file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dhabf-;h4htm or #dhabf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dhabf_/pg#dhabf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dhab f_/dhabf-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gr& ,,canyon--#a4 ,,s*i/s ,,& ,,granites 7,,ar*ean ,,era73 #b4 ,,s&/ones1 ,,lime/ones1 ,,%ales 7,,algonkian ,,era73 #c4 ,,tonto ,,=mations 7,,cambrian ,,p]iod73 #d4 ,,r$wall ,,lime/one 7,,mississippian ,,p]iod73 #e4 ,,supai ,,s&/one ,,& ,,%ale 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod73 #f4 ,,h]mit ,,%ale 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod73 #g4 ,,cocon9o ,,s&/one 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod73 #h4 ,,tor[eap ,,& ,,kaibab ,,=mations 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod74 ,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice ,,anci5t ,,l&scapes ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,region ,! ,geology ( ,gr& ,canyon1 ,zion1 ,bryce1 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,pa9t$ ,des]t by ,,edw9 ,d4 ,mc,k,e,e1 ,as/4 ,director ,museum ( ,nor!rn ,arizona ,sket*es & ,*>ts by ,l\is ,s*ellba* #crd ,p>k ,naturali/1 ,gr& ,canyon ,national ,p>k1 & ,russell ,ha/+s ,publi%$ by ,edw9 ,d4 ,mc,kee #aica ,copyright #aica ,edw9 ,d4 ,mc,kee ,?irte5? ,edition1 #aieb ,pr9t$ by ,cocon9o ,sun ,co4 ,flag/aff1 ,arizona ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction ix ,*apt] ,i--,! ,ar*ean ,era #a ,! ,e>?'s ,olde/ ,rocks1 ,gr& ,canyon #b ,granite 9 ,gr& ,canyon #d ,*apt] ,,ii--,! ,algonkian ,era #e ,algonkian ,rocks 9 ,gr& ,canyon #e ,=mation ( ,m\nta9s #f ,e>ly ,climates #f ,olde/ ,kn[n ,life #g ,*apt] ,,iii--,! ,paleozoic ,era #i ,fir/ ,animal ,life--,! ,tonto ,rocks #i ,! ,miss+ ,p]iods ( ! ,?ird ,era #aa ,! ,age ( ,fi% #ab ,sea ,life ,f ! ,nor?--,r$wall ,lime/one #ab ,tracks 9 ! ,supai ,s&/one #ad ,l&scapes ( ! ,h]mit ,%ale #ae ,w9d-bl[n ,s&--,! ,cocon9o ,s&/one #ag ,w>m ,seas f ! ,we/--,! ,tor[eap & ,kaibab ,=mations #ah ,*apt] ,,iv--,! ,mesozoic ,era #ba ,remnants ( ,y\ng] ,/rata--,r$ ,butte & ,c$> ,m\nta9 #ba ,! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ #bb ,d9osaur ,tracks--,! ,pa9t$ ,des]t #bd ,! ,rocks ( ,zion ,canyon & ,ra9b[ ,natural ,bridge #bf ,f ,sea%ells to ,coalb$s #bg ,*apt] ,v--,! ,c5ozoic ,era #bi ,bryce ,canyon ,=mation #cj ,a ,great ,erosion ,surface #cb ,cru/al ,movem5t at ,gr& ,canyon #cc ,cutt+ ! ,gr& ,canyon #cd ,! ,=m+ ( ,zion ,canyon #cg ,glaci]s #ch ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 ,volcanic ,field #ci ,elephants & ,camels #da ,adv5t ( ,man 9 ! ,s\?we/ #db ,bibliography #de ,,illu/rations ,,page ,! ,gr& ,canyon ,frontispiece ,diagrammatic ,sections ( ,gr& ,canyon ,region x ,rocks ( ,fir/ ,era1 ,inn] ,gorge ( ,gr& ,canyon #a ,block ,diagrams ( ,ev5ts ( ,fir/ ,era #c ,tilt$ ,rocks ( ! ,second ,era1 ,gr& ,canyon #e ,diagrammatic ,section ( ,?ird ,era ,=mations1 ,gr& ,canyon #h ,sc5e on ,cambrian ,sea ,floor 9 ,gr& ,canyon ,region #aj ,trilobites ,pres]v$ 9 ,gre5 ,%ale ( ,gr& ,canyon ,walls #aa ,a ,fre%-wat] ,fi% ( ,devonian ,age 7,sket*7 #ab ,sea ,life f ! ,r$wall1 ,gr& ,canyon 7,sket*es7 #ab ,havasu ,falls 9 ,r$wall ,lime/one1 ,gr& ,canyon #ac ,tracks ( ,%ort-legg$1 ,prehi/oric ,animal1 ,supai ,=mation1 ,gr& ,canyon #ad ,l&scape at ,"t ,h]mit ,%ale 0 ,=m+ #ae ,fossil ,f]n ,f ! ,h]mit ,%ale1 ,gr& ,canyon #ae ,w9d-bl[n ,s&1 ,cocon9o ,=mation1 ,gr& ,canyon #ag ,tracks ( ,primitive ,f\r-foot$ ,animals1 ,cocon9o ,s&/one1 ,gr& ,canyon #ag ,m>9e ,life ,f ! ,kaibab ,lime/one1 ,gr& ,canyon 7,sket*es7 #ah1 #ai ,diagrammatic ,section ( ,f\r? ,era ,=mations1 ,s\!rn ,utah & ,pa9t$ ,des]t ,regions #bj ,c$> ,m\nta9 #bb ,r$ ,butte #bb ,petrifi$ ,=e/1 ,arizona #bc ,petrifi$ ,logs ( ,triassic ,age #bc ,d9osaur ,tracks1 ,pa9t$ ,des]t #bd ,! ,pa9t$ ,des]t #be ,zion ,canyon1 ,navajo ,s&/one #bf ,ra9b[ ,natural ,bridge1 ,navajo ,s&/one #bf ,cretace\s ,%ells ,f ,s\!rn ,utah 7,sket*es7 #bg ,coal ,canyon1 ,pa9t$ ,des]t ,c\ntry #bh ,bryce ,canyon #cj ,map ( ,colorado ,riv] #ca ,a ,great ,erosion ,surface #cb ,diagrammatic ,cross ,sections ( ,gr& ,canyon #ce ,! ,gr& ,canyon #cf ,zion ,canyon #cg ,*>t ( ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9s #ci ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9--,pa/ & ,pres5t 7,sket*7 #dj ,map ( ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 ,volcanic ,field #dj ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 #da ,elephant & ,camel ,rema9s #db ,anci5t ,indian ,petroglyphs1 ,head ( ,bright ,angel ,trail1 ,gr& ,canyon #dc ,,introduction ,probably no place 9 ! _w ( simil> area has record$ a m complete or a m int]e/+ resume ( ! e>?'s hi/ory ?an has ! high plateau c\ntry ( nor!rn ,arizona & s\!rn ,utah4 ,al?\gh _m great ev5ts & "s long int]vals ( "t are n repres5t$ by ! =mations ( ?is region1 yet ( ! five major *apt]s or eras into :i* all ( "t has be5 divid$ by geologi/s1 at lea/ "s p>ts ( ea* h left _! traces 9 ?is area4 ,:e!r on ! br9k ( ! mighty ,gr& ,canyon1 among beautiful logs ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/1 or b5ea? ! l(ty walls ( ,zion--! 8,ra9b[ ( ! ,des]t0--"o looks ^u rocks :i* are n alone curi\s or colorful1 b :i* are also records ( ! pa/ inscrib$ & illu/rat$ 9 an int5sely int]e/+ mann]4 ,9 "o place is se5 ! s& ( anci5t dunes1 9 ano!r ! bord] ( an e>ly sea1 or p]haps ! floodpla9 ( mighty riv]s1 & 9 all ( ^! rema9 ! unmi/akable evid5ces ( life--plants & animals pres]v$ to make a reality ( ! liv+1 mov+ pa/4 ,ev]y:]e are f\nd ! evid5ces ( ^? great processes ( nature--erosion ( ! high c\ntry1 l& =mation 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 & mighty cru/al movem5ts sl[ly rais+ or l[]+ ! l& 9 bo?4 ,f ! rim ( ,gr& ,canyon "o n only looks d[n ?r\gh trem5d\s space1 b also ?r\gh "t1 glimps+ ! record ( va/ ages1 measurable n 9 c5turies b 9 millions & ev5 hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,!re 9 ! bottom ( t mighty *asm are f\nd rocks =m$ dur+ ! fir/ & olde/ era--rocks 9 :i* ! orig9al /ructure has be5 entirely modifi$ by great heat & pressure & 9 :i* no evid5ce ( life has be5 f\nd4 ,!re 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon are also se5 two o!r great s]ies ( rocks1 ^? ( ! second era :i* are p>tially alt]$ & :i* conta9 e>lie/ traces ( plants1 & ^? ( ! succe$+ era 9 :i* are pres]v$ primitive animals ( _m types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor?-,,s\? ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,region2 ,,ea/-,,we/ ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,region ,rocks ( ! f\r? great era--! age ( d9osaurs--l5d color to ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t1 & to ! %e] walls ( ,zion ,canyon4 ,beautiful little ,bryce ,canyon to ! nor? boa/s ( "s ( ! mo/ rec5tly =m$ rocks 9 ! region--^? ( ! fif? & la/ era1 ! age ( mammals4 ,! great volcanic m\nta9s & ! m>vel\s features ( erosion1 su* z ! canyons & ! des]t cliffs1 are also developm5ts ( ?is mo/ rec5t *apt]4 ,9 brief1 ! ,gr& ,canyon region af=ds "s wond]fully int]e/+ glimpses ( anci5t l&scapes dur+ _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & ^! make ! pa/ a mov+1 liv+ ?+4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,ar*ean ,,era ,illu/ration3 ,,rocks ,,( ,,fir/ ,,era4 ,,inn] ,,gorge ,,( ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,olde/ ,,rocks 7,,! ,,ar*ean ,,era7 ,look+ into ! dep?s ( ,gr& ,canyon f any po9t )9 ! ,bright ,angel section1 "o is imm$iately impress$ by ! n>r[ ,v-%ap$ gorge cut 9 ! black rocks at ! bottom4 ,?is is popul>ly t]m$ ! ,granite or ,inn] ,gorge4 ,)9 its walls "o is 9 ano!r _w1 bo? sc5ically & geologically4 ,_! /eep1 b>e sides1 ^: surfaces are *aotic 9 ! extreme1 h a hi/ory--long & complex4 ,! rocks ( :i* !y are =m$--"s ( ! olde/ kn[n today on ! surface ( ! e>?--p>tially tell ! /ory ( ! fir/ great era 9 geologic hi/ory4 ,o!r rocks ( ?is1 ! ,ar*ean age1 are f\nd 9 ! ,rockies1 9 ! ,adirondacks ( ,new ,york1 & to a v great ext5t 9 ea/]n ,canada4 ,9 ! la/ nam$ place !y conta9 valuable deposits ( iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 & copp]4 ,rocks :i* probably also correspond 9 age occur 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,brazil1 ,*9a1 ,india1 & c5tral ,africa4 ,at ! ,gr& ,canyon1 al?\gh we are impress$ by ! dep? ( ! d>k ,ar*ean rocks1 b5ea? ! plateau surface approximately a mile1 yet we m>vel ev5 m :5 we contemplate _! great age & ! important s]ies ( ev5ts ^: hi/ory !y p>tially record4 ,built up orig9ally z great horizontal deposits ( s& & mud1 !y 7 b5t by mighty cru/al movem5ts until high m\nta9s1 probably comp>able to ! pres5t ,alps1 7 =m$4 ,pressures f ! nor?we/ & s\!a/ app>5tly fold$ !m4 ,! rocks !mselves 7 greatly compress$ & heat$1 ) ! result t complete recry/allization & ! developm5t ( a b&$ /ructure 7 br\ght ab\t4 ,! pres5t v]tical attitude ( ^! anci5t b$s1 toge!r ) _! d5se cry/all9e "*1 is evid5ce ( ! great dep? at :i* !y 7 =m$ & ( ! extreme pressures to :i* !y 7 subject$4 ,9 brief1 ! rocks t we see today 9 ! ,canyon bottom repres5t m]ely ! roots ( once l(ty m\nta9s1 & ! flat surface cut on ^! rocks is an old pla9 t result$ f ! we>+ d[n ( high c\ntry 9 ?is region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,block ,,diagrams ,,( ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,fir/ ,,era #a ,s&s & ,muds accumulat$ to =m rock /rata4 #b ,! /rata 7 fold$ into high m\nta9s4 ,heat & pressure *ang$ bo? /ructure & composition ( ! l[] rocks dur+ ! fold+4 #c ,molt5 masses 7 =c$ up into cracks f bel[4 ,^u cool+ !y =m$ lavas on ! surface & granites b5ea?4 #d ,dur+ a trem5d\sly long p]iod ( "t ! riv]s & ra9s sl[ly wid5$ ! valleys & wore d[n ! anci5t m\nta9s to a great pla9 ne> sea level4 ,z yet no def9ite traces ( ei!r plant or animal life h be5 f\nd 9 rocks ( ! ,ar*ean age 9 ,gr& ,canyon4 ,?\gh v>i\s =ms ( life may h exi/$ !n1 & may h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! orig9al rocks1 _! record has s9ce be5 entirely remov$ by ^? extreme pressures :i* alt]$ ev5 ! composition & /ructure ( ! rocks !mselves4 ,,granite ,,9 ,,gr& ,,canyon 7,,! ,,ar*ean ,,era7 ,)9 ! black1 cry/all9e rocks ( ! ,inn] ,gorge may be se5 _m l>ge /reaks1 b&s or irregul> masses ( a light] color4 ,f ! ,canyon rim ^! appe> :ite1 b f ne>by !y are usually p9k4 ,^! light color$ rocks are granites ) a co>se cry/all9e texture4 ,granites d]ive _! "n f _! granul> texture4 ,!y are =m$ by ! sl[ cool+ ( molt5 masses t h be5 =c$ into old] rocks f ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,f a simil> s\rce are =m$ lavas & volcanic a%1 b ^! fl[ out or are eject$ on ! surface ( ! e>? :]e !y cool s rapidly t no cry/als =m4 ,exceptionally fa/ cool+ or *ill+ ( molt5 masses1 moreov]1 =ms volcanic glass or obsidian4 ,x is by ! application ( ?is same pr9ciple t cry/al =m+ is prev5t$ 9 ! manufacture ( common glass4 ,! l>ge size ( ! cry/als =m+ ! granite t fills cracks & fissures ( ! ,inn] ,gorge at ,gr& ,canyon indicates ! consid]able dep? at :i* x 0 =m$ & is fur!r evid5ce ( ! great m\nta9s t exi/$ 9 ?is region dur+ ! fir/ era 9 geologic hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,algonkian ,,era ,illu/ration3 ,,tilt$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,era4 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,rocks =m$ dur+ ! second great era ( ! e>?'s hi/ory are di/9ctive 9 sev]al respects4 ,!y are n highly alt]$ or completely *ang$ 9 =m & /ructure z are ^? ( ! olde/ era1 b are l>gely free f su* *anges &1 = ! mo/ "p1 simil> to rocks :i* are se5 9 ! process ( =mation today4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are kn[n to conta9 def9ite traces ( plant life1 ?\gh no c]ta9 =ms ( animal life h yet be5 f\nd 9 !m4 ,!y repres5t a p]iod probably z great z all ( subsequ5t "t4 ,,algonkian ,,rocks ,,9 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,along ,bright ,angel ,canyon & 9 sev]al o!r places 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon1 rocks ( ,algonkian age1 repres5t+ accumulations ( s$im5ts sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 are f\nd4 ,bel[ & to ! nor? ( ,des]t ,view 7s\!a/ ( ,cape ,royal on ! ,nor? ,rim7 !y =m ! op5 floor ( ! ,canyon4 ,ev]y:]e ! mo/ conspicu\s lay] ( ?is s]ies is a mud rock ( brilliant v]milion color4 ,h[ev]1 ! rocks also include a conglom]ate or pebble lay]1 a d>k lime/one =m$ pr9cipally by plants1 & a purple qu>tzite made by ! consolidation ( ! gra9s ( a s&/one4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,m\nta9s 7,,! ,,algonkian ,,era7 ,! ,algonkian rocks ( ! ,gr& ,canyon region 7 b5t & brok5 into m\nta9s at an e>ly date4 ,9 _m places slop+ lay]s %[+ ! /eep angle at :i* !y 7 tilt$ are easily visible1 ev5 f ! ,canyon rim4 ,fold$ areas & /rata :i* h be5 %att]$ are also conspicu\s features "h & !re4 ,! m\nta9s :i* !y =m$1 h[ev]1 are n[ miss+ = !y 7 worn away 9 l>ge measure by sl[ erosion4 ,today only remnants--small hills on a g5]al level surface--rema9 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ,gr& ,canyon to tell ! /ory4 ,,e>ly ,,climates 7,,! ,,algonkian ,,era7 ,! rocks ( ,algonkian age are r\ghly e/imat$ to be at lea/ six or sev5 hundr$ million ye>s old1 yet f all indications !y 7 =m$ "u conditions ( climate n unlike ^? ( f> lat] p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w traces ( great ice %eets--glaci]s :i* scrat*$ & erod$ ! surface--are f\nd pres]v$ 9 ,algonkian rocks4 ,9 o!r places1 includ+ ! ,gr& ,canyon1 anci5t fl[s ( lava are f\nd :]e !y gu%$ out ^u ! surface ( an old l& mass4 ,among ! rocks bel[ ,des]t ,view 7,navajo7 ,po9t & bord]+ on ! ,colorado ,riv] may readily be se5 sev]al black cliffs =m$ by ! volcanic activity ( ?is e>ly age4 ,! brilliant r$ %ales ( ,algonkian age f\nd 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,gr& ,canyon 7 =m$ z muds1 accumulat$ probably by l>ge riv]s4 ,9 ^! muds are f\nd pres]v$ great quantities ( ripple m>ks1 indications ( *ang+ curr5ts1 also ! m\lds ( salt cry/als1 & l>ge %r9kage cracks result+ f a v hot sun4 ,9 brief1 ^! crit]ia po9t t[>d a hot & probably arid climate 9 ?is region dur+ t *apt] ( hi/ory4 ,,olde/ ,,kn[n ,,life 7,,! ,,algonkian ,,era7 ,! olde/ =ms ( life repres5t$ 9 rocks ( ,gr& ,canyon are f\nd 9 /rata ( ! ,second1 or ,algonkian1 ,era4 ,c]ta9 lay]s ( lime/one %[+ peculi> /ructural patt]ns on _! surfaces are int]pret$ z be+ ! reefs built up ?r\gh ! activities ( primitive "o-cell$ plants kn[n z algae4 ,simil> /ructures are be+ =m$ today by plants ( ?is type4 ,ne> ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 = example1 algae are build+ up lime/one lay]s almo/ id5tical to ! fossil ones f\nd 9 ! ,algonkian rocks ( ,gr& ,canyon4 ,9 ?is connection1 x is int]e/+ to note t because ( ?is simil>ity ( ! pres5t to ! pa/1 ! reality ( ! anci5t plant /ructures 0 recogniz$ a few ye>s ago4 ,!y 7 discov]$ at a place 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon j we/ ( ! m\? ( ,bright ,angel ,creek4 ,illu/ration3 ,rocks ( ! ,?ird ,era 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon ,rocks ( ! ,f\r? ,era 7,r$ ,butte7 ,rim ( ,gr& ,canyon a ,s&y lime/one =m$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,9 x are f\nd corals1 sponges1 %>ks' tee? & _m sea %ells4 ,kaibab ,=mation #cjj ft4 ,p]mian ,age b ,r$ s&/one & gray lime/one4 ,=m$ at bottom ( a %all[ sea4 ,tor[eap ,=mation #bej ft4 ,p]mian ,age c ,w9d-bl[n s& :i* 0 pil$ 9 dunes4 ,conta9s ! tracks ( _m k9ds ( primitive reptiles or amphibians4 ,cocon9o ,s&/one #cjj ft4 ,p]mian ,age d ,riv] mud 9 :i* are pres]v$ _m impressions ( f]ns & cone-be>+ plants1 insect w+s1 ra9drop pits & tracks ( salam&]-l animals4 ,h]mit ,%ale #cjj ft4 ,p]mian ,age e ,anci5t flood-pla9 deposits ( s& & mud conta9+ impressions ( f]n-l plants & tracks ( l& animals4 ,supai ,=mation #hjj ft4 ,p]mian ,age f ,sea deposits conta9+ rema9s ( %ells1 fi%1 sea-lillies & relat$ =ms ( life4 ,r$wall ,lime/one #eej ft4 ,mississippian ,age g ,accumulations ( s&y lime 9 :i* are pres]v$ ! rema9s ( "s ( ! e>lie/ fi%4 ,temple ,butte ,lime/one ,devonian ,age h ,s&1 muds1 & limes repres5t+ anci5t bea* :i* 0 gradually cov]$ ) wat] until f9ally ! s$im5ts 7 at a consid]able dep? b5ea? ! sea4 ,! e>lie/ def9ite traces ( animal life 9 ! canyon f\nd "h4 ,tonto ,rocks ,cambrian ,age i & j rocks ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,era ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,paleozoic ,,era ,x 0 dur+ ! ?ird or middle *apt] 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory t all ( ! app>5tly horizontal1 upp] lay]s 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon walls 7 =m$4 ,z w be se5 9 ! succe$+ pages1 "s ( ^! rocks are s&/ones =m$ f ! s&s ( e>ly bea*es or s& dune areas1 o!rs are %ales--! h>d5$ muds ( anci5t riv] deltas--& /ill o!rs are lime/ones built up by accumulations ( plant & animal rema9s on sea bottoms4 ,all are rocks =m$ by ! deposition ( s$im5ts by w9d & wat] dur+ va/ int]vals ( "t4 ,9 !m h be5 hidd5 & pres]v$ _m =ms ( life4 ,sea%ells1 footpr9ts1 f]n impressions1 & v>i\s o!r traces ( e>ly plants & animals rema9 to tell ! /ory ( ^! anci5t times4 ,x is ( special int]e/ to note t 9 rocks =m$ dur+ ! e>lie/ "p ( ?is *apt] are f\nd ! fir/ def9ite traces ( animal life1 t 9 o!r rocks ( ?is *apt] h be5 f\nd evid5ces ( primitive fi%1 & t 9 ! mo/ rec5t rocks ( ?is gr\p occur ! traces ( e>ly reptiles1 insects1 f]ns1 & cone-be>+ plants4 ,9 ! walls ( ,gr& ,canyon examples ( all ( ^! fossils h be5 f\nd1 & ^! w be describ$ 9 detail 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,,fir/ ,,animal ,,life--,,! ,,tonto ,,rocks 7,,cambrian ,,p]iod7 ,great highl&s :i* 7 =m$ 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region dur+ ! ,second ,era ( hi/ory 7 aft]w>ds gradually worn away by erosion until ne> ! />t ( ! next era a flat1 almo/ featureless pla9 exi/$4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 isolat$ hills ( d>k1 cry/all9e rocks ( ! ,fir/ ,era /ood above ! g5]al surface1 z se5 opposite ,yaki po9t4 ,9 o!r places1 su* z to ! we/ ( :]e ,bright ,angel ,creek n[ fl[s1 small m\nta9s ( r$ ,algonkian rocks 7,second ,era7 rema9$4 ,ar\nd & aga9/ ^!1 s$im5ts 7 !n deposit$4 ,pebbles & s&s accumulat$1 =m+ a ?ick lay] :i* today appe>s z ! br[n s&/one rim ( ! ,inn] ,gorge4 ,^! repres5t ! fir/ deposits ( ! ,?ird ,era4 ,b ! sea 0 encroa*+ ^u ! l& dur+ ?is p]iod1 & gradually ! s& deposit$ ne> %ore 0 cov]$ by mud & ?is 9 turn by lime f> out f ! bea*4 ,today ?is s]ies ( s&1 mud & lime is f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! rocks ( ! ,tonto ,plat=m 9 ,gr& ,canyon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,on ,,cambrian ,,sea ,,floor ,,9 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,region 7,,recon/ruction4 ,,museum ,,nor!rn ,,arizona7 ,along ! ,tonto ,trail a few hundr$ y>ds ea/ ( ,indian ,g>d5s num]\s primitive sea animals h be5 f\nd buri$ & pres]v$ 9 lay]s ( ?9 %ale4 ,_m ( ^! are creatures ) r\nd$ %ells small] ?an ! nail ( a p]son's little f+]1 o!rs are animals relat$ to ! snail1 & /ill o!rs are crab-l creatures kn[n z trilobites4 ,! trilobites und\bt$ly 7 ! rul]s ( t age = !y excell$ n only 9 numb]s b 9 size4 ,"s specim5s f ,gr& ,canyon h measur$ ov] ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,despite ?is size1 h[ev]1 ! trilobites & _! associates f ! ,tonto ,plat=m repres5t "s ( ! e>lie/ kn[n =ms ( animal life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trilobites ,,pres]v$ ,,9 ,,gre5 ,,%ale ,,( ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,walls 7,,"o-,,eigh? ,,natural ,,size7 ,,! ,,miss+ ,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,era 7,,ordovician ,,& ,,silurian ,,p]iods7 ,! geologi/ has f\nd t two long p]iods ( hi/ory are lack+ 9 ! great succession ( ages repres5t$ by ! /rata 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon walls4 ,^! miss+ p]iods :i* belong to ! ,?ird ,era are kn[n z ! ,ordovician1 ! "t :5 fi% fir/ appe>$ 9 ! seas1 & ! ,silurian1 ! "t :5 millip$s & scorpions became our fir/ air brea!rs4 ,^! ages imm$iately foll[$ ! ,cambrian & involv$ millions ( ye>s4 ,! abs5ce ( ! fir/ ( !m is expla9$ by "s geologi/s z ! result ( its rocks hav+ be5 completely worn away at a lat] "t4 ,x seems m probable1 h[ev]1 t ! ,gr& ,canyon region 0 above sea level dur+ ^! two ages s t no s$im5ts 7 accumulat$ & consequ5tly no rocks =m$4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,fi% 7,,devonian ,,p]iod7 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fre% ,,wat] ,,fi% ,,( ,,devonian ,,age ,dur+ t p]iod ( geologic "t commonly kn[n z ! 8age ( fi%10 s&s & limes 7 accumulat$ on ! surface ( ! ,gr& ,canyon region fill+ 9 old riv] *annels & bury+ ! bodies ( fi% & o!r animals4 ,! deposits =m$ at ?is "t 7 lat] erod$ to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! surface ( ! l& 0 worn & wa%$ away until f9ally only isolat$ pat*es or pockets ( lime/one & s&/one rema9$4 ,^! we f9d today expos$ 9 ! walls ( ! ,gr& ,canyon occurr+ j at ! base ( ! great ,r$wall cliff 9 ab\t fifte5 diff]5t localities4 ,al?\gh fi% 7 rul]s ( ! age dur+ ,devonian times1 !y 7 ( primitive types & app>5tly dep5d$ = def5se ^u bony sk9 arm\r r ?an ^u spe$4 ,! plates & scales ( fre%-wat] fi% h be5 f\nd pres]v$ 9 ! lav5d] rocks ( ?is age 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon4 ,,sea ,,life ,,f ,,! ,,nor?--,,! ,,r$wall ,,lime/one 7,,mississippian ,,or ,,l[] ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod7 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$wall ,,fossils 7,,natural ,,size7 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t & conspicu\s features ( ! ,gr& ,canyon is ! great r$ cliff ( lime/one ab\t midway 9 its walls4 ,?is cliff is ! highe/ 9 ! ,canyon--av]ag+ ab\t #eej feet 9 ! area ( ,bright ,angel ,canyon4 ,9 mo/ places x is almo/ v]tical1 & 9 "s x ev5 ov]hangs to su* an ext5t t a visitor once aptly said1 8,! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t might be plac$ b5ea? x & kept out ( ! ra940 ,to ! prospector ?is =mation is kn[n z ! ,blue ,lime2 to ! geologi/ x is ! ,r$wall ,lime/one4 ,bo? are correct4 ,actually ! rock is a r pure lime/one ( a grey or blui% color1 b 9 mo/ places :]e se51 its surface has be5 /a9$ a bright r$ by iron oxides f above4 ,x appe>s ?r\gh\t ! ,gr& ,canyon z a wide b& or ribbon ( r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,havasu ,,falls ,,9 ,,r$wall ,,lime/one4 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,l>ge amphi!at]s1 _m curv+ alcoves1 caves1 & solution tunnels are all *>act]i/ic features ( ! great ,r$wall4 ,x is compos$ ( relatively pure lime s ra9 & o!r wat]s h a *emical action ^u x--!y lea* & dissolve x4 ,wat]s all t5d to dra9 t[>d curv+ c5t]s1 & s increase ?is curv+4 ,ev]y:]e ! r\nd+ (f ( corn]s takes place4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,r$wall ,lime/one is z int]e/+ z its =m4 ,! purity ( ! lime indicates t x 0 built up 9 a relatively wide & quiet sea4 ,its composition repres5ts a va/ accumulation ( ! skeletons ( anci5t plants & animals4 ,sea%ells are f\nd 9 great numb]s1 "s ( !m pres]v$ 9 delicate detail4 ,^! & o!r =ms ( ocean life cle>ly indicate t a great sea connection !n exi/$ betwe5 ?is region & t ( we/]n ,canada to ! nor?4 ,,tracks ,,9 ,,! ,,supai ,,s&/one 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod7 ,dur+ t p]iod 9 geological hi/ory kn[n z ! ,p]mian1 :5 "s ( ! b$s ( s(t coal 9 ea/]n ,am]ica 7 be+ =m$1 a l>ge area 9 nor!rn ,arizona 0 receiv+ r$ s$im5ts f ! ea/1 probably c>ri$ by riv]s f ! granitic highl&s ( t region4 ,today ^! s$im5ts appe> 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon walls z alt]nat+ lay]s ( r$ s&/one & %ale imm$iately above ! great ,r$wall4 ,!y are almo/ a ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tracks ,,( ,,%ort-,,legg$ ,,prehi/oric ,,animal4 ,,supai ,,=mation4 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,:5 ! r$ b$s 7 accumulat+ 9 ?is region1 ! climate probably 0 m or less arid2 ! vegetation consi/$ pr9cipally ( f]ns & o!r l[ly plants2 & ! animal life includ$ a gr\p ( l>ge b primitive f\r-foot$ creatures4 ,num]\s tracks ( ! latt]1 pres]v$ 9 ! walls ( ,gr& ,canyon1 h provid$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s4 ,"s ( ^! footpr9ts are sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! numb] ( toes v>ies betwe5 ?ree & five4 ,!y %[ no close relation%ip to ! tracks ( o!r localities1 & app>5tly repres5t a fauna new to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,l&scapes ,,( ,,! ,,h]mit ,,%ale 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod7 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&scape ,,at ,,"t ,,h]mit ,,%ale ,,0 ,,=m+ 7,,recon/ruction4 ,,museum ,,nor!rn ,,arizona7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,f]n ,,f ,,! ,,h]mit ,,%ale 7,,r$uc$7 ,conc]n+ ! conditions "u :i* ! topmo/ r$ =mation ( ! ,gr& ,canyon 7! ,h]mit ,%ale7 0 develop$1 & ! nature ( its orig91 we h today a r def9ite & int]e/+ picture4 ,a weal? ( fossil plants & a numb] ( tracks ( animals h be5 f\nd excell5tly pres]v$ 9 its muddy lay]s1 & by means ( ^! & o!r indications ! foll[+ conclusions h be5 drawn4 ,! ,h]mit ,%ale repres5ts accumulations ( mud & f9e s&y mat]ial deposit$ probably by /reams fl[+ f ! nor!a/4 ,"h & !re are f\nd evid5ces ( pools & arroyos ) wavy ripple m>ks on _! bord]s & a ?9 film ( %9y slime cov]+ ! surface4 ,! trails ( worms1 ! footpr9ts ( small salam&]-l animals1 & ! fronds ( f]ns1 mo/ly masc]at$ or wilt$1 are f\nd delicately pres]v$ 9 ?is slime4 ,ra9drop impressions1 ! molds ( salt cry/als & num]\s sun-cracks also add to ! picture4 ,?is region has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,david ,:ite z 8! sc5e ( %[]s1 burn+ sun1 hail/orms1 occasional torr5ts & p]iods ( dr\ght & dry+ up ( pools0 dur+ ,h]mit times4 ,?irty-five species ( plants are at pres5t kn[n f ! ,h]mit ,%ale ( ,gr& ,canyon4 ,_m ( ^! h n be5 f\nd else:]e 9 ! _w1 ?\gh "s 7 repres5tatives ( ,european plants1 & o!rs _h _! close/ relations 9 c5tral ,asia1 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is fossil flora consi/s pr9cipally ( f]ns & small cone-be>+ plants1 all ( :i* 7 relatively dw>f$ 9 size & appe> less d5se ?an ^? ( correspond+ age f\nd 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,!y app>5tly indicate a semi-arid climate ) long dry seasons1 = ! abs5ce ( moi/-climate & swamp-lov+ types is noticeable4 ,sev]al insect w+s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,h]mit ,%ale1 "o ( :i* 0 f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,num]\s footpr9ts ( v]tebrate animals h also be5 f\nd1 & und\bt$ly repres5t an int]e/+ fauna4 ,,w9d-,,bl[n ,,s&--,,! ,,cocon9o 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod7 ,! light-color$ =mation :i* appe>s z a conspicu\s ribbon-l b& ar\nd ! upp] "p ( ! ,gr& ,canyon has long pres5t$ a puzzle conc]n+ its orig94 ,! gra9s ( :ite s& ( :i* x is compos$ app>5tly 7 deposit$ at /eep angles1 = ! _m & v>i$ slopes :i* 7 =m$ may be readily se5 today on ! surface ( ! rock4 ,^! slopes 7 probably once ! lee sides ( s& dunes deposit$ by w9ds 9 an area bord]+ ! sea4 ,we f9d ! only traces ( life 9 ?is =mation repres5t$ by ! trails ( anci5t worms & insects1 & by ! foot-pr9ts ( e>ly liz>d1 or salam&]-l creatures4 ,already ! tracks ( "s #bg species ( animals h be5 discov]$ 9 ?is s&/one )9 ! ,gr& ,canyon1 ?\gh /rangely en\gh no bones h yet be5 locat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9d-,,bl[n ,,s&4 ,,cocon9o ,,=mation4 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,illu/ration3 ,,tracks ,,( ,,primitive ,,f\r-,,foot$ ,,animals1 ,,cocon9o ,,s&/one4 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,photo ,,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,ensor ,,w>m ,,seas ,,f ,,! ,,we/--,,! ,,tor[eap ,,& ,,kaibab ,,=mations 7,,p]mian ,,p]iod7 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea%ells ,,f ,,kaibab ,,lime/one 7,,r$uc$7 ,along bo? sides ( ,gr& ,canyon at ! top1 two buff & gray lay]s ( lime/one /& out z massive cliffs sep>at$ by a tree-cov]$ slope4 ,! upp] ( ^! lime/ones =ms ! plateau surface & may be se5 = a great di/ance 9 e direction4 ,bo? lay]s 7 =m$ z ! result ( va/ accumulations ( organic & s&y mat]ials on sea bottoms1 & 9 places are compos$ l>gely ( ! rema9s ( m>9e life--%ells1 corals & sponges4 ,! tee? ( %>ks h also be5 f\nd 9 ! upp] lime/one4 ,,sea ,,lily ,,or ,,cr9oid 7,,r$uc$7 ,,horn ,,coral 7,,natural ,,size7 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! p]iod :5 ^! m>9e animals liv$ & multipli$ 9 ! region1 a great body ( salt wat] ext5d$ ov] its surface f f> to ! we/1 rema9$ briefly1 !n retreat$ f ! area4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 m>9e wat]s advanc$ once m & ano!r sea 0 =m$ ) its %orel9e ext5d+ ea/w>d ev5 beyond ! region 9 :i* we n[ f9d ,gr& ,canyon4 ,evid5ces ( ! second & l>g] sea are f\nd beyond ,flag/aff to ! s\?1 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t to ! ea/1 & almo/ to ,zion ,canyon to ! nor?4 ,! pres5ce ( corals & %>ks' tee? n only indicates t ?is region 0 cov]$ on m ?an "o occasion by m>9e wat]s1 b also sugge/s t ^! seas 7 w>m & %all[4 ,?is is e/imat$ to h be5 "s #bjj million ye>s ago4 ,,fossil ,,%>k',s ,,too? 7,,natural ,,size7 ,illu/ration3 ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,era ,! ,pa9t$ ,des]t & ,zion ,canyon ,region ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,mesozoic ,,era ,! ,f\r? ,*apt] ( ! e>?'s hi/ory is commonly kn[n z 8! age ( d9osaurs40 ,l>ge reptiles 7 ! dom9at+ =ms ( life all ov] ! _w dur+ ?is age4 ,l&scapes & types ( climate v>i$ consid]ably1 & 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region !y *ang$ completely sev]al times4 ,dur+ "s p]iods ocean bodies cov]$ ! c\ntry2 at o!rs des]t w9ds pil$ up dunes on ! surface4 ,aga9 ?is region 0 ! flood pla9 ( riv]s1 :]e pebbles1 mud & great logs ( p9e 7 wa%$ 9 & deposit$4 ,at /ill o!r times coal 0 =m$ 9 "s quantity4 ,all ( ^! int]e/+ features ( ! ,f\r? ,*apt] w be briefly treat$ 9 ! pages foll[+4 ,_! records z f\nd at ,zion ,canyon to ! nor?1 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t to ! ea/1 & at ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ to ! s\? are su* t a visitor to ! region c sc>cely help b m>vel & wond] at _! mean+4 ,,remnants ,,( ,,y\ng] ,,/rata--,,r$ ,,butte ,,& ,,c$> ,,m\nta9 7,,mo5kopi ,,=mation3 ,,triassic ,,p]iod7 ,two isolat$ hills ( unusual int]e/ rise above ! plateau surface ne> ,gr& ,canyon4 ,look+ ea/ f ,des]t ,view 7,navajo7 ,po9t "o ( ^!1 a flat-topp$ mesa call$ ,c$> ,m\nta91 may be se54 ,! o!r1 kn[n z ,r$ ,butte1 is a r\nd$ hill ab\t fifte5 miles to ! s\? ( ,gr& ,canyon village4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ^! hills is f\nd 9 ! fact t !y are compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( r$ s&/ones & %ales :i* once =m$ a cont9u\s lay] ov] ?is entire plateau region4 ,^! same rocks are f\nd ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,utah to ! nor?1 & 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t to ! ea/4 ,except at ,r$ ,butte & ,c$> ,m\nta9 !y h be5 completely /ripp$ (f & erod$ away f ! vic9ity ( ,gr& ,canyon4 ,! "t involv$ 9 ?is erosion 0 trem5d\s & ! consequ5ces widespread4 ,z a result ! pres5t flat plateau surface 0 =m$--a great pla9 high above sea level4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ,r$ ,butte & ,c$> ,m\nta9 aga9/ "t & ! elem5ts is easily expla9$1 moreov]1 by ! h>d lava cap ( ! =m] & ! protect+ lay] ( pebble-rock on top ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c$> ,,m\nta9 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,butte ,! r$ s&/ones & %ales f\nd 9 ,r$ ,butte & ,c$> ,m\nta9 7 =m$ f s&s & muds accumulat$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,triassic ,age--! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? great era ( hi/ory4 ,ne> ,flag/aff at ! s\!rnmo/ limit ( ! =mation h be5 f\nd _m tracks & trails left by small crawl+ animals :i* indicate a %ore environm5t 9 t section4 ,9 ! same =mation f\nd 9 ,utah & o!r places to ! nor? are _m sea%ells ( v>i\s types4 ,gypsum1 an indication ( arid climate1 is also f\nd to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! rocks ( ?is gr\p4 ,,! ,,petrifi$ ,,=e/ 7,,%9>ump ,,& ,,*9le ,,=mations2 ,,triassic ,,p]iod7 ,! ,petrifi$ ,=e/s ( nor!rn ,arizona & s\!rn ,utah 7 =m$ f trees :i* grew dur+ a p]iod kn[n z ! ,triassic4 ,! type ( environm5t 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t region dur+ t p]iod makes a v int]e/+ speculation4 ,! l&scape ( ?is anci5t c\ntry1 z int]pret$ f ! pres5t rock =mations f\nd !re1 0 t ( a l[1 flat area1 p]haps a floodpla91 :]e riv]s & /reams me&]$ back & =?1 deposit+ fir/ l>ge pebbles & s&1 & lat] a great ?ickness ( f9] mat]ial consi/+ ( s& & mu* mud4 ,x 0 by ^! /reams t a great quantity ( logs ( ev]gre5 trees 0 c>ri$ d[n probably f m\nta9s to ! s\? or s\?we/4 ,_m ( ! tree trunks 7 worn & batt]$ on ! way1 & 9 ?is region 7f s\!rn ,utah to ! vic9ity ( ,adamana & ,holbrook7 !y 7 buri$ 9 great numb]s among ! deposit+ s$im5ts4 ,all f\r ( ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/s s\? ( ,adamana orig9at$ 9 ?is mann]--& probably repres5t old log-jams4 ,n9e miles nor? ( ,adamana1 h[ev]1 is ! ,nor? ,sigill>ia ,=e/ :]e ! trees are f\nd /&+ z !y grew4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petrifi$ ,,=e/4 ,,arizona ,illu/ration3 ,,petrifi$ ,,logs ,,( ,,triassic ,,age ,a l>ge majority ( ! fossil trees 9 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t repres5t a p9e-l species belong+ to a gr\p n[ ext9ct 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,"s individuals ( ?is type h diamet]s z great z t5 feet & heights ( m ?an #bjj feet4 ,f\r or five o!r v>ieties ( tree occur b !y are less common & r inconspicu\s4 ,! process by :i* ^! trees 7 *ang$ to /one took place a v long "t aft] !y 7 buri$ b5ea? s&s & silts4 ,at a "t probably millions ( ye>s lat]1 wat]s be>+ 9 solution ! m9]al silica pass$ ?r\gh ! rocks ( ?is region4 ,p>ticle by p>ticle wood 0 decay$1 & almo/ simultane\sly x 0 replac$ by silica4 ,! brilliant colors f\nd 9 mu* ( x are due to small quantities ( iron & manganese :i* 7 introduc$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! wick$-look+ upp] jaw ( a phytosaur--relative ( ! crocodile--has be5 discov]$ buri$ 9 "o ( ! colorful m\nds ( mud out 9 ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/4 ,9 ne>by deposits are f\nd /ill o!r fossils includ+ f]ns pres]v$ 9 delicate detail & clamlike %ells4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! petrifi$ logs ( ev]gre5 trees1 make ! picture v mu* alive & real to "o ^: imag9ation all[s him to review ^! fasc9at+ e>ly pages 9 hi/ory4 ,,d9osaur ,,tracks 7,,w+ate-,,kay5ta2 ,,jurassic ,,p]iod7 ,d9osaur means 8t]rible liz>d40 ,ev]yone has he>d ?is "n & atta*es to x at lea/ a vague conception ( a creature ( peculi> %ape & trem5d\s size4 ,9 ! dim f>-away pa/ ^! giant reptiles liv$1 develop$ & di$ 9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry1 b to mo/ ( u1 !y are only fanta/ic creatures 9 lit]ature--n live or mov+ animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d9osaur ,,tracks4 ,,pa9t$ ,,des]t ,! reality ( ! d9osaur %\ld become app>5t to ^? :o travel ?r\gh ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t region ( ,arizona4 ,9 t c\ntry ! grey & r$ hills ( clay1 ! cliffs ( s& & ! _m brightly color$ lay]s ( h>d5$ mud repres5t a "p ( ! anci5t l&scape 9 :i* liv$ ! 8t]rible liz>ds40 ,fur!rmore1 life def9itely ins]ts itself into ?is picture :5 a p]son sees 9 ! rocks ! v ?ree-to$ tracks left by ! d9osaur4 ,:o c d5y ! /ory ( life :5 he c place 8 f+]s 9 ! foot impressions & measure ! /rides ( ^! animals--_m ( !m--bo? l>ge & small8 ,su* is ! privilege ( ^? :o visit ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t j s\? ( ,tuba ,city4 ,! tracks ( ! d9osaurs are f\nd 9 rocks :i* app>5tly 7 =m$ f riv] deposits ( s&s & muds4 ,9 o!r rocks closely associat$ h be5 f\nd ! bones ( d9osaurs1 o!r reptiles1 & animals relat$ to ! frog or toad4 ,"s ( ^! creatures app>5tly 7 8l>gely if n entirely t]re/rial 9 habit0 :ile o!rs probably liv$ 9 ei!r fre% wat] /reams or swamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pa9t$ ,,des]t ,,! ,,rocks ,,( ,,zion ,,canyon ,,& ,,ra9b[ ,,natural ,,bridge 7,,navajo ,,s&/one2 ,,jurassic ,,p]iod7 ,! lure ( a des]t ) its drift+ s&s1 its scatt]$ oases1 & its broad ext5t has ev] be5 great4 ,today 9 ! ,s\?we/1 cut (f f ! moi/ ocean breezes ( ! we/ by ! l(ty ,si]ra ,nevadas & fur!r isolat$ by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ea/1 is ,am]ica's great des]t region4 ,"h ! w9ds & ! ra9s are con/antly at "w te>+ d[n & sculptur+ ! great l& masses1 :ile 9 places ! w9d is pil+ up ! s& & debris to =m dunes & new l&s4 ,f> back 9 hi/ory1 probably 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,jurassic ,p]iod1 s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates witness$ conditions ( climate & environm5t :i* 7 p]haps some:at comp>able ?\gh probably f> m des]t-l ?an ^? :i* exi/ today4 ,! l& :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 ! prec$+ p]iod to =m a great flood-pla9 rema9$ above sea level4 ,l(ty m\nta9s 7 =m$ to ! we/ & l ! ,si]ras ( today1 !y robb$ ! ea/-travell+ w9ds ( _! moi/ure4 ,^! m\nta9s 7 v high & furni%$ a va/ supply ( s$im5t :i* 0 c>ri$ d[n into ! arid bas9 to ! ea/1 work$ & rework$ by ! w9d1 & f9ally deposit$ z a great lay] ( s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,zion ,,canyon4 ,,navajo ,,s&/one ,illu/ration3 ,,ra9b[ ,,natural ,,bridge4 ,,navajo ,,s&/one ,! beautiful ,v]milion ,cliffs & ! ,:ite ,cliffs ( s\!rn ,utah :i* toge!r =m ! walls ( ,zion ,canyon1 ! r$ s&/one out ( :i* is c>v$ ,ra9b[ ,natural ,bridge1 & ! jagg$ ,e*o ,cliffs se5 to ! nor!a/ ( ,des]t ,view 7,navajo7 ,po9t at ,gr& ,canyon are all monum5ts ( ! ,jurassic ,age4 ,^! high walls are ( s&/one--=m$ f s& /eeply pil$ at v>y+ angles4 ,!y h be5 aptly call$ 8cliffs ( fossil s& dunes40 ,:ile des]t w9ds & a burn+ sun 7 play+ a prom95t "p 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region1 dur+ ! ,jurassic ,age1 o!r sections ( ! c\ntry 7 favor$ ) a moi/ climate & luxuriant vegetation4 ,d9osaurs & o!r reptiles wad$ ab\t 9 swamps & develop$ to trem5d\s sizes4 ,! c\ntry teem$ ) life1 v diff]5t f t ( today1 yet none ! less int]e/+4 ,,f ,,sea%ells ,,to ,,coal ,,b$s 7,,dakota4 ,,mancos1 ,,mesa ,,v]de2 ,,cretace\s ,,p]iod7 ,illu/ration3 ,,cretace\s ,,%ells ,,f ,,s\!rn ,,utah ,dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! 8,age ( ,d9osaurs10 9 t p]iod ( hi/ory kn[n z ! ,cretace\s1 mu* ( nor!a/]n ,arizona1 s\!rn ,utah1 & nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico app>5tly 0 subm]g$ b5ea? a sea4 ,mollusks ab\nd$1 & v>i\s o!r types ( wat] animals swam or crawl$ 9 ?is region4 ,_! %ells 7 buri$ & pres]v$ among ! muds & limes :i* 7 accumulat+1 & today _m ( !m are f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ?is age4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! ,cretace\s seas 7 expell$ f _! bas9s 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,l[-ly+ coa/al pla9s--two hundr$ & m miles wide--) luxuriant vegetation & p]haps swamps1 replac$ !m1 & ^! new conditions 7 ! means ( mu* coal =mation4 ,great accumulations ( vegetable matt]1 buri$ b5ea? s$im5ts br\ght d[n by /reams1 ev5tually =m$ ! _m lay]s ( coal :i* today are f\nd 9 v>i\s places 9 ,utah1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,9 ! la/ nam$ /ate "s ext5sive & valuable coal b$s are f\nd 9 rocks ( ?is age ne> ,gallup4 ,impressions ( leaves & pieces ( fossil wood are also num]\s among ^! rocks & !y indicate t !re 0 a w>m1 moi/ climate dur+ t p]iod 9 :i* !y grew4 ,! ,cretace\s ,p]iod end$ ) a g5]al *ange ( conditions or a revolution1 ! _w ov]4 ,_m ( ! seas 7 *ang$ into l&s1 new m\nta9s 7 =m$ & ! d9osaurs & giant reptiles 7 l>gely replac$ by mammals & o!r mod]n v>ieties ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coal ,,canyon4 ,,pa9t$ ,,des]t ,,c\ntry ,,a]ial ,,photo ,,copyright ,,fr$ ,,h>vey ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,c5ozoic ,,era ,al?\gh *apt] five is ! mo/ rec5t 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory & la/s up to ! pres5t day1 evid5ces ( its life & its happ5+s are extremely meag] 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region4 ,) ! exceptions ( ! fre% wat] deposits =m$ dur+ ! v e>ly "p 7,bryce ,canyon =mations7 & ( ! _m volcanoes built 9 ! lat] /ages1 no rocks 7 =m$ "h dur+ t *apt]4 ,?is region 0 !n above sea level & erosion 0 work+ cont9u\sly4 ,! great level pla9 :i* today =ms ! plateau surface at ,gr& ,canyon 0 creat$ by ! we>+ away ( ov]ly+ rocks4 ,! ,gr& ,canyon itself & also ,zion & ,bryce ,canyons 7 sculptur$4 ,9 fact1 all ( ! features ( erosion :i* today make ?is des]t region s picturesque & fanciful owe _! orig9 to ! v>i\s ag5ts ( erosion :i* h be5 at "w dur+ ?is mo/ rec5t *apt] ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! 8,age ( ,mammals0 is a "n (t5 appli$ to ! la/ era4 ,creatures n unlike "s ( ! mo/ advanc$ =ms ( life f\nd today liv$ ev5 9 ! e>ly p>ts ( ?is age4 ,z ! era progress$1 nev]!less1 a developm5t 0 noticeable until f9ally 9 ! v la/ "p man himself appe>$4 ,?\gh few rema9s ( ?is int]e/+ & comp>atively rec5t life h be5 f\nd 9 nor!rn ,arizona & s\!rn ,utah1 /ill a few elephant tusks1 "s camel tee? & ! m rec5t rema9s ( e>ly cliff & pueblo dwell]s give evid5ce ( a ?rill+ hi/ory dur+ p>ts ( ?is era4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd brief sket*es ( "s ( ^! int]e/+ features repres5t$ 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region4 ,! _m activities ( erosion su* z canyon-=m+1 ! eruption ( volcanoes1 influ5ces ( ! great ice %eets ( ! nor?1 cru/al movem5ts1 fragm5t>y evid5ces ( e>ly mammals1 & la/ly e>ly man himself are all introduc$4 ,,bryce ,,canyon ,,=mation 7,,wasat*3 ,,eoc5e ,,epo*7 ,! =mation f\nd at ,bryce ,canyon & at ,c$> ,breaks 9 s\!rn ,utah has ! di/9ction ( be+ compos$ ( ! mo/ rec5tly =m$ s$im5t>y rocks 9 ?is plateau region4 ,x 0 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ great *apt] ( hi/ory t lime & "s s& 7 accumulat+ "h 9 fre% wat]4 ,!y are believ$ by mo/ geologi/s to repres5t ! deposits ( anci5t lakes & 9 !m are f\nd fre%wat] mollusks4 ,riv]s & o!r ag5ts ( deposition probably also took a "p 9 ! =m+ ( ^! /rata z is indicat$ by ! great irregul>ity & v>iety ( s& & o!r s$im5ts4 ,truly ! orig9 ( ^! rocks pres5ts an int]e/+ problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bryce ,,canyon ,,a]ial ,,photo ,,copyright ,,fr$ ,,h>vey ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,! delicate & beautiful colors ( ,bryce are due to ! :ite lime/one :i* 9 _m places reta9s its creamy color1 b 9 o!rs has be5 /a9$ a vivid p9k by ! dra9age f upl& wa%es4 ,! ,canyon itself is almo/ entirely ! result ( runn+ wat] :i* has c>v$ & et*$ its patt]n dur+ geologically rec5t times4 ,j z ! ,gr& ,canyon & ,zion ,canyon 7 made possible by a great elevation ( ! l& 9 ?is region1 s also 0 ,bryce affect$4 ,! small /reams ( ! ,paunsagunt ,plateau 7 giv5 p[] to cut into ! s&/ones & lime/ones :i* =m ! ,p9k ,cliffs1 & due to ! peculi> nature ( ^! rocks ! _m spires1 promontories1 & p9nacles 7 =m$ z remnants ( erosion 9 ! valleys4 ,a ,,great ,,erosion ,,surface 7,,c5ozoic ,,age7 ,! level1 flat & almo/ featureless skyl9e ( ,gr& ,canyon is an out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ! plateau ( nor!rn ,arizona4 ,?is surface is fasc9at+ to "s2 monoton\s to o!rs4 ,to all1 x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! region4 ,! hi/ory :i* x repres5ts1 moreov]1 is ( extreme int]e/ & impressive l5g?4 ,"h on ! top ( ! great plateau is se5 ! result ( va/ erosion4 ,long p]iods ( "w by wat]1 w9d1 & o!r elem5ts h gradually worn away /rata t 7 once above4 ,j z erosion is =m+ ! ,gr& ,canyon today1 s x has accompli%$ ?is mu* great] task4 ,sev]al ?\s& feet ( mat]ials h be5 remov$ f ! surface ov] mu* ( ?is entire region4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,great ,,erosion ,,surface ,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice ,s\? ( ,gr& ,canyon1 at ,r$ ,butte1 ea/ 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t1 & nor? 9 ,utah are f\nd remnants ( ^? rocks :i* once =m$ a cont9u\s lay] ov] ! pres5t plateau4 ,r$ s&/ones & %ales repres5t+ =m] s&s & muds ( %all[ wat] & bea*1 pebble-rocks & m>ls deposit$ by riv]s & conta9+ ! rema9s ( cone-be>+ trees1 crocodiles1 & d9osaurs--all ^! rocks & probably o!rs once gave color to ?is area j z today !y l5d brilliance to ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t & to s\!rn ,utah4 ,9 ^? places high cliffs m>k ! l9es ( recession--! /ages ( ! con/ant retreat ( ! rocks f ! ,gr& ,canyon region be=e ev]-work+ =ces ( erosion4 ,r$ ,butte to ! s\? ( ,gr& ,canyon1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 pres]v$ z an isolat$ remnant ( ! same rocks by its h>d1 resi/ant cap ( lava4 ,?us we h mute evid5ce ( a trem5d\sly l>ge & wond]ful /ory ( =m] l&s1 & ( _! lat] we>+ away to leave ! great pla9 :i* n[ =ms ! surface ( ! plateau ab\t ,gr& ,canyon4 ,,cru/al ,,movem5t ,,at ,,gr& ,,canyon 7,,c5ozoic ,,age7 ,_m visitors to ! ,gr& ,canyon are di/9ctly surpris$ :5 !y f9d num]\s sea%ells1 corals1 & sponges1 beautifully pres]v$ 9 ! lime/one lay] ^u :i* !y are /&+4 ,! idea imm$iately occurs t ?is region 0 once b5ea? ! sea4 ,obvi\sly !n ei!r ! l& has ris5 or ! ocean has rec$$4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! region %[s t ! rock /rata :i* =m ! great plateau ( nor!rn ,arizona h be5 b5t into a huge ar* or dome4 ,! ,santa ,fe railway travels /eadily up grade to ! s\? rim ( ,gr& ,canyon :i* is #g1jjj feet above sea level4 ,! nor? rim is a ?\s& feet high]1 :ile fifte5 miles f>!r nor? a high po9t ( #i1jjj feet is atta9$4 ,9 s\!rn ,utah ! lime/one lay] :i* =ms ! top ( ,gr& ,canyon passes b5ea? ! surface at #d1jjj feet4 ,:y cru/al movem5ts occur is n def9itely kn[n ?\gh _m !ories h be5 advanc$ to expla9 !m4 ,x is significant1 nev]!less1 t su* movem5ts h gone on 9 all p>ts ( ! _w _m times 9 hi/ory1 & t 9 _m regions !y are tak+ place today4 ,p>ts ( ! ,cali=nia coa/ are kn[n to be ris+1 :ile "s o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry are s9k+ sl[ly4 ,! "q ( :e!r or n ! ,gr& ,canyon region is /ill ris+ today _c be answ]$ ) assur$ness1 b c]ta9 x is t x has be5 bo? above & bel[ sea level at _m diff]5t times 9 hi/ory4 ,x is ! sl[ s9k+ ( ! region :i* has made possible great accumulations ( s$im5ts & ! build+ up ( rock lay]s4 ,x is ! ris+ ( ! l& :i* has br\ght ab\t great cycles ( erosion su* z app>5tly h occurr$ sev]al times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,s9ce today ?is region is high above sea level1 erosion is rapid4 ,n only does ?is elevation give ! ,colorado ,riv] & its tribut>ies spe$ & p[] to erode d[nw>d1 b also x gives !m unusual dep? ?r\gh :i* to cut & to c>ve ! canyons :i* are _! valleys4 ,)\t ! ris+ ( ?is plateau region1 ! colossal gorges1 ! weird1 sculptur$ =ms ( erosion1 all ( ! fasc9at+ & picturesque features ( ?is region c\ld n be4 ,,cutt+ ,,! ,,gr& ,,canyon 7,,plioc5e ,,& ,,plei/oc5e ,,epo*s7 8,,:at ,,=ce ,,has ,,=m$ ,,?is ,,ma/]piece ,,( ,,awe8 ,,:at ,,h&s ,,h ,,wr\ght ,,^! ,,wond]s ,,9 ,,! ,,wa/e8 ,o ,,riv]1 ,,gleam+ ,,9 ,,! ,,n>r[ ,,rift ,,( ,,gloom ,,t ,,cleaves ,,! ,,valley',s ,,ne!r ,,deep1 ,,fi]ce ,,colorado1 ,,prison$ ,,by ,,?y ,,toil1 ,,& ,,bl9dly ,,toil+ ,,/ill ,,to ,,rea* ,,! ,,sea4 ,,?y ,,wat]s1 ,,ga!r$ ,,f ,,! ,,sn[s ,,& ,,spr+s ,,amid ,,! ,,utah ,,hills1 ,,h ,,c>v$ ,,?is ,,road ,,( ,,glory ,,to ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,gulf40 --,,h5ry ,,van ,,dyke ,v difficult is x = ! av]age human fully to realize1 to compreh5d ! trem5d\s p[] ( runn+ wat]4 ,"o does n "q ! orig9 ( a wayside gul* cut out by rec5t /orms1 nor is x h>d to visualize ! =mation ( "s /eep-wall$ gl5 :]e a fa/-ru%+ /ream is f\nd at "w 9 its bottom4 ,! va/ ,gr& ,canyon1 h[ev]1 an extreme example ( erosion1 seems a bit too l>ge--too wide & deep--to be attribut$ alone to ! p[] ( any riv] su* z exi/s today4 ,b ! ,gr& ,canyon--! greate/ ( *asms--is no?+ m ?an ! result ( ! "w ( runn+ wat] ov] a long p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,sections ,,( ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,ne> ,,! ,,we/]n ,,end ,,( ,,national ,,p>k4 ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,era ,,alone ,,"h ,,=m ,,! ,,canyon ,,walls4 ,,^? ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,era ,,are ,,probably ,,n ,,f> ,,bel[ ,,! ,,riv] ,,b$4 ,,c5tral ,,or ,,bright ,,angel ,,area4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,gorge ,,is ,,cut ,,9 ,,h>d ,,v]tical ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,era 7,,ar*ean74 ,,! ,,upp] ,,canyon ,,walls ,,are ,,=m$ ,,( ,,horizontal ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,era4 ,,! ,,tilt$ ,,/rata ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,era ,,7 ,,"h ,,worn ,,away ,,except ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,( ,,! ,,gorge4 ,,ea/]n ,,end 7,,des]t ,,view1 ,,cape ,,royal74 ,,! ,,floor ,,( ,,! ,,canyon ,,is ,,"h ,,=m$ ,,( ,,tilt$ ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,era4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,walls ,,are ,,( ,,comp>atively ,,horizontal ,,rocks ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,era4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gr& ,,canyon ,^? :o h be5 to ! rocky %ores ( ! ,colorado ,riv] 9 ,gr& ,canyon1 :o h he>d its wild ro>1 & se5 its mad waves ru% along _! c\rse1 ne$ no fur!r introduction to ! p[] ( ?is /ream4 ,x is a mighty riv]6 ,9 ! op5 /ret* above ! m\? ( ,bright ,angel ,creek its spe$ v>ies betwe5 two & a half & t5 miles an h\r4 ,its wid? at ! same place is ov] "o hundr$ y>ds & its dep? betwe5 twelve & =ty-five feet4 ,b ! ,colorado ,riv] alone w\ld h made b little progress 7 x n = ! _m rocks--b\ld]s1 pebbles1 & s& gra9s--all ( :i* act z tools & are con/antly g\g+ & cutt+ z !y move4 ,j z s&pap] rubb+ ov] ! same place cont9u\sly leaves its groove1 s ?is comb9ation ( p[] & tools is ev] c>v+ its c\rse4 ,! ,colorado ,riv] dur+ a va/ p]iod has cut almo/ a mile v]tically ?r\gh all ( ! great rock lay]s n[ expos$ 9 ! walls ( ,gr& ,canyon4 ,! wid? ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 an av]age ( ab\t t5 miles1 has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! we>+ & wa%+-9 ( its sides by natural processes ( erosion4 ,ra91 w9d1 fro/1 temp]ature *anges & plant action h all comb9$ to break d[n ! ,canyon walls4 ,! s(t rocks on ! slopes are cont9ually be+ brok5 & remov$2 ! m resi/ant ones 9 ! cliffs are und]m9$ s 9 "t fall d[n4 ,:ile ! riv] has be5 cutt+ deep]1 ! ,canyon's sides h be5 /eadily rec$+4 ,! ,gr& ,canyon itself is ! valley ( ! ,colorado1 & its n>r[ness r ?an its wid? is ! rem>kable feature :5 comp>$ ) ! valleys ( o!r riv]s4 ,?is pres5t canyon pr(ile has be5 br\ght ab\t z ! comb9$ effects ( an arid climate & a rapidly d[nw>d cutt+ riv]4 ,ev5 a di/ant view ( ! ,colorado ,riv] 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon bottom is suffici5t to conv9ce "o ( ! trem5d\s transport+ p[] ( ?is /ream4 ,?us x n only does ! "w ( cutt+ d[nw>d1 b also c>ries (f ! va/ load ( s& & silt :i* is cont9ually empti$ into its wat]s4 ,x has be5 aptly describ$ z be+ 8too ?ick to dr9k b too ?9 to pl[40 ,9 ?is region ! riv] kn[n at its headwat]s z ! 8,silv]y ,colorado0 be>s ev5 a high] p]c5tage ( s$im5t ?an does ! muddy ,mississippi-,miss\ri4 ,x has be5 f\nd f c>efully made te/s by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey t ! ,colorado ,riv] c>ries pa/ any giv5 po9t 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon an av]age ( ne>ly a million tons ( s& & silt e day4 ,?us has ! ,gr& ,canyon be5 excavat$6 ,,! ,,=m+ ,,( ,,zion ,,canyon 7,,plioc5e ,,& ,,plei/oc5e ,,epo*s7 8,a ,yosemite ,valley 9 colors0 is a v apt description :i* has (t5 be5 appli$ to ,zion ,canyon 9 s\!rn ,utah4 ,%e]-wall$ ) a beautiful flat valley floor1 ?is canyon is n unlike ,cali=nia's glaci]-c>v$ fairyl& 9 g5]al size & %ape1 b 9 =mation x has a v diff]5t hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,zion ,,canyon ,! brilliant ,v]milion ,cliffs :i* =m ! bottom two ?\s& feet ( ,zion's walls & ! contra/+ ,:ite ,cliffs :i* rise an additional ?\s& feet are h>d1 resi/ant s&/ones4 ,:]ev] ^! rocks are f\nd1 !y =m conspicu\s p]p5dicul> cliffs because ( _! h>dness1 yet ev5 !y %[ ! results ( ! con/ant attacks ( wea!r & erosion ov] long p]iods4 ,f once cont9u\s lay]s1 !y h 9 _m places gradually be5 cut & dissect$ by runn+ wat] until n[ num]\s canyons expose _! secrets4 ,x 0 relatively late 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! e>?'s hi/ory 7,c5ozoic ,era7 t ! cutt+ ( ,zion & associat$ canyons 0 made possible by gradual ?\gh trem5d\s cru/al movem5ts 9 ! region4 ,! !n broad1 l[-ly+ c\ntry 0 rais$ sev]al ?\s& feet to ab\t its pres5t altitude4 ,?is 0 ! means ( giv+ p[] to ! /reams1 includ+ ! ma/]/ream--! ,virg9 ,riv]4 ,/eadily & rel5tlessly ^! active ag5ts ( erosion1 heavy-lad5 ) _! tools1 ! muds1 s&s1 & pebbles1 h be5 cutt+ not*es & !n canyons4 ,zion ,creek itself1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge/ tribut>ies ( ! ,virg9 ,riv]1 has cut d[nw>d ?r\gh all ( ! lay]s n[ expos$ 9 ! walls ( its canyon1 & ! rock fragm5ts d]iv$ f ^! h be5 ! means ( gr9d+ & g\g+4 ,z ! /ream has /ruggl$ 9 its c\rse1 ^! sides h sl[ly b surely rec$$ ?r\gh ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ra91 w9d1 fro/ & plants4 ,!y h be5 und]m9$ & o!rwise attack$1 b z yet repres5t comp>atively little progress 9 wid5+4 ,beautiful ,zion ,canyon1 !re=e1 has be5 creat$ z ! result ( cru/al movem5ts br++ into action ! effective cutt+ p[] ( runn+ wat]1 assi/$ by all ! ev]-work+ =ces ( dis9tegration & decay4 ,,glaci]s 7,,plei/oc5e ,,epo*7 8,:at "p did glaci]s play 9 cutt+ ! ,gr& ,canyon80 ,?is is a "q ask$ almo/ daily on ! rim ( t great *asm4 ,ev]yone has he>d ( ! mighty ice %eets :i* some:]e back 9 geologic hi/ory cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ea/]n & midwe/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m p h se5 beautiful ,yosemite ,valley 9 ! f> we/1 & h be5 told h[ x 0 c>v$ by ! action ( glaci]s4 ,x is n altoge!r /range1 !re=e1 t visitors to ! ,gr& ,canyon %\ld associate ! cutt+ p[] ( ice ) t trem5d\s ga% 9 ! e>?'s surface4 ,b geologi/s agree t ! glaci]s ( ! ,ice ,ages _h no direct "p 9 ! /ory ( ,gr& ,canyon4 ,no scrat*es or g\ges made by ice are to be f\nd on ! canyon walls1 no great rock piles =m$ at a glaci]'s front are 9 evid5ce1 & la/ly1 ! v ,v-%ape ( ! canyon itself is va/ly diff]5t f ! usual flat-bottom$ valley scoop$ out by mov+ ice4 ,dur+ ! la/ epo* ( geologic hi/ory1 climatic conditions ! _w ov] alt]$ v mat]ially4 ,^u five diff]5t occasions sn[ accumulat$ 9 ! nor? to =m ext5sive ice %eets :i* advanc$ /eadily t[>d ! equator & !n retreat$ ) a lat] *ange 9 conditions4 ,^! 7 n ! only ice ages 9 hi/ory1 b !y 7 ( su* a comp>atively rec5t date t _! influ5ce is /rongly felt today 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at ! "t ( greate/ expansion ! glaci]s rea*$ ,new ,york 9 ! ea/1 ,miss\ri 9 ! mid we/1 & ,wa%+ton 9 ! f> we/4 ,contemporane\s ) ^! ma9 ice %eets1 fur!rmore1 7 l>ge glaci]s ?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,si]ra ,nevadas4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,utah & ev5 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,peaks1 j s\? ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 are f\nd evid5ces ( glaci]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,evid5tly !n1 climatic conditions 9 ! ,s\?we/ z else:]e 7 greatly diff]5t f ^? ( today4 ,x is believ$ t !re 0 mu* m ra9fall & less evaporation1 z %[n by ! ext5sive lakes :i* exi/$ 9 ?is region at t "t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! lat] melt+ ( ! glaci]s mu/ h suppli$ a va/ quantity ( wat] to ! ,colorado ,riv] caus+ x to be f> l>g] & m p[]ful ?an today4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,m\nta9 ,,volcanic ,,field 7,,plioc5e ,,& ,,plei/oc5e ,,epo*s7 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,volcanoes ,,f ,,nor? ,ov] a l>ge "p ( ! great plateau ( nor!rn ,arizona are f\nd %eets ( h>d lava & cone-%ap$ crat]s4 ,! c5t] ( ?is volcanic activity is locat$ 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,peaks j nor? ( ! t[n ( ,flag/aff1 b lavas & cones are f\nd we/w>d beyond ,williams & to a consid]able ext5t 9 e o!r direction4 ,look+ s\? f ,gr& ,canyon ^! peaks may be se5 to rise high above ! plateau & are a v beautiful sight4 ,f ,flag/aff & ,williams n only ! m\nta9s b also great %eets ( lava re/+ on ! lime/one surface are conspicu\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,san ,,francisco ,,m\nta9--,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,x 0 dur+ ! la/ great era 9 geological hi/ory1 & = ! mo/ "p aft] ! ,colorado ,riv] _h already />t$ to cut ! ,gr& ,canyon1 t molt5 masses broke ?r\gh & fl[$ out on ! nor!rn ,arizona plateau4 ,?ree great p]iods ( su* volcanic activity are repres5t$ by ! rocks ( ?is region & !y range 9 age f probably at lea/ a million to relatively rec5t ye>s4 ,! fir/ g5]al p]iod ( eruption 9 ! ,san ,francisco ,volcanic ,field 0 *>act]iz$ by a pr$om9ance ( lava fl[s :i* =m$ a black rock kn[n z basalt4 ,^! fl[s _h an av]age ?ickness ( ab\t #ej feet & cov]$ an area ( #c1jjj squ>e miles4 ,accompany+ !m 0 ! =mation ( ab\t a hundr$ small c9d] cones4 ,illu/ration3 ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 ,volcanic ,field ,x 0 dur+ ! second p]iod ( volcanism t six isolat$ cones ( l>ge size & a some:at great] numb] ( small cones 7 =m$ by ! eruption ( lavas widely rang+ 9 composition4 ,san ,francisco ,peak1 ! l>ge/ ( ^! cones & a dom9ant feature ( ! region rea*es an elevation ( #ab1faa feet above sea level1 or ab\t #e1jjj feet above ! plateau surface4 ,x is compos$ ( five diff]5t types1 ( lava--mo/ly r$ or light color$--:i* repres5t a correspond+ numb] ( di/9ct /ages 9 eruption4 ,s9ce ! t]m9ation ( its build+-up1 ! cre/ ( ?is cone has be5 erod$ & worn away to ! ext5t ( #c1jjj feet z e/imat$ f re/or$ cross-sections4 ,o!r l>ge volcanic crat]s ( ?is p]iod are ,bill ,williams 7#i1jij feet71 ,k5drick 7#aj1dah feet71 ,o',le>y 7#h1ibe feet7 & ,sitgreaves 7#i1bdj feet74 ,two hundr$ small cones & ab\t tw5ty cubic miles ( lava 7 produc$ 9 ?is same g5]al region dur+ a ?ird & relatively rec5t p]iod ( volcanic activity4 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial ov]lies t ( ! two prec$+ p]iods4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ^! cones & fl[s is _! age1 at lea/ "o cone be+ s rec5t t a% f x buri$ num]\s pi?\ses built by ,pueblo ,indians dur+ ! elev5? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,san ,,francisco ,,m\nta9 ,,elephants ,,& ,,camels 7,,plei/oc5e ,,epo*7 ,x 0 dur+ ! fif? & la/ great era 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory t mammals develop$ & t man made 8 appe>ance on e>?4 ,9 _m places 9 ! _w ! rema9s ( animals t liv$ dur+ v>i\s p>ts ( ?is age h be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ! fam\s asphalt pits ( ,cali=nia lit]ally hundr$s ( ! bones ( l>ge mammals--tig]s1 ma/odons1 wolves & _m o!rs--h be5 br\ght to light4 ,9 ! rec$+ ice ( nor!rn ,sib]ia1 l>ge mammo?s--elephant-l animals repres5tative ( ! la/ era1 b unkn[n today--h come to ! surface ) ev5 _! sk9 & fle% pres]v$4 ,b 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region few fossils ( ! m rec5t times rema9 to tell ! /ory ( ! life t !n roam$ ov] ?is surface4 ,= long ages ?is region has be5 above ! level ( ! sea1 erosion has be5 cont9u\s1 s s$im5ts h n accumulat$ & consequ5tly few records ( life h be5 made4 ,rec5tly ne> ! we/]n ,navajo ,indian ag5cy at ,tuba ,city1 ,arizona1 h[ev]1 ! rema9s ( sev]al ext9ct animals 7 discov]$4 ,9 a spr+1 hidd5 9 a s&/one crevice1 7 f\nd ! tusks ( a mammo? & "s tee? :i* belong$ to camels & bison4 ,^! 7 creatures native to ?is c\ntry n f> back 9 hi/ory4 ,!y give b a v fragm5t>y insight into ! m rec5t geologic hi/ory ( ! region1 b !y op5 up a field = int]e/+ speculation to ! imag9ative p]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elephant ,,& ,,camel ,,rema9s ,,adv5t ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,s\?we/ 7,,plei/oc5e ,,hi/oric7 ,aft] review+ ! *apt]s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory & witness+ ! procession & ! sl[ b /eady developm5t ( life ?r\gh ! ages1 x is v natural t "o %\ld wond] :5 man came ^u ! sc5e4 ,comp>$ ) ! hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! "t ( ! fir/ plants1 or ! millions ( ye>s foll[+ ! fir/ appe>ance ( v]tebrate animals1 ! age ( man is z no?+4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w !re is evid5ce t humans exi/$ be=e ! la/ great ,ice ,ages1 m ?an a million ye>s ago1 b 9 ! ,am]icas human occupation is measur$ 9 t]ms ( ?\s&s ( ye>s only4 ,num]\s rec5t discov]ies 9 widely scatt]$ p>ts ( ! ,s\?we/ indicate t man fir/ occupi$ ?is region at a "t :5 x 0 /ill inhabit$ by su* animals z ! gr\nd slo?1 ! mammo? & ! camel4 ,artifacts ( /one & bone h be5 f\nd associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ^! animals4 ,e>ly man's camp sites are locat$ along ! m>g9s ( =m] ext5sive wat] bodies t exi/$ ?r\gh\t ?is region at a "t :5 ! climate 0 f> m humid ?an n[4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ! nature or habits ( ^! m51 b x is suppos$ t !y 7 hunt]s ) no k ( agriculture4 ,9 ! ,gr& ,canyon region1 ! e>lie/ human hi/ory ) a cle>1 detail$ record goes back only to ab\t #cjj ,a4 ,d4 ,f t "t up to ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! /ory ( a fl\ri%+ & rapidly *ang+ civilization is well record$4 ,al?\gh no writt5 docum5ts h be5 left1 abundant reliable in=mation is available z a result ( ar*eological excavations4 ,ev5 ! dates ( _m important ev5ts h be5 accurately det]m9$ ?r\gh an +5i\s me?od ( calculat+ ye>s on ! basis ( gr[? r+s 9 ! trees us$ = h\se con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,indian ,,petroglyphs1 ,,head ,,( ,,bright ,,angel ,,trail1 ,,gr& ,,canyon ,two di/9ct cultures are repres5t$ 9 ! p :o h inhabit$ ! ,gr& ,canyon region = ! pa/ #a1fjj ye>s4 ,! e>li] & m primitive 0 t ( a long-head$ type ( man kn[n z ! ,basketmak]4 ,?is culture 0 replac$ at ab\t #gjj ,a4 ,d4 by ano!r1 probably ! result ( new p ent]+ ! area1 mix+ ) ! old] inhabitants & introduc+ new ideas4 ,a broad-head$ type ( man :o liv$ 9 pueblos & made pott]y 0 ! result4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages he built only small "o-room$ h\ses & made relatively crude pott]y1 b by #a1bjj ,a4 ,d4 8 ar*itecture & crafts _h develop$ to a v high /age z witness$ 9 ! l>ge/ cliff-dwell+s & pueblos ( ! region4 ,s9ce !n ! culture has decl9$4 ,! ,hopi ,indians ( today :o live ne> ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t ,c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ,gr& ,canyon are consid]$ to be mod]n repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p4 ,9 num]\s localities ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,utah burials ( ! e>ly ,f>m] ,basketmak] p]iod & also pi?\ses ( ! lat] ,pott] ,basketmak] p]iod h be5 f\nd4 ,"o ( ! latt] has also be5 discov]$ ne> ,cle> ,creek 9 ,gr& ,canyon4 ,! rema9s ( cliff-dwell+s & surface h\ses built by ! lat] ,pueblo ,indians are common ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! region & %[ all /ages ( developm5t4 ,^? at & 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon are typical ( ! int]m$iate p]iods &1 judg+ f pott]y fragm5ts 9 !m1 7 made by ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,hopi4 ,,geological ,,bibliography ,,( ,,gr& ,,canyon ,,region ,includ+ ,zion1 ,bryce1 ,pa9t$ ,des]t1 & ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,all51 ,v4 ,t41 ,triassic ,b5tonite ( ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 xix1 ,april1 #aicj4 ,bak]1 ,a4 ,a4 & o!rs1 ,notes on ! ,/ratigraphy ( ! ,moab ,region1 ,utah2 ,bull4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petrol4 ,geol41 vol4 #aa1 #aibg4 ---- & ,reeside1 ,j4 ,b41 ,correlation ( ! ,p]mian ( s\!rn ,utah1 nor!rn ,arizona1 nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico1 & s\?we/]n ,colorado3 ,bull4 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petrol4 ,geol41 vol4 #ac1 no4 #aa1 ,nov41 #aibi4 ----1 ,dane1 ,c4 ,h41 & ,reeside1 ,j4 ,b4 ,jr41 ,correlation ( ! ,jurassic ,=mations ( ,p>ts ( ,utah1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico & ,colorado3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ahc1 #aicf4 ----1 ,geology ( ! ,monum5t ,valley--,navajo ,m\nta9 ,region1 ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 ,utah3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #hfe1 #aicf4 ,brady1 ,l4 ,f41 ,prelim9>y ,note on ! ,occurr5ce ( a ,primitive ,!ropod 9 ! ,navajo3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #cj1 #aice4 ,branson1 ,e4 ,b41 & ,mehl1 ,m4 ,g41 ,triassic ,amphibians f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region3 ,univ4 ,mo4 ,/udies1 vol4 #d1 no4 #b1 #aibi4 ,butl]1 ,b4 ,s41 ,! ,ore ,deposits ( ,utah3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #aaa1 pp4 #fai-fbj1 #aibj4 ,bryan1 ,kirk1 ,discussion ( rock-fill dam1 ,lees ,f]ry1 ,arizona3 ,am4 ,soc4 ,civ4 ,eng41 ,proc41 vol4 #dh1 pp4 #afae-afbg4 ----1 ,w9d ,erosion ne> ,lees ,f]ry1 ,arizona3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #f1 p4 #bia1 #aibc4 ,camp1 ,*>les ,l41 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,phytosaurs3 ,memoirs1 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 #aj1 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,press1 #aicj4 ---- & ,vander,hoof1 ,v4 ,l41 ,small ,bip$al ,d9osaur f ! ,jurassic ( ,nor!rn ,arizona3 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 ab/ract1 pp4 #chd-e1 #aicd4 ,campbell1 ,ian1 & ,maxson1 ,j4 ,h41 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,ar*ean ,metamorphics ( ! ,gr& ,canyon3 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 #ai1 no4 #i1 pp4 #hjf-hji1 #aicc4 ,campbell1 ,m4 ,r41 & ,gregory1 ,h4 ,e41 ,! ,black ,mesa coal field1 ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #dca1 pt4 #b1 #aiji4 ,c>p5t]1 ,frank ,m41 ,a ,fossil ,insect f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ! ,gr& ,canyon3 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum ,proc4 ,no4 #bfie1 #aibg4 ,colton1 ,h>old ,s41 ,sunset ,crat]--,! ,effect ( a ,volcanic ,eruption on an ,anci5t ,pueblo ,p3 ,geogr4 ,review1 vol4 #bb1 no4 #d1 #aicb4 ---- ,basaltic ,c9d] ,cones & ,lava ,fl[s ( ! ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 ,volcanic ,field3 ,mus4 ,nor!rn ,arizona1 ,bull4 #aj1 #aicg4 ,cross & ,h[e1 ,r$b$s ( s\?we/]n ,colorado & _! correlation3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am4 ,bull41 vol4 #af1 pp4 #dhf-dhg1 #aije4 ,dake1 ,c4 ,l41 ,! pre-,mo5copi uncon=mity ( ! ,colorado ,plateau3 ,j\r4 ,geology1 vol4 #bh1 pp4 #fa-gd1 #aibj4 ,d>ton1 ,n4 ,h41 ,reconnaissance ( p>ts ( nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico & nor!rn ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,bull4 #dce1 #hd pp41 #ag pls41 #aiaj4 ---- ,guidebook ( ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,"p ,c1 ! ,santa ,fe ,r\te ) a side trip to ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #fae1 pp4 #abc-aca1 #aiae4 ---- ,a ,reconnaissance ( p>ts ( nor?we/]n ,new ,mexico & nor!rn ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(4 ,pap] #aca1 #aibb4 ---- ,resume ( ,arizona geology3 ,arizona ,bu4 ( ,m9es1 ,bull4 #aai1 #aibe4 ,daugh]ty1 ,lyman ,h41 ,new ,fossil ,plants f ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/3 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 ab/ract1 p4 #chi1 #aicd4 ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 ,notes on ! ,colorado ,canyon di/rict3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #bea-bei1 #aijj4 ---- ,an excursion to ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado3 ,h>v>d ,coll4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 vol4 #ch1 pp4 #ajg-bja1 #aija4 ---- ,! lessons ( ! ,colorado ,canyon3 ,bull4 ,am4 ,geogr4 ,soc41 vol4 #da1 #aiji4 ,dill]1 ,j4 ,s41 ,asbe/os 9 #aiag3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ,u4 ,s4 #aiag1 ,pt4 #b1 pp4 #aih-aii1 #aiah4 ,dutton1 ,e4 ,c41 ,! physical hi/ory ( ! ,gr& ,canyon ,di/rict3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,second ,ann4 ,rept41 pp4 #dg-aff1 pls4 ,x-,,xxv1 & map1 #ahhb4 ---- ,t]ti>y hi/ory ( ! ,gr& ,canyon ,di/rict3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,mon4 #b1 #bfd pp41 folio atlas1 #ahhb4 ,fre*1 ,f41 ,section 9 ,congress ,canyon opposite ,po9t ,sublime3 ,compt4 r5d4 #e? ,sess4 ,cong4 geol4 int]nat41 pp4 #dgf-ha1 #ahic4 ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k41 ,report on ! geology ( portions ( ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 & ,arizona1 exam9$ 9 ! ye>s #ahga1 #ahgb1 & #ahgc1 ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,geog4 ,surveys ,w4 #ajj? ,m]4 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ag-ahg1 #ejc-efg1 #ahge4 ,gilmore1 ,*>les ,w41 ,fossil ,footpr9ts f ! ,gr& ,canyon3 ,smi?sonian ,misc4 ,collections #gg ,no4 #i1 #hj ,no4 #c1 #hj ,no4 #h1 #aibf-g-h4 ,gregory1 ,h4 ,e41 ,geology ( ! ,navajo ,c\ntry3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ic1 #afa pp41 map1 #aiag4 ---- ,! ,%9>ump conglom]ate3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #ce1 pp4 #dbd-dch1 #aiac4 ---- ,reconnaissance ( a portion ( ! ,little ,colorado ,valley3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #ch1 pp4 #dia-eja4 ---- ,igne\s orig9 ( ! glacial deposits ( ! ,navajo ,res]vation3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #dj1 pp4 #ig-aae4 ---- ,! ,navajo ,c\ntry3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #chj1 #bai pp41 map1 #aiaf4 ---- & ,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 ,! ,kaip>[its ,region3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(4 ,pap] #afd1 #afa pp4 #ca pls41 #aica4 ----1 ,colorado ,plateau ,region1 xvi ,int]national ,geological ,congress1 ,guidebook #ah1 ,excursions ,c-#a1 ,c-#b1 #aicc4 ,hag]1 ,dorsey1 ,/ratigraphy--nor!a/ ,arizona--s\!a/ ,utah3 ,m9+ & ,oil ,bull41 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #afg1 #dbc1 #aibd4 ,hesse1 ,curtis ,j41 ,semionotus cf41 gigas1 f ! ,triassic ( ,zion ,p>k1 ,utah3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #bi1 #aice4 ,h9ds1 ,norman ,e4 ,a41 ,ep-,ar*ean & ,ep-,algonkian ,int]vals 9 ,we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,wa%+ton1 ,publ4 ,no4 #dfc1 pp4 #a-eb1 #aice4 ---- ,uncompahgran & ,beltian ,deposits 9 ,we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,wa%+ton1 ,publ4 ,no4 #dfc1 pp4 #ec-acf1 #aicf4 ,hunt+ton1 ,ellswor? & ,gold?wait1 ,j4 ,w41 ,! ,hurricane ,fault 9 ! ,toqu]ville di/rict1 ,utah3 ,h>v>d ,coll4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool4 ,bull41 vol4 #db1 #aijd4 ,idd+s1 ,j4 ,p41 ,pre-,cambrian igne\s rocks ( ! ,unk> t]rane1 ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 ,ariz41 by ,c4 ,d4 ,walcott1 ) notes on ! petrographic "* ( ! lavas by ,idd+s ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,f\rte5? ,ann4 ,report1 ,"p #b1 pp4 #ebj-bd1 #ahie4 ,johnson1 ,d4 ,w41 ,a geological excursion 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon di/rict3 ,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 #cd1 pp4 #ace-afa1 pls4 #ag-bb1 #aiji4 ,kn[lton1 ,f4 ,h41 ,! ,fossil ,=e/s ( ,arizona3 ,am]4 ,=41 vol4 #i1 #aiac4 ---- ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic plants ( ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #fif1 #aiai4 ,lee1 ,w4 ,t41 ,geologic reconnaissance ( a "p ( we/]n ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #ceb1 #if pp41 #aa pls4 #aijh4 ---- ,/ories 9 ,/one4 ,c4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 #aibf4 ---- ,! ,canyons & ,pa9t$ ,cliffs ( ,zion ,national ,p>k & ! ,/ory ( _! ,orig91 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,longwell1 ,c4 ,r41 ,geology ( ! ,muddy ,m\nta9s1 ,nev41 ) a section to ! ,gr& ,wa% ,cliffs1 9 we/]n ,arizona3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #ej1 pp4 #eb-ed1 #aiba4 ---- & o!rs1 ,rock =mations 9 ! ,colorado ,plateau ( s\!a/]n ,utah & nor!rn ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #acb1 pp4 #a-bc1 #aibc4 ----1 ,! pre-,triassic uncon=mity 9 s\!rn ,nevada3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #e? s]41 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #ic-ajf1 #aibe4 ---- ,/ructural /udies 9 s\!rn ,nevada & we/]n ,arizona3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am4 ,bull41 vol4 #cg1 pp4 #eea-ehd1 pls4 #ag-bj1 #aibf4 ----1 ,geology ( ! ,muddy ,m\nta9s1 ,nevada1 ) a section ?r\gh ! ,virg9 ,range to ! ,gr& ,wa% ,cliffs1 ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #gih1 #aibh4 ----1 ,geology ( ! ,b\ld] ,res]voir ,floor3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 #dg1 pp4 #acic-adgf1 #aicf4 ,lucas1 ,f4 ,a41 ,v]tebrates f ! ,trias ( ,arizona3 ,sci5ce1 new s]41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #cgf1 #aija4 ---- ,a ,new ,batra*ian & a new reptile f ! ,trias ( ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,proc41 vol4 #bg1 pp4 #aic1 #aie1 #aijd4 ,lull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,fossil ,footpr9ts f ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #de1 #aiah4 ,m>c\1 ,jules1 ,resume & field notes3 ,u4 ,s4 ,pacific ,railroad ,expl4 vol4 #c1 pt4 #d4 ,geological ,report1 #ahef4 ,mat!s1 ,f4 ,e41 ,bright ,angel ,quadrangle4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey topo4 map text4 ,m>v9e1 ,a4 ,r41 ,report on ! geology ( ! r\te f ,/4 ,george ,utah1 to ,gila ,riv]1 ,arizona1 exam9$ 9 #ahga3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geog4 ,survey ,w4 ( #ajj? ,m]41 vol4 #c1 #ahge1 pp4 #ahi-bbe1 maps4 ,maxson1 ,j4 ,h41 & ,campbell1 ,ian1 ,ar*ean ,ripple ,m>k 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #bh1 #aicd4 ,mc,kee1 ,edw9 ,d41 ,climates ( ! ,age ( ,mammals 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon ,region3 ,museum ,notes1 ,museum ( ,nor!rn ,arizona1 ,flag/aff1 #aicb4 ----1 ,arizona ,?r\gh ! ,ages3 ,sci5tific ,mon?ly1 #aicb4 ---- ,! ,cocon9o ,s&/one--,its ,hi/ory & ,orig93 ,c>negie ,in/itution ,publ4 #ddj1 vii1 #aicd4 ---- ,a ,/udy ( ! ,light-color$1 ,cross-b$d$ ,s&/ones ( ,canyon de ,*elly1 ,arizona3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #e? ,s]41 vol4 #bh1 pp4 #bai-bcc1 #aicd4 ----1 ,occurr5ce ( ,triassic ,s$im5ts on ! ,rim ( ,gr& ,canyon3 ,j\r4 ,wa%4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 #be1 no4 #d1 #aice4 ----1 ,a ,conul>ia f ! ,p]mian ( ,arizona3 ,j\r4 ,paleontology1 vol4 #i1 no4 #e1 #aice4 ----1 ,triassic ,pebbles 9 ,nor!rn ,arizona ,conta9+ ,inv]tebrate ,fossils3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #cc1 #aicg4 ----1 ,! ,environm5t & ,hi/ory ( ! ,tor[eap & ,kaibab =mations ( ,nor!rn ,arizona & ,s\!rn ,utah3 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,wa%+ton1 ,publ4 #dib1 #aich4 ,m]riam1 ,john ,c41 ,! ,liv+ ,pa/1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aicj4 ,mill]1 ,w4 ,j41 ,zion ,canyon ,national ,p>k1 ,utah3 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 ,may1 #aibc4 ,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 ,on ! ,/ratigraphy ( ,nor!a/]n ,arizona3 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petrol4 ,geol4 ,bull41 vol4 #f1 no4 #a1 pp4 #dg-di1 #aibb4 ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s41 ,report ^u ! ,colorado ,riv] ( ! ,we/1 explor$ 9 #aheg-eh by ,lieut4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ives3 ,govt4 ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 pt4 #c1 ,geological ,report1 #ahfa4 ,noble1 ,l4 ,f41 ,! geology ( ! ,%9umo area3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #bi1 pp4 #cfi-chf1 #dig-ebh1 #aiaj4 ----1 ,! ,%9umo ,quadrangle1 ,gr& ,canyon di/rict1 ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #edi1 #ajj pp41 #ah pls41 #aiad4 ---- ,a ,section ( ! ,paleozoic =mations ( ! ,gr& ,canyon on ! ,bass ,trail3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #aca1 pp4 #bc-gc1 #aibb4 ---- & ,hunt]1 ,j4 ,f41 ,a reconnaissance ( ! ,ar*ean complex ( ! ,granite ,gorge1 ,gr& ,canyon1 ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ih1 pp4 #ie-aac1 #aiaf4 ---- ,a ,section ( ,kaibab ,lime/one 9 ,kaibab ,gul*1 ,utah3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,pr(4 ,pap] #aej1 #aibh4 ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 ,exploration ( ! ,colorado ,riv] ( ! ,we/ & its tribut>ies explor$ 9 #ahfi-ahgb3 ,smi?sonian ,in/41 #bia pp41 #ahgc4 ,ransome1 ,f4 ,l41 ,pre-,cambrian 9 ,gr& ,canyon3 ,sci5ce1 vol4 #bg1 pp4 #ffg-ffh1 #aijh4 ---- ,"s ,paleozoic sections 9 ,arizona & _! correlations3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #ih1 pp4 #acc-aff1 #aiaf4 ,reagan1 ,alb]t ,b41 ,"s ,geological ,notes on ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,black ,mesa1 ,arizona1 ,transactions ( ! ,kansas ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 #ce1 pp4 #bcb-beb1 #aicb4 ---- ,! ,t]ti>y--,plei/oc5e ( ! ,navajo ,c\ntry 9 ,arizona1 ) a description ( "s ( its includ$ fossils3 ,transactions ( ! ,kansas ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 #ce1 pp4 #bec-bei1 #aicb4 ,reeside1 ,j4 ,b41 & ,bassl]1 ,h>vey1 ,/ratigraphic sections 9 s\?we/]n ,utah & nor?we/]n ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,sur4 ,pr(4 ,pap]1 #abi-;,d1 #aibb4 ,rob9son1 ,h4 ,h41 ,! ,san ,franciscan volcanic field1 ,arizona3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #gf1 #bac pp41 #ad pls41 #aiac4 ,s*u*]t1 ,*>les1 ,on ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ! ,gr& ,canyon--,! ,cambrian ( ! ,gr& ,canyon3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #de1 pp4 #cdg-cfi1 #aiah4 ,%im]1 ,h4 ,w41 ,p]mo-,triassic ( nor?we/]n ,arizona3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am4 ,bull41 vol4 #cj1 #aiai4 ,/oyan[1 ,a4 ,a41 ,notes on rec5t /ratigraphic "w 9 ,arizona3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #caa-cbd1 #aibf4 ----1 ,correlation ( ,arizona ,paleozoic ,=mations3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 #dg1 pp4 #dei-edj1 #aicf4 ,v&] ,ho(1 ,v4 ,l41 ,! ,*9le ,=mation3 ,museum ,notes1 ,mus4 ,nor!rn ,arizona1 vol4 #f1 no4 #g1 #aicd4 ,walcott1 ,c4 ,d41 ,! ,p]mian & o!r ,paleozoic gr\ps ( ! ,kanab ,valley1 ,arizona3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #crd s]41 vol4 #bj1 pp4 #bba-bbe1 #ahhj4 ---- ,pre-,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 ,ariz43 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #crd s]41 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #dcg1 #ddb1 #dhd1 #ahhc2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rept41 p4 #dg1 #ahhd4 ---- ,/udy ( a l9e ( displacem5t 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon 9 nor!a/ ,arizona3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #di-fd1 #ahij4 ---- ,pre-,cambrian igne\s rocks ( ! ,unk> t]rane1 ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 ,ariz41 ) notes on ! petrographic "* ( ! ,lavas1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,idd+s3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,f\rte5? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,pt4 #b1 pp4 #dig-ebd1 #ahid4 ---- ,algonkian rocks ( ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado3 ,j\r4 ,geology1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #cab-ccj1 pls4 #f1 #ahie4 ---- ,pre-,cambrian fossilif]\s =mations3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #aii-bdd1 #ahii4 ---- ,cambrian geology & paleontology3 ,smi?sonian ,misc4 ,coll41 vol4 #fd1 no4 #e1 pp4 #cgc1 #cgd1 #aiaf4 ----1 ,geology ( ! ,little ,colorado ,valley3 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #d? s]41 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #dja-dac1 #aija4 ,w>d1 ,l4 ,f41 ,report on ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ( ,arizona3 ,tw5tie? ,ann4 ,rept41 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbd-ccb1 #aijj4 ---- ,! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ( ,arizona3 ,smi? ,rept4 = #ahii1 ,wa%41 pp4 #bhi-cjg1 #aija4 ,:ite1 ,david1 ,/udy ( ! fossil floras 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon3 ,c>negie ,in/4 ,ye>-,book #bf1 pp4 #cff-cfi1 #aibg4 ---- ,flora ( ! ,h]mit ,%ale1 ,gr& ,canyon1 ,ariz41 ,publication ,no4 #dje ,c>negie ,in/itution1 #aibi4 ,williams1 ,h[ell1 ,plioc5e ,volcanoes ( ! ,navajo-,hopi ,c\ntry3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 #dg1 pp4 #aaa-agb1 #aicf4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 --,obvi\s typographical errors 7 correct$ )\t comm5t4 --,non-/&>d spell+s & dialect 7 n *ang$4