrat$ "w1 kn[n z ! ,s*ola ,sal]nitatis1 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #afdi1 & has s9ce be5 frequ5tly republi%$ & translat$ into v>i\s languages4 ,a v complete edition1 ) an ,engli% v]sion & a hi/ory ( ! book1 0 giv5 by ! late ,sir ,h]b]t ,cr(t4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is book may also be f\nd 9 ,giannone's ,hi/ory ( ,naples4 #idb ,l\don obs]ves 9 8 ,encycl4 ,plants1 t lupulus is a contraction ( ,lupus salict>ius1 ! "n by :i* x 01 accord+ to ,pl9y1 =m]ly call$1 because x grew among ! will[s1 to :i*1 by tw9+ r\nd & *ok+ up1 x prov$ z de/ructive z ! wolf to ! flock4 #idc ,columella1 x4 #aaf4 ,! root 7radi%87 0 slic$ & put into ! ,egyptian be] along ) /eep$ lup9es1 9 ord] to r5d] x m palatable4 ,lorsba* b] e9e ,/elle des ,ebn ,*alican4 ,m>burg1 #aghi1 #hvo1 p4 #ba4 #idd ,pl94 xviii4 #ad1 sect4 #cf4--;,geopon4 ii4 #ci1 p4 #ahi1 & ! passages quot$ !re by ,niclas3 ,gal54 de ,fac4 ,simpl4 ,m$4 vi4 #add3 & ,alim4 ,fac4 i4 #cj4 #ide ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 i4 #ac1 #c4 #idf ,?is docum5t is 9 ,mat?i ,analecta ,vet4 vi1 iii4 p4 #bfj4 ,see also ,du ,cange1 "u ! ^w ,grutt1 & its d]ivatives4 #idg ,/4 ,hildeg>d 9 ,physic1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #gd4 ,petro ,cresc5tio d',agricoltura1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #ef4 ,?is writ] liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #idh ,a celebrat$ female sa9t ( ! eigh? c5tury1 said to h be5 a native ( ,engl&1 b canonis$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e %e 0 abbess ( a nunn]y at ,heid5%eim 9 ,?ur+ia4--,,trans4 #idi ,?is is ass]t$ 9 ! ,gtt+4 ,gel4 ,anzeig51 #aggh1 p4 #cbc4 #iej ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 vol4 i4 p4 #eia4 #iea ,husb&ry & ,trade ,improv$1 by ,j4 ,h\ghton4 ,lond4 #agbg1 #hvo4 ii4 p4 #deg4--;,&]son's ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce4 ,! f]m5t$ liquor anci5tly 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry is usually t]m$ ale1 b we h 9 fact no c]ta9 acc\nt ( its composition1 & all t is n[ kn[n respect+ x is1 t x 0 a pleasant b intoxicat+ liquor4 ,our ,saxon ance/ors 7 s f> addict$ to its use1 t s f> back z ! "t ( k+ ,edg>1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to ord] m>ks to be made 9 _! cups at a c]ta9 height1 beyond :i* !y 7 =bidd5 to fill1 "u a sev]e p5alty4 ,?is probably gave rise to ! peg tank>d1 ( :i* !re are a few /ill rema9+4 ,x held two qu>ts1 & _h on ! inside a r[ ( eight pegs1 "o above ! o!r1 f top to bottom1 s t ! space betwe5 ea* conta9$ half a p9t4 ,! law ( compotation 01 t e "o :o drank 0 to empty ! exact space betwe5 peg & peg1 & if he ei!r exce$$ or fell %ort ( 8 measure1 he 0 b\nd to dr9k d[n to ! next4 ,9 ar*bi%op ,anselm's canons1 made 9 ! c\ncil ( ,london1 ,a4,d4 #aajb1 we f9d an ord]1 by :i* prie/s 7 enjo9$ n to g to dr9k+ b\ts1 nor to dr9k to pegs4 #ieb ,ar*ologia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeg4 ,inde$1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ! common c\ncil ( ! city ( ,london petition$ p>liam5t aga9/ ! use ( hops1 89 reg>d t !y w\ld spoyl ! ta/e ( dr9ks & endang] ! p40--,see ,walt] ,bli! 9 8 ,improv] ,improv$1 publi%$ 9 #afdi4 #iec ,hamburgis*es ,magaz91 xxxiii4 p4 #dfe4 #ied ,in/ead ( ?is plant1 :i* gr[s wild 9 ,sw$51 ano!r wild plant 9 ,g]many call$ po/1 & by botani/s ,l$um palu/re1 0 9 old times us$ = be] by poor p 9 its /ead2 b x occasion$ viol5t heada*es4--,see ,l9ni ,amnitat4 ,acad4 viii4 p4 #bgj4 ,?is plant is /ill ext5sively us$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,g]many = imp>t+ a bitt] flav\r to be]1 al?\gh1 ow+ to its delet]i\s nature1 x is /rictly =bidd5 by ! laws4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ,cocculus indicus is sometimes employ$ = a l purpose4 #iee ,?is law is said to h be5 made z e>ly z ! reign ( ,magnus ,smeek2 b x 0 confirm$ by k+ ,*ri/oph] 9 #addj1 & by ! comm& ( ,*>les ,,ix4 0 pr9t$ at ,/ockholm1 9 folio1 9 #afjh1 9 a "w entitl$ ,sw]ikes ,rijkes ,l&z-lagh4 ,! passage :i* belongs to ?is subject /&s 9 ,bygn+a ,balk]1 cap4 #di & #ej1 p4 xl4 a4 #ief ,l9ni ,amnitat4 ,academ4 vii4 p4 #deb4 #ieg ,gmel9's ,reise dur* ,sibiri54 ,gtt4 #ageb1 #hvo1 iii4 p4 #ee4 ,,black ,,lead4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ old ! use ( black lead is = writ+ might be ( "s importance 9 diplomatics1 z ! antiquity ( manuscripts rul$ or writt5 ) ?is sub/ance1 or ( draw+s made ) x1 c\ld !n be det]m9$4 ,i allude "h to p5cils =m$ ( t m9]al call$1 9 common1 plumbago & molybdna1 ?\gh a di/9ction is n[ made betwe5 ^! names by m9]alogi/s4 ,! m9]al us$ = black-lead p5cils !y call reissbley1 plumbago1 or graphites2 b "u ! t]m wass]bley & molybdna !y und]/& a m9]al once consid]$ to be ! same z ! =m]1 b :i*1 h[ev] l x may be 9 appe>ance1 diff]s f x 9 be+ heavi]1 occurr+ mu* seldom]1 & conta9+ a new metal1 almo/ ( a /eel-grey col\r1 exce$+ly brittle1 & nam$ molybdnum4 ,plumbago1 :i* is ! sub/ance "h meant1 :5 expos$ to an op5 fire1 is almo/ entirely consum$1 leav+ no?+ b a little iron & silice\s e>?4 ,x conta9s no lead2 & ! names reissbley & bley/ift h no o!r f\ndation ?an ! lead-col\r$ traces :i* x leaves ^u pap]4 ,! d>k]1 f9]1 & clean] ! l9es x makes are1 ! fitt] x is = draw+ & writ+4 ,^! l9es are durable1 & d n readily fade2 b :5 "o *ooses1 !y may be readily rubb$ out4 ,black lead1 !re=e1 c be us$ ) m conv5i5ce & spe$ ?an any col\r$ e>?1 *>coal1 or ev5 ink4 ,x is well kn[n t transcrib]s1 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 !y wi%$ _! writ+ to be 9 a p>ticul> mann] beautiful & regul>1 drew f9e p>allel l9es1 :i* !y foll[$ 9 writ+4 ,^! l9es may be /ill cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 old manuscripts4 ,9 _m in/ances1 !y h only be5 impress$ on ! p>*m5t by "s h>d1 %>p body2 b !y (t5 exhibit a lead5 col\r2 f :i* "o might suppose t !y _h be5 drawn ) our plumbago1 & consequ5tly believe t ! use ( ?is sub/ance is z old z we mu/ consid]1 f c]ta9 m>ks1 ! olde/ rul$ manuscripts4 ,b1 on a little reflection1 "o w be conv9c$ t ?is w\ld be a v fallaci\s conclusion4 ,= l9es s l ^? made ) plumbago1 t ! eye c sc>cely p]ceive ! diff]5ce1 may be made ) lead#ieh4 ,x c be prov$ t ! anci5ts drew _! l9es ) lead2 & ?is c\ld be done ) m conv5i5ce1 z ?is s(t metal 0 easily rubb$ (f by ! p>*m5t1 :i*1 be+ h>d] & r\gh] ?an our pap]1 _h !re=e m body4 ,x is well kn[n t1 =m]ly1 :5 p wi%$ to draw l9es1 a small r\nd plate ( lead1 :i* c\ld n s readily cut ! p>*m5t or become b5t z a lead5 /yle1 0 employ$#iei4 ,old manuscripts1 rul$ ) lead-col\r$ l9es1 h be5 po9t$ out by mod]n diplomati/s4 ,our le>n$ ,pr(essor ,s*nemann1 :o 0 un=tunately hurri$ (f by a premature dea?1 has giv5 a description ( ! ,codex ,b]5g>is ,turon5sis1 ( ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 & ! ,codex ,!ophyli ,presbyt]i de ,temp]am5to ,colorum ( ! latt] c5tury1 bo? pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,wolf5buttel2 & rem>ks t l9es are drawn on ! fir/ p>tly ) a /yle & p>tly 9 a light mann] ) lead2 b he says ( ! o!r1 t x exhibits v f9e l9es drawn ) a black-lead p5cil#ifj4 ,le ,mo9e quotes a docum5t ( ! ye> #achg1 :i* is rul$ ) black lead1 & at ! same "t says t ! cu/om ( rul+ ceas$ ab\t ! ye> #adba & #adbd4 ,! l9es1 !re=e1 aft] t p]iod1 became crook$ & oblique#ifa4 ,b ! antiquity ( black-lead p5cils _c be det]m9$ by ! help ( diplomatic docum5ts4 ,x might be trac$ out ) m ease 7 x kn[n by :at m9]alogical writ] plumbago1 & ! uses ( x1 7 fir/ m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ is :at ,i h rem>k$ on ?is subject2 b ,i suspect t !re mu/ be "s old] m5tion ( x ?an any ,i h yet be5 able to f9d4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 believe t ^? :o require m ?an b>e conjecture w discov] ?is m9]al 9 ! works ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans2 = x _c possibly be prov$ t x is to be und]/ood "u ! t]ms plumbago1 gal5a1 molybdna1 & molybdoides1 z has be5 confid5tly ass]t$ by _m1 :o1 7 x n sup]flu\s1 might easily be refut$4 ,b 9 :atev] obscurity ^! names may be involv$1 "o c ) c]ta9ty discov] t !y sometimes d5ote gal5a1 or a real lead ore1 or else "s production ( lead works4 ,! fir/ au?or 9 ^: writ+s ,i h z yet f\nd c]ta9 m5tion ( plumbago is ,conrad ,gesn]1 ^: "n ,i c nev] pron\nce )\t respect4 ,9 8 book on fossils1 pr9t$ at ,zuri* 9 #aefe1 he says t p _h p5cils = writ+ :i* consi/$ ( a wood5 h&le1 ) a piece ( lead1 or1 z he believ$1 an artificial mixture1 call$ by "s /immi ,anglicanum4 ,su* p5cils mu/ at t "t h be5 sc>ce1 because he has giv5 a figure ( !m 9 a wood-cut4 ,to judge by ?is1 ! p5cil seems to h _h a wood5 %ea? or cov]+4 ,?irty ye>s aft]1 ,csalp9us gave a m complete acc\nt ( ?is m9]al1 :i* he calls molybdoides1 because he ?9ks x 0 s nam$ by ,dioscorides4 ,he says t x 0 a lead-col\r$ %9+ /one1 z smoo? z if rubb$ ov] ) oil2 x gave to ! f+]s an a%-grey t9t1 ) a plumbe\s lu/re1 & po9t$ p5cils 7 made ( x = ! use ( pa9t]s & draftsm54 ,he adds1 t x 0 call$ ,fl&]s' /one1 because x 0 br\ght f ! ,ne!rl&s to ,italy#ifb4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ,csalp9us1 a /ill bett] description 0 giv5 by ,imp]ato4 ,! latt] calls ! black lead grafio piomb9o1 & says t x is mu* m conv5i5t = draw+ ?an p5 & ink1 because ! m>ks made ) x appe> n only on a :ite gr\nd1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( _! brightness1 %[ !mselves also on black2 because !y c be pres]v$ or rubb$ out at pleasure2 & because "o c retrace !m ) a p51 :i* draw+s made ) lead or *>coal w n admit#ifc4 ,?is m9]al is smoo?2 appe>s greasy to ! t\*1 & has a lead5 col\r1 :i* x communicates ) a sort ( metallic lu/re4 ,x c resi/ = a long "t ! /ronge/ fire2 x ev5 acquires 9 x m h>dness1 & !re=e has be5 consid]$ z a k9d ( talc4 ,sometimes x is foliace\s1 & may be crumbl$ to pieces 9 scales2 b x is frequ5tly f\nd d5s] & /rong]1 & 9 ?is case writ+-p5cils are made ( x4 ,! fir/ k9d 0 mix$ ) t clay call$ rubrica1 & manufactur$ into crucibles1 :i* 7 exce$+ly durable 9 ! fire4 ,x is "h se5 t ^! ,italians1 at t "t1 7 well acqua9t$ ) ?is m9]al4 ,x has be5 reckon$ a species ( talc by ,ju/i1 by ,wall]ius 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 m9]alogy1 & also by o!rs4 ,its durability 9 resi/+ heat is c]ta9ly manife/$1 :5 x is kept 9 a close fire & betwe5 coals4 ,b x is prov$ by ! exp]im5ts ( mod]n m9]alogi/s1 t 9 an op51 /rong1 & long-cont9u$ fire1 x becomes almo/ entirely consum$4 ,b>?olomew ,ambros9us1 9 ! cont9uation ( ,aldrov&i's ,musum ,metallicum1 pr9t$ at ,bologna 9 #afdh1 uses ! "n lapis plumb>ius4 ,! %ort acc\nt :i* he gives ( x has be5 borr[$ f ! two ,italians la/ m5tion$2 b x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ev5 !n he ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to give ,gesn]'s figure enl>g$4 ,9 ! works ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,george ,agricola1 ,encelius1 ,csius1 ,kir*]1 & _m o!r old m9]alogi/s1 ,i h f\nd no m5tion ( black lead4 ,b z ! advantage\s use ( x = crucibles 0 kn[n to ,imp]ato1 & z ! crucibles made at ,ips1 :i* till v lately 7 employ$ by all ! m9ts 9 ,europe1 & ev5 9 o!r p>ts1 d]iv$ _! sup]iority f plumbago be+ mix$ ) ! blue clay1 & z ^! crucibles are introduc$ m ?an once by ,agricola )\t any m5tion ( ! addition1 x mu/ ei!r at t "t h n be5 usual1 or x mu/ h escap$ ! notice ( ?is dilig5t man4 ,h[ old !n are ! pits at ,leiz]sdorf1 :i* furni% plumbago = ! crucibles ( ,ips or ,passau8 ,i "k ( "o m9]alogi/ only :o has describ$ t di/rict1 b on ?is subject he has giv5 u no in=mation4 ,i am equally unacqua9t$ ) ! "t :5 ! pits 9 ,cumb]l&1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 produce ! be/ plumbago1 7 discov]$4 ,!y are situat$ on ! ,borr[dale m\nta9s1 ab\t t5 miles f ! t[n ( ,keswick4 ,! families to :om ^! pits belong1 accord+ to an e/abli%$ regulation1 c op5 !m only once e sev5 ye>s1 & take out b a c]ta9 quantity ( ! m9]al1 9 ord] to keep up ! price1 & prev5t ! pits f be+ exhau/$#ifd4 ,?is production is call$ !re black lead1 kell[ or kill[1 wad or wadt1 :i* words prop]ly mean black#ife4 ,i h f\nd no old] in=mation 9 reg>d to ^! pits ?an t ( ,m]ret1 :o wrote 9 ! ye> #affg1 & :o calls ?is m9]al nigrica fabrilis1 because x _h !n no ,lat9 "n#iff4 ,pettus rem>k$1 9 8 ,fleta ,m9or1 publi%$ #afhc1 t ! p5cils made f x 7 inclos$ 9 fir or c$>4 ,x is relat$ by ,rob9son#ifg & o!rs1 t at fir/ ! c\ntry-p ar\nd ,keswick m>k$ _! %eep ) x4 ,aft]w>ds ! art 0 discov]$ ( employ+ x = e>!nw>e1 & = pres]v+ iron f ru/4 ,! la/-m5tion$ au?or says also1 t x is us$ by ! ,dut* 9 dye+1 9 ord] to r5d] black m durable1 & t x is b\ght up by !m 9 l>ge quantities = t purpose4 ,b ?is is only a pret5ce4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !y prep>e f x black-lead p5cils4 ,! great] "p ( ! plumbago at pres5t us$ 9 comm]ce1 b :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 is fit only = iron-black1 comes f ,spa91 :]e x is dug up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ronda1 a t[n 9 ,gr5ada1 a few miles di/ant f ! sea2 b1 9 reg>d to ! antiquity ( ^! pits1 ,i h f\nd no in=mation4 ,9 comm]ce1 x is call$ potlo?2 & ! mills1 su* z ^? at ,brem51 :]e x is gr\nd f9e1 are nam$ potlo? mills1 an appellation :i* 9 all probability has be5 borr[$ f ! ,dut*1 among :om potloot signifies z mu* z pott]s' lead4 ,f ?is ^w ! ,fr5* h made potelot1 :i* h[ev] 9 _m diction>ies is omitt$4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ?is m9]al 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,france at a v late p]iod 9 ,upp] ,prov5ce1 ne> ,curban1 & n f> f ! riv] ,durance1 betwe5 ,si/]on & ,gap1 f :i* x is s5t to ,m>seilles4 ,x appe>s to me probable1 t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! use ( plumbago 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,italy1 a c\ntry :i* ab\nds ) draftsm5 & draw+-s*ools2 :]e o!r m9]als _h be5 long us$ = draw+1 & :]e ! be/ k9ds _h be5 c>efully s\ght out4 ,x is likely1 !re=e1 t "s "o may h made a trial ) plumbago1 induc$ by its appe>ance2 & inde$ no?+ b a trial 0 necess>y to %[ its sup]iority to *>coal1 & to black & r$ *alk4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k also1 t ! e>lie/ m5tion ( x w be f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,italian works on draw+1 r ?an 9 ^? on m9]alogy1 to ! au?ors ( :i* ?is sub/ance fir/ became kn[n by its use4 ,= a long "t1 all ! black-lead p5cils employ$ 9 ,g]many & 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntries 7 made at ,nuremb]g4 ,i %all "h obs]ve1 t ! v conv5i5t me?od ( wip+ out writ+ made ) a black-lead p5cil1 by means ( ,indian rubb]1 0 discov]$ ab\t tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 &1 z ,i believe1 fir/ 9 ,engl&4 ,aft] ,i _h complet$ ?is article1 ,pr(essor ,fiorillo1 :o z an arti/ has /udi$ ! ma/]-pieces1 & z a man ( lett]s ! writ+s ( ! ,italians1 communicat$ to me1 at my reque/1 ! foll[+ in=mation1 :i* at any rate w =m an additional fragm5t t[>ds ! hi/ory ( draw+4 ,! p5cils fir/ us$ 9 ,italy = draw+ 7 compos$ ( a mixture ( lead & t9 fus$ toge!r1 & ! proportion 0 two p>ts ( ! =m] & "o ( ! latt]#ifh4 ,to oblit]ate a draw+ or piece ( writ+1 x 0 rubb$ ov] ) crumbs ( bread4 ,a p5cil ( ?is k9d 0 call$ /ile4 ,petr>* has immortaliz$ a pa9t] nam$ ,simone ,memmi by a c\ple ( sonnets1 out ( gratitude = a picture ( 8 belov$ ,laura#ifi4 ,9 ^! he says t ! arti/ made ! draw+ ) a /ile 9 c>te4 ,! au?or "h evid5tly alludes to a draw+-p5cil1 & n to a grav]1 z "s h suppos$4 ,boccacio1 a s*ol> ( ,petr>*1 celebrates an arti/ :o 0 equally exp]t at draw+ ) ! /ile1 ! p51 & ! p5cil4 ,mi*ael ,angelo also1 :o di$ 9 #aefd1 says1 9 a sonnet on ,vas>i1 quot$ by ,fiorillo1 8,se con lo /ile e co' colori avete40 ,su* p5cils 7 long us$ also 9 ,g]many2 & =m]ly !y 7 f\nd at ! mo/ common writ+-desks4 ,! use ( r$ & black *alk seems to be m mod]n4 ,! =m] is call$ by ! ,italians matita rossa1 & ! latt] matita n]a4 ,?is "n is d]iv$ f hmatites4 ,vas>i celebrates ,baccio ,bond9elli1 :o di$ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 because he c\ld h&le equally well lo /ile1 e la p5na1 e la matita rossa e n]a4 ,bald9ucci says1 t ! be/ r$ *alk comes f ,g]many2 good black *alk f ,france2 b ! v be/ f ,spa91 :5ce t ( ! fir/ quality is obta9$ at pres5t4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 po9t out no m5tion ( our plumbago 9 ! works ( ! old ,italian arti/s4 ,arm59i1 :o wrote at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 relates h[ pupils 7 taught to draw a hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t#igj4 ,he says t !y made ! fir/ sket*es ) piombo ov] cannella col lapis n]o1 & aft]w>ds fill$ !m up ) a p54 ,b :5 8 :ole description is read1 !re c rema9 no d\bt t ! sub/ance "h meant is black *alk4 ,bald9ucci1 :o did n write till #afha1 has introduc$ p>ticul>ly into 8 diction>y matita rossa1 n]a1 & also lapis piomb9o2 & says t ! la/-m5tion$ is an artificial production1 :i* gives a lead5 col\r1 & is employ$ = draw+4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t ! au?or "h alludes to plumbago1 :i* 0 !n v common4 ,b :5 ,bott>i says#iga t arti/s fir/ began to use r$ & black *alk 9 ! "t ( ,vas>i1 :]eas lapis piomb9o only 0 employ$ be=e t p]iod1 he has nam$ plumbago1 commonly us$ 9 8 "t1 in/ead ( ! metallic p5cil :i* 0 call$ /ile4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! ,italians h no prop] appellation = black lead1 b call x sometimes matita & sometimes piomb9o4 ,great difficulty 0 =m]ly exp]i5c$ 9 protect+ ! ,borr[dale black-lead m9e f robb]y4 ,at pres5t1 ! treasure is protect$ by a /rong build+1 consi/+ ( f\r rooms ^u ! gr\nd floor2 & imm$iately "u "o ( !m is ! op5+1 secur$ by a trap-door1 ?r\gh :i* workm5 alone c ent] ! int]ior ( ! m\nta94 ,9 ?is ap>tm5t1 call$ ! dress+-room1 ! m9]s *ange _! ord9>y clo!s = _! work+-dress z !y come 92 & aft] _! six h\rs1 po/ or j\rney1 !y aga9 *ange _! dress1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! /ew>d1 be=e !y are all[$ to g out4 ,9 ! inn]mo/ ( ! f\r rooms two m5 are seat$ at a l>ge table1 sort+ & dress+ ! plumbago1 :o are lock$ 9 :ile at "w1 & wat*$ by ! /ew>d f an adjo9+ room1 :o is arm$ ) two load$ blund]busses4 ,9 "s ye>s ! net produce ( ! six weeks' annual work+ ( ! m9e has1 x is said1 am\nt$ to f #cj1jjjl4 to #dj1jjjl4 ,an inf]ior k9d ( plumbago is import$ f ,mexico & ,ceylon2 & a composition ) :i* m common p5cils are manufactur$ is made ( a mixture ( plumbago-p[d]1 lamp black & clay4 ,a useful & conv5i5t application ( ! black lead 9 ! =m ( m9ute cyl9d]s :i* slightly project$ f a cyl9drical cone1 & :i* 0 fitt$ to a p5cil-case1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahbb by ,mr4 ,mordan1 & has come into g5]al use3 ! cyl9drical =m ( ! plumbago is produc$ by pass+ squ>e /rips ( x ?r\gh holes 9 a ruby1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( wire-draw+4 ,x is /at$ t ! supply ( plumbago f ! ,cumb]l& m9e is almo/ exhau/$2 =tunately1 a process has be5 devis$ by :i* ! same firmness & equality may be communicat$ to ! p[d] by compression4 ,?is is effect$ by c>efully wa%+ & gr9d+ ! du/ obta9$ 9 saw+ plumbago into ?9 plates1 sift+ x ?r\gh spaces less ?an ! #a_/ejjjj? "p ( an in*1 & plac+ x "u a p[]ful press1 on a /rong die or b$ ( /eel1 ) air-tight fitt+s4 ,! air is !n pump$ f ! du/1 & :ile ?us fre$ f air1 a plung] desc5ds ^u x & x becomes solidifi$4 ,! p[] employ$ to p]=m ?is op]ation is e/imat$ at #ajjj tons1 sev]al bl[s hav+ be5 giv51 ea* ( ?is p[]4 ,?is process 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,brock$on1 ! tal5t$ draftsman ( ,alp9e & ,italian sc5]y4 ,,footnotes #ieh ,pl94 lib4 xxxiii4 #c1 sect4 #ai4 #iei ,a plate ( ?is k9d 0 call$ 1 also 1 1 1 :i* la/ appellation d5otes ! =m4 ,! ,romans1 at lea/ ^? ( lat] times1 nam$ ?is lead prductal4 ,! rul] by :i* ! l9es 7 drawn 0 call$ & 4 ,?us ! rul$ %eet :i* ,suff5us fill$ ) wret*$ v]ses is /yl$ by ,catullus membrana directa plumbo4 ,pollux has 4 ,see ,salmasius ad ,sol9um1 p4 #fdd1 :]e "s passages1 9 :i* ^! lead5 plates are describ$1 are quot$ f ! ,an?ologia4 #ifj ,v]su*s e4 ,sy/em d4 ,diplomatik4 ,hamb4 #ahjb1 #hvo1 ii4 p4 #ajh4 #ifa ,diplomatique-pratique3 ,metz1 #agfe1 #dto1 p4 #fb4 #ifb ,de ,metallicis1 lib4 iii4 ,rome1 #aeif1 or ,norib4 #afjb4 #ifc ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n exactly ! case4 ,) ink some:at ?ick "o may inde$ write on a piece ( pap] :i* has be5 rubb$ ov] ) black lead4 #ifd ,?is 0 =m]ly ! case1 b = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s pa/ ! m9e has be5 con/antly op54 ,! :ole ( ! produce is s5t up to ,london 7,essex ,/reet1 ,/r&71 :]e x is dispos$ ( by public auction1 held once a mon?4 #ife ,9 ! ,cumb]l& dialect1 kill[ or coll[1 z well z wad1 means black4 ,!re=e :5 ! manganese e>?1 :i* is f\nd *iefly at ,elton n f> f ,w9/]1 & :5 burnt is employ$ z an oil-col\r1 b p>ticul>ly = daub+ ov] %ips1 is call$ black wad1 t expression signifies z mu* z black black4 ,see ,p5nant's ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1 i4 p4 #db4 ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #agdg1 p4 #ehc4 #iff ,p9ax ,r]um ,natural4 ,london1 #affg1 #hvo1 p4 #bah4 #ifg ,natural ,hi/4 ( ,we/m4 & ,cumb]l&1 #agji1 #hvo1 p4 #gd4 ,see also ,g5t4's ,mag4 xxi4 #agea1 p4 #ea1 :]e !re is a map ( ?is rem>kable di/rict4 #ifh ,borgh9i1 il ,riposo4 ,arti/s us$ sometimes also silv] p5cils4 ,bald9ucci's ,vocab4 dell' arte del ,disegno3 ,/ile4 #ifi ,^! sonnets are ! #eg? & #eh?4 ,( ,simon & 8 draw+s an acc\nt may be f\nd 9 ,fiorillo ,ges*4 d] zei*n5d5 ,kn/e1 ,gtt4 #agih1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #bfi4 #igj ,de' v]i precetti della pittura4 ,rav5na1 #aehg1 #dto1 p4 #ec4 #iga ,9 8 obs]vations on ,vas>i1 iii4 p4 #caj4 ,,sal-,,ammoniac4 ,x is n v probable t ,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 & o!rs :o liv$ ne>ly ab\t ! same "t1 7 acqua9t$ ) sal-ammoniac1 or m5tion$ x 9 _! works2 = no "p ( m9]alogy 0 !n s defective z t :i* is ! mo/ important1 & :i* treats ( salts4 ,! art ( lixiviat+ e>?s & caus+ sal9e solutions to cry/allize 0 !n s little kn[n1 t1 in/ead ( gre5 vitriol1 vitriolic m9]als1 h[ev] impure1 7 employ$ 9 mak+ ink1 dye-liquors1 & o!r ?+s4 ,places = boil+ vitriol 7 n !n e/abli%$1 & !re=e ,pl9y beheld ) wond] blue vitriol1 :i* 9 8 "t 0 made only 9 ,spa91 z a ?+ s+ul> 9 its k9d1 or :i* _h n its l4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^? salts only 7 kn[n :i* occur 9 a native /ate1 or :i* cry/allize z x 7 ( !mselves1 )\t any artificial prep>ation1 z is ! case ) bay salt4 ,b t neutral salt1 =m$ ( muriatic acid & ammonia1 occurs v seldom 9 a native /ate1 & almo/ exclusively among ! productions ( volcanoes4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 suppose t ?is volcanic sal-ammoniac 0 ! fir/ kn[n1 b t x 0 fir/ consid]$ to be sal-ammoniac aft] t salt _h be5 long obta9$ by ano!r me?od1 & long us$4 ,b ev5 if x %\ld be believ$ t our sal-ammoniac 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 h[ are we to discov] x ) c]ta9ty 9 _! writ+s8 ,?is salt has little or no?+ by :i* ^! writ]s c\ld *>act]ize x4 ,nei!r its ext]nal =m nor ta/e is s /rik+ t x c\ld be describ$ by !m ) suffici5t precision4 ,! use ( x also c\ld n at t "t be s important & necess>y1 z to enable u to det]m9e :e!r !y 7 acqua9t$ ) x2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 gre5 vitriol & alum c easily be di/+ui%$ among ! mat]ials = dye+4 ,nay1 if ?is salt _h be5 !n made1 z x is made at pres5t 9 ,egypt1 & if any allusion to x 7 f\nd1 "o might readily conjecture t sal-ammoniac 7 really meant4 ,b ev5 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t traces ( sublimation be+ employ$ occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,dioscorides & o!rs1 :o liv$ ne>ly at ! same p]iod1 we are n au?oriz$ to suppose t ! k ( x 0 suffici5t = ! prep>ation ( ?is salt4 ,besides1 !re are two prop]ties ) :i* ! anci5ts might h accid5tally become acqua9t$1 & :i* 9 t case w\ld h be5 suffici5t to make kn[n or def9e to u ?is salt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 by an accid5tal mixture ( quicklime1 ! /rong smell or unsupportable vap\r diffus$ by ! volatile alkali sep>at$ f ! acid might h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ! second place1 x is v possible t ! complete volatilization ( ?is salt on burn+ coals may h be5 rem>k$2 = x _h be5 long kn[n t common salt decrepitates 9 ! fire4 ,?is excit$ wond]1 & 9 exam9+ o!r salts p 7 accu/om$ to obs]ve :e!r !y possess$ t prop]ty also4 ,_h any "o1 ) ?is view1 ?r[n a bit ( sal-ammoniac on a burn+ coal1 he mu/ h se5 ) a/oni%m5t t in/ead ( decrepitat+ x became entirely volatiliz$4 ,= ?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 v pure sal-ammoniac w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,_h a little common salt be5 mix$ ) x1 decrepitation w\ld n h be5 altoge!r prev5t$2 & if ! sal-ammoniac _h be5 r5d]$ impure by e>?y p>ticles1 z is almo/ always ! case ) ! volcanic1 "s e>? at lea/ w\ld h rema9$ beh9d on ! coals4 ,! "n sal-ammoniacus is inde$ old2 b z ^? :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! "n1 consid]$ ! alum5 ( ! anci5ts to be our alum1 & _! nitrum to be our saltpetre1 7 9 an error1 we %\ld be equally s 7 we to consid] _! sal-ammoniac to be ! same z ours4 ,our =efa!rs believ$ t ! anci5t writ]s 7 acqua9t$ ) all m9]als1 z well z ) all plants2 & :5 !y discov]$ a new "o1 !y se>*$ 9 old books till !y f\nd a "n :i* w\ld suit x1 or :i* at any rate _h n be5 giv5 to ano!r4 ,our sal-ammoniac1 9 all probability1 acquir$ 9 ! same mann] its "n1 :i* is n (t5 to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts#igb4 ,:5 ev]y?+ !y h said ( x is collect$ & imp>tially exam9$1 no pro(s w be f\nd t "u t "n !y und]/ood our sal-ammoniac4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o w soon be conv9c$ t sal-ammoniacus 0 no?+ else ?an impure m>9e salt4 ,z ! anci5ts 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! art ( sep>at+ salts1 ( ref9+ & cry/allis+ !m1 !y gave to ea* v>iety or k9d 9 ! lea/ diff]5t1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ ei!r by ! int]mixture ( "s =eign sub/ance or by an accid5tal =mation1 a p>ticul> "n2 &1 consid]+ ! wants ( t p]iod1 ?is me?od 0 n s bad4 ,= among ! impure sal9e sub/ances1 !re 7 always "s :i* 7 f\nd to be fitt] ?an o!rs = c]ta9 purposes4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y di/+ui%$ ) s mu* c>e misy1 sory1 *alcitis & melant]ia1 in/ead ( :i* we use a sub/ance conta9$ 9 all ^! m9]als1 t is to say1 gre5 vitriol4 ,our apo!c>y %ops h[ev] h at pres5t ! lixivi\s salt "u ! "n ( v>i\s plants1 f :i* x is extract$1 ) diff]5t degrees ( purity4 ,:5 ?is is kn[n1 x w excite no wond] t ! sal-ammoniacus ( ! anci5ts 0 no?+ else ?an our common salt4 ,dioscorides & ,pl9y speak ( x expressly z a k9d ( ?is salt2 & ,columella#igc1 9 a prescription = an eye-salve1 recomm5ds rock-salt1 ei!r ,spani%1 ,ammoniacal1 or ,cappadocian4 ,pl9y says#igd t sal-ammoniacus 0 f\nd 9 ! dry s&y des]ts ( ,africa1 z f> z ! oracle ( ,ammon4 ,x is /at$1 bo? by him & ,dioscorides#ige1 t ?is salt c be split or brok5 into smoo? pieces2 & ! =m] adds1 t ! be/ are :ite & transp>5t2 t x h[ev] has an unpleasant ta/e1 b c be us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,9 l mann] lat] physicians1 :5 !y wi% to prescribe common salt1 recomm5d 9 p>ticul> ! ammoniac4 ,?us ,aetius1 :o liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 rem>ks1 t :5 fossil1 or z we say at pres5t native salt1 is employ$1 ammoniac or ,cappadocian ought to be *os54 ,f :at is said by ,pl9y1 x may ) c]ta9ty be conclud$ t ?is salt 0 dug up f pits or m9es 9 ,africa2 = he relates1 t x appe>$ wond]ful t a piece ( x1 :i* 9 ! pit 0 v light1 became1 on exposure to ! op5 air1 mu* heavi]4 ,)\t repeat+ ! explanation :i* he gives ( ?is phnom5on1 ,i %all only rem>k1 t _m k9ds ( rock-salt1 tak5 f ! m9es ( ,wieliczka1 exp]i5ce ! same *ange 9 ! air2 s t blocks :i* a lab\r] c easily c>ry 9 ! m9e1 c sc>cely be lift$ by him aft] !y h be5 "s "t expos$ to ! air4 ,! cause "h is und\bt$ly ! same z t :i* makes _m k9ds ( artificial salt to become moi/ & to acquire m weight4 ,9 ?is case x is ow+ to "s impurity1 su* z muriate ( lime1 :i* is call$ sal-ammoniacus fixus#igf1 & :i* attracts f ! atmosph]e s mu* moi/ure1 t x deliquesces 9 x to ! s-call$ oil ( lime4 ,synesius1 :o 0 born 9 ,egypt 9 ! fif? c5tury1 9 ! ,p5tapolitan t[n ,cyr5e1 & :o resid$ z bi%op 9 ,ptolemais1 ! capital ( ! di/rict1 says1 9 a lett] :]e9 he describes _m r>ities ( 8 native c\ntry1 t :at 0 call$ sal-ammoniacus#igg1 bo? accord+ to its appe>ance & ta/e1 0 a salt ( a good quality1 fit = use2 t x lay "u a s(t k9d ( /one :i* cov]$ x l a cru/1 & t x c\ld be easily dug up :5 ?is /one 0 remov$4 ,h]odotus1 ,/rabo1 ,arrian1 & o!rs1 speak ( rock-salt :i* 0 dug up 9 ,ammonia1 & c>ri$ !nce z an article ( m]*&ise4 ,! fir/ m5tions a hill ( salt2 & we are told by ! la/1 t native salt 0 br\ght to ,egypt z a pres5t to ! k+ & o!rs1 f ! neighb\rhood ( ! oracle ( ,ammon1 by ! prie/s ( t place1 9 boxes made ( palms work$ toge!r4 ,_m pieces 7 ?ree in*es 9 l5g?2 & because ?is sub/ance 0 pur] ?an bay salt1 & z cle> z cry/al1 x 0 p>ticul>ly employ$ 9 sacrifices4 ,?is salt is c]ta9ly t :i*1 "u ! "n ( sal-ammoniacus1 0 s5t f ,egypt to ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 l ! wat] ( ! ,nile1 z is relat$ by ,a!nu f an hi/orian long s9ce lo/#igh4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! old ,arabian physicians1 ,avic5na & ,s]apion1 :o bo? liv$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 "u ! "n sal-ammoniacus und]/ood no?+ else ?an rock-salt4 ,! =m] says t x ought to split easily1 & to be cle> & transp>5t l cry/al2 & ! latt] /ates t ?is salt is cut f ! solid rock1 & t x is sometimes cle> z cry/al1 sometimes r$di%1 sometimes blacki%1 sometimes ( ano!r col\r1 sometimes h>d1 & sometimes friable1 or1 z ! translator expresses x1 pulv]ul5t4 ,all ^! col\rs & prop]ties are n uncommon 9 rock-salt1 & always proce$1 no d\bt1 f an admixture ( f]rug9\s e>?4 ,s]apion says t ?is salt 0 obta9$ f ,coras9i4 ,i %all leave x to o!rs to det]m9e :]e ?is c\ntry 0 situat$4 ,he (t5 names x1 & says t mala granata & beza> 7 obta9$ f x4 ,b :o kn[s h[ ! "n 0 writt5 9 ! orig9al8 ,& ! ,arabian au?or p]haps did n m5tion ! place :]e ! salt 0 dug up1 b t f :i*1 9 8 "t1 x 0 procur$#igi4 ,9 reg>d to ! purpose to :i* ! anci5ts appli$ _! sal-ammoniacus1 x appe>s t x requir$ only common salt & n sal-ammoniac4 ,x is (t5e/ m5tion$ by ! physicians1 because x 0 ! pure/ table salt t c\ld !n be procur$4 ,on t acc\nt x has be5 prais$ by ,scribonius ,l>gus1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & by ,aetius :o liv$ 9 ! fif?1 z well z by ,avic5na1 ,s]apion1 & o!rs4 ,i h h[ev] n yet met ) x 9 ! writ+s ( ,hippocrates or ,gal54 ,9 ! works ( ! ,greek agriculturi/s x occurs 9 a recipe = ! prep>ation ( a cem5t employ$ to close up w9e vessels#ihj4 ,accord+ to a recipe ( ,apicius1 9 8 book on cook]y1 sal-ammoniacus 0 to be roa/$4 ,by ^! means ?is rock-salt lo/ its wat] ( cry/allization & became /rong]4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 9 ,transylvania1 ,sib]ia1 & o!r c\ntries1 be=e x is br\ght to ! table x is p\nd$ & roa/$4 ,( our sal-ammoniac1 h[ev]1 7 x roa/$1 v little w\ld rema94 ,b :e!r ! ammonium :i* ,palladius recomm5ds = a cem5t#iha be t salt1 ,i w n pret5d to det]m9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h no hesitation to contradict ! old comm5tator on ,ovid1 :o1 9 a passage :]e ! poet recomm5ds sal-ammoniacus 9 mak+ a cosmetic wat]1 und]/&s ! res9 or gum ( t "n4 ,ovid h[ev] _h no int5tion t "y wom5 %\ld lack] !mselves4 ,= ! reasons !re=e already m5tion$1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! sal-ammoniacus ( ! anci5ts 0 rock-salt1 & n our sal-ammoniac4 ,! olde/ comm5tators also on ^! writ]s _h no idea ( any o!r ?an rock-salt2 & x 0 n till a lat] p]iod1 :5 our sal-ammoniac 0 introduc$ into comm]ce1 & acquir$ t "n1 t ! mo/ le>n$ comm5tators began expressly to rem>k1 t ! new sal-ammoniac1 not)/&+ its appellation1 0 diff]5t f ! sal-ammoniacus ( ! anci5ts4 ,z ?is c\ld n !n be obta9$1 p us$ ! =m]1 :i* !y consid]$ only z an artificial sub/itute = ! latt]1 ?\gh x 0 incapable ( supply+ its place4 ,b 9 m mod]n times1 :5 our sal-ammoniac became common1 & physicians & m9]alogi/s no long] took ! tr\ble to read ! works ( ! anci5ts1 "s ( !m1 if n ! great] "p1 spoke 9 su* a mann] z if our sal-ammoniac _h be5 ! sal-ammoniacus ( ! anci5ts2 & x 0 !n g5]ally believ$ t x _h be51 at any rate1 kn[n & us$ s9ce ! "t ( ,dioscorides & ,pl9y4 ,no "o has ma9ta9$ ?is ) great] confid5ce & zeal ?an ,f4 ,i4 ,w4 ,s*rd]#ihb1 ^: judgem5t h[ev] 0 p]v]t$ by al*emi/ic conceits4 ,accord+ to 8 ass]tion1 ! ,egyptians practis$ f ! e>lie/ p]iods ! art ( mak+ sal-ammoniac1 b !y kept x a secret2 & he obscurely h9ts at ! purpose = :i* ^! great *emi/s us$ s mu* salt4 ,he ref]s1 on ?is occasion1 to :at ,pl9y says ( flos salis#ihc1 9 :i* he ?9ks he c f9d ! m>tial sal-ammoniac#ihd fl[]s ( our *emi/s1 or ! s-call$ flores salis ammoniaci m>tiales4 ,^? :o _c make ?is discov]y he decl>es to be ignorant & bl9d4 ,?is decision1 h[ev]1 :5 ! "* ( ! p]son :o gives x is consid]$1 _c dissipate a s+le d\bt4 ,x is c]ta9 t :at ,dioscorides & ,pl9y call flos salis has nev] yet be5 def9$4 ,x 0 moi/1 oily1 & sal9e2 & 9 ! vessels1 9 :i* x 0 s5t f ,egypt1 0 grey at ! top1 saffron-col\r$ at ! bottom1 & emitt$ a bad smell4 ,! mo/ +5i\s conjecture 0 t ( ,cordus#ihe1 :o ?\ght t x might be sp]ma ceti2 b ?\gh ,i %\ld pref] ?is op9ion to t ( ,s*rd]1 ,i mu/ confess t1 on ! gr\nds adduc$ by ,mat?ioli & ,conrad ,gesn]1 x has too mu* aga9/ x to be admitt$ z tru?4 ,! fir/ di/9ct traces ( our sal-ammoniac :i* ,i h yet met ) are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! ,arabians#ihf4 ,9 a writ+ ( ,geb]1 !re is a prescription h[ to purify sal-ammoniac by sublimation1 & 9 ano!r a receipt = mak+ x2 s t !re c be no d\bt t ! au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) our salt4 ,b ?is furni%es v little t[>ds ! hi/ory ( x4 ,! p]iod :5 t celebrat$ *emi/ liv$ is unc]ta94 ,if1 z ,leo says#ihg1 he fl\ri%$ a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,mahomet1 t is to say 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 8 works mu/ h be5 int]polat$ ) _m additions1 :i* criticism has n yet be5 able to sep>ate4 ,_m ( !m _c be ( great antiquity2 & ! unc]ta9ty is increas$ by "s ( ! editions diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 important passages4 ,:ole sections1 :i* "s h1 are want+ 9 o!rs2 & ! titles & ord] ( ! books & sections are diff]5t almo/ 9 ea*4 ,:5 ! same circum/ances are f\nd 9 sev]al editions1 x is obs]v$ t !y ess5tially diff]4 ,:at1 !re=e1 is n[ f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,geb]1 z !y are call$1 0 c]ta9ly n all kn[n 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! same unc]ta9ty prevails 9 reg>d to ! *emical works ( ,avic5na1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & :o c]ta9ly treats ( sal-ammoniac4 ,b :5 ^! are comp>$ ) ! m$ical works ( ?is au?or1 :i* are subject to no d\bt1 x is evid5tly p]ceiv$ t ! =m] mu/ h be5 ! production ( a v diff]5t & mu* y\ng] writ]4 ,9 ! works ( ! physician ,avic5na1 sal-ammoniacus means always rock-salt4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,avic5na ! *emi/ says1 t sal-ammoniac comes f ,egypt1 ,india1 & ,=p]ia4 ,we "k ) m c]ta9ty t ,albucasis1 or ,bulcasis1 0 acqua9t$ ) sal-ammoniac1 z well z ! me?od ( prep>+ x1 :i* he describes1 & also ! prep>ation ( m$ic9es 9 g5]al1 9 8 book (t5 pr9t$ "u ! title ( ,lib] s]vitoris#ihh4 ,h[ev] un9telligible ! translation (t5 is1 "o c easily discov] 9 :at mann] sublimation 0 =m]ly p]=m$ 9 e>!n vessels4 ,b ! p]iod :5 ?is ,arabian writ] liv$ is d\btful1 ?\gh x is g5]ally admitt$ t he di$ 9 ! ye> #aabb4 ,b :5ce did ,europe obta9 ?is salt1 9 ! twelf? & succe$+ c5turies8 ,:5 & 9 :at mann] 0 ! prep>ation ( x f\nd out 9 ,egypt8 ,= :at purpose 0 x fir/ us$ by our ance/ors8 ,i h n yet met ) any in=mation to enable me to answ] ^! que/ions1 ?\gh x is probable t x might be f\nd 9 old books ( travels1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! works ( ,arabian writ]s4 ,9 ! valuable b n altoge!r intelligible book ( ,pegolotti#ihi1 f :i* ,i h le>n$ _m ?+s respect+ ! trade ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 no?+ is said 9 reg>d to ! place :]e x 0 obta9$1 b t x 0 procur$ 9 :ite1 h>d1 & opake cakes4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! cu/om-h\se t>iff ( ,pisa = ! ye> #adjh4 ,bir+occio1 :o liv$ 9 ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury#iij1 knew no?+ m ?an t1 accord+ to report1 x came f ,cyr5e or ,arm5ia4 ,csalp91 8 contempor>y1 gave1 = ! prep>ation ( x1 a prescription :i* is und\bt$ly borr[$ f ! ,arabians4 ,?is au?or says1 v prop]ly1 t x is obta9$ 9 :ite transp>5t cakes1 blacki% on ! outside2 b adds1 errone\sly1 t x comes f ,g]many1 ?\gh ! same ?+ has be5 repeat$ by ,brasavolus & ,mat?ioli4 ,porta says1 ) m tru?1 t x comes f ! ,ea/4 ,he ass]ts also1 t he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o f\nd real sal-ammoniac on volcanic m\nta9s1 & he wi%es t 8 discov]y might be confirm$ by skilful naturali/s#iia4 ,?is may s]ve z an additional pro(1 7 su* necess>y1 9 opposition to ^? :o ?9k t ! fir/ real sal-ammoniac introduc$ into comm]ce 0 ! volcanic4 ,imp]ato consid]s ,porta's obs]vation z g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 b )\t nam+ him4 ,! =m] has describ$1 9 a full] & m correct mann] ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ! prop]ties ( sal-ammoniac#iib2 & he /ates1 z does also ,agricola#iic1 t x is entirely dissipat$ 9 ! fire4 ,he adds1 t x promotes ! production ( a cele/ial blue col\r1 & 9 all probability he "h alludes to a solution ( copp]4 ,)\t attempt+ to exam9e at :at "t ! art 0 discov]$ ( conv]t+ ! nitric acid into aqua regia by ! addition ( sal-ammoniac1 ,i %all only rem>k t1 at any rate1 x 0 kn[n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 = ,imp]ato says t sal-ammoniac is employ$ 9 ! solution ( gold2 & ,bir+occio#iid1 :o is old]1 recomm5ds nitr\s acid prep>$ ) sal-ammoniac = dissolv+ metals1 & p>ticul>ly gold4 ,i w n ei!r det]m9e h[ old ! use ( ?is salt is 9 sold]+ & t9n+2 b ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t x 0 kn[n to ,agricola#iie & ,imp]ato4 ,i h[ev] d\bt :e!r x 0 v common1 because ,bir+occio#iif recomm5ds borax = t purpose1 )\t s mu* z m5tion+ sal-ammoniac2 ?\gh x is possible t ,i may h ov]look$ x4 ,we are n[ arriv$ at ! mod]n hi/ory1 :i* ,i %all give 9 z brief a mann] z ,i c1 because x has be5 already fully treat$ on by o!rs4 ,:at 0 long ago %[n by ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,boyle 0 prov$ 9 ! ye> #agaf by ,ge(froy ! y\ng]1 t sal-ammoniac 0 compos$ ( ! muriatic acid & volatile alkali1 & t x c\ld be !nce prep>$ 9 ,europe by sublimation#iig4 ,9 ! same ye> ! jesuit ,sic>d gave ! fir/ c]ta9 acc\nt ( ! sal-ammoniac manufactories at ,damay]1 9 ! ,delta1 & describ$ 9 :at mann] ?is salt 0 prep>$ !re1 by sublimation 9 glass vessels1 f ! soot ( ! burnt dung ( camels & c[s1 :i* is us$ 9 ,egypt = fuel1 ) ! addition ( sea salt & ur9e#iih4 ,9 ! ye> #agai1 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is receiv$ f ,lem]e1 ! ,fr5* consul at ,cairo1 an acc\nt ( ! process employ$2 b x conta9$ no m5tion ei!r ( sea salt or ( ur9e#iii4 ,aft]w>ds ?is in=mation 0 9 "p confirm$1 & 9 "p rectifi$ & enl>g$1 by ,paul ,lucas#ajjj1 ,grang]1 or1 z he 0 prop]ly call$1 ,t\rte*ot#ajja1 & ! celebrat$ travell]s ,%aw1 ,pocock1 ,nord51 ,hasselqui/1 ,niebuhr1 & ,m>iti4 ,sev]al writ]s h ass]t$ t sal-ammoniac comes also f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,tav]ni] among ! w>es :i* 9 8 "t 7 br\ght f ,amadabat1 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,mogul1 to ,surat2 & ,ge(froy /ates1 t :5 ! trade ( ,m>seilles 0 int]rupt$ by ! plague1 ! ,fr5* obta9$ f ,holl& sal-ammoniac1 :i* 0 %ap$ l a truncat$ cone1 & 0 giv5 out to be ,indian#ajjb4 ,pomet also says1 t "s ( ! same k9d 0 =m]ly procur$ f ,v5ice & ,holl&4 ,b ,gaubius ass]ts t he 0 nev] able to he> ( any su* sal-ammoniac 9 ,holl&#ajjc2 nor is x to be f\nd 9 ! price curr5ts ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,i am almo/ incl9$ to suspect t ^! truncat$ cones 7 =m$ by ! m]*ants f brok5 pieces or fragm5ts ( ! ,egyptian sal-ammoniac1 by solution & imp]fect cry/allization or sublimation4 ,9 ?is mann] ! m]*ants at ,m>seilles conv]t ! refuse ( ! ,egyptian sal-ammoniac into cakes by a new sublimation1 9 ord] t x may become m saleable1 ?\gh x is n readily pur*as$ by arti/s4 ,gaubius1 h[ev]1 has describ$ a k9d ( sal-ammoniac :i* he obta9$ f ,india1 ) ! in=mation t x 0 made 9 ,h9do/an f ! soot ( animal dung2 b 9 my op9ion ?is requires fur!r confirmation#ajjd4 ,:]e & at :at "t ! fir/ works = mak+ sal-ammoniac 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,europe1 ,i am n able to det]m9e4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,?urneiss]1 t ! fir/ sal-ammoniac 0 made 9 ! ,tyrol 9 ! n9? c5tury1 is truly ridicul\s4 ,x is n wor? ! tr\ble to inquire :]e he or ,p>acelsus f\nd ?is fooli% ass]tion4 ,"o might be almo/ induc$ to believe1 t 9 ! "t ( ,boyle !re 7 manufactories ( sal-ammoniac 9 ,europe#ajje4 ,b p]haps !re may be no o!r f\ndation = all ?is ?an ! be=e-m5tion$ ass]tion ( ,csalp9us1 t ?is salt came f ,g]many4 ,at ,bamb]g1 ! ,g]mans 7 long accu/om$ to boil ! s$im5t ( ! salt-pans ) old ur9e1 & to sell x *eap = sal-ammoniac2 & ,web] ass]ts t "s ( ! same k9d is /ill made at ,vi5na4 ,! hundr$ weight co/s f tw5ty to ?irty flor9s1 b ! refuse may be pur*as$ = a m]e trifle4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! fir/ real manufactories ( sal-ammoniac 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,scotl&2 & ! olde/ ( ^!1 p]haps1 0 t erect$ by ,dov9 & ,hutton at ,ed9burgh 9 #agef1 & :i*1 l _m 9 ,engl&1 manufactures ?is salt on a l>ge scale#ajjf4 ,among ! lat] und]tak+s ( ?is k9d is ,grav5hor/'s manufactory at ,brunswick1 & t :i* 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,go!nburg manufactures sal-ammoniac f ! refuse left 9 mak+ tra9 oil4 ,sal-ammoniac is n[ prep>$ ei!r by ! de/ructive di/illation ( bones or coal4 ,! gas-liquor supplies1 we believe1 ! l>ge/ "p4 ,?is fluid conta9s hydrosulphuret & c>bonate ) "s o!r salts ( ammonia4 ,x is decompos$ ) sulphuric acid1 & on evaporation ! sulphate ( ammonia is obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate4 ,?is is !n mix$ ) common salt & ! mixture heat$ 9 iron vessels1 :]eupon ! muriate ( ammonia sublimes4 ,sal-ammoniac is export$ 9 consid]able quantities to ,russia & o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,footnotes #igb ,x is inde$ a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! "n be d]iv$ f 1 ar5a1 or r f ,ammonia1 ! "n ( a di/rict 9 ,libya1 :]e ! oracle ( ,jupit] ,ammon 0 situat$4 ,! di/rict _h its "n f s&4 ,an ,h also may be prefix$ to ! ^w4 ,see ,vossii ,etymol4 p4 #bd4 ,b sal-armoniacus1 arm5iacus1 sal-armoniac1 is improp]4 #igc ,de ,re ,ru/4 vi4 #ag1 #g4 #igd ,lib4 xxxi4 cap4 #g1 sect4 #ci4 #ige ,lib4 v4 cap4 #abf4 #igf ,?is "n 0 fir/ us$ by ,js4 ,holl&4 #igg ,synesii ,op]a1 ep4 #adg4 #igh ,a!n4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #bi1 p4 #fg4 #igi ,i am fully ( op9ion t a t[n nam$ 9 ! new maps ,kesem1 & :i* lies 9 ,arabia ,felix1 opposite to ! isl& ( ,socotora1 is "h meant4 ,x has a good h>b\r4 ,see ,bs*+'s ,geography1 :]e ! "n ,korasem also occurs4 #ihj ,geopon4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #f4 #iha ,pallad4 i4 tit4 #da4 #ihb ,biblio!k d4 ,naturwiss4 u4 ,*emie4 ,leip4 #agge1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #bai4 #ihc ,lib4 xxxi4 cap4 #g1 sect4 #db4 #ihd ,! d\ble *loride ( ammonium & iron4 #ihe ,lib] de holosan?o 9 ,c4 ,gesn]'s treatise ,de omni ,r]um ,fossilium ,g5]e4 ,tiguri #aefe1 #hvo1 p4 #ae4 #ihf ,:at a noble p 7 ! ,arabs6 we are indebt$ to !m = mu* k & = _m inv5tions ( great utility2 & we %\ld h /ill m to ?ank !m = 7 we fully aw>e ( ! b5efits we h d]iv$ f !m4 ,:at a pity t _! works %\ld be suff]$ to m\ld] into du/1 )\t be+ made available6 ,:at a %ame t ^? acqua9t$ ) ?is ri* language %\ld meet ) s little enc\ragem5t6 ,! few old translations :i* exi/ h be5 made by p]sons :o 7 n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ei!r ) languages or ! sci5ces4 ,on t acc\nt !y are = ! mo/ "p un9telligible1 unc]ta91 9 _m places corrupt$1 & besides exce$+ly sc>ce4 ,ev5 :5 obta9$1 ! possessors are pretty mu* 9 ! same /ate z ^? :o make _! way ) great tr\ble to a treasure1 :i* aft] all !y are only p]mitt$ to see at a di/ance1 ?r\gh a n>r[ grate4 ,_h ,i /ill tw5ty ye>s to live1 & c\ld hope = an abundant supply ( ,arabic works1 ,i w\ld le>n ,arabic4 ,b 1 4 #ihg ,afric ,descriptio1 iii4 p4 #acf1 b4 #ihh ,?is book is (t5 pr9t$ along ) ,mesue4 ,see ,hall]'s ,biblio?4 ,botan4 i4 p4 #bja4 ,biblio?4 ,*irur4 i4 p4 #acg4 #ihi ,della decima1 iii4 pp4 #bih1 #cgc2 & iv4 pp4 #ei1 #aia4 #iij ,pirote*nia1 #aeej1 #dto1 p4 #cf1 a4 #iia ,magia ,natur4 lib4 x4 cap4 #bj4 ,porta 0 born 9 #aede1 & di$ 9 #afae4 #iib ,lib4 iii4 cap4 #h4 #iic ,de ,natura ,fossil1 lib4 iii4 p4 #bab4 #iid ,lib4 ix4 cap4 #f1 p4 #aca1 b3 also lib4 ix4 cap4 #aj1 p4 #ada1 b4 #iie ,de ,natura ,fossil4 lib4 iii4 p4 #bae2 9 :i* he speaks ( iron p9s ) t9n$ heads4 #iif ,page #ace1 a & b1 pp4 #acf1 #cge4 #iig ,mmoires de l',acad4 #agbj1 p4 #aie4 ,basil ,val5t9e _h be=e taught h[ to sep>ate ! volatile alkali f sal-ammoniac by means ( ! fix$ alkali4 #iih ,n\veaux ,mmoires des ,missions de la ,compag4 de ,jesus1 ii4 #iii ,mmoires de l',acad4 #agbj1 p4 #aia4 #ajjj ,voy4 au ,levant4 #ajja ,mmoires de l',acad4 #agce1 p4 #ajg4 #ajjb ,mm4 de l',acad4 #agbc1 p4 #bba1 :]e a figure is giv5 ( x4 #ajjc ,gaubii ,adv]s>ia4 ,leid #agga1 #dto1 p4 #ach4 #ajjd ,z ,dr4 ,royle obs]ves1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,antiquity ( ,h9doo ,m$ic9e1 p4 #da1 ?is salt mu/ h be5 famili> to ! ,h9doos ev] s9ce !y h burnt bricks1 z !y n[ d1 ) ! manure ( animals2 z "s may usually be f\nd cry/alliz$ at ! unburnt extremity ( ! kiln4 #ajje ,?\gh ! sal-ammoniac t is made 9 ! ,ea/ may consi/ 9 great "p ( camel's ur9e1 yet t :i* is made 9 ,europe 7:]e camels are r>ities7 & is commonly sold 9 our %ops1 is made ( man's ur9e4--,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,human ,blood 7,works1 iv4 p4 #ahh74 #ajjf ,arnot's ,hi/ory ( ,ed9burgh4 ,ed4 #aggi1 #dto1 p4 #fja4 ,,=ks4 ,at pres5t =ks are s necess>y at table among poli%$ nations1 t ! v idea ( eat+ a meal )\t !m excites disgu/4 ,! introduction ( !m1 h[ev]1 is ( s mod]n a date1 t !y h sc>cely be5 9 use ?ree c5turies4 8,tam prope ab orig9e r]um sumus10 says ,pl9y1 9 speak+ ( a ?+ :i*1 ?\gh v new1 0 !n exce$+ly common4 ,nei!r ! ,greeks nor ! ,romans h any "n = ^! in/rum5ts2 & no phrase or expression :i*1 ) ! lea/ probability1 c be ref]r$ to ! use ( !m1 occurs any:]e 9 _! writ+s4 ,b _h =ks be5 kn[n1 ?is c\ld n h be5 ! case1 s9ce s _m ent]ta9m5ts are celebrat$ by ! poets or describ$ by o!r writ]s2 & !y mu/ also h be5 m5tion$ by ,pollux1 9 ! v full catalogue :i* he has giv5 ( articles necess>y = ! table4 ,! ,greek ^w creagra signifi$ inde$ a =k1 b n a =k us$ at table4 ,x meant m]ely a fle%-=k1 or t in/rum5t employ$ by cooks to take meat f a boil+ pot1 z is prov$ by ! connexion ( ! words 9 all ^? passages :]e x occurs4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,pollux1 & by ,anaxippus1 9 ,a!nu#ajjg1 among ! ut5sils ( ! kit*52 & ! s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes says t ?is =k _h a resemblance to ! h&1 & 0 us$ to prev5t ! f+]s f be+ scald$4 ,suidas quotes a passage :]e ! ^w d5otes a hook at ! end ( a long pole1 ) :i* p1 ev5 at pres5t1 draw up wat]-buckets f wells & o!r deep places4 ,?is in/rum5t1 !re=e1 appe>s sometimes to h _h only a hook1 b sometimes two or m prongs4 ,creagra occurs once 9 ,m>tianus ,capella1 a ,lat9 writ]1 b 9 a passage :i* is n intelligible4 ,equally inapplicable to our =ks are ! words furca1 fusc9a1 fucilla1 fusc9ula1 & gabalus1 :i* are giv5 9 diction>ies4 ,! fir/ two 7 und\bt$ly in/rum5ts :i* approa*$ ne>ly to our furnace & hay =ks4 ,! trid5t ( ,neptune also 0 call$ fusc9a4 ,! furcilla ev5 0 l>ge en\gh to be employ$ = a weapon ( def5ce1 z is prov$ by ! expressions furcillis ejic]e & expell]e4 ,fusc9ula1 :i* 9 mod]n times is us$ *iefly = a table =k1 is n to be f\nd ev5 once 9 any ( ! old ,lat9 writ]s4 ,! old translation ( ! ,bible only expla9s ! ^w by fusc9ula4 ,gabalus1 accord+ to e appe>ance1 has giv5 rise to ! ,g]man ^w gabeln1 b x d5otes ! cross or gall[s1 :i* la/ ^w ,voscius d$uces f x4 ,a le>n$ ,italian1 :o ass]ts also t ! use ( =ks is v new1 is ( op9ion t ! ,romans (t5 us$ ligul in/ead ( =ks#ajjh4 ,?is ,i %all n d5y2 b ! ligula c]ta9ly _h m resemblance to a small spatula1 or tea-spoon1 ?an to our =ks4 ,accord+ to ,m>tial1 _m spoons at ! o!r end seem to h be5 ligul#ajji4 ,b ! two epigrams mu/ be read 9 conjunction1 s t ! second may appe> a cont9uation ( ! fir/2 = ! epi!ts habilis & utilis c be appli$ to no o!r t]m ?an ligula4 ,besides1 x is c]ta9 t ! titles ( ! epigrams1 or at lea/ ! great] "p ( !m1 7 n add$ by ! poet1 b by transcrib]s4 ,! "n also1 :i* orig9ally 0 l+ula1 gives an idea ( ! =m4 ,we read likewise t ?is in/rum5t 0 us$ = scumm+1 = :i* purpose no?+ is less fit ?an a =k#ajaj4 ,i h1 ,i "k n h[1 a great unwill+ness to repres5t ! tables ( our ance/ors z )\t =ks2 yet ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case3 & :5 we reflect on _! mann] ( eat+1 x w readily be p]ceiv$ t !y c\ld mu* easi] disp5se ) ! use ( !m ?an we c4 ,all _! food1 z is /ill cu/om>y 9 ! ,ea/1 0 dress$ 9 su* a mann] z to be exce$+ly t5d]1 & !re=e c\ld be easily pull$ to pieces4 ,x appe>s h[ev] t p1 ?\gh n 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods1 employ$ ! same means z our cooks1 & suff]$ meat to lie "s "t t x might be easi] dress$4 ,we (t5 read t cooks1 9 ord] to provide an ent]ta9m5t spe$ily1 w kill an animal1 & hav+ clean$ & divid$ x1 roa/ x imm$iately1 & !n s]ve x up to _! gue/s4 ,b x is well kn[n t ! fle% ( animals newly kill$1 if cook$ be=e x has entirely lo/ its natural w>m?1 is exce$+ly t5d] & sav\ry1 z we are assur$ 9 _m books ( travels4 ,=m]ly all articles ( food 7 cut into small morsels be=e !y 7 s]v$ up2 & ?is 0 ! m necess>y1 z ! company did n sit at table1 b lay on c\*es turn$ t[>ds x1 consequ5tly c\ld n well use bo? _! h&s = eat+4 ,= cutt+ meat1 p]sons ( rank kept 9 _! h\ses a c>v]1 :o _h le>n$ to p]=m 8 duty accord+ to c]ta9 rules1 & :o 0 call$ scissor1 c>pus1 c>ptor1 & by ,apuleius is nam$ diribitor#ajaa4 ,?is p]son us$ a knife1 ! only "o plac$ on ! table1 & :i* 9 ! h\ses ( ! opul5t _h an ivory h&le1 & 0 commonly ornam5t$ ) silv]#ajab4 ,bread also 0 nev] cut at table4 ,9 =m] times x 0 n bak$ s ?ick z at pres5t1 b r l cakes1 & c\ld easily be brok52 h5ce m5tion is s (t5 made ( ! break+ ( bread4 ,juv5al1 :5 he wi%es to describe old bread1 does n say t x c\ld n be cut1 b t x c\ld n be brok5#ajac4 ,! anci5t =m ( bread is /ill reta9$ 9 ! pas*al cake ( ! ,jews1 & 9 ! knckbrd#ajad ( ! ,sw$es4 ,! latt]1 :i* is almo/ z brittle z biscuit1 is n cut :5 us$1 b brok54 ,! ,*9ese1 :o also use no =ks1 h h[ev] small /icks ( ivory1 :i* are (t5 ( v f9e workman%ip1 & inlaid ) silv] & gold4 ,a c\ple ( ^! is plac$ be=e ea* gue/1 :o employs !m = putt+ into 8 m\? ! meat :i* has be5 cut into small bits4 ,b ev5 ?is res\rce 0 n kn[n two c5turies ago 9 ,europe1 :]e p1 z is /ill done by ! ,turks1 ev]y:]e us$ _! f+]s4 ,z a pro(1 ,i %all n quote passages :]e m5tion is made ( p]sons putt+ _! h&s or f+]s into ! di%#ajae2 = su* a mode ( speak+ is yet employ$1 ?\gh =ks1 z is well kn[n1 are 9 common use4 ,i %all ref] only to "o passage 9 ,ovid1 :i* admits ( no d\bt#ajaf1 & :]e ! au?or w\ld c]ta9ly h m5tion$ ^! in/rum5ts1 or r h communicat$ to 8 pupils 9 ! art ( love a precept :i* at pres5t is giv5 to *ildr51 _h ! =m] be5 taught :5 "y h[ to make use ( =ks4 ,_h !y be5 us$ by ! ,romans1 !y mu/ necess>ily h occurr$ among ! num]\s rema9s ( antiquity :i* h be5 collect$ 9 mod]n times4 ,b ,b>uffaldi & ,birn/hl#ajag1 :o bo? made rese>*es respect+ !m1 assure u t !y 7 nev] able to f9d any4 ,c\nt ,caylus#ajah & ,grignon#ajai only ass]t ! contr>y4 ,! =m] has giv5 a figure & description ( a silv] two-prong$ =k1 :i* 0 f\nd among rubbi% 9 ! ,appian ,way4 ,x is ( exce$+ly beautiful workman%ip1 & at "o end t]m9ates 9 a /ag's foot4 ,not)/&+ ! high reputation ( ?is ,fr5* au?or1 ,i _c possibly admit t ev]y?+ ( :i* he has giv5 figures is s old z he seems to imag9e4 ,grignon f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( a ,roman t[n 9 ,*ampagne "s articles :i* he consid]s z table-=ks2 b he m]ely m5tions !m1 )\t giv+ a description suffici5t to conv9ce "o ( ! tru? ( :at he ass]ts1 :i*1 9 reg>d to a ?+ s unexpect$1 0 c]ta9ly requisite4 ,"o =k 0 ( copp] or brass2 two o!rs 7 ( iron2 & he says1 speak+ ( ! latt]1 t !y seem to h s]v$ z table-=ks1 b 7 co>sely made4 ,i h[ev] d\bt :e!r he conjectur$ "r 9 reg>d to ! use ( !m4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! use ( =ks 0 fir/ kn[n 9 ,italy t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 b at t "t !y 7 n v common4 ,galeotus ,m>tius1 an ,italian1 resid5t at ! c\rt ( ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 :o reign$ f #adeh to #adij1 relates1 9 a book :i* he wrote 9 reg>d to ! life & actions ( ?is pr9ce1 t 9 ,hung>y1 at t "t1 =ks 7 n us$ at table1 z !y 7 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy#ajbj1 b t at meals ea* p]son laid hold ( ! meat ) 8 f+]s1 & on t acc\nt !y 7 mu* /a9$ ) saffron1 :i* 0 !n put into sauces & s\p4 ,he praises ! k+ = eat+ )\t a =k1 yet conv]s+ at ! same "t & nev] dirty+ 8 clo!s4 ,t 9 ,france1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 =ks ev5 at c\rt 7 entirely new1 is prov$ by a book1 already quot$ 9 ! pres5t volume ( ?is "w1 entitl$ l',isle des ,h]maphrodites4 ,x w !re=e excite no wond] t 9 ! same c5tury =ks 7 n us$ 9 ,sw$54 ,b x mu/ appe> v /range t ,?omas ,coryate1 ! travell]1 %\ld see =ks = ! fir/ "t 9 ,italy1 & 9 ! same ye> be ! fir/ p]son :o us$ !m 9 ,engl&1 on :i* acc\nt he 0 call$1 by way ( joke1 ,furcif]#ajba4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,spa91 at pres5t1 dr9k+-glasses1 spoons & =ks are r>ities#ajbb2 & ev5 yet1 9 tav]ns1 9 _m c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly 9 "s t[ns ( ,france1 knives are n plac$ on ! table1 because x is expect$ t ea* p]son %\ld h "o ( 8 own2 a cu/om :i* ! ,fr5* seem to h reta9$ f ! old ,gauls4 ,b z no p]son w\ld any long] eat )\t =ks1 l&lords 7 oblig$ to furni% ^!1 toge!r ) plates & spoons4 ,among ! ,scot* highl&]s1 z ,dr4 ,johnson ass]ts1 knives h be5 introduc$ at table only s9ce ! "t ( ! revolution4 ,be=e t p]iod e man _h a knife ( 8 own z a companion to 8 dirk or dagg]4 ,! m5 cut ! meat into small morsels = ! wom51 :o !n put !m into _! m\?s ) _! f+]s4 ,! use ( =ks at table 0 at fir/ consid]$ z a sup]flu\s luxury1 & !re=e !y 7 =bidd5 to conv5ts1 z 0 ! case 9 reg>d to ! congregation ( ,/4 ,maur4 ,! ,engli%1 ,dut* & ,fr5* h adopt$ ! ,italian names =ca & =*etta1 giv5 to our table-=ks2 ?\gh ^! appellations1 9 my op9ion1 7 us$ at an e>li] p]iod to d5ote l>ge in/rum5ts1 su* z pit*-=ks1 fle%-=ks1 furnace-=ks2 because 9 ! l[ ,g]man1 =ke is a v old "n giv5 to su* implem5ts4 ,! ,g]man ^w gabel1 :i* occurs fir/ 9 diction>ies = ^! l>ge in/rum5ts1 is ( great antiquity1 & has be5 /ill reta9$ 9 ! ,sw$i% & ,dut*4 ,x appe>s to h be5 us$ = _m ?+s :i* 7 split or divid$ into two2 at any rate1 x is c]ta9 t x is n d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w gabalus4 ,,footnotes #ajjg ,a!n4 lib4 iv4 p4 #afi4 #ajjh ,hi]on4 ,b>uffaldi ,s*$4 de armis convivalibus4 ,9 ,sal5gri ,nov4 ,!s4 ,antiq4 ,rom4 iii4 p4 #gdb4 #ajji ,m>t4 ,epigr4 xiv4 #abj4 ,ligula ,arg5tea4 ,quamvis me ligulam dicant equitesque patresque1 ,dicor ab indoctis l+ula grammaticis4 #aba4 ,co*le>ia4 ,sum co*leis habilis1 s$ nec m9us utilis ovis2 ,num quid scis potius cur co*le>e voc]8 #ajaj ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,natur4 xxi4 #ad4 ,columella1 ix4 #ae1 #ac4 ,t ! ligula 0 small] ?an ! co*le> is prov$ by ,m>tial1 viii4 #bc4 #ajaa ,see ?is ^w 9 ,pitisci1 ,lexicon ,antiq4 ,rom4 #ajab ,clem5s ,alex&r4 ,pdagog4 lib4 ii4 p4 #afa4 ,posidonius relates1 9 ,a!nu1 iv4 #ac1 p4 #aea1 t ! ,gauls us$ to take roa/ meat 9 _! h& & te> x to pieces ) _! tee?1 or to cut x ) a small knife :i* ea* c>ri$ 9 8 girdle4 ,?is 0 told z a ?+ uncommon to ! ,greeks4 ,baumg>t51 :o quotes ?is passage 9 ,algem4 ,welges*i*te1 xvi4 p4 #feg1 adds1 t ,posidonius said also t ! ,gauls _h bread s flat & h>d t x c\ld be easily brok54 ,b ?is circum/ance ,i _c f9d 9 ,a!nu4 #ajac ,sat4 v4 #fe4 #ajad ,?is ^w1 accord+ to ! ,sw$i% diction>ies1 signifies ?9 cakes1 h>d & crisp4 #ajae ,hom]i ,odyss4 xiv4 #dec4 #ajaf ,de ,arte ,am&i1 iii4 #gee4 #ajag ,reis51 i4 p4 #bfh4 #ajah ,rec4 d',antiq4 iii4 p4 #cab4 tab4 lxxxiv4 #ajai ,bullet9 des ,f\illes1 i4 p4 #ag2 ii4 p4 #aca4 #ajbj ,galeoti ,m>tii de ,dictis et ,factis ,regis ,mat?i ,lib]4 ,?is "w has also be5 pr9t$ 9 ,s*w&tn]i ,script4 ,r]um ,hung>4 tom4 i4 p4 #edh4 #ajba ,coryate1 9 ! ye> #afjh1 travell$ = five mon?s1 ?r\gh ,france1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & a "p ( ,g]many4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is t\r 0 publi%$ by him1 9 #afaa1 "u ! s+ul> title ( ,crudities1 a new edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #aggf4 ,he travell$ aft]w>ds to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & 9 #afae wrote 9 t c\ntry "s lett]s :i* may be se5 9 ,pur*as 8 ,pilgrims1 vol4 ii42 also 9 ! second edition ( ! ,crudities publi%$ 9 #aggf4 ,9 page #ij ( ! ,crudities ! au?or says1 8,"h j w m5tion a ?+ t might h be5 spok5 ( be=e 9 disc\rse ( ! fir/ ,italian t[ne4 ,j obs]v$ a cu/ome 9 all ^? ,italian cities & t[nes ?r\gh ! :i* j pass$1 t is n us$ 9 any o!r c\ntry t j saw 9 my travels1 nei!r d j ?9ke t any o!r nation ( ,*ri/5dome do? use x1 b only ,italy4 ,! ,italian1 & also mo/ /rang]s t are commorant 9 ,italy1 d alwaies at _! meales use a little =ke :5 !y cut _! meat4 ,= :ile ) _! knife :i* !y hold 9 "o h& !y cut ! meate out ( ! di%1 !y fa/5 _! =ke1 :i* !y hold 9 _! o!r h&1 ^u ! same di%2 s t :atsoev] he be t sitt+ 9 ! company ( any o!rs at meale1 %\ld unadvis$ly t\* ! di% ( meate ) 8 f+]s f :i* all at ! table doe cut1 he w give occasion ( (f5ce unto ! company1 z hav+ transgress$ ! lawes ( good mann]s1 insomu* t = 8 error he %all be at lea/ br[ beat5 if n repreh5d$ 9 wordes4 ,?is =m ( fe$+ j und]/& is g5]ally us$ 9 all places ( ,italy2 _! =kes be+ = ! mo/ "p made ( yron or /eele1 & "s ( silv]1 b ^? are us$ only by g5tlem54 ,! reason ( ?is _! curiosity is1 because ! ,italian _c by any meanes indure to h 8 di% t\*$ ) f+]s1 see+ all m5's f+]s are n alike cleane4 ,h]eupon j myselfe ?\ght good to imitate ! ,italian fa%ion by ?is =k$ cutt+ ( meate1 n only :ile j 0 9 ,italy1 b also 9 ,g]many1 & (t5times 9 ,engl& s9ce j came home1 be+ once quipp$ = t frequ5t us+ ( my =ke by a c]ta9 le>n$ g5tleman1 a famili> fri5d ( m9e1 "o ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,:itak]1 :o 9 8 m]ry hum\r d\bt$ n to call me at table furcif]1 only = us+ a =ke at fe$+1 b = no o!r cause40 ,! use ( =ks 0 at fir/ mu* ridicul$ 9 ,engl&1 z an effem9ate piece ( f9]y2 9 "o ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s plays1 8y\r =k-c>v+ travell]0 is spok5 ( ) mu* contempt2 & ,b5 ,jonson has jo9$ 9 ! laugh aga9/ !m 9 8 ,devil's an ,ass1 ,act4 v4 ,sc5e #d4 ,me]craft says to ,gil!ad & ,sl$ge3-- 8,h ,i des]v$ ?is f y two8 = all ,my pa9s at c\rt1 to get y ea* a pat5t4 8,gil!ad4 ,= :at8 8,me]craft4 ,^u my project ( ! =ks4 8,sl$ge4 ,=ks6 ,:at be !y8 8,me]craft4 ,! laudable use ( =ks1 ,br\ght into cu/om "h z !y are 9 ,italy1 ,to ! sp>+ ( napk9s40 #ajbb ,fis*]'s ,reise na* ,madrid1 p4 #bch4 ,,lott]y4 ,,tont9e4 ,at pres5t !re are two k9ds ( lott]y 9 ,europe4 ,"o is call$ ! ,italian or ,g5oese lotto1 or m]ely ! lotto2 ! o!r is ! common lott]y well kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,( ! =m]1 :i* has be5 long prov$ to be att5d$ ) great deception1 & mu/ soon be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be hurtful1 ,i d n mean "h to treat1 b only ( ! latt]1 :i* at any rate may be hon\rable or h>mless1 if we d n take into acc\nt ! delusion x occasions to cr$ul\s & ignorant p1 by excit+ hopes :i* h little probability 9 _! fav\r4 ,i h[ev] d n promise a complete hi/ory ( ?is inv5tion3 x exp]i5c$ s _m *anges be=e x acquir$ its pres5t =m1 t to give a full acc\nt ( !m w\ld be tiresome to me z well z to ! read]4 ,i %all n ei!r1 z "s h done1 reckon among ! fir/ traces ( lott]ies e division ( prop]ty made by lot1 o!rwise x might be said1 t ,jo%ua p>tition$ ! promis$ l& into lott]y-prizes1 be=e x 0 conqu]$4 ,9 my op9ion ! peculi>ity ( lott]ies consi/s 9 ?is1 t numb]s are di/ribut$ gratuit\sly1 or1 z 9 our public lott]ies1 = a c]ta9 price1 & x is !n left to *ance to det]m9e :at numb]s are to obta9 ! prizes1 ! value ( :i* is previ\sly settl$4 ,! v>i\s conditions & *anges inv5t$ by +5uity to entice p to pur*ase %>es1 & to conceal & increase ! ga9 ( ! und]tak]s1 are n "h tak5 into consid]ation1 because !y d n appe> to be ess5tial4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( antiquity1 ,i f9d no?+ :i* has a great] resemblance to our lott]ies ?an ! congi>ia ( ! ,romans2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! latt] furni%$ ! fir/ h9t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! =m]4 ,ri* p]sons at ,rome1 z is well kn[n1 & p>ticul>ly ! emp]ors1 :5 !y wi%$ to ga9 or to /r5g!n ! atta*m5t ( ! p1 di/ribut$ among !m pres5ts1 consi/+ ( eatables & o!r exp5sive articles1 :i* 7 nam$ congi>ia4 ,9 g5]al1 tok5s or tickets call$ tess]#ajbc 7 giv5 out1 & ! possessors ( ^!1 on pres5t+ !m at ! /ore or magaz9e ( ! donor1 receiv$ ^? ?+s :i* !y ann\nc$4 ,9 _m cases ^! tickets 7 di/ribut$ viritim1 t is1 to e p]son :o appli$ = !m2 & 9 t case ^! donations _h a resemblance to our di/ributions ( bread1 b n to our lott]ies1 9 :i* *ance mu/ det]m9e ! numb] ( ^? :o are to p>ticipate 9 ! ?+s di/ribut$4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( "t x became cu/om>y to call ! p toge!r1 & to ?r[ among !m1 f a /age1 ! articles int5d$ = di/ribution1 9 ! same mann] z money is scatt]$ among ! populace at ! coronation ( ! emp]or1 & on o!r solemnities4 ,su* ?+s1 9 ?is case1 7 call$ missilia1 & belong$ to ^? :o _h ! good =tune to cat* !m4 ,b z oil1 w9e1 corn & o!r articles ( ! l k9d1 c\ld n be di/ribut$ by ?r[+ !m 9 ?is mann]1 & z "s articles 7 s mu* injur$ by ! too great eag]ness ( ! p1 t !y c\ld be ( little or no use1 tok5s or tickets 7 ?r[n out 9 _! /ead4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 squ>e pieces ( wood or metal1 b sometimes also balls ( wood inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! article :i* ! possessor 0 to receive f ! magaz9e#ajbd4 ,l bank-notes !y 7 payable to ! be>]2 & ^? :o _h obta9$ tess] 7 all[$ to transf] or to sell !m to o!rs4 ,?is is prov$ by a passage 9 ,juv5al#ajbe1 :]e allusion h[ev] is made only to ! tess] frum5t>i1 :i* 7 n ?r[n out1 b di/ribut$4 ,imitations ( ^! ,roman congi>ia1 b inde$ on a v r$uc$ scale1 h be5 employ$ 9 mod]n times by pr9ces & pr9cesses1 9 ord] to amuse !mselves ) di/ribut+ small pres5ts to _! c\rti]s4 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s tr9kets or toys are m>k$ ) numb]s2 ^! numb]s are writt5 ^u sep>ate tickets1 :i* are roll$ up & put into a small basket or bas94 ,ea* ( ! company !n draws "o out1 & receives z a pres5t ! article m>k$ ) ! same numb]4 ,^! small congi>ia 7 =m]ly call$ 9 ,g]man glck/pfe1 or glck%f52 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! pres5t lott]ies took _! rise f !m4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e comm]ce1 z is well kn[n1 0 fir/ =m$ into a regul> sy/em1 & :]e ! pr9cipal m]cantile e/abli%m5ts & useful regulations 7 inv5t$1 ! m]*ants or %opkeep]s1 ev5 9 ! middle ages1 7 accu/om$1 9 ord] t !y might sell _! w>es 9 a spe$i] mann] & ) m advantage1 to conv]t _! %ops into a glcksbude1 :]e ea* p]son = a small sum ( money 0 all[$ to draw a numb] f ! glck/pfe 7j> ( =tune71 :i* entitl$ him to ! article writt5 ^u x4 ,at fir/ gov]nm5ts gave !mselves v little tr\ble ab\t ?is mode ( sell+ m]*&ise4 ,b z ! %opkeep]s ga9$ excessive pr(its1 & *eat$ ! cr$ul\s p by sett+ on _! w>es an extravagant price1 :i* 0 conceal$ by ! blanks1 ^! glck%f5 7 =bidd51 or p]mitt$ only "u /rict inspection1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t on pay+ a c]ta9 sum to ! poor1 or to ! sov]eign4 ,9 ,g]many !y are /ill reta9$ at _m ( ! annual fairs2 b 9 mo/ c\ntries !y are subject to _m limitations4 ,f ^! glck%f5 7 produc$ our lott]ies1 :5 articles ( m]*&ise 7 no long] employ$ z prizes1 b c]ta9 sums ( money1 ! value ( :i* 0 det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( ! money receiv$1 aft] ! exp5ses & ga9 requir$ by ! und]tak]s 7 d$uct$1 & :5 ! tickets 7 publicly drawn by *>ity-boys bl9dfold$4 ,z ^! lott]ies c\ld n be conduct$ )\t defraud+ ! adv5tur]s1 x 0 at fir/ believ$1 ?r\gh old-fa%ion$ consci5ti\sness1 t x 0 unlawful to take advantage ( ! folly & cr$ulity ( ! p1 b = pi\s or *>itable purposes4 ,lott]ies 7 !n e/abli%$ by private p]sons1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ev5 by gov]nm5ts2 & ! cle> ga9 0 appli$ to ! purpose ( portion+ poor "y wom51 ( r$eem+ slaves1 ( =m+ funds = ! indig5t1 & to o!r objects ( b5efic5ce4 ,x 0 also hop$ t ^! public games ( haz>d w\ld bani% o!r k9ds /ill m dang]\s2 & no "o suspect$ t ! expos+ ( tickets = sale1 & ! division ( !m1 s t "o c\ld pur*ase an eigh? or ev5 a small] %>e1 w\ld ma9ta9 & diffuse ! ta/e ( ! public = gambl+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 increas$2 & ! pr(it ( lott]ies became s great1 t pr9ces & m9i/]s 7 induc$ to employ !m z an op]ation ( f9ance1 & to hold ! bank :i* always enri*$ ! und]tak]s4 ,p 7 !n =bidd5 to pur*ase tickets 9 =eign lott]ies1 t ! money won f ! adv5tur]s might pass into ! sov]eign's treasury1 or at any rate be reta9$ 9 ! c\ntry2 & 9 ord] t tickets might be dispos$ ( soon] & ) m c]ta9ty1 _m rul]s 7 s %ameless z to pay ! sal>ies ( _! s]vants p>tly 9 tickets1 & to compel guild companies & societies to exp5d 9 lott]ies :at money !y _h sav$#ajbf4 ,( ! olde/ lott]ies among ! ,italians ,i h n be5 able to f9d any acc\nt4 ,v>*i1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #aecg1 relates t dur+ a great sc>city ( money at ,flor5ce 9 #aecj1 a lott]y 0 e/abli%$ = ! b5efit ( ! /ate1 & t ! price ( a ticket 0 a ducat4 ,he h[ev] does n employ ! t]m lott]y1 b uses ! words un lotto1 & calls a ticket polizza1 a t]m :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is g5]ally us$ 9 reg>d to insurance4 ,le ,bret says1 t at ,v5ice1 9 #aegb1 ! inspection ( lott]ies 0 entru/$ to ! prov$itori del commune2 b z he does n m5tion ! hi/orian f :om ?is acc\nt is borr[$1 ! ^w :i* he translates lott]y _c be kn[n4 ,we nev]!less le>n f 8 acc\nt1 t ?is game 0 e/abli%$ at ,v5ice 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & plac$ "u ! inspection ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! *ance game :i* gave rise to lott]ies 0 br\ght f ,italy to ,france "u ! "n ( blanque1 a ^w =m$ f ! ,italian bianca4 ,! great] "p ( ! tickets drawn 7 always :ite pap]1 c>ta bianca1 consequ5tly blanks2 & because t ^w occurr$ (t5e/ 9 draw+1 x gave rise to ! g5]al appellation4 ,h5ce also is d]iv$ ! phrase tr\v] blanque1 to obta9 no?+1 to get a blank1 or to lose4 ,at ! "t ,pasqui] wrote#ajbg1 t is1 9 ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! "n num]o 0 also usual1 because ! numb]s ( ! tickets1 :i* 7 !n call$ devises1 7 ann\nc$ 9 ! "t ( draw+4 ,?is "n1 in/ead ( nombre1 confirms ! ,italian orig94 ,z ea* p]son 9 ! "t ( draw+ 0 att5tive to 8 numb]1 ! phrase ent5dre le num]o 0 appli$ to ^? :o knew or did n =get _! numb]s4 ,h5ce ! expression1 z ,pasqui] rem>ks1 ,il ent5d le num]o1 :i* is /ill said ( ^? :o "k _! own int]e/1 or und]/& h[ to pursue x4 ,fris* & o!rs1 !re=e1 9 _! diction>ies h d]iv$ x improp]ly f ! numb]s ) :i* m]*ants m>k$ _! goods4 ,9 ,france also ! fir/ blanques 7lott]ies7 _h no o!r prizes ?an articles ( m]*&ise2 & on t acc\nt !y 7 set on foot only by m]*ants4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aeci ,francis ,i4 endeav\r$ to turn !m to 8 own advantage by imitat+ ! public e/abli%m5t ( !m usual at ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 & ,g5oa4 ,he p]mitt$ ^! games ( *ance "u ! inspection ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 ) a view1 z 0 pret5d$1 ( bani%+ deceptive & p]nici\s games ( *ance1 on condition t = e ticket1 devise or mise#ajbh1 a te/on de dix sols six d5i]s %\ld be giv5 to ! k+4 ,b h[ev] small ! sum requir$ may h be51 ?is blanque 0 n fill$ up 9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s1 & ! k+ 0 oblig$ to recomm5d x by an ord] issu$ 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y #aeda2 yet x is n kn[n :e!r x 0 ev] complet$#ajbi4 ,9 ! ye>s #aegb & #aehh1 ,l\is de ,gonzague1 duke de ,niv]nois & ,re!lois1 e/abli%$ a blanque at ,p>is1 = ! purpose ( giv+ m>riage portions to poor virtu\s "y wom5 belong+ to 8 e/ates4 ,no lott]y 0 ev] drawn ) s mu* c]emony & p>ade4 ,be=e ! draw+1 :i* began e ye> on ,palm ,sunday1 mass 0 said2 ! s]vants employ$ 7 oblig$ to swe> t !y w\ld act 9 a fai?ful & imp>tial mann]2 & ev5 ,sextus ,v4 gave to ^? :o %\ld promote ?is good "w remission ( _! s9s4 ,! prize tickets 7 inscrib$ z foll[s3 ,dieu v\s a lue1 or ,dieu v\s console4 ,! =m] ensur$ to ! "y woman :o drew x #ejj francs1 :i* 7 paid to h] on h] w$d+-day2 ! latt] 0 ! inscription ( blanks1 b sugge/$ ! hope ( be+ m =tunate ! ye> foll[+#ajcj4 ,?is example induc$ ladies ( quality f "t to "t to e/abli% simil> blanques 7lott]ies7 = b5evol5t purposes4 ,"s de/9$ ! pr(it to ! build+ or repair+ ( c]ta9 *ur*es & conv5ts4 ,?ree ladies1 ^: names hi/ory has n ?\ght prop] to communicate1 set on foot a lott]y conta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( tickets at =ty s\s ea*1 & employ$ ! ga9 9 r$eem+1 by means ( ! ,ma?ur9es or ,patres1 z !y 7 call$1 p]sons :o _h fall5 into slav]y among ! ,turks4 ,on "o occasion a blanque or lott]y ( a v s+ul> nature 0 in/itut$ by "s ladies1 9 ord] to raise a fund = _! spiritual guide or confessor1 :o _h be5 *os5 bi%op1 b _h no prop]ty1 t !y might pur*ase = him a c>riage & horses1 ) e ?+ necess>y to support 8 ecclesia/ical dignity4 ,ea* ( ^! grateful ladies 0 oblig$ to procure or pres5t to him ! article ann\nc$ by ! ticket %e _h drawn1 8p\r le rem]ci]1 p> cette petite l>gesse1 p\r le bon ordre qu'il avoit apport leurs consci5ces40 ,b ^! games ( *ance occur mu* (t5] 9 ! ,fr5* hi/ory1 z ! means employ$ to make valuable pres5ts to ladies & o!r p]sons ( di/9ction4 ,! l>ge/1 9 all probability1 is t by :i* ,c>d9al ,maz>9e endeav\r$ to increase 8 spl5d\r1 & r5d] himself m popul> among ! c\rti]s4 ,! tickets 7 di/ribut$ z pres5ts2 ea* 0 a prize1 & ! prizes 7 r>ities ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ( diff]5t values4 ,?is1 says ! hi/orian1 0 p]haps ! fir/ "t t =tune did good to all & hurt to no "o#ajca4 ,t ^! games ( *ance became 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury lott]ies1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 is unanim\sly ass]t$ by all ! ,fr5* hi/orians :o h t\*$ on ?is subject1 ?\gh 9 "s circum/ances !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ye> #afdd1 ,laur5ce ,tonti came f ,naples to ,p>is1 & dur+ a sc>city ( money :i* !n prevail$1 propos$ t k9d ( life-r5ts or annuities :i* at pres5t are nam$ aft] him ,tont9es1 ?\gh !y 7 us$ 9 ,italy long be=e 8 "t4 ,b aft] t$i\s disputes 9 reg>d to 8 proposal1 :i* 0 at l5g? reject$1 he gave 9 its /ead a new plan = a l>ge blanque1 or lott]y1 :i* 9 #afef obta9$ ! royal approbation4 ,x 0 to consi/ ( #ej1jjj tickets1 ea* at two ,l\is d'ors1 s t ! :ole receipt w\ld am\nt to #a1ajj1jjj livres2 b x is to be recollect$ t a ,l\is d'or at t "t 0 only elev5 livres4 ,( ?is sum #edj1jjj livres 7 to be d$uct$ = build+ a /one bridge & an aqu$uct4 ,! exp5ses ( ! blanque 7 e/imat$ at #fj1jjj livres1 & ! rema9+ #ejj1jjj 7 to be divid$ into prizes1 ! highe/ ( :i* 0 #cj1jjj livres4 ,b ?is blanque royale1 = s x 0 call$1 0 nev] fill$ up1 & consequ5tly nev] drawn4 ,on ?is acc\nt x 0 f\nd necess>y to con/ruct a wood5 bridge 9 ! room ( t :i* _h be5 burnt4 ,z compla9ts 7 (t5 made by m]cantile p 9 reg>d to ! disposal ( m]*&ise 9 ?is mann]1 :i* _h be5 hi!rto p]mitt$1 & z ?is practice _h evid5tly injur$ ! blanque royale1 ! =m] 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #afeh 0 entirely =bidd54 ,9 ! ye> #affj1 :5 ! conclusion ( peace & ! m>riage ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7 celebrat$1 ! fir/ lott]y on ! plan ( ,tonti 0 set on foot at ,p>is4 ,x 0 drawn publicly "u ! inspection ( ! police4 ,a ticket co/ only a ,l\is d'or1 & ! highe/ prize 0 #ajj1jjj livres4 ,?is 0 won by ! k+ himself2 b he w\ld n receive x1 & left x to ! next lott]y 9 :i* he _h no ticket#ajcb4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by sev]al o!rs4 ,on t acc\nt1 9 ! ye> #affa1 all private lott]ies 7 expressly =bidd5 "u sev]e p5alties1 & ?is prohibition 0 repeat$ 9 #afgj1 #afha1 #afhg1 & #agjjajcc4 ,s9ce t "t !re h be5 no o!r lott]ies b ! lot]ies royales1 ! pr(its ( :i* 71 9 g5]al1 appli$ to public build+s1 z 0 ! case 9 reg>d to ! magnific5t *ur* ( ,/4 ,sulpice1 & on t acc\nt !y met ) great support4 ,sauval1 & "s o!rs1 ascribe ! introduction ( lott]ies to a p]son f ,lyons1 nam$ ,de ,*uyes1 :o by pr(ession 0 a gold-beat]1 b _h a great k ( trade4 ,he aft]w>ds und]took long sea voyages1 & publi%$ a book entitl$1 ,la ,guide des ,*em9s de ,p>is1 r$ige p> ordre alphabetique4 ,8 "n h[ev] does n occur 9 any ( ! k+'s pat5ts1 b t only ( ,tonti4 ,?is ,de ,*uyes1 accord+ to ,sauval1 fir/ propos$ ! "n lott]y1 !n usual 9 ,italy1 :i* h[ev] ! o!r p]sons conc]n$ did n approve4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! well-kn[n ,de ,vaugelas1 :o _h be5 *os5 director ( ! und]tak+1 & :o !reby hop$ to pay 8 debts1 /rongly oppos$ x1 & recomm5d$ ! title blanque royale1 ?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! _m deceptions practis$ 9 ! old games ( *ance kn[n "u t "n1 x 0 n likely to become popul>4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t ! "n lott]y 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,france ab\t ! ye> #afeh2 = ! ord] be=e-m5tion$ ( #afef has ! "n blanque1 b 9 t ( #afeh1 ! ^w lott]y occurs = ! fir/ "t1 & 9 t ( #affa we f9d espce de blanque et lot]ie1 & 9 t ( #afgj1 lot]ies et blanques4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! "n 0 mu* e>li] us$ 9 ,italy & o!r c\ntries1 ?\gh ,v>*i employs only ! ^w ,lotto4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no old] m5tion ( ! "n ,lott]y ?an t 9 ! passage quot$ by ,m5age1 f a lett] ( ,*ri/oph] ,longolius1 or1 z he is call$ by ! ,fr5*1 ,longueuil4 ,x c]ta9ly seems to %[ t lott]ies1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 new2 b ,i d\bt mu* :e!r x c be prov$ f x t ! "n is ( ,fr5*1 & n ,italian extraction1 z ,m5age ?9ks1 because ,longolius g5]ally gave himself out z a ,fr5*man1 ?\gh he 0 born at ,me*l9 9 #adij4 ,z ! "n is mu* new] 9 ,france1 & z ! lett] 0 writt5 f ,padua1 :]e ,longolius di$ 9 #aebb1 x is f> m probable t ! "n _h its orig9 9 ,italy#ajcd4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ?is lett] 0 writt5 a %ort "t be=e ,longolius's dea?2 = he m5tions ! election ( pope ,adrian1 :i* took place ! same ye>4 ,! "n lott]y has be5 us$ also by ,simon ,majolus1 :o describes ! olde/ mann] 9 :i* x 0 conduct$#ajce2 b ,i h n be5 able to f9d at :at "t ?is ,italian ecclesia/ic wrote1 ?\gh 9 all probability ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,h[ev] x is /ill d\btful :e!r he 0 ! au?or ( ! portion ( ! "w ref]r$ to2 = x is kn[n t ! great] "p ( ! ,dies ,canicul>es1 publi%$ "u 8 "n1 0 writt5 by ,petrus ,draudius1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> #afcj4 ,! ^w ,lot1 9 _m anci5t z well z mod]n languages1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,engli%1 ,sw$i%1 ,dani% & ,dut*1 has ! same signification z sors1 & is evid5tly ! lotto ( ! ,italians1 & ! los or loos ( ! ,g]mans2 consequ5tly !re is no pro( t ! ^w lott]y is ( ,fr5* extraction1 z ,m5age has suppos$#ajcf4 ,9 ,engl& ! fir/ lott]y 0 propos$ 9 ! ye>s #aefg & #aefh1 &1 z ! hi/orian says1 held at ! we/ door ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & 0 drawn day & night#ajcg1 f ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #aefi1 to ! #f? ( ,may ! same ye>4 ,x conta9$ #djj1jjj tickets1 at t5 %ill+s ea*4 ,! prizes consi/$ p>tly 9 money1 & p>tly ( silv] plate & o!r articles4 ,! net pr(it 0 to be employ$ 9 improv+ ! ,engli% h>b\rs4 ,! ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,london h /ill 9 _! possession ! orig9al s*eme1 z x 0 !n pr9t$#ajch2 f :i* x appe>s t ! "n lott]y 0 at t "t us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ye> #afab a lott]y 0 drawn = ! b5efit ( ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,virg9ia2 p]mission 0 grant$ by special fav\r ( k+ ,james ,i42 ! l>ge/ prize 9 :i*1 be+ silv]-plate to ! value ( #djjj cr[ns1 fell to ! %>e ( a tailor4 ,9 #afbj lott]ies 7 susp5d$1 9 consequ5ce ( a repres5tation f ! ,h\se ( ,commons t !y 7 prejudicial to ! morals ( ! nation2 b "o 0 aft]w>ds p]mitt$ 9 #afcj1 by a special lic5se f k+ ,*>les ,i41 9 aid ( ! exp5ses ( a project = convey+ wat] to ,london2 & ,&]son#ajci says t ?is is ! fir/ "t t lott]ies are m5tion$ ei!r 9 ! ,fd]a or ,/atutes4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 "o ( ! me?ods resort$ to by t mon>* to rew>d ! (fic]s :o _h rema9$ fai?ful to 8 cause1 0 to give !m grants ( plate & o!r valuables1 ) p]mission to dispose ( !m by a lott]y4 ,?is gave rise to v>i\s s*emes1 "u ! titles ( royal-oak & twelve-p5ny lott]ies1 c42 :i* 7 sanction$ by gov]nm5t1 z we le>n by ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t1 :i* appe>$ soon aft] ! ,re/oration3--8,?is is to give notice1 t any p]sons :o are desir\s to f>m any ( ! c\nties )9 ! k+dom ( ,engl& or dom9ion ( ,wales1 9 ord] to ! sett+ up ( a plate lott]y1 or any o!r lott]y :atsoev]1 may repair to ! lott]y-(fice 9 ,m]maid-c\rt1 ov] aga9/ ! mews1 :]e !y may contract ) ! tru/ees commission$ by 8 maje/y's lett]s pat5t = ! managem5t ( ! said pat5t1 on behalf ( ! truly loyal indig5t (fic]s40 ,9 #afid1 a loan ( a million 0 rais$ by ! sale ( tickets at #aj ea*1 ! prizes 9 :i* 7 fund$ at ! rate ( #d p] c5t4 = sixte5 ye>s c]ta94 ,9 ! reign ( que5 ,anne lott]ies 7 =bidd5 z hurtful1 b soon aft] !y 7 aga9 p]mitt$ "u a v>iety ( conditions1 & 7 commonly = t]m9able annuities1 to :i* bo? blanks & prizes became entitl$ at diff]5t rates2 ?us 9 #agaj1 ! lott]y consi/$ ( #aej1jjj tickets1 valu$ at #aj ea*2 e ticket be+ entitl$ to an annuity = ?irty-two ye>s1 ! blanks at #ads4 p] annum1 & ! prizes to v>i\s annuities1 f #e to #ajjj4 ,tickets appe> to h be5 fir/ divid$ into %>es dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole4 ,9 #agdf1 a loan ( ?ree millions 0 rais$ on #d p] c5t4 annuities1 & a lott]y ( #ej1jjj tickets at #aj ea*2 & 9 #agdg1 "o million 0 rais$ by ! sale ( #ajj1jjj tickets1 ! prizes 9 :i* 7 f\nd$ 9 p]petual annuities1 at ! rate ( #d p] c5t4 p] annum4 ,dur+ ! same c5tury gov]nm5t con/antly avail$ itself ( ?is means to raise money = v>i\s public works1 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum & ,we/m9/]-bridge are well-kn[n examples4 ,probably ! la/ occasion on :i* ?is ta/e = gambl+ 0 ?us made use ( occurr$ 9 #aghj1 :5 e subscrib] ( #ajjj t[>ds a loan ( twelve millions1 at #d p] c5t41 receiv$ a bonus ( f\r lott]y tickets1 ! intr9sic value ( ea* ( :i* 0 #aj4 ,9 #aggh an act 0 pass$ oblig+ e p]son :o kept a lott]y-(fice to take out an annual lic5se1 & to pay #ej = ! same1 a measure :i* r$uc$ ! numb] ( lott]y-(fices f #djj to #ea4 ,9 #ahbc1 h[ev]1 ! la/ act sanction$ by p>liam5t = ! sale ( lott]y tickets1 conta9$ provisions = putt+ d[n all /ate & private lott]ies1 & = r5d]+ illegal ! sale1 9 ?is k+dom1 ( all tickets or %>es ( tickets 9 any =eign lott]y4 ,a lott]y 0 drawn at ,am/]dam 9 #aedi1 ! pr(it ( :i* 0 employ$ 9 build+ a *ur* /eeple#ajdj2 & ano!r 0 drawn at ,delft 9 #aeie4 ,i 0 in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,fiorillo t !re is /ill pres]v$ at ,am/]dam1 9 ! hospital = old m51 oude mann5 huys1 a beautiful pa9t+ by ,david ,v9ck5booms1 eight feet 9 height & f\rte5 9 bread?1 :i* repres5ts ! draw+ ( a lott]y 9 ! night-"t4 ,! arti/ is said to h be5 born 9 ! ye> #aegh4 ,?is game ( *ance mu/ h be5 kn[n also at an e>ly p]iod 9 ,g]many2 =1 9 ! ye> #aeba1 a lott]y 0 e/abli%$ by ! c\ncil at ,osnaburg1 & is m5tion$ 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #aehb2 b ! prizes consi/$ only 9 articles ( m]*&ise4 ,! citiz5s ( ,hamburg hav+ propos$ a lott]y1 accord+ to ! ,dut* mann]1 = ! purpose ( build+ a h\se ( correction1 ! magi/rates gave _! approbation 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb] #afaa1 & 9 #afae x 0 drawn4 ,at ,nuremb]g ! fir/ lott]y seems to h be5 drawn 9 ! ye> #agae4 ,at any rate1 ,von ,murr1 9 8 ,description ( ! rem>kable ?+s 9 t city1 m5tions an engrav+ ) ! foll[+ title3 8,repres5tation ( ! ,lotto publico1 :i* 0 drawn 9 ! l>ge hall ( ! c\ncil-h\se1 at ,nuremb]g1 anno #agae40 ,x is c]ta9 t we are n "h to und]/& ! s-call$ ,italian lotto1 b a common lott]y1 z ! =m] 0 n introduc$ into ,g]many till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,at ,b]l9 ! fir/ lott]y 0 drawn 9 ! mon? ( ,july #agdj4 ,x consi/$ only ( "o class ( prizes1 z 0 probably ! case ) all lott]ies at fir/4 ,x conta9$ #bj1jjj tickets1 ea* ( :i* co/ five doll>s2 s t ! :ole income am\nt$ to #ajj1jjj doll>s4 ,!re 7 #djbh prizes1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 a h\se wor? #bd1jjj doll>s4 ,! ill-fam$ ,italian or ,g5oese lott]y 01 z its "n %[s1 an inv5tion ( ! ,g5oese#ajda1 & arose f ! mode 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! s5ate 7 elect$2 = :5 t republic exi/$ 9 a /ate ( fre$om1 ! names ( ! eligible c&idates 7 ?r[n into a vessel call$ sem9>io1 or1 9 mod]n times1 into a :eel ( =tune2 & dur+ ! draw+ ( !m x 0 cu/om>y = p to lay bets 9 reg>d to ^? :o might be successful4 ,t is to say1 "o *ose ! names ( two or ?ree nobili1 = ^! only c\ld be elect$1 & v5tur$ ^u !m1 accord+ to pleasure1 a piece ( money2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! opposite p>ty1 or ! und]tak] ( ! bank1 :o _h ! means ( =m+ a pretty accurate conjecture 9 reg>d to ! names t w\ld be drawn1 d\bl$ ! /akes sev]al times4 ,aft]w>ds ! /ate itself und]took ! bank = ^! bets1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) s mu* advantage2 & ! draw+ ( ! names 0 p]=m$ ) great c]emony4 ,! v5]abile 0 expos$1 & high mass 0 celebrat$1 at :i* all ! c&idates 7 oblig$ to be pres5t4 ,a memb] ( ! s5ate1 nam$ ,b5$etto ,g5tile1 is said to h fir/ introduc$ ?is lott]y1 9 ! ye> #afbj2 & x is add$1 t ! "n ( ,g5tile hav+ nev] be5 drawn1 ! p took x into _! heads t he & 8 names _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! devil1 9 ! same mann] z ,s*w>tz1 ! inv5tor ( gunp[d]1 z a puni%m5t = ?is un=tunate inv5tion4 ,b at l5g?1 ! :eel be+ tak5 to pieces 9 ord] to be m5d$1 ! "n1 :i* by "s accid5t _h nev] be5 drawn1 0 f\nd conceal$ 9 x4 ,h5ce x may be easily se5 h[ ?is game ( *ance 0 =m$1 by introduc+ numb]s in/ead ( ! names ( ! nobility4 ,h[ev]1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 x cont9u$ to be peculi> to ! ,g5oese till ne>ly ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b z all travell]s spoke ( ?is lotto di ,g5oa1 & _m wi%$ to try _! =tune 9 x1 ! ,g5oese1 = _! own b5efit1 e/abli%$ 9 _m l>ge t[ns commission]s1 ^: bus9ess 0 to dispose ( tickets1 & to pay ! prizes to ^? :o _h be5 =tunate4 ,z an immod]ate _s ( gambl+ 0 ?us excit$ at ,rome1 ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiii41 :o sat on ! papal ?rone f #agbd to #agcj1 =bade ! ,g5oese lott]y1 "u ! pa9 ( bani%m5t to ^? :o gambl$ 9 x1 & to ^? :o receiv$ ! money4 ,z ?is ?reat h[ev] did n remove ! evil1 ! succe$+ pope1 ,clem5t ,,xii41 :o di$ 9 #agdj1 foll[$ ! example ( our ,g]man pr9ces1 & caus$ a lott]y to be e/abli%$ ev5 at ,rome4 ,s9ce t "t1 p]mission = ! same purpose has be5 r5ew$ f ye> to ye>4 ,x 0 n till a mu* lat] p]iod t ! ,g5oese lott]y 0 introduc$ into ,g]many4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,j4 ,a4 ,kalzabigi1 :o _h made himself kn[n 9 ,italy by _m projects1 & 0 appo9t$ a ,prussian privy-c\nsellor ( comm]ce & f9ance1 ! fir/ 0 drawn at ,b]l9 on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/ #agfc4 ,9 #agfi1 "o 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,anspa* & ,bayreu?1 :]e x 0 cont9u$ till ! ye> #aghh4 ,9 #aggd1 a p]son nam$ ,w5ceslaus ,maur] came to ,neuf*atel1 ) p]mission f ! k+1 & e/abli%$ a ,lotto !re mu* aga9/ ! w ( ! prud5t inhabitants2 b "s "o hav+ won a capital prize1 = :i* ! und]tak]s ought to h paid #cj1jjj francs1 aft] procra/9at+ z long z !y c\ld1 "u v>i\s pret5ces1 !y at l5g? became bankrupts1 & made _! escape f ! c\ntry4 ,^! p]nici\s lott]ies cont9u$ till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 almo/ ev]y:]e aboli%$ & =bidd54 ,!y are n[ p]mitt$ only 9 a v few /ates1 :i* are n able to give up ! paltry income d]iv$ f !m4 ,to ! hon\r ( ! ,hanov]ian gov]nm5t1 no ,lotto 0 ev] introduc$ into x1 ?\gh _m =eign]s h (f]$ l>ge sums = p]mission to *eat ! p 9 ?is mann]4 ,^? :o wi% to see ! prohibitions issu$ aga9/ ! ,lotto1 aft] mak+ a great "p ( ! p lazy1 indig5t & ?ievi%1 may f9d !m by ! help ( ! index 9 ,s*ltz]'s ,/aats-,anzeig54 ,si son excrable mmoire ,p>vi5t la po/]it1 ,c'e/ que le crime1 aussi bi5 que la gloire1 ,conduit l'immortalit4 ,! only lott]y at pres5t exi/+ 9 ,engl& "u ! sanction ( ! gov]nm5t is ! art-union ( ,london4 ,! fir/ in/itution ( ?is k9d 9 ,great ,brita9 orig9at$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahcf1 f ! models exi/+ 9 ,prussia1 =m$ "u ! patronage ( ! k+ & 8 m9i/] ,von ,humboldt1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbe4 ,! money annually subscrib$ is exp5d$ 9 pictures1 sculptures1 c4 ,x is divid$ by ! committee into sev]al portions or prizes1 f #aj to #djj1 & on a c]ta9 day ! prizes are di/ribut$ among ! subscrib]s 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! prize-hold]s are !n all[$ to select works ( art to ! value ( _! respective prizes f any ( ! five annual exhibitions ( works ( art 9 ! metropolis = ! curr5t ye>4 ,a portion ( ! total sum subscrib$ is set aside & appli$ to ! purpose ( engrav+ & pr9t+ "s "w ( art1 a copy ( :i* is giv5 to ea* subscrib]4 ,h5ce1 by ! comb9ation ( a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons to subscribe = ?is "o "w ( art1 & ! avoidance ( risk1 incid5tal exp5ses1 & publi%]'s pr(its1 ! pr9t1 ?\gh at lea/ equal to :at w\ld be *>g$ a gu9ea 7! am\nt ( subscription7 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( trade1 is suppli$ to ! subscrib]s at s small a co/ z to leave by f> ! great] "p ( ! subscrib$ sum z a fund applicable to ! pur*ase ( prizes4 ,sev]al simil> associations h be5 s9ce =m$ on a small] scale 9 o!r p>ts ( ,great ,brita94 ,,footnotes #ajbc ,& 9 ,greek 4 #ajbd ,_m h writt5 at consid]able l5g? on ! congi>ia1 yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! missilia & tess] has n be5 suffici5tly expla9$4 ,! fir/1 or at lea/ ! be/ acc\nt1 is 9 ,turnebi ,adv]s>ia1 xxix4 #i1 p4 #fcg4 ,9 a passage 9 ! ,life ( ,n]o by ,suetonius1 xi4 #aa1 p4 #ba1 ! articles :i* 7 ?r[n among ! p are call$ missilia2 b 9 reg>d to corn1 ! t]m tess] is expressly nam$4 ,! passages :]e a description is giv5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! tess] 7 ?r[n out1 are to be f\nd 9 ,dio ,cassius4 ,! wood5 balls1 l ^? ( ! ,lotto1 appe> to h be5 holl[1 & to h conta9$ ! ticket or writt5 ord]4 ,^? desir\s ( kn[+ h[ ^! tess] 7 =m$1 & ( :at !y 7 made1 may consult ,hugo de ,prima ,scrib5di ,orig9e1 ,traj4 #agch1 #hvo1 cap4 #ae1 p4 #bbi4 #ajbe ,juv54 ,sat4 vii4 #agd4 #ajbf ,?is abuse ( lott]ies 0 m5tion$ by ! /ates ( ,wirtemb]g1 9 ! ye> #agfd1 among ! public grievances2 & 9 #aggj ! duke promis$ t x %\ld be aboli%$4 ,i mu/ "h m5tion1 to ! hon\r ( our pr9ce & gov]nm5t 7! au?or alludes to ,hanov]71 t s9ce lott]ies 7 f\nd necess>y 9 ?is c\ntry1 n a f>?+ ( ! pr(it has gone to ! treasury ( ! pr9ce1 b ! :ole has be5 employ$ = pi\s or *>itable purposes4 #ajbg ,re*]*es de la ,france4 ,p>is1 #affe1 fol4 viii4 #di1 p4 #gbi4 #ajbh ,?is ^w is /ill us$ 9 ,g]many by ! writ]s on ,tont9es2 su*1 = example1 z ,mi*els54 #ajbi ,bo? ! ord]s may be f\nd 9 ,trait de la ,police1 p> ,de la ,m>e1 ,p>is #agbb1 fol4 i4 pp4 #ejb1 #ejd4 #ajcj ,! :ole e/abli%m5t is p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ,sauval1 ,hi/oire et ,re*]*es des ,antiquits de ,p>is1 #agbd1 fol4 #ajca ,sauval1 pp4 #ga1 #gc1 #gf4 #ajcb ,dictionnaire de ,comm]ce1 p> ,sav>y4 ,art4 ,lott]ie4 #ajcc ,all ! ord]s "h quot$ may be f\nd 9 ,de la ,m>e4 ,^? desir\s ( be+ fully acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! fir/ ,p>isian lott]ies1 & ! me?od ( draw+ !m1 may consult ,hi/oire de la ,ville de ,p>is1 p> ,felibi54 ,p>is1 #agbe1 fol4 ii4 p4 #adfb4 #ajcd ,*ri/4 ,longolii ,epi/ol>um libri iv4 ,basili1 #aegj1 #hvo1 iii4 #cc1 p4 #bci4 ,! lett] is address$ to ,octavius ,grimoaldo1 :o liv$1 ,i ?9k1 at ,v5ice1 & _h writt51 x seems1 to ,longolius1 t he 0 unwill+ to v5ture 8 money 9 ! lott]y4 ,t ,longolius _h 9 8 h&s money belong+ to ,grimoaldo is prov$ by ! lett]s iii4 #c1 iii4 #g1 #bj4 8,t new k9d ( gambl+ is truly ours1 & is call$ by u ,lot]ia1 z x 71 a table-vessel 7vasculia72 d\btless f an arrangem5t ( silv] vessels app5d$ to ! gam+-table1 :i* are di/ribut$ among/ ^? ^: names are 9 ! lott]y1 9 su* a mann] t "o vessel is assign$ to ea*4 ,b z y signify y\r disapproval ( t k9d ( gam+1 & d n ?9k fit to expose my money to s mu* haz>d1 ,i ackn[l$ge y\r prud5ce & k9dness to me40 ,?is d]ivation ( ! ^w ,lot]ia is und\bt$ly false1 z ,m5age has already rem>k$1 9 8 diction>y1 art4 ,lot4 ,he !re says1 8,je n'ay po9t lu ailleurs que lot signifia/ de la vaiselle4 ,et je croy ,longueuil s'e/ mal expliqu1 et qu'il a v\lu dire qu'on appelloit ,lot]ie la vaiselle d'arg5t d'un buffet1 p>ceque de son tems on mettoit ord9airem5t la lot]ie la vaiselle d'arg5t d'un buffet40 #ajce ,di]4 ,canicul4 #afia1 fol4 tom4 ii4 colloq4 #b4 #ajcf ,see ,du ,cange1 art4 ,lot4 ,muratori1 ,antiquit4 ,ital4 ,m$ii vi1 ii4 p4 #abdj4 ,among ! olde/ ,g]man words 9 ,lipsii ,epi/ol ad ,belgas1 ,c5t4 #c1 #dd1 p4 #di1 /&s ,los1 sors4 ,! t is (t5 *ang$ into s4 ,?us nut 9 ! ,engli% & ,l[ ,g]man1 noot 9 ! ,dut*1 & nt 9 ! ,sw$i%1 are ! same z ! ,g]man nuss4 #ajcg ,! conv5i5t ma*9e & app>atus1 by :i* ! draw+ is mu* =w>d$ at pres5t1 7 n !n kn[n4 ,a description ( !m may be f\nd 9 ,sav>y's ,diction4 de ,comm]ce4 #ajch ,g5t4 ,mag4 xlviii4 an4 #aggh1 p4 #dgj1 f :i* ,i %all also transcribe ! :ole title ( ! s*eme3--8,a proposal = a v ri* lott]y g5]al1 )\t blanks1 contayn+ a great numb] ( good prizes1 z well z ( r$y money z ( plate1 & c]ta9 sorts ( m]*&ises1 hav+ be5 valu$ & priz$ by ! comm&m5t ( ! que5's mo/ excell5t maje/ies ord]1 to ! int5t t su* commodities z may *ance to arise !re(1 aft] ! *>ges borne1 may be conv]t$ t[>ds ! rep]ations ( ! hav5s & /r5g? ( ! realme1 & t[>ds su* o!r public good workes4 ,! numb] ( lotts %all be f\re hundr$ ?\s&1 & no m2 & e lott %all be ! sum ( t5ne %ill+s /]l+1 & no m4 ,to be fill$ by ! fea/ ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,! %[ ( prises are to be se5 9 ,*eapside1 at ! sign ( ! ,que5e's ,armes1 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,d]icke1 goldsmi?1 s]vant to ! que5e1 #aefg1 #hvo4 ,pr9t$ by ,h54 ,bynneman40 ,see also ,maitl&'s ,hi/ory ( ,london1 #agef1 fol4 i4 p4 #beg4--,nor?\ck's ,hi/ory ( ,london4 ,lond4 #aggc1 #dto1 p4 #beg4 #ajci ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce4 #ajdj ,commel9's ,am/]dam1 i4 p4 #ddj4 ,9 ! ye> #aefa ! pr(it on a lott]y 0 employ$ = enl>g+ ! ,orphan ,h\se4 ,see ,pontani ,r]um ,am/4 ,hi/4 #afaa1 fol4 lib4 ii4 c4 #b4 #ajda ,lotto does n consi/1 l ! lott]y1 ( a fix$ numb] ( tickets & a c]ta9 numb] ( specifi$ prizes1 b is1 9 fact1 a m]e game ( *ance1 at :i* ! /akes are indef9ite1 & is ?us play$4 ,a giv5 quantity ( numb]s are plac$ toge!r1 ( :i* a few are only to be drawn3 ! adv5tur]s !n select any "o or m1 on :i* !y bet any sum !y ?9k prop]2 &1 %\ld !y prove successful1 !y draw s mu* m ?an _! /ake1 9 a settl$ proportion1 accord+ z _! risk 0 increas$ by ! quantity ( numb]s :i* !y nam$ toge!r4 ,?us ! usual quantity is n9ety numb]s1 f "o upw>ds1 & five only ( ^! are drawn3 if ! adv5tur] *ooses b "o numb] out ( ! #ij1 & t x be "o ( ^? drawn1 8 /ake is return$ fifte5 fold2 if two1 he receives1 if !y be drawn1 #bgj times ! /ake2 if ?ree1 #eejj times2 if f\r1 #ge1jjj times2 & %\ld he "n ! entire five1 9 ! exact ord] 9 :i* !y happ5 to be drawn1 he is entitl$ to #a1jjj1jjj times m ?an ! /ake he v5tur$4 ,^! *ances are all calculat$ l>gely 9 fav\r ( ! bank] or hold] ( ! lotto1 & !re is no in/ance ^u public record ( any p]son hav+ nam$ ! five numb]s 9 regul> succession2 b ?ree h be5 frequ5tly fix$ ^u1 & ev5 f\r h be5 sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 atta9$3 by ! latt] *ance1 ! lotto e/abli%$ 9 #aggd at ,neuf*atel 0 ru9$4 ,,bologna ,,/one4 ,! ,bologna /one1 9 consequ5ce ( its prop]ty ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 :i* 0 obs]v$ by accid5t1 has giv5 rise to _m labori\s rese>*es & exp]im5ts1 & to writ+s almo/ )\t numb]1 :i* h n s mu* enl>g$ our k ( light1 z prov$ t all ! hypo!ses hi!rto (f]$ by philosoph]s = expla9+ x1 if n entirely false1 are at lea/ insuffici5t & unc]ta94 ,! hi/ory ( ?is /one1 !re=e1 ?\gh n unkn[n1 des]ves to be "h repeat$1 especially z _m p>ts ( x require to be rectifi$4 ,z a complete description ( x w\ld be sup]flu\s to m9]alogi/s1 x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ?is k9d ( /one is f\nd 9 plates or s+le pieces1 :i* 9 g5]al are m or less ( a conical =m1 h a dirty :ite or semi-transp>5t wat]-col\r1 & a foliace\s /ructure1 :i* is obs]v$ on its be+ brok51 ?\gh ! /one1 consid]$ 9 ano!r direction1 appe>s to be fibr\s4 ,! surface ( s+le pieces is unev54 ,b :at di/+ui%es ?is species f ! gypse\s sp>s1 to :i* x be>s ! greate/ resemblance1 is its extraord9>y weight2 & ?is x has 9 common ) all ! v>ieties ( heavy sp>1 to :i*1 accord+ to its compon5t p>ts1 x belongs4 ,?is /one is f\nd on diff]5t em95ces ar\nd ,bologna1 & p>ticul>ly on ! hill ( ,pad]no1 :i* is situat$ at ! di/ance ( ab\t a ,g]man mile f ! city1 loose1 & scatt]$ ab\t betwe5 gypse\s /ones1 9 a m>ly e>?1 "s ( :i* is /ill se5 adh]+ to pieces 9 my possession4 ,x is f\nd mo/ readily aft] heavy ra9s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! /reams :i* run d[n ! sides ( ! hill2 & x is !re collect$ by p]sons :o sell x at ,bologna4 ,9 ! ye> #agcj1 :5 ,keysl] 0 !re1 a p\nd ( x c\ld be pur*as$ = a paolo#ajdb4 ,i %all take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+1 t ! ,bologna /one1 accord+ to its ext]nal *>act]i/ics1 heav9ess & h>dness except$1 has a great simil>ity to ^? gypse\s sp>s or sel5ites :i* 7 fir/ describ$ by ,lehman#ajdc1 & at ! "t p]haps by him alone2 accord+ to ^: acc\nt1 x is m5tion$ also by ,vogel#ajdd & by ,wall]ius#ajde1 "u ! "n ( ,sel5ites globosus3 on ! o!r h&1 x has n be5 m5tion$ by mod]n m9]alogi/s "u any p>ticul> appellation4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,mansfeld x is f\nd 9 deta*$ masses or s+le pieces1 m or less conical2 &1 to judge f ! e>? purposely left on ! specim5s 9 my possession1 :i* 7 pick$ up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sang]%aus51 9 a yell[i%-r$ s&y clay4 ,! pieces1 _m ( :i* are r\nd balls1 two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & o!rs longi% rolls1 h1 ext]nally z well z int]nally1 a grayi% col\r1 appe> foliat$ on ! fracture1 or seem to consi/ ( cunei=m radii1 :i* meet 9 ! c5tre ( ! ball4 ,_m are holl[ 9 ! inside2 & 9 ?is case ! ends ( ! cunei or ne$les1 :i* h betwe5 !m a granulat$ gypsum mix$ ) a little clay1 project into ! cavity4 ,lehman says t ! leaves1 :5 plac$ 9 a heat$ /ove1 emit a hesp]us1 t is1 %9e2 & ?is circum/ance made ,wall]ius d\btful :e!r ?is sel5ite did n belong to ! fluor-sp>s2 b x is und\bt$ly a sulphate ( b>yta4 ,:5 ! crude /one is put into acids1 a v fa9t eff]vesc5ce is sometimes obs]v$1 aris+ f =eign matt]s2 b :5 burnt pieces are employ$1 ?is effect is mu* /rong]4 ,x does n crack or break 9 ! fire2 b if expos$ only a %ort "t to a r$ heat1 x becomes totally opake1 :it]1 & void ( all lu/re2 x is also m friable1 & crumbles to du/ 9 wat]1 exactly 9 ! same mann] z ba/>d lapis specul>is4 ,! lum9\s appe>ance 9 a w>m /ove ,i did n obs]ve 9 ! few pieces :i* ,i subject$ to exp]im5t4 ,i 0 desir\s to make ?is rem>k1 because ! m9]alogi/s be=e-m5tion$ place globul> sel5ite along ) ! ,bologna /one1 to :i* h[ev] x does n belong4 ,to r5d] x capable ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 a piece p>ticul>ly heavy1 foliace\s & pure1 mu/ be select$#ajdf4 ,aft] be+ made r$-hot1 x is p\nd$ & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 :i*1 by means ( a solution ( gum-tragacan?1 is conv]t$ into a k9d ( pa/e1 & =m$ into small cakes4 ,:5 ^! are dri$1 !y are br\ght to a /ate ( ignition betwe5 coals1 & !n suff]$ to cool2 aft] :i* !y are pres]v$ f ! air & moi/ure 9 a close vessel4 ,if "o ( ^! cakes be expos$ a few m9utes to ! light1 & !n c>ri$ into a d>k place1 x w %9e l a burn+ coal4 ,x appe>s !re=e to attract ! light1 or to be z x 7 a light-magnet4 ,?is p[] ( emitt+ light becomes lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 b x may be re/or$ at fir/ by heat+1 & aft]w>ds by exposure aga9 to ignition4 ,i %all pass ov] ! rules necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 ! num]\s exp]im5ts made ) ?is /one1 z well z ! consequ5ces d$uc$ f !m4 ,! =m] may be f\nd 9 works on *emi/ry1 & ! latt] 9 ^? on natural philosophy4 ,all ! ,italian writ]s :o fir/ describe ?is rem>kable phnom5on give ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! discov]y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 0 at ,bologna a %oemak]1 :o1 hav+ quitt$ 8 trade1 appli$ himself to *emical lab\rs1 & p>ticul>ly to ! art ( gold-mak+4 ,i d n "k :e!r ^? :o h made ! v j rem>k1 t _m %oemak]s g beyond _! la/ into ! prov9ce ( o!r arts or sci5ces1 h m5tion$ among ! already num]\s in/ances ?is %oemak] ( ,bologna1 ^: "n 0 ,v9c5tius ,casciorolus2 b he c]ta9ly des]ves a ni*e 9 ! temple ( fame1 because x may ) tru? be said ( him1 t he k9dl$ up a light to ! le>n$2 :]eas ! %oemak] ( ,grlitz1 ,jacob ,behm51 d>k5$ or ext+ui%$ ! exi/+ light to ! le>n$ z well z ! unle>n$1 s t ! m9ds ( _m are /ill left 9 obscurity4 ,9 ! ye> #afjb ,casciorolus came to ,scipio ,begatello ( ,bologna1 :o at t "t 0 p>ticul>ly well kn[n by 8 atta*m5t to ! art ( gold-mak+1 & %[$ him ?is /one1 "u ! my/ical "n ( lapis sol>is1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its weight & ! sulphur x conta9$1 z well z ( its attract+ ! gold5 light ( ! sun1 seem$ to be fit = conv]t+ ! m ignoble metals into gold1 ! sol ( ! al*emi/s4 ,he %[$ x also to ,j4 ,a4 ,mag9us1 ! pr(essor ( ma!matics2 & ! latt]1 :o 9 all probability 0 no adept1 s5t bo? ! natural & prep>$ /ones to pr9ces & le>n$ m51 & p]haps contribut$ m ?an any o!r p]son to make kn[n ?is s+ul> discov]y#ajdg4 ,x h[ev] appe>s z if ! ,italian *emi/s conceal$ ! prep>ation ( ?is /one1 or 7 n all acqua9t$ ) x4 ,x 0 always said to be a secret kn[n only to a few individuals 9 ,bologna4 ,misson1 :o 0 !re 9 ! ye> #afij1 ass]ts t ,b>?olomew ,zani*elli 0 ! only p]son at t "t 9 possession ( x4 ,9 #afff x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions#ajdh1 t a cl]gyman1 :o exclusively possess$ ! art1 _h di$1 )\t communicat+ x to any "o4 ,nic]on#ajdi1 ,lem]y#ajej1 & _m o!rs say1 t ,homb]g1 dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,bologna1 _h aga9 discov]$ x1 aft] _m exp]im5ts2 & t ,lem]y le>n$ x f him & made x publicly kn[n4 ,?is h[ev] _c be altoge!r true2 = 9 ! ye> #afbb1 ,p4 ,poti]1 or ,pot]ius1 a ,fr5* *emi/1 :o liv$ at ,bologna1 taught ! prep>ation ( x 9 8 "w already quot$1 z did ,kir*]#ajea 9 #afda1 & ! jesuit ,casati#ajeb 9 #afhf2 ?\gh ! process !n employ$ 0 inde$ n ! be/ or mo/ conv5i5t2 ! prop] me?od be+ fir/ f\nd out1 aft] _m accurate exp]im5ts1 by ! ,g]man *emi/ ,m>ggraf1 :o %[$ also h[ simil> light-magnets or lum9\s /ones c be prep>$ f mo/ ( ! heavy sp>s & fluor-sp>s#ajec4 ,b ev5 at pres5t1 ^? :o prep>e ?is /one = sale at ,bologna talk 9 su* a mann] z if ! secret 7 kn[n to !m alone4 ,?is 0 ! case1 9 #agga1 ) ! director ( ! in/itute 9 t city#ajed4 ,keysl] pur*as$ a piece1 z l>ge z a dri$ fig press$ flat1 = ab\t two or ?ree paoli4 ,i %all embrace ?is opportunity ( br++ to recollection1 f ,de ,?\'s hi/ory ( 8 own times1 a relation :i* inde$ conta9s _m ?+s incr$ible1 & 9 all probability exagg]at$1 yet seems to be too well confirm$ to be altoge!r reject$ z false4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 x may !n be conjectur$ t1 ab\t ! ye> #aeej1 ei!r ! ,bologna /one1 or :at at pres5t is call$ phosphorus & pyrophorus1 0 kn[n to a few individuals4 ,9 ! above ye>1 :5 ,h5ry ,,ii4 k+ ( ,france made 8 solemn entrance into ! t[n ( ,b\logne1 on its re/oration by ! ,engli%1 a /one f ,india1 :i* 0 n h>d1 :i* _h a lum9\s appe>ance l fire1 & :i* c\ld n be t\*$ )\t dang]1 0 pres5t$ to him by a /rang]4 ,= ! tru? ( ?is acc\nt ,de ,?\ ref]s to ! te/imony ( ,j4 ,pip91 9 a lett] to ,ant4 ,mizaud1 :o ass]ts t he himself saw ! /one4 ,morh(1 :o seems incl9$ to consid] ?is /one z t ( ! philosoph]s#ajee1 rem>ks t ?is passage is f\nd 9 ! fir/ ,p>is edition 9 octavo1 & 9 ! ,frank=t re-impressions1 bo? 9 folio & octavo2 b n 9 ! o!r editions4 ,he quotes also ! words f ! lett] to ,mizaud1 :i* mu/ be pr9t$ some:]e1 b 9 :at "w ,i d n "k4 ,x appe>s t ! hi/orian ins]t$ x almo/ )\t any *ange4 ,we may take ?is opportunity ( describ+ "o or two o!r pyrophori3 ?us ,canton's pyrophorus is prep>$ by heat+ a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( sift$ calc9$ oy/]-%ells ) "o "p ( fl[]s ( sulphur to an int5se heat = "o h\r2 ,homb]g's1 by mix+ equal weights ( alum & br[n sug>1 & /irr+ ! mixture ov] ! fire 9 an iron ladle until q dry2 x is !n put into an e>!nw>e or coat$ glass bottle & heat$ r$-hot z long z a flame appe>s at ! m\?2 x is !n remov$1 c>efully /opp$ & suff]$ to cool4 ,! black p[d] :i* x conta9s becomes gl[+ hot :5 expos$ = a few m9utes to ! air4 ,,footnotes #ajdb ,sev]al localities are n[ kn[n = ?is peculi> v>iety ( heavy sp>2 among o!rs we may m5tion ,amb]g 9 ! ,upp] ,palat9ate1 & ne> ,o/]ode 9 ! ,h>z m\nta9s4 #ajdc ,ges*i*te von ,fltz-,gebrg54 ,b]l4 #agef1 #hvo4 #ajdd ,m9]al ,sy/em4 ,leip4 #agfb1 #hvo4 #ajde ,sy/4 ,m9]al4 #aggb1 #hvo1 i4 p4 #afb4 #ajdf ,9 prep>+ sol> phosphorus f ! ,bolognian /one1 x %\ld be c>efully sep>at$ f any contam9ation ( iron or o!r heavy metals1 =m$ into a pa/e z above-describ$1 & expos$ to ! heat ( a w9d-furnace = an h\r or two4 #ajdg ,=tunii ,liceti ,li!osphorus1 sive de lapide ,bononi5si4 ,ut9i #afdj1 #dto1 p4 #ac4 ,he calls ! %oemak] ,casciorolus1 :i* seems to be wrong1 z ,lem]y & o!rs write 8 "n ,casc>iolo4 ,licetus ref]s to ! lett]s ( ,ovidio ,montalbani4 ,epi/4 v>4 ad ,eruditos viros de ,rebus 9 ,bononi5si tractu indig5us1 ut e/ lapis ,illum9abilis et lapis specul>is1 calamona/os1 c41 ,bonon4 #afcd1 #dto4 ,among ! olde/ acc\nts are ^? 9 ,petri ,pot]ii ,ph>macopia spagyrica1 ii4 #bg1 9 ,op]a1 ,fran4 #afih1 #dto4 ,9 ?is "w ! al*emi/ is call$ ,scipio ,bagatellus1 a "n :i* does n occur 9 ,fantuzzi1 ,notizie degli scrittori ,bolognesi4 #ajdh ,an4 #afff1 n4 #ba1 p4 #cge4 #ajdi ,mmoires des ,hommes ,illu/res4 #ajej ,c\rs de ,*ymie4 ,dresd4 #agcd1 #hvo4 #ajea ,magnes1 p4 #dha4 #ajeb ,de ,igne4 ,franc4 #afhh1 #dto1 p4 #cej4 #ajec ,m>ggrafs ,*ymis*e ,s*rift51 ii4 p4 #aai4 ,?is au?or says ! cakes mu/ be only z ?ick z ! back ( a knife2 b t :i* ,i obta9$ 9 ! ye> #aghb f ,bologna1 0 an in* ,engli% measure 9 diamet]1 & two l9es 9 ?ickness4 ,x /ill weighs1 aft] ! brass box 9 :i* ,i long pres]v$ x betwe5 cotton 9 a lum9\s /ate1 has become black1 & itself has lo/ its virtue1 ?ree dra*ms4 ,9 col\r x has a p]fect resemblance to ! /> :i* ,m>ggraf prep>$ f ,g]man /ones1 & pres5t$ to ,pr(essor ,hollman1 & :i* is n[ 9 my possession4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a capsule ( t9 plate1 ov] :i* a piece ( glass is cem5t$4 #ajed ,f]b]'s ,briefe aus ,wls*l&1 p4 #ge4 #ajee ,polyhi/4 i4 #a1 #ac1 #bf1 p4 #abg4 ,,f\ndl+ ,,hospitals4 ,*ild-murd] is s unnatural a crime1 t mank9d c be br\ght to ! commission ( x only by ! greate/ desp]ation1 = :i* un=tunately !re is too mu* cause4 ,to p>5ts :o are j able by incessant lab\r to procure ^? ?+s indisp5sably necess>y to support life1 ! bir? ( e *ild increases ! fe> ( />v+ or ( be+ r$uc$ to begg>y4 ,^? :o h secur$ to !m a scanty subsi/5ce1 b :o live amid/ ! torm5ts ( slav]y1 wi% to ! new-born *ild1 :i* at any rate is doom$ to dea?1 a spe$y dissolution1 be=e x c "k t x has _h ! mis=tune to be br\ght into ! _w1 9 ord] t !y may n bequea? to x _! pov]ty4 ,a "y female :o has acquir$ by education ! mo/ delicate s5se ( hon\r & %ame1 f9ds h]self1 on ! bir? ( an illegitimate *ild1 expos$ at once to ! utmo/ disgrace & contempt4 ,h] mis=tune1 ?\gh view$ ) an eye ( pity by ! compassionate1 excites ! hatr$ ( ! great] "p ( h] relations & fri5ds1 by :om %e 0 be=e lov$ & respect$1 & :o endeav\r$ to r5d] h] happy2 & (t5 amid/ ! mo/ poignant feel+s1 & an agitation bord]+ on madness1 %e sees no o!r means ( sav+ h] hon\r ?an ! total concealm5t ( h] error by de/roy+ ! *ild3 a resolution :i*1 not)/&+ ! vigilance ( ! laws1 is too (t5 att5d$ ) success4 ,a "y woman :o at ?is mom5t f9ds h]self sudd5ly despis$ & neglect$ by h] admir]1 :o ga9$ h] affections by ! mo/ p[]ful ( all means1 love & confid5ce1 & obta9$ f h] :at %e c nev] recov]1 is (t5 induc$1 9 a fit ( despair1 to v5t h] fury on ! consequ5ces ( h] s$uction--! *ild ( h] s$uc]4 ,^! mis=tunes ( mank9d are among ! disadvantages att5d+ civilis$ society1 :i* always r5d] m>riage m difficult z well z bur!nsome1 & !reby make x impossible to gratify "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful impulses ( nature4 ,9 ! savage /ate1 p>5ts require no m = !mselves & _! *ildr5 ?an :at !y c easily obta94 ,! inhabitants ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 :o live at ! greate/ di/ance f all culture1 f9d %ell-fi% & escul5t plants suffici5t to appease _! hung]2 nev] are _! ?\ghts di/urb$ by c>e = ! ma9t5ance ( a *ild4 ,! black slaves 9 ,/4 ,dom+o say1 t 8x is only ! :ite man :o begs20 & inde$ 9 ?is !y are "r#ajef4 ,begg>s exi/ only :]e !y are e/abli%$ by religion & gov]nm5ts :i* comm& !m to be f$4 ,b ! transition f liv+ by "o's own indu/ry to begg>y is1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ame att5d+ x1 mo/ pa9ful & insupportable to ^? :o ) ! greate/ ex]tion & wa/e ( /r5g?1 amid/ ! privation ( e com=t1 are expos$ ) _! *ildr5 to ! horrors ( fam9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ^? :o1 9 our /ates1 are oblig$ to eat ! bread ( m5dicity1 *ildr5 are a bless+2 because z long z !y are incapable ( runn+ alone1 !y increase _! alms by excit+ great] compassion1 & aft]w>ds by begg+ 9 ! /reets#ajeg4 ,x is n !re=e pov]ty already r$uc$ to ! /ate ( begg>y1 b ! dread ( be+ at l5g? ov]:elm$ not)/&+ e ex]tion to swim aga9/ ! /ream1 t occasions *ild-murd]4 ,! same is ! effect ( slav]y1 :i* excludes ! possibility ( ev5 hop+ = a *ange to a bett] condition4 ,! s]fs ( a h>d-he>t$ l&-proprietor1 :o h[ev] act$ accord+ to ! e/abli%$ laws1 ent]$ into a resolution to get no *ildr51 t !y might n be "u ! necessity ( putt+ any ( !m to dea?#ajeh4 ,! s5se ( hon\r becomes /rong] ! m ! mann]s approa* t[>ds a c]ta9 degree ( ref9em5t2 & x is prov$ t x is ?is cause :i*1 9 mo/ in/ances1 gives rise to *ild-murd]4 ,9 va9 h legislators endeav\r$ to prev5t ?is crime by capital puni%m5t1 m cruel ?an ! crime itself4 ,b inde$ x is difficult1 or r impossible1 to proportion puni%m5t to del9qu5cy or ! j degree ( guilt4 ,x ne$s excite no wond] t _m /ates :]e ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 n introduc$1 & ev5 ! ,jewi%1 made no law aga9/ *ild-murd]1 ?\gh ! atrocity ( x 0 nev] d5i$#ajei4 ,to r5d] ?is crime less frequ5t1 m5 fell ^u ! way ( expos+ *ildr51 9 ! hope t !y might be f\nd by b5evol5t p]sons1 :o w\ld educate & ma9ta9 !m4 ,p>5ts imag9$ t 9 ?is mann] less viol5ce 0 (f]$ to humanity1 & !y c\ld m easily be induc$ to resign _! *ildr5 to *ance ?an to become _! murd]]s4 ,!y consol$ !mselves ) ! possibility1 prov$ by v>i\s examples1 t ! expos$ *ildr5 might be sav$1 & be m =tunate ?an _! p>5ts#ajfj4 ,to promote ?is1 !y deposit$ !m 9 places :]e a great _m p might be expect$ soon to pass1 & :]e ! *ild w\ld consequ5tly be f\nd be=e x %\ld p]i% by cold & hung] or be dev\r$ by rav5\s animals4 ,) ?is view !y made *oice ( ! m>ket-places1 temples1 places :]e two or m highways met1 wells1 ! banks ( riv]s or ! sea-%ore1 f :i* wat] 0 br\ght or :i* 7 ! usual places ( ba?+2 & ev51 :5 ! *ildr5 7 plac$ 9 ! wat]1 means 7 contriv$ t !y %\ld at any rate float "s "t )\t be+ injur$4 ,= ?is purpose !y 7 plac$ 9 small *e/s1 trays1 or close baskets1 or wrapp$ up 9 wat]pro( b&ages#ajfa4 ,at ,a!ns *ildr5 7 commonly expos$ 9 t place call$ cynos>ges1 :i* 0 "o ( ! gymnasia4 ,at ,rome ! mo/ usual place 0 t pill> call$ columna lact>ia1 :i* /ood 9 ! m>ket :]e kit*5 vegetables 7 sold#ajfb4 ,:5 ! exposure ( *ildr5 9 civilis$ /ates began to be condemn$ z unlawful1 x 0 h[ev] suff]$ to pass unpuni%$1 ev5 "u ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors4 ,legislators only endeav\r$ by regulations ( e k9d to r5d] x less common1 & to provide = ! ma9t5ance ( *ildr52 until at la/1 ?r\gh horror at ! cruelty ( x1 b )\t ?9k+ ( ! causes or attempt+ to remove !m1 !y conceiv$ ! un=tunate idea1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ?is crime1 ( decl>+ x to be murd]1 & puni%+ x z su*4 ,x became !n mu* saf] = p>5ts to bury *ildr51 or to ?r[ !m into ! sea1 ?an to run ! *ance ( expos+ !mselves to ! utmo/ %ame & puni%m5t1 :5 !y 7 se>*$ out & discov]$4 ,9 ,greece1 b n at ,!bes 9 ,botia#ajfc1 ! exposure ( *ildr5 0 p]mitt$ & common1 & !re=e _m ( ! ,greek hi/orians m5tion ! contr>y z a =eign b m]itori\s cu/om4 ,/rabo#ajfd1 on ?is acc\nt1 praises ! ,egyptians1 & lian#ajfe extols ! laws ( ! ,!bans aga9/ ! kill+ & expos+ ( *ildr54 ,?is cruel practice 0 equally common at ,rome4 ,romulus h[ev]1 :o 0 himself a f\ndl+1 endeav\r$ to re/ra9 x1 & 8 ord] 0 confirm$ 9 ! twelve tables2 b z population1 luxury1 sc>city1 & dissipation increas$1 x became cu/om>y = ^? :o _h m *ildr5 ?an !y wi%$1 to expose "s ( !m4 ,_m deposit$ ) !m r+s & o!r co/ly ornam5ts2 & ^? :o 7 poor]1 tr9kets ( little value1 p>tly to entice p to receive ! *ildr51 & p>tly t1 by describ+ ^! app5dages1 :5 ! *ildr5 7 gr[n up1 or _! own circum/ances _h become bett]1 !y might be able to recov] !m4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 9 _m places1 ! *ildr5 c>ri$ to f\ndl+ hospitals are accompani$ by tok5s1 :i* are c>efully pres]v$1 z is ! case 9 ! ,sp$ale degl' ,innoc5ti at ,flor5ce1 :]e a piece ( lead impr9t$ ) a numb] is hung r\nd ! neck ( ea* babe1 9 su* a mann] t x _c be easily remov$1 & occasions no inconv5i5ce 9 ! we>+4 ,by ^! means "o c obta9 in=mation !re1 ev5 at a late p]iod1 9 reg>d to ea* *ild#ajff4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,tacitus#ajfg1 z a circum/ance deviat+ f ! ,roman mann]s1 t ! old ,g]mans consid]$ *ild-murd] z a crime2 & :]e he speaks ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,jews1 he does n fail to relate ! same ?+ ( !m#ajfh4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus be/[s ! l praise on ! ,aborig9es#ajfi4 ,:5 ! morals ( mank9d began to be improv$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 its foll[]s endeav\r$ by e means 9 _! p[] to bani% f among !m ?is cruelty1 on acc\nt ( :i* !y s bitt]ly reproa*$ ! ,romans#ajgj4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 h[ev]1 did n v5ture to =bid x z a crime2 ?\gh ,con/ant9e call$ exposure a k9d ( murd]1 & wisely ex]t$ himself to remove ! causes ( x4 ,by an ord] issu$ 9 ! ye> #cca1 he endeav\r$ to det] p>5ts f x1 z he !re depriv$ !m ( all hope ( be+ able to claim or recov] expos$ *ildr51 ev5 if !y %\ld make good ! exp5ses incurr$ by ^? :o _h ma9ta9$ !m#ajga4 ,?is cruel practice 0 nev]!less cont9u$ = a long "t aft]4 ,lactantius#ajgb1 :o liv$ "u ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 describes x z a /ill prevail+ remnant ( b>b>ity2 & ,julius ,firmicus1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #ccf1 consid]$ x wor? 8 :ile to give p>ticul> in/ructions = ca/+ ! nativity ( f\ndl+s#ajgc4 ,! exposure ( *ildr5 0 n completely prohibit$ till ! "t ( ,val5t9ian1 ,val5s & ,gratian1 9 ! la/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury#ajgd4 ,"o _c1 )\t reluctance1 believe t ?is b>b>\s practice 0 s long p]mitt$1 or rema9$ unpuni%$1 9 civilis$ /ates2 b x mu/ be m5tion$1 to ! hon\r ( antiquity1 t 9 _m c\ntries ! c>e ( gov]nm5t 0 direct$ at an e>ly p]iod to expos$ *ildr54 ,n only 7 means pursu$ 9 ,greece & ,rome to enc\rage ! reception & educat+ ( f\ndl+s1 by assign+ !m z prop]ty to ^? :o took !m "u _! protection2 b x 0 also made a law1 t f\ndl+s :o 7 n receiv$ by private p]sons %\ld be educat$ at ! public exp5se4 ,at ,!bes1 :]e1 z already obs]v$1 *ild-murd] & ! exposure ( *ildr5 7 =bidd51 p>5ts 9 ne$y circum/ances 7 desir$ to c>ry _! new-born *ildr5 to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! latt] committ$ !m into ! h&s ( ^? :o engag$ to take ! be/ c>e ( !m = ! lea/ money4 ,9 ! l mann]1 at pres5t1 f\ndl+s are plac$ ) nurses to be ma9ta9$ at ! *eape/ rate2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t at ,!bes ! *ildr5 became slaves = life to ^? by :om !y 7 educat$1 :]eas 9 our times1 :5 !y gr[ up !y are free p & le>n to ga9 a livelihood = !mselves4 ,! humane decrees ( ! emp]or ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 bo? = ,italy & ,africa1 ! fir/ 9 ! ye> #cae1 & ! second 9 #cbb1 des]ve "h to be m5tion$4 ,! gov]nm5ts 9 ^? c\ntries 7 enjo9$ to prev5t ! murd]1 sale1 giv+ 9 pawn1 or ! exposure ( *ildr51 by tak+ c>e t p>5ts :o 7 too poor to educate _! (fspr+1 %\ld receive f ! public treasury or magaz9es1 or f ! emp]or's privy purse1 z we say at pres5t1 food1 clo?+ & o!r necess>ies2 & z new-born *ildr5 requir$ imm$iate att5tion1 t ?is %\ld be done )\t any delay#ajge4 ,! conjecture ( ,go?(r$us1 t ! emp]or 0 induc$ to adopt ^! measures by ! urg5t repres5tation ( ,lactantius1 appe>s to me highly probable4 ,?is writ]1 f ! ye> #cag1 _h be5 tutor to pr9ce ,crispus1 & _h be=e d$icat$ or transmitt$ to ! emp]or 8 book1 :]e9 he pa9t$1 9 gl[+ col\rs1 ! dete/able practice ( p>5ts !n preval5t1 :i* gave rise to ! greate/ disord]s2 & on t acc\nt he (f]$ !m ! speci\s advice n to beget m *ildr5 ?an !y 7 able to ma9ta94 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is advice did n mu* please ! emp]or1 :o 0 oblig$ to keep on foot a num]\s army2 & z x c\ld n be v agreeable to _m m>ri$ p]sons1 he compreh5d$ ?is recomm5dation ( prud5ce or mod]ation among ^? calamities f :i* he 0 desir\s to pres]ve p>5ts by ! above decrees4 ,aft] ^! imp]ial ord]s1 *ildr5 rema9$ ) _! p>5ts1 & 7 educat$ by !m2 b x appe>s t ! cities ( ,a!ns & ,rome _h1 at an e>ly p]iod1 public orphan-h\ses1 9 :i* *ildr5 7 educat$ at ! public exp5se4 ,:at has be5 already said ( ! gymnasium call$ cynos>ges may s]ve z a pro(2 & ,fe/us & ,victor make x /ill m c]ta9 t !re 0 an in/itution ( ?is k9d at ! columna lact>ia4 ,at any rate !re c be no d\bt t1 9 ! six? c5tury1 !re 7 h\ses at ,rome = ! reception ( des]t$ *ildr54 ,! emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o by a p>ticul> law1 9 ! ye> #ebi1 decl>$ f\ndl+s to be free1 & =bade ^? by :om !y 7 receiv$ & educat$ to treat !m & deta9 !m z slaves#ajgf1 (t5 introduces ^! e/abli%m5ts1 "u ! appellation ( brephotrophium1 9 8 laws respect+ donations to *ur*es & o!r b5efic5t in/itutions#ajgg4 ,?is ^w1 compos$ ( ! ,greek t]m brephos a *ild1 & trepho to educate1 seems to %[ t h\ses ( ?is k9d 7 e/abli%$ at an e>li] p]iod 9 ! cities ( ,greece1 & 7 only imitat$ at ,rome2 ?\gh ( ?is ,i h z yet f\nd no pro(4 ,du ,cange & ,/eph5 h bo? introduc$ ! ^w 9 _! ,greek diction>ies1 b ref] only to ! ,ju/9ian code4 ,gesn]1 9 ,/eph5's lexicon1 makes a di/9ction betwe5 brephotrophium & curotrophium2 ! latt]1 x is said1 means a h\se 9 :i* gr[n-up & n new-born *ildr5 are educat$1 & ! same ?+ is repeat$ 9 ! same words 9 ,calv9i ,lexicon ,juridicum4 ,bo? ass]t t ?is ^w1 =m$ f or 1 pu]1 is us$ by ,ju/9ian1 b does n occur 9 ! book ( laws1 nor is us$ by ,brisson4 ,x is n to be f\nd 9 ! diction>y ( ,basle nor 9 ,/eph5's ,greek ,lexicon1 b bo? ^! h ! ^w 1 :i* inde$ occurs 9 ,hom] & 9 ,hesiod4 ,z ,calv9 & ,gesn] ref] to ,hottoman1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! ^w 0 co9$ by him1 especially z ,gesn] 9 ! ,!saurus ( ,fab] says1 8,curotrophium pote/ dici domus al5dis p>vulis de/9ata40 ,x is r a/oni%+ t no m5tion ( ! olde/ in/itutions ( ?is k9d1 or ( _! e/abli%m5t1 is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,!re is reason h[ev] to conjecture1 t z long z ! sale ( *ildr5 & ! slav]y ( f\ndl+s 7 p]mitt$1 ! numb] ( ^? ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se c\ld n be v great4 ,b respect+ ! brephotrophia1 ev5 "u ! lat] ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 no?+ is said to be f\nd t c give u any idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 regulat$2 no?+ 9 reg>d to ! place f :i* ! nurses 7 procur$1 or h[ food & clo?+ 7 provid$ = ! *ildr51 & z little 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( *ildr5 re>$ 9 ^! b5evol5t in/itutions :o liv$ to become old4 ,x might be satisfactory to "k1 :e!r ! olde/ in/itutions ( ?is k9d 7 m =tunate 9 answ]+ ! object ( _! e/abli%m5t ?an our exp5sive orphan-h\ses are at pres5t4 ,! great difficulties :i* att5d in/itutions ( ?is k9d are1 no d\bt1 ! *ief cause :y m5tion ( !m s seldom occurs dur+ ! lat] c5turies1 9 :i* ! f\ndation ( hospitals1 & donations to ^! & o!r pi\s e/abli%m5ts1 7 s num]\s2 !y are h[ev] f\nd s (t51 t x is impossible to consid] !m z an inv5tion ( mod]n times4 ,i %all "h po9t out ^? in/ances :i* h hi!rto occurr$ to me2 b mu/ fir/ obs]ve1 t _m m w be f\nd 9 p]us+ ! lives ( sa9ts1 & ! hi/ory ( conv5ts1 religi\s ord]s1 *ur*es & t[ns4 ,:]ev] !y are m5tion$1 !y are always "u ! inspection ( ! cl]gy4 ,! olde/ e/abli%m5t = orphans 9 ,g]many1 :i* ,i c m5tion at pres5t1 is t at ,tri]s1 9 ! eigh?1 or sev5?1 or ev5 six? c5tury2 ! acc\nt ( x is to be f\nd 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,go>1 :o liv$ at ,tri]s "u ,*ildeb]t1 consequ5tly 9 ! la/ half ( ! six? c5tury4 ,8 hi/orians or panegyri/s relate t1 be+ accus$ be=e ar*bi%op ,ru/icus ( _m misdemean\rs1 z a pro( ( 8 innoc5ce he hung up 8 hood ^u "o ( ! sun's rays1 :i* ent]$ 8 cell1 z if ^u a nail1 & t 8 enemies 7 /ill s incr$ul\s z to consid] him guilty4 ,! ar*bi%op !n1 cont9ue !y1 to :om a new-born *ild1 :i* _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! m>ble con* be=e ! *ur*-door1 _h be5 br\ght1 ask$ him1 z a pro( ( 8 sanctity1 :e!r he c\ld tell ! fa!r ( x2 ^u :i* ,go>1 aft] a mo/ f]v5t pray]1 comm&$ ! *ild1 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 to decl>e :o 7 its p>5ts4 ,! *ild1 ) a cle> voice1 imm$iately nam$ its "m1 & also its fa!r1 ! ar*bi%op himself1 :o 9 consequ5ce 0 depriv$ ( 8 dignity#ajgh4 ,! small portion ( tru? conta9$ 9 ?is ridicul\s /ory is1 t1 at ! "t :5 ! au?or wrote1 !re 0 an e/abli%m5t = f\ndl+s at ! *ur* ( ,tri]s2 t ! *ildr5 7 deposit$ 9 a m>ble con* plac$ be=e ! *ur*2 t !y 7 receiv$ by poor p ma9ta9$ 9 ord] to wat* ! *ur*1 & :o 7 call$ matric>ii1 because !y 7 matriculat$ 9 x1 & by !m c>ri$ imm$iately to ! bi%op1 & t ! *ild "u 8 sanction 0 giv5 to "s p]son 9 ! community :o agre$ to take c>e ( x4 ,^! fo/]-p>5ts 7 nam$ nutric>ii4 ,x may be !nce easily p]ceiv$1 t !re 7 !n no orphan-h\ses prop]ly s call$1 9 :i* *ildr5 are educat$2 b t ! *ildr51 z is ! case 9 our in/itutions = ! poor1 7 giv5 to o!rs to be nurs$1 & 9 all probability ! cl]gy paid to ! nutric>ii a c]ta9 sum f ! alms de/9$ = t purpose4 ,"o ( ! lives :i* relates to ! silly tale already m5tion$ 0 writt5 by an au?or :o1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,mabillon1 liv$ at a p]iod n mu* lat] ?an ,/4 ,go>4 ,! o!r is by ,w&elb>t1 :o liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & :o ref]s = 8 au?orities to old manuscripts & o!r docum5ts1 vetu/a et p]antiqua exempl>ia4 ,x may !re=e ) safety be ass]t$1 t ?is e/abli%m5t = f\ndl+s exi/$ at ,tri]s 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! annali/s ( ,tri]s1 inde$1 d n m5tion any bi%op nam$ ,ru/icus :o liv$ ab\t t p]iod2 b no d\bt ne$s be excit$ on t acc\nt1 z ?is difficulty may be solv$ 9 m ways ?an "o#ajgi4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury !re 7 simil> e/abli%m5ts at ,anj\1 or ,ang]s1 9 ,france4 ,/4 ,magnebodus1 :o 0 bi%op ( t place1 :]e he di$1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* call$ at pres5t ,sa9t ,ma9beuf1 is prais$ 9 a v old life ( him1 nev] yet pr9t$1 = hav+ caus$ sev]al h\ses = ! re>+ ( *ildr5 to be erect$#ajhj4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 t is ab\t ! ye> #ghg1 an ar*-prie/ nam$ ,da!us1 e/abli%$ at ,milan1 at 8 own exp5se1 a f\ndl+ hospital1 9 ord] to put a /op to ! crime ( *ild-murd]1 :i* _h be5 introduc$1 & ( :i* he gives a v affect+ acc\nt 9 ! lett] ( f\ndation4 ,) ?is view he pur*as$ a h\se ne> ! *ur*1 & issu$ an ord] t ! f\ndl+s 7jactati7 %\ld be suckl$ 9 x by hir$ nurses1 & educat$ = sev5 ye>s4 ,!y 7 to be taught "s h&icraft2 to be suppli$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ) food1 clo?+ & %oes1 & at ! age ( sev5 to be dis*>g$ z free-born#ajha4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ! mo!rs ( *ildr5 c>ri$ to su* e/abli%m5ts /rew$ salt betwe5 ! swaddl+-clo!s1 :5 !y wi%$ to ann\nce t ! *ild _h n be5 baptiz$4 ,?is p]haps _h a ref]5ce to ! circum/ance ( new-born *ildr5 be+ wa%$ 9 salt wat]2 b ,i conjecture t ! salt ?us int]sp]s$ 0 meant to d5ote t ! *ild _h n be5 wa%$1 & mu* less baptiz$4 ,9 ! capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne we meet ) all ! loci v5]abiles ( ! ,ju/9ian code3 x5odo*ium1 pto*otrophium1 nosocomium1 orphanotrophium#ajhb1 g]ontocomium1 & also brephotrophium#ajhc4 ,b at t "t1 at lea/ among ! ,franks1 ! f\ndl+s belong$ to ^? by :om !y _h be5 receiv$ & educat$1 unless !y 7 dem&$ back by _! p>5ts or relations )9 t5 days#ajhd4 ,x is n improbable t ! same practice prevail$ at ?is "t 9 o!r c\ntries2 & p]haps ! f\nd] ( ! f\ndl+ hospital at ,milan1 on ?is acc\nt1 decl>$ s expressly t ! *ildr51 :5 !y grew up1 7 to be dis*>g$ f ! in/itution1 z p]sons born free4 ,9 ! ye> #aafh1 ,/4 ,gald9us1 c>d9al & ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 ex]cis$ great sev]ity aga9/ h]etics2 b took p>ticul> c>e ( ! poor1 :o believ$ :at he taught2 namely1 t ! hospital !re consid]$ itself oblig$1 n only to receive ! sick1 b also su* *ildr5 z might be expos$ 9 ! city1 & to provide !m ) food & clo?+#ajhe4 ,9 #ajgj ,olivi] de la ,trau f\nd$ at ,montpelli] an ord]1 ! memb]s ( :i* call$ !mselves hospital>ii1 sive spiritus4 ,!y ent]$ into an engagem5t to take c>e ( ! poor z soon z possible1 & to provide = ! ma9t5ance & education ( f\ndl+s & orphans4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a little "t !y spread !mselves into diff]5t c\ntries2 & :]ev] !y w5t1 ! effects ( _! b5evol5t v[ are /ill to be f\nd4 ,"s say t ! in/itution = f\ndl+s1 or ! ,hospital ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 at ,montpelli]1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #aahj4 ,9 #abja !y settl$ at ,rome1 &1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( hi/orians1 =m$ !re an e/abli%m5t ( ! same k9d1 aft] !y _h be5 confirm$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 9 ! ye> #aaih1 & obta9$ = t purpose an elegant mansion1 fitt$ up 9 ! be/ mann]4 ,9 ! papal bulls m5tion is made ( _m conv5ts f\nd$ by ?is ord]2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^? :o might take ! tr\ble to exam9e ?or\ghly ! confus$ hi/ory ( ^! hospitall]s1 or ( ?is ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ( ! /ill exi/+ hospitals di/+ui%$ by t title1 w\ld f9d mu* in=mation 9 reg>d to ?is subject4 ,i call ! hi/ory confus$1 because !re h be5 _m k9ds ( hospitall]s & simil> ord]s1 & ^! h (t5 be5 conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r#ajhf4 ,our neighb\rhood _h simil> e/abli%m5ts at an e>ly p]iod4 ,at any rate !re 0 "o ( ?is k9d at ,e9beck1 be=e ! ye> #abgd1 t is to say1 an hospital ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x began to be built by duke ,alb]t1 :o br\ght ,e9beck to ! h\se ( ,brunswick1 :5 x submitt$ to him 9 #abgb1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! importunity ( c\nt von ,dassel4 ,alms 7 collect$ = its e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance2 & to promote ^!1 ! c\ncil issu$ recomm5dations1 or lett]s-pat5t1 9 :i* x 0 expressly /at$1 t n only ! indig5t1 & among ^! =eign]s1 7 receiv$ into _! hospital1 b also orphans & f\ndl+s1 :o 7 ma9ta9$ & educat$ till !y grew up4 ,su* recomm5dations 7 f "t to "t repeat$1 = "o /ill exi/s ( ! ye> #acjj1 :i* is a lit]al transcript ( t issu$ 9 #abgd4 ,i d n believe t ! hospital at ,e9beck 0 e/abli%$ by ! ord] be=e-m5tion$2 at any rate1 hospitals ( ! ,holy ,gho/ occur *iefly 9 ! twelf? & two foll[+ c5turies2 & 7 f\nd$1 n by hospitall]s1 b e/abli%$ p]haps ^u _! model4 ,9 ?is mann] a ri* citiz5 ( ,nuremb]g1 ,conrad ,he9z1 surnam$ d] ,grosse1 f\nd$ ! hospital ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 #acca4 ,x began to be built 9 #accc1 & 0 complet$ 9 #acda4 ,nei!r 9 ! lett] ( f\ndation1 h[ev]1 nor 9 ! confirmation1 are f\ndl+s p>ticul>ly nam$2 b x may be readily se5 t ?is in/itution receiv$ poor pregnant wom51 & educat$ ! *ildr5 :i* 7 ei!r born 9 x or admitt$ into x4 ,9 ! l mann] pregnant females1 bo? m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 & also f\ndl+s1 are receiv$ into ! hospital ( ,/4 ,john1 at ,tur94 ,! f\nd] ( ! h\se at ,nuremb]g made x a rule1 t ! day ( ! bir? or reception ( ea* *ild %\ld be writt5 d[n1 9 ord] t ! exp5se incurr$ by x might be kn[n1 9 case x %\ld ev] be able & incl9$ to repay x#ajhg4 ,! magnific5t f\ndl+ hospital at ,flor5ce1 call$ at pres5t ,sp$ale degl' ,innoc5ti1 0 f\nd$ 9 #acaf1 by "o ,poll9i4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is ! same e/abli%m5t = :i* ! well-kn[n ,camaldule monk1 ,ambrosius1 (t5 m5tion$ "u 8 family "n ,trav]s>i1 solicit$ support f ! pope1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he boa/s t ! f\ndl+s receiv$ by ?is in/itution1 :i* he calls brephotrophium1 7 fir/ giv5 to nurses to be suckl$1 & !n admitt$ into ! h\se & in/ruct$4 ,girls fit = m>riage 7 furni%$ ) a portion4 ,citiz5s also 7 accu/om$ to s5d _! *ildr5 to be educat$ 9 ! s*ool ( ?is hospital#ajhh4 ,l',hopital du ,s4 ,esprit1 at ,p>is1 is said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 #acfb1 & v>i\s p]sons out ( compassion = ! expos$ *ildr5 contribut$ ! money necess>y to its support4 ,a bro!rhood1 call$ la ,confrairie du ,s4 ,esprit1 e/abli%$ to conduct ! affairs ( ! in/itution1 0 confirm$ ! same ye> by pope ,urban ,v4 ,p>is1 h[ev]1 f "t to "t obta9$ m in/itutions ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! ye> #afch a wid[ devot$ h] h\se to ?is purpose1 & on t acc\nt x 0 call$ la ,maison de la ,c\*e1 a "n /ill giv5 to ! f\ndl+ hospital at ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame4 ,b x 0 soon f\nd necess>y to ab&on ?is well-meant in/itution1 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ameful abuses :i* _h crept into x4 ,! nurses (t5 sold ! *ildr5 to begg>s1 :o di/ort$ or mutilat$ _! limbs1 9 ord] t !y might excite m compassion1 & !reby obta9 great] alms4 ,_m 7 pur*as$ also = magical purposes4 ,! price = ea* 0 tw5ty s\s4 ,/4 ,v9c5t de ,paule1 ( ! congregation ,/4 ,laz>e1 f\nd$1 9 #afdj1 a new in/itution1 :i* 9 #afgj 0 transf]r$ to ! /reet ,notre ,dame4 ,x obta9$ new improvem5ts by ! *ancellor ,eti5ne d',aligre & 8 lady ,elizabe? ,luilli]4 ,at pres5t ?is h\se is kn[n "u ! "n l',hopital des ,enfans ,tr\vs1 or de ,notre ,dame de la ,mis]icorde4 ,t an in/itution = f\ndl+s at ,v5ice1 nam$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ! republic ,della ,piet1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #achj1 by a ,franciscan nam$ ,petruccio1 ,i h some:]e read1 b 9 :at au?or ,i d n at pres5t rememb]4 ,9 ,engl& a proposal = a simil> in/itution 0 made s e>ly z #afhg2 b ! pres5t f\ndl+ hospital 0 n e/abli%$ till ! ye> #agciajhi4 ,i %all n h[ev] enl>ge fur!r on ! mod]n in/itutions ( ?is k9d3 my object 0 to %[ t !y are by no means a new inv5tion1 & t !y h be5 cont9u$ f ! olde/ p]iods to ! pres5t "t ?r\gh all ages1 & ev5 9 ^? :i* we are accu/om$ to call b>b>\s4 ,9 our times mo/ ( ! f\ndl+ hospitals h be5 suff]$ to fall to decay2 *iefly because1 to answ] ! b5evol5t purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 !y w\ld require to be on a l>g] scale & bett] support$ ?an x is possible = !m to be at pres5t2 also because !y d n entirely prev5t *ild-murd]1 z !y are n capable ( completely remov+ ! causes ( x4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! f\ndl+ in/itution at ,cassel1 n a ye> pass$ )\t "s *ildr5 be+ f\nd murd]$1 ei!r 9 t place or its neighb\rhood4 ,to ?is may be add$ also1 t x is impossible ) ! utmo/ ex]tion to provide s\nd nurses = ! cont9ually increas+ numb] ( *ildr5 br\ght 91 & to ensure to !m suffici5t att5tion4 ,f ! ye> #agfc to ! end ( #agha ! numb] ( *ildr5 br\ght into ! f\ndl+ hospital at ,cassel am\nt$ to #gdj1 ( :om no m ?an eighty-eight rema9$ alive at ! end ( ! latt] ye>4 ,m ?an "o half ( !m di$ "u ! age ( eight1 & sc>cely t5 atta9$ to _! f\rte5? ye>4 ,9 ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #agij1 m ?an #bc1jjj1 & 9 #ahjj ab\t #fb1jjj *ildr5 7 br\ght 9#ajij4 ,9 #agij1 ( ! *ildr5 :i* _h be5 br\ght 9 betwe5 #aggd & t p]iod1 #ae1jjj only 7 alive2 & x is e/imat$ t #aa_/ac ( all ! *ildr5 br\ght 9 p]i% annually ?r\gh hung] or neglect4 ,( #ajj f\ndl+s 9 ! f\ndl+ hospital at ,vi5na1 #ed di$ 9 ! ye> #aghi4 ,9 #agig1 ! nurses 9 ! f\ndl+ hospital at ,metz _h = f\rte5 mon?s receiv$ no wages1 & calculation %[$ t #g_/h?s ( ! :ole *ildr5 p]i%$4 ,9 an in/itution ( ?is k9d1 9 a c]ta9 ,g]man pr9cipality1 only "o ( ! f\ndl+s 9 tw5ty ye>s atta9$ to manhood1 & yet ! e/abli%m5t _h co/ ! c\ntry annually #bj1jjj doll>s at lea/4 ,! education ( no ,g]man pr9ce ev] co/ s mu*4 ,! case ) f\ndl+ hospitals is ! same z ) ! artificial bre$+ ( f[ls2 x is easy to obta9 *ick5s1 b = want ( mat]nal fe$+ & c>e x is almo/ impossible to re> !m4 ,( :at use !n is x to collect *ick5s8 ,,footnotes #ajef ,! negroes 9 ,/4 ,dom+o _c be> to be ?\ght poor1 or to be call$ begg>s4 ,!y say none b :ite m5 beg2 & :5 any "o asks alms at ! door1 !y obs]ve to _! ma/]1 8,!re is a poor :ite man1 or a poor ,fr5*man1 begg+40 ,labat _h a negro :o gave away a small "p ( 8 prop]ty1 m]ely t he might h ! pr\d satisfaction ( be+ able to say1 8,!re1 :ite man2 !re is an alms = y40 ,b1 9 all probability1 !re w be begg>s ev5 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 if ! negroes are s =tunate z to e/abli% ! fre$om :i* !y h obta9$ at ! exp5se ( s mu* blood1 & to =m a negro /ate4 #ajeg ,dur+ a great sc>city at ,hamburgh1 :5 bread 0 di/ribut$ to ! poor1 "o woman told ano!r1 to ^: reque/ no att5tion _h be5 paid1 t %e br\ght h] *ild ) h]1 & p9*+ x s z to make x cry1 excit$ compassion & by ^! means receiv$ bread4 ,! latt] begg$ ! o!r to l5d h] ! *ild = ! l purpose1 & hav+ made x cry obta9$ bread also2 b :5 %e return$ & wi%$ to re/ore ! *ild ) ?anks1 ! "m 0 n to be f\nd1 & !re=e %e 0 oblig$ to keep ! *ild4 #ajeh ,9 ! c\rse ( n9e ye>s n a s+le individual ann\nc$ an int5tion ( m>ry+4 ,! "y p suppli$ _! wants 9 ano!r mann]4 ,h5ce arose a sc>city ( m51 :o _c be pur*as$ 9 ,europe1 z 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! proprietor1 !re=e1 0 oblig$ to sell 8 e/ate4 ,! pur*as] improv$ ! condition ( 8 s]fs1 & m>riages became common among !m4 ,see ,bs* vom ,geld-umlauf4 vi4 #c4 #ce1 p4 #cic4 8,la duret du g\v]nem5t peut all] jusqu' detruire les s5tim5s naturels1 p> les s5tim5s naturels mmes4 ,les femmes de l',am]ique ne se faisoi5t-elles pas avort]1 p\r que leurs enfans n'euss5t pas des matres aussi cruels80--,montesquieu1 ,esprit des ,loix4 ,am/4 #ageh1 #abmo1 ii4 p4 #djb4 #ajei ,see an ,enquiry by ,mi*aelis1 :y ,moses did n introduce into 8 laws any?+ 9 reg>d to *ild-murd]4 #ajfj ,! cause ( *ildr5 be+ expos$ 9 ?is mann] has be5 assign$ & ably exam9$ by ,lactantius1 vi4 #bj1 #ba2 f ^: rem>ks "o w readily compreh5d h[ p>5ts c\ld be s h>d-he>t$4 #ajfa ,_m prep>ations = ?is purpose may be se5 quot$ 9 ,h(manni ,lexicon ,univ]sale3 art4 ,expon5di mos4 #ajfb ,pomp4 ,fe/us de ,v]b4 ,signif4 p4 #bjc4 #ajfc ,ari/ot4 ,polit4 vii4 #af4 #ajfd ,lib4 xvii4 #ajfe ,v>i ,hi/or4 ii4 #g4 #ajff ,su* app5dages or tok5s 7 call$ crepundia4 ,in/ances ( _! use may be f\nd 9 ,heliodor4 ?iop4 iv4 #g41 also 9 _m com$ies4 #ajfg ,de ,mor4 ,g]m4 cap4 #ai4 #ajfh ,hi/or4 v4 #e4 #ajfi ,lib4 i4 cap4 #af4 #ajgj ,m9ucii ,felicis ,octav4 xxx4 xxxi4 #ajga ,cod4 ,!odos4 lib4 v4 tit4 #g1 ,de ,expositis1 l4 #a1 p4 #dhg1 edit4 ,ritt]i1 :]e ! :ole has be5 prov$ & illu/rat$ by ,go?(r$us4 #ajgb ,lactant4 vi4 #bj1 #ba4 #ajgc ,a/ronom4 lib4 vii4 c4 #a4 ,i %all ref] ^? desir\s ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) all ! pro(s belong+ to ?is subject to ,g]4 ,noot1 ,op]a ,omnia1 ,col4 #agcb1 fol4 p4 #dic4 ,! obs]vations on ,m9ucius ,felix1 pp4 #cjg & #cbf1 9 ! beautiful edition ,lugd4 ,bat4 #agji1 #hvo1 des]ve 9 p>ticul> to be read4 #ajgd ,cod4 ,ju/94 lib4 iv4 tit4 #eb4 #ajge ,codex4 ,!odos4 lib4 xi4 tit4 #bg4 #ajgf ,cod4 lib4 viii4 tit4 ,de ,infant4 ,expos4 l4 #c4 #ajgg ,cod4 lib4 i4 tit4 #b1 ,de ,sacrosanctis ,eccles4 #ai1 p4 #ai3 8,si quis v]o donationes usque ad #ejj solidos 9 quibuscunque rebus fec]it1 vel 9 sanctam ecclesiam1 vel 9 x5odo*ium1 vel 9 nosocomium1 vel orphanotrophium1 vel 9 pto*otrophium1 vel 9 g]ontocomium1 vel 9 brephotrophium1 vel 9 ipsos paup]es1 vel 9 quamcunque civitatem2 i/ donationes04444 ,! same names are repeat$ 9 ! law #bc imm$iately foll[+2 also 9 ,novell4 ,collat4 #h1 tit4 #ab1 cap4 #a1 p4 #bai1 & ,coll4 #i1 tit4 #c1 cap4 #a1 p4 #bde4 ,"h n only f\ndl+ hospitals1 b poor-h\ses 9 p>ticul>1 are m5tion$4 ,! =m] are nam$ also 9 ,cod4 lib4 #a1 tit4 #c1 ,de ,episc4 et ,cl]icis1 l4 #cb1 p4 #cb1 & 9 ! same l4 #db1 #e & #i2 likewise l4 #df1 #a4 #ajgh ,! life ( ,/4 ,go> is to be f\nd 9 ,acta ,sanctorum1 ,jul4 #b1 pp4 #cbg-cdf2 also 9 ,mabillon's ,acta ,sanctorum ,ord9is ,s4 ,b5$icti1 ,v5etiis1 #agcc1 fol4 p4 #bff2 b at page #bgc ( ,mabillon !re is ano!r life by ,w&elb>t1 9 :i* ! /ory is full] & m circum/antial4 #ajgi ,meusel's ,ges*i*t=s*]1 iv4 p4 #bcb4 #ajhj ,du ,cange1 "u ! ^w brephotrophium1 has quot$ ! passage4 #ajha ,muratori has pr9t$ ! lett] ( f\ndation 9 ,antiq4 ,ital4 ,m$ii vi1 t4 iii4 p4 #ehg4 #ajhb 8,9 quo p>5tibus orbati pu]i pascuntur40 ,^! orphan-h\ses !n 7 expressly di/+ui%$ f ! f\ndl+ hospitals4 #ajhc ,baluzii ,capitul>ia ,reg4 ,franc4 i4 p4 #gdg2 ,capit4 lib4 ii4 #bi4 #ajhd ,9 ! ,capitul>e1 compos$ ab\t ! ye> #gdd1 9 ,baluz4 p4 #aea4 #ajhe ,see ,muratori ,antiq4 ,ital4 ,m$ii vi1 iii4 p4 #eia4 #ajhf ,see ,greg4 ,rivii ,mona/ica ,hi/oria ,occid5tis4 ,lips4 #agcg1 #hvo cap4 #cd4 ,! "n ( ! au?or 0 ,laut]ba*4 #ajhg ,! docum5ts may be f\nd 9 ,von ,murr ,bes*reibung d] ,m]kw4 9 ,nrnb]g1 #ahja1 #hvo4 #ajhh ,m>t5ne1 ,vet4 ,script4 amplis4 ,collectio4 ,p>is1 #agbd1 fol4 iii4 p4 #ae4 #ajhi ,! f\ndl+ hospital ( ,london 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #agci1 by *>t] ( k+ ,george ,,ii41 on ! petition ( capta9 ,?omas ,coram1 & ! memorial ( sundry p]sons ( quality & di/9ction4 ,x ma9ta9s & educates #ejj *ildr51 f extreme infancy to a p]iod ( life :5 !y are capable ( be+ plac$ out 9 ! _w4 ,illegitimate *ildr5 are ! objects ( ?is hospital4 ,! *ild mu/ be "u twelve mon?s old :5 (f]$ = admission1 & ! committee require to be satisfi$ ( ! previ\s good "* & pres5t necessity ( ! "m1 & t ! fa!r has des]t$ bo? "m & infant2 & t ! reception ( ! infant w1 9 all probability1 be ! means ( replac+ ! "m 9 ! c\rse ( virtue & ! way ( an hone/ livelihood4 #ajij ,! numb] ( illegitimate bir?s 9 ,france is truly fe>ful4 ,9 #ahca !re 7 #ga1daa1 ab\t #a-ac? ( ! total numb] ( bir?s2 9 ,p>is ! proportion is /ill l>g]1 be+ ab\t "o 9 e ?ree bir?s6--,p5ny ,cyclopdia4 ,,orphan ,,h\ses4 ,z s anci5t pro(s are f\nd ( public att5tion paid to f\ndl+s1 x may be readily suppos$ t 9 well-regulat$ /ates c>e 0 employ$ at an e>ly p]iod to provide also = ! ma9t5ance & education ( orphans4 ,!re is reason to believe t ?is 0 ! case at ,!bes1 :i* took "u its protection ! *ildr5 ( all poor p>5ts4 ,solon made a law1 t *ildr5 ^: fa!rs _h fall5 9 ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry %\ld be educat$ at ! exp5se & "u ! inspection ( gov]nm5t#ajia4 ,! same ?+ 0 cu/om>y among ! ,iasei1 :o inhabit$ an isl& on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,c>ia#ajib4 ,at ,rome *ildr5 ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se 7 call$ pu]i alim5t>ii1 & puell alim5t>i#ajic4 ,! emp]or ,trajan 0 ! fir/ :o =m$ l>ge e/abli%m5ts = ?is purpose2 & ! *ildr5 ma9ta9$ 9 !m 7 call$1 f 8 family "n1 pu]i ,ulpiani4 ,pl9y relates 9 8 panegyric1 t he _h caus$ five ?\s& free-born *ildr5 to be s\ght out & educat$4 ,x is m ?an probable t he suff]$ !m to rema9 ) _! p>5ts1 & t ^? :o 7 unable to educate !m !mselves1 receiv$ a mon?ly or annual all[ance 9 corn or money4 ,orphans p]haps 7 giv5 out to bo>d at a c]ta9 fix$ sum4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ! emp]or 9 ?is mann] might af=d assi/ance1 n only to su* z 7 depress$ by pov]ty1 b also to p]sons ( di/9ction :o 7 n able1 accord+ z we say at pres5t1 to support _! families 9 a mann] suitable to _! rank4 ,to h an (fspr+ !re=e 0 n a mis=tune1 b r a bless+4 ,*ildr5 7 begott5 9 ord] t ! p>5ts might take advantage ( ?is b5efic5ce1 z "s p build h\ses t !y may obta9 ! (f]$ premium2 & ! l>ge capitals requir$ 7 n tak5 f ! public treasury1 b f ! emp]or's own privy purse4 ,t ^! e/abli%m5ts might exi/ aft] 8 dea?1 ! money 9 diff]5t p>ts de/9$ = _! support 0 laid out on l&1 :i* produc$ a p]petual income4 ,?is is %[n by a lett] ( f\ndation = ! t[n ( ,veleia#ajid1 :i* is /ill extant4 ,9 ! ye> #agdg1 "s peasants :ile pl\gh+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,plac5tia f\nd1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r antiquities1 a copp]-plate five & a half feet 9 height & t5 & a half 9 bread?1 :i* weigh$ #fjj p\nds4 ,!y broke x 9 great ha/e1 because !y expect$ to f9d "u x a treasure1 & sold ! pieces z old copp]4 ,"o ( ^! hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( ! le>n$ c\nt ,giovanni ,roncovi]i1 he rem>k$ t x conta9$ a "p ( a public docum5t belong+ to ! reign ( ,trajan4 ,) mu* tr\ble & at consid]able exp5se he at l5g? collect$ all ! pieces1 ! possessors ( :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! eag]ness %[n to obta9 !m1 expect$ = !m a high price1 & ?us 0 ! means ( sav+ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful monum5ts ( antiquity1 a complete docum5t 9 reg>d to ! imp]ial e/abli%m5t = ! community ( ,valeia#ajie4 ,! inscription =ms six hundr$ & sev5ty l9es1 & is divid$ into sev5 columns1 ov] :i* /&s ! foll[+ title3 8,obligatio4 pra$iorum4 ob4 ,h--,s4 deci5s4 quadrag9ta4 quatuor4 milia4 vt4 ex4 indulg5tia4 optimi maximique4 pr9cipis4 imp4 caes4 ,n]vae4 ,trajani4 ,aug4 ,g]manici4 ,dacici4 pu]i4 puellaeque4 alim5ta4 accipiant4 legitimi4 n4 ,,ccxlv4 94 s+ulos ,h--,s4 ,,xvi4 n4 f4 ,h--,s ,,xlvii4 ,,xl n4 legitimae4 n4 ,,xxxiv4 s+4 ,h--,s4 ,,xii4 n4 f4 ,h--,s4 ,,iv4 ,,dcccxcvi4 spurius ,i4 ,h--,s4 ,,cxliv4 spuria4 ,i4 ,h--,s4 ,,cxx4 summa4 ,h--,s4 ,,liicc4 quae4 sit vsura #ee #e #ee sortis4 supra4 scriptae40 ,trajan !re=e laid out a capital ( #a1jdd1jjj se/]ces at five p] c5t4 int]e/ on =ty-six f>ms ar\nd ,valeia1 :i* t[n or community 0 de/9$ = ?is e/abli%m5t4 ,^! f>ms =m$ ! mortgage1 & on t acc\nt are p>ticul>ly nam$1 toge!r ) ! sum = :i* !y 7 security4 ,! annual int]e/ am\nt$ to #eb1bjj se/]ces4 ,( ?is sum #bde boys born 9 w$lock receiv$ mon?ly sixte5 se/]ces ea*1 :i* 9 a ye> makes #dg1jdj2 & #cd girls ( ! same description twelve se/]ces mon?ly1 mak+ 9 a ye> #dhif se/]ces4 ,besides ^!1 "o illegitimate male *ild receiv$ ye>ly #add se/]ces1 & "o illegitimate female *ild #abj se/]ces4 ,^! diff]5t sums am\nt$ exactly to ! int]e/ ( ! capital laid out4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to r$uce ^! sums to our pres5t curr5cy4 ,= ev5 if we %\ld calculate h[ _m p\nds or %ill+s ! silv] conta9$ 9 #a1jdd1jjj se/]ces w\ld make1 ?is result w\ld n give u ! real value1 because we h no /&>d by :i* ! relative value c be det]m9$2 t is to say1 x is n kn[n :at proportion silv] & copp] bore 9 ^? p]iods to ! prices ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! price ( gra9 propos$ by ,ung] z a /&>d1 c be employ$ only = lat] times1 :5 corn began to be a m g5]al article ( trade4 ,h[ev]1 ,trajan's capital1 accord+ to our money at pres5t1 makes ab\t #ed1cge doll>s1 & ! sum ( ! int]e/ #bgah doll>s2 consequ5tly a legitimate male *ild obta9$ ye>ly t5 doll>s1 & a legitimate female *ild betwe5 sev5 & eight doll>s4 ,su* is ! calculation made f ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,rom de l',isle's ,metrology by ,pr(essor ,hegewis*1 :o has endeav\r$ also to comp>e "s pieces 9 ! "t ( ,trajan ) ^? at pres5t4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t among #cjj *ildr5 ! emp]or admitt$ only two illegitimate2 & ,pr(essor ,hegewis* is incl9$ to believe t ?is 0 ! actual proportion at t "t2 :i* inde$ w\ld induce "o to =m a v fav\rable op9ion ( ! /ate ( public morals1 "u ! reign ( ,trajan1 9 ! di/rict above nam$4 ,t x 0 !n cu/om>y to pay int]e/1 sal>ies1 & p5sions1 n annually b mon?ly1 is kn[n f o!r s\rces ( in=mation4 ,! case 0 ! same 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( corn 7frum5tatio71 z is prov$ by a passage 9 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus#ajif1 & :5 money 0 bequea!d 9 p]petuity = b5evol5t purposes by any p]son's w#ajig4 ,muratori is ( op9ion t ^! p5sions 7 paid to boys till !y arriv$ at ! age ( eighte51 & to girls till !y atta9$ to t ( f\rte52 & = a pro( he ref]s to an ord] ( ,adrian1 confirm$ by ! emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us#ajih4 ,at ! above age ! males c\ld become soldi]s & ga9 _! pay2 & girls ( f\rte5 7 fit ei!r to be giv5 9 m>riage1 or to be employ$ 9 su* a way z to obta9 a livelihood by _! indu/ry4 ,t ! emp]or1 9 =m+ ?is e/abli%m5t1 _h an eye to recruits = ! army1 appe>s probable f a passage 9 ,pl9y#ajii2 & ! example ( ,trajan induc$ ri* private individuals dur+ 8 life-"t1 & aft]w>ds _m ( 8 successors1 to =m simil> e/abli%m5ts = ! l purpose4 ,! same plate 0 de/9$ also to et]nise ! beque/ ( "o ,cornelius1 accord+ to :i* #cfjj se/]ces1 or ab\t #ahg doll>s1 be+ ! int]e/ ( #gb1jjj se/]ces1 or #cgej doll>s1 7 to be employ$ 9 ma9ta9+ eighte5 legitimate male *ildr51 & "o legitimate female *ild1 at ! rate be=e-m5tion$4 ,pl9y ev51 ! panegyri/ ( ,trajan1 f\nd$ f 8 own prop]ty p5sions = ! free-born *ildr5 ( poor p>5ts2 a circum/ance :i* he does n =get to m5tion 9 8 lett]s1 & ! same ?+ is confirm$ by an inscription /ill extant#aajj4 ,anton9us ,pius made a simil> e/abli%m5t = poor girls1 :i* aft] 8 consort 7 call$ puell ,fau/9ian#aaja4 ,! emp]or ,anton9us ,philosophus did ! same ?+2 & f ! "n ( ! empress ! girls 7 call$ ,fau/9ian1 b by way ( di/9ction nov puell ,fau/9ian#aajb4 ,alex&] ,sev]us =m$ an in/itution = ! education ( boys & girls1 :om he caus$ to be nam$ f 8 "m mammani & mamman#aajc4 ,9 reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* ^! e/abli%m5ts 7 manag$ we are entirely ignorant4 ,x is kn[n only1 t 9 ea* ( ! prov9ces into :i* ,italy 0 divid$1 !re 0 a public function>y ( "s rank1 ) ! title procurator ad alim5ta1 to :om1 9 all probability1 ! inspection ( !m 0 entru/$4 ,?is is kn[n to h be5 an hon\rable (fice4 ,x 0 held by ! emp]or ,p]t9ax :5 a "y man1 9 ! t[ns & villages on ! ,via ,ancilia1 & 9 8 old age at ,rome itself#aajd4 ,x 0 held also by ,didius ,julianus be=e he became emp]or1 aft] he _h be5 prtor & consul1 t is1 enjoy$ ! highe/ (fices next to ! imp]ial dignity1 & aft] he _h be5 gov]nor ( ,g]many#aaje4 ,on anci5t monum5ts erect$ to ! memory ( p]sons ( di/9ction1 by _! *ildr51 relations or fri5ds1 x is m5tion$1 t1 besides fill+ o!r places ( hon\r1 !y _h be5 procuratores ad alim5ta 9 c]ta9 di/ricts !re nam$4 ,^! are ! olde/ in/ances1 ) :i* ,i am at pres5t acqua9t$1 ( in/itutions = ! b5efit ( poor *ildr5 & orphans4 ,orphan-h\ses1 prop]ly s call$1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 7 educat$ toge!r1 ,i f9d m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t1 "u ! "n ( orphanotrophium1 9 ! laws ( ! emp]or ,ju/9ian4 ,at lat] p]iods !y occur frequ5tly 9 ! decrees ( ! diff]5t c\ncils1 su* z t ( ,*alc$on 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,at ! c\rt ( ,byzantium ! (fice ( inspector ( orphans1 orphanotrophi1 0 s hon\rable & important1 t x 0 fill$ by a bro!r ( ! emp]or ,mi*ael ,,iv4 7,paphlago71 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury#aajf4 ,b "u ! latt] emp]ors ?is place 0 entirely suppress$4 ,at pres5t1 orphan-h\ses h be5 aboli%$1 s9ce x has be5 %[n1 by _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 t ! *ildr5 _c be educat$ 9 !m heal?y & at a suffici5tly *eap rate4 ,! *ildr5 are plac$ out to be bo>d$ & educat$ by individuals1 "u ! inspection ( ^? :o manage ev]y?+ relat+ to ! poor4 ,,footnotes #ajia ,diog54 ,la]t4 i4 #ee1 & ! obs]vation ( ,m5age4 ,?is law is prais$ by ,plato 9 ,m5ex5us1 & by ,demo/h5es1 adv]sus ,mac>tatum4 #ajib ,h]aclides de ,politiis1 add$ to ! addition ( ,ari/ot4 ,politic4 ,he9sii1 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #afba1 #hvo1 p4 #ajjd4 #ajic ,m5tion is made ( !m sev]al times 9 ! ,roman code ( laws1 ,l4 #h1 #i1 et #bd1 ,d4 de ,transact4 ,l4 p54 #a1 ,d4 ad leg4 ,falcid4 ,see also lii ,sp>t4 ,vita ,adriani1 c4 #g4--l4 ,capitol94 ,vita ,anton9i4 ,p4 cap4 #h4--,vita ,p]t94 c4 #i1 p4 #eee4--l4 ,lamprid4 ,vita ,alex&ri ,sev]i1 c4 #dd1 p4 #iie4 #ajid ,?is city 0 situat$ at no great di/ance f ,piac5za 7,plac5tia74 ,x is m5tion$ by ,horace1 ,pl9y & ,phlego ,trallianus de ,longvis1 i4 p4 #aad4 ,see ,cluv]ii ,ital4 p4 #abei4 #ajie ,?is rem>kable inscription 0 fir/ pr9t$ at ,flor5ce 9 #agdi1 by itself1 ) ! title ,exempl> ,tabul ,trajan pro ,pu]is et ,puellis ,alim5t>iis ,reip4 ,veleiatium4 ,secondly1 9 ,museum ,v]on5se1 ,v]on1 #agdi1 fol41 to :i* "s explanations are add$4 ,?irdly1 9 ,hi/oire de la ,jurisprud5ce ,roma9e1 p> ,a4 ,t]rasson4 ,p>is1 #agej1 fol4 9 ! ,app5dix1 pp4 #bg-dc4 #ajif ,lib4 iv4 p4 #bbh4 #ajig ,see ! pro(s quot$ by ,brisson1 "u ! ^w ,m5/ruum4 #ajih ,dige/1 #cd1 tit4 #a4 #ad4 #ajii 8,cresc]5t de tuo qui cresc]5t tibi1 alim5tisque tuis ad /ip5dia tua p]v5ir5t40 #aajj ,pl94 ,epi/4 i4 #h1 #aj1 & vii4 #ah4 ,grut]i ,inscript4 p4 ,,mxxviii4 n4 #e4 #aaja ,capitol94 cap4 #h4 #aajb ,ib4 cap4 #bf4 #aajc ,lamprid4 cap4 #eg4 #aajd lian4 ,sp>tian4 cap4 #a4 p4 #egd4 #aaje ,capitol94 cap4 #b1 p4 #ecb2 & cap4 #d1 p4 #ecg4 #aajf ,zon>as 9 ! ,life ( t ,emp]or4 ,hi/4 ,augu/4 ,,infirm>ies4 ,,hospitals ,,= ,,invalids4 ,,field ,,laz>ettos4 ,by ! prec$+ article ,i am induc$ to give "s in=mation 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( infirm>ies4 ,to (f] any?+ complete on ?is subject1 x w\ld be necess>y to ent] also into ! hi/ory ( inns e/abli%$ = ! use ( pilgrims & /rang]s1 :i* 9 g5]al 7 comb9$ ) !m1 & likewise into t ( ! diff]5t ord]s in/itut$ = ! l purpose1 & ( tav]ns :i* arose at a lat] p]iod4 ,x is c]ta9 t anci5t ,rome1 ?\gh a magnific5t city1 _h no h\ses into :i* sick p]sons 7 admitt$ 9 ord] to be tak5 c>e ( & cur$4 ,diseas$ p1 h[ev]1 7 c>ri$ to ! temple ( sculapius1 b = a v diff]5t purpose4 ,!y wait$ !re = a cure1 z "s ,*ri/ian believ]s /ill d 9 *ur*es :i* conta9 wond]-work+ images2 b no prep>ations 7 made !re = _! accommodation4 ,^? num]\s b5evol5t in/itutions = ! accommodation ( travell]s1 ! indig5t1 & ! sick1 :i* d s mu* hon\r to mod]n times1 7 fir/ introduc$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,bod9#aajg1 :o c\ld n d5y ?is s]vice1 endeav\r$ to less5 x1 by ass]t+ t1 on ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 fre$om 0 giv5 to _m slaves1 :o possess$ no?+ else2 & :o1 hav+ le>n$ no trade or h&icraft by :i* !y c\ld ga9 a liv+1 became s burd5some to ! /ate1 t ! cl]gy 7 oblig$ to devise "s means to remove !m f ! public view1 & to provide ) ! necess>y support ^! un=tunate be+s1 ab&on$ by all mank9d1 ^: increas+ numb] 0 ass]t$ by unbeliev]s to be an effect ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 ?is repres5tation h[ev] !re is "s tru?4 ,x inde$ _c be d5i$ t our religion1 z x requires humanity & compassion1 ?\gh ! intol]ance x occasions conv]ts ! sev]e/ cruelties into good works1 procures to begg>s m indulg5ce & respect ?an !y 9 g5]al des]ve1 & !reby causes a cont9ual increase ( _! numb]4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t ,bod91 not)/&+ 8 acut5ess & great le>n+1 (t5 suff]s himself to be l$ away by ! effects ( 8 innate ,jewi% hatr$ to ! ,*ri/ians2 & he readily embraces e opportunity ( exalt+ 8 pat]nal religion1 ! ,jewi%1 & depreciat+ ! ,*ri/ian1 by :i* he obta9$ ri*es & hon\r4 ,! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( our ra1 c\ld n b obs]ve ! num]\s means = alleviat+ human mis=tunes :i* 7 introduc$ by ! new religion4 ,x 0 gall+ to ! emp]or ,julian to ackn[l$ge ?is sup]iority2 & 9 ord] to bani% x1 he caus$ 8 prie/s to provide = ! poor1 & to e/abli% = !m inns 7,x5odo*ia71 into :i* !y c\ld be receiv$2 & he assign$ to !m ! funds necess>y = t purpose4 ,into ^! 7 admitt$ n only p]sons ( 8 own religion b ( e o!r1 9 imitation ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o1 besides support+ _! own poor1 ma9ta9$ ^? ( ! pagans also4 ,h[ mu* he int]e/$ himself to weak5 ?is means1 by :i* ! impi\s ,galilans procur$ respect1 love1 & atta*m5t1 may be se5 by an oration :]e9 he inculcat$ ! ,*ri/ian morality z 8 own#aajh4 ,?is imitation ( ! new religion1 :i* contribut$ m p]haps to recomm5d x ?an to br+ x into discr$it1 is ridicul$ by ,gregory ,nazianz5us 9 8 ?ird oration4 ,! c>e ( provid+ ! necess>y assi/ance to ^? sick p]sons :o c expect no help & att5tion f individuals1 belongs to ! police2 & because ?is =ms a "p ( gov]nm5t1 rul]s & sov]eigns ought at all times to h made ! e/abli%m5ts requisite = t purpose4 ,b 9 ! olde/ p]iods1 z appe>s1 !y _h too mu* to d 9 adm9i/]+ ju/ice1 & secur+ ! /ate aga9/ ho/ile attacks1 to be able to att5d to ! necess>y police e/abli%m5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cl]gy1 ^: fir/ duty 0 to ma9ta9 good ord]1 discipl9e1 & virtue1 h[ev] mu* !y might (t5 9 private (f5d aga9/ !m !mselves1 endeav\r$ to supply ?is want2 &1 on t acc\nt1 among ! decrees ( v>i\s c\ncils1 we f9d a great _m regulations :i* h n yet be5 suffici5tly employ$ to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( police4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ h\ses = ! reception ( ! sick is among ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! cl]gy2 & to m5tion all ! places ( ?is k9d1 ei!r f\nd$ by !m or at _! in/igation1 w\ld =m a v long li/4 ,! fir/1 or at lea/ "o ( ! fir/ h\ses = ! reception ( indig5t sick 0 t built at ,rome by ,fabiola1 a ,roman lady1 ! fri5d ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 consequ5tly 9 ! fif? c5tury#aaji4 ,:5 pilgrimages to holy places1 z !y 7 call$1 & (t5 f v di/ant c\ntries1 came to be consid]$ z a "p ( religion1 ! numb] ( ^! h\ses 0 mu* increas$4 ,tav]ns1 9 :i* pilgrims c\ld procure prop] c>e & att5tion = paym5t1 7 n !n to be f\nd2 & mo/ p travell$ )\t money1 9 ! full confid5ce ( meet+ ) gratuit\s assi/ance4 ,:5 ! cl]gy wi%$ to ma9ta9 & increase ! numb] ( pilgrims1 :i* _! own advantage induc$ !m to d1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld af=d !m e facility ( travell+1 & consequ5tly provide = ! wants ( indig5t pilgrims2 & x 0 impossible t among ^! !re %\ld n be "s sick1 especially z ! inconv5i5ce1 fatigue1 & dang]s ( ! j\rney 7 mu* increas$ by _m ?+s injuri\s to ! heal?4 ,b z ! pr9cipal & mo/ dang]\s pilgrimages 7 made to ,pale/9e1 :i* is situat$ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,europe1 :]e no c\ntrym51 & n ev5 ,*ri/ians1 "o ( ^: religi\s duties x is to be compassionate1 c\ld be expect$1 in/itutions = ! reception ( s\nd z well z ( sick pilgrims 7 erect$ by ! cl]gy at a v e>ly p]iod on ! road ?i!r1 & also at ! holy places4 ,?us ,j]ome built an hospital at ,be?lem2 & 8 fri5d ,paula caus$ sev]al to be erect$ on ! road to t village1 9 ord] t ! dev\t idl]s1 z %e says1 might f>e bett] ?an ! "m ( ,god1 :o1 on h] necess>y j\rney ?i!r1 c\ld f9d no inn#aaaj4 ,9 ! l mann]1 ! ,scots & ,iri% erect$ hospitals 9 ,france = ! use ( _! c\ntrym51 :o1 on _! pilgrimage to ,rome1 might be desir\s ( pass+ ?r\gh t k+dom#aaaa4 ,b hospitals 7 mo/ necess>y 9 wild & des]t p>ts1 :]e human habitations 7 n to be expect$2 & p>ticul>ly 9 woody m\nta9\s di/ricts1 & on ! banks ( broad riv]s1 :]e travell]s 7 /opp$ = ! want ( bridges1 & collect$ toge!r 9 great numb]s4 ,x is probable t _m ( ^! hospitals may h giv5 rise to ! villages :i* are /ill f\nd 9 su* situations4 ,pope ,adrian ,i4 recomm5d$ to ! notice ( ,*>lemagne#aaab ! hospitals built 9 ! ,alps2 & 9 ! ye> #hee1 ! emp]or ,l\is ,,ii4 caus$ ^? situat$ on m\nta9s to be visit$ & repair$#aaac4 ,! ru9s ( _m ( ^! edifices /ill exi/4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 bro!rhoods1 :i* und]took to provide = ! wants ( sick pilgrims1 7 =m$ 9 ! ,holy ,l&2 & ^! became ri*] & m num]\s z ! crusades increas$4 ,x 0 n uncommon = opul5t p]sons1 :5 dy+1 to bequea! _! prop]ty to e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* !y _h f\nd consolation & relief2 & v (t5 ^? :o _h exp]i5c$ a cure gave _! money & effects1 or a consid]able "p ( !m1 to "s bro!rhood1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( a v[1 or 9 ord] to %[ _! gratitude4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! hospitals 9 ,pale/9e c\ld be con/ruct$ on a l>g] scale1 & provid$ ) bett] accommodations1 ?an any be=e se5 9 ,europe4 ,!y 7 !re=e consid]$ z models2 & pr9ces & ri* p]sons1 on return+ safe f _! pilgrimages1 caus$ simil> ones to be e/abli%$ 9 _! own c\ntries4 ,_m pr9ces ev5 br\ght ) !m to ,europe memb]s ( ^! bro!rhoods1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7 conv]t$ into ord]s ( knigh?ood1 t !y might employ !m 9 ! erection ( hospitals4 ,in/ances ( ?is circum/ance h be5 giv5 by ,mhs51 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ces 9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg1 & ^! might be easily increas$4 ,9 ! same au?or may be se5 an acc\nt ( ! e/abli%m5t ( h\ses = ! reception ( p]sons afflict$ ) cutane\s disord]s1 & ( _! conv]sion into pe/-h\ses4 ,i %all "h only rem>k1 t ^! inns & hospitals contribut$1 9 no small degree1 to facilitate ! travell+ ( m]cantile p1 :o 9 ! infancy ( trade1 :5 ! roads 7 insecure & no means ( conveyance e/abli%$1 7 oblig$ to accompany _! m]*&ise !mselves4 ,! ass]tion ( ,muratori1 h[ev]1 t ! olde/ hospitals 7 n prop]ly e/abli%$ = sick travell]s1 b r = ! s\nd1 is und\bt$ly true2 & x appe>s t hospitals1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! ^w at pres5t1 t is1 su* z 7 de/9$ = ! sick alone1 7 n introduc$ be=e ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! above au?or quotes#aaad f ! life ( ,/4 ,lanfranc1 :o 0 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 9 ! ye> #ajgj1 t he caus$ an hospital to be built !re1 & fitt$ up 9 su* a mann]1 t "o "p ( x 0 de/9$ = sick m51 & ! o!r = sick wom54 ,x is probable1 or r almo/ c]ta91 t ?is prelate =m$ ! in/itution "h m5tion$ aft] ! model ( ^? :i* he _h se5 9 8 native c\ntry1 ,italy4 ,aft] ?is p]iod simil> e/abli%m5ts = ! sick are m5tion$ 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts4 ,! fir/ hospitals1 at lea/ 9 g5]al1 7 built close to ca!drals or mona/]ies2 & ! bi%ops !mselves _h ! inspection ( !m2 b aft]w>ds1 ei!r = ! great] conv5i5ce or ! want ( leisure1 :5 _! occupations increas$1 !y committ$ ?is *>ge to ! deacons4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :5 h\ses = ! sick 7 erect$ by laym51 & entirely sep>ate f mona/]ies1 ! bi%ops ass]t$ _! "r1 (t5 confirm$ to !m by imp]ial z well z pontifical laws1 ( visit+ ^! in/itutions4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 lat] times !y 7 depriv$ ( ?is privilege by pr9ces & sov]eigns1 ei!r because !y wi%$ to omit no opportunity ( less5+ ! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 or because ! latt] _h giv5 reason to suspect t ! incomes de/9$ = ! use ( ! hospitals 7 n always appli$ to ! int5d$ purpose4 ,in/ances are f\nd also1 :]e1 by ! lett]s ( f\ndation1 ! :ole managem5t is consign$ to ! sov]eign or ! heirs ( ! f\nd]4 ,^! in/itutions1 h[ev]1 h ! appe>ance ( ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts1 & /ill reta9 9 _m cases simil> privileges4 ,z su* !y are free f all taxes1 are sp>$ z mu* z possible 9 w>1 & enjoy ! same rank z *ur*es4 ,( ! int]nal conomy ( ! olde/ h\ses = ! reception ( ! sick1 no in=mation1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd4 ,x is n ev5 kn[n :e!r physicians & surgeons belong$ to !m1 nor 9 :at mann] !y 7 suppli$ ) m$ic9es4 ,apo!c>y %ops 7 n !n e/abli%$2 & ^? f\nd 9 hospitals at pres5t1 are b ( mod]n exi/5ce4 ,9 ! hospitals at ,j]usalem ! knights & bro!rs att5d$ ! sick !mselves1 b\nd up _! w\nds1 &1 9 imitation ( ! ,grecian h]oes1 ,h]cules1 ,a*illes & o!rs1 act$ z _! physicians4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,amadis1 & o!r books ( knight-errantry writt5 9 ! middle ages1 h[ mu* ! knights ex]t$ !mselves to obta9 ! be/ balsamic mixtures1 & t1 9 g5]al1 !y dress$ ea* o!r's w\nds4 ,! well-kn[n baume de comm5deur is "o ( ! olde/ compositions ( ?is k9d1 belong+ to ! times ( knigh?ood4 ,pr(\nd or ext5sive k ( m$ic9e c\ld n be expect$ among ^! knights1 7 we ev5 unacqua9t$ ) ! acc\nt giv5 ( _! skill by ,guy de ,*auliac4 ,?is au?or1 :o wrote 8 book on ! heal+ ( w\nds 9 ! ye> #acfc1 m5tions ! diff]5t m$ical sects1 & among ^! names ! ,g]man knights z ! f\r? sect1 :o1 he says1 cur$ w\nds by exorcism1 bev]ages1 oil1 wool1 & cabbage-leaves1 & tru/$ to ! belief t ,god _h conf]r$ a sup]natural p[] ^u words1 plants1 & /ones#aaae4 ,! olde/ m5tion ( physicians & surgeons1 e/abli%$ 9 h\ses = ! sick belong+ to ! ord] ( ,templ>s1 is "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,john de ,la/ic1 :o1 9 #adcg1 und]took ! (fice ( gr&-ma/]1 & def9$ v exactly ! duty ( physician & surgeon#aaaf4 ,x h[ev] appe>s to me1 z x does to ,mhs51 t ! hospitals _h regul> & le>n$ physicians at a p]iod mu* e>li]4 ,b1 z long z ?is 0 n ! case1 !y c\ld af=d no in/ruction to "y physicians 9 ! !ory or practice ( _! art1 l our hospitals at pres5t4 ,we1 h[ev]1 f9d a v s+ul> acc\nt 9 reg>d to ,p]sia1 :]e x is said t "s ,ne/orian prie/s _h an hospital adjac5t to _! mona/]y1 toge!r ) an in/itute or s*ool = "y physicians1 :o "u c]ta9 prescrib$ rules 7 all[$ to visit ! sick4 ,?is e/abli%m5t 0 9 a t[n call$ ,g&isapora1 or1 z ,pr(essor ,spr5gel writes x1 ,ds*&isabor1 ! m$ical s*ool ( :i* is n unfrequ5tly m5tion$ aft] ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! pupils :o 7 desir\s ( att5d+ ! hospital = _! improvem5t1 7 fir/ oblig$ to submit to a trial1 & to read ! psalms ( ,david & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,_m ( ^? :o _h "h /udi$ m$ic9e atta9$ to high ecclesia/ical dignity1 :i* is ! m surpris+ z ! re/ ( ! ,ne/orian s*ools 9 ! ,ea/ pay att5tion only to !ology1 & prohibit ! "y cl]gy entirely f /udy+ m$ic9e#aaag4 ,mad-h\ses1 or h\ses = ! reception & cure ( insane p]sons1 seem also to h be5 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,zimm]man1 9 8 "w on ,solitude1 says t z e>ly z ! ye> #dia !re 0 a h\se ( ?is k9d at ,j]usalem1 ! *ief object ( :i* 0 to take c>e ( su* monks z became insane 9 ! mona/]ies1 or su* h]mits z 7 visit$ by ! same affliction 9 ! des]ts2 b1 z usual1 he has giv5 no pro(s4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! ,jew1 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 0 9 ,bagdad1 he f\nd _m hospitals hav+ ne>ly sixty %ops or disp5s>ies belong+ to !m1 :i* di/ribut$1 at ! public exp5se1 ! necess>y m$ic9es4 ,a l>ge build+ call$ ,dal alm]aphtan1 t is1 ! ,h\se ( ,grace1 0 de/9$ = ! reception ( ^? :o lo/ _! reason 9 summ]4 ,!y 7 kept !re 9 *a9s till !y 7 cur$2 & e mon? ?is h\se 0 visit$ by magi/rates1 :o exam9$ ! /ate ( ! pati5ts & suff]$ ^? :o _h recov]$ _! reason to return to _! relations or fri5ds4 ,to ^? police e/abli%m5ts :i* =m ! subject ( ?is article belong also hospitals = invalids4 ,?\gh x may be true1 t among _m anci5t nations ! soldi]s1 z sailors 9 "s private]s at pres5t1 s]v$ volunt>ily & )\t pay1 9 ! hope ( acquir+ by plund] a suffici5t comp5sation = ! exp5ses1 lab\r1 & dang]s to :i* !y 7 expos$ 9 w>1 x 0 at any rate consid]$ z a g5]al duty to make su* provision = ! indig5t1 & also = ^? become incapable ( milit>y s]vice1 :5 !y _h no means ( support1 t !y might n be a bur!n on ! public4 ,if any "o %\ld be s devoid ( feel+ z to suppose t our soldi]s1 aft] enjoy+ ye>s ( peace )\t mu* wa/e ( _! bodily p[]s or labori\s occupation1 free f c>e1 amid/ e necess>y ( life1 & ! enjoym5t ( rank above ^? memb]s ( ! /ate f :i* !y 7 tak51 ought to consid] x no h>d%ip to p]=m milit>y s]vice :5 w> r5d]s x necess>y2 x /ill rema9s a duty incumb5t on ! gov]nm5t to provide = soldi]s incapable ( fur!r s]vice1 :o are de/itute ( support2 & besides1 political prud5ce requires x1 9 ord] t o!rs may n be det]r$ f def5d+ _! native c\ntry or sov]eign1 b r by ! confid5t hope ( a future provision may h _! c\rage & fidelity /r5g!n$2 :i*1 not)/&+ ! /ricte/ subord9ation1 & ?\gh fire-arms require less p]sonal brav]y ?an b[s & arr[s1 is /ill indisp5sably necess>y4 ,?is tru? seems to h be5 fully ackn[l$g$ 9 ! olde/ p]iods4 ,solon d$uct$ some?+ f ! pay ( soldi]s1 & employ$ x = ! education ( *ildr5 ^: fa!rs _h fall5 9 battle1 9 ord] t o!rs might be enc\rag$ to brav]y#aaah4 ,pisi/ratus1 foll[+ ?is example1 made an ord] t ^? :o _h lo/ any ( _! limbs 9 w> %\ld be ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se4 ,! p5sions grant$ d n seem at all times to h be5 equally great1 & !y appe> to h be5 ev5 modifi$ accord+ to circum/ances#aaai4 ,( ! att5tion paid by ! ,romans to ! c>e ( _! invalids1 milites caus>ii1 or soldi]s become unfit = s]vice1 ei!r by w\nds or old-age1 _m in/ances may be f\nd1 "s ( :i* occur 9 ! ,ju/9ian & sev]al 9 ! ,!odosian code#aabj4 ,!y 7 n only exempt$ f taxes1 b frequ5tly obta9$ l&s & cattle z well z money1 & 7 assign$ ov]1 to be tak5 c>e ( by ri* families & communities#aaba4 ,! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 t ! ,romans _h p>ticul> h\ses = invalids1 9 :i* soldi]s worn out by ! fatigues ( w> 7 tak5 c>e (1 & t ! tab]na m]itoria 0 a h\se ( ?is k9d1 is "o ( ! _m errors ( ,pet] von ,&lo1 canon ( ,colm]1 :o is entitl$ to ! m]it ( hav+ writt5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ) a great deal ( fre$om1 ! fir/ "w on ! ,g]man public law#aabb4 ,h[ su* an idea c\ld be conceiv$ by ?is au?or ,i d n "k1 = ! foll[+ is ! only acc\nt ( ! tab]na m]itoria to be f\nd among ! anci5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place we are told by ,val]ius ,maximus#aabc1 t a travell] 0 murd]$ 9 "o ( !m 9 :i* he lodg$4 ,judg+ f ?is circum/ance1 ! tab]na m]itoria appe>s to h be5 a public tav]n or inn1 a mean+ :i* writ]s on jurisprud5ce seem always to h adopt$#aabd4 ,9 ! next place ,eusebius1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> #cdj1 relates 9 8 ,*ronicon#aabe1 t "u ! second or ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1 an oil issu$ f ! e>? 9 a tab]na m]itoria1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,tib]1 & cont9u$ fl[+ )\t int]ruption ! :ole day2 b ,i _c see :at relation ?is ph5om5on c h to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! same ?+ is relat$ by ,orosius#aabf1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #daf2 b he makes ! "t ( ?is ev5t mu* lat]1 t is to say1 9 ! ye> #gcj or #gca aft] ! build+ ( ! city1 :i* w\ld be ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,nev]!less1 ,m>t9us ,polonus said1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t ?is oil appe>$ at ! bir? ( ,*ri/#aabg4 ,damasus 7,pope ,=mosus8 9 ! n9? c5tury7 add$ t1 on ?is acc\nt1 ,pope ,calli/us ,i41 s e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 caus$ a ,*ri/ian *ur* to be built 9 t place2 & "s mod]n writ]s believe1 contr>y to ! ass]tion ( ,plat9a#aabh1 t x is ! pres5t *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,tran/ib]9a1 ,m>ia 9 ,tra/ev]e2 & 9 ?is *ur* a /one is /ill %[n ) ! inscription fons olei4 ,to r5d] ! build+ ( a *ur* 9 ! ?ird c5tury probable1 "s mod]ns h conjectur$ t ?is tab]na 0 ! cook's %op pur*as$ by ! ,*ri/ians "u ! reign ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 :o assign$ x to !m ) ! obs]vation t 8x 0 bett] t ,god %\ld be s]v$ 9 any mann] 9 t place1 ?an t tav]n-keep]s1 cooks1 or p]haps ! m9i/]s ( voluptu\sness1 pop9>ii1 %\ld !re c>ry on _! occupations#aabi40 ,our writ]s on hi/orical criticism positively d5y t ,calli/us ,i4 built a *ur* at ,rome#aacj4 ,x is to be obs]v$ also1 t ,donatus1 :o di$ 9 #afdj1 confid5tly ass]ts t ! tab]na m]itoria 0 ! h\se :]e ! p ( ,rav5na lodg$ :5 !y came to ,rome to see ! public spectacles2 b he does n tell u :5ce he d]iv$ ?is in=mation#aaca4 ,:at ,i h "h collect$ 9 reg>d to ! tab]na m]itoria may s]ve to correct a false & (t5 repeat$ relation2 b all ,i c prove f x is1 t ?is tab]na 0 n an hospital = invalids4 ,h>d\9 also 0 ( op9ion t !re 7 hospitals = invalids at ,rome1 "o ( :i* 0 built by ,metellus1 ! son-9-law ( ,pompey2 b = pro( he ref]s only to a co9 ) ! image ( ,metellus1 on ! rev]se ( :i* is ! nak$ figure ( a man walk+1 :o holds 9 8 "r-h& ! palladium1 & be>s on 8 left %\ld] a nak$ man1 ) ! inscription on ! face1 8,q4 ,metellus ,pius40 ,f ?is ,h>d\9 inf]s t ,metellus built an ,htel des ,invalides = sick or w\nd$ soldi]s1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,pallas1 & t on ?is acc\nt he obta9$ ! surname ( ,pius#aacb4 ,x is inde$ rem>kable1 t two co9s hav+ ! same rev]se1 & ! inscription pietas1 occur 9 ,pat94 ,i %all leave to ! judgem5t ( ! critics ?is op9ion ( ,h>d\92 b ,i mu/ confess t ! explanation ( ambigu\s figures on co9s1 has a resemblance to ! f>-fet*$ d]ivations ( etymologi/s4 ,bo? may be le>n$1 +5i\s1 & probable2 b !y _c be employ$ alone z evid5ce1 except to add m =ce to a tru? already prov$4 ,^! co9s1 p]haps1 allude to "s o!r att5tion paid to w\nd$ soldi]s1 ( :i* ,metellus1 ,h]5nius1 & ,cs> may h giv5 examples2 & ! p are always weak en\gh to set too high a value on e m>k ( compassion or b5evol5ce exhibit$ by _! sov]eigns or comm&]s1 because x is seldom t !y obs]ve z !y ought ! g5]al duties incumb5t ^u !m4 ,i d n consid] x a reproa* to ! ,romans1 not)/&+ _! prop5sity to w> & robb]y1 t !y _h no hospitals = invalids2 because ! rem>k already made 9 reg>d to orphan-h\ses is applicable also to !m4 ,magnific5t build+s1 fitt$ up at great exp5se1 af=d a pro( ( ! weal? & p]haps ! lib]ality ( ! f\nd]2 b !re c be no d\bt t1 ) ! capital employ$1 a great] numb] ( invalids might be ma9ta9$1 & 9 a mann] mu* m b5eficial to ! public2 t is to say1 by mak+ su* arrangem5ts t ! invalids c\ld be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & plac$ out at bo>d & lodg+ = a c]ta9 sum4 ,9 ?is case _m families w\ld be glad to receive !m1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! money1 & because ^! invalids c\ld be ( great assi/ance to !m 9 _! dome/ic conomy1 ei!r by lab\r+ !mselves or ov]look+ o!rs4 ,p may praise l>ge & exp5sive hospitals z mu* z !y please2 b ! sight ( s _m m5 :o h lo/ _! heal? or limbs 9 w> is b a melan*oly spectacle1 & gives too great occasion to reflect h[ mu* mank9d suff] f ! av>ice1 pride1 & rev5ge ( sov]eigns1 )\t :i* w>s w\ld be less frequ5t4 ,! fir/ e/abli%m5t = ! reception ( invalids :i*1 z f> z ,i "k at pres5t1 occurs 9 hi/ory1 0 t =m$ at ,con/ant9ople by ! emp]or ,alexius ,comn5us1 at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,a complete description ( x may be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( t pr9ce1 writt5 by 8 le>n$ daught] ,anna ,comn5a1 :o says t ! emp]or caus$ a great numb] ( build+s /&+ ar\nd a *ur* to be fitt$ up z an hospital1 :i* und\bt$ly 0 nev] exce$$ 9 size2 ?\gh o!r hi/orians relate t ,alexius only reviv$ & enl>g$ 9 an uncommon degree an old in/itution4 ,x 0 inde$ call$ ! ,orphan-h\se2 b sick & indig5t p]sons ( bo? sexes & ( e age1 &1 z ! female hi/orian expressly says1 soldi]s dismiss$ f s]vice1 7 admitt$ into x1 & provid$ ) b$1 bo>d1 & clo?+#aacc4 ,?\gh ! emp]or secur$ to ?is in/itution sev]al s\rces ( rev5ue1 x h[ev] appe>s n to h long exi/$2 at any rate1 9 ! "t ( ,george ,cod9us1 t is1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! high (fice ( director or manag] _h long be5 disus$4 ,( ! hospitals = invalids exi/+ at pres5t1 ! olde/ & l>ge/ is ! ,htel des ,invalides at ,p>is4 ,! k+s ( ,france enjoy$ f ! e>lie/ times :at 0 call$ droit d'oblat1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! p[] ( s5d+ to abbeys & mona/]ies1 9 ord] to be ma9ta9$1 (fic]s & soldi]s unfit = fur!r s]vice1 & p>ticul>ly su* z _h be5 w\nd$4 ,traces ( ?is practice are said to occur "u ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,great2 at lea/ ,seissel1 9 ! ,life ( ,l\is ,,xii41 relates t !re 0 an old tradition 9 an abbey 9 ,langu$oc1 t ! abbot _h be5 puni%$ by t pr9ce1 because he w\ld n receive ! soldi]s assign$ to him4 ,x may be readily conceiv$ h[ unpleasant ^! gue/s mu/ h be5 to ! cl]gy1 & h[ little ! ideas1 mode ( liv+1 & mann]s ( ^! two classes w\ld accord ) ea* o!r4 ,! compla9ts on ?is subject _h become s great "u ,h5ry ,,iv41 t he at l5g? resolv$ to cause all invalids to be lodg$ & ma9ta9$ toge!r 9 a palace call$ 8,la ,maison ,royale de la ,*>it ,*reti5ne40 ,b z ! rev5ues de/9$ = ! support ( ?is e/abli%m5t 7 n suffici5t1 x 0 aboli%$ "u ! same sov]eign1 & ! invalids 7 aga9 di/ribut$ among ! abbeys & conv5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! h\ses pur*as$ exemption f ?is bur!n1 by giv+ an annual p5sion to _! gue/s2 b !y soon sp5t _! money1 & !n fell into a /ate ( ! greate/ pov]ty4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,l\is ,,xiii4 r5ew$ ! exp]im5t ( f\nd+ an hospital = invalids1 :i* ?r\gh ! want ( money 0 nev] complet$4 ,at l5g? ,l\is ,,xiv41 9 ! ye> #afgj1 began to build ! ,htel des ,invalides1 ! extravagant magnific5ce ( :i* is r a pro( & monum5t ( ! pr(usion & pride ( t sov]eign1 ?an ( 8 c>e = m]itori\s soldi]s4 ,9 ! ye> #afhb1 ! hospital = soldi]s at ,*elsea 0 f\nd$ 9 ,engl& by ,*>les ,,ii4#aacd1 c>ri$ on by ,james ,,ii41 & complet$ by ,william ,,iii4 ,b f> l>g] & m magnific5t is ! hospital = seam5 at ,gre5wi*1 :i* 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,que5 ,m>y1 ! consort ( ,k+ ,william4 ,! build+1 det]m9$ on 9 ! ye> #afid1 0 begun 9 #afie1 & f "t to "t enl>g$ & beautifi$#aace4 ,z ,france 0 ! fir/ c\ntry 9 ,europe t ma9ta9$ a /&+ army ( national troops1 x _h !re=e fir/ occasion to make provision = its native soldi]s :5 disabl$ by s]vice4 ,z long z milit>y m5 consi/$ *iefly ( =eign]s1 :o s]v$ dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod = pay & plund]1 sov]eigns believ$ t :5 a w> 0 end$1 !y 7 no fur!r indebt$ to ^! ali5s2 !y consequ5tly suff]$ !m to retire :]ev] !y ?\ght prop]1 & gave !mselves no fur!r tr\ble respect+ !m4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ,i %all "h consid] ! "q1 ,s9ce :at "t h regul> surgeons be5 appo9t$ to armies8 & lay be=e ! read] ! little ,i h be5 able to collect t[>ds answ]+ x4 ,9 ! ,trojan w> !y 7 inde$ n kn[n4 ,at t p]iod _m ( ! pr9cipal h]oes _h acquir$ "s k ( surg]y1 &1 l ! knights 9 ! "t ( ! crusades1 und]took ! (fice ( assi/+ & cur+ ! w\nd$#aacf4 ,su* p]sons 9 armies 7 p>ticul>ly hon\r$1 & consid]$ to be ( great value1 z appe>s f :at ,idom5eus1 speak+ ( ,ma*aon1 says3 4 ,m$icus vir multis quip>&us aliis#aacg4 ,yet ! in/ance ( ,ma*aon %[s h[ little c>e 0 !n tak5 ( ! w\nd$2 = ,virgil makes him ev51 ^: assi/ance mu/ e mom5t h be5 necess>y1 m\nt into ! wood5 horse1 & he 0 ! fir/ :o came out ( x#aach4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ! armies 9 ,hom]1 & until ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 _h 9 e battle b few w\nd$1 & always a mu* great] proportion ( kill$ ?an 9 mod]n times4 ,ho/ile b&s /ood ne>] to ea* o!r2 all came to close action2 prison]s 7 n ex*ang$1 b made slaves1 & among ! ,romans sold to ! infam\s s*ools = gladiators4 ,w\nd$ prison]s 7 a bur!n to ! victori\s p>ty2 su* z c\ld n escape def5d$ !mselves to ! la/1 & 7 put to dea? by ! conqu]ors4 ,9 ,a*illes ,tatius#aaci1 :o seems to h liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 ,i f9d t an army-physician1 ex]citus m$icus1 0 call$ 9 to a sick p]son2 & "o might almo/ believe t a regul> physician appo9t$ to att5d an army is "h meant1 especially z ,salmasius1 on ?is passage1 says t ea* cohort _h 9 g5]al a physician1 & !re=e ! appellations m$icus cohortis1 m$icus legionis1 7 f\nd 9 anci5t inscriptions4 ,i w n v5ture to contradict s great an au?ority on a subject ( ?is k9d2 b ,i am sorry t ,i h n be5 able to f9d any o!r evid5ce ( su* army-physicians4 ,! fir/ traces ( field-hospitals1 or1 z !y are commonly call$ at pres5t1 fly+-hospitals1 occur p]haps 9 ! ,ea/4 ,at any rate1 ! emp]or ,mauricius1 9 ! six? c5tury1 _h along ) 8 armies deputati1 ^: duty he describes1 z did also ! emp]or ,leo ,,vi4 9 ! n9? c5tury1 :o has copi$ _m ?+s v]batim f ! "w ( t pr9ce4 ,^! deputati 7 di/ribut$ 9 ! armies among ! cavalry1 & 7 oblig$ to c>ry (f ^? w\nd$ 9 battle4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y _h on ! left side ( ! saddle two /irrups1 9 ord] t !y might m easily take up ! w\nd$ beh9d !m2 & = e p]son ?us sav$1 !y obta9$ a c]ta9 rew>d4 ,!y 7 oblig$ also to c>ry ) !m a bottle conta9+ wat]1 = ! purpose ( reviv+ ^? :o might h fa9t$ ?r\gh ! loss ( blood4 ,leo1 besides ! (fic]s necess>y = ea* b& or company ( a regim5t1 m5tions expressly n only ! deputati1 b also physicians & att5dants on ! sick#aadj4 ,?\gh an ord] 0 made by ! ,conv5tion ( ,ratisbon#aada 9 #gdb1 t e comm&] ( an army %\ld h along ) him two bi%ops1 ) prie/s & *apla9s1 & t e colonel %\ld be att5d$ by a confessor1 no m5tion is to be f\nd ei!r ( field-hospitals or army-surgeons belong+ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ian armies 9 ! writ+s ( ! middle ages4 ,we read1 h[ev]1 9 ! works ( ,p>acelsus1 ,?urneys]1 ,lotti* & o!rs1 t !y 7 pres5t at battles & sieges2 b x c be prov$ t !y 7 n appo9t$ z army-surgeons1 b s]v$ m]ely z soldi]s4 ,! field-surgeons1 :o occur z accompany+ armies 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 7 de/9$ r = ! use ( ! comm&]s & pr9cipal (fic]s1 ?an = ! s]vice ( ! field-hospital4 ,_! numb] 0 too small = a :ole army2 & z !y 7 au?oris$ by _! commission to receive prison]s & booty1 &1 l ! knights1 7 oblig$ to br+ ) !m ar*]s1 x is highly probable t to fight 0 a "p ( _! duty also4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,engl& c>ri$ on w> ) ,france 9 #adae1 he took into 8 s]vice ,ni*olas ,colnet1 z field-surgeon1 = a ye>#aadb4 ,he 0 b\nd to c>ry ) him ?ree ar*]s on horseback1 & to accompany ! k+ :]ev] he w5t4 ,9 return he 0 to receive ye>ly =ty m>ks or p\nds1 to be paid at ! rate ( t5 m>ks e qu>t]4 ,he 0 all[$ also twelve p5nies p] day z subsi/5ce money1 & ea* ( 8 ar*]s _h tw5ty m>ks a ye>1 & six p5nies daily = subsi/5ce4 ,! *ief army-surgeon1 ,mor/$e1 0 engag$ ) fifte5 m51 ?ree ( :om 7 to be ar*]s1 & ! rema9+ twelve surgeons4 ,he receiv$ also t5 p\nds qu>t]ly z pay1 & twelve p5nies daily = subsi/5ce4 ,8 ar*]s & surgeons 7 plac$ on an equal foot+2 ea* 0 to receive qu>t]ly five p\nds1 & six p5nies daily z subsi/5ce4 ,bo? ,colnet & ,mor/$e c\ld receive prison]s & plund]2 b :5 ! latt] am\nt$ to m ?an tw5ty p\nds 9 value1 a ?ird "p ( x 0 to be giv5 to ! k+4 ,bo? ^! head-m5 _h a qu>t]'s pay 9 advance2 &1 t !y might always h security = ! next qu>t]1 ! k+ engag$ to put into _! h&s1 by way ( pl$ge1 z _m jewels or o!r articles z might be equival5t to "o qu>t]'s pay & subsi/5ce4 ,h>te1 9 8 ,life ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 seems to believe t ?is pr9ce fir/ appo9t$ f\r surgeons to ea* regim5t1 :i* he r$uc$ f ! numb] ( two or ?ree ?\s&1 fir/ to #abjj1 & aft]w>ds to #ajjh2 & he is ( op9ion t x may ) c]ta9ty be believ$ t ! imp]ial troops at t "t _h no surgeons1 because ,tilly himself1 aft] ! battle at ,leipsic1 0 oblig$ to cause 8 w\nds to be dress$ by a surgeon e/abli%$ at ,halle4 ,he adds 9 a note1 t he 0 told t ! ,au/rians1 till ab\t ! ye> #agah1 _h no regim5tal surgeons regul>ly appo9t$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! field-hospital e/abli%m5ts ( ! imp]ial army1 till ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 on a v bad foot+4 ,ev5 9 ! ye> #agah1 !y _h no field-surgeons2 b at ?is p]iod ! company surgeons 7 dismiss$1 & a regim5tal surgeon1 ) six assi/ants1 0 appo9t$ to ea* regim5t2 & beside ! field m$ic9e-*e/1 surgical in/rum5ts 7 provid$ at ! emp]or's exp5se#aadc4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( field-hospitals 9 ,g]many is c]ta9ly mu* old]2 = ,fronsp]g]1 :o wrote 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 does n speak ( field-surgeons1 army-surgeons & _! s]vants1 z if !y _h be5 !n newly introduc$2 b 9 su* a mann] z %[s t ! ne$ ( !m _h be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ long be=e t p]iod#aadd4 ,accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be along ) ! comm&]-9-*ief1 or1 accord+ to ! mod]n phrase1 ! g5]al /aff1 a field-surgeon-9-*ief1 a doctor :o _h ! inspection ( ! field-surgeons1 ! b>b]s & _! s]vants1 ^: duty 0 to drag ! w\nd$ f ! heaps ( sla9 & to convey !m to ! =m]4 ,he 0 oblig$ to keep by him in/rum5ts & m$ic9es1 & at ea* mu/]+ to exam9e ! in/rum5ts & app>atus ( ! field-surgeons2 he decid$ also1 9 disput$ cases1 h[ mu* soldi]s ^: w\nds _h be5 cur$ ought to pay to ! field-surgeon4 ,dur+ m>*es he 0 b\nd to rema9 ) ! comm&]-9-*ief4 ,fronsp]g] says also1 t !re ought to be ) ! artill]y a field-surgeon ( arckelley1 & ) ea* company a p>ticul> field-surgeon1 n h[ev] a paltry be>d-scrap] 7b>t-s*]]71 b a regul>ly in/ruct$1 exp]i5c$ & well-practis$ man4 ,?is p]son 0 b\nd always to accompany1 ) able s]vants1 ! ensign1 & he receiv$ d\ble pay4 ,to give a description ( all ! hospitals1 infirm>ies & disp5s>ies 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld fill volumes4 ,x may be suffici5t "h to obs]ve1 t !re are t5 l>ge hospitals 9 ! metropolis1 ea* ( :i* receives a consid]able numb] ( pati5ts into ! h\se1 & a /ill l>g] numb] ( out-door pati5ts are prescrib$ = & suppli$ ) m$ic9es1 b att5d at ! e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ! l>ge/ ( ^!1 :i* is t ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ! annual numb] ( pati5ts1 bo? 9-door & out1 is ab\t #ab1jjj2 ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ^! are out-door pati5ts4 ,! numb] ( b$s 9 ! hospital am\nts to upw>ds ( #eej4 ,!re are tw5ty-eight disp5s>ies2 su* pati5ts z are able1 att5d at ^! e/abli%m5ts2 ^? :o are incapable1 are visit$ & reliev$ at _! own homes4 ,moreov]1 !re are 9 ! metropolis t5 midwif]y e/abli%m5ts1 ?ree oph?almic in/itutions1 ?ree public lunatic asylums1 a v5]eal hospital1 a small-pox & a fev] hospital1 z also "o = pati5ts suff]+ f consumption4 ,!re are also n9ety-sev5 c\nty hospitals1 infirm>ies & disp5s>ies#aade4 ,admission to ! hospitals is ga9$ by ! pres5tation ( a petition sign$ by a gov]nor1 on a c]ta9 day 9 ea* week2 ( c\rse1 out ( ! numb] ( pati5ts :o apply1 ! wor/ cases h ! pref]5ce4 ,accid5ts & v sev]e cases are admitt$ at any "t1 & )\t any petition or recomm5dation4 ,! out-pati5ts require no recomm5dation4 ,! same g5]al rule ga9s att5dance at ! o!r m$ical e/abli%m5ts4 ,,footnotes #aajg ,j4 ,bod9i ,de ,republica libri vi41 lib4 #a4 cap4 #e4 #aajh ,! imp]ial ord] has be5 pres]v$ by ,sozom5us 9 8 ,ecclesia/ic ,hi/ory1 v4 #af1 :]e m in=mation on ?is subject1 wor?y ( att5tion1 has be5 collect$4 ,see ,juliani ,op]a1 edit4 ,spanhemii1 ,lips4 #afif1 fol4 p4 #dcj4 #aaji ,hi]on4 ep4 #ci4 #aaaj ,hi]on4 ,epitaph4 ,paul4 #aaaa ,b>onii ,annal4 ad an4 #hde1 xxxvi4 ed4 ,mansii4 ,luc #agdc1 tom4 xiv4 p4 #cbe4 #aaab ,muratori ,antiq4 ,ital4 ,m$4 vi1 iii4 p4 #eha4 #aaac ,ib4 et ,antiquitat4 ,ital4 ,m$4 vi1 iii4 p4 #eha4 #aaad ,antiquitat4 l4 c4 p4 #eic4 #aaae ,see ,la ,gr&e ,*irurgie de ,m4 ,guy de ,*auliac1 ,m$ec9 tres-fameux de l',univ]sit de ,montpeli]1 re/itue p> ,m4 ,laur5s ,j\b]t4 ,a ,r\5 #afda1 #hvo4 #aaaf ,!re are v>i\s editions ( ! /atutes ( ?is ord]4 #a4 ,nova ,/at4 ord4 ,s4 ,joannis ,hi]osolymitani4 ,madriti #aegg1 small folio4 #b4 ,privilegia ord9is ,s4 ,jo4 ,hi]osol4 small folio1 ,rom #aehh4 #c4 ,/atuta ,hospitalis1 )\t place or date1 small folio4 ,ea* copy1 h[ev]1 has _m ?+s :i* 9 ! o!rs are want+4 #d4 ,hi/oire de ,mal!1 avec les ,/atuts et les ,ordonnances de l',ordre4 ,p>is1 #afdc1 fol4 #e4 ,codice del sacro milit>e ord9e ,g]osolimitano4 ,9 ,malta #aghb1 fol4 ,! words relat+ to ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ,titulo qu>to1 xi et xii4 #aaag ,! pro(s ( ?is s+ul> acc\nt may be se5 9 ,assemani ,biblio!ca ,ori5talis1 tom4 iii4 ,p4 #b4 pag4 ,,cmxl4 #aaah ,diog54 ,la]t4 lib4 i4 seg4 #ee4 ,?is regulation has be5 prais$ by _m4 ,plato 9 ,m5exemo1 s*9es contra ,ctesiphon4 #aaai ,suidas1 v4 1 ,lysi ,orat4 #bc1 contra ,pancleonem4 #aabj ,cod4 ,!odos4 lib4 vii4 tit4 #bj1 #h4 ,brissonius v4 ,caus>ius4 #aaba ,livius1 ii4 #dg1 p4 #deh4--;,dio ,cassius1 lib4 lv4 #bc1 p4 #gic4--,sueton4 ,vita ,jul4 ,cs>4 cap4 #ch4 ,to ?is subject belong _m passages 9 ! ,auctor4 ,rei ,agr>4 pp4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #bje1 ed4 ,am/elod4 #afgd1 #dto4 #aabb ,de ,imp]io ,romano1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ab4 ,arg5t4 #afab1 #dto4 #aabc ,lib4 i4 cap4 #g1 ext4 #aj4 #aabd ,brisson de ,v]bor4 ,signif4 v4 ,m]itorius4 #aabe p4 #adf4 #aabf ,hi/or4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #bj4 #aabg ,?is ,i le>n f ,pontac's ,obs]vations on ! ,*ronicon ( ,eusebius1 p4 #ejg1 ,*ronica trium illu/rium auctorum4 ,burdigal #afjd1 fol4 #aabh ,plat9a de vitis ,pontificum1 p4 #dh1 #affd1 #abmo4 #aabi ,lamprid4 vita ,alex4 ,sev]i1 cap4 #di4 #aacj ,wal*'s ,hi/or4 d] ,pb/e4 ,gtt+51 #ageh1 #hvo1 p4 #eg4 #aaca ,roma ,vet4 et ,nova4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ba4 #aacb ,see ,h>d\9's ,obs]vations on ,pl94 lib4 viii4 seg4 #gd1 p4 #dgg2 & ! figure ( ! co91 plate vii4 #aacc ,ann ,comn5 ,alexiados lib4 xv4 p4 #dhd4 ,! au?oress says expressly1 t ! "n is tak5 only a p>te potiori1 z x is kn[n t at lat] p]iods n only *ildr5 :o _h lo/ _! p>5ts1 b o!rs also :o 7 entirely or 9 "p educat$ at ! public exp5se1 & likewise ! *ildr5 ( ! *oir1 7 call$ 4 ,see ,du ,cange1 ,gloss4 ,grcit4 ,! emp]or 0 accu/om$ to s5d orphans to ! mona/]ies to be educat$ & in/ruct$2 b ) ?is express intimation1 t !y 7 n to be treat$ & in/ruct$ z s]fs1 b z ! *ildr5 ( freem54--,anna ,comn4 p4 #cha4 #aacd ,!re is a tradition t ?is in/itution owes its rise to ! patriotic ex]tions ( ,nell ,gwynn1 ! celebrat$ mi/ress ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,a p>agraph 9 a newspap] ( ! day seems to give "s little /r5g? to ! supposition t h] family once dwelt 9 ! vic9ity2 & a public-h\se /ill exi/s at no great di/ance f ! hospital1 hav+ h] portrait = its sign1 ) an inscription ascrib+ to h] ! m]it ( ! f\ndation4 ,! anonym\s au?or also ( ! life ( ,eleanor ,gwynn /ates1 t x 0 at h] in/igation t ?is noble *>ity 0 e/abli%$4 8,ano!r act ( g5]osity10 he says1 8:i* rais$ ! "* ( ?is lady above e o!r c\rtezan ( ^! or any o!r times1 0 h] solicitude to effect ! in/itution ( ,*elsea ,hospital4 ,"o day1 :5 %e 0 roll+ ab\t t[n 9 h] coa*1 a poor man came to ! coa*-door solicit+ *>ity1 :o told h] a /ory1 :e!r true or false is immat]ial1 ( 8 hav+ be5 w\nd$ 9 ! civil w>s 9 def5ce ( ! royal cause4 ,?is circum/ance greatly affect$ ! b5evol5t he>t ( ,eleanor2 %e consid]$ t 7besides ! h>d%ips ( _! be+ expos$ to begg>y by w\nds receiv$ 9 def5ce ( _! c\ntry7 x seem$ to be ! mo/ mon/r\s +ratitude 9 ! gov]nm5t to suff] ^? to p]i% :o _h /ood up 9 _! def5ce4 8,w>m ) ^! reflections & ! ov]fl[ ( pity1 %e hurri$ to ! k+1 & repres5t$ ! mis]y 9 :i* %e _h f\nd an old s]vant2 entreat$ t he might suff] "s s*eme to be propos$ to him t[>ds support+ ^? un=tunate sons ( val\r1 ^: old age1 w\nds1 or infirmities1 r5d]$ !m unfit = s]vice2 s t !y might n close _! days ) rep9+ aga9/ =tune1 & be oppress$ ) ! mis]y ( want40 ,ano!r anecdote ( t p]iod /ates1 ) some:at m probability1 8,t :5 ! g>rison 0 )drawn f ,tangi]s1 !re 0 among !m a consid]able numb] ( ag$ & decrepid p]sons4 ,x 0 !re=e propos$ to build an hospital = !m2 & ! k+ be+ appli$ to = a piece ( gr\nd = ! site1 he (f]$ ! spot on :i* k+ ,james's ,college /ood2 b recollect+ himself1 #8,odso1' says he1 #8'tis true ,i h already giv5 t l& to ,nell1 "h4' ,%e1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ g5]\s & b5evol5t ( human be+s1 imm$iately said1 #8,h y s1 ,*>les8 !n ,i w return x to y aga9 = ?is purpose2' & ! hospital 0 accord+ly erect$4 ,! k+ h[ev] built a h\se = ,eleanor 9 ,pall ,mall40 ,x is h[ev] v probable1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,evelyn's ,memoirs1 t ! design orig9at$ ) ,sir ,/eph5 ,fox1 :o = "s ye>s _h be5 payma/] ( ! =ces1 & c]ta9ly _h bett] opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! wants & di/resses ( ! ag$ & worn-out vet]ans1 great numb]s ( :om _h be5 ?r[n on ! *>ity ( ! c\ntry at ?is p]iod4 ,! build+ 0 erect$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,sir ,c4 ,wr51 & co/ #aej1jjj4 ,x usually conta9s ab\t #ejj invalids2 !re are also a numb] ( out-door p5sion]s1 am\nt+ to ab\t #he1jjj4 #aace ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,royal ,hospital = ,seam5 at ,gre5wi*4 ,london1 #aghi1 #dto4 ,! f\ndation-/one ( ?is magnific5t build+ 0 laid on ,june #c1 #afif1 & ! :ole ( ! sup]/ructure1 "u ! honor>y sup]9t5d5ce ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 0 f9i%$ )9 two ye>s2 ! hospital 0 op5$ = ! reception ( p5sion]s 9 #agje4 ,9 ! ye> ( ! f\ndation an act 0 pass$1 #g & #h ,william ,,iii41 cap4 #ba1 by :i* sixp5ce a mon? ( ! wages ( all seam5 belong+ to ! royal navy is appropriat$ to ! b5efits ( ! in/itution4 ,s9ce t "t l>ge sums h be5 bequea!d = ! use ( ! hospital1 & ! build+s h be5 successively enl>g$ & improv$4 ,! indoor p5sion]s1 ( :om !re are #bgjj 7:i* numb] is kept up by fill+ ! vacancies twice a mon?71 are ma9ta9$1 clo!d1 & lodg$1 hav+ also a weekly all[ance = pocket-money4 ,by ! act1 #aj ,anne1 cap4 #bg1 x is enact$ t ! seam5 ( ! m]*ant s]vice %all contribute equally ) ^? ( ! royal navy2 & t su* ( ! =m] z may be w\nd$ 9 ! def5ce ( prop]ty belong+ to ,h] ,maje/y's subjects1 or o!rwise disabl$ :ile captur+ vessels f an enemy1 %all also be admitt$ to ! b5efits ( ! in/itution4 ,! money receiv$ f visitors & o!r s\rces is appropriat$ to ! support ( a s*ool1 :]e9 upw>ds ( #djjj boys h be5 7#ahch7 educat$1 f ! f\ndation ( ! e/abli%m5t to ! pres5t "t4 ,!re are also ab\t #cb1jjj out-p5sion]s4 #aacf ,ev5 ,alex&] ! ,great und]took ?is (fice1 z ,plut>* expressly says 9 8 life4 #aacg ,iliad4 xi4 #ead4 #aach neid4 ii4 #bfc4 #aaci ,a*il4 ,tat4 ,lugd4 ,batav4 #afdj1 #abmo1 pp4 #bdc1 #fag4 #aadj ,mauricii ,ars ,milit>is1 pp4 #bi1 #fb4 ,upsali #affd1 #hvo4--,leonis ,tactica1 ed4 ,meursii1 ,lugd4 ,batt4 #afab1 #dto1 lib4 iv4 #f2 xii4 #ea1 #ec1 p4 #aej2 #aai1 p4 #abh4 ,to ?is subject belongs1 9 p>ticul>1 a passage 9 ! ,tactica ( ! emp]or ,leo1 p4 #dcj1 n4 #fb1 #fc1 :]e x is recomm5d$ t m$ic9es bo? = ! heal+ ( w\nds & ! cur+ ( diseases %\ld be kept 9 read9ess 9 armies4 #aada ,(t5 call$ ,concilium ,c>olomanni4 ,see ,seml]i ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ,selecta ,capita4 ,hal1 #agfi1 #hvo1 ii4 p4 #add4 #aadb ,rym]'s ,fd]a1 t4 iv4 #b1 pp4 #aaf1 #aag4 #aadc ,see ,hoy]s ,ges*4 d] ,kriegskun/1 #agii1 #hvo1 ii4 p4 #agf4 #aadd ,kriegsbu*1 dur* ,leonh>t ,fronsp]g]4 ,frank=t1 #aefe4 #aade ,! ,m>gate sea-ba?+ infirm>y des]ves especial m5tion1 z be+ ! only in/itution ( ! k9d 9 ,engl&1 p]haps 9 ,europe4 ,its object is to provide sea-ba?+ = necessit\s pati5ts suff]+ "u scr(ul\s & su* o!r diseases z are likely to yield only to sea-air & ba?+4 ,x 0 set on foot 9 #agic1 & e/abli%$ 9 #agif1 by a few b5evol5t individuals 9 ,london1 "u ! fo/]+ auspices ( ,dr4 ,lettsom1 ,john ,ni*ols1 ,esq4 7! em95t pr9t]71 & 8 son-9-law1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,pridd54 ,its pres5t site1 ,we/brook1 ne> ,m>gate1 0 select$ aft] mu* inquiry1 z ! mo/ salubri\s spot on ! coa/ )9 a conv5i5t di/ance ( ! metropolis4 ,f a small beg9n+ ?is excell5t *>ity has aris5 to consid]able importance 9 ! scale ( ^? valuable in/itutions :i* are design$ to less5 ! am\nt ( human suff]+1 & x n[ numb]s #bcj 9-door & ab\t z _m out-door pati5ts4 ,?is praisewor?y in/itution h[ev] is clos$ dur+ six mon?s 9 ! ye> 7f ,novemb] to ,april71 & ! 9-door pati5ts are requir$ to pay1 ei!r by !mselves or _! fri5ds1 f #es4 to #fs4 p] week = adults1 & #ds4 to #ds4 #f;d4 p] week = *ildr52 :i*1 z scr(ul\s diseases m p>ticul>ly afflict ! v poor] classes1 are subjects ( regret4 ,,cock-,,fight+4 ,until a rec5t p]iod ! ,engli% 7 almo/ ! only p among :om cock-fight+ 0 a fav\rite amusem5t2 & on t acc\nt x is consid]$ z peculi> to !m1 ?\gh x 0 e/eem$ among v>i\s nations _m c5turies ago4 ,x is n improbable t x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& by ! ,romans4 ,t x1 h[ev]1 has be5 con/antly reta9$ !re1 ?\gh ! practice ( incit+ animals to fight has be5 long sc\t$ by moral & enlight5$ nations1 is z s+ul> an anomaly1 z t ! ,spani>ds %\ld /ill cont9ue _! bull-fights1 & t pr9ces :o wi% to avoid ! appe>ance ( cruelty %\ld nev]!less pursue1 ) immod]ate passion1 ! dete/able & s (t5 condemn$ hunt+ ) dogs4 ,i %all leave to o!rs ! task ( moralis+ on ^! contradictions 9 ! "* ( :ole nations z well z individuals1 & %all "h only give ! hi/ory ( cock-fight+ z f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) x4 ,?is pa/ime is c]ta9ly v old2 b ,i agree 9 op9ion ) ,mr4 ,pegge#aadf1 t ,palm]ius#aadg has made x mu* old] ?an c fully be prov$4 ,! latt] supposes t ,adra/us1 ! son ( ,midas1 k+ ( ,phrygia1 kill$ 8 bro!r 9 consequ5ce ( a qu>rel :i* took place betwe5 !m 9 reg>d to a battle ( quails4 ,adra/us on acc\nt ( ?is murd] fl$ to ,crsus2 & z t pr9ce liv$ ab\t #eej ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra1 quail-fight+1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,palm]ius1 mu/ h be5 cu/om>y at t "t2 & 9 ?is case "o might admit t cock-fight+ 0 ( ! same antiquity1 because ! battles ( ! dome/ic cock are /ill m viol5t1 & c af=d m amusem5t4 ,h]odotus#aadh1 :o relates ! /ory ( ,adra/us1 does n m5tion ! cause ( ! qu>rel2 b x is giv5 by ! hi/orian ,ptolemy1 ! son ( ,hephe/ion1 call$ also ,alex&r9us1 :o liv$ ab\t ! "t ( ,trajan & ,adrian#aadi4 ,he h[ev] only says t ! two bro!rs qu>rell$ ab\t a quail4 ,did any o!r pro(s exi/ t quail-fight+ 0 common at s e>ly a p]iod1 x w\ld inde$ be !n probable t ! bro!rs qu>rell$ dur+ t pa/ime4 ,b z no su* pro(s are to be f\nd1 _m o!r causes ( qu>rell+ 9 reg>d to a quail1 ei!r 9 cat*+ or pursu+ x1 may be conceiv$4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t quails1 z well z ! dome/ic cock1 are exce$+ly irritable & qu>relsome birds2 & t1 l ! latt]1 !y c be employ$ = fight+2 b x appe>s t quail-fight+ 0 fir/ practis$ by ! ,romans1 9 ^: writ+s x is frequ5tly m5tion$#aaej2 :]eas among ! ,greeks x seldom or nev] occurs1 :ile cock-fight+ is spok5 ( on _m occasions4 ,! latt] h[ev] sport$ ) quails2 b _! pa/ime ) ^! birds seems n to h be5 fight+1 prop]ly s call$1 :]e ! great object ( conte/ is ^: quail %all be ! victor2 b ! in=mation on ?is subject is s imp]fect t x _c be fully und]/ood#aaea4 ,sometimes ! p>ties laid bets :o c\ld kill ! o!r's quails1 or ! greate/ numb] ( !m1 ) "o bl[4 ,"o plac$ a quail )9 a circle1 & ano!r endeav\r$ by irritat+ ! animal to make x g beyond x4 ,if he prov$ successful 9 ?is attempt1 he 0 decl>$ ! w9n]4 ,sev]al 7 (t5 plac$ )9 a circle at ! same "t1 & ! p]son lo/ ^: bird fir/ quitt$ x4 ,khn & o!rs are ( op9ion1 t ea* ( ! p>ties endeav\r$ to induce ! quail ( ! o!r to leave ! circle1 by irritat+ or entic+ x2 b ! words appe> )\t d\bt to allude to a conte/ ( sev]al quails ) ea* o!r#aaeb1 7 x possible t ! lat] ,greeks _h le>n$ to play at ?is game f ! conte/s ( ! ,romans4 ,solon1 h[ev]1 9 ,lucian#aaec1 speaks ( cock-fights & quail-fights exhibit$ publicly at ,a!ns4 ,b ,lucian liv$ 9 ! second c5tury1 _h travell$ into ,italy1 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,roman cu/oms1 & made ,solon m5tion quail-fight+1 :i* he nev] saw 9 ,greece1 m]ely because he himself _h se5 x 9 ,italy4 ,?is blund] may appe> too gross1 p]haps1 = s acute a writ] z ,lucian2 b s9ce he has fall5 into two ana*ronisms 9 ! same dialogue1 z he n only makes ,solon a contempor>y ( ,lycurgus1 :o liv$ two c5turies e>li]1 b also introduces him z speak+ ( public cock-fights at ,a!ns1 :i* 7 fir/ e/abli%$ half a c5tury lat]1 t is to say1 aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 he may readily h be5 guilty ( a ?ird ov]sight1 by transf]r+ quail-fight+ to ,a!ns4 ,b at any rate simil> games 7 usual 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! ,romans br$ & employ$ p>tridges = fight+ 9 ! same mann] z quails4 ,lampridius relates1 t ! emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us 0 fond ( see+ battles ( ?is k9d#aaed2 & lian1 :o liv$ 9 ,italy "u ,heliogabalus1 9 ! second c5tury#aaee1 says t ^? :o kept p>tridges = fight+1 :5 !y pitt$ !m aga9/ ea* o!r1 plac$ ! females close to ! males1 9 ord] to r5d] !m m c\rage\s4 ,)\t d\bt he "h speaks ( :at 0 !n usual at ,rome4 ,cock-fight+ 0 appo9t$ at ,a!ns to be a public or solemn pa/ime1 9 consequ5ce ( a circum/ance :i* occurr$ to ,!mi/ocles4 ,at lea/ lian relates#aaef t ?is comm&]1 :5 he l$ out ! ,greeks aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 happ5+ to see two cocks fight+1 took t opportunity to r\se ! c\rage ( 8 soldi]s1 by tell+ !m t z ^! animals cont5d$ ) s mu* ob/9acy1 ?\gh !y f\ght nei!r = _! c\ntry1 _! families1 nor _! lib]ty1 b m]ely = ! hon\r ( victory1 x 0 mu* m incumb5t on !m to ex]t !mselves ) brav]y1 z !y _h all ^! causes ( incitem5t4 ,hav+ defeat$ ! enemy1 z a memorial ( 8 victory & a future enc\ragem5t to brav]y1 x 0 ord]$ t fight+-cocks %\ld be exhibit$ e ye>1 9 a public !atre1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole p4 ,mr4 ,pegge & o!rs are ( op9ion t ! ,greeks aft]w>ds took s mu* pleasure 9 ! fight+ ( ^! birds1 t !y 7 g5]ally employ$ ?r\gh\t all ,greece = ?is pa/ime & = bett+4 ,i am ready to admit t ?is is probable2 b ! in/itution ( ,!mi/ocles appe>s to me to be no pro( t cock-fight+ 0 n practis$ at an e>li] p]iod4 ,ev5 if x _h be5 common1 ! ,a!nians might h ?\ght prop] to e/abli% a religi\s or at lea/ solemn cock-fight+ to be exhibit$ e ye>4 ,!mi/ocles h[ev] is n ! only p]son :o employ$ ! c\rage ( game-cocks z an incitem5t to brav]y4 ,socrates inspir$ ,iphicrates ) c\rage1 by %[+ him ) :at f]ocity ! cock ( ,midas1 or ,meidias1 & t ( ,callias attack$ ea* o!r#aaeg4 ,:at ,!mi/ocles said to 8 soldi]s 0 address$ by ,musonius z a philosoph] to mank9d1 to enc\rage !m to support lab\r1 dang]1 & pa91 :5 duty or hon\r require x#aaeh4 ,_m mod]n writ]s ascribe ! e/abli%m5t ( public cock-fight+ at ,a!ns1 n to ,!mi/ocles1 b to 8 contempor>y ,miltiades4 ,i h hi!rto suspect$ t ?is arises m]ely f a confusion ( names1 z is c]ta9ly ! case 9 ,moses du ,s\l#aaei1 :]e a ref]5ce is made to lian1 by :om h[ev] ,miltiades is n m5tion$4 ,at pres5t1 ,i am ( op9ion t ,philo ,judu1 :o wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 gave occasion to ?is ass]tion4 ,he relates1 t :5 ,miltiades 0 ab\t to lead ! ,grecian troops aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 he exhibit$ a cock-fight1 9 a place :i* _h be5 employ$ = public %[s1 9 ord] to inspire c\rage into 8 soldi]s by ?is spectacle1 & t ! end propos$ 0 accompli%$2 b no?+ is said by t au?or 9 reg>d to ! e/abli%m5t ( annual cock-fights#aafj4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 cock-fight+ seems to h be5 at t "t n uncommon2 b z x rema9s d\btful :e!r ,philo speaks ( ! campaign be=e ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 9 :i* ,miltiades & ,!mi/ocles 7 bo? pres5t1 v little c be ga!r$ f 8 relation1 & x appe>s to me n suffici5t to contradict ! m circum/antial acc\nt ( lian4 ,ano!r small mi/ake1 :i* ,pegge ?\ght x wor? :ile to notice1 des]ves also p]haps to be rectifi$4 ,dale*amp#aafa & ,pott]#aafb ass]t t ,!mi/ocles1 :ile lead+ out 8 army1 hav+ he>d a cock cr[1 decl>$ ?is to be an om5 ( victory1 & aft] beat+ ! enemy he in/itut$ cock-fight+ 9 remembrance ( t ev5t4 ,i %all "h rem>k1 t ,dale*amp is n ! fir/ p]son :o made ?is ass]tion4 ,peuc]#aafc1 & at a p]iod /ill e>li]1 ,alex&] ab ,alex&ro#aafd m5tion$ ! same ?+1 b no "o ev] po9t$ out ! passage 9 any anci5t au?or ^u :i* ?is ass]tion 0 f\nd$2 & ,i h be5 z unsuccessful 9 my endeav\rs to f9d x1 z ^? :o attempt$ to discov] ! s\rces f :i* ,alex&] d]iv$ 8 in=mation4 ,?is au?or p]haps collect$ f manuscripts1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 _m ?+s nev] pr9t$1 & :i* !re=e h be5 lo/4 ,he may also h writt5 _m ?+s f memory )\t rememb]+ !m all ) accuracy4 ,x is inde$ true1 t ! cr[+ ( a cock 0 sometimes consid]$ z a presage ( victory4 ,?us ,cic]o quotes an in/ance#aafe :]e a ,botian soo?say] promis$ victory to ! ,!bans f ! cr[+ ( a cock2 & accord+ to ,pl9y#aaff1 ! same circum/ance once s]v$ to ! ,botians z an om5 ( victory ov] ! ,lac$monians4 ,h[ !n c\ld ,!mi/ocles make *oice ( a cock-fight to commemorate a victory ann\nc$ by ! cr[+ ( a cock8 ,besides1 ,ana*>sis 9 ,lucian confirms ! object ( ! in/itution assign$ by lian4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( antiquity _m ?+s are (t5 repeat$1 )\t any "o tak+ ! tr\ble to exam9e :e!r !y c be prov$ by ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts4 ,^? :o wi% to atta9 to tru? & c]ta9ty 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 w n consid] su* %ort exam9ations to be ( s little importance z !y may to o!rs appe>4 ,demp/] has assign$ ano!r reason = ! cock-fights e/abli%$ by ,!mi/ocles1 :i*1 ?\gh adopt$ by _m1 is n ev5 support$ by probability4 ,he conceives t ^! cock-fights 7 l a k9d ( p]man5t trophies or monum5ts ( ! conqu]$ ,p]sians1 because ! game-cock 0 indig5\s 9 ,p]sia1 & convey$ !nce to o!r c\ntries#aafg4 ,a!nu#aafh1 inde$1 quotes f a "w ( ,m5odotus "s l9es by :i* ! latt] "p ( ?is ass]tion is confirm$2 & ,ari/ophanes#aafi 9 two places calls ! dome/ic cock a ,p]sian bird4 ,x is prov$ by m mod]n acc\nts1 t ?is species ( f[l is at pres5t f\nd wild 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & _m neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,sonn]at#aagj f\nd !m 9 ,h9do/an2 & !y 7 se5 by ,cook & by ,dampi] on ,pulo ,condor & _m isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,gemelli ,c>]i1 !y 7 indig5\s 9 ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 & accord+ to ,morolla 9 ! k+dom ( ,congo4 ,t !y are /ill f\nd wild 9 ,georgia is ass]t$ by ,re9eggs#aaga4 ,! acc\nt !re=e ( ! ,greeks1 t !y obta9$ dome/ic f[ls f ,p]sia1 may be admitt$2 b z 9 cock-fights "o ,p]sian ov]came ano!r1 h[ c\ld ^! convey ! idea ( a victory ( ! ,greeks ov] ! ,p]sians8 ,is ! object1 !n1 z /at$ by ,lucian & lian n suffici5t & intelligible8 ,t cock-fight+1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 became a fav\rite pa/ime among ! p1 is prov$ by ! frequ5t m5tion :i* is made ( x 9 v>i\s au?ors4 ,pl9y says#aagb t x 0 exhibit$ annually at ,p]gamus1 9 ! same mann] z combats ( gladiators4 ,9 ?is city1 accord+ to ,petronius#aagc1 a boy 0 promis$ a fight+-cock2 & !re=e x appe>s t boys kept cocks !re = ?is pa/ime4 s*9es reproa*es ,tim>*us ) sp5d+ ! :ole day 9 gam+ & cock-fight+4 ,plato#aagd compla9s1 t n only boys b gr[n-up p]sons1 in/ead ( lab\r+1 br$ birds = fight+1 & employ$ _! :ole "t 9 su* idle amusem5ts4 ,cock-fights 7 repres5t$ also by ! ,greeks on co9s & on cut /ones4 ,t ! ,d>dani _h !m on _! co9s we are told by ,pollux#aage2 & ?is seems to prove t ^! p 7 z fond ( t sport z _! neighb\rs ( ,p]gamus4 ,mr4 ,pegge caus$ engrav+s to be made ( two gems 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 on "o ( :i* is se5 a cock 9 ! humble attitude ( defeat1 ) its head hang+ d[n1 & ano!r 9 ! attitude ( victory1 ) an e> ( corn 9 its bill z ! object ( conte/4 ,on ! o!r /one two cocks are fight+1 :ile a m\se c>ries away ! e> ( corn = ! possession ( :i* !y _h qu>rell$2 a happy emblem ( our law-suits1 9 :i* ! great] "p ( ! prop]ty 9 dispute falls to ! lawy]s & attorneys4 ,two cocks 9 ! attitude ( fight+ are repres5t$ also on a lamp f\nd 9 ,h]culaneum#aagf4 ,t ! ,greeks employ$ v>i\s means to increase ! irritability & c\rage ( fight+-cocks is beyond all d\bt4 ,besides ! circum/ance already m5tion$ 9 reg>d to ! females1 !y gave !m also food :i* produc$ ne>ly ! same effect z opium does 9 ,india1 & z br&y did "s ye>s ago on ! ,european armies4 ,dioscorides#aagg & ,pl9y#aagh ascribe ?is effect to a plant :i* !y call adiantum4 ,! =m] says x 0 giv5 to game-cocks & quails1 & ! latt] t x 0 giv5 to game-cocks & p>tridges1 to incite !m to fight4 ,g>lick1 allium1 0 employ$ also1 z we are told by ,x5ophon1 n only = game-cocks b also = horses & soldi]s4 ,t ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 l ! ,engli% at pres5t1 arm$ _! cocks ) /eel spurs1 9 ord] to r5d] _! battles m bloody1 is d5i$ by ,pegge2 ?\gh ! contr>y seems to be prov$ by a passage 9 ,ari/ophanes1 n[ become a prov]b1 & ! rem>ks ( ! s*olia/#aagi4 ,z ! ,engli% procure ! /ronge/ & be/ fight+-cocks f o!r c\ntries1 & (t5 f ,g]many1 ?r\gh ,hamburg1 ! ,greeks1 9 ! l mann]1 obta9$ =eign game-cocks = ! same purpose#aahj4 ,:y ! ,romans %[$ m fondness = quail-fight+ ?an = cock-fight+ ,i d n "k2 b x is c]ta9 t !y _h n ! latt]1 or at any rate only seldom & at a late p]iod1 :i* appe>s to be v s+ul>1 z !y began !n m & m to imitate ! ,greeks4 ,v>ro m5tions ! bre$s :i* 7 *iefly s\ght = 9 ,greece2 b he adds1 t ?\gh !y might be good = fight+1 !y 7 n fit = bre$+#aaha4 ,_h ! bre$+ ( game-cocks be5 an employm5t1 he w\ld h spok5 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,columella also ridicules ! bre$+ ( ^! cocks1 z a ,grecian cu/om1 & pref]s ! native race to all o!rs4 ,eu/a?ius1 9 ! place already quot$1 says expressly t ! ,romans pref]r$ quails to game-cocks2 yet 9 lat] times we f9d m5tion among !m ( cock-fight+1 z has be5 be=e rem>k$4 ,!re 7 cocks 9 ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>#aahb2 b x is said t !y 7 kept !re m]ely = pleasure1 & n us$ z food4 ,! latt] "p ( ?is acc\nt is n improbable4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 we are told1 eat only ! eggs ( _! h5s1 & n ! fle%4 ,b ! "q1 h[ old cock-fight+ is 9 ,engl&1 _c be det]m9$4 ,pegge says1 ! olde/ in=mation :i* he f\nd on ?is subject 0 9 ! ,description ( ! ,city ( ,london by ,william ,fitz-,/eph5s1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & di$ 9 #aaiaaahc4 ,?is writ] relates t e ye> on ,%rove ,tuesday ! boys at s*ool br\ght _! game-cocks to ! ma/]1 & ! :ole =5oon 0 devot$ to cock-fight+1 = ! amusem5t ( ! pupils4 ,! !atre or cock-pit1 !re=e1 0 9 ! s*ool-h\se1 & ! pupils seem to h _h ! direction ( x4 ,to ?is in=mation ,i c add1 t cock-fight+ 9 ,france 0 =bidd5 by a c\ncil 9 #abfj1 on acc\nt ( "s mis*ief to :i* x _h giv5 rise#aahd4 ,?is pa/ime has be5 sometimes =bidd5 ev5 9 ,engl&1 z 0 ! case "u ,edw>d ,,iii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii42 also 9 ! ye> #aefi1 & ev5 lat]2 b x 0 nev]!less reta9$ to a late p]iod4 ,ev5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 himself in/itut$ fights ( ?is k9d2 & a writ] wor?y ( cr$it relates1 t ,james ,i4 took great delight 9 !m#aahe4 ,9 mod]n times ?is cruel amusem5t has be5 c>ri$ beyond all b\nds2 s t ! cock-fights 9 ,*9a#aahf1 ,p]sia#aahg1 ,malacca#aahh1 & ,am]ica#aahi1 are no?+ 9 comp>ison ( ^? call$ ! battle-royal & ! ,wel% ma94 ,9 ! =m] a c]ta9 numb] ( cocks are let loose to fight1 & :5 !y h de/roy$ ea* o!r1 ! survivor is acc\nt$ ! victor1 & obta9s ! prize4 ,9 ! latt] k9d ( battle1 sixte5 pair ( cocks1 = example1 be+ pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 ! sixte5 conqu]ors are made to fight aga92 ! eight ( ^! :i* are victors1 mu/ fight a ?ird "t2 & ! f\r rema9+ a f\r? "t1 till at l5g? ! two la/ conqu]ors t]m9ate1 by a fif? conte/1 ?is murd]\s game1 aft] ?irty-"o cocks h successively but*]$ ea* o!r amid/ ! noisy exultation ( ! spectators1 :o h[ev] make a pret5ce to ! "* ( magnanimity4 ,cock-fight+ is "o ( ! *ief amusem5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,*9a1 & x is a fa%ionable pa/ime = ladies 9 ,p]u4 ,! spot on :i* ! cock-pit ,royal1 :i* 0 built 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 exi/$1 is n[ us$ = ! meet+s ( ! memb]s ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,! cu/om ( cock-?r[+1 t is1 ( ?r[+ /icks at a cock expos$ at a /ake & :i* 0 practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ,%rovetide1 is suppos$ to h orig9at$ dur+ ! w> ) ,france 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 & to h be5 consid]$ a m>k ( hatr$ & contempt = ! ,fr5* p1 ( :om t bird 0 ! national emblem2 b ! conjecture re/s ^u no solid au?ority & mu/ be reg>d$ z m]e leg5d4 ,cock-fight+ is n[ =bidd5 & puni%able by law 9 ,great ,brita91 & e attempt is made to prev5t ?is & o!r simil> b>b>\s sports & to convict ! (f5d]s1 by ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals4 ,,footnotes #aadf ,ar*ologia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #acb4 ,a ,memoir on ,cock-fight+1 by ,samuel ,pegge1 ,m4,a41 ,rector ( ,witt+ton4 ,z ?is le>n$ antiqu>y made use ( :at 0 collect$ by o!rs on ?is subject1 ,i h tak5 ! same lib]ty ) 8 pap]2 b h rectifi$ "s mi/akes & made new additions4 #aadg ,palm]ii ,ex]cit4 9 ,auct4 ,grcos4 ,ultraj4 #afid1 #dto1 p4 #c4 #aadh ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ce et #de4 #aadi ,see ,vossius de ,hi/oricis ,grcis1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #aj4 ,extracts f ?is book ( ,ptolemy may be f\nd 9 ,photii ,biblio!ca1 #afab1 fol4 p4 #dgb4 #aaej ,! passages :i* indisputably relate to quail-fight+1 z f> z ,i "k1 are z foll[s3 ,plut>*4 ,apoph!gm4 p4 #bjg1 ed4 ,franc(urt1 #afbj1 fol4 ,cs> ,augu/us caus$ a p]son to be puni%$ = hav+ pur*as$ & us$ z food a quail :i* _h always be5 victori\s2 & 9 ,vita ,anton9i1 p4 #icj1 x is said t ,anton9us (t5 _h ! satisfaction ( see+ 8 game-cocks & quails victori\s4 ,m4 ,anton9us de ,se-ipso1 i4 #f1 decl>es t he nev] took pleasure 9 keep+ quails = fight+4 ,h]odian1 iii4 #aj1 #d1 says t ! son ( ,septimus ,sev]us always got into qu>rels at quail- & cock-fight+4 #aaea ,?is acc\nt is giv5 by ,jul4 ,pollux1 lib4 ix4 cap4 #g1 #ajb et #ajh4--,suidas1 v4 1 ed4 ,ku/]i1 ii4 p4 #gag4--,meursius de ,ludis ,grcorum1 9 ,gronovii ,!s4 ,grc4 ,antiq4 vii4 p4 #igi4 #aaeb ,pollux1 p4 #ajie4 #aaec ,de ,gymnasiis1 cap4 #cg4 #aaed ,cap4 #da1 p4 #ihe4 #aaee ,hi/or4 ,anim4 iv4 #a4 #aaef ,v>4 ,hi/or4 ii4 #bh4 ,khn quotes f ,eu/a?ius's comm5t>y on ! ,iliad1 p4 #gdj1 a passage :i* conta9s a new pro( t ! ,romans _h quail-fight+ r ?an cock-fight+4 ,! words ( lian are admitt$ by ,petit among ! ,attic laws4 ,see 8 ,leges ,attic1 p4 #aef4 #aaeg ,diog54 ,la]t4 ii4 #cj4 p4 #ih4 #aaeh ,/obi ,eclog4 ed4 ,gesn]i4 ,tiguri #aedc1 fol4 p4 #bih4 ,clius ,rhodig9us ,lection4 ,antiq4 xvi4 #ac1 & aft] him ,dele*amp1 ,khn1 ,pegge1 & o!rs say1 t ! philosoph] ,*rysippus extols ! game-cock also on acc\nt ( its c\rage2 b none ( ^! writ]s has told u :]e ?is fragm5t ( ! lo/ works ( t polygraph is to be f\nd4 ,i met ) x 9 ,plut>*i lib4 de ,/oicorum repugnantiis1 p4 #ajdi4 #aaei ,solanus ad ,luciani lib4 c4 #aafj ,! passage occurs 9 ! treatise1 ,lib] quisquis virtuti /udet1 9 op4 ed4 ,mangey1 ii4 p4 #dff4 #aafa ,9 8 obs]vations on ,pl9y1 lib4 x4 #ba1 sect4 #cd4 #aafb ,antiq4 ( ,greece4 #aafc ,de ,div9ationum ,g5]ibus1 #aeia1 #hvo1 #bcb1 b4 #aafd ,g5iales ,dies1 v4 #ac4 #aafe ,de ,div9atione1 i4 cap4 #cd4 #aaff ,pl94 x4 #ba1 sect4 #cd4 #aafg ,9 8 ,annotations on ,ros9i ,antiquit4 ,rom4 iii4 cap4 #aj4 ,see ,hyde de ,religione ,p]s>um1 p4 #afc4 #aafh ,lib4 xiv4 cap4 #bj4 #aafi ,aves1 #dhd1 #gjg4 ,beck1 9 8 edition ( ?is com$y1 ,lips4 #aghb1 #hvo1 p4 #ej1 ?9ks t ! anci5ts !mselves did n "k :5ce ?is appellation arose4 ,he ref]s !re=e to ! s*olia/s1 & to ,suidas1 v4 1 p4 #ajb1 ^: words h be5 copi$ by ,phavor9us into 8 diction>y1 p4 #eih2 & he supposes1 ) ,suidas1 t ! simil>ity ( ! cock's comb to ! ,p]sian cov]+ = ! head gave occasion to ! "n4 ,b ! passage quot$ f ,a!nu assigns a mu* m probable reason4 #aagj ,voy4 aux ,indes ,or4 ii4 p4 #aag1 :]e !re is also a figure ( ! wild f[ls4 #aaga ,re9eggs ,bes*reibung des ,kaukasus1 #agig1 #hvo1 p4 #fi4 #aagb ,lib4 x4 c4 #g4 #aagc ,cap4 #hf4 #aagd ,de ,legibus1 l4 vii4 #aage ,onoma/4 ix4 #hd4 #aagf ,anti*4 di ,ercolano1 tom4 viii4 ,luc]ne1 p4 #fc4 ,m engrav+s ( co9s ) simil> impressions may be f\nd 9 ,haym4 ,!s4 ,brit4 i4 pp4 #bac1 #bcd1 9 ,ago/9i ,gem4 ,p4 i4 p4 #aii1 & 9 ,gorleus1 ,p4 i4 #ea1 & #aad1 also ,p4 ii4 #bdf4 ,frli* ,notit4 ,numism4 p4 #ha4 ,a s+le cock may (t5 h be5 ! emblem ( vigilance4 #aagg ,lib4 iv4 cap4 #cf4 #aagh ,lib4 xxii4 cap4 #ba1 sect4 #cj3 8p]dices et gall9aceos pugnaciores fi]i putant1 9 cibum eorum additis40 ,?is af=ds a fur!r pro( t p>tridges also 7 made to fight4 #aagi ,aves1 #gfj3 3 tolle calc> si pugnas4 ,see :at has be5 said 9 reg>d to ?is prov]b by ,suidas1 & by ,erasmus 9 8 ,adagia4 #aahj ,! mo/ celebrat$ bre$s are m5tion$ by ,columella1 viii4 #b4--,pl94 x4 #ba4--;,geopon4 xvi4 #c1 #cj4 #aaha ,v>ro1 iii4 #i4 #aahb ,de ,bello ,gallico1 lib4 v4 #ab4 #aahc 8,prt]ea quotannis die1 qu dicitur c>nivale 7ut a pu]orum ludis incipiamus1 omnes enim pu]i fuimus7 s*ol>um s+uli pu]i suos apportant magi/ro suo gallos gall9aceos pugnatores1 et totum illud antem]idanum datur ludo pu]orum vacantium spect>e 9 s*olis suorum pugnas gallorum40 ,i h transcrib$ ^! words f ! fir/ edition ( ?is old topography1 :i* is entitl$ ,a ,survey ( ,london1 writt5 9 ! ye> #aeih1 by ,john ,/[ 444 ) an app5dix conta9+ ,libellum de situ et nobilitate ,lond9i1 writt5 by ,william ,fitz/eph54 ,lond4 #aeii1 #dto1 p4 #dhj4 ,/[ translates ! ^w ,c>nivale by ,%rove ,tuesday4 #aahd ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium4 ,?is c\ncil1 z ,i conjecture1 0 held 9 ! t[n ( ,copr9iacum 9 diocesi ,burdegal5si1 :i*1 z "s ?9k1 0 ,cognac4 #aahe ,see ,maitl&'s ,london1 & ,/['s ,survey1 by ,/rype1 i4 p4 #cjb4 edit4 #aged4 #aahf ,bell's ,travels1 p4 #cjc4 #aahg ,tav]ni]4 #aahh ,dampi]4 ,also ! ,g5tleman's ,mag4 #aggj1 p4 #efd4 #aahi ,waf]1 p4 #aah4 ,,saltpetre4 ,,gunp[d]4 ,,aqua=tis4 ,9 exam9+ ! "q1 :e!r ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9y1 & 9 g5]al ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 7 acqua9t$ ) our saltpetre1 or at :at p]iod x became kn[n1 ,i %all p]haps meet ) z little success z ^? :o h prec$$ me 9 ! same rese>*#aaij4 ,i %all !re=e be satisfi$ if compet5t judges all[ t ,i h contribut$ any?+ new t c t5d to illu/rate ! subject4 ,our saltpetre1 :i* is commonly call$ nitrum1 & sometimes1 ?\gh m r>ely1 sal nitr1 is a neutral salt compos$ ( a peculi> acid1 nam$ ! acid ( saltpetre or nitric acid1 & t alkali call$ pota%4 ,! *>act]s by :i* x is mo/ readily di/+ui%$ f o!r salts are its cool+ ta/e1 its fusibility :5 expos$ to a small degree ( heat1 & 9 p>ticul> its s-call$ deflagration2 t is1 ! prop]ty x has :5 plac$ 9 ! fire1 or on an ignit$ body1 or :5 melt$ 9 a crucible1 ) a combu/ible sub/ance1 ( sudd5ly bur/+ into a v bright flame1 by :i* x loses its acid1 & no?+ rema9s b a c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! pr9cipal use ( x is 9 mak+ gunp[d]1 & = ! prep>ation ( t acid kn[n "u ! "n ( aqua=tis#aaia1 :i* is employ$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,native saltpetre is s r>e1 t ,cron/$t 0 n acqua9t$ ) x4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 x is kn[n to occur 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 ! l[] "p ( ,italy1 also 9 ,portugal#aaib1 ,spa91 ,am]ica1 & "s o!r c\ntries#aaic4 ,b almo/ all ! saltpetre obta9$ 9 ,europe is produc$ p>tly by nature & p>tly by art4 ,! putrefaction ( organic bodies gives rise1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to nitric acid1 :i* 9 g5]al comb9es ) calc>e\s e>? :]ev] x f9ds x1 & =ms ! s-call$ e>?y saltpetre4 ,?is is decompos$ by pota%1 & ! latt] unit+ ) ! acid =ms common saltpetre4 ,sometimes also x is f\nd t ! nitric acid1 in/ead ( be+ unit$ ) calc>e\s e>?1 is comb9$ ) soda1 :i* produces ! s-call$ cubic saltpet]#aaid4 ,bo? ^! sal9e sub/ances1 b ! e>?y m frequ5tly ?an ! cubic1 are (t5 f\nd on effloresc$ walls2 & bo? are !n compreh5d$ "u ! common names ( ,mau]salz or ,mau]bes*lag1 sal murale4 ,?is effloresc5ce on walls 0 obs]v$1 9 all probability1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 especially z x is produc$ 9 _m p>ts 9 great abundance1 & z x makes itself p]ceptible by ! decay ( walls1 :i* x seems to corrode4 ,x is ! plague or leprosy ( h\ses m5tion$ 9 ! ,mosaic code ( laws4 ,z ! anci5ts 7 s mu* incl9$ to expect m$ic9al virtue 9 all natural bodies1 !re is reason to ?9k t !y soon collect$ & made trial ( ?is sal9e incru/ation4 ,t ?is inde$ 0 actually ! case1 & t !y gave ! "n ( nitrum to ?is sal9e mass1 may be prov$ f _! writ+s4 ,_! nitrum1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 exce$+ly v>i\s 9 its prop]ties4 ,= ?is incru/ation is n always calc>e\s saltpetre2 x is (t5 soda#aaie1 mix$ ) m or less calc>e\s e>?2 & sometimes x consi/s ( salts ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 mod]n times1 on clos] exam9ation1 o!r salts ( nitric acid h be5 f\nd 9 ! incru/ation ( walls1 su* z flam+ saltpetre or nitrate ( ammonia1 bitt] saltpetre or nitrate ( magnesia2 b ( ^! no m5tion c be expect$ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,sub/ances s diff]5t ought n inde$ to h be5 all nam$ nitrum2 b be=e natural hi/ory began to be =m$ into a regul> sy/em1 mank9d 9 g5]al fell into an error directly contr>y to t committ$ at pres5t4 ,objects ess5tially diff]5t 7 compreh5d$ "u "o "n1 if !y any h[ correspond$ ) ea* o!r ev5 9 ?+s accid5tal4 ,:]eas at pres5t e v>iety1 h[ev] small1 obta9s a di/9ct appellation2 because _m wi% to h ! pleasure1 if n ( =m+ new species1 at any rate ( giv+ new names4 ,! elephant & rh9oc]os 7 =m]ly call$ ox52 ! sable & erm9e 7 nam$ mice1 & ! o/ri* 0 di/+ui%$ by ! appellation ( sp>r[4 ,9 ! l mann]1 calc>e\s saltpetre & alkali might be call$ nitrum4 ,! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 gave to _! nitrum "s epi!ts1 b !y seem to h be5 us$ only to d5ote uncommon v>ieties4 ,n[1 z ! anci5ts 7 n acqua9t$ ) any accurate me?od ( sep>at+ & di/+ui%+ salts1 x ne$s excite no wond] t !y %\ld ascribe to _! nitrum prop]ties :i* c\ld n possibly be unit$ 9 a salt1 & mu* less exi/ 9 our saltpetre4 ,b z !y 7 nei!r acqua9t$ ) aqua=tis nor manufactur$ gunp[d]1 & z no p>ticul> use ( calc>e\s saltpetre 0 kn[n1 ! nitrum mo/ valuable to !m mu/ h be5 t :i* consi/$ *iefly ( soda1 & :i* consequ5tly c\ld be employ$ 9 wa%+1 9 pa9t+1 & 9 glass-mak+4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 w>m c\ntries ?is alkali effloresces "h & !re f ! e>?1 p>ticul>ly 9 a dry soil1 & ev5 9 su* quantity z to be employ$ 9 comm]ce4 ,h5ce x may be readily compreh5d$ :y ?is effloresc$ salt1 :i* is v (t5 mix$ ) common salt1 obta9$ ! "n ( nitrum4 ,! important discov]y1 t a simil> salt1 hav+ ! l prop]ties1 & applicable to ! same uses1 nam$ at pres5t soda1 may be obta9$ f ! a%es ( c]ta9 plants1 0 fir/ made1 9 my op9ion1 by ! anci5t ,egyptians or ,arabians#aaif4 ,?is salt also1 at lea/ by ! ,greeks1 0 nam$ nitrum1 or consid]$ z a species ( x4 ,by ! inc9]ation ( ! plants ?is salt 0 r5d]$ slightly cau/ic2 & x !n became moi/ 9 ! air1 & deliquesc$ :5 n pres]v$ 9 v close vessels4 ,x 0 !re=e l ^? salts :i* are obta9$1 9 ! same mann]1 f ! a%es ( all o!r plants2 ?\gh ! latt] are ess5tially diff]5t f ! =m]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t obta9$ ! peculi> appellation ( pota% or pe>la%4 ,"o c h>dly be surpris$ t ! anci5ts 7 n able to di/+ui% soda f pota%1 especially z !y 7 bo? obta9$ f vegetable a%es4 ,b 7 ! anci5ts1 "u ! ambigu\s "n ( nitrum1 acqua9t$ ) our saltpetre8 ,!re is c]ta9ly reason to ?9k t x became kn[n to !m by lixiviat+ e>?s impregnat$ ) salts4 ,!re are1 z already said1 n only 9 ,india b also 9 ,africa1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,egypt1 e>?s :i*1 )\t ! addition ( a%es or pota%1 give real saltpetre1 l t ( ! rubbi%-hills on ! road f new to old ,cairo#aaig1 & l ! e>? 9 "s p>ts ( ,spa94 ,x is a k only ( ?is natural k9d ( saltpetre1 :i* requir$ no artificial composition1 t c be all[$ to ! anci5ts1 z x does n appe> by _! writ+s t !y 7 suffici5tly v]s$ 9 *emi/ry to prep>e ! artificial k9d us$ at pres5t4 ,b ev5 admitt+ t !y _h our saltpetre1 :]e & by :at means c we be conv9c$ ( x8 ,is x to be expect$ t any ( ! be=e-m5tion$ *>act]s or prop]ties ( ?is salt %\ld occur 9 _! writ+s8 ,!y nei!r made aqua=tis nor gunp[d]2 & !y seem sc>cely to h _h any occasion or opportunity to discov] its deflagration & ! c>bonization !reby effect$1 or1 :5 obs]v$1 to exam9e & describe x4 ,no o!r use ( our saltpetre :i* c\ld prop]ly ann\nce ?is ph5om5on has yet be5 kn[n4 ,h[ !n c x be asc]ta9$ t "u ! t]m nitrum !y sometimes meant our saltpetre8 ,^? incl9$ to believe too little r ?an too mu*1 :o _c be satisfi$ ) m]e conjectures or probabilities1 b always require full pro(1 w ackn[l$ge ) me1 t ! fir/ c]ta9 acc\nts ( our saltpetre _c be expect$ mu* be=e ! inv5tion ( aqua=tis & gunp[d]4 ,x des]ves also to be rem>k$1 t ! real saltpetre1 z soon z x became kn[n1 0 nam$ also nitrum2 b1 by way ( di/9ction1 ei!r sal nitrum1 or sal nitri1 or sal petr4 ,! fir/ appellation1 f :i* our ance/ors made salnit]1 0 occasion$ by an un9telligible passage ( ,pl9y1 :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds po9t out4 ,! two o!r names signify1 l sal t>t>i1 sal succ9i1 a salt :i* 0 n nitrum b obta9$ f nitrum4 ,sal-nitri1 !re=e1 or salnit]1 0 t salt :i*1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! anci5ts1 0 sep>at$ by art f nitrum1 yet 0 ess5tially diff]5t f ! nitrum or soda commonly 9 use4 ,bir+occio says expressly1 t ! artificial nitrum1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 0 nam$1 n nitrum1 b sal nitrum4 ,! "n nitrum is ( great antiquity1 & seems to h be5 convey$ f ,egypt & ,pale/9e to ,greece1 & !nce to ,italy & e "p ( ,europe4 ,= x is evid5tly ! net] m5tion$ by ! prophet ,j]emiah1 *ap4 ii4 v]4 #bb2 & :i* occurs also 9 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 *ap4 xxv4 v]4 #bj4 ,b :e!r ! "n nitrum1 z ,j]ome says#aaih1 be d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian prov9ce ,nitria1 :5ce x 0 export$ 9 great abundance1 or ! "n ( ! prov9ce 0 d]iv$ f nitrum1 is a "q ( little importance 9 reg>d to ?is rese>*4 ,nitron is m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 :]e he describes ! ,egyptian me?od ( embalm+ dead bodies#aaii2 by "s ( ! ,greeks ! ^w 0 writt5 & pron\nc$ litron4 ,9 ! same mann] p say nympha & lympha4 ,9 ord] to avoid confusion1 ,i %all "h call ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts nitrum1 & ! nitrum ( ! m9]alogi/s saltpetre4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t m5 became acqua9t$ ) ! pur]1 m useful1 & *eap] m9]al alkali :i* 0 furni%$1 "u ! "n ( soda1 by ! ,moors & inhabitants ( ! s\!rn c\ntries1 :o _h le>n$ ! me?od ( prep>+ x4 ,! vegetable alkali also 0 always m & m manufactur$ 9 woody di/ricts1 z an article 9 great reque/1 & sold "u ! "n ( pota%1 c9]es clavellati4 ,all k ( ! impure alkali f ! incru/ation ( walls 0 !n lo/2 & z !re 0 no fur!r ne$ ( gu>d+ aga9/ confusion1 x 0 n long] ?\ght wor? :ile to "n saltpetre sal nitri3 x 0 call$ nitrum2 & ! olde/ signification ( ?is ^w be+ =gott51 x 0 admitt$ )\t fur!r exam9ation1 t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts 0 no?+ else ?an our saltpetre4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury "s le>n$ ,europeans1 :ile travell+ ?r\gh ! ,ea/1 he>d ! "n natrum giv5 to ! m9]al alkali :i* 0 !n export$ z an article ( comm]ce1 & introduc$ 9 _! works ?is trans=mation ( ! anci5t ^w nitrum4 ,?is appellation 0 employ$ by ! sy/ematic m9]alogi/s1 :o1 giv+ !mselves little tr\ble ab\t ! orig9al mean+ ( words1 & tak+ c>e only to avoid confusion1 call$ ! m9]al alkali also natrum1 & appli$ ! "n ( nitrum to saltpetre4 ,z f> z ,i "k at pres5t1 x 0 fir/ /at$ by ,pet] ,bellon & ,prosp] ,alp9us#abjj1 t ! m9]al alkali 0 9 ! ,ea/ call$ natrum4 ,! =m] return$ 9 #aedi1 & ! latt] 0 /ill 9 ,cairo 9 #aehj4 ,?is ^w 0 adopt$ 9 m9]alogy by ,l9nu1 9 ! ye> #agcf1 z ! "n ( a species1 9 :i* he compreh5d$ = ! fir/ "t ! alkal9e incru/ation f\nd on walls4 ,9 ?is he is foll[$ by ,wall]ius1 :o includes also ! m9]al alkali f ! ,ea/4 ,aft]w>ds ! ^w natrum 0 employ$ 9 ! same s5se by all m9]alogi/s4 ,x des]ves "h to be rem>k$1 t ,boyle _h ev5 exam9$ & det]m9$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fix$ & volatile alkalies2 b t m9]alogi/s & *emi/s1 till ! late/ p]iods1 believ$ t all fix$ alkali arose1 or at lea/ 0 obta9$1 by ! inc9]ation ( plants4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9]al & vegetable alkalies 0 fir/ def9$1 9 a prop] mann]1 by ! ex]tion ( ! ,g]man *emi/s ,pott1 ,model & ,m>ggraf#abja2 especially aft] ! la/ _h prov$1 9 ! ye> #ageh1 t ! basis ( common salt 0 n1 z _h be=e be5 g5]ally believ$1 an alkal9e e>?1 b a fix$ alkali1 to :i*1 because x 0 9 _m ( its prop]ties diff]5t f ! fix$ vegetable alkali1 he gave ! "n ( fix$ m9]al alkali4 ,soon aft] ?is sub/ance 0 discov]$ 9 m9]al spr+s2 & ,model & o!rs h %[n t x is n ess5tially diff]5t f t :i* 9 ! ,ea/ is call$ natrum4 ,x is s+ul>1 & yet may be acc\nt$ =1 t s9ce t "t _m h spok5 ( ! nitrum & natrum ( ! anci5ts1 ?\gh !y are only diff]5t pronunciations ( ! same ^w2 & natrum is nev] f\nd 9 ! works ( ! ,greeks or ! ,romans1 & n ev5 9 writ+s ( ! middle ages4 ,b if ! great] "p ( :at ,i h "h said %\ld be consid]$ only z conjecture1 x mu/ nev]!less be ackn[l$g$ t x is d$uc$ f ! nature ( ! ?+2 & :5 imp>tially comp>$ ) :at we read 9 ! anci5ts1 ! latt] ,i hope w be bett] und]/ood ?an x hi!rto has be52 ! impropriety ( _m read+s w become app>5t1 & ! tru? ( ?is conjecture be admitt$4 ,7 ,i "h to relate ev]y?+ t we read ( nitrum1 9 ord] to comp>e x ) nature & to exam9e x ?or\ghly1 ,i %\ld be oblig$ to ext5d ?is article to a great] l5g? ?an might be agreeable to ! read]4 ,i %all !re=e give only ! pr9cipal pro(s ( my ass]tion1 premis+1 t d\bts :i* might be excit$ by s+le passages n "h m5tion$1 w1 on a clos] comp>ison1 vani% )\t my assi/ance4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t ^? :o wi% to expla9 ! old names ( natural objects mu/ relate ev]y?+ said ( !m1 & n t alone :i* is fav\rable to _! op9ion1 & :i* may be (t5 contradict$ by :at 0 purposely or accid5tally conceal$4 ,! fir/ "p ( su* an exam9ation is always a c>eful collection f ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts ( all ! pr$icates ( ! natural object1 ! sy/ematic "n ( :i* "o is endeav\r+ to prove4 ,!re is reason h[ev] to conjecture1 t ! anci5ts1 9 ! hi/ory ( _! impure nitre1 ! mann] ( obta9+ :i* ! ,romans at lea/ _h no opportunity !mselves ( see+1 = ,pl9y says expressly t x 0 n procur$ 9 ,italy1 fell into _m errors & mi/akes1 :i* at pres5t _c all be expla9$4 ,h5ce x happ5$ t ! anci5ts did n und]/& ! art ( purify+ ! salt :i* !y obta9$ f m9]als2 & !re=e !y 7 oblig$ to use x 9 ! same impure /ate 9 :i* !y f\nd x4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y consid]$ ea* natural mixture z a peculi> k9d2 gave to ! great] "p ( !m1 or ^? mo/ useful1 p>ticul> names2 & ( ^! recomm5d$ = diff]5t purposes ^? :i*1 accord+ to _! purity or mixture1 or accord+ to o!r circum/ances1 7 ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,x is n probable t all ^! v>ieties c\ld be aga9 f\nd out or def9$2 & x seems to be ( little importance1 :5 x is kn[n t ! names d5ote no?+ m ?an ! v>ieties ( a m9]al4 ,9 ?is exam9ation x is to be regrett$ t ! book ( ,!ophra/us1 9 :i* he expressly treat$ ( nitrum1 has n be5 pres]v$4 ,b x may be believ$1 ev5 )\t ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ accurate & acute naturali/s among ! anci5ts1 & t he gave ! be/ acc\nt ( ?is sub/ance#abjb4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ,pl9y ?or\ghly und]/ood ?is au?or1 & gave a correct extract f him1 & t ! transcrib] fell into no mi/ake4 ,t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts 0 an alkali m or less impure1 b n saltpetre1 has be5 long admitt$ by ^? :o _h ! lea/ k ( m9]alogy1 z well z by ! mo/ sagaci\s physicians4 ,! gr\nds = ?is op9ion1 z f> z ,i h yet le>n$1 are z foll[s3 m inde$ might be f\nd1 b ^! are suffici5t to af=d a complete pro(4 ,gal51 a cauti\s writ]1 says t nitrum 0 9 g5]al burnt1 by :i* means its effects 7 /r5g!n$#abjc4 ,_h x be5 saltpetre1 x is impossible t ! anci5ts %\ld n 9 burn+ x h obs]v$ its deflagration1 & ?is prop]ty is too rem>kable n to h be5 m5tion$4 ,b no?+ is to be f\nd t c ) any probability be suppos$ to allude to x4 ,b %\ld x be admitt$ )\t any gr\nds t x 0 n an alkali b saltpetre :i* !y burnt1 x mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 c>boniz$2 = a burn+ body may easily h fall5 into ! crucible1 & 9 g5]al nitrum seems to h be5 burnt 9 an op5 fire1 l our lime1 because ,pl9y1 speak+ ( ! ,egyptian1 consid]s ! contr>y z some:at uncommon4 ,physicians !n1 at any rate1 mu/ h obs]v$1 t a body v diff]5t bo? 9 its appe>ance & effects 0 produc$ f saltpetre by burn+1 b :i* c\ld n be us$ = any o!r purpose ?an t salt4 ,( ?is h[ev] we d n f9d ! lea/ intimation4 ,b nitrum 0 und\bt$ly soda1 & on t acc\nt :5 burnt mu/ h become m cau/ic z well z /rong] 9 mo/ ( its effects1 & 9 ?is respect simil> to pota%1 s9ce ow+ to impurities x 9 ! same mann] became moi/ & deliquesc$ 9 ! air4 ,:at ,pl9y relates ( ! ,egyptian nitrum becomes !n intelligible4 ,! latt]1 he says1 0 transport$ 9 pit*$ vessels1 because x w\ld o!rwise h deliquesc$2 & he aft]w>ds adds1 t x 0 burnt be=e x 0 s5t (f4 ,_h he kn[n t ! latt] 0 ! cause & ! =m] ! effect1 he w\ld h m5tion$ ! latt] fir/2 b 8 :ole extract1 9 reg>d to nitre1 is writt5 9 g5]al )\t ord]4 ,! vessels1 no d\bt1 7 ( clay2 b :e!r he means 9 :at he adds t !y 7 n burnt b only bak$ 9 ! sun1 or t be=e !y 7 fill$ !y 7 completely dri$ 9 ! sun1 has be5 det]m9$ by no comm5tator4 ,to me ! latt] is ! m probable4 ,pl9y also m5tions ano!r circum/ance 9 reg>d to ! burn+ ( ! ,egyptian nitrum2 namely1 t x mu/ be done 9 a close vessel1 o!rwise x w\ld decrepitate or fly (f4 ,?is is p]fectly intelligible1 :5 x is consid]$ t x conta9$ a great deal ( common salt1 :i* alone possess$ ! prop]ty ( decrepitat+2 & x is well kn[n 9 m9]alogy t native soda1 & ev5 t :i* 9 mod]n times has be5 introduc$ into our collections f ,tripoli1 & ( :i* ,i h 9 my possession a specim51 conta9s common salt#abjd1 & (t5 9 cubic cry/als4 ,pl9y _h j reason to add1 t nitrum o!rwise does n prop]ly decrepitate4 ,! anci5ts 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! resemblance ( _! nitrum to lime1 & especially ( t :i* 0 burnt4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 because ! ,egyptian 0 export$ aft] x _h be5 burnt1 x c\ld easily be mix$ ) quicklime1 or1 z ,pl9y says1 be adult]at$4 ,b ! pro( :i* he gives he does n seem to h ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! ,egyptian mu/ at all times h be5 cau/ic 7pung5s7 ev5 )\t lime2 b t :i* 0 mix$ ) lime c\ld n s spe$ily or completely dissolve on ! tongue z t :i* 0 pure1 & left beh9d x m e>?4 ,:at he says ( a te/ by ! smell1 ,i _c und]/& 9 any o!r mann] ?an t burnt lime1 :5 moi/5$ ) wat]1 diffus$ t disagreeable vap\r obs]v$ 9 ap>tm5ts ! walls ( :i* h be5 newly pla/]$2 ?\gh :5 ! quantity is small ?is is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,if ,i und]/& ,!ophra/us#abje prop]ly1 he seems to say1 t if nitrum be burnt z soon z x is dug up1 x communicates heat to wat] 9 ! same mann] z lime4 ,x may "h be se5 h[ great a resemblance ! anci5ts f\nd betwe5 _! nitrum1 alkal9e e>? & lime4 ,! simil>ity ( wood-a%es to ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts1 :i* !y ackn[l$g$1 proves also t x 0 9 reality an alkal9e salt4 ,we are told by ,!ophra/us#abjf t nitrum 0 said to be produc$ f oak-a%es2 & ,pl9y#abjg1 :o borr[$ f ?is writ]1 rem>ks t x 0 c]ta9 ! a%es ( t wood 7 nitr\s4 ,he ascribes also to burnt w9e-lees ! nature & prop]ties ( nitrum#abjh4 ,nay he consid]s z a k9d ( nitrum ^? sal9e a%es :i*1 9 _m c\ntries de/itute ( salt1 7 us$ = season+ food1 & :i* 7 prep>$ by p\r+ sea-wat] or salt br9e ov] burn+ piles ( wood1 gradually & 9 small quantities1 s t ! fire 0 n ext+ui%$1 by :i* means ! wat] evaporat$1 leav+ ! salt beh9d1 b mix$ inde$ ) *>coal1 a%es1 e>?1 & alkal9e salts2 consequ5tly x mu/ h be5 moi/1 or at any rate nause\s1 if n ref9$ by a new solution4 ,?is me?od ( prep>+ or boil+ salt1 :i* p]haps is ! olde/1 has be5 m5tion$ by v>i\s writ]s2 b _m ( !m1 ?r\gh ignorance or neglect1 h n told u t sea-wat] or br9e 0 employ$1 z !y speak 9 su* a mann] z if any k9d & ev5 fre% wat] _h be5 us$ = t purpose4 ,v>ro relates t he saw ?is process employ$ on ! ,rh9e#abji4 ,pl9y says#abaj t oak timb] _h be=e be5 burnt = t purpose4 ,9 ano!r place he m5tions a simil> process among ! ,gauls & ! ,g]mans#abaa1 z ,tacitus does among ! ,h]m&uri & ! ,catti#abab4 ,! =m] also /ates1 on ! au?ority ( ,!ophra/us1 t ! ,umbri burnt salt 9 ! l mann]#abac4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t ,pl9y & o!r anci5t writ]s (t5 quote f ,!ophra/us :at1 at pres5t1 is n to be f\nd 9 ! works ( t naturali/1 b 9 ^? ( 8 preceptor ,ari/otle#abad4 ,pl9y adds1 t ?is paltry me?od ( obta9+ salt _h be5 long giv5 up2 & ?is inde$ 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( increas$ civilization4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 t x 0 long cont9u$ 9 _m c\ntries1 & 9 "s /ill exi/s4 ,ab\t two c5turies ago ! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce ( ,zeel&1 desc5dants p]haps ( ! ,catti1 us$ no o!r salt ?an :at !y obta9$ 9 ! l mann]1 f mud ?r[n up by ! sea1 :i* !y burn$ & moi/5$ ) sea-wat]1 z we are told by ,lemnius1 :o 0 himself a native ( t c\ntry4 ,boxhorn says1 9 8 annotations on ! above-quot$ passage ( ,tacitus1 t he saw a pa9t+ at ,zirkzee1 9 :i* ! :ole process 0 repres5t$4 ,x is probable t salt 0 boil$ exactly 9 ! same mann] z at "s ( ! ,sleswic isl&s1 describ$ by ,d5kw]?#abae1 f ^: acc\nt x is se5 t ! gleb m>91 ( :i* ,lemnius speaks1 consi/$ ( mud mix$ ) roots gr[+ 9 !m2 & t ! salt :5 aft]w>ds ref9$ 0 call$ !re ,frisic1 9 all probability because ! inhabitants _h le>n$ to make x f _! ance/ors ! ,friesl&]s4 ,i rememb] some:]e to h read t salt 0 made = a long "t 9 ?is mann] by ! s-call$ ,wur/-,friesl&]s1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,wur/1 belong+ to ! du*y ( ,brem54 ,! inhabitants also ( ! ,au/rian "p ( ,moldavia1 or ,bucc[9a z x is call$1 /ill use a salt1 :i* !y d n boil1 b burn ) _! sup]flu\s wood1 9 ! l mann] f ! br9e ( a sal9e spr+4 ,a memb] ( ! =m] ,academy ( ,brussels#abaf took ! tr\ble to exam9e ! process z describ$ by ! anci5ts1 & obta9$1 z might c]ta9ly h be5 expect$1 a highly alkal9e k9d ( common salt1 simil> to t :i* ,pl9y1 n )\t reason1 consid]$ z a sort ( nitrum1 because und\bt$ly x may (t5] h be5 an alkal9e c>bonate ?an common salt4 ,bo]haave#abag1 9 quot+ ! passages ( ! anci5ts1 did n reflect t1 dur+ ! inc9]ation ( ! wood1 salt wat] 0 p\r$ ov] x4 ,he consid]$ ! :ole process z a burn+ ( pota%1 & ?\ght t ! salt obta9$ 0 fit = use only because x 0 made accord+ to ! mann] ( ,ta*5ius4 ,t inde$ gives a c>bonat$ salt1 :i* is almo/ saponace\s1 & s mix$ ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! burnt plants t x is mu* mild]1 consequ5tly fitt] = use ?an common soda or pe>la% c be2 b t salt 0 n s mu* ( ! ,ta*5ian k9d z a species ( common salt sup]abundant 9 alkali4 ,if ! nitrum 0 c>bonat$ alkali1 !re is reason to suppose t ! anci5ts mu/ h occasionally m5tion$ 9 _! writ+s t x eff]vesc$ ) acids4 ,) ! m9]al acids inde$ !y 7 n acqua9t$2 b !y _h v9eg>1 & t nitrum produc$ ) ?is an eff]vesc5ce _h be5 kn[n 9 ! olde/ times4 ,a v cle> allusion to ?is circum/ance is f\nd 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 *ap4 xxv4 v]4 #bj2 :]e ,lu!r h[ev] translates ! ^w by *alk4 ,j]ome1 ^: explanation ,i h already quot$1 0 9 "s degree acqua9t$ ) ?is phnom5on2 & !re=e to him ! comp>ison ( ,solomon 0 intelligible#abah4 ,b at pres5t ,i c produce no pro(s f ,greek writ]s2 ?\gh !y might h occurr$ dur+ ! use ( nitrum 9 m$ic9e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x 0 (t5 put into v9eg>4 ,we %all be fur!r conv9c$ :at nitrum really 01 :5 ! uses to :i* x 0 appli$1 z m5tion$ 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 are consid]$4 ,! mo/ common1 z soap 0 n !n kn[n1 appe>s to h be5 9 wa%+1 a purpose = :i* our saltpetre w\ld n be fit2 besides1 x is at all times too sc>ce & too de>4 ,i %all n "h adduce any pro(s ( its be+ employ$ 9 ?is mann]1 z !y (t5 occur1 & z sev]al h be5 already giv5 9 ! prec$+ volume#abai4 ,_m salves & cosmetics 7 prep>$ ) nitrum2 & 9 all probability articles ( ?is k9d1 us$ *iefly among ! wom51 are to be und]/ood by ! t]m nitron p>!nicon1 :i* occurs 9 ,ni*olas ,myrepsius1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 matronicon1 m5tion$ by ! same1 & by ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ab\t ! ye> #efe2 & ! nitrum matronale ( ,m>cellus ,empiricus1 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,t ! use ( x = wa%+ /ill cont9ues 9 ! ,ea/1 is confirm$ 9 v>i\s books ( travels4 ,! olde/ glass1 ( ! prep>ation ( :i* any acc\nt is to be f\nd 9 hi/ory1 0 made by means ( nitrum or m9]al alkali4 ,= ?\gh ,i d\bt t x c\ld h be5 produc$ on ! s&y banks ( ! ,belus1 :]e "s m]*ants1 :5 cook+1 support$ _! pots ) lumps ( nitrum#abbj1 because s& is n s easily br\ght to a /ate ( fusion2 x at any rate rema9s c]ta91 t ?is suppos$ fusion ) our saltpetre is altoge!r impossible4 ,! use ( nitrum = pa9t+ ann\nces1 )\t d\bt1 an alkal9e c>bonate1 & n saltpetre#abba2 & ! case is ! same ) ! v>i\s uses 9 ! cook]y ( ! anci5ts1 _m ( :i* we h /ill reta9$4 ,x 0 add$ to bread 9 bak+1 accord+ to ,pl9y#abbb1 9 ! /ead ( salt1 b probably to promote its ris+1 = :i* purpose x is /ill employ$ by ! ,egyptians1 z pota% 0 by our bak]s4 ,= ?is use ! m9]al alkali 0 =m]ly br\ght f ! ,levant to ,france1 till x 0 decl>$ by ! physicians to be injuri\s to ! heal?#abbc4 ,:5 meat :i* 0 too fre% 0 to be dress$1 x 0 put into nitrum#abbd1 9 ord] to make x t5d]2 &1 accord+ to ,=skl & o!rs1 ?is is /ill practis$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,our cooks also "k t smok$ meat1 fi% & o!r dri$ provisions become m t5d] :5 plac$ 9 a ley ( pota%1 or :5 a little pota% is add$ :ile !y are boil+4 ,nitrum1 h[ev]1 0 employ$ = cur+ articles ( food :i* p wi%$ to pres]ve4 ,?is appe>s to contradict :at has be5 m5tion$ above2 b 9 all probability a cau/ic sort 0 us$ = ! =m] purpose2 b = ! latt] a mild k9d1 mix$ ) a great deal ( common salt4 ,!re 7 s _m species1 t "s ( !m might h be5 appli$ to q contr>y purposes4 ,z ,i conjecture1 ! use ( nitrum = caus+ *e/nuts & o!r husky fruits to boil s(t1 0 also kn[n3 to produce ! same effect1 pota% is at pres5t ?r[n among boil+ l5tils & peas4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t = ?is reason ,apicius caus$ *e/nuts to be boil$ ) nitre4 ,x is highly probable t ?is effect ( alkal9e c>bonates induc$ agriculturi/s to believe t beans1 peas1 l5tils & o!r legum9\s fruits1 if /eep$1 be=e !y 7 s[n1 9 wat] 9 :i* nitre _h be5 dissolv$1 or if ! dung spread ov] ! e>? _h be5 mix$ ) nitre1 ! future product c\ld be m easily boil$ s(t#abbe4 ,h[ev] useful ?is addition may be 9 cook]y1 x w\ld produce little effect on se$2 & x appe>s to me t ! old agriculturi/s plac$ little confid5ce 9 ! la/-m5tion$ use1 because !y 7 n agre$ 9 reg>d to ! result4 ,virgil & o!rs seem to expect f x an increase ( ! fruit#abbf2 b o!rs1 security aga9/ beetles1 :i* eat ! fruit & leave ! husks empty#abbg4 ,:5 cabbages 7 transplant$ !y 7 /rew$ ov] ) nitre1 & by ^! means 7 said to come soon] to maturity#abbh4 ,radi%es also 7 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 or bespr9kl$ ) nitr\s wat]1 9 ord] to make !m m t5d]#abbi4 ,a common me?od employ$ by ! anci5t cooks to give a beautiful gre5 col\r to pickl$ or boil$ vegetables1 0 to add nitrum to !m :ile boil+2 b ?is effect c\ld be produc$ by natrum1 & n by ! nitrum ( ! mod]ns1 or t neutral salt call$ saltpetre#abcj4 ,among ! olde/ acc\nts ( nitrum is t :]e x is m5tion$ z be+ employ$ = embalm+ dead bodies4 ,x w\ld be tiresome to read ov] & exam9e ev]y?+ writt5 on t subject by ! le>n$2 b ?is mu* ,i ?9k is cle>1 t ei!r ! fle%1 & 9 g5]al ! s(t] p>ts ( ! body c\ld be corrod$ 9 ! c\rse ( sev5ty days by ! ,egyptian nitrum#abca1 :i*1 z above %[n1 0 burnt1 & 9 g5]al mix$ ) unslak$ lime1 & consequ5tly cau/ic#abcb2 or t ! moi/ p>ts c\ld be desiccat$ by c>bonate alkali1 9 ! same mann] z ! manufactur]s ( p>*m5t purify & dry _! sk9s by ! application ( *alk4 ,t saltpetre 9 no case c\ld be useful = ?is purpose ne$s h>dly be m5tion$4 ,! anci5t physicians1 :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) our num]\s class ( salts1 employ$ _! nitrum 9 _m ways1 & = a great v>iety ( mixtures2 b no writ]1 z f> z ,i "k1 ev] took ! tr\ble to exam9e ^! recipes1 ?\gh x has long s9ce be5 decl>$ t nitrum mu/ h be5 pota% or salt ( t>t>4 ,mat?ioli#abcc ass]t$1 t ^? physicians w\ld act v improp]ly :o %\ld prescribe our saltpetre :]e ! anci5ts employ$ _! nitrum2 & inde$ ^? 9 ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! effects ( salts mu/ "k1 t all ^? extoll$ by ! anci5ts ann\nce c>bonat$ alkalies4 ,?us burnt nitrum 0 employ$ = clean+ black tee?1 z at pres5t _m use tobacco a%es in/ead ( too?-p[d]4 ,x is se5 by ! works ( ,aretu & o!rs1 t burnt nitrum 0 us$ z a cau/ic1 till p le>n$ 9 mod]n times to prep>e ! m active cau/icum pot5tiale1 or sal cau/icum4 ,:at ! anci5ts say ( ! ta/e ( _! nitrum seems1 h[ev]1 n entirely applicable to pure c>bonat$ alkali2 & mu* less1 or n at all1 to our saltpetre4 ,_h !y meant ! latt]1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly n h fail$ to m5tion ! s5sation ( coolness :i* x occasions :5 appli$ to ! tongue4 ,gal5 & ,aetius say1 t nitrum is z bitt] z gall2 b ,s]apio ascribes to x a sal9e ta/e1 ) a small degree ( bitt]ness2 z does also ,pl9y1 only t = bitt]ness he sub/itutes ! ^w %>pness4 ,! names ( ta/es1 h[ev]1 are z unc]ta9 z ! names ( ! col\rs :i* occur 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts4 ,bo? c]ta9ly des]ve to be m accurately exam9$1 & to be def9$ by comp>+ ! ?+s to :i* ^! names are giv54 ,prosp] ,alp9us1 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion t :at ! anci5ts call$ am>um1 is n inapplicable to ! ta/e ( natrum4 ,! anci5ts m5tion v>i\s spr+s & /reams :i* conta9$ :at !y call$ nitrum#abcd2 b nitr\s wat]1 accord+ to ! pres5t acceptation ( ! ^w1 t is1 wat] :i* conta9s saltpetre1 does n exi/2 & if cr$it is to be giv5 to ,m>ggraf & o!rs1 t !y obs]v$ traces ( saltpetre 9 "s k9ds ( wat]1 ! in/ances mu/ h be5 s r>e t m5tion ( !m c\ld n be expect$ among ! anci5ts4 ,_! nitr\s wat] 0 und\bt$ly alkal9e1 & ?is inde$ is n sc>ce4 ,su* wat] 0 recomm5d$ by ! anci5t physicians1 bo? = ba?+ & dr9k+#abce2 & ,pl9y says1 x 0 s+ul> t ! salt ( su* wat] w\ld n %oot into cry/als1 l common salt1 :i* is und\bt$ly true#abcf4 ,alkal9e wat] ( ?is k9d1 su* z t ( ,arm5ia1 0 us$ = wa%+1 & also by full]s4 ,9 ,egypt1 at pres5t1 p wa% 9 ! same mann] ) nitrum4 ,x appe>s to me t _m k9ds ( wat]1 :i* 7 only impure & n potable on acc\nt ( _! nause\s ta/e1 7 consid]$ by ! anci5ts z nitr\s4 ,?is seems to be prov$ by ! means :i* !y propose = r5d]+ nitr\s wat] fit to be drunk2 t is1 by ?r[+ into x clay1 or "s gra9s ( b>ley#abcg4 ,9 ! l mann]1 ,i saw ! brew]s at ,am/]dam improve _! dirty wat]1 9 "s degree1 by putt+ into x knead$ clay1 & all[+ x to s9k to ! bottom4 ,"o f\ndation m = my ass]tion may be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! "n borax4 ,! anci5t nitrum by ! ,arabians 0 call$ ,bauracon or ,baura*4 ,:5 t salt1 :i* at pres5t is ev]y:]e call$ borax1 became kn[n to ! ,arabians1 x 0 at fir/ g5]ally consid]$ z a k9d ( nitre1 & on t acc\nt call$ ,baura*1 because 9 mo/ ( its prop]ties x approa*$ ne> to ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts1 t is1 ! natrum ( ! pres5t day4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 ! diff]5ce became kn[n1 our borax1 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 reta9$ exclusively ! g5]al "n ( ,baura*1 f :i* at l5g? 0 =m$ ! pres5t ^w borax4 ,my conclusion !re=e is1 t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts mu/ h be5 m9]al alkali2 o!rwise x is impossible t our borax1 :i* till mod]n times 0 reckon$ to be m9]al alkali1 %\ld h be5 consid]$ z a nitrum4 ,= _m c5turies pa/1 ! p 9 ,africa & ,asia1 & also 9 ,spa9 & ,sicily1 h cultivat$ "s k9ds ( plants1 :i* !y dry & !n burn to a%es4 ,by regulat+ ! fire 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 !y cause ^! a%es to assume a c]ta9 degree ( concretion1 or vitrification1 by :i* means !y are =m$ into solid cakes ( a grey col\r1 int]sp]s$ ) _m :ite & black spots4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! vitrification does n become moi/ 9 ! air1 is brok5 into fragm5ts1 & s5t to e "p ( ,europe "u ! "n ( soda1 = ! use ( ! glass-h\ses1 soap-boil]s1 dy]s1 & = o!r purposes4 ,^! plants 7 und\bt$ly fir/ cultivat$ & employ$ 9 ,europe by ! ,arabians1 :o made kn[n ! use ( !m4 ,^? fir/ or *iefly employ$ 7 nam$ by !m axnan1 usnan1 usn51 or uscnanon2 & also ,hasciscio alcali1 t is1 h]ba kali1 ! plant or h]b kali1 because ! "n kali1 or1 ) ! article prefix$1 al kali1 0 n giv5 to ! plant b to ! half-vitrifi$ a%es kali4 ,h5ce ! *emi/s call salts obta9$ f ! a%es ( plants1 alkal9e salts4 ,i d n "k h[ old ?is appellation may be2 b x is to be f\nd 9 ,v9c5t ,bellovac5sis & 9 ! int]polat$ writ+s ( ,geb] & ,avic5na1 & p>ticul>ly 9 a passage quot$ by ! =m] f an old al*emi/ nam$ ,jahie1 :]e x is call$ sal al*ali#abch4 ,all ^! salts =m]ly 7 consid]$ z nitr\s salts1 or a k9d ( nitrum4 ,x 0 inde$ soon obs]v$ t soda & wood-a%es1 :i* f ! e>lie/ p]iods _h be5 burnt 9 woody di/ricts1 & :i* are n[ call$ pota%1 7 n all ( ! same nature2 b :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9]al & vegetable alkalies began to be /udi$1 x 0 !n kn[n t soda conta9s ! =m]1 t is1 our natrum1 & pota% ! latt]1 b bo? inde$ (t5 r5d]$ impure by e>?y & =eign sal9e p>ticles2 & t !re are _m plants f ! a%es ( :i* m9]al & n vegetable alkali is obta9$4 ,a "q n[ arises1 ,h[ old 9 ! ,levant is ! me?od ( prep>+ ?is natrum f ! a%es ( plants8 ,mi*aelis is ( op9ion t x is m5tion$ 9 ,mala*i1 *ap4 iii4 v]4 #b2 :i* passage ,i %all give accord+ to ,lu!r's translation3 8,:o %all /& :5 he appe>e?8 = he is l ! fire ( ! goldsmi?1 & ! soap ( ! sc\r]4 ,he w sit & melt & purify ! silv]1 & make pure l gold & silv]40 ,?is le>n$ man "h seems to ?9k t ! sacr$ writ] alludes to ref9+ ! noble metals1 & t ! ^w bori? means soda1 :i* inde$ may s]ve z a flux 9 ! purification ( !m4 ,i at fir/ consid]$ ?is mean+ z true2 b1 on clos] exam9ation1 ,i am fully conv9c$ t we h bo? err$4 ,^? :o read )\t prejudice ! above passage ( ,mala*i1 mu/ rem>k1 t a d\ble comp>ison or d\ble image is employ$4 ,! mess5g] !re promis$ 0 to sep>ate ! good f ! bad1 ! clean f ! unclean4 ,! fir/ occupation is comp>$ ) ! lab\r ( ! gold-ref9]2 ! o!r1 ) t ( ! sc\r] ( clo!s4 ,! fir/ image is aft]w>ds height5$1 because ! poet1 9 all probability1 0 desir\s ( apply+ ! sep>ation ( ! ignoble p>ts1 su* z slag1 by means ( fire1 z be+ ! /rong] image :i* d5otes puni%m5t1 9 a clos] mann] to ! ,levites & prie/s4 ,at ! "t ( ! poet1 be=e ! inv5tion ( soap1 p employ$ = wa%+ ei!r nitre or ! saponace\s juice ( c]ta9 plants1 :i* ,i h already endeav\r$ to det]m9e4 ,! bori? ( ! wa%] !re expressly nam$1 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ^! soap plants1 & n ! half-vitrifi$ a%es ei!r ( soda or pota%4 ,?is passage ( ,mala*i 0 s und]/ood 9 ! olde/ times4 ,pr(essor ,ty*s51 a true pupil & intimate fri5d ( ,mi*aelis1 to ^: op9ion ,i subject$ my d\bts1 assur$ me t ,mi*aelis 0 nev] able to conv9ce him ( ! ju/ness ( 8 exposition2 especially z ,j]ome#abci1 )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 und]/ood bori? to be a plant gr[+ 9 ,pale/9e1 & us$ !re = wa%+2 & z ! ,greek translators1 :o 7 mu* ne>] to ! p]iod ( ! poet1 & c\ld n be unacqua9t$ ) a ?+ s mu* us$1 h translat$ bori? by ! ^w 1 a plant4 ,9 ,j]emiah1 *ap4 ii4 v]4 #bbabdj1 bo? ! sub/ances =m]ly us$ = wa%+1 nitrum & ! soap-plant1 are s cle>ly nam$1 t ,mi*aelis 0 oblig$ to admit t we _c und]/& !re soda or pota%1 b a ley or soap1 ! la/ ( :i* h[ev] 0 n at t "t kn[n4 ,b1 to speak ! tru?1 pota% & soda w\ld n be altoge!r unfit = wa%+2 at any rate1 n less fit ?an ! ne!r or nitrum !re nam$4 ,:at may s]ve1 h[ev]1 to refute entirely ! op9ion ( ,mi*aelis is1 t no pro( has yet be5 f\nd t soda is ( s great antiquity4 ,= my "p1 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no old] m5tion ( x ?an t :i* occurs 9 ! works ( ! m mod]n ,arabian physicians1 ,avic5na1 ,s]apio1 & o!rs#abda4 ,all ^! gr\nds af=d suffici5t pro( t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts 0 our natrum1 & n our saltpetre4 ,b /ill1 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ! anci5ts ( t salt1 !re rema9 _m ?+s inexplicable4 ,?us1 = example1 no "o c accurately def9e ! epi!ts1 *ala/ricum1 halmirhaga1 agrium1 spuma nitri1 aphronitrum1 & o!rs1 because !y d n indicate diff]5t k9ds1 z already said1 b accid5tal prop]ties ( ! same salt4 ,)\t enl>g+ fur!r on ?is subject1 ,i %all only rem>k t ,pl9y admits a natural & an artificial k9d ( nitrum1 & ?is division is adopt$ by ,s]apio2 b ! latt] t]m has n ! mean+ :i* we affix to x at pres5t4 ,! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) no o!r ?an native nitrum1 :i* !y call$ artificial only :5 x requir$ a little m tr\ble & art to obta9 x4 ,mo/ ( ! physicians recomm5d r$ nitrum1 :i* is m5tion$ also by _m ( ! mod]n travell]s4 ,:5 ,prosp] ,alp9us 0 9 ,egypt ! rose-r$ nitrum co/ twice z mu* z ! :ite4 ,! r$ col\r1 9 all probability1 arises f a metallic admixture2 yet ! r$ nitrum may be pur] ?an ! o!r1 z r$ or violet rock-salt is (t5 cle>] & pur] ?an t :i* is col\rless4 ,"o ( ! d>ke/ p>ts 9 ! hi/ory ( nitrum is ! foll[+ passage ( ,pl9y3 8,faciunt ex 8 vasa1 nec non frequ5t] liquatum cum sulphure1 coqu5tes 9 c>bonibus40 ,! latt] words he seems soon aft] to repeat3 8,sal nitrum sulphuri concoctum 9 lapidem v]titur40 ,f ^! words ,j4 ,rhodius#abdb concludes t nitrum fixum 0 at t "t kn[n1 because he consid]$ nitrum to be saltpetre2 b 9 t case ) ! sulphur1 ,glas]'s sal poly*re/ mu/ prop]ly h be5 produc$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case1 because nitrum 0 fix$ alkali4 ,! anci5ts !re=e1 :5 !y plac$ x ) sulphur 9 a crucible ^u burn+ coals mu/ h obta9$ liv] ( sulphur1 :i* :5 x cools is h>d1 b soon becomes moi/ :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,b ,i w n v5ture to det]m9e :e!r any?+ ( ?is k9d is to be suppos$ 9 ,pl9y1 :o did n himself fully und]/& ! subject on :i* he t\*es4 ,! acc\nt ( vessels made ( nitrum is /ill m s+ul>4 ,mi*aelis conjectur$#abdc t articles ( v>i\s k9ds 7 cut out ( ?is sub/ance1 n = real use b m]ely = ornam5t1 9 ! same mann] z simil> ?+s are cut out ( rock-salt 9 ,transylvania1 _m specim5s ( :i* ,i h 9 my collection#abdd4 ,b ev5 if nitrum _h be5 compact & /rong en\gh = ?is purpose1 !re c\ld n be ! same inducem5t to employ x z rock-salt1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( its solidity1 transp>5cy1 brightness & smoo?ness1 appe>s to be capable ( furni%+ vessels equal to ^? made ( ! mo/ beautiful cry/al4 ,dale*amp seems to expla9 ! :ole z applicable to glaz+2 b 9 ?is case nitrum c\ld s]ve only z a flux4 ,?\gh x c be c]ta9ly prov$ t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts 0 an alkal9e salt1 x is difficult to det]m9e ! "t :5 our saltpetre 0 discov]$ or made kn[n4 ,z _m h conjectur$ t x 0 a compon5t "p ( ! ,greek fire1 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #fgh1 :i*1 9 all probability1 gave rise to ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ,i exam9$ ! prescriptions = ! prep>ation ( x4 ,! olde/1 & p]haps ! mo/ c]ta91 is t giv5 by ! pr9cess ,anna ,comn5a2 9 :i* h[ev] ,i f9d only res91 sulphur & oil1 b n saltpetre4 ,kl+5/i]na#abde !re=e judg$ v prop]ly1 t all recipes 9 :i* saltpetre occurs are ei!r =g$ or ( mod]n inv5tion4 ,( ?is k9d are ^? :i* ,scalig]1 at lea/ accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 f\nd 9 ,arabic works1 & 9 :i* m5tion is made ( oleum de nitro & sal petr#abdf4 ,b x does n occur 9 t prescription giv5 by ,m>cus ,grcus1 & copi$ by ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o di$ 9 #abhjabdg4 ,i mu/ /ill believe t ! fir/ c]ta9 m5tion ( saltpetre w be f\nd 9 ! olde/ acc\nt ( ! prep>ation ( gunp[d]1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 became kn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ab\t ! same "t t ! use ( ! ,greek fire1 ( :i* !re 7 _m k9ds1 began to be lo/4 ,among ! olde/ in=mation on ?is subject is t f\nd 9 ! above-quot$ "w ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ! writ+s ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o di$ 9 #abgh4 ,x is d\bt$ :e!r ! fir/-m5tion$ treatise belongs to ,alb]tus2 b x is c]ta9 t ! au?or1 :oev] he may h be51 & also ,bacon1 bo? d]iv$ _! in=mation f ! same s\rce4 ,:5 ,m4 von ,arret9 lately ann\nc$ t he 0 ab\t to publi% a manuscript pres]v$ 9 ! electoral libr>y at ,muni*1 :i* conta9$ ! true recipe = mak+ ! ,greek fire & ! olde/ = gunp[d]1 ! same writ+1 z appe>s1 0 pr9t$ f two manuscripts 9 ! libr>y at ,p>is4 ,i h n[ be=e me a copy ( x1 :i* 0 transmitt$ to ! libr>y ( our univ]sity by ,m4 ,laporte ,du!il1 cons]vateur des ,manuscrits de la ,biblio?que#abdh4 ,x conta9s _m recipes1 b only ) a few v>iations1 z 9 ,alb]tus ,magnus2 & x may be evid5tly se5 t ,rog] ,bacon employ$ ?is writ+1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,jebb 9 ! preface to 8 edition1 f a copy pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,dr4 ,mead4 ,( ?is ,m>cus ,grcus no?+ at pres5t is kn[n4 ,accord+ to "s1 he liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury2 b o!rs1 ) m probability1 place him 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,( 8 "w1 p]haps1 we h only a translation2 =1 f ! surname ,grcus1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! orig9al 0 writt5 9 ! ,greek language4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 rem>k t ,c>dan1 :]e he gives directions = mak+ a fire :i* c be k9dl$ by wat]1 names ,m>cus ,grac*us1 b n ,grcus4 ,scalig]1 :o1 z is v probable1 _h ?is writ+ also1 makes no m5tion ( x or its au?or4 ,?is ,m>cus speaks ( saltpetre ?ree times2 fir/ "u ! "n ( sal petrosum1 :i* occurs also 9 ! same prescription 9 ,alb]tus ,magnus2 b ! addition1 :i* ,alb]tus does n repeat1 is v rem>kable4 ,9 my op9ion1 scrophul contra lapides means ! incru/ation f\nd on walls1 :i* 0 repres5t$ z a k9d ( leprosy4 ,! addition ( a%es1 or alkal9e salts1 ! au?or ei!r =got or omitt$1 because p]haps he did n consid] x z indisp5sably necess>y4 ,9 ano!r place x is said1 ,lapis qui dicitur petra solis1 or1 z x is 9 o!r manuscripts1 salis2 b :e!r saltpetre is "h und]/ood ,i w n v5ture to det]m9e4 ,9 a ?ird passage we f9d ! words de sale petroso1 or de salepetro4 ,9 ! works ( ,bacon ! t]m sal petr occurs at lea/ ?ree times4 ,accord+ to ,casiri1 ! t]m pulvis nitratus is to be f\nd 9 an ,arabic manuscript1 ! au?or ( :i* liv$ ab\t ! ye> #abdiabdi4 ,if ! "w ( ,geb]1 already quot$1 be g5u9e1 & if ?is writ] liv$1 z "s ?9k1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 x w\ld be ! olde/ :]e saltpetre is m5tion$1 9 a prescription = an aqua solutiva or dissolutiva1 :i* almo/ seems to be aqua regia4 ,i h n obs]v$ ! "n sal petr 9 ! works ( ,v9c5t ,bellovac5sis1 :o liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i am m ?an ev] incl9$ to acc$e to ! op9ion ( ^? :o believe t gunp[d] 0 inv5t$ 9 ,india1 & br\ght by ! ,s>ac5s f ,africa to ! ,europeans1 :o h[ev] improv$ ! prep>ation ( x1 & f\nd out diff]5t ways ( employ+ x 9 w>1 z well z small arms & cannon#abej4 ,9 no c\ntry c\ld saltpetre1 & ! v>i\s uses ( x1 be m easily discov]$ ?an 9 ,india1 :]e ! soil is s ri* 9 nitr\s p>ticles t no?+ is necess>y b to lixiviate x 9 ord] to obta9 saltpetre2 & :]e ?is sub/ance is s abundant1 t almo/ all ! gunp[d] us$ 9 ! diff]5t w>s ) :i* ! sov]eigns ( ,europe h torm5t$ mank9d 0 made f ,indian saltpetre#abea4 ,if x be true t saltpetre 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe till ! ?irte5? c5tury1 nei!r gunp[d] nor aqua=tis c\ld h be5 made be=e t "t2 = ! =m] _c be prep>$ )\t saltpetre1 nor ! latt] )\t nitre4 ,b if x be true t ?is salt 0 kn[n at a mu* e>li] p]iod 9 ,india1 x is n improbable t bo? gunp[d] & aqua=tis 7 us$ by ! ,indians & ! ,arabians be=e !y 7 employ$ by ! ,europeans1 especially z ! =m] 7 ! fir/ tea*]s ( *emi/ry to ! latt]4 ,9 my op9ion1 :at ,i h already relat$ proves ?is 9 reg>d to gunp[d]2 & :at ,i %all "h add w af=d an equal pro( 9 reg>d to aqua=tis4 ,x is difficult to discov] ! fir/ m5tion ( m9]al acids 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5t *emi/s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! num]\s exp]im5ts !y obta9$ inde$1 at an e>ly p]iod1 acids1 ! utility ( :i* !y extol2 b ea* conceal$ ! process by :i* !y 7 made2 & z !y _h no me?od ( obta9+ !m pure1 !y 7 = a long "t unacqua9t$ ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! k9ds4 ,_! prescriptions1 :5 !y are f\nd1 are s contradictory & s c>elessly writt51 t x is almo/ impossible to conjecture :i* ( ! kn[n acids =ms ! pr9cipal compon5t p>ts 9 _! recipes or mixtures4 ,x appe>s to me1 t ! fir/ intelligible acc\nt ( aqua=tis occurs 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,arabians1 or ( ! pupils ( ,arabian *emi/s4 ,at pres5t ,i am acqua9t$ ) none old] ?an t to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,geb]4 ,= ?\gh ,i d n believe t ^? ( :i* we h ,lat9 translations belong to a ,geb] ( ! eigh? or n9? c5tury1 ,i am ready to admit t !y may be1 at any rate1 ( ! twelf?4 ,?is appe>s probable1 because ab\t t p]iod aqua=tis & v>i\s arts are (t5] m5tion$1 & 9 a mu* cle>] mann]1 9 ^! writ+s4 ,x is to be regrett$ 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry1 t x is impossible to det]m9e ! p]iod ( ! ,greek *emi/ or al*emi/ kn[n "u ! "n ( ,synesius2 b x _c be d\bt$ t he borr[$ a great deal f ! works ( ! ,arabians4 ,?is ,synesius1 among ! *emical solv5ts1 m5tions wat] ( saltpetre1 :i* might be consid]$ z aqua=tis#abeb4 ,b1 z he m5tions at ! same "t aqua fcis1 he appe>s to me to allude to ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts1 n to our saltpetre1 & 9 g5]al to /rong alkal9e leys1 :i* inde$ are capable ( dissolv+ _m bodies4 ,! monk ,!ophilus1 ( :om ,i h already spok51 & :o 9 all probability liv$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 appe>s also to h be5 acqua9t$ ) aqua=tis2 = 9 "s ( ! passages quot$ f 8 works by ,raspe#abec1 he speaks ( an acid :i* dissolv$ all metals4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,v9c5t ,bellovac5sis1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "s traces1 b v d\btful1 are f\nd ( aqua=tis4 ,:]e he m5tions ! diff]5t sorts ( gold he speaks ( dissolv+ x1 b by ?is expression he does n allude to its treatm5t ) fire1 :i* he speaks ( sep>ately#abed4 ,9 ano!r place he m5tions ! diff]5t solv5ts1 & among ^! names vegetable acids1 a wat] ( sal-ammoniac1 & a wat] obta9$ f alum by di/illation4 ,he "h means und\bt$ly a m9]al acid#abee4 ,mi*ael ,mei]1 ! mo/ le>n$ *emi/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 says t ,v9c5tius speaks ( aqua=tis z ( a secret2 b ! passage ,i h n yet be5 able to f9d#abef4 ,spielman /ates t ,lullius1 :o di$ 9 #acae1 9 ! eightie? ye> ( 8 age1 gave an acc\nt ( 8 obta9+ aqua=tis f saltpetre by ! addition ( vitriol1 & t ,basilius ,val5t9 0 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( clay = ! same purpose4 ,picus ,mir&ula h[ev] decl>es x to be unc]ta9 :e!r ,arnoldus de ,villa ,nova 0 acqua9t$ ) ! acid ( saltpetre 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x appe>s to be an old tradition t ?is acid 0 fir/ employ$ at ,v5ice1 by "s ,g]mans1 = sep>at+ ! noble metals1 & convey$ !nce z an article ( m]*&ize to e "p ( ,europe4 ,! p]sons :o prep>$ x 7 !re n>r[ly wat*$1 9 ord] t ! process might n become kn[n4 ,!y 7 employ$ *iefly = sep>at+ ! gold f ! ,spani% silv]1 & by ^! means acquir$ great ri*es4 ,h5ce arose ! report t ! p ( ,v5ice und]/ood ! art ( mak+ gold2 & x is c]ta9 t 9 _m c\ntries ! gold ref9]s 7 = a long "t consid]$ z gold mak]s2 b 9 no p]iod 7 !re m gold mak]s ?an 9 t :5 sep>ation 9 ! moi/ way became kn[n4 ,i c h[ev] give less acc\nt ( ?is art ( ! ,v5etians ?an ( ! introduction ( x into ,france 9 ! fifte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,william ,budu1 :o 0 born 9 #adfg1 & di$ 9 #aedj1 speaks ( x 9 8 book1 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aeaf1 z a ?+ entirely new at t p]iod#abeg4 ,a man ( l[ extraction1 nam$ ,le ,co9te1 fir/ und]took to sep>ate gold f silv] at ,p>is1 by means ( a wat] :i* ,budu calls aqua *rysulca4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t by means ( ?is wat] he c\ld sep>ate ! smalle/ p>ticle ( gold f silv]1 & f e o!r metal2 nay1 he c\ld ev5 take f vessels _! gild+ )\t alt]+ _! =m4 ,by ?is art he acquir$ great weal?2 :i* toge!r ) 8 secret desc5d$ to 8 son1 :o at ! "t 0 ! only gold ref9] at ,p>is4 ,he adds1 t ! art 0 exce$+ly dang]\s z well z unheal?y1 & requir$ great precaution4 ,! possessor ( x1 :5 he became ri*1 left ! execution ( ! "w to a s]vant1 :om he direct$ at a di/ance1 t he might n expose himself to ! p]nici\s fumes ( ! eff]vesc+ liquor4 ,! fumes ( ! acid d]iv$ f saltpetre are inde$ prejudicial to ! heal?2 b ! dang] has be5 mu* exagg]at$1 & no d\bt ) a view to det] p f attempt+ to discov] ! art1 & to furni% a pret5ce = rais+ ! price ( ! production#abeh4 ,budu relates also1 t ! gold 0 left beh9d undissolv$4 ,! silv] only 0 dissolv$1 & by ano!r art 0 sep>at$ f ! wat] & wa%$4 ,x may "h be easily p]ceiv$ t ,le ,co9te employ$ aqua=tis2 b if he 0 able to loos5 ! gold f gilt vessels )\t de/roy+ !m1 he mu/ h us$ aqua regia1 :i* consequ5tly 0 n !n unkn[n4 ,f o!r in=mation1 x appe>s t ! m9t at ,p>is pur*as$ ! art f ,le ,co9te's son1 b /ill kept x a secret4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,francis ,i41 by a decree issu$ at ,blois on ! #ai? ( ,m>* #aedj1 au?oriz$ ! rais+ ! value ( co91 9 ord] to defray ! exp5se ( fuel & assay+-wat]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! prep>ation ( aqua=tis & ! process ( assay+ 9 ! moi/ way 7 fully kn[n 9 ,france4 ,at any rate1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #afcg1 ! di/ill]s obta9$ a guild lett]1 9 :i* aqua=tis is m5tion$ among ! articles sold by !m4 ,:5 saltpetre became necess>y to gov]nm5ts = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 !y endeav\r$ to obta9 x at z *eap a rate z possible4 ,no "o be=e suspect$ t rul]s w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 exclusively c>ry+ away ! incru/ation ( walls f private h\ses1 :i*1 :5 x c\ld be us$1 became accessorium fundi4 ,b ! idea ( regalia1 s (t5 abus$1 0 ext5d$ s wide "u v>i\s pret5ces1 t ! saltpetre regale & ! lett+ ( x 0 "o ( ! sev]e/ oppressions to :i* ! p 7 expos$ by _! rul]s1 & :i* occasion$ almo/ z bitt] compla9ts z ! hunt+ regale1 f\nd$ on no bett] gr\nds4 ,i %all n "h attempt to del9eate ! suff]+s :i* 7 ?us occasion$ 9 _m c\ntries2 !y are /ill fre% 9 remembrance4 ,! olde/ m5tion ( ?is hat$ regale :i* ,i myself h f\nd is ( ! ye> #adai4 ,at t "t1 ,gun!r1 ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg1 grant$ to "s p]son ! "r ( se>*+ out saltpetre & boil+ x1 dur+ a ye>1 9 ! di/rict ( ,gibi*5/e91 = :i* he 0 to pay a b>rel ( saltpetre1 & deliv] to ! ar*bi%op ! rema9d] at ! rate ( five cross-gros*5s p] p\nd4 ,! succe$+ ar*bi%op1 ,fr$]ick1 let 9 ! ye> #adfj1 to a burgh] ( ,halle1 all ! e>? & ! saltpetre t c\ld be collect$ f x 9 ! bailiwick ( ,gibi*5/e91 = f\r ye>s1 at ! annual r5t ( a b>rel ( good ref9$ saltpetre4 ,on ! same conditions1 bi%op ,erne/1 9 #adgg1 let to "s "o = 8 lifetime ! collection ( ! saltpetre4 ,9 #aedd1 a c]ta9 p]son obta9$ ! collection ( saltpetre f two heaps ( rubbi% be=e ! gates at ,halle4 ,! magi/rates ( ,halle also 9 #aede _h a saltpetre-"w & a p[d]-mill4 ,9 ! ye> #aefj1 ,john ,,vi41 ar*bi%op ( ,tri]s1 gave to "s "o p]mission to se>* = & dig up saltpetre4 ,9 #aehc1 ! saltpetre regale 0 confirm$ by a ,br&5burg decree z a ?+ long kn[n1 & ! case 0 ! same ) a ,hessian ( ! ye> #aehi4 ,x is v probable t ?is example 0 soon foll[$ by mo/ sov]eigns2 b ev5 if !y _h collect$ & scrap$ toge!r ! nitr\s incru/ation ( all ! walls 9 ,europe1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld n h f\nd a quantity ( saltpetre suffici5t = ! gunp[d] us$ 9 ! num]\s w>s :i* took place1 _h n a mu* great] supply be5 obta9$ f ,india1 & p>ticul>ly f ,patna4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! ,portuguese br\ght ?is article to ,europe2 b t x 0 import$ at a v e>ly p]iod by ! ,dut* is prov$ by ! olde/ lad+s ( _! return %ips2 & !y at l5g? f\nd means to appropriate ?is bran* ( trade s entirely to !mselves1 t ! o!r ,europeans = a long "t c\ld n obta9 any saltpetre 9 ,india4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 *emi/ry began to be /udi$ ) m c>e & att5tion 9 ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 & ! compon5t p>ts & production ( saltpetre became bett] kn[n1 _m conceiv$ ! idea ( improv+ ! me?ods ( obta9+ x 9 ,europe s mu*1 t x might be possible to disp5se ) ! ,indian saltpetre1 & flatt]$ !mselves ) ! hopes ( !nce d]iv+ great advantages4 ,"s propos$ to fill tubes ) putrifiable sub/ances & e>? capable ( fix+ ( ! nitric acid2 o!rs pref]r$ build+ vaults ( ^! sub/ances1 & ,glaub] recomm5d$ ! fill+ ( pits ) !m4 ,! proposal1 h[ev]1 :i* met ) ! greate/ approbation 0 t ( build+ walls ( !m4 ,?r\gh a confid5ce 9 ?is idea1 t[ns & villages 7 compell$ to erect & ma9ta9 a c]ta9 numb] ( saltpetre walls1 "u ! mo/ graci\s promise t ! collectors ( saltpetre %\ld no long] be all[$ to spoil private dwell+s1 or r5d] !m unheal?ful4 ,b exp]i5ce has %[n t all ! means & co]cive measures hi!rto employ$ h r5d]$ ! ,european saltpetre mu* de>] ?an t obta9$ by comm]ce f ,b5gal4 ,?is w be readily compreh5d$1 :5 x is kn[n t e>? ri*ly impregnat$ ) saltpetre ab\nds 9 ,india1 & t x may be extract$ by lixiviation )\t any addition1 & br\ght to cry/allize 9 t w>m climate )\t ! aid ( fire2 t ! price ( lab\r !re is exce$+ly l[2 t ?is salt is br\ght f ,india in/ead ( balla/ by all ! comm]cial nations ( ,europe1 :]e ! competition ( ! sell]s prev5ts ! price f ev] be+ extravagantly high1 :ile ! prep>ation ( x 9 ,europe1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ill increas+ price ( lab\r1 fuel & a%es1 is always becom+ de>]4 ,?is regale w at l5g? be ev]y:]e sc\t$4 ,9 ! du*y ( ,wurtemb]g & ! ,prussian /ates1 :]e x 0 mo/ rigidly en=c$1 9 consequ5ce ( an urg5t repres5tation f ! ,/ates x 0 aboli%$ 9 #agih2 b 9 bo? c\ntries an indemnification 0 giv5 to gov]nm5t = ! loss4 ,! case also has be5 ! same 9 ,sw$5#abei4 ,9 ! du*y ( ,brunswick x 0 soon suff]$ to drop2 b 9 ! electoral dom9ions x nev] 0 introduc$4 ,! great] "p ( our nitre is d]iv$ f ,b5gal1 :]e1 z 9 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,spa91 c41 x exi/s 9 ! soil4 ,x is sep>at$ by lixiviation & cry/allization4 ,9 ,france1 ,sw$5 & "s o!r c\ntries x is prep>$ artificially 9 nitre-b$s4 ,^! are =m$ ( v>i\s animal matt]s1 mix$ ) lime or mort>-rubbi%2 ! mixture is wat]$ & /irr$ occasionally1 & all[$ to rema9 = a consid]able "t4 ,! :ole is !n lixiviat$ & decompos$ by c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! nitre is !n sep>at$ & purifi$ by cry/allization4 ,9 "s cases wood-a%es are mix$ ) ! animal matt]s2 ! decomposition ) pota% is !n unnecess>y4 ,x is a "q :e!r ! nitric acid 9 ! nitre arises f ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e or t 9 ! animal matt]s4 ,dr4 ,davy has f\nd nitre 9 a cave at ,ceylon1 :]e no nitrog5\s matt] 0 pres5t2 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,india1 ,spa91 & "s o!r c\ntries1 at a di/ance f all habitations1 imm5se quantities ( nitre are reproduc$ 9 soils :i* h be5 wa%$ ! ye> be=e4 ,nitre is directly br\ght into ?is c\ntry f ,calcutta & ,madras1 9 bags conta9+ f #aej lbs4 to #age lbs4 ea*4 ,f #bjj1jjj cwts4 to #bfj1jjj cwts4 are annually import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 mak+ gunp[d]1 ! compon5ts1 ! sulphur1 nitre1 & *>coal %\ld be z pure z possible1 & r$uc$ to ! f9e/ possible p[d]2 !y are sift$ & mix$ 9 ! prop] proportions4 ,! mixture is !n made into a cake ) wat]1 & gr\nd betwe5 calc>e\s mill/ones4 ,x is !n granulat$ ?r\gh sieves 9 ano!r mill1 & aga9 sift$4 ,x is !n poli%$ & h>d5$ by revolv+ rapidly 9 a cask1 & f9ally dri$4 ,! proportions ( ! con/itu5ts v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 at ,wal?am ,abbey !y are sev5ty-five nitre1 fifte5 *>coal & t5 sulphur4 ,! quantity ( gunp[d] consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry is enorm\s2 moreov]1 #d1jjj1jjj lbs4 are annually export$1 ! great] "p ( :i* is s5t to ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! =ce ( ! explosion ( gunp[d] is ow+ to ! sudd5 dis5gagem5t ( gase\s products2 ^! consi/ ( nitrog51 c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic acid1 & sulphur\s acid gases2 & _! volume has be5 calculat$ to am\nt to #bjjj times ! bulk ( ! p[d]4 ,,footnotes #aaij ,to ?is subject belong ! foll[+ works3--,ars ,magna ,artill]i1 ,auct4 ,cas4 ,siomi5[icz4 ,am/4 #afej1 fol4 p4 #fa4 ,! au?or ?9ks t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts is n at pres5t kn[n4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,nitre1 by ,w4 ,cl>ke4 ,lond4 #afgj1 #hvo4 ,x is "h said t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts 0 impure saltpetre1 & t ! latt] is produc$ f ! =m] by purification4 ,g4 ,c4 ,s*elham]i de ,nitro1 cum vet]um1 tum no/ro comm5tatio1 ,am/4 #agji1 #hvo1 conta9s good philological obs]vations1 p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! p]iod1 b leaves ! "q undet]m9$4 ,saggi sul ri/abilim5to dell' antica arte de' ,greci e ,romani pittori1 del ,sig4 ,doct4 ,v94 ,requ5o4 ,p>ma1 #aghg1 #b tomi 9 #hvo1 ii4 pp4 #ie1 #aca3 a le>n$ b diffuse "w4 ,he ?9ks t ! nitrum ( ! anci5ts 0 our saltpetre2 & :at o!rs consid] z pro(s ( its be+ m9]aliz$ alkali1 he und]/&s z indicat+ alkaliz$ saltpetre4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 conv9c$4 ,be=e ,i ascribe to ! anci5ts a k ( our saltpetre1 ,i mu/ be %[n 9 _! writ+s prop]ties ( _! nitrum suffici5t to satisfy me t x 0 ! same sub/ance4 ,comm5tat4 de nitro ,pl9ii1 9 ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis comm5tationes4 ,brem #aghd1 #dto4 ,! au?or only illu/rates ! acc\nt ( ,pl9y1 & /ates :at1 accord+ to 8 op9ion1 we are to und]/& 9 x 9 reg>d to alkali1 & :at 9 reg>d to our saltpetre4 #aaia ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! imm5se deposits ( nitrate ( soda 9 ,p]u1 ?is salt1 f its be+ mu* *eap]1 has replac$ ! nitrate ( pota% 9 ! manufacture ( aqua=tis1 b x is n adapt$ to ! mak+ ( gunp[d] ow+ to its deliquesc5t prop]ty4 #aaib ,i f\nd ! acc\nt ( ! ,portuguese saltpetre 9 ,mmoires ,in/ructifs p\r un ,voyageur4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w 0 ! well-kn[n ,!odore k+ ( ,corsica4 #aaic ,m acc\nts ( native saltpetre may be f\nd 9 ,recueil de ,mmoires sur la ,=mation du ,salpetre4 ,p> les ,commissaires de l',academie4 ,p>is1 #aggf1 #hvo4 ,del ,nitro ,m9]ale ,memoria dell' ab4 ,=tis1 #aghg1 #hvo4 #aaid ,! fir/1 or "o ( ! fir/1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) & made kn[n ! cubic saltpetre1 0 pr(essor ,john ,bohn ( ,leipsic1 9 ! ,acta ,eruditorum1 #afhc1 p4 #daj2 b ) m precision 9 8 ,diss]tat4 ,*ymico-,physic1 ,lips4 #afif1 #hvo1 p4 #cf4 #aaie ,x is sc>cely necess>y to in=m ! read] t ! au?or und]/&s ! soda ( comm]ce1 :i* is a c>bonate ( soda1 & n ! hydrat$ or cau/ic soda ( *emi/s4 #aaif ,crude soda or kelp 0 =m]ly manufactur$ to a v l>ge ext5t 9 ! ,highl&s1 by burn+ ! sea-we$1 b s9ce ! tax has be5 tak5 (f salt1 mo/ ( ! soda ( ,briti% comm]ce is made by decompos+ ?is ) *alk & "s c>bonace\s matt]4 #aaig ,9 l mann]1 a heap ( dung cov]$ ) e>? is lixiviat$1 & ! result1 )\t ! addition ( a%es1 us$ z saltpetre4 #aaih ,! passage ( ,j]ome relat+ to ,prov]bs1 xxv4 #bj1 ,i "h ins]t entire1 because ,i %all (t5 h occasion to employ x3--8,nitrum a ,nitria prov9cia1 ubi maxime nasci solet1 nom5 accepit4 ,nee multum a salis ,ammoniaci specie di/at4 ,nam sicut salem 9 litore m>is f]vor solis conficit1 dur&o 9 petram aquas m>9as1 quas major vis v5torum1 vel ipsius m>is f]vor 9 litoris ult]iora projec]it2 ita 9 ,nitria1 ubi /ate pluvi prolixiores tellurem infundunt1 ade/ ardor sid]is tantus1 quod ipsas aquas pluviales p] latitud9em ar5>um concoquat 9 petram2 salis quidem vel glaciei aspectui simillimam2 s$ nil gelidi rigoris1 nil salsi saporis hab5tem1 qu tam51 juxta naturam salis1 9 caumate dur>e1 et 9 nubilos1 a]e flu]e ac liquefi]i solet4 ,hanc indig5 sum5tes s]vant1 et ubi opus extit]it1 pro lom5to utuntur4 ,unde ,judo peccanti dicit propheta ,j]emias3 ,si lav]is te nitro1 et multiplicav]is tibi h]bam bori?1 maculata es 9 iniquitate tua1 dicit ,dom9us ,deus4 ,crepitat autem 9 aqua quomodo calx viva2 et ipsum quidem disp]it1 s$ aquam lavationi habilem r$dit2 cujus natura cui sit apta figur1 c]n5s ,solomon ait3 ,acetum 9 nitro1 qui cantat c>m9a cordi pessimo4 ,acetum quippe si mittatur 9 nitrum1 prot9us ebullit40 #aaii ,h]odot4 ii4 cap4 #hf et #hg4 #abjj ,hi/or4 gypti ,naturalis iii4 #b4 ,see also ,=skl ,flora gyptiaco-,arabica1 p4 xlv4 #abja ,duhamel prov$ soda to be di/9ct f pota% 9 #agcf1 ,m>ggraf confirm$ x 9 #ageh4 #abjb ,lib4 xxxi4 cap4 #aj4 #abjc ,de ,simplic4 ,m$4 ,facult4 ix4 ,dioscorides also1 v4 #aca1 speaks z if x _h be5 well kn[n t nitrum 0 commonly burnt4 #abjd ,phil4 ,transactions1 #agga1 vol4 lxi4 p4 #efg4 #abje ,de ,igne1 p4 #dce1 ed4 ,he9sii1 :]e he speaks ( ! heat produc$ 9 lime by slak+ x4 ,ari/otle also m5tions toge!r & 1 on acc\nt ( simil> prop]ties4 ,problemat4 i4 #ci4 ed4 ,septalii1 p4 #ga4 #abjf ,hi/4 ,plant4 iii4 #i1 p4 #ej4 #abjg xxvi4 #h4 #abjh xiv4 #bj4 #abji ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 lib4 i4 c4 #g4 ,little1 h[ev]1 dep5d$ on ! wood2 ! pr9cipal ?+ 0 ! spr9kl+ ) wat]4 #abaj xxxi4 #aj4 #abaa xxxi4 #g4 ,"h express m5tion is made ( br9e4 #abab ,taciti ,annal4 xiii4 #eg4 #abac ,lib4 xxx4 #g4 #abad ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 reg>d to ,ari/ot4 ,auscult4 ,mirab41 z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! preface to my edition4 #abae ,9 ! isl& ( ,dagebull1 & also 9 ,f>et(t & ,galmesbull1 ,frisio salt is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! inhabitants proce$ along ! coa/ 9 small vessels1 & at l[ wat] g on %ore on ! mud1 :i* !y dig up till !y come to a k9d ( e>? call$ torri*t2 x is ( a turfy nature1 & int]wov5 ) roots4 ,?is e>? !y convey to ! isl&s1 :]e !y spread x out 9 ! sun & leave x to dry1 aft] :i* x is =m$ into a heap & burnt to a%es4 ,:at rema9s is aga9 spread out1 moi/5$ & trod ^u ) ! nak$ feet2 ! small /ones & o!r useless p>ts are pick$ out1 & be+ aga9 dri$ & bespr9kl$ ) wat]1 ! ley is put into salt-pans & boil$ into salt4 #abaf ,mmoires de l',acad4 de ,bruxelles1 #aggg1 i4 p4 #cde4 #abag ,elem5ta ,*emi4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #agcb1 #dto1 i4 p4 #gfg4 #abah ,boyle consid]$ ! words ( ,solomon z a pro( t ne!r mu/ be fix$ alkali2 & he 0 ! m conv9c$ ( x :5 he saw nitre obta9$ f ,egypt eff]vesce ) acids4 #abai ,see ! ,hi/ory ( ,soap 9 vol4 i4 #abbj ,pl94 xxxvi4 #bf1 #fe4 ,! use ( nitrum 9 mak+ glass is (t5 m5tion$4 #abba ,pl94 xxxi4 #aj4 #abbb ,lib4 xxx4 #aj4 #abbc ,=skl ,flora1 p4 xlvi4 #abbd ,plut>*i ,sympos4 lib4 vi4 at ! end4 #abbe ,!ophra/i ,hi/or4 ,plant4 ii4 #e4--;,geopon4 ii4 #ce1 #b2 & ii4 #da4--,palladius1 xii4 tit4 i4 #c1 p4 #iif4 #abbf ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #aic4--,pl94 xviii4 #g4 #hde4--;,geopon4 ii4 #cf1 p4 #ahd4 #abbg ,columella1 ii4 #aj1 #aa4 #abbh ,pl94 xix4 #h1 #da4--,pallad4 iii4 #bd1 #f4--;,geopon4 xii4 #ag1 #a4--,!ophra/4 de ,causa ,plant4 vi4 #ad4 #abbi ,pl94 xxxi4 #aj2 & xix4 #e1 #bf1 #aj4 #abcj ,apicius1 iii4 #a1 p4 #gj4--,m>tial1 lib4 xiii4 ep4 #ag4--,pl94 xix4 #h1 #da1 #c2 xxx4 #aj4--;,columella1 xi4 #c1 #bc4 ,c>bonate ( soda1 z is well kn[n1 is /ill frequ5tly us$ = ?is purpose 9 cul9>y op]ations4 #abca ,h]odot4 ii4 #hg4 #abcb ,our tann]s use unslak$ lime = a simil> purpose4 #abcc ,annot4 to ,dioscorides1 v4 #hi1 p4 #iea4 #abcd ,a catalogue ( su* wat]s may be f\nd 9 ,baccii ,lib] de ,!rmis4 ,patavii1 #agaa1 fol4 v4 #e1 #f1 #g1 p4 #afj4 ,c>bonate ( soda occurs = in/ance 9 ! celebrat$ m9]al wat]s ( ,seltz] & ,c>lsbad1 & also 9 ! volcanic spr+s ( ,icel&1 especially ! ,geys]4 #abce ,pl94 xxxi4 #f1 #cb1 p4 #eef4 ,vitruv4 viii4 #c1 p4 #aeh4 #abcf xxxi4 #aj4 #abcg ,pl94 xxiv4 #a2 xxxi4 #c1 #bb4 ,geopon4 ii4 #e1 #ad1 p4 #he4 #abch ,speculum ,natur1 vii4 #hg1 p4 #dhj4 #abci ,hi]onym4 ad ,j]em4 ii4 #bb4 #abdj 8,= ?\gh ?\ wa% !e ) nitre1 & take mu* soap1 yet ?9e iniquity is m>k$ be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l ,god40 #abda ,9 reg>d to ! two plants usnee1 asne1 & usnem1 assuan1 see ,avic5n ,canon4 ,m$ic4 ,v5et4 #afjh1 fol4 pp4 #cch1 #djf1 #djg4 ,s]apio de ,temp]am4 ,simplic4 p4 #afd4 ,9 ,du ,cange's ,gloss4 ,gr4 p4 #ab1 add5d4 1 & 9 ,gloss4 ,lat4 v4 ! ^w alcali is quot$ only f mod]n writ]s4 ,t kali1 h[ev]1 does n mean ! plant1 b ! concrete a%es1 is prov$ by ! explanation 9 ,ca/elli's ,lexicon4 #abdb ,9 ! annotations to ,scribonius ,l>gus1 p4 #bbh4 #abdc ,comm5tationes1 p4 #ade4 ,recueil des ,que/ions1 c41 p4 #bca4 #abdd ,su* ?+s 7 kn[n to ,ari/otle4 ,see ,mirab4 ,ausc4 c4 #adf4 #abde ,diss]tat4 de ,igne ,grco4 ,upsali1 #ageb4 #abdf ,de ,subtilitate1 xiii4 #c4 p4 #ga4 ed4 ,franc(4 #afab1 #hvo4 #abdg ,de ,mirabilibus ,mundi1 p4 #bja2 at ! end ( ! book ,de ,secretis ,muli]um4 ,am/4 #agjb1 #abmo4 #abdh ,lib] ,ignium ad ,combur5dos ,ho/es1 auctore ,m>co ,grco2 ou1 ,trait des ,feux propres dtruire les ,ennemies1 compos p> ,m>cus le ,grec4 ,publi d'aprs deux manuscrits de la ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,p>is1 #ahjd1 ?ree %eets 9 qu>to4 #abdi ,biblio?4 ,arab4 ,hisp4 ,escurial1 ii4 #abej ,see ! works quot$ 9 ,fabricii ,bibliograph4 ,antiqu>4 p4 #igh4 ,9 ! ye> #agih1 ,m4 ,langles prov$1 9 a pap] read 9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,in/itute1 t ! ,arabians obta9$ a k ( gunp[d] f ! ,indians1 :o _h be5 acqua9t$ ) x 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods4 ,! use ( x 9 w> 0 =bidd5 9 _! sacr$ books1 ! ,veidam or ,v$e4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 #fij at ! battle ( ,mecca4 #abea ,! foll[+ may be advantage\sly consult$3--,ar*ologia1 v4 p4 #adh2 ,h5ry's ,hi/4 ( ,great ,brita91 vol4 iv42 ,muratori ,antiq4 ,itali ,m$ii vi1 ii4 p4 #ead2 ,watson's ,*emical ,essays1 i4 pp4 #bhd1 #cbg2 ,hi/oire de ,france1 p> ,velly1 xvi4 p4 #ccj2 ,d['s ,hi/4 ( ,h9do/an1 vol4 ii42 ,erdbes*reibung d] entf]nte/5 ,welt!ile1 ii4 p4 #aei2 ,/ettl] ,s*weitz] ,*ronik4 p4 #aji4 ,! inhabitants ( ,b]ne pur*as$ ! fir/ gunp[d] f ! p ( ,nuremb]g 9 #adac4 #abeb ,a fragm5t f ! writ+s ( ,synesius 0 pr9t$1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ,frabricii ,biblio!ca ,grca1 viii4 p4 #bcf1 :]e ! words occur4 #abec ,raspe on ,oil-pa9t+4 ,london1 #agha1 #dto1 p4 #ade4 #abed ,speculum ,naturale1 vii4 cap4 #ac1 p4 #dcb4 #abee ,lib4 vii4 cap4 #hh1 p4 #dhj4 #abef ,symbola ,aure ,m5s4 ,franc(4 #afag1 #dto1 lib4 vii4 p4 #cce4 #abeg ,de ,asse1 #aeef1 fol4 lib4 iii4 p4 #aja4 #abeh ,les ,anci5s-,m9ralogi/es de ,france1 p> ,gobet4 ,p>is1 #aggi1 #b vols4 #hvo1 i4 p4 xxxiv4 i4 p4 #ea1 #bhd2 ii4 p4 #hdg4 #abei ,! celebrat$ *emi/ ,b>on ,b]zelius1 pr(essor at ,/ockholm1 /ates 9 8 ,manual ( ,*emi/ry 7edit4 #ahce1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hf71 t e possessor ( l& 9 ,sw$5 is /ill compell$ to deliv] a c]ta9 quantity ( saltpetre ye>ly to ! /ate1 & gives directions = te/+ its goodness4 ,,book-,,c5sors4 8,on acc\nt ( ! great ease10 says ,m4 ,putt]1 8) :i*1 aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 copies ( books c\ld be multipli$ & disp]s$1 x 0 necess>y t "s means %\ld be devis$ to prev5t a bad use f be+ made ( ?is art1 & to gu>d aga9/ its be+ employ$ to ! prejudice ( ei!r religion or good morals1 or to ! injury ( /ates4 ,= ?is reason x 0 ev]y:]e laid d[n z a g5]al maxim1 t no "o %\ld be all[$ to e/abli% a pr9t+ (fice at pleasure1 b by ! p]mission & "u ! inspection ( gov]nm5t2 & t no "w %\ld be suff]$ to g to press until x _h be5 exam9$ by a c5sor appo9t$ = t purpose1 or decl>$ by a p>ticul> ord] to be ( a h>mless nature#abfj40 ,_m c5turies h[ev] be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 books 7 =bidd5 by diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 & ev5 condemn$ to ! flames4 ,a v>iety ( pro(s c be produc$ t ?is 0 ! case among bo? ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,at ,a!ns ! works ( ,protagoras 7 prohibit$2 & all ! copies ( !m :i* c\ld be collect$ 7 burnt by ! public cri]#abfa4 ,at ,rome ! writ+s ( ,numa1 :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 8 grave1 71 by ord] ( ! s5ate1 condemn$ to ! fire1 because !y 7 contr>y to ! religion :i* he _h introduc$#abfb4 ,z ! populace at ,rome 71 9 times ( public calamity1 m addict$ to sup]/ition ?an seem$ prop] to ! gov]nm5t1 an ord] 0 issu$ t all sup]/iti\s & a/rological books %\ld be deliv]$ into ! h&s ( ! prtor4 ,?is ord] 0 (t5 repeat$2 & ! emp]or ,augu/us caus$ m ?an two ?\s& ( ^! books to be burnt at "o "t#abfc4 ,"u ! same emp]or ! satirical works ( ,labi5us 7 condemn$ to ! fire1 :i* 0 ! fir/ in/ance ( ?is nature2 & x is relat$ z some?+ s+ul>1 t a few ye>s aft] ! writ+s ( ! p]son :o _h be5 ! cause ( ! ord] = t purpose %>$ ! l fate1 & 7 also publicly burnt#abfd4 7,9 a mann] some:at simil> ! works ( ,b54 ,arias ,montanus1 :o assi/$ to make ! fir/ catalogue ( prohibit$ books 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 7 aft]w>ds ins]t$ 9 a catalogue ( ! same k9d74 ,! burn+ ( ^! works hav+ induc$ ,cassius ,sev]us to say1 9 a sne]+ mann]1 t x w\ld be necess>y to burn him alive1 z he _h got by he>t ! writ+s ( 8 fri5d ,labi5us1 ?is expression gave rise to a law ( ,augu/us aga9/ abusive writ+s#abfe4 ,:5 ,cremutius ,cordus1 9 8 ,hi/ory1 call$ ,c4 ,cassius ! la/ ( ! ,romans1 ! s5ate1 9 ord] to flatt] ,tib]ius1 caus$ ! book to be burnt2 b a numb] ( copies 7 sav$ by be+ conceal$#abff4 ,antio*us ,epiphanes caus$ ! books ( ! ,jews to be burnt#abfg2 & 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( our ra ! books ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 treat$ ) equal sev]ity1 ( :i* ,arnobius bitt]ly compla9s#abfh4 ,we are told by ,eusebius1 t ,diocletian caus$ ! sacr$ ,scriptures to be burnt#abfi4 ,aft] ! spread+ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ! cl]gy ex]cis$ aga9/ books t 7 ei!r unfav\rable or disagreeable to !m1 ! same sev]ity :i* !y _h c5sur$ 9 ! hea!ns z fooli% & prejudicial to _! own cause4 ,?us 7 ! writ+s ( ,arius condemn$ to ! flames at ! c\ncil ( ,nice2 & ,con/ant9e ?reat5$ ) ! puni%m5t ( dea? ^? :o %\ld conceal !m#abgj4 ,! cl]gy assembl$ at ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus reque/$ ! emp]or ,!odosius ,,ii4 to cause ! works ( ,ne/orius to be burnt2 & ?is desire 0 compli$ )#abga4 ,! writ+s ( ,euty*es %>$ ! l fate at ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on2 & x w\ld n be difficult to collect examples ( ! same k9d f ea* ( ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,we h in/ances also t1 _m c5turies prior to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 au?ors submitt$ _! works1 be=e !y 7 publi%$1 to ! judgem5t ( _! sup]iors4 ,?is 0 done pr9cipally by ! cl]gy2 p>tly to secure !mselves f c5sure or puni%m5t1 & p>tly to %[ _! respect to ! pope or to bi%ops4 ,x h[ev] does n appe> t ?is 0 a duty1 b a volunt>y act4 ,9 ! ye> #gfh1 ,ambrosius ,autp]t1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 s5t 8 ,exposition ( ! book ( ,revelation to ,pope ,/eph5 ,,iii41 & begg$ t he w\ld publi% ! "w & make x kn[n4 ,on ?is occasion he says expressly1 t he is ! fir/ writ] :o ev] reque/$ su* a fav\r2 t lib]ty to write belongs to e "o :o does n wi% to dep>t f ! doctr9e ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*2 & he hopes t ?is fre$om w n be less5$ on acc\nt ( 8 volunt>y submission#abgb4 ,soon aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 laws began to be made = subject+ books to exam9ation2 a regulation propos$ ev5 by ,plato1 & :i* has be5 wi%$ = by _m s9ce4 ,x is v probable t ! fe> "u :i* ! cl]gy 71 le/ publications %\ld get abroad prejudicial to religion1 & consequ5tly to _! p[]1 contribut$ n a little to ha/5 ! e/abli%m5t ( book-c5sors4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( a book pr9t$ ) a p]mission f gov]nm5t1 is commonly suppos$ to occur 9 ! ye> #adhj2 & ,dom ,liron1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 is p]haps ! fir/ p]son :o made t rem>k4 ,he is ! au?or ( a "w call$ ,s+ul>its ,hi/oriques et ,litt]aires#abgc2 9 ! la/ "p ( :i*1 :]e he speaks ( ! ,heidelb]g edition ( ! book ,nosce te ipsum1 9 #adhj1 he says1 8,?is is ! fir/ publication ,i f\nd accompani$ ) sev]al solemn approbations & atte/ations 9 its fav\r40 ,! same ?+ is said by ,j4 ,n4 ,weisl+]1 "o ( ! mo/ illib]al def5d]s ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 9 ^: "w1 entitl$ ,armam5t>ium ,ca?olicum#abgd1 !re is an acc\nt ( t book4 ,he !re tells u 9 ,lat91 )\t m5tion+ ,liron1 8,?is is ! fir/ book :i* ,i h se51 subject$ to ! exam9ation1 read+1 & approbation ( ! cl]gy20 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,m]ci]1 x really is ! olde/4 ,x has f\r approbations 79 ,lat972 ! fir/ & la/ ( :i* ,i %all "h ins]t 79 ,engli%71 z !y w s]ve to %[ ! fooli% pride ( ! cl]gy at t p]iod3--8,i ,philip ,rota1 doctor ( laws1 ?\gh ! lea/ ( all1 h read ov] c>efully1 & dilig5tly exam9$1 ?is small "w1 ,nosce te2 & z ,i h f\nd x n only compos$ dev\tly & ca?olically1 b ab\nd+ also ) matt] ( wond]ful utility1 ,i d n hesitate1 9 te/imony ( ! above1 to subscribe my "n4444 ,i ,mapheus ,gir>do1 by ! div9e m]cy patri>* ( ,v5ice & primate ( ,dalmatia1 confid+ 9 ! fidelity ( ! above g5tlem51 :o h exam9$ & approv$ ! above-m5tion$ book1 d te/ify t x is a dev\t & or?odox "w40 ,!re 71 !re=e1 c5sors at ?is e>ly p]iod :o gave _! op9ion ( books )\t read+ !m4 ,i %\ld h consid]$ ^! in/ances z ! olde/ in=mation respect+ book-c5sors1 _h ,i n be5 induc$ by ,m4 ,ecc>d1 ! le>n$ amanu5sis belong+ to our libr>y1 to look into ! ,lit]>y ,weekly ,j\rnal ( ,cologne1 = ! ye> #aggh4 ,9 t "w ,i f\nd an +5i\s acc\nt1 by an anonym\s au?or1 ( ! e>ly /ate ( pr9t+ 9 t city1 & ( two books pr9t$ almo/ a ye> soon] ?an #adgi1 ) ! approbation ( ! public c5sor4 ,! fir/ is ,wilhelmi episcopi ,lugdun5sis ,summa de ,virtutibus2 at ! end ( :i* are ! foll[+ words3--8,b5$ictus sit dom9us virtutum1 qui hoc opus e>undem felici consummatione t]m9>i d$it 9 laudabili civitate ,coloni5si1 temptatum1 admissumque et approbatum ab alma univ]sitate /udii civitatis pra$ictae1 de cons5su et voluntate spectabilis et egregii viri pro tempore rect]is ejusdem1 impressum p] ,h5r4 ,qu5tel40 ,! o!r book is a ,bible1 ) ! foll[+ conclusion3--8,anno inc>nationis dom9ice millesimo quadr+5tesimo ,,lxxix ipsa vigilia ,mat?aei apo/oli4 ,qu&o insigne vet]is novique te/am5ti opus cum canonibus evangeli/>um et eorum concordantiis 9 laudem et gloriam sancte et individue tr9itatis intem]ateque virg9is ,m>ie impressum 9 ,civitate ,coloni5si p] ,conradum de ,hombor*1 admissum1 approbatum ab alma univ]sitate ,coloni5si40 ,! olde/ m&ate = appo9t+ a book-c5sor is1 z f> z ,i "k at pres5t1 t issu$ by ,b]?old1 ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 9 ! ye> #adhf1 & :i* may be f\nd 9 ! f\r? volume ( ,gud5's ,codex ,diplomaticus#abge4 ,9 ! ye> #aeja1 pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 publi%$ a bull1 ! fir/ "p ( :i* may =m an excell5t companion to ! m&ate ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz#abgf4 ,aft] "s compla9ts aga9/ ! devil1 :o s[s t>es among ! :eat1 8 hol9ess proce$s ?us3 8,hav+ be5 in=m$1 t by means ( ! said art _m books & treatises conta9+ v>i\s errors & p]nici\s doctr9es1 ev5 ho/ile to ! holy ,*ri/ian religion1 h be5 pr9t$1 & are /ill pr9t$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cologne1 ,m5tz1 ,tri]s1 & ,magdeburg2 & be+ desir\s1 )\t fur!r delay1 to put a /op to ?is dete/able evil 444 we1 by ^! pres5ts1 & by au?ority ( ! ,apo/olic *amb]1 /rictly =bid all pr9t]s1 _! s]vants1 & ^? ex]cis+ ! art ( pr9t+ "u !m1 9 any mann] :atsoev]1 9 ! abovesaid prov9ces1 "u pa9 ( excommunication1 & a pecuni>y f9e1 to be impos$ & exact$ by our v5]able bre?r5 ! ar*bi%ops ( ,cologne1 ,m5tz1 ,tri]s1 & ,magdeburg1 & _! vic>s-g5]al or (ficial 9 spirituals1 accord+ to ! pleasure ( ea* 9 8 own prov9ce1 to pr9t h]eaft] any books1 treatises1 or writ+s1 until !y h consult$ on ?is subject ! ar*bi%ops1 vic>s1 or (ficials above-m5tion$1 & obta9$ _! special & express lic5ce1 to be grant$ free ( all exp5se1 ^: consci5ces we *>ge1 t be=e !y grant any lic5ce ( ?is k9d1 !y w c>efully exam9e1 or cause to be exam9$1 by able & ca?olic p]sons1 ! works to be pr9t$2 & t !y w take ! utmo/ c>e t no?+ may be pr9t$ wick$ & sc&al\s1 or contr>y to ! or?odox fai?40 ,! re/ ( ! bull conta9s regulations to prev5t works already pr9t$ f do+ mis*ief4 ,all catalogues & books pr9t$ be=e t p]iod 7 to be exam9$1 & ^? :i* conta9$ any?+ prejudicial to ! ,ca?olic religion 7 to be burn$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 ord]$ by ! well-kn[n c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an1 held at ,rome 9 ! ye> #aeae1 t 9 future no books %\ld be pr9t$ b su* z _h be5 inspect$ by ecclesia/ical c5sors4 ,9 ,france1 ! faculty ( ,!ology usurp$1 z "s say1 ! "r ( c5sur+ books2 b 9 ! ye> #afej1 :5 public c5sors1 :om ! faculty oppos$1 7 appo9t$ )\t _! cons5t1 !y /at$ ! antiquity ( _! "r to be two hundr$ ye>s4 ,= !y said1 8,x is above two hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! doctors ( ,p>is h _h a "r to approve books )\t be+ subject$ b to _! own faculty1 to :i* !y ass]t !y are alone responsible = _! decisions#abgg40 ,9 no c\ntry ( ,europe does ! lib]ty ( ! press prevail to su* an ext5t z ) u1 ! only ve/ige ( c5sor%ip be+ ! c5sor = ! drama4 ,9 ,rome ! same /rictness prevails z ev]1 b a bright] day seems dawn+4 ,9 ,g]many ! c5sor%ip is excessively sev]e1 especially 9 ,au/ria1 ,bav>ia1 & ,prussia4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! prohibit$ works are pr9t$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ,hamburg1 or ,leipsig1 & !re be+ a v l>ge dem& = su* works1 !y may be _h ( almo/ any booksell] 9 e pr9cipal t[n4 ,to put a /op to ?is1 ! pres5t mon>* ( ,prussia1 pr(ess$ly a lib]al1 plac$ "u ban all ! works issu$ by ! firm ( ,h(fmann & ,campe ( ,hamburg1 because !y publi%$ ! political poems ( ,h(fmann von ,fall]sleb54 ,c>icatures are1 z ! read] may suppose1 subject to z /rict a law1 & no ,h4,b4 c\ld be tol]at$ !re4 ,,footnotes #abfj ,d] ,b*]na*druck na* *t5 ,grundstz5 des ,re*ts geprft4 #aggd1 #dto4 #abfa ,diog5es ,la]t4 lib4 ix4 #eb4--;,cic]o de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 i4 cap4 #bc4--,lactantius ,de ,ira1 ix4 #b4--;,eusebius ,de ,prp>atione ,evang4 xiv4 p4 #ai4--,m9ucius ,felix1 viii4 #ac4 #abfb ,livius1 lib4 xl4 c4 #bi4--,pl94 xiii4 #ac4--,plut>*us 9 ,vita ,num4--,lactantius de ,falsa ,relig4 i4 #be1 #e4--,val]4 ,max4 i4 cap4 #a1 #ab4 #abfc ,sueton4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ca4 #abfd ,! :ole circum/ance is relat$ by ,s5eca ! rhetorician1 9 ! introduction to ! fif?1 or1 z o!rs reckon1 ! t5? book ( 8 ,controv]si4 #abfe ,taciti ,annal4 lib4 i4 c4 #gb4 ,bayle1 9 8 ,diction>y1 has endeav\r$ to cle> up "s d\bts respect+ ! hi/ory ( ,cassius & ,labi5us4 ,see ! article ,cassius4 #abff ,tacit4 ,annal4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #ce4 #abfg ,maccab4 ii4 #abfh ,adv]sus ,g5tes1 lib4 iii4 #abfi ,hi/4 ,eccles4 #a4 viii4 cap4 #b4 ,suidas says ! same4 #abgj ,socrates1 lib4 i4 cap4 #f4 #abga ,dige/or1 lib4 x4 tit4 #b1 #d1 #a4 #abgb ,baillet1 ,jugem5s des ,savans1 #dto1 i4 p4 #bf4 #abgc ,p>is1 #agch-dj1 #dto1 vol4 viii4 #abgd ,arg5t9 #agdi1 fol4 #abge ,codex ,diplomaticus4 ,franc4 #ageh1 #dto1 iv4 p4 #dfj4 ,an acc\nt ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a book-c5sor at ,m5tz may be f\nd also 9 ,g4 ,c4 ,johannis ,r]um ,mogunt4 i4 p4 #gih4 #abgf ,! :ole bull may be se5 9 ,b>onii ,annales ,ecclesia/ici tom4 xix4 ,colon4 #afia1 p4 #ead4 #abgg ,baillet1 ,jugem5s des ,savans1 i4 p4 #ai4 ,,exclusive ,,privilege ,,= ,,pr9t+ ,,books4 ,i d n mean 9 ?is article to give a complete catalogue ( all ! books pr9t$ "u a privilege 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 = su* a li/ w\ld be att5d$ ) v little utility4 ,all ,i wi% is to contribute some?+ t[>ds answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at are ! olde/ privileges grant$ to books8 ,! olde/ kn[n at pres5t is t grant$ 9 ! ye> #adij1 by ,h5ry bi%op ( ,bamb]g1 to ! foll[+ book3 ,lib] ,missalis secundum ord9em ecclesi ,bamb]g5sis--,anno inc>nationis dom9ice ,,mccccxc4 nono v]o kal4 ,april4--,9 civitate ,bab5b]gn4 p] magi/rum ,johannem ,s5s5s*midt1 prefate civitatis incolam1 et ,he9r4 ,petz5/e9]4 ,?is privilege 0 fir/ notic$ by ,panz]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,nuremb]g editions ( ! ,bible1 & aft]w>ds by ,mr4 ,am ,ende1 9 ,meusel's ,collection = enl>g+ ,hi/orical ,k4 ,! latt] says1 8,"o may readily believe t ?is bi%op 0 n ! inv5tor ( su* privileges1 & t !y are consequ5tly ( mu* great] antiquity ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$40 ,mr4 ,am ,ende m5tions also a privilege ( ! ye> #adia1 to a "w call$ ,hortus ,sanitatis1 typis ,iacobi ,meyd5ba*4444 ,impressum autem e/ hoc ipsum 9 incl4 civ4 ,mogunt9a 444 sub ,ar*ipraesulatu rev]4 et b5igniss4 pr9cipis et ,d4 ,d4 ,b]?oldi1 ar*iep4 ,mogunt95sis ac pr9c4 elector4 cujus felicissimo auspicio graditur1 recipitur et auctorisatur4 ,?is1 says ,mr4 ,am ,ende1 may allude to a privilege1 & p]haps n4 ,= my "p1 ,i conjecture t x ref]s only to a p]mission to pr9t1 grant$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! in/itution ( book-c5sors by ! ar*bi%op ,b]?old1 9 ! ye> #adhf4 ,! olde/ ,v5etian privilege at pres5t kn[n1 is ( ! ye> #adia1 f\nd by ,m4 ,ptt] to ! foll[+ "w3 ,fo5ix ,magi/ri ,petri memoriae ,rav5natis4 ,! ,colophon is ,b]n>d9us de ,*oris de ,cremona impressor delectus impressit4 ,v5etias die ,x ,ianu>ii ,,mccccxci4 ,! book is 9 qu>to1 & has ! privilege on bo? ! la/ pages4 ,!re is a ,v5etian privilege also ( ! ye> #adib1 to ,s5ec ,trag$i cum comm5to4444 ,cum privilegio ne quis audeat hoc opus cum hoc comm5to imprim]e1 sub p5a 9 eo cont5ta1 ,v5etiis p] ,laz>um ,iss>da de ,saliviano #adib1 die ,,xii4 ,decembris4 ,! olde/ ,papal privilege hi!rto kn[n is ( ! ye> #aeje1 to ,h]vei ,britonis 9 ,,iv ,petri ,lomb>di ,s5t5ti>um volum9a1 scripta subtilissima4 ,9 ! ye> #adie1 ,aldus publi%$ ! works ( ,ari/otle1 at ! end ( ! fir/ "p ( :i* we f9d ! foll[+ notice3 8,concessum e/ eidem ,aldo inv5tori ab illu/rissimo s5atu ,v5eto1 ne quis queat imprim]e neque hunc librum1 neque caet]os quos is ipse impress]it2 neque ejus uti inv5to40 ,! la/ words allude to ! ,greek types :i* 7 employ$ 9 pr9t+ ! ,ald9e editions ( ! ,greek classics4 ,! foll[+ among o!r e>ly privileges are quot$ by ,ptt]#abgh & ,h(fmann#abgi-- #adie4 ,a ,milanese1 by duke ,l\is ,s=za1 to ,mi*ael ,f]n] & ,eu/a*ius ,silb] = ,i4 ,a4 ,campani ,op]a4 #aeja4 ,privilegium sodalitatis ,celtic a s5atu ,romani imp]ii impetratum1 to ,conrade ,celtes' edition ( ! works ( ,hros)a4 #aejf4 ,a papal1 ( pope ,julius ,,ii41 to ,evangeli/a ,tos9o ! booksell]1 = ,ptolomaei ,geographia4 #aejg4 ,a ,fr5*1 ( ,l\is ,,xii4 to ,anto9e ,v]>d4 #aeaj4 ,! fir/ ,imp]ial1 to ,lectura aurea semp] ,dom9i abbatis antiqui4 #aeab4 ,an ,imp]ial1 to ,rossl9's ,swang]e ,frauw5 ,roseg>t54 #aebg4 ,a privilege f ! duke ( ,saxony to ! edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t by ,ems]4 ,&]son rem>ks on ! ye> #aeij1 t ! fir/ exclusive pat5t1 = pr9t+ a book 9 ,engl&1 :i* occurs 9 ,rym]'s ,fd]a#abhj1 0 grant$ 9 ! above ye> by que5 ,elizabe?1 to ,ri*>d ,weight ( ,ox=d1 = a ,translation ( ,tacitus4 ,i am mu* a/oni%$ t ,&]son1 :o 0 s (t5 oblig$ to use ,rym]'s ,fd]a1 & :o seems inde$ to h consult$ x ) att5tion1 %\ld h ov]look$ ! olde/ pat5ts :i* are to be f\nd 9 t collection4 ,9 t labori\s "w1 s important to ^? :o wi% to be acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,briti% lit]ature1 ,ames' ,typographical ,antiquities1 !re are privileges ( /ill great] antiquity4 ,! olde/ :i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ?is "w are ! foll[+3-- #aeaj4 ,! hi/ory ( k+ ,boccus 444 pr9t$ at ,london by ,?omas ,godfry4 ,cum privilegio regali4 #aeah4 ,oratio ,ri*>di ,pacei 444 ,impressa p] ,ri*>dum ,pynson1 regium impressorem1 cum privilegio a rege indulto1 ne quis hanc orationem intra bi5nium 9 regno ,angli imprimat1 aut alibi impressam et importatam 9 eodem regno ,angli v5dat4 ,o!r works pr9t$ cum gratia et privilegio occur #aebj1 #aeba1 #aebe1 #aebh1 #aecj1 c4 ,9 ! ye> #adhc1 :5 ! well-kn[n act 0 made aga9/ =eign m]*ants1 =eign]s h[ev] 7 p]mitt$ to import books & manuscripts1 & also to pr9t !m 9 ! k+dom2 b ?is lib]ty 0 aft]w>ds revok$ by ,h5ry ,,viii41 9 ! ye> #aecc1 by an ord] :i* may be f\nd 9 ,ames4 ,9 #aech1 ,h5ry issu$ an ord] respect+ ! pr9t+ ( bibles2 & 9 #aedb1 he gave a booksell] an exclusive privilege dur+ f\r ye>s = t purpose#abha4 ,) a view ( f9d+ ! olde/ ,spani% privilege1 ,i consult$ a v>iety ( works1 & among o!rs ,specim5 ,biblio!cae ,hispano-,majansianae1 b ,i met ) none old] ?an t to ! foll[+ book3 ,aelii ,antonii ,nebriss5sis ,introductiones 9 ,lat9am ,grammatic54 ,logronii ,cantabrorum ,vasconum urbe nobilissima2 anno salutis millesimo qu+5tesimo decimo4 fol4 ,t privileges to books 7 usual 9 ,pol&1 has be5 %[n by ,am ,ende1 9 ,meusel's ,collections be=e-m5tion$4 ,,footnotes #abgh ,d] ,b*]na*druck na* *t5 ,grundstz5 des ,re*ts geprft4 #abgi ,von d55 alte/5 kays]li*5 und l&e%]rli*5 ,b*]druck-od] ,v]lag-privilegi51 #aggg1 #hvo4 #abhj ,vol4 xvi4 p4 #if4 #abha ,exclusive privileges = pr9t+ ! ,engli% ,bible & ,pray] h be5 grant$ by ! ,cr[n at diff]5t p]iods up to ! pres5t "t1 ) ! exception ( ! p]iod ( ! ,commonweal?1 dur+ :i* !y 7 aboli%$4 ,9 ! #bg? ye> ( ,*>les ,,ii4 a ,royal pat5t 0 grant$ to ,?omas ,newcomb & ,h5ry ,hills4 ,9 ! #ab? ( ,anne to ,b5jam9 ,tooke & ,john ,b>b]2 9 ! #bbnd ( ,george ,i4 to ,john ,basket4 ,!n came ,john ,reeves1 :o receiv$ 8 pat5t f ,george ,,iii4 9 ! #ci? ye> ( 8 reign1 & 9 association ) ,george ,eyre & ,&rew ,/rahan1 pr9t$ ! _m editions ( ! ,bible & ,pray] describ$ z ,reeves' editions4 ,! pres5t pat5t 0 conf]r$ by ,george ,,iv4 ^u ,&rew ,/rahan1 ,george ,eyre1 & ,&rew ,spottiswoode1 = a t]m ( ?irty ye>s1 :i* comm5c$ ,janu>y #ba1 #ahcj1 & consequ5tly ceases 9 #ahfj4 ,by ?is la/ pat5t e "o b ! pat5tees is prohibit$ f pr9t+ 9 ,engl& any ,bible or ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,engli% tongue1 ( any translation1 ) or )\t notes2 or any ,pray]s1 ,rites1 or ,c]emonies ( ! ,unit$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ,irel&2 or any books comm&$ to be us$ by ! ,cr[n2 nor c ei!r ( ! above be import$ f abroad1 if pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 or 9 ,engli% mix$ ) any o!r tongue4 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge also enjoy ! "r ( pr9t+ ,bibles1 c41 9 common ) ! pat5tees2 b 9 _! case x is a simple affair ( p]mission1 !y hav+ no p[] to prohibit or prosecute4 ,! pres5t pat5tees1 x may be "h obs]v$1 h n ( late ye>s attempt$ to en=ce _! rights1 & ,bibles are n[ pr9t$ almo/ ad libitum4 ,9 ,scotl&1 prior to #agjj1 v>i\s p]sons held concurr5t lic5ses1 consequ5tly x is v difficult to say :o 7 k+'s pr9t]s & :o 7 n4 ,on ,july #f1 #agaf1 ,george ,i4 grant$ a pat5t to ,john ,basket1 ! ,engli% pat5tee1 & ,agnes ,campbell1 jo9tly = =ty-"o ye>s4 ,to !m succe$$ ,alex&] ,k9caird1 ^: pat5t dates f ,june #ba1 #agdi2 & !n ,james ,hunt] ,blair & ,john ,bruce1 ^: pat5t comm5c$ 9 #agih & expir$ 9 ! h&s ( _! heirs1 ,sir ,d4 ,h4 ,blair & ,miss ,bruce4 ,9 #ahcc ! pat5t ceas$1 & has nev] be5 r5ew$4 ,unlike ei!r ,engl& or ,irel&1 ! f\r ,scot* ,univ]sities h nev] p>ticipat$ 9 ?is monopoly4 ,9 ,irel&1 ,george ,,iii4 9 #agff grant$ a ,bible pat5t to ,b\lt] ,gri]son = =ty ye>s4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,george ,gri]son1 :o1 9 #ahaa1 obta9$ a r5ewal1 & is /ill ) ,mr4 ,ke5e1 ! ,iri% pat5tee4 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 has also a concurr5t "r1 b bo? ,ox=d & ,cambridge are1 by ! ,iri% pr9t]s' own pat5t1 p]mitt$ to import _! ,bibles into ,irel&4--,dr4 ,campbell's ,lett]s on ! ,bible ,monopoly4 ,,catalogues ,,( ,,books4 ,! fir/ pr9t]s pr9t$ books at _! own exp5se1 & sold !m !mselves4 ,x 0 necess>y !re=e t !y %\ld h l>ge capitals4 ,pap] & all o!r mat]ials1 z well z lab\r1 7 9 ! infancy ( ! art exce$+ly de> = ^? p]iods2 & on ! o!r h& ! pur*as]s ( books 7 few1 p>tly because ! price ( !m 0 too high1 & p>tly because1 k be+ less widely diffus$1 !y 7 n s g5]ally read z at pres5t4 ,= ^! reasons _m ( ! pr9cipal pr9t]s1 not)/&+ _! le>n+ & +5uity1 became poor#abhb4 ,9 ?is mann] my c\ntrym5 ,conrade ,sweynheim & ,arnold ,pann>z1 :o 7 ! fir/1 & = a long "t ! only pr9t]s at ,rome1 a city :i* on _m acc\nts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 might be call$ ! fir/ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 7 oblig$1 aft] ! numb] ( ! volumes 9 _! w>eh\ses am\nt$ to #ab1dge1 to solicit support f ! pope#abhc4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is pr(ession 0 divid$1 & !re arose booksell]s4 ,x appe>s t ! pr9t]s !mselves fir/ gave up ! booksell+ "p ( ! bus9ess1 & reta9$ only t ( pr9t+2 at lea/ ?is is said to h be5 ! case ) t well-kn[n booksell] ,john ,ra9mann1 :o 0 born at ,oehr+51 & resid$ at ,augsburg#abhd4 ,he 0 at fir/ a pr9t] & lett]-f\nd]1 & f him ,aldus pur*as$ 8 types4 ,books ( 8 pr9t+ may be f\nd f ! ye> #aejh to #aebd2 & 9 _m he is /yl$ ! celebrat$ ,g]man booksell]4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod liv$ ! booksell]s ,jos4 ,burgl9 & ,george ,diem>4 ,sometimes !re 7 ri* p ( all conditions1 p>ticul>ly em95t m]*ants1 :o caus$ books :i* !y sold to be pr9t$ at _! own exp5se4 ,9 ?is mann] t le>n$ man ,h5ry ,/eph5s 0 pr9t] at ,p>is to ,ulric ,fugg] at ,augsburg1 f :om he receiv$ a sal>y = pr9t+ ! _m manuscripts :i* he pur*as$4 ,9 "s editions1 f ! ye> #aeeh to #aefg1 he subscribes himself ,h5ricus ,/ephanus1 illu/ris viri ,huld]ici ,fugg]i typographus4 ,9 ! l mann] also1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a society ( le>n$ & ri* citiz5s ( ,augsburg1 at ! head ( :om 0 ,m>x ,wels]1 ! city-/ew>d1 pr9t$ a great numb] ( books1 :i* _h commonly at ! end ^! words1 ad insigne p9us4 ,pr9t+ !re=e ?us gave rise to a new & important bran* ( trade1 t ( booksell+1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many1 *iefly at ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 :]e1 p>ticul>ly at ! "t ( ! fairs1 !re 7 sev]al l>ge booksell]'s %ops 9 t /reet :i* /ill reta9s ! "n ( ,book-/reet4 ,george ,will]1 :om "s improp]ly call ,vill]1 & o!rs ,walt]1 a booksell] at ,augsburg1 :o kept a v l>ge %op1 & frequ5t$ ! ,frank=t fairs1 fir/ fell ^u ! plan ( publi%+ e fair a catalogue ( all ! new books1 add+ ! size1 & publi%+ names4 ,le ,mire1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,miru#abhe1 says1 t catalogues 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #aeed2 b ,labbe#abhf1 ,reimann#abhg1 & ,heumann#abhh1 :o took _! in=mation f ,le ,mire1 make ! ye>1 p]haps errone\sly1 to be #aefd4 ,will]'s catalogues 7 pr9t$ till ! ye> #aeib1 by ,nicol4 ,bassu1 pr9t] at ,frank=t4 ,o!r booksell]s h[ev] mu/ h soon publi%$ catalogues ( ! l k9d1 ?\gh t ( ,will] cont9u$ a long "t to be ! pr9cipal#abhi4 ,9 all ^! catalogues1 :i* are 9 qu>to1 & n pag$1 ! foll[+ ord] is obs]v$4 ,! ,lat9 books occupy ! fir/ place1 beg9n+ ) ! ,prote/ant !ological works1 p]haps because ,will] 0 a ,lu!ran2 !n come ! ,ca?olic2 & aft] ^!1 books ( jurisprud5ce1 m$ic9e1 philosophy1 poetry1 & music4 ,! second place is assign$ to ,g]man books1 :i* are arrang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ! ye> #afjd1 ! g5]al ,ea/] ,catalogue 0 pr9t$ ) a p]mission f gov]nm5t4 ,aft] ?is ! ,leipsic booksell]s began n only to repr9t ! ,frank=t catalogues1 b to enl>ge !m ) _m books :i* _h n be5 br\ght to ! fairs 9 t city4 ,i h1 dat$ #afjj1 a catalogue ( all ! books on sale 9 ,book-/reet1 ,frank=t1 & also ( ! books publi%$ at ,leipsic1 :i* h n be5 br\ght to ,frank=t2 ) ! p]mission ( 8 highness ! elector ( ,saxony to ^? new works :i* h appe>$ at ,leipsic4 ,pr9t$ at ,leipsic1 by ,abraham ,lamb]g2 & to be _h at 8 %op4 ,on ! ,septemb] catalogue ( ! same ye>1 x is said t x is pr9t$ f ! ,frank=t copy1 ) additions4 ,i f9d an imp]ial privilege1 = ! fir/ "t1 on ! ,frank=t ,septemb] catalogue ( #afaf4 ,"s imp]ial p]missions h[ev] may be ( an e>li] date2 = ,i h n se5 a complete s]ies ( ^! catalogues4 ,reimmann says t1 aft] ,will]'s dea?1 ! catalogue 0 publi%$ by ! ,leipsic booksell] ,h5n+ ,grosse1 & by 8 son & gr&son4 ,! c\ncil ( ,frank=t caus$ sev]al regulations to be issu$ respect+ catalogues1 an acc\nt ( :i* may be se5 9 ,or?'s "w on ! ,imp]ial ,fairs at ,frank=t#abij4 ,aft] ! bus9ess ( booksell+ 0 drawn f ,frank=t to ,leipsic1 occasion$ pr9cipally by ! re/rictions to :i* x 0 subject$ at ! =m] by ! c5sors1 no m catalogues 7 pr9t$ !re2 & ! %ops 9 ,book-/reet 7 gradually conv]t$ into tav]ns4 ,9 p]us+ ^! old catalogues "o _c help be+ a/oni%$ at ! sudd5 & great increase ( books2 & :5 "o reflects t a great _m ( !m no long] exi/1 ?is p]i%abl5ess ( human lab\rs w excite ! same s5sations z ^? :i* arise 9 ! m9d :5 "o reads 9 a *ur*-y>d ! names & titles ( p]sons long s9ce m\ld]$ into du/4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 few libr>ies2 & ^!1 :i* did n conta9 _m books1 7 9 mona/]ies1 & consi/$ pr9cipally ( !ological1 philosophical & hi/orical works1 ) a few h[ev] on jurisprud5ce & m$ic9e2 :ile ^? :i* treat$ ( agriculture1 manufactures & trade1 7 ?\ght unwor?y ( ! notice ( ! le>n$1 & ( be+ pres]v$ 9 l>ge collections4 ,! numb] ( ^! works 01 nev]!less1 f> f be+ inconsid]able2 & at any rate _m ( !m w\ld h be5 ( great use1 z !y w\ld h s]v$ to illu/rate ! in/ructive hi/ory ( ! arts4 ,catalogues :i* might h giv5 occasion to inquiries aft] books1 t may be /ill some:]e pres]v$1 h suff]$ ! fate ( tomb/ones1 :i*1 be+ wa/$ & crumbl$ to pieces by ! de/roy+ h& ( "t1 become no long] legible4 ,a complete s]ies ( !m1 p]haps1 is n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,?is loss might 9 "s measure be suppli$ by two works1 7 !y n n[ exce$+ly sc>ce4 ,i mean ^? ( ,cless & ,draudius1 :o1 by ! desire ( "s booksell]s1 collect$ toge!r1 z ,georg#abia did at a lat] p]iod1 all ! catalogues publi%$ at ! diff]5t fairs 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,! "w ( ,cless has ! foll[+ title3--,unius sculi ejusque virorum litt]atorum monum5tis tum flor5tissimi1 tum f]tilissimi1 ab anno #aejj ad #afjb nund9>um autumnalium inclusive1 el5*us consummatissimus--desumtus p>tim ex s+ul>um nund9>um catalogis1 p>tim ex biblio!cis4 ,auctore1 ,joanne ,clessio1 ,w9ecc5si1 ,hannoio1 philosopho ac m$ico#abib4 ,by ! editor's preface x appe>s t ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #aeib4 ,! ord] is almo/ ! same z t obs]v$ by ,will] 9 8 catalogues4 ,! "w ( ,draudius1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 sev]al qu>to volumes1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 #afaa1 & aft]w>ds 9 #afbe1 is f> l>g]1 m complete1 & m me?odical4 ,i h nev] se5 a p]fect copy ( ei!r edition2 b p]haps ! foll[+ in=mation may af=d "s satisfaction to ^? :o are fond ( bibliography4 ,"o "p1 :i* ,i consid] z ! fir/1 has ! title ( ,biblio!ca ,classica1 sive ,catalogus (fic9alis1 9 quo s+uli s+ul>um facultatum ac pr(essionum libri1 qui 9 quavis f]e l+ua extant1 rec5s5tur2 usque ad annum #afbd inclusive4 ,auctore ,m4 ,georgio ,draudio4 ,x conta9s ,lat9 works on !ology1 jurisprud5ce1 m$ic9e1 hi/ory1 geography & politics4 ,! copy 9 ! libr>y ( our univ]sity ends at page #acjd1 :i* has h[ev] a cat*word t seems to indicate a defici5cy4 ,! second "p is entitl$ ,biblio!ca ,classica1 sive ,catalogus (fic9alis1 9 quo philosophici artiumque adeo humaniorum1 poetici etiam et musici libri usque ad annum #afbd cont95tur4 ,?is "p1 conta9+ ,lat9 books also1 beg9s at page #abih1 & ends ) page #afed1 :i* is foll[$ by an index ( all ! au?ors m5tion$4 ,a small] volume ( #cjb pages1 )\t an index1 has = title1 ,biblio!ca ,exotica1 sive ,catalogus (fic9alis librorum p]egr9is l+uis usualibus scriptorum2 & a f\r? "p1 =m+ #gei pages besides an index ( ! au?ors1 is call$1 ,biblio!ca ,librorum ,g]manicorum ,classica2 t is1 ,a ,catalogue ( all ! books pr9t$ 9 ! ,g]man language till ! ye> #afbe4 ,by ! indices1 & ! prop] arrangem5t ( ! matt]1 ! use ( ?is "w is mu* facilitat$4 ,i mu/ h[ev] obs]ve t ! olde/ catalogues _h ! same faults z ^? ( ! pres5t "t1 & t ^! h be5 copi$ by ,draudius4 ,_m books are m5tion$ :i* 7 nev] pr9t$1 & _m titles1 names & dates1 are giv5 incorrectly2 b ,draudius1 nev]!less1 is well wor? ! att5tion ( any "o :o may be incl9$ to employ 8 "t & +5uity on ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? & especially dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 book-catalogues ( e description multipli$ rapidly4 ,_! progress is copi\sly treat$ ( 9 ,ni*ols's ,lit]>y ,anecdotes1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #fjh-fic1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable booksell]'s-catalogue ev] pr9t$ is ,mr4 ,h5ry ,bohn's s-call$ ,gu9ea ,catalogue1 :i* is upw>ds ( six in*es ?ick1 & conta9s1 9 ab\t #bjjj pages1 m]ely ! details ( 8 own /ock4 ,,footnotes #abhb ,sev]al ( !m 7 editors1 pr9t]s1 & proprietors ( ! books :i* !y sold4 #abhc ,_! lam5table petition ( ! ye> #adgb has be5 ins]t$ by ,fabricius 9 8 ,biblio!ca ,lat9a4 ,hamburghi1 #aggb1 #hvo1 iii4 p4 #hih4 ,see also ,ptt] von ,b*]na*druck1 p4 #bi4 #abhd ,von ,/ett51 ,kun/-ges*i*te von ,augsburg1 p4 #dc4 #abhe ,le ,mire1 a ,ca?olic cl]gyman1 :o 0 born 9 #aeih1 & di$ 9 #afdj1 wrote a "w ,de ,scriptoribus ,ecclesia/icis ,sculi xvi41 :i* is pr9t$ 9 ,fabricii ,biblio!ca ,ecclesia/ica1 ,hamburgi #agah1 fol4 ,! passage to :i* ,i allude may be f\nd p4 #bcb2 b p]haps #aefd has be5 giv5 9 ,fabricius in/ead ( #aeed by an error ( ! press4 #abhf ,labbe ,biblio!ca ,biblio!c>um1 ,lips4 #afhb1 #abmo1 p4 #aab4 #abhg ,hi/4 ,lit4 i4 p4 #bjc4 #abhh ,conspectus ,reip4 ,litt]1 c4 vi4 #b1 p4 #caf4 #abhi ,! e>lie/ kn[n catalogue ( ,engli% pr9t$ books on sale by a ,london booksell]1 0 publi%$ 9 #aeie1 by ,&rew ,maunsell1 9 folio4 ,x 0 class$ & consi/$ ( two p>ts2 ! fir/ conta9+ ,div9ity1 ! second ! ,arts & ,sci5ces2 a ?ird1 conta9+ ,hi/ory & ,polite ,lit]ature1 0 int5d$ b nev] publi%$4 #abij ,frankf4 #agfe1 #dto1 p4 #ejj4 #abia ,b*] ,lexicon2 a ,catalogue ( books pr9t$ 9 ,europe1 to #agej2 ) supplem5ts to #ageh1 #h p>ts 9 #d vols4 folio4 ,a v elaborate compilation1 9 :i* ! title1 place ( publication1 "n ( publi%]1 date1 size1 numb] ( %eets1 & publication price1 ( all ! books kn[n at ! "t1 are giv51 includ+ ev5 ^? pr9t$ z e>ly z #adfb4 ,x m5tions h[ev] a great _m books :i* nev] exi/$4 #abib ,franc(urti1 ex (fic4 ,joannis ,saurii1 imp5sis ,petri ,kopffii1 #afjb1 #dto4 ,! fir/ "p conta9s #efc pages1 & ! second #bib4 ,,ribbon-,,loom4 ,among ! inv5tions1 :i*1 by less5+ lab\r1 r5d] a great numb] ( workm5 unnecess>y1 & consequ5tly deprive _m ( bread1 & :i*1 ) :atev] +5uity !y may be contriv$1 h be5 consid]$ z hurtful1 & 7 = a long "t suppress$ by gov]nm5ts1 may be reckon$ ! ribbon-loom4 ,9 its g5]al con/ruction1 ?is ma*9e approa*es v ne> to t ( ! common weav+ loom2 b ! workman1 in/ead ( weav+ "o piece1 or "o ribbon1 z is ! case :5 ! latt] is us$1 c1 on ! =m] :5 x has all ! necess>y app>atus1 weave sixte5 or tw5ty pieces at ! same "t1 & ev5 ( diff]5t patt]ns4 ,su* a loom is s made1 t ! workman c move ! batt5 z 9 ! common loom1 t[>ds him & f him1 & also to ! "r & left1 ) all ! %uttles x conta9s2 or1 x is furni%$ ) c]ta9 ma*9]y bel[1 :i* c be mov$ by a boy unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( weav+1 & :i* keeps ! :ole loom ) all its %uttles 9 motion4 ,looms ( ! =m] k9d are c]ta9ly mu* simpl] ?an ^? ( ! latt]1 & 9 all probability are old]4 ,to ! fir/ k9d belongs ! loom at ,erfurt1 & t :i* 0 lately br\ght !nce to ,gtt+54 ,( ! o!r k9d !re are two at ,b]l92 & "s ( !m may be se5 9 _m o!r places4 ,! art has be5 discov]$ also ( caus+ su* looms to be driv5 by wat]2 & an in/ance ( ?is may be f\nd1 z ,i h be5 told1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,is]lohe#abic4 ,! proprietors h[ev] 9 mo/ places keep ! con/ruction ( _! looms a secret1 &1 z f> z appe>s1 no complete description or figure ( !m has ev] be5 publi%$4 ,!re is reason to believe t ?is inv5tion is z yet little us$ 9 ,france2 no m5tion at lea/ is made ( x 9 ! ,encyclop$ie1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! common loom ( ! ribbon-weav]s & lace-weav]s is fully repres5t$ ) all its p>ts 9 t5 copp]-plates4 ,attempts 7 made 9 ,europe to suppress ?is inv5tion1 z 0 ! case ) pr9t+ 9 ,turkey4 ,b )\t "h inquir+ :e!r inv5tions may n save too mu* lab\r1 & be !re=e hurtful1 z ,montesquieu affirms1 or :e!r x w\ld be possible to suppress !m ?r\gh\t all ,europe1 ,i %all re/rict myself to ! hi/ory ( ! ribbon-loom z f> z in=mation is to be collect$ on ! subject4 ,we are told by ,m4 ,jacobson1 t x is believ$ ! ,swiss inv5t$ su* looms above a hundr$ ye>s ago2 b ,i d n "k any gr\nds ^u :i* ?is conjecture c be support$4 ,to me x appe>s mu* m probable t ?is inv5tion _h its rise 9 ! ,ne!rl&s or ,g]many1 ei!r ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? or beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! olde/ acc\nt ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ seems to be 9 fav\r ( ,g]many & ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,lancellotti1 9 a "w#abid publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #afcf1 says 8,an?ony ,moll] ( ,dantzic relates1 t he saw 9 t city ab\t fifty ye>s be=e a v +5i\s ma*9e1 on :i*1 f f\r to six pieces c\ld be wove at ! same "t2 b z ! c\ncil 7 afraid t by ?is inv5tion a great _m workm5 might be r$uc$ to begg>y1 !y suppress$ x & caus$ ! inv5tor to be privately /rangl$ or dr[n$40 ,:o ?is ,an?ony ,moll] 0 ,i d n "k2 b t he saw a ribbon-loom at ,dantzic is beyond all d\bt4 ,if ! date ( ! pr9t+ ( ! book be tak5 z ! "t 9 :i* ,lancellotti wrote1 !re is reason to believe t !re 0 a ribbon-loom at ,dantzic ab\t ! ye> #aehf2 b x appe>s to me t ! book 0 writt5 9 #afbi1 :i* w\ld br+ u to ! ye> #aegi4 ,! next olde/ in=mation ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is t giv5 by ,boxhorn1 :o says1 8,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago "s p]sons 9 ?is city 7,leyd57 inv5t$ a weav+-ma*9e on :i* "o workman c\ld ) ease make m clo? ?an sev]al o!rs 9 ! same space ( "t4 ,?is gave rise to riot+ among ! weav]s1 & to su* l\d compla9ts1 t ! use ( ?is ma*9e 0 at l5g? prohibit$ by ! magi/rates40 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 ,leyd5 0 ! place ( ! inv5tion2 b1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! "t1 x w be necess>y to att5d to ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,boxhorn's ,in/itutiones ,politic h be5 (t5 pr9t$1 z = example1 at ,am/]dam #affc1 9 #abmo4 ,boxhorn read lectures on ! ,in/itutiones ,politic1 & gave v]bal illu/rations ( !m to 8 s*ol>s1 "o ( :om1 9 ! ye> #afda1 c>ri$ a fairly writt5 copy ( ! latt] to ,g]many1 & gave !m to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,f4 ,franck5/e91 :o caus$ !m to be pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t at ,leipsic 9 #afeh1 & aga9 9 #affe1 #abmo4 ,! passage above-quot$ is to be f\nd 9 ! illu/rations :i* are app5d$4 ,h5ce !re is reason to conclude t ! ribbon-loom 0 kn[n 9 ,holl& ab\t ! ye> #afba4 ,x is "s confirmation ( ,boxhorn's acc\nt1 t ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 z e>ly z ! #aa? ( ,augu/ #afbc1 if !y did n totally prohibit ! use ( ! ribbon-loom1 z commonly ass]t$1 at any rate greatly circumscrib$ x4 ,! proclamation = t purpose may be f\nd 9 ! ,groot ,placaet-,boeck#abie1 a valuable collection publi%$ at ! ,hague 9 sev5 l>ge folio volumes1 betwe5 ! ye>s #afeh & #agdf4 ,no?+ fur!r h[ev] is f\nd !re respect+ ! hi/ory ( ribbon-looms1 :i* are call$ ,l9t-mol5s1 ?an t !y _h be5 9 use = sev]al ye>s to ! great injury & ev5 total ru9 ( _m ?\s&s ( workm51 :o 7 accu/om$ to weave ribbons on ! common loom4 ,?is prohibition 0 r5ew$ on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #afci1 & aga9 on ! #ag? ( ,septemb] #afdh1 z appe>s by ! same "w#abif4 ,on ! #e? ( ,decemb] #affa1 ! use ( !m 0 ext5d$ a little long]1 & def9$ ) m precision#abig2 b z f> z ,i h be5 able to f9d1 no o!r regulations 7 made respect+ ^! ma*9es 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! c\ncil ( ,nuremb]g1 x is said1 prohibit$ ! use ( !m 9 #affd1 z is m5tion$ 9 ! ,hanau "w1 :i* ,i %all soon h occasion to quote4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,decemb]1 ! same ye>1 ribbon-looms 7 prohibit$ 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ! proclamation = t purpose1 x is /at$ t a great numb] ( articles manufactur$ on ^! looms 7 privately import$ f ,viane & ,cul5burg4 ,9 ! ye> #affe1 !re 0 to be se5 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 a loom :i* ( itself wove all k9ds ( lace1 tape1 c41 provid$ ! silk or y>n 0 prop]ly arrang$ 9 ! usual mann]2 b if a ?read happ5$ to break1 x 0 necess>y t "s "o %\ld aga9 jo9 x by means ( a knot#abih4 ,! ye> foll[+1 "s p]son 9 t city appli$ n only to ! c\ncil1 b ev5 to ! emp]or1 = p]mission to e/abli% su* a loom1 b 0 n able to obta9 x4 ,9 #afgf ! ribbon-loom 0 prohibit$ at ,cologne1 & ! same ye> "s di/urbance took place 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ introduc$ into ,engl&#abii4 ,x is probable t ,&]son#acjj alludes to ?is loom :5 he says1 speak+ ( ! above ye>1 8,z 0 also br\ght f ,holl& to ,london1 ! weav]s' loom-eng9e1 !n call$ ! ,dut* loom-eng9e40 ,he h[ev] praises ! ma*9e )\t describ+ x2 nor does he m5tion t x occasion$ any commotion4 ,! lace-weav]s 9 ,g]many1 b 9 p>ticul> ! c\ncils ( ,augsburg & ,cologne1 appli$ to ,fr$]ick ,casimir1 c\nt ( ,hanau1 :o _h great influ5ce 9 ! empire1 & reque/$ t he w\ld endeav\r to procure a g5]al prohibition ( ribbon-looms ?r\gh\t all ,g]many2 & ! c\nt accord+ly pres5t$ a repres5tation on ?is subject to ! electors & /ates4 ,on ! #h? ( ,janu>y #afha1 x 0 decl>$ by ,imp]ial au?ority t a prohibition ( ribbon-looms 0 bo? useful & necess>y4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an imp]ial decree1 dat$ ,janu>y ! #e?1 #afhe1 & on ! fir/ ( ,septemb] foll[+ x 0 /r5g!n$ by a conclusum 9 s5atu ( ! c\ncil ( ,frank=t4 ,! c\ncil ( ,hamburg1 x is said1 ord]$ a loom to be publicly burnt2 & ! emp]or ,*>les ,,vi4 caus$ ! prohibition ( #afhe to be r5ew$ on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y #agai2 ?\gh "s m]cantile p made consid]able opposition to ?is measure4 ,a g5]al prohibition 0 likewise issu$ 9 ! electorate ( ,saxony1 on ! #bi? ( ,july #agbj4 ,all ^! co]cive means h[ev] 7 ineffectual2 & ! ribbon-loom1 be+ f\nd useful1 has n[ become common4 ,9 ! ye> #agah1 ! fir/ loom ( ?is k9d 0 br\ght f ,holl& to ,*>lott5burg on ! ,spree2 b ,nicolai1 9 8 ,description ( ,b]l91 says t ?is circum/ance took place 9 ! ye> #agbh4 ,! workm5 7 !n engag$ f =eign c\ntries2 & ! loom 0 support$ at ! k+'s exp5se4 ,! electorate ( ,saxony also1 9 ! ye> #agfe1 revok$ its prohibition1 & p]mitt$ su* looms to be publicly us$4 ,9 ! rescript dat$ ,m>* ! #bj?1 x is said1 t z ?+s 7 mu* *ang$1 & z o!r ,g]man /ates _h annull$ ! prohibitions aga9/ ribbon-looms1 x 0 induc$ to grant full lib]ty to ! lace-weav]s to employ freely & publicly 9 future1 ribbon & lace-looms1 & to manufacture all k9ds ( ribbons & o!r articles ( ! l k9d t c\ld be wove on !m4 ,x /at$ fur!r1 t ! lace-weav]s %\ld give notice :e!r any ( !m wi%$ to e/abli% ribbon-looms1 & h[ soon !y c\ld get !m ready = "w2 t su* ( !m z did n *oose to be at ! exp5se1 %\ld = e loom con/ruct$ receive a c]ta9 sum1 besides be+ admitt$ a memb] ( ! company2 & t ?ree mon?s aft] ! publication ( ?is ord]1 fifty rix-doll>s w\ld be giv51 by way ( premium1 = e loom on :i* f twelve to fifte5 pieces ( silk-ribbon c\ld be wove2 & ?irty rix-doll>s = e loom employ$ to weave f]ret & articles ( wooll5#acja4 ,! pr(itable application ( /eam-p[] to silk weav+ 0 long consid]$ to be almo/ impossible2 s mu* "t be+ consum$ 9 ! h&l+ & trimm+ ( ! silk1 9 proportion to ! "t t ! loom is 9 motion1 !re 0 consequ5tly a wa/e ( p[]4 ,a small factory 0 built 9 #ahca1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! exp]im5t on ribbons4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 burnt dur+ a di/urbance relat+ to prices2 & ?\gh ! act 0 disclaim$ by weav]s 9 g5]al1 ! feel+ among/ !m 0 s /rong aga9/ ! employm5t ( inanimate lab\r :il/ _! own 0 sup]abundant1 t ! s*eme 0 giv5 up4 ,)9 a few ye>s !re 7 num]\s /eam-factories at "w at ,congleton1 ,leek1 ,d]by & o!r places1 :i* made l>ge quantities ( pla9 ribbons1 *iefly black s>s5ets4 ,! ,cov5try manufactur]s1 al>m$ = ! int]e/s ( _! trade1 =m$ 9 #ahcf a /eam-company1 & erect$ a l>ge factory1 b difficulties arose z to ! apportionm5t ( ! p[] among ! diff]5t p>ties1 & x has nev] yet be5 fitt$ up = its orig9al purpose4 ,ano!r l>ge factory 0 soon aft] built1 & appli$ to ! mak+ ( figur$ ribbons1 b ow+ to ! failure ( ! p>ties1 ! exp]im5t 0 n 9 ?is in/ance fairly te/$4 ,"o exp]im5t on a small] scale _h "s success4 ,! factories ( ! ,nor? & ( ,d]by h prov$ ! advantage ( /eam-p[] z appli$ to pla9 ribbons4 ,at ,congleton !re 7 9 #ahch1 #bed p[]-looms engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( pla9 silk1 a few black sat9 & "s pla9 col\r$ ribbons2 at ,leek !re 7 #ajj employ$ 9 ! same way1 & at ,d]by #bcc4 ,9 ^!1 ea* loom is t5d$ by "o pair ( h&s1 :i* pick up & keep ! ma*9]y 9 ord]3 ! ga9 consi/s1 n 9 a m rapid motion ( ! %uttles1 ! delicacy ( ! mat]ials n all[+ ( ?is2 b 9 ! %oot+ d[n be+ seldom int]rupt$ dur+ ! pick+ up1 z 9 h&-loom weav+2 9 ! great] regul>ity ( ! fabric1 & also 9 ! addition ( f "o-fif? to "o-?ird m %uttles1 = :i* "o workman suffices1 ! loom be+ s con/ruct$ z to enable him to rea* f ! front ov] ! batt5 to ! w>ps beh9d4 ,b :5 two pairs ( h&s are requir$ = "o loom1 z is ! case ) ! ,jacqu>d loom1 "o be=e to t5d ! "w & "o beh9d to pick up1 ! advantage is mu* less5$4 ,/eam-loom weav+ is und\bt$ly mak+ great progress not)/&+ all disadvantages3 9 #ahdj1 ! /eam-factory at ,cov5try1 :i* =m]ly fail$1 0 aga9 at "w "u fre% p>ties1 :o 7 mak+ bo? pla9 & fancy ribbons ) a /rong probability ( ultimate success4 ,! f9e factory belong+ to ! ,/eam ,company1 :i* is n[ occupi$ by broad silk /eam-looms1 has "o ribbon-loom at "w2 & 9 "o o!r in/ance1 9 ,cov5try1 ,jacqu>d /eam-looms are employ$ 9 mak+ light figur$ ribbons ) great beauty & precision1 & 9 ?is case x is f\nd t "o man is able to t5d ! front & ano!r ! back ( two looms4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! "t is approa*+ :5 /eam w be ! *ief motive-p[] ( ! ribbon z ( o!r manufactur+ di/ricts1 & t ! /r5g? ( ,engli% ma*9]y w be call$ = to ent] into competition ) ,fr5* ta/e4 ,cov5try is ! great city = ! manufacture ( ribbons 9 ,engl&2 9 #ahch1 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ !re 0 #fjjj or #gjjj1 & 9 ! rural p>i%es1 #aj1jjj or #aa1jjjacjb4 ,,footnotes #abic ,looms ( ! fir/ k9d are seldom capable ( weav+ above sixte5 pieces at "o "t3 & v r>ely eighte51 because ! bread? necess>y = t purpose w\ld r5d] !m highly inconv5i5t4 ,at a ribbon manufactory 9 ! ,milanese1 !re 7 "s ye>s ago1 ?irty looms ( an excell5t con/ruction1 ea* ( :i* c\ld weave tw5ty-f\r pieces toge!r1 s t sixty doz5 ( pieces 7 wove by ! :ole at ! same "t4 ,see ,voyage d'un ,franois p> ,italie1 i4 p4 #chg4 ,m4 ,es*]1 at ,zuri*1 is said to h _h a l>ge ribbon-loom :i* 0 driv5 by wat]2 b ! travell] :o saw ! "w1 assur$ me t x 0 a ma*9e = w9d+ silk2 & ?is seems to be probable1 f ! %ort acc\nt giv5 ( x by ,m4 ,&re1 9 8 ,brief5 aus d] ,s*weitz1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 #abid ,l',hoggidi ov]o gl'+egni non inf]iori a' passati4 #abie ,page #g4 #abif ,page #aaia4 #abig ,ibid4 p4 #bgfb4 #abih ,von ,l]sn]1 ,*ronica d] ,/adt ,frankfurt1 ii4 p4 #eff4 #abii ,relatio ,hi/orica seme/ralis v]nalis #aggf1 ,art4 #aj4 #acjj ,hi/4 ( ,comm]ce4 #acja ,see ?is rescript 9 ! ,leipsig] ,intellig5z-,blatt]n1 #agfe1 p4 #aai4 #acjb ,p5ny ,cyclopdia4 ,,guns4 ,,gun-,,locks4 ,! fir/ portable fire-arms 7 dis*>g$ by means ( a mat*1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t 0 fa/5$ to a cock1 = ! great] security ( ! h& :ile %oot+4 ,aft]w>ds a fire-/one 0 screw$ into ! cock1 & a /eel plate or small :eel1 :i* c\ld be cock$ or w\nd up by a p>ticul> k9d ( key1 0 appli$ to ! b>rel4 ,?is fire-/one 0 n at fir/ ( a silice\s nature1 l t us$ at pres5t = /rik+ fire1 b a compact pyrites or m>casite1 :i* 0 long di/+ui%$ by t "n4 ,b z an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d (t5 miss$ fire1 a mat* till a late p]iod 0 reta9$ along ) ! :eel2 & x 0 n till a consid]able "t aft]1 t in/ead ( a friable pyrites1 s mu* expos$ to decay1 a silice\s /one came into use ) ! improv$ cock or pres5t lock4 ,on ea* new improvem5t1 ! piece1 ! calib] & l5g? ( :i* 7 sometimes enl>g$ & sometimes less5$1 obta9$ v>i\s new names2 su*1 = example1 z ,b*se1 ,hak5b*se1 ,arquebuse2 ,mat*lock1 ,musket1 ,pi/ol1 ,fl9te1 c4 ,b ,i %all leave x to ^? :o are v]s$ 9 matt]s ( artill]y to det]m9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! k9ds1 & %all "h add only :at foll[s4 ,! fir/ "n und\bt$ly arose f ! olde/ portable k9d ( fire-arms hav+ "s simil>ity to a box4 ,!re 7 long & %ort b*se1 ! latt] ( :i*1 z ,hortl$] says1 7 peculi> to ! cavalry4 ,! long k9d also1 on acc\nt ( _! simil>ity to a pipe1 7 call$ rohr4 ,l>ge pieces1 :i* 7 convey$ on c>s or c>riages1 7 call$ k>r5b*se1 b soon aft] also canna1 cannon4 ,in/ead ( artill]y-man1 artill]y & ars5al1 p us$ ! t]ms b*s5mei/]1 b*s5mei/]y1 b*s5haus1 c4 ,! hak5b*s5 7 s l>ge & heavy t !y c\ld n be c>ri$ 9 ! h&2 x 0 necess>y !re=e to support !m ) a prop1 call$ bock1 because x _h two horns1 betwe5 :i* ! piece 0 fix$ ) a hook t project$ f ! /ock#acjc4 ,h5ce arose ! "n hak5b*se1 hak5bsse1 :i* ! ,fr5* & diff]5t nations1 along ) _m o!r ,g]man words1 adopt$1 & corrupt$ till !y at l5g? became arquebuse1 ar*ibugio1 ar*ibuso1 c4 ,f ! passages ( anci5t writ]s collect$ by ,daniel1 x may be conclud$ t ^! hak5b*s5 ) a :eel 7 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ,m>t9 ,bellay4 ,speak+ ( ! league =m$ betwe5 ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 & pope ,leo ,x4 aga9/ ,france1 & ! siege ( ,p>ma und]tak5 9 ! ye> #aeba1 he says1 8,de ce/e heure l fur5t inv5tes les h>cqueb\zes qu'on tiroit sur une f\r*ette40 ,pi/ols also1 :i* at fir/ _h a :eel1 seem to h be5 us$ at an e>li] p]iod by ! ,g]mans ?an by ! ,fr5*4 ,bellay m5tions !m 9 ! ye> #aedd1 9 ! "t ( ,francis ,i41 & "u ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! ,g]man horsem51 des reit]s1 7 call$ pi/oli]s4 ,de la ,n\e1 :o s]v$ "u bo? ^! k+s1 says1 9 8 ,disc\rs ,politiques et ,militaires1 t ! ,g]mans fir/ employ$ pi/ols4 ,i "k no probable d]ivation ( ?is t]m4 ,fris* conjectures t x may h aris5 f ,pi/illo or ,/iopo1 because pi/ols us$ to h l>ge knobs on ! h&le4 ,daniel & o!rs ?9k t ! "n comes f ,pi/oia 9 ,tuscany1 because !y 7 !re fir/ made4 ,he says he saw an old pi/ol1 :i*1 except ! ramrod1 0 entirely ( iron4 ,muskets receiv$ _! "n f ! ,fr5* m\*et1 or ! ,lat9 mus*etus1 :i* signifies a male sp>r[-hawk4 ,?is d]ivation is ! less improbable1 z x is c]ta9 t v>i\s k9ds ( fire-arms 7 nam$ aft] rav5\s animals1 su*1 = example1 z falconet4 ,daniel proves t !y 7 kn[n 9 ,france z e>ly z ! "t ( ,francis ,i4 ,brantome h[ev] ass]ts1 t !y 7 fir/ introduc$ by ! duke ( ,alva1 9 ! ye> #aefg1 :5 he ex]cis$ 8 cruelty 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 ord] to ov]awe & keep 9 subjection ! p ( t c\ntry2 & t !y 7 n !n kn[n 9 ,france4 ,9 ano!r place he says t !y 7 fir/ made g5]al 9 ,france by ,m4 de ,/rozzi1 "u ,*>les ,,ix4#acjd ,t ! lock 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! city ( ,nuremb]g1 9 #aeag1 has be5 ass]t$ by _m1 & n )\t probability2 b ,i d n "k :e!r x c be prov$ t we are "h to und]/& a lock ( ! pres5t con/ruction4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! pr9cipal pro( re/s on a passage made kn[n by ,wag5seil#acje1 f an unpr9t$ ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 ! antiquity ( :i* he has n det]m9$4 ,! same ye> is giv5 by ,j4 ,gul] von ,we9eck#acjf1 ,wals]#acjg1 ,m4 von ,murr & o!rs4 ,x is also c]ta9 t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 v exp]t mak]s ( muskets & fire-locks2 = example1 ,george ,khfuss1 :o di$ 9 #afjj1 & also o!rs1 ^: names may be se5 9 ,doppelmay]4 ,i mu/ n omit "h to rem>k1 t _m call ! fire-lock ! ,fr5* lock1 & ascribe ! inv5tion to ^! p2 yet z1 accord+ ev5 to ,daniel's acc\nt1 ! f> m inconv5i5t :eels on pi/ols 7 us$ 9 ,france 9 #afeh1 x is probable t our neighb\rs1 z is commonly ! case1 may h made "s improvem5t 9 ! ,g]man inv5tion4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,brunswick regim5ts1 x is /at$ t ! soldi]s ( t du*y fir/ obta9$1 9 #afhg1 fl9t-locks in/ead ( mat*-locks4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$1 t fire-tubes1 :i* took fire ( !mselves1 7 =bidd5 fir/ 9 ,bohemia & ,moravia1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! :ole ,g]man empire1 "u a sev]e p5alty1 by ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i42 b ,i h n f\nd any allusion to ?is circum/ance 9 ! diff]5t police laws ( t emp]or4 ,t ! fir/ fire-/ones 7 pyrites1 appe>s f v>i\s acc\nts2 & z a silice\s k9d ( /one 0 introduc$ 9 its /ead1 ?is circum/ance gave (t5 rise to confusion1 "s in/ances ( :i* are relat$ by ,h5kel1 s t _m appli$ to ! /one :at 0 relat$ by our =efa!rs ( pyrites4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ,europe#acjh p use at pres5t t horn/e9 call$ by ,wall]ius ,silex igni>ius1 & by ,l9nu ,s4 cretaceus4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 =m]ly call$ ,fl9s or ,vl9s1 :i* "s consid] z m prop]2 & 9 ! ,sw$i%1 ,dani% & ,engli%1 ,fl9ta & ,fl9t4 ,?is appellation is ( great antiquity2 = ! ,w5ds _h a pagan deity ( t "n1 :i* !y erect$ on a /one call$ ,flyn/e9#acji4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,g]many ?is ^w has be5 /ill reta9$2 = example1 :ite or grey f]rug9\s sp>1 ,m9]a f]ri alba1 is call$ 9 ,/yria ,fl9s1 or1 z x is (t5 improp]ly writt51 ,pfl9z2 & 9 ,bayreu? t fire-/one is /ill call$ fl9t-/one#acaj4 ,9 our neighb\rhood ! same "n is /ill us$ by ! /one-cutt]s4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! weapon :i* is fir$ by ! help ( ?is /one1 obta9$ f x1 9 ,g]man1 ! names ( ,fl9tgewehr1 ,fl9t1 or ,fl9te2 b s9ce ! old "n ( ! /one has be5 =gott51 x is 9 g5]al nam$ f ! weapon fl9t-/one4 ,^? acqua9t$ ) ! ,g]man & nor!rn antiquities1 "k t ! knives employ$ at ! anci5t sacrifices1 & o!r articles1 7 made ( ?is k9d ( /one1 z appe>s by ! rema9s /ill f\nd 9 old b>r[s & betwe5 urns#acaa4 ,?is proves t ^! /ones 7 mu* us$ by ! anci5ts4 ,9 ,engl& & ,france old build+s con/ruct$ ( !m are /ill to be se51 & ! /ones appe> to h be5 cut ) ! greate/ c>e#acab4 ,! above articles1 :i* h la9 9 ! e>? m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 & ^! edifices1 among :i* "s at ,norwi* 7 inhabit$ 9 #adjc1 %[ ! wond]ful durability ( ?is k9d ( /one4 ,"s imag9e t ! art ( work+ x has be5 lo/2 b ?\gh our arti/s pref] employ+ _! tal5ts & dext]ity on /ones :i* h a m beautiful appe>ance & less brittl5ess1 !y are able to cut also ! fl9t-/one4 ,enamel pa9t]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 rub _! glass enamel on plates made ( x2 b !y are oblig$ to pur*ase !m at a v de> rate#acac4 ,_m ( my read]s w p]haps be desir\s to "k 9 :at mann] our gun-fl9ts are prep>$4 ,consid]+ ! great use made ( !m1 x w h>dly be believ$ h[ mu* tr\ble ,i _h to obta9 in=mation on ?is subject4 ,"o w\ld laugh 7 ,i to repeat ! v>i\s answ]s :i* ,i obta9$ to my inquiries4 ,_m ?\ght t ! /ones 7 cut d[n by gr9d+ !m2 "s conceiv$ t !y 7 =m$ by means ( r$-hot p9c]s2 & _m ass]t$ t !y 7 made 9 mills4 ,on ! lea/ reflection x may be readily conjectur$1 t ! d\ble cunei=m %ape is giv5 to ^! /ones )\t mu* lab\r1 because !y are s *eap2 & z e c\ntry1 at all times1 ) :atev] o!r x may be engag$ 9 w>1 c obta9 !m 9 suffici5t quantity1 no nation c h an exclusive trade 9 !m4 ,x is nev]!less difficult to discov] ! places :5ce !y are procur$2 & 9 works :i* give an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t articles ( m]*&ise !y are n nam$4 ,! be/ acc\nt ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is t collect$ by my bro!r1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,hanov]ian ,magaz9e = ! ye> #aggb4 ,%eph]ds1 & o!r p]sons :o ga9 little by _! s]vice1 break ! fl9t-/one m]ely by manual lab\r1 & *iefly 9 ,*ampagne & ,pic>dy4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,gilb]t de ,montmeau1 a m]*ant at ,troye1 c>ri$ on ! greate/ trade ) !m1 & sold !m at ! rate ( five livres six s\s p] ?\s&4 ,! ,dut* always buy up l>ge quantities ( !m1 :i* !y keep 9 res]ve1 9 ord] to sell !m :5 ! exportation ( !m is =bidd5 by ,france1 9 ! "t ( w>4 ,sav>y1 h[ev]1 relates t ! l>ge/ quantity & be/ /ones come f ,b]ry1 & p>ticul>ly ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,agnau & ,meusne4 ,i "k also t a great _m are made at ,/ev5skl9t 9 ,zeel&#acad1 & export$ f t c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye> #agbg1 ! *anc]y ( w> at ,hanov] s5t "s p]sons to le>n ! art ( break+ fl9ts2 b aft] _! return1 x 0 giv5 out t our horn-/one 0 unfit = t purpose4 ,x is possible t ^? /ones :i* occur 9 cont9u$ ve9s may be split easi] 9 any requir$ direction ?an ^? f\nd 9 s+le pieces1 z x appe>s to me t ! latt] are h>d] & m compact ?an ! =m]4 ,p]haps ! case is ! same ) fl9ts z ) v]milion1 ! prep>ation ( :i* we endeav\r$ to le>n f ! ,engli% & ,dut*1 ?\gh f ! e>lie/ p]iods x _h be5 made bett] 9 ! v c5tre ( ,g]many ?an any:]e else4 ,t /ones 7 us$ at lea/ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is confirm$ by ! acc\nt ( an +5i\s ,italian1 nam$ ,francis ,angel]ius4 ,?is arti/ _h con/ruct$ a %ort piece ( wood1 to :i* he appli$ a :eel1 & in/ead ( a cock sub/itut$ a dog1 :i* held ! /one 9 its m\?1 ! :ole s +5i\sly made1 t a p]son :o appe>$ ) x at a masqu]ade 0 arre/$ by ! gu>d1 because x 0 consid]$ to be a real pi/ol#acae4 ,i h ?\ght x prop] to m5tion ?is circum/ance1 because x proves t ! :eel 0 !n inv5t$ & kn[n "u ! appellation ( pi/ol4 ,9 old ars5als & arm\ries1 l>ge collections ( arms ) ! :eel are /ill to be se54 ,i h inspect$ ^? pres]v$ 9 ! ars5al at ,hanov]4 ,:at ,i consid] to be ! olde/1 h on ! b>rel ! figure ( a h5 ) a musket 9 its m\?1 because p]haps !y 7 made at ,h5neb]g4 ,a pi/ol ( ?is k9d 0 entirely ( brass )\t any "p ( wood1 & !re=e exce$+ly heavy4 ,on ! l[] "p ( ! h&le 7 ! lett]s ,j4 ,h4 ,z4 ,s4 p]haps ,john duke ( ,saxony4 ,a piece ) a :eel1 :i* seem$ to be "o ( ! mo/ mod]n1 _h on ! b>rel ! date #afjf4 ,toge!r ) fire-/ones1 prop]ly s call$1 pyrites1 :i* is sometimes nam$ fire-/one1 cont9u$ long 9 use4 ,9 ! ye> #aehf1 "u duke ,julius ( ,brunswick1 :5 abundance ( sulphure\s pyrites 0 f\nd ne> ,seef51 ! duke caus$ x to be collect$1 & =m$ x himself into ! necess>y %ape1 ?\gh 9 do+ s he (t5 bruis$ 8 f+]s1 & 0 advis$ by ! physicians n to expose himself to ! sulphure\s vap\r emitt$ by t sub/ance4 ,! use ( fl9t-locks to guns has1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 almo/ entirely laid aside 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! p]cussion- or detonat+-lock be+ sub/itut$ = x4 ,! c]ta9ty & rapidity ) :i* ! dis*>ge takes place1 gives !m a v great sup]iority4 ,?is +5i\s inv5tion belongs to a ,scotti% cl]gyman1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,=sy?1 m9i/] ( ,belhelvie 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 b x has s9ce receiv$ "s great improvem5ts1 especially 9 ! application ( ! copp] cap1 to :i* inde$ may be attribut$ all its sup]iority4--,br&e4 ,,footnotes #acjc ,a figure & description ( ! ,hak5b*se1 ! bock1 ! :eels & key1 may be f\nd 9 ,daniel ,hi/oire de la ,milice ,francaise4 ,am/4 #agbd1 #b vols4 #dto1 i4 p4 #ccd4 ,at ,dresd5 !re is /ill pres]v$ an old ,b*se1 on :i*1 in/ead ( a lock1 !re is a cock ) a fl9t-/one plac$ opposite to ! t\*-hole1 & ?is fl9t 0 rubb$ ) a file till x emitt$ a sp>k4 #acjd ,! musquet or musket is said to be a ,spani% inv5tion1 & to h be5 fir/ us$ at ! battle ( ,pavia4 ,!y 7 s long & heavy z to require ! support ( a re/4 ,9 ! "t ( ,elizabe? & long aft]1 ! ,engli% musquete] 0 v diff]5t f "o at ! pres5t day4 ,9 addition to ! musquet itself1 he _h to c>ry a flask ( co>se p[d] = load+1 & a t\*-box ( f9e p[d] = prim+2 ! bullets 7 conta9$ 9 a lea!rn bag1 ! /r+s ( :i* he _h to draw to get at !m2 :ile 9 8 h& 0 8 burn+ mat* & musquet-re/4 #acje ,de ,civitate ,norib]g5si ,comm5tat4 #afig1 #dto1 p4 #aej3 ,9 *ronico quodam ,,ms4 legitur3 ! fire-locks belong+ to ! %oot+ tubes 7 fir/ f\nd out at ,nuremb]g 9 #aeag4 #acjf ,raetia das i/ ,bes*reibung1 c4 ,zuri*1 #afaf1 fol4 p4 #aeb4 #acjg ,app5zell] ,*ronik4 ,/4 ,gall1 #agdj1 #hvo1 p4 #aid4 #acjh ,?is k9d ( /one is n ev]y:]e us$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! ,tyrol1 = example1 ! h>de/ f]rug9\s granite1 :i* consi/s ( corne\s1 p>tly irregul> & p>tly poly$ral1 pieces1 is employ$ z fl9ts1 :i* !re=e are call$ ,tyrol fl9ts4 ,9 o!r places1 jasp]1 su* z t f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ,turkey1 is =m$ by gr9d+1 & us$ 9 ! same mann]4 #acji ,( ?is deity an acc\nt may be f\nd 9 ,s*$ii ,syntagma de ,diis ,g]manis4 ,hal1 #agbh1 #hvo1 p4 #gbf4 #acaj ,esp] ,na*ri*t von neu entdeckt5 ,zooli!n1 ,nurnb]g1 #aggd1 fol4 ,mr4 ,esp] says1 ^? fire-/ones only :i* conta9 fossils or petrifactions are call$ fl9s1 fl9t2 & x is possible t ! s+ul> =mation may be ! cause :y !y h reta9$ longe/ ! "n ( ! pagan deity4 #acaa ,figures ( su* in/rum5ts may be f\nd 9 ! fif? volume ( ! ,ar*ologia ,britannica4 #acab ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,no4 #dgd4 #acac ,a poli%$ plate a foot squ>e is sold at ! ,vi5na porcela9 manufactory = five hundr$ flor9s4 #acad ,*emnitz regrets t ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful pieces are brok5 9 _m ?\s& fragm5ts1 & aft]w>ds sold = a trifle z gun-fl9ts4--,b]l9] ,bes*ftigung51 p4 #bac4 #acae ,hippolytus ,angel]ius1 9 a "w entitl$ ,de ,antiquitate ,ate/91 p4 #ad1 9 vol4 vii4 ( ,!s4 ,antiquit4 ,itali4 ,,f9is4 ,,index4 ,adult]ation ( w9e1 i4 #bde2 anci5ts cl>ifi$ _! w9e ) gypsum1 i4 #bej2 pott]s-e>? us$ = cl>ify+ w9e1 ib42 ,jacob ,ehrni behead$ = adult]at+ w9e1 i4 #bec2 ars5ical liv] ( sulphur us$ = detect+ metal 9 w9e1 ib42 fumigat+ ) sulphur1 i4 #bee2 adult]ation ) milk1 i4 #bef2 adult]ation ( w9e 9 ,engl&1 ib4 ,air-*amb]1 :5 fir/ appli$ to ! fire-eng9e1 ii4 #beb4 ,alum1 i4 #ahj2 alum ( ! anci5ts 0 vitriol1 ib42 places :]e !y procur$ x1 i4 #ahb2 use ( ! anci5t alum to secure build+s f fire1 i4 #ahd2 inv5tion ( ! mod]n alum1 i4 #ahe2 alum5 rocc1 i4 #ahf2 ! olde/ alum-works 9 ! ,levant1 i4 #ahg2 ! olde/ 9 ,europe on ! isl& ( n>ia1 i4 #ahh2 orig9 ( ^? at ,tolfa or ,civita ,vec*ia1 i4 #aij2 at ,volt]ra1 i4 #aic2 ,popes' exclusive trade 9 alum1 i4 #aid2 olde/ alum-"w 9 ,g]many1 i4 #aie2 ! fir/ 9 ,engl&1 i4 #aif4 ,apo!c>ies1 i4 #cbf2 ,greek & ,roman physicians prep>$ _! own m$ic9es1 i4 #cbg2 _! employm5t 9 ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies1 i4 #cbi2 ph>macy fir/ sep>at$ f m$ic9e by ! ,arabian physicians1 ib42 m$ical e/abli%m5ts 9 ,europe =m$ aft] t at ,sal]no1 i4 #cca2 ,engli% apo!c>ies1 i4 #ccc2 ,fr5*1 ib42 ,g]man1 i4 #ccc-cch2 portable apo!c>y's %op at ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 i4 #cci2 fir/ disp5satory1 ib4 ,aqua=tis1 fir/ intelligible acc\nt (1 i4 #ejf4 ,ar*il1 i4 #ce2 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 i4 #cf2 art ( dye+ )1 br\ght1 9 #acjj1 f ! ,levant1 i4 #ch2 acc\nt ( ! family ( ! ,oricell>ii or ,rucellai1 :o made t art kn[n 9 ,italy1 ib42 trade ( ! ,can>y isl&s )1 i4 #ci2 ( ! ,cape de ,v]de isl&s1 i4 #dj2 inv5tion ( ,lacmus1 #da4 ,arti*oke1 i4 #bab2 c9>a ( ! anci5ts ! same ) ! c>duus1 i4 #bac2 ,scolymus describ$1 i4 #bae2 n our arti*oke1 i4 #baf2 ,cactus1 :at p>ts ( x 7 eat51 i4 #bai2 our arti*oke kn[n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 i4 #bbj2 orig9 ( ! "n1 ib41 op9ions respect+ ! c\ntry f :i* x 0 fir/ br\ght1 i4 #bba4 ,artificial ice1 ii4 #adb2 pres]v+ sn[ = cool+ liquors1 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ib42 ice pres]v$ = ! same use1 ii4 #adc2 ,n]o's me?od ( cool+ wat]1 ib42 h[ cool$ 9 ,egypt1 ii4 #add2 wat] made to freeze 9 summ]1 ii4 #adf2 art ( mak+ ice at ,calcutta1 ib42 me?od ( cool+ wat] m5tion$ by ,plut>*1 ii4 #adg2 e>!n vessels us$ 9 ,portugal = cool+ wat]1 ib42 use ( sn[ kn[n at ! ,fr5* c\rt "u ,h5ry ,,iii41 ii4 #adi2 trade c>ri$ on ) sn[ & ice 9 ,france1 ii4 #aej2 cool+ prop]ty ( saltpetre1 :5 discov]$1 ii4 #aea2 dr9k+-cups ( ice us$ 9 ,france1 ii4 #aee2 ice ext5sively us$ = conomical purposes1 ii4 #aeh2 ma*9]y employ$ = cutt+ x1 ii4 #aei4 ,aurum fulm9ans1 i4 #eji2 ( :at compos$1 ib42 inv5tion ( x obscure1 ib42 said to h be5 discov]$ by a ,g]man monk1 i4 #eaj2 ,val5t9's receipt = prep>+ x1 ib42 depriv$ ( its p[] by means ( v9eg>1 i4 #eaa4 ,bank]s1 ! olde/ at ,rome1 ii4 #e4 ,bell[s1 wood51 i4 #fc2 :e!r fir/ inv5t$ by ,ana*>sis1 i4 #fd2 bell[s at ! olde/ melt+-h\ses driv5 by m51 ib42 lea!r & wood5 bell[s comp>$1 ib42 description ( ! latt]1 i4 #fe2 advantages ( !m1 i4 #ff2 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many1 ib42 ! inv5tor suppos$ to be ,hans ,lobs+]1 ,%ellhorn a mill]1 or a bi%op ( ,bamb]g1 i4 #ff1 #fg2 introduction ( !m at ! m9es ( ! ,h>z ,=e/1 i4 #fg4 ,bills ( ex*ange1 ii4 #bjc2 acc\nt ( ! olde/1 ib42 ord9ance issu$ at ,b>celona respect+ !m1 ii4 #bjd4 ,black lead1 ii4 #chh2 names by :i* x is kn[n1 ib42 anci5t manuscripts rul$ ) lead1 ii4 #chi2 plumbago1 by :om fir/ m5tion$1 ii4 #cij2 black lead pits 9 ,cumb]l&1 ii4 #cib2 9 comm]ce1 call$ potlo?1 ii4 #cic2 fir/ p5cils us$ = draw+1 ib42 black & r$ *alk1 ii4 #cid4 ,bologna /one1 ii4 #dbi2 description (1 ii4 #dbi-dcj2 h[ r5d]$ capable ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 ii4 #dca2 discov]y ( ?is1 by :om made1 ib42 prep>ation ( ! /one conceal$ by ! ,italian *emi/s1 ii4 #dcb2 taught by ,pot]ius1 a ,fr5* *emi/1 ib42 lum9\s /one f ,india m5tion$ by ,de ,?\1 ii4 #dcc2 o!r k9ds ( pyrophori1 ii4 #dcd4 ,book-c5sors1 ii4 #eab2 reason ( _! be+ e/abli%$1 ib42 books =bidd5 & burnt be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ii4 #eac2 books ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians burnt1 ii4 #ead2 works ( ,arius & ,ne/orius burnt1 ib42 e>lie/ in/ance ( books publi%$ by p]mission ( gov]nm5t1 ib42 m&ate respect+ book-c5sors1 ii4 #eaf2 bull ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 prohibit+ books unless previ\sly exam9$1 ii4 #eag2 book-c5sors e/abli%$ 9 ,france1 ib4 ,book-keep+1 hi/ory (1 i4 #a4 ,buck+ham1 duke (1 ! fir/ p]son 9 ,engl& :o us$ six horses to 8 c>riage1 i4 #gf4 ,buck-:eat1 i4 #dbe2 n kn[n to ! anci5ts1 i4 #dbf2 introduc$ into ,europe ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 ib42 said to h be5 br\ght f ,asia1 ib42 conjectures respect+ o!r names giv5 to x1 i4 #dbh2 :5 cultivat$ 9 ,engl&1 ib42 acc\nt ( a new species1 ib42 s[s itself 9 ,sib]ia1 i4 #dbi2 difficult to be cultivat$1 i4 #dcj4 ,butt]1 i4 #dii2 :e!r kn[n to ! ,hebrews1 i4 #ejj2 passage 9 ,prov]bs respect+ x wrongly translat$1 ib42 olde/ m5tion ( x 9 ,greek writ]s1 ib42 kn[n to ! ,scy?ians1 ib42 us$ by ! ,lusitanians in/ead ( oil1 ib42 elephants drank x1 ib42 anecdote relat$ by ,plut>*1 i4 #ejc2 inv5tion ( butt] ascrib$ by ,pl9y to ! ,g]mans1 i4 #ejd2 uses to :i* butt] 0 appli$ by ! anci5ts1 i4 #ejf1 #ejg2 butt] ( ! anci5ts 0 fluid1 ib42 sc>ce 9 ,norway dur+ ! ages ( paganism1 i4 #ejh4 ,camp-mills1 ii4 #ee2 inv5tion ascrib$ to ! ,g]mans1 ii4 #ef4 ,can>y-birds1 i4 #cb2 :5 kn[n 9 ,europe1 ib42 flew f a %ip wreck$ on ! roa/ ( ,italy to ,elba1 :]e !y multipli$1 ib42 trade ) !m1 i4 #cc2 ,can>y se$1 :]e fir/ cultivat$1 i4 #cd2 use (1 might be ext5d$1 i4 #ce4 ,c>p1 hi/ory (1 ii4 #df2 ,cassiodorus ! olde/ au?or :o uses ! t]m c>pa1 ii4 #ea2 orig9 ( ! "n1 ii4 #eb2 c>p suppos$ to h be5 fir/ f\nd 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 ib42 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ec4 ,catalogues ( books1 ii4 #ebb2 fir/ pr9t]s pr9t$ books at _! own exp5se1 ib42 :5 booksell+ became a di/9ct bus9ess1 ib42 catalogues fir/ pr9t$1 ii4 #ebc2 acc\nt ( "s ( ! e>lie/1 ii4 #ebd2 rapid increase ( catalogues1 ii4 #ebg2 ,bohn's gu9ea catalogue1 ib4 ,caulifl[]1 br\ght f ! ,levant to ,italy1 ii4 #cde4 ,*eese kn[n e>li] ?an butt]1 i4 #ejb4 ,*emical names ( metals1 ii4 #bc2 giv5 fir/ to ! heav5ly bodies1 ib42 nom9ation ( metals aft] ! hea!n deities1 ii4 #bd2 a/rological nom9ation kn[n to ! ,brahmans 9 ,india1 ii4 #bf2 orig9 ( ! *>act]s by :i* ! planets are express$1 ii4 #bg2 ^? by :i* ! metals are signifi$1 ii4 #bh2 li/ ( metals kn[n at ! pres5t day1 ii4 #ca4 ,*imneys1 i4 #bie2 no traces ( at ,h]culaneum1 i4 #bif2 pr9cipal writ]s on _! antiquity1 i4 #bif1 #big2 passages 9 ,greek au?ors suppos$ to allude to !m1 i4 #big-bii2 9 ,roman au?ors1 i4 #bii-cja2 h\ses ( ! anci5ts _h no *imneys1 ib42 9 :at mann] !y w>m$ _! ap>tm5ts1 i4 #cje2 description ( ! /oves us$ 9 ,p]sia1 ib42 d]ivation ( ! ^w *imney1 i4 #cjh2 h\ses ( ! anci5ts kept w>m by pipes1 i4 #cji2 ,w9kelmann's description ( /oves f\nd 9 a ru9$ villa1 ib42 no *imneys 9 ! #aj?1 #ab? & #ac? c5turies1 i4 #cab2 olde/ acc\nt ( *imneys 9 an inscription at ,v5ice1 i4 #cac2 fir/ *imney-sweep]s 9 ,g]many came f ,savoy & ,pi$mont1 i4 #cad2 *imney-sweeps at ,p>is ,savoy>ds1 ib4 ,clocks & wat*es1 hi/ory (1 i4 #cdj2 clocks kn[n 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 i4 #cdf2 fir/ public clock at ,padua1 i4 #cea2 :5 9 use among private p]sons1 i4 #ced2 fir/ m5tion ( wat*es1 ib42 hi/ory ( clocks & wat*es1 by ,b>r+ton1 i4 #cee2 ,que5 ,m>y's wat*1 i4 #cfb2 ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton's1 ib42 lett] on ! wat* said to h belong$ to ,rob]t ,bruce1 i4 #cfd2 ,h>rison's inv5tion1 i4 #cfh2 ,arnold's *ronomet]1 i4 #cgj4 ,coa*es1 i4 #fh2 cov]$ c>riages at ,rome1 ib42 wom5 only rode 9 c>riages at ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 i4 #gj2 use ( cov]$ c>riages =bidd51 ib42 ord] ( ,julius duke ( ,brunswick1 =bidd+ 8 vassals to ride 9 c>riages1 i4 #gb2 ,fr5* mon>*s rode on horseback 9 ! #ad?1 #ae? & #af? c5turies1 i4 #gd2 citiz5s' wives at ,p>is =bidd5 to use c>riages1 ib42 ,h5ry ,,iv4 _h only "o coa*1 i4 #ge2 :irlicotes1 ! olde/ c>riages us$ by ! ,engli% ladies1 ib42 coa*es fir/ kn[n 9 ,engl&1 i4 #gf2 :5 introduc$ into ,italy1 ,spa91 ,sw$51 & ,russia1 ib42 orig9 ( ! ^w coa*1 i4 #gg2 b]l9e1 inv5tion (1 i4 #gh2 fir/ coa*es let out = hire at ,p>is1 i4 #gi2 hackney-coa*es fir/ e/abli%$ at ,london1 i4 #ha2 numb] ( coa*es 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ,europe1 ib4 ,cobalt1 i4 #dgh2 is melt$ ) silice\s e>? & pota%es to a blue glass call$ smalt1 ib42 gr\nd smalt1 or p[d]-blue1 ib42 cobalt n kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ib42 reason :y ,lehmann & o!rs ?9k t ! anci5ts us$ smalt1 i4 #dha2 ,gmel9's exp]im5ts on ! blue ( ! anci5ts1 ib42 orig9 ( ! "n cobalt1 i4 #dhc2 fir/ col\r-mills 9 ,g]many = gr9d+ smalt1 i4 #dhd2 smalt n m5tion$ 9 books till a lat] p]iod1 i4 #dhf2 ! olde/ description f\nd 9 ! works ( ,bir+occio1 ib4 ,cock-fight+1 ii4 #dgc2 reflections on1 ib42 antiquity (1 ib42 quail-fight+ among ! ,romans1 ii4 #dgd2 cock-fights & quail-fights m5tion$ by ,solon1 ii4 #dge2 ,romans employ$ p>tridges = fight+1 ib42 cock-fight+ in/itut$ by ,!mi/ocles1 ib42 ascrib$ to ,miltiades1 ii4 #dgf2 m5tion$ by anci5t au?ors1 ii4 #dgg-dgi2 olde/ in=mation ab\t cock-fight+ 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #dha2 ?is pa/ime =bidd51 ib4 ,cork1 i4 #cah2 prop]ties (1 ib42 acc\nt ( ! cork-tree1 i4 #cai2 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ib42 cork us$ by ! anci5t fi%]m5 z floats to _! nets1 i4 #cba2 an*or-buoys made ( x1 ib42 ,romans made soles ( x1 i4 #cbb2 cork jackets1 antiquity (1 ib42 anci5t me?ods ( clos+ up w9e-casks & o!r vessels1 i4 #cbc2 cork /opp]s1 i4 #cbd2 v>i\s sub/itutes = corks1 i4 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,corn-mills1 i4 #adg2 e>lie/ me?ods ( gr9d+ corn1 ib42 ! olde/ h&-mills1 ib42 cattle-mills1 i4 #adh2 wat]-mills1 i4 #aea2 mills con/ruct$ at ,rome by ,belis>ius1 i4 #aed2 inv5tion ( float+-mills1 i4 #aee2 ( w9d-mills1 i4 #aeh2 diff]5ce betwe5 ,g]man & ,dut* w9d-mills1 i4 #afj2 bolt+-ma*9]y1 :5 inv5t$1 i4 #afa2 bolt+-clo?1 i4 #afb2 inv5tion ( b>ley-mills1 i4 #afh2 anecdote ( a feudal "l1 i4 #agj4 ,cryptography1 :5 inv5t$1 i4 #ajf4 ,diamond1 :5 fir/ us$ = writ+ on glass1 ii4 #hg4 ,div+-bell1 i4 #aaa2 anci5t div]s1 ib42 pr9ciples expla9$1 i4 #aac2 e>lie/ use 9 ,europe1 ib42 describ$ by ,"l ,bacon1 i4 #aae2 cannon fi%$ up by x f ! wreck ( ! ,spani% ,armada1 ib42 old inv5tions1 i4 #aag2 ,dr4 ,halley's div+-bell1 i4 #aah2 ,triewald's improvem5t1 i4 #aai2 :5 employ$ 9 civil eng9e]+1 i4 #aba2 app>atus = walk+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 i4 #abb4 ,embroid]y1 antiquity (1 i4 #dae4 ,enamel1 i4 #acb4 ,et*+ on glass discov]$ by ,h5ry ,s*wanh>d1 ii4 #hh2 process :i* he employ$1 ii4 #hi4 ,etruscan vases1 col\rs (1 produc$ by calx ( iron1 ii4 #bci4 ,exclusive privilege = pr9t+ books1 ii4 #eah2 olde/ privilege kn[n1 grant$ 9 #adij1 ib42 acc\nt ( "s grant$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ii4 #eai1 #ebj2 privileges grant$ 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ebj2 9 ,spa91 ii4 #eba4 ,falconry1 i4 #aih2 n a mod]n inv5tion1 i4 #aii2 birds ( prey us$ 9 ,india & ,?race1 i4 #bja2 employ$ also 9 ,italy1 ib42 =bidd5 to ! cl]gy 9 ! six? c5tury1 i4 #bjc2 anci5ts br$ o!r rapaci\s animals besides hawks1 ib42 falconry common 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ib42 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 wrote a book ^u x1 ib42 ladies =m]ly fond ( falconry1 i4 #bjd2 olde/ writ]s on ?is art1 ib4 ,fire-eng9es1 ii4 #bde2 idea borr[$ f ! common pump1 ib42 sipho m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 a fire-eng9e1 ii4 #bdf2 fire-eng9es at ,rome1 ii4 #bdg2 9 ! ,ea/1 eng9es employ$ to produce fires1 ii4 #bdi2 ,greek fire1 ib42 fire-eng9es introduc$ into ,g]many unc]ta91 ii4 #bej2 fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! build+ acc\nts ( ,augsburg1 ib42 fire-eng9es at ,nuremb]g1 ii4 #bea2 fire-eng9es v imp]fect 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ii4 #beb2 air-*amb]1 :5 add$1 ib42 improv$ eng9es made by ,leupold1 ii4 #bec2 ,dut* improvem5ts1 ii4 #bee-bef2 pipes = convey+ wat] n unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #bef2 fire-eng9es1 :5 introduc$ at ,con/ant9ople1 ii4 #beg4 ,float+ ( wood1 i4 #ded2 :at gave rise to ?is inv5tion1 i4 #dee2 wood float$ by ,solomon = ! temple at ,j]usalem1 i4 #def2 wood transport$ on wat] by ! ,romans1 ib42 e>lie/ acc\nt ( float+ wood 9 ,g]many1 i4 #deh2 9 ,france1 i4 #dei1 #dfj4 ,=ks1 ii4 #djg2 ,greeks & ,romans _h no "n = !m1 ii4 #djh2 ,romans (t5 us$ ligul in/ead1 ii4 #dji2 =ks n employ$ by ! anci5ts1 ib42 meat cut by a c>v]1 ii4 #daj2 =ks n 9 use among ! ,*9ese1 ib42 =ks suppos$ to be f\nd among ! ru9s ( a ,roman t[n1 ii4 #daa2 :5 fir/ kn[n 9 ,italy1 ib42 =ks & spoons /ill r>ities 9 "s p>ts ( ,spa91 ii4 #dac2 table knives1 :5 introduc$ among ! ,highl&]s1 ib42 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,fr5* h adopt$ ! ,italian names =ca & =*etta1 ib42 ,g]man ^w gabel ( great antiquity1 ii4 #dad4 ,f\ndl+ hospitals1 ii4 #dcd2 reflections on *ild-murd]1 ib42 no law aga9/ x =m]ly 9 ,*ri/ian /ates1 ii4 #dcf2 *ildr5 expos$ by ! anci5ts1 ii4 #dcg2 p]mitt$ 9 ,greece b n at ,!bes1 ii4 #dch2 :5 prohibit$ by ! ,romans1 ii4 #dci2 humane decrees ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 ii4 #ddj2 public orphan-h\ses at ,a!ns & ,rome1 ib42 f\ndl+s decl>$ to be free by ,ju/9ian1 ii4 #dda2 olde/ e/abli%m5ts = orphans 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #ddb2 simil> e/abli%m5ts 9 ,france1 ii4 #ddd1 #dde2 "o ( ! same k9d at ,e9beck1 ii4 #dde2 hospital at ,nuremb]g1 ii4 #ddf2 in/itution = f\ndl+s at ,v5ice1 ib42 f\ndl+ hospital 9 ,engl&1 ib42 ineffici5cy ( su* in/itutions1 ii4 #ddh4 ,f[ls said to ?rive ne> smoke1 i4 #cjc4 ,fur dresses1 ii4 #bif2 raw sk9s fir/ us$ = clo?+1 ii4 #big2 fur clo?+ little us$ by ! ,romans1 ib42 introduc$ by _! nor!rn invad]s1 ii4 #cja2 seal-sk9s1 ii4 #cjb2 re9-de] sk9s1 us$ by ! anci5t ,g]mans1 ib42 furs1 consid]$ by ! ,get objects ( magnific5ce1 ii4 #cjd2 =bidd5 by ,honorius1 ib42 ,go?ic bree*es adopt$ by ! ,romans1 ii4 #cje2 furs employ$ by ! ,p]sians in/ead ( mattresses & bol/]s1 ii4 #cjh2 orig9 ( ! fur trade to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 ii4 #cji2 ri*es ( ! nor!rn nations consi/$ 9 furs1 ii4 #caj2 sk9s c\nt$ by decuri or de*]1 ii4 #caa2 sk9s ( ! ,pontic m\se1 ii4 #cab2 erm9e1 v>i\s names (1 ii4 #cae2 ! sable1 ib42 m>t51 ii4 #caf2 grauw]k1 mean+ (1 ii4 #cag2 cats' & rabbits' sk9s1 ib42 beav] sk9s1 ii4 #cah2 furs1 :5 !y began to be dy$1 ii4 #cai2 ,*>lemagne1 anecdote respect+ 8 dress ( %eep's sk91 ib42 fur gloves1 ii4 #cbj2 use ( furs =bidd51 ii4 #cba1 #cbb2 n us$ at ! c\rt ( ,byzantium1 ii4 #cbb2 fur trade 9 mod]n times1 ii4 #cbc4 ,g>d5-fl[]s1 hi/ory (1 i4 #eab2 mod]n ta/e came f ,p]sia & ,con/ant9ople1 ib42 tub]ose1 :5 fir/ br\ght to ,europe1 ib42 auricula c>ri$ to ,brussels1 i4 #eac2 ranunculus br\ght f ! ,levant1 i4 #eaf2 fondness ( ,mahomet ,,iv4 = ?is fl[]1 ib42 fav\rite fl[]s ( ! pres5t day1 i4 #eag4 ,gild+1 ii4 #bij2 m5tion$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ib42 art ( gold-beat+ at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 ii4 #bia2 process ( gold-beat+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ib42 pellicle fir/ us$ by ! ,g]man gold-beat]s1 ii4 #bib2 art ( gild+ facilitat$ by ! inv5tion ( oil-pa9t+1 ii4 #bid2 gold-leaf affix$ to metals by quicksilv] 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 ii4 #bie2 false gild+1 ib42 gild+ lea!r1 ii4 #bif4 ,glass-cutt+1 ii4 #hd2 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ib42 reviv$ by ,casp> ,lehmann1 ii4 #he2 figures engrav$ on glass ) a diamond1 ii4 #hf2 et*+ on glass1 ii4 #hh2 hi/ory ( sp>ry fluor1 ii4 #ij2 its prop]ty ( emitt+ light discov]$1 ib42 ornam5ts (1 made 9 ,d]by%ire1 ii4 #ib4 ,guns1 gun-locks1 ii4 #ecc2 fir/ portable fire-arms dis*>g$ by a mat*1 ib42 :5 fl9ts 7 us$1 ii4 #ecd2 pi/ols1 :5 br\ght into use1 ii4 #ece2 d]ivation ( ! ^w1 ib42 muskets1 :5ce !y receiv$ _! "n1 ib42 gun-lock1 :5 inv5t$1 ib42 h[ gun-fl9ts are prep>$1 ii4 #ech4 ,honey us$ by ! anci5ts = pres]v+ natural curiosities1 i4 #bhf4 ,hops1 ii4 #cgf2 :e!r kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #cgg2 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ! ,c>ol+ian dyna/y1 ii4 #chj2 9 ,egypt bitt] ?+s add$ to be]1 ii4 #chb2 :5 hops 7 us$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ib42 :5 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #chd2 sweet gale employ$ = be] 9 ,sw$51 ii4 #che2 ,*9ese hops1 h[ prep>$1 ii4 #chg2 cultivation ( hops 9 ,engl&1 ib4 ,horse1 burnt z be+ possess$ by ! devil1 ii4 #aah4 ,horse-%oes1 i4 #ddb2 writ]s on _! antiquity1 i4 #ddc2 me?ods employ$ by ! anci5ts to pres]ve ! feet ( cattle1 ib42 mules %od ) silv] & gold1 i4 #ddd2 ho(s ( ! anci5t cavalry soon worn out1 i4 #ddf2 anci5ts unacqua9t$ ) horse-%oes su* z ours1 ib42 horses n %od 9 ,e?iopia1 ,japan & ,t>t>y1 i4 #ddi2 horse-%oe said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! grave ( ,*ild]ic1 i4 #dea2 fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 i4 #deb2 m5tion$ by ,italian1 ,engli% & ,fr5* writ]s ( ! same c5tury1 i4 #dec2 %oe+ horses1 :5 introduc$ into ,engl&1 i4 #ded4 ,hung>y wat]1 i4 #cae2 me?od ( prep>+ x1 ib42 fabul\s orig9 ( ! "n1 ib42 receipt = mak+ x fir/ m5tion$ 9 a small book by ,john ,prevot1 i4 #caf2 copy ( ! receipt1 ib4 ,hydromet]1 ii4 #afa2 e>lie/ m5tion ( x occurs 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ib42 description ( ! hydromet] by ,synesius1 ii4 #afc2 ,hypatia n ! inv5tress ( ! hydromet]1 ii4 #afh2 reviv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ii4 #afi2 improvem5ts 91 ii4 #aga4 ,indigo1 ii4 #beh2 br\ght fir/ f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ib42 m$ic9al prop]ties (1 ii4 #bfa2 cultivat$ 9 ,malta 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ii4 #bfb2 ! ,indicum nigrum ( ! anci5ts 0 ,*9a ink1 ii4 #bfd2 au?ors 9 :i* ?is t]m occurs1 ii4 #bfg2 indigo1 z well z ,indian ink1 procur$ f ,india1 & nam$ indicum1 ii4 #bgj2 indigo m5tion$ by ,arabian physicians1 ib42 indigo sub/itut$ 9 dye+ = woad1 ii4 #bgc2 :5 introduc$ into ,g]many1 ii4 #bgd2 great importation into ,holl&1 ib42 ,am]ican indigo1 ib42 indigo prohibit$ 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #bgg2 dy]s oblig$ to take an oa? n to use x1 ii4 #bgh2 fir/ m5tion ( x 9 ! ,engli% laws1 ii4 #bgi4 ,infirm>ies1 hospitals1 laz>ettos1 ii4 #ded2 no hospitals = sick at ,rome1 ib42 pilgrimages gave rise to _! erection1 ii4 #def2 bro!rhoods e/abli%$ to provide = sick pilgrims1 ii4 #deg2 fir/ hospitals built close to ca!drals1 ii4 #deh2 mad-h\ses1 :]e fir/ e/abli%$1 ii4 #dfa2 att5tion paid by ! ,romans to _! invalids1 ii4 #dfb2 fir/ e/abli%m5t = invalids at ,con/ant9ople1 ii4 #dfe2 ,htel des ,invalides1 at ,p>is1 ib42 regul> surgeons1 :5 appo9t$ to armies1 ii4 #dfh-dga2 e/abli%m5t ( field hospitals 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #dga4 ,ink1 sympa!tic1 hi/ory (1 i4 #ajf4 ,ink1 9 :at mann] x acquires a sup]ior quality1 ii4 #bff4 ,insurance1 i4 #bcd2 n kn[n to ! ,romans1 ib42 ,puff5dorf & o!rs endeav\r to prove ! contr>y1 ib42 does n occur 9 ! ,hanseatic m>itime laws1 ib42 policies drawn up 9 #aebc1 /ill us$ 9 ,leghorn1 i4 #bcg2 insurance-laws ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 i4 #bch2 inv5tion ( insurance aga9/ fire1 i4 #bdj2 insurance companies 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bdb-bdd4 ,jackets1 cork1 ( ! anci5ts1 i4 #cbb4 ,juggl]s1 ii4 #aae2 :o compreh5d$ "u t title1 ib42 obs]vations on _! employm5t1 ii4 #aae-aai2 brea?+ out flames v anci5t1 ii4 #aai2 h[ p]=m$1 ib42 deceptions ) naph?a1 ii4 #abj2 feats ( ,ri*>dson ) burn+ coals & melt$ lead1 ii4 #aba2 feat ) melt$ copp]1 ii4 #abb2 anci5t ,hirpi c\ld walk ?r\gh burn+ coals1 ii4 #abc2 ordeal1 a juggl+ trick ( ! prie/s1 ib42 secret ( x disclos$1 ii4 #abd2 exhibition ) balls & cups m5tion$ by ! anci5ts1 ib42 ,von ,eckeb]g suff]$ l>ge /ones to be brok5 on 8 brea/1 ii4 #abf2 anci5t rope-danc]s1 ib42 feats ( horseman%ip came f ! ,ea/1 ii4 #abh2 p]=m]s at ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 ib42 ,romans taught elephants to walk on a rope1 ii4 #abi2 ,syb>ites taught horses to dance1 ii4 #acj2 ,wildman's exhibition ) bees1 ib42 puppets1 ii4 #acb2 antiquity ( automata1 ii4 #acc2 tripods ( ,vulcan1 ii4 #acd2 mov+ /atues ( ,ddalus1 ib42 pigeon ( ,ar*ytas1 ii4 #ace2 wood5 eagle & iron fly ( ,regiomontanus1 ib42 automata ( ,vaucanson & ,du ,m\l91 ii4 #acf1 #acg2 ( ,de ,g5nes1 ii4 #acg2 speak+ ma*9es1 ii4 #ach-ada2 ,*9ese %ad[s1 ii4 #ada4 ,k]mes & co*9eal1 i4 #che2 belong to ! same g5us1 i4 #chf2 ?ree k9ds describ$1 ib42 places :]e ! anci5ts collect$ !m1 i4 #chg2 /ill f\nd 9 ! ,levant1 i4 #chh2 ,fr5* & ,spani% k]mes1 ib42 "n giv5 to !m 9 ! middle ages1 i4 #cij2 h[ pres]v$ at ^? p]iods1 ib42 :5 ?is dye 0 kn[n 9 ,g]many1 i4 #cia2 orig9 ( ! "n k]mes1 i4 #cib2 discov]y ( ,am]ican co*9eal1 i4 #cif2 disputes :e!r co*9eal 0 insects or b]ries1 i4 #cih2 real co*9eal br\ght to ,/4 ,dom+o1 i4 #cii2 k]mes e>ly employ$ 9 ! ,ea/ to dye r$1 ib42 d]ivation ( ! ^w sc>let1 i4 #djj2 ,drebbel discov]$ t a solution ( t9 produc$ ) co*9eal a beautiful sc>let col\r1 i4 #djb2 ,gobel9 improv$ ! art ( dye+ sc>let 9 ,france1 i4 #djc2 fir/ dye-h\se = sc>let 9 ,engl& e/abli%$ by a ,flem+1 ib42 ?ree k9ds ( co*9eal 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 i4 #djd4 ,kit*5 vegetables1 ii4 #ccf2 bulb\s roots1 fav\rite di%es among ! anci5ts1 ii4 #cch2 "s vegetables1 =m]ly cultivat$1 n[ little e/eem$1 ib42 borage n kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #cci2 sp9age1 no traces ( 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 ii4 #cdj2 its native c\ntry unkn[n1 ib42 broccoli1 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #cdb2 species ( ! cabbage accord+ to ,l9nan sy/em1 ii4 #cdc-cdh2 :e!r ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 acqua9t$ ) our c>rots1 ii4 #cdi-cea2 %allots br\ght f ,ascalon 9 ,pale/9e1 ii4 #cec2 our %allots obta9$ only by ! bulbs1 ib42 potatoes1 :5 introduc$ into ,europe1 ii4 #ced4 ,kir*]1 :e!r ! inv5tor ( ! speak+-trumpet1 i4 #ig2 read ! litany ?r\gh "o to a congregation f two to five ,italian miles (f1 i4 #ii4 ,knitt+1 /ock+-loom1 ii4 #cee2 fi%+ & hunt+-nets m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 ii4 #ceg2 nets1 9 mod]n times f\nd among v rude nations1 ii4 #ceh2 mantles ( ! cl]gy 9 ! middle ages cov]$ ) silk nets1 ii4 #cei2 /ock+-knitt+1 :5 inv5t$1 ii4 #cfj2 :5 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #cfa2 bree*es & hose1 :5 worn 9 ,scotl&1 ii4 #cfb2 /ock+s ( clo?1 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,m>y1 ii4 #cfd2 knitt+1 :5 common ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ii4 #cfe2 art ( knitt+ /ock+s 9 ,g]many1 ib42 t]ms :i* relate to knitt+ old] ?an ! art itself1 ii4 #cff2 wire-scre5s ( curi\s workman%ip1 ii4 #cfg2 /ock+-loom1 inv5tion (1 ii4 #cfh-cgc2 /ock+-looms at ,v5ice1 ii4 #cgc2 inv5tion claim$ by ! ,fr5*1 ib42 br\ght to ,g]many1 ii4 #cge2 pres5t /ate ( ! hosi]y manufacture1 ib4 ,lace1 i4 #dfc2 me?od ( mak+ x1 ib42 n kn[n to ! anci5ts1 i4 #dfd2 lace among old *ur* furniture1 i4 #dfe2 e/abli%m5t ( ! lace manufacture 9 ,france1 ib42 lace a ,g]man inv5tion1 ib42 application ( ma*9]y to ! manufacture ( lace1 i4 #dff4 ,lapid>y's :eel kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #hd4 ,lead1 sug> (1 :5 inv5t$1 i4 #bej2 :e!r us$ = secret poison1 i4 #fj4 ,leaf-skeletons1 ii4 #aie2 fir/ made by ,sev]91 ii4 #aig2 also by ,gabriel ,claud]1 ib42 insects employ$ = ?is purpose by ,ruys*1 ii4 #aih2 leaf-skeletons by ,seligmann1 ii4 #bjj2 art ( rais+ trees f leaves1 ii4 #bja4 ,l5d+-h\ses1 hi/ory (1 ii4 #a2 anci5t pr9ces l5t money to ! poor )\t int]e/1 ii4 #b2 _! example foll[$ 9 mod]n ,italy1 ii4 #c2 ,tab]n arg5t>i ( ! ,romans diff]5t f l5d+-h\ses1 ii4 #e2 public loans 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ib42 l5d+-h\ses oppos$ by ! ,dom9icans1 ii4 #g2 ,tomitano prea*$ 9 fav\r ( !m1 ii4 #i2 e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy1 ii4 #aj-ab2 dispute respect+ _! legality1 ii4 #ab2 confirm$ at ! c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an1 ii4 #ac2 ,banco de' pov]i at ,naples1 ib42 orig9 ( ! "n ,mons pietatis1 ii4 #ae2 acc\nt ( ! olde/ public loans1 ii4 #af2 fir/ l5d+-h\se 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #ag2 ,lomb>ds 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ii4 #ah2 ,mont de pit at ,p>is1 ii4 #bj2 acc\nt ( pawnbrok+ 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ba4 ,light+ ( /reets1 ii4 #agb2 ,rome n light$1 ib42 contr>y op9ion ( ,meursius1 ib42 /reets ( ,antio* light$1 ii4 #agc2 ,cs>ea n light$1 ib42 antiquity ( illum9ations1 ii4 #agd2 ,p>is light$1 ii4 #age2 rev]b]at+ lamps inv5t$1 ii4 #agg2 fir/ acc\nt ( light+ ,london1 ii4 #agh2 ,am/]dam1 ! ,hague1 & ,cop5hag51 ii4 #ahj2 /reets ( ,rome h no lights b ^? be=e ! images ( sa9ts1 ib42 light+ at ,philadelphia1 ,hamburg1 ,b]l91 ii4 #aha2 at ,vi5na & o!r cities1 ii4 #aha1 #ahb2 introduction ( gas1 ii4 #ahb-ahe4 ,lott]y1 ii4 #dad2 two k9ds 9 ,europe1 ib42 ,congi>ia ( ! ,romans resembl$ our lott]ies1 ib42 %opkeep]s 9 ! middle ages sold w>es 9 ! mann] ( a lott]y1 ii4 #daf2 e/abli%$ at ,flor5ce1 ii4 #dag2 br\ght f ,italy to ,france1 ii4 #dah2 lott]y = giv+ portions to "y wom51 ii4 #dai2 o!rs = simil> purposes1 ib42 lott]ies1 prop]ly s call$1 :5 e/abli%$1 ii4 #dbj2 lott]y propos$ by ,tonti1 ib42 ,fr5* lott]ies1 ii4 #dba2 orig9 ( ! "n1 ii4 #dbb2 fir/ 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #dbc2 at ,am/]dam1 ii4 #dbe2 9 ,g]many1 ib42 ,g5oese lott]y1 ii4 #dbf2 ,art-,unions1 ! only lott]y exi/+ 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #dbh4 ,ma*9e = not+ d[n music1 i4 #ab2 "o inv5t$ 9 ,g]many by ,ung]1 ib42 ano!r1 con/ruct$ by ,hohlfeld1 ib42 ,dr4 ,burney ascribes ?is inv5tion to ! ,engli%1 i4 #ac4 ,madd]1 ii4 #ajh2 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #aaj2 9 ! middle ages1 ii4 #aaa2 its prop]ty ( col\r+ ! bones1 ib42 cultivation (1 ii4 #aac1 #aad4 ,mad-h\ses1 :]e fir/ e/abli%$1 ii4 #dfa4 ,magnetic cures1 i4 #dc2 ext]nal use ( ! magnet 9 cur+ ! too?-a*e1 kn[n 9 ! #f? c5tury1 i4 #dd2 m5tion$ by writ]s 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 ib42 effect ( on ! bodies ( animals1 ib42 prop]ties (1 i4 #de4 ,maize br\ght f ,am]ica1 i4 #dig4 ,manganese1 ii4 #bce2 employ$ 9 glass-mak+1 ib42 frees glass f dirt1 ii4 #bcf2 use ( x reta9$1 ii4 #bci2 br\ght f ,pi$mont & ,p]igord1 9 ,france1 ii4 #bdj4 ,mantles ( ! knights bord]$ ) furs1 ii4 #cai4 ,mantles ( ! cl]gy cov]$ ) silk nets1 ii4 #cei4 ,manuscripts1 anci5t1 rul$ ) lead1 ii4 #chi4 ,mills1 hi/ory (1 i4 #adg2 ,ea/ ,indian oil-mills1 i4 #adh2 philosophical mill1 by :om inv5t$1 i4 #aej2 wat]-mills1 :5 inv5t$1 i4 #aea2 float+ mills1 i4 #aee2 w9d-mills1 i4 #aeh4 ,mirrors1 ii4 #ef2 ! olde/ ( metal1 ii4 #eg2 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 ib42 anci5t mirrors ( silv]1 ib42 ( copp]1 brass1 & gold1 ii4 #fb2 h[ clean$1 ii4 #fc2 *emical exam9ation ( ! metal1 ib42 mirrors made ( /ones1 ii4 #fe2 mirrors ( ! native ,am]icans1 ii4 #fh2 mirrors ( glass made at ,sidon1 ii4 #fi2 mirrors 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ii4 #ge2 fir/ c]ta9 m5tion 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ii4 #gf2 mann] 9 :i* ! olde/ 7 made1 ib42 process = silv]+ !m describ$1 ii4 #gi2 ,v5etian mirrors e/eem$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ib42 e/abli%m5t ( glass-h\ses 9 ,france1 ib42 inv5tion ( ca/+ glass plates = mirrors1 ii4 #hj2 advantage & disadvantage ( ?is1 ii4 #ha2 ab&on$ = ! old me?od ( bl[+1 ii4 #hb2 +5i\s process = silv]+ glass1 ii4 #hc4 ,mosaic "w1 i4 #acj4 ,natural curiosities1 collections (1 i4 #bhb2 deposit$ by ! anci5ts 9 _! temples1 i4 #bhc2 an acc\nt ( diff]5t articles ( ?is k9d1 & :]e kept1 i4 #bhc-bhd2 collection =m$ by ,augu/us1 i4 #bhe2 natural bodies pres]v$ 9 anci5t times by means ( salt1 ib42 dead bodies among ! ,scy?ians1 ,assyrians & ,p]sians cov]$ ) wax1 i4 #bhg2 fi% & apples transport$ 9 wax1 i4 #bhh2 orig9 ( wrapp+ up dead bodies 9 wax clo?1 ib42 books f\nd 9 ! grave ( ,numa1 h[ pres]v$1 i4 #bhi2 :]e collections 7 fir/ =m$ by private p]sons1 i4 #bij2 fir/ private collections 9 ! #af? c5tury1 ib42 olde/ catalogues ( su* collections1 i4 #bia2 collections 9 ,engl&1 i4 #bic4 ,night-wat*1 ii4 #ahe2 among ! anci5ts1 ib42 :5 call+ ! h\rs began to be practis$1 ii4 #ahf2 ri* p kept s]vants to ann\nce c]ta9 p]iods ( ! day1 ib42 me?ods ( wat*+ 9 "t ( w>1 ii4 #ahg2 anci5t wat*m5 c>ri$ bells1 ii4 #ahh2 night-wat*+ e/abli%$ e>ly at ,p>is1 ib42 at ,b]l91 ii4 #ahi2 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #aij2 wat*m5 /ation$ on /eeples & t[]s1 ib42 wat*m5 po/$ on t[]s among ! ,*9ese1 ii4 #aib2 wat*m5 9 times ( feudal al>m1 ii4 #aic2 mod]n sy/em (1 ii4 #aid4 ,ordeal1 acc\nt (1 ii4 #abc4 ,odomet]1 i4 #e2 suppos$ to be m5tion$ by ,capitol9us1 ib42 figure ( "o on ! ducal palace ( ,urb9o erect$ 9 #adhb1 ib42 "o made by ,paul ,pf9z+1 ib42 odomet] ) :i* ,augu/us elector ( ,saxony measur$ 8 t]ritories1 i4 #g2 odomet]s ( ,rodolphus ,,ii41 ib42 ,butt]field's odomet]1 ib42 ,meyni]'s1 i4 #h2 ,hohlfeld's1 ib42 ,payne's1 i4 #aa4 ,orphan-h\ses1 ii4 #ddi2 fir/ =m$ by ,trajan1 ib42 inspector ( orphans1 an (fice at ! c\rt ( ,byzantium1 ii4 #ded4 ,pa9t]s1 anci5t1 (t5 poor slaves1 ii4 #bfa4 ,pap]-hang+s1 i4 #cgi2 velvet pap]1 h[ prep>$1 i4 #chj2 inv5t$ by ,j]ome ,lany]1 ib42 call$ at fir/ ,londr9diana1 i4 #cha2 ,audran1 8 inv5tion1 i4 #chb2 art ( impr9t+ gold & silv] figures on pap] inv5t$ by ,ecc>d1 ib42 olde/ acc\nt ( su* hang+s 9 ,g]many1 ib42 new improvem5t 91 i4 #chc2 metallic du/ inv5t$ at ,nuremb]g1 ib42 silv]-col\r$ glimm]1 i4 #chd4 ,pav+ ( /reets1 i4 #bfi2 fir/ by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 i4 #bgj2 ,!bes pav$1 ib42 :e!r ,j]usalem 0 pav$ n kn[n1 ib42 :5 ,rome began to be pav$ unc]ta91 i4 #bga2 in=mation by ,livy1 ib42 pavem5t ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 i4 #bgb2 ,cordova pav$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ib42 ,p>is n pav$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ib42 cause ( its be+ pav$1 ib42 ,london n pav$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 i4 #bgc2 ,smi?field-m>ket1 :5 pav$1 i4 #bgd2 ,g]man cities1 :5 pav$1 ib42 citiz5s ( ,p>is oblig$ 9 #abhe to repair & clean ! /reets1 i4 #bge2 reason :y no sw9e 7 suff]$ ab\t ! /reets1 i4 #bgf2 privies erect$ 9 ,france by an ord] f gov]nm5t1 i4 #bgh2 e>li] 9 ,g]many ?an ,p>is1 i4 #bgi2 wood5 pavem5t1 i4 #bha4 ,pe>ls1 artificial1 i4 #beh2 art ( =c+ %ell-fi% to produce1 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 i4 #bfj2 h[ ! ,*9ese cause mussels to produce pe>ls1 ib42 inv5tion ( ,l9nu = ! same purpose1 i4 #bfa2 h[ pe>l-fi%]s "k %ells :i* conta9 pe>ls1 i4 #bfc2 diff]5t k9ds ( artificial pe>ls1 i4 #bfd2 inv5tion ( ,jaqu9 = prep>+ !m1 i4 #bfe4 ,pilgrimages1 ! cause ( hospitals1 ii4 #def4 ,plague1 orig9 (1 i4 #cgd4 ,poison1 secret1 i4 #dg2 m5tion$ by ,plut>* & ,qu9tilian1 i4 #dh2 dreadful poison ( ! ,indians1 ib42 secret poison kn[n to ,!ophra/us1 i4 #di2 inv5tion ( x falsely ascrib$ to ,?rasyas1 ib42 :5 kn[n at ,rome1 ib42 employ$ by ,sejanus & ,agripp9a1 ib42 secret poison1 suppos$ to h be5 giv5 to ,regulus1 ib42 anci5ts unacqua9t$ ) m9]al poisons1 i4 #ea2 ,t(fania inv5t$ a k9d ( secret poison1 i4 #ea1 #eb2 detect$ & /rangl$1 i4 #ec2 ,m>*ioness de ,br9villi]'s poison+s1 i4 #ee2 seiz$ & behead$1 i4 #ef2 *ambre de poison e/abli%$ at ,p>is1 i4 #eg2 ,c\nt ,corfitz de ,ulfeld int5d$ to poison ! k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ib42 ,*>les ,,xi41 k+ ( ,sw$51 poison$1 ib42 +r$i5ts (1 i4 #fj1 #fa2 antidote1 i4 #fa2 p[/1 a k9d ( secret poison us$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 i4 #fc4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops1 ii4 #bda2 n kn[n till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ii4 #bdb2 fir/ exp]im5ts )1 ib42 br\ght to ,engl& by pr9ce ,rup]t1 ii4 #bdd4 ,pumps1 by :om inv5t$1 ii4 #bde4 ,qu>ant9e1 i4 #cgc2 orig9 (1 obscure1 ib42 said to h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,v5etians1 ib42 acc\nt by ,le ,bret1 i4 #cgf2 in/itution ( ! c\ncil ( heal?1 i4 #cgg2 :5 lett]s ( heal? 7 fir/ writt51 ib4 ,quicksilv] us$ = purify+ gold ore1 i4 #ad2 h[ recov]$ aft]w>ds1 i4 #ae4 ,quills = writ+1 antiquity (1 i4 #dje2 sc>city (1 i4 #dac4 ,ribbon-loom1 ii4 #ebg2 con/ruction ( x1 ib42 attempts made to suppress x1 ii4 #ebh2 su* looms inv5t$ by ! ,swiss1 ib42 loom se5 by ,an?ony ,moll] at ,dantzic1 ib42 inv5tor ( x put to dea?1 ii4 #ebi2 weav+ ma*9e m5tion$ by ,boxhorn1 ib42 ribbon-looms prohibit$ 9 ,holl&1 ii4 #ecj2 prohibit$ also 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s & at ,cologne1 ib42 prohibit$ by imp]ial au?ority1 ii4 #eca2 loom burnt publicly at ,hamburg1 ib42 prohibition ( ?is k9d annull$ 9 ,g]many1 ib4 ,rubies1 artificial1 h[ to make1 i4 #abe4 ,saddles1 i4 #dca2 cov]+s1 :5 introduc$1 ib42 ord] ( ,!odosius a pro( ( _! antiquity1 i4 #dcc2 prohibition ( ,leo ,i4 t no "o %\ld ornam5t !m ) preci\s /ones1 i4 #dcd2 conjecture t !y 7 inv5t$ by ! ,salii1 ib42 inv5t$ by ! ,p]sians1 i4 #dce4 ,saffron1 i4 #age2 m$ic9al use (1 i4 #agf2 employ$ by ! ,romans = p]fum+ ap>tm5ts1 ib42 sc5t$ salves made ) x1 ib42 us$ by ! anci5ts = season+ di%es1 ib42 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,arabs1 i4 #agh2 by :om br\ght to ,france1 i4 #agi2 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ib42 :5 cultivat$ 9 ,au/ria1 ib42 an important article 9 husb&ry 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ib42 adult]ation ( x1 i4 #ahj4 ,sal-ammoniac1 ii4 #cif2 :e!r kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ii4 #cig2 fir/ traces 9 ! works ( ! ,arabians1 ii4 #djb2 recipe = its prep>ation1 ii4 #djd2 inv5tion ( aqua regia1 ii4 #dje2 obta9$ f ,egypt1 ib42 br\ght also f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ii4 #djf2 fir/ works = mak+ x 9 ,europe1 ib4 ,saltpetre1 gunp[d]1 aqua=tis1 ii4 #dhb2 saltpetre1 prop]ties (1 ii4 #dhc2 native saltpetre1 :]e f\nd1 ii4 #dhd2 "n nitrum1 ( great antiquity1 ii4 #dhg2 diff]5ce betwe5 m9]al alkalies1 :5 def9$1 ii4 #dhi2 nitrum ( ! anci5ts an impure alkali1 b n saltpetre1 ii4 #dia2 0 a real lixivi\s salt1 ii4 #dib2 r$ nitrum1 ii4 #ejb2 saltpetre1 :5 fir/ m5tion$1 ii4 #ejc2 gunp[d] inv5t$ 9 ,india1 ii4 #eje2 us$ by ,indians & ,arabians be=e ,europeans1 ii4 #ejf2 fir/ acc\nt ( aqua=tis1 ib42 said to h be5 employ$ at ,v5ice = sep>at+ ! noble metals1 ii4 #ejh2 saltpetre regale1 ii4 #eji2 :5 aboli%$1 ii4 #eaa4 ,saw-mills1 i4 #bbb2 anci5t me?od ( mak+ bo>ds1 ib42 our saw n kn[n to ! ,am]icans1 ib42 by :om inv5t$1 i4 #bbc2 bone ( ! saw-fi% us$ by ! old inhabitants ( ,madeira1 i4 #bbd2 anci5t saws1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe2 inv5tion ( saw-mills1 i4 #bbe2 ! fir/ saw-mills 9 ,norway1 i4 #bbh2 fir/ saw-mill 9 ,holl&1 ib42 ! fir/ 9 ,engl& erect$ by a ,dut*man1 i4 #bbi2 saw-mill at ,limeh\se de/roy$ by ! mob1 ib42 saw-mill at ,lei? 9 ,scotl&1 i4 #bcj4 ,seal+-wax1 i4 #acg2 sub/ances us$ by ! anci5ts1 ib42 wax employ$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 i4 #adj2 r$1 gre51 & black seal+-wax1 ib42 impressions made on pa/e1 i4 #ada2 h[ public acts h be5 =g$1 i4 #adc2 ,ea/ ,indian & ,turki% seal+-wax1 ib42 olde/ kn[n seal on a lett] writt5 f ,london1 i4 #add2 olde/ pr9t$ receipt = mak+ seal+-wax1 i4 #ade2 ,spani% wax1 i4 #adf2 antiquity ( waf]s1 ib4 ,%ips at fir/ 7 a k9d ( rafts1 i4 #dee4 ,s[+-ma*9es1 ii4 #bcj2 ,locatelli consid]$ z ! inv5tor1 ii4 #bca2 8 ma*9e describ$ by ,evelyn1 ii4 #bcb2 hon\r ( ?is inv5tion disput$ by ! ,italians1 ii4 #bcc4 ,sn[1 us$ by ! anci5ts = cool+ liquors1 ii4 #adb4 ,soap1 ii4 #ib2 inv5t$ by ! ,gauls1 ib42 us$ at ,rome z a pomade1 ii4 #ic2 ,g]mans dy$ _! hair ) x1 ib42 olde/ me?od ( wa%+1 ii4 #ie2 alkal9e wat] 9 ,arm5ia1 ib42 ur9e employ$ = wa%+1 ii4 #ig2 tax ^u x1 ii4 #ih2 saponace\s plants1 ii4 #ih-ajb2 bran1 ii4 #ajb2 full]s-e>?1 ib42 manufactory 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,spangles1 h[ made1 & :5 inv5t$1 i4 #dbc4 ,speak+-trumpet1 i4 #ic2 speak+-trumpet ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 i4 #id2 e>-trumpet old] ?an ! speak+-trumpet1 i4 #if2 inv5tion ( ! latt] disput$ by ,sir ,s4 ,morl& & ,kir*]1 ib42 e> ( ,dionysius describ$1 i4 #ig2 ,kir*] con/ruct$ an e>-trumpet 9 ! ,jesuits' ,college at ,rome1 i4 #ii4 ,/amp$ pap]1 i4 #bcj2 :e!r introduc$ by ,ju/9ian1 ib42 ,romans m>k$ _! runaway slaves1 i4 #bca2 /amp$ pap] inv5t$ 9 ,holl&1 i4 #bcc2 introduc$ into ,saxony1 ib42 us$ 9 ,d5m>k & o!r c\ntries1 ib4 ,/amp+ works1 ii4 #ccc2 anci5ts acqua9t$ ) ! art ( /amp+ ores1 ib42 rema9s ( mills us$ = t purpose1 ib42 mod]n /amp+-mills1 ii4 #ccd2 inv5tion (1 ib42 process ( sift+ & wet /amp+1 ii4 #cce2 wet /amp+ said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 #aeje1 ii4 #ccf4 ,/eel1 ii4 #cbd2 its prop]ties1 ib42 inv5tion v old1 ii4 #cbe2 two me?ods ( mak+1 ii4 #cbg2 art ( h>d5+ x1 ii4 #cbh2 suppos$ h>d5+ wat]1 ii4 #cbi2 inv5tion ( conv]t+ b>-iron into /eel1 ii4 #ccj2 ?ree k9ds ( /eel n[ pr9cipally manufactur$1 ii4 #ccc4 ,/irrups1 i4 #dce2 no traces ( any su* inv5tion 9 anci5t works1 i4 #dcf2 no t]m = !m 9 ,greek or ,lat91 i4 #dcg2 w>riors _h a projection on _! spe>s = re/+ ! foot1 :ile gett+ on horseback1 i4 #dci2 fir/ c]ta9 acc\nt ( /irrups1 i4 #ddj2 ,isidore 9 ! sev5? c5tury speaks ( !m1 i4 #dda2 appe> 9 a piece ( tape/ry ( ! #aa? c5tury1 i4 #ddb2 pride ( ! cl]gy 9 caus+ k+s to hold _! /irrups1 ib4 ,surgeons1 9 ! "t ( ! ,trojan w>1 unkn[n1 #dia4 ,telescope1 inv5tion ( x made metal mirrors necess>y1 ii4 #fj4 ,t91 ii4 #bjf2 employ$ 9 ! "t ( ,hom] & ,moses1 ib42 olde/ m5tion 9 ! ,scriptures1 ii4 #bjg2 /annum ( ! anci5ts n our t91 ii4 #bji2 z an article ( comm]ce1 ii4 #bab2 t9 ( ! anci5ts mix$ ) lead1 ii4 #bbj2 names ( su* mixtures1 ib42 t9n+ seldom employ$ by ! ,romans1 ii4 #bba2 accord+ to ,pl9y1 inv5t$ by ! ,gauls1 ii4 #bbb2 anci5t vessels ( ca/ t9 dug up 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #bbc2 t91 :]e procur$ by ! anci5ts1 ii4 #bbc1 #bbd2 t9 m9es 9 ,g]many1 ii4 #bbf2 inv5tion ( t9n+ plate iron1 ii4 #bbg2 ,ea/ ,indian t91 ii4 #bbh2 produce ( ! ,corni% m9es1 ii4 #bbi4 ,t\rmal9e1 i4 #hf2 suppos$ to be ! lyncurium ( ! anci5ts1 ib42 probably belongs to ! c>buncles1 i4 #hh2 t\rmal9e br\ght f ,ceylon ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 i4 #hi2 fir/ describ$ 9 ,g]many1 ib42 its electrical prop]ties fir/ kn[n to ,l9nu1 i4 #ib2 inve/igat$ by p9us1 ib42 ,huyg5s' discov]y1 ib4 ,trees1 h[ rais$ f leaves1 ii4 #bjj4 ,tulips1 i4 #bb2 came f ,turkey1 ib42 effects produc$ by cultivation1 ib42 h[ call$ by ! ,turks1 i4 #bc2 fir/ describ$ by ,gesn]1 i4 #bd2 orig9 ( ! "n1 ib42 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl&1 ib42 tulipomania1 i4 #be2 ! tulip-trade & /ock-jobb+ comp>$1 i4 #bi2 less] tulipomania1 i4 #cj2 anecdotes1 ib4 ,turf1 i4 #bje2 use (1 discov]$ by ! e>? cat*+ fire1 ib42 kn[n to ! ,*auci1 i4 #bjf2 :e!r kn[n to ! ,dut* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ib42 inv5tion ascrib$ to ,erasmus1 i4 #bjg2 ,williams' pat5t1 i4 #baa4 ,turkeys1 i4 #dhg2 n kn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 i4 #dij2 fir/ m5tion$ by ,ovi$o1 ib42 call$ by ,lopez de ,gom>a gallop>ones1 i4 #dia2 /ill f\nd wild 9 ,am]ica1 ib42 e>lie/ acc\nt ( ,turkeys 9 ,italy1 i4 #dib2 9 ,engl&1 i4 #dic2 9 ,france1 ib42 9 ,g]many1 c41 i4 #die2 9 ,asia & ,africa1 i4 #dif4 ,ultram>9e1 i4 #dfg2 h[ prep>$ f lapis lazuli1 ib42 price ( ultram>9e1 i4 #dfi2 orig9 ( ! "n1 i4 #dgc2 olde/ m5tion (1 ib42 prep>ation ( x f\nd out 9 ,engl&1 i4 #dgf2 artificial me?od ( mak+1 i4 #dgg4 ,vanes1 wea!rcocks1 ii4 #bha2 ! olde/ nations di/+ui%$ ! f\r pr9cipal w9ds only1 ib42 olus fir/ made navigators acqua9t$ ) ! w9ds1 ii4 #bhb2 names giv5 by ,*>les ! ,great1 ib42 means = indicat+ ! w9ds inv5t$ e>ly1 ii4 #bhc2 ,v>ro's app>atus1 ii4 #bhe2 simil> app>atus at ,con/ant9ople1 ib42 :5 con/ruct$1 ii4 #bhf2 w9d-indicator at ,emessa1 ii4 #bhg2 wea!rcocks 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ib42 9 ,france1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 none b noblem5 all[$ to h vanes on _! h\ses1 ii4 #bhh2 flags or vanes on %ips1 ib42 ,norman fleet _h vanes at ! tops ( ! ma/s1 ii4 #bhi2 anemoscopes & anemomet]s describ$1 ib4 ,v]digris1 me?od ( mak+1 i4 #aga2 us$ 9 e>ly p]iods = pla/]s1 i4 #agb2 made =m]ly 9 ,cyprus & ,rhodes1 i4 #agd2 :y call$ ,spani% gre51 ib4 ,vitriol1 :ite1 :5 fir/ kn[n1 ii4 #ch4 ,wat]-clocks1 i4 #hb2 inv5tion ascrib$ to ,ctesibius ( ,alex&ria1 i4 #hc2 ,clepsydr1 :5 introduc$ at ,rome1 ib42 mod]n wat]-clock describ$1 ib42 by :om inv5t$1 i4 #hd2 late/ improvem5ts1 i4 #he4 ,:eat1 attempts to plant x 9 ! "t ( ,sir ,f4 ,bacon1 ii4 #bcd4 ,w9d[s 9 ,russia1 h[ clean$ :5 froz51 ii4 #aed4 ,wire-draw+1 i4 #dad2 e>lie/ use ( gold ?reads = dresses1 ib42 clo? ( ,attalus embroid]$ ) ! ne$le1 i4 #dae2 wire-draw+ n kn[n 9 ,italy 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 i4 #daf2 br\ght to great p]fection at ,nuremb]g1 i4 #dbj2 art ( wire-mak+1 :5 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 i4 #dbb2 9 ,france1 ib42 filigrane "w1 antiquity (1 i4 #dbc4 ,writ+-p5s1 i4 #dje2 in/rum5ts us$ by ! anci5ts1 ib42 /ill 9 ,p]sia = writ+1 i4 #djf2 use ( quills said to be z old z ! #e? c5tury1 i4 #dji2 olde/ c]ta9 acc\nt ( !m1 ib42 m5tion$ by ,alcu91 i4 #daj2 us$ 9 ! #i?1 #aa? & #ab? c5turies1 ib42 sub/itution ( /eel p5s1 i4 #dac4 ,z9c1 ii4 #cb2 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 ib42 furnace-calam9e1 ii4 #cd2 use ( 9 mak+ brass1 kn[n to ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ii4 #cf2 fir/ br\ght 9 use at ! furnaces ( ,rammelsb]g1 ii4 #cg2 ! "n z9c occurs fir/ 9 ,p>acelsus1 ii4 #dj2 procur$ f calam9e1 ii4 #db2 import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ii4 #dc2 orig9 ( its diff]5t names1 ii4 #dd2 z9c works 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #de4 ,pr9t$ by ,ri*>d & ,john ,e4 ,taylor1 ,r$ ,lion ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,transcrib]s' ,notes ,text conta9s ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 & a/ronomical symbols4 ,equipm5t t _c display ^! *>act]s may sub/itute "q m>ks or o!r placehold]s4 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,words spell$ diff]5tly 9 quot$ text ?an else:]e 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$1 except z not$ bel[2 ambigu\s unbalanc$ quotation m>ks & hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,text (t5 uses p]iods :]e commas might be expect$4 ,z ! au?or's int5t is unkn[n1 all ( !m h be5 reta9$4 ,9 "s cases1 x 0 n possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! lett] 8l40 & ! numb] 8#a401 usually 9 footnotes1 & usually foll[$ by a p]iod4 ,! spell+ & acc5t m>ks ( non-,engli% words h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al book2 "s possible or likely errors are not$ bel[1 b n compreh5sively4 ,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottom ( ! page1 h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,! footnotes to a footnote reta9 _! orig9al lett]-id5tifications4 ,index ref]5ces n *eck$ = accuracy4 ,text uses bo? 8lye0 & 8ley02 bo? reta9$4 ,text uses bo? 8,duhamel0 & 8,du ,hamel02 bo? reta9$4 ,frontispiece3 ,! arti/'s initials actually 7 8,j4 ,j40 ,page #ai3 8give !n 9 return0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,footnote #fg1 ref]5c$ on page #bf3 conta9s an extra clos+ quotation m>k or is miss+ an op5+ "o4 ,page #ce3 80 is a typographical error = 804 ,footnote #aai1 ref]5c$ on page #ej3 8,greek names0 0 mispr9t$ z 8games02 *ang$ "h4 ,page #eg3 8int]pretators0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #aif3 8"o ( ! pr9ciple is ! art0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #cjj3 8 0 is a typographical error = 8 04 ,page #cjj3 8 0 probably is a typographical error = 8 04 ,page #cag3 ,"o 8ve*0 9 8ve*1 veh1 ve*10 probably is a mispr9t = 8veeh04 ,page #cec3 8 0 is a typographical error = 8 04 ,page #dbc3 8,janu>y #aefi0 0 pr9t$ z 8,janu>y #afei0 & has be5 *ang$ "h1 bas$ on ! dates e>li] 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,page #ddh3 8sc>cely t50 & 8#ed di$0 7 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #dea3 ,"s ( ! ,roman ,num]als 7 ov]l9$ 9 ! orig9al1 b n "h4 ,9 ! same p>agraph1 8#ee #e #ee0 0 pr9t$ ) ! digits sideways4 ,page #dfh3 80 is a typographical error = 804 ,page #dgh3 80 is a typographical error = 804 ,footnote #abai1 ref]5c$ on page #die1 ref]5ces 8,soap0 9 vol4 i41 b x's actually 9 ?is volume4 ,volume ,i ( ?is set is available at no *>ge f ,project ,gut5b]g1 www4gut5b]g4org1 e,book numb] #dhaea4