,illustration3 ,drawn by ,f4 ,tonkin4 ,a ,,gvide ,,to ,,movnts ,,bay ,,and ,,lands ,,end4 ,illustration ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,mount's ,,bay ,,and ,,the ,,land's ,,end2 ,,comprehending ,,the ,,topography1 ,,botany1 ,,agriculture1 ,,fisheries1 ,,antiquities1 ,,mining1 ,,mineralogy ,,and ,,geology ,,of ,western ,cornwall4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,to which is added1 for the information of ,invalids1 ,a ,,dialogue ,,on ,,the ,,peculiar ,,advantages ,,of ,,the ,,climates ,,of ,,penzance1 ,,devonshire1 ,,and ,,the ,,southern ,,parts ,,of ,,europe4 ,by a ,,physician4 ,auditque suis tria littora campis4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,and ,,published ,,by ,w4 ,,phillips1 ,,george ,,yard1 ,,lombard ,,street3 ,,sold ,,also ,,by ,t4 ,,vigurs1 ,,penzance2 ,,and ,w4 ,,and ,c4 ,,tait1 ,,edinburgh4 #ahbd4 ,,to ,,the ,,vice ,,patrons1 ,,president1 ,,vice ,,presidents1 ,,and ,,members ,,of ,the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 ,,this ,,work ,,is ,,inscribed1 ,,as ,a ,,humble1 ,,yet ,,sincere ,,tribute ,,of ,,respect1 ,,for ,,the ,,zeal ,,and ,,liberality ,,with ,,which ,,they ,,continue ,,to ,,uphold ,,an ,,institution ,,which ,,has ,,rendered ,,their ,,home ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,science1 ,,and ,,their ,,native ,,riches ,,increasing ,,sources ,,of ,,prosperity4 ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,this little volume has been republished1 at the earnest solicitation of numerous friends and applicants1 and with such additions and improvements as the present extended state of information appeared to render necessary4 ,in obeying this call1 the author trusts that he may1 in some degree1 remove the prejudice to which the carelessness of his provincial compositor must1 on the former occasion1 have exposed the work4 ,since the publication of the first ,edition1 ,,penzance1 and the ,district of the ,mount's ,bay1 have become objects of greatly increased interest2 the successful establishment of the ,geological ,society1--the erection of commodious ,sea ,baths1--the growing confidence of the ,public1 and of the medical profession1 in the superior mildness of the climate1--and the general amelioration of every thing connected with the wants and comforts of a winter residence1 have powerfully operated in augmenting the influx of strangers and invalids1 into this formerly obscure1 and comparatively neglected district4 ,such considerations1 it will be acknowledged1 were quite sufficient to sanction the propriety and expediency of the present undertaking1 but the author must in candour allow1 that they would scarcely have prevailed1 had not another powerful motive been in silent but effectual co-operation--the ,antiqu vestigia ,flamm1--a secret lingering after the pursuits of ,geology have1 for once at least1 seduced him from a resolution he had formed on quitting ,cornwall1--that of abandoning a science which can never be pursued except with enthusiasm2 but which1 from its direction and tendency1 is wholly incompatible with the duties of an anxious and laborious profession4 ,as the work is calculated for the guidance of those who may seek the shores of the ,mount's ,bay1 for its genial atmosphere1 the introduction of some general observations upon the subject of ,climate1 appeared essentially necessary4 ,for this purpose1 the form of a ,dialogue has been preferred to that of a ,didactic essay2 by which much circumlocution is avoided1 while the only interesting parts of the question are thus made to appear in a more prominent and popular point of view4 ,the ,cornish ,dialogue1 introduced in the ,appendix1 for the sake of illustrating the provincial ,dialect1 has been composed after the model of the well known ,tim ,bobbin1 which was written for the accomplishment of the same object1 with reference to ,lancashire4 ,from the direction in which it came into the hands of the author1 he is inclined to consider it as an hitherto unpublished production of the celebrated ,dr4 ,walcott4----,,valete4 ,,contents4 ,,introduction4 ,,of ,,the ,,mount's ,,bay1 ,,and ,,the ,,land's ,,end ,,district4 7,page #a47 ,,the ,,mount',s ,,bay--,its ,topography and ,scenery1 #a4--,northern ,shores1 their aspect cheerless but interesting1 #c4--,minerals and ,antiquities1 #d4--,the ,climate of ,mount's ,bay1 #e4--,meteorological ,records1 #e4--,vegetation1 #f4--,tender ,exotics flourish in the open air1 #g4--,proofs of superior mildness from the animal kingdom1 #i4--;,coolness of the ,summer1 #aj4--,rain2 ,storms1 #aa4--;,hurricane of #ahag1 #ad4--;,encroachments of the ,sea1 #af4--,the ,bay formerly a woodland1 #ag4--;,causes of the ,sea's inundation1 #ah4--,rapid decomposition of the ,cornish hills1 #ai4--,,penzance--an eligible residence1 #bb4--;,its situation most beautiful4--,extraordinary fertility of the neighbouring lands1 #bc4--;,corporation--,pier--,chapel--,me eting ,houses1 #bd4--,penzance a ,coinage ,town1 #be4--,public ,dispensary1 #be4--,,royal ,,geological ,,society ,,of ,,cornwall1 #bf4--;,its ,cabinet of ,minerals1 #bg4--,laboratory1 #bi4--;,accidents from explosion in ,mines prevented by the scientific efforts of the ,society1 #cj4--,mineralogical ,collection of ,joseph ,carne1 ,esq4 #ca4--,penwith ,agricultural ,society1 #cb4--,penzance ,market1 #cc4--,wild fowl and fish abundant and cheap1--,newlyn ,fish-women remarkable for their beauty1 #cc4--,,public ,,hot ,,and ,,cold ,,sea ,,baths1 #cd4--;,beautiful prospect from the waiting room1 #ce4--,packet to ,scilly1 #ce4--;,ancient ,customs--,festivities at ,midsummer1 #cf4--,penzance remarkable in history from having been burnt by the ,spaniards1 #ch4--,tobacco first smoked in this town1 #ci4--,the birth place of ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 #dj4--,,list ,,of ,,indigenous ,,plants ,,of ,,western ,,cornwall1 #da1 c4 ,,excursion ,i4 7,page #de7 ,,to ,,saint ,,michael's ,,mount4 ,an object of the very first interest--,excursion by water--,by land1 #de4--,the ,eastern ,green celebrated as the habitat of some rare plants1 #df4--,,marazion1 or ,,market ,,jew1 #dg4--;,its origin and ,charter1 #dg4--;,chapel ,rock1 #dh4--;,,arrival ,,at ,,saint ,,michael',s ,,mount1 #di4--;,conical form of the hill--,its dimensions--,town at its base--,the ,pier--,interesting as a geological object1 #ej4--,why--,its scenery most magnificent--,geological structure1 #ea4--,militates against the ,wernerian doctrines--,de ,luc's improbable explanation1 #ea4--;,dr4 ,berger's gratuitous assumption1 #eb4--,plutonian views1 #eb4--,western base of the ,mount--,beds of ,granite1 #ec4--,quartz veins--,interesting contents of the veins1 #ee4--,pinite discovered in this spot1 #ee4--,other minerals1 #ef4--,lodes of ,tin and ,copper--,remains of a ,tin ,mine--,veins of ,mica1 #eg4--,the ,tamarisk1 #eg4--;,ascent to the ,castle1 #eg4--;,ancient ,fortifications--,the ,chevychace room1 #eh4--,the ,chapel1 #ei4--,mysterious discovery in the ,chapel1 #ei4--,more ,discoveries--,ascent to the top of the tower--,prospect hence of the grandest description1 #fj4--,saint ,michael's ,chair--,its origin and supposed mystic powers--,a remnant of ,monkish fable1 #fa4--,the modern ,apartments1 #fb4--,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,hill--,formerly cloathed with wood--,its old ,cornish appellation1 #fb4--,once at a distance from the sea1 #fc4--;,,ecclesiastical ,,history--,monkish ,legends of the vision of ,saint ,michael1 #fc4--,saint ,keyne's ,pilgrimage to the ,mount in the fifth century1 #fd4--,the ,confessor's ,endowment1 #fe4--;,ancient instrument ,a4,d4 #ajgj found amongst its registers1 #fe--;,annexed to a ,norman ,priory at the ,conquest1 #ff4--,the ,nunnery--,its establishment broken up--,the connection of the ,priory with ,normandy destroyed1 #fg4--;,granted by ,henry the ,sixth to ,king's ,college ,cambridge1 #fg4--,transferred by ,edward ,,iv4 to the ,nunnery of ,sion in ,middlesex1 #fh4--;,bestowed upon ,lord ,arundel at the ,reformation1 #fh4--;,its ,,private ,,history continued1 #fi4--,,military ,,history4--,pomeroy's ,treachery--,monks expelled--,monks restored1 #gj4--,the ,mount is again reduced by the ,earl of ,oxford1 #ga4--who in his turn is compelled to surrender to the forces of ,edward the ,fourth1 #ga4--,the ,lady ,catherine ,gordon1 wife of ,perkin ,warbeck1 flies to the ,mount for safety1 #ga4--;,besieged by the ,cornish rebels in the reign of ,edward ,,vi41 #ga4--,reduced by ,colonel ,hammond during the ,civil war of ,charles the ,first1 #gb4--,the ,mount supposed by ,sir ,christopher ,hawkins and ,dr4 ,maton to be the ,,ictis of ,diodorus ,siculus1 #gc4 ,,excursion ,,ii4 7,page #gd7 ,,to ,,the ,,land's ,,end1 ,,logan ,,rock1 c4 ,intermediate objects worthy of notice1 #gd4--;,castle ,horneck1 #ge4--,rose ,hill--,trereiffe1 #gf4--,the country wild but susceptible of cultivation1 #gg4--;,furze--,boulders of ,granite1 #gg4--;,capable of numerous applications in rural oeconomy1 #gh4--;,cornish ,granite1 7provincially1 ,growan71 when in a state of decomposition is used as a manure1 #gi4--,theory of its operation1 #gi4--;,form of the ,felspar crystals1 #gi4--,state of ,agriculture--,the ,farm of ,john ,scobell1 ,esq4 at ,leha1 #hj4--;,arish ,mows1 #ha4--;,ancient ,stone ,crosses1 #ha4--;,druidical ,circle at ,boscawen ,un1 #ha4--,opinions concerning the origin of such circles1 #hb4--;,chapel ,euny1 and its mystic well1 #hb4--;,caerbran ,round1 #hc4--,other ,hill ,castles1 #hd4--;,chapel ,carn ,bre--,its origin1 #hd4--;,commands a very extensive view1 #he4--,sennan ,church-town--,the ,first and ,last ,inn in ,england1 #he4--,the ,village of ,mayon or ,mean1 #he4--,table ,mean the vague tradition concerning1 #hf4--,,the ,,land',s ,,end1 #hf4--;,a ,spot of great geological interest1 #hg4--;,grotesque appearance of its granitic rocks1 #hg4--,the ,armed ,knight1 ,irish ,lady1 and ,dr4 ,johnson's ,head1 #hh4--;,cape ,cornwall1 and ,whitsand ,bay1 #hh4--;,historical recollections1 #hh4--,the ,long-,ships ,light-house1 #hi4--,tradition of the ,lioness1 #ia4--,the ,wolf rock1 #ia4--,,the ,,scilly ,,islands1 #ib4--;,ancient ,accounts--,six of the ,islets only inhabited1 #ib4--,saint ,agnes1 #ic4--,the ,light-house1 #ic4--;,civil ,government of the ,islands1 #ic4--,present inhabitants all new comers1 #id4--;,a robust and healthy race1 #id4--,their employment1 #if4--;,experience great distress1 #if4--;,curious fact with respect to the migration of the ,woodcock1 #ih4--;,climate and ,geology1 #ii4--,,return ,,to ,,the ,,land',s ,,end--,fine rock ,scenery at the ,cape near the ,signal ,station1 #aja4--,tol ,pedn ,penwith1 #ajb4--;,cornish ,chough--,a ,cliff ,castle1 #ajb4--;,castle ,treryn--,stupendous ,rock ,scenery--,,the ,,logan ,,rock1 #ajc4--;,its weight1 #ajc4--;,how and whence it came1 #ajd4--;,a natural production1 #ajd4--;,its appearance easily reconciled with the known laws of decomposition1 #aje4--,used probably by the ,druids as an engine of superstition1 #aje4--,plants--,geological phenomena1 #ajf4--,rare ,shells to be found in ,treryn ,cove1 #ajg4--,,saint ,,buryan1 once the seat of a ,college of ,augustine ,canons1 #ajh4--;,church ,tower commands a very extensive prospect--,remarkable ancient ,monument in the church1 #aji4--;,ancient ,crosses1 #aaj4--,the ,deanery1 #aaa4--,the supposed ,sanctuary1 #aaa4--,return to ,penzance by a circuitous route1 through the parish of ,saint ,paul1 #aaa4--;,boskenna1 the romantic seat of ,john ,paynter1 ,esq41 #aab4--;,a ,druidical circle1 called the ,merry ,maidens1 #aab4--,sepulchral ,stones called the ,pipers1 #aac4--;,carn ,boscawen1 ,pensile ,stone at1 #aac4--,trove or ,trewoof1 the remains of a triple entrenchment at1 #aac4--,the romantic valley of ,lemorna1 #aac4--,kerris1 supposed ,druidical monument at1 #aad4--,,paul ,,church1 #aad4--;,epitaph of ,dolly ,pentreath1 #aae4--,mousehole and ,newlyn1 ,colonies of ,fishermen1 #aaf4--;,geological phenomena1 #aag4 ,,excursion ,,iii4 7,page #aai7 ,,to ,,botallack ,,mine2 ,,cape ,,cornwall2 ,,and ,,the ,,mining ,,district ,,of ,,saint ,,just4 ,plan of the excursion1 #aai4--,nancealverne1 the seat of ,john ,scobell1 ,esq4--,poltair1 of ,edward ,scobell1 ,esq4--and ,trengwainton1 of ,sir ,rose ,price1 ,bart4 #aai4--,original ,paintings by ,opie1 #abj4--,village of ,madron1 #abj4--,madron ,well and ,baptistry2 ,ancient ,superstitions attached to it1 #aba4--,lanyon ,cromlech 7represented in the title page of this work7 known by the name of the ,giant's ,quoit1 #abb4--;,its supposed origin1 #abc4--,men-an-,tol1 #abd4--,men ,skryfa1 or the ,inscribed ,stone1 #abe4--;,chun ,castle1 #abf4--,stamping ,mills1 ,burning ,houses1 or ,roasting ,furnaces1 #abg4--;,cavern at ,pendeen1 #abf4--,pendeen ,cove1 #abh4--;,geological phenomena1 #abh4--,the ,gurnard's head1 #abi4--,minerals to be found in this district1 #acj4--;,axinite at ,trewellard--,prehnite--,stilbite--,meso type1 #aca4--,,the ,,crown ,,engine ,,of ,,botallack--,extraordinary ,scenery of the spot1 #acb4--;,descent to the ,engine1 #acc4--,the workings of the ,mine extend under the bed of the ,atlantic ocean1 #acc4--,mineralogical observations1 #acd4--;,,cape ,,cornwall1 #acf4--,little ,bounds ,mine1 #acf4--;,its workings under the sea1 #acg4--;,curious ,stalactites found there1 #ach4--;,,caraglose ,,head1 a spot well worthy the stranger's notice1 #ach4--,portnanvon ,cove1 #aci4--,,saint ,,just ,,church ,,town1 #aci4--;,ancient ,amphitheatre1 where ,tournaments are held at this very day1 #adj4--;,botallack circles1 #adj4--;,antiquarian speculations1 #ada4 ,,excursion ,,iv4 7,page #adc7 ,,to ,,saint ,,ives1 ,,hayle1 ,,huel ,,alfred1 c4 ,embowered ,village of ,gulval--,kenegie the seat of ,j4 ,a4 ,harris ,arundel1 ,esq4--,rosmorran1 the retired cottage of ,george ,john1 ,esq41 #adc4--;,ascent to the great ,granite ridge1 #adc4--;,castle an ,dinas1 #add4--;,atmospheric ,phenomenon1 #add4--,,saint ,,ives1 #ade4--,,the ,,pilchard ,,fishery--,confusion and bustle which are occasioned on the appearance of a shoal1 #adf4--,natural ,history of the ,pilchard1 #adg4--,period of its appearance1 #adh4--;,how discovered by the ,huer1 #adi4--,necessary outfit for the fishery1 #adi4--,the ,great ,net1 or ,stop ,seine--,how shot1 #aej4--,the quantity of fish usually secured--,tucking1 a beautiful sight1 #aeb4--;,driving ,nets1 #aec4--;,fish brought to the cellars and cured--lying in bulk1 #aec4--,packed in hogsheads1 headed up1 and exported1 #aed4--,the great importance of this fishery to the county1 #aee4--,refuse fish used as manure1 #aee4--,their fertilizing powers increased by lime1 #aef4--,,the ,,herring ,,fishery1 #aef4--,tregenna ,castle1 the seat of ,samuel ,stephens1 ,esq4--,knill's ,mausoleum1 #aeg4--,quinquennial ,games instituted1 #aeh4--;,hayle ,sands--,the ,port of ,hayle1 #aei4--;,desolate appearance of the district1 #afa4--,sand-flood1 #afb4--,,recent ,,formation ,,of ,,sandstone1 #afc4--;,investigation of the causes which have operated in consolidating the sand1 #aff4--;,huel ,alfred ,copper-mine1 #afi4--,the ,herland ,mines1 #agj4--,saint ,erth--,trevethoe1 #aga4--,tin ,smelting1 #agc4--,ludgvan ,church--,the tomb of the venerable and learned ,dr4 ,borlase1 #agd4 ,,excursion ,v4 7,page #agf47 ,,to ,,redruth1 ,,and ,,the ,,mining ,,districts ,,in ,,its ,,vicinity4 ,the country uninteresting to the traveller in search of the picturesque1 but affording a rich and instructive field of ,mineralogical inquiry1 #agf4--;,antiquity of the ,cornish ,tin ,trade1 #agg4--,stannary ,courts--,copper ,ore of comparatively modern discovery1 #agh4--,lead1 ,cobalt1 and ,silver ores1 #ahj4--;,average width of the metalliferous veins--,depth of the principal mines1 #aha4--,north and ,south veins1 or ,cross ,courses1 #aha4--;,heaves of the ,lodes--,a remarkable instance in ,huel ,peever1 #ahb4--;,costeening1 the meaning of the term--,,method ,,of ,,working ,,the ,,cornish ,,mines1 #ahc4--;,blasting the rock with gunpowder1 #ahf4--;,,descent ,,into ,a ,,mine1 #ahf4--;,interior of a ,mine1 #ahg4--,temperature of ,mines1 #ahi4--,mines considered as property1 #aij4--,various processes by which the ore is rendered marketable1 #aia4--,spalling1 #aia4--,stamping1 #aib4--;,dressing1 #aic4--,vanning1 #aid4--;,burning1 #aid4--,the ,standard ,barrow1 #aie4--,names of ,mines1 whence derived1 #aif4--,number of ,mines1 #aif4--,,stream ,,works1 #aig4--;,gold found there1 #aig4--;,clowance1 the seat of ,sir ,john ,st4 ,aubyn--,pendarves1 the seat of ,e4 ,w4 ,w4 ,pendarves1 ,esq4--,tehidy ,park1 the mansion of ,lord de ,dunstanville1 #aih4--;,,dolcoath ,,copper ,,mine1 #aih4--;,,cook',s ,,kitchen1 #aii4--,,redruth--,the ,great ,steam ,engine at ,chacewater1 #bjj4--,the ,consolidated ,mines--,huel ,unity--,poldice1 #bjb4--;,hints to the ,collectors of ,cornish ,minerals1 #bjb4--,mineralogical ,cabinets--,that in the possession of ,mr4 ,rashleigh1 #bjc4--,of ,mr4 ,williams's ,collection1 #bjf4--,saint ,agnes1 #bjh4--;,,carn-,,breh ,,hill--,the supposed grand centre of ,druidical worship1 #bji4--;,imaginary monuments of the ,druids--,their true nature developed1 #bji4--;,cleavelandite found in the porphyritic granite on the summit of the hill1 #bab4--;,carn-breh ,castle1 #bac4 ,,excursion ,,vi4 7,page #bad47 ,,to ,,kynance ,,cove ,,and ,,the ,,lizard ,,point4 ,fundamental ,rocks of the ,lizard ,peninsula1 #bae4--;,alternate beds of ,slate and ,greenstone at ,marazion--,cudden ,point--,acton ,castle--,pengerswick ,castle1 #baf4--,tregoning1 ,godolphin1 and ,breage ,hills1 #bag4--;,huel ,vor1 a great ,tin ,mine1 #bah4--,portleven ,harbour--,,helston1 #bai4--;,its ,borough--,the ancient and singular festival of the ,furry commemorated in this town1 #bbj4--,the ,furry-day ,tune1 #bbb4--,penrose1 the seat of ,john ,rogers1 ,esq41 #bbc4--,the ,loe ,pool1 an extensive fresh-water lake1 #bbd4--;,interior of the ,lizard ,peninsula1 #bbe4--;,gunwalloe ,cove--,bolerium--,mullion ,cove--,geology of this line of ,coast1 #bbf4--,serpentine ,formation--,goonhilly ,downs--,erica ,vagans1 #bbg4--,,soap ,,rock1 #bbh4--;,copper found in this district1 #bbi4--,,kynance ,,cove--,asparagus ,island--,the ,devil's ,bellows1 #bbi4--;,explanation of the phenomenon1 #bcj4--,,lizard ,,light-,,houses1 #bca4--;,geology of the ,eastern ,coast of the ,peninsula1 #bcb4--;,frying ,pan ,rocks near ,cadgwith1 #bcc4--;,diallage ,rock--,mr4 ,majendie's researches in this district1 #bcc4--;,coverack ,cove1 a spot of the highest geological interest1 #bcd4--,professor ,sedgwick's ,observations thereon1 #bce4--,tregonwell ,mill1 the habitat of ,menacchanite or ,gregorite1 #bcf4--;,,concluding ,,remarks1 #bcg4 ,,appendix4 ,,part ,i4 ,a ,dialogue1 between ,dr4 ,a4 a ,physician1 and ,mr4 ,b4 an ,invalid1 on the comparative merits of different ,climates1 as places of ,winter residence p4 #bci ,,appendix4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,an ,account of the ,first celebration of the ,knillian ,games at ,saint ,ives p4 #bfj ,a ,cornish ,dialogue #bfg ,carn ,breh--,an ,ode hitherto unpublished1 by ,dr4 ,walcot #bga ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,mount',s ,,bay ,,and ,,the ,,land's ,,end4 ,,introduction4 ,of the ,mount's ,bay1 and the ,land's ,end ,district4 ,at the most western extremity1 and in the lowest latitude of ,great ,britain1 is situated this delightful and justly celebrated ,bay4 ,it is bounded by an irregularly curved outline of many miles in extent1 the extreme points of which constitute the well known promontory of the ,lizard1 and the singular headland1 ,tol-,pedn-,penwith1 near the ,land's ,end4 ,from the ,lizard1 the shores pass northward and westward1 and gradually losing1 as they proceed1 their harsh and untamed features1 swell into sloping sweeps of richly cultivated land1 and into hills glowing with the freshest verdure4 ,as the coast advances1 and at the same time spreads itself southward1 it unites to its luxuriant richness a bolder character1 and1 rising like a vast amphitheatre1 it opposes a barrier to western storms1 while it presents its undulating bosom to the sun1 and collecting his rays1 pours them again with multiplied effect1 upon every part of the surrounding country4 ,the shores now pass westward1 and extend to the ,land's ,end1 in their approach to which they become more rocky and precipitous1 and occasionally exhibit some of the finest cliff scenery in the island1 displaying by splendid natural sections the exact structure and relations of the rocks of which the country is composed4 ,the western shores are sprinkled with picturesque villages1 churches1 cottages1 and villas2 and near the eastern margin of the bay1 a pile of rocks1 supporting a venerable chapel on its summit1 starts abruptly from the waves1 and presents an appearance of a most singular and beautiful description--this is ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 an eminence equally celebrated in the works of the poet1 the naturalist1 the antiquary1 and the historian4 ,if we pursue the coast1 and1 turning round the western extremity of our island1 trace its outline as it proceeds northerly1 and then easterly to the ,bay of ,st4 ,ives1 a very different country presents itself2 instead of the undulating curves1 and luxuriant herbage of the southern shores1 the land is generally high1--the vallies short1 narrow1 and quick of descent1 and the whole landscape affords a scene of incomparable cheerlessness2 on the summit of almost every hill the granite is to be seen protruding its rugged forms in the most fantastic shapes1 while the neighbouring ground is frequently covered for some distance with its disjointed and gigantic fragments1 tumbled together in magnificent confusion2 scarcely a shrub is seen to diversify the waste1 and the traveller who undertakes to explore the more desolate parts of the district1 will feel as if he were walking over the ruins of the globe1 and were the only being who had survived the general wreck2 and yet ,ulysses was not more attached to his ,ithaca1 than is the ,cornish peasant to his wild and cheerless dwelling4 ,dear is that shed to which his soul conforms1 ,and dear that hill which lifts him to the storms4 ,nor let the intelligent tourist despair of amusement1 for he will find much to interest1 much to delight him4 ,there is not perhaps a district in ,great ,britain which presents greater attractions to the mineralogist or geologist2 and there is certainly not one which1 in so small a compass1 has produced so many species of earthy and metallic minerals1 or which displays so many geological varieties4 ,at the same time the antiquarian may here occupy himself with the examination of the rude relics of antiquity1 which lie scattered on all sides--nothing is more pleasing than that sacred enthusiasm which is kindled in the mind by the contemplation of the faded monuments of past ages1 and surely no spot was ever more congenial to such sensations4 ,but to return from the digression4 ,,the ,,climate of ,mount's ,bay is the circumstance which has principally contributed to its celebrity1 and is that which renders its shores so beneficial to invalids4 ,its seasons have been aptly compared to the neap tides1 which neither ebb nor flow with energy2 for1 notwithstanding its southern latitude1 the summer is never sultry1 while the rigour of winter is so ameliorated1 that thick ice#a is rarely seen2 frost1 if it occurs1 is but of a few hours duration2 and the snow storms which1 coming from the north and east1 bury the fields of every other part of ,england1 are generally exhausted before they reach this favoured spot1 or their last sprinkling is dissolved by the warm breezes which play around its shores4 ,the records lately collated and published by ,dr4 ,forbes1 from the meteorological journals of ,messrs4 ,giddy1 eminent surgeons at ,penzance1 afford abundant proof that this neighbourhood enjoys a mean summer temperature under1 and a mean winter temperature greatly above1 the mean of places similarly situated as to latitude1 but differing in the latter being placed at a distance from the sea2 for the mass of water held in the vast basin of the ocean preserves a far more even temperature than the atmosphere1 and is constantly at work to maintain some degree of equilibrium in the warmth of the air2 so that in the summer it carries off a portion of the caloric from it1 while in the winter it restores a part of that which it contains4#b ,the same registers have1 moreover1 recorded a fact with respect to the ,penzance climate which renders it still more acceptable to the invalid1--the comparatively small annual1 monthly1 and daily range of its temperature4 ,nor are the indications of the thermometer the only test upon which we need rely1--the productions of nature will furnish striking elucidations1 and amply confirm the justness of our meteorological observations4 ,from the vegetable kingdom we derive conclusive evidence of the mildness of our winter1 since all green-house plants may be preserved with far less care and attendance than in any other part of ,england2 myrtles#c and geraniums1 even of the tenderest kind1 and many other exotics1 are here constantly exposed during the winter1 and yet they flower most luxuriantly in the summer4 ,the ,hydrangea attains an immense size in our shrubberies1 as does also the ,verbena ,triphylla4 ,the great ,american aloe 7,agave ,americana17 has flowered in the open air at ,mousehole1 at ,tehidy park1 and in the ,scilly islands4 ,to these we may add a long list#d of tender exotics1 all of which are flourishing in the neighbourhood of ,penzance1 and it has been justly remarked that were ornamental horticulture to become an object of attention in this neighbourhood1 as it is in many other parts of ,england1 this list might be very considerably extended4 ,amongst the rare indigenous plants of this district1 the ,sibthorpia ,europa may be particularised as affording a remarkable proof of the mildness of our winter4 ,this elegant little plant when transplanted into the midland counties is killed even in the most sheltered gardens4 ,nor must we pass over unnoticed the more substantial proofs of the same fact1 as furnished by our winter markets1 for at a season when pot-herbs of all kinds are destroyed by frost in the eastern counties1 our tables are regularly supplied in abundance2#e and so little is the progress of vegetation checked during the months of winter1 that the meadows retain their verdure1 and afford even a considerable supply of grass to the cattle4 ,nor is the animal kingdom deficient in proofs of the congenial mildness of western ,cornwall4 ,we are indebted to the ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,bree1 of ,allesley1 ,warwickshire1 for the following remarks1 which were communicated by him to ,dr4 ,forbes of ,penzance1 and published by that gentleman in his ,observations on the ,climate of this neighbourhood4 ,one of the most remarkable instances of the mildness of your climate is the unusually early appearance of frog's spawn3 this ,i observed at ,gulval on the #hth of ,january4 ,according to ,white's ,naturalist's ,calendar 7which was made from observations taken in ,hampshire1 a warm and early county17 the earliest and latest appearances there specified1 are ,february #bhth1 and ,march #bb;d4 ,taking therefore the second week in ,march as the average for its appearance1 you should seem1 in this instance1 to be full two months earlier than ,hampshire4 ,in this neighbourhood 7near ,coventry7 ,i rarely see any of our species of ,swallow1 except perhaps an occasional straggler1 before the second week in ,april1 but in the year #ahah ,i was not a little gratified at observing upwards of a score of ,sand ,martins1 7,hirundo ,riparia17 sporting over the marsh between ,gulval and ,marazion1 on ,march #cast4 ,the wind at that time was ,n4 ,w4 and the thermometer at #ej in the shade at noon4 ,the ,chaffinch 7,fringilla ,coelebs17 ,i heard1 in ,cornwall1 begin to chirp his spring note the last day of ,december4 ,with us he is seldom heard until the beginning of ,february4 ,the ,viper1 7,coluber ,berus7 a great lover of warmth and moisture1 occurs more frequently in ,cornwall than in the midland counties4 ,we have already stated that our summers are as remarkable for coolness1 as our winters are desirable for mildness4 ,this circumstance necessarily renders our fruit inferior in flavour to that which is produced in the inland counties2 indeed the grape very rarely ripens in the open air1 and the apricot tree seldom affords any fruit1 except in a few favoured spots4 ,the tree of the greengage plum is nearly equally unproductive4 ,the walnut and the common hazel-nut very seldom bear fruit4 ,apples for the table1 however1 are plentiful and good2 and our strawberries may be considered as possessing a decided superiority4 ,why then1 it may be asked1 should not this climate be as eligible to invalids as that which they are generally sent across the ,channel to enjoy8 ,in reply we will venture to assert1 and without the least fear of being contradicted by those1 whose experience renders them competent judges1 that it is not only equally beneficial1 but far more eligible1 unless1 indeed1 the patient can possess himself of the cap of ,fortunatus1 to remove the difficulties and discomfiture of a continental journey4 ,but since the present volume is1 in some measure1 written for the information and guidance of those who are seeking a winter's residence1 in pursuit of health1 the author has been induced to subjoin a short essay1 in the appendix1 for the purpose of examining the comparative pretensions of the several places to the reputation for superior mildness and salubrity1 which they have acquired4 ,from the peninsular situation of ,cornwall1 and its proximity to the ,atlantic ocean1 over which the wind blows1 at least1 three-fourths of the year1 the weather is certainly very subject to rain1 and it is found that when other parts of ,england suffer from drought1 ,cornwall has rarely any reason to complain2 this peculiarity seems highly congenial to the inhabitants1 as well as to the soil2 a ,cornishman never enjoys better health and spirits than in wet seasons1 and there is a popular adage1 that the land will bear a shower every day1 and two upon a sunday2 this1 like most of our popular sayings1 although it requires to be understood with some grains of allowance1 is founded on observation and experience4 ,the philosophical explanation of the fact is obvious2 the shallowness of the soil1 and the large proportion of siliceous matter which enters into its composition1 together with the nature of its rocky substratum1 necessarily render a constant supply of moisture indispensable to its fertility4 ,and we here cannot but admire the intelligence displayed by ,nature in connecting the wants and necessities of the different parts of ,creation with the power and means of supplying them2 thus in a primitive country1 like ,cornwall1 where the soil is constantly greedy of moisture1 we perceive that the rocks1 elevated above the surface1 solicit a tribute from every passing cloud2 while in alluvial and flat districts1 the soil of which is rich1 deep1 and retentive of water1 the clouds float undisturbed over the plains1 and the country very commonly enjoys that long and uninterrupted series of dry weather which is so congenial and essential to its productions4 ,it deserves1 however1 to be noticed1 that the rains of ,cornwall are1 in general1 rather frequent than heavy4 ,not such as wintry storms on mortals shed ,oppressing life1 but lovely1 gentle1 kind1 ,and full of every hope1 and every joy1 ,the wish of ,nature4---- ,it has been satisfactorily ascertained1 by means of the rain guage1 that the actual quantity of rain that falls is rather under the mean of the whole of ,england2 and ,dr4 ,borlase observes that we have very seldom a day so thoroughly wet1 but that there is some intermission1 nor so cloudy1 but that the sun will find a time to shine4 ,this circumstance may1 perhaps1 in part depend upon the narrow1 ridgelike form of the peninsula1 over which the winds make a quick1 because they have a short passage1 and therefore do not suffer the clouds to hang long in one place1 as they frequently do in other situations2 we are1 besides1 much indebted to ,ireland for this moderation of the elements2 she may be truly denominated the ,umbrella of ,cornwall1 for were not the vast body of clouds1 which the winds bring from the ,atlantic1 attracted and broken by her hills1 we should most probably be deluged with more constant and excessive rain4 ,notwithstanding the supposed moisture of the ,mount's ,bay1 the air is not less fit for respiration1 nor less beneficial to the valetudinarian1 than that of drier situations4 ,the porous nature of the shelfy substratum soon disposes of any excess of water2 so that1 after a short cessation of rain1 the invalid may safely venture abroad to enjoy the delightful walks which surround the bay2 at the same time1 the numerous promontories which distinguish this coast1 promote a constant circulation of breezes around their extremities1 so that mists seldom linger1 and we never experience those sultry calms1 or suffocating fogs1 which not unfrequently infest other parts of our island4 ,as ,cornwall is directly exposed to the expanse of the ,atlantic ocean1 lying south-west of it1 we cannot be surprised that the winds1 which blow so generally from that quarter1 should occasionally produce very violent storms4 ,their approach is frequently predicted by the experienced fisherman1 from the agitation of the water along shore1 a phenomenon which is called a ground swell2 and which is probably occasioned by a storm in the ,atlantic1 with the wind west2 in which case1 as the storm proceeds eastward1 the waves raised by it will outgo the wind1 and reach the eastern coast long before it4 ,a tremendous instance of this kind occurred1 during the residence of the author of these pages1 on the night of ,sunday1 ,january #aith1 #ahag4 ,the storm assumed the character of a hurricane1 and acting in conjunction with a spring tide1 impelled the waves with such fury1 that they actually broke over the mast heads of the vessels which were lying within ,penzance harbour1 and bore down every thing before them2 two of the four pillars recently erected for the reception of a light were thrown down1 and several of the foundation stones of the pier removed4 ,the windows of the bath-house were demolished1 and the whole of its furniture washed into the sea4 ,the green between ,penzance and ,newlyn was torn up1 and several boats1 lying on the strand were actually carried into the neighbouring meadows4 ,the towns of ,newlyn and ,mousehole suffered corresponding damage1 and several of their houses were washed away4 ,the road between ,marazion and ,st4 ,michael's ,mount was torn from its lowest foundation1 and stones of more than a ton in weight1 though clamped together with massy iron1 were severed and removed from their situation4 ,the turnpike road between ,penzance and ,marazion was1 in many places1 buried with sand2 and in others1 broken up by the violence of the waves1 and covered by the sea to the depth of from three to five feet4 ,had the violence of the storm lasted but a few hours longer1 who will venture to say that the two channels would not have been united by the inundation of the low land which constitutes the isthmus1 and the district of the ,land's end been converted into an island6 ,the sea is encroaching upon every part of the ,cornish coast4 ,in the memory of many persons still living1 the cricketers were unable to throw a ball across the ,western ,green1 between ,penzance and ,newlyn1#f which is now not many feet in breadth1 and the grandfather of the present vicar of ,madron is known to have received tithes from the land under the cliff of ,penzance4 ,on the northern coast we have striking instances of the sea having made similar inroads4 ,this however is the natural result of the slow and silent depredation of the water upon the land2 but at a very remote period we are assured by tradition1 that a considerable part of the present bay1 especially that comprehended within a line drawn from near ,cuddan point on the east side1 to ,mousehole on the west1 was land covered with wood1 but which1 by an awful convulsion and irruption of the sea1 was suddenly swept away4 ,if we trace the north-west shore of the bay1 from the ,mount westward to ,newlyn1 the ebb tide leaves a large space uncovered2 the sea sand is from one to two or three feet deep2 and under this stratum of sand is found a black vegetable mould1 full of woodland detritus1 such as the branches1 leaves1 and nuts of coppice wood1 together with the roots and trunks of forest trees of large growth4 ,all these are manifestly indigenous2 and1 from the freshness and preservation of some of the remains1 the inundation of sand1 as well as water1 must have been sudden and simultaneous2 and the circumstance of ripe nuts and leaves remaining together would seem to shew that the irruption happened in the autumn1 or in the beginning of winter4 ,this vegetable substratum has been traced seaward as far as the ebb would permit1 and has been found continuous and of like nature4 ,another proof of these shores having been suddenly visited by a tremendous catastrophe1 has been afforded by the nature of the sand banks constituting the ,eastern1 and ,western ,greens1 and which will be found to be the detritus of disintegrated granite2 whereas the natural sand1 which forms the bed of the sea1 is altogether unlike it1 being much more comminuted1 different in colour1 and evidently the result of pulverised clay-slate3#g but when did this mighty catastrophe occur1 and what were its causes8 ,these are questions which are not readily answered2 the event is so buried in the depths of antiquity1 that nothing certain or satisfactory can be collected concerning it2 although it would appear from the concurrent testimony of ,florence of ,worcester1#h and the ,saxon ,chronicles1 that a remarkable invasion of the ocean occurred in ,november #ajii4 ,with respect to the causes of the phenomenon we are equally uninformed2 let the geologist examine the appearance of the coast with attention1 and then decide with what probability ,de ,luc attributed the catastrophe to a subsidence of the land4 ,it must not1 however1 be concealed that many geologists have questioned the probability of the occurrence altogether1 and argue from the appearance of the coast1 whose rocks beat back the envious siege of watery ,neptune1 that no very important change in the hydrographical outline of the ,cornish peninsula can have taken place1 during the present constitution of the earth's surface4 ,if ,saint ,michael's ,mount be in reality the ,ictis of ,diodorus ,siculus1 we have certainly a decisive proof that no material change has taken place for the space of eighteen centuries at least2 for the ,historian describes the access to this island precisely such as it is at the present period--practicable only at low water for wheel carriages4 ,nor is the corroding operation of the other elements upon the hills of ,cornwall less evident and striking2 no where are the vestiges of degradation more remarkable2 granitic countries usually present a bold and varied outline1 whereas the aspect of ,cornwall1 with some few exceptions1 is comparatively tame1 and even flat4 ,i went into ,cornwall1 said a geologist of well known celebrity1 to see an example of a primitive country2 but1 instead of an example1 ,i found an exception4 ,the same observation would apply to the agricultural character of the county1 for its fertility is much greater than that which usually occurs in a country composed of primitive rocks4 ,all that peninsular portion of ,cornwall which is situated to the westward of a line drawn from the estuary of ,hayle on the north1 to ,cuddan point on the south1 has been distinguished by the appellation of the ,land's ,end ,district4 ,it is about thirteen miles long from east to west1 and five or six miles broad from north to south1 and contains1 by superficial admeasurement about #ed1jjj statute acres4 ,it has been remarked that the small extent of this district1 and its peninsular character1 preclude the existence of rivers of any magnitude2 its varied and uneven surface1 however1 gives it a great profusion of small streams and rivulets1 which add greatly to its value4 ,we shall take occasion to introduce some remarks on its agriculture1 in our excursion to the ,land's ,end4 ,illustration3 ,penzance4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,skaiting1 as an amusement1 is entirely unknown among the young men of ,penzance4 ,the marsh between this place and ,marazion1 which is generally overflowed in the winter season1 and which offers1 when frozen1 a very fair field for the skaiter1 has not been more than four times during the last thirty years sufficiently solidified to admit of that diversion1 viz4 in the years #aghh1 #agid1 #ahad1 and #ahai4 #b ,it is this fact that permits the cultivation of many species of plants in the open ground about ,london1 which in the vicinity of ,paris will not live without a green-house4 #c ,these plants thrive in the open air1 and commonly attain a height of ten or twelve feet2 they may be seen trained on the front of some of the houses in ,penzance to double that height4 ,a sufficient quantity of cuttings was obtained from a tree of this description1 covering one of the houses1 in the course of six weeks1 to supply the oven with fuel for three months6 #d ,the following catalogue was drawn up by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,bree1 of ,allesley1 ,warwickshire1 viz4 ,amaryllis ,vittata4 ,arum ,colocasia4 ,azalea ,indica4 ,buddloea ,globosa4 ,bocconia ,cordata4 ,coronilla ,glauca1 c4 ,calla thiopica4 ,cistus ,salvifolius4 ,chrysanthemum ,indicum4 ,camellia ,japonica4 ,cyclamen ,persicum4 ,canna ,indica4 ,cheiranthus ,tristis4 ,dahlia 7many varieties47 ,daphne ,indica4 ,eucomis ,striata4 ,fuchsia ,coccinea4 ,geranium 7several species of the ,african ,g47 ,hypericum ,coris4 ---- ,crispum4 ---- ,balearicum4 ,hydrangea ,decolor4 ,haustonia ,coccinea4 ,hemerocallis ,alba4 ,lavandula ,viridis4 ,lobelia ,fulgens4 ,myrtus ,communis4 ,mesembryanthemum ,deltoideum4 ,melianthus ,major4 ,mimulus ,glutinosus4 ,magnolia ,tripetala4 ,metrosideros ,lanceolata4 ,olea ,fragrans4 ,pittosporum ,undulatum4 ,phylica ,ericoides4 ,protoea ,argentea4 ,punica ,nana4 ,solanum ,pseudo-,capsicum4 ,teucrium ,frutescens4 ---- ,marum4 ,verbena ,triphylla4 ,westringia ,rosmarinacea4 #e ,cabbages are ready for the table as early as ,february2 ,turnips before the end of ,march2 ,broccoli1 against ,christmas2 ,green ,peas are generally ready by the middle of ,may4 ,but the most remarkable exception1 perhaps1 to the ordinary routine of the culinary calendar is to be found in the growth of the potatoe4 ,it is customary for the gardeners in the vicinity of ,penzance to raise two crops in one year4 ,the first being planted in ,november is gathered in ,april1 ,may1 and ,june2 the second crop is planted immediately on taking up the first1 and as late as to the middle of ,july4 ,the first or spring crop has1 in general1 no other defence from the cold of winter than the stable dung used as manure1 and it is rarely injured by the frost6 ,such is the ordinary practice of the market-gardener2 but ,mr4 ,bolitho of ,chyandour1 has constantly new potatoes at ,christmas1 and through the whole of ,january and part of ,february1 raised in the open garden1 with no other shelter than that afforded by some matting during the coldest nights4 #f ,mr4 ,boase has lately published1 in the #b;d volume of the ,transactions of the ,cornish ,society1 a very interesting letter upon this subject1 7in the possession of ,mrs4 ,ley of ,penzance1 who is the present representative of the ,daniel family47 ,it was written1 in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 to the then proprietor of an estate1 which included part of the ,western ,green2 and that part is there estimated at thirty-six acres of pasturage6 #g ,see ,a memoir on the submersion of part of the ,mount's ,bay1 by ,h4 ,boase1 ,esq4 in the #b;d volume of the ,cornish ,transactions4 #h ,on the third of the nones of ,november1 cries ,florence of ,worcester1 the sea comes out upon the shores1 and buried towns and men1 very many1 oxen and sheep innumerable4 ,while the ,saxon ,chronicle relates that this year eke1 on ,saint ,martin's mass day1 sprang up so much the sea flood1 and so myckle harm did1 as no man minded it ever afore did4 ,,penzance4 ,illustration ,having offered a rapid coup d'oeil of the country we are about to examine1 we shall now conduct the stranger into ,penzance1#i as being a town well calculated to afford him an eligible residence2 many of the various objects of interest are within the range of a morning's ride1 and he will meet with every accommodation that may be required for the performance of his excursions2 if his pursuit be mineralogy and geology1 it is in this town that he will find others zealously engaged in the study of the same science1 from whom he will readily obtain much local information2 while in the collection of the ,geological ,society1 so liberally opened for the inspection of every scientific stranger1 he will see well defined specimens illustrative of the districts he may be desirous of exploring4 ,the reader of this ,guide1 therefore1 must thoroughly understand that in the arrangement of the subsequent ,excursions1 the various objects of interest1 to which it directs him1 are described in an order best adapted to the convenience of the resident at ,penzance4 ,,penzance is the most western market town in the kingdom2 about ten miles from the land's end1 and #bhb miles ,w4,s4,w4 of ,london4 ,it is beautifully situated on the north-west shore of the ,mount's ,bay1 on a declivity jetting into the sea4 ,the lands in its vicinity having a substratum of hornblende rock and slate1 are not exceeded in fertility by any soil in the kingdom2 a belt of land around the town1 which consists of about a thousand acres1 producing an annual rent of #aj1jjj6 ,the town is well defended by surrounding hills from the fury of ,atlantic storms4 ,it is large and populous1 containing more than six thousand inhabitants4 ,the ,corporation#aj consists of a mayor1 recorder1 eight aldermen1 and twelve common-council men2 by whose funds1#aa unaided by any parliamentary grant1 a very commodious pier was erected about fifty years ago1 and which has lately been considerably extended1 so that it is now more than #fjj feet in length1 and is the largest pier in ,cornwall4 ,it has1 moreover1 received the addition of a light which is displayed every night1 from half flood to half ebb1 and is consequently extinguished as soon as there is less than nine feet of water within the pier4 ,at high water there is now at ,spring tides #bb feet#ab of water1 which is about five feet more than that at the pier of ,saint ,michael's ,mount4 ,the expenses incurred by these late improvements are to be paid by a new tariff1 established by an act passed in the year #ahag4 ,the mother church is situated at ,madron1 but there is a chapel of ease in the town1 dedicated to ,saint ,mary1 the simple and unassuming spire of which forms a very interesting object in the bay4 ,besides the established church1 there are several places of religious worship4 ,the ,wesleyan ,methodists' chapel1 built in the year #ahad1 is the most complete and capacious meeting-house in the county4 ,there are1 moreover1 appropriate places of worship for the ,independents1 ,baptists1 and ,quakers1 and a synagogue for the ,jews4 ,penzance is one of those towns to which the tinners bring their tin to be coined as it is called1 that is1 to be assayed and licensed by the officers of the ,duchy1 who take off a piece from the corner#ac of each block2 and if they find it sufficiently pure1 stamp the former with the ,duke's arms4 ,the stranger will be much struck by the singular sight of many thousand blocks of ,tin1 which lie in heaps1 like worthless rubbish1 about the street1#ad each weighing about #cbj lb4 and may perhaps be worth from #ah to #bj4 ,the ,tin intended for the ,mediterranean trade is here formed into bars1 while that designed for exportation to the ,east ,indies is cast into ingots4 ,there is a ,public ,dispensary1 supported by the voluntary contributions of the inhabitants1 aided occasionally by the donations of those invalid strangers1 who1 grateful for the reestablishment of health in themselves1 eagerly adopt this mode of contributing to its restoration in others4 ,few institutions for the accomplishment of a similar object1 have proved more extensively beneficial2 and none1 we will venture to add1 were ever superintended with more humane attention4 ,to the scientific visitor1 ,penzance possesses an interest of no ordinary degree4 ,in the year #ahad1 ,,dr4 ,,paris1 who was at that time the resident physician1 succeeded1 through the support of the nobility1 gentry1 and mine agents of the county1 in establishing a society for the cultivation and promotion of mineralogical and geological science2 and1 when we consider the immense advantages of its locality1 the ability of its members1 and the zeal and munificence of its patrons1 we cannot be surprised to find that the short period of nine years has been sufficient to raise it to a respectable rank amongst the eminent institutions of this country4 ,his present ,majesty1 having graciously condescended to become its patron1 it is now denominated the ,,royal ,,geological ,,society ,,of ,,cornwall4 ,the ,marquis of ,hertford1 ,lord ,warden of the ,stannaries1 and ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,de ,dunstanville1 are its ,vice-,patrons1 and ,davies ,gilbert1 ,esq4 ,m4,p41 the ,president2 while amongst its officers and members it has enrolled the names of many individuals of the first rank and science in the kingdom4 ,two volumes of the ,society's ,transactions are already given to the public1 from which a fairer estimate may be formed of the value of its labours1 than from any sketch which the limited pages of this ,guide could possibly afford2 we shall1 however1 for the information of our scientific readers1 present1 in the ,appendix1 a list of the different memoirs which each volume contains4 ,the splendid and extensive series of minerals1 already exceeding four thousand specimens1 which are deposited in an elegant and spacious museum1#ae offers a most honourable and durable testimony of the zeal and talent with which this department has been conducted2 while to the student in mineralogy it affords a most desirable and solid system of instruction2 indeed it has already excited such a spirit of inquiry among the miners1 as to have led to the discovery of several minerals before unknown in ,cornwall4 ,there is also an oeconomical department1 containing specimens in illustration of the various changes which the ores of ,tin1 ,copper1 c4 undergo in the processes of dressing and smelting4 ,models are likewise to be seen of the machinery which is employed in such operations4 ,the whole has been admirably arranged under the skilful direction of the ,curator1 ,e4 ,c4 ,giddy1 ,esq4 ,in the geological department of the ,museum are complete series of specimens illustrative of the serpentine formation of the ,lizard1--of the slate formation of the ,land's ,end ,district1--of the limestone formation of ,veryan1 and of the hornblende rocks of ,st4 ,cleer near ,liskeard4 ,there is besides an interesting series of ,elvans#af from different levels in many of the principal mines of the county1 together with a collection of veins of metallic and earthy substances4 ,among the earthy minerals1 we may particularize1 as unusually fine1 the specimens of ,calcedony1 ,sodalite1 ,hayne1 ,petalite1 ,colophonite1 ,vesuvian1 c4 ,in the metallic department1 we may notice the ,carbonate of ,lead1 ,specular ,iron1 ,arseniate of ,iron1 the ,oxide1 ,carbonate1 ,arseniate and ,phosphate of ,copper1 ,native ,gold from the ,tin-stream-works of ,cornwall1 ,arsenical ,pyrites1 ,uranite1 ,uran-ochre1 ,native ,nickel1 c4 ,here also may be seen a mineral1 hitherto almost unknown1--a ,sub-carburet of ,iron2 it was analysed by that late eminent chemist1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 who received it from the hands of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,rogers of ,mawnan4 ,it was found in a vein about half an inch wide1 intersecting either hard ,clay-slate or ,graywack4 ,among the saline minerals in the cabinet are ,glauberite1 and ,sassoline or native ,boracic acid4 ,a ,laboratory1 containing the necessary apparatus for analytical operations1 is attached to the establishment4 ,in conclusion1 we will venture to affirm1 that the advantages and enjoyments which such societies are calculated to afford are not only obtained without any expense to the country in which they are encouraged1 but that they actually repay in wealth and emolument much more than they require for their support4 ,had the ,cornish ,society been earlier called into existence1 we should never have heard of the most valuable productions of our country having been thrown into the sea1 nor of their having been used as materials for the repair of roads1 or the construction of cottages3 on the contrary1 how many thousand tons of ore might have been gained8--how many years of unprofitable but expensive labour saved8 and how many individual adventurers preserved from disappointment1 or rescued from ruin8 ,amongst the efforts made by this ,society to improve the theory and art of mining1 through the application of science1 not the least interesting and praiseworthy is that which relates to the prevention of accidental explosion in the methods of blasting rocks with gunpowder1 by the introduction of ,safety ,instruments4 ,how little aware is the great mass of the community at what an expense of human suffering and misery the ordinary necessaries of civilized life are obtained6 ,few of our readers1 we will venture to say1 have ever heard of the dreadful extent of the accidents which have occurred in the mines of ,cornwall from the use of iron rammers1 in the process of charging the rock with gunpowder1 in order to blast it4 ,hundreds have been thus sent to an untimely grave1 or1 what perhaps is still worse1 have been so mutilated as to remain blind and helpless objects of misery for the rest of their days1 while their wives and children have been thus driven1 in a state of destitution1 to the hard necessity of seeking from charity that pittance which honest industry could no longer supply4 ,we must refer the reader for a full account of this appalling subject to ,dr4 ,paris's ,memoir1 in the first volume of the ,society's ,transactions1 entitled ,on the ,accidents which occur in the ,mines of ,cornwall1 in consequence of the premature explosion of ,gunpowder in blasting rocks2 and on the methods to be adopted for preventing it1 by the introduction of a ,safety ,bar1 and an instrument termed the ,shifting ,cartridge4 ,we earnestly1 therefore1 entreat the ,society to persevere in those laudable efforts1 which have already ensured for it the respect of the learned1 and the gratitude of the public4--,floreat4 ,besides the instructive collection of the ,geological ,society1 the splendid cabinet of ,joseph ,carne1 ,esq4 may now be seen in this town1 for since the first edition of this ,guide1 the ,cornish ,copper ,company have given up their smelting establishment at ,hayle1 at which place ,mr4 ,carne formerly lived as the resident partner4 ,among the principal excellencies of this collection we may notice ,prehnite1 in a variety of forms2 ,axinite in the usual forms of that mineral2 ,stilbite in flat four-sided prisms1 terminated by pyramids2 ,mesotype radiated2 ,garnets in twelve1 and twenty-four sided crystals2 ,pinite in six and twelve sided prisms2 ,uranite in quadrangular tables with the angles sometimes truncated1 and also in forms much resembling cubes and octohedrons2 ,uran-ochre2 ,native ,bismuth2 and ,specular ,iron ore1 little inferior in beauty to that brought from ,elba1--all of which are from ,saint ,just4 ,from other parts of ,cornwall are ,sulphate of ,lead 7,vellenoweth ,mine7 in a variety of forms1 more especially in one resembling an octahedron2 ,grey ,sulphuret of ,copper 7,crenver mine71 the best defined crystals of which are very obtuse dodecahedrons1 and six sided prisms2 in some specimens the dodecahedron is so placed upon the summit of a prism as to produce the whimsical appearance of a nail1 which from its rarity is sought after by mineral collectors with considerable avidity4 ,two specimens of rarity also in this collection are the ,yellow1 and ,grey ,sulphuret of ,copper1 in forms approaching that of ,cube2 the latter is pseudomorphous4 ,the ,penwith ,agricultural ,society holds its meetings1 and distributes its premiums1 in this town4 ,nothing can be more in place than such an institution4 ,geology and ,agriculture are kindred sciences1 and it has been truly observed that there is no district in the ,british ,empire where the natural relations between the varieties of soil and the subjacent rocks can be more easily discovered and traced1 or more effectually investigated1 than in the county of ,cornwall2 and no where can the information which such an enquiry is capable of affording1 be more immediately and successfully applied for the improvement of waste lands1 and the general advancement of agricultural science4 ,the market of ,penzance1 for the goodness1 variety1 and cheapness of its commodities1 is certainly not surpassed by any other in the kingdom2 to the great quantity of salt usually mixed with the food of the swine1 is perhaps to be attributed the delicacy and richness of the pork2 whilst1 owing to the fine pasturage of the neighbourhood1 the heifer beef is superior1 beyond comparison1 to the ,scotch4 ,it is worthy also of notice1 that during the winter season the market is filled with a variety of wild-fowl1 woodcocks1 snipes1 c4 which are offered for sale at extremely low prices4 ,the market is held on ,thursdays and ,saturdays2 but every description of fish in season1 as ,red ,mullet1 ,john ,doree1 ,turbot1 ,sole1 ,mackarel1 ,whiting1 ,pilchard1 ,herring1 c4 c4 may be purchased from the ,newlyn fish-women1 who are in daily attendance at their stalls1 and whose fine symmetry1 delicate complexions1 curling ringlets1 and the brilliancy of whose jet black eyes1 as they dart their rays from beneath the shade of large gypsey hats of beaver1 fill the traveller with admiration4 ,we beg leave to introduce the reader to two of these ,nymphs of the ,cowel4#ag ,illustration ,whilst speaking of the delicacies of the table we must not omit to mention the clotted or clouted cream of this and the neighbouring county1#ah a luxury with which the epicures of other parts are wholly unacquainted4 ,the town of ,penzance is rapidly extending itself2 new houses are continually rising in commanding situations2 and1 since the publication of the first edition of this work1 ,,hot ,,and ,,cold ,,sea ,,baths have been completed upon a suitable scale of convenience4 ,the waiting room belonging to this establishment commands a prospect of very singular beauty4 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount rising boldly in front1 forms a striking relief to the extended line of coast which constitutes the back ground2 while the undulating shores on the left1 skirted by the little village of ,chyandour1 are well contrasted1 on the opposite side1 with the busy scene of the pier1 and the numerous vessels in the harbour4 ,in enumerating the advantages this town holds out as a residence to invalids1 it deserves notice that a packet sails every ,friday to the ,scilly ,islands1 and returns on the following ,tuesday4 ,the distance is about fourteen leagues1 and1 with a fair wind1 the passage is generally accomplished in six hours2 but with contrary winds it has sometimes1 though very rarely1 exceeded two days4 ,in a town so remote from the metropolis1 and in a great degree insulated from the other parts of the empire1 it is not extraordinary that we should find the traces of several very ancient customs4 ,the most singular one is1 perhaps1 the celebration of the ,eve of ,saint ,john the ,baptist1#ai our town saint1 which falls on ,midsummer ,eve2 and that of the ,eve of ,saint ,peter1 the patron of fishermen4 ,no sooner does the tardy sun sink into the western ocean than the young and old of both sexes1 animated by the genius of the night1 assemble in the town1 and different villages of the bay1 with lighted torches4 ,tar barrels having been erected on tall poles in the market place1 on the pier1 and in other conspicuous spots1 are soon urged into a state of vivid combustion1 shedding an appalling glare on every surrounding object1 and which when multiplied by numerous reflections in the waves1 produce at a distant view a spectacle so singular and novel as to defy the powers of description2 while the stranger who issues forth to gain a closer view of the festivities of the town1 may well imagine himself suddenly transported to the regions of the furies and infernal gods2 or1 else that he is witnessing1 in the magic mirror of ,cornelius ,agrippa1 the awful celebration of the fifth day of the ,eleusinian ,feast2#bj while the shrieks of the female spectators1 and the triumphant yells of the torch bearers1 with their hair streaming in the wind1 and their flambeaus whirling with inconceivable velocity1 are realities not calculated to dispel the illusion4 ,no sooner are the torches burnt out than the numerous inhabitants engaged in the frolic1 pouring forth from the quay and its neighbourhood1 form a long string1 and1 hand in hand1 run furiously through every street1 vociferating an eye1--an eye1--an eye6 ,at length they suddenly stop1 and the two last of the string1 elevating their clasped hands1 form an eye to this enormous needle1 through which the thread of populace runs2 and thus they continue to repeat the game1 until weariness dissolves the union1 which rarely happens before midnight4 ,on the following day 7,midsummer day7 festivities of a very different character enliven the bay2 and the spectator can hardly be induced to believe that the same actors are engaged in both dramas4 ,at about four or five o'clock in the afternoon1 the country people1 drest in their best apparel1 pour into ,penzance from the neighbouring villages1 for the purpose of performing an aquatic divertisement4 ,at this hour the quay and pier are crowded with holiday-makers1 where a number of vessels1 many of which are provided with music for the occasion1 lie in readiness to receive them4 ,in a short time the embarkation is completed1 and the sea continues for many hours to present a moving picture of the most animating description4 ,penzance is remarkable in history for having been entered and burnt by the ,spaniards1 in the year #aeie4 ,from time immemorial a prediction had prevailed1 that a period would arrive when ,some strangers should land on the rocks of ,merlin1 who should burn ,paul's ,church1 ,penzance1 and ,newlyn4 ,of the actual accomplishment of this prediction we receive a full account from ,carew1 from which it would appear that on the #bc;d of ,july1 #aeie1 about two hundred men landed from a squadron of ,spanish gallies1 on the coast of ,mousehole1 when they set fire to the church of ,paul1 and then to ,mousehole itself4 ,finding little or no resistance1 they proceeded to ,newlyn1#ba and from thence to ,penzance4 ,sir ,francis ,godolphin endeavoured to inspire the inhabitants with courage to repel these assailants2 but1 so fascinated were they by the remembrance of the ancient prophecy1 that they fled in all directions1 supposing that it was useless to contend against the destiny that had been predicted4 ,the ,spaniards availing themselves of this desertion1 set it on fire in different places1 as they had already done to ,newlyn1 and then returned to their galleys1 intending to renew the flames on the ensuing day2 but the ,cornish having recovered from their panic1 and assembled in great numbers on the beach1 so annoyed the ,spaniards with their bullets and arrows1 that they drew their galleys farther off1 and availing themselves of a favourable breeze1 put to sea and escaped4 ,it is worthy of remark1 that when the ,spaniards first came on shore1 they actually landed on a rock called ,merlin4 ,the historian concludes this narrative by observing that these were the only ,spaniards that ever landed in ,england as enemies4 ,in recalling the historical events which have invested this town with interest1 we had nearly omitted to state1 that a tradition exists here1 that ,tobacco was first smoked by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh in ,penzance1 on his landing from ,america4 ,by the ,philosopher of a future age ,penzance will1 doubtless1 as the birth place of the illustrious ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 be regarded with no ordinary share of interest2 and to those who may be led to perform a pilgrimage to the early laboratory of this highly gifted philosopher1 the vignette at the head of the present chapter will be found materially useful in directing his steps4#bb ,it would be inconsistent with the plan and objects of the present work to enter into the details of biography1 that duty must be reserved for an abler pen1 we shall therefore only state that the present distinguished ,president of the ,royal ,society was born in this town in the year #aggi1 and that after having received the earlier part of his education under ,dr4 ,cardew at ,truro1 he was placed with a respectable professional gentleman of ,penzance1 of the name of ,tonkin1 in order that he might acquire a knowledge of the profession of a surgeon and apothecary4 ,his early proofs of genius1 however1 having attracted a gentleman well known for his strong perception of character1 he was fortunately removed to a field better calculated to call forth the latent energies of his mind4 ,the result is too well known to require comment4 ,in the vicinity of the town are delightful walks through shady dingles1 and over swelling hills1 from whose summits we catch the most delicious sea and land prospects2 and which are not a little heightened in beauty and effect by the glowing aerial tints so remarkably displayed in this climate at the rising and setting of the sun4 ,here too the ,botanist may cull1 in his rambles1 a great variety of rare indigenous plants2 with a catalogue#bc of which we shall now close the present chapter4 ,,list ,,of ,,indigenous ,,plants ,,of ,,western ,,cornwall4 ,alisma ,damasonium 7,star-headed ,water ,plantain7 between ,penzance and ,marazion4 ,a---- ,ranuncoloides4 ,marazion ,marsh4 ,anchusa ,officinalis 7,common ,alkanet7 ,st4 ,ives1 c4 ,anethum ,foeniculum1 common near ,marazion4 ,a---- ,graveolens4 ,marazion ,marsh4 ,aquilegia ,vulgaris 7,common ,columbine7 ,st4 ,ives1 ,goldsithney1 c4 ,antirrhinum ,orontium 7,lesser ,snapdragon7 ,gulval1 ,land's ,end4 ,a---- ,montspessilanum 7,bee ,orchis7 ,penhryn4 ,anthemis ,nobilis 7,common ,chamomile7 passim4 ,anthyllis ,vulneraria 7dwarf with a red flower47 7,kidney-,vetch1 ,ladies' ,finger74 ,downs1 ,whitsand ,bay4 ,aspidium ,oriopteris 7,heath ,shield-fern7 ,gear ,stamps and ,new ,mill4 ,aspidium ,dilatatum4 ,variety4 7,great ,crested ditto7 ,moist ,banks4 ,asplenium ,marinum 7,sea ,spleenwort7 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 ,land's ,end1 ,logan rock4 ,a---- ,lanceolatum 7,lanceolate ditto7 ,gulval1 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount1 ,lemorna ,cove1 c4 ,bartsia ,viscosa 7,yellow ,viscid ,bartsia7 ,cornfields near ,hayle4 ,brassica ,oleracea 7,sea ,cabbage7 ,cliffs1 ,penzance4 ,briza ,minor 7,small ,quaking-grass7 ,cornfields between ,gulval and ,ludgvan4 ,bunias ,cakile 7,sea ,rocket7 ,beach between ,penzance and ,newlyn4 ,campanula ,hederacea 7,ivy-leaved ,bell-flower7 ,trevaylor ,bottom1 ,gear ,stamps1 c4 ,chironia ,littoralis 7,sea ,centaury7 ,beach between ,penzance and ,marazion4 ,cochlearia ,officinalis 7,common ,scurvy-grass7 ,cliffs near the ,sea1 common4 ,convolvulus ,soldanella 7,sea ,bindweed7 ,whitsand ,bay1 ,marazion ,green4 ,cucsuta ,epithymum 7,lesser ,dodder7 common upon ,gorse4 ,cynosurus ,echinatus 7,rough ,dog's-tail ,grass7 ,ludgvan4 ,daucus ,maritimus 7,wild ,carrot7 ,land's end1 ,logan rock1 ,botallack1 c4 ,dicranum ,cerviculatum 7,red-necked ,forked ,moss7 ,gulval1 ,scilly4 ,d---- ,crispum 7,curled ditto7 ,st4 ,mary's1 ,scilly4 ,drosera ,longifolia 7,long-leaved ,sun-dew7 ,marsh between ,marazion and ,penzance4 ,erica ,vagans 7,cornish ,heath7 ,lizard ,peninsula4 ,erodium ,maritimum 7,sea ,stork's ,bill7 ,sea shore1 common4 ,e---- ,cicutarium 7,hemlock's ,stork's ,bill7 ditto4 ,eryngium ,maritimum 7,sea ,holly7 ,sea shore1 common4 ,euphorbia ,peplis 7,purple ,spurge7 ,marazion ,green4 ,e---- ,portlandica 7,portland ditto7 ,scilly ,islands4 ,exacum ,filiforme 7,least ,gentianella7 ,marazion ,marsh1 beyond the half way houses4 ,genista ,pilosa 7,hairy ,green-weed7 ,kynance ,cove4 ,gentiana ,campestris 7,field ,gentian7 ,downs1 ,whitsand ,bay1 ,lizard1 c4 ,geranium ,columbinum 7,long-stalked ,crane's-bill7 ,ludgvan4 ,g---- ,sanguineum 7,bloody ,crane's bill7 ,kynance ,cove4 ,glaucium ,luteum 7,yellow ,horned ,poppy7 ,scilly ,islands4 ,helleborus ,viridis 7,green ,hellebore7 between ,rosmorran and ,kenegie1 near the brook4 ,herniaria ,hirsuta 7,hairy ,rupture wort7 between ,mullion and the ,lizard4 ,hookeria ,lucens 7,shining ,feather-moss7 ,trevaylor ,bottom4 ,between ,rosmorran and ,kenegie4 ,hymenophyllum ,tunbridgense 7,filmy-leaved fern7 ,among the loose stones at ,castle ,an ,dinas1 on the east side4 ,hypnum ,scorpioides 7,scorpion ,feather-moss7 ,gulval1 ,zennor1 c4 ,h---- ,alopecurum1 variety 7,fox-tail ditto7 ,gulval4 ,illecebrum ,verticillatum 7,whorled ,knot-grass7 ,gulval1 ,gear ,stamps1 ,land's end4 ,inula ,helenium 7,elecampane7 ,gulval1 ,the ,mount1 ,st4 ,ives1 ,scilly4 ,iris ,foetidissima 7,stinking ,iris1 ,roast ,beef ,plant7 ,madron4 ,linum ,angustifolium 7,narrow-leaved pale ,flax7 ,st4 ,ives4 ,l---- ,usitatissimum4 ,near ,redruth4 ,littorella ,lacustris 7,plantain ,shoreweed74 ,in a watery lane near ,penzance4 ,mentha ,odorata 7,bergamot ,mint7 ,burian4 ,m---- ,rotundifolia 7,round-leaved ,mint7 ,between ,penzance and ,newlyn1 ,whitsand ,bay4 ,myrica ,gale 7,sweet ,gale1 ,dutch ,myrtle7 ,marsh1 ,gulval1 and ,ludgvan4 ,neckera ,heteromalla 7,lateral ,neckera7 ,trevaylor ,bottom1 ,try1 c4 ,neottia ,spiralis4 ,between ,penzance and ,marazion4 ,orchis ,pyramidalis 7,pyramidal ,orchis7 near ,hayle4 ,ornithogalum ,umbellatum 7,common ,star of ,bethlehem7 near ,marazion4 ,ornithopus ,perpusillus 7,common ,bird's-foot7 ,gulval1 ,carne1 c4 ,osmunda ,regalis 7,royal ,moonwort7 ,poltair4 ,panicum ,dactylum 7,creeping ,panick ,grass7 ,marazion ,beach4 ,pinguicula ,lusitanica 7,pale ,butterwort7 ,bogs in the neighbourhood4 ,pyrethrum ,maritimum 7,sea ,feverfew7 ,sea-shore4 ,rubia ,peregrina 7,wild ,madder7 ,hayle-,helston1 c4 ,reseda ,luteola 7,wild ,woad1 ,dyer's ,weed7 ,coarse lands beyond ,marazion4 ,rumex ,sanguineus 7,bloody-veined ,dock7 ,gulval4 ,ruscus ,aculeatus 7,butcher's ,broom7 ,lemorna ,cove1 c4 ,salvia ,verbenacea 7,wild ,english ,clary7 ,st4 ,ives1 ,scilly1 c4 ,samolus ,valerandi 7,brook-weed or ,water ,pimpernel7 ,land's end1 c4 ,santolina ,maritima 7,sea ,cotton weed7 ,marazion beach4 ,saponaria ,officinalis 7,soap-wort7 ,st4 ,levan1 ,tresco ,island1 ,scilly4 ,saxifraga ,stellaris 7,hairy ,saxifrage7 ,logan rock4 ,scilla ,verna 7,vernal ,squill7 ,st4 ,ives1 near ,zennor1 ,morvah1 opposite to ,three ,stone ,oar4 ,scirpus ,fluitans 7,floating ,club ,rush7 ,gulval ,marsh4 ,scutellaria ,minor 7,lesser ,skull-cap7 ,bogs1 ,gulval4 ,scrophularia ,scorodonia 7,balm-leaved ,figwort7 ,st4 ,ives1 ,gulval1 and ,chyandour1 plentifully4 ,sedum ,anglicum 7,english ,stonecrop7 very common4 ,s---- ,telephium 7,orpine or ,livelong7 ,logan rock4 ,sibthorpia ,europa 7,cornish ,moneywort7 ,moist banks1 ,gulval1 ,madron ,well1 ,trereife ,avenue2 ,helston1 c4 ,silene ,anglica 7,english ,catchfly7 common in ,cornfields4 ,solidago ,virgaurea 7,common ,golden-rod7 ,penzance1 c4 ,spergula ,nodosa 7,knotted ,spurrey7 near ,marazion4 ,spira ,filipendula 7,common ,dropwort7 ,kynance ,cove4 ,stachys ,arvensis 7,corn ,woundwort7 ,cornfields1 common4 ,tamarix ,gallica 7,french ,tamarisk7 ,the ,mount-,lizard1 ,scilly ,islands1 but very probably introduced4 ,trichostomum ,polyphyllum 7,fringe ,moss7 ,gulval1 ,kenegie1 c4 ,trifolium ,subterraneum 7,subterraneous ,trefoil7 near the ,sea-shore4 ,verbascum ,nigrum 7,dark ,mullein7 ,gulval4 ,utricularia ,vulgaris 7,common ,bladderwort7 between ,rosmorran and ,kenegie4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,penzance signifies1 in ,cornish1 ,holy-head1 i4 e4 holy headland2 and the town appears to have been so called in consequence of a small chapel1 dedicated to that universal patron of fishermen1 ,saint ,anthony1 having formerly stood on the projecting point near the present quay4 ,when it became necessary to adopt arms for the town1 the true origin of its name was forgotten or overlooked1 and the holy head of ,saint ,john emblazoned4 ,it would1 however1 appear from the ,liber valorum1 that ,buriton was the old name of ,penzance1--a sound which to the ear of the antiquary is full of historical intelligence1 for the addition of ,bury to the name of a town signified that it was a town with a castle2 thus1 ,buriton signified ,bury-town1 i4 e4 the ,castle town4 ,some cellars near the quay are to this day called the ,barbican cellars2 thus tradition points out the castle to have been upon1 or near1 the site of the present chapel4 #aj ,penzance was first incorporated in the reign of king ,james1 in #afad2 which charter was confirmed by ,charles ,,ii4 #aa ,the history of these funds exhibits a curious instance of the increase in value which property undergoes1 in a series of years1 from the progressive improvements of the district in which it lies4 ,the revenue of the ,corporation1 nearly #bjjj per annum1 is derived from an estate which was purchased from one ,daniel1 in the year #afad1 for the sum of #cd1 and #bj shillings a year fee farm rent1 payable out of the same to the vender and his representatives for ever4 ,this estate is described in the writings to be a three corner plot with a timber house 7then7 lately erected thereon1 together with the tolls1 profits1 and dues of the fairs1 markets1 and of the pier4 ,the increase of its value has arisen from the enlargement of the market now held on the spot1 and from the dues arising from the improved and extended pier4 #ab ,we are desirous of recording this fact since it continues to be erroneously stated in the publication called the ,coasting ,pilot1 as well as in all charts1 to be only #ac feet1 as it was before the improvements4 ,from the perpetuation of this error the masters of vessels unacquainted with the place1 refuse to credit the pilots1 when informed by them of the depth of the water4 #ac ,the operation is termed ,coining1 not1 as is very generally supposed1 from the stamping of the ,duke's arms1 but from the cutting off the corner of each block1 from the ,french word coin1 a corner4 ,for every cwt4 so stamped1 the ,duke receives four shillings1 producing an annual revenue of #aj1jjj4 #ad ,since the first edition1 the place of coinage has been changed from the middle of the town to a large area near the quay4 #ae ,the rooms originally occupied by the ,society1 and which are represented in the vignette at the head of this chapter1 becoming too small to accommodate the growing collection1 a capacious and handsome suite of rooms were erected in the year #ahag2 to which are now attached a public library1 and a room for the reception of newspapers4 ,the former was established in #ahah1 under the auspices of ,sir ,rose ,price1 ,bart4 and with the support of above a hundred subscribers in the neighbourhood4 #af ,see a paper ,on ,elvan ,courses1 by ,j4 ,carne1 ,esq4 in the first volume of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 #ag ,the ,cowel is the provincial name of the peculiar basket in which they convey their fish1 and is carried by means of a string round their hats1 as represented above4 ,its name has been supposed to have been derived from its resemblance in position and appearance to the ,monk's cowl4 #ah ,the custom of obtaining the cream from new milk by coagulation from heat1 is peculiar to ,devonshire1 ,cornwall1 and the opposite coast of ,brittany1 and is supposed to be of ,celtic origin4 ,the butter obtained by beating up this cream does not differ much in flavour from that procured by churning new cream1 except the process be carelessly conducted1 when it will acquire a smoky taste4 #ai ,it is reasonable to advert to the ,summer ,solstice for this custom1 although brought into the ,christian ,calendar under the sanction of ,john the ,baptist4 ,those sacred fires kindled about midnight1 on the moment of the ,solstice by the great part of the ancient and modern nations4 ,the origin of which loses itself in antiquity2 ,see ,gebelin1 and also ,brand's ,observations on ,popular ,antiquities4 #bj ,the fifth day of the ,eleusinian feast was called the day of the ,torches1 because at night the men and women ran about with them in imitation of ,ceres1 who1 having lighted a torch at the fire of ,mount tna1 wandered about from place to place1 in search of her daughter ,proserpine4 ,hence may we not trace the high antiquity of this species of popular rejoicing4 #ba ,will not this historical fact explain the peculiar cast of beauty possessed by many of the ,fish-women residing in this village4 #bb ,the house is the first on the left of the ascending footway1 and its only two small windows visible in the vignette1 are situated immediately beneath the clock of the market house tower4 #bc ,many of these plants were enumerated in the former edition of this work1 to which are now added some others1 from the catalogue published by ,dr4 ,forbes1 in his observations on the climate of ,penzance4 ,,excursion ,i4 ,,to ,,saint ,,michael',s ,,mount4 ,this precious stone1 set in the silver sea6 ,richard ,,ii4 ,act #b4 scene #a4 ,the traveller no sooner catches a glimpse of this extraordinary feature in the bay1 than he becomes impatient to explore it2 anticipating this feeling we have selected it as an object for his first excursion1 and in its performance we promise him an intellectual repast of no ordinary kind4 ,to proceed to the ,mount1 by sea1 the stranger may embark at ,penzance pier1 from which it is not more than two miles distant2 by this arrangement an opportunity will be afforded for witnessing a fine panoramic view of the coast2 should1 however1 his inclination1 or the tyranny of the winds and waves oppose this project1 he may proceed by land through the little village of ,chyandour1 over a semicircular beach covered with fine sand of about three miles in extent4 ,between this sand and the high road is the ,eastern ,green1 celebrated as the habitat of some rare plants1 viz4 ,panicum ,dactylum 7in a line with ,gulval church72 ,chironia ,littoralis2 ,alisma ,damasonium2 ,neottia ,spiralis2 ,euphorbia ,peplis2 ,euphorbia ,paralias2 ,santolina ,maritima2 ,convolvulus ,soldanella1 c4 ,on the beach the ,conchologist may collect some fine specimens of the ,echinus ,cordatus1 which is the only shell ever found there4 ,in the marshes on the left side of the road the common observer will be struck with the extreme luxuriance of the ,nympha alba1 while the ,botanist may reap an ample harvest of interesting plants1 viz4 splendid specimens of ,montia ,fontana1 as large as the figure of ,micheli2 ,illecebrum ,verticillatum2 ,sison ,inundatum2 ,apium ,graveolens2 a rare variety of ,senechio ,jacoba2 ,alisma ,ranunculoides2 ,stellaria ,uliginosa2 ,pinguicula ,lusitanica2 ,scirpus ,fluitans2 ,exacum ,filiforme2 ,drosera ,longifolia2 ,scutellaria ,minor2 ,myrica ,gale1 c4 ,before our arrival at ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 the only intermediate object worthy of notice is the town of ,,marazion1 or ,,market ,,jew as it is sometimes called4 ,it stands upon the sea shore1 on the eastern shoulder of the bay1 and is well sheltered from cold winds by a considerable elevation of land to the north2 still1 however1 as it is exposed to the south-west1 which is the prevailing wind1 it is far less eligible as a place of residence for invalids than ,penzance4 ,the town contains more than #aajj inhabitants2 its principal support1 if not its origin1 according to some authors1 was derived from the resort of pilgrims and other religious devotees to the neighbouring sacred edifice on ,saint ,michael's ,mount2 but its name was indisputably derived from the ,jews who traded here several centuries ago1 and held an annual market for selling various commodities1 and purchasing tin1 and other merchandize in return4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth it obtained a charter1 vesting its government in a mayor1 eight aldermen1 and twelve capital burgesses1 with a power to hold a weekly market1 and two annual fairs4 ,in the preamble to this charter it is stated that ,marghaisewe was a trading borough town of great antiquity1 and that it suffered considerable dilapidation in the days of ,edward ,,vi41 when a number of rebellious people entered1 and took possession of the town1 and laid many of the buildings in ruin4 ,from this disaster the town does not appear to have ever recovered1 while from the growing importance of ,penzance1 the suppression of the ,priory1 and the loss of the ,pilgrims1 from whom it derived its principal resources1 its consequence gradually declined1 until at length it dwindled into its present condition4 ,it has been asserted on good authority1 that under this charter of ,elizabeth1 the town formerly sent members to ,parliament1 and ,dr4 ,borlase in his manuscripts1 mentions the names of ,thomas ,westlake1 and ,richard ,mills1 ,esqrs4 as those of the two members who were actually returned for ,marazion in the year #afeh4 ,it does not1 however1 appear that they ever took their seats4 ,it would seem1 moreover1 from some original letters which passed between the ,sheriff of ,cornwall and the mayor of this borough1 during the protectorate of ,cromwell1 that the inhabitants were solicitous to recover their long neglected rights2 but this effort proved ineffectual4 ,in going from ,marazion to the ,mount1 we pass a large insulated rock1 known by the name of the ,chapel ,rock1 whereon the ,pilgrims1 who came to visit the ,priory of ,saint ,michael1 are said to have performed certain devotionary and superstitious ceremonies1 in a kind of initiatory chapel1 previous to their admission to the more sacred ,mount2 there is not1 however1 the slightest vestige of any masonry to be discovered1 and it would therefore seem more probable that it merely derived its name from its vicinity to the shrine of ,saint ,michael4 ,the rock is composed of well marked ,greenstone1 resting on a bed of clay-slate1 and which1 in its direction and dip1 will be found to correspond with the slaty rock on the western base of the ,mount4 ,we arrive at ,saint ,michael's ,mount4--,the rock of which it is composed is of a conical form2 gradually diminishing from a broad1 craggy base1 towards its summit1 which is beautifully terminated by the tower of a chapel1 so as to form a pyramidal figure4 ,on its eastern base1 is a small fishing town1 holding about #bej inhabitants2 and a commodious pier1#bd capable of containing fifty sail of small vessels1 and which proves to the proprietor of the ,mount a considerable source of revenue4 ,the height from low water mark to the top of the chapel tower is about #bej feet1 being #dh feet higher than the monument in ,london4 ,in circumference at the base1 the ,mount measures nearly a mile1 and is said to contain about seven acres of land2 such1 however1 is the effect of the vast extent of horizon1 and the expanded tract of water which rolls around its base1 that its real magnitude is apparently lost4 ,in a mineralogical point of view1 this eminence is certainly the most interesting in ,cornwall1 or perhaps in ,england2 who can believe that this little spot has occasioned greater controversy1 and more ink-shed than any mountain in the globe8 yet such is the fact2 let us therefore before we ascend walk around its base and examine the geological structure which has excited so much attention4 ,the scenery too is here of the most magnificent description2 rocks overhang rocks in ruinous grandeur1 and appear so fearfully equipoised1 that1 although secure in their immensity1 they create in the mind the most awful apprehension of their instability1 whilst the mighty roar of the ocean beneath1 unites in effect with the scenery above4--,all around is sublime4----,but the ,geology1 enough of the picturesque4 ,the body of the rock is composed of ,slate and ,granite2 the whole northern base consists of the former1 but no where does it extend to any height1 the upper part1 in every direction1 consisting of ,granite4 ,on the south side this ,granite descends to the water's edge1 and it continues to constitute the whole of the hill1 both on the eastern and western side1 for about three-fourths of its whole extent4 ,where the granite terminates numerous veins of it appear in the slate1 in many different directions2 while the granite in its turn1 encloses patches of slate4 ,in the vicinity of the former rock the latter is found to contain so much ,mica1 as to resemble ,micaceous ,schist1 or fine grained ,gneiss1 for which it has been erroneously taken by some of our earlier observers4 ,and1 while at some of these junctions there would seem to be a mere apposition of the two rocks1 at others1 the intermixture is so complete as to render it difficult to say to which of the two certain considerable masses belong4 ,here then is the phenomenon which has invested the spot with so much geological interest4 ,here is ,granite1 which ,werner conceived to be a primary formation1 and around which he supposed all other rocks to have been deposited1 if not of a later date1 at least contemporaneous1 in origin1 with slate4 ,how is this anomaly to be explained8 ,de ,luc at once asserts what we presume no rational observer can for one moment believe1 that the rock of which these veins are composed is not true ,granite1 but ,pseudo-granite6 ,dr4 ,berger attempts to surmount the difficulty by a different expedient1 and declares that they are not veins6 but prominences from the granite beneath1 which have been filled up by the subsequent deposition of clay-slate4 ,it might1 says ,sir ,h4 ,davy1#be with nearly as much reason be stated1 that the veins of copper and tin belong to a great interior metallic mass1 and that they existed prior to the rocks in which they are found4 ,the advocates of the ,plutonian theory have1 as might have been supposed1 eagerly availed themselves of the support which this phenomenon is so well calculated to afford their favourite doctrine4 ,they accordingly affirm that the granite has been raised up through the incumbent slate1 into whose fissures it has insinuated itself4 ,upon these theories we shall offer no comment2 it is the humble task of a ,guide merely to direct the attention of the traveller to the phenomena themselves1 and then to leave him to deduce his own conclusions from their appearance4 ,in the fulfilment of this duty we recommend the geologist to proceed to the western base of the ,mount1 where he will find near the water's edge1 what have been considered by ,dr4 ,thomson as two large beds of granite in the slate1 with veins running off from them2 the position and appearance of which are such as to leave no doubt but that the great body of the granite has been deposited posterior to the slate formation4 ,mr4 ,carne1 on the other hand1 contends that these granitic bodies cannot with any propriety be called ',beds in the ,slate2' one of them1 says he1 is a granite vein1 and although six feet wide near the granite mass1 it becomes gradually smaller as it recedes1 and dwindles to a point at the distance of #hj feet4 ,the other is a part of the granitic mass1 from which some veins appear to diverge2 and1 in no part does it overlie the slate4#bf ,the whole body of the ,granite of the ,mount is traversed by an uninterrupted series of quartz veins1 which run parallel to each other with wonderful regularity4 ,they are very nearly vertical1 and their direction is east and west4 ,on the north-east side of the ,mount many of them can be traced into the incumbent slate2 a circumstance which strongly supports the idea of the cotemporaneous origin of these two rocks4 ,in the investigation of these veins the ,mineralogist may pass many an hour with satisfaction1 we shall therefore point out some of the more leading phenomena which deserve his attention4 ,de ,luc observed that that part of the vein termed in ,cornwall the ,capel1 and on the ,continent ,selebanque1 and which is the first stratum adherent to the sides of the fissures1 changes as it passes through different kinds of strata1 sometimes consisting of white ,quartz1 sometimes of ,mica4 ,dr4 ,forbes#bg says1 that occasionally1 though rarely1 the line of division between the vein and the rock is tolerably distinct2 frequently1 however1 there is rather an insensible gradation of the matter of the one into that of the other1 than an obvious apposition of surfaces4 ,the exterior parts of the veins consist of a bluish quartz1 very compact1 and uniformly containing a great deal of ,schorl4 ,this schorlaceous character is much more distinct towards the sides or walls of the veins1 their centre being generally pure quartz2 and1 commonly1 crystallized4 ,in most of the veins there is a central line1 or fissure1 which divides them into two portions2 this is formed by the close apposition and occasional union of two crystallized1 or1 as they may be called1 drusy surfaces4 ,since ,veins must be considered as having once been the most active laboratories of ,nature1 so may they now be regarded as her most valuable cabinets of mineralogy4 ,in those of ,saint ,michael's ,mount may be found crystals of ,apatite1 from a very light to a very dark green colour1 and exhibiting most of the modifications of form#bh which are common to that mineral2 ,oxide of ,tin2 ,felspar2 ,mica beautifully crystallized in tables2 ,topaz in small whitish or greenish crystals1#bi both translucent and opaque1 and which are extremely numerous1 many hundred being observable on the face of some small blocks of granite that have fallen from the precipices4 ,pinite has been said to have been also discovered in this spot4 ,besides which may be found that rare mineral1 the ,triple ,sulphuret of ,copper1 ,antimony1 and ,lead2 ,sulphuret of ,tin2 ,malachite2 ,fluor ,spar2 and ,wolfram4 ,the occurrence of this latter mineral was1 we believe1 first noticed in the earlier edition of the present work1 and is important in as far as its presence is generally supposed to afford decisive evidence of the primitive formation of the mountain masses in which it occurs4 ,this spot also presents us with several lodes of ,tin and ,copper2 the latter may be traced for a considerable distance from the eastern to the southern base of the hill4 ,the lode of ,tin was formerly worked at the ,mount1 and a considerable quantity of ore obtained2 any farther excavation1 however1 threatened to injure the foundations of the castle1 and it was therefore prudently abandoned4 ,the remains of the ,mine may be seen on the south side of the hill1 and should be visited by the mineralogist1 who will find in the ,drift1#cj ,tin crystals and ,carbonate of ,copper1 besides some other minerals4 ,veins of ,lead are also discoverable in the rocks4 ,mr4 ,carne#ca has lately directed the attention of the mineralogist to the veins of ,mica1 which have hitherto only been found in the granite of this singular spot4 ,they are seldom more than half an inch wide2 and1 although tolerably straight1 are very short4 ,they generally consist of two layers of ,mica in plates1 which meet in the centre of the veins4 ,some of the masses of ,granite which constitute the summit of the ,mount have the appearance of an old wall retaining1 in parts1 a coating of plaster2 this is the effect of decomposition1 and of the capel having in many places remained attached to the face of the rock1 after the vein itself has crumbled down4 ,the ,botanist will also find some amusement among the rocks2 he will observe the ,tamarisk1 7,tamarix ,gallica7 growing in their crevices1 and relieving by a delicate verdure the harsh uniformity of their surfaces4 ,this shrub was probably imported from ,normandy by the ,monks4 ,asplenium ,marinum and ,inula ,helenium are also to be seen among the rocks--but let us leave the ,botanist and ,mineralogist to their researches1 while we climb the hill and examine the venerable building on its summit4 ,we ascend on the north-eastern side1 by a rocky winding path1 in the course of which1 several remains of its ancient fortifications present themselves2 thus1 about the middle of the hill1 there is a curtain1 parallel to1 and flanking the approach1 at whose western end is a ravelin1 through which every one is to pass1 walled with three embrasures1 and at the angle in the eastern shoulder is a centry box to guard the passage1 and there was formerly also an iron gate2 after having passed this ruin1 we turn to our left1 and ascend by a flight of broken steps to the door of the castle1 whose appearance is much more monastic than martial4 ,the most ancient parts of the building are the ,entrance1 with the ,guardroom on the left hand2 the ,chapel1 and the former ,refectory1 or common hall of the ,monks4 ,the other parts are of a modern date1 although the style of their architecture confers upon them a corresponding air of antiquity4 ,the ,refectory1 or ,common ,hall1 from the frieze1 with which it is ornamented1 appears to have been fitted up1 since the reformation1 as a dining room for a hunting party1 and is popularly denominated ,the ,chevy-,chace ,room4 ,the cornice represents in stucco1 the modes of hunting the wild boar1 bull1 stag1 ostrich1 hare1 fox1 and rabbit4 ,at the upper end of this room are the royal arms1 with the date #afdd2 and1 at the opposite end1 those of the ,st4 ,aubyn family4 ,the room is #cc feet long1 #af wide1 and #ah high1 and has a solemn and imposing appearance1 which is not a little heightened by the antique and appropriate character of its furniture and ornaments4 ,the ,chapel exhibits a venerable monument of ,saxon architecture2 its interior has lately been renewed in a chaste style of elegance1 and a magnificent organ has been erected4 ,during these repairs1 in levelling a platform for the altar1 under the eastern window1 a low gothic door was discovered to have been closed up with stone in the southern wall1 and then concealed with the raised platform2 when the enclosure was broken through1 ten steps appeared descending into a stone vault under the church1 about nine feet long1 six or seven broad1 and nearly as many high4 ,in this room was found the skeleton of a very large man1 without any remains of a coffin4 ,the discovery1 of course1 gave rise to many conjectures1 but it seems most probable1 that the man had been there immured for some crime4 ,the bones were removed and buried in the body of the chapel4 ,at the same time upon raising the old pavement1 the fragment of an inscribed sepulchral stone of some ,prior was taken up2 there was also a grave stone1 not inscribed1 which ,antiquaries have supposed to have covered the remains of ,sir ,john ,arundel1 of ,trerice1 ,knight1 who was slain on the strand below1 in the wars of ,york and ,lancaster4 ,in the tower of this chapel are six sweet toned bells1 which frequently ring when ,sir ,john ,st4 ,aubyn is resident2 at this time also choral service is performed2 and1 on a calm day1 the undulating sound of the bells1 and the swelling note of the organ1 as heard on the water1 produce an effect which it is impossible to describe4 ,from the chapel1 we may ascend by a narrow stone stair-case to the top of the tower4 ,the prospect hence is of the grandest description1 and is perhaps as striking as any that can occur to mortal eye4 ,the immense extent of sea1 says ,dr4 ,maton1 raises the most sublime emotions1 the waves of the ,british1 ,irish1 and ,atlantic seas all roll within the compass of the sight1 whilst the eye is relieved from the uniform1 though imposing grandeur of so boundless an horizon1 by wandering on the north and west1 over a landscape1 which ,claude himself might have transfused on his canvas4 ,on one of the angles of this tower is to be seen the carcase of a stone lantern1 in which1 during the fishing season1 and in dark tempestuous nights1 it may reasonably be supposed that the monks1 to whom the tithe of such fishery belonged1 kept a light1 as a guide to sailors1 and a safeguard to their own property2 this lantern is now vulgarly denominated ,saint ,michael's ,chair1 since it will just admit one person to sit down in it2 the attempt is not without danger1 for the chair1 elevated above the battlements1 projects so far over the precipice1 that the climber must actually turn the whole body at that altitude1 in order to take a seat in it2 notwithstanding the danger1 however1 it is often attempted2 indeed one of the first questions generally put to a stranger1 if married1 after he has visited the ,mount1--did you sit in the chair8--for there is a conceit that1 if a married woman has sufficient resolution to place herself in it1 it will at once invest her with all the regalia of petticoat government2 and that if a married man sit in it1 he will thereby receive ample powers for the management of his wife4 ,this is probably a remnant of monkish fable1 a supposed virtue conferred by some saint1 perhaps a legacy of ,st4 ,keyne1 for the same virtue is attributed to her well4 ,the person of that man or wife1 ,whose chance1 or choice attains ,first of this sacred stream to drink1 ,thereby the mastery gains4 ,on the north-eastern side of the fabric are situated the modern apartments4 ,they were erected by the late ,sir ,john ,st4 ,aubyn upon the ruins of the ancient convent1 in clearing away which1 cart loads of human bones were dug up1 and interred elsewhere1 the remains probably both of the nuns and of the garrison4 ,all that deserves notice in this part are two handsome rooms leading into each other1 from which the prospect is of the most extensive description4 ,in the first parlour1 placed in niches1 are two large vases1 with an alto relief of statuary marble in each1 relating to ,hymeneal happiness4 ,let us now take a review of the various interesting events1 which the traditionary lore of past ages represents as having occurred at this spot1 and first of the natural history of the ,hill itself4 ,,the ,,natural ,,history4--,the rock of the ,mount has worn the same aspect for ages2 tradition however whispers1 that at a remote period it presented a very different appearance1--that it was cloathed with wood1 and at a considerable distance from the sea6 ,its old ,cornish name1 ,carreg ,lug en ,kug1 that is1 the hoary rock in the wood1 would seem to add some probability to the tradition4 ,it appears also from the original charter of the ,confessor1 that the ,mount was in his time only nigh the sea1 for he describes it expressly as ,saint ,michael near the sea1 ,sanctum ,michaelum qui est juxta mare4 ,what this distance was the charter does not inform us1 but the words of ,worcester1 who gained his information from the legend of ,saint ,michael1 are sufficiently decisive1 this place was originally inclosed within a very thick wood1 distant from the ocean six miles1 affording the finest shelter to wild beasts4 ,with respect to the period and causes of the catastrophe which have changed the face of this country1 we have already offered some observations4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,history4--,the ,mount appears to have been consecrated by superstition from the earliest period2 and1 according to monkish legends1 from the supposed appearance of the archangel ,saint ,michael to some hermits1 upon one of its craggy points4 ,tradition has not preserved the place where the vision appeared1 but antiquarianism has attempted to supply the deficiency by conjecture2 the spot was denominated ,saint ,michael's ,chair1 and is said to be one of the large rocks overhanging the battery1 an appellation which has been erroneously transferred to the carcase of a stone lantern1 situated1 as we have just stated1 on the tower of the chapel4 ,our poet ,milton alludes to this vision in the following passage of his ,lycidas-- ,or whether thou to our moist views deny'd ,sleeps't by the fable of ,bellerus old ,where the great vision of the guarded mount ,looks towards ,namancos and ,bayonas hold4 ,look homeward ,angel now1 and melt with ruth1 ,and ,o ye dolphins1 waft the hapless youth4 ,spencer also makes mention of this spot in a manner which proves that it was universally hallowed by the devout4 ,in evil hour thou lenst in hond ,thus holy hills to blame1 ,for sacred unto ,saints they stond1 ,and of them han their name1 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount who does not know ,that wards the western coast4 ,very little is known with respect to the ecclesiastical history of the ,mount1 previous to its endowment by ,edward the ,confessor4 ,from what may be collected1 however1 from expiring tradition1 it would appear that so early as the end of the fifth century1 ,saint ,keyne1 a holy virgin of the blood royal1 daughter of ,breganus ,prince of ,brecknockshire1 with her cockle hat and staff1 performed a pilgrimage to ,saint ,michael's ,mount3 now it is fair to conclude that it was before this time a place universally hallowed1 or a person of ,saint ,keyne's rank would not have paid it such a visit2 thus then was it renowned for its sanctity for at least five hundred years before the grant and settlement of it by the ,confessor2 before this period1 however1 it was probably little more than an hermitage1 or oratory1 with the necessary reception for pilgrims4 ,the ,confessor found monks here serving ,god1 and gave them by charter the property of the ,mount together with all the land of ,vennefire 7a district probably in ,cornwall71 with the towns1 houses1 fields1 meadows1 land cultivated1 and uncultivated1 with their rents2 together with a port called ,ruminella 7,romney in ,kent71 with all things that appertain1 as mills and fisheries1 first obliging them to conform the rule of the order of ,saint ,benedict4 ,the peculiar respect in which this church was held may be estimated from an instrument recorded by ,william of ,worcester1 and asserted to have been found amongst its ancient registers4 ,to all members of ,holy ,mother ,church1 who shall read or hear these letters1 ,peace and ,salvation4 ,be it known unto you all1 that our ,most ,holy ,lord ,pope ,gregory1 in the year of ,christ's ,incarnation1 #ajgj1 out of his great zeal and devotion to the church of ,mount ,saint ,michal1 in ,tumba1 in the county of ,cornwall1 hath piously granted to the aforesaid church1 which is entrusted to the ,angelical ,ministry1 and with full approbation1 consecrated and sanctified1 to remit to all the faithful1 who shall enrich1 endow1 or visit the said church1 a third part of their ,penance1 and that this grant may remain for ever unshaken and inviolable1 by the authority of ,god the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 he forbids all his ,successors from attempting to make any alteration against this ,decree4 ,we learn from the same author1 that in order to encrease1 as much as possible1 the influx of votaries to the shrine1 the above decree was placed publicly on the gates of the church1 and enjoined to be read in other churches4 ,when the ,normans came in1 ,robert ,earl of ,morton and ,cornwall became the patron of this religious house1 erected buildings1 and gave some lands1 but from a superior affection for ,normandy1 he abridged its liberties1 and annexed it to the monastery of ,saint ,michael de periculo ,maris1 on the coast of ,normandy1 to which situation the ,mount is said to bear a striking resemblance2 from this time1 it became only a cell dependant upon1 and subordinate to that foreign priory4 ,as these ,monks were of the reformed order of ,benedictines1 and of the ,gilbertine kind1 a nunnery was allowed in their vicinity2 this they would make us believe was done with no other view1 than to shew the triumph of faith over the impulse of sense1 but it certainly must be confessed1 to speak even most charitably of it1 that such an union amid the sequestration of solitude1 carries a strange appearance with it to our protestant suspiciousness4 ,the remains of this convent1 we have already said1 were removed by the late proprietor1 and the ,new ,buildings1 as they are called1 erected on their site2 from the appearance of the carved fragments of stone1 and other marks of architectural distinction1 found among the ruins1 the ,nunnery appears to have been by far the most costly and magnificent part of the edifice1 the result we presume of ,monkish gallantry4 ,its establishment appears to have terminated at the time ,pomeroy surprised it1 7an account of which transaction is recorded under the military history17 but the ,priory continued a cell to ,saint ,michael's in ,normandy1 until that connection was destroyed1 and all the alien priories were seized in the reign of ,edward the ,third4 ,henry the ,sixth granted this ,priory to ,king's ,college1 ,cambridge1 but it was afterwards transferred by ,edward the ,fourth to the nunnery of ,sion1 ,middlesex2 and so it continued until the general dissolution2 at which period its revenues were valued at #aaj3abs4 per annum1 a considerable sum at that time1 especially as the number of ,monks maintained on the foundation never exceeded six2 this sum1 together with the government of the ,mount1 which was then a military post1 was bestowed on ,hugh ,arundel1 who was executed for rebellion in the year #aedh4 ,on his death it was demised to ,john ,milliton of ,pengersick1 ,esq41 to ,william his son1 and further to ,william ,harris1 ,esq4 of ,hayne in ,devonshire1 connected by marriage with the family of ,milliton4 ,queen ,elizabeth1 by ,letters ,patent1 in the #bith year of her reign1 demised it to ,arthur ,harris#cb of ,kenegie1 ,esq4 a younger son of the above ,william ,harris1 for life4 ,it is in the ,patent 7which recites the former grants to the ,millitons7 described as in the note#cc below4 ,arthur ,harris was about this time appointed ,governor of the ,mount1 and held that appointment until his decease in #afbh4 ,it was then granted1 it is supposed1 in trust for the ,earl of ,salisbury1 from whom it passed to ,francis ,bassett1 ,esq4 who being imprisoned by the usurping powers in the reign of ,charles the ,first1 was obliged in order to purchase his liberty to part with it to ,john ,st4 ,aubyn1 ,esq4 in whose family it now remains4 ,the present ,baronet seldom visits it1 a circumstance universally regretted1 for no gentleman better understands how to grace the venerable seat with ,knightly dignity and splendor3 ,sir ,john too is a zealous mineralogist1 and might by his presence in ,cornwall contribute essentially to the progress of that science2 in one respect his absence is fortunately supplied by the vigilance of his agents1 and every geologist ought to feel obliged to them1 we allude to the care with which they protect the picturesque and mineralogical beauties of the rocks by opposing the sacrilegious removal of any part of them4 ,,military ,,history4--,from the time of ,king ,edward the ,confessor1 to the middle of the reign of ,richard the ,first1 the ,mount appears to have been exclusively the sacred nursery of religion2 the earliest transaction of a military nature was during the captivity of ,richard the ,first1 in ,germany1 when ,henry de la ,pomeroy1 of ,berry ,pomeroy in ,devonshire1 having stabbed a serjeant at arms who came to summon him to appear for a heavy crime1 fled into ,cornwall1 and cast himself upon the protection of ,john1 ,earl of that province1 who readily supplied him with an armed force1 for he was then aspiring to his brother's throne2 with this1 ,pomeroy went in disguise to the ,mount1 and under a pretence of visiting his sister1 who was in the nunnery1 gained admission1 and treacherously reduced it to the service of the said ,john2 upon the return however of the ,king from imprisonment1 he surrendered the garrison on mercy1 although1 despairing himself of pardon1 he soon died1 or as some say1 caused himself to be bled to death2 after this event1 the ,prior and the ,monks were restored to the full possession of their cells1 revenues1 and chapel2 a small garrison however was still maintained1 to defend it against the sudden invasion of enemies1 and in this condition1 manned out with carnal and spiritual soldiers1 did the ,mount remain for a space of #bge years1 when another military transaction occurred to disturb its repose4 ,after the defeat of the ,lancastrians at ,barnet1 in the eighteenth year of ,edward the ,fourth1 ,john ,vere1 ,earl of ,oxford1 one of the most zealous partisans1 fled from the field1 set sail for ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 and having disguised himself1 together with a few attendants1 in the habits of pilgrims1 obtained entrance1 massacred the unsuspecting garrison1 and seized the fortress1 which he valiantly defended for some time against the forces of ,edward1 but was at length compelled to surrender4 ,sir ,john ,arundel de ,trerice1 ,sheriff of ,cornwall1 at the command of the ,king1 marched thither with posse comitatus to besiege it1 but he fell a victim on the sands1 at its base1 and lies buried in the chapel4 ,in ,king ,henry the ,seventh's reign1 the ,lady ,catherine ,gordon1 wife of ,perkin ,warbeck1 the pretended son of ,edward the ,fourth1 remained here for safety1 but after the flight of her husband1 she was taken prisoner by ,giles1 ,lord ,banbury1 and carried before that ,king4 ,during the ,cornish commotion in the reign of ,edward the ,sixth1 many of the superior families fled to the ,mount for security1 and were besieged by the rebels1 who took the plain at the bottom of the rock by assault1 at the time of low water1 and afterwards the summit1 by carrying great trusses of hay before them to obstruct the defendants sight1 and deaden their shot4 ,this situation1 together with the fears of the women1 and the want of food1 obliged the besieged to surrender4 ,during the civil contentions in the reign of ,charles the ,first1 the fortifications of the ,mount were so much increased1 that the works were styled impregnable and almost inaccessible4 ,the ,parliament forces1 however1 under the command of ,colonel ,hammond1 reduced the place1 and liberated the ,duke of ,hamilton1 who was there confined2 a service which the historians of that period represent as full of danger and difficulty1 and this was the last military transaction that occurred upon this romantic spot4 ,several batteries were erected by government during the late war1 to command the western part of the bay1 the eastern being too shallow to allow the entrance of large vessels4 ,we cannot conclude this account of the ,mount without observing1 that several antiquarians have considered it as the ,ictis of ,diodorus1 whither the ,greek merchants traded for ,cornish ,tin2 the limits of this work will not allow us to enter upon the discussion1 but we beg to refer the curious reader to an ingenious work1 published by ,sir ,christopher ,hawkins1#cd and to ,dr4 ,maton's ,observations on the ,western ,counties4 ,it is curious1 and satisfactory1 that these gentlemen should have arrived at the same conclusion upon the subject1 and by nearly the same train of reasoning1 without any previous communication with each other4 ,illustration3 ,sancreet4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,this ,pier has lately been considerably enlarged at the expense of ,sir ,john ,st4 ,aubyn4 ,the work was completed only in the last ,summer 7#ahbc71 and will now admit vessels of five hundred tons burthen4 #be ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 ,vol4 i4 p4 #da4 #bf ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #gc4 #bg ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cfi4 #bh ,see ,,mr4 ,,phillips',s ,,elementary ,,introduction ,,to ,,mineralogy4 ,we shall on all occasions refer to this work without reserve1 as being a book which is1 or ought to be1 in the hands of every scientific traveller4 ,its copious catalogue of ,english habitats renders it extremely valuable4 #bi ,the mineralogist is apt to overlook these ,topazes1 or to regard them as common quartz crystals1 to which they bear a great resemblance1 until we inspect their prisms1 which will rarely be found to be six-sided2 there is also another simple mark of distinction--in the quartz crystal the striated appearance on its surface is horizontal1 whereas on the ,topaz it is longitudinal4 #cj ,a ,drift is a trench or foss1 cut in the ground to a certain depth1 resembling a channel dug to convey water to a mill wheel4 #ca ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ef4 #cb ,ancestor of ,william ,arundel ,harris ,arundel1 ,esq4 of ,kenegie4 #cc ,firmam nrtsm sti michis ad montem in dco nro cornub ac tot illum scit domu mansional sive capital messuag nrm vocat ,sainte ,michaells ,mounte als dict the ,priorie of ,sainte ,michalls ,mounte in dco com nso cornub quondm menastr de ,sion in com nro midd spectan ptinen habendum tenendum ad tmnm pr tmno vite natural ipsius ,arthuri ,harris4 ,reddendo inde annuatim nob hered successoribs nris viginti sex libras tres decem solid et quatuor denar legalis monete ,angel4 c4 #cd ,see ,sir ,c4 ,hawkins's ,tract on the ,tin ,trade of the ancients in ,cornwall1 and on the ,ictis of ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,,excursion ,,ii4 ,,to ,,the ,,land's ,,end4--,,logan ,,rock1 c4 ,the ,sun beams tremble1 and the purple light ,illumes the dark ,bolerium2--seat of storms1 ,high are his granite rocks2 his frowning brow ,hangs o'er the smiling ocean4 ,in his caves1 ,where sleep the haggard spirits of the storm1 ,wild dreary are the schistose rocks around1 ,encircled by the waves1 where to the breeze ,the haggard cormorant shrieks2 and far beyond ,are seen the cloud-like islands1 grey in mists4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,in an excursion to the ,land's ,end the traveller will meet with several intermediate objects well worthy his attention1 more worthy1 perhaps1 than the celebrated promontory itself1 as being monuments of the highest antiquity in the kingdom4 ,they consist of ,druidical circles1 ,cairns1 or circular heaps of stones1 ,cromlechs1 ,crosses1 ,military ,entrenchments1 and the obscure remains of ,castles4 ,many of these venerable objects1 however1 to the eternal disgrace of the inhabitants be it spoken1 have of late been much mutilated1 and indeed some have been entirely demolished4 ,that the noblest monuments of ,greece should have been converted into lime by the barbarous ,turks1 or that the temple of ,diana should have furnished a cement for the voluptuous apartments of the ,haram1 are instances of degeneracy which we might have been prepared to witness in such a people2 but that the venerable remains of ,british antiquity1 the silent but faithful monuments of men and days long past1 which are so interesting from their connection with the primitive history of our island1 should in this enlightened age have been sawed into gate posts1 or converted into pig-troughs1 is really past all endurance4--,but to proceed4--,in riding from ,penzance to the ,land's ,end1 which is about ten miles distant1 the first objects to be noticed are two beautiful villas1 well wooded1 and adjoining each other1--,castle-,horneck1 the seat of the ,borlase family1 and ,rose ,hill1 the property of the ,rev4 ,uriah ,tonkin4 ,the sea and land views from these houses are of the most enchanting description4 ,in viewing the latter place1 the stranger will scarcely believe that the spot which now exhibits so rich a pastural scene1 was a few years since a deformed and barren rock6 but what cannot gold effect1 or where is the wild which its magic cannot convert into fairy land8 ,the cost of the gunpowder alone for blowing up the rocks to facilitate their removal amounted to several hundred pounds4 ,about a mile farther west1 the road passes another villa1 ,trereiffe1 the ancient seat of the family of ,nicholls1 who have been proprietors of the great tythes of the parish of ,madron from the period of the reformation4 ,it is now the residence of the ,rev4 ,charles ,valentine ,le ,grice1 into whose possession it has passed by marriage4 ,the scenery about this place is of a very exquisite cast1 and1 from the richness of the land1 and luxuriance of its productions1 it may be fairly denominated the garden of the ,mount's ,bay4 ,after passing through a shady avenue1 from which we catch a delicious peep of the sea bounded by a grotesque group of rocks1 we take leave of the picturesque1 and plunge into a country of a very different aspect and description1--rough1 wild1 and unsheltered2 never was contrast more complete or striking1 not a tree is seen to break the extended uniformity of the hills1 nor is there a single object1 with the exception of a few scattered monuments of antiquity1 to recommend it to notice4 ,the agriculturist may1 perhaps1 view the district with somewhat different sensations1 for the downs are certainly improveable1 and those portions which have been brought into tillage have amply rewarded the labour of the adventurer3 indeed in several districts cultivation has even spread to the very brim of the ocean4 ,the natural product of the high lands is only a thin turf interspersed with heath1 fern and furze1#ce and many huge blocks of granite are disseminated in all directions2 this circumstance has materially impeded the progress of cultivation1 for in order to remove these boulders it is necessary to blast them with gunpowder2 the fragments1 however1 become useful in their turn1 and are employed in making enclosures1 which bear the provincial name of hedges4 ,this stone1 commonly called ,growan1 is1 moreover1 wrought into columnar masses1 eight or ten feet long1 which are used as supporters to sheds and outhouses1 or gates posts1 and bridges over rivulets4 ,it is also the material of which common rollers1 mill-stones1 salting and pig troughs are made2 in short1 few stones are converted to more various purposes of rural oeconomy1 and it accordingly forms an article of some commercial value4 ,the mode of splitting it into the required forms is somewhat curious2 it is effected by applying several wedges to holes cut1 or pooled as it is termed1 in the surface of the stone at the distance of three or four inches from each other1 according to its size and hardness2 the harder the mass1 the easier it may be split into the required form2 the softer1 the less regularly it separates4 ,the blocks of granite employed in the construction of the ,waterloo ,bridge over the ,thames were procured from the downs in the vicinity of ,penhryn4#cf ,the ,granite of the ,land's ,end district is remarkable for its coarse grain1 and the large proportion of its felspar1 which1 according to the observations of ,dr4 ,paris1 may be estimated as high as from #gj to #ij per cent4 ,it moreover possesses an earthy texture1 which greatly accelerates its decomposition4 ,this circumstance will in some measure account for the unusual fertility of the growan soil in the parishes of ,saint ,burian1 ,sennen1 and ,saint ,levan4 ,it will moreover explain the theory of a practice1 which would otherwise appear absurd1 that of actually applying the disintegrated growan to certain lands as a manure6 ,on a closer examination of this ,granite1 the prismatic crystals of felspar will often be found to exhibit that structure which ,hay calls hemitrope2 more often1 they are termed macles1 and are compounded of two crystals intersecting each other at particular angles4 ,the ,botanist as he rides along in the ,summer months will observe amongst the gorse 7,ulex71 which is abundant on each side of the road1 the parasitical plant ,cuscuta ,epithymum1 7called ,epiphany by the country people17 winding its spiral structure in all directions1 and producing from its reddish hue a beautiful contrast4 ,the farming of this country is in general slovenly1 and certainly very far behind any other part of the kingdom1#cg although it is but just to acknowledge that ,leha1 a farm situated near the ,land's ,end road1 forms a pleasing exception to this general remark4 ,the proprietor1 ,john ,scobell ,esq4 of ,nancealverne1 has here introduced the ,drill ,husbandry of ,northumberland1 which would seem to be well adapted to a country so infested with weeds1 those hungry invaders of the farmer's property1 and usurpers of his soil4 ,the farmers have a peculiar practice1 obviously suggested by the inconstancy of the weather1 that of putting up their wheat1 barley1 and other kinds of grain1 in the field into what are called ,arishmows4 ,the sheaves are built up into a regular solid cone about twelve feet high2 the beards all turned inwards1 and the butt end only exposed to the weather4 ,the whole is finished by an inverted sheaf of reed or corn and tied to the upper rows4 ,the first objects of antiquity which we have to notice are the stone crosses placed by the roads' side2 some of them still retain their original situation1 while others1 broken and mutilated1 have been converted into the various purposes of rural oeconomy4 ,they appear to have been originally designed as guides to direct the pilgrim to the different churches4 ,a few of the more remarkable of them are represented as vignettes in different parts of the present work1 from which the reader will become acquainted with their general appearance4 ,at ,,boscawen-,,un1 in a field about a quarter of a mile west of ,leha1 we meet with one of the most ancient ,british monuments in the kingdom2 a ,druidical circle1 as it has been pronounced1 consisting of nineteen stones1 some of which have fallen1 placed in a circle of about twenty-five feet in diameter1 having a single one in the centre4 ,there is considerable doubt and obscurity with respect to the origin and intended use of these circles1 of which there are many similar examples in ,cornwall4 ,camden is inclined to consider them as military trophies1 while ,borlase deems it highly probable that such monuments were of religious institution1 and designed originally and principally for the rites of worship2 at the same time he conceives they might sometimes have been employed as places of council and judgment1 and that1 whilst any council or decree was pending1 the principal persons concerned stood1 each by his pillar1 and that where a middle stone was erected1 as at ,boscawen-,un1 there stood the ,prince or ,general elect4 ,this must certainly be acknowledged as one of the most extraordinary specimens of antiquarian dreaming ever presented to the public4 ,about half a mile to the right of the high road stands an object of later origin1 but not of less interest to the antiquary2 the ruins of a small oratory1 or baptistry1 dedicated to ,saint ,euinus1 and commonly known by the name of ,chapel ,euny4 ,it is situated near a well1 whose waters have been long supposed to possess very extraordinary virtues1 and to have performed many miraculous cures4 ,there is a similar ruin1 which we shall hereafter have occasion to notice at ,madron2 and it is worthy of remark that these wells do not possess any mineral impregnation2 the sick1 however1 at this very day1 repair to them1 while the credulous attempt to read the future in the appearance of the bubbles produced in their waters by the dropping in of pins or pebbles4 ,this mode of divining is perhaps one of the most ancient superstitions that have descended to us1 and was termed ,hydromancy4 ,the ,castalian fountain1 and many others amongst the ,grecians1 were supposed to be of a prophetic nature2 thus1 by dipping a fair mirror into a well did the ,patrans of ,greece receive1 as they vainly imagined1 some notice of ensuing sickness1 or convalescence4 ,on the summit of the hill above these ruins1 are situated the remains of ,caerbran ,castle or ,round 7that is ,brennus's ,castle7 which is thus described by ,borlase4 ,it is a circular fortification1 consisting first of a deep ditch1 fifteen feet wide1 edged with stone1 through which you pass to the outer vallum1 which is of earth1 fifteen feet high1 and was well perfected towards the north-east1 but not so towards the west2 within this vallum1 passing a large ditch about fifteen yards wide1 you come to a stone wall1 which quite rounded the top of the hill1 and seems to have been of considerable strength1 but lies1 now1 like a ridge of disorderly stones2 the diameter of the whole is ninety paces1 and in the centre of all is a little circle4 ,there are no less than seven of these hill castles1 as they are termed1 although they might with more propriety be called strong entrenchments1 to be seen at this time within five miles around ,penzance2 all so placed on the hills as to admit of immediate communication with each other by signal4 ,from several of them we have views of the ,north and ,south ,channel1 but from all of them either that of one sea or the other4 ,much doubt has arisen concerning their origin4 ,mr4 ,polwhele attributes them to the ,irish1 while ,dr4 ,borlase1 like an orthodox antiquary1 who takes shelter1 whenever he is bewildered1 under the sanction of a popular name1 at once boldly decides upon their ,danish origin4 ,the lonely ruins of ,chapel ,carn ,bre next attract our notice2 they are situated upon the extremity of a high granite ridge1 overlooking the surfy recess of ,whitsand ,bay2 from their great elevation they are visible from every part of the country1 although they scarcely form a skeleton of the original building1 and in a short time1 probably1 not a vestige will remain to mark the consecrated spot4 ,it appears to have been a ,chantry1 erected for the performance of religious service for the safety of mariners4 ,it is not for the inspection of these ruins that we direct the stranger to ascend the hill1 for they are too insignificant to merit attention1 but it is for the purpose of his viewing the extensive prospect which its summit commands1--a wild expanse of waters occupying twenty-nine points of the compass6--,from this spot also ,saint ,michael's ,mount has a singularly fine effect1 appearing as if placed in the centre of a lake at a distance from the ocean4 ,we now proceed to ,sennan ,church-town1#ch which according to barometrical admeasurement is #cia feet above the level of the sea4 ,it is about a mile from the ,land's ,end1 and is celebrated for containing the ,ale-house whimsically called ,the ,first and ,last ,inn in ,england4 ,on the western side of its sign is inscribed ,the ,first1 and on the eastern side ,the ,last ,inn in ,england4 ,the last village towards the ,land's ,end is named ,mayon or ,mean4 ,in this place is the large stone spoken of by ,dr4 ,borlase under the name of ,table mean1 and concerning which there is a vague tradition that three kings once dined together on it1 in their journey to the ,land's ,end4 ,on the turf between this village and the ,land's ,end1 the ,botanist will find ,bartsia ,viscosa1 and ,illocebrum ,verticillatum1 the latter of which is peculiar to this county4 ,having arrived at the celebrated ,promontory1 we descend a rapid slope1 which brings us to a bold group of rocks1 composing the western extremity of our island4 ,some years ago a military officer who visited this spot1 was rash enough to descend on horseback2 the horse soon became unruly1 plunged1 reared1 and1 fearful to relate1 fell backwards over the precipice1 and rolling from rock to rock was dashed to atoms before it reached the sea4 ,the rider was for some time unable to disengage himself1 but at length by a desperate effort he threw himself off1 and was happily caught by some fragments of rock1 at the very brink of the precipice1 where he remained suspended in a state of insensibility until assistance could be afforded him6 ,the awful spot is marked by the figure of a horse-shoe1 traced on the turf with a deep incision1 which is cleared out from time to time1 in order to preserve it as a monument of rashness which could be alone equalled by the good fortune with which it was attended4 ,why any promontory in an island should be exclusively denominated the ,land's ,end1 it is difficult to understand2 yet so powerful is the charm of a name1 that many persons have visited it on no other account2 the intelligent tourist1 however1 will receive a much more substantial gratification from his visit2 the great geological interest of the spot will afford him an ample source of entertainment and instruction1 while the magnificence of its convulsed scenery1 the ceaseless roar1 and deep intonation of the ocean1 and the wild shrieks of the ,cormorant1 all combine to awaken the blended sensations of awe and admiration4 ,the cliff which bounds this extremity is rather abrupt than elevated1 not being more than sixty feet above the level of the sea4 ,it is composed entirely of ,granite1 the forms of which present a very extraordinary appearance1 assuming in some places the resemblance of shafts that had been regularly cut with the chisel2 in others1 regular equidistant fissures divide the rock into horizontal masses1 and give it the character of basaltic columns2 in other places1 again1 the impetuous waves of the ocean have opened1 for their retreat1 gigantic arches1 through which the angry billows roll and bellow with tremendous fury4 ,several of these rocks from their grotesque forms have acquired whimsical appellations1 as that of the ,armed ,knight1 the ,irish ,lady1 c4 ,an inclining rock on the side of a craggy headland1 south of the ,land's ,end1 has obtained the name of ,dr4 ,johnson's ,head1 and visitors after having heard the appellation seldom fail to acknowledge that it bears some resemblance to the physiognomy of that extraordinary man4 ,on the north1 this rocky scene is terminated by a promontory #bbi feet above the level of the sea1 called ,cape ,cornwall1 between which and the ,land's ,end1 the coast retires1 and forms ,whitsand ,bay1 a name which it derives from1 the peculiar whiteness of its sand1 and amongst which the naturalist will find several rare microscopic shells4 ,there are1 besides1 some historical recollections which invest this spot with interest4 ,it was in this bay that ,stephen landed on his first arrival in ,england2 as did king ,john1 on his return from ,ireland2 and ,perkin ,warbeck1 in the prosecution of those claims to the crown to which some late writers have been disposed to consider that he was entitled1 as the real son of ,edward the ,fourth4 ,in the rocks near the southern termination of ,whitsand ,bay may be seen the junction of the granite and slate2 large veins of the former may be also observed to traverse the latter in all directions4 ,in viewing the whole of the scenery of this stern coast it is impossible says ,de ,luc1 not to be struck with the idea1 that the bed of the sea is the effect of a vast subsidence1 in which the strata were broken off on the edge of what1 by the retreat of the sea towards the sunken part1 became a continent2 the many small islands1 or rocks of granite1 appear to be the memorials of the land's abridgement1 being evidently parts of the sunken strata remaining more elevated than the rest4 ,there is a small ,archipelago of this kind called the ,long-ships1 at the distance of two miles west of the ,land's end2 on the largest of these rocks is a light-house1 which was erected in consequence of the very dangerous character of the coast1 by a ,mr4 ,smith1 in the year #agig1 who obtained a grant from the ,trinity ,house1 and was rewarded for a limited number of years by a certain rate on all ships that passed it4 ,this period having expired1 it is at present under the jurisdiction of the ,trinity ,house4#ci ,the tower is constructed of granite1 the stones of which are trenailed on the same plan as that adopted by ,smeaton in the construction of the ,eddystone light-house4 ,the circumference of the tower at its base is #fh feet2 the height from the rock to the vane of the lantern1 #eb feet2 and from the sea to the base of the light-house it is #fj feet2 but notwithstanding this elevation its lantern has been often dashed to pieces by the spray of the ocean during the winter's tempest6 ,the management of this establishment is entrusted to two men1 who during the winter are often1 for two or three months1 confined to this sea-girt prison without the possibility of communicating with the land2 they accordingly lay in a store of provisions1 as if they were about to embark for a long voyage4 ,we have already stated that the historians of ,cornwall1 from ,leland1 ,norden1 and ,carew1 downwards1 have all recorded the ancient tradition of a considerable portion of the ,mount's bay having been formerly woodland4 ,they have likewise handed down the concurrent tradition relative to the supposed tract of land which once connected the islands of ,scilly with ,cornwall4 ,this tract1 to which we are told was given the name of the ,lioness 7the ,silurian ,lyonois17 is said to have contained one hundred and forty parish churches1 all of which were swept away by the resistless ocean6 ,as to the ,cornish word ,lethowstow1 or ,lioness1 by which the sea between ,scilly and ,cornwall is distinguished1 we may observe1 that the appropriation of such a term is sufficiently accounted for from the general violence and turbulence of the sea1 just as the celebrated rock lying south of the channel between the ,land's end and ,scilly retains the name of the ,wolf1#dj from the howling of the waves around it4 ,those who may wish for farther evidence upon this subject may consult ,mr4 ,boase's excellent memoir ,on the submersion of part of the ,mount's bay1 published in the second volume of the ,transactions of the ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 ,we shall in this place make a short digression1 in order to afford some account of the ,scilly ,islands1 which are situated in a cluster about nine leagues1 west by south1 from the ,land's end1 and are distinctly visible from it4 ,the ,,scilly ,,islands were called by the ,greeks ,hesperides and ,capiterides1 or the ,tin ,isles1 and by this name they are mentioned by ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,strabo1 and ,solinus4 ,they must1 however1 have undergone some material revolution since the age of these writers1 for we fail in every attempt to reconcile their present state with the description which they have transmitted to us2 and what is very unaccountable1 not a vestige of any ancient mine can be discovered in the islands1 except in one part of ,trescow2 and these remains are so limited1 that they rather give an idea of an attempt at discovery1 than of extensive and permanent mining4 ,we are strongly inclined to believe that the ,tin of those days came1 in part at least1 from the opposite coast of ,saint ,just1 but of this we shall hereafter speak more fully4 ,in the time of ,strabo we learn that the number of these ,islands did not exceed ten1 whereas at present there are upwards of one hundred and forty1 but of which the following only are inhabited1 viz4 ,saint ,mary's1 ,saint ,agnes'1 ,saint ,martin's1 ,trescow1 ,bryer1 and ,sampson4 ,it is curious that the name of the cluster should have been derived from one of the smallest of the islets 7,scilly71 whose surface does not exceed an acre4 ,the number of inhabitants amounts to about two thousand1 nearly half of which reside in ,saint ,mary's1 which contains #afjj acres2 it possesses three towns1 a pier1 a garrison1 a custom house1 and some monuments of ,british antiquity4 ,at ,,saint ,,agnes is a very high and strong light-house1 which was erected in the year #afhj4 ,its present machinery was designed by the ingenious ,adam ,walker1 the well known lecturer on ,natural ,philosophy1 although it has lately undergone some modification at the suggestion of ,mr4 ,wyatt4 ,the machinery consists of a triangular frame attached to a perpendicular axis1 which1 by means of an appropriate power1 is made to revolve once every three minutes4 ,on each face of the triangle are arranged ten parabolic reflectors of copper plated with silver1 each having an argand lamp in its focus4 ,by this device the light progressively sweeps the whole horizon1 and by its regular intermission and increase is readily distinguished from every other on the coast4#da ,the civil government of these islands is chiefly managed by twelve of the principal inhabitants1 who meet monthly at ,heugh ,town1 ,st4 ,mary's1 and settle differences by compromise4 ,the ,duke of ,leeds holds the islands by lease for thirty-one years from the year #ahjj1 at the rent of #dj1 besides paying the fine of #djjj1 as a renewal4 ,the reader is no doubt anxiously waiting to be introduced to the classical descendants of the ,grecian or ,phoenician race1--,whether they have been swallowed up with the ,lioness1 or washed into the ocean by the tempests1 we know not2 but certain it is that the present inhabitants are all new comers2--,phoenician or ,grecian1 there are none4--,jenkins1 ,ellis1 ,hicks1 ,woodcock1 ,ashford1 and ,gibson#db are names which would even defy the ingenious author of the ,diversions of ,purley to trace to a classical source4 ,the ,scillonians are a robust and healthy people1 and were it not for the facility with which they obtain spirits1 they would attain a very advanced age4 ,it is a common saying amongst them1 and is no doubt intended to express how highly favourable the spot is to longevity1 although it obviously admits of another construction1 that for one man who dies a natural death1 nine are drowned4 ,it has been remarked that a deformed person is not to be found in the islands2 but we apprehend that this fact requires an explanation very different from that which is usually assigned2 it cannot be received as any test of the salubrity of the spot1 or of the superior healthiness of the race2 the fact is simply this1 that exposure to inclement weather1 want of proper food1 and those various privations which necessarily increase as we recede from the luxuries of civilization1 kill1 during infancy1 those feeble subjects which might1 otherwise1 have become deformed during the progress of their growth4 ,it is for the same reason that we so frequently observe the troops of barbarous countries composed of the most athletic individuals1 for the hardship of their service weeds out the feeble and invalid4 ,we have already alluded to the tenacity with which the ,cornishman clings to his native soil1 but the attachment of the ,scillonian1 if possible1 is still stronger to his desolate rock4 ,what a striking contrast does this form with the roving inhabitant of an alluvial country1 where every object1 it might be presumed1 was calculated to excite and sustain the strongest attachment2 but this principle of ,nature is wise and universal1--the plant is easily loosened from a generous soil1 but with what difficulty is the lichen torn from its rock4 ,the islanders are chiefly employed in ,ashing1 making kelp from the ,alg1 which is disposed of to the ,bristol merchant for the use of the glass manufacturer1 and in pilotage4 ,from a combination1 however1 of unfortunate circumstances1 in addition to the fatal blow given to the smuggling trade1 by the activity of the preventive service1 the inhabitants were reduced to such extreme distress that it became necessary in the year #ahai to appeal to the generosity of the public in their behalf2 and1 notwithstanding the great difficulties of the times1 the sum of nine thousand pounds was collected for their relief4 ,in this great work of charity it is but an act of justice to state1 that the ,society for promoting ,christian knowledge1 by their purse1 as well as by their writings1 performed a very essential service4 ,the funds thus obtained were in part appropriated to the relief of the immediate and pressing distress under which they laboured1 while the remainder was very judiciously applied towards the promotion of such permanent advantages as might prevent the chance of its recurrence4 ,a ,fish-cellar was accordingly provided in the island of ,trescow1 for the purpose of storing and curing ,ash2 boats adapted for the ,mackarel and ,pilchard ,fisheries were purchased1 and others were repaired2 nets and various kinds of tackling were also at the same time liberally supplied4 ,by such means have the inhabitants of these cheerless rocks been enabled to avail themselves of some of the resources which ,providence has placed within their reach1 and their families have been thus enabled to exist without the dread of absolute starvation4#dc ,much1 however1 still remains for philanthropic exertion1 and should this humble volume fall into the hands of those1 who are enabled by the superior gifts of fortune to contribute to the wants of their unhappy brethren1 we may perhaps serve their cause by stating that any donation1 however small1 will be received by ,henry ,boase1 ,esq4 at the ,penzance ,bank4 ,the greatest benefit would arise from the extension of their fisheries1 for in consequence of the peculiar situation and convenience of these islands1 the ,cod and ,ling fisheries might be carried to almost any extent2 and1 while boats in any part even of the ,mount's ,bay1 would be weather-bound with the wind ,w4,s4,w4 to ,s41 they can proceed from ,scilly into the channel1 without the least difficulty4 ,the ,scillonians1 however1 have as yet been unable to avail themselves of the advantages of their locality2 the want of proper boats prevents their proceeding in the pursuit of their occupation1 farther than four or five leagues from the land4 ,during the summer months various species of fish are caught with hook and line2 among the smaller kind1 which are salted by the ,scillonians for their winter consumption1 are ,bass1 ,wrass1 ,chad1 ,scad1 ,brit1 ,barne1 ,cuddle1 ,whistlers1 c4 all of which are included by the islanders under the general appellation of ,rock-fish4 ,there is a very curious fact noticed here with respect to the ,woodcock4 ,these birds generally arrive in ,scilly before they are observed in any part of ,england2 more frequently with a north-east1#dd though sometimes with a north-west wind1 and are often so exhausted as to be caught in great numbers by the inhabitants1 especially near the light-house1 the splendour of whose light appears to attract them1 and striking against its lantern they not unfrequently fall lifeless in the gallery4 ,it is for the naturalist to consider from whence they migrate4 ,the ,climate of these islands is both milder and more equable than that of ,cornwall1 but this advantage is counterbalanced by the frequent occurrence of the most sudden and violent storms4 ,by those who have kept journals it has been found that not more than six days of perfect calm occur in the course of a year1 and that the wind blows from between ,s4,w4 and ,n4,w4 for more than half of that period4 ,with respect to ,geology1 these islands will afford but little variety2 with the exception of some beds of ,porphyry at ,saint ,mary's1 and some beds of ,chlorite1 containing ,pyrites1 in the same island1 they consist entirely of ,granite1 and are doubtless a continuation of the ,devonian range1 although the rock assumes an appearance less porphyritic2 it contains1 however1 veins of red ,granite4 ,at the ,lizard ,point in the island of ,trescow1 a variety of granite occurs1 in which the felspar is of a remarkably pure white1 and might1 we should conceive1 be advantageously employed in the manufacture of ,porcelain4 ,in some chasms of this rock1 and in the centre of large masses1 the ,mica is of a silvery hue1 and occurs crystallized in its primitive form4 ,in the same island is a remarkable cavern1 in the centre of which is a pool of fresh water4 ,the porphyritic beds in ,saint ,mary's are interesting on account of the distinct appearance of stratification which they display1 and ,mr4 ,majendie thinks that an undoubted instance of stratified granite is to be seen near the same spot4 ,the ,granite of ,scilly is very liable to decomposition2 whence has arisen all that fancied statuary of the ,druids1 of which we have spoken in another place4 ,the ,islands are undoubtedly undergoing a gradual diminution4 ,at no great distance of time ,saint ,mary's will probably be divided by the sea1 and a channel formed through the low land between the ,new-town and the south-east side of the garrison4 ,this might perhaps be prevented by throwing down masses of granite from a neighbouring hill1 so as to form a barrier against the sea4 ,the object may be worthy of attention1 as the sea in winter1 with a high tide1 has been known to pass over this land1 and the effect of its forcing a channel there would be to divide the garrison from the rest of the island4 ,if the ,geologist proceeds to a spot behind the quay1 and between the front of the garrison-hill and that island1 he will be gratified by the discovery of a process the very converse of that which we have been just describing4 ,in these places the granitic sand is becoming indurated by the slow infiltration of water holding iron in solution1 and which appears to be derived from the decomposing hills above it4 ,some fine specimens of this regenerated granite have been placed in the ,geological ,society's cabinet at ,penzance4 ,we now return to the ,land's ,end1--from which we should proceed to visit a promontory1 called ,castle ,treryn1 where is situated the celebrated ,logan ,stone4 ,if we pursue our route along the cliffs1 it will be found to lie several miles south-east of the ,land's ,end1 although by taking the direct and usual road across the country1 it is not more than two miles distant2 but the ,geologist must walk1 or ride along the coast on horseback1 and we can assure him that he will be amply recompensed for his trouble4 ,from the ,cape on which the signal station is situated1 the rock scenery is particularly magnificent1 exhibiting an admirable specimen of the manner1 and forms1 into which ,granite disintegrates4 ,about forty yards from this ,cape is the promontory called ,tol-,pedn-,penwith1 which in the ,cornish language signifies the holed headland in ,penwith4 ,the name is derived from a singular chasm1 known by the appellation of the ,funnel ,rock2 it is a vast perpendicular excavation in the granite1 resembling in figure an inverted cone1 and has been evidently produced by the gradual decomposition of one of those vertical veins with which this part of the coast is so frequently intersected4 ,by a circuitous route you may descend to the bottom of the cavern1 into which the sea flows at high water4 ,here the ,cornish ,chough 7,corvus ,graculus7 has built its nest for several years1 a bird which is very common about the rocky parts of this coast1 and may be distinguished by its red legs and bill1 and the violaceous blackness of its feathers4 ,this promontory forms the ,western extremity of the ,mount's ,bay4 ,the antiquary will discover in this spot the vestiges of one of the ancient ,cliff ,castles1 which were little else than stone walls1 stretching across necks of land from cliff to cliff4 ,the only geological phenomenon worthy of particular notice is a large and beautiful contemporaneous vein of red ,granite containing ,shorl2 is one foot in width1 and may be seen for about forty feet in length4 ,continuing our route around the coast we at length arrive at ,castle ,treryn4 ,its name is derived from the supposition of its having been the site of an ancient ,british fortress1 of which there are still some obscure traces1 although the wild and rugged appearance of the rocks indicate nothing like art4 ,illustration ,the foundation of the whole is a stupendous group of ,granite rocks1 which rise in pyramidal clusters to a prodigious altitude1 and overhang the sea4 ,on one of those pyramids is situated the celebrated ,logan ,stone1 which is an immense block of ,granite weighing above #fj tons4 ,the surface in contact with the under rock is of very small extent1 and the whole mass is so nicely balanced1 that1 notwithstanding its magnitude1 the strength of a single man applied to its under edge is sufficient to change its centre of gravity1 and though at first in a degree scarcely perceptible1 yet the repetition of such impulses1 at each return of the stone1 produces at length a very sensible oscillation6 ,as soon as the astonishment which this phenomenon excites has in some measure subsided1 the stranger anxiously enquires how1 and whence the stone originated--was it elevated by human means1 or was it produced by the agency of natural causes8--,those who are in the habit of viewing mountain masses with geological eyes1 will readily discover that the only chisel ever employed has been the tooth of time--the only artist engaged1 the elements4 ,granite usually disintegrates into rhomboidal and tabular masses1 which by the farther operation of air and moisture gradually lose their solid angles1 and approach the spheroidal form4 ,de ,luc observed1 in the ,giant mountains of ,silesia1 spheroids of this description so piled upon each other as to resemble ,dutch cheeses2 and appearances1 no less illustrative of the phenomenon1 may be seen from the signal station to which we have just alluded4 ,the fact of the upper part of the cliff being more exposed to atmospheric agency1 than the parts beneath1 will sufficiently explain why these rounded masses so frequently rest on blocks which still preserve the tabular form2 and since such spheroidal blocks must obviously rest in that position in which their lesser axes are perpendicular to the horizon1 it is equally evident that whenever an adequate force is applied they must vibrate on their point of support4 ,although we are thus led to deny the ,druidical origin of this stone1 for which so many zealous antiquaries have contended1 still we by no means intend to deny that the ,druids employed it as an engine of superstition2 it is indeed very probable that1 having observed so uncommon a property1 they dexterously contrived to make it answer the purposes of an ordeal1 and by regarding it as the touchstone of truth1 acquitted or condemned the accused by its motions4 ,mason poetically alludes to this supposed property in the following lines4 ,behold yon huge ,and unknown sphere of living adamant1 ,which1 pois'd by magic1 rests its central weight ,on yonder pointed rock3 firm as it seems1 ,such is its strange1 and virtuous property1 ,it moves obsequious to the gentlest touch ,of him1 whose heart is pure1 but to a traitor1 ,tho' e'en a giant's prowess nerv'd his arm1 ,it stands as fix'd as ,snowdon4 ,the rocks are covered with a species of ,byssus long and rough to the touch1 forming a kind of hoary beard2 in many places they are deeply furrowed1 carrying with them a singular air of antiquity1 which combines with the whole of the romantic scenery to awaken in the minds of the poet and enthusiast the recollection of the ,druidical ages4 ,the ,botanist will observe the common ,thrift 7,statice ,armeria7 imparting a glowing tinge to the scanty vegetation of the spot1 and1 by growing within the crevices of the rocks1 affording a very picturesque contrast to their massive fabric4 ,here too the ,daucus ,maritimus1 or wild carrot2 ,sedum ,telephium1 ,saxifraga ,stellaris1 and ,asplenium ,marinum1 may be found in abundance4 ,the ,granite in this spot is extremely beautiful1 on account of its porphyritic appearance2 the crystals of felspar are numerous and distinct2 in some places the rock is traversed by veins of red felspar1 and of black tourmaline1 or schorl1 of which the crystalline forms of the prisms1 on account of their close aggregation1 are very indistinct4 ,here may also be observed a contemporaneous vein of schorl rock in the granite1 nearly two feet wide1 highly inclined and very short1 and not having any distinct walls4 ,on the western side of the ,logan rock is a cavern1 formed by the decomposition of a vein of granite1 the felspar of which assumes a brilliant flesh-red1 and lilac colour2 and1 where it is polished by the sea1 exceeding even in beauty the ,serpentine caverns at the ,lizard4 ,mr4 ,majendie observed in this spot numerous veins of fine grained granite1 which he is inclined to consider as cotemporaneous2 he also observed what1 at first sight1 appeared to be fragments1 but which1 upon closer examination1 he pronounces to be cotemporaneous concretions2 for large crystals of felspar may be seen shooting from the porphyritic granite into these apparent fragments4 ,these phenomena are extremely interesting in a geological point of view1 and well deserve the attention of the scientific tourist4 ,in ,treryn cove1 just below the site of the castle1 ,dr4 ,maton found several of the rarer species of shells1 as ,patella ,pellucida1 ,p4 ,fissura1 ,mytilus ,modiolus1 ,trochus ,conulus1 ,turbo ,cimex1 and ,t4 ,fascitatus 7of ,pennant47 ,before we quit this coast we beg to state1 for the information of the geological tourist1 that the ,granite which we have just traced from beyond the ,land's ,end to this spot1 continues until within half a mile of the signal post near ,lemorna cove1 where it meets with a patch of slate1 and is lost for about the space of three quarters of a mile4 ,at the western extremity of this junction 7,carn ,silver7 the mineralogist will find embedded ,garnet-rock with veins of ,epidote and ,axinite4 ,here may also be seen the rare occurrence of a granite vein penetrating both the slate and the granitic rock4 ,but let us return4----,about two miles north-east of the ,logan rock1 and in the high road to ,penzance1 stands the town of ,,saint ,,buryan1 which though now only a group of wretched cottages was once a place of very considerable note1 and the seat of a ,college of ,augustine ,canons2 the latter was founded by ,athelstan after his return from the conquest of the ,scilly ,islands1 ,a4,d4 #icj4 ,the remains of the ,college were wantonly demolished by one ,shrubshall1 ,governor of ,pendennis ,castle1 during the usurpation of ,cromwell4 ,the ,church tower stands on the highest point in this part of the country1 being #dfg feet above the level of the sea2 it consequently forms a very conspicuous object1 and is so exposed to the rains from the ,atlantic1 that the stones carry a deceptive face of freshness with them which lends an aspect of newness to the whole building4 ,from the top of the tower the prospect is of a very extensive kind1 commanding the whole range of the surrounding country1 and an immense surface of sea4 ,in clear weather the ,scilly ,islands may be easily distinguished in the horizon1 especially with a setting sun1 when they appear to project from the brilliant ground of the western sky like figures embossed on burnished gold4 ,both from the history and appearance of this edifice the antiquary will enter it with sensations of awe and veneration1 but he will find with regret that the ancient ,roodloft has been lately removed1 from an idea that it deadened the voice of the preacher1 and that the parishioners have also converted the original forms into modern pews1 a change which has cruelly violated the venerable uniformity of the interior4 ,there is a singular monument in the church1 in the shape of a coffin1 having an inscription around the border in very rude characters1 and now partly obliterated2 it is in ,norman ,french1 and has been thus translated4 ,,clarice ,the wife of ,geffrei de ,bollait lies here ,god of her soul have mercy ,they who pray for her soul shall have ,ten days ,pardon4 ,on the middle of the stone is represented a ,cross fleury1 standing on four steps2 the monument is said to have been found many years ago by the sexton1 while sinking a grave4 ,opposite the great door in the church-yard stands a very ancient ,cross1 on one side of which are five balls1 and1 on the other1 a rude figure intended to represent the crucified ,saviour4 ,we here present our readers with a sketch of this singular monument4 ,illustration3 ,buryan ,church-yard4 ,another ,cross stands in the road1 and faces the entrance into the church-yard1 of which also we have introduced a delineation4 ,illustration3 ,buryan4 ,the ,deanery is in the gift of the ,crown1 as a royal peculiar1 and is tenable with any other preferment4 ,the ,dean exercises an independent jurisdiction in all ecclesiastical matters within the parish of ,st4 ,burian1 and its dependent parishes of ,st4 ,levan1 and ,sennan4 ,he is the ,rector1 and is entitled to all tithes4 ,a ,visitation court is held in his name1 and the appeal from it is only to the ,king in council4 ,athelstan is said to have granted to this church the privilege of a ,sanctuary1 and a ruin overgrown with ivy2 standing on an estate called ,bosliven1 about a mile east from the church1 is thought to be its remains1 but ,mr4 ,lysons justly observes that the ,sanctuary usually comprised the church itself1 and perhaps a certain privileged space beyond it1 and that the ruins to which the tradition attaches1 are probably those only of an ancient chapel4 ,from ,st4 ,buryan the traveller may at once return to ,penzance1 which is about six miles distant1 but as no object of particular interest will occur in the direct road1 it is unnecessary for us to attend him thither4 ,should he1 however1 be inclined to extend his excursion1 he will receive much gratification in returning by a somewhat circuitous route along the southern coast1 through the parish of ,saint ,paul4 ,in this case1 we may first proceed to ,boskenna1 the seat of ,john ,paynter ,esq4 a highly romantic spot1 abounding with woodcocks1 and which under the direction of a skilful landscape gardener might be made to emulate in beauty any of the charming villas that adorn the under-cliff of the ,isle of ,wight4 ,on this estate there is a superficial quarry of decomposing granite1 which the mineralogist ought to visit1 for the purpose of obtaining some remarkably fine specimens of felspar in separate crystals1 which may be easily removed from the mass in which they lie imbedded4 ,at ,bolleit1 in a croft near ,boskenna1 and adjoining the high road1 is to be seen a circle of stones very similar to that we have already described 7p4 #ha17 except that it has not a central pillar2 the appellation given to these stones is that of the ,merry ,maidens1 on account of a whimsical tradition1 that they were once young women transformed like ,niobe into stones1 as a punishment for the crime of dancing on the ,sabbath day4 ,in a field on the opposite side of the road there are two upright stones standing about a furlong asunder1 the one being nearly twelve1 the other sixteen feet in height4 ,they are probably sepulchral monuments2 the same ridiculous tradition1 however1 attaches to them as to the circle1 and has accordingly bestowed upon them the appellation of the ,pipers4 ,at ,,carn ,,boscawen1 on this coast1 is to be seen a very extraordinary group of rocks1 consisting of a large flat stone1 the ends of which are so poised upon the neighbouring rocks1 as to leave an opening underneath2 ,dr4 ,borlase1 with his accustomed zeal1 insists upon its ,druidical origin1 and ever ready to supply the deficiency of both history and tradition by the sallies of an active imagination1 very confidently informs us1 that this said opening beneath the pensile stone was designed for the seat of some considerable person1 from which he might give out his edicts1 and decisions1 his predictions1 and admissions to ,noviciates6--,risum teneatis geologici8 ,in our road to ,saint ,paul1 we pass ,trouve1 or ,trewoof1 an estate situated on the side of a woody hill1 overlooking a romantic valley1 which is terminated by ,lemorna ,cove1 a spot which should be visited by every stranger who delights in the lone majesty of untamed ,nature4 ,within the estate of ,trouve are the remains of a triple entrenchment1 in which runs a subterranean passage2 and1 it is said1 that during the civil wars a party of ,royalists were here concealed from the observation of the forces of ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax4 ,there is a fine chalybeate spring on this estate4 ,at ,,kerris1 in the parish of ,paul1 about five miles from ,penzance1 is an oval enclosure called ,roundago1 which is stated to have been connected with ,druidical rites2 time and the ,goths1 however1 have nearly destroyed its last remains1 so that the antiquary will require the eyes of a ,borlase to recognise its existence by any description hitherto given of it4 ,,paul ,,church is a very conspicuous object from its high elevation1#de and interests the historian from the tradition1 already stated1 of its having been burnt by the ,spaniards1 upon which occasion the south porch alone is said1 in consequence of the direction of the wind1 to have escaped the conflagration4 ,a pleasing confirmation of this tradition was lately afforded during some repairs1 when one of the wooden supporters was found charred at the end nearest the body of the church4 ,it also deserves notice that the thick stone division at the back of the ,trewarveneth pew1 which has so frequently occasioned enquiry1 is a part of the old church1 which escaped the fire4 ,in the church is the following curious notice of its having been burnt1 ,the ,spanger burnt this church in the year #aeie4 ,most tourists inform us that in this church-yard is to be seen the monumental stone1 with the epitaph of ,old ,dolly ,pentreath1 so celebrated among antiquaries1 as having been the last person who spoke the ,cornish language4 ,such a monument1 however1 if it ever existed1 is no longer to be found1 nor can any information be obtained with regard to its probable locality4 ,her ,epitaph is said to have been both in the ,cornish and ,english language1 viz4 ,coth ,dol ,pentreath canz ha deaw ,marir en ,bedans en ,powl pleu ,na en an ,eglar ganna ,poble braz ,bet en ,eglar ,hay ,coth ,dolly es6 ,old ,dol ,pentreath1 one hundred age and two ,both born1 and in ,paul ,parish buried too2 ,not in the ,church 'mongst people great and high ,but in the ,church-yard doth old ,dolly lie6 ,in the parishes of ,paul and ,buryan are several ,tin streams2 in some of which the ,wood ,tin1 or wood-like oxide of ,tin1 is occasionally found in large1 and well defined pieces4 ,it has been also1 although rarely1 found in its matrix4 ,from ,paul ,church we may proceed to ,penzance1 either by the high road over ,paul ,hill1 which becomes extremely interesting from the picturesque beauty and superior cultivation of the country2 or we may descend towards the sea shore1 and return through the villages of ,mousehole and ,newlyn1 which may be called colonies of ,fishermen1 for here the ,pilchard#df and ,mackarel fisheries are carried on to a very great extent2 and every kind of fish which frequent this coast are caught and sent to ,penzance1 and other ,cornish towns2 and1 in the early part of the season1 they supply the ,london market with ,mackarel1 which are conveyed thither by way of ,portsmouth4 ,the ,lobster fishery also proves an ample source of revenue to the ,mount's ,bay fishermen1 from which alone they divide not less than ,two ,thousand ,pounds1 annually4 ,the ride or walk along the coast from ,,mousehole to ,,newlyn is highly interesting4 ,the former town which is situated about two miles south-west of ,penzance2 and half a mile from ,paul ,church-town1 contains about six hundred inhabitants4 ,there is a small ,pier capable of admitting vessels of one hundred tons burthen2 but it is chiefly used as a harbour for the numerous fishing boats4 ,,newlyn1 with respect to population1 exceeds by one-third that of ,mousehole4 ,it has a commodious pier1 which is also usually occupied by the fishing boats of the place1 which exceed four hundred in number4 ,in the cliff-road between these villages1 we pass a platform1 which during the late war was a battery1 forming a security to the bay from any privateers that might visit it4 ,adjoining this battery stands a furnace for the purpose of heating the shot4 ,it was under the direction of a small party of the ,royal ,artillery4 ,the ,geologist in performing this part of the excursion will have much to observe4 ,about one hundred yards west of ,mousehole1 the clay-slate ceases1 and the granite commences4 ,at this junction numerous granite veins1 varying in width from about a foot to less than an inch1 pass through the slate4#dg ,a little farther west1 a cavern may be observed in the cliff1 which has evidently been produced by the decomposition of the walls of an old ,adit4 ,in this cavern the ,mineralogist has found good specimens of ,eisenkeisel1 or ,iron flint3--but we will conclude1 for our tourist must be wearied by the length of the excursion2 tomorrow we shall be again prepared to accompany him in a different direction1 and to point out a succession of fresh objects1 when antiquities1 minerals1 and picturesque views will1 in their turn1 again present themselves for his examination4 ,illustration3 ,between ,penzance1 and ,buryan4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,this product is carefully collected1 and preserved in stacks by the inhabitants1 for the purpose of fuel4 ,it is worthy of remark that the nature of the fuel employed in a country always imparts a character to its cookery1 hence the striking difference between that of ,paris and ,london2 so in ,cornwall1 the convenience afforded by the furze in the process of ,baking1 has given origin to the general use of pies4 ,every article of food is dressed in a pie1 whence it has become a proverb1 that the ,devil will not come into ,cornwall1 for fear of being put into a pie4 ,in a season of scarcity the ,attorneys of the county having at the ,quarter ,sessions very properly resolved to abstain from every kind of pastry1 an allusion to the above proverb was very happily introduced into an ,epigram1 extemporaneously delivered on the occasion1 and which1 from its point and humour1 deserves to be recorded-- ,if the proverb be true1 that the fame of our pies ,prevents us from falling to ,satan a prey1 ,it is clear that his friends--the ,attorneys1--are wise ,in moving such obstacles out of the way4 #cf ,we insert the following facts collected by ,dr4 ,paris1 from the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall--,the total quantity of ,granite shipped at ,falmouth during the last seven years1 amounts to ,forty ,thousand ,tons4 ,it has been employed for building the ,docks at ,chatham1 and the ,waterloo ,bridge in ,london4 ,the lands in the vicinity of ,penhryn have furnished it2 indeed the quantity actually quarried has been considerably greater1 for many of the blocks1 in consequence of being damaged1 have been condemned and sold at a low price to the inhabitants for building1 and other purposes4 ,the number of men generally employed in quarrying it is about four hundred2 their wages from twelve to eighteen shillings per week1 varying with the quantity raised4 ,the lord of the soil receives one halfpenny a foot for all that is quarried2 the freight during war was as high as #be shillings per ton1 at present it is only #afs4 ,fourteen cubic feet weigh one ton4 ,the weight of the blocks generally varies1 from five cwt4 to seven tons4 #cg ,it is not more than three hundred years since the art of husbandry was first introduced4 ,the lands were formerly all in common1 and the inhabitants being wholly engaged in the mines1 actually let out their pastures to the graziers of ,devon1 by whom they were in return supplied with cattle and corn4 #ch ,church-,town4 ,this expression is peculiar to ,cornwall--the fact is1 that since many market1 and even ,borough towns are without a church1 the ,cornish dignify those that have it with the title of ,church-town4 #ci ,we take this opportunity to state1 that the annual revenue of the ,long-ships light-house is about three thousand pounds4 ,every ,british vessel that passes pays a halfpenny per ton2--every foreign vessel pays one shilling1 without reference to its tonnage4 #dj ,it is a curious fact that the whole or part of this rock is ,lime stone4 #da ,vessels passing this light pay the same dues as those received by the ,long-ships1 except in the case of coasting vessels1 which pay1 not according to their tonnage1 but simply a shilling per vessel4 #db ,one half of the inhabitants of ,st4 ,agnes are named ,hicks2 one quarter of those of ,trescow1 and a third of those at ,bryher are called ,jenkins2 and a half of ,st4 ,martin's is divided between ,ellis and ,ashford4 #dc ,see ,a view of the present state of the ,scilly ,islands2 exhibiting their vast importance to the ,british ,empire1 the ,improvements of which they are susceptible1 and a particular account of the means lately adopted for ameliorating the condition of the ,inhabitants1 by the establishment and extension of their ,fisheries4 ,by the ,rev4 ,george ,woodley1 ,missionary from the ,society for promoting ,christian ,knowledge2 and ,minister of ,st4 ,agnes1 and ,st4 ,martin's4 #hvo4 pp4 #cdd4 ,london1 #ahbb4 #dd ,the same wind is said to bring them on the ,southern shores of ,ireland4 ,it is generally believed that they come from ,norway1 not so much to avoid the cold1 as to obtain the worms which are locked up in the earth during the frost4 #de ,it may be observed in the engraving of ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 on the elevated line of coast which forms the back ground to the picture4 #df ,a ,history of the ,pilchard ,fishery will be presented to our readers in the ,excursion to ,saint ,ives4 #dg ,see ,mr4 ,majendie's interesting account of this phenomenon in the first volume of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 ,,excursion ,,iii4 ,,to ,,botallack ,,mine2 ,,cape ,,cornwall2 ,,and ,,the ,,mining ,,district ,,of ,,saint ,,just4 ,to exhibit the greatest variety of interesting objects1 in the least possible space and time1 may be said to constitute the essential excellence of a ,guide4 ,for the accomplishment of such a purpose we now proceed to conduct the stranger to ,botallack ,mine and ,cape ,cornwall1 through the ,parishes of ,madron1 ,morvah1 and ,saint ,just4 ,in our road to the village of ,madron1 or ,madron ,church-town1 as it is commonly called1 we pass ,nancealverne1 the estate of ,john ,scobell ,esq41 ,poltair1 the residence of ,edward ,scobell ,esq41 and ,trengwainton the seat of ,sir ,rose ,price1 ,bart4 ,at this latter place considerable exertions have been made to raise plantations1 and to clothe the granitic hills behind it with wood2 and from the progress already made1 we feel sanguine in the ultimate success of the enterprize4 ,amongst the pictures in the possession of the worthy ,baronet are several of the earlier productions of ,opie4 ,the head of an aged beggar1 by that artist1 has frequently excited our admiration1 and presents a characteristic specimen of the native simplicity and expression of his style1 and the magic force of his chiaro-scuro4 ,this head was painted also under circumstances1 a knowledge of which cannot fail to heighten its interest4 ,the father of ,sir ,rose having been struck by the venerable aspect of an aged mendicant as he was begging in the streets of ,penzance1 immediately sent for ,opie1 then residing in the town1 and expressed a desire that the young artist should paint his portrait4 ,the beggar was accordingly regaled with a bounteous meal upon the occasion1 and ,opie appears to have caught his expression at the happy moment1 when like the ,last ,minstrel of our northern bard1 ----,kindness had his wants supplied ,and the old man was gratified4 ,the ,village of ,madron is about two miles to the north-west of ,penzance4 ,the church is placed on an elevated situation1 and commands a very striking view of ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 and its bay4 ,penzance is a ,chapelry of this parish4 ,,madron ,,well is situated in a moor about a mile and a half from the ,church-town4 ,it is enclosed within walls1 which were partially destroyed in the time of ,cromwell1 by ,major ,ceeley of ,st4 ,ives1 but the remains of them are still sufficiently entire to exhibit the form of an ancient ,baptistry4#dh ,the inner wall with its window and door-way1 and the altar with a square hole or socket in the centre1 which received the foot of the cross or image of the patron saint1 are still perfect4 ,the foundation of the outer wall1 or anti-room1 may be traced with great ease4 ,superstition has1 of course1 attributed many virtues to waters which had been thus hallowed1 and this ,well1 like that of ,chapel ,euny1 has been long celebrated for its medicinal efficacy in restoring motion and activity to cripples1#di ,baptism was administered only at the stated times of ,easter and ,whitsuntide2 but1 at all seasons1 the virtues of the waters attracted the lame and the impotent2 and the altar was at hand to assist the devotion of their prayers1 as well as to receive the offerings of their gratitude4 ,chemical analysis has been unable to detect in this water the presence of any active ingredient that might explain the beneficial operation attributed to it4 ,in the road to ,morvah we meet with the celebrated ,cromlech#ej at ,lanyon4 ,it is placed on a prominent hill1 and from its lonely situation1 and the wildness of the country by which it is surrounded1 it cannot fail to inspire sensations of reverential awe in every one who approaches it4#ea ,this rude monument has been long known amongst the country people by the appellation of the ,giant's ,quoit4 ,when the last edition of this ,guide went to the press it was still standing in its original position1 and was thus described4 ,it consists of three unshapen pillars inclining from the perpendicular1 which support a large table stone 7resembling a ,discus or ,quoit7 in a horizontal position1 the direction of which is nearly north and south4 ,the flat stone is #dg feet in girth1 and #ab in length1 and its height from the ground is sufficient to enable a man on horseback to pass under it4--,the aged monument1 however1 has at length bent beneath the hand of time1 and fallen on its side4 ,its downfall1 which happened during a violent tempest1 occasioned a universal feeling of regret in the country4 ,in the same tenement1 about a quarter of a mile west of ,lanyon house1 is another monument of this kind1 nearly as large as the former2 and it is singular that this should have been the only ,cromlech in ,corwall which escaped the notice of ,dr4 ,borlase4 ,it has fallen on its edge1 but is still entire4 ,all our notions respecting the origin and use of these monuments are purely conjectural2 it seems1 however1 very probable that they are the most ancient in the world1 erected possibly by one of the first colonists which came into the island4 ,as ,cromlechs are known to abound in every country where the ,celts established themselves1 many antiquaries have concluded that they are of ,celtic origin4 ,the same doubt and uncertainty involve every consideration with respect to their use2 it has been a general idea that they were intended for altars1 but the upper stone is evidently too gibbous ever to have admitted the officiating priest1 or to have allowed him to stand to overlook the fire1 and the consumption of the victim2 besides1 what occasion is there to suppose a ,cromlech any thing more than a sepulchral monument8 ,is it not the most natural and probable conclusion8 ,indeed ,mr4 ,wright actually found a skeleton deposited under one of them in ,ireland1 and it must strike the most superficial observer that our modern tombs are not very dissimilar to the former in their construction1 and probably derived their form from a very ancient model4 ,,men-,,an-,,tol4 ,the next object of curiosity consists of three stones on a triangular plane1 the middle one of which is perforated with a large hole1 and is called ,men-an-,tol1 i4 e4 the holed stone4 ,dr4 ,borlase who1 as we have often observed1 has recourse to the chisel of ,druidism to account for every cavity or crevice1 conjectures that it was appropriated to the rites of that priesthood1 and asserts1 on the authority of a farmer1 that even in his time1 it was deemed to possess the power of healing those who would crawl through it4 ,in a croft1 about half a mile to the north-west of ,lanyon1 lies a very ancient sepulchral stone1 called by the ,cornish ,men ,skryfa1 i4 e4 the ,inscribed ,stone4 ,it is nine feet ten inches long1 and one foot eight inches broad2 the inscription upon it is ,riolobran ,cunoval ,fil1 which signifies ,riolobran the ,son of ,cunoval lies buried here4#eb ,with respect to the date of this monument1 all antiquaries agree in thinking that it must have been engraven before the corruptions crept into the ,roman alphabet1 such for instance as the junction of the letters by unnatural links1 or when the down strokes of one were made to serve for two1 c4 ,this practice arose soon after the ,romans went off1 and increased until the ,saxon letters were introduced at ,athelstan's conquest4 ,the most striking deviation from the ,roman orthography to be observed in this monument is in the cross stroke of the ,roman ,n not being diagonal as it ought to be1 nor yet quite horizontal as we find it in the sixth century2 and hence it is fair to assign to it a date antecedent to that period4#ec ,,chun ,,castle1 a prominent object in this neighbourhood1 is similar to ,caerbran ,round1 which has been described1 except that the ruins are more extensive1 and less confused4 ,the remains occupy the whole area of a hill commanding a wide tract of country to the east1 some low grounds to the north and south1 and the wide expanded ocean to the west4 ,another ,cromlech may also be seen from this spot1 and stands upon the very line which divides the parishes of ,morvah and ,saint ,just2 but it is far inferior to that at ,lanyon4 ,we will now for awhile abandon the contemplation of these faded monuments of past ages1 and proceed to the examination of a rich and interesting field of mineralogical and geological research4 ,in introducing the stranger1 however1 to the district of ,saint ,just1 we must repeat to him the caution with which ,mr4 ,carne#ed has very prudently accompanied his history of its mineral productions4 ,if the stranger on his arrival shall expect to find any of the minerals so prominently situated as to salute his eyes at once2 or if he shall suppose that those objects which are especially worthy of notice in a geological point of view1 are to be discovered and examined in the space of a few hours1 he will be greatly mistaken and disappointed2 for very few1 either of the minerals or the veins are to be found in situ1 except by a diligent1 patient1 and persevering search4 ,without further delay we shall now attend the traveller to ,pendeen ,cove2 in our road to which1 the only objects worthy attention are the ,stamping ,mills1 and ,burning ,houses or ,roasting ,furnaces1 belonging to ,botallack ,mine4 ,they are situated on the bank of the river which runs into the sea at ,pendeen ,cove4 ,the ,tin ore of ,botallack is generally mixed with a portion of ,sulphuret of ,copper1 which not being separable from it by the mechanical process of dressing1 is submitted to the action of a roasting furnace1 by which the ,copper being converted into an oxide1 and the ,sulphur into ,sulphuric acid1 a ,sulphate of ,copper is thus produced1 which is easily separated by washing4 ,the solution obtained is then poured into casks1 containing pieces of iron1 by the agency of which the ,copper is precipitated4#ee ,there is to be seen at ,pendeen1 a cave1 known by the name of ,pendeen ,vau1 and concerning which there are many ridiculous stories4 ,it appears to have been one of those hiding places in which the ,britons secreted themselves1 and their property1 from the attacks of the ,saxons and ,danes4 ,the cave is still almost entire1 a circumstance which is principally owing to the superstitious fears of the inhabitants1 many of whom1 at this very day1 entertain a dread of entering it4 ,at ,pendeen ,cove1 the ,geologist will meet with several phenomena well worthy his attention4 ,at the junction of the ,slate and ,granite1 veins of the latter will be observed traversing the former rock1 and what is particularly worthy of notice1 they may be seen emanating from a great mass of granite and passing into the schistose rock by which it is covered4 ,one part of the cliff of this cove consists of large fragments of granite imbedded in clay and earth2 the interstices of which are filled with white sand1 which has been probably blown there from the beach2 through this sand1 water impregnated with iron is slowly percolating1 the effect of which is the induration of the sand1 and the formation of a breccia1 which in some parts has acquired very considerable hardness4 ,before proceeding to the metalliferous district of ,saint ,just1 we may observe that1 if the traveller's object be to reach ,saint ,ives by the road along the cliffs1 through the parish of ,zennor1 he will meet with a most cheerless country1 but by no means destitute of geological interest4 ,he ought particularly to examine a bold rocky promontory1 called the ,gurnard's ,head1 where he will find a succession of beds of slaty felspar1 hornblende rock1 and greenstone4 ,the geology of this headland has been accurately described by ,dr4 ,forbes in the second volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 ,polmear ,cove ought also to be visited on account of the ,granite veins1 which are perhaps as singular and interesting as any of those already described4--,but let us proceed to complete our examination of the coast of ,saint ,just4 ,many of the mines are situated on the very edge of the cliff1 and are wrought to a considerable distance under the sea2 but all communication to them is from land4#ef ,for a description of the numerous minerals found in this district1#eg we must refer the reader to the highly valuable paper by ,joseph ,carne1 ,esq4 which is published in the second volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 ,we cannot1 however1 allow the mineralogist to pass ,trewellard1 without reminding him that1 at this spot1 ,axinite was first discovered in ,cornwall1 and that the most beautifully crystallized specimens of that mineral1 scarcely inferior to those brought from ,dauphin1 may still be procured here4 ,in the cliff at ,huel ,cock ,carn1 a vein of this mineral1 of a violet colour1 three feet in width1 may be traced for upwards of twenty yards2 and in its vicinity there is to be found also a vein of garnet rock4 ,apatite1 of a greyish-white colour1 associated with ,hornblende1 may be seen in the same spot4 ,in the slate rocks between ,huel ,cock and ,botallack1 ,prehnite has lately been found1 for the first time2 it appears to form a small vein1 which in one part is divided into two branches4 ,upon the discovery of the above mineral1 says ,mr4 ,joseph ,carne1 an expectation was naturally formed1 that ,zeolite1 its frequent associate1 and an equal stranger to ,cornwall1 might shortly make its appearance4 ,this opinion has been lately verified by the discovery of1 at least1 two varieties of that mineral1 imbedded in the ,prehnite vein1 viz4 ,stilbite1 or foliated ,zeolite1 crystallized in flat four-sided prisms1 with quadrangular summits2 and the radiated ,mesotype1 which sometimes contains nodules of ,prehnite4 ,other specimens have been found in rather an earthy state1 and may possibly be the mealy ,zeolite of ,jameson4 ,in the same slate rocks ,apatite occurs of a yellowish-green colour1 and crystallized in hexaedral prisms4 ,in the granite rocks on the high hills south-east of ,trewellard1 ,pinite is to be observed4 ,we arrive at the ,crown ,engine of ,botallack-- ,how fearful ,and dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low1 ,the crows and choughs1 that wing the midway air ,show scarce so gross as beetles3---- ----,i'll look no more1 ,lest my brain turn1 and the deficient sight ,topple down headlong4 ,this is undoubtedly one of the most extraordinary and surprising places in the mining districts of ,cornwall1 whether considered for the rare and rich assemblage of its minerals1 or for the wild and stupendous character of its rock scenery4 ,surely1 if ever a spot seemed to bid defiance to the successful efforts of the miner1 it was the site of the ,crown ,engine#eh at ,botallack1 where at the very commencement of his subterranean labours1 he was required to lower a steam engine down a precipice of more than two hundred feet1 with the view of extending his operations under the bed of the ,atlantic ocean666 ,there is something in the very idea which alarms the imagination2 and the situation and appearance of the gigantic machine1 together with the harsh jarring of its bolts1 re-echoed from the surrounding rocks1 are well calculated to excite our astonishment4 ,but if you are thus struck and surprised at the scene when viewed from the cliff above1 how much greater will be your wonder if you descend to the surface of the mine4 ,you will then behold a combination of the powers of art with the wild sublimity of ,nature which is quite unparalleled2 the effects of the whole being not a little heightened by the hollow roar of the raging billows which are perpetually lashing the cliff beneath4 ,in looking up you will observe troops of mules laden with sacks of coals1 for the supply of the engine1 with their undaunted riders1 fearlessly trotting down the winding path which you trembled at descending even on foot4 ,as you approach the engine1 the cliff becomes almost perpendicular1 and the ore raised from the mine is therefore drawn up over an inclined plane1#ei by means of a horse engine placed on the extreme verge of the overhanging rocks above1 and which seems to the spectator below as if suspended in mid air4 ,the workings of this mine extend at least seventy fathoms in length under the bed of the sea2 and in these caverns of darkness are many human beings1 for a small pittance1 and even that of a precarious amount1 constantly digging for ore1 regardless of the horrors which surround them1 and of the roar of the ,atlantic ocean1 whose boisterous waves are incessantly rolling over their heads4 ,we should feel pity for the wretch who1 as an atonement for his crimes1 should be compelled to undergo the task which the ,cornish miner voluntarily undertakes1 and as cheerfully performs2 yet such is the force of habit1 that very rarely does any other employment tempt him to forsake his own2 the perils of his occupation are scarcely noticed1 or if noticed1 are soon forgotten4 ,the ,lode#fj of the mine may be seen cropping out1 in the group of rocks beneath the engine4 ,the ore is the grey and yellow sulphuret of copper1 mixed with the oxide of tin1#fa of which she#fb has already turned up a sufficient quantity to afford a very handsome premium to the adventurers4 ,in the grey sulphuret of this mine1 purple copper ore1 of the kind called by the ,germans ,buntkupfererz1 is frequently met with4 ,besides which1 a great number of interesting minerals may be collected1 as several varieties of ,jasper2 arborescent native ,copper2 ,jaspery iron ore2 ,arseniate of ,iron1 which until it was discovered in the ,crown lode of ,botallack1 was unknown in ,st4 ,just4 ,it is of a brown colour1 and is crystallized in cubes4 ,sulphuret of ,bismuth1 imbedded in ,jasper2 beautiful specular iron ore2 hmatitic ,iron2 and the hydrous oxide of iron1 in prisms terminated by pyramids1 and which was supposed by the ,count de ,bournon to contain ,titanium4 ,the picturesque rocks of this district may be considered as composed of ,hornblende rock1 which will be found to alternate with slate4 ,the contorted appearance of the former in the vicinity of ,botallack is very singular1 and will admit of much speculation4 ,the ,crown rocks1 to which the mineralogist must not neglect to descend1 consist of extremely compact ,hornblende rock1 in which occur numerous veins and beds of different minerals2 viz4 veins of ,garnet rock1 with numerous imbedded crystals1 being at one part almost a foot in width2 ,magnetic ,iron ,pyrites1 massive1 in beds1 near the engine2 its colour is bluish-grey1 and it is called by the workmen ,spelter1 who mistake it probably for ,blende1 which latter mineral also occurs here in considerable quantities4 ,in a part of the rock1 which is almost inaccessible1 there is a vein of ,epidote1 distinctly crystallized1 and about six inches wide4 ,the miners1 however descend the fearful precipice without any difficulty1 in order to collect specimens for the inquisitive visitant4 ,axinite also occurs in veins1 or perhaps in beds2 ,thallite1 ,chlorite1 ,tremolite1 and a black crystallized ,schorl1 in which the late ,rev4 ,william ,gregor detected six per cent4 of ,titanium1 are to be found also in this interesting spot4 ,,cape ,,cornwall is the next object of interest after ,botallack4 ,this point of land stretches out to the west1 at an elevation of two hundred and thirty feet1 and forms the northern boundary of ,whitsand ,bay 7p4 #hh74 ,it is entirely composed of a slaty rock1 traversed by numerous veins of ,actinolite4 ,to the geologist this spot will be interesting1 since on the shore beneath1 a junction may be observed between the ,granite of the ,land's ,end1 and the slate of this promontory4#fc ,these formations are separated by a large vein of metalliferous quartz1 which forms the lode of the mine in the neighbourhood1 called ,little ,bounds1 and whose engine suspended in the cliff above1 constitutes a very striking feature in the scenery4 ,this vein1 besides ,oxide of ,tin1 for which it is worked1 contains ,native ,copper1 different ,oxides of ,iron1 ,red ,jasper1 ,quartz of a bright brownish red colour1 and ,scaly red ,iron ore1 sometimes investing ,quartz1 and occasionally in small masses consisting of red cohering scales1 which are unctuous to the touch4 ,mr4 ,carne states1 that in this mine three distinct lodes1 distant from each other1 have been worked under the sea2 two of them being in granite1 the third in slate4 ,here also1 at two parts of the lode1 known by the name of ,save-all's lode1 probably1 as the name would seem to imply1 in consequence of the avarice of the miner1 a communication has been made between the sea and the mine2 one of them is at about high water mark at spring tides2 the other is covered by the sea at every tide1 except at very low neaps2 great and constant attention is therefore necessary for the security of this latter breach4 ,at first the opening was stopped by a piece of wood covered with turf2 but as this defence was not found to be sufficiently secure1 a thick platform caulked like the deck of a ship1 was ultimately placed upon it1 and which renders it nearly water proof4 ,the breaking of the waves is heard in all the levels of the mine1 and in the part directly beneath the pebbly beach1 the rolling of the stones in boisterous weather produces a most terrific effect4 ,in the drift at the forty fathom level1 which is carried a considerable way under the sea1 ,mr4 ,chenhalls1 the intelligent agent of the mine1 had formerly observed a successive formation of ,stalactites2 in consequence of which statement1 ,dr4 ,john ,davy and ,mr4 ,majendie were induced to visit the spot4 ,it had been closed for two years previously1 but before it was shut up ,mr4 ,chenhalls had carefully removed all the ,stalactites which then existed4 ,upon examination it was observed that a fresh crop had been produced during the interval just stated2 some of which were eighteen inches in length1 and above an inch in diameter4 ,the ,stalagmites directly underneath them were of still larger dimensions2 both however had the same yellowish-brown colour1 and were found to consist of ,peroxide of iron4 ,specimens may be seen in the cabinet at ,penzance4 ,dr4 ,paris has suggested that they resulted from the decomposition of ,pyrites1 forming1 in the first instance1 a soluble ,sulphate of iron1 but which1 by attracting farther oxygen1 deposited its base in the form here discovered4 ,at a little distance southward of ,cape ,cornwall1 is a high rocky promontory called ,,caraglose ,,head1 from which the traveller may command one of the most interesting views in this part of ,cornwall4 ,on the north are ,cape ,cornwall1 and the romantic machinery of ,little ,bounds ,mine4 ,southward and directly under the head1 the interesting creek called ,,pornanvon ,,cove1 with the engine of ,huel ,st4 ,just ,tin ,mine near the sea shore4 ,westward1 on a clear day1 the ,scilly ,islands may be distinctly seen4 ,this is a spot seldom visited by strangers1 but with the exception of ,botallack1 it is certainly one of the most striking in the district of ,saint ,just4 ,at ,pornanvon ,cove1 a stratum of sea sand and pebbles may be seen in the cliff1 at an elevation of fifteen feet above high water mark6 ,advancing from the coast into the interior of the country towards ,saint ,just's ,church-town1 ,dr4 ,berger observed many blocks of ,schorl rock#fd scattered on this part of the granitic plain1 particularly amongst the rubbish of some old tin mines1 which are here very numerous1 but are now quite deserted4 ,,saint ,,just ,,church ,,town4 ,nothing of any interest is to be seen at this place1 except a very ancient cross1 a sketch of which we shall introduce at the conclusion of the present chapter2 and the remains of an ancient ,amphitheatre4 ,in this1 and similar ,rounds1 as they are provincially called1 the ancient ,british assembled1 in order to witness those athletic sports1 for which the ,cornish are still remarkable2 indeed1 at this very day1 wrestling matches are held in the amphitheatre at ,saint ,just1 during the holidays of ,easter and ,whitsuntide4#fe ,the ,antiquary ought not to quit this parish without visiting the ,botallack ,circles2 when examined separately they do not differ essentially from that at ,bolleit1 or at ,boscawen ,un before described 7p4 #ha72 but they intersect each other and form a confused cluster2 but in this seeming confusion1 exclaims ,dr4 ,borlase1 ,i cannot but think that there was some mystical meaning1 or1 at least1 distinct allotment to particular uses2 some of these might be employed for the sacrifice1 others allotted to prayer1 others to the feasting of the priests1 others for the station of those who devoted the victims2 and lastly1 that these circles intersected each other in so remarkable a manner1 as we find them in this monument1 might be to intimate that each of these holy rites1 though exercised in different circles1 were but so many links of one and the same chain1 and that there was a constant dependance and connection between sacrifice1 prayer1 holy feasting1 and all the several parts of ,druidical worship4 ,in taking leave of the metalliferous district of ,saint ,just we have to observe1 that it has been considered by ,mr4 ,carne1 and not without probability1 as having constituted the principal portion of what was formerly known under the name of the ,cassiterides1 and that if it would redound to the honour1 or contribute to the prosperity of ,saint ,just1 it might be said1 that her ,tin was probably a constituent part of the ,shield and ,helmet of ,achilles1--of the ,tabernacle of the ,israelites1--of the ,purple of ,tyre1--and of the ,temple of ,solomon4 ,from ,saint ,just's ,church-town1 the road conducts us over a wild part of the peninsula1 although highly salubrious1 and invigorating from the fine sea breezes which blow from every side2 after a ride over such bleak and barren hills1 the eye experiences a singular repose on our approach to the cultivated shores of the ,mount's ,bay4 ,illustration3 ,saint ,just4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,baptistries were continued out of the church until the sixth century4 #di ,the learned ,bishop ,hall in his work entitled ,the ,mystery of ,godliness1 bears ample testimony to the medicinal efficacy of this water in restoring motion and activity to cripples4 #ej ,cromlech in the ,cornish language signified a crooked stone4 #ea ,this ancient monument is faithfully depicted in the frontispiece of the present work2 but we are in candour bound to acknowledge that1 in the introduction of ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 the artist has availed himself of the quidlibet audendi so universally conceded to ,painters and ,poets2 in reality1 an intervening eminence obstructs the view of the ,mount from this spot1 and he has therefore1 upon the present occasion1 just taken the liberty to remove this barrier to our vision4 ,if the ,geological tourist condemn this harmless deviation from truth1 we shall recriminate by reminding him that even ,geologists have sometimes appropriated to themselves an indulgence which ,horace extended only to the votaries of the ,muses1 and have not hesitated to overlook the existence of a mountain where it stood in the way of a favourite theory4 #eb ,before the beginning of the seventh century we are informed by ,strutt that it was held unlawful to bury the dead in the cities1 and that there were no church-yards4 ,anglo-,saxon ra1 vol4 #a4 p4 #fi4 #ec ,there are several monumental inscriptions of the same kind to be seen in ,cornwall1 but none so ancient as ,men ,skryfa4 ,in ,barlowena bottom1 for instance1 as you pass from the church of ,gulval to that of ,madron1 there is one which is now converted into a foot-bridge across a brook2 if the antiquary examine the letters upon this stone1 which he cannot conveniently do without getting under it1 he will discover the corruptions alluded to in the text1 viz4 the ,i in ,filius linked to the ,l4 #ed ,to the elaborate memoir1 by ,mr4 ,carne1 published in the second volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 and entitled ,on the ,mineral ,productions1 and the ,geology of the ,parish of ,saint ,just1 we would especially direct the attention of the scientific traveller4 #ee ,the quantity of ,copper procured in this way at ,botallack1 says ,mr4 ,carne1 is about a ton in a year4 ,this chemical process is now practised in most of the mines in which the ,tin-stone is mixed with ,copper ore1 as in ,dolcoath1 ,cook's ,kitchen1 ,chacewater1 and in some parts of ,st4 ,agnes4 #ef ,the principal sub-marine mines on this part of the coast are ,levant2 ,tolvaen2 ,huel ,cock2 and ,huel ,castle2 ,copper ,mines2 and ,praze2 ,little ,bounds2 ,riblose2 ,huel ,st4 ,just2 ,tin ,mines2 and ,botallack ,tin and ,copper ,mine4 #eg ,a miner of the name of ,james ,wall1 who resides in the village of ,carnyorth1 has generally a variety of these minerals for sale4 #eh ,crown ,engine1 so named from its vicinity to three rocks called the ,three ,crowns4 ,it was our intention to have presented the reader with an engraving of this extraordinary scene1 and indeed measures had been taken for its accomplishment1 when we were induced to abandon the design on learning that a lithographic print had been published by a meritorious and self-taught artist at ,penzance1 the sale of which we were anxious not to diminish4 #ei ,this apparatus is termed ,the ,shammel ,whim4 #fj ,a metalliferous vein is provincially called a ,lode4 #fa ,the tin and copper are in a state of mechanical mixture1 although ,dr4 ,boase has lately found amongst the heaps1 a specimen of ,tin ,pyrites1 in which these metals are chemically combined4 #fb ,the miners always distinguish their mines by a feminine appellation4 #fc ,see a paper by ,dr4 ,john ,davy1 in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 entitled ,on the ,granite ,veins of ,porth ,just4 #fd ,this rock is a binary compound of ,quartz and ,schorl1 without any1 or scarcely any1 admixture of the other constituents of ,granite2 and yet when we consider its various relations1 it must be regarded as rather a variety of the latter than a distinct rock4 ,the locality now mentioned and that singular group of rocks between ,truro and ,bodmin1 known by the name of ,roach ,rock1 are1 as far as we know1 the only places in ,cornwall where this modification of granite is found in mass4 ,in the form of veins its occurrence is not unusual1 especially at the junction of granite and slate1 where it would often seem to exist as an intermediate rock4 #fe ,the ,cornish have ever been celebrated for their skill in the art of wrestling2 hence the expression ,to give one a ,cornish ,hug1 which is a dexterous lock in that art peculiar to them4 ,it must1 however1 be admitted1 whether as a matter of triumph or humiliation1 we will not declare1 that the ,cornish have greatly declined in their art1 so as to be now inferior even to the ,devonians1 and to the inhabitants of many other districts in their prowess4 ,this degeneracy might perhaps be attributed to the change which has taken place during the lapse of time1 in the mode of working for ,tin2 formerly it was all procured by ,streaming1 an occupation as healthy and invigorating1 as the present one of subterranean mining is debilitating4 ,we apprehend1 however1 that a moral cause of still greater force has contributed to the change--the diffusion of ,methodism2 which has unquestionably proved a powerful instrument in the amelioration of the habits and disposition of the ,cornish miner4 ,,excursion ,,iv4 ,,to ,,saint ,,ives1 ,,hayle1 ,,huel ,,alfred1 c4 ,passing through the little village of ,chyandour1 we ascend by a shady road through that of ,gulval1 to ,kenegie1#ff the seat of the family of ,john ,arundel ,harris ,arundel1 ,esq4 ,this spot commands a very interesting view of the ,mount's ,bay1 the beauty of which is greatly heightened by the diversified and picturesque foreground4 ,on a neighbouring hill is ,rosmorran1 the retired cottage orne of ,george ,john1 ,esq4 of ,penzance2 we scarcely know a situation where the skill of the landscape gardener could be exerted with greater advantage or effect4 ,pursuing the road1 and passing the gate of ,kenegie1 we ascend the great granite range which extends from ,dartmoor to the ,land's ,end1 and which appears1 in this part of the country1 to be broken into a number of detached groups4 ,upon the summit of one of these hills stands a castellated building which1 although of modern construction1 occupies the site of an ancient hill castle1 called ,castle an ,dinas2 it was erected by ,john ,rogers1 ,esq41 as a picturesque object from his occasional residence at ,treassowe4 ,on descending the northern side of the granite ridge1 a curious atmospheric phenomenon is frequently observable1--the clear and cloudless sky becoming suddenly dense and hazy2 the change is evidently occasioned by the condensation of the vapours contained in the warm and rarefied air of the ,mount's ,bay1 by the colder one which blows from the ,bristol channel4 ,amidst wild and rugged hills the road winds to ,saint ,ives1 in the course of which1 the geologist will have many opportunities of furnishing his portfolio with sketches1 in illustration of the changes which time and weather produce on ,granite2 huge blocks of this stone lie scattered on all sides1 while stupendous masses are seen on the hills above in different stages of decomposition1 and which from their threatening attitude1 would appear as if in preparation to join their former companions in the plains below4 ,,saint ,,ives4 ,this populous sea port and borough stands on the shores of the ,bristol ,channel1 in a very fine bay bounded by bold rocks of ,greenstone and ,slate4 ,the latter of these rocks is in many places undergoing rapid decomposition1 in consequence of which large masses of the ,hornblende rock have fallen in various directions1 and given a singular character of picturesque rudeness to the scene3 this is remarkably striking in the group of rocks which constitute ,godrevy ,island4 ,saint ,ives is a populous sea port1 of very considerable antiquity1 deriving its name from that of ,iia1 a religious woman1 who came hither from ,ireland in about the year #dfj4 ,the ,corporation1 which obtained its powers from a charter granted by ,charles the ,first1 consists of a mayor1 recorder1 town-clerk1 twelve capital burgesses1 and twenty-four inferior burgesses4 ,the ,borough returns two members to ,parliament1 a privilege which was conferred in the fifth year of ,queen ,mary2 and the right of election was vested in all the householders in the parish paying scot and lot4 ,in the year #ahaf1 the magistrates1 and trustees of the ,pier and ,port of ,saint ,ives resolved to extend the former1 and to construct a breakwater1 in order to shelter it4 ,the undertaking has been commenced1 but it is at present far from being completed4 ,saint ,ives is the birth place of the ,reverend ,jonathan ,toup1 ,rector of ,saint ,martin's near ,looe1 the learned annotator of ,suidas1 and editor of ,longinus4 ,his father was formerly the lecturer of this town4 ,on no part of the ,cornish coast is the ,pilchard fishery carried on with greater activity or success2 and at the time of large draughts1 it is usual for all the inhabitants to contribute their assistance2 shops and dwelling-houses are frequently deserted on such occasions1 and even the church has been abandoned1 when large shoals have made their appearance on the ,sabbath6 ,by a certain signal given by a person stationed on the heights1 the approach of a shoal is generally announced to the town2 the effect is most singular4 ,trumpets are immediately heard in different parts1 and the inhabitants rushing from their houses1 and quitting their ordinary occupations1 are to be seen running in all directions1 and vociferating the word ,hever--,hever--,hever4--,what the term signifies1 or whence it was derived1 no one can conjecture1 but its sound is no less animating to the ears of a ,saint ,ives-man1 than is the cry of ,to ,arms1 to the ,son of ,mars2 and the tumult which it excites is more like that of a besieged city1 than the peaceable and joyful bustle of an industrious fishing town4 ,as we have not hitherto described the manner in which the ,pilchard ,fishery is conducted1 perhaps the present will be an appropriate opportunity4 ,the ,pilchard1 in size and form1 very much resembles the common ,herring1#fg and is actually confounded with it by ,linnus1 under the name of ,clupoea ,harengus2 upon close inspection1 however1 an essential difference may be readily discovered4 ,the ,pilchard is less compressed1 as well as smaller2 there is besides a very simple1 and common test of distinction1 depending upon the dorsal fin of the ,pilchard being placed exactly in the centre of gravity1 if therefore it be taken up by this fin1 it will preserve an equilibrium2 while the body of the ,herring1 when so tried1 will dip towards the head4 ,mr4 ,pennant likewise observes that the scales of the latter easily drop off1 whereas those of the ,pilchard adhere very closely4 ,it has been commonly stated that these fish migrate from the ,north sea in immense shoals1 during the summer months1 and reach the ,cornish coast about the middle of ,july1 where they remain until the latter end of ,september1 when they again depart to the arctic regions4 ,this statement1 however1 cannot be correct1 as the fish are never seen off the coasts of ,scotland1 the northern shores of ,ireland1 the ,isle of ,man1 nor1 in fact1 off any coast north of ,cornwall4 ,it would therefore seem more probable1 that they come from some part of the ,western ocean1 and return thither at the end of the season4 ,within the last ten years a considerable alteration in their usual course has taken place1 much to the disappointment of the ,cornish ,fishermen2 they have kept at a greater distance from the shores2 whether this circumstance has arisen from their food being farther than usual out at sea1 or from any alteration in the currents1 it is impossible to ascertain4 ,in the present year1 however1 they seem to have returned to ,saint ,ives2 an immense quantity1 calculated at three thousand hogsheads1 having been taken at one catch1 by two ,seines in this bay4 ,the other parts of the coast have been visited only by very small shoals4 ,the preparations for this fishery are generally commenced about the end of ,july1#fh as the period at which the ,pilchards are expected to pay their annual visit4 ,as they usually make their appearance here in the evening1 the boats engaged in the adventure seldom go to sea before three or four o'clock in the afternoon1 and as rarely remain longer than ten4 ,on some occasions1 however1 they go out again very early in the morning1 and have sometimes succeeded in taking fish at sun rise4 ,the fishermen1 arranged in boats which are scattered at a little distance from each other1 are directed to the shoals by persons who are stationed on the cliffs1 or who sometimes follow in boats4 ,these persons who are called ,huers1 probably from the hue and cry which they raise1 discover them by the peculiar red tint#fi which the water assumes1 and from other indications with which they are well acquainted4#gj ,the spot where the nets should be cast1 or shot having been determined from the signals of the ,huer1 the boat containing the great net or ,stop ,seine as it is called1 and which is frequently as much as #cjj fathoms in length1 and #aj in depth1 is gradually cast from the boat into the sea by two men1 as the vessel is gently rowed round the shoal by others of the crew2 a service which is performed with such dexterity that in less than four minutes the whole of this enormous net is shot1 and the fish enclosed4 ,upon this occasion it is always the first care of the ,seiner to secure that part to which the fish were swimming2 and then so to carry the net around them1 that they shall be hemmed in on every side4 ,the net immediately spreads itself1 the corks on one edge rendering it buoyant1 and the leaden weights on the other causing it to sink to the bottom2 for if the depth of the water should exceed that of the ,seine1 it is evident that there would be little probability of securing any fish1 however large the shoal might be4 ,as the circle in which the ,seine is shot1 is generally larger than the net can compass1 its two extremities are at a distance from each other when the whole is in the water4 ,ropes are therefore carried out from each of these ends1 by which they are warped together by the men on board the two large boats1 so as to bring them into contact4 ,when this is effected1 the two extremities1 if the shoal be large1 are lifted from the bottom1 and expeditiously tacked together4 ,during this last operation every method is adopted to agitate the water1 and drive back the body of fish from this only aperture through which they can escape4 ,this having been accomplished1 the fish remain within the enclosure formed by the encircling net1 which extends from the surface to the bottom of the sea4 ,it only now remains to secure the ,seine in its position1 for which purpose grapnels1 or small anchors1 are carried out at some distance on every side1 the ropes from which are fastened to the rope at the upper end of the net2 these grapnels will of course retain the ,seine in its circular position1 and preserve it against the influence of the tides1 and the changes of the weather4 ,where1 however1 the shore is sandy and shelving1 as in ,saint ,ives' ,bay1 the ,seine is at once drawn into shallow water by a number of men1 who are called ,blowsers4 ,the quantity of fish which is thus secured will depend of course on many contingent circumstances1 such for instance1 as the strength of the tides1 the nature of the coast1 and the dexterity of the fishermen1 c4 ,a ,seine has sometimes enclosed as many as fifteen hundred1 or two thousand hogsheads4 ,the next operation is to remove the fish from the ,seine1 and to convey them in boats to the shore4 ,this is performed by another smaller net1 termed a ,tuck net1 and the process is called ,tucking1 and is a sight which the stranger should not1 on any account1 neglect to witness4 ,this busy scene always takes place at low water1 and when it happens on one of those calm evenings which so frequently occur in the summer season1 it is impossible to imagine a more exquisite scene4 ,the moon shedding her lustre on the sea displays its surface covered with vessels1 sailing or rowing in all directions to the ,seine1 whilst her beams by striking upon the dripping fish as they are poured1 by baskets1 from the tuck net into boats1#ga produce an appearance which resembles a stream of liquid silver4 ,there is another mode of catching ,pilchards of ,driving ,nets1#gb which are drawn after their respective boats1 fastened only at one end2 in the meshes of which the fish are arrested as they attempt to pass4 ,this species of fishery is always carried on at a considerable distance from the shore1 lest1 by approaching too near the land they should disperse the shoals which the ,seiner is waiting to enclose4 ,the quantity thus taken is very small2 but the fish are remarkably fine1 and the expense of the adventure is comparatively trifling4 ,the fish1 having been brought to the fish cellars1 undergo the process of being cured2 which is performed by laying them up in broad piles1 in bulk1 as it is called1 and salting them as they are piled up1 with bay salt4 ,in this situation they generally remain for forty days1 although the time allowed for their lying in bulk is often regulated by the interests of the merchant1 who1 it may be supposed1 is ever ready to avail himself of any favourable turn in the foreign markets4 ,the period directed by ,government is that of thirty-three days4 ,during this process a great quantity of oil1 blood1 and dirty pickle1 drains from the fish2 and which1 from the inclination of the floor1 immediately find their way into a receptacle placed for their reception4#gc ,the ,pilchards1 when taken from the bulk1 are carried to large troughs1 in which they are washed1 and completely cleansed from the salt1 filth1 and coagulated oil which they had acquired4#gd ,they are then packed into hogsheads1 and pressed by a strong lever1 for the purpose of squeezing out the oil1 which issues through a hole at the bottom of the cask2 the pressing continues for a week1 and formerly ten gallons of oil were procured from every hogshead1 but at this time1 not more than four can be obtained2 such a change in the fatness of the fish is not easily to be explained4 ,the hogsheads are now headed up1 and exported to the different ports of the ,mediterranean1 principally to the ,italian ports2 and upon every hogshead so exported1 ,government allows a bounty of #hs #f;d4 ,upwards of #cj1jjj hogsheads are annually consumed in ,england2 and above #ajj1jjj have been exported in one year4 ,the quantity of salt necessary to cure a hogshead of fish is estimated at about #cjj lbs4 and the expense of the whole for that quantity1 including the cask1 salt1 labour1 c4 is from #a3cs to #a3fs2 and it has been calculated that the bounty1 together with the value of the oil 7from #bj to #bh per ton71 will in general reimburse the whole expense4 ,this fishery is in every respect of the highest importance to the county of ,cornwall1 affording employment to at least twelve thousand persons1#ge whilst the capital engaged cannot be fairly estimated at less than three hundred and fifty1 or four hundred thousand pounds4 ,the broken and refuse fish are sold at about #aj;d per bushel1 for manure1 and are used throughout the county with excellent effects1 especially for raising all green crops2 they are usually mixed with sand1 or soil1 and sometimes with sea weed1 to prevent them from raising too luxuriant a crop1 arising from a too rapid decomposition2 thus employed their effects are very permanent1 and there is a popular belief that a single pilchard will fertilize a foot square of land for several years2 and certain it is1 that after the apparent exhaustion of this manure1 its powers may be again excited by ploughing in a small proportion of quick lime1 which will produce a still further decomposition of the animal matter1 and develope a fresh succession of those elements which are essential to the growth of vegetable substances4 ,the ,herring fishery is also carried on to a great extent at ,saint ,ives2 this fish appears after the pilchard has quitted the shores1 and is much smaller than that which is caught on the northern coasts of ,britain2 which corroborates the general opinion1 that the farther it migrates to the south1 the more it decreases in size4 ,it is also worthy of remark that1 notwithstanding the great abundance of this fish in the ,bristol ,channel1 it very seldom passes the ,land's ,end1 and is consequently rarely caught in the ,mount's ,bay1 or on the southern shores of ,cornwall4 ,but let us return from this digression1 and proceed with our excursion4-- ,quitting ,saint ,ives by the eastern road1 we are conducted along an elevated cliff1 which affords a complete command of every object in the bay2 in our route we pass ,tregenna ,castle1 the seat of ,samuel ,stephens1 ,esq4 and on the summit of a lofty hill1 about a mile from this mansion1 stands a pyramid1 which immediately attracts the notice of the traveller1 as well on account of the singular wildness of its situation1 as the complete absence of every shrub1 or rural ornament1 with which such objects are usually associated4 ,it was erected by the late eccentric ,john ,knill1 ,esq41 a bencher of ,gray's ,inn1 and some time collector of the ,port of ,saint ,ives1 it having been intended as a ,mausoleum for the reception of his remains1 although he afterwards revoked this intention1 and ordered his body to be given to an anatomist in ,london1 for dissection4 ,on one side of this pyramid is inscribed1 ,johannes ,knill1 on another1 ,resurgam1 and on a third1 ,i know that my ,redeemer liveth4 ,he directed in his will1 that at the end of every five years1 a ,matron and ten girls1 dressed in white1 should walk in procession1 with music1 from the market house at ,saint ,ives1 to this pyramid1 around which they should dance1 singing the hundredth ,psalm6 ----,pueri circum innuptque puell ,sacra canunt4 ,for the purpose of keeping up this custom1 he bequeathed some freehold lands1 which are vested in the officiating minister1 the mayor1 and the collector of the port of ,saint ,ives1 who are allowed ,ten ,pounds for a dinner4 ,the first celebration of these ,quinquennial rites excited1 as may easily be supposed1 very considerable interest throughout the western parts of the county4 ,no tongue was mute1 nor foot was still1 ,but ,one and ,all#gf were on the hill1 ,in chorus round the tomb of ,knill4 ,the report which was drawn up at the time by an eye witness of these festivities1 exhibits such an admirable specimen of the mock ,heroic1 that we feel assured that the tourist will thank us for having given insertion to it in the ,appendix4 ,pursuing the road along the cliff we pass ,lelant church1 and arrive at the river ,hayle1 which takes its rise near ,crowan1 and falls into ,saint ,ives ,bay2 although it arrives at the level of the sea three miles before it reaches the northern coast1 and winds its way through an area of sand1 nearly half a mile wide1 and more than two miles long2 this sand1 at high water1 is generally submerged1 so that the traveller who wishes to cross is obliged to take a circuitous route over the bridge at ,saint ,erth2 but upon the ebbing of the tide1 it soon becomes fordable1 and may be passed over even by foot passengers4 ,it is a curious circumstance that at twelve o'clock at noon1 and at midnight1 it is always fordable2 this apparent paradox is solved by knowing1 that at ,spring tides it is always low water at these hours1 and that the ,neap tides never rise sufficiently high to impede the passage4 ,the ,port of ,hayle is situated on the eastern side of the river1 where a great trade is carried on with ,wales for timber1 coals1#gg iron1 and limestone2 and with ,bristol1 for earthen-ware1 groceries1 c4 ,it is also one of the principal places of export for the copper ore of the western mines4 ,in the former edition of this work we described the processes by which the smelting and refining of ,copper were conducted at this place1 but as it was acknowledged to be much cheaper to carry the ore to the coal1 than to bring the coal to the ore1 the proprieters found themselves compelled to abandon the speculation4 ,the buildings in the neighbourhood1 however1 still continue as memorials of the former existence of such works1 having been constructed with square masses of the scoria1#gh which had been cast into moulds for such purposes1 as it issued from the furnace4 ,in the museum of the ,geological ,society at ,penzance the stranger may see an interesting model of this ,copper ,house1 and of the furnaces employed in the reduction of the ore4 ,there are now at ,hayle two very extensive ,iron ,founderies1 in which are cast the largest engines which have been hitherto erected on mines4 ,they are wrought partly by water1 and partly by ,steam ,engines4 ,near the ,copper ,house the traveller will not fail to notice the fine back-water dam1 which was constructed about thirty years since1 for the scouring out of the harbour4 ,the effect has been a considerable reduction of the sand which forms its bottom1 so that ships of much greater burden may now enter it4 ,the plan and execution of this work1 which was undertaken at the expense of the then existing ,hayle ,copper ,company1 reflect great credit on the late ,john ,edwards1 ,esq41 who first conceived its practicability and advantage1 and under whose direction it was completed4 ,a phenomenon occurred at these works some years ago which afforded a curious illustration of the secret and destroying agency of ,galvanic electricity4 ,the flood gates were found to undergo a very rapid decay1 which was perfectly inexplicable1 until the engineer ascertained that it depended entirely upon the contact of iron and copper bolts and braces1 which had been introduced into the different parts of the frame work4 ,the country around ,hayle is entirely desolated with sand1 consisting of minutely comminuted marine shells1 and which1 with some few interruptions extends all along the coast1 from ,saint ,ives to near ,padstow1 and in many places is drifted into hills of sixty feet in elevation4 ,there can be but little doubt that this sand was originally brought from the sea side by hurricanes1 but not even a popular tradition remains of the time or manner of this extensive devastation1 which has reached1 with some distinct intervals1 nearly forty miles in length4 ,some allusion to this event has been supposed to have been discovered amongst the ancient records of the ,arundel family1 fixing the period about the twelfth century2 but ,mr4 ,boase observes1 that the fact of the churches still remaining more or less ingulphed1 the age of which does not much exceed three centuries1 decisively refutes such a conjecture4 ,on the other hand1 it would appear that in the liber valorum of ,henry the ,eighth1 the living of ,gwythian was estimated far above its proportion to adjoining parishes4 ,by the shifting of the sand by high winds1 the tops of houses1 and the ruins of ancient buildings1 may be occasionally seen at this very day2 and in some places a great number of human bones have been discovered1 derived from the cemetries which have been formerly inundated4 ,the farther progress of the sand flood is at length arrested by extensive plantations of the ,arundo ,arenaria1 or common sea rush4#gi ,the most important geological circumstance connected with the history of this sand is1 that on several parts of the coast1 it is passing into the state of a solid compact rock6 ,the fact was first investigated by ,dr4 ,paris1 who has published a memoir upon the subject in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,geological ,society of ,cornwall2 and as every scientific traveller must be desirous of exploring so interesting a phenomenon we have extracted1 from the paper above mentioned1 such notices as may be useful in assisting his researches4 ,the ,sandstone which occurs on the northern coast of ,cornwall undoubtedly affords one of the most splendid and instructive instances of a ,recent ,formation upon record4 ,we actually detect ,nature at work in changing calcareous sand into stone2 and she does not refuse admittance into her manufactory1 nor does she conceal with her accustomed reserve the details of the operations in which she is engaged4 ,it does not however appear that any geologist has fully availed himself of so rare an indulgence2--to drop the allegory1 no complete or satisfactory explanation has been hitherto afforded of this most interesting formation1 nor of the phenomena which attend it4 ,at the period that ,dr4 ,borlase wrote his ,history of ,cornwall1 the science of ,chemistry had scarcely dawned2 we cannot therefore feel surprised at his having attributed 'the concretion of shelly sand to the agglutinating quality of sea water'4 ,the sand first appears in a slight1 but encreasing state of aggregation on several parts of the shore in the ,bay of ,saint ,ives2 but on approaching the ,gwythian river it becomes more extensively indurated4 ,on the shore opposite to ,godrevy ,island1 an immense mass occurs of more than a hundred feet in depth1 containing entire shells and fragments of clay-slate2 and it is singular that the whole mass should assume a very striking appearance of stratification4 ,in some places1 it appears that attempts have been made to separate it1 probably for the purpose of building1 for several old houses in ,gwythian are entirely built with it4 ,the rocks in the vicinity of this recent formation in the ,bay of ,saint ,ives are ,greenstone and ,clay-slate1 which appear to alternate4 ,but it is around the promontory of ,new ,kaye1 in ,fistrel ,bay1 in the parish of ,saint ,columb ,minor1 that the geologist will be most struck with this formation1 for here there is scarcely any other rock in sight4 ,the cliffs1 which are high and extend for several miles1 are wholly composed of it1 and are occasionally intersected by veins and dykes of ,breccia4 ,in the cavities hang calcareous stalactites of rude appearance4 ,the beach is covered with disjointed fragments1 which have been detached from the cliff above1 many of which weigh at least from two to three tons4 ,the sandstone is also to be here seen in different stages of induration2 from a state in which it is too friable to be detached from the rock upon which it reposes without crumbling1 to a hardness so considerable as to require a very violent blow from a hammer to break it2#hj indeed holes are actually bored in some parts for the purpose of admitting cables with which vessels are moored4 ,buildings are here commonly constructed of it1 and the church of ,crantock is entirely built with it4 ,by the inhabitants the stone is employed for various articles of domestic and rural oeconomy4 ,the ,geologist1 who has previously examined the celebrated specimen from ,guadaloupe1 enclosing a human skeleton1 and which is now in the ,british ,museum1 will be forcibly struck with the great similitude which this stone bears to it2 and suspecting that masses might be found containing human bones imbedded1 if a diligent search were made in the vicinity of those cemetries which have been overwhelmed1 ,i made an excursion with my friend ,sir ,christopher ,hawkins1 for that purpose2 but time and patience failed us1 and the discovery is reserved for some more persevering and fortunate member of the society4 ,such then is the nature and situation of this most interesting formation4 ,in the next place1 we have to enquire into the causes which have operated in thus consolidating the sand1 and into the peculiar circumstances under which the operation has been conducted4 ,it will appear that there are at least three distinct modes by which the lapidification of calcareous sand may be effected1 and that the present formation is capable of affording characteristic examples of each4 ,the three species of cementing matter to which ,i allude1 are all deposited from water in which they either exist chemically dissolved1 or mechanically suspended4 ,the water deriving them from the substances through which it percolates2 thus is the first species of cement obtained-- #a4 ,by the percolation of water1 through a stratum of calcareous sand1 by which it becomes impregnated with carbonate of lime4 #b4 ,by the percolation of water through strata containing decomposing ,sulphurets2 by which it becomes impregnated with ,sulphuric salts4 #c4 ,by the percolation of water through decomposing ,clay-slate1 or any other ferruginous strata2 by which it becomes impregnated with ,iron1 ,alumina1 and other mineral matter4 ,in the first case1 the very small proportion of carbonate of lime which is held in solution will necessarily render it a powerful cement1 since the density and compactness of a precipitate will generally vary1 inversely as the rapidity with which it is deposited4 ,this fact is familiarly illustrated by the obstinate adhesion of calcareous incrustations to the interior surfaces of water decanters4 ,in the second case1 wherein a sulphuric salt would appear to act the part of a cement1 it may be observed1 that the sulphatization of pyrites in the presence of calcareous matter is a very general source of gypsum4 ,the granular gypsum from the ,falls of ,niagara1 which is described by ,dr4 ,kidd as being as white as snow1 owes its origin to a natural process of this decomposition2 for ,i am informed by ,dr4 ,maclure of ,philadelphia1 who has visited the spot1 that it is formed in consequence of the action of water upon decomposing slate1 which contains numerous veins of carbonate of lime and sulphate of iron4 ,i have also in my possession a series of incrustations which were taken out of steam boilers in ,cornwall1 one of which presents an admirable instance of the formation of sulphate of lime1 its surface being beautifully studded with its crystals2 the water which supplied the boiler1 and by the evaporation of which this substance was deposited1 was derived from a mine in clay-slate intersected with veins of ,pyrites and carbonate of lime4 ,with regard to the third species of cementing matter1 viz4 ,oxide of ,iron1 it is scarcely necessary to state1 that in the induration of mineral bodies ,iron has been long known to act a very important part2 the most superficial observer must have noticed the concretions which so frequently appear on the beach around a rusty nail1 or any fragment of iron1 while the mineralogist must be acquainted with the proofs which ,mr4 ,kirwan has collected in support of the fact4 ,nor is the part which it performs in the disintegration of mineral bodies less obvious2 by its agency we have seen a loose sand become a hard rock1 but if we extend our inquiry we shall find that ,iron by attracting a farther proportion of oxygen from air or moisture1 soon crumbles into dust1 and thus proves the immediate cause of the decomposition of that very rock1 of which it formerly constituted the indurating ingredient4 ,in this1 as in every other operation1 ,nature preserves her uniformity1 producing the most diversified and opposite effects by the modified application of the same principles4 ,for this long digression we feel conscious that some apology is necessary2 the extreme interest as well as novelty of the phenomenon will at once suggest a sufficient excuse to the geologist2 and to other observers it may at least be pleaded in extenuation1 that they have lost nothing by the delay1 for it has been in a district which offers but few objects of amusement or instruction4 ,about a mile and a half south-east of ,hayle is ,huel ,alfred1 which was some years ago one of the richest and most profitable ,copper mines in the county4 ,the adventurers gained a clear profit of nearly #acj1jjj during the period in which it was wrought4 ,in the year #ahaf1 from various causes1 this mine was stopped1 but about six months ago a company of ,london gentlemen embarked in the concern1 and commenced their operations in a very spirited manner4 ,before ,midsummer #ahbd1 they expect to set at work two steam-engines with cylinders of the immense size of #ij inches in diameter1 and one of less dimensions4 ,this mine will undoubtedly prove attractive and interesting to the mineralogist1 as1 during the last period of working1 several curious and rare minerals were discovered1 as ,stalactitic1 swimming1 and cubic quartz2 carbonate1 and phosphate of ,lead2 stalactitic1 botryoidal1 and investing ,calcedony1 c4 ,the lodes of this mine are so large that should the stranger intend to visit the interior of the earth1 he cannot select a better opportunity4 ,about a mile east of ,huel ,alfred are situated the ,herland ,mines1 which1 after an interval of twenty years1 have been lately set at work again4 ,the adventurers in these mines are also principally ,london capitalists1 who have erected two steam-engines of which the cylinders are #hj inches in diameter4 ,the mineralogist will not fail to visit mines which were celebrated for the beautiful specimens of ,native ,silver1 ,vitreous ,silver ore1 and black oxide of ,silver1 found there during the last period of its working1 an account of which1 by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,hitchins1 was published in the ,philosophical ,transactions for the year #ahja4 ,there is a remarkable contrast between the lodes of ,huel ,alfred and those of ,herland4 ,the former being few1 but very large2 the latter1 small but very numerous1 and the ore peculiarly rich4 ,the stranger may now proceed to ,redruth1 between which place and ,hayle1 there is a regular line of rich ,copper mines1 but as we propose to examine this metalliferous district in a future excursion1 we shall return by ,saint ,erth to ,penzance4 ,the desolate and barren appearance of the country in the neighbourhood of ,hayle ,sands1 is much relieved by the woodland scenery of ,trevethoe1 the seat of the family of ,praed2 the father of the present possessor first introduced the ,pineaster ,fir1 as a nurse for the growth of forest trees1 and the estate of ,trevethoe1 as well as many others in the county1 affords a striking evidence of the expediency of the plan4 ,to the same gentleman we are indebted for the introduction of the ,arundo arenaria1 above mentioned4 ,arriving at the bridge of ,saint ,erth1 the traveller will perceive that a considerable portion of the breadth of the peninsula is here penetrated by an arm of the sea1 and that the land which succeeds it in a direction towards the south is so low1 that a canal might easily be cut along the hills which terminate at ,marazion1 and a communication be thus opened between the ,english and ,irish ,channels2 or that an iron rail-way for the conveyance of coals1 sand1 c4 might be constructed at a comparatively small expense4 ,at ,saint ,erth1 were formerly situated the ,rolling ,mills for reducing blocks1 or bars of ,copper1 into flat sheets1 as described in the first edition of this ,guide2 since1 however1 the ,copper-works at ,hayle have been abandoned1 these mills have been used for rolling and hammering iron4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,saint ,erth is ,tredrea1 the ,cornish residence of ,davies ,gilbert1 ,esq4 ,m4 ,p4 ,on our return to ,penzance an opportunity occurs of witnessing the operation of smelting ,tin ore4#ha ,it consists in first heating the ore1 with about an eighth part of ,culm1#hb in a reverbatory furnace for six hours1 during which period the sulphur and arsenic are volatilized1 and the ore is reduced to its metallic state2 the furnace is then tapped1 and the liquid metal run out2 a second melting1 however1 is necessary before it is sufficiently pure to be cast into blocks1#hc and assayed at the ,coinage4 ,after this last melting1 and before the ,tin is poured into the moulds1 a piece of green apple-tree wood is thrown into the liquid metal1 and kept under its surface2 the effect of which is to throw up the scoria with rapidity2 it would seem to act merely in producing a violent ebullition by the sudden disengagement of steam4 ,one hundred parts of the oxide of ,tin 7,black ,tin7 at an average will yield about #fe parts of metal1 or ,white ,tin1 as it is technically termed4 ,ludgvan ,church1 which appears upon an elevation on the right of the road leading to ,penzance1 and which forms so prominent a feature on the shores of the bay1 will be visited by the ,antiquary with sensations of respect1 when he learns that it contains the mortal remains of ,dr4 ,borlase the venerable and learned author of the ,natural ,history and ,antiquities of ,cornwall4 ,from the ,latin ,inscription on his tomb it appears that he was fifty-two years rector of this parish1 and that he died ,august #cast #aggb1 in the #ggth year of his age4 ,although ,dr4 ,borlase spent the greater part of a long life in this retired district1 his fame as a scholar had spread through all the literary circles of the age4 ,if we require any other testimony of his talents than that which his own works will afford1 we may receive it from no less an oracle than ,,pope1 with whom he regularly corresponded4 ,in a letter written by the ,poet1 to express his thanks for the present of a ,cornish diamond1 presented by ,dr4 ,borlase for the decoration of his grotto1 ,pope thus expresses himself1 ,i have received your gift1 and have so placed it in my grotto1 that it will resemble the donor--in the shade1 but shining4 ,if in the course of the present work we have ventured any remarks upon the opinions of ,dr4 ,borlase which may be considered in the slightest degree disrespectful to his talents1 we willingly offer this expiation at his shrine4 ,his errors1 whatever they may have been1 were the inevitable consequence of the infant state of those sciences indirectly connected with his pursuits1 not the result of literary incapacity1 or of depraved judgment4 ,custodiat ,urnam ,cana ,fides1 vigilentque perenni lampade ,mus4 ,about half a mile below the ,church-,town1 crossing the road to ,marazion1 is a vallum thrown up in the civil war by the ,parliament forces when they besieged ,saint ,michael's ,mount4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,kenegie became the seat of the younger branch of ,harris of ,heyne1 in about the year #afjj4 #fg ,there is also a very considerable similarity in their mode of migration4 ,the word ,herring is derived from the ,german ,heer1 an ,army1 to express their numbers1 and order of array4 #fh ,the first outfit of a ,seine1 with its boats1 oars1 ropes1 sails1 nets1 and a quantity of salt sufficient to cure five hundred hogsheads of fish1 if purchased new1 cannot be estimated at less than a ,thousand pounds4 ,the preparations for the water consists of three boats1 i4 e4 two large ones and a small one2 each large boat containing seven men1 and in the small one are the master1 another man1 and two boys4 ,the ,seine ,boat and the ,follower are the names by which the two large boats are distinguished2 and the small one is called the ,lurker4 #fi ,the whiteness of the sand in the ,bay of ,st4 ,ives renders the shoals of fish easily distinguishable1 and contributes very greatly to the success of the fishery upon this coast4 #gj ,the ,tunny fish in the ,archipelago was caught by a similar process1 ,ascendebat quidam 7,anglice the ,huer1 ,grce ,thunnoscopos7 in ultum promontorium1 unde ,thunnorum gregem specularetur1 quo viso1 signum piscatoribus dabat1 qui ratibus totum gregem includebant4 ,vide ,blomfield's ,notes on the ,pers of ,eschylus1 p4 #adh4 ,the seine was as familiar to the ,athenians1 as the ,pilchard fishery is to the inhabitants of ,cornwall2 and it is said that ,eschylus took great delight in witnessing it4 #ga ,the boats which attend for the purpose of conveying the fish from the tuck net to the shore are termed ,dippers1 the proprietors of which are differently compensated in different places2 they either receive a certain proportion of the fish1 as from one-fourth to one-sixth1 according to the distance from the shore1 or else they receive a certain sum of money for each boat load4 ,when the fish are caught in the night1 fires are instantly kindled on the nearest shore1 as a signal for the boats in the bay to repair to the spot4 #gb ,these nets are of far greater antiquity than the ,seine1 the latter having been introduced from ,ireland4 #gc ,these dregs are sold to the curriers1 at about sixteen pence per gallon4 #gd ,the skimmings which float on the water in which the pilchards are washed1 bear the name of ,garbage1 and are sold to the soap-boilers4 #ge ,in salting1 packing1 pressing1 and preparing the fish for the market1 there are at least #ejjj1 #d-eths of which are women2 the rope-makers1 blacksmiths1 shipwrights1 c4 upwards of #djj2 the twine spinners are women1 about #aej in number2 the makers and menders of nets are chiefly women and children1 in all about #fjj4 ,nets are also made during the winter season1 by the fishermen and their families4 ,these numbers are of course exclusive of the seamen employed4 #gf ,one and ,all1--the motto of the ,cornish arms4 #gg ,cornwall is exempted from the payment of any duties on coal1 so far as it is used for the working of the mines4 #gh ,all the walls in the neighbourhood are built of the same material2 and since these vitreous cubes are so piled upon each other as to leave interstices1 it has been facetiously observed that in ,cornwall the walls are built of glass1 and that you may distinctly see through them4 #gi ,the value of this useful rush in checking the progress of sand1 has been long known2 there was an act of parliament in ,scotland1 so long ago as the year #afie1 to prevent persons who collected this rush 7then known by the name of ,starre or ,bent7 for the purpose of making mats1 from plucking it up1 and thereby loosening the sand4 ,a clause to the same effect was introduced into a multifarious act of parliament in the year #agdb4 ,the operation of this clause extends generally to the north-west coast of ,england2 but such persons as claimed prescriptive right of cutting it on the sea coast of ,cumberland are exempted from its operation4 #hj ,a highly illustrative series of this rock is deposited in the ,geological ,cabinet at ,penzance4 #ha ,tin appears to have been formerly smelted by the ,jews1 who in the reign of ,king ,john monopolized the tin trade1 by merely hollowing out a plot of ground1 and fusing the oxide with wood1 in an open fire4 ,many ancient remains of this operation have been discovered in different parts of ,cornwall1 in which portions of metallic tin embedded in a stratum of charred wood1 or charcoal1 have been found2 and which have given rise to the fallacy respecting the discovery of this metal in a native state4 ,in examining a fragment of this kind which was found under the surface of a low and boggy ground in the parish of ,kea1 the late eminent chemist1 ,mr4 ,william ,gregor1 observed a vein of saline matter running through the mass1 which he ascertained to be muriate of tin2 a full account of this interesting phenomenon is published in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,cornish ,society4 #hb ,culm4 ,a species of very pure coal containing no sulphur4 ,it is imported from ,wales4 #hc ,it is a favourite custom to dress a beef-steak on the pure ,tin in the mould1 as soon as the surface becomes sufficiently hard to bear it2 and it must be admitted to be very far superior to that which is cooked in the ordinary manner4 ,,excursion ,v4 ,,to ,,redruth1 ,,and ,,the ,,mining ,,districts ,,in ,,its ,,vicinity4 ,in the present excursion1 the traveller in search of the ,picturesque will meet with but meagre fare2 for many a mile has the face of nature been robbed of all ornament1 and the interior of the earth has been scattered over its surface in the anxious pursuit of mineral treasures4 ,the unsightly mounds of rubbish thus produced have been accumulating for centuries1 and are so highly impregnated with mineral matter that not a blade of grass will vegetate upon them4 ,the intelligent traveller1 however1 must not anticipate an excursion as destitute of interest and variety as the surface of the country which he is about to traverse1 for like the shabby mien of the miser1 its aspect but ill accords with its hoards2 and the total absence of cultivation and rural ornament1 is soon forgotten amidst the richest field of mineralogical enquiry which any country ever afforded4 ,as our present object is to afford the stranger such directions as may enable him to inspect this mining district with advantage1 and to visit whatever is interesting and instructive in connection with it1 it may in the first instance be expedient to offer a general outline of the modes in which the ,cornish mines are worked1 before we enter into the details of topographical description4 ,for many centuries#hd the ,tin ,mines in ,cornwall have given to the country a very important place in the oeconomical history of nations1 and furnished a perpetual source of employment to a very large population1 which exclusive of the artisans1 tradesmen1 and merchants1 cannot be estimated at less than sixty thousand persons4 ,all the transactions connected with the ,tin ,mines are under the controul of the ,stannary ,laws4 ,courts are held every month1 and they decide by juries of six persons1 with a progressive appeal to the ,lord ,warden1 and ,lords of the ,duke of ,cornwall's council2 no custom1 however1 or ancient law1 prevails as to the working of ,copper or ,lead in the ,stannaries1 and therefore all agreements are made upon such terms as are decided on by the contracting parties4 ,at present the greatest metallic product of the county is ,copper1#he although this metal is1 comparatively of modern discovery1 and has not been worked longer than a century4 ,the reason assigned for its having so long remained concealed is the assumed fact1 that ,copper generally occurs at a much greater depth than ,tin1 and that1 consequently1 the ancients for want of proper machinery to drain off the water were compelled to relinquish the metallic vein before they reached the ,copper2 it is stated by ,pryce1 in his ,mineralogia ,cornubiensis1 as a general rule1 that ,tin seldom continued rich and worth working lower than #ej fathoms2 but of late years the richest ,tin mines in ,cornwall have been much deeper4 ,trevenen ,mine was #aej1--;,hewas ,downs #adj1--,poldice #abj1 and ,huel ,vor is now upwards of #acj fathoms in depth4 ,upon the first discovery of ,copper ore1 the miner to whom its nature was entirely unknown1 gave it the name of ,poder2 and it will hardly be credited in these times1 when it is stated1 that he regarded it not only as useless1 but upon its appearance was actually induced to abandon the mine1 the common expression upon such an occasion was1 that the ore came in and spoilt the ,tin4#hf ,about the year #agce1 ,mr4 ,coster1 a mineralogist of ,bristol1 observed this said ,poder among the heaps of rubbish1 and seeing that the miners were wholly unacquainted with its value1 he formed the design of converting it to his own advantage2 he accordingly entered into a contract to purchase as much of it as could be supplied4 ,the scheme succeeded1 and ,coster long continued to profit by ,cornish ignorance4 ,the mines in the county of ,cornwall consist chiefly of ,tin and ,copper1 besides which there are some which yield ,lead#hg1 ,cobalt1#hh and ,silver4#hi ,the ores are in veins which are provincially termed ,lodes1 the most important of which run in an east and west direction2 during their course they vary considerably in width1 from that of a barley-corn to #cf feet2#ij the average may be stated at from one to four feet4 ,it is1 however1 by no means regular1 the same lode will vary in size from six inches to two feet1 in the space of a few fathoms4 ,no instance has yet occurred of lodes having been cut out in depth2 the deepest mine now at work is ,dolcoath1 which is about #bce fathoms from the surface to the lowest part4#ia ,crenver and ,oatfield have lately been stopped2 they were #bdj fathoms deep4 ,the rocks through which the lodes descend are of different kinds1 thus are ,copper and ,tin found in granite1 as well as in slate4#ib ,the ,tin in these veins#ic generally occurs in the state of an oxide2 the only ,copper ore of any consequence is ,copper ,pyrites1 or ,sulphuret of ,copper2 the arseniates1 carbonates1 c4 being too small in quantity to be of any importance in a mining point of view4 ,iron and ,arsenical ,pyrites are also very common attendants1 and are both confounded under the name of ,mundic4 ,besides the metalliferous veins which run easterly and westerly1 we have already stated that there are others1 not generally containing ore1 which maintain a direction from ,north to ,south1 and on that account are called cross courses1 and often prove to the miner a great source of trouble and vexation2 for they not only cut through the other veins1 but frequently alter their position1 or heave them1 as it is termed2 and it is a very curious fact that most of the ,tin and ,copper lodes1 thus heaved1 are shifted in such a manner1 as to be generally found by turning to the right hand2 left handed heaves being comparatively rare4 ,in ,huel ,peever this vexatious phenomenon occurred1 and it was not until after a search of forty years that the lode was recovered4#id ,the discovery of metalliferous veins is effected by various methods1 the most usual one is by sinking pits to the solid rock1 and then driving a trench north and south1 so as to meet with every vein in the tract through which it passes2 the process is a very ancient one1 and is termed ,costeening4#ie ,the operation1 however1 of opening a new mine from the surface1 or from ,grass1#if as it is called1 is not one of frequent occurrence4#ig ,the reworking of mines which have been formerly abandoned1 on account of the produce being insufficient to pay the costs1 from the fall of the standard price of ore1 is quite sufficient to absorb all the speculative spirit of the country4 ,but by whatever accident or method a lode may be discovered1 the leave of the proprietor of the soil must be obtained before any operations can be commenced1 except in such cases of ,tin ,mines as are anciently embounded according to the provisions of the ,stannary ,laws4 ,the owner of the land is technically called the ,lord1 whose share 7which is termed his ,dish7 is generally one-sixth1 or one-eighth of the profits2 the parties who engage to work the mine are called ,adventurers1 their shares depending upon their original contributions and agreements4 ,when it has been determined to work a mine1 three material points are to be considered2 viz4 the discharge of the water1--the removal of the barren rock and rubbish 7deads71--and the raising of the ore4 ,one of the first objects1 therefore1 is to cut an ,adit1#ih as it is called1 which in an inclined underground passage1 about six feet high1 and #b wide1 and is generally commenced at the bottom of a neighbouring valley1 and is driven up to the vein1 for the purpose of draining it of water above their point of contact2 these ,adits are sometimes continued to a very considerable distance1 and although the expense of forming them is necessarily very considerable1 yet they are found to afford the most oeconomical method of getting rid of the water1 in as much as it saves the labour of the steam-engine in raising it to 7,grass7 the surface4 ,as soon as the vertical aperture1 or ,shaft1 is sunk to some depth1 a machine called a ,whim is erected1 to bring up the deads1 and ore4 ,it consists of a perpendicular axis on which a large hollow cylinder of timber1 termed the ,cage1 revolves2 and around this a rope1 directed down the ,shaft by a pulley1 winds horizontally4 ,in the axis a transverse beam is fixed1 at the ends of which two horses are fastened1 and going their rounds haul up a basket 7or ,kibbul7 full of ore1 or deads1 whilst an empty one is descending4#ii ,as the lode never runs down perpendicularly it is necessary to cut galleries1 called ,levels1 horizontally on the vein1 one above another4 ,these levels are1 in the first instance1 about two feet wide1 and six feet high1 but varying according to circumstances1 and being frequently extended much beyond their original dimensions4 ,they are driven one above the other at intervals of from #aj to #bj1 or #cj fathoms4 ,when extended to a certain distance from the original vertical ,shaft1 it is necessary1 for the sake of ventilation1 as well as for other reasons1 to form a second which is made to traverse all the levels in the same manner as the first4 ,a communication is frequently only made between two galleries by a partial shaft 7called a ,wins7 in the interval between the two great shafts4 ,when there are more than one lode worked in the same mine1 as frequently happens1 ,levels often run parallel to each other at the same depth4 ,in this case they communicate by intermediate ,levels driven through the rock 7or ,country as it is called7 which are denominated ,cross-cuts4 ,a mine thus consists of a series of horizontal galleries1 generally one above the other1 but sometimes running parallel1 traversed at irregular intervals by vertical shafts1 and all1 either directly or indirectly1 communicating with each other4#ajj ,the subterranean excavations are effected by breaking down the looser parts by the pickaxe1 and by blasting the more solid rock by gunpowder4#aja ,in accomplishing this latter operation the most melancholy accidents have occurred1 in consequence of the iron rammer coming in contact with some siliceous substance1 and thus striking fire4 ,the recurrence of this evil it is hoped has been prevented by the laudable efforts of the ,geological ,society as above related 7see page #cj71 and that the ,iron ,age has taken its final departure4 ,if the traveller is inclined to descend into a mine he is to be first accoutred in a flannel jacket and trowsers1 a close cap1 an old broad-brimmed hat1 and a thick pair of shoes2 a lighted candle is put into one hand1 and a spare one suspended to a button of his jacket4 ,the flannel dress is worn close to the skin1 in order to absorb the perspiration1 and every part of the ordinary dress is laid aside2 thus equipped1 if he possess sufficient strength of nerve1 he may descend the vertical ladders with the most perfect ease and security2--but will a view of the mine repay all this trouble and fatigue8--let us hear what ,dr4 ,forbes has said upon this occasion4#ajb ,a person unacquainted with the details of mining1 on being informed of many hundreds of men being employed in a single mine1 might naturally imagine that a visit to their deep recesses would afford a picturesque and imposing spectacle of gregarious labour and bustle1 tremendous noise1 and much artificial brilliancy to cheer the gloom4 ,nothing1 however1 is further from the truth1 as far as regards the mines of ,cornwall2 for1 like their fellow labourers the moles1 the miners are solitary in their operations4 ,seldom do we find more than three or four men in one level1 or gallery1 at a time1 where they are seen pursuing the common operations of digging or boring the rock1 by the feeble glimmering of a small candle1 stuck close by them1 with very little noise or much latitude for bodily movement2 besides whom there are generally one or two boys employed in wheeling the broken ore1 c4 to the shaft4 ,each of these boys has also a candle affixed to his wheelbarrow1 by the universal subterranean candlestick1 a piece of clay4 ,a certain band of men1 who1 however numerous1 are always called a ,pair1 generally undertake the working of a particular ,level4 ,these subdivide themselves into smaller bodies1 which1 by relieving each other at the end of every six or eight hours1 keep up the work uninterruptedly1 except on ,sunday4 ,by means of this subdivision of the ,pairs1 there is in general not more than one-third of the underground labourers below at any one time4 ,very seldom are the miners within the sound of each other's operations1 except occasionally when they hear the dull report of the explosions4 ,in the vicinity of the main shaft1 indeed1 the incessant action of the huge chain of pumps1 produces a constant1 but not very loud noise1 while the occasional rattling of the metallic buckets against the walls of the shaft1 as they ascend and descend1 relieves the monotony both of the silence and the sound4 ,still every thing is dreary1 dull1 and cheerless2 and you can be with difficulty persuaded1 even when in the richest and most populous mines1 that you are in the centre of such extensive and important operations4 ,for keeping the workings from being inundated1 each mine is furnished with a chain of pumps1 extending from the bottom to the adit-level1 worked by a single pump-rod2 each pump receiving the water brought up by the one immediately below it4 ,all the water of the deepest level finds its way into the bottom of the mine1 technically called the ,sump1 whence it is finally elevated to the adit1 through which it flows by a gentle descent to the surface4#ajc ,we have yet to notice a fact connected with the natural history of these subterranean recesses1 which has lately excited a very considerable share of interest in the members of the ,cornish ,geological ,society1--that the natural temperature of the earth in these mines is considerably above that of the mean of the climate1 and increases with the depth1 at the rate of about one degree for every #ej or #fj feet4#ajd ,does there exist then a permanent source of heat in the interior of the earth8 ,the business of a mine is managed by a foreman1 called the ,captain1 who keeps the accounts1 and pays and regulates the miners2 there are also ,under-ground ,captains1 who have the immediate inspection of the works below4 ,there exists a popular belief that the ,cornish miner frequently lives under ground for many days1 or weeks1 without ever visiting the surface4 ,this is never the case at any time1 or under any circumstances4 ,he does not even eat1 much less sleep1 in the mine1 but returns to grass1 and to his home1 often many miles distant1 at whatever depth he may have been working1 when relieved from his labours4 ,with respect to the value of the mines1 considered as property1 it may be observed1 that the whole concern is a ,lottery1 in which there exist many blanks to a prize1 and were the whole of the speculation to be invested in any one individual1 there is no doubt but that1 after paying the required dues to the lords of the soil1 and defraying the necessary expenses for working the mines1 he would at the conclusion of the year be a loser by many thousand pounds4 ,it is very true that there are many cases of extraordinary gain1#aje but these are balanced by more numerous concerns in which loss is incurred4 ,how then does it happen that any capitalists can be induced to engage in the speculation8 ,the answer is obvious1 for the very same reason that they are induced to purchase tickets in the ,state ,lottery4 ,there are moreover additional motives which induce individuals of a certain description to embark in the speculation1 although1 as simple adventurers1 they may scarcely anticipate success1 such are landholders1 who are naturally desirous of promoting an undertaking from which they must necessarily receive considerable dues2 or merchants1 who by becoming shareholders1 are empowered to supply the mines with timber1 candles1#ajf gunpowder1 and other articles which are required for its working4 ,having thus considered the mode in which the ore is excavated from the mine1 and brought to the surface1 let us examine the processes which it ultimately assumes the state of marketable metal4 ,the ,tin ore is first spalled1 as it is termed1 that is1 broken into smaller fragments1 and separated from the worthless parts2 it is then pounded in the ,stamping mill1#ajg an operation which is essential to the complete separation of the oxide from the hard matrix through which it is disseminated3 if full of slime it is first thrown into a pit called a buddle1 where it is worked in order to render the ,stamping more free1 and to prevent it from choaking the grates2 if however it is free from slime1 the ore is shoveled into a kind of sloping canal of timber1 called the ,pass1 whence it slides by its own1 weight1 and the assistance of a small stream of water1 into the box where the ,lifters work2 the ,lifters are raised by a water wheel1 and they are armed at the bottom with large masses of iron weighing nearly two hundred weight1 which pound or stamp the ore small enough for its passage through the holes of an iron grate fixed in one end of the box1 a rill of water carries it by a small gutter into the fore pit1 where it makes its first settlement1 the lighter particles running forward with the water into the middle pit1 and thence into the third1 where what is called the slime1 or finest portion1 settles2 from these pits the ore is carried to the ,keeve1 which is a large vat containing water1 in which it is farther purified by an operation called tozing1 and which consists in stirring the water round by means of a small shovel1 with such velocity as to keep the tin stuff in a state of suspension1 until the whole quantity which can be managed by one operation is thrown into the vat1 and when the ,tozer slackens his efforts1 the ,tin subsides to the bottom1 from its greater specific gravity1 leaving the sand and other impurities at the top2 while this is going on the upper part of the vessel is beaten with mallets for some minutes1 in order more effectually to ensure this separation4 ,a third process still remains to be described1 that of ,dressing the sand on an inclined plain with the assistance of a small stream of water2 a great degree of manual dexterity is here requisite2 the object1 however1 is effected with less trouble and expense1 and much more completely1 by the ,german ,repercussion ,frames1 of which there is a model in the ,geological ,museum at ,penzance4 ,upon the same mechanical principle of separation1 founded on the relative specific gravities of the ,tin oxide1 and the earthy matters with which it may be mixed1 the ,tinner is at once enabled to estimate the value of any given sample of ore2 for which purpose the ,tin stuff is placed on a shovel1 and washed under a stream of water1 until the impure earthy particles are carried off from its sides1 when by a peculiar and dextrous motion1 not easily described1 all the particles of the ore are collected together on the fore part of the shovel4 ,this operation is called ,vanning4 ,when the ,tin ore is contaminated with ,mundic1 that is1 with ,arsenical and ,iron ,pyrites1 it is first roasted in the ,burning ,house1 and then washed2 by which means the ,tin1 which is heavy1 is easily separated from the other ores1 which are comparatively light4 ,if any ,sulphuret of ,copper be present1 the same process is calculated to separate it1 by thus converting it into a ,sulphate1#ajh as described at page #abh4 ,when the ore is dressed1 the lord of the soil receives that portion which is his due1 after which it is divided into as many doles or shares1 as there are adventurers2 and these are measured out by barrows1 an account of which is kept1 in the manner of the old times1 by a person who notches a stick4 ,the manner of dressing and cleansing ,copper ore is nearly similar to that of ,tin1 except indeed that as it is raised in large masses1 and is tolerably pure1 it does not generally require ,stamping1 nor much washing4 ,all these different processes furnish employment for a great number of women and children1 and it is really interesting to see the dexterity and cheerfulness with which they pursue the occupation4 ,there is1 however1 one practice which ought to be reformed--the burthen of the ,standard ,barrow used in carrying ,copper1 and which is said to contain three hundred weight2 in addition to which we must allow for the weight of the barrow itself1 and that of the water held by the recently washed ore1 so that it cannot be estimated at less than four hundred weight4 ,this is an enormous burthen1 which is borne by all descriptions of persons who are employed in dressing and weighing1 and it has given rise to many evils4 ,those who work below have generally a wretched and emaciated appearance1 although they seldom continue longer under ground than six hours in the twenty-four1 but are relieved by a fresh corps4 ,pulmonary consumption may be said to be the disease to which they are more particularly liable4 ,the names by which the ,cornish mines are distinguished are usually invented by the first adventurers1 and are often whimsical enough1 the usual prefix1 ,huel1 7always pronounced1 and generally erroneously spelt1 ,wheel7 signifies in the ,cornish language a hole2 while the specific name of the mine is taken from some trivial or accidental circumstance1 thus ,dolcoath was the name of an old woman1 ,dorothy ,koath1 who lived upon the spot where the working of the mine commenced2 ,huel ,providence was so called from the accidental way in which it was discovered2 and ,huel ,boys from the lode having been first noticed by children who had been playing1 and digging pits in imitation of shafts4 ,by a rough calculation it may be stated that there are about #acj mines in the county1 but the number is of course subject to variation2 old workings being frequently given up1 and new mines opened1 or forsaken ones resumed4 ,besides the mines1 there are also ,stream ,works1 which afford a large quantity of the purest oxide4#aji ,they occur in vallies1 and derive their name from the manner in which they are worked2 which merely consists in washing the alluvial soil by directing a stream of water over it1 when the finer particles being washed away1 the ,tin ore is procured in a separate form4#aaj ,the process is termed ,streaming for ,tin4 ,it is a singular fact that the only traces of ,gold to be found in ,cornwall#aaa are in these alluvial depositions1 in which it sometimes occurs in small grains1 mostly detached1 but occasionally adhering to quartz4 ,the miners engaged in the stream works are generally prepared with quills1 into which they drop these particles as they find them1 and when the quill is full1 it is carried to the goldsmith for sale1 and considered as a perquisite4 ,but it is time for us to resume our topographical descriptions-- ,in our road to ,redruth we pass ,clowance the seat of ,sir ,john ,st4 ,aubyn1 ,baronet4 ,pendarves the residence of ,edward ,william ,wynne ,pendarves1 ,esq4 son of the late ,john ,stackhouse1 ,esq4 the elegant author of ,nereis ,britannica1 and ,tehidy ,park1 the mansion of ,francis ,basset1 ,lord de ,dunstanville1 c4 ,about two miles west of ,redruth1 is ,,dolcoath1 a copper mine which every intelligent traveller ought to visit1 not only on account of the immensity of the concern1 and the ability and liberality with which it is conducted1 but because it is so situated on the brow of a hill1 that the spectator can at one glance see all the principal machinery by which it is worked4 ,it is quite impossible to convey an idea of this singular and interesting scene2--,steam ,engines2--,water ,wheels2--,horse ,whims2--,stamping ,mills1--are all in motion before us1 while in the glen beneath us many hundred labourers are to be seen busily engaged in the different operations of separating1 dressing1 and carrying the ore4 ,the same stream of water pouring down the hill turns successively numerous overshot wheels1 and serves various other purposes in its course2 and1 having thus performed upon the surface1 all that ingenuity could devise1 or the operations of mining require1 it is conducted into the bowels of the earth1 where1 at a hundred and fifty feet beneath its surface1 it again turns an overshot wheel of fifty feet in diameter1 and becomes again subservient to the skilful exertions of the miner4 ,in the whole circle of human inventions there is nothing which so fully manifests the resources of intellect1 for the production of immense effects1 as the stupendous art of mining2 and it is impossible that the workings of ,dolcoath can be viewed without the strongest sensation of wonder and exultation4 ,the works of the mine stretch upwards of a mile in length from east to west2 an extent of ground penetrated by innumerable shafts1 and honey-combed by subterranean galleries4 ,upon the summit of the hill is another rich copper mine1 ,cook's ,kitchen1 which is on the same suite of lodes as ,dolcoath1 but separated by a cross-course which forms a natural boundary to both4 ,this cross-course has so heaved the lodes1 that many which are worked with great profit in the former mine cannot be discovered in the latter1 notwithstanding the laborious search which has been made for that purpose4 ,the picturesque effect of this scenery is not a little heightened by the bold elevation of ,carn-breh ,hill1 which1 crowned with the mouldering remains of past ages1 rises1 as if in mockery of the boasted prowess of art1 and forms a most striking and impressive contrast to the active scene before us4 ,,redruth is a very populous town of high antiquity1 situated in the bosom of the mining district1 and capable of affording very excellent accommodation to the mineralogist who may be desirous of remaining some days for the purpose of inspecting1 at his leisure1 the numerous mines by which it is surrounded4 ,the general level of this metalliferous district is from #cej to #dej feet above the sea2 and being frequently intersected by vallies1 great opportunities are presented for the advantageous construction of ,adits4 ,we next proceed to visit the great ,steam-,engine of ,chacewater mine1 situated three miles south of ,redruth4 ,it was erected about the year #ahac1 and was at that period the most powerful machine in the world4 ,it is a double engine upon the improved principle of ,bolton and ,watt1 and the style and elegance with which its different parts are finished1 reflect no inconsiderable credit upon the engineer4 ,the following are its dimensions2 the cylinder is #ff inches1 the box #ai1 in diameter4 ,the depth of the engine shaft is #abh fathoms4 ,from the ,adit to the bottom #ij fathoms4 ,it makes eight strokes in a minute1 and at every stroke it raises #ajh gallons of water to the ,adit2#aab and1 at the same time also1 #fj gallons1 #aj fathoms high1 for the purpose of condensing the steam4 ,the quantity of coals consumed in twenty-four hours is estimated at about eight chaldrons4 ,to give at once a popular idea of its immense power1 it may be stated that1 if it were applied as a mill1 it could grind a ,winchester bushel of wheat every minute4 ,notwithstanding the immensity of its force1 and complexity of parts1 so completely is it under the discretion and guidance of the engineer1 that in one instant he is able to stop its motions by the mere application of his finger and thumb to a screw4--,we put a hook in the nose of the ,leviathian2--play with him as a child1 and take him as a servant for ever4 ,from ,chacewater we proceed southward about two miles to visit the extensive ,copper mines1 called ,the ,consolidated ,mines1 the working of which has been lately resumed4 ,here we shall find two immense ,steam ,engines1 with cylinders of #ij inches in diameter1 constantly at work2 the interior of which is kept as clean as a drawing-room4 ,the capital expended in setting these mines at work was not less than #fe1jjj1 and under the arrangement of ,mr4 ,william ,davey1 the concern has proved so profitable1 that shares are now selling in ,london at #ajj per cent4 profit4 ,near the ,consolidated ,mines are ,huel ,unity and ,poldice2 the former is a ,copper mine2 the latter produces both ,copper and ,tin4 ,the most beautiful specimens of ,arseniate of ,copper1 and ,arseniate of ,lead have been found in these mines4 ,having concluded our account of the mining district1 it remains for us to offer to the mineralogical tourist a few observations upon the subject of ,cornish ,minerals1 and upon the best method of procuring them2 before the stranger1 however1 attempts to purchase any specimens1 it will be well for him to inspect the several splendid cabinets in the county2 besides that in the museum of the ,royal ,geological ,society1 at ,penzance1 he should see those in the possession of ,william ,rashleigh1 ,esq4 ,m4 ,p4 of ,menabilly2#aac ,john ,williams1 ,esq4 of ,scorrier ,house1 and ,joseph ,carne1 ,esq4 of ,penzance4 ,the one in possession of ,mr4 ,rashleigh1 if not the most accessible to the mineralogist1 must be confessed to be without comparison1 the most splendid4 ,its chief excellence consists in the magnificence and variety of the ,oxide of ,tin1#aad ,fluors1 ,malachite1 and some of the rarer varieties of ,sulphuret of ,copper1 from mines which have long since ceased to be worked4 ,among the more remarkable specimens are those of ,oxide of ,tin 7from ,saint ,agnes7 some of the more interesting varieties of which present the following forms1--very large octohedrons with1 and without1 truncations2--the crystal described by ,klaproth as one of the rarest occurrence1 viz4--the four-sided prism1 with a four-sided pyramid at each extremity2 this is to be seen in its simple form1 and also with a rich variety of truncations2--a group of four-sided pyramids covered with a thin coating of ,calcedony1 which1 being hydrophanous1 shews the form of the crystal very distinctly after immersion in water2 ,wood-tin forming a vein in a matrix of quartz1 to one side of which adheres a fragment of rock2 it is hardly necessary to remind the mineralogist of the importance of this specimen in a geognostic point of view2#aae ,tin crystals having a coating of black hmatite2 ,sulphuret of ,tin1 a mineral which has never been found in any part of the world except at ,huel ,rock1 in ,saint ,agnes1 ,stenna-gwyn1 in ,saint ,stephen's1 and ,huel ,scorrier in ,gwennap4#aaf ,in the collection of ,tins may be seen several small blocks#aag of that metal1 as prepared by the ,jews1 for commerce1 during the early workings of the ,cornish mines1 among which is a fraudulent one consisting of a mass of stone covered with a thin coating of metal4 ,in the collection of ,coppers may be noticed ,yellow ,copper ore with ,opal 7from ,roskeir72 the triple ,sulphuret of ,antimony1 ,copper1 and ,lead in various forms2 ,ruby ,copper in cubes2 ,quartz containing globules of water2 the ,hydrargyllite or ,wavellite1 in a plumose form accompanied by ,apatite in a matrix of ,quartz 7from ,saint ,stephen's71 ,topazes of considerable lustre 7from ,saint ,agnes71 ,green ,fluor in crystals of twenty-four sides 7,saint ,agnes74 ,a most beautiful and instructive cube of ,fluor1 the surface of which reflects a delicate green hue1 but upon being held to the light the crystal exhibits its octohedral nucleus of a purple colour4 ,the mineralogist should also notice a superb octohedron of ,gold1 and a mass of ,stalactitical ,arragonite from the grotto of ,antiparos4 ,before quitting ,menabilly he ought to visit the grotto1 built in a beautiful and secluded part of the grounds1 near the shore in the port of ,polredmouth4 ,it stands at the extremity of a large grove1 and is constructed with the finest species of marble and serpentine1 with brilliant crystals1 pebbles1 and shells2 its form is that of an octagon1 two of the sides of which are appropriated to the door and window which front each other1 while the six remaining sides form receptacles for minerals1 four of which contain specimens of ores found in the county1 and two are filled with organic fossils1 polished agates1 and jaspers2 the intermediate spaces are occupied by shells1 coralloids1 and various other substances4 ,the roof is composed of ,stalactites of singular beauty1 and which produce a very striking effect as they are seen through the roughly formed arch which composes the entrance4 ,in this grotto are preserved two links of the chain which were found in ,fowey harbour by some fishermen in the year #aggf2 they are of a triangular form1 incrusted with shells and corals1 and are supposed to have formed a part of the chain which extended from tower to tower1 for the ancient defence of the harbour4 ,among the mineralogical specimens in this place there is one of ,calcedony which deserves particular notice for its beauty as well as magnitude4 ,in the centre of the grotto is a table inlaid with thirty-two polished specimens of granite1 all found in the county of ,cornwall4 ,,the ,,cabinet ,,of ,,john ,,williams1 ,,esq4 is at ,scorrier ,house1 about two miles east of ,redruth1 and may therefore be visited by the mineralogist in the present excursion4 ,this collection stands unrivalled in the magnificence of its specimens of ,red ,oxide of ,copper1 in octohedrons1 cubes1 and capillary crystals2 it also contains the finest specimens of ,arseniate of ,copper in very perfect obtuse octahedrons2--a mass of ,uranite1 which in size and beauty is superior to any specimens ever discovered2--,blende1 in octohedrons and cubes2--,native1 and ,ruby ,silver2 and a specimen of the ,muriate of that metal 7,horn ,silver7 so well known for its value1 that it may be said to constitute one of the most interesting objects in the collection4 ,the ,arseniate of ,lead1 in six-sided prisms1 a most beautiful mineral1 which was first analysed by ,mr4 ,gregor1 and has been found only in ,huel ,unity1 may be seen in this cabinet in its most perfect forms4 ,the collection of ,mr4 ,carne has been already noticed in our account of ,penzance1 at page #ca4 ,in order to collect the various minerals of the county the stranger must apply to the different dealers1#aah 7rapax et sordidum pecus7 and make the best bargain he is able2 he may also occasionally purchase some good specimens of the miners at the various mines he may happen to visit4 ,in his rambles we recommend him to visit ,saint ,agnes1 where are the ,trevaunance1 and ,seal ,hole mines1 from which have been raised the most beautiful specimens of crystallized ,tin in the world1 accompanied occasionally with ,topazes1 and twenty-four-sided ,fluor4 ,here too may be seen a geological phenomenon of considerable interest1--the slate of the coast intersected with ,porphyry ,dykes1 ,saint ,agnes' ,beacon is also well worthy of observation2 it is an insulated eminence of a pyramidal form1 entirely covered with debris1 and is composed of ,slate1 although it rises #ffd feet above the level of the sea4 ,saint ,agnes is the birth place of the celebrated artist ,,opie1#aai and the tourist may be gratified by inspecting many of the earlier productions of his pencil4 ,but we now take our leave of the ,mineralogist1 and shall attend the ,antiquary in order to inspect ,carn-breh hill1 which rises a little to the south-west of ,redruth1 to an elevation of #fig feet2 its principal interest is derived from the lucubrations of ,dr4 ,borlase1 who regarded it as having been the grand centre of ,druidical worship1 and he asserts that1 in his time1 the remains of the monuments which were peculiar to that priesthood were to be easily recognized1 such as ,rock ,basins2 ,circles2 ,cromlechs2 ,rock ,idols2 ,karns2 ,caves2 religious enclosures2 ,logan ,stones2 a ,gorseddau1 or place of elevation1 whence the ,druids pronounced their decrees2 and the traces of a ,grove of ,oaks6--this is all very ingenious and imposing1 but is there any rational testimony in support of such an hypothesis8 are there any just grounds for considering the objects to which he alludes as the works of art8--most certainly none1 they are unquestionably the results of the operation of time and the elements1 and have never been formed by any agents except those which ,nature employs in the decomposition of granitic masses2 but the age of ,antiquarian illusion is past2 the light of geological science dispels the phantoms which the wizard fancy had created1 just as the rising sun dissolves the mystic forms which the most common object assumes in twilight1 when viewed through the medium of credulity and superstition4 ,the rock basins of ,antiquaries are rounded cavities on the surface of rocks1 and are occasionally as spheroidal1 internally1 as if they had been actually shaped by a turning lathe2 it was this artificial appearance which first suggested the hypothesis concerning their origin1 and induced the ,antiquary to regard them as pools of lustration4 ,dr4 ,mac ,culloch1#abj however1 very justly observes1 that their true nature is very easily traced by inspecting the rocks themselves2 on examining the excavations they will be always found to contain distinct grains of ,quartz1 and fragments of the other constituent parts of the granite2 a small force is sufficient to detach from the sides of these cavities additional fragments1 shewing beyond doubt1 that a process of decomposition is still going on under favourable circumstances2 these circumstances are the presence of water1 or rather the alternate action of air and moisture2 if a drop of water can only make an effectual lodgement on a surface of this granite a small cavity must be sooner or later produced1 this insensibly enlarges as it becomes capable of holding more water1 and the sides as they continue to waste necessarily retain an even and rounded cavity1 on account of the uniform texture of the granite4 ,this explanation is sufficiently satisfactory2 in addition to which it may be further stated1 that these very basins not unfrequently occur on the perpendicular sides of rocks1#aba which at once excludes the idea of their artificial origin4 ,the other grotesque and whimsical appearances of rocky masses1 such as rock idols1 logan stones1 c4 are to be explained upon the tendency which granite possesses of wearing more rapidly on the parts which are most exposed to the action of the weather1 as already explained at page #ajd4 ,there occurs upon the western part of the ridge of ,carn-breh an equipoised stone1 about #bj feet in diameter1 affording a very singular illustration of these views1 and of which we shall here present a sketch to our readers4 ,illustration ,thus upon simple and philosophical principles are such appearances to be easily explained1 and this ,phantasmagoria of the learned antiquary vanishes4 ,for the information of the ,geologist who may visit this spot1 we shall state1 that in a porphyritic granite on the summit1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,phillips has lately discovered that some of the crystals formerly considered as ,felspar1 were ,cleavelandite2#abb and we have little doubt that this curious discovery might be extended to many of the granitic masses in ,western ,cornwall4 ,at the eastern end of the hill is ,carn-breh ,castle2 the rocks upon which this building stands1 not being contiguous1 are connected by arches turned over the cavities2 one part of the fortress pierced with loopholes is evidently very ancient1 and is supposed to have been of ,british work2 the other is of modern construction1 and was probably erected as an ornamental object from the grounds of ,tehidy4 ,there were formerly some outworks to the north-west2 and1 near the summit of the hill is a circular fortification called the ,old ,castle1 which appears to have been included within a strong wall4 ,the hill itself1 on which the spectator stands1 is quite in unison with the scene around him2 its silence and desolation1--the awful vestiges of its convulsion1--and the immense rocky fragments which lie scattered on its brow1 are well calculated to harmonize with an extended and barren tract of country1 every where broken up by mining operations1 and whose horizon is bounded by the ocean4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,the ,phoenicians traded upon the western coasts of ,cornwall1 for at least six hundred years before the birth of our ,saviour1 and that for the sake of ,tin2--so that the antiquity of our tin trade has been established upon mercantile principles for not less than twenty-four centuries4 ,but in the earlier ages this metal was all procured from ,stream ,works1 the method of working mines not having been known and practised for more than seven hundred years4 #he ,in the year #ahbb1 the produce of the ,copper mines in ,cornwall amounted to #ajf1gbc tons of ore1 which produced #i1cca tons in ,copper1 and #fgf1bhe in money4 ,whereas the quantity of ,tin ,ore raised did not exceed #bj1jjj tons4 #hf ,the ,saxon ,miners formerly regarded ,cobalt in the same way4 ,they considered it so troublesome when they found it among other ores1 that a prayer was used in the ,german ,church1 that ,god would preserve ,miners from ,cobalt1 and from ,spirits4 #hg ,lead is principally found in cross courses1 or north and south veins4 ,pentire ,glaze1 near ,padstow1 which has lately produced the finest cabinet specimens of ,carbonate of ,lead1 ever found in this country2 and ,huel ,golding in ,perranzabuloe1 are the principal mines in which the ,lead occurs in cross courses4 ,lately1 however1 ,east and ,west ,lodes of ,lead have been discovered in the ,parish of ,newlyn1 by ,sir ,c4 ,hawkins1 in draining a marsh4 ,they are about two feet wide4 ,besides the ,lead and a little quartz1 they consist entirely of ,clay2 neither ,copper nor ,tin have been seen in them4 ,the ,lead yields about ,sixty ,ounces of ,silver per ,ton4 #hh ,cobalt4 ,huel ,sparnon ,tin and ,copper ,mine in the ,parish of ,redruth1 is the only mine in the county that ever produced any considerable quantity of ,cobalt2 one fragment raised from it weighed #accc lbs4 #hi ,silver4 ,in the ,copper ,lode of ,huel ,ann1 there occurred a distinct vein of black and grey ,silver ore1 with ,native ,silver1 from two to five inches wide with a wall of ,quartz1 on each side4 ,it was however very short4 ,see ,mr4 ,carne's paper on the ,silver ,mines of ,cornwall1 ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 vol4 i4 p4 #aah4 #ij ,only one ,lode in ,cornwall has1 however1 been found of this size1 and that only for the length of #bj fathoms in ,relistian4 ,in ,nangiles the lode is1 in some parts1 #cj feet wide4 #ia ,as the ,counting ,house of ,dolcoath has been determined to be #cfj feet above the level of the sea1 the mine extends #ajej feet below it2 which is probably deeper under the sea level than any mine in the globe4 #ib ,clay-slate is provincially called ,killas2 and ,porphyry is known by the name of ,elvan4 #ic ,for a full account of this subject1 the reader must consult ,mr4 ,carne's laborious paper1 ,on the ,veins of ,cornwall1 in the #bnd ,volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 #id ,we must refer the reader to a ,paper1 ,on the ,veins of ,cornwall1 by ,w4 ,phillips1 ,esq41 published in the #bnd vol4 of the ,transactions of the ,london ,geological ,society2 and also to a ,paper1 ,on the relative ,age of ,veins1 by ,joseph ,carne1 ,esq4 in the #bnd vol4 of the ,cornish ,transactions4 #ie ,we shall pass over1 as being too absurd to require any serious refutation1 the former belief in the power of the ,virgula ,divinatoria to discover ,lodes4 ,a power less poetical but not less fabulous then the story of the ,virga ,fatalis that conducted neas to the ,shades4 #if ,grass is the technical name for the surface on all occasions4 #ig ,the great ,copper ,mine1 called ,crennis1 was discovered by some casual observers in the cliff4 #ih ,from ,aditus1 a passage8 #ii ,the application of this machine in the county is estimated as saving the labour of #aj1jjj men2 whilst the powers of the different steam-engines are considered as at least equivalent to #dj1jjj more4 #ajj ,see ,dr4 ,forbes's ,paper ,on the ,temperature of ,mines1 in the second volume of the ,transactions of the ,cornish ,society4 #aja ,the annual cost of gunpowder1 used in the mines of the county1 amounts to more than thirty thousand pounds4 #ajb ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 vol4 #b1 page #afb4 #ajc ,the quantity of water discharged by the pumps from many of the ,cornish mines is very considerable2 thus ,huel ,abraham discharges from the depth of #addj feet1 about #b1jib1cbj gallons every #bd hours2 ,dolcoath1 from nearly the same depth1 #ece1agc gallons in the same time2 and ,huel ,vor1 from the depth of #iej feet1 #a1fib1ffj gallons4 #ajd ,see ,dr4 ,forbes's paper on the temperature of mines1 in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bjh2 also on the temperature of mines1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,fox1 ,esq4 ibid4 p4 #ad1 and a paper on the same subject by ,m4 ,p4 ,moyle1 ,esq4 p4 #djd4 #aje ,crennis ,copper ,mine returned a clear profit to the adventurers of #hd1jjj in one year2 and ,huel ,alfred1 during the last period of its working1 yielded very nearly #acj1jjj1 after having defrayed every necessary expense4 ,the adventurers in ,huel ,vor have lately gained #aj1jjj in three months4 ,but1 on the contrary1 how numerous are the losses1 not perhaps corresponding in magnitude1 in any individual mine1 to the gains which have been above stated4 ,in ,north ,downs as much as #ij1jjj were lost1 but this is a rare instance4 #ajf ,the consumption of such articles in a great mine far exceeds any estimate which a person unacquainted with mining operations could possibly imagine4 ,in ,huel ,vor1 no less than ,three thousand pounds of candles are consumed in a month1 and about ,three thousand five hundred pounds of ,gunpowder4 #ajg ,before the invention of the ,stamping ,mill1 the ,tin was pulverised in a kind of mortar1 called a ,crazing ,mill2 one of which ancient machines is still in the possession of ,mr4 ,williams of ,scorrier ,house4 #ajh ,this process might be more generally employed in ,cornwall with much advantage4 ,the green coloured water which so frequently issues from the adits1 might be made to yield a considerable portion of ,copper1 if it were properly received in pits1 and submitted to the action of ,iron4 #aji ,stream ,tin1 on account of its purity1 is alone capable of furnishing the grain tin1 employed principally by dyers4 #aaj ,the principal ,stream works are in the parishes of ,lanlivery1 ,luxilian1 ,st4 ,blazy1 ,st4 ,austel1 ,st4 ,mewan1 ,st4 ,stephens1 and ,st4 ,columb4 ,the greatest ,stream work in the county is at ,carnon1 about half-way between ,truro and ,penrhyn2 but there is scarcely a valley in which the operation has not been conducted on a small scale4 #aaa ,in the ,ordnance ,map of ,cornwall1 a spot marked ,,the ,,gold ,,mine is noticed1 near ,liskeard4 ,this name serves only to commemorate one of the many ruinous speculations into which the inhabitants of this ,county have repeatedly fallen1 from a want of mineralogical knowledge4 ,a mass of ,pyrites having been discovered in this place1 its brilliancy induced a belief that it was ,,gold1 in consequence of which workings were immediately commenced1 and the sanguine adventurers1 urged forward no doubt by those who derived an interest from the undertaking1 could not be convinced of their error1 until the complete ruin of their fortunes obliged them to abandon every hope4 #aab ,this is the deepest ,adit in the country2 its mouth or extremity being nearly on a level with the water in one of the creeks of ,falmouth ,harbour1 into which it empties itself4 ,taking into calculation its various windings1 through the numerous mines which it relieves of water1 it may be said to be not less than twenty-four miles in length4 #aac ,menabilly is situated about four miles west of ,fowey1 on an eminence at a short distance from the sea4 #aad ,we have been told that this has been arranged by ,mr4 ,aikin1 according to the different modifications of its crystalline form1 as they are described by ,mr4 ,william ,phillips in his elaborate paper published in the #bnd ,vol4 of the ,transactions of the ,london ,geological ,society4 #aae ,see an interesting account of this mineral in a notice entitled ,contributions towards a knowledge of the ,geological ,history of ,wood-,tin1 by ,a4 ,majendie1 ,esq4 in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 #aaf ,since the first edition of this work was printed1 the mineral has been found at ,saint ,michael's ,mount1 and1 by ,dr4 ,boase1 amongst a pile of ore which was supposed to come from ,botallack4 #aag ,in one of which is to be seen the ,muriate of ,tin1 as first noticed by the late ,reverend ,william ,gregor4 #aah ,the following are the names of the respectable dealers to whom we recommend the mineralogist to apply1--,at ,truro1 ,tregoning1 ,mudge1 and ,heard2--at ,redruth1 ,bennett2 at ,gwenap1 ,michell2--at ,saint ,agnes1 ,argall2--at ,falmouth1 ,trathan2--and at ,penzance1 ,jacobs1 the latter of whom has generally a great variety of ,saint ,just minerals on sale4 #aai ,,opie was a parish apprentice to a person of the name of ,wheeler1 a house carpenter1 in the village of ,saint ,agnes2 ,dr4 ,walcott1 better known by his poetical appellation of ,peter ,pindar1 having been struck1 during his occasional visits to the village1 by some rude sketches in chalk which were shewn him as the productions of this poor lad1 invited him to his house at ,truro1 supplied him with the necessary materials1 and enabled him to set up as an itinerant portrait painter1 from which station he rose to be ,professor of ,painting to the ,royal ,academy4 #abj ,a highly interesting paper ,on the decomposition of the ,granite ,tors of ,cornwall1 by this geologist1 is published in the second volume of the ,transactions of the ,geological ,society of ,london4 #aba ,this may be distinctly seen in the granitic rocks in the islands of ,scilly2 and in the ,gritstone in the park of the late ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 in the parish of ,ashover in ,derbyshire4 #abb ,the only chemical difference between ,cleavelandite and ,felspar is1 that about #ab per cent4 of ,potass in the latter is replaced by an equal quantity of ,soda in the former4 ,the earthy ingredients in both minerals are the same1 and exist in similar proportions4 ,the primary form of each is a doubly oblique prism1 but the two prisms differ so essentially from each other in the measurement of their angles1 that the substances are easily distinguished from each other by the ,goniometer4 ,,excursion ,,vi4 ,,to ,,kynance ,,cove1 ,,and ,,the ,,lizard ,,point4 ,an excursion to the peninsula of the ,lizard offers to the scientific traveller many objects of great geological interest2 he will be enabled to examine a very rare and important series of ,rock ,formations1 while their various gradations and transitions into each other will afford ample materials for speculation4 ,in the course of this excursion it will be our duty to point out some of the more prominent features as they may occur in our progress2 but in performing this duty we wish to be considered as merely presenting the geologist with a rough and imperfect outline1 which may give a useful direction to his researches1 and enable him to acquire1 through the medium of his own observation1 more ample and perfect information4#abc ,to the country south of a line drawn from the mouth of the ,helford river1 on the east1 to the ,loe-,bar on the west1 has the appellation of the ,lizard ,district been exclusively applied by ,mr4 ,majendie2 and the division appears to have been conventionally received by all the geologists who have traced his steps4 ,the fundamental rock of this peninsula appears to be ,clay-slate1 associated with ,greywack1 upon which are successively deposited ,greenstone1 ,diallage rock1 and ,serpentine4 ,at ,marazion several alternate beds of ,slate and ,greenstone may be observed2 the latter of which contains ,asbestus-,actynolite1 and is universally traversed by veins of ,axinite1#abd which occurs both in an amorphous and crystalline form4 ,in the vicinity of a projecting ledge of rocks1 known by the name of ,cuddan ,point1 stands a mansion called ,acton ,castle1 which was erected as a marine residence by the late ,john ,stackhouse1 ,esq4 and is at present occupied by ,capt4 ,praed4 ,its situation is wild and unsheltered1 but it commands a prospect of very extraordinary grandeur and beauty4 ,about four miles from ,marazion1 and half a mile from the high road towards the coast1 are the remains of a building called ,pengerswick ,castle1 a square stone tower1 with a smaller one annexed1 and some ruins of walls1 are all that remain of this ancient edifice1 but its machiolated gate and embattled turrets are still preserved to announce its military origin4 ,the different rooms are now converted into granaries1 but the oak wainscot1 which is curiously carved and painted1 remains in a tolerable state of preservation4 ,on one of these panels1 under a rude representation of water dropping from a rock1 with the title ,perseverance1 is the following poetical inscription4 ,what thing is harder than a rock8 ,what softer is than water clear8 ,yet will the same with often drop ,the hard rock pierce1 which doth appear1 ,even so there's nothing so hard to attayne ,but may be had with labour and pain4 ,the classical reader will at once recognise in this inscription a paraphrase of the well known lines of ,ovid3 ,quid magis est saxo durum1--,quid mollius unda8 ,dura tamen molli ,saxa cavantur ,aqua4 ,there exists a tradition that this place belonged in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 to one ,milliton1 who having slain a man privately1 purchased the castle in the name of his son1 and immured himself in a secret chamber in the tower4 ,on a bold pile of ,granite rocks which projects from the shore near ,pengerswick1 ,dr4 ,maton observed clusters of ,trochus crassus1 besides some species of ,actinia and ,asterias1 not common on other parts of the coast4 ,pursuing our route we pass through a country principally composed of ,slate1 the great ,granite chain running to the left of the road1 and constituting ,tregoning1 ,godolphin1 and ,breage hills4 ,the ,signal house at the top of ,tregoning hill1 which is #ehd feet above the sea1 constitutes the most elevated point in the country1 and from which both channels are visible4 ,the granite of this hill bears in some parts all the appearance of a stratified rock4 ,upon arriving at the village of ,breage1 three miles west of ,helston1 the traveller should turn off from the high road1 in order to visit the ,tin ,mine called ,huel ,vor1 and which lies about a mile and a half to the north-east1 and is by far the largest as well as the richest ,tin ,mine ever worked in ,cornwall4 ,here there are five large ,steam ,engines for drawing the water out of the mine1 besides several others for raising the ore4 ,there are also four large ,stamping ,mills1 worked by ,steam1 which constitute by far the most interesting part of the machinery4 ,it is not many years since steam was first applied as the moving power of these mills1 but without its aid it would have been impossible to stamp the whole of ,huel ,vor ,tin with sufficient expedition4 ,in this mine all the operations are carried on which have been already described in our excursion to ,redruth1 and the ,mining ,districts4 ,the ore is also roasted and smelted on the spot4 ,here then the stranger may witness the whole process1 from the period when the ore is broken in the vein1 to that when the pure ,tin runs out of the furnace1 and is laded into moulds which contain about #cgj pounds4 ,the principal ,tin lode in this mine is1 in one part1 of the enormous width of #cj feet1 and is so rich withal1 that the adventurers lately gained a clear profit of upwards of #aj1jjj1 in the space of three months4 ,the workings extend for more than a mile and a quarter under ground1 and about thirteen hundred persons are engaged in conducting its operations4 ,on the ,coast1 about three miles west of ,helston1 is ,portleven harbour2 notwithstanding the enormous sum of money which has been expended in completing this work1 we believe that it is never likely to answer the object for which it was projected2 the fact is simply this1 that at those times when the severity of the weather renders such a refuge desirable to the navigators of the ,mount's ,bay1 the sea sets in with such tremendous force upon this part of the coast that it is absolutely unsafe for any vessels to approach it1 and still more so to attempt a passage into the basin1 through its narrow entrance4 ,,helston is a large and populous town1 containing nearly #cjjj inhabitants1 situated on the side of a hill which slopes gradually to the little river ,cober4 ,the houses are chiefly disposed in four streets in the form of a cross1 and1 at the point of intersection1 stand the market house and town hall4 ,the church1 which was erected ,a4,d4 #agfb1 at the sole expense of the then ,earl of ,godolphin1 stands on an eminence to the north1 and forms a very pleasing object from the valley below1 while to the tempest tossed mariner it serves as a useful landmark4 ,helston has returned members to ,parliament ever since ,edward ,i41 being one of the five ancient boroughs of ,cornwall4 ,there was formerly a castle1 on the site of the present bowling green1 but of which no vestige remains4 ,the town is now lighted by means of gas4 ,in this town we shall be gratified to find the traces of an ancient custom1 which the ,antiquary has been anxious to trace to so high a source as the ,roman ,floralia1 a festival observed by that people1 in honour of the ,goddess ,flora1 on the fourth of the ,calends of ,may4 ,it is called the ,furry1 and it is said that its present name alone would discover its origin1 were it not satisfactorily pointed out by the time of its celebration4 ,we confess ourselves to have been amongst the happy number#abe who regarded the annual festival of ,helston as a faint trace of the ,roman ,floralia which the abrasion of fourteen centuries had not wholly obliterated4 ,but the evil genius of ,reality has at length appeared to dispel the illusion1 and to extort from us the unwilling belief that it can be no other than the anniversary of a victory1 obtained by the natives over an invading enemy4 ,the morning of the ,eighth of ,may is ushered in with the sound of drums and kettles1 when the streets are soon thronged with spectators1 and assistants in the ,mysteries4 ,so strict is the observance of this day as a general holiday1 that should any person be found at work1 he is instantly seized1 set astride on a pole1 and hurried on men's shoulders to the river1 where1 if he does not commute his punishment by a fine1 he is sentenced to leap over a wide place1 which he of course fails in attempting1 and falls into the water1 to the great amusement of the spectators4 ,at about the hour of nine the revellers appear before the ,grammar school1 and make their demand of a prescriptive holiday1 after which they collect contributions from house to house4 ,they then fad into the country 7fad being an old ,english word for go71 and about noon return with flowers and oak branches in their hats and caps2 from this time they dance1 hand in hand1 through the streets1 preceded by a violin1#abf playing an ancient traditional tune1 the music of which we shall here introduce4 ,illustration ,there is also a traditional song which is sung in chorus1 involving the history of ,robin-,hood1 whose connection with the present festival it is not easy to understand4 ,upon this occasion it is a right1 assumed from time immemorial1 for the persons engaged in the dance to enter and run through any house they please1 without molestation4 ,the higher classes of the inhabitants having1 with much good humour1 assisted in the rites of the day1 and performed their exforensic orgies1 resort to the ball room1 where they are usually met by the neighbouring families1 and by those strangers who may happen to be in this part of ,cornwall4 ,the merry dance is commenced at an early hour1 and generally protracted to the dawn of the ensuing day4 ,long may this harmless and innocent festival continue to animate the blythe and young1 on each annual return of its celebration2--,its classic spell may be dissolved1 but the ,temple of ,hilarity1 consecrated by the smiles of ,cornish youth and beauty1 needs not a ,roman goddess for its sanction4 ,why ask where the ,flora derives its gay birth6 ,why each smiling brow wears its garland to-day8 ,enough that our sires kept it sacred to mirth1 ,and their children have hearts all as fervent as they4 ,and yet might we trace where his ashes are laid ,who first made the ,fad to sound in our bowers1 ,to-day round his cromlech the dance should we braid1 ,and the fairest of ,hellas#abg enwreath it with flowers4 ,and hallow'd for aye be their place of repose1 ,who their race have enrich'd with a dowry so rare1 ,a spell--that yet brightens each year as it flows ,with one gleam of ,eden--a day free from care4 ,then join we the ,dance6 to their mem'ries of yore1 ,let the mirth which they lov'd be the homage we pay4 ,and the strain that inspir'd them long ages before1 ,wake the joys1 which they felt1 in our bosoms to-day4 ,about two miles from ,helston is ,penrose1 the seat of ,john ,rogers1 ,esq4 situated in the midst of a finely wooded scene1 and on the border of a large sheet of water called the ,loe ,pool2 this forms one of the most considerable lakes in the county1 and is produced by a very singular operation of nature1--the continual rolling of the waves of the ,british ,channel towards the shore forces in a vast quantity of sand and pebbles1 which1 by constant accumulation1 at length forms a very high bank extending across the valley1 from hill to hill1 and by closing up the mouth of the channel occasions the river to spread its waters over an area of nearly seven miles in circumference4 ,this bar of gravel cannot be passed over by the waves of the highest tides1 even during the excitement of a storm1 unless it be attended with a very rare combination of circumstances4 ,the water of the lake gradually finds its way through the gravel of the bar by slow filtration2 but in wet seasons1 as it cannot pass off with a rapidity equal to its influx1 the lake will often rise ten feet higher than its ordinary level4 ,this produces the singular effect of stopping two mills1 one on the ,loe1 the other on a lateral stream1 their wheels being at this time partly under water4 ,when this occurs the millers present the ,lord of the ,manor with two leathern purses1 each containing three halfpence1 and solicit his permission to open a passage through the bar4 ,this being of course granted1 the ,mayor of ,helston engages workmen to carry the work into effect4 ,in a few days1 however1 the bar is again filled up as before4 ,the ,loe ,pool abounds with a peculiar trout1 and other fresh-water fish4 ,on its banks the ,botanist may gather ,corrigiola ,littoralis4 ,in proceeding to the ,lizard ,point1 which is about fourteen miles distant from ,helston1 we shall examine the line of coast south of the ,loe bar4 ,the interior of this peninsular region has an aspect of dreary and barren uniformity1 and when viewed from the high granite ridge near ,constantine1 it appears like a table land elevated some hundred feet above the level of the sea1 presenting hardly any indication of rupture or contortion throughout the whole extent of its outline4 ,the view of the same region from the western shore of the ,mount's ,bay is still more striking and characteristic2 the upper surface seems so exactly horizontal1 that one might almost be led to conjecture1 that every projecting ledge had been planed down until the promontory resembled a great artificial terrace4#abh ,near ,gunwalloe ,cove the geologist should notice the singularly contorted appearance of the slaty rock1 which continues as far as a small cove north of ,mullion1 called ,bolerium1 where it runs under a ,greenstone composed of ,hornblende and ,compact ,felspar4 ,the ,greenstone prevails through the whole of this district1 and appears to pass by a slow gradation into ,serpentine1 under which it lies1 as may be distinctly seen near the south side of ,mullion ,cove4#abi ,a small quantity of ,diallage is occasionally present in this rock1 but the predominant ingredient is common ,hornblende2 and where this latter substance greatly predominates over the ,felspar1 it in some places assumes an earthy appearance and decomposes into a kind of ,clay1 which is used in the neighbourhood with excellent effect as a top dressing for grass lands4 ,serpentine is the next formation which we discover in our progress1 and is that which confers such singular interest upon this part of the county1 since it occurs in no other part of ,england4 ,this beautiful rock derives its name from the variegated colours and spots1 supposed to resemble the speckles of a serpent's skin2 it is principally of a dark green or brown1 suffused with shades of red4 ,it occupies not less than one-third of the area of the peninsula2 the whole extent of ,goonhilly downs rests on it4 ,its boundary is easily traced1 says ,mr4 ,sedgwick1 by the brown scanty vegetation with which its surface is imperfectly covered2 and the ,professor might have added1 by the growth of that beautiful heath1 the ,erica ,vagans1 for so congenial and essential would a ,magnesian soil appear to its production1 that notwithstanding its immense profusion on the downs1 not a single specimen is to be found beyond the line which defines the boundary of the ,serpentine formation1 nor is it to be seen in any other part of ,england4 ,genista ,anglica is also to be found on these downs4 ,about three miles south of ,mullion1 close to the shore1 is the celebrated ,steatite1 or ,soap ,rock1 which appears to run in veins#acj in the ,serpentine1 although ,dr4 ,thomson is inclined to consider it as ,serpentine itself in a state of decomposition4 ,when it is first quarried it is soft1 but by exposure to air it gradually hardens1 although it never loses that peculiar soapy feel which characterises it4 ,dillwyn ,co4 of ,swansea have1 at present1 the works in their possession1 by paying to the proprietor1 ,lord ,falmouth1 a certain annual sum4 ,its value in the manufacture of ,china depends upon its infusibility1 and the property it possesses of retaining its colour in the heat of the furnace2 the first quality is to be explained by the total absence of lime in its composition1 the latter by the very small proportion of metallic matter contained in it4 ,there is1 moreover1 another purpose which it serves1 depending upon the peculiar property of ,magnesian earth in preventing that degree of contraction#aca which always occurs in the fire when ,alumina and ,silica are alone made use of4 ,near this spot veins of ,native ,copper may be frequently seen at low water during spring tides1 and a mass of this metal was once raised which weighed #ajd pounds4 ,copper is the only metallic substance that has been found in any quantity in the ,serpentine formation2 and this has never occurred except native1 as in the above instance1 or in the state of ,green ,carbonate1 so that the mining adventurer need not anticipate much advantage from it4 ,about a mile farther south is ,,kynance ,,cove1 justly celebrated as one of the most interesting and extraordinary spots on the coast2 the descent into it is extremely steep1 and overhung with frowning crags2 the cove itself is formed by a numerous assemblage of ,serpentine rocks of a dark colour1 and which exhibit a beautiful polish from the constant attrition of the waves at high water2 in one part1 these groups are so singularly disposed as to open a fine natural arch into a grotto1 which penetrates deeply into the cliff2 the largest of these pyramidal masses is termed the ,,asparagus ,,island1 from its being the habitat of ,asparagus ,officinalis4 ,one of the rocks in this cove exhibits a very curious phenomenon whimsically called the ,,devil',s ,,bellows2 there is a very deep chasm1 through which the sea rushes like a water spout1 preceded by a sub-marine rumbling1 as loud as thunder2 a flowing tide1 accompanied with a swell of the waves1 seems to be essential for the production of this effect4 ,de ,luc offers the following explanation of the phenomenon3 ,in the rock there is a succession of caverns1 into which the agitated sea rushes by some sub-marine passage1 and being dashed and broken against their sides1 a large quantity of air#acb is thus disengaged from them1 which becoming highly compressed1 and not being able to escape beneath1 in consequence of the perpetual entrance of the waves1 is forced to pass with great violence and noise from cavern to cavern1 until it forces itself1 together with a column of water1 through the opening above4 ,amongst these beautiful rocks may be seen ,diallage of a brown colour2 ,jade2 compact ,felspar1 or ,saussurite2 and ,asbestus4 ,dykes of ,felspar ,porphyry are also to be observed in this spot4 ,it is hardly necessary to inform the geological tourist that1 in order to view this interesting scene to his satisfaction1 he must contrive to arrive at a period near that of low water4 ,on the summit of the hill above this cove the ,botanist will observe ,geranium ,sanguineum spreading itself in broad tufts4 ,campanula ,rotundifolia also occurs here4 ,continuing our route towards ,cape ,lizard1 we shall perceive that the ,serpentine terminates about half a mile before we reach it1 and is succeeded by ,micaceous ,slate1 under which1 at the ,lizard head lie alternate beds of ,compact ,felspar1 containing specks of ,hornblende and green ,talc4 ,there are two light-houses at this point which front the south1 and stand nearly abreast of each other1 but unhappily they are too often found to be insufficient securities against the darkness of the midnight storm1 and the treachery of the sunken rocks with which this stern coast is beset4 ,foreign pilots1 unacquainted with its perils1 seldom keep the necessary distance from the shore1 and from the steepness of the rocks no kind of assistance can be afforded to the mariner from the land4 ,on a low hedge under the light-houses is to be found ,herniaria ,glabra4 ,it was here in the pursuit of this very plant that a well known ,botanist1 during the late war1 was seized as a spy by the suspicious natives1 and carried to ,helston for examination4 ,the increased intercourse1 however1 with scientific travellers1 will render the recurrence of such an event impossible4 ,the name of the promontory was most probably derived from the striking contour which it exhibits when viewed from sea1 resembling the elongated and compressed form of the ,lizard2 at the same time it must be observed1 that the colour of its rocks resemble also that of the animal to which we allude1 while the ,british words ,lis-ard signify a lofty projection2 these are extraordinary coincidences1 and are well calculated to fan the flame of etymological controversy4 ,if after visiting this promontory1 the traveller feels inclined to trace the different rock formations1 and to complete his geological survey of the ,lizard ,chersonesus1 we recommend him to return by a circuitous route along its eastern coast4 ,greenstone reappears about half a mile east of the ,lizard ,point1 and continues for some distance1 with the occasional interruption of ,serpentine1 which dips towards the sea4 ,this latter rock will be found best adapted for oeconomical purposes at the ,balk ,hill1 ,landewednock1 but it is certainly far inferior to that worked for chimney pieces1 columns1 c4 from the quarries in the ,isle of ,anglesea4 ,near ,cadgwith the rocks on the coast form a very interesting and extraordinary amphitheatre1 which is termed by the inhabitants the ,,frying ,,pan1 although the appellation of ,,cauldron1 which it strongly resembles1 would be much more appropriate4 ,its sides are nearly two hundred feet in height1 and1 at high water1 the sea enters it and boils up through an arch near its bottom4 ,in this spot the position of the ,serpentine upon ,greenstone is very apparent4 ,beyond ,cadgwith the ,serpentine assumes a dark green colour1 and contains small masses of the emerald green ,diallage1 or ,schiller-spar2 whence it continues to constitute the coast round the ,black ,head to ,coverack ,cove4 ,about a mile from the coast at ,gwenter1 the rock denominated by ,abbe ,hay ,diallage ,rock 7,gabbro7 presents itself to our notice2 it is composed of ,saussurite1 or ,compact ,felspar1 and ,diallage ,metallode4 ,in a quarry near this spot it may be seen to join ,serpentine4 ,in the ,diallage ,rock1 at a small village near the coast called ,gwendra1 as well as in the rock of ,saint ,keverne1 ,mr4 ,majendie discovered some small metallic specks1 which he found on chemical examination to consist of ,iron1 with a portion of ,titanium4 ,some of the same substance was immediately transmitted to ,mr4 ,william ,gregor1 who stated that the results of his experiments proved it to be an assemblage of several ingredients1 viz4 ,silica1 ,alumina1 and the ,oxides of ,iron and ,titanium1 with a little ,potass4 ,some of which ingredients were no doubt derived from the gangue with which the metallic substance is intimately mixed4 ,this is a discovery no less curious than important1 and would seem to point out the origin of the ,menachanite1 in which ,titanium was first discovered by ,mr4 ,gregor4 ,the great mass of ,serpentine ends at ,coverack ,cove1 a spot which well deserves the attention of the ,geologist1 as offering a series of rocks of a very mixed character2 these consist of green and reddish-brown ,serpentine1 with the ,jade of ,saussure1 7the feldspath tenace of ,hay7 and ,diallage#acc of the green and metallode varieties2 some of the ,felspar found here is of a violet colour1 and is striated like that of ,labrador4 ,in beds which lie below high-water mark in this ,cove the mineralogist may obtain masses of ,diallage ,metallode1 six or eight inches in length4#acd ,a beautiful rock succeeds and continues for three miles along the coast to the ,manacles2 and in the interior of the country it predominates through the greater part of the parish of ,saint ,keverne4 ,it has compact ,felspar for its base1 in which are imbedded crystals both of ,diallage and ,hornblende4 ,in the proportion1 as well as the magnitude of these constituents1 says ,mr4 ,professor ,sedgwick1 there is such an unusual variety1 that we were almost led to conjecture1 that during the deposition of the mass many conflicting principles had been in action1 not one of which was long able to keep the mastery over the others2 there are for instance many large blocks which in one part resemble a fine ,greenstone1 and in another1 a coarse porphyritic ,diallage ,rock2 within the distance of a few feet these varieties may be observed to alternate repeatedly1 sometimes in the form of stripes1 but more frequently in amorphous concretions separated from each other by lines which are perfectly defined4 ,schistose ,greenstone occurs again at ,porthowstock1 and a small bed of ,serpentine1 on the south-west side of ,porthallo in the cliff1 which rests on a reddish ,talc which lies1 as before1 on ,clay-slate4 ,no other variety is observable from hence to the ,helford ,river1 except in the appearance of a ,pudding ,stone1 or ,conglomerate1 near the ,dennis ,creek1 composed of rounded fragments of ,slate in which veins of ,quartz are distinctly visible4 ,the traveller will not fail to visit the stream of ,tregonwell ,mill1#ace near the village of ,menacchan1 celebrated as the habitat of the ,titaniferous ,iron 7,menacchanite1 or ,gregorite7 discovered by the late celebrated ,mr4 ,william ,gregor4#acf ,he will also receive much gratification by extending his route to ,mawnan ,cliffs1 where he will observe a most extraordinary intermixture of fine and coarse grained 7,grawacke87 slate1 which are traversed by many contemporaneous veins1 some composed of ,quartz1 and others of ,ferriferous ,carbonate of ,lime2 some small cavities are coated with fine spicular ,arragonite1 and a much rarer substance1 which on a chemical examination by ,mr4 ,gregor proved to be a ,sub-carburet of ,iron1 has been found in thin plates among the lamin of the ,slate4 ,the ,reverend ,john ,rogers has also obtained from this spot small octohedral crystals of the ,yellow ,sulphuret of ,copper4 ,from a general review of the phenomena developed in the present excursion1 ,mr4 ,professor ,sedgwick is led to conclude1 that the great ,plateau of the ,lizard is not composed of stratified rocks1 for although some obscure indications of an order of super-position appear near ,coverack and ,porthalla1 yet he considers them as being too uncertain to be opposed to the clear evidence offered to the south-eastern parts of the coast1 where the alternating masses of ,greenstone and ,serpentine so often appear1 like great wedges driven side by side into the escarpment1 without any arrangement whatsoever4 ,mr4 ,majendie1 however1 who1 be it known1 actually bivouacked in this district for a week1 was satisfied that the ,greenstone and ,serpentine did exhibit characters of ,stratification4--,but we desist--feeling what no doubt our readers have likewise experienced the dry and uninviting nature of ,geological details4--,having therefore completed the task we assigned ourselves1 and conducted the traveller to the more prominent and interesting objects of ,,western ,,cornwall1 we take our leave4 ,the ,agriculturist1 the ,antiquary1 the ,botanist1 the ,geologist1 and ,mineralogist1 must1 each in his turn1 have received ample gratification and instruction from his visit to this interesting and important district of the ,british ,empire1 while the ,capitalist must have seen from the agriculture1 the mineral treasures1 the fisheries1 and the commerce of the country1 how many1 and what great opportunities are presented for the advantageous exercise of capital2 the ,valetudinarian too has1 as we sincerely hope1 derived his share of benefit from the excursions1 and felt the salutary influence of those mild and genial breezes which clothe our fields with perpetual verdure1 and impart to our cottagers the enviable blessing of ,,health and ,,long ,,life4 ,,footnotes3 #abc ,before his departure upon this excursion1 we recommend him to examine the very instructive suite of specimens which were collected1 and deposited in the ,cabinet at ,penzance by ,mr4 ,ashhurst ,majendie1 a gentleman whose geological labours in this country are well known1 and whose zeal and ability so greatly promoted the early advancement of our ,geological ,society4 ,this valuable series has been greatly augmented by a ,collection since presented to the ,society by ,the ,reverend ,john ,rogers4 ,the ,geological tourist ought at the same time to make himself acquainted with the observations of ,mr4 ,majendie ,on the ,lizard ,district1 in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall2 and those of ,mr4 ,professor ,sedgwick1 on the same subject1 in the ,transactions of the ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4 #abd ,in the ,greeb-rock1 an insulated mass of greenstone in the sea beneath1 there is a vein of ,asbestus-,actynolite1 mixed with ,axinite1 from four to twelve inches wide4 ,this is a curious spot1 well worthy the attention of the geologist4 #abe ,as will appear on the perusal of the first edition of this little work4 #abf ,a violin is in some parts of ,cornwall called a ,crowd1 whence doubtless the name of ,crowdero1 the fiddler in ,hudibras4 #abg ,the ancient name of ,helston4 ,the modern apellation is derived from a huge block of ,granite which may be seen in the yard of the ,angel ,inn--,hellas-stone1 or ,helston4 #abh ,on the physical structure of the ,lizard district1 by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,sedgwick4 #abi ,the same relative position of these rocks may also be observed at ,cadgwith1 an interesting part of the coast north-east of the ,lizard ,point1 and which we shall have occasion to notice hereafter4 #acj ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 in a paper on the ,geology of ,cornwall1 published in the first volume of our ,transactions1 observes that the nature and origin of the veins of ,steatite in ,serpentine are curious subjects of inquiry4 ,were they originally crystallized1 and the result of chemical deposition8 ,or have they been1 as for the most part they are now found1 mere mechanical deposites1 ,i am inclined to the last opinion4 ,the ,felspar in ,serpentine is very liable to decompose1 probably from the action of ,carbonic acid and water on its ,alkaline1 ,calcareous1 and ,magnesian elements2 and its parts washed down by water1 and deposited in the chasms of the rocks1 would necessarily gain that kind of loose aggregation belonging to ,steatite4 #aca ,it might on this account be worth while for the ,glass-maker to try the effects of a small mixture of ,steatite with the materials of which he makes his large crucibles1 in order to prevent that great degree of shrinking to which they are now so liable4 #acb ,the quantity of air thus separated from water is so great that in the ,alps and in the ,pyrennees1 very powerful bellows are made for forges by the fall of a column of water1 through a wooden pipe1 into a closed cask1 in which it dashes on a stone in the bottom1 when the air thus disengaged from it is carried by another pipe placed in the cover of the cask into the foundery4 #acc ,this substance presents with great distinctness those characters which distinguish it from ,hornblende1 viz4 inferior hardness1 difficult fusibility into a green enamel1 and peculiar cleavage which discovers a considerable lustre in one direction which is entirely absent in the other2 whereas ,hornblende has natural joints of the same lustre in two directions4 #acd ,mr4 ,majendie presented some of these specimens to ,abbe ,hay1 and compared them with those in the cabinet of that illustrious mineralogist1 which were brought from the hill of ,mussinet near ,turin4 ,m4 ,hay observed upon this occasion1 that the ,coverack ,specimens did not consist of pure ,diallage1 but that fibres of common ,hornblende interrupted its texture4 ,that of ,mussinet is foliated1 and has no such intermixture4 #ace ,for a long period this was considered as the only ,cornish habitat of this mineral2 but ,dr4 ,paris subsequently identified its presence in a sand brought from a stream near the house of ,colonel ,sandys at ,lanarth4 ,see ,transactions of the ,royal ,geological ,society of ,cornwall4 ,vol4 ,i4 p1 #bbf4 #acf ,see a ,history of this curious discovery in ,a ,memoir on the ,life and ,scientific ,labours of the ,rev4 ,william ,gregor1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,paris1 ,m4 ,d4--,london1 #ahah4 ,,appendix4 ,,part ,i4 ,a ,,dialogue ,between ,dr4 ,a4--a ,physician1 and ,mr4 ,b4--an ,invalid1 on the comparative merits of different ,climates1 as places of ,winter residence4 ,ne quis error loci nascatur-- ,mr4 ,b4--,in a conversation which we held together in the early part of the summer1 you will remember the promise you then gave of affording me such advice1 relative to the choice of a winter's residence1 as the declining state of my health might require4 ,the autumn is now rapidly advancing1 and ,i feel that no time should be lost in making such arrangements as may enable me to pass the approaching winter with the greatest prospect of benefit4 ,dr4 ,a4--,i fully acquiesce in the propriety of your resolution1 and shall readily afford you any information in my power2 but you well know that to a physician there is not a question which he approaches with so much diffidence1 or dismisses with such little satisfaction4 ,mr4 ,b4--,i am well aware of the difficulties to which you refer2 circumstances of a moral nature1 with which the physician can rarely become sufficiently acquainted1 must necessarily have considerable weight in directing the decision2 but in my own case it is fortunate that no such embarrassment can impede your judgment4 ,my only object and care is the restoration of health1 and my means are sufficient to enable me to pursue it in any way which may give the fairest promise of success4 ,dr4 ,a4--,you mistake me1 it was not to embarrassments of that kind that ,i was alluding4 ,mr4 ,b4--,can then any other source of difficulty exist8 ,to a medical practitioner who is in the habit of sending his patients to all parts of ,europe in search of health1 the real and comparative advantages of each locality must surely be well known4 ,dr4 ,a4--,far otherwise1 my dear friend2 there are few subjects upon which medical men have more widely differed4 ,it is true that we send our pulmonary sufferers to various parts of the continent1 and that we receive from them a multiplicity of reports2 but then they are often totally at variance with each other upon those very points which are generally considered as the least questionable2 and when we attempt to reconcile this discordance1 by an appeal to meteorological records1 and registers of prevalent diseases1 we are mortified to find that the evidence necessary for forming a safe and practical conclusion1 requires a union of industry and accuracy which has not hitherto been found to exist in a sufficient number of collateral observers4 ,nor must it be forgotten1 that the disease1 for the cure of which the invalid is persuaded to emigrate1 may require a very different atmosphere in its different stages and forms2 and after all1 how often does it happen that the sufferer is not sent abroad1 until every chance of palliation has gone by4 ,mr4 ,b4--,i do not hesitate to declare that such conduct1 on the part of a medical adviser1 is as cruel as it is unprincipled2 my confidence however in your integrity satisfies me that you will never abandon an unhappy sufferer to such a useless alternative2 ,i must therefore request you to state your opinion1 generally1 as to the peculiar conditions upon which you consider the eligibility of a climate1 in the cure or palliation of pulmonary affections1 to depend4 ,dr4 ,a4--,this ,i shall do most cheerfully1 especially in conversation with one1 whose philosophical pursuits will have already instructed him in those principles1 from which our conclusions are necessarily deduced4--,congenial warmth1 and1 above all1 equability of temperature1 are the first objects of inquiry in the theoretical comparison of climates2 but these cannot be practically ascertained1 in relation to their effects upon the human body1 by the thermometer2 because they are constantly liable to be modified by causes of which we have no other indication but that afforded by our sensations4 ,mr4 ,b4--,that is strange2--and1 so gratuitous does the assertion appear to me1 that ,i should be better satisfied were you to support it by some examples4 ,dr4 ,a4--,well then1 ,i may instance for your satisfaction1 the well known influence of peculiar winds combined with moisture1 and which1 although they may produce little or no variation in the thermometer will rapidly rob the body of its heat2 the north-west winds which so commonly blow in the southern provinces of ,france are decidedly more mischievous to the pulmonary invalid than the ,march winds that desolate the more delicate frames in our own country1 and yet the thermometer in this case affords no indication of their nature4 ,mr4 ,b4--,no one who wishes to form a just estimate of a climate1 can doubt the propriety of taking the prevalence of wind1 and the degree of atmospheric moisture into the account2 although reasoning1 from analogy1 ,i should not suppose that this latter circumstance would be prejudicial2 look at the moist and foggy atmosphere of ,holland1 and yet ,i am told that catarrhal affections are extremely rare in that country4 ,dr4 ,a4--,moisture must make both heat and cold more sensible2 the one1 by diminishing perspiration1 the other1 by increasing the conducting power of the air2#acg humidity therefore may be an injurious1 or a salutary condition1 according to circumstances2 but you are greatly mistaken in supposing that the ,dutch owe their immunity from ,catarrh to the dampness of their climate1 for it is to be imputed to the greater equability of its temperature4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,you no doubt place great stress upon the advantage of an equable climate4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i consider equability as the most important condition of all2 especially where the temperature ranges at about #fj of ,fahrenheit4 ,it not only diminishes the chance of aggravating pulmonary disease by preventing ,catarrhs1 but it serves to preserve a genial and regular action of the skin1 to keep the balance of blood constantly on the surface1 and to prevent any undue congestion of it in the lungs4 ,besides1 it is acknowledged on all sides1 that consumption is most prevalent in countries and districts which are subject to great and rapid changes of temperature1 and that it is comparatively rare in those which are free from the diurnal changes and sudden transitions which so characterise that of our own island4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,nothing can be more convincing than such reasoning2--but tell me for what reason you consider the temperature of #fj as an essential condition under these circumstances4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,it is evident that no climate1 however equable it may be thermometrically1 can be considered as such in a medical point of view1 if its temperature ranges much below the degree ,i have mentioned2 because in that case a material change must always occur whenever the invalid quits his apartment1 and goes into the open air4 ,so that ,i consider a cold climate must in effect be always regarded as a variable one4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,but cannot this objection be obviated by suitable cloathing8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,to a certain extent perhaps1 but recollect if you please1 that there is no furnishing a great coat for the lungs1 to protect their structure against the diminished temperature of the air which is breathed4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,what opinion have you formed respecting the effects of a marine atmosphere8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i apprehend that question cannot be fairly answered without a reference to the symptoms and circumstances of each particular case2 generally speaking1 ,i am induced to consider the air of the sea as not hostile to diseased lungs1 except perhaps in those cases in which ,hectic fever is fully established2 but then again cases will sometimes occur which would appear to sanction a contrary conclusion4 ,thus much ,i should say was certainly true1 that in such situations you will always experience more humidity1 and that when the air is cold1 that cold will in consequence be more intolerable1 for the reasons ,i have before stated4 ,on the other hand you must be aware that a marine situation will enjoy a more equable temperature#ach than one similarly situated1 but remote from the ocean1 and as far as that goes it will have its advantages4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i should much like to know what the continental physicians think of this circumstance1 with reference to their own climate4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,upon that point you may be easily satisfied by referring to ,dr4 ,clark's work on foreign climates4#aci ,he says that the physicians on the sea coast send their consumptive patients into the interior1 and those in the interior to the shores of the ,mediterranean or ,adriatic4 ,from ,genoa they send them into the interior1 deeming the sea air injurious to them4 ,from ,naples they frequently send such invalids to ,rome4 ,from ,rome1 on the other hand1 they send them frequently to ,civit ,vecchia1 on the shores of the ,mediterranean2 more frequently to the shores of the ,adriatic1 and1 occasionally1 even to ,naples6 ,mr4 ,b4 ,and is this account to satisfy me8 why ,i am plunged deeper in doubt than ever by such testimony4 ,no wonder that the physician should approach the subject of ,climate with diffidence when he finds those best able1 from experience1 to appreciate its merits1 so irreconcileably at variance with each other4 ,in the next place1 let me ask whether you advocate the advantages of a ,sea ,voyage8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,not unconditionally4 ,dr4 ,young has said1 and ,i believe with much truth1 that the greatest possible equability of temperature is to be obtained in a sea voyage to a warm climate2 in which the variation will seldom amount to half as much as in the most favourable situation on shore1 even on a small island4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,the very condition which1 of all others1 you consider the most beneficial4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,undoubtedly1 and if you can make interest with ,neptune to push you forward with his trident1 and persuade olus to slumber quietly in his caverns1 lose no time in availing yourself of such advantages2 but as long as the wind bloweth where it listeth1 ,i entreat you1 my good friend1 to remain on terra firma2 depend upon it that experience will fully sanction this advice2--of the great number of patients who have been sent on such an errand1 by far the greatest proportion have had the progress of their pectoral complaints rapidly accelerated during the voyage2 remember the various kinds of physical injury and distress to which you must be exposed on board of ship1 before you can reach a steady and warm climate1 from bad weather1 and different local causes which it is not necessary to enumerate2--four and twenty hours beating to windward are sufficient to counterbalance all the advantages that might be anticipated4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,why you must surely have been inoculated with the prejudices of ,mr4 ,matthews1 who tells us that the fatigue and discomfort of a vessel is much the same thing as being tossed in a blanket during one half of the day1 and thrown into a pigsty for the remainder4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i never was more serious4 ,if the weather be bad the patient has but one alternative1 he is either half suffocated with smoke or an oppressive atmosphere in the cabin1 or exposed on deck to cutting winds1 rain1 and cold1 and to an air by far too free for diseased lungs2 then again sea sickness1 whatever may have been said to the contrary1 reduces his strength rapidly1 and if damp sheets are the bug-bears of land travellers1 damp clothes of every description are unavoidable at sea1 and which in stormy weather can seldom be dried4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,well1 you will at least allow that the motion of a ship is preferable to that of a carriage on a rough road4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i will not even concede this point1 and were you only to read the interesting case of ,dr4 ,currie1 ,i am sure that you would be soon convinced of the contrary4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,the opinion you have now expressed is sufficient2 ,i shall not be readily induced to make the experiment of a sea voyage2 suppose me then1 if you please1 to have been already transported across the channel on a calm day in a ,steam-boat1 and tell me to what part of the continent ,i am to direct my steps1 in order to find a suitable residence for the winter months4 ,i take it for granted that you consider the ,english ,climate1 from ,june to ,october as salutary to natives as that of any country in the world4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,beyond question2--but as an invalid who seeks permanent advantage from a foreign climate must be content to remain abroad for1 at least1 two winters1 you will readily perceive that the consideration of his residence during the summer season is not entirely a subject of indifference4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,my inclination would lead me to the south of ,france in preference to a more distant residence1 provided the place should meet with your full concurrence4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,the places to which ,english invalids have been more usually sent are ,montpellier1 ,marseilles1 ,toulon1 and ,hieres2 but ,i never ventured an opinion with less reserve when ,i declare1 that ,i regard the very coldest parts of our own country to be less inimical to delicate lungs than the sharp and piercing air of the places which ,i have just mentioned4 ,as to ,montpellier1 ,i am at a loss to understand how it could ever have obtained a reputation for its climate2 and yet so universal was the belief1 that its very name became1 as you must well know1 a characteristic epithet to places supposed to be preeminently salubrious4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,is it not remarkable for its clear blue sky1 the very idea of which will always carry a charm with it to an ,englishman8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,clear and brilliant enough1 but the air is at the same time so sharp and biting1 that every mouthful irritates the lungs1 and produces excessive coughing1--and then you are1 moreover1 constantly assailed by one or the other of two destructive winds1--the ,bize bringing cold1 and the ,marin1 moisture4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,and yet to this same ,bize1 of whose sharpness you so greatly complain1 did the ,emperor ,augustus erect an altar4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,very true1 but we are told it was an homage like that which the ,indians are said to pay to the infernal deity2 to avert its wrath1 not to conciliate its favour4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,is the locality of ,marseilles less exceptionable8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,by no means4 ,cold winds are always injurious1 but they are rendered destructive1 in a tenfold proportion1 when alternated with heat4 ,at ,marseilles the dreaded ,mistral of ,provence 7a north-west wind71 which is often accompanied by a clear atmosphere1 and a powerful sun1 reigns in all its glory4 ,toulon has the damning fault of ,marseilles4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,is ,hieres exposed to the same evil8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,not in the same degree4 ,it has generally the credit of being much milder1 and ,i really believe that it is justly preferred to every other place in ,provence1--but it is not free from the ,mistral4 ,dr4 ,clark1 however1 tells us that about the bases of the hills1 there are some sheltered spots1 where the invalid might enjoy several hours in the open air on almost every dry day1 but then there exists a difficulty in reaching them at those times1 when they would be most useful4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i see plainly1 that a residence in the south of ,france would never realize my hopes of recovery2 perhaps ,nice may be more likely to afford satisfaction8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,nice1 as you probably know1 was first brought into vogue by our celebrated countryman1 ,dr4 ,smollet1 who resided there during two winters1 and it has been extolled by numerous writers since that period2 the northern blasts1 which rage with such fury in the south of ,france1 are averted from this favoured valley by the maritime alps4 ,dr4 ,smollet1 in speaking of its superior mildness1 when compared with ,provence1 says1 the north-west winds blew as cold in ,provence as ever ,i felt them on the mountains of ,scotland1 whereas ,nice is altogether screened from them by mountains4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,if ,i have been correctly informed1 the neighbourhood of ,nice is on many accounts preferable to the town itself4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,the suburbs of the ',croix de ,marbre' have been the favourite residence of the ,english1 and indeed on that account are not unfrequently called the ',fauxbourg des ,anglois'4 ,this spot is situated immediately beyond the river ,paglion1 which1 descending from its ,alpine sources1 washes the western extremity of the town and falls into the bay of ,nice4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,what accommodations are to be met with at ,nice8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i have always understood that provisions are both good and abundant2 some of my patients1 however1 have complained greatly of the bread as being sour and ill tasted from the leaven4 ,as to the other accommodations1 ,dr4 ,clark says that they are also good1 making allowance always for the inconveniences which1 to an ,english family1 are inseparable from foreign houses1 such as smoky apartments1 ill provided fire places1 c4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,now state1 if you please1 the objections that may be urged against ,nice4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,in the commencement of the winter1 this valley is remarkably infested with mosquitoes1 which greatly annoy strangers1 especially children4 ,during the months of ,november1 ,december1 and ,january1 the climate would seem to embrace all the qualities so favourable to pectoral complaints1 but the three following months are by no means unexceptionable4 ,although ,nice be protected from the ,mistral1 yet in the spring of the year it is infested with cold sharp winds from the east1 and north and south-east1 which are highly mischievous to the valetudinarian4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,it is clear then that he should quit ,nice at this season4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,that is not so easy as you may suppose1 for unless he leaves it by sea1 he must not venture to depart by any of the usual roads before the month of ,may2 for should he direct his route to ,turin1 he will have a very rough and hazardous journey over the ,col de ,tende1 and may perchance be caught in a snow storm2 if on the other hand1 he returns by ,france1 he must cross the ,estrelles1 and expose himself to the cold winds of ,provence4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,well these are strong objections2 but taking into consideration all the advantages and disadvantages of ,nice1 will not the former so greatly preponderate1 as to entitle it to the character it has long enjoyed as an eligible winter residence for the consumptive8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i fear that medical experience will not sanction such a conclusion4 ,catarrhal affections are frequent amongst the inhabitants1 and it has been remarked by those best able to investigate the subject1 that the progress of pulmonary disease is rather accelerated than retarded by this climate4 ,if you will allow me1 ,i will read a passage from a late work by ,dr4 ,carter1 which places this subject in a very striking point of view4 ,notwithstanding the mildness of ,nice1 it appeared to be of little or no service to persons labouring under confirmed consumption2 during the winter ,i was there1 ,i saw no instance of great amendment1 and ,i even doubted whether life was not shortened in some instances by a residence there4 ,some medical men were clearly of that opinion2 and as their interest should have led them to speak well of ,nice1 they must have been pretty strongly impressed with the conviction of its climate being hurtful to people in confirmed ,phthisis1 before they could have been induced to make this opinion public4#adj ,mr4 ,b4 ,this is discouraging2 but is the testimony of ,dr4 ,carter supported by other authorities8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,by many others4 ,here is a work by ,dr4 ,clark1 who is himself resident at ,rome1 and a physician of great intelligence2 he not only confirms the opinion of ,dr4 ,carter1 but adduces that of ,professor ,foder who practised at ,nice for more than six years1 and who in a conversation with ,dr4 ,clark1 made the following strong observation4 ,there is one thing certain1 ,sir1 you may safely assure your countrymen1 that it is a very bad practice to send their consumptive patients to ,nice4 ,m4 ,foder moreover observed1 that consumption in this district is not1 as in ,switzerland1 on the banks of the ,soane1 and in ,alsace1 a chronic disease2 but1 on the contrary1 he has often seen it terminate in forty days2 he says that the physician of the countries just mentioned would be quite astonished at the quickness with which one attack of pulmonary hemorrhage succeeds another1 how readily the tubercles suppurate1 and how speedily the lungs are destroyed4 ,he is even inclined to believe that there exists1 on the shores of the ,mediterranean1 some source of evil not appreciable by meteorological observations4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,enough of ,nice4 ,what of ,pisa8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,you may perhaps remember that ,mr4 ,matthews1 in his comparison of these two places1 says1 ,i believe that ,pisa is the very best place on the continent during the winter for complaints of the chest2 and ,nice1 of which ,i speak from good authority1 is perhaps the very worst4 ,the air of the first1 which is situated in a low plain1 is warm1 mild1 and muggy2 that of the second is pure1 keen1 and piercing4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,to speak honestly1 ,i entertain a very high respect for ,mr4 ,matthews as an intelligent and agreeable tourist1 but he is the very last authority upon which ,i could repose my confidence1 with regard to the salubrity of a climate2 his observations upon this head are too fretful and petulant to afford satisfaction4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,his remarks upon ,nice and ,pisa will certainly justify the opinion you have formed2 for there does not exist such a striking difference in the climate of these places as he has been induced to believe2 although the latter town is certainly milder than ,nice1 and possesses the advantage of having good roads leading to it from all parts of ,italy1 so that the invalid may leave it with safety much earlier than he could ,nice4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,are the spring winds less violent than at ,nice8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,scarcely4 ,the site of the houses1 however1 is better calculated to defend you from their influence4 ,on the northern bank of the ,arno1 there is a crescent which faces the south1 and is well protected from the north winds2 this situation ought always to be selected by invalids who winter at ,pisa4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,if ,i resolve to winter in ,italy1 ,i shall probably prefer ,pisa4 ,i confess that ,i have received a prejudice against ,rome1 as well as ,naples1 from the reports of some friends who have lately returned from those places2 but ,i should be glad to hear your opinion upon the subject4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,rome and ,naples ought not to be named in the same breath1 unless indeed for the sake of contrast4 ,rome possesses many points of excellence as a winter residence1 but as to ,naples at this season1 ,i would not recommend an invalid1 on any account1 to try its climate3--conceive the effects of a hot sun with a winter wind of piercing bitterness6 ,vedi ,napoli e po' mori1 says the proverb1 and no wonder that it has received so many illustrations from the ,english4 ,upon this one point at least we must all concur with ,mr4 ,matthews3 ,if1 says he1 a man be tired of the slow lingering progress of consumption1 let him repair to ,naples2 and the denouement will be much more rapid4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,but what of ,rome--of the ,eternal ,city8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,that vehemence of expression1 my good friend1 betrays your polarity2 in spite of your avowal ,i see clearly that your wishes point to the ancient ,mistress of the world4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,you really mistake me2--depend upon it that ,i shall undertake no pilgrimage but to the temple of ,hygeia4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,rome has1 by far1 too many temptations for the invalid1 and ,i confess that from the accounts which ,i have received from my patients1 ,i am unable to discover any advantages equivalent to the risks4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i am even told that the climate of ,rome is much colder than that of ,nice in the winter4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,you have been rightly informed2 in addition to which1 the streets are damp and chilly1 and so variable in temperature1 that there is not unfrequently a difference of twenty degrees between one street and another4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,in what then does its excellence consist8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,it is decidedly the best spring residence in ,italy4 ,the air is much more moist than that of ,nice2 and1 at this season1 it has the advantage of being less liable to cold winds2 although it must be confessed that the ,tramontana 7a sharp northerly wind17 is sometimes felt with considerable severity1 but it does not affect the human body like the dry cold winds of ,provence4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,the prejudice which exists in my mind against ,rome has arisen from the circumstance of many of my friends having suffered severely from head-ache1 during their residence there4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,upon that point1 ,i fear my opinion will rather strengthen than remove your prejudice4 ,i have no hesitation in stating1 that the same complaint has been frequently made to me2 and even ,dr4 ,clark1 the ,english resident physician1 confirms the objection4#ada ,mr4 ,b4 ,and then come the frightful ,malaria4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,the stranger has nothing to fear from these exhalations between ,october and the middle of ,may1 after which period ,i should not recommend any invalid to protract his visit4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,but suppose his object is to remain two winters at ,rome1--where is he to find refuge during these intervals8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,in the vicinity of ,rome there are many spots which will furnish a very eligible residence during the hot weather1 such are ,albano1 ,frascati1 ,tivoli1 ,castel ,gandolfo4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,after what you have said1 ,i think it is scarcely worth while for an invalid to encounter the fatigues of so long a journey2 but you have not yet mentioned ,florence4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,its climate is almost as changeable as our own1 and far more mischievous1 as its ,siberian winds alternate with a temperature equal to that of our finest days in spring4 ,the summer1 however1 is delightful1 the heat being greatly tempered by the ,apennines4 ,bicchierai1 an ,italian ,physician of eminence1 used to say1 that he wondered how any body could live at ,florence in the winter1 or die there in the summer4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,upon the whole you have presented me with a very discouraging view of the ,italian ,climate2 and ,i have always understood that ,lisbon is intolerable to an ,englishman from its filth4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,lisbon is out of the question3 the character of its climate may be summed up in a few words4 ,its winter temperature is neither mild nor equable1 and its spring is remarkable for dense and cold fogs2 and as to what an ,englishman calls comfort1 there is not a city in the world where it is so systematically neglected4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,suppose ,i wave the objections to a sea voyage and set sail for ,sicily8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,in that case you will undoubtedly find a fine climate1 superior in most respects to that of the ,italian continent4 ,the winter and spring seasons are remarkably mild1 provided you select ,palermo for your residence2 ,messina is exposed to cold piercing easterly winds from the mountains of ,calabria4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i have heard ,catania well spoken of4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,its atmosphere is too sulphureous2 in addition to which every egress from the town is difficult and unpleasant1 owing to the lava from the ,volcano4 ,but there is in my opinion an insuperable objection to the ,sicilian climate from the extreme heat of its summer1 from which the invalid cannot easily escape4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,well then1 ,malta4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,dr4 ,domeier1 in his account of this climate1 tells us that the thermometer seldom varies in this island more than #f in the twenty-four hours1 or stands below #ea1 even in the depth of winter3 but then the summer1 which is protracted even to the month of ,november1 is extremely mischievous from its heat1 the force of which is severely felt in a country where there is scarcely any visible foliage1 the place of hedges being universally occupied by stone walls4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,let me hear what you have to say with respect to the other islands which have gained celebrity for their climates1 such as ,madeira1 the ,bermudas1 ,jamaica1-- ,dr4 ,a4 ,you must be well aware that these places are1 generally speaking1 beyond the reach of the ordinary class of ,english invalids4 ,madeira has been greatly extolled by ,dr4 ,adams1 who even ventures to assert that in cases of consumption1 if the patient does not saunter away his time1 after his physician has advised him to quit ,england1 we may with certainty promise him a cure4 ,in the ,west ,indies it is agreed by all authors1 that consumptive affections are almost unknown1 and that scrofula in all its forms is uncommon4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,would you recommend a residence in the ,west ,indies to a person who has free control over his movements8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,if we may be allowed to draw any inference from the qualities of a climate1 as indicated by the thermometer1 or by its effects on the constitution of the inhabitants1 there can be but little doubt that a residence in the ,bermudas1 in a temperate and sheltered part of ,jamaica1 or in some other of the ,west ,india ,islands1 would present every advantage1 towards the recovery of a consumptive patient1 that climate alone can bestow4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i thank you sincerely1 my good ,sir1 for the patience and candour with which you have discussed the subject of climate4 ,i am fully sensible of the difficulties with which it is encompassed1 and of the utter impossibility of expecting from medical advice a satisfactory solution of the many problems which it involves4 ,every invalid must1 to a certain extent1 rely upon his own judgment2 but before ,i finally decide upon the place of my destination1 allow me to trespass still farther upon your patience1 in order to learn whether1 after all1 there be not some favoured spot in our own country1 where ,i might seek shelter from the approaching season1 and which would supersede the necessity of travelling to a foreign land8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,i should say to a person1 who had been accustomed to the colder and more exposed parts of our island1 try the effects of some more genial situation2 and such a change would be as likely to favour convalescence as an emigration to the continent2 for although by such a step1 he might not obtain an equally favourable atmosphere1 he would more than counterbalance the difference by ensuring the advantages of ,english comforts4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,and to what parts of ,england would you direct him8 ,dr4 ,a4 ,there are particular spots on the coast of ,hampshire and ,sussex which have been long considered as eligible places of winter residence2 such are ,southampton and ,hastings1 which are certainly less subject to the effect of the ,northern and ,eastern winds than many parts of our island2 but they are not to be put in competition with ,sidmouth1 ,dawlish1 or ,torquay in ,devonshire1 and still less with ,penzance in ,cornwall1 which1 after all1 is the only situation which can be fairly said to possess any very material advantages from the mildness of its winter4 ,i speak this from well grounded observation and experience4 ,the ,climate of ,penzance is unlike that of any other part of the island4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i remember having received a favourable impression with respect to the climate of that place1 from the perusal of a small work1 entitled1 a ,guide to the ,mount's ,bay and the ,land's ,end2 a copy was lent me by ,sir ---- ----1 and ,i have since endeavoured to purchase one1 but find that it is out of print4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,are you not aware then that you have been conversing with its author8--,the book has been for some time out of print1 but a second edition is nearly ready for publication2 and1 with your permission1 ,i shall introduce1 as nearly as my memory will serve1 the conversation which we have just held together upon the subject of ,climate4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,by all means2--the questions which ,i have submitted for your opinion1 are such as must naturally suggest themselves to every invalid who is in search of a winter residence1 and as your little work1 as far as ,i recollect1 is intended for the same class of persons1 its practical utility will be materially enhanced by the addition you have just proposed4 ,,footnotes3 #acg ,see ,paris's ,pharmacologia1 vol4 ,i1 chap4 ,expectorants4 #ach ,see page #e of the ,guide4 #aci ,medical ,notes on ,climate1 ,diseases1 c4 in ,france1 ,italy1 and ,switzerland1 by ,james ,clark1 ,m4,d4 ,london #ahbj4 #adj ,a ,short ,account of some of the ,principal ,hospitals of ,france1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and the ,netherlands1 with ,remarks upon the ,climate and ,diseases of those ,countries4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,carter1 ,m4,d4 ,london #ahai4 #ada ,there is one class of affections for which the ,atmosphere of ,rome appeared to me unfavourable4 ,these are head-aches arising from a tendency to a fullness about the head4 ,in many cases among the ,english residents1 ,i found persons not previously subject to head-aches affected with them here1 and some already liable to them had been aggravated4 ,apoplexy1 ,i was told1 was at one time so frequent at ,rome that a day of public fasting was ordered1 and a particular form of prayer addressed to ,st4 ,anthony to avert so dreadful a calamity from the ,holy city4 ,,appendix4--,,part ,,ii ,an ,account of the ,first ,celebration of the ,,knillian ,,games at ,,st4 ,,ives4 ,alluded to at page #aeh of this work4 ,we trust that our readers will find some amusement and relaxation1 after the fatigue of their day's excursion1 in the following ,jeu d',esprit1 as originally written by an eye witness of the festivity2 an institution which1 adds the said writer1 will go far to preserve the tone of the ,cornish character1 and which can never be neglected while the ,cornish men continue to be brave1 and the ,cornish women to be virtuous4 ,the celebration of the ,games at ,olympia1 after the revolution of every four years1 formed the chief date of time among the ,greeks2 and perhaps in future the inhabitants of the ,west of ,england will reckon the years1 as they pass1 by the quinquennial return of the games at ,st4 ,ives4 ,i ought rather to have begun by stating1 that ,john ,knill1 ,esq4 a gentleman formerly of great eminence in the above mentioned town1 has bequeathed the income of a considerable estate to be distributed by the trustees in a variety of prizes to those who may excel in racing1 in rowing1 and in wrestling4 ,a large sum is to be divided among a band of virgins1 who are to be dressed all in white1 and with four matrons1 and a company of musicians preceding them1 are to walk in pairs to the summit of the hill1 which is near the town of ,st4 ,ives1 where they are to dance and chaunt a hymn round the far famed mausoleum4 ,ten guineas are appointed to be expended in a dinner at the grand hotel in the town1 of which six of the principal inhabitants are to partake2 and this festival is to be repeated every fifth year for ever4 ,from the earliest periods of history1 the ,cornish have been famous for their enthusiastic fondness of the athletic exercises of hurling1 racing1 wrestling1 and rowing1 and for the pious fervour of the hymns which the ,druids instructed them to sing round the ,cromlechs of the departed brave4 ,by establishing rewards for superiority in amusements in which the ,cornish still delight to excel1 ,mr4 ,knill has shewn the patriotic feelings of his local attachments2 while by the appropriate selection of the spot where these pastimes are to take place1 he has given ample proof of the correctness of his taste4 ,the enormous statue of ,jupiter at ,elis pointed out that part of ,peloponnesus to the taste of the ,greeks1 as the most proper place for the celebration of the ,olympic ,games2 and a sympathy of feeling and sentiment induced ,mr4 ,knill to order that the ,mausoleum1 which he erected in the year #aghb should be the centre of the quinquennial festivities4 ,this proud pyramid1 whose base is situated on the summit of a rock1 and whose apex is often concealed among the clouds1 has hitherto formed only an object of ornamental magnificence1 or a guide to the tempest tost mariner2 but henceforth it will be regarded as the monument of fame--the pillar of the west--the ,cornish column6 ,monday last was the day appointed for the first celebration4 ,i was present at the scene1 and am induced to think1 from this first specimen1 that the rites of the hill will be celebrated in succeeding years with increased fervour and renewed admiration4 ,weak as my powers of description are1 your readers may1 perhaps1 from the following account1 conceive some idea of the interesting spectacle4 ,early in the morning the roads from ,helston1 from ,truro1 and from ,penzance1 were lined with horses and vehicles of every description4 ,these were seen amidst clouds of dust1 pouring down the sides of the adjacent mountains2 while thousands of travellers on foot chose the more pleasant route through the winding passages of the vallies4 ,at noon the assembly was formed4 ,the wrestlers entered the ring2--the troop of virgins dressed1 all in white1 advanced with solemn step1 which was regulated by the notes of harmony4 ,the spectators ranged themselves along the sides of the hills which inclose the extensive bay1 while the pyramid on the summit seemed pointing to the sun1 who appeared in all the majesty of light1 rejoicing at the scene4 ,at length the ,mayor of ,saint ,ives appeared in his robes of state4 ,the signal was given4 ,the flags were displayed in waving splendour from the towers of the castle4 ,here the wrestlers exerted their sinewy strength2 there the rowers1 in their various dresses of blue1 white1 and red1 urged the gilded prows of their boats through the sparkling waves of the ocean2 while the hills echoed to the mingled shouts of the victors1 the dashing of the oars1 the songs of the virgins1 and the repeated plaudits of the admiring crowd1 who stood so thick upon the crescent1 which is formed by the surrounding mountains1 as to appear1 if ,i may so express myself1 one living amphitheatre4 ,the ladies and gentlemen of ,penzance returned to an elegant dinner which they had ordered to be prepared at the ,union ,hotel2 and a splendid ball concluded the entertainment of the evening4 ,the jolly god presided1--but a reproving smile from ,venus restrained him1 if he ventured beyond the due bounds of decorum4 ,hilarity and beauty danced to the most delicious notes of harmony2 till the rosy finger of ,aurora pointed to the hour at which the quinquennial festivities should close4 ,perhaps to many the visions of the night brought back the joys of the day1 and the feet danced1 the heart throbbed1 and the cheek glowed1 when the eye-lids were closed in sleep4 ,a ,,song1 ,written by one of the ,head ,poets of ,london for ,mr4 ,,knill',s ,,games at ,saint ,ives4 7,to the tune of ,boys and ,girls come out to play47 ,sung at the ,mausoleum1 by a ,minstrel adorned with ,ribbons4 ,knill commands1 and all obey1 ,lads and ,lasses haste away1 ,aunts and ,uncles1#adb ,maids and ,wives1 ,all are gay1 at gay ,st4 ,ives4 ,no tongue is mute or foot is still1 ,but ,one and ,all#adc are on the hill1 ,in chorus round the tomb of ,knill4 ,this you surely may rely on1 ,paul1 ,penzance1 nor ,marazion1 ,never saw in all their lives ,such sport as now is at ,st4 ,ives4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,some in gigs and coaches flocking1 ,some without or shirt or stocking1 ,all are crowding--not a hack ,but has three upon his back4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,of ,virgins pure--7let envy squint1 ,and malice sneer1 there's nothing in't7 ,of ,virgins pure a throng advance1 ,and round the tomb in circles dance4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,boys on gingerbread are feeding1 ,cudgel-broken pates are bleeding2 ,races running1 ,wrestlers falling1 ,bones are cracking1 women squalling4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,thro' the breaking wave below1 ,rowers urge the bounding prow2 ,while many a ,tub and many a ,ray#add ,sport around in finny play4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,all are running--what's the matter8 ,why1 to see the fine ,regatta4 ,earth and water1 hill and bay1 ,share the frolic of the day4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,oh6 it glads the heart to see e'm ,gamble round the ,mausoleum4 ,all is joy3 and laughter shakes ,all the merry land of ,hakes4#ade ,no tongue1 c4 ,what a pother6 what a deal is ,talk'd about the games at ,elis3 ,such as they--no not a million ,equal what we call the ,knillian4 ,no tongue1 c4 ,knill commands1 and all obey1 ,lads and lasses haste away1 ,all the world and all his wives4 ,what was ,greece to gay ,st4 ,ives66 ,no tongue is mute1 no foot is still1 ,but ,one and ,all are on the hill ,in chorus round the tomb of ,knill4 ,an appropriate ,chorus to be sung round the ,tomb by the ,virgins4 ,quit the bustle of the ,bay1 ,hasten1 ,virgins1 come away2 ,hasten to the mountain's brow1 ,leave1 oh6 leave ,st4 ,ives below6 ,haste to breathe a purer air ,virgins fair1 and pure as fair4 ,quit ,st4 ,ives and all her treasures1 ,fly her soft voluptuous pleasures1 ,fly her sons and all the wiles1 ,lurking in their wanton smiles2 ,fly her splendid midnight halls1 ,fly the revels of her ,balls2 ,fly1 oh6 fly the chosen seat1 ,where vanity and fashion meet4 ,hither hasten2 form the ring1 ,round the tomb in chorus sing1 ,and on the lofty mountain's brow ,aptly dite1 7,just as we should be1 all in white7 ,leave all our ,cowels1#adf and our cares below4 ,,footnotes3 #adb ,aunts and ,uncles4 ,a ,cornish epithet indiscriminately applied to elderly persons4 #adc ,one and ,all is the ,cornish motto4 #add ,common fish at ,st4 ,ives4 #ade ,st4 ,ives abounds with a fish called a ,hake4 #adf ,see the explanation of this term at page #cd4 ,a ,,cornish ,,dialogue ,between ,,grace ,,penvear and ,,mary ,,treviskey4 ,,greacey4 ,fath and ,trath than6 ,i bleeve in ten ,parishes round ,sichey ,roag1 sichey ,vellan es nat to ba found4 ,,mally4 ,whoats' tha' fussing1 ,un ,greacey6 long wetha ,cheel ,vean8 ,,greacey4 ,a fussing a ketha6 oads splet 'es ould breane6 ,our ,martn's cum'd hum cheeld so drunk as a beast1 ,and so cross as the ,gallish from ,perran-zan feaast3 ,a cum'd in a tottering1 cussing1 and sweering ,so hard as a ,stompses1 and tarving and teering6 ,,mally4 ,naver meynd et un ,greacey1 goa1 poat en to bed ,al sleep ale tha lecker aweay froam es head4 ,,greacey4 ,i'd nat goa a neest en to fang tha ,kings ,crown1 ,for a sweers ef ,i speek to'an al cleev ma skuel down3 ,tha navar en ale tha boarn daeys1 fath and shoar1 ,dedst behould sichey ,maze-gerry ,pattick a foar4 ,why1 a scat ale to ,midjans and ,jowds for the noans1 ,a clom ,buzza of scale melk about on tha scoans4 ,and a raak'd up a showl for to steeve ma' outright1 ,but ,i'm run'd awaey1 readdy to feyntey for freyt6 ,loard6 tell ma un ,mally6 whaat shall ,ey do by 'an8 ,for ,zoundtikins ,deth6 ,ey'm a fear'd to cum ny'an4 ,,mally4 ,i know whoat ,ey'd gee'an ef so bee 'twor my case1 ,ey'd scat tha ould ,chacks aa'n2 ,ey'd trem 'an un ,greace4 ,,greacey4 ,ey'm afeard o'my leyf to coam ny tha ould ,vellan1 ,else pleas faather6 ,ey bleeve ,ey shu'd murely kill 'an4 ,wor ever poor creychar so baal'd and aboos'd1 ,ma heep here leyke bazzom1 tha ,roag have a bruis'd4 ,ey mad for 'es sopar a ,muggety ,pye1 ,but a shaan't clunk a croom a'te ,ey wish ,ey meay die6 ,,mally4 ,aye6 ,ey tould tha afore that tha jobb wor a done1 ,that tha'd'st find out tha odds 'ate1 so shoor as a gun2 ,but tha' wouds'nt hark to ma for doubting1 for why ,that beshoor1 that tha knowd'st 'en mooch better than ,ey2 ,but ,ey knaw'd tha good trem 'ane befour tha's't a got 'en2 ,ey cou'd tell tha a mashes of stoareys about en2 ,but tha' aanserds't soa heytish and shrinkt up tha noaz3 ',a gissing 'twor greeat stromming leys ,ey sopoaz6 ,but there's one of es praenks ,ey shall aleweays remembar ',twill be three years agone coam tha eighth of ,novembar1 ,ey'd two pretty young ,mabjers as eyes cu'd behould1 ,so fat as tha ,botar2 jest iteen wiks ould1 ,tha wor picking about in tha ,tewn plaace for meat1 ,soa ,ey hov downe sum ,pillas amongst mun to eat3 ,when who but your man comd a tott'ring along ,soa drunk1 that ,ey thoft fath1 ad fale in tha dung6 ',a left tomble 'es ,hoggan-bag jest by tha doar1 ,soa ,i caled to tha man as one wud to be shoor1 ,sez ,ey1 ,martyn6 dust hire ,cheeld6 teak up tha bag1 ,arrea sez a1 for whoat beest a caleing me ,dog8 ,and dreev'd forth toweards ma1 nar bettar nar wuss ,nack'd the ,mabjers boath steff1 we a gaert mawr o' fuss2 ,ley'k enow ef ,ey hadnt shov'd haastis awaey ,a'd a done as a ded to ,jan ,rous t'oather daey1 ,when a gote en eis tantrums1 a wilfull ould ,devel1 ,a slam'd tha poor ,soal on tha head we a ,yevel2 ,fath and ,soal than un ,gracey ef so bee a doent aelter ,ey bleev e ma conshance el swing en a haelter4 ,,greacey4 ,when tha ,leker es runn'd awaey every drap ',tis too late to ba thenking of plugging the ,tap1 ,and marridge must goa as the ,loard do ordean1 ,but a ,passon wud swear to ba used so ,cheeld ,vean4 ,had ,ey smilt out tha coose 'ane but neyne weeks ago ,ey'd never a had tha ould ,vellan ,ey know1 ,but a vowd and a swear'd that if ,ey'd by hes weyf ,that ,ey naver shud lack ale tha daeys o' ma leyf2 ,and a broft me a ,nakin and ,corn saave from ,preen2 ,en ma conshance thoft ,ey1 ,ey shall leve leyk a ,queen4 ,but 'tes plaguey provoking1 od rat es ould head6 ,to be pooted and flopt soa6 ,ey wish a war dead4 ,why a spent haafe es fangings laast ,saterday neyt1 ,leyk enow by this teym 'tes gone every dyte4 ,but ,ey'll tame tha ould ,devel1 afor et es long1 ,ef ,ey caant we ma ,viestes--,ey will we ma ,tongue4 7,fuss7 a low cant word a tumult1 a bustle4 ,swift4 7,un7 ,aunt--a title usually given to an elderly woman4 7,vean7 ,cornish for little ,cheel ,vean--little ,child4 7,tarving7 a cant word struggling1 convulsions1 ,tarvings4 7,fang7 ,saxon to gripe1 receive1 c4 ,shakespear4 7,maze-gerry ,pattick7 a mad brutish or frolicsome fool4 7,midjans and ,jouds7 shreds and tatters4 7,noans7 ,nonce on purpose4 7,clom ,buzza7 a coarse earthen pot4 7,scoans7 the pavement4 7,showl7 a shovel4 7,steeve7 stave4 7,scat7 to give a blow1 to break4 7,chacks7 cheeks4 7,murely7 almost4 7,baal'd7 mischievously beaten4 7,bazzom7 of a blue or purple colour4 7,muggety ,pye7 a pye made of sheeps guts1 parsley and cream1 pepper and salt4 7,clunk7 swallow4 7,croom7 crumb4 7,mashes7 a great many1 number1 c4 7,mabjers7 ,mab ,hens--young fowls two-thirds grown4 7,pillas7 ,pilez--,cornish the avena nuda or naked oats of ,ray2 bald1 bare or naked oats without husks4 7,hoggan7 ,hogan in ,cornish ,british signifies a ,hawthorn berry2 also any thing mean or vile2 but here it means a ,pork pasty2 and now indeed a ,tinner's ,pasty is called a ,hoggan4 7,arrea7 ,arria vulg4 for ,ria ,o strange4 7,gaert7 great1 gaert mawr o ,fuss1 great root of ,furze4 7,haestis7 hastily4 7,yevil7 a ,dung fork with three prongs4 7,passon7 ,parson4 7,coose7 course or way of him4 7,neyne weeks7--as though they had been married but nine weeks1 whereas in the third line1 she is addressed by ,un ,mally as 'long wetha ,cheeld vean4' ,this will be readily explained by noticing a custom very prevalent among the lower ranks of the county1 as will appear by the following anecdote4 ,a friend of mine who was one year an officer in one of the mining parishes1 told me that of fifty-five couples married during that year1 it was manifest by the appearance of fifty of the ladies1 that they ought to have been married several moons before4 ,a young man1 to the honor of the county be it said1 7even if the practice be to its disparagement7 needs no compulsion to marry his lass when in this condition4 7,nackin7 ,handkerchief4 7,preen7 ,penryn4 7,pooted7 kicked4 7,fangings7 gettings or wages4 7,viestes7 ,fists4 ,,carn ,,breh1#adg ,,an ,,ode ,,hitherto ,,unpublished1 ,by ,dr4 ,,walcot1 ,,better ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,poetical ,,appellation ,,of ,,peter ,,pindar4#adh ,while nature slumbers in the shade1 ,and ,cynthia1 cloth'd in paly light1 ,walks her lone way1 the mount ,i tread1 ,majestic mid the gloom of night4 ,with reverence to the lofty hill ,i bow1 ,where ,wisdom1 ,virtue1 taught their founts to flow4 ,wan1 on yon rocks' aspiring steep ,behold a ,druid form1 forlorn6 ,i see the white rob'd phantom weep-- ,i hear to heaven his wild harp mourn4 ,the temples open'd to the vulgar eye2 ,and ,oaks departed1 wake his inmost sigh4 ,o6 lover of the twilight hour1 ,that calls thee from the tombs of death1 ,to haunt the cave1 the time-struck tower1 ,the sea-girt cliff1 the stormy heath2 ,sweet is thy minstrelsy to him whose lays ,first sung this hallow'd hill of ancient days4 ,yet not this ,druid-scene alone ,inspires the gloom-delighted muse2 ,ah6 many a hill to fame unknown1 ,with awe the tuneful wanderer views2 ,and oft while midnight lends her list'ning ear1 ,sings darkling1 to the solitary sphere4 ,poor ,ghost6 no more the ,druid band ,shall watch1 ,devotion-wrapt1 their fire1 ,no more1 high sounding thro' the land1 ,to ,virtue strike the plauding lyre4 ,the snake along the frowning fragment creeps1 ,and fox obscene beneath the shadow sleeps4 ,no more beneath the golden hook ,the treasures of the grove shall fall2 ,time triumphs o'er each vanish'd oak-- ,the power whose might shall crush this ball-- ,yet1 yet1 till ,nature droops the head to die ,compassion grant each monument a sigh4 ,the bards1 in lays sublime1 no more ,the warrior's glorious deeds relate2 ,whose patriot arm a thunder bore1 ,that hurl'd his country's foe to fate3 ,lo6 mute the harp near each pale ,druid hung1 ,mute1 like the voice that once accordant sung4 ,save when the wandering breeze of morn1 ,or eve's wild gale with wanton wing1 ,to hear the note of sorrow mourn1 ,steals to the silent sleeping string1 ,and wildly brushing1 wakes with sweetest swell1 ,the plaintive trembling spirit of the shell4 ,here ,virtue's awful voice was heard1 ,that pour'd the instructive truth profound1 ,here ,cornwall's sons that voice rever'd1 ,where sullen silence sleeps around4 ,see where she sung1 sad1 melancholy1 tread1 ,a pensive pilgrim o'er th' unconscious dead4 ,she calls on ,alda's1 ,odred's name1 ,sons to the darken'd world of yore6 ,lur'd by whose eagle-pinion'd fame1 ,the stranger left his native shore1 ,daring1 his white sail to the winds he gave1 ,and sought fair knowledge o'er the distant wave4 ,tho' few these awful rocks revere1 ,and temples that deserted lie1 ,the muse shall ask the tenderest tear ,that ever dropt from ,pity's eye1 ,t' embalm the ruins that her sighs deplore1 ,where ,wisdom1 ,virtue dwelt1 but dwell no more4 ,,footnotes3 #adg ,for a description of this hill see page #bjh4 #adh ,dr4 ,walcot was apprenticed to his uncle1 who was an apothecary at ,fowey in ,cornwall1 and after having practised for some years in the ,west ,indies1 he settled as a ,physician at ,truro3 after residing there for some time1 he suddenly quitted the county1 in consequence of a law suit in which he was engaged against the ,corporation of ,truro2 the dispute related to the right of their putting upon him a parish apprentice2 when he sold his effects1 shut up his house1 and informed the officers that if they were determined to carry their point1 they might put the apprentice into the empty building1 as he should never enter it again4 ,london3 printed by ,william ,phillips1 ,george ,yard1 ,lombard ,street4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious errors of punctuation and diacritics repaired4 ,hyphen added3 ,carn-breh 7p4 xvii71 clay-slate 7pp4 #di1 #aha;fn1 #bcf71 light-house 7pp4 #ij;fn1 #ic1 #ii71 sub-marine 7p4 #bcj74 ,hyphen removed3 ,corn-fields 7p4 #db71 head-land 7p4 #a74 ,both octahedron _/ octahedral and octohedron _/ octohedral appear and have not been changed4 ,both contemporaneous and cotemporaneous occur and have not been changed4 ,p4 x3 #eb4--,westorn - #eb4--,western4 ,p4 xviii3 exsensive fresh-water lake - extensive fresh-water lake4 ,p4 #ai3 ,land'e ,end ,district - ,land's ,end ,district4 ,p4 #cc3 pasturage of the neigbourhood - pasturage of the neighbourhood4 ,p4 #cd fn3 differ much in flavor - differ much in flavour4 ,p4 #ch fn3 posseseed by many of the ,fish-women - possessed by many of the ,fish-women4 ,p4 #db3 ,gear ,slamps - ,gear ,stamps4 ,p4 #dc3 ,bogs in the neighourhood - ,bogs in the neighbourhood4 ,p4 #fh3 #bith years - #bith year4 ,p4 #gj3 cells1 revenues1 snd chapel - cells1 revenues1 and chapel4 ,p4 #gf3 their remoal amounted to - their removal amounted to4 ,p4 #aje3 maay zealous antiquaries - many zealous antiquaries4 ,p4 #aae3 sevesal ,tin streams - several ,tin streams4 ,p4 #abg3 mistaken and disppointed - mistaken and disappointed4 ,p4 #ach3 ,stalacites - ,stalactites4 ,p4 #add3 hugh blocks of this stone - huge blocks of this stone4 ,p4 #aia3 ,sate ,lottery - ,state ,lottery44 ,p4 #aih3 quite impossibe to convey - quite impossible to convey4 ,p4 #baf3 ,on one of these pannels - ,on one of these panels4 ,p4 #bdj3 pulmonary suffererers - pulmonary sufferers4