,illu/ration3 ,front du/ jacket cov] ,! ,haci5das ( ,mexico ,frontispiece3 ,haci5da de ,m$iero4 ,jalisco3 resid5ce4 ,"o-room s*ool 0 locat$ 9 "r w+ ( resid5ce4 ,! ,haci5das ( ,mexico ,an ,arti/'s ,record ,,paul ,,alex&] ,,b>tlett ,=eword by ,james ,a4 ,mi*5] ,introduction by ,gisela von ,wobes] ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,( ,,colorado ,copyright #aiij by ! ,univ]sity ,press ( ,colorado1 ,niwot1 ,,co #hjedd ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,fir/ ,edition ,! ,univ]sity ,press ( ,colorado is a coop]ative publi%+ ent]prise support$1 9 "p1 by ,adams ,/ate ,college1 ,colorado ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,=t ,lewis ,college1 ,mesa ,/ate ,college1 ,metropolitan ,/ate ,college1 ,univ]sity ( ,colorado1 ,univ]sity ( ,nor!rn ,colorado1 ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,colorado1 & ,we/]n ,/ate ,college4 ,! pap] us$ 9 ?is publication meets ! m9imum requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,national ,/&>d = ,in=mation ,sci5ces--,p]man5ce ( ,pap] = ,pr9t$ ,libr>y ,mat]ials4 ,,ansi ,z#ci4dh-aihd ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog+-9-,publication ,data ,b>tlett1 ,paul ,alex&]4 ,! haci5das ( ,mexico3 an arti/'s record_/,paul ,alex&] ,b>tlett2 =eword by ,james ,a4 ,mi*5]1 ,introduction by ,gisela von ,wobes]4--#a/ ed4 p4 cm4 ,includes bibliographical ref]5ces4 ,,isbn #j-hjghja-bje-x 7alk4 pap]7 #a4 ,b>tlett1 ,paul ,alex&]4 #b4 ,haci5das 9 art4 #c4 ,haci5das--,mexico--,pictorial works4 ,i4 ,title4 ,n#fecg4;,b#bbfd;,a#d #aihi #gbh4h'jigb--;dc#bj #hi-bdibb ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 999999999999999999999999999999 #bjae ,,project ,,gut5b]g ,,edition ,! ,haci5das ( ,mexico3 ,an ,arti/'s ,record1 a copyright$ "w1 orig9ally publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ,press ( ,colorado1 is n[ out-(-pr9t4 ,! ,univ]sity ,press ( ,colorado has releas$ all rights to ! book to ! au?or's lit]>y executor1 ,/ev5 ,james ,b>tlett1 :o has decid$ to make ! book available z an op5 access publication1 freely available to read]s ?r\gh ,project ,gut5b]g "u ! t]ms ( ! ,creative ,commons ,attribution-,noncomm]cial-,no,derivs lic5se1 :i* all[s anyone to di/ribute ?is "w )\t *anges to its cont5t1 provid$ t bo? ! au?or & ! orig9al ,,url f :i* ?is "w 0 obta9$ are m5tion$1 t ! cont5ts ( ?is "w are n us$ = comm]cial purposes or pr(it1 & t ?is "w w n be us$ )\t ! copyright hold]'s writt5 p]mission 9 d]ivative works 7i4e41 y may n alt]1 trans=m1 or build ^u ?is "w )\t su* p]mission74 ,! full legal /atem5t ( ?is lic5se may be f\nd at3 http3_/_/creativecommons4org_/lic5ses_/b y-nc-nd_/#d4j_/legalcode ,illu/ration3 ,creative ,commons logo ,d$icat$ to my son1 ,/ev51 :o 0 my compaero on _m haci5da trips4 ,?is book w\ld n exi/ )\t 8 help4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,colonia ,campo4 ,*ihuahua3 resid5ce4 ,cont5ts ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,li/ ( ,photographs ,=eword by ,james ,a4 ,mi*5] ,preface ,introduction by ,gisela von ,wobes] ,map ,i4 ,! ,haci5da ,sy/em ,,ii4 ,?r\gh ! ,eyes ( ,haci5da ,visitors ,,iii4 ,haci5da ,life ,,iv4 ,fie/as ,v4 ,education ,,vi4 ,! ,revolution ,,vii4 ,mexico ,s9ce ! ,revolution ,bibliography ,illu/rations ,haci5da de ,m$iero1 ,jalisco3 resid5ce4 ,"o-room s*ool 0 locat$ 9 "r w+ ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,colonia ,campo1 ,*ihuahua3 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,bu5a ,vi/a1 ,jalisco3 well-pres]v$ resid5ce & patio4 ,haci5da de ,san ,felipe1 ,oaxaca3 #ai?-c5tury resid5ce1 patio f\nta94 ,haci5da de ,enc]o1 ,v]acruz3 *ur*1 #agii4 ,haci5da de ,bl$os1 ,san ,luis ,potos3 map ( ! haci5da4 ,haci5da de ,c$ra1 ,jalisco3 ornam5tal entry to #ah?-c5tury *apel2 door & gate ( mesquite4 ,orange trees %ade patio4 ,haci5da de ,endo1 ,sonora3 resid5ce1 /able bel[4 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato3 patio f\nta94 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato3 figure on #aghh *ur* wall4 ,haci5da de ,holactn1 ,yucatn3 *apel & resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos1 ,d4,f43 *urrigu]esque-/yle resid5ce & *apel ) blue & :ite til$ dome4 ,haci5da ,el ,ppulo1 ,puebla3 resid5ce ) til$ faade4 ,haci5da de ,santana1 ,hildago3 resid5ce & *apel4 ,haci5da de ,teya1 ,yucatn3 resid5ce1 #agjj4 ,haci5da de ,leoncito1 ,guanajuato3 #af?-c5tury *apel4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos1 ,d4,f43 rococo faade ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,bl$os1 ,san ,luis ,potos3 coat-(-arms4 ,haci5da de ,cald]n1 ,guanajuato3 bronze bell on resid5ce1 #ahch4 ,haci5da de ,cinega de ,mata1 ,jalisco3 #af?-c5tury *ur* ,haci5da de ,cabezn1 ,jalisco3 *apel ,virg92 h] elaborate w>drobe valu$ at #ej1jjj4 ,haci5da de ,cabezn1 ,jalisco3 capital1 front ( resid5ce1 #ahjj2 build+ design$ by ar*itect ,edu>do ,tresgu]ras4 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 late #ag?-c5tury *ur* 9 rose /ucco4 ,a fam\s ,jesuit haci5da4 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 floor plan ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 h&pa9t$ wall fresco 9 b$room ( ru9$ resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 mural1 "o ( f\rte5 panels on v]&a wall ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,xcanatn1 ,yucatn3 "o ( a s]ies ( gold wall motifs ar\nd *apel walls4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o1 ,puebla3 flor5t9e armor 9 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o1 ,puebla3 pi/ol & br& ( haci5da4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o1 ,puebla3 #af?-c5tury /one bas relief1 #c feet x #e feet1 une>!d 9 g>d54 ,haci5da de ,san ,francisco1 ,jalisco3 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,sodzil1 ,yucatn3 n>r[-gauge railway pass5g] c> drawn by mule or horse4 ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co1 ,puebla3 c5tury-old c>riage4 ,haci5da cattle br&s1 /ate ( ,jalisco4 ,haci5da de ,c$ra1 ,jalisco3 /one cross to "o side ( haci5da *apel1 #h feet tall4 ,haci5da de ,tabi1 ,yucatn3 e>ly #ah?-c5tury *ur*4 ,haci5da de ,altillo1 ,coyoacn1 ,d4,f43 pa/el ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,haci5da de ,zapotitn1 ,jalisco3 rema9s ( #agej resid5ce & mirador1 :ite /ucco$ masonry4 ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co1 ,puebla3 poly*rome wood /atue1 #af? c5tury1 #e feet tall4 ,haci5da ,san ,ignacio1 ,yucatn3 #ah? c5tury brass sacri/y implem5ts--h&bell & ,bible hold]4 ,haci5da ,san ,ignacio1 ,yucatn3 brass ecclesia/ical c&le hold]4 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay1 ,campe*e3 cepo 7/ocks71 made ( mahogany4 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay1 ,campe*e3 *apel /airway4 ,haci5da ,corralitos1 ,corralitos1 ,*ihuahua3 "o-million-acre cattle & m9+ haci5da1 #agej4 ,adobe resid5ce1 #ahhf1 surr\nd$ by cottonwoods4 ,haci5da de ,bellavi/a1 ,jalisco3 sug> ref9]y silo4 ,haci5da de ,sodzil1 ,yucatn3 bronze wea!rvane on resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 /one resid5ce & *apel4 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 gate4 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 *ur*4 ,haci5da de ,aurora1 ,jalisco3 commemorative bridge column dat$ #agej4 ,haci5da de los ,morales1 ,d4,f43 patio f\nta91 #afdc4 ,haci5da de ,xala1 ,hidalgo3 resid5ce & *apel1 #aghe4 ,haci5da ,pixoy1 ,yucatn3 brick-adobe resid5ce & /orage rooms4 #ah? c5tury1 elev5 rooms4 ,haci5da de los ,ricos1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de los ,ricos1 ,guanajuato3 bullr+ entry door4 ,haci5da de ,yax*e1 ,yucatn3 ,virg91 #ad in*es high1 #ag? c5tury4 ,haci5da de ,san ,antonio1 ,colima3 #ag?-c5tury *apel & t]m9us ( aqu$uct4 ,haci5da de ,jajalpa1 ,d4,f43 p9k /ucco sixte5-room1 r$-til$ #ai?-c5tury resid5ce & *apel4 ,haci5da ,san ,cayetano1 ,nay>it3 "o ( a pair ( p9k c]amic lions at entry to resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,gu>a*e1 ,mi*oacn3 resid5ce & *apel4 ,n[ a gov]nm5t s*ool4 ,haci5da de ,petaca1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,juana ,gu]ra1 ,amado ,n]vo1 ,durango3 mill/one4 ,haci5da ,san ,cayetano de ,val5cia1 ,guanajuato3 *ur*1 #aghh4 ,haci5da de ,juana ,gu]ra1 ,amado ,n]vo1 ,durango3 b>oque *ur*4 ,haci5da de la ,v5ta del ,a/ill]o1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury /one & brick resid5ce & *apel1 #bbj feet long4 ,haci5da la ,gavia1 ,e/ado de ,mxico3 wood figure1 #e feet tall4 ,haci5da de ,cocoyoc1 ,morelos3 #af?-c5tury *apel4 ,haci5da de ,tiku*1 ,yucatn3 re> view1 /airway to second floor resid5tial area ,haci5da de ,*9ameca1 ,morelos3 resid5ce & *apel4 ,emiliano ,zapata assass9at$ "h1 #aiai4 ,haci5da de ,canutillo1 ,durango3 ,pan*o ,villa buri$ "h ,july #bc1 #aibc4 ,haci5da de la ,erre1 ,guanajuato3 #afgc4 ,fa!r ,miguel ,hidalgo began 8 m>* f ?is *ur*4 ,haci5da de ,pueblilla1 ,zempoala1 ,hidalgo3 *apel t[]1 #ahfj4 ,haci5da de ,tepa-,*ica1 ,hidalgo3 *apel1 #ahfd4 ,haci5da la ,gavia1 ,e/ado de ,mxico3 c>v$ figure on libr>y door4 ,haci5da de ,ar5illas1 ,puebla3 *apel gateway4 ,haci5da ,manga de ,clavo1 ,v]acruz3 own$ by ,santa ,anna4 ,r5d]+ f an #ahfh bank bond2 haci5da de/roy$4 ,haci5da de ,esp]anza1 ,d4,f43 resid5ce4 ,cattle /alls on gr\nd floor4 ,haci5da de guil>1 ,oaxaca3 bas relief1 #c feet x #e feet1 front wall ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,sodzil1 ,yucatn3 #ai?-c5tury resid5ce4 ,haci5da de los ,mol9os1 ,tlaxcala3 #af?-c5tury *apel4 ,*olula pyramid 9 ! di/ance4 ,haci5da ,qu9ta ,c>ol9a1 ,*ihuahua3 resid5ce ( m ?an fifty rooms1 #ahib4 ,ab&on$ z ( #aiha4 ,haci5da de ,caleturia1 ,puebla3 silv] door knock]4 ,haci5da de ,*i*n ,itza1 ,yucatn3 *ur*4 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,haci5da cattle br&s f v>i\s /ates 9 ,mexico appe> at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt]4 ,photographs ,haci5da ,ca/illo1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury l&scape view typical ( _m haci5das4 ,haci5da de ,bu5a ,vi/a1 ,jalisco3 well-pres]v$ resid5ce & patio4 ,haci5da de ,san ,felipe1 ,oaxaca3 #ai?-c5tury resid5ce1 patio f\nta94 ,haci5da ,uxmal1 ,yucatn3 ma9 gate4 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato4 ,haci5da ,petaca1 ,guanajuato3 patio side ( ma9 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 #ag?-c5tury def5se t[]4 ,note bullet holes4 ,haci5da de ,b>r]a1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,caedo1 ,jalisco3 #ai?-c5tury *ur*4 ,haci5da ,yaxcopol1 ,yucatn3 resid5ce4 ,note n>r[-gauge rail-road c>4 ,haci5da de los ,morales1 ,d4,f43 sp9n+ :eel 9 resid5ce patio4 ,haci5da de ,blanca1 ,oaxaca3 patio4 ,haci5da de ,xotla1 ,puebla3 resid5ce patio & ov54 ,haci5da ,zapotitn1 ,jalisco3 map on v]&a ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,bu5a ,vi/a1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury aqu$uct4 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay1 ,campe*e3 #ah?-c5tury *ur* ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co1 ,puebla3 saddle belong+ to =m] ,presid5t vila ,cama*o decorat$ ) silv]4 ,haci5da de ,yocotepec1 ,hidalgo3 *ur* & /one cross4 ,haci5da de ,t5a*e1 ,oaxaca3 tw9 bells on ro( ( resid5ce4 ,haci5da la ,cal]a1 ,jalisco3 second resid5ce on ! prop]ty1 #ahij4 ,haci5da de ,taman*e1 ,yucatn3 #ag?-c5tury colonial resid5ce & rema9s ( sug> ref9]y *imney4 ,haci5da de ,san ,antonio1 ,guanajuato3 #ah?-c5tury *apel ru94 ,haci5da ,aguil]a1 ,oaxaca3 =m] #ai?-c5tury haci5da resid5ce1 n[ univ]sity build+4 ,haci5da de ,matanzas1 ,jalisco3 *apel & resid5ce1 *apel date #agej4 ,haci5da los ,mol9os1 ,puebla3 =tifi$ wall & /airway to t[] ( #af?-c5tury resid5ce4 ,haci5da de ,matanzas1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury *apel1 resid5ce1 ,haci5da ,qu9ta ,c>ol9a1 ,*ihuahua3 ma9 resid5ce4 ,haci5da ,m5doc9a1 ,puebla3 #ah?-c5tury gue/ home on isl& 9 small man-made lake4 ,=eword ,james ,a4 ,mi*5] ,di/+ui%$ ,visit+ ,pr(essor1 ,univ]sity ( ,miami ,i fir/ became aw>e ( ! high arti/ic m]it ( ,paul ,b>tlett's "w on ! classic haci5das ( ,old ,mexico :5 ,i came ^u an exhibition 9 ,texas 9 #aifh4 ,8 draw+s1 sket*es1 & photographs evok$ s effectively ! hi/oric build+s ,i _h kn[n :5 work+ 9 ,mexico t ,i wrote to ! ar*itect-arti/ to in=m him ( my pleasure4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,i saw examples ( 8 devotion to ! great haci5das ) _! /rong ,mexican-,spani% coloration1 & always ,i enjoy$ 8 rem9d]s ( :at life 9 colonial ,mexico mu/ h be5 l = ! favor$ classes4 ,x is rew>d+ to r5ew my acqua9tance ) ?is rem>kable body ( "w1 = x is a reassur+ example ( :at a lifetime ( s*ol>%ip c accompli%4 ,preface ,! haci5das ( ,mexico h a special appeal = me4 ,!y repres5t a way ( life t is n[ gone--"s w\ld say =tunately1 s9ce x 0 (t5 a burd5some & cruel way ( life = ! peasant work]s1 a way ( life t ev5tually motivat$ a revolution & ! dissolution ( ! majority ( haci5da l&hold+s4 ,_m haci5das c be rea*$ only ) difficulty by horse or by foot1 by boat or motorcycle or jeep4 ,_! isolation f ! culture ( ,europe1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 impresses ! m9d ) its sev]ity4 ,9 _! isolation1 ^! e/ates recall ! brave attempts ( haci5da families to re-e/abli% cultivat$ patt]ns ( liv+ 9 ! ,new ,_w1 ) f9e *9a & cry/al1 gr& pianos & *apel organs1 ornate furni%+s1 pa9t+s1 & tape/ries4 ,= my project1 ,i receiv$ no f9ancial rew>ds4 ,h5ce1 ,i made repeat$ trips to ,mexico1 ea* fund$ by ! mode/ sav+s accumulat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 visits1 ) ! haci5da project ev] 9 m9d4 ,my wife1 ,elizabe? enc\rag$ my ef=ts4 ,%e 0 my ma9/ay1 my con/ant fri5d & fai?ful companion4 ,our son1 ,/ev51 0 born 9 ,mexico & 0 rais$ 9 a _w punctuat$ by haci5da visits2 he 0 my compaero on _m haci5da trips4 ,! ?ree ( u usually return$ to ,mexico to /ay = a ye> or two at a "t4 ,to f9d out :]e haci5das 7 locat$ 9 a p>ticul> area1 ,i turn$ to local gov]nm5t (ficials1 own]s ( village /ores1 ! po/man1 or ! peasant :o deliv]$ *>coal on 8 burro4 ,mo/ly1 ,i f\nd ! haci5das on r&om trips1 :5 _! ar*ways & ro(tops appe>$ 9 ! di/ance4 ,9 #aida1 :5 ,i began ?is project1 few /udies ( ! ,mexican haci5da _h be5 made4 ,only a h&ful ( s*ol>s _h visit$ individual haci5das1 & _h ga9$ fir/-h& famili>ity ) a limit$ numb] ( !m4 ,to ?is day1 ) ! possible exception ( my own "w1 ?is is /ill true4 ,& x is c]ta9 to rema9 true1 s9ce _m ( ! haci5das ,i visit$ no long] exi/4 ,my own int]e/ 9 t h]itage 0 to re-create ! special aura t my visits to m ?an ?ree hundr$ haci5das _h creat$4 ,z an arti/ ,i felt an endur+ aff9ity ) a "t t is no m1 a h]itage & tradition t may be recaptur$ only1 ,i ?9k1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art4 ,?is1 !n1 is an attempt to survey ! /ory ( ! haci5das4 ,x is n a treatise ab\t _! economic /ructure1 _! political influ5ce1 or _! hi/orical importance 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,new ,spa94 ,despite ! meag] records relat+ to ! _m individual haci5das1 !re are excell5t /udies ( regional haci5das 9 ,mexico4 ,! read] w f9d ref]5ces to !m 9 ! ,bibliography4 ,! text 0 writt5 to accompany a selection ( my haci5da illu/rations1 includ+ descriptions ( haci5da life bas$ on in=mation receiv$ f p]sonal contacts ) haci5da families & c>etak]s :o c\ld /ill recall ! old days4 ,my impressions & comm5t>y are (f]$ to enable ! read] to leave ! tw5tie? c5tury = a :ile & return to a p]iod :5 ! fre%ly coloniz$ ,am]ican cont95t witness$ ! bir?1 ! spread1 & ev5tually ! dea? ( a unique way ( life4 ,f9ally1 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my ?anks to ! _m :o help$ my haci5da project to develop & gr[ ?r\gh its _m /ages2 among !m3 hi/orians ,frank ,tann5baum ( ,columbia ,univ]sity & ,silvio ,zavala ( ,mexico ,city2 au?ors ,ralph ,ro$]1 ,/u>t ,*ase1 & ,russell ,kirk2 arti/ ,rob]to ,mont5egro2 art directors ,reg9ald ,pol& ( ! ,atlanta ,art ,association1 ,h]b]t ,fri$mann ( ! ,los ,angeles ,c\nty ,museum1 ,donald ,goodall ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas ,art ,gall]y 9 ,au/91 ! ,rev]5d ,j4 ,pociask1 ,s4,j4 ( ! ,de,saisset ,gall]y at ! ,univ]sity ( ,santa ,cl>a1 & ,/ella ,b5son ( ! ,lat9 ,am]ican libr>y collections at ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas 9 ,au/92 & art patron ,hunt+ton ,h>t=d4 ,i am especially grateful to my son1 ,/ev51 )\t ^: help ?is book w\ld h rema9$ an unf9i%$ project4 ,i am also indebt$ to ,dr4 ,fae ,batt5 = h] magnanim\s ef=t1 pati5ce1 & skill 9 prep>+ my photos = ?is book1 & to ,l[ell ,waxman1 head libr>ian ( ! ,cl>emont ,bran* ( ! ,san ,diego ,libr>ies = 8 tireless assi/ance 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ref]5ces4 ,9 addition1 ,i am ?ankful = ! good fri5ds & associates x has be5 my =tune to come across on ! long j\rney ov] ! ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,ca/illo1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury l&scape view typical ( _m haci5das4 ,?is book conta9s reproductions ( a select$ numb] ( illu/rations & photographs1 drawn f a collection ( m ?an #cjj orig9al p5-&-ink illu/rations & sev]al hundr$ photographs1 :i* n[ =m "p ( ! ,b5son ,lat9 ,am]ican ,collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas 9 ,au/94 ,a collection ( haci5da photographs1 illu/rations1 & o!r mat]ials is also ma9ta9$ by ! ,we/]n ,hi/ory ,rese>* ,c5t] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+ 9 ,l>amie4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,bu5a ,vi/a1 ,jalisco3 well-pres]v$ resid5ce & patio4 ,introduction ,gisela von ,wobes] ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,in/ituto de ,inve/igaciones ,hi/ricas ,univ]sidad ,nacional ,autnoma de ,mxico1 ,mxico1 ,d4,f4 ,translat$ f ! ,spani% by ,/ev5 ,j4 ,b>tlett ,s5ior ,rese>* ,pr(essor1 ,oregon ,/ate ,univ]sity ,! lifework ( arti/ ,paul ,alex&] ,b>tlett to retrieve ! pa/ ( ! ,mexican haci5da has made ?is book possible4 ,?is volume conta9s a selection ( 8 orig9al p5-&-ink illu/rations & photographs1 realiz$ ov] a p]iod ( "s =ty ye>s1 ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ haci5das4 ,b>tlett began 8 record dur+ ! #aidjs4 ,he made a s]ies ( visits to ,mexico to sket* & photograph ! haci5da build+s t _h surviv$ ! ,agr>ian ,re=m4 ,_m haci5das 7 inaccessibly locat$1 at consid]able di/ances f population c5t]s4 ,he travel$ hundr$s ( miles on foot1 on muleback1 by tra9 & by boat1 climb$ hills1 & desc5d$ into canyons to f9d !m4 ,! record t ,b>tlett has made repres5ts an important *apt] 9 ,mexican hi/ory4 ,because ! majority ( haci5da /ructures h be5 subject$ to sev]e & progressive det]ioration1 8 /udy1 9 _m cases1 is ! only trace t rema9s ( ! physical appe>ance ( individual haci5das4 ,8 collection ( illu/rations & photographs is n[ 9 ! cu/ody ( two in/itutions1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas at ,au/91 9 ! ,b5son ,lat9 ,am]ican ,collection1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+ 9 ,l>amie1 9 ! ,we/]n ,hi/ory ,rese>* ,c5t] ,n[ ! ,am]ican ,h]itage ,c5t]4 ,^! two ar*ives w be useful to s*ol>s int]e/$ 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! haci5das1 _! evolution & hi/ory1 _! economy1 z well z 9 comp>ative /udies4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is collection ( mat]ials makes x possible to /udy ! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t types ( haci5das4 ,above all1 ! cont5ts ( ! two ar*ives =m an extremely valuable res\rce = ! hi/ory ( art & ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,felipe1 ,oaxaca3 #ai?-c5tury resid5ce1 patio f\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,enc]o1 ,v]acruz3 *ur*1 #agii4 ,:5 ,b>tlett began 8 travels ?r\gh ! ,mexican backc\ntry1 ! produc+ haci5das _h l>gely disappe>$4 ,:at he f\nd 7 (t5 remnants ( an e>li] exi/5ce dur+ ! ,porfiriato1 ! p]iod betwe5 #ahgg & #aiaa4 ,_m ( ! build+s he saw dat$ f ?is epo*1 along ) _! int]ior decorations1 wat] & irrigation sy/ems1 ma*9]y1 & f>m+ tools4 ,9 addition to ^! haci5das1 he also f\nd ve/iges ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ( ! colonial era4 ,^! 7 ma9ly haci5da build+s1 "s ( :i* _h be5 rebuilt dur+ ! ,porfiriato4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! haci5das began z a result ( ! ,mexican ,revolution1 & x end$ ) ! r$i/ribution ( _! l& dur+ ! ,agr>ian ,re=m4 ,dur+ ! #aicjs & #aidjs1 huge rural e/ates 7 fragm5t$ & conv]t$ into ejidos or m9ifundios4 ,ejidos are tracts ( l& t are grant$ z communal prop]ty to rural t[ns4 ,!y are work$ by memb]s ( ! community1 :o b5efit f ! l&'s yield4 ,ejidal prop]ties _c be sold or transf]r$4 ,! m9ifundios are small private pieces ( prop]ty1 am\nt+ on ! av]age to #ajj hect>es b v>y+ accord+ to ! region ( ! c\ntry & type ( soil4 ,betwe5 #aicd & #aidj1 approximately #ag1ijj1jjj hect>es 7#dd1bcj1ijj acres7 7 r$i/ribut$1 repres5t+ close to half ( all tillable l&4 ,?is rep>tition+ ( ! l& has cont9u$ into ! pres5t1 ?\gh its pace has be5 mu* sl[]4 ,z haci5da prop]ty 0 brok5 up1 ! haci5da own]s1 ! hac5dados1 7 left 9 possession ( ! haci5da build+s & ! imm$iate l& ar\nd !m1 ! size ( :i* 0 re/rict$ by ! limits t 7 set = ^! small prop]ties4 ,?is meant t imm5se haci5das 7 r$uc$ to v t9y ran*es4 ,along ) _! l&1 ! hac5dados lo/ access to wat]1 !y lo/ _! means ( irrigation1 ma*9]y1 & live/ock4 ,because ( ^! measures1 ! haci5da sy/em 0 annihilat$4 ,= ! majority ( ! hac5dados1 ! few acres left !m turn$ out to be unproductive l&1 & _! h>d%ips 7 magnifi$ by ! in/ability & ! viol5ce t prevail$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z a result1 _m haci5da build+s 7 ab&on$ or 7 de/9$ = new purposes4 ,only a few ( ! ex-haci5das rema9$ 9 production4 ,"s l&[n]s took advantage ( ! limit$ prop]ty left to !m to plant lucrative1 high-yield+ crops1 :ile o!rs augm5t$ ! size ( _! cultivat$ l& by leas+ adjo9+ l& or by pur*as+ x "u assum$ names4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,bl$os1 ,san ,luis ,potos3 map ( ! haci5da4 ,:5 ,b>tlett began 8 haci5da visits 9 ! #aidjs1 he f\nd _m ( ! haci5da build+s 9 ru9s1 expos$ to ! ravages ( "t & v&alism4 ,build+s _h be5 conv]t$ into *ick5 coops1 pig/ies1 public ap>tm5ts1 & ma*9e %ops4 ,o!rs s]v$ z s\rces = con/ruction mat]ials1 f :i* 7 scav5g$ rocks1 bricks1 beams1 & tiles = ! habitations ( ! local population4 ,9 "s cases ! de/ruction 0 total3 ,all ! haci5da's /ructures 7 remov$1 & only ! "n ( ! place allud$ to ! fact t an haci5da _h ev] exi/$ !re4 ,at o!r haci5das1 build+s 7 adapt$ to new uses4 ,!y 7 trans=m$ into hotels1 resorts1 gov]nm5t build+s1 b>racks1 hospitals1 re/aurants1 & s*ools4 ,! ext]ior ( ! build+s 7 g5]ally left intact2 int]iors 7 completely *ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,c$ra1 ,jalisco3 ornam5tal entry to #ah?-c5tury *apel2 door & gate ( mesquite4 ,orange trees %ade patio4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,endo1 ,sonora3 resid5ce1 /able bel[4 ,! be/-pres]v$ haci5da build+s 7 ^? t cont9u$ to function z c\ntry prop]ties or vacation homes4 ,9 ^!1 ,b>tlett (t5 f\nd furni%+s & ut5sils f ! epo* ( ,don ,porfirio1 surr\nd$ by ! old traditions ( ,mexican c\ntry life4 ,z an arti/1 ,b>tlett's att5tion 0 drawn =emo/ to ! haci5da build+s !mselves & to ! works ( art t !y h\s$4 ,! majority ( 8 illu/rations & photographs !re=e depict ! ma9 gr\p ( haci5da build+s or c]ta9 build+s--= example1 ! ma9 resid5ce1 ! *ur*1 ! patios1 & "w build+s4 ,h[ev]1 among 8 ri* mat]ials1 "o c also f9d a te/imony to haci5da "w & life3 ma*9]y1 irrigation devices & /ructures1 f>m implem5ts1 m9+ equipm5t1 w>eh\ses1 b>ns1 corrals1 & c>riages1 among o!rs4 ,! hi/ory ( ! haci5da spans ?ree c5turies4 ,! fir/ haci5das appe>$ 9 ,new ,spa9 t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 dem& = agricultural products increas$ & ! prehispanic supply sy/em crumbl$4 ,f>m+ receiv$ an impetus at ! h&s ( ,spani>ds1 & ! small f>ms & live/ock ran*es1 :i* dat$ f ! sixte5? c5tury1 exp&$ _! l&hold+s4 ,_m new s\rces ( wat] 7 tapp$1 & a resid5t labor =ce 0 develop$4 ,^! /eps enc\rag$ production & suppli$ ! regional z well z ! cont9ually gr[+ metropolitan m>kets4 ,! increase 9 haci5da production & 9 ! numb] ( haci5da work]s made x necess>y to exp& ! sixte5?-c5tury facilities1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! sug> plantations1 _h be5 v mode/4 ,9 ?is way1 a l>ge numb] ( build+s 7 con/ruct$1 build+s t 7 to be pres]v$ z ! core ( _m haci5das until ! ,porfiriato4 ,!re 7 ?ree pr9cipal types ( haci5das4 ,gra9 haci5das 7 ! mo/ important because !y 7 d$icat$ to ! cultivation ( ! subsi/5ce crops corn & :eat4 ,9 addition1 beans1 b>ley1 lima beans1 *iles1 & o!r crops 7 plant$4 ,gra9 haci5das 7 e/abli%$ ma9ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! urban c5t]s1 :i* !y suppli$4 ,! important areas ( gra9 cultivation 7 ,puebla1 ,atlixco1 ,toluca1 ,guadalaj>a1 ,oaxaca1 & ,mi*oacn4 ,live/ock haci5das occupi$ a second level ( importance4 ,!y rais$ cattle & horses1 z well z goats & %eep4 ,?is type ( haci5da t5d$ to be locat$ 9 m remote areas1 9 an attempt to prev5t ! live/ock f invad+ cultivat$ fields4 ,sug> haci5das 7 locat$ 9 tropical regions1 :]e !y c\ld c\nt on suffici5t wat] = ! cultivation ( sug>cane4 ,! mo/ important sug> regions 7 ,v]acruz1 ,cu]navaca1 ,cuautla1 & ,mi*oacn4 ,?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury ! haci5das grew 9 significance4 ,!y held mu* ( ! l& & wat] res\rces1 exp&$ _! labor =ce1 int5sifi$ _! control ov] ! m>ket1 & consolidat$ _! t]ritorial rights 9 accordance ) composiciones de ti]ras4 7,! phrase composiciones de ti]ras belongs to ! legal t]m9ology ( ! "t4 ,x relates to a legal me*anism t 0 in/itut$ by ! ,spani% ,cr[n dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury b :i* 0 appli$ ma9ly dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x made x possible to legalize prop]ties ^: titles 7 n 9 ord]47 ,!y s\ght to make improvem5ts by con/ruct+1 = example1 build+s1 irrigation sy/ems1 roads1 gran>ies1 & %elt]s = live/ock4 ,toge!r1 ^! made x possible to increase agricultural yields sub/antially4 ,x 0 n an easy process1 (t5 involv+ transf]s ( haci5da prop]ty1 sev]e indebt$ness ( _! own]s1 & great difficulties 9 production4 ,haci5da expansion proce$$ ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ two c5turies4 ,huge tracts ( uncultivat$ l& 7 trans=m$ into f>ml& & impressive wat] di/ribution sy/ems op5$ up new areas to irrigation4 ,! population1 con/antly gr[+1 dem&$ an ev] great] quantity ( food4 ,mu* l& t _h be5 devot$ to ! rais+ ( live/ock 0 turn$ ov] to cultivation1 & ! /ock 7 gradually displac$ until live/ock haci5das came to be locat$ ma9ly 9 ! nor? ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 n a p]iod ( unimp$$ progress3 !re 7 sev]e p]iods ( crisis1 %>p fluctuations 9 production1 a lack ( cont9uity 9 ! transmission ( prop]ty1 & frequ5t bankruptcies4 ,haci5da prop]ties t5d$ to be deeply mortgag$ to ecclesia/ical in/itutions & to individual l5d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,uxmal1 ,yucatn3 ma9 gate4 ,:5 dictator ,porfirio ,daz assum$ p[] 9 #ahgg1 a boom p]iod = ! haci5da began4 ,hi/orical circum/ances 7 favorable1 & ! gov]nm5t (f]$ all mann] ( facilities to ! live/ock & f>m impres>ios4 ,! sub/antial increase 9 ! c\ntry's population1 z well z ! /r5g!n+ int]national economy1 creat$ a great dem& = f>m & live/ock products4 ,! consumption ( goods f ! tropics1 su* z c(fee1 cacao1 sug>1 tobacco1 & vanilla1 grew consid]ably dur+ ?is "t bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ ) c]ta9 basic mat]ials1 among !m h5equn1 rubb]1 *icle1 & ixtle4 7,ixtle or i/le is ! "n giv5 to ! h>d fib]s t are extract$ f diff]5t plants ( ! g5us agave1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are ! maguey & ! le*uguilla4 ,!y are rais$ ma9ly 9 nor!rn ,mexico47 ,z a result ( laws t secul>iz$ communal l& & set aside fall[ l&1 huge areas ( cultivation & l& suitable = f>m+ 7 plac$ at ! disposition ( comm]cial agriculture4 ,support+ capital = ! mo/ "p came f =eign s\rces--f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,labor came f ! impov]i%$ peasants1 f t[n work]s1 & f indig5\s gr\ps1 among !m ! ,mayas & ! ,t>ahum>as4 ,l>ge l&$ e/ates appe>$ & a p[]ful class ( haci5da own]s arose4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t x 0 possible to ov]come "s ( ! endemic problems t _h beset ! haci5da s9ce its bir?3 in/ability1 indebt$ness1 lack ( capital1 & sc>ce rev5ues4 ,dur+ ! ,porfiriato1 ! majority ( ! haci5das 7 highly productive & provid$ _! own]s ) pl5tiful e>n+s4 ,yet1 at ! same "t !re 7 haci5das t _h to face f9ancial problems & fluctuations 9 production4 ,frequ5tly1 hac5dados p>ticipat$ 9 o!r areas ( bus9ess1 su* z f9ance1 comm]ce1 & m9+4 ,_! privileg$ economic position p]mitt$ !m to furni% _! rural prop]ties ) great luxury & to su/a9 a life ( afflu5ce4 ,b>tlett f\nd haci5da resid5ces ) tw5ty b$rooms1 salons = danc+1 ,japanese g>d5s1 billi>d rooms & music rooms1 swimm+ pools1 bullr+s1 & palisades4 ,be>+ witness to ! int]ior spl5dor ( ^! mansions1 !re 0 f9e furniture f ,europe1 c>pet+ f ,p]sia1 velvet drap]ies1 *&eli]s ( cut cry/al1 & valuable oil pa9t+s4 ,!re 7 haci5das t possess$ *apels t rival$ ! prov9cial *ur*es 9 size1 ar*itecture1 & decor4 ,( c\rse n all haci5das 7 ?is elegant3 mo/ _h mu* m ru/ic appo9tm5ts2 _m 7 9 decl9e1 poorly ma9ta9$1 furni%$ ) ! v b>e/ m9imum4 ,b>tlett captur$ & transmits to u today ?r\gh 8 art ! gr& cultural ri*ness t enfolds ! haci5da1 its div]sity accord+ to its mom5t 9 "t1 its location1 & its type ( production1 & he accompanies ^! ) a portrayal ( haci5da life1 cu/oms1 & its inh]5t /yle ( ?\ght4 ,he is "o ( ! pione]s 9 8 field ( /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,mexico & its /ates ,sonora #a4 ,haci5da de ,endo ,*ihuahua #b4 ,haci5da de ,colonia ,campo #c4 ,haci5da ,corralitos #d4 ,haci5da ,qu9ta ,c>ol9a ,durango #e4 ,haci5da de ,juana ,gu]ra #f4 ,haci5da de ,canutillo ,nay>it #g4 ,haci5da ,san ,cayetano ,san ,luis ,potos #h4 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay ,guanajuato #i4 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana #aj4 ,haci5da de ,leoncito #aa4 ,haci5da de ,cald]n #ab4 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto #ac4 ,haci5da de los ,ricos #ad4 ,haci5da ,san ,cayetano de ,val5cia #ae4 ,haci5da de ,petaca #af4 ,haci5da de la ,erre ,jalisco #ag4 ,haci5da de ,m$9]o #ah4 ,haci5da de ,c$ra #ai4 ,haci5da de ,cinega de ,mata #bj4 ,haci5da de ,cabezn #ba4 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos #bb4 ,haci5da de ,zapotitn #bc4 ,haci5da de ,bellavi/a #bd4 ,haci5da de ,aurora #be4 ,haci5da de la ,v5ta del ,a/ill]o ,hidalgo #bf4 ,haci5da de ,santana #bg4 ,haci5da de ,xala #bh4 ,haci5da de ,pueblilla #bi4 ,haci5da de ,tepa-,*ica ,mi*oacn #cj4 ,haci5da de ,gu>a*e ,colima #ca4 ,haci5da de ,san ,antonio ,/ate ( ,mxico #cb4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos #cc4 ,haci5da de ,altillo #cd4 ,haci5da de los ,morales #ce4 ,haci5da de ,jajalpa #cf4 ,haci5da la ,gavia #cg4 ,haci5da de ,esp]anza ,morelos #ch4 ,haci5da de ,cocoyoc #ci4 ,haci5da de ,*9ameca ,tlaxcala #dj4 ,haci5da de los ,mol9os ,puebla #da4 ,haci5da de ,ppulo #db4 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o #dc4 ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co #dd4 ,haci5da de ,ar5illas #de4 ,haci5da de ,caleturia ,v]acruz #df4 ,haci5da de ,enc]o #dg4 ,haci5da ,manga de ,clavo ,oaxaca #dh4 ,haci5da de guil> ,campe*e #di4 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay ,yucatn #ej4 ,haci5da de ,holactn #ea4 ,haci5da de ,teya #eb4 ,haci5da de ,xcanatun #ec4 ,haci5da de ,sodzil #ed4 ,haci5da de ,tabi #ee4 ,haci5da ,san ,ignacio #ef4 ,haci5da ,pixoy #eg4 ,haci5da ,yax*e #eh4 ,haci5da de ,tiku* #ei4 ,haci5da de ,*i*n ,itza ,i4 ,! ,haci5da ,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,=ty ye>s ago1 travel+ by tra9 9 ,mexico1 ,i saw1 9 remote areas1 :at appe>$ to be m9iature villages4 ,i made sket*es ( !m f ! tra9 & lat] visit$ "s ( ! sites & le>n$ !y 7 anci5t haci5das4 ,ov] ! ye>s s9ce !n1 ,i h visit$ #ccj haci5das & made ! fir/ art record ( ^! e/ates4 ,i travel$ on horseback1 on foot1 by bus1 tra91 c>1 truck1 motorbike1 & mule-drawn1 n>r[-gauge railway4 ,i saw t haci5das _h become m]e place-names z !y dis9tegrat$ or 7 bulldoz$4 ,walk into a h&some mansion & y f9d tw5ty or ?irty empty rooms4 ,to escape ! revolution1 ! own] fl$ ye>s e>li]4 ,e>?quakes1 wea!r1 & ab&onm5t h riddl$ walls & floors4 ,! resid5ce /&s ro(less1 w9d[less1 doorless--con/ruct$ ( /one1 brick & adobe1 or a comb9ation ( ^!4 ,*ur* & *apel exi/ at e haci5da & !y are /ill us$ by neighbors & peasants :o may occupy ! manor h\se4 ,!re are dates on bell skirts1 on walls or beams ( a /orage bodega1 on escut*eons1 on ar*ways2 (t5 !y are c>v$ 9 ! mesquite floor ( a *apel or *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato3 patio f\nta94 ,9 ! tropics1 flame trees1 b\ga9villea1 r$-orange galeanas1 lav5d] jac>&a1 & yell[ primav]a fl[] among ru9s4 ,9 nor!rn areas1 p9e1 tall eucalypti1 mesquite1 c$>1 pepp]1 & *9ab]ry rema94 ,i sket*$ "u ! tropic sun1 9 corrals1 9 a bullr+1 "u an ,indian laurel2 ,i pok$ ?r\gh empty rooms4 ,z ,i sket*$1 burro tra9s pass$1 _! sacks load$ ) *>coal or corn2 goat bells tapp$ z a h]d graz$2 ox teams haul$ c>ts ) wood5 :eels2 blackbirds cr[d$ a treetop2 a c[boy tipp$ 8 hat4 ,!re 0 always c\rtesy4 ,i drank pulque f a communal g\rd2 ,i %>$ p9eapple gr[n 9 ,tecomn2 ,i 0 ent]ta9$ at t[n h\ses ( hac5dados4 ,on ! e/ates !re 0 sil5ce f ! days ( ! vic]oys1 ! sil5ce ( padres1 ! sil5ce ( ab&onm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 foll[+ ! ,spani% invasion ( ,mexico betwe5 ! ye>s #aeai & #aeba1 ! ,spani% ,cr[n grant$ enorm\s l& areas to ! conqu]ors & adv5tur]s :o came to ! ,new ,_w4 ,s9ce ?is prop]ty belong$ to ! natives1 ! grants am\nt$ to usurpation4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,mexico1 f ,yucatn to ,sonora1 ! ext5sive hold+s frequ5tly includ$ t[ns & villages4 ,^! grants ( l& 7 ! orig9 ( ! haci5das1 ! rural e/ates4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ,spani% immigrants sometimes pass$ !mselves (f z noblem5--cam\flag+ crim9al or pov]ty-/rick5 backgr\nds4 ,o!rs1 ) a sack ( ca% or a pair ( brawny %\ld]s1 us$ ! invasion z an opportunity to bluff _! way & claim l& & lives ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! sword4 ,!y rememb]$ t dropp+ quicksilv] into a mule's e> made ! animal trot fa/]4 ,weal?y immigrants 7 able to pur*ase titles1 & ?is arrangem5t 0 enc\rag$ by ! ,cr[n s9ce x b5efit$ ! treasury4 ,! hac5dado 7or 8 repres5tative7 employ$ or co]c$ native work]s to build a resid5ce1 *ur* or *apel1 /orage build+s1 mills1 dams1 aqu$ucts1 f5ces1 & roads4 ,he paid lip s]vice to ! ,cr[n & :5ev] possible circumv5t$ legalities4 ,x 0 advantage\s to side/ep ! ,cr[n s9ce a lett] or docum5t took half a ye> to rea* ,spa94 ,! employ] 0 unable to communicate ) ! p :o spoke ,otomi1 ,coro1 or ,*i*imc4 ,he 0 ?w>t$ by new diseases1 /range cu/oms1 tropical climate1 & crop problems4 ,unlike ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,mexico 0 a corn culture1 n a :eat culture4 ,dur+ 8 fir/ ye>s he le>n$ t gra9 did bett] :5 plant$ 9 ! mo/ primitive mann]1 by /ick & foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato3 figure on #aghh *ur* wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,holactn1 ,yucatn3 *apel & resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos1 ,d4,f43 *urrigu]esque-/yle resid5ce & *apel ) blue & :ite til$ dome4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,petaca4 ,guanajuato3 patio side ( ma9 resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,el ,ppulo1 ,puebla3 resid5ce ) til$ faade4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,santana4 ,hildago3 resid5ce & *apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,teya1 ,yucatn3 resid5ce4 #agjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,leoncito1 ,guanajuato3 #af?-c5tury *apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos1 ,d4,f43 rococo faade ( resid5ce4 ,z rapidly z possible1 ! l&[n]1 ! hac5dado1 add$ to 8 hold+s1 buy+ or usurp+ acreage4 ,an haci5da might consi/ ( sev]al ?\s& or sev]al million acres4 ,! t]ra9 might be m\nta9\s1 semi-des]t1 coa/al /rips1 =e/ or jungle1 or a comb9ation ( topographical zones4 ,!re 7 cattle haci5das1 %eep haci5das1 m9+ haci5das1 pulque_/tequila haci5das2 o!rs produc$ h5equn1 grew c(fee1 sug>cane1 corn1 :eat4 ,a few br$ bulls = ! bullr+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! occupation1 ,fray ,b>tolom de ,las ,casas1 fri5d ( ! ,indians1 object$ to ! atrocities committ$ by ! ,spani%4 ,alfonso de ,zorita1 writ+ 8 ,brevssima ,relacin1 expos$ ,indian mi/reatm5t4 ,burn\f1 ,fr5* agronomi/1 wrote ,emp]or ,maximilian t ! :ip ( ! mayordomo 7! hac5dado's adm9i/rator7 0 de/roy+ _m lives4 ,reg>dless ( objections ?r\gh ! ye>s1 ! haci5da sy/em prosp]$4 ,c\nts1 c\ntesses1 dukes & du*esses1 crude invasioni/s1 weal?y m51 & religi\s ord]s own$ e/ates4 ,"s ( ! fam\s hac5dados 7 ,h]nn ,cortz1 ,porfirio ,daz1 ,m>tn ,ruiz de ,zavala1 ,g5]al ,santa ,anna1 & ,pan*o ,villa 7:o 0 giv5 8 haci5da z a political bribe74 ,fam\s families own$ e/ates3 ,t]razas1 ,rosa1 ,amor1 ,j>al1 ,ib>ra1 ,e*ev]ra1 & ,regla4 ,f ! sev5te5? to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 haci5da ar*itecture v>i$3 ,:]e g5]ation aft] g5]ation own$ ! haci5da1 9 families ( great weal?1 faades 7 go?ic1 *urrigu]esque1 plat]esque1 ,islamic1 b>oque1 rococo4 ,! mo/ widespread ar*itectural /yle d]iv$ f ! ,roman4 ,mo/ resid5ces _h _! liv+ qu>t]s ar\nd an atrium1 or patio4 ,grill$ w9d[s & massive wood5 doors & %utt]s 7 common4 ,?\s&s ( "w-h\rs w5t into ! c>v+s & embelli%m5ts--9 gray1 p9k1 or yell[i% lime/one4 ,hornac9as 7ni*es7 pepp]$ a *ur* or *apel faade4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,bl$os1 ,san ,luis ,potos3 coat-(-arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 #ag?-c5tury def5se t[]4 ,note bullet holes4 ,ea* ni*e conta9$ a sa9t or religi\s figure3 ,x 0 tape/ry 9 /one4 ,9 ! /ates ( ,puebla & ,oaxaca1 til$ faades ornam5t$ ! haci5da resid5ces & l(ty walls surr\nd$ !m4 ,*ur* & *apel domes 7 also til$4 ,9 ! ,si]ras1 haci5das 7 (t5 built ( logs & plan$ wood--ru/ic1 two-/ory build+s ) outside /airways4 ,9 ! tropics1 ! usual resid5ce 0 "o /ory ) ample v]&as & deep-set doors & w9d[s4 ,mo/ build+s 7 ro($ 9 cone-%ap$1 int]lock+1 or flat tiles4 ,! majority ( haci5da /ructures 7 skillfully mort>$ 9 /one block cant]a 7lime/one7 by rule-(-?umb4 ,pr(essional ar*itects l ,francisco ,edu>do de ,tresgu]ras 7 seldom available4 ,in/ead1 artisans 7 employ$ :o us$ v>i\s /yles le>n$ f e>ly ecclesia/ical build+s4 ,bitt] rivalries betwe5 e/ates 7 "p ( ! sc5e4 ,own]s 7 on ! al]t = a bankrupt haci5da t c\ld be pur*as$ at a v l[ price4 ,if ext5d+ l&hold+s meant violat+ ! rights ( a village or ( an individual f>m] or ran*]1 ^? rights 7 bru%$ aside1 or conte/$ legally4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,b>r]a1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,to bol/] 8 /ature1 ! hac5dado plac$ a b>onial device on ! faade ( 8 resid5ce or *ur*3 ,a coat-(-arms elevat$ 8 /atus4 ,he also respect$ 8 sk91 & aga9/ ! ?reat ( la intrusa 7! intrud]7 he in/all$ gun slots1 grill$ w9d[s1 /udd$ doors1 & arm$ 8 reta9]s4 ,la intrusa 0 8 ,old ,_w enemy4 ,n[ & !n he rais$ a private army to repel difficult natives1 bellig]5t hac5dados1 or revolution>ies4 ,?ick-wall$1 pond]\s build+s reflect$ 8 philosophy4 ,!y indicat$ 8 lonel9ess & 8 fe> ( dea? z well4 ,z life became less ?reat5+ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 z roads improv$ & travel became saf] & m com=table1 haci5da own]s erect$ op5 /ructures3 ,resid5ces appe>$ ) multiple ar*es across ! front1 & til$ v]&as l$ to ! outdoors4 ,two-/ory homes1 ) balconies on ! second floor became common4 ,eucalypti1 jac>&a1 *irimoya1 & column> cypress %ad$ a complex ( build+s3 *ur*1 resid5ce1 bodega4 ,9 ! nor? c\ntry1 a l9e ( cottonwoods l$ to ! graci\s h\se1 :i* 0 /ucco$ p9k or pale yell[4 ,f>!r s\?1 a grove ( palms grac$ ! sett+4 ,z "t pass$1 vic]oys1 *ur*m51 lawy]s1 & tea*]s became m & m aw>e ( ! language b>ri]s t exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & t imp$$ progress4 ,! ,ca?olics1 ?r\gh _! colegios 7ecclesia/ical s*ools7 attempt$ to upgrade life4 ,!re 7 no public s*ools4 ,among ! ecclesia/ical ord]s1 ! ,jesuits 7 major haci5da own]s4 ,_! design-=-liv+ began at #d3jj ,a4,m4 & end$ at #g3jj ,p4,m4 ,at ! mo/ fam\s ,jesuit haci5da1 ,santa ,luca1 ne> ,mexico ,city1 slaves 7 pur*as$1 br$1 sold1 or reta9$ = "w on ! e/ate4 ,!re 7 no fie/as at ,santa ,luca4 ,= almo/ two hundr$ ye>s ! haci5da function$ to support ! ecclesia/ical s*ools ( ! ord]4 ,! ,colegio ,mximo1 9 ,mexico ,city1 0 ! pr9cipal b5efici>y4 ,until ,june #be1 #agfg1 :5 all ,jesuits 7 deport$ f ,mexico1 ! e/ate prosp]$1 sell+ :eat1 corn1 textiles1 cattle1 %eep1 & slaves4 ,its economic influ5ce ext5d$ z f> z ,guadalaj>a1 ,zapotln1 & ,colima4 ,s*ool+ at ! haci5da 0 l>gely disreg>d$4 ,!re 7 sixty =eign dialects to cont5d )4 ,!re 7 no diction>ies1 no language bridges = ! ,zapotec1 ,coro1 ,mxica1 & ,nahuatl p4 ,on ! e/ates a prie/ or tea*]1 "o :o knew a little ,lat91 gave lessons 9 ,spani%1 ari?metic1 ,lat91 & ! cate*ism4 ,s*ol>ly prie/s began l+ui/ic /udies ( "s tribes2 !y edit$ diction>ies1 b ^! 7 nev] circulat$4 ,"s ( _! "w has yet to be publi%$4 ,ma*ismo 0 m mean+ful to ! av]age e/ate ?an education4 ,! blacksmi? f ,b>celona1 :o n[ own$ n9ety ?\s& acres1 0 eag] = compliant wom54 ,sex life1 = ! invad]s1 = ! coloni/1 0 fre] ?an 9 ,europe4 ,s9ce ! m5 did n speak ! ,indian dialects1 sex 0 a body language4 ,"s 7 promiscu\s & guilty ( p]v]sion4 ,prie/s & nuns 7 %ock$ by _! animality & attempt$ to control _! c\ntrym54 ,s9ce mo/ haci5das 7 remote & few wom5 accompani$ ! settl]s1 isolation & p[] grant$ lic5se4 ,! k9dly man1 ! g5tile man1 look$ = o!r ways to ov]come lonel9ess1 isolation1 homesickness4 ,"s1 pref]r+ ! famili> life1 return$ to _! homel&4 ,by #aiaj1 ?\s&s ( e/ates 7 scatt]$ across ! c\ntry4 ,mansions 7 locat$ 9 ! mid/ ( maguey & h5equn fields or 7 situat$ 9 lu% valleys4 ,"s fac$ ! ocean2 "s 7 lo/ 9 acres ( corn2 miles ( range c\ntry surr\nd$ o!rs2 !re 7 des]t haci5das ) ! ne>e/ neighbor fifty miles away2 !re 7 ra9 =e/ haci5das1 mahogany haci5das4 ,_m 7 regional l&m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cald]n1 ,guanajuato3 bronze bell on resid5ce1 #ahch4 ,haci5das became an embodim5t ( "t4 ,!y seem$ to defy "t1 (f]+ ! illusion t a family c\ld live !re indef9itely4 ,,ii4 ,?r\gh ! ,eyes ( ,haci5da ,visitors ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,?r\gh ! ye>s !re 7 notable visitors to ! haci5das :o h left u _! impressions3 ,bi%op ,l&a1 ,fa!r ,alonso ,ponce1 ,gemelli ,g>]i1 ,samuel de ,*ampla91 ,john ,*ilton1 ,mora y ,escob>1 ,sieur ,bully1 ,fa!rs ,balal5que & ,aco/a1 ,?omas ,gage 7cl]ical spy71 ,don ,erne/o de ,icaza1 ,emp]or ,iturbide1 ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i1 ,b>on von ,humboldt1 ,madame ,cald]n de la ,b>ca1 ,james ,/eph5s1 & ,fr$]ick ,ca!rwood1 among o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s haci5das1 9 ! /ate ( ,jalisco1 is ,cinega de ,mata1 legaliz$ by ! ,cr[n 9 #afig4 ,own$ by ! ,r9cn ,gall>do family1 x 0 a tract ( eighty-sev5 e/ancias 7ran*es74 ,accord+ to ,alfonso ,r9cn ,gall>do1 rem9isc+ ab\t 8 fa!r's e/ate1 ! resid5ce 0 built dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies4 ,x is a two-/ory build+ ) tw5ty rooms & spans or ar*es across ! front4 ,! *ur* is gray lime/one1 l ! resid5ce1 ) a b>oque faade4 ,an elaborate coat-(-arms embelli%es ! entry4 ,sculptur$ p9k /one cant]a sa9ts & angels fill v>i\s ni*es4 ,! octagonal dome & t[] are ri*ly c>v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cinega de ,mata1 ,jalisco3 #af?-c5tury *ur*4 ,gall>do appreciat$ ! life at ,cinega1 ! br&+s1 ! r\ndups1 %eep pa/ur+1 %e>+s1 & wean+s4 ,i lik$ to ride ) ! c[boys1 he wrote1 ^? extraord9>y horsem51 pleasant companions1 tann$ by sun & w9d1 simple 9 ta/es1 frank1 nev] tir+--! classic m5 ( ! great haci5das4 ,recall+ 8 life he tells u3 ,e morn+ aft] breakfa/1 all ( u--my fa!r dress$ 9 8 *>ro outfit2 my "m attir$ ,engli% /yle--w\ld set out on horseback1 rid+ ab\t ! haci5da's va/ fields ( corn & b>ley4 ,aft] ! midday meal1 back at ! h\se1 we walk$ ab\t ! /ables1 ! gran>ies1 & ov] a small hill t lay ne>by2 & sometimes we play$ fronton or w5t out rid+ aga94 ,at night1 aft] supp]1 we read or play$ games4 ,9 ?is tranquil1 pleasant mann]1 life w5t on1 brok5 only by ! annual fe/ival1 an ev5t celebrat$ on a gr& scale ) p>ades1 banquets1 horse races1 cockfights1 box+ mat*es1 &1 9 ! ev5+1 a fanta/ic display ( fireworks4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,brantz ,may]1 secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,legation 9 ,mexico dur+ #ahda & #ahdb1 enjoy$ a horseback visit to ! ,haci5da de ,san ,nicols1 ne> ,tetcala1 9 ! /ate ( ,mexico4 ,he admir$ ! :ite build+s & ! neatness ( ! e/ate3 ,! sug>cane fields 7 9 capital ord]1 ! roads smoo?1 ! f5ces ma9ta9$2 cattle 7 "u ! c>e ( h]dsm54 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cabezn1 ,jalisco3 *apel ,virg92 h] elaborate w>drobe valu$ at #ej1jjj4 ,! mayordomo 0 hospitable & accommodat$ ,may] & 8 p>ty ) com=table rooms4 ,foll[+ d9n]1 ,may] walk$ among ! haci5da's fields ( sug>cane4 ,he inspect$ ! ti5da de raya 7! g5]al /ore71 & ! haci5da's (fices1 kit*5s1 p>lors1 b$rooms1 & an imm5se corridor ( ar*es fill$ ) cag$ birds1 hung ) hammocks1 :]e ! family pass mo/ ( ! long w>m days ( summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cabezn1 ,jalisco3 capital1 front ( resid5ce4 #ahjj3 build+ design$ by ar*itect ,edu>do ,tresgu]ras4 ,at sunset ! work]s ga!r$ "u ! ar*es ( ! resid5ce & ! adm9i/rator call$ ! roll & ea* man repli$ ) ,alabo a ,dios 7,i praise ,god74 ,:5 all 7 dismiss$ !y walk$ away s++ a hymn to ! ,virg94444 ,t night a gr\p ( musicians play$ 9 a hut3 viol91 cl>9et1 flute1 & drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,9 #ahcc1 travel]s ,emma ,undsay ,squi] & h] husb& 7 gue/s at a tequila haci5da1 ,ometusco1 ab\t an h\r & a half by horseback f ,mexico ,city4 ,f ! railroad /ation1 ! complex appe>$ l a salmon-p9k bir?day cake 9 ! %ape ( a wall$ =tress4 ,! build+s 7 surr\nd$ by fields ( maguey4 ,! ,squi]s ent]$ ! gr\nds ?r\gh a l>ge gateway :]e soldi]s l\ng$4 ,! wall$ patio 0 enorm\s & pav$ ) /one4 ,burros trott$ by1 be>+ casks ( fre%ly collect$ agua miel 7sap ( ! maguey74 ,ometusco 0 ! size ( a village2 ! hac5dado's home 0 a palace ( _m rooms1 kit*5s1 w9d+ /airways1 patios1 p\ltry y>ds1 corrals4 ,! l>ge/ patio1 c5t]$ by a /one f\nta91 0 plant$ ) fl[]s1 trees1 & fl[]+ v9es4 ,a t9y s*ool _h its own patio4 ,! *apel 0 elaborate4 ,gue/s enjoy$ a billi>d room 9 ! ma9 h\se4 ,ea* b$room _h b$s protect$ by mosquito nett+4 ,! d9+ room c\ld seat sev5ty p]sons at a mahogany table4 ,inlaid buffets glitt]$ ) silv] & glassw>e1 seldom to be se5 aft] ! revolution>y p]iod ( #aiaj-aiad4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 late #ag?-c5tury *ur* 9 rose /ucco4 ,a fam\s ,jesuit haci5da4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 floor plan ( resid5ce4 ,a4 ,resid5ce4 ,b4 ,kit*5s4 ,c4 ,*apel4 ,d-,e4 ,liv+ ,qu>t]s4 ,f-,g-,h4 ,corrals4 ,i4 ,gran>y4 ,j4 ,jail4 ,k4 ,g5]al ,/ore 7,ti5da de ,raya74 ,l4 ,liv+ ,qu>t]s4 ,m4 ,y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 h&pa9t$ wall fresco 9 b$room ( ru9$ resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cuisillos1 ,jalisco3 mural1 "o ( f\rte5 panels on v]&a wall ( resid5ce4 ,by #aieb1 ! r5[n$ ,haci5da ,cabezn _h become a m]e casco 7a %ell74 ,locat$ ab\t #dh miles f ,guadalaj>a1 ne> ,ameca1 ! resid5ce 0 design$ 9 #aghj by ! fam\s ar*itect ,francisco ,edu>do de ,tresgu]ras4 ,n[1 grunt+1 %uffl+ pigs h squatt]s' rights to ! fifte5 rooms4 ,! build+ is ro(less2 its h&pa9t$ b$room walls are op5 to ! wea!r1 all t rema9s ( ! h&some /ructure1 once ! focal po9t ( fifte5 or tw5ty sitios 7ran*es71 is ! *apel1 pewless1 clean1 its walls fad$ r$1 gold1 & yell[4 ,swall[s fly 9 & out ( _! ne/s 9 ! gold curlicues ( ! r]$os4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,cabezn has a s+le treasure3 ! ,virg9 ( ,c&el>ia1 protect$ by a plate-glass case4 ,h] face seems ,&alusian4 ,color$ scrolls1 g>l&s1 & angels frame h] z %e /&s on a silv] cresc5t moon1 h] figure ! c5t] ( a gild$ r]$o4 ,ab\t #ah in*es tall1 %e we>s a :ite sat9 g[n sewn ) gold4 ,a jewel$ pe>l cr[n re/s on h] hair1 mak+ h] ! p]fect madonna4 ,close by1 "u ! d>k mesquite floor1 memb]s ( ! haci5da family are buri$3 ,ignacio ,caedo de ,valdivi]los 7#ahcf72 ,e/anislao ,caedo 7#ahhg72 ,manuel ,calixto ,caedo 7#aije74 ,accord+ to a *isel$ inscription1 ! floor 0 laid 9 #aheh & co/ #aff pesos4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,! l& belong+ to ! fam\s ecclesia/ical haci5da1 ,santa ,luca1 0 pur*as$ by ! ,jesuits on ,decemb] #d1 #aegf4 ,legally1 ! e/ate's area measur$ #ah4h squ>e miles1 an area populat$ by ,otomi1 ,tepaneca1 & ,*i*imeca ,indians4 ,at ! "t ( its pur*ase x _h #af1hjj %eep1 #a1djj goats1 #abe brood m>es & colts1 #a /allion1 #a saddle horse1 #b donkey m>es1 #b donkey /allions1 & #h slaves4 ,dur+ ! #aehjs1 con/ruction "w 0 c>ri$ out on resid5ces1 (fices1 /orage build+s1 corrals1 %$s1 & qu>t]s = ! slaves4 ,a *apel 0 built 9 #aeib4 ,! haci5da produc$ b>ley1 oats1 beans1 :eat1 corn1 *ickpeas1 & live/ock3 cattle1 %eep1 goats1 mules1 & horses1 9 increas+ numb]s ea* ye>4 ,santa ,luca prosp]$ = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,cuisillos is ano!r ,jalisco haci5da1 a place ( jac>&a1 palms1 eucalyptus1 a%1 & mesquite1 ne> ,cabezn4 ,horizon hills are (t5 /eel blue1 & a l[-ly+ volcano is (t5 mi/y gray4 ,cuisillos1 de$$ 9 #afbj1 fir/ belong$ to ,juan ,gonzlez de ,apodaca1 *ief con/able "u ,cortz4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ e/ates 9 ,mexico & add$ sub/antial rev5ues to ! ,cr[n4 ,neoclassic1 its casa pr9cipal 7ma9 h\se7 & *apel =m an ,l1 & front+ ! ,l is a grove ( palms4 ,! ma9 h\se has ?irty rooms1 two til$ patios ) a f\nta9 9 ea*2 9 ! ma9 patio !re are f\rte5 fresco panels pa9t$ 9 #aiaj ( seascapes1 l&scapes1 & sc5es ( wom5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! grill$ patio gate be>s ! r5ovation date #aiaj & ! haci5da br& & family monogram4 ,all rooms are /ill ro($ & floor$4 ,! h\se is putt+ up a valiant /ruggle4 ,its primitive kit*5 has an igloo-%ap$ ov5 ) a *>coal basket dangl+ f its *imney pipe4 ,a corkscrew lime/one /airway leads to ! *apel t[] :]e !re are bronze bells ^: skirt dates are #ahie1 #ahie1 #ahif1 & #ahif2 ! fif? bell has no date4 ,! *apel faade is ornate4 ,! int]ior is simple3 a small coro 7*oir gall]y71 ) a small d>kwood organ t is badly batt]$4 ,! walls ( ! *apel are :ite & gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,a neighbor+ haci5da is ar*itecturally impos+4 ,! ,haci5da ,caedo has a *ur* t w\ld be out/&+ 9 any city4 ,! build+1 ( yell[ lime/one1 is b>oque-,italianate4 ,x t[]s above ! surr\nd+ /ructures & is amaz+ = its spire & its twelve /one apo/les 9 ! =ec\rt--#h-;foot c>v+s ( lime/one on /one p$e/als--native craft at its f9e/4 ,! *ur* int]ior is blue1 :ite1 & gold4 ,s$ate4 ,! black mesquite floor has a c>v$ /rip lead+ to ! alt>1 & ! words on ! /rip indicate :5 ! floor 0 laid & :at x co/4 ,alt> & decorations are simple3 brass c&le hold]s1 vases ) pap] fl[]s4 ,!re are solid-back$ wood5 pews 9 c$>4 ,! room expresses spaci\sness4 ,! resid5ce1 :i* adjo9s ! *ur*1 is a /one mansion ) badly scal$ walls4 ,all rooms are vacant except ! kit*51 a *>coal-black5$ room ) smudg$ clay pots & a r[ ( crack$ :ite plates 9 racks above a til$ /one /ove4 ,ar\nd ?is casco are o!r build+s1 /orage rooms--all /one1 all neglect$4 ,at "o "t1 accord+ to a wall sign1 !re 0 a biblioteca rural 7rural libr>y7 9 ! complex4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,9 ! /ate ( ,hidalgo1 ! ,haci5da de ,san ,francisco--a pulque e/ate--0 refurbi%$ 9 #ahhj4 ,! tw5ty-room mansion /&s 9 a giant field ( maguey r+$ by hills4 ,fifty c>riages c\ld p>k 9 front4 ,once !re 7 tw9 swimm+ pools1 a bullr+1 & fifty ,japanese g>d5]s to ma9ta9 ! g>d5s4 ,! resid5ce has rooms ar\nd a fl[]-we$-g>bage patio4 ,! build+ is 9 a pseudo ,arabian-,spani% /yle4 ,on a wall !re is a crank-/yle phone4 ,!re is electricity & a brok5 television ant5na4 ,a l>ge sala 7p>lor7 has a numb] ( ornate tables1 tuft$ velvet c\*es1 & silk-damask *airs2 import$ brocad$ drapes are fa/5$ by gold sa%es1 all f ,france via tra91 ox c>t1 & tumpl9e4 ,on ! /airway lead+ to ! ro(1 ! haci5da work]s kill$ ! own] 9 #aiaj4 ,occasionally !re are gue/s1 week5d]s4 ,b>efoot$ girls we>+ braids s]ve among ! antiques4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,caedo1 ,jalisco3 #ai?-c5tury *ur*4 ,f> s\?1 9 ,yucatn1 ,yaxcopol is a work+ h5equn haci5da1 a survivor ( two c5turies1 /ill semi-successful economically4 ,locat$ ab\t =ty miles f ,mrida1 on ! ,uxmal-,campe*e highway1 ! resid5ce =ms a ,u4 ,resid5ce1 *apel1 (fices1 & /orage space are eighte5?-c5tury /ructures4 ,! ma9 h\se has ?irte5 ar*es along its broad v]&a & micro-*apel4 ,?is section ( ! complex is connect$ by an impos+ pill>$ breezeway to ! d9+ room1 kit*51 & s]vants' qu>t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,xcanatn1 ,yucatn3 "o ( a s]ies ( gold wall motifs ar\nd *apel walls4 ,! floor ( ! ext5sive patio betwe5 ^! build+s is pav$ ) flag/one c>v$ ) ,mayan glyphs & designs1 appropriat$ f ne>by ru9s on ! prop]ty4 ,! resid5ce is furni%$ 9 eighte5? & n9ete5?-c5tury /yles ) m>ble-topp$ tables1 bronze & brass b$s1 dangl+ *a9 lamps ) h&pa9t$ globes & %ades1 h5equn hammocks1 & tann$ hides on tile floors4 ,ba?room fixtures are ,briti% & wa%bas9s ) silv] faucets be> a porcela9iz$ coat-(-arms4 ,!re are re$ *airs 9 ! liv+ room4 ,m$iocre pr9ts & a sev5te5?-c5tury religi\s canvas decorate ! walls4 ,! floor tiles are conv5tional 9 patt]n2 !re are no rugs2 ! ceil+ beams are /5cil$ 9 pa/el floral designs4 ,d\ble doors lead to ! v]&a4 ,! d9+ room has a c5t] table ) a ,tiffany-type lamp4 ,9 ! (fice !re are *airs1 an oak desk1 a h&press1 & a bookcase4 ,9 ! micro-*apel1 its wall decorat$ ) gold & silv] fleur-de-lys & p9k roses1 !re is a l>ge sixte5?-c5tury canvas by an accompli%$1 anonym\s arti/3 ! desc5t f ! cross1 ) eight or t5 figures m]g+ ) ! backgr\nd4 ,!re are no *airs4 ,! alt> is small1 insignificant4 ,a :ite ,seybold organ1 a silv] crucifix1 a pair ( silv] c&les on a side table complete ! furni%+s4 ,beh9d ! resid5ce /&s a !at] ) simple /one faade & pila/] figures ( wom5 repres5t+ spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]4 ,a w9dmill sp9s beh9d a c>v$ ,mayan head p]*$ on ! ro( l9e4 ,! auditorium accommodates a c\ple ( hundr$ p = movies & plays4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o1 ,puebla3 flor5t9e armor 9 resid5ce4 ,! h5equn production mill consi/s ( a l>ge op5 %$ ) a corrugat$ ro(4 ,!re is a ma*9e press = cru%+ ! maguey leaves1 :i* are haul$ 9 by n>r[-gauge flat c>s1 pull$ by mules or ,=d-eng9e4 ,!re are f5ce-l racks beh9d ! mill = dry+ ?\s&s ( fib]s at "o "t4 ,employees "h "w on sal>y2 today !re are no feudal re/rictions4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o1 ,puebla3 pi/ol & br& ( haci5da ,f ! ro(top ( ! resid5ce1 ,mayan ru9s are visible z e>!n m\nds 9 ! mid/ ( maguey plant+s4 ,! sev5 m\nds are an unexplor$ ar*aeological site4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,! impos+ ,haci5da ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o is ne> ! city ( ,puebla 9 ! /ate ( ,puebla4 ,its />k "o-/ory r$ brick1 :ite brick faade faces a lane ( dy+ elm & will[4 ,! resid5ce measures #agj feet across ! front4 ,at ea* corn] !re is an ornam5tal t[]4 ,! h\se encloses two patios4 ,de/roy$ by revolution>ies1 its *apel & /orage areas are ro(less1 b ! resid5tial rooms h be5 recondition$4 ,!y are fill$ ) recu]dos 7mem5tos73 incunabula1 antique fire>ms1 a suit ( ,italian armor1 oil pa9t+s1 ,aztec figures1 *>ro spurs1 lea!r *e/s1 colonial tables & *airs4 ,9 ! d9+ room are tall ecclesia/ical wood5 c&elabra1 c>v$ c$> *airs1 monogramm$ *e/s1 pre-,columbian objects1 colonial pott]y1 & old di%es4 ,mod]n ,tonal pott]y ornam5ts a n9ete5?-c5tury buffet4 ,?r\gh\t ! resid5ce ! floors are r$ tile4 ,! c5tral patio has a #e-;foot lime/one /atue ( ,/4 ,joseph1 c>v$ 9 #afbd4 ,x /&s ne> a wall tile t reads3 ,m>g>ita ,b>rados1 di$ ,june #c1 #ahga4 ,a /one plaque ( a conqui/ador on horseback1 9 primitive /yle1 decorates ano!r wall4 ,! prop]ty--a corn1 :eat1 & cattle e/ate dat+ f ,cortesian days--is own$ by ,juan ,mati5zo1 :o has made a hobby ( recon/ruct+ 8 ance/ral home4 ,few o!r haci5das h ,popocatpetl's #ah1jjj-;foot peak loom+ beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,jos ,huejotz+o1 ,puebla3 #af?-c5tury /one bas relief1 #c feet x #e feet1 une>!d 9 g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,francisco1 ,jalisco3 resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,sodzil1 ,yucatn3 n>r[-gauge railway pass5g] c> drawn by mule or horse ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,yaxcopol1 ,yucatn3 resid5ce4 ,note n>r[-gauge railroad c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de los ,morales1 ,d4,f43 sp9n+ :eel 9 resid5ce patio4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,bianca1 ,oaxaca3 patio ,san ,m>tn ,r9conada1 a feudal haci5da1 is halfway betwe5 ,puebla & ,jalapa on ! ,jalapa r\te4 ,! build+s are enclos$ 9 a comp\nd4 ,! protective walls1 #cj feet high1 are 9 good condition--mell[$ by age4 ,ext5sive cornfields surr\nd ! comp\nd1 :i* is ab\t "o half-block squ>e4 ,an intricate grill$ gateway op5s to a plat]esque *ur*4 ,! *ur* clock keeps "t1 & ! /one sundial by ! corral also keeps "t1 haci5da "t4 ,beh9d ! *ur*1 a w9d[less *apel1 ) d\ble doors = light & air1 conta9s five maul$ wood5 desks1 du/y b5*es ( adz$ wood1 & a crack$ blackbo>d4 ,?is 0 once a s*ool4 ,outside ! comp\nd1 fac+ ! *ur*1 are adobe huts ro($ ) /raw4 ,!y accommodat$ ! work]s1 _! p\ltry1 pigs1 & dogs4 ,p]haps "o hundr$ p liv$ 9 ! tw5ty huts4 ,a %+le-ro($ pozo 7well7 supplies wat] = horses1 cattle1 & p1 spill+ x into a #bj-;foot wood5 tr\gh4 ,gun slots 9 ! comp\nd walls slant t[>d ! well & tr\gh4 ,zapati/as & ,c>ranci/as ?reat5$ ! haci5da 9 #aiad2 !y bang$ on ! resid5ce door & dem&$ beef & saddle horses b left ! prop]ty undamag$4 ,n[ empty1 ! b$rooms are pap]$ 9 gold & :ite & are semi-fresco$ ov]head4 ,a m9ute patio1 fac+ sev]al b$rooms1 has a few %abby cypress4 ,! sala has no furni%+s4 ,/a9$-glass w9d[s1 humble panes ( color$ glass1 light ! auditorium t seat$ "o hundr$ p4 ,beh9d a pla/] life-size ,*ri/ on ! alt> hangs a d>k r$ velvet drape2 ne>by1 on ! same wall1 is a tortur$ ,*ri/us4 ,a pair ( pray] :eels /&s by ! alt>4 ,*&eli]s are encas$ 9 :ite cov]s1 c>efully ti$4 ,!re are /ubby oak c&elabra ) fat c&les t h dripp$ wax4 ,a fox$1 fram$ lett] is dat$ #agdb4 ,,iii4 ,haci5da ,life ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,life on an haci5da 0 basically agr>ian1 revolv+ ar\nd ! c>e ( live/ock1 p\ltry1 plant+1 h>ve/+1 crop /orage1 irrigation1 & g5]al ma9t5ance4 ,if ! e/ate 0 locat$ 9 an area t includ$ tropical l[-level l&1 m\nta9\s t]ra91 & semi-des]t1 adm9i/ration 0 complex4 ,! ?\s&s ( acres _h to be sup]vis$ on horseback4 ,wea!r 0 a daily conc]n4 ,keep+ a compet5t "w =ce 0 an ev]-*ang+ problem4 ,! p]sonnel ( an haci5da consi/$ ( a mayordomo 7! adm9i/rator71 m9or sup]visors1 field work]s1 c[h&s1 %eph]ds1 blacksmi?s1 masons1 saddl]s1 cobbl]s1 c>p5t]s1 woodcutt]s1 weav]s1 a /able boss & assi/ants1 err& boys1 a b>b]1 a *&l]1 g>d5]s1 dairym51 maids1 butl]1 cooks1 seam/resses1 ! manag] ( ! ti5da de raya1 but*]s1 a prie/1 an organi/1 a tea*]1 a gov]ness1 & sometimes a doctor4 ,! bigg] ! e/ate1 ! bigg] ! /aff4 ,all 7 responsible to ! hac5dado :o liv$ on ! haci5da or :o 0 an abs5tee own]-adm9i/rator4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co1 ,puebla3 c5tury-old c>riage4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 ! haci5das became increas+ly self-suffici5t4 ,isolat$ z !y 71 !y made e ef=t to provide = _! own ne$s3 wat]1 food1 c>riages1 wagons1 c>ts1 saddles1 %oes1 spurs1 h>nesses1 clo?+1 l954 ,equipm5t l saws1 pl[s1 pumps1 pipe1 guns1 & ma*etes _h to be import$4 ,! hac5dado1 8 family1 & /aff ate an e>ly breakfa/4 ,bells clang$ = a ,mass at #f3jj or #g3jj ,a4,m4 7be=e or aft] breakfa/71 dep5d+ on ! wea!r4 ,9 mo/ tropical regions1 "w comm5c$ at dawn to escape ! noon heat2 dur+ ! summ]1 "w 0 (t5 susp5d$ ar\nd midday & resum$ late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br&s1 /ate ( ,jalisco4 ,ea* morn+1 ! hac5dado f\nd 8 clo!s laid out by 8 mozo 7valet71 p]haps 8 *>ro outfit1 a %irt1 socks1 sombr]o1 pi/ol1 boots1 gloves1 & quirt4 ,8 breakfa/ m5u includ$ fruit1 eggs1 meat di%es1 beans1 tortillas1 or pan dulces 7v>i$ sweet rolls74 ,! *ef (f]$ c(fee1 *ocolate1 tea1 pulque1 or be]4 ,cuban cig>s 7 favor$4 ,m\nt$ on a well-groom$ ?or\ghbr$1 rid+ we/]n saddle1 ! hac5dado *eck$ crops1 cattle1 corrals1 gran>y1 irrigation project1 & village labor]s4 ,he also conf]r$ ) village caciques 7*iefs74 ,dur+ a lifetime ! hac5dado rode "s #fj1jjj miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,c$ra1 ,jalisco3 /one cross to "o side ( haci5da *apel4 #h feet tall4 ,! hac5dada look$ aft] h] /aff1 h] maids1 ! gov]ness1 ! tutor1 %e allocat$ tasks3 %eets to be laund]$1 soap to be made1 ! pur*ase ( manta = l951 clo!s to be m5d$1 skirts to be hemm$4 ,if gue/s 7 expect$1 ! d9n] m5u _h to be c>efully plann$4 ,*ildr51 relatives1 fri5ds--!y 7 all important4 ,supplies _h to be br\ght to ! haci5da f ! ne>e/ village or t[n3 k]os5e1 salt1 lamps1 mat*es1 drugs4 ,by #b3jj or #b3cj ,p4,m41 x 0 "t to eat4 ,at a k9d ( make%ift picnic1 ! work]s %>$ _! clay pots ( hot beans or rice1 _! tortillas1 & pulque4 ,sometimes !re 0 meat ) ! rice or beans3 *ick51 pork1 beef1 goat4 ,9 season1 !re 7 zapotes1 mangos1 oranges1 avocados1 bananas1 *irimoyas4 ,work]s wore ca/-(fs3 torn %irts1 torn tr\s]s1 batt]$ hats2 ! wom5 7 usually dress$ 9 blue cotton dresses & blue & :ite rebozos4 ,!y ate 9 ! fields1 9 ! kit*51 9 ! corral & /ables--%>+ _! food4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,tabi1 ,yucatn3 e>ly #ah?-c5tury *ur*4 ,at ! same h\r1 inside ! big h\se1 ! hac5dado1 8 family1 & gue/s enjoy$ a meal at ! long table set ) import$ or haci5da l951 elegant *9a1 cut glass1 & ,mexican & ,european silv]w>e4 ,b>efoot maids s]v$4 ,p]haps ! maids wore ,tehuana or ,yucatecan dresses4 ,! butl] may h worn :ite gloves4 ,9 ! spaci\s1 beam$1 w9d[$ room1 cool 9 summ]1 w>m 9 w9t]1 ! m5u 0 v>i$3 ,hors d'oeuvres ,s\p ,sopa ,seca 7pa/a1 rice1 etc47 ,beef1 *ick51 pork1 lamb1 v5ison--or a comb9ation ( ^! 7,turkey1 rabbit1 quail1 fi%1 :5 available7 ,flan 7cu/>d71 *ongo 7a milk & syrup confection71 cajeta 7c>ameliz$ goat's milk71 cake--or fre% fruit & *eese ,c(fee1 tea1 w9e1 liquor1 hor*ata 7a rice dr9k71 jamaica 7a tropical dr9k71 *ocolate4 ,w9e & liquor 7 bo? dome/ic & import$4 ,bo? local & import$ *eeses 7 s]v$1 z well z ,european delicacies l cavi>1 m>malades1 jellies1 m9ts1 nuts1 & bon-bons4 ,aft] d9n]1 ! sie/a call$ = relaxation1 com=table *airs1 hammocks4 ,a well-e>n$ s5se ( ease took ov]4 ,a few gue/s play$ pool or billi>ds1 bridge1 rummy1 p9o*le4 ,at dusk1 croquet 0 a favorite game4 ,"s e/ates _h a swimm+ pool or access to a riv]1 lake1 or ocean playa4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,altillo1 ,coyoacn1 ,d4,f43 pa/el ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,xotla1 ,puebla3 resid5ce patio & ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,zapotitn1 ,jalisco3 map on v]&a ( resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,bu5a ,vi/a1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,zapotitn1 ,jalisco3 rema9s ( #agej resid5ce & mirador2 :ite /ucco$ masonry4 ,at a ,jesuit haci5da1 a peasant :o fail$ to att5d ,mass might be la%$2 b ! av]age haci5da 0 l5i5t ab\t att5dance4 ,at ev5+ ,mass aft] a day's labor1 ! work]s 7 glad to kneel or squat3 ! h\r 0 a humble rew>d4 ,hymns 7 sung4 ,someone play$ ! organ or piano4 ,ea* *apel or *ur* boa/$ an alt>--a lace-cov]$ table ) pap] fl[]s or a rococo gild$ c>v+1 ) santos 7sa9ts7 & angels 9 ! gray ni*es4 ,! ,virg9 or sa9t 0 ! focal po9t4 ,/a9$-glass & onyx w9d[s appe>$ 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,m>ble & onyx sometimes replac$ mesquite or til$ floors4 ,"s *apels & *ur*es _h pews1 b 9 ^? )\t furniture ! work]s knelt4 ,z = ! haci5da family1 !y sat on cane *airs or wor%ipp$ beh9d a scre5$ coro4 ,!re 0 a cle> di/ance betwe5 !m & ! unwa%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co1 ,puebla3 poly*rome wood /atue1 #af?-c5tury1 #e feet tall4 ,mo/ s]vices 7 conduct$ 9 ,lat91 a language dislik$ by ! ,indians because !y consid]$ x an affront to _! integrity4 ,spani% 0 a tribulation & ,lat9 0 ano!r4 ,:5 !y memoriz$ songs 9 ,lat9 or ,spani%1 !y (t5 mispron\nc$ words int5tionally4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay1 ,campe*e3 #ah?-c5tury *ur*4 ,crucifixes 7 evid5t 9 mo/ places ( wor%ip4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ 0 sometimes pornographic 9 /yle1 sometimes tragic4 ,y]ma1 ,f$]ico ,g>cia ,lorca's tragic evocation1 0 br\ght to life aga9 & aga94 ,"y p grew up see+ m>riage di/ort$1 w>p$ by sup]/ition & rigid conv5tions4 ,!y le>n$ to admire m>tyrs4 ,!y le>n$ t ! body 0 unclean--putrefy+4 ,! bloody cross hung 9 c\ntless m9ds4 ,) a cross dangl+ at h] ?roat1 ! seorita made confections3 sug> skulls4 ,a ,nun's ,cry 0 ! "n ( a confection4 ,haci5da lonel9ess did /range ?+s2 x summon$ du5des 7spirits74 ,9 ?is remote place1 ! *ur* br$ intol]ance--deep :isp]s ( dea? & damnation4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,dolores ,noriat5co1 ,puebla3 saddle belong+ to =m] ,presid5t vila ,cama*o decorat$ ) silv]4 ,great art--:5 x c\ld be f\nd--add$ to extremism4 ,/4 ,seba/ian & 8 arr[-pi]c$ body1 ,murillo & 8 =lorn madonnas1 ,c>avaggio & 8 rebelli\s sa9ts--ea* tilt$ ! m9d a little fur!r askew4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 great music at "s e/ates4 ,freight$ by tra91 retransport$ 9 sections by ox c>t1 ! ,london ,broadway piano br\ght ,ba*1 ,hndel1 & ,c\p]9 to ! seora's sala4 ,mo/ haci5das _h a sala clutt]$ ) heirlooms3 horsehair s(as1 tape/ry *airs1 wick] rock]s1 a p>otta table1 an ormolu scre51 an inlaid c>d table1 brass spittoons1 & a :atnot ( ori5tal ivory c>v+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,san ,ignacio1 ,yucatn3 #ah? c5tury brass sacri/y ,implem5ts--h&bell & ,bible hold]4 ,s9ce mo/ "w 0 on]\s & ! h\rs long1 ) mo/ work]s und]n\ri%$ & small-bon$1 ! haci5das fac$ labor problems4 ,mo/ man-h\rs w5t into agricultural jobs2 9 "s areas :]e ! wat] supply 0 critical1 wells _h to be dug & s]vic$1 pipel9es dem&$ upkeep4 ,if an aqu$uct suppli$ ! e/ate1 ! canal1 its outlets1 & spans _h to be ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! fields--across ?\s&s ( acres--!re 0 plant+1 we$+1 h>ve/+1 & %uck+ to be done4 ,!re 7 beans1 pepp]s1 & tomatoes to pick4 ,f5ces _h to be repair$4 ,! cycles cont9u$1 alt]$ by ra9 or dr\ght1 by pe/s & soil failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,! mo/ capable agronomi/s 7 ! ,jesuits2 _! haci5das a*iev$ ! be/ production records4 ,_! work]s (t5 7 treat$ ) a measure ( consid]ation4 ,! ,jesuit conduct book call$ = respect4 ,?is #bjj-page bible ( ,in/ruccines1 writt5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 =bade ! :ip1 ball & *a91 & ! pillory4 ,yet ev5 s1 ,jesuit cruelty 0 evid5t4 ,9 ,santa ,luca1 adm9i/rators *a9$ mill work]s & left skeletons ( m5 9 *a9s 9 subt]ranean rooms4 ,9 #agfg1 ! ,jesuits 7 expell$ f ,new ,spa94 ,by #ahaj1 ,augu/9ians1 ,c>melites1 ,dom9icans1 & ,franciscans own$ m ?an half ( ! nation's real e/ate4 ,z = slav]y on ! haci5das1 :5 is a man a slave8 ,he is a slave if he works 9 p]petual debt4 ,if he _c1 "u p5alty ( imprisonm5t & dea?1 leave ! haci5da & "w else:]e1 he is a slave4 ,f ! days ( ! encomi5das 7l& grant e/ates7 until #aiaj1 work]s 7 enslav$ by ! haci5da4 ,a small haci5da kept t5 or twelve black slaves4 ,s9ce !re 7 approximately eight ?\s& haci5das 9 #aiaj1 ! total ( black slaves mu/ h rea*$ _m ?\s&s4 ,a l>ge haci5da kept "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty slaves1 ( all ages4 ,!re is no accurate c\nt1 b x is cle> t black slav]y play$ an important role 9 ! haci5da sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,san ,ignacio1 ,yucatn3 brass ecclesia/ical c&le hold]4 ,di%>mony 0 common among ! e?nic gr\ps3 negro1 mulatto1 me/izo1 ,creole1 ,zapotec1 ,mxica1 ,*i*imeca1 ,yaqui4 ,! mores ( ea* gr\p 7 affect$ by ,spani% cu/oms & dem&s4 ,e?nic problems exi/$ at ea* e/ate to v>y+ degrees4 ,at ! m9+ haci5da1 ! sug> ref9+ haci5da1 & ! va/ cattle prop]ties1 ! work] 0 less valuable ?an ! horse4 ,big jobs & big l& grants m9imiz$ p]sonalities2 anonymity took ov]4 ,at ! m9e hold+s1 work]s grubb$ = ore #a1jjj feet bel[4 ,!y work$ almo/ nak$1 )\t adequate food1 drank contam9at$ wat]1 climb$ prec>i\s ladd]s 9 %afts fa9tly lit4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 employ$4 ,9 pr9ciple1 !y 7 to "w = a few days & !n return home1 b !y work$ until !y 7 ill or until !y di$4 ,ov]se]s 7 unwill+ to sp>e ! work]s4 ,!re 0 no m$ical c>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay1 ,campe*e3 cepo 7/ocks71 made ( mahogany4 ,) _! m9+1 sug> ref9]y1 & cattle prop]ties1 ! hac5dados 7 pr\d ( _! afflu5ce1 evid5t 9 _! elegant mansions1 ornate *ur*es1 end[$ s*ools1 & hospitals4 ,!y liv$ l ,c>ol+ian k+s z !y travel$ f "o haci5da to ano!r1 att5d$ by fri5ds1 relatives1 & p>asites4 ,!y 7 fam$ = _! hospitality1 hat$ = _! cruelty1 k[t[$ to :5 !y w5t abroad4 ,r9cn ,gall>do (f]$ 8 private army to ! ,spani% ,cr[n %\ld !re be a ne$4 ,x took ! ,gall>do family less ?an a c5tury to create a pr9cipality ) its own adm9i/ration1 ca/le1 village1 & subord9ate haci5das4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,ca/amay1 ,campe*e3 *apel /airway4 ,r9cn ,gall>do rem9isc$ ab\t 8 haci5da life3 ,i sp5t my vacations ) fri5ds at ,tlalayote1 ne> ,apn1 9 ! /ate ( ,hidalgo4 ,!re we rode 9 ! morn+2 9 ! aft]noon we hunt$ = pheasant1 quail & rabbit1 &1 ne> ,tult5go ,lake1 = ducks4 ,s9ce !re 0 no automobile we w5t ev]y:]e on horseback4 ,i c rememb] return+ late f a hunt1 ! />s our only guide1 s9ce ! "o we 7 suppos$ to use--,ev>i/o1 our groom--_h by !n a headful ( pulque & 0 9 no %ape to lead u home4 ,b once back at ,tlalayote's ma9 h\se we h&$ ov] our game-bags to ,miscaela1 ! magnific5t cook1 :o prep>$ sev]al ( ! birds & s]v$ u pl5tifully ) great mugs ( pulque br\ght 9 f ! f]m5t+ %$4 ,?is rural life seem$ yet ano!r indication ( ! l&'s undy+ attraction4 ,z a "y man ,i le>n$ to ride *>ro /yle1 to ?r[ a calf by its tail1 to lasso on horseback & on foot1 to drive a six-mule team1 to break wild colts & calves1 & use fire>ms ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,i enjoy$ ! br&+s1 ! %e>+s1 & ! wean+s1 :i* include "o ( my favorite sports 444 sep>at+ calves f _! mo!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,corralitos1 ,corralitos1 ,*ihuahua3 "o-million-acre cattle & m9+ haci5da1 #agej4 ,adobe resid5ce1 #ahhf1 surr\nd$ by cottonwoods4 ,b !re 7 a few hac5dados :o disav[$ ! great e/ates3 ,"o ( !m said3 ,i'd r h an attic 9 ,p>is ?an an haci5da4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,bellavi/a1 ,jalisco3 sug> ref9]y silo4 ,,iv4 ,fie/as ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,haci5das 7 ! home ( ! fie/a4 ,! fir/ fie/as 7 held %ortly aft] ! ,conque/4 ,z ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicism spread1 fie/as increas$ 9 numb]--honor+ a sa9t1 commemorat+ a religi\s ev5t1 a holiday1 a w$d+4 ,g5]ally1 fie/as 7 initiat$ by ! peasants & repres5t$ a communal expression4 ,at an haci5da village someone _h to collect funds1 arrange = co/umes1 sup]vise *ur* or *apel decorations1 commission ! fireworks1 hire or borr[ musicians1 & arrange = food & dr9ks4 ,if ! hac5dado ho/$ a fie/a1 he might leave ! details to 8 wife or ! mayordomo4 ,! prie/ & 8 assi/ant also manag$ fie/as4 ,p came on foot1 by ox c>t1 palanqu91 burro1 mule1 horse1 wagon1 & c>riage--f di/ant haci5das & t[ns4 ,= "s f\r hundr$ ye>s fie/as liv5$ ^! feudal outpo/s t exi/$ across ! nation4 ,gue/s 7 (t5 royalty or politically important3 a vic]oy1 a duke1 a gov]nor1 or *ur* dignit>y4 ,s9ce travel 0 usually t$i\s & fatigu+1 ev]y?+ 0 done to make ! fe/ival memorable4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,yocotepec1 ,hidalgo3 *ur* & /one cross4 ,sixte5?-c5tury fie/as 7 ann\nc$ by drums & ! *irima--a %rill flute f ,aztec-,toltec-,mayan days4 ,danc]s p]=m$ 9 front ( ! big h\se or danc$ 9 a patio or on ! tiles ( ! *ur* plaza4 ,!y wore h>lequ9-l co/umes1 fea!r$ headdresses1 conque/ clo!s1 :ite tr\s]s sa%$ ) r$1 giant sombr]os1 masks2 !y flaunt$ w&s1 %ields1 spe>s1 b[s1 & arr[s4 ,ankle rattles hiss$4 ,g\rds ?ump$ & ru/l$4 ,only male danc]s p>ticipat$4 ,9 ! f> s\?1 at e/ates 9 ,*iapas1 ,yucatn1 ,qu9tana ,roo1 & ,campe*e1 ! m>imba replac$ ! flute & drum4 ,sometimes six or eight musicians p\nd$ out music simultane\sly on f\r or five in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,sodzil1 ,yucatn3 bronze wea!rvane on resid5ce4 ,9 ! nor?1 on ,sonoran & ,*ihuahuan haci5das1 ! viol9 0 ! *ief in/rum5t4 ,fa%ion$ ) no o!r tools ?an pieces ( glass & a knife1 x suppli$ basic rhy?ms1 "o or sev]al in/rum5ts wail+ = ,yaqui & ,t>ahum>an dances4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 /one resid5ce & *apel4 ,fl[]s deck$ e fie/a4 ,g>d5ias 7 toss$ into ! f\nta9s1 c>nations 7 wov5 into bell ropes1 & rambl] roses 7 spun ar\nd ox c>t :eels & wagon :eels4 ,blossoms fill$ *ur*es & *apels ) fragrance1 !y crisscross$ patios on wires1 !y bright5$ roadside %r9es4 ,food & dr9k 7 pl5tiful3 tortillas1 beans1 beans cook$ ) beef or *ick51 pots & pots ( beans1 iron caldrons ( s\p1 meat b>becu$ on spits1 ox & goat1 b>rels ( pun*1 buckets ( pulque1 b>rels ( be]1 bottles ( tequila1 &1 ( c\rse1 cognac--= ! g5te de razn 7g5try74 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 gate4 ,9 ! big h\se1 d9n]s 7 elaborate--! hac5dado presid+4 ,! m5u (f]$ ,co*9ita pibil 7pork b>becu$ 9 banana leaves71 squa% blossom s\p1 quesadillas 7tortilla turnov]s /uff$ ) *eese & mu%rooms71 u*epos 7corn mu% /eam$ 9 husks71 muk-bil pollo 7*ick5 & pork tamale pie71 tamales ,v]acruzanos 7pork-fill$ tamales71 & ate de guayaba 7guava c&y pa/e74 ,= special gue/s1 ! *efs s]v$ m elaborate di%es3 pheasant1 quail1 javel9a1 v5ison1 dove1 rabbit4 ,!re 7 no gov]nm5t re/rictions on wild game4 ,fi%]m5 contribut$ gallo 7roo/] fi%71 p>do tru*a 7tr\t71 hua*9ango 7r$ snapp]71 turtle1 turtle eggs1 lob/]1 & crab4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,pu]to de ,nieto1 ,guanajuato3 *ur*4 ,! gue/s ga!r$ = cockfights4 ,if x 0 summ]time1 a canopy %ad$ ! pit4 ,9 ! highl&s a mozo swept aside p9e ne$les & built a gre5 fire to fight ! mosquitoes4 ,9 ! s\?1 :ite awn+s & /rip$ p>asols furni%$ %ade4 ,! cocks1 :i* 7 uncag$ at a pit1 7 nam$3 ,biba ,manza1 ,panad]o1 ,porfirio1 ,tigre1 ,mi ,g5]al1 & ,el ,rayo4 ,at a signal ! birds flew at ea* o!r1 _! razor blades fla%+4 ,bets 7 wag]$ 444 a hundr$ 444 a ?\s& 444 five4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,aurora1 ,jalisco3 commemorative bridge column dat$ #agej4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de los ,morales1 ,d4,f43 patio f\nta91 #afdc4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,xala1 ,hidalgo3 resid5ce & *apel1 #aghe4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,t5a*e1 ,oaxaca3 tw9 bells on ro( ( resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da la ,cal]a1 ,jalisco3 second resid5ce on ! prop]ty1 #ahij4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,pixoy1 ,yucatn3 brick-adobe resid5ce & /orage rooms4 #ah? c5tury1 elev5 rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de los ,ricos1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de los ,ricos1 ,guanajuato3 bullr+ entry door4 ,e fie/a _h popul> dances3 ,cora ,paixil1 ,moro1 ,tapato1 ,j>ana4 ,! g5te 7p7 danc$ 9 ! sala or on a cool v]&a or outside by k]os5e lamps1 by tor*es1 by c&lelight1 "u *&eli]s 9 ! big h\se1 by gasol9e lamps--! illum9ation *ang+ ) ! epo*4 ,or*e/ras--br\ght by tra9 f ! cities--play$ polkas1 waltzes1 ru/ic ,ba*1 ,la ,bamba1 ,torres de ,pueblo1 ,!re is ,someone1 & o!r curr5t favorites4 ,m>ia*is1 9 _! sequ9$ black suits & sprawl+ black hats1 play$ & sang4 ,!y 7 always ! favorites at e fie/a4 ,dat+ f ,aztec days1 ,los ,voladores 7pole danc]s71 7 ! s5sation4 ,cu/om>ily1 five m5 p>ticipat$1 fir/ danc+ on ! gr\nd1 !n climb+ a l(ty pole :]e !y hurl$ !mselves into space1 rop$ by ! feet4 ,sp9n+ r\nd & r\nd ! pole1 !y gradually desc5d$1 unw9d+4 ,fie/as la/$ a s+le day or sev]al days2 sometimes !y became a f]ia1 a m>ket :]e v5dors w\ld set up boo?s & display fabric1 produce1 h]bs1 pott]y1 ma*etes1 knives4 ,p\ltry & live/ock 7 sold or b>t]$4 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,spani% bullfight]s arriv$ & p]=m$ at haci5das ne> ! capital4 ,! elegantly-dress$ c[boy1 ! *>ro1 sp5t #a1jjj on 8 outfit2 8 tr\s]s 7 sk9tight & _h s+le or d\ble r[s ( silv] buttons trimm+ ! outside seams4 ,8 %irt 0 homespun cotton or h&somely embroid]$ l954 ,8 jacket 0 embroid]$ & sequ9$4 ,8 boots 7 made ( inlaid lea!r1 exp]tly fitt$4 ,8 sombr]o 0 ornam5t$ ) silv] & silv] b&$4 ,8 /irrups & spurs 7 *as$ silv] or gold1 & 8 saddle 0 inlaid ) silv] or gold4 ,x is n kn[n :5 ! fir/ ca/illo 7bamboo t[]7 spat fire4 ,:5 !re 0 ample gunp[d]1 someone fa%ion$ a w9dmill = p9:eels1 rockets1 ,roman c&les1 blaz+ globes ( flame1 & /r+s ( tangl$ lights4 ,x 0 a w9dmill ( bamboo1 a %iv]+1 %ak+ t[] ( color1 #bj to #cj feet high4 ,?r\gh\t ! fie/a1 work]s dipp$ into ! pulque casks4 ,!y tri$ to dance (f _! intoxication2 !y did _! be/ to =get _! h>d%ips2 sometimes !y f\nd !mselves 9 ! haci5da jail4 ,notables play$ billi>ds1 pool & c>ds & toss$ dice2 until f> into ! night !y might gamble at ! ,monte 7c>d game7 tables2 :5 ! fie/a came to an end !y laid d[n _! c>ds reluctantly--x might be a long way home4 ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb]--! summ] cal5d> roll$ on & new fie/a dates became important3 ,c&lemas1 ,holy ,week1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,da de ,los ,reyes4 ,on ! ,day ( ,div9e ,pr(ici5ce1 c&les burn$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on c>ts & on m5's %\ld]s1 biblical floats appe>$3 ,x 0 "t = a reappraisal ( fai?1 "t to honor ! local ,virg94 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,yax*e1 ,yucatn3 ,virg91 #ad in*es high1 #ag? c5tury4 ,v4 ,education ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,9 bygone days--two hundr$ ye>s ago--an haci5da *ur* or *apel bell signal$ s*ool4 ,a y\ng/] or prie/ or acolyte yank$ ! bell rope4 ,9 ! tropics1 if y 7 lucky1 y put on y\r %irgo 7ra9coat71 & got to s*ool dry4 ,y\r class />t$ at #g3jj ,a4,m4 & la/$ until noon1 :5 ! heat mov$ 94 ,y walk$ to y\r home = lun* or pick$ x (f ! trees z y w5t home4 ,if s*ool conv5$ regul>ly y 7 =tunate4 ,y 7 =tunate if classes fre$ y f haci5da *ores4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone1 s*ool began ab\t #i3jj ,a4,m4 & reconv5$ aft] ! sie/a--clos+ at #d3jj ,p4,m4 ,aga9 int]mitt5cy play$ havoc ) ! sessions4 ,! mae/ro 7tea*]7 0 v in=mal2 if y _h a tea*] :o 0 d$icat$1 y\r education began to acquire mean+4 ,tea*+ 0 9 ,spani%1 ?\gh ! pupils might speak "o or m ( ! sixty dialects4 ,= c5turies ! p>5ts object$ to ,spani% be+ taught2 at home ! *ildr5 spoke _! native tongue4 ,s9ce ,spani% co]cion 0 cont9ual1 x 0 only normal = ! /ud5ts to rebel4 ,intuitively1 !y s5s$ ! de/ruction ( _! way ( life4 ,bo? s*ool & *ur* 7 suspect4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,taman*e1 ,yucatn3 #ag?-c5tury colonial resid5ce & rema9s ( sug> ref9]y *imney4 ,prie/s1 z in/ructors1 read selections f ! ,bible1 religi\s treatises1 & pamphlets4 ,!re 7 no books = ! /ud5ts4 ,) p5cil1 pap]1 & blackbo>d or slate1 *ildr5 le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( writ+1 read+1 & ari?metic4 ,)\t musical accompanim5t1 !y le>n$ hymns & poetry4 ,_! c5turies 7 c5turies ( neglect4 ,x 0 exceptional :5 an haci5da hir$ a prie/-in/ructor p]man5tly4 ,s9ce tea*]s 7 ei!r poorly paid or 7 haci5da gue/s1 !y (f]$ halfhe>t$ s]vice4 ,haci5das 7 kn[n to neglect education int5tionally3 ! peasant 0 to be kept subord9ate--a little read+1 a little writ+1 b no m4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,antonio1 ,guanajuato3 #ah?-c5tury *apel ru94 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,san ,antonio1 ,colima3 #ag?-c5tury *apel & t]m9us ( aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,jajalpa1 ,d4,f43 p9k /ucco sixte5-room1 r$-til$ #ai?-c5tury resid5ce & *apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,san ,cayetano1 ,nay>it3 "o ( a pair ( p9k c]amic lions at entry to resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,gu>a*e1 ,mi*oacn3 resid5ce & *apel4 ,n[ a gov]nm5t s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,petaca1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,usually ! ma9 haci5da resid5ce h\s$ ! s*ool4 ,"o ( ! tw5ty or ?irty rooms 0 designat$ ! classroom4 ,x 0 small & _h few or no w9d[s2 ! op5 door let 9 light & air4 ,/ud5ts 9 ! sixte5? c5tury sat on ! floor4 ,lat]1 !y _h b5*es & sat ar\nd a table1 ! mae/ro at "o end4 ,slates came into be+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 &1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 blackbo>ds4 ,engrav+s ( ! presid5ts began to decorate b>e walls4 ,dirty1 fox$ maps hid /a9s4 ,til$ floors 7 (t5 cold & damp4 ,?\gh !re 0 sun%9e mo/ ( ! ye>1 classes 7 nev] held "u ! laurel or palm trees4 ,girls sat on "o side1 boys on ! o!r--if ! room 0 l>ge en\gh4 ,!re 7 no sanit>y facilities1 no heal? precautions1 no hygi5e in/ruction4 ,at recess1 ! *ildr5 drank f ! patio f\nta9 or cattle tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,juana ,gu]ra1 ,amado ,n]vo1 ,durango3 mill/one4 ,on an haci5da employ+ f\r hundr$ work]s1 ab\t tw5ty *ildr5 att5d$ s*ool4 ,s9ce ! haci5da 0 on a dawn-to-d>k s*$ule1 "w nev] ran out2 ! av]age hac5dado felt he c\ld employ ^? sk9ny legs & arms to 8 advantage4 ,at h>ve/ "t !re 7 no classes2 dur+ fie/as !re 7 no classes2 if ! mae/ro got drunk !re 7 no classes4 ,truancy 0 a fact ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,aguil]a1 ,oaxaca3 =m] #ai?-c5tury haci5da resid5ce1 n[ univ]sity build+4 ,at s*ool & at home ! *ildr5 play$ m>bles1 us+ clay m>bles ( _! own bak+4 ,!y spun tops & play$ jacks1 tag1 hide-&-seek1 & a fl[] game call$ ,/eal+ a ,s\l4 ,9 ,! ,old ,sa9ts1 ! buy] da%$ f "o sa9t to ano!r to see if 8 sa9t is ! "o he wants to buy4 ,if ! sa9t runs (f & is caught he is giv5 a job to d4 ,a favorite song 0 ,gold5 ,bell3 ,little gold5 bell1 ,let me pass2 ,) all my *ildr5 ,:o are beh9d me4 ,s++ ,la ,vbora del ,m>1 ! *ildr5 divid$ into two gr\ps2 ?is 0 a tug-(-w> song & is /ill rememb]$3 ,! s]p5t1 s]p5t ( ! sea1 "h x c pass by4 ,^? 9 front run fa/1 ^? 9 back w be left beh9d2 a ,mexican girl1 sell+ fruit1 plums1 apricots1 muskmelons1 & wat]melons4 ,haci5das _h no s*ool libr>ies4 ,! casa pr9cipal may h acquir$ a collection ( hi/ory1 travel1 philosophy1 & fiction2 b su* collections 7 r>ely %>$4 ,= c5turies ! ,inquisition influ5c$ mo/ read+ habits4 ,pagan & ,ca?olic sup]/ition wreak$ havoc ) "y m9ds2 x is /ill evid5t 9 rural ,mexico :]e m5 & wom5 knock on ! side ( a c(f9--& li/5 = an answ]4 ,m5 & wom5 flagellate !mselves4 ,t>ahum>as1 9 caves ( ! ,b>ranca del ,cobre c\ntry1 wor%ip /one idols & pray to ra9 gods4 ,lac&ones /ill leave (f]+s on jungle alt>s4 ,until ab\t #ahbf1 :5 a national s*ool sy/em 0 creat$ 9 ! l>g] t[ns & 9 ! cities1 textbooks 7 unkn[n except at private s*ools4 ,hom]1 ,sappho1 ,plato1 ,%akespe>e & ,kant 7 all b unrecogniz$4 ,don ,quixote1 h[ev]1 0 an influ5ce4 ,s 7 ,lope de ,vega & ,sor ,juana ,9s de la ,cruz4 ,b !y 7 only lit]>y %ad[s4 ,no haci5da mae/ro explor$ ! ?\ghts ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,hume1 or ,jeff]son4 ,!re 7 no sci5ce labs4 ,!re 0 no art in/ruction4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies only six or eight ,mexican m9ds contribut$ to culture & le>n+3 ,ruiz de ,al>cn1 ,c>los de ,sigenza y ,gngora1 & ,don ,b>tolom de ,alba 7 among !m4 ,_! influ5ce 0 re/rict$ to metropolitan c5t]s4 ,)\t books1 ) limit$ transportation1 ! haci5da rema9$ a lo/ society4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,san ,cayetano de ,val5cia1 ,guanajuato3 *ur*1 #aghh4 ,9 #aiaj1 :5 !re 7 approximately eight ?\s& haci5das1 betwe5 t5 & tw5ty /ud5ts att5d$ s*ool ea* day on a giv5 haci5da3 ,9 all1 "s #hgj1jjj *ildr5 & te5ag]s 7 enroll$--ga9+ a rudim5t>y education4 ,9 t[ns & cities1 :]e private s*ools contribut$ to ! nation's education1 s*ools 7 small & (f]$ limit$ opportunities4 ,) a population 9 #aiaj ( #ae million1 ,mexico's enrollm5t 0 among ! _w's l[e/4 ,mexico _h only #c million lit]ates4 ,9 all haci5da areas millions c\ld n read or write--or speak ,spani%4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,juana ,gu]ra1 ,amado ,n]vo1 ,durango3 b>oque *ur*4 ,dur+ ! m ?an t5 ye>s ( civil w> & ma*ete madness t foll[$ #aiaj-aiad1 education ( ! masses 0 disrupt$ ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,s*ool att5dance dropp$ 9 t[ns & cities2 on ! haci5da e h9t ( le>n+ /opp$4 ,:5 haci5da aft] haci5da 0 pillag$ or burn$1 ! skeletal s*ool sy/em disappe>$4 ,books--^? !re 7--w5t up 9 flames4 ,y\? _h no *ance = s*ola/ic gr[?4 ,! "y :o surviv$ 7 =tunate4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s1 ,mexico's population decl9$ by "o million p4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de la ,v5ta del ,a/ill]o4 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury /one & brick resid5ce & *apel4 #bbj feet long4 ,ye>s ( revolution ret>d$ ,mexico to an incalculable degree z guns took ! place ( bra9s4 ,t[ns1 :ile occupi$ by troops or h>ass$ by gunfire1 _h to ab&on tea*+ & s*ool+4 ,y\ng/]s born on an haci5da dur+ ^? ye>s grew up )\t see+ ! inside ( a s*ool4 ,yet1 x is an amaz+ & /imulat+ fact t ,mexico1 aft] su* havoc1 c\ld evolve an educational sy/em ( m]it & induce ! "y & ! old to att5d classes4 ,! ,ea* ,"o1 ,tea* ,"o1 or ,analfabetismo ,program1 0 put into effect & successfully c>ri$ out4 ,9 #aiea1 ?irty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! haci5das _h be5 aboli%$1 ! gov]nm5t appropriat$ #cee1fhj1jjj pesos = s*ools4 ,prefabs sprang up ov]night2 old build+s 7 r5ovat$2 education became compulsory2 ef=ts 7 made to attract tea*]s & to tra9 !m4 ,! weal?y elite sons & daught]s ( ! haci5da /udi$ at in/itutions ( high] le>n+ abroad4 ,?is favor$ gr\p1 ?\gh small1 contribut$ to ! nation's maturity4 ,univ]sities su* z ,salamanca1 ,heidelb]g1 ,h>v>d1 ! ,sorbonne1 ,ox=d1 & ,cambridge enri*$ ^! /ud5ts4 ,!y assum$ important po/s1 gov]nm5t positions1 & eng9e]+ jobs2 !y became s5ators1 doctors1 lawy]s1 & educators4 ,! long1 bitt] /ruggle to atta9 a middle class _h begun4 ,,vi4 ,! ,revolution ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,john ,re$1 an ,am]ican j\rnali/ :o cov]$ ! campaign ( ,pan*o ,villa1 describ$ 9 ,insurg5t ,mexico ! revolution at an haci5da 9 nor!rn ,mexico 9 #aiac-aiad3 ,we crept close to ! l9e & :5 we 7 almo/ ^u !m we op5$ fire4 ,!re 7 ?ree deta*m5ts & we pu%$ "r into _! encampm5t & set fire to _! %elt]s4 ,_! corn & beans 7 laid out on blankets to dry 9 ! sun & we ev5 de/roy$ t4 ,! ,c>ranci/as fl$ f u & we *as$ !m ?r\gh v r\gh c\ntry4 ,we believ$ we 7 w9n+1 b man6 ,x wasn't t way at all6 ,we foll[$ !m )\t kn[+ :]e we 7 go+4 ,!y /opp$ on ! o!r side ( a hill1 at ! entrance to ,haci5da ,san ,gregorio1 & !re a f\r? deta*m5t )/ood u s we pull$ back & jo9$ our =ces4 ,!re 7 five ?\s& ( u b we 7 ext5d$ f ,san ,gregorio to ,topilejo4 ,our guides 7 local peasants & !y s5t ,g5]al ,*on & 8 m5 ?r\gh ! m\nta9s4 ,he 0 f ,gu]r]o & he didn't "k ^! m\nta9s s !y s5t him to ! wor/ peaks4 ,8 m5 7 /opp$ b we w]5't4 ,we 7 s5t along ! side ( ! highway & ,g5]al ,teodor's m5 w5t on ! highway because !y 7 all on horseback4 ,! ,c>ranci/as _h artill]y b ! %ots pass$ ov] u because we lay d[n 9 ! dit*es4444 ,b !n we ent]$ a little cornfield 9 a valley :]e ! fight+ 0 v bad4 ,! ,zapati/as 7 on "o hill & ! ,c>ranci/as 7 on ano!r & we 7 9 ! middle1 fight+ h& to h& ) o!r ,c>ranci/as4 ,! two armies got all mix$ up1 !re 9 ,san ,gregorio4 ,!re 0 a trem5d\s hail ( bullets & ! dead pil$ up l /ones 9 a milpa 7small plot74 ,! man j next to me fell4444 ,at five o'clock a bullet got ! ,capta9 :o _h be5 blasphem+ ! day be=e4 ,9 ! d>k we didn't "k :o 0 a ,zapati/a1 :o 0 a ,c>ranci/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,matanzas1 ,jalisco3 *apel & resid5ce1 *apel date #agej4 ,! revolution swept f haci5da to haci5da1 n[ ! ,c>ranci/as attack+1 n[ ! ,colorados1 n[ ! ,zapati/as1 n[ ! ,villi/as4 ,aft] f\r c5turies ( con/ant bludgeon+ by ! ,spani>ds ! haci5da work] 0 settl+ 8 score3 ,?is 0 8 opportunity to reclaim ! l& t _h be5 /ol5 f him1 n once b _m times4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da los ,mol9os1 ,puebla3 =tifi$ wall & /airway to t[] ( #af?-c5tury resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,matanzas1 ,jalisco3 #ah?-c5tury *apel1 resid5ce1 & /orage rooms4 ,re$ cont9ues1 supply+ intimate details3 ,tomorr[ we'll move 9 on ! ,haci5da ,casasano4 ,y1 ,jos1 w set fire to ! /able2 turn out ! horses & colts fir/ 444 y "k :]e ! hayl(t is s p\r y\r two cans ( k]os5e !re4 ,y1 ,magaa1 empty ! *ick5 coop j be=e x gets d>k1 *ase ! *ick5s into ! gully2 we'll be wait+ !re4 ,! m noise y make ! bett]4 ,m>a1 op5 ! front door & !n op5 ! kit*5 door1 j /roll ?r\gh ! h\se & op5 doors4444 ,give u our signal f ! kit*54 ,we'll move 9 j z soon z we see y\r light 444 p\r inside & wreck ! place4 ,y c h any goddamn ?+ y want1 y ba/>ds1 b don't hang on too long1 rememb] ! haci5da is go+ up 9 flames4 ,revolutioni/ ,emiliano ,zapata attempt$ to de/roy ! haci5das 9 8 home /ate ( ,morelos4 ,o!r radical lead]s 9 o!r /ates work$ to und]m9e ! haci5da sy/em4 ,at any co/1 ! ,zapati/a_/,villi/a want$ no m ( ! ,daz policy4 ,9 place ( ,dazism ! peasants want$ fre$om1 dignity1 l&1 s*ools1 & food2 to a*ieve ^! goals !y w\ld ravage ! nation4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr51 int5t on sma%+ ! haci5da _w1 c\ld no long] exi/ on tortillas & wat]4 ,s+ly & 9 hordes1 !y scav5g$ & ravag$4 ,peasants :o und]/ood less ?an t5 ,spani% words f\nd !mselves try+ ,spani% if x help$ ! cause4 ,raid]s comm&e]$ tra9s & bo>d$ flat c>s & freight c>s1 p]*$ on ! ro(s1 clung to ! ladd]s1 cr[d+ ! c[cat*] ( ! locomotive4 ,soldados 7soldi]s7 sang _! cockroa* songs z ! tra9 roll$1 belts ( ammunition across _! %\ld]s & ar\nd _! wai/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da la ,gavia1 ,e/ado de ,mexico3 wood figure1 #e feet tall4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,cocoyoc1 ,morelos3 #af?-c5tury *apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,tiku*1 ,yucatn3 re> view1 /airway to second floor resid5tial area4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,*9ameca1 ,morelos3 resid5ce & *apel4 ,emiliano ,zapata assass9at$ "h1 #aiai4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 trail$ ! fight+ battalions4 ,wom5 7 det]m9$ to prove !mselves z res\rceful z ! m53 ,!y 7 out to av5ge ye>s ( maltreatm5t4 ,!y robb$ /ores 9 t[ns & sack$ haci5da w>drobes4 ,!y /rutt$ 9 ,p>isian f9]y1 wore silk hosi]y1 & elegant %awls4 ,wom5 became t]rori/s 9 "s regions4 ,?ieves' m>kets cropp$ up 9 ,len1 ,qu]t>o1 ,san ,luis ,potos1 ,guadalaj>a1 ,mexico ,city1 & ,morelia4 ,wom5 trad$ silv]w>e = food1 a bl\se1 a %irt1 cig>ettes4 ,!y trad$ ,sevrew>e = ammunition & %oes = pi/ols4 ,! wom5 dynamit$ bank vaults & %>$ ! money--gov]nm5t & c\nt]feit4 ,!y rifl$ safes & de/roy$ docum5ts at haci5das--l& grants1 de$s1 not>izations4 ,!y ro>$ into a village1 wav+ flimsy flags1 enc\nt]+ dogs b>k+ & h[l+4 ,!y fir$ _! rifles & pi/ols2 !y c>\s$ & conscript$ fight]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,canutillo1 ,durango3 ,pan*o ,villa buri$ "h ,july #bc1 #aibc4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de la ,erre1 ,guanajuato3 #afgc4 ,fa!r ,miguel ,hidalgo began 8 m>* f ?is *ur*4 ,! horde f\ght1 retreat$1 lo/1 & f\ght aga91 seldom aw>e ( a victory4 ,:5 _! dead pil$ up 9 cornfields & fields ( maguey1 too num]\s to bury1 !y left !m to be eat5 by coyotes1 dogs1 buzz>ds4 ,!y le>n$ to live z mu* life z possible betwe5 sunup & sund[n4 ,!y copulat$ 9 ! fields4 ,!y promis$ "o ano!r fidelity1 !y lo/ "o ano!r1 !y f\nd someone else4 ,*ildr51 born 9 ! field1 7 bundl$ into rebozos & lugg$ to ! next encampm5t ,aga9 & aga91 !y robb$ ! gov]nm5t troops ( ammunition1 rifles1 revolv]s1 & ma*9eguns4 ,x 0 /eal or quit fight+4 ,!y p]petrat$ m & m dang]\s raids3 ,!y spi$2 !y us$ a hot-air balloon2 !y filt]$ ?r\gh troop conc5trations2 !y pass$ !mselves (f z sc\ts2 fai?fully1 !y foll[$ ,pan*o ,villa & 8 h5*m5 & !y vulturiz$ ! dead 9 ! b>rancas1 on ! haci5das1 9 ! t[ns4 ,)\t boots or %oes !y cont9u$ _! b>efoot w> aga9/ ! hac5dados4 ,arm$ ) ma*etes1 m5 /ole into enemy encampm5ts & return$ ) guns4 ,"s ( ! fight]s believ$ ! words ( ,zapata3 ,x is bett] to die on y\r feet ?an to live on y\r knees4 ,9 _! bravado1 !y c>v$ initials & dates on trees1 on ! leaves ( ! maguey1 & on ! doors ( *ur*es & haci5das4 ,fre$om6 !y cri$4 ,huddl$ ar\nd campfires1 9 _! hideaways1 !y sang3 ,if ,i am to die tomorr[ let !m kill me "r away4 ,by n[ _m haci5da mansions _h disappe>$4 ,we$s _h tak5 ov] f>ml&1 irrigation sy/ems no long] function$1 wells _h dri$1 mills _h be5 dismantl$1 & cattle _h be5 driv5 away or kill$ & eat54 ,=m] labor]s _h fl$ or _h be5 conscript$1 jail$1 or kill$4 ,prices _h climb$ #cjj p]c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,pueblilla1 ,zempoala1 ,hidalgo3 *apel t[]1 #ahfj4 ,zapata took ,ti]ra y ,lib]tad6 7l& & lib]ty7 z 8 cry1 & fight+ e gov]nm5tal =ce he dem&$ ,l& = ! ,l&less61 ,l& & ,wat]61 ,fre$om = ! ,p6 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,tepa-,*ica1 ,hidalgo3 *apel1 #ahfd4 ,zapatismo meant bus9ess ev]y:]e & at all times4 ,z revolutioni/1 ,zapata 0 a lean1 m\/a*$ "y man2 )\t m ?an rudim5t>y s*ool+1 he l$ 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! haci5da sy/em4 ,he _h promis$ 8 fa!r1 ^: prop]ty 0 /ol5 by an hac5dado1 t he w\ld recov] x = him4 ,:5 8 home village ( ,san ,miguel ,anonecuilco 0 appropriat$1 ,zapata fl$ to ! m\nta9s1 hop+ = support f ! peasantry4 ,9 "t he comm&$ sev]al ?\s& arm$ m54 ,ideologically1 ! revolution 0 ,am]ican- & ,european-inspir$ s9ce x 0 focus$ on fre$om & equality4 ,! goal ( ?is conflict 0 9 a major s5se ,utopian4 ,b x lack$ intellectual lead]%ip3 a ,napoleon1 to s]ve z figurehead4 ,"u a s+le milit>y lead]%ip ! revolution might h be5 %ort5$1 sav+ ?\s&s ( lives4 ,foll[+ ! collapse ( ! ,porfirio ,daz regime1 lead]s tott]$ l dom9os1 & local revolts involv$ ye>s ( quixotic t]rorism4 ,zapata1 ,villa1 ,mad]o1 ,c>ranza1 ,hu]ta1 & ,obregn attempt$ to =m a gov]nm5t or attempt$ to atta9 p[] = ! sake ( p[]4 ,gre$ & *ican]y took _! toll4 ,almo/ e community felt ! impact z gov]nm5ts fail$4 ,! ,*ur* did its be/ to reta9 ! feudalism ( ! haci5da2 hac5dados1 lobby+ 9 ! capital1 attempt$ to reta9 _! old /atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da la ,gavia1 ,e/ado de ,mexico3 c>v$ figure on libr>y door4 ,zapata & ,villa jo9$ =ces briefly1 because !y s\ght ! same goal4 ,!y met 9 ,mexico ,city b c\ld n rea* an accord or coord9ate _! milit>y hordes4 ,:ile !y held ! capital "u _! control1 !y dream$ ( p[]1 & yet x is d\btful :e!r ei!r man ?\ght con/ructively ( ! future ( ! n9e million peasants rema9+ on ! haci5das1 e>n+ f no?+ to ?irty c5ts a day4 ,suspect+ betrayal1 bo? m5 return$ to _! native regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,ar5illas1 ,puebla3 *apel gateway4 ,villa raid$ mo/ ( ! nor!rn /ates4 ,8 arm$ =ces sometimes _h an int]national "* ) a m5ag]ie ( pr(essional adv5tur]s3 ,tom ,mix1 ,pascual ,orozco1 sc> ,creighton1 ,guiseppe ,g>ibaldi1 ,tracy ,ri*>dson1 & ,hector ,word51 ! fir/ ,am]ican b>n/orm] to p>ticipate 9 arm$ ho/ilities4 ,villa1 z milit>y gov]nor ( ,*ihuahua1 /ripp$ ! f\rte5 haci5das ( ! ,t]razas family1 haci5das total+ #ag million acres4 ,8 cronies hang$ ,t]razas until he reveal$ :]e ca% 0 conceal$4 ,bo? ,villa & ,zapata 7 kn[n z horse b&its--?r\gh robb]y !y f9anc$ _! troops or buri$ _! loot = tomorr[4 ,sonorans & ,*ihuahuans w9k$ at ! enti]ros 7loot7 !y conceal$ 9 ,si]ra ,madre caves4 ,villa & ,zapata comm&$ ?\s&s--kill$ ?\s&s4 ,re$1 9 8 book ,insurg5t ,mexico1 describes ! fight+ at ! ,haci5da ,santa ,cl>a3 ,mass$ columns ( ! army halt$ & began to defile to ! left & "r1 ?9 l9es ( troops jogg+ out "u ! *eck]$ sun & %ade ( great trees1 until six ?\s& m5 7 spread 9 "o s+le front 444 ,bugles bl>$ fa9tly f> & ne> & ! army mov$ =w>d 9 a mighty l9e4444 ,9 ! c5t]1 came ! cannon c>2 beside t ,villa rode ) 8 /aff4444 ,f ,re$'s reports1 we le>n t haci5das 7 headqu>t]s = insurg5ts4 ,m5 7 /ation$ at ! ,haci5da la ,cad5a3 ,mad]i/as slept on ! til$ floor ( ! patio1 saddles1 bridles1 sab]s1 rifles1 & ammunition aga9/ ! wall1 dirty blanket rolls 9 a corn]4 ,re$ writes3 ,%eep 7 baa+ to be let out ( ! corral2 little knots ( peons 7 ga!r$ 9 front ( ! haci5da1 po9t+4 ,a little runn+ horse appe>$ on ! rim1 head$ our way4 ,he 0 go+ at a furi\s spe$1 dipp+ & ris+ ov] ! roll+ l&4 ,z he spurr$ wildly up ! little hill1 :]e we /ood1 we saw a horror4 ,a fan-%ap$ cascade ( blood p\r$ f ! front ( him4 ,! l[] "p ( 8 m\? 0 %ot away4 ,he re9$ up beside ! ,colonel & tri$ e>ne/ly1 t]ribly1 to tell him some?+2 b no?+ intelligible issu$ f ! ru94 ,te>s p\r$ d[n ! poor fell['s *eeks4 ,he gave a ho>se cry & driv+ spurs deep into 8 horse1 fl$4 ,"o aft] ano!r1 haci5das disappe>$ 9 flames or 7 pillag$ & left to rot into w9d[less1 doorless1 ro(less build+s4 ,tra9loads ( connoisseur furniture & irreplaceable antiques 7 sold or =sak54 ,a squatt]1 ) no home ( 8 own1 claim$ a room or two1 pat*$ ! ro(1 & block$ a doorway ) adobes4 ,cattle 7 f$ & wat]$ 9 ! patio4 ,ov]night1 ab&on$ mill & ref9]y ma*9]y 0 /ripp$ & sold4 ,! revolution>ies _h /ol5 ! horses1 ! ?or\ghbr$s1 ! mules1 donkeys1 ox51 & cattle4 ,phaetons1 buggies1 wagons1 & c>s _h vani%$4 ,pov]ty mov$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,manga de ,clavo1 ,v]acruz3 own$ by ,santa ,anna4 ,r5d]+ f an #ahfh bank bond2 haci5da de/roy$4 ,zapata 0 assass9at$ :ile reconnoit]+ at ! ,haci5da ,*9ameca4 ,he 0 %ot z he ent]$ ! patio4 ,villa 0 gunn$ d[n 9 8 ,dodge1 on ! road ne> 8 ,haci5da ,canutillo1 ! e/ate giv5 him z a political bribe4 ,,vii4 ,mexico ,s9ce ! ,revolution ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da cattle br& ,9 ! summ] ( #aich1 ,presid5t ,lz>o ,crd5as wrote to 8 ,am]ican fri5d1 ,william ,c4 ,t[ns5d3 ,we are confid5t t ! p & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be able to grasp ! fact t ! break+ up ( ! l>ge e/ates is ! ma9 po9t 9 our national program = improv+ ! liv+ conditions ( ! peasants ( ,mexico4 ,! ideal ( giv+ l& to ! masses 0 writt5 into ! ,con/itution at ! co/ ( mu* blood%$ & my gov]nm5t is duty-b\nd to comply ) t m&ate4 ,all ! hold+s t are l>g] ?an :at ! ,agr>ian ,code p]mits are subject to di/ribution if !re are peasants ne>by :o d n h l& to till4 ,ea* l&[n]1 h[ev]1 is p]mitt$ to reta9 #cgj acres1 :e!r he is a =eign] or a ,mexican4 ,by #aidj1 approximately #de million acres ( haci5da l& _h be5 turn$ ov] to ! homeless & ! l&less by ,presid5t ,crd5as 7#aicd-aidj74 ,?ree hundr$ haci5das 9 ! c\ntry c\ld claim m ?an #a million acres apiece1 & !n only = a brief p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,esp]anza1 ,d4,f43 resid5ce4 ,cattle /alls on gr\nd floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de guil>1 ,oaxaca3 bas relief1 #c feet x #e feet1 front wall ( resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,sodzil1 ,yucatn3 #ai?-c5tury resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de los ,mol9os1 ,tlaxcala3 #af?-c5tury *apel4 ,*olula pyramid 9 ! di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,qu9ta ,c>ol9a1 ,*ihuahua3 ma9 resid5ce4 ,! revolution _h a*iev$ an important goal4 ,m5 & wom5 7 free to live 9 a m cong5ial environm5t3 ,rurales 7police7 w\ld no long] pursue !m4 ,! f\r-c5tury-old illusion ( a patrn 7ma/]7 _h vani%$2 9 its place ! work]s f\nd !mselves un%ackl$4 ,!y 7 hungry b no long] :ipp$4 ,mexico began to say goodbye to ! culture ( pov]ty4 ,presid5t ,crd5as1 travel+ f village to village1 f haci5da to haci5da1 crisscross+ 8 c\ntry ?r\gh\t 8 t]m 9 (fice1 li/5$ to ! little man1 & ! little man believ$ :at ! presid5te said1 z he promis$ roads1 bridges1 s*ools1 cl9ics1 wat]1 & l&4 ,millions ( peasants ?ank$ him = a home & indep5d5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,m5doc9a1 ,puebla3 #ah?-c5tury gue/ home on isl& 9 small man-made lake4 ,by expropriat+ multi-billion doll> oil prop]ties f =eign companies1 ,crd5as return$ to ,mexico "s ( its lo/ pride & a hope = ! future4 ,al?\gh agr>ian re=m came fir/ on ! nation's docket1 !re 7 o!r re=ms to help man improve 8 lot4 ,! ejidal bank aid$ ! f>m] by loan+ him money = 8 pl[1 se$s1 f]tiliz]1 h>ve/+ tools1 ox51 mules1 tractors4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da ,qu9ta ,c>ol9a1 ,*ihuahua3 resid5ce ( m ?an fifty rooms1 #ahib4 ,ab&on$ z ( #aiha4 ,by #aifj1 ! la/ ( ! l>ge/ haci5das _h be5 aboli%$3 ! ,gre5e ,cananea ,ran* & ! ,haci5da ,atotonilco _h become agr>ian prop]ty--millions ( acres _h return$ to ! p4 ,mexico _h become a ,spani%-speak+ nation4 ,out ( a population ( =ty million p1 only two million 7 n[ unable to speak ,spani%4 ,by #aifj1 a s*ool tea*] e>n$ #cf1jjj pesos a ye>1 in/ead ( #djj pesos annually at an haci5da4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,caleturia1 ,puebla3 silv] door knock]4 ,by ! #aigjs1 ab\t #gj p]c5t ( ! *ildr5 7 att5d+ prim>y grades1 :ile at ! turn ( ! c5tury1 9 pre-revolution>y decades1 sc>cely #aj p]c5t acquir$ an elem5t>y education4 ,by #aihj1 rural s*ools provid$ at lea/ two grades1 & cities (f]$ ! prim>y cycle ?r\gh ! six? ye>4 ,ideally1 a *ild c n[ att5d s*ool at five ye>s ( age1 le>n ?r\gh six ye>s ( prim>y1 ?ree ye>s ( second>y1 two ye>s ( prep>atory1 foll[$ by ?ree to sev5 ye>s at ! univ]sity level4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,*i*n ,itza1 ,yucatn3 *ur*4 ,article #c ( ! new con/itution prescribes t education1 :e!r 9 national1 /ate1 or municipal in/itutions1 %\ld develop all ! faculties1 enc\rage patriotism & an aw>5ess ( int]national solid>ity1 %un religi\s dogma1 advance sci5ce1 & oppose fanaticism & slav]y4 ,?is progress 0 bas$ on a pa/ t comb9$ two di/9ct traditions4 ,mexico's pre-,columbian culture _h ma/]$ concepts ( intellectual & practical value1 _h a k ( a/ronomy1 a numb] sy/em1 metropolitan & temple ar*itecture1 & made advances 9 writ+1 surg]y & m$ical skills1 sculpture & mural art1 irrigation1 & ! con/ruction ( a sy/em ( highways4 ,! o!r tradition 0 bas$ on ! me?ods & k t ! sixte5?-c5tury ,ib]ian br\ght ,mexico3 ! :eel1 sophi/icat$ tools1 /eel1 indu/rial "k-h[1 m>9e ar*itecture1 navigational skills1 & gunp[d]4 ,b ! ,conqui/adors also de/roy$ mu*4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! pre-,columbian societies 7 w>like1 ! ,monte ,albn temples 9 ! /ate ( ,oaxaca appe> to repres5t a local culture t _h fo/]$ peace = "s fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,ib]ian invad]s 7 n famili> ) su* anci5t traditions & (t5 fail$ to appreciate _! values4 ,!y de/roy$ t[ns & cities1 burn$ books1 disrupt$ ! ecology1 spread disease1 & dim9i%$ ! arts1 crafts1 & culture ( ! new _w4 ,x 0 n until ! tw5tie? c5tury t ,mexico came to ! =efront int]nationally4 ,respect = ! c\ntry grew z ,mexico und]took to re/ore its pre-,columbian sites1 assembl$ compreh5sive an?ropological collections1 & e/abli%$ a ,univ]sity ,city & a dynamic1 orig9al metropolitan ar*itecture4 ,fam\s arti/s contribut$ to ?is p]iod ( awak5$ cultural aw>5ess3 ,rob]to ,mont5egro1 ,cov>rubias1 ,orozco1 ,riv]a1 ,o',higg9s1 ,tamayo1 & ,siqueiros4 ,a folkloric ballet1 a national symphony1 & ent]ta9]s l ,con*ita ,c9trn1 ,dolores del ,ro1 & ,cant9flas broad5$ ! cultural l&scape4 ,among contempor>y writ]s1 ,luis ,spota1 ,c>los ,fu5tes1 ,s]gio ,gal9o1 ,luisa ,h]nndez1 ,augu/n ,yaez1 ,octavio ,paz1 & ,antonio ,haas h int]pret$ ,mexico = a l>ge public4 ,leopoldo ,zea & ,ramn ,xirau h add$ to ,mexico's philosophical ?\ght4 ,silvio ,zavala has contribut$ to ,mexican hi/ory4 ,! radio & television m$ia are foll[+ ,am]ican foot/eps--eag] to keep pace4 ,!re is no haci5da no/algia 9 ,mexico--only fr5etic pressure = indu/rialization & ov]all capitalism4 ,mo/ r5[n$ haci5das are only memories3 !y are cascos1 recu]dos4 ,illu/ration3 ,haci5da de ,val5ciana1 ,guanajuato3 resid5ce4 ,! #aebi ,haci5da ,san ,gabriel de ,las ,palmas1 9 ,morelos1 has become an ,am]ican luxury resid5ce2 o!r mansions h\se millionaires2 /ill o!rs h become motels1 dairies1 factories1 s*ools1 po% re/aurants1 subdivisions ) an haci5da (fice4 ,b hundr$s ( haci5da homes h be5 totally ab&on$4 ,!y are piles ( rubble--no m ?an place-names4 ,9 ! /ruggle to elim9ate ! haci5da sy/em1 m ?an eight hundr$ ?\s& m51 wom51 & *ildr5 di$4 ,=ces t held toge!r a dubi\s pa/ seek to a*ieve an enlight5$ future4 ,education cont9ues to enri* m & m lives4 ,mexico's pres5t-day inflation & political corruption h halt$ ! c\ntry's advance1 b ^! un=tunate conditions _c la/4 ,bibliography ,g5]al ,works ,aj(rn1 ,francisco de1 ,di>io del ,viaje en el ,siglo ,,xviii 7,madrid1 #aieh74 ,beals1 ,c>leton1 ,mexican ,maze 7,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott1 #aiea74 ,br5n]1 ,anita1 ,! ,w9d t ,swept ,mexico 7,new ,york3 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 #aidc74 ,butl]1 ,william1 ,mexico 9 ,transition 7,new ,york3 ,hunt & ,eaton1 #ahib74 ,*ase1 ,/u>t1 ,mexico1 ,a ,/udy ( ,two ,am]icas 7,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aica74 ,*evali]1 ,francis1 ,l& & ,society 9 ,colonial ,mexico 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aifc74 ,cl9e1 ,h[>d ,f41 ,mexico1 ,revolution to ,evolution1 #aidj-aifj 7,new ,york3 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifc74 ,cr[1 ,john ,a41 ,! ,epic ( ,lat9 ,am]ica 7,new ,york3 ,d\bl$ay & ,company1 #aidf74 ,ew+1 ,russell1 ,six ,faces ( ,mexico 7,tucson3 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,press1 #aiff74 ,gage1 ,?omas1 ,a ,new ,survey ( ! ,we/ ,indies 7,new ,york3 ,broadway ,travell]s1 #aibi74 ,gru5+1 ,erne/1 ,mexico & its ,h]itage 7,new ,york3 ,appleton ,c5tury1 #aibh74 ,h>+1 ,cl>5ce ,h41 ,! ,spani% ,empire 9 ,am]ica 7,new ,york3 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aidg74 ,jones1 ,oakah1 ,santa ,anna 7,new ,york3 ,twayne1 #aifh74 ,kubl]1 ,george1 ,mexican ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury 7,we/port1 ,conn43 ,gre5wood ,press1 #aigb74 ,las ,casas1 ,b>tolom de1 ,brevssima ,relacin de la ,de/ruction de las ,indias1 trans4 ,h4 ,briffault 7,new ,york3 ,seabury ,press1 #aigd2 orig9ally publi%$1 #aeeb74 ,leon>d1 ,irv+ ,a41 ,colonial ,travel]s 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica 7,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aigb74 ,lewis1 ,osc>1 ,life 9 a ,mexican ,village3 ,tepoztln ,re/udi$ 7,urbana3 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ,press1 #aifc74 ,mc,henry1 ,j4 ,patrick1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,mexico 7,new ,york3 ,d\bl$ay1 #aifb74 ,mad>iaga1 ,salvador de1 ,! ,rise ( ! ,spani% ,am]ican ,empire 7,new ,york3 ,free ,press1 #aife74 ,mansfield1 ,edw>d ,d41 ,! ,mexican ,w> 7,new ,york3 ,a4 ,s4 ,b>nes1 #ahdi74 ,may]1 ,brantz1 ,mexico ,z ,x ,0 & ,z ,x ,is 7,h>t=d1 ,conn43 ,s4 ,drake1 #ahec74 ,mey]1 ,mi*ael ,c41 & ,%]man1 ,william1 ,! ,c\rse ( ,mexican ,hi/ory 7,ox=d3 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aihg74 ,mill]1 ,rob]t1 ,mexico3 ,a ,hi/ory 7,norman3 ,univ]sity ( ,oklahoma ,press1 #aihi74 ,ob]1 ,fr$]ick ,a41 ,travels 9 ,mexico 7,san ,francisco1 #ahhd74 ,p>kes1 ,h5ry ,ban=d1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,mexico 7,bo/on3 ,h\ghton ,miffl91 #aiej74 ,prescott1 ,w4 ,h41 ,! ,conque/ ( ,mexico 7,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt1 #aibb74 ,r$field1 ,rob]t1 ,tepotzln--,a ,mexican ,village 7,*icago1 #aicj74 ,re$1 ,john1 ,insurg5t ,mexico 7,new ,york3 ,int]national ,publi%]s1 #aigj74 ---- ,i ,saw ! ,_w ,burn 7,mosc[3 ,progress ,publi%]s1 #aigf74 ,ro$]1 ,ralph1 ,jurez & ,8 ,mexico 7,new ,york3 ,vik+1 #aidg74 ,s*oles1 ,w4 ,v41 ,! ,diego ,ramrez ,visita 7,columbia1 ,mo41 #aidf74 ,simpson1 ,l4 ,b41 ,! ,encomi5da 9 ,new ,spa9 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aiff74 ,/e91 ,/anley ,j41 & ,b>b>a ,h41 ,! ,colonial ,h]itage ( ,lat9 ,am]ica 7,new ,york3 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigj74 ,/rode1 ,hudson1 ,timeless ,mexico 7,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt ,brace1 #aidd74 ,tann5baum1 ,frank1 ,! ,mexican ,agr>ian ,revolution 7,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aibi74 ---- ,mexico3 ,! ,/ruggle = ,peace & ,bread 7,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aiea74 ,t[ns5d1 ,william ,c41 ,lz>o ,crd5as1 ,mexican ,democrat 7,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*43 ,g4 ,wahr ,publi%+ ,co41 #aieb74 ,:ett51 ,na?an ,l41 ,rural ,mexico 7,*icago3 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aidh74 ,woma*1 ,john1 ,zapata & ! ,mexican ,revolution 7,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aifi74 ,zavala1 ,silvio1 ,de ,encomi5das y ,propi$ad ,t]ritorial en ,algunas ,regiones de la ,amrica ,espaola 7,mexico1 #aidj74 ---- ,el ,mundo ,am]icano en la poca ,colonial 7,mexico1 #aifg74 ---- ,new ,viewpo9ts on ! ,spani% ,colonization ( ,am]ica 7,london1 #aidc74 ,zorita1 ,alfonso de1 ,life & ,labor 9 ,anci5t ,mexico 7,new ,brunswick1 #aifc74 ,works on ! ,haci5das ( ,mexico ,b>tlett1 ,paul ,alex&]1 ,haci5das1 ) photographs by ! au?or1 ,mexico ,?is ,mon?1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #ab1 ,decemb] #aieh1 pp4 #af-ba4 ---- ,haci5das ( ,mexico1 ) illu/rations by ! au?or1 ,los ,angeles ,c\nty ,museum ,qu>t]ly1 ,vol4 #a1 ,nos4 #c_/d1 #aifb-aifc1 pp4 #ah-bc4 ---- ,! ,haci5da ,mansion1 ) illu/rations by ! au?or1 ,mexican ,life1 ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #df1 #aigj4 ---- ,la ,vida en una ,haci5da1 ) ,illu/rations by ! au?or1 ,amricas 7,organization ( ,am]ican ,/ates71 ,vol4 #cd1 ,no4 #c1 ,may-,june #aihb1 pp4 #ab-ag4 ,bazant ,s41 ,jan1 ,c9co ,haci5das ,mexicanas3 ,tres ,siglos de ,vida ,rural en ,san ,luis ,potos1 #afjj-aiaj 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,colegio de ,mexico1 #aihj74 ,bell5g]i1 ,m>co1 ,las ,haci5das en ,mexico3 ,el ,caso de ,san ,antonio ,to*atlaco 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,in/ituto ,nacional de ,antropologia e ,hi/oria1 #aihj74 ,b5goa1 ,jos1 ,la ,haci5da ,lat9oam]icana 7,quito3 ,edicines ,,ciese1 #aigh74 ,brad+1 ,d4 ,a41 ,haci5das & ,ran*os 9 ! ,mexican ,bajio1 ,leon1 #agjj-ahfj 7,cambridge3 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigh74 ,buve1 ,r41 ed41 ,haci5das 9 ,c5tral ,mexico f ,late ,colonial ,times to ! ,revolution3 ,lab\r ,conditions1 ,haci5da ,managem5t1 & its ,relation to ! ,/ate 7,am/]dam3 ,c5tre = ,lat9 ,am]ican ,rese>* & ,docum5tation1 #aihd74 ,coloquio de ,antropologa e ,hi/oria ,regionales 7,zamora1 ,mi*oacn3 ,colegio de ,mi*oacn1 #aihb74 ,c\turi]1 ,edi? ,boorte91 ,la ,haci5da de ,hueyapn1 #aeej-aicf1 trans4 ,c>los ,e4 ,gu]r]o 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,secret>a de ,educacin ,pblica1 #aigf74 ,ewald1 ,ursula1 ,e/udios sobre la ,haci5da ,colonial en ,mxico3 ,las ,propi$ades ,rurales del ,colegio ,espritu ,santo en ,puebla1 trans4 ,luis ,r4 ,c]na 7,wiesbad53 ,/e9]1 #aigf74 ,f]guson1 ,bobbie1 ,trac+ ,john ,re$'s #aiad ,des]t ,r\te3 ,! ,haci5das 7,portales1 ,n4,m43 ,ea/]n ,new ,mexico ,univ]sity1 ,paleo-,indian ,in/itute1 #aigi74 ,florescano1 ,enrique1 ,haci5das1 ,latifundios y ,plantacines en ,amrica ,lat9a 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,siglo ,ve9tiuno ,editores1 #aige74 ,g>ca ,luna ,o41 ,m>g>ita1 ,haci5das ,porfiri/as en el ,e/ado de ,mxico 7,toluca3 ,univ]sidad ,autnoma del ,e/ado de ,mxico1 #aiha74 ,gmez ,s]rano1 ,jess1 ,hac5dados y ,campes9os en ,aguascali5tes 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,c5tro de ,inve/igacines ,regionales de ,aguascali5tes1 #aihe74 ---- ,el ,mayorazgo ,r9cn ,gall>do3 ,disolucin del ,v9culo y ,rep>to de las ,haci5das 7,aguascali5tes3 ,c5tro de ,inve/igacines ,regionales de ,aguascali5tes1 #aihd74 ,gonzlez ,sn*ez1 ,isabel1 ,haci5das y ,ran*os de ,tlaxcala en #agab 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,in/ituto ,nacional de ,an?ropologa e ,hi/oria1 #aifi74 ,h>ris1 ,*>les ,h41 ,a ,mexican ,family ,empire3 ,! ,latifundio ( ! ,sn*ez ,nav>ros1 #agfe-ahfg 7,au/9 & ,london3 ,univ]sity ( ,texas ,press1 #aige74 ,katz1 ,fri$ri*1 ed41 ,la ,s]vidumbre ,agr>ia en ,mxico en la poca ,porfiriana 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,edicines ,era1 #aihb74 ,kei?1 ,rob]t ,g41 ed41 ,haci5das & ,plantations 9 ,lat9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 7,new ,york3 ,holmes ,mei]1 #aigg74 ,kirk1 ,c>los ,r41 ,haci5das en ,yucatn 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,in/itute ,nacional ,indig5i/a1 #aihb74 ,konrad1 ,h]man ,w41 ,a ,jesuit ,haci5da 9 ,colonial ,mexico3 ,santa ,luca1 #aegf-agfg 7,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aihj74 ,lanca/]-,jones1 ,ric>do1 ,haci5das de ,jalisco y ,al$aos #aejf-ahba 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,f9anci]a ,aceptacines1 #aigd74 ,luna ,m>ez1 ,patricia1 ed41 ,la ,haci5da ,agrcola en ,mxico3 ,gua de ,docum5tos ,localizados en la ,biblioteca ,nacional de ,antropologa e ,hi/oria 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,biblioteca ,nacional de ,antropologa e ,hi/oria1 ,in/ituto ,nacional de ,antropologa e ,hi/oria1 #aigh74 ,mac]a dall',orso1 ,pablo1 ,poblacin ,rural en ,haci5das1 #ahgf 7,lima3 ,univ]sidad ,nacional ,mayor de ,san ,m>cos1 #aigf74 ,m>t9ez ,ali]1 ,juan1 ,haci5das1 ,plantations1 & ,collective ,f>ms3 ,agr>ian ,class ,societies 7,london3 ,f4 ,cass1 #aigg74 ,millet ,cam>a1 ,luis1 ed41 ,haci5da y ,cambio ,social en ,yucatn 7,yucatn3 ,maldonado ,editores1 #aihd74 ,ponce ,alcoc]1 ,m>a ,eug5ia1 ,las ,haci5das de ,mazaquiahuac1 ,el ,ros>io y ,el ,moral1 #aiab-aiac3 ,catlogo de la ,correspond5cia de ,antonio ,ca/ro ,solorzano1 su ,adm9i/rador 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,univ]sidad ,ib]oam]icana1 #aiha74 ,prem1 ,hanns ,j41 ,milpay ,haci5da3 ,t55cia de la ,ti]ra ,indg5a y ,espaola en la ,cu5ca del ,alto ,atoyac1 ,puebla1 ,mxico 7#aebj-afej7 7,wiesbad53 ,/e9]1 #aigh74 ,rjas1 ,beatriz1 ,la ,de/ruccin de la ,haci5da en ,aguascali5tes1 #aiaj-aica 7,zamora3 ,el ,colegio de ,mi*oacn1 #aiha74 ,saudet1 ,william1 ,l& ( ! ,haci5das1 ,lat9 ,am]ican ,report1 ,vol4 #ad1 ,no4 #a1 ,febru>y-,septemb] #aiei1 pp4 #b-i4 ,reproductions ( art "w by ,paul ,alex&] ,b>tlett4 ,s*ell1 ,william1 ,m$ieval ,ib]ian ,traditions & ! ,developm5t ( ! ,mexican ,haci5da 7,syracuse1 ,n4,y43 ,maxwell ,s*ool ( ,citiz5%ip & ,public ,affairs1 #aihf74 ,selmo1 ,enrique1 ed41 ,siete ,ensayos sobre la ,haci5da ,mxicana1 #aghj-ahhj 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,in/ituto ,nacional de ,antropologa e ,hi/oria1 #aigg74 ,taylor1 ,william ,b41 ,l&lord & ,peasant 9 ,colonial ,mexico 7,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigb74 van ,"y1 ,eric1 ,haci5da & ,m>ket 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,mexico3 ,! ,rural ,economy ( ! ,guadalaj>a ,region1 #afge-ahbj 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aiha74 von ,wobes]1 ,gisela1 ,san ,c>los ,borromo3 ,endeudami5to de una ,haci5da ,colonial 7#afjh-agbi7 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,univ]sidad ,nacional ,autonma de ,mxico1 #aihj74 ---- ,la ,=macon de la ,haci5da en la poca ,colonial3 el ,uso de la ,ti]ra y el ,agua 7,mexico1 ,d4,f43 ,univ]sidad ,nacional ,autnoma de ,mxico #aihc74 ,wells1 ,all51 ,yucatan's ,gild$ ,age3 ,haci5das1 ,h5equ51 & ,int]national ,h>ve/]1 #ahfj-aiae 7,albuqu]que3 ,univ]sity ( ,new ,mexico ,press1 #aihe74 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,au?or ,paul ,alex&] ,b>tlett 7#aiji-aiij7 0 bo? a writ] & an arti/1 born 9 ,mob]ly1 ,miss\ri1 & educat$ at ,ob]l9 ,college1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona1 ! ,academia de ,san ,c>los 9 ,mexico ,city1 & ! ,in/ituto de ,bellas ,artes 9 ,guadalaj>a4 ,8 "w c be divid$ into ?ree categories3 ,he is ! au?or ( _m novels1 %ort /ories1 & poems2 second1 z a f9e arti/1 8 draw+s1 haci5da illu/rations1 & pa9t+s h be5 exhibit$ 9 m ?an #dj "o-man %[s 9 lead+ gall]ies1 includ+ ! ,los ,angeles ,c\nty ,museum1 ! ,atlanta ,art ,museum1 ! ,bancr(t ,libr>y1 ! ,ri*mond ,art ,in/itute1 ! ,brooks ,museum1 ! ,in/ituto-,mexicano-,norteam]icano 9 ,mexico ,city1 & o!r gall]ies2 &1 ?ird1 he devot$ mu* ( 8 life to ! mo/ compreh5sive /udy ( ! haci5das ( ,mexico4 ,?ree hundr$ & fifty ( 8 p5-&-ink illu/rations ( ! haci5das & m ?an "o ?\s& haci5da photographs make up ! ,paul ,alex&] ,b>tlett ,collection held by ! ,nettie ,lee ,b5son ,lat9 ,am]ican ,collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 & =m "p ( a second div]sifi$ collection held by ! ,am]ican ,h]itage ,c5t] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+1 :i* also includes an ext5sive ar*ive ( ,b>tlett's lit]>y "w1 f9e art1 & lett]s4 ,a ?ird ar*ive consi/+ prim>ily ( ,b>tlett's lit]>y "w is held by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,special ,collections at ,,ucla4 ,a f\r? ar*ive consi/+ ( #aih haci5da photographs by ,b>tlett is pres]v$ by ! ,lat9 ,am]ica ,image ,libr>y at ,tulane ,univ]sity 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,b>tlett's book ab\t ! hi/ory & life on ! haci5das1 includ+ a selection ( 8 illu/rations & photographs1 0 orig9ally publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ,press ( ,colorado 9 #aiij "u ! title ,! ,haci5das ( ,mexico3 ,an ,arti/'s ,record4 ,paul ,alex&] ,b>tlett's fiction has be5 comm5d$ by _m au?ors1 among !m ,pe>l ,buck1 ,=d ,madox ,=d1 ,john ,dos ,passos1 ,james ,mi*5]1 ,upton ,s9clair1 ,evelyn ,eaton1 & _m o!rs4 ,he 0 ! recipi5t ( num]\s grants1 aw>ds1 & fell[%ips1 f su* organizations su* z ! ,leopold ,s*epp ,f\ndation1 ! ,edw>d ,mac,dowell ,association1 ! ,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>*1 ! ,hunt+ton ,h>t=d ,f\ndation1 ! ,montalvo ,f\ndation1 ,yaddo1 & ! ,c>negie ,f\ndation4 ,8 novel ,:5 ! ,owl ,cries receiv$ national acclaim2 8 f9e art has be5 exhibit$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,mexico2 8 poetry has appe>$ 9 num]\s lit]>y j\rnals & an?ologies & has be5 publi%$ 9 individual volumes ( 8 collect$ poetry4 ,b>tlett 0 extremely prolific & left to ! ar*ives ( 8 "w _m z yet unpubli%$ manuscripts1 includ+ poetry1 %ort /ories1 & novels1 z well z m ?an a ?\s& pa9t+s & illu/rations4 ,8 wife1 ,elizabe? ,b>tlett1 a widely publi%$ & int]nationally recogniz$ poet1 is ! au?or ( sev5te5 publi%$ books ( poetry1 m ?an "o ?\s& individually publi%$ poems1 num]\s %ort /ories & essays 9 lead+ lit]>y qu>t]lies & an?ologies1 &1 z ! f\nd] ( ,lit]>y ,olympics1 ,inc41 s]v$ z ! editor ( a s]ies ( multi-language volumes ( int]national poetry to honor ! "w ( out/&+ contempor>y poets4 ,8 son1 ,/ev5 ,james ,b>tlett1 has publi%$ fifte5 books & _m pap]s 9 philosophy & psy*ology4 ,illu/ration3 ,front du/ jacket inside panel ,illu/ration3 ,re> du/ jacket inside panel ,illu/ration3 ,re> du/ jacket ,transcrib]'s note3 italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores2 bold text by plus signs4