,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,?is is ,volume #b ( a #c-volume set4 ,! o!r two volumes are also ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,sev]al pages ( ! book conta9 a description & examples ( a modifi$ alphabet propos$ by ,b4,f4 ,!re are six new *>act]s1 :i* are d5ot$ by ! ,unicode *>act]s bel[ 7^! are simil> to1 b n a precise r5d]+ ( ! orig9al pr9t$ *>act]s74 = ! 'o' s\nd z 9 7,john1 folly1 ball7 #jx#c;d#f = ! 'u' s\nd z 9 7umbrage1 unto1 er7 #jx#agc = ! '%' s\nd z 9 7%ip1 wi%7 #jx#ec;b = ! 'ng' s\nd z 9 7+1 repeat+1 among7 #jx#ad;b = ! '?' s\nd z 9 7?9k1 wid?7 #jx#bfg = ! '?' s\nd z 9 7?y1 wea!r7 #jx#aie ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,! ,,works ,( ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,l4,l4,d4 ,,vol4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 7,w ,g ,cooke ,sculptor47 ,,pr9t$1 = ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees1 ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london4 ,,! ,,complete ,,works1 ,,9 ,,philosophy1 ,,politics1 ,,& ,,morals1 ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,dr4 ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,n[ ,,fir/ ,,collect$ ,,& ,,arrang$3 ,,) ,,memoirs ,,( ,,8 ,,e>ly ,,life1 ,,writt5 ,,by ,,himself4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,j4 ,,johnson1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,*ur*-,,y>d2 ,,& ,,longman1 ,,hur/1 ,,rees ,,& ,,orme1 ,,pat]no/]-,,r[4 #ahjf4 ,j4 ,,cundee1 ,,pr9t] ,,london ,,cont5ts4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,pap]s ,,on ,,philosophical ,,subjects4 ,physical & meteorological obs]vations1 conjectures & suppositions #a ,on wat]-sp\ts #aa ,! same subject cont9u$ #ac ,wat]-sp\ts & :irlw9ds comp>$ #ai ,description ( a wat]-sp\t at ,antigua #cd ,%oot+ />s #cf ,wat]-sp\ts & :irlw9ds #cg ,obs]vations on ! meteorological pap]2 by a g5tleman 9 ,connecticut #de ,obs]vations 9 answ] to ! =ego+1 by ,b4 ,frankl9 #di ,obs]vations on ! meteorological pap]2 s5t by a g5tleman 9 ,new ,york to ,b4 ,frankl9 #ea ,answ] to ! =ego+ obs]vations1 by ,b4 ,frankl9 #ee ,g5tleman ( ,new ,york 9 reply #eh ,acc\nt ( a :irlw9d at ,m>yl& #fa ,on ! nor? ea/ /orms 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #fc ,meteorological imag9ations & conjectures #ff ,suppositions & conjectures t[>ds =m+ an hypo!sis1 = ! explanation ( ! aurora borealis #fi ,on cold produc$ by evaporation #ge ,on ! same subject #hc ,conc]n+ ! light 9 sea-wat] #hh ,on ! saltness ( sea-wat] #ia ,on ! effect ( air on ! b>omet]1 & ! b5efits d]iv$ f ! /udy ( insects #ib ,on ! ,bri/ol wat]s1 & ! tide 9 riv]s #ie ,on ! same subject #ajb ,salt-wat] r5d]$ fre% by di/illation4--,me?od ( reliev+ ?ir/ by sea-wat] #ajc ,t5d5cy ( riv]s to ! sea4--,effect ( ! sun's rays on clo? ( diff]5t col\rs #aje ,on ! vis in]ti ( matt] #aaj ,on ! diff]5t /rata ( ! e>? #aaf ,on ! !ory ( ! e>? #aag ,new & curi\s !ory ( light & heat #abb ,qu]ies & conjectures relat+ to magnetism & ! !ory ( ! e>? #abe ,on ! nature ( sea coal #abe ,effect ( vegetation on noxi\s air #abi ,on ! inflammability ( ! surface ( c]ta9 riv]s 9 ,am]ica #acj ,on ! diff]5t quantities ( ra9 :i* fall at diff]5t heights ov] ! same gr\nd #acc ,sl[ly s5sible hygromet] propos$1 = c]ta9 purposes #ace ,curi\s in/ance ( ! effect ( oil on wat] #adb ,lett]s on ! /ill+ ( waves by means ( oil #add ,extract ( a lett] f ,mr4 ,t5gnagel to ,c\nt ,b5t9ck1 dat$ at ,batavia1 ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #aggj #aed ,on ! diff]5ce ( navigation 9 %oal & deep wat] #aeh ,sundry m>itime obs]vations #afb ,rem>ks ^u ! navigation f ,newf\ndl& to ,new-,york1 9 ord] to avoid ! ,gulph ,/ream on "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! %oals t lie to ! s\?w>d ( ,nantucket & ( ,/4 ,george's ,banks #aig ,obs]vations ( ! w>m? ( ! sea-wat]1 c4 by ,fahr5heit's ,!rmomet]1 9 cross+ ! ,gulph ,/ream2 ) o!r rem>ks made on bo>d ! ,p5sylvania packet1 ,capt4 ,osborne1 b\nd f ,london to ,philadelphia1 9 ,april & ,may1 #agge #aii ,obs]vations ( ! w>m? ( ! sea-wat]1 c4 by ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 ) o!r rem>ks made on bo>d ! ,reprisal1 ,capt4 ,wycks1 b\nd f ,philadelphia to ,france1 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 #aggf #bjj ,a j\rnal ( a voyage f ! ,*annel betwe5 ,france & ,engl& t[>ds ,am]ica #bjb ,on ! art ( swimm+ #bjf ,on ! same subject1 9 answ] to "s enquiries ( ,m4 ,dub\rg #baj ,on ! free use ( air #bac ,on ! causes ( colds #bad ,dr4 ,/>k1 & ,dr4 ,letsom #bae ,numb] ( dea?s 9 ,philadelphia by inoculation ibid ,answ] to ! prec$+ #bag ,on ! effects ( lead ^u ! human con/itution #bai ,obs]vations on ! prevail+ doctr9es ( life & dea? #bbb ,an acc\nt ( ! new-inv5t$ ,p5sylvanian fire-places #bbe ,on ! causes & cure ( smoky *imneys #bef ,description ( a new /ove = burn+ ( pitcoal1 & consum+ all its smoke #bif ,me?od ( contract+ *imneys4--,mode/y 9 disputation #cag ,cov]+ h\ses ) copp] #cah ,on ! same subject #cbj ,pap] ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ lett] #cbb ,magical squ>e ( squ>es #cbd ,magical circle #cbh ,new musical in/rum5t compos$ ( glasses #ccj ,be/ m$iums = convey+ s\nd #cce ,on ! h>mony & melody ( ! old ,scot* tunes #cch ,on ! defects ( mod]n music #cdc ,description ( ! process to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ l>ge %eets ( pap] 9 ! ,*9ese mann]1 ) "o smoo? surface #cdi ,on mod]n innovations 9 ! ,engli% language & 9 pr9t+ #cea ,a s*eme = a new alphabet & re=m$ mode ( spell+2 ) rem>ks & examples conc]n+ ! same2 & an enquiry into its uses1 9 a correspond5ce betwe5 ,miss ,s---- & ,dr4 ,frankl91 writt5 9 ! *>act]s ( ! alphabet #ceg ,rules = a club =m]ly e/abli%$ 9 ,philadelphia #cff ,que/ions discuss$ by ! ,junto =m+ ! prec$+ club #cfi ,sket* ( an ,engli% s*ool2 = ! consid]ation ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy #cgj ,advice to y\? 9 read+ #cgh ,,pap]s ,,on ,,subjects ,,( ,,g5]al ,,politics4 ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! increase ( mank9d1 peopl+ ( c\ntries1 c #chc ,rem>ks on "s ( ! =ego+ obs]vations1 %[+ p>ticul>ly ! effect :i* mann]s h on population #cib ,plan by ,messieurs ,frankl9 & ,dalrymple1 = b5efit+ di/ant unprovid$ c\ntries #djc ,conc]n+ ! provision made 9 ,*9a aga9/ fam9e #djg ,positions to be exam9$1 conc]n+ national weal? #djh ,political fragm5ts1 suppos$ ei!r to be writt5 by ,dr4 ,frankl91 or to conta9 s5tim5ts ne>ly alli$ to 8 own #daa ,on ! price ( corn1 & managem5t ( ! poor #dah ,on luxury1 idl5ess1 & indu/ry #dbd ,on smuggl+1 & its v>i\s species #dcj ,obs]vations on w> #dce ,notes copi$ f ,dr4 ,frankl9's writ+ 9 p5cil 9 ! m>g9 ( ,judge ,fo/]'s celebrat$ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! impress+ ( seam5 #dcg ,on ! crim9al laws1 & ! practice ( private]+ #dda ,a p>able aga9/ p]secution1 9 imitation ( scripture language #dej ,a lett] conc]n+ p]secution 9 =m] ages1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! cl]gy1 ,am]ican bi%ops1 & ! /ate ( tol]ation 9 ,old ,engl& & ,new ,engl& comp>$ #deb ,on ! slave trade #dei ,acc\nt ( ! highe/ c\rt ( judicature 9 ,p5sylvania1 viz4 ,! c\rt ( ! press #dfc ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,plates ,,plate ,v4 ,wat]-,sp\ts fac+ page #af ,,plate ,,vi4 ,m>itime ,obs]vations #afc ,,plate ,,vii4 ,a ,*>t ( ! ,gulph ,/ream #aig ,,plate ,,viii4 ,p5sylvania ,fire-,place #bce ,,plate ,,viii994 ,pr(ile ( ! ,p5sylvania ,*imnie #bch ,,plate ,,ix4 ,rem$ies = ,smoky ,*imnies #bfi ,,plate ,x4 ,/ove = ,burn+ ,pit-,coal #big ,,plate ,,xi4 ,a ,magic ,squ>e ( ,squ>es #cbg ,,plate ,,xii4 ,a ,magic ,circle ( ,circles #cbh ,,errata4 ,page4 ,l9e4 #aag p5ult4 = prec$+ day1 read ! prec$+ day4 #bed #ag3 = ! annex$ cut1 read ,plate ,,viii4 #bgf #aa3 = ,plate ,i1 read ,plate ,,ix4 #bic #bc3 = ,fig4 #ac1 read ,fig4 #aj4 #cah #i3 = desc5t1 read dec5t4 #cbf #e3 = ,plate ,,xi1 read ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #c4 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,pap]s ,,on ,,philosophical ,,subjects4 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,pap]s ,,on ,,philosophical ,,subjects4 ,physical & ,meteorological ,obs]vations1 ,conjectures & ,suppositions4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #c1 #agef4 ,! p>ticles ( air are kept at a di/ance f ea* o!r by _! mutual repulsion4 ,e ?ree p>ticles1 mutually & equally repell+ ea* o!r1 mu/ =m an equilat]al triangle4 ,all ! p>ticles ( air gravitate t[>ds ! e>?1 :i* gravitation compresses !m1 & %ort5s ! sides ( ! triangles1 o!rwise _! mutual repell5cy w\ld =ce !m to great] di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,:atev] p>ticles ( o!r matt] 7n endu$ ) t repell5cy7 are support$ 9 air1 mu/ adh]e to ! p>ticles ( air1 & be support$ by !m2 = 9 ! vacancies !re is no?+ !y c re/ on4 ,air & wat] mutually attract ea* o!r4 ,h5ce wat] w dissolve 9 air1 z salt 9 wat]4 ,! specific gravity ( matt] is n alt]$ by divid+ ! matt]1 ?\gh ! sup]ficies be increas$4 ,sixte5 lead5 bullets1 ( an ounce ea*1 weigh z mu* 9 wat] z "o ( a p\nd1 ^: sup]ficies is less4 ,!re=e ! support+ ( salt 9 wat] is n ow+ to its sup]ficies be+ increas$4 ,a lump ( salt1 ?\gh laid at re/ at ! bottom ( a vessel ( wat]1 w dissolve !re91 & its p>ts move e way1 till equally diffus$ 9 ! wat]2 !re=e !re is a mutual attraction betwe5 wat] & salt4 ,e p>ticle ( wat] assumes z _m ( salt z c adh]e to x2 :5 m is add$1 x precipitates1 & w n rema9 susp5d$4 ,wat]1 9 ! same mann]1 w dissolve 9 air1 e p>ticle ( air assum+ "o or m p>ticles ( wat]4 ,:5 too mu* is add$1 x precipitates 9 ra94 ,b !re n be+ ! same contiguity betwe5 ! p>ticles ( air z ( wat]1 ! solution ( wat] 9 air is n c>ri$ on )\t a motion ( ! air1 s z to cause a fre% accession ( dry p>ticles4 ,"p ( a fluid1 hav+ m ( :at x dissolves1 w communicate to o!r p>ts t h less4 ,?us v salt wat]1 com+ 9 contact ) fre%1 communicates its saltness till all is equal1 & ! soon] if !re is a little motion ( ! wat]4 ,ev5 e>? w dissolve1 or mix ) air4 ,a /roke ( a horse's ho( on ! gr\nd1 9 a hot du/y road1 w raise a cl\d ( du/1 t %all1 if !re be a light breeze1 exp& e way1 till1 p]haps1 ne> z big z a common h\se4 ,x is n by me*anical motion communicat$ to ! p>ticles ( du/ by ! ho(1 t !y fly s f>1 nor by ! w9d1 t !y spread s wide3 b ! air ne> ! gr\nd1 m heat$ by ! hot du/ /ruck into x1 is r>efi$ & rises1 & 9 ris+ mixes ) ! cool] air1 & communicates ( its du/ to x1 & x is at l5g? s diffus$ z to become invisible4 ,quantities ( du/ are ?us c>ri$ up 9 dry seasons3 %[]s wa% x f ! air1 & br+ x d[n aga94 ,= wat] attract+ x /rong]1 x quits ! air1 & adh]es to ! wat]4 ,air1 suff]+ cont9ual *anges 9 ! degrees ( its heat1 f v>i\s causes & circum/ances1 &1 consequ5tly1 *anges 9 its specific gravity1 mu/ !re=e be 9 cont9ual motion4 ,a small quantity ( fire mix$ ) wat] 7or degree ( heat !re97 s weak5s ! cohesion ( its p>ticles1 t ^? on ! surface easily quit x1 & adh]e to ! p>ticles ( air4 ,a great] degree ( heat is requir$ to break ! cohesion betwe5 wat] & air4 ,air mod]ately heat$ w support a great] quantity ( wat] invisibly ?an cold air2 = its p>ticles be+ by heat repell$ to a great] di/ance f ea* o!r1 !reby m easily keep ! p>ticles ( wat] t are annex$ to !m f runn+ into cohesions t w\ld ob/ruct1 refract1 or reflect ! light4 ,h5ce :5 we brea! 9 w>m air1 ?\gh ! same quantity ( moi/ure may be tak5 up f ! lungs1 z :5 we brea! 9 cold air1 yet t moi/ure is n s visible4 ,wat] be+ extremely heat$1 i4e4 to ! degree ( boil+1 its p>ticles 9 quitt+ x s repel ea* o!r1 z to take up va/ly m space ?an be=e1 & by t repell5cy support !mselves1 expell+ ! air f ! space !y occupy4 ,t degree ( heat be+ less5$1 !y aga9 mutually attract1 & hav+ no air-p>ticles mix$ to adh]e to1 by :i* !y might be support$ & kept at a di/ance1 !y in/antly fall1 coalesce1 & become wat] aga94 ,! wat] commonly diffus$ 9 our atmosph]e nev] receives su* a degree ( heat f ! sun1 or o!r cause1 z wat] has :5 boil+2 x is n1 !re=e1 support$ by su* heat1 b by adh]+ to air4 ,wat] be+ dissolv$ 91 & adh]+ to air1 t air w n readily take up oil1 because ( ! mutual repell5cy betwe5 wat] & oil4 ,h5ce cold oils evaporate b sl[ly1 ! air hav+ g5]ally a quantity ( dissolv$ wat]4 ,oil be+ heat$ extremely1 ! air t approa*es its surface w be also heat$ extremely2 ! wat] !n quitt+ x1 x w attract & c>ry (f oil1 :i* c n[ adh]e to x4 ,h5ce ! quick evaporation ( oil heat$ to a great degree4 ,oil be+ dissolv$ 9 air1 ! p>ticles to :i* x adh]es w n take up wat]4 ,h5ce ! suffocat+ nature ( air impregnat$ ) burnt grease1 z f snuffs ( c&les & ! l4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( moi/ure %\ld be e mom5t dis*>g$ & tak5 away f ! lungs2 air t has be5 frequ5tly brea!d1 is already ov]load$1 &1 = t reason1 c take no m1 s w n answ] ! end4 ,greasy air refuses to t\* x4 ,9 bo? cases suffocation = want ( ! dis*>ge4 ,air w attract & support _m o!r sub/ances4 ,a p>ticle ( air load$ ) adh]+ wat]1 or any o!r matt]1 is heavi] ?an be=e & w\ld desc5d4 ,! atmosph]e suppos$ at re/1 a load$ desc5d+ p>ticle mu/ act ) a =ce on ! p>ticles x passes betwe51 or meets )1 suffici5t to ov]come1 9 "s degree1 _! mutual repell5cy1 & pu% !m ne>] to ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 7( air p>ticles int]act+7 ,a ,o ,o ,o ,f ,b ,c ,g ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,d ,o ,o ,o ,o ,e ,?us1 suppos+ ! p>ticles ,a ,b ,c ,d1 & ! o!r ne> !m1 to be at ! di/ance caus$ by _! mutual repell5cy 7conf9$ by _! common gravity7 if ,a w\ld desc5d to ,e1 x mu/ pass betwe5 ,b & ,c2 :5 x comes betwe5 ,b & ,c1 x w be ne>] to !m ?an be=e1 & mu/ ei!r h pu%$ !m ne>] to ,f & ,g1 contr>y to _! mutual repell5cy1 or pass ?r\gh by a =ce exce$+ its repell5cy ) !m4 ,x !n approa*es ,d1 &1 to move x out ( ! way1 mu/ act on x ) a =ce suffici5t to ov]come its repell5cy ) ! two next l[] p>ticles1 by :i* x is kept 9 its pres5t situation4 ,e p>ticle ( air1 !re=e1 w be> any load inf]ior to ! =ce ( ^! repulsions4 ,h5ce ! support ( fogs1 mi/s1 cl\ds4 ,v w>m air1 cle>1 ?\gh support+ a v great quantity ( moi/ure1 w gr[ turbid & cl\dy on ! mixture ( a cold] air1 z foggy turbid air w gr[ cle> by w>m+4 ,?us ! sun %9+ on a morn+ fog1 dissipates x2 cl\ds are se5 to wa/e 9 a sun-%9y day4 ,b cold cond5ses & r5d]s visible ! vap\r2 a tank>d or decant] fill$ ) cold wat] w cond5se ! moi/ure ( w>m cle> air on its outside1 :]e x becomes visible z dew1 coalesces into drops1 desc5ds 9 little /reams4 ,! sun heats ! air ( our atmosph]e mo/ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?2 = !re1 besides ! direct rays1 !re are _m reflections4 ,moreov]1 ! e>? itself be+ heat$1 communicates ( its heat to ! neighb\r+ air4 ,! high] regions1 hav+ only ! direct rays ( ! sun pass+ ?r\gh !m1 are comp>atively v cold4 ,h5ce ! cold air on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 & sn[ on "s ( !m all ! ye>1 ev5 9 ! torrid zone4 ,h5ce hail 9 summ]4 ,if ! atmosph]e 71 all ( x 7bo? above & bel[7 always ( ! same temp] z to cold or heat1 !n ! upp] air w\ld always be r>] ?an ! l[]1 because ! pressure on x is less2 consequ5tly light]1 & !re=e w\ld keep its place4 ,b ! upp] air may be m cond5s$ by cold1 ?an ! l[] air by pressure2 ! l[] m exp&$ by heat1 ?an ! upp] = want ( pressure4 ,9 su* case ! upp] air w become ! heavi]1 ! l[] ! light]4 ,! l[] region ( air be+ heat$ & exp&$ heaves up1 & supports = "s "t ! cold] heavi] air above1 & w cont9ue to support x :ile ! equilibrium is kept4 ,?us wat] is support$ 9 an inv]t$ op5 glass1 :ile ! equilibrium is ma9ta9$ by ! equal pressure upw>ds ( ! air bel[2 b ! equilibrium by any means break+1 ! wat] desc5ds on ! heavi] side1 & ! air rises into its place4 ,! lift$ heavy cold air ov] a heat$ c\ntry1 becom+ by any means unequally support$1 or unequal 9 its weight1 ! heavie/ "p desc5ds fir/1 & ! re/ foll[s impetu\sly4 ,h5ce gu/s aft] heats1 & hurricanes 9 hot climates4 ,h5ce ! air ( gu/s & hurricanes cold1 ?\gh 9 hot climes & seasons2 x com+ f above4 ,! cold air desc5d+ f above1 z x p5etrates our w>m region full ( watry p>ticles1 cond5ses !m1 r5d]s !m visible1 =ms a cl\d ?ick & d>k1 ov]ca/+ sometimes1 at once1 l>ge & ext5sive2 sometimes1 :5 se5 at a di/ance1 small at fir/1 gradually increas+2 ! cold edge1 or surface ( ! cl\d1 cond5s+ ! vap\rs next x1 :i* =m small] cl\ds t jo9 x1 increase its bulk1 x desc5ds ) ! w9d & its acquir$ weight1 draws ne>] ! e>?1 gr[s d5s] ) cont9ual additions ( wat]1 & dis*>ges heavy %[]s4 ,small black cl\ds ?us appe>+ 9 a cle> sky1 9 hot climates1 port5d /orms1 & w>n seam5 to h& _! sails4 ,! e>?1 turn+ on its axis 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! equatorial p>ts mu/ move ab\t fifte5 miles 9 ea* m9ute2 9 nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes ?is motion is gradually less to ! poles1 & !re no?+4 ,if !re 0 a g5]al calm ov] ! face ( ! globe1 x mu/ be by ! air's mov+ 9 e "p z fa/ z ! e>? or sea x cov]s4 ,he t sails1 or rides1 has ins5sibly ! same degree ( motion z ! %ip or coa* ) :i* he is connect$4 ,if ! %ip /rikes ! %ore1 or ! coa* /ops sudd5ly1 ! motion cont9u+ 9 ! man1 he is ?r[n =w>d4 ,if a man 7 to jump f ! l& into a swift sail+ %ip1 he w\ld be ?r[n backw>d 7or t[>ds ! /]n7 n hav+ at fir/ ! motion ( ! %ip4 ,he t travels by sea or l&1 t[>ds ! equ9octial1 gradually acquires motion2 f x1 loses4 ,b if a man 7 tak5 up f latitude #dj 7:]e suppose ! e>?'s surface to move twelve miles p] m9ute7 & imm$iately set d[n at ! equ9octial1 )\t *ang+ ! motion he _h1 8 heels w\ld be /ruck up1 he w\ld fall we/w>d4 ,if tak5 up f ! equ9octial1 & set d[n 9 latitude #dj1 he w\ld fall ea/w>d4 ,! air "u ! equator1 & betwe5 ! tropics1 be+ con/antly heat$ & r>efi$ by ! sun1 rises4 ,its place is suppli$ by air f nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes1 :i* com+ f p>ts :]e ! e>? & air _h less motion1 & n sudd5ly acquir+ ! quick] motion ( ! equatorial e>?1 appe>s an ea/ w9d bl[+ we/w>d2 ! e>? mov+ f we/ to ea/1 & slipp+ "u ! air#a4 ,?us1 :5 we ride 9 a calm1 x seems a w9d aga9/ u3 if we ride ) ! w9d1 & fa/]1 ev5 t w seem a small w9d aga9/ u4 ,! air r>efi$ betwe5 ! tropics1 & ris+1 mu/ fl[ 9 ! high] region nor? & s\?4 ,be=e x rose1 x _h acquir$ ! greate/ motion ! e>?'s rotation c\ld give x4 ,x reta9s "s degree ( ?is motion1 & desc5d+ 9 high] latitudes1 :]e ! e>?'s motion is less1 w appe> a we/]ly w9d1 yet t5d+ t[>ds ! equatorial p>ts1 to supply ! vacancy occasion$ by ! air ( ! l[] regions fl[+ ?i!rw>ds4 ,h5ce our g5]al cold w9ds are ab\t nor? we/1 our summ] cold gu/s ! same4 ,! air 9 sultry wea!r1 ?\gh n cl\dy1 has a k9d ( haz9ess 9 x1 :i* makes objects at a di/ance appe> dull & indi/9ct4 ,?is haz9ess is occasion$ by ! great quantity ( moi/ure equally diffus$ 9 t air4 ,:51 by ! cold w9d bl[+ d[n among x1 x is cond5s$ into cl\ds1 & falls 9 ra91 ! air becomes pur] & cle>]4 ,h5ce1 aft] gu/s1 di/ant objects appe> di/9ct1 _! figures %>ply t]m9at$4 ,extreme cold w9ds congeal ! surface ( ! e>?1 by c>ry+ (f its fire4 ,w>m w9ds aft]w>ds bl[+ ov] t froz5 surface w be *ill$ by x4 ,c\ld t froz5 surface be turn$ "u1 & a w>m] turn$ up f b5ea? x1 ^? w>m w9ds w\ld n be *ill$ s mu*4 ,! surface ( ! e>? is also sometimes mu* heat$ by ! sun3 & su* heat$ surface n be+ *ang$ heats ! air t moves ov] x4 ,seas1 lakes1 & great bodies ( wat]1 agitat$ by ! w9ds1 cont9ually *ange surfaces2 ! cold surface 9 w9t] is turn$ "u by ! roll+ ( ! waves1 & a w>m] turn$ up2 9 summ]1 ! w>m is turn$ "u1 & cold] turn$ up4 ,h5ce ! m equal temp] ( sea-wat]1 & ! air ov] x4 ,h5ce1 9 w9t]1 w9ds f ! sea seem w>m1 w9ds f ! l& cold4 ,9 summ] ! contr>y4 ,!re=e ! lakes nor?-we/ ( u#b1 z !y are n s mu* froz51 nor s apt to freeze z ! e>?1 r mod]ate ?an increase ! coldness ( our w9t] w9ds4 ,! air ov] ! sea be+ w>m]1 & !re=e light] 9 w9t] ?an ! air ov] ! froz5 l&1 may be ano!r cause ( our g5]al ,n4 ,w4 w9ds1 :i* bl[ (f to sea at "r angles f our ,nor?-,am]ican coa/4 ,! w>m light sea air ris+1 ! heavy cold l& air press+ into its place4 ,heavy fluids desc5d+1 frequ5tly =m eddies1 or :irlpools1 z is se5 9 a funnel1 :]e ! wat] acquires a circul> motion1 rec$+ e way f a c5tre1 & leav+ a vacancy 9 ! middle1 greate/ above1 & less5+ d[nw>ds1 l a speak+ trumpet1 its big end upw>ds4 ,air desc5d+1 or asc5d+1 may =m ! same k9d ( eddies1 or :irl+s1 ! p>ts ( air acquir+ a circul> motion1 & rec$+ f ! middle ( ! circle by a c5trifugal =ce1 & leav+ !re a vacancy2 if desc5d+1 greate/ above1 & less5+ d[nw>ds2 if asc5d+1 greate/ bel[1 & less5+ upw>ds2 l a speak+ trumpet1 /&+ its big end on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! air desc5ds ) viol5ce 9 "s places1 x may rise ) equal viol5ce 9 o!rs1 & =m bo? k9ds ( :irlw9ds4 ,! air 9 its :irl+ motion rec$+ e way f ! c5tre or axis ( ! trumpet leaves !re a vacuum1 :i* _c be fill$ ?r\gh ! sides1 ! :irl+ air1 z an ar*1 prev5t+2 x mu/ !n press 9 at ! op5 ends4 ,! greate/ pressure inw>ds mu/ be at ! l[] end1 ! greate/ weight ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e be+ !re4 ,! air ent]+ rises )91 & c>ries up du/1 leaves1 & ev5 heavi] bodies t happ5 9 its way1 z ! eddy1 or :irl1 passes ov] l&4 ,if x passes ov] wat]1 ! weight ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e =ces up ! wat] into ! vacuity1 "p ( :i*1 by degrees1 jo9s ) ! :irl+ air1 & add+ weight1 & receiv+ accel]at$ motion1 rec$es /ill f>!r f ! c5tre or axis ( ! trump1 z ! pressure less5s2 & at la/1 z ! trump wid5s1 is brok5 into small p>ticles1 & s unit$ ) air z to be support$ by x1 & become black cl\ds at ! top ( ! trump4 ,?us ^! eddies may be :irlw9ds at l&1 wat]-sp\ts at sea4 ,a body ( wat] s rais$1 may be sudd5ly let fall1 :5 ! motion1 c4 has n /r5g? to support x1 or ! :irl+ ar* is brok5 s z to admit ! air3 fall+ 9 ! sea1 x is h>mless1 unless %ips happ5 "u x2 b if 9 ! progressive motion ( ! :irl x has mov$ f ! sea1 ov] ! l&1 & !n breaks1 sudd51 viol5t1 & mis*iev\s torr5ts are ! consequ5ces4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see a pap] on ?is subject1 by ! late +5i\s ,mr4 ,hadley1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 :]e9 ?is hypo!sis = expla9+ ! trade-w9ds fir/ appe>$4 #b ,9 ,p5sylvania4 ,,doctor ----#c ,,( ,,bo/on1 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,philadelphia4 ,on ,wat]-,sp\ts4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #c1 #agef4 ,bo/on1 ,octob] #af1 #ageb4 ,,sir1 ,i f9d by a ^w or two 9 y\r la/#d1 t y are will+ to be f\nd fault )2 :i* au?orises me to let y "k :at ,i am at a loss ab\t 9 y\r pap]s1 :i* is only 9 ! article ( ! wat]-sp\t4 ,i am 9 d\bt1 :e!r wat] 9 bulk1 or ev5 brok5 into drops1 ev] asc5ds into ! region ( ! cl\ds p] vorticem2 i4 e4 :e!r !re be1 9 reality1 :at ,i call a direct wat]-sp\t4 ,i make no d\bt ( direct & inv]t$ :irl-w9ds2 y\r description ( !m1 & ! reason ( ! ?+1 are suffici5t4 ,i am s5sible too1 t !y are v /rong1 & (t5 move consid]able weights4 ,b ,i h n met ) any hi/orical acc\nts t seem exact en\gh to remove my scruples conc]n+ ! asc5t abovesaid4 ,desc5d+ sp\ts 7z ,i take !m to be7 are _m times se51 z ,i take x1 9 ! calms1 betwe5 ! sea & l& trade-w9ds on ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,^! contr>y w9ds1 or div]g+1 ,i c conceive may occasion !m1 z x 7 by suction1 mak+ a brea* 9 a l>ge cl\d4 ,b ,i imag9e !y h1 at ! same "t1 a t5d5cy to h9d] any direct or ris+ sp\t1 by c>ry+ (f ! l[] "p ( ! atmosph]e z fa/ z x beg9s to r>efy2 & yet sp\ts are frequ5t "h1 :i* /r5g!ns my op9ion1 t all ( !m desc5d4 ,b h[ev] ?is be1 ,i _c conceive a =ce producible by ! r>efication & cond5sation ( our atmosph]e1 9 ! circum/ances ( our globe1 capable ( c>ry+ wat]1 9 l>ge portions1 into ! region ( ! cl\ds4 ,suppos+ x to be rais$1 x w\ld be too heavy to cont9ue ! asc5t beyond a consid]able height1 unless p>t$ into small drops2 & ev5 !n1 by its c5trifugal =ce1 f ! mann] ( conveyance1 x w\ld be flung out ( ! circle1 & fall scatt]$1 l ra94 ,b ,i ne$ n expatiate on ^! matt]s to y4 ,i h m5tion$ my objections1 &1 z tru? is my pursuit1 %all be glad to be in=m$4 ,i h se5 few acc\nts ( ^! :irl or eddy w9ds1 & z little ( ! sp\ts2 & ^!1 especially1 lame & poor ?+s to obta9 any c]ta9ty by4 ,if y "k any ?+ det]m9ate t has be5 obs]v$1 ,i %all hope to he> f y2 z also ( any mi/ake 9 my ?\ghts4 ,i h no?+ to object to any o!r "p ( y\r suppositions3 & z to t ( ! trade-w9ds1 ,i believe nobody c4 ,i am1 c4 ,p4 ,s44 ,! figures 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions %[1 by sev]al circum/ances1 t !y all desc5d$1 ?\gh ! relators seem$ to ?9k !y took up wat]4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,dr4 ,p]k9s4 ,editor4 #d ,a ,lett] on ,inoculation1 :i* is transf]r$ to a subsequ5t "p ( ?is volume1 t ! pap]s on meteorological subjects may n be int]rupt$4 ,editor4 ,,dr4 ,,p]k9s ,,( ,,bo/on1 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,philadelphia4 ,! same ,subject cont9u$4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #bd1 #agef4 ,bo/on1 ,octob] #bc1 #ageb4 ,,sir1 ,9 ! inclos$1 y h all ,i h to say ( t matt]#e4 ,x prov$ long] ?an ,i expect$1 s t ,i 0 =c$ to add a cov] to x4 ,i confess x looks l a dispute2 b t is q contr>y to my int5tions4 ,! s9c]ity ( fri5d%ip & e/eem 7 my motives2 nor d ,i d\bt y\r scrupl+ ! goodness ( ! int5tion4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ confess ,i _c tell exactly h[ f> ,i 0 act$ by hopes ( bett] in=mation1 9 discov]+ ! :ole f\ndation ( my op9ion1 :i*1 inde$1 is b an op9ion1 z ,i am v mu* at a loss ab\t ! validity ( ! reasons4 ,i h n be5 able to diff] f y 9 s5tim5t conc]n+ any ?+ else 9 y\r ,suppositions4 ,9 ! pres5t case ,i lie op5 to conviction1 & %all be ! ga9] :5 in=m$4 ,if ,i am "r1 y w "k t1 )\t my add+ any m4 ,too mu* said on a m]ely speculative matt]1 is b a robb]y committ$ on practical k4 ,p]haps ,i am too mu* pleas$ ) ^! dry notions3 h[ev]1 by ?is y w see t ,i ?9k x unreasonable to give y m tr\ble ab\t !m1 ?an y\r leisure & incl9ation may prompt y to4 ,i am1 c4 ,s9ce my la/ ,i consid]$1 t1 z ,i _h begun ) ! reasons ( my dissatisfaction ab\t ! asc5t ( wat] 9 sp\ts1 y w\ld n be unwill+ to he> ! :ole ,i h to say1 & !n y w "k :at ,i rely ^u4 ,:at occasion$ my ?9k+ all sp\ts desc5d1 is1 t ,i f\nd "s did c]ta9ly d s4 ,a difficulty appe>$ conc]n+ ! asc5t ( s heavy a body z wat]1 by any =ce ,i 0 appris$ (1 z probably suffici5t4 ,&1 above all1 a view ( ,mr4 ,/u>t's portraits ( sp\ts1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,"s obs]vations on ^! la/ w include ! *ief "p ( my difficulties4 ,mr4 ,/u>t has giv5 u ! figures ( a numb] obs]v$ by him 9 ! ,m$it]ranean3 all ) "s p>ticul>s :i* make = my op9ion1 if well drawn4 ,! great spatt]+1 :i* relators m5tion 9 ! wat] :]e ! sp\t desc5ds1 & :i* appe>s 9 all 8 draughts1 ,i conceive to be occasion$ by drops desc5d+ v ?ick & l>ge into ! place4 ,on ! place ( ?is spatt]+1 arises ! appe>ance ( a bu%1 into ! c5tre ( :i* ! sp\t comes d[n4 ,?is bu% ,i take to be =m$ by a spray1 made by ! =ce ( ^! drops1 :i* be+ uncommonly l>ge1 & desc5d+ ) unusual =ce by a /ream ( w9d desc5d+ f ! cl\d ) !m1 increases ! height ( ! spray3 :i* w9d be+ repuls$ by ! surface ( ! wat]s reb\nds & spreads2 by ! fir/ rais+ ! spray high] ?an x o!rwise w\ld g2 & by ! la/ mak+ ! top ( ! bu% appe> to b5d outw>ds 7i4 e47 ! cl\d ( spray is =c$ (f f ! trunk ( ! sp\t1 & falls backw>d4 ,! bu% does ! same :]e !re is no appe>ance ( a sp\t rea*+ x2 & is depress$ 9 ! middle1 :]e ! sp\t is expect$4 ,?is1 ,i imag9e1 to be f num]\s drops ( ! sp\t fall+ into x1 toge!r ) ! w9d ,i m5tion$1 by _! desc5t1 :i* beat back ! ris+ spray 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is circum/ance1 ( ! bu% b5d+ outw>ds at ! top1 seems n to agree ) :at ,i call a direct :irlw9d1 b consi/5t ) ! rev]s$2 = a direct "o w\ld sweep ! bu% inw>ds2 if1 9 t case1 any ?+ ( a bu% w\ld appe>4 ,! pill> ( wat]1 z !y call x1 f its lik5ess1 ,i suppose to be only ! end ( ! sp\t imm]s$ 9 ! bu%1 a little black5$ by ! additional cl\d1 &1 p]haps1 appe>s to ! eye beyond its real bigness1 by a refraction 9 ! bu%1 & :i* refraction may be ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( sep>ation1 betwixt ! "p 9 ! bu%1 & t above x4 ,! "p 9 ! bu% is cyl9drical1 z x is above 7i4 e47 ! bigness ! same f ! top ( ! bu% to ! wat]4 ,in/ead ( ?is %ape1 9 case ( a :irlw9d1 x mu/ h be5 pyramidical4 ,ano!r ?+ rem>kable1 is1 ! curve 9 "s ( !m3 ?is is easy to conceive1 9 case ( desc5d+ p>cels ( drops ?r\gh v>i\s w9ds1 at lea/ till ! cl\d cond5ses s fa/ z to come d[n1 z x 71 uno rivo4 ,b x is h>d] to me to conceive x 9 ! asc5t ( wat]1 t x %\ld be convey$ along1 secure ( n leak+ or (t5 dropp+ ?r\gh ! "u side1 9 ! prone "p3 &1 %\ld ! wat] be convey$ s swiftly1 & ) su* =ce1 up into ! cl\d1 z to prev5t ?is1 x w\ld1 by a natural disposition to move on 9 a pres5t direction1 pres5tly /rait5 ! curve1 rais+ ! %\ld] v swiftly1 till lo/ 9 ! cl\d4 ,ov] e "o ( ,/u>t's figures1 ,i see a cl\d3 ,i suppose 8 cl\ds 7 fir/1 & !n ! sp\t2 ,i d n "k :e!r x be s ) all sp\ts1 b suppose x is4 ,n[1 if :irlw9ds c>ri$ up ! wat]1 ,i %\ld expect !m 9 fair wea!r1 b n "u a cl\d2 z is obs]vable ( :irlw9ds2 !y come 9 fair wea!r1 n "u ! %ade ( a cl\d1 nor 9 ! night2 s9ce %ade cools ! air3 b1 on ! contr>y1 viol5t w9ds (t5 desc5d f ! cl\ds2 /rong gu/s :i* occupy small spaces2 & f ! high] regions1 ext5sive hurricanes1 c4 ,ano!r ?+ is ! appe>ance ( ! sp\t com+ f ! cl\d4 ,?is ,i _c acc\nt = on ! notion ( a direct sp\t1 b 9 ! real desc5d+ "o1 x is easy4 ,i take x1 t ! cl\d beg9s fir/ ( all to p\r out drops at t p>ticul> spot1 or =am52 &1 :5 t curr5t ( drops increases1 s z to =ce d[n w9d & vap\r1 ! sp\t becomes s f> z t goes opaque4 ,i take x1 t no cl\ds drop sp\ts1 b su* z make v fa/1 & happ5 to cond5se 9 a p>ticul> spot1 :i* p]haps is colde/1 & gives a det]m9ation d[nw>ds1 s z to make a passage ?r\gh ! subjac5t atmosph]e4 ,if sp\ts asc5d1 x is to c>ry up ! w>m r>efi$ air bel[1 to let d[n all & any t is cold] above2 &1 if s1 !y mu/ c>ry x ?r\gh ! cl\d !y g into 7= t is cold & d5se1 ,i imag9e7 p]haps f> into ! high] region1 mak+ a wond]ful appe>ance at a conv5i5t di/ance to obs]ve x1 by ! swift rise ( a body ( vap\r1 above ! region ( ! cl\ds4 ,b z ?is has nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 any age1 if x be supposeable t is all4 ,i _c le>n by m>9]s1 t any w9d bl[s t[>ds a sp\t m ?an any o!r way2 b x bl[s t[>ds a :irlw9d1 = a l>ge di/ance r\nd4 ,i suppose !re has be5 no in/ance ( ! wat] ( a sp\t be+ salt1 :5 com+ across any vessel at sea4 ,i suppose too1 t !re h be5 no salt ra9s2 ^! w\ld make ! case cle>4 ,i suppose x is f "s unhappy effects ( ^! dang]\s creatures ( nature1 t sailors h an univ]sal dread on !m ( break+ 9 _! decks1 %\ld !y come across !m4 ,i imag9e sp\ts1 9 cold seasons1 z ,gordon's 9 ! ,d[ns1 prove ! desc5t4 ,qu]y4 ,:e!r !re is n always m or less cl\d1 fir/1 :]e a sp\t appe>s8 ,:e!r !y are n1 g5]ally1 on ! bord]s ( trade-w9ds2 & :e!r ?is is =1 or aga9/ me8 ,:e!r !re be any cr$ible acc\nt ( a :irlw9d's c>ry+ up all ! wat] 9 a pool1 or small pond3 z :5 %oal1 & ! banks l[1 a /rong gu/ might be suppos$ to bl[ x all out8 ,:e!r a viol5t tornado1 ( a small ext5t1 & o!r sudd5 & /rong gu/s1 be n w9ds f above1 desc5d+ ne>ly p]p5dicul>2 &1 :e!r _m t are call$ :irlw9ds at sea1 are any o!r ?an ^!2 & s might be call$ air-sp\ts1 if !y 7 objects ( sight8 ,i ov]look$1 9 its prop] place1 ,/u>t's ,no4 #aa1 :i* is curi\s = its inequalities1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! approa* to break+1 :i*1 if x w\ld n be too t$i\s1 ,i w\ld h obs]v$ a little ^u1 9 my own way1 z1 ,i ?9k1 ?is w\ld argue aga9/ ! asc5t1 c4 b ,i mu/ pass x1 n only = ! reason m5tion$1 b want ( room besides4 ,z to ,mr4 ,/u>t's ocul> demon/ration ( ! asc5t 9 8 great p]p5dicul> sp\t1 ! only "o x appe>s 91 ,i say1 z to ?is1 :at ,i h writt5 supposes him mi/ak51 :i*1 yet1 ,i am f> f ass]t+4 ,! =ce ( an airy vortex1 hav+ less influ5ce on ! solid drops ( wat]1 ?an on ! int]sp]s$ cl\dy vap\rs1 makes ! la/ :irl r\nd swift]1 ?\gh x desc5d sl[]3 & ?is might easily deceive1 )\t great c>e1 ! mo/ unprejudic$ p]son4 ,,footnote3 #e ,wat]-,sp\ts4 ,,to ,,doctor ----#f1 ,,( ,,bo/on4 ,wat]-,sp\ts & ,:irlw9ds comp>$4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #bd1 #agef4 ,philadelphia1 ,feb4 #d1 #agec4 ,,sir1 ,i ought to h writt5 to y1 long s9ce1 9 answ] to y\rs ( ,octob] #af1 conc]n+ ! wat]-sp\t2 b bus9ess p>tly1 & p>tly a desire ( procur+ fur!r in=mation1 by enquiry among my seaf>+ acqua9tance1 induc$ me to po/pone writ+1 f "t to "t1 till ,i am n[ almo/ a%am$ to resume ! subject1 n kn[+ b y may h =got :at has be5 said ^u x4 ,no?+ c]ta9ly1 c be m improv+ to a se>*] into nature1 ?an objections judici\sly made to 8 op9ion1 tak5 up1 p]haps1 too ha/ily3 = su* objections oblige him to re-/udy ! po9t1 consid] e circum/ance c>efully1 comp>e facts1 make exp]im5ts1 weigh argum5ts1 & be sl[ 9 draw+ conclusions4 ,& h5ce a sure advantage results2 = he ei!r confirms a tru?1 be=e too slightly support$2 or discov]s an error1 & receives in/ruction f ! objector4 ,9 ?is view ,i consid] ! objections & rem>ks y s5t me1 & ?ank y = !m s9c]ely3 b1 h[ mu* soev] my incl9ations lead me to philosophical enquiries1 ,i am s engag$ 9 bus9ess1 public & private1 t ^? m pleas+ pursuits are frequ5tly int]rupt$1 & ! *a9 ( ?\ght1 necess>y to be closely cont9u$ 9 su* disquisitions1 is s brok5 & disjo9t$1 t x is ) difficulty ,i satisfy myself 9 any ( !m3 & ,i am n[ n mu* ne>] a conclusion1 9 ?is matt] ( ! sp\t1 ?an :5 ,i fir/ read y\r lett]4 ,yet1 hop+ we may1 9 "t1 sift out ! tru? betwe5 u1 ,i w s5d y my pres5t ?\ghts1 ) "s obs]vations on y\r reasons on ! acc\nts 9 ! ,transactions1 & on o!r relations ,i h met )4 ,p]haps1 :ile ,i am writ+1 "s new light may /rike me1 = ,i %all n[ be oblig$ to consid] ! subject ) a little m att5tion4 ,i agree ) y1 t1 by means ( a vacuum 9 a :irlw9d1 wat] _c be suppos$ to rise 9 l>ge masses to ! region ( ! cl\ds2 = ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e c\ld n =ce x up 9 a cont9u$ body1 or column1 to a mu* great] height1 ?an ?irty feet4 ,b1 if !re really is a vacuum 9 ! c5tre1 or ne> ! axis ( :irlw9ds1 !n1 ,i ?9k1 wat] may rise 9 su* vacuum to t height1 or to a less height1 z ! vacuum may be less p]fect4 ,i _h n read ,/u>t's acc\nt1 9 ! ,transactions1 = _m ye>s1 be=e ! receipt ( y\r lett]1 & _h q =got x2 b n[1 on view+ 8 draughts1 & consid]+ 8 descriptions1 ,i ?9k !y seem to fav\r my hypo!sis2 = he describes & draws columns ( wat]1 ( v>i\s heights1 t]m9at+ abruptly at ! top1 exactly z wat] w\ld d1 :5 =c$ up by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e into an exhau/$ tube4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 no long] call x my hypo!sis1 s9ce ,i f9d ,/u>t _h ! same ?\ght1 ?\gh some:at obscurely express$1 :]e he says1 he imag9es ?is ph5om5on may be solv$ by suction 7improp]ly s call$7 or r pulsion1 z 9 ! application ( a cupp+ glass to ! fle%1 ! air be+ fir/ void$ by ! k9dl$ flax4 ,9 my pap]1 ,i suppos$ a :irlw9d & a sp\t to be ! same ?+1 & to proce$ f ! same cause2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+1 t ! "o passes ov] l&1 ! o!r ov] wat]1 ,i f9d1 also1 9 ! ,transactions1 t ,m4 de la ,pryme 0 ( ! same op9ion2 = he !re describes two sp\ts1 z he calls !m1 :i* 7 se5 at diff]5t times1 at ,hatfield1 9 ,york%ire1 ^: appe>ances 9 ! air 7 ! same ) ^? ( ! sp\ts at sea1 & effects ! same ) ^? ( real :irlw9ds4 ,:irlw9ds h g5]ally a progressive1 z well z a circul> motion2 s _h :at is call$ ! sp\t1 at ,top%am--7,see ! acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,transactions7 :i* also appe>s1 by its effects describ$1 to h be5 a real :irlw9d4 ,wat]-sp\ts h1 also1 a progressive motion2 ?is is sometimes great]1 & sometimes less2 9 "s viol5t1 9 o!rs b>ely p]ceivable4 ,! :irlw9d at ,w>r+ton cont9u$ long 9 ,acrem5t-,close4 ,:irlw9ds g5]ally arise aft] calms & great heats3 ! same is obs]v$ ( wat]-sp\ts1 :i* are1 !re=e1 mo/ frequ5t 9 ! w>m latitudes4 ,! sp\t t happ5$ 9 cold wea!r1 9 ! ,d[ns1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,gordon 9 ! ,transactions1 01 = t reason1 ?\ght extraord9>y2 b he rem>ks )al1 t ! wea!r1 ?\gh cold :5 ! sp\t appe>$1 0 soon aft] mu* cold]2 z we f9d x1 commonly1 less w>m aft] a :irlw9d4 ,y agree1 t ! w9d bl[s e way t[>ds a :irlw9d1 f a l>ge space r\nd4 ,an intellig5t :aleman ( ,nantucket1 in=m$ me t ?ree ( _! vessels1 :i* 7 out 9 se>* ( :ales1 happ5+ to be becalm$1 lay 9 sight ( ea* o!r1 at ab\t a league di/ance1 if ,i rememb] "r1 ne>ly =m+ a triangle3 aft] "s "t1 a wat]-sp\t appe>$ ne> ! middle ( ! triangle1 :5 a brisk breeze ( w9d sprung up1 & e vessel made sail2 & !n x appe>$ to !m all1 by ! sett+ ( ! sails1 & ! c\rse ea* vessel /ood1 t ! sp\t 0 to ! leew>d ( e "o ( !m2 & !y all decl>$ x to h be5 s1 :5 !y happ5$ aft]w>ds 9 company1 & came to conf] ab\t x4 ,s t 9 ?is p>ticul> likewise1 :irlw9ds & wat]-sp\ts agree4 ,b1 if t :i* appe>s a wat]-sp\t at sea1 does sometimes1 9 its progressive motion1 meet ) & pass ov] l&1 & !re produce all ! ph5om5a & effects ( a :irlw9d1 x %\ld !nce seem /ill m evid5t1 t a :irlw9d & a sp\t are ! same4 ,i s5d y1 h]e)1 a lett] f an +5i\s physician ( my acqua9tance1 :i* gives "o in/ance ( ?is1 t fell )9 8 obs]vation4 ,a fluid1 mov+ f all po9ts horizontally1 t[>ds a c5tre1 mu/1 at t c5tre1 ei!r asc5d or desc5d4 ,wat] be+ 9 a tub1 if a hole be op5$ 9 ! middle ( ! bottom1 w fl[ f all sides to ! c5tre1 & !re desc5d 9 a :irl4 ,b1 air fl[+ on & ne> ! surface ( l& or wat]1 f all sides1 t[>ds a c5tre1 mu/1 at t c5tre asc5d2 ! l& or wat] h9d]+ its desc5t4 ,if ^! conc5tr+ curr5ts ( air be 9 ! upp] region1 !y may1 inde$1 desc5d 9 ! sp\t or :irlw9d2 b !n1 :5 ! unit$ curr5t rea*$ ! e>? or wat]1 x w\ld spread1 &1 probably1 bl[ e way f ! c5tre4 ,!re may be :irlw9ds ( bo? k9ds1 b f ! commonly obs]v$ effects1 ,i suspect ! ris+ "o to be ! mo/ common3 :5 ! upp] air desc5ds1 x is1 p]haps1 9 a great] body1 ext5d+ wid]1 z 9 our ?und]-gu/s1 & )\t mu* :irl+2 &1 :5 air desc5ds 9 a sp\t1 or :irlw9d1 ,i %\ld r expect x w\ld press ! ro( ( a h\se inw>ds1 or =ce 9 ! tiles1 %+les1 or ?at*1 =ce a boat d[n into ! wat]1 or a piece ( timb] into ! e>?1 ?an t x w\ld lift !m up1 & c>ry !m away4 ,x has s happ5$1 t ,i h n met ) any acc\nts ( sp\ts1 t c]ta9ly desc5d$2 ,i suspect !y are n frequ5t4 ,please to communicate ^? y m5tion4 ,! app>5t dropp+ ( a pipe f ! cl\ds t[>ds ! e>? or sea1 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 h]eaft]4 ,! augm5tation ( ! cl\d1 :i*1 z ,i am in=m$1 is g5]ally1 if n always ! case1 dur+ a sp\t1 seems to %ew an asc5t1 r ?an a desc5t ( ! matt] ( :i* su* cl\d is compos$2 = a desc5d+ sp\t1 "o w\ld expect1 %\ld dim9i% a cl\d4 ,i own1 h[ev]1 t cold air desc5d+1 may1 by cond5s+ ! vap\rs 9 a l[] region1 =m & increase cl\ds2 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is g5]ally ! case 9 our common ?und]-gu/s1 &1 !re=e1 d n lay great /ress on ?is argum5t4 ,:irlw9ds & sp\ts1 are n always1 ?\gh mo/ commonly1 9 ! day "t4 ,! t]rible :irlw9d :i* damag$ a great "p ( ,rome1 ,june #aa1 #agdi1 happ5$ 9 ! night ( t day4 ,! same 0 suppos$ to h be5 fir/ a sp\t1 = x is said to be beyond d\bt1 t x ga!r$ 9 ! neighb\r+ sea1 z x c\ld be track$ f ,o/ia to ,rome4 ,i f9d ?is 9 ,p]e ,bos*ovi*'s acc\nt ( x1 z abridg$ 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review = ,decemb] #agej4 ,9 t acc\nt1 ! :irlw9d is said to h appe>$ z a v black1 long1 & l(ty cl\d1 discov]able1 not)/&+ ! d>kness ( ! night1 by its cont9ually lightn+ or emitt+ fla%es on all sides1 pu%+ along ) a surpris+ swiftness1 & )9 ?ree or f\r feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,its g5]al effects on h\ses1 7 /ripp+ (f ! ro(s1 bl[+ away *imneys1 break+ doors & w9d[s1 =c+ up ! floors1 & unpav+ ! rooms 7"s ( ^! effects seem to agree well ) a suppos$ vacuum 9 ! c5tre ( ! :irlw9d7 & ! v raft]s ( ! h\ses 7 brok5 & disp]s$1 & ev5 hurl$ aga9/ h\ses at a consid]able di/ance1 c4 ,x seems1 by an expression ( ,p]e ,bos*ovi*'s1 z if ! w9d blew f all sides t[>ds ! :irlw9d2 =1 hav+ c>efully obs]v$ its effects1 he concludes ( all :irlw9ds1 t _! motion is circul>1 & _! action attractive4 ,he obs]ves1 on a numb] ( hi/ories ( :irlw9ds1 c4 t a common effect ( !m is1 to c>ry up into ! air1 tiles1 /ones1 & animals !mselves1 :i* happ5 to be 9 _! c\rse1 & all k9ds ( bodies unexceptionably1 ?r[+ !m to a consid]able di/ance1 ) great impetuosity4 ,su* effects seem to %ew a ris+ curr5t ( air4 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 my conceptions ( ?is matt] by figures1 repres5t+ a plan & an elevation ( a sp\t or :irlw9d4 ,i w\ld only fir/ beg to be all[$ two or ?ree positions1 m5tion$ 9 my =m] pap]4 #a4 ,t ! l[] region ( air is (t5 m heat$1 & s m r>efi$1 ?an ! upp]2 consequ5tly1 specifically light]4 ,! coldness ( ! upp] region is manife/$ by ! hail :i* sometimes falls f x 9 a hot day4 #b4 ,t heat$ air may be v moi/1 & yet ! moi/ure s equally diffus'd & r>efi$1 z n to be visible1 till cold] air mixes ) x1 :5 x cond5ses1 & becomes visible4 ,?us our brea?1 invisible 9 summ]1 becomes visible 9 w9t]4 ,n[ let u suppose a tract ( l&1 or sea1 ( p]haps sixty miles squ>e1 unscre5$ by cl\ds1 & unfann$ by w9ds1 dur+ great "p ( a summ]'s day1 or1 x may be1 = sev]al days successively1 till x is viol5tly heat$1 toge!r ) ! l[] region ( air 9 contact ) x1 s t ! said l[] air becomes specifically light] ?an ! sup]9cumb5t high] region ( ! atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! cl\ds commonly float3 let u suppose1 also1 t ! air surr\nd+ ?is tract has n be5 s mu* heat$ dur+ ^? days1 &1 !re=e1 rema9s heavi]4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is %\ld be1 z ,i conceive1 t ! heat$ light] air1 be+ press$ on all sides1 mu/ asc5d1 & ! heavi] desc5d2 &1 z ?is ris+ _c be 9 all p>ts1 or ! :ole area ( ! tract at once1 = t w\ld leave too ext5sive a vacuum1 ! ris+ w beg9 precisely 9 t column t happ5s to be ! lighte/1 or mo/ r>efi$2 & ! w>m air w fl[ horizontally f all po9ts to ?is column1 :]e ! sev]al curr5ts meet+1 & jo9+ to rise1 a :irl is naturally =m$1 9 ! same mann] z a :irl is =m$ 9 ! tub ( wat]1 by ! desc5d+ fluid fl[+ f all sides ( ! tub1 to ! hole 9 ! c5tre4 ,&1 z ! sev]al curr5ts arrive at ?is c5tral ris+ column1 ) a consid]able degree ( horizontal motion1 !y _c sudd5ly *ange x to a v]tical motion2 !re=e z !y gradually1 9 approa*+ ! :irl1 decl9e f "r to curve or circul> l9es1 s1 hav+ jo9$ ! :irl1 !y asc5d by a spiral motion1 9 ! same mann] z ! wat] desc5ds spirally ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! tub be=e-m5tion$4 ,la/ly1 z ! l[] air1 & ne>e/ ! surface1 is mo/ r>efi$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 t air is mo/ act$ on by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ cold & heavy air1 :i* is to take its place2 consequ5tly1 its motion t[>ds ! :irl is swifte/1 & s ! =ce ( ! l[] "p ( ! :irl1 or trump1 /ronge/1 & ! c5trifugal =ce ( its p>ticles greate/2 & h5ce ! vacuum r\nd ! axis ( ! :irl %\ld be greate/ ne> ! e>? or sea1 & be gradually dim9i%$ z x approa*es ! region ( ! cl\ds1 till x ends 9 a po9t1 z at ,p 9 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,plate ,v4 =m+ a long & %>p cone4 ,9 ,fig4 ,i4 :i* is a plan or gr\nd-plat ( a :irlw9d1 ! circle ,v4 repres5ts ! c5tral vacuum4 ,betwe5 a a a a & b b b b ,i suppose a body ( air1 cond5s$ /rongly by ! pressure ( ! curr5ts mov+ t[>ds x1 f all sides )\t1 & by its c5trifugal =ce f )91 mov+ r\nd ) prodigi\s swiftness1 7hav+1 z x 71 ! mom5ta ( all ! curr5ts ----- ----- ----- ----- unit$ 9 itself7 & ) a p[] equal to its swiftness & d5sity4 ,illu/ration3 7,wat] ,sp\ts7 ,plate ,v4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bf4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,x is ?is :irl+ body ( air betwe5 a a a a & b b b b t rises spirally2 by its =ce x te>s build+s to pieces1 twi/s up great trees by ! roots1 c4 &1 by its spiral motion1 raises ! fragm5ts s high1 till ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ & approa*+ curr5ts dim9i%+1 c no long] conf9e !m to ! circle1 or _! own c5trifugal =ce encreas+1 gr[s too /rong = su* pressure1 :5 !y fly (f 9 tang5t l9es1 z /ones out ( a sl+1 & fall on all sides1 & at great di/ances4 ,if x happ5s at sea1 ! wat] "u & betwe5 a a a a & b b b b w be viol5tly agitat$ & driv5 ab\t1 & p>ts ( x rais$ ) ! spiral curr5t1 & ?r[n ab\t s z to =m a bu%-l appe>ance4 ,?is circle is ( v>i\s diamet]s1 sometimes v l>ge4 ,if ! vacuum passes ov] wat]1 ! wat] may rise 9 x 9 a body1 or column1 to ne> ! height ( ?irty-two feet4 ,if x passes ov] h\ses1 x may bur/ _! w9d[s or walls outw>ds1 pluck (f ! ro(s1 & pluck up ! floors1 by ! sudd5 r>efaction ( ! air conta9$ )9 su* build+s2 ! outw>d pressure ( ! atmosph]e be+ sudd5ly tak5 (f3 s ! /opp$ bottle ( air bur/s "u ! exhau/$ receiv] ( ! air-pump4 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 is to repres5t ! elevation ( a wat]-sp\t1 :]e9 ,i suppose ,p ,p ,p to be ! cone1 at fir/ a vacuum1 till ,w ,w1 ! ris+ column ( wat]1 has fill$ s mu* ( x4 ,s ,s ,s ,s1 ! spiral :irl ( air1 surr\nd+ ! vacuum1 & cont9u$ high] 9 a close column aft] ! vacuum ends 9 ! po9t ,p1 till x rea*es ! cool region ( ! air4 ,b ,b1 ! bu% describ$ by ,/u>t1 surr\nd+ ! foot ( ! column ( wat]4 ,n[1 ,i suppose ?is :irl ( air w1 at fir/1 be z invisible z ! air itself1 ?\gh rea*+1 9 reality1 f ! wat]1 to ! region ( cool air1 9 :i* our l[ summ] ?und]-cl\ds commonly float2 b pres5tly x w become visible at its extremities4 ,at its l[] end1 by ! agitation ( ! wat]1 "u ! :irl+ "p ( ! circle1 betwe5 ,p & ,s =m+ ,/u>t's bu%1 & by ! swell+ & ris+ ( ! wat]1 9 ! beg9n+ vacuum1 :i* is1 at fir/1 a small1 l[1 broad cone1 ^: top gradually rises & %>p5s1 z ! =ce ( ! :irl encreases4 ,at its upp] end x becomes visible1 by ! w>m air br\ght up to ! cool] region1 :]e its moi/ure beg9s to be cond5s$ into ?ick vap\r1 by ! cold1 & is se5 fir/ at ,a1 ! highe/ "p1 :i* be+ n[ cool$1 cond5ses :at rises next at ,b1 :i* cond5ses t at ,c1 & t cond5ses :at is ris+ at ,d1 ! cold op]at+ by ! contact ( ! vap\rs fa/] 9 a "r l9e d[nw>ds1 ?an ! vap\rs !mselves c climb 9 a spiral l9e upw>ds2 !y climb1 h[ev]1 & z by cont9ual addition !y gr[ d5s]1 &1 consequ5tly1 _! c5trifugal =ce great]1 & be+ ris5 above ! conc5trat+ curr5ts t compose ! :irl1 fly (f1 spread1 & =m a cl\d4 ,x seems easy to conceive1 h[1 by ?is successive cond5sation f above1 ! sp\t appe>s to drop or desc5d f ! cl\d1 ?\gh ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$ are all ! :ile asc5d+4 ,! cond5sation ( ! moi/ure1 conta9$ 9 s great a quantity ( w>m air z may be suppos$ to rise 9 a %ort "t 9 ?is prodigi\sly rapid :irl1 is1 p]haps1 suffici5t to =m a great ext5t ( cl\d1 ?\gh ! sp\t %\ld be ov] l&1 z ^? at ,hatfield2 & if ! l& happ5s n to be v du/y1 p]haps ! l[] "p ( ! sp\t w sc>ce become visible at all2 ?\gh ! upp]1 or :at is commonly call$ ! desc5d+ "p1 be v di/9ctly se54 ,! same may happ5 at sea1 9 case ! :irl is n viol5t en\gh to make a high vacuum1 & raise ! column1 c4 ,9 su* case1 ! upp] "p ,a ,b ,c ,d only w be visible1 & ! bu%1 p]haps1 bel[4 ,b if ! :irl be /rong1 & !re be mu* du/ on ! l&1 & ! column ,w ,w be rais$ f ! wat]1 !n ! l[] "p becomes visible1 & sometimes ev5 unit$ to ! upp] "p4 ,= ! du/ may be c>ri$ up 9 ! spiral :irl1 till x rea* ! region :]e ! vap\r is cond5s$1 & rise ) t ev5 to ! cl\ds3 & ! friction ( ! :irl+ air1 on ! sides ( ! column ,w ,w1 may deta* great quantities ( its wat]1 break x into drops1 & c>ry !m up 9 ! spiral :irl mix$ ) ! air2 ! heavi] drops may1 inde$1 fly (f1 & fall1 9 a %[]1 r\nd ! sp\t2 b mu* ( x w be brok5 into vap\r1 yet visible2 & ?us1 9 bo? cases1 by du/ at l&1 &1 by wat] at sea1 ! :ole tube may be d>k5$ & r5d]$ visible4 ,z ! :irl weak5s1 ! tube may 79 appe>ance7 sep>ate 9 ! middle2 ! column ( wat] subsid+1 & ! sup]ior cond5s$ "p draw+ up to ! cl\d4 ,yet /ill ! tube1 or :irl ( air1 may rema9 entire1 ! middle only becom+ invisible1 z n conta9+ visible matt]4 ,dr4 ,/u>t says1 ,x 0 obs]vable ( all ! sp\ts he saw1 b m p]ceptible ( ! great "o2 t2 t[>ds ! end1 x began to appe> l a holl[ canal1 only black 9 ! bord]s1 b :ite 9 ! middle2 & ?\gh at fir/ x 0 altoge!r black & opaque1 yet1 n[1 "o c\ld v di/9ctly p]ceive ! sea-wat] to fly up along ! middle ( ?is canal1 z smoak up a *imney4 ,& ,dr4 ,ma!r1 describ+ a :irlw9d1 says1 a ?ick d>k small cl\d arose1 ) a pill> ( light 9 x1 ( ab\t eight or t5 feet diamet]1 & pass$ along ! gr\nd 9 a tract n wid] ?an a /reet1 horribly te>+ up trees by ! roots1 bl[+ !m up 9 ! air l fea!rs1 & ?r[+ up /ones ( great weight to a consid]able height 9 ! air1 c4 ,illu/ration3 7cross-section ( a :irlw9d7 ,^! acc\nts1 ! "o ( wat]-sp\ts1 ! o!r ( a :irlw9d1 seem1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 to agree2 :at "o g5tleman describes z a tube1 black 9 ! bord]s1 & :ite 9 ! middle1 ! o!r calls a black cl\d1 ) a pill> ( light 9 x2 ! latt] expression has only a little m ( ! m>vell\s1 b ! ?+ is ! same2 & x seems n v difficult to und]/&4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,/u>t's sp\ts 7 full *>g$1 t is1 :5 ! :irl+ pipe ( air 0 fill$ betwe5 a a a a & b b b b1 ,fig4 ,i41 ) quantities ( drops1 & vap\r torn (f f ! column ,w ,w1 ,fig4 ,,ii41 ! :ole 0 r5d]$ s d>k1 z t x c\ld n be se5 ?ro'1 nor ! spiral asc5d+ motion discov]$2 b :5 ! quantity asc5d+ less5$1 ! pipe became m transp>5t1 & ! asc5d+ motion visible4 ,=1 by inspection ( ! figure 9 ! opposite page1 repres5t+ a section ( our sp\t1 ) ! vacuum 9 ! middle1 x is pla9 t if we look at su* a holl[ pipe 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 & suppose opaque p>ticles to be equally mix$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! two circul> l9es1 bo? ! "p betwe5 ! arr[s a & b1 & t betwe5 ! arr[s c & d1 w appe> mu* d>k] ?an t betwe5 b & c1 z !re mu/ be _m m ( ^? opaque p>ticles 9 ! l9e ( vision across ! sides1 ?an across ! middle4 ,x is ?us t a hair 9 a microscope evid5tly appe>s to be a pipe1 ! sides %ew+ d>k] ?an ! middle4 ,dr4 ,ma!r's :irl 0 probably fill$ ) du/1 ! sides 7 v d>k1 b ! vacuum )9 r5d]+ ! middle m transp>5t1 he calls x a pill> ( light4 ,x 0 9 ?is m transp>5t "p1 betwe5 b & c1 t ,/u>t c\ld see ! spiral motion ( ! vap\rs1 ^: l9es on ! ne>e/ & f>!/ side ( ! transp>5t "p cross+ ea* o!r1 repres5t$ smoak asc5d+ 9 a *imney2 = ! quantity be+ /ill too great 9 ! l9e ( sight ?r\gh ! sides ( ! tube1 ! motion c\ld n be discov]$ !re1 & s !y repres5t$ ! solid sides ( ! *imney4 ,:5 ! vap\rs rea* 9 ! pipe f ! cl\ds ne> to ! e>?1 x is no wond] n[ to ^? :o und]/& electricity1 t fla%es ( lightn+ %\ld desc5d by ! sp\t1 z 9 t ( ,rome4 ,b y object1 if wat] may be ?us c>ri$ into ! cl\ds1 :y h we n salt ra9s8 ,! objection is /rong & reasonable1 & ,i "k n :e!r ,i c answ] x to y\r satisfaction4 ,i nev] he>d b ( "o salt ra91 & t 0 :]e a sp\t pass$ pretty ne> a %ip1 s ,i suppose x to be only ! drops ?r[n (f f ! sp\t1 by ! c5trifugal =ce 7z ! birds 7 at ,hatfield7 :5 !y _h be5 c>ri$ s high z to be above1 or to be too /rongly c5trifugal =1 ! pressure ( ! concurr+ w9ds surr\nd+ x3 &1 inde$1 ,i believe !re c be no o!r k9d ( salt ra92 = x has pleas$ ! goodness ( ,god s to ord] x1 t ! p>ticles ( air w n attract ! p>ticles ( salt1 ?\gh !y /rongly attract wat]4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh all metals1 ev5 gold1 may be unit$ ) air1 & r5d]$ volatile1 salt rema9s fixt 9 ! fire1 & no heat c =ce x up to any consid]able height1 or oblige ! air to hold x4 ,h5ce1 :5 salt rises1 z x w a little way1 into air ) wat]1 !re is in/antly a sep>ation made2 ! p>ticles ( wat] adh]e to ! air1 & ! p>ticles ( salt fall d[n aga91 z if repell$ & =c$ (f f ! wat] by "s p[] 9 ! air2 or1 z "s metals1 dissolv$ 9 a prop] m5/ruum1 w quit ! solv5t :5 o!r matt] approa*es1 & adh]e to t1 s ! wat] quits ! salt1 & embraces ! air2 b air w n embrace ! salt1 & quit ! wat]1 o!rwise our ra9s w\ld inde$ be salt1 & e tree & plant on ! face ( ! e>? be de/roy$1 ) all ! animals t dep5d on !m = subsi/5ce4----,he :o ha? proportion$ & giv5 prop] qualities to all ?+s1 0 n unm9dful ( ?is4 ,let u adore ,,him ) praise & ?anksgiv+6 ,by "s acc\nts ( seam51 x seems ! column ( wat] ,w ,w1 sometimes falls sudd5ly2 & if x be1 z "s say1 fifte5 or tw5ty y>ds diamet]1 x mu/ fall ) great =ce1 & !y may well fe> = _! %ips4 ,by "o acc\nt1 9 ! ,transactions1 ( a sp\t t fell at ,colne 9 ,lanca%ire1 "o w\ld ?9k ! column is sometimes lift$ (f f ! wat]1 & c>ri$ ov] l&1 & !re let fall 9 a body2 b ?is1 ,i suppose1 happ5s r>ely4 ,/u>t describes 8 sp\ts z appe>+ no bigg] ?an a ma/1 & sometimes less2 b !y 7 se5 at a league & a half di/ance4 ,i ?9k ,i =m]ly read 9 ,dampi]1 or "s o!r voyag]1 t a sp\t1 9 its progressive motion1 w5t ov] a %ip becalm$1 on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 & fir/ ?rew h] d[n on "o side1 c>ry+ away h] =ema/1 !n sudd5ly :ipp$ h] up1 & ?rew h] d[n on ! o!r side1 c>ry+ away h] miz5-ma/1 & ! :ole 0 ov] 9 an in/ant4 ,i suppose ! fir/ mis*ief 0 done by ! =e-side ( ! :irl1 ! latt] by ! h9d]-side1 _! motion be+ contr>y4 ,i suppose a :irlw9d1 or sp\t1 may be /ation>y1 :5 ! concurr+ w9ds are equal2 b if unequal1 ! :irl acquires a progressive motion1 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ pressure4 ,:5 ! w9d t gives ! progressive motion becomes /rong] bel[ ?an above1 or above ?an bel[1 ! sp\t w be b5t1 &1 ! cause ceas+1 /rait5 aga94 ,y\r qu]ies1 t[>ds ! end ( y\r pap]1 appe> judici\s1 & wor? consid]+4 ,at pres5t ,i am n furni%$ ) facts suffici5t to make any p]t95t answ] to !m2 & ?is pap] has already a suffici5t quantity ( conjecture4 ,y\r mann] ( accommodat+ ! acc\nts to y\r hypo!sis ( desc5d+ sp\ts1 is1 ,i own1 +5i\s1 & p]haps t hypo!sis may be true4 ,i w consid] x f>!r1 b1 z yet1 ,i am n satisfi$ ) x1 ?\gh h]eaft] ,i may be4 ,"h y h my me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! pr9cipal ph5om5a1 :i* ,i submit to y\r c&id exam9ation4 ,& z ,i n[ seem to h almo/ writt5 a book1 in/ead ( a lett]1 y w ?9k x high "t ,i %\ld conclude2 :i* ,i beg leave to d1 ) assur+ y1 t ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #f ,p]k9s4 ,editor4 ,,doctor ,m----#g1 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,philadelphia4 ,description ( a ,wat]-,sp\t at ,antigua4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #bd1 #agef4 ,new-,brunswick1 ,novemb] #aa1 #ageb4 ,,sir1 ,i am fav\r$ ) y\r lett] ( ! #b;d in/ant1 & %all1 ) pleasure1 comply ) y\r reque/1 9 describ+ 7z well z my memory s]ves me7 ! wat]-sp\t ,i saw at ,antigua2 & %all ?9k ?is1 or any o!r s]vice ,i c d1 well repaid1 if x contributes to y\r satisfaction 9 s curi\s a disquisition4 ,i _h (t5 se5 wat]-sp\ts at a di/ance1 & he>d _m /range /ories ( !m1 b nev] knew any ?+ satisfactory ( _! nature or cause1 until t :i* ,i saw at ,antigua2 :i* conv9c$ me t a wat]-sp\t is a :irlw9d1 :i* becomes visible 9 all its dim5sions by ! wat] x c>ries up ) x4 ,!re appe>$1 n f> f ! m\? ( ! h>b\r ( ,/4 ,john's1 two or ?ree wat]-sp\ts1 "o ( :i* took its c\rse up ! h>b\r4 ,its progressive motion 0 sl[ & unequal1 n 9 a /rait l9e1 b1 z x 71 by j]ks or />ts4 ,:5 j by ! :>f1 ,i /ood ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f x4 ,!re appe>$ 9 ! wat] a circle ( ab\t tw5ty y>ds diamet]1 :i*1 to me1 _h a dreadful1 ?\gh pleas+ appe>ance4 ,! wat] 9 ?is circle 0 viol5tly agitat$1 be+ :isk$ ab\t1 & c>ri$ up into ! air ) great rapidity & noise1 & reflect$ a lu/re1 z if ! sun %9$ bright on t spot1 :i* 0 m conspicu\s1 z !re appe>$ a d>k circle ar\nd x4 ,:5 x made ! %ore1 x c>ri$ up ) ! same viol5ce %+les1 /aves#h1 l>ge pieces ( ! ro(s ( h\ses1 c4 & "o small wood5 h\se x lift$ entire f ! f\ndation on :i* x /ood1 & c>ri$ x to ! di/ance ( f\rte5 feet1 :]e x settl$ )\t break+ or ov]sett+2 &1 :at is rem>kable1 ?\gh ! :irlw9d mov$ f we/ to ea/1 ! h\se mov$ f ea/ to we/4 ,two or ?ree negroes & a :ite woman1 7 kill$ by ! fall ( timb]1 :i* x c>ri$ up into ! air & dropp$ aga94 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! t[n1 ,i believe x 0 soon dissipat$2 =1 except te>+ a l>ge limb f a tree1 & "p ( ! cov] ( a sug>-"w ne> ! t[n1 ,i d n rememb] any f>!r damage done by x4 ,i conclude1 wi%+ y success 9 y\r enquiry1 ,& am1 c4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,dr4 ,m]c]4 ,editor4 #h ,i suppose %+les1 /aves1 timb]1 & o!r lumb]1 might be ly+ 9 quantities on ! :>f1 = sale1 z br\ght f ! nor!rn colonies4 ,b4 ,f4 ,,doctor ----#i1 ,,( ,,bo/on1 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,philadelphia4 ,%oot+ ,/>s4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,july #h1 #agef4 ,bo/on1 ,may #ad1 #agec4 ,,sir1 ,i receiv$ y\r lett] ( ,april la/1 & ?ank y = x4 ,sev]al ?+s 9 x make me at a loss :i* side ! tru? lies on1 & det]m9e me to wait = f>!r evid5ce4 ,z to %oot+-/>s1 z !y are call$1 ,i "k v little1 & h>dly "k :at to say4 ,i imag9e !m to be passes ( electric fire f place to place 9 ! atmosph]e1 p]haps occasion$ by accid5tal pressures ( a non-electric circumambi5t fluid1 & s by propulsion1 or allicit$ by ! circum/ance ( a di/ant quantity m9us electrifi$1 :i* x %oots to supply1 & becomes app>5t by its contract$ passage ?r\gh a non-electric m$ium4 ,electric fire 9 our globe is always 9 action1 sometimes asc5d+1 desc5d+1 or pass+ f region to region4 ,i suppose x avoids too dry air1 & !re=e we nev] see ^! %oots asc5d4 ,x always has fre$om en\gh to pass d[n unobs]v$1 b1 ,i imag9e1 n always s1 to pass to di/ant climes & m]idians less /or$ ) x4 ,! %oots are sometimes all "o way1 :i*1 9 ! la/ case1 !y %\ld be4 ,possibly !re may be collections ( p>ticles 9 our atmosph]e1 :i* gradually =m1 by attraction1 ei!r simil> ones p] se1 or dissimil> p>ticles1 by ! int]v5tion ( o!rs4 ,b !n1 :e!r !y %oot or explode ( !mselves1 or by ! approa* ( "s suitable =eign collection1 accid5tally br\ght ne> by ! usual commotions & int]*anges ( our atmosph]e1 especially :5 ! high] & l[] regions int]mix1 be=e *ange ( w9ds & wea!r1 ,i leave4 ,i believe ,i h n[ said en\gh ( :at ,i "k no?+ ab\t4 ,if x %\ld s]ve = y\r amusem5t1 or any way oblige y1 x is all ,i aim at1 & %all1 at y\r desire1 be always ready to say :at ,i ?9k1 z ,i am sure ( y\r c&\r4 ,i am1 c4 ,,footnote3 #i ,dr4 ,p]k9s4 ,editor4 ,a subsequ5t ,pap] f ! same4 ,wat]-,sp\ts & ,:irlw9ds4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,july #h1 #agef4 ,sp\ts h be5 g5]ally believ$ asc5ts ( wat] f bel[1 to ! region ( ! cl\ds1 & :irlw9ds ! means ( conveyance4 ,! _w has be5 v well satisfi$ ) ^! op9ions1 & prejudic$ ) respect to any obs]vations ab\t !m4 ,m5 ( le>n+ & capacity h _h _m opportunities 9 pass+ ^? regions :]e ^! ph5om5a 7 mo/ frequ5t1 b seem indu/ri\sly to h decl9$ any notice ( !m1 unless to escape dang]1 z a matt] ( m]e imp]t95ce 9 a case s cle> & c]ta9 z _! nature & mann] ( op]ation are tak5 to be4 ,h5ce x has be5 v difficult to get any tol]able acc\nts ( !m4 ,none b ^? !y fell ne> c in=m u any ?+ to be dep5d$ on2 ?ree or f\r su* in/ances foll[1 :]e ! vessels 7 s ne>1 t _! crews c\ld n avoid kn[+ some?+ rem>kable ) respect to ! matt]s 9 "q4 ,capt4 ,john ,wakefield1 junior1 pass+ ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 _h "o fall by ! side ( 8 %ip2 x came d[n ( a sudd51 z !y ?9k1 & all agree ! desc5t 0 c]ta94 ,capta9 ,lang/aff1 on a voyage to ! ,we/ ,indies1 _h "o come across ! /]n ( 8 vessel1 & pass$ away f him4 ,! wat] came d[n 9 su* quantity t ! pres5t ,capta9 ,mell+1 :o 0 !n a common sailor at helm1 says x almo/ dr[n$ him1 runn+ into 8 m\?1 nose1 e>s1 c4 & adds1 t x ta/$ p]fectly fre%4 ,"o pass$ by ! side ( ,capta9 ,h[l&'s %ip1 s ne> t x appe>$ pretty pla9 t ! wat] desc5d$ f fir/ to la/4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,spr+ 0 s ne> "o 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 t he c\ld p]ceive x to be a small v ?ick ra94 ,all ^! assure me1 t !re 0 no w9d draw+ t[>ds !m1 nor h ,i f\nd any o!rs t h obs]v$ su* a w9d4 ,x seems pla91 by ^! few in/ances1 t :irlw9ds d n always att5d sp\ts2 & t ! wat] really desc5ds 9 "s ( !m4 ,b ! foll[+ consid]ation1 9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion1 may1 p]haps1 r5d] x probable t all ! sp\ts are desc5ts4 ,x seems unlikely t !re %\ld be two sorts ( sp\ts1 "o asc5d+ & ! o!r desc5d+4 ,x has n yet be5 prov$ t any "o sp\t ev] asc5d$4 ,a speci\s appe>ance is all t c be produc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is2 & ^? :o h be5 mo/ positive ab\t x1 7 at m ?an a league's di/ance :5 !y obs]v$1 z ,/u>t & o!rs1 if ,i am n mi/ak54 ,h[ev]1 ,i believe x impossible to be c]ta9 :e!r wat] asc5ds or desc5ds at half ! di/ance4 ,x may n be amiss to consid] ! places :]e !y happ5 mo/4 ,^! are su* z are liable to calms f dep>t+ w9ds on bo? sides1 z on ! bord]s ( ! equ9octial trade1 calms on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 c4 places :]e ! "u region ( ! atmosph]e is drawn (f horizontally4 ,i ?9k !y d n come :]e ! calms are )\t dep>t+ w9ds2 & ,i take ! reason to be1 t su* places1 & places :]e w9ds bl[ t[>ds "o ano!r1 are liable to :irlw9ds1 or o!r asc5ts ( ! l[] region1 :i* ,i suppose contr>y to sp\ts4 ,b ! =m] are liable to desc5ts1 :i* ,i take to be necess>y to _! production4 ,agreeable to ?is1 x seems reasonable to believe1 t any ,m$it]ranean sea %\ld be m subject to sp\ts ?an o!rs4 ,! sea usually s call$ is s4 ,! ,/raits ( ,malacca is4 ,"s l>ge gulphs may probably be s1 9 suitable latitudes2 s ! ,r$ ,sea1 c4 & all = ?is reason1 t ! heat$ l&s on ea* side draw (f ! "u region ( ! air1 & make ! upp] desc5d1 :5ce sudd5 & wond]ful cond5sations may take place1 & make ^! desc5ts4 ,x seems to me1 t ! mann] ( _! appe>ance & proc$ure1 fav\r ! notion ( a desc5t4 ,m or less ( a cl\d1 z ,i am in=m$1 always appe>s ov] ! place fir/2 !n a spatt]+ on ! surface ( ! wat] bel[2 & :5 ?is is advanc$ to a consid]able degree1 ! sp\t em]ges f ! cl\d1 & desc5ds1 & t1 if ! causes are suffici5t1 d[n to ! places ( spatt]+1 ) a ro>+ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ! dis*>ge2 !n x abates1 or /ops1 sometimes m gradually1 sometimes m sudd5ly4 ,i mu/ obs]ve a few ?+s on ^! p>ticul>s1 to %ew h[ ,i ?9k !y agree ) my hypo!sis4 ,! prec$+ cl\d ov] ! place %ews cond5sation1 &1 consequ5tly1 t5d5cy d[nw>ds1 :i* !re=e mu/ naturally prev5t any asc5t4 ,besides t1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 a :irlw9d nev] comes "u a cl\d1 b 9 a cle> sky4 ,! spatt]+ may be easily conceiv$ to be caus$ by a /ream ( drops1 fall+ ) great =ce on ! place1 imag9+ ! sp\t to beg9 s1 :5 a sudd5 & great cond5sation happ5s 9 a contract$ space1 z ! ,ox-,eye on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,! sp\t appe>+ to desc5d f ! cl\d seems to be1 by ! /ream ( ne>ly contigu\s drops br++ ! air into cons5t1 s z to c>ry d[n a quantity ( ! vap\r ( ! cl\d2 & ! po9t$ appe>ance x makes may be f ! desc5d+ c\rse be+ swifte/ 9 ! middle1 or c5tre ( ! sp\t3 ?is naturally draw+ ! out] p>ts inw>d1 & ! c5tre to a po9t2 & t w appe> =emo/ t moves swifte/4 ,! ph5om5on ( retir+ & advanc+1 ,i ?9k may be acc\nt$ =1 by suppos+ ! progressive motion to exce$ or n equal ! consumption ( ! vap\r by cond5sation4 ,or m pla9ly ?us3 ! desc5d+ vap\r :i* =ms ! app>5t sp\t1 if x be sl[ 9 its progress d[nw>ds1 is cond5s$ z fa/ z x advances1 & s appe>s at a /&2 :5 x is cond5s$ fa/] ?an x advances1 x appe>s to retire2 & vice v]sa4 ,its duration1 & mann] ( end+1 are z ! causes1 & may v>y by sev]al accid5ts4 ,! cl\d itself may be s circum/anc$ z to /op x2 z :51 ext5d+ wide1 x weighs d[n at a di/ance r\nd ab\t1 :ile a small circle at ! sp\t be+ exon]at$ by ! dis*>ge asc5ds & %uts up ! passage4 ,a new det]m9ation ( w9d may1 p]haps1 /op x too4 ,places liable to ^! appe>ances are v liable to frequ5t & sudd5 alt]ations ( x4 ,su* accid5ts z a clap ( ?und]1 fir+ cannon1 c4 may /op !m1 & ! reason may be1 t any %ock ( ?is k9d may occasion ! p>ticles t are ne> coh]+1 imm$iately to d s2 & !n ! :ole1 ?us cond5s$1 falls at once 7:i* is :at ,i suppose is vulg>ly call$ ! break+ ( ! sp\t7 & 9 ! int]val1 betwe5 ?is p]iod & t ( ! next set ( p>ticles be+ ready to unite1 ! sp\t %uts up4 ,s t if ?is reason+ is j1 ^! ph5om5a agree ) my hypo!sis4 ,! usual temp] ( ! air1 at ! "t ( _! appe>ance1 if ,i h a "r in=mation1 is = me to2 x be+ !n pretty cool = ! season & climate2 & ?is is wor? rem>k1 because cool air is weighty1 & w n asc5d2 besides1 :5 ! air gr[s cool1 x %ews t ! upp] region desc5ds1 & conveys ?is temp] d[n2 & :5 ! temp]s are equal1 no :irlw9d c take place4 ,b sp\ts h be5 kn[n1 :5 ! l[] region has be5 really cold4 ,gordon's sp\t 9 ! ,d[ns is an in/ance ( ?is--7,vide ,philosophical ,transactions7--:]e ! upp] region 0 probably n at all cool]1 if s cold z ! l[]3 x 0 a cold day 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 hail foll[$1 b n sn[1 & x is obs]vable1 t n s mu* z hail foll[s or accompanies !m 9 mod]ate seasons or climes1 :5 & :]e !y are mo/ frequ5t4 ,h[ev]1 x is n improbable1 t j ab\t ! place ( desc5t may be cool] ?an ! neighb\r+ p>ts1 & s fav\r ! wond]ful cel]ity ( cond5sation4 ,b1 aft] all1 %\ld we all[ ! "u region to be ev] s mu* ! hotte/1 & a :irlw9d to take place 9 x3 suppose !n ! sea-wat] to asc5d1 x w\ld c]ta9ly cool ! sp\t1 & !n1 qu]y1 :e!r x w\ld n v mu*1 if n :olly1 ob/ruct its progress4 ,x commonly ra9s :5 sp\ts disappe>1 if x did n be=e1 :i* x frequ5tly does n1 by ! be/ acc\nts ,i h _h2 b ! cl\d encreases mu* fa/] aft] !y disappe>1 & x soon ra9s4 ,! fir/ %ews ! sp\t to be a contract$ ra91 in/ead ( ! diffus$ "o t foll[s2 & ! latt] t ! cl\d 0 n =m$ by asc5d+ wat]1 = !n x w\ld h ceas$ gr[+ :5 ! sp\t vani%$4 ,h[ev]1 x seems t sp\ts h sometimes appe>$ aft] x began to ra92 b ?is is "o way a pro( ( my hypo!sis1 viz4 z :irlw9ds d n come "u a cl\d4 ,i =got to m5tion1 t ! increase ( cl\d1 :ile ! sp\t subsi/s1 is no argum5t ( an asc5t ( wat]1 by ! sp\t4 ,s9ce ?und]-cl\ds sometimes encrease greatly :ile x ra9s v h>d4 ,div]s effects ( sp\ts seem n s well acc\nt$ = any o!r way z by desc5t4 ,! bu% r\nd ! feet ( !m seems to be a great spray ( wat] made by ! viol5ce ( desc5t1 l t 9 great falls ( wat] f high precipices4 ,! great ro>1 l "s va/ inl& falls1 is s diff]5t f ! ro> ( :irlw9ds1 by all ac\nts1 z to be no ways compatible4 ,! ?r[+ ?+s f x ) great =ce1 in/ead ( c>ry+ !m up into ! air1 is ano!r diff]5ce4 ,!re seems "s probability t ! sailors tradition>y belief1 t sp\ts may break 9 _! decks1 & s de/roy vessels1 might orig9ate f "s facts ( t sort 9 =m] times4 ,?is dang] is app>5t on my hypo!sis1 b x seems n s on ! o!r3 & my reason = x is1 t ! :ole column ( a sp\t f ! sea to ! cl\ds1 _c1 9 a natural way1 ev5 ^u ! l>ge/ supposition1 support m ?an ab\t ?ree feet wat]1 & f truly supposeable causes1 n above "o foot1 z may appe> m pla9ly by & by4 ,suppos+ n[ ! l>ge/ ( ^! quantities to rise1 x mu/ be dissem9at$ into drops1 f ! surface ( ! sea to ! region ( ! cl\ds1 or high]2 = ?is reason x is q unlikely to be collect$ into masses1 or a body1 ^u its fall+2 b w\ld desc5d 9 progression accord+ to ! sev]al degrees ( altitude ! diff]5t portions _h arriv$ at :5 x receiv$ ?is new det]m9ation4 ,n[ t !re _c m rise ^u ! common hypo!sis ?an ,i h m5tion$1 may appe> probable1 if we att5d to ! only effici5t cause 9 suppos$ asc5d+ sp\ts1 viz4 :irlw9ds4 ,we "k t ! r>efaction ( ! l[]1 & ! cond5sation ( ! upp] region ( air1 are ! only natural causes ( :irlw9ds4 ,let u !n suppose ! =m] z hot z _! greate/ summ] heat 9 ,engl&1 & ! latt] z cold z ! ext5t ( _! w9t]4 ,^! extremes h be5 f\nd !re to alt] ! weight ( ! air "o-t5?1 :i* is equal to a little m ?an ?ree feet wat]4 ,7 ?is case possible1 & a :irlw9d take place 9 x1 x might act ) a =ce equal to ! m5tion$ diff]5ce4 ,b z ?is is ! :ole /r5g?1 s mu* wat] c\ld n rise2 !re=e to all[ x due motion upw>ds1 we mu/ abate1 at lea/1 "o-f\r? "p1 p]haps m1 to give x su* a swift asc5sion z "s ?9k usual4 ,b "h sev]al difficulties occur1 at lea/ !y are s to me4 ,z1 :e!r ?is quantity w\ld r5d] ! sp\t opaque8 s9ce x is pla9 t 9 drops x c\ld n d s4 ,h[1 or by :at means x may be r$uc$ small en\gh8 or1 if ! wat] be n r$uc$ into vap\r1 :at w susp5d x 9 ! region ( ! cl\ds :5 exon]at$ !re8 ,&1 if vap\riz$ :ile asc5d+1 h[ c x be dang]\s by :at !y call ! break+8 ,= x is difficult to conceive h[ a cond5sative p[] %\ld in/antane\sly take place ( a r>efy+ & dissem9at+ "o4 ,! sudd5 fall ( ! sp\t1 or r1 ! sudd5 ceas+ ( x1 ,i acc\nt$ =1 9 my way1 be=e4 ,b x seems necess>y to m5tion some?+ ,i !n =got4 ,%\ld x be said to d s 7i4 e47 to fall1 because all ! l[] r>efi$ air is asc5d$1 :5ce ! :irlw9d mu/ cease1 & its burd5 drop2 ,i _c agree to ?is1 unless ! air be obs]v$ on a sudd5 to h gr[n mu* cold]1 :i* ,i _c le>n has be5 ! case4 ,or %\ld x be suppos$ t ! sp\t 01 on a sudd51 ob/ruct$ at ! top1 & ?is ! cause ( ! fall1 h[ev] plausible ?is might appe>1 yet no m wat] w\ld fall ?an :at 0 at ! same "t conta9$ 9 ! column1 :i* is (t51 by _m & satisfactory acc\nts to me1 aga9 f> f be+ ! case4 ,we are1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly assur$1 t n only tons1 b scores or hundr$s ( tons desc5d 9 "o sp\t4 ,scores ( tons m ?an c be conta9$ 9 ! trunk ( x1 %\ld we suppose wat] to asc5d4 ,b1 aft] all1 x does n appe> t ! above-m5tion$ diff]5t degrees ( heat & cold concur 9 any region :]e sp\ts usually happ51 nor1 inde$1 9 any o!r4 ,obs]vations on ! ,meteorological ,pap]2 by a ,g5tleman 9 ,connecticut4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #d1 #agef4 ,air & wat] mutually attract ea* o!r1 7sai? ,mr4 ,f47 h5ce wat] w dissolve 9 air1 z salt 9 wat]4 ,i ?9k t he ha? demon/rat$1 t ! support+ ( salt 9 wat] is n ow+ to its sup]ficies be+ increas$1 because ! specific gravity ( salt is n alt]$ by divid+ ( x1 any m ?an t ( lead1 sixte5 bullets ( :i*1 ( an ounce ea*1 weigh z mu* 9 wat] z "o ( a p\nd4 ,b yet1 :5 ?is came to be appli$ to ! support+ ( wat] 9 air1 ,i f\nd an objection ris+ 9 my m9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h always be5 lo? to seek = any new hypo!sis1 or p>ticul> law ( nature1 to acc\nt = any ?+ t may be acc\nt$ = f ! kn[n1 g5]al1 & univ]sal law ( nature2 x be+ an argum5t ( ! inf9ite wisdom ( ! au?or ( ! _w1 to effect s _m ?+s by "o g5]al law4 ,n[ ,i _h ?\ght t ! ris+ & support ( wat] 9 air1 might be acc\nt$ = f ! g5]al law ( gravitation1 by only suppos+ ! spaces occupi$ by ! same quantity ( wat] increas$4 ,&1 ) respect to ! lead1 ,i qu]i$ ?us 9 my own m9d2 :e!r if ! sup]ficies ( a bullet ( lead %\ld be increas$ f\r or five fold by an int]nal vacuity1 x w\ld weigh ! same 9 wat] z be=e4 ,i mean1 if a p\nd ( lead %\ld be =m$ into a holl[ globe1 empty )91 ^: sup]ficies %\ld be f\r or five times z big z t ( ! same lead :5 a solid lump1 x w\ld weigh z mu* 9 wat] z be=e4 ,i suppos$ x w\ld n4 ,if ?is concavity 0 fill$ ) wat]1 p]haps x might2 if ) air1 x w\ld weigh at lea/ z mu* less1 z ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( t includ$ air1 & t ( wat]4 ,n[ al?\gh ?is w\ld d no?+ to acc\nt = ! dissolution ( salt 9 wat]1 ! smalle/ lumps ( salt be+ no m holl[ sph]es1 or any ?+ ( ! l nature ?an ! greate/2 yet1 p]haps1 x might acc\nt = wat]'s ris+ & be+ support$ 9 air4 ,= y "k t su* holl[ globules1 or bubbles1 ab\nd ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* ev5 by ! brea? ( our m\?s1 we c cause to quit ! wat]1 & rise 9 ! air4 ,^! bubbles ,i us$ to suppose to be coats ( wat]1 conta9+ )9 !m air r>efi$ & exp&$ ) fire1 & t1 !re=e1 ! m friction & da%+ !re is ^u ! surface ( ! wat]s1 & ! m heat & fire1 ! m !y ab\nd4 ,& ,i us$ to ?9k1 t al?\gh wat] be specifically heavi] ?an air1 yet su* a bubble1 fill$ only ) fire & v r>efi$ air1 may be light] ?an a quantity ( common air1 ( ! same cubical dim5sions1 &1 !re=e1 asc5d2 = ! r>efi$ air inclos$1 may m fall %ort ( ! same bulk ( common air1 9 weight1 ?an ! wat]y coat exce$s a l bulk ( common air 9 gravity4 ,?is 0 ! objection 9 my m9d1 ?\gh1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i "k n h[ to acc\nt = ! wat]y coat's encompass+ ! air1 z above-m5tion$1 )\t all[+ ! attraction betwe5 air & wat]1 :i* ! g5tleman supposes2 s t ,i d n "k b t ?is objection1 exam9$ by t sagaci\s g5ius1 w be an additional confirmation ( ! hypo!sis4 ,! g5tleman obs]ves1 t a c]ta9 quantity ( moi/ure %\ld be e mom5t dis*>g$ & tak5 away f ! lungs2 & h5ce acc\nts = ! suffocat+ nature ( snuffs ( c&les1 z impregnat+ ! air ) grease1 betwe5 :i* & wat] !re is a natural repell5cy2 & ( air t ha? be5 frequ5tly brea!d 91 :i* is ov]load$ ) wat]1 &1 = t reason1 c take no m air4 ,p]haps ! same obs]vation w acc\nt = ! suffocat+ nature ( damps 9 wells4 ,b !n if ! air c support & take (f b su* a proportion ( wat]1 & x is necess>y t wat] be s tak5 (f f ! lungs1 ,i qu]i$ ) myself h[ x is we c brea! 9 an air full ( vap\rs1 s full z t !y cont9ually precipitat$4 ,d n we see ! air ov]load$1 & ca/+ =? wat] pl5tifully :5 !re is no suffocation8 ,! g5tleman aga9 obs]ves1 ,t ! air "u ! equator1 & betwe5 ! tropics1 be+ con/antly heat$ & r>efi$ by ! sun1 rises2 its place is suppli$ by air f nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes1 :i*1 com+ f p>ts :]e ! air & e>? _h less motion1 & n sudd5ly acquir+ ! quick] motion ( ! equatorial e>?1 appe>s an ea/ w9d bl[+ we/w>d2 ! e>? mov+ f we/ to ea/1 & slipp+ "u ! air4 ,9 read+ ?is1 two objections occurr$ to my m9d3 ,fir/1 t x is said1 ! trade-w9d do? n bl[ 9 ! =5oon1 b only 9 ! aft]noon4 ,secondly1 t ei!r ! motion ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn air t[>ds ! equator is s sl[1 z to acquire almo/ ! same motion z ! equatorial air :5 x arrives !re1 s t !re w be no s5sible diff]5ce2 or else ! motion ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn air t[>ds ! equator1 is quick]1 & mu/ be s5sible2 & !n ! trade-w9d mu/ appe> ei!r z a s\?-ea/ or nor?-ea/ w9d3 s\? ( ! equator1 a s\?-ea/ w9d2 nor? ( ! equator1 a nor?-ea/4 ,= ! app>5t w9d mu/ be comp\nd$ ( ?is motion f nor? to s\?1 or vice v]sa2 & ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 its motion f we/ to ea/1 & t ( ! equatorial air4 ,obs]vations 9 ,answ] to ! =ego+1 by ,b4 ,frankl94 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #d1 #agef4 #a/4 ,! suppos+ a mutual attraction betwe5 ! p>ticles ( wat] & air is n introduc+ a new law ( nature2 su* attractions tak+ place 9 _m o!r kn[n in/ances4 #b;dly4 ,wat] is specifically #hej times heavi] ?an air4 ,to r5d] a bubble ( wat]1 !n1 specifically light] ?an air1 x seems to me t x mu/ take up m ?an #hej times ! space x did be=e x =m$ ! bubble2 & )9 ! bubble %\ld be ei!r a vacuum or air r>efi$ m ?an #hej times4 ,if a vacuum1 w\ld n ! bubble be imm$iately cru%$ by ! weight ( ! atmosph]e8 ,& no heat1 we "k (1 w r>efy air any ?+ ne> s mu*2 mu* less ! common heat ( ! sun1 or t ( friction by ! da%+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,besides1 wat] agitat$ ev] s viol5tly produces no heat1 z has be5 f\nd by accurate exp]im5ts4 #c;dly4 ,a holl[ sph]e ( lead has a firmness & consi/5cy 9 x1 t a holl[ sph]e or bubble ( fluid unfroz5 wat] _c be suppos$ to h4 ,! lead may support ! pressure ( ! wat] x is imm]s$ 91 b ! bubble c\ld n support ! pressure ( ! air1 if empty )94 #d?ly4 ,0 ev] a visible bubble se5 to rise 9 air8 ,i h made _m1 :5 a boy1 ) soap-suds & a tobacco-pipe2 b !y all desc5d$ :5 loose f ! pipe1 ?\gh sl[ly1 ! air imp$+ _! motion4 ,!y may1 inde$1 be =c$ up by a w9d f bel[1 b d n rise ( !mselves1 ?\gh fill$ ) w>m brea?4 #e?ly4 ,! objection relat+ to our brea?+ moi/ air seems weighty1 & mu/ be f>!r consid]$4 ,! air t has be5 brea!d has1 d\btless1 acquir$ an addition ( ! p]spirable matt] :i* nature int5ds to free ! body f1 & :i* w\ld be p]nici\s if reta9$ & return$ into ! blood2 su* air !n may become unfit = respiration1 z well = t reason1 z on acc\nt ( its moi/ure4 ,yet ,i %\ld be glad to le>n1 by "s accurate exp]im5t1 :e!r a draft ( air1 two or ?ree times inspir$1 & expir$1 p]haps 9 a bladd]1 has1 or has n1 acquir$ m moi/ure ?an our common air 9 ! dampe/ wea!r4 ,z to ! precipitation ( wat] 9 ! air we brea!1 p]haps x is n always a m>k ( t air's be+ ov]load$4 ,9 ! region ( ! cl\ds1 inde$1 ! air mu/ be ov]load$ if x lets fall its wat] 9 drops1 :i* we call ra92 b ^? drops may fall ?r\gh a dri] air ne> ! e>?2 & accord+ly we f9d t ! hygroscope sometimes %ews a less degree ( moi/ure1 dur+ a %[]1 ?an at o!r times :5 x does n ra9 at all4 ,! dewy dampness1 t settles on ! insides ( our walls & wa9scots1 seems m c]ta9ly to d5ote an air ov]load$ ) moi/ure2 & yet ?is is no sure sign3 =1 aft] a long cont9u$ cold season1 if ! air gr[s sudd5ly w>m1 ! walls1 c4 cont9u+ long] _! coldness1 w1 = "s "t1 cond5se ! moi/ure ( su* air1 till !y gr[ equally w>m1 & !n !y cond5se no m1 ?\gh ! air is n become dri]4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] a w>m season1 if ! air gr[s cold1 ?\gh moi/] ?an be=e1 ! dew is n s apt to ga!r on ! walls4 ,a tank>d ( cold wat] w1 9 a hot & dry summ]'s day1 collect a dew on its outside2 a tank>d ( hot wat] w collect none 9 ! moi/e/ wea!r4 #f?ly4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a mi/ake t ! trade-w9ds bl[ only 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!y bl[ all day & all night1 & all ! ye> r\nd1 except 9 "s p>ticul> places4 ,! s\!rly sea-breezes on y\r coa/s1 inde$1 bl[ *iefly 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ! v long run f ! we/ side ( ,am]ica to ,guam1 among ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 %ips seldom h occasion to h& _! sails1 s equal & /eady is ! gale1 & yet !y make x 9 ab\t #fj days1 :i* c\ld n be if ! w9d blew only 9 ! aft]noon4 #g?ly4 ,t really is1 :i* ! g5tleman ju/ly supposes ought to be on my hypo!sis4 ,9 sail+ s\?w>d1 :5 y fir/ ent] ! trade-w9d1 y f9d x nor?-ea/1 or !reab\ts1 & x gradually gr[s m ea/ z y approa* ! l9e4 ,! same obs]vation is made ( its *ang+ f s\?-ea/ to ea/ gradually1 z y come f ! s\!rn latitudes to ! equator4 ,obs]vations on ! ,meteorological ,pap]2 s5t by a ,g5tleman#aj 9 ,new-,york to ,b4 ,frankl94 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #d1 #agef4 ,t p[] by :i* ! air exp&s itself1 y attribute to a mutual repell+ p[] 9 ! p>ticles :i* compose ! air1 by :i* !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r ) "s degree ( =ce3 n[ ?is =ce1 on ?is supposition1 mu/ n only act :5 ! p>ticles are 9 mutual contact1 b likewise :5 !y are at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,h[ c two bodies1 :e!r !y be great or small1 act at any di/ance1 :e!r t di/ance be small or great1 )\t some?+ int]m$iate on :i* !y act8 ,= if any body act on ano!r1 at any di/ance f x1 h[ev] small t di/ance be1 )\t "s m$ium to cont9ue ! action1 x mu/ act :]e x is n1 :i* to me seems absurd4 ,x seems to me1 = ! same reason1 equally absurd to give a mutual attractive p[] betwe5 any o!r p>ticles suppos$ to be at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 )\t any ?+ int]m$iate to cont9ue _! mutual action4 ,i c nei!r attract nor repel any ?+ at a di/ance1 )\t some?+ betwe5 my h& & t ?+1 l a /r+1 or a /ick2 nor c ,i conceive any mutual action )\t "s middle ?+1 :5 ! action is cont9u$ to "s di/ance4 ,! encrease ( ! surface ( any body less5s its weight1 bo? 9 air1 & wat]1 or any o!r fluid1 z appe>s by ! sl[ desc5t ( leaf-gold 9 ! air4 ,! obs]vation ( ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! upp] & l[] air1 f heat & cold1 is good1 & ,i d n rememb] x is tak5 notice ( by o!rs2 ! consequ5ces also are well drawn2 b z to w9ds1 !y seem pr9cipally to arise f "s o!r cause4 ,w9ds g5]ally bl[ f "s l>ge tracts ( l&1 & f m\nta9s4 ,:]e ,i live1 on ! nor? side ( ! m\nta9s1 we frequ5tly h a /rong s\!rly w9d1 :5 !y h z /rong a nor!rly w9d1 or calm1 on ! o!r side ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,! cont9ual pass+ ( vessels on ,hudson's ,riv]1 ?r\gh ^! m\nta9s1 give frequ5t opportunities ( obs]v+ ?is4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> ! sea-w9d 7by a pi]c+ cold7 is always m uneasy to me1 accu/om$ to w9ds :i* pass ov] a tract ( l&1 ?an ! nor?-we/ w9d4 ,y h receiv$ ! common notion ( wat]-sp\ts1 :i*1 f my own ocul> obs]vation1 ,i am p]suad$ is a false conception4 ,9 a voyage to ! ,we/-,indies1 ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ _m wat]-sp\ts4 ,"o ( !m pass$ ne>] ?an ?irty or =ty y>ds to ! vessel ,i 0 91 :i* ,i view$ ) a good deal ( att5tion2 & ?\gh x be n[ =ty ye>s s9ce ,i saw x1 x made s /rong an impression on me1 t ,i v di/9ctly rememb] x4 ,^! wat]-sp\ts 7 9 ! calm latitudes1 t is1 betwe5 ! trade & ! v>iable w9ds1 9 ! mon? ( ,july4 ,t sp\t :i* pass$ s ne> u 0 an inv]t$ cone1 ) ! tip or apex t[>ds ! sea1 & rea*$ )9 ab\t eight feet ( ! surface ( ! sea1 its basis 9 a l>ge black cl\d4 ,we 7 entirely becalm$4 ,x pass$ sl[ly by ! vessel4 ,i c\ld pla9ly obs]ve1 t a viol5t /ream ( w9d issu$ f ! sp\t1 :i* made a holl[ ( ab\t six feet diamet] 9 ! surface ( ! wat]1 & rais$ ! wat] 9 a circul> unev5 r+ r\nd ! holl[1 9 ! same mann] t a /rong bla/ f a pair ( bell[s w\ld d :5 ! pipe is plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! wat]2 & we pla9ly he>d ! same hiss+ noise :i* su* a bla/ ( w9d mu/ produce on ! wat]4 ,i am v sure !re 0 no?+ l ! suck+ ( wat] f ! sea into ! sp\t1 unless ! spray1 :i* 0 rais$ 9 a r+ to a small height1 c\ld be mi/ak5 = a rais+ ( wat]4 ,i c\ld pla9ly di/+ui% a di/ance ( ab\t eight feet betwe5 ! sea & ! tip ( ! cone1 9 :i* no?+ int]rupt$ ! sight1 :i* mu/ h be51 _h ! wat] be5 rais$ f ! sea4 ,9 ! same voyage ,i saw sev]al o!r sp\ts at a great] di/ance1 b none ( !m ^: tip ( ! cone came s ne> ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 "s ( !m ! axis ( ! cone 0 consid]ably incl9$ f ! p]p5dicul>1 b 9 none ( !m 0 !re ! lea/ appe>ance ( suck+ up ( wat]4 ,o!rs ( !m 7 b5t or ar*$4 ,i believe t a /ream ( w9d issu$ f all ( !m1 & x is f ?is /ream ( w9d t vessels are (t5 ov]set1 or f\nd] at sea sudd5ly4 ,i h he>d ( vessels be+ ov]set :5 x 0 p]fectly calm1 ! in/ant be=e ! /ream ( w9d /ruck !m1 & imm$iately aft] !y 7 ov]set2 :i* c\ld n o!rwise be b by su* a /ream ( w9d f a cl\d4 ,t w9d is g5]at$ 9 cl\ds w n admit ( a dispute4 ,n[ if su* w9d be g5]at$ )9 ! body ( ! cl\d1 & issue 9 "o p>ticul> place1 :ile x f9ds no passage 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! cl\d1 ,i ?9k x may n be difficult to acc\nt = all ! appe>ances 9 wat]-sp\ts2 & f h5ce ! reason ( break+ ^? sp\ts1 by fir+ a cannon-ball ?r\gh !m1 z !reby a horizontal v5t is giv5 to ! w9d4 ,:5 ! w9d is sp5t1 :i* dilat$ ! cl\d1 or ! f]m5tation ceases1 :i* g5]ates ! air & w9d1 ! cl\ds may desc5d 9 a prodigi\s fall ( wat] or ra94 ,a rem>kable inte/9e motion1 l a viol5t f]m5tation1 is v obs]vable 9 ! cl\d f :5ce ! sp\t issues4 ,no salt-wat]1 ,i am p]suad$1 0 ev] obs]v$ to fall f ! cl\ds1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h happ5$ if sea-wat] _h be5 rais$ by a sp\t4 ,,footnote3 #aj ,mr4 ,cadwallad] ,cold54 ,editor4 ,answ] to ! =ego+ ,obs]vations1 by ,b4 ,frankl94 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,,nov4 #d1 #agef4 ,i agree ) y1 t x seems absurd to suppose t a body c act :]e x is n4 ,i h no idea ( bodies at a di/ance attract+ or repell+ "o ano!r )\t ! assi/ance ( "s m$ium1 ?\gh ,i "k n :at t m$ium is1 or h[ x op]ates4 ,:5 ,i speak ( attraction or repulsion1 ,i make use ( ^? words = want ( o!rs m prop]1 & int5d only to express effects :i* ,i see1 & n causes ( :i* ,i am ignorant4 ,:5 ,i press a bl[n bladd] betwe5 my knees1 & f9d ,i _c br+ its sides toge!r1 b my knees feel a spr+y matt]1 pu%+ !m back to a great] di/ance1 or repell+ !m1 ,i conclude t ! air x conta9s is ! cause4 ,& :5 ,i op]ate on ! air1 & f9d ,i _c by pressure =ce its p>ticles into contact1 b !y /ill spr+ back aga9/ ! pressure1 ,i conceive !re mu/ be "s m$ium betwe5 its p>ticles t prev5ts _! clos+1 ?\gh ,i _c tell :at x is4 ,& if ,i 7 acqua9t$ ) t m$ium1 & f\nd its p>ticles to approa* & rec$e f ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! pressure !y suff]$1 ,i %\ld imag9e !re mu/ be "s f9] m$ium betwe5 !m1 by :i* ^! op]ations 7 p]=m$4 ,i all[ t increase ( ! surface ( a body may occasion x to desc5d sl[] 9 air1 wat]1 or any o!r fluid2 b d n conceive1 !re=e1 t x less5s its weight4 ,:]e ! increas$ surface is s dispos$ z t 9 its fall+ a great] quantity ( ! fluid x s9ks 9 mu/ be mov$ out ( its way1 a great] "t is requir$ = su* removal4 ,f\r squ>e feet ( %eet-lead s9k+ 9 wat] broadways1 _c desc5d ne> s fa/ z x w\ld edgeways1 yet its weight 9 ! hydro/atic balance w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 be ! same1 :e!r susp5d$ by ! middle or by ! corn]4 ,i make no d\bt b t ridges ( high m\nta9s d (t5 int]rupt1 /op1 rev]b]ate1 or turn ! w9ds t bl[ aga9/ !m1 accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? ( ! w9ds1 & angles ( incid5ce4 ,i suppose1 too1 t ! cold upp] p>ts ( m\nta9s may cond5se ! w>m] air t comes ne> !m1 & s by mak+ x specifically heavi]1 cause x to desc5d on "o or bo? sides ( ! ridge into ! w>m] valleys1 :i* w seem a w9d bl[+ f ! m\nta94 ,damp w9ds1 ?\gh n cold] by ! !rmomet]1 give a m uneasy s5sation ( cold ?an dry ones2 because 7to speak l an electrician7 !y conduct bett]2 t is1 are bett] fitt$ to convey away ! heat f our bodies4 ,! body _c feel )\t itself2 our s5sation ( cold is n 9 ! air )\t ! body1 b 9 ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* h be5 depriv$ ( _! heat by ! air4 ,my desk1 & its lock1 are1 ,i suppose1 ( ! same temp]am5t :5 !y h be5 long expos$ to ! same air2 b n[ if ,i lay my h& on ! wood1 x does n seem s cold to me z ! lock2 because 7z ,i imag9e7 wood is n s good a conductor1 to receive & convey away ! heat f my sk91 & ! adjac5t fle%1 z metal is4 ,take a piece ( wood1 ( ! size & %ape ( a doll>1 betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] ( "o h&1 & a doll>1 9 l mann]1 ) ! o!r h&2 place ! edges ( bo?1 at ! same "t1 9 ! flame ( a c&le2 & ?\gh ! edge ( ! wood5 piece takes flame1 & ! metal piece does n1 yet y w be oblig$ to drop ! latt] be=e ! =m]1 x conduct+ ! heat m sudd5ly to y\r f+]s4 ,?us we c1 )\t pa91 h&le glass & *9a cups fill$ ) hot liquors1 z tea1 c4 b n silv] ones4 ,a silv] tea-pot mu/ h a wood5 h&le4 ,p]haps x is = ! same reason t wooll5 g>m5ts keep ! body w>m] ?an l95 ones equally ?ick2 wooll5 keep+ ! natural heat 91 or1 9 o!r words1 n conduct+ x out to air4 ,9 reg>d to wat]-sp\ts1 hav+1 9 a long lett] to a g5tleman ( ! same s5tim5t ) y z to _! direction1 said all t ,i h to say 9 support ( my op9ion2 ,i ne$ n repeat ! argum5ts !re9 conta9$1 z ,i int5d to s5d y a copy ( x by "s o!r opportunity1 = y\r p]usal4 ,i imag9e y w f9d all ! appe>ances y saw1 acc\nt$ = by my hypo!sis4 ,i ?ank y = communicat+ ! acc\nt ( !m4 ,at pres5t ,i w\ld only say1 t ! op9ion ( w9ds be+ g5]at$ 9 cl\ds by f]m5tation1 is new to me1 & ,i am unacqua9t$ ) ! facts on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,i likewise f9d x difficult to conceive ( w9ds conf9$ 9 ! body ( cl\ds1 :i* ,i imag9e h little m solidity ?an ! fogs on ! e>?'s surface4 ,! objection f ! fre%ness ( ra9-wat] is a /rong "o1 b ,i ?9k ,i h answ]$ x 9 ! lett] above-m5tion$1 to :i* ,i mu/ beg leave1 at pres5t1 to ref] y4 ,9 ,mr4 ,coll9son's edition1 !re foll[$ "h1 sev]al extracts1 on wat]-sp\ts1 f ,dampi]'s ,voyages1 :i*1 z ,dampi]'s book is by no means sc>ce1 & is consequ5tly accessible to ! read]1 we h omitt$1 & %all cont5t ourselves ) giv+ ! ref]5ces4 ,! extracts are ?ree4 ,! fir/ is f ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #dea4 ,! second & ?ird f ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ahb & #bbc4 ,g5tleman ( ,new ,york 9 ,reply4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,decemb] #f1 #agef4 ,april #b1 #aged4 ,any k ,i h ( ! w9ds1 & o!r *anges :i* happ5 9 ! atmosph]e1 is s v defective1 t x does n des]ve ! "n2 nei!r h ,i receiv$ any satisfaction f ! attempts ( o!rs on ?is subject4 ,x des]ves !n y\r ?\ghts1 z a subject 9 :i* y may di/+ui% y\rself1 & be useful4 ,y\r notion ( "s ?+s conduct+ heat or cold bett] ?an o!rs pleases me1 & ,i wi% y may pursue ! sc5t4 ,if ,i rememb] "r1 ,dr4 ,bo]haave1 9 8 *ymi/ry1 ?9ks t heat is propagat$ by ! vibration ( a subtle ela/ic fluid1 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & ?r\gh all bodies4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton says1 !re are _m ph5om5a to prove ! exi/5ce ( su* a fluid2 & ?is op9ion has my ass5t to x4 ,i %all only obs]ve t x is ess5tially diff]5t f t :i* ,i call e!r2 = e!r1 prop]ly speak+1 is nei!r a fluid nor ela/ic2 its p[] consi/s 9 re-act+ any action communicat$ to x1 ) ! same =ce x receives ! action4 ,i long to see y\r explication ( wat]-sp\ts1 b ,i mu/ tell y be=e-h&1 t x w n be easy = y to conv9ce me t ! pr9cipal ph5om5a 7 n occasion$ by a /ream ( w9d issu+ ) great =ce1 my eyes & e>s bo? concurr+ to give me ?is s5tim5t1 ,i c\ld h no m evid5ce ?an to feel ! effects1 :i* ,i _h no incl9ation to d4 ,x surprises me a little1 t w9d1 g5]at$ by f]m5tation1 is new to y1 s9ce x may be e day obs]v$ 9 f]m5t+ liquor4 ,y "k ) :at =ce f]m5t+ liquors w bur/ ! vessels :i* conta9 !m1 if ! g5]at$ w9d h n v5t2 & ) :at =ce x issues on giv+ x a small v5t1 or by draw+ ! cork ( a bottle4 ,dr4 ,bo]haave says1 t ! /eam issu+ f f]m5t+ liquors receiv$ ?r\gh a v small v5t-hole1 into ! nose1 w kill z sudd5ly & c]ta9ly z lightn+4 ,t air is g5]at$ by f]m5tation1 ,i ?9k y w f9d fully prov$ 9 ,dr4 ,hales's ,analysis ( ! ,air1 9 8 ,vegetable ,/atics4 ,if y h n read ! book1 y h a new pleasure to come4 ,! solution y give to ! objection ,i made f ! contr>y w9ds bl[+ f ! opposite sides ( ! m\nta9s1 f _! be+ eddies1 does n please me1 because ! ext5t ( ^! w9ds is by f> too l>ge to be occasion$ by any eddy4 ,x is =ty miles f ,new ,york to our m\nta9s1 ?r\gh :i* ,hudson's ,riv] passes4 ,! riv] runs twelve miles 9 ! m\nta9s1 & f ! nor? side ( ! m\nta9s x is ab\t n9ety miles to ,albany4 ,i h myself be5 on bo>d a vessel m ?an once1 :5 we h _h a /rong nor!rly w9d aga9/ u1 all ! way f ,new ,york1 = two or ?ree days4 ,we h met vessels f ,albany1 :o assur$ u1 t1 on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9s1 !y _h1 at ! same "t1 a /rong cont9u$ s\!rly w9d aga9/ !m2 & ?is frequ5tly happ5s4 ,i h frequ5tly se51 bo? on ! riv]1 9 places :]e !re c\ld be no eddy-we$s1 & on ! op5 sea1 two vessels sail+ ) contr>y w9ds1 )9 half a mile ( ea* o!r2 b ?is happ5s only 9 easy w9ds1 & g5]ally calm 9 o!r places ne> ^! w9ds4 ,y h1 no d\bt1 frequ5tly obs]v$ a s+le cl\d pass1 f :i* a viol5t gu/ ( w9d issues1 b ( no great ext5t4 ,i h obs]v$ su* a gu/ make a lane ?r\gh ! woods1 ( "s miles 9 l5g?1 by lay+ ! trees flat to ! gr\nd1 & n above eight or t5 *a9s 9 bread?4 ,?\gh ! viol5ce ( ! w9d be 9 ! same direction 9 :i* ! cl\d moves & prec$es x1 yet w9d issues f all sides ( x2 s t suppos+ ! cl\d moves s\?-ea/]ly1 ^? on ! nor?-ea/ side ( x feel a s\?-we/ w9d1 & o!rs on ! s\?-we/ side1 a nor?-ea/4 ,& :]e ! cl\d passes ov]1 we frequ5tly h a s\?-ea/ w9d f ! h9d] "p ( x1 b none viol5t1 except ! w9d 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! cl\d moves4 ,to %ew :at x is :i* prev5ts ! w9d f issu+ out equally on all sides1 is n an easy problem to me1 & ,i %all n attempt to solve x2 b :5 y %all %[ :at x is :i* re/ra9s ! electrical fluid f spread+ itself into ! air surr\nd+ x1 :5 x ru%es ) great viol5ce ?r\gh ! air along1 or 9 ! conductor1 = a great ext5t 9 l5g?1 !n ,i may hope to expla9 ! o!r problem1 & remove ! difficulty we h 9 conceiv+ x4 ,,to ,,pet] ,,coll9son1 ,,esq4 ,,london4 ,acc\nt ( a ,:irlw9d at ,m>yl&4 ,philadelphia1 ,aug4 #be1 #agee4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,z y h my =m] pap]s on :irlw9ds1 c4 ,i n[ s5d y an acc\nt ( "o :i* ,i _h lately an opportunity ( see+ & exam9+ myself4 ,be+ 9 ,m>yl&1 rid+ ) ,colonel ,task]1 & "s o!r g5tlem51 to 8 c\ntry seat1 :]e ,i & my son 7 ent]ta9$ by t amiable & wor?y man ) great hospitality & k9dness1 we saw1 9 ! vale bel[ u1 a small :irlw9d beg9n+ 9 ! road1 & %ew+ itself by ! du/ x rais$ & conta9$4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a sug>-loaf1 sp9n+ on its po9t1 mov+ up ! hill t[>ds u1 & enl>g+ z x came =w>d4 ,:5 x pass$ by u1 its small] "p ne> ! gr\nd appe>$ no bigg] ?an a common b>rel1 b wid5+ upw>ds1 x seem$1 at =ty or fifty feet high1 to be tw5ty or ?irty feet 9 diamet]4 ,! re/ ( ! company /ood look+ aft] x1 b my curiosity be+ /rong]1 ,i foll[$ x1 rid+ close by its side1 & obs]v$ its lick+ up1 9 its progress1 all ! du/ t 0 "u its small] "p4 ,z x is a common op9ion t a %ot1 fir$ ?r\gh a wat]-sp\t1 w break x1 ,i tri$ to break ?is little :irlw9d1 by /rik+ my :ip frequ5tly ?r\gh x1 b )\t any effect4 ,soon aft]1 x quitt$ ! road & took into ! woods1 gr[+ e mom5t l>g] & /rong]1 rais+1 in/ead ( du/1 ! old dry leaves ) :i* ! gr\nd 0 ?ick cov]$1 & mak+ a great noise ) !m & ! bran*es ( ! trees1 b5d+ "s tall trees r\nd 9 a circle swiftly & v surpris+ly1 ?\gh ! progressive motion ( ! :irl 0 n s swift b t a man on foot might h kept pace ) x1 b ! circul> motion 0 amaz+ly rapid4 ,by ! leaves x 0 n[ fill$ )1 ,i c\ld pla9ly p]ceive t ! curr5t ( air !y 7 driv5 by mov$ upw>ds 9 a spiral l9e2 & :5 ,i saw ! pass+ :irl cont9ue entire1 aft] leav+ ! trunks & bodies ( l>ge trees :i* x _h envelop$1 ,i no long] wond]$ t my :ip _h no effect on x 9 its small] /ate4 ,i accompani$ x ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile1 till "s limbs ( dead trees1 brok5 (f by ! :irl1 fly+ ab\t1 & fall+ ne> me1 made me m appreh5sive ( dang]2 & !n ,i /opp$1 look+ at ! top ( x z x w5t on1 :i* 0 visible1 by means ( ! leaves conta9$ 9 x1 = a v great height above ! trees4 ,_m ( ! leaves1 z !y got loose f ! upp] & wide/ "p1 7 scatt]$ 9 ! w9d2 b s great 0 _! height 9 ! air1 t !y appe>$ no bigg] ?an flies4 ,my son1 :o 01 by ?is "t1 come up ) me1 foll[$ ! :irlw9d till x left ! woods1 & cross$ an old tobacco-field1 :]e1 f9d+ nei!r du/ nor leaves to take up1 x gradually became invisible bel[ z x w5t away ov] t field4 ,! c\rse ( ! g5]al w9d !n bl[+ 0 along ) u z we travell$1 & ! progressive motion ( ! :irlw9d 0 9 a direction ne>ly opposite1 ?\gh x did n keep a /rait l9e1 nor 0 its progressive motion uni=m1 x mak+ little sallies on ei!r h& z x w5t1 proce$+ sometimes fa/]1 & sometimes sl[]1 & seem+ sometimes = a few seconds almo/ /ation>y1 !n />t+ =w>ds pretty fa/ aga94 ,:5 we rejo9$ ! company1 !y 7 admir+ ! va/ height ( ! leaves n[ br\ght by ! common w9d1 ov] our heads4 ,^! leaves accompani$ u z we travell$1 "s fall+ n[ & !n r\nd ab\t u1 & "s n rea*+ ! gr\nd till we _h gone ne> ?ree miles f ! place :]e we fir/ saw ! :irlw9d beg94 ,^u my ask+ ,colonel ,task] if su* :irlw9ds 7 common 9 ,m>yl&1 he answ]$ pleasantly1 ,no1 n at all common1 b we got ?is on purpose to treat ,mr4 ,frankl94 ,& a v high treat x 0 to1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r affectionate fri5d & humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,alex&] ,,small1 ,,london4 ,on ! ,nor?-,ea/ ,/orms 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,may #ab1 #agfj4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,agreeable to y\r reque/1 ,i s5d y my reasons = ?9k+ t our nor?-ea/ /orms 9 ,nor? ,am]ica beg9 fir/1 9 po9t ( "t1 9 ! s\?-we/ p>ts3 t is to say1 ! air 9 ,georgia1 ! f>!/ ( our colonies to ! s\?-we/1 beg9s to move s\?-we/]ly be=e ! air ( ,c>ol9a1 :i* is ! next colony nor?-ea/w>d2 ! air ( ,c>ol9a has ! same motion be=e ! air ( ,virg9ia1 :i* lies /ill m nor?-ea/w>d2 & s on nor?-ea/]ly ?r\gh ,p5sylvania1 ,new-,york1 ,new-,engl&1 c4 q to ,newf\ndl&4 ,^! nor?-ea/ /orms are g5]ally v viol5t1 cont9ue sometimes two or ?ree days1 & (t5 d consid]able damage 9 ! h>b\rs along ! coa/4 ,!y are att5d$ ) ?ick cl\ds & ra94 ,:at fir/ gave me ?is idea1 0 ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 a few m or less1 ,i _c f my memory be c]ta91 we 7 to h an eclipse ( ! moon at ,philadelphia1 on a ,friday ev5+1 ab\t n9e o'clock4 ,i int5d$ to obs]ve x1 b 0 prev5t$ by a nor?-ea/ /orm1 :i* came on ab\t sev51 ) ?ick cl\ds z usual1 t q obscur$ ! :ole hemisph]e4 ,yet :5 ! po/ br\ght u ! ,bo/on news-pap]1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! effects ( ! same /orm 9 ^? p>ts1 ,i f\nd ! beg9n+ ( ! eclipse _h be5 well obs]v$ !re1 ?\gh ,bo/on lies ,n4 ,e4 ( ,philadelphia ab\t f\r hundr$ miles4 ,?is puzzl$ me1 because ! /orm began ) u s soon z to prev5t any obs]vation1 & be+ a nor?-ea/ /orm1 ,i imag9$ x mu/ h begun r soon] 9 places f>!r to ! nor?-ea/-w>d ?an x did at ,philadelphia4 ,i !re=e m5tion$ x 9 a lett] to my bro!r1 :o liv$ at ,bo/on2 & he in=m$ me ! /orm did n beg9 ) !m till ne> elev5 o'clock1 s t !y _h a good obs]vation ( ! eclipse3 & ^u comp>+ all ! o!r acc\nts ,i receiv$ f ! sev]al colonies1 ( ! "t ( beg9n+ ( ! same /orm1 & s9ce t ( o!r /orms ( ! same k9d1 ,i f\nd ! beg9n+ to be always lat] ! f>!r nor?-ea/w>d4 ,i h n my notes ) me "h 9 ,engl&1 & _c1 f memory1 say ! proportion ( "t to di/ance1 b ,i ?9k x is ab\t an h\r to e hundr$ miles4 ,f !nce ,i =m$ an idea ( ! cause ( ^! /orms1 :i* ,i w\ld expla9 by a famili> in/ance or two4--,suppose a long canal ( wat] /opp$ at ! end by a gate4 ,! wat] is q at re/ till ! gate is op51 !n x beg9s to move out ?r\gh ! gate2 ! wat] next ! gate is fir/ 9 motion1 & moves t[>ds ! gate2 ! wat] next to t fir/ wat] moves next1 & s on successively1 till ! wat] at ! head ( ! canal is 9 motion1 :i* is la/ ( all4 ,9 ?is case all ! wat] moves inde$ t[>ds ! gate1 b ! successive times ( beg9n+ motion are ! contr>y way1 viz4 f ! gate backw>ds to ! head ( ! canal4 ,aga91 suppose ! air 9 a *amb] at re/1 no curr5t ?r\gh ! room till y make a fire 9 ! *imney4 ,imm$iately ! air 9 ! *imney be+ r>efi$ by ! fire rises2 ! air next ! *imney fl[s 9 to supply its place1 mov+ t[>ds ! *imney2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! re/ ( ! air successively1 q back to ! door4 ,?us to produce our nor?-ea/ /orms1 ,i suppose "s great heat & r>efaction ( ! air 9 or ab\t ! ,gulph ( ,mexico2 ! air !nce ris+ has its place suppli$ by ! next m nor!rn1 cool]1 & !re=e d5s] & heavi]1 air2 t1 be+ 9 motion1 is foll[$ by ! next m nor!rn air1 c4 c4 9 a successive curr5t1 to :i* curr5t our coa/ & inl& ridge ( m\nta9s give ! direction ( nor?-ea/1 z !y lie ,n4 ,e4 & ,s4 ,w4 ,?is ,i (f] only z an hypo!sis to acc\nt = ?is p>ticul> fact2 & p]haps1 on f>!r exam9ation1 a bett] & tru] may be f\nd4 ,i d n suppose all /orms g5]at$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,our nor?-we/ ?und]-gu/s 9 ,am]ica1 ,i "k are n2 b ( !m ,i h writt5 my op9ion fully 9 a pap] :i* y h se54 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,meteorological ,imag9ations & ,conjectures#aa4 ,!re seems to be a region high] 9 ! air ov] all c\ntries1 :]e x is always w9t]1 :]e fro/ exi/s cont9ually1 s9ce 9 ! mid/ ( summ]1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 ice falls (t5 f above 9 ! =m ( hail4 ,hail/ones1 ( ! great weight we sometimes f9d !m1 did n probably acquire _! magnitude be=e !y began to desc5d4 ,! air1 be+ eight hundr$ times r>] ?an wat]1 is unable to support x b 9 ! %ape ( vap\r1 a /ate 9 :i* its p>ticles are sep>at$4 ,z soon z !y are cond5s$ by ! cold ( ! upp] region1 s z to =m a drop1 t drop beg9s to fall4 ,if x freezes into a gra9 ( ice1 t ice desc5ds4 ,9 desc5d+1 bo? ! drop ( wat] & ! gra9 ( ice are augm5t$ by p>ticles ( ! vap\r !y pass ?r\gh 9 fall+1 & :i* !y cond5se by coldness1 & atta* to !mselves4 ,x is possible t1 9 summ]1 mu* ( :at is ra91 :5 x arrives at ! surface ( ! e>?1 might h be5 sn[ :5 x began its desc5t2 b be+ ?aw$1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! w>m air ne> ! surface1 x is *ang$ f sn[ into ra94 ,h[ imm5sely cold mu/ be ! orig9al p>ticle ( hail1 :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! future hail/one1 s9ce x is capable ( communicat+ suffici5t cold1 if ,i may s speak1 to freeze all ! mass ( vap\r cond5s$ r\nd x1 & =m a lump ( p]haps six or eight ounces 9 weight6 ,:51 9 summ] "t1 ! sun is high1 & cont9ues long e day above ! horizon1 8 rays /rike ! e>? m directly1 & ) long] cont9uance1 ?an 9 ! w9t]2 h5ce ! surface is m heat$1 & to a great] dep?1 by ! effect ( ^? rays4 ,:5 ra9 falls on ! heat$ e>?1 & soaks d[n into x1 x c>ries d[n ) x a great "p ( ! heat1 :i* by t means desc5ds /ill deep]4 ,! mass ( e>?1 to ! dep? p]haps ( ?irty feet1 be+ ?us heat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 cont9ues to reta9 its heat = "s "t4 ,?us ! fir/ sn[s t fall 9 ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 seldom lie long on ! surface1 b are soon melt$1 & soon absorb$4 ,aft] :i*1 ! w9ds1 t bl[ ov] ! c\ntry on :i* ! sn[s _h fall51 are n r5d]$ s cold z !y w\ld h be51 by ^? sn[s1 if !y _h rema9$1 & ?us ! approa* ( ! sev]ity ( w9t] is ret>d$2 & ! extreme degree ( its cold is n always at ! "t we might expect x1 viz4 :5 ! sun is at its greate/ di/ance1 & ! day %orte/1 b "s "t aft] t p]iod1 accord+ to ! ,engli% prov]b1 :i* says1 z ! day l5g!ns1 ! cold /r5g!ns2 ! causes ( refrig]ation cont9u+ to op]ate1 :ile ! sun returns too sl[ly1 & 8 =ce cont9ues too weak to c\nt]act !m4 ,dur+ sev]al ( ! summ] mon?s ( ! ye> #aghc1 :5 ! effects ( ! sun's rays to heat ! e>? 9 ^! nor!rn regions %\ld h be5 ! greate/1 !re exi/$ a con/ant fog ov] all ,europe1 & great "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is fog 0 ( a p]man5t nature3 x 0 dry1 & ! rays ( ! sun seem$ to h little effect t[>ds dissipat+ x1 z !y easily d a moi/ fog1 aris+ f wat]4 ,!y 7 inde$ r5d]$ s fa9t 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 t :5 collect$ 9 ! focus ( a burn+ glass1 !y w\ld sc>ce k9dle br[n pap]4 ,( c\rse1 _! summ] effect 9 heat+ ! e>? 0 exce$+ly dim9i%$4 ,h5ce ! surface 0 e>ly froz54 ,h5ce ! fir/ sn[s rema9$ on x unmelt$1 & receiv$ cont9ual additions4 ,h5ce p]haps ! w9t] ( #aghc-d1 0 m sev]e ?an any t _h happ5$ = _m ye>s4 ,! cause ( ?is univ]sal fog is n yet asc]ta9$4 ,:e!r x 0 adv5titi\s to ?is e>?1 & m]ely a smoke proce$+ f ! consumption by fire ( "s ( ^? great burn+ balls or globes :i* we happ5 to meet ) 9 our rapid c\rse r\nd ! sun1 & :i* are sometimes se5 to k9dle & be de/roy$ 9 pass+ our atmosph]e1 & ^: smoke might be attract$ & reta9$ by our e>?2 or :e!r x 0 ! va/ quantity ( smoke1 long cont9u+ to issue dur+ ! summ] f ,hecla1 9 ,icel&1 & t o!r volcano :i* arose out ( ! sea ne> t isl&1 :i* smoke might be spread by v>i\s w9ds1 ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ! _w1 is yet unc]ta94 ,x seems h[ev] wor? ! enquiry1 :e!r o!r h>d w9t]s1 record$ 9 hi/ory1 7 prec$$ by simil> p]man5t & widely ext5d$ summ] fogs4 ,because1 if f\nd to be s1 m5 might f su* fogs conjecture ! probability ( a succe$+ h>d w9t]1 & ( ! damage to be expect$ by ! break+ up ( froz5 riv]s 9 ! spr+2 & take su* measures z are possible & practicable1 to secure !mselves & effects f ! mis*iefs t att5d$ ! la/4 ,passy1 ,may #aghd4 ,,footnote3 #aa ,?is pap] is tak5 f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cgc4 ,x 0 communicat$ by ,dr4 ,p]cival1 & read ,decemb] #bb1 #aghd4 ,editor4 ,suppositions & ,conjectures t[>ds =m+ an ,hypo!sis1 = ! ,explanation ( ! ,aurora ,borealis#ab4 #a4 ,air heat$ by any means1 becomes r>efi$1 & specifically light] ?an o!r air 9 ! same situation n heat$4 #b4 ,air be+ made ?us light] rises1 & ! neighb\r+ cool] heavi] air takes its place4 #c4 ,if 9 ! middle ( a room y heat ! air by a /ove1 or pot ( burn+ coals ne> ! floor1 ! heat$ air w rise to ! ceil+1 spread ov] ! cool] air till x comes to ! cold walls2 !re1 be+ cond5s$ & made heavi]1 x desc5ds to supply ! place ( t cool air1 :i* _h mov$ t[>ds ! /ove or fire1 9 ord] to supply ! place ( ! heat$ air1 :i* _h asc5d$ f ! space ar\nd ! /ove or fire4 #d4 ,?us !re w be a cont9ual circulation ( air 9 ! room2 :i* may be r5d]$ visible by mak+ a little smoke1 = t smoke w rise & circulate ) ! air4 #e4 ,a simil> op]ation is p]=m$ by nature on ! air ( ?is globe4 ,our atmosph]e is ( a c]ta9 height1 p]haps at a m$ium miles3 above t height x is s r>e z to be almo/ a vacuum4 ,! air heat$ betwe5 ! tropics is cont9ually ris+2 its place is suppli$ by nor!rly & s\!rly w9ds1 :i* come f ! cool] regions4 #f4 ,! light heat$ air1 float+ above ! cool] & d5s]1 mu/ spread nor?w>d & s\?w>d2 & desc5d ne> ! two poles1 to supply ! place ( ! cool air1 :i* _h mov$ t[>ds ! equator4 #g4 ,?us a circulation ( air is kept up 9 our atmosph]e1 z 9 ! room above-m5tion$4 #h4 ,t heavi] & light] air may move 9 curr5ts ( diff]5t & ev5 opposite direction1 appe>s sometimes by ! cl\ds t happ5 to be 9 ^? curr5ts1 z pla9ly z by ! smoke 9 ! exp]im5t above-m5tion$4 ,also 9 op5+ a door betwe5 two *amb]s1 "o ( :i* has be5 w>m$1 by hold+ a c&le ne> ! top1 ne> ! bottom1 & ne> ! middle1 y w f9d a /rong curr5t ( w>m air pass+ out ( ! w>m$ room above1 & ano!r ( cool air ent]+ bel[2 :ile 9 ! middle !re is little or no motion4 #i4 ,! great quantity ( vap\r ris+ betwe5 ! tropics =ms cl\ds1 :i* conta9 mu* electricity4 ,"s ( !m fall 9 ra91 be=e !y come to ! pol> regions4 #aj4 ,if ! ra9 be receiv$ 9 an isolat$ vessel1 ! vessel w be electrifi$2 = e drop br+s d[n "s electricity ) x4 #aa4 ,! same is done by sn[ or hail4 #ab4 ,! electricity s desc5d+1 9 temp]ate climates1 is receiv$ & imbib$ by ! e>?4 #ac4 ,if ! cl\ds are n suffici5tly dis*>g$ by ?is gradual op]ation1 !y sometimes dis*>ge !mselves sudd5ly by /rik+ into ! e>?1 :]e ! e>? is fit to receive _! electricity4 #ad4 ,! e>? 9 temp]ate & w>m climates is g5]ally fit to receive x1 be+ a good conductor4 #ae4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( heat w make "s bodies good conductors1 t w n o!rwise conduct4 #af4 ,?us wax r5d]$ fluid1 & glass s(t5$ by heat1 w bo? ( !m conduct4 #ag4 ,& wat]1 ?\gh naturally a good conductor1 w n conduct well1 :5 froz5 into ice by a common degree ( cold2 n at all1 :]e ! cold is extreme4 #ah4 ,sn[ fall+ ^u froz5 gr\nd has be5 f\nd to reta9 its electricity2 & to communicate x to an isolat$ body1 :5 aft] fall+1 x has be5 driv5 ab\t by ! w9d4 #ai4 ,! humidity1 conta9$ 9 all ! equatorial cl\ds t rea* ! pol> regions1 mu/ !re be cond5s$ & fall 9 sn[4 #bj4 ,! great cake ( ice t et]nally cov]s ^? regions may be too h>d froz5 to p]mit ! electricity1 desc5d+ ) t sn[1 to ent] ! e>?4 #ba4 ,x may !re=e be accumulat$ ^u t ice4 #bb4 ,! atmosph]e be+ heavi] 9 ! pol> regions ?an 9 ! equatorial1 w !re be l[]2 z well f t cause1 z f ! small] effect ( ! c5trifugal =ce3 consequ5tly ! di/ance ( ! vacuum above ! atmosph]e w be less at ! poles1 ?an else:]e2 & probably mu* less ?an ! di/ance 7^u ! surface ( ! globe7 ext5d+ f ! pole to ^? latitudes 9 :i* ! e>? is s ?aw$ z to receive & imbibe electricity2 7! fro/ cont9u+ to lat4 #hj1 :i* is t5 degrees1 or six hundr$ miles f ! pole2 :ile ! height ( ! atmosph]e !re ( su* d5sity z to ob/ruct ! motion ( ! electric fluid1 c sc>ce be e/eem$ above miles74 #bc4 ,! vacuum above is a good conductor4 #bd4 ,may n !n ! great quantity ( electricity1 br\ght into ! pol> regions by ! cl\ds1 :i* are cond5s$ !re1 & fall 9 sn[1 :i* electricity w\ld ent] !1 e>?1 b _c p5etrate ! ice2 may x n1 ,i say1 7z a bottle ov]*>g$7 break ?r\gh t l[ atmosph]e1 & run along 9 ! vacuum ov] ! air t[>ds ! equator2 div]g+ z ! degrees ( longitude enl>ge2 /rongly visible :]e d5se/1 & becom+ less visible z x m div]ges2 till x f9ds a passage to ! e>? 9 m temp]ate climates1 or is m+l$ ) _! upp] air8 #be4 ,if su* an op]ation ( nature 7 really p]=m$1 w\ld x n give all ! appe>ances ( an aurora borealis8 #bf4 ,& w\ld n ! auroras become m frequ5t aft] ! approa* ( w9t]3 n only because m visible 9 long] nights2 b also because 9 summ] ! long pres5ce ( ! sun may s(t5 ! surface ( ! great ice cake1 & r5d] x a conductor1 by :i* ! accumulation ( electricity 9 ! pol> regions w be prev5t$8 #bg4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! pol> regions be+ made m d5se by ! extreme cold1 & all ! moi/ure 9 t air be+ froz52 may n any great light aris+ !re91 & pass+1 ?r\gh x1 r5d] its d5sity 9 "s degree visible1 dur+ ! night "t1 to ^? :o live 9 ! r>] air ( m s\!rn latitudes2 & w\ld x n 9 t case1 al?\gh 9 itself a complete & full circle1 ext5d+ p]haps t5 degrees f ! pole1 appe> to spectators s plac$ 7:o c\ld see only a "p ( x7 9 ! =m ( a segm5t2 its *ord re/+ on ! horizon1 & its ar* elevat$ m or less above x z se5 f latitudes m or less di/ant2 d>ki% 9 col\r1 b yet suffici5tly transp>5t to p]mit "s />s to be se5 ?r\gh x4 #bh4 ,! rays ( electric matt] issu+ out ( a body1 div]ge by mutually repell+ ea* o!r1 unless !re be "s conduct+ body ne>1 to receive !m3 & if t conduct+ body be at a great] di/ance1 !y w fir/ div]ge1 & !n conv]ge 9 ord] to ent] x4 ,may n ?is acc\nt = "s ( ! v>ieties ( figure se5 at times 9 ! motions ( ! lum9\s matt] ( ! auroras3 s9ce x is possible1 t 9 pass+ ov] ! atmosph]e1 f ! nor? 9 all directions or m]idians1 t[>ds ! equator1 ! rays ( t matt] may f9d1 9 _m places1 portions ( cl\dy region1 or moi/ atmosph]e "u !m1 :i* 7be+ 9 ! natural or negative /ate7 may be fit to receive !m1 & t[>ds :i* !y may !re=e conv]ge3 & :5 "o ( ^? receiv+ bodies is m ?an saturat$1 !y may aga9 div]ge f x1 t[>ds o!r surr\nd+ masses ( su* humid atmosph]e1 & ?us =m ! cr[ns1 z !y are call$1 & o!r figures m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ories ( ?is meteor8 #bi4 ,if x be true t ! cl\ds :i* g to ! pol> regions1 & c>ry ?i!r ! vap\rs ( ! equatorial & temp]ate regions1 h _! vap\rs cond5s$ by ! extreme cold ( ! pol> regions1 & fall 9 sn[ or hail2 ! w9ds :i* come f ^? regions ought to be g5]ally dry1 unless !y ga9 "s humidity by sweep+ ! ocean 9 _! way4 ,& if ,i mi/ake n1 ! w9ds betwe5 ! nor? ea/ & ! nor? we/1 are = ! mo/ "p dry1 :5 !y h cont9u$ = "s "t4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #aggd1 p4 #abb1 is a lett] f ,mr4 ,i4 ,s4 ,w9n to ,dr4 ,frankl91 /at+1 t s9ce he _h fir/ made ! obs]vation conc]n+ ! s\? or s\? we/ w9ds succe$+ an aurora1 he _h f\nd x inv>iably obta9+ 9 tw5ty-?ree in/ances2 & he adds 9 a note a fre% confirm+ in/ance4 ,9 reply1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 makes ! foll[+ conjecture4 ,! ,auror ,boreales1 ?\gh visible almo/ e night ( cle> wea!r 9 ! m nor!rn regions & v high 9 ! atmosph]e1 c sc>ce be visible 9 ,engl&1 b :5 ! atmosph]e is pretty cle> ( cl\ds = ! :ole space betwe5 u & ^? regions2 & !re=e are seldom visible "h4 ,?is ext5sive cle>ness may h be5 produc$ by a long cont9uance ( nor!rly w9ds4 ,:5 ! w9ds h long cont9u$ 9 "o qu>t]1 ! return is (t5 viol5t4 ,all[+ ! fact s repeat$ly obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,w9n1 p]haps ?is may acc\nt = ! viol5ce ( ! s\!rly w9ds1 t soon foll[ ! appe>ance ( ! aurora on our coa/s4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,if ,i mi/ake n1 ?is pap] 0 read to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 at ,p>is1 at ! meet+ held imm$iately aft] ,ea/]1 #aggi4 ,b4 ,v#ac4 #ac ,= an explanation ( ! signature ,b4 ,v4 see ! note 9 page #cii ( ,vol4 ,i4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,l4#ad ,,at ,,*>les-,,t[n1 ,,s\?-,,c>ol9a4 ,on ,cold produc$ by ,evaporation4 ,new-,york1 ,april #ad1 #ageg4 ,,sir1 ,x is a long "t s9ce ,i _h ! pleasure ( a l9e f y2 &1 inde$1 ! tr\bles ( our c\ntry1 ) ! hurry ( bus9ess ,i h be5 engag$ 9 on t acc\nt1 h made me s bad a correspond5t1 t ,i ought n to expect punctuality 9 o!rs4 ,b be+ ab\t to emb>k = ,engl&1 ,i c\ld n quit ! cont95t )\t pay+ my respects to y1 &1 at ! same "t1 tak+ leave to introduce to y\r acqua9tance a g5tleman ( le>n+ & m]it1 colonel ,h5ry ,b\quet1 :o does me ! fav\r to pres5t y ?is lett]1 & ) :om ,i am sure y w be mu* pleas$4 ,pr(essor ,simpson1 ( ,glasg[1 lately communicat$ to me "s curi\s exp]im5ts ( a physician ( 8 acqua9tance1 by :i* x appe>$1 t an extraord9>y degree ( cold1 ev5 to freez+1 might be produc$ by evaporation4 ,i h n _h leisure to repeat & exam9e m ?an ! fir/ & easie/ ( !m1 viz4--,wet ! ball ( a !rmomet] by a fea!r dipt 9 _s ( w9e1 :i* has be5 kept 9 ! same room1 & has1 ( c\rse1 ! same degree ( heat or cold4 ,! m]cury s9ks pres5tly ?ree or f\r degrees1 & ! quick]1 if1 dur+ ! evaporation1 y bl[ on ! ball ) bell[s2 a second wett+ & bl[+1 :5 ! m]cury is d[n1 c>ries x yet l[]4 ,i ?9k ,i did n get x l[] ?an five or six degrees f :]e x naturally /ood1 :i* 01 at t "t1 sixty4 ,b x is said1 t a vessel ( wat] be+ plac$ 9 ano!r some:at l>g]1 conta9+ _s1 9 su* a mann] t ! vessel ( wat] is surr\nd$ ) ! _s1 & bo? plac$ "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump2 on exhau/+ ! air1 ! _s1 evaporat+1 leaves su* a degree ( cold z to freeze ! wat]1 ?\gh ! !rmomet]1 9 ! op5 air1 /&s _m degrees above ! freez+ po9t4 ,i "k n h[ ?is ph5om5on is to be acc\nt$ =1 b x gives me occasion to m5tion "s loose notions relat+ to heat & cold1 :i* ,i h = "s "t ent]ta9$1 b n yet r$uc$ into any =m4 ,all[+ common fire1 z well z electrical1 to be a fluid capable ( p]meat+ o!r bodies1 & seek+ an equilibrium1 ,i imag9e "s bodies are bett] fitt$ by nature to be conductors ( t fluid ?an o!rs2 & t1 g5]ally1 ^? :i* are ! be/ conductors ( ! electrical fluid1 are also ! be/ conductors ( ?is2 & e contra4 ,?us a body :i* is a good conductor ( fire readily receives x into its sub/ance1 & conducts x ?r\gh ! :ole to all ! p>ts1 z metals & wat] d2 & if two bodies1 bo? good conductors1 "o heat$1 ! o!r 9 its common /ate1 are br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r1 ! body :i* has mo/ fire readily communicates ( x to t :i* _h lea/1 & t :i* _h lea/ readily receives x1 till an equilibrium is produc$4 ,?us1 if y take a doll> betwe5 y\r f+]s ) "o h&1 & a piece ( wood1 ( ! same dim5sions1 ) ! o!r1 & br+ bo? at ! same "t to ! flame ( a c&le1 y w f9d y\rself oblig$ to drop ! doll> be=e y drop ! wood1 because x conducts ! heat ( ! c&le soon] to y\r fle%4 ,?us1 if a silv] tea-pot _h a h&le ( ! same metal1 x w\ld conduct ! heat f ! wat] to ! h&1 & become too hot to be us$2 we !re=e give to a metal tea-pot a h&le ( wood1 :i* is n s good a conductor z metal4 ,b a *9a or /one tea-pot be+ 9 "s degree ( ! nature ( glass1 :i* is n a good conductor ( heat1 may h a h&le ( ! same /uff4 ,?us1 also1 a damp moi/ air %all make a man m s5sible ( cold1 or *ill him m1 ?an a dry air t is cold]1 because a moi/ air is fitt] to receive & conduct away ! heat ( 8 body4 ,?is fluid1 ent]+ bodies 9 great quantity1 fir/ exp&s !m1 by sep>at+ _! p>ts a little1 aft]w>ds1 by f>!r sep>at+ _! p>ts1 x r5d]s solids fluid1 & at l5g? dissipates _! p>ts 9 air4 ,take ?is fluid f melt$ lead1 or f wat]1 ! p>ts coh]e aga91 ! fir/ gr[s solid1 ! latt] becomes ice3 & ?is is soon] done by ! means ( good conductors4 ,illu/ration3 7( wood5 =m] = molt5 lead7 ,?us1 if y take1 z ,i h done1 a squ>e b> ( lead1 f\r in*es long1 & "o in* ?ick1 toge!r ) ?ree pieces ( wood plan$ to ! same dim5sions1 & lay !m1 z 9 ! m>g91 on a smoo? bo>d1 fixt s z n to be easily sep>at$ or mov$1 & p\r into ! cavity !y =m1 z mu* melt$ lead z w fill x1 y w see ! melt$ lead *ill1 & become firm1 on ! side next ! lead5 b>1 "s "t be=e x *ills on ! o!r ?ree sides 9 contact ) ! wood5 b>s1 ?\gh be=e ! lead 0 p\r$ 91 !y might all be suppos$ to h ! same degree ( heat or coldness1 z !y _h be5 expos$ 9 ! same room to ! same air4 ,y w likewise obs]ve1 t ! lead5 b>1 z x has cool$ ! melt$ lead m ?an ! wood5 b>s h done1 s x is itself m heat$ by ! melt$ lead4 ,!re is a c]ta9 quantity ( ?is fluid call$ fire1 9 e liv+ human body1 :i* fluid1 be+ 9 due proportion1 keeps ! p>ts ( ! fle% & blood at su* a j di/ance f ea* o!r1 z t ! fle% & n]ves are supple1 & ! blood fit = circulation4 ,if "p ( ?is due proportion ( fire be conduct$ away1 by means ( a contact ) o!r bodies1 z air1 wat]1 or metals1 ! p>ts ( our sk9 & fle% t come into su* contact fir/ draw m ne> toge!r ?an is agreeable1 & give t s5sation :i* we call cold2 & if too mu* be convey$ away1 ! body /iff5s1 ! blood ceases to fl[1 & dea? ensues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if too mu* ( ?is fluid be communicat$ to ! fle%1 ! p>ts are sep>at$ too f>1 & pa9 ensues1 z :5 !y are sep>at$ by a p9 or lancet4 ,! s5sation t ! sep>ation by fire occasions1 we call heat1 or burn+4 ,my desk on :i* ,i n[ write1 & ! lock ( my desk1 are bo? expos$ to ! same temp]ature ( ! air1 & h !re=e ! same degree ( heat or cold2 yet if ,i lay my h& successively on ! wood & on ! metal1 ! latt] feels mu* ! colde/1 n t x is really s1 b be+ a bett] conductor1 x m readily ?an ! wood takes away & draws into itself ! fire t 0 9 my sk94 ,accord+ly if ,i lay "o h&1 "p on ! lock1 & "p on ! wood1 & aft] x _h la9 s "s "t1 ,i feel bo? p>ts ) my o!r h&1 ,i f9d ! "p t has be5 9 contact ) ! lock1 v s5sibly cold] to ! t\*1 ?an ! "p t lay on ! wood4 ,h[ a liv+ animal obta9s its quantity ( ?is fluid call$ fire1 is a curi\s "q4 ,i h %[n1 t "s bodies 7z metals7 h a p[] ( attract+ x /rong] ?an o!rs2 & ,i h sometimes suspect$1 t a liv+ body _h "s p[] ( attract+ out ( ! air1 or o!r bodies1 ! heat x want$4 ,?us metals hamm]$1 or repeat$ly b5t1 gr[ hot 9 ! b5t or hamm]$ "p4 ,b :5 ,i consid] t air1 9 contact ) ! body1 cools x2 t ! surr\nd+ air is r heat$ by its contact ) ! body2 t e brea? ( cool] air drawn 91 c>ries (f "p ( ! body's heat :5 x passes out aga92 t !re=e !re mu/ be 9 ! body a fund = produc+ x1 or o!rwise ! animal w\ld soon gr[ cold2 ,i h be5 r incl9$ to ?9k1 t ! fluid fire1 z well z ! fluid air1 is attract$ by plants 9 _! gr[?1 & becomes consolidat$ ) ! o!r mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$1 & makes a great "p ( _! sub/ance3 t :5 !y come to be dige/$1 & to suff] 9 ! vessels a k9d ( f]m5tation1 "p ( ! fire1 z well z "p ( ! air1 recov]s its fluid active /ate aga91 & diffuses itself 9 ! body dige/+ & sep>at+ x3 t ! fire s reproduc$1 by dige/ion & sep>ation cont9ually leav+ ! body1 its place is suppli$ by fre% quantities1 aris+ f ! cont9ual sep>ation4 ,t :atev] quick5s ! motion ( ! fluids 9 an animal quick5s ! sep>ation1 & reproduces m ( ! fire2 z ex]cise4 ,t all ! fire emitt$ by wood1 & o!r combu/ibles1 :5 burn+1 exi/$ 9 !m be=e1 9 a solid /ate1 be+ only discov]$ :5 sep>at+4 ,t "s fossils1 z sulphur1 sea-coal1 c4 conta9 a great deal ( solid fire2 & t1 9 %ort1 :at escapes & is dissipat$ 9 ! burn+ ( bodies1 besides wat] & e>?1 is g5]ally ! air & fire t be=e made p>ts ( ! solid4 ,?us ,i imag9e t animal heat arises by or f a k9d ( f]m5tation 9 ! juices ( ! body1 9 ! same mann] z heat arises 9 ! liquors prep>+ = di/illation1 :]e9 !re is a sep>ation ( ! spiritu\s1 f ! watry & e>?y p>ts4 ,& x is rem>kable1 t ! liquor 9 a di/ill]'s vat1 :5 9 its highe/ & be/ /ate ( f]m5tation1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 has ! same degree ( heat ) ! human body2 t is1 ab\t #id or #if4 ,?us1 z by a con/ant supply ( fuel 9 a *imney1 y keep a w>m room1 s1 by a con/ant supply ( food 9 ! /oma*1 y keep a w>m body2 only :]e little ex]cise is us$1 ! heat may possibly be conduct$ away too fa/2 9 :i* case su* mat]ials are to be us$ = cloa?+ & b$d+1 aga9/ ! effects ( an imm$iate contact ( ! air1 z are1 9 !mselves1 bad conductors ( heat1 &1 consequ5tly1 prev5t its be+ communicat$ ?r\gh _! sub/ance to ! air4 ,h5ce :at is call$ w>m? 9 wool1 & its pref]5ce on t acc\nt1 to l952 wool n be+ s good a conductor3 & h5ce all ! natural cov]+s ( animals1 to keep !m w>m1 are su* z reta9 & conf9e ! natural heat 9 ! body1 by be+ bad conductors1 su* z wool1 hair1 fea!rs1 & ! silk by :i* ! silk-worm1 9 its t5d] embrio /ate1 is fir/ cloa!d4 ,cloa?+1 ?us consid]$1 does n make a man w>m by giv+ w>m?1 b by prev5t+ ! too quick dissipation ( ! heat produc$ 9 8 body1 & s occasion+ an accumulation4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s "q ,i w j v5ture to t\* ^u1 viz4 ,:5ce arises ! sudd5 extraord9>y degree ( cold1 p]ceptible on mix+ "s *emical liquors1 & ev5 on mix+ salt & sn[1 :]e ! composition appe>s cold] ?an ! colde/ ( ! +r$i5ts8 ,i h nev] se5 ! *emical mixtures made1 b salt & sn[ ,i h (t5 mix$ myself1 & am fully satisfi$ t ! composition feels mu* cold] to ! t\*1 & l[]s ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] m ?an ei!r +r$i5t w\ld d sep>ately4 ,i suppose1 ) o!rs1 t cold is no?+ m ?an ! abs5ce ( heat or fire4 ,n[ if ! quantity ( fire be=e conta9$ or diffus$ 9 ! sn[ & salt 0 expell$ 9 ! unit+ ( ! two matt]s1 x mu/ be driv5 away ei!r ?r\gh ! air or ! vessel conta9+ !m4 ,if x is driv5 (f ?ro' ! air1 x mu/ w>m ! air1 & a !rmomet] held ov] ! mixture1 )\t t\*+ x1 w\ld discov] ! heat1 by ! ris+ ( ! m]cury1 z x mu/1 & always does 9 w>m air4 ,?is1 inde$1 ,i h n tri$1 b ,i %\ld guess x w\ld r be driv5 (f ?r\gh ! vessel1 especially if ! vessel be metal1 z be+ a bett] conductor ?an air2 & s "o %\ld f9d ! bason w>m] aft] su* mixture4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! vessel gr[s cold1 & ev5 wat]1 9 :i* ! vessel is sometimes plac$ = ! exp]im5t1 freezes into h>d ice on ! bason4 ,n[ ,i "k n h[ to acc\nt = ?is1 o!rwise ?an by suppos+1 t ! composition is a bett] conductor ( fire ?an ! +r$i5ts sep>ately1 &1 l ! lock comp>$ ) ! wood1 has a /rong] p[] ( attract+ fire1 & does accord+ly attract x sudd5ly f ! f+]s1 or a !rmomet] put into x1 f ! bason t conta9s x1 & f ! wat] 9 contact ) ! outside ( ! bason2 s t ! f+]s h ! s5sation ( extreme cold1 by be+ depriv$ ( mu* ( _! natural fire2 ! !rmomet] s9ks1 by hav+ "p ( its fire drawn out ( ! m]cury2 ! bason gr[s cold] to ! t\*1 z1 by hav+ its fire drawn into ! mixture1 x is become m capable ( draw+ & receiv+ x f ! h&2 & ?r\gh ! bason1 ! wat] loses its fire t kept x fluid2 s x becomes ice4 ,"o w\ld expect1 t f all ?is attract$ acquisition ( fire to ! composition1 x %\ld become w>m]2 &1 9 fact1 ! sn[ & salt dissolve at ! same "t into wat]1 )\t freez+4 ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #ad ,dr4 ,l9+4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,! ,,same ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,subject4 ,london1 ,june #ag1 #ageh4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,9 a =m] lett] ,i m5tion$ ! exp]im5t = cool+ bodies by evaporation1 & t ,i _h1 by repeat$ly wett+ ! !rmomet] ) common spirits1 br\ght ! m]cury d[n five or six degrees4 ,be+ lately at ,cambridge1 & m5tion+ ?is 9 conv]sation ) ,dr4 ,hadley1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry !re1 he propos$ repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ) e!r1 in/ead ( common spirits1 z ! e!r is mu* quick] 9 evaporation4 ,we accord+ly w5t to 8 *amb]1 :]e he _h bo? e!r & a !rmomet]4 ,by dipp+ fir/ ! ball ( ! !rmomet] into ! e!r1 x appe>$ t ! e!r 0 precisely ( ! same temp]am5t ) ! !rmomet]1 :i* /ood !n at #fe2 = x made no alt]ation 9 ! height ( ! little column ( m]cury4 ,b :5 ! !rmomet] 0 tak5 out ( ! e!r1 & ! e!r1 ) :i* ! ball 0 wet1 began to evaporate1 ! m]cury sunk sev]al degrees4 ,! wett+ 0 !n repeat$ by a fea!r t _h be5 dipp$ into ! e!r1 :5 ! m]cury sunk /ill l[]4 ,we cont9u$ ?is op]ation1 "o ( u wett+ ! ball1 & ano!r ( ! company bl[+ on x ) ! bell[s1 to quick5 ! evaporation1 ! m]cury s9k+ all ! "t1 till x came d[n to #g1 :i* is #be degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 :5 we left (f4 ,soon aft] x pass$ ! freez+ po9t1 a ?9 coat ( ice began to cov] ! ball4 ,:e!r ?is 0 wat] collect$ & cond5s$ by ! coldness ( ! ball1 f ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 or f our brea?2 or :e!r ! fea!r1 :5 dipp$ into ! e!r1 might n sometimes g ?r\gh x1 & br+ up "s ( ! wat] t 0 "u x1 ,i am n c]ta92 p]haps all might contribute4 ,! ice cont9u$ increas+ till we end$ ! exp]im5t1 :5 x appe>$ ne> a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick all ov] ! ball1 ) a numb] ( small spicula1 po9t+ outw>ds4 ,f ?is exp]im5t "o may see ! possibility ( freez+ a man to dea? on a w>m summ]'s day1 if he 7 to /& 9 a passage ?r\gh :i* ! w9d blew briskly1 & to be wet frequ5tly ) e!r1 a _s t is m inflammable ?an br&y1 or common spirits ( w9e4 ,x is b )9 ^! few ye>s1 t ! ,european philosoph]s seem to h kn[n ?is p[] 9 nature1 ( cool+ bodies by evaporation4 ,b 9 ! ea/ !y h long be5 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,a fri5d tells me1 !re is a passage 9 ,b]ni]'s ,travels ?r\gh ,indo/an1 writt5 ne> "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 t m5tions x z a practice 79 travell+ ov] dry des]ts 9 t hot climate7 to c>ry wat] 9 flasks wrapt 9 wet wooll5 clo?s1 & hung on ! %ady side ( ! camel1 or c>riage1 b 9 ! free air2 :]eby1 z ! clo?s gradually gr[ dri]1 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! flasks is made cool4 ,!y h likewise a k9d ( e>!n pots1 unglaz$1 :i* let ! wat] gradually & sl[ly ooze ?r\gh _! pores1 s z to keep ! outside a little wet1 not)/&+ ! cont9ual evaporation1 :i* gives great coldness to ! vessel1 & ! wat] conta9$ 9 x4 ,ev5 our common sailors seem to h _h "s notion ( ?is prop]ty2 = ,i rememb]1 t be+ at sea1 :5 ,i 0 a y\?1 ,i obs]v$ "o ( ! sailors1 dur+ a calm 9 ! night1 (t5 wett+ 8 f+] 9 8 m\?1 & !n hold+ x up 9 ! air1 to discov]1 z he said1 if ! air _h any motion1 & f :i* side x came2 & ?is he expect$ to d1 by f9d+ "o side ( 8 f+] gr[ sudd5ly cold1 & f t side he %\ld look = ! next w9d2 :i* ,i !n laugh$ at z a fancy4 ,may n sev]al ph5om5a1 hi!rto unconsid]$1 or unacc\nt$ =1 be expla9$ by ?is prop]ty8 ,dur+ ! hot ,sunday at ,philadelphia1 9 ,june #agej1 :5 ! !rmomet] 0 up at #ajj 9 ! %ade1 ,i sat 9 my *amb] )\t ex]cise1 only read+ or writ+1 ) no o!r cloa?s on ?an a %irt1 & a pair ( long l95 draw]s1 ! w9d[s all op51 & a brisk w9d bl[+ ?r\gh ! h\se1 ! sweat ran (f ! backs ( my h&s1 & my %irt 0 (t5 s wet1 z to induce me to call = dry ones to put on2 9 ?is situation1 "o might h expect$1 t ! natural heat ( ! body #if1 add$ to ! heat ( ! air #ajj1 %\ld jo9tly h creat$ or produc$ a mu* great] degree ( heat 9 ! body2 b ! fact 01 t my body nev] grew s hot z ! air t surr\nd$ x1 or ! inanimate bodies imm]s$ 9 ! same air4 ,= ,i rememb] well1 t ! desk1 :5 ,i laid my arm ^u x2 a *air1 :5 ,i sat d[n 9 x2 & a dry %irt out ( ! draw]1 :5 ,i put x on1 all felt exce$+ w>m to me1 z if !y _h be5 w>m$ be=e a fire4 ,& ,i suppose a dead body w\ld h acquir$ ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ?\gh a liv+ "o1 by cont9ual sweat+1 & by ! evaporation ( t sweat1 0 kept cold4 ,may n ?is be a reason :y our reap]s 9 ,p5sylvania1 work+ 9 ! op5 field1 9 ! cle> hot sun-%9e common 9 our h>ve/-"t#ae1 f9d !mselves well able to g ?r\gh t lab\r1 )\t be+ mu* incommod$ by ! heat1 :ile !y cont9ue to sweat1 & :ile !y supply matt] = keep+ up t sweat1 by dr9k+ frequ5tly ( a ?9 evaporable liquor1 wat] mix$ ) rum2 b if ! sweat /ops1 !y drop1 & sometimes die sudd5ly1 if a sweat+ is n aga9 br\ght on by dr9k+ t liquor1 or1 z "s r *use 9 t case1 a k9d ( hot pun*1 made ) wat]1 mix$ ) honey1 & a consid]able proportion ( v9eg>8 ,may !re n be 9 negroes a quick] evaporation ( ! p]spirable matt] f _! sk9s & lungs1 :i*1 by cool+ !m m1 enables !m to be> ! sun's heat bett] ?an :ites d8 7if t is a fact1 z x is said to be2 = ! all$g$ necessity ( hav+ negroes r ?an :ites1 to "w 9 ! ,we/-,india fields1 is f\nd$ ^u x7 ?\gh ! col\r ( _! sk9s w\ld o!rwise make !m m s5sible ( ! sun's heat1 s9ce black clo? heats mu* soon]1 & m1 9 ! sun1 ?an :ite clo?4 ,i am p]suad$1 f sev]al in/ances happ5+ )9 my k1 t !y d n be> cold wea!r s well z ! :ites2 !y w p]i% :5 expos$ to a less degree ( x1 & are m apt to h _! limbs fro/bitt52 & may n ?is be f ! same cause8 ,w\ld n ! e>? gr[ mu* hott] "u ! summ]-sun1 if a con/ant evaporation f its surface1 great] z ! sun %9es /rong]1 did n1 by t5d+ to cool x2 balance1 9 "s degree1 ! w>m] effects ( ! sun's rays8 ,is x n ow+ to ! con/ant evaporation f ! surface ( e leaf1 t trees1 ?\gh %one on by ! sun1 are always1 ev5 ! leaves !mselves1 cool to our s5se8 at lea/ mu* cool] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be8 ,may x n be ow+ to ?is1 t fann+ ourselves :5 w>m1 does really cool u1 ?\gh ! air is itself w>m t we drive ) ! fan ^u our faces2 = ! atmosph]e r\nd1 & next to our bodies1 hav+ imbib$ z mu* ( ! p]spir$ vap\r z x c well conta91 receives no m1 & ! evaporation is !re=e *eck$ & ret>d$1 till we drive away t atmosph]e1 & br+ dri] air 9 its place1 t w receive ! vap\r1 & !reby facilitate & increase ! evaporation8 ,c]ta9 x is1 t m]e bl[+ ( air on a dry body does n cool x1 z any "o may satisfy himself1 by bl[+ ) a bell[s on ! dry ball ( a !rmomet]2 ! m]cury w n fall2 if x moves at all1 x r rises1 z be+ w>m$ by ! friction ( ! air on its surface8 ,to ^! qu]ies ( imag9ation1 ,i w only add "o practical obs]vation2 t :]ev] x is ?\ght prop] to give ease1 9 cases ( pa9ful inflammation 9 ! fle% 7z f burn+s1 or ! l7 by cool+ ! "p2 l95 clo?s1 wet ) _s1 & appli$ to ! "p inflam$1 w produce ! coolness requir$1 bett] ?an if wet ) wat]1 & w cont9ue x long]4 ,= wat]1 ?\gh cold :5 fir/ appli$1 w soon acquire w>m? f ! fle%1 z x does n evaporate fa/ en\gh2 b ! clo?s wet ) _s1 w cont9ue cold z long z any _s is left to keep up ! evaporation1 ! p>ts w>m$ escap+ z soon z !y are w>m$1 & c>ry+ (f ! heat ) !m4 ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 ,b ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #ae ,p5sylvania is 9 ab\t lat4 #dj1 & ! sun1 ( c\rse1 ab\t #ab degrees high]1 & !re=e mu* hott] ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,_! h>ve/ is ab\t ! end ( ,june1 or beg9n+ ( ,july1 :5 ! sun is ne>ly at ! highe/4 ,j4 ,b4#af ,,esq4 ,,9 ,,bo/on1 ,,to ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,conc]n+ ! ,light 9 ,sea-,wat]4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,decemb] #f1 #agef4 ,novemb] #ab1 #agec4 99999999 ,:5 ,i 0 at ! ea/w>d1 ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! lum9\s appe>ance ( ! sea :5 di/urb$3 at ! head & /]n ( ! vessel1 :5 "u way1 x appe>$ v bright4 ,! be/ opportunity ,i _h to obs]ve x 0 9 a boat1 9 company ) sev]al g5tlem5 go+ f ,portsm\?1 ab\t ?ree miles1 to our vessel ly+ at ! m\? ( ,piscataqua ,riv]4 ,soon aft] we set (f 7x be+ 9 ! ev5+7 we obs]v$ a lum9\s appe>ance1 :]e ! o>s da%$ ! wat]4 ,sometimes x 0 v bright1 & aft]w>ds1 z we r[$ along1 gradually less5$1 till almo/ imp]ceptible1 & !n re-illum9$4 ,?is we took notice ( sev]al times 9 ! passage4 ,:5 ,i got on bo>d ! vessel1 ,i ord]$ a pail to be dipp$ up1 full ( sea-wat]1 9 :i*1 on ! wat]'s be+ mov$1 a sp>kl+ light appe>$4 ,i took a l95 clo?1 & /ra9$ "s ( ! wat] ?r\gh x1 & !re 0 a l appe>ance on ! clo?1 :i* soon w5t (f2 b on rubb+ ! clo? ) my f+]1 x 0 r5ew$4 ,i !n c>ri$ ! clo? to ! light1 b c\ld n p]ceive any ?+ ^u x :i* %\ld cause t appe>ance4 ,sev]al g5tlem5 7 ( op9ion1 t ! sep>at$ p>ticles ( putrid1 animal1 & o!r bodies1 float+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 might cause t appe>ance2 = putrid fi%1 c4 !y said1 w cause x3 & ! sea-animals :i* h di$1 & o!r bodies putrifi$ !re9 s9ce ! creation1 might af=d a suffici5t quantity ( ^! p>ticles to cov] a consid]able portion ( ! surface ( ! sea2 :i* p>ticles be+ diff]5tly disp]s$1 might acc\nt = ! diff]5t degrees ( light 9 ! appe>ance above-m5tion$4 ,b ?is acc\nt seems liable to ?is obvi\s objection1 t z putrid fi%1 c4 make a lum9\s appe>ance )\t be+ mov$ or di/urb$1 x might be expect$ t ! suppos$ putrid p>ticles on ! surface ( ! sea1 %\ld always appe> lum9\s1 :]e !re is n a great] light2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! :ole surface ( ! sea1 cov]$ ) ^? p>ticles1 %\ld always1 9 d>k nights1 appe> lum9\s1 )\t be+ di/urb$4 ,b ?is is n fact4 ,among ! re/1 ,i ?rew out my conjecture1 t ! said appe>ance might be caus$ by a great numb] ( little animals1 float+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 :i*1 on be+ di/urb$1 might1 by exp&+ _! f9ns1 or o!rwise mov+ !mselves1 expose su* a "p ( _! bodies z exhibits a lum9\s appe>ance1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( a gl[-worm1 or fire-fly3 t ^! animals may be m num]\s 9 "s places ?an o!rs2 &1 !re=e1 t ! appe>ance above-m5tion$ be+ fa9t] & /rong] 9 diff]5t places1 might be ow+ to t3 t c]ta9 circum/ances ( wea!r1 c4 might invite !m to ! surface1 on :i*1 9 a calm1 !y might sport !mselves & gl[2 or 9 /orms1 be+ =c$ up1 make ! same appe>ance4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t ! sea may be /ock$ ) animalcula = ?is purpose1 z we f9d all nature cr[d$ ) life4 ,b x seems difficult to conceive t su* small portions ( matt]1 ev5 if !y 7 :olly lum9\s1 %\ld affect our sight2 mu* m s1 :5 x is suppos$ t only a "p ( !m is lum9\s4 ,b1 if we consid] "s o!r appe>ances1 we may f9d ! same difficulty to conceive ( !m2 & yet we "k !y take place4 ,= in/ance1 ! flame ( a c&le1 :i*1 x is said1 may be se5 f\r miles r\nd4 ,! light :i* fills ?is circle ( eight miles diamet]1 0 conta9$1 :5 x fir/ left ! c&le1 )9 a circle ( half an in* diamet]4 ,if ! d5sity ( light1 9 ^! circum/ances1 be z ^? circles to ea* o!r1 t is1 z ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s1 ! c&le-light1 :5 come to ! eye1 w be #ajbggjiccgfjj times r>] ?an :5 x quitt$ ! half in* circle4 ,n[ ! ap]ture ( ! eye1 ?r\gh :i* ! light passes1 does n exce$ "o-t5? ( an in* diamet]1 & ! portion ( ! less] circle1 :i* corresponds to ?is small portion ( ! great] circle1 mu/ be proportionably1 t is1 #ajbggjiccgfjj times less ?an "o-t5? ( an in*2 & yet ?is inf9itely small po9t 7if y w all[ ! expression7 af=ds light en\gh to make x visible f\r miles2 or1 r1 af=ds light suffici5t to affect ! sight at t di/ance4 ,! smallness ( ! animalcula is no objection !n to ?is conjecture2 = suppos+ !m to be t5 ?\s& times less ?an ! m9imum visibile1 !y may1 not)/&+1 emit light en\gh to affect ! eyes1 & s to cause ! lum9\s appe>ance a=esaid4 ,?is conjecture ,i s5d y = want ( some?+ bett] 999999994 ,,footnote3 #af ,i4 ,bado94 ,editor4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,p4 ,f4#ag ,,9 ,,newport4 ,on ! ,saltness ( ,sea-,wat]4 ,london1 ,may #g1 #agfj4 ,,sir1 99999999 ,x has1 inde$1 z y obs]ve1 be5 ! op9ion ( "s v great naturali/s1 t ! sea is salt only f ! dissolution ( m9]al or rock-salt1 :i* its wat]s happ5$ to meet )4 ,b ?is op9ion takes x = grant$ t all wat] 0 orig9ally fre%1 ( :i* we c h no pro(4 ,i own ,i am incl9$ to a diff]5t op9ion1 & r ?9k all ! wat] on ?is globe 0 orig9ally salt1 & t ! fre% wat] we f9d 9 spr+s & riv]s1 is ! produce ( di/illation4 ,! sun raises ! vap\rs f ! sea1 :i* =m cl\ds1 & fall 9 ra9 ^u ! l&1 & spr+s & riv]s are =m$ ( t ra94 ,z to ! rock-salt f\nd 9 m9es1 ,i conceive1 t in/ead ( communicat+ its saltness to ! sea1 x is itself drawn f ! sea1 & t ( c\rse ! sea is n[ fre%] ?an x 0 orig9ally4 ,?is is only ano!r effect ( nature's di/ill]y1 & might be p]=m$ v>i\s ways4 ,x is evid5t f ! quantities ( sea-%ells1 & ! bones & tee? ( fi%es f\nd 9 high l&s1 t ! sea has =m]ly cov]$ !m4 ,!n1 ei!r ! sea has be5 high] ?an x n[ is1 & has fall5 away f ^? high l&s1 or !y h be5 l[] ?an !y are1 & 7 lift$ up out ( ! wat] to _! pres5t height1 by "s int]nal mighty =ce1 su* z we /ill feel "s rema9s (1 :5 :ole cont95ts are mov$ by e>?quakes4 ,9 ei!r case x may be suppos$ t l>ge holl[s or valleys among hills1 might be left fill$ ) sea-wat]1 :i* evaporat+1 & ! fluid "p dry+ away 9 a c\rse ( ye>s1 w\ld leave ! salt cov]+ ! bottom2 & t salt com+ aft]w>ds to be cov]$ ) e>?1 f ! neighb\r+ hills1 c\ld only be f\nd by digg+ ?r\gh t e>?4 ,or1 z we "k f _! effects1 t !re are deep fi]y cav]ns "u ! e>?1 & ev5 "u ! sea1 if at any "t ! sea leaks into any ( !m1 ! fluid p>ts ( ! wat] mu/ evaporate f t heat1 & pass (f ?r\gh "s volcano1 :ile ! salt rema9s1 & by degrees1 & cont9ual acretion1 becomes a great mass4 ,?us ! cav]n may at l5g? be fill$1 & ! volcano connect$ ) x cease burn+1 z _m x is said h done2 & future m9]s1 p5etrat+ su* cav]n1 f9d :at we call a salt-m9e4 ,?is is a fancy ,i _h on visit+ ! salt-m9es at ,nor?wi*1 ) my son4 ,i s5d y a piece ( ! rock-salt :i* he br\ght up ) him out ( ! m9e4 99999999 ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #ag ,pet] ,frankl94 ,editor4 ,,to ,,miss ,,/eph5son4 ,on ! ,effect ( ,air on ! ,b>omet]1 & ! ,b5efits d]iv$ f ! ,/udy ( ,insects4 ,crav5 ,/reet1 ,june #aa1 #agfj4 ',tis a v s5sible "q y ask1 h[ ! air c affect ! b>omet]1 :5 its op5+ appe>s cov]$ ) wood8 ,if inde$ x 0 s closely cov]$ z to admit ( no communication ( ! outw>d air to ! surface ( ! m]cury1 ! *ange ( weight 9 ! air c\ld n possibly affect x4 ,b ! lea/ crevice is suffici5t = ! purpose2 a p9hole w d ! bus9ess4 ,& if y c\ld look beh9d ! frame to :i* y\r b>omet] is fix$1 y w\ld c]ta9ly f9d "s small op5+4 ,!re are inde$ "s b>omet]s 9 :i* ! body ( m]cury at ! l[] end is conta9$ 9 a close lea!r bag1 & s ! air _c come into imm$iate contact ) ! m]cury2 yet ! same effect is produc$4 ,= ! lea!r be+ flexible1 :5 ! bag is press$ by any additional weight ( air x contracts1 & ! m]cury is =c$ up into ! tube2 :5 ! air becomes light]1 & its pressure less1 ! weight ( ! m]cury prevails1 & x desc5ds aga9 into ! bag4 ,y\r obs]vation on :at y h lately read conc]n+ insects is v j & solid4 ,sup]ficial m9ds are apt to despise ^? :o make t "p ( ! creation _! /udy1 z m]e trifl]s2 b c]ta9ly ! _w has be5 mu* oblig$ to !m4 ,"u ! c>e & managem5t ( man1 ! lab\rs ( ! little silkworm af=d employm5t & subsi/5ce to ?\s&s ( families1 & become an imm5se article ( comm]ce4 ,! bee1 too1 yields u its delici\s honey1 & its wax useful to a multitude ( purposes4 ,ano!r insect1 x is said1 produces ! co*9eal1 f :5ce we h our ri* sc>let dye4 ,! usefulness ( ! can?>ides or ,spani% flies1 9 m$ic9e1 is kn[n to all1 & ?\s&s owe _! lives to t k4 ,by human indu/ry & obs]vation1 o!r prop]ties ( o!r insects may possibly be h]eaft] discov]$1 & ( equal utility4 ,a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! nature ( ^! little creatures may also enable mank9d to prev5t ! increase ( su* z are noxi\s1 or secure u aga9/ ! mis*iefs !y occasion4 ,^! ?+s d\btless y\r books make m5tion (3 ,i c only add a p>ticul> late in/ance :i* ,i _h f a ,sw$i% g5tleman ( good cr$it4 ,9 ! gre5 timb]1 int5d$ = %ip-build+ at ! k+'s y>ds 9 t c\ntry1 a k9d ( worms 7 f\nd1 :i* e ye> became m num]\s & m p]nici\s1 s t ! %ips 7 greatly damag$ be=e !y came into use4 ,! k+ s5t ,l9nu1 ! great naturali/1 f ,/ockholm1 to enquire into ! affair1 & see if ! mis*ief 0 capable ( any rem$y4 ,he f\nd1 on exam9ation1 t ! worm 0 produc$ f a small egg1 deposit$ 9 ! little r\ghnesses on ! surface ( ! wood1 by a p>ticul> k9d ( fly or beetle2 f :5ce ! worm1 z soon z x 0 hat*$1 began to eat into ! sub/ance ( ! wood1 & aft] "s "t came out aga9 a fly ( ! p>5t k9d1 & s ! species increas$4 ,! season 9 :i* ! fly laid its eggs1 ,l9nu knew to be ab\t a =tnight 7,i ?9k7 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 & at no o!r "t 9 ! ye>4 ,he !re=e advis$1 t "s days be=e t season1 all ! gre5 timb] %\ld be ?r[n into ! wat]1 & kept "u wat] till ! season 0 ov]4 ,:i* be+ done by ! k+'s ord]1 ! flies miss+ _! usual ne/s1 c\ld n increase2 & ! species 0 ei!r de/roy$ or w5t else:]e2 & ! wood 0 effectually pres]v$1 = aft] ! fir/ ye>1 x became too dry & h>d = _! purpose4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a prud5t mod]ation to be us$ 9 /udies ( ?is k9d4 ,! k ( nature may be ornam5tal1 & x may be useful1 b if to atta9 an em95ce 9 t1 we neglect ! k & practice ( ess5tial duties1 we des]ve repreh5sion4 ,= !re is no rank 9 natural k ( equal dignity & importance ) t ( be+ a good p>5t1 a good *ild1 a good husb&1 or wife1 a good neighb\r or fri5d1 a good subject or citiz51 t is1 9 %ort1 a good *ri/ian4 ,ni*olas ,gimcrack1 !re=e1 :o neglect$ ! c>e ( 8 family1 to pursue butt]flies1 0 a j object ( ridicule1 & we mu/ give him up z fair game to ! satyri/4 ,adieu1 my de> fri5d1 & believe me ev] ,y\rs affectionately1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,on ! ,bri/ol ,wat]s1 & ! ,tide 9 ,riv]s4 ,london1 ,sept4 #ac1 #agfj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,i h y\r agreeable lett] f ,bri/ol1 :i* ,i take ?is fir/ leisure h\r to answ]1 hav+ = "s "t be5 mu* engag$ 9 bus9ess4 ,y\r fir/ "q1 ,:at is ! reason ! wat] at ?is place1 ?\gh cold at ! spr+1 becomes w>m by pump+8 ,x w be mo/ prud5t 9 me to =be> attempt+ to answ]1 till1 by a m circum/antial acc\nt1 y assure me ( ! fact4 ,i own ,i %\ld expect t op]ation to w>m1 n s mu* ! wat] pump$1 z ! p]son pump+4--,! rubb+ ( dry solids toge!r has be5 long obs]v$ to produce heat2 b ! l effect has nev] yet1 t ,i h he>d1 be5 produc$ by ! m]e agitation ( fluids1 or friction ( fluids ) solids4 ,wat] 9 a bottle %ook = h\rs by a mill-hopp]1 x is said1 discov]$ no s5sible addition ( heat4 ,! production ( animal heat by ex]cise is !re=e to be acc\nt$ = 9 ano!r mann]1 :i* ,i may h]eaft] endeav\r to make y acqua9t$ )4 ,?is prud5ce ( n attempt+ to give reasons be=e "o is sure ( facts1 ,i le>nt f "o ( y\r sex1 :o1 z ,seld5 tells u1 be+ 9 company ) "s g5tlem5 t 7 view+1 & consid]+ some?+ :i* !y call$ a ,*9ese %oe1 & disput+ e>ne/ly ab\t ! mann] ( we>+ x1 & h[ x c\ld possibly be put on2 put 9 h] ^w1 & said mode/ly1 ,g5tlem51 are y sure x is a %oe8--,%\ld n t be settl$ fir/8 ,b ,i %all n[ endeav\r to expla9 :at ,i said to y ab\t ! tide 9 riv]s1 & to t end %all make a figure1 :i* ?\gh n v l a riv]1 may s]ve to convey my mean+4--,suppose a canal "o hundr$ & =ty miles long1 communicat+ at "o end ) ! sea1 & fill$ !re=e ) sea wat]4 ,i *use a canal at fir/1 r ?an a riv]1 to ?r[ out ( consid]ation ! effects produc$ by ! /reams ( fre% wat] f ! l&1 ! inequality 9 bread?1 & ! crook$ness ( c\rses4 ,illu/ration3 7%[+ tidal wave effects7 ,let ,a1 ,c1 be ! head ( ! canal2 ,c1 ,d1 ! bottom ( x2 ,d1 ,f1 ! op5 m\? ( x next ! sea4 ,let ! /rait prick$ l9e1 ,b1 ,g1 repres5t l[ wat] m>k ! :ole l5g? ( ! canal1 ,a1 ,f1 high wat] m>k3--,n[ if a p]son /&+ at ,e1 & obs]v+ at ! "t ( high wat] !re1 t ! canal is q full at t place up to ! l9e ,e1 %\ld conclude t ! canal is equally full to ! same height f end to end1 & !re=e !re 0 z mu* m wat] come into ! canal s9ce x 0 d[n at l[ wat] m>k1 z w\ld be includ$ 9 ! oblong space ,a1 ,b1 ,g1 ,f1 he w\ld be greatly mi/ak54 ,= ! tide is a wave1 & ! top ( ! wave1 :i* makes high wat]1 z well z e o!r l[] "p1 is progressive2 & x is high wat] successively1 b n at ! same "t1 9 all ! sev]al po9ts betwe5 ,g1 ,f1 & ,a1 ,b4--,& 9 su* a l5g? z ,i h m5tion$ x is l[ wat] at ,f1 ,g1 & also at ,a1 ,b1 at or ne> ! same "t ) its be+ high wat] at ,e2 s t ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! canal1 dur+ t situation1 is prop]ly repres5t$ by ! curve prick$ l9e ,b1 ,e1 ,g4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 :5 x is l[ wat] at ,e1 ,h1 x is high wat] bo? at ,f1 ,g1 & at ,a1 ,b1 at or ne> ! same "t3 & ! surface w\ld !n be describ$ by ! inv]t$ curve l9e1 ,a1 ,h1 ,f4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case1 y w easily see1 t !re mu/ be v little m wat] 9 ! canal at :at we call high wat]1 ?an !re is at l[ wat]1 ^? t]ms n relat+ to ! :ole canal at ! same "t1 b successively to its p>ts4 ,& if y suppose ! canal six times z long1 ! case w\ld n v>y z to ! quantity ( wat] at diff]5t times ( ! tide2 !re w\ld only be six waves 9 ! canal at ! same "t1 in/ead ( "o1 & ! holl[s 9 ! wat] w\ld be equal to ! hills4 ,t ?is is n m]e !ory1 b con=mable to fact1 we "k by our long riv]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,delaw>e1 on :i* ,philadelphia /&s1 is 9 ?is p>ticul> simil> to ! canal ,i h suppos$ ( "o wave3 = :5 x is high wat] at ! ,capes or m\? ( ! riv]1 x is also high wat] at ,philadelphia1 :i* /&s ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty miles f ! sea2 & !re is at ! same "t a l[ wat] 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two high wat]s2 :]e1 :5 x comes to be high wat]1 x is at ! same "t l[ wat] at ! ,capes & at ,philadelphia4 ,& ! long] riv]s h "s a wave & half1 "s two1 ?ree1 or f\r waves1 accord+ to _! l5g?4 ,9 ! %ort] riv]s ( ?is isl&1 "o may see ! same ?+ 9 "p3 = in/ance1 x is high wat] at ,graves5d an h\r be=e x is high wat] at ,london ,bridge2 & tw5ty miles bel[ ,graves5d an h\r be=e x is high wat] at ,graves5d4 ,!re=e at ! "t ( high wat] at ,graves5d ! top ( ! wave is !re1 & ! wat] is !n n s high by "s feet :]e ! top ( ! wave 0 an h\r be=e1 or :]e x w be an h\r aft]1 z x is j !n at ,graves5d4 ,n[ we are n to suppose1 t because ! swell or top ( ! wave runs at ! rate ( tw5ty miles an h\r1 t !re=e ! curr5t1 or wat] itself ( :i* ! wave is compos$1 runs at t rate4 ,f> f x4 ,to conceive ?is motion ( a wave1 make a small exp]im5t or two4 ,fa/5 "o end ( a cord 9 a w9d[ ne> ! top ( a h\se1 & let ! o!r end come d[n to ! gr\nd2 take ?is end 9 y\r h&1 & y may1 by a sudd5 motion1 occasion a wave 9 ! cord t w run q up to ! w9d[2 b ?\gh ! wave is progressive f y\r h& to ! w9d[1 ! p>ts ( ! rope d n proce$ ) ! wave1 b rema9 :]e !y 71 except only t k9d ( motion t produces ! wave4 ,s if y ?r[ a /one into a pond ( wat] :5 ! surface is /ill & smoo?1 y w see a circul> wave proce$ f ! /one z its c5tre1 q to ! sides ( ! pond2 b ! wat] does n proce$ ) ! wave1 x only rises & falls to =m x 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( its c\rse2 & ! waves t foll[ ! fir/1 all make use ( ! same wat] ) _! pr$ecessors4 ,b a wave 9 wat] is n inde$ 9 all circum/ances exactly l t 9 a cord2 = wat] be+ a fluid1 & gravitat+ to ! e>?1 x naturally runs f a high] place to a l[]2 !re=e ! p>ts ( ! wave 9 wat] d actually run a little bo? ways f its top t[>ds its l[] sides1 :i* ! p>ts ( ! wave 9 ! cord _c d4 ,?us1 :5 x is high & /&+ wat] at ,graves5d1 ! wat] tw5ty miles bel[ has be5 runn+ ebb1 or t[>ds ! sea = an h\r1 or ev] s9ce x 0 high wat] !re2 b ! wat] at ,london ,bridge w run flood1 or f ! sea yet ano!r h\r1 till x is high wat]1 or ! top ( ! wave arrives at t bridge1 & !n x w h run ebb an h\r at ,graves5d1 c4 c4 ,n[ ?is motion ( ! wat]1 occasion$ only by its gravity1 or t5d5cy to run f a high] place to a l[]1 is by no means s swift z ! motion ( ! wave4 ,x sc>ce exce$s p]haps two miles 9 an h\r4 ,if x w5t z ! wave does tw5ty miles an h\r1 no %ips c\ld ride at an*or 9 su* a /ream1 nor boats r[ aga9/ x4 ,9 common spee*1 inde$1 ?is curr5t ( ! wat] bo? ways f ! top ( ! wave is call$ ! tide2 ?us we say1 ! tide runs /rong1 ! tide runs at ! rate ( "o1 two1 or ?ree miles an h\r1 c4 & :5 we are at a "p ( ! riv] beh9d ! top ( ! wave1 & f9d ! wat] l[] ?an high-wat] m>k1 & runn+ t[>ds ! sea1 we say1 ! tide runs ebb2 & :5 we are be=e ! top ( ! wave1 & f9d ! wat] high] ?an l[-wat] m>k1 & runn+ f ! sea1 we say1 ! tide runs flood2 b ^! expressions are only locally prop]2 = a tide1 /rictly speak+1 is "o :ole wave1 includ+ all its p>ts high] & l[]1 & ^! waves succe$ "o ano!r ab\t twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is motion ( ! wat]1 occasion$ by its gravity1 w expla9 to y :y ! wat] ne> ! m\?s ( riv]s may be salt] at high wat] ?an at l[4 ,"s ( ! salt-wat]1 z ! tide wave ent]s ! riv]1 runs f its top & =e side1 & mixes ) ! fre%1 & also pu%es x back up ! riv]4 ,suppos+ t ! wat] commonly runs dur+ ! flood at ! rate ( two miles 9 an h\r1 & t ! flood runs five h\rs1 y see t x c br+ at mo/ into our canal only a quantity ( wat] equal to ! space includ$ 9 ! bread? ( ! canal1 t5 miles ( its l5g?1 & ! dep? betwe5 l[ & high-wat] m>k2 :i* is b a f\rte5? "p ( :at w\ld be necess>y to fill all ! space betwe5 l[ & high-wat] m>k1 = "o hundr$ & =ty miles1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! canal4 ,& inde$ su* a quantity ( wat] z w\ld fill t :ole space1 to run 9 & out e tide1 mu/ create s outrage\s a curr5t1 z w\ld d inf9ite damage to ! %ores1 %ipp+1 c4 & make ! navigation ( a riv] almo/ impracticable4 ,i h made ?is lett] long] ?an ,i int5d$1 & !re=e res]ve = ano!r :at ,i h fur!r to say on ! subject ( tides & riv]s4 ,i %all n[ only add1 t ,i h n be5 exact 9 ! numb]s1 because ,i w\ld avoid p]plex+ y ) m9ute calculations1 my design at pres5t be+ *iefly to give y di/9ct & cle> ideas ( ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,aft] writ+ six folio pages ( philosophy to a "y girl1 is x necess>y to f9i% su* a lett] ) a complim5t8--,is n su* a lett] ( itself a complim5t8--,does x n say1 %e has a m9d ?ir/y aft] k1 & capable ( receiv+ x2 & t ! mo/ agreeable ?+s "o c write to h] are ^? t t5d to ! improvem5t ( h] und]/&+8--,x does inde$ say all ?is1 b !n x is /ill no complim5t2 x is no m ?an pla9 hone/ tru?1 :i* is n ! "* ( a complim5t4 ,s if ,i w\ld f9i% my lett] 9 ! mode1 ,i %\ld yet add "s ?+ t means no?+1 & is m]ely civil & polite4 ,b be+ naturally aukw>d at e circum/ance ( c]emony1 ,i %all n attempt x4 ,i _h r conclude abruptly ) :at pleases me m ?an any complim5t c please y1 t ,i am all[$ to subscribe myself ,y\r affectionate fri5d1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,on ! same ,subject4 ,crav5-/reet1 ,monday1 ,m>* #cj1 #agfa4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,suppos+ ! fact1 t ! wat] ( ! well at ,bri/ol is w>m] aft] sometime pump+1 ,i ?9k y\r mann] ( acc\nt+ = t increas$ w>m? v +5i\s & probable4 ,x did n occur to me1 & !re=e ,i d\bt$ ( ! fact4 ,y are1 ,i ?9k q "r 9 y\r op9ion1 t ! ris+ ( ! tides 9 riv]s is n ow+ to ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! moon on ! riv]s4 ,x is r a subsequ5t effect ( ! influ5ce ( ! moon on ! sea1 & does n make its appe>ance 9 "s riv]s till ! moon has long pass$ by4 ,i h n express$ myself cle>ly if y h und]/ood me to mean o!rwise4 ,y "k ,i h m5tion$ x z a fact1 t !re are 9 "s riv]s sev]al tides all exi/+ at ! same "t2 t is1 two1 ?ree1 or m1 high-wat]s1 & z _m l[-wat]s1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same riv]1 :i* _c possibly be all effects ( ! moon's imm$iate action on t riv]2 b !y may be subsequ5t effects ( h] action on ! sea4 ,9 ! enclos$ pap] y w f9d my s5tim5ts on sev]al po9ts relat+ to ! air1 & ! evaporation ( wat]4 ,x is ,mr4 ,coll9son's copy1 :o took x f "o ,i s5t ?r\gh 8 h&s to a correspond5t 9 ,france "s ye>s s9ce2 ,i h1 z he desir$ me1 correct$ ! mi/akes he made 9 transcrib+1 & mu/ return x to him2 b if y ?9k x wor? :ile1 y may take a copy ( x3 ,i w\ld h sav$ y any tr\ble ( t k9d1 b _h n "t4 ,"s day 9 ! next or ! foll[+ week1 ,i purpose to h ! pleasure ( see+ y at ,wan/ead3 ,i %all accompany y\r good mamma ?i!r1 & /ay till ! next morn+1 if x may be done )\t incommod+ y\r family too mu*4--,we may !n disc\rse any po9ts 9 t pap] t d n seem cle> to y2 & tak+ a walk to "l ,tilney's ponds1 make a few exp]im5ts !re to expla9 ! nature ( ! tides m fully4 ,9 ! mean "t1 believe me to be1 ) ! highe/ e/eem & reg>d1 y\r s9c]ely affectionate fri5d1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,salt-,wat] r5d]$ fre% by ,di/illation4--,me?od ( reliev+ ,?ir/ by ,sea-,wat]4 ,crav5-/reet1 ,augu/ #aj1 #agfa4 ,we are to set out ?is week = ,holl&1 :]e we may possibly sp5d a mon?1 b purpose to be at home aga9 be=e ! coronation4 ,i c\ld n g )\t tak+ leave ( y by a l9e at lea/1 :5 ,i am s _m lett]s 9 y\r debt4 ,9 y\rs ( ,may #ai1 :i* ,i h be=e me1 y speak ( ! ease ) :i* salt wat] may be made fre% by di/illation1 suppos+ x to be1 z ,i _h said1 t 9 evaporation ! air w\ld take up wat] b n ! salt t 0 mix$ ) x4 ,x is true t di/ill$ sea wat] w n be salt1 b !re are o!r disagreeable qualities t rise ) ! wat] 9 di/illation2 :i* inde$ sev]al besides ,dr4 ,hales h endeav\r$ by "s means to prev5t2 b z yet _! me?ods h n be5 br\ght mu* into use4 ,i h a s+ul> op9ion on ?is subject1 :i* ,i w v5ture to communicate to y1 ?\gh ,i d\bt y w rank x among my :ims4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! sk9 has imbib+ z well z dis*>g+ pores2 witness ! effects ( a bli/]+ plai/]1 c4 ,i h read t a man1 hir$ by a physician to /& by way ( exp]im5t 9 ! op5 air nak$ dur+ a moi/ night1 weigh$ ne> ?ree p\nds heavi] 9 ! morn+4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ myself1 t h[ev] ?ir/y ,i may h be5 be=e go+ into ! wat] to swim1 ,i am nev] long s 9 ! wat]4 ,^! imbib+ pores1 h[ev]1 are v f9e1 p]haps f9e en\gh 9 filt]+ to sep>ate salt f wat]2 = ?\gh ,i h soak$ 7by swimm+1 :5 a boy7 sev]al h\rs 9 ! day = sev]al days successively 9 salt-wat]1 ,i nev] f\nd my blood & juices salt$ by t means1 s z to make me ?ir/y or feel a salt ta/e 9 my m\?3 & x is rem>kable1 t ! fle% ( sea fi%1 ?\gh br$ 9 salt-wat]1 is n salt4--,h5ce ,i imag9e1 t if p at sea1 di/ress$ by ?ir/ :5 _! fre% wat] is un=tunately sp5t1 w\ld make ba?+-tubs ( _! empty wat]-casks1 &1 fill+ !m ) sea-wat]1 sit 9 !m an h\r or two ea* day1 !y might be greatly reliev$4 ,p]haps keep+ _! clo!s con/antly wet might h an almo/ equal effect2 & ?is )\t dang] ( cat*+ cold4 ,m5 d n cat* cold by wet cloa?s at sea4 ,damp1 b n wet l95 may possibly give colds2 b no "o cat*es cold by ba?+1 & no clo!s c be wett] ?an wat] itself4 ,:y damp clo!s %\ld !n occasion colds1 is a curi\s "q1 ! discussion ( :i* ,i res]ve = a future lett]1 or "s future conv]sation4 ,adieu1 my little philosoph]4 ,pres5t my respectful complim5ts to ! good ladies y\r aunts1 & to miss ,pitt2 & believe me ev] ,y\r affectionate fri5d1 ,& humble ,s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,t5d5cy ( ,riv]s to ! ,sea4--,effect ( ! ,sun's ,rays on ,clo?s ( diff]5t ,col\rs4 ,sept4 #bj1 #agfa4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,x is1 z y obs]v$ 9 our late conv]sation1 a v g5]al op9ion1 t all riv]s run into ! sea1 or deposite _! wat]s !re4 ',tis a k9d ( audacity to call su* g5]al op9ions 9 "q1 & may subject "o to c5sure4 ,b we mu/ haz>d some?+ 9 :at we ?9k ! cause ( tru?3 & if we propose our objections mode/ly1 we %all1 ?\gh mi/ak51 des]ve a c5sure less sev]e1 ?an :5 we are bo? mi/ak5 & insol5t4 ,t "s riv]s run into ! sea is beyond a d\bt3 su*1 = in/ance1 are ! ,amazons1 & ,i ?9k ! ,oronoko & ! ,mississippi4 ,! pro( is1 t _! wat]s are fre% q to ! sea1 & out to "s di/ance f ! l&4 ,our "q is1 :e!r ! fre% wat]s ( ^? riv]s ^: b$s are fill$ ) salt wat] to a consid]able di/ance up f ! sea 7z ! ,?ames1 ! ,delaw>e1 & ! riv]s t communicate ) ,*esapeak-bay 9 ,virg9ia7 d ev] arrive at ! sea8 ,& z ,i suspect !y d n1 ,i am n[ to acqua9t y ) my reasons2 or1 if !y are n all[$ to be reasons1 my conceptions at lea/1 ( ?is matt]4 ,! common supply ( riv]s is f spr+s1 :i* draw _! orig9 f ra9 t has soak$ into ! e>?4 ,! union ( a numb] ( spr+s =ms a riv]4 ,! wat]s z !y run1 expos$ to ! sun1 air1 & w9d1 are cont9ually evaporat+4 ,h5ce 9 travell+ "o may (t5 see :]e a riv] runs1 by a long bluei% mi/ ov] x1 ?\gh we are at su* a di/ance z n to see ! riv] itself4 ,! quantity ( ?is evaporation is great] or less1 9 proportion to ! surface expos$ by ! same quantity ( wat] to ^? causes ( evaporation4 ,:ile ! riv] runs 9 a n>r[ conf9$ *annel 9 ! upp] hilly c\ntry1 only a small surface is expos$2 a great] z ! riv] wid5s4 ,n[ if a riv] ends 9 a lake1 z "s d1 :]eby its wat]s are spread s wide z t ! evaporation is equal to ! sum ( all its spr+s1 t lake w nev] ov]fl[3--,& if in/ead ( end+ 9 a lake1 x 0 drawn into great] l5g? z a riv]1 s z to expose a surface equal 9 ! :ole to t lake1 ! evaporation w\ld be equal1 & su* riv] w\ld end z a canal2 :5 ! ignorant might suppose1 z !y actually d 9 su* cases1 t ! riv] loses itself by runn+ "u gr\nd1 :]eas 9 tru? x has run up into ! air4 ,n[1 _m riv]s t are op5 to ! sea wid5 mu* be=e !y arrive at x1 n m]ely by ! additional wat]s !y receive1 b by hav+ _! c\rse /opp$ by ! oppos+ flood-tide2 by be+ turn$ back twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & by f9d+ broad] b$s 9 ! l[ flat c\ntries to dilate !mselves 92 h5ce ! evaporation ( ! fre% wat] is proportionably increas$2 s t 9 "s riv]s x may equal ! spr+s ( supply4 ,9 su* cases1 ! salt wat] comes up ! riv]1 & meets ! fre% 9 t "p :]e1 if !re 7 a wall or bank ( e>? across f side to side1 ! riv] w\ld =m a lake1 full] inde$ at "s times ?an at o!rs1 accord+ to ! seasons1 b ^: evaporation w\ld1 "o "t ) ano!r1 be equal to its supply4 ,:5 ! communication betwe5 ! two k9ds ( wat] is op51 ?is suppos$ wall ( sep>ation may be conceiv$ z a moveable "o1 :i* is n only pu%$ "s miles high] up ! riv] by e flood tide f ! sea1 & c>ri$ d[n aga9 z f> by e tide ( ebb1 b :i* has ev5 ?is space ( vibration remov$ ne>] to ! sea 9 wet seasons1 :5 ! spr+s & brooks 9 ! upp] c\ntry are augm5t$ by ! fall+ ra9s1 s z to swell ! riv]1 & f>!r f ! sea 9 dry seasons4 ,)9 a few miles above & bel[ ?is moveable l9e ( sep>ation1 ! diff]5t wat]s mix a little1 p>tly by _! motion to & fro1 & p>tly f ! great] specific gravity ( ! salt wat]1 :i* incl9es x to run "u ! fre%1 :ile ! fre% wat]1 be+ light]1 runs ov] ! salt4 ,ca/ y\r eye on ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & obs]ve ! bay ( ,*esapeak 9 ,virg9ia1 m5tion$ above2 y w see1 communicat+ ) x by _! m\?s1 ! great riv]s ,sasquehanah1 ,pot[mack1 ,rappahanock1 ,york1 & ,james1 besides a numb] ( small] /reams1 ea* z big z ! ,?ames4 ,x has be5 propos$ by philosophical writ]s1 t to compute h[ mu* wat] any riv] dis*>ges into ! sea 9 a giv5 "t1 we %\ld measure its dep? & swiftness at any "p above ! tide2 z1 = ! ,?ames1 at ,k+/on or ,w9dsor4 ,b c "o imag9e1 t if all ! wat] ( ^? va/ riv]s w5t to ! sea1 x w\ld n fir/ h pu%$ ! salt wat] out ( t n>r[-m\!d bay1 & fill$ x ) fre%8--,! ,sasquehanah alone w\ld seem to be suffici5t = ?is1 if x 7 n = ! loss by evaporation4 ,& yet t bay is salt q up to ,annapolis4 ,z to our o!r subject1 ! diff]5t degrees ( heat imbib$ f ! sun's rays by clo?s ( diff]5t col\rs1 s9ce ,i _c f9d ! notes ( my exp]im5t to s5d y1 ,i mu/ give x z well z ,i c f memory4 ,b fir/ let me m5tion an exp]im5t y may easily make y\rself4 ,walk b a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 y\r g>d5 :5 ! sun %9es1 ) a "p ( y\r dress :ite1 & a "p black2 !n apply y\r h& to !m alt]nately1 & y w f9d a v great diff]5ce 9 _! w>m?4 ,! black w be q hot to ! t\*1 ! :ite /ill cool4 ,ano!r4 ,try to fire ! pap] ) a burn+ glass4 ,if x is :ite1 y w n easily burn x2--b if y br+ ! focus to a black spot1 or ^u lett]s1 writt5 or pr9t$1 ! pap] w imm$iately be on fire "u ! lett]s4 ,?us full]s & dy]s f9d black clo?s1 ( equal ?ickness ) :ite ones1 & hung out equally wet1 dry 9 ! sun mu* soon] ?an ! :ite1 be+ m readily heat$ by ! sun's rays4 ,x is ! same be=e a fire2 ! heat ( :i* soon] p5etrates black /ock+s ?an :ite ones1 & s is apt soon] to burn a man's %9s4 ,also be] mu* soon] w>ms 9 a black mug set be=e ! fire1 ?an 9 a :ite "o1 or 9 a bright silv] tank>d4 ,my exp]im5t 0 ?is4 ,i took a numb] ( little squ>e pieces ( broad clo? f a taylor's patt]n-c>d1 ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,!re 7 black1 deep blue1 light] blue1 gre51 purple1 r$1 yell[1 :ite1 & o!r col\rs1 or %ades ( col\rs4 ,i laid !m all out ^u ! sn[ 9 a bright sun-%9y morn+4 ,9 a few h\rs 7,i _c n[ be exact z to ! "t7 ! black1 be+ w>m$ mo/ by ! sun1 0 sunk s l[ z to be bel[ ! /roke ( ! sun's rays2 ! d>k blue almo/ z l[1 ! light] blue n q s mu* z ! d>k1 ! o!r col\rs less z !y 7 light]2 & ! q :ite rema9$ on ! surface ( ! sn[1 n hav+ ent]$ x at all4 ,:at signifies philosophy t does n apply to "s use8---,may we n le>n f h5ce1 t black clo!s are n s fit to we> 9 a hot sunny climate or season1 z :ite ones2 because 9 su* clo!s ! body is m heat$ by ! sun :5 we walk abroad1 & are at ! same "t heat$ by ! ex]cise1 :i* d\ble heat is apt to br+ on putrid dang]\s fev]s8 ,t soldi]s & seam51 :o mu/ m>* & lab\r 9 ! sun1 %\ld 9 ! ,ea/ or ,we/ ,indies h an uni=m ( :ite8 ,t summ] hats1 = m5 or wom51 %\ld be :ite1 z repell+ t heat :i* gives head-a*s to _m1 & to "s ! fatal /roke t ! ,fr5* call ! c\p de soleil8 ,t ! ladies summ] hats1 h[ev]1 %\ld be l9$ ) black1 z n rev]b]at+ on _! faces ^? rays :i* are reflect$ upw>ds f ! e>? or wat]8 ,t ! putt+ a :ite cap ( pap] or l95 )9 ! cr[n ( a black hat1 z "s d1 w n keep out ! heat1 ?\gh x w\ld if plac$ )\t4 ,t fruit-walls be+ black$ may receive s mu* heat f ! sun 9 ! day-"t1 z to cont9ue w>m 9 "s degree ?r\gh ! night1 & !reby pres]ve ! fruit f fro/s1 or =w>d its gr[?8--) sundry o!r p>ticul>s ( less or great] importance1 t w occur f "t to "t to att5tive m9ds8--,i am1 ,y\rs affectionately1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,hopk9son4 ,on ! ,vis ,in]ti ( ,matt]4 ,philadelphia1 #agdh4 ,,sir1 ,accord+ to my promise1 ,i s5d y 9 writ+ my obs]vations on y\r book#ah3 y w be ! bett] able to consid] !m2 :i* ,i desire y to d at y\r leisure1 & to set me "r :]e ,i am wrong4 ,i /umble at ! ?re%old ( ! build+1 & !re=e h n read f>!r4 ,! au?or's vis in]ti ess5tial to matt]1 ^u :i* ! :ole "w is f\nd$1 ,i h n be5 able to compreh5d4 ,& ,i d n ?9k he demon/rates at all cle>ly 7at lea/ to me he does n7 t !re is really su* a prop]ty 9 matt]4 ,he says1 ,no4 #b4 ,let a giv5 body or mass ( matt] be call$ a1 & let any giv5 cel]ity be call$ c4 ,t cel]ity d\bl$1 tripl$1 c4 or halv$1 ?ird$1 c4 w be #b c1 #c c1 c4 or c1 c1 c4 respectively3 also ! body d\bl$1 tripl$1 or halv$1 ?ird$1 w be #b a1 #c a1 or a1 a1 respectively4 ,?us f> is cle>4--,b he adds1 ,n[ to move ! body a ) ! cel]ity c1 requires a c]ta9 =ce to be impress$ ^u x2 & to move x ) a cel]ity z #b c1 requires twice t =ce to be impress$ ^u x1 c4 ,"h ,i suspect "s mi/ake creeps 9 by ! au?or's n di/+ui%+ betwe5 a great =ce appli$ at once1 or a small "o cont9ually appli$1 to a mass ( matt]1 9 ord] to move x4 ,i ?9k x is g5]ally all[$ by ! philosoph]s1 &1 = aught we "k1 is c]ta9ly true1 t !re is no mass ( matt]1 h[ great soev]1 b may be mov$ by any =ce h[ small soev] 7tak+ friction out ( ! "q7 & ?is small =ce cont9u$1 w 9 "t br+ ! mass to move ) any velocity :atsoev]4--,our au?or himself seems to all[ ?is t[>ds ! end ( ! same ,no4 #b4 :5 he is subdivid+ 8 cel]ities & =ces3 = z 9 cont9u+ ! division to et]nity by 8 me?od ( c1 c1 c1 c1 c4 y c nev] come to a fraction ( velocity t is equal to #j c1 or no cel]ity at all2 s divid+ ! =ce 9 ! same mann]1 y c nev] come to a fraction ( =ce t w n produce an equal fraction ( cel]ity4--,:]e !n is ! mighty vis in]ti1 & :at is its /r5g?2 :5 ! greate/ assignable mass ( matt] w give way to1 or be mov$ by ! lea/ assignable =ce8 ,suppose two globes1 equal to ! sun & to "o ano!r1 exactly equipois$ 9 ,jove's balance2 suppose no friction 9 ! c5tre ( motion1 9 ! beam or else:]e3 if a musketo !n 7 to light on "o ( !m1 w\ld he n give motion to !m bo?1 caus+ "o to desc5d & ! o!r to rise8 ,if x is object$1 t ! =ce ( gravity helps "o globe to desc5d1 ,i answ]1 ! same =ce opposes ! o!r's ris+3 "h is an equality t leaves ! :ole motion to be produc$ by ! musketo1 )\t :om ^? globes w\ld n be mov$ at all4--,:at !n does vis in]ti d 9 ?is case8 & :at o!r effect c\ld we expect if !re 7 no su* ?+8 ,surely if x 7 any ?+ m ?an a phantom1 !re might be en\gh ( x 9 su* va/ bodies to annihilate1 by its opposition to motion1 s trifl+ a =ce8 ,our au?or w\ld h reason$ m cle>ly1 ,i ?9k1 if1 z he has us$ ! lett] a = a c]ta9 quantity ( matt]1 & c = a c]ta9 quantity ( cel]ity1 he _h employ$ "o lett] m1 & put f p]haps1 = a c]ta9 quantity ( =ce4 ,?is let u suppose to be done2 & !n z x is a maxim t ! =ce ( bodies 9 motion is equal to ! quantity ( matt] multipli$ by ! cel]ity1 7or f c ,x a72 & z ! =ce receiv$ by & subsi/+ 9 matt]1 :5 x is put 9 motion1 c nev] exce$ ! =ce giv52 s if1 f moves a ) c1 !re mu/ ne$s be requir$ #b f to move a ) #b c2 = a mov+ ) #b c w\ld h a =ce equal to #b f1 :i* x c\ld n receive f #a f2 & ?is1 n because !re is su* a ?+ z vis in]ti1 = ! case w\ld be ! same if t _h no exi/5ce2 b because no?+ c give m ?an x has1 if #a f c to #a a give #a c1 :i* is ! same ?+ z giv+ x #a f2 7i4 e4 if =ce appli$ to matt] at re/1 c put x 9 motion1 & give x equal =ce7 :]e !n is vis in]ti8 ,if x exi/$ at all 9 matt]1 %\ld we n f9d ! quantity ( its resi/ance subtract$ f ! =ce giv58 ,9 ,no4 #d4 our au?or goes on & says1 ! body a requires a c]ta9 =ce to be impress$ on x to be mov$ ) a cel]ity z c1 or su* a =ce is necess>y2 & !re=e makes a c]ta9 resi/ance1 c4 ,a body z #b a requires twice t =ce to be mov$ ) ! same cel]ity1 or x makes twice t resi/ance2 & s on4--,?is ,i ?9k is n true2 b t ! body #b a mov$ by ! =ce #a f 7?\gh ! eye may judge o!rwise ( x7 does really move ) ! same cel]ity z x did :5 impell$ by ! same =ce2 = #b a is comp\nd$ ( #a a #a a3 & if ea* ( ! #a a's or ea* "p ( ! comp\nd 7 made to move ) #a c 7z !y might be by #b f7 !n ! :ole w\ld move ) #b c1 & n ) #a c1 z our au?or supposes4 ,b #a f appli$ to #b a1 makes ea* a move ) c2 & s ! :ole moves ) #a c2 exactly ! same z #a a 0 made to d by #a f be=e4 ,:at is equal cel]ity b a measur+ ! same space by mov+ bodies 9 ! same "t8--,n[ if #a a impell$ by #a f measures #ajj y>ds 9 a m9ute2 & 9 #b a impell$ by #a f1 ea* a measures #ej y>ds 9 a m9ute1 :i* add$ make #ajj2 are n ! cel]ities z ! =ces equal8 & s9ce =ce & cel]ity 9 ! same quantity ( matt] are always 9 proportion to ea* o!r1 :y %\ld we1 :5 ! quantity ( matt] is d\bl$1 all[ ! =ce to cont9ue unimpair$1 & yet suppose "o half ( ! cel]ity to be lo/8--,i wond] ! m at our au?or's mi/ake 9 ?is po9t1 s9ce 9 ! same numb] ,i f9d him obs]v+3 ,we may easily conceive t a body z #c a1 #d a1 c4 w\ld make #c or #d bodies equal to once a1 ea* ( :i* w\ld require once ! fir/ =ce to be mov$ ) ! cel]ity c4 ,if !n 9 #c a1 ea* a requires once ! fir/ =ce f to be mov$ ) ! cel]ity c1 w\ld n ea* move ) ! =ce f & cel]ity c2 & consequ5tly ! :ole be #c a mov+ ) #c f & #c c8 ,aft] s di/9ct an obs]vation1 h[ c\ld he miss ( ! consequ5ce1 & imag9e t #a c & #c c 7 ! same8 ,?us z our au?or's abatem5t ( cel]ity 9 ! case ( #b a mov$ by #a f is imag9>y1 s mu/ be 8 additional resi/ance4--,& "h aga91 ,i am at a loss to discov] any effect ( ! vis in]ti4 ,9 ,no4 #f1 he tells u1 t all ?is is likewise c]ta9 :5 tak5 ! contr>y way1 viz4 f motion to re/2 = ! body a mov+ ) a c]ta9 velocity1 z c1 requires a c]ta9 degree ( =ce or resi/ance to /op t motion1 c4 c4 t is1 9 o!r words1 equal =ce is necess>y to de/roy =ce4 ,x may be s4 ,b h[ does t discov] a vis in]ti8 w\ld n ! effect be ! same if !re 7 no su* ?+8 ,a =ce #a f /rikes a body #a a1 & moves x ) ! cel]ity #a c1 i4 e4 ) ! =ce #a f3 ,x requires1 ev5 accord+ to our au?or1 only an oppos+ #a f to /op x4 ,b ought x n 7if !re 7 a vis in]ti7 to h n only ! =ce #a f1 b an additional =ce equal to ! =ce ( vis in]ti1 t ob/9ate p[] by :i* a body endeav\rs ) all its might to cont9ue 9 its pres5t /ate1 :e!r ( motion or re/8 ,i say1 ought !re n to be an oppos+ =ce equal to ! sum ( ^!8--,! tru? h[ev] is1 t !re is no body1 h[ l>ge soev]1 mov+ ) any velocity1 h[ great soev]1 b may be /opp$ by any oppos+ =ce1 h[ small soev]1 cont9ually appli$4 ,at lea/ all our mod]n philosoph]s agree to tell u s4 ,let me turn ! ?+ 9 :at light ,i please1 ,i _c discov] ! vis in]ti1 nor any effect ( x4 ,x is all[$ by all1 t a body #a a mov+ ) a velocity #a c1 & a =ce #a f /rik+ ano!r body #a a at re/1 !y w aft]w>ds move on toge!r1 ea* ) c & f2 :i*1 z ,i said be=e1 is equal 9 ! :ole to #a c & #a f4 ,if vis in]ti1 z 9 ?is case1 nei!r abates ! =ce nor ! velocity ( bodies1 :at does x1 or h[ does x discov] itself8 ,i imag9e ,i may v5ture to conclude my obs]vations on ?is piece1 almo/ 9 ! words ( ! au?or2 t if ! doctr9es ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l & ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( div9e provid5ce are demon/rable f no pla9] pr9ciples1 ! dei/ i4e4 !i/ has a desp]ate cause 9 h&4 ,i oppose my !i/ to 8 a!i/1 because ,i ?9k !y are diametrically opposite2 & n ne> ( k91 z ,mr4 ,:itfield seems to suppose2 :]e 79 8 j\rnal7 he tells u1 ,m4 ,b4 0 a dei/1 ,i _h almo/ said an a!i/2 t is1 *alk1 ,i _h almo/ said *>coal4 ,! d9 ( ! m>ket#ai increases ^u me2 & t1 ) frequ5t int]ruptions1 has1 ,i f9d1 made me say "s ?+s twice ov]2 &1 ,i suppose1 =get "s o!rs ,i int5d$ to say4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 "o good effect1 z x obliges me to come to ! relief ( y\r pati5ce ) ,y\r humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,baxt]'s ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( ! ,human ,s\l4 ,b4 ,v4 #ai ,philadelphia m>ket1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,frankl9 liv$4 ,b4 ,v4 ,,to ,,john ,,pr+le1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,& ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,on ! diff]5t ,/rata ( ! ,e>?4 ,crav5-,/reet1 ,jan4 #f1 #ageh4 ,,sir1 ,i return y ,mr4 ,mit*ell's pap] on ! /rata ( ! e>?#bj ) ?anks4 ,! read+ ( x1 & p]usal ( ! draft t accompanies x1 h reconcil$ me to ^? convulsions :i* all naturali/s agree ?is globe has suff]$4 ,_h ! diff]5t /rata ( clay1 gravel1 m>ble1 coals1 lime-/one1 s&1 m9]als1 c4 cont9u$ to lie level1 "o "u ! o!r1 z !y may be suppos$ to h done be=e ^? convulsions1 we %\ld h _h ! use only ( a few ( ! upp]mo/ ( ! /rata1 ! o!rs ly+ too deep & too difficult to be come at2 b ! %ell ( ! e>? be+ broke1 & ! fragm5ts ?r[n into ?is oblique position1 ! disjo9t$ ends ( a great numb] ( /rata ( diff]5t k9ds are br\ght up to day1 & a great v>iety ( useful mat]ials put into our p[]1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ et]nally conceal$ f u4 ,s t :at has be5 usually look$ ^u z a ru9 suff]$ by ?is "p ( ! univ]se1 01 9 reality1 only a prep>ation1 or means ( r5d]+ ! e>? m fit = use1 m capable ( be+ to mank9d a conv5i5t & com=table habitation4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ) great e/eem1 y\rs1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #bj ,see ?is pap] aft]w>ds pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,,to ,,! ,,abbe ,,s\lavie4 ,occasion$ by 8 s5d+ me "s notes he _h tak5 ( :at ,i _h said to him 9 conv]sation on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,i wrote x to set him "r 9 "s po9ts :]e9 he _h mi/ak5 my mean+4#ba ,passy1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aghb4 ,,sir1 ,i return ! pap]s ) "s corrections4 ,i did n f9d coal m9es "u ! calc>e\s rock 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,i only rem>k$1 t at ! l[e/ "p ( t rocky m\nta9 :i* 0 9 sight1 !re 7 oy/] %ells mix$ 9 ! /one2 & "p ( ! high c\nty ( ,d]by be+ probably z mu* above ! level ( ! sea1 z ! coal m9es ( ,:itehav5 7 bel[ x1 seem$ a pro(1 t !re _h be5 a great b\lev]sem5t 9 ! surface ( t isl&1 "s "p ( x hav+ be5 depress$ "u ! sea1 & o!r p>ts1 :i* _h be5 "u x1 be+ rais$ above x4 ,su* *anges 9 ! sup]ficial p>ts ( ! globe1 seem$ to me unlikely to happ51 if ! e>? 7 solid to ! c5tre4 ,i !re=e imag9$1 t ! int]nal p>ts might be a fluid m d5se1 & ( great] specific gravity ?an any ( ! solids we are acqua9t$ )1 :i* !re=e might swim 9 or ^u t fluid4 ,?us ! surface ( ! globe w\ld be a %ell1 capable ( be+ brok5 & disord]$ by ! viol5t movem5ts ( ! fluid on :i* x re/$4 ,& z air has be5 compress$ by art s z to be twice z d5se z wat]1 9 :i* case1 if su* air & wat] c\ld be conta9$ 9 a /rong glass vessel1 ! air w\ld be se5 to take ! l[e/ place1 & ! wat] to float above & ^u x2 & z we "k n yet ! degree ( d5sity to :i* air may be compress$1 & ,m4 ,amontons calculat$1 t its d5sity increas+ z x approa*$ ! c5tre1 9 ! same proportion z above ! surface1 x w\ld at ! dep? ( leagues1 be heavi] ?an gold1 possibly ! d5se fluid occupy+ ! int]nal p>ts ( ! globe might be air compress$4 ,& z ! =ce ( expansion 9 d5se air :5 heat$ is 9 proportion to its d5sity1 ?is c5tral air might af=d ano!r ag5t to move ! surface1 z well z be ( use 9 keep+ alive ! subt]rane\s fires2 ?\gh1 z y obs]ve1 ! sudd5 r>efaction ( wat] com+ into contact )\t ^? fires1 may also be an ag5t suffici5tly /rong = t purpose1 :5 act+ betwe5 ! incumb5t e>? & ! fluid on :i* x re/s4 ,if "o might indulge imag9ation 9 suppos+ h[ su* a globe 0 =m$1 ,i %\ld conceive1 t all ! elem5ts 9 sep>ate p>ticles be+ orig9ally mix$ 9 confusion1 & occupy+ a great space1 !y w\ld 7z soon z ! almighty fiat orda9$ gravity1 or ! mutual attraction ( c]ta9 p>ts1 & ! mutual repulsion ( o!rs1 to exi/7 all move to _! common c5tre3 t ! air be+ a fluid ^: p>ts repel ea* o!r1 ?\gh drawn to ! common c5tre by _! gravity1 w\ld be d5se/ t[>ds ! c5tre1 & r>] z m remote2 consequ5tly all matt]s light] ?an ! c5tral p>ts ( t air1 & imm]s$ 9 x1 w\ld rec$e f ! c5tre1 & rise till !y arriv$ at t region ( ! air :i* 0 ( ! same specific gravity ) !mselves1 :]e !y w\ld re/2 :ile o!r matt]1 mix$ ) ! light] air1 w\ld desc5d1 & ! two meet+ w\ld =m ! %ell ( ! fir/ e>?1 leav+ ! upp] atmosph]e ne>ly cle>4 ,! orig9al movem5t ( ! p>ts t[>ds _! common c5tre w\ld naturally =m a :irl !re2 :i* w\ld cont9ue ^u ! turn+ ( ! new-=m$ globe ^u its axis1 & ! greate/ diamet] ( ! %ell w\ld be 9 its equator4 ,if by any accid5t aft]w>ds ! axis %\ld be *ang$1 ! d5se int]nal fluid1 by alt]+ its =m1 mu/ bur/ ! %ell1 & ?r[ all its sub/ance into ! confusion 9 :i* we f9d x4 ,i w n tr\ble y at pres5t ) my fancies conc]n+ ! mann] ( =m+ ! re/ ( our sy/em4 ,sup]ior be+s smile at our !ories1 & at our presumption 9 mak+ !m4 ,i w j m5tion1 t y\r obs]vation ( ! f]rug9\s nature ( ! lava :i* is ?r[n out f ! dep?s ( our volcanoes1 gave me great pleasure4 ,x has long be5 a supposition ( m9e1 t ! iron conta9$ 9 ! surface ( ! globe has made x capable ( becom+1 z x is1 a great magnet2 t ! fluid ( magnetism p]haps exi/s 9 all space2 s t !re is a magnetical nor? & s\? ( ! univ]se1 z well z ( ?is globe1 & t if x 7 possible = a man to fly f /> to />1 he might gov]n 8 c\rse by ! compass2 t x 0 by ! p[] ( ?is g5]al magnetism ?is globe became a p>ticul> magnet4 ,9 s(t or hot iron ! fluid ( magnetism is naturally diffus$ equally2 :5 )9 ! influ5ce ( ! magnet x is drawn to "o end ( ! iron1 made d5s] !re & r>] at ! o!r4 ,:ile ! iron cont9ues s(t & hot1 x is only a tempor>y magnet2 if x cools or gr[s h>d 9 t situation1 x becomes a p]man5t "o1 ! magnetic fluid n easily resum+ its equilibrium4 ,p]haps x may be ow+ to ! p]man5t magnetism ( ?is globe1 :i* x _h n at fir/1 t its axis is at pres5t kept p>allel to itself1 & n liable to ! *anges x =m]ly suff]$1 :i* occasion$ ! rupture ( its %ell1 ! subm]sions & em]sions ( its l&s & ! confusion ( its seasons4 ,! pres5t pol> & equatorial diamet]s diff]+ f ea* o!r ne> t5 leagues1 x is easy to conceive1 9 case "s p[] %\ld %ift ! axis gradually1 & place x 9 ! pres5t equator1 & make ! new equator pass ?r\gh ! pres5t poles1 :at a s9k+ ( ! wat]s w\ld happ5 9 ! pres5t equatorial regions1 & :at a ris+ 9 ! pres5t pol> regions2 s t va/ tracts w\ld be discov]$1 t n[ are "u wat]1 & o!rs cov]$1 t are n[ dry1 ! wat] ris+ & s9k+ 9 ! diff]5t extremes ne> five leagues4 ,su* an op]ation z ?is possibly occasion$ mu* ( ,europe1 & among ! re/ ?is ,m\nta9 ( ,passy on :i* ,i live1 & :i* is compos$ ( lime/one1 rock & sea-%ells1 to be ab&on$ by ! sea1 & to *ange its anci5t climate1 :i* seems to h be5 a hot "o4 ,! globe be+ n[ become a p]fect magnet1 we are1 p]haps1 safe f any *ange ( its axis4 ,b we are /ill subject to ! accid5ts on ! surface1 :i* are occasion$ by a wave 9 ! int]nal pond]\s fluid2 & su* a wave is producible by ! sudd5 viol5t explosion y m5tion1 happ5+ f ! junction ( wat] & fire "u ! e>?1 :i* n only lifts ! incumb5t e>? t is ov] ! explosion1 b impress+ ) ! same =ce ! fluid "u x1 creates a wave1 t may run a ?\s& leagues1 lift+1 & !reby %ak+1 successively1 all ! c\ntries "u :i* x passes4 ,i "k n1 :e!r ,i h express$ myself s cle>ly1 z n to get out ( y\r sight 9 ^! rev]ies4 ,x !y occasion any new enquiries1 & produce a bett] hypo!sis1 !y w n be q useless4 ,y see ,i h giv5 a loose to imag9ation2 b ,i approve mu* m y\r me?od ( philosophis+1 :i* proce$s ^u actual obs]vation1 makes a collection ( facts1 & concludes no f>!r ?an ^? facts w w>rant4 ,9 my pres5t circum/ances1 t mode ( /udy+ ! nature ( ! globe is out ( my p[]1 & !re=e ,i h p]mitt$ myself to w&] a little 9 ! wilds ( fancy4 ,) great e/eem1 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,sir1 c4 ,,b5j4 ,,frankl94 ,p4 ,s4 ,i h he>d1 t *ymi/s c by _! art decompose /one & wood1 extract+ a consid]able quantity ( wat] f ! "o1 & air f ! o!r4 ,x seems natural to conclude f ?is1 t wat] & air 7 +r$i5ts 9 _! orig9al composition3 = m5 _c make new matt] ( any k9d4 ,9 ! same mann] may we n suppose1 t :5 we consume combu/ibles ( all k9ds1 & produce heat or light1 we d n create t heat or light2 b only decompose a sub/ance1 :i* receiv$ x orig9ally z a "p ( its composition8 ,heat may be ?us consid]$ z orig9ally 9 a fluid /ate2 b1 attract$ by organiz$ bodies 9 _! gr[?1 becomes a "p ( ! solid4 ,besides ?is1 ,i c conceive1 t 9 ! fir/ assemblage ( ! p>ticles ( :i* ?is e>? is compos$1 ea* br\ght its portion ( ! loose heat t _h be5 connect$ ) x1 & ! :ole1 :5 press$ toge!r1 produc$ ! int]nal fire t /ill subsi/s4 ,,footnote3 #ba ,9 an ,am]ican p]iodical publication1 ?is pap] is said to h be5 s endors$ 9 ,dr4 ,frankl9's h&4 ,we extract ! pap] itself1 f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 :]e x 0 read ,nov4 #ba1 #aghh4 ,! two pap]s t foll[ x are f ! same "w1 & 7 read 9 ! ,society ! prec$+ day1 & ! o!r ,jan4 #ae1 #agij4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,david ,,ritt5h\se1 ,,esq4 ,new & curi\s ,!ory ( ,light & ,heat4 ,no date4 ,univ]sal space1 z f> z we "k ( x1 seems to be fill$ ) a subtle fluid1 ^: motion1 or vibration1 is call$ light4 ,?is fluid may possibly be ! same ) t1 :i*1 be+ attract$ by1 & ent]+ into o!r m solid matt]1 dilates ! sub/ance by sep>at+ ! con/itu5t p>ticles1 & s r5d]+ "s solids fluid1 & ma9ta9+ ! fluidity ( o!rs2 ( :i* fluid1 :5 our bodies are totally depriv$1 !y are said to be froz52 :5 !y h a prop] quantity1 !y are 9 heal?1 & fit to p]=m all _! functions2 x is !n call$ natural heat2 :5 too mu*1 x is call$ fev]2 & :5 =c$ into ! body 9 too great a quantity f )\t1 x gives pa91 by sep>at+ & de/roy+ ! fle%1 & is !n call$ burn+1 & ! fluid s ent]+ & act+ is call$ fire4 ,:ile organis$ bodies1 animal or vegetable1 are augm5t+ 9 gr[?1 or are supply+ _! cont9ual wa/e1 is n ?is done by attract+ & consolidat+ ?is fluid call$ fire1 s z to =m ( x a "p ( _! sub/ance8 ,& is x n a sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( su* sub/ance1 :i*1 dissolv+ its solid /ate1 sets t subtle fluid at lib]ty1 :5 x aga9 makes its appe>ance z fire8 ,= ! p[] ( man relative to matt]1 seems limit$ to ! sep>at+ or mix+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( x1 or *ang+ its =m & appe>ance by diff]5t compositions ( x2 b does n ext5d to ! mak+ or creat+ new matt]1 or annihilat+ ! old4 ,?us1 if fire be an orig9al elem5t or k9d ( matt]1 its quantity is fix$ & p]man5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,we _c de/roy any "p ( x1 or make addition to x2 we c only sep>ate x f t :i* conf9es x1 & s set x at lib]ty2 z :5 we put wood 9 a situation to be burnt1 or transf] x f "o solid to ano!r1 z :5 we make lime by burn+ /one1 a "p ( ! fire dislodg$ 9 ! fuel be+ left 9 ! /one4 ,may n ?is fluid1 :5 at lib]ty1 be capable ( p5etrat+ & ent]+ into all bodies1 organis$ or n1 quitt+ easily 9 totality ^? n organis$1 & quitt+ easily 9 "p ^? :i* are2 ! "p assum$ & fix$ rema9+ till ! body is dissolv$8 ,is x n ?is fluid :i* keeps asund] ! p>ticles ( air1 p]mitt+ !m to approa*1 or sep>at+ !m m1 9 proportion z its quantity is dim9i%$ or augm5t$8 ,is x n ! great] gravity ( ! p>ticles ( air1 :i* =ces ! p>ticles ( ?is fluid to m\nt ) ! matt]s to :i* x is atta*$1 z smoke or vap\r8 ,does x n seem to h a great] aff9ity ) wat]1 s9ce x w quit a solid to unite ) t fluid1 & g (f ) x 9 vap\r1 leav+ ! solid cold to ! t\*1 & ! degree measurable by ! !rmomet]8 ,! vap\r rises atta*$ to ?is fluid1 b at a c]ta9 height !y sep>ate1 & ! vap\r desc5ds 9 ra91 reta9+ b little ( x1 9 sn[ or hail less4 ,:at becomes ( t fluid8 ,does x rise above our atmosph]e1 & mix ) ! univ]sal mass ( ! same k9d8 ,or does a sph]ical /ratum ( x1 d5s]1 z less mix$ ) air1 attract$ by ?is globe1 & repell$ or pu%$ up only to a c]ta9 height f its surface1 by ! great] weight ( air1 rema9 !re surr\nd+ ! globe1 & proce$+ ) x r\nd ! sun8 ,9 su* case1 z !re may be a cont9uity or communication ( ?is fluid ?r\gh ! air q d[n to ! e>?1 is x n by ! vibrations giv5 to x1 by ! sun1 t light appe>s to u8 ,& may x n be1 t e "o ( ! inf9itely small vibrations1 /rik+ common matt] ) a c]ta9 =ce1 ent]s its sub/ance1 is held !re by attraction1 & augm5t$ by succe$+ vibrations1 till ! matt] has receiv$ z mu* z _! =ce c drive into x8 ,is x n ?us1 t ! surface ( ?is globe is cont9ually heat$ by su* repeat$ vibrations 9 ! day1 & cool$ by ! escape ( ! heat :5 ^? vibrations are discont9u$ 9 ! night1 or int]cept$ & reflect$ by cl\ds8 ,is x n ?us1 t fire is amass$ & makes ! greate/ "p ( ! sub/ance ( combu/ible bodies8 ,p]haps1 :5 ?is globe 0 fir/ =m$1 & its orig9al p>ticles took _! place at c]ta9 di/ances f ! c5tre1 9 proportion to _! great] or less gravity1 ! fluid fire1 attract$ t[>ds t c5tre1 might 9 great "p be oblig$1 z lighte/1 to take place above ! re/1 & ?us =m ! sph]e ( fire above suppos$1 :i* w\ld aft]w>ds be cont9ually dim9i%+ by ! sub/ance x af=d$ to organis$ bodies1 & ! quantity re/or$ to x aga91 by ! burn+ or o!r sep>at+ ( ! p>ts ( ^? bodies4 ,is n ! natural heat ( animals ?us produc$1 by sep>at+ 9 dige/ion ! p>ts ( food1 & sett+ _! fire at lib]ty8 ,is x n ?is sph]e ( fire :i* k9dles ! w&]+ globes t sometimes pass ?r\gh x 9 our c\rse r\nd ! sun1 h _! surface k9dl$ by x1 & bur/ :5 _! includ$ air is greatly r>efi$ by ! heat on _! burn+ surfaces8 ,may x n h be5 f su* consid]ations t ! anci5t philosoph]s suppos$ a sph]e ( fire to exi/ above ! air ( our atmosph]e8 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,bodo94 ,qu]ies & ,conjectures relat+ to ,magnetism & ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,no date4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i receiv$ y\r fav\rs by ,messrs4 ,gore1 ,hilli>d1 & ,lee1 ) ^: conv]sation ,i 0 mu* pleas$1 & wi%$ = m ( x2 b _! /ay ) u 0 too %ort4 ,:5ev] y recomm5d any ( y\r fri5ds to me1 y oblige me4 ,i want to "k :e!r y\r ,philosophical ,society receiv$ ! second volume ( our ,transactions4 ,i s5t x1 b nev] he>d ( its arriv+4 ,if x misc>ri$1 ,i w s5d ano!r4 ,has y\r ,society among its books ! ,fr5* "w ,sur les ,arts1 et les ,meti]s8 ,x is volum9\s1 well execut$1 & may be useful 9 our c\ntry4 ,i h bequea!d x !m 9 my w2 b if !y h x already1 ,i w sub/itute some?+ else4 ,our anci5t correspond5ce us$ to h some?+ philosophical 9 x4 ,z y are n[ m free f public c>es1 & ,i expect to be s 9 a few mon?s1 :y may we n resume t k9d ( correspond5ce8 ,our mu* regrett$ fri5d ,w9?rop once made me ! complim5t1 t ,i 0 good at />t+ game = philosoph]s1 let me try if ,i c />t a little = y4 ,has ! "q1 h[ came ! e>? by its magnetism1 ev] be5 consid]$8 ,is x likely t iron ore imm$iately exi/$ :5 ?is globe 0 fir/ =m$2 or may x n r be suppos$ a gradual production ( "t8 ,if ! e>? is at pres5t magnetical1 9 virtue ( ! masses ( iron ore conta9$ 9 x1 might n "s ages pass be=e x _h magnetic pol>ity8 ,s9ce iron ore may exi/ )\t t pol>ity1 & by be+ plac$ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances may obta9 x1 f an ext]nal cause1 is x n possible t ! e>? receiv$ its magnetism f "s su* cause8 ,9 %ort1 may n a magnetic p[] exi/ ?r\gh\t our sy/em1 p]haps ?r\gh all sy/ems1 s t if m5 c\ld make a voyage 9 ! />ry regions1 a compass might be ( use8 ,& may n su* univ]sal magnetism1 ) its uni=m direction1 be s]viceable 9 keep+ ! diurnal revolution ( a planet m /eady to ! same axis8 ,la/ly1 z ! poles ( magnets may be *ang$ by ! pres5ce ( /rong] magnets1 might n1 9 anci5t times1 ! ne> pass+ ( "s l>ge comet ( great] magnetic p[] ?an ?is globe ( ours h be5 a means ( *ang+ its poles1 & !reby wreck+ & d]ang+ its surface1 plac+ 9 diff]5t regions ! effect ( c5trifugal =ce1 s z to raise ! wat]s ( ! sea 9 "s1 :ile !y 7 depress$ 9 o!rs8 ,let me add ano!r "q or two1 n relat+ inde$ to magnetism1 b1 h[ev]1 to ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,is n ! f9d+ ( great quantities ( %ells & bones ( animals 7natural to hot climates7 9 ! cold ones ( our pres5t _w1 "s pro( t its poles h be5 *ang$8 ,is n ! supposition t ! poles h be5 *ang$1 ! easie/ way ( acc\nt+ = ! deluge1 by gett+ rid ( ! old difficulty h[ to dispose ( its wat]s aft] x 0 ov]8 ,s9ce if ! poles 7 aga9 to be *ang$1 & plac$ 9 ! pres5t equator1 ! sea w\ld fall !re ab\t fifte5 miles 9 height1 & rise z mu* 9 ! pres5t pol> regions2 & ! effect w\ld be proportionable if ! new poles 7 plac$ any :]e betwe5 ! pres5t & ! equator4 ,does n ! app>5t wreck ( ! surface ( ?is globe1 ?r[n up into long ridges ( m\nta9s1 ) /rata 9 v>i\s positions1 make x probable1 t its int]nal mass is a fluid2 b a fluid s d5se z to float ! heavie/ ( our sub/ances8 ,d we "k ! limit ( cond5sation air is capable (8 ,suppos+ x to gr[ d5s] )9 ! surface1 9 ! same proportion ne>ly z x does )\t1 at :at dep? may x be equal 9 d5sity ) gold8 ,c we easily conceive h[ ! /rata ( ! e>? c\ld h be5 s d]ang$1 if x _h n be5 a m]e %ell support$ by a heavi] fluid8 ,w\ld n su* a suppos$ int]nal fluid globe be imm$iately s5sible ( a *ange 9 ! situation ( ! e>?'s axis1 alt] its =m1 & !reby bur/ ! %ell1 & ?r[ up p>ts ( x above ! re/8 ,z1 if we w\ld alt] ! position ( ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! %ell ( an egg1 & place its longe/ diamet] :]e ! %orte/ n[ is1 ! %ell mu/ break2 b w\ld be mu* h>d] to break2 if ! :ole int]nal sub/ance 7 z solid & h>d z ! %ell4 ,might n a wave1 by any means rais$ 9 ?is suppos$ int]nal ocean ( extremely d5se fluid1 raise 9 "s degree1 z x passes1 ! pres5t %ell ( incumb5t e>?1 & break x 9 "s places1 z 9 e>?quakes8 ,& may n ! progress ( su* wave1 & ! disord]s x occasions among ! solids ( ! %ell1 acc\nt = ! rumbl+ s\nd be+ fir/ he>d at a di/ance1 augm5t+ z x approa*es1 & gradually dy+ away z x proce$s8 ,a circum/ance obs]v$ by ! inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 _! la/ great e>?quake1 t noise com+ f a place1 "s degrees nor? ( ,lima1 & be+ trac$ by enquiry q d[n to ,bu5os ,ayres1 proce$$ regul>ly f nor? to s\? at ! rate ( leagues p] m9ute1 z ,i 0 in=m$ by a v +5i\s ,p]uvian :om ,i met ) at ,p>is4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,m4 ,,dub\rg4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,sea ,coal#bb4 99999999 ,i am p]suad$1 z well z y1 t ! sea coal has a vegetable orig91 & t x has be5 =m$ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?2 b z prec$+ convulsions ( nature _h s]v$ to br+ x v deep 9 _m places1 & cov]$ x ) _m diff]5t /rata1 we are indebt$ to subsequ5t convulsions = hav+ br\ght )9 our view ! extremities ( its ve9s1 s z to lead u to p5etrate ! e>? 9 se>* ( x4 ,i visit$ la/ summ] a l>ge coal-m9e at ,:itehav51 9 ,cumb]l&2 & 9 foll[+ ! ve9 & desc5d+ by degrees t[>ds ! sea1 ,i p5etrat$ bel[ ! ocean1 :]e ! level ( its surface 0 m ?an eight hundr$ fa?om above my head1 & ! m9]s assur$ me1 t _! works ext5d$ "s miles beyond ! place :]e ,i !n 01 cont9ually & gradually desc5d+ "u ! sea4 ,! slate1 :i* =ms ! ro( ( ?is coal m9e1 is impress$ 9 _m places ) ! figures ( leaves & bran*es ( f]n1 :i* und\bt$ly grew at ! surface :5 ! slate 0 9 ! /ate ( s& on ! banks ( ! sea4 ,?us x appe>s t ?is ve9 ( coal has suff]$ a prodigi\s settlem5t4 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #bb ,retranslat$ f ! ,fr5* edition ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's works4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley#bc4 ,effect ( ,vegetation on noxi\s ,air4 99999999 ,t ! vegetable creation %\ld re/ore ! air :i* is spoil$ by ! animal "p ( x1 looks l a rational sy/em1 & seems to be ( a piece ) ! re/4 ,?us fire purifies wat] all ! _w ov]4 ,x purifies x by di/illation1 :5 x raises x 9 vap\rs1 & lets x fall 9 ra92 & f>!r /ill by filtration1 :51 keep+ x fluid1 x suff]s t ra9 to p]colate ! e>?4 ,we knew be=e1 t putrid animal sub/ances 7 conv]t$ into sweet vegetables1 :5 mix$ ) ! e>?1 & appli$ z manure2 & n[1 x seems1 t ! same putrid sub/ances1 mix$ ) ! air1 h a simil> effect4 ,! /rong ?riv+ /ate ( y\r m9t1 9 putrid air1 seems to %ew1 t ! air is m5d$ by tak+ some?+ f x1 & n by add+ to x4 ,i hope ?is w give "s *eck to ! rage ( de/roy+ trees t gr[ ne> h\ses1 :i* has accompani$ our late improvem5ts 9 g>d5+1 f an op9ion ( _! be+ un:olesome4 ,i am c]ta91 f long obs]vation1 t !re is no?+ unheal?y 9 ! air ( woods2 = we ,am]icans h e :]e our c\ntry habitations 9 ! mid/ ( woods1 & no p on e>? enjoy bett] heal?1 or are m prolific4 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #bc ,?is extract is tak5 f ,dr4 ,prie/ley's ,exp]im5ts on ,air1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #id4 ,x 0 writt5 9 answ] to a note f ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 in=m+ our au?or ( ! result ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts on "s plants :i* he _h se5 at ,dr4 ,prie/ley's h\se 9 a v fl\ri%+ /ate1 9 j>s ( highly noxi\s air4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,! ,,same#bd4 ,on ! ,inflammability ( ! ,surface ( c]ta9 ,riv]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,crav5-/reet1 ,april #aj1 #aggd4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,9 compliance ) y\r reque/1 ,i h endeav\r$ to recollect ! circum/ances ( ! ,am]ican exp]im5ts ,i =m]ly m5tion$ to y1 ( rais+ a flame on ! surface ( "s wat]s !re4 ,:5 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey 9 #agfd1 ,i he>d x sev]al times m5tion$1 t by apply+ a light$ c&le ne> ! surface ( "s ( _! riv]s1 a sudd5 flame w\ld cat* & spread on ! wat]1 cont9u+ to burn = ne> half a m9ute4 ,b ! acc\nts ,i receiv$ 7 s imp]fect1 t ,i c\ld =m no guess at ! cause ( su* an effect1 & r d\bt$ ! tru? ( x4 ,i _h no opportunity ( see+ ! exp]im5t2 b call+ to see a fri5d :o happ5$ to be j return+ home f mak+ x himself1 ,i le>n$ f him ! mann] ( x2 :i* 0 to *oose a %all[ place1 :]e ! bottom c\ld be rea*$ by a walk+-/ick1 & 0 muddy2 ! mud 0 fir/ to be /irr$ ) ! /ick1 & :5 a numb] ( small bubbles began to arise f x1 ! c&le 0 appli$4 ,! flame 0 s sudd5 & s /rong1 t x cat*$ 8 ruffle & spoil$ x1 z ,i saw4 ,new ,j]sey hav+ _m p9e-trees 9 _m p>ts ( x1 ,i !n imag9$ t some?+ l a volatile oil ( turp5t9e might be mix$ ) ! wat]s f a p9e-swamp1 b ?is supposition did n q satisfy me4 ,i m5tion$ ! fact to "s philosophical fri5ds on my return to ,engl&1 b x 0 n mu* att5d$ to4 ,i suppose ,i 0 ?\ght a little too cr$ul\s4 ,9 #agfe1 ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,*&l] receiv$ a lett] f ,dr4 ,f9ley1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college 9 t prov9ce1 relat+ ! same exp]im5t4 ,x 0 read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,novemb] #ba ( t ye>1 b n pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions2 p]haps because x 0 ?\ght too /range to be true1 & "s ridicule might be appreh5d$1 if any memb] %\ld attempt to repeat x1 9 ord] to asc]ta91 or refute x4 ,! foll[+ is a copy ( t acc\nt4 ,a wor?y g5tleman1 :o lives at a few miles di/ance1 in=m$ me1 t 9 a c]ta9 small cove ( a mill-pond1 ne> 8 h\se1 he 0 surpriz$ to see ! surface ( ! wat] blaze l inflam$ spirits4 ,i soon aft] w5t to ! place1 & made ! exp]im5t ) ! same success4 ,! bottom ( ! creek 0 muddy1 & :5 /irr$ up1 s z to cause a consid]able curl on ! surface1 & a light$ c&le held )9 two or ?ree in*es ( x1 ! :ole surface 0 9 a blaze1 z in/antly z ! vap\r ( w>m inflammable spirits1 & cont9u$1 :5 /rongly agitat$1 = ! space ( sev]al seconds4 ,x 0 at fir/ imag9$ to be peculi> to t place2 b ^u trial x 0 soon f\nd1 t su* a bottom 9 o!r places exhibit$ ! same ph5om5on4 ,! discov]y 0 accid5tally made by "o belong+ to ! mill4 ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5t twice "h 9 ,engl&1 b )\t success4 ,! fir/ 0 9 a sl[ runn+ wat] ) a muddy bottom4 ,! second 9 a /agnant wat] at ! bottom ( a deep dit*4 ,be+ "s "t employ$ 9 /irr+ ?is wat]1 ,i ascrib$ an int]mitt+ fev]1 :i* seiz$ me a few days aft]1 to my brea?+ too mu* ( t f\l air1 :i* ,i /irr$ up f ! bottom1 & :i* ,i c\ld n avoid :ile ,i /oop$1 endeav\r+ to k9dle x4 ,! discov]ies y h lately made1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* inflammable air is 9 "s cases produc$1 may ?r[ light on ?is exp]im5t1 & expla9 its succe$+ 9 "s cases1 & n 9 o!rs4 ,) ! highe/ e/eem & respect1 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #bd ,f 8 ,exp]im5ts on ,air1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #cba4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,p]cival#be4 ,on ! diff]5t ,quantities ( ,ra9 :i* fall at diff]5t ,heights ov] ! same ,gr\nd4 ,no date4 ,on my return to ,london ,i f\nd y\r fav\r ( ! #af? ( ,may 7#agga74 ,i wi% ,i c\ld1 z y desire1 give y a bett] explanation ( ! ph5om5on 9 "q1 s9ce y seem n q satisfi$ ) y\r own2 b ,i ?9k we want m & a great] v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 to enable u to =m a ?or\ghly satisfactory hypo!sis4 ,n t ,i make ! lea/ d\bt ( ! facts already relat$1 z ,i "k bo? ,"l ,*>les ,cav5di%1 & ,dr4 ,heb]d5 to be v accurate exp]im5t]s3 b ,i wi% to "k ! ev5t ( ! trials propos$ 9 y\r six qu]ies2 & also1 :e!r 9 ! same place :]e ! l[] vessel receives ne>ly twice ! quantity ( wat] t is receiv$ by ! upp]1 a ?ird vessel plac$ at half ! height w receive a quantity proportionable4 ,i w h[ev] endeav\r to expla9 to y :at occurr$ to me1 :5 ,i fir/ he>d ( ! fact4 ,i suppose x w be g5]ally all[$1 on a little consid]ation ( ! subject1 t sc>ce any drop ( wat] 01 :5 x began to fall f ! cl\ds1 ( a magnitude equal to t x has acquir$1 :5 x arrives at ! e>?2 ! same ( ! sev]al pieces ( hail2 because !y are (t5 s l>ge & s weighty1 t we _c conceive a possibility ( _! be+ susp5d$ 9 ! air1 & rema9+ at re/ !re1 = any "t1 h[ small soev]2 nor d we conceive any means ( =m+ !m s l>ge1 be=e !y set out to fall4 ,x seems !n1 t ea* beg9n+ drop1 & p>ticle ( hail1 receives cont9ual addition 9 its progress d[nw>ds4 ,?is may be sev]al ways3 by ! union ( numb]s 9 _! c\rse1 s t :at 0 at fir/ only desc5d+ mi/1 becomes a %[]2 or by ea* p>ticle1 9 its desc5t ?r\gh air t conta9s a great quantity ( dissolv$ wat]1 /rik+ aga9/1 atta*+ to itself1 & c>ry+ d[n ) x su* p>ticles ( t dissolv$ wat]1 z happ5 to be 9 its way2 or attract+ to itself su* z d n lie directly 9 its c\rse by its diff]5t /ate ) reg>d ei!r to common or electric fire2 or by all ^! causes unit$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 by ! unit+ ( numb]s1 l>g] drops might be made1 b ! quantity fall+ 9 ! same place w\ld be ! same at all heights2 unless1 z y m5tion1 ! :ole %\ld be contract$ 9 fall+1 ! l9es describ$ by all ! drops conv]g+1 s t :at set out to fall f a cl\d ( _m ?\s& acres1 %\ld rea* ! e>? 9 p]haps a ?ird ( t ext5t1 ( :i* ,i some:at d\bt4 ,9 ! o!r cases we h two exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,a dry glass bottle fill$ ) v cold wat]1 9 a w>m day1 w pres5tly collect f ! seem+ly dry air t surr\nds x a quantity ( wat]1 t %all cov] its surface & run d[n its sides1 :i* p]haps is done by ! p[] :]e) ! cold wat] attracts ! fluid1 common fire t _h be5 unit$ ) ! dissolv$ wat] 9 ! air1 & draw+ ! fire ?r\gh ! glass into itself1 leaves ! wat] on ! outside4 #b4 ,an electrifi$ body left 9 a room = "s "t1 w be m cov]$ ) du/ ?an o!r bodies 9 ! same room n electrifi$1 :i* du/ seems to be attract$ f ! circumambi5t air4 ,n[ we "k t ! ra91 ev5 9 our hotte/ days1 comes f a v cold region4 ,its fall+ sometimes 9 ! =m ( ice1 %[s ?is cle>ly2 & p]haps ev5 ! ra9 is sn[ or ice1 :5 x fir/ moves d[nw>ds1 ?\gh ?aw$ 9 fall+3 & we "k t ! drops ( ra9 are (t5 electrifi$3 b ^? causes ( addition to ea* drop ( wat]1 or piece ( hail1 "o w\ld ?9k c\ld n long cont9ue to produce ! same effect2 s9ce ! air1 ?r\gh :i* ! drops fall1 mu/ soon be /ripp$ ( its previ\sly dissolv$ wat]1 s z to be no long] capable ( augm5t+ !m4 ,inde$ v heavy %[]s1 ( ei!r1 are nev] ( long cont9uance2 b mod]ate ra9s (t5 cont9ue s long z to puzzle ?is hypo!sis3 s t ^u ! :ole ,i ?9k1 z ,i intimat$ be=e1 t we are yet h>dly ripe = mak+ "o4 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #be ,?is lett] is tak5 f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #abf4 ,x 0 communicat$ by ! p]son to :om x is address$1 & 0 read 9 ! ,society1 ,janu>y #ba1 #aghd1 z an app5dix to a pap] by ,dr4 ,p]cival on ! same subject4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,nairne1 ,,( ,,london#bf4 ,propos+ a sl[ly s5sible ,hygromet] = c]ta9 ,purposes4 ,passy1 ne> ,p>is1 ,nov4 #ac1 #aghj4 ,,sir1 ,! qualities hi!rto s\ght 9 a hygromet]1 or in/rum5t to discov] ! degrees ( moi/ure & dryness 9 ! air1 seem to h be51 an aptitude to receive humidity readily f a moi/ air1 & to "p ) x is z readily to a dry air4 ,diff]5t sub/ances h be5 f\nd to possess m or less ( ?is quality2 b :5 we %all h f\nd ! sub/ance t has x 9 ! greate/ p]fection1 !re w /ill rema9 "s unc]ta9ty 9 ! conclusions to be drawn f ! degree %[n by ! in/rum5t1 aris+ f ! actual /ate ( ! in/rum5t itself z to heat & cold4 ,?us1 if two bottles or vessels ( glass or metal be+ fill$1 ! "o ) cold & ! o!r ) hot wat]1 are br\ght into a room1 ! moi/ure ( ! air 9 ! room w atta* itself 9 quantities to ! surface ( ! cold vessel1 :ile if y actually wet ! surface ( ! hot vessel1 ! moi/ure w imm$iately quit x1 & be absorb$ by ! same air4 ,& ?us1 9 a sudd5 *ange ( ! air f cold to w>m1 ! in/rum5t rema9+ long] cold may cond5se & absorb m moi/ure1 & m>k ! air z hav+ become m humid ?an x is 9 reality1 & ! contr>y 9 a *ange f w>m to cold4 ,b if su* a sudd5ly *ang+ in/rum5t c\ld be fre$ f ^! imp]fections1 yet :5 ! design is to discov] ! diff]5t degrees ( humidity 9 ! air ( diff]5t c\ntries1 ,i appreh5d ! quick s5sibility ( ! in/rum5t to be r a disadvantage2 s9ce1 to draw ! desir$ conclusions f x1 a con/ant & frequ5t obs]vation day & night 9 ea* c\ntry w be necess>y = a ye> or ye>s1 & ! mean ( ea* diff]5t set ( obs]vations is to be f\nd & det]m9$4 ,aft] all :i* "s unc]ta9ty w rema9 respect+ ! diff]5t degrees ( exactitude ) :i* diff]5t p]sons may h made & tak5 notes ( _! obs]vations4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i appreh5d t a sub/ance :i*1 ?\gh capable ( be+ di/5d$ by moi/ure & contract$ by dryness1 is s sl[ 9 receiv+ & p>t+ ) its humidity1 t ! frequ5t *anges 9 ! atmosph]e h n "t to affect x s5sibly1 & :i* !re=e %\ld gradually take ne>ly ! m$ium ( all ^? *anges & pres]ve x con/antly1 w\ld be ! mo/ prop] sub/ance ( :i* to make su* an hygromet]4 ,su* an in/rum5t1 y1 my de> sir1 ?\gh )\t int5d+ x1 h made = me2 & ,i1 )\t desir+ or expect+ x1 h receiv$ f y4 ,x is !re=e ) propriety t ,i address to y ! foll[+ acc\nt ( x2 & ! m1 z y h bo? a head to contrive & a h& to execute ! means ( p]fect+ x4 ,& ,i d ?is ) great] pleasure1 z x af=ds me ! opportunity ( r5ew+ t anti5t correspond5ce & acqua9tance ) y1 :i* to me 0 always s pleas+ & s in/ructive4 ,y may possibly rememb]1 t 9 or ab\t ! ye> #ageh1 y made = me a set ( artificial magnets1 six 9 numb]1 ea* five & a half in*es long1 half an in* broad1 & "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,^!1 ) two pieces ( s(t iron1 :i* toge!r equall$ "o ( ! magnets1 7 inclos$ 9 a little box ( mahogany wood1 ! gra9 ( :i* ran )1 & n across1 ! l5g? ( ! box3 & ! box 0 clos$ by a little %utt] ( ! same wood1 ! gra9 ( :i* ran across ! box2 & ! ends ( ?is %utt+ piece 7 bevell$ s z to fit & slide 9 a k9d ( dovetail groove :5 ! box 0 to be %ut or op5$4 ,i _h be5 ( op9ion1 t good mahogany wood 0 n affect$ by moi/ure s z to *ange its dim5sions1 & t x 0 always to be f\nd z ! tools ( ! workman left x4 ,inde$ ! diff]5ce at diff]5t times 9 ! same c\ntry is s small z to be sc>cely 9 a common way obs]vable4 ,h5ce ! box1 :i* 0 made s z to all[ suffici5t room = ! magnets to slide out & 9 freely1 &1 :5 91 af=d$ !m s mu* play t by %ak+ ! box "o c\ld make !m /rike ! opposite sides alt]nately1 cont9u$ 9 ! same /ate all ! "t ,i rema9$ 9 ,engl&1 :i* 0 f\r ye>s1 )\t any app>5t alt]ation4 ,i left ,engl& 9 ,augu/ #agfb1 & arriv$ at ,philadelphia 9 ,octob] ! same ye>4 ,9 a few weeks aft] my arrival1 be+ desir\s ( %[+ y\r magnets to a philosophical fri5d1 ,i f\nd !m s tight 9 ! box1 t x 0 ) difficulty ,i got !m out2 & con/antly dur+ ! two ye>s ,i rema9$ !re1 viz4 till ,novemb] #agfd1 ?is difficulty ( gett+ !m out & 9 cont9u$4 ,! little %utt] too1 z wood does n %r9k l5g?ways ( ! gra91 0 f\nd too long to ent] its grooves1 &1 n be+ us$1 0 mislaid & lo/2 & ,i aft]w>ds _h ano!r made t fitt$4 ,9 ,decemb] #agfd ,i return$ to ,engl&1 & aft] "s "t ,i obs]v$ t my box 0 become full big en\gh = my magnets1 & too wide = my new %utt]2 :i* 0 s mu* too %ort = its grooves1 t x 0 apt to fall out2 & to make x keep 91 ,i l5g!n$ x by add+ to ea* end a little coat ( seal+-wax4 ,i cont9u$ 9 ,engl& m ?an t5 ye>s1 & dur+ all t "t1 aft] ! fir/ *ange1 ,i p]ceiv$ no alt]ation4 ,! magnets _h ! same fre$om 9 _! box1 & ! little %utt] cont9u$ ) ! add$ seal+-wax to fit its grooves1 till "s weeks aft] my second return to ,am]ica4 ,z ,i c\ld n imag9e any o!r cause = ?is *ange ( dim5sions 9 ! box1 :5 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries1 ,i conclud$1 fir/ g5]ally t ! air ( ,engl& 0 moi/] ?an t ( ,am]ica4 ,& ?is ,i suppos$ an effect ( its be+ an isl&1 :]e e w9d t blew mu/ necess>ily pass ov] "s sea be=e x arriv$1 & ( c\rse lick up "s vap\r4 ,i aft]w>ds inde$ d\bt$ :e!r x might be j only s f> z relat$ to ! city ( ,london1 :]e ,i resid$2 because !re are _m causes ( moi/ure 9 ! city air1 :i* d n exi/ to ! same degree 9 ! c\ntry2 su* z ! brew]s' & dy]s' boil+ caldrons1 & ! great numb] ( pots & tea-kettles cont9ually on ! fire1 s5d+ =? abundance ( vap\r2 & also ! numb] ( animals :o by _! brea? cont9ually increase x2 to :i* may be add$1 t ev5 ! va/ quantity ( sea coals burnt !re1 d 9 k9dl+ dis*>ge a great deal ( moi/ure4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,engl&1 ! la/ "t1 y also made = me a little a*romatic pocket telescope1 ! body 0 brass1 & x _h a r\nd case 7,i ?9k ( ?9 wood7 cov]$ ) %agr94 ,all ! :ile ,i rema9$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh possibly !re might be "s small *anges 9 ! dim5sions ( ?is case1 ,i nei!r p]ceiv$ nor suspect$ any4 ,!re 0 always com=table room = ! telescope to slip 9 & out4 ,b soon aft] ,i arriv$ 9 ,am]ica1 :i* 0 9 ,may #agge1 ! case became too small = ! in/rum5t1 x 0 ) mu* difficulty & v>i\s contrivances t ,i got x out1 & ,i c\ld nev] aft] get x 9 aga91 dur+ my /ay !re1 :i* 0 eighte5 mon?s4 ,i br\ght x ) me to ,europe1 b left ! case z useless1 imag9+ t ,i %\ld f9d ! cont95tal air ( ,france z dry z t ( ,p5nsylvania1 :]e my magnet box _h also return$ a second "t to its n>r[ness1 & p9*$ ! pieces1 z h]et(ore1 oblig+ me too1 to scrape ! seal+-wax (f ! ends ( ! %utt]4 ,i _h n be5 long 9 ,france1 be=e ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d1 t my box 0 become z l>ge z x _h always be5 9 ,engl&1 ! magnets ent]$ & came out ) ! same fre$om1 &1 :5 91 ,i c\ld rattle !m aga9/ its sides2 ?is has cont9u$ to be ! case )\t s5sible v>iation4 ,my habitation is out ( ,p>is di/ant almo/ a league1 s t ! moi/ air ( ! city _c be suppos$ to h mu* effect ^u ! box4 ,i am on a high dry hill1 9 a free air1 z likely to be dry z any air 9 ,france4 ,:5ce x seems probable t ! air ( ,engl& 9 g5]al may1 z well z t ( ,london1 be moi/] ?an ! air ( ,am]ica1 s9ce t ( ,france is s1 & 9 a "p s di/ant f ! sea4 ,! great] dryness ( ! air 9 ,am]ica appe>s f "s o!r obs]vations4 ,! cab9et "w =m]ly s5t u f ,london1 :i* consi/$ 9 ?9 plates ( f9e wood glu$ ^u fir1 nev] w\ld /& ) u2 ! vane]+1 z ^? plates are call$1 w\ld get loose & come (f2 bo? woods %r9k+1 & _! gra9s (t5 cross+1 !y 7 =ev] crack+ & fly+4 ,& 9 my electrical exp]im5ts !re1 x 0 rem>kable1 t a mahogany table1 on :i* my j>s /ood "u ! prime conductor to be *>g$1 w\ld (t5 be s dry1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! w9d _h be5 "s "t at nor?-we/1 :i* ) u is a v dry+ w9d1 z to isolate ! j>s1 & prev5t _! be+ *>g$ till ,i _h =m$ a communication betwe5 _! coat+s & ! e>?4 ,i _h a l table 9 ,london1 :i* ,i us$ = ! same purpose all ! "t ,i resid$ !re2 b x 0 nev] s dry z to refuse conduct+ ! electricity4 ,n[ :at ,i w\ld beg leave to recomm5d to y1 is1 t y w\ld recollect1 if y c1 ! species ( mahogany ( :i* y made my box1 = y "k !re is a good deal ( diff]5ce 9 woods t g "u t "n2 or if t _c be1 t y w\ld take a numb] ( pieces ( ! close/ & f9e/ gra9$ mahogany t y c meet )1 plane !m to ! ?9ness ( ab\t a l9e1 & ! wid? ( ab\t two in*es across ! gra91 & fix ea* ( ! pieces 9 "s in/rum5t t y c contrive1 :i* w p]mit !m to contract & dilate1 & w %[1 9 s5sible degrees1 by a moveable h& ^u a m>k$ scale1 ! o!rwise less s5sible quantities ( su* contraction & dilatation4 ,if ^! in/rum5ts are all kept 9 ! same place :ile mak+1 & are graduat$ toge!r :ile subject to ! same degrees ( moi/ure or dryness1 ,i appreh5d y w h s _m comp>able hygromet]s1 :i*1 be+ s5t into diff]5t c\ntries1 & cont9u$ !re = "s "t1 w f9d & %[ !re ! mean ( ! diff]5t dryness & moi/ure ( ! air ( ^? c\ntries1 & t ) mu* less tr\ble ?an by any hygromet] hi!rto 9 use4 ,) great e/eem1 ,i am1 ,de> ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t1 ,& mo/ humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #bf ,?is lett] is tak5 f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 9 :i* x 0 read1 ,janu>y #bf1 #aghf4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,p4#bg ,,9 ,,london4 ,relat+ a curi\s ,in/ance ( ! ,effect ( ,oil on ,wat]4 ,philadelphia1 ,dec4 #a1 #agfb4 ,,sir1 ,dur+ our passage to ,madeira1 ! wea!r be+ w>m1 & ! cab9 w9d[s con/antly op5 = ! b5efit ( ! air1 ! c&les at night fl>$ & run v mu*1 :i* 0 an inconv5i5ce4 ,at ,madeira1 we got oil to burn1 & ) a common glass tumbl] or beak]1 slung 9 wire1 & susp5d$ to ! ciel+ ( ! cab91 & a little wire hoop = ! wick1 furni%$ ) corks to float on ! oil1 ,i made an ,italian lamp1 t gave u v good light all ov] ! table4--,! glass at bottom conta9$ wat] to ab\t "o ?ird ( its height2 ano!r ?ird 0 tak5 up ) oil2 ! re/ 0 left empty t ! sides ( ! glass might protect ! flame f ! w9d4 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 all ?is2 b :at foll[s is p>ticul>4 ,at supp]1 look+ on ! lamp1 ,i rem>k$1 t ?\gh ! surface ( ! oil 0 p]fectly tranquil1 & duly pres]v$ its position & di/ance ) reg>d to ! brim ( ! glass1 ! wat] "u ! oil 0 9 great commotion1 ris+ & fall+ 9 irregul> waves1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole ev5+4 ,! lamp 0 kept burn+ z a wat* light all night1 till ! oil 0 sp5t1 & ! wat] only rema9$4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i obs]v$1 t ?\gh ! motion ( ! %ip cont9u$ ! same1 ! wat] 0 n[ quiet1 & its surface z tranquil z t ( ! oil _h be5 ! ev5+ be=e4 ,at night aga91 :5 oil 0 put ^u x1 ! wat] resum$ its irregul> motions1 ris+ 9 high waves almo/ to ! surface ( ! oil1 b )\t di/urb+ ! smoo? level ( t surface4 ,& ?is 0 repeat$ e day dur+ ! voyage4 ,s9ce my arrival 9 ,am]ica1 ,i h repeat$ ! exp]im5t frequ5tly ?us4 ,i h put a pack-?read r\nd a tumbl]1 ) /r+s ( ! same1 f ea* side1 meet+ above x 9 a knot at ab\t a foot di/ance f ! top ( ! tumbl]4 ,!n putt+ 9 z mu* wat] z w\ld fill ab\t "o ?ird "p ( ! tumbl]1 ,i lift$ x up by ! knot1 & swung x to & fro 9 ! air2 :5 ! wat] appe>$ to keep its place 9 ! tumbl] z /eadily z if x _h be5 ice4 ,b p\r+ g5tly 9 ^u ! wat] ab\t z mu* oil1 & !n aga9 sw++ x 9 ! air z be=e1 ! tranquility be=e possess$ by ! wat]1 0 transf]r$ to ! surface ( ! oil1 & ! wat] "u x 0 agitat$ ) ! same commotions z at sea4 ,i h %ewn ?is exp]im5t to a numb] ( +5i\s p]sons4 ,^? :o are b slightly acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( hydro/atics1 c4 are apt to fancy imm$iately t !y und]/& x1 & readily attempt to expla9 x2 b _! explanations h be5 diff]5t1 & to me n v intelligible4 ,o!rs1 m deeply skill$ 9 ^? pr9ciples1 seem to wond] at x1 & promise to consid] x4 ,& ,i ?9k x is wor? consid]+3 = a new appe>ance1 if x _c be expla9$ by our old pr9ciples1 may af=d u new ones1 ( use p]haps 9 expla9+ "s o!r obscure p>ts ( natural k4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #bg ,dr4 ,pr+le4 ,editor4 ,( ! ,/ill+ ( ,waves by ,means ( ,oil4 ,extract$ f ,sundry ,lett]s betwe5 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,l4 ,l4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,william ,br[nrigg1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,f>i%4 ,read at ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #b1 #aggd4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,br[nrigg to ,dr4 ,frankl91 dat$ ,orma?wait1 ,janu>y #bg1 #aggc4 ,by ! enclos$ f an old fri5d1 a wor?y cl]gyman at ,c>lisle1 ^: great le>n+ & ext5sive k 9 mo/ sci5ces w\ld h m di/+ui%$ him1 _h he be5 plac$ 9 a m conspicu\s po9t ( view1 y w f9d1 t he _h he>d ( y\r exp]im5t on ,d]w5t ,lake1 & has ?r[n toge!r :at he c\ld collect on t subject2 to :i* ,i h subjo9$ "o exp]im5t f ! relation ( ano!r g5tleman4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,f>i%1 to ,dr4 ,br[nrigg4 ,i "s "t ago met ) ,mr4 ,dun1 :o surpris$ me ) an acc\nt ( an exp]im5t y _h tri$ ^u ! ,d]w5t ,wat]1 9 company ) ,sir ,john ,pr+le & ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,accord+ to 8 repres5tation1 ! wat]1 :i* _h be5 9 great agitation be=e1 0 in/antly calm$ ^u p\r+ 9 only a v small quantity ( oil1 & t to s great a di/ance r\nd ! boat z seem$ incr$ible4 ,i h s9ce _h ! same acc\nts f o!rs1 b ,i suspect all ( a little exagg]ation4 ,pl9y m5tions ?is prop]ty ( oil z kn[n p>ticul>ly to ! div]s1 :o made use ( x 9 8 days1 9 ord] to h a m /eady light at ! bottom4#bh ,! sailors1 ,i h be5 told1 h obs]v$ some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 our days1 t ! wat] is always rem>kably smoo!r1 9 ! wake ( a %ip t has be5 newly tall[$1 ?an x is 9 "o t is f\l4 ,mr4 ,p5nant also m5tions an obs]vation ( ! l nature made by ! seal cat*]s 9 ,scotl&4 ,brit4 ,zool4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,article ,seal4 ,:5 ^! animals are dev\r+ a v oily fi%1 :i* !y always d "u wat]1 ! waves alone are obs]v$ to be rem>kably smoo?1 & by ?is m>k ! fi%]m5 "k :]e to look = !m4 ,old ,pl9y does n usually meet ) all ! cr$it ,i am incl9$ to ?9k he des]ves4 ,i %all be glad to h an au!ntic acc\nt ( ! ,keswick exp]im5t1 & if x comes up to ! repres5tations t h be5 made ( x1 ,i %all n mu* hesitate to believe ! old g5tleman 9 ano!r m wond]ful ph5om5on he relates ( /ill+ a tempe/ only by ?r[+ up a little v9eg> into ! air4 ,extract ( a ,lett] to ,dr4 ,br[nrigg f ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,london ,nov4 #g1 #aggc4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i ?ank y = ! rem>ks ( y\r le>n$ fri5d at ,c>lisle4 ,i _h1 :5 a y\?1 read & smil$ at ,pl9y's acc\nt ( a practice among ! seam5 ( 8 "t1 to /ill ! waves 9 a /orm by p\r+ oil into ! sea2 :i* he m5tions1 z well z ! use made ( oil by ! div]s2 b ! /ill+ a tempe/ by ?r[+ v9eg> into ! air _h escap$ me4 ,i ?9k ) y\r fri5d1 t x has be5 ( late too mu* ! mode to slight ! le>n+ ( ! anci5ts4 ,! le>n$1 too1 are apt to slight too mu* ! k ( ! vulg>4 ,! cool+ by evaporation 0 long an in/ance ( ! latt]4 ,?is art ( smoo?+ ! waves by oil is an in/ance ( bo?4 ,p]haps y may n dislike to h an acc\nt ( all ,i h he>d1 & le>nt1 & done 9 ?is way4 ,take x if y please z foll[s4 ,9 #ageg1 be+ at sea 9 a fleet ( #if sail b\nd aga9/ ,l\isb\rg1 ,i obs]v$ ! wakes ( two ( ! %ips to be rem>kably smoo?1 :ile all ! o!rs 7 ruffl$ by ! w9d1 :i* blew fre%4 ,be+ puzzl$ ) ! diff]+ appe>ance1 ,i at la/ po9t$ x out to our capta91 & ask$ him ! mean+ ( x4 ,! cooks1 says he1 h1 ,i suppose1 be5 j empty+ _! greasy wat] ?r\gh ! scupp]s1 :i* has greas$ ! sides ( ^? %ips a little2 & ?is answ] he gave me ) an air ( "s little contempt1 z to a p]son ignorant ( :at e body else knew4 ,9 my own m9d ,i at fir/ slight$ 8 solution1 ?\gh ,i 0 n able to ?9k ( ano!r1 b recollect+ :at ,i _h =m]ly read 9 ,pl9y1 ,i resolv$ to make "s exp]im5t ( ! effect ( oil on wat]1 :5 ,i %\ld h opportunity4 ,aft]w>ds be+ aga9 at sea 9 #agfb1 ,i fir/ obs]v$ ! wond]ful quietness ( oil on agitat$ wat]1 9 ! sw++ glass lamp ,i made to hang up 9 ! cab91 z describ$ 9 my pr9t$ pap]s#bi4 ,?is ,i 0 cont9ually look+ at & consid]+1 z an appe>ance to me inexplicable4 ,an old sea capta91 !n a pass5g] ) me1 ?\ght little ( x1 suppos+ x an effect ( ! same k9d ) t ( oil put on wat] to smoo? x1 :i* he said 0 a practice ( ! ,b]mudians :5 !y w\ld /rike fi%1 :i* !y c\ld n see1 if ! surface ( ! wat] 0 ruffl$ by ! w9d4 ,?is practice ,i _h nev] be=e he>d (1 & 0 oblig$ to him = ! in=mation2 ?\gh ,i ?\ght him mi/ak5 z to ! sam5ess ( ! exp]im5t1 ! op]ations be+ diff]5t z well z ! effects4 ,9 "o case1 ! wat] is smoo? till ! oil is put on1 & !n becomes agitat$4 ,9 ! o!r x is agitat$ be=e ! oil is appli$1 & !n becomes smoo?4 ,! same g5tleman told me1 he _h he>d x 0 a practice ) ! fi%]man ( ,lisbon :5 ab\t to return into ! riv] 7if !y saw be=e !m too great a surf ^u ! b>1 :i* !y appreh5d$ might fill _! boats 9 pass+7 to empty a bottle or two ( oil into ! sea1 :i* w\ld suppress ! break]s1 & all[ !m to pass safely4 ,a confirmation ( ?is ,i h n s9ce _h an opportunity ( obta9+3 b disc\rs+ ( x ) ano!r p]son1 :o _h (t5 be5 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,i 0 in=m$1 t ! div]s !re1 :o1 :5 "u wat] 9 _! bus9ess1 ne$ light1 :i* ! curl+ ( ! surface int]rupts by ! refractions ( s _m little waves1 let a small quantity ( oil n[ & !n out ( _! m\?s1 :i* ris+ to ! surface smoo?s x1 & p]mits ! light to come d[n to !m4 ,all ^! in=mations ,i at times revolv$ 9 my m9d1 & wond]$ to f9d no m5tion ( !m 9 our books ( exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,at l5g? be+ at ,clapham1 :]e !re is1 on ! common1 a l>ge pond1 :i* ,i obs]v$ "o day to be v r\gh ) ! w9d1 ,i fet*$ out a cruet ( oil1 & dropt a little ( x on ! wat]4 ,i saw x spread itself ) surpris+ swiftness ^u ! surface2 b ! effect ( smoo?+ ! waves 0 n produc$2 = ,i _h appli$ x fir/ on ! leew>d side ( ! pond1 :]e ! waves 7 l>ge/1 & ! w9d drove my oil back ^u ! %ore4 ,i !n w5t to ! w9dw>d side :]e !y began to =m2 & !re ! oil1 ?\gh n m ?an a tea spoonful1 produc$ an in/ant calm ov] a space sev]al y>ds squ>e1 :i* spread amaz+ly1 & ext5d$ itself gradually till x rea*$ ! lee side1 mak+ all t qu>t] ( ! pond1 p]haps half an acre1 z smoo? z a look+-glass4 ,aft] ?is ,i contriv$ to take ) me1 :5ev] ,i w5t into ! c\ntry1 a little oil 9 ! upp] holl[ jo9t ( my bamboo cane1 ) :i* ,i might repeat ! exp]im5t z opportunity %\ld (f]1 & ,i f\nd x con/antly to succe$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 "o circum/ance /ruck me ) p>ticul> surprise4 ,?is 0 ! sudd51 wide & =cible spread+ ( a drop ( oil on ! face ( ! wat]1 :i* ,i d n "k t any body has hi!rto consid]$4 ,if a drop ( oil is put on a highly poli%$ m>ble table1 or on a look+-glass t lies horizontally1 ! drop rema9s 9 its place1 spread+ v little4 ,b :5 put on wat]1 x spreads in/antly _m feet r\nd1 becom+ s ?9 z to produce ! prismatic col\rs1 = a consid]able space1 & beyond !m s mu* ?9n] z to be invisible1 except 9 its effect ( smoo?+ ! waves at a mu* great] di/ance4 ,x seems z if a mutual repulsion betwe5 its p>ticles took place z soon z x t\*$ ! wat]1 & a repulsion s /rong z to act on o!r bodies swimm+ on ! surface1 z /raw1 leaves1 *ips1 c4 =c+ !m to rec$e e way f ! drop1 z f a c5tre1 leav+ a l>ge cle> space4 ,! quantity ( ?is =ce1 & ! di/ance to :i* x w op]ate1 ,i h n yet asc]ta9$2 b ,i ?9k x a curi\s enquiry1 & ,i wi% to und]/& :5ce x arises4 ,9 our j\rney to ! nor?1 :5 we _h ! pleasure ( see+ y at ,orma?waite1 we visit$ ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,smeaton1 ne> ,le$s4 ,be+ ab\t to %[ him ! smoo?+ exp]im5t on a little pond ne> 8 h\se1 an +5i\s pupil ( 81 ,mr4 ,jessop1 !n pres5t1 told u ( an odd appe>ance on t pond1 :i* _h lately occurr$ to him4 ,he 0 ab\t to clean a little cup 9 :i* he kept oil1 & he ?rew ^u ! wat] "s flies t _h be5 dr[n$ 9 ! oil4 ,^! flies pres5tly began to move1 & turn$ r\nd on ! wat] v rapidly1 z if !y 7 vigor\sly alive1 ?\gh on exam9ation he f\nd !y 7 n s4 ,i imm$iately conclud$ t ! motion 0 occasion$ by ! p[] ( ! repulsion above m5tion$1 & t ! oil issu+ gradually f ! spungy body ( ! fly cont9u$ ! motion4 ,he f\nd "s m flies dr[n$ 9 oil1 ) :i* ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ be=e u4 ,to %[ t x 0 n any effect ( life recov]$ by ! flies1 ,i imitat$ x by little bits ( oil$ *ips & pap] cut 9 ! =m ( a comma1 ( ! size ( a common fly2 :5 ! /ream ( repell+ p>ticles issu+ f ! po9t made ! comma turn r\nd ! contr>y way4 ,?is is n a *amb] exp]im5t2 = x _c be well repeat$ 9 a b[l or di% ( wat] on a table4 ,a consid]able surface ( wat] is necess>y to give room = ! expansion ( a small quantity ( oil4 ,9 a di% ( wat]1 if ! smalle/ drop ( oil be let fall 9 ! middle1 ! :ole surface is pres5tly cov]$ ) a ?9 greasy film proce$+ f ! drop2 b z soon z t film has rea*$ ! sides ( ! di%1 no m w issue f ! drop1 b x rema9s 9 ! =m ( oil1 ! sides ( ! di% putt+ a /op to its dissipation by prohibit+ ! f>!r expansion ( ! film4 ,our fri5d ,sir ,john ,pr+le1 be+ soon aft] 9 ,scotl&1 le>n$ !re1 t ^? employ$ 9 ! h]r+-fi%]y c\ld at a di/ance see :]e ! %oals ( h]r+s 71 by ! smoo?ness ( ! wat] ov] !m1 :i* might possibly be occasion$1 he ?\ght1 by "s oil9ess proce$+ f _! bodies4 ,a g5tleman f ,rhode-isl& told me1 x _h be5 rem>k$1 t ! h>b\r ( ,newport 0 ev] smoo? :ile any :al+ vessels 7 9 x2 :i* probably arose f h5ce1 t ! blubb] :i* !y sometimes br+ loose 9 ! hold1 or ! leakage ( _! b>rels1 might af=d "s oil1 to mix ) t wat]1 :i* f "t to "t !y pump out to keep _! vessel free1 & t "s oil might spread ov] ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! h>b\r1 & prev5t ! =m+ ( any waves4 ,?is prev5tion ,i w\ld ?us endeav\r to expla94 ,!re seems to be no natural repulsion betwe5 wat] & air1 su* z to keep !m f com+ into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,h5ce we f9d a quantity ( air 9 wat]2 & if we extract x by means ( ! air-pump1 ! same wat]1 aga9 expos$ to ! air1 w soon imbibe an equal quantity4 ,!re=e air 9 motion1 :i* is w9d1 9 pass+ ov] ! smoo? surface ( wat]1 may rub1 z x 71 ^u t surface1 & raise x into wr9kles1 :i*1 if ! w9d cont9ues1 are ! elem5ts ( future waves4 ,! smalle/ wave once rais$ does n imm$iately subside1 & leave ! neighb\r+ wat] quiet3 b 9 subsid+ raises ne>ly z mu* ( ! wat] next to x1 ! friction ( ! p>ts mak+ little diff]5ce4 ,?us a /one dropp$ 9 a pool raises fir/ a s+le wave r\nd itself2 & leaves x1 by s9k+ to ! bottom2 b t fir/ wave subsid+ raises a second1 ! second a ?ird1 & s on 9 circles to a great ext5t4 ,a small p[] cont9ually op]at+ w produce a great action4 ,a f+] appli$ to a weighty susp5d$ bell c at fir/ move x b little2 if repeat$ly appli$1 ?\gh ) no great] /r5g?1 ! motion increases till ! bell sw+s to its utmo/ height1 & ) a =ce t _c be resi/$ by ! :ole /r5g? ( ! arm & body4 ,?us ! small fir/-rais$ waves1 be+ cont9ually act$ ^u by ! w9d1 are1 ?\gh ! w9d does n increase 9 /r5g?1 cont9ually increas$ 9 magnitude1 ris+ high] & ext5d+ _! bases1 s z to include a va/ mass ( wat] 9 ea* wave1 :i* 9 its motion acts ) great viol5ce4 ,b if !re be a mutual repulsion betwe5 ! p>ticles ( oil1 & no attraction betwe5 oil & wat]1 oil dropp$ on wat] w n be held toge!r by adhesion to ! spot :]eon x falls2 x w n be imbib$ by ! wat]2 x w be at lib]ty to exp& itself2 & x w spread on a surface t1 besides be+ smoo? to ! mo/ p]fect degree ( poli%1 prev5ts1 p]haps by repell+ ! oil1 all imm$iate contact1 keep+ x at a m9ute di/ance f itself2 & ! expansion w cont9ue till ! mutual repulsion betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! oil is weak5$ & r$uc$ to no?+ by _! di/ance4 ,n[ ,i imag9e t ! w9d1 bl[+ ov] wat] ?us cov]$ ) a film ( oil1 _c easily cat* ^u x1 s z to raise ! fir/ wr9kles1 b slides ov] x1 & leaves x smoo? z x f9ds x4 ,x moves a little ! oil inde$1 :i* be+ betwe5 x & ! wat]1 s]ves x to slide )1 & prev5ts friction1 z oil does betwe5 ^? p>ts ( a ma*9e1 t w\ld o!rwise rub h>d toge!r4 ,h5ce ! oil dropp$ on ! w9dw>d side ( a pond proce$s gradually to leew>d1 z may be se5 by ! smoo?ness x c>ries ) x1 q to ! opposite side4 ,= ! w9d be+ ?us prev5t$ f rais+ ! fir/ wr9kles1 t ,i call ! elem5ts ( waves1 _c produce waves1 :i* are to be made by cont9ually act+ ^u1 & enl>g+ ^? elem5ts1 & ?us ! :ole pond is calm$4 ,totally !re=e we might suppress ! waves 9 any requir$ place1 if we c\ld come at ! w9dw>d place :]e !y take _! rise4 ,?is 9 ! ocean c seldom if ev] be done4 ,b p]haps some?+ may be done on p>ticul> occasions1 to mod]ate ! viol5ce ( ! waves :5 we are 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & prev5t _! break+ :]e t w\ld be inconv5i5t4 ,= :5 ! w9d bl[s fre%1 !re are cont9ually ris+ on ! back ( e great wave a numb] ( small ones1 :i* r\gh5 its surface1 & give ! w9d hold1 z x 71 to pu% x ) great] =ce4 ,?is hold is dim9i%$1 by prev5t+ ! g5]ation ( ^? small ones4 ,& possibly too1 :5 a wave's surface is oil$1 ! w9d1 9 pass+ ov] x1 may r 9 "s degree press x d[n1 & contribute to prev5t x1 ris+ aga91 in/ead ( promot+ x4 ,?is z m]e conjecture w\ld h little weight1 if ! app>5t effects ( p\r+ oil into ! mid/ ( waves 7 n consid]able1 & z yet n o!rwise acc\nt$ =4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s s fre%1 z t ! waves are n suffici5tly quick 9 obey+ its impulse1 _! tops be+ ?9n] & light] are pu%$ =w>d1 brok51 & turn$ ov] 9 a :ite foam4 ,common waves lift a vessel )\t ent]+ x2 b ^! :5 l>ge sometimes break above & p\r ov] x1 do+ great damage4 ,t ?is effect might 9 any degree be prev5t$1 or ! height & viol5ce ( waves 9 ! sea mod]at$1 we _h no c]ta9 acc\nt2 ,pl9y's au?ority = ! practice ( seam5 9 8 "t be+ slight$4 ,b disc\rs+ lately on ?is subject ) 8 excell5cy ,c\nt ,b5t9ck1 ( ,holl&1 8 son ! hon\rable ,capta9 ,b5t9ck1 & ! le>n$ pr(essor ,allem& 7to all :om ,i %[$ ! exp]im5t ( smoo?+ 9 a w9dy day ! l>ge piece ( wat] at ! head ( ! ,gre5 ,p>k7 a lett] 0 m5tion$1 :i* _h be5 receiv$ by ! ,c\nt f ,batavia1 relative to ! sav+ ( a ,dut* %ip 9 a /orm by p\r+ oil into ! sea4 ,i mu* desir$ to see t lett]1 & a copy ( x 0 promis$ me1 :i* ,i aft]w>d receiv$4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,note by ,dr4 ,br[nrigg4 ,sir ,gilfr$ ,lawson1 :o s]v$ long 9 ! army at ,gibralt>1 assures me1 t ! fi%]m5 9 t place are accu/om$ to p\r a little oil on ! sea1 9 ord] to /ill its motion1 t !y may be enabl$ to see ! oy/]s ly+ at its bottom2 :i* are !re v l>ge1 & :i* !y take up ) a prop] in/rum5t4 ,?is ,sir ,gilfr$ _h (t5 se5 !re p]=m$1 & said ! same 0 practis$ on o!r p>ts ( ! ,spani% coa/4 #bi ,see ! prec$+ pap]4 ,editor4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,t5gnagel to ,c\nt ,b5t9ck1 dat$ at ,batavia1 ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #aggj4 ,ne> ! isl&s ,paul & ,am/]dam1 we met ) a /orm1 :i* _h no?+ p>ticul> 9 x wor?y ( be+ communicat$ to y1 except t ! capta9 f\nd himself oblig$ = great] safety 9 we>+ ! %ip1 to p\r oil into ! sea1 to prev5t ! waves break+ ov] h]1 :i* _h an excell5t effect1 & succe$$ 9 pres]v+ u4 ,z he p\r$ out b a little at a "t1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company owes p]haps its %ip to only six demi-ames ( oil-olive4 ,i 0 pres5t ^u deck :5 ?is 0 done2 & ,i %\ld n h m5tion$ ?is circum/ance to y1 b t we h f\nd p "h s prejudic$ aga9/ ! exp]im5t1 z to make x necess>y = ! (fic]s on bo>d & myself to give a c]tificate ( ! tru? on ?is head1 ( :i* we made no difficulty4 ,on ?is occasion1 ,i m5tion$ to ,capta9 ,b5t9ck1 a ?\ght :i* _h occurr$ to me 9 read+ ! voyages ( our late circumnavigators1 p>ticul>ly :]e acc\nts are giv5 ( pleasant & f]tile isl&s :i* !y mu* desir$ to l& ^u1 :5 sickness made x m necess>y1 b c\ld n effect a l&+ ?r\gh a viol5t surf break+ on ! %ore1 :i* r5d]$ x impracticable4 ,my idea 01 t possibly by sail+ to & fro at "s di/ance f su* lee-%ore1 cont9ually p\r+ oil into ! sea1 ! waves might be s mu* depress$1 & less5$ be=e !y rea*$ ! %ore1 z to abate ! height & viol5ce ( ! surf1 & p]mit a l&+2 :i*1 9 su* circum/ances1 0 a po9t ( suffici5t importance to ju/ify ! exp5se ( ! oil t might be requisite = ! purpose4 ,t g5tleman1 :o is ev] ready to promote :at may be ( public utility1 ?\gh 8 own +5i\s inv5tions h n always met ) ! c\nt5ance !y m]it$1 0 s oblig+ z to invite me to ,portsm\?1 :]e an opportunity w\ld probably (f]1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 ( mak+ ! exp]im5t on "s ( ! %ores ab\t ,spi!ad1 9 :i* he k9dly propos$ to accompany me1 & to give assi/ance ) su* boats z might be necess>y4 ,accord+ly1 ab\t ! middle ( ,octob] la/1 ,i w5t ) "s fri5ds to ,portsm\?2 & a day ( w9d happ5+1 :i* made a lee-%ore betwe5 ,hasl>-hospital & ! po9t ne> ,jillkeck]1 we w5t f ! ,c5taur ) ! long-boat & b>ge t[>ds t %ore4 ,our disposition 0 ?is3 ! long-boat 0 an*or$ ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! %ore2 "p ( ! company 7 l&$ beh9d ! po9t 7a place m %elt]$ f ! sea7 :o came r\nd & plac$ !mselves opposite to ! long-boat1 :]e !y might obs]ve ! surf1 & note if any *ange occurr$ 9 x ^u us+ ! oil4 ,ano!r p>ty1 9 ! b>ge1 pli$ to w9dw>d ( ! long-boat1 z f> f h] z %e 0 f ! %ore1 mak+ trips ( ab\t half a mile ea*1 p\r+ oil cont9ually out ( a l>ge /one-bottle1 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! cork1 some:at bigg] ?an a goose-quill4 ,! exp]im5t _h n1 9 ! ma9 po9t1 ! success we wi%$1 = no mat]ial diff]5ce 0 obs]v$ 9 ! height or =ce ( ! surf ^u ! %ore2 b ^? :o 7 9 ! long-boat c\ld obs]ve a tract ( smoo!d wat]1 ! :ole ( ! di/ance 9 :i* ! b>ge p\r$ ! oil1 & gradually spread+ 9 bread? t[>ds ! long-boat4 ,i call x smoo!d1 n t x 0 laid level2 b because1 ?\gh ! swell cont9u$1 its surface 0 n r\gh5$ by ! wr9kles1 or small] waves1 be=e-m5tion$2 & none or v few :ite caps 7or waves ^: tops turn ov] 9 foam7 appe>$ 9 t :ole space1 ?\gh to w9dw>d & leew>d ( x !re 7 pl5ty2 & a :]ry1 t came r\nd ! po9t "u sail1 9 h] way to ,portsm\?1 seem$ to turn into t tract ( *oice1 & to use x f end to end1 z a piece ( turnpike-road4 ,x may be ( use to relate ! circum/ances ( an exp]im5t t does n succe$1 s9ce !y may give h9ts ( am5dm5t 9 future trials3 x is !re=e ,i h be5 ?us p>ticul>4 ,i %all only add :at ,i appreh5d may h be5 ! reason ( our disappo9tm5t4 ,i conceive1 t ! op]ation ( oil on wat] is1 fir/1 to prev5t ! rais+ ( new waves by ! w9d2 &1 secondly1 to prev5t its pu%+ ^? be=e rais$ ) su* =ce1 & consequ5tly _! cont9uance ( ! same repeat$ height1 z !y w\ld h done1 if _! surface 7 n oil$4 ,b oil w n prev5t waves be+ rais$ by ano!r p[]1 by a /one1 = in/ance1 fall+ into a /ill pool2 = !y !n rise by ! me*anical impulse ( ! /one1 :i* ! greas9ess on ! surr\nd+ wat] _c less5 or prev5t1 z x c prev5t ! w9ds cat*+ ! surface & rais+ x into waves4 ,n[ waves once rais$1 :e!r by ! w9d or any o!r p[]1 h ! same me*anical op]ation1 by :i* !y cont9ue to rise & fall1 z a p5dulum w cont9ue to sw+1 a long "t aft] ! =ce ceases to act by :i* ! motion 0 fir/ produc$3 t motion w1 h[ev]1 cease 9 "t2 b "t is necess>y4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh oil spread on an agitat$ sea may weak5 ! pu% ( ! w9d on ^? waves ^: surfaces are cov]$ by x1 & s1 by receiv+ less fre% impulse1 !y may gradually subside2 yet a consid]able "t1 or a di/ance ?r\gh :i* !y w take "t to move1 may be necess>y to make ! effect s5sible on any %ore 9 a dim9ution ( ! surf3 = we "k1 t :5 w9d ceases sudd5ly1 ! waves x has rais$ d n z sudd5ly subside1 b settle gradually1 & are n q d[n till aft] ! w9d has ceas$4 ,s ?\gh we %\ld1 by oil+ !m1 take (f ! effect ( w9d on waves already rais$1 x is n to be expect$ t ^? waves %\ld be in/antly levell$4 ,! motion !y h receiv$ w1 = "s "t1 cont9ue2 & if ! %ore is n f> di/ant1 !y arrive !re s soon1 t _! effect ^u x w n be visibly dim9i%$4 ,possibly1 !re=e1 if we _h begun our op]ations at a great] di/ance1 ! effect might h be5 m s5sible4 ,& p]haps we did n p\r oil 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,future exp]im5ts may det]m9e ?is4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 greatly oblig$ to ,capta9 ,b5t9ck1 = ! *e>ful & ready aids he gave me3 & ,i ought n to omit m5tion+ ,mr4 ,banks1 ,dr4 ,sol&]1 ,g5]al ,c>noc1 & ,dr4 ,blagd51 :o all assi/$ at ! exp]im5t1 dur+ t blu/]+ unpleasant day1 ) a pati5ce & activity t c\ld only be inspir$ by a zeal = ! improvem5t ( k1 su* especially z might possibly be ( use to m5 9 situations ( di/ress4 ,i w\ld wi% y to communicate ?is to y\r +5i\s fri5d1 ,mr4 ,f>i%1 ) my respects2 & believe me to be1 ) s9c]e e/eem1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t1 humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,,pr+le1 ,,b>t4 ,on ! ,diff]5ce ( ,navigation 9 %oal & deep ,wat]4 ,crav5-/reet1 ,may #aj1 #agfh4 ,,sir1 ,y may rememb]1 t :51 we 7 travell+ toge!r 9 ,holl&1 y rem>k$1 t ! tracks*uyt 9 "o ( ! /ages w5t sl[] ?an usual1 & enquir$ ( ! boatman1 :at might be ! reason2 :o answ]$1 t x _h be5 a dry season1 & ! wat] 9 ! canal 0 l[4 ,on be+ aga9 ask$ if x 0 s l[ z t ! boat t\*$ ! muddy bottom2 he said1 no1 n s l[ z t1 b s l[ z to make x h>d] = ! horse to draw ! boat4 ,we nei!r ( u at fir/ c\ld conceive t if !re 0 wat] en\gh = ! boat to swim cle> ( ! bottom1 its be+ deep] w\ld make any diff]5ce2 b z ! man affirm$ x s]i\sly z a ?+ well kn[n among !m2 & z ! punctuality requir$ 9 _! /ages 0 likely to make su* diff]5ce1 if any !re 71 m readily obs]v$ by !m1 ?an by o!r wat]m5 :o did n pass s regul>ly & con/antly backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! same track2 ,i began to appreh5d !re might be some?+ 9 x1 & attempt$ to acc\nt = x f ?is consid]ation1 t ! boat 9 proce$+ along ! canal1 mu/ 9 e boat's l5g? ( h] c\rse1 move out ( h] way a body ( wat]1 equal 9 bulk to ! room h] bottom took up 9 ! wat]2 t ! wat] s mov$ mu/ pass on ea* side ( h] & "u h] bottom to get beh9d h]2 t if ! passage "u h] bottom 0 /rait5$ by ! %all[s1 m ( t wat] mu/ pass by h] sides1 & ) a swift] motion1 :i* w\ld ret>d h]1 z mov+ ! contr>y way2 or t ! wat] becom+ l[] beh9d ! boat ?an be=e1 %e 0 press$ back by ! weight ( its diff]5ce 9 height1 & h] motion ret>d$ by hav+ t weight con/antly to ov]come4 ,b z x is (t5 lo/ "t to attempt acc\nt+ = unc]ta9 facts1 ,i det]m9$ to make an exp]im5t ( ?is :5 ,i %\ld h conv5i5t "t & opportunity4 ,aft] our return to ,engl&1 z (t5 z ,i happ5$ to be on ! ,?ames1 ,i enquir$ ( our wat]m5 :e!r !y 7 s5sible ( any diff]5ce 9 r[+ ov] %all[ or deep wat]4 ,i f\nd !m all agree+ 9 ! fact1 t !re 0 a v great diff]5ce1 b !y diff]$ widely 9 express+ ! quantity ( ! diff]5ce2 "s suppos+ x 0 equal to a mile 9 six1 o!rs to a mile 9 ?ree1 c4 ,z ,i did n recollect to h met ) any m5tion ( ?is matt] 9 our philosophical books1 & conceiv+ t if ! diff]5ce %\ld really be great1 x might be an object ( consid]ation 9 ! _m projects n[ on foot = digg+ new navigable canals 9 ?is isl&1 ,i lately put my design ( mak+ ! exp]im5t 9 execution1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,i provid$ a tr\gh ( pla9$ bo>ds f\rte5 feet long1 six in*es wide & six in*es deep1 9 ! cle>1 fill$ ) wat] )9 half an in* ( ! edge1 to repres5t a canal4 ,i _h a loose bo>d ( ne>ly ! same l5g? & bread?1 t1 be+ put into ! wat]1 might be sunk to any dep?1 & fix$ by little w$ges :]e ,i w\ld *use to h x /ay1 9 ord] to make diff]5t dep?s ( wat]1 leav+ ! surface at ! same height ) reg>d to ! sides ( ! tr\gh4 ,i _h a little boat 9 =m ( a light] or boat ( bur!n1 six in*es long1 two in*es & a qu>t] wide1 & "o in* & a qu>t] deep4 ,:5 swimm+1 x drew "o in* wat]4 ,to give motion to ! boat1 ,i fix$ "o end ( a long silk ?read to its b[1 j ev5 ) ! wat]'s edge1 ! o!r end pass$ ov] a well-made brass pully1 ( ab\t an in* diamet]1 turn+ freely on a small axis2 & a %ill+ 0 ! weight4 ,!n plac+ ! boat at "o end ( ! tr\gh1 ! weight w\ld draw x ?r\gh ! wat] to ! o!r4 ,n hav+ a wat* t %[s seconds1 9 ord] to measure ! "t tak5 up by ! boat 9 pass+ f end to end1 ,i c\nt$ z fa/ z ,i c\ld c\nt to t5 repeat$ly1 keep+ an acc\nt ( ! numb] ( t5s on my f+]s4 ,& z mu* z possible to correct any little inequalities 9 my c\nt+1 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t a numb] ( times at ea* dep? ( wat]1 t ,i might take ! m$ium4 ,& ! foll[+ are ! results4 ,wat] #a in*es deep4 #b in*es4 #d in*es4 #a/ exp4 #ajj #id #gi #b #ajd #ic #gh #c #ajd #ia #gg #d #ajf #hg #gi #e #ajj #hh #gi #f #ii #hf #hj #g #ajj #ij #gi #h #ajj #hh #ha ---- ---- ---- #hac #gag #fcb ---- ---- ---- ,m$ium #aja ,m$ium #hi ,m$ium #gi ,i made _m o!r exp]im5ts1 b ! above are ^? 9 :i* ,i 0 mo/ exact2 & !y s]ve suffici5tly to %[ t ! diff]5ce is consid]able4 ,betwe5 ! deepe/ & %all[e/ x appe>s to be some:at m ?an "o fif?4 ,s t suppos+ l>ge canals & boats & dep?s ( wat] to be> ! same proportions1 & t f\r m5 or horses w\ld draw a boat 9 deep wat] f\r leagues 9 f\r h\rs1 x w\ld require five to draw ! same boat 9 ! same "t z f> 9 %all[ wat]2 or f\r w\ld require five h\rs4 ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce is ( consequ5ce en\gh to ju/ify a great] exp5ce 9 deep5+ canals1 is a matt] ( calculation1 :i* our +5i\s eng9e]s 9 t way w readily det]m9e4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,alphonsus ,,le ,,roy1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,sev]al ,,academies ,,at ,,p>is4#cj ,conta9+ sundry ,m>itime ,obs]vations4 ,at ,sea1 on bo>d ! ,london ,packet1 ,capt4 ,truxton4 ,aug4 #aghe4 ,,sir1 ,y\r le>n$ writ+s on ! navigation ( ! anti5ts1 :i* conta9 a great deal ( curi\s in=mation1 & y\r v +5i\s contrivances = improv+ ! mod]n sails 7voilure7 ( :i* ,i saw ) great pleasure a successful trial on ! riv] ,se9e1 h induc$ me to submit to y\r consid]ation & judgm5t1 "s ?\ghts ,i h _h on ! latt] subject4 ,^? ma!maticians1 :o h endeav\r$ to improve ! swiftness ( vessels1 by calculat+ to f9d ! =m ( lea/ resi/ance1 seem to h consid]$ a %ip z a body mov+ ?r\gh "o fluid only1 ! wat]2 & to h giv5 little att5tion to ! circum/ance ( h] mov+ ?r\gh ano!r fluid1 ! air4 ,x is true t :5 a vessel sails "r be=e ! w9d1 ?is circum/ance is ( no importance1 because ! w9d goes ) h]2 b 9 e deviation f t c\rse1 ! resi/ance ( ! air is some?+1 & becomes great] 9 proportion z t deviation increases4 ,i wave at pres5t ! consid]ation ( ^? diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance giv5 by ! air to t "p ( ! hull :i* is above wat]1 & conf9e myself to t giv5 to ! sails2 = _! motion ?r\gh ! air is resi/$ by ! air1 z ! motion ( ! hull ?r\gh ! wat] is resi/$ by ! wat]1 ?\gh ) less =ce z ! air is a light] fluid4 ,& to simplify ! discussion z mu* z possible1 ,i w\ld /ate "o situation only1 to wit1 t ( ! w9d ^u ! beam1 ! %ip's c\rse be+ directly across ! w9d2 & ,i w\ld suppose ! sail set 9 an angle ( #de degrees ) ! keel1 z 9 ! foll[+ figure2 :]e9 7,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,m>itime ,,obs]vations4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #afc4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,a ,b repres5ts ! body ( ! vessel1 ,c ,d ! position ( ! sail1 ,,eee ! direction ( ! w9d1 ,,mm ! l9e ( motion4 ,9 obs]v+ ?is figure x w appe>1 t s mu* ( ! body ( ! vessel z is imm]s$ 9 ! wat] mu/1 to g =w>d1 remove out ( its way :at wat] x meets ) betwe5 ! prick$ l9es ,,ff4 ,& ! sail1 to g =w>d1 mu/ move out ( its way all ! air its :ole dim5sion meets ) betwe5 ! prick$ l9es ,,cg & ,,dg4 ,?us bo? ! fluids give resi/ance to ! motion1 ea* 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ! dim5sion to be remov$4 ,& ?\gh ! air is va/ly light] ?an ! wat]1 & !re=e m easily remov$1 yet ! dim5sion be+ mu* great] its effect is v consid]able4 ,x is true t 9 ! case /at$1 ! resi/ance giv5 by ! air betwe5 ^? l9es to ! motion ( ! sail is n app>5t to ! eye1 because ! great] =ce ( ! w9d1 :i* /rikes x 9 ! direction ,,eee1 ov]p[]s its effect1 & keeps ! sail full 9 ! curve a1 a1 a1 a1 a4 ,b suppose ! w9d to cease1 & ! vessel 9 a calm to be impell$ ) ! same swiftness by o>s1 ! sail w\ld !n appe> fill$ 9 ! contr>y curve b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 :5 prud5t m5 w\ld imm$iately p]ceive1 t ! air resi/$ its motion1 & w\ld ord] x to be tak5 94 ,is !re any possible means ( dim9i%+ ?is resi/ance1 :ile ! same quantity ( sail is expos$ to ! action ( ! w9d1 & !re=e ! same =ce obta9$ f x8 ,i ?9k !re is1 & t x may be done by divid+ ! sail into a numb] ( p>ts1 & plac+ ^? p>ts 9 a l9e "o beh9d ! o!r2 ?us in/ead ( "o sail ext5d+ f ,c to ,d1 figure #b1 if f\r sails conta9+ toge!r ! same quantity ( canvas1 7 plac$ z 9 figure #c1 ea* hav+ "o qu>t] ( ! dim5sions ( ! great sail1 & expos+ a qu>t] ( its surface to ! w9d1 w\ld give a qu>t] ( ! =ce2 s t ! :ole =ce obta9$ f ! w9d w\ld be ! same1 :ile ! resi/ance f ! air w\ld be ne>ly r$uc$ to ! space betwe5 ! prick$ l9es a b & c d1 be=e ! =emo/ sail4 ,x may p]haps be d\bt$ :e!r ! resi/ance f ! air w\ld be s dim9i%$2 s9ce possibly ea* ( ! foll[+ small sails hav+ also air be=e x1 :i* mu/ be remov$1 ! resi/ance on ! :ole w\ld be ! same4 ,?is is !n a matt] to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,i w m5tion "o t ,i _m ye>s s9ce made ) success = ano!r purpose2 & ,i w propose ano!r small "o easily made4 ,if t too succe$s1 ,i %\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to make a l>g]1 ?\gh at "s exp5se1 on a riv] boat2 & p]haps "t1 & ! improvem5ts exp]i5ce w af=d1 may make x applicable ) advantage to l>g] vessels4 ,hav+ ne> my kit*5 *imney a r\nd hole ( eight in*es diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* 0 a con/ant /eady curr5t ( air1 increas+ or dim9i%+ only z ! fire increas$ or dim9i%$1 ,i contriv$ to place my jack s z to receive t curr5t2 & tak+ (f ! fly]s1 ,i fix$ 9 _! /ead on ! same pivot a r\nd t9 plate ( ne>ly ! same diamet] ) ! hole2 & hav+ cut x 9 radial l9es almo/ to ! c5tre1 s z to h six equal vanes1 ,i gave to ea* ( !m ! obliquity ( =ty-five degrees4 ,!y mov$ r\nd1 )\t ! weight1 by ! impression only ( ! curr5t ( air1 b too sl[ly = ! purpose ( roa/+4 ,i suspect$ t ! air /ruck by ! back ( ea* vane might possibly by its resi/ance ret>d ! motion2 & to try ?is1 ,i cut ea* ( !m into two1 & ,i plac$ ! twelve1 ea* hav+ ! same obliquity1 9 a l9e beh9d ea* o!r1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$ a great augm5tation 9 its velocity1 :i* enc\rag$ me to divide !m once m1 &1 cont9u+ ! same obliquity1 ,i plac$ ! tw5ty-f\r beh9d ea* o!r 9 a l9e1 :5 ! =ce ( ! w9d be+ ! same1 & ! surface ( vane ! same1 !y mov$ r\nd ) mu* great] rapidity1 & p]fectly answ]$ my purpose4 ,! second exp]im5t t ,i propose1 is1 to take two play+ c>ds ( ! same dim5sions1 & cut "o ( !m transv]sely into eight equal pieces2 !n ) a ne$le /r+ !m ^u two ?reads "o ne> ea* end1 & place !m s ^u ! ?reads t1 :5 hung up1 !y may be "o exactly ov] ! o!r1 at a di/ance equal to _! bread?1 ea* 9 a horizontal position2 & let a small weight1 su* z a bird-%ot1 be hung "u !m1 to make !m fall 9 a /raight l9e :5 let loose4 ,susp5d also ! :ole c>d by ?reads f its f\r corn]s1 & hang to x an equal weight1 s z to draw x d[nw>ds :5 let fall1 its :ole bread? press+ aga9/ ! air4 ,let ^? two bodies be atta*$1 "o ( !m to "o end ( a ?read a y>d long1 ! o!r to ! o!r end4 ,ext5d a tw9e "u ! ceil+ ( a room1 & put ?r\gh x at ?irty in*es di/ance two p9s b5t 9 ! =m ( fi%-hooks4 ,on ^! two hooks hang ! two bodies1 ! ?read t connects !m ext5d+ p>allel to ! tw9e1 :i* ?read be+ cut1 !y mu/ beg9 to fall at ! same in/ant4 ,if !y take equal "t 9 fall+ to ! floor1 x is a pro( t ! resi/ance ( ! air is 9 bo? cases equal4 ,if ! :ole c>d requires a long] "t1 x %[s t ! sum ( ! resi/ances to ! pieces ( ! cut c>d is n equal to ! resi/ance ( ! :ole "o#ca4 ,?is pr9ciple s f> confirm$1 ,i w\ld proce$ to make a l>g] exp]im5t1 ) a %allop1 :i* ,i w\ld rig 9 ?is mann]4 7,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #d47 ,a ,b is a long boom1 f :i* are hoi/$ sev5 jibs1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 ea* a sev5? "p ( ! :ole dim5sions1 & z mu* m z w fill ! :ole space :5 set 9 an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 s t !y may lap :5 go+ be=e ! w9d1 & hold m w9d :5 go+ l>ge4 ,?us rigg$1 :5 go+ "r be=e ! w9d1 ! boom %\ld be br\ght at "r angles ) ! keel1 by means ( ! %eet ropes ,c ,d1 & all ! sails haul$ flat to ! boom4 ,^! positions ( boom & sails to be v>i$ z ! w9d qu>t]s4 ,b :5 ! w9d is on ! beam1 or :5 y w\ld turn to w9dw>d1 ! boom is to be haul$ "r =e & aft1 & ! sails trimm$ accord+ z ! w9d is m or less aga9/ y\r c\rse4 ,x seems to me1 t ! managem5t ( a %allop s rigg$ w\ld be v easy1 ! sails be+ run up & d[n sep>ately1 s t m or less sail may be made at pleasure2 & ,i imag9e1 t !re be+ full z mu* sail expos$ to ! =ce ( ! w9d :i* impels ! vessel 9 its c\rse1 z if ! :ole 7 9 "o piece1 & ! resi/ance ( ! dead air aga9/ ! =eside ( ! sail be+ dim9i%$1 ! advantage ( swiftness w\ld be v consid]able2 besides t ! vessel w\ld lie ne>] ! w9d4 ,s9ce we are on ! subject ( improvem5ts 9 navigation1 p]mit me to deta9 y a little long] ) a small relative obs]vation4 ,be+1 9 "o ( my voyages1 ) t5 m]*ant-%ips "u convoy ( a frigate at an*or 9 ,torbay1 wait+ = a w9d to g to ! we/w>d2 x came fair1 b br\ght 9 ) x a consid]able swell4 ,a signal 0 giv5 = weigh+1 & we put to sea all toge!r2 b ?ree ( ! %ips left _! an*ors1 _! cables p>t+ j z ! an*ors came a-peak4 ,our cable held1 & we got up our an*or2 b ! %ocks ! %ip felt be=e ! an*or got loose f ! gr\nd1 made me reflect on :at might possibly h caus$ ! break+ ( ! o!r cables2 & ,i imag9$ x might be ! %ort b5d+ ( ! cable j )\t ! hause-hole1 f a horizontal to an almo/ v]tical position1 & ! sudd5 viol5t j]k x receives by ! ris+ ( ! head ( ! %ip on ! swell ( a wave :ile 9 t position4 ,= example1 suppose a vessel hove up s z to h h] head ne>ly ov] h] an*or1 :i* /ill keeps its hold1 p]haps 9 a t\gh bottom2 if x 7 calm1 ! cable /ill out w\ld =m ne>ly a p]p5dicul> l9e1 measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! hause-hole & ! an*or2 b if !re is a swell1 h] head 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea w fall bel[ ! level1 & :5 lift$ on ! wave w be mu* above x4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! cable w hang loose & b5d p]haps z 9 figure #e4 ,9 ! second case1 figure #f1 ! cable w be drawn /raight ) a j]k1 mu/ su/a9 ! :ole =ce ( ! ris+ %ip1 & mu/ ei!r loos5 ! an*or1 resi/ ! ris+ =ce ( ! %ip1 or break4 ,b :y does x break at ! hause-hole8 ,let u suppose x a cable ( ?ree in*es diamet]1 & repres5t$ by figure #g4 ,if ?is cable is to be b5t r\nd ! corn] ,a1 x is evid5t t ei!r ! "p ( ! triangle conta9$ betwe5 ! lett]s a1 b1 c1 mu/ /ret* consid]ably1 & ^? mo/ t are ne>e/ ! surface2 or t ! p>ts betwe5 d1 e1 f1 mu/ be compress$2 or bo?1 :i* mo/ probably happ5s4 ,9 ?is case ! l[] half ( ! ?ickness af=ds no /r5g? aga9/ ! j]k1 x n be+ /ra9$1 ! upp] half be>s ! :ole1 & ! y>ns ne> ! upp] surface be+ fir/ & mo/ /ra9$1 break fir/1 & ! next y>ns foll[2 = 9 ?is b5t situation !y _c be> ! /ra9 all toge!r1 & ea* contributes its /r5g? to ! :ole1 z !y d :5 ! cable is /ra9$ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,to rem$y ?is1 me?9ks x w\ld be well to h a k9d ( l>ge pulley :eel1 fix$ 9 ! hause-hole1 suppose ( two feet diamet]1 ov] :i* ! cable might pass2 & be+ !re b5t gradually to ! r\nd ( ! :eel1 w\ld !reby be m equally /ra9$1 & bett] able to be> ! j]k1 :i* may save ! an*or1 & by t means 9 ! c\rse ( ! voyage may happ5 to save ! %ip4 ,"o m>itime obs]vation m %all f9i% ?is lett]4 ,i h be5 a read] ( news-pap]s n[ ne> sev5ty ye>s1 & ,i ?9k few ye>s pass )\t an acc\nt ( "s vessel met ) at sea1 ) no liv+ s\l on bo>d1 & s _m feet ( wat] 9 h] hold1 :i* vessel has nev]!less be5 sav$ & br\ght into port3 & :5 n met ) at sea1 su* =sak5 vessels h (t5 come a%ore on "s coa/4 ,! crews1 :o h tak5 to _! boats & ?us ab&on$ su* vessels1 are sometimes met ) & tak5 up at sea by o!r %ips1 sometimes rea* a coa/1 & are sometimes nev] he>d (4 ,^? t give an acc\nt ( quitt+ _! vessels g5]ally say1 t %e sprung a leak1 t !y pump$ = "s "t1 t ! wat] cont9u$ to rise ^u !m1 & t1 despair+ to save h]1 !y _h quitt$ h] le/ !y %\ld g d[n ) h]4 ,x seems by ! ev5t t ?is fe> 0 n always well f\nd$1 & ,i h endeav\r$ to guess at ! reason ( ! p's too ha/y disc\ragem5t4 ,:5 a vessel spr+s a leak ne> h] bottom1 ! wat] ent]s ) all ! =ce giv5 by ! weight ( ! column ( wat]1 )\t1 :i* =ce is 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! wat] )\t & t )94 ,x ent]s !re=e ) m =ce at fir/ & 9 great] quantity1 ?an x c aft]w>ds :5 ! wat] )9 is high]4 ,! bottom ( ! vessel too is n>r[]1 s t ! same quantity ( wat] com+ into t n>r[ "p1 rises fa/] ?an :5 ! space = x to fl[ 9 is l>g]4 ,?is helps to t]rify4 ,b z ! quantity ent]+ is less & less z ! surfaces )\t & )9 become m ne>ly equal 9 height1 ! pumps t c\ld n keep ! wat] f ris+ at fir/1 might aft]w>ds be able to prev5t its ris+ high]1 & ! p might h rema9$ on bo>d 9 safety1 )\t haz>d+ !mselves 9 an op5 boat on ! wide ocean47,fig4 #h47 ,besides ! great] equality 9 ! height ( ! two surfaces1 !re may sometimes be o!r causes t ret>d ! f>!r s9k+ ( a leaky vessel4 ,! ris+ wat] )9 may arrive at quantities ( light wood5 "w1 empty *e/s1 & p>ticul>ly empty wat]-casks1 :i* if fix$ s z n to float !mselves may help to su/a9 h]4 ,_m bodies :i* compose a %ip's c>go may be specifically light] ?an wat]1 all ^! :5 out ( wat] are an additional weight to t ( ! %ip1 & %e is 9 proportion press$ deep] into ! wat]2 b z soon z ^! bodies are imm]s$1 !y weigh no long] on ! %ip1 b on ! contr>y1 if fix$1 !y help to support h]1 9 proportion z !y are specifically light] ?an ! wat]4 ,& x %\ld be rememb]$1 t ! l>ge/ body ( a %ip may be s balanc$ 9 ! wat]1 t an ounce less or m ( weight may leave h] at ! surface or s9k h] to ! bottom4 ,!re are also c]ta9 heavy c>goes1 t1 :5 ! wat] gets at !m1 are cont9ually dissolv+1 & !reby light5+ ! vessel1 su* z salt & sug>4 ,& z to wat]-casks m5tion$ above1 s9ce ! quantity ( !m mu/ be great 9 %ips ( w> :]e ! numb] ( m5 consume a great deal ( wat] e day1 if x _h be5 made a con/ant rule to bung !m up z fa/ z !y 7 empti$1 & to dispose ! empty casks 9 prop] situations1 ,i am p]suad$ t _m %ips :i* h be5 sunk 9 engagem5ts1 or h gone d[n aft]w>ds1 might ) ! unhappy p h be5 sav$2 z well z _m ( ^? :i* 9 ! la/ w> f\nd]$1 & 7 nev] he>d (4 ,:ile on ?is topic ( s9k+1 "o _c help recollect+ ! well kn[n practice ( ! ,*9ese1 to divide ! hold ( a great %ip into a numb] ( sep>ate *amb]s by p>titions tight caulk$ 7( :i* y gave a model 9 y\r boat ^u ! ,se9e7 s t if a leak %\ld spr+ 9 "o ( !m ! o!rs are n affect$ by x2 & ?\gh t *amb] %\ld fill to a level ) ! sea1 x w\ld n be suffici5t to s9k ! vessel4 ,we h n imitat$ ?is practice4 ,"s little disadvantage x might occasion 9 ! /[age is p]haps "o reason1 ?\gh t ,i ?9k might be m ?an comp5sat$ by an abatem5t 9 ! insurance t w\ld be reasonable1 & by a high] price tak5 ( pass5g]s1 :o w\ld r pref] go+ 9 su* a vessel4 ,b our seaf>+ p are brave1 despise dang]1 & reject su* precautions ( safety1 be+ c[>ds only 9 "o s5se1 t ( fe>+ to be ?\ght afraid4 ,i promis$ to f9i% my lett] ) ! la/ obs]vation1 b ! g>rulity ( ! old man has got hold ( me1 & z ,i may nev] h ano!r occasion ( writ+ on ?is subject1 ,i ?9k ,i may z well n[1 once = all1 empty my nautical budget1 & give y all ! ?\ghts t h 9 my v>i\s long voyages occurr$ to me relat+ to navigation4 ,i am sure t 9 y !y w meet ) a c&id judge1 :o w excuse my mi/akes on acc\nt ( my good int5tion4 ,!re are six accid5ts t may occasion ! loss ( %ips at sea4 ,we h consid]$ "o ( !m1 t ( f\nd]+ by a leak4 ,! o!r five are1 #a4 ,ov]sett+ by sudd5 flaws ( w9d1 or by c>ry+ sail beyond ! be>+4 #b4 ,fire by accid5t or c>elessness4 #c4 ,a heavy /roke ( lightn+1 mak+ a brea* 9 ! %ip1 or fir+ ! p[d]4 #d4 ,meet+ & %ock+ ) o!r %ips 9 ! night4 #e4 ,meet+ 9 ! night ) isl&s ( ice4 ,to t ( ov]sett+1 private]s 9 _! fir/ cruize h1 z f> z has fall5 )9 my k or in=mation1 be5 m subject ?an any o!r k9d ( vessels4 ,! d\ble desire ( be+ able to ov]take a weak] fly+ enemy1 or to escape :5 pursu$ by a /rong]1 has induc$ ! own]s to ov]ma/ _! cruiz]s1 & to spread too mu* canvass2 & ! great numb] ( m51 _m ( !m n seam51 :o be+ ^u deck :5 a %ip heels sudd5ly are huddl$ d[n to leew>d1 & increase by _! weight ! effect ( ! w9d4 ,?is !re=e %\ld be m att5d$ to & gu>d$ aga9/1 especially z ! advantage ( l(ty ma/s is problematical4 ,= ! upp] sails h great] p[] to lay a vessel m on h] side1 :i* is n ! mo/ advantage\s position = go+ swiftly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,& h5ce x is t vessels1 :i* h lo/ _! l(ty ma/s1 & be5 able to make little m sail aft]w>ds ?an p]mitt$ ! %ip to sail ^u an ev5 keel1 h made s mu* way1 ev5 "u jury ma/s1 z to surprize ! m>9]s !mselves4 ,b !re is besides1 some?+ 9 ! mod]n =m ( our %ips t seems z if calculat$ expressly to all[ _! ov]sett+ m easily4 ,! sides ( a %ip1 in/ead ( spread+ out z !y =m]ly did 9 ! upp] works1 are ( late ye>s turn$ 91 s z to make ! body ne>ly r\nd1 & m resembl+ a cask4 ,i d n "k :at ! advantages ( ?is con/ruction are1 except t su* %ips are n easily bo>d$4 ,to me x seems a contrivance to h less room 9 a %ip at ne>ly ! same exp5se4 ,= x is evid5t t ! same timb] & plank consum$ 9 rais+ ! sides f a to b1 & f d to c1 w\ld h rais$ !m f a to e1 & f d to f1 fig4 #i4 ,9 ?is =m all ! spaces betwe5 e1 a1 b1 & c1 d1 f1 w\ld h be5 ga9$1 ! deck w\ld h be5 l>g]1 ! m5 w\ld h _h m room to act1 & n h /ood s ?ick 9 ! way ( ! enemy's %ot2 & ! vessel1 ! m %e 0 laid d[n on h] side1 ! m be>+ %e w\ld meet )1 & m effectual to support h]1 z be+ f>!r f ! c5tre4 ,:]eas 9 ! pres5t =m1 h] balla/ makes ! *ief "p ( h] be>+1 )\t :i* %e w\ld turn 9 ! sea almo/ z easily z a b>rel4 ,m balla/ by ?is means becomes necess>y1 & t s9k+ a vessel deep] 9 ! wat] occasions m resi/ance to h] go+ ?r\gh x4 ,! ,b]mudian sloops /ill keep ) advantage to ! old spread+ =m4 ,! isl&]s 9 ! great ,pacific ocean1 ?\gh !y h no l>ge %ips1 are ! mo/ exp]t boat-sailors 9 ! _w1 navigat+ t sea safely ) _! proas1 :i* !y prev5t ov]sett+ by v>i\s means4 ,_! sail+ proas = ?is purpose h outrigg]s g5]ally to w9dw>d1 above ! wat]1 on :i*1 "o or m m5 are plac$1 to move occasionally fur!r f or ne>] to ! vessel z ! w9d fre%5s or slack5s4 ,b "s h _! outrigg]s to leew>d1 :i*1 re/+ on ! wat]1 support ! boat s z to keep h] upright :5 press$ d[n by ! w9d4 ,_! boats mov$ by o>s or r by paddles are1 = long voyages1 fix$ two toge!r by cross b>s ( wood t keep !m at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 & s r5d] _! ov]sett+ next to impossible4 ,h[ f> ?is may be practicable 9 l>g] vessels1 we h n yet suffici5t exp]i5ce4 ,i "k ( b "o trial made 9 ,europe1 :i* 0 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 by ,sir ,william ,petty4 ,he built a d\ble vessel1 to s]ve z a packet boat betwe5 ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,h] model /ill exi/s 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,society1 :]e ,i h se5 x4 ,by ! acc\nts we h ( h]1 %e answ]$ well ! purpose ( h] con/ruction1 mak+ sev]al voyages2 & ?\gh wreck$ at la/ by a /orm1 ! mis=tune did n appe> ow+ to h] p>ticul> con/ruction1 s9ce _m o!r vessels ( ! common =m 7 wreck$ at ! same "t4 ,! advantage ( su* a vessel is1 t %e ne$s no balla/1 !re=e swims ei!r light] or w c>ry m goods2 & t pass5g]s are n s mu* incommod$ by h] roll+3 to :i* may be add$1 t if %e is to def5d h]self by h] cannon1 !y w probably h m effect1 be+ kept m g5]ally 9 a horizontal position1 ?an ^? 9 common vessels4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be an improvem5t ( t model1 to make ! sides :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r p]fectly p>allel1 ?\gh ! o!r sides are =m$ z 9 common ?us1 figure #aj4 ,! build+ ( a d\ble %ip w\ld inde$ be m exp5sive 9 proportion to h] bur!n2 & t p]haps is suffici5t to disc\rage ! me?od4 ,! accid5t ( fire is g5]ally well gu>d$ aga9/ by ! prud5t capta9's /rict ord]s aga9/ smok+ betwe5 decks1 or c>ry+ a c&le !re out ( a lan?orn4 ,b !re is "o dang]\s practice :i* frequ5t t]rible accid5ts h n yet be5 suffici5t to aboli%2 t ( c>ry+ /ore-spirits to sea 9 casks4 ,two l>ge %ips1 ! ,s]aphis & ! ,duke ( ,a?ol1 "o an ,ea/-,indiaman1 ! o!r a frigate1 h be5 burnt )9 ^! two la/ ye>s1 & _m lives mis]ably de/roy$1 by draw+ spirits out ( a cask ne> a c&le4 ,x is high "t to make x a g5]al rule1 t all ! %ip's /ore ( spirits %\ld be c>ri$ 9 bottles4 ,! mis=tune by a /roke ( lightn+ ,i h 9 my =m] writ+s endeav\r$ to %[ a me?od ( gu>d+ aga9/1 by a *a9 & po9t$ rod1 ext5d+1 :5 run up1 f above ! top ( ! ma/ to ! sea4 ,^! in/rum5ts are n[ made & sold at a reasonable price by ,nairne ,co4 9 ,london1 & !re are sev]al in/ances ( success att5d+ ! use ( !m4 ,!y are kept 9 a box1 & may be ran up & fix$ 9 ab\t five m9utes1 on ! app>5t approa* ( a ?und] gu/4 ,( ! meet+ & %ock+ ) o!r %ips 9 ! night1 ,i h kn[n two in/ances 9 voyages betwe5 ,london & ,am]ica4 ,9 "o bo? %ips arriv$ ?\gh mu* damag$1 ea* report+ _! belief t ! o!r mu/ h gone to ! bottom4 ,9 ! o!r1 only "o got to port2 ! o!r 0 nev] aft]w>ds he>d (4 ,^! in/ances happ5$ _m ye>s ago1 :5 ! comm]ce betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica 0 n a t5? "p ( :at x is at pres5t1 %ips ( c\rse ?9n] scatt]$1 & ! *ance ( meet+ proportionably less4 ,x has long be5 ! practice to keep a look-out be=e 9 ! *annel1 b at sea x has be5 neglect$4 ,if x is n at pres5t ?\ght wor? :ile to take t precaution1 x w 9 "t become ( m consequ5ce2 s9ce ! numb] ( %ips at sea is cont9ually augm5t+4 ,a drum frequ5tly beat1 or a bell rung 9 a d>k night1 might help to prev5t su* accid5ts4 ,isl&s ( ice are frequ5tly se5 (f ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 by %ips go+ betwe5 ,nor?-,am]ica & ,europe4 ,9 ! day "t !y are easily avoid$1 unless 9 a v ?ick fog4 ,i rememb] two in/ances ( %ip's runn+ aga9/ !m 9 ! night4 ,! fir/ lo/ h] b[sprit1 b receiv$ little o!r damage4 ,! o!r /ruck :]e ! w>m? ( ! sea _h wa/$ ! ice next to x1 & a "p hung ov] above4 ,?is p]haps sav$ h]1 = %e 0 "u great way2 b ! upp] "p ( ! cliff tak+ h] =etopma/1 broke ! %ock1 ?\gh x c>ri$ away ! ma/4 ,%e dis5gag$ h]self ) "s difficulty1 & got safe into port2 b ! accid5t %[s ! possibility ( o!r %ips be+ wreck$ & sunk by /rik+ ^? va/ masses ( ice1 ( :i* ,i h se5 "o t we judg$ to be sev5ty feet high above ! wat]1 consequ5tly eight times z mu* "u wat]2 & x is ano!r reason = keep+ a good look-out be=e1 ?\gh f> f any coa/ t may ?reat5 dang]4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ! p we consid] z savages h improv$ ! art ( sail+ & r[+-boats 9 sev]al po9ts beyond :at we c pret5d to4 ,we h no sail+-boats equal to ! fly+ proas ( ( ! ,s\? ,seas1 no r[+ or paddl+-boat equal to t ( ! ,gre5l&]s = swiftness & safety4 ,! bir* canoes ( ! ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians h also "s advantage\s prop]ties4 ,!y are s light t two m5 may c>ry "o ( !m ov] l&1 :i* is capable ( c>ry+ a doz5 ^u ! wat]2 & 9 heel+ !y are n s subject to take 9 wat] z our boats1 ! sides ( :i* are l[e/ 9 ! middle :]e x is mo/ likely to ent]1 ?is be+ highe/ 9 t "p1 z 9 figure #aa4 ,! ,*9ese are an enlight5$ p1 ! mo/ anti5tly civiliz$ ( any exi/+1 & _! arts are anti5t1 a presumption 9 _! fav\r3 _! me?od ( r[+ _! boats diff]s f ours1 ! o>s be+ work$ ei!r two a-/]n z we scull1 or on ! sides ) ! same k9d ( motion1 be+ hung p>allel to ! keel on a rail & always act+ 9 ! wat]1 n p]p5dicul> to ! side z ours are1 nor lift$ out at e /roke1 :i* is a loss ( "t1 & ! boat 9 ! int]val loses motion4 ,!y see our mann]1 & we !irs1 b nei!r are dispos$ to le>n ( or copy ! o!r4 ,to ! sev]al means ( mov+ boats m5tion$ above1 may be add$ ! s+ul> "o lately exhibit$ at ,javelle1 on ! ,se9e bel[ ,p>is1 :]e a clumsy boat 0 mov$ across t riv] 9 ?ree m9utes by r[+1 n 9 ! wat]1 b 9 ! air1 t is1 by :irl+ r\nd a set ( w9dmill vanes fix$ to a horizontal axis1 p>allel to ! keel1 & plac$ at ! head ( ! boat4 ,! axis 0 b5t into an elb[ at ! end1 by ! help ( :i* x 0 turn$ by "o man at a "t4 ,i saw ! op]ation at a di/ance4 ,! f\r vanes appe>$ to be ab\t five feet long1 & p]haps two & a half wide4 ,! wea!r 0 calm4 ,! lab\r appe>$ to be great = "o man1 z ! two sev]al times reliev$ ea* o!r4 ,b ! action ^u ! air by ! oblique surfaces ( ! vanes mu/ h be5 consid]able1 z ! motion ( ! boat appe>$ tol]ably quick go+ & return+2 & %e return$ to ! same place f :5ce %e fir/ set out1 not)/&+ ! curr5t4 ,?is ma*9e is s9ce appli$ to ! mov+ ( air-balloons3 an in/rum5t simil> may be contriv$ to move a boat by turn+ "u wat]4 ,sev]al me*anical projectors h at diff]5t times propos$ to give motion to boats1 & ev5 to %ips1 by means ( circul> r[+1 or paddles plac$ on ! circumf]5ce ( :eels to be turn$ con/antly on ea* side ( ! vessel2 b ?is me?od1 ?\gh frequ5tly tri$1 has nev] be5 f\nd s effectual z to enc\rage a cont9uance ( ! practice4 ,i d n "k t ! reason has hi!rto be5 giv54 ,p]haps x may be ?is1 t great "p ( ! =ce employ$ contributes little to ! motion4 ,= in/ance1 7fig4 #ab7 ( ! f\r paddles a1 b1 c1 d1 all "u wat]1 & turn+ to move a boat f ,x to ,y1 c has ! mo/ p[]1 b ne>ly ?\gh n q z mu*1 _! motion be+ ne>ly horizontal2 b ! =ce employ$ 9 mov+ a1 is consum$ 9 press+ almo/ d[nright ^u ! wat] till x comes to ! place ( b2 & ! =ce employ$ 9 mov+ d is consum$ 9 lift+ ! wat] till d arrives at ! surface2 by :i* means mu* ( ! lab\r is lo/4 ,x is true1 t by plac+ ! :eels high] out ( ! wat]1 ?is wa/e lab\r w be dim9i%$ 9 a calm1 b :]e a sea runs1 ! :eels mu/ unavoidably be (t5 dipt deep 9 ! waves1 & ! turn+ ( !m !reby r5d]$ v labori\s to little purpose4 ,among ! v>i\s means ( giv+ motion to a boat1 t ( ,m4 ,b]n\lli appe>s "o ( ! mo/ s+ul>1 :i* 0 to h fix$ 9 ! boat a tube 9 ! =m ( an ,l1 ! upright "p to h a funnel-k9d ( op5+ at top1 conv5i5t = fill+ ! tube ) wat]2 :i*1 desc5d+ & pass+ ?r\gh ! l[] horizontal "p1 & issu+ 9 ! middle ( ! /]n1 b "u ! surface ( ! riv]1 %\ld pu% ! boat =w>d4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! =ce ( ! desc5d+ wat] w\ld h a consid]able effect1 great] 9 proportion to ! height f :i* x desc5d$2 b !n x is to be consid]$1 t e bucket-full pump$ or dipp$ up into ! boat1 f its side or ?r\gh its bottom1 mu/ h its vis in]ti ov]come s z to receive ! motion ( ! boat1 be=e x c come to give motion by its desc5t2 & t w be a d$uction f ! mov+ p[]4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ,i w\ld propose ! addition ( ano!r su* ,l pipe1 & t !y %\ld /& back to back 9 ! boat ?us1 figure #ac1 ! =w>d "o be+ work$ z a pump1 & suck+ 9 ! wat] at ! head ( ! boat1 w\ld draw x =w>d :ile pu%$ 9 ! same direction by ! =ce at ! /]n4 ,& aft] all x %\ld be calculat$ :e!r ! lab\r ( pump+ w\ld be less ?an t ( r[+4 ,a fire-eng9e might possibly 9 "s cases be appli$ 9 ?is op]ation ) advantage4 ,p]haps ?is lab\r ( rais+ wat] might be sp>$1 & ! :ole =ce ( a man appli$ to ! mov+ ( a boat by ! use ( air in/ead ( wat]2 suppose ! boat con/ruct$ 9 ?is =m1 figure #ad4 ,a1 a tube r\nd or squ>e ( two feet diamet]1 9 :i* a pi/on may move up & d[n4 ,! pi/on to h valves 9 x1 op5+ inw>ds to admit air :5 ! pi/on rises2 & %utt+1 :5 x is =c$ d[n by means ( ! lev] ,b turn+ on ! c5tre ,c4 ,! tube to h a valve ,d1 to op5 :5 ! pi/on is =c$ d[n1 & let ! air pass out at ,e1 :i* /rik+ =cibly aga9/ ! wat] abaft mu/ pu% ! boat =w>d4 ,if !re is add$ an air-vessel ,f prop]ly valv$ & plac$1 ! =ce w\ld cont9ue to act :ile a fre% /roke is tak5 ) ! lev]4 ,! boat-man might /& ) 8 back to ! /]n1 & putt+ 8 h&s beh9d him1 "w ! motion by tak+ hold ( ! cross b> at ,b1 :ile ano!r %\ld /e]2 or if he _h two su* pumps1 "o on ea* side ( ! /]n1 ) a lev] = ea* h&1 he might /e] himself by work+ occasionally m or h>d] ) ei!r h&1 z wat]m5 n[ d ) a pair ( sculls4 ,!re is no position 9 :i* ! body ( a man c ex]t m /r5g? ?an 9 pull+ "r upw>ds4 ,to obta9 m swiftness1 greas+ ! bottom ( a vessel is sometimes us$1 & ) good effect4 ,i d n "k t any writ] has hi!rto attempt$ to expla9 ?is4 ,at fir/ sight "o w\ld imag9e1 t ?\gh ! friction ( a h>d body1 slid+ on ano!r h>d body1 & ! resi/ance occasion$ by t friction1 might be dim9i%$ by putt+ grease betwe5 !m1 yet t a body slid+ on a fluid1 su* z wat]1 %\ld h no ne$ (1 nor receive any advantage f su* greas+4 ,b ! fact is n disput$4 ,& ! reason p]haps may be ?is--,! p>ticles ( wat] h a mutual attraction1 call$ ! attraction ( adhesion4 ,wat] also adh]es to wood1 & to _m o!r sub/ances1 b n to grease3 on ! contr>y !y h a mutual repulsion1 s t x is a "q :e!r :5 oil is p\r$ on wat]1 !y ev] actually t\* ea* o!r2 = a drop ( oil ^u wat]1 in/ead ( /ick+ to ! spot :]e x falls1 z x w\ld if x fell on a look+-glass1 spreads in/antly to an imm5se di/ance 9 a film extremely ?91 :i* x c\ld n easily d if x t\*$ & rubb$ or adh]$ ev5 9 a small degree to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,n[ ! adhesive =ce ( wat] to itself1 & to o!r sub/ances1 may be e/imat$ f ! weight ( x necess>y to sep>ate a drop1 :i* adh]es1 :ile gr[+1 till x has weight en\gh to =ce ! sep>ation & break ! drop (f4 ,let u suppose ! drop to be ! size ( a pea1 !n !re w be z _m ( ^! adhesions z !re are drops ( t size t\*+ ! bottom ( a vessel1 & ^! mu/ be brok5 by ! mov+ p[]1 e /ep ( h] motion t am\nts to a drop's bread?3 & !re be+ no su* adhesions to break betwe5 ! wat] & a greas$ bottom1 may occasion ! diff]5ce4 ,s mu* respect+ ! motion ( vessels4 ,b we h sometimes occasion to /op _! motion2 & if a bottom is ne> en\gh we c ca/ an*or3 :]e !re are no s\nd+s1 we h z yet no means to prev5t driv+ 9 a /orm1 b by ly+-to1 :i* /ill p]mits driv+ at ! rate ( ab\t two miles an h\r2 s t 9 a /orm cont9u+ fifty h\rs1 :i* is n an uncommon case1 ! %ip may drive "o hundr$ miles out ( h] c\rse2 & %\ld %e 9 t di/ance meet ) a lee %ore1 %e may be lo/4 ,to prev5t ?is driv+ to leew>d 9 deep wat]1 a swimm+ an*or is want+1 :i* ought to h ^! prop]ties4 #a4 ,x %\ld h a surface s l>ge z1 be+ at ! end ( a haus] 9 ! wat]1 & plac$ p]p5dicul>ly1 %\ld hold s mu* ( x1 z to br+ ! %ip's head to ! w9d1 9 :i* situation ! w9d has lea/ p[] to drive h]4 #b4 ,x %\ld be able by its resi/ance to prev5t ! %ip's receiv+ way4 #c4 ,x %\ld be capable ( be+ situat$ bel[ ! heave ( ! sea1 b n bel[ ! und]t[4 #d4 ,x %\ld n take up mu* room 9 ! %ip4 #e4 ,x %\ld be easily ?r[n out1 & put into its prop] situation4 #f4 ,x %\ld be easy to take 9 aga91 & /[ away4 ,an +5i\s old m>9]1 :om ,i =m]ly knew1 propos$1 z a swimm+ an*or = a l>ge %ip1 to h a /em ( wood tw5ty-five feet long & f\r in*es squ>e1 ) f\r bo>ds ( #ah1 #af1 #ad1 & #ab1 feet long1 & "o foot wide1 ! bo>ds to h _! sub/ance ?ick5$ sev]al in*es 9 ! middle by additional wood1 & to h ea* a f\r in* squ>e hole ?r\gh its middle1 to p]mit its be+ slipt on occasionally ^u ! /em1 & at "r angles ) x2 :]e all be+ plac$ & fix$ at f\r feet di/ance f ea* o!r1 x w\ld h ! appe>ance ( ! old ma!matical in/rum5t call$ a =e/aff4 ,?is ?r[n into ! sea1 & held by a haus] ve]$ out to "s l5g?1 he conceiv$ w\ld br+ a vessel up1 & prev5t h] driv+1 & :5 tak5 9 might be /[$ away by sep>at+ ! bo>ds f ! /em4 ,figure #ae4 ,probably su* a swimm+ an*or w\ld h "s good effect1 b x is subject to ?is objection1 t ly+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 x is liable to be hove =w>d by e wave1 & !reby give s mu* leave = ! %ip to drive4 ,two ma*9es = ?is purpose h occurr$ to me1 :i*1 ?\gh n s simple z ! above1 ,i imag9e w\ld be m effectual1 & m easily manageable4 ,i w endeav\r to describe !m1 t !y may be submitt$ to y\r judgm5t1 :e!r ei!r w\ld be s]viceable2 & if !y w\ld1 to :i* we %\ld give ! pref]5ce4 ,! fir/ is to be =m$1 & to be us$ 9 ! wat] on almo/ ! same pr9ciples ) ^? ( a pap] kite us$ 9 ! air4 ,only z ! pap] kite rises 9 ! air1 ?is is to desc5d 9 ! wat]4 ,its dim5sions w be diff]5t = %ips ( diff]5t size4 ,to make "o ( suppose fifte5 feet high2 take a small sp> ( t l5g? = ! back-bone1 ,,ab1 figure #af1 a small] ( half t l5g? ,,cd1 = ! cross piece4 ,let ^! be unit$ by a bolt at ,e1 yet s z t by turn+ on ! bolt !y may be laid p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,!n make a sail ( /rong canvas1 9 ! %ape ( figure #ag4 ,to =m ?is1 )\t wa/e ( sail-clo?1 sew toge!r pieces ( ! prop] l5g?1 & = half ! bread?1 z 9 figure #ah1 !n cut ! :ole 9 ! diagonal l9es a1 b1 c1 & turn ! piece ,f s z to place its broad "p opposite to t ( ! piece ,g1 & ! piece ,h 9 l mann] opposite to ,i1 :i* :5 all sew$ toge!r w appe> z 9 fig4 #ag4 ,?is sail is to be ext5d$ on ! cross ( figure #af1 ! top & bottom po9ts well secur$ to ! ends ( ! long sp>2 ! two side po9ts d1 e1 fa/5$ to ! ends ( two cords1 :i* com+ f ! angle ( ! loop 7:i* mu/ be simil> to ! loop ( a kite7 pass ?r\gh two r+s at ! ends ( ! %ort sp>1 s z t on pull+ ^u ! loop ! sail w be drawn to its ext5t4 ,! :ole may1 :5 abo>d1 be furl$ up1 z 9 figure #ai1 hav+ a rope f its broad end1 to :i* is ti$ a bag ( balla/ = keep+ t end d[nw>ds :5 9 ! wat]1 & at ! o!r end ano!r rope ) an empty keg at its end to float on ! surface2 ?is rope long en\gh to p]mit ! kite's desc5d+ into ! und]t[1 or if y please l[] into /ill wat]4 ,x %\ld be held by a haus]4 ,to get x home easily1 a small loose rope may be ve]$ out ) x1 fix$ to ! keg4 ,haul+ on t rope w br+ ! kite home ) small =ce1 ! resi/ance be+ small z x w !n come end ways4 ,x seems probable t su* a kite at ! end ( a long haus] w\ld keep a %ip ) h] head to ! w9d1 &1 resi/+ e tug1 w\ld prev5t h] driv+ s fa/ z :5 h] side is expos$ to x1 & no?+ to hold h] back4 ,if only half ! driv+ is prev5t$1 s z t %e moves b fifty miles in/ead ( ! hundr$ dur+ a /orm1 x may be "s advantage1 bo? 9 hold+ s mu* di/ance z is sav$1 & 9 keep+ f a lee-%ore4 ,if s+le canvas %\ld n be f\nd /rong en\gh to be> ! tug )\t splitt+1 x may be d\bl$1 or /r5g!n$ by a nett+ beh9d x1 repres5t$ by figure #bj4 ,! o!r ma*9e = ! same purpose1 is to be made m 9 ! =m ( an umbrella1 z repres5t$1 figure #ba4 ,! /em ( ! umbrella a squ>e sp> ( prop] l5g?1 ) f\r moveable arms1 ( :i* two are repres5t$ ,c1 ,c1 figure #bb4 ,^! arms to be fix$ 9 f\r jo9t cleats1 z ,d1 ,d1 c4 "o on ea* side ( ! sp>1 b s z t ! f\r arms may op5 by turn+ on a p9 9 ! jo9t4 ,:5 op5 !y =m a cross1 on :i* a f\r-squ>e canvas sail is to be ext5d$1 its corn]s fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! f\r arms4 ,^? ends are also to be /ay$ by ropes fa/5$ to ! /em or sp>1 s z to keep !m %ort ( be+ at "r angles ) x3 & to ! end ( "o ( ! arms %\ld be hung ! small bag ( balla/1 & to ! end ( ! opposite arm ! empty keg4 ,?is1 on be+ ?r[n into ! sea1 w\ld imm$iately op52 & :5 x _h p]=m$ its function1 & ! /orm ov]1 a small rope f its o!r end be+ pull$ on1 w\ld turn x1 close x1 & draw x easily home to ! %ip4 ,?is ma*9e seems m simple 9 its op]ation1 & m easily manageable ?an ! fir/1 & p]haps may be z effectual#cb4 ,vessels are sometimes ret>d$1 & sometimes =w>d$ 9 _! voyages1 by curr5ts at sea1 :i* are (t5 n p]ceiv$4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agfi or #gj1 !re 0 an application made by ! bo>d ( cu/oms at ,bo/on1 to ! lords ( ! treasury 9 ,london1 compla9+ t ! packets betwe5 ,falm\? & ,new-,york1 7 g5]ally a =tnight long] 9 _! passages1 ?an m]*ant-%ips f ,london to ,rhode-,isl&1 & propos+ t = ! future !y %\ld be ord]$ to ,rhode-,isl& in/ead ( ,new-,york4 ,be+ !n conc]n$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,am]ican po/-(fice1 ,i happ5$ to be consult$ on ! occasion2 & x appe>+ /range to me t !re %\ld be su* a diff]5ce betwe5 two places1 sc>ce a day's run asund]1 especially :5 ! m]*ant-%ips are g5]ally deep] lad51 & m weakly mann$ ?an ! packets1 & _h f ,london ! :ole l5g? ( ! riv] & *annel to run be=e !y left ! l& ( ,engl&1 :ile ! packets _h only to g f ,falm\?1 ,i c\ld n b ?9k ! fact misund]/ood or misrepres5t$4 ,!re happ5$ !n to be 9 ,london a ,nantucket sea-capta9 ( my acqua9tance1 to :om ,i communicat$ ! affair4 ,he told me he believ$ ! fact might be true2 b ! diff]5ce 0 ow+ to ?is1 t ! ,rhode-,isl& capta9s 7 acqua9t$ ) ! gulf-/ream1 :i* ^? ( ! ,engli% packets 7 n4 ,we are well acqua9t$ ) t /ream1 says he1 because 9 our pursuit ( :ales1 :i* keep ne> ! sides ( x1 b are n to be met ) 9 x1 we run d[n along ! sides1 & frequ5tly cross x to *ange our side3 & 9 cross+ x h sometimes met & spoke ) ^? packets1 :o 7 9 ! middle ( x1 & /emm+ x4 ,we h in=m$ !m t !y 7 /emm+ a curr5t1 t 0 aga9/ !m to ! value ( ?ree miles an h\r2 & advis$ !m to cross x & get out ( x2 b !y 7 too wise to be c\nsell$ by simple ,am]ican fi%]m54 ,:5 ! w9ds are b light1 he add$1 !y are c>ri$ back by ! curr5t m ?an !y are =w>d$ by ! w9d3 & if ! w9d be good1 ! subtraction ( #gj miles a day f _! c\rse is ( "s importance4 ,i !n obs]v$ x 0 a pity no notice 0 tak5 ( ?is curr5t ^u ! *>ts1 & reque/$ him to m>k x out = me1 :i* he readily compli$ )1 add+ directions = avoid+ x 9 sail+ f ,europe to ,nor?-,am]ica4 ,i procur$ x to be engrav$ by ord] f ! g5]al po/-(fice1 on ! old *>t ( ! ,atlantic1 at ,m\nt & ,page's1 ,t[]-hill2 & copies 7 s5t d[n to ,falm\? = ! capta9s ( ! packets1 :o slight$ x h[ev]2 b x is s9ce pr9t$ 9 ,france1 ( :i* edition ,i h]eto annex a copy4 ,?is /ream is probably g5]at$ by ! great accumulation ( wat] on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica betwe5 ! tropics1 by ! trade-w9ds :i* con/antly bl[ !re4 ,x is kn[n t a l>ge piece ( wat] t5 miles broad & g5]ally only ?ree feet deep1 has by a /rong w9d _h its wat]s driv5 to "o side & su/a9$ s z to become six feet deep1 :ile ! w9dw>d side 0 laid dry4 ,?is may give "s idea ( ! quantity heap$ up on ! ,am]ican coa/1 & ! reason ( its runn+ d[n 9 a /rong curr5t ?r\gh ! isl&s into ! bay ( ,mexico1 & f !nce issu+ ?r\gh ! gulph ( ,florida1 & proce$+ along ! coa/ to ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 :]e x turns (f t[>ds & runs d[n ?r\gh ! ,we/]n ,isl&s4 ,hav+ s9ce cross$ ?is /ream sev]al times 9 pass+ betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe1 ,i h be5 att5tive to sundry circum/ances relat+ to x1 by :i* to "k :5 "o is 9 x2 & besides ! gulph we$ ) :i* x is int]sp]s$1 ,i f9d t x is always w>m] ?an ! sea on ea* side ( x1 & t x does n sp>kle 9 ! night3 ,i annex h]eto ! obs]vations made ) ! !rmomet] 9 two voyages1 & possibly may add a ?ird4 ,x w appe> f !m1 t ! !rmomet] may be an useful in/rum5t to a navigator1 s9ce curr5ts com+ f ! nor?w>d into s\!rn seas1 w probably be f\nd cold] ?an ! wat] ( ^? seas1 z ! curr5ts f s\!rn seas into nor!rn are f\nd w>m]4 ,& x is n to be wond]$ t s va/ a body ( deep w>m wat]1 sev]al leagues wide1 com+ f betwe5 ! tropics & issu+ out ( ! gulph into ! nor!rn seas1 %\ld reta9 its w>m? long] ?an ! tw5ty or ?irty days requir$ to its pass+ ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! quantity is too great1 & x is too deep to be sudd5ly cool$ by pass+ "u a cool] air4 ,! air imm$iately ov] x1 h[ev]1 may receive s mu* w>m? f x z to be r>efi$ & rise1 be+ r5d]$ light] ?an ! air on ea* side ( ! /ream2 h5ce ^? airs mu/ fl[ 9 to supply ! place ( ! ris+ w>m air1 &1 meet+ ) ea* o!r1 =m ^? tornados & wat]-sp\ts frequ5tly met )1 & se5 ne> & ov] ! /ream2 & z ! vap\r f a cup ( tea 9 a w>m room1 & ! brea? ( an animal 9 ! same room1 are h>dly visible1 b become s5sible imm$iately :5 out 9 ! cold air1 s ! vap\r f ! gulph /ream1 9 w>m latitudes is sc>cely visible1 b :5 x comes into ! cool air f ,newf\ndl&1 x is cond5s$ into ! fogs1 = :i* ^? p>ts are s rem>kable4 ,! p[] ( w9d to raise wat] above its common level 9 ! sea is kn[n to u 9 ,am]ica1 by ! high tides occasion$ 9 all our sea-ports :5 a /rong nor?-ea/] bl[s aga9/ ! gulph /ream4 ,! conclusion f ^! rem>ks is1 t a vessel f ,europe to ,nor?-,am]ica may %ort5 h] passage by avoid+ to /em ! /ream1 9 :i* ! !rmomet] w be v useful2 & a vessel f ,am]ica to ,europe may d ! same by ! same means ( keep+ 9 x4 ,x may h (t5 happ5$ accid5tally1 t voyages h be5 %ort5$ by ^! circum/ances4 ,x is well to h ! comm& ( !m4 ,b may !re n be ano!r cause1 indep5d5t ( w9ds & curr5ts1 :y passages are g5]ally %ort] f ,am]ica to ,europe ?an f ,europe to ,am]ica8 ,?is "q ,i =m]ly consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ %ort pap]4 ,on bo>d ! ,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,capt4 ,osborne4 ,at ,sea1 ,april #e1 #agge4 ,suppose a %ip to make a voyage ea/w>d f a place 9 lat4 #dj nor?1 to a place 9 lat4 #ej nor?1 di/ance 9 longitude #ge degrees4 ,9 sail+ f #dj to #ej1 %e goes f a place :]e a degree ( longitude is ab\t eight miles great] ?an 9 ! place %e is go+ to4 ,a degree is equal to f\r m9utes ( "t2 consequ5tly ! %ip 9 ! h>b\r %e leaves1 p>tak+ ( ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?1 moves two miles 9 a m9ute fa/]1 ?an :5 9 ! port %e is go+ to2 :i* is #abj miles 9 an h\r4 ,?is motion 9 a %ip & c>go is ( great =ce2 & if %e c\ld be lift$ up sudd5ly f ! h>b\r 9 :i* %e lay quiet1 & set d[n in/antly 9 ! latitude ( ! port %e 0 b\nd to1 ?\gh 9 a calm1 t =ce conta9$ 9 h] w\ld make h] run a great way at a prodigi\s rate4 ,?is =ce mu/ be lo/ gradually 9 h] voyage1 by gradual impulse aga9/ ! wat]1 & probably !nce %ort5 ! voyage4 ,qu]y1 ,9 return+ does ! contr>y happ51 & is h] voyage !reby ret>d$ & l5g!n$8#cc ,w\ld x n be a m secure me?od ( plank+ %ips1 if1 in/ead ( ?ick s+le planks laid horizontally1 we 7 to use planks ( half ! ?ickness1 & lay !m d\ble & across ea* o!r z 9 figure #bc8 ,to me x seems t ! diff]5ce ( exp5ce w\ld n be consid]able1 & t ! %ip w\ld be bo? tight] & /rong]4 ,! secur+ ( ! %ip is n ! only necess>y ?+2 secur+ ! heal? ( ! sailors1 a brave & valuable ord] ( m51 is likewise ( great importance4 ,) ?is view ! me?ods s successfully practis$ by ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 long voyages _c be too closely /udi$ or c>efully imitat$4 ,a full acc\nt ( ^? me?ods is f\nd 9 ,sir ,john ,pr+le's spee*1 :5 ! m$al ( ! ,royal ,society 0 giv5 to t illu/ri\s navigator4 ,i am glad to see 9 8 la/ voyage t he f\nd ! means effectual :i* ,i _h propos$ = pres]v+ fl\r1 bread1 c4 f moi/ure & damage4 ,!y 7 f\nd dry & good aft] be+ at sea f\r ye>s4 ,! me?od is describ$ 9 my pr9t$ works1 page #deb1 fif? edition#cd4 ,9 ! same1 page #dfi1 #dgjce1 is propos$ a means ( allay+ ?ir/ 9 case ( want ( fre% wat]4 ,?is has s9ce be5 practis$ 9 two in/ances ) success4 ,happy if _! hung]1 :5 ! o!r provisions are consum$1 c\ld be reliev$ z commodi\sly2 & p]haps 9 "t ?is may be f\nd n impossible4 ,an addition might be made to _! pres5t vegetable provision1 by dry+ v>i\s roots 9 slices by ! means ( an ov54 ,! sweet potatoe ( ,am]ica & ,spa9 is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,o!r potatoes1 ) c>rots1 p>snips & turnips1 might be prep>$ & pres]v$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,) reg>d to make-%ifts 9 cases ( necessity1 seam5 are g5]ally v +5i\s !mselves4 ,!y w excuse h[ev] ! m5tion ( two or ?ree4 ,if !y happ5 9 any circum/ance1 su* z aft] %ipwreck1 tak+ to _! boat1 or ! l1 to want a compass1 a f9e sew+-ne$le laid on cle> wat] 9 a cup w g5]ally po9t to ! nor?1 mo/ ( !m be+ a little magnetical1 or may be made s by be+ /rongly rubb$ or hamm]$1 ly+ 9 a nor? & s\? direction4 ,if _! ne$le is too heavy to float by itself1 x may be support$ by little pieces ( cork or wood4 ,a man :o c swim1 may be aid$ 9 a long trav]se by 8 h&k]*ief =m$ into a kite1 by two cross /icks ext5d+ to ! f\r corn]s2 :i*1 be+ rais$ 9 ! air :5 ! w9d is fair & fre%1 w t[ him along :ile ly+ on 8 back4 ,:]e =ce is want$ to move a heavy body1 & !re are b few h&s & no ma*9es1 a long & /rong rope may make a p[]ful in/rum5t4 ,suppose a boat is to be drawn up on a bea*1 t %e may be out ( ! surf2 a /ake drove into ! bea* :]e y w\ld h ! boat drawn1 & ano!r to fa/5 ! end ( ! rope to1 :i* comes f ! boat1 & !n apply+ :at =ce y h to pull ^u ! middle ( ! rope at "r angles ) x1 ! p[] w be augm5t$ 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( rope betwe5 ! po/s4 ,! rope be+ fa/5$ to ! /ake ,a1 & drawn ^u 9 ! direction ,c ,d1 w slide ov] ! /ake ,b2 & :5 ! rope is b5t to ! angle ,a ,d ,b1 repres5t$ by ! prick$ l9e 9 figure #bd1 ! boat w be at ,b4 ,"s sailors may ?9k ! writ] has giv5 himself unnecess>y tr\ble 9 pret5d+ to advise !m2 = !y h a little repugnance to ! advice ( l&m51 :om !y e/eem ignorant & incapable ( giv+ any wor? notice2 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t mo/ ( _! in/rum5ts 7 ! inv5tion ( l&m54 ,at lea/ ! fir/ vessel ev] made to g on ! wat] 0 c]ta9ly su*4 ,i w !re=e add only a few words m1 & !y %all be address$ to pass5g]s4 ,:5 y int5d a long voyage1 y may d well to keep y\r int5tion z mu* z possible a secret1 or at lea/ ! "t ( y\r dep>ture2 o!rwise y w be cont9ually int]rupt$ 9 y\r prep>ations by ! visits ( fri5ds & acqua9tance1 :o w n only rob y ( ! "t y want1 b put ?+s out ( y\r m9d1 s t :5 y come to sea1 y h ! mortification to recollect po9ts ( bus9ess t ought to h be5 done1 acc\nts y int5d$ to settle1 & conv5i5cies y _h propos$ to br+ ) y1 c4 c4 all :i* h be5 omitt$ ?r\gh ! effect ( ^! (fici\s fri5dly visits4 ,w\ld x n be well if ?is cu/om c\ld be *ang$2 if ! voyag] aft] hav+1 )\t int]ruption1 made all 8 prep>ations1 %\ld use "s ( ! "t he has left1 9 go+ himself to take leave ( 8 fri5ds at _! own h\ses1 & let !m come to congratulate him on 8 happy return4 ,x is n always 9 y\r p[] to make a *oice 9 y\r capta91 ?\gh mu* ( y\r com=t 9 ! passage may dep5d on 8 p]sonal "*1 z y mu/ = s long a "t be conf9$ to 8 company1 & "u 8 direction2 if he be a s5sible1 sociable1 good-natur$1 oblig+ man1 y w be s mu* ! happi]4 ,su* !re are2 b if he happ5s to be o!rwise1 & is only skilful1 c>eful1 wat*ful & active 9 ! conduct ( 8 %ip1 excuse ! re/1 = ^! are ! ess5tials4 ,:atev] "r y may h by agreem5t 9 ! mass ( /ores laid 9 by him = ! pass5g]s1 x is good to h "s p>ticul> ?+s 9 y\r own possession1 s z to be always at y\r own comm&4 #a4 ,good wat]1 t ( ! %ip be+ (t5 bad4 ,y c be sure ( hav+ x good only by bottl+ x f a cle> spr+ or well & 9 clean bottles4 #b4 ,good tea4 #c4 ,c(fee gr\nd4 #d4 ,*ocolate4 #e4 ,w9e ( ! sort y p>ticul>ly l1 & cyd]4 #f4 ,rais9s4 #g4 ,almonds4 #h4 ,sug>4 #i4 ,capillaire4 #aj4 ,lemons4 #aa4 ,jamaica spirits4 #ab4 ,eggs greas$4 #ac4 ,diet bread #ad4 ,portable s\p4 #ae4 ,rusks4 ,z to f[ls1 x is n wor? :ile to h any call$ y\rs1 unless y c\ld h ! fe$+ & manag+ ( !m accord+ to y\r own judgm5t "u y\r own eye4 ,z !y are g5]ally treat$ at pres5t 9 %ips1 !y are = ! mo/ "p sick1 & _! fle% t\gh & h>d z :it-lea!r4 ,all seam5 h an op9ion1 broa*$ ,i suppos$ at fir/ prud5tly1 = sav+ ( wat] :5 %ort1 t f[ls d n "k :5 !y h drank en\gh1 & w kill !mselves if y give !m too mu*1 s !y are s]v$ ) a little only once 9 two days4 ,?is is p\r$ into tr\ghs t lie slop+1 & !re=e imm$iately runs d[n to ! l[] end4 ,!re ! f[ls ride ^u "o ano!r's backs to get at x1 & "s are n happy en\gh to rea* & once dip _! bills 9 x4 ,?us tantaliz$1 & torm5t$ ) ?ir/1 !y _c dige/ _! dry food1 !y fret1 p9e1 sick5 & die4 ,"s are f\nd dead1 & ?r[n ov]bo>d e morn+1 & ^? kill$ = ! table are n eatable4 ,_! tr\ghs %\ld be 9 little divisions1 l cups1 to hold ! wat] sep>ately1 figure #be4 ,b ?is is nev] done4 ,! %eep & hogs are !re=e y\r be/ dep5dance = fre% meat at sea1 ! mutton be+ g5]ally tol]able & ! pork excell5t4 ,x is possible y\r capta9 may h provid$ s well 9 ! g5]al /ores1 z to r5d] "s ( ! p>ticul>s above recomm5d$ ( little or no use to y4 ,b !re are frequ5tly 9 ! %ip poor] pass5g]s1 :o are tak5 at a l[] price1 lodge 9 ! /e]age1 & h no claim to any ( ! cab9 provisions1 or to any b ^? k9ds t are all[$ ! sailors4 ,^! p are sometimes deject$1 sometimes sick1 !re may be wom5 & *ildr5 among !m4 ,9 a situation :]e !re is no go+ to m>ket1 to pur*ase su* necess>ies1 a few ( ^! y\r sup]fluities di/ribut$ occasionally may be ( great s]vice1 re/ore heal?1 save life1 make ! mis]able happy1 & !reby af=d y inf9ite pleasure4 ,! wor/ ?+ 9 ord9>y m]*ant %ips is ! cook]y4 ,!y h no pr(ess$ cook1 & ! wor/ h& z a seaman is appo9t$ to t (fice1 9 :i* he is n only v ignorant b v dirty4 ,! sailors h !re=e a say+1 t ,god s5ds meat & ! devil cooks4 ,pass5g]s m pi\sly dispos$1 & will+ to believe heav5 ord]s all ?+s = ! be/1 may suppose1 t1 kn[+ ! sea-air & con/ant ex]cise by ! motion ( ! vessel w\ld give u extraord9>y appetites1 bad cooks 7 k9dly s5t to prev5t our eat+ too mu*2 or t1 =esee+ we %\ld h bad cooks1 good appetites 7 furni%$ to prev5t our />v+4 ,if y _c tru/ to ^! circum/ances1 a _s-lamp1 ) a blaze-pan1 may enable y to cook "s little ?+s = y\rself2 su* z a ha%1 a s\p1 c4 ,& x might be well also to h among y\r /ores "s pott$ meats1 :i* if well put up w keep long good4 ,a small t9 ov51 to place ) ! op5 side be=e ! fire1 may be ano!r good ut5sil1 9 :i* y\r own s]vant may roa/ = y a bit ( pork or mutton4 ,y w sometimes be induc$ to eat ( ! %ip's salt beef1 z x is (t5 good4 ,y w f9d cyd] ! be/ qu5*] ( t ?ir/ :i* salt meat or fi% occasions4 ,! %ip biscuit is too h>d = "s sets ( tee?4 ,x may be s(t5$ by toa/+4 ,b rusk is bett]2 = be+ made ( good f]m5t$ bread1 slic$ & bak$ a second "t1 ! pieces imbibe ! wat] easily1 s(t5 imm$iately1 dige/ m k9dly1 & are !re=e m :olesome ?an ! unf]m5t$ biscuit4 ,by ! way1 rusk is ! true orig9al biscuit1 s prep>$ to keep = sea1 biscuit 9 ,fr5* signify+ twice bak$4 ,if y\r dry peas boil h>d1 a two-p\nd iron %ot put ) !m into ! pot1 w by ! motion ( ! %ip gr9d !m z f9e z mu/>d4 ,! accid5ts ,i h se5 at sea ) l>ge di%es ( s\p ^u a table1 f ! motion ( ! %ip1 h made me wi%1 t our pott]s or pewt]]s w\ld make s\p-di%es 9 divisions1 l a set ( small b[ls unit$ toge!r1 ea* conta9+ ab\t suffici5t = "o p]son1 9 "s su* =m z fig4 #bf2 = !n :5 ! %ip %\ld make a sudd5 heel1 ! s\p w\ld n 9 a body fl[ ov] "o side1 & fall into p's laps & scald !m1 z is sometimes ! case1 b w\ld be reta9$ 9 ! sep>ate divisions1 z 9 figure #bg4 ,aft] ^! trifles1 p]mit ! addition ( a few g5]al reflections4 ,navigation1 :5 employ$ 9 supply+ necess>y provisions to a c\ntry 9 want1 & !reby prev5t+ fam9es1 :i* 7 m frequ5t & de/ructive be=e ! inv5tion ( t art1 is und\bt$ly a bless+ to mank9d4 ,:5 employ$ m]ely 9 transport+ sup]fluities1 x is a "q :e!r ! advantage ( ! employm5t x af=ds is equal to ! mis*ief ( haz>d+ s _m lives on ! ocean4 ,b :5 employ$ 9 pillag+ m]*ants & transport+ slaves1 x is cle>ly ! means ( augm5t+ ! mass ( human mis]y4 ,x is amaz+ to ?9k ( ! %ips & lives risqu$ 9 fet*+ tea f ,*9a1 c(fee f ,arabia1 sug> & tobacco f ,am]ica1 all :i* our ance/ors did well )\t4 ,sug> employs ne> "o ?\s& %ips1 tobacco almo/ z _m4 ,= ! utility ( tobacco !re is little to be said2 & = t ( sug>1 h[ mu* m comm5dable w\ld x be if we c\ld give up ! few m9utes gratification af=d$ once or twice a day by ! ta/e ( sug> 9 our tea1 r ?an enc\rage ! cruelties ex]cis$ 9 produc+ x4 ,an em95t ,fr5* morali/ says1 t :5 he consid]s ! w>s we excite 9 ,africa to obta9 slaves1 ! numb]s necess>ily sla9 9 ^? w>s1 ! _m prison]s :o p]i% at sea by sickness1 bad provisions1 f\l air1 c4 c4 9 ! transportation1 & h[ _m aft]w>ds die f ! h>d%ips ( slav]y1 he _c look on a piece ( sug> )\t conceiv+ x /a9$ ) spots ( human blood6 ,_h he add$ ! consid]ation ( ! w>s we make to take & retake ! sug> isl&s f "o ano!r1 & ! fleets & armies t p]i% 9 ^? exp$itions1 he might h se5 8 sug> n m]ely spott$1 b ?or\ghly dy$ sc>let 9 gra94 ,x is ^! w>s t make ! m>itime p[]s ( ,europe1 ! inhabitants ( ,london & ,p>is1 pay de>] = sug> ?an ^? ( ,vi5na1 a ?\s& miles f ! sea2 because _! sug> co/s n only ! price !y pay = x by ! p\nd1 b all !y pay 9 taxes to ma9ta9 ! fleets & armies t fight = x4 ,) great e/eem1 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,?is lett] & ! annex$ pap] on ! ,gulph /ream1 are tak5 f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 9 :i* !y 7 read ,decemb] #b1 #aghe4 ,editor4 #ca ,! motion ( ! vessel made x inconv5i5t to try ?is simple exp]im5t at sea1 :5 ! proposal ( x 0 writt54 ,b x has be5 tri$ s9ce we came on %ore1 & succe$$ z ! o!r4 #cb ,capta9 ,truxton1 on bo>d ^: %ip ?is 0 writt51 has execut$ ?is propos$ ma*9e2 he has giv5 six arms to ! umbrella1 !y are jo9$ to ! /em by iron h+es1 & ! canvas is d\ble4 ,he has tak5 x ) him to ,*9a4 ,febru>y1 #aghf4 #cc ,s9ce ?is pap] 0 read at ! ,society1 an +5i\s memb]1 ,mr4 ,patt]son1 has conv9c$ ! writ] t ! return+ voyage w\ld n1 f ?is cause1 be ret>d$4 #cd ,see ! ,pap] ref]r$ to1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cgf4 ,editor4 #ce ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajd4 ,editor4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #aig4 ,a ,,*>t ( ,! ,,gulph ,,/ream4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,rem>ks ^u ! ,navigation f ,newf\ndl& to ,new-,york1 9 ord] to avoid ! ,gulph ,/ream on "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! ,%oals t lie to ! ,s\?w>d ( ,nantucket & ( ,/4 ,george's ,banks4 ,aft] y h pass$ ! banks ( ,newf\ndl& 9 ab\t ! #dd? degree ( latitude1 y w meet ) no?+1 till y draw ne> ! ,isle ( ,sables1 :i* we commonly pass 9 latitude #dc4 ,s\?w>d ( ?is isle1 ! curr5t is f\nd to ext5d itself z f> nor? z #da #bj or #cj1 !n x turns t[>ds ! ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 or ,s4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hav+ pass$ ! ,isle ( ,sables1 %ape y\r c\rse = ! ,/4 ,george's ,banks1 s z to pass !m 9 ab\t latitude #dj1 because ! curr5t s\?w>d ( ^? banks rea*es z f> nor? z #ci4 ,! %oals ( ^? banks lie 9 #da #ce4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ,/4 ,george's ,banks1 y mu/1 to cle> ,nantucket1 =m y\r c\rse s z to pass betwe5 ! latitudes #ch #cj & #dj #de4 ,! mo/ s\!rn "p ( ! %oals ( ,nantucket lie 9 ab\t #dj #de4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! curr5t directly to ! s\? ( ,nantucket is felt 9 ab\t latitude #ch #cj4 ,by obs]v+ ^! directions & keep+ betwe5 ! /ream & ! %oals1 ! passage f ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl& to ,new-,york1 ,delaw>e1 or ,virg9ia1 may be consid]ably %ort5$2 = s y w h ! advantage ( ! eddy curr5t1 :i* moves contr>y to ! ,gulph ,/ream4 ,:]eas if to avoid ! %oals y keep too f> to ! s\?w>d1 & get into t /ream1 y w be ret>d$ by x at ! rate ( #fj or #gj miles a day4 ,! ,nantucket :ale-m5 be+ extremely well acqua9t$ ) ! ,gulph ,/ream1 its c\rse1 /r5g?1 & ext5t1 by _! con/ant practice ( :al+ on ! edges ( x1 f _! isl& q d[n to ! ,bahamas1 ?is draft ( t /ream 0 obta9$ f "o ( !m1 ,capta9 ,folges1 & caus$ to be engrav$ on ! old *>t 9 ,london1 = ! b5efit ( navigators1 by ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,note1 ,! ,nantucket capta9s :o are acqua9t$ ) ?is /ream1 make _! voyages f ,engl& to ,bo/on 9 z %ort a "t g5]ally z o!rs take 9 go+ f ,bo/on to ,engl&1 viz4 f tw5ty to ?irty days4 ,a /rang] may "k :5 he is 9 ! ,gulph ,/ream1 by ! w>m? ( ! wat]1 :i* is mu* great] ?an t ( ! wat] on ea* side ( x4 ,if !n he is b\nd to ! we/w>d1 he %\ld cross ! /ream to get out ( x z soon z possible4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,obs]vations ( ! ,w>m? ( ! ,,sea-,,wat]1 c4 by ,fahr5heit's ,!rmomet]1 9 cross+ ! ,gulph ,/ream2 ) o!r ,rem>ks made on bo>d ! ,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,capt4 ,osborne1 b\nd f ,london to ,philadelphia1 9 ,april & ,may1 #agge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,date ,h\r ,temp,temp ,w9d,c\rse,di/- ,lat ,long ,rem>ks4 ( ( ance ,n4 ,w4 ,air,wat] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,apr #aj #fb #aa #fa #ab #fd #ac #fe #ad #fe #bf #fj #gj #cg #cifj #ch,mu* gulph we$2 saw a :ale4 #bg #fj #gj ,,sse ,wb,s #cg #acfb #bi;,col\r ( wat] *ang$4 #bh #h ,a4,m4 #gj #fd ,,sw ,,wnw #cg #dhfd #ce,no gulph we$4 -- #f ,p4,m4 #fg #fj #cd ,s\nd$1 no bottom #bi #h ,a4,m4 #fc #ga ,n ,w #dd #cg #bfff #j,mu* light 9 ! wat] la/ night4 -- #e ,p4,m4 #fe #gb ,,ne #eg ,wat] aga9 ( ! --#aa dit4 #ff #ff ,n,wb,n ,wb,s #eg usual deep sea #cj #h ,a4,m4 #fd #gj ,,ne ,wb,n #fi col\r1 little or no light 9 x at night4 --#ab #fb #gj ,eb,s #bd #cg #bjfh #ec;,freq4 gulph we$1 -- #f ,p4,m4 #fd #gb ,,ese ,wb,n #dc wat] cont9ues ( sea col\r1 little light4 --#aj dit4 #fe #fe ,s #be ,mu* light4 ,may #a #g ,a4,m4 #fh #fc #fj ,mu* light all la/ night4 --#ab #fe #ef ,,ssw ,,wnw #dd #ch #acgb #b ,col\r ( wat] *ang$4 -- #d ,p4,m4 #fd #ef ,wb,n #ba --#aj dit4 #fd #eg ,,sw ,,wnw #ca ,mu* light4 #b #h ,a4,m4 #fb #ec #ah #ch #dcgd #c,mu* light4 ,?und] -gu/4 --#ab #fj #ec ,,wsw ,,nw #ah -- #f ,p4,m4 #fd #ee ,,nw ,,wsw #ae --#aj #fe #ee ,nb,w ,wb,n #aj #c #g ,a4,m4 #fb #ed #cj #ch #cjge #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,obs]vations ( ! ,w>m? ( ! ,,sea-,,wat]1 c4 by ,fahr5heit's ,!rmomet]2 ) o!r ,rem>ks made on bo>d ! ,reprisal1 ,capt4 ,wycks1 b\nd f ,philadelphia to ,france1 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 #aggf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,date ,h\r,h\r,temp,temp ,w9d,c\rse,di/- ,lat ,long ,rem>ks ,a4,m4,p4,m4 ( ( ance ,n4 ,w4 ,air,wat] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,oct ,left ! capes #ca #aj #gf #gj ,,sse ,eb,s #ace #ch #abgj #cj,?ursday night1 -- #d #ga ,oct #bi1 #aggf ,nov #a #aj #gh ,,wsw ,e,n #aji ,no ob#fh #ab -- #d #ga #ha #b #h #ga #ge ,n ,"s sp>ks 9 -- #ab #gh #ada ditto#fe #bc! wat] ^! -- #d #fg #gf two la/ nights #c #h #gf ,,nw ,,ese,e -- #ab #gf ,eb,s #afj #cg #jfb #g -- #d #gj #gf #d #i #fh #gf ,nb,e ,ditto4 -- #a #gf #aid #cf #bfeh #h -- #d #fh #gf -- #h #gh #e #h #fh #gf ,,ne ,ditto4 -- #ab #gj #ge #afc #ce #baee #c -- #d #ge -- #h #ge #f #h #gf ,eb,n ,s#ej;,e -- #ab #gg #g #ce #ccec #eb #g #h #gh ,s,eb,e ,n#cj,w -- #ab #gg #ajh #cf #feb #df -- #d #gg #h #i #ge #gg ,sb,e ,n#di;,e -- #ab #gg #age #ch #bej #a -- #d #gg #i #i #ge #gg -- #ab #ge #gj ,,sw ,n#cc;,e #age #ci #cidf #ee ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,obs]vations ,,made ,,on ,,bo>d ,,! ,,reprisal1 ,,cont9u$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,date4,h\r,h\r,temp,temp ,w9d,c\rse,di/- ,lat ,long ,rem>ks4 ,a4,m4,p4,m4 ( ( ance ,n4 ,w4 ,air,wat] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nov #i #d #ga #aj #h #gj #fh -- #ab #fd ,e ,n #ag ,e #fd #dj #cidf #bg #aa #h #fc -- #ab #fa ,s ,e ,n #h ,e #da #da #aidf #ai #ab #h #ef #ei -- #d #fi ,,nnw ,n #hj ,e #abj #da #cidc #db #ac all day #fh ,e ,s #hb ,e #fi #da #bidb #aj #ad #h #gj #gj ,n #gd ,e #aaa #db #jci #eg -- ,noon #gb ,,ese -- #d #ga #ae #h #fa #fi -- ,noon #fh ,,wsw ,n #gj ,e #ahf #dc #cce #ea -- #d #fg #af ,noon #fe #fg ,s ,w ,n #fg ,w #dh #dc #bbcd #ej -- #d #fc #ag #h #fc ,,ese ,n #ai ,e #ef #dd #aecd #be #ah all day #fe ,sb,w ,n #ge ,e #baj #de #fbi #dc,"s gulph we$ #ai ,noon #fe #fd ,s ,w ,n #hj ,e #bch #de #dfbd #b #bj #h #fb ,n ,s #hj ,e #aee #de #aibj #cj -- #d #fj #ba #i #fb ,s ,n #hh ,e #id #de #bbah #ag #bb #aj #fj #fb ,,ssw ,s #hi ,e #acc #de #aiae #ai #bc ,noon #fa ,,wsw ,s #hf ,e #aid #de #faj #ce #bd d4 #fj ,,nne ,n #gh ,e #aia #de #df #f #aj #be d4 #fj ,n ,e ,s #gf ,e #abe #de #d #c #bc #bf d4 #ef #fj ,e ,n #gc ,e #ca #de #ac #b #bj #bg d4 #eh ,s\nd+s (f #bh d4 #ed #ef ,bellisle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage f ! ,*annel betwe5 ,france & ,engl& t[>ds ,am]ica4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,!rm4 ,,am,!rm4 ,,pm ,v>ia- ------------------ ,dis- tion ,date,latit4,long4,air,wat],air,wat],w9d s,c\rsetance ( ! ,n4 ,w4 ,ne$le ,miles4 ,we/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,july #bi #fb #eg ,^! are tak5 on an #cj #fb #eh #fc #eh av]age ( #bd h\rs4 #ca #fj #eh #fb #fb ,aug #a #di #ae #d #ae #fc #fb #fj #fd ,ea/ ,,sw ,w #fj #bb #j #b #dh #bh #h #eh #fd #fd #fd #fc ,e ,s ,e,wb,s ,s #agd #c #dg #j #ab #ac #fj #fg omitt$ ,n ,e ,,sw b,w #afj #d #de #j #ae #dc #ff #ff d4 #ff ,,nw b,w,,sw ,w #aij #e #dc #e #ag #be #fg #fe #fe #fh ,n ,e ,,sw b,s #aca #bj #j #f #da #c #ai #dd #gj #fh #ga #fi ,n ,e ,,sw ,s #aff #af #cj #g #ch #de #ba #cd #gj #gj #fh #gj ,n ,e ,,ssw ,w #afe #aa #cj #h #cf #db #bc #aj #gb #ga #gc #gb ,n ,e ,,ssw ,w #adi #aa #ae #i #ce #dj #be #dj #gc #gc #gc #gd ,n ,e ,,wsw ,s #acg ---------- #aj #ce #j #bg #j #ga #gc #gg #ge ,n ,w ,,wsw ,s #gf ,!rm,noon #aa #cc #ea #bh #db #gd #gd #gf #gg ,nor?,,sw ,w #aab --------- #ab #cc #cj #ca #cj #gf #ge #gf #gf ,nor?,w ,s #adc ,a4 ,w4 #ac #cc #ag #cc #cb #gf #gf #gh #gg ,n ,e ,w ,s #ajc #gg #gh #ad #cc #bb #cd #ca #gf #gf #ha #gi ,s ,s ,e,w ,n #ej #ha #gi #ae #cc #de #ce #j #gh #gi #gi #gh ,w ,n ,w,,sw ,w #ce #gi #gi #af #cd #ad #ce #cj #gi #gh #ha #hj ,we/ ,,nw ,n #ch #ha #hj #ag #ce #cg #cf #d #hj #gi #hj #gh ,w ,s ,w,n ,n ,w #ge #hj #gh #ah #cf #g #cg #af #hj #gh omitt$ ,,nw b,w,,wnw ,n #fe #hj #gi #ai #cf #ch #ch #j #gh #gg #gh #gg ,w ,s ,w,,nw ,w #di #gi #gg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,j\rnal ( a ,voyage1 c4 cont9u$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,!rm4 ,,am,!rm4 ,,pm ,v>ia-,!rm4 ------------------ ,dis- tion at ,noon4 ,date,latit4,long4,air,wat],air,wat],w9d s,c\rsetance ( !-------- ,n4 ,w4 ,ne$le ,miles4 ,we/4 ,a4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,aug _/ #bj #cg #ch #ch #f #gh #gf omitt$ ,we/ ,n ,w #fb #gg #ge #ba #cf #ae #ch #bf #gc #gd #gh #gf ,w ,n ,w,s b ,w #hb #gg #ge #bb #ce #dj #ch #dd #g #gf #hj #gg ,w b ,s,s ,s ,w #ch #hj #gg #bc #ce #ce #dj #eb #g #gg #gh #ge ,nor?,w ,s #ajj omitt$4 #bd #ce #ab #da #ca #ge #gc #ge #gd ,w ,n ,w,s ,wb,w #da #ge #gd #be #ce #dj #db #cc #gi #gf #gi #gf ,w b ,n,w ,,nw,n #fj #hj #gf #bf #ce #cj #db #dd #gi #gf #hj #gf ,s ,wb,w,s ,w,s #ad #hj #gf #bg #ce #ad #dc #bc #gi #gg #ha #gi ,we/ ,w ,,sw,s #ch #ha #gh #bh #cd #bc #dd #j #g #gf #gh #gh ,n ,n ,e,s ,wb,s #fj #gh #gh #bi #cd #ab #de #eb #gg #gh #gh #gh ,n ,e ,w ,s #id #h #j #gi #gh #cj #cd #e #dh #ca #gh #gh #gh #gh ,ea/ ,w ,s #acd #gh #gh #ca #cd #bj #ea #d #hj #gi #ha #gi ,ea/ ,w ,s #abi #hj #hj ,sep #a #cd #bj #eb #dg #ha #gh omitt$ ,s ,s ,w,w ,n #hf #hc #hj #b #cd #ee #ee #ab #ha #hj #hc #hj ,s ,w ,wb,n ,w #abe #hc #hj #c #ce #cj #eg #bd #hc #hj #hc #hj ,s ,wb,s,wb,n ,n #aad #f #j #hd #ha #d #ce #ej #ei #a #hb #hj #hc #hj ,s ,w,w,wb,n ,n #hb #hc #ha #e #ce #ee #fa #j #ha #hj #hb #ha ,s ,s ,w,w ,n #if #hb #ha #f #cf #bj #fb #cj #hj #ha #gi #hj ,n ,wb,n,w b ,n #ge #gh #hj #g #cd #ej #fc #aj #hg #hj #gh #ha ,n ,wb,n,s ,s ,w #hf #gh #ha #h #cd #de #fd #dj #ge #gi #ge #gi ,nor?,w ,s #gd #ge #gi #i #ce #dc #ff #db #ge #gi #gg #gc ,n ,e ,w ,n ,w #ajh #gh #hj #aj #cg #bj #fh #dj #gg #gc #gg #gj ,e ,n ,e,n ,w #abf #gh #gb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,n4,b4 ,longitude is reckon$ f ,london1 & ! ,!rmomet] is accord+ to ,fahr5heit4 ,,obs]vations4 ,july #ca4 ,at "o ,p4,m4 ! ,/>t bore ,,wnw4 di/ant six leagues4 ,augu/ #a4 ,! wat] appe>s lum9\s 9 ! %ip's wake4 ---- #b4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] is tak5 at eight 9 ! morn+ & at eight 9 ! ev5+4 ---- #f4 ,! wat] appe>s less lum9\s4 ---- #g4 ,=megas ,,sw4 di/ #cb deg4 ,/4 ,m>y's ,,sw,s4 #cc leagues4 ---- #h4 ,f ?is date ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is tak5 at eight 9 ! morn+ & at six 9 ! ev5+4 ---- #aj4 ,moonlight1 :i* prev5ts ! lum9\s appe>ance ( ! wat]4 ---- #aa4 ,a /rong s\!rly curr5t4 ---- #ab4 ,ditto4 ,f ?is date ! temp]ature ( ! air & wat] 0 tak5 at noon1 z well z morn+ & ev5+4 ---- #af4 ,nor!rly curr5t4 ---- #ai4 ,fir/ saw gulph we$4 ---- #ba4 ,s\!rly curr5t4 ---- #bb4 ,aga9 saw gulph we$4 ---- #bd4 ,! wat] appe>$ lum9\s 9 a small degree be=e ! moon rose4 ---- #bi4 ,no moon1 yet v little light 9 ! wat]4 ---- #cj4 ,mu* gulph we$ to-day4 ---- #ca4 ,ditto4 ,sept4 #a4 ,ditto4 ---- #b4 ,a little m light 9 ! wat]4 ---- #d4 ,no gulph we$ to-day4 ,m light 9 ! wat]4 ---- #e4 ,"s gulph we$ aga94 ---- #f4 ,little light 9 ! wat]4 ,a v h>d ?und]-gu/ 9 ! night4 ---- #g4 ,little gulph we$4 ---- #h4 ,m light 9 ! wat]4 ,little gulph we$4 ---- #i4 ,little gulph we$4 ,little light 9 ! wat] la/ ev5+4 ---- #aj4 ,saw "s b$s ( rock-we$2 & we 7 surpris$ to obs]ve ! wat] six degrees cold] by ! !rmomet] ?an ! prec$+ noon4 ,?is day 7#aj?7 ! !rmomet] /ill kept desc5d+1 & at five 9 ! morn+ ( ! #aa?1 x 0 9 wat] z l[ z #gj1 :5 we /ruck s\nd+s4 ,! same ev5+ ! pilot came on bo>d1 & we f\nd our %ip ab\t five degrees ( longitude a-head ( ! reckon+1 :i* our capta9 acc\nt$ = by suppos+ our c\rse to h be5 ne> ! edge ( ! gulph /ream1 & ?us an eddy-curr5t always 9 our fav\r4 ,by ! di/ance we ran f ,sept4 #i1 9 ! ev5+1 till we /ruck s\nd+s1 we mu/ h !n be5 at ! we/]n edge ( ! gulph /ream1 & ! *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 probably ow+ to our sudd5ly pass+ f t curr5t1 into ! wat]s ( our own climate4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made4 ,! wea!r be+ p]fectly calm1 an empty bottle1 cork$ v tight1 0 s5t d[n #bj fa?oms1 & x 0 drawn up /ill empty4 ,x 0 !n s5t d[n aga9 #ce fa?oms1 :5 ! weight ( ! wat] hav+ =c$ 9 ! cork1 x 0 drawn up full2 ! wat] x conta9$ 0 imm$iately tri$ by ! !rmomet]1 & f\nd to be #gj1 :i* 0 six degrees cold] ?an at ! surface3 ! lead & bottle 7 visible1 b n v di/9ctly s1 at ! dep? ( #ab fa?oms1 b :5 only #g fa?oms deep1 !y 7 p]fectly se5 f ! %ip4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 ?us repeat$ ,sept4 #aa1 :5 we 7 9 s\nd+s ( #ah fa?oms4 ,a keg 0 previ\sly prep>$ ) a valve at ea* end1 "o op5+ inw>d1 ! o!r outw>d2 ?is 0 s5t to ! bottom 9 expectation t by ! valves be+ bo? op5 :5 go+ d[n1 & bo? %ut :5 com+ up1 x w\ld keep )9 x ! wat] receiv$ at bottom4 ,! upp] valve p]=m$ its (fice well1 b ! "u "o did n %ut q close1 s t mu* ( ! wat] 0 lo/ 9 haul+ x up ! %ip's side4 ,z ! wat] 9 ! keg's passage upw>ds c\ld n ent] at ! top1 x 0 conclud$ t :at wat] rema9$ 9 x 0 ( t ne> ! gr\nd1 & on try+ ?is by ! !rmomet]1 x 0 f\nd to be at #eh1 :i* 0 #ab degrees cold] ?an at ! surface4 ,?is la/ ,j\rnal 0 oblig+ly kept = me by ,mr4 ,j4 ,williams1 my fell[-pass5g] 9 ! ,london ,packet1 :o made all ! exp]im5ts ) great exactness4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,o4 ,n#cf4 ,on ! ,art ( ,swimm+4 ,no date4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i _c be ( op9ion ) y t x is too late 9 life = y to le>n to swim4 ,! riv] ne> ! bottom ( y\r g>d5 af=ds a mo/ conv5i5t place = ! purpose4 ,& z y\r new employm5t requires y\r be+ (t5 on ! wat]1 ( :i* y h su* a dread1 ,i ?9k y w\ld d well to make ! trial2 no?+ be+ s likely to remove ^? appreh5sions z ! consci\sness ( an ability to swim to ! %ore1 9 case ( an accid5t1 or ( support+ y\rself 9 ! wat] till a boat c\ld come to take y up4 ,i d n "k h[ f> corks or bladd]s may be useful 9 le>n+ to swim1 hav+ nev] se5 mu* trial ( !m4 ,possibly !y may be ( s]vice 9 support+ ! body :ile y are le>n+ :at is call$ ! /roke1 or t mann] ( draw+ 9 & /rik+ out ! h&s & feet t is necess>y to produce progressive motion4 ,b y w be no swimm] till y c place "s confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( ! wat] to support y2 ,i w\ld !re=e advise ! acquir+ t confid5ce 9 ! fir/ place2 especially z ,i h kn[n sev]al :o1 by a little ( ! practice necess>y = t purpose1 h ins5sibly acquir$ ! /roke1 taught z x 7 by nature4 ,! practice ,i mean is ?is4 ,*us+ a place :]e ! wat] deep5s gradually1 walk coolly into x till x is up to y\r brea/1 !n turn r\nd1 y\r face to ! %ore1 & ?r[ an egg into ! wat] betwe5 y & ! %ore4 ,x w s9k to ! bottom1 & be easily se5 !re1 z y\r wat] is cle>4 ,x mu/ lie 9 wat] s deep z t y _c rea* x to take x up b by div+ = x4 ,to enc\rage y\rself 9 ord] to d ?is1 reflect t y\r progress w be f deep] to %all[] wat]1 & t at any "t y may1 by br++ y\r legs "u y & /&+ on ! bottom1 raise y\r head f> above ! wat]4 ,!n plunge "u x ) y\r eyes op51 ?r[+ y\rself t[>ds ! egg1 & endeav\r+ by ! action ( y\r h&s & feet aga9/ ! wat] to get =w>d till )9 rea* ( x4 ,9 ?is attempt y w f9d1 t ! wat] buoys y up aga9/ y\r incl9ation2 t x is n s easy a ?+ to s9k z y imag9$2 t y _c b by active =ce get d[n to ! egg4 ,?us y feel ! p[] ( ! wat] to support y1 & le>n to confide 9 t p[]2 :ile y\r endeav\rs to ov]come x1 & to rea* ! egg1 tea* y ! mann] ( act+ on ! wat] ) y\r feet & h&s1 :i* action is aft]w>ds us$ 9 swimm+ to support y\r head high] above wat]1 or to g =w>d ?r\gh x4 ,i w\ld ! m e>ne/ly press y to ! trial ( ?is me?od1 because1 ?\gh ,i ?9k ,i satisfi$ y t y\r body is light] ?an wat]1 & t y might float 9 x a long "t ) y\r m\? free = brea?+1 if y w\ld put y\rself 9 a prop] po/ure1 & w\ld be /ill & =be> /ruggl+2 yet till y h obta9$ ?is exp]im5tal confid5ce 9 ! wat]1 ,i _c dep5d on y\r hav+ ! necess>y pres5ce ( m9d to recollect t po/ure & ! directions ,i gave y relat+ to x4 ,! surprize may put all out ( y\r m9d4 ,= ?\gh we value ourselves on be+ reasonable kn[+ creatures1 reason & k seem on su* occasions to be ( little use to u2 & ! brutes to :om we all[ sc>ce a glimm]+ ( ei!r1 appe> to h ! advantage ( u4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 take ?is opportunity ( repeat+1 ^? p>ticul>s to y1 :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 our la/ conv]sation1 z1 by p]us+ !m at y\r leisure1 y may possibly impr9t !m s 9 y\r memory z on occasion to be ( "s use to y4 #a4 ,t ?\gh ! legs1 arms1 & head1 ( a human body1 be+ solid p>ts1 are specifically some?+ heavi] ?an fre% wat]1 yet ! trunk1 p>ticul>ly ! upp] "p1 f its holl[ness1 is s mu* light] ?an wat]1 z t ! :ole ( ! body tak5 toge!r is too light to s9k :olly "u wat]1 b "s "p w rema9 above1 until ! lungs become fill$ ) wat]1 :i* happ5s f draw+ wat] into !m in/ead ( air1 :5 a p]son 9 ! fright attempts brea?+ :ile ! m\? & no/rils are "u wat]4 #b4 ,t ! legs & arms are specifically light] ?an salt wat]1 & w be support$ by x1 s t a human body w\ld n s9k 9 salt-wat]1 ?\gh ! lungs 7 fill$ z above1 b f ! great] specific gravity ( ! head4 #c4 ,t !re=e a p]son ?r[+ himself on 8 back 9 salt wat]1 & ext5d+ 8 arms1 may easily lie s z to keep 8 m\? & no/rils free = brea?+2 & by a small motion ( 8 h&s may prev5t turn+1 if he %\ld p]ceive any t5d5cy to x4 #d4 ,t 9 fre% wat]1 if a man ?r[s himself on 8 back1 ne> ! surface1 he _c long cont9ue 9 t situation b by prop] action ( 8 h&s on ! wat]4 ,if he uses no su* action1 ! legs & l[] "p ( ! body w gradually s9k till he comes into an upright position1 9 :i* he w cont9ue susp5d$1 ! holl[ ( ! brea/ keep+ ! head upp]mo/4 #e4 ,b if1 9 ?is erect position1 ! head is kept upright above ! %\ld]s1 z :5 we /& on ! gr\nd1 ! imm]sion w1 by ! weight ( t "p ( ! head t is out ( wat]1 rea* above ! m\? & no/rils1 p]haps a little above ! eyes1 s t a man _c long rema9 susp5d$ 9 wat] ) 8 head 9 t position4 #f4 ,! body cont9u+ susp5d$ z be=e1 & upright1 if ! head be lean$ q back1 s t ! face looks upw>ds1 all ! back "p ( ! head be+ !n "u wat]1 & its weight consequ5tly 9 a great measure support$ by x1 ! face w rema9 above wat] q free = brea?+1 w rise an in* high] e inspiration1 & s9k z mu* e expiration1 b nev] s l[ z t ! wat] may come ov] ! m\?4 #g4 ,if !re=e a p]son unacqua9t$ ) swimm+ & fall+ accid5tally into ! wat]1 c\ld h pres5ce ( m9d suffici5t to avoid /ruggl+ & plung+1 & to let ! body take ?is natural position1 he might cont9ue long safe f dr[n+ till p]haps help w\ld come4 ,= z to ! cloa?s1 _! additional weight :ile imm]s$ is v inconsid]able1 ! wat] support+ x ?\gh1 :5 he comes out ( ! wat]1 he w\ld f9d !m v heavy inde$4 ,b1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i w\ld n advise y or any "o to dep5d on hav+ ?is pres5ce ( m9d on su* an occasion1 b le>n fairly to swim2 z ,i wi% all m5 7 taught to d 9 _! y\?2 !y w\ld1 on _m occurr5ces1 be ! saf] = hav+ t skill1 & on _m m ! happi]1 z fre] f pa9ful appreh5sions ( dang]1 to say no?+ ( ! enjoym5t 9 s delightful & :olesome an ex]cise4 ,soldi]s p>ticul>ly %\ld1 me?9ks1 all be taught to swim2 x might be ( frequ5t use ei!r 9 surpris+ an enemy1 or sav+ !mselves4 ,& if ,i _h n[ boys to educate1 ,i %\ld pref] ^? s*ools 7o!r ?+s be+ equal7 :]e an opportunity 0 af=d$ = acquir+ s advantage\s an art1 :i* once le>n$ is nev] =gott54 ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #cf ,oliv] ,neale4 ,editor4 ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,subject1 ,9 ,answ] to "s ,enquiries ( ,m4 ,dub\rg#cg4 99999999 ,i am appreh5sive t ,i %all n be able to f9d leisure = mak+ all ! disquisitions & exp]im5ts :i* w\ld be desirable on ?is subject4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 cont5t myself ) a few rem>ks4 ,! specific gravity ( "s human bodies1 9 comp>ison to t ( wat]1 has be5 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,rob9son1 9 our ,philosophical ,transactions1 volume #ej1 page #cj1 = ! ye> #ageg4 ,he ass]ts1 t fat p]sons ) small bones float mo/ easily ^u ! wat]4 ,! div+-bell is accurately describ$ 9 our ,transactions4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 ,i made two oval pallets1 ea* ab\t t5 in*es long1 & six broad1 ) a hole = ! ?umb1 9 ord] to reta9 x fa/ 9 ! palm ( my h&4 ,!y mu* resembl$ a pa9t]'s pallets4 ,9 swimm+ ,i pu%$ ! edges ( ^! =w>d1 & ,i /ruck ! wat] ) _! flat surfaces z ,i drew !m back4 ,i rememb] ,i swam fa/] by means ( ^! pallets1 b !y fatigu$ my wri/s4 ,i also fitt$ to ! soles ( my feet a k9d ( s&als2 b ,i 0 n satisfi$ ) !m1 because ,i obs]v$ t ! /roke is p>tly giv5 by ! inside ( ! feet & ! ancles1 & n entirely ) ! soles ( ! feet4 ,we h "h wai/coats = swimm+1 :i* are made ( d\ble sail-clo?1 ) small pieces ( cork quilt$ 9 betwe5 !m4 ,i "k no?+ ( ! scaph&re ( ,m4 de la ,*apelle4 ,i "k by exp]i5ce1 t x is a great com=t to a swimm]1 :o has a consid]able di/ance to g1 to turn himself sometimes on 8 back1 & to v>y 9 o!r respects ! means ( procur+ a progressive motion4 ,:5 he is seiz$ ) ! cramp 9 ! leg1 ! me?od ( driv+ x away is to give to ! p>ts affect$ a sudd51 vigor\s & viol5t %ock2 :i* he may d 9 ! air z he swims on 8 back4 ,dur+ ! great heats ( summ] !re is no dang] 9 ba?+1 h[ev] w>m we may be1 9 riv]s :i* h be5 ?or\ghly w>m$ by ! sun4 ,b to ?r[ oneself into cold spr+ wat]1 :5 ! body has be5 heat$ by ex]cise 9 ! sun1 is an imprud5ce :i* may prove fatal4 ,i once knew an in/ance ( f\r "y m51 :o1 hav+ work$ at h>ve/ 9 ! heat ( ! day1 ) a view ( refre%+ !mselves plung$ into a spr+ ( cold wat]3 two di$ ^u ! spot1 a ?ird ! next morn+1 & ! f\r? recov]$ ) great difficulty4 ,a copi\s draught ( cold wat]1 9 simil> circum/ances1 is frequ5tly att5d$ ) ! same effect 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ex]cise ( swimm+ is "o ( ! mo/ heal?y & agreeable 9 ! _w4 ,aft] hav+ swam = an h\r or two 9 ! ev5+1 "o sleeps coolly ! :ole night1 ev5 dur+ ! mo/ ard5t heat ( summ]4 ,p]haps ! pores be+ cleans$1 ! ins5sible p]spiration increases & occasions ?is coolness4 ,x is c]ta9 t mu* swimm+ is ! means ( /opp+ a di>rha1 & ev5 ( produc+ a con/ipation4 ,) respect to ^? :o d n "k h[ to swim1 or :o are affect$ ) a di>rha at a season :i* does n p]mit !m to use t ex]cise1 a w>m ba?1 by cleans+ & purify+ ! sk91 is f\nd v salut>y1 & (t5 effects a radical cure4 ,i speak f my own exp]i5ce1 frequ5tly repeat$1 & t ( o!rs to :om ,i h recomm5d$ ?is4 ,y w n be displeas$ if ,i conclude ^! ha/y rem>ks by in=m+ y1 t z ! ord9>y me?od ( swimm+ is r$uc$ to ! act ( r[+ ) ! arms & legs1 & is consequ5tly a labori\s & fatigu+ op]ation :5 ! space ( wat] to be cross$ is consid]able2 !re is a me?od 9 :i* a swimm] may pass to great di/ances ) mu* facility1 by means ( a sail4 ,?is discov]y ,i =tunately made by accid5t1 & 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy ,i amus$ myself "o day ) fly+ a pap] kite2 & approa*+ ! bank ( a pond1 :i* 0 ne> a mile broad1 ,i ti$ ! /r+ to a /ake1 & ! kite asc5d$ to a v consid]able height above ! pond1 :ile ,i 0 swimm+4 ,9 a little "t1 be+ desir\s ( amus+ myself ) my kite1 & enjoy+ at ! same "t ! pleasure ( swimm+1 ,i return$2 & loos+ f ! /ake ! /r+ ) ! little /ick :i* 0 fa/5$ to x1 w5t aga9 into ! wat]1 :]e ,i f\nd1 t1 ly+ on my back & hold+ ! /ick 9 my h&s1 ,i 0 drawn along ! surface ( ! wat] 9 a v agreeable mann]4 ,hav+ !n engag$ ano!r boy to c>ry my clo!s r\nd ! pond1 to a place :i* ,i po9t$ out to him on ! o!r side1 ,i began to cross ! pond ) my kite1 :i* c>ri$ me q ov] )\t ! lea/ fatigue1 & ) ! greate/ pleasure imag9able4 ,i 0 only oblig$ occasionally to halt a little 9 my c\rse1 & resi/ its progress1 :5 x appe>$ t1 by foll[+ too quick1 ,i l[]$ ! kite too mu*2 by do+ :i* occasionally ,i made x rise aga94 ,i h nev] s9ce t "t practis$ ?is s+ul> mode ( swimm+1 ?\gh ,i ?9k x n impossible to cross 9 ?is mann] f ,dov] to ,calais4 ,! packet-boat1 h[ev]1 is /ill pref]able4 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #cg ,?is & ! f\r foll[+ extracts ( lett]s to ,m4 ,dub\rg1 are re-translat$ f ! ,fr5* edition ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's works4 ,editor4 ,,to ,m4 ,,dub\rg4 ,on ! free ,use ( ,air4 ,london1 ,july #bh1 #agfj4 99999999 ,i greatly approve ! epi!t :i* y give1 9 y\r lett] ( ! #h? ( ,june1 to ! new me?od ( treat+ ! small-pox1 :i* y call ! tonic or brac+ me?od2 ,i w take occasion1 f x1 to m5tion a practice to :i* ,i h accu/om$ myself4 ,y "k ! cold ba? has long be5 9 vogue "h z a tonic2 b ! %ock ( ! cold wat] has always appe>$ to me1 g5]ally speak+1 z too viol5t1 & ,i h f\nd x mu* m agreeable to my con/itution to ba! 9 ano!r elem5t1 ,i mean cold air4 ,) ?is view ,i rise almo/ e morn+1 & sit 9 my *amb] )\t any clo!s :atev]1 half an h\r or an h\r1 accord+ to ! season1 ei!r read+ or writ+4 ,?is practice is n 9 ! lea/ pa9ful1 b1 on ! contr>y1 agreeable2 & if ,i return to b$ aft]w>ds1 be=e ,i dress myself1 z sometimes happ5s1 ,i make a supplem5t to my night's re/ ( "o or two h\rs ( ! mo/ pleas+ sleep t c be imag9$4 ,i f9d no ill consequ5ces :atev] result+ f x1 & t at lea/ x does n injure my heal?1 if x does n 9 fact contribute mu* to its pres]vation4 ,i %all !re=e call x = ! future a brac+ or tonic ba?4 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,on ! ,causes ( ,colds4 ,m>* #aj1 #aggc4 99999999 ,i %all n attempt to expla9 :y damp clo!s occasion colds1 r ?an wet ones1 because ,i d\bt ! fact2 ,i imag9e t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r contribute to ?is effect1 & t ! causes ( colds are totally indep5d5t ( wet & ev5 ( cold4 ,i propose writ+ a %ort pap] on ?is subject1 ! fir/ mom5t ( leisure ,i h at my disposal4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i c only say1 t hav+ "s suspicions t ! common notion1 :i* attributes to cold ! prop]ty ( /opp+ ! pores & ob/ruct+ p]spiration1 0 ill f\nd$1 ,i engag$ a "y physician1 :o is mak+ "s exp]im5ts ) ,sanctorius's balance1 to e/imate ! diff]5t proportions ( 8 p]spiration1 :5 rema9+ "o h\r q nak$1 & ano!r w>mly clo!d4 ,he pursu$ ! exp]im5t 9 ?is alt]nate mann] = eight h\rs successively1 & f\nd 8 p]spiration almo/ d\ble dur+ ^? h\rs 9 :i* he 0 nak$4 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,dr4 ,/>k#ch4 ,may #d1 #aggc4 99999999 ,! "y physician :om ,i m5tion$ is dead1 & all ! notes :i* he _h left ( 8 curi\s exp]im5ts are by "s accid5t lo/ betwe5 our fri5ds ,sir ,john ,pr+le & ,dr4 ,huck 7,saund]s72 b ^! g5tlem51 if ! pap]s _c be recov]$1 x is to be presum$1 w repeat ! exp]im5ts !mselves 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,dr4 ,lettsom4 ,london1 ,augu/ #cj1 #agfi4 99999999 ,?is lett] w be =w>d$ to y by ,dr4 ,lettsom1 a "y ,am]ican physician ( mu* m]it1 & "o ( ! peaceable sect ( ,quak]s3 y w !re=e at lea/ reg>d him z a curiosity1 ev5 ?\gh y %\ld h embrac$ all ! op9ions ( ! majority ( y\r c\ntrym5 conc]n+ ^! p 99999999 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,f ,,dr4 ----#ci ,,( ,,bo/on1 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,( ,,philadelphia4 ,respect+ ! ,numb] ( ,dea?s 9 ,philadelphia by ,inoculation4 ,bo/on1 ,aug4 #c1 #ageb4 ,,sir1 ,?is comes to y on acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,d\glass3 he desir$ me to write to y = :at y "k ( ! numb] t di$ ( ! inoculation 9 ,philadelphia1 tell+ me he design$ to write some?+ on ! small-pox %ortly4 ,we %all bo? be oblig$ to y = a ^w on ?is affair4 ,! *ief p>ticul>s ( our visitation1 y h 9 ! public pr9ts4 ,b ! less degree ( mortality ?an usual 9 ! common way ( infection1 seems *iefly ow+ to ! purg+ me?od design$ to prev5t ! second>y fev]2 a me?od fir/ begun & c>ri$ on 9 ?is t[n1 & ) success beyond expectation4 ,we lo/ "o 9 elev5 "o-six?1 b _h we be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ?is way1 at ! fir/ com+ ( ! di/emp]1 probably ! proportion _h be5 b "o 9 ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,9 ! ye> #agcj we lo/ "o 9 n9e1 :i* is m fav\rable ?an ev] be=e ) u4 ,! di/emp] pretty mu* ! same !n z n[1 b "s circum/ances n s k9d ?is "t4 ,if !re be any p>ticul>s :i* y want to "k1 please to signify :at !y are1 & ,i %all s5d !m4 ,! numb] ( our inhabitants decreases#dj4 ,on a /rict inquiry1 ! ov]se]s ( ! poor f9d b f\rte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ & n9ety ,:ites1 & "o ?\s& five hundr$ & =ty-f\r ,blacks1 includ+ ^? abs5t1 on acc\nt ( ! small-pox1 _m ( :om1 x is probable1 w nev] return4 ,i pass ?is opportunity )\t any p>ticul>s ( my old !me4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ m5tion1 :i* is1 t p]haps my la/ lett]s conta9$ some?+ t seem$ to militate ) y\r doctr9e ( ! ,orig91 c4 ,b my design 0 only to relate ! ph5om5a z !y appe>$ to me4 ,i h receiv$ s mu* light & pleasure f y\r writ+s1 z to prejudice me 9 fav\r ( e ?+ f y\r h&1 & leave me only lib]ty to obs]ve1 & a p[] ( diss5t+ :5 "s great probability might oblige me3 & if at any "t t be ! case1 y w c]ta9ly he> ( x4 ,i am1 ,sir1 c4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,! works ( ,dr4 ,/>k1 includ+ ! exp]im5ts allud$ to1 h s9ce be5 publi%$4 ,editor4 #ci ,dr4 ,p]k9s4 ,editor4 #dj ,bo/on is an old t[n1 & 0 =m]ly ! seat ( all ! trade ( ! c\ntry1 t 0 c>ri$ on by sea4 ,new t[ns1 & ports1 h1 ( late1 divid$ ! trade ) x1 & dim9i%$ its inhabitants1 ?\gh ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 9 g5]al1 h greatly increas$4 ,,f ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,( ,,philadelphia4 ,9 ,answ] to ! prec$+4 ,philadelphia1 ,aug4 #ac1 #ageb4 ,,sir1 ,i receiv$ y\r fav\r ( ! #c;d in/ant4 ,"s "t la/ w9t] ,i procur$ f "o ( our physicians an acc\nt ( ! numb] ( p]sons inoculat$ dur+ ! five visitations ( ! small-pox we h _h 9 tw5ty-two ye>s2 :i* acc\nt ,i s5t to ,mr4 ,w4 ,v4 ( y\r t[n1 & h no copy4 ,if ,i rememb] "r1 ! numb] exce$$ eight hundr$1 & ! dea?s 7 b f\r4 ,i suppose ,mr4 ,v4 w %[ y ! acc\nt1 if he ev] receiv$ x4 ,^? f\r 7 all t our doctors all[ to h di$ ( ! small-pox by inoculation1 ?\gh ,i ?9k !re 7 two m ( ! inoculat$ :o di$ ( ! di/emp]2 b ! eruptions appe>+ soon aft] ! op]ation1 x is suppos$ !y _h tak5 ! infection be=e1 9 ! common way4 ,i %all be glad to see :at ,dr4 ,d\glass may write on ! subject4 ,i h a ,fr5* piece pr9t$ at ,p>is1 #agbd1 entitl$1 ,obs]vations sur la ,saigne du ,pi$1 et sur la ,purgation au comm5cem5t de la ,petite ,v]ole1 ,raisons de d\bte contre l' ,inoculation4--,a lett] ( ! doctor's is m5tion$ 9 x4 ,if he or y h x n1 & desire to see x1 ,i w s5d x4--,please to fav\r me ) ! p>ticul>s ( y\r purg+ me?od1 to prev5t ! second>y fev]4 ,i am indebt$ = y\r prec$+ lett]1 b bus9ess sometimes obliges "o to po/pone philosophical amusem5ts4 ,:atev] ,i h wrote ( t k9d1 are really1 z !y are entitl$1 b ,conjectures & ,suppositions2 :i* ought always to give place1 :5 c>eful obs]vation militates aga9/ !m4 ,i own ,i h too /rong a p5*ant to ! build+ ( hypo!ses2 !y indulge my natural indol5ce3 ,i wi% ,i _h m ( y\r pati5ce & accuracy 9 mak+ obs]vations1 on :i*1 alone1 true philosophy c be f\nd$4 ,&1 ,i assure y1 no?+ c be m oblig+ to me1 ?an y\r k9d communication ( ^? y make1 h[ev] !y may disagree ) my pre-conceiv$ notions4 ,i am sorry to he> t ! numb] ( y\r inhabitants decreases4 ,i "s "t s9ce1 wrote a small pap] ( ,?\ghts on ! peopl+ ( ,c\ntries#da1 :i*1 if ,i c f9d1 ,i w s5d y1 to obta9 y\r s5tim5ts4 ,! fav\rable op9ion y express ( my writ+s1 may1 y see1 occasion y m tr\ble ?an y expect$ f1 ,sir1 y\rs1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #da ,?is pap] w be f\nd 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! pres5t volume4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,vaughan1 ,,esq4 ,on ! ,effects ( ,lead ^u ! human ,con/itution#db4 ,philadelphia1 ,july #ca1 #aghf4 ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,i recollect t :5 ,i _h la/ ! pleasure ( see+ y at ,s\?ampton1 n[ a twelvemon? s9ce1 we _h "s conv]sation on ! bad effects ( lead tak5 inw>dly2 & t at y\r reque/ ,i promis$ to s5d y 9 writ+ a p>ticul> acc\nt ( sev]al facts ,i !n m5tion$ to y1 ( :i* y ?\ght "s good use might be made4 ,i n[ sit d[n to fulfil t promise4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i rememb] ( ?is k9d 0 a g5]al disc\rse 9 ,bo/on :5 ,i 0 a boy1 ( a compla9t f ,nor? ,c>ol9a aga9/ ,new-,engl& rum1 t x poison$ _! p1 giv+ !m ! dry-belly-a*1 ) a loss ( ! use ( _! limbs4 ,! di/ill]ies be+ exam9$ on ! occasion1 x 0 f\nd1 t sev]al ( !m us$ lead5 /ill-heads & worms1 & ! physicians 7 ( op9ion1 t ! mis*ief 0 occasion$ by t use ( lead4 ,! legislature ( ,massa*ussetts !reupon pass$ an act1 prohibit+1 "u sev]e p5alties1 ! use ( su* /ill-heads & worms h]eaft]4 ,9 #agbd1 be+ 9 ,london1 ,i w5t to "w 9 ! pr9t+-h\se ( ,mr4 ,palm]1 ,b>?olomew-close1 z a compositor4 ,i !re f\nd a practice1 ,i _h nev] se5 be=e1 ( dry+ a case ( types 7:i* are wet 9 di/ribution7 by plac+ x slop+ be=e ! fire4 ,i f\nd ?is _h ! additional advantage1 :5 ! types 7 n only dri$ b heat$1 ( be+ com=table to ! h&s work+ ov] !m 9 cold wea!r4 ,i !re=e sometimes heat$ my case :5 ! types did n want dry+4 ,b an old workman obs]v+ x advis$ me n to d s1 tell+ me ,i might lose ! use ( my h&s by x1 z two ( our companions _h ne>ly done1 "o ( :om1 t us$ to e>n 8 gu9ea a week1 c\ld n !n make m ?an t5 %ill+s1 & ! o!r1 :o _h ! dangles1 b sev5 & sixp5ce4 ,?is1 ) a k9d ( obscure pa91 t ,i _h sometimes felt1 z x 71 9 ! bones ( my h& :5 work+ ov] ! types made v hot1 induc$ me to omit ! practice4 ,b talk+ aft]w>ds ) ,mr4 ,james1 a lett]-f\nd] 9 ! same ,close1 & ask+ him if 8 p1 :o work$ ov] ! little furnaces ( melt$ metal1 7 n subject to t disord]2 he made light ( any dang] f ! effluvia1 b ascrib$ x to p>ticles ( ! metal swall[$ ) _! food by slov5ly workm51 :o w5t to _! meals aft] h&l+ ! metal1 )\t well wa%+ _! f+]s1 s t "s ( ! metall9e p>ticles 7 tak5 (f by _! bread & eat5 ) x4 ,?is appe>$ to h "s reason 9 x4 ,b ! pa9 ,i _h exp]i5c$ made me /ill afraid ( ^? effluvia4 ,be+ 9 ,d]by%ire at "s ( ! furnaces = smelt+ ( lead ore1 ,i 0 told1 t ! smoke ( ^? furnaces 0 p]nici\s to ! neighb\r+ grass & o!r vegetables2 b ,i d n recollect to h he>d any ?+ ( ! effect ( su* vegetables eat5 by animals4 ,x may be well to make ! enquiry4 ,9 ,am]ica ,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t on ! ro(s ( our %+l$-h\ses1 :]e moss is apt to gr[ 9 nor!rn exposures1 if !re be any ?+ on ! ro( pa9t$ ) :ite lead1 su* z balu/]s1 or frames ( dormant w9d[s1 c4 !re is con/antly a /reak on ! %+les f su* pa9t d[n to ! eaves1 on :i* no moss w gr[1 b ! wood rema9s con/antly clean & free f x4 ,we seldom dr9k ra9-wat] t fall on our h\ses2 & if we did1 p]haps ! small quantity ( lead desc5d+ f su* pa9t might n be suffici5t to produce any s5sible ill-effect on our bodies4 ,b ,i h be5 told ( a case 9 ,europe1 ,i =get ! place1 :]e a :ole family 0 afflict$ ) :at we call ! dry-belly-a*1 or colica pictorum1 by dr9k+ ra9-wat]4 ,x 0 at a c\ntry-seat1 :i*1 be+ situat$ too high to h ! advantage ( a well1 0 suppli$ ) wat] f a tank1 :i* receiv$ ! wat] f ! lead$ ro(s4 ,?is _h be5 drank sev]al ye>s )\t mis*ief1 b "s "y trees plant$ ne> ! h\se gr[+ up above ! ro(1 & %$d+ _! leaves ^u x1 x 0 suppos$1 t an acid 9 ^? leaves _h corrod$ ! lead !y cov]$1 & furni%$ ! wat] ( t ye> ) its baneful p>ticles & qualities4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,p>is ) ,sir ,john ,pr+le 9 #agfg1 he visit$ ,la ,*>it1 an hospital p>ticul>ly fam\s = ! cure ( t malady1 & br\ght f !nce a pamphlet1 conta9+ a li/ ( ! names ( p]sons1 specify+ _! pr(essions or trades1 :o _h be5 cur$ !re4 ,i _h ! curiosity to exam9e t li/1 & f\nd1 t all ! pati5ts 7 ( trades1 t "s way or o!r use or "w 9 lead2 su* z plumb]s1 glazi]s1 pa9t]s1 c4 except+ only two k9ds1 /one-cutt]s & soldi]s4 ,9 !m1 ,i c\ld n reconcile x to my notion1 t lead 0 ! cause ( t disord]4 ,b on my m5tion+ x to a physician ( t hospital1 he in=m$ me1 t ! /one-cutt]s are cont9ually us+ melt$ lead to fix ! ends ( iron balu/rades 9 /one2 & t ! soldi]s _h be5 employ$ by pa9t]s z lab\r]s 9 gr9d+ ( col\rs4 ,?is1 my de> fri5d1 is all ,i c at pres5t recollect on ! subject4 ,y w see by x1 t ! op9ion ( ?is mis*iev\s effect f lead1 is at lea/ above sixty ye>s old2 & y w obs]ve ) conc]n h[ long a useful tru? may be kn[n & exi/1 be=e x is g5]ally receiv$ & practis$ on4 ,i am1 ev]1 y\rs mo/ affectionately1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #db ,?is lett] is tak5 f a "w by ,dr4 ,john ,hunt]1 entitl$ ,obs]vations on ! ,diseases ( ! ,army4 ,editor4 ,,to ,m4 ,,dub\rg#dc4 ,obs]vations on ! prevail+ ,doctr9es ( ,life & ,dea?4 99999999 ,y\r obs]vations on ! causes ( dea?1 & ! exp]im5ts :i* y propose = recall+ to life ^? :o appe> to be kill$ by lightn+1 demon/rate equally y\r sagacity & y\r humanity4 ,x appe>s1 t ! doctr9es ( life & dea?1 9 g5]al1 are yet b little und]/ood4 ,a toad buri$ 9 s& w live1 x is said1 till ! s& becomes petrifi$3 & !n1 be+ inclos$ 9 ! /one1 x may /ill live = we "k n h[ _m ages4 ,! facts :i* are cit$ 9 support ( ?is op9ion are too num]\s1 & too circum/antial1 n to des]ve a c]ta9 degree ( cr$it4 ,z we are accu/om$ to see all ! animals1 ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 eat & dr9k1 x appe>s to u difficult to conceive1 h[ a toad c be support$ 9 su* a dungeon3 b if we reflect1 t ! necessity ( n\ri%m5t1 :i* animals exp]i5ce 9 _! ord9>y /ate1 proce$s f ! cont9ual wa/e ( _! sub/ance by p]spiration1 x w appe> less incr$ible1 t "s animals 9 a torpid /ate1 p]spir+ less because !y use no ex]cise1 %\ld h less ne$ ( alim5t2 & t o!rs1 :i* are cov]$ ) scales or %ells1 :i* /op p]spiration1 su* z l& & sea-turtles1 s]p5ts1 & "s species ( fi%1 %\ld be able to subsi/ a consid]able "t )\t any n\ri%m5t :atev]4--,a plant1 ) its fl[]s1 fades & dies imm$iately1 if expos$ to ! air )\t hav+ its root imm]s$ 9 a humid soil1 f :i* x may draw a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure to supply t :i* exhales f its sub/ance & is c>ri$ (f cont9ually by ! air4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 if x 7 buri$ 9 quicksilv]1 x might pres]ve = a consid]able space ( "t its vegetable life1 its smell & col\r4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x might prove a commodi\s me?od ( transport+ f di/ant c\ntries ^? delicate plants1 :i* are unable to su/a9 ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r at sea1 & :i* require p>ticul> c>e & att5tion4 ,i h se5 an in/ance ( common flies pres]v$ 9 a mann] some:at simil>4 ,!y _h be5 dr[n$ 9 ,madeira w9e1 app>5tly ab\t ! "t :5 x 0 bottl$ 9 ,virg9ia1 to be s5t hi!r 7to ,london74 ,at ! op5+ ( "o ( ! bottles1 at ! h\se ( a fri5d :]e ,i !n 01 ?ree dr[n$ flies fell into ! fir/ glass t 0 fill$4 ,hav+ he>d x rem>k$1 t dr[n$ flies 7 capable ( be+ reviv$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 ,i propos$ mak+ ! exp]im5t ^u ^!3 !y 7 !re=e expos$ to ! sun ^u a sieve1 :i* _h be5 employ$ to /ra9 !m out ( ! w9e4 ,9 less ?an ?ree h\rs1 two ( !m began by degrees to recov] life4 ,!y comm5c$ by "s convulsive motions ( ! ?ighs1 & at l5g? !y rais$ !mselves ^u _! legs1 wip$ _! eyes ) _! =e-feet1 beat & bru%$ _! w+s ) _! h9d-feet1 & soon aft] began to fly1 f9d+ !mselves 9 ,old ,engl&1 )\t kn[+ h[ !y came ?i!r4 ,! ?ird cont9u$ lifeless till sunset1 :51 los+ all hopes ( him1 he 0 ?r[n away4 ,i wi% x 7 possible1 f ?is in/ance1 to inv5t a me?od ( embalm+ dr[n$ p]sons1 9 su* a mann] t !y may be recall$ to life at any p]iod1 h[ev] di/ant2 = hav+ a v ard5t desire to see & obs]ve ! /ate ( ,am]ica an hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 ,i %\ld pref] to any ord9>y dea?1 ! be+ imm]s$ 9 a cask ( ,madeira w9e1 ) a few fri5ds till t "t1 to be !n recall$ to life by ! sol> w>m? ( my de> c\ntry6 ,b s9ce 9 all probability we live 9 an age too e>ly & too ne> ! infancy ( sci5ce1 to hope to see su* an art br\ght 9 our "t to its p]fection1 ,i mu/ = ! pres5t cont5t myself ) ! treat1 :i* y are s k9d z to promise me1 ( ! resurrection ( a f[l or a turkey-cock4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #dc ,?is lett] is translat$ f ! ,fr5* edition ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's works4 ,x has no date1 b ! lett] to :i* x is an answ] is dat$ #ae? ,april1 #aggc4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! new-inv5t$ ,p5sylvanian ,fire-,places3 :]e9 _! ,con/ruction & ,mann] ( ,op]ation is p>ticul>ly expla9$2 _! ,advantages above e o!r ,me?od ( w>m+ ,rooms demon/rat$2 & all ,objections t h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! ,use ( !m answ]$ & obviat$4 ,) ,directions = putt+ !m up1 & = us+ !m to ! be/ ,advantage4 ,& a ,copp]-,plate1 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,ma*9e are exactly laid d[n1 f a ,scale ( ,equal ,p>ts4 ,,by ,b4 ,,frankl94 7,fir/ pr9t$ at ,philadelphia 9 #agde47 ,9 ^! nor!rn colonies ! inhabitants keep fires to sit by g5]ally sev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>2 t is1 f ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 to ! end ( ,april2 &1 9 "s w9t]s1 ne> eight mon?s1 by tak+ 9 "p ( ,septemb] & ,may4 ,wood1 our common fuel1 :i* )9 ^! hundr$ ye>s might be _h at e man's door1 mu/ n[ be fet*$ ne> "o hundr$ miles to "s t[ns1 & makes a v consid]able article 9 ! exp5ce ( families4 ,z !re=e s mu* ( ! com=t & conv5i5cy ( our lives1 = s great a "p ( ! ye>1 dep5ds on ! article ( fire2 s9ce fuel is become s exp5sive1 & 7z ! c\ntry is m cle>$ & settl$7 w ( c\rse gr[ sc>c] & de>]1 any new proposal = sav+ ! wood1 & = less5+ ! *>ge1 & augm5t+ ! b5efit ( fire1 by "s p>ticul> me?od ( mak+ & manag+ x1 may at lea/ be ?\ght wor? consid]ation4 ,! new fire-places are a late inv5tion to t purpose1 ( :i* ?is pap] is int5d$ to give a p>ticul> acc\nt4 ,t ! read] may ! bett] judge :e!r ?is me?od ( manag+ fire has any advantage ov] ^? h]et(ore 9 use1 x may be prop] to consid] bo? ! old & new me?ods sep>ately & p>ticul>ly1 & aft]w>ds make ! comp>ison4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 x is necess>y to und]/& well1 "s few ( ! prop]ties ( air & fire1 viz4 #a4 ,air is r>efi$ by heat1 & cond5s$ by cold1 i4 e4 ! same quantity ( air takes up m space :5 w>m ?an :5 cold4 ,?is may be %[n by sev]al v easy exp]im5ts4 ,take any cle> glass bottle 7a ,flor5ce flask /ript ( ! /raw is be/7 place x be=e ! fire1 & z ! air )9 is w>m$ & r>efi$1 "p ( x w be driv5 out ( ! bottle2 turn x up1 place its m\? 9 a vessel ( wat]1 & remove x f ! fire2 !n1 z ! air )9 cools & contracts1 y w see ! wat] rise 9 ! neck ( ! bottle1 supply+ ! place ( j s mu* air z 0 driv5 out4 ,hold a l>ge hot coal ne> ! side ( ! bottle1 & z ! air )9 feels ! heat1 x w aga9 di/5d & =ce out ! wat]4--,or1 fill a bladd] n q full ( air1 tie ! neck tight1 & lay x be=e a fire z ne> z may be )\t scor*+ ! bladd]2 z ! air )9 heats1 y w p]ceive x to swell & fill ! bladd]1 till x becomes tight1 z if full bl[n3 remove x to a cool place1 & y w see x fall gradually1 till x becomes z lank z at fir/4 #b4 ,air r>efi$ & di/5d$ by heat is#dd specifically light] ?an x 0 be=e1 & w rise 9 o!r air ( great] d5sity4 ,z wood1 oil1 or any o!r matt] specifically light] ?an wat]1 if plac$ at ! bottom ( a vessel ( wat]1 w rise till x comes to ! top2 s r>efi$ air w rise 9 common air1 till x ei!r comes to air ( equal weight1 or is by cold r$uc$ to its =m] d5sity4 ,a fire !n be+ made 9 any *imney1 ! air ov] ! fire is r>efi$ by ! heat1 becomes light]1 & !re=e imm$iately rises 9 ! funnel1 & goes out2 ! o!r air 9 ! room 7fl[+ t[>ds ! *imney7 supplies its place1 is r>efi$ 9 its turn1 & rises likewise2 ! place ( ! air ?us c>ri$ out ( ! room1 is suppli$ by fre% air com+ 9 ?r\gh doors & w9d[s1 or1 if !y be %ut1 ?r\gh e crevice ) viol5ce1 z may be se5 by hold+ a c&le to a key-hole3 ,if ! room be s tight z t all ! crevices toge!r w n supply s mu* air z is cont9ually c>ri$ (f1 !n1 9 a little "t1 ! curr5t up ! funnel mu/ flag1 & ! smoke be+ no long] driv5 up1 mu/ come into ! room4 #a4 ,fire 7i4 e4 common fire7 ?r[s out light1 heat1 & smoke 7or fume47 ,! two fir/ move 9 "r l9es1 & ) great swiftness1 ! latt] is b j sep>at$ f ! fuel1 & !n moves only z x is c>ri$ by ! /ream ( r>efi$ air3 & )\t a cont9ual accession & recession ( air1 to c>ry (f ! smoaky fumes1 !y w\ld rema9 cr\d$ ab\t ! fire1 & /ifle x4 #b4 ,heat may be sep>at$ f ! smoke z well z f ! light1 by means ( a plate ( iron1 :i* w suff] heat to pass ?r\gh x )\t ! o!rs4 #c4 ,fire s5ds out its rays ( heat z well z rays ( light1 equally e way2 b ! greate/ s5sible heat is ov] ! fire1 :]e !re is1 besides ! rays ( heat %ot upw>ds1 a cont9ual ris+ /ream ( hot air1 heat$ by ! rays %ot r\nd on e side4 ,^! ?+s be+ und]/ood1 we proce$ to consid] ! fire-places h]et(ore 9 use1 viz4 #a4 ,! l>ge op5 fire-places us$ 9 ! days ( our fa!rs1 & /ill g5]ally 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 kit*5s4 #b4 ,! new]-fa%ion$ fire-places1 ) l[ brea/s1 & n>r[ he>?s4 #c4 ,fire-places ) holl[ backs1 he>?s1 & jams ( iron 7describ$ by ,m4 ,gaug]1 9 8 tract entitl$1 ,la ,me*anique de ,feu7 = w>m+ ! air z x comes into ! room4 #d4 ,! ,holl& /oves1 ) iron doors op5+ into ! room4 #e4 ,! ,g]man /oves1 :i* h no op5+ 9 ! room :]e !y are us$1 b ! fire is put 9 f "s o!r room1 or f )\t4 #f4 ,iron pots1 ) op5 *>coal fires1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( a room4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods has g5]ally ! conv5i5cy ( two w>m seats1 "o 9 ea* corn]2 b !y are sometimes too hot to abide 91 &1 at o!r times1 incommod$ ) ! smoke2 !re is likewise good room = ! cook to move1 to hang on pots1 c4 ,_! inconv5i5cies are1 t !y almo/ always smoke1 if ! door be n left op52 t !y require a l>ge funnel1 & a l>ge funnel c>ries (f a great quantity ( air1 :i* occasions :at is call$ a /rong draft to ! *imney1 )\t :i* /rong draft ! smoke w\ld come out ( "s "p or o!r ( s l>ge an op5+1 s t ! door c seldom be %ut2 & ! cold air s nips ! backs & heels ( ^? t sit be=e ! fire1 t !y h no com=t till ei!r scre5s or settles are provid$ 7at a consid]able exp5ce7 to keep x (f1 :i* bo? cumb] ! room1 & d>k5 ! fire-side4 ,a mod]ate quantity ( wood on ! fire1 9 s l>ge a he>?1 seems b little2 &1 9 s /rong & cold a draught1 w>ms b little2 s t p are cont9ually lay+ on m4 ,9 %ort1 x is next to impossible to w>m a room ) su* a fire-place3 & ,i suppose our ance/ors nev] ?\ght ( w>m+ rooms to sit 92 all !y purpos$ 01 to h a place to make a fire 91 by :i* !y might w>m !mselves :5 cold4 #b4 ,mo/ ( ^! old-fa%ion$ *imneys 9 t[ns & cities1 h be51 ( late ye>s1 r$uc$ to ! second sort m5tion$1 by build+ jambs )9 !m1 n>r[+ ! he>?1 & mak+ a l[ ar* or brea/4 ,x is /range1 me?9ks1 t ?\gh *imneys h be5 s long 9 use1 _! con/ruction %\ld be s little und]/ood till lately1 t no workman pret5d$ to make "o :i* %\ld always c>ry (f all smoke1 b a *imney-clo? 0 look$ ^u z ess5tial to a *imney4 ,?is improvem5t1 h[ev]1 by small op5+s & l[ brea/s1 has be5 made 9 our days2 & success 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts has br\ght x into g5]al use 9 cities1 s t almo/ all new *imneys are n[ made ( t sort1 & mu* few] bricks w make a /ack ( *imneys n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,an improvem5t1 s lately made1 may give u room to believe1 t /ill f>!r improvem5ts may be f\nd to rem$y ! inconv5i5cies yet rema9+4 ,= ^! new *imneys1 ?\gh !y keep rooms g5]ally free f smoke1 &1 ! op5+ be+ contract$1 w all[ ! door to be %ut1 yet ! funnel /ill requir+ a consid]able quantity ( air1 x ru%es 9 at e crevice s /rongly1 z to make a cont9ual :i/l+ or h[l+2 & x is v uncom=table1 z well z dang]\s1 to sit aga9/ any su* crevice4 ,_m colds are caught f ?is cause only1 x be+ saf] to sit 9 ! op5 /reet1 = !n ! pores d all close toge!r1 & ! air does n /rike s %>ply aga9/ any p>ticul> "p ( ! body4 ,! ,spani>ds h a prov]bial say+1 ,if ! w9d bl[s on y ?r\gh a hole1 ,make y\r w1 & take c>e ( y\r s\l4 ,wom5 p>ticul>ly1 f ?is cause1 z !y sit mu* 9 ! h\se1 get colds 9 ! head1 rheums & defluctions1 :i* fall into _! jaws & gums1 & h de/roy$ e>ly _m a f9e set ( tee? 9 ^! nor!rn colonies4 ,great & bright fires d also v mu* contribute to damage ! eyes1 dry & %rivel ! sk91 & br+ on e>ly ! appe>ances ( old age4 ,9 %ort1 _m ( ! diseases proce$+ f colds1 z fev]s1 pleurisies1 c4 fatal to v great numb]s ( p1 may be ascrib$ to /rong draw+ *imneys1 :]eby1 9 sev]e wea!r1 a man is scor*$ be=e :ile he is froze beh9d4#de ,9 ! mean "t1 v little is done by ^! *imneys t[>ds w>m+ ! room2 = ! air r\nd ! fire-place1 :i* is w>m$ by ! direct rays f ! fire1 does n cont9ue 9 ! room1 b is cont9ually cr\d$ & ga!r$ into ! *imney by ! curr5t ( cold air com+ beh9d x1 & s is pres5tly c>ri$ (f4 ,9 bo? ^! sorts ( fire-places1 ! greate/ "p ( ! heat f ! fire is lo/2 = z fire naturally d>ts heat e way1 ! back1 ! two jambs1 & ! he>?1 dr9k up almo/ all t is giv5 !m1 v little be+ reflect$ f bodies s d>k1 por\s1 & unpoli%$2 & ! upright heat1 :i* is by f> ! greate/1 flies directly up ! *imney4 ,?us five-six?s at lea/ ( ! heat 7& consequ5tly ( ! fuel7 is wa/$1 & contributes no?+ t[>ds w>m+ ! room4 #c4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ! ,sieur ,gaug] gives1 9 8 book entitl$1 ,la ,me*anique de ,feu1 publi%$ 9 #agji1 sev5 diff]5t con/ructions ( ! ?ird sort ( *imneys m5tion$ above1 9 :i* !re are holl[ cavities made by iron plates 9 ! back1 jambs1 & he>?s1 ?r\gh :i* plates ! heat pass+ w>ms ! air 9 ^? cavities1 :i* is cont9ually com+ into ! room fre% & w>m4 ,! inv5tion 0 v +5i\s1 & _h _m conv5i5cies3 ! room 0 w>m$ 9 all p>ts1 by ! air fl[+ into x ?r\gh ! heat$ cavities3 cold air 0 prev5t$ ru%+ ?r\gh ! crevices1 ! funnel be+ suffici5tly suppli$ by ^? cavities3 mu* less fuel w\ld s]ve1 c4 ,b ! fir/ exp5ce1 :i* 0 v great1 ! intricacy ( ! design1 & ! difficulty ( ! execution1 especially 9 old *imneys1 disc\rag$ ! propagation ( ! inv5tion2 s t !re are1 ,i suppose1 v few su* *imneys n[ 9 use4 ,! upright heat1 too1 0 almo/ all lo/ 9 ^!1 z 9 ! common *imneys4 #d4 ,! ,holl& iron /ove1 :i* has a flue proce$+ f ! top1 & a small iron door op5+ into ! room1 comes next to be consid]$4 ,its conv5i5cies are1 t x makes a room all ov] w>m2 = ! *imney be+ :olly clos$1 except ! flue ( ! /ove1 v little air is requir$ to supply t1 & !re=e n mu* ru%es 9 at crevices1 or at ! door :5 x is op5$4 ,little fuel s]ves1 ! heat be+ almo/ all sav$2 = x rays out almo/ equally f ! f\r sides1 ! bottom & ! top1 into ! room1 & pres5tly w>ms ! air ar\nd x1 :i*1 be+ r>efi$1 rises to ! ceil+1 & its place is suppli$ by ! l[] air ( ! room1 :i* fl[s gradually t[>ds ! /ove1 & is !re w>m$1 & rises 9 its turn1 s t !re is a cont9ual circulation till all ! air 9 ! room is w>m$4 ,! air1 too1 is gradually *ang$1 by ! /ove-door's be+ 9 ! room1 ?r\gh :i* "p ( x is cont9ually pass+1 & t makes ^! /oves :olesom]1 or at lea/ pleasant] ?an ! ,g]man /oves1 next to be spok5 (4 ,b !y h ^! inconv5i5cies4 ,!re is no sight ( ! fire1 :i* is 9 itself a pleasant ?+4 ,"o _c conv5i5tly make any o!r use ( ! fire b t ( w>m+ ! room4 ,:5 ! room is w>m1 p1 n see+ ! fire1 are apt to =get supply+ x ) fuel till x is almo/ out1 !n1 gr[+ cold1 a great deal ( wood is put 91 :i* soon makes x too hot4 ,! *ange ( air is n c>ri$ on q quick en\gh1 s t if any smoke or ill smell happ5s 9 ! room1 x is a long "t be=e x is dis*>g$4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,holl& /ove has n obta9$ mu* among ! ,engli% 7:o love ! sight ( ! fire7 unless 9 "s work%ops1 :]e p are oblig$ to sit ne> w9d[s = ! light1 & 9 su* places !y h be5 f\nd ( good use4 #e4 ,! ,g]man /ove is l a box1 "o side want+4 ,x is compos$ ( five iron plates screw$ toge!r1 & fix$ s z t y may put ! fuel into x f ano!r room1 or f ! outside ( ! h\se4 ,x is a k9d ( ov5 rev]s$1 its m\? be+ )\t1 & body )9 ! room t is to be w>m$ by x4 ,?is inv5tion c]ta9ly w>ms a room v spe$ily & ?or\ghly ) little fuel3 no quantity ( cold air comes 9 at any crevice1 because !re is no dis*>ge ( air :i* x might supply1 !re be+ no passage into ! /ove f ! room4 ,^! are its conv5i5cies4 ,its inconv5i5cies are1 t p h n ev5 s mu* sight or use ( ! fire z 9 ! ,holl& /oves1 & are1 moreov]1 oblig$ to brea! ! same un*ang$ air cont9ually1 mix$ ) ! brea? & p]spiration f "o ano!r's bodies1 :i* is v disagreeable to ^? :o h n be5 accu/om$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 7( ! ,p5sylvania fireplace7 ,plate ,,viii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bce4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 #f4 ,*>coal fires 9 pots are us$ *iefly 9 ! %ops ( h&icraftsm54 ,!y w>m a room 7t is kept close1 & has no *imney to c>ry (f ! w>m$ air7 v spe$ily & uni=mly2 b !re be+ no draught to *ange ! air1 ! sulphur\s fumes f ! coals be !y ev] s well k9dl$ be=e !y are br\ght 91 !re w be "s mix ) x1 r5d] x disagreeable1 hurtful to "s con/itutions1 & sometimes1 :5 ! door is long kept %ut1 produce fatal consequ5ces4 ,to avoid ! sev]al inconv5i5cies1 & at ! same "t reta9 all ! advantages ( o!r fire-places1 0 contriv$ ! ,p5sylvania fire-place1 n[ to be describ$4 ,?is ma*9e consi/s ( ,a bottom-plate1 7i7 7,see ! ,plate annex$47 ,a back plate1 7ii7 ,two side plates1 7iii iii7 ,two middle plates1 7iv iv7 :i*1 jo9$ toge!r1 =m a tight box1 ) w9d+ passages 9 x = w>m+ ! air4 ,a front plate1 7v7 ,a top plate 7vi7 ,^! are all ca/ ( iron1 ) m\ld+s or l$ges :]e ! plates come toge!r1 to hold !m fa/1 & reta9 ! mort> us$ = po9t+ to make tight jo9ts4 ,:5 ! plates are all 9 _! places1 a pair ( sl5d] rods1 ) screws1 are suffici5t to b9d ! :ole v firmly toge!r1 z x appe>s 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 two ?9 plates ( wr\ght iron1 viz4 ! %utt]1 7vii7 & ! regi/]1 7viii72 besides ! screw-rods ,o ,p1 all :i* we %all expla9 9 _! ord]4 7i7 ,! bottom plate1 or he>?-piece1 is r\nd be=e1 ) a ris+ m\ld+1 t s]ves z a f5d] to keep coals & a%es f com+ to ! floor1 c4 ,x has two e>s1 ,f ,g1 p]=at$ to receive ! screw-rods ,o ,p2 a long air-hole1 a a1 ?r\gh :i* ! fre% outw>d air passes up into ! air-box2 & ?ree smoke-holes ,b ,c1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke desc5ds & passes away2 all repres5t$ by d>k squ>es4 ,x has also d\ble l$ges to receive betwe5 !m ! bottom edges ( ! back plate1 ! two side-plates1 & ! two middle plates4 ,^! l$ges are ab\t an in* asund]1 & ab\t half an in* high2 a pr(ile ( two ( !m1 jo9$ to a fragm5t ( plate1 appe>s 9 ,fig4 #c4 7ii7 ,! back plate is )\t holes1 hav+ only a pair ( l$ges on ea* side1 to receive ! back edges ( ! two4 7iii iii7 ,side-plates3 ,^! h ea* a pair ( l$ges to receive ! side-edges ( ! front-plate1 & a little %\ld] = x to re/ on2 also two pair ( l$ges to receive ! side-edges ( ! two middle plates :i* =m ! air-box2 & an oblong air-hole ne> ! top1 ?r\gh :i* is dis*>g$ into ! room ! air w>m$ 9 ! air-box4 ,ea* has also a w+ or bracket1 ,h & ,i1 to keep 9 fall+ br&s1 coals1 c4 & a small hole1 ,q & ,r1 = ! axis ( ! regi/] to turn 94 7iv iv7 ,! air-box is compos$ ( ! two middle plates1 ,d ,e & ,f ,g4 ,! fir/ has five ?9 l$ges or p>titions ca/ on x1 two in*es deep1 ! edges ( :i* are receiv$ 9 s _m pair ( l$ges ca/ 9 ! o!r4 ,! tops ( all ! cavities =m$ by ^! ?9 deep l$ges1 are also cov]$ by a l$ge ( ! same =m & dep?1 ca/ ) !m2 s t :5 ! plates are put toge!r1 & ! jo9ts lut$1 !re is no communication betwe5 ! air-box & ! smoke4 ,9 ! w9d+ passages ( ?is box1 fre% air is w>m$ z x passes into ! room4 7v7 ,! front plate is ar*$ on ! "u side1 & ornam5t$ ) foliages1 c4 x has no l$ges4 7vi7 ,! top plate has a pair ( e>s1 ,m ,n1 answ]able to ^? 9 ! bottom plate1 & p]=at$ = ! same purpose3 x has also a pair ( l$ges runn+ r\nd ! "u side1 to receive ! top edges ( ! front1 back1 & side-plates4 ,! air-box does n rea* up to ! top plate by two in*es & a half4 7vii7 ,! %utt] is ( ?9 wr\ght iron & light1 ( su* a l5g? & bread? z to close well ! op5+ ( ! fire-place4 ,x is us$ to bl[ up ! fire1 & to %ut up & secure x at nights4 ,x has two brass knobs = h&les1 d d1 & commonly slides up & d[n 9 a groove1 left1 9 putt+ up ! fire-place1 betwe5 ! =emo/ l$ge ( ! side-plates1 & ! face ( ! front plate2 b "s *use to set x aside :5 x is n 9 use1 & apply x on occasion4 7viii7 ,! regi/] is also ( ?9 wr\ght iron4 ,x is plac$ betwe5 ! back plate & air-box1 & c1 by means ( ! key ,s1 be turn$ on its axis s z to lie 9 any position betwe5 level & upright4 ,! screw-rods ,o ,p are ( wr\ght iron1 ab\t a ?ird ( an in* ?ick1 ) a button at bottom1 & a screw & nut at top1 & may be ornam5t$ ) two small brasses screw$ on above ! nuts4 ,to put ?is ma*9e to "w1 #a4 ,a false back ( f\r in* 7or1 9 %all[ small *imneys1 two in*7 brick "w is to be made 9 ! *imney1 f\r in*es or m f ! true back2 f ! top ( ?is false back a clos+ is to be made ov] to ! brea/ ( ! *imney1 t no air may pass into ! *imney1 b :at goes "u ! false back1 & up beh9d x4 #b4 ,"s bricks ( ! he>? are to be tak5 up1 to =m a holl[ "u ! bottom plate2 across :i* holl[ runs a ?9 tight p>tition1 to keep ap>t ! air ent]+ ! holl[ & ! smoke2 & is !re=e plac$ betwe5 ! air-hole & smoke-holes4 #c4 ,a passage is made1 communicat+ ) ! outw>d air1 to introduce t air into ! =e "p ( ! holl[ "u ! bottom plate1 :5ce x may rise ?r\gh ! air-hole into ! air-box4 #d4 ,a passage is made f ! back "p ( ! holl[1 communicat+ ) ! flue beh9d ! false back3 ?r\gh ?is passage ! smoke is to pass4 ,! fire-place is to be erect$ ^u ^! holl[s1 by putt+ all ! plates 9 _! places1 & screw+ !m toge!r4 ,its op]ation may be conceiv$ by obs]v+ ! plate entitl$1 ,pr(ile ( ! ,*imney & ,fire-,place4 ,m ,! mantle-piece1 or brea/ ( ! *imney4 ,c ,! funnel4 ,b ,! false back & clos+4 ,e ,true back ( ! *imney4 ,t ,top ( ! fire-place4 ,f ,! front ( x4 ,a ,! place :]e ! fire is made4 ,d ,! air-box4 ,k ,! hole 9 ! side-plate1 ?r\gh :i* ! w>m$ air is dis*>g$ out ( ! air-box into ! room4 ,h ,! holl[ fill$ ) fre% air1 ent]+ at ! passage ,i1 & asc5d+ into ! air-box ?r\gh ! air-hole 9 ! bottom plate ne> ,g ,! p>tition 9 ! holl[ to keep ! air & smoke ap>t4 ,p ,! passage "u ! false back & "p ( ! he>? = ! smoke4 ,! arr[s %[ ! c\rse ( ! smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii994 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bch4 ,,pr(ile ,,( ,,! ,,p5sylvania ,,*imney ,,fire-,,place4 ,,/af=d%ire ,,fire-,,place4 ,front ,view ,side ,view ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,! fire be+ made at ,a1 ! flame & smoke w asc5d & /rike ! top ,t1 :i* w !reby receive a consid]able heat4 ,! smoke1 f9d+ no passage upw>ds1 turns ov] ! top ( ! air-box1 & desc5ds betwe5 x & ! back plate to ! holes 9 ! bottom plate1 heat+1 z x passes1 bo? plates ( ! air-box1 & ! said back plate2 ! front plate1 bottom & side plates are also all heat$ at ! same "t4 ,! smoke proce$s 9 ! passage t leads x "u & beh9d ! false back1 & s rises into ! *imney4 ,! air ( ! room1 w>m$ beh9d ! back plate1 & by ! sides1 front1 & top plates1 becom+ specifically light] ?an ! o!r air 9 ! room1 is oblig$ to rise2 b ! closure ov] ! fireplace h9d]+ x f go+ up ! *imney1 x is =c$ out into ! room1 rises by ! mantle-piece to ! ciel+1 & spreads all ov] ! top ( ! room1 :5ce be+ cr\d$ d[n gradually by ! /ream ( newly-w>m$ air t foll[s & rises above x1 ! :ole room becomes 9 a %ort "t equally w>m$4 ,at ! same "t ! air1 w>m$ "u ! bottom plate1 & 9 ! air-box1 rises & comes out ( ! holes 9 ! side-plates1 v swiftly1 if ! door ( ! room be %ut1 & jo9s its curr5t ) ! /ream be=e-m5tion$1 ris+ f ! side1 back1 & top plates4 ,! air t ent]s ! room ?r\gh ! air-box is fre%1 ?\gh w>m2 &1 comput+ ! swiftness ( its motion ) ! areas ( ! holes1 x is f\nd t ne> t5 b>rels ( fre% air are h\rly introduc$ by ! air-box2 & by ?is means ! air 9 ! room is cont9ually *ang$1 & kept1 at ! same "t1 sweet & w>m4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! ent]+ air w n be w>m at fir/ light+ ! fire1 b heats gradually z ! fire increases4 ,a squ>e op5+ = a trap-door %\ld be left 9 ! clos+ ( ! *imney1 = ! sweep] to g up3 ! door may be made ( slate or t91 & commonly kept close %ut1 b s plac$ z t1 turn+ up aga9/ ! back ( ! *imney :5 op51 x closes ! vacancy beh9d ! false back1 & %oots ! soot1 t falls 9 sweep+1 out ^u ! he>?4 ,?is trap-door is a v conv5i5t ?+4 ,9 rooms :]e mu* smok+ ( tobacco is us$1 x is also conv5i5t to h a small hole1 ab\t five or six in*es squ>e1 cut ne> ! ceil+ ?r\gh into ! funnel3 ?is hole mu/ h a %utt]1 by :i* x may be clos$ or op5$ at pleasure4 ,:5 op51 !re w be a /rong draught ( air ?r\gh x into ! *imney1 :i* w pres5tly c>ry (f a cl\d ( smoke1 & keep ! room cle>3 if ! room be too hot l-wise1 x w c>ry (f z mu* ( ! w>m air z y please1 & !n y may /op x entirely1 or 9 "p1 z y ?9k fit4 ,by ?is means x is1 t ! tobacco smoke does n desc5d among ! heads ( ! company ne> ! fire1 z x mu/ d be=e x c get into common *imneys4 ,! ,mann] ( us+ ?is ,fire-,place4 ,y\r cord-wood mu/ be cut into ?ree l5g?s2 or else a %ort piece1 fit = ! fire-place1 cut (f1 & ! long] left = ! kit*5 or o!r fires4 ,dry hick]y1 or a%1 or any woods t burn ) a cle> flame are r to be *os51 because su* are less apt to f\l ! smoke-passages ) soot2 & flame communicates ) its light1 z well z by contact1 great] heat to ! plates & room4 ,b :]e m ord9>y wood is us$1 half a dry faggot ( bru%-wood1 burnt at ! fir/ mak+ ! fire 9 ! morn+1 is v advantage\s1 z x imm$iately1 by its sudd5 blaze1 heats ! plates1 & w>ms ! room 7:i* ) bad wood sl[ly k9dl+ w\ld n be done s soon7 & at ! same "t by ! l5g? ( its flame1 turn+ 9 ! passages1 consumes & cleanses away ! soot t su* bad smoaky wood _h produc$ !re9 ! prec$+ day1 & s keeps !m always free & clean4 ,:5 y h laid a little back log1 & plac$ y\r billets on small dogs1 z 9 common *imneys1 & put "s fire to !m1 !n slide d[n y\r %utt] z l[ z ! dogs1 & ! op5+ be+ by t means contract$1 ! air ru%es 9 briskly1 & pres5tly bl[s up ! flames4 ,:5 ! fire is suffici5tly k9dl$1 slide x up aga94#df ,9 "s ( ^! fire-places !re is a little six-in* squ>e trap-door ( ?9 wr\ght iron or brass1 cov]+ a hole ( l dim5sions ne> ! =e-"p ( ! bottom plate1 :i* be+ by a r+ lift$ up t[>ds ! fire1 ab\t an in*1 :]e x w be reta9$ by two spr++ sides fix$ to x p]p5dicul>ly 7,see ! ,plate1 ,fig4 #d47 ! air ru%es 9 f ! holl[ "u ! bottom plate1 & bl[s ! fire4 ,:]e ?is is us$1 ! %utt] s]ves only to close ! fire at nights4 ,! m =w>d y c make y\r fire on ! he>?-plate1 n to be incommod$ by ! smoke1 ! soon] & m w ! room be w>m$4 ,at night1 :5 y g to b$1 cov] ! coals or br&s ) a%es z usual2 !n take away ! dogs1 & slide d[n ! %utt] close to ! bottom-plate1 sweep+ a little a%es aga9/ x1 t no air may pass "u x2 !n turn ! regi/]1 s z v ne> to /op ! flue beh9d4 ,if no smoke !n comes out at crevices into ! room1 x is "r3 if any smoke is p]ceiv$ to come out1 move ! regi/]1 s z to give a little draught1 & x w g ! "r way4 ,?us ! room w be kept w>m all night2 = ! *imney be+ almo/ entirely /opt1 v little cold air1 if any1 w ent] ! room at any crevice4 ,:5 y come to re-k9dle ! fire 9 ! morn+1 turn op5 ! regi/] be=e y lift up ! slid]1 o!rwise1 if !re be any smoke 9 ! fireplace1 x w come out into ! room4 ,by ! same use ( ! %utt] & regi/]1 a blaz+ fire may be pres5tly /ifl$1 z well z secur$1 :5 y h occasion to leave x = any "t2 & at y\r return y w f9d ! br&s w>m1 & ready = a spe$y rek9dl+4 ,! %utt] alone w n /ifle a fire1 = x _c well be made to fit s exactly b t air w ent]1 & t 9 a viol5t /ream1 s z to bl[ up & keep alive ! flames1 & consume ! wood1 if ! draught be n *eck$ by turn+ ! regi/] to %ut ! flue beh9d4 ,! regi/] has also two o!r uses4 ,if y obs]ve ! draught ( air into y\r fire-place to be /rong] ?an is necess>y 7z 9 extreme cold wea!r x (t5 is7 s t ! wood is consum$ fa/] ?an usual2 9 t case1 a qu>t]1 half1 or two-?irds turn ( ! regi/]1 w *eck ! viol5ce ( ! draught1 & let y\r fire burn ) ! mod]ation y desire3 & at ! same "t bo? ! fire-place & ! room w be ! w>m]1 because less cold air w ent] & pass ?r\gh !m4 ,& if ! *imney %\ld happ5 to take fire 7:i* inde$ !re is v little dang] (1 if ! prec$+ direction be obs]v$ 9 mak+ fires1 & x be well swept once a ye>2 =1 mu* less wood be+ burnt1 less soot is proportionably made2 & ! fuel be+ soon bl[n into flame by ! %utt]1 or ! trap-door bell[s1 !re is consequ5tly less smoke f ! fuel to make soot2 !n1 ?\gh ! funnel %\ld be f\l1 yet ! sp>ks h su* a crook$ up & d[n r\nd ab\t way to g1 t !y are out be=e !y get at x74 ,i say1 if ev] x %\ld be on fire1 a turn ( ! regi/] %uts all close1 & prev5ts any air go+ into ! *imney1 & s ! fire may easily be /ifl$ & ma/]$4 ,! ,advantages ( ?is ,fire-,place4 ,its advantages above ! common fire-places are1 #a4 ,t y\r :ole room is equally w>m$1 s t p ne$ n cr\d s close r\nd ! fire1 b may sit ne> ! w9d[1 & h ! b5efit ( ! light = read+1 writ+1 ne$le-"w1 c4 ,!y may sit ) com=t 9 any "p ( ! room1 :i* is a v consid]able advantage 9 a l>ge family1 :]e !re mu/ (t5 be two fires kept1 because all _c conv5i5tly come at "o4 #b4 ,if y sit ne> ! fire1 y h n t cold draught ( uncom=table air nipp+ y\r back & heels1 z :5 be=e common fires1 by :i* _m cat* cold1 be+ scor*$ be=e1 &1 z x 71 froze beh9d4 #c4 ,if y sit aga9/ a crevice1 !re is n t %>p draught ( cold air play+ on y1 z 9 rooms :]e !re are fires 9 ! common way2 by :i* _m cat* cold1 :5ce proce$ c\ghs#dg1 cat>rhs1 too?-a*s1 fev]s1 pleurisies1 & _m o!r diseases4 #d4 ,9 case ( sickness1 !y make mo/ excell5t nurs+ rooms2 z !y con/antly supply a suffici5cy ( fre% air1 s w>m$ at ! same "t z to be no way inconv5i5t or dang]\s4 ,a small "o does well 9 a *amb]2 &1 ! *imneys1 be+ fitt$ = x1 x may be remov$ f "o room to ano!r1 z occasion requires1 & fix$ 9 half an h\r4 ,! equal temp] too1 & w>m? ( ! air ( ! room1 is ?\ght to be p>ticul>ly advantage\s 9 "s di/emp]s2 = x 0 obs]v$ 9 ! w9t]s ( #agcj & #agcf1 :5 ! small-pox spread 9 ,p5sylvania1 t v few *ildr5 ( ! ,g]mans di$ ( t di/emp] 9 proportion to ^? ( ! ,engli%2 :i* 0 ascrib$1 by "s1 to ! w>m? & equal temp] ( air 9 _! /ove-rooms1 :i* made ! disease z fav\rable z x commonly is 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,b ?is conjecture we submit to ! judgm5t ( physicians4 #e4 ,9 common *imneys1 ! /ronge/ heat f ! fire1 :i* is upw>ds1 goes directly up ! *imney1 & is lo/2 & !re is su* a /rong draught into ! *imney t n only ! upright heat1 b also ! back1 sides1 & d[nw>d heats are c>ri$ up ! *imney by t draught ( air2 & ! w>m? giv5 be=e ! fire1 by ! rays t /rike out t[>ds ! room1 is cont9ually driv5 back1 cr\d$ into ! *imney1 & c>ri$ up by ! same draught ( air4 ,b "h ! upright heat /rikes & heats ! top plate1 :i* w>ms ! air above x1 & t comes into ! room4 ,! heat likewise1 :i* ! fire communicates to ! sides1 back1 bottom1 & air-box1 is all br\ght into ! room2 = y w f9d a con/ant curr5t ( w>m air com+ out ( ! *imney-corn] into ! room4 ,hold a c&le j "u ! mantle-piece1 or brea/ ( y\r *imney1 & y w see ! flame b5t outw>ds3 by lay+ a piece ( smoak+ pap] on ! he>?1 on ei!r side1 y may see h[ ! curr5t ( air moves1 & :]e x t5ds1 = x w turn & c>ry ! smoke ) x4 #f4 ,?us1 z v little ( ! heat is lo/1 :5 ?is fire-place is us$1 mu* less wood#dh w s]ve y1 :i* is a consid]able advantage :]e wood is de>4 #g4 ,:5 y burn c&les ne> ?is fire-place1 y w f9d t ! flame burns q upright1 & does n bl>e & run ! tall[ d[n1 by draw+ t[>ds ! *imney1 z aga9/ common fires4 #h4 ,?is fire-place cures mo/ smoaky *imneys1 & !reby pres]ves bo? ! eyes & furniture4 #i4 ,x prev5ts ! f\l+ ( *imneys2 mu* ( ! l9t & du/ t contributes to f\l a *imney be+1 by ! l[ ar*1 oblig$ to pass ?r\gh ! flame1 :]e x is consum$4 ,!n1 less wood be+ burnt1 !re is less smoke made4 ,aga91 ! %utt]1 or trap-bell[s1 soon bl[+ ! wood into a flame1 ! same wood does n yield s mu* smoke z if burnt 9 a common *imney3 = z soon z flame beg9s1 smoke 9 proportion ceases4 #aj4 ,& if a *imney %\ld be f\l1 x is mu* less likely to take fire4 ,if x %\ld take fire1 x is easily /ifl$ & ext+ui%$4 #aa4 ,a fire may be v spe$ily made 9 ?is fire-place by ! help ( ! %utt]1 or trap-bell[s1 z a=esaid4 #ab4 ,a fire may be soon ext+ui%$1 by clos+ x ) ! %utt] be=e1 & turn+ ! regi/] beh9d1 :i* w /ifle x1 & ! br&s w rema9 ready to rek9dle4 #ac4 ,! room be+ once w>m1 ! w>m? may be reta9$ 9 x all night4 #ad4 ,& la/ly1 ! fire is s secur$ at night1 t n "o sp>k c fly out into ! room to d damage4 ,) all ^! conv5i5ces1 y d n lose ! pleas+ sight nor use ( ! fire1 z 9 ! ,dut* /oves1 b may boil ! tea-kettle1 w>m ! flat-irons1 heat heat]s1 keep w>m a di% ( victuals by sett+ x on ! top1 c4 ,objections answ]$4 ,!re are "s objections commonly made by p t are unacqua9t$ ) ^! fire-places1 :i* x may n be amiss to endeav\r to remove1 z !y arise f prejudices :i* might o!rwise ob/ruct1 9 "s degree1 ! g5]al use ( ?is b5eficial ma*9e4 ,we frequ5tly he> x said1 ,!y are ( ! nature ( ,dut* /oves2 /oves h an unpleasant smell2 /oves are un:olesome2 &1 w>m rooms make p t5d]1 & apt to cat* cold4--,z to ! fir/1 t !y are ( ! nature ( ,dut* /oves1 ! description ( ^? /oves1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]1 comp>$ ) t ( ^! ma*9es1 %[s t !re is a mo/ mat]ial diff]5ce1 & t ^! h va/ly ! advantage1 if x 7 only 9 ! s+le article ( ! admission & circulation ( ! fre% air4 ,b x mu/ be all[$ !re may h be5 "s cause to compla9 ( ! (f5sive smell ( iron /oves4 ,?is smell1 h[ev]1 nev] proce$$ f ! iron itself1 :i*1 9 its nature1 :e!r hot or cold1 is "o ( ! sweete/ ( metals1 b f ! g5]al uncleanly mann] ( us+ ^? /oves4 ,if !y are kept clean1 !y are z sweet z an iron+-box1 :i* ?\gh ev] s hot1 nev] (f5ds ! smell ( ! nice/ lady3 b x is common to let !m be greas$1 by sett+ c&le/icks on !m1 or o!rwise2 to rub greasy h&s on !m2 &1 above all1 to spit ^u !m1 to try h[ hot !y are1 :i* is an inconsid]ate fil?y unmann]ly cu/om2 = ! slimy matt] ( spittle dry+ on burns & fumes :5 ! /ove is hot1 z well z ! grease1 & smells mo/ nause\sly1 :i* makes su* close /ove-rooms1 :]e !re is no draught to c>ry (f ^? fil?y vap\rs1 almo/ intol]able to ^? t are n f _! infancy accu/om$ to !m4 ,at ! same "t no?+ is m easy ?an to keep !m clean2 = :5 by any accid5t !y happ5 to be f\l$1 a lee made ( a%es & wat]1 ) a bru%1 w sc\r !m p]fectly3 z w also a little /rong s(t soap & wat]4 ,t hot iron ( itself gives no (f5sive smell1 ^? "k v well :o h 7z ! writ] ( ?is has7 be5 pres5t at a furnace :5 ! workm5 7 p\r+ out ! fl[+ metal to ca/ l>ge plates1 & n ! lea/ smell ( x to be p]ceiv$4 ,t hot iron does n1 l lead1 brass1 & "s o!r metals1 give out un:olesome vap\rs1 is pla9 f ! g5]al heal? & /r5g? ( ^? :o con/antly "w 9 iron1 z furnace-m51 =ge-m51 & smi?s2 t x is 9 its nature a metal p]fectly :olesome to ! body ( man1 is kn[n f ! b5eficial use ( *alybeate or iron-m9e-wat]s2 f ! good done by tak+ /eel fil+s 9 sev]al disord]s2 & t ev5 ! smi?y wat] 9 :i* hot irons are qu5*$1 is f\nd advantage\s to ! human con/itution4--,! +5i\s & le>n$ ,dr4 ,desaguli]s1 to ^: in/ructive writ+s ! contriv] ( ?is ma*9e ackn[l$ges himself mu* indebt$1 relates an exp]im5t he made1 to try :e!r heat$ iron w\ld yield un:olesome vap\rs3 he took a cube ( iron1 & hav+ giv5 x a v great heat1 he fix$ x s to a receiv]1 exhau/$ by ! air-pump1 t all ! air ru%+ 9 to fill ! receiv]1 %\ld fir/ pass ?r\gh a hole 9 ! hot iron4 ,he !n put a small bird into ! receiv]1 :o brea!d t air )\t any inconv5i5ce1 or suff]+ ! lea/ disord]4 ,b ! same exp]im5t be+ made ) a cube ( hot brass1 a bird put into t air di$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,brass1 inde$1 /9ks ev5 :5 cold1 & mu* m :5 hot2 lead1 too1 :5 hot1 yields a v un:olesome /eam2 b iron is always sweet & e way tak5 is :olesome & fri5dly to ! human body--except 9 weapons4 ,t w>m$ rooms make p t5d]1 & apt to cat* cold1 is a mi/ake z great z x is 7among ! ,engli%7 g5]al4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ pages h[ ! common rooms are apt to give colds2 b ! writ] ( ?is pap] may affirm f 8 own exp]i5ce1 & t ( 8 family & fri5ds :o h us$ w>m rooms = ^! f\r w9t]s pa/1 t by ! use ( su* rooms1 p are r5d]$ less liable to take cold1 &1 inde$1 actually h>d5$4 ,if sitt+ w>m 9 a room made "o subject to take cold on go+ out1 ly+ w>m 9 b$1 %\ld by a p>ity ( reason1 produce ! same effect :5 we rise4 ,yet we f9d we c leap out ( ! w>me/ b$ nak$1 9 ! colde/ morn+1 )\t any su* dang]2 & 9 ! same mann] out ( w>m cloa?s into a cold b$4 ,! reason is1 t 9 ^! cases ! pores all close at once1 ! cold is %ut out1 & ! heat )9 augm5t$1 z we soon aft] feel by ! gl[+ ( ! fle% & sk94 ,?us no "o 0 ev] kn[n to cat* cold by ! use ( ! cold ba?3 & are n cold ba?s all[$ to h>d5 ! bodies ( ^? t use !m8 ,are !y n !re=e frequ5tly prescrib$ to ! t5d]e/ con/itutions8 ,n[ e "t y g out ( a w>m room into ! cold freez+ air1 y d z x 7 plunge into a cold ba?1 & ! effect is 9 proportion ! same2 = 7?\gh p]haps y may feel some:at *illy at fir/7 y f9d 9 a little "t y\r bodies h>d5$ & /r5g!n$1 y\r blood is driv5 r\nd ) a brisk] circulation1 & a com=table /eady uni=m inw>d w>m? succe$s t equal outw>d w>m? y fir/ receiv$ 9 ! room4 ,f>!r to confirm ?is ass]tion1 we in/ance ! ,sw$es1 ! ,danes1 & ! ,russians3 ^! nations are said to live 9 rooms1 comp>$ to ours1 z hot z ov5s#di2 yet :]e are ! h>dy soldi]s1 ?\gh br$ 9 _! boa/$ cool h\ses1 t c1 l ^! p1 be> ! fatigues ( a w9t] campaign 9 s sev]e a climate1 m>* :ole days to ! neck 9 sn[1 & at night entr5* 9 ice z !y d8 ,! m5tion+ ( ^? nor!rn nations1 puts me 9 m9d ( a consid]able public advantage t may arise f ! g5]al use ( ^! fire-places4 ,x is obs]vable1 t ?\gh ^? c\ntries h be5 well inhabit$ = _m ages1 wood is /ill _! fuel1 & yet at no v great price2 :i* c\ld n h be51 if !y _h n univ]sally us$ /oves1 b consum$ x z we d1 9 great quantities1 by op5 fires4 ,by ! help ( ?is sav+ inv5tion our wood may gr[ z fa/ z we consume x1 & our po/]ity may w>m !mselves at a mod]ate rate1 )\t1 be+ oblig$ to fet* _! fuel ov] ! ,atlantic2 z1 if pit-coal %\ld n be "h discov]$ 7:i* is an unc]ta9ty7 !y mu/ necess>ily d4 ,we leave x to ! political ari?metician to compute h[ mu* money w be sav$ to a c\ntry1 by its sp5d+ two-?irds less ( fuel2 h[ mu* lab\r sav$ 9 cutt+ & c>riage ( x2 h[ mu* m l& may be cle>$ by cultivation2 h[ great ! pr(it by ! additional quantity ( "w done1 9 ^? trades p>ticul>ly t d n ex]cise ! body s mu*1 b t ! workfolks are oblig$ to run frequ5tly to ! fire to w>m !mselves3 & to physicians to say1 h[ mu* heal?i] ?ick-built t[ns & cities w be1 n[ half-suffocat$ ) sulphury smoke1 :5 s mu* less ( t smoke %all be made1 & ! air brea!d by ! inhabitants be consequ5tly s mu* pur]4 ,^! ?+s x w suffice j to h m5tion$2 let u proce$ to give "s necess>y directions to ! workman :o is to fix or set up ^! fire-places4 ,directions to ! ,bricklay]4 ,! *imney be+ fir/ well swept & cleans$ f soot1 c4 lay ! bottom plate d[n on ! he>?1 9 ! place :]e ! fire-place is to /&1 :i* may be z =w>d z ! he>? w all[4 ,*alk a l9e f "o ( its back corn]s r\nd ! plate to ! o!r corn]1 t y may aft]w>ds "k its place :5 y come to fix x2 & f ^? corn]s1 two p>allel l9es to ! back ( ! *imney3 make m>ks also on ea* side1 t y may "k :]e ! p>tition is to /&1 :i* is to prev5t any communication betwe5 ! air & smoke4 ,!n1 remov+ ! plate1 make a holl[ "u x & beyond x1 by tak+ up z _m ( ! bricks or tiles z y c1 )9 y\r *alk$ l9es1 q to ! *imney-back4 ,dig out six or eight in*es deep ( ! e>? or rubbi%1 all ! bread? & l5g? ( y\r holl[2 !n make a passage ( f\r in*es squ>e 7if ! place w all[ s mu*7 lead+ f ! holl[ to "s place communicat+ ) ! out] air2 by out] air we mean air )\t ! room y int5d to w>m4 ,?is passage may be made to ent] y\r holl[ on ei!r side1 or 9 ! =e "p1 j z y f9d mo/ conv5i5t1 ! circum/ances ( y\r *imney consid]$4 ,if ! fire-place is to be put up 9 a *amb]1 y may h ?is communication ( out] air f ! /air-case2 or sometimes m easily f betwe5 ! *amb] floor1 & ! ceil+ ( ! l[] room1 mak+ only a small hole 9 ! wall ( ! h\se ent]+ ! space betwixt ^? two joi/s ) :i* y\r air-passage 9 ! he>? communicates4 ,if ?is air passage be s situat$ z t mice may ent] x1 & ne/le 9 ! holl[1 a little grate ( wire w keep !m out4 ,?is passage be+ made1 &1 if x runs "u any "p ( ! e>?1 til$ ov] securely1 y may proce$ to raise y\r false back4 ,?is may be ( f\r in*es or two in*es ?ickness1 z y h room1 b let x /& at lea/ f\r in*es f ! true *imney-back4 ,9 n>r[ *imneys ?is false back runs f jamb to jamb1 b 9 l>ge old-fa%ion$ *imneys1 y ne$ n make x wid] ?an ! back ( ! fire-place4 ,to beg9 x1 y may =m an ar* ne>ly flat1 ( ?ree bricks end to end1 ov] ! holl[1 to leave a passage ! bread? ( ! iron fire-place1 & five or six in*es deep1 r\nd+ at bottom1 = ! smoke to turn & pass "u ! false back1 & s beh9d x up ! *imney4 ,! false back is to rise till x is z high z ! brea/ ( ! *imney1 & !n to close ov] to ! brea/#ej2 always obs]v+1 if !re is a wood5 mantle-tree1 to close above x4 ,if !re is no wood 9 ! brea/1 y may ar* ov] & close ev5 ) ! l[] "p ( ! brea/4 ,by ?is clos+ ! *imney is made tight1 t no air or smoke c pass up x1 )\t go+ "u ! false back4 ,!n f side to side ( y\r holl[1 aga9/ ! m>ks y made ) *alk1 raise a tight p>tition1 brick-on-edge1 to sep>ate ! air f ! smoke1 bevell+ away to half an in* ! brick t comes j "u ! air-hole1 t ! air may h a free passage up into ! air-box3 la/ly1 close ! he>? ov] t "p ( ! holl[ t is betwe5 ! false back & ! place ( ! bottom plate1 com+ ab\t half an in* "u ! plate1 :i* piece ( holl[ he>? may be support$ by a bit or two ( old iron-hoop2 !n is y\r *imney fitt$ to receive ! fire-place4 ,to set x1 lay fir/ a little b$ ( mort> all r\nd ! edges ( ! holl[1 & ov] ! top ( ! p>tition3 !n lay d[n y\r bottom plate 9 its place 7) ! rods 9 x7 & tread x till x lies firm4 ,!n put a little f9e mort> 7made ( loam & lime1 ) a little hair7 into its jo9ts1 & set 9 y\r back plate1 lean+ x = ! pres5t aga9/ ! false back3 !n set 9 y\r air-box1 ) a little mort> 9 its jo9ts2 !n put 9 ! two sides1 clos+ !m up aga9/ ! air-box1 ) mort> 9 _! grooves1 & fix+ at ! same "t y\r regi/]3 !n br+ up y\r back to its place1 ) mort> 9 its grooves1 & t w b9d ! sides toge!r4 ,!n put 9 y\r front plate1 plac+ x z f> back 9 ! groove z y c1 to leave room = ! slid+ plate3 !n lay on y\r top plate1 ) mort> 9 its grooves also1 screw+ ! :ole firmly toge!r by means ( ! rods4 ,! capital lett]s ,a ,b ,d ,e1 c4 9 ,plate ,,viii41 %ew ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! sev]al plates4 ,la/ly1 ! jo9ts be+ po9t$ all r\nd on ! outside1 ! fire-place is fit = use4 ,:5 y make y\r fir/ fire 9 x1 p]haps if ! *imney be ?or\ghly cold1 x may n draw1 ! "w too be+ all cold & damp4 ,9 su* case1 put fir/ a few %ovels ( hot coals 9 ! fire-place1 !n lift up ! *imney-sweep]'s trap-door1 & putt+ 9 a %eet or two ( flam+ pap]1 %ut x aga91 :i* w set ! *imney a draw+ imm$iately1 & :5 once x is fill$ ) a column ( w>m air1 x w draw /rongly & cont9ually4 ,! dry+ ( ! mort> & "w by ! fir/ fire may smell unpleasantly1 b t w soon be ov]4 ,9 "s %all[ *imneys1 to make m room = ! false back & its flue1 f\r in*es or m ( ! *imney back may be pick$ away4 ,let ! room be made z tight z conv5i5tly x may be1 s w ! out] air1 t mu/ come 9 to supply ! room & draught ( ! fire1 be all oblig$ to ent] ?r\gh ! passage "u ! bottom plate1 & up ?r\gh ! air-box1 by :i* means x w n come cold to y\r backs1 b be w>m$ z x comes 91 & mix$ ) ! w>m air r\nd ! fire-place1 be=e x spreads 9 ! room4 ,b z a great quantity ( cold air1 9 extreme cold wea!r especially1 w pres5tly ent] a room if ! door be c>elessly left op51 x is good to h "s contrivance to %ut x1 ei!r by means ( screw h+es1 a spr+1 or a pulley4 ,:5 ! po9t+ 9 ! jo9ts is all dry & h>d1 get "s p[d] ( black lead 7brok5 bits ( black lead crucibles f ! silv]-smi?s1 p\nd$ f9e1 w d7 & mix+ x ) a little rum & wat]1 lay x on1 :5 ! plates are w>m1 ) a h>d bru%1 ov] ! top & front-plates1 "p ( ! side & bottom-plates1 & ov] all ! po9t+2 &1 z x dries1 rub x to a gloss ) ! same bru%1 s ! jo9ts w n be disc]n$1 b x w look all ( a piece1 & %9e l new iron4 ,& ! false back be+ plai/]$ & :ite-wa%$1 & ! he>? r$d5$1 ! :ole w make a pretty appe>ance4 ,be=e ! black lead is laid on1 x w\ld n be amiss to wa% ! plates ) /rong lee & a bru%1 or soap & wat]1 to cleanse !m f any spots ( grease or fil? t may be on !m4 ,if any grease %\ld aft]w>ds come on !m1 a little wet a%es w get x out4 ,if x be well set up1 & 9 a tol]able good *imney1 smoke w draw 9 f z f> z ! =e "p ( ! bottom plate1 z y may try by a bit ( burn+ pap]4 ,p are at fir/ apt to make _! rooms too w>m1 n imag9+ h[ little a fire w be suffici5t4 ,:5 ! plates are no hott] ?an t "o may j be> ! h& on !m1 ! room w g5]ally be z w>m z y desire x4 ,soon aft] ! =ego+ piece 0 publi%$1 "s p]sons 9 ,engl&1 9 imitation ( ,mr4 ,frankl9's inv5tion1 made :at !y call ,p5sylvanian ,fire-places1 ) improvem5ts2 ! pr9cipal ( :i* pret5d$ improvem5ts is1 a contraction ( ! passages 9 ! air-box1 orig9ally design$ = admitt+ a quantity ( fre% air1 & w>m+ x z x ent]$ ! room4 ,! contract+ ^! passages ga9s inde$ m room = ! grate1 b 9 a great measure defeats _! int5tion4 ,= if ! passages 9 ! air-box d n greatly exce$ 9 dim5sions ! am\nt ( all ! crevices by :i* cold air c ent] ! room1 !y w n consid]ably prev5t1 z !y 7 int5d$ to d1 ! entry ( cold air ?r\gh ^! crevices4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,body or matt] ( any sort1 is said to be specifically heavi] or light] ?an o!r matt]1 :5 x has m or less sub/ance or weight 9 ! same dim5sions4 #de ,z ! writ] is nei!r physician nor philosoph]1 ! read] may expect he %\ld ju/ify ^! 8 op9ions by ! au?ority ( "s t are s4 ,m4 ,cl>e1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 9 8 treatise ( ,! ,motion ( ,fluids1 says1 page #bdf1 c4 ,& "h x may be rem>k$1 t x is m prejudicial to heal? to sit ne> a w9d[ or door1 9 a room :]e !re are _m c&les & a fire1 ?an 9 a room )\t2 = ! consumption ( air !reby occasion$1 w always be v consid]able1 & ?is mu/ necess>ily be replac$ by cold air f )\t4 ,d[n ! *imney c ent] none1 ! /ream ( w>m air always aris+ !re9 absolutely =bids x1 ! supply mu/ !re=e come 9 :]ev] o!r op5+s %all be f\nd4 ,if ^! happ5 to be small1 let ^? :o sit ne> !m bew>e2 ! small] ! floodgate1 ! sm>t] w be ! /ream4 ,0 a man1 ev5 9 a sweat1 to leap into a cold ba?1 or jump f 8 w>m b$1 9 ! int5se/ cold1 ev5 9 a fro/1 provid$ he d n cont9ue ov]-long !re91 & be 9 heal? :5 he does ?is1 we see by exp]i5ce t he gets no h>m4 ,if he sits a little :ile aga9/ a w9d[1 into :i* a successive curr5t ( cold air comes1 8 pores are clos$1 & he gets a fev]4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! %ock ! body endures1 is g5]al1 uni=m1 & !re=e less fi]ce2 9 ! o!r1 a s+le "p1 a neck1 or e> p]*ance1 is attack$1 & t ) ! great] viol5ce probably1 z x is done by a successive /ream ( cold air4 ,& ! cannon ( a batt]y1 po9t$ aga9/ a s+le "p ( a ba/ion1 w easi] make a brea* ?an 7 !y direct$ to play s+ly ^u ! :ole face1 & w admit ! enemy mu* soon] into ! t[n4 ,t w>m rooms1 & keep+ ! body w>m 9 w9t]1 are means ( prev5t+ su* diseases1 take ! op9ion ( t le>n$ ,italian physician ,anton9o ,p>cio1 9 ! preface to 8 tract de ,militis ,sanitate tu5da1 :]e1 speak+ ( a p>ticul> wet & cold w9t]1 rem>kable at ,v5ice = its sickl9ess1 he says1 ,popul>is autem pleuritis qu ,v5etiis sviit m5sibus ,dec4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ex cli1 arisque inclem5tia facta e/1 quod non habeant hypocau/a /ove-rooms quod non soliciti sunt ,itali omnes de auribus1 temporibus1 collo1 totoque corpore def5d5dis ab injuriis aris2 et tegm9a domorum ,v5eti disponant p>um incl9ata1 ut nives diutius p]maneant sup] tegm9a4 ,e contra1 ,g]mani1 qui exp]iuntur cli inclem5tiam1 p]didic]e sese def5d]e ab aris injuria4 ,tecta con/ruunt multum incl9ata1 ut decidant nives4 ,g]mani abundant lignis1 domusque hypocau/is2 =is autem inc$unt pannis pellibus1 gossipio1 b5e meh]cule loricati atque muniti4 ,9 ,bav>ia int]rogabam 7curiositate motus vid5di ,g]maniam7 quot nam elapsis m5sibus pleuritide vel p]ipneumonia fuiss5t absumti3 dicebant vix unus aut alt] illis temporibus pleuritide fuit correptus4 ,! great ,dr4 ,bo]haave1 ^: au?ority alone might be suffici5t1 9 8 ,aphorisms1 m5tions1 z "o antec$5t cause ( pleurisies1 ,a cold air1 driv5 viol5tly ?r\gh "s n>r[ passage ^u ! body1 ov]heat$ by lab\r or fire4 ,! ea/]n physicians agree ) ! ,europeans 9 ?is po9t2 witness ! ,*9ese treatise entitl$1 ,ts*ang s5g2 i4e4 ,! ,art ( procur+ ,heal? & long ,life1 z translat$ 9 ,p]e ,du ,halde's acc\nt ( ,*9a1 :i* has ?is passage4 ,z1 ( all ! passions :i* ruffle u1 ang] does ! mo/ mis*ief1 s ( all ! malignant affections ( ! air1 a w9d t comes ?r\gh any n>r[ passage1 :i* is cold & pi]c+1 is mo/ dang]\s2 & com+ ^u u unaw>es ins9uates itself into ! body1 (t5 caus+ griev\s diseases4 ,x %\ld !re=e be avoid$1 accord+ to ! advice ( ! anci5t prov]b1 z c>efully z ! po9t ( an arr[4 ,^! mis*iefs are avoid$ by ! use ( ! new-inv5t$ fire-places1 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 #df ,! %utt] is slid up & d[n 9 ?is mann]1 only 9 ^? fire-places :i* are s made z t ! di/ance betwe5 ! top ( ! ar*$ op5+1 & ! bottom plate1 is ! same z ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! top plate4 ,:]e ! ar* is high]1 z x is 9 ! draught annex$ 7:i* is agreeable to ! la/ improvem5ts7 ! %utt] is set by1 & appli$ occasionally2 because if x 7 made deep en\gh to close ! :ole op5+ :5 slid d[n1 x w\ld hide "p ( x :5 up4 #dg ,my ,"l ,moleswor?1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,d5m>k1 says1 ,t few or none ( ! p !re are tr\bl$ ) c\ghs1 cat>rhs1 consumptions1 or su* l diseases ( ! lungs2 s t 9 ! mid/ ( w9t] 9 ! *ur*es1 :i* are v mu* frequ5t$1 !re is no noise to int]rupt ! att5tion due to ! prea*]4 ,i am p]suad$ 7says he7 _! w>m /oves contribute to _! fre$om f ^! k9d ( maladies4 page #ia4 #dh ,p :o h us$ ^! fire-places1 diff] mu* 9 _! acc\nts ( ! wood sav$ by !m4 ,"s say five-six?s1 o!rs ?ree-f\r?s1 & o!rs mu* less4 ,?is is ow+ to ! great diff]5ce !re 0 9 _! =m] fires2 "s 7accord+ to ! diff]5t circum/ances ( _! rooms & *imneys7 hav+ be5 us$ to make v l>ge1 o!rs middl+1 & o!rs1 ( a m sp>+ temp]1 v small ones3 :ile 9 ^! fire-places 7_! size & draught be+ ne>ly ! same71 ! consumption is m equal4 ,i suppose1 tak+ a numb] ( families toge!r1 t two-?irds1 or half ! wood1 at lea/1 is sav$4 ,my common room1 ,i "k1 is made ?rice z w>m z x us$ to be1 ) a qu>t] ( ! wood ,i =m]ly consum$ !re4 #di ,mr4 ,boyle1 9 8 exp]im5ts & obs]vations ^u cold1 ,%aw's ,abridgem5t1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #fhd1 says1 ,x is rem>kable1 t :ile ! cold has /range & tragical effects at ,mosc[1 & else:]e1 ! ,russians & ,livonians %\ld be exempt f !m1 :o accu/om !mselves to pass imm$iately f a great degree ( heat1 to z great an "o ( cold1 )\t receiv+ any visible prejudice !reby4 ,i rememb] be+ told by a p]son ( unque/ionable cr$it1 t x 0 a common practice among !m1 to g f a hot /ove1 into cold wat]2 ! same 0 also affirm$ to me by ano!r :o resid$ at ,mosc[4 ,?is tradition is likewise abundantly confirm$ by ,ole>ius4--,x is a surpris+ ?+1 says he1 to see h[ f> ! ,russians c endure heat2 & h[1 :5 x makes !m ready to fa9t1 !y c g out ( _! /oves1 />k nak$1 bo? m5 & wom51 & ?r[ !mselves into cold wat]2 & ev5 9 w9t] wall[ 9 ! sn[4 #ej ,see page #bdj1 :]e ! trap-door is describ$ t ought to be 9 ?is clos+4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,+5hausz1 ,,physician ,,to ,,! ,,emp]or1 ,,at ,,vi5na#ea4 ,on ! ,causes & ,cure ( ,smoky ,*imnies4 ,at ,sea1 ,aug41 #bh1 #aghe4 ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,9 "o ( y\r lett]s1 a little be=e ,i left ,france1 y desire me to give y 9 writ+ my ?\ghts ^u ! con/ruction & use ( *imneys1 a subject y _h sometimes he>d me t\* ^u 9 conv]sation4 ,i embrace will+ly ?is leisure af=d$ by my pres5t situation to comply ) y\r reque/1 z x w n only %[ my reg>d to ! desires ( a fri5d1 b may at ! same "t be ( "s utility to o!rs2 ! doctr9e ( *imneys appe>+ n to be z yet g5]ally well und]/ood1 & mi/akes respect+ !m be+ att5d$ ) con/ant inconv5i5ce1 if n rem$i$1 & ) fruitless exp5ce1 if ! true rem$ies are mi/ak54 ,^? :o w\ld be acqua9t$ ) ?is subject %\ld beg9 by consid]+ on :at pr9ciple smoke asc5ds 9 any *imney4 ,at fir/ _m are apt to ?9k t smoke is 9 its nature & ( itself specifically light] ?an air1 & rises 9 x = ! same reason t cork rises 9 wat]4 ,^! see no case :y smoke %\ld n rise 9 ! *imney1 ?\gh ! room be ev] s close4 ,o!rs ?9k !re is a p[] 9 *imneys to draw up ! smoke1 & t !re are diff]5t =ms ( *imneys :i* af=d m or less ( ?is p[]4 ,^! amuse !mselves ) se>*+ = ! be/ =m4 ,! equal dim5sions ( a funnel 9 its :ole l5g? is n ?\ght artificial en\gh1 & x is made1 = fanci$ reasons1 sometimes tap]+ & n>r[+ f bel[ upw>ds1 & sometimes ! contr>y1 c4 c4 ,a simple exp]im5t or two may s]ve to give m correct ideas4 ,hav+ lit a pipe ( tobacco1 plunge ! /em to ! bottom ( a decant] half fill$ ) cold wat]2 !n putt+ a rag ov] ! b[l1 bl[ ?r\gh x & make ! smoke desc5d 9 ! /em ( ! pipe1 f ! end ( :i* x w rise 9 bubbles ?r\gh ! wat]2 & be+ ?us cool$1 w n aft]w>ds rise to g out ?r\gh ! neck ( ! decant]1 b rema9 spread+ itself & re/+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is %[s t smoke is really heavi] ?an air1 & t x is c>ri$ upw>ds only :5 atta*$ to1 or act$ ^u1 by air t is heat$1 & !reby r>efi$ & r5d]$ specifically light] ?an ! air 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,smoke be+ r>ely se5 b 9 company ) heat$ air1 & its upw>d motion be+ visible1 ?\gh t ( ! r>efi$ air t drives x is n s1 has naturally giv5 rise to ! error4 ,i ne$ n expla9 to y1 my le>n$ fri5d1 :at is meant by r>efi$ air2 b if y make ! public use y propose ( ?is lett]1 x may fall into ! h&s ( "s :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! t]m & ) ! ?+4 ,^! !n may be told1 t air is a fluid :i* has weight z well z o!rs1 ?\gh ab\t eight hundr$ times light] ?an wat]4 ,t heat makes ! p>ticles ( air rec$e f ea* o!r & take up m space1 s t ! same weight ( air heat$ w h m bulk1 ?an equal weights ( cold air :i* may surr\nd x1 & 9 t case mu/ rise1 be+ =c$ upw>ds by su* cold] & heavi] air1 :i* presses to get "u x & take its place4 ,t air is s r>efi$ or exp&$ by heat may be prov$ to _! compreh5sion1 by a lank bl[n bladd]1 :i*1 laid be=e a fire1 w soon swell1 gr[ tight & bur/4 ,illu/ration3 7rem$ies = smoky *imnies7 ,plate ,,ix4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bfi4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,ano!r exp]im5t may be to take a glass tube ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & twelve in*es long1 op5 at bo? ends & fix$ upright on legs1 s t x ne$ n be h&l$1 = ! h&s might w>m x4 ,at ! end ( a quill fa/5 five or six in*es ( ! f9e/ light filam5t ( silk1 s t x may be held ei!r above ! upp] end ( ! tube or "u ! l[] end1 y\r w>m h& be+ at a di/ance by ! l5g? ( ! quill4 7,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #a47 ,if !re 7 any motion ( air ?r\gh ! tube1 x w\ld manife/ itself by its effect on ! silk2 b if ! tube & ! air 9 x are ( ! same temp]ature ) ! surr\nd+ air1 !re w be no su* motion1 :atev] may be ! =m ( ! tube1 :e!r crook$ or /rait1 n>r[ bel[ & wid5+ upw>ds1 or ! contr>y2 ! air 9 x w be quiesc5t4 ,w>m ! tube1 & y w f9d1 z long z x cont9ues w>m1 a con/ant curr5t ( air ent]+ bel[ & pass+ up ?r\gh x1 till dis*>g$ at ! top2 because ! w>m? ( ! tube be+ communicat$ to ! air x conta9s r>efies t air & makes x light] ?an ! air )\t1 :i* !re=e presses 9 bel[1 =ces x upw>ds1 & foll[s & takes its place1 & is r>efi$ 9 its turn4 ,&1 )\t w>m+ ! tube1 if y hold "u x a knob ( hot iron1 ! air !reby heat$ w rise & fill ! tube1 go+ out at its top1 & ?is motion 9 ! tube w cont9ue z long z ! knob rema9s hot1 because ! air ent]+ ! tube bel[ is heat$ & r>efi$ by pass+ ne> & ov] t knob4 ,t ?is motion is produc$ m]ely by ! diff]5ce ( specific gravity betwe5 ! fluid )9 & t )\t ! tube1 & n by any fanci$ =m ( ! tube itself1 may appe> by plung+ x into wat] conta9$ 9 a glass j> a foot deep1 ?r\gh :i* su* motion might be se54 ,! wat] )9 & )\t ! tube be+ ( ! same specific gravity1 balance ea* o!r1 & bo? rema9 at re/4 ,b take out ! tube1 /op its bottom ) a f+] & fill x ) olive oil1 :i* is light] ?an wat]1 !n /opp+ ! top1 place x z be=e1 its l[] end "u wat]1 its top a v little above4 ,z long z y keep ! bottom /opt1 ! fluids rema9 at re/1 b ! mom5t x is un/opt1 ! heavi] ent]s bel[1 =ces up ! light]1 & takes its place4 ,& ! motion !n ceases1 m]ely because ! new fluid _c be successively made light]1 z air may be by a w>m tube4 ,9 fact1 no =m ( ! funnel ( a *imney has any %>e 9 its op]ation or effect respect+ smoke1 except its height4 ,! long] ! funnel1 if erect1 ! great] its =ce :5 fill$ ) heat$ & r>efi$ air1 to draw 9 bel[ & drive up ! smoke1 if "o may1 9 compliance ) cu/om1 use ! expression draw1 :5 9 fact x is ! sup]ior weight ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e t presses to ent] ! funnel bel[1 & s drives up be=e x ! smoke & w>m air x meets ) 9 its passage4 ,i h be5 ! m p>ticul> 9 expla9+ ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 because1 = want ( cle> ideas respect+ !m1 mu* fruitless exp5ce has be5 occasion$2 n only s+le *imneys1 b 9 "s in/ances1 )9 my k1 :ole /acks hav+ be5 pull$ d[n & rebuilt ) funnels ( diff]5t =ms1 imag9$ m p[]ful 9 draw+ smoke2 b hav+ /ill ! same height & ! same op5+ bel[1 h p]=m$ no bett] ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,:at is x !n :i* makes a smoky *imney1 t is1 a *imney :i*1 in/ead ( convey+ up all ! smoke1 dis*>ges a "p ( x into ! room1 (f5d+ ! eyes & damag+ ! furniture8 ,! causes ( ?is effect1 :i* h fall5 "u my obs]vation1 am\nt to n9e1 diff]+ f ea* o!r1 & !re=e requir+ diff]5t rem$ies4 #a4 ,smoky *imneys 9 a new h\se1 are su*1 frequ5tly f m]e want ( air4 ,! workman%ip ( ! rooms be+ all good1 & j out ( ! workman's h&1 ! jo9ts ( ! bo>ds ( ! floor+1 & ( ! pannels ( wa9scott+ are all true & tight1 ! m s z ! walls1 p]haps n yet ?or\ghly dry1 pres]ve a dampness 9 ! air ( ! room :i* keeps ! wood-"w swell$ & close4 ,! doors & ! sa%es too1 be+ work$ ) tru?1 %ut ) exactness1 s t ! room is z tight z a snuff-box1 no passage be+ left op5 = air to ent]1 except ! key-hole1 & ev5 t is sometimes cov]$ by a little dropp+ %utt]4 ,n[ if smoke _c rise b z connect$ ) r>efi$ air1 & a column ( su* air1 suppose x fill+ ! funnel1 _c rise1 unless o!r air be admitt$ to supply its place2 & if1 !re=e1 no curr5t ( air ent] ! op5+ ( ! *imney1 !re is no?+ to prev5t ! smoke com+ out into ! room4 ,if ! motion upw>ds ( ! air 9 a *imney t is freely suppli$1 be obs]v$ by ! ris+ ( ! smoke or a fea!r 9 x1 & x be consid]$ t 9 ! "t su* fea!r takes 9 ris+ f ! fire to ! top ( ! *imney1 a column ( air equal to ! cont5t ( ! funnel mu/ be dis*>g$1 & an equal quantity suppli$ f ! room bel[1 x w appe> absolutely impossible t ?is op]ation %\ld g on if ! tight room is kept %ut2 = 7 !re any =ce capable ( draw+ con/antly s mu* air out ( x1 x mu/ soon be exhau/$ l ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & no animal c\ld live 9 x4 ,^? !re=e :o /op e crevice 9 a room to prev5t ! admission ( fre% air1 & yet w\ld h _! *imney c>ry up ! smoke1 require inconsi/5cies1 & expect impossibilities4 ,yet "u ?is situation1 ,i h se5 ! own] ( a new h\se1 9 despair1 & ready to sell x = mu* less ?an x co/1 conceiv+ x un9habitable1 because n a *imney 9 any "o ( its rooms w\ld c>ry (f ! smoke1 unless a door or w9d[ 7 left op54 ,mu* exp5ce has also be5 made1 to alt] & am5d new *imneys :i* _h really no fault2 9 "o h\se p>ticul>ly t ,i knew1 ( a nobleman 9 ,we/m9/]1 t exp5ce am\nt$ to no less ?an ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 aft] 8 h\se _h be51 z he ?\ght1 f9i%$ & all *>ges paid4 ,& aft] all1 sev]al ( ! alt]ations 7 ineffectual1 = want ( und]/&+ ! true pr9ciples4 ,rem$ies4 ,:5 y f9d on trial1 t op5+ ! door or a w9d[1 enables ! *imney to c>ry up all ! smoke1 y may be sure t want ( air f )\t1 0 ! cause ( its smok+4 ,i say f )\t1 to gu>d y aga9/ a common mi/ake ( ^? :o may tell y1 ! room is l>ge1 conta9s abundance ( air1 suffici5t to supply any *imney1 & !re=e x _c be t ! *imney wants air4 ,^! reason]s are ignorant1 t ! l>g5ess ( a room1 if tight1 is 9 ?is case ( small importance1 s9ce x _c "p ) a *imney full ( its air )\t occasion+ s mu* vacuum2 :i* x requires a great =ce to effect1 & c\ld n be borne if effect$4 ,x appe>+ pla9ly1 !n1 t "s ( ! outw>d air mu/ be admitt$1 ! "q w be1 h[ mu* is absolutely necess>y2 = y w\ld avoid admitt+ m1 z be+ contr>y to "o ( y\r int5tions 9 hav+ a fire1 viz4 t ( w>m+ y\r room4 ,to discov] ?is quantity1 %ut ! door gradually :ile a middl+ fire is burn+1 till y f9d t1 be=e x is q %ut1 ! smoke beg9s to come out into ! room1 !n op5 x a little till y p]ceive ! smoke comes out no long]4 ,!re hold ! door1 & obs]ve ! wid? ( ! op5 crevice betwe5 ! edge ( ! door & ! rabbit x %\ld %ut into4 ,suppose ! di/ance to be half an in*1 & ! door eight feet high1 y f9d !nce t y\r room requires an entrance = air equal 9 area to n9ety-six half in*es1 or =ty-eight squ>e in*es1 or a passage ( six in*es by eight4 ,?is h[ev] is a l>ge supposition1 !re be+ few *imneys1 t1 hav+ a mod]ate op5+ & a tol]able height ( funnel1 w n be satisfi$ ) su* a crevice ( a qu>t] ( an in*2 & ,i h f\nd a squ>e ( six by six1 or ?irty-six squ>e in*es1 to be a pretty good m$ium1 t w s]ve = mo/ *imneys4 ,high funnels1 ) small & l[ op5+s1 may inde$ be suppli$ ?ro' a less space1 because1 = reasons t w appe> h]eaft]1 ! =ce ( levity1 if "o may s speak1 be+ great] 9 su* funnels1 ! cool air ent]s ! room ) great] velocity1 & consequ5tly m ent]s 9 ! same "t4 ,?is h[ev] has its limits2 = exp]i5ce %[s1 t no increas$ velocity1 s occasion$1 has made ! admission ( air ?r\gh ! key-hole equal 9 quantity to t ?r\gh an op5 door2 ?\gh ?r\gh ! door ! curr5t moves sl[ly1 & ?r\gh ! key-hole ) great rapidity4 ,x rema9s !n to be consid]$ h[ & :]e ?is necess>y quantity ( air f )\t is to be admitt$ s z to be lea/ inconv5i5t4 ,= if at ! door1 left s mu* op51 ! air !nce proce$s directly to ! *imney1 & 9 its way comes cold to y\r back & heels z y sit be=e y\r fire4 ,if y keep ! door %ut1 & raise a little ! sa% ( y\r w9d[1 y feel ! same inconv5i5ce4 ,v>i\s h be5 ! contrivances to avoid ?is1 su* z br++ 9 fre% air ?r\gh pipes 9 ! jams ( ! *imney1 :i*1 po9t+ upw>ds1 %\ld bl[ ! smoke up ! funnel2 op5+ passages into ! funnel above1 to let 9 air = ! same purpose4 ,b ^! produce an effect contr>y to t int5d$3 = z x is ! con/ant curr5t ( air pass+ f ! room ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! *imney into ! funnel :i* prev5ts ! smoke com+ out into ! room1 if y supply ! funnel by o!r means or 9 o!r ways ) ! air x wants1 & especially if t air be cold1 y dim9i% ! =ce ( t curr5t1 & ! smoke 9 its ef=t to ent] ! room f9ds less resi/ance4 ,! want$ air mu/ !n indisp5sably be admitt$ into ! room1 to supply :at goes (f ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! *imney4 ,m4 ,gaug]1 a v +5i\s & intellig5t ,fr5* writ] on ! subject1 proposes ) judgm5t to admit x above ! op5+ ( ! *imney2 & to prev5t inconv5i5ce f its coldness1 he directs its be+ made to pass 9 its entrance ?r\gh w9d+ cavities made beh9d ! iron back & sides ( ! fire-place1 & "u ! iron he>?-plate2 9 :i* cavities x w be w>m$1 & ev5 heat$1 s z to contribute mu*1 in/ead ( cool+1 to ! w>m+ ( ! room4 ,?is inv5tion is excell5t 9 itself1 & may be us$ ) advantage 9 build+ new h\ses2 because ! *imneys may !n be s dispos$1 z to admit conv5i5tly ! cold air to ent] su* passages3 b 9 h\ses built )\t su* views1 ! *imneys are (t5 s situat$1 z n to af=d t conv5i5ce1 )\t great & exp5sive alt]ations4 ,easy & *eap me?ods1 ?\gh n q s p]fect 9 !mselves1 are ( m g5]al utility2 & su* are ! foll[+4 ,9 all rooms :]e !re is a fire1 ! body ( air w>m$ & r>efi$ be=e ! *imney is cont9ually *ang+ place1 & mak+ room = o!r air t is to be w>m$ 9 its turn4 ,"p ( x ent]s & goes up ! *imney1 & ! re/ rises & takes place ne> ! ceil+4 ,if ! room be l(ty1 t w>m air rema9s above our heads z long z x cont9ues w>m1 & we are little b5efit$ by x1 because x does n desc5d till x is cool]4 ,few c imag9e ! diff]5ce ( climate betwe5 ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( su* a room1 :o h n tri$ x by ! !rmomet]1 or by go+ up a ladd] till _! heads are ne> ! ceil+4 ,x is !n among ?is w>m air t ! want$ quantity ( outw>d air is be/ admitt$1 ) :i* be+ mix$1 its coldness is abat$1 & its inconv5i5ce dim9i%$ s z to become sc>ce obs]vable4 ,?is may be easily done1 by draw+ d[n ab\t an in* ! upp] sa% ( a w9d[2 or1 if n moveable1 by cutt+ su* a crevice ?r\gh its frame2 9 bo? :i* cases1 x w be well to place a ?9 %elf ( ! l5g?1 to conceal ! op5+1 & slop+ upw>ds to direct ! ent]+ air horizontally along & "u ! ceil+4 ,9 "s h\ses ! air may be admitt$ by su* a crevice made 9 ! wa9scot1 corni% or pla/]+1 ne> ! ceil+ & ov] ! op5+ ( ! *imney4 ,?is1 if practicable1 is to be *os51 because ! ent]+ cold air w !re meet ) ! w>me/ ris+ air f be=e ! fire1 & be soone/ temp]$ by ! mixture4 ,! same k9d ( %elf %\ld also be plac$ "h4 ,ano!r way1 & n a v difficult "o1 is to take out an upp] pane ( glass 9 "o ( y\r sa%es1 set 9 a t9 frame1 7,plate1 ,fig4 #b47 giv+ x two spr++ angul> sides1 & !n replac+ x1 ) h+es bel[ on :i* x may be turn$ to op5 m or less above4 ,x w !n h ! appe>ance ( an int]nal sky light4 ,by draw+ ?is pane 91 m or less1 y may admit :at air y f9d necess>y4 ,its position w naturally ?r[ t air up & along ! ceil+4 ,?is is :at is call$ 9 ,france a ,0 i/ das8 ,z ?is is a ,g]man "q1 ! inv5tion is probably ( t nation1 & takes its "n f ! frequ5t ask+ ( t "q :5 x fir/ appe>$4 ,9 ,engl&1 "s h ( late ye>s cut a r\nd hole ab\t five in*es diamet] 9 a pane ( ! sa% & plac$ aga9/ x a circul> plate ( t9 hung on an axis1 & cut into vanes1 :i*1 be+ sep>ately b5t a little obliquely1 are act$ ^u by ! ent]+ air1 s z to =ce ! plate cont9ually r\nd l ! vanes ( a w9dmill4 ,?is admits ! outw>d air1 & by ! cont9ual :irl+ ( ! vanes1 does 9 "s degree disp]se x4 ,! noise only1 is a little inconv5i5t4 #b4 ,a second cause ( ! smok+ ( *imneys is1 _! op5+s 9 ! room be+ too l>ge2 t is1 too wide1 too high1 or bo?4 ,ar*itects 9 g5]al h no o!r ideas ( proportion 9 ! op5+ ( a *imney1 ?an :at relate to symmetry & beauty1 respect+ ! dim5sions ( ! room2#eb :ile its true proportion1 respect+ its function & utility dep5ds on q o!r pr9ciples2 & !y might z prop]ly proportion ! /ep 9 a /air-case to ! height ( ! /ory1 in/ead ( ! natural elevation ( m5's legs 9 m\nt+4 ,! proportion !n to be reg>d$1 is :at relates to ! height ( ! funnel4 ,= z ! funnels 9 ! diff]5t /ories ( a h\se are necess>ily ( diff]5t heights or l5g?s1 t f ! l[e/ floor be+ ! highe/ or longe/1 & ^? ( ! o!r floors %ort] & %ort]1 till we come to ^? 9 ! g>rets1 :i* are ( c\rse ! %orte/2 & ! =ce ( draft be+1 z already said1 9 proportion to ! height ( funnel fill$ ) r>efi$ air2 & a curr5t ( air f ! room into ! *imney1 suffici5t to fill ! op5+1 be+ necess>y to oppose & prev5t ! smoke com+ out into ! room2 x foll[s1 t ! op5+s ( ! longe/ funnels may be l>g]1 & t ^? ( ! %ort] funnels %\ld be small]4 ,= if !re be a l>ge op5+ to a *imney t does n draw /rongly1 ! funnel may happ5 to be furni%$ ) ! air x dem&s by a p>tial curr5t ent]+ on "o side ( ! op5+1 &1 leav+ ! o!r side free ( any oppos+ curr5t1 may p]mit ! smoke to issue !re into ! room4 ,mu* too ( ! =ce ( draft 9 a funnel dep5ds on ! degree ( r>efaction 9 ! air x conta9s1 & t dep5ds on ! ne>ness to ! fire ( its passage 9 ent]+ ! funnel4 ,if x c ent] f> f ! fire on ea* side1 or f> above ! fire 9 a wide or high op5+1 x receives little heat 9 pass+ by ! fire1 & ! cont5ts ( ! funnel is by t means less diff]5t 9 levity f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & its =ce 9 draw+ consequ5tly weak]4 ,h5ce if too l>ge an op5+ be giv5 to *imneys 9 upp] rooms1 ^? rooms w be smoky3 on ! o!r h&1 if too small op5+s be giv5 to *imneys 9 ! l[] rooms1 ! ent]+ air1 op]at+ too directly & viol5tly on ! fire1 & aft]w>ds /r5g!n+ ! draft z x asc5ds ! funnel1 w consume ! fuel too rapidly4 ,rem$y4 ,z diff]5t circum/ances frequ5tly mix !mselves 9 ^! matt]s1 x is difficult to give precise dim5sions = ! op5+s ( all *imneys4 ,our fa!rs made !m g5]ally mu* too l>ge2 we h less5$ !m2 b !y are (t5 /ill ( great] dim5sion ?an !y %\ld be1 ! human eye n be+ easily reconcil$ to sudd5 & great *anges4 ,if y suspect t y\r *imney smokes f ! too great dim5sion ( its op5+1 contract x by plac+ moveable bo>ds s z to l[] & n>r[ x gradually1 till y f9d ! smoke no long] issues into ! room4 ,! proportion s f\nd w be t :i* is prop] = t *imney1 & y may employ ! bricklay] or mason to r$uce x accord+ly4 ,h[ev]1 z1 9 build+ new h\ses1 some?+ mu/ be sometimes haz>d$1 ,i w\ld make ! op5+s 9 my l[] rooms ab\t ?irty in*es squ>e & eighte5 deep1 & ^? 9 ! upp]1 only eighte5 in*es squ>e & n q s deep2 ! int]m$iate ones dim9i%+ 9 proportion z ! height ( funnel dim9i%$4 ,9 ! l>g] op5+s1 billets ( two feet long1 or half ! common l5g? ( cordwood1 may be burnt conv5i5tly2 & = ! small]1 su* wood may be saw$ into ?irds4 ,:]e coals are ! fuel1 ! grates w be proportion$ to ! op5+s4 ,! same dep? is ne>ly necess>y to all1 ! funnels be+ all made ( a size prop] to admit a *imney-sweep]4 ,if 9 l>ge & elegant rooms cu/om or fancy %\ld require ! appe>ance ( a l>g] *imney1 x may be =m$ ( exp5sive m>g9al decorations1 9 m>ble1 c4 ,9 "t p]haps1 t :i* is fitte/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s may come to be ?\ght h&some/4 ,b at pres5t1 :5 m5 & wom5 9 diff]5t c\ntries %[ !mselves dissatisfi$ ) ! =ms ,god has giv5 to _! heads1 wai/s & feet1 & pret5d to %ape !m m p]fectly1 x is h>dly to be expect$ t !y w be cont5t always ) ! be/ =m ( a *imney4 ,& !re are "s1 ,i "k1 s bigott$ to ! fancy ( a l>ge noble op5+1 t r ?an *ange x1 !y w\ld submit to h damag$ furniture1 sore eyes1 & sk9s almo/ smok$ to bacon4 #c4 ,ano!r cause ( smoky *imneys is1 too %ort a funnel4 ,?is happ5s necess>ily 9 "s cases1 z :]e a *imney is requir$ 9 a l[ build+2 =1 if ! funnel be rais$ high above ! ro(1 9 ord] to /r5g!n its draft1 x is !n 9 dang] ( be+ bl[n d[n1 & cru%+ ! ro( 9 its fall4 ,rem$ies4 ,contract ! op5+ ( ! *imney1 s z to oblige all ! ent]+ air to pass ?r\gh or v ne> ! fire2 :]eby x w be m heat$ & r>efi$1 ! funnel itself be m w>m$1 & its cont5ts h m ( :at may be call$ ! =ce ( levity1 s z to rise /rongly & ma9ta9 a good draft at ! op5+4 ,or y may 9 "s cases1 to advantage1 build additional /ories ov] ! l[ build+1 :i* w support a high funnel4 ,if ! l[ build+ be us$ z a kit*51 & a contraction ( ! op5+ !re=e inconv5i5t1 a l>ge "o be+ necess>y1 at lea/ :5 !re are great d9n]s1 = ! free managem5t ( s _m cook+ ut5sils2 9 su* case1 ,i w\ld advise ! build+ ( two m funnels jo9+ to ! fir/1 & hav+ ?ree mod]ate op5+s1 "o to ea* funnel1 in/ead ( "o l>ge "o4 ,:5 !re is occasion to use b "o1 ! o!r two may be kept %ut by slid+ plates1 h]eaft] to be describ$2#ec & two or all ( !m may be us$ toge!r :5 want$4 ,?is w inde$ be an exp5ce1 b n an useless "o1 s9ce y\r cooks w "w ) m com=t1 see bett] ?an 9 a smoky kit*5 :at !y are ab\t1 y\r victuals w be clean] dress$1 & n ta/e ( smoke1 z is (t5 ! case2 & to r5d] ! effect m c]ta91 a /ack ( ?ree funnels may be safely built high] above ! ro( ?an a s+le funnel4 ,! case ( too %ort a funnel is m g5]al ?an w\ld be imag9$1 & (t5 f\nd :]e "o w\ld n expect x4 ,= x is n uncommon1 9 ill-contriv$ build+s1 in/ead ( hav+ a funnel = ea* room or fire-place1 to b5d & turn ! funnel ( an upp] room s z to make x ent] ! side ( ano!r funnel t comes f bel[4 ,by ?is means ! upp] room funnel is made %ort ( c\rse1 s9ce its l5g? c only be reckon$ f ! place :]e x ent]s ! l[] room funnel2 & t funnel is also %ort5$ by all ! di/ance betwe5 ! entrance ( ! second funnel & ! top ( ! /ack3 = all t "p be+ readily suppli$ ) air ?r\gh ! second funnel1 adds no /r5g? to ! draught1 especially z t air is cold :5 !re is no fire 9 ! second *imney4 ,! only easy rem$y "h is1 to keep ! op5+ %ut ( t funnel 9 :i* !re is no fire4 #d4 ,ano!r v common cause ( ! smok+ ( *imneys1 is1 _! ov]p[]+ "o ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 if !re be two *imneys 9 "o l>ge room1 & y make fires 9 bo? ( !m1 ! doors & w9d[s close %ut1 y w f9d t ! great] & /rong] fire %all ov]p[] ! weak]1 & draw air d[n its funnel to supply its own dem&2 :i* air desc5d+ 9 ! weak] funnel w drive d[n its smoke1 & =ce x into ! room4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ 9 "o room1 ! two *imneys are 9 two diff]5t rooms1 communicat+ by a door1 ! case is ! same :5ev] t door is op54 ,9 a v tight h\se1 ,i h kn[n a kit*5 *imney on ! l[e/ floor1 :5 x _h a great fire 91 x1 ov]p[] any o!r *imney 9 ! h\se1 & draw air & smoke into its room1 z (t5 z ! door 0 op5$ communicat+ ) ! /air-case4 ,rem$y4 ,take c>e t e room has ! means ( supply+ itself f )\t1 ) ! air its *imney may require1 s t no "o ( !m may be oblig$ to borr[ f ano!r1 nor "u ! necessity ( l5d+4 ,a v>iety ( ^! means h be5 already describ$4 #e4 ,ano!r cause ( smok+ is1 :5 ! tops ( *imneys are comm&$ by high] build+s1 or by a hill1 s t ! w9d bl[+ ov] su* em95ces falls l wat] ov] a dam1 sometimes almo/ p]p5dicul>ly on ! tops ( ! *imneys t lie 9 its way1 & beats d[n ! smoke conta9$ 9 !m4 ,rem$y4 ,t commonly appli$ to ?is case1 is a turncap made ( t9 or plate iron1 cov]+ ! *imney above & on ?ree sides1 op5 on "o side1 turn+ on a sp9dle1 & :i*1 be+ guid$ or gov]n$ by a vane1 always pres5ts its back to ! curr5t4 ,?is ,i believe may be g5]ally effectual1 ?\gh n c]ta91 z !re may be cases 9 :i* x w n succe$4 ,rais+ y\r funnels1 if practicable1 s z _! tops may be high]1 or at lea/ equal ) ! comm&+ em95ce1 is m to be dep5d$ on4 ,b ! turn+ cap1 be+ easi] & *eap]1 %\ld fir/ be tri$4 ,if oblig$ to build 9 su* a situation1 ,i w\ld *use to place my doors on ! side next ! hill1 & ! backs ( my *imneys on ! fur!/ side2 = !n ! column ( air fall+ ov] ! em95ce1 & ( c\rse press+ on t bel[ & =c+ x to ent] ! doors or ,0 i/ dases on t side1 w\ld t5d to balance ! pressure d[n ! *imneys1 & leave ! funnels m free 9 ! ex]cise ( _! functions4 #f4 ,!re is ano!r case ( comm&1 ! rev]se ( t la/ m5tion$4 ,x is :]e ! comm&+ em95ce is f>!r f ! w9d ?an ! *imney comm&$4 ,to expla9 ?is a figure may be necess>y4 ,suppose !n a build+ ^: side ,a happ5s to be expos$ to ! w9d1 & =ms a k9d ( dam aga9/ its progress4 7,plate1 ,figure #c47 ,! air ob/ruct$ by ?is dam w1 l wat]1 press & se>* = passages ?r\gh x2 & f9d+ ! top ( ! *imney ,b1 bel[ ! top ( ! dam1 x w =ce itself d[n t funnel1 9 ord] to get ?r\gh by "s door or w9d[ op5 on ! o!r side ( ! build+4 ,& if !re be a fire 9 su* *imney1 its smoke is ( c\rse beat d[n1 & fills ! room4 ,rem$y4 ,i "k ( b "o1 :i* is to raise su* funnel high] ?an ! ro(1 support+ x1 if necess>y by iron b>s4 ,= a turn-cap 9 ?is case has no effect1 ! damm$ up air press+ d[n ?r\gh x 9 :atev] position ! w9d may h plac$ its op5+4 ,i "k a city 9 :i* _m h\ses are r5d]$ smoky by ?is op]ation4 ,= _! kit*5s be+ built beh9d1 & connect$ by a passage ) ! h\ses1 & ! tops ( ! kit*5 *imneys l[] ?an ! top ( ! h\ses1 ! :ole side ( a /reet1 :5 ! w9d bl[s aga9/ its back1 =ms su* a dam1 z above describ$2 & ! w9d1 s ob/ruct$1 =ces d[n ^? kit*5 *imneys 7especially :5 !y h b weak fires 9 !m7 to pass ?r\gh ! passage & h\se into ! /reet4 ,kit*5 *imneys1 s =m$ & situat$1 h ano!r inconv5i5ce4 ,9 summ]1 if y op5 y\r upp] room w9d[s = air1 a light breeze bl[+ ov] y\r kit*5 *imney t[>ds ! h\se1 ?\gh n /rong en\gh to =ce d[n its smoke z a=esaid1 is suffici5t to waft x into y\r w9d[s1 & fill ! rooms ) x2 :i*1 besides ! disagreeabl5ess1 damages y\r furniture4 #g4 ,*imneys1 o!rwise draw+ well1 are sometimes made to smoke by ! improp] & inconv5i5t situation ( a door4 ,:5 ! door & *imney are on ! same side ( ! room z 9 ! figure1 if ! door ,a1 be+ 9 ! corn]1 is made to op5 aga9/ ! wall 7,plate1 ,figure #d7 :i* is common1 z be+ !re1 :5 op51 m out ( ! way1 x foll[s1 t :5 ! door is only op5$ 9 "p1 a curr5t ( air ru%+ 9 passes along ! wall into & across ! op5+ ( ! *imney ,b1 & flirts "s ( ! smoke out into ! room4 ,?is happ5s m c]ta9ly :5 ! door is %utt+1 = !n ! =ce ( ! curr5t is augm5t$1 & becomes v inconv5i5t to ^? :o1 w>m+ !mselves by ! fire1 happ5 to sit 9 its way4 ,! rem$ies are obvi\s & easy4 ,ei!r put an int]v5+ skre5 f ! wall r\nd great "p ( ! fire-place2 or1 :i* is p]haps pref]able1 %ift ! h+es ( y\r door1 s z x may op5 ! o!r way1 & :5 op5 ?r[ ! air along ! o!r wall4 #h4 ,a room1 t has no fire 9 its *imney1 is sometimes fill$ ) smoke :i* is receiv$ at ! top ( its funnel & desc5ds into ! room4 ,9 a =m] pap]#ed ,i h already expla9$ ! desc5d+ curr5ts ( air 9 cold funnels2 x may n be amiss h[ev] to repeat "h1 t funnels )\t fires h an effect1 accord+ to _! degree ( coldness or w>m?1 on ! air t happ5s to be conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! surr\nd+ atmosph]e is frequ5tly *ang+ its temp]ature2 b /acks ( funnels1 cov]$ f w9ds & sun by ! h\se t conta9s !m1 reta9 a m equal temp]ature4 ,if1 aft] a w>m season1 ! outw>d air sudd5ly gr[s cold1 ! empty w>m funnels beg9 to draw /rongly upw>d2 t is1 !y r>efy ! air conta9$ 9 !m1 :i* ( c\rse rises1 cool] air ent]s bel[ to supply its place1 is r>efi$ 9 its turn & rises2 & ?is op]ation cont9ues till ! funnel gr[s cool]1 or ! outw>d air w>m]1 or bo?1 :5 ! motion ceases4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if aft] a cold season1 ! outw>d air sudd5ly gr[s w>m & ( c\rse light]1 ! air conta9$ 9 ! cool funnels1 be+ heavi]1 desc5ds into ! room2 & ! w>m] air :i* ent]s _! tops be+ cool$ 9 its turn1 & made heavi]1 cont9ues to desc5d2 & ?is op]ation goes on1 till ! funnels are w>m$ by ! pass+ ( w>m air ?r\gh !m1 or ! air itself gr[s cool]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! air & ( ! funnels is ne>ly equal1 ! diff]5ce ( w>m? 9 ! air betwe5 day & night is suffici5t to produce ^! curr5ts1 ! air w beg9 to asc5d ! funnels z ! cool ( ! ev5+ comes on1 & ?is curr5t w cont9ue till p]haps n9e or t5 o'clock ! next morn+1 :5 x beg9s to hesitate2 & z ! heat ( ! day approa*es1 x sets d[nw>ds1 & cont9ues s till t[>ds ev5+1 :5 x aga9 hesitates = "s "t1 & !n goes upw>ds con/antly dur+ ! night1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,n[ :5 smoke issu+ f ! tops ( neighb\r+ funnels passes ov] ! tops ( funnels :i* are at ! "t draw+ d[nw>ds1 z !y (t5 are 9 ! middle "p ( ! day1 su* smoke is ( necessity drawn into ^! funnels1 & desc5ds ) ! air into ! *amb]4 ,! rem$y is to h a slid+ plate1 h]eaft] describ$#ee1 t w %ut p]fectly ! (f5d+ funnel4 #i4 ,*imneys :i* g5]ally draw well1 d nev]!less sometimes give smoke into ! rooms1 x be+ driv5 d[n by /rong w9ds pass+ ov] ! tops ( _! funnels1 ?\gh n desc5d+ f any comm&+ em95ce4 ,?is case is mo/ frequ5t :]e ! funnel is %ort1 & ! op5+ turn$ f ! w9d4 ,x is ! m griev\s1 :5 x happ5s to be a cold w9d t produces ! effect1 because :5 y mo/ want y\r fire1 y are sometimes oblig$ to ext+ui% x4 ,to und]/& ?is1 x may be consid]$ t ! ris+ light air1 to obta9 a free issue f ! funnel1 mu/ pu% out ( its way or oblige ! air t is ov] x to rise4 ,9 a "t ( calm or ( little w9d ?is is done visibly1 = we see ! smoke t is br\ght up by t air rise 9 a column above ! *imney4 ,b :5 a viol5t curr5t ( air1 t is1 a /rong w9d1 passes ov] ! top ( a *imney1 its p>ticles h receiv$ s mu* =ce1 :i* keeps !m 9 a horizontal direction & foll[ ea* o!r s rapidly1 t ! ris+ light air has n /r5g? suffici5t to oblige !m to quit t direction & move upw>ds to p]mit its issue4 ,add to ?is1 t "s ( ! curr5t pass+ ov] t side ( ! funnel :i* x fir/ meets )1 viz4 at ,a1 7,plate ,,ix4 ,figure #e47 hav+ be5 compress$ by ! resi/ance ( ! funnel1 may exp& itself ov] ! flue1 & /rike ! int]ior opposite side at ,b1 f :5ce x may be reflect$ d[nw>ds & f side to side 9 ! direction ( ! prick$ l9es c c c4 ,rem$ies4 ,9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,v5ice1 :]e !y h n /acks ( *imneys b s+le flues1 ! cu/om is1 to op5 or wid5 ! top ( ! flue r\nd+ 9 ! true =m ( a funnel2 7,plate1 ,figure #f7 :i* "s ?9k may prev5t ! effect j m5tion$1 = t ! w9d bl[+ ov] "o ( ! edges into ! funnel may be slant$ out aga9 on ! o!r side by its =m4 ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ( ?is2 b ,i h liv$ 9 a w9dy c\ntry1 :]e ! contr>y is practis$1 ! tops ( ! flues be+ n>r[$ inw>ds1 s z to =m a slit = ! issue ( ! smoke1 long z ! bread? ( ! funnel1 & only f\r in*es wide4 ,?is seems to h be5 contriv$ on a supposition1 t ! entry ( ! w9d w\ld !reby be ob/ruct$1 & p]haps x might h be5 imag9$1 t ! :ole =ce ( ! ris+ w>m air be+ cond5s$1 z x 71 9 ! n>r[ op5+1 w\ld !reby be /r5g!n$1 s z to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! w9d4 ,?is h[ev] did n always succe$2 = :5 ! w9d 0 at nor?-ea/ & blew fre%1 ! smoke 0 =c$ d[n by fits into ! room ,i commonly sat 91 s z to oblige me to %ift ! fire into ano!r4 ,! position ( ! slit ( ?is funnel 0 inde$ nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/4 ,p]haps if x _h la9 across ! w9d1 ! effect might h be5 diff]5t4 ,b on ?is ,i c give no c]ta9ty4 ,x seems a matt] prop] to be ref]r$ to exp]im5t4 ,possibly a turn-cap might h be5 s]viceable1 b x 0 n tri$4 ,*imneys h n be5 long 9 use 9 ,engl&4 ,i =m]ly saw a book pr9t$ 9 ! "t ( que5 ,elizabe?1 :i* rem>k$ ! !n mod]n improvem5ts ( liv+1 & m5tion$ among o!rs ! conv5i5ce ( *imneys4 ,our =efa!rs1 said ! au?or1 _h no *imneys4 ,!re 0 9 ea* dwell+ h\se only "o place = a fire1 & ! smoke w5t out ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ro(2 b n[ !re is sc>ce a g5tleman's h\se 9 ,engl& t has n at lea/ "o *imney 9 x4--,:5 !re 0 b "o *imney1 its top might !n be op5$ z a funnel1 & p]haps1 borr[+ ! =m f ! ,v5etians1 x 0 !n ! flue ( a *imney got t "n4 ,su* is n[ ! gr[? ( luxury1 t 9 bo? ,engl& & ,france we mu/ h a *imney = e room1 & 9 "s h\ses e possessor ( a *amb]1 & almo/ e s]vant1 w h a fire2 s t ! flues be+ necess>ily built 9 /acks1 ! op5+ ( ea* z a funnel is impracticable4 ,?is *ange ( mann]s soon consum$ ! firewood ( ,engl&1 & w soon r5d] fuel extremely sc>ce & de> 9 ,france1 if ! use ( coals be n introduc$ 9 ! latt] k+dom z x has be5 9 ! =m]1 :]e x at fir/ met ) opposition2 = !re is extant 9 ! records ( "o ( que5 ,elizabe?'s p>liam5ts1 a motion made by a memb]1 recit+1 ,t _m dy]s1 brew]s1 smi?s1 & o!r artific]s ( ,london1 _h ( late tak5 to ! use ( pit-coal = _! fires1 in/ead ( wood1 :i* fill$ ! air ) noxi\s vap\rs & smoke1 v prejudicial to ! heal?1 p>ticul>ly ( p]sons com+ out ( ! c\ntry2 & !re=e mov+ t a law might pass to prohibit ! use ( su* fuel 7at lea/ dur+ ! session ( p>liam5t7 by ^? artific]s4--,x seems x 0 n !n commonly us$ 9 private h\ses4 ,its suppos$ un:olesom5ess 0 an objection4 ,luckily ! inhabitants ( ,london h got ov] t objection1 & n[ ?9k x r contributes to r5d] _! air salubri\s1 z !y h _h no g5]al pe/il5tial disord] s9ce ! g5]al use ( coals1 :51 be=e x1 su* 7 frequ5t4 ,p>is /ill burns wood at an enorm\s exp5ce cont9ually augm5t+1 ! inhabitants hav+ /ill t prejudice to ov]come4 ,9 ,g]many y are happy 9 ! use ( /oves1 :i* save fuel wond]fully3 y\r p are v +5i\s 9 ! managem5t ( fire2 b !y may /ill le>n some?+ 9 t art f ! ,*9ese#ef1 ^: c\ntry be+ greatly popul\s & fully cultivat$1 has little room left = ! gr[? ( wood1 & hav+ n mu* o!r fuel t is good1 h be5 =c$ ^u _m inv5tions dur+ a c\rse ( ages1 = mak+ a little fire g z f> z possible4 ,i h ?us gone ?r\gh all ! common causes ( ! smok+ ( *imneys t ,i c at pres5t recollect z hav+ fall5 "u my obs]vation2 communicat+ ! rem$ies t ,i h kn[n successfully us$ = ! diff]5t cases1 toge!r ) ! pr9ciples on :i* bo? ! disease & ! rem$y dep5d1 & confess+ my ignorance :]ev] ,i h be5 s5sible ( x4 ,y w d well1 if y publi%1 z y propose1 ?is lett]1 to add 9 notes1 or z y please1 su* obs]vations z may h occurr$ to y\r att5tive m9d2 & if o!r philosoph]s w d ! same1 ?is "p ( sci5ce1 ?\gh humble1 yet ( great utility1 may 9 "t be p]fect$4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1 ,i h r>ely met ) a case ( a smoky *imney1 :i* has n be5 solvable on ^! pr9ciples1 & cur$ by ^! rem$ies1 :]e p h be5 will+ to apply !m2 :i* is inde$ n always ! case2 = _m h prejudices 9 fav\r ( ! no/rums ( pret5d+ *imney-doctors & fumi/s1 & "s h conceits & fancies ( _! own1 :i* !y r *use to try1 ?an to l5g!n a funnel1 alt] ! size ( an op5+1 or admit air into a room1 h[ev] necess>y2 = "s are z mu* afraid ( fre% air z p]sons 9 ! hydrophobia are ( fre% wat]4 ,i myself _h =m]ly ?is prejudice1 ?is a]ophobia1 z ,i n[ acc\nt x1 & dread+ ! suppos$ dang]\s effects ( cool air1 ,i consid]$ x z an enemy1 & clos$ ) extreme c>e e crevice 9 ! rooms ,i inhabit$4 ,exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me ( my error4 ,i n[ look ^u fre% air z a fri5d3 ,i ev5 sleep ) an op5 w9d[4 ,i am p]suad$ t no common air f )\t1 is s un:olesome z ! air )9 a close room t has be5 (t5 brea!d & n *ang$4 ,moi/ air too1 :i* =m]ly ,i ?\ght p]nici\s1 gives me n[ no appreh5sions3 = consid]+ t no dampness ( air appli$ to ! outside ( my sk9 c be equal to :at is appli$ to & t\*es x )91 my :ole body be+ full ( moi/ure1 & f9d+ t ,i c lie two h\rs 9 a ba? twice a week1 cov]$ ) wat]1 :i* c]ta9ly is mu* damp] ?an any air c be1 & ?is = ye>s toge!r1 )\t cat*+ cold1 or be+ 9 any o!r mann] disord]$ by x1 ,i no long] dread m]e moi/ure1 ei!r 9 air or 9 %eets or %irts3 & ,i f9d x ( importance to ! happ9ess ( life1 ! be+ fre$ f va9 t]rors1 especially ( objects t we are e day expos$ inevitably to meet )4 ,y physicians h ( late happily discov]$1 aft] a contr>y op9ion _h prevail$ "s ages1 t fre% & cool air does good to p]sons 9 ! small pox & o!r fev]s4 ,x is to be hop$1 t 9 ano!r c5tury or two we may all f9d out1 t x is n bad ev5 = p 9 heal?4 ,& z to moi/ air1 "h ,i am at ?is pres5t writ+ 9 a %ip ) above =ty p]sons1 :o h _h no o!r b moi/ air to brea! = six weeks pa/2 e ?+ we t\* is damp1 & no?+ dries1 yet we are all z heal?y z we %\ld be on ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&1 ^: inhabitants are n m s ?an ^? ( ,b]muda or ,/4 ,hel5a1 isl&s on ^: rocks ! waves are da%$ into millions ( p>ticles1 :i* fill ! air ) damp1 b produce no diseases1 ! moi/ure be+ pure1 unmix$ ) ! poison\s vap\rs aris+ f putrid m>%es & /agnant pools1 9 :i* _m insects die & corrupt ! wat]4 ,^! places only1 9 my op9ion 7:i* h[ev] ,i submit to y\rs7 af=d un:olesome air2 & t x is n ! m]e wat] conta9$ 9 damp air1 b ! volatile p>ticles ( corrupt$ animal matt] mix$ ) t wat]1 :i* r5d]s su* air p]nici\s to ^? :o brea! x4 ,& ,i imag9e x a cause ( ! same k9d t r5d]s ! air 9 close rooms1 :]e ! p]spirable matt] is brea!d ov] & ov] aga9 by a numb] ( assembl$1 p s hurtful to heal?4 ,aft] be+ 9 su* a situation1 _m f9d !mselves affect$ by t febricula1 :i* ! ,engli% alone call a cold1 &1 p]haps f ! "n1 imag9e t !y caught ! malady by go+ out ( ! room1 :5 x 0 9 fact by be+ 9 x4 ,y beg9 to ?9k t ,i w&] f my subject1 & g out ( my dep?4 ,s ,i return aga9 to my *imneys4 ,we h ( late _m lectur]s 9 exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,i h wi%$ t "s ( !m w\ld /udy ?is bran* ( t sci5ce1 & give exp]im5ts 9 x z a "p ( _! lectures4 ,! addition to _! pres5t app>atus ne$ n be v exp5sive4 ,a numb] ( little repres5tations ( rooms compos$ ea* ( five panes ( sa% glass1 fram$ 9 wood at ! corn]s1 ) proportionable doors1 & moveable glass *imneys1 ) op5+s ( diff]5t sizes1 & diff]5t l5g?s ( funnel1 & "s ( ! rooms s contriv$ z to communicate on occasion ) o!rs1 s z to =m diff]5t comb9ations1 & exemplify diff]5t cases2 ) quantities ( gre5 wax tap] cut into pieces ( an in* & half1 sixte5 ( :i* /uck toge!r 9 a squ>e1 & lit1 w\ld make a /rong fire = a little glass *imney1 & bl[n out w\ld cont9ue to burn & give smoke z long z desir$4 ,) su* an app>atus all ! op]ations ( smoke & r>ifi$ air 9 rooms & *imneys might be se5 ?r\gh _! transp>5t sides2 & ! effect ( w9ds on *imneys1 comm&$ or o!rwise1 might be %[n1 by lett+ ! ent]+ air bl[ ^u !m ?r\gh an op5$ w9d[ ( ! lectur]'s *amb]1 :]e x w\ld be con/ant :ile he kept a good fire 9 8 *imney4 ,by ! help ( su* lectures our fumi/s w\ld become bett] in/ruct$4 ,at pres5t !y h g5]ally b "o rem$y1 :i* p]haps !y h kn[n effectual 9 "s "o case ( smoky *imneys1 & !y apply t indiscrim9ately to all ! o!r cases1 )\t success1--b n )\t exp5ce to _! employ]s4 ,) all ! sci5ce1 h[ev]1 t a man %all suppose himself possess$ ( 9 ?is article1 he may sometimes meet ) cases t %all puzzle him4 ,i once lodg$ 9 a h\se at ,london1 :i*1 9 a little room1 _h a s+le *imney & funnel4 ,! op5+ 0 v small1 yet x did n keep 9 ! smoke1 & all attempts to h a fire 9 ?is room 7 fruitless4 ,i c\ld n imag9e ! reason1 till at l5g? obs]v+ t ! *amb] ov] x1 :i* _h no fire-place 9 x1 0 always fill$ ) smoke :5 a fire 0 k9dl$ bel[ & t ! smoke came ?r\gh ! cracks & crevices ( ! wa9scot2 ,i _h ! wa9scot tak5 d[n1 & discov]$ t ! funnel1 :i* w5t up beh9d x1 _h a crack _m feet 9 l5g?1 & wide en\gh to admit my arm1 a brea* v dang]\s ) reg>d to fire1 & occasion$ probably by an app>5t irregul> settl+ ( "o side ( ! h\se4 ,! air ent]+ ?is brea* freely1 de/roy$ ! draw+ =ce ( ! funnel4 ,! rem$y w\ld h be51 fill+ up ! brea* or r rebuild+ ! funnel3 b ! l&lord r *ose to /op up ! *imney4 ,ano!r puzzl+ case ,i met ) at a fri5d's c\ntry h\se ne> ,london4 ,8 be/ room _h a *imney 9 :i*1 he told me1 he nev] c\ld h a fire1 = all ! smoke came out into ! room4 ,i flatt]$ myself ,i c\ld easily f9d ! cause1 & prescribe ! cure4 ,i _h a fire made !re1 & f\nd x z he said4 ,i op5$ ! door1 & p]ceiv$ x 0 n want ( air4 ,i made a tempor>y contraction ( ! op5+ ( ! *imney1 & f\nd t x 0 n its be+ too l>ge t caus$ ! smoke to issue4 ,i w5t out & look$ up at ! top ( ! *imney3 its funnel 0 jo9$ 9 ! same /ack ) o!rs1 "s ( !m %ort]1 t drew v well1 & ,i saw no?+ to prev5t its do+ ! same4 ,9 f9e1 aft] e o!r exam9ation ,i c\ld ?9k (1 ,i 0 oblig$ to own ! insuffici5cy ( my skill4 ,b my fri5d1 :o made no pret5sion to su* k9d ( k1 aft]w>ds discov]$ ! cause himself4 ,he got to ! top ( ! funnel by a ladd]1 & look+ d[n1 f\nd x fill$ ) twigs & /raw cem5t$ by e>?1 & l9$ ) fea!rs4 ,x seems ! h\se1 aft] be+ built1 _h /ood empty "s ye>s be=e he occupi$ x2 & he conclud$ t "s l>ge birds _h tak5 ! advantage ( its retir$ situation to make _! ne/ !re4 ,! rubbi%1 consid]able 9 quantity1 be+ remov$1 & ! funnel cle>$1 ! *imney drew well1 & gave satisfaction4 ,9 g5]al smoke is a v tractable ?+1 easily gov]n$ & direct$ :5 "o kn[s ! pr9ciples1 & is well in=m$ ( ! circum/ances4 ,y "k ,i made x desc5d 9 my ,p5sylvania /ove4 ,i =m]ly _h a m simple con/ruction1 9 :i* ! same effect 0 produc$1 b visible to ! eye 7,plate1 ,figure #g74 ,x 0 compos$ ( two plates ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 plac$ z 9 ! figure4 ,! l[] plate ,a ,b re/$ ) its edge 9 ! angle made by ! he>? ) ! back ( ! *imney4 ,! upp] plate 0 fix$ to ! brea/1 & lapp$ ov] ! l[] ab\t six in*es wide & ! l5g? ( ! plates 7ne> two feet7 betwe5 !m4 ,e o!r passage ( air into ! funnel 0 well /opp$4 ,:5 !re=e a fire 0 made at ,e1 = ! fir/ "t ) *>coal1 till ! air 9 ! funnel 0 a little heat$ ?r\gh ! plates1 & !n wood laid on1 ! smoke w\ld rise to ,a1 turn ov] ! edge ( t plate1 desc5d to ,d1 !n turn "u ! edge ( ! upp] plate1 & g up ! *imney4 ,x 0 pretty to see1 b ( no great use4 ,plac+ !re=e ! "u plate 9 a high] situation1 ,i remov$ ! upp] plate ,c ,d1 & plac$ x p]p5dicul>ly 7,plate1 ,figure #h7 s t ! upp] edge ( ! l[] plate ,a ,b came )9 ab\t ?ree in*es ( x1 & might be pu%$ f>!r f x1 or suff]$ to come ne>] to x1 by a moveable w$ge betwe5 !m4 ,! flame !n asc5d+ f ! fire at ,e1 01 c>ri$ to /rike ! upp] plate1 made x v hot1 & its heat rose & spread ) ! r>efi$ air into ! room4 ,i believe y h se5 9 use ) me1 ! contrivance ( a slid+-plate ov] ! fire1 seem+ly plac$ to oppose ! ris+ ( ! smoke1 leav+ b a small passage = x1 betwe5 ! edge ( ! plate & ! back ( ! *imney4 ,x is p>ticul>ly describ$1 & its uses expla9$1 9 my =m] pr9t$ lett]1 & ,i m5tion x "h only z ano!r in/ance ( ! tractability ( smoke#eg4 ,:at is call$ ! ,/af=d%ire *imney1 7see ! ,plate1 fac+ page #bch7 af=ds an example ( ! same k9d4 ,! op5+ ( ! *imney is brick$ up1 ev5 ) ! =e-edge ( its jams1 leav+ op5 only a passage ov] ! grate ( ! same wid?1 & p]haps eight in*es high4 ,! grate consi/s ( semicircul> b>s1 _! upp] b> ( ! greate/ diamet]1 ! o!rs "u x small] & small]1 s t x has ! appe>ance ( half a r\nd basket4 ,x is1 ) ! coals x conta9s1 :olly )\t ! wall t %uts up ! *imney1 yet ! smoke b5ds & ent]s ! passage above x1 ! draft be+ /rong1 because no air c ent] t is n oblig$ to pass ne> or ?r\gh ! fire1 s t all t ! funnel is fill$ ) is mu* heat$1 & ( c\rse mu* r>efi$4 ,mu* m ( ! prosp]ity ( a w9t] c\ntry dep5ds on ! pl5ty & *eapness ( fuel1 ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,9 travell+ ,i h obs]v$1 t 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! inhabitants c h nei!r wood nor coal nor turf b at excessive prices1 ! work+ p live 9 mis]able hovels1 are ragg$1 & h no?+ com=table ab\t !m4 ,b :5 fuel is *eap 7or :]e !y h ! art ( manag+ x to advantage7 !y are well furni%$ ) necess>ies1 & h dec5t habitations4 ,! obvi\s reason is1 t ! work+ h\rs ( su* p are ! pr(itable h\rs1 & !y :o _c af=d suffici5t fuel h few] su* h\rs 9 ! tw5ty f\r1 ?an ^? :o h x *eap & pl5ty3 = mu* ( ! dome/ic "w ( poor wom51 su* z sp9n+1 sew+1 knitt+2 & ( ! m5 9 ^? manufactures t require little bodily ex]cise1 _c well be p]=m$ :]e ! f+]s are numb$ ) cold1 ^? p1 !re=e1 9 cold wea!r1 are induc$ to g to b$ soon]1 & lie long] 9 a morn+1 ?an !y w\ld d if !y c\ld h good fires or w>m /oves to sit by2 & _! h\rs ( "w are n suffici5t to produce ! means ( com=table subsi/5ce4 ,^? public works1 !re=e1 su* z roads1 canals1 c4 by :i* fuel may be br\ght *eap into su* c\ntries f di/ant places1 are ( great utility2 & ^? :o promote !m may be reckon$ among ! b5efactors ( mank9d4 ,i h great pleasure 9 hav+ ?us compli$ ) y\r reque/1 & 9 ! reflection1 t ! fri5d%ip y hon\r me )1 & 9 :i* ,i h ev] be5 s happy1 has cont9u$ s _m ye>s )\t ! smalle/ int]ruption4 ,our di/ance f ea* o!r is n[ augm5t$1 & nature mu/ soon put an end to ! possibility ( my cont9u+ our correspond5ce3 b if consci\sness & memory rema9 9 a future /ate1 my e/eem & respect = y1 my de> fri5d1 w be ev]la/+4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,notes = ! ,lett] ^u ,*imneys4 ,no4 ,i4 ,! late/ "w on ar*itecture t ,i h se51 is t entitl$ ,nut%ells1 :i* appe>s to be writt5 by a v +5i\s man1 & conta9s a table ( ! proportions ( ! op5+s ( *imneys2 b !y relate solely to ! proportions he gives 8 rooms1 )\t ! smalle/ reg>d to ! funnels4 ,& he rem>ks1 respect+ ^? proportions1 t !y are simil> to ! h>monic divisions ( a mono*ord4#eh ,he does n inde$ lay mu* /ress on ?is2 b x %[s t we l ! appe>ance ( pr9ciples2 & :]e we h n true ones1 we h "s satisfaction 9 produc+ su* z are imag9>y4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! description ( ! slid+ plates "h promis$1 & :i* ha? be5 s9ce br\ght into use "u v>i\s names1 ) "s immat]ial *anges1 is conta9$ 9 a =m] lett] to ,j4 ,b4 ,esq4 z foll[s3 ,,to ,j4 ,b4#ei ,,esq4 ,,at ,,bo/on1 ,,9 ,,new-,,engl&4 ,london1 ,dec4 #b1 #ageh1 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i h execut$ "h an easy simple contrivance1 t ,i h long s9ce _h 9 speculation1 = keep+ rooms w>m] 9 cold wea!r ?an !y g5]ally are1 & ) less fire4 ,x is ?is4 ,! op5+ ( ! *imney is contract$1 by brick-"w fac$ ) m>ble slabs1 to ab\t two feet betwe5 ! jams1 & ! brea/ br\ght d[n to )9 ab\t ?ree feet ( ! he>?4 ,an iron frame is plac$ j "u ! brea/1 & ext5d+ q to ! back ( ! *imney1 s t a plate ( ! same metal may slide horizontally backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! grooves on ea* side ( ! frame4 ,?is plate is j s l>ge z to fill ! :ole space1 & %ut ! *imney entirely :5 ?ru/ q 91 :i* is conv5i5t :5 !re is no fire4 ,draw+ x out1 s z to leave a space betwe5 its fur!r edge & ! back1 ( ab\t two in*es2 ?is space is suffici5t = ! smoke to pass2 & s l>ge a "p ( ! funnel be+ /opt by ! re/ ( ! plate1 ! passage ( w>m air out ( ! room1 up ! *imney1 is ob/ruct$ & ret>d$1 & by t means mu* cold air is prev5t$ f com+ 9 ?r\gh crevices1 to supply its place4 ,?is effect is made manife/ ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 :5 ! fire burns briskly 9 cold wea!r1 ! h[l+ or :i/l+ noise made by ! w9d1 z x ent]s ! room ?r\gh ! crevices1 :5 ! *imney is op5 z usual1 ceases z soon z ! plate is slid 9 to its prop] di/ance4 ,secondly1 op5+ ! door ( ! room ab\t half an in*1 & hold+ y\r h& aga9/ ! op5+1 ne> ! top ( ! door1 y feel ! cold air com+ 9 aga9/ y\r h&1 b weakly1 if ! plate be 94 ,let ano!r p]son sudd5ly draw x out1 s z to let ! air ( ! room g up ! *imney1 ) its usual fre$om :]e *imneys are op51 & y imm$iately feel ! cold air ru%+ 9 /rongly4 ,?irdly1 if some?+ be set aga9/ ! door1 j suffici5t1 :5 ! plate is 91 to keep ! door ne>ly %ut1 by resi/+ ! pressure ( ! air t w\ld =ce x op53 !n1 :5 ! plate is drawn out1 ! door w be =c$ op5 by ! increas$ pressure ( ! outw>d cold air endeav\r+ to get 9 to supply ! place ( ! w>m air1 t n[ passes out ( ! room to g up ! *imney4 ,9 our common op5 *imneys1 half ! fuel is wa/$1 & its effect lo/2 ! air x has w>m$ be+ imm$iately drawn (f4 ,sev]al ( my acqua9tance1 hav+ se5 ?is simple ma*9e 9 my room1 h imitat$ x at _! own h\ses1 & x seems likely to become pretty common4 ,i describe x ?us p>ticul>ly to y1 because ,i ?9k x w\ld be useful 9 ,bo/on1 :]e fir+ is (t5 de>4 ,m5tion+ *imneys puts me 9 m9d ( a prop]ty ,i =m]ly _h occasion to obs]ve 9 !m1 :i* ,i h n f\nd tak5 notice ( by o!rs2 x is1 t 9 ! summ] "t1 :5 no fire is made 9 ! *imneys1 !re is1 nev]!less1 a regul> draft ( air ?r\gh !m1 cont9ually pass+ upw>ds1 f ab\t five or six o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 till eight or n9e o'clock ! next morn+1 :5 ! curr5t beg9s to slack5 & hesitate a little1 = ab\t half an h\r1 & !n sets z /rongly d[n aga91 :i* x cont9ues to d till t[>ds five 9 ! aft]noon1 !n slack5s & hesitates z be=e1 go+ sometimes a little up1 !n a little d[n1 till1 9 ab\t a half an h\r1 x gets into a /eady upw>d curr5t = ! night1 :i* cont9ues till eight or n9e ! next day2 ! h\rs v>y+ a little z ! days l5g!n & %ort51 & sometimes v>y+ f sudd5 *anges 9 ! wea!r2 z if1 aft] be+ long w>m1 x %\ld beg9 to gr[ cool ab\t noon1 :ile ! air 0 com+ d[n ! *imney1 ! curr5t w !n *ange e>li] ?an ! usual h\r1 c4 ,?is prop]ty 9 *imneys ,i imag9e we might turn to "s acc\nt1 & r5d] improp]1 = ! future1 ! old say+1 z useless z a *imney 9 summ]4 ,if ! op5+ ( ! *imney1 f ! brea/ d[n to ! he>?1 be clos$ by a slight moveable frame or two1 9 ! mann] ( doors1 cov]$ ) canvas1 t w let ! air ?r\gh1 b keep out ! flies2 & ano!r little frame set )9 ^u ! he>?1 ) hooks on :i* to hang jo9ts ( meat1 f[ls1 c4 wrapt well 9 wet l95 clo?s1 ?ree or f\r fold1 ,i am confid5t1 t if ! l95 is kept wet1 by spr9kl+ x once a day1 ! meat w\ld be s cool$ by ! evaporation1 c>ri$ on cont9ually by means ( ! pass+ air1 t x w\ld keep a week or m 9 ! hotte/ wea!r4 ,butt] & milk might likewise be kept cool1 9 vessels or bottles cov]$ ) wet clo?s4 ,a %all[ tray1 or keel]1 %\ld be "u ! frame to receive any wat] t might drip f ! wett$ clo?s4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t ?is prop]ty ( *imneys might1 by means ( smoke-jack vanes1 be appli$ to "s me*anical purposes1 :]e a small b pretty con/ant p[] only is want$4 ,if y w\ld h my op9ion ( ! cause ( ?is *ang+ curr5t ( air 9 *imneys1 x is1 9 %ort1 z foll[s4 ,9 summ] "t !re is g5]ally a great diff]5ce 9 ! w>m? ( ! air at mid-day & mid-night1 &1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5ce ( specific gravity 9 ! air1 z ! m x is w>m$ ! m x is r>efi$4 ,! funnel ( a *imney1 be+ = ! mo/ "p surr\nd$ by ! h\se1 is protect$1 9 a great measure1 f ! direct action ( ! sun's rays1 & also f ! coldness ( ! night air4 ,x !nce pres]ves a middle temp]ature betwe5 ! heat ( ! day1 & ! coldness ( ! night4 ,?is middle temp]ature x communicates to ! air conta9$ 9 x4 ,if ! /ate ( ! outw>d air be cool] ?an t 9 ! funnel ( ! *imney1 x w1 by be+ heavi]1 =ce x to rise1 & g out at ! top4 ,:at supplies its place f bel[1 be+ w>m$1 9 its turn1 by ! w>m] funnel1 is likewise =c$ up by ! cold] & weighti] air bel[1 & s ! curr5t is cont9u$ till ! next day1 :5 ! sun gradually *anges ! /ate ( ! outw>d air1 makes x fir/ z w>m z ! funnel ( ! *imney c make x 7:5 ! curr5t beg9s to hesitate7 & aft]w>ds w>m]4 ,!n ! funnel1 be+ cool] ?an ! air t comes into x1 cools t air1 makes x heavi] ?an ! outw>d air1 ( c\rse x desc5ds2 & :at succe$s x f above be+ cool$ 9 its turn1 ! desc5d+ curr5t cont9ues till t[>ds ev5+1 :5 x aga9 hesitates & *anges its c\rse1 f ! *ange ( w>m? 9 ! outw>d air1 & ! ne>ly rema9+ same middle temp]ature 9 ! funnel4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple1 if a h\se 7 built beh9d ,beacon-hill1 an adit c>ri$ f "o ( ! doors into ! hill horizontally1 till x meet ) a p]p5dicul> %aft sunk f its top1 x seems probable to me1 t ^? :o liv$ 9 ! h\se w\ld con/antly1 9 ! heat ev5 ( ! calme/ day1 h z mu* cool air pass+ ?r\gh ! h\se1 z !y %\ld *use2 & ! same1 ?\gh rev]s$ 9 its curr5t1 dur+ ! /ille/ night4 ,i ?9k1 too1 ?is prop]ty might be made ( use to m9]s2 z1 :]e sev]al %afts or pits are sunk p]p5dicul>ly into ! e>?1 communicat+ at bottom by horizontal passages1 :i* is a common case1 if a *imney ( ?irty or =ty feet high 7 built ov] "o ( ! %afts1 or s ne> ! %aft1 t ! *imney might communicate ) ! top ( ! %aft1 all air be+ exclud$ b :at %\ld pass up or d[n by ! %aft1 a con/ant *ange ( air w\ld1 by ?is means1 be produc$ 9 ! passages bel[1 t5d+ to secure ! workm5 f ^? damps1 :i* s frequ5tly incommode !m4 ,= ! fre% air w\ld be almo/ always go+ d[n ! op5 %aft1 to g up ! *imney1 or d[n ! *imney1 to g up ! %aft4 ,let me add "o obs]vation m1 :i* is1 t if t "p ( ! funnel ( a *imney1 :i* appe>s above ! ro( ( a h\se1 be pretty long1 & h ?ree ( its sides expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun successively1 viz4 :5 he is 9 ! ea/1 9 ! s\?1 & 9 ! we/1 :ile ! nor? side is %elt]$ by ! build+ f ! cool nor!rly w9ds2 su* a *imney w (t5 be s heat$ by ! sun1 z to cont9ue ! draft /rongly upw>ds1 ?r\gh ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & (t5 = _m days toge!r4 ,if ! outside ( su* a *imney be pa9t$ black1 ! effect w be /ill great]1 & ! curr5t /rong]4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,x is said ! nor!rn ,*9ese h a me?od ( w>m+ _! gr\nd floors1 :i* is +5i\s4 ,^? floors are made ( tiles1 a foot squ>e & two in*es ?ick1 _! corn]s be+ support$ by bricks set on end1 t are a foot long & f\r in*es squ>e2 ! tiles1 too1 jo9 into ea* o!r1 by ridges & holl[s along _! sides4 ,?is =ms a holl[ "u ! :ole floor1 :i* on "o side ( ! h\se has an op5+ into ! air1 :]e a fire is made1 & x has a funnel ris+ f ! o!r side to c>ry (f ! smoke4 ,! fuel is a sulphur\s pitcoal1 ! smell ( :i* 9 ! room is ?us avoid$1 :ile ! floor1 & ( c\rse ! room1 is well w>m$4 ,b z ! und]side ( ! floor mu/ gr[ f\l ) soot1 & a ?ick coat ( soot prev5ts mu* ( ! direct application ( ! hot air to ! tiles1 ,i conceive t burn+ ! smoke1 by oblig+ x to desc5d ?r\gh r$ coals1 w\ld 9 ?is con/ruction be v advantage\s1 z m heat w\ld be giv5 by ! flame ?an by ! smoke1 & ! floor be+ !reby kept free f soot w\ld be m heat$ ) less fire4 ,= ?is purpose ,i w\ld propose erect+ ! funnel close to ! grate1 s z to h only an iron plate betwe5 ! fire & ! funnel1 ?r\gh :i* plate1 ! air 9 ! funnel be+ heat$1 x w be sure to draw well1 & =ce ! smoke to desc5d1 z 9 ! figure 7,plate1 ,figure #i47 :]e ,a is ! funnel or *imney1 ,b ! grate on :i* ! fire is plac$1 ,c "o ( ! ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! desc5d+ smoke is drawn into ! *annel ,d ( figure #aj1 along :i* *annel x is convey$ by a circuit\s r\te1 z designat$ by ! arr[s1 until x arrives at ! small ap]ture ,e1 figure #aj1 ?r\gh :i* x ent]s ! funnel ,f4 ,g 9 bo? figures is ! iron plate aga9/ :i* ! fire is made1 :i*1 be+ heat$ !reby1 w r>efy ! air 9 t "p ( ! funnel1 & cause ! smoke to asc5d rapidly4 ,! flame ?us divid+ f ! grate to ! "r & left1 & turn+ 9 passages1 dispos$1 z 9 figure #aj1 s z t e "p ( ! floor may be visit$ by x be=e x ent]s ! funnel ,f1 by ! two passages ,e ,e1 v little ( ! heat w be lo/1 & a w9t] room ?us r5d]$ v com=table4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,page #bfe4 ,few c imag9e1 c4 ,x is said ! ,icel&]s h v little fuel1 *iefly drift wood t comes ^u _! coa/4 ,to receive m advantage f its heat1 !y make _! doors l[1 & h a /age r\nd ! room above ! door1 l a gall]y1 :]e9 ! wom5 c sit & "w1 ! m5 read or write1 c4 ,! ro( be+ tight1 ! w>m air is conf9$ by x & kept f ris+ high] & escap+2 & ! cold air1 :i* ent]s ! h\se :5 ! door is op5$1 _c rise above ! level ( ! top ( ! door1 because x is heavi] ?an ! w>m air above ! door1 & s ^? 9 ! gall]y are n incommod$ by x4 ,"s ( our too l(ty rooms might h a /age s con/ruct$ z to make a tempor>y gall]y above1 = ! w9t]1 to be tak5 away 9 summ]4 ,s$5t>y p w\ld f9d mu* com=t !re 9 cold wea!r4 ,no4 ,v4 ,page #bhe4 ,:]e !y h ! art ( manag+ x1 c4 ,9 "s h\ses ( ! l[] p among ! nor!rn nations ( ,europe1 & among ! poor] sort ( ,g]mans 9 ,p5sylvania1 ,i h obs]v$ ?is con/ruction1 :i* appe>s v advantage\s4 7,plate ,figure #aa47 ,a is ! kit*5 ) its *imney2 ,b an iron /ove 9 ! /ove-room4 ,9 a corn] ( ! *imney is a hole ?r\gh ! back into ! /ove1 to put 9 fuel1 & ano!r hole above x to let ! smoke ( ! /ove come back into ! *imney4 ,z soon z ! cook+ is ov]1 ! br&s 9 ! kit*5 *imney are put ?r\gh ! hole to supply ! /ove1 s t !re is seldom m ?an "o fire burn+ at a "t4 ,9 ! floor ov] ! /ove-room1 is a small trap door1 to let ! w>m air rise occasionally into ! *amb]4 ,?us ! :ole h\se is w>m$ at little exp5ce ( wood1 & ! /ove-room kept con/antly w>m2 s t 9 ! colde/ w9t] nights1 !y c "w late1 & f9d ! room /ill com=table :5 !y rise to "w e>ly4 ,an ,engli% f>m] 9 ,am]ica1 :o makes great fires 9 l>ge op5 *imneys1 ne$s ! con/ant employm5t ( "o man to cut & haul wood = supply+ !m2 & ! draft ( cold air to !m is s /rong1 t ! heels ( 8 family are froz5 :ile !y are scor*+ _! faces1 & ! room is nev] w>m1 s t little s$5t>y "w c be done by !m 9 w9t]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is article alone ( economy %all1 9 a c\rse ( ye>s1 enable ! ,g]man to buy out ! ,engli%man1 & take possession ( 8 plantation4 ,miscellane\s ,obs]vations4 ,*imneys1 ^: funnels g up 9 ! nor? wall ( a h\se & are expos$ to ! nor? w9ds1 are n s apt to draw well z ^? 9 a s\? wall2 because1 :5 r5d]$ cold by ^? w9ds1 !y draw d[nw>ds4 ,*imneys1 enclos$ 9 ! body ( a h\se1 are bett] ?an ^? ^: funnels are expos$ 9 cold walls4 ,*imneys 9 /acks are apt to draw bett] ?an sep>ate funnels1 because ! funnels1 t h con/ant fires 9 !m1 w>m ! o!rs1 9 "s degree1 t h none4 ,"o ( ! funnels1 9 a h\se ,i once occupi$1 _h a p>ticul> funnel jo9$ to ! s\? side ( ! /ack1 s t ?ree ( its sides 7 expos$ to ! sun 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 viz4 7,plate1 ,figure #ab47 ! ea/ side ,e dur+ ! morn+1 ! s\? side ,s 9 ! middle "p ( ! day1 & ! we/ side ,w dur+ ! aft]noon1 :ile its nor? side 0 %elt]$ by ! /ack f ! cold w9ds4 ,?is funnel1 :i* came f ! gr\nd-floor1 & _h a consid]able height above ! ro(1 0 con/antly 9 a /rong draw+ /ate day & night1 w9t] & summ]4 ,black+ ( funnels1 expos$ to ! sun1 w\ld probably make !m draw /ill /rong]4 ,9 ,p>is ,i saw a fire-place s +5i\sly contriv$ z to s]ve conv5i5tly two rooms1 a b$*amb] & a /udy4 ,! funnel ov] ! fire 0 r\nd4 ,! fire-place 0 ( ca/ iron 7,plate1 ,figure #ac47 hav+ an upright back ,a1 & two horizontal semicircul> plates ,b ,c1 ! :ole s ord]$ z to turn on ! pivots ,d ,e4 ,! plate ,b always /opp$ t "p ( ! r\nd funnel t 0 next to ! room )\t fire1 :ile ! o!r half ( ! funnel ov] ! fire 0 always op54 ,by ?is means a s]vant 9 ! morn+ c\ld make a fire on ! he>? ,c1 !n 9 ! /udy1 )\t di/urb+ ! ma/] by go+ into 8 *amb]2 & ! ma/]1 :5 he rose1 c\ld1 ) a t\* ( 8 foot1 turn ! *imney on its pivots1 & br+ ! fire into 8 *amb]1 keep x !re z long z he want$ x1 & turn x aga91 :5 he w5t out1 into 8 /udy4 ,! room :i* _h no fire 9 x 0 also w>m$ by ! heat com+ ?r\gh ! back plate1 & spread+ 9 ! room1 z x c\ld n g up ! *imney4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,?is lett]1 :i* has be5 publi%$ 9 a sep>ate pamphlet1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,am]ica1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 9 :i* x 0 read ,oct4 #ba1 #aghe4 ,editor4 #eb ,see ,notes at ! end ( ! ,lett]1 ,no4 ,i4 #ec ,see ,notes at ! end ( ! ,lett]1 ,no4 ,,ii4 #ed ,see ,notes at ! end ( ! lett]1 ,no4 ,,ii4 #ee ,see ,notes at ! end ( ! lett]1 ,no4 ,,ii4 #ef ,see ,notes at ! end ( ! lett]1 ,no4 ,,iii4 #eg ,see ,notes at ! end ( ! ,lett]1 ,no4 ,,ii4 #eh ,x may be j rem>k$ "h1 t ^u comp>+ ^! proportions ) ^? aris+ f ! common divisions ( ! mono*ord1 x happ5s t ! fir/ answ]s to unisons1 & al?\gh ! second is a discord1 ! ?ird answ]s to ! ?ird m9or1 ! f\r? to ! ?ird major1 ! fif? to ! f\r?1 ! six? to ! fif?1 & ! sev5? to ! octave4 ,,nut%ells1 page #he4 #ei ,bado94 ,editor4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #big4 ,,/ove ,,= ,,burn+ ,,pit-,,coal4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,description ( a new ,/ove = burn+ ( ,pitcoal1 & consum+ all its smoke4#fj ,by ,dr4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury an +5i\s ,fr5* philosoph]1 ^: "n ,i am sorry ,i _c recollect1 exhibit$ an exp]im5t to %[1 t v (f5sive ?+s might be burnt 9 ! middle ( a *amb]1 su* z wooll5 rags1 fea!rs1 c4 )\t creat+ ! lea/ smoke or smell4 ,! ma*9e 9 :i* x 0 made1 if ,i rememb] "r1 0 ( ?is =m1 7,plate ,x4 ,figure #a47 made ( plate iron4 ,"s cle> burn+ *>coals 7 put into ! op5+ ( ! %ort tube ,a1 & support$ !re by ! grate ,b4 ,! air1 z soon z ! tubes grew w>m1 w\ld asc5d 9 ! long] leg ,c & g out at ,d1 consequ5tly air mu/ ent] at ,a desc5d+ to ,b4 ,9 ?is c\rse x mu/ be heat$ by ! burn+ coals ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 & rise m =cibly 9 ! long] tube1 9 proportion to its degree ( heat or r>efaction1 & l5g? ( t tube4 ,= su* a ma*9e is a k9d ( inv]t$ syphon2 & z ! great] weight ( wat] 9 ! long] leg ( a common syphon 9 desc5d+ is accompani$ by an asc5t ( ! same fluid 9 ! %ort]2 s1 9 ?is inv]t$ syphon1 ! great] quantity ( levity ( air 9 ! long] leg1 9 ris+ is accompani$ by ! desc5t ( air 9 ! %ort]4 ,! ?+s to be burn$ be+ laid on ! hot coals at ,a1 ! smoke mu/ desc5d ?r\gh ^? coals1 be conv]t$ into flame1 :i*1 aft] de/roy+ ! (f5sive smell1 came out at ! end ( ! long] tube z m]e heat$ air4 ,:oev] w\ld repeat ?is exp]im5t ) success mu/ take c>e t ! "p ,a1 ,b1 ( ! %ort tube1 be q full ( burn+ coals1 s t no "p ( ! smoke may desc5d & pass by !m )\t go+ ?r\gh !m1 & be+ conv]t$ into flame2 & t ! long] tube be s heat$ z t ! curr5t ( asc5d+ hot air is e/abli%$ 9 x be=e ! ?+s to be burnt are laid on ! coals2 o!rwise !re w be a disappo9tm5t4 ,x does n appe> ei!r 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 or ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,engli% ,royal ,society1 t any improvem5t 0 ev] made ( ?is +5i\s exp]im5t1 by apply+ x to useful purposes4 ,b !re is a ,g]man book1 entitl$ ,vulcanus ,famulans1 by ,joh4 ,george ,leutmann1 ,p4 ,d4 pr9t$ at ,wirtemb]g 9 #agbc1 :i* describes1 among a great v>iety ( o!r /oves = w>m+ rooms1 "o1 :i* seems to h be5 =m$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & probably f ! h9t !reby giv51 ?\gh ! ,fr5* exp]im5t is n m5tion$4 ,?is book be+ sc>ce1 ,i h translat$ ! *apt] describ+ ! /ove1 viz4 ,vulcanus ,famulans1 by ,john ,george ,leutmann1 ,p4 ,d4 ,wirtemb]g1 #agbc4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,on a ,/ove1 :i* draws d[nw>ds4 ,"h foll[s ! description ( a sort ( /ove1 :i* c easily be remov$ & aga9 replac$ at pleasure4 ,?is drives ! fire d[n "u itself1 & gives no smoke1 b h[ev] a v un:olesome vap\r4 ,9 ! figure1 ,a is an iron vessel l a funnel1 7,plate ,x4 ,figure #bj47 9 diamet] at ! top ab\t twelve in*es1 at ! bottom ne> ! grate ab\t five in*es2 its height twelve in*es4 ,?is is set on ! b>rel ,c1 :i* is t5 in*es diamet] & two feet long1 clos$ at ea* end ,e ,e4 ,f "o end rises a pipe or flue ab\t f\r in*es diamet]1 on :i* o!r pieces ( pipe are set1 :i* are gradually contract$ to ,d1 :]e ! op5+ is b ab\t two in*es4 ,^? pipes mu/ toge!r be at lea/ f\r feet high4 ,b is an iron grate4 ,f ,f are iron h&les gu>d$ ) wood1 by :i* ! /ove is to be lift$ & mov$4 ,x /&s on ?ree legs4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to /op well all ! jo9ts1 t no smoke may leak ?r\gh4 ,:5 ?is /ove is to be us$1 x mu/ fir/ be c>ri$ into ! kit*5 & plac$ 9 ! *imney ne> ! fire4 ,!re burn+ wood mu/ be laid & left ^u its grate till ! b>rel ,c is w>m1 & ! smoke no long] rises at ,a1 b desc5ds t[>ds ,c4 ,!n x is to be c>ri$ into ! room :i* x is to w>m4 ,:5 once ! b>rel ,c is w>m1 fre% wood may be ?r[n into ! vessel ,a z (t5 z "o pleases1 ! flame desc5ds & )\t smoke1 :i* is s consum$ t only a vap\r passes out at ,d4 ,z ?is vap\r is un:olesome1 & affects ! head1 "o may be fre$ f x1 by fix+ 9 ! wall ( ! room an inv]t$ funnel1 su* z p use to hang ov] lamps1 ?r\gh :i* _! smoke goes out z ?r\gh a *imney4 ,?is funnel c>ries out all ! vap\r clev]ly1 s t "o f9ds no inconv5i5ce f x1 ev5 ?\gh ! op5+ ,d be plac$ a span bel[ ! m\? ( ! said funnel ,g4 ,! neck ( ! funnel is bett] :5 made gradually b5d+1 ?an if turn$ 9 a "r angle4 ,! cause ( ! draft d[nw>ds 9 ! /ove is ! pressure ( ! outw>d air1 :i*1 fall+ into ! vessel ,a 9 a column ( twelve in*es diamet]1 f9ds only a resi/+ passage at ! grate ,b1 ( five in*es1 & "o at ,d1 ( two in*es1 :i* are mu* too weak to drive x back aga92 besides1 ,a /&s mu* high] ?an ,b1 & s ! pressure on x is great] & m =cible1 & beats d[n ! frame to t "p :]e x f9ds ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,c>ry+ ! ma*9e fir/ to ! kit*5 fire = prep>ation1 is on ?is acc\nt1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ! fire & smoke naturally asc5d1 till ! air 9 ! close b>rel ,c is made ?9n] by ! w>m?4 ,:5 t vessel is heat$1 ! air 9 x is r>efi$1 & !n all ! smoke & fire desc5ds "u x4 ,! wood %\ld be ?or\ghly dry1 & cut into pieces five or six in*es long1 to fit x = be+ ?r[n into ! funnel ,a4 ,?us f> ! ,g]man book4 ,x appe>s to me1 by ,mr4 ,leutmann's explanation ( ! op]ation ( ?is ma*9e1 t he did n und]/& ! pr9ciples ( x1 :5ce ,i conclude he 0 n ! inv5tor ( x2 & by ! description ( x1 :]e9 ! op5+ at ,a is made s l>ge1 & ! pipe ,e1 ,d1 s %ort1 ,i am p]suad$ he nev] made nor saw ! exp]im5t1 = ! fir/ ought to be mu* small] & ! la/ mu* high]1 or x h>dly w succe$4 ,! c>ry+ x 9 ! kit*51 too1 e "t ! fire %\ld happ5 to be out1 mu/ be s tr\blesome1 t x is n likely ev] to h be5 9 practice1 & probably has nev] be5 %[n b z a philosophical exp]im5t4 ,! funnel = convey+ ! vap\r out ( ! room w\ld besides h be5 unc]ta9 9 its op]ation1 z a w9d bl[+ aga9/ its m\? w\ld drive ! vap\r back4 ,! /ove ,i am ab\t to describe 0 also =m$ on ! idea giv5 by ! ,fr5* exp]im5t1 & completely c>ri$ into execution be=e ,i _h any k ( ! ,g]man inv5tion2 :i* ,i wond] %\ld rema9 s _m ye>s 9 a c\ntry1 :]e m5 are s +5i\s 9 ! managem5t ( fire1 )\t receiv+ long s9ce ! improvem5ts ,i h giv5 x4 ,description ( ! ,p>ts4 ,a1 ! bottom plate :i* lies flat ^u ! he>?1 ) its p>titions1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 7,plate ,x4 ,figure #b47 t are ca/ ) x1 & a groove ,z ,z1 9 :i* are to slide1 ! bottom edges ( ! small plates ,y1 ,y1 figure #ab2 :i* plates meet+ at ,x close ! front4 ,b #a1 figure #c1 is ! cov] plate %[+ its "u side1 ) ! grooves #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 to receive ! top edges ( ! p>titions t are fix$ to ! bottom plate4 ,x %[s also ! grate ,w ,w1 ! b>s ( :i* are ca/ 9 ! plate1 & a groove ,v ,v1 :i* comes "r ov] ! groove ,z ,z1 figure #b1 receiv+ ! upp] edges ( ! small slid+ plates ,y ,y1 figure #ab4 ,b #b1 figure #d1 %[s ! upp] side ( ! same plate1 ) a squ>e impression or groove = receiv+ ! bottom m\ld+s ,t ,t ,t ,t ( ! ?ree-sid$ box ,c1 figure #e1 :i* is ca/ 9 "o piece4 ,d1 figure #f1 its cov]1 %[+ its "u side ) grooves to receive ! upp] edges ,s ,s ,s ( ! sides ( ,c1 figure #e1 also a groove ,r1 ,r1 :i* :5 ! cov] is put on comes "r ov] ano!r ,q ,q 9 ,c1 figure #e1 betwe5 :i* x is to slide4 ,e1 figure #g1 ! front plate ( ! box4 ,p1 a hole ?ree in*es diamet] ?r\gh ! cov] ,d1 figure #f1 ov] :i* hole /&s ! vase ,f1 figure #h1 :i* has a correspond+ hole two in*es diamet] ?r\gh its bottom4 ,! top ( ! vase op5s at ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 figure #h1 & turns back ^u a h+e beh9d :5 coals are to be put 92 ! vase has a grate )9 at ,n ,n ( ca/ iron ,h1 figure #i1 & a hole 9 ! top1 "o & a half in*es diamet]1 to admit air1 & to receive ! ornam5tal brass guilt flame ,m1 figure #aj1 :i* /&s 9 t hole1 &1 be+ itself holl[ & op51 suff]s air to pass ?r\gh x to ! fire4 ,g1 figure #aa1 is a draw] ( plate iron1 t slips 9 betwe5 9 ! p>titions #b & #c1 figure #b1 to receive ! fall+ a%es4 ,x is conceal$ :5 ! small slid+ plates ,y ,y1 figure #ab1 are %ut toge!r4 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 figure #h1 is a ni*e built ( brick 9 ! *imney & pla/]$4 ,x closes ! *imney ov] ! vase1 b leaves two funnels1 "o 9 ea* corn]1 communicat+ ) ! bottom box ,k ,k1 figure #b4 ,dim5sions ( ! ,p>ts4 ,feet4 ,94 ,front ( ! bottom box1 #b #j ,height ( its p>titions1 #j #d ,l5g? ( ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d1 ea*1 #a #c ,l5g? ( ,no4 #e & #f1 ea*1 #j #h ,bread? ( ! passage betwe5 ,no4 #b & #c1 #j #f ,bread? ( ! o!r passages ea*1 #j #c ,bread? ( ! grate1 #j #f ,l5g? ( ditto1 #j #h ,bottom m\ld+ ( box ,c1 squ>e1 #a #j ,height ( ! sides ( ditto1 #j #d ,l5g? ( ! back side1 #j #aj ,l5g? ( ! "r & left sides1 ea*1 #j #i ,l5g? ( ! front plate ,e1 :]e longe/1 #j #aa ,! cov] ,d1 squ>e1 #j #ab ,hole 9 ditto1 diamet]1 #j #c ,slid+ plates ,y ,y1 _! l5g?1 ea*1 #a #j ----- ----- ----- _! bread?1 ea*1 #j #d ,draw] ,g1 its l5g?1 #a #j ----- ----- bread?1 #j #e ----- ----- dep?1 #j #d ----- ----- dep? ( its fur!r end1 only1 #j #a ,grate ,h 9 ! vase1 its diamet] to ! extremity ( its knobs1 #j #e ,?ickness ( ! b>s at top1 #j #j ----- ----- ----- at bottom1 less1 #j #j ,dep? ( ! b>s at ! top1 #j #j ,height ( ! vase1 #a #f ,diamet] ( ! op5+ ,o1 ,o1 9 ! cle>1 #j #h ,diamet] ( ! air-hole at top1 #j #a ----- ( ! flame hole at bottom1 #j #b ,to fix ?is ,ma*9e4 ,spread mort> on ! he>? to b$ ! bottom plate ,a1 !n lay t plate level1 equally di/ant f ea* jamb1 & project+ out z f> z y ?9k prop]4 ,!n putt+ "s ,w9dsor loam 9 ! grooves ( ! cov] ,b1 lay t on3 try+ ! slid+ plates ,y ,y1 to see if !y move freely 9 ! grooves ,z ,z1 ,v ,v1 design$ = !m4 ,!n beg9 to build ! ni*e1 obs]v+ to leave ! squ>e corn]s ( ! *imney unfill$2 = !y are to be funnels4 ,& obs]ve also to leave a free op5 communication betwe5 ! passages at ,k ,k1 & ! bottom ( ^? funnels1 & m9d to close ! *imney above ! top ( ! ni*e1 t no air may pass up t way4 ,! concave back ( ! ni*e w re/ on ! circul> iron p>tition #a ,a #d1 figure #b1 !n1 ) a little loam1 put on ! box ,c ov] ! grate1 ! op5 side ( ! box 9 front4 ,!n1 ) loam 9 ?ree ( its grooves1 ! groove ,r ,r be+ left clean1 & br\ght directly ov] ! groove ,q ,q 9 ! box1 put on ! cov] ,d1 try+ ! front plate ,e1 to see if x slides freely 9 ^? grooves4 ,la/ly1 set on ! vase1 :i* has small holes 9 ! m\ld+ ( its bottom to receive two iron p9s t rise out ( ! plate ,d at ,i ,i1 = ! bett] keep+ x /eady4 ,!n putt+ 9 ! grate ,h1 :i* re/s on its ?ree knobs h h h aga9/ ! inside ( ! vase1 & slipp+ ! draw] into its place2 ! ma*9e is fit = use4 ,to use x4 ,let ! fir/ fire be made aft] eight 9 ! ev5+ or be=e eight 9 ! morn+1 = at ^? times & betwe5 ^? h\rs all night1 !re is usually a draft up a *imney1 ?\gh x has long be5 )\t fire2 b betwe5 ^? h\rs 9 ! day !re is (t51 9 a cold *imney1 a draft d[nw>ds1 :51 if y attempt to k9dle a fire1 ! smoke w come into ! room4 ,b to be c]ta9 ( y\r prop] "t1 hold a flame ov] ! air-hole at ! top4 ,if ! flame is drawn /rongly d[n = a cont9uance1 )\t :iffl+1 y may beg9 to k9dle a fire4 ,fir/ put 9 a few *>coals on ! grate ,h4 ,lay "s small /icks on ! *>coals1 ,lay "s pieces ( pap] on ! /icks1 ,k9dle ! pap] ) a c&le1 ,!n %ut d[n ! top1 & ! air w pass d[n ?r\gh ! air-hole1 bl[ ! flame ( ! pap] d[n ?r\gh ! /icks1 k9dle !m1 & _! flame pass+ l[] k9dles ! *>coal4 ,:5 ! *>coal is well k9dl$1 lay on x ! sea-coals1 obs]v+ n to *oak ! fire by putt+ on too mu* at fir/4 ,! flame desc5d+ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! vase1 & t 9 plate ,d into ! box ,c1 passes d[n f>!r ?r\gh ! grate ,w ,w 9 plate ,b #a1 !n passes horizontally t[>ds ! back ( ! *imney2 !re divid+1 & turn+ to ! "r & left1 "o "p ( x passes r\nd ! f> end ( ! p>tition #b1 !n com+ =w>d x turns r\nd ! ne> end ( p>tition #a1 !n mov+ backw>d x arrives at ! op5+ into ! bottom ( "o ( ! upright corn] funnels beh9d ! ni*e1 ?r\gh :i* x asc5ds into ! *imney1 ?us heat+ t half ( ! box & t side ( ! ni*e4 ,! o!r "p ( ! divid$ flame passes r\nd ! f> end ( p>tition #c1 r\nd ! ne> end ( p>tition #d1 & s into & up ! o!r corn] funnel1 ?us heat+ ! o!r half ( ! box1 & ! o!r side ( ! ni*e4 ,! vase itself1 & ! box ,c w also be v hot1 & ! air surr\nd+ !m be+ heat$1 & ris+1 z x _c get into ! *imney1 x spreads 9 ! room1 cold] air succe$+ is w>m$ 9 its turn1 rises & spreads1 till by ! cont9ual circulation ! :ole is w>m$4 ,if y %\ld h occasion to make y\r fir/ fire at h\rs n s conv5i5t z ^? above m5tion$1 & :5 ! *imney does n draw1 d n beg9 x 9 ! vase1 b 9 "o or m ( ! passages ( ! l[] plate1 fir/ cov]+ ! m\? ( ! vase4 ,aft] ! *imney has drawn a :ile ) ! fire ?us l[1 & beg9s to be a little w>m1 y may close ^? passages & k9dle ano!r fire 9 ! box ,c1 leav+ its slid+ %utt] a little op52 & :5 y f9d aft] "s "t t ! *imney be+ w>m$ draws =cibly1 y may %ut t passage1 op5 y\r vase1 & k9dle y\r fire !re1 z above direct$4 ,! *imney well w>m$ by ! fir/ day's fire w cont9ue to draw con/antly all w9t]1 if fires are made daily4 ,y w1 9 ! managem5t ( y\r fire1 h ne$ ( ! foll[+ implem5ts3 ,a pair ( small light tongs1 twelve or fifte5 in*es long1 plate1 figure #ac4 ,a light pok] ab\t ! same l5g? ) a flat broad po9t1 figure #ad4 ,a rake to draw a%es out ( ! passages ( ! l[] plate1 :]e ! light] k9d escap+ ! a%-box w ga!r by degrees1 & p]haps once 9 a week or t5 days require be+ remov$1 figure #ae4 ,& a =k ) its prongs wide en\gh to slip on ! neck ( ! vase cov]1 9 ord] to raise & op5 x :5 hot1 to put 9 fre% coals1 figure #af4 ,9 ! managem5t ( ?is /ove !re are c]ta9 precautions to be obs]v$1 at fir/ ) att5tion1 till !y become habitual4 ,to avoid ! inconv5i5ce ( smoke1 see t ! grate ,h be cle> be=e y beg9 to light a fre% fire4 ,if y f9d x clogg$ ) c9d]s & a%es1 turn x up ) y\r tongs & let !m fall ^u ! grate bel[2 ! a%es w g ?r\gh x1 & ! c9d]s may be rak$ (f & return$ into ! vase :5 y w\ld burn !m4 ,!n see t all ! slid+ plates are 9 _! places & close %ut1 t no air may ent] ! /ove b ?r\gh ! r\nd op5+ at ! top ( ! vase4 ,& to avoid ! inconv5i5ce ( du/ f ! a%es1 let ! a%-draw] be tak5 out ( ! room to be empti$2 & :5 y rake ! passages1 d x :5 ! draft ( ! air is /rong inw>ds1 & put ! a%es c>efully into ! a%-box1 t rema9+ 9 its place4 ,if1 be+ ab\t to g abroad1 y w\ld prev5t y\r fire burn+ 9 y\r abs5ce1 y may d x by tak+ ! brass flame f ! top ( ! vase1 & cov]+ ! passage ) a r\nd t9 plate1 :i* w prev5t ! entry ( m air ?an b>ely suffici5t to keep a few ( ! coals alive4 ,:5 y return1 ?\gh "s h\rs abs5t1 by tak+ (f ! t9 plate & admitt+ ! air1 y\r fire w soon be recov]$4 ,! effect ( ?is ma*9e1 well manag$1 is to burn n only ! coals1 b all ! smoke ( ! coals1 s t :ile ! fire is burn+1 if y g out & obs]ve ! top ( y\r *imney1 y w see no smoke issu+1 nor any ?+ b cle> w>m air1 :i* z usual makes ! bodies se5 ?r\gh x appe> wav+4 ,b let none imag9e f ?is1 t x may be a cure = bad or smoky *imneys1 mu* less1 t z x burns ! smoke x may be us$ 9 a room t has no *imney4 ,x is by ! help ( a good *imney1 ! high] ! bett]1 t x produces its effect2 & ?\gh a flue ( plate iron suffici5tly high might be rais$ 9 a v l(ty room1 ! managem5t to prev5t all disagreeable vap\r w\ld be too nice = common practice1 & small errors w\ld h unpleas+ consequ5ces4 ,x is c]ta9 t clean iron yields no (f5sive smell :5 heat$4 ,:atev] ( t k9d y p]ceive1 :]e !re are iron /oves1 proce$s !re=e f "s f\lness burn+ or fum+ on _! surface4 ,!y %\ld !re=e nev] be spit ^u1 or greas$1 nor %\ld any du/ be suff]$ to lie ^u !m4 ,b z ! greate/ c>e w n always prev5t ^! ?+s1 x is well once a week to wa% ! /ove ) soap lees & a bru%1 r9s+ x ) clean wat]4 ,! ,advantages ( ?is ,/ove4 #a4 ,! *imney does n gr[ f\l1 nor ev] ne$ sweep+2 = z no smoke ent]s x1 no soot c =m 9 x4 #b4 ,! air heat$ ov] common fires in/antly quits ! room & goes up ! *imney ) ! smoke2 b 9 ! /ove1 x is oblig$ to desc5d 9 flame & pass ?r\gh ! long w9d+ horizontal passages1 communicat+ its heat to a body ( iron plate1 :i*1 hav+ ?us "t to receive ! heat1 communicates ! same to ! air ( ! room1 & !reby w>ms x to a great] degree4 #c4 ,! :ole ( ! fuel is consum$ by be+ turn$ into flame1 & y h ! b5efit ( its heat1 :]eas 9 common *imneys a great "p goes away 9 smoke :i* y see z x rises1 b x af=ds y no rays ( w>m?4 ,"o may obta9 "s notion ( ! quantity ( fuel ?us wa/$ 9 smoke1 by reflect+ on ! quantity ( soot t a few weeks fir+ w lodge aga9/ ! sides ( ! *imney1 & yet ?is is =m$ only ( ^? p>ticles ( ! column ( smoke t happ5 to t\* ! sides 9 its asc5t4 ,h[ mu* m mu/ h pass$ (f 9 ! air8 ,& we "k t ?is soot is /ill fuel2 = x w burn & flame z su*1 & :5 h>d cak$ toge!r is inde$ v l & almo/ z solid z ! coal x proce$s f4 ,! de/ruction ( y\r fuel goes on ne>ly 9 ! same quantity :e!r 9 smoke or 9 flame3 b !re is no comp>ison 9 ! diff]5ce ( heat giv54 ,obs]ve :5 fre% coals are fir/ put on y\r fire1 :at a body ( smoke arises4 ,?is smoke is = a long "t too cold to take flame4 ,if y !n plunge a burn+ c&le into x1 ! c&le in/ead ( inflam+ ! smoke w in/antly be itself ext+ui%$4 ,smoke mu/ h a c]ta9 degree ( heat to be inflammable4 ,z soon z x has acquir$ t degree1 ! approa* ( a c&le w inflame ! :ole body1 & y w be v s5sible ( ! diff]5ce ( ! heat x gives4 ,a /ill easi] exp]im5t may be made ) ! c&le itself4 ,hold y\r h& ne> ! side ( its flame1 & obs]ve ! heat x gives2 !n bl[ x out1 ! h& rema9+ 9 ! same place1 & obs]ve :at heat may be giv5 by ! smoke t rises f ! /ill burn+ snuff4 ,y w f9d x v little4 ,& yet t smoke has 9 x ! sub/ance ( s mu* flame1 & w in/antly produce x1 if y hold ano!r c&le above x s z to k9dle x4 ,n[ ! smoke f ! fre% coals laid on ?is /ove1 in/ead ( asc5d+ & leav+ ! fire :ile too cold to burn1 be+ oblig$ to desc5d ?r\gh ! burn+ coals1 receives among !m t degree ( heat :i* conv]ts x into flame1 & ! heat ( t flame is communicat$ to ! air ( ! room1 z above expla9$4 #d4 ,! flame f ! fre% coals laid on 9 ?is /ove1 desc5d+ ?r\gh ! coals already ignit$1 pres]ves !m long f consum+1 & cont9ues !m 9 ! /ate ( r$ coals z long z ! flame cont9ues t surr\nds !m1 by :i* means ! fires made 9 ?is /ove are ( mu* long] duration ?an 9 any o!r1 & few] coals are !re=e necess>y = a day4 ,?is is a v mat]ial advantage inde$4 ,t flame %\ld be a k9d ( pickle1 to pres]ve burn+ coals f consum+1 may seem a p>adox to _m1 & v unlikely to be true1 z x appe>$ to me ! fir/ "t ,i obs]v$ ! fact4 ,i mu/ !re=e relate ! circum/ances1 & %all m5tion an easy exp]im5t1 by :i* my read] may be 9 possession ( e ?+ necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ trial ,i made ( ?is k9d ( /ove1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ ( ?9 plate iron1 ,i _h in/ead ( ! vase a k9d ( inv]t$ pyramid l a mill-hopp]2 & fe>+ at fir/ t ! small grate conta9$ 9 x might be clogg$ by c9d]s1 & ! passage ( ! flame sometimes ob/ruct$1 ,i ord]$ a little door ne> ! grate1 by means ( :i* ,i might on occasion cle> x3 ?\gh aft] ! /ove 0 made1 & be=e ,i tri$ x1 ,i began to ?9k ?is precaution sup]flu\s1 f an imag9ation1 t ! flame be+ contract$ 9 ! n>r[ "p :]e ! grate 0 plac$1 w\ld be m p[]ful 9 consum+ :at x %\ld !re meet )1 & t any c9d]s betwe5 or ne> ! b>s w\ld be pres5tly de/roy$ & ! passage op5$4 ,aft] ! /ove 0 fix$ & 9 action1 ,i _h a pleasure n[ & !n 9 op5+ t door a little1 to see ?r\gh ! crevice h[ ! flame desc5d$ among ! r$ coals1 & obs]v+ once a s+le coal lodg$ on ! b>s 9 ! middle ( ! focus1 a fancy took me to obs]ve by my wat* 9 h[ %ort a "t x w\ld be consum$4 ,i look$ at x long )\t p]ceiv+ x to be at all dim9i%$1 :i* surpris$ me greatly4 ,at l5g? x occurr$ to me1 t ,i & _m o!rs _h se5 ! same ?+ ?\s&s ( times1 9 ! cons]vation ( ! r$ coal =m$ 9 ! snuff ( a burn+ c&le1 :i* :ile envellop$ 9 flame1 & !reby prev5t$ f ! contact ( pass+ air1 is long cont9u$ & augm5ts in/ead ( dim9i%+1 s t we are (t5 oblig$ to remove x by ! snuff]s1 or b5d x out ( ! flame into ! air1 :]e x consumes pres5tly to a%es4 ,i !n suppos$1 t to consume a body by fire1 pass+ air 0 necess>y to receive & c>ry (f ! sep>at$ p>ticles ( ! body3 & t ! air pass+ 9 ! flame ( my /ove1 & 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 be+ already saturat$ ) su* p>ticles1 c\ld n receive m1 & !re=e left ! coal undim9i%$ z long z ! outw>d air 0 prev5t$ f com+ to x by ! surr\nd+ flame1 :i* kept x 9 a situation some:at l t ( *>coal 9 a well lut$ crucible1 :i*1 ?\gh long kept 9 a /rong fire1 comes out unconsum$4 ,an easy exp]im5t w satisfy any "o ( ?is cons]v+ p[] ( flame envellop+ r$ coal4 ,take a small /ick ( deal or o!r wood ! size ( a goose quill1 & hold x horizontally & /eadily 9 ! flame ( ! c&le above ! wick1 )\t t\*+ x1 b 9 ! body ( ! flame4 ,! wood w fir/ be inflam$1 & burn beyond ! edge ( ! flame ( ! c&le1 p]haps a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,:5 ! flame ( ! wood goes out1 x w leave a r$ coal at ! end ( ! /ick1 "p ( :i* w be 9 ! flame ( ! c&le & "p out 9 ! air4 ,9 a m9ute or two y w p]ceive ! coal 9 ! air dim9i% gradually1 s z to =m a neck2 :ile ! "p 9 ! flame cont9ues ( its fir/ size1 & at l5g? ! neck be+ q consum$ x drops (f2 & by roll+ x betwe5 y\r f+]s :5 ext+ui%$ y w f9d x /ill a solid coal4 ,h[ev]1 z "o _c be always putt+ on fre% fuel 9 ?is /ove to furni% a cont9ual flame z is done 9 a c&le1 ! air 9 ! int]vals ( "t gets at ! r$ coals & consumes !m4 ,yet ! cons]vation :ile x la/$1 s mu* delay$ ! consumption ( ! coals1 t two fires1 "o made 9 ! morn+1 & ! o!r 9 ! aft]noon1 ea* made by only a hatfull ( coals1 7 suffici5t to keep my writ+ room1 ab\t sixte5 feet squ>e & t5 high1 w>m a :ole day4 ,! fire k9dl$ at sev5 9 ! morn+ w\ld burn till noon2 & all ! iron ( ! ma*9e ) ! walls ( ! ni*e be+ !reby heat$1 ! room kept w>m till ev5+1 :5 ano!r small] fire k9dl$ kept x w>m till midnight4 ,in/ead ( ! slid+ plate ,e1 :i* %uts ! front ( ! box ,c1 ,i sometimes us$ ano!r :i* _h a pane ( glass1 or1 :i* is bett]1 ( ,muscovy talc1 t ! flame might be se5 desc5d+ f ! bottom ( ! vase & pass+ 9 a column ?r\gh ! box ,c1 into ! cavities ( ! bottom plate1 l wat] fall+ f a funnel1 admirable to su* z are n acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! ma*9e1 & 9 itself a pleas+ spectacle4 ,e ut5sil1 h[ev] prop]ly contriv$ to s]ve its purpose1 requires "s practice be=e x c be us$ adroitly4 ,put into ! h&s ( a man = ! fir/ "t a gimblet or a hamm] 7v simple in/rum5ts7 & tell him ! use ( !m1 he %all nei!r bore a hole or drive a nail ) ! dext]ity & success ( ano!r :o has be5 accu/om$ to h&le !m4 ,! beg9n] !re=e 9 ! use ( ?is ma*9e w d well n to be disc\rag$ ) little accid5ts t may arise at fir/ f 8 want ( exp]i5ce4 ,be+ some:at complex1 x requires z already said a v>iety ( att5tions2 habit w r5d] !m unnecess>y4 ,& ! /udi\s man :o is mu* 9 8 *amb]1 & has a pleasure 9 manag+ 8 own fire1 w soon f9d ?is a ma*9e mo/ com=table & delightful4 ,to o!rs :o leave _! fires to ! c>e ( ignorant s]vants1 ,i d n recomm5d x4 ,!y w ) difficulty acquire ! k necess>y1 & w make frequ5t blund]s t w fill y\r room ) smoke4 ,x is !re=e by no means fit = common use 9 families4 ,x may be adviseable to beg9 ) ! flam+ k9d ( /one coal1 :i* is l>ge1 &1 n cak+ toge!r1 is n s apt to clog ! grate4 ,aft] "s exp]i5ce1 any k9d ( coal may be us$1 & ) ?is advantage1 t no smell1 ev5 f ! mo/ sulphur\s k9d c come into y\r room1 ! curr5t ( air be+ con/antly into ! vase1 :]e too t smell is all consum$4 ,! vase =m 0 *os5 z be+ elegant 9 itself1 & v prop] = burn+ ( coals3 :]e wood is ! usual fuel1 & mu/ be burn$ 9 pieces ( "s l5g?1 a long squ>e *e/ may be sub/itut$1 9 :i* ,a is ! cov] op5+ by a h+e beh9d1 ,b ! grate1 ,c ! he>?-box ) its divisions z 9 ! o!r1 ,d ! plan ( ! *e/1 ,e ! long n>r[ grate4 7,plate1 ,figure #ag47 ,?is ,i h n tri$1 b ! vase ma*9e 0 complet$ 9 #agga1 & us$ by me 9 ,london ?ree w9t]s1 & "o aft]w>ds 9 ,am]ica1 mu* to my satisfaction2 & ,i h n yet ?\ght ( any improvem5t x may be capable (1 ?\gh su* may occur to o!rs4 ,= common use1 :ile 9 ,france1 ,i h contriv$ ano!r grate = coals1 :i* has 9 "p ! same prop]ty ( burn+ ! smoke & pres]v+ ! r$ coals long] by ! flame1 ?\gh n s completely z 9 ! vase1 yet suffici5tly to be v useful1 :i* ,i %all n[ describe z foll[s4 ,a1 is a r\nd grate1 "o foot 7,fr5*7 9 diamet]1 & eight in*es deep betwe5 ! b>s & ! back2 7,plate1 ,figure #ah47 ! sides & back ( plate iron2 ! sides hav+ holes ( half an in* diamet] di/ant ?ree or f\r in*es f ea* o!r1 to let 9 air = enliv5+ ! fire4 ,! back )\t holes4 ,! sides d n meet at top nor at bottom by eight in*es3 t squ>e is fill$ by grates ( small b>s cross+ front to back to let 9 air bel[1 & let out ! smoke or flame above4 ,! ?ree middle b>s ( ! front grate are fix$1 ! upp] & l[] may be tak5 out & put 9 at pleasure1 :5 hot1 ) a pair ( p9c]s4 ,?is r\nd grate turns ^u1 an axis1 support$ by ! crot*et ,b1 ! /em ( :i* is an inv]t$ conical tube five in*es deep1 :i* comes on z _m in*es ^u a p9 t fits x1 & :i* is fix$ upright 9 ca/ iron plate ,d1 t lies ^u ! he>?2 9 ! middle ( ! top & bottom grates are fix$ small upright pieces ,e ,e ab\t an in* high1 :i* z ! :ole is turn$ on its axis /op x :5 ! grate is p]p5dicul>4 ,figure #ai is ano!r view ( ! same ma*9e4 ,9 mak+ ! fir/ fire 9 a morn+ ) ?is grate1 !re is no?+ p>ticul> to be obs]v$4 ,x is made z 9 o!r grates1 ! coals be+ put 9 above1 aft] tak+ out ! upp] b>1 & replac+ x :5 !y are 94 ,! r\nd figure ( ! fire :5 ?or\ghly k9dl$ is agreeable1 x repres5ts ! great giv] ( w>m? to our sy/em4 ,z x burns d[n & leaves a vacancy above1 :i* y w\ld fill ) fre% coals1 ! upp] b> is to be tak5 out1 & aft]w>ds replac$4 ,! fre% coals1 :ile ! grate cont9ues 9 ! same position1 w ?r[ up z usual a body ( ?ick smoke4 ,b e "o accu/om$ to coal fires 9 common grates mu/ h obs]v$1 t pieces ( fre% coal /uck 9 bel[ among ! r$ coals h _! smoke s heat$ z t x becomes flame z fa/ z x is produc$1 :i* flame rises among ! coals & enliv5s ! appe>ance ( ! fire4 ,"h !n is ! use ( ?is swivel grate4 ,by a pu% ) y\r tongs or pok]1 y turn x on its p9 till x faces ! back ( ! *imney1 !n turn x ov] on its axis g5tly till x aga9 faces ! room1 :]eby all ! fre% coals w be f\nd "u ! live coals1 & ! great] "p ( ! smoke aris+ f ! fre% coals w 9 its passage ?r\gh ! live ones be heat$ s z to be conv]t$ into flame3 :5ce y h mu* m heat f !m1 & y\r r$ coals are long] pres]v$ f consum+4 ,i conceive ?is con/ruction1 ?\gh n s complete a consum] ( all ! smoke z ! vase1 yet to be fitt] = common use1 & v advantage\s4 ,x gives too a full sight ( ! fire1 always a pleas+ object1 :i* we h n 9 ! o!r4 ,x may ) a t\* be turn$ m or less f any "o ( ! company t desires to h less ( its heat1 or pres5t$ full to "o j come out ( ! cold4 ,& support$ 9 a horizontal position1 a tea-kettle may be boil$ on x4 ,! au?or's description ( 8 ,p5sylvania fireplace1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agdd1 hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( workm5 9 ,europe1 :o did n1 x seems1 well compreh5d ! pr9ciples ( t ma*9e1 x 0 mu* disfigur$ 9 _! imitations ( x2 & "o ( its ma9 int5tions1 t ( admitt+ a suffici5t quantity ( fre% air w>m$ 9 ent]+ ?r\gh ! air-box1 ne>ly defeat$1 by a pret5d$ improvem5t1 9 less5+ its passages to make m room = coals 9 a grate4 ,on pret5ce ( su* improvem5ts1 !y obta9$ pat5ts = ! inv5tion1 & = a :ile made great pr(it by ! sale1 till ! public became s5sible ( t defect1 9 ! expect$ op]ation4 ,if ! same ?+ %\ld be attempt$ ) ?is vase /ove1 x w be well = ! buy] to exam9e ?or\ghly su* pret5d$ improvem5ts1 le/1 be+ ! m]e productions ( ignorance1 !y dim9i% or defeat ! advantages ( ! ma*9e1 & produce inconv5i5ce & disappo9tm5t4 ,! me?od ( burn+ smoke1 by oblig+ x to desc5d ?r\gh hot coals1 may be ( great use 9 heat+ ! walls ( a hot-h\se4 ,9 ! common way1 ! horizontal passages or flues t are made to g & return 9 ^? walls1 lose a great deal ( _! effect :5 !y come to be f\l ) soot2 = a ?ick blanket-l l9+ ( soot prev5ts mu* ( ! hot air f t\*+ & heat+ ! brick "w 9 its passage1 s t m fire mu/ be made z ! flue gr[s f\l]3 b by burn+ ! smoke !y are kept always clean4 ,! same me?od may also be ( great advantage to ^? bus9esses 9 :i* l>ge copp]s or caldrons are to be heat$4 ,writt5 at ,sea1 #aghe4 ,,footnote3 #fj ,f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 9 :i* x 0 read ,janu>y #bh1 #aghf4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,miss ,,/eph5son4 ,me?od ( ,contract+ ,*imneys4 ,mode/y 9 ,disputation4 ,crav5-,/reet1 ,saturday ,ev5+1 pa/ #aj4 ,! "q y ask me is a v s5sible "o1 & ,i %all be glad if ,i c give y a satisfactory answ]4 ,!re are two ways ( contract+ a *imney2 "o1 by contract+ ! op5+ be=e ! fire2 ! o!r1 by contract+ ! funnel above ! fire4 ,if ! funnel above ! fire is left op5 9 its full dim5sions1 & ! op5+ be=e ! fire is contract$2 !n ! coals1 ,i imag9e1 w burn fa/]1 because m air is direct$ ?r\gh ! fire1 & 9 a /rong] /ream2 t air :i* be=e pass$ ov] x1 & on ea* side ( x1 n[ pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,?is is se5 9 n>r[ /ove *imneys1 :5 a sa*ev]ell or bl[] is us$1 :i* /ill m contracts ! n>r[ op5+4--,b if ! funnel only above ! fire is contract$1 !n1 z a less /ream ( air is pass+ up ! *imney1 less mu/ pass ?r\gh ! fire1 & consequ5tly x %\ld seem t ! consum+ ( ! coals w\ld r be *eck$ ?an augm5t$ by su* contraction4 ,& ?is w also be ! case1 :5 bo? ! op5+ be=e ! fire1 & ! funnel above ! fire are contract$1 provid$ ! funnel above ! fire is m contract$ 9 proportion ?an ! op5+ be=e ! fire4--,s y see ,i ?9k y _h ! be/ ( ! argum5t2 & z y not)/&+ gave x up 9 complaisance to ! company1 ,i ?9k y _h also ! be/ ( ! dispute4 ,!re are few1 ?\gh conv9c$1 t "k h[ to give up1 ev5 an error1 !y h be5 once engag$ 9 ma9ta9+2 !re is !re=e ! m m]it 9 dropp+ a conte/ :]e "o ?9ks "o's self "r2 x is at lea/ respectful to ^? we conv]se )4 ,& inde$ all our k is s imp]fect1 & we are f a ?\s& causes s p]petually subject to mi/ake & error1 t positiv5ess c sc>ce ev] become ev5 ! mo/ kn[+2 & mode/y 9 advanc+ any op9ion1 h[ev] pla9 & true we may suppose x1 is always dec5t1 & g5]ally m likely to procure ass5t4 ,pope's rule ,to speak1 ?\gh sure1 ) seem+ diffid5ce1 is !re=e a good "o2 & if ,i _h ev] se5 9 y\r conv]sation ! lea/ deviation f x1 ,i %\ld e>ne/ly recomm5d x to y\r obs]vation4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,mi*ael ,,hillegras ,,esq4 ,respect+ cov]+ ,h\ses ) ,copp]4#fa ,london1 ,m>* #ag1 #aggj4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i receiv$ y\r fav\r ( ,novemb] #be1 & h made enquiries1 z y desir$1 conc]n+ ! copp] cov]+ ( h\ses4 ,x has be5 us$ "h 9 a few in/ances only1 & ! practice does n seem to ga9 gr\nd4 ,! copp] is ab\t ! ?ickness ( a common play+ c>d1 & ?\gh a de>] metal ?an lead1 ,i am told1 t1 z less weight s]ves1 on acc\nt ( its be+ s mu* ?9n]1 & z slight] woodwork 9 ! ro( is suffici5t to support x1 ! ro( is n de>] on ! :ole1 ?an "o cov]$ ) lead4 ,x is said1 t hail & ra9 make a disagreeable drumm+ noise on copp]2 b ?is ,i suppose is r fancy2 = ! plates be+ fa/5$ on ! raft]s1 mu/1 9 a great measure1 dead5 su* s\nd4 ,! fir/ co/1 :atev] x is1 w be all1 z a copp] cov]+ mu/ la/ = ages2 & :5 ! h\se decays1 ! plates w /ill h intr9sic wor?4 ,9 ,russia1 ,i am in=m$ _m h\ses are cov]$ ) plates ( iron t9n$1 su* z our t9 pots & o!r vases are made (1 laid on ov] ! edges ( "o ano!r l tiles2 & :i*1 x is said1 la/ v long1 ! t9 pres]v+ ! iron f mu* decay by ru/+4 ,9 ,france & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,i h se5 _m sp\ts or pipes = convey+ ! wat] d[n f ! ro(s ( h\ses1 made ( ! same k9d ( t9 plates sold]$ toge!r2 & !y seem to /& v well4 ,) s9c]e reg>d1 ,i am1 ,y\rs1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #fa ,! two foll[+ lett]s1 & ! accompany+ pap]1 appe>$ 9 sev]al p]iodical publications1 bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican1 _m ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,frankl91 :i* is suffici5t to give !m au!nticity4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,samuel ,,rhoads1 ,,esq4 ,on ! same ,subject4 ,london1 ,june #bf1 #aggj4 ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,x is a long "t s9ce ,i _h ! pleasure ( he>+ f y directly4 ,mrs4 ,frankl9 has inde$ n[ & !n acqua9t$ me ( y\r welf>e1 :i* ,i am always glad to he> (4 ,x is1 ,i fe>1 p>tly1 if n altoge!r1 my fault1 t our correspond5ce has n be5 regul>ly cont9u$4 ,"o ?+ ,i am sure (1 t x has be5 f no want ( reg>d on ei!r side1 b r f too mu* bus9ess1 & avocations ( v>i\s k9ds1 & my hav+ little ( importance to communicate4 ,"o ( our good citiz5s1 ,mr4 ,hillegras1 anxi\s = ! future safety ( our t[n1 wrote to me "s "t s9ce1 desir+ ,i w\ld enquire conc]n+ ! cov]+ ( our h\ses "h ) copp]4 ,i s5t him ! be/ in=mation ,i c\ld !n obta91 b h s9ce receiv$ ! inclos$ f an +5i\s fri5d1 :o is :at !y call "h a civil eng9e]4 ,i %\ld be glad y w\ld p]use x1 ?9k ( ! matt] a little & give me y\r s5tim5ts ( x4 ,:5 y h done ) ! pap]1 please to give x to ,mr4 ,hillegras4 ,i am told by ,"l ,desp5c]1 :o has cov]$ a long piazza1 or gall]y1 ) copp]1 t ! exp5ce is *>g$ 9 ?is acc\nt too high1 = 8 co/ b "o %ill+ & t5-p5ce p] foot1 all *>ges includ$4 ,i suppose 8 copp] mu/ h be5 ?9n]4 ,&1 inde$1 x is s /rong a metal1 t ,i ?9k x may well be us$ v ?94 ,x appe>s to me ( great importance1 to build our dwell+ h\ses1 if we c1 9 a mann] m secure f dang] by fire4 ,we sc>cely ev] he> ( fire 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re ,i took p>ticul> notice ( ! con/ruction ( _! h\ses1 & ,i did n see h[ "o ( !m c\ld well be burnt1 ! ro(s are slate or tile1 ! walls are /one1 ! walls g5]ally l9$ ) /ucco or pla/]1 in/ead ( wa9scot1 ! floors ( /ucco1 or ( six squ>e tiles pa9t$ br[n1 or ( flag /one1 or ( m>ble2 if any floors 7 ( wood1 x 0 ( oak wood1 :i* is n s inflammable z p9e4 ,c>pets prev5t ! coldness ( /one or brick floors (f5d+ ! feet 9 w9t]1 & ! noise ( tread+ on su* floors1 ov]head1 is less inconv5i5t ?an on bo>ds4 ,! /airs too1 at ,p>is1 are ei!r /one or brick1 ) only a wood5 edge or corn] = ! /ep2 s t on ! :ole1 ?\gh ! ,p>isians commonly burn wood 9 _! *imneys1 a m dang]\s k9d ( fuel ?an t us$ "h1 yet _! h\ses escape extremely well1 z !re is little 9 a room t c be consum$ by fire except ! furniture3 :]eas 9 ,london1 p]haps sc>cely a ye> passes 9 :i* half a million ( prop]ty & _m lives are n lo/ by ?is de/ructive elem5t4 ,( late1 inde$1 !y beg9 "h to leave (f wa9scot+ _! rooms1 & in/ead ( x cov] ! walls ) /ucco1 (t5 =m$ into pannels l wa9scot1 :i* be+ pa9t$1 is v /rong & w>m4 ,/one /aircases too1 ) iron rails1 gr[ m & m into fa%ion "h3 b /one /eps _c1 9 "s circum/ances1 be fix$2 & !re1 me?9ks1 oak is saf] ?an p9e2 & ,i assure y1 t 9 _m g5teel h\ses "h1 bo? old & new1 ! /airs & floors are oak1 & look extremely well4 ,p]haps solid oak = ! /eps w\ld be /ill saf] ?an bo>ds2 & two /eps might be cut diagonally out ( "o piece4 ,excuse my talk+ to y on a subject ) :i* y mu/ be s mu* bett] acqua9t$ ?an ,i am4 ,x is p>tly to make out a lett]1 & p>tly 9 hope1 t1 by turn+ y\r att5tion to ! po9t1 "s me?ods ( great] security 9 our future build+ may be ?\ght ( & promot$ by y1 ^: judgm5t ,i "k has des]v$ly great weight ) our fell[-citiz5s4 ,= ?\gh our t[n has n hi!rto suff]$ v greatly by fire1 yet ,i am appreh5sive1 t "s "t or o!r1 by a concurr5ce ( unlucky circum/ances1 su* z dry wea!r1 h>d fro/1 & high w9ds1 a fire !n happ5+ may sudd5ly spread f> & wide ov] our c$> ro(s1 & d u an imm5se mis*ief4 ,i am1 ,y\rs1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,pap] ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ ,lett]4 ,! c>p5try ( ! ro( be+ =m$ ) its prop] desc5ts1 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 %eet$ or cov]$ ) deals1 nail$ horizontally ^u ! raft]s1 aft] ! same mann] z :5 int5d$ to be cov]$ ) lead4 ,! %eets ( ! copp] = ?is cov]+ are two feet by f\r1 & = cov]+ ! slopes ( ! ro( are ca/ s ?91 z to weigh eight or n9e p\nds1 & = cov]+ ! flats or gutt]s1 t5 or elev5 p\nds ea*1 or ab\t "o p\nd1 or a p\nd & a qu>t]1 to ! sup]ficial foot4 ,a /r+ ( /rong c>tridge pap] 7ov]-lapp+ a little at its jo9ts7 is regul>ly tack$ d[n ^u ! %eet+1 "u ! copp] cov]+1 z ! "w proce$s f eaves to ridge4 ,x prev5ts ! j+l+ s\nd ( hail or ra9 fall+ ^u ! ro(1 & answ]s ano!r purpose to be m5tion$ by-&-by4 ,9 ord] to %ew ! regul> process ( lay+ d[n ! ro(1 we mu/ beg9 ) fa/5+ two %eets toge!r l5g?wise4 ,! edges ( two %eets are laid d[n s z to lap or cov] ea* o!r an in*1 & a slip ( ! same copp]1 ab\t ?ree & a half in*es broad1 call$ ! reeve1 is introduc$ betwe5 !m4 ,f\r oblong holes1 or slits1 are !n cut or pun*$ ?r\gh ! :ole1 & !y are fa/5$ or rivet$ toge!r by copp] nails1 ) small r\nd %anks & flat heads4 ,ind5ts are !n cut #a in* deep ^u ! seam at top & bottom4 ,! "r h& %eet & ! reeve are !n fold$ back to ! left4 ,! reeve is !n fold$ to ! "r1 & ! %eets be+ laid on ! ro( 9 _! place1 x is nail$ d[n to ! %eet+ ) flat-head$ %ort copp] nails4 ,! "r h& %eet is !n fold$ ov] ! reeve to ! "r1 & ! :ole beat d[n flat ^u ! c>tridge pap] cov]+ ! %eet+1 & ?us !y are fa/5$ & laid 9 _! places1 by nail+ d[n ! reeve only2 & by reason ( ! oblong holes ?r\gh !m & ! reeve1 h a little lib]ty to exp& or contract ) ! heat & cold1 )\t rais+ !mselves up f ! %eet+1 or te>+ !mselves or ! fa/5+ to pieces4 ,two o!r %eets are !n fix$ toge!r1 accord+ to ! fir/ & second op]ations above1 & _! seam1 ) ! reeve1 introduc$ "u ! upp] ends ( ! seam ( ! =m]1 s z to cov] d[n ab\t two in*es ^u ! upp] ends ( ! =m] %eets3 & s f> ! c>tridge pap] is all[$ to cov] ! two fir/ %eets4 ,?is edge ( ! pap] is dipp$ 9 oil1 or 9 turp5t9e1 s f> be=e its application1 & ?us a body betwe5 ! %eets is =m$ imp5etrable to wet1 & ! reeve belong+ to ! two la/ %eets is nail$ d[n to ! %eet+ z be=e1 & ! left h& %eet is turn$ d[n to ! "r4 ,f\r %eets are n[ laid d[n1 ) ! seam or jo9t ris+ to ! ridge2 & ?us ! "w is cont9u$1 bo? v]tically & horizontally1 till ! ro( be cov]$1 ! sides & ends ( ea* %eet be+ alt]nately ea* way1 und]mo/ & upp]mo/4 ,! price = copp]1 nails1 & workman%ip1 runs at ab\t eight p\nds t5 %ill+s p] hundr$ weight1 or two %ill+s & ?ree-p5ce p] foot1 sup]ficial1 exclusive ( ! lapp+s2 & ab\t two %ill+s & eight-p5ce p] foot ^u ! :ole2 :i* is r above half z mu* m z ! price ( do+ x well ) lead4 ,,to ,,pet] ,,coll9son1 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,london4 ,magical ,squ>e ( ,squ>es4 ,,sir1 ,accord+ to y\r reque/ ,i n[ s5d y ! ari?metical curiosity1 ( :i* ?is is ! hi/ory4 ,be+ "o day 9 ! c\ntry1 at ! h\se ( our common fri5d1 ! late le>n$ ,mr4 ,logan1 he %[$ me a folio ,fr5* book fill$ ) magic squ>es1 wrote1 if ,i =get n1 by "o ,m4 ,fr5icle1 9 :i* he said ! au?or _h discov]$ great +5uity & dext]ity 9 ! managem5t ( numb]s2 & ?\gh sev]al o!r =eign]s _h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! same way1 he did n recollect t any "o ,engli%man _h done any ?+ ( ! k9d rem>kable4 ,i said1 x 01 p]haps1 a m>k ( ! good s5se ( our ,engli% ma!maticians1 t !y w\ld n sp5d _! "t 9 ?+s t 7 m]ely difficiles nug1 incapable ( any useful application4 ,he answ]$1 t _m ( ! ari?metical or ma!matical que/ions1 publicly propos$ & answ]$ 9 ,engl&1 7 equally trifl+ & useless4 ,p]haps ! consid]+ & answ]+ su* que/ions1 ,i repli$1 may n be altoge!r useless1 if x produces by practice an habitual read9ess & exactness 9 ma!matical disquisitions1 :i* read9ess may1 on _m occasions1 be ( real use4 ,9 ! same way1 says he1 may ! mak+ ( ^! squ>es be ( use4 ,i !n confess$ to him1 t 9 my y\ng] days1 hav+ once "s leisure 7:i* ,i /ill ?9k ,i might h employ$ m usefully7 ,i _h amus$ myself 9 mak+ ^! k9d ( magic squ>es1 &1 at l5g?1 _h acquir$ su* a knack at x1 t ,i c\ld fill ! cells ( any magic squ>e ( reasonable size1 ) a s]ies ( numb]s z fa/ z ,i c\ld write !m1 dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z t ! sums ( e r[1 horizontal1 p]p5dicul>1 or diagonal1 %\ld be equal2 b n be+ satisfi$ ) ^!1 :i* ,i look$ on z common & easy ?+s1 ,i _h impos$ on myself m difficult tasks1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ o!r magic squ>es1 ) a v>iety ( prop]ties1 & mu* m curi\s4 ,he !n %ew$ me sev]al 9 ! same book1 ( an uncommon & m curi\s k9d2 b z ,i ?\ght none ( !m equal to "s ,i rememb]$ to h made1 he desir$ me to let him see !m2 & accord+ly1 ! next "t ,i visit$ him1 ,i c>ri$ him a squ>e ( #h1 :i* ,i f\nd among my old pap]s1 & :i* ,i w n[ give y1 ) an acc\nt ( its prop]ties4 7,see ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #c47 ,! prop]ties are1 #a4 ,t e /rait r[ 7horizontal or v]tical7 ( #h numb]s add$ toge!r makes #bfj1 & half ea* r[ half #bfj4 #b4 ,t ! b5t r[ ( #h numb]s1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ diagonally1 viz4 f #af asc5d+ to #aj1 & f #bc desc5d+ to #ag2 & e "o ( its p>allel b5t r[s ( #h numb]s make #bfj4--;,also ! b5t r[ f #eb desc5d+ to #ed1 & f #dc asc5d+ to #de2 & e "o ( its p>allel b5t r[s ( #h numb]s make #bfj4--;,also ! b5t r[ f #de to #dc1 desc5d+ to ! left1 & f #bc to #ag1 desc5d+ to ! "r1 & e "o ( its p>allel b5t r[s ( #h numb]s1 make #bfj4--;,also ! b5t r[ f #eb to #ed1 desc5d+ to ! "r1 & f #aj to #af1 desc5d+ to ! left1 & e "o ( its p>allel b5t r[s ( #h numb]s make #bfj4--;,also ! p>allel b5t r[s next to ! above-m5tion$1 :i* are %ort5$ to #c numb]s asc5d+1 & #c desc5d+1 c4 z f #ec to #d asc5d+1 & f #bi to #dd desc5d+1 make1 ) ! two corn] numb]s1 #bfj4--;,also ! #b numb]s #ad1 #fa asc5d+1 & #cf1 #ai desc5d+1 ) ! l[] #d numb]s situat$ l !m1 viz4 #ej1 #a1 desc5d+1 & #cb1 #dg1 asc5d+1 make #bfj4--;,&1 la/ly1 ! #d corn] numb]s1 ) ! #d middle numb]s1 make #bfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cbg4 ,a ,magic ,squ>e ( ,squ>es4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,s ?is magical squ>e seems p]fect 9 its k9d4 ,b ^! are n all its prop]ties2 !re are #e o!r curi\s ones1 :i*1 at "s o!r "t1 ,i w expla9 to y4 ,mr4 ,logan !n %ew$ me an old ari?metical book1 9 qu>to1 wrote1 ,i ?9k1 by "o ,/ifelius1 :i* conta9$ a squ>e ( #af1 t he said he %\ld imag9e mu/ h be5 a "w ( great lab\r2 b if ,i =get n1 x _h only ! common prop]ties ( mak+ ! same sum1 viz4 #bjef1 9 e r[1 horizontal1 v]tical1 & diagonal4 ,n will+ to be out-done by ,mr4 ,/ifelius1 ev5 9 ! size ( my squ>e1 ,i w5t home1 & made1 t ev5+1 ! foll[+ magical squ>e ( #af1 :i*1 besides hav+ all ! prop]ties ( ! =ego+ squ>e ( #h1 i4 e4 x w\ld make ! #bjef 9 all ! same r[s & diagonals1 _h ?is add$1 t a f\r-squ>e hole be+ cut 9 a piece ( pap] ( su* a size z to take 9 & %[ ?r\gh x j #af ( ! little squ>es1 :5 laid on ! great] squ>e1 ! sum ( ! #af numb]s s appe>+ ?r\gh ! hole1 :]ev] x 0 plac$ on ! great] squ>e1 %\ld likewise make #bjef4 ,?is ,i s5t to our fri5d ! next morn+1 :o1 aft] "s days1 s5t x back 9 a lett] ) ^! words3 ,i return to !e ?y a/oni%+ or mo/ /up5d\s piece ( ! magical squ>e1 9 :i*---- b ! complim5t is too extravagant1 & !re=e1 = 8 sake1 z well z my own1 ,i ought n to repeat x4 ,nor is x necess>y2 = ,i make no "q b y w readily all[ ?is squ>e ( #af to be ! mo/ magically magical ( any magic squ>e ev] made by any magician4 7,see ! ,plate47 ,i did n1 h[ev]1 end ) squ>es1 b compos$ also a magic circle1 consi/+ ( #h conc5tric circles1 & #h radial r[s1 fill$ ) a s]ies ( numb]s f #ab to #ge inclusive1 s dispos$ z t ! numb]s ( ea* circle1 or ea* radial r[1 be+ add$ to ! c5tral numb] #ab1 !y make exactly #cfj1 ! numb] ( degrees 9 a circle2 & ?is circle _h1 moreov]1 all ! prop]ties ( ! squ>e ( #h4 ,if y desire x1 ,i w s5d x2 b at pres5t1 ,i believe1 y h en\gh on ?is subject4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,,! ,,same4 ,magical ,circle4 ,,sir1 ,i am glad ! p]usal ( ! magical squ>es af=d$ y any amusem5t4 ,i n[ s5d y ! magical circle4 7,see ,plate ,,xii47 ,its prop]ties1 besides ^? m5tion$ 9 my =m]1 are ^!4 ,half ! numb] 9 any radial r[1 add$ ) half ! c5tral numb]1 make #ahj1 equal to ! numb] ( degrees 9 a semi-circle4 ,also half ! numb]s 9 any "o ( ! conc5tric circles1 tak5 ei!r above or bel[ ! horizontal d\ble l9e1 ) half ! c5tral numb]1 make #ahj4 ,& if any f\r adjo9+ numb]s1 /&+ ne>ly 9 a squ>e1 be tak5 f any "p1 & add$ ) half ! c5tral numb]1 !y make #ahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cbh4 ,a ,,magic ,,circle ,,( ,,circles4 ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs1 ,april #a1 #ahjf1 by ,longman1 ,hur/1 ,rees ,orme1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 includ$ f\r o!r sets ( circul> spaces1 exc5tric ) respect to ! fir/1 ea* ( ^! sets conta9+ five spaces4 ,! c5tres ( ! circles t b\nd !m1 are at ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,ea* set1 = ! m easy di/+ui%+ !m f ! fir/1 are drawn ) a diff]5t col\r$ ink1 r$1 blue1 gre51 & yell[4#fb ,^! sets ( exc5tric circul> spaces int]sect ^? ( ! conc5tric1 & ea* o!r2 & yet ! numb]s conta9$ 9 ea* ( ! tw5ty exc5tric spaces1 tak5 all ar\nd1 make1 ) ! c5tral numb]1 ! same sum z ^? 9 ea* ( ! #h conc5tric1 viz4 #cfj4 ,! halves1 also ( ^? drawn f ! c5tres ,a & ,c1 tak5 above or bel[ ! d\ble horizontal l9e1 & ( ^? drawn f c5tres ,b & ,d1 tak5 to ! "r or left ( ! v]tical l9e1 d1 ) half ! c5tral numb]1 make j #ahj4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t !re is n "o ( ! numb]s b :at belongs at lea/ to two ( ! diff]5t circul> spaces2 "s to ?ree1 "s to f\r1 "s to five2 & yet !y are all s plac$ z nev] to break ! requir$ numb] #cfj1 9 any ( ! #bh circul> spaces )9 ! primitive circle4 ,^! int]wov5 circles make s p]plex$ an appe>ance1 t x is n easy = ! eye to trace e circle ( numb]s "o w\ld exam9e1 ?r\gh all ! maze ( circles int]sect$ by x2 b if y fix "o foot ( ! compasses 9 ei!r ( ! c5tres1 & ext5d ! o!r to any numb] 9 ! circle y w\ld exam9e belong+ to t c5tre1 ! mov+ foot w po9t ! o!rs out1 by pass+ r\nd ov] all ! numb]s ( t circle successively4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #fb ,9 ! plate !y are di/+ui%$ by da%$ or dott$ l9es1 z diff]5t z ! engrav] c\ld well make !m4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev4 ,,fa!r ,,becc>ia4 ,describ+ a new musical ,in/rum5t compos$ ( ,glasses4 ,london1 ,july #ac1 #agfb4 ,,rev4 ,,sir1 ,i once promis$ myself ! pleasure ( see+ y at ,tur91 b z t is n n[ likely to happ51 be+ j ab\t return+ to my native c\ntry1 ,am]ica1 ,i sit d[n to take leave ( y 7among o!rs ( my ,european fri5ds t ,i _c see7 by writ+4 ,i ?ank y = ! hon\rable m5tion y h s frequ5tly made ( me 9 y\r lett]s to ,mr4 ,coll9son & o!rs1 = ! g5]\s def5ce y und]took & execut$ ) s mu* success1 ( my electrical op9ions2 & = ! valuable pres5t y h made me ( y\r new "w1 f :i* ,i h receiv$ great in=mation & pleasure4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld 9 return ent]ta9 y ) any ?+ new ( m9e on t subject2 b ,i h n lately pursu$ x4 ,nor d ,i "k ( any "o "h t is at pres5t mu* engag$ 9 x4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x may be agreeable to y1 z y live 9 a musical c\ntry1 to h an acc\nt ( ! new in/rum5t lately add$ "h to ! great numb] t *>m+ sci5ce 0 be=e possess$ (4--,z x is an in/rum5t t seems peculi>ly adapt$ to ,italian music1 especially t ( ! s(t & pla9tive k9d1 ,i w endeav\r to give y su* a description ( x1 & ( ! mann] ( con/ruct+ x1 t y or any ( y\r fri5ds1 may be enabl$ to imitate x1 if y incl9e s to d1 )\t be+ at ! exp5ce & tr\ble ( ! _m exp]im5ts ,i h made 9 endeav\r+ to br+ x to its pres5t p]fection4 ,y h d\btless he>d ! sweet tone t is drawn f a dr9k+ glass1 by pass+ a wet f+] r\nd its brim4 ,"o ,mr4 ,puck]idge1 a g5tleman f ,irel&1 0 ! fir/ :o ?\ght ( play+ tunes1 =m$ ( ^! tones4 ,he collect$ a numb] ( glasses ( diff]5t sizes1 fix$ !m ne> ea* o!r on a table1 & tun$ !m by putt+ into !m wat] m or less1 z ea* note requir$4 ,! tones 7 br\ght out by pass+ 8 f+]s r\nd _! brims4--,he 0 un=tunately burn$ "h1 ) 8 in/rum5t1 9 a fire :i* consum$ ! h\se he liv$ 94 ,mr4 ,e4 ,delaval1 a mo/ +5i\s memb] ( our ,royal ,society1 made "o 9 imitation ( x1 ) a bett] *oice & =m ( glasses1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ,i saw or he>d4 ,be+ *>m$ ) ! sweetness ( its tones1 & ! music he produc$ f x1 ,i wi%$ only to see ! glasses dispos$ 9 a m conv5i5t =m1 & br\ght toge!r 9 a n>r[] compass1 s z to admit ( a great] numb] ( tones1 & all )9 rea* ( h& to a p]son sitt+ be=e ! in/rum5t1 :i* ,i accompli%$1 aft] v>i\s int]m$iate trials1 & less commodi\s =ms1 bo? ( glasses & con/ruction1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,illu/ration3 7hemisph]ical glass vessel7 ,! glasses are bl[n z ne> z possible 9 ! =m ( hemisph]es1 hav+ ea* an op5 neck or socket 9 ! middle4 ,! ?ickness ( ! glass ne> ! brim ab\t a t5? ( an in*1 or h>dly q s mu*1 b ?ick] z x comes ne>] ! neck1 :i* 9 ! l>ge/ glasses is ab\t an in* deep1 & an in* & half wide )91 ^! dim5sions less5+ z ! glasses !mselves dim9i% 9 size1 except t ! neck ( ! smalle/ ought n to be %ort] ?an half an in*4--,! l>ge/ glass is n9e in*es diamet]1 & ! smalle/ ?ree in*es4 ,betwe5 ^! ?ree are tw5ty-?ree diff]5t sizes1 diff]+ f ea* o!r a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4--,to make a s+le in/rum5t !re %\ld be at lea/ six glasses bl[n ( ea* size2 & out ( ?is numb] "o may probably pick ?irty-sev5 glasses 7:i* are suffici5t = ?ree octaves ) all ! semitones7 t w be ea* ei!r ! note "o wants or a little %>p] ?an t note1 & all fitt+ s well into ea* o!r z to tap] pretty regul>ly f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/4 ,x is true !re are n ?irty-sev5 sizes1 b x (t5 happ5s t two ( ! same size diff] a note or half note 9 tone1 by reason ( a diff]5ce 9 ?ickness1 & ^! may be plac$ "o 9 ! o!r )\t s5sibly hurt+ ! regul>ity ( ! tap] =m4 ,! glasses be+ *os51 & e "o m>k$ ) a diamond ! note y int5d x =1 !y are to be tun$ by dim9i%+ ! ?ickness ( ^? t are too %>p4 ,?is is done by gr9d+ !m r\nd f ! neck t[>ds ! brim1 ! bread? ( "o or two in*es1 z may be requir$2 (t5 try+ ! glass by a well tun$ h>psi*ord1 comp>+ ! tone drawn f ! glass by y\r f+]1 ) ! note y want1 z s\nd$ by t /r+ ( ! h>psi*ord4 ,:5 y come ne>] ! matt]1 be c>eful to wipe ! glass clean & dry be=e ea* trial1 because ! tone is some?+ flatt] :5 ! glass is wet1 ?an x w be :5 dry2--& gr9d+ a v little betwe5 ea* trial1 y w !reby tune to great exactness4 ,! m c>e is necess>y 9 ?is1 because if y g bel[ y\r requir$ tone1 !re is no %>p5+ x aga9 b by gr9d+ some:at (f ! brim1 :i* w aft]w>ds require poli%+1 & ?us increase ! tr\ble4 ,! glasses be+ ?us tun$1 y are to be provid$ ) a case = !m1 & a sp9dle on :i* !y are to be fix$4 ,my case is ab\t ?ree feet long1 elev5 in*es e way wide )9 at ! bigge/ end1 & five in*es at ! smalle/ end2 = x tap]s all ! way1 to adapt x bett] to ! conical figure ( ! set ( glasses4 ,?is case op5s 9 ! middle ( its height1 & ! upp] "p turns up by h+es fix$ beh9d4 ,! sp9dle1 :i* is ( h>d iron1 lies horizontally f end to end ( ! box )91 exactly 9 ! middle1 & is made to turn on brass gudgeons at ea* end4 ,x is r\nd1 an in* diamet] at ! ?icke/ end1 & tap]+ to a qu>t] ( an in* at ! smalle/4--,a squ>e %ank comes f its ?icke/ end ?r\gh ! box1 on :i* %ank a :eel is fix$ by a screw4 ,?is :eel s]ves z a fly to make ! motion equable1 :5 ! sp9dle1 ) ! glasses1 is turn$ by ! foot l a sp9n+-:eel4 ,my :eel is ( mahogany1 eighte5 in*es diamet]1 & pretty ?ick1 s z to conceal ne> its circumf]5ce ab\t #belb ( lead4--,an ivory p9 is fix$ 9 ! face ( ?is :eel1 & ab\t f\r in*es f ! axis4 ,ov] ! neck ( ?is p9 is put ! loop ( ! /r+ t comes up f ! moveable /ep to give x motion4 ,! case /&s on a neat frame ) f\r legs4 ,to fix ! glasses on ! sp9dle1 a cork is fir/ to be fitt$ 9 ea* neck pretty tight1 & project+ a little )\t ! neck1 t ! neck ( "o may n t\* ! inside ( ano!r :5 put toge!r1 = t w\ld make a j>r+4--,^! corks are to be p]=at$ ) holes ( diff]5t diamet]s1 s z to suit t "p ( ! sp9dle on :i* !y are to be fix$4 ,:5 a glass is put on1 by hold+ x /iffly betwe5 bo? h&s1 :ile ano!r turns ! sp9dle1 x may be gradually br\ght to its place4 ,b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! hole be n too small1 le/ 9 =c+ x up ! neck %\ld split2 nor too l>ge1 le/ ! glass n be+ firmly fix$ %\ld turn or move on ! sp9dle1 s z to t\* & j> aga9/ its neighb\r+ glass4 ,! glasses ?us are plac$ "o 9 ano!r1 ! l>ge/ on ! bigge/ end ( ! sp9dle :i* is to ! left h&2 ! neck ( ?is glass is t[>ds ! :eel1 & ! next goes into x 9 ! same position1 only ab\t an in* ( its brim appe>+ beyond ! brim ( ! fir/2 ?us proce$+1 e glass :5 fix$ %ews ab\t an in* ( its brim 7or ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*1 or half an in*1 z !y gr[ small]7 beyond ! brim ( ! glass t conta9s x2 & x is f ^! expos$ p>ts ( ea* glass t ! tone is drawn1 by lay+ a f+] ^u "o ( !m z ! sp9dle & glasses turn r\nd4 ,my l>ge/ glass is ,g1 a little bel[ ! rea* ( a common voice1 & my highe/ ,g1 includ+ ?ree compleat octaves4--,to di/+ui% ! glasses ! m readily to ! eye1 ,i h pa9t$ ! app>5t p>ts ( ! glasses )9 side1 e semitone :ite1 & ! o!r notes ( ! octave ) ! sev5 prismatic col\rs1 viz4 ,c1 r$2 ,d1 orange2 ,e1 yell[2 ,f1 gre52 ,g1 blue2 ,a1 indigo2 ,b1 purple2 & ,c1 r$ aga92--s t glasses ( ! same col\r 7! :ite except$7 are always octaves to ea* o!r4 ,?is in/rum5t is play$ ^u1 by sitt+ be=e ! middle ( ! set ( glasses z be=e ! keys ( a h>psi*ord1 turn+ !m ) ! foot1 & wett+ !m n[ & !n ) a spunge & clean wat]4 ,! f+]s %\ld be fir/ a little soak$ 9 wat]1 & q free f all greas9ess2 a little f9e *alk ^u !m is sometimes useful1 to make !m cat* ! glass & br+ out ! tone m readily4 ,bo? h&s are us$1 by :i* means diff]5t p>ts are play$ toge!r4--,obs]ve1 t ! tones are be/ drawn out :5 ! glasses turn f ! ends ( ! f+]s1 n :5 !y turn to !m4 ,! advantages ( ?is in/rum5t are1 t its tones are incomp>ably sweet beyond ^? ( any o!r2 t !y may be swell$ & s(t5$ at pleasure by /rong] or weak] pressures ( ! f+]1 & cont9u$ to any l5g?2 & t ! in/rum5t1 be+ once well tun$1 nev] aga9 wants tun+4 ,9 hon\r ( y\r musical language1 ,i h borr[$ f x ! "n ( ?is in/rum5t1 call+ x ! ,armonica4 ,) great e/eem & respect1 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,to ,a ,,fri5d#fc4 ,respect+ ! be/ ,m$iums = convey+ ,s\nd4 ,july #bj1 #agfb4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i h p]us$ y\r pap] on s\nd1 & w\ld freely m5tion to y1 z y desire x1 e ?+ t appe>$ to me to ne$ correction3--,b no?+ ( t k9d occurs to me1 unless x be1 :]e y speak ( ! air z ! be/ m$ium = convey+ s\nd4 ,p]haps ?is is speak+ r too positively1 if !re be1 z ,i ?9k !re are1 "s o!r m$iums t w convey x f>!r & m readily4--,x is a well-kn[n exp]im5t1 t ! scrat*+ ( a p9 at "o end ( a long piece ( timb]1 may be he>d by an e> appli$ ne> ! o!r end1 ?\gh x c\ld n be he>d at ! same di/ance ?r\gh ! air4--,& two /ones be+ /ruck sm>tly toge!r "u wat]1 ! /roke may be he>d at a great] di/ance by an e> also plac$ "u wat]1 ?an x c be he>d ?r\gh ! air4 ,i ?9k ,i h he>d x ne> a mile2 h[ mu* f>!r x may be he>d ,i "k n2 b suppose a great deal f>!r1 because ! s\nd did n seem fa9t1 z if at a di/ance1 l di/ant s\nds ?r\gh air1 b sm>t & /rong1 & z if pres5t j at ! e>4--,i wi% y w\ld repeat ^! exp]im5ts n[ y are ^u ! subject1 & add y\r own obs]vations4--,& if y 7 to repeat1 ) y\r naturally exact att5tion & obs]vation1 ! common exp]im5t ( ! bell 9 ! exhau/$ receiv]1 possibly some?+ new may occur to y1 9 consid]+1 #a4 ,:e!r ! exp]im5t is n ambigu\s2 i4 e4 :e!r ! gradual exhau/+ ( ! air1 z x creates an increas+ diff]5ce ( pressure on ! outside1 may n occasion 9 ! glass a difficulty ( vibrat+1 t r5d]s x less fit to communicate to ! air )\t1 ! vibrations t /rike x f )92 & ! dim9ution ( ! s\nd arise f ?is cause1 r ?an f ! dim9ution ( ! air8 #b4 ,:e!r1 z ! p>ticles ( air !mselves are at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 !re mu/ n be "s m$ium betwe5 !m1 prop] = convey+ s\nd1 s9ce o!rwise x w\ld /op at ! fir/ p>ticle8 #c4 ,:e!r ! great diff]5ce we exp]i5ce 9 he>+ s\nds at a di/ance1 :5 ! w9d bl[s t[>ds u f ! sonor\s body1 or t[>ds t f u1 c be well acc\nt$ = by add+ to or subtract+ f ! swiftness ( s\nd1 ! degree ( swiftness t is 9 ! w9d at ! "t8 ,! latt] is s small 9 proportion1 t x seems z if x c\ld sc>ce produce any s5sible effect1 & yet ! diff]5ce is v great4 ,does n ?is give "s h9t1 z if !re might be a subtle fluid1 ! conductor ( s\nd1 :i* moves at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t directions ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ^: motion may p]haps be mu* swift] ?an t ( ! air 9 our /ronge/ w9ds2 & t 9 pass+ ?r\gh air1 x may communicate t motion to ! air :i* we call w9d1 ?\gh a motion 9 no degree s swift z its own8 #d4 ,x is some:]e relat$1 t a pi/ol fir$ on ! top ( an exce$+ high m\nta91 made a noise l ?und] 9 ! valleys bel[4 ,p]haps ?is fact is n exactly relat$3 b if x is1 w\ld n "o imag9e f x1 t ! r>] ! air1 ! great] s\nd might be produc$ 9 x f ! same cause8 #e4 ,^? balls ( fire :i* are sometimes se5 pass+ ov] a c\ntry1 comput$ by philosoph]s to be (t5 ?irty miles high at lea/1 sometimes bur/ at t height2 ! air mu/ be exce$+ r>e !re1 & yet ! explosion produces a s\nd t is he>d at t di/ance1 & = sev5ty miles r\nd on ! surface ( ! e>?1 s viol5t too z to %ake build+s1 & give an appreh5sion ( an e>?quake4 ,does n ?is look z if a r>e atmosph]e1 almo/ a vacuum1 0 no bad conductor ( s\nd8 ,i h n made up my own m9d on ^! po9ts1 & only m5tion !m = y\r consid]ation1 kn[+ t e subject is ! bett] = y\r h&l+ x4 ,) ! greate/ e/eem1 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #fc ,mr4 ,oliv] ,neave4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,"l ,,kaims1 ,,at ,,ed9burgh4 ,on ! ,h>mony & ,melody ( ! old ,scot* ,tunes4 ,june #b1 #agfe4 99999999 ,9 my passage to ,am]ica ,i read y\r excell5t "w1 ! ,elem5ts ( ,criticism1 9 :i* ,i f\nd great ent]ta9m5t4 ,i only wi%$ y _h exam9$ m fully ! subject ( music1 & demon/rat$ t ! pleasure arti/s feel 9 he>+ mu* ( t compos$ 9 ! mod]n ta/e1 is n ! natural pleasure aris+ f melody or h>mony ( s\nds1 b ( ! same k9d ) ! pleasure we feel on see+ ! surpris+ feats ( tumbl]s & rope-danc]s1 :o execute difficult ?+s4 ,= my "p ,i take ?is to be really ! case1 & suppose x ! reason :y ^? :o are unpractis$ 9 music1 & !re=e unacqua9t$ ) ^? difficulties1 h little or no pleasure 9 he>+ ?is music4 ,_m pieces ( x are m]e compositions ( tricks4 ,i h sometimes1 at a conc]t1 att5d$ by a common audi5ce1 plac$ myself s z to see all _! faces1 & obs]v$ no signs ( pleasure 9 !m dur+ ! p]=mance ( a great "p t 0 admir$ by ! p]=m]s !mselves2 :ile a pla9 old ,scot* tune1 :i* !y disda9$1 & c\ld sc>cely be prevail$ on to play1 gave manife/ & g5]al delight4 ,give me leave1 on ?is occasion1 to ext5d a little ! s5se ( y\r position1 t melody & h>mony are sep>ately agreeable1 & 9 union delightful1 & to give x z my op9ion1 t ! reason :y ! ,scot* tunes h liv$ s long1 & w probably live = ev] 7if !y escape be+ /ifl$ 9 mod]n affect$ ornam5t7 is m]ely ?is1 t !y are really compositions ( melody & h>mony unit$1 or r t _! melody is h>mony4 ,i mean ! simple tunes sung by a s+le voice4 ,z ?is w appe> p>adoxical1 ,i mu/ expla9 my mean+4 ,9 common acceptation1 inde$1 only an agreeable succession ( s\nds is call$ melody1 & only ! co-exi/5ce ( agreeable s\nds1 h>mony4 ,b s9ce ! memory is capable ( reta9+ = "s mom5ts a p]fect idea ( ! pit* ( a pa/ s\nd1 s z to comp>e ) x ! pit* ( a succe$+ s\nd1 & judge truly ( _! agreem5t or disagreem5t1 !re may & does arise f !nce a s5se ( h>mony betwe5 ! pres5t & pa/ s\nds1 equally pleas+ ) t betwe5 two pres5t s\nds4 ,n[ ! con/ruction ( ! old ,scot* tunes is ?is1 t almo/ e succe$+ emphatical note is a ?ird1 a fif?1 an octave1 or 9 %ort "s note t is 9 concord ) ! prec$+ note4 ,?irds are *iefly us$1 :i* are v pleas+ concords4 ,i use ! ^w emphatical to di/+ui% ^? notes :i* h a /ress laid on !m 9 s++ ! tune1 f ! light] connect+ notes1 t s]ve m]ely1 l gramm> articles 9 common spee*1 to tack ! :ole toge!r4 ,t we h a mo/ p]fect idea ( a s\nd j pa/1 ,i might appeal to all acqua9t$ ) music1 :o "k h[ easy x is to repeat a s\nd 9 ! same pit* ) "o j he>d4 ,9 tun+ an in/rum5t1 a good e> c z easily det]m9e t two /r+s are 9 unison by s\nd+ !m sep>ately1 z by s\nd+ !m toge!r2 _! disagreem5t is also z easily1 ,i believe ,i may say m easily & bett] di/+ui%$1 :5 s\nd$ sep>ately2 = :5 s\nd$ toge!r1 ?\gh y "k by ! beat+ t "o is high] ?an ! o!r1 y _c tell :i* x is4 ,i h ascrib$ to memory ! ability ( comp>+ ! pit* ( a pres5t tone ) t ( "o pa/4 ,b if !re %\ld be1 z possibly !re may be1 some?+ 9 ! e>1 simil> to :at we f9d 9 ! eye1 t ability w\ld n be entirely ow+ to memory4 ,possibly ! vibrations giv5 to ! auditory n]ves by a p>ticul> s\nd may actually cont9ue "s "t aft] ! cause ( ^? vibrations is pa/1 & ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( a subsequ5t s\nd become by comp>ison ) !m m disc]nible4 ,= ! impression made on ! visual n]ves by a lum9\s object w cont9ue = tw5ty or ?irty seconds4 ,sitt+ 9 a room1 look e>ne/ly at ! middle ( a w9d[ a little :ile :5 ! day is bright1 & !n %ut y\r eyes2 ! figure ( ! w9d[ w /ill rema9 9 ! eye1 & s di/9ct t y may c\nt ! panes4 ,a rem>kable circum/ance att5d+ ?is exp]im5t1 is1 t ! impression ( =ms is bett] reta9$ ?an t ( col\rs2 = aft] ! eyes are %ut1 :5 y fir/ disc]n ! image ( ! w9d[1 ! panes appe> d>k1 & ! cross b>s ( ! sa%es1 ) ! w9d[ frames & walls1 appe> :ite or bright2 b if y /ill add to ! d>kness 9 ! eyes by cov]+ !m ) y\r h&1 ! rev]se in/antly takes place1 ! panes appe> lum9\s & ! cross b>s d>k4 ,& by remov+ ! h& !y are aga9 rev]s$4 ,?is ,i "k n h[ to acc\nt =4--,nor = ! foll[+2 t aft] look+ long ?r\gh gre5 spectacles1 ! :ite pap] ( a book w on fir/ tak+ !m (f appe> to h a blu% ( r$2 & aft] long look+ ?r\gh r$ glasses1 a gre5i% ca/2 ?is seems to intimate a relation betwe5 gre5 & r$ n yet expla9$4 ,f>!r1 :5 we consid] by :om ^! anci5t tunes 7 compos$1 & h[ !y 7 fir/ p]=m$1 we %all see t su* h>monical successions ( s\nds 0 natural & ev5 necess>y 9 _! con/ruction4 ,!y 7 compos$ by ! m9/rels ( ^? days to be play$ on ! h>p accompani$ by ! voice4 ,! h>p 0 /rung ) wire1 :i* gives a s\nd ( long cont9uance1 & _h no contrivance l t 9 ! mod]n h>psi*ord1 by :i* ! s\nd ( ! prec$+ c\ld be /opt1 ! mom5t a succe$+ note began4 ,to avoid actual discord1 x 0 !re=e necess>y t ! succe$+ emphatic note %\ld be a *ord ) ! prec$+1 z _! s\nds mu/ exi/ at ! same "t4 ,h5ce arose t beauty 9 ^? tunes t has s long pleas$1 & w please = ev]1 ?\gh m5 sc>ce "k :y4 ,t !y 7 orig9ally compos$ = ! h>p1 & ( ! mo/ simple k9d1 ,i mean a h>p )\t any half notes b ^? 9 ! natural scale1 & ) no m ?an two octaves ( /r+s1 f ,c to ,c1 ,i conjecture f ano!r circum/ance1 :i* is1 t n "o ( ^? tunes1 really anci5t1 has a s+le artificial half note 9 x1 & t 9 tunes :]e x 0 mo/ conv5i5t = ! voice to use ! middle notes ( ! h>p1 & place ! key 9 ,f1 !re ! ,b1 :i* if us$ %\ld be a ,b flat1 is always omitt$1 by pass+ ov] x ) a ?ird4 ,! connoisseurs 9 mod]n music w say1 ,i h no ta/e1 b ,i _c help add+1 t ,i believe our ance/ors1 9 he>+ a good song1 di/9ctly articulat$1 sung to "o ( ^? tunes1 & accompani$ by ! h>p1 felt m real pleasure ?an is communicat$ by ! g5]ality ( mod]n op]as1 exclusive ( t aris+ f ! sc5]y & danc+4 ,mo/ tunes ( late composition1 n hav+ ?is natural h>mony unit$ ) _! melody1 h rec\rse to ! artificial h>mony ( a bass1 & o!r accompany+ p>ts4#fd ,?is support1 9 my op9ion1 ! old tunes d n ne$1 & are r confus$ ?an aid$ by x4 ,:oev] has he>d ,james ,oswald play !m on 8 violoncello1 w be less incl9$ to dispute ?is ) me4 ,i h m ?an once se5 te>s ( pleasure 9 ! eyes ( 8 auditors2 & yet1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 8 play+ ^? tunes w\ld please m1 if he gave !m less mod]n ornam5t4 ,i am1 c4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #fd ,! celebrat$ ,r\sseau 9 8 ,dictionnaire de ,musique1 pr9t$ #agfh1 appe>s to h simil> s5tim5ts ( our mod]n h>mony1 viz4 ,m4 ,rameau prt5d que les dessus d'une c]ta9e simplicit sugg]nt naturellem5t leur basse1 qu'un homme ayant l'oreille ju/e non ex]ce1 entonn]a naturellem5t cette basse4 ,c'e/-l un prjug de musici51 dm5ti p> t\te expri5ce4 ,non seulem5t celui qui n'aura jamais ent5du ni basse ni h>monie1 ne tr\v]a1 de lui-mme1 ni cette h>monie ni cette basse2 mais elles lui dplairont si on les lui fait ent5dre1 il aim]a beauc\p mieux le simple unisson4 ,qu& on songe que1 de t\s les peuples de la t]re1 qui t\s ont une musique un *ant1 les ,europens sont les seuls qui ai5t une h>monie des accords1 qui tr\v5t ce mlange agrable2 qu& on songe que le monde a dur tant de sicles1 sans que1 de t\tes les nations qui ont cultiv les beaux arts1 aucune ait connu cette h>monie2 qu'aucun animal1 qu'aucun oiseau1 qu'aucan tre dans la nature ne produit d'autre accord que l'unisson1 ni d'autre musique que la mlodie2 que les langues ori5tales1 si sonores1 si musicales2 que les oreilles ,grecques1 si dlicates1 si s5sibles1 ex]ces avec tant d'art1 n'ont jamais guid ces peuples voluptueax passionns v]s notre h>monie2 que1 sans elle1 leur musique avoits des effets si prodigieux3 qu'avec elle la ntre en a de si foibles3 qu'ent9 il toit rs]v des peuples du ,nord1 dont les organes durs grossi]s sont plus t\*s de l'clat du bruit des voix1 que de la d\ceur des acc5s1 de la mlodie des inflexions1 de faire cette gr&e dc\v]te1 de la donn] p\r pr9cipe t\tes les rgles de l'art2 qu&1 dis-je1 on fait att5tion t\t cela1 il e/ bi5 difficile de ne pas s\ponn] que t\te notre h>monie n'e/ qu'une inv5tion go?ique b>b>e1 dont n\s ne n\s fussions jamais aviss1 si n\s fussions t plus s5sibles aux vritables beauts de l'art1 la musique vraim5t naturelle4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,pet] ,,frankl91 ,,newport1 ,,new ,,engl&4 ,on ! ,defects ( ,mod]n ,music4 ,no date4 ,,de> ,,bro!r1 99999999 ,i l y\r ballad1 & ?9k x well adapt$ = y\r purpose ( disc\nt5anc+ exp5sive fopp]y1 & enc\rag+ indu/ry & frugality4 ,if y c get x g5]ally sung 9 y\r c\ntry1 x may probably h a good deal ( ! effect y hope & expect f x4 ,b z y aim$ at mak+ x g5]al1 ,i wond] y *ose s uncommon a measure 9 poetry1 t none ( ! tunes 9 common use w suit x4 ,_h y fitt$ x to an old "o1 well kn[n1 x mu/ h spread mu* fa/] ?an ,i d\bt x w d f ! be/ new tune we c get compos$ = x4 ,i ?9k too1 t if y _h giv5 x to "s c\ntry girl 9 ! he>t ( ! ,massa*usets1 :o has nev] he>d any o!r ?an psalm tunes1 or ,*evy ,*ace1 ! ,*ildr5 9 ! ,wood1 ! ,spani% ,lady1 & su* old simple ditties1 b has naturally a good e>1 %e might m probably h made a pleas+ popul> tune = y1 ?an any ( our ma/]s "h1 & m prop] = y\r purpose1 :i* w\ld be/ be answ]$1 if e ^w c\ld z x is sung be und]/ood by all t he> x1 & if ! emphasis y int5d = p>ticul> words c\ld be giv5 by ! s+] z well z by ! read]2 mu* ( ! =ce & impression ( ! song dep5d+ on ^? circum/ances4 ,i w h[ev] get x z well done = y z ,i c4 ,d n imag9e t ,i mean to depreciate ! skill ( our compos]s ( music "h2 !y are admirable at pleas+ practis$ e>s1 & "k h[ to delight "o ano!r2 b1 9 compos+ = songs1 ! reign+ ta/e seems to be q out ( nature1 or r ! rev]se ( nature1 & yet l a torr5t1 hurries !m all away ) x2 "o or two p]haps only except$4 ,y1 9 ! _s ( "s anci5t legislators1 w\ld influ5ce ! mann]s ( y\r c\ntry by ! unit$ p[]s ( poetry & music4 ,by :at ,i c le>n ( _! songs1 ! music 0 simple1 con=m$ itself to ! usual pronunciation ( words1 z to measure1 cad5ce or emphasis1 c4 nev] disguis$ & conf\nd$ ! language by mak+ a long syllable %ort1 or a %ort "o long :5 sung2 _! s++ 0 only a m pleas+1 because a melodi\s mann] ( speak+2 x 0 capable ( all ! graces ( prose oratory1 :ile x add$ ! pleasure ( h>mony4 ,a mod]n song1 on ! contr>y1 neglects all ! proprieties & beauties ( common spee*1 & 9 _! place introduces its defects & absurdities z s _m graces4 ,i am afraid y w h>dly take my ^w = ?is1 & !re=e ,i mu/ endeav\r to support x by pro(4 ,"h is ! fir/ song ,i lay my h& on4 ,x happ5s to be a composition ( "o ( our greate/ ma/]s1 ! ev]-fam\s ,h&el4 ,x is n "o ( 8 juv5ile p]=mances1 be=e 8 ta/e c\ld be improv$ & =m$3 x appe>$ :5 8 reputation 0 at ! highe/1 is greatly admir$ by all 8 admir]s1 & is really excell5t 9 its k9d4 ,x is call$1 ,! additional fav\rite song 9 ,judas ,maccabeus4 ,n[ ,i reckon among ! defects & improprieties ( common spee*1 ! foll[+1 viz4 #a4 ,wrong plac+ ! acc5t or emphasis1 by lay+ x on words ( no importance1 or on wrong syllables4 #b4 ,drawl+2 or ext5d+ ! s\nd ( words or syllables beyond _! natural l5g?4 #c4 ,/utt]+2 or mak+ _m syllables ( "o4 #d4 ,un9telligibl5ess2 ! result ( ! ?ree =ego+ unit$4 #e4 ,tautology2 & #f4 ,scream+1 )\t cause4 ,= ! wrong plac+ ( ! acc5t1 or emphasis1 see x on ! ^w _! in/ead ( be+ on ! ^w va94 ,illu/ration 7music73 ) _! va9 my-/e-ri\s ,art ,& on ! ^w f1 & ! wrong syllable l4 ,illu/ration 7music73 ,god l wisdom f a-bove4 ,= ! drawl+1 see ! la/ syllable ( ! ^w w\nd$4 ,illu/ration 7music73 ,nor c heal ! w\nded he>t ,& 9 ! syllable wis1 & ! ^w f1 & syllable bove ,illu/ration 7music73 ,god-l wisdom f a-bove ,= ! /utt]+1 see ! words ne'er relieve1 9 ,illu/ration 7music73 ,ma-gick *>ms c ne'er re-lieve y ,"h are f\r syllables made ( "o1 & eight ( ?ree2 b ?is is mod]ate4 ,i h se5 9 ano!r song t ,i _c n[ f9d1 sev5te5 syllables made ( ?ree1 & sixte5 ( "o3 ! latt] ,i rememb] 0 ! ^w *>ms2 viz4 *a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 arms4 ,/amm]+ ) a witness6 ,= ! un9telligibl5ess2 give ?is :ole song to any taught s+]1 & let h] s+ x to any company t h nev] he>d x2 y %all f9d !y w n und]/& ?ree words 9 t54 ,x is !re=e1 t at ! oratorios & op]as "o sees ) books 9 _! h&s all ^? :o desire to und]/& :at !y he> sung by ev5 our be/ p]=m]s4 ,= ! tautology2 y h1 ) _! va9 my/]i\s art1 twice repeat$2 magic *>ms c ne'er relieve y1 ?ree times4 ,nor c heal ! w\nd$ he>t1 ?ree times4 ,godlike wisdom f above1 twice2 &1 ?is alone c deceive y1 two or ?ree times4 ,b ?is is reasonable :5 comp>$ ) ! ,mon/] ,polypheme1 ! ,mon/] ,polypheme1 a hundr$ times ov] & ov]1 9 8 admir$ ,acis & ,galatea4 ,z to ! scream+2 p]haps ,i _c f9d a fair in/ance 9 ?is song2 b :oev] has frequ5t$ our op]as w rememb] _m4 ,& yet "h me?9ks ! words no & e'er1 :5 sung to ^! notes1 h a little ( ! air ( scream+1 & w\ld actually be scream$ by "s s+]s4 ,illu/ration 7music73 ,no magic *>ms c e'er re-lieve y4 ,i s5d y inclos$ ! song ) its music at l5g?4 ,read ! words )\t ! repetitions4 ,obs]ve h[ few !y are1 & :at a %[] ( notes att5d !m3 y w !n p]haps be incl9$ to ?9k ) me1 t ?\gh ! words might be ! pr9cipal "p ( an anci5t song1 !y are ( small importance 9 a mod]n "o2 !y are 9 %ort only a pret5ce = s++4 ,i am1 z ev]1 ,y\r affectionate bro!r1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,p4 ,s4 ,i might h m5tion$ in>ticulation among ! defects 9 common spee* t are assum$ z beauties 9 mod]n s++4 ,b z t seems m ! fault ( ! s+] ?an ( ! compos]1 ,i omitt$ x 9 :at relat$ m]ely to ! composition4 ,! f9e s+] 9 ! pres5t mode1 /ifles all ! h>d consonants1 & poli%es away all ! r\gh] p>ts ( words t s]ve to di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r2 s t y he> no?+ b an admirable pipe1 & und]/& no m ( ! song1 ?an y w\ld f its tune play$ on any o!r in/rum5t4 ,if ev] x 0 ! ambition ( musicians to make in/rum5ts t %\ld imitate ! human voice1 t ambition seems n[ rev]s$1 ! voice aim+ to be l an in/rum5t4 ,?us wigs 7 fir/ made to imitate a good natural head ( hair2--b :5 !y became fa%ionable1 ?\gh 9 unnatural =ms1 we h se5 natural hair dress$ to look l wigs4 ,description ( ! ,process to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ l>ge ,%eets ( ,pap] 9 ! ,*9ese ,mann]1 ) "o smoo? surface4#fe ,9 ,europe to h a l>ge surface ( pap] connect$ toge!r & smoo? on "o side1 ! foll[+ op]ations are p]=m$4 #a4 ,a numb] ( small %eets are to be made sep>ately4 #b4 ,^! are to be c\*$1 "o by "o1 betwe5 blankets4 #c4 ,:5 a heap is =m$ x mu/ be put "u a /rong press1 to =ce out ! wat]4 #d4 ,!n ! blankets are to be tak5 away1 "o by "o1 & ! %eets hung up to dry4 #e4 ,:5 dry !y are to be aga9 press$1 or if to be siz$1 !y mu/ be dipp$ into size made ( w>m wat]1 9 :i* glue & alum are dissolv$4 #f4 ,!y mu/ !n be press$ aga9 to =ce out ! sup]flu\s size4 #g4 ,!y mu/ !n be hung up a second "t to dry1 :i*1 if ! air happ5s to be damp1 requires "s days4 #h4 ,!y mu/ !n be tak5 d[n1 laid toge!r1 & aga9 press$4 #i4 ,!y mu/ be pa/$ toge!r at _! edges4 #aj4 ,! :ole mu/ be glaz$ by lab\r1 ) a fl9t4 ,9 ,*9a1 if !y w\ld make %eets1 suppose ( f\r & a half ells long & "o & a half ells wide1 !y h two l>ge vats1 ea* five ells long & two ells wide1 made ( brick1 l9$ ) a pla/] t holds wat]4 ,9 ^! ! /uff is mix$ ready to "w4 ,betwe5 ^! vats is built a kiln or /ove1 ) two incl9+ sides2 ea* side some?+ l>g] ?an ! %eet ( pap]2 !y are cov]$ ) a f9e /ucco t takes a poli%1 & are s contriv$ z to be well heat$ by a small fire circulat+ 9 ! walls4 ,! m\ld is made ) ?9 b deep sides1 t x may be bo? light & /iff3 x is susp5d$ at ea* end ) cords t pass ov] pullies fa/5$ to ! ciel+1 _! ends connect$ ) a c\nt]poise ne>ly equal ! weight ( ! m\ld4 ,two m51 "o at ea* end ( ! m\ld1 lift+ x out ( ! wat] by ! help ( ! c\nt]poise1 turn x & apply x ) ! /uff to ! smoo? surface ( ! /ove1 aga9/ :i* !y press x1 to =ce out great "p ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! wires4 ,! heat ( ! wall soon evaporates ! re/1 & a boy takes (f ! dri$ %eet by roll+ x up4 ,! side next ! /ove receives ! ev5 poli% ( ! /ucco1 & is !reby bett] fitt$ to receive ! impression ( f9e pr9ts4 ,if a degree ( siz+ is requir$1 a decoction ( rice is mix$ ) ! /uff 9 ! vat4 ,?us ! great %eet is obta9$1 smoo? & siz$1 & a numb] ( ! ,european op]ations sav$4 ,z ! /ove has two poli%$ sides1 & !re are two vats1 ! same op]ation is at ! same "t p]=m$ by two o!r m5 at ! o!r vat2 & "o fire s]ves4 ,,footnote3 #fe ,communicat$ by ,dr4 ,frankl9 to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 9 :i* x 0 read1 ,june #bj1 #aghh4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,noah ,,web/]1 ,,jun4 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,h>t=d#ff4 ,on ,mod]n ,innovations 9 ! ,engli% ,language & 9 ,pr9t+4 ,philadelphia1 ,dec4#bf1 #aghi4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i receiv$1 "s "t s9ce1 y\r ,diss]tations on ! ,engli% ,language4 ,x is an excell5t "w1 & w be greatly useful 9 turn+ ! ?\ghts ( our c\ntrym5 to correct writ+4 ,please to accept my ?anks = x1 z well z = ! great hon\r y h done me 9 its d$ication4 ,i ought to h made ?is ackn[l$gm5t soon]1 b mu* indisposition prev5t$ me4 ,i _c b applaud y\r zeal = pres]v+ ! purity ( our language bo? 9 its expression & pronunciation1 & 9 correct+ ! popul> errors sev]al ( our /ates are cont9ually fall+ into ) respect to bo?4 ,give me leave to m5tion "s ( !m1 ?\gh possibly !y may already h occurr$ to y4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s future publication ( y\rs1 y w\ld set a disc\nt5anc+ m>k ^u !m4 ,! fir/ ,i rememb]1 is ! ^w improv$4 ,:5 ,i left ,new ,engl& 9 ! ye> #agbc1 ?is ^w _h nev] be5 us$ among u1 z f> z ,i "k1 b 9 ! s5se ( ameliorat$1 or made bett]1 except once 9 a v old book ( ,dr4 ,ma!r's1 entitl$ ,rem>kable ,provid5ces4 ,z t man wrote a v obscure h&1 ,i rememb] t :5 ,i read t ^w 9 8 book us$ in/ead ( ! ^w employ$1 ,i conjectur$ t x 0 an error ( ! pr9t]1 :o _h mi/ak5 a %ort l 9 ! writ+ = an r1 & a y ) too %ort a tail = a v1 :]eby employ$ 0 conv]t$ into improv$3 b :5 ,i return$ to ,bo/on 9 #agcc1 ,i f\nd ?is *ange _h obta9$ fav\r1 & 0 !n become common2 = ,i met ) x (t5 9 p]us+ ! newspap]s1 :]e x frequ5tly made an appe>ance r ridicul\s4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 z ! adv]tisem5t ( a c\ntry h\se to be sold1 :i* _h be5 _m ye>s improv$ z a tav]n2 & 9 ! "* ( a deceas$ c\ntry g5tleman1 t he _h be51 = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 improv$ z a ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,?is use ( ! ^w improve is peculi> to ,new ,engl&1 & n to be met ) among any o!r speak]s ( ,engli%1 ei!r on ?is or ! o!r side ( ! wat]4 ,dur+ my late abs5ce 9 ,france1 ,i f9d t sev]al o!r new words h be5 introduc$ into our p>liam5t>y language4 ,= example1 ,i f9d a v]b f ! sub/antive notice4 ,i %\ld n h notic$ ?is1 7 x n t ! g5tleman1 c4 ,also ano!r v]b1 f ! sub/antive advocate2 ,! g5tleman :o advocates1 or :o has advocat$ t motion1c4 ,ano!r f ! sub/antive progress1 ! mo/ awkw>d & abom9able ( ! ?ree3 ! committee hav+ progress$1 resolv$ to adj\rn4 ,! ^w oppos$1 ?\gh n a new ^w1 ,i f9d us$ 9 a new mann]1 z1 ! g5tlem5 :o are oppos$ to ?is measure1 to :i* ,i h also myself always be5 oppos$4 ,if y %\ld happ5 to be ( my op9ion ) respect to ^! innovations1 y w use y\r au?ority 9 reprobat+ !m4 ,! ,lat9 language1 long ! vehicle us$ 9 di/ribut+ k among ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe1 is daily m & m neglect$2 & "o ( ! mod]n tongues1 viz4 ,fr5*1 seems1 9 po9t ( univ]sality1 to h suppli$ its place4 ,x is spok5 9 all ! c\rts ( ,europe2 & mo/ ( ! lit]ati1 ^? ev5 :o d n speak x1 h acquir$ en\gh k ( x1 to enable !m easily to read ! books1 t are writt5 9 x4 ,?is gives a consid]able advantage to t nation4 ,x enables its au?ors to inculcate & spread ?r\gh o!r nations1 su* s5tim5ts & op9ions1 on important po9ts1 z are mo/ conducive to its int]e/s1 or :i* may contribute to its reputation1 by promot+ ! common int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ow+ to its be+ writt5 9 ,fr5*1 t ,voltaire's ,treatise on ,tol]ation has _h s sudd5 & s great an effect on ! bigotry ( ,europe1 z almo/ entirely to dis>m x4 ,! g5]al use ( ! ,fr5* language has likewise a v advantage\s effect on ! pr(its ( ! booksell+ bran* ( comm]ce1 x be+ well kn[n1 t ! m copies c be sold1 t are /ruck (f f "o composition ( types1 ! pr(its increase 9 a mu* great] proportion1 ?an !y d 9 mak+ a great] numb] ( pieces 9 any o!r k9d ( manufacture4 ,& at pres5t !re is no capital t[n 9 ,europe )\t a ,fr5* booksell]'s %op correspond+ ) ,p>is4 ,our ,engli% bids fair to obta9 ! second place4 ,! great body ( excell5t pr9t$ s]mons 9 our language1 & ! fre$om ( our writ+s on political subjects1 h induc$ a great dumb] ( div9es ( diff]5t sects & nations1 z well z g5tlem5 conc]n$ 9 public affairs1 to /udy x1 s f> at lea/ z to read x4 ,& if we 7 to endeav\r ! facilitat+ its progress1 ! /udy ( our tongue might become mu* m g5]al4 ,^?1 :o h employ$ "s "p ( _! "t 9 le>n+ a new language1 mu/ h frequ5tly obs]v$1 t :ile _! acqua9tance ) x 0 imp]fect1 difficulties1 small 9 !mselves1 op]at$ z great ones 9 ob/ruct+ _! progress4 ,a book1 = example1 ill pr9t$1 or a pronunciation 9 speak+1 n well articulat$1 w\ld r5d] a s5t5ce un9telligible1 :i*1 f a cle> pr9t1 or a di/9ct speak]1 w\ld h be5 imm$iately compreh5d$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we w\ld h ! b5efit ( see+ our language m g5]ally kn[n among mank9d1 we %\ld endeav\r to remove all ! difficulties1 h[ev] small1 t disc\rage ! le>n+ ( x4 ,b ,i am sorry to obs]ve1 t1 ( late ye>s1 ^? difficulties1 in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$1 h be5 augm5t$4 ,9 exam9+ ! ,engli% books1 t 7 pr9t$ betwe5 ! re/oration & ! accession ( ,george ! ,second1 we may obs]ve1 t all ! sub/antives 7 begun ) a capital1 9 :i* we imitat$ our "m tongue1 ! ,g]man4 ,?is 0 m p>ticul>ly useful to ^?1 :o 7 n well acqua9t$ ) ! ,engli%1 !re be+ su* a prodigi\s numb] ( our words1 t are bo? v]bs & sub/antives1 & spelt 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh (t5 acc5t$ diff]5tly 9 pronunciation4 ,?is me?od has1 by ! fancy ( pr9t]s1 ( late ye>s be5 entirely laid aside2 f an idea1 t suppress+ ! capitals %[s ! "* to great] advantage2 ^? lett]s prom95t above ! l9e1 di/urb+ its ev51 regul> appe>ance4 ,! effect ( ?is *ange is s consid]able1 t a le>n$ man ( ,france1 :o us$ to read our books1 ?\gh n p]fectly acqua9t$ ) our language1 9 conv]sation ) me on ! subject ( our au?ors1 attribut$ ! great] obscurity he f\nd 9 our mod]n books1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! p]iod above m5tion$1 to a *ange ( /yle = ! worse 9 our writ]s3 ( :i* mi/ake ,i conv9c$ him1 by m>k+ = him ea* sub/antive ) a capital1 9 a p>agraph1 :i* he !n easily und]/ood1 ?\gh be=e he c\ld n compreh5d x4 ,?is %[s ! inconv5i5ce ( t pret5d$ improvem5t4 ,f ! same fondness = an uni=m & ev5 appe>ance ( *>act]s 9 ! l9e1 ! pr9t]s h ( late bani%$ also ! ,italic types1 9 :i* words1 ( importance to be att5d$ to 9 ! s5se ( ! s5t5ce1 & words1 on :i* an emphasis %\ld be put 9 read+1 us$ to be pr9t$4 ,& lately1 ano!r fancy has induc$ o!r pr9t]s to use ! r\nd s in/ead ( ! long "o1 :i* =m]ly s]v$ well to di/+ui% a ^w readily by its v>i$ appe>ance4 ,c]ta9ly ! omitt+ ?is prom95t lett] makes a l9e appe> m ev51 b r5d]s x less imm$iately legible2 z ! p>+ ( all m5's noses might smoo? & level _! faces1 b w\ld r5d] _! physiognomies less di/+ui%able4 ,add to all ^! improvem5ts backw>ds1 ano!r mod]n fancy1 t grey pr9t+ is m beautiful ?an black4 ,h5ce ! ,engli% new books are pr9t$ 9 s dim a "*1 z to be read ) difficulty by old eyes2 unless 9 a v /rong light & ) good glasses4 ,:oev] comp>es a volume ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 pr9t$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agca & #agdj1 ) "o ( ^? pr9t$ 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 w be conv9c$ ( ! mu* great] degree ( p]spicuity giv5 by black ?an by ! grey4 ,"l ,*e/]field pleasantly rem>k$ ?is diff]5ce to ,faulk5]1 ! pr9t] ( ! ,dubl9 ,j\rnal1 :o 0 va9ly mak+ encomiums on 8 own pap]1 z ! mo/ complete ( any 9 ! _w4 ,b ,mr4 ,faulk5]1 says my "l1 don't y ?9k x might be /ill f>!r improv$1 by us+ pap] & ink n q s ne> ( a col\r8--,= all ^! reasons1 ,i _c b wi%1 t our ,am]ican pr9t]s w\ld1 9 _! editions1 avoid ^! fanci$ improvem5ts1 & !reby r5d] _! works m agreeable to =eign]s 9 ,europe1 to ! great advantage ( our booksell+ comm]ce4 ,f>!r1 to be m s5sible ( ! advantage ( cle> & di/9ct pr9t+1 let u consid] ! assi/ance x af=ds 9 read+ well al\d to an auditory4 ,9 s do+1 ! eye g5]ally slides =w>d ?ree or f\r words be=e ! voice4 ,if ! sight cle>ly di/+ui%es :at ! com+ words are1 x gives "t to ord] ! modulation ( ! voice to express !m prop]ly4 ,b if !y are obscurely pr9t$ or disguis$1 by omitt+ ! capitals & long 's1 or o!rwise1 ! read] is apt to modulate wrong2 & f9d+ he has done s1 he is oblig$ to g back & beg9 ! s5t5ce aga92 :i* less5s ! pleasure ( ! he>]s4 ,?is leads me to m5tion an old error 9 our mode ( pr9t+4 ,we are s5sible1 t :5 a "q is met ) 9 ! read+1 !re is a prop] v>iation to be us$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! voice4 ,we h !re=e a po9t1 call$ an int]rogation1 affix$ to ! "q1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x4 ,b ?is is absurdly plac$ at its end1 s t ! read] does n discov] x till he f9ds1 t he has wrongly modulat$ 8 voice1 & is !re=e oblig$ to beg9 aga9 ! s5t5ce4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! ,spani% pr9t]s1 m s5sibly1 place an int]rogation at ! beg9n+ z well z at ! end ( ! "q4 ,we h ano!r error ( ! same k9d 9 pr9t+ plays1 :]e some?+ (t5 occurs1 t is m>k$ z spok5 aside4 ,b ! ^w aside is plac$ at ! end ( ! spee*1 :5 x ought to prec$e x1 z a direction to ! read]1 t he may gov]n 8 voice accord+ly4 ,! practice ( our ladies 9 meet+ five or six toge!r1 to =m little busy p>ties1 :]e ea* is employ$ 9 "s useful "w1 :ile "o reads to !m1 is s comm5dable 9 itself1 t x des]ves ! att5tion ( au?ors & pr9t]s to make x z pleas+ z possible1 bo? to ! read] & he>]s4 ,my be/ wi%es att5d y1 be+1 ) s9c]e e/eem1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t & v humble s]vant1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #ff ,?is lett] is tak5 f an ,am]ican p]iodical publication entitl$ ! ,columbian ,magaz9e4 ,editor4 ,a ,s*eme = a ,new ,alphabet & re=m$ ,mode ( ,spell+2 ) ,rem>ks & ,examples conc]n+ ! same2 & an ,enquiry into its ,uses1 9 a ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,miss ,s----#fg & ,dr4 ,frankl91 writt5 9 ! ,*>act]s ( ! ,alphabet#fh4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,re=m$ ,,alphabet ,to face page #ceg1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,*>act]s ,s\nd$ respectively1 z 9 ! ,words 9 ! ,column bel[4 ,names ( ,lett]s z express$ 9 ! re=m$ ,s\nds & ,*>act]s4 ,mann] ( pron\nc+ ! ,s\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- o ,old4 o ,! fir/ ,,v[el naturally1 & deepe/ s\nd2 requires only ! m\?1 & brea! ?r\gh x4 99 ,john1 folly2 awl1 ball4 ,! next requir+ ! m\? op5$ a little m1 or holl[]4 a ,man1 c4 a ,! next1 a little m4 e ,m51 l5d1 "n1 lane4 e ,! next requires ! tongue to be a little m elevat$4 i ,did1 s91 de$1 se54 i ,! next /ill m4 u ,tool1 fool1 rule4 u ,! next requires ! lips to be ga!r$ up1 leav+ a small op5+ 99 ,um1 un2 z 9 umbrage1 ,! next a v %ort v[el1 ! s\nd unto1 c4 & ( :i* we %\ld express 9 our z 9 er4 pres5t lett]s ?us1 uh2 a %ort1 & n v /rong aspiration4 h ,hunt]1 happy1 high4 huh ,a /rong] or m =cible aspiration g ,give1 ga!r1 gi ,! fir/ ,,consonant2 be+ =m$ by ! root ( ! tongue2 ?is is ! pres5t h>d g4 k ,keep1 kick4 ki ,a k9dr$ s\nd2 a little m acute2 to be us$ in/ead ( ! h>d c4 99 7%7 ,%ip1 wi%4 i% ,a new lett] want$ 9 our language2 our %1 sep>ately tak51 n be+ prop] elem5ts ( ! s\nd4 99 7ng7 +1 repeat+1 + ,a new lett] want$ = ! same among1 reason3--,^! are =m$ back 9 ! m\?4 n ,end4 en ,=m$ m =w>d 9 ! m\?2 ! tip ( ! tongue to ! ro( ( ! m\?4 r ,art4 r ,! same2 ! tip ( ! tongue a little loose or sep>ate f ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & vibrat+4 t ,tee?4 ti ,! tip ( ! tongue m =w>d2 t\*+1 & !n leav+1 ! ro( d ,de$4 di ,! same2 t\*+ a little full]4 l ell1 tell4 el ,! same2 t\*+ j ab\t ! gums ( ! upp] tee?4 s ,ess5ce4 es ,?is s\nd is =m$ by ! brea? pass+ betwe5 ! moi/ end ( ! tongue & ! upp] tee?4 z 7ez7 ,wages4 ez ,! same2 a little d5s] & dull]4 99 7?7 ,?9k e ,! tongue "u1 & a little beh9d1 ! upp] tee?2 t\*+ !m1 b s z to let ! brea? pass betwe54 99 7dh7 ,?y4 e ,! same2 a little full]4 f ,effect4 ef ,=m$ by ! l[] lip aga9/ ! upp] tee?4 v ,ev]4 ev ,! same2 full] & dull]4 b ,bees4 b ,! lips full toge!r1 & op5$ z ! air passes out4 p ,peep4 pi ,! same2 b a ?9n] s\nd4 m ,emb]4 em ,! clos+ ( ! lips1 :ile ! e "h annex$ is s\nd+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 99 ,n4 ,b4 ,! six new lett]s are m>k$ ) an a/]isk 7997 to di/+ui% !m1 & %[ h[ few new *>act]s are propos$4 ,b4 ,v4 ,transcrib] ,note3 ,! orig9al text us$ italic /yl+ on ea* "* 9 columns #a & #c above1 & column #a bel[4 ,?is /yl+ 7und]scores7 has be5 remov$ f ! tables = cl>ity4 ,,rem>ks on ! ,alphabetical ,table4 ,x is endeav\r$ to give ! alphabet o a m natural ord]2 beg9n+ fir/ ) ! simple s\nds =m$ by ! brea?1 to ) none or v little help ( tongue1 tee?1 & lips1 & produc$ *iefly 9 huh ! w9dpipe4 ,!n com+ =w>d to ^?1 =m$ g k by ! ro( ( ! tongue next to ! w9dpipe4 r n ,!n to ^?1 =m$ m =w>d1 t d ! =ep>t ( ! tongue aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,!n ^?1 =m$ /ill m =w>d l 9 ! m\?1 by ! tip ( ! tongue s z appli$ fir/ to ! roots ( ! upp] tee?4 ,!n to ^?1 =m$ by ! tip ( ! tongue appli$ to ! ends or edges ( ! upp] tee?4 f ,!n to ^?1 =m$ /ill m =w>d1 v by ! "u lip appli$ to ! upp] tee?4 b ,!n to ^?1 =m$ yet m =w>d p by ! upp] & "u lip op5+ to let out ! s\nd+ brea?4 ,& la/ly1 end+ ) ! %utt+ m up ( ! m\?1 or clos+ ! lips :ile any v[el is s\nd+4 ,9 ?is alphabet c is omitt$ z unnecess>y2 k supply+ its h>d s\nd1 & s ! s(t2 k also supplies well ! place ( q1 & ) an s add$ ! place ( x3 q & x are !re=e omitt$4 ,! v[el u be+ s\nd$ z oo makes ! w unnecess>y4 ,! y1 :]e us$ simply1 is suppli$ by i1 & :]e z a dip?ong1 by two v[els3 t lett] is !re=e omitt$ z useless4 ,! jod j is also omitt$1 its s\nd be+ suppli$ by ! new lett] 1 i%1 :i* s]ves o!r purposes1 assi/+ 9 ! =mation ( o!r s\nds2--?us ! ) a d be=e x gives ! s\nd ( ! jod j & s(t g1 z 9 ,james1 ,janu>y1 giant1 g5tle1 deems1 dhanu]i1 diant1 dentel2 ) a t be=e x1 x gives ! s\nd ( *1 z 9 *]ry1 *ip1 teri1 tip2 & ) a z be=e x1 ! ,fr5* s\nd ( ! jod j1 z 9 jamais1 zame4 ,?us ! g has no long] two diff]5t s\nds1 :i* occasion$ confusion1 b is1 z e lett] ought to be1 conf9$ to "o4 ,! same is to be obs]v$ 9 all ! lett]s1 v[els1 & consonants1 t :]ev] !y are met )1 or 9 :atev] company1 _! s\nd is always ! same4 ,x is also int5d$1 t !re be no sup]flu\s lett]s us$ 9 spell+2 i4 e4 no lett] t is n s\nd$2 & ?is alphabet1 by six new lett]s1 provides1 t1 !re be no di/9ct s\nds 9 ! language1 )\t lett]s to express !m4 ,z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 %ort & long v[els1 x is naturally express$ by a s+le v[el :]e %ort1 a d\ble "o :]e long2 z = m5d1 write m5d1 b = rema9'd1 write reme5'd2 = did write did1 b = de$ write diid1 c4 ,:at 9 our common alphabet is suppos$ ! ?ird v[el1 i1 z we s\nd x1 is z a dip?ong1 consi/+ ( two ( our v[els jo9$2 viz4 z s\nd$ 9 unto1 & i 9 its true s\nd4 ,any "o w be s5sible ( ?is :o s\nds ^? two v[els i quick aft] ea* o!r2 ! s\nds beg9s & ends ii4 ,! true s\nd ( ! i is t we n[ give to e 9 ! words de$1 keep--#fi4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,/eph5son4 ,editor4 #fh ,= ! nature & int5tion ( ?is alphabet1 c4 ,i mu/ ref] to :at ,dr4 ,frankl9 has himself said ^u ! subject1 9 answ] to ,miss ,s----n's objections2 z ! read] may und]/& ! :ole 9 an h\r or two4--,x is necess>y to add1 t ! new lett]s2 us$ 9 ! c\rse ( pr9t+ ?is pap]1 are exactly copi$ f ! manuscript 9 my possession2 !re be+ no provision = a di/9ction 9 ! "* z writt5 or pr9t$4 ,i h no o!r way !re=e ( m>k+ ! scor$ p>ts ( ! manuscript 7answ]+ to italics7 ?an by plac+ su* passages betwe5 inv]t$ commas4--,z to capitals1 ,i %\ld h provid$ = !m by means ( l>g] types1 b ! =m ( "s ( !m w\ld h made !m too l>ge = ! page3 h[ev]1 7 ! au?or's g5]al sy/em ev] adopt$1 no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to rem$y ?is p>ticul>4 ,b4 ,v4 #fi ,! copy1 f :i* ?is is pr9t$1 ends 9 ! same abrupt way ) ! above1 foll[$ by a consid]able blank space2 s t m p]haps 0 int5d$ to be add$ by our au?or4 ,b4 ,v4 ,,examples ( writ+ 9 ?is ,"*4 ,s hu5 sm ,endel1 bi div9 km&1 ,ui rizi tempe/s eeks e gilti ,l&2 7,st az v leet or peel ,britania pa/17 ,kalm & siri9 hi drivs i fiuris bla/2 ,&1 pliiz'd ' lmitis rdrs tu prfrm1 ,rids 9 i ,hurlu9d & direkts i ,/rm4 ,s i piur limpid /riim1 hu5 ful ui /e5s v ri ,tr5ts & dis5di ,re5s1 ,urks itself kliir2 & az x rns rifins2 ,til bi digriis1 e floti mirr ins1 ,riflekts iit flur at n its brdr groz1 ,& e nu hev'n 9 its fe] ,bzm oz4 ,k5sitn1 ,septembr #bf1 #agfh4 ,diir ,sr1 i hav transkrb'd iur alfabet1 c4 huit i ink mx bi v srvis tu oz1 hu ui ta akuir an akiuret pronnsien1 if at kuld bi fiks'd2 bt i si m5i inknvi9i5sis1 az uel oz difikltis1 at uuld at5d i brii iur letrs & rgrafi intu kmn ias4 l ur etimlodiz uuld be l/1 knsiku5tli ui kuld nt zrte5 i mi9i v m5i urds2 i di/9kn tu1 bitui9 urds v difr5t mi9i & simil> sund uuld bi iusles1 nles ui livi rit]s pbli nu iidins4 ,9 rt i biliiv ui m/ let piipil spel n 9 e] old ue1 7az ui find x iisiie/7 du i seem urselves4 ,) ease & ) s9c]ity ,i c1 9 ! old way1 subscribe myself1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r fai?ful & affectionate ,s]vant1 ,m4 ,s4 ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,,answ] ,,to ,,miss ,s999999994 ,diir ,madam1 i bdekyn iu meek to rektifii ur alfabet1 at x uil bi at5d$ ui inkv9i5siz & difikltiz1 iz e natural un2 fr x luaz krz hu5 eni refrmen iz propoz$2 huer 9 rilidn1 gv]nm5t1 lz1 & iv5 dun az lo az rods & huil k>idiz4 i tru kue/n en1 is nt huehr a] uil bi no difikltiz r inknv9i5siz1 bt hueer i difikltiz m nt bi srmunt$2 & hueer i knv9i5siz uil nt1 n i huol1 bi gretr an i inknv9i5siz4 ,9 is kes1 i difikltiz er onli 9 i big9i v i praktis3 hu5 er uns ovrkm1 i advant$ez er la/i4--,to ir iu r mi1 hu spel uel 9 i prez5t mod1 i imad9 i difiklti v tendi at mod fr i nu1 iz nt s grt1 bt at ui mx prfektli git ovr x 9 a uiiks riti4--,az to oz hu du nt spel uel1 if i tu difikltiz er kmprd1 viz4 at v titi em tru speli 9 i prez5t mod1 & at v tit+ em i nu alfabet & i nu speli akrdi to x1 i am knfid5t at i latr uuld bi byi f> i lii/4 natrali fl into i nu med alreadi1 az mt az i imp]fekn v er alfabet uil admit v2 r prez5t bad speli iz onli bad1 bikz kntr]i to i prez5t bad ruls3 ndr i nu ruls x uuld bi gud4--i difiklti v lrni to spel uel 9 i old u iz s grt1 at fiu atn x2 uz&s & uz&s riti n to old ed1 uiut ev] bii ebil to akuir x4 ',tiz1 bisidz1 e difiklti knt9uali inkriisi az i sund graduali v]iz mor & mor frm i speli2 & to fr5rs#gj x mks i lrni to pronns ur lau$1 az rit5 9 ur buks1 almo/ impsibil4 ,nu az to i inknv9i5siz iu m5n4--i fr/ iz1 at l ur etimlodiz uuld bi l/1 knsiku5tli ui kuld nt zrte5 i mi9i v m5i urds4--etimlodiz er at pres5t v]i nsrte52 bt st az er1 i old buks uuld /il prizrv em1 & etimolodiz uuld r find em4 ,urds 9 i kors v tyim1 tend er mi9is1 az uel az er speli & pronnsien2 & ui du nt luk to etimlodi fr er prez5t mi9is4 ,if i uld kl e man e ,neev & e ,vil51 hi uuld h>dli bi satisfid wi mi teli him1 at un v i urds oridinali signifid onli e lad r srvant2 & i r1 an ndr pluman1 r i inhabitant v e vil$4 ,x iz frm prez5t ius$ onli1 i mi9i v urds iz to bi ditrm9$4 ,iur seknd inknv9i5s iz1 at i di/9kn bitui9 urds v difr5t mi9i & simil> sund uuld bi di/rid4--at di/9kn iz lreadi di/rid 9 pronunsi em2 & ui rili n i s5s alon v i s5t5s to zrte51 huit v i sev]al urds1 simil> 9 sund1 ui int5d4 ,if is iz sfient 9 i rapiditi v diskors1 x uil bi mut mor s 9 rit5 s5t5ses1 huit m bi r$ lezurli1 & at5d$ to mor p>tikul>li 9 kes v difiklti1 an ui kan at5d to e pa/ s5t5s1 huil e spikr iz hryi s alng ui nu uns4 ,iur rd inknv9i5s iz1 at l i buks alr$i rit5 uuld bi iusles4--is inknv9i5s uuld onli km n graduali1 9 e kors v edes4 ,iu & i1 & r nu livi ridrs1 uuld h>dli frget i ius v em4 ,piipil uuld long lrn to riid i old rit+1 o prakti/ i nu4--,& i inknv95s iz nt gret]1 an huat hes aktuali hap5d 9 a simil> kes1 9 ,iteli1 ,frm]li its inhabitants l spok & rot ,lat93 az i lau$ tendd1 i speli flo'd x4 ,x iz tru at at prez5t1 e miir nl>n'd ,itali5 knt riid i ,lat9 buks2 o e er /il r$ & ndr/ud bi m5i4 ,bt1 if i speli _h nevr b9 tended1 hi uuld nu hev fund x mt mor difiklt to riid & ryit hiz on lauad2 fr rit5 urds uuld hev _h no riln to sunds1 e uuld onli hev /ud fr is2 s at if hi uuld ekspres 9 riti i idia hi hez1 hu5 hi sunds i urd ,vescovo1 hi m/ iuz i let]z ,episcopus4--,9 rt1 huatev] i difikltiz & inknv9i5siz nu er1 e uil bi mor iizili srmunt$ nu1 an hiraftr2 & sm tim r r1 x m/ bi dn2 r ur riti uil bikm i sm ui i ,tiniiz#ga1 az to i difiklti v lrni & iuz+ x4 ,& x uuld alr$i hev b9 st1 if ui _h knt9ud i ,saksn speli & riti1 iuz$ bi our =faers4 i am1 mi diir fr9d1 iurs afeknetli1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,lndn1 ,krev5-/riit1 ,sept4 #bh1 #agfh4 ,,footnotes3 #gj ,dr4 ,frankl9 us$ to lay "s little /ress on ?is circum/ance1 :5 he occasionally spoke on ! subject4 ,a diction>y1 =m$ on ?is model1 w\ld h be5 s]viceable to him1 he said1 ev5 z an ,am]ican2 because1 f ! want ( public examples ( pronunciation 9 8 own c\ntry1 x 0 (t5 difficult to le>n ! prop] s\nd ( c]ta9 words1 :i* occurr$ v frequ5tly 9 our ,engli% writ+s1 & :i* ( c\rse e ,am]ican v well und]/ood z to _! mean+4 ,b4 ,v4 #ga ,*9ese4 ,rules = a ,club =m]ly e/abli%$ 9 ,philadelphia#gb4 ,previ\s "q1 to be answ]$ at e meet+4 ,h y read ov] ^! qu]ies ?is morn+1 9 ord] to consid] :at y might h to (f] ! ,junto t\*+ any "o ( !m8 viz4 #a4 ,h y met ) any ?+1 9 ! au?or y la/ read1 rem>kable1 or suitable to be communicat$ to ! ,junto8 p>ticul>ly 9 hi/ory1 morality1 poetry1 physic1 travels1 me*anic arts1 or o!r p>ts ( k4 #b4 ,:at new /ory h y lately he>d agreeable = tell+ 9 conv]sation8 #c4 ,ha? any citiz5 9 y\r k fail$ 9 8 bus9ess lately1 & :at h y he>d ( ! cause8 #d4 ,h y lately he>d ( any citiz5's ?riv+ well1 & by :at means8 #e4 ,h y lately he>d h[ any pres5t ri* man1 "h or else:]e1 got 8 e/ate8 #f4 ,d y "k ( any fell[ citiz51 :o has lately done a wor?y action1 des]v+ praise & imitation8 or :o has lately committ$ an error1 prop] = u to be w>n$ aga9/ & avoid8 #g4 ,:at unhappy effects ( intemp]ance h y lately obs]v$ or he>d8 ( imprud5ce8 ( passion8 or ( any o!r vice or folly8 #h4 ,:at happy effects ( temp]ance8 ( prud5ce8 ( mod]ation8 or ( any o!r virtue8 #i4 ,h y or any ( y\r acqua9tance be5 lately sick or w\nd$8 ,if s1 :at rem$ies 7 us$1 & :at 7 _! effects8 #aj4 ,:o d y "k t are %ortly go+ voyages or j\rnies1 if "o %\ld h occasion to s5d by !m8 #aa4 ,d y ?9k ( any ?+ at pres5t1 9 :i* ! ,junto may be s]viceable to mank9d8 to _! c\ntry1 to _! fri5ds1 or to !mselves8 #ab4 ,ha? any des]v+ /rang] arriv$ 9 t[n s9ce la/ meet+1 t y he>d (8 & :at h y he>d or obs]v$ ( 8 "* or m]its8 & :e!r ?9k y1 x lies 9 ! p[] ( ! ,junto to oblige him1 or enc\rage him z he des]ves8 #ac4 ,d y "k ( any des]v+ "y beg9n] lately set up1 :om x lies 9 ! p[] ( ! ,junto any way to enc\rage8 #ad4 ,h y lately obs]v$ any defect 9 ! laws ( y\r c\ntry1 ( :i* x w\ld be prop] to move ! legislature = an am5dm5t8 or d y "k ( any b5eficial law t is want+8 #ae4 ,h y lately obs]v$ any encroa*m5t on ! j lib]ties ( ! p8 #af4 ,ha? any body attack$ y\r reputation lately8 & :at c ! ,junto d t[>ds secur+ x8 #ag4 ,is _! any man ^: fri5d%ip y want1 & :i* ! ,junto1 or any ( !m1 c procure = y8 #ah4 ,h y lately he>d any memb]'s "* attack$1 & h[ h y def5d$ x8 #ai4 ,ha? any man injur$ y1 f :om x is 9 ! p[] ( ! ,junto to procure r$ress8 #bj4 ,9 :at mann] c ! ,junto1 or any ( !m1 assi/ y 9 any ( y\r hon\rable designs8 #ba4 ,h y any weighty affair 9 h&1 9 :i* y ?9k ! advice ( ! ,junto may be ( s]vice#gc8 #bb4 ,:at b5efits h y lately receiv$ f any man n pres5t8 #bc4 ,is !re any difficulty 9 matt]s ( op9ion1 ( ju/ice1 & inju/ice1 :i* y w\ld gladly h discuss$ at ?is "t8 #bd4 ,d y see any ?+ amiss 9 ! pres5t cu/oms or proce$+s ( ! ,junto1 :i* might be am5d$8 ,any p]son to be qualifi$1 to /& up1 & lay 8 h& on 8 brea/1 & be ask$ ^! que/ions2 viz4 #a4 ,h y any p>ticul> disrespect to any pres5t memb]s8--,answ]4 ,i h n4 #b4 ,d y s9c]ely decl>e1 t y love mank9d 9 g5]al2 ( :at pr(ession or religion soev]8 ,ans4 ,i d4 #c4 ,d y ?9k any p]son ought to be h>m$ 9 8 body1 "n or goods1 = m]e speculative op9ions1 or 8 ext]nal way ( wor%ip8--,ans4 ,no4 #d4 ,d y love tru? = tru?'s sake1 & w y endeav\r imp>tially to f9d & receive x y\rself & communicate x to o!rs8--,ans4 ,yes4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,?is 0 an e>ly p]=mance1 & c>ries along ) x an air ( s+ul>ity1 accompani$ ) su* op]ative good s5se & philan?ropy1 z *>act]izes x = ,dr4 ,frankl9's4 ,! club1 = :i* x 0 writt51 0 held at ,philadelphia2 &1 if ,i am well in=m$1 0 compos$ ( m5 consid]able = _! influ5ce & discretion2 = ?\gh ! *ief measures ( ,p5sylvania usually receiv$ _! fir/ =mation 9 ?is club1 x exi/$ = ?irty ye>s )\t ! nature ( its in/itution be+ publicly kn[n4 ,b4 ,v4 #gc ,qu]ies ,no4 #g & #h foll[ "h1 9 ! orig9al4 ,b4 ,v4 ,que/ions discuss$ by ! ,junto =m+ ! prec$+ ,club#gd4 ,is s\nd an entity or body8 ,h[ may ! ph5om5a ( vap\rs be expla9$8 ,is self-int]e/ ! rudd] t /e]s mank9d1 ! univ]sal mon>* to :om all are tribut>ies8 ,:i* is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 & :at 0 t =m :i* fir/ prevail$ among mank9d8 ,c any "o p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t suit all mank9d8 ,:at is ! reason t ! tides rise high] 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy ?an ! ,bay ( ,delaw>e8 ,is ! emission ( pap]-money safe8 ,:at is ! reason t m5 ( ! greate/ k n ! mo/ happy8 ,h[ may ! possession ( ! ,lakes be improv$ to our advantage8 ,:y are tumultu\s1 uneasy s5sations1 unit$ ) our desires8 ,:e!r x ought to be ! aim ( philosophy to eradicate ! passions8 ,h[ may smoaky *imneys be be/ cur$8 ,:y does ! flame ( a c&le t5d upw>ds 9 a spire8 ,:i* is lea/ crim9al1 a bad action jo9$ ) a good int5tion1 or a good action ) a bad int5tion8 ,is x consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty 9 a free gov]nm5t1 to puni% a man z a libell]1 :5 he speaks ! tru?8 ,,footnote3 #gd ,^! que/ions are f ! ,eulogium ( ,dr4 ,frankl91 deliv]$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 9 #agia1 ( :i* ! ,junto 0 ! f\ndation4 ,on ! =mation ( t society1 a book1 conta9+ _m ( ! que/ions discuss$ by ! ,junto1 0 deliv]$ into ,dr4 ,smi?'s h&s1 = ! purpose ( be+ dige/$1 & 9 due "t publi%$ among ! transactions ( t body4 ,_m ( ! que/ions ,dr4 ,smi? obs]ves are curi\s & curi\sly h&l$1 & he selects ! above z answ]+ ! description4 ,editor4 ,sket* ( an ,engli% ,s*ool2 = ! ,consid]ation ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy#ge4 ,x is expect$ t e s*ol>1 to be admitt$ into ?is s*ool1 be at lea/ able to pron\nce & divide ! syllables 9 read+1 & to write a legible h&4 ,none to be receiv$1 t are "u ye>s ( age4 ,fir/1 or l[e/ ,class4 ,let ! fir/ class le>n ! ,engli% ,gramm> rules1 & at ! same "t let p>ticul> c>e be tak5 to improve !m 9 or?ography4 ,p]haps ! latt] is be/ done by pair+ ! s*ol>s2 two ( ^? ne>e/ equal 9 _! spell+ to be put toge!r4 ,let ^! /rive = victory2 ea* prop\nd+ t5 words e day to ! o!r to be spell$4 ,he t spells truly mo/ ( ! o!r's words is victor = t day2 he t is victor mo/ days 9 a mon?1 to obta9 a prize1 a pretty neat book ( "s k9d1 useful 9 _! future /udies4 ,?is me?od fixes ! att5tion ( *ildr5 extremely to ! or?ography ( words1 & makes !m good spell]s v e>ly4 ,x is a %ame = a man to be s ignorant ( ?is little art1 9 8 own language1 z to be p]petually conf\nd+ words ( l s\nd & diff]5t significations2 ! consci\sness ( :i* defect makes "s m51 o!rwise ( good le>n+ & und]/&+1 av]se to writ+ ev5 a common lett]4 ,let ! pieces read by ! s*ol>s 9 ?is class be %ort2 su* z ,croxal's fables1 & little /ories4 ,9 giv+ ! lesson1 let x be read to !m2 let ! mean+ ( ! difficult words 9 x be expla9$ to !m2 & let !m con ov] by !mselves be=e !y are call$ to read to ! ma/] or u%]1 :o is to take p>ticul> c>e1 t !y d n read too fa/1 & t !y duly obs]ve ! /ops & pauses4 ,a vocabul>y ( ! mo/ usual difficult words might be =m$ = _! use1 ) explanations2 & !y might daily get a few ( ^? words & explanations by he>t1 :i* w\ld a little ex]cise _! memories2 or at lea/ !y might write a numb] ( !m 9 a small book = ! purpose1 :i* w\ld help to fix ! mean+ ( ^? words 9 _! m9ds1 & at ! same "t furni% e "o ) a little diction>y = 8 future use4 ,! ,second ,class ,to be taught1 read+ ) att5tion1 & ) prop] modulations ( ! voice1 accord+ to ! s5tim5t & ! subject4 ,"s %ort pieces1 n exce$+ ! l5g? ( a ,spectator1 to be giv5 ?is class = lessons 7& "s ( ! easi] ,spectators w\ld be v suitable = ! purpose74 ,^! lessons might be giv5 e night z tasks2 ! s*ol>s to /udy !m aga9/ ! morn+4 ,let x !n be requir$ ( !m to give an acc\nt1 fir/ ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 & con/ruction ( "o or two s5t5ces4 ,?is w oblige !m to recur frequ5tly to _! gramm>1 & fix its pr9cipal rules 9 _! memory4 ,next1 ( ! int5tion ( ! writ]1 or ! scope ( ! piece1 ! mean+ ( ea* s5t5ce1 & ( e uncommon ^w4 ,?is w\ld e>ly acqua9t !m ) ! mean+ & =ce ( words1 & give !m t mo/ necess>y habit1 ( read+ ) att5tion4 ,! ma/] !n to read ! piece ) ! prop] modulations ( voice1 due emphasis1 & suitable action1 :]e action is requir$2 & put ! y\? on imitat+ 8 mann]4 ,:]e ! au?or has us$ an expression n ! be/1 let x be po9t$ out2 & let 8 beauties be p>ticul>ly rem>k$ to ! y\?4 ,let ! lessons = read+ be v>i$1 t ! y\? may be made acqua9t$ ) good /yles ( all k9ds1 9 prose & v]se1 & ! prop] mann] ( read+ ea* k9d--sometimes a well-told /ory1 a piece ( a s]mon1 a g5]al's spee* to 8 soldi]s1 a spee* 9 a trag$y1 "s "p ( a com$y1 an ode1 a satire1 a lett]1 blank v]se1 ,hudibra/ic1 h]oic1 c4 ,b let su* lessons be *os5 = read+1 z conta9 "s useful in/ruction1 :]eby ! und]/&+ or morals ( ! y\? may at ! same "t be improv$4 ,x is requir$ t !y %\ld fir/ /udy & und]/& ! lessons1 be=e !y are put ^u read+ !m prop]ly2 to :i* end ea* boy %\ld h an ,engli% diction>y1 to help him ov] difficulties4 ,:5 our boys read ,engli% to u1 we are apt to imag9e !y und]/& :at !y read1 because we d1 & because x is _! "m tongue4 ,b !y (t5 read1 z p>rots speak1 kn[+ little or no?+ ( ! mean+4 ,& x is impossible a read] %\ld give ! due modulation to 8 voice1 & pron\nce prop]ly1 unless 8 und]/&+ goes be=e 8 tongue1 & makes him ma/] ( ! s5tim5t4 ,accu/om+ boys to read al\d :at !y d n fir/ und]/&1 is ! cause ( ^? ev5 set tones1 s common among read]s1 :i*1 :5 !y h once got a habit ( us+1 !y f9d s difficult to correct2 by :i* means1 among fifty read]s we sc>cely f9d a good "o4 ,= want ( good read+1 pieces publi%$ ) a view to influ5ce ! m9ds ( m51 = _! own or ! public b5efit1 lose half _! =ce4 ,7 !re b "o good read] 9 a neighb\rhood1 a public orator might be he>d ?r\gh\t a nation ) ! same advantages1 & h ! same effect ^u 8 audi5ce1 z if !y /ood )9 ! rea* ( 8 voice4 ,! ,?ird ,class ,to be taught speak+ prop]ly & gracefully2 :i* is ne> a-k9 to good read+1 & naturally foll[s x 9 ! /udies ( y\?4 ,let ! s*ol>s ( ?is class beg9 ) le>n+ ! elem5ts ( rhetoric f "s %ort sy/em1 s z to be able to give an acc\nt ( ! mo/ useful tropes & figures4 ,let all _! bad habits ( speak+1 all (f5ces aga9/ good gramm>1 all corrupt or =eign acc5ts1 & all improp] phrases1 be po9t$ out to !m4 ,%ort spee*es f ! ,romans1 or o!r hi/ory1 or f ! p>liam5t>y debates1 might be got by he>t1 & deliv]$ ) ! prop] action1 c4 ,spee*es & sc5es 9 our be/ trag$ies & com$ies 7avoid+ e ?+1 t c\ld injure ! morals ( y\?7 might likewise be got by rote1 & ! boys ex]cis$ 9 deliv]+ or act+ !m3 great c>e be+ tak5 to =m _! mann] aft] ! true/ models4 ,= _! f>!r improvem5t1 & a little to v>y _! /udies1 let !m n[ beg9 to read hi/ory1 aft] hav+ got by he>t a %ort table ( ! pr9cipal epo*s 9 *ronology4 ,!y may beg9 ) ,roll9's anci5t & ,roman hi/ories1 & proce$ at prop] h\rs1 z !y g ?r\gh ! subsequ5t classes1 ) ! be/ hi/ories ( our own nation & colonies4 ,let emulation be excit$ among ! boys1 by giv+1 weekly1 little prizes1 or o!r small enc\ragem5ts to ^?1 :o are able to give ! be/ acc\nt ( :at !y h read1 z to "t1 places1 names ( p]sons1 c4 ,?is w make !m read ) att5tion1 & impr9t ! hi/ory well 9 _! memories4 ,9 rem>k+ on ! hi/ory1 ! ma/] w h f9e opportunities ( in/ill+ in/ruction ( v>i\s k9ds1 & improv+ ! morals1 z well z ! und]/&+s1 ( y\?4 ,! natural & me*anic hi/ory1 conta9$ 9 ! ,spectacle de la ,nature1 might also be begun 9 ?is class1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! subsequ5t classes1 by o!r books ( ! same k9d2 =1 next to ! k ( duty1 ?is k9d ( k is c]ta9ly ! mo/ useful1 z well z ! mo/ ent]ta9+4 ,! m]*ant may !reby be enabl$ bett] to und]/& _m commodities 9 trade2 ! h&icraftsman1 to improve 8 bus9ess by new in/rum5ts1 mixtures & mat]ials2 & frequ5tly h9ts are giv5 = new manufactures1 or new me?ods ( improv+ l&1 t may be set on foot greatly to ! advantage ( a c\ntry4 ,! ,f\r? ,class ,to be taught composition4 ,writ+ "o's own language well1 is ! next necess>y accompli%m5t aft] good speak+4 ,x is ! writ+-ma/]'s bus9ess1 to take c>e t ! boys make fair *>act]s1 & place !m /raight & ev5 9 ! l9es3 b to =m _! /yle1 & ev5 to take c>e t ! /ops & capitals are prop]ly dispos$1 is ! "p ( ! ,engli% ma/]4 ,! boys %\ld be put on writ+ lett]s to ea* o!r on any common occurr5ces1 & on v>i\s subjects1 imag9>y bus9ess1 c4 conta9+ little /ories1 acc\nts ( _! late read+1 :at p>ts ( au?ors please !m1 & :y2 lett]s ( congratulation1 ( complim5t1 ( reque/1 ( ?anks1 ( recomm5dation1 ( admonition1 ( consolation1 ( expo/ulation1 excuse1 c4 ,9 ^!1 !y %\ld be taught to express !mselves cle>ly1 concisely1 & naturally1 )\t affect$ words or high-fl[n phrases4 ,all _! lett]s to pass ?r\gh ! ma/]'s h&1 :o is to po9t out ! faults1 advise ! corrections1 & comm5d :at he f9ds "r4 ,"s ( ! be/ lett]s publi%$ 9 our own language1 z sir ,william ,temple's1 ^? ( ,pope & 8 fri5ds1 & "s o!rs1 might be set be=e ! y\? z models1 _! beauties po9t$ out & expla9$ by ! ma/]1 ! lett]s !mselves transcrib$ by ! s*ol>4 ,dr4 ,johnson's ,e?ices ,elem5ta1 or ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 may n[ be read by ! s*ol>s1 & expla9$ by ! ma/]1 to lay a solid f\ndation ( virtue & piety 9 _! m9ds4 ,& z ?is class cont9ues ! read+ ( hi/ory1 let !m n[1 at prop] h\rs1 receive "s f>!r in/ruction 9 *ronology1 & 9 t "p ( geography 7f ! ma!matical ma/]7 :i* is necess>y to und]/& ! maps & globes4 ,!y %\ld also be acqua9t$ ) ! mod]n names ( ! places !y f9d m5tion$ 9 anci5t writ]s4 ,! ex]cises ( good read+1 & prop] speak+1 /ill cont9u$ at suitable times4 ,fif? ,class ,to improve ! y\? 9 composition1 !y may n[1 besides cont9u+ to write lett]s1 beg9 to write little essays 9 prose1 & sometimes 9 v]se2 n to make !m poets1 b = ?is reason1 t no?+ acqua9ts a lad s spe$ily ) v>iety ( expression1 z ! necessity ( f9d+ su* words & phrases z w suit ! measure1 s\nd & rhyme ( v]se1 & at ! same "t well express ! s5tim5t4 ,^! essays %\ld all pass "u ! ma/]'s eye1 :o w po9t out _! faults1 & put ! writ] on correct+ !m4 ,:]e ! judgm5t is n ripe en\gh = =m+ new essays1 let ! s5tim5ts ( a ,spectator be giv51 & requir$ to be clo!d 9 ! s*ol>'s own words2 or ! circum/ances ( "s good /ory1 ! s*ol> to f9d expression4 ,let !m be put sometimes on abridg+ a p>agraph ( a diffuse au?or3 sometimes on dilat+ or amplify+ :at is wrote m closely4 ,& n[ let ,dr4 ,johnson's ,noetica1 or ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 conta9+ a logic1 or art ( reason+1 c4 be read by ! y\?1 & ! difficulties1 t may occur to !m1 be expla9$ by ! ma/]4 ,! read+ ( hi/ory1 & ! ex]cises ( good read+ & j speak+ /ill cont9u$4 ,six? ,class ,9 ?is class1 besides cont9u+ ! /udies ( ! prec$+ 9 hi/ory1 rhetoric1 logic1 moral & natural philosophy1 ! be/ ,engli% au?ors may be read & expla9$2 z ,tillotson1 ,milton1 ,locke1 ,addison1 ,pope1 ,swift1 ! high] pap]s 9 ! ,spectator & ,gu>dian1 ! be/ translations ( ,hom]1 ,virgil & ,horace1 ( ,telema*us1 travels ( ,cyrus1 c4 ,once a ye>1 let !re be public ex]cises 9 ! hall2 ! tru/ees & citiz5s pres5t4 ,!n let f9e gilt books be giv5 z prizes to su* boys1 z di/+ui% !mselves1 & excel ! o!rs 9 any bran* ( le>n+1 mak+ ?ree degrees ( comp>ison3 giv+ ! be/ prize to him1 t p]=ms be/2 a less valuable "o to him1 t comes up next to ! be/1 & ano!r to ! ?ird4 ,comm5dations1 enc\ragem5t1 & advice to ! re/2 keep+ up _! hopes1 t1 by indu/ry1 !y may excel ano!r "t4 ,! names ( ^?1 t obta9 ! prize1 to be ye>ly pr9t$ 9 a li/4 ,! h\rs ( ea* day are to be divid$ & dispos$ 9 su* a mann]1 z t "s classes may be ) ! writ+-ma/]1 improv+ _! h&s2 o!rs ) ! ma!matical ma/]1 le>n+ ari?metic1 acc\nts1 geography1 use ( ! globes1 draw+1 me*anics1 c4 :ile ! re/ are 9 ! ,engli% s*ool1 "u ! ,engli% ma/]'s c>e4 ,?us in/ruct$1 y\? w come out ( ?is s*ool fitt$ = le>n+ any bus9ess1 call+1 or pr(ession1 except su* :]e9 languages are requir$3 &1 ?\gh unacqua9t$ ) any anci5t or =eign tongue1 !y w be ma/]s ( _! own1 :i* is ( m imm$iate & g5]al use1 & )al w h atta9$ _m o!r valuable accompli%m5ts3 ! "t usually sp5t 9 acquir+ ^? languages1 (t5 )\t success1 be+ "h employ$ 9 lay+ su* a f\ndation ( k & ability1 z1 prop]ly improv$1 may qualify !m to pass ?r\gh & execute ! sev]al (fices ( civil life1 ) advantage & reputation to !mselves & c\ntry4 ,,footnote3 #ge ,?is piece1 :i* we believe to be an e>ly production ( our au?or1 is tak5 f ! ,am]ican ,museum1 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #dgc4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,miss ,s----,n#gf1 ,,at ,,wan/ead4 ,advice to ,y\? 9 ,read+4 ,crav5-/reet1 ,may #ag1 #agfj4 ,i s5d my good girl ! books ,i m5tion$ to h] la/ night4 ,i beg h] to accept ( !m z a small m>k ( my e/eem & fri5d%ip4 ,!y are writt5 9 ! famili> easy mann] = :i* ! ,fr5* are s rem>kable1 & af=d a good deal ( philosophic & practical k1 unemb>rass$ ) ! dry ma!matics1 us$ by m exact reason]s1 b :i* is apt to disc\rage "y beg9n]s4 ,i w\ld advise y to read ) a p5 9 y\r h&1 & ent] 9 a little book %ort h9ts ( :at y f9d1 t is curi\s1 or t may be useful2 = ?is w be ! be/ me?od ( impr9t+ su* p>ticul>s 9 y\r memory1 :]e !y w be ready1 ei!r = practice on "s future occasion1 if !y are matt]s ( utility1 or at lea/ to adorn & improve y\r conv]sation1 if !y are r po9ts ( curiosity4 ,& z _m ( ! t]ms ( sci5ce are su*1 z y _c h met ) 9 y\r common read+1 & may !re=e be unacqua9t$ )1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be well = y to h a good diction>y at h&1 to consult imm$iately :5 y meet ) a ^w y d n compreh5d ! precise mean+ (4 ,?is may at fir/ seem tr\blesome & int]rupt+2 b x is a tr\ble t w daily dim9i%1 z y w daily f9d less & less occasion = y\r diction>y z y become m acqua9t$ ) ! t]ms2 & 9 ! mean "t y w read ) m satisfaction1 because ) m und]/&+4 ,:5 any po9t occurs1 9 :i* y w\ld be glad to h f>!r in=mation ?an y\r book af=ds y1 ,i beg y w\ld n 9 ! lea/ appreh5d1 t ,i %\ld ?9k x a tr\ble to receive & answ] y\r que/ions4 ,x w be a pleasure1 & no tr\ble4 ,= ?\gh ,i may n be able1 out ( my own little /ock ( k1 to af=d y :at y require1 ,i c easily direct y to ! books1 :]e x may mo/ readily be f\nd4 ,adieu1 & believe me ev]1 my de> fri5d1 ,y\rs affectionately1 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,,footnote3 #gf ,/ev5son4 ,editor4 ,,pap]s ,,on ,,subjects ,,( ,,g5]al ,,politics4 ,,pap]s ,,on ,,subjects ,,( ,,g5]al ,,politics4 ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! ,increase ( ,mank9d1 peopl+ ( ,c\ntries1 c#gg4 ,writt5 9 ,p5sylvania1 #agea4 #a4 ,tables ( ! proportion ( m>riages to bir?s1 ( dea?s to bir?s1 ( m>riages to ! numb] ( inhabitants1 c4 =m$ on obs]vations made ^u ! bills ( mortality1 *ri/5+s1 c4 ( popul\s cities1 w n suit c\ntries2 nor w tables1 =m$ on obs]vations made on full settl$ old c\ntries1 z ,europe1 suit new c\ntries1 z ,am]ica4 #b4 ,= p increase 9 proportion to ! numb] ( m>riages1 & t is great]1 9 proportion to ! ease & conv5i5ce ( support+ a family4 ,:5 families c be easily support$1 m p]sons m>ry1 & e>li] 9 life4 #c4 ,9 cities1 :]e all trades1 occupations1 & (fices are full1 _m delay m>ry+1 till !y c see h[ to be> ! *>ges ( a family2 :i* *>ges are great] 9 cities1 z luxury is m common2 _m live s+le dur+ life1 & cont9ue s]vants to families1 j\rneym5 to trades1 c4 ,h5ce cities d n1 by natural g5]ation1 supply !mselves ) inhabitants2 ! dea?s are m ?an ! bir?s4 #d4 ,9 c\ntries full settl$1 ! case mu/ be ne>ly ! same1 all l&s be+ occupi$ & improv$ to ! height2 ^? :o _c get l&1 mu/ lab\r = o!rs1 t h x2 :5 lab\r]s are pl5ty1 _! wages w be l[2 by l[ wages a family is support$ ) difficulty2 ?is difficulty det]s _m f m>riage1 :o !re=e long cont9ue s]vants & s+le4 ,only1 z ! cities take supplies ( p f ! c\ntry1 & !reby make a little m room 9 ! c\ntry1 m>riage is a little m enc\rag$ !re1 & ! bir?s exce$ ! dea?s4 #e4 ,great "p ( ,europe is fully1 settl$ ) husb&m51 manufactur]s1 c4 & !re=e _c n[ mu* encrease 9 p4 ,am]ica is *iefly occupi$ by ,indians1 :o subsi/ mo/ly by hunt+4 ,b z ! hunt]1 ( all m51 requires ! greate/ quantity ( l& f :5ce to draw 8 subsi/5ce1 7! husb&man subsi/+ on mu* less1 ! g>d5] on /ill less1 & ! manufactur] requir+ lea/ ( all7 ! ,europeans f\nd ,am]ica z fully settl$1 z x well c\ld be by hunt]s2 yet ^!1 hav+ l>ge tracts1 7 easily prevail$ on to "p ) portions ( t]ritory to ! new com]s1 :o did n mu* int]f]e ) ! natives 9 hunt+1 & furni%$ !m ) _m ?+s !y want$4 #f4 ,l& be+ ?us pl5ty 9 ,am]ica1 & s *eap1 z t a lab\r+ man1 t und]/&s husb&ry1 c1 9 a %ort "t1 save money en\gh to pur*ase a piece ( new l&1 suffici5t = a plantation1 :]eon he may subsi/ a family2 su* are n afraid to m>ry2 = if !y ev5 look f> en\gh =w>d to consid] h[ _! *ildr51 :5 gr[n up1 are to be provid$ =1 !y see1 t m l& is to be _h at rates equally easy1 all circum/ances consid]$4 #g4 ,h5ce m>riages 9 ,am]ica are m g5]al1 & m g5]ally e>ly1 ?an 9 ,europe4 ,& if x is reckon$ !re1 t !re is b "o m>riage p] annum among #ajj p]sons1 p]haps we may "h reckon two2 & if 9 ,europe1 !y h b f\r bir?s to a m>riage1 7_m ( _! m>riages be+ late7 we may "h reckon eight1 ( :i*1 if "o half gr[ up1 & our m>riages are made1 reckon+ "o ) ano!r1 at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 our p mu/ at lea/ be d\bl$ e tw5ty ye>s4 #h4 ,b not)/&+ ?is increase1 s va/ is ! t]ritory ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t x w require _m ages to settle x fully1 & till x is fully settl$1 lab\r w nev] be *eap "h1 :]e no man cont9ues long a lab\r] = o!rs1 b gets a plantation ( 8 own2 no man cont9ues long a j\rneyman to a trade1 b goes among ^? new settl]s1 & sets up = himself1 c4 ,h5ce lab\r is no *eap] n[1 9 ,p5sylvania1 ?an x 0 ?irty ye>s ago1 ?\gh s _m ?\s& lab\r+ p h be5 import$ f ,g]many & ,irel&4 #i4 ,! dang]1 !re=e1 ( ^! colonies int]f]+ ) _! "m c\ntry 9 trades1 t dep5d on lab\r1 manufactures1 c4 is too remote to require ! att5tion ( ,great ,brita94 #aj4 ,b1 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! colonies1 a va/ dem& is gr[+ = ,briti% manufactures2 a glori\s m>ket1 :olly 9 ! p[] ( ,brita91 9 :i* =eign]s _c int]f]e1 :i* w increase1 9 a %ort "t1 ev5 beyond h] p[] ( supply+1 ?\gh h] :ole trade %\ld be to h] colonies4 99 99 99 99 99 #ab4 ,x is an ill-gr\nd$ op9ion1 t1 by ! lab\r ( slaves1 ,am]ica may possibly vie 9 *eapness ( manufactures ) ,brita94 ,! lab\r ( slaves c nev] be s *eap "h1 z ! lab\r ( work+ m5 is 9 ,brita94 ,any "o may compute x4 ,int]e/ ( money is 9 ! colonies f #f to #aj p] c5t4 ,slaves1 "o ) ano!r1 co/ #cjl4 /]l+ p] head4 ,reckon !n ! int]e/ ( ! fir/ pur*ase ( a slave1 ! insurance or risque on 8 life1 8 clo?+ & diet1 exp5ces 9 8 sickness1 & loss ( "t1 loss by 8 neglect ( bus9ess1 7neglect is natural to ! man1 :o is n to be b5efit$ by 8 own c>e or dilig5ce7 exp5ce ( a driv] to keep him at "w1 & 8 pilf]+ f "t to "t1 almo/ e slave be+1 f ! nature ( slav]y1 a ?ief1 & comp>e ! :ole am\nt ) ! wages ( a manufactur] ( iron or wool 9 ,engl&1 y w see1 t lab\r is mu* *eap] !re1 ?an x ev] c be by negroes "h4 ,:y !n w ,am]icans pur*ase slaves8 ,because slaves may be kept z long z a man pleases1 or has occasion = _! lab\r1 :ile hir$ m5 are cont9ually leav+ _! ma/] 7(t5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 bus9ess7 & sett+ up = !mselves4 #h4 #ac4 ,z ! increase ( p dep5ds on ! enc\ragem5t ( m>riages1 ! foll[+ ?+s mu/ dim9i% a nation1 viz4 #a4 ,! be+ conqu]$2 = ! conqu]ors w engross z _m (fices1 & exact z mu* tribute or pr(it on ! lab\r ( ! conqu]$1 z w ma9ta9 !m 9 _! new e/abli%m5t2 & ?is dim9i%+ ! subsi/5ce ( ! natives disc\rages _! m>riages1 & s gradually dim9i%es !m1 :ile ! =eign]s increase4 #b4 ,loss ( t]ritory4 ,?us ! ,britons1 be+ driv5 into ,wales1 & cr\d$ toge!r 9 a b>r5 c\ntry1 insuffici5t to support su* great numb]s1 dim9i%$1 till ! p bore a proportion to ! produce2 :ile ! ,saxons increas$ on !n ab&on$ l&s1 till ! isl& became full ( ,engli%4 ,&1 7 ! ,engli% n[ driv5 into ,wales by "s =eign nation1 !re w\ld1 9 a few ye>s1 be no m ,engli%m5 9 ,brita91 ?an !re are n[ p 9 ,wales4 #c4 ,loss ( trade4 ,manufactures1 export$1 draw subsi/5ce f =eign c\ntries = numb]s1 :o are !reby enabl$ to m>ry & raise families4 ,if ! nation be depriv$ ( any bran* ( trade1 & no new employm5t is f\nd = ! p occupi$ 9 t bran*1 x w soon be depriv$ ( s _m p4 #d4 ,loss ( food4 ,suppose a nation has a fi%]y1 :i* n only employs great numb]s1 b makes ! food & subsi/5ce ( ! p *eap]3 if ano!r nation becomes ma/] ( ! seas1 & prev5ts ! fi%]y1 ! p w dim9i% 9 proportion z ! loss ( employ & de>ness ( provision makes x m difficult to subsi/ a family4 #e4 ,bad gov]nm5t & insecure prop]ty4 ,p n only leave su* a c\ntry1 &1 settl+ abroad1 incorporate ) o!r nations1 lose _! native language1 & become =eign]s2 b ! indu/ry ( ^? t rema9 be+ disc\rag$1 ! quantity ( subsi/5ce 9 ! c\ntry is less5$1 & ! support ( a family becomes m difficult4 ,s heavy taxes t5d to dim9i% a p4 #f4 ,! introduction ( slaves4 ,! negroes1 br\ght into ! ,engli% sug> isl&s1 h greatly dim9i%$ ! :ites !re2 ! poor are by ?is means depriv$ ( employm5t1 :ile a few families acquire va/ e/ates1 :i* !y sp5d on =eign luxuries2 &1 educat+ _! *ildr5 9 ! habit ( ^? luxuries1 ! same income is ne$$ = ! support ( "o1 t might h ma9ta9$ "o hundr$4 ,! :ites1 :o h slaves1 n lab\r+2 are enfeebl$1 & !re=e n s g5]ally prolific2 ! slaves be+ work$ too h>d1 & ill f$1 _! con/itutions are brok51 & ! dea?s among !m are m ?an ! bir?s2 s t a cont9ual supply is ne$$ f ,africa4 ,! nor!rn colonies1 hav+ few slaves1 increase 9 :ites4 ,slaves also pejorate ! families t use !m2 ! :ite *ildr5 become pr\d1 disgu/$ ) lab\r1 &1 be+ educat$ 9 idl5ess1 are r5d]$ unfit to get a liv+ by indu/ry4 #ad4 ,h5ce ! pr9ce1 t acquires new t]ritory1 if he f9ds x vacant1 or removes ! natives to give 8 own p room2--! legislator1 t makes effectual laws = promot+ ( trade1 increas+ employm5t1 improv+ l& by m or bett] tillage1 provid+ m food by fi%]ies1 secur+ prop]ty1 c4--& ! man t inv5ts new trades1 arts or manufactures1 or new improvem5ts 9 husb&ry1 may be prop]ly call$ fa!rs ( _! nation1 z !y are ! cause ( ! g5]ation ( multitudes1 by ! enc\ragem5t !y af=d to m>riage4 #ae4 ,z to privileges grant$ to ! m>ri$1 7su* z ! jus trium lib]orum among ! ,romans7 !y may ha/5 ! fill+ ( a c\ntry1 t has be5 ?9n$ by w> or pe/il5ce1 or t has o!rwise vacant t]ritory1 b _c increase a p beyond ! means provid$ = _! subsi/5ce4 #af4 ,=eign luxuries1 & ne$less manufactures1 import$ & us$ 9 a nation1 d1 by ! same reason+1 increase ! p ( ! nation1 t furni%es !m1 & dim9i% ! p ( ! nation1 t uses !m4 ,laws1 !re=e1 t prev5t su* importations1 &1 on ! contr>y1 promote ! exportation ( manufactures to be consum$ 9 =eign c\ntries1 may be call$ 7) respect to ! p t make !m7 g5]ative laws1 z1 by increas+ subsi/5ce1 !y enc\rage m>riage4 ,su* laws likewise /r5g!n a c\ntry d\bly1 by increas+ its own p1 & dim9i%+ its neighb\rs4 #ag4 ,"s ,european nations prud5tly refuse to consume ! manufactures ( ,ea/ ,india3--!y %\ld likewise =bid !m to _! colonies2 = ! ga9 to ! m]*ant is n to be comp>$ ) ! loss1 by ?is means1 ( p to ! nation4 #ah4 ,home luxury 9 ! great increases ! nation's manufactur]s employ$ by x1 :o are _m1 & only t5ds to dim9i% ! families t indulge 9 x1 :o are few4 ,! great] ! common fa%ionable exp5ce ( any rank ( p1 ! m cauti\s !y are ( m>riage4 ,!re=e luxury %\ld nev] be suff]$ to become common4 #ai4 ,! great increase ( (fspr+ 9 p>ticul> families is n always ow+ to great] fecundity ( nature1 b sometimes to examples ( indu/ry 9 ! heads1 & indu/ri\s education1 by :i* ! *ildr5 are enabl$ to provide bett] = !mselves1 & _! m>ry+ e>ly is enc\rag$ f ! prospect ( good subsi/5ce4 #bj4 ,if !re be a sect1 !re=e1 9 our nation1 t reg>d frugality & indu/ry z religi\s duties1 & educate _! *ildr5 !re91 m ?an o!rs commonly d1 su* sect mu/ consequ5tly increase m by natural g5]ation ?an any o!r sect 9 ,brita94 #ba4 ,! importation ( =eign]s into a c\ntry1 t has z _m inhabitants z ! pres5t employm5ts & provisions = subsi/5ce w be>1 w be 9 ! end no increase ( p1 unless ! new-com]s h m indu/ry & frugality ?an ! natives1 & !n !y w provide m subsi/5ce1 & increase 9 ! c\ntry2 b !y w gradually eat ! natives out4--,nor is x necess>y to br+ 9 =eign]s to fill up any occasional vacancy 9 a c\ntry2 = su* vacancy 7if ! laws are good1 #ad1 #af7 w soon be fill$ by natural g5]ation4 ,:o c n[ f9d ! vacancy made 9 ,sw$51 ,france1 or o!r w>like nations1 by ! plague ( h]oism #dj ye>s ago2 9 ,france1 by ! expulsion ( ! prote/ants2 9 ,engl&1 by ! settlem5t ( h] colonies2 or 9 ,gu9ea by a hundr$ ye>s exportation ( slaves1 t has black5$ half ,am]ica8 ,! ?9ness ( ! inhabitants 9 ,spa9 is ow+ to national pride1 & idl5ess1 & o!r causes1 r ?an to ! expulsion1 ( ! ,moors1 or to ! mak+ ( new settlem5ts4 #bb4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no b\nd to ! prolific nature ( plants or animals1 b :at is made by _! cr[d+ & int]f]+ ) ea* o!r's means ( subsi/5ce4 ,0 ! face ( ! e>? vacant ( o!r plants1 x might be gradually s[$ & ! ov]spread ) "o k9d only1 z = in/ance1 ) f5nel2 & 7 x empty ( o!r inhabitants1 x might1 9 a few ages1 be repl5i%$ f "o nation only1 z = in/ance1 ) ,engli%m54 ,?us !re are suppos$ to be n[ upw>ds ( "o million ( ,engli% s\ls 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7?\gh x is ?\ght sc>ce #hj1jjj h be5 br\ght ov] sea7 & yet p]haps !re is n "o ! few] 9 ,brita91 b r _m m1 on acc\nt ( ! employm5t ! colonies af=d to manufactur]s at home4 ,?is million d\bl+1 suppose b once 9 #be ye>s1 w1 9 ano!r c5tury1 be m ?an ! p ( ,engl&1 & ! greate/ numb] ( ,engli%m5 w be on ?is side ! wat]4 ,:at an accession ( p[] to ! ,briti% empire by sea z well z l&6 ,:at increase ( trade & navigation6 ,:at numb]s ( %ips & seam56 ,we h be5 "h b little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 & yet ! =ce ( our private]s 9 ! late w>1 unit$1 0 great]1 bo? 9 m5 & guns1 ?an t ( ! :ole ,briti% navy 9 que5 ,elizabe?'s "t4 ,h[ important an affair !n to ,brita9 is ! pres5t treaty#gh = settl+ ! b\nds betwe5 h] colonies & ! ,fr5*6 & h[ c>eful %\ld %e be to secure1 room en\gh1 s9ce on ! room dep5ds s mu* ! increase ( h] p8 #bc4 ,9 f9e1 a nation well regulat$ is l a polypus#gi1 take away a limb1 its place is soon suppli$2 cut x 9 two1 & ea* defici5t "p %all spe$ily gr[ out ( ! "p rema9+4 ,?us1 if y h room & subsi/5ce en\gh1 z y may1 by divid+1 make t5 polypuses out ( "o1 y may1 ( "o1 make t5 nations1 equally popul\s & p[]ful2 or1 r1 increase a nation t5fold 9 numb]s & /r5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #gg ,?is pap] & ! answ] to x are ! la/ we h to extract f ,mr4 ,coll9son's collection4 ,! pap]s t foll[1 hav+ notes ) ! signature ,b4 ,v41 are f ! collection ref]r$ to be=e1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cii4 ,editor4 #gh ,9 #agea4 #gi ,a wat] insect1 well-kn[n to naturali/s4 ,r4 ,j4#hj ,,esq4 ,,( ,,london1 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl91 ,,esq4 ,,at ,,philadelphia4 ,rem>ks on "s ( ! =ego+ ,obs]vations1 %[+ p>ticul>ly ! ,effect :i* mann]s h on ,population4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,x is n[ ne> ?ree ye>s s9ce ,i receiv$ y\r excell5t ,obs]vations on ! ,increase ( ,mank9d1 c4 9 :i* y h ) s mu* sagacity & accuracy %[n 9 :at mann]1 & by :at causes1 t pr9cipal means ( political gr&eur is be/ promot$2 & h s well support$ ^? j inf]5ces y h occasionally drawn1 conc]n+ ! g5]al /ate ( our ,am]ican colonies1 & ! views & conduct ( "s ( ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita94 ,y h abundantly prov$1 t natural fecundity is h>dly to be consid]$1 because ! vis g5]&i1 z f> z we "k1 is unlimit$1 & because exp]i5ce %[s1 t ! numb]s ( nations is altoge!r gov]n$ by collat]al causes1 & among ^! none ( s mu* =ce z quantity ( subsi/5ce1 :e!r aris+ f climate1 soil1 improvem5t ( tillage1 trade1 fi%]ies1 secure prop]ty1 conque/ ( new c\ntries1 or o!r fav\rable circum/ances4 ,z ,i p]fectly concurr$ ) y 9 y\r s5tim5ts on ^! heads1 ,i h be5 v desir\s ( build+ some:at on ! f\ndation y h !re laid2 & 0 induc$1 by y\r h9ts 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ section1 to tr\ble y ) "s ?\ghts on ! influ5ce mann]s h always _h1 & are always likely to h1 on ! numb]s ( a p1 & _! political prosp]ity 9 g5]al4 ,! end ( e individual is its own private good4 ,! rules x obs]ves 9 ! pursuit ( ?is good are a sy/em ( propositions1 almo/ e "o f\nd$ 9 au?ority1 t is1 d]ive _! weight f ! cr$it giv5 to "o or m p]sons1 & n f demon/ration4 ,& ?is1 9 ! mo/ important z well z ! o!r affairs ( life1 is ! case ev5 ( ! wise/ & philosophical "p ( ! human species2 & t x %\ld be s is ! less /range1 :5 we consid]1 t x is p]haps impossible to prove1 t be+1 or life itself1 has any o!r value ?an :at is set on x by au?ority4 ,a confirmation ( ?is may be d]iv$ f ! obs]vation1 t1 9 e c\ntry 9 ! univ]se1 happ9ess is s\ght ^u a diff]5t plan2 &1 ev5 9 ! same c\ntry1 we see x plac$ by diff]5t ages1 pr(essions1 & ranks ( m51 9 ! atta9m5t ( enjoym5ts utt]ly unlike4 ,^! propositions1 z well z o!rs fram$ ^u !m1 become habitual by degrees1 &1 z !y gov]n ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 ,i call !m moral habits4 ,!re are ano!r set ( habits1 t h ! direction ( ! memb]s ( ! body1 t ,i call !re=e me*anical habits4 ,^! compose :at we commonly call ! arts1 :i* are m or less lib]al or me*anical1 z !y m or less p>take ( assi/ance f ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,! cumulus ( ! moral habits ( ea* individual is ! mann]s ( t individual2 ! cumulus ( ! mann]s ( individuals makes up ! mann]s ( a nation4 ,! happ9ess ( individuals is evid5tly ! end ( political society2 & political welf>e1 or ! /r5g?1 spl5d\r1 & opul5ce ( ! /ate1 h be5 always admitt$1 bo? by political writ]s1 & ! valuable "p ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 to conduce to ?is end1 & are !re=e desirable4 ,! causes1 t advance or ob/ruct any "o ( ^! ?ree objects1 are ext]nal or int]nal4 ,! latt] may be divid$ into physical1 civil1 & p]sonal1 "u :i* la/ head ,i compreh5d ! moral & me*anical habits ( mank9d4 ,! physical causes are pr9cipally climate1 soil1 & numb] ( subjects2 ! civil1 are gov]nm5t & laws2 & political welf>e is always 9 a ratio compos$ ( ! =ce ( ^! p>ticul> causes2 a multitude ( ext]nal causes1 & all ^! int]nal ones1 n only control & qualify1 b are con/antly act+ on1 & !reby ins5sibly1 z well z s5sibly1 alt]+ "o ano!r1 bo? = ! bett] & ! worse1 & ?is n except+ ! climate itself4 ,! p[]ful efficacy ( mann]s 9 encreas+ a p is manife/ f ! in/ance y m5tion1 ! ,quak]s2 among !m indu/ry & frugality multiply & ext5d ! use ( ! necess>ies ( life2 to mann]s ( a l k9d are ow+ ! popul\sness ( ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & mo/ p>ts ( ,indo/an1 c4 9 e "o ( :i*1 ! =ce ( ext5t ( t]ritory & f]tility ( soil is multipli$1 or _! want comp5sat$ by indu/ry & frugality4 ,nei!r nature nor art h contribut$ mu* to ! production ( subsi/5ce 9 ,switz]l&1 yet we see frugality pres]ves & ev5 increases families1 t live on _! =tunes1 & :i*1 9 ,engl&1 we call ! g5try2 & ! obs]vation we _c b make 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is k+dom1 t ^? families1 includ+ all sup]ior ones1 are gradually becom+ ext9ct1 af=ds ! cle>e/ pro(1 t luxury 7t is1 a great] exp5ce ( subsi/5ce ?an 9 prud5ce a man ought to consume7 is z de/ructive z a proportionable want ( x2 b 9 ,scotl&1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 ! g5try1 ?\gh "o ) ano!r !y h n "o-f\r? ( ! income1 increase 9 numb]4 ,& "h ,i _c help rem>k+1 by ! by1 h[ well f\nd$ y\r di/9ction is betwe5 ! increase ( mank9d 9 old & new settl$ c\ntries 9 g5]al1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( families ( condition4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! exp5ces are m conf9$1 to necess>ies1 & ^? necess>ies are *eap1 x is common to see above "o hundr$ p]sons desc5d$ f "o liv+ old man4 ,9 ,engl&1 x frequ5tly happ5s1 :]e a man has sev51 eight1 or m *ildr51 !re has n be5 a desc5dant 9 ! next g5]ation1 occasion$ by ! difficulties ! numb] ( *ildr5 has br\ght on ! family1 9 a luxuri\s de> c\ntry1 & :i* h prev5t$ _! m>ry+4 ,t ?is is m ow+ to luxury ?an m]e want appe>s f :at ,i h said ( ,scotl&1 & m pla9ly f p>ts ( ,engl& remote f ,london1 9 mo/ ( :i* ! necess>ies ( life are ne>ly z de>1 9 "s de>] ?an ,london1 yet ! p ( all ranks m>ry & bre$ up *ildr54 ,aga92 among ! l[] ranks ( life1 none produce s few *ildr5 z s]vants4 ,?is is1 9 "s measure1 to be attribut$ to _! situation1 :i* h9d]s m>riage1 b is also to be attribut$ to _! luxury & corruption ( mann]s1 :i* are great] ?an among any o!r set ( p 9 ,engl&1 & is ! consequ5ce ( a ne>] view ( ! lives & p]sons ( a sup]ior rank1 ?an any inf]ior rank1 )\t a prop] education1 ought to h4 ,! quantity ( subsi/5ce 9 ,engl& has unque/ionably become great] = _m ages2 & yet if ! inhabitants are m num]\s1 !y c]ta9ly are n s 9 proportion to our improvem5t ( ! means ( support4 ,i am apt to ?9k !re are few p>ts ( ?is k+dom1 t h n be5 at "s =m] "t m popul\s ?an at pres5t4 ,i h sev]al cog5t reasons = ?9k+ s ( great "p ( ! c\nties ,i am mo/ intimately acqua9t$ )2 b z !y 7 probably n all mo/ popul\s at ! same "t1 & z "s ( our t[ns are visibly & va/ly gr[n 9 bulk1 ,i d>e n suppose1 z judici\s m5 h done1 t ,engl& is less peopl$ ?an h]et(ore4 ,?is gr[? ( our t[ns is ! effect ( a *ange ( mann]s1 & improvem5t ( arts1 common to all ,europe2 & ?\gh x is n imag9$1 t x has less5$ ! c\ntry gr[? ( necess>ies1 x has evid5tly1 by introduc+ a great] consumption ( !m1 7an infallible consequ5ce ( a nation's dwell+ 9 t[ns7 c\nt]act$ ! effects ( our prodigi\s advances 9 ! arts4 ,b h[ev] frugality may supply ! place1 or prodigality c\nt]act ! effects1 ( ! natural or acquir$ subsi/5ce ( a c\ntry1 indu/ry is1 beyond d\bt1 a m efficaci\s cause ( pl5ty ?an any natural advantage ( ext5t or f]tility4 ,i h m5tion$ in/ances ( frugality & indu/ry unit$ ) ext5t & f]tility4 ,9 ,spa9 & ,asia ,m9or1 we see frugality jo9$ to ext5t & f]tility1 )\t indu/ry2 9 ,irel&1 we once saw ! same2 ,scotl& _h !n none ( !m b frugality4 ,! *ange 9 ^! two c\ntries is obvi\s to e "o1 & x is ow+ to indu/ry n yet v widely diffus$ 9 ei!r4 ,! effects ( indu/ry & frugality 9 ,engl& are surpris+2 bo? ! r5t & ! value ( ! inh]itance ( l& dep5d on !m greatly m ?an on nature1 & ?is1 ?\gh !re is no consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! prices ( our m>kets4 ,l& ( equal goodness lets = d\ble ! r5t ( o!r l& ly+ 9 ! same c\nty1 & !re are _m ye>s pur*ase diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t c\nties1 :]e r5ts are equally well paid & secure4 ,?us mann]s op]ate ^u ! numb] ( inhabitants1 b ( _! sil5t effects ^u a civil con/itution1 hi/ory1 & ev5 our own exp]i5ce1 yields u abundance ( pro(s1 ?\gh !y are n uncommonly attribut$ to ext]nal causes3 _! support ( a gov]nm5t aga9/ ext]nal =ce is s great1 t x is a common maxim among ! advocates ( lib]ty1 t no free gov]nm5t 0 ev] dissolv$1 or ov]come1 be=e ! mann]s ( its subjects 7 corrupt$4 ,! sup]iority ( ,greece ov] ,p]sia 0 s+ly ow+ to _! diff]5ce ( mann]s2 & t1 ?\gh all natural advantages 7 on ! side ( ! latt]1 to :i* ,i might add ! civil ones2 = ?\gh ! greate/ ( all civil advantages1 lib]ty1 0 on ! side ( ,greece1 yet t add$ no political /r5g? to h]1 ?an z x op]at$ on h] mann]s1 &1 :5 !y 7 corrupt$1 ! re/oration ( _! lib]ty by ! ,romans1 ov]turn$ ! rema9s ( _! p[]4 ,:e!r ! mann]s ( anci5t ,rome 7 at any p]iod calculat$ to promote ! happ9ess ( individuals1 x is n my design to exam9e2 b t _! mann]s1 & ! effects ( ^? mann]s on _! gov]nm5t & public conduct1 f\nd$1 enl>g$1 & support$1 & aft]w>ds ov]?rew _! empire1 is beyond all d\bt4 ,"o ( ! effects ( _! conque/ furni%es u ) a /rong pro(1 h[ preval5t mann]s are ev5 beyond quantity ( subsi/5ce2 =1 :5 ! cu/om ( be/[+ on ! citiz5s ( ,rome corn en\gh to support !mselves & families 0 become e/abli%$1 & ,egypt & ,sicily produc$ ! gra91 t f$ ! inhabitants ( ,italy1 ?is became less popul\s e day1 & ! jus trium lib]orum 0 b an exp$i5t1 t c\ld n balance ! want ( indu/ry & frugality4 ,b corruption ( mann]s did n only ?9 ! inhabitants ( ! ,roman empire1 x r5d]$ ! rema9d] incapable ( def5ce1 long be=e its fall1 p]haps be=e ! dissolution ( ! republic2 s t )\t /&+ discipl9$ armies1 compos$ ( m51 ^: moral habits pr9cipally1 & me*anical habits second>ily1 made !m diff]5t f ! body ( ! p1 ! ,roman empire _h be5 a prey to ! b>b>ians _m ages be=e x 04 ,by ! me*anical habits ( ! soldi]y1 ,i mean _! discipl9e1 & ! art ( w>2 & t ?is is b a second>y quality appe>s f ! inequality t has 9 all ages be5 betwe5 raw1 ?\gh well discipl9$ armies1 & vet]ans1 & m f ! irresi/ible =ce a s+le moral habit1 religion1 has conf]r$ on troops1 frequ5tly nei!r discipl9$ nor exp]i5c$4 ,! milit>y mann]s ( ! noblesse 9 ,france1 compose ! *ief =ce ( t k+dom1 & ! ent]pris+ mann]s & re/less dispositions ( ! inhabitants ( ,canada h enabl$ a h&ful ( m5 to h>ass our popul\s1 &1 g5]ally1 less m>tial colonies2 yet nei!r are ( ! value !y seem at fir/ sight1 because ov]balanc$ by ! defect !y occasion ( o!r habits1 t w\ld produce m eligible political good3 & milit>y mann]s 9 a p are n necess>y 9 an age & c\ntry :]e su* mann]s may be occasionally =m$ & pres]v$ among m5 en\gh to def5d ! /ate2 & su* a c\ntry is ,great ,brita91 :]e1 ?\gh ! l[] class ( p are by no means ( a milit>y ca/1 yet !y make bett] soldi]s ?an ev5 ! noblesse ( ,france4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry1 a few ages back1 7 to ! popul\s & ri* prov9ces ( ,france1 :at ,canada is n[ to ! ,briti% colonies4 ,x is true1 !re 0 less disproportion betwe5 _! natural /r5g?2 b ,i mean1 t ! ri*es ( ,france 7 a real weakness1 oppos$ to ! milit>y mann]s f\nd$ ^u pov]ty & a rugg$ disposition1 !n ! "* ( ! ,engli%2 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t at ?is "t ! mann]s ( a p 7 n di/9ct f t ( _! soldi]y1 = ! use ( /&+ armies has depriv$ a milit>y p ( ! advantages !y be=e _h ov] o!rs2 & ?\gh x has be5 (t5 said1 t civil w>s give p[]1 because !y r5d] all m5 soldi]s1 ,i believe ?is has only be5 f\nd true 9 int]nal w>s foll[+ civil w>s1 & n 9 ext]nal ones2 = n[1 9 =eign w>s1 a small army1 ) ample means to support x1 is ( great] =ce ?an "o m num]\s1 ) less4 ,?is la/ fact has (t5 happ5$ betwe5 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! means ( support+ armies1 & consequ5tly ! p[] ( ex]t+ ext]nal /r5g?1 are be/ f\nd 9 ! indu/ry & frugality ( ! body ( a p liv+ "u a gov]nm5t & laws1 t enc\rage comm]ce3 = comm]ce is at ?is day almo/ ! only /imulus1 t =ces e "o to contribute a %>e ( lab\r = ! public b5efit4 ,b su* is ! human frame1 & ! _w is s con/itut$1 t x is a h>d matt] to possess ones self ( a b5efit1 )\t lay+ ones self op5 to a loss on "s o!r side2 ! improvem5ts ( mann]s ( "o sort (t5 deprave ^? ( ano!r3 ?us we see indu/ry & frugality "u ! influ5ce ( comm]ce1 :i* ,i call a comm]cial _s1 t5d to de/roy1 z well z support1 ! gov]nm5t x fl\ri%es "u4 ,comm]ce p]fects ! arts1 b m ! me*anical ?an ! lib]al1 & ?is = an obvi\s reason2 x s(t5s & en]vates ! mann]s4 ,/eady virtue & unb5d+ integrity are seldom to be f\nd :]e a _s ( comm]ce p]vades e ?+2 yet ! p]fection ( comm]ce is1 t e ?+ %\ld h its price4 ,we e day see its progress1 bo? to our b5efit & detrim5t "h4 ,?+s1 t boni mores =bid to be set to sale1 are become its objects1 & !re are few ?+s inde$ extra comm]cium4 ,! legislative p[] itself has be5 9 comm]cio1 & *ur* liv+s are seldom giv5 )\t consid]ation1 ev5 by s9c]e ,*ri/ians1 &1 = consid]ation1 n seldom to v unwor?y p]sons4 ,! rud5ess ( anci5t milit>y times & ! fury ( m mod]n en?usia/ic ones are worn (f2 ev5 ! _s ( =5sic cont5tion is a/oni%+ly dim9i%$1 all m>ks ( mann]s s(t5+2 b luxury & corruption h tak5 _! places1 & seem ! insep>able companions ( comm]ce & ! arts4 ,i _c help obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t ?is is mu* m ! case 9 ext5sive c\ntries1 especially at _! metropolis1 ?an 9 o!r places4 ,x is an old obs]vation ( politicians1 & frequ5tly made by hi/orians1 t small /ates always be/ pres]ve _! mann]s4 ,:e!r ?is happ5s f ! great] room !re is = att5tion 9 ! legislature1 or f ! less room !re is = ambition & av>ice1 x is a /rong argum5t1 among o!rs1 aga9/ an incorporat+ union ( ! colonies 9 ,am]ica1 or ev5 a f$]al "o1 t may t5d to ! future r$uc+ !m "u "o gov]nm5t4 ,_! p[]1 :ile disunit$1 is less1 b _! lib]ty2 z well z mann]s1 is m secure2 &1 consid]+ ! little dang] ( any conque/ to be made ^u !m1 ,i _h r !y %\ld suff] some?+ ?r\gh disunion1 ?an see !m "u a g5]al adm9i/ration less equitable ?an t conc]t$ at ,albany#ha4 ,i take x1 ! inhabitants ( ,p5sylvania are bo? frugal & indu/ri\s beyond ^? ( any prov9ce 9 ,am]ica4 ,if luxury %\ld spread1 x _c be extirpat$ by laws4 ,we are told by ,plut>*1 t ,plato us$ to say1 ,x 0 a h>d ?+ to make laws = ! ,cyr5ians1 a p ab\nd+ 9 pl5ty & opul5ce4 ,b f :at ,i set out )1 x is evid5t1 if ,i be n mi/ak51 t education only c /em ! torr5t1 &1 )\t *eck+ ei!r true indu/ry or frugality1 prev5t ! sordid frugality & laz9ess ( ! old ,iri%1 & _m ( ! mod]n ,scot*1 7,i mean ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry1 ^? :o leave x = ano!r be+ g5]ally indu/ri\s7 or ! indu/ry1 mix$ ) luxury1 ( ?is capital1 f gett+ gr\nd1 &1 by r5d]+ anci5t mann]s famili>1 produce a reconciliation betwe5 dis9t]e/$ness & comm]ce2 a ?+ we (t5 see1 b almo/ always 9 m5 ( a lib]al education4 ,to conclude3 :5 we w\ld =m a p1 soil & climate may be f\nd at lea/ suffici5tly good2 inhabitants may be enc\rag$ to settle1 & ev5 support$ = a :ile2 a good gov]nm5t & laws may be fram$1 & ev5 arts may be e/abli%$1 or _! produce import$3 b _m necess>y moral habits are h>dly ev] f\nd among ^? :o volunt>y (f] !mselves 9 times ( quiet at home1 to p new colonies2 besides t ! moral1 z well z me*anical habits adapt$ to a "m c\ntry are frequ5tly n s to ! new settl$ "o1 & to ext]nal ev5ts1 _m ( :i* are always un=ese54 ,h5ce x is we h se5 su* fruitless attempts to settle colonies1 at an imm5se public & private exp5ce1 by sev]al ( ! p[]s ( ,europe3 & x is p>ticul>ly obs]vable1 t none ( ! ,engli% colonies became any way consid]able1 till ! necess>y mann]s 7 born & grew up 9 ! c\ntry1 except+ ^? to :i* s+ul> circum/ances at home =c$ mann]s fit = ! =m+ a new /ate4 ,i am1 sir1 c4 ,r4,j4 ,,footnotes3 #hj ,ri*>d ,jackson1 an ,engli% b>ri/]4 ,editor4 #ha ,! read] w see an acc\nt ( ?is plan 9 ! subsequ5t volume4 ,editor4 ,plan1 by ,messieurs ,frankl9 & ,dalrymple1 = b5efitt+ di/ant unprovid$ ,c\ntries#hb4 ,aug4 #bi1 #agga4 ,! c\ntry call$ 9 ! maps ,new ,zeal& has be5 discov]$ by ! ,endeav\r1 to be two isl&s1 toge!r z l>ge z ,great ,brita93 ^! isl&s1 nam$ ,acpy-nomawe & ,tovy-po5nammoo1 are inhabit$ by a brave & g5]\s race1 :o are de/itute ( corn1 f[ls1 & all quadrup$s1 except dogs4 ,^! circum/ances be+ m5tion$ lately 9 a company ( m5 ( lib]al s5tim5ts1 x 0 obs]v$1 t x seem$ incumb5t on su* a c\ntry z ?is1 to communicate to all o!rs ! conv5i5ces ( life1 :i* we enjoy4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 ^: life has ev] be5 direct$ to promote ! true int]e/ ( society1 said1 he w\ld ) all 8 he>t subscribe to a voyage int5d$ to communicate 9 g5]al ^? b5efits1 :i* we enjoy1 to c\ntries de/itute ( !m 9 ! remote p>ts ( ! globe4 ,?is proposition be+ w>mly adopt$ by ! re/ ( ! company1 ,mr4 ,dalrymple1 !n pres5t1 0 induc$ to (f] to und]take ! comm& on su* an exp$ition4 ,on mature reflection1 ?is s*eme appe>s ! m hon\rable to ! national "* ( any :i* c be conceiv$1 z x is gr\nd$ on ! noble/ pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce4 ,good int5tions are (t5 fru/rat$ by lett+ !m rema9 indige/$2 on ?is consid]ation ,mr4 ,dalrymple 0 induc$ to put ! outl9es on pap]1 :i* are n[ publi%$1 t by an e>ly communication !re1 may be a bett] opportunity ( collect+ all ! h9ts1 :i* c conduce to execute effectually ! b5evol5t purpose ( ! exp$ition1 9 case x %\ld meet ) g5]al approbation4 ,on ?is s*eme be+ %[n to ,dr4 ,frankl91 he communicat$ 8 s5tim5ts1 by way ( introduction1 to ! foll[+ effect3 ,brita9 is said to h produc$ orig9ally no?+ b sloes4 ,:at va/ advantages h be5 communicat$ to h] by ! fruits1 se$s1 roots1 h]bage1 animals1 & arts ( o!r c\ntries6 ,we are by _! means become a weal?y & a mighty nation1 ab\nd+ 9 all good ?+s4 ,does n "s duty h5ce arise f u t[>ds o!r c\ntries1 /ill rema9+ 9 our =m] /ate8 ,brita9 is n[ ! fir/ m>itime p[] 9 ! _w4 ,h] %ips are innum]able1 capable by _! =m1 size1 & /r5g?1 ( sail+ all seas4 ,our seam5 are equally bold1 skilful1 & h>dy2 dext]\s 9 explor+ ! remote/ regions1 & ready to engage 9 voyages to unkn[n c\ntries1 ?\gh att5d$ ) ! greate/ dang]s4 ,! inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries1 our fell[ m51 h canoes only2 n kn[+ iron1 !y _c build %ips2 !y h little a/ronomy1 & no k ( ! compass to guide !m2 !y _c !re=e come to u1 or obta9 any ( our advantages4 ,f ^! circum/ances1 does n "s duty seem to arise f u to !m8 ,does n ,provid5ce1 by ^! di/+ui%+ fav\rs1 seem to call on u1 to d some?+ ourselves = ! common int]e/ ( humanity6 ,^? :o ?9k x _! duty1 to ask bread & o!r bless+s daily f heav51 w\ld !y n ?9k x equally a duty1 to communicate ( ^? bless+s :5 !y h receiv$ !m1 & %[ _! gratitude to _! great ,b5efactor by ! only means 9 _! p[]1 promot+ ! happ9ess ( 8 o!r *ildr58 ,c]es is said to h made a j\rney ?r\gh _m c\ntries to tea* ! use ( corn1 & ! art ( rais+ x4 ,= ?is s+le b5efit ! grateful nations deifi$ h]4 ,h[ mu* m may ,engli%m5 des]ve su* hon\r1 by communicat+ ! k & use n ( corn only1 b ( all ! o!r enjoym5ts e>? c produce1 & :i* !y are n[ 9 possession (4 ,communit] bona pr(und]e1 ,deum e/4 ,_m voyages h be5 und]tak5 ) views ( pr(it or ( plund]1 or to gratify res5tm5t2 to procure "s advantage to ourselves1 or d "s mis*ief to o!rs3 b a voyage is n[ propos$1 to visit a di/ant p on ! o!r side ! globe2 n to *eat !m1 n to rob !m1 n to seize _! l&s1 or enslave _! p]sons2 b m]ely to d !m good1 & make !m1 z f> z 9 our p[] lies1 to live z com=tably z ourselves4 ,x seems a laudable wi%1 t all ! nations ( ! e>? 7 connect$ by a k ( ea* o!r1 & a mutual ex*ange ( b5efits3 b a comm]cial nation p>ticul>ly %\ld wi% = a g5]al civilization ( mank9d1 s9ce trade is always c>ri$ on to mu* great] ext5t ) p :o h ! arts & conv5i5ces ( life1 ?an x c be ) nak$ savages4 ,we may !re=e hope1 9 ?is und]tak+1 to be (1 "s s]vice to our c\ntry1 z well z to ^? poor p1 :o1 h[ev] di/ant f u1 are 9 tru? relat$ to u1 & ^: int]e/s d1 9 "s degree1 conc]n e "o :o c say1 ,homo sum1 c4 ,s*eme ( a voyage1 by subscription1 to convey ! conv5i5ces ( life1 z f[ls1 hogs1 goats1 cattle1 corn1 iron1 c41 to ^? remote regions1 :i* are de/itute ( !m1 & to br+ f !nce su* productions1 z c be cultivat$ 9 ?is k+dom to ! advantage ( society1 9 a %ip "u ! comm& ( ,alex&] ,dalrymple4 ,catt or b>k1 f ! coal trade1 ( #cej tons1 e/imat$ at ab\t #bjjj ,extra exp5ces1 /ores1 boats1 c4 #cjjj ---- ,to be mann$ ) #fj m5 at #d p] man p] mon? ---- #bdj #ab ---- #bhhj p] annum #c ---- ,wages & #hfdj = ?ree ye>s #hfdj provisions ----- #acfdj ----- ,c>go includ$1 suppos$ #aejjj ,! exp5ces ( ?is exp$ition are calculat$ = ?ree ye>s3 b ! greate/ "p ( ! am\nt ( wages w n be want$ till ! %ip returns1 & a great "p ( ! exp5ce ( provisions w be sav$ by :at is obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! voyage1 by b>t]1 or o!rwise1 ?\gh x is prop] to make provision = cont+5cies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnote3 #hb ,^! proposals 7 pr9t$ ^u a %eet ( pap] "s two or ?ree ye>s ago1 & di/ribut$4 ,! p>ts writt5 by ,dr4 ,frankl9 & ,mr4 ,dalrymple are easily di/+ui%$4 ,b4 ,v4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,p]cival4 ,conc]n+ ! ,provision made 9 ,*9a aga9/ ,fam9e4 ,i h some:]e read1 t 9 ,*9a an acc\nt is ye>ly tak5 ( ! numb] ( p1 & ! quantities ( provision produc$4 ,?is acc\nt is transmitt$ to ! emp]or1 ^: m9i/]s c !nce =esee a sc>city1 likely to happ5 9 any prov9ce1 & f :at prov9ce x c be/ be suppli$ 9 good "t4 ,to facilitate ! collect+ ( ?is acc\nt1 & prev5t ! necessity ( ent]+ h\ses & sp5d+ "t 9 ask+ & answ]+ que/ions1 ea* h\se is furni%$ ) a little bo>d1 to be hung )\t ! door dur+ a c]ta9 "t ea* ye>2 on :i* bo>d are m>k$ c]ta9 words1 aga9/ :i* ! inhabitant is to m>k numb] & quantity1 some:at 9 ?is mann]3 ----------------- ,m51 ,wom51 ,*ildr51 ,rice1 or ,:eat1 ,fle%1 c4 ----------------- ,all "u sixte5 are acc\nt$ *ildr51 & all above1 m5 & wom54 ,any o!r p>ticul>s1 :i* ! gov]nm5t desires in=mation (1 are occasionally m>k$ on ! same bo>ds4 ,?us ! (fic]s1 appo9t$ to collect ! acc\nts 9 ea* di/rict1 h only to pass be=e ! doors1 & ent] into _! book :at !y f9d m>k$ on ! bo>d1 )\t giv+ ! lea/ tr\ble to ! family4 ,!re is a p5alty on m>k+ falsely1 & z neighb\rs mu/ "k ne>ly ! tru? ( ea* o!rs acc\nt1 !y d>e n expose !mselves1 by a false "o1 to ea* o!rs accusation4 ,p]haps su* a regulation is sc>cely practicable ) u#hc4 ,,footnote3 #hc ,! above passage is tak5 f ,dr4 ,p]cival's ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #be1 be+ an extract f a lett] writt5 to him1 by ,dr4 ,frankl91 on ! subject ( 8 obs]vations on ! /ate ( population 9 ,man*e/] & o!r adjac5t places4 ,b4 ,v4 ,positions to be exam9$1 conc]n+ national ,weal?#hd4 #a4 ,all food or subsi/5ce = mank9d arise f ! e>? or wat]s4 #b4 ,necess>ies ( life1 t are n foods1 & all o!r conv5i5ces1 h _! values e/imat$ by ! proportion ( food consum$ :ile we are employ$ 9 procur+ !m4 #c4 ,a small p1 ) a l>ge t]ritory1 may subsi/ on ! productions ( nature1 ) no o!r lab\r ?an t ( ga!r+ ! vegetables & cat*+ ! animals4 #d4 ,a l>ge p1 ) a small t]ritory1 f9ds ^! insuffici5t1 &1 to subsi/1 mu/ lab\r ! e>?1 to make x produce great] quantities ( vegetable food1 suitable = ! n\ri%m5t ( m51 & ( ! animals !y int5d to eat4 #e4 ,f ?is lab\r arises a great increase ( vegetable & animal food1 & ( mat]ials = clo?+1 z flax1 wool1 silk1 c4 ,! sup]fluity ( ^! is weal?4 ,) ?is weal? we pay = ! lab\r employ$ 9 build+ our h\ses1 cities1 c4 :i* are !re=e only subsi/5ce ?us metamorphos$4 #f4 ,manufactures are only ano!r %ape into :i* s mu* provisions & subsi/5ce are turn$1 z 7 equal 9 value to ! manufactures produc$4 ,?is appe>s f h5ce1 t ! manufactur] does n1 9 fact1 obta9 f ! employ]1 = 8 lab\r1 m ?an a m]e subsi/5ce1 includ+ raim5t1 fuel1 & %elt]3 all :i* d]ive _! value f ! provisions consum$ 9 procur+ !m4 #g4 ,! produce ( ! e>?1 ?us conv]t$ into manufactures1 may be m easily c>ri$ to di/ant m>kets ?an be=e su* conv]sion4 #h4 ,fair comm]ce is1 :]e equal values are ex*ang$ = equal1 ! exp5ce ( transport includ$4 ,?us1 if x co/s ,a 9 ,engl& z mu* lab\r & *>ge to raise a bu%el ( :eat1 z x co/s ,b 9 ,france to produce f\r gallons ( w9e1 !n are f\r gallons ( w9e ! fair ex*ange = a bu%el ( :eat1 ,a & ,b meet+ at half di/ance ) _! commodities to make ! ex*ange4 ,! advantage ( ?is fair comm]ce is1 t ea* p>ty increases ! numb] ( 8 enjoym5ts1 hav+1 in/ead ( :eat alone1 or w9e alone1 ! use ( bo? :eat & w9e4 #i4 ,:]e ! lab\r & exp5ce ( produc+ bo? commodities are kn[n to bo? p>ties1 b>ga9s w g5]ally be fair & equal4 ,:]e !y are kn[n to "o p>ty only1 b>ga9s w (t5 be unequal1 k tak+ its advantage ( ignorance4 #aj4 ,?us he1 t c>ries "o ?\s& bu%els ( :eat abroad to sell1 may n probably obta9 s great a pr(it !reon1 z if he _h fir/ turn$ ! :eat into manufactures1 by subsi/+ !re) ! workm5 :ile produc+ ^? manufactures3 s9ce !re are _m exp$it+ & facilitat+ me?ods ( work+1 n g5]ally kn[n2 & /rang]s to ! manufactures1 ?\gh !y "k pretty well ! exp5ce ( rais+ :eat1 are unacqua9t$ ) ^? %ort me?ods ( work+1 & !nce1 be+ apt to suppose m lab\r employ$ 9 ! manufactures ?an !re really is1 are m easily impos$ on 9 _! value1 & induc$ to all[ m = !m ?an !y are hone/ly wor?4 #aa4 ,?us ! advantage ( hav+ manufactures 9 a c\ntry does n consi/1 z is commonly suppos$1 9 _! highly advanc+ ! value ( r\gh mat]ials1 ( :i* !y are =m$2 s9ce1 ?\gh six-p5nywor? ( flax may be wor? tw5ty %ill+s :5 work$ into lace1 yet ! v cause ( its be+ wor? tw5ty %ill+s1 is1 t1 besides ! flax1 x has co/ n9ete5 %ill+s & sixp5ce 9 subsi/5ce to ! manufactur]4 ,b ! advantage ( manufactures is1 t "u _! %ape provisions may be m easily c>ri$ to a =eign m>ket2 & by _! means our trad]s may m easily *eat /rang]s4 ,few1 :]e x is n made1 are judges ( ! value ( lace4 ,! import] may dem& =ty1 & p]haps get ?irty %ill+s = t1 :i* co/ him b tw5ty4 #ab4 ,f9ally1 !re seem to be b ?ree ways = a nation to acquire weal?4 ,! fir/ is by w>1 z ! ,romans did1 9 plund]+ _! conqu]$ neighb\rs4 ,?is is robb]y4--,! second by comm]ce1 :i* is g5]ally *eat+4--,! ?ird by agriculture1 ! only hone/ way1 :]e9 man receives a real increase ( ! se$ ?r[n into ! gr\nd1 9 a k9d ( cont9ual miracle wr\ght by ! h& ( ,god 9 8 fav\r1 z a rew>d = 8 innoc5t life1 & 8 virtu\s indu/ry4 ,b4 ,,frankl94 ,april #d1 #agfi4 ,,footnote3 #hd ,?is article has be5 ins]t$ 9 ,! ,repository = select ,pap]s on ,agriculture1 ,arts1 & ,manufactures4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cej4 ,b4 ,v4 ,political ,fragm5ts1 suppos$ ei!r to be writt5 by ,dr4 ,frankl91 or to conta9 ,s5tim5ts ne>ly alli$ to 8 own#he4 #a4 ,( ! ,employm5t ( ,"t1 & ( ,indol5ce3 p>ticul>ly z respect+ ! ,/ate4 ,all t live mu/ be subsi/$4 ,subsi/5ce co/s some?+4 ,he1 t is indu/ri\s1 produces1 by 8 indu/ry1 some?+ t is an equival5t1 & pays = 8 subsi/5ce3 he is !re=e no *>ge or burd5 to society4 ,! indol5t are an exp5ce uncomp5sat$4 ,!re c be no d\bt b all k9ds ( employm5t1 t c be foll[$ )\t prejudice f int]ruptions2 "w1 t c be tak5 up1 & laid d[n1 (t5 9 a day1 )\t damage2 7su* z sp9n+1 knitt+1 weav+1 c47 are highly advantage\s to a community2 because 9 !m may be collect$ all ! produce ( ^? fragm5ts ( "t1 t occur 9 family-bus9ess1 betwe5 ! con/ant & necess>y p>ts ( x1 t usually occupy females2 z ! "t betwe5 ris+ & prep>+ = breakfa/1 betwe5 breakfa/ & prep>+ = d9n]1 c4 c4 ,! am\nt ( all ^! fragm5ts is1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 v consid]able to a s+le family2 to a /ate proportionably4 ,highly pr(itable !re=e x is1 9 ?is case also1 to foll[ t div9e direction1 ga!r up ! fragm5ts t no?+ be lo/4 ,lo/ "t is lo/ subsi/5ce2 x is !re=e lo/ treasure4 ,h]eby1 9 sev]al families1 _m y>ds ( l95 h be5 produc$1 f ! employm5t ( ^? fragm5ts only1 9 "o ye>1 ?\gh su* families 7 j ! same 9 numb] z :5 n s employ$4 ,x 0 an excell5t say+ ( a c]ta9 ,*9ese emp]or1 ,i w1 if possible1 h no idl5ess 9 my dom9ions2 = if !re be "o man idle1 "s man mu/ suff] cold or hung]4 ,we take ?is emp]or's mean+ to be1 t ! lab\r due to ! public by ea* individual1 n be+ p]=m$ by ! indol5t1 mu/ naturally fall to ! %>e ( o!rs1 :o mu/ !reby suff]4 #b4 ,( ,emb>goes ^u ,corn1 & ( ! ,poor4 ,9 inl& high c\ntries1 remote f ! sea1 & ^: riv]s are small1 runn+ f ! c\ntry1 & n to x1 z is ! case ( ,switz]l&1 great di/ress may arise f a c\rse ( bad h>ve/s1 if public gran>ies are n provid$1 & kept well /or$4 ,anci5tly too1 be=e navigation 0 s g5]al1 %ips s pl5ty1 & comm]cial connections s well e/abli%$1 ev5 m>itime c\ntries might be occasionally di/ress$ by bad crops4 ,b su* is n[ ! facility ( communication betwe5 ^? c\ntries1 t an unre/ra9$ comm]ce c sc>ce ev] fail ( procur+ a suffici5cy = any ( !m4 ,if inde$ any gov]nm5t is s imprud5t1 z to lay its h&s on import$ corn1 =bid its exportation1 or compel its sale at limit$ prices1 !re ! p may suff] "s fam9e f m]*ants avoid+ _! ports4 ,b :]ev] comm]ce is kn[n to be always free1 & ! m]*ant absolute ma/] ( 8 commodity1 z 9 ,holl&1 !re w always be a reasonable supply4 ,:5 an exportation ( corn takes place1 occasion$ by a high] price 9 "s =eign c\ntries1 x is common to raise a clam\r1 on ! supposition1 t we %all !reby produce a dome/ic fam9e4 ,!n foll[s a prohibition1 f\nd$ on ! imag9>y di/ress ( ! poor4 ,! poor1 to be sure1 if 9 di/ress1 %\ld be reliev$2 b if ! f>m] c\ld h a high price = 8 corn f ! =eign dem&1 mu/ he1 by a prohibition ( exportation1 be compell$ to take a l[ price1 n ( ! poor only1 b ( e "o t eats bread1 ev5 ! ri*e/8 ! duty ( reliev+ ! poor is incumb5t on ! ri*2 b by ?is op]ation ! :ole burd5 ( x is laid on ! f>m]1 :o is to relieve ! ri* at ! same "t4 ,( ! poor too1 ^?1 :o are ma9ta9$ by ! p>i%es1 h no "r to claim ?is sacrifice ( ! f>m]2 z1 :ile !y h _! all[ance1 x makes no diff]5ce to !m1 :e!r bread be *eap or de>4 ,^? work+ poor1 :o n[ m9d bus9ess only five or f\r days 9 ! week1 if bread %\ld be s de>1 z to oblige !m to "w ! :ole six requir$ by ! comm&m5t1 d n seem to be aggriev$1 s z to h a "r to public r$ress4 ,!re w !n rema91 comp>atively1 only a few families 9 e di/rict1 :o1 f sickness1 or a great numb] ( *ildr51 w be s di/ress$ by a high price ( corn1 z to ne$ relief2 & ^! %\ld be tak5 c>e ( by p>ticul> b5efactions1 )\t re/ra9+ ! f>m]'s pr(it4 ,^?1 :o fe>1 t exportation may s f> dra9 ! c\ntry ( corn1 z to />ve ourselves1 fe> :at nev] did1 nor ev] c happ54 ,!y may z well1 :5 !y view ! tide ebb+ t[>ds ! sea1 fe>1 t all ! wat] w leave ! riv]4 ,! price ( corn1 l wat]1 w f9d its own level4 ,! m we export1 ! de>] x becomes at home2 ! m is receiv$ abroad1 ! *eap] x becomes !re2 & z soon z ^! prices are equal1 ! exportation /ops ( c\rse4 ,z ! seasons v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ! calamity ( a bad h>ve/ is nev] univ]sal4 ,if !n1 all ports 7 always op51 & all comm]ce free1 e m>itime c\ntry w\ld g5]ally eat bread at ! m$ium price1 or av]age ( all ! h>ve/s2 :i* w\ld probably be m equal ?an we c make x by out artificial regulations1 & !re=e a m /eady enc\ragem5t to agriculture4 ,! nation w\ld all h bread at ?is middle price2 & t nation1 :i* at any "t inhumanely refuses to relieve ! di/resses ( ano!r nation1 des]ves no compassion :5 9 di/ress itself4 #c4 ,( ! ,effect ( ,de>ness ( ,provisions ^u ,work+1 & ^u ,manufactures4 ,! common p d n "w = pleasure g5]ally1 b f necessity4 ,*eapness ( provisions makes !m m idle2 less "w is !n done1 x is !n m 9 dem& proportionally1 & ( c\rse ! price rises4 ,de>ness ( provisions obliges ! manufactur] to "w m days & m h\rs2 ?us m "w is done ?an equals ! usual dem&2 ( c\rse x becomes *eap]1 & ! manufactures 9 consequ5ce4 #d4 ,( an op5 ,trade4 ,p]haps1 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be bett] if gov]nm5t m$dl$ no f>!r ) trade1 ?an to protect x1 & let x take its c\rse4 ,mo/ ( ! /atutes or acts1 edicts1 arrets1 & plac>ts ( p>liam5ts1 pr9ces1 & /ates1 = regulat+1 direct+1 or re/ra9+ ( trade1 h1 we ?9k1 be5 ei!r political blund]s1 or jobs obta9$ by artful m51 = private advantage1 "u pret5ce ( public good4 ,:5 ,colb]t assembl$ "s wise old m]*ants ( ,france1 & desir$ _! advice & op9ion1 h[ he c\ld s]ve & promote comm]ce3 _! answ]1 aft] consultation1 0 9 ?ree words only1 ,laissez n\s faire2 ,let u alone4--,x is said1 by a v solid writ] ( ! same nation1 t he is well advanc$ 9 ! sci5ce ( politics1 :o kn[s ! full =ce ( t maxim1 ,pas trop g\v]n]1 ,n to gov]n too mu*2 :i*1 p]haps1 w\ld be ( m use :5 appli$ to trade1 ?an 9 any o!r public conc]n4 ,x 7 !re=e to be wi%$1 t comm]ce 7 z free betwe5 all ! nations ( ! _w1 z x is betwe5 ! sev]al c\nties ( ,engl&2 s w\ld all1 by mutual communication1 obta9 m enjoym5ts4 ,^? c\nties d n ru9 ea* o!r by trade1 nei!r w\ld ! nations4 ,no nation 0 ev] ru9$ by trade1 ev51 seem+ly1 ! mo/ disadvantage\s4 ,:]ev] desirable sup]fluities are import$1 indu/ry is excit$1 & !reby pl5ty is produc$4 ,7 only necess>ies p]mitt$ to be pur*as$1 m5 w\ld "w no m ?an 0 necess>y = t purpose4 #e4 ,( ,prohibitions1 ) ,respect to ! ,exportation ( ,gold & ,silv]4 ,c\ld ,spa9 & ,portugal h succe$$ 9 execut+ _! fooli% laws = h$g+ 9 ! cuckoo1 z ,locke calls x1 & h kept at home all _! gold & silv]1 ^? metals w\ld by ?is "t h be5 ( little m value ?an s mu* lead or iron4 ,_! pl5ty w\ld h less5$ _! value4 ,we see ! folly ( ^! edicts3 b are n our own prohibitory & re/rictive laws1 t are pr(ess$ly made ) int5tion to br+ a balance 9 our fav\r f our trade ) =eign nations to be paid 9 money1 & laws to prev5t ! necessity ( export+ t money1 :i* if !y c\ld be ?or\ghly execut$1 w\ld make money z pl5ty1 & ( z little value2 ,i say1 are n su* laws a k9 to ^? ,spani% edicts1 follies ( ! same family8 #f4 ,( ! ,returns = =eign ,articles4 ,9 fact1 ! produce ( o!r c\ntries c h>dly be obta9$1 unless by fraud & rap9e1 )\t giv+ ! produce ( our l& or our indu/ry 9 ex*ange = !m4 ,if we h m9es ( gold & silv]1 gold & silv] may !n be call$ ! produce ( our l&3 if we h n1 we c only fairly obta9 ^? metals by giv+ = !m ! produce ( our l& or indu/ry4 ,:5 we h !m1 !y are !n only t produce or indu/ry 9 ano!r %ape2 :i* we may give1 if ! trade requires x1 & our o!r produce w n suit1 9 ex*ange = ! produce ( "s o!r c\ntry1 t furni%es :at we h m occasion =1 or m desire4 ,:5 we h1 to an inconv5i5t degree1 p>t$ ) our gold & silv]1 our indu/ry is /imulat$ afre% to procure m2 t1 by its means1 we may contrive to procure ! same advantage4 #g4 ,( ,re/ra9ts ^u ,comm]ce 9 ,"t ( ,w>4 ,:5 pr9ces make w> by prohibit+ comm]ce1 ea* may hurt himself z mu* z 8 enemy4 ,trad]s1 :o by _! bus9ess are promot+ ! common good ( mank9d1 z well z f>m]s & fi%]m51 :o lab\r = ! subsi/5ce ( all1 %\ld nev] be int]rupt$1 or mole/$ 9 _! bus9ess1 b enjoy ! protection ( all 9 ! "t ( w>1 z well z 9 "t ( peace4 ,?is policy1 ^?1 :om we are pleas$ to call ,b>b>ians1 h 9 a great measure adopt$2 = ! trad+ subjects ( any p[] ) :om ! emp]or ( ,morocco may be at w>1 are n liable to capture1 :5 )9 sight ( 8 l&1 go+ or com+2 & h o!rwise free lib]ty to trade & reside 9 8 dom9ions4 ,z a m>itime p[]1 we presume x is n ?\ght "r1 t ,great ,brita9 %\ld grant su* fre$om1 except p>tially2 z 9 ! case ( w> ) ,france1 :5 tobacco is all[$ to be s5t ?i!r "u ! sanction ( passports4 #h4 ,ex*anges 9 ,trade may be ga9ful to ea* ,p>ty4 ,9 transactions ( trade1 x is n to be suppos$1 t1 l gam+1 :at "o p>ty ga9s ! o!r mu/ necess>ily lose4 ,! ga9 to ea* may be equal4 ,if ,a has m corn ?an he c consume1 b wants cattle2 & ,b has m cattle1 b wants corn1 ex*ange is ga9 to ea*3 h]eby ! common /ock ( com=ts 9 life is increas$4 #i4 ,( ,pap] ,cr$it4 ,x is impossible = gov]nm5t to circumscribe1 or fix ! ext5t ( pap] cr$it1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse fluctuate4 ,gov]nm5t may z well pret5d to lay d[n rules = ! op]ations1 or ! confid5ce ( e individual 9 ! c\rse ( 8 trade4 ,any seem+ tempor>y evil aris+1 mu/ naturally "w its own cure4 ,,footnote3 #he ,! political fragm5ts1 :i* are "h pres5t$ to ! read]1 7 ga!r$ up f ! notes1 annex$ to a pamphlet call$ ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,trade1 pr9t$ = ,bro!rton & ,sewel1 ,london1 #aggd1 second edition4--,! writ] ( ?is "w speaks ( assi/ance l5t to him1 9 ! foll[+ passage 9 8 preface3 ,"s v respectable fri5ds h indulg$ me ) _! ideas & op9ions4 ,x is ) ! greate/ pleasure we1 9 ?is second edition1 mo/ gratefully ackn[l$ge ! fav\r2 & mu/ add1 t %\ld ! public hold ?is p]=mance 9 any e/imation1 no small %>e belongs to ^? fri5ds4 ,our au?or is "o ( ! respectable fri5ds "h allud$ to4 ,b4 ,v4 ,on ! ,price ( ,corn1 & ,managem5t ( ! ,poor#hf4 ,,to ,,messieurs ,,! ,,public4 ,i am "o ( t class ( p1 t fe$s y all1 & at pres5t is abus$ by y all2--9 %ort1 ,i am a f>m]4 ,by y\r news-pap]s we are told1 t ,god _h s5t a v %ort h>ve/ to "s o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,i ?\ght ?is might be 9 fav\r ( ,old ,engl&2 & t n[ we %\ld get a good price = our gra91 :i* w\ld br+ millions among u1 & make u fl[ 9 money3 t to be sure is sc>ce en\gh4 ,b ! wisdom ( gov]nm5t =bad ! exportation#hg4 ,well1 says ,i1 !n we mu/ be cont5t ) ! m>ket-price at home4 ,no1 say my lords ! mob1 y %a'n't h t4 ,br+ y\r corn to m>ket if y\r d>e2--we'll sell x = y1 = less money1 or take x = no?+4 ,be+ ?us attack$ by bo? ends ( ! con/itution1 ! head & tail ( gov]nm5t1 :at am ,i to d8 ,mu/ ,i keep my corn 9 ! b>n1 to fe$ & increase ! bre$ ( rats8--be x s2--!y _c be less ?ankful ?an ^? ,i h be5 us$ to fe$4 ,are we f>m]s ! only p to be grudg$ ! pr(its ( our hone/ lab\r8--,& :y8 ,"o ( ! late scribbl]s aga9/ u gives a bill ( f>e ( ! provisions at my daught]'s w$d+1 & proclaims to all ! _w1 t we _h ! insol5ce to eat beef & pudd+6--,has he n read ! precept 9 ! good book1 ,?\ %alt n muzzle ! m\? ( ! ox t treade? out ! corn2 or does he ?9k u less wor?y ( good liv+ ?an our ox58 ,o1 b ! manufactur]s6 ! manufactur]s6 !y are to be fav\r$1 & !y mu/ h bread at a *eap rate6 ,h>k ye1 ,mr4 ,oaf3--,! f>m]s live spl5didly1 y say4 ,& pray1 w\ld y h !m ho>d ! money !y get8 ,_! f9e clo!s & furniture1 d !y make !m !mselves or = "o ano!r1 & s keep ! money among !m8 ,or1 d !y employ ^! y\r d>l+ manufactur]s1 & s scatt] x aga9 all ov] ! nation8 ,! wool w\ld produce me a bett] price1 if x 7 suff]$ to g to =eign m>kets2 b t1 ,messieurs ! ,public1 y\r laws w n p]mit4 ,x mu/ be kept all at home1 t our de> manufactur]s may h x ! *eap]4 ,& !n1 hav+ y\rselves ?us less5$ our enc\ragem5t = rais+ %eep1 y curse u = ! sc>city ( mutton6 ,i h he>d my gr&fa!r say1 t ! f>m]s submitt$ to ! prohibition on ! exportation ( wool1 be+ made to expect & believe1 t :5 ! manufactur] b\ght 8 wool *eap]1 !y %\ld also h _! clo? *eap]4 ,b ! deuce a bit4 ,x has be5 gr[+ de>] & de>] f t day to ?is4 ,h[ s8 ,:y1 truly1 ! clo? is export$2 & t keeps up ! price4 ,n[ if x be a good pr9ciple1 t ! exportation ( a commodity is to be re/ra9$1 t s our p at home may h x ! *eap]2 /ick to t pr9ciple1 & g ?or\gh /it* ) x4 ,prohibit ! exportation ( y\r clo?1 y\r lea!r1 & %oes1 y\r ironw>e1 & y\r manufactures ( all sorts1 to make !m1 all *eap] at home4 ,& *eap en\gh !y w be1 ,i w w>rant y--till p leave (f mak+ !m4 ,"s folks seem to ?9k !y ought nev] to be easy till ,engl& becomes ano!r ,lubb]l&1 :]e x is fanci$ ! /reets are pav$ ) p5ny-rolls1 ! h\ses til$ ) pancakes1 & *ick5s1 ready roa/$1 cry1 ,come eat me4 ,i say1 :5 y are sure y h got a good pr9ciple1 /ick to x1 & c>ry x ?or\gh4--,i he> x is said1 t ?\gh x 0 necess>y & "r = ! m----y to advise a prohibition ( ! exportation ( corn1 yet x 0 contr>y to law2 & also1 t ?\gh x 0 contr>y to law = ! mob to ob/ruct waggons1 yet x 0 necess>y & "r4--,j ! same ?+ to a tittle4 ,n[ !y tell me1 an act ( indemnity ought to pass 9 fav\r ( ! m----y1 to secure !m f ! consequ5ces ( hav+ act$ illegally4--,if s1 pass ano!r 9 fav\r ( ! mob4 ,o!rs say1 "s ( ! mob ought to be hang$1 by way ( example4---,if s1--b ,i say no m ?an ,i h said be=e1 :5 y are sure t y h got a good pr9ciple1 g ?r\gh ) x4 ,y say1 poor lab\r]s _c af=d to buy bread at a high price1 unless !y _h high] wages4--,possibly4--,b h[ %all we f>m]s be able to af=d our lab\r]s high] wages1 if y w n all[ u to get1 :5 we might h x1 a high] price = our corn8 ,by all t ,i c le>n1 we %\ld at lea/ h _h a gu9ea a qu>t] m1 if ! exportation _h be5 all[$4 ,& ?is money ,engl& w\ld h got f =eign]s4 ,b1 x seems1 we f>m]s mu/ take s mu* less1 t ! poor may h x s mu* *eap]4 ,?is op]ates !n z a tax = ! ma9t5ance ( ! poor4 ,a v good ?+1 y w say4 ,b ,i ask1 :y a p>tial tax8 :y laid on u f>m]s only8 ,if x be a good ?+1 pray1 ,messieurs ! ,public1 take y\r %>e ( x1 by indemnify+ u a little out ( y\r public treasury4 ,9 do+ a good ?+1 !re is bo? hon\r & pleasure--y are welcome to y\r %>e ( bo?4 ,= my own "p1 ,i am n s well satisfi$ ( ! goodness ( ?is ?+4 ,i am = do+ good to ! poor1 b ,i diff] 9 op9ion ab\t ! means4 ,i ?9k ! be/ way ( do+ good to ! poor1 is1 n mak+ !m easy 9 pov]ty1 b lead+ or driv+ !m out ( x4 ,9 my y\? ,i travell$ mu*1 & ,i obs]v$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 t ! m public provisions 7 made = ! poor1 ! less !y provid$ = !mselves1 & ( c\rse became poor]4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 ! less 0 done = !m1 ! m !y did = !mselves1 & became ri*]4 ,!re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e s _m provisions are e/abli%$ = !m2 s _m hospitals to receive !m :5 !y are sick or lame1 f\nd$ & ma9ta9$ by volunt>y *>ities2 s _m alms h\ses = ! ag$ ( bo? sexes1 toge!r ) a solemn g5]al law made by ! ri* to subject _! e/ates to a heavy tax = ! support ( ! poor4 ,"u all ^! obligations1 are our poor mode/1 humble1 & ?ankful8 ,& d !y use _! be/ endeav\rs to ma9ta9 !mselves1 & light5 our %\ld]s ( ?is bur!n8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i affirm1 t !re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w 9 :i* ! poor are m idle1 dissolute1 drunk51 & insol5t4 ,! day y pass$ t act1 y took away f be=e _! eyes ! greate/ ( all inducem5ts to indu/ry1 frugality1 & sobriety1 by giv+ !m a dep5d5ce on some:at else ?an a c>eful accumulation dur+ y\? & heal?1 = support 9 age or sickness4 ,9 %ort1 y (f]$ a premium = ! enc\ragem5t ( idl5ess1 & y %\ld n n[ wond]1 t x has _h its effect 9 ! increase ( pov]ty4 ,repeal t law1 & y w soon see a *ange 9 _! mann]s1 ,sa9t ,monday1 & ,sa9t ,tuesday1 w soon cease to be holidays4 ,six days %alt ?\ lab\r1 ?\gh "o ( ! old comm&m5ts long treat$ z out ( date1 w aga9 be look$ ^u z a respectable precept2 indu/ry w increase1 & ) x pl5ty among ! l[] p2 _! circum/ances w m5d1 & m w be done = _! happ9ess by inur+ !m to provide = !mselves1 ?an c\ld be done by divid+ all y\r e/ates among !m4 ,excuse me1 ,messieurs ! ,public1 if ^u ?is int]e/+ subject1 ,i put y to ! tr\ble ( read+ a little ( my nons5se2 ,i am sure ,i h lately read a great deal ( y\rs1 & !re=e f y 7at lea/ f ^? ( y :o are writ]s7 ,i des]ve a little indulg5ce4 ,i am y\rs1 c4 ,,arator#hh4 ,,footnotes3 #hf ,! foll[+ extracts ( a lett] sign$ ,columella1 & address$ to ! editors ( ! ,repository = select ,pap]s on ,agriculture1 ,arts1 & ,manufactures 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ceb47 w aga9 s]ve ! purpose ( prep>+ ^? :o read x1 = ent]+ ^u ?is pap]4 ,,g5tlem51 ,!re is n[ publi%+ 9 ,france a p]iodical "w1 call$ ,ephem]idis du ,citoy51 9 :i* sev]al po9ts1 int]e/+ to ^? conc]n$ 9 agriculture1 are f "t to "t discuss$ by "s able h&s4 ,9 look+ ov] "o ( ! volumes ( ?is "w a few days ago1 ,i f\nd a little piece writt5 by "o ( our c\ntrym51 & :i* our vigilant neighb\rs _h tak5 f ! ,london ,*ronicle 9 #agff4 ,! au?or is a g5tleman well kn[n to e man ( lett]s 9 ,europe1 & p]haps !re is none1 9 ?is age1 to :om mank9d 9 g5]al are m indebt$4 ,t ?is piece may n be lo/ to our own c\ntry1 ,i beg y w give x a place 9 y\r ,repository3 x 0 writt5 9 fav\r ( ! f>m]s1 :5 !y suff]$ s mu* abuse 9 our public pap]s1 & 7 also plund]$ by ! mob 9 _m places4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ?is piece is gr\nd$ are giv5 m at l>ge 9 ! ,political ,fragm5ts1 art4 #b4 ,b4 ,v4 #hg ,x is n necess>y to repeat 9 :at degree ,dr4 ,frankl9 respect$ ! m9i/]s1 to :om he alludes4--,! emb>go ^u corn 0 b a s+le measure1 :i*1 x is en\gh to say1 an ho/ ( politicians ?\ght well advis$1 b ill def5d$4 ,( ! great & hon\rable s]vices ( ! e>l ( ,*a?am to 8 c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 has borne ! ample/ te/imony4 ,b4 ,v4 #hh ,! late ,mr4 ,ow5 ,ruffhead1 be+ "s "t ago employ$ 9 prep>+ a dige/ ( our poor laws1 communicat$ a copy ( x to ,dr4 ,frankl9 = 8 advice4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 recomm5d$1 t provision %\ld be made !re91 = ! pr9t+ on a %eet ( pap] & disp]s+1 9 ea* p>i% 9 ! k+dom1 annual acc\nts ( e disbursem5t & receipt ( its (fic]s4 ,x is obvi\s to rem>k1 h[ greatly ?is mu/ t5d to *eck bo? ! (fic]s & ! poor1 & to in=m & int]e/ ! p>i%ion]s ) respect to p>i% conc]ns4--,"s ( ! ,am]ican colonies actually practise ?is measure ) a success :i* might ju/ify its adoption "h4 ,b4 ,v4 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,vaughan1 ,,esq#hi4 ,on ,luxury1 ,idl5ess1 & ,indu/ry4 ,writt5 9 #aghd4 ,x is wond]ful h[ prepo/]\sly ! affairs ( ?is _w are manag$4 ,naturally "o w\ld imag9e1 t ! int]e/ ( a few individuals %\ld give way to g5]al int]e/2 b individuals manage _! affairs ) s mu* m application1 indu/ry1 & address1 ?an ! public d !irs1 t1 g5]al int]e/ mo/ commonly gives way to p>ticul>4 ,we assemble p>liam5ts & c\ncils1 to h ! b5efit ( _! collect$ wisdom2 b we necess>ily h1 at ! same "t1 ! inconv5i5ce ( _! collect$ passions1 prejudices1 & private int]e/s4 ,by ! help ( ^!1 artful m5 ov]p[] _! wisdom1 & dupe its possessors3 & if we may judge1 by ! acts1 arrets1 & edicts1 all ! _w ov]1 = regulat+ comm]ce1 an assembly ( great m5 is ! greate/ fool ^u e>?4 ,i h n yet1 inde$1 ?\ght ( a rem$y = luxury4 ,i am n sure t 9 a great /ate x is capable ( a rem$y1 nor t ! evil is 9 itself always s great z x is repres5t$4 ,suppose we include 9 ! def9ition ( luxury all unnecess>y exp5ce1 & !n let u consid]1 :e!r laws to prev5t su* exp5ce are possible to be execut$ 9 a great c\ntry1 & :e!r1 if !y c\ld be execut$1 our p g5]ally w\ld be happi]1 or ev5 ri*]4 ,is n ! hope ( be+ "o day able to pur*ase & enjoy luxuries1 a great spur to lab\r & indu/ry8 ,may n luxury !re=e produce m ?an x consumes1 if1 )\t su* a spur1 p w\ld be1 z !y are naturally en\gh incl9$ to be1 lazy & indol5t8 ,to ?is purpose ,i rememb] a circum/ance4 ,! skipp] ( a %allop1 employ$ betwe5 ,cape-,may & ,philadelphia1 _h done u "s small s]vice1 = :i* he refus$ to be paid4 ,my wife1 und]/&+ t he _h a daught]1 s5t h] a pres5t ( a new-fa%ion$ cap4 ,?ree ye>s aft]1 ?is skipp] be+ at my h\se ) an old f>m] ( ,cape-,may1 8 pass5g]1 he m5tion$ ! cap1 & h[ mu* 8 daught] _h be5 pleas$ ) x4 ,b 7said he7 x prov$ a de> cap to our congregation4 ,h[ s8 ,:5 my daught] appe>$ ) x at meet+1 x 0 s mu* admir$1 t all ! girls resolv$ to get su* caps f ,philadelphia2 & my wife & ,i comput$1 t ! :ole c\ld n h co/ less ?an a hundr$ p\nds4 ,true 7said ! f>m]71 b y d n tell all ! /ory4 ,i ?9k ! cap 0 nev]!less an advantage to u1 = x 0 ! fir/ ?+ t put our girls ^u knitt+ wor/$ mitt5s = sale at ,philadelphia1 t !y might h :]e)al to buy caps & ribbons !re1 & y "k t t indu/ry has cont9u$1 & is likely to cont9ue & increase to a mu* great] value1 & answ] bett] purposes4--,^u ! :ole1 ,i 0 m reconcil$ to ?is little piece ( luxury1 s9ce n only ! girls 7 made happi] by hav+ f9e caps1 b ! ,philadelphians by ! supply ( w>m mitt5s4 ,9 our comm]cial t[ns ^u ! sea-coa/1 =tunes w occasionally be made4 ,"s ( ^? :o gr[ ri* w be prud5t1 live )9 b\nds1 & pres]ve :at !y h ga9$ = _! po/]ity3 o!rs1 fond ( %[+ _! weal?1 w be extravagant1 & ru9 !mselves4 ,laws _c prev5t ?is3 & p]haps x is n always an evil to ! public4 ,a %ill+ sp5t idly by a fool1 may be pick$ up by a wis] p]son1 :o kn[s bett] :at to d ) x4 ,x is !re=e n lo/4 ,a va9 silly fell[ builds a f9e h\se1 furni%es x ri*ly1 lives 9 x exp5sively1 & 9 a few ye>s ru9s himself3 b ! masons1 c>p5t]s1 smi?s1 & o!r hone/ tradesm51 h be5 by 8 employ assi/$ 9 ma9ta9+ & rais+ _! families2 ! f>m] has be5 paid = 8 lab\r1 & enc\rag$1 & ! e/ate is n[ 9 bett] h&s4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 c]ta9 modes ( luxury may be a public evil1 9 ! same mann] z x is a private "o4 ,if !re be a nation1 = in/ance1 t exports its beef & l951 to pay = ! importation ( cl>et & port]1 :ile a great "p ( its p live ^u potatoes1 & we> no %irts1 :]e9 does x diff] f ! sot1 :o lets 8 family />ve1 & sells 8 clo!s to buy dr9k8 ,our ,am]ican comm]ce is1 ,i confess1 a little 9 ?is way4 ,we sell our victuals to ! isl&s = rum & sug>2 ! sub/antial necess>ies ( life = sup]fluities4 ,b we h pl5ty1 & live well nev]!less1 ?\gh1 by be+ sob]]1 we might be ri*]4 ,! va/ quantity ( =e/ l& we h yet to cle>1 & put 9 ord] = cultivation1 w = a long "t keep ! body ( our nation labori\s & frugal4 ,=m+ an op9ion ( our p & _! mann]s1 by :at is se5 among ! inhabitants ( ! sea-ports1 is judg+ f an improp] sample4 ,! p ( ! trad+ t[ns may be ri* & luxuri\s1 :ile ! c\ntry possesses all ! virtues1 t t5d to promote happ9ess & public prosp]ity4 ,^? t[ns are n mu* reg>d$ by ! c\ntry2 !y are h>dly consid]$ z an ess5tial "p ( ! /ates1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ w> has %[n1 t _! be+ 9 ! possession ( ! enemy did n necess>ily draw on ! subjection ( ! c\ntry1 :i* bravely cont9u$ to ma9ta9 its fre$om & indep5d5ce not)/&+4 ,x has be5 comput$ by "s political ari?metician1 t if e man & woman w\ld "w = f\r h\rs ea* day on some?+ useful1 t lab\r w\ld produce suffici5t to procure all ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life1 want & mis]y w\ld be bani%$ out ( ! _w1 & ! re/ ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs might be leisure & pleasure4 ,:at occasions !n s mu* want & mis]y8 ,x is ! employm5t ( m5 & wom5 9 works1 t produce nei!r ! necess>ies nor conv5i5ces ( life1 :o1 ) ^? :o d no?+1 consume necess>ies rais$ by ! labori\s4 ,to expla9 ?is4 ,! fir/ elem5ts ( weal? are obta9$ by lab\r1 f ! e>? & wat]s4 ,i h l&1 & raise corn4 ,) ?is1 if ,i fe$ a family t does no?+1 my corn w be consum$1 & at ! end ( ! ye> ,i %all be no ri*] ?an ,i 0 at ! beg9n+4 ,b if1 :ile ,i fe$ !m1 ,i employ !m1 "s 9 sp9n+1 o!rs 9 mak+ bricks1 c4 = build+1 ! value ( my corn w be arre/$ & rema9 ) me1 & at ! end ( ! ye> we may all be bett] clo!d & bett] lodg$4 ,& if1 in/ead ( employ+ a man ,i fe$ 9 mak+ bricks1 ,i employ him 9 fiddl+ = me1 ! corn he eats is gone1 & no "p ( 8 manufacture rema9s to augm5t ! weal? & conv5i5ce ( ! family3 ,i %all !re=e be ! poor] = ?is fiddl+ man1 unless ! re/ ( my family "w m1 or eat less1 to make up ! defici5cy he occasions4 ,look r\nd ! _w1 & see ! millions employ$ 9 do+ no?+1 or 9 some?+ t am\nts to no?+1 :5 ! necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life are 9 "q4 ,:at is ! bulk ( comm]ce1 = :i* we fight & de/roy ea* o!r1 b ! toil ( millions = sup]fluities1 to ! great haz>d & loss ( _m lives1 by ! con/ant dang]s ( ! sea8 ,h[ mu* lab\r is sp5t 9 build+ & fitt+ great %ips1 to g to ,*9a & ,arabia = tea & c(fee1 to ! ,we/ ,indies = sug>1 to ,am]ica = tobacco8 ,^! ?+s _c be call$ ! necess>ies ( life1 = our ance/ors liv$ v com=tably )\t !m4 ,a "q may be ask$3 c\ld all ^! p n[ employ$ 9 rais+1 mak+1 or c>ry+ sup]fluities1 be subsi/$ by rais+ necess>ies8 ,i ?9k !y might4 ,! _w is l>ge1 & a great "p ( x /ill uncultivat$4 ,_m hundr$ millions ( acres 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 are /ill 9 a =e/1 & a great deal ev5 9 ,europe4 ,on a hundr$ acres ( ?is =e/ a man might become a sub/antial f>m]1 & a hundr$ ?\s& m51 employ$ 9 cle>+ ea* 8 hundr$ acres1 w\ld h>dly bright5 a spot big en\gh to be visible f ! moon1 unless ) ,h]s*el's telescope2 s va/ are ! regions /ill 9 wood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "s com=t to reflect1 t1 ^u ! :ole1 ! quantity ( indu/ry & prud5ce among mank9d exce$s ! quantity ( idl5ess & folly4 ,h5ce ! increase ( good build+s1 f>ms cultivat$1 & popul\s cities fill$ ) weal?1 all ov] ,europe1 :i* a few ages s9ce 7 only to be f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & ?is not)/&+ ! mad w>s cont9ually rag+1 by :i* are (t5 de/roy$ 9 "o ye> ! works ( _m ye>s peace4 ,s t we may hope ! luxury ( a few m]*ants on ! coa/ w n be ! ru9 ( ,am]ica4 ,"o reflection m1 & ,i w end ?is long rambl+ lett]4 ,almo/ all ! p>ts ( our bodies require "s exp5ce4 ,! feet dem& %oes2 ! legs /ock+s2 ! re/ ( ! body clo?+2 & ! belly a good deal ( victuals4 ,our eyes1 ?\gh exce$+ly useful1 ask1 :5 reasonable1 only ! *eap assi/ance ( spectacles1 :i* c\ld n mu* impair our f9ances4 ,b ! eyes ( o!r p are ! eyes t ru9 u4 ,if all b myself 7 bl9d1 ,i %\ld want nei!r f9e clo!s1 f9e h\ses1 nor f9e furniture4 ,,footnote3 #hi ,?is lett] is tak5 f a p]iodical publication1 t exi/$ only = a %ort p]iod1 entitl$1 ,! ,repository1 to :i* x 0 communicat$ by ! p]son to :om x is address$4 ,editor4 ,on ,smuggl+1 & its v>i\s ,species#ij4 ,,sir1 ,!re are _m p t w\ld be ?\ght1 & ev5 ?9k !mselves1 hone/ m51 :o fail nev]!less 9 p>ticul> po9ts ( hone/y2 deviat+ f t "* sometimes by ! preval5ce ( mode or cu/om1 & sometimes ?r\gh m]e inatt5tion2 s t _! hone/y is p>tial only1 & n g5]al or univ]sal4 ,?us "o1 :o w\ld scorn to ov]-rea* y 9 a b>ga91 %all make no scruple ( trick+ y a little n[ & !n at c>ds2 ano!r1 t plays ) ! utmo/ fairness1 %all ) great fre$om *eat y 9 ! sale ( a horse4 ,b !re is no k9d ( di%one/y1 into :i* o!rwise good p m easily & frequ5tly fall1 ?an t ( defraud+ gov]nm5t ( its rev5ues by smuggl+1 :5 !y h an opportunity1 or enc\rag+ smuggl]s by buy+ _! goods4 ,i fell into ^! reflections ! o!r day1 on he>+ two g5tlem5 ( reputation disc\rs+ ab\t a small e/ate1 :i* "o ( !m 0 incl9$ to sell1 & ! o!r to buy2 :5 ! sell]1 9 recomm5d+ ! place1 rem>k$1 t its situation 0 v advantage\s on ?is acc\nt1 t1 be+ on ! sea-coa/ 9 a smuggl+ c\ntry1 "o _h frequ5t opportunities ( buy+ _m ( ! exp5sive articles us$ 9 a family 7su* z tea1 c(fee1 *ocolate1 br&y1 w9es1 cambrics1 ,brussels laces1 ,fr5* silks1 & all k9ds ( ,india goods71 #bj1 #cj1 & 9 "s articles #ej p] c5t *eap]1 ?an !y c\ld be _h 9 ! m int]ior p>ts1 ( trad]s t paid duty4--,! o!r hone/ g5tlem5 all[$ ?is to be an advantage1 b insi/$1 t ! sell]1 9 ! advanc$ price he dem&$ on t acc\nt1 rat$ ! advantage mu* above its value4 ,& nei!r ( !m seem$ to ?9k deal+ ) smuggl]s a practice1 t an hone/ man 7provid$ he got 8 goods *eap7 _h ! lea/ reason to be a%am$ (4 ,at a "t :5 ! load ( our1 public debt1 & ! heavy exp5ce ( ma9ta9+ our fleets & armies to be ready = our def5ce on occasion1 makes x necess>y1 n only to cont9ue old taxes1 b (t5 to look out = new ones1 p]haps x may n be unuseful to /ate ?is matt] 9 a light1 t few seem to h consid]$ x 94 ,! p ( ,great ,brita91 "u ! happy con/itution ( ?is c\ntry1 h a privilege few o!r c\ntries enjoy1 t ( *oos+ ! ?ird bran* ( ! legislature1 :i* bran* has alone ! p[] ( regulat+ _! taxes4 ,n[ :5ev] ! gov]nm5t f9ds x necess>y = ! common b5efit1 advantage1 & safety ( ! nation1 = ! security ( our lib]ties1 prop]ty1 religion1 & e ?+ t is de> to u1 t c]ta9 sums %all be ye>ly rais$ by taxes1 duties1 c4 & paid into ! public treasury1 !nce to be disp5s$ by gov]nm5t = ^? purposes2 ought n e hone/ man freely & will+ly to pay 8 j proportion ( ?is necess>y exp5ce8 ,c he possibly pres]ve a "r to t "*1 if1 by any fraud1 /ratagem1 or contrivance1 he avoids t paym5t 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a companion1 :o1 hav+ supp$ ) 8 fri5ds at a tav]n1 & p>tak5 equally ( ! joys ( ! ev5+ ) ! re/ ( u1 w\ld nev]!less contrive by "s artifice to %ift 8 %>e ( ! reckon+ ^u o!rs1 9 ord] to g (f scot-free8 ,if a man :o practis$ ?is w\ld1 :5 detect$1 be deem$ & call$ a sc\ndrel1 :at ought he to be call$1 :o c enjoy all ! ine/imable b5efits ( public society1 & yet by smuggl+1 or deal+ ) smuggl]s1 contrive to evade pay+ 8 j %>e ( ! exp5ce1 z settl$ by 8 own repres5tatives 9 p>liam5t2 & wrongfully ?r[ x ^u 8 hone/] & p]haps mu* poor] neighb\rs8 ,he w p]haps be ready to tell me1 t he does n wrong 8 neighb\rs2 he scorns ! imputation1 he only *eats ! k+ a little1 :o is v able to be> x4 ,?is h[ev] is a mi/ake4 ,! public treasure is ! treasure ( ! nation1 to be appli$ to national purposes4 ,& :5 a duty is laid = a p>ticul> public & necess>y purpose1 if1 ?r\gh smuggl+1 t duty falls %ort ( rais+ ! sum requir$1 & o!r duties mu/ !re=e be laid to make up ! defici5cy1 all ! additional sum laid by ! new duties & paid by o!r p1 ?\gh x %\ld am\nt to no m ?an a halfp5ny or a f>?+ p] head1 is s mu* actually pick$ out ( ! pockets ( ^? o!r p by ! smuggl]s & _! abettors & enc\rag]s4 ,are !y !n any bett] or o!r ?an pickpockets8 & :at mean1 l[1 rascally pickpockets mu/ ^? be1 t c pick pockets = halfp5ce & = f>?+s8 ,i w\ld n h[ev] be suppos$ to all[ 9 :at ,i h j said1 t *eat+ ! k+ is a less (f5ce aga9/ hone/y1 ?an *eat+ ! public4 ,! k+ & ! public 9 ?is case are diff]5t names = ! same ?+2 b if we consid] ! k+ di/9ctly x w n less5 ! crime3 x is no ju/ification ( a robb]y1 t ! p]son robb$ 0 ri* & able to be> x4 ,! k+ has z mu* "r to ju/ice z ! meane/ ( 8 subjects2 & z he is truly ! common fa!r ( 8 p1 ^? t rob him fall "u ! scripture woe1 pron\nc$ aga9/ ! son t robbe? 8 fa!r1 & sai? x is no s94 ,mean z ?is practice is1 d we n daily see p ( "* & =tune engag$ 9 x = trifl+ advantages to !mselves8--,is any lady a%am$ to reque/ ( a g5tleman ( h] acqua9tance1 t :5 he returns f abroad1 he w\ld smuggle h] home a piece ( silk or lace f ,france or ,fl&]s8 ,is any g5tleman a%am$ to und]take & execute ! commission8--,n 9 ! lea/4 ,!y w talk ( x freely1 ev5 be=e o!rs ^: pockets !y are ?us contriv+ to pick by ?is piece ( knav]y4 ,among o!r bran*es ( ! rev5ue1 t ( ! po/-(fice is1 by a late law1 appropriat$ to ! dis*>ge ( our public debt1 to defray ! exp5ces ( ! /ate4 ,none b memb]s ( p>liam5t1 & a few public (fic]s h n[ a "r to avoid1 by a frank1 ! paym5t ( po/age4 ,:5 any lett]1 n writt5 by !m or on _! bus9ess1 is frank$ by any ( !m1 x is a hurt to ! rev5ue1 an injury :i* !y mu/ n[ take ! pa9s to conceal by writ+ ! :ole sup]scription !mselves4 ,& yet su* is our ins5sibility to ju/ice 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t no?+ is m common ?an to see1 ev5 9 a reputable company1 a v hone/ g5tleman or lady decl>e 8 or h] int5tion to *eat ! nation ( ?ree-p5ce by a frank1 & )\t blu%+ apply to "o ( ! v legislators !mselves1 ) a mode/ reque/1 t he w\ld be pleas$ to become an accomplice 9 ! crime1 & assi/ 9 ! p]petration4 ,!re are ^? :o by ^! practices take a great deal 9 a ye> out ( ! public purse1 & put ! money into _! own private pockets4 ,if1 pass+ ?r\gh a room :]e public treasure is deposit$1 a man takes ! opportunity ( cl&e/9ely pocket+ & c>ry+ (f a gu9ea1 is he n truly & prop]ly a ?ief8 ,& if ano!r evades pay+ into ! treasury a gu9ea he ought to pay 91 & applies x to 8 own use1 :5 he kn[s x belongs to ! public z mu* z t :i* has be5 paid 91 :at diff]5ce is !re 9 ! nature ( ! crime1 or ! bas5ess ( committ+ x8 ,"s laws make ! receiv+ ( /ol5 goods equally p5al ) /eal+1 & ^u ?is pr9ciple1 t if !re 7 no receiv]s !re w\ld be few ?ieves4 ,our prov]b too says truly1 t ! receiv] is z bad z ! ?ief4 ,by ! same reason+1 z !re w\ld be few smuggl]s1 if !re 7 none :o kn[+ly enc\rag$ !m by buy+ _! goods1 we may say1 t ! enc\rag]s ( smuggl+ are z bad z ! smuggl]s2 & t1 z smuggl]s are a k9d ( ?ieves1 bo? equally des]ve ! puni%m5ts ( ?iev]y4 ,9 ?is view ( wrong+ ! rev5ue1 :at mu/ we ?9k ( ^? :o c evade pay+ = _! :eels & _! plate1 9 defiance ( law & ju/ice1 & yet declaim aga9/ corruption & peculation1 z if _! own h&s & he>ts 7 pure & unsulli$8 ,! ,am]icans (f5d u griev\sly1 :51 contr>y to our laws1 !y smuggle goods into _! own c\ntry3 & yet !y _h no h& 9 mak+ ^? laws4 ,i d n h[ev] pret5d f !nce to ju/ify !m4 ,b ,i ?9k ! (f5ce mu* great] 9 ^? :o ei!r directly or indirectly h be5 conc]n$ 9 mak+ ! v laws !y break4 ,& :5 ,i he> !m exclaim+ aga9/ ! ,am]icans1 & = e little infr+em5t ( ! acts ( trade1 or ob/ruction giv5 by a petty mob to an (fic] ( our cu/oms 9 t c\ntry1 call+ = v5geance aga9/ ! :ole p z ,,rebels & traitors1 ,i _c help ?9k+ !re are /ill ^? 9 ! _w :o c see a mote 9 _! bro!r's eye1 :ile !y d n disc]n a beam 9 _! own2 & t ! old say+ is z true n[ z ev] x 01 "o man may bett] /eal a horse1 ?an ano!r look ov] ! h$ge4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,footnote3 #ij ,?is lett] is extract$ f ! ,london ,*ronicle1 = ,novemb] #bd1 #agfg1 & is address$ to ! pr9t] ( t newspap]4 ,b4 ,v4 ,obs]vations on ,w>#ia4 ,by ! orig9al law ( nations1 w> & extirpation 7 ! puni%m5t ( injury4 ,humaniz+ by degrees1 x admitt$ slav]y in/ead ( dea?3 a f>!r /ep 0 ! ex*ange ( prison]s in/ead ( slav]y3 ano!r1 to respect m ! prop]ty ( private p]sons "u conque/1 & be cont5t ) acquir$ dom9ion4 ,:y %\ld n ?is law ( nations g on improv+8 ,ages h int]v5$ betwe5 its sev]al /eps3 b z k ( late increases rapidly1 :y %\ld n ^? /eps be quick5$8 ,:y %\ld x n be agre$ to1 z ! future law ( nations1 t 9 any w> h]eaft] ! foll[+ description ( m5 %\ld be undi/urb$1 h ! protection ( bo? sides1 & be p]mitt$ to foll[ _! employm5ts 9 security8 viz4 #a4 ,cultivators ( ! e>?1 because !y lab\r = ! subsi/5ce ( mank9d4 #b4 ,fi%]m51 = ! same reason4 #c4 ,m]*ants & trad]s 9 un>m$ %ips1 :o accommodate diff]5t nations by communicat+ & ex*ang+ ! necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life4 #d4 ,arti/s & me*anics1 inhabit+ & work+ 9 op5 t[ns4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add1 t ! hospitals ( enemies %\ld be unmole/$--!y ought to be assi/$4 ,x is = ! int]e/ ( humanity 9 g5]al1 t ! occasions ( w>1 & ! inducem5ts to x1 %\ld be dim9i%$4 ,if rap9e be aboli%$1 "o ( ! enc\ragem5ts to w> is tak5 away2 & peace !re=e m likely to cont9ue & be la/+4 ,! practice ( robb+ m]*ants on ! high seas--a remnant ( ! anti5t piracy--?\gh x may be accid5tally b5eficial to p>ticul> p]sons1 is f> f be+ pr(itable to all engag$ 9 x1 or to ! nation t au?orises x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( a w>1 "s ri* %ips are surpriz$ & tak54 ,?is enc\rages ! fir/ adv5tur]s to fit out m arm$ vessels1 & _m o!rs to d ! same4 ,b ! enemy at ! same "t become m c>eful1 arm _! m]*ant %ips bett]1 & r5d] !m n s easy to be tak53 !y g also m "u ! protection ( convoys4 ,?us1 :ile ! private]s to take !m are multipli$1 ! vessels subject to be tak51 & ! *ances ( pr(it1 are dim9i%$2 s t _m cruises are made :]e9 ! exp5ces ov]go ! ga9s1 &1 z is ! case 9 o!r lott]ies1 ?\gh p>ticul>s h got prizes1 ! mass ( adv5tur]s are los]s1 ! :ole exp5ce ( fitt+ out all ! private]s dur+ a w> be+ mu* great] ?an ! :ole am\nt ( goods tak54 ,!n !re is ! national loss ( all ! lab\r ( s _m m5 dur+ ! "t !y h be5 employ$ 9 robb+1 :o besides sp5d :at !y get 9 riot1 drunk5ness1 & debau*]y1 lose _! habits ( indu/ry1 are r>ely fit = any sob] bus9ess aft] a peace1 & s]ve only to increase ! numb] ( highwaym5 & h\sebreak]s4 ,ev5 ! und]tak]s1 :o h be5 =tunate1 are by sudd5 weal? l$ into exp5sive liv+1 ! habit ( :i* cont9ues :5 ! means ( support+ x cease1 & f9ally ru9s !m3 a j puni%m5t = _! hav+ wantonly & unfeel+ly ru9$ _m hone/1 innoc5t trad]s & _! families1 ^: sub/ance 0 employ$ 9 s]v+ ! common int]e/ ( mank9d4 ,,footnote3 #ia ,f ! ,am]ican ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #aja4 ,editor4 ,notes copi$ f ,dr4 ,frankl9's writ+ 9 p5cil 9 ! m>g9 ( ,judge ,fo/]'s celebrat$ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,impress+ ( ,seam5 7publi%$ 9 ! folio edition ( 8 works7#ib4 ,judge ,fo/]1 p4 #aeh4 ,e man4--,! conclusion "h1 f ! :ole to a "p1 does n seem to be good logic4 ,if ! alphabet %\ld say1 ,let u all fight = ! def5ce ( ! :ole1 t is equal1 & may !re=e be j4 ,b if !y %\ld say1 ,let ,a ,b ,c & ,d g out & fight = u1 :ile we /ay at home & sleep 9 :ole sk9s1 t is n equal1 & !re=e _c be j4 ,ib4 ,employ4--,if y please4 ,! ^w signifies engag+ a man to "w = me1 by (f]+ him su* wages z are suffici5t to induce him to pref] my s]vice4 ,?is is v diff]5t f compell+ him to "w on su* t]ms z ,i ?9k prop]4 ,ib4 ,?is s]vice & employm5t1 c4--,^! are false facts4 ,8 employm5ts & s]vice are n ! same4--,"u ! m]*ant he goes 9 an un>m$ vessel1 n oblig$ to fight1 b to transport m]*&ise4 ,9 ! k+'s s]vice he is oblig$ to fight1 & to haz>d all ! dang]s ( battle4 ,sickness on bo>d ( k+'s %ips is also m common & m mortal4 ,! m]*ant's s]vice too he c quit at ! end ( ! voyage1 n ! k+'s4 ,also1 ! m]*ant's wages are mu* high]4 ,ib4 ,i am v s5sible1 c4--,"h are two ?+s put 9 comp>ison t are n comp>able3 viz4 injury to seam51 & inconv5i5ce to trade4 ,inconv5i5ce to ! :ole trade ( a nation w n ju/ify inju/ice to a s+le seaman4 ,if ! trade w\ld suff] )\t 8 s]vice1 x is able & ought to be will+ to (f] him su* wages1 z may induce him to af=d 8 s]vice volunt>ily4 ,page #aei4 ,private mis*ief mu/ be borne ) pati5ce1 = prev5t+ a national calamity4--,:]e is ?is maxim 9 law & good policy to be f\nd8 ,& h[ c t be a maxim1 :i* is n consi/5t ) common s5se8 ,if ! maxim _h be51 t private mis*iefs1 :i* prev5t a national calamity1 ought to be g5]\sly comp5sat$ by ! nation1 "o might und]/& x3 b t su* private mis*iefs are only to be borne ) pati5ce1 is absurd6 ,ib4 ,! exp$i5t1 c4 ,&1 c4 7,p>agraphs #b & #c74--,tw5ty ineffectual or inconv5i5t s*emes w n ju/ify "o t is unju/4 ,ib4 ,^u ! foot (1 c4--,y\r reason+1 inde$1 l a lie1 /&s b ^u "o foot1 tru? ^u two4 ,page #afj4 ,full wages4--,probably ! same !y _h 9 ! m]*ant's s]vice4 ,page #agd4 ,i h>dly admit1 c4 7,p>agraph #e74--,:5 ?is au?or speaks ( impress+1 page #aeh1 he dim9i%es ! horror ( ! practice z mu* z possible1 by pres5t+ to ! m9d "o sailor only suff]+ a h>d%ip 7z he t5d]ly calls x7 9 "s p>ticul> cases only1 & he places aga9/ ?is private mis*ief ! inconv5i5ce to ! trade ( ! k+dom4--,b if1 z he supposes is (t5 ! case1 ! sailor :o is press$1 & oblig$ to s]ve = ! def5ce ( trade1 at ! rate ( tw5ty-five %ill+s a mon?1 c\ld get ?ree p\nds fifte5 %ill+s 9 ! m]*ant's s]vice1 y take f him fifty %ill+s a mon?2 & if y h a #ajj1jjj 9 y\r s]vice1 y rob ?is hone/ indu/ri\s "p ( society & _! poor families ( #bej1jjjl4 p] mon?1 or ?ree millions a ye>1 & at ! same "t oblige !m to haz>d _! lives 9 fight+ = ! def5ce ( y\r trade1 to ! def5ce ( :i* all ought inde$ to contribute 7& sailors among ! re/7 9 proportion to _! pr(its by x3 b ?is ?ree millions is m ?an _! %>e1 if !y did n pay ) _! p]sons2 b :5 y =ce t1 me?9ks y %\ld excuse ! o!r4 ,b x may be said1 to give ! k+'s seam5 m]*ant's wages w\ld co/ ! nation too mu*1 & call = m taxes4 ,! "q !n w am\nt to ?is3 :e!r x be j 9 a community1 t ! ri*] "p %\ld compel ! poor] to fight 9 def5ce ( !m & _! prop]ties1 = su* wages z !y ?9k fit to all[1 & puni% !m if !y refuse8 ,our au?or tells u t x is legal4 ,i h n law en\gh to dispute 8 au?orities1 b ,i _c p]suade myself t x is equitable4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 own = ! pres5t1 t x may be lawful :5 necess>y2 b !n ,i cont5d1 t x may be us$ s z to produce ! same good effects1 ! public security1 )\t do+ s mu* intol]able inju/ice z att5ds ! impress+ common seam54--,9 ord] to be bett] und]/ood ,i w\ld premise two ?+s3 fir/1 t volunt>y seam5 may be _h = ! s]vice1 if !y 7 suffici5tly paid4 ,! pro( is1 t to s]ve 9 ! same %ip1 & incur ! same dang]s1 y h no occasion to impress capta9s1 lieut5ants1 second lieut5ants1 mid%ipm51 purs]s1 nor _m o!r (fic]s4 ,:y1 b t ! pr(its ( _! places1 or ! emolum5ts expect$1 are suffici5t inducem5ts8 ,! bus9ess !n is1 to f9d money1 by impress+1 suffici5t to make ! sailors all volunte]s1 z well z _! (fic]s1 & ?is )\t any fre% bur!n ^u trade4--,! second ( my premises is1 t tw5ty-five %ill+s a mon?1 ) 8 %>e ( ! salt beef1 pork1 & peas-pudd+1 be+ f\nd suffici5t = ! subsi/5ce ( a h>d-work+ seaman1 x w c]ta9ly be s = a s$5t>y s*ol> or g5tleman4 ,i w\ld !n propose to =m a treasury1 out ( :i* enc\ragem5ts to seam5 %\ld be paid4 ,to fill ?is treasury1 ,i w\ld impress a numb] ( civil (fic]s1 :o at pres5t h great sal>ies1 oblige !m to s]ve 9 _! respective (fices = tw5ty-five %ill+s a mon?1 ) _! %>es ( mess provisions1 & ?r[ ! re/ ( _! sal>ies into ! seam5's treasury4 ,if su* a press-w>rant 7 giv5 me to execute1 ! fir/ ,i w\ld press %\ld be a record] ( ,bri/ol1 or a ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,fo/]1 because ,i might h ne$ ( 8 edify+ example1 to %[ h[ mu* impress+ ought to be borne )2 = he w\ld c]ta9ly f9d1 t ?\gh to be r$uc$ to tw5ty-five %ill+s a mon? might be a private mis*ief1 yet t1 agreeably to 8 maxim ( law & good policy1 x ought to be borne ) pati5ce1 = prev5t+ a national calamity4 ,!n ,i w\ld press ! re/ ( ! judges2 &1 op5+ ! r$ book1 ,i w\ld press e civil (fic] ( gov]nm5t f #ejl4 a ye> sal>y1 up to #ej1jjjl4 :i* w\ld ?r[ an imm5se sum into our treasury3 & ^! g5tlem5 c\ld n compla91 s9ce !y w\ld receive tw5ty-five %ill+s a mon?1 & _! rations2 & ?is )\t be+ oblig$ to fight4 ,la/ly1 ,i ?9k ,i w\ld impress 99999999 ,,footnote3 #ib ,^! notes are tak5 f ! p]iodical publication m5tion$ 9 p4 #dbd ( ! pres5t ,vol4 ,editor4 ,,to ,,b5jam9 ,,vaughan1 ,,esq#ic4 ,on ! crim9al ,laws1 & ! ,practice ( ,private]+4 ,m>* #ad1 #aghe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1 ,among ! pamphlets y lately s5t me1 0 "o1 entitl$1 ,?\ghts on ,executive ,ju/ice4 ,9 return = t1 ,i s5d y a ,fr5* "o on ! same subject1 ,obs]vations conc]nant l',excution de l',article ,,ii1 de la ,dcl>ation sur le ,vol4 ,!y are bo? address$ to ! judges1 b writt51 z y w see1 9 a v diff]5t _s4 ,! ,engli% au?or is = hang+ all ?ieves4 ,! ,fr5*man is = proportion+ puni%m5ts to (f5ces4 ,if we really believe1 z we pr(ess to believe1 t ! law ( ,moses 0 ! law ( ,god1 ! dictate ( div9e wisdom1 inf9itely sup]ior to human2 on :at pr9ciples d we orda9 dea? z ! puni%m5t ( an (f5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to t law1 0 only to be puni%$ by a re/itution ( f\rfold8 ,to put a man to dea? = an (f5ce1 :i* does n des]ve dea?1 is x n a murd]8 ,&1 z ! ,fr5* writ] says1 ,doit on punir un dlit contre la societ1 p> un crime contre la nature8 ,sup]flu\s prop]ty is ! creature ( society4 ,simple & mild laws 7 suffici5t to gu>d ! prop]ty t 0 m]ely necess>y4 ,! savage's b[1 8 hat*et1 & 8 coat ( sk9s1 7 suffici5tly secur$1 )\t law1 by ! fe> ( p]sonal res5tm5t & retaliation4 ,:51 by virtue ( ! fir/ laws1 "p ( ! society accumulat$ weal? & grew p[]ful1 !y enact$ o!rs m sev]e1 & w\ld protect _! prop]ty at ! exp5ce ( humanity4 ,?is 0 abus+ _! p[]1 & comm5c+ a tyranny4 ,if a savage1 be=e he ent]$ into society1 _h be5 told1--,y\r neighb\r1 by ?is means1 may become own] ( an hundr$ de]2 b if y\r bro!r1 or y\r son1 or y\rself1 hav+ no de] ( y\r own1 & be+ hungry1 %\ld kill "o1 an infam\s dea? mu/ be ! consequ5ce3 he w\ld probably h pref]r$ 8 lib]ty1 & 8 common "r ( kill+ any de]1 to all ! advantages ( society t might be propos$ to him4 ,t x is bett] a hundr$ guilty p]sons %\ld escape1 ?an t "o innoc5t p]son %\ld suff]1 is a maxim t has be5 long & g5]ally approv$2 nev]1 t ,i "k (1 controv]t$4 ,ev5 ! sangu9>y au?or ( ! ,?\ghts agrees to x1 add+ well1 t ! v ?\ght ( injur$ innoc5ce1 & mu* m t ( suff]+ innoc5ce1 mu/ awak5 all our t5d]e/ & mo/ compassionate feel+s1 & at ! same "t raise our highe/ indignation aga9/ ! in/rum5ts ( x4 ,b1 he adds1 !re is no dang] ( ei!r1 f a /rict adh]5ce to ! laws4--,really6 ,is x !n impossible to make an unju/ law8 & if ! law itself be unju/1 may x n be ! v in/rum5t :i* ought to raise ! au?or's1 & e body's highe/ indignation8 ,i see1 9 ! la/ newspap]s f ,london1 t a woman is capitally convict$ at ! ,old ,bailey1 = privately /eal+ out ( a %op "s gauze1 value f\rte5 %ill+s & ?ree-p5ce3 is !re any proportion betwe5 ! injury done by a !ft1 value f\rte5 %ill+s & ?ree-p5ce1 & ! puni%m5t ( a human creature1 by dea?1 on a gibbet8 ,might n t woman1 by h] lab\r1 h made ! rep>ation orda9$ by ,god1 9 pay+ f\rfold8 ,is n all puni%m5t1 inflict$ beyond ! m]it ( ! (f5ce1 s mu* puni%m5t ( innoc5ce8 ,9 ?is light1 h[ va/ is ! annual quantity1 ( n only injur$ b suff]+ innoc5ce1 9 almo/ all ! civiliz$ /ates ( ,europe6 ,b x seems to h be5 ?\ght1 t ?is k9d ( innoc5ce may be puni%$ by way ( prev5t+ crimes4 ,i h read1 inde$1 ( a cruel ,turk 9 ,b>b>y1 :o1 :5ev] he b\ght a new ,*ri/ian slave1 ord]$ him imm$iately to be hung up by ! legs1 & to receive a hundr$ bl[s ( a cudgel on ! soles ( 8 feet1 t ! sev]e s5se ( ! puni%m5t1 & fe> ( incurr+ x !reaft]1 might prev5t ! faults1 t %\ld m]it x4 ,our au?or himself w\ld h>dly approve entirely ( ?is ,turk's conduct 9 ! gov]nm5t ( slaves2 & yet he appe>s to recomm5d some?+ l x = ! gov]nm5t ( ,engli% subjects1 :5 he applauds ! reply ( judge ,burnet to ! convict horse-/eal]2 :o1 be+ ask$ :at he _h to say :y judgm5t ( dea? %\ld n pass aga9/ him1 & answ]+1 t x 0 h>d to hang a man = only /eal+ a horse1 0 told by ! judge1 ,man1 ?\ art n to be hang$ only = /eal+ a horse1 b t horses may n be /ol54 ,! man's answ]1 if c&idly exam9$1 w1 ,i imag9e1 appe> reasonable1 z be+ f\nd$ on ! et]nal pr9ciple ( ju/ice & equity1 t puni%m5ts %\ld be proportion$ to (f5ces2 & ! judge's reply brutal & unreasonable1 ?\gh ! writ] wi%es all judges to c>ry x ) !m :5ev] !y g ! circuit1 & to be> x 9 _! m9ds1 z conta9+ a wise reason = all ! p5al /atutes1 :i* !y are call$ ^u to put 9 execution4 ,x at once illu/rates1 says he1 ! true gr\nds & reasons ( all capital puni%m5ts :atsoev]1 namely1 t e man's prop]ty1 z well z 8 life1 may be held sacr$ & inviolate4 ,is !re !n no diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 prop]ty & life8 ,if ,i ?9k x "r1 t ! crime ( murd] %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?1 n only z an equal puni%m5t ( ! crime1 b to prev5t o!r murd]s1 does x foll[1 t ,i mu/ approve ( inflict+ ! same puni%m5t = a little invasion on my prop]ty by !ft8 ,if ,i am n myself s b>b>\s1 s bloody-m9d$1 & rev5geful1 z to kill a fell[-creature = /eal+ f me f\rte5 %ill+s & ?ree-p5ce1 h[ c ,i approve ( a law t does x8 ,montesquieu1 :o 0 himself a judge1 endeav\rs to impress o!r maxims4 ,he mu/ h kn[n :at humane judges feel on su* occasions1 & :at ! effects ( ^? feel+s2 &1 s f> f ?9k+ t sev]e & excessive puni%m5ts prev5t crimes1 he ass]ts1 z quot$ by our ,fr5* writ]1 t ,l'atrocit des loix en emp*e l'excution4 ,l'orsque la pe9e e/ sans mesure1 on e/ s\v5t oblig de lui prfr] l'impunit4 ,la cause de t\s les rel*em5s vi5t de l'impunit des crimes1 et non de la modration des pe9es4 ,x is said by ^? :o "k ,europe g5]ally1 t !re are m !fts committ$ & puni%$ annually 9 ,engl&1 ?an 9 all ! o!r nations put toge!r4 ,if ?is be s1 !re mu/ be a cause or causes = su* depravity 9 our common p4 ,may n "o be ! defici5cy ( ju/ice & morality 9 our national gov]nm5t1 manife/$ 9 our oppressive conduct to subjects1 & unju/ w>s on our neighb\rs8 ,view ! long-p]si/$ 91 unju/1 monopoliz+ treatm5t ( ,irel&1 at l5g? ackn[l$g$6 ,view ! plund]+ gov]nm5t ex]cis$ by our m]*ants 9 ! ,indies2 ! confiscat+ w> made ^u ! ,am]ican colonies2 &1 to say no?+ ( ^? ^u ,france & ,spa91 view ! late w> ^u ,holl&1 :i* 0 se5 by imp>tial ,europe 9 no o!r light ?an t ( a w> ( rap9e & pillage2 ! hopes ( an imm5se & easy prey be+ its only app>5t1 & probably its true & real motive & enc\ragem5t4 ,ju/ice is z /rictly due betwe5 neighb\r nations1 z betwe5 neighb\r citiz5s4 ,a highwayman is z mu* a robb] :5 he plund]s 9 a gang1 z :5 s+le2 & a nation1 t makes an unju/ w>1 is only a great gang4 ,aft] employ+ y\r p 9 robb+ ! ,dut*1 /range is x1 t1 be+ put out ( t employ by peace1 !y /ill cont9ue robb+1 & rob "o ano!r8 ,pirat]ie1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 or private]+1 is ! univ]sal b5t ( ! ,engli% nation1 at home & abroad1 :]ev] settl$4 ,no less ?an sev5 hundr$ private]s 71 x is said1 commission$ 9 ! la/ w>6 ,^! 7 fitt$ out by m]*ants1 to prey ^u o!r m]*ants1 :o _h nev] done !m any injury4 ,is !re probably any "o ( ^? private]+ m]*ants ( ,london1 :o 7 s ready to rob ! m]*ants ( ,am/]dam1 t w\ld n z readily plund] ano!r ,london m]*ant ( ! next /reet1 if he c\ld d x ) ! same impunity6 ,! avidity1 ! ali5i appet5s1 is ! same2 x is ! fe> alone ( ! gall[s t makes ! diff]5ce4 ,h[ !n c a nation1 :i*1 among ! hone/e/ ( its p1 has s _m ?ieves by incl9ation1 & ^: gov]nm5t enc\rag$ & commission$ no less ?an sev5 hundr$ gangs ( robb]s2 h[ c su* a nation h ! face to condemn ! crime 9 individuals1 & hang up tw5ty ( !m 9 a morn+6 ,x naturally puts "o 9 m9d ( a ,newgate anecdote4 ,"o ( ! prison]s compla9$1 t 9 ! night somebody _h tak5 8 buckles out ( 8 %oes4 ,:at1 ! devil6 says ano!r1 h we !n ?ieves among/ u8 ,x mu/ n be suff]$4 ,let u se>* out ! rogue1 & pump him to dea?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o late in/ance ( an ,engli% m]*ant1 :o w n pr(it by su* ill-gott5 ga94 ,he 01 x seems1 "p-own] ( a %ip1 :i* ! o!r own]s ?\ght fit to employ z a lett] ( m>que1 & :i* took a numb] ( ,fr5* prizes4 ,! booty be+ %>$1 he has n[ an ag5t "h enquir+1 by an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,gazette1 = ^? :o suff]$ ! loss1 9 ord] to make !m1 z f> z 9 him lies1 re/itution4 ,?is consci5ti\s man is a ,quak]4 ,! ,scot* presbyt]ians 7 =m]ly z t5d]2 = !re is /ill extant an ord9ance ( ! t[n-c\ncil ( ,ed9burgh1 made soon aft] ! re=mation1 =bidd+ ! pur*ase ( prize goods1 "u pa9 ( los+ ! fre$om ( ! burgh = ev]1 ) o!r puni%m5t at ! w ( ! magi/rate2 ! practice ( mak+ prizes be+ contr>y to good consci5ce1 & ! rule ( treat+ ,*ri/ian bre?r5 z we w\ld wi% to be treat$2 & su* goods are n to be sold by any godly m5 )9 ?is burgh4 ,! race ( ^! godly m5 9 ,scotl& is probably ext9ct1 or _! pr9ciples ab&on$1 s9ce1 z f> z t nation _h a h& 9 promot+ ! w> aga9/ ! colonies1 prizes & confiscations are believ$ to h be5 a consid]able motive4 ,x has be5 = "s "t a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t a milit>y man is n to inquire :e!r a w> be j or unju/2 he is to execute 8 ord]s4 ,all pr9ces :o are dispos$ to become tyrants mu/ probably approve ( ?is op9ion1 & be will+ to e/abli% x2 b is x n a dang]\s "o8 s9ce1 on t pr9ciple1 if ! tyrant comm&s 8 army to attack & de/roy1 n only an un(f5d+ neighb\r nation1 b ev5 8 own subjects1 ! army is b\nd to obey4 ,a negro slave1 9 our colonies1 be+ comm&$ by 8 ma/] to rob or murd] a neighb\r1 or d any o!r immoral act1 may refuse1 & ! magi/rate w protect him 9 8 refusal4 ,! slav]y !n ( a soldi] is worse ?an t ( a negro6 ,a consci5ti\s (fic]1 if n re/ra9$ by ! appreh5sion ( its be+ imput$ to ano!r cause1 may inde$ resign1 r ?an be employ$ 9 an unju/ w>2 b ! private m5 are slaves = life2 & !y are p]haps incapable ( judg+ = !mselves4 ,we c only lam5t _! fate1 & /ill m t ( a sailor1 :o is (t5 dragg$ by =ce f 8 hone/ occupation1 & compell$ to imbrue 8 h&s 91 p]haps1 innoc5t blood4 ,b me?9ks x well behoves m]*ants 7m5 m enlight5$ by _! education1 & p]fectly free f any su* =ce or obligation7 to consid] well ( ! ju/ice ( a w>1 be=e !y volunt>ily engage a gang ( ruffians to attack _! fell[-m]*ants ( a neighb\r+ nation1 to plund] !m ( _! prop]ty1 & p]haps ru9 !m & _! families1 if !y yield x2 or to w\nd1 maim1 or murd] !m1 if !y endeav\r to def5d x4 ,yet ^! ?+s are done by ,*ri/ian m]*ants1 :e!r a w> be j or unju/2 & x c h>dly be j on bo? sides4 ,!y are done by ,engli% & ,am]ican m]*ants1 :o1 nev]!less1 compla9 ( private !ft1 & hang by doz5s ! ?ieves !y h taught by _! own example4 ,x is high "t1 = ! sake ( humanity1 t a /op 7 put to ?is enormity4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh bett] situat$ ?an any ,european nation to make pr(it by private]+ 7mo/ ( ! trade ( ,europe1 ) ! ,we/ ,indies1 pass+ be=e _! doors7 are1 z f> z 9 !m lies1 endeav\r+ to aboli% ! practice1 by (f]+1 9 all _! treaties ) o!r p[]s1 an article1 engag+ solemnly1 t1 9 case ( future w>1 no private] %all be commission$ on ei!r side2 & t un>m$ m]*ant-%ips1 on bo? sides1 %all pursue _! voyages unmole/$#id4 ,?is w be a happy improvem5t ( ! law ( nations4 ,! humane & ! j _c b wi% g5]al success to ! proposition4 ,) un*angeable e/eem & affection1 ,i am1 my de> fri5d1 ,ev] y\rs4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,f a small collection ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's pap]s1 pr9t$ = ,dilly4 ,editor4 #id ,?is (f] hav+ be5 accept$ by ! late k+ ( ,prussia1 a treaty ( amity & comm]ce 0 conclud$ betwe5 t mon>* & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 conta9+ ! foll[+ humane1 philan?ropic article2 9 ! =mation ( :i* ,dr4 ,frankl91 z "o ( ! ,am]ican pl5ipot5ti>ies1 0 pr9cipally conc]n$1 viz4 ,,art4 ,,xxiii4 ,if w> %\ld arise betwe5 ! two contract+ p>ties1 ! m]*ants ( ei!r c\ntry1 !n resid+ 9 ! o!r1 %all be all[$ to rema9 n9e mon?s to collect _! debts & settle _! affairs1 & may dep>t freely1 c>ry+ (f all _! effects )\t mole/ation or h9drance2 & all wom5 & *ildr51 s*ol>s ( e faculty1 cultivators ( ! e>?1 artisans1 manufactur]s1 & fi%]m51 un>m$ & inhabit+ un=tifi$ t[ns1 villages1 or places1 & 9 g5]al all o!rs1 ^: occupations are = ! common subsi/5ce & b5efit ( mank9d1 %all be all[$ to cont9ue _! respective employm5ts1 & %all n be mole/$ 9 _! p]sons1 nor %all _! h\ses & goods be burnt1 or o!rwise de/roy$1 nor _! fields wa/$1 by ! arm$ =ce ( ! enemy into ^: p[]1 by ! ev5ts ( w>1 !y may happ5 to fall2 b if any ?+ is necess>y to be tak5 f !m = ! use ( su* arm$ =ce1 ! same %all be paid = at a reasonable price4 ,& all m]*ant & trad+ vessels employ$ 9 ex*ang+ ! products ( diff]5t places1 & !reby r5d]+ ! necess>ies1 conv5i5ces1 & com=ts ( human life m easy to be obta9$1 & m g5]al1 %all be all[$ to pass free & unmole/$2 & nei!r ( ! contract+ p[]s %all grant or issue any commission to any private arm$ vessels1 emp[]+ !m to take or de/roy su* trad+ vessels1 or int]rupt su* comm]ce4 ,a ,p>able aga9/ ,p]secution1 9 ,imitation ( ,scripture ,language#ie4 #a4 ,& x came to pass aft] ^! ?+s1 t ,abraham sat 9 ! door ( 8 t5t1 ab\t ! go+ d[n ( ! sun4 #b4 ,& behold a man b5t ) age1 com+ f ! way ( ! wild]ness lean+ on a /aff4 #c4 ,& ,abraham arose1 & met him1 & said unto him1 ,turn 91 ,i pray !e1 & wa% ?y feet1 & t>ry all night2 & ?\ %alt arise e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & g on ?y way4 #d4 ,& ! man said1 ,nay2 = ,i w abide "u ?is tree4 #e4 ,b ,abraham press$ him greatly3 s he turn$ & !y w5t into ! t5t3 & ,abraham bak$ unleav5 bread1 & !y did eat4 #f4 ,& :5 ,abraham saw t ! man bless$ n ,god1 he said unto him1 ,:]e=e do/ ?\ n wor%ip ! mo/ high ,god1 creator ( heav5 & e>?8 #g4 ,& ! man answ]$ & said1 ,i d n wor%ip ?y ,god1 nei!r d ,i call ^u 8 "n1 = ,i h made to myself a god1 :i* abide? always 9 my h\se1 & provide? me ) all ?+s4 #h4 ,& ,abraham's zeal 0 k9dl$ aga9/ ! man1 & he arose1 & fell ^u him1 & drove him =? ) bl[s into ! wild]ness4 #i4 ,& ,god call$ unto ,abraham1 say+1 ,abraham1 :]e is ! /rang]8 #aj4 ,& ,abraham answ]$ & said1 ,"l1 he w\ld n wor%ip !e1 nei!r w\ld he call ^u ?y "n1 !re=e h ,i driv5 him out f be=e my face into ! wild]ness4 #aa4 ,& ,god said1 ,h ,i borne ) him ^! hundr$ & n9ety & eight ye>s1 & n\ri%$ him1 & clo!d him1 not)/&+ 8 rebellion aga9/ me1 & c\ld/ n ?\1 :o art ?yself a s9n]1 be> ) him "o night8 #ab4 ,& ,abraham said1 ,let n ! ang] ( my ,"l wax hot aga9/ 8 s]vant2 lo1 ,i h s9n$1 =give me ,i pray !e4 #ac4 ,& ,abraham arose1 & w5t =? into ! wild]ness & dilig5tly s\ght = ! man & f\nd him1 & return$ ) him to ! t5t1 & :5 he _h entreat$ him k9dly1 he s5t him away on ! morr[ ) gifts4 #ad4 ,& ,god spake aga9 unto ,abraham say+1 ,= ?is ?y s9 %all ?y se$ be afflict$ f\r hundr$ ye>s 9 a /range l&4 #ae4 ,b = ?y rep5tance w ,i deliv] !m1 & !y %all come =? ) p[]1 & ) gladness ( he>t1 & ) mu* sub/ance4#if ,,footnotes3 #ie ,i h tak5 ?is piece f ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 writt5 by "l ,kaims1 & %all preface x ) 8 lord%ip's own words4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dgb1 #dgc4 ,! foll[+ ,p>able aga9/ ,p]secution 0 communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,frankl9 ( ,philadelphia1 a man :o makes a great figure 9 ! le>n$ _w3 & :o w\ld /ill make a great] figure = b5evol5ce & c&\r1 7 virtue z mu* reg>d$ 9 ?is decl9+ age z k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/orical /yle ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is "h f9ely imitat$2 & ! moral mu/ /rike e "o :o is n sunk 9 /upidity & sup]/ition4 ,7 x really a *apt] ( ,g5esis1 "o is apt to ?9k1 t p]secution c\ld nev] h %[n a b>e face among ,jews or ,*ri/ians4 ,b alas6 t is a va9 ?\ght4 ,su* a passage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld avail z little aga9/ ! rancor\s passions ( m51 z ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh p]secution _c be condemn$ 9 t]ms m explicit4 ,him t is weak 9 ! fai?1 receive y1 b n to d\btful disputations4 ,=1 c4 ,b4 ,v4 #if ,dr4 ,frankl91 z ,i h be5 told1 has (t5 impos$ ?is p>able ^u 8 fri5ds & acqua9tance1 z "p ( a *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,b4 ,v4 ,a ,lett] conc]n+ ,p]secution 9 =m] ,ages1 ! ,ma9t5ance ( ! ,cl]gy1 ,am]ican ,bi%ops1 & ! ,/ate ( ,tol]ation 9 ,old ,engl& & ,new ,engl& comp>$#ig4 ,,sir1 ,i und]/& f ! public pap]s1 t 9 ! debates on ! bill = reliev+ ! diss5t]s 9 ! po9t ( subscription to ! *ur* articles1 sundry reflections 7 ?r[n out aga9/ ! p1 import+1 t !y !mselves are ( a p]secut+ intol]ant _s1 = t :5 !y _h ! sup]iority1 !y p]secut$ ! *ur*1 & /ill p]secute x 9 ,am]ica1 :]e !y compel its memb]s to pay taxes = ma9ta9+ ! presbyt]ian or indep5d5t wor%ip1 & at ! same "t refuse !m a tol]ation 9 ! full ex]cise ( _! religion1 by ! adm9i/rations ( a bi%op4 ,if we look back into hi/ory = ! "* ( ! pres5t sects 9 ,*ri/ianity1 we %all f9d few t h n1 9 _! turns1 be5 p]secutors & compla9]s ( p]secution4 ,! primitive *ri/ians ?\ght p]secution extremely wrong 9 ! pagans1 b practis$ x on "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ prote/ants ( ! *ur* ( ,engl& blam$ p]secution 9 ! ,romi% *ur*1 b practis$ x aga9/ ! puritans3 ^! f\nd x wrong 9 ! bi%ops1 b fell into ! same practice bo? "h & 9 ,new ,engl&4--,to acc\nt = ?is1 we %\ld rememb]1 t ! doctr9e ( tol]ation 0 n !n kn[n1 or _h n prevail$ 9 ! _w4 ,p]secution 0 !re=e n s mu* ! fault ( ! sect z ( ! times4 ,x 0 n 9 ^? days deem$ wrong 9 itself4 ,! g5]al op9ion 0 only1 t ^? :o are 9 error ought n to p]secute ! tru?3 b ! possessors ( tru? 7 9 ! "r to p]secute error1 9 ord] to de/roy x4 ,?us e sect believ+ itself possess$ ( all tru?1 & t e t5et diff]+ f !irs 0 error1 conceiv$1 t :5 ! p[] 0 9 _! h&s1 p]secution 0 a duty requir$ ( !m by t ,god :om !y suppos$ to be (f5d$ ) h]esy4--,by degrees1 m mod]ate & m mode/ s5tim5ts h tak5 place 9 ! *ri/ian _w2 & among prote/ants p>ticul>ly1 all disclaim p]secution1 none v9dicate x1 & few practise x4--,we %\ld !n cease to reproa* ea* o!r ) :at 0 done by our ance/ors1 b judge ( ! pres5t "* ( sects or *ur*es by _! pres5t conduct only#ih4 ,n[ to det]m9e on ! ju/ice ( ?is *>ge aga9/ ! pres5t diss5t]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ,am]ica1 let u consid] ! foll[+ facts4 ,!y w5t f ,engl& to e/abli% a new c\ntry = !mselves1 at _! own exp5ce1 :]e !y might enjoy ! free ex]cise ( religion 9 _! own way4 ,:5 !y _h pur*as$ ! t]ritory ( ! natives1 !y grant$ ! l&s out 9 t[n%ips1 requir+ = x nei!r pur*ase-money nor quit-r5t1 b ?is condition only to be compli$ )1 t ! freehold]s %\ld support a gospel-m9i/] 7mean+ probably "o ( ! !n gov]n+ sects7 & a free-s*ool1 )9 ! t[n%ip4 ,?us1 :at is commonly call$ presbyt]ianism became ! e/abli%$ religion ( t c\ntry4 ,all w5t on well 9 ?is way1 :ile ! same religi\s op9ions 7 g5]al1 ! support ( m9i/] & s*ool be+ rais$ by a proportionate tax on ! l&s4 ,b1 9 process ( "t1 "s becom+ quak]s#ii1 "s bapti/s1 & ( late ye>s1 "s return+ to ! *ur* ( ,engl& 7?r\gh ! laudable endeav\rs & a prop] application#ajj ( _! funds by ! society = propagat+ ! gospel71 objections 7 made to ! paym5t ( a tax appropriat$ to ! support ( a *ur* !y disapprov$ & _h =sak54 ,! civil magi/rates1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ = a "t to collect & apply ! tax accord+ to ! orig9al laws1 :i* rema9$ 9 =ce2 & !y did x ! m freely z ?9k+ x j & equitable1 t ! hold]s ( l&s %\ld pay :at 0 contract$ to be paid :5 !y 7 grant$1 z ! only consid]ation = ! grant1 & :at _h be5 consid]$ by all subsequ5t pur*as]s z a p]petual incumbrance on ! e/ate1 b\ght !re=e at a proportionally *eap] rate2 a paym5t :i*1 x 0 ?\ght1 no hone/ man ought to avoid1 "u pret5ce ( 8 hav+ *ang$ 8 religi\s p]suasion3 & ?is1 ,i suppose1 is "o ( ! be/ gr\nds ( dem&+ ty!s ( diss5t]s n[ 9 ,engl&4 ,b ! practice be+ clam\r$ aga9/ by ! episcopalians z p]secution1 ! legislature ( ! prov9ce ( ,massa*usets ,bay1 ne> ?irty ye>s s9ce1 pass$ an act = _! relief1 requir+1 inde$1 ! tax to be paid z usual1 b direct+ t ! sev]al sums1 levi$ f memb]s ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 %\ld be paid ov] to ! m9i/] ( t *ur* ) :om su* memb]s usually att5d$ div9e wor%ip2 :i* m9i/] _h p[] giv5 him to receive1 &1 on occasion1 to recov] ! same by law4 ,x seems t legislature consid]$1 t ! end ( ! tax 0 to secure & improve ! morals ( ! p1 & promote _! happ9ess1 by support+ among !m ! public wor%ip ( ,god & ! prea*+ ( ! gospel2 t :]e p>ticul> p fanci$ a p>ticul> mode1 t mode might probably1 !re=e1 be ( mo/ use to ^? p1 & t if ! good 0 done1 x 0 n s mat]ial 9 :at mode or by :om x 0 done4 ,! consid]ation1 t _! bre?r51 ! diss5t]s 9 ,engl&1 7 /ill compell$ to pay ty!s to ! cl]gy ( ! *ur*1 _h n weight en\gh ) ! legislature to prev5t ?is mod]ate act1 :i* /ill cont9ues 9 full =ce2 & ,i hope no un*>itable conduct ( ! *ur* t[>d ! diss5t]s w ev] provoke !m to repeal x4---- ,) reg>d to a bi%op1 ,i "k n ^u :at gr\nd ! diss5t]s1 ei!r "h or 9 ,am]ica1 are *>g$ ) refus+ ! b5efit ( su* an (fic] to ! *ur* 9 t c\ntry4 ,"h !y seem to h naturally no conc]n 9 ! affair4 ,!re !y h no p[] to prev5t x1 if gov]nm5t %\ld ?9k fit to s5d "o4 ,!y w\ld probably dislike1 inde$1 to see an ord] ( m5 e/abli%$ among !m1 f ^: p]secutions _! fa!rs fl$ into t wild]ness1 & ^: future dom9ation !y might possibly fe>1 n kn[+ t _! natures are *ang$4--,b ! non-appo9tm5t ( bi%ops = ,am]ica seems to arise f ano!r qu>t]4 ,! same wisdom ( gov]nm5t1 probably1 t prev5ts ! sitt+ ( convocations1 & =bids1 by noli prosequi's1 ! p]secution ( diss5t]s = non-subscription1 avoids e/abli%+ bi%ops1 :]e ! m9ds ( p are n yet prep>$ to receive !m cordially1 le/ ! public peace %\ld be endang]$4 ,& n[ let u see h[ ?is p]secution-acc\nt /&s betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 :]e ! legislative bodies are almo/ to a man diss5t]s f ! *ur* ( ,engl&3 #a4 ,!re is no te/ to prev5t *ur*m5 hold+ (fices4 #b4 ,! sons ( *ur*m5 h ! full b5efit ( ! univ]sities4 #c4 ,! taxes = support ( public wor%ip1 :5 paid by *ur*m51 are giv5 to ! episcopal m9i/]4 ,9 ,old ,engl&3 #a4 ,diss5t]s are exclud$ f all (fices ( pr(it & hon\r4 #b4 ,! b5efits ( education 9 ! univ]sities are appropriat$ to ! sons ( *ur*m54 #c4 ,! cl]gy ( ! diss5t]s receive none ( ! ty!s paid by _! p1 :o mu/ be at ! additional *>ge ( ma9ta9+ _! own sep>ate wor%ip4-- ,b x is said1 t ! diss5t]s ( ,am]ica oppose ! introduction ( a bi%op4 ,9 fact1 x is n alone ! diss5t]s !re t give ! opposition 7if n enc\rag+ mu/ be t]m$ oppos+7 b ! laity 9 g5]al dislike ! project1 & "s ev5 ( ! cl]gy4 ,! inhabitants ( ,virg9ia are almo/ all episcopalians1 ! *ur* is fully e/abli%$ !re1 & ! c\ncil & g5]al assembly are1 p]haps to a man1 its memb]s3 yet1 :5 lately at a meet+ ( ! cl]gy1 a resolution 0 tak5 to apply = a bi%op1 aga9/ :i* sev]al h[ev] prote/$2 assembly ( ! prov9ce1 at ! next meet+1 express$ _! disapprobation ( ! ?+ 9 ! /ronge/ mann]1 by unanim\sly ord]+ ! ?anks ( ! h\se to ! prote/]s2 = _m ( ! ,am]ican laity ( ! *ur* ?9k x "s advantage--:e!r _! own "y m5 come to ,engl& = ord9ation1 & improve !mselves at ! same "t by conv]sation ) ! le>n$ "h--or ! congregations are suppli$ by ,engli%m51 :o h _h ! b5efit ( education 9 ,engli% univ]sities1 & are orda9$ be=e !y came abroad4 ,!y d n1 !re=e1 see ! necessity ( a bi%op m]ely = ord9ation2 & confirmation is among !m deem$ a c]emony ( no v great importance1 s9ce few seek x 9 ,engl&1 :]e bi%ops are 9 pl5ty4--,^! s5tim5ts prevail ) _m *ur*m5 !re1 n to promote a design :i* !y ?9k mu/ soon] or lat] saddle !m ) great exp5ces to support x4--,z to ! diss5t]s1 _! m9ds might probably be m conciliat$ to ! measure1 if ! bi%ops "h %\ld1 9 _! wisdom & goodness1 ?9k fit to set _! sacr$ "* 9 a m fri5dly light1 by dropp+ _! opposition to ! diss5t]s' application = relief 9 subscription1 & decl>+ _! will+ness t diss5t]s %\ld be capable ( (fices1 enjoy ! b5efit ( education 9 ! univ]sities1 & ! privilege ( appropriat+ _! ty!s to ! support ( _! own cl]gy4 ,9 all ^! po9ts ( tol]ation1 !y appe> f> beh9d ! pres5t diss5t]s ( ,new ,engl&1 & x may seem to "s a /ep bel[ ! dignity ( bi%ops1 to foll[ ! example ( su* inf]iors4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 despair ( _! do+ x "s "t or o!r1 s9ce no?+ ( ! k9d is too h>d = true *ri/ian humility4 ,i am1 sir1 y\rs1 c4 ,a ,,new-,,engl&-,,man4 ,,footnotes3 #ig ,! above lett] fir/ appe>$ 9 "o ( ! public pap]s on ,june #c1 #aggb1 & seems to h be5 address$ to ! pr9t]4 ,! spirit$ writ] ( ! ,two lett]s to ! prelates republi%$ x 9 an app5dix to t pamphlet1 )\t1 h[ev]1 nam+ ,dr4 ,frankl9 z ! au?or1 b express+ x to be ! production ( a g5tleman highly respect$ 9 ! lit]>y _w4 ,b4 ,v4 #ih ,tol]ation 9 religion1 ?\gh obvi\s to common und]/&+1 0 n h[ev] ! production ( reason1 b ( comm]ce4 ,! advantage ( tol]ation = promot+ comm]ce 0 discov]$ long be=e by ! ,portuguese4 ,!y 7 too zeal\s ,ca?olics to v5ture s bold a measure 9 ,portugal2 b x 0 p]mitt$ 9 ,goa1 & ! inquisition 9 t t[n 0 conf9$ to ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,"l ,kaim's ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dgd4 ,b4 ,v4 #ii ,no p]son appe>$ 9 ,new ,engl& :o pr(ess$ ! op9ion ( ! ,quak]s1 until #afef1 7i4 e4 ab\t #cf ye>s aft] ! fir/ settl+ ( ! colony71 :5 ,m>y ,fi%] & ,ann ,au/9 came f ,b>badoes2 & soon aft]1 n9e o!rs arriv$ 9 ! %ip ,spe$well f ,london4 ,!y 7 successful 9 _! prea*+1 & ! prov9cial gov]nm5t1 wi%+ to keep ! colony free f !m1 attempt$ to s5d away su* z !y discov]$1 & prev5t ! arrival ( o!rs4 ,securities1 f9es1 bani%m5t1 imprisonm5t1 & corporal puni%m5ts 7 in/itut$ = ?is purpose1 b ) s little effect1 t at la/ a law 0 made = puni%+ ) dea?1 all su* z %\ld return into ! jurisdiction aft] bani%m5t4 ,a few 7 hang$6 ,see ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% dom9ions1 #dto1 #aggc1 p4 #aah1 #abj4 ,b4 ,v4 #ajj ,!y 7 to spread ! gospel1 & ma9ta9 a le>n$ & or?odox cl]gy1 :]e m9i/]s 7 want$ or ill-provid$1 adm9i/]+ ,god's ^w & sacram5ts1 & prev5t+ a!ism1 infidelity1 pop]y1 & idolatry4 ,b4 ,v4 ,on ! ,slave ,trade#aja4 ,read+ 9 ! newspap]s ! spee* ( ,mr4 ,jackson 9 congress1 aga9/ m$dl+ ) ! affair ( slav]y1 or attempt+ to m5d ! condition ( slaves1 x put me 9 m9d ( a simil> spee*1 made ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 by ,sidi ,mehemet ,ibrahim1 a memb] ( ! divan ( ,algi]s1 :i* may be se5 9 ,m>t9's acc\nt ( 8 consul%ip1 #afhg4 ,x 0 aga9/ grant+ ! petition ( ! sect call$ erika1 or puri/s1 :o pray$ = ! abolition ( piracy & slav]y1 z be+ unju/4--,mr4 ,jackson does n quote x2 p]haps he has n se5 x4 ,if !re=e1 "s ( its reason+s are to be f\nd 9 8 eloqu5t spee*1 x may only %[1 t m5's int]e/s op]ate1 & are op]at$ on1 ) surpris+ simil>ity1 9 all c\ntries & climates1 :5ev] !y are "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! ,african spee*1 z translat$1 is z foll[s3 ,alla ,bismillah1 c4 ,god is great1 & ,mahomet is 8 prophet4 ,h ^! erika consid]$ ! consequ5ces ( grant+ _! petition8 ,if we cease our cruises aga9/ ! *ri/ians1 h[ %all we be furni%$ ) ! commodities _! c\ntries produce1 & :i* are s necess>y = u8 ,if we =be> to make slaves ( _! p1 :o1 9 ?is hot climate1 are to cultivate our l&s8 ,:o are to p]=m ! common lab\rs ( our city1 & ( our families8 ,mu/ we n !n be our own slaves8 ,& is !re n m compassion & m fav\r due to u mussulm51 ?an to ^? *ri/ian dogs8--,we h n[ above fifty ?\s& slaves 9 & ne> ,algi]s4 ,?is numb]1 if n kept up by fre% supplies1 w soon dim9i%1 & be gradually annihilat$4 ,if1 !n1 we cease tak+ & plund]+ ! infidel %ips1 & mak+ slaves ( ! seam5 & pass5g]s1 our l&s w become ( no value1 = want ( cultivation2 ! r5ts ( h\ses 9 ! city w s9k "o half2 & ! rev5ues ( gov]nm5t1 aris+ f ! %>e ( prizes1 mu/ be totally de/roy$4--,& = :at8 ,to gratify ! :im ( a :imsical sect1 :o w\ld h u n only =be> mak+ m slaves1 b ev5 manumit ^? we h4 ,b :o is to indemnify _! ma/]s = ! loss8 ,w ! /ate d x8 ,is our treasury suffici5t8 ,w ! erika d x8 ,c !y d x8 ,or w\ld !y1 to d :at !y ?9k ju/ice to ! slaves1 d a great] inju/ice to ! own]s8 ,& if we set our slaves free1 :at is to be done ) !m8 ,few ( !m w return to _! native c\ntries2 !y "k too well ! great] h>d%ips !y mu/ !re be subject to4 ,!y w n embrace our holy religion3 !y w n adopt our mann]s3 our p w n pollute !mselves by int]m>ry+ ) !m4 ,mu/ we ma9ta9 !m z begg>s 9 our /reets2 or suff] our prop]ties to be ! prey ( _! pillage8 = m51 accu/om$ to slav]y1 w n "w = a livelihood1 :5 n compell$4--,& :at is !re s pitiable 9 _! pres5t condition8 ,7 !y n slaves 9 _! own c\ntries8 ,are n ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 & ! ,italian /ates1 gov]n$ by despots1 :o hold all _! subjects 9 slav]y1 )\t exception8 ,ev5 ,engl& treats h] sailors z slaves1 = !y are1 :5ev] ! gov]nm5t pleases1 seiz$ & conf9$ 9 %ips ( w>1 condemn$ n only to "w1 b to fight = small wages1 or a m]e subsi/5ce1 n bett] ?an our slaves are all[$ by u4 ,is _! condition !n made worse by _! fall+ into our h&s8 no2 !y h only ex*ang$ "o slav]y = ano!r2 & ,i may say a bett]3 = "h !y are br\ght into a l&1 :]e ! sun ( islamism gives =? its light1 & %9es 9 full spl5dor1 & !y h an opportunity ( mak+ !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! true doctr9e1 & !reby sav+ _! immortal s\ls4 ,^? :o rema9 at home h n t happ9ess4 ,s5d+ ! slaves home !n1 w\ld be s5d+ !m out ( light into d>kness4 ,i repeat ! "q1 :at is to be done ) !m8 ,i h he>d x sugge/$1 t !y may be plant$ 9 ! wild]ness1 :]e !re is pl5ty ( l& = !m to subsi/ on1 & :]e !y may fl\ri% z a free /ate4--,b !y are1 ,i d\bt1 too little dispos$ to lab\r )\t compulsion1 z well z too ignorant to e/abli% good gov]nm5t3 & ! wild ,arabs w\ld soon mole/ & de/roy1 or aga9 enslave !m4 ,:ile s]v+ u1 we take c>e to provide !m ) e ?+2 & !y are treat$ ) humanity4 ,! lab\r]s 9 _! own c\ntries are1 z ,i am in=m$1 worse f$1 lodg$1 & clo!d4 ,! condition ( mo/ ( !m is !re=e already m5d$1 & requires no f>!r improvem5t4 ,"h _! lives are 9 safety4 ,!y are n liable to be impress$ = soldi]s1 & =c$ to cut "o ano!r's *ri/ian ?roats1 z 9 ! w>s ( _! own c\ntries4 ,if "s ( ! religi\s mad bigots1 :o n[ tease u ) _! silly petitions1 h1 9 a fit ( bl9d zeal1 fre$ _! slaves1 x 0 n g5]osity1 x 0 n humanity1 t mov$ !m to ! action2 x 0 f ! consci\s bur!n ( a load ( s9s1 & hope1 f ! suppos$ m]its ( s good a "w1 to be excus$ f damnation4--,h[ grossly are !y mi/ak51 9 imag9+ slav]y to be disav[$ by ! ,alcoran6 ,are n ! two precepts1 to quote no m1 ,ma/]s1 treat y\r slaves ) k9dness--,slaves1 s]ve y\r ma/]s ) *e]fulness & fidelity1 cle> pro(s to ! contr>y8 ,nor c ! plund]+ ( infidels be 9 t sacr$ book =bidd52 s9ce x is well kn[n f x1 t ,god has giv5 ! _w1 & all t x conta9s1 to 8 fai?ful mussulm51 :o are to enjoy x1 ( "r1 z fa/ z !y c conqu] x4 ,let u !n he> no m ( ?is dete/able proposition1 ! manumission ( *ri/ian slaves1 ! adoption ( :i* w\ld1 by depreciat+ our l&s & h\ses1 & !reby depriv+ s _m good citiz5s ( _! prop]ties1 create univ]sal discont5t1 & provoke insurrections1 to ! endang]+ ( gov]nm5t & produc+ g5]al confusion4 ,i h1 !re=e1 no d\bt t ?is wise c\ncil w pref] ! com=t & happ9ess ( a :ole nation ( true believ]s1 to ! :im ( a few erika1 & dismiss _! petition4 ,! result 01 z ,m>t9 tells u1 t ! divan came to ?is resolution3 ,t ! doctr9e1 t ! plund]+ & enslav+ ! *ri/ians is unju/1 is at be/ problematical2 b t x is ! int]e/ ( ?is /ate to cont9ue ! practice is cle>2 !re=e1 let ! petition be reject$4----,& x 0 reject$ accord+ly4 ,& s9ce l motives are apt to produce1 9 ! m9ds ( m51 l op9ions & resolutions1 may we n v5ture to pr$ict1 f ?is acc\nt1 t ! petitions to ! p>liam5t ( ,engl& = aboli%+ ! slave-trade1 to say no?+ ( o!r legislatures & ! debates ^u !m1 w h a simil> conclusion4 ,,hi/oricus4 ,m>* #bc1 #agij4 ,,footnote3 #aja ,am]ican ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #ccf4 ,editor4 ,acc\nt ( ! highe/ ,c\rt ( ,judicature 9 ,p5sylvania1 viz4 ,! ,c\rt ( ! ,press#ajb4 ,p[] ( ?is ,c\rt4 ,x may receive & promulgate accusations ( all k9ds1 aga9/ all p]sons & *>act]s among ! citiz5s ( ! /ate1 & ev5 aga9/ all inf]ior c\rts2 & may judge1 s5t5ce1 & condemn to infamy1 n only private individuals1 b public bodies1 c4 ) or )\t enquiry or he>+1 at ! c\rt's discretion4 ,^: ,fav\r1 or = ^: ,emolum5t ?is ,c\rt is e/abli%$4 ,9 fav\r ( ab\t "o citiz5 9 five hundr$1 :o1 by education1 or practice 9 scribbl+1 has acquir$ a tol]able /yle z to gramm> & con/ruction1 s z to be> pr9t+2 or :o is possess$ ( a press & a few types4 ,?is five hundr$? "p ( ! citiz5s h ! privilege ( accus+ & abus+ ! o!r f\r hundr$ & n9ety-n9e p>ts1 at _! pleasure2 or !y may hire out _! p5s & press to o!rs1 = t purpose4 ,practice ( ?is ,c\rt4 ,x is n gov]n$ by any ( ! rules ( ! common c\rts ( law4 ,! accus$ is all[$ no gr& jury to judge ( ! tru? ( ! accusation be=e x is publicly made2 nor is ! "n ( ! accus] made kn[n to him2 nor has he an opportunity ( confront+ ! witnesses aga9/ him1 = !y are kept 9 ! d>k1 z 9 ! ,spani% c\rt ( inquisition4 ,nor is !re any petty jury ( 8 pe]s sworn to try ! tru? ( ! *>ges4 ,! proce$+s are also sometimes s rapid1 t an hone/ good citiz5 may f9d himself sudd5ly & unexpect$ly accus$1 & 9 ! same morn+ judg$ & condemn$1 & s5t5ce pron\nc$ aga9/ him1 t he is a rogue & a villa94 ,yet if an (fic] ( ?is c\rt receives ! slighte/ *eck = misconduct 9 ?is 8 (fice1 he claims imm$iately ! rights ( a free citiz5 by ! con/itution1 & dem&s to "k 8 accus]1 to confront ! witnesses1 & to h a fair trial by a jury ( 8 pe]s4 ,f\ndation ( its ,au?ority4 ,x is said to be f\nd$ on an article 9 ! /ate con/itution1 :i* e/abli%es ! lib]ty ( ! press--a lib]ty :i* e ,p5nsylvanian w\ld fight & die =1 ?\gh few ( u1 ,i believe1 h di/9ct ideas ( its nature & ext5t4 ,x seems1 inde$1 some:at l ! lib]ty ( ! press1 t felons h1 by ! common law ( ,engl&1 be=e conviction2 t is1 to be ei!r press$ to dea? or hang$4 ,if1 by ! lib]ty ( ! press1 7 und]/ood m]ely ! lib]ty ( discuss+ ! propriety ( public measures & political op9ions1 let u h z mu* ( x z y please2 b if x means ! lib]ty ( affront+1 calumniat+1 & defam+ "o ano!r1 ,i1 = my "p1 own myself will+ to "p ) my %>e ( x1 :5ev] our legislators %all please s to alt] ! law2 & %all *e]fully cons5t to ex*ange my lib]ty ( abus+ o!rs1 = ! privilege ( n be+ abus$ myself4 ,by :om ?is ,c\rt is commission$ or con/itut$4 ,x is n by any commission f ! supreme executive c\ncil1 :o might previ\sly judge ( ! abilities1 integrity1 k1 c4 ( ! p]sons to be appo9t$ to ?is great tru/1 ( decid+ ^u ! *>act]s & good fame ( ! citiz5s3 = ?is c\rt is above t c\ncil1 & may accuse1 judge1 & condemn x at pleasure4 ,nor is x h]$it>y1 z is ! c\rt ( d]ni] resort 9 ! pe]age ( ,engl&4 ,b any man :o c procure p51 ink1 & pap]1 ) a press1 a few types1 & a huge pair ( black+ balls1 may commissionate himself1 & 8 c\rt is imm$iately e/abli%$ 9 ! pl5>y possession & ex]cise ( its rights4 ,= if y make ! lea/ compla9t ( ! judge's conduct1 he daubs 8 black+ balls 9 y\r face :]ev] he meets y2 &1 besides te>+ y\r private "* to spl9t]s1 m>ks y out = ! odium ( ! public1 z an enemy to ! lib]ty ( ! press4 ,( ! natural ,support ( ?is ,c\rt4 ,its support is f\nd$ 9 ! depravity ( su* m9ds1 z h n be5 m5d$ by religion1 nor improv$ by good education4 ,!re is a lu/ 9 man no *>m c tame1 ,( l\dly publi%+ 8 neighb\r's %ame4 ,h5ce1 ,on eagles' w+s1 immortal sc&als fly1 ,:ile virtu\s actions are b born & die4----,,dryd54 ,:oev] feels pa9 9 he>+ a good "* ( 8 neighb\r1 w feel a pleasure 9 ! rev]se4 ,& ( ^? :o1 despair+ to rise to di/9ction by _! virtues1 are happy if o!rs c be depress$ to a level ) !mselves1 !re are a numb] suffici5t 9 e great t[n to ma9ta9 "o ( ^! c\rts by _! subscription4 ,a %rewd obs]v] once said1 t 9 walk+ ! /reets ( a slipp]y morn+1 "o might see :]e ! good-natur$ p liv$1 by ! a%es ?r[n on ! ice be=e ! doors3 probably he w\ld h =m$ a diff]5t conjecture ( ! temp] ( ^? :om he might f9d engag$ 9 su* subscriptions4 ,( ! ,*ecks prop] to be e/abli%$ aga9/ ! ,abuses ( ,p[] 9 ^? ,c\rts4 ,hi!rto !re are none4 ,b s9ce s mu* has be5 writt5 & publi%$ on ! f$]al con/itution2 & ! necessity ( *ecks1 9 all o!r p>ts ( good gov]nm5t1 has be5 s cle>ly & le>n$ly expla9$1 ,i f9d myself s f> enlight5$ z to suspect "s *eck may be prop] 9 ?is "p also3 b ,i h be5 at a loss to imag9e any1 t may n be con/ru$ an infr+em5t ( ! sacr$ lib]ty ( ! press4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k ,i h f\nd "o1 t1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ g5]al lib]ty1 %all augm5t x2 :i* is1 by re/or+ to ! p a species ( lib]ty ( :i* !y h be5 depriv$ by our laws1 ,i mean ! lib]ty ( ! cudgel6 ,9 ! rude /ate ( society1 prior to ! exi/5ce ( laws1 if "o man gave ano!r ill-language1 ! affront$ p]son might return x by a box on ! e>2 & if repeat$1 by a good drubb+2 & ?is )\t (f5d+ aga9/ any law3 b n[ ! "r ( mak+ su* returns is d5i$1 & !y are puni%$ z brea*es ( ! peace1 :ile ! "r ( abus+ seems to rema9 9 full =ce2 ! laws made aga9/ x be+ r5d]$ ineffectual by ! lib]ty ( ! press4 ,my proposal !n is1 to leave ! lib]ty ( ! press unt\*$1 to be ex]cis$ 9 its full ext5t1 =ce1 & vig\r1 b to p]mit ! lib]ty ( ! cudgel to g ) x1 p>i passu4 ,?us1 my fell[ citiz5s1 if an impud5t writ] attacks y\r reputation--de>] p]haps to y ?an y\r life1 & puts 8 "n to ! *>ge1 y may g to him z op5ly1 & break 8 head4 ,if he conceals himself beh9d ! pr9t]1 & y c nev]!less discov] :o he is1 y may1 9 l mann]1 way-lay him 9 ! night1 attack him beh9d1 & give him a good drubb+4 ,if y\r adv]s>y hires bett] writ]s ?an himself to abuse y m effectually1 y may hire brawny port]s1 /rong] ?an y\rself1 to assi/ y 9 giv+ him a m effectual drubb+4 ,?us f> goes my project1 z to private res5tm5t & retribution4 ,b if ! public %\ld ev] happ5 to be affront$1 z x ought to be1 ) ! conduct ( su* writ]s1 ,i w\ld n advise proce$+ imm$iately to ^! extremities1 b t we %\ld 9 mod]ation cont5t ourselves ) t>r+ & fea!r+1 & toss+ !m 9 a blanket4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be ?\ght1 t ?is proposal ( m9e may di/urb ! public peace1 ,i w\ld !n humbly recomm5d to our legislators to take up ! consid]ation ( bo? lib]ties1 t ( ! press1 & t ( ! cudgel2 & by an explicit law m>k _! ext5t & limits3 & at ! same "t t !y secure ! p]son ( a citiz5 f assaults1 !y w\ld likewise provide = ! security ( 8 reputation4 ,,footnote3 #ajb ,ut supra1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #bie4 ,editor4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume ,,! ,,second4 ,,james ,,cundee1 ,,pr9t]1 ,ivy-,lane1 ,pat]no/]-,r[4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acc5t1 or emphasis1 wrong plac+ (1 a fault 9 mod]n tunes1 ii4 #cde4 ,accid5ts at sea1 h[ to gu>d aga9/1 ii4 #agb4 ,adams1 ,mr4 ,mat!w1 (f]s ! use ( 8 libr>y to ,frankl91 i4 #af4 ,addison1 ,frankl9 an assidu\s imitator (1 9 8 y\?1 i4 #ac4 ,advice to y\? 9 read+1 ii4 #cgh4 to emigrants to ,am]ica1 iii4 #cih4 to a crafty /atesman1 #dcj4 to a "y tradesman1 #dfc4 to a "y m>ri$ man1 #dgg4 to play]s at *ess1 #dij4 p9us1 8 hypo!sis ( magnetism1 i4 #dab4 ,agriculture takes place ( manufactures till a c\ntry is fully settl$1 iii4 #ajg4 ! great bus9ess ( ,am]ica1 #cic4 ,air1 "s ( ! prop]ties (1 ii4 #bbf4 its prop]ties ) respect to electricity1 i4 #bjd4 prop]ties ( its p>ticles1 #bje4 ii4 #a4 its curr5ts ov] ! globe1 i4 #bjg4 resi/s ! electric fluid & conf9es x to bodies1 #bda4 its effects 9 electrical exp]im5ts1 #bec4 its ela/icity n affect$ by electricity1 #bed4 its friction aga9/ trees1 #bgj1 #cbc4 has its %>e ( electricity1 #ccc4 its electricity d5s] above ?an bel[1 #cce4 9 rooms1 electrifi$ positively & negatively1 #cec4 attracts wat]1 ii4 #a4 :5 saturat$ ) wat] precipitates x1 #b4 dissolves wat]1 &1 :5 dry1 oil1 #d4 :y suffocat+1 :5 impregnat$ ) oil or grease1 ibid4 supports wat]1 #e1 #df1 #di4 :y less heat$ 9 ! high] regions ?an ne> ! e>?'s surface1 #f4 h[ x creates hurricanes1 ibid4 w9ds1 #h4 :irlw9ds1 #aj4 effects ( heat ^u1 #ej4 its effects on ! b>omet]1 #ib4 cond5s$1 suppos$ to =m ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 #aai1 #abg4 noxi\s1 correct$ by vegetation1 #abi4 obs]vations on ! free use (1 #bac4 r>e1 no bad conductor ( s\nd1 #ccg4 fre%1 b5eficial effects (1 9 b$-rooms1 iii4 #die4 ,air-!rmomet]1 electrical1 exp]im5ts )1 i4 #ccf4 ,albany plan ( union1 %ort acc\nt (1 i4 #abg4 its s+ul> fate1 #abi4 pap]s relat+ to1 iii4 #c4 motives on :i* =m$1 #d4 rejects p>tial unions1 #f4 its presid5t & gr& c\ncil1 #i4 election ( memb]s1 #ab4 place ( fir/ meet+1 #ac4 new election1 ibid4 proportion ( memb]s aft] ?ree ye>s1 #ae4 meet+s ( ! gr& c\ncil & call1 #af4 all[ance to memb]s1 #ag4 p[] ( presid5t & 8 duty1 #ah4 treaties ( peace & w>1 ibid4 ,indian trade & pur*ases1 #ai4 new settlem5ts1 #ba4 milit>y e/abli%m5ts1 #bc4 laws & taxes1 #bd1 #bf4 issu+ ( money1 #be4 appo9tm5t ( (fic]s1 #bg4 reject$ 9 ,engl&1 #bi4 ,almanack4 ,see ,poor ,ri*>d4 ,alphabet1 a new "o propos$1 ii4 #ceg4 examples ( writ+ 9 x1 #cfj4 correspond5ce on its m]its1 #cfa4 ,amb]1 electrical exp]im5ts on1 i4 #djc4 ,am]ica1 ,nor?1 air (1 dri] ?an t ( ,engl& & ,france1 ii4 #adj4 :y m>riages are m frequ5t !re ?an 9 ,europe1 #che4 :y lab\r w long cont9ue de> !re1 ibid4 argum5t aga9/ ! union ( ! colonies (1 "u "o gov]nm5t1 #dja4 /ate ( tol]ation !re1 #deg4 reflections on ! s*eme ( impos+ taxes on1 )\t its cons5t1 iii4 #cj4 ?\ghts on ! repres5tation (1 9 ! ,briti% p>liam5t1 #cg4 int]e/ ( ,great ,brita9 ) reg>d to1 #ci4 =ts 9 ! back settlem5ts (1 no security aga9/ ,france1 #ii4 w>s c>ri$ on !re aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 n m]ely 9 ! cause ( ! colonies1 #aje4 pref]5ce ( ! colonies (1 to ! ,we/ ,indian colonies1 #aac4 great navigable riv]s (1 fav\rable to inl& trade1 #aah4 :at commodities ! inl& p>ts (1 are fitt$ to produce1 #aai4 ! productions (1 d n int]f]e ) ^? ( ,brita91 #abc4 union ( ! colonies (1 9 a revolt aga9/ ,brita91 impossible b f griev\s oppression1 #acb4 reasons giv5 = re/ra9+ pap]-bills ( cr$it !re1 #add4 int5d$ s*eme ( a bank !re1 describ$1 #aee4 attempts ( ,frankl9 = conciliation ( ,brita9 )1 #bhf4 feel+ (1 z to ,brita91 9 ,may #agge1 #cdf4 conciliation ( ,brita9 )1 hopeless1 #cee4 acc\nt ( ! fir/ campaign ( ! ,briti% =ces aga9/1 #ceg4 application (1 to =eign c\rts1 = aid 9 its indep5d5ce1 #cfj4 cr$it (1 ) t ( ,brita91 9 #aggg1 comp>$1 #cgb4 true description ( ! int]e/ & policy (1 #cia4 in=mation to ^? emigrat+ ?i!r1 #cih4 t]ms on :i* l& may be obta9$ = new settlem5ts !re1 #dji4 ,am]icans1 _! prejudices = :atev] is ,engli%1 i4 #add4 ,an*or1 a swimm+ "o propos$1 ii4 #aha1 #ahe4 ,anci5ts1 _! exp]im5tal le>n+ too (t5 slight$1 ii4 #adf4 ,anecdote ( ,frankl9's e>ly _s ( ent]prise1 i4 #aa4 ( a ,sw$i% cl]gyman among ! ,indians1 iii4 #chf4 ( an ,indian :o w5t to *ur*1 #chi4 ,animal food1 ,frankl9's ab/95ce f1 i4 #bj4 return to1 #dg4 humor\s in/ance ( ab/95ce f1 #di4 heat1 :5ce x arises1 ii4 #gi1 #abe4 magnetism1 detect$ & expos$1 i4 #aej4 ,animalcules1 suppos$ to cause ! lum9\s appe>ance ( sea-wat]1 ii4 #hi4 ,animals1 h[ to kill !m by electricity1 i4 #dae4 ,antif$]ali/s ( ,am]ica1 comp>ison (1 to ! anci5t ,jews1 iii4 #daj4 ,appr5tices easi] plac$ out 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe1 iii4 #djg4 ind5tures (1 h[ made 9 ,am]ica1 #djh4 ,argum5tation1 bad effects (1 z a habit1 i4 #ag4 be/ me?od (1 #bb4 ,armies1 be/ means ( support+ !m1 ii4 #djj4 ,armonica1 musical in/rum5t s call$1 describ$1 ii4 #ccj4 mann] ( play+ on x1 #ccd4 ,asbe/os1 specim5 (1 sold by ,frankl9 to ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 i4 #fj4 lett] relat+ to x1 iii4 #eac4 ,a/rology1 lett] to ! ,busy-body on1 iii4 #ddh4 ,atmosph]e sometimes d5s] above ?an bel[1 ii4 #f4 electrical1 its prop]ties1 i4 #bid4 ,aurora borealis expla9$1 i4 #bab4 conjectures respect+1 #beg1 ii4 #fi4 qu]y conc]n+1 i4 #bic4 ,b4 ,bado91 ,mr4 lett]s f1 i4 #cad1 #cbd4 ,ballads1 two1 writt5 by ,frankl9 9 8 y\?1 i4 #af4 ,balls ( fire 9 ! air1 rem>k conc]n+1 ii4 #ccg4 ,b>omet]1 h[ act$ on by air1 ii4 #ib4 ,b>rels = gunp[d]1 new sort propos$1 i4 #cgf4 ,bass1 unnecess>y 9 "s tunes1 ii4 #cdc4 ,ba?+ relieves ?ir/1 ii4 #ajd4 obs]vations on1 #baa4 ,batt]y1 electrical1 its con/ruction1 i4 #aic4 ,baxt]1 ,mr4 obs]vations on 8 enquiry into ! nature ( ! s\l1 ii4 #aaj4 ,becc>ia1 "* ( 8 book on electricity1 i4 #caj4 ,be]1 n conducive to bodily /r5g?1 i4 #fb4 ,bells1 =m 9 consecrat+ !m at ,p>is1 i4 #chd4 ,belly-a*e1 dry1 lead a cause (1 ii4 #bbj4 ,b]muda1 little ?und] !re1 i4 #baf4 ,b]mudian sloops1 advantages ( _! con/ruction1 ii4 #agc4 ,b]n\lli1 ,mr4 8 plan = mov+ boats1 ii4 #agi4 ,bevis1 ,dr4 draws electricity f ! cl\ds1 i4 #dbi4 ,bible1 anecdote ( its concealm5t 9 ! reign ( ,m>y1 i4 #g4 trave/i$ by ,dr4 ,br[n1 #ca4 ,bills ( mortality1 reason+s1 =m$ on ^? = capital cities1 n applicable to ! c\ntry1 ii4 #chc4 ,bir?1 noble1 no qualification 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #djj4 ,bi%ops1 none 9 ,am]ica1 & :y1 ii4 #def1 #deh4 ,black clo!s heat m & dry soon] ?an :ite1 ii4 #ajh4 n fit = hot climates1 #aji4 ,blacksmi?1 trade (1 h]$it>y 9 ,frankl9's family1 i4 #d4 ,bl9dness occasion$ bo? by lightn+ & electricity1 i4 #bbh4 ,boats1 diff]5ce ( _! sail+ 9 %oal & deep wat]1 ii4 #afj4 managem5t (1 be/ und]/ood by savages1 #agf4 h[ r[$ by ! ,*9ese1 #agg4 me?ods ( mov+ !m by ma*9]y1 ibid4 improvem5t ( ,mr4 ,b]n\lli's plan = mov+ !m1 #agi4 proposal = a new mode ( mov+ !m1 ibid4 d\ble1 advantage (1 #agc1 #agd4 "o built by ,sir ,w4 ,petty1 ibid4 ,bodies1 electrifi$ negatively1 repel ea* o!r1 ii4 #bid4 effect ( blunt1 comp>$ ) po9t$ ones1 i4 #agb1 #bbc4 ,body1 human1 specifically light] ?an wat]1 ii4 #bjh4 political & human1 comp>$1 iii4 #aae4 ,bo]haave1 8 op9ion ( ! propagation ( heat1 ii4 #eh4 ( /eam f f]m5t+ liquors1 #ei4 ,boil+ wat]1 exp]im5ts )1 i4 #ccb1 #cdd1 #cde4 pot1 bottom (1 :y cold1 #chg4 ,bolton1 ,mr4 exp]im5t by1 i4 #cdf4 ,books read by ,frankl9 9 8 y\?1 i4 #ae1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba4 ,bo/on1 ! bir?-place ( ,frankl91 i4 #h4 :y quitt$ by him 9 8 y\?1 #bg1 its inhabitants decrease1 ii4 #baj4 preface to proce$+s ( ! t[n meet+ (1 iii4 #cag4 ,boyle's lectures1 effect (1 on ,frankl91 i4 #gi4 ,braddock1 g5]al1 defeat (1 i4 #aca4 ,brad=d1 pr9t] at ,philadelphia1 i4 #cd1 #ajb4 ,brass1 hot1 yields un:olesome /eams1 ii4 #bdi ,bri5tnal1 ,joseph1 a memb] ( ! ,junto club1 i4 #hc4 ,brim/one1 :5 fluid1 w conduct electricity1 i4 #bef4 ,bri/ol wat]s1 an all$g$ fact conc]n+1 ii4 #ie4 ,brita91 incapacity (1 to supply ! colonies ) manufactures1 ii4 #chf4 ,briti% empire1 an union ( sev]al /ates1 iii4 #caj4 ,br[n1 ,dr4 acqua9tance ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #cj4 trave/i$ ! bible1 #ca4 ,bubbles on ! surface ( wat]1 hypo!sis respect+1 ii4 #dh4 ,bu*an1 e>l (1 lett] to1 on ! price ( l& = new settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #dji4 ,build+s1 :at k9d safe/ f lightn+1 i4 #cgi4 ,bullion1 causes ( its v>iation 9 price1 iii4 #aec4 ,bunyan's ,voyages1 a book e>ly read by ,frankl91 i4 #ae1 #bh4 ,bur1 cause (1 r\nd a hole /ruck ?r\gh pa/ebo>d1 i4 #bhj4 ,burnet1 gov]nor1 8 att5tion to ,frankl9 9 8 y\?1 i4 #dd4 ,busy-body1 essays "u ! title (1 i4 #hf4 iii4 #dbb4 ,c4 ,cab9et-"w1 v5e]$ 9 ,engl&1 %r9ks & flies 9 ,am]ica1 ii4 #adj4 ,cables1 :y apt to "p :5 weigh+ an*or 9 a swell1 ii4 #afg4 ?is defect (1 rem$i$1 #afh4 ,cabot1 ,seba/ian1 8 commission f ,h5ry ,,vii41 iii4 #cdh4 ,calv9ism1 ,frankl9 educat$ 9 ! pr9ciples (1 i4 #gi4 ,campaign 9 ,am]ica1 acc\nt ( ! fir/1 iii4 #ceg4 ,canals1 obs]vations on _! dep?1 ii4 #aei4 ,canada1 importance (1 to ,engl&1 i4 #acf4 visit$ by ,frankl91 #adg4 its ext5t1 iii4 #bj4 pamphlet on ! importance (1 #hi4 easily peopl$ )\t dra9+ ,brita91 #aci4 ,canc]s1 specific =1 i4 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,c&les light$ by electricity1 i4 #agf4 di/ance at :i* ! flame (1 may be se51 ii4 #ij4 ,cann1 silv]1 a s+ul> exp]im5t on1 i4 #cjg4 ,canoes ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 _! advantages1 ii4 #agf4 ,canton1 ,mr4 ,john1 exp]im5ts by1 i4 #bhf1 #cdf4 draws electricity f ! cl\ds1 #dbh4 ,capitals1 _! use 9 pr9t+1 ii4 #ceb4 ,c>ibbees1 possession (1 only a tempor>y b5efit1 iii4 #adb4 ,c>ol9a1 ,s\?1 see ,lightn+4 ,cav5di%1 "l ,*>les1 8 electrical exp]im5ts1 i4 #cdh4 ,cay5ne w\ld be a great acquisition to ,brita91 iii4 #adj4 ,c5tre ( ! e>?1 hypo!sis conc]n+1 ii4 #aai1 #abg4 ,cessions f an enemy1 on :at gr\nds may be dem&$1 iii4 #ic4 ,*apel1 nickname = a pr9t+ h\se1 i4 #fc4 ,"*1 rem>ks on ! del9eation (1 iii4 #dde4 ,*>coal-fires1 hurtful1 ii4 #bce4 ,*>g+ & dis*>g+1 9 electricity1 expla9$1 i4 #aij4 a numb] ( bottles at once1 h[ done1 ibid4 ,*>t]s ( ! colonies c\ld n be alt]$ by p>liam5t1 iii4 #ccb4 ,*ess1 morals (1 iii4 #dhh4 n an idle amusem5t1 ibid4 tea*es v>i\s virtues1 #dhi4 advice to ^? :o play1 #dij4 too int5se an application to1 injuri\s1 #ejj4 ,*imnies1 diff]5t k9ds (1 enum]at$1 ii4 #bbh4 inconv5i5ce ( ! old-fa%ion$ ones1 #bbi4 defect ( m mod]n ones1 #bcj4 h n long be5 9 use 9 ,engl&1 #bgg4 ,/af=d%ire1 describ$1 #bhe4 h a draft ( air up & d[n1 #bhi4 may be us$ = keep+ provisions 9 summ]1 #bij4 may be ( use to m9]s1 #bia4 funnels to1 :at ! be/1 #bib1 #bie4 me?od ( contract+ !m1 #cag4 smoky4 ,see ,smoky4 ,*9a1 provision made !re aga9/ fam9e1 ii4 #djg4 ,*9ese wisely divide ! holds ( _! vessels by p>titions1 ii4 #aga4 h[ !y r[ _! boats1 #agg4 _! me?od ( w>m+ gr\nd floors1 #bib4 improvem5t 9 ?is me?od sugge/$1 #bic4 _! me?od ( mak+ l>ge pap]1 #cdi4 ,circle1 magical1 acc\nt (1 ii4 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,cities1 spr+ wat] gradually det]iorates 91 i4 #afc4 d n supply !mselves ) inhabitants1 ii4 #chd4 ,cl>k1 ,dr4 ( ,bo/on1 quot$1 on ! in/igation ( ! ,am]ican ,indians aga9/ ! ,engli%1 iii4 #ie1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,clo!s1 wet1 may pres]ve f lightn+1 i4 #bac4 w relieve ?ir/1 ii4 #ajd4 d n give colds1 ibid4 imbibe heat accord+ to _! col\r1 #ajh4 :ite1 mo/ suitable = hot climates1 ibid4 ,clo?+ does n give1 b pres]ves1 w>m?1 ii4 #ha4 ,cl\ds1 at l& & at sea1 diff]5ce betwe51 i4 #bjg4 =m$ at sea1 h[ br\ght to ra9 on l&1 #bjh4 driv5 aga9/ m\nta9s1 =m spr+s & riv]s1 #bji4 pass+ diff]5t ways1 acc\nt$ =1 #baa4 electrical1 attract$ by trees1 spires1 c4 #bac4 mann] 9 :i* !y become electris$1 #beg1 #cje4 are electris$ sometimes negatively & sometimes positively1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bhd1 #bib4 electricity drawn f !m1 at ,m>ly1 #dbj4 by ,mr4 ,cauton1 #dbh4 by ,dr4 ,bevis1 #dbi1 by ,mr4 ,wilson1 ibid4 h[ support$ 9 air1 ii4 #e4 h[ =m$1 #g4 :e!r w9ds are g5]at$ or c be conf9$ 9 !m1 #eg4 h little m solidity ?an fogs1 ibid4 ,club1 call$ ! ,junto1 in/itut$ by ,frankl91 i4 #hb4 rules (1 ii4 #cff1 #cfi4 que/ions discuss$ 91 #cfi4 ,coal1 sea1 lett] on ! nature (1 ii4 #abh4 ,cold1 :y seem+ly great] 9 metals ?an 9 wood1 ii4 #ef1 #gg4 s5sation (1 h[ produc$1 #eg4 only ! abs5ce ( heat1 #ha4 produc$ by *emical mixtures1 ibid4 evaporation4 ,see ,evaporation4 ,cold51 ,mr4 8 rem>ks on ,abb ,nollet's lett]s1 i4 #dcj4 meteorological obs]vations1 ii4 #ea4 obs]vations on wat]-sp\ts1 #ec4 ,colds1 causes (1 ii4 #bad1 #bcj4 ,coleman1 ,william1 a memb] ( ! ,junto club1 i4 #hd1 #hi4 ,colica pictorum1 caus$ by lead1 ii4 #bai4 ,coll9s1 ,john1 an e>ly fri5d ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #ag1 #bg1 #da1 #dc1 #dd4 ,coll9son1 ,mr4 "s acc\nt (1 iii4 #ead4 ,colonial gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica ( ?ree k9ds1 iii4 #ej4 ,colonies1 ! settlem5t (1 does n dim9i% national numb]s1 ii4 #cia4 _! prosp]ity b5eficial to ! "m c\ntry1 iii4 #aac4 are intitl$ to di/9ct gov]nm5ts1 #cjc4 ,am]ican1 pref]able to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ibid4 n dang]\s to ,brita91 #acb4 aids to gov]nm5t1 h[ giv5 by1 #bbe1 #bbf4 orig9ally gov]n$ by ! cr[n1 indep5d5t ( ,p>liam5t1 #bia4 n settl$ at ! exp5ce ( ,brita91 #cdh4 ,coloni/s 9 ,am]ica1 d\ble _! numb] 9 #be ye>s1 iii4 #aac4 f ,brita91 _! rights1 #bii4 ,col\rs4 ,see ,clo!s4 ,comazants1 or corposants1 are electrical appe>ances1 i4 #bdh4 ,comm]ce1 influ5ce (1 on ! mann]s ( a p1 ii4 #djj4 is be/ enc\rag$ by be+ left free1 #dae4 %\ld n be prohibit$ 9 "t ( w>1 #dag4 by inl& c>riage1 h[ support$1 iii4 #aaf4 ,common-s5se1 by ,pa9e1 ,frankl9 suppos$ to h contribut$ to1 i4 #adh4 ,compass1 in/ances ( its los+ its virtue by lightn+1 i4 #bdh4 h[ to rem$y ! want (1 at sea1 ii4 #aia4 ,conductors ( lightn+1 v common 9 ,am]ica1 i4 #aac4 fir/ sugge/ion ( ! utility (1 #bbg4 con/ruction (1 #ceh4 p>ticul>s relat+ to1 #cgg4 ( electricity1 diff]5ce 9 ! action (1 #bjj1 #cjc4 :i* ! mo/ p]fect1 #bec1 #bef4 & non-conductors1 o!r t]ms sub/itut$ =1 ibid4 ( common fire1 _! prop]ties & diff]5ces1 ii4 #gf1 #gg4 exp]im5ts on1 ii4 #gg4 ,congress1 ,frankl9 appo9t$ a delegate to1 i4 #adf4 propos$ ov]ture f1 9 #agge1 iii4 #cdg4 ,consecration ( bells 9 ,france1 =m (1 i4 #chd4 ,conspirators1 electrical1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 i4 #aif4 ,controv]sy1 b5efit (1 iii4 #ib4 ,conv]sation1 advantage ( useful topics (1 at d9n]1 i4 #ab4 ,cook1 capta91 circul> lett] conc]n+1 iii4 #eae4 copy ( ! voyages (1 pres5t$ to ,frankl91 by ! ,admiralty1 #eag4 ,cook]y1 at sea1 g5]ally bad1 ii4 #aid4 ,copp]1 mann] ( cov]+ h\ses )1 ii4 #cah1 #cbj1 #cbb4 ,copp] plate pr9t+-press1 ! fir/ 9 ,am]ica1 con/ruct$ by ,frankl91 i4 #gg4 ,corn1 ill policy ( lay+ re/ra9ts on ! exportation (1 ii4 #dac1 #dah4 ,c\ntries1 di/ant & unprovid$1 a plan = b5efit+1 ii4 #djc4 ,creation1 conjectures z to1 ii4 #aah4 ,cr$it1 t ( ,am]ica & ,brita9 9 #aggg1 comp>$1 iii4 #cgb4 dep5ds on paym5t ( loans1 #cgc4 indu/ry & frugality1 #cgd4 public _s1 #cge4 income & security1 #cgf4 prospects ( future ability1 ibid4 prud5ce1 #cgg4 "* = hone/y1 #cgh4 is money to a tradesman1 #dfd4 ,crim9al laws1 reflections on1 ii4 #dci4 ,crook$ direction ( lightn+ expla9$1 i4 #caf4 ,cutl]1 circum/ance t prev5t$ ,frankl9's be+ appr5tic$ to "o1 i4 #ad4 ,curr5ts at sea1 (t5 n p]ceivable1 ii4 #ahe4 ,cyd]1 ! be/ qu5*] ( ?ir/1 ii4 #aie4 ,d4 ,dalrymple1 ,mr4 s*eme ( a voyage "u 8 comm& to b5efit remote regions1 ii4 #djc4 ,damp air1 :y m *ill+ ?an dry air t is cold]1 ii4 #ef1 #gg4 ,dampi]1 acc\nt ( a wat]-sp\t by1 ii4 #cc4 ref]5ces to 8 voyage1 on ! subject ( wat]-sp\ts1 #eh4 ,dampness on walls1 cause (1 ii4 #ej4 ,day-light1 proposal to use x in/ead ( c&le-light1 iii4 #dgj4 ,deacon1 ,isaac1 f an und]l+ to a surveyor1 becomes inspector- g5]al ( ,am]ica1 i4 #gh4 progno/icates ! future em95ce 9 life ( ,frankl91 ib4 ,dea? ( ,frankl91 i4 #aec4 lett] f ,dr4 ,price on1 iii4 #eda4 ( relatives1 reflections on1 #ejg4 ,deism1 effects on ,frankl9 ( books writt5 aga9/1 i4 #gi4 ,deluge1 acc\nt$ =1 ii4 #abg4 ,d5ham1 a quak]1 a fri5d ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #ed4 extraord9>y trait ( hone/y (1 to 8 cr$itors1 #fg4 ,frankl9's engagem5t )1 z a cl]k1 #fh1 #gj4 ,d5m>k1 ! p (1 n subject to colds1 ii4 #bdd4 ,d5ny1 gov]nor1 rem>ks on 8 (ficial conduct 9 ,p5sylvania1 iii4 #agj4 ,desaquili]s1 8 exp]im5t on ! vap\r ( hot iron1 ii4 #bdi4 ,dew1 h[ produc$1 i4 #bjg4 ,dialogue1 betwe5 ,frankl9 & ! g\t1 iii4 #dii4 ,dick5son1 ,mr4 8 rem>ks on ! views ( ,engl& 9 fram+ laws ov] ! colonies1 iii4 #bcd4 rem>ks on 8 conduct1 #aib4 on 8 prote/1 #bjb4 ,discont5t$ dispositions satiriz$1 iii4 #dhe4 ,discont5ts 9 ,am]ica be=e #agfh1 causes (1 iii4 #bbe4 ,diss5tions betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 lett] on1 iii4 #caj4 ,diss]tation1 e>ly "o ( ,frankl9's1 t he rep5t$ hav+ writt51 i4 #eh4 ,disputation1 mode/y 91 recomm5d$1 i4 #ba4 ii4 #cag4 ,disputes betwe5 ,frankl9 & 8 bro!r1 to :om he 0 appr5tic$1 i4 #bd4 ,domi51 a travell]1 %ort acc\nt (1 i4 #cjb4 ,drawl+1 a defect 9 mod]n tunes1 ii4 #cde4 ,dreams1 art ( procur+ pleasant ones1 iii4 #dic4 ,dumas1 ,monsieur1 lett] to1 on ! aid want$ by ,am]ica 9 h] /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 iii4 #cfj4 ,duna riv]1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,dw9a1 iii4 #aai1 note4 ,du/1 h[ rais$ & c>ri$ up into ! air1 ii4 #c4 ,duties1 moral1 ! k (1 m important ?an ! k ( nature1 ii4 #ie4 ,dut* iron /ove1 advantages & defects (1 ii4 #bcc4 ,e4 ,e>ly impressions1 la/+ effect (1 on ! m9d1 iii4 #dgh4 ,e>? w dissolve 9 air1 ii4 #b4 dry1 w n conduct electricity1 i4 #bjf4 !1 sometimes /rikes lightn+ into ! cl\ds1 #bgd4 gr[s no hott] "u ! summ] sun1 :y1 ii4 #hf4 diff]5t /rata (1 #aaf4 !ory (1 #aag4 ,e>?quakes1 g5]al good aris+ f1 ii4 #aaf4 h[ occasion$1 #abj1 #abh4 ,eaton1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 resid5ce ( ,frankl9's family1 i4 #c4 ,ebb & flood1 explanation ( ! t]ms1 ii4 #ajj4 ,economical project1 iii4 #dfi4 ,ed9burgh1 an ord9ance !re aga9/ ! pur*ase ( prize-goods1 ii4 #ddg4 ,education ( wom51 controv]sy respect+1 i4 #ag4 ,eel1 electrical1 ( ,sur9am1 i4 #djh1 #dji4 ,effluvia ( drugs1 c4 w n pass ?r\gh glass1 i4 #bdc4 ,electrical air-!rmomet] describ$1 i4 #ccf1 et seq4 atmosph]e1 h[ produc$1 #bba4 h[ drawn (f1 #bbb4 atmosph]es repel ea* o!r1 #bid4 repel electric matt] 9 o!r bodies1 ib4 batt]y1 its con/ruction1 #aic4 cl\ds1 exp]im5t reg>d+1 #bbi4 dea?1 ! easie/1 #cjg4 exp]im5ts1 ,frankl9's eag] pursuit (1 #ajd4 made 9 ,france1 #aji4 v>i\s1 #ahb1 #bbi1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bga1 #bgh1 #bhf1 #bid1 #cjg1 #cbg1 #ccg1 #cdh1 #cga1 #dcd4 fire1 n creat$ by friction1 b collect$1 #agc4 passes ?r\gh wat]1 #bjb4 loves wat] & subsi/s 9 x1 #bjc4 diffus$ ?r\gh all matt]1 #bje visible on ! surface ( ! sea1 ibid4 its prop]ties & uses1 #bad1 et seq4 produces common fire1 #bad1 #bch1 #cef4 has ! same crook$ direction z lightn+1 #cae4 fluid1 its b5eficial uses1 #bai4 is /rongly attract$ by glass1 #bcf4 mann] ( its act+ ?r\gh glass h]metically seal$1 #bda4 a c]ta9 quantity (1 9 all k9ds ( matt]1 #bge4 nature ( its explosion1 #bhj4 *ooses ! be/ conductor1 #bha1 #cgh4 =ce1 may be unb\nd$ly increas$1 #bea4 horse-race1 #ccd4 jack = roa/+1 #aig4 kiss1 its =ce increas$1 #agg4 kite1 describ$1 #bfh4 ma*9e2 simple & portable "o1 describ$1 #agh4 matt]1 its prop]ties1 #bag1 #bid4 p>ty ( pleasure1 #bjb4 phial1 or ,leyd5 bottle1 its ph5om5a expla9$1 #agi4 %ock1 obs]vations on1 #ahb4 effects ( a /rong "o on ! human body1 #big1 #cjf4 sp>k1 p]=ates a quire ( pap]1 #aie4 :eel1 its con/ruction1 #aif4 self-mov+ "o1 #aih4 ,electricity1 summ>y ( its progress1 i4 #ajd4 positive & negative1 discov]$1 #ajf4 di/+ui%$1 #age4 9 a t\rmal91 #cgj4 does n affect ! ela/icity ( ! air1 #bed4 its simil>ity to lightn+1 #bhh4 its effects on p>alysis1 #dja4 ( fogs 9 ,irel&1 #dje4 suppos$ aff9ity betwe51 & magnetism1 #daj4 ,electrics p] se & non-electrics1 diff]5ce betwe51 i4 #bdb1 #beh4 ,electrifi$ bump]s describ$1 i4 #bjc4 ,electrisation1 :at con/itutes ! /ate (1 i4 #bah4 v>i\s appe>ances (1 #age4 v>iety (1 #agf4 ,electris+ "o's self1 mann] (1 i4 #agd4 ,elocution1 h[ be/ taught1 ii4 #cgd4 ,embassador f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,france1 ,frankl9 appo9t$ to ! (fice (1 i4 #adh4 ,emblematical design illu/rative ( ! ,am]ican tr\bles1 iii4 #cga4 ,emigrants to ,am]ica1 advice to1 iii4 #cih4 ,empire1 rules = r$uc+ a great "o1 iii4 #ccd4 ,engl&1 ,frankl9's fir/ arrival 91 i4 #ee4 second arrival 91 z ag5t = ! prov9ce ( ,p5sylvania1 #acd4 ?ird arrival 91 z ag5t = ! same prov9ce1 #ada4 its air moi/] ?an t ( ,am]ica1 ii4 #adj4 decrease ( population 91 d\btful1 #bif4 ,engli%1 effect ( ! anci5t mann]s (1 ii4 #cii4 language1 innovations 91 #cea4 ,ent]prises1 public1 ,frankl9's e>ly disposition =1 i4 #aj4 ,ephem]a1 an emblem ( human life1 iii4 #ejh4 ,epitaph on ,frankl9's p>5ts1 i4 #ac4 on himself1 #aee4 ,episcopalians1 conduct ( ! ,am]ican legislature t[>ds1 ii4 #dee4 ,errors ( ,frankl9's e>ly life1 i4 #de1 #eh1 #fa1 #hj1 #ig4 ,e!r1 :at1 ii4 #ei4 ,evaporation1 cold produc$ by1 i4 #cdd1 ii4 #gf1 #hc1 #he4 ( riv]s1 effects (1 #ajf4 ,exam9ation ( ,frankl9 be=e ! h\se ( commons1 i4 #adb1 iii4 #bde4 be=e ! privy c\ncil1 #cbh4 fur!r p>ticul>s (1 #eea4 ,ex*ange1 rate (1 betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,brita91 iii4 #beb4 ,ex]cise1 %\ld prec$e meals1 iii4 #dic4 ,exp]im5ts1 to %[ ! electrical effect ( po9ts1 i4 #aga1 #agb4 to prove ! electrical /ate ( ! ,leyd5 phial1 #ahb4 ( fir+ spirits by a sp>k s5t ?r\gh a riv]1 #bjb4 to %[ h[ ?und]-/orms produce ra91 #bji4 on ! cl\ds1 propos$1 #bbh4 on drugs electrifi$1 #bdc4 on ! ela/icity ( ! air1 #bed4 on ! electric fluid1 #bee4 by ,mr4 ,k5n]sley1 #bfa4 on ! electricity ( ! cl\ds1 #bga4 = increas+ electricity1 #bgh4 by ,mr4 ,canton1 #bhf4 9 pursuance ( ^? ( ,mr4 ,canton1 #bid4 on a silv] cann1 #cjg4 on ! velocity ( ! electric fluid1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj4 = produc+ cold by evaporation1 #cdd4 on ! diff]5t effects ( electricity1 #ceg4 by "l ,*>les ,cav5di%1 #cdh4 on ! t\rmal91 #cga4 to %[ ! utility ( long po9t$ rods to h\ses1 #chi4 on amb]1 #djc et seq4 on ! ,leyd5 phial1 #dcd4 on diff]5t col\r$ clo?s1 ii4 #ajh1 #aji4 on ! sail+ ( boats1 #afj4 ,exportation ( gold & silv]1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #daf4 ,exports to ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 iii4 #abg1 #abh4 to ,p5sylvania1 #abi1 #bej4 f ditto1 #bej4 ,eye1 reta9s ! images ( lum9\s objects1 ii4 #cdj4 ,f4 ,facts1 %\ld be asc]ta9$ be=e we attempt to acc\nt = !m1 ii4 #if4 ,family ( ,frankl91 acc\nt (1 i4 #e4 et seq4 ,fam9e1 h[ provid$ aga9/ 9 ,*9a1 ii4 #djg4 ,fann+1 h[ x cools1 ii4 #hg4 ,f>m]s1 remon/rance 9 behalf (1 ii4 #dbj4 ,f$]al con/itution1 spee* on1 iii4 #daf4 ,felons1 transportation (1 to ,am]ica1 highly disagreeable to ! inhabitants1 iii4 #bce4 ,f]m5t+ liquors1 _! /eam delet]i\s1 ii4 #ei4 ,fire1 n de/roy$ by wat]1 b disp]s$1 i4 #agb4 makes air specifically light]1 #bjf4 exi/s 9 all bodies1 #bad4 common & electrical1 exi/ toge!r1 ibid4 a region (1 above our atmosph]e1 #beg1 ii4 #abd4 _m ways ( k9dl+ x1 i4 #cef4 exi/s 9 a solid or quiesc5t /ate 9 sub/ances1 ibid4 ii4 #hj1 #abb4 recov]s its fluidity by combu/ion1 ibid4 is a fluid p]meat+ all bodies1 #gf4 conductors (1 are also be/ conductors ( ! electric fluid1 ibid4 diff]5ce betwe51 & electrical conductors1 #gg4 h[ diffus$ ?r\gh sub/ances1 #gh4 h[ g5]at$ 9 animat$ bodies1 #gi4 !ory (1 #abb4 a fix$ & p]man5t quantity (1 9 ! univ]se1 #abc4 its prop]ties1 #bbg4 electrical1 see ,electrical4 ,fire-companies1 num]\s at ,philadelphia1 i4 #ajc4 ,fire-places1 ,p5sylvanian1 acc\nt (1 ii4 #bbe4 l>ge & op51 inconv5i5t1 #bbh4 holl[ back$1 by ,gaug]1 #bcb4 ,/af=d%ire1 #bhe4 an +5i\s "o = s]v+ two rooms1 #bif4 ,fires1 at sea1 h[ (t5 produc$1 ii4 #agd4 great & bright1 damage ! eyes & sk91 #bcj4 ,fi%]ies1 value ( ^? ( ,newf\ndl&1 iii4 #deb4 ,flame1 pres]ves bodies f be+ consum$ :ile surr\nd+ !m1 ii4 #caj1 #caa4 ,flaxse$1 am\nt ( ! exportation ( f ,am]ica to ,irel&1 iii4 #bgj4 ,fle%1 ( animals1 made t5d] by lightn+ & by electricity1 i4 #cei1 #dad4 ,flies1 dr[n$ 9 ,am]ica1 br\ght to life 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #bbc4 ,flood & ebb1 explanation ( ! t]ms1 ii4 #ajj4 ,flor5ce flask1 :5 fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 n *>geable ) electricity1 i4 #ccb1 #cde4 ,fog1 great1 9 #aghc1 ii4 #fh4 conjectures z to its cause1 ibid4 ,fogs1 h[ support$ 9 air1 ii4 #e4 electricity (1 9 ,irel&1 i4 #dje4 ,folg]1 family-"n ( ,frankl9's "m1 i4 #h4 ,=eign]s1 ! importation (1 n necess>y to fill up occasional vacancies 9 population1 ii4 #cij4 ,=ts 9 ! back settlem5ts1 n approv$ (1 iii4 #ii4 ,fo/]1 judge1 notes on 8 argum5t = ! impress ( seam51 ii4 #dcg4 ,f\nd]+ at sea1 accid5ts t occasion x1 ii4 #afi1 #agj4 ,f\nta91 :5 electrifi$1 its /ream sep>ates1 i4 #bjf4 ,f[ls1 improp]ly treat$ at sea1 ii4 #aic4 ,fragm5ts1 political1 ii4 #daa4 ,france1 its air moi/] ?an t ( ,am]ica1 ii4 #adj4 effects ( its milit>y mann]s1 #cii4 ,frankl91 d]ivation ( ! "n1 i4 #d4 g5ealogy ( ! family (1 #e4 ,franks1 ! improp] use (1 reprobat$1 ii4 #dce4 ,freez+ to dea? 9 summ]1 possibility (1 ii4 #hd4 ,fr5* language1 its g5]al use1 ii4 #cec4 ,fronti]s1 9 ,am]ica1 ! attack (1 ! common cause ( ! /ate1 iii4 #aji4 ,frugality1 advantages (1 ii4 #cig4 obs]vance (1 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #cgd ,fruit-walls1 black+ !m recomm5d$1 ii4 #aaj4 ,fuel1 sc>ce 9 ,philadelphia1 ii4 #bbe4 ,full+-mills 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #bgj4 ,fusion1 cold1 ( metals1 suppos$1 i4 #bae4 proves a mi/ake1 #cci4 error respect+ x ackn[l$g$1 #cee4 ,g4 ,gall[ay1 ,mr1 preface to 8 spee*1 iii4 #afc4 ,g>ni%-money1 practice among pr9t]s ( dem&+ x1 i4 #fc4 ,gaug]1 ,m4 8 inv5tion = fire-places1 ii4 #bcb4 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,frankl9 family1 i4 #e4 ,g]man /oves1 advantages & disadvantages (1 ii4 #bcd4 ,g]many1 :y ! sev]al /ates (1 enc\rage =eign manufactures 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( ea* o!r1 iii4 #aah4 note4 ,gild+1 its prop]ties z a conductor1 i4 #bja4 ! effects ( lightn+ & ( electricity on1 #bbi4 fails z a conductor aft] a few %ocks1 #bca4 ,glass1 has always ! same quantity ( electrical fire1 i4 #aia4 possesses ! :ole p[] ( giv+ a %ock1 #aib1 #bdg4 9 panes1 :5 fir/ us$ 9 an electrical exp]im5t1 #aic1 #aid4 great =ce 9 small portions (1 #aii4 imp]meable to ! electric fluid1 #bcd1 #caj4 /rongly attracts ! electric fluid1 #bcf4 _c be electrifi$ negatively1 ibid4 its opposite surfaces1 h[ affect$1 ibid4 its compon5t p>ts & pores extremely f9e1 #bcg4 mann] ( its op]ation 9 produc+ electricity1 ibid4 its ela/icity1 to :at ow+1 #bci4 ?ick1 resi/s a *ange ( ! quantity ( electricity ( its diff]5t sides1 #bdb4 rod (1 w n conduct a %ock1 ibid4 :5 fluid1 or r$ hot1 w conduct electricity1 #bef4 diff]5ce 9 its qualities1 #cja4 error z to its pores1 #cjb4 w admit ! electric fluid1 :5 mod]ately heat$1 #cde1 #cdg4 :5 cold reta9s ! electric fluid1 #cdf4 exp]im5ts on w>m & cold1 #cdh4 s+ul> tube & ball (1 #chf4 ,glasses1 musical1 describ$1 ii4 #ccj1 et seq4 ,god1 say+ 9 ,am]ica respect+1 iii4 #dja4 ,godfrey1 ,?omas1 a lodg] ) ,frankl91 i4 #ha4 a memb] ( ! ,junto1 #hc4 inv5tor ( ,hadley's quadrant1 ibid4 wi%es ,frankl9 to m>ry a relation ( 81 #ie4 ,gold & silv]1 rem>ks on exportation (1 ii4 #daf4 ,gold5 fi%1 an electrical device1 i4 #bcc4 ,gov]nm5t1 free1 only de/roy$ by corruption ( mann]s1 ii4 #cig4 ,g\t1 dialogue ) t disease1 iii4 #dii4 ,grace1 ,rob]t1 memb] ( ! ,junto club1 i4 #hd1 #hi4 ,gratitude ( ,am]ica1 lett] on1 iii4 #bci4 ,greas+ ! bottoms ( %ips1 gives !m m swiftness1 ii4 #ahj4 ,greece1 causes ( its sup]iority ov] ,p]sia1 ii4 #cig4 ,greek empire1 ! de/ruction (1 disp]s$ manufactur]s ov] ,europe1 iii4 #abb4 ,gre5 & r$1 relation betwe5 ! col\rs (1 ii4 #cda4 ,gre5l&]s1 _! boats be/ = r[+1 ii4 #agf4 ,guadal\pe1 its value to ,brita9 ov]-rat$1 iii4 #aci4 ,gulph-/ream1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #ahf4 :al]s frequ5t its edges1 ibid4 long unkn[n to any b ! ,am]ican fi%]m51 ibid4 h[ g5]at$1 #ahg4 its prop]ties1 ibid4 tornadoes & wat]-sp\ts att5d+ x1 acc\nt$ =1 #ahh4 h[ to avoid x1 #aig4 ,nantucket :al]s be/ acqua9t$ ) x1 #aih4 !rmometrical obs]vations on1 #aii4 j\rnal ( a voyage across1 ibid4 ,gunp[d]1 fir$ by electricity1 i4 #bej4 magaz9es (1 h[ to secure !m f lightn+1 #cge4 proposal = keep+ x dry1 #cgf4 ,h4 ,habits1 effects (1 on population1 ii4 #cic4 #cid4 ,hadley's quadrant1 by :om inv5t$1 i4 #hc1 #ie4 ,hail1 br+s d[n electrical fire1 i4 #bib4 h[ =m$1 ii4 #ff4 ,hamilton1 ,mr4 a fri5d ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #ed1 #hh4 ,h&el1 criticism on "o ( 8 compositions1 ii4 #cde4 ,h>mony1 9 music1 :at1 ii4 #cci4 ,h>p1 effect (1 on ! anci5t ,scot* tunes1 ii4 #cdj4 ,h>ry1 ,david1 companion ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #gb1 #ic4 ,hats1 summ]1 %\ld be :ite1 ii4 #aji4 ! manufacture (1 9 ,new ,engl&1 9 #agfj1 iii4 #aca4 ,heal? ( seam51 ,capta9 ,cook's me?od ( pres]v+ x recomm5d$1 ii4 #aij4 ,heat1 produc$ by electricity & by lightn+1 i4 #cch1 #cci4 bett] conduct$ by "s sub/ances ?an o!rs1 ii4 #ef1 #eh4 h[ propagat$1 #eh4 ! pa9 x occasions1 h[ produc$1 #gh4 9 animals1 h[ g5]at$1 #gi1 #abe4 9 f]m5tation1 ! same z t ( ! human body1 #hj4 great1 at ,philadelphia1 9 #agej1 #he4 g5]al !ory (1 #abb4 ,h]r+s1 %oals (1 p]ceiv$ by ! smoo?ness ( ! sea1 ii4 #aej4 ,h9ts to ^? t w\ld be ri*1 iii4 #dff4 ,holmes1 ,rob]t1 bro!r-9-law to ,frankl91 i4 #cg1 #ga4 ,hone/y1 (t5 a v p>tial pr9ciple ( conduct1 ii4 #dcj4 ,hon\rs1 all desc5d+ ones absurd1 iii4 #eej4 ,hopk9s1 gov]nor1 8 report ( ! numb] ( inhabitants 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 iii4 #abi4 ,horse-race1 electrical1 i4 #cce4 ,hospital1 "o f\nd$ by ! ex]tions ( ,frankl91 i4 #abf4 ,hospitals1 f\ndl+1 /ate ( 9 ,engl& & ,france1 iii4 #edd991 #edh994 ,hospitality1 a virtue ( b>b>ians1 iii4 #cia4 ,h\ses1 rem>ks on cov]+ !m ) copp]1 ii4 #cah1 #cbj4 _m 9 ,russia cov]$ ) iron plates1 #cai4 _! con/ruction 9 ,p>is r5d]s !m little liable to fires1 #cba4 ,h[e1 "l1 lett] f1 to ,frankl91 iii4 #cfe4 ,frankl9's answ] to1 #cfg4 ,hudson's riv]1 w9ds !re1 ii4 #eb1 #ei4 ,hunt]s1 require mu* l& to subsi/ on1 ii4 #chd4 ,hurricanes1 h[ produc$1 ii4 #g4 :y cold 9 hot climates1 ibid4 ,hut*9son1 gov]nor1 cause ( ! application = 8 removal1 iii4 #cbc4 acc\nt ( ! lett]s (1 #cca1 #eea4 ,hygromet]1 be/ sub/ances = =m+ "o1 ii4 #acf4 mahogany recomm5d$ = =m+ "o1 #ada4 ,i4 ,j4 ,jackson1 ,mr4 rem>ks on population by1 ii4 #cib4 ,jamaica1 its vacant l&s n easily made sug> l&s1 iii4 #adj4 ,javelle1 8 ma*9]y = mov+ boats1 ii4 #agg4 ,ice w n conduct an electric %ock1 i4 #bja4 ,ice-isl&s1 dang]\s to %ipp+1 ii4 #agf4 ,idl5ess1 ! heavie/ tax on mank9d1 ii4 #daa1 iii4 #ded4 enc\rag$ by *>ity1 ii4 #dbb4 reflections on1 iii4 #dbh4 ,jeff]son1 ,mr4 lett] f1 on ! "* ( ,frankl91 iii4 #ede4 ,jesuits1 ho/ility ( ! ,indians 9 ,am]ica excit$ by1 iii4 #ie4 ,ignorance1 a frank ackn[l$gm5t (1 comm5dable1 i4 #cjh4 ,imports into ,p5sylvania f ,brita9 be=e #agff1 iii4 #bej4 ,impress ( seam51 notes on ,judge ,fo/]'s argum5t 9 fav\r (1 ii4 #dcg4 ,in>ticulation 9 mod]n s++1 c5sur$1 ii4 #cdh4 ,increase ( mank9d1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #chc1 & seq4 :at prev5t$ by1 #chf1 #chg4 h[ promot$1 #chh1 #chi4 fur!r obs]vations on1 #cic4 ,indemnification1 j gr\nd = requir+ cessions f an enemy1 iii4 #ic4 ,indep5d5ce1 soon acquir$ 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #djb4 ,indian trade & affairs1 rem>ks on a plan = ! future managem5t (1 iii4 #baf4 spiritu\s liquors ! great enc\ragem5t (1 #bai4 ! debts f1 mu/ be left to hon\r1 #bbj4 n an ,am]ican b a ,briti% int]e/1 #bge4 ,indians1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a numb] (1 murd]$1 i4 #aci4 (t5 excit$ by ! ,fr5* aga9/ ! ,engli%1 iii4 #ie4 li/ ( fight+ m5 9 ! diff]5t nations (1 #bba4 diff]5ce ( _! w>f>e f t ( ,europeans1 #ajj4 rem>ks conc]n+1 #chc4 _! mode ( life1 #chd4 public c\ncils1 #che4 polit5ess 9 conv]sation1 #chf4 rules 9 visit+1 #chh4 ,indu/ry1 effects ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #he4 ! cause ( pl5ty1 ii4 #cif4 ess5tial to ! welf>e ( a p1 #daa4 relax$ by *eapness ( provisions1 #dae4 a great] portion (1 9 e nation1 ?an ( idl5ess1 #cif1 #dbi1 iii4 #cif4 its preval5ce 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #cgc4 ,inflammability ( ! surface ( riv]s1 ii4 #acj4 ,inl& comm]ce1 in/ances (1 iii4 #abj4 ,innovations 9 language & pr9t+1 ii4 #cea4 ,inoculation1 lett] on ! dea?s occasion$ by1 ii4 #bae4 success (1 9 ,philadelphia1 #baf1 #bag4 ,insects1 utility ( ! /udy (1 ii4 #ic4 ,int]rogation1 ! m>k (1 h[ to be plac$1 ii4 #cef4 ,inv5tion1 ! faculty (1 its inconv5i5ces1 i4 #cjh4 ,inv5tions1 new1 g5]ally sc\t$1 ibid4 ,j\rnal ( a voyage1 cross+ ! gulph-/ream1 ii4 #aii4 f ,philadelphia to ,france1 #bjj1 #bja4 f ! *annel to ,am]ica1 #bjb1 et seq4 ,iron conta9$ 9 ! globe1 r5d]s x a great magnet1 ii4 #aai4 qu]y :e!r x exi/$ at ! creation1 #abf4 hot1 gives no bad smell1 #bdg4 yields no bad vap\rs1 #bdh4 rods1 erect$ = exp]im5ts on ! cl\ds1 i4 #bgj4 conduct m lightn+ 9 proportion to _! ?ickness1 #bhb4 ,isl&s f> f a cont95t h little ?und]1 i4 #baf4 ,italic types1 use (1 9 pr9t+1 ii4 #cee4 ,judges1 mode ( _! appo9tm5t 9 ,am]ica1 9 #agfh1 iii4 #bc4 ,junto4 ,see ,club4 ,k4 ,keim]1 a connection ( ,frankl9's1 "s acc\nt (1 i4 #ce1 #gj1 #ic4 ,kei?1 sir ,william1 ,frankl9 patroniz$ by1 i4 #ci4 deceiv$ by1 #ed4 "* (1 #eg4 ,k9n]sley1 ,mr4 electrical exp]im5ts by1 i4 #bfa1 et seq41 #cca4 ,kiss1 electrical1 i4 #agg4 ,kite us$ to draw electricity f ! cl\ds1 i4 #ajh4 electrical1 describ$1 i4 #bfh4 ,knobs1 n s prop] z po9ts1 = conduct+ lightn+1 i4 #cei4 ,l4 ,lab\r1 :y x w long cont9ue de> 9 ,am]ica1 ii4 #che4 its advantages1 #dbg1 #dbh4 ,l&1 t]ms on :i* x may be obta9$ 9 ,am]ica1 by settl]s1 iii4 #dji4 ,l&+ 9 a surf1 suppos$ practicable1 h[1 ii4 #aed4 tri$ )\t success1 #aee4 ,language1 rem>ks on innovations 91 ii4 #cea1 et seq4 ,laugh]s1 satyriz$1 iii4 #dbe4 ,law1 ! old c\rts (1 9 ! colonies1 z ample 9 _! p[]s1 z ^? 9 ,engl&1 iii4 #cjd4 ,law-exp5ses1 no disc\ragem5t to law-suits1 iii4 #bgj4 ,law-/amps1 a tax on ! poor1 iii4 #bfi4 ,lead1 effects (1 on ! human con/itution1 ii4 #bai4 ,leaks 9 %ips1 :y wat] ent]s by !m mo/ rapidly at fir/1 ii4 #aji4 means to prev5t _! be+ fatal1 #agj4 ,lea!r globe1 propos$1 in/ead ( glass1 = electrical exp]im5ts1 i4 #bfg4 ,left h&1 a petition f1 iii4 #dhc4 ,leg1 h&some & de=m$1 hum\r\s anecdote (1 iii4 #dcg4 ,legal t5d] ( pap]-money1 its advantages1 iii4 #aej4 fur!r rem>ks on1 #aea4 ,l5d+ money1 new mode (1 iii4 #dfc4 ,lett]-f\nd+ effect$ by ,frankl9 9 ,am]ica1 i4 #gd4 ,leutmann1 ,j4 ,g4 extract f 8 vulcanus famulans1 ii4 #bih4 ,leyd5 bottle1 its ph5om5a expla9$1 i4 #agi4 analys$1 #aib4 exp]im5t to prove its qualities1 #bde4 :5 seal$ h]metically1 reta9s long its electricity1 #cde4 ,lib]ty ( ! press1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #dfc4 abus$1 #dfe4 ( ! cudgel1 %\ld be all[$ 9 return1 #dfg4 ,libr>ies1 public1 ! fir/ 9 ,am]ica set on foot by ,frankl91 i4 #ii4 are n[ num]\s 9 ,am]ica1 #ajj4 advantages (1 to lib]ty1 #aja4 ,life & dea?1 obs]vations on ! doctr9es (1 ii4 #bbb4 ,light1 diff]5ce betwe5 t f ! sun & t f a fire 9 electrical exp]im5ts1 i4 #agc4 difficulties 9 ! doctr9es (1 i4 #bec4 qu]ies conc]n+1 ibid4 visibility ( its inf9itely small p>ticles comput$1 ii4 #ij4 new !ory (1 #abb4 ,ligh?\se-trag$y1 an e>ly poem ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #af4 ,lightn+1 repres5t$ by electricity1 i4 #agf4 drawn f ! cl\ds1 by a kite1 #bfh4 by an iron rod1 ibid4 reasons = propos+ ! exp]im5t on1 #cjd4 its effects at ,newbury1 #caj4 w leave o!r sub/ances1 to pass ?r\gh metals1 #cab4 communicates magnetism to iron1 #cad4 objections to ! hypo!sis ( its be+ collect$ f ! sea1 #cah1 #cbc4 effects (1 on a wire at ,new ,york1 #cbf4 on ,mr4 ,we/'s po9t$ rod1 #cdj1 et seq4 h[ x %iv]s trees1 #cei4 effects (1 on conductors 9 ,c>ol9a1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfd4 does n ent] ?r\gh op5+s1 #cfh4 %\ld be di/+ui%$ f its light1 #cfi4 an explosion always accompanies x1 ibid4 obs]vations on its effects on ,/4 ,bride's *ur*1 #cgd1 #chb4 h[ to pres]ve build+s f1 #cgg4 p]sonal dang] f1 h[ be/ avoid$1 #cha4 br\ght d[n by a po9t$ rod1 9 a l>ge quantity1 #chi4 h[ to prev5t a /roke (1 at sea1 ii4 #age4 ,l9nu1 in/ance ( public b5efit aris+ f 8 k ( insects1 ii4 #id4 ,london1 atmosph]e (1 moi/] ?an t ( ! c\ntry1 ii4 #aci4 ,loyalty ( ,am]ica be=e ! tr\bles1 iii4 #bcg4 ,luxury1 b5eficial :5 n too common1 ii4 #chi4 def9ition (1 #cie1 #dbe4 ext+ui%es families1 #cie4 n to be extirpat$ by laws1 #dja4 fur!r obs]vations on1 #dbe4 ,ly+-to1 ! only mode yet us$ = /opp+ a vessel at sea1 ii4 #aha4 ,m4 ,maddeson1 ,mr4 dea? (1 lam5t$1 iii4 #edd994 ,magaz9e ( p[d]1 h[ to secure x f lightn+1 i4 #cge4 ,magical circle ( circles1 ii4 #cbg4 picture1 i4 #aie4 squ>e ( squ>es1 ii4 #cbd4 ,magnetism1 animal1 detect$ & expos$1 i4 #aej4 giv5 by electricity1 #bdh1 #cad4 & electricity1 aff9ity betwe51 #daj4 suppos$ to exi/ 9 all space1 ii4 #aai1 #abf4 conjectures z to its effects on ! globe1 #abj4 enquiry h[ x fir/ came to exi/1 #abf4 ,mahogany1 exp&s & %r9ks1 accord+ to climate1 ii4 #ach4 recomm5d$ = an hygromet]1 #ada4 ,m&eville1 ,frankl9's acqua9tance )1 i4 #ci4 ,mann]s1 effects (1 on population1 ii4 #cic1 et seq4 lett] to ! ,busy-body on ! want (1 iii4 #dcb4 ,manufactures1 produce great] proportionate returns ?an raw mat]ials1 ii4 #daj4 f\nd$ 9 ! want ( l& = ! poor1 iii4 #ajg4 are ) difficulty transplant$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 #aba4 h>dly ev] lo/ b by =eign conque/1 #abb4 probability ( _! e/abli%m5t 9 ,am]ica1 #bfj4 want no enc\ragem5t f ! gov]nm5t1 if a c\ntry be ripe = !m1 #dje4 ,m>itime obs]vations1 ii4 #afb4 ,m>ly1 exp]im5ts made at1 = draw+ lightn+ f ! cl\ds1 i4 #dba4 ,m>riage ( ,frankl91 i4 #ig4 ,m>riages1 :]e ! greate/ numb] take place1 ii4 #chc4 :y frequ5t & e>ly 9 ,am]ica1 #che4 iii4 #aac1 #djc4 e>ly1 lett] on1 iii4 #dge4 ,m>yl&1 acc\nt ( a :irlw9d !re1 ii4 #fa4 ( pap] bills =m]ly issu$ !re1 iii4 #aee4 its conduct 9 a ,fr5* w>1 previ\s to ! ,am]ican tr\bles1 def5d$1 #bfb4 ,massa*usets bay1 petition ( ! inhabitants (1 to ! k+1 iii4 #cbe4 ,matt]1 enquiry into ! suppos$ vis in]ti (1 ii4 #aaj4 man c nei!r create nor annihilate x1 #abc4 ,mawgridge1 ,william1 memb] ( ! ,junto club1 i4 #hd4 ,maxims1 prud5tial1 f poor ,ri*>d's almanack1 iii4 #dec4 ,mazeas1 abbe1 lett] f1 i4 #dbj4 ,meal1 gra91 c4 mann] ( pres]v+ !m good = ages1 i4 #cgf4 ii4 #aij4 ,me*anics1 advantages ( an e>ly att5tion to1 i4 #ad4 ,m$iocrity1 preval5ce (1 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #cii4 ,melody 9 music1 :at1 ii4 #cdj4 ,m51 six1 /ruck d[n by an electric %ock1 i4 #cjf4 ,m]c]1 ,dr4 lett] f1 on a wat]-sp\t1 ii4 #cd4 ,m]*ants & %opkeep]s 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #cid4 ,m]$i?1 ,hugh1 companion ( ,frankl91 %ort acc\nt (1 i4 #gb1 #gf1 #hi4 ,metall9e rods1 secure build+s f lightn+1 i4 #bha4 ei!r prev5t or conduct a /roke1 #caj4 ,metals1 melt$ by electricity & by lightn+1 i4 #bae1 #bbi4 :5 melt$ by electricity1 /a9 glass1 #bcb4 poli%$1 spott$ by electrical sp>ks1 #bec4 feel cold] ?an wood1 :y1 ii4 #ef4 ,meteorological obs]vations1 ii4 #a1 #de1 #ff4 ,me?usalem slept always 9 ! op5 air1 iii4 #die4 ,mickle1 ,samuel1 a progno/icator ( evil1 i4 #ha4 ,milit>y mann]s1 effects (1 ii4 #cih1 #cii4 p[] ( ! k+1 rem>ks on1 iii4 #cjg4 ,militia bill1 ,frankl9 ! au?or ( "o1 i4 #acb4 p>ticul> "o1 reject$ by ! gov]nor ( ,p5sylvania1 #ajj4 iii4 #aeg4 ,m9es1 me?od ( *ang+ air 9 !m1 ii4 #bia4 ( rock salt1 conjectures z to _! =mation1 #ib4 ,mi/s1 h[ support$ 9 air1 ii4 #e4 ,mode/y 9 disputation recomm5d$1 ii4 #cag4 ,money1 h[ to make x pl5ty1 iii4 #dfg4 new mode ( l5d+1 #dfh4 ,moral pr9ciples1 /ate ( ,frankl9's m9d respect+1 on 8 ent]+ into bus9ess1 i4 #gi4 ,morals ( *ess1 iii4 #dhh4 ,motion1 ! communication & effects (1 ii4 #g1 #h4 ( vessels at sea1 h[ to be /opp$1 #aha4 ,m\nta9s1 use (1 9 produc+ ra9 & riv]s1 i4 #bjh4 :y ! summits (1 are cold1 ii4 #f4 conjecture h[ !y became s high1 #ia4 ,music1 h>mony & melody ( ! old ,scoti%1 ii4 #cch4 mod]n1 defects (1 #cdc4 ,musical glasses describ$1 ii4 #ccj4 ,n4 ,nantucket :al]s be/ acqua9t$ ) ! gulph-/ream1 ii4 #aih4 ,national weal?1 data = reason+ on1 ii4 #djh4 ?ree ways ( acquir+1 #daj4 ,navigation1 diff]5ce (1 9 %oal & deep wat]1 ii4 #aeh4 obs]vations on1 #aie1 #aif4 f ,newf\ndl& to ,new ,york1 #aig4 inl&1 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #aah4 ,ne$le ( a compass1 its pol>ity rev]s$ by lightn+1 i4 #bdh1 #cbe4 ( wood1 circul> motion (1 by electricity1 #ccb1 #cea4 ,ne$les1 magnetis$ by electricity1 i4 #adh4 & p9s1 melt$ by electricity1 #bdi4 ,negatively electris$ bodies repel ea* o!r1 i4 #bid4 ,negroes be> heat bett]1 & cold worse1 ?an :ites1 ii4 #hf4 ,newbury1 effects ( a /roke ( lightn+ !re1 i4 #caj4 ,new-,engl&1 =m] fl\ri%+ /ate (1 f ! issue ( pap] money1 iii4 #ade4 circum/ances :i* r5d]$ ! re/riction ( pap] money !re n injuri\s1 #adh4 abolition ( pap] curr5cy !re1 #bfc4 ,newf\ndl& fi%]ies1 m valuable ?an ! m9es ( ,p]u1 iii4 #deb4 ,newspap]1 "o suffici5t = all ,am]ica1 9 #agba1 i4 #bc4 in/ance ( "o set up by ,frankl9 at ,philadelphia1 #hf4 ,new-,york1 effects ( lightn+ !re1 i4 #cbf4 =m] fl\ri%+ /ate (1 f ! issue ( pap]-money1 iii4 #adf4 s5tim5ts ( ! coloni/s on ! act = aboli%+ ! legislature (1 #bcb4 obta9$ 9 ex*ange = ,sur9am1 #cdi4 ,nollet1 ,abb1 ,frankl9's !ory ( electricity oppos$ by1 i4 #aac4 rem>ks on 8 lett]s1 #dcj4 ,non-conductors ( electricity1 i4 #cgh4 ,non-electric1 its prop]ty 9 receiv+ or giv+ electrical fire1 i4 #aic4 ,nor?-ea/ /orms 9 ,am]ica1 acc\nt (1 ii4 #fh4 ,nurses1 (fice at ,p>is = exam9+ ! heal? (1 iii4 #edi994 ,o4 ,oak be/ = floor+ & /air-cases1 ii4 #cba4 ,ohio1 di/ance ( its =t f ! sea1 iii4 #aai1 note4 ,oil1 effect ( heat on1 ii4 #d4 evaporates only 9 dry air1 ibid4 r5d]s air unfit to take up wat]1 ibid4 curi\s in/ance ( its effects on wat] 9 a lamp1 #adb4 /ill+ ( waves by means (1 #add1 #ade1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aed4 ,old man's wi%1 song s call$ quot$1 iii4 #edf994 ,onsl[1 ,ar?ur1 d$ication ( a "w to1 by ,frankl91 iii4 #ei4 ,op9ions1 vulg> ones too mu* slight$1 ii4 #adf4 reg>d to e/abli%$ ones1 ?\ght wisdom 9 a gov]nm5t1 iii4 #bbf4 ,or?ography1 a new mode (1 ii4 #cei4 ,osborne1 a fri5d ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #ej1 #ec ,ov]sett+ at sea1 h[ x occurs1 ii4 #agb4 h[ to be prev5t$1 ibid41 #agc4 ,outrigg]s to boats1 advantages (1 ii4 #agc4 ,p4 ,pack?read1 ?\gh wet1 n a good conductor1 i4 #bjj4 ,pa9e's ,common ,s5se1 ,frankl9 suppos$ to h contribut$ to1 i4 #adh4 ,pap]1 h[ to make l>ge %eets1 9 ! ,*9ese way1 ii4 #cdi4 a poem1 iii4 #ebb4 ,pap]-cr$it1 _c be circumscrib$ by law1 ii4 #dah4 ,pap]-money1 pamphlet writt5 by ,frankl9 on1 i4 #ia4 ,am]ican1 rem>ks & facts relative to1 iii4 #add4 advantages (1 ov] gold & silv]1 iii4 #aeb4 ,pap]s on philosophical subjects1 i4 #afi1 et seq4 ii4 #a1 et seq4 on g5]al politics1 ii4 #chc1 et seq4 on ,am]ican subjects1 be=e ! revolution1 iii4 #c1 et seq4 dur+ ! revolution1 iii4 #bbe1 et seq4 subsequ5t to ! revolution1 iii4 #chc1 et seq4 on moral subjects1 iii4 #dba1 et seq4 ,p>able aga9/ p]secution1 ii4 #dej4 ,p>adoxes inf]r$ f "s exp]im5ts1 i4 #bfb4 ,p>alysis1 effects ( electricity on1 i4 #dja4 ,p>liam5t ( ,engl&1 op9ions 9 ,am]ica1 9 #agff1 conc]n+1 iii4 #bed4 ,p>sons1 ,william1 memb] ( ! ,junto club1 i4 #hc4 ,p>ties1 _! use 9 republics1 iii4 #cif4 ,p>ty ( pleasure1 electrical1 i4 #bjb4 ,passages to & f ,am]ica1 h[ to be %ort5$1 ii4 #ach4 :y %ort] f1 ?an to1 ,am]ica1 #ahi4 ,pass5g]s by sea1 in/ructions to1 ii4 #aib4 ,patriotism1 _s (1 cat*+1 iii4 #ij4 ,peace1 ! victori\s p>ty may insi/ on adequate securities 9 ! t]ms (1 iii4 #if4 ,p5n1 gov]nor1 rem>ks on 8 adm9i/ration1 iii4 #ahc4 sold 8 legislative "r 9 ,p5sylvania1 b did n complete ! b>ga91 #ahi4 ,p5sylvania1 ,frankl9 appo9t$ cl]k to ! g5]al assembly (1 i4 #ajb4 =ms a plan ( association = ! def5ce (1 #ajd4 becomes a memb] ( ! g5]al assembly (1 #aad4 aggrievances (1 iii4 #ej4 infraction ( its *>t]1 #eb4 review ( ! con/itution (1 #ei4 =m] fl\ri%+ /ate (1 f ! issue ( pap]-money1 #adf4 rate ( ex*ange !re1 #aed4 lett] on ! militia bill (1 #aeg4 settl$ by ,engli% & ,g]mans1 #afb4 ,engli% & ,g]man1 its prov9cial languages1 ib4 pecuni>y b>ga9s betwe5 ! gov]nors & assembly (1 #afe4 taxes !re1 #bdf1 #bea4 numb] ( its inhabitants1 #bdi4 proportion ( quak]s1 & ( ,g]mans1 ibid4 exports & imports1 #bej4 assembly (1 9 #agff1 h[ compos$1 #beb4 ,p5sylvanian fire-places1 acc\nt (1 ii4 #bbc4 p>ticul>ly describ$1 #bce4 effects (1 #bci4 mann] ( us+ !m1 #bda4 advantages (1 #bdc4 objections to1 answ]$1 #bdg4 directions to bricklay]s respect+1 #bea4 ,peopl+ ( c\ntries1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #chc1 et seq4 ,p]k9s1 ,dr4 lett] f1 on wat]-sp\ts1 ii4 #aa4 on %oot+ />s1 #cf4 ,p]secution1 p>able aga9/1 ii4 #dej4 ( diss5t]s1 lett] on1 #deb4 ( quak]s 9 ,new ,engl&1 #ded4 ,p]spirable matt]1 p]nici\s1 if reta9$1 ii4 #ej4 ,p]spiration1 necess>y to be kept up1 9 hot climates1 ii4 #hf4 diff]5ce (1 9 p]sons :5 nak$ & clo!d1 #bad4 ,petition f ! coloni/s ( ,massa*usets bay1 iii4 #cbe4 ( ! left h&1 #dhc4 ,petty1 sir ,william1 a d\ble vessel built by1 ii4 #agd4 ,philadelphia1 ,frankl9's fir/ arrival at1 i4 #cb4 acc\nt ( a sem9>y !re1 in/itut$ by ,frankl91 #aaf to #abg4 /ate ( ! public bank at1 iii4 #eea994 ,phytolacca1 or poke we$1 a specific = canc]s1 i4 #bfa4 ,picture1 magical1 describ$1 i4 #aie4 ,pla9 tru?1 ,frankl9's fir/ political pamphlet1 iii4 #ebd4 ,plan = b5efit+ di/ant c\ntries1 ii4 #djc4 = settl+ two we/]n colonies1 iii4 #da4 = ! managem5t ( ,indian affairs1 rem>ks on1 #baf4 = improv+ ! condition ( ! free blacks1 #eai4 ,plank+ ( %ips1 improvem5t 91 ii4 #ahi4 ,pleurisy1 ,frankl9 attack$ by1 i4 #ga1 #aed4 ,plus & m9us electricity1 9 ! ,leyd5 bottle1 i4 #aha4 9 o!r bodies1 #ahe4 ,po9t$ rods1 secure build+s f lightn+1 i4 #bhc1 #cha4 exp]im5ts & obs]vations on1 #chh4 objections to1 answ]$1 #cie1 #cif4 ,po9ts1 _! effects1 i4 #agj4 prop]ty (1 expla9$1 #bbc4 exp]im5t %[+ ! effect (1 on ! cl\ds1 #bhc4 mi/ake respect+1 #caj4 ,poke-we$1 a cure = canc]s1 i4 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,pol>ity giv5 to ne$les by electricity1 i4 #bdh4 ,poles ( ! e>?1 if *ang$1 w\ld produce a deluge1 ii4 #abg4 ,political fragm5ts1 ii4 #daa4 ,polypus1 a nation comp>$ to1 ii4 #cia4 ,poor1 rem>ks on ! managem5t (1 ii4 #dah4 ! bett] provid$ =1 ! m idle1 #dbb4 ,poor ,ri*>d1 maxims (1 iii4 #dec4 ,pope1 criticism on two ( 8 l9es1 i4 #bc4 ,population1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #chc4 causes :i* dim9i% x1 #chf4 occasional vacancies 91 soon fill$ by natural g5]ation1 #cij4 rate ( its increase 9 ,am]ica1 #che4 iii4 #aac1 #bej1 #bed4 :y x increases fa/] !re1 ?an 9 ,engl&1 iii4 #bee4 ,positions conc]n+ national weal?1 ii4 #djh4 ,positiv5ess1 impropriety (1 ii4 #cah4 ,po/age1 n a tax1 b paym5t = a s]vice1 iii4 #bfe4 /ate (1 9 ,am]ica1 9 #agff1 #bgi4 ,po/-ma/]1 & deputy po/-ma/] g5]al1 ,frankl9 appo9t$ to ! (fices (1 i4 #ajb1 #abg4 ,potts1 ,/eph51 a companion ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #gb1 #hd4 ,p\ltry1 n good at sea1 ii4 #aic4 ,p[d]-magaz9es1 h[ secur$ f lightn+1 i4 #cge4 ,p[] to move a heavy body1 h[ to be augm5t$1 ii4 #aia4 ,p[nall1 gov]nor1 memorial (1 to ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 iii4 #da4 lett] f1 on an equal communication ( rights to ,am]ica1 #bdc4 con/itution ( ! colonies by1 #bii4 ,preface to ,mr4 ,gall[ay's spee*1 iii4 #afc4 to proce$+s ( ! inhabitants ( ,bo/on1 #cag4 ,presbyt]ianism1 e/abli%$ religion 9 ,new ,engl&1 ii4 #ded4 ,press1 acc\nt ( ! c\rt (1 ii4 #dfc4 lib]ty (1 abus$1 #dfe4 ,press+ ( seam51 animadv]sions on1 ii4 #dcg4 ,price1 ,dr4 lett] f1 on ,frankl9's dea?1 iii4 #eda4 ,prie/ley1 ,dr4 lett] f1 on ,frankl9's "*1 iii4 #edg4 ,pr9t]s at ,philadelphia be=e ,frankl91 i4 #cf4 ,pr9t+1 ,frankl9 appr5tic$ to ! bus9ess (1 i4 #ae4 works at x z a j\rneym5 9 ,engl&1 #eh1 #fb4 9 ,am]ica1 #ce1 #ga4 ent]s on ! bus9ess (1 z ma/]1 #gh4 obs]vations on fa%ions 91 ii4 #cee4 ,prison1 society = reliev+ ! mis]y (1 i4 #aea4 n kn[n among ! ,indians ( ,am]ica1 iii4 #bbj4 ,private]+1 reprobat$1 ii4 #dcf4 fur!r obs]vations on1 #ddf4 article to prev5t x1 recomm5d$ 9 national treaties1 #ddh4 ins]t$ 9 a treaty betwe5 ,am]ica & ,prussia1 #ddi4 ,proas1 ( ! pacific ocean1 safety (1 ii4 #agc4 fly+1 sup]ior to any ( our sail+ boats1 #agf4 ,produce ( ! inl& p>ts ( ,am]ica1 iii4 #aai4 ,products ( ,am]ica1 d n int]f]e ) ^? ( ,brita91 iii4 #abd4 ,prose-writ+1 me?od ( acquir+ excell5ce 91 i4 #ah4 ,prote/ aga9/ ,frankl9's appo9tm5t z colonial ag5t1 rem>ks on1 iii4 #bjc4 ,provisions1 *eapness (1 enc\rages idl5ess1 ii4 #dae4 ,prussian edict1 assum+ claims ov] ,brita91 iii4 #caa4 ,public s]vices & functions ( ,frankl91 i4 #abe4 _s1 manife/ 9 ,engl&1 iii4 #ia4 diff]5t op9ion respect+ x express$1 #cge4 ,punctuality ( ,am]ica 9 ! paym5t ( public debts1 iii4 #cgc4 ,puckridge1 ,mr4 inv5tor ( musical glasses1 i4 #acf4 ,q4 ,quak]-lady1 good advice ( "o to ,frankl9 9 8 y\?1 i4 #db4 ,quak]s1 p]secution (1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ii4 #ded4 proportion (1 9 ,p5sylvania1 iii4 #bdi4 ,quebec1 rem>ks on ! enl>gem5t ( ! prov9ce (1 iii4 #bj1 note4 ,qu]ies conc]n+ light1 i4 #beh4 propos$ at ! ,junto club1 ii4 #cff4 f ,mr4 ,/rahan1 on ! ,am]ican disputes1 iii4 #bhg4 ,que/ions discuss$ by ! ,junto club1 ii4 #cfi4 ,r4 ,ra91 h[ produc$1 i4 #bjg4 g5]ally br+s d[n electricity1 #bib4 :y nev] salt1 ii4 #cb4 diff]5t quantities (1 fall+ at diff]5t heights1 #acc4 ,ralph1 ,james1 a fri5d ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #eg1 #fj4 ,r>efaction ( ! air1 :y great] 9 ! upp] regions1 ii4 #f4 ,read1 maid5 "n ( ,frankl9's wife1 i4 #cc1 #cg1 #di1 #ed1 #ei1 #gj1 #if4 ,read+1 ,frankl9's e>ly passion =1 i4 #ae1 #af4 h[ be/ taught1 ii4 #cgb4 advice to y\? respect+1 #cgh4 ,recluse1 a ,roman ,ca?olic "o1 9 ,london1 i4 #fe4 ,r$ & gre51 relation betwe5 ! col\rs (1 ii4 #cda4 ,regim51 sudd5 alt]ations (1 n prejudicial1 i4 #di4 ,religi\s sect1 new "o1 int5d$ e/abli%m5t (1 i4 #dh4 ,repell5cy1 electrical1 h[ de/roy$1 i4 #agb4 ,repres5tation1 ,am]ican1 9 ! ,briti% p>liam5t1 ?\ghts on1 iii4 #cg1 #bdc4 ,repulsion1 electrical1 ! doctr9e (1 d\bt$1 i4 #ccc4 consid]ations 9 support (1 #cdi4 ,revelation1 d\bt$ by ,frankl9 9 8 y\?1 i4 #gi4 ,rhode-,isl&1 pur*as$ = a pair ( spectacles1 iii4 #ba4 its population at ?ree p]iods1 iii4 #abi4 ,ri*1 h9ts to ^? t w\ld be1 iii4 #dff4 ,ridicule1 delight ( ! pr9ce ( ,cond 91 iii4 #dbd4 ,riv]s1 f ! ,&es1 h[ =m$1 i4 #bji4 motion ( ! tides 91 expla9$1 ii4 #if1 #ajb4 d n run into ! sea1 #aje4 evaporate be=e !y rea* ! sea1 #ajf4 inflammability ( ! surface (1 #acj4 ,rods1 utility ( long po9t$ ones1 to secure build+s f lightn+1 i4 #chh4 ,see f>!r4 ,iron4 ,lightn+4 ,metall9e4 ,rome1 causes ( its decl9e enquir$ into1 ii4 #cih4 political gov]nm5t ( its prov9ces1 iii4 #acf4 ,rooms1 w>m1 advantages (1 ii4 #bdi4 d n give colds1 ibid4 ,roots1 edible1 might be dri$ & pres]v$ = sea-/ore1 ii4 #aij4 ,ros91 :5 fluid1 w conduct electricity1 i4 #bef4 ,r\sseau1 8 op9ion ( tunes 9 p>ts1 ii4 #cdb4 ,r[+ ( boats1 ,*9ese me?od (1 ii4 #agg4 ,r[ley1 ,dr4 ,frankl9's obligations to1 iii4 #eee994 ,s4 ,sail+1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #afc4 ,sails1 propos$ improvem5ts 91 ii4 #afd1 #aff4 ,sa9t ,bride's *ur*1 /roke ( lightn+ on1 i4 #cgd4 ,salt1 dry1 w n conduct electricity1 i4 #beh4 rock1 conjectures z to its orig91 ii4 #ia4 ,saltness ( ! sea-wat] consid]$1 ib4 ,savage1 ,john1 a companion ( ,frankl9's1 i4 #gb4 ,savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 rem>ks on1 iii4 #chc1 et seq4 ,s*ool1 sket* ( "o1 = ,philadelphia1 ii4 #cgj4 ,scot* tunes1 h>mony (1 & melody1 ii4 #cch4 ,scream+1 a defect 9 mod]n tunes1 ii4 #cde4 ,scull1 ,ni*olas1 memb] ( ! ,junto club1 i4 #hc4 ,sea1 electrical qualities ( its compon5t p>ts1 i4 #bje4 op9ion1 t x is ! s\rce ( lightn+1 consid]$1 #bfi1 #cba1 #cbb4 suppos$ cause ( its lum9\s appe>ance1 ii4 #hh4 f :at cause1 salt1 #ia4 has =m]ly cov]$ ! m\nta9s1 ib4 ,sea-coal1 has a vegetable orig91 ii4 #abh4 prejudices aga9/ ! use (1 at ,p>is1 #bgh4 ,sea-wat]1 soon loses its lum9\s quality1 i4 #bfi4 consid]ations on ! di/illation (1 ii4 #ajc4 h[ to qu5* ?ir/ )1 #ajd4 !rmometrical obs]vation on1 #aii1 et seq4 ,security1 a j gr\nd to dem& cessions f an enemy1 iii4 #ic4 ,sep>ation ( ! colonies f ,brita91 probability (1 9 #agge1 iii4 #cef4 ,s]vants 9 ,engl&1 ! mo/ b>r5 p>ts ( ! p1 ii4 #cie4 ,settlem5ts1 new1 9 ,am]ica1 lett] conc]n+1 iii4 #dji4 ,settl]s ( ,briti% colonies1 _! rights1 iii4 #bii4 ,%eep1 a :ole flock kill$ by lightn+1 i4 #dae4 ,%ips1 ab&on$ at sea1 (t5 sav$1 ii4 #afi4 may be nicely balanc$1 #agj4 accid5ts to1 at sea1 h[ gu>d$ aga9/1 #agb4 ,%irley1 gov]nor1 lett]s to1 on ! taxation ( ! colonies1 iii4 #cj4 on ,am]ican repres5tation 9 ! ,briti% p>liam5t1 #cg4 ,%oot+-/>s1 lett] on1 ii4 #cf4 ,%op-keep]s 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #cid4 ,sides ( vessels1 ! be/ con/ruction (1 ii4 #agb4 ,silv] cann1 exp]im5t )1 i4 #cjg4 vessels1 n s easily h&l$ z glass1 :5 fill$ ) hot liquors1 ii4 #eg4 ,slav]y1 society = ! abolition (1 i4 #aea4 address to ! public on ! abolition (1 iii4 #eag4 ,slaves1 n pr(itable lab\r]s1 ii4 #chf4 dim9i% population1 ii4 #chg4 ,slave-trade1 s5tim5t ( a ,fr5* morali/ respect+1 ii4 #aie4 p>ody on ! argum5ts 9 fav\r (1 #dej4 ,slid+-plates = smoky *imnies describ$1 ii4 #bhg4 ,slitt+-mills 9 ,am]ica1 iii4 #bgj4 ,small1 ,mr4 ,alex&]1 lett] f1 i4 #cgd4 ,smell ( electricity1 h[ produc$1 i4 #bdd4 ,smoke1 pr9ciple by :i* x asc5ds1 ii4 #beg4 /ove t consumes x1 #bif4 ! burn+ (1 useful 9 hot-h\ses1 #caf4 ,smoky *imnies1 obs]vation on ! causes & cure (1 ii4 #bef4 rem$y =1 if by want ( air1 #bfa1 #bfb4 if by too l>ge op5+s 9 ! room1 #bff1 #bfh4 if by too %ort a funnel1 #bfi4 if by ov]p[]+ ea* o!r1 #bgj1 #bga4 if by be+ ov]topp$1 #bga1 #bgb4 if by improp] situation ( a door1 #bgc4 if by smoke drawn d[n _! funnels1 #bgd1 #bge4 if by /rong w9ds1 #bge1 #bgf4 difficult sometimes to discov] ! cause (1 #bhb4 ,smuggl+1 reflections on1 ii4 #dcj4 enc\ragem5t (1 n hone/1 #dcb4 ,sn[1 s+ul> in/ance ( its giv+ electricity1 i4 #cgc4 ,soap-boil]1 "p ( ,frankl9's e>ly life devot$ to ! bus9ess (1 i4 #aj1 #ad4 ,societies1 ( :i* ,frankl9 0 presid5t1 i4 #aea4 le>n$1 ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 #ace4 ,socrates1 8 mode ( disputation1 i4 #ba4 ,songs1 anci5t1 give m pleasure ?an mod]n1 ii4 #cdb4 mod]n1 compos$ ( all ! defects ( spee*1 #cdd4 ,s\l1 argum5t aga9/ ! annihilation (1 iii4 #edh994 ,s\nd1 be/ m$iums = convey+1 ii4 #cce4 obs]vations on1 #ccf4 qu]ies conc]n+1 #ccg4 ,s\nds j pa/1 we h a p]fect idea ( _! pit*1 ii4 #cdj4 ,s\p-di%es at sea1 h[ to be made m conv5i5t1 ii4 #aie4 ,spa91 :at has ?9n$ its population1 ii4 #cij4 ,specific weight1 :at1 ii4 #bbf4 ,spectacles1 d\ble1 advantages (1 iii4 #edd991 #eea994 ,spee*1 at ,algi]s1 on slav]y & piracy1 ii4 #dej4 ( ,mr4 ,gall[ay1 preface to1 iii4 #afc4 la/ ( ,frankl91 on ! f$]al con/itution1 #daf4 ,spell+1 a new mode (1 recomm5d$1 ii4 #cei4 ,sph]es1 electric1 commodi\s ones1 i4 #agh4 ,spid]1 artificial1 describ$1 i4 #agg4 ,spirits1 fir$ )\t heat+1 i4 #bad1 #bde4 l95 wett$ )1 cool+ 9 inflammations1 ii4 #hg4 %\ld always be tak5 to sea 9 bottles1 #age4 ,spots 9 ! sun1 h[ =m$1 i4 #bfj4 ,squ>es1 magical squ>e (1 ii4 #cbd4 ,/af=d%ire *imney1 description (1 ii4 #bhe4 ,/amp-act 9 ,am]ica /igmatiz$1 iii4 #bbh4 lett] on ! repeal (1 iii4 #bci4 exam9ation ( ,frankl9 on1 #bde4 ,/>s4 ,see ,%oot+4 ,/ate1 int]nal1 ( ,am]ica1 iii4 #bia4 ,/orms1 causes (1 ii4 #fe4 ,/ove1 ,dut*1 its advantages & defects1 ii4 #bcc4 ,g]man1 ditto1 #bcd4 to draw d[nw>ds1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,leutmann1 #bih4 = burn+ pit-coal & consum+ its smoke1 #cja1 #cjd1 #cjh4 ,/rata ( ! e>?1 lett] on1 ii4 #aaf4 ,/rahan1 ,mr4 qu]ies by1 on ,am]ican politics1 iii4 #bhg4 answ] to ! qu]ies1 #bij4 lett] to1 disclaim+ 8 fri5d%ip1 iii4 #ced4 ,/ub]1 ,dr4 cont9uator ( ,frankl9's life1 i4 #ih4 ,/udies ( trifles1 %\ld be mod]ate1 ii4 #ie4 ,/utt]+1 "o ( ! affect$ beauties ( mod]n tunes1 ii4 #bde4 ,sug>1 cruelties ex]cis$ 9 produc+ x1 ii4 #aif4 ,sulphur globe1 its electricity diff]5t f t ( ! glass globe1 i4 #bfe4 ,sun1 supplies vap\r ) fire1 i4 #bjg4 :y n wa/$ by exp5se ( light1 #bei4 effect ( its rays on diff]5t col\r$ clo!s1 ii4 #ajh4 light (1 propos$ to be us$ in/ead ( c&lelight1 iii4 #dgj1 #dgc4 discov]$ to give light z soon z x rises1 #dga4 ,surfaces ( glass1 diff]5t /ate ( its opposite ones1 :5 electris$1 i4 #aia1 #bch4 ,swimm+1 skill ( ,frankl9 91 i4 #ff4 art (1 h[ to be acquir$1 ii4 #bjf h[ a p]son unacqua9t$ ) x may avoid s9k+1 #bjh4 a delightful & :olesome ex]cise1 ii4 #bji1 #baa4 advantage (1 to soldi]s1 #baj4 inv5tions to improve x1 ibid4 #bab4 m$ical effects (1 ibid4 ,t4 ,t>iffs1 n easily settl$ 9 ,indian trade1 iii4 #bah4 ,tautology1 an affect$ beauty ( mod]n songs1 ii4 #cde4 ,taxation1 ,am]ican1 lett]s to gov]nor ,%irley on1 iii4 #cj4 ,am]ican1 ,dr4 ,frankl9's exam9ation on1 iii4 #bdf1 #bef4 int]nal & ext]nal1 di/+ui%$1 #bei4 on importation ( goods & consumption1 diff]5ce betwe51 #bff4 ,tea-act1 ! duty on1 9 ,am]ica1 h[ consid]$ !re1 iii4 #bfa1 #cag1 #cai4 *>act]iz$ by ,mr4 ,burke1 #cai1 note4 ,tea*1 or ,blackbe>d1 "n ( a ballad writt5 by ,frankl9 9 8 y\?1 i4 #af4 ,?anks ( ! assembly ( ,p5sylvania to ,frankl91 iii4 #bad4 ,?anksgiv+-days appo9t$ 9 ,new ,engl& in/ead ( fa/s1 iii4 #cib4 ,!ory ( ! e>?1 ii4 #aag4 ( light & heat1 #abb4 ,!rmomet]1 n cool$ by bl[+ on1 :5 dry1 ii4 #hg4 electrical1 describ$1 & exp]im5ts )1 ii4 #ccf4 ,!rmometrical obs]vations on ! gulph-/ream1 ii4 #aii4 on ! w>m? ( sea-wat]1 #bjj4 ,?ir/1 may be reliev$ by sea-wat]1 h[1 ii4 #aje4 ,?und] & lightn+1 h[ caus$1 i4 #bji4 seldom he>d f> f l&1 #baf4 comp>atively little at ,b]muda1 ibid4 def9$1 #cgh4 ,?und]-gu/s1 :at1 i4 #bjc4 hypo!sis to expla9 !m1 #bjc1 et seq4 ,tides 9 riv]s1 motion (1 expla9$1 ii4 #if1 #ajb4 ,"t1 occasional fragm5ts (1 h[ to be collect$1 ii4 #dab4 is money to a tradesman1 iii4 #dfc4 ,toads live long )\t n\ri%m5t1 ii4 #bbc4 ,tol]ation 9 ,old & ,new ,engl& comp>$1 ii4 #deg4 ,torp$o1 h[ to det]m9e its electricity1 i4 #djh1 #dji4 ,t\rmal91 its s+ul> electrical prop]ties1 i4 #cgj4 exp]im5ts on x1 #cga1 #cgb4 ,trade1 pleasure att5d+ ! fir/ e>n+s 91 i4 #ha4 %\ld be "u no re/rictions1 ii4 #dae4 ex*anges 91 may be advantage\s to ea* p>ty1 #dah4 inl& c>riage no ob/ruction1 to1 iii4 #aaf4 great riv]s 9 ,am]ica1 fav\rable to1 #aah4 bills ( cr$it1 9 lieu ( money1 ! be/ m$ium (1 #aef4 w f9d & make its own rates1 #bai4 ,tradesman1 advice to a "y "o1 iii4 #dfc4 ,transportation ( felons to ,am]ica1 highly disagreeable to ! inhabitants !re1 iii4 #bce4 ,treaty betwe5 ,am]ica & ,prussia1 humane article (1 ii4 #ddi4 ,treasures1 hidd51 se>* aft]1 ridicul$1 iii4 #dej4 ,trees1 dang]\s to be "u1 9 ?und]-/orms1 i4 #bac4 ! %iv]+ (1 by lightn+1 expla9$1 #cei4 :y cool 9 ! sun1 ii4 #hg4 ,tubes ( glass1 electrical1 mann] ( rubb+1 i4 #agh4 l9$ ) a non-electric1 exp]im5t )1 #bdj4 exhau/$1 electric fire moves freely 91 #bda4 ,tunes1 anci5t ,scot*1 :y give g5]al pleasure1 ii4 #cch4 compos$ to ! wire-h>p1 #cda4 9 p>ts1 ,r\sseau's op9ion (1 #cdb4 mod]n1 absurdities (1 #cdd1 et seq4 ,turkey kill$ by electricity1 i4 #bii4 ,turks1 c]emony obs]v$ by1 9 visit+1 iii4 #dcf4 ,v4 ,u4 ,vacuum1 ,torricellian1 exp]im5t )1 i4 #bia4 electrical exp]im5t 91 #cag4 ,vap\r1 electrical exp]im5t on1 i4 #cdc4 ,vap\rs f moi/ hay1 c4 easily fir$ by lightn+1 i4 #bae4 cause ( _! ris+ consid]$1 ii4 #df1 #di4 ,vanity1 obs]vation on1 i4 #b4 ,v>ni%1 dry1 burnt by electric sp>ks1 i4 #aii4 ,vattel's ,law ( ,nations1 greatly consult$ by ! ,am]ican congress1 iii4 #cfj4 ,vegetable diet1 obs]v$ by ,frankl91 i4 #bj4 ab&on$ by ,frankl91 :y1 #dg4 ,vegetation1 effects (1 on noxi\s air1 ii4 #abi4 ,velocity ( ! electric fire1 i4 #cai4 ,virtue 9 private life exemplifi$1 iii4 #dbg4 ,v]non1 ,mr4 reposes a tru/ 9 ,frankl91 :i* he violates1 i4 #dd4 ,vis in]ti ( matt]1 obs]vations on1 ii4 #aaj4 ,visits1 unseasonable & importunate1 lett] on1 iii4 #dcb4 ,un9telligibl5ess1 a fault ( mod]n s++1 ii4 #cde4 ,union1 ,albany plan (4 ,see ,albany4 ,union ( ,am]ica ) ,brita91 lett] on1 iii4 #bci4 ,unit$ /ates ( ,am]ica1 nature ( ! congress (1 iii4 #eej994 ,voyage1 f ,bo/on to ,new ,york1 i4 #bg4 f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia1 #bh4 f ,newf\ndl& to ,new ,york1 rem>ks on1 ii4 #aig4 cross+ ! gulph /ream1 j\rnal (1 #aii4 f ,philadelphia to ,france1 #bjj1 #bja4 f ! *annel to ,am]ica1 #bjb4 to b5efit di/ant c\ntries1 propos$1 #djc4 ,vulg> op9ions1 too mu* slight$1 ii4 #adf4 ,w4 ,waggons1 numb] (1 suppli$ by ,frankl91 on a milit>y em]g5cy1 i4 #aca4 ,w>1 civil1 :e!r x /r5g!ns a c\ntry consid]$1 ii4 #cii4 obs]vations on1 #dce4 laws (1 gradually humaniz$1 ib4 humane article respect+1 9 a treaty betwe5 ,prussia & ,am]ica1 ii4 #ddi4 ,fr5*1 ( #ageg1 its orig91 iii4 #bgd4 ,w>m rooms d n make p t5d]1 or give colds1 ii4 #bdi4 ,wa%+ton1 e>ly milit>y tal5ts (1 i4 #acj4 ,frankl9's beque/ to1 #afd4 ,wat]1 a p]fect conductor ( electricity1 i4 #bja4 /rongly electrifi$1 rises 9 vap\r1 #bjd4 p>ticles (1 9 ris+1 are atta*$ to p>ticles ( air1 #bje4 & air1 attract ea* o!r1 #bjf4 explod$ l gunp[d]1 by electricity1 #ceh4 expansion (1 :5 r$uc$ to vap\r1 ib4 saturat$ ) salt1 precipitates ! 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