,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,a catalog ( publications 0 includ$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,:]e words occur 9 ,greek script1 7translit]ations7 h be5 add$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,%aw ,fell[%ip ,lectures1 #ahhd ,,on ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,naturalism ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,sorley1 ,m4,a4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge2 ,,& ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh ,,william ,,blackwood ,,& ,,sons ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london ,,mdccclxxxv ,all ,rights res]v$ ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,! ,de$ ( ,f\ndation ( ! ,%aw ,fell[%ip provides t x %all be 9 ! p[] ( ! ,s5atus ,academicus ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh to require ! hold] ( ! ,%aw ,philosophical ,fell[%ip1 dur+ ! f\r? or fif? ye> ( 8 t5ure ( x1 to deliv] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh a c\rse ( ,lectures1 n exce$+ f\r1 on any ( ! subjects = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! /udy ( :i* ! ,fell[%ip has be5 f\nd$4 ,! foll[+ pages consi/ ( f\r lectures deliv]$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 9 accordance ) ?is provision1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #ahhd4 ,s9ce _! deliv]y1 ! argum5t ( ! lectures has be5 revis$1 & 9 "s places enl>g$4 ,i h also ?\ght x bett] to modify _! orig9al =m by divid+ ! discussion into *apt]s4 ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,its ,,problems4 ,,page #a4 ,connection ( e?ics ) !oretical philosophy1 #a 7a7 ,dep5d5ce ( e?ical on !oretical po9ts ( view1 #a 7b7 ,e?ics necess>y to complete philosophy1 #c #b4 ,! inquiry into ! e?ical end1 #e 7a7 ,fundam5tal1 #e 7b7 ,implies a new po9t ( view1 #g 7c7 ,di/9ct f o!r e?ical que/ions1 #i 77 ,f ! inquiry into ! me?ods ( e?ics1 #aj 77 ,f moral psy*ology & sociology1 #ac #c4 ,scope ( ! pres5t inquiry1 #ad ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,individuali/ic ,,!ory4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,egoism4 ,def9ition ( ,naturalism1 #bj ,psy*ological h$onism1 #ba #a4 ,its !ory ( action ambigu\s1 #bb ,ref]r+ to-- 7a7 ,actual consequ5ces ( action1 #bc 7b7 ,or its expect$ consequ5ces1 #bc 7c7 ,or its pres5t *>act]i/ics1 #bd #b4 ,e?ical inf]5ces f ?is !ory1 #be #c4 ,transition f psy*ological to e?ical h$onism1 #ca #d4 ,possible objections consid]$1 #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,transition ,,to ,,utilit>ianism4 #a4 ,diff]5ce ( ! /&po9ts ( individual & ,/ate1 #da #b4 ,connection betwe5 egoism & utilit>ianism accord+ to ,b5?am1 #de 7a7 ,utilit>ianism n a political duty1 #df 7b7 ,nor a moral duty1 #dg 7c7 ,nor insi/$ on z a religi\s duty1 #di 7d7 ,nor suffici5tly motiv$ 9 private e?ics1 #ej #c4 ,exhau/ive "* ( ,b5?am's treatm5t f 8 po9t ( view1 #ea 7a7 ,! religi\s sanction 7,paley71 #ec 7b7 ,limits ( ! political sanction1 #ed 7c7 ,unc]ta9ty ( ! social sanction1 #ee 7d7 ,& ( ! int]nal sanction s f> z a result ( ! social1 #ef #d4 ,mill's logical def5ce ( utilit>ianism1 #eg 7a7 ,di/9ction ( k9ds ( pleasure1 #eh 7b7 ,ambiguities 9 8 pro(1 #fj #e4 ,actual transition to utilit>ianism1 #fb 7a7 ,recognition ( sympa?y1 #fd 7b7 ,! idea ( equality1 #fi #f4 ,! two sides ( utilit>ian !ory )\t logical connection1 #gc #g4 ,summ>y ( ! e?ical consequ5ces ( psy*ological h$onism1 #ge ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,moral ,,s5tim5t4 #a4 ,a uni=m psy*ological !ory n suppli$ by ! oppon5ts ( e?ical h$onism1 #gh #b4 ,! non-h$oni/ic !ory ( action1 #hd #c4 ,e?ics made to dep5d on ! moral s5se1 #hi 7a7 ,z h>mony ( impulses1 #ij 7b7 ,z a sep>ate s5sitive faculty1 #ib 7c7 ,z an int]nal law1 #ajj #d4 ,! e?ics ( moral s5tim5t a m$iat+ !ory1 #aje ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,morality4 #a4 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! !ory ( evolution1 #ajg ,an ass]tion ( ! unity ( life1 #aji ,prim>ily hi/orical1 b capable ( e?ical application1 #aaj #b4 ,! developm5t ( morality1 #aaf 7a7 ,hi/orical psy*ology1 #aaf ,its difficulties1 #aag ,its result1 #abc 7b7 ,developm5t ( society1 #abd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ical ,,!ories4 ,be>+ ( ! !ory ( evolution1 #abf #a4 ,on !ories dep5d+ on moral s5tim5t or intuition1 #abg 7a7 ,e?ical value ( moral s5tim5ts affect$ by _! orig91 #acj 7b7 ,organic "* ( moral s5tim5ts1 #acb ,resultant attitude ( evolutionism to intuitionism1 #acc #b4 ,on egoism3 relation ( egoism to altruism1 #acd 7a7 ,social nature ( ! individual1 #ace 7b7 ,limits to conciliation ( egoism & altruism1 #ada 77 ,cont9u$ exi/5ce ( competition1 #adb 77 ,diff]5t & conflict+ degrees ( altruism1 #adc 77 ,altruism ( int]e/ & altruism ( motive1 #adc 77 ,weakness ( altrui/ic feel+s1 #adf 7c7 ,t5d5cy ( evolution oppos$ to egoism1 #adh ,evolution n ! basis ( psy*ological h$onism1 #adh ,nor ( e?ical h$onism1 #aej #c4 ,on utilit>ianism1 #aeb ,modification ( ! utilit>ian me?od1 #aec ,& ( its pr9ciple1 #aee ,evolutioni/ objections to utilit>ianism1 #aee 7a7 ,z prescrib+ an unprogressive ideal1 #aef 7b7 ,z a !ory ( consequ5ces1 #afj 7c7 ,z relat$ solely to s5sibility1 #afa ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,h$onism ,,& ,,evolutionism4 #a4 ,alliance ( evolutionism & h$onism1 #afd 7a7 ,f int]pret+ greate/ happ9ess by ! laws ( life1 #afd 7b7 ,f int]pret+ life by pleasure1 #afe #b4 ,evolutioni/ argum5t = concomitance ( life & pleasure1 #afg #c4 ,objections to ?is argum5t1 #afh 7a7 ,t life _c br+ m pleasure ?an pa91 #afi 77 ,f ! negative nature ( pleasure1 #aga 77 ,f ! facts ( human life1 #agb 7b7 ,t ! evolution ( life does n uni=mly t5d to pleasure1 #agb 77 ,incomplet5ess ( ! evolutioni/ argum5t1 #agc 77 ,! pessimi/ doctr9e t life t5ds to mis]y1 #age 7aa7 ,! hypo!sis ( ! unconsci\s1 #agf 7bb7 ,! nature ( volition1 #agg 7cc7 ,! facts ( human progress1 #agi ,individual progress1 #agi ,social progress1 #aha #d4 ,! psy*ological analysis ( pleasure & pa9 9 relation to evolutioni/ e?ics1 #ahf 7a7 ,! subjective nature ( pleasure & pa91 #ahg 7b7 ,! conditions ( pleasure & pa91 #aij 7c7 ,application ( ! !ory ( evolution1 #aig ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,evolutioni/ ,,end4 ,necessity ( inquir+ into ! e?ical end sugge/$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 #bja #a4 ,adaptation to environm5t1 #bjc 7a7 ,z ! end = pres5t conduct1 #bjg ,oppos$ to progress1 #bjg ,does n fully repres5t evolution1 #bji 7b7 ,z describ+ ! ultimate condition ( life1 #baj ,resultant absolute code1 #baa 77 ,ab/ract pr9ciples ( social relation1 #bab 77 ,p]sonal end only def9$ z adaptation1 #bac 77 ,_c be %[n to lead to happ9ess1 #bac 7c7 ,insuffici5cy ( adaptation z evolutioni/ end1 #bag #b4 ,end sugge/$ by ! t5d5cy to v>iation1 #bba 7a7 ,prescribes self-developm5t r ?an self-pres]vation1 #bbb 7b7 ,/&>d = measur+ developm5t f\nd 9 complexity ( act & motive1 #bbg 77 ,ant9omy betwe5 social & individual ends1 #bca 77 ,psy*ological defects1 #bcb #c4 ,developm5t or increase ( life z ! end1 #bcf 7a7 ,subjective /&>d3 mo/ p]si/5t impulses1 #bdb ,_c def9e life )\t an objective /&>d1 #bdd 7b7 ,objective /&>d3 def9$ 9 two ways1 #bdg 77 ,con=mity to ! type1 #bdh ,:i* c be r$uc$ to-- 77 ,abundance & v>iety ( vital p[]1 #bea ,t is1 to ! subjective /&>d1 #bec ,summ>y z to ! evolutioni/ end1 #bef 7a7 ,difficulty ( reconcil+ individual & social ends1 #bef 7b7 ,h$oni/ic int]pretation ( evolution n possible1 #beg 7c7 ,no indep5d5t e?ical ideal1 #bei ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,e?ics4 #a4 ,pr9ciples involv$ 9 !ory ( evolution1 #bfc #b4 ,unsuccessful application ( ^! pr9ciples to e?ics1 #bfd 7a7 ,! pr9ciples be+ treat$ empirically1 #bfe 7b7 ,no logical transition hav+ be5 effect$ f effici5t to f9al cause1 #bfg #c4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 causality & teleology1 #bfi #d4 ,ref]5ce to self-consci\sness impli$ 9 evolution1 #bgg 7a7 ,attempt to trace ! g5esis ( self-consci\sness1 #bgh 7b7 ,attempt to trace morality f reflex action1 #bhc #e4 ,! unity ( self-consci\sness1 #bhd 7a7 ,z mak+ possible ! transition f k to morality1 #bhd 7b7 ,z det]m9+ ! "* ( ! e?ical end1 #bhf 7c7 ,z %[+ t ! realisation ( ! end mu/ be progressive1 #bia ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,naturalism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,its ,,problems4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,connection ( e?ics ) !oretical philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,dep5d5ce ( e?ical on !oretical po9ts ( view ,sid5ote3 7a7 teleological1 ,sid5ote3 7b7 jural1 ,sid5ote3 7c7 empirical3 ,x is a common rem>k t a writ]'s e?ical doctr9e is ?r\gh\t condition$ by 8 attitude to ! problems ( !oretical philosophy4 ,! ma9 l9es ( dispute 9 que/ions ( e?ics may be reg>d$ z prolongations ( ! controv]sies :i* arise 9 metaphysics & psy*ology4 ,! ,realism or ,idealism :i* m>ks a speculative sy/em reappe>s 9 its e?ics1 :il/ diff]5ces 9 ! psy*ological analysis ( m5tal /ates1 or conc]n+ ! relation ( pleasure to desire1 are gr\nds ( di/9ction betwe5 s*ools ( morali/s4 ,& n only are ! special controv]sies ( e?ics decid$ 9 diff]5t ways1 b ! scope ( ! :ole sci5ce is diff]5tly conceiv$1 z ! speculative /&po9t *anges4 ,?us1 n = "o s*ool only1 b = a :ole p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( reflection1 e?ics 0 reg>d$ z an inquiry into ! highe/ human good4 ,oppos$ s*ools agre$ 9 look+ f ?is po9t ( view1 h[ev] mu* !y might diff] f "o ano!r 9 def9+ ! nature ( t highe/ good4 ,at o!r times1 accord+ to ! prevail+ view1 to inve/igate & sy/ematise ! rules ( conduct has exhau/$ ! scope ( e?ics--controv]sies be+ c>ri$ on z to ! nature ( ^? rules1 & _! s\rce 9 ext]nal au?ority or 9 ! int]nal revelation ( consci5ce4 ,aga91 e?ical inquiry has be5 app>5tly id5tifi$ ) ! analysis & hi/ory ( ! moral affections & s5tim5ts2 :ile a purely ext]nal po9t ( view seems to be sometimes adopt$1 & e?ics held to be an inve/igation ( ! hi/orical results ( action1 & ( ! =ms1 cu/om>y & in/itutional1 9 :i* ^? results f9d p]man5t expression4 ,sid5ote3 to be connect$ by philosophy4 ,^! diff]5t ways ( look+ at ! :ole subject proce$ f po9ts ( view ^: effects are n conf9$ to e?ics1 b may be foll[$ out 9 o!r l9es ( inve/igation4 ,!y correspond to ideas :i* dom9ate diff]5t types ( ?\ght & =m diff]5t philosophical /&po9ts4 ,! fir/ />ts f a teleological conception ( human nature1 z an organism consci\sly /riv+ t[>ds its end4 ,! second assimilates e?ics to a sy/em ( legal enactm5ts1 & is connect$ ) ! jural conceptions ( !ology & law4 ,! two la/ are conc]n$ to %[ t ! subject-matt] ( e?ics are facts :i* h to be treat$ by ! ord9>y inductive & hi/orical me?ods4 ,^! diff]5t po9ts ( view1 h[ev]1 are to be reg>d$ z complem5t>y r ?an z conflict+1 al?\gh _! complete syn!sis mu/ be work$ out 9 ! region ( g5]al philosophy1 & n on purely e?ical gr\nd4 ,philosophy has ?us to deal ) ! notions :i* det]m9e ! scope & "* ( e?ical ?\ght2 & 9 ?is way x mu/ necess>ily pass f ! purely speculative to ! practical po9t ( view4 ,if x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to br+ into rational ord] ! mat]ial suppli$ by exp]i5ce1 cosmical & an?ropological1 x _c be )\t be>+ on ! function ( man z a s\rce ( action 9 ! _w4 ,! "q1 ,:at are ! ends man is naturally fitt$ to atta98 or--if we pref] s to express x--,:at are ! ends he ought to pursue8 is n m]ely z natural z ! "q1 ,:at c a man "k ( ! _w & ( himself8 ,b ! two que/ions are insep>ably connect$4 ,to "k man is to "k him n only z a ?9k+ b also z an active be+2 :ile to solve ! problem ( ! ends ( man implies k bo? ( 8 nature & ( ! sph]e ( 8 activity4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,e?ics necess>y to complete philosophy4 ,mu* di/ru/ is (t5 express$ ( metaphysics4 ,b x is n d5i$ t ! philosophy--:e!r metaphysical or n--9 :i* our mo/ compreh5sive view ( ! _w f9ds its reason$ expression1 _c neglect t aspect ( ?+s 9 :i* man is relat$ to 8 surr\nd+s z a s\rce ( action4 ,rec5t e?ical lit]ature is itself a pro( ( ?is fact4 ,9 its speculative developm5ts1 bo? reali/ic & ideali/ic1 ! philosophy ( ! pres5t day has made ! endeav\r to connect its conceptions ( ! _w ( ?\ght & nature ) ! ends contemplat$ z to be realis$ 9 ! realm ( action4 ,:atev] difficulties may be involv$ 9 ! transition f ! is to ! ought to be1 x is yet impli$ t ! transition requires to be made1 n m]ely 9 ord] t human activity may be %[n to be rational1 b t reason itself may be ju/ifi$ by leav+ no?+ outside its sph]e4 ,we mu/ make no attempt1 !re=e1 to draw a l9e ( absolute sep>ation betwe5 ! fir/ two ( ! ?ree que/ions 9 :i*1 z ,kant says1#a all ! int]e/s ( our reason c5tre4 ,! ,:at ought ,i to d8 ( e?ics is = ev] fall+ back on ! ,:at c ,i "k8 ( metaphysics4 ,! "q ( practice mu/ accord+ly be treat$ ?r\gh\t 9 connection ) ! "q ( k4 ,if we use ,kant's di/9ction betwe5 speculative & practical reason1 we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t x is ! same reason :i* is 9 "o ref]5ce speculative1 9 ano!r practical4#b ,we are n at lib]ty to assume ) ,butl]#c t morality 444 mu/ be some:at pla9 & easy to be und]/ood3 x mu/ appeal to :at we call common-s5se4 ,nor may we presuppose1 z ,hut*eson did1#d t x is a subject ab\t :i* a little reflection w discov] ! tru?4 ,! "q mu/ be look$ ^u n s mu* z "o ( imm$iate practical z ( sci5tific int]e/1 & reason is to be reg>d$ z ! only c\rt ( appeal4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! inquiry into ! e?ical end ,sid5ote3 7a7 fundam5tal1 ,! =m j quot$1 9 :i* ,kant /ates ! problem1 is n altoge!r free f ambiguity4 ,:at ought ,i to d8 may be tak5 to signify1 ,:at means %\ld ,i adopt = ! atta9m5t ( "s end presuppos$1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 z ! end to be s\ght8 ,b x is evid5t1 n only t ?is is n :at ,kant himself meant by ! "q1 b t1 z ?us put1 x necess>ily implies a fur!r & deep] "q4 ,n ! discov]y ( ! means1 b ! det]m9ation ( ! end itself--! end :i* _c be int]pret$ z a m]e means to "s fur!r end--is ! fundam5tal "q ( e?ics4 ,x is only by misconception t ?is c be ?\ght to be a trivial "q4 ,to say1 z a rec5t sci5tific writ] does1#e t happ9ess 9 "o disguise or ano!r is ! end ( human life is common gr\nd = all ! s*ools1 is ei!r to ignore :at ! s*ools h taught1#f or else to use ! ^w happ9ess m]ely z ano!r "n = ! highe/ good4 ,b1 ev5 7 x /ill ! case1 z x 0 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 t ne>ly all m5 7 agre$ z to ! "n ( ! highe/ good1 & t ! common p & ! cultur$ alike call$ x happ9ess1 ! diff]5ce z to :at !y meant by ! t]m w\ld /ill rema94 ,to say t ! e?ical end is happ9ess is1 to use ,locke's t]m9ology1 a trifl+ proposition2 = 9 s do+ we m]ely give x a "n#g--;& "o :i* ! controv]sies ( philosophy h surr\nd$ ) confusion4 ,t ! end is happ9ess 9 any def9ite s5se1 = example1 z ! greate/ balance ( pleasure ov] pa91 may be p]fectly true1 b /&s v mu* 9 ne$ ( pro(4 ,t happ9ess is ! highe/ e?ical end c be assum$ z true only :5 happ9ess is no?+ m ?an an abbreviat$ expression = ! highe/ e?ical end4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 implies a new po9t ( view1 ,a difficulty ( a m radical k9d meets u1 at ! v outset ( our inquiry1 9 ! di/9ctively e?ical notion express$ by ! ^w ought4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to surm\nt or circumv5t ?is difficulty2 & "s ( ^! w come "u consid]ation 9 ! sequel4 ,! v notion ( consci\s activity conta9s ! idea ( br++ ab\t some?+ :i* does n yet exi/4 ,x involves a purpose or end4 ,! notion ought1 x is true1 means m ?an ?is3 x implies an obligation to pursue a def9ite end or con=m to def9ite rules1 reg>d$ g5]ally z com+ f an au?oritative s\rce4 ,9 ?is cle> & full s5se1 oughtness or duty is a comp>atively rec5t notion1 =eign to ! classical p]iod ( ,greek e?ics4 ,! =ce & def9it5ess belong+ to ! mod]n conception ( x are due to ! juridical aspect :i* ! ,/oic philosophy1 ,roman law1 & ,*ri/ian !ology comb9$ to impress ^u morality4 ,b ev5 ! notion ( purpose or end implies a pref]5ce ( ! end s\ght3 ! /ate to be realis$ is look$ ^u z bett] or m to be desir$ ?an ! exi/+ /ate4 ,we may ask = ! reason ( ?is sup]ior desirabl5ess2 b ! answ] mu/ soon fall back ^u ! ass]tion ( some?+ held to be desirable 9 itself4 ,! "q :i* we are always ask+1 & _c help ask+1 ,:y is su* & su* an end to be pursu$ by me8 or ,:y ought ,i to foll[ su* & su* a c\rse ( conduct8 mu/ soon lead to ! ass]tion ( an ultimate end4 ,sid5ote3 ! transition to :i* requires inve/igation2 ,?is end1 !re=e1 mu/ n be s\ght = "s ult]ior end1 nor desir$ z a means to satisfy any o!r desire4 ,b x is /ill necess>y to inquire into ! way 9 :i* ! end1 held to be ultimate 9 a practical reg>d1 /&s relat$ to ! con/itution ( man & 8 environm5t4 ,& ! "q to :i* ,i w\ld draw att5tion1 z ! fundam5tal problem ( e?ics1 is1 ,:at is t :i* m5 h v>i\sly call$ happ9ess1 ! highe/ good1 ! e?ical end8 or1 m precisely1 ,h[ c a transition be made f ! notions ( !oretical philosophy to ! det]m9ation ( t e?ical end8 ,no assumption is made1 at />t+1 z to ! nature ( ?is end1 or ! mann] ( arriv+ at x4 ,x may be a transi5t /ate ( feel+1 or a p]man5t type ( "*2 or x may by its v nature defy exact def9ition1--! idea itself be+ p]fect$ z its realisation is progressively approa*$4 ,9 any case x requires to be br\ght into connection ) ! ultimate conceptions ( ?\ght & exi/5ce4 ,?is "q ( ! e?ical end or highe/ good is ?us fundam5tal 9 e?ical sci5ce1 & ^u x all o!r que/ions 9 e?ics f9ally dep5d4 ,b x is easy to see t x does n cov] ! :ole field1 & t ! o!r po9ts ( view already ref]r$ to h a legitimate application4 ,e?ics has n only to det]m9e ! end1 b to apply x to practice1 & s to decide z to :at is "r or wrong 9 p>ticul> actions1 & virtu\s or vici\s 9 "*4 ,&1 9 addition to ! two que/ions ?us impli$--! "q z to ! e?ical end1 & t z to ! application ( x to practical affairs--!re is ano!r dep>tm5t ( inquiry :i* has _h a place assign$ to x 9 mo/ e?ical sy/ems1 & :i* has a "r to be reg>d$ z belong+ to e?ics4 ,we may inve/igate ! place1 9 ! individual & ! community respectively1 bo? ( ! s5tim5ts & ideas & ( ! social in/itutions & cu/oms ?r\gh :i* morality is manife/$2 & ?is inquiry cov]s ! tw(old gr\nd ( :at may be call$ moral psy*ology & moral sociology4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 di/9ct f o!r e?ical que/ions3 ,( ^! ?ree que/ions1 ! fir/ =ms ! subject ( inquiry 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,x seems to me t a great "p ( ! obscurity :i* surr\nds e?ical argum5t is due to conf\nd+ ^! diff]5t que/ions4 ,x is true t no "o ( !m is )\t be>+ on ! o!rs2 b x is none ! less necess>y1 9 discuss+ any "o ( !m1 to keep its di/9ctness f ^? o!rs well 9 view4 ,9 inquir+ into ! f\ndation on :i* ! e?ical end is bas$1 ,i d n int5d to develop a code ( rules = practical conduct or a !ory ( human virtue2 nor %all ,i attempt to trace ! orig9 & nature ( moral s5tim5ts & ideas1 or ( ! social in/itutions & cu/oms connect$ ) morality4 ,if ^! subjects h to be introduc$ at all1 x w be only 9 s f> z !y may be ?\ght to decide1 or t5d to decide1 ! "q m imm$iately 9 view4 ,sid5ote3 77 f inquiry into ! me?ods ( e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,limitation ( ?is inquiry ,sid5ote3 7aa7 f necessity ( inve/igat+ all logical alt]natives1 ,?us x =ms no "p ( ! pres5t inquiry to foll[ out ! application to conduct ( diff]5t e?ical ends1 or to exhibit ! diff]5t practical sy/ems to :i* diff]5t ends naturally lead4 ,x might seem inde$1 at fir/ sight1 z if ! developm5t ( _! practical consequ5ces might solve ! "q z to ! nature ( ! ends !mselves4 ,if we assume c]ta9 possible & prim facie reasonable e?ical ends1 & !n see :at codes ( morality !y w yield1 surely 7x may be ?\ght7 t "o :i* af=ds ! mo/ consi/5t & h>moni\s code = ! guidance ( life w be ! end to be s\ght 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs4 ,b 9 ord] t ! criticism ( :at ,pr(essor ,sidgwick has call$ ! me?ods ( e?ics may be able to answ] ! "q z to ! end or pr9ciple ( e?ics1 c]ta9 conditions mu/ fir/ be compli$ )4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y t ! ends or pr9ciples ^: applications to conduct are to be exam9$ mu/ n be uncritically accept$ f ! fluctuat+ morality ( common-s5se nor f ! commonplaces ( ! s*ools1 b mu/ be %[n to be alt]natives betwe5 :i* ! human m9d is necess>ily =c$ to *oose :5 x attempts to frame a complete syn!sis ( practical maxims1 & to act 9 a p]fectly rational mann]4#h ,sid5ote3 7bb7 f m ?an "o self-consi/5t code be+ possible1 ,b al?\gh ?is requisite is compli$ )1 x w /ill rema9 possible1 9 ! second place1 t two or m ( ! assum$ pr9ciples may yield sy/ems ( practical rules p]fectly self-consi/5t1 & yet inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4#i ,x w\ld be v h>d inde$ to %[ t bo? ! !ory ( ,egoi/ic ,h$onism1 & :at is g5]ally call$ ,utilit>ianism1 d n succe$ 9 do+ s3 & ?us ! exam9ation ( me?ods is n ( itself suffici5t to settle ! "q ( ! end ( conduct4 ,& s9ce--to quote ,mr ,sidgwick#aj--;x is a fundam5tal po/ulate ( e?ics t ei!r ^! me?ods mu/ be reconcil$ & h>monis$1 or all b "o ( !m reject$1 x foll[s t ! criticism ( me?ods leads naturally up to an indep5d5t criticism ( pr9ciples1 unless inde$ x c be %[n t "o me?od only yields a consi/5t code ( practical rules4 ,sid5ote3 7cc7 f its assumption t ! true end mu/ give p]fectly consi/5t rules4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 if x l$ to ! adoption ( ! end 9 "q1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! po/ulate w\ld be impli$ t ! true e?ical end mu/ be able to yield a consi/5t & h>moni\s sy/em ( rules = practical life4 ,)\t altoge!r d5y+ ?is po/ulate1 x yet seems to me t x /&s 9 ne$ ( qualification4 ,= 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 & at diff]5t /ages ( individual & social developm5t1 ! application ( ! same e?ical end may naturally produce diff]5t & conflict+ c\rses ( conduct4 ,we mu/ n />t ) any su* assumption z t ! rationality ( ! end consi/s 9 "s sort ( ma!matical equality :i* ignores alike ! diff]5t environm5t ) :i* "o age & ano!r surr\nd diff]5t g5]ations1 & ! diff]5t functions :i* "o individual & ano!r h to p]=m 9 ! social :ole4 ,we mu/ leave op5 ! possibility t :at is "r n[ may be wrong 9 ano!r age2 we mu/ rememb] t ev]ybody may n c\nt = "o1 & t "s p may c\nt = m ?an "o2 we mu/ admit t we may h sometimes to d to o!rs :at we w\ld n t o!rs %\ld d to u4 ,! only consi/5cy we h a "r to dem& mu/ leave room = su* a v>iety ( diff]5t conditions z to be1 by itself1 a v insecure guide4 ,f ! difficulty ( comply+ ) ! above conditions1 x seems practically impossible = ! criticism ( e?ical me?ods to decide ! "q ( ! e?ical end4 ,ev5 if ! application to conduct ( e important end has be5 tak5 acc\nt (1 we are met ) ! difficulty t two or m mutually antagoni/ic ?\gh self-consi/5t practical codes may probably h be5 develop$1 :ile we are n ev5 ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t inability to yield a sy/em :i* w fit ! complex circum/ances ( life 9 a p]fectly h>moni\s mann] is suffici5t gr\nd = reject+ an end %[n 9 "s o!r way to be reasonable4 ,sid5ote3 77 di/9ct f moral psy*ology & sociology4 ,! la/ dep>tm5t ( e?ics ref]r$ to--t :i* has to d ) ! orig9 & nature ( moral s5tim5ts & social cu/oms--has a be>+ on ! "q ( ! end ( conduct 9 "s respects m important ?an ! inve/igation ( e?ical me?ods4 ,=1 :]eas ! latt] expressly assumes c]ta9 ends z prim facie reasonable1 ! =m] inquiry1 on ! contr>y1 is n[ frequ5tly und]/ood to be able1 )\t presuppos+ any e?ical relations :atev]1 to trace ! way 9 :i*1 f primitive feel+s & cu/oms1 morality itself has be5 evolv$4 ,! psy*ological side ( e?ical inquiry has always _h an important place ) ,engli% morali/s4 ,at times1 inde$1 ! "q ( ! moral faculty has excit$ s mu* int]e/ z to div]t att5tion f ! nature ( morality itself4 ,moral tru? has be5 suppos$ to be some?+ kn[n & indisputable1 ! only "q be+ h[ we came to "k x4 ,b ! psy*ology ( e?ics1 re9=c$ by ! k sociology gives ( ! developm5t ( morality1 rises n[ to l>g] issues4 ,x attempts to %[ ! g5esis ( ! moral f ! non-moral1 to acc\nt ?us = ! orig9 ( e?ical ideas1 & ev5 to det]m9e :at k9ds ( ends are to be /riv5 aft]4 ,9 ?is way1 a !ory ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( moral s5tim5ts & in/itutions is made to r5d] important help to m ?an "o ( ! !ories :i* w fall to be consid]$ 9 ! sequel4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,pres5t inquiry limit$ ,sid5ote3 to !ories dep5d+ on ! human con/itution1 ,! pres5t ,essay has to inquire into ! way 9 :i* we may det]m9e :at ! end ( human conduct is1--into ! basis ( e?ics1 !re=e4 ,b ,i d n propose to (f] an exhau/ive inve/igation ( all ! !ories :i* h be5 or may be />t$ 9 solution ( ! problem4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i w beg9 by exclud+ f ! inquiry all !ories :i* seek ! basis ( e?ics 9 some?+ outside ! con/itution ( man z a feel+ & reason+ ag5t3#aa n because ,i cont5d t all su* !ories are prim facie unreasonable1 b because x is at any rate ! m obvi\s c\rse to seek to det]m9e ! function ( an organism by /udy+ its inn] con/itution1 ?an by hav+ reg>d to some?+ :i* is ext]nal to x1 & does n act ^u & modify x z a necess>y "p ( its environm5t4 ,x is only :5 ?is me?od has be5 tri$ & has fail$ t we %\ld seek outside u = "s guide z to ! "p we ought to play 9 ! univ]se4 ,= ?is reason ,i %all n take into consid]ation ! views ( ! basis ( e?ics :i* f9d x 9 positive law ei!r div9e or human1 except 9 s f> z !y are %[n to foll[ f ! nature ( man4 ,x is n necess>y = me to d5y t ! s\rce ( all moral obligation may be ! w ( ,god1 or ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign1 or ! op9ion ( society1 & t ! highe/ moral ideal may be ob$i5ce to su* a rule4 ,b !ories ( ?is k9d make e?ics m]ely an application ( positive !ology1 or ( legislation1 or ( social s5tim5t1 & seem only to h an appropriate place :5 we h fail$ to f9d an indep5d5t basis = action4 ,! "q :i* rema9s to be put may be express$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,c we f9d 9 human nature 7tak5 ei!r alone or 9 connection ) its environm5t7 any indications ( ! end ( human conduct1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! pr9ciple on :i* human be+s ought to act8 & if s1 9 :at direction d ^! indications po9t1 & :at is _! significance8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w ?us necess>ily dep5d on ! view we take ( ! con/itution ( man & 8 relation to 8 environm5t4 ,& ,i purpose to br+ ?is discussion )9 ! necess>y limits by consid]+ ! e?ical consequ5ces ( "o only ( ! two views into :i* philosophical op9ion is divid$4 ,sid5ote3 & "h to e?ics ( ,naturalism1 ,sid5ote3 z di/+ui%$ f ,rational e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,naturalism ei!r individuali/ic ,sid5ote3 or hi/orical4 ,n[ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( division 9 philosophical op9ion lies 9 ! place assign$ to reason 9 human nature4#ab ,accord+ to "o !ory1 man is ess5tially a s5sitive subject1 ?\gh able to reason ab\t 8 s5sations--t is1 to associate1 comp\nd1 & comp>e !m4 ,he is suppos$ to be built up ( s5se-pres5tations associat$ ) feel+s ( pleasure & pa94 ,recipi5t ( ext]nal impressions :i* p]si/ 9 idea & are accompani$ by pleasure or pa9 on 8 "p1 & ?us foll[$ by o!r ideas & impressions1 man's m5tal con/itution is expla9$ )\t attribut+ to reason any spontane\s or productive function4#ac ,! o!r view diff]s f ?is 9 attribut+ spontaneity to reason--mak+ x1 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! s\rce ( =ms ( ?\ght1 pr9ciples1 or ideas4 ,! =m] may be call$ ! ,naturali/ic1 ! latt] ! ,rationali/ic view ( man3 f t foll[s a ,naturali/ic or ,natural e?ics1 f ?is a ,rationali/ic or ,rational e?ics4 ,into bo? ^! !ories1 9 a !oretical z well z 9 an e?ical aspect1 ! hi/orical turn ( ?\ght :i* has *>act]is$ rec5t inquiry has introduc$ a pr(\nd modification4 ,on ! basis ( ,naturalism1 we may ei!r look ^u man z an individual di/9ct f o!r individuals1 z 0 done by ,epicurus & ,hobbes & ! mat]iali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 or we may consid] ! race z itself an organism1 ap>t f :i* ! individual is un9telligible1 & look ^u human nature z hav+ become :at x n[ is ?r\gh a long process ( int]action betwe5 organism & environm5t1 9 :i* social z well z psy*ical & physical facts h influ5c$ ! result4 ,?is is ! view to ! elaboration ( :i* ,comte & ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] h 9 diff]5t ways contribut$4#ad ,:at makes ! hi/orical me?od ( importance philosophically1 is n ! m]e fact t x traces a sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 "t1 b ! fact t1 by do+ s1 x is able to look ^u ea* l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ev5ts z necess>ily connect$ ) e o!r1 & ?us to reg>d z a sy/em--or1 r1 z an organism--:at previ\s empirical !ories _h left )\t any pr9ciple ( unity4 ,sid5ote3 ,rationalism ei!r individuali/ic ,sid5ote3 or univ]sali/ic4 ,a simil> movem5t ( ?\ght has introduc$ a l modification into ! ,rationali/ic !ory4 ,accord+ to old] doctr9es1 ! individual reason is my/]i\sly *>g$ ) c]ta9 priori pr9ciples :i* are to u laws ( k & ( action2 :]eas ! =m ( ,rationalism :i* is n[ 9 ! asc5dant resembles ! !ory ( natural evolution 9 ?is1 t z ! latt] f9ds ! race m real ?an ! individual1 & ! individual to exi/ only 9 ! race1 s ! =m] looks ^u ! individual reason z b a f9ite manife/ation ( ! univ]sal reason1 & attempts to %[ ! pr9ciples or con/itutive elem5ts ( ?is univ]sal reason or consci\sness 9 _! logical or necess>y connection--leav+ op5 to empirical inve/igation ! way 9 :i* !y h gradually disclos$ !mselves 9 ! individual human subject1 & 9 ! expression ( ! collective life ( ! race4 ,?us1 z ,natural ,e?ics is divid$ into an individuali/ic & an hi/orical view1 a simil> di/9ction might be made 9 ,rational ,e?ics1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x w\ld be m difficult to foll[ out ! di/9ction 9 detail2 & _m e?ical sy/ems _c be said to h kept consi/5tly ei!r to "o side ( x or to ! o!r4 ,9 ! foll[+ discussion ,i %all inve/igate ! e?ical !ory :i* is f\nd$ on ! basis ( ,naturalism--work+ out & criticis+ 9 some:at great] detail t =m ( ! !ory :i*1 f ! agreem5t x lays claim to ) ! results ( mod]n sci5ce1 plays s important a "p 9 contempor>y philosophical ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,w]ke1 ed4 ,h>t5/e9 7#ahfg71 iii4 #ecb4 #b ,cf4 ,kant1 ,w]ke1 iv4 #bcg4 #c ,s]mons1 v41 t[>ds ! end4 #d ,essay on ! ,passions & ,affections1 p4 iv4 #e ,w4 ,h4 ,rolph1 ,biologis*e ,probleme1 zuglei* als ,v]su* zur ,entwicklung e9] rationell5 ,e?ik1 #b;d ed41 p4 #ba4 #f ,n to m5tion ,kant1 ! consi/5t oppon5t ( e eudmoni/ic pr9ciple1 or ! doctr9es ( a political ideali/ su* z ,mazz9i 7see ,life & ,writ+s 7#ahfg71 iv4 #bbc71 ref]5ce may be made to a writ] l ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 :o looks f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 & yet holds t happ9ess is n to be desir$ = its own sake4--,lectures & ,essays 7#ahgi71 ii4 #aba1 #agc4 #g ,au* dies] ,begriff ,glckseligkeit i/ an si* e9 bloss =mal]1 d] j$e beliebige mat]iale ,be/immung zuls/4--,zell]1 ,ueb] ,begriff und ,begrndung d] sittli*5 ,gesetze 7#ahhc71 p4 #bc4 #h ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 book i4 *ap4 i4 #e1 #c;d ed41 p4 #aa4 #i ,! rule1 ',let e "o c>e = me1' is q z simple1 &1 9 a logical po9t ( view1 def9es conduct z consi/5tly & reasonably z ! rule1 ',love y\r neighb\r z y\rself4'--,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics 7#ahhb71 p4 #gc4 #aj ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,i4 i4 #c1 p4 #f4 #aa ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,ari/otle & ,kant 9 e?ics is sometimes express$ 7see ,tr5del5burg1 ,hi/4 ,beitrge zur ,phil41 iii4 #aga ff47 z if x consi/$ 9 ! fact t ! =m] inve/igat$ human nature 9 ord] to f9d its 7telos71 :]eas ! latt] s\ght ! /&>d ( action 9 a transc5d5tal gr\nd4 ,!re is reason = ?is di/9ction 9 ,kant's mann] ( /atem5t4 ,b bo? may be reg>d$ z inve/igat+ human nature4 ,_! diff]5ce r consi/s 9 ! diff]5t position & function assign$ to reason 9 man4 ,x is because ,kant is = ! mom5t look+ ^u reason z some?+ di/9ct f human nature t he says t ! gr\nd ( obligation is to be s\ght1 n 9 ! nature ( man or 9 ! circum/ances 9 ! _w 9 :i* he is plac$1 b priori simply 9 ! notions ( pure reason 7,w]ke1 iv4 #bcg74 ,8 metaphysical view ( e?ics1 h[ev]1 foll[s f ! rational con/itution ( ! human subject & 8 exp]i5ce1 & does n dep5d on any s\rce t really transc5ds ! reason ( man4 #ab ,op9ion is also divid$ accord+ to ! place assign$ to reason 9 ! _w1--?is pr9ciple ( division correspond+ almo/ exactly ) ! =m]4 #ac ,?us x is ! object ( ,helvtius's fir/ disc\rs ,de l'esprit to prove t physical s5sibility & memory are ! only productive causes ( our ideas4 #ad ,comte1 by connect+ e?ics ) biology2 ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,individuali/ic ,,!ory4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,egoism4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( ,naturalism4 ,x is difficult to give an exact def9ition or ev5 description ( :at ,i h call$ ! natural view ( man4 ,p]haps x may be be/ def9$1 negatively1 z ! view :i* d5ies to reason any spontane\s or creative function 9 ! human con/itution4 ,= ?is def9ition1 if x /ill leaves ! positive description want+1 w at lea/ make ! classification into natural & rational exhau/ive & mutually exclusive4 ,at ! same "t x is to be not$ t1 on ! !ory ( ,naturalism1 reason is n suppos$ to be exclud$ f all %>e 9 det]m9+ que/ions ( conduct or ! *oice ( ends4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be impossible to h ev5 ! pret5ce ( an e?ical !ory )\t a c]ta9 use ( reason4 ,b its function1 9 ?is case1 is limit$ to ! m]ely =mal "o ( br++ diff]5t pres5tations 7or objects7 & feel+s into connection1 & comp>+ ! diff]5t /ates ( m9d ?us =m$ ) "o ano!r1 n ) a reason-giv5 /&>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,psy*ological h$onism4 ,s9ce ! function ( reason is ?us re/rict$1 & its compet5cy to supply an end =1 or pr9ciple (1 action is d5i$1 we mu/ seek ?is end ei!r 9 ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 :i* accompany bo? s5sory & motor pres5tations1--p]ceptions1 t is to say1 & actions1--or 9 ! m complex1 or app>5tly m complex1 emotions ( ! m9d4 ,& ! latt] may ei!r be !mselves r$ucible to feel+s ( pleasure or pa9 accompany+ pres5tations directly pleasurable or pa9ful1 & !nce transf]r$ by association to o!r pres5tations1 or !y may be reg>d$ z someh[ motives to action :i* may be or ought to be foll[$ on _! own acc\nt4 ,! ,individuali/ic ,!ory1 !re=e1 is n necess>ily h$oni/ic4 ,x admits ( a tw(old view ( ! natural man3 "o :i* looks ^u him z 9 ess5ce a pleasure-seek+1 pa9-avoid+ animal2 ano!r :i* reg>ds him z hav+ a v>iety ( impulses1 "s ( :i* are n direct$ to 8 own pleasure or avoidance ( pa94 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,its !ory ( action ,sid5ote3 ambigu\s1 ,sid5ote3 ref]r+ to ,! =m] view--psy*ological h$onism1 z x is call$--claims to be an exhau/ive analysis ( ! motives ( human conduct1 p]fectly g5]al inde$1 b yet valid = e case ( action4 ,x d5ies ! possibility ( a man act+ f any o!r pr9ciple ?an desire ( pleasure or av]sion f pa94 ,! !ory is1 t x is a psy*ological law t action is motiv$ by pleasure & pa91 & t no?+ else has motive-p[] ov] x4 ,if1 !n1 "o pleasure 7or avoidance ( pa97 is *os5 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 x mu/ be ei!r by *ance1--an alt]native :i* has no e?ical significance--no significance1 t is1 = ! guidance ( volunt>y conduct1--or because ! "o c\rse promises1 or seems to promise1 ! atta9m5t ( a great] balance ( pleasure ?an ! o!r1 or is actually at ! "t m pleasant ?an t o!r4 ,?us ! view t pleasure is ! only motive ( human action is really id5tical1 = e?ical purposes1 ) ! !ory loosely express$ 9 ! law t action foll[s ! greate/ pleasure4#ae ,i say loosely express$2 = ! law z ?us /at$ really admits ( ?ree q diff]5t int]pretations1 n always di/+ui%$ ) ! precision :i* su* subjects require4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 actual consequ5ces ( action1 ,sid5ote3 or 7b7 its expect$ consequ5ces1 ,sid5ote3 or 7c7 its pres5t *>act]i/ics4 7a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! law might mean t action always foll[s ! c\rse :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 w 9 ! long-run br+ ! greate/ balance ( pleasure to ! ag5t4 ,x is evid5t t !re is no gr\nd 9 psy*ology = ma9ta9+ ?is view4 ,yet x is a fair int]pretation ( ! law ( psy*ological h$onism1 z commonly /at$2 & x is at lea/ an admissible supposition t ?is mean+ ( ! phrase has n be5 )\t effect ^u ! uses to :i* ! law has be5 put by "s ( its uphold]s4 ,! second int]pretation ( ! law--namely 7b71 t action is always 9 ! direction :i* seems to ! ag5t mo/ likely to br+ him ! greate/ balance ( pleasure1 :e!r x actually br+s x or n--is ! s5se 9 :i* x appe>s to h be5 mo/ commonly tak5 :5 express$ ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t--9 language :i* ascribes great] consi/5cy to m5's conduct ?an x usually displays--int]e/ is ass]t$ by ! au?or ( ! ',sy/me de la nature' to be ! sole motive ( human action4#af ,! same view is adopt$ by ,b5?am2#ag & bo? ,james ,mill & ,john ,/u>t ,mill id5tify desire ) pleasure1 or an idea ( pleasure1 9 t]ms :i* are suffici5tly sweep+1 if n v c>efully weigh$2#ah :ile ! w is said to foll[ desire1 or only to pass out ( its p[] :5 com+ "u ! sway ( habit4#ai ,/ill ano!r mean+ may1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ! law ( psy*ological h$onism1 accord+ to :i* ! d\btful ref]5ce to ! manifold pleasures & pa9s1 contemplat$ z result+ f an action1 is got rid (1 & 7c7 ! ag5t is ass]t$ always to *oose t action or =be>ance :i* is actually mo/ pleasant1 or lea/ pa9ful1 to him at ! "t--tak+ acc\nt1 ( c\rse1 ( imag9ative pleasures & pa9s1 z well z ( ^? :i* are imm$iately connect$ ) ! s5ses4 ,x is 9 ?is int]pretation ( its law t psy*ological h$onism seems to be mo/ capable ( def5ce1 & 9 ?is s5se x has be5 m ?an once /at$ & def5d$4#bj ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,e?ical inf]5ces f ?is !ory1 ,! e?ics ( ! =m ( ,naturalism :i* is n[ "u exam9ation mu/ be inf]r$ f ! law t human action foll[s ! greate/ pleasure1 9 "o or o!r ( ! above mean+s :i* t law admits (4 ,! law is ! datum or premiss f :i* we are to advance to an e?ical conclusion4 ,! "r is to be evolv$ f ! pleasurable2 & ! pleasurable1 consequ5tly1 _c be made to dep5d ^u ! "r4 ,x is c]ta9ly true ( ! conduct ( mo/ m51 t our prospect ( pleasure result+ f any c\rse ( conduct may l>gely dep5d on our conception ( x z "r or o!rwise4#ba ,b ?is presupposes t !re is a "r indep5d5t ( "o's own pleasure1 & !re=e does n apply to an e?ics bas$ on ! simple !ory ( human nature put =w>d by psy*ological h$onism4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 9 its fir/ mean+1 ,sid5ote3 7b79 its second mean+3 ,sid5ote3 private e?ics & legislation1 ,sid5ote3 7c7 9 its ?ird mean+4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to discuss ! fir/ alt]native 7a71 z no psy*ologi/ w\ld s]i\sly ma9ta9 x4 ,a society compos$ ( m5 con/itut$ 9 ! way x supposes m5 to be con/itut$1 w\ld be a collection ( rational egoi/s1 omnisci5t 9 all t conc]n$ ! results ( action1 & ea* adopt+ un]r+ly at e mom5t ! c\rse ( conduct :i* w\ld increase 8 own pleasure ! mo/4 ,! conduct ( any memb] ( su* a society c\ld only be modifi$ :5--& w\ld always be modifi$ :5--! modifi$ conduct actually br\ght pleasurable results to ! ag5t3 nev] s z to make him pref] ! public good to 8 own4 ,! second alt]native 7b7 admits ( su* modification tak+ place only :5 x seems to ! individual t ?is modifi$ action w produce a great] balance ( pleasure or small] balance ( pa9 ?an any o!r c\rse ( action4 ,"u ?is !ory an individual might inde$ pref] ! public good or ano!r man's good to 8 own1 b only ?r\gh 8 be+ deceiv$ z to ! actual results ( 8 c\rse ( action4 ,e?ics z det]m9+ an end = conduct is put out ( c\rt2 ?\gh ! /atesman or ! educator may modify ! actions ( o!rs by provid+ appropriate motives4 ,if ! two sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure1 det]m9e :at we %all d1 x is h>dly necess>y = !m also to po9t out :at we ought to d4#bb ,! end is already giv5 9 ! nature ( action1 ?\gh an enlight5$ und]/&+ w tea* m5 h[ ! greate/ balance ( pleasure may be obta9$4 ,we c only get at a rule prescrib+ an end by *ang+ our po9t ( view f ! individual to ! /ate4 ,x is be/ = ! /ate t ea* individual %\ld aim at ! common happ9ess2 b1 :5 we talk ( ?is z a moral duty = ! individual1 all we c mean is t ! /ate w puni% a brea* ( x4 ,9 ! words ( ,helvtius1#bc pa9 & pleasure are ! bonds by :i* we c always unite p]sonal int]e/ to ! int]e/ ( ! nation4444 ,! sci5ces ( morals & legislation c be only d$uctions f ?is simple pr9ciple4 ,accord+ to ,b5?am's psy*ology1 a man is necessitat$ by 8 m5tal & physical nature to pursue at e mom5t1 n ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 b :at seems to him 8 own greate/ happ9ess4 ,& :at ! legislator has to d is1 by judici\sly impos$ rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 especially ! latt]1 to make x = ! greate/ happ9ess ( ea* to pursue ! greate/ happ9ess ( all4#bd ,z di/+ui%$ f ?is art ( legislation1 private e?ics consi/s only ( prud5tial rules prescrib+ ! be/ means to an end pr$et]m9$ by nature z ! only possible end ( human action3 x tea*es h[ ea* man may dispose himself to pursue ! c\rse mo/ conducive to 8 own happ9ess4#be ,! consequ5ces to ! !ory ( action ( ! ?ird alt]native 7c7 are simil>3 x only /ates ! law ) m appe>ance ( psy*ological accuracy4 ,if a man always foll[s t c\rse ( action :i* w give him at ! "t ! greate/ 7real & imag9ative7 satisfaction1 x is impossible = u to inf] f 8 nature an e?ical law prescrib+ "s o!r end1 )\t admitt+ a fundam5tal contradiction 9 human nature2 :ile to say t he ought to seek ! end he always does & _c help seek+1 is unnecess>y & ev5 unmean+4 ,modification ( "* may ( c\rse be /ill br\ght ab\t1 s9ce ! k9ds ( action 9 :i* an individual takes pleasure may be v>i$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,b ! motive made use ( 9 ?is educative process mu/ be p]sonal pleasure2 & ! end ! legislator has 9 view 9 8 "w mu/ be ! same1#bf ?\gh x is (t5 quietly assum$ t = him p]sonal pleasure has become id5tifi$ ) ! wid] int]e/s ( ! community4 ,sid5ote3 ,result ( ?is ambiguity1 ,sid5ote3 e?ical h$onism4 ,! diff]5t significations ( :i* x admits %[ t ! psy*ological law t action foll[s ! greate/ pleasure is by no means s cle> z x may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,probably x is ! v ambiguity ( ! law t has made x appe> to provide a basis = an e?ical sy/em4 ,:5 x is said t greate/ pleasure is ! moral end ( action1 ?is greate/ pleasure is look$ ^u z ! greate/ possible balance ( pleasurable ov] pa9ful /ates = ! probable duration ( life3 on ! egoi/ic !ory1 ( ! life ( ! individual2 on ! utilit>ian !ory1 ( ! aggregate lives ( all m5 or ev5 ( all s5ti5t be+s4 ,b :5 x is said t greate/ pleasure is1 z a matt] ( fact1 always ! motive ( action1 x is obvi\s t greate/ pleasure has *ang$ its signification4 ,= if ! same mean+ 7 kept to1 n only w\ld ! psy*ological law z ?us /at$ be op5ly at v>iance ) facts1 b its validity w\ld r5d] ! moral precept unnecess>y4 ,x is ev5 unmean+ to say t a man ought to d t :i* he always does & _c help do+4#bg ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! d\ble mean+ ( ! phrase _h be5 cle>ly /at$1 we %\ld at once h se5 ! hiatus 9 ! pro( ( egoi/ic h$onism--! gap betwe5 ! pres5t 7or app>5t7 pleasure = :i* "o does act1 & ! greate/ pleasure ( a lifetime = :i* "o ought to act--z well z ! additional difficulty ( pass+ f egoism to utilit>ianism4 ,if greate/ app>5t pleasure--or greate/ pres5t pleasure--is by an inexorable law ( human nature always s\ght1 h[ c x be %[n t we ought to sacrifice ! app>5t to ! real--! pres5t pleasure t is small to ! great] future pleasure8 ,if ! individual necess>ily pursues 8 own pleasure1 h[ c we %[ t he ought to subord9ate x to ! pleasures ( ! greate/ numb]8 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,transition f psy*ological to e?ical h$onism4 ,"r action w imply ,sid5ote3 7a7 correct e/imate ( consequ5ces ( action1 ,sid5ote3 7b7 & correspond+ /r5g? ( feel+4 ,x is a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 t ! psy*ologi/s :o ma9ta9 t action foll[s ! greate/ pleasure--mean+ by t1 greate/ app>5t or greate/ pres5t pleasure--h 9 _! e?ics made ! transition to an enlight5$ ,egoism1 or ev5 to ,utilit>ianism4 ,! nature ( ! transition ?us requires to be m cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,if ! =m] int]pretation ( ! law ( psy*ological h$onism c\ld be accept$1 & a man's motive = action 7 always :at seem$ to him likely to br+ him ! greate/ pleasure on ! :ole1 e?ics--:at ,b5?am calls private e?ics--c\ld be r$uc$ 7z ,b5?am f9ally r$uces x7 to c]ta9 maxims ( prud5ce4 ,to be fully acqua9t$ ) ! s\rces ( pleasure & pa91 & to e/imate !m correctly1 w\ld imply possession ( ! highe/ 7egoi/ic7 morality4 ,if m5 c\ld be made to ?9k rightly z to :at _! greate/ pleasure consi/$ 91 !n "r action on _! "p--t is to say1 ! pursuit ( _! greate/ pleasure--w\ld 7accord+ to ,b5?am's psy*ology7 foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,"r conduct1 h[ev]1 is n s purely an affair ( ! intellect z ?is w\ld make x4 ,inde$1 ,b5?am's psy*ological assumption requires only to be pla9ly /at$ = its inconsi/5cy ) ! facts ( human action to become app>5t4 ,! video meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor expresses too common an exp]i5ce to be s easily expla9$ away4 ,! impulses by :i* action is gov]n$ are n always 9 accordance ) :at ! intellect decides to be be/ on a survey ( ! :ole life & its v>i$ *ances4 ,9 judg+ ! consequ5ces ( action1 a future good is comp>$ ) a pres5t1 reg>dless ( ! m]e diff]5ce ( "t by :i* !y are sep>at$4 ,b ! spr+s :i* move ! w are (t5 at v>iance ) ! decisions ( ! und]/&+2 & _m m5 are unable to resi/ ! /r5g? ( ! impulse to act = ! pleasure ( ! mom5t1 ?\gh !y =esee t a great] future satisfaction w\ld foll[ f pres5t self-d5ial4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! facts ( exp]i5ce are suffici5t to %[ t a man's conduct does n always foll[ ! c\rse :i* he ?9ks likely to br+ him ! greate/ pleasure on ! :ole4 ,b ! view t a man always acts = :at is mo/ pleasant--or lea/ pa9ful--at ! "t _c be dismiss$ s easily4 ,x is n en\gh simply to po9t to ! facts ( human action 9 ord] to %[ t ?is hypo!sis is inconsi/5t ) !m4 ,if we in/anc$ ! self-re/ra9t 9 :i* s _m pass _! lives f day to day1 x might p]haps be answ]$ t !re is a p]si/5t idea ( duty1 or love ( reputation1 or fe> ( social /igma1 ! repression ( :i* w\ld be m pa9ful ?an ! re/ra9t x puts ^u o!r impulses4 ,ev5 ! m>tyr :o delib]ately p>ts ) life itself = ! sake ( an ideal1 may be said to *oose dea? z ! lea/ pa9ful c\rse op5 to him at ! "t4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ,pr(essor ,ba91 ! mo/ ?or\gh psy*ologi/ ( ,b5?am's s*ool1 refuses to admit ?is l9e ( def5ce = psy*ological h$onism1 & holds t1 9 actions su* z ^? ref]r$ to1 m5 are really c>ri$ out ( ! circle ( _! self-reg>d+ desires4#bh ,b my pres5t purpose is n to discuss ! m]its ( any su* psy*ological !ory1 b r to inve/igate its e?ical consequ5ces4 ,& = ?is purpose ! "q requires to be put1 h[ a passage is effect$ f psy*ological h$onism to an egoi/ic--& ev5 to a utilit>ian--!ory ( e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,! po/ulate t action c be rationalis$ ,sid5ote3 involves ^! conditions1 ,if a man always acts = 8 greate/ pres5t pleasure1 real & imag9>y1 x seems a f> /ep to say t he ought to act--or 9 any way to expect t he w act--at ea* mom5t = ! greate/ sum ( pleasure atta9able 9 ! probable duration ( 8 life4 ,b on reflection1 ?is may turn out to foll[ if we po/ulate t conduct c be rationalis$4 ,:at is meant by ?is egoi/ic ought may be said to be simply t to ! eye ( reason ! pleasure ( any "o mom5t _c be reg>d$ z m valuable ?an ! equal pleasure ( any o!r mom5t1 if x is equally c]ta92 & t !re=e to act z if x 7 is to act unreasonably4 ,man fails 9 act+ up to reason 9 ?is s5se1 because 8 action is n motiv$ by reason1 b directly by pleasure & pa92 & n by a m]e e/imate ( pleasure & pa91 b by pleasure & pa9 !mselves4 ,! psy*ological h$oni/ mu/ ma9ta9 t ! e/imates ( future pleasure & pa9 only become motives by be+ n m]ely recognis$ 7intellectually7 b felt 7emotionally7--t is1 by !mselves becom+ pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,if ! ,egoi/ calls any action irrational1 x _c be because ! motive :i* produc$ x 0 n ! greate/ pleasure 9 consci\sness at ! "t4 ,x c only be on ! gr\nd t ! greate/ pleasure 9 consci\sness at ! "t is likely to lead to a sacrifice ( great] pleasure 9 ! future2 & ?is mu/ be due ei!r to intellectual misappreh5sion or to ! imag9$ fruition ( future pleasure n be+ /rong en\gh to outweigh ! pleasure :i* comes f a pres5t /imulus1 & to ! imag9$ fruition ( ! m di/ant be+ weak] ?an t ( ! less di/ant pleasure4 ,x is ow+ to a defect ( ! imag9ation on a man's "p t ev5 ) complete in=mation he does n act up to 8 lights--irrational action be+ p>tly a consequ5ce ( insuffici5t acqua9tance ) ! normal results ( conduct1 p>tly due to defective imag9ation4 ,7 a man's imag9ation ( future pleasure & pa9 z /rong z 8 exp]i5ce ( pres5t pleasure & pa91 & did he correctly appreciate ! results ( 8 conduct1 !n 8 action w\ld1 ( psy*ological necessity1 h>monise ) ! precepts ( egoi/ic h$onism4 ,sid5ote3 ! latt] ( :i* ,sid5ote3 is inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( volunt>y action4 ,egoi/ic h$onism may !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be said to be a reasonable end ( conduct on ! !ory ( psy*ological h$onism2 x is ! end :i* w be made 8 own by t ideally p]fect man ^: intellect c cle>ly see ! issues ( conduct1 & ^: imag9ation ( ! future causes ( s5sibility is s vivid t ! pleasure or pa9 got f anticipat+ !m is z great z if !y 7 pres5t1 or only less lively 9 proportion z !re is a risk ( _! n be+ realis$4 ,conv]sely x w\ld seem t only t man c act reasonably 9 :om imag9ation ( pleasure 7or ( pa97 is already ( equal /r5g? ) ! actual exp]i5ce ( x4 ,b1 if ! pleasures ( ! imag9ation are z /rong z ^? ( s5se or ( reality1 ! latt] obvi\sly become sup]flu\s2 & x foll[s t ! ideally p]fect man is left )\t any motive to aim at ! real ?+1 s9ce he c obta9 z mu* pleasure by imag9+ x4 ,! cultur$ h$oni/ mu/1 x w\ld seem1 be able to-- ,hold a fire 9 8 h& ,by ?9k+ on ! fro/y ,caucasus1 ,or cloy ! hungry edge ( appetite ,by b>e imag9ation ( a fea/4 ,s f> z feel+ or motive to action goes1 no diff]5ce mu/ exi/ = him betwe5 reality & imag9ation4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh we may admit t1 on ?is psy*ological basis1 conduct :5 rationalis$ agrees ) t prescrib$ by egoi/ic h$onism1 yet x c only be rationalis$ by a developm5t ( ! /r5g? ( ! imag9ation1 :i* w\ld make ! feel+ :i* x br+s ) x z /rong z t :i* accompanies a real object1 & h5ce take away ! motive = ! pursuit ( ! latt]4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 repres5tation & pres5tation :i* is necess>y = ! /ate ( desire1#bi is no long] pres5t4 ,h$onism v9dicates its rationality only on conditions :i* imply ! futility ( action altoge!r4 ,x is n m]ely t ! atta9m5t ( ! h$oni/ic end 9 practical conduct implies a /r5g? ( imag9ation ( :i* no "o is capable1 b ! conditions ( act+ bo? rationally & h$oni/ically1 are conditions :i* w\ld p>alyse all activity4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,possible objections to prec$+ argum5t3 ,! =ego+ argum5t may p]haps be object$ to on two gr\nds4 ,on ! "o h&1 x may be said t x ignores ! va/ complexity ( human motive1 & treats action z if x 7 a simple & ab/ract ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may be rem9d$ ( ! fact t1 :ile all m5 act = pleasure1 ! moral quality ( _! conduct does n dep5d on ?is fact1 b on ! k9d ( ?+s 9 :i* !y take pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 complexity ( motive2 b x is psy*ological h$onism :i* ignores ?is4 ,s f> z ! fir/ objection is conc]n$1 x seems to me t ! fault belongs to ! psy*ological !ory ( human action1 ! e?ical consequ5ces ( :i* are "u inve/igation4 ,x is ?is !ory :i* ass]ts t1 h[ev] int]wov5 ! ?reads ( impulse1 av]sion1 & habit may be1 _! mo/ complex relations c be r$uc$ to ! =mula1 greate/ pleasure1 or lea/ pa91 prevails4 ,x is n necess>y1 inde$1 t e action %\ld be ! consci\s pursuit ( a pleasurable object already be=e ! m9d 9 idea4 ,b ! !ory1 if consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 implies t ! action :i* foll[s 9 ! l9e ( a previ\sly =m$ habit1 does s because ! discom=t or pa9 ( break+ ?r\gh ! habit w\ld be suffici5t to c\nt]-balance any satisfaction t might result4 ,! objection1 !re=e1 ( excessive simplicity or ab/ractness1 is "o :i* _c h great] =ce ?an :5 urg$ aga9/ ! !ory ( psy*ological h$onism4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 diff]5ce 9 k9d ( pleasurable objects2 ,sid5ote3 b ?is involves a ref]5ce to some?+ else ?an pleasure1 ,sid5ote3 :i* psy*ological h$onism does n admit (4 ,fur!r--& ?is is ! second objection--! above analysis may be consid]$ by "s n to h tak5 suffici5t acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! objects 9 :i* a human be+ c take pleasure1 & ( ! fact t ! moral quality ( m5 diff]s1 n accord+ z !y act = pleasure or n1 b accord+ to ! k9d ( actions & suff]ances 9 :i* !y f9d pleasure4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! importance ( ?is di/9ction = que/ions ( practical morals4 ,! man 9 :om selfi%ness takes ! %ape ( b5evol5ce1 z x did 9 ,b5?am1 is inf9itely bett] ?an ! man 9 :om x reta9s ! =m ( selfi%ness4 ,b ! consid]ation is important j because x goes on ! impli$ assumption t ! h$oni/ic is n ! *ief aspect ( conduct1 & t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 c\rses ( action m fundam5tal ?an ! pleasurable or pa9ful feel+ att5dant on !m4 ,if ! pr9ciples on :i* ! objection is f\nd$ 7 consi/5tly adh]$ to & foll[$ out1 !y w\ld make n pleasure1 b some?+ else--t1 namely1 by :i* pleasures diff] f "o ano!r 9 k9d--! e?ical /&>d4 ,b if1 9 ultimate analysis1 x is ! pleasure felt or expect$ t moves to action1 x w\ld seem t !re is no way 9 :i* ! conclusion ( ! prec$+ argum5t c be avoid$4 ,if pleasure is ! motive1 x mu/ be qu pleasure--t is to say1 ei!r ! greate/ app>5t pleasure1 or ! greate/ pres5t pleasure1 is ! motive4 ,if diff]5ce ( quality be admitt$1 we are introduc+ a det]m9+ factor o!r ?an pleasure4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( pleasure may be bett] ?an o!rs = ! race or = ! /ate4 ,b ^! diff]5ces mu/ be r$ucible to t]ms ( individual pleasure admitt+ ( purely quantitative comp>isons1 be=e !y become motives to action4#cj ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole1 we may say t "o action leads to a great] sum ( pleasure ?an ano!r4 ,b1 9 judg+ ! action ( individuals1 all t we c say ( x is1 t to "o man "o class ( actions gives pleasure1 to ano!r ano!r3 ea* man is equally foll[+ ! c\rse ( action :i* ei!r 7a7 w br+1 or 7b7 seems to him likely to br+1 ! greate/ pleasure1 or 7c7 is actually mo/ pleasant at ! "t4 ,f ! nature ( ! individual we c evolve no end beyond egoi/ic h$onism4 ,& ev5 ?is end c only be made 8 at ea* occurr5ce ( action 7assum+ ! fir/ alt]native 7a7 to be incorrect7 by enlight5+ 8 intellect s t 7b7 w correspond ) ! actual greate/ pleasure1 or by also enliv5+ 8 imag9ation ( future pleasures & pa9s s t 7c7 w correspond ) x2 & ?is1 z has be5 %[n1 c\ld only be effect$ "u conditions :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( human action4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,mean+ by greate/ pleasure1 greate/ balance ( pleasure ov] pa91 & ?us inclusive ( ! mean+ lea/ pa94 ,x is ! expression 9 t]ms ( feel+ ( ! /atem5t sometimes pref]r$1 t action foll[s ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance--a /atem5t to :i* no exception c be tak51 nor any importance all[$1 till x be translat$ into def9ite psy*ological language4 #af ,a9si lorsque n\s disons que l'intrt e/ l'unique mobile des actions huma9es1 n\s v\lons indiqu] p> l que *aque homme travaille sa manire son propre bonheur1 qu'il place dans quelqu'objet soit visible1 soit ca*1 soit rel1 soit imag9aire1 et que t\t le sy/me de sa conduite t5d l'obt5ir4--,sy/me de la nature 7#agha71 i4 #bfh4 #ag ,on ! occasion ( e act he ex]cises1 e human be+ is l$ to pursue t l9e ( conduct :i*1 accord+ to 8 view ( ! case tak5 by him at ! mom5t1 w be 9 ! highe/ degree contributory to 8 own greate/ happ9ess4--,con/itutional ,code1 book i4 #b2 ,works1 ix4 #e4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! species is1 ,b5?am ?9ks1 a conclusive pro( ( ?is proposition4 #ah ,?us1 accord+ to ,james ,mill1 ! t]ms 'idea ( pleasure' & 'desire' are b two names2 ! ?+ nam$1 ! /ate ( consci\sness is "o & ! same4 ,! ^w ,desire is commonly us$ to m>k ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation :5 ! future is associat$ ) x4--,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's edit41 ii4 #aib2 cf4 ,fragm5t on ,mack9to% 7#ahce71 p4 #chi f4 ,to ! same effect ,j4 ,s4 ,mill says3 ,desir+ a ?+ & f9d+ x pleasant1 av]sion to x & ?9k+ ( x z pa9ful1 are ph5om5a entirely insep>able1 or r two p>ts ( ! same ph5om5on2 9 /rictness ( language1 two diff]5t modes ( nam+ ! same psy*ological fact4--,utilit>ianism1 #g? ed41 p4 #eh4 #ai ,w is ! *ild ( desire1 & passes out ( ! dom9ion ( its p>5t only to come "u t ( habit4--,utilit>ianism1 p4 #fj4 #bj ,?us ,jona?an ,edw>ds says3 ,:5 ,i say t ! ,w is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 or 7z ,i h expla9$ x7 t volition has always = its object ! ?+ :i* appe>s mo/ agreeable1 x mu/ be c>efully obs]v$1 to avoid confusion & ne$less objection1 t ,i speak ( ! direct & imm$iate object ( ! act ( volition1 & n "s object to :i* ! act ( w has only an indirect & remote respect4--,on ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 "p i4 #b2 ,works1 i4 #acc4 ,! matt] is put /ill m cle>ly by ! late ,alfr$ ,b>ratt3 ,action does n always foll[ k4 ,( c\rse n3 b ! doctr9e ,h$onism does n require t x %\ld2 = x says1 n t we foll[ :at is our greate/ possible pleasure1 or :at we "k or '?9k' to be s1 b :at at ! mom5t ( action is mo/ desir$4--,m9d1 vol4 ii4 #agc2 cf4 ,physical ,e?ics1 p4 #eb ff4 ,s ,mr ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #dg3 ,x is m accurate to say t my conduct is det]m9$ by ! pleasante/ judgm5t1 ?an to say t x is det]m9$ by my judgm5t ( :at is pleasante/4 ,! negative side ( ! same view 0 express$ by ,locke 9 8 doctr9e t action is mov$ by ! mo/ press+ uneas9ess 7,essay1 ,,ii4 xxi4 #bi1 #ca71 & di/+ui%$ by him f ! =m] view 7b71 t ! great] visible good is ! motive 7,,ii4 xxi4 #ce1 #dd74 #ba ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 #c;d ed41 p4 #dj4 #bb ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *ap4 i41 ,works1 i4 #a4 ,) ?is /atem5t may be comp>$ ! ass]tion ( ,helvtius3 ,il semble que1 dans l'univ]s moral comme dans l'univ]s physique1 ,dieu n'e/ mis qu'un seul pr9cipe dans t\s ce qui a t4444 ,il semble qu'il ait dit p>eillem5t l'homme3 444 ,je te mets s\s la g>de du plaisir et de la d\leur3 l'un et l'autre veill]ont tes p5ses1 tes actions2 eng5dr]ont tes passions1 excit]ont tes av]sions1 tes amitis1 tes t5dresses1 tes fureurs2 allum]ont tes dsirs1 tes cra9tes1 tes esprances1 te dvoil]ont des vrits2 te plong]ont dans des erreurs2 et aprs t'avoir fait enfant] mille sy/mes absurdes et diffr5s de morale et de lgislation1 te dec\vriront un j\r les pr9cipes simples1 au dveloppem5t desquels e/ atta* l'ordre et le bonheur du monde moral4--,de l'esprit1 ,,iii4 ix1 uvres 7ed4 ( #ahah71 i4 #bic4 #bc ,de l'homme1 concl4 gn41 uvres1 ii4 #fjh4 #bd ,cf4 ,sy/me de la nature1 i4 #abj3 ,la politique devrait tre l'art de rgl] les passions des hommes et de les dirig] v]s le bi5 de la socit4 #be ,b5?am1 op4 cit41 *ap4 xix4 7xvii4 9 ! repr9t ( #ahgi71 #bj2 ,works1 i4 #adh4 #bf ,cf4 ,b5?am1 ,works1 ix4 #e4 #bg ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,i4 iv4 #a1 #c;d ed41 p4 #da2 cf4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #i3 ,to a be+ :o is simply a result ( natural =ces1 an injunction to con=m to _! laws is unmean+4 #bh ,cf4 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 #c;d ed41 p4 #bic ff4 #bi ,cf4 ,sully1 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #egg4 #cj ,cf4 ,j4 ,grote1 ',utilit>ian ,philosophy1' p4 #bj1 note3 ,"o k9d ( pleasure may be1 sy/ematically1 to be pref]r$ to ano!r1 b x mu/ be because ! pleasures classifi$ "u x g5]ally exce$ ^? "u ! o!r 9 int5sity1 or "s o!r ( ! elem5ts ( value4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,transition ,,to ,,utilit>ianism4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,diff]5t /&po9ts ( individual & /ate ,x /ill rema9s possible1 ( c\rse1 to fix an e?ical end 9 "s o!r way ?an by /udy+ individual human nature4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 look+ f ! po9t ( view ( ! community1 fix its greate/ happ9ess1 in/ead ( 8 own1 z ! individual's end4 ,b ! difficulty !n arises ( p]suad+ ! individual--or1 inde$1 mak+ x possible = him--to reg>d ?is imp]sonal goal z ! end ( 8 conduct4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,b5?am seem$ to look to ! ex]cise ( adm9i/rative control :i*1 by a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 w make ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! individual co9cide s f> z possible ) t ( ! community4#ca ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 on ! o!r h&1 ) 8 eyes turn$ to ! subjective spr+s ( action1 saw 9 ! gradual gr[? ( sympa!tic pleasures & pa9s ! means by :i* an individual's desires w\ld cease to conflict ) ^? ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,x is 9 "s su* way t ! transition is made f ,egoism to ,utilit>ianism4 ,! transition is made3 ,b5?am & 8 s*ool are an evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,b x is n !re=e logical4 ,x is1 inde$1 important to notice t we only pass f ! "o !ory to ! o!r by *ang+ our orig9al individuali/ic po9t ( view4 ,hav+ already fix$ an end = conduct reg>dless ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! individual at ! "t ( act+ & at subsequ5t times1 we proce$ to take ! mu* long] /ep ( ignor+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ag5t & o!r individuals4 ,! "q is no long]1 ,:at is good or desirable = ! p]son :o is act+8 b1 ,:at is be/ on ! :ole = all ^? :om 8 action may affect--t is to say1 = ! community8 ,sid5ote3 _c be logically connect$ ,sid5ote3 ?r\gh analogy ( /ate to individual4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 "o's own pleasure & ! pleasure ( o!rs ,b :ile x is comp>atively easy to see h[ ?is transition is effect$ z a matt] ( fact1 x is difficult to e/abli% any logical connection betwe5 its diff]5t /ages1 or to (f] any consid]ations fitt$ to conv9ce ! individual t x is reasonable = him to seek ! happ9ess ( ! community r ?an 8 own4 ,only t conduct1 x may seem1 c be reasonable :i* directs & p]fects ! natural /riv+ ( ea* organism t[>ds its own pleasure4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 let our po9t ( view %ift f ! individual to ! social organism4 ,& 9 ?is case1 if ! natural end ( ea* human be+ is 8 own greate/ pleasure1 ! end ( ! community1 or organis$ body ( pleasure-seek]s1 w naturally be conclud$ to be ! greate/ aggregate pleasure ( its memb]s4 ,?us1 if we c hypo/atise ! community1 & treat x z an individual ) magnifi$ b human wants & satisfactions1 !n1 = ?is levia?an1 ! e?ical end w correspond to :at is call$ ,utilit>ianism or ,univ]sali/ic ,h$onism4 ,b1 :5 we rememb] t ! community is made up ( units di/9ct f "o ano!r 9 feel+ & action1 ! difficulty arises ( e/abli%+ x z ! natural end1 or z a reasonable end1 = ea* ( ^! units to /rive aft] ! greate/ pleasure ( all4 ,= x is evid5t t ! pursuit ( ! greate/ aggregate pleasure may (t5 int]f]e ) ! atta9m5t by ! individual ( 8 own greate/ pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! self-seek+ action ( ! individual may no d\bt lead to a loss ( pleasure on ! :ole2 b !n x is n 8 own pleasure t is lo/1 only o!r p's4 ,to ! outsid]--z to ! community--x may seem irrational t a small increase 9 ! pleasure ( "o unit %\ld be all[$ at ! exp5se ( a loss ( great] pleasure on ! "p ( o!r units4 ,b x seems irrational only because ! outsid] naturally puts himself 9 ! place ( ! community2 & nei!r takes acc\nt ( ! fact t to ! individual ag5t !re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 8 own pleasure & any "o else's pleasure3 = him ! =m] is1 & ! latt] is n1 pleasure at all4#cb ,sid5ote3 ov]look$ 9 argu+ f egoism to utilit>ianism4 ,?is fundam5tal diff]5ce seems to be ov]look$ :5 ! attempt is made to argue logically f egoi/ic psy*ology 7or ev5 f egoi/ic e?ics7 to utilit>ianism4 ,inde$1 ! hiatus 9 logical pro( is (t5 only conceal$ by a confusion ( /&po9ts2 & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 :ile emphasis+ ! di/9ction betwe5 mod]n ,utilit>ianism & ! old] ,epicureanism1 has ev5 all[$ 8 (ficial pro( ( utilit>ianism--su* pro(1 t is1 z he ?9ks ! pr9ciple ( ,utility to be susceptible (--to re/ on ! ambiguity betwe5 individual & social happ9ess4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,connection betwe5 egoism & utilit>ianism accord+ to ,b5?am3 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,utilit>ianism n a political duty1 ,?is ambiguity does n seem to h be5 consi/5tly avoid$ ev5 by ,b5?am4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 inde$1 no?+ c exce$ ! cle>ness ) :i* he recognises ! tw(old & possibly conflict+ int]e/s involv$ 9 almo/ e action4 ,!re is ! int]e/ ( ! ag5t1 & ! int]e/ ( o!rs :om 8 action may affect4 ,& he also holds t1 9 ! case ( div]g5ce ( int]e/s1 ! individual w act = 8 own4 ,! happ9ess ( ! individuals1 he says1#cc ( :om a community is compos$1--t is1 _! pleasures1 & _! security1--is ! end1 & ! sole end1 :i* ! legislator ought to h 9 view--! sole /&>d 9 con=mity to :i* ea* individual ought1 z f> z dep5ds ^u ! legislator1 to be made to fa%ion 8 conduct4 ,b :e!r x be ?is or any?+ else t is to be done1 !re is no?+ by :i* a man c ultimately be made to d x1 b ei!r pa9 or pleasure--t is1 ( c\rse1 8 own pa9 or pleasure4 ,"h1 !n1 e?ical ,utilit>ianism & psy*ological ,egoism are bo? pla9ly involv$4 ,a man1 x is said1 c only pursue g5]al happ9ess by its be+ id5tical ) 8 own happ9ess4 ,& z x is evid5t1 & admitt$1 t ^! two happ9esses (t5 div]ge 9 ! c\rses ( action naturally lead+ to !m1 a man c only be b5efic5t1 r ?an selfi%1 ?r\gh "s artificial arrangem5t :i* makes b5efic5ce to be = 8 int]e/3#cd 9 pla9 language 7s9ce rew>ds are only ( exceptional applicability71 ?r\gh 8 be+ puni%$ = n be+ b5efic5t4#ce ,b1 z ,b5?am cle>ly %[s1 _m cases ( action _c be safely t\*$ by ! legislator's art4 ,su* cases unmeet = puni%m5t include n only ! actions :i* are b5eficial or neutral 9 _! results1 b also actions hurtful to ! community1 ?\gh !y may elude su* vigilance z ! /ate c contrive1 or _! re/ra9t by puni%m5t inflict$ by ! /ate may con/itute a great] evil ?an ! (f5ce4#cf ,probity may be exact$ by ! p]sons /at$ & c]ta9 :o happ5 to be political sup]iors3 except 9 r>e in/ances1 positive b5efic5ce c n4 ,utilit>ian conduct1 !re=e1 is n a political duty1 because x is n fully en=c$ by def9ite puni%m5t4 ,! art ( legislation is inde$ said to tea* h[ a multitude ( m51 compos+ a community1 may be dispos$ to pursue t c\rse :i* ^u ! :ole is ! mo/ conducive to ! happ9ess ( ! :ole community1 by means ( motives to be appli$ by ! legislator4#cg ,b ! means "h indicat$ are su* z _c fully compass ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,= ! motives appli$ by ! legislator ei!r _c rea* a l>ge "p ( ! extra-reg>d+ conduct ( individuals1 or c\ld only rea* x by entail+ great] evils ?an ^? !y w\ld be us$ to prev5t4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 nor a moral duty1 ,sid5ote3 7c7 nor insi/$ on z a religi\s duty1 ,b if utilit>ian conduct is n a political duty1 x may seem evid5t t x is at lea/ a moral duty4 ,n[ a moral duty is said by ,b5?am#ch to be creat$ by a k9d ( motive :i*1 f ! unc]ta9ty ( ! p]sons to apply x1 & ( ! species & degree 9 :i* x w be appli$1 has h>dly yet got ! "n ( puni%m5t3 by v>i\s mortifications result+ f ! ill-w ( p]sons unc]ta9 & v>iable1--! community 9 g5]al2 t is1 su* individuals ( t community z he ^: duty is 9 "q %all happ5 to be connect$ )4 ,9 pla9 language1 !n1 moral duty simply means ! ill-w ( a man's neighb\rs :i* foll[s 8 conduct 9 s f> z t conduct affects !m disagreeably4 ,su* ill-w on ! "p ( a man's neighb\rs may result f success or f failure on 8 "p1 f a brea* ( etiquette1 f refusal to sacrifice to ! caprice ( ^? neighb\rs ! wid] good ( ! society :om 8 conduct affects 7b to :om x may be unkn[n71 f deception or f tell+ ! tru?4 ,9 a ^w1 ! duty--t is1 ! puni%m5t--is entirely unc]ta93 n only z reg>ds ! p]sons apply+ x1 its nature & its am\nt1 b also z reg>ds ! k9d ( actions to :i* x applies4 ,!y w be actions unpleasant to ! p :o inflict ! puni%m5t1 b n necess>ily hurtful to ! common weal3 s9ce ! imm$iate effects ( an action are easily recognis$1 :ile its wid] & m la/+ consequ5ces are nei!r s app>5t nor appeal s surely to ! int]e/ ( ^? :o are cognisant ( ! action & imm$iately affect$ by x4 ,moral duty1 !re=e1 z ,b5?am def9es x1 dep5d+ on1 or r id5tical )1 ! ill-w ( "o's neighb\rs1 is indef9ite & limit$ 9 its nature1 & c comm& or sanction no su* def9ite & wide-rea*+ rule = conduct z t a man %\ld always act = ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] ( p :om 8 action may affect4 ,utilit>ian conduct1 !re=e1 is nei!r a political duty nor a moral duty2 nor does ,b5?am foll[ ,paley 9 insi/+ ^u x z a religi\s duty creat$ by puni%m5t2 by puni%m5t expect$ at ! h&s ( a p]son c]ta9--! ,supreme ,be+4 ,& if he p]si/s 9 ass]t+ x to be a duty--b )\t mean+ x to be und]/ood t x is on any "o ( ^! ?ree acc\nts t he looks ^u x z su*--all he !n ass]ts is 8 own int]nal s5tim5t2 all he means !n is t he feels himself pleas$ or displeas$ at ! ?\ghts ( ! po9t ( conduct 9 "q1 b )\t be+ able to tell :y4 ,9 ?is case he %\ld e'en say s2 & n seek to give an undue influ5ce to 8 own s+le suffrage1 by deliv]+ x 9 t]ms t purport to decl>e ! voice ei!r ( ,god1 or ( ! law1 or ( ! p4#ci ,sid5ote3 7d7 nor suffici5tly motiv$ 9 private e?ics1 ,sid5ote3 :i* c be r$uc$ to prud5ce4 ,?is pla9 piece ( advice :i* ,b5?am gives to ,black/one is n (t5 neglect$ by himself4 ,! motive1 he once said1 ( 8 own exceptional devotion to ! int]e/s ( ! community 0 t x pleas$ him4 ,i am a selfi% man1 he wrote1 z selfi% z any man c be4 ,b 9 me1 someh[ or o!r1 s x happ5s1 selfi%ness has tak5 ! %ape ( b5evol5ce4#dj ,b :5 ! matt] is ?us br\ght back f ! regions ( political1 moral1 & religi\s duty1 to ! individual gr\nd ( private e?ics1 we h /ill to ref] to ,b5?am's own discussion ( ! "q1 ,:at motives 7indep5d5t ( su* z legislation & religion may *ance to furni%7 c "o man h to consult ! happ9ess ( ano!r8#da ,b5?am at once replies--& inde$ ! answ] on 8 pr9ciples is obvi\s en\gh--t !re is no motive :i* always cont9ues adequate4 ,b yet !re are1 he says1 no occasions 9 :i* a man has n "s motives = consult+ ! happ9ess ( o!r m54 ,su* are ! purely-social motive ( sympa?y or b5evol5ce1 & ! semi-social motives ( love ( amity & love ( reputation4 ,a man is directly mov$ to promote ! happ9ess ( o!rs ?r\gh ! sympa!tic feel+s :i* make ! happ9ess ( o!rs 9 "s degree pleasurable to himself2 & he is indirectly mov$ to promote _! happ9ess ?r\gh 8 desire ( _! fri5d%ip & good op9ion4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 x is q true t private e?ics--or :at ,b5?am reg>ds z su*--conc]ns e memb]--t is1 ! happ9ess & ! actions ( e memb] ( any community t c be propos$4#db ,x c]ta9ly conc]ns _! happ9ess1 b only 9 s f> z ?is is a means to ! happ9ess ( ! ag5t4 ,s t :5 ,b5?am says t !re is no case 9 :i* a private man ought n to direct 8 own conduct to ! production ( 8 own happ9ess & ( t ( 8 fell[-creatures1 he %\ld r say t a man w#dc only direct 8 conduct to ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[-creatures 9 s f> z su* action leads to 8 own happ9ess4 ,private e?ics1 !re=e1 has to d ) ! happ9ess ( o!rs only s f> z ?is reacts on ! happ9ess ( self2 or1 z ,b5?am ultimately def9es x1 9 t]ms to :i* no exception c be tak53 ,private e?ics tea*es h[ ea* man may dispose himself to pursue ! c\rse mo/ conducive to 8 own happ9ess by means ( su* motives z (f] ( !mselves4#dd 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,b5?am's treatm5t exhau/ive f 8 po9t ( view4 ,"u ,b5?am's h&s private e?ics is ?us r$uc$ to prud5ce1 at ! same "t t ! au?or has fail$ to %[ :y ! g5]al happ9ess is to be aim$ at by ! individual z a religi\s or political or moral duty4 ,nor is ?is failure due to any lack ( skill 9 foll[+ out ! consequ5ces :i* 8 premisses involv$4 ,! argum5ts us$ aga9/ him h ?us an equally valid application to all :o adopt ! same g5]al l9e ( ?\ght4 ,= ,b5?am appe>s to h se5 z cle>ly z any ( 8 disciples ! difficulty ( br++ ! egoi/ic basis ( 8 !ory ( human nature into h>mony ) ! univ]sal ref]5ce requir$ by 8 e?ics4 ,& ! criticism already (f]$ ( ! way 9 :i* ,b5?am attempts to br+ ab\t ?is connection may be %[n n to be re/rict$ to 8 special way ( putt+ ! case4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] we are look+ f ! individual's po9t ( view1 & inquir+ h[ f> x is possible to "w f x 9 ! direction ( utilit>ianism4 ,n[ x is admitt$ t1 9 pursu+ 8 own happ9ess1 he is sometimes l$1 & may be l$ on ! :ole1 to neglect ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,a suffici5t reason = foll[+ ! latt]--or an obligation to d x--c !re=e only come ei!r f ! supreme p[] or f "o's fell[-m51 & f ! latt] ei!r z organis$ 9 ! ,/ate1 & express+ !mselves by its con/itut$ au?orities1 or else by ! vagu] me?od ( social praise & blame4 ,b5?am's classification ( ! possible s\rces or k9ds ( duty into religi\s1 political1 & moral or social1 is !re=e a natural consequ5ce ( ! individuali/ic sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,! religi\s sanction1 ,sid5ote3 reli$ on by ,paley1 ,sid5ote3 inv]ts ! relation betwe5 e?ics & !ology4 ,! fir/ ( ^! possible s\rces ( duty is inde$ only m5tion$ by ,b5?am1 & !n pass$ by4 ,& yet x might seem t ! religi\s sanction is a m effici5t motive-p[] ?an ! social1 :ile x applies to regions ( conduct :i* legal enactm5t _c rea*4 ,)\t "q1 ! op]ation ( su* a motive is capable ( br++ egoi/ic conduct into h>mony ) utilit>ianism1 or ) any o!r pr9ciple ( action to :i* ! sanction may be atta*$4 ,private happ9ess is our motive1 & ! w ( ,god our rule1 says ,paley2#de & 9 ?is case su* conduct w be obligatory z ! rule may arbitr>ily det]m9e2 :ile1 :atev] x may be1 !re w be a /rong en\gh motive to foll[ x4 ,! :ole fabric ( a moral philosophy su* z ,paley's1 !re=e1 re/s on two !ological propositions--t ,god has orda9$ ! g5]al happ9ess z ! rule ( human conduct1 & t ,he w puni% 9 ano!r life ^? :o disreg>d t rule4 ,! basis ( morality is laid 9 a div9e comm& en=c$ by a div9e ?reat4 ,p]haps x w be g5]ally agre$ t ,b5?am act$ wisely 9 n lay+ /ress on ?is application ( ! religi\s sanction4 ,ev5 ^? lea/ incl9$ to !ological agno/icism w\ld reject any su* r\gh-&-ready solution ( ! problem :i* deals ) ! relation ( morality to ! div9e nature4 ,paley's me?od ( treatm5t1 !y w\ld say1 inv]ts ! relation 9 :i* !ism /&s to morality4 ,! div9e w _c be ?us arbitr>ily connect$ ) ! moral law4 ,x c be conceiv$ to approve & sanction su* an object z ! happ9ess ( mank9d only :5 ,god is fir/ ( all reg>d$ z a moral be+1 & ! happ9ess ( mank9d z an object ( moral action4 ,if any relation ( consequ5ce c be ass]t$ betwe5 !m1 ! g5]al happ9ess is to be reg>d$ z a moral duty fir/1 & only aft]w>ds z a religi\s duty4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,limits ( ! political sanction4 ,:5 he comes to ! political sanction1 ,b5?am's treatm5t wants no?+ 9 respect ( fulness1 & ev5 ^? :o d n agree ) 8 e/imate ( ! infelicific "* ( _m exi/+ in/itutions & enactm5ts w admit t ev5 ! be/-int5tion$ legislator _c make utilit>ian conduct a political duty4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d "h1 also1 ! effect :i* individual desires & op9ions h n only on social judgm5ts1 b also on /atute-law4 ,9 argu+ on ! relation ( ! individual to ! ,/ate1 we are too ready to =get t ! ,/ate is repres5t$ by a legislator or body ( legislators1 & t we c nev] assume t 9 _! cases private int]e/ has already become id5tifi$ ) ! l>g] int]e/s ( ! community4#df ,= 7 ?is ! case1 ! accusation ( class-legislation or private int]e/ w\ld n be he>d s (t5 z x is4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,unc]ta9ty ( ! social sanction1 ,a mod]n disciple ( ,b5?am w\ld ?us be compell$1 j z ,b5?am himself 01 to make utilit>ianism nei!r a political nor religi\s b a moral duty1 en=c$ by & f\nd$ on ! %ift+ & unc]ta9 puni%m5ts or sanctions ( society--:at ,pr(essor ,ba9 describes z ! un(ficial expressions ( disapprobation & ! exclusion f social good (fices4#dg ,b z a logical pro( ( utilit>ianism1 ?is means is1 if possible1 weak] ?an ! prec$+2 = social op9ion1 ?\gh ( some:at wid] applicability ?an legal enactm5t1 has probably be51 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ev5 less exact correspond5ce ?an x ) ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,! social sanction is /rict on indiff]5t po9ts ( etiquette1 does n consult ! g5]al int]e/s ( mank9d on po9ts ( hon\r1 & is l5i5t t[>ds acts t ! utilit>ian morali/ condemns4#dh ,sid5ote3 7d7 & ( ! int]nal sanction s f> z a result ( ! social4 ,pr(essor ,ba91 h[ev]1 advances f ! ext]nal disapprobation to an int]nal sanction--look+ ^u consci5ce z "o ( ! p[]s :i* inflicts puni%m5t1 & lies at ! s\rce ( ! feel+ ( obligation4 ,b if consci5ce is only an ideal resemblance ( public au?ority1 gr[+ up 9 ! same individual m9d1 & work+ to ! same end1 x c1 z little z its ar*etype1 po9t to ! maxim ( utilit>ianism4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ba91 x is ?r\gh ?is s5tim5t--at fir/ a m]e imitation ( ext]nal au?ority--t ! individual becomes a law to himself1 on recognis+ ! utilities t l$ to ! imposition ( ! law4#di ,b on ?is !ory1 9 s f> z consci5ce cont9ues to po9t to ! conduct impress$ ^u x by its ext]nal patt]n1 x fails to correspond ) ! utilit>ian maxim4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is modifi$ by ! compreh5sive & unselfi% view ( ! effects ( conduct :i* utilit>ianism dem&s1 x mu/ be at ! exp5se ( correct+ its orig9al edicts1 & s f> discr$it+ its au?oritative claims4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ! social sanction ,sid5ote3 ap>t f logical pro( ( utilit>ianism4 ,! social sanction w\ld be ( mu* great] s]vice if us$ to %[ h[ a solid>ity is br\ght ab\t betwe5 ! int]e/s & feel+s ( ! individual & ^? ( 8 neighb\rs1 f :i* ! utilit>ian maxim may be arriv$ at by a g5]alisation ( 8 pr9ciple ( conduct z modifi$ by ! social impulse4 ,b ?is w\ld n con/itute a logical ju/ification ( utilit>ianism3 x w\ld %[ h[ ! pr9ciple has be5 arriv$ at1 b )\t giv+ a suffici5t reason to ! individual = adopt+ x4 ,& ?is is really ! t5d5cy ( mu* rec5t discussion--( ,pr(essor ,ba9's !ory ( consci5ce z a reflex ( ! ext]nal ord]1 ( ,george ,grote's analysis ( ! moral s5tim5t1 & ( ,mill's doctr9e ( ! progressive id5tification ( ! individual's feel+s ) ^? ( 8 neighb\rs ?r\gh ! gradual increase ( sympa!tic pleasures & pa9s3 = x 0 to ?is s\rce t ,mill look$ = ! practical solution ( ! ant9omy betwe5 8 psy*ological & e?ical !ories1 ?\gh he himself tri$ to pass f "o position to ! o!r by means ( ! highway 9 ! air con/ruct$ by 8 own logic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,mill's logical def5ce ( utilit>ianism3 ,mill's attempt to pass by a logical me?od f psy*ological h$onism to utilit>ianism is an in/ructive comm5t>y on ! difficulties :i* beset ! transition4 ,8 "w may be describ$ z a v9dication ( ! utilit>ian morality1 fir/1 f ! *>ge ( s5sualism2 & secondly1 f t ( selfi%ness4 ,& x is l>gely ow+ to 8 polemic t utilit>ianism is no long] look$ ^u z ei!r a s5sual or a selfi% !ory4 ,x is n s5sual1 unless1 inde$1 ! pleasures ( mo/ m5 are ( a s5sual k9d4 ,s f> f be+ selfi%1 x is almo/ /oical 9 ! subord9ation ( individual desires x enjo9s4 ,b ,mill wi%$ to d m ?an cle> ! "* ( utilit>ian e?ics4 ,he wi%$ to %[ a logical reason = utilit>ians pursu+ elevat$ pleasures r ?an base ones1 & to demon/rate ! connection ( 8 moral imp]ative ) ! pr9ciples :i* ! s*ool he belong$ to laid d[n = human motives4 ,9 bo? ^! respects 8 failure is conspicu\s4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 di/9ction ( k9ds ( pleasure1 ,sid5ote3 det]m9$ by au?ority1 ,sid5ote3 ei!r c be r$uc$ to diff]5ce ( quantity1 or leads to non-h$oni/ic /&>d2 ,9 ! =m] endeav\r1 he w5t aga9/ ,b5?am by attempt+ to draw a di/9ction 9 k9d among/ pleasures--a di/9ction n r$ucible to quantitative measurem5t4 ,a high] degree ( quality 9 ! pleasure s\ght 0 to outweigh any diff]5ce 9 its am\nt or quantity4 ,) ?is modification1 utilit>ianism is made to require a subord9ation ( ! l[] or s5su\s nature to ! high] or intellectual nature4 ,pleasure1 inde$1 is /ill ! end2 b ! high] pleasure takes prec$5ce ov] ! l[]1 irrespective ( ! am\nt ( pleasant feel+ t results4 ,pleasure is /ill ! /&>d1 b n ! ultimate /&>d2 = a fur!r appeal has to be made to ! crit]ion t di/+ui%es "o pleasure f ano!r1 n z m]ely great] or less1 b z high] or l[]4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,mill did n look ei!r to ! action or to ! feel+ itself = ?is crit]ion4 ,to h done s w\ld h impli$ an ackn[l$gm5t t pleasure 0 no long] reg>d$ z ! ultimate /&>d4 ,he f\nd ! crit]ion ( sup]iority simply 9 ! op9ion p ( exp]i5ce h ab\t ! relative desirability ( v>i\s sorts ( pleasure4 ,b su* a crit]ion only pu%es ! f9al "q ( ! /&>d "o /ep f>!r back4 ,^? p ( exp]i5ce to :om ,mill ref]s--:o h tri$ bo? k9ds ( pleasure1 & pref] "o ( !m#ej--;c !y give no reason =1 no acc\nt (1 _! pref]5ce8 ,if s1 to tru/ !m is to appeal to bl9d au?ority1 & to rel9qui% any?+ l a sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,b1 if ,mill's au?orities c reflect on _! feel+s1 z well z feel1 !y c only tell u "o or o!r ( two ?+s4 ,ei!r ! s-call$ high] pleasure is actually1 z pleasure1 s pref]able to t call$ l[]1 t ! smalle/ am\nt ( ! "o w\ld be m pleasurable ?an ! l>ge/ am\nt ( ! o!r2 or else ! high] is call$ high]1 & is to be pref]r$ to ! l[]--ev5 al?\gh ! latt] may be great] z pleasure--because ( a quality belong+ to x ov] & above its "* z pleasant feel+4 ,! =m] v]dict w\ld be 9 ! fir/ place p>adoxical1 &1 9 ! second place1 w\ld give up ,mill's case1 by r$uc+ quality to a quantitative /&>d4 ,besides1 x w\ld be no valid gr\nd ( pref]5ce = m5 9 g5]al2 s9ce ! pleasure ( v>i\s actions & /ates diff]s accord+ to ! susceptibility ( ! subject4 ,accord+ to ! latt] v]dict1 ! *>act]i/ic ^u :i* ! di/9ction ( quality dep5ds1 & n pleasure itself1 becomes ! e?ical /&>d4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ambiguities 9 8 pro( ( utilit>ianism4 ,9 respect ( 8 ma9 cont5tion1 t utilit>ianism is a !ory ( b5efic5ce1 & n ( prud5ce or ( selfi%ness1 ,mill emphasis$ ev5 m /rongly ?an ,b5?am has done ! di/9ction betwe5 ! egoism :i* seeks its own ?+s1 & ! utilit>ianism accord+ to :i* ev]ybody c\nts = "o1 & nobody = m ?an "o4 ,b :5 he attempt$ to connect ?is doctr9e logically ) ! psy*ological po/ulates ( 8 s*ool1 he committ$ a d\ble error4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he confus$ ! purely psy*ological "q ( ! motives t influ5ce human conduct ) ! e?ical "q ( ! end to :i* conduct ought to be direct$2 &1 9 ! second place1 he disreg>d$ ! diff]5ce ( end !re may be = society z a collective :ole1 & = ea* memb] ( ! society individually4 ,!re is 9 reality1 he says1#ea no?+ desir$ except happ9ess2 & ?is psy*ological !ory is too ha/ily id5tifi$ ) ! e?ical pr9ciple t happ9ess alone is desirable1 or :at ought to be desir$ & pursu$4 ,moreov]1 no reason1 he says1 c be giv5 :y ! g5]al happ9ess is desirable1 except t ea* p]son1 s f> z he believes x to be atta9able1 desires 8 own happ9ess4 ,& ?is admission1 :i* seems z good z say+ t no reason at all c be giv5 :y ! individual %\ld desire ! g5]al happ9ess1 is only held to be a suffici5t reason = x1 ?r\gh assum+ t :at is good = all z an aggregate is good = ea* memb] ( ! aggregate3 ,t ea* p]son's happ9ess is a good to t p]son1 & ! g5]al happ9ess1 !re=e1 a good to ! aggregate ( all p]sons4#eb 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,imp]fect coh]5ce ( e?ical & !oretical philosophy4 ,x may appe> /range to (f] ! prec$+ z ! logical basis ( an e?ical pr9ciple :i* has _h s wide &1 on ! :ole1 b5eficial an influ5ce z utilit>ianism4 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! want ( full coh]5ce :i* (t5 exi/s1 & is n[h]e common] ?an 9 ,engli% e?ics1 betwe5 an au?or's practical view ( life & ! f\ndation ( psy*ology or metaphysics ) :i* x is connect$4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be wrong to imag9e t ,b5?am's self-d5y+ lab\rs re/$ on a confusion ( /&po9ts1 or t ,mill's moral en?usiasm _h no o!r support ?an a logical quibble4 ,to bo? ( !m1 & to _m o!rs1 utilit>ianism 0 an e?ical cre$ influ5c+ _! lives1 :i* 0 sc>cely connect$ ) ! attempt to ju/ify x logically4 ,su* reasons 9 its fav\r z !y adduc$ 7 r aft]-?\ghts = ! def5ce ( _! cre$ ?an ! f\ndations on :i* x 0 built4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,actual transition to utilit>ianism4 ,! =mula ( utilit>ianism _c be express$ z ! conclusion ( a syllogism or ( an inductive inf]5ce4 ,x seems r to h be5 arriv$ at by ! production--or ! recognition--( a sympa!tic or altrui/ic s5tim5t1 :i* 0 made to yield a g5]al pr9ciple = ! guidance ( conduct ,?is process involves two /eps1 :i* are consecutive & complem5t>y1 al?\gh ! positions !y connect are n necess>ily relat$4 ,! fir/ /ep is to ov]come ! selfi% pr9ciple ( action 9 ! individual2 ! second to g5]alise x & obta9 a pr9ciple = ! non-selfi% action t results4 ,mill seems to be ! only rec5t writ] :o1 9 mak+ ?is transition1 adh]es /rictly to ! psy*ological h$onism di/9ctive ( 8 s*ool4 ,he looks to ! influ5ce ( education 9 increas+ ! feel+ ( unity betwe5 "o man & 8 neighb\rs1 till individual action becomes m]g$ 9 altrui/ic or social action4 ,! social /ate1 he says1 is at once s natural1 s necess>y1 & s habitual to man1 t1 except 9 "s unusual circum/ances1 or by an ef=t ( volunt>y ab/raction1 he nev] conceives himself o!rwise ?an z a memb] ( a body4#ec ,?is is p]fectly true1 b does n imply a sublation ( selfi%ness4 ,a man nev] conceives himself o!rwise ?an z a memb] ( a body2 b x does n foll[ f ?is t he w subord9ate 8 own int]e/s to ! int]e/s ( ! o!r memb]s :5 ! two cla%4 ,9 cases ( conflict ! individual (t5 t5ds to sacrifice ! good ( 8 neighb\rs to 8 own good2 & he may d s al?\gh he fully recognises ! social consequ5ces ( action1 j because he /ill rema9s at ! e?ical /&po9t :i* treats private good z sup]ior to public4 ,x is true1 z ,mill cont5ds1 t1 9 an improv+ /ate ( ! human m9d1 ! influ5ces are con/antly on ! increase1 :i* t5d to g5]ate 9 ea* individual a feel+ ( unity ) all ! re/2 :i* feel+1 if p]fect1 w\ld make him nev] ?9k (1 or desire1 any b5eficial condition = himself1 9 ! b5efits ( :i* !y are n includ$4#ed ,b ?is is n suffici5t to connect ! two antagoni/ic poles ( ,mill's sy/em4 ,x />ts ) assum+ ! notion ( an improv+ /ate ( ! human m9d1 z det]m9$ accord+ to an e?ical /&>d n yet arriv$ at2 & x gives no valid acc\nt ( ! means by :i* ! improvem5t is to be br\ght ab\t4 ,x is prophetic ( a "t :5 ! motives ( human nature w h be5 s modifi$ t ! antagonism betwe5 self & o!rs w be no long] felt2 b x (f]s no practical solution ( ! ant9omy suit$ to pres5t circum/ances4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 recognition ( ,sympa?y ,sid5ote3 z dis9t]e/$1 by ,ba91 ,! basis ( ! e?ical s5tim5t by :i* ! desires & actions ( a man are to be br\ght into h>mony ) ^? ( 8 fell[s is inve/igat$ 9 a m ?or\gh mann] by ,pr(essor ,ba9 & by ,george ,grote4 ,b bo? ( ^! writ]s /& on a some:at diff]5t plat=m f ! /rict psy*ological h$onism :i* ,mill nev] rel9qui%$4 ,?us ,grote enum]ates z elem5t>y t5d5cies ( ! m9d1 :i* e?ical s5tim5t presupposes1 & out ( :i* x is comp\nd$1 self-reg>d+ t5d5cies1 sympa!tic t5d5cies1 b5evol5t affections1 malevol5t affections1 & 7?\gh 9 a small] degree7 love & hatr$ ( ^? :o cause pleasure & pa9 to o!rs2#ee & ?is )\t int]pret+ sympa?y1 9 ! way t ,mill does1 z hav+ = its end ! pleasures :i* come ) ! gratification ( ! sympa!tic impulse1 or ! removal ( ! pa9 caus$ by its re/ra9t4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ba9 argues1 ?is position ( ,mill's is t5able only on ! gr\nd t ! omission ( a dis9t]e/$ act t we are incl9$ to1 w\ld give u s mu* pa9 t x is on ! :ole = our com=t t we %\ld make ! requisite sacrifice4 ,!re is plausibility 9 ?is supposition4 ,b ! doctr9e breaks d[n :5 we try x ^u extreme cases4444 ,all t p usually suff] f /ifl+ a g5]\s impulse is too slight & transi5t to be plac$ aga9/ any important sacrifice4#ef ,9 recognis+ sympa?y z a purely dis9t]e/$ impulse1#eg ,mr ,ba9 breaks loose at an important po9t f ! psy*ology ( ,b5?am4 ,he is inde$ only kept f a complete break ) x by ! position he ascribes to sympa?y z outside ( ! ord9>y sph]e ( volunt>y action4 ,above all ?+s1 x w\ld seem to be necess>y t no?+ %\ld conflict ) our "* z rational be+s1 :i* is to desire ev]y?+ exactly accord+ to its pleasure-value4#eh ,b sympa?y obvi\sly cla%es ) ! regul> outgo+s ( ! w 9 fav\r ( our pleasures2 s t x ought to be plac$ outside volunt>y action1 & reg>d$ simply z a rem>kable & cr[n+ in/ance ( ! ,fix$ ,idea4#ei ,sid5ote3 )\t be+ appli$ to det]m9e ! e?ical end1 ,x is ow+ to its exclusion1 z a fix$ idea1 f ! sph]e ( volunt>y conduct1 t sympa!tic appropriation ( ! feel+s ( o!rs has little or no place assign$ x by ,pr(essor ,ba91 :5 he goes on#fj to describe ! way 9 :i* ! moral op9ions ( m5 h actually orig9at$4 ,!y h1 he holds1 a tw(old s\rce--! "o aris+ f ! necessity = public security1 ! o!r be+ ( s5tim5tal orig94 ,! =m] makes society orda9 ^? acts & s]vices requir$ = its own pres]vation4 ,! latt] leads to ! confusion ( ?is necess>y elem5t ( morality ) ! s5tim5tal likes & dislikes :i* may be *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t p4 ,^! are mix$ up 9 "o code ) ! imp]ative duties t hold society toge!r2 & x is only :5 we dis5tangle ?is complication1 & ref] ea* class ( duties to _! prop] orig91 t we c obta9 a cle> insight into ! f\ndations ( morality4#fa ,morality1 !re=e1 is t :i* is impos$ by society = its own pres]vation & security1 & :i* is sanction$ by ! puni%m5ts ( society ei!r 9 its public judicial acts1 or by ! un(ficial expressions ( disapprobation & ! exclusion f social good (fices4#fb ,( ?is ext]nal law ! moral s5se or consci5ce is m]ely a subjective mirror or copy4 ,! duty ( unselfi%ness is n connect$ ) ! dis9t]e/$ impulse ( sympa?y1 b is trac$ to ! ext]nal ord] ( society1 :i* has f\nd x necess>y to re/ra9 ! self-seek+ action ( individuals--a re/ra9t :i* has come to be transf]r$ to ! consci5ces ( ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,mr ,ba9's !ory falls back 9 ?is way ^u ext]nal au?ority1 j z ,b5?am's did2 &1 = ! same reasons1 !y are nei!r ( !m able to prescribe ! utilit>ian pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,b1 9 8 ass]tion ( ! dis9t]e/$ nature ( sympa?y1 ,mr ,ba9 has introduc$--?\gh he has n himself utilis$--a fruitful pr9ciple1 by means ( :i* a basis ( moral s5tim5t may be f\nd by means ( :i* x is possible to escape f e?ical z well z psy*ological egoism4 ,sid5ote3 & by ,grote4 ,?is elem5t ( sympa?y is mo/ fully recognis$ 9 ! in/ructive analysis ( e?ical s5tim5t by ! late ,george ,grote4 ,at ! same "t1 ,grote does n1 l ,adam ,smi?1 = in/ance1 attempt to evolve ! mat]ial *>act]i/ics ( approbation & disapprobation f ?is s\rce4 ,! m]e putt+ ( "o's self 9 ! place ( a spectator--or 9 t ( ! pati5t--in/ead ( t ( ! ag5t1 is only a =mal *ange1 :i* w modify our judgm5ts or feel+s )\t acc\nt+ = _! actual cont5t4 ,b a uni=m =mal elem5t 9 all e?ical s5tim5t is1 accord+ to ,grote1 a man's con/ant habit ( view+ & judg+ ( circum/ances ar\nd him1 bo? f ! po9t ( view ( ! ag5t & f t ( ! pati5t4#fc ,?is tw(old position is occupi$ by e individual4 ,he is an ag5t1 & 9 t position 8 own int]e/s & feel+s are sep>ate f1 & (t5 at v>iance )1 ^? ( o!rs4 ,b he is also a pati5t 9 respect ( ! actions ( o!rs1 & 9 t position 8 int]e/s & 8 feel+s are commonly 9 unison ) ^? ( ! majority4 ,h5ce a man is l$ con/antly to adopt ideally ! po9t ( view :i* is n actually 8 own at ! "t1 s t ! idea ( ! judgm5t :i* o!rs w =m becomes con/antly & indissolubly associat$ ) ! idea ( action 9 ! m9d ( e ag5t4 ,9 e community1 c]ta9 actions are visit$ ) ! admiration1 e/eem1 & protection ( ! society2 c]ta9 o!r actions ) ! opposite feel+s & results3 s t !re arises an association 9 my m9d ( a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct on ! "p bo? ( myself & ( any o!r individual ag5t1 ) a c]ta9 s5tim5t result+ f su* conduct1 & excit$ by x1 9 ! m9ds ( ! g5]al public ar\nd u4 ,x is a s5tim5t ( regulat$ social reciprocity z betwe5 ! ag5t & ! society among/ :i* he lives4 ,& ?is s5tim5t1 :5 en=c$ by a sanction1 con/itutes ! complete =m ( e?ical s5tim5t4 ,z a complete explanation ( ! moral s5tim5ts & judgm5ts ( m51 ?is !ory does n seem to be above criticism4 ,x requires n only an association betwe5 e p]sonal action & ! feel+s--sympa!tically imag9$ by ! ag5t--) :i* ! action w be reg>d$ by o!rs1 b x also implies t ?is association has become s insep>able t ! feel+ appe>s z an individual or p]sonal "o1 di/+ui%$ by ! subject f o!r s5tim5ts :i* he has on consci\sly imag9+ himself 9 ! position ( o!rs4 ,b x is ref]r$ to "h z illu/rat+ :at we f9d 9 ,mill1 &1 9 a diff]5t way1 9 ,pr(essor ,ba91 t ! fir/ real /ep t[>ds ! utilit>ian /&>d is to make ! individual pass someh[ or o!r to a /&po9t outside 8 own nature4 ,9 ,mill ?is is done ma9ly by ! ass]tion ( ! social nature ( man1 9 ,grote by %[+ h[ a moral s5tim5t may be arriv$ at by ! comb9$ action ( sympa?y & association4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,! idea ( ,equality ,sid5ote3 necess>y to regulate sympa?y2 ,! fur!r influ5ce requir$ 9 ! transition to utilit>ianism is ! idea ( equality4 ,! be/ expression ( utilit>ian doctr9e foll[$ soon aft] ! ass]tion ( ! equal rights ( m5 :i* signalis$ ! politics ( ! end ( la/ c5tury 9 ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican revolutions4 ,b5?am 0 p]meat$ by ! _s ( ?is movem5t1 h[ev] f> he might be f accept+ its ab/ractions ab\t natural rights4 ,9 8 h&s1 too1 utilit>ianism 0 a political r ?an an e?ical doctr9e4 ,ev]ybody to c\nt = "o & nobody = m ?an "o foll[s naturally f ! phrase1 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,)\t ?is ass]tion ( ! necessity ( an equal di/ribution1 !re is no safegu>d aga9/ sympa?y be+ re/rict$ & p>tial 9 its op]ation4 ,inde$ ! feel+ ( sympa?y 9 itself is naturally /ronge/ t[>ds ^? ) :om "o is 9 mo/ frequ5t relation1 or connect$ by num]\s associative ties2 & if left to itself1 x might !re=e be expect$ to give rise to ! ext5d$ selfi%ness ( class or family int]e/1 only reliev$ by a spasmodic humanit>ianism4 ,?is t5d5cy is correct$ by ! dogma ( human equality1 :i* _h be5 =mulat$ z a juridical maxim 9 ! ,roman ,jus ,g5tium1 b aft]w>ds pass$ into a political cre$1 & f\nd v5t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury & 9 ! public ev5ts :i* m>k$ its close4 ,sid5ote3 influ5ce ( ! idea on ,b5?am4 ,! *ange :i* ?is notion ( human equality--pass$ ?r\gh has be5 trac$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e4 ,:]e ! ,roman jurisconsult _h writt5 'quales sunt1' mean+ exactly :at he said1 ! mod]n civilian wrote 'all m5 are equal' 9 ! s5se ( 'all m5 ought to be equal4' ,! peculi> ,roman idea t natural law coexi/$ ) civil law & gradually absorb$ x1 _h evid5tly be5 lo/ sight (1 or _h become un9telligible1 & ! words t _h at mo/ convey$ a !ory conc]n+ ! orig91 composition1 & developm5t ( human in/itutions1 7 beg9n+ to express ! s5se ( a great /&+ wrong suff]$ by mank9d4#fd ,n[ ,b5?am1 h[ev] f> he may h be5 f tru/+ to ! sy/em ( 'natural law1'#fe 0 c]ta9ly n beyond ! influ5ce ( ! idea ( human equality :i* x c>ri$ 9 its tra92 &1 f 8 own po9t ( view1 he lab\r$ to def5d x4 ,9 assimilat+ ?is idea1 utilit>ianism has pres]v$ "o ( ! be/ results ( ! old law ( nature1 )\t ! ambiguity ) :i* x _h =m]ly be5 us$1#ff if 9 a s5se :i* admits ( a some:at n>r[ & ab/ract int]pretation4 ,x is true t ?is does n give exactly ! result :i* is usually describ$ z utilit>ianism4 ,i h spok5 ( ! notion ( equality z ! regulator ( sympa?y--a canon 9 accordance ) :i* ! sympa!tic impulse is to be guid$4 ,sympa?y impels u to relieve ! pa9s & increase ! pleasures ( our fell[-m54 ,! pr9ciple ( equality dictates t ?is sympa!tic activity is to be direct$ to ! happ9ess ( all m5 equally4 ,e "o :om our conduct may be made to affect is to c\nt z a unit1 & a unit only4 ,! di/ribution is n to be accord+ to k9%ip ( blood or social ties1 ?\gh x is s mu* m 9 our p[] to promote ! happ9ess ( ^? closely connect$ ) u1 t x may fairly occupy a l>g] %>e ( our ?\ght & en]gy ?an ! happ9ess ( o!r p does4 ,utilit>ianism c>ries ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( equality /ill f>!r1 by look+ ^u self z a unit ^: happ9ess is to be reg>d$ z ( exactly equal value ) t ( any "o else4 ,) e individual r$uc$ to ! same e?ical wor?1 happ9ess is decl>$ to be ! end ( moral action1 & equality ( di/ribution ! rule = decid+ betwe5 ! claims ( compet+ individuals4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,! two sides ( utilit>ian !ory n logically connect$4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t utilit>ianism is a !ory comp\nd$ out ( two q diff]5t elem5ts4 ,on ! "o side ! basis ( ! !ory has be5 laid by ,b5?am & ,mill 9 a naturali/ic psy*ology :i* looks ^u pleasure z ! only object ( desire4 ,to ?is !re is sup]add$ ! idea ( equality1 :i* is ! di/9ctively e?ical elem5t 9 ! !ory4 ,b x is only by confusion t ! idea ( equality--:i* ,b5?am expresses by ! proposition t ! happ9ess ( "o man is to c\nt = no m ?an ! happ9ess ( ano!r--c be suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! same !ory ( human nature z t :i* id5tifies pleasure & desire4 ,utilit>ianism only becomes a practicable end = individual conduct :5 psy*ological h$onism has be5 giv5 up4 ,x is futile to say t "o ought to pursue ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 unless x is possible = ! individual to act = some?+ else ?an 8 own pleasure--t is1 = an end :i* is = him n pleasure at all4 ,9 a ^w1 utilit>ianism1 :ile ma9ta9+ t ! only ?+ wor? desir+ is pleasure1 mu/ at ! same "t admit t pleasure is n ! only object t c be or is desir$3 o!rwise1 x c nev] advance f ! egoi/ic to ! univ]sali/ic =m4 ,?is view receives confirmation f ! way 9 :i* utilit>ianism is held by ! mo/ em95t ( liv+ morali/s4 ,9 ! ',me?ods ( ,e?ics1' ! tradition ( ,b5?am is expressly unit$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,butl] & ,cl>ke4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick agrees ) ,b5?am1 & ! long l9e ( morali/s f ,epicurus d[nw>ds1 9 ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( e?ical h$onism1 t pleasure is ! only ?+ ultimately desirable2 b1 ) ,butl]1 he rejects ! psy*ological h$onism1 accord+ to :i* pleasure is ! only object ( desire4 ,s f> f ^! two positions be+ inconsi/5t1 x is only ?r\gh ! second t ! fir/ c be held 9 its univ]sali/ic =m4 ,! problem is1 h[ev]1 h[ to unite !m4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's !ory1 !y are connect$ by ! application ( ! e?ical maxims ( b5evol5ce & equity1 :i* an exhau/ive exam9ation ( e?ical intuitions has left /&+ z axioms ( ! practical reason4 ,?\gh utilit>ianism1 !re=e1 is /ill adh]$ to1 x is on an expressly ,rational gr\nd1 n on ! basis ( ,naturalism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,summ>y ( e?ical consequ5ces ( psy*ological h$onism3 ,9 ?is & ! previ\s *apt]1 ,i h look$ at human nature f ! po9t ( view ( psy*ological h$onism1 & h endeav\r$ to %[ :at e?ical pr9ciples t !ory leads to1 or is consi/5t )4 ,! !ory does n d5y t !re is a great div]sity ( capacities & int]e/s 9 man4 ,b x holds t1 s f> z conc]ns conduct1 !y admit ( be+ br\ght "u "o g5]al law--t e action is subject to ! rule ( ! two sov]eign ma/]s1 pleasure & pa94 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t if e?ics is to be connect$ at all ) psy*ology--if :at ought to be done is 9 any degree :at c be done--! end ( conduct mu/ be h$oni/ic4 ,! psy*ological fact _c inde$ be )\t m ado turn$ into a moral imp]ative4 ,yet ?is mu* may be admitt$1 t if ?is int]pretation ( action leaves room = e?ics at all1 ! end prescrib$ c be no?+ else ?an pleasure1 or ! avoidance ( pa94 ,sid5ote3 7a7 no logical connection ) utilit>ianism2 ,! "q1 !re=e1 0 h[ to det]m9e ! pleasure :i* is to be s\ght8 ,& ,i h tri$ to %[1 9 ! *apt] j conclud$1 t utilit>ianism does n admit ( be+ logically arriv$ at f ?is po9t ( view4 ,x may inde$1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1#fg be ! guide ( political or social enactm5ts2 b ^! c only be made to be> ^u ! conduct ( individuals by ! sanctions :i* ! ,/ate or ,society has at its comm&4 ,! individual c h z 8 maxim ( conduct an end :i* corresponds ) utilit>ianism 9 two ev5ts only3 :5 he is s con/itut$ z to f9d 8 pleasure 9 ! greate/ aggregate pleasure ( mank9d1 or :5 ! political & social sanctions are s complete & se>*+ z to make 8 individual int]e/ & ! collective int]e/ co9cide4 ,! =m] ev5t is un=tunately too r>e to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 e/abli%+ a !ory2 ! latt] w\ld imply an int]f]5ce ) individual lib]ty s impracticable t x is n contemplat$ ev5 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive ( sociali/ic s*emes4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 admits ( rational egoism ,sid5ote3 only "u impossible conditions4 ,h$onism 9 psy*ology1 !re=e1 means egoism 9 e?ics4 ,b ev5 ?is !ory1 z ! previ\s *apt] has %[n1 has its own difficulties to meet4 ,! antagonism ( individual & univ]sal has n yet be5 got rid (4 ,! difficulty is no long] caus$ by ! conflict betwe5 "o man & 8 neighb\rs3 x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! feel+ & action ( a mom5t1 & ! sum ( feel+s & actions :i* makes up a lifetime4 ,x is true t1 if we admit t pleasure is ! only ?+ wor? pursu+1 & t by pleasure a man means 8 own pleasure1 !re is s f> no reason = pref]r+ ! pleasure ( "o mom5t to t ( ano!r1 except z m c]ta9 or ( great] am\nt or degree2#fh b ?is is to />t ) ascrib+ a value to pleasure1 & n ) ! simple fact t pleasure is desir$4 ,if psy*ological h$onism is our />t+-po9t--& we give to ! !ory ! int]pretation t has ! greate/ v]isimilitude--x is ! greate/ pres5t pleasure t rules4 ,&1 al?\gh ! man ( reflection w no d\bt attempt to e/imate ! future pleasure at its true value 9 comp>ison ) ! pleasure actually pres5t1 ?is c nev] h full effect ^u 8 w4 ,x has be5 %[n1 inde$1 t ! realisation ( egoi/ic h$onism is n m]ely unatta9able f ! po9t ( view ( psy*ological h$onism1 b t x w\ld involve conditions inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( desire4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,pr(essor ,ba9 di/+ui%es ) great] cle>ness ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 fir/1 legal duty1 or t ! contrav5tion ( :i* is puni%$ by ! m9i/]s ( ! /ate2 secondly1 moral duty1 en=c$ by ! un(ficial puni%m5t ( social disapprobation2 & ?irdly1 ! conduct :i* society leaves to individual *oice1 )\t c5sur+ ei!r its commission or omission4 ,moral duty is fur!r di/+ui%$ by him f ! m]itori\s1 or conduct :i* society enc\rages by approval1 )\t c5sur+ its omission4 #cb ,mr ,gurney's attempt 7,m9d1 vii4 #cdi ff47 to rationalise ! utilit>ian ought dep5ds ^u ! assumption t ! individual feels a desire 7n only = 8 own1 b7 = o!r p's pleasure 7p4 #ceb74 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! psy*ological h$oni/1 h[ev]1 ?is desire is only second>y & d]ivative1 dep5d+ ^u ! fact t x increases ! pleasure ( ! subject4 ,y\r pleasure1 ! psy*ological h$oni/ w\ld say1 is desir$ by me qu my pleasure4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is admitt$ t ! individual has o!r ends ?an 8 own pleasure1 !re seems no gr\nd 9 psy*ological fact = limit+ ^! ends to some?+ aim$ at because pleasurable to o!rs4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! fir/ /ep 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an e?ical !ory w\ld be an attempt to f9d a pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! v>i\s ends actually aim$ at by individuals1 & recognis$ by !m z good4 ,?is is made by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 :o1 :ile all[+ t x is possible to hold t ! objective relations ( consci\s m9ds :i* we call cognition ( ,tru?1 contemplation ( ,beauty1 ,fre$om ( action1 c41 are good1 indep5d5tly ( ! pleasures t we d]ive f !m1 ma9ta9s t we c only ju/ify to ourselves ! importance t we atta* to any ( ^! objects by consid]+ its conduciv5ess1 9 "o way or ano!r1 to ! happ9ess ( consci\s 7or s5ti5t7 be+s 7,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 iii4 xiv4 #c1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cih74 ,b ,mr ,sidgwick's ,utilit>ianism dep5ds on a ,rational view ( human nature :i* is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t discussion4 ,see bel[1 p4 #gd4 #cc ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *ap4 iii4 #a2 ,works1 i4 #ad4 #cd ,z ,paley put x1 ) *>act]i/ic pla9ness ( /atem5t1 ,we c be oblig$ to no?+1 b :at we ourselves are to ga9 or lose some?+ by4--,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 book ii4 *ap4 ii4 #ce ,cf4 ,ba91 ,emotions1 p4 #bfd3 ,i consid] t ! prop] mean+ or import ( ^! t]ms ,morality1 ,duty1 ,obligation1 or ,"r ref]s to ! class ( actions en=c$ by ! sanction ( puni%m5t4 #cf ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *ap4 xix4 7xvii471 #i ff2 ,works1 i4 #add ff4 #cg ,ibid41 #bj1 p4 #adh4 #ch ,fragm5t on ,gov]nm5t1 *ap4 v42 ,works1 i4 #bic4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 iii4 #e1 p4 #ad1 :]e ! ,moral ,sanction is said to proce$ f su* *ance p]sons 9 ! community z ! p]son 9 "q may happ5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life to h conc]ns )4 #ci ,b5?am1 ,fragm5t on ,gov]nm5t1 loc4 cit4 #dj ,works1 xi4 #ie2 cf4 ,j4 ,grote1 ,utilit>ian ,philosophy1 p4 #acg4 #da ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 xix4 7xvii471 #g ff4 #db ,loc4 cit41 #h1 p4 #add4 #dc ,ought is inappropriate "h accord+ to ,b5?am's pr9ciples1 s9ce !re is no "q ( puni%m5t inflict$ by a political or social or religi\s sup]ior4 #dd ,loc4 cit41 #bj1 p4 #adh4 #de ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 book ii4 *ap4 iii4 #df ,?is is cle>ly recognis$ by ,b5?am3 ,! actual end z di/+ui%$ f ! "r & prop] end ( gov]nm5t is1 he says1 9 e political community1 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ^?1 :e!r "o or _m1 by :om ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t are ex]cis$4--,con/itutional ,code1 book i41 ,introd41 #b2 ,works1 ix4 #e4 #dg ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #bfd4 #dh ,cf4 ,ba91 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #bhg4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 says 7,emotions1 p4 #bgf n471 we ought to h a writt5 code ( public morality1 or ( ! duties impos$ by society1 ov] & above :at p>liam5t imposes1 & ?is %\ld n be a loosely writt5 moral treatise1 b a /rict enum]ation ( :at society requires "u pa9 ( puni%m5t by excommunication or o!rwise1--! g5u9e (f5ces t are n pass$ ov]4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly be v desirable1 7 x n f ! nature ( ! case impracticable4 ,popul> judgm5t z to a man's conduct1--:at society imposes1--is "o ( ! ?+s mo/ difficult to pr$ict3 x is "u ! influ5ce ( mo/ het]og5e\s causes1 p]sonal1 indu/rial1 religi\s1 political1 c4 ,i d n ?9k1 = in/ance1 t any "o c\ld safely und]take to describe exactly ! k9d ( actions :i* w infallibly call =? ! c5sure ( ,briti% public op9ion1 or t ( ! small] & int]sect+ gr\ps into :i* society is divid$4 #di ,emotions1 p4 #bhh4 #ej ,i h spok51 = simplicity's sake1 z if !re 7 two k9ds ( pleasure easily di/+ui%able4 ,b ! "q is really mu* m complicat$4 #ea ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #eg4 #eb ,ibid41 p4 #ec4 #ec ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #df4 ,b no /atem5t ( ! sociality ( man c\ld be m explicit or satisfactory ?an t ( ,butl]1 ,s]mons1 i4 #ed ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #dh4 #ee ,fragm5ts on ,e?ical ,subjects 7#ahgf71 p4 #f4 #ef ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 #c;d ed41 p4 #bie4 #eg ,ibid41 p4 #aaa2 cf4 ,m9d1 viii4 #ee3 ,! important exceptions to ! law ( ,pleasure & ,pa9 are 7#a7 ,fix$ ,ideas1 7#b7 ,habits1 & 7#c7 ,dis9t]e/$ action = o!rs4 #eh ,emotions1 p4 #dch4 #ei ,emotions1 p4 #aba4 #fj ,ibid41 p4 #bga ff4 #fa ,ibid41 p4 #bgc4 #fb ,ibid41 p4 #bfd4 #fc ,fragm5ts on ,e?ical ,subjects1 p4 #h f4 #fd ,anci5t ,law1 #h? ed41 p4 #ic4 #fe ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *ap4 ii4 #ad n4 #ff ,! ambiguity ( ! phrase is expla9$ 9 an int]e/+ way 9 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e's acc\nt ( ! *ange f its juridical to a political or e?ical mean+4 ,9 "s writ]s x seems to h a ?ird & /ill diff]5t signification4 ,we mu/ ?us di/+ui% 7#a7 ! juridical mean+1 orig9at+ 9 ! ,roman law common to all nations1 :i* _h aris5 ?r\gh ! con/ant levell+ or removal ( irregul>ities :i* w5t on :]ev] ! prtorian sy/em 0 appli$ to ! cases ( =eign litigants1 modifi$ subsequ5tly by ! ,greek conception ( 7isots74 7#b7 ,! political mean+1 t all m5 ought to be equal1 arose f ! prec$+4 ,b its notion ( ought seems (t5 to dep5d on an idea ( ! con/itution ( nature accord+ to :i* all m5 are actually born equal--n only 9 rights1 soon to be obscur$ by human conv5tion1 b also 9 p[] or faculty1 aft]w>ds unequally develop$ by education4 ,h5ce 7#c7 ! natural mean+4 ,! doctr9es ( evolution & h]$ity h made ?is view seem z /range to u n[ z x w\ld h done to ! ,romans f :om x 0 illegitimately d]iv$4 ,yet at "o "t x seems to h be5 assum$1 almo/ )\t "q1 t !re is b little diff]5ce 9 ! natural end[m5ts ( diff]5t m54 ,?is assumption lay at ! basis ( ,hobbes's political !ory--,levia?an1 ,i4 xiii4 p4 #fj1--0 /at$ 9 a m gu>d$ =m by ,locke--,on ,education1 #a2 ,works1 ed4 ( #ahbd1 i4 #f1--;& adopt$ almo/ )\t qualification by ,helvtius1 :o1 c>ry+ out ,locke's metaphor ( ! s\l z1 at bir?1 a tabula rasa1 aft]w>ds writt5 ov] ) ! p5 ( exp]i5ce1 says3 ,qu9tili51 ,locke1 et moi1 disons3 ,l'9galit des esprits e/ l'effet d'une cause connue1 et cette cause e/ la diffr5ce de l'ducation--! causes ( ! exi/+ inequality be+ aft]w>ds /at$ z tw(old3 fir/1 ! diff]5ce ( environm5t1 :i* may be call$ *ance2 & secondly1 ! diff]5ce ( /r5g? 9 ! desire = in/ruction4--,de l'homme1 ,,ii4 i41 ,,iii4 i41 ,,iv4 xxii42 uvres1 ii4 #ga1 #ia1 #bhj4 7,qu9tilian's /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is ev5 m gu>d$ ?an ,locke's4 ,cf4 ,op]a1 ed4 ,spald+1 i4 #dg47 #fg ,t is1 :5 7#a7 ! legislature accurately expresses ! av]age feel+ ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate2 or 7#b7 ! legislators happ5 to be fully intellig5t p 9 :om selfi%ness has tak5 ! %ape ( b5evol5ce4 #fh ,al?\gh1 z is well kn[n1 prop9quity 0 held by ,b5?am to be an indep5d5t gr\nd ( di/9ction & pref]5ce4--,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *ap4 iv1 sect4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,moral ,,s5tim5t4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,a uni=m !ory su* z psy*ological h$onism ,psy*ological h$onism possesses ! m]it ( (f]+ a simple & uni=m !ory ( m5tal action4 ,x may admit conflict+ acc\nts ( ! k9ds ( action & suff]ance :i* actually give m5 pleasure & pa91--a po9t on :i*1 = example1 ,hobbes & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill diff] widely4 ,b x has "o g5]al =mula = ! relation ( feel+ to action1 :i* has be5 precise & cle> en\gh to attract _m psy*ologi/s4 ,! e?ical consequ5ces ( ! !ory h1 inde$1 turn$ out--if ! argum5t ( ! prec$+ *apt]s is valid--to be nei!r s obvi\s nor s satisfactory z its adh]5ts h commonly suppos$4 ,b x mu/ nev]!less be admitt$ t1 if psy*ology %[s pleasure to be1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! con/ant end ( action1 x w be useless--ev5 if x is n impossible--= e?ics to prescribe any o!r end4 ,sid5ote3 n suppli$ by ! oppon5ts ( e?ical h$onism1 ,! oppon5ts ( e?ical h$onism h ?us uni=mly insi/$ t ! !ory :i* makes pleasure ! end & motive ( all consci\s activity is imp]fect2 & ?is psy*ological "q has be5 ! battle-field ( _m ( ! controv]sies1 at any rate1 ( ,engli% e?ics4 ,psy*ological h$onism has n1 h[ev]1 be5 confront$ by ! ,engli% morali/s ) an oppos$ !ory ( equal simplicity1 nor c ! controv]sy be said to h l$ to a ?or\gh analysis ( action4 ,! psy*ological inve/igation has1 9 mo/ cases1 be5 c>ri$ no f>!r ?an ! e?ical int]e/s at /ake seem$ to require2 & ! pr$om9ance ( ^! int]e/s has p]haps prev5t$ ! inquiry f be+ c>ri$ out ) complete fre$om f preconception on ei!r side4 ,a uni=m !ory "u :i* our v>i\s p>ticul> desires might be br\ght may1 inde$1 be said to h be5 sugge/$ by ,butl]4 ,he meets ! h$oni/ic proposition t all desire is = p]sonal pleasure1 by ! doctr9e t no p>ticul> desire has pleasure z its end1 s9ce all pleasure presupposes a previ\s desire 9 ! satisfaction ( :i* x consi/s4#fi ,?is !ory1 :i* may h be5 d]iv$ f ,plato1#gj & 0 aft]w>ds us$ by ,s*op5hau] to prove ! negative nature ( pleasure & consequ5t wor?lessness ( life1 is1 h[ev]1 a g5]alisation :i* _c be made to include ! :ole facts to be tak5 acc\nt (4#ga ,_m pleasures occur indep5d5tly ( any prec$5t desire4 ,& :at ,butl] _h to %[--& 0 really conc]n$ to %[--0 t desire 0 n exclusively direct$ to objects ?us indep5d5tly f\nd to be pleasurable3 ! contradictory1 t is to say1 & n ! contr>y1 ( psy*ological h$onism4 ,sid5ote3 9 ma9ta9+ ! reality ( non-h$oni/ic activity4 ,= ?is purpose ,butl] po9t$ to ! :ole class ( affections :i*1 al?\gh !y may also t5d to private int]e/1 h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! good ( o!rs2 &1 9 addition to ^!1 he cont5d$ = an orig9al pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce t[>ds o!rs 9 human nature1 z well z ( self-love or c>e = "o's own int]e/s & happ9ess4 ,?is latt]1 he held1 s f> f be+ ! sole pr9ciple ( action1 impli$ ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( p>ticul> passions & affections1 direct$ imm$iately to ext]nal objects--! satisfaction ( ^! desires giv+ pleasure1 ?\gh pleasure 0 n ! end !y aim$ at4 ,volunt>y action is ?us n br\ght "u any common rubric2 =1 at ! same "t t ! calm pr9ciple ( self-love is direct$ to ! ag5t's greate/ pleasure1 ! object ( hung]1 = example1 is said to be n pleasure b food1 t ( b5evol5ce n p]sonal pleasure b ! good ( o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,non-h$oni/ic action g5]alis$ by ,h]b>t1 ,sid5ote3 f ! t5d5cy ( ideas to self-realisation4 ,! attempt to give unity to ! non-h$oni/ic view ( desire has come f a diff]5t qu>t]4 ,un9flu5c$ by ! exig5cies ( e?ical controv]sy1 :i* =m$ ! entire motive ( ,butl]'s inve/igation1 ,h]b>t & 8 s*ool h work$ out a !ory ( desire1 :i* has _m po9ts ( comp>ison ) t ( ,butl]4 ,h[ev] mu* !y may diff] f ! ,engli% morali/--( ^: exi/5ce !y are mo/ly ignorant--!y are at "o ) him 9 reject+ ! maxim ( psy*ological h$onism1 nihil appetimus nisi sub specie boni2 & _! diff]5ces f him are l>gely due to _! hav+ gone fur!r 9 _! analysis ( ! facts1 & endeav\r$ to br+ !m "u a g5]al pr9ciple4 ,butl]'s view ( ! object ( desire is di/+ui%$ f ! ,h]b>tian *iefly 9 two respects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he id5tifies t object ) ! ext]nal or real ?+1 :]eas ,h]b>t is c>eful to po9t out t x is a pres5tation or idea4 ,9 ! second place1 :ile ,butl] is cont5t to po/ulate an orig9al t5d5cy ( our nature t[>ds c]ta9 objects1 ,h]b>t attempts to get beh9d ?is t5d5cy1 & expla9 ! ph5om5a ( /riv+ f ! int]action ( pres5tations4 ,ov] & above ! ord9>y hypo!sis ( natural realism1 ,butl]'s !ory implies a sort ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 our active t5d5cies & ?+s outside ! m9d1 9 virtue ( :i* "s ( ^! ?+s d1 & "s d n1 attract our desires4 ,h]b>t1 on ! o!r h&1 attempts no?+ less ?an a complete g5etic acc\nt ( m5tal ph5om5a1 expla9+ ! facts ( pres5tation1 desire1 & feel+ ?r\gh ! p]si/5ce ( pres5tation 9 consci\sness & _! rise into cle>] consci\sness4#gb ,! ph5om5a ( desire & feel+ are bo? acc\nt$ = by ?is me*anism ( impell+ & inhibit+ =ces4#gc ,sid5ote3 ,?is t5d5cy recognis$ 9 ! doctr9e ( fix$ ideas ,x w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ?is ,essay to exam9e ! above view ( ! active side ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,= pres5t purposes x is en\gh to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! common d$uction ( ! ph5om5a ( desire & w f ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 is n ! only sci5tific !ory ( human action1 & t x is reject$ on its m]its by writ]s :o h no hank]+ aft] :at ! psy*ological h$oni/ w\ld call ! my/ical elem5t ( free-w4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note1 too1 t ,pr(essor ,ba91 9 ^: works ! traditions ( psy*ological h$onism f9d _! mo/ c>eful expression1 has modifi$ ! doctr9e s z to all[ ( desire ( pleasure & avoidance ( pa9 expla9+ less ?an _h be5 =m]ly requir$ ( !m4 ,outside ! circle ( h$oni/ically-det]m9$ motives1 he recognises ! influ5ce ( ! pres5tation or idea z a self-realis+ elem5t 9 ! individual consci\sness1 ap>t f its pleasurable or pa9ful *>act]i/ics4#gd ,^? fix$ ideas1 z ,mr ,ba9 calls !m1 t5d bo? to p]si/ 9 ! m9d1 & to project !mselves into action1 indep5d5tly ( pleasure & pa9--or at lea/ ) a =ce :i* is out ( proportion to ! pleasure !y br+4 ,z has be5 already se51 x is by means ( ?is doctr9e t he expla9s ! great fact ( our nature d5om9at$ sympa?y1 fell[-feel+1 pity1 compassion1 dis9t]e/$ness4#ge ,to ! same category belongs mu* ( ! ambition & ! aspirations ( human be+s4444 ,a c]ta9 notion--say ( p[]1 weal?1 gr&eur--has fix$ itself 9 our m9d & keeps a p]si/5t hold !re4 ,x is ass]t$1 inde$1 t ! action ( su* fix$ ideas p]v]ts ! regul> op]ation ( ! w :i* w\ld lead u to r5\nce :atev] is hopeless or n wor? ! co/4 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 _! admission among m5tal ph5om5a seems to imply ! sup]position ( a new !ory ( action ^u ! old !ory ( psy*ological h$onism4 ,!re is no disguis+ ! importance ( ! modification ?us introduc$4 ,! "n fix$ idea is mislead+ if x be tak5 to imply t p]si/5cy & t5d5cy to action are prop]ties belong+ to a c]ta9 class ( ideas only4 ,mr ,ba9's doctr9e is f\nd$ on ! hypo!sis ( ! id5tity ( ! n]v\s c5tres :i* function 9 repres5tation & 9 s5sation1 & is !re=e valid ( all repres5tations or ideas4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( p]si/5cy1 & ( t5d5cy to action1 are !re=e normal *>act]i/ics ( pres5tations1 ?\gh !y may belong 9 an unusual degree to "s ideas f ! relation ^! hold to ! dom9ant clu/] ( ideas 9 ! individual consci\sness4 ,& if we ?us attribute to all ideas )\t exception ! t5d5cy to self-realisation1 & recognise--z we mu/--! relation ( mutual assi/ance or inhibition :i* ideas be> to "o ano!r 9 virtue ( _! be+ pres5t$ to ! same subject1 we h grant$ ! mat]ial out ( :i*1 9 ,h]b>t's skilful ,me*anik des ,gei/es1 ! ph5om5a ( feel+ & desire are wov54 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! non-h$oni/ic !ory ( action4 ,! view ( individual human nature1 :i* holds t all its desires are n direct$ to p]sonal pleasure1 ?us claims consid]ation4 ,) its less re/rict$ !ory ( action1 ?is doctr9e may seem to (f] a l>g] means ( det]m9+ ! appropriate end ( human conduct4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! sugge/ion naturally occurs t ! e?ical end w1 on ?is !ory1 be some?+ else ?an pleasure4#gf ,b !re is1 nev]!less1 no contradiction 9 hold+--z ,mr ,sidgwick does--t al?\gh o!r objects ?an pleasure are actually desir$1 !re is no?+ else :i* c be held to be ultimately desirable1 or ! t5d5cy to :i* c be said to h moral wor?4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulty ( unify+ ! v>i\s impulses x implies1 ,! e?ical b>r5ness ( psy*ological h$onism has be5 se5 to result f its n>r[ & inflexible view ( human nature4 ,b !ories su* z ^? n[ to be consid]$ h1 9 an e?ical reg>d1 to ov]come a difficulty ( ano!r k9d 9 ! v>iety ( impulses :i* !y admit ^u ! /age4 ,! objects to :i* ^! impulses or desires relate h z yet receiv$ no fur!r *>act]isation ?an t !y are objects ( desire4 ,& ! difficulty ( f9d+ a pr9ciple by :i* "s ord] ( prec$5ce or value among/ !m may be det]m9$ is j1 9 o!r words1 ! difficulty ( obta9+ a moral /&>d4 ,sid5ote3 s z to det]m9e a /&>d = action4 ,! "q does n ord9>ily arise 9 ! above =m1 because ! moral /&>d is commonly tak5 = grant$1 & ! v>i\s impulses1 affections1 & dispositions are made to d]ive _! e?ical rank f _! relation to t /&>d4 ,b ?is me?od is obvi\sly inappropriate :5 ! /&>d is /ill to be asc]ta9$1 its det]m9ation be+ ! object ( inquiry4 ,& x may seem t ! con/itution ( man conta9s 9 itself a means ( di/+ui%+ ! moral value ( its v>i\s elem5ts1 or ( ! actions to :i* !y lead1 & ?us furni%+ a moral /&>d or end = conduct4 ,?is purpose seems to h be5 to "s ext5t1 ?\gh n q cle>ly1 kept 9 view by ! writ]s :o1 9 la/ c5tury1 cont5d$ aga9/ ! selfi% !ory :i* _h be5 s crudely enunciat$ by ,hobbes4 ,!y attempt$ to %[ t selfi%ness 0 n ! only1 nor ev5 ! mo/ prom95t1 pr9ciple ( action2 &1 f ! sy/em ( div]se pr9ciples :i* !y f\nd implant$ 9 human nature1 !y endeav\r$ to "w out a !ory ( conduct4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is attempt$ by ! ,engli% morali/s1 ,sid5ote3 b along ) a utilit>ian crit]ion1 ,sid5ote3 & ) egoi/ic argum5ts4 ,especially among/ ! lat] ,engli% morali/s--,adam ,smi?1 = in/ance--! "q ( ! end or /&>d came almo/ to drop out ( sight 9 ! mid/ ( ! controv]sy reg>d+ ! nature ( ! moral s5se or moral faculty--! way1 t is1 9 :i* we become aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,b 9 ,%aftesbury1 ,butl]1 & ,hut*eson--! writ]s :o =mulat$ ?is doctr9e ( ! moral s5se--! attempt is made to connect a !ory ( ! crit]ion ( morality ) ! s\rce ( our k ( x4 ,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson bo? look$ ^u social welf>e or ! g5]al happ9ess z ! end ( moral conduct1 & ! crit]ion 9 accordance ) :i* moral "* is ascrib$ to actions2 at ! same "t t _! ma9 cont5tion 0 = ! imm$iat5ess ( ! s5se by :i* we p]ceive ^! moral qualities4 ,& !y s\ght to e/abli% ! connection ( ! two doctr9es by means ( ! b5evol5t feel+s--:i* !y held to be orig9al & indep5d5t ( private int]e/--& _! imm$iate approval by ! reflex or moral s5se ( ! individual man4 ,simil> ideas appe> 9 ,butl]1 at ! same "t t he t5d$ to make consci5ce or ! moral s5se ! /&>d ( morality1 z well z ! s\rce ( our k ( x4 ,!y1 z well z he1 h[ev]1 f\nd x necess>y to come back f ! social or political to ! individual po9t ( view4 ,ev5 if _! conception ( ! good 0 n evolv$ f ! nature ( ! individual man1 _! philosophical /&po9t requir$ !m to leave broad] gr\nd1 & %[ x to be ! individual's natural goal4 ,& 9 do+ ?is1 _! con/ant t5d5cy is to rev]t to egoi/ic argum5ts--demon/rat+ ! complete h>mony ( virtue & int]e/1 or attempt+ to prove to ! individual t 8 own happ9ess consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( ! social affections4 ,?us ,%aftesbury tries to %[1 by an empirical collection ( results1 t to h ! natural 7or social7 affections too weak1 or ! private affections too /rong1 is a s\rce ( mis]y1#gg z well z ! *ief s\rce ( vice2 & t1 l>gely ow+ to ! pleasure ( virtu\s action1 x is to ! private int]e/ & good ( e "o to "w to ! g5]al good4#gh ,hut*eson1 aga91 devotes a l>ge portion ( 8 mo/ mature "w to allay ! suspicion t 9 foll[+ ! impulse ( our k9d affections & ! moral faculty we are c\nt]act+ our int]e/s1 & ab&on+ :at may be ( m consequ5ce to our happ9ess ?an ei!r ?is self-approbation or ! applauses ( o!rs2#gi :ile ,butl]1 ref]r+ to virtu\s conduct1 says1 9 a well-kn[n passage1 t :5 we sit d[n 9 a cool h\r we c nei!r ju/ify to ourselves ?is or any o!r pursuit1 till we are conv9c$ t x w be = our happ9ess1 or at lea/ n contr>y to x4#hj ,oppos$ z ! :ole s*ool 7 to ! selfi% !ory ( human action1 !y nev] spoke ( any sacrifice ( private happ9ess z a ?+ to be look$ =1 or 9 any way tak5 into acc\nt1 9 conduct :i* is ! result ( calm delib]ation4 ,x is difficult1 !re=e1 to avoid ! judgm5t pass$ ^u !m by ,s*lei]ma*]1 t ! ,engli% s*ool ( ,%aftesbury1 ) all _! talk ab\t virtue1 are really giv5 up to pleasure4#ha ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,e?ics may be made to dep5d on ! moral s5se4 ,at ! same "t1 _! writ+s con/antly sugge/ a !ory ( morals :i* is nei!r oblig$ to adopt (f-h& a utilit>ian crit]ion ( virtue1 nor =c$ to fall back ^u ! egoi/ic sanctions ( p]sonal pleasure & pa94 ,_! psy*ological !ory po9ts to an e?ical doctr9e 9 :i* pleasure is nei!r ! sole end ( action1 nor its sole motive4 ,!y d n1 inde$1 make q cle> ! transition f ! psy*ological to ! e?ical po9t ( view2 & critics are /ill fond ( confront+ ,butl] ) ! objection he anticipat$--,:y ought ,i to obey my consci5ce8 ,! app>5t petitio pr9cipii ( ,butl]'s answ]1 ,because x is ! law ( y\r nature1 is due to ! way 9 :i* ! teleological /&po9t is introduc$4 ,! purpose ( :i* 7accord+ to ,butl]7 man is ! vehicle or realis+ organism is spok5 ( z a law ext]nally impos$1 & d]iv+ its au?ority1 n f its own nature1 b f ! nature ( its orig94 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t views ( ! nature ( ! moral s5se4 ,!re w\ld seem to be "o way only to surm\nt ! difficulty aris+ f ! v>iety ( impulses ( :i* ! nature ( man is made up1 & t is by consi/5tly foll[+ out ! teleological po9t ( view4 ,b :at1 ! "q is1 is ! f9al or compreh5sive end to :i* human nature po9ts amid/ ?is div]sity ( objects ( /riv+8 ,! doctr9e ( ! moral s5se attempts to answ] ! "q4 ,n[ ?is moral s5se may ei!r be reg>d$ z n itself a sep>ate faculty1 b simply an expression = ! h>mony ( human t5d5cies2 or x may be look$ ^u z a sep>ate & sup]ior capacity1 :i*1 aga91 may ei!r be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( s5se1 or ( ! und]/&+--! =m] int]pretation lead+ to its id5tification ) pleasure1 ! latt] to its be+ conceiv$ z law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,! h>mony ( impulses4 ,%aftesbury's !ory4 ,^! diff]5t me?ods 7 attempt$ by ! ,engli% morali/s--! fir/1 h[ev]1 to a less ext5t ?an ! o!rs4 ,b x inspir$ mu* ( ,%aftesbury's "w1 ?\gh x _c be said to h be5 consi/5tly develop$ by him4 ,! conflict ( impulses 9 man 0 too obvi\s a fact n to be app>5t ev5 9 ,%aftesbury's roseate view ( life4 ,he recognis$1 inde$1 n only private or self-affections1 promot+ ! good ( ! individual1 & natural or social affections1 :i* l$ to ! public good1 b also unnatural affections1 :i* t5d$ to no good :atev]4#hb ,! ref]5ce to consequ5ces is ?us made prom95t at once4 ,! la/ class ( affections is condemn$ outright because ( its infelicific results2 :ile an attempt is made to prove f exp]i5ce t ! c\rses ( conduct to :i* ! two =m] lead co9cide4 ,%aftesbury cont5d$ = a real organic union betwe5 ! individual & society2 b1 :5 he came to e/abli% its nature1 he made x consi/ 9 an ass]t$ h>mony ( int]e/s1 :ile ! obligation to virtue 0 all[$ to re/ on its conduciv5ess to p]sonal pleasure4 ,he sometimes spoke ( virtue z id5tical ) ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! affections ( ! individual man2#hc b he expressly def9$ x z consi/+ 9 ! individual hav+ all 8 incl9ations & affections 444 agree+ ) ! good ( 8 k9d or ( t sy/em 9 :i* he is includ$1 & ( :i* he con/itutes a "p4#hd ,& ! two views c only be connect$ by prov+ t ! h>moni\s developm5t ( an individual's affections w lead to ! good ( ! species3 ! pro( ( ?is dep5d+ on a "o-sid$ summation ( consequ5ces4 ,%aftesbury does1 inde$1 ?r[ out ! idea t bo? ! self-affections & ! natural or social affections become self-de/ructive :5 c>ri$ out s z to int]f]e ) "o ano!r4 ,b ?is1 aga91 has only ! previ\s calculus ( ! results ( conduct to support x4 ,he _c %[ t ! contradiction 9 ! conception ( a completely solit>y be+ belongs also to ! conception ( a judici\sly selfi% be+4 ,! latt] be+ loses ! pleasures ( virtu\s action2 b p]haps he may ga9 great] pleasures 9 _! room4 ,he does n develop 8 :ole nature2 b if t nature conta9s totally infelicific passions1 ! developm5t ( ! :ole nature is n to be recomm5d$4 ,?us ,%aftesbury is unable to rea* a conception ( man's nature z a h>mony ( impulses j on acc\nt ( ! ext]nal po9t ( view :i* makes him treat x z an aggregate1 ?\gh he cont5ds t x is an organism4 ,8 +5i\s & subtle acc\nt ( ! relations betwe5 ! individual & society does n really g to ! root ( ! matt]1 because1 aft] all1 x rema9s a calculus ( ! results ( action1 n an analysis ( its nature4 ,& 8 view ( ! affections con/itut+ ! individual sy/em leaves !m want+ 9 ! unity ( organic connection4 ,an ef=t is made1 h[ev]1 to supply ?is defect by means ( ! reflex affections call$ ! moral s5se1 to :i* he ascribes an ov]sight ov] ! o!r affections & _! resultant actions4 ,9 :at way1 !n1 mu/ we reg>d ! nature ( ?is faculty & ! important functions assign$ to x8 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,a sep>ate faculty4 ,hut*eson4 ,sid5ote3 ,two que/ions reg>d+ x3 ,x 0 left to ,%aftesbury's disciple1 ,francis ,hut*eson1 to elaborate ) ?or\ghness ?is conception ( ! moral s5se z a sep>ate faculty4 ,hut*eson did n make any important addition to ! ideas ( ,%aftesbury & ,butl]4 ,b he work$ !m out m sy/ematically2 & 9 8 la/ "w1 ! ',sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1' ! prote/ aga9/ ! egoism ( ,hobbes has f\nd expression 9 a complete !ory ( human nature1 9 :i* ! moral s5se is supreme1 & ! ends ( conduct indep5d5t ( self-int]e/4 ,hut*eson1 too1 keeps m closely ?an ei!r ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors to ! way ( look+ at human nature :i* is spok5 ( 9 ?is volume z naturali/ic4 ,he rejects ev5 m decid$ly ?an ,%aftesbury--mu* m s ?an ,butl]--any creative function ( reason 9 det]m9+ ! con/itution & direction ( ! moral s5se4#he ,! que/ions ?us arise--7a7 ,:at is ! moral s5se :5 n reg>d$ z a rational det]m9ation ( ! ends ( conduct8 & 7b7 ,to :at det]m9ation ( ends or o!r di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong 9 action does x lead8 ,on bo? ^! po9ts !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 8 e>ly ',inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue' 7#agbe71 & ! m mature ',sy/em1' publi%$ 9 #agee1 eight ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,nature ( ?is faculty3 n reason2 ,sid5ote3 at fir/ def9$ z feel+ ( pleasure or pa91 ,hut*eson is 9 e>ne/ ) ! rejection ( reason z a creative =ce4 ,! moral s5se is n1 he says1 a s\rce ( new ideas4 ,its objects are receiv$ 9 ! ord9>y ways by :i*1 ?r\gh s5sation & reflection1 we come by our k4#hf ,b j z we h a s5se ( beauty 9 ! =ms ( s5sible objects1 s !re is a moral s5se giv5 u f :i*1 9 ! contemplation ( our actions1 we d]ive /ill nobl] pleasures ?an ^? ( physical s5sation4 ,?is moral s5se is a det]m9ation ( our m9ds to receive amiable or disagreeable ideas ( actions4#hg ,s f>1 !re=e1 x seems to be simply a pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( c]ta9 actions :i*1 we say1 h an imm$iate goodness4 ,by a sup]ior s5se1 says ,hut*eson1 :i* ,i call a moral "o1 we p]ceive pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( su* actions 9 o!rs1 & are det]m9$ to love ! ag5t 7& mu* m d we p]ceive pleasure 9 be+ consci\s ( hav+ done su* actions ourselves7 )\t any view ( fur!r natural advantage f !m4#hh ,! significance ( ?is position is easily se54 ,x is n only meant to give a crit]ion ( moral action2 x is also a %ort cut to ! conclusion t virtue is = our private int]e/4 ,! disquiet+ suspicion t morality may involve a sacrifice ( individual happ9ess mu/ be entirely remov$1 if we h a moral s5se & public affections1 ^: gratifications are con/itut$ by nature our mo/ int5se & durable pleasures4#hi ,! elaborate analysis ( conduct & enum]ation ( ! pleasures :i* v>i\s affections & actions br+ 9 _! tra91 :i* ,hut*eson gave 9 8 late/ "w1 7 ?us unnecess>y z long z ! position 0 ma9ta9$ t ! moral s5se is emphatically a pleasure or pa91 & t ! pleasures x gives are ! mo/ int5se & durable we h4 ,!re 0 only an app>5t contradiction 9 ?is !ory :i* plac$ ! te/ ( morality 9 a pleasure consequ5t ^u moral action1 & yet held t su* actions 7 n p]=m$ f int]e/$ motives4 ,9 ! _s ( ,butl]'s psy*ology1 ,hut*eson cont5ds#ij t virtue is pleasant only because we h a natural & imm$iate t5d5cy t[>ds virtu\s action2 our true motive is "s det]m9ation ( our nature to /udy ! good ( o!rs2 & ?is1 al?\gh n always imm$iately pleasant 9 itself1 is yet succe$$ by ! calm satisfaction ( ! moral s5se4 ,! real weakness ( ,hut*eson's position is ! fatal "o t he _c %[ t x corresponds ) facts2 t ! pleasures incid5tal to ! moral s5se outweigh all o!rs4 ,inde$1 he def5ds 8 op9ion 9 _! fav\r only1 9 a way :i* rem9ds "o ( ,mill's me?od 9 ! ',utilit>ianism1' by mak+ e juror /& aside unless he has pl$g$ himself to morality4#ia ,x is op5 to any "o1 h[ev]1 to hold t ! pleasures ( b5evol5t action & ! reli% ( ! moral s5se are n ( suffici5t h$oni/ic value to make up = ! re/ra9ts !y put ^u conduct & ! enjoym5ts !y oblige "o to =ego4 ,ev5 if ?is position be n correct1 x is m]ely a mi/ake 9 e/imat+ d\btful quantities4 ,! man :o *ooses ! small] pleasure w be ! los] by 8 mi/ake2 b we _c say t ! selfi% man is to blame = n be+ b5evol5t1 because ! pleasures ( b5evol5ce & ! moral s5se are greate/1 any m ?an we c\ld blame ! b5evol5t man = n be+ selfi%1 if selfi%ness %\ld turn out on ! :ole to leave a great] h$oni/ic balance at ! individual's cr$it4 ,sid5ote3 aft]w>ds spok5 ( z a judgm5t1 ,sid5ote3 b ?is judgm5t all[$ to dep5d on feel+4 ,a m objective det]m9ation ( ! moral s5se is aft]w>ds giv5 by ,hut*eson4 ,)\t pr(ess$ly *ang+ gr\nd1 he ceases to speak ( x z a m]e feel+ ( pleasure1 & calls x a judgm5t ( approbation or disapprobation4 ,x is1 he says1#ib a natural & imm$iate det]m9ation to approve c]ta9 affections & actions consequ5t ^u !m2 or a natural s5se ( imm$iate excell5ce 9 !m1 n ref]r$ to any o!r quality p]ceivable by our o!r s5ses or by reason+4 ,nor is ?is judgm5t ( approbation consequ5t ^u ! feel+ ( pleasure ! affection or action produces 9 u4 ,! action is n judg$ good because x ga9s to ! ag5t ! pleasure ( self-approbation1 b x ga9s to him ?is pleasure because x 0 antec$5tly good1 or _h t quality :i*1 by ! con/itution ( ?is s5se1 we mu/ approve4#ic ,b1 9 attempt+ to make cle> ! nature ( ?is judgm5t1 ,hut*eson seems to return1 ?\gh n 9 s _m words1 to 8 e>li] position4 ,to seek a basis = ! judgm5t 9 reason w\ld h be5 to make ! moral s5se :at ,kant aft]w>ds made x1 simply practical reason4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld h be5 a metaphysic ( e?ics inconsi/5t ) ,hut*eson's :ole position4 ,he _h always oppos$ ! n>r[ly intellectual view ( morality 9 ,cl>ke & ,wolla/on1 & he _h no conception ( ! function ( reason :i* w\ld admit ( an int]pretation ( ! judgm5t ( approbation by an appeal to a rational det]m9ation1 dep5d+ ^u an idea conceiv$ z inh]5t 9 ! human con/itution1 & to be realis$ 9 action4 ,! judgm5t1 !re=e1 is ref]r$ to a ta/e or reli%#id = c]ta9 affections & actions1 & ?is he takes no pa9s to di/+ui% f pleasure4 ,! analogy he seeks to draw betwe5 ! moral s5se & our o!r p[]s does n really fav\r a di/9ction ( x f pleasure4 ,to ea* ( our p[]s1 he says1 we seem to h a correspond+ ta/e or s5se1 recomm5d+ ! prop] use ( x to ! ag5t1 & mak+ him reli% or value ! l ex]cise ( x by ano!r4 ,?is we see z to ! p[]s ( voice1 ( imitation1 design+1 or ma*9]y1 motion1 reason+2 !re is a s5se disc]n+ or recomm5d+ ! prop] ex]cise ( !m4#ie ,t is to say1 besides ! s5se ( he>+1 :i* has to d ) s\nds1 !re mu/ ne$s be ano!r s5se :i* has to d ) our way ( he>+ s\nds2 besides ! s5se ( sight1 :i* has to d ) =m & col\r1 !re mu/ ne$s be ano!r s5se :i* has to d ) our way ( p]ceiv+ =m & col\r2 & s ) e o!r activity1 especially ^? :i* proce$ f our highe/ p[]s4 ,a doctr9e su* z ?is sets no limits to ! manufacture ( additional s5ses4 ,! :ole view ( human nature ^u :i* x proce$s is "o ( mean+less complexity1 :i* s]ves ! "o good purpose only ( %[+ h[ mu* e?ics has suff]$ f a defective psy*ology4 ,! m5tal objects or pres5tations :i* are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! diff]5ce ( _! *>act]i/ic qualities1 & :i* we !re=e call col\rs1 or s\nds1 or movem5ts1 are accompani$ by v>y+ degrees ( pleasurable or pa9ful feel+2 & x is possible to hold t ! moral s5se is a "n = su* feel+s foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( ^? complexes ( pres5tations to :i* we give ! "n ( actions1 or ( ^? o!r recurr+ complexes we call affections4 ,?is1 practically1 0 ! position ) :i* ,hut*eson />t$ 9 ! ',inquiry4' ,b5evol5ce pleas$ u & selfi%ness pa9$ u2 j z ! ta/e ( sug> 0 pleasant1 & t ( wormwood disagreeable4 ,p]haps ,hut*eson dep>t$ f ?is !ory1 because he saw t if conduct 0 made a matt] ( ta/e1 !re w\ld be no suffici5t reason = condemn+ selfi%ness any m ?an an unusual ta/e4 ,he !re=e rel9qui%$1 or seems to h rel9qui%$1 ! view ( ! moral s5se z a feel+ ( pleasure or pa92 & "u ! influ5ce1 no d\bt1 ( ,butl]1 spoke ( x z a judgm5t ( approbation or disapprobation4 ,b he fell back on 8 orig9al !ory by mak+ ?is judgm5t dep5d on a ta/e or reli%1 :i* only l5ds itself to int]pretation z a peculi> feel+ ( pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,! objects ( ! moral s5se3 fir/ said to be actions2 ,sid5ote3 aft]w>ds to be affections2 ,! reflex nature ( ! moral s5se is br\ght out m di/9ctly 9 ! ',sy/em' ?an 9 ! ',inquiry4' ,9 8 e>li] "w1 ,hut*eson _h spok5 ( x z directly relat$ to actions4 ,b x 0 m consi/5t ) 8 matur] ?\ght to reg>d x z hav+ to d ) m5tal p[]s or affections 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ) actions only indirectly or m$iately4 ,! object ( ?is s5se1 he says1#if is n any ext]nal motion or action1 b ! inw>d affections or dispositions2 & ?is is made by him to acc\nt = ! discrepancy :i* ! deliv]ances ( ! moral s5se %[ 9 reg>d to actions4 ,x seems ev] to approve & condemn uni=mly ! same imm$iate objects1 ! same affections & dispositions2 ?\gh we reason v diff]5tly ab\t ! actions :i* evid5ce c]ta9 dispositions or _! contr>ies4 ,?is di/9ction is appli$ ) unlimit$ confid5ce 9 its efficacy4 ,by means ( x he w\ld expla9 ! mo/ fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 ! moral code ( m5 & nations4 ,?us p unacqua9t$ ) ! indu/rial improvem5ts :i* give ! "* ( p]man5ce to prop]ty1 may see no h>m 9 depriv+ m5 ( _! artificial acquisitions & /ores beyond _! pres5t use1--t is to say1 no evil may appe> 9 !ft4#ig ,b x is m important 9 ano!r respect2 = x enables ! au?or to avoid ! difficulty ( f9d+ any pr9ciple accord+ to :i* ! moral s5se may be relat$ to ! empirical cont5t ( action4 ,z long z ! moral s5se 0 simply spok5 ( z a feel+ ( pleasure1 x c\ld be conv5i5tly reg>d$ z ! consequ5t ( ext]nal actions4 ,b if x is an int]nal s5se di/9ct f pleasure1 x is easi] to relate x to :at he calls our int]nal p[]s or affections ?an to action4 ,! moral s5se1 !n1 is to be ! regulator ( all our p[]s2 & by means ( x ,hut*eson attempts to r$uce human nature to a scale ( morality4 ,sid5ote3 b its gr\nds ( pref]5ce ,sid5ote3 ma9ly dep5d n on ! nature ( ! affection1 b on its objects4 ,x is to be not$ t1 9 ! classification he (f]s1#ih :at are commonly call$ ! virtues ( c&\r1 v]acity1 c41 are n acc\nt$ virtues at all1 b only imm$iately connect$ ) virtu\s affections3 ^! are id5tifi$ ) ! k9d or b5evol5t affections1 direct$ to ! happ9ess ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,)9 ! latt] !re are two gr\nds ( pref]5ce3 ! delib]ate affections are pref]r$ to ! passionate2 ^? :i* are m ext5sive 9 ! range ( _! objects to ! less ext5sive4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] gr\nd ( pref]5ce1 ! moral s5se ( ! community has p]haps und]gone "s modification s9ce ,hut*eson's "t1 & looks ^u en?usiasm ) less suspicion ?an x =m]ly did4 ,! o!r gr\nd ( pref]5ce ascrib$ to ! moral s5se ref]s n s mu* to ! affection itself--:i* is ! direct or imm$iate object ( ! moral s5se--z to ! way 9 :i* ! affection is appli$1 ! numb] ( ! objects to :i* x is direct$4 ,! affection ( b5evol5ce is ! same 9 nature :e!r its object be wide or re/rict$2 ?\gh diff]5ce 9 ?is respect pr(\ndly influ5ces ! actions to :i* x leads4 ,! object approv$ or mo/ approv$ by ! moral s5se is !re=e1 accord+ to ,hut*eson1 utilit>ian conduct1 or r1 z he w\ld say1 ! calm disposition lead+ !reto4#ii ,9 ?is way he obta9s a pr9ciple = det]m9+ ! morality ( actions2 b only ?r\gh ! arbitr>y ass]tion t ?is pr9ciple is imm$iately approv$ by ! moral s5se4 ,! connection ( ! moral s5se ) an object su* z univ]sal b5evol5ce c\ld only be made out by %[+ a rational1 or at any rate an organic union betwe5 individual s5tim5t & social wellbe+2 & ,hut*eson1 l ,%aftesbury1 has no conception ( attempt+ ?is 9 any o!r way ?an ! traditional "o ( exhibit+ ! p]sonal advantages ( b5evol5t conduct1 & ! disadvantages t accompany selfi%ness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,?ird view ( ! moral s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,butl]4 ,sid5ote3 ,consci5ce an au?oritative law1 ,bo? ,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson 7 (t5 l$ a/ray by a t5d5cy to int]pret facts z !y wi%$ !m to be1 r ?an z !y 74 ,_! view ( ! consequ5ces ( action 0 col\r$ by _! optimism4 ,butl]1 too1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce 9 8 g5]al attitude to ! value ( human life1 0 n altoge!r free f a simil> error4 ,he ?9ks t ,%aftesbury has %[n beyond all contradiction t virtue is naturally ! int]e/ ( happ9ess1 & vice ! mis]y ( su* a creature z man4#ajj ,b1 9 view ( p>ticul> exceptions1 or ( any "o n be+ conv9c$ ( ?is happy t5d5cy ( virtue1 he ?9ks x necess>y to emphasise ! natural au?ority ( ! pr9ciple ( reflection4 ,consci5ce is1 he holds1 a "p ( our inw>d nature2 b x diff]s f ! o!r p>ts ( our nature inasmu* z x is n relat$ imm$iately to an ext]nal object1 b to ! actions deal+ ) su* objects1 & to ! dispositions lead+ to ^? actions4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( reflex approbation or disapprobation1 :i* is said to h equal respect to bo? public & private good4 ,?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to be asc]ta9$ empirically4 ,! deliv]ances ( consci5ce are imm$iate judgm5ts z to ! morality ( actions & affections 7= ,butl] speaks ( x z ref]r+ to bo? equally72 & its ref]5ce to ! ends :i* ^? actions or ! ex]cise ( ^! affections may ultimately t5d to w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to be indirect4#aja ,butl] 0 c>eful1 moreov]1 n to speak ( x z an /hetic or s5sitive faculty1 b z a judgm5t4 ,x is n a feel+ ( pleasure1 b ! revelation ( law4 ,sid5ote3 & ! crit]ion ( morality4 ,! approval ( consci5ce is ?us made ! crit]ion ( morality4 ,b a difficulty arises z to ! way 9 :i* we are to reg>d ! au?ority :i* consci5ce is said to c>ry along ) x4 ,butl]'s utt]ances "h commonly imply a teleological ref]5ce to an end implant$ 9 human nature1 & to be discov]$ by obs]v+ t nature--! realisation ( ! end be+ obligatory1 because x is %[n to be ! purpose :i* ! au?or ( nature _h 9 view 9 mak+ man z he is4#ajb ,! au?ority ( consci5ce ?us seems to be d]iv$ f ! div9e purpose :i* x displays4 ,x c>ries )9 itself a claim to ob$i5ce2 b ! ju/ification ( ?is claim dep5ds on a !ological basis4 ,& h5ce ! "q ( ! nature & orig9 ( consci5ce is at once rais$1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! legitimacy ( its claim to be1 r ?an any o!r "p ( our con/itution1 a div9ely-implant$ guide4 ,sid5ote3 ,teleological & jural views n reconcil$1 nor fully develop$4 ,b m ?an "o curr5t ( ?\ght runs ?r\gh ,butl]'s e?ical treatise4 ,! !ological ref]5ce is sometimes s us$ z to make ! obligation to morality1 & ev5 ! nature ( morality1 dep5d on ! w ( ,god3 ?\gh h>dly accord+ to ,paley's crude me?od ( seek+ 9 ! ext]nal revelation ( ! div9e comm& a means ( unit+ ! div]g5t int]e/s ( ! individual & ( society4 ,9 g5]al1 ,butl]'s rul+ idea is ! idea ( ! sy/em or unity ( human nature1 = :i* he 0 l>gely indebt$ to ,%aftesbury's revival ( ! ,platonic conception4 ,consci5ce is reg>d$ by him z ! expression ( ?is unity4 ,b its nature is nev] m deeply prob$4 ,its deliv]ances are ju/ifi$ n[ by its sup]natural mission1 & n[ by ! m prosaic fact t x leads to our individual int]e/#ajc--;at any rate1 if we take 9 ! future--:ile x c\ld n be recomm5d$ z a guide if x did n4#ajd ,on "o side1 !re=e1 ,butl] t5ds to a =m ( !ological utilit>ianism1 su* z 0 common 9 8 own day1 & 0 aft]w>ds =mulat$ by ,paley4#aje ,on ! o!r h&1 8 e?ics m naturally allies itself ) a diff]5t !ory1 9 :i* ! moral law is conceiv$ z hav+ its s\rce 9 practical reason1 & ! naturali/ic basis ( e?ics is def9itely ab&on$4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! e?ics ( moral s5tim5t a m$iat+ !ory2 ,sid5ote3 explanation ( its facts attempt$ by !ory ( evolution4 ,on ! :ole1 x w\ld appe> t ! psy*ological e?ics work$ out by ,%aftesbury & 8 s*ool occupies an insecure position betwe5 ! view discuss$ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s & t :i* ascribes to reason a function 9 ! =mation ( objects ( desire4 ,%aftesbury & 8 foll[]s tri$ to /rike out a middle c\rse betwe5 ! !ory t ends ( action may be det]m9$ by reason1 & t :i* looks ^u all desires z be+ desires = objects z pleasurable4 ,!y made ! attempt to f\nd a sy/em ( e?ics on human nature1 & !y held t t nature c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by ! simple psy*ological analysis ( ! ,epicurean s*ool z !n repres5t$ by ,hobbes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y did n see _! way to adopt ! rational e?ics only kn[n to !m 9 ! ab/ract =m x _h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,cl>ke & ,wolla/on4 ,b _! own !ory ( human nature requires a pr9ciple ( h>mony & co-ord9ation among ! v>i\s impulses :i* !y 7 unable to give a satisfactory acc\nt (4 ,x may seem1 h[ev]1 t ! idea ( ! developm5t ( man ) :i* we are n[ famili>1 may enable u to ov]come ! difficulties :i* =m]ly appe>$ insurm\ntable--%[+ ! unity ( human nature1 & ! t5d5cy ( its activity4 ,! g5]al c\rse ( evolution1 to :i* all life has be5 subject1 is ?\ght to h br\ght ab\t a h>mony betwe5 individual & social feel+s1 z well z betwe5 individual & social int]e/s1 & ?us to h remov$ ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( f\nd+ morality on ! basis ( ,naturalism4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( importance to exam9e ) c>e ! e?ical be>+s ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,,footnotes3 #fi ,! v idea ( an int]e/$ pursuit necess>ily presupposes p>ticul> passions or appetites2 s9ce ! v idea ( int]e/ or happ9ess consi/s 9 ?is1 t an appetite or affection enjoys its object4--,s]mons1 ,pref42 cf4 ,s]m4 xi4 #gj ,phil41 #ca ff42 cf4 ,gorg41 #die f42 ,rep41 ix4 #ehe4 #ga ,cf4 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,i4 iv4 #b1 #c;d ed41 p4 #dd4 #gb ,h]b>t1 ,psy*ologie als ,wiss5s*aft1 #ajd1 ,w]ke1 vi4 #gd2 cf4 ,waitz1 ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie als ,naturwiss5s*aft1 #dj1 p4 #dah3 ,x is n difficult to recognise ! basis ( desire 9 ! pres5tations br\ght =w>d by reproduction1 &1 at ! same "t1 held back by an inhibition4 #gc ,) ,h]b>t's doctr9e may be comp>$ ,mr ,h4 ,sp5c]'s view ( ! g5esis ( feel+ & volunt>y action1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #b;d ed41 "p iv4 *aps4 viii4 & ix4 #gd ,cf4 note to ,james ,mill's ,analysis1 ii4 #chc f4 #ge ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cdd2 cf4 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ij1 #ia4 #gf ,if !re be any pr9ciples or affections 9 ! m9d ( man di/9ct f self-love1 t ! ?+s ^? pr9ciples t5d t[>ds1 or ! objects ( ^? affections are1 ea* ( !m 9 !mselves eligible to be pursu$ ^u its own acc\nt1 & to be re/$ 9 z an end1 is impli$ 9 ! v idea ( su* pr9ciple or affection4--,butl]1 ,s]mons1 ,pref4 #gg ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue1 ,,ii4 i4 #c4 #gh ,ibid41 ,,ii4 ii41 conclusion4 #gi ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 i4 #ii4 #hj ,s]mons1 xi4 #ha ,kritik d] bi%]ig5 ,sitt5lehre 7#ahjc71 p4 #ed4 #hb ,inquiry1 ,,ii4 i4 #c4 #hc ,inquiry1 ,,ii4 i4 #c2 ,,ii4 ii4 #b4 #hd ,ibid41 ,,ii4 i4 #a4 #he ,:at is ,reason b t sagacity we h 9 prosecut+ any end8 ,! ultimate end propos$ by ! common morali/s is ! happ9ess ( ! ag5t himself1 & ?is c]ta9ly he is det]m9$ to pursue f in/9ct4 ,n[ may n ano!r in/9ct t[>ds ! public1 or ! good ( o!rs1 be z prop] a pr9ciple ( virtue z ! in/9ct t[>d private happ9ess8--,hut*eson1 ,inquiry1 p4 #aae4 #hf ,cf4 ,sy/em1 i4 #ig2 ,inquiry1 p4 #abd4 #hg ,inquiry1 p4 #abd4 #hh ,ibid41 p4 #ajf4 #hi ,essay on ! ,nature & ,conduct ( ! ,passions & ,affections1 ) ,illu/rations on ! ,moral ,s5se 7#agbh71 p4 xix4 #ij ,cf4 ,inquiry1 p4 #adj ff4 #ia ,introduction to ,moral ,philosophy1 translat$ f ! ,lat91 #b;d ed41 #agec1 p4 #dc2 cf4 ,essay on ! ,passions & ,affections1 c41 p4 #abh4 #ib ,sy/em1 i4 #eh4 #ic ,sy/em1 i4 #ec4 #id ,ibid41 i4 #ei4 #ie ,sy/em1 i4 #ei4 #if ,sy/em1 i4 #ig4 #ig ,sy/em1 i4 #ic4 #ih ,sy/em1 i4 #fh ff4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! elaborate classification ( motives1 accord+ to _! moral quality1 9 ,dr ,m>t9eau's ',types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1' ii4 #agf ff4 #ii ,sy/em1 i4 #ej4 #ajj ,s]mons1 ,pref4 #aja ,al?\gh x is n at all d\btful 9 ! g5]al1 :at c\rse ( action ?is faculty or practical disc]n+ p[] )9 u1 approves4444 ,x is 444 ju/ice1 v]acity1 & reg>d to ! common good4--,diss]tation on ,virtue4 #ajb ,s]mons1 ii4 iii4 #ajc ,s]mons1 iii4 v4 #ajd ,ibid41 xi4 #aje ,cf4 ,jodl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,e?ik1 i4 #aib4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,morality4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! !ory ( evolution3 ,to rel9qui% ! individuali/ic !ory ( e?ics does n necess>ily imply a rec\rse to evolution4 ,x may /ill be possible to re/ ! f\ndation ( e?ics on ! /ate1 )\t t view ( ! gr[? ( ! community & ( its connection ) ! individual :i* ! !ory ( evolution involves4 ,?is1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 01 9 "p1 :at ,b5?am did2 :ile an attempt--9 "s respects m elaborate /ill--to d$uce morality f society 0 made by ,hobbes4 ,! !ory ( ,b5?am1 & ( 8 successor ,pr(essor ,ba91 is inde$ p>tly individuali/ic1 p>tly social4#ajf ,9 ! =m] ref]5ce1 e?ics becomes a !ory ( prud5ce2 9 ! latt]1 a "p ( legislation4 ,) ,hobbes1 on ! o!r h&1 ! id5tification ( individual & social int]e/s is suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by ! absolute necessity1 9 ord] to p]sonal security1 ( a supreme political p[]1 into ! h&s ( :i* all m5 h agre$ to transf] _! rights to all ?+s4 ,b bo? ,hobbes & ,pr(essor ,ba9 might h avoid$ obvi\s difficulties _h !y _h ! !ory ( evolution to assi/ !m1 & _h !y ?\ght !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ use ( x4#ajg ,= want ( x ! =m] has to expla9 morality & its b9d+ =ce by means ( ! fiction ( an orig9al contract2 :ile ! latt] has to acc\nt by ! associations ( a few ye>s = ! h>mony ( feel+ betwe5 ! individual & ! :ole1 & = ! good ( ! community com+ to be s fai?fully reflect$ 9 ! consci5ces ( its memb]s4 ,! !ory ( evolution1 by its doctr9e ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ modifications1 gives a sci5tific basis = ?is exi/+ solid>ity betwe5 man & society4 ,! great cons5sus ( op9ion among/ ^? :o are be/ qualifi$ to judge--among/ ^? :o alone are qualifi$ to judge--may be reg>d$ z hav+ e/abli%$ ! claim ( ! !ory ( evolution to give ! mo/ satisfactory acc\nt ( all =ms ( natural life4 ,& x may seem only advanc+ ! !ory a /ep fur!r1 or only develop+ "o ( its applications1 to make x yield a complete explanation ( human nature1 m5tal z well z physical4 ,if e?ics1 !n1 is to be f\nd$ on a natural basis1 no !ory w\ld seem to be complete :i* leaves evolution out ( acc\nt4 ,sid5ote3 an ass]tion ( ! unity ( life2 ,9 g5]al1 ! !ory ( evolution is an ass]tion ( ! unity ( life1 or1 9 its wide/ =m1 ( ! unity ( exi/5ce4 ,progressive modifications & h]$it>y transmission ( su* modifications are1 x is cont5d$1 suffici5t to expla9 ! diff]5t =ms & species :i* life n[ manife/s4 ,! assumption is specially disc>d$ t !re are fix$ diff]5ces betwe5 k9ds ( liv+ ?+s mak+ x impossible = !m all to h develop$ f simple g]ms1 orig9ally ( l con/itution1 :i* h1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 become m het]og5e\s & complex1 & s giv5 rise to ! weal? ( organic life4 ,b ?is g5]al doctr9e1 held 7:olly or 9 "p7 9 mod]n times by ,kant1 ,wolff1 & ,lam>ck1 ne$$ to be supplem5t$ by a def9ite view ( ! way 9 :i* ! progressive modifications took place2 & ?is requir$ to be e/abli%$ z a really op]ative cause1 be=e evolution c\ld receive sci5tific pro(4 ,?is m special elem5t ( ! !ory 0 ,d>w9's contribution to ! subject4 ,evolution1 he %[$1--& h]e9 consi/s 8 !oretical advance on ,lam>ck1--has tak5 place by ! natural selection ( organisms1 s modifi$ z to fit !m = survival 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,organisms 9 :i* advantage\s modifications h be5 produc$ t5d to survive1 & to transmit _! modifi$ /ructure to desc5dants1 :ile organisms 9 :i* su* modifications h n be5 produc$1 are less able to pres]ve _! life & to h& x on to successors4 ,old] types1 x is true1 rema91 b only 9 circum/ances 9 :i* _! cont9u$ exi/5ce does n s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! organisms :i*1 9 ! /ruggle = life1 h develop$ a /ructure bett] suit$ to _! environm5t3 :5 m p]fect & less p]fect =ms _c exi/ toge!r1 only ! bett] adapt$ survive4 ,sid5ote3 9 fir/ in/ance1 hi/orical2 ,sid5ote3 b implies a teleological aspect1 :i* may h e?ical consequ5ces4 ,! !ory ( evolution is ?us prim>ily ! hi/ory ( an ord] ( sequ5t facts & relations4 ,x is an acc\nt ( ! orig9 or gr[? ( ?+s1 :i* attempts to expla9 _! nature & con/itution by %[+ h[ !y h come to be :at !y are4 ,b1 9 s do+1 x naturally reveals ! me?od & t5d5cy ( ?is ord]4 ,& x is by means ( ?is its teleological aspect t we see h[ x may be possible = x n m]ely to trace ! developm5t ( hi/orical facts1 su* z ! feel+s & cu/oms ( m51 b at ! same "t to make a m real contribution to e?ics by po9t+ out ! c\rse ( action to :i* human nature is adapt$4 ,x does n1 l ! old teleology1 attempt to %[ t ea* ?+ has be5 =m$ ) ! design ( subs]v+ "s p>ticul> purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 x rev]ses ?is way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,! fitness ( an organism to fulfil any def9ite end comes to be reg>d$ z ! result n ( a consci\s design1 indep5d5t ( ! environm5t1 b ( ! modifications produc$ on ! organism ?r\gh ! necessity laid ^u x by its surr\nd+s ( adapt+ itself to !m or else disappe>+4 ,:at ! !ory does %[ is1 t adaptation to environm5t is necess>y = life1 & t organisms unable to adapt !mselves pass away4 ,adaptation to environm5t w ?us be impli$ 91 or be an ess5tial means t[>ds1 self-pres]vation & race-pres]vation1 self-developm5t & race-developm5t4 ,& %\ld ?is pres]vation or developm5t be look$ ^u z ! end ( conduct1 ! adaptation to environm5t x implies may help to def9e & *>act]ise ! end4 ,aga93 :5 an organism adapts itself to its environm5t1 x does s by "s modification be+ produc$ 9 its /ructure correspond+ to ! modifi$ function requir$ by ! conditions ( life4 ,9 ?is way1 "o organism increases 9 complexity 9 a c]ta9 direction1 :ile ano!r organism1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 also develops a m complicat$ /ructure1 ?\gh "o ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,?us organisms1 alike to beg9 )1 become het]og5e\s 9 nature ?r\gh exposure to diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,at ! same "t1 by con/ant int]action ) _! environm5ts1 !y become m def9ite & coh]5t 9 /ructure4 ,incipi5t modifications are develop$ & def9$ 9 diff]5t ways by diff]5t circum/ances1 & ! p>ts ( a liv+ be+ are br\ght into clos] reciprocal relations1 & ?us weld$ into a coh]5t organic :ole4 ,?is is :at ,mr ,sp5c] means :5 he says t evolution implies a transition f an indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity to a def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity3#ajh ! :ole process be+ int]connect$ 9 su* a way t ^! diff]5t aspects ( x--def9it5ess1 coh]5ce1 het]og5eity--increase toge!r & imply "o ano!r4 ,by ?is ! inf]5ce w\ld appe> to be sugge/$ t1 if conduct is to h>monise ) ! conditions ( evolution1 ?is *>act]i/ic feature ( x mu/ be recognis$ 9 ! e?ical end4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction ( its hi/orical & e?ical aspects4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i am p]haps anticipat+ results4 ,b x is well to %[ at ! outset h[ ! ess5tially hi/orical inquiry c>ri$ out by ! evolutioni/s may sugge/ conclusions :i* are e?ical 9 _! nature4 ,to "s1 inde$1 x w appe> sup]flu\s to h sp5t ev5 a s5t5ce 9 sugge/+ a prim facie case = ! e?ical importance ( evolution4 ,if !re is "o subject m ?an ano!r1 x may be ?\ght1 :i* has secur$ a place = itself 9 ! sci5tific consci\sness ( ! day1 x is ! evolution-!ory ( e?ics4 ,)\t "q1 ! phrase has be5 receiv$ into ! sci5tific vocabul>y2 b !re is a good deal1 ev5 9 ! (ficial lit]ature on ! "q1 to make "o d\bt :e!r x is always us$ ) a di/9ct conception ( its mean+4 ,:5 ref]5ce is made to ! e?ics ( evolution1 no m is sometimes meant--?\gh a great deal m %\ld be meant--?an an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( moral ideas & cu/oms1 :i* may provide 7z ,mr ,/eph5 expresses x7 a new arm\ry :]e) to enc\nt] c]ta9 plausible objections ( ! s-call$ ,intuitioni/s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld only affect ! e?ical psy*ology ( an oppos$ s*ool4 ,! pr(\nd] "q /ill rema9s1 ,:at be>+ has ! !ory ( evolution1 or its hi/orical psy*ology & sociology1 on ! nature ( ! e?ical end1 or on ! /&>d = di/+ui%+ "r & wrong 9 conduct8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w be ! recon/ruction & deep] *ange :i* ,mr ,/eph5 holds to be necess>y4#aji ,x is ! ambiguity ( ! subject--or r its tw(old range--:i* has made ! application ( evolution to e?ics look s obvi\s1 & made a discussion ( ! easi] "q frequ5tly d duty = a solution ( ! m difficult4 ,! e?ical writ+s ( ! evolutioni/s1 inde$1 (t5 confuse ! problems ( hi/ory & !ory 9 a way :i* pres5ts ! same difficulty to ! critic z ! works ( ! correspond+ s*ool 9 jurisprud5ce4 ,9 bo?1 ! writ]s seem dis9cl9$ fairly to put to !mselves ! "q z to ! k9d ( subjects to :i* s fruitful a me?od z t :i* has fall5 into _! h&s is appropriate3 :at its conditions are1 & :e!r x has any limits at all4 ,e "o is n[ famili> ) ! evils ( hypo!tical hi/ory1 & ) ! iniquity ( ! prov]bial philosophic (f5ce ( con/ruct+ facts out ( "o's inn] consci\sness4 ,! hi/orical juri/s des]ve no little cr$it = ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ?is has be5 en=c$ by !m2 p]haps1 too1 ! same lesson may be le>n$ f ! facts ( ! developm5t ( morality4 ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r we are n at ! pres5t "t m apt to confuse fact & !ory 9 ! opposite way3 :e!r ! sci5ce ( law is n sometimes lo/ sight ( 9 ! hi/ory ( legal in/itutions1 & e?ics 9 dang] ( be+ id5tifi$ ) ! developm5t ( moral s5tim5ts & cu/oms4 ,we may naturally expect ! !ory ( evolution to ?r[ light on su* que/ions z ! gr[? ( moral feel+s & ideas1 & ( ! cu/oms & in/itutions 9 :i* morality is express$ & embodi$4 ,b to %[ ! process morality has pass$ ?r\gh 9 ! individual m9d & 9 society /ill leaves ! "q z to ! end ( conduct unansw]$4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to keep cle>ly be=e u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! e?ical problem1 if we w\ld successfully attack ! subject ( ! be>+ ( ! !ory ( evolution on ?is fundam5tal "q ( e?ics4 ,to ! !ory ( evolution we are indebt$ = ! op5+ up ( a new field ( inve/igation--! hi/orical treatm5t ( conduct4 ,b x is "o ?+ to describe ! way 9 :i* m5 h act$ 9 ! pa/3 to det]m9e ! end = _! action n[ is q a diff]5t problem2 & !re is no reason :y ! di/9ction %\ld be ov]look$4 ,! int]e/ :i* belongs to ! hi/ory ( morality is n solely nor ma9ly due to its be>+ on que/ions beyond ! hi/orical sph]e4 ,t its results w n be )\t relation--& t ( an important k9d--to que/ions ( !ory may well be expect$4 ,b x c only t5d to confusion if we treat ! developm5t ( morality1 9 ! human m9d & 9 society1 f a preconceiv$ attitude--dogmatic or agno/ic--t[>ds ! c5tral problem ( e?ics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! developm5t ( morality3 7a7 hi/orical psy*ology4 ,! way 9 :i* ! !ory ( evolution is appli$ to e?ical psy*ology is easy en\gh to und]/& 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh complex & obscure 9 _m ( its details4 ,we h only to po/ulate t m5tal z well z bodily traits admit ( modification1 & t modifications once produc$ c be transmitt$ to desc5dants1#aaj & x at once foll[s t s5tim5ts & ideas lead+ to actions :i* promote life w be enc\rag$ & develop$ by natural selection4 ,?us p>5tal & filial feel+s1 once orig9at$1 may h be5 develop$ ?r\gh ^? families & tribes 9 :i* !y 7 /ronge/1 pres5t+ a m unit$1 & !re=e /rong]1 front aga9/ ho/ile influ5ces4 ,! feel+s ( tribal sympa?y & patriotism1 too1 may h _h a simil> hi/ory4 ,^? races 9 :i* !y 7 /ronge/ w\ld1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 obta9 ! ma/]y ov] & ext]m9ate o!r races 9 :i* !y 7 relatively weak4 ,! compactness ( ! community w\ld ev5 be promot$ by t fe> ( ! political & ( ! religi\s control 9 :i* ! feel+ ( obligation is said to h _h its root4 ,9 g5]al1 b5evol5ce & sympa?y among/ a p give x a solid>ity f :i* x d]ives a /rong] position1 s t 9 turn ! b5evol5t & sympa!tic feel+s ga9 free scope to develop & exp&4 ,sid5ote3 ,its difficulties3 ! orig9 ( new feel+s1 ,sid5ote3 & ( ! moral consci\sness2 ,b ! work+ out ( ?is !ory is n )\t its own difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! factor 9 ! !ory ( evolution :i* c be mo/ cle>ly trac$--! pr9ciple ( natural selection--is n itself a s\rce ( *ange or ( ! production ( new results4 ,x is only ! means by :i* advantage\s *anges are pres]v$ & disadvantage\s *anges pass$ by4 ,! initiative 9 ^! *anges comes ei!r f ! unequal pressure ( ! environm5t or f "s t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! organism itself4 ,n[1 if we suppose c]ta9 moral relations & ! feel+s correspond+ to !m to exi/ 9 a society1 & to t5d to great] c]ta9ty & fulness ( life on ! "p ( ^? :o possess !m1 su* relations & feel+s w be fav\r$ by ! op]ation ( natural selection1 & w gradually be assimilat$ into ! tissue ( ! social organism4 ,b ?is does n acc\nt = ! orig9 ( morality g5]ally nor ( any p>ticul> moral relation2 x m]ely %[s h[1 hav+ be5 someh[ orig9at$1 x has naturally come to p]si/4 ,!re are ?us really two po9ts to be consid]$ 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( moral ideas--! "q ( orig9 & ! "q ( p]si/5ce4 ,! latt] is acc\nt$ = by natural selection2 ! =m] mu/ be br\ght "u ! obscure laws ( v>iation1 laws s obscure t v>iations 9 nature are frequ5tly spok5 ( z if !y took place by *ance4 ,^! two que/ions are involv$ at ea* /age 9 ! progress ( morality4 ,b x is at ! initial /age t ! "q ( orig9 is ( greate/ importance3 :5 ! attempt is made to %[ h[1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & by ! aid ( purely physical & biological laws1 feel+s & conduct1 f be+ m]ely natural & reflex1 h acquir$ a moral "*--:51 9 a ^w1 ! moral is be+ evolv$ out ( ! non-moral4 ,a difficulty comes to ! front "h :i* sc>cely arises :5 we are simply trac+ ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* ! moral consci\sness has pass$1 & ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* moral conduct & feel+s h express$ & embodi$ !mselves4 ,! latt] subject is obvi\sly )9 ! scope ( ! !ory ( evolution1 if t !ory applies to ! processes ( ! human m9d & society z well z to ^? ( ext]nal nature4 ,&1 al?\gh ea* /age involves a modification to be acc\nt$ = n by natural selection1 b by ! laws ( v>iation1 yet ! v>iation is )9 facts ( ! same ord]1 & creates no m difficulty ?an ! successive modifications ( liv+ tissue :i* h be5 impli$ 9 ! evolution ( organic nature4 ,b ! transition f ! non-moral to ! moral is a transition to a diff]5t ord] ( facts or--p]haps we %\ld r say--to a diff]5t way ( look+ at facts1 & %\ld n be assum$ to be a process ( ! same k9d & explicable by ! same me?od ( inve/igation z ! passage f "o fact to ! simil> fact :i* imm$iately foll[s x4 ,x may be comp>$1 p]haps1 to ! transition f ! sph]e ( inorganic matt] to t ( life4 ,at ! same "t1 x is frequ5tly ma9ta9$ t we unduly limit ! application ( ! law ( evolution if we d5y its p[] to %[ h[ morality has develop$ out ( cu/oms & in/itutions ^: orig9 c be trac$ to purely natural or non-moral causes4 ,&1 = pres5t purposes1 x is suffici5t to h po9t$ out t ?is does n necess>ily foll[ f ! admission t evolution applies to m5tal & social processes z well z to ! facts ( ext]nal nature4 ,x is n my object to criticise any doctr9e ( ! developm5t ( morality2 b1 />t+ ) ! position tak5 up ) reg>d to x by ! !ory ( evolution1 to inquire :at conclusions x may lead to z to ! end ( action4 ,sid5ote3 ! developm5t ( feel+s ap>t f natural selection4 ,a fur!r difficulty has to be met by ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( morality1 :i* is 9 a s5se complem5t>y ( ! initial difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 diff]5tiat+ ! moral f ! non-moral4 ,?is fur!r difficulty awaits x at a subsequ5t /age ( developm5t :5 ! ext5sion & ref9em5t ( moral feel+ seem to h gone on 9 circum/ances :]e !re is no room = natural selection to "w4 ,?us x has be5 admitt$ t ! feel+ ( sympa?y1 & ! habitual ex]cise ( mutual good (fices among memb]s ( a community1 /r5g!n t society1 & make x fit to prevail 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ov] o!r simil> societies1 ! memb]s ( :i* are n s mu* at "o among/ !mselves 9 feel+ & 9 act4 ,b z b5evol5ce & sympa?y wid51 & become less closely connect$ ) a def9ite association ( individuals1 su* z ! family or tribe1 & !re ceases to be a p>ticul> body to ! welf>e ( :i* ^! social feel+s contribute1 ! op]ation ( ! law ( natural selection becomes less c]ta94 ,?is law only t5ds to cons]ve & p]fect ! feel+s 9 "q1 9 virtue ( ! fact t ! associations to ^: good !y lead are successful 9 ! /ruggle = life ov] o!r associations ! memb]s ( :i* are n animat$ by l feel+s4 ,! "o association lives & exp&s1 :ile ! o!rs are unable to ma9ta9 !mselves aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( _! neighb\rs1 & ?us fall to pieces4 ,! law ( natural selection1 !re=e1 comes into play only :5 !re are compet+ organisms /ruggl+ aga9/ "o ano!r = ! means ( subsi/5ce & developm5t4 ,n only is x ! case1 !re=e1 t ! sympa?y :i* aids ! weak :o are unable to take c>e ( !mselves1 does n seem to be ( ! k9d t w\ld contribute to success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 b ! m g5]al & ca?olic our sympa?ies are1 ! less w ! law ( evolution help to pres]ve & develop !m--because ! less w !y t5d to promote ! welf>e ( "o rival association r ?an t ( ano!r4 ,?us ! gr[? ( really unre/rict$ sympa?y ) m5 z m5 _c h be5 promot$ 9 ?is way4 ,! en?usiasm ( humanity :i* animat$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! self-r5\nc+ bro!rhood ( ,buddha1 ! 7philan?rpia7 attribut$ to m5 l ,x5ocrates#aaa :o _h fre$ !mselves f ! ari/ocratic prejudices ( ,a!ns1 ! c>itas g5]is humani ( ! ,/oics1--su* feel+s z ^! c\ld n h be5 enc\rag$1 any m ?an !y c\ld h be5 produc$1 by ! op]ation ( natural selection4 ,=1 h[ev] mu* !y t5d to elevate ! human "*1 & to promote human happ9ess1 !y d n advance ! welf>e ( "o body ( m5 to ! exclusion ( "s o!r competitor 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4#aab ,b1 al?\gh ! law ( natural evolution _c acc\nt1 by survival ( ! fitte/1 = any progress made by univ]sal b5evol5ce1 yet x may expla9 ! value ascrib$ to ! feel+ ( b5evol5ce1 :5 its object is ! family or ! community4 ,besides--z has already be5 po9t$ out--natural selection always implies an initiative got f else:]e3 x does n itself produce modifications2 x only *ooses out fav\rable ones & adds !m toge!r :5 produc$4 ,x always implies an indep5d5t modification ( ! organism2 its "p is to select ! modifications be/ fitt$ to promote life4 ,h5ce ! m]e fact ( b5evol5ce be+ univ]salis$ is n 9 itself an anomaly on ! !ory ( natural selection1 any m ?an is ! fact ( its be+ ext5d$ f ! family to ! tribe4 ,only1 ! latt] ext5sion is "o :i* x p]petuates1 ! =m] is n4 ,no aspect ( ! !ory ( evolution seems able to acc\nt = an ext5sion ( ! feel+ ( univ]sal b5evol5ce among diff]5t p or ?r\gh\t diff]5t societies4 ,?is feel+ has nei!r t5d$ to promote ! welf>e ( ! race animat$ by x to ! exclusion ( o!r compet+ races--= !re are no compet+ races :om x c\ld affect--nor c x be %[n t x makes ! individuals possess+ x fitt] to wage successful w> aga9/ oppos+ =ces1 ?an o!r individuals4#aac ,sid5ote3 ,its result3 %[s ! social nature ( ! individual4 ,ap>t f su* special difficulties1 h[ev]1 comp>ative psy*ology has %$ a new light on ! m5tal /ructure ( ! individual4 ,! facts x br+s =w>d %[ t ! nature ( ! individual man _c be expla9$ )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! relations 9 :i* he /&s to society by bir?1 education1 & bus9ess4 ,he is1 f ! fir/1 surr\nd$ by1 & dep5d5t ^u1 o!r individuals1 & by a set ( e/abli%$ usages & in/itutions :i* modify 8 life2 & he is connect$ ) ^! 9 su* a way t x is impossible to consid] him z m]ely act$ ^u by !m & influ5c+ !m 9 turn4 ,he has be5 produc$ by1 & has become a "p ( !m4 ,8 physical & m5tal /ructure be>s ! m>ks ( ! same influ5ces z ^? by :i* 8 s-call$ environm5t has be5 =m$4 ,he is cell 9 ! tissue ( :i* ! body social is compos$4 ,?is 0 p>tly recognis$1 x is true1 be=e ! !ory ( evolution _h be5 elaborat$4 ,b ! organic nature ( ! social union is confirm$ by t !ory1 & erect$ into a sci5tific view ( human life4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,developm5t ( society4 ,n[ ! v>i\s s5tim5ts :i* br+ "o man into m5tal union ) o!rs act ) greate/ facility :5 m5 are connect$ ) "o ano!r by "s def9ite mutual bond su* z t :i* =ms ! family1 ! clan1 or ! nation4 ,! individual's feel+ ( sympa?y ) 8 neighb\rs bo? promotes ?is social union & dep5ds ^u x4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ! !ory ( evolution to put ! ext]nal aspect fir/--! social cu/oms & in/itutions--& to evolve f !m ! correspond+ s5tim5ts & ideas4 ,n ^w or ?\ght or p[]1 x holds1 is to be reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( morality3 ,im ,anfang w> die ,t4 ,! :ole compos$ ( ^! units b\nd toge!r by reciprocity ( feel+ & function is t]m$ ! social organism2 & :at has be5 call$ moral sociology %[s ! way 9 :i* ! outw>d =ms :i* express & embody morality h gr[n up & become "p ( x4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! !ory ( natural evolution traces ! process by :i*1 f ! rudim5t>y beg9n+s ( society1 ! memb]s compos+ x h gradually become m coh]5t among/ "o ano!r1 relat$ 9 def9ite ways in/ead ( m]ely by *ance1 & m diff]5tiat$ 9 function4 ,c]ta9 rudim5t>y =ms--su* z ! family 79 its rude/ /ructure7--& ! correspond+ in/9cts are presuppos$4 ,& f ?is basis ! orig9 ( in/itutions & cu/oms1 political1 religi\s1 & indu/rial1 is trac$4 ,9 develop+ ^! v>i\s cu/oms & in/itutions1 along ) ! correspond+ s5tim5ts1 ! c\rse ( social evolution has _h ! effect ( gradually br++ out & cultivat+ ^? feel+s & t5d5cies 9 ! individual :i* promote ! welf>e ( ! organism1 :ile o!r individual t5d5cies1 ho/ile to social welf>e1 h be5 repress$4 ,n sympa?y & b5evol5ce only1 b hone/y1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 & all ! ord9>y social & p]sonal virtues1 may h _! natural hi/ory trac$ 9 ?is way--by %[+ h[ !y h contribut$ to ! life ( ! individual1 or ( ! society1 or ( bo?4#aad ,?r\gh ! op]ation ( purely natural laws1 ! wick$ are cut (f f ! e>?1 :ile ! p]fect rema9 9 x & leave _! possessions to _! *ildr54 ,?is is an obvi\s result ( natural selection4 ,= ^? communities are always fitte/ to survive 9 :i* ea* memb]1 9 feel+ & 9 act1 is mo/ at "o ) ! :ole4 ,! t5d5cy ( evolution seems to be to produce n m]ely an ideal b an actual id5tification ( individual & social int]e/s1 9 :i* ea* man f9ds 8 own good 9 t ( ! /ate4 ,,footnotes3 #ajf ,! social basis ( e?ics is emphasis$ by ,pr(essor ,ba9 9 8 ,practical ,essays 7#ahhd71 p4 #aee3 ',h[ is society to be held toge!r8' is ! fir/ consid]ation2 & ! sociologi/--z con/itution-build]1 adm9i/rator1 judge--is ! p]son to grapple ) ! problem4 ,x is ) him t law1 obligation1 "r1 comm&1 ob$i5ce1 sanction1 h _! orig9 & _! explanation4 ,e?ics is an important supplem5t to social or political law4 ,b x is /ill a dep>tm5t ( law4 ,9 any o!r view x is a maze1 a my/]y1 a hopeless embroilm5t4 #ajg ,)\t d5y+ t x is possible to apply ! !ory ( evolution to m9d1 ,pr(essor ,ba9 holds t1 z a fact1 moral s5tim5t has n become organic & h]$it>y--t !re are no moral in/9cts prop]ly s call$4--,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ef4 #ajh ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #d? ed41 p4 #chj4 #aji ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 vi4 #aaj ,x w\ld seem t ! transmission ( m5tal qualities only takes place 9 ! =m ( modifi$ physical /ructure 7cf4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 #a/ s]ies1 i4 #afd74 ,b1 if we reg>d x z e/abli%$ t e m5tal *ange has a /ructural modification correspond+ to x1 ! possibility ( m5tal evolution & inh]itance pres5ts no new difficulty4 #aaa lian1 ,v4 ,h41 xiii4 #cj4 #aab ,if consci5ce has no o!r function ?an t assign$ to x by ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essay1 ii4 #afi1 ! pres]vation ( society 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !n x c nev] rea* univ]sal b5evol5ce or prescribe duties t[>ds all mank9d4 #aac ,a difficulty ( ano!r k9d is sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,ba91 :o holds t ! pleasure ( malevol5ce is n only a real elem5t 9 ! human con/itution1 b great] ?an w\ld be naturally call$ =? by ! conditions & c\rse ( developm5t4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,mr ,sp5c]1 he says1 t x 0 necess>y = ! progress ( ! race t de/ructive activity %\ld n be pa9ful1 b on ! :ole pleasurable4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! pleasure ( de/ruction has gone mu* beyond :at ^! words express1 & mu* beyond :at is advantage\s to ! collective int]e/ ( animals & ( human be+s alike4 ,! positive delight 9 suff]+ has be5 at all /ages too great4--,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 p4 #ff4 ,s f> f adopt+ ?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ confess myself /ill among/ ! unconv9c$ reg>d+ ! pleasure ( malevol5ce4 #aad ,?is subject is c>efully discuss$ 9 ,mr ,/eph5's ',sci5ce ( ,e?ics4' ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ical ,,!ories4 ,sid5ote3 ,be>+ ( ! !ory ( evolution on previ\s e?ical !ories4 ,be=e go+ on to inquire into ! positive contributions to e?ics :i* ! !ory ( evolution has to (f]1 x is necess>y to consid] ! relation x be>s to ! prec$+ individuali/ic sy/ems ( morals4 ,x 0 by way ( inve/igations 9 psy*ology & 9 ! !ory ( society1 t x fir/ began to influ5ce e?ical ?\ght4 ,&1 at fir/ sight1 x appe>$ to come z a natural ally ( "o ( ! oppos$ s*ools1 dread$ by ! side x oppos$1#aae welcom$ ) op5 arms by t fav\r$ ) its fri5d%ip4 ,b s9ce ! fir/ %ock ( pa9$ & pleas$ surprise1 !re h be5 rum\rs ( diss5sion 9 ! allies' camp2 & ! di/ribution ( p>ties has n[ become a matt] ( difficulty4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution1 fir/ seiz$ ^u = rebutt+ ! argum5ts ( ! intuitional morali/s1 has be5 f\nd to trans=m r ?an to de/roy _! sy/em2 & ! utilit>ianism 9 ^: int]e/s ! new controv]sial weapon 0 employ$1 seems to h be5 subject$ to a p>allel process ( trans=mation4 ,! be>+ ( evolution on egoism may appe> to be ev5 m fundam5tal4 ,= ! inh]itance by an individual ( ! qualities acquir$ by 8 ance/ors may be ?\ght to e/abli% sci5tifically ! !ory ( ! unity ( ! race1 &1 9 do+ s1 to make ! selfi% sy/em ( conduct an ana*ronism4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,on !ories dep5d+ on moral s5tim5t or intuition4 ,x is n necess>y to exam9e at any l5g? ! application ( evolution to ! !ories :i* con/ruct e?ical pr9ciples on ! basis ( moral s5tim5t1 because ^! !ories h be5 f\nd ei!r to resolve !mselves into a subtle =m ( egoi/ic h$onism1 or else to re/ _! e?ical sy/em on a teleological conception1 :i* transc5ds ! naturali/ic view ( man4 ,evolution has its own explanation to give ( ! seem+ly intuitive "* ( moral ideas--%[+ h[ _! imm$iate necessity = ! individual ( ! pres5t day may be reconcil$ ) _! empirical orig9 9 ! m5tal hi/ory ( ! race4 ,x attempts ?us to supplant bo? egoism & intuitionism by ! same doctr9e ( ! organic union betwe5 individuals4 ,! ph5om5a ( consci5ce & ! moral s5tim5ts _h be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t ! orig9 ( morality 0 indep5d5t ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful results ( action3 t c]ta9 actions & traits ( "* 7 imm$iately approv$ & pron\nc$ to be "r by ! individual consci5ce1 & c]ta9 o!rs z inexplicably b infallibly disapprov$ & pron\nc$ to be wrong4 ,?is ph5om5on ( moral approbation or disapprobation _h inde$ be5 ?\ght by "s--z has be5 already se5--to be only a special feel+ ( pleasure or pa94 ,ev5 z su*1 h[ev]1 x po9t$ to a peculi> h>mony or sympa?y betwe5 ! feel+s ( ! individual & ! =tunes ( society4 ,= ! pleasure or pa9 ( ! individual 0 se5 to be excit$ by actions & dispositions :i* might be %[n to involve ! common int]e/s1 b 7 )\t relation to 8 own4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 & hi/ory ( moral s5tim5ts & intuitions trac$ by evolution4 ,ev5 on ! empirical int]pretation ( !m1 su* facts ( ! individual m9d 7 9 ne$ ( explanation2 & ! !ory ( evolution has tak5 9 h& to %[ h[ ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony grew up4 ,! results ( ?is explanation are1 ( c\rse1 n put =w>d z expla9+ ! facts away1 or depriv+ !m ( reality1 b z enabl+ u to see _! true place & be>+ 9 ! economy ( human nature4 ,9 trac+ ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! altrui/ic & moral s5tim5ts ( ! individual1 ! !ory ( evolution has ?is end 9 view4 ,x (f]s--s x is (t5 said--t]ms ( compromise betwe5 ! intuitional & ! empirical psy*ology ( morals4 ,x w admit ! imm$iate & intuitive "* 9 ! individual ( ! s5tim5ts :i* old] empiricism _h tri$ to make out to be composite1 gr[+ up 9 ea* p]son out ( ! mat]ials af=d$ by 8 environm5t1 & ! exp]i5ces to :i* he 0 subject$4 ,! !ory ( evolution cont5ds = an empiricism on a l>g] scale1 :i* w m closely connect ! individual ) ! race1 & bo? ) _! environm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,be>+ ( ?is on _! validity3 ,! "q ?us arises1 ,:at be>+ has ?is psy*ological or psy*ogonical !ory on ! e?ical validity ( moral intuitions & s5tim5ts8 ,x c]ta9ly does n foll[ t !y are ( no moral value1 m]ely because _! orig9 c be trac$ to simpl] elem5ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y w\ld lose e?ical importance only if x 7 fir/ ( all %[n t _! validity dep5d$ on _! n be+ d]iv$ f1 or comp\nd$ out (1 o!r elem5ts4 ,z ,pr(essor ,sidgwick says1 ,^? :o dispute ! au?ority ( moral or o!r intuitions on ! gr\nd ( _! d]ivation1 mu/ be requir$ to %[1 n m]ely t !y are ! effects ( c]ta9 causes1 b t ^! causes are ( a k9d t t5d to produce invalid belief4#aaf ,b :at ! !ory ( evolution has to det]m9e ) reg>d to moral intuitions or s5sibilities w\ld seem to be n s mu* _! e?ical validity or invalidity1 z ! range & mann] ( _! e?ical application4 ,x attempts to %[ t p>ticul> moral beliefs or feel+s h be5 orig9at$ & =m$ by c]ta9 ext]nal cu/oms belong+ to ! conditions ( social or family life4 ,^! cu/oms h impress$ !mselves ^u ! m5tal /ructure1 & reappe> 9 ! individual 9 ! %ape ( organic t5d5cies to c]ta9 actions1 or classes ( actions1 & ( av]sion to o!r actions1 accompani$ by a correspond+ m5tal s5tim5t--or judgm5t--( approbation or disapprobation4 ,?us ! individual comes in/9ctively to feel--or to judge1--,a ought to be done1 ,b ought n to be done4 ,n[ ! evolutioni/1 z ,i conceive1 does n proce$ to inf] t su* judgm5ts are invalid because he has %[n h[ !y orig9at$--does n conclude 7to use ,mr ,sidgwick's words7 t all propositions ( ! =m ',x is "r' or 'good1' are untru/wor?y2 b he does ask 9 :at way ! hi/ory ( ^! judgm5ts affects _! application4#aag ,sid5ote3 7a7 diff]5t social conditions f :i* !y may h result$1 7a7 ,he recognises1 9 ! fir/ place1 t all su* judgm5ts are ! natural result ( a c]ta9 social condition1 & t !re is1 !re=e1 "s probability t ! same k9d ( social /ate c\ld n cont9ue to exi/ 7 ^? moral judgm5ts habitually disreg>d$ 9 conduct4 ,!y h result$ f a c]ta9 /ate ( society1 & h be5 assum$--aft] insuffici5t exp]i5ce1 p]haps--to be requir$ = ! /ability ( t /ate1 s t e action oppos$ to ^! moral judgm5ts w probably t5d to weak5 social bonds4 ,b ! evolutioni/'s conclusions are n re/rict$ to su* g5]alities4 ,he may %[ t c]ta9 moral judgm5ts or s5tim5ts h _h _! orig9 f ! habits ( union betwe5 individuals1 & ( respect = ! rights ( prop]ty1 :i* h obta9$ 9 e relatively p]man5t society1 & :i* may !re=e be inf]r$ to be probably necess>y = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( any community2 t c]ta9 o!r s5tim5ts or intuitions h desc5d$ to pres5t individuals f cu/oms :i* h n be5 s univ]sal 9 ! hi/ory ( societies1 al?\gh ! communities possess+ !m h %[n great] p[] ( vitality ?an ^? 9 :i* !y 7 abs5t2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 may be trac$ to in/itutions :i*1 f _! occasional & unprogressive "*1 may be %[n to be nei!r necess>y nor b5eficial4 ,sid5ote3 & consequ5t diff]5ce 9 _! value = conduct2 ,! evolutioni/ w !re=e cont5d t diff]5t degrees ( value = ! regulation ( conduct belong to diff]5t moral intuitions or classes ( !m4 ,if "o class is habitually disreg>d$1 he may ass]t t hi/orical evid5ce goes to %[ t society w fall to pieces1 & ! life ( man become1 9 ! expressive words ( ,hobbes1 solit>y1 poor1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort4 ,! disreg>d ( ano!r class w probably lead to a m prec>i\s exi/5ce1 or "o less fill$ ) ! exp]i5ces :i* make up life2 :ile opposition to a ?ird class1 s f> f be+ hurtful or dang]\s1 may remove unnecess>y re/rictions1 & aid ! developm5t bo? ( ! individual & ( society4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 _! organic "*4 7b7 ,!re is a second po9t :i* w also be recognis$ by ! evolutioni/4 ,al?\gh ^! intuitions h be5 d]iv$1 !y are n[ organic1 & _! disappe>ance f ! human m9d z in/9ctive t5d5cies t[>ds or aga9/ action c only be sl[ & pa9ful4 ,! process mu/ involve a c]ta9 am\nt ( loss3 at ! same "t1 x is n a process t c be easily avoid$4 ,z soon z ! reason ( ! in/9ctive t5d5cy is inquir$ into1 x is weak5$ z in/9ct4 ,we pass f ! action itself to ! end x is fitt$ to subs]ve2 &1 if ! in/9ctive action is n ! mo/ appropriate1 or has hurtful results1 we h already rea*$ ! /age 9 :i* ! in/9ct is *eck$1 & beg9s to yield to action direct$ by a pr9ciple4 ,yet x dies out only gradually1 &1 s to speak1 aft] a /ruggle4 ,nor does x seem possible to ass]t ) confid5ce1 z mitigat+ ?is /ruggle1 t ! /ronge/ impulses w always be ^? :i* are necess>y or advantage\s to ! exi/5ce ( society4 ,= x is a common exp]i5ce t ! moral intuitions :i* lead to conduct t has ceas$ to s]ve a purpose1 & ! int]nal sanctions :i* foll[ disreg>d ( !m1 are (t5 ev5 m p[]ful ?an ^? :i* protect su* virtues z ju/ice or v]acity4 ,sid5ote3 ,resultant attitude ( evolutionism to intuitionism4 ,f ! prec$+ argum5t x foll[s t x _c be held t moral intuitions are invalid because evolv$4 ,! evolutioni/ w c]ta9ly g v f> wrong1 z ,mr ,sidgwick po9ts out1 if he ma9ta9s t a g5]al demon/ration ( ! d]iv$ness or develop$ness ( our moral faculty is an adequate gr\nd = di/ru/+ x4 ,in/ead ( hold+ t1 if we succe$ 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( an intuition1 x is !reby discr$it$1 he w admit t ! m]e fact ( our possess+ any moral intuition %[s t ! habits ( action f :i* x 0 d]iv$ h be5 p]man5t en\gh to leave _! traces on ! m5tal /ructure1 & t ! conduct to :i* x leads1 l ! cu/om f :i* x came1 w n de/roy society1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w probably t5d to its p]man5ce4 ,! g5]al attitude ( ! evolution-!ory to moral intuitions is !re=e1 aft] all1 v simil> to t :i* ,mr ,sidgwick has rea*$ z a result ( 8 elaborate exam9ation ( ! maxims ( common-s5se4 ,x is an attitude ( tru/ modifi$ by criticism4 ,9 bo? an appeal is made f ! axioms !mselves3 9 ! "o case1 to _! hi/orical g5esis & ! facts 9 :i* !y orig9at$2 9 ! o!r1 to ! se>*+ te/ ( logical consi/5cy1 & _! capability ( be+ appli$ to conduct4 ,b ! !ory ( evolution1 if x succe$s 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( our moral intuitions1 does seem to involve ! ab&onm5t ( ! old intuitional me?od :i* accept$ !m z rules ( conduct f :i* no appeal c\ld be tak54 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,be>+ ( ! !ory ( evolution on egoism4 ,! !ory ( evolution trans=ms intuitionism by ! way 9 :i* x connects ! individual ) ! race4 ,its fir/ effect ^u egoism is simil>4 ,! nature ( ! individual man z n[ exhibit$ is widely diff]5t f t :i* ! old] individuali/ic !ory us$ to deal )4 ,! latt] is typifi$ by ! m>ble /atue to :i* ,condillac#aah comp>es ! p]cipi5t subject1 z yet unaffect$ by s5se-impressions4 ,! v>iety ( m5tal life :i* is actually met ) is acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5t k9ds ( exp]i5ces diff]5t m5 pass ?r\gh2 & ! consequ5t diff]5ce 9 ! s\rces ( pleasure & pa9 acc\nts = ! div]se l9es ( activity :i* human be+s foll[ out4 ,b ! !ory ( evolution %[s t human nature is inf9itely v>i$1 n only ?r\gh ! v>iety ( circum/ances1 b ?r\gh ! v>iety ( inh]it$ dispositions4 ,"o individual is n m]ely connect$ ) o!rs ?r\gh consid]able simil>ity ( exp]i5ce built ^u an equally *>act]less basis2 b he is organically relat$ to all ! memb]s ( ! race1 n only bone ( _! bone & fle% ( _! fle%1 b m9d ( _! m9d4 ,he is connect$ ) o!rs by a ?\s& subtly int]wov5 ?reads ( emotion :i* ent] into 8 life1 & unite 8 desires & activities ) ! functions ( ! l>g] organism ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( egoism to altruism z affect$ by x3 7a7 nature ( ! individual social1 ,sid5ote3 b n completely social4 ,! !ory ( evolution has ?us an important contribution to make to ! "q ( ! relation betwe5 egoism & altruism4 ,x has rema9$ = x to %[ hi/orically h[ ! individual is s connect$ ) ! community t ! good1 or ! pleasure1 ( ! "o _c be consid]$ ap>t f t ( ! o!r4 ,f ! non-evolutioni/ po9t ( view x 0 always op5 to %[ h[ ! individual dep5d$ on society1 h[ 8 wants c\ld only be suppli$ by x1 & h[ ! security & happ9ess ( e "o 7 b\nd up ) ^? ( 8 fell[s4 ,! individuali/ic !ory 0 ?us able to give all sorts ( egoi/ic reasons :y p %\ld indulge 9 :at is n[ call$ altrui/ic conduct4 ,self 0 se5 to be a poor c5tre = a man's actions1 & only *os5 by ! %ort-sight$ p]son1 :o !reby miss$ bo? ! good to himself t foll[$ f 8 neighb\rs' wellbe+1 & ! peculi> pleasure ( sympa?y & b5evol5t action4 ,b ! !ory ( evolution has %[n h[ ! two ?+s h develop$ toge!r 9 ! race3 fir/1 ! actual solid>ity betwe5 ! individual & ! :ole2 & secondly1 ! subjective reflection ( ! same fact1 sympa?y ) ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,:5 we ask1 !re=e1 :e!r x is our own pleasure 7or good7 or t ( o!rs t we ought to aim at1 we are po9t$ to ! gradual oblit]ation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! int]e/ & feel+s ( ! individual & ^? ( ! :ole4 ,7 ?is completely accompli%$1 !re ne$ be no m "q ab\t ! matt]4 ,if conduct ) an egoi/ic motive or aim always result$ 9 altrui/ic equally ) egoi/ic effects1 & if altrui/ic conduct _h always egoi/ic equally ) altrui/ic consequ5ces1 x w\ld ev5 !n be little m ?an va9 subtlety to ask :e!r egoism or altruism 0 to be ! real end ( conduct4 ,b if1 9 addition to ! id5tity ( int]e/s1 !re 7 also an id5tity ( motive or feel+1#aai ! "q w\ld be no long] 9 place at all4 ,= !re w\ld cease to be ei!r a subjective di/9ction 9 motive betwe5 egoism & altruism1 or an objective di/9ction 9 ! c\rses ( conduct to :i* !y l$4 ,& x is j because ?is id5tification is manife/ly incomplete--because nei!r ! int]e/s nor ! desires ( ! individual h>monise ) any degree ( exactness ) ^? ( 8 fell[s--t we mu/ exam9e h[ f> ! conception ( ! social organism is a true expression = ! connection ( individuals4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! individual & social organisms ,at mo/1 ! !ory ( organic evolution c make out t !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds ! id5tification ( ! int]e/s ( ! individual ) ^? ( society4 ,x _c demon/rate a complete id5tification4 ,! community has inde$ be5 call$ an organism1 & ! individual spok5 ( z a cell 9 ! tissue ( :i* x is compos$2 b we mu/ avoid press+ ?is analogy to ! po9t ( break+4 ,among s _m po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 society & an individual organism1 !re is "o ess5tial di/9ction1--! social organism has no feel+s & ?\ghts b ^? ( its individual memb]s--! consci\s c5tre is 9 ! unit1 n 9 ! :ole2 :]eas1 :5 we reg>d ! individual organism & its con/itu5t memb]s1 consci\sness is se5 to exi/ only 9 ! :ole1 n 9 ea* sev]al unit4 ,! abs5ce ( a social s5sorium#abj %\ld1 !re=e1 make u hesitate to id5tify ! ends ( individual ) ^? ( collective action4 ,e cell 9 ! individual body has a life-hi/ory ( its own1 besides p>tak+ ( ! life ( ! organism2 &1 did x possess ! reason :i* looks be=e & aft]1 x might probably adopt an egoi/ic attitude1 & object to ! subord9ation ( its private int]e/s to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! same way1 ! _m individual lives :i* make up ! social organism--s9ce ea* ( !m possesses a sep>ate consci\sness--are apt to disreg>d ! life ( ! l>g] :ole ^: memb]s !y are4 ,n[ :at ! !ory ( utilit>ianism requires is1 t ! happ9ess or pleasurable consci\sness ( ! community or ( ! race1 n t ( ! individual1 be made ! end2 & ^? :o make egoism ! end ( e?ics1 commonly ma9ta9 t ! g5]al happ9ess is ! end ( politics4#aba ,! individual is n inde$ requir$ to be entirely unselfi% or altrui/ic 9 action4 ,he is n altoge!r =bidd5 to seek 8 own ?+s1 nor enjo9$ to seek only ! ?+s ( o!rs2 & evolutioni/ utilit>ianism1 inde$1 w\ld tell him to seek 8 own happ9ess 9 ! happ9ess ( ! community4 ,b ! obvi\s rem>k mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t society1 ! social organism1 _c exp]i5ce happ9ess4 ,h[ev] x may resemble ! individual organism 9 ! mann] ( its gr[?1 ! modes ( its activity1 & ev5 its relation to its compon5t memb]s1 yet x _c feel pleasure or pa9 z an individual does4 ,! happ9ess ( ! community does n mean ! happ9ess ( ! social organism1 b is only a concise =mula = ! aggregate happ9esses ( ! individuals compos+ x4 ,sid5ote3 9 respect ( feel+4 ,:5 x is said1 !re=e--ei!r z a political or an e?ical !ory--t ! happ9ess ( society is ! end = conduct1 ! end prescrib$ is altrui/ic r ?an social4 ,its object is n an organism1 b an aggregate ( individuals4 ,a c]ta9 organisation ( society may lead to an increase 9 ?is aggregate happ9ess1 & s be necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( ! end2 b if ! end is happ9ess1 ! social organism & its wellbe+ are no long] ! ?+ c>$ =1 b ! greate/ aggregate ( pleasures on ! "p ( its memb]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory ( obligation simplifi$1 if univ]sali/ic end arriv$ at4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z ! end is pleasure1 x mu/ h ref]5ce to individuals4 ,! utilit>ian may try to p]suade ! ag5t to seek ! pleasures ( o!rs z if !y 7 8 own--requir+ him ?us to seek 8 end out ( himself1 & ! circle ( 8 own pleasures4 ,&1 :ile we cont9ue to hold pleasure to be ! end1 ! evolution-!ory c g no fur!r ?an ?is4 ,x seem$ to h made out an organic unity betwe5 diff]5t individuals1 ?r\gh :i* x might be possible to effect a reconciliation betwe5 ! rival e?ical pr9ciples ( egoism & altruism4 ,b ! feel+ ( pleasure is j ! po9t :]e individualism is /ronge/1 & 9 reg>d to :i* mank9d1 in/ead ( be+ an organism 9 :i* ea* "p b subs]ves ! purposes ( ! :ole1 mu/ r be reg>d$ z a collection ( compet+ & co-op]at+ units4 ,x is true t ! social factor 9 ! individual life is br\ght into sci5tific cognisance by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x %[s ! way 9 :i* 8 int]e/s & feel+s dep5d ^u o!rs4 ,& if1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a political /&po9t1 or ( "s intuition ( reason1 a univ]sali/ic e?ics has be5 already arriv$ at1 x c br+ =w>d ! organic union ( individual & society z a means ( en=c+ ! social end ^u ! individual ag5t4 ,9 ?is way ! !ory ( evolution makes a contribution to e?ics at a critical po9t :]e ! individuali/ !ory fail$4 ,= e?ics mu/ n re/ cont5t ) po9t+ out an end = conduct or /&>d ( morality1 )\t giv+ a reason to ! individual :y he %\ld make ?is end 8 own--t is1 develop+ a doctr9e ( obligation4 ,9 _m curr5t !ories1 notably 9 ! common =ms ( utilit>ianism1 ! two ?+s are n necess>ily connect$1 s9ce ! /&>d is fix$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole1 & obligation has ref]5ce to ! individual4 ,! developm5t ( morality may appe> to %[ h[ ! two /&po9ts c be connect$4 ,if x c\ld be made out t ! happ9ess ( ! community & ( ! individual are id5tical1 a /&>d ( morality :i* made ! aggregate happ9ess ! end might be reg>d$ z c>ry+ its own obligation )9 itself3 politics & e?ics w\ld 7on ! h$oni/ic !ory7 be h>monis$4 ,&1 9 s f> z evolution has br\ght ! individual & society into clos] reciprocal dep5d5ce1 x has less5$ ! practical difficulty ( br++ ab\t ?is conciliation1 or--to speak ) ! utilit>ians--( mak+ ! /&>d ( morality supply a doctr9e ( obligation4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! c\rse ( human developm5t is f> f hav+ rea*$ ! po9t at :i* actual h>mony betwe5 ! race & ea* memb] ( x is e/abli%$2 & x w\ld !re=e /ill be a subject = inquiry :e!r ! !ory ( evolution c\ld provide a basis = moral obligation1 ev5 7 ! moral /&>d or ! end = conduct satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,b1 9 det]m9+ ?is latt] "q1 we f9d t ! above psy*ological & sociological inve/igations h no long] ! same degree ( value z be=e4 ,9 ! !ory ( obligation1 e fact br\ght =w>d by evolution to %[ ! h>mony ( individual & social welf>e makes ! way easi] = e/abli%+ ! reasonabl5ess ( ! pursuit ( social ends by ! individual4 ,b f ^! facts ( pa/ developm5t we h also to det]m9e an end = pres5t & future action4 ,& ?is "q _c be solv$ m]ely by %[+ h[ morality has develop$1 ?\gh t developm5t may =m an important "p ( ! evid5ce f :i* our conclusions are to be drawn4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,limits to complete conciliation ( egoism & altruism3 ,sid5ote3 77 cont9u$ exi/5ce ( competition2 ,! h>mony ( int]e/s & ! h>mony ( feel+s requir$ = ! empirical reconciliation ( egoism & altruism is a condition :i* ne$s only to be /at$ to %[ h[ f> x is f be+ realis$ 9 pres5t circum/ances4 ,! con/ant /ruggle involv$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution ?r[s d\bt ev5 on its ultimate atta9m5t4 ,! rule has always be5 t ! bett]-equipp$ organism ass]ts & ma9ta9s its supremacy only by vanqui%+ ! organisms :i* are n s well equipp$4 ,conflict & competition h be5 con/ant factors 9 developm5t4 ,! pres5t circum/ances ( ! individual h be5 det]m9$ = him by ! w> ( ho/ile int]e/s betwe5 diff]5t communities1 & betwe5 diff]5t memb]s ( ! same community2 & 8 m5tal inh]itance has be5 l>gely =m$ by ! emotions correspond+ to ?is rivalry4 ,p]haps ! necessity = conflict has dim9i%$ ) ! advance ( evolution2 b x is /ill suffici5tly great to make competition "o ( ! *ief =mative influ5ces 9 indu/rial & political life4 ,& ! causes f :i* ! /ruggle ( int]e/s arises are s con/ant--! multiplication ( desires & ( desir+ individuals keeps s well 9 advance ( ! means ( satisfy+ desires--t x is d\btful :e!r ! c\rse ( evolution is fitt$ to br+ ab\t complete h>mony betwe5 diff]5t individuals4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem t ! mov+ equilibrium 9 human conduct1 9 :i* !re is no cla% ( div]se int]e/s1 _c be expect$ to be br\ght ab\t mu* be=e ! "t :5 ! physical factors ( ! univ]se h rea*$ ! /age 9 :i* evolution ends4 ,sid5ote3 77 diff]5t & conflict+ degrees ( altruism2 ,besides1 x does n d to speak z if ! only alt]native to egoism 7 a compreh5sive altruism4 ,man is a memb] ( a family1 a tribe1 a nation1 ! race4 ,8 altruism1 !re=e1 may take ! n>r[ =m ( family feel+1 or x may ext5d to tribal feel+1 or to patriotism1 or ev5 rise to devotion to humanity4 ,& ^! d n m]ely supplem5t "o ano!r3 !y are (t5 conflict+ pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,action = ! sake ( ! family may frequ5tly be mo/ unsocial2 ! ke5 patriot ignores ! rights ( o!r peoples2 ! citiz5 ( ! _w is too (t5 a /rang] to ! national _s4 ,fur!r1 :5 civilisation gr[s complex1 ! same man is a memb] ( _m int]sect+ societies--a *ur*1 a trade1 a p>ty organisation#abb--;& has to balance ! claims :i* ea* ( ^! has ^u him4 ,! sublation ( egoism w\ld /ill leave to be det]m9$ ! diff]5t %>es :i* ^! v>i\s social :oles h 9 a man's sympa?ies1 & _! diff]5t claims ^u 8 conduct4 ,sid5ote3 77 ! altruism ( int]e/ & ! altruism ( motive2 ,any !ory ( society w %[ h[ ! good ( ! individual is n m]ely a "p ( ! good ( ! :ole1 b reacts 9 v>i\s ways ^u ! organism ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,b1 9 ! case ( any "o individual1 ! results ( acts done = 8 own good 7or pleasure71 & ! results ( ^? done = ! good 7or pleasure7 ( ! :ole1 d n correspond ) any exactness1 & (t5 widely div]ge4 ,if1 !n1 ! individual is consci\sly aim+ at 8 own good 7or pleasure71 x is--if we look f ! po9t ( view ( individuali/ic e?ics--only an incid5tal & =tuit\s result ( ! action :5 x promotes ! common good4 ,:5 we recognise ! social factor 9 ! individual1 ?is judgm5t mu/ be modifi$4 ,! evolution-!ory %[s h[ he has become s con/itut$ t mu* t pleases him individually1 mu/ ( necessity b5efit society at l>ge4 ,b !re are obvi\s limits to ! h>mony4 ,! pleasure or int]e/ ( ! individual is (t5 ! rev]se ( advantage\s to society4 ,x may be ! case t 9 seek+ 8 own private ends1 he is yet1 to use ! words ( ,adam ,smi?1 l$ by an invisible h& to promote an end :i* 0 no "p ( 8 int5tion4#abc ,b1 if s1 ! end is invisible z well z ! h& t po9ts to x4 ,& ! good ( society c be said to be ! natural & uni=m consequ5ce ( ! individual's action1 only :5 he consci\sly makes x 8 end4 ,9 a ^w1 ! true altruism--or1 z we might call x1 us+ a ^w appropriat$ to ano!r purpose--! true socialism is :5 ! good ( o!rs or ( society is pursu$ = its own sake2 & ?is is to be di/+ui%$ f ! false or imp]fect altruism1 9 :i* ! same outw>d result is aim$ at1 because x is se5 to be ! mo/ prud5t way ( promot+ "o's own good4 ,?us ,mr ,sp5c]'s elaborate argum5t#abd to %[ t conduct ( purely egoi/ic t5d5cy1 equally ) conduct ( purely altrui/ic t5d5cy1 is insuffici5t & self-de/ructive1 does n rea* beyond ! ext]nal results ( action1 & leaves x possible = bo? end & motive to be /ill egoi/ic4 ,if morality is int]nal1#abe ! discussion proves no e?ical proposition at all4 ,! egoism ( ext]nal prud5ce may inde$ be transc5d$ by recognis+ t ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!rs are s\rces ( sympa!tic feel+ 9 ourselves4 ,b a subjective or emotional egoism rema9s4 ,& if ! fact t we receive pleasure f ! pleasure ( ano!r man#abf is our reason = seek+ 8 pleasure1 we %all cease to seek x :5 a means ( great] pleasure (f]s4 ,9 human life z at pres5t con/itut$1 no secure pr9ciple ( conduct c be bas$ on ! agreem5t ( individual ) social good2 =1 if !y div]ge1 z !y (t5 d1 !re is no /&>d left = det]m9+ _! compet+ claims4 ,sid5ote3 77 altrui/ic feel+s weak1 ,x w n d to divide all m51 z ,mr ,/eph5 seems to d1#abg into two classes1 typifi$ by ! reasonable & !re=e sympa!tic man :o has /ruck a b>ga9 ) society to take common /ock ( pa9s & pleasures1 & ! sy/ematically selfi% man :o mu/ be an idiot4 ,= mo/ m5 belong to nei!r ( ^? two classes3 _! b>ga9 ) society has n be5 fully complet$1 & c be )drawn f tempor>ily :5 circum/ances make )drawal conv5i5t1 ?\gh ?is process _c be c>ri$ on indef9itely )\t greatly weak5+ ! sympa!tic feel+s4 ,! majority ( m5 are nei!r entirely sympa!tic nor yet sy/ematically selfi%3 !y are unsy/ematically sympa!tic & unsy/ematically selfi%4 ,su* m5 h ! s5sibilities t give lev]age to ! morali/4#abh ,b x is futile to tell !m to be m sympa!tic1 or entirely sympa!tic4 ,= sympa!tic feel+s _c be produc$ at w3 !y c only come ) t sl[ modification ( ! "* br\ght ab\t by conduct4 ,%all we !n say t a man %\ld 9 all cases ( conduct pref] ! pleasure ( ! :ole or ( o!rs to 8 own pleasure8 ,if a man 7 to d s1 !n p]haps1 by consi/5t self-abnegation1 altruism might become pleasant1 & bo? ! man himself & 8 desc5dants become m sympa!tically con/itut$8 ,?is p]fection ( altrui/ic sympa?ies is look$ =w>d to by ,mr ,sp5c] z *>act]i/ic ( a subsequ5t--! f9al--/age ( evolution4 ,:5 t p]iod comes1 m5 w compete ) "o ano!r = ! few rema9+ opportunities ( self-sacrifice4#abi ,at pres5t1 ,mr ,sp5c] argues1 pure altruism is suicidal4 ,! individual ^: sympa!tic nature is undevelop$ may1 h[ev]1 g fur!r1 & ask :at "r we h to say t ! moral law is con=mity to ! conditions ( social welf>e1#acj r ?an to ^? ( individual welf>e8 ,evolution1 x w\ld seem1 does n suffice to prove ?is proposition1 :i* appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 to be a survival ( ! social or political way ( look+ at ?+s inh]it$ f ! utilit>ian !ory4 ,b ! po9t to be prov$ is :y ,i ought to adopt ?is /&po9t :5 consid]+ :at ! end ( my action is to be4 ,& ?is po9t /&s 9 ne$ ( pro( "h z mu* z 9 utilit>ianism1 & seems almo/ equally de/itute ( x4 ,sid5ote3 & may be re/ra9$ by reflection4 ,feel+s lead+ to altrui/ic conduct are und\bt$ly possess$ by ! av]age man at 8 pres5t /age ( developm5t4 ,yet ! be+ :o is able to reflect on ! feel+s possess$ by him1 & comp>e ! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t emotional /ates1 & ! activities foll[+ f !m1 has already be=e him ! possibility ( transc5d+ !m4 ,he is able to e/imate _! value 9 t]ms ( simpl]--or ( o!r--feel+s2 & ! man :o rigor\sly does s by ! te/ ( p]sonal pleasure & pa9 manife/s ! _s ( ! egoi/ic h$oni/--a _s :i* ! !ory ( empirical evolution does n seem able to exorcise4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,t5d5cy ( evolution to supplant egoism4 ,evolution n ! basis ( psy*ological h$onism1 ,at ! same "t ! t5d5cy ( ! evolution-!ory is n to support b to supplant egoism4 ,nei!r ! basis ( psy*ological h$onism on :i* egoism is usually made to re/1 nor ! indep5d5t argum5ts :i* h be5 urg$ = its e?ical !ory1 are drawn f ! facts ( developm5t4 ,! !ory ( evolution may1 inde$1 be made to sugge/ t non-h$oni/ic action has aris5 out ( h$oni/ic3 ,t all affections are g5]at$ by association ) exp]i5c$ pleasure--only t ! association is ma9ly ance/ral 9 ! case ( 'affections' prop]4 ,! dim remembrance ( ance/ral pleasures1 ! =ce ( ance/ral habit1 produces t prop5sion ( :i* ,butl] speaks1 disproportionate to 7di/9ct7 expectation & 7p]sonal7 exp]i5ce ( pleasure4#aca ,b ?is view w be reject$ by ! pure egoi/1#acb :o mu/ ma9ta9 t ! pa9 ( act+ contr>y to ance/ral habit w\ld 9 e case be great] ?an ! expect$ pleasure =egone by foll[+ x4 ,accord+ to ! view sugge/$1 all delib]ate volition w\ld /ill be reg>d$ z h$oni/ically det]m9$1 ?\gh o!r motives ?an pleasure may affect action ?r\gh hav+ be5 inh]it$ f cases ( ance/ral conduct 9 :i* !y t5d$ to p]sonal pleasure4 ,ev5 7 x %[n1 h[ev]1 t altrui/ic conduct has be5 develop$ out ( egoi/ic1 ! fact ( its developm5t w\ld n alt] its pres5t *>act]i/ic4 ,if action n[ is n always mov$ by pleasure & pa9 alone1 x becomes a "q ( m]ely hi/orical int]e/ to trace its g5esis to conduct to :i* our ance/ors 7 h$oni/ically impell$4 ,! fact rema9s t ! orig9al simplicity ( motive has be5 brok5 into1 & some?+ else ?an p]sonal pleasure admitt$ to h sway4 ,b x does n seem to h be5 made out t action 9 ! e>ly /ages ( human life 0 completely egoi/ic1 any m ?an t x is s n[4 ,f fir/ to la/1 z ,mr ,sp5c] puts x1#acc self-sacrifice seems to h be5 involv$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ea* successive g5]ation ( individuals4 ,we inh]it prop5sities to action :i* h be5 evolv$ f an initial /age 9 :i* !re 0 no consci\s di/9ction betwe5 egoism & altruism1 ?\gh bo? t5d5cies 7 pres5t & 7 necess>y = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! species4 ,! feel+s inh]it$ by ! egoi/ic h$oni/ are assess$ by him at _! pleasure-value4 ,b su* feel+s w\ld nev] h be5 acquir$ by 8 ance/ors1 _h !y te/$ ea* g]m9al emotion 9 ! same way1 & s re/ra9$ self-sacrifice = (fspr+ & fell[-m54 ,p]haps !y did n cle>ly see or realise :at _! pleasure consi/$ 91 or accurately di/+ui% x f family or tribal welf>e2 b1 ?r\gh ?is defici5cy ( imag9ation1 ! feel+s 7 able to gr[ & p]petuate !mselves1 :i* h t5d$ to ! pres]vation & consolidation ( society4 ,sid5ote3 nor ( e?ical h$onism4 ,nor c we ga!r f evolution any e?ical argum5t lead+ to egoism z ! pr9ciple or end = conduct2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! pro( attempt$ by ! late ,mr ,b>ratt is unaffect$ by 8 recognition ( ! !ory ( evolution z appli$ to m9d1 dep5d+ on def9itions & axioms :i* hold 7if at all7 = ! individual man4 ,pleasure is def9$ by him z t /ate ( consci\sness :i* foll[s ^u ! unimp$$ p]=mance 7z su*7 ( its function by "o or m ( ! p>ts ( our organism2#acd & ! good is =?) id5tifi$ ) pleasure1 by its be+ %[n t x is a /ate ( consci\sness1 & t x results f ! due p]=mance ( function 7z su*74#ace ,b ! due#acf p]=mance ( function is itself a /ate or /ates ( consci\sness2 & 9 x1 n 9 any sequ5t or concomitant circum/ances1 ! good may consi/4 ,! good1 we may say1 is n pleasure1 b ! 7en]geia7 ( :i* pleasure is only ! consequ5t or completion4 ,?is is n a m]e "q ( words4 ,= due p]=mance ( function _c be measur$ by ! resultant or accompany+ feel+ ( pleasure3 ! mo/ p]fect function+1 j because x has become habitual1 has (t5 ! slighte/ accompanim5t ( pleasant feel+4 ,! way 9 :i* ! argum5t is put 9 ',physical ,e?ics' is ?us well fitt$ to br+ out ! fundam5tal anti!sis betwe5 e?ical sy/ems accord+ z !y place ! good 9 ! active elem5t ( function1 or 9 ! passive elem5t ( pleasurable feel+ :i* accompanies function+4 ,! !ory ( evolution seems to h l$ _m ( ! writ]s :o h appli$ x to e?ics to ! o!r side ( ! anti!sis ?an t adh]$ to by ,mr ,b>ratt4 ,!y recognise e?ical value z belong+ to due p]=mance ( function1 r ?an to ! pleas$ /ates ( consci\sness :i* foll[2 & 9 ?is way _! !ory leads !m beyond h$oni/ic e?ics4#acg ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,be>+ ( ! !ory ( evolution on utilit>ianism ,x has be5 argu$ t ! !ory ( evolution is1 9 t5d5cy1 ho/ile to ! egoi/ic pr9ciple4 ,_h egoism be5 consi/5tly recognis$ & act$ ^u dur+ ! c\rse ( human developm5t1 ! features ( social life :i* mo/ promote co-op]ation & progress w\ld nev] h become p]si/5t4 ,b ! same objection _c be urg$ aga9/ univ]sali/ic h$onism4 ,x is true t ?is has n be5 ! end consi/5tly aim$ at 9 ! pa/4 ,^? f :om our social in/9cts are inh]it$ _c be cr$it$ ) hav+ _h ei!r ! g5]al happ9ess or social evolution 9 view4 ,society & in/itutions fur!r+ ! common good 7 n ! "w ( primitive utilit>ians plott+ = ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,!y h come d[n to u f times :5 social organisation 0 =c$ ^u m5 by ! rude logic ( facts :i* ext]m9at$ tribes 9 :i* ! bond ( union 0 weak2 & !y h be5 gradually modifi$ by ! pressure ( ext]nal circum/ances & ! gr[+ influ5ce ( m5tal conceptions ( :at is be/4 ,b ! adoption ( g5]al happ9ess z ! end ( action w\ld n h _h ! same effect on social evolution1 z ! adoption ( p]sonal happ9ess z ! end w\ld h _h4 ,x w\ld h aid$ & n h h9d]$ ! gr[? ( ! feel+ ( unity among ! memb]s ( a tribe or /ate1 z well z h l$ to ! recognition ( ! individual z subord9ate to ! social organism4 ,x may ?us seem q natural to look to utilit>ianism z giv+ ! end = reflective action1 & yet to hold along ) x :at is loosely call$ ! e?ics ( evolution4 ,sid5ote3 has l$ to its modification ,sid5ote3 9 me?od1 ,b ?is fir/ attitude ( evolution to utilit>ianism 0 n fitt$ to be p]man5t2 & ! />t#ach ,mr ,sp5c] got on be+ class$ ) anti-utilit>ians mu/ h be5 repeat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( o!r morali/s z !y f\nd !mselves drift+ f _! anci5t moor+s4 ,mr ,sp5c]'s diff]5ce f ! utilit>ians is n su* z to lead him to reject or modify _! pr9ciple4 ,he ma9ta9s1 z /rongly z !y d1 t ! ultimately supreme end is happ9ess special & g5]al4#aci ,b he disagrees ) !m 9 me?od1 hold+ t1 ow+ to ! incomm5surability ( a man's diff]5t pleasures & pa9s1 & to ! incomm5surability ( ! pleasures & pa9s ( "o man ) ^? ( o!rs1 c\pl$ ) ! indet]m9at5ess ( ! means requir$ to rea* s indet]m9ate an end1 happ9ess is n fitt$ to be ! imm$iate aim ( conduct4#adj ,b ano!r me?od is op5 to u4 ,= s9ce evolution has be51 & is /ill1 work+ t[>ds ! highe/ life1 x foll[s t con=m+ to ^? pr9ciples by :i* ! highe/ life is a*iev$1 is fur!r+ t end4#ada ,x is possible to d$uce1 f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :at k9ds ( action necess>ily t5d to produce happ9ess1 & :at k9ds to produce unhapp9ess4#adb ,greate/ pleasure1 t is to say1 is ! end4 ,b x is s impossible to comp>e diff]5t k9ds ( pleasure1 diff]5t p's pleasure1 & diff]5t means = obta9+ a maximum ( x1 t x is n a practical end = aim+ at4 ,no d\bt is express$ t greate/ happ9ess is ! ultimate end2 al?\gh no good reason is giv5 = hold+ t x is4 ,b x is an indet]m9ate end1 & ne$s to be int]pret$ by ! c\rse ( evolution :i* is held to t5d to x4 ,x is n too mu* to say1 !re=e1 t ,mr ,sp5c] is only nom9ally a utilit>ian4 ,8 e?ical pr9ciples are n arriv$ at by an e/imate ( ! consequ5ces ( action1 b by d$uction f ! laws ( t highe/ life :i* is n[ 9 process ( evolution4 ,?is alliance betwe5 evolutionism & h$onism w be exam9$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,at pres5t x is necess>y to consid] ! reasons :i* h l$ o!r evolutioni/s to look ^u ! new morality z sup]s$+ ! utilit>ian end4 ,sid5ote3 & 9 pr9ciple4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,ideal ( utilit>ianism object$ to z unprogressive4 ,mr ,sp5c]'s diss5t f ! doctr9e ( utility1 z commonly und]/ood1 conc]ns1 he tells u1#adc n ! object to be rea*$ by m51 b ! me?od ( rea*+ x4 ,9 o!r writ]s1 h[ev]1 ! !ory ( evolution has n only supplant$ ! me?od ( utilit>ianism1 b also l$ to a modification ( its pr9ciple4 ,! objections !y h tak5 to x may p]haps be summ$ up by say+ t !y consid] utilit>ianism to look ^u conduct f a me*anical1 in/ead ( f an organic po9t ( view4 ,x prescrib$ conduct to a man z if he 7 a ma*9e ) a c]ta9 k9d & quantity ( "w to turn out4 ,8 nature 0 look$ ^u by x z fix$1 & 8 social conditions z unv>y+2 & ! ideal set be=e him 0 !re=e unprogressive--some?+ t he 0 to d or to get1 n some?+ t he 0 to become4 ,if consi/5tly appli$1 x has be5 rec5tly argu$1 utilit>ianism seems irrevocably committ$ to a /]eotyp$ & unprogressive ideal4#add ,accord+ to ,mr ,/eph51 x consid]s society to be =m$ ( an aggregate ( simil> human be+s4 ,! "* ( ea* molecule is reg>d$ z con/ant4 ,x c1 !re=e1 give a te/ :i* is approximately accurate only1 :i* does n all[ = ! v>iation ( "* & ( social relations4#ade ,to ! same effect ,miss ,simcox ma9ta9s t x might pass mu/] 9 a !ory ( social /atics1 b x breaks d[n altoge!r if we seek its help to con/ruct a !ory ( social dynamics4#adf ,^! writ]s d n seem to h made x q cle>1 h[ev]1 9 :at way utilit>ianism assumes a /ation>y condition ( human nature1 & s =mulates conduct 9 a way unsuit$ to a progressive /ate4 ,to say simply t ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] is ! end1 is n 9 itself inconsi/5t ) a progressive /ate ( human nature4 ,x is true t1 9 all ! en?usiasm = & belief 9 progress to be se5 9 a writ] su* z ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 !re is a con/ant goal always set to x 9 ! possible maximum ( pleasant feel+4 ,x w\ld n h be5 inconsi/5t = him1 h[ev]1 to look ^u human nature z capable ( develop+ new susceptibilities = pleasure4 ,progress is made by increas+ ! am\nt ( pleasure actually got4 ,& s f>1 ! ideal itself is c]ta9ly fix$1 :ile progress consi/s 9 its gradual realisation4 ,b !re is no special virtue 9 hav+ an ideal :i* is itself progressive4 ,a progressive ideal simply means an ideal :i* is incompletely compreh5d$1 & ! compreh5sion ( :i* proce$s gradually ) its realisation4 ,at any "t ! def9ition ( su* an ideal c only be t5tative3 ) ! actual assimilation ( "* to x1 ! intellect comes to grasp its nature ) increas+ cle>ness4 ,i d n myself ?9k t we c expect to h m ?an su* a t5tative & progressive compreh5sion ( ! moral ideal ( humanity4 ,b we mu/ n take objection to a !ory because x gives at once a cle> & def9ite view ( ! f9al end ( conduct3 ?\gh we mu/ n refra9 f inquir+ h[ ! end is kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,=ce ( ! objection :5 attempt made to int]pret greate/ happ9ess1 ,sid5ote3 by %[+ ! way 9 :i* m5 c obta9 happ9ess1 ,b ! be>+ ( ! objection to utilit>ianism becomes app>5t :5 we try to give "s def9ite mean+ to ! end greate/ happ9ess4 ,if we are cont5t to receive x z simply a v g5]al--or r ab/ract--expression = our ideal1 no?+ ne$ be said1 except to put ! "q1 :i* has be5 already ask$1 ,h[ we came by su* an ideal8 ,! difficulty arises :5 we attempt to apply ! ideal to practice4 ,) m5 ( fix$ "* 9 an un*ang+ society1 our way might be comp>atively cle>4 ,b1 :5 bo? "* & social relations v>y1 & _! v>iation ext5ds to susceptibility to pleasure & pa91 & dep5ds on ! actions adopt$ to obta9 ! end1 utilit>ianism may well appe> to be )\t a pr9ciple by :i* to det]m9e betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( conduct4 ,to an objection simil> to ?is1 b tak5 f ! old po9t ( view1 t we h no "t be=e act+ to sum up ! pleasurable & pa9ful consequ5ces ( our actions1 ,mill repli$ t !re _h be5 ample "t--namely1 ! :ole pa/ duration ( ! human species#adg--;9 :i* to e/imate ! felicific results ( conduct4 ,! v>iability ( faculty & function makes ?is answ] lack conv9c+ p[]4 ,yet1 p]haps1 we are apt at pres5t to disreg>d ! real value ( ?is collective exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,true1 human nature is n a con/ant2 yet c]ta9 ( its qualities are p]si/5t & con/ant en\gh n to leave u 9 d\bt z to :e!r1 say1 murd] & !ft are b5eficial or injuri\s to happ9ess4 ,!re are at lea/ c]ta9 actions1 &1 /ill m1 c]ta9 ab/5tions1 ^u :i* human security--! basis ( happ9ess--dep5ds4 ,b x w\ld seem t ^? second>y laws may be m prop]ly reg>d$ z conditions ( life ?an means to pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 & a maximum ( x4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 comes mo/ cle>ly to ! front :5 we attempt to def9e ! maximum1 & t n = an individual or g5]ation only1 b = ! race4 ,x is n happ9ess m]ely1 b greate/ happ9ess1 t is ! utilit>ian end4 ,is !re any way1 !n1 ( det]m9+ h[ ! maximum ( happ9ess is to be obta9$ = g5]ations ^: *>act]s1 ?\gh inh]it$ f pres5t individuals1 may be modifi$ almo/ indef9itely8 ,! v exi/5ce & numb]s ( ^! future g5]ations are problematic2 & ,mill1 z is well kn[n1 sp5t mu* ( 8 en]gy 9 try+ to conv9ce ! pres5t g5]ation to re/rict ! numb]s ( ! next4 ,ev5 on ! fundam5tal "q z to :e!r happ9ess is to be obta9$ by ! re/riction ( desires or by ! satisfaction :i* leads to _! recurr5ce & increase1 no pr9ciple c be extract$ f utilit>ian e?ics4 ,! !ory ( evolution has %[n h[ desires may be uproot$ 9 ! "* ( ! race1 ?\gh !y rema9 to ! end 9 ! pres5t individuals2 b 9 ea* case utilit>ianism w\ld require u to sum up & e/imate ! relative advantages ( r5unciation & satisfaction1--a problem :i* ! modifiability ( human "* seems to make impracticable4 ,?us1 ev5 if c]ta9 rules ( liv+ may be asc]ta9$1 & ju/ifi$ by ! utilit>ian pr9ciple1 x w\ld seem t ! end ( greate/ happ9ess = ! race ( man1 or ! s5ti5t creation g5]ally1 mu/ rema9 ab/ract4 ,!re seems no pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* x may be appli$ to conduct--no hope ( an accurate e/imate ( results--:5 ! v>iability ( ! individual & ( social relations is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,objection to utilit>ianism z a !ory ( consequ5ces2 ,connect$ ) ?is is ! ass]tion t morality mu/ h an inw>d1 n an ext]nal /&>d4 ,! evolutioni/s are incl9$ to condemn utilit>ianism z a !ory ( consequ5ces1 deal+ solely ) "w produc$4 ,accord+ to ,mill1 utilit>ian morali/s h gone beyond almo/ all o!rs 9 affirm+ t ! motive has no?+ to d ) ! morality ( ! action1 ?\gh mu* ) ! wor? ( ! ag5t4#adh ,& ?is seems to be j :at evolutionism objects to4 ,ev5 ! wor? ( ! ag5t is1 accord+ to utilit>ianism1 only a t5d5cy to p]=m ! actions call$ moral3 a good or a bad disposition is said to be a b5t ( "* f :i* useful or f :i* hurtful actions are likely to arise4#adi ,aga9/ ?is view ,mr ,/eph5 ma9ta9s t ! attempt to secure an absolute & immutable moral law 9 its ext]nal %ape mu/ be illusory4 ,! moral law c be /at$ unconditionally :5 x is /at$ 9 ! =m ',be ?is1' b n :5 x is /at$ 9 ! =m ',d ?is4'#aej ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to express ! matt] 9 a way n free f difficulty4 ,! organic view ( conduct w object n only to consid]+ action ap>t f "*1 b also to consid]+ "* ap>t f action4 ,we mu/ treat conduct z a :ole3 &1 9 ord] to d s1 we mu/ treat x z bo? aris+ out ( & =m+ "*2 & we mu/ treat "* n z m]e pot5tiality1 b z x realises itself 9 conduct4 ,! weakness ( ! utilit>ian !ory is its me?od ( treat+ actions m]ely 9 respect ( _! results3 ! evolutioni/ mu/ %[ h[ results are connect$ ) motives1--h[ "* & conduct are diff]5t aspects ( a :ole4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 & z relat$ solely to s5sibility1 ,sid5ote3 ( :i* !re is no common measure4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! evolutioni/ view f utilit>ianism comes out at ano!r po9t4 ,! latt] places ! /&>d & te/ ( conduct 9 its effects on ! s5sibility4 ,! be/ is t :i* br+s mo/ pleasure4 ,utilit>ians are n[1 = ! mo/ "p1 ready to admit t1 to be 9 e>ne/ ) _! !ory1 !y mu/ reject ,mill's attempt to di/+ui% qualities among pleasures4 ,if morality is to be def9$ by happ9ess1 we mu/1 ( c\rse1 all[ all k9ds ( happ9ess to c\nt1 & to c\nt equally s f> z !y are actually equal4 ,we mu/ reckon ! pleasures ( malevol5ce z well z ^? ( b5evol5ce4#aea ,( 8 own pleasures--( ! relative am\nts ( pleasure he gets f v>i\s s\rces--ea* man is ! f9al judge4 ,"o man pref]s pu%-p9 to poetry1 ano!r poetry to pu%-p92 & nei!r has a "r to call ! o!r mi/ak54 ,if we are to aim at ! greate/ maximum pleasure1 !re=e1 we mu/ n /rive = :at are commonly call$ high pleasures r ?an l[ pleasures1 except z great] 9 int5sity4 ,if we mu/ h a /&>d1 ! judgm5t ( ! 7phronimos7 = :i* ,mill cont5d$ mu/ be sup]s$$ by ! judgm5t ( ! av]age man4 ,if pleasure is ! only end1 & satisfaction is simply ano!r "n = x1 !n x is pla9ly incorrect to say t x is bett] to be a human be+ dissatisfi$ ?an a pig satisfi$2 bett] to be ,socrates dissatisfi$ ?an a fool satisfi$4#aeb ,z has be5 urg$ f ! evolutioni/ po9t ( view1 !re is no common measure ( happ9ess to enable u to say t ! m p]fect be+ enjoys m ( x ?an ! less4#aec ,!re seems "o way only 9 :i* utilit>ianism c br+ its moral ideal into h>mony ) ! upw>d t5d5cy claim$ = itself by evolutioni/ e?ics--& t is1 by ma9ta9+ t ! pleasures incid5t to :at are reg>d$ z ! high] functions are ! pleasures :i* excel o!rs 9 respect ( fecundity3 !y are ! s\rce ( future pleasures1 & are frequ5tly inexclusive ev5 9 _! pres5t enjoym5t4 ,! difficulty 9 mak+ ?is ass]tion is j t ^! high] pleasures are b slightly appreciat$ by ! majority ( m51 & c h>dly be said to be pleasures = !m at all4 ,b "h ! !ory ( evolution1 ^: adh]5ts h be5 act+ ! "p ( ! c&id fri5d to utilit>ianism1 mu/ come to its aid1 & admit t human nature may be s modifi$ 9 ! future z to all[ ( ! highe/ becom+ also ! greate/ ( pleasures4 ,! argum5t 9 ! m\? ( ! utilit>ian is p]haps a some:at arbitr>y "o1 s9ce x c\ld be appli$ equally well to any class ( pleasures4 ,! notion ( high]1 z appli$ ei!r to conduct or to pleasure1 has be5 accept$ f curr5t moral op9ion4 ,b ! !ory ( evolution has set itself to expla9 ?is notion1 & to develop a !ory ( morality 9 h>mony ) its own sci5tific positions1 & free f ! defects :i* x has f\nd 9 o!r sy/ems4 ,h[ f> x contributes to ! det]m9ation ( ! e?ical end w =m ! subject ( inve/igation 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,footnotes3 #aae ,cf4 ,miss ,cobbe1 9 ',d>w9ism 9 ,morals1 & o!r ,essays' 7#ahgb71 p4 #e4 #aaf ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,,iii4 i4 #d1 #c;d ed41 p4 #baa4 #aag ,cf4 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,pollock1 ,evolution & ,e?ics--,m9d1 i4 pp4 #cce ff4 ,ap>t f ! be>+ ( a utilit>ian te/ on inh]it$ in/9cts1 to :i* ,mr ,pollock ref]s1 ,i h tri$ to %[ :at mean+ !y w h = ! evolutioni/ :o judges !m solely f ! po9t ( view ( 8 !ory4 #aah ,trait des s5sations1 uvres 7#agih71 vol4 iii4 #aai ,x is to a condition ( ?is sort t a phrase su* z ,clif=d's tribal self 7,lectures & ,essays1 ii4 #aaa7 w\ld apply4 #abj ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #dgi4 #aba ,cf4 ,b>ratt1 ,e?ics & ,politics--,m9d1 ii4 #dec ff4 #abb ,cf4 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aac4 #abc ,weal? ( ,nations1 book iv4 *4 ii4 #abd ,data ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 xiii4 #abe ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aee2 cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #abj4 #abf ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bbf4 #abg ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bfc4 #abh ,cf4 ,ibid41 p4 #ddb4 #abi ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bec #acj ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cdi4 #aca ,f4 ,y4 ,edgewor?1 ,old & ,new ,me?ods ( ,e?ics 7#ahgg71 p4 #aa4 #acb ,cf4 ,a4 ,b>ratt1 ,m9d1 iii4 #bhj4 #acc ,data ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 xii4 #acd ,physical ,e?ics1 p4 #ab4 #ace ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 #acf ,9 ! ^w due an idea ( wor? is involv$4 ,probably ,mr ,b>ratt meant by due p]=mance "o :i* made ! faculty correspond ) its m$ium 7cf4 ,physical ,e?ics1 p4 #i72 b ?is introduces a new /&>d ( value4 #acg ,! transition involv$ 9 pass+ f pleasure to p]=mance ( function or life z ! end ( conduct1 may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ passage f ,mr ,pat]'s ',m>ius ! ,epicurean' 7#ahhe1 i4 #afc73 ,really1 to ! phase ( reflection ?r\gh :i* ,m>ius 0 !n pass+1 ! *>ge ( 'h$onism1' :atev] its real weight might be1 0 n prop]ly applicable at all4 ,n pleasure1 b fulness ( life1 & 'insight' z conduct+ to t fulness--en]gy1 *oice & v>iety ( exp]i5ce--includ+ noble pa9 & sorr[ ev5--loves su* z ^? 9 ! exquisite old /ory ( ,apuleius2 su* s9c]e & /r5u\s =ms ( ! moral life1 z ,s5eca & ,epictetus--:atev] =m ( human life1 9 %ort1 0 impassion$ & ideal3 x 0 f ?is t ! 'new ,cyr5aicism' ( ,m>ius took its crit]ion ( values4 ,x 0 a !ory1 inde$1 :i* might rightly be reg>d$ z 9 a great degree co9cid5t ) ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ! ,/oics !mselves1 & a v]sion ( ! precept ',:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) all ?y might'--a doctr9e s widely applicable among ! nobl] spirits ( t "t2 & z ) t its mi/ak5 t5d5cy w\ld lie 9 ! direction ( a k9d ( idolatry ( m]e life1 or natural gift or /r5g?--l'idoltrie des tal5ts4 #ach ,! note 9 "q greatly />tl$ me by implicitly class+ me ) anti-utilit>ians4 ,i h nev] reg>d$ myself z an anti-utilit>ian4--,mr ,sp5c]'s lett] to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 pr9t$ 9 ,ba9's ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #gba4 #aci ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #agc2 cf4 p4 #cj4 #adj ,ibid41 pp4 #aed1 #aee4 #ada ,ibid41 p4 #aga4 #adb ,lett] to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #eg4 #adc ,lett] to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 ,ba9's ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #gba4 #add ,j4 ,t4 ,punnet1 ,e?ical ,alt]natives--,m9d1 x4 #ie4 #ade ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cfc4 #adf ,natural ,law3 ,an ,essay 9 ,e?ics 7#ahgg71 p4 #aja4 #adg ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #cd4 #adh ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bf4 #adi ,ibid41 p4 #bg n4 #aej ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #che4 #aea ,ibid41 p4 #cfa4 #aeb ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #ad4 #aec ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 p4 #aja4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,h$onism ,,& ,,evolutionism4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,alliance ( evolutionism & h$onism effect$ 9 two ways3 ,! alliance betwe5 ,evolutionism & ,h$onism may be arriv$ at f ei!r ( ! two po9ts ( view :i* are be+ br\ght into connection3 may be ei!r an attempt to br+ ! h$oni/ic end into ! def9ite region ( law reveal$ by ! evolution ( life2 or may result f ! endeav\r to give cle>ness & p]suasiv5ess to an e?ical end :i* evolution itself seems to po9t to4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 greate/ happ9ess to be obta9$ by con=m+ to laws ( life or ( evolution2 ,! =m] po9t ( view is repres5t$ 9 ,mr ,sp5c]'s rejection ( empirical utilit>ianism1 & sub/itution = x ( a practical end :i* is n enunciat$ 9 t]ms ( pleasure4 ,happ9ess is /ill reg>d$ by him z ! supreme end2 b ! t5d5cy to x is n to be adopt$ z ! end 9 practical morality4 ,!re are c]ta9 conditions to social equilibrium :i* mu/ be fulfill$ be=e complete life--t is1 greate/ happ9ess--c be obta9$ 9 any society4#aed ,?us ! =m ( rational utilit>ianism :i* he endeav\rs to e/abli% does n take welf>e = its imm$iate object ( pursuit1 b con=mity to c]ta9 pr9ciples :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 causally det]m9e welf>e4#aee ,hav+ d$uc$ f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce :at k9ds ( action necess>ily t5d to produce happ9ess1 & :at k9ds to produce unhapp9ess1 we are to recognise ^! d$uctions z laws ( conduct 444 irrespective ( a direct e/imation ( happ9ess or mis]y4#aef ,! assumption is ?us di/9ctly made t ! t5d5cy ( life is to happ9ess1 & t ! laws ( its evolution yield practical pr9ciples by foll[+ out :i* ! greate/ happ9ess may be obta9$1 )\t attempt+ ! impossible task ( e/imat+ directly ! felicific & infelicific results ( conduct4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 e?ical end ( evolution int]pret$ by pleasure4 ,/>t+ ) ! evolutioni/ po9t ( view1 b ) an opposite e/imate ( ! relative value = practice ( ! ends suppli$ by evolutionism & by h$onism1 a l id5tification ( !m might seem advisable4 ,! increase ( life to :i* evolution t5ds may be reg>d$ z n m]ely an acc\nt ( ! actual process ( exi/5ce1 b z a pr9ciple ( action = a consci\s be+4 ,9 ?is way "s su* e?ical imp]ative z ,be a self-consci\s ag5t 9 ! evolution ( ! univ]se#aeg may be =mulat$4 ,yet z ! evolution ( ! univ]se is a some:at l>ge conception1 & its laws are n cle> to e "o1 x may seem necess>y t ! end %\ld be expla9$ by translation into bett]-kn[n t]ms4 ,& ?is may be done if ! conduct :i* promotes life mo/ is1 at ! same "t1 ! conduct :i* increases pleasure mo/4 ,9 ?is way1 al?\gh ! ultimate end is life1 or1 9 va/] phrase1 ! evolution ( ! univ]se1 ! practical end is pleasure4 ,! moral value ( conduct w dep5d on its t5d5cy to increase ! balance ( pleasure ov] pa94 ,! e?ics ( evolution w be r$uc$ to h$onism4 ,?is way ( det]m9+ ! evolutioni/ end is put =w>d z a logical possibility r ?an z repres5t+ ! views ( any p>ty4 ,! contribution :i* ! !ory ( evolution has to (f] t[>ds ! det]m9ation ( ! e?ical end1 has n yet receiv$ t def9ite expression :i* w\ld ju/ify our pass+ by any logical int]pretation ( x1 on ! gr\nd ( its n be+ actually adopt$ by e?ical writ]s4 ,yet x w\ld seem t ! above po9t ( view is n altoge!r =eign to evolutioni/ morality4 ,! pres]vation or developm5t ( ! individual--or ( ! race--:i* is put =w>d z an expression bo? = ! actual c\rse ( evolution & ! subjective impulse correspond+ to x1 is (t5 assum$ to agree at ea* /ep ) ! desire = pleasure1 &1 :5 ! /age ( reflective consci\sness is rea*$1 to be id5tical ) ! pursuit ( a maximum ( pleasure4#aeh ,9 ?is way x is assum$ t ! pres]vation & developm5t ( life t5d always to pleasure1 & t ! end or t5d5cy ( evolution is be+ fulfill$ :5 ! greate/ pleasure is wisely s\ght4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to inquire h[ f> ! correspond5ce betwe5 life & pleasure1 or betwe5 developm5t & pleasure1 actually holds1 t we may see :e!r x is possible = ! "o to take ! place ( ! o!r 9 det]m9+ ! end = conduct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,evolutioni/ argum5t = concomitance ( life & pleasure4 ,n[ x is argu$1 f ! po9t ( view ( evolution1 t1 tak+ = grant$ t pleasure motives action1 ! organisms 9 :i* pleasurable acts co9cid$ ) life-pres]v+ or heal?-promot+ acts mu/ h surviv$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce at ! exp5se ( ^? organisms ^: pleasurable activity t5d$ to _! de/ruction or to ! h9drance ( _! effici5cy4#aei ,! assumption 9 ?is argum5t1 9 addition to ! con/ant po/ulate ( natural selection1 is simply t pleasure is a *ief motive ( action2 ! conclusion to :i* x leads is1 t !re is a broad correspond5ce betwe5 life-pres]v+ & pleasurable acts--t ! pres]vation & developm5t ( life are pleasurable4 ,x is necess>y to exam9e ) c>e ! validity ( ?is important argum5t ) ref]5ce to ! attacks t may be made on x f ! pessimi/ po9t ( view2 &1 if its doctr9e ( ! correspond5ce ( life & pleasure is n entirely errone\s1 to inquire fur!r :e!r ?is correspond5ce c be made to e/abli% an end = conduct1 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( evolution1 by measur+ life 9 t]ms ( pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,objections to ?is argum5t3 ,:at !n is to be said ( ! suppos$ conflict betwe5 ,eudmonism ,h$onism & ,evolutionism :i* v4 ,h>tmann#afj opposes to ! optimi/ doctr9e t evolution has t5d$ to make life & pleasure co9cide8 ,! problem ( ,pessimism resolves itself into two que/ions :i* admit ( be+ kept di/9ct3 7a7 ,! fir/ is1 ,does life on ! :ole give1 or c x give1 a balance ( pleasure8 ,?is is ! fundam5tal "q ( ! value ( life z put by ^?1 :e!r optimi/s or pessimi/s1 :o assume t value means pleasure-value4 ,if x be answ]$ 9 ! negative1 ! h$oni/ic ideal mu/ be ! r$uction ( ! adv]se balance to ! z]o-po9t ( feel+ /riv5 aft] by ,ea/]n ascetics1 b1 to all appe>ance1 obta9$ only & mo/ easily by dea?4#afa 7b7 ,! second "q is1 ,does ! evolution ( life lead to an increase ( pleasure & dim9ution ( pa98 ,?is is ! "q br\ght into prom95ce 9 rec5t discussions1 & ( mo/ importance = ! pres5t inquiry2 & ^u an affirmative answ] to x ,evolutioni/ ,h$onism is pla9ly dep5d5t4 ,to bo? que/ions v4 ,h>tmann gives an answ] 9 ! negative4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 t life _c br+ m pleasure ?an pa92 7a7 ,if ! pessimi/ view ( life is correct1 ,mr ,sp5c] holds1#afb !n ! end+ ( an undesirable exi/5ce be+ ! ?+ to be wi%$1 t :i* causes ! end+ ( x mu/ be applaud$4 ,& ?is is s f> true1 ?\gh n necess>ily true 9 ! way ,mr ,sp5c] ?9ks4 ,= ?is undesirable exi/5ce _c1 p]haps1 be br\ght to a f9al conclusion m]ely by end+ ! individual life3 ?is w\ld only leave room = o!r individuals to fill ! vacant places4 ,annihilation is ! end n directly = ! individual1 b = ! race4 ,n life itself1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 b ! w to live1 is to be kill$ 9 ! individual man4 ,ev5 ?is code ( morals1 ,h>tmann ?9ks1 is a remnant ( ! false1 pre-evolutioni/ individualism1 & w\ld h9d] ! c\rse ( ! univ]se1 by leav+ ! game to be play$ out by ! rema9+ individuals ^: wills 7 n /rong en\gh to curb or kill !mselves4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t ! w to live :i* pulses ?r\gh all exi/5ce c be annihilat$ by ! ph5om5al individual4 ,! individual's duty is n to seek = himself ! pa9lessness ( annihilation or passionless ,nirwna1 b to jo9 9 ! ceaseless pa9ful /riv+ ( nature1 &1 by contribut+ to ! developm5t ( life1 to ha/5 its arrival once m at ! goal ( unconsci\sness4 ,! self-de/ruction1 n ( ! individual w1 b ( ! cosmic or univ]sal w1 is ! f9al end ( action4 ,ap>t f ! metaphysical view ( ?+s ) :i* ?is e/imate ( ! value ( life is connect$1 & :i* may be reg>d$ p]haps z its consequ5t r ?an its cause1#afc ! pessimi/ doctr9e has a d\ble f\ndation1 9 psy*ology & 9 ! facts ( life4 ,sid5ote3 77 f ! negative nature ( pleasure1 ,psy*ologically1 x seems to be be/ support$ by ,s*op5hau]'s doctr9e ( w or desire z an incessant pa9ful /riv+1 pleasure be+ m]ely ! negative ( ?is pa91 & always com+ %ort ( completely satisfy+ x4 ,b ?is position involves a d\ble error 9 psy*ological analysis1 & is rel9qui%$ ev5 by ,h>tmann1 ?\gh he /ill reg>ds pleasure z 9 all cases satisfaction ( desire4 ,desire is itself m]ely a second>y or d]iv$ fact 9 human nature1 consequ5t on ! inhibition ( volitional en]gy4#afd ,! pleasures we call passive are indep5d5t ( x2 & ^? :i* att5d ^u activity1 b are n !mselves "p ( ! end ( action1 are also enjoy$ )\t be+ /riv5 aft] 9 ord] to satisfy a want4 ,fur!r1 x is a mi/ake to look ^u ! pleasure ( atta9m5t z a m]e negation ( ! pa9 ( desire4 ,! pa9ful elem5t 9 desire comes f ! inhibition ( ! attempt$ realisation ( an ideal object4 ,9 unsatisfi$ desires1 x is true1 ! pa9 is 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! re/ra9$ long+4 ,b1 if ! inhibition is ov]come1 ! pa9 is n equal to ! /r5g? ( ! desire1 b only to ! am\nt ( opposition t has to be conqu]$ 9 satisfy+ x4 ,h5ce1 n only are !re o!r pleasures ?an ^? ( satisfi$ desire1 b ev5 ! pleasure got f su* satisfaction is some?+ m ?an a m]e recomp5se = ! pa9 accompany+ ! desire4 ,sid5ote3 77 f ! facts ( human life2 ,! support got by pessimism f ! facts ( human life is m difficult to e/imate at its true value4 ,x is obvi\s t pleasure & pa9 are int]m+l$ 9 almo/ e exp]i5ce2 & ! proportion 9 :i* !y are mix$ v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t circum/ances & accord+ to ! susceptibilities ( diff]5t p]sons4 ,if we ask a numb] ( p :e!r life is on ! :ole pleasant to !m1 n only d we receive a v>iety ( answ]s :i* x is h>d to sum up & av]age1 b ! answ]s we get are apt to reflect ! feel+ ( ! mom5t r ?an to repres5t an imp>tial e/imate ( ! pleasure & pa9 ( a lifetime4 ,?us exp]i5ce seems unable to give u a tru/wor?y answ] z to ! av]age pleasure-value ( life2 b1 if its v]dict is correct1 t to "s life is pleasant1 ?\gh to _m pa9ful1 ?is %[s t a surplus ( pa9 does n foll[ f ! nature ( life1 & ?us de/roys ! position ( ?or\ghgo+ pessimism1 :i* looks ^u ?is z ! wor/ ( all possible worlds4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 t ! evolution ( life does n t5d to pleasure4 7b7 ,x may /ill be ma9ta9$1 h[ev]--& ?is is ! position :i* *iefly conc]ns u "h--t ! c\rse ( evolution does n t5d to increase ! pleasure 9 life at ! exp5se ( ! pa9 9 x1 & t1 !re=e1 ev5 al?\gh pleasure & evolution may bo? ( !m be possible ends ( conduct1 !y are ends :i* po9t 9 diff]5t directions & lead to diff]5t c\rses ( action4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,incomplet5ess ( ! evolutioni/ argum5t4 ,x is necess>y = ! evolutioni/ :o holds t ! developm5t ( life does n t5d to increas$ pleasure1 to meet ! argum5t already adduc$#afe to %[ _! correspond5ce4 ,nor does t argum5t seem to be altoge!r beyond criticism4 ,to comp>e progress or developm5t ) pleasure1 we ought to "k exactly :at is meant by bo? t]ms4 ,yet x is impossible to h a cle> notion ( progress )\t an idea ( ! end to :i* x t5ds1 & ?is has n yet be5 obta9$4 ,x is l>gely on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ su* an idea t "s evolutioni/s seem to h be5 driv5 to measure progress 9 t]ms ( pleasure1 j z1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( e/imat+ & summ+ up pleasures1 "s h$oni/s h be5 induc$ to measure !m by ! progress ( evolution4 ,:at we h n[ to see is :e!r ! correspond5ce assum$ betwe5 progress & pleasure actually exi/s4 ,&1 to avoid ! tautology ( say+ t progress is increase ( life1 we mu/ judge ( x simply by empirical obs]vation ( ! nature ( human activity & ( ! c\rse ( human affairs4 ,n[ ! attempt$ id5tification ( pleasurable & life-promot+ activities re/s on an incomplete acc\nt ( ! motives & results ( action4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 admitt+ t pleasure & avoidance ( pa9 are ! only motives to action1 ! influ5ce ( natural selection has n prev5t$ actions hurtful to life be+ sometimes accompani$ by pleasant s5sations4 ,its t5d5cy to d s has be5 mu* m effective 9 ! l[] ord]s ( animal life ?an 9 ! high]4 ,! latt]1 especially man1 possess ! p[] ( repres5t+ ideal /ates 9 ! imag9ation1 & are ?us able to avoid actions hurtful to life1 al?\gh ^! actions are pleasant at ! "t4 ,= ! hurtful consequ5ces ( ! action may be s vividly repres5t$ 9 idea z to outweigh ! influ5ce ( ! pres5t pleasure :i* c\ld be got f its enjoym5t4#aff ,& fur!r1 ! analysis ( volition involv$ 9 ! argum5t seems to be insuffici5t4 ,= !re are o!r spr+s ( action to be tak5 acc\nt ( ?an pleasure & its opposite4 ,habit1 imitation1 & int]e/s ( a m compreh5sive k9d ?an desire ( pleasant feel+1 are all motives to action4 ,x is true t pleasure is always felt 9 ! successful p]=mance ( an action1 & x is also true t ! inhibition ( w is always pa9ful2 b x is none ! less incorrect to look ei!r ^u ! pleasure t foll[s f ! action1 or ! pa9 t w\ld be ! result ( its inhibition z1 9 ord9>y cases1 ! motive4 ,x is motives ( a diff]5t k9d ?an pleasure1 su* z imitation#afg & ! influ5ce ( ideal ends1 :i* mo/ (t5 lead to progress4 ,& ! progress t is due to su* motives _c be measur$ by its effect 9 increas+ pleasure1 nor assum$ to make pleasure & life correspond4 ,o!r activities less advantage\s 9 nature 9 all respects b ?is1 might1 s f> z ! reason+ goes1 lead to equal or to m pleasurable consequ5ces4 ,at ! be/1 !re=e1 ! above argum5t only proves a g5]al t5d5cy t[>ds ! co9cid5ce ( pleasurable actions ) actions :i* promote life2 x does n %[ t ! increase ( life c be accurately measur$ by pleasure4 ,! process ( natural selection might kill (f all organisms ^: desires l$ !m normally to action hurtful to life4 ,b suffici5t evid5ce has n be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ t x is fitt$ to produce an exact proportion betwe5 progress & pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,! pessimi/ doctr9e t life t5ds to mis]y3 ,sid5ote3 7aa7 ! hypo!sis ( ! unconsci\s2 ,h>tmann1 h[ev]1 attempts to /rike a m fundam5tal bl[ ?an ?is at ! presupposition involv$ 9 ! argum5t = evolutioni/ h$onism4 ,= he cont5ds t1 ?r\gh\t all life1 ! great pulse ( progress is nei!r1 on ! "o h&1 desire = pleasure1 nor1 on ! o!r1 ! m complex & v>i$ motives j ref]r$ to1 b t x is ! incessant /riv+ t[>ds fulness ( life by a univ]sal unconsci\s w1 :i* is manife/$ 9 all ?+s1 & :i* is = ev] press+ onw>ds t[>ds consci\s realisation1 reg>dless ( ! increase ( pa9 :i* ! c\rse ( evolution implies4 ,b ?is hypo!sis ( unconsci\s w is n a ju/ifiable metaphysical pr9ciple got at by ! analysis ( exp]i5ce1 & necess>y = its explanation1 ?\gh ly+ beyond x4 ,x is a metempirical1 or r my?ical1 cause int]polat$ into ! processes ( exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! antagonism 9 :i* x /&s to psy*ological fact3 its disreg>d ( ! effect ( pleasure z a p[]ful motive 9 volition2 & its neglect ( ! obvi\s tru? t function s reacts ^u organ t all actions h simply by cont9uance a t5d5cy to be p]=m$ ) great] ease1 & !re=e to yield 9 _! p]=mance increase ( pleasure4 ,! smoo?ness & precision ) :i* x works may1 inde$1 lead to a function be+ p]=m$ unconsci\sly1 & ?us )\t ei!r pa9 or pleasure4 ,b ! normal ex]cise ( consci\s activity is uni=mly pleasurable4#afh ,sid5ote3 7bb7 ! nature ( volition2 ,:ile giv+ up ,s*op5hau]'s doctr9e ( ! m]ely negative "* ( pleasure1 ,h>tmann yet cont5ds t et]nal limits are set by ! v nature ( volition1 :i* make x impossible to h a _w ) m pleasure 9 x ?an pa94 ,b 8 argum5ts#afi come v f> %ort ( prov+ 8 case4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 to say t ! /imulation & we>y+ ( ! n]ves imply ! necessity ( a cessation ( pleasure z well z ( pa91 is to confuse complete /ates ( consci\sness ) ! subjective feel+ :i* accompanies ea* /ate4 ,x is n true t "o ev] becomes we>y ( pleasure3 to talk z if !re 7 "o class ( n]ves = pleasure1 & ano!r = pa91 is absurd4 ,b e m5tal /ate1 h[ev] pleasurable to />t )1 t5ds to become monoton\s1 we>isome1 or pa9ful4 ,pleasure ?us requires a *ange f "o m5tal /ate to ano!r3 to say t x requires a *ange f pleasure to some?+ else is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,x is ! objects or activity t require to be v>i$1 n ! feel+ ( pleasure4 ,aga91 9 ! second place1 x is true t pleasure is to be reg>d$ z indirect 9 s f> z x is entirely due to ! cessation ( a pa91 & n to in/antane\s satisfaction ( w4 ,b x does n d to reg>d ! pleasure z altoge!r indirect :51 al?\gh ! cessation ( a pa9 is necess>y = its production1 x is itself some?+ m ?an ?is cessation4 ,! inhibition ( w (t5 prev5ts ! realisation ( an object :i* is v mu* m ?an a recomp5se 9 pleasurable quality = ! pa9 ( ! re/ra9t2 & al?\gh ! pleasure only arises f ! removal ( ?is pa9ful /ate ( inhibition1 !re is a direct & positive ga9 ov] & above ! gratification ( hav+ pa9 remov$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,h>tmann argues t ! satisfaction ( w is (t5 unconsci\s1 :]eas pa9 is eo ipso consci\s4 ,b1 ev5 admitt+ ! reality ( unconsci\s w or desire1 :i* ?is argum5t involves1 x does n foll[ t pleasure & pa9 are diff]5tly affect$ 9 reg>d to x4 ,if pa9 is eo ipso consci\s1 s also is pleasure2 if ! satisfaction ( unconsci\s desire gives no pleasure1 nei!r does ! abs5ce ( su* satisfaction give pa94#agj ,x is true1 z ,h>tmann adds 9 ! f\r? place1 t desire is (t5 long & ! joy ( satisfaction fleet+2 b ?is ref]s n s mu* to m5tal pleasures z to ^? connect$ ) physical appetite4 ,( !m x is true t ,^! viol5t delights h viol5t ends1 ,& 9 _! triumph die4 ,b 9 ! high] pleasures ) m p]man5t objects ( pursuit1 al?\gh ! desire may be long-cont9u$1 ! pleasure does n disappe> 9 ! mom5t ( gratification4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! pessimi/ psy*ology1 9 treat+ pleasure 9 a diff]5t way f pa91 mi/akes ! true nature ( bo? z simply pol> extremes#aga ( feel+1 & prev5ts ! argum5t be+ fac$ :i* has be5 br\ght =w>d to %[ ! increas+ correspond5ce ( pleasure & life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7cc7 ! facts ( human progress3 ,! failure ( ! psy*ological argum5t makes ! :ole burd5 ( ! pro( ( pessimism re/ ^u ! argum5t f hi/orical facts4 ,& ! attempt has be5 def9itely made to %[1 f obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( human affairs1 t ! progress ( ! _w t5ds to mis]y4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to ask :e!r x c be e/abli%$ t ! facts includ$ "u ! vague t]m human progress h a normal t5d5cy ei!r to increase pleasure or to act 9 ! opposite way4 ,n[ progress is a *>act]i/ic bo? ( ! individual & ( society2 b pleasure only belongs to ! =m]1 s t an answ] to ! "q :e!r individual progress t5ds to increase ! surplus ( pleasure ov] pa91 /ill leaves unsettl$ ! "q z to ! effect ( social progress4 ,sid5ote3 individual progress2 ,x seems evid5t t bo? ! physical & m5tal developm5t ( ! individual imply great] adaptability to1 & correspond5ce )1 ! ext]nal _w1 & t1 on acc\nt ( ?is developm5t1 !re is less unpleasant friction betwe5 out] & inn] relations1 & means are at h& = obta9+ objects ( desire ) less ex]tion ?an =m]ly4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! increase ( k & ( skill always implies n m]ely ! means ( satisfy+ old wants1 b ! creation ( new ones3 we see m ( ! evil 9 ! _w ?an our =efa!rs did1 & !re are m av5ues by :i* x c approa* u1 if we h also m effective means = avoid+ :at we dislike4 ,&1 al?\gh k br+s ) x n only ! pleasure ( gratifi$ curiosity1 b t recognition ( a univ]sal ord] :i* frees ! m9d f ! evils br$ by a belief 9 ! fickl5ess ( nature1 yet ?is all-p]vad+ s5se ( law has s regulat$ our beliefs & me?ods ( rese>* t sci5ce itself may seem to h lo/ ! peculi> fre%ness ( int]e/ t belong$ to its e>li] /ages2 :ile ! feel+s call$ =? by a vision ( ! div9e pres5ce 9 ! _w1 f9d b a poor sub/itute 9 ! sublime region ( cosmic emotion4 ,fur!r1 ! wid5+ ( ! sympa!tic feel+s & _! consequ5t activities1 & ! ref9em5t ( ! :ole s5sitive nature by :i* x responds m quickly & accurately to emotional /imuli1 h made ! pres5t g5]ation m susceptible to bo? pa9 & pleasure ?an its pr$ecessors4 ,b ,h>tmann's argum5t t ! dull] n]v\s sy/em ( ! savage races 7,naturvlk]7 makes !m happi] ?an ! civilis$ 7,culturvlk]71#agb leaves out ( sight ! new s\rces ( pleasure z well z pa9 t are op5$ up to a ref9$ s5sibility4 ,accord+ to ,h>tmann1 ! /hetic s5sibilities may be a s\rce ( pa9less pleasure3 yet ev5 _! cultivation _c be said to be matt] ( pure ga9 to _! possessors2 = ! pa9 ( discord is to be set aga9/--9 8 op9ion1 x outweighs--! pleasure ( h>mony4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x w\ld appe> t ! evolution ( ! individual leads to great] possibilities bo? ( pleasure & ( pa94 ,! ref9em5t ( ! intellectual & emotional nature op5s up wid] ranges ( bo? k9ds ( feel+2 & we are driv5 to look ma9ly to ! improvem5t ( ! social environm5t = ! means ( increas+ pleasure & dim9i%+ pa94 ,sid5ote3 social progress3 ,sid5ote3 indu/rial1 ,b to e/imate ! h$oni/ic value ( social progress is a /ill m difficult task ?an ! prec$+4 ,= ! m>* ( affairs has (t5 little reg>d to its effect on ! happ9ess ( ! great] numb] ( p conc]n$4 ,indu/rially1 x may be ?\ght t ! increase 9 ! am\nt ( weal? produc$ af=ds a va/ly great] means ( com=t & luxury4 ,yet1 x is d\btful :e!r ?is increase has always be5 suffici5t to keep pace ) ! gr[? ( population2 & x is c]ta9 t e society ^: t]ritory is limit$1 mu/1 :5 its numb]s h increas$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 beg9 to exp]i5ce ! dim9i%+ returns :i* nature yields = ! lab\r exp5d$ ^u x4 ,inde$1 ! t5d5cy to an excess 9 ! rate ( increase ( population ov] t ( means ( subsi/5ce is "o ( ! *ief causes :i* make x s difficult to ass]t t civilisation t5ds to great] happ9ess4 ,b1 ev5 al?\gh ! av]age quantity ( weal? be great] n[ ?an be=e1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t weal? is measur$ by its am\nt1 :]eas happ9ess dep5ds on ! equality ) :i* t am\nt is di/ribut$4#agc ,yet ! pres5t indu/rial rgime t5ds to ! accumulation ( imm5se weal? 9 a few h&s1 r ?an to its proportionate increase ?r\gh\t ! community4 ,! indu/rial progress :i* increases ! weal? ( ! ri*1 has little to recomm5d x if x leaves ! lab\r+ poor at a />vation-wage4 ,& :at if ,trade s[ cities ,l %ells along ! %ore1 ,& ?at* ) t[ns ! prairie broad ,) railways iron$ o'er1-- if ! population c be divid$ into plutocrats & prolet>iate8 ,moreov]1 ! v nature ( economic production seems to imply an opposition betwe5 social progress & individual wellbe+4 ,= ! =m]1 9 dem&+ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( produce1 requires an excessive & increas+ specialisation ( lab\r4 ,ea* work] mu/ p]=m t op]ation only to :i* he has be5 specially tra9$1 or :i* he c d be/4 ,& 9 ?is way indu/rialism t5ds to occupy ! great] "p ( ! wak+ h\rs ( an increas+ proportion ( human lives 9 ! repetition ( a %ort s]ies ( me*anical movem5ts :i* call out a b>e m9imum ( ! faculties ( ! work]1 dw>f 8 nature1 & r$uce 8 life to a m]e succession ( ! same monoton\s s5sation4#agd ,9 spite1 !re=e1 ( imm5se improvem5ts 9 ! g5]al conditions ( wellbe+1 x is /ill difficult to say t ! happ9ess ( ! av]age human life has be5 mu* increas$ by ! m>* ( indu/rial progress4 ,sid5ote3 & political4 ,a m hopeful view may1 p]haps1 be tak5 ( ! effect ( political progress4 ,! increase ( popul> gov]nm5t gratifies ! desire = p[]1 &1 9 "s cases1 ev5 t5ds to a m effici5t managem5t ( affairs4 ,/ill m important 9 its effect on happ9ess is ! great] security = life & prop]ty :i* ! gradual consolidation ( political control has br\ght ab\t4 ,x w\ld seem1 too1 t ! h>%] features ( ! /ruggle by :i* ?is advance takes place h be5 modifi$2 & t ! w> ( politics has abat$ 9 fury m ?an ! w> ( trade4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ! t5d5cy ( mod]n political rule appe>s to be t[>ds an almo/ unmix$ ga9 9 respect ( happ9ess1--by ! security x af=ds = life & prop]ty1 by its wide di/ribution ( political p[]1 & by ! room x gives = individual fre$om4 ,yet ! la/ ( ^! results--9 ! laissez-faire sy/em ( indu/rialism to :i* x has l$1 & :i*1 9 spite ( _m modifications1 is /ill 9 ! asc5dant--has effects ( a m d\btful "*4 ,?is m]e ref]5ce to "o or two ( ! lead+ features ( progress w\ld n be suffici5t to support a !sis ei!r z to its b5eficial or baneful t5d5cy4 ,b evid5ce en\gh has be5 l$ to %[ t ! effects on pleasure ( individual & social developm5t are ( a mix$ k9d1--t culture & civilisation h nei!r ! t5d5cy to mis]y :i* ,h>tmann foll[s ,r\sseau 9 attribut+ to !m1#age nor1 on ! o!r h&1 t /eady correspond5ce ) increas+ pleasure :i* w\ld be requir$ to e/abli% ! position ( evolutioni/ h$onism4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 evolutionism & h$onism4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t1 )\t adopt+ a pessimi/ view1 we mu/ /ill make our *oice betwe5 evolutionism & h$onism4 ,! c\rse ( evolution--s f> z exp]i5ce helps u to und]/& x--_c be measur$ by increase ( pleasure4 ,no?+ is said "h to %[ t x is n p]fectly consi/5t to hold t ! moral feel+s & ideas1 ! cu/oms to :i* !y h giv5 rise1 & ! in/itutions 9 :i* !y are embodi$1 h be5 produc$ by ! ord9>y laws ( evolution1 & yet to ma9ta9 t ! moral end = reflective be+s is ! h$oni/ic or utilit>ian end4 ,x may be possible1 t is to say1 to be an evolutioni/ 9 psy*ology & sociology1 at ! same "t t "o is a h$oni/ 9 e?ics4 ,b x is n all[able to adopt pleasure z ! end1 & yet speak ( x z det]m9$ by evolution4 ,evolution c det]m9e no su* end until x be %[n t ! progress x connotes implies a proportionate increase ( pleasure4 ,su* is ! conclusion to :i* we are l$ by a consid]ation ( ! be>+s ( evolution ^u ! increase ( pleasure & pa94 ,b ?is argum5t requires to be supplem5t$ by ! m satisfactory me?od ( an indep5d5t analysis ( pleasure 9 relation to ! developm5t ( human nature2 & f ?is analysis we may hope to discov] h[ f> ! !ory ( evolution is consi/5t ) ! e?ics ( h$onism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! psy*ological analysis ( pleasure & pa9 9 relation to ! e?ics ( evolution4 ,! relative & transi5t nature ( pleasure has be5 urg$ z an objection aga9/ any =m ( h$onism by _m philosoph]s s9ce ! "t ( ,plato4 ,& ! argum5t has ( late ye>s be5 br\ght =w>d 9 a way :i* %[s t ! calculus ( pleasures & pa9s :i* ,b5?am's e?ics implies is mu* less c]ta9 & easy ?an its au?or suppos$4 ,?is has be5 made cle> bo? by ! subtle analysis c>ri$ out by ! late ,pr(essor ,gre51 & by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's exam9ation ( ! difficulties :i* beset ! h$oni/ic calculus4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 made out t ! nature ( pleasure proves h$onism to be impossible z ! end ( conduct4 ,b x may1 p]haps1 appe> t ! case is alt]$ :5 we consid] ! matt] 9 ! light ( ! evolutioni/ =m ( h$onism n[ "u exam9ation1 & e/imate f ?is po9t ( view ! e?ical be>+s ( ! psy*ological analysis ( feel+4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,! purely subjective nature ( pleasure2 ,sid5ote3 its connection ) objective /ates ( m9d1 ,sid5ote3 ?r\gh :i* x may be made ! end ( conduct4 ,! difficulty ( def9+ pleasure or pa9 is n ! same z ! difficulty or impossibility ( def9+ any elem5t>y s5sation4 ,= ! latt] is connect$ 9 def9ite ways ) o!r simil> s5sations1 c be comp>$ & associat$ ) !m1 & by su* association g to make up an object or ?+4 ,b pleasure & pa9 are nei!r objects nor p>ts ( objects3 !y _c be di/+ui%$ f or associat$ ) ! impressions ( ! s5ses s z to con/itute an object4 ,!y c only be spok5 ( z an affection ( ! p]cipi5t & active subject1 diff]5t 9 k9d bo? f ! objects x kn[s & ! acts x p]=ms3 ea* c only be def9$ z ! opposite ( ! o!r4 ,pleasure & pa9 are n real ph5om5a ) a di/+ui%able exi/5ce ( _! own1 l s5sations1 conceptions1 or actions2 !y h no trace ( objectivity :atev]1 b are1 z ,hamilton puts x1#agf subjectively subjective3 pleasure is n a fact1 nor is pa9 a fact1 b "o fact is pleasurable1 ano!r pa9ful4#agg ,pleasure1 !re=e1 is a m]e feel+ ( ! subject1 concomitant ) ! s5sory or motor pres5tations :i*1 by reason ( _! pres5ce to consci\sness1 we call objects or actions4 ,x is n some?+ by itself :i* we c *oose r ?an some?+ else1 z we may select a pea* in/ead ( an apple4 ,x c only be made ! end ( conduct 9 an indirect way4 ,we mu/ aim n at pleasure p] se1 b at objects :i* we h reason to believe w be accompani$ by pleasurable feel+4 ,pleasure & pa91 z x has be5 urg$1#agh are n quantities t c be add$ & subtract$4 ,x is n ! pleasurable or pa9ful feel+1 b ! p]ceptional or cognitive elem5ts 9 ! m5tal /ate ( :i* x is an elem5t1 t admit ( plurality & measurem5t4 ,b we may =esee t "o m5tal /ate w be accompani$ by pleasurable1 ano!r by pa9ful feel+1 &1 on t acc\nt1 we may *oose ! =m]4 ,9 a great numb] ( cases we are fur!r able to make a quantitative e/imate1 & to say t ! pleasurable feel+ accompany+ "o object or action is m int5se ?an t accompany+ ano!r1 & ?us to *oose "o object r ?an ano!r1 n m]ely because "o is pleasurable :ile ! o!r is pa9ful1 b 79 cases :]e bo? are pleasurable7 because x is suppos$ t ! "o w yield m int5se or m prolong$ pleasure ?an ! o!r4 ,if ?is be true1 ! purely subjective nature ( pleasure does n make x impossible = x to be tak5 z ! practical end ( conduct = ! individual--h[ev] inexact & t5tative _m ( its e/imates mu/ be--?\gh x w %ortly appe> t its nature unfits x to be ! end on ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! difficulty arises :5 we attempt to int]pret1 by means ( pleasure1 ! increase & developm5t ( life to :i* ! c\rse ( evolution t5ds1 & :i* is sometimes put =w>d z ! end :i* ! evolution-!ory prescribes = conduct4 ,& ! difficulty also meets u :5 we seek to expla9 ! conception ( a maximum ( pleasures z ! end1 by means ( ! conception ( evolution4 ,z long z we are cont5t to look ^u human nature z consi/+ ( con/ant s\rces ( activity & enjoym5t1 & hav+ fix$ susceptibilities = pleasure & pa91 x is easy to adopt ! increase ( pleasure & dim9ution ( pa9 z our aim4 ,b ! case is alt]$ :5 we take into consid]ation ! fact t man's actions & s5sibilities are subject to indef9ite modification4 ,pleasure1 z we h se51 is a feel+ ( ! subject dep5d5t ^u ! objects1 s5sory & motor1 pres5t at any "t to consci\sness4 ,^! objects alone c be our end2 b we may aim at c]ta9 ( !m r ?an o!rs1 simply on acc\nt ( _! pleasurable accompanim5t4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t an object or action at "o "t pleasurable becomes pa9ful at ano!r "t1 & t :at is n[ pa9ful ceases to be s & becomes pleasurable4 ,9 ?is case our c\rse ( action1 if motiv$ by pleasure1 w\ld h to be entirely *ang$1 our practical e?ics revis$ & rev]s$4 ,&1 al?\gh no sudd5 alt]ation su* z ?is ev] takes place1 ! !ory ( evolution %[s t a gradual modification ( ! k9d is go+ on4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,! conditions ( pleasure & pa93 ,! conditions ( pleasure & pa91 physiological & psy*ological1 are matt] ( dispute2 & ! dispute is complicat$ by ! confusion ( ! physiological ) ! psy*ological problem4 ,x w be evid5t1 h[ev]1--if only we keep diff]5t ?+s cle> ( ea* o!r1--t bo? k9ds ( explanation are possible1 & t !y are di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,! "q ( ! n]v\s antec$5ts & concomitants ( feel+ is "o ?+1 & q di/9ct f ! "q :i* n[ arises ( ! m5tal antec$5ts or concomitants ( feel+4 ,& "h ! !ories :i* h attempt$ a g5]alisation ( ! ph5om5a are1 9 ! light ( rec5t inquiry1 ma9ly two3 ! !ory t pleasure foll[s1 or is ! s5se (1 increase ( life1 & t :i* holds x to be ! concomitant ( unimp$$ consci\s function+ or ( m$ium activities4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,pleasure n def9able z ! s5se ( increas$ vitality2 ,! =m] !ory#agi might be put =w>d z indicat+ h[ x is possible to in/itute a connection betwe5 pleasure & evolution4 ,b x has be5 already %[n t nei!r ! actual facts ( life1 nor ! t5d5cies to action1 c be s int]pret$ z to make _! nature & developm5t correspond1 ) any degree ( exactness1 ) pleasure & its increase4#ahj ,nor is x possible to make out t e pa9 corresponds to a loss ( vitality1 e pleasure height5s x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ass]tion t pleasure-giv+ actions & life-pres]v+ actions co9cide1 is due to a ha/y g5]alisation :i* _c include all ! facts4 ,t x holds ?r\gh\t a consid]able ext5t is true4 ,pleasure is1 at any rate1 a usual accompanim5t ( ! normal processes ( ! developm5t ( life2 & pa9 rea*es its climax 9 dea?4 ,b yet !re is a broad m>g9 ( exp]i5ce = :i* ! g5]alisation is incorrect4 ,!re are num]\s cases ( pa9ful & pleasurable s5sations :i* _c be %[n to be1 respectively1 de/ructive (1 & b5eficial to1 vitality4 ,z ,mr ,ba91 :o always keeps ! facts 9 view1 admits1 ) reg>d to ! feel+s connect$ ) ! five s5ses1 we _c cont5d t ! degree ( augm5t$ vital en]gy corresponds always ) ! degree ( ! pleasure4#aha ,! same discrepancy may be obs]v$ 9 m complex exp]i5ces4 ,! ef=t aft] a full] life1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 ev5 :5 its ultimate success is n d\btful1 may br+ m pa9 ?an pleasure2 :ile ! life :i* nev] /ra9s its p[]s t[>ds ! limits ( endurance1 may exp]i5ce almo/ un9t]rupt$ pleasure3 b su* pleasure is ! sure h]ald ( ! process ( deg5]ation4 ,sid5ote3 77 may be held to dep5d on m$ium or normal function+4 ,! !ory t pleasure foll[s increas$ vitality1 & pa9 decreas$ vitality1 is supplem5t$ or oppos$ 9 mod]n psy*ology by ! !ory t feel+ dep5ds on function3 t pleasure is ! concomitant ( m$ium activities1#ahb or ( consci\s function+1 :i* is unimp$$ & n ov]/ra9$#ahc--pa9 accompany+ ! opposite condition4 ,! objection urg$ aga9/ ?is view1 t x leaves ! s-call$ passive pleasures out ( acc\nt1 seems to be made )\t suffici5t consid]ation ( :at is meant by attribut+ passivity to pleasure4 ,all t su* an expression c d5ote1 w\ld appe> to be t1 9 ! pleasurable exp]i5ce ref]r$ to1 no ex]cise ( ! muscles is impli$1 n t su* an exp]i5ce c take place )\t any consci\s activity on ! "p ( ! subject4 ,at ! same "t1 ! !ory t pleasure 9 all cases dep5ds ^u function1 mu/ be admitt$ to be oblig$ to call 9 ! aid ( hypo!sis 9 ord] to expla9 all ! facts4 ,if ! g5]alisation requir$ by ! !ory c be made out1 x mu/ be by emphasis+ ! fact t feel+ is nev] prop]ly reg>d$ z purely passive1 b implies subjective reaction2 & by suppos+ t ! v>iation ( feel+ betwe5 pleasure & pa9 dep5ds on a diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ?is subjective reaction4 ,at ! same "t1 ! complete accuracy ( ?is g5]alisation is n ( vital importance "h1 z x is ma9ly ) ! feel+ :i* manife/ly results f activity or function+ t we are conc]n$4 ,sid5ote3 ,modification ( pleasurable *>act]i/ics ( objects ,:e!r pleasure dep5ds ^u increase ( vital en]gy1 or ^u unimp$$ or m$ium function+1 x mu/ be subject to modification along ) ! conditions "u :i* life may cont9ue & increase1 or ! modes ( activity :i* may be c>ri$ on )\t opposition & 9 mod]ation4 ,?is con/ant modification ( ! objects 9 :i* "o takes pleasure1 or :i* give "o pa91 is1 inde$1 a fact :i* mu/ be admitt$ by any !ory ( feel+4 ,a /ate ( m9d may be at fir/ pleasurable2 b1 if x be long-cont9u$1 ! pleasure w give way to ! pa9 ( monotony4 ,! same is true ( a pa9ful /ate ( m9d3 its cont9uance does n prolong ! same int5sity ( pa9ful consci\sness1 b ! s5sibility becomes dull$ & ! pa9 dim9i%es4 ,! transition is /ill m /rik+ 9 ! case ( motor activities4 ,9 le>n+ to walk1 or to ride1 or to play any in/rum5t1 ! fir/ exp]i5ces are ^? ( pa9ful ef=t4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! co-ord9ations ( movem5t requir$ entail less & less pa91 till ! feel+ passes ov] into its opposite1 & we h a pleasurable s5se ( successful ef=t & well-adapt$ function+4 ,b1 j z pa9 gave way to pleasure1 s pleasure itself subsides1 ! action becomes m]ely reflex & passes out ( consci\sness altoge!r1 unless x be s long cont9u$ z to produce fatigue--t is1 pa94 ,habit1 z ,dumont rem>ks1#ahd int5sifies p]ceptions1 b weak5s pleasure & pa94 ,sid5ote3 sugge/s t feel+ dep5ds on objective int5sity4 ,^! are psy*ological facts--n m]e !ories--:i* hold true ev5 ( ! individual exp]i5ce4 ,b !y h l$ psy*ologi/s to ! !ory1 support$ by a va/ am\nt ( direct exp]im5t1 t !re is no object or action :i* c be said to be absolutely & 9 itself ei!r pleasant or pa9ful4#ahe ,! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 accompany+ ! object is a function ( its int5sity 9 relation to ! subject4 ,?is proposition _c1 inde$1 be fully demon/rat$ reg>d+ ea* simple s5sation3 to ! emotions into :i* intricate relations ( p]ceptions ent]1 x does n apply1 till _! complexity has be5 r$uc$4 ,"s s5sations & p]ceptions are c]ta9ly felt z pa9ful 9 any int5sity 9 :i* !y are di/9ctly pres5t to consci\sness4 ,b1 al?\gh ?is is a real difficulty1 x does n seem insup]able4 ,! in/ances :i* ,mill cites#ahf to ?r[ d\bt on ! g5]alisation t quality ( feel+ dep5ds on int5sity are un=tunately *os5 = 8 purpose4 ,=--to take 8 example--! ta/e ( rhub>b is to _m n pa9ful b pleasant2 &1 inde$1 e case ( acquir$ ta/e %[s t pleasure & pa9 c be modifi$ ?r\gh habit & cu/om1 & sugge/s t1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? s5sations :i* are pa9ful 9 any =m we h be5 able to exp]i5ce !m1 !re is a degree ( int5sity bel[ :i* !y w\ld1 if exp]i5c$1 be pleasant4 ,exp]im5t has prov$ ( ! majority ev5 ( s5sible qualities1 & analogy leads u to conclude ( all1 t !re is a degree 9 :i* ea* may be pleasant1 & a degree 9 :i* ea* may be pa9ful1 &1 betwe5 !m1 a--real or imag9>y--z]o-po9t ( feel+1 :]e !re is nei!r pleasure nor pa94 ,?is mu/1 x is true1 be receiv$ z a hypo!sis only2 b x is a hypo!sis :i* is sugge/$ by a wide range ( facts1 & :i* is able to include ev5 ^? facts ) :i* x is seem+ly inconsi/5t1 by suppos+ t c\ld _! int5sity be indef9itely dim9i%$ )\t _! pass+ out ( consci\sness1 ^! s5sations w\ld rea* a po9t aft] :i* !y w\ld be felt z pleasant & n z pa9ful4 ,fur!r1 exp]im5t %[s t ?is divid+-po9t :i* sep>ates ! two poles ( feel+ is n always plac$ at ! same degree ( int5sity1 t x diff]s n only = e object1 b = ea* individual subject z well1 & t x und]goes modification 9 ! c\rse ( ! subject's developm5t4#ahg ,:at is true ( s5se-p]ception is /ill m evid5t reg>d+ ^? exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! activity ( ! subject is m obvi\sly involv$4 ,z any function may1 if c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity1 be pa9ful1 s any function consi/5t ) life may be a s\rce ( pleasure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,application ( ! !ory ( evolution3 ,sid5ote3 any conduct consi/5t ) conditions ( life w come to be pleasurable2 ,f ! prec$+ discussion two ?+s may be inf]r$3 fir/1 ! dep5d5ce ( pleasure & pa9 on ! subject-activity1 :e!r ! activity be t ( p]ception or ( :at is specifically call$ action2 & secondly1 ! modification ( pleasure & pa91 & transition f "o to ! o!r1 along ) ! modification ( t subject-activity4 ,to ! application ( bo? ^! conclusions !re may be limits2 b _! g5]al accuracy does n seem d\btful4 ,:at ! doctr9e ( evolution adds to ?is is its pro( ( ! indef9ite modifiability ( human function4 ,x is an ess5tial pr9ciple ( life1 ,mr ,sp5c] wrote1#ahh be=e he _h arriv$ at 8 g5]al !ory ( evolution1 t a faculty to :i* circum/ances d n all[ full ex]cise dim9i%es2 & t a faculty on :i* circum/ances make excessive dem&s increases2 & to ?is we mu/ n[ add1 t1 suppos+ x consi/5t ) ma9t5ance ( life1 !re is no k9d ( activity :i* w n become a s\rce ( pleasure if cont9u$2 & t !re=e pleasure w ev5tually accompany e mode ( action dem&$ by social conditions4#ahi ,x is1 he holds1 a biological tru?1 t ev]y:]e faculties adju/ !mselves to ! conditions ( exi/5ce 9 su* wise t ! activities ^? conditions require become pleasurable4#aij ,! va/ p]iods ( "t ov] :i* evolution /ret*es are sc>cely ne$$ to %[ h[ pleasure may be made to foll[ f almo/ any c\rse ( action consi/5t ) ! cont9uance ( life4 ,! *ange ( habits :i* (t5 takes place 9 ! hi/ory ( a nation1 & ev5 9 ! life ( an individual1 makes ?is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,b1 if we /ill ?9k ( mak+ atta9m5t ( pleasure ! end ( conduct1 ! doctr9e ( evolution mu/ give u pause4 ,x has be5 already argu$ t1 giv5 c]ta9 s\rces (1 & susceptibilities =1 pleasure1 ! c\rse ( evolution has n be5 su* z to produce an exact co9cid5ce betwe5 !m & ! actions :i* fur!r life4 ,b x w\ld seem t1 giv5 habits ( act+ :i* are consi/5t ) ! conditions ( life1 & :i* are sy/ematically c>ri$ out1 ^! w n fail to gr[ pleasant z ! organism becomes adapt$ to !m4 ,at ! be/1 x is difficult en\gh to say1 ev5 = ! individual1 :e!r "o imag9$ object or c\rse ( action w exce$ ano!r 9 pleasurable feel+ or n4 ,b1 :5 we rememb] t function & feel+ may be modifi$ indef9itely1 x is impossible to say :at c\rse ( conduct w produce ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure = ! race4 ,tak+ 9 all its effects1 we _c say t "o way ( seek+ pleasure is bett]--t is1 w br+ m pleasure--?an ano!r4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! modifications :i* evolution produces1 x seems impossible to guide ! active t5d5cies ( mank9d t[>ds ! goal ( greate/ pleasure1 except by say+ t ! greate/ pleasure w be got f ! greate/ am\nt ( successful1 or ( unre/ra9$1 or ( m$ium activity4 ,sid5ote3 maximum pleasure only def9able 9 t]ms ( life4 ,if1 !n1 we h be5 seek+ to def9e ! evolutioni/ end by int]pret+ x 9 t]ms ( pleasure1 x appe>s t we h only succe$$ 9 mak+ ! r\nd ( a circle3 pleasure z ! end is se5 to be only def9able z life or activity1 al?\gh x 0 adopt$ z ! end 9 ord] t by its help we might discov] :at life or activity meant z ! end = conduct4 ,we may1 p]haps1 /ill be able to hold to a =m ( h$onism1 if we turn our att5tion f ! race to a small portion ( pres5t mank9d4 ,9 spite ( ! modifiability ( function & its p>asite feel+1 we may /ill be able to say t su* & su* a c\rse ( action is likely to br+ mo/ pleasure to ! individual or ev5 to ! family4 ,b we _c ext5d su* a means ( int]pret+ ! e?ics ( evolution to ! race1 :]e ! possibility ( modification is indef9itely great1 & ! pa9 incurr$ 9 initiat+ a *ange c\nts = little 9 comp>ison ) its subsequ5t results4 ,if we cont9ue to look f ! evolutioni/ po9t ( view1 ! "q1 ,:at conduct w on ! :ole br+ mo/ pleasure8 c only be answ]$ by say+ t x is ! conduct :i* w mo/ promote life--an answ] :i* might h be5 m satisfactory _h x n be5 to give mean+ to ?is end promotion ( life t x 0 int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( greate/ pleasure4 ,! evolution-!ory ( e?ics is ?us se5 to oscillate f ! !ory :i* looks ^u ! summum bonum z pleasure1 to t :i* f9ds x 9 activity4 ,x conta9s elem5ts :i* make x impossible = x to adh]e to ! =m] alt]native4 ,! compreh5siv5ess ( its view ( life makes x unable to adopt pleasure z ! end1 s9ce pleasure *anges ) e modification ( function4 ,& x has n[ to be se5 :e!r ! empirical me?od ( int]pretation to :i* x adh]es w all[ ( its notion ( life or activity af=d+ a satisfactory end = conduct4 ,,footnotes3 #aed ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aga4 #aee ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #afb4 #aef ,ibid41 p4 #eg4 #aeg ,cf4 ,a4 ,b>ratt1 9 ,m9d1 ii4 #agb n4 #aeh ,z illu/rat+ ?is ,i may ref] to ,g4 v4 ,giycki1 ,philosophis*e ,consequ5z5 d] ,lam>ck-,d>w9's*5 ,entwicklung/heorie 7#ahgf71 p4 #bg3 ,wir hab5 ob5 die ,erhaltung und ,frd]ung des ,leb5s des ,individuums und d] ,gattung als das e9e ,ziel d] ,e9ri*tung des gei/ig5 ,organismus gek5nzei*net4 ,p4 #eh3 ,auf das ,/reb5 na* 9 si* befri$igtem psy*is*5 ,leb5 t is to say1 pleasure s9d alle animal5 ,organism5 angelegt4 ,9 8 popul> essay1 ',grundzge d] ,moral' 7#ahhc71 ,dr ,giycki's pr9ciple & me?od are utilit>ian4 ,) ! above may be comp>$ ,guyau1 ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction 7#ahhe71 p4 #ae3 ,l'action sort naturellem5t du fonctionnem5t de la vie1 en gr&e p>tie inconsci5t2 elle entre aussitt dans le doma9e de la consci5ce et de la j\issance1 mais elle n'en vi5t pas4 ,la t5dance de l'tre p]svr] dans l'tre e/ le fond de t\t dsir sans con/itu] elle-mme un dsir dt]m94 #aei ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #hb f2 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #abe1 #c;d ed41 i4 #bhj2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #hc4 ,! simplicity ( ?is argum5t w be appreciat$ if we consid] ! difficulty ,comte exp]i5c$ 9 try+ to rea* a simil> conclusion4 ,see ,positive ,philosophy1 ,miss ,m>t9eau's translation1 ii4 #hg ff4 #afj ,cf4 ,phnom5ologie des sittli*5 ,bewus/se9s1 pp4 #gja1 #gjh4 #afa ,cf4 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 #c;d ed41 p4 #abg4 #afb ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bf4 #afc ,cf4 ,vaih+]1 ,h>tmann1 ,dhr+ und ,lange 7#ahgf71 p4 #abd4 #afd ,cf4 ,sully1 ,pessimism1 p4 #baf4 #afe ,see above1 p4 #afg f4 #aff ,cf4 ,fiske1 ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy 7#ahgd71 ii4 #ccb f4 #afg ,imitation1 accord+ to ,kant 7,grundlegung zur ,met4 d4 ,sitt51 ,w]ke1 iv4 #beg71 has no place at all 9 morals2 & ?is is true if ! nak$ law ( duty--or respect = x--is ! sole e?ical motive4 ,b if morality consi/s 9 ! atta9m5t ( an ideal :i* is be+ gradually realis$ 9 man1 moral value w n be d5i$ to ! motive :i* leads ! individual to fa%ion 8 own nature aft] t 9 :i* morality has atta9$ m complete realisation4 #afh ,see ! conclud+ pages ( ?is *apt]4 #afi ,philosophie des ,unbewus/51 #f? ed41 p4 #ffj ff4 #agj ,cf4 ,sully1 ,pessimism1 p4 #bbf n4 #aga ,cf4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 xvi4 7#ahhb71 #cgg4 #agb ,phil4 d4 ,unbewus/51 p4 #gdg4 #agc ,b5?am1 ,!ory ( ,legislation 7by ,dumont1 #ahgf71 p4 #ajc ff4 ,wundt1 ,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie1 #b;d ed41 p4 #dfi1 f9ds 9 ?is an in/ance ( ,web]'s law4 ,?us1 ! man ) #ajj receives ! same pleasure on receipt ( #a1 z ! possessor ( #ajjj does on receiv+ #aj4 ,z ,wundt rem>ks1 h[ev]1 ?is is only true )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,sixp5ce may give m pleasure to a begg> :o is nev] f> f ! />vation-po9t1 ?an ! cle>+ ( a million to ,b>on ,ro?s*ild4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! law only /ates an ab/ract tru?4 ,= ! susceptibility to pleasure is n only v diff]5t 9 diff]5t individuals1 b ?is diff]5ce dep5ds on _m o!r circum/ances ?an ! am\nt ( weal? already 9 possession1--su* z orig9al emotional susceptibility1 c4 #agd ,cf4 ,comte1 ,positive ,philosophy1 ii4 #add4 #age ,phn4 d4 s4 ,b41 p4 #fdj4 #agf ,lectures on ,metaphysics1 ii4 #dcb4 #agg ,l4 ,dumont1 ,?orie sci5tifique de la s5sibilit1 #b;d ed41 p4 #hc2 cf4 ,f4 ,b\illi]1 ,du plaisir et de la d\leur1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bi ff4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ! lead+ psy*ological text-book4 ,das ,gefhl1 says ,volkmann 7,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie1 #abg1 #c;d ed41 ii4 #cjj71 i/ nmli* ke9e eig5e ,vor/ellung neb5 d5 &]5 7es gibt ke9e eig55 ',gefhlsvor/ellung5'71 ja b]haupt g> ke9e ,vor/ellung4 ,pr(essor ,ba9's view is diff]5t1 b does n altoge!r prev5t him f ackn[l$g+ ! subjectivity ( feel+3 ,)\t intellectual images cle>ly recollect$1 we d n rememb] feel+s2 ! reproduction ( feel+ is an intellectual fact1 & ! gr\ndwork is intellectual imag]y4--,emotions1 p4 #fc4 #agh ,cf4 ,gre51 ,introduction to ,hume1 ii4 #g4 #agi ,cf4 ,sp9oza1 ,e?ica1 iii4 #aa1 s*ol42 ,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 i4 #f1 p4 #be2 ,ba91 ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 p4 #bhc4 ,pr(essor ,ba9's /atem5t is c>efully gu>d$3 ,a v consid]able numb] ( ! facts may be br\ght "u ! foll[+ pr9ciple--namely1 t /ates ( pleasure are connect$ ) an increase1 & /ates ( pa9 ) an abatem5t1 ( "s1 or all1 ( ! vital functions4 #ahj ,z ,mr ,sp5c] all[s1 ,psy*ology1 #abf1 i4 #bhd3 ,9 ! case ( mank9d1 !n1 !re has aris51 & mu/ long cont9ue1 a deep & involv$ d]angem5t ( ! natural connections betwe5 pleasures & b5eficial actions1 & betwe5 pa9s & detrim5tal actions4 #aha ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 p4 #bhf4 ,! ,law ( ,cons]vation is incomplete1 ,mr ,ba9 holds1 & mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! ,law ( ,/imulation 7p4 #bid74 #ahb ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 #abc1 i4 #bgg3 ,g5]ally speak+1 !n1 pleasures are ! concomitants ( m$ium activities1 :]e ! activities are ( k9ds liable to be 9 excess or 9 defect2 & :]e !y are ( k9ds n liable to be excessive1 pleasure increases z ! activity increases1 except :]e ! activity is ei!r con/ant or involunt>y4 #ahc ,hamilton1 ,lectures1 ii4 #ddj3 ,pleasure is ! reflex ( ! spontane\s & unimp$$ ex]tion ( a p[] ( ^: en]gies we are consci\s4 ,pa91 a reflex ( ! ov]/ra9$ or repress$ ex]tion ( su* a p[]4 ,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,e?4 ,n41 vii4 #ab1 p4 #aaec a #ad1 x4 #d1 p4 #aagd b #bj4 #ahd ,?orie sci5tifique1 p4 #gh4 #ahe ,cf4 ,wundt1 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 p4 #dgj2 ,fe*n]1 ,vors*ule d] ,ae/hetik1 ii4 #bdc f4 #ahf ,exam4 ( ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 #e? ed41 p4 #eei4 #ahg ,see ,fe*n]1 loc4 cit4 #ahh ,social ,/atics1 p4 #gi4 #ahi ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ahf4 #aij ,m9d1 vi4 #he4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,evolutioni/ ,,end4 ,sid5ote3 ,want ( h>mony betwe5 evolutionism & h$onism4 ,9 %[+ ! important be>+ :i* evolution has on ! causes ( pleasure1 ! argum5t ( ! prec$+ *apt] has also made cle> t ! ends ( evolutionism & ( h$onism _c be made to expla9 "o ano!r4 ,! !ory :i* />ts ) a maximum ( pleasure z ! ultimate end1 b po9ts to ! c\rse ( evolution z %[+ h[ t end is to be realis$1 is confront$ by ! fact t ! developm5t ( life does n always t5d to increas$ pleasure1 & t ! laws ( its developm5t _c !re=e be safely adopt$ z maxims = ! atta9m5t ( pleasure4 ,! same objection may be tak5 to ! me?od ( int]pret+ ! evolutioni/ end by means ( ! pleasurable results ( conduct4 ,! two d n correspond ) t exactness :i* w\ld admit ( "o do+ duty = ! o!r z a practical guide4 ,& a fur!r difficulty has be5 %[n to /& 9 ! way ( ?is me?od4 ,=1 on com+ to analyse pleasure1 we f9d t x may1 by habituation1 arise f any--or almo/ any--c\rse ( conduct :i* ! conditions ( exi/5ce admit (4 ,! evolutioni/1 !re=e1 c h no sur] idea ( greate/ pleasure--ev5 al?\gh ?is may n be a v sure "o--?an t x w foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ! greate/ or mo/ v>i$ activity :i* h>monises ) ! laws ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( inve/igat+ indep5d5t evolutioni/ end4 ,we mu/ !re=e =sake ! me?od ( eclecticism1 & inquire :e!r ! !ory ( evolution c make any indep5d5t contribution t[>ds det]m9+ an end = conduct4 ,we are frequ5tly told t x prescribes z ! end pres]vation1 or developm5t1 or ! heal? ( ! society4 ,b to obta9 a cle> mean+ = su* notions1 we mu/ see :at def9ite cont5t ! !ory ( evolution c give !m1--)\t consid]+1 at pres5t1 ! gr\nds = trans=m+ !m into e?ical precepts4 ,n[1 x may be ?\ght--& ! sugge/ion des]ves c>eful exam9ation--t we may f9d 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( evolution itself#aia an indication ( ! end :i* organisms produc$ by & subject to evolution are naturally fitt$ to atta94 ,^! *>act]i/ics mu/ !re=e be pass$ "u review1 t _! e?ical be>+s may be se54 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,adaptation to environm5t3 necess>y = life2 #a4 ,! fir/ condition ( developm5t1 & ev5 ( life1 is correspond5ce betwe5 an organism & its environm5t4 ,! wa/e impli$ 9 ! processes :i* con/itute ! life ( an organis$ body has to be suppli$ by nutrim5t got f surr\nd+ objects4 ,x requires food1 air1 light1 & heat 9 due proportions 9 ord] t its v>i\s organs may d _! "w4 ,:5 ^! circum/ances *ange1 ei!r x adapts itself to ! new conditions or dea? ensues4 ,?us we f9d t e animal is limit$ to a c]ta9 range ( climate2 e plant to c]ta9 zones ( latitude & elevation1#aib--?\gh no?+ diff]s m among diff]5t species ?an ! ext5t ( an organism's adaptability to v>y+ conditions4 ,a def9ite organism & a m$ium suitable to x are call$ by ,comte ! two fundam5tal correlative conditions ( life2 accord+ to ,mr ,sp5c] !y con/itute life4 ,con=mity is absolutely necess>y betwe5 ! vital functions ( any organism & ! conditions 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,9 ?is con=mity !re are v>y+ degrees1 & ! complet5ess ( ! life w be proportionate to ! complet5ess ( ! correspond5ce4#aic ,ev5 :5 life is n altoge!r ext+ui%$1 x is imp$$ by imp]fect adaptation4 ,:]e ext]nal circum/ances make ! atta9m5t ( n\ri%m5t difficult & prec>i\s1 life is %ort5$ 9 ext5t1 &1 )9 its limits1 m occupi$ ) simply ma9ta9+ its necess>y functions--less full1 v>i$1 & active4 ,! same holds good :e!r ! ext]nal circum/ances are natural or social1--applies equally to ^? ^: en]gies are exhau/$ 9 ! production ( a b>e livelihood f a nigg>d soil & unpropiti\s climate1 & to ^? :o1 "u *ang$ conditions1 feel ! h>d%ip ( adapt+ !mselves to a new social m$ium4 ,sid5ote3 spok5 ( z ! e?ical end2 ,sid5ote3 def9es ! notion ( self-pres]vation4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t ! end ( human conduct is adaptation to environm5t8 ,?is seems to be ! position tak5 up by "s evolutioni/s4 ,9 ! language ( von ,ba]1#aid ! end ( ends is always t ! organic body be adapt$ to ! conditions ( ! e>?1 its elem5ts & means ( nutrim5t2 & ,mr ,sp5c] holds t all evil results f ! non-adaptation ( con/itution to condition4#aie ,! h$onism :i* ,mr ,sp5c] def9itely accepts z 8 e?ical pr9ciple prev5ts him1 inde$1 f fully adopt+ ! !ory ( human action :i* von ,ba] seems to reg>d z ! result ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,yet complete adaptation ( con/itution to condition is held by him to be *>act]i/ic ( t p]fect =m ( life to :i* evolution t5ds1 & ! laws ( :i* are to be our guides 9 our pres5t imp]fect social condition4 ,9 work+ out 8 !ory ( e?ics1 he describes acts z good or bad accord+ z !y are well or ill adju/$ to ends1 id5tify+ ! good ) ! conduct fur!r+ self-pres]vation1 & ! bad ) ! conduct t5d+ to self-de/ruction4#aif ,! notion ( self-pres]vation ?us introduc$ is naturally sugge/$ z ! end subs]v$ by ! activity ( an organism be+ adju/$ to surr\nd+ conditions4 ,self-pres]vation1 !re=e1 r ?an adaptation to environm5t1 w be reg>d$ z ! end1 ) :i* adaptation w be connect$ z ! ess5tial means4 ,?is notion ( self-pres]vation has play$ a rem>kable "p 9 e?ical & psy*ological discussion s9ce ! "t ( ! ,/oics4 ,x )draws att5tion f ! relative & transi5t feel+ ( pleasure to ! p]man5ce ( ! liv+ be+4 ,?us1 ) ! ,/oics1 ! notion ( self-pres]vation 0 accompani$ by an e?ics ho/ile to indulg5ce 9 pleasure2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,sp9oza & 9 ,hobbes1 pleasure 0 recognis$ z ! natural consequ5ce ( self-pres]v+ acts--! =m] def9+ x z a transition f less to great] p]fection1 ! latt] z ! s5se ( :at helps ! vital functions4 ,! !ory ( evolution has1 ( c\rse1 n only its di/9ctive contribution to make to ! connection betwe5 self-pres]vation & pleasure--a subject already ref]r$ to1--b also %[s h[ an increas+ h>mony has be5 produc$ betwe5 acts :i* t5d to self-pres]vation & ^? :i* t5d to social-pres]vation4 ,) ,mr ,sp5c] ^! two po9ts are unit$4 ,8 doctr9e t ! conduct :i* fur!rs race-ma9t5ance evolves h&-9-h& ) ! conduct :i* fur!rs self-ma9t5ance#aig is prelim9>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! proposition t ! highe/ life is "o 9 :i* egoi/ic & altrui/ic acts h>monise ) "o ano!r & ) ext]nal conditions3 ! life call$ moral is "o 9 :i* ?is mov+ equilibrium rea*es complet5ess or approa*es mo/ ne>ly to complet5ess4#aih ,sid5ote3 ,self-pres]vation & social-pres]vation4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1#aii x is n ! case1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human life1 t egoi/ic & altrui/ic t5d5cies1 ev5 :5 prop]ly und]/ood1 always lead to ! same c\rse ( conduct2 & ev5 ! !ory ( evolution does n d away ) ! necessity = a compromise betwe5 !m4 ,b1 ev5 _h ! !ory ( evolution ov]come ! opposition betwe5 ! individual & social /&po9ts1 mu* w\ld /ill rema9 to be done = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ a sy/em ( e?ics1 or det]m9+ ! e?ical end4 ,x seems bett]1 !re=e1 to pass ov] at pres5t ! conflict ( compet+ int]e/s4 ,accord+ to ,pascal1 ! entire succession ( m51 ! :ole c\rse ( ages1 is to be reg>d$ z "o man always liv+ & always le>n+4 ,& ?is is a sugge/ion :i* ! !ory ( evolution only /ates m def9itely1 ?\gh x _c completely v9dicate x4 ,on ?is supposition1 self-pres]vation is social-pres]vation1 & ! possibly div]g5t int]e/s ( ! individual & ! :ole are left out ( acc\nt4 ,! end = ! race !n is1 accord+ to ! !ory mo/ explicitly /at$ by von ,ba]1 a /ate ( mov+ equilibrium3 & to ?is /ate ( affairs we are at lea/1 ,mr ,sp5c] holds1 indubitably t5d+4 ,9 ! f9al /age ( human developm5t1 man w be p]fectly adapt$ to ! conditions ( 8 environm5t1 s t1 to ea* *ange )\t1 !re w be an answ]+ organic *ange4 ,! ideal :i* seems to be held up to u is t ( a "t 9 :i* !re w be no m irksome frett+ 9 ! ma*9]y ( life1 & circum/ances w nev] be unpropiti\s1 because ! organism w nev] be want+ 9 correspond5ce ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,z ! end = pres5t conduct3 oppos$ to progress2 ,if ?is adaptation be adopt$ z ! practical end = conduct "u pres5t conditions1 & n m]ely z describ+ a f>-(f ideal to :i* we are suppos$ to be t5d+1 man may cont9ue to manife/ a law ( progress1 b its initiation w be f ext]nal conditions4 ,if adaptation to environm5t is consi/5tly made ! end1 activity w h to be re/rict$ to suit+ "o's p[]s to an ext]nal ord] ( nature1 & desire w h to be curb$ :5 x does n br+ ! means ( satisfaction along ) x4 ,b5e lat]e w aga9 be an equival5t = b5e viv]e1 & happ9ess w h to be s\ght 9 )drawal f ! di/ractions ( political life1 & 9 ! re/riction ( desire4 ,x is /range to see ! !ory :i* is suppos$ to be bas$ ^u & to acc\nt = progress1 return+ 9 ?is way to an ideal simil> to t 9 :i* ! po/-,ari/otelian s*ools took refuge amid ! decl9e ( political & intellectual life 9 ,greece4 ,! end :i* ,/oic & ,epicurean alike s\ght 9 complete emancipation f ! conditions ( ! ext]nal _w1#bjj is n[1 9 m sci5tific phrase1 made to consi/ 9 complete h>mony ) ^! conditions4 ,b1 9 _! practical results1 ! two !ories w\ld seem sc>cely to diff]4 ,x is n a/oni%+1 !re=e1 if ?is gospel ( r5unciation f9ds little fav\r among practical m5 9 our day4 ,x is se5 t1 if a man has n wants1 he w make no ef=ts1 & t1 if he make no ef=ts1 8 condition c nev] be bett]$4 ,?us social re=m]s h (t5 f\nd t ! classes !y h tri$ to elevate did n feel ! evil ( _! lot z _! b5efactors saw x1 & !y h _h to create wants be=e attempt+ to satisfy !m4#bja ,& ! practical t5d5cy f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 speculative op9ion1 s t1 :]eas ,epicurus plac$ happ9ess 9 fre$om f wants1 mod]n h$onism usually consid]s a man ! happi] ! m wants he has & is able to supply4#bjb ,sid5ote3 does n fully repres5t ! !ory ( evolution4 ,?is practical t5d5cy br+s out ! tru? t x is n only by ! subord9ation ( self to circum/ances1 & ! re/riction ( desire to pres5t means ( satisfaction1 t ! requir$ h>mony betwe5 out] & inn] relations c be br\ght ab\t4 ,! o!r alt]native is op53 circum/ances may be subord9at$ to self4 ,= ?is latt] alt]native ! !ory ( evolution seems really to leave room z mu* z = ! =m]4 ,x is exclud$ only :5 a "o-sid$ emphasis is laid on ! necessity ( adaptation to environm5t4 ,= evolution implies a gradually increas+ het]og5eity ( /ructure z ! prelude to p]fect agreem5t ) circum/ances3 ! limit ( het]og5eity t[>ds :i* e aggregate progresses is ! =mation ( z _m specialisations & comb9ations ( p>ts z !re are specialis$ & comb9$ =ces to be met4#bjc ,! end ( evolution is a correspond5ce betwe5 inn] & out] :i* is n produc$ by ! easy me?od ( bo? be+ v simple1 b :i* is consi/5t )1 & inde$ requires1 ! complexity & het]og5eity produc$ 9 bo? by con/ant int]action4#bjd ,! great] ?is complexity1 ! m fill$ ) s5sation1 emotion1 & ?\ght life is1 ! great] is :at ,mr ,sp5c] calls its bread?4 ,b1 if adaptation is /ill reg>d$ z express+ ! end1 !n1 ! m p]fect ?is adaptation is1 ! less room seems left = progress1 & ! end ( human conduct is plac$ 9 a /ate ( mov+ equilibrium 9 :i* action takes place )\t a j> & )\t di/urb+ ! play ( ext]nal conditions4#bje 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,z describ+ ! ultimate condition ( life1 ,?is end ( adaptation is look$ ^u by ,mr ,sp5c] n z repres5t+ ! conduct prescrib$ by morality 9 pres5t circum/ances1 b z describ+ ! ultimate condition ( human life4 ,z su*1 x is ! f\ndation ( 8 ,absolute ,e?ics--t f9al p]man5t code :i* alone admits ( be+ def9itely =mulat$1 & s con/itut+ e?ics z a sci5ce 9 contra/ ) empirical e?ics4#bjf ,! philosophical morali/1 he tells u1 treats solely ( ! /raight man4 ,he det]m9es ! prop]ties ( ! /raight man2 describes h[ ! /raight man comports himself2 %[s 9 :at relation%ip he /&s to o!r /raight m52 %[s h[ a community ( /raight m5 is con/itut$4 ,any deviation f /rict rectitude he is oblig$ :olly to ignore4 ,x _c be admitt$ into 8 premisses )\t vitiat+ all 8 conclusions4 ,a problem 9 :i* a crook$ man =ms "o ( ! elem5ts is insoluble by him4#bjg ,sid5ote3 complete correspond5ce ) environm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,resultant absolute code ( e?ics ,sid5ote3 77 lays d[n ab/ract pr9ciples = relation ( individual to society2 ,sid5ote3 77 f>!r only def9es end ( conduct z adaptation2 ,h[1 !n1 are we to conceive ! nature or conduct ( ! /raight man8 ,to beg9 )1 x is made cle> t 8 deal+s are only ) /raight m52 = !re are no crook$ m5 9 ! ideal community4 ,! coexi/5ce ( a p]fect man & an imp]fect society is impossible2 & c\ld ! two coexi/ ! result+ conduct w\ld n furni% ! e?ical /&>d s\ght4#bjh ,! ultimate man is "o 9 :om ?is process ( adaptation to ! social /ate has gone s f> z to produce a correspond5ce betwe5 all ! prompt+s ( 8 nature & all ! requirem5ts ( 8 life z c>ri$ on 9 society4 ,if s1 x is a necess>y implication t !re exi/s an ideal code ( conduct =mulat+ ! behavi\r ( ! completely-adapt$ man 9 ! completely-evolv$ society4 ,?is is ! code ( ,absolute ,e?ics1 ^: injunctions alone are absolutely "r1 & :i*1 z a sy/em ( ideal conduct1 is to s]ve z a /&>d = our guidance 9 solv+1 z well z we c1 ! problems ( real conduct4#bji ,at ! outset1 we 7 requir$ to int]pret ! m develop$ by ! less develop$2 #baj ! conclusion sets =? t ! less develop$ is to be guid$ by ! m develop$1 ! real by ! ideal4 ,n[1 e?ics includes all conduct :i* fur!rs or h9d]s1 9 ei!r direct or indirect ways1 ! welf>e ( self or o!rs4#baa ,?us ,absolute ,e?ics1 l ,relative ,e?ics1 has two divisions1 p]sonal & social4 ,z to ! latt]1 ,mr ,sp5c] =mulates c]ta9 pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 negative b5efic5ce1 & positive b5efic5ce1#bab :i* describe ! h>moni\s co-op]ation ( ideal m5 9 ! ideal /ate4 ,^! pr9ciples may p]haps be capable ( a modifi$ application to ! pres5t /ate ( society1 9 :i* !re is a conflict ( int]e/s3 al?\gh ,mr ,sp5c]'s repres5tation ( !m--:i* is /ill1 h[ev]1 incomplete--sugge/s ! belief t !y are n s mu* guides :i* ! ideal gives to ! real1 z sugge/ions = ! con/ruction ( a ,utopia ga!r$ f ! requirem5ts ( pres5t social life4 ,b1 suppos+ ! h>moni\s co-op]ation ( individuals to be ?us provid$ =1 :at is ! p]sonal end8 & :at1 x might be add$1 is ! social end1 if society has any fur!r function ?an regulat+ ! relation ( its units to "o ano!r8 ,absolute e?ics does n seem to be able to give mu* guidance "h4 ,a code ( p]fect p]sonal conduct1 we are told1 c nev] be made def9ite4#bac ,!re are v>i\s types ( activities1 all ( :i* may belong to lives complete aft] _! k9ds4 ,b yet p]fection ( individual life does imply c]ta9 modes ( action :i* are approximately alike 9 all cases1 & :i*1 !re=e1 become "p ( ! subject-matt] ( e?ics4 ,we _c lay d[n precise rules = private conduct1 b only g5]al requirem5ts4 ,& ^! are3 to ma9ta9 ! balance betwe5 wa/e & nutrition1 to obs]ve a relation betwe5 activity & re/1 to m>ry & h *ildr54#bad ,?is is h[ ! /raight man comports himself4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f ! sugge/ion ?r[n out t a man's function may be ! realisation ( a type ( activity complete aft] its k9d--a sugge/ion to be consid]$ 9 ! sequel--all t we c say ( ! completely-adapt$ man w\ld seem to be t he w be adapt$ to 8 circum/ances4 ,sid5ote3 77 _c be %[n to lead to happ9ess4 ,we h a "r to demur if ! pleasures ( ! f9al condition ( equilibrium be held up to our imag9ation z a reason = aim+ at x4 ,t x is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! greate/ p]fection & mo/ complete happ9ess1#bae seems an unw>rantable assumption4 ,yet x is ?r\gh ?is assumption t an app>5t h>mony betwe5 ,mr ,sp5c]'s h$oni/ic e?ics & 8 view ( ! t5d5cy ( evolution is br\ght ab\t4 ,x is n at all c]ta9 t ! result ( p]fectly adapt$ function is great increase ( pleasure4 ,x is true t all ! pa9s ( di%>mony betwe5 inn] desire or feel+ & out] circum/ances w\ld1 9 su* a case1 disappe>2 b ) !m also !re w\ld be lo/ ! v>i$ pleasures ( pursuit & successful /ruggle4 ,x _c ev5 be assum$ t o!r pleasures w\ld cont9ue z int5se z be=e4 ,=1 z acts are p]=m$ m easily1 & ?us ) less consci\s volition1 !y gradually pass into ! backgr\nd ( consci\sness1 or out ( consci\sness altoge!r2 & ! pleasure accompany+ !m fades gradually away z !y cease to occupy ! att5tion4 ,:]e action is p]fectly automatic1 feel+ does n exi/4#baf ,! s-call$ passive pleasures might /ill rema94 ,b ! fact ( ef=t be+ no long] necess>y = ! adju/m5t ( inn] to out] relations might h ! effect ( mak+ ! mov+ equilibrium /ill call$ life automatic 9 e detail4 ,inde$1 if ! sugge/ions ( ! ',fir/ ,pr9ciples' are to be c>ri$ out1 x w\ld seem t ! mov+ equilibrium is a transitional /ate on ! way to complete equilibrium1#bag :i* is ano!r "n = dea?4#bah ,s f>1 !re=e1 f height5$ pleasure be+ ! result ( completely p]fect adju/m5t ( inn] to out] relations1 ?is adju/m5t w\ld seem to rea* its natural goal 9 unconsci\sness--a conclusion :i* may comm5d itself to ^? ( ,mr ,sp5c]'s disciples :o take a less optimi/ view ( life ?an _! ma/]4 ,x seems evid5t1 !re=e1 t to take adaptation to environm5t1 or self-pres]vation z int]pret$ by adaptation1 z ! end ( conduct1 is to adopt an end :i* _c be %[n to be desirable on ! gr\nd ( yield+ a maximum ( happ9ess or pleasure4 ,& x is almo/ ) a feel+ ( relief t "o f9ds ,mr ,sp5c]'s confid5ce 9 ! t5d5cy ( evolution s f> %ak5 z to admit ( 8 say+ t h[ev] ne> to complet5ess ! adaptation ( human nature to ! conditions ( exi/5ce at l>ge1 physical & social1 may become1 x c nev] rea* complet5ess4#bai ,adaptation to environm5t mu/1 at any rate1 be kept q di/9ct f any !ory ( e?ics :i* takes pleasure z ! end ( life2 & x _c consi/5tly det]m9e any result z ( e?ical value on acc\nt ( its pleasurable consequ5ces4 ,! goal x sets be=e u1 & 9 :i* human progress ends1 is con=mity ) an ext]nal ord]4 ,! modification ( ^! ext]nal conditions by human ef=t is to be ju/ifi$ e?ically by ! opportunity x gives = br++ ab\t a full] agreem5t betwe5 ! individual or race & its environm5t4 ,! result is a /ation>y /ate ( human conduct1 correspond+ )1 or a "p (1 t g5]al equilibration to :i*1 accord+ to ,mr ,sp5c]1 all evolution t5ds4 ,b ?is !ory1 :i* places ! goal ( conduct 9 :at seems to be ! actual t5d5cy ( evolution1 ga9s no real support f ?is app>5t h>mony ( e?ics ) g5]al philosophy4 ,x may be grant$ t ! evid5ce ( physical laws goes to %[ t ! evolution ( ! sol>1 or ev5 /ell>1 sy/em is t[>ds a condition 9 :i* ! mov+ equilibrium w at la/ pass into a =m 9 :i* !re is no fur!r s5sible motion1 & ! conc5tration ( matt] is complete4 ,b to inf] f ?is t ! !ory :i* places ! end ( conduct 9 a simil> equilibrium %[s ! h>mony ( morality ) ! t5d5cy ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 w\ld really involve a confusion ( ! two diff]5t mean+s ( end4 ,! end or t]m9ation ( all ?+s may be equilibrium1 motionlessness1 or dissolution1 b ?is is no reason :y ! end or aim ( conduct %\ld be a simil> equilibrium4 ,inde$1 to say t we ought to promote ! end ( evolution1 & t ?is end is annihilation1 is inconsi/5t ) ! po/ulate always impli$ by ! e?ics ( evolution--! po/ulate t conduct %\ld promote evolution because life is desirable1#bbj & increase ( life comes ) ! progress ( evolution4 ,nor is x ( any assi/ance to reply to ?is by say+ t ! dissolution 9 :i* evolution ends may be only ! prelude to ano!r process ( evolution 9 :i* life w gradually progress till x aga9 rea*es equilibrium4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is only a problematical sugge/ion--is n1 to speak 9 ,mr ,sp5c]'s language1 demon/rable priori by d$uction f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 z ! t5d5cy ( pres5t evolution to equilibrium is held to be2 & secondly1 ! new process1 if x 7 to come ab\t1 w\ld h to beg9 aga9 ! sl[ asc5t f ! l[e/ rung ( ! ladd] ( exi/5ce3 s t1 9 aid+ evolution t[>ds ! goal ( equilibrium1 we %\ld be only guid+ x to ! old />t+-po9t :i* has n[1 aft] _m a pa9ful /ruggle1 be5 left f> beh9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 7c7 ,insuffici5cy ( adaptation z evolutioni/ end3 ,sid5ote3 t5d5cy to v>iation 9 all organisms1 ,b fur!r1 x w\ld seem t ! !ory ( evolution itself is n fairly repres5t$ by a view :i* emphasises ! fact ( adaptation to environm5t to ! exclusion ( t ( v>iation4 ,! latt] is z necess>y to progressive developm5t z ! =m]4 ,adaptation to environm5t might seem to be mo/ ne>ly complete :5 organism & environm5t 7 bo? s simple z to be h>dly sep>ate4 ,! polype1 :i* is sc>cely diff]5t f ! sea-wat] x inhabits1 might seem by correspond5ce ) its m$ium to be ne> ! maximum ( adaptation1 ?\gh at ! v beg9n+ ( life4 ,x may be solely because ! environm5t is subject to num]\s *anges t ! organism ( simple /ructure _c ma9ta9 life4 ,b x is only ?r\gh its own inh]5t p[] ( v>iation t progress 9 organic life is possible4 ,p]fect correspond5ce ) ! environm5t 0 n rea*$ by simple organisms1 n only on acc\nt ( ! want ( uni=mity 9 _! surr\nd+s1 b also because !re is 9 e organism a t5d5cy to v>iation ?r\gh :i* ! modifications are produc$ :i* natural selection takes hold (4 ,did organisms n t5d to v>y 9 function & /ructure1 no progressive modification w\ld be possible4 ,^? fitte/ to live w\ld be select$ once = all1 & all b ^? adapt$ to ! environm5t we$$ out4 ,x is n necess>y = our pres5t purpose to h any def9ite !ory ( ! obscure laws by :i* ?is v>iability is gov]n$4#bba ,x is en\gh t natural selection requires ! /rik+ out ( new modifications z well z ! transmission ( ^? already produc$4#bbb ,x may be ! fact t v>iation is1 9 ! la/ resort1 due to *anges 9 surr\nd+ circum/ances1 to ! unequal incid5ce ( ext]nal =ces ^u a f9ite aggregate4#bbc ,b1 ) liv+ bodies z n[ con/itut$1 x has1 at any rate z proximate cause1 a tw(old s\rce4 ,x may be due to ! direct effect ( ext]nal =ces1 or x may be caus$ by ! en]gy /or$ up 9 ! organism 9 gr[?4#bbd ,sid5ote3 consci\sly direct$ 9 man4 ,9 man ! outgo ( ?is =ce is consci\s2 &1 by means ( 8 consci\s or intellig5t volition1 gov]n$ by int]e/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 he c anticipate & modify ! action ( natural selection4 ,! law t ! fitte/ organism survives may p]haps "w 9 man z 9 ! l[] animals1 if only we give a wide en\gh mean+ to fitte/1 s z to admit ev5 ( ! weak be+ made fit ?r\gh ! sympa?y & help ( ! /rong4 ,natural selection becomes dep5d5t ^u v>iations ( a k9d diff]5t f ^? 9 ! m]ely animal _w1 s t its practical effect may be 9 "s cases app>5tly rev]s$4 ,we ?us see h[ x is t ev5 ,d>w9 holds t 9 moralis$ societies natural selection app>5tly effects b little1#bbe at ! same "t t we may n be incl9$ to d5y ! tru? ( ,s*ffle's cont5tion#bbf t1 al?\gh circum/ances diff]1 ! law ( action rema9s ! same4 ,s*ffle po9ts out h[1 z we rise 9 ! scale ( life1 especially z x is manife/$ 9 human society1 ! organisation becomes m delicate1 & o!r ?an m]ely natural facts h to be tak5 acc\nt (1 s t ! fitte/ to live 9 ! new social & intellectual environm5t is no long] ! man ( greate/ physical /r5g? & skill4 ,! !ory ( natural selection z appli$ to ! ord9>y sph]es ( plant & animal life1 may p]haps1 = "s purposes1 neglect consid]ation ( ! fact t x presupposes a t5d5cy to v>iation 9 ! organisms ^: gr[? x describes4 ,b1 :5 ! v>iation 9 ! behavi\r ( ! organism becomes consci\s & design$1 !re is !reby produc$ a prelim9>y indication or det]m9ation ( ! l9es on :i* natural selection is to "w4 ,&1 be=e ! !ory ( evolution c give a full acc\nt ( ! e?ical 9 man1 x mu/ di/+ui% consci\sly-det]m9$ f m]ely natural action1 & give an analysis ( :at is impli$ 9 ! =m]4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x may be ! case t ! gr\nd & possibility ( progress & ( ! effici5cy ( ideal ends 9 human conduct--:i* adaptation to environm5t has be5 unable logically to expla9 or leave room =--are to be f\nd 9 ?is diff]5tiat+ fact ( consci\s activity4 ,b we mu/ fir/ ( all see :e!r1 f ! empirical *>act]i/ics ( v>iation1 we c extract an e?ical end or any guide = conduct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,end sugge/$ by ?is t5d5cy to v>iation ,sid5ote3 7a7 prescribes self-developm5t r ?an self-pres]vation1 #b4 ,! l[] animals1 says a writ] on biology1 are j z well organis$ = ! purposes ( _! life z ! high] are = !irs4 ,! tape-worm is relatively q z p]fect z ! man1 & di/+ui%$ f him by _m sup]ior capabilities4#bbg ,x is incorrect to look ^u ! evolution ( animal life z work+ ^u "o l9e1 s t ! diff]5t k9ds ( liv+ be+s c be arrang$1 z x 71 9 an ord] ( m]it1 9 :i* ! organisation ( ! high] animal pla9ly excels t ( ! l[]4 ,! conditions ( life are manifold & v>i\s en\gh to p]mit ( ! exi/5ce ( _m species equally p]fect 9 relation to _! environm5ts4 ,! fact t we are /ill able to speak ( "o species or "o animal z high] ?an ano!r1 is n ow+ to ! "o be+ bett] adapt$ to its environm5t ?an ! o!r1 b is suppos$ r to be due to ! high] =ms hav+ _! organs m di/9ctly specialis$ = diff]5t functions4#bbh ,ev5 ,mr ,sp5c]1 = :om equilibrium is ! goal ( life1 implicitly admits t adaptation alone is n ! end ( human action1 by 8 doctr9e t ! degree ( evolution may be measur$ by ! complexity ( ! adju/m5ts x effects betwe5 organism & environm5t4 ,! end1 !re=e1 x may be said1 is no long] ! m]e self-pres]vation f\nd 9 adaptation to environm5t1 b ! self-developm5t :i* implies tempor>y di%>mony betwe5 organism & surr\nd+s4 ,= self-pres]vation & self-developm5t1 ?\gh frequ5tly spok5 ( z id5tical1 are really di/9ct & (t5 oppos$ notions--! =m] d5ot+ a t5d5cy to p]si/ 9 "o's pres5t /ate ( be+1 :ile ! latt] implies m or less *ange4 ,x may be held1 h[ev]1 t = an organism su* z man to p]si/ 9 8 /ate ( be+1 implies modification ( 8 faculties1 & t ?is modification involves developm5t4 ,= any organism to exi/ ap>t f *ange is1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,life is only kn[n to u z a s]ies ( *anges4 ,b t *ange does n necess>ily mean developm5t or *ange to a high] condition4 ,degradation is z well kn[n a fact z developm5t2 & betwe5 ! two1 !re is room = a /ate ( exi/5ce ( :i* x is difficult to say :e!r x improves or det]iorates4 ,& :atev] may be int5d$ by ! phrase1 self-pres]vation po9ts to a /ate ( ?is k9d r ?an to an improv+ condition4 ,! notion ( self-developm5t has !re=e a ri*] cont5t ?an t ( self-pres]vation2 b j on ?is acc\nt x _c be expla9$ by a ref]5ce to ! nature ( ?+s z !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ?us tak+ acc\nt ( v>iability ,x is true t self-developm5t c only g on by a cont9u\s process ( adju/m5t2 b x is also necess>y = x t ?is t5d5cy to adaptation %\ld be cont9ually h9d]$ f becom+ complete or laps+ into equilibrium4 ,x is "h t ! function ( v>iation comes 94 ,on ! "o side !re is ?is t5d5cy to v>y aft] a fa%ion (t5 )\t any app>5t reg>d to ext]nal conditions2 on ! o!r side1 !re is ! action ( ! ext]nal conditions select+ & fav\r+ ^? v>iations :i* br+ ! organism into clos] correspond5ce ) !m4 ,! wide range ov] :i* ! !ory ( natural selection applies is due to ! fact t ! environm5t is nev] uni=m & nev] con/ant1 s t modifications on ! "p ( ! organism h a *ance ( suit+ its v>i$ & *ang+ "*4 ,its *anges1 moreov]1 are (t5 ! result n s mu* ( any absolute alt]ation 9 ext]nal circum/ances1 z ( a new relation betwe5 !m & liv+ be+s hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,= ! enorm\s reproductive faculty ( mo/ organisms makes !m multiply s rapidly z to press ev] m & m closely aga9/ ! limit ( subsi/5ce1 & ?us to produce competition = ! means ( liv+4 ,h5ce ! fre% l9es ( developm5t orig9at$ by ea* organism h to be te/$ by _! correspond5ce ) a con/antly *ang+ m$ium4 ,! alt]$ circum/ances give ! modifications :i* organisms are = ev] /rik+ out an opportunity ( p]petuat+ !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 :i* complicates ! t5d5cy to correspond5ce ) environm5t1 ,by ea* new v>iation ! exi/+ relation betwe5 organism & environm5t is di/urb$4 ,! v>iation may1 h[ev]1 prove its utility at once by a m exact correspond5ce ?an be=e ) ! requirem5ts ( ext]nal conditions4 ,b1 9 :at are call$ ! high] grades ( life1 v>iations f ! type are sometimes n imm$iately useful1 al?\gh !y may ultimately become mo/ advantage\s4#bbi ,7 x n = ! rem>kable p[] ( p]si/5ce possess$ by ! high] animals1 ! modifi$ organism w\ld be unable to hold its own4 ,! great majority ( su* ecc5tric or extraord9>y v>iations d1 z a matt] ( fact1 soon disappe>1 because unable to prove _! utility4 ,b o!rs ( !m1 ei!r by ! p[] !y give ! organism to m\ld circum/ances to itself1 or by _! appropriat5ess to ! great] complexity :i* comes ) ! increas$ numb] ( liv+ organisms1 & ! m delicate readju/m5t x requires1 prove !mselves to be fitt] to live ?an if no v>iation _h tak5 place & ! prec$+ /ate ( relative equilibrium _h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,! high] adju/m5t ( life to its surr\nd+s1 :i* m>ks ea* /age ( advanc+ evolution1 _h its beg9n+ 9 ! rupture ( ! orig9al simpl] h>mony t previ\sly exi/$4 ,sid5ote3 especially 9 human conduct4 ,if we comp>e human conduct ) t ( animals l[] 9 ! organic scale1 x becomes evid5t t !re is a broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 ?is1 t actions 9 ! =m] are purpos$1 p]=m$ ) a def9ite end 9 view2 :]eas1 9 ! latt]1 !y seem to be ! bl9d result ( impulse1 & !re are slight1 if any1 traces ( purpose4 ,9 activity ( ! latt] k9d1 natural selection works 9 ! ord9>y way by *oos+ = survival ! animals :i* behave s z be/ to suit _! environm5t4 ,b actions done ) a view to an end may anticipate ! v]dict ( ?is natural law4 ,! ag5t may see t conduct ( a p>ticul> k9d w\ld conduce to ! promotion ( life1 :ile conduct ( a diff]5t k9d w\ld r5d] him less fit to live2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! =m] action may be *os54 ,9 ?is way developm5t may be anticipat$1 & ! pres5t ord] ( affairs may be di/urb$1 m or less =cibly1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t a =ese5 bett] /ate ( ?+s4 ,we are ?us able to see m cle>ly h[ x is t ! !ory ( evolution may be ?\ght to give rise to two diff]5t e?ical ends4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! !ory already criticis$1 adaptation to environm5t1 :i* corresponds to ! notion ( self-pres]vation4 ,b ?is end1 z we h se51 only takes "o side ( ! !ory ( evolution into consid]ation--neglects ! t5d5cy to v>iation :i* evolution po/ulates1 & :i*1 9 ! high] organisms1 becomes purpos$4 ,! o!r end :i* seems to be sugge/$ by ! !ory ( evolution takes acc\nt ( ?is t5d5cy to v>iation1 & may be said to correspond to ! notion ( self-developm5t2 b ?is end x is h>d] to def9e4 ,adaptation we c easily und]/& by a ref]5ce to ! environm5t to :i* life is to be adapt$4 ,?is involves a k ( ! conditions ( ! environm5t1 b no?+ m4 ,developm5t c be measur$ by no su* /&>d4 ,on ! "o h& x implies an indep5d5t1 or relatively indep5d5t1 t5d5cy to v>iation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y t ! di%>mony ) environm5t1 9 :i* ?is t5d5cy to v>iation may beg91 %\ld n be excessive & %\ld n be p]man5t2 = )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( adaptation to environm5t no organism c live4 ,! ext5t ( initial di%>mony :i* is possible1 or is useful1 v>ies accord+ to ! v]satility ( ! faculties ( ea* individual organism1 & to its place 9 ! scale ( be+2 b ?r\gh\t all exi/5ce x is true t want ( adaptation beyond a c]ta9 v>y+ degree is fatal3 a mode ( action entirely ali5 to ! prevail+ modes ( action1 _c be successfully p]si/$ 9--mu/ ev5tuate 9 dea? ( self1 or po/]ity1 or bo?4#bcj ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,/&>d = measur+ developm5t ,by :at /&>d1 !n1 c we measure developm5t8 ,we h already se51 f ! =mula1 z x is call$1 or def9ition1 ( evolution1 t x implies an advance to a /ate ( increas$ coh]5ce1 def9it5ess1 & het]og5eity1 by ! d\ble process ( diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 & integration ( ^! p>ts into a :ole by ! =mation ( def9ite relations to "o ano!r4 ,! notions ( coh]5ce among/ p>ts & ( increas$ def9it5ess ( function & /ructure are easily und]/ood4 ,b ! het]og5eity po/ulat$ is a m complex notion1--has1 9 ! fir/ place1 a d\ble ref]5ce1 is at ! same "t a diff]5tiation ( ! p>ts f ea* o!r & a diff]5tiation ( ! consolidat$ :ole f ! environm5t2#bca & secondly1 is manife/$ 9 liv+ be+s 9 increas$ complexity ( e k9d--( /ructure1 =m1 *emical composition1 specific gravity1 temp]ature1 & self-mobility4#bcb ,c we !n apply ?is at once to e?ics1 & say t ! mo/ develop$--t is1 ! mo/ moral--conduct is t :i* is mo/ def9ite1 coh]5t1 & het]og5e\s8 ,?is doctr9e has at lea/ ! m]it ( n leav+ out ( sight s fundam5tal a *>act]i/ic ( evolution z ! t5d5cy to v>iation2 &1 )\t be+ consi/5tly held to1 x is ! burd5 ( mu* ( ,mr ,sp5c]'s ',data ( ,e?ics1' :]e x is illu/rat$ & def5d$ ) great +5uity4 ,sid5ote3 f\nd 9 degree ( complexity ( act & motive4 ,t moral conduct is di/+ui%$ by def9it5ess & coh]5ce--t x works t[>ds a det]m9ate end1 & t its v>i\s actions are 9 agreem5t ) "o ano!r & p>ts ( a :ole--may be admitt$4 ,b ?is is at mo/ a m]ely =mal description ( :at is meant by morality 9 conduct4 ,to say t conduct mu/ be a coh]5t :ole1 & mu/ seek a det]m9ate end by appropriate means1 leaves unsettl$ ! "q z to :at ?is end %\ld be1 or :at means are be/ fitt$ to atta9 x4 ,b1 :5 we g on to say t z conduct is m v>i$ 9 act1#bcc m het]og5e\s 9 motive1#bcd x is high] 9 ! moral scale1 we seem to h got hold ( some?+ :i* may be a guide = det]m9+ ! e?ical end4 ,! m>k ( :at is high] 9 evolution1 & consequ5tly 9 morality1 w be great] het]og5eity or complexity4#bce ,sid5ote3 ,difficulties ( ! !ory3 ,?is conclusion foll[s f an attempt n m]ely to treat moral ph5om5a z ph5om5a ( evolution1 b also to f9d ! ultimate int]pretations ( e?ics only 9 ^? fundam5tal tru?s :i* are common to all ! sci5ces1 physical1 biological1 psy*ological1 sociological4#bcf ,n[ ! fundam5tal tru?s :i* ^! sci5ces h 9 common are ^? only :i* are mo/ ab/ract4 ,b z we pass f m]e relations betwe5 matt] & motion to life1 & f life to self-consci\sness1 we h some?+ diff]5t f ^! fundam5tal tru?s ) ! addition ( c]ta9 o!rs n fundam5tal3 we f9d t ?+s are n m]ely m complex2 b are *ang$ 9 aspect & nature4 ,ev5 ?\gh x be true t ! new ph5om5a may /ill admit ( analysis into ! old simpl] t]ms1 & t life1 m9d1 & society may be int]pret$ z r$i/ributions ( matt] & motion1#bcg x mu/ yet at lea/ be admitt$ t ! *ange pass$ ?r\gh is "o simil> to ^? :i* ,mill comp>$ to *emical composition3 ! new comp\nd diff]s fundam5tally 9 mode ( action f ! elem5ts out ( :i* x 0 =m$4 ,n[1 9 say+ t ! mo/ complex adju/m5ts ( acts to ends are ! highe/ k9ds ( conduct1 & t we %\ld be guid$ by ! m complex 9 pref]5ce to simpl] motives1 ?is obvi\s difficulty is pass$ ov]4 ,x is true t ,mr ,sp5c]1 9 *apt]s ri* 9 sugge/ion1 & fill$ ) skilfully *os5 illu/rations1 has pass$ 9 review ! v>i\s aspects ( conduct accord+ z we look at x f ! po9t ( view ( ! physical environm5t1 ( life1 ( m9d1 or ( society4 ,b :5 ^! diff]5t aspects are br\ght toge!r & comp>$1 x becomes cle> t ! attempt to judge conduct by ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal tru? t evolution implies an advance t[>ds great] complexity1 mu/ necess>ily end 9 failure4#bch ,sid5ote3 77 ant9omy produc$ by x betwe5 ! social & individual ends2 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a notable discrepancy betwe5 ! biological & ! sociological aspect4 ,= ! complete developm5t ( ! individual life implies t e function %\ld be fulfill$1 & t its fulfilm5t %\ld int]f]e ) ! p]=mance ( no o!r function4 ,! p]=mance ( e function is1 9 a s5se1 a moral obligation4 ,! ideally moral man 444 is "o 9 :om ! functions ( all k9ds are duly fulfill$1--t is to say1 dis*>g$ 9 degrees duly adju/$ to ! conditions ( exi/5ce4#bci ,a fully evolv$ life is m>k$ by multiplicity & complexity ( function4 ,&1 if f ! individual we pass to ! social organism1 we f9d t ! same tru? holds4 ,! /ate1 or organis$ body ( individuals1 has _m functions to p]=m2 b x c only p]=m !m 9 ! mo/ effici5t way ?r\gh ! functions ( its individual memb]s be+ specialis$4 ,f ! social po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! greate/ possible division ( lab\r is a m>k ( ! mo/ evolv$ & p]fect community4 ,& ?is division ( lab\r implies t ea* individual1 in/ead ( p]=m+ e function ( :i* he is capable1 %\ld be made to re/rict himself to t at :i* he is be/1 s t ! community may be ! ga9] f ! "t & ex]tion t are sav$1 & ! skill t is produc$1 by ! mo/ economic exp5diture ( individual tal5t4 ,?us social p]fection appe>s to imply a condition ( ?+s inconsi/5t ) t developm5t ( "o's :ole nature :i*1 f ! biological po9t ( view1 has j be5 def9$ z a *>act]i/ic ( ! ideally moral man4 ,x seems1 inde$1 inevitable t any su* ab/ract prelim9>y notion ( developm5t z t :i* w\ld te/ x by increase ( complexity mu/ fail 9 su* a case z ?is :]e !re is no "q betwe5 ! compet+ claims ( two ph5om5a on ! same level1 b :]e h>mony is want$ betwe5 ! diff]5t aspects ! same ph5om5a pres5t :5 look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual & f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole4 ,sid5ote3 77 its psy*ological aspect ,sid5ote3 conf\nds complexity ( /ructure ) indirectness ( orig91 ,!re is /ill great] difficulty 9 apply+ ?is crit]ion1 :5 we come to ! psy*ological aspect ( morality--! aspect mo/ prom95t 9 mod]n philosophy f ! revival ( indep5d5t e?ical speculation till ! "t ( ,kant4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,sp5c]1 ! acts *>act]is$ by ! m complex motives & ! m involv$ ?\ghts1 h all along be5 ( high] au?ority = guidance4#bdj ,b ! lat] or m advanc$ 9 m5tal evolution is n always m complex 9 /ructure2 = x is a *>act]i/ic ( m5tal developm5t t ! processes by :i* a result has be5 arriv$ at gradually disappe> on acc\nt ( ! dim9i%$ att5tion !y receive1 s t !re rema9s :at is1 s f> z psy*ical /ructure is conc]n$1 a simple m5tal /ate4 ,complexity ( /ructure & indirectness ( orig9 are ?us really two diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( /ates ( m9d1 :i* frequ5tly g toge!r1 b frequ5tly "p company4#bda ,:5 ,mr ,sp5c]1 accord+ly1 goes on to say#bdb t = ! bett] pres]vation ( life ! primitive simple pres5tative feel+s mu/ be controll$ by ! lat]-evolv$ comp\nd & repres5tative feel+s1 he is really pass+ to a diff]5t /&>d )\t giv+ up ! =m]4 ,! sympa?y ) injur$ ,zulus or ,afghans :i* w\ld be approv$ by ,mr ,sp5c]#bdc may be a m indirect1 repres5tative1 or re-repres5tative feel+1 ?an ! s5tim5ts :i* l$ to ,briti% invasion1 &1 z su*1 may be m to be comm5d$4 ,b x w\ld be ra% to say t sympa?y ) ! ,briti% int]e/s suppos$ to be at /ake--int]e/s ( comm]ce1 & ( ! balance ( political p[]1 z well z ^? aris+ f ! subtle effect ( national pre/ige--is less complex ?an ! feel+ ( sympa?y ) a p dispossess$ ( its t]ritory4 ,! latt] feel+ may be m indirect or repres5tative1 z imply+ an imag9ative appropriation ( ! circum/ances ( ano!r community2 b1 s f> z /ructure is conc]n$1 x is compos$ ( f> few] & simpl] compon5t elem5ts ?an ! feel+ = ,briti% int]e/s4 ,sid5ote3 nei!r ( :i* c s]ve z an e?ical /&>d4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c we all[ ourselves to take refuge 9 ! conclusion t1 if ! m complex emotion _c be held to be bett] morally1 !n t :i* is lat] 9 evolution may at lea/ be reg>d$ z ( high] au?ority ?an ! e>li] evolv$ feel+4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,sp5c]1 ! man :o obta9s by fraud ! money to support 8 family is to be condemn$1 because1 al?\gh we admit ! claim 8 family h ^u him1 we reg>d z ( sup]ior au?ority ! feel+s :i* respond to m5's propriet>y claims--feel+s :i* are re-repres5tative 9 a high] degree & ref] to m remote diffus$ consequ5ces4#bdd ,b 7 ?is ! gr\nd ( di/9ction1 we ought also to reg>d ! feel+s prompt+ a man to di/ribute 8 =tune 9 any fooli% ent]prise z ( sup]ior au?ority to ^? :i* prompt him to support 8 family1 if only ! =m] are re-repres5tative 9 a high] degree1 & _! consequ5ces m remote & diffus$4 ,_m ( ! greate/ evils :i* infect social life & w>p ! moral feel+s ( m51 are evils :i* are only possible z ! result ( a highly advanc$ civilisation & a ref9$ & delicate organisation ( ! m9d4 ,! factiti\s s5tim5ts rais$ by a subtle casui/ry ) ! effect ( confus+ ! ord9>y di/9ctions ( "r & wrong are1 9 almo/ all cases1 m indirect & re-repres5tative ?an ! feel+s 9 h>mony ) ! moral consci\sness ( ! community :i* !y set aside 9 ! individual consci5ce4 ,s obvi\s1 inde$1 are objections ( ?is k9d--objections1 t is to say1 tak5 f ! impossibility ( s apply+ ! crit]ion z to con/ruct a workable sy/em ( morals--t ,mr ,sp5c] virtually rel9qui%es 8 own !ory1 talk+ ( x z true only on ! av]age1#bde & ev5 all[+ t x is 9 "s cases suicidal4#bdf ,z x _c be held t ! m complex 9 evolution is ( great] au?ority ?an ! less complex1 nor t ! lat] 9 evolution has su* au?ority ov] ! e>li]1 we mu/ admit t ! s-call$ fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( evolution1 :i* f9d a place 9 its def9ition or =mula1 are unable to det]m9e its value 9 an e?ical reg>d4 ,! ri*ness ( life1 physical1 intellectual1 & social1 has inde$ be5 produc$ only z ! result ( a long c\rse ( developm5t1 & by ! assimilation ( _m v>i\s elem5ts into a complex organisation2 b its value _c be measur$ ei!r by ! te/ ( me*anical complexity1 or by ! l5g? ( "t x has tak5 to evolve4 ,we mu/ !re=e seek "s o!r me?od ( giv+ a mean+ to evolution 9 ! region ( moral values2 & we f9d ,mr ,sp5c] himself really fall+ back 9 8 discussion on ! m g5]al answ] to our "q1 t ! end ( evolution is life3 evolution becomes ! highe/ possible :5 ! conduct simultane\sly a*ieves ! greate/ totality ( life 9 self1 (fspr+1 & fell[-m54#bdg ,s9ce x appe>s1 !n1 t ! *>act]i/ic ( complexity or v>iety is z unsatisfactory a crit]ion ( morality1 z ! notion ( adaptation to environm5t 0 f\nd to be1 we mu/ ask = "s fur!r int]pretation ( ! notion ( developm5t or increase ( life :5 reg>d$ z ! end ( conduct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,fur!r attempt to def9e developm5t or increase ( life z ! end4 ,sid5ote3 ,biological def9ition ( life insuffici5t4 #c4 ,! e?ics ( evolution--9 :atev] =m we h z yet f\nd x--has always proce$$ on ! assumption t life is desirable1 & t x has a value :i* makes its pursuit & promotion a reasonable moral end4 ,h[ ?is fundam5tal e?ical assumption#bdh is to be ju/ifi$1 ,i d n at pres5t inquire4 ,b ! "q mu/ n[ be fac$--,:at is meant by life :5 we say t its increase or developm5t is ! moral end1 & speak ( its greate/ totality 9 a way t implies t x admits ( quantitative measurem5t8 ,! biological def9ition ( life is itself matt] ( dispute4 ,b1 ev5 7 su* a def9ition z t propos$ by ,mr ,sp5c] agre$ to1 x w\ld be insuffici5t to provide a /&>d = human conduct4 ,! v g5]ality :i* may make x fit to /& z a def9ition1 or at lea/ ab/ract description1 ( life1 r5d]s x at ! same "t incapable ( s]v+ z a crit]ion by :i* ! v>i\s modes ( ! manife/ation ( life may be judg$4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 g5]ally emphasis$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 may be admitt$4 ,! life :i* human conduct ought to increase is n m]ely t ( "o individual man1 b ! :ole life ( ! community--self1 (fspr+1 & fell[-m5--) :i* ! individual life is b\nd up4 ,evolution has %[n h[ ! gr[? ( ! individual has be5 s dep5d5t ^u t ( ! :ole body ( society t x is impossible to sep>ate _! int]e/s4 ,at ! same "t1 no complete id5tity has be5 br\ght ab\t1 & x rema9s "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( any empirical !ory to h>monise _! compet+ claims4 ,= argum5t's sake1 h[ev]1 & to admit ( ! quality ( ! end be+ inve/igat$ ap>t f consid]ations z to ! me?od ( di/ribution1 ! "q may be discuss$ z if natural selection _h produc$ complete solid>ity betwe5 ! life ( ! individual & t ( ! race4 ,:at crit]ion h we1 !n1 ( ! developm5t ( human nature or life8 ,! answ] at once sugge/s itself t ! high] evolution ( life c be accurately measur$ by ! am\nt ( pleasure got by liv+ be+s4 ,b ?is view has be5 exam9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & f\nd to be unsupport$ by suffici5t evid5ce2 s t we are driv5 to seek = "s non-h$oni/ic crit]ion t w give mean+ to ! phrase developm5t or increase ( life1 :5 prescrib$ z ! e?ical end4 ,sid5ote3 ,heal? z ! end ei!r us$ to int]pret pleasure1 ,nor is ! matt] made any cle>] by say+ t ! heal? ( society is ! end we ought to promote4#bdi ,?is has be5 put =w>d z an int]pretation ( ! h$oni/ic pr9ciple1 :i* br+s t pr9ciple into accord ) ! !ory ( evolution4 ,z su*1 h[ev]1 x seems op5 to fatal objections4 ,giv5 z an explanation ( pleasure1 x falls back ^u ! notion ( life2 = heal? c only be def9$ z t :i* conduces to cont9u$ & en]getic life4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 !re is a special difficulty 9 adopt+ heal? z ! proximate end :]e pleasure is ! ultimate end4 ,ev5 if we c\ld ass]t t heal? always leads to pleasure1 x is n evid5t t x is bett] kn[n1 or m easily made ! end1 ?an pleasure4 ,= ( pres5t pleasure we h a /&>d 9 our own consci\sness f :i* !re is no appeal4 ,&1 al?\gh ! value ( a s]ies ( pleasures is mu* h>d] to e/imate1 !re is also no slight difficulty 9 say+ :at w promote ! effici5cy or heal? ( an organism4 ,besides1 ! "q arises :e!r heal? really corresponds ) pleasure2 & ?is is1 9 ano!r =m1 ! "q :i* has be5 already answ]$ 9 ! negative1--:e!r life c be measur$ by pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 or falls back on ! notion ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if heal? is to be tak5 n z an explanation ( or means to pleasure1 b z a sub/itute = ! notion ( life1 !n we h>dly get beyond our orig9al t]ms4 ,heal? mu/ be int]pret$ simply z t :i* leads to /rong & cont9u$ life3 s t ! only in=mation to be got f ! new t]m is t ! life we are to promote mu/ be vigor\s & long2 & ?is 0 already impli$ 9 say+ t x is ! increase or developm5t ( life t is ! end4 ,x w n d to id5tify ! notion ) ! m]e balance ( physiological functions :i*1 9 common language1 appropriates to itself ! t]m heal?4 ,we mu/ include ! heal? ( ! s\l z well z ! heal? ( ! body1 & ! heal? ( society z well z ! heal? ( ! s\l4 ,! balance ( m5tal & social1 z well z ( physiological1 functions1 is impli$ 9 ! complex life ( ^: evolution we =m a "p4 ,to say t we are to promote ?is balance ( v>i\s functions1 is to say no?+ m ?an t we are to promote ! life into :i* physical & m5tal & social factors ent]4 ,! attempt to arrive at an end = conduct1 by consid]ation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( evolution1 has be5 made )\t success4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 too1 t developm5t or increase ( life does n admit ( translation into ! language ( h$onism3 & ! "q ?us arises1 h[ we are to def9e ?is end1 :i* we are unable to int]pret 9 t]ms ( pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,ways ( det]m9+ increase ( life or natural good1 ,:at mean+ c be giv5 to ! notion increase ( life z ! end ( conduct1 )\t int]pret+ life 9 t]ms ( pleasure8 ,c we1 ! "q may be put1 rea* a natural good z di/9ct f s5sible good or pleasure8 ,we mu/ disc>d at ! outset any su* rational view ( nature z gave col\r to ! ,/oic doctr9e by id5tify+ nature ) ! univ]sal reason4 ,& we mu/ equally avoid ! doctr9e t reason regulative ( conduct is manife/$ 9 ! con/itution ( man ei!r 9 a di/9ct faculty1 su* z consci5ce1 or 9 ! due regulation ( ! v>i\s impulses4 ,tr5del5burg's teleological conception ( human nature1 = in/ance1 implies a rational elem5t :i* c\ld n be got f ! causal sequ5ce trac$ by evolution4#bej ,= he det]m9es ! ess5ce ( man by ref]5ce to ! inn] end ( 8 con/itution1 & po/ulates an organic unity ( impulses :i*1 9 ! =m ( consci5ce1 prote/s aga9/ self-seek+ action on ! "p ( any s+le impulse4 ,b no o!r hi]>*y ( motives c be admitt$ "h ?an t produc$ by ! natural law ( evolution2 & ?is law c only %[ h[ "o impulse1 or class ( impulses1 has become m au?oritative1 by %[+ h[ x has become /rong] or m p]si/5t3 ! o!r me?ods ( evolv+ ?is au?ority on ! basis ( naturalism1 d s by means ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful consequ5ces ( motives & actions4 ,sid5ote3 ei!r subjective or objective4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i*1 on mo/ or all e?ical !ories1 ! attempt may be made to di/+ui% good f bad conduct4 ,we may ei!r look to a subjective motive or impulse z giv+ ! means ( di/9ction1 or we may te/ conduct by its con=mity ) an objective /&>d4 ,if we l to make use ( ! t]ms self-pres]vation & self-developm5t1 !n ^! may ref] ei!r to ! subjective impulse :i* urges man to pres]ve or develop 8 life1 or to "s objective /&>d = e/imat+ actions accord+ z !y actually t5d to prolong life or enri* x4 ,bo? ^! possibilities are op5 to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,al?\gh ! subjective impulse is1 ( c\rse1 a prop]ty ( ! individual1 x may be ! result ( ! :ole c\rse ( social developm5t1 & ?us take 9 o!rs z well z self 9 ! range ( its application4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to exam9e bo? me?ods ( det]m9ation ) "s c>e1 especially z we are 9 no little dang] ( rea*+ an illusory appe>ance ( conclusiv5ess by all[+ ! subjective /&>d to re/ on ! objective1 & ! objective1 9 turn1 on ! subjective4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,subjective /&>d3 mo/ p]si/5t impulses2 ,to beg9 ) ! subjective side4 ,x may be ?\ght t we c po9t to "s impulse1 t5d5cy1 motive1 or class ( motives 9 ! individual m9d by foll[+ :i* ! evolution ( life w be promot$1 & t we are ?us able to solve ! "q ( practical e?ics1 ?\gh our conception ( :at ! evolution ( life connotes may /ill be 9 want ( exact def9ition4 ,z already po9t$ out1 su* an impulse 7unless x dep5ds on an objective /&>d7 mu/ c>ry its own au?ority ) x by its /r5g? or p]si/5cy4 ,! case w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be p]fectly simple1 if we c\ld ass]t t ! c>ry+ out ( all impulses 9 "o's nature 0 to be approv$ z t5d+ to ! developm5t ( life4 ,c\ld ?is ass]tion be made1 !re might be no difficulty 9 e?ics1 or r1 !re might be no e?ics at all1 because !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 conduct4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( "o natural t5d5cy (t5 conflicts ) t ( ano!r 9 ! same individual1 z well z ) ! t5d5cies ( o!r individuals4 ,! c\rse ( evolution has no d\bt t5d$ to modify1 ?\gh x has n root$ out1 ! impulses :i* are mo/ prejudicial to individual & social welf>e4 ,b ! increase ( wants z well z satisfactions :i* x has br\ght ab\t 9 human nature1 makes x d\btful :e!r x has on ! :ole t5d$ to dim9i% ! conflict ( motives4 ,sid5ote3 implies di/9ction betwe5 p]man5t & transi5t self2 ,aga91 :5 x is said t a man %\ld be himself1 or t ?is is 8 /ronge/ t5d5cy1#bea !re is an implicit ref]5ce to a di/9ction betwe5 a p]man5t & a transi5t1 or a bett] & a worse self1 & x seems to be imag9$ t ?is di/9ction c be r$uc$ to diff]5ce 9 degrees ( /r5g?4 ,b evolution has n enabl$ u to obviate ,butl]'s objection to tak+ ! /ronge/ t5d5cy--mean+ by ?is ! t5d5cy :i* is at any "t /ronge/--z repres5t+ nature4 ,= x is an und5iable fact t ! t5d5cy :i* = a "t is ! /ronge/--x may ev5 be t :i* is /ronge/ ?r\gh\t an individual life--frequ5tly leads to a dim9ution ( vital p[] on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 z well z to int]f]5ce ) ! free ex]cise ( ! vital p[]s ( o!rs4 ,"s advantage is ga9$1 p]haps1 by sub/itut+ = /ronge/ ! ne>ly equival5t phrase mo/ p]si/5t t5d5cy4 ,all ^? impulses :i* h 9 ! pa/ s]v$ to promote life h be5 *os5 out & /or$ up z a sort ( p]man5t basis = ! human fabric2 :]eas o!r impulses1 n s advantage\s 9 _! effects1 h a less p]man5t influ5ce1 ?\gh !y are n less real4 ,! m regul> or p]si/5t class ( impulses may1 !re=e1 7! idea is7 be tak5 z repres5t+ ! c\rse ( ! evolution by :i* !y h be5 produc$4 ,sid5ote3 b includes non-moral impulses 9 ! =m]1 ,to a l>ge ext5t ?is di/9ction ( two classes ( impulses is ju/ifi$4 ,!re seems no d\bt t ! social1 & :at are usually t]m$ moral1 feel+s h a t5d5cy to return into consci\sness aft] any tempor>y depression or exclusion1 :i* is n %>$ by "s ( ! feel+s ) :i* !y mo/ commonly conflict4 ,o!r impulses1 n usually class$ z moral1 no d\bt %>e ?is *>act]i/ic ( p]si/5cy or recurr5ce4 ,! wi% = ano!r man's prop]ty1 says ,d>w91 is z p]si/5t a desire z any t c be nam$4 ,! selfi% feel+s h obvi\sly ?is p]si/5t "*4 ,b an evolutioni/ may p]haps ma9ta9 t x is "o ( ! defects ( ord9>y moral op9ion t x depreciates ! necessity & value = life ( ! selfi% feel+s1 j because !y are s /rong z to /& 9 ne$ ( no enc\ragem5t4 ,& x is n necess>y t ! evolutioni/ morality %\ld agree at all po9ts ) ord9>y moral op9ion or moral intuition4 ,x recognises1 or ought to recognise ! ag5cy ( immoral z well z moral =ces1 admitt+ t x is by ! action ( bo? ( ^! t man z he is at pres5t has be5 produc$1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ has t5d$1 ?\gh by no means uni=mly1 t[>ds ! elim9ation ( ! immoral factor4 ,we may admit1 !re=e1 t !re is a pressure on ! w ( ! av]age individual t[>ds c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct r ?an o!rs1 or1 put m precisely1 t :ile all acts are p]=m$ 9 consequ5ce ( pressure on ! w1 ! pressure t[>ds c]ta9 k9ds ( acts is a p]man5t =ce :i*1 al?\gh ov]come = ! "t1 always t5ds to reass]t itself1 :ile ! t5d5cy t[>ds o!r acts inconsi/5t ) ^! is m int]mitt5t & v>iable1 & does n reass]t itself 9 ! same way4 ,b ?is subjective exp]i5ce is s limit$ 9 accuracy & ext5t z to be an unfit te/ ( morality4 ,sid5ote3 is re/rict$ to previ\s habits ( act+1 ,sid5ote3 & _c def9e nature ( morality4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 selfi% conduct is z necess>y = ! pres]vation & developm5t ( man z altrui/ic conduct1 & mu/ !re=e h giv5 rise to an equally great & p]si/5t pressure on ! w3 s t ! subjective crit]ion ( p]si/5cy leaves unt\*$ :at is (t5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ difficult "q ( morals1 ! balance ( social & individual claims4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is subjective t5d5cy is only a recurr5ce ( antec$5t advantage\s *>act]i/ics1 & does n lead u beyond ! /atus quo1 s t1 if any progress is to be made 9 ! future1 x w be only possible ?r\gh ! pressure ( new ext]nal conditions3 no function is left = any e?ical ideal :i* po9ts beyond pa/ & pres5t habits ( action4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 subjective t5d5cy only enables u to say g5]ally t "s acts or t5d5cies are m p]si/5t ?an o!rs1 )\t giv+ any fur!r description ( :at sort ( acts ^! are4 ,7 ^! t5d5cies or impulses a p]fect guide to conduct1 ?is defect w\ld be ( little practical consequ5ce4 ,x w\ld prev5t our hav+ a def9ite e?ical !ory only 9 circum/ances 9 :i* no e?ical !ory w\ld be likely to be ask$ =4 ,b ! l9e betwe5 ! m & less p]si/5t motives is a n>r[ & %ift+ "o4 ,! impulses :i* are ! residua ( advantage\s ance/ral actions are c\nt]act$ by o!r impulses1 residua ( actions :i* w\ld n be c\nt$ z moral1 ?\gh we inh]it t5d5cies to !m because !y =m$ a real "p ( our ance/ral activity4 ,we !re=e /& 9 ne$ ( "s *>act]i/ic by :i* to di/+ui% ! "o class ( t5d5cies f ! o!r4 ,& z ! only subjective *>act]i/ic is t ( /r5g? or p]si/5cy1 & ?is has be5 f\nd insuffici5t1 an objective /&>d is %[n to be necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,?us subjective /&>d ackn[l$g$ to dep5d on ,! impossibility ( ! subjective te/ do+ duty alone )\t support f "s objective crit]ion1 is practically ackn[l$g$ by ! writ] :o has discuss$ ?is "p ( ! subject ) great] p5etration ?an any o!r inve/igator on ! same l9es4 ,! av]age man1 x is said1 feels ! pressure ^u 8 own individual w ( all ! unkn[n natural sequ5ce ( motive :i* caus$ 8 ance/ors to d on ! :ole m (t5 ! "r ?+ ?an ! wrong#beb--or1 z we mu/ read x )\t objective assumption1 to d on ! :ole m (t5 "o class ( acts ?an ano!r4 ,! "r mu/ be def9$ simply z t to :i* ?is special feel+ 9 ! subject is direct$1 & x !re=e becomes necess>y to discov] :at descriptions ( acts inspire ?is feel+4#bec ,?us1 ) great] facility ?an w\ld be p]mitt$ to a critic1 we are made to pass f ! subjective to ! objective me?od ( det]m9ation4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,objective /&>d3 ,! "q1 ,:at is "r8 is ?us rel9qui%$ = ! "q1 ,:at is good8 ,good is said to be ( ?ree k9ds--natural1 s5sible1 & moral4 ,b z by s5sible good is meant pleasure1#bed & pleasure is n ! end1 & z by moral good is meant ! pursuit ( natural good "u difficulties1#bee x foll[s t natural good is ! end we seek4 ,we h ?us to det]m9e1 z exactly z may be1 ?is objective /&>d call$ natural good4 ,x is int]pret$ 9 two ways1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be n necess>ily inconsi/5t3 77 ! p]fection ( ! type z x is1 & 77 ! absolute abundance & v>iety ( vital p[]4#bef ,sid5ote3 77 ,con=mity to ! type4 ,sid5ote3 ,! type def9$ z :at be/ s]ves its purpose ,?is phrase1 ! p]fection ( ! type z x is1 is some:at mislead+4 ,:5 ! p]fection ( ! type is said to be ! end1 we naturally reg>d ! type z some?+ t ne$s to be br\ght to p]fection1 & ex hypo!si is n p]fect at pres5t1 or z x is4 ,b if ! p]fection ( ! type z x is is ! /&>d1 ?is implies1 unless ! /&>d itself is faulty1 t ! type is already p]fect1 &1 !re=e1 t ! p]fection spok5 ( is ! *>act]i/ic ( a ?+ :i* con=ms to ! type1 & n some?+ to :i* ! type has to con=m4 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by ! fact t imp]fection is def9$ z only dep>ture f ! class type4#beg ,pla9ly1 !n1 ! objective /&>d meant is con=mity to ! type4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! type8 ,conc]n+ ?+s made by art ! answ] is easy4 ,! type1 z ,mr ,/eph5 puts x1 repres5ts ! maximum ( effici5cy1#beh or1 z we may say1 is t :i* mo/ fully realises ! purpose = :i* ! ?+ 0 =m$4 ,! be/ b[ is t :i* %oots true/ & f>!/ ) a relatively small exp5diture ( /r5g? by ! ar*]2 t :i* be/ realises ! purpose ( a b[ is ! typical b[4 ,a simil> explanation ( types may be giv5 reg>d+ animals modifi$ by artificial selection4 ,! typical po9t] or hunt] c be def9$ f ?is teleological po9t ( view2 &1 z long z p liv$ 9 ! belief t all ?+s 7 made = man1 x 0 natural to fix ! type ( ea* class by ref]5ce to ! human purpose x c\ld be/ subs]ve4 ,s also1 z long z p ?9k t1 :e!r all ?+s 7 made = man or n1 all ?+s may be made use ( by him1 !re w be a t5d5cy t[>ds ! same an?ropomorphic int]pretation ( types4 ,if1 !n1 ! typical products ( art1 &1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! typical products ( nature1 are ^? :i* be/ s]ve human purposes1 or be/ correspond ) human ideals1 h[ %all we def9e ! typical man himself--! type :i* x is our p]fection to con=m to8 ,e reason+ ag5t1 x may p]haps be all[$1#bei repres5ts a c]ta9 type2 b ! type c no long] be def9$ m]ely z maximum ( effici5cy1 = x is ! end or purpose ( ?is effici5cy :i* n[ requires det]m9ation4 ,9 def9+ ! typical man1 we mu/ h no idea ( f9al cause or purpose :i* is n root$ 9 ! nature ( 8 organism4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we n[ det]m9e ! type 9 con=mity to :i* p]fection consi/s8#bfj ,sid5ote3 or z ! normal1 ,sid5ote3 or z :at has /ronge/ vitality or aids developm5t1 t is1 ,! fir/ answ] to ?is seems to be1 t ! type is :at is normal1--:at we h le>n$ to reg>d z ! normal developm5t ( objects belong+ to ! class4#bfa ,b ! normal may h ei!r ( two mean+s--x may1 9 ! fir/ place1 mean ! usual or cu/om>y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld make ! typical man mean ! ord9>y or av]age man2 & ! ideal ( con=mity to ! type w\ld be r$uc$ to do+ ! cu/om>y ?+1 & n try+ to be bett] ?an "o's neighb\rs4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is /ation>y morality does n repres5t prop]ly :at is fundam5tal 9 ! !ory ( evolution3 :atev] o!r duties m5 may ackn[l$ge1 !y d n look ^u x z a duty to pres]ve ! species 9 /atu quo4#bfb ,if natural sci5ce tea*es "o ?+ m cle>ly ?an ano!r1 x is t ! type1 l ! individual1 is n p]man5t1 b ! subject ( gradual modifications4 ,if ! type is :at is normal1 we mu/ mean by normal some?+ else ?an cu/om>y4 ,b ! only o!r mean+ ( ! ^w seems to imply a ref]5ce to a rule--ei!r a rule impos$ f )\t1 or an inn] con/itution or ord]4 ,if ! =m] alt]native is adopt$1 !n we may use ano!r def9ition ( ,mr ,/eph5's1 & say t ! typical organism is 444 t organism :i* is be/ fitt$ = all ! conditions ( life1 or1 9 o!r words1 :i* has ! /ronge/ vitality2#bfc & ?us h to fall back ei!r on ! notion ( adaptation to environm5t1 or on t ( /ronge/ vitality--! notion we are seek+ to int]pret4 ,if ! o!r mean+1 :i* ! ref]5ce to a rule may convey1 be adopt$1 !n we are met by ! fact t ! inn] ord] or con/itution :i* is to be our guide1 c 7f our pres5t empirical po9t ( view7 mean no?+ diff]5t f ! l9e ( developm5t4 ,& z we h already se5 t x is unsatisfactory to int]pret ?is z equival5t to adaptation to environm5t1 or to increase ( def9it5ess1 coh]5ce1 & het]og5eity1 ?is pr9ciple ( con=mity to ! type is r$uc$ to ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* we h be5 attempt+ to def9e m exactly--increase ( life4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,abundance & v>iety ( vital p[]1 ,sid5ote3 :i* falls back on ! subjective /&>d4 ,?us ! fir/ det]m9ation ( natural good z p]fection ( ! type is se5 to r$uce itself to ! second1 absolute abundance & v>iety ( vital p[]4 ,= ! additional /atem5t1 :i* makes ! highe/ excell5ce consi/ 9 con=mity to ! type z x is go+ to be1 b z1 except 9 a few *os5 specim5s1 x is n yet disc]nible to be1#bfd is unsatisfactory4 ,= to ^? few *os5 specim5s ! end w\ld seem to be simply to rema9 z !y are--a conclusion :i* is h>dly consi/5t = a writ] :o reg>ds morality z a cont9ual progress t[>ds a high] life1 a process ( climb+4#bfe ,&1 = ! g5]ality ( m51 !re mu/ be "s /&>d = det]m9+ :at is go+ to be1 & = c]tify+ t ! few *os5 specim5s h realis$ ?is /ate 9 its p]fect =m4 ,?us con=mity to ! type z x is go+ to be1 equally ) p]fection ( con=mity to ! type z x is1 seems to be b ano!r way ( say+ abundance & v>iety ( vital p[]1 or1 m fully /at$1 ! possession ( abundant faculties1 active & passive1 fully develop$1 & 9 regul> & equal ex]cise4#bff ,! "q ?us comes to be h[ we are to det]m9e ?is abundance ( faculties4 ,we _c d s by ref]5ce to su* *>act]i/ics z increase 9 ! numb] & complexity ( ^! faculties2 = a crit]ion ( ?is k9d1 z we h se51 is ( no assi/ance 9 decid+ ! mo/ fundam5tal e?ical que/ions4 ,to say t ^! faculties mu/ be regul> & equal 9 _! ex]cise1 is to give a m]ely =mal canon4 ,= h[ ! equality & regul>ity are to be br\ght ab\t1--:i* faculties are to be supreme & :i* subord9ate--:at mean+ equality c h 9 view ( ! admitt$ div]sity 9 a man's nature1--are que/ions left altoge!r undet]m9$4 ,& to describe ! ideal or p]fect univ]se z "o 9 :i* !re is no conflict or collision1#bfg is to give a description :i* is negative z well z m]ely =mal4 ,we are ?us oblig$ to fall back on a subjective crit]ion1 & say t ! abundant life :i* x is ! end ( conduct to promote is a man's /ronge/ t5d5cies1 or ! greate/ numb] ( ^!4 ,natural good is det]m9$ by pref]r+ out ( all ! rudim5t>y possibilities exi/+ 9 nature1 ! comb9ation t h>monises ! greate/ numb] ( ! /ronge/ t5d5cies4#bfh ,we set out1 be x rememb]$1 to obta9 a *>act]isation ( ^? acts to :i* ! mo/ p]si/5t t5d5cies ( human nature lead u2 & ! conclusion we h arriv$ at is1 t !y are ! acts :i* h>monise ! greate/ numb] ( ! /ronge/ t5d5cies4 ,! objective /&>d is ?us r$uc$ to ! subjective /&>d1 :i* x 0 br\ght 9 to expla9 & support4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ronge/ t5d5cies ! result ( pa/ activities1 ,n[ ^! /ronge/ t5d5cies1 9 ! h>moni\s play ( :i* natural good or p]fection is said to consi/1 are !mselves ! result ( ! c\rses ( conduct :i* h be5 mo/ vigor\s & successful 9 ance/ral organisms1 & !y may !re=e1 p]haps1 be tak5 z a survival & index ( ! antec$5t /ate ( human nature4 ,! realisation--or1 r1 cont9uation--( human nature z x has be5 & is1 seems ?us to be ! ideal :i* empirical evolution is able to set be=e conduct1--) ?is =mal modification1 t1 :ile ! v>i\s impulses are1 s f> z possible1 to h free play giv5 !m1 !y %\ld be develop$ 9 a h>moni\s mann]4 ,x seems d\btful h[ f> ?is t5d5cy t[>ds h>mony is prop]ly sugge/$ by1 or consi/5t )1 evolution1 :i* has impli$ a ceaseless /ruggle ( oppos+ =ces4 ,at any rate1 evolution does n seem compet5t to give any pr9ciple ( relative subord9ation betwe5 ! v>i\s impulses1 su* z might add reality to ! =mal pr9ciple ( h>mony4 ,b :at x is ess5tial to lay /ress on "h is1 t ! only end :i* empirical evolution seems able to e/abli% is con=mity to human nature z x is--! t5d5cies 9 x :i* are /ronge/ & mo/ p]si/5t4 ,sid5ote3 & ?us give no ideal = progress4 ,we ?us see t ! attempt to expla9 on empirical gr\nds :at is meant by posit+ life1 or increase & v>iety ( life1 z ! end ( action1 is practically r$uc$ to mak+ ! mo/ p]si/5t impulses ( human nature ! guide ( conduct4 ,b ^! impulses1 x has be5 %[n1 are only ! survival or remnant ( pa/ /ages 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 n anticipations ( future /ages3 s t evolution is 9 ?is way incapable ( giv+ an ideal ( progress z ! end = conduct1 & ! la/ ^w x seems able to give u z a guide = action is t we %\ld tread 9 ! places :]e ! footpr9ts ( ance/ral conduct h left ! deepe/ impress4 ,! ideal ( su* a sy/em is summ$ up 9 ! new ,beatitude1 ,bless$ is he t cont9ue? :]e he is4 ,x is probably j because ! empirical aspect ( evolution seems s little able to yield an end = human conduct correspond+ to ! actual c\rse ( evolution--:i* has be5 progress--t no ?or\gh attempt has be5 made to develop a sy/em ( morals f ! pr9ciple j rea*$4 ,x is true t sy/ems h be5 work$ out by morali/s :o h tak5 human nature z _! /&>d1 & t ,tr5del5burg1 at any rate1 expressly includes hi/orical developm5t 9 8 conception ( man4 ,b bo? ,tr5del5burg & a morali/ l ,butl] 7:o has z yet no conception ( ! gradual modifications ( human "* & t5d5cies produc$ by evolution7 h a view ( human nature ess5tially di/9ct f t :i* has be5 call$ ! naturali/ic view4#bfi ,= bo? assume a def9ite rational organisation ( impulses simil> to t taught 9 ,plato's analogy betwe5 ! individual man & a political con/itution1 s t ! :ole nature1 or human nature z a :ole1 _c be id5tifi$ ) ! impulses :i* /r5g? at any "t makes mo/ p]si/5t1 b dep5ds ^u ! rational allotm5t ( function & measure to ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulty ( reconcil+ individual & social ends4 ,9 summ+ up ! argum5t ( ! prec$+ *apt]s1 x is necess>y to ref] aga9 to ! discussion c>ri$ on 9 *apt] vi4 on ! relation betwe5 egoism & altruism z affect$ by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,?is discussion 0 n ins]t$ 9 ord] to ?r[ an additional ob/acle 9 ! way ( obta9+ an e?ical end f ! empirical !ory ( evolution4 ,x is an integral "p ( an attempt to e/imate ! e?ical value ( ! evolution-!ory4 ,! ant9omy betwe5 ! individual & social /&po9ts _c be solv$ by a !ory ( morality :i* does n recognise t ! individual1 9 8 rational nature1 is n oppos$ to o!r individuals1 b 9 reality "o ) !m4 ,! !ory ( evolution c]ta9ly seems to g a long way t[>ds e/abli%+ ! unity ( ! individual ) ! race1 & 9 sub/itut+ an organic connection betwe5 !m1 9 place ( ! almo/ cont+5t reciprocal relations spok5 ( 9 e>li] empirical !ories4 ,b :5 we come to inquire into ?is unity ( organic connection1 attempt+ /ill to keep to ! purely empirical po9t ( view1 we f9d t ! old difficulties return1 t x mu/ be recognis$ t ! connection is empirically incomplete1 & t x gives way at ! v places :]e a firm basis = ! !ory ( morals is requir$4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t1 q ap>t f ?is opposition betwe5 ! individual & ! :ole1 ! empirical "* ( ! !ory prev5t$ our gett+ f x any cle> & consi/5t notion ( ! e?ical end x leads to4 ,sid5ote3 ,h$oni/ic int]pretation ( evolution n possible4 ,x appe>$ at fir/ t ! e?ics ( evolution1 :5 int]pret$ empirically1 might be easily reconcil$ ) ! old] !ory ( h$onism1 by id5tify+ life ) pleasure--hold+ t ! highe/ or mo/ evolv$ life is t :i* conta9s mo/ pleasure1 & t increase ( pleasure is !re=e ! end ( conduct4 ,9 ?is way ! end ( evolutionism w\ld be r$uc$ to ! end ( utilit>ianism4 ,"s utilit>ians1 on ! o!r h&1 s\ght to get rid ( ! difficulties ( _! calculus1 by ! assumption t ! greate/ pleasure w\ld be f\nd by foll[+ ! direction ( evolution4 ,b1 ar\nd bo? po9ts ( view1 & ! correspond5ce !y assum$ to exi/ betwe5 pleasure & evolution1 special difficulties 7 se5 to ga!r4 ,any h$oni/ic !ory might be met by ! ass]tion t life is ess5tially a pa9ful exp]i5ce1 & pleasure unatta9able2 & al?\gh ! gr\nds on :i* ?is ass]tion 0 made seem$ to be di/9ctly errone\s1 & h$onism did n appe> to be an impossible !ory ( conduct1 yet a simil> objection told ) great] =ce aga9/ ! comb9ation ( evolutionism & h$onism4 ,= x holds ! d\ble position t ! end is to promote life1 & t life is to be promot$ by add+ to pleasure2 or else1 t ! end is pleasure1 b t pleasure is to be got by foll[+ evolution4 ,x po/ulates1 !re=e1 t ! progress ( life t5ds1 & t5ds ev5 9 a proportionate degree1 to ! increase ( pleasure4 ,yet we c\ld obta9 no pro( t ?is progress does1 z a matt] ( fact1 increase pleasure 9 any regul> way4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! facts ( exp]i5ce seem$ to %[ t life & pleasure d n advance proportionately1 nor ev5 always concomitantly4 ,b a /ill m important & fundam5tal objection to ! h$oni/ic =m ( evolutionism 0 d$uc$ f ! nature ( pleasure itself2 = x c be modifi$ indef9itely1 & always foll[s 9 ! wake ( function4 ,?us ! sole intelligible acc\nt we c give ( :at conduct w br+ ! greate/ pleasure is1 t x is ! conduct :i* calls =? ! greate/ am\nt ( successful en]gis+1 t :i* employs ! greate/ numb] & ! /ronge/ ( ! human faculties4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( be+ able to measure life by pleasure1 we 7 driv5 to int]pret pleasure 9 t]ms ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,no indep5d5t e?ical ideal af=d$ by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,& p]haps at fir/ sight x seem$ t ! !ory ( evolution c\ld lead u beyond ! pleasure-basis ( old] ,naturalism4 ,b1 :5 ! matt] 0 exam9$ m closely1 )\t dep>t+ f ! empirical po9t ( view1 x 0 f\nd t ! notions put =w>d 7 unsatisfactory1 t !y did n repres5t ! progressive nature ( ! c\rse ( evolution1 & t _! app>5t =ce fell away be=e logical analysis4 ,x became evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t no appropriate end ( human conduct c\ld be d]iv$ f ! nature ( evolution 9 g5]al4 ,x is true t adaptation to environm5t is necess>y = life2 b to put =w>d su* adaptation z ! end = action1 is to set up a practical goal :i* corresponds b ill ) ! facts f :i* x pr(esses to be tak51 mak+ ! !ory :i* is suppos$ to acc\nt = progress e/abli% no end by pursuit ( :i* progress becomes possible = human action4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x neglects a factor 9 evolution z necess>y to x z is adaptation to environm5t--! elem5t1 namely1 ( v>iation4 ,a !ory :i* took ! latt] z well z ! =m] ( ^! factors into acc\nt seem$1 9 ! next place1 to be giv5 by ^? g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* are said to m>k all progress--increase ( def9it5ess1 coh]5ce1 & het]og5eity4 ,b f ^!1 aga91 x 0 f\nd impossible to elicit a coh]5t & consi/5t rule = det]m9+ "r & wrong 9 conduct1 or a def9ite end = action3 !y 7 too ab/ract & me*anical to suit ! liv+ organism ( human conduct2 & we 7 ?us driv5 back on ! m g5]al /atem5t t life or ! increase ( life is ! end aft] :i* we %\ld /rive4 ,9 inquir+ into ! mean+ :i* c\ld be giv5 to ?is end1 )\t int]pret+ x z pleasure1 x 0 f\nd1 aft] trac+ x ?r\gh v>i\s =ms ( expression1 t x r$uc$ itself to mak+ a man's /ronge/ & mo/ p]si/5t impulses bo? /&>d & end4 ,& ?is prov$ to be n only an unc]ta9 & %ift+ guide = conduct1 b an imp]fect repres5tation ( :at 0 to be expect$ f a progressive1 because evolutioni/1 e?ics4 ,= ^! p]si/5t impulses c\ld only be reg>d$ z ! survival ( pa/ activities1 & consequ5tly1 conta9$ no ideal beyond t ( cont9u+ 9 ! old pa?s1 & re-tread+ an already well-beat5 c\rse4 ,j z f ! ext]nal end ( adaptation to environm5t1 s f ?is int]nal or subjective pr9ciple1 no ideal = progress1 nor any def9ite end ( action1 c\ld be obta9$4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! !ory ( evolution--h[ev] great its a*ievem5ts 9 ! realm ( natural sci5ce--is almo/ resultless 9 e?ics4 ,x only rema9s n[ to inquire :e!r ?is want ( compet5cy to det]m9e practical ends may n be due to ! sup]ficiality ( ! ord9>y empirical int]pretation ( evolution1 :i* has hi!rto be5 adh]$ to4 ,,footnotes3 #aia ,tak+ evolution 9 its wide/ s5se1 s9ce ! !ory ( evolution does n imply "s intr9sic proclivity 9 e species t[>ds a high] =m4--,sp5c]1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,app4 p4 #egd2 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #ajf4 #aib ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 i4 #gc4 #aic ,ibid41 i4 #hb4 #aid ,r$5 7#ahgf71 ii4 #ccb4 #aie ,social ,/atics 7#ahej71 p4 #gg4 #aif ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #be4 #aig ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #af4 #aih ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 #aii ,see above1 *ap4 vi4 p4 #acg ff4 #bjj ,zell]1 ,phil4 d4 ,grie*51 #c;d ed41 ,,iii4 i4 #ded1 #dgj4 #bja ,lassalle's tirade aga9/ ! v]dammte ,b$rfnisslosigkeit ( ! ,g]man workman is a case 9 po9t4 #bjb ,lange1 ,ges*4 d4 ,mat]ialismus1 #b;d ed41 ii4 #deh4 #bjc ,sp5c]1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #dij4 #bjd ,an aspect ( ,mr ,sp5c]'s e?ical !ory :i* w be consid]$ 9 ! sequel3 p4 #bbh ff4 #bje ,cf4 ,a4 ,b>ratt1 ,physical ,e?ics1 p4 #bid1 :]e morality is plac$ 9 reasonable ob$i5ce to ! physical laws ( nature4 #bjf ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #adh4 #bjg ,social ,/atics1 quot$ 9 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bga4 #bjh ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bgi4 #bji ,ibid41 p4 #bge4 #baj ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #g4 #baa ,ibid41 p4 #bha4 #bab ,^! are exam9$ by ,mr ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&1 9 an incisive criticism ( ,mr ,h4 ,sp5c]'s ,!ory ( ,society1 ,m9d1 viii4 #ced ff41 #ejf ff4 #bac ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bhb4 #bad ,ibid41 p4 #bhc4 #bae ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #eag4 #baf ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 #bab1 i4 #dgh4 #bag ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #dhi4 #bah ,a complete equilibrium ( ! aggregate is )\t life1 & a mov+ equilibrium ( ! aggregate is liv+4--,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #ajf4 #bai ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bed4 #bbj ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bf4 #bba ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei71 pp4 #dc1 #aca1 #dff4 #bbb ,sp5c]1 ,biology1 i4 #beg4 #bbc ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #djd f4 #bbd ,cf4 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 i4 #aja4 #bbe ,desc5t ( ,man1 #b;d ed41 p4 #acg1 cf4 pp4 #aih1 #fah2 cf4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,contributions 7#ahgj71 p4 #ccj4 #bbf ,vi]teljahrss*rift f4 wiss4 ,phil41 i4 7#ahgg71 #edc ff4 #bbg ,rolph1 ,biol4 ,probl41 p4 #cc4 #bbh ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #ccf4 #bbi ,?us ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #ea1 speak+ ( ! advantage to man x mu/ h be5 to become a bip$1 says3 ,! h&s & arms c\ld h>dly h become p]fect en\gh to h manufactur$ weapons1 or to h hurl$ /ones & spe>s ) a true aim1 z long z !y 7 habitually us$ = locomotion & = support+ ! :ole weight ( ! body2 or1 z be=e rem>k$1 z long z !y 7 especially fitt$ = climb+ trees4 ,! h&s _h to lose _! dext]ity = ! latt] purposes be=e !y c\ld acquire ! m delicate adju/m5ts necess>y = skill 9 ! =m]4 ,! transition 0 ( c\rse a gradual "o2 b ! initial v>iations requir$ w\ld seem to h be5 at fir/ unfav\rable to man's *ances 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ?\gh x 0 ?r\gh !m t he rose to 8 place at ! summit ( ! organic scale4 #bcj ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bhj4 #bca ,sp5c]1 ,biology1 i4 #adi4 #bcb ibid41 i4 #add4 #bcc ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ga3 ,briefly1 !n1 if ! conduct is ! be/ possible on e occasion1 x foll[s t z ! occasions are endlessly v>i$ ! acts w be endlessly v>i$ to suit--! het]og5eity 9 ! comb9ation ( motions w be extreme4 #bcd ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ajf3 ,! acts *>act]is$ by ! m complex motives & ! m involv$ ?\ghts1 h all along be5 ( high] au?ority = guidance4 #bce ,cf4 ,clif=d1 ,lectures & ,essays1 i4 #id f41 :]e a simil> def9ition is giv5 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( bett]8 #bcf ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #fc4 #bcg ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #eff4 #bch ,s f> z ! foll[+ criticism may appe> to apply to ,mr ,sp5c]1 & n m]ely to a possible way ( def9+ moral conduct1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! words ( 8 preface to ! ',data ( ,e?ics'3 ,) a view to cle>ness1 ,i h treat$ sep>ately "s correlative aspects ( conduct1 draw+ conclusions ei!r ( :i* becomes untrue if divorc$ f ! o!r4 #bci ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ge f4 #bdj ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ajf4 #bda ,al?\gh ,mr ,sp5c] holds t repres5tativ5ess v>ies z def9it5ess1 & measures complexity1 includ+ t complexity impli$ by increas+ het]og5eity4--,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 #eaf f4 #bdb ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aac4 #bdc ,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 #gbe4 #bdd ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #abc4 #bde ,data ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #ajg1 #abi4 #bdf ,ibid41 p4 #aaj4 #bdg ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #be2 cf4 ,lange1 ,ges4 d4 ,mat41 ii4 #bdg4 ,lange's /atem5t is notewor?y3 ,die m5s*li*e ,v]nunft k5nt ke9 &]es ,ideal1 als die mgli*/e ,erhaltung und ,v]vollkommnung des ,leb5s1 wel*es e9mal begonn5 hat1 v]bund5 mit d] ,e9s*rnkung von ,geburt und ,tod4 #bdh ,! endeav\r to fur!r evolution1 especially t ( ! human race1 is put =w>d z a new duty by ,mr ,f4 ,galton1 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty & its ,developm5t 7#ahhc71 p4 #ccg4 #bdi ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aba2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cff4 ,e>li] ?an ei!r ( ^! writ]s1 ,dr ,hut*ison ,/irl+ sugge/$ ,heal? z a practical pr9ciple to be set aga9/ ! an>*y ( individualism4 ,b ) him1 x is n an empirical g5]alisation ( ! t5d5cy ( evolution4 ,x is z ! outw>d sign ( fre$om1 ! realisation ( ! univ]sal w1 t heal? may be set at once z sign & z goal ( ! h>moni\s op]ation ( ! :ole sy/em--z sign & z goal ( a realisation ( life4--,secret ( ,hegel1 ii4 #eed4 #bej ,naturre*t auf dem ,grunde d] ,e?ik1 #b;d ed41 #ahfh4 #bea ,cf4 ,e4 ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 p4 #ig4 #beb ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 p4 #hf4 #bec ,ibid41 p4 #hg4 #bed ,ibid41 p4 #ij4 #bee ,ibid41 p4 #ii4 #bef ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 p4 #ajd4 #beg ,ibid41 p4 #hg4 #beh ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #gf4 #bei ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #gd4 #bfj ,ev5 7 we to succe$ 9 gett+ a satisfactory view ( ! type1 we %\ld /ill h to leave room = ! individuality ( ea* p]son1 :i* is su* t 8 function mu/ diff] 9 a mann] correspond+ to 8 peculi> nature & surr\nd+s 7cf4 ,lotze1 ,grundzge d] praktis*5 ,phil41 p4 #ac f47 #bfa ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 p4 #hh4 #bfb ,ibid41 p4 #ajj4 #bfc ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #abj4 #bfd ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 p4 #ajd4 #bfe ,ibid41 p4 #ajc4 #bff ,ibid41 p4 #hi2 cf4 ,j4 ,t4 ,punnet1 ,m9d1 x4 #ia3 ,:at ! progress-pr9ciple makes its aim & end is n complexity1 b ! highe/ & *oice/ fruits ( complexity--! h>moni\s unfold+ ( all ! lat5t capacities ( man4 #bfg ,( real t5d5cies--,natural ,law1 p4 #ih4 ,b :at t5d5cies are n real8 #bfh ,natural ,law1 p4 #ih4 #bfi ,cf4 ,tr5del5burg1 ,naturre*t1 p4 #de3 ,von d] philosophis*5 ,seite kann es ke9 &]es ,pr9cip d] ,e?ik geb5 als das m5s*li*e ,wes5 an si*1 d4 h41 das m5s*li*e ,wes5 9 d] ,tiefe se9] ,idee und im ,rei*?um se9] hi/oris*5 ,entwickelung4 ,beides gehrt zusamm54 ,d5n das nur ,hi/oris*e wrde bl9d und das nur ,ideale le]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! conclusion we h rea*$ is1 t ! !ory :i* is us$ to expla9 ! nature ( progress1 seems unable to give any canon or end = conduct :i* po9ts out ! way = progressive advance4 ,! view ( human nature became unsatisfactory j at ! critical po9t--:5 we attempt$ to get at a k ( its end or f9al cause1 :i* w\ld give unity & purpose to action4 ,to say t ! end is increase ( life or function appe>$ a m]ely =mal notion unless we def9$ life z pleasure1 :ile pleasure itself 0 f\nd to be un9telligible except z p]=mance ( function4 ,?is unc]ta9ty seems to indicate a c]ta9 sup]ficiality 9 ! ord9>y empirical way ( look+ at evolution4#bgj ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! !ory ( evolution are1 9 brief1 z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %[s t !re is a t5d5cy1 br\ght ab\t by natural selection1 = organisms to h>monise ) or become adapt$ to _! environm5t--a t5d5cy1 t is to say1 t[>ds unity ( organism & environm5t1 &1 9 s f> z ext]nal conditions are uni=m1 t[>ds a g5]al unity ( life4 ,9 ! second place1 ! !ory implies v>iation 9 organisms1 produc$ ei!r by ! unequal incid5ce ( ext]nal =ces1 or by ! spontane\s action ( ! organism1 or by bo? causes comb9$4 ,! m]e increase 9 ! numb] ( liv+ organisms leads to a modification ( ! conditions ( life by :i* new v>iations are enc\rag$4 ,& ?is t5d5cy to v>iation 9 organisms--n m]ely ! div]sity ( ext]nal environm5t--is p]petually complicat+ ! conditions :i* ! =m] t5d5cy1 t t[>ds unity1 helps to br+ into h>mony4 ,x ?us happ5s t !re is1 9 ! ?ird place1 a cont9ual process ( readju/m5t & oscillation betwe5 ! t5d5cy t[>ds unity & t t[>ds v>iety1 :i*1 ?r\gh opposition & conciliation1 produces cont9uity 9 nature4 ,ea* newly =m$ unity betwe5 organism & environm5t is brok5 by a new v>iation ( ! organism or ( ! environm5t1 :i* fur!r complicates ! problem to be solv$ by ! unify+ process1 & gives scope = a m intricate & m compreh5sive readju/m5t4 ,unity1 ,v>iety1 & ,cont9uity are ?us ! ?ree pr9ciples impli$ 9 ! !ory ( evolution4#bga ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,unsuccessful application ( ^! pr9ciples to e?ics2 ,x is f ^! pr9ciples t ! attempt has be5 made to %[ ! e?ical be>+ ( evolution4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 ,unity1 is repres5t$ 9 ! !ory t w\ld make adaptation to environm5t ! end ( conduct2 & ! second is repres5t$ e?ically 9 ! doctr9e sugge/$ by ,mr ,sp5c]1 t ! degree ( morality dep5ds on ! degree ( complexity 9 act & motive4 ,b bo? ( ^! views are obvi\sly "o-sid$1 ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( empirical evolution4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ! pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d make up t law ( cont9u\s & progressive advance :i* may be reg>d$ z express+ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! !ory4 ,& f ?is m g5]al & accurate expression ( x1 we might h expect$ to h be5 able to elicit ! contribution :i* evolution has to make to ! det]m9ation ( ! e?ical end4 ,b aft] exam9+ ! v>i\s =ms :i* x may take1 we h be5 unable to obta9 f x a pr9ciple ( action4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ! pr9ciples be+ treat$ z d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 ,9 inquir+ into ! reason :i* has made ! !ory ( evolution seem+ly s b>r5 9 its e?ical consequ5ces1 ! fir/ po9t :i* requires att5tion is t ! *>act]i/ics ( ,unity1 ,v>iety1 & ,cont9uity are treat$ by x n z pr9ciples involv$ 9 developm5t1 b z !ories inf]r$ f1 or sup]9duc$ ^u1 ! facts ( developm5t4 ,we are l$ by facts to suppose c]ta9 hypo!tical laws--namely1 t organisms t5d to h>mony ) _! environm5t1 b t !re are c]ta9 causes promot+ v>iation1 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! hi/ory ( all life is t ( a cont9u\s process t[>ds m compreh5sive uni=mities1 pass+ always into m intricate v>iations4 ,additional facts are comp>$ ) ^! hypo!tical causes1 &1 by _! ability to expla9 su* facts1 ! hypo!ses are rais$ to ! position ( laws ( nature1 & are confid5tly appli$ to acc\nt = new ph5om5a ( ! same k9d4 ,b :5 we pass beyond facts ly+ imm$iately on ! plane ( ^? f :i* our laws h be5 ga!r$1 x is to foll[ an insuffici5t analogy if we int]pret !m by !ories only %[n to belong to ! =m] ord]4 ,& ?is becomes /ill m obvi\s :5 ! *ange is n m]ely to a diff]5t ord] ( facts1 b to a diff]5t way ( look+ at facts1 z is ! case 9 ! transition f ! po9t ( view ( k to t ( action4 ,sid5ote3 n z dep5d+ on a pr9ciple impli$ 9 exp]i5ce2 ,b !re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ,unity1 ,v>iety1 & ,cont9uity may be reg>d$4 ,in/ead ( be+ simply g5]alisations ga!r$ f exp]i5ce & dep5d+ ^u x1 !y may be f\nd$ on a pr9ciple :i* is itself ! basis ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( d5y+ t x is to ! accumulat$ mass ( exp]i5c$ facts t ^! laws owe _! prom95ce 9 mod]n sci5tific op9ion1 & _! acceptance by ! judgm5t ( ! be/ sci5ti/s4 ,b ! process by :i* a man has be5 l$ to lay hold ( su* pr9ciples is "o ?+2 _! logical position 9 relation to exp]i5ce q ano!r4 ,our def9ite recognition ( ! laws may v well be ! result ( exp]i5ce1 at ! same "t t ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity is presuppos$ 9 our hav+ exp]i5ce at all4 ,z long z we kept to ! gr\nd f :i* we />t$1 & did n attempt to get beyond ! categories ( causality & reciprocity1 our progress might seem to be easy en\gh4 ,al?\gh _! logical relations may be misconceiv$1 ! laws are1 ( c\rse1 actually !re1 9 exp]i5ce3 _! application to ! successive ph5om5a ( nature rema9s ! same1 & may be duly appreh5d$4 ,! ext5sion ( facts into laws is expla9$ by ! sci5tific imag9ation1 & we d n /ay to inquire into ! conditions on :i* ! sci5tific imag9ation works & has applicability to exp]i5ce4 ,b1 :5 we try to pass f effici5t cause to ! notion ( purpose or ( morality1 we f9d ourselves driv5 back on ! fundam5tal con/itution ( k1 & see t x is only ?r\gh ! unify+ & relat+ action ( a self-consci\s subject t k is possible or ?+s exi/ = u at all4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y we are able to say t ! ,unity or ,cont9uity ( nature is a pr9ciple or law ( exp]i5ce4#bgb ,7 t pr9ciple n involv$ 9 k1 !re w\ld be no _w ( nature = u at all4 ,! empirical int]pretation ( evolution1 :i* has be5 hi!rto adopt$1 has made ! negative side ( ?is tru? suffici5tly evid5t3 x has %[n t we _c1 on empirical gr\nd1 rea* ! end or purpose ( human nature4 ,! "q ?us arises1 :e!r :at may be call$ ! metaphysical or transc5d5tal int]pretation ( evolution c %[ ! reason ( ?is defect & sugge/ a rem$y4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 no logical transition be+ effect$ f effici5t to f9al cause4 ,! insuffici5cy ( ! empirical way ( look+ at ?+s is se5 mo/ cle>ly :5 we attempt to make ! transition j ref]r$ to1 & det]m9e an end = conduct4 ,x seems (t5 to be ?\ght t1 9 po9t+ out ! t5d5cy ( affairs1 we are1 at ! same "t1 prescrib+ ! end t[>ds :i* human endeav\r ought to be direct$4 ,n[1 x is v difficult to say h[ f> an empirical me?od enables u to anticipate t5d5cies ( ?is k9d at all4 ,ev5 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view ! condition+ circum/ances are s complicat$ t x is by no means easy to pr$ict ! result ( _! comb9ation4 ,x is argu$1 h[ev]1 by ,s*ffle1#bgc t we are at lea/ able to see z f> z ! next /age 9 ! s]ies ( hi/orical progress1 & ?is is ?\ght to lead to ! conclusion t we %\ld make ?is next /age ( developm5t our end3 fur!r ?an x we _c see1 & !re=e ne$ n provide4 ,if1 !n1 we h no ultimate end = conduct1 at lea/ we ne$ nev] be )\t a proximate end--& "o :i* is always *ang+ ) ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( say+ t we %\ld take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 ! cont5tion w\ld seem to be t we %\ld live = ! morr[ b take no ?\ght = ! day aft]4 ,b "h ! alt]$ po9t ( view is sc>cely conceal$4 ,f ! discussion ( effici5t causes we proce$ all at once to decide ^u ends or f9al causes4 ,we h %[n 7let x be grant$7 t1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! pres5t position & mode ( action ( ! =ces we are able to exam9e1 !y w modify ! pres5t /ate ( affairs 9 a c]ta9 kn[n mann]4 ,to-day we are 9 /ate ,a2 to-morr[ we %all be 91 or well on ! way t[>ds1 /ate ,ab2 !re=e1 runs ! conclusion1 impli$ or express$1 we ought to make ,ab our end4 ,b ?is is m ?an a fallacy due to ! confusion ( ! two mean+s ( end4 ,! conclusion to :i* x leads is inconsi/5t )1 or at lea/ %[s ! "o-sid$ness (1 ! premisses f :i* x 0 drawn4 ,=1 if ,ab is really ! next t]m 9 ! s]ies ( hi/orical progress1 our mak+ x our end c nei!r help nor h9d] its realisation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is really a mean+ 9 our mak+ ! _w-end our own1 !n we _c br+ t end1 ! realisation ( :i* is conceiv$ z /ill 9 ! future1 "u ! category ( effici5t causality1 & say ) confid5ce t x is ! next /age 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 causality & teleology4 ,! idea does n "w itself out 9 ! same way z an effici5t cause works 9 ! processes ( nature4 ,we might inde$ speak--p]haps ) "s intelligible mean+--( ! t5d5cy ( evolution becom+ consci\s 9 man1 & !n work+ t[>ds its own realisation z a fix$ idea4 ,s f> z ! simpl] repres5tations are conc]n$1 ?is mode ( action has be5 cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ,mr ,ba9's writ+s2 & ! *>act]i/ic is n limit$ to ! less complex k9ds ( m5tal objects4 ,! idea is1 9 its own nature1 a =ce t5d+ bo? to exi/ 9 consci\sness & to realise itself ?r\gh ! motor en]gies4#bgd ,consci\sness ( an end is a motive to action4 ,?us ! notion ( f9al cause includes t ( effici5t cause2 b ! two are n conv]tible4 ,! idea ( an end1 be+ conceiv$ by reason1 _c be describ$ simply z a t5d5cy become consci\s4 ,x has pass$ into ! region 9 :i* v>i\s conceptions are1 or may be1 compet+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 & ! resultant is decid$ on ^u gr\nds :i* may be call$ subjective s9ce !y proce$ f consci\s det]m9ation4 ,h[ev] ! laws ( ?is consci\s det]m9ation may be express$1 !y are n to be id5tifi$ ) ! natural sequ5ce ( ev5ts z x may be conceiv$ to exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! individual consci\sness4 ,:at seems ! t5d5cy ( ?+s may be alt]$ or modifi$ ^u "s gr\nd ( pref]5ce by ! consci\s subject4 ,9 pass+ !re=e to ! work+ out ( a rational or m5tal idea--su* z is impli$ 9 ! conception ( an end--we c no long] fully repres5t our notions by means ( ! det]m9$ temporal succession call$ causality4 ,sid5ote3 ,^! notions unconnect$ by empiricism1 ,?us ! empirical /&po9t leaves ! case incomplete4 ,a man might q reasonably ask :y he %\ld adopt z maxims ( conduct ! laws se5 to op]ate 9 nature4 ,! end1 9 ?is way1 is n made to foll[ f ! natural function ( man4 ,x is simply a mode 9 :i* ! ev5ts ( ! _w occur2 & we mu/1 !re=e1 give a reason :y x %\ld be adopt$ z 8 end by ! individual ag5t4 ,to him !re may be no suffici5t gr\nds ( inducem5t to become a self-consci\s ag5t 9 ! evolution ( ! univ]se4 ,f ! purely evolutioni/ po9t ( view1 no def9ite attempt has be5 made to solve ! difficulty4 ,x seems really to g no deep] ?an ,dr ,johnson's reply to ,boswell1 :5 ! latt] plagu$ him to give a reason = action3 ',sir1' said he1 9 an animat$ tone1 'x is driv+ on ! sy/em ( life4'#bge ,:5 any fur!r answ] is attempt$ n[ to ! "q1 x appe>s to be on h$oni/ic gr\nds4 ,sid5ote3 ev5 ) ! assi/ance ( h$onism4 ,b x is n c]ta9 t ! next /age ( developm5t w br+ m pleasure along ) x ?an ! pres5t4 ,en\gh has already be5 said ( ! difficulties & unc]ta9ties :i* surr\nd any attempt to int]pret evolution z t5d+ con/antly to increas$ pleasure4 ,x may be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t1 if nei!r optimism nor pessimism is ! conclusion to :i* we are l$1 ! modifi$ doctr9e ( :at is call$ ,meliorism may be accept$4 ,& ?is !ory--:i* holds t ! _w is improv+1 t ! balance ( good ov] evil1 or t ( pleasure ov] pa91 is on ! increase--might seem to =m a conv5i5t support to ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,= x may appe> to foll[ f x t1 if ! next /age 9 ! _w-process--t t[>ds :i* evolution is t5d+--is kn[n1 !n we %\ld make x our end to accel]ate ?is /age1 z x w be "o :i* br+s ) x a bett] /ate ( affairs ?an ! pres5t4 ,b n ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic meliori/ has tri$ to %[ any?+ m ?an t 8 doctr9e holds true 9 g5]al1 & t1 al?\gh progress has _m rec$+ waves1 ! tide ( human happ9ess is ris+4 ,b we _c tell h[ great ^! rec$+ waves may be2 nor may we say t our action c h no p[] to *eck !m4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t1 9 judg+ ( any special & tempor>y movem5t ( ev5ts 7& x is n pret5d$ t our anticipatory k ( ! future c ext5d f>71 we _c assume t ! second /age w be bett] ?an ! fir/1 or t volunt>y modification ( x--if t be possible--might n improve bo? ! imm$iate result & its lat] consequ5ces4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to comp>e ! value ( ! two by ! directly pleasurable effects !y may be expect$ to h1 s t we are driv5 back to te/ ! c\rse ( evolution by ref]5ce to "s o!r pr9ciple4 ,! fur!r we g 9 exam9+ an empirical !ory1 ! cle>] does x become t x c make no ne>] approa* to ! discov]y ( an e?ical end1 ?an to po9t out :at c\rses ( action are likely to be ! pleasante/1 or :at t5d5cies to action ! /ronge/3 :ile ?is c only be done )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution itself1 :5 add$ to empirical morality1 only wid5s our view ( ! old l&scape--does n enable u to pass f is to ought1 or f effici5t to f9al cause1 any m ?an ! telescope c po9t beyond ! sph]e ( spatial quantity4 ,sid5ote3 ,new po9t ( view introduc$ by teleology ,we are endeav\r+ to get at ! idea or end ( human nature 9 an impossible way :5 we attempt to rea* x on purely empirical l9es1 & ?9k t1 if we "w long en\gh on !m1 we are sure to come to x4 ,9 ! same way x 0 =m]ly ?\ght by physiologi/s t1 if we ?or\ghly exam9$ ! bra9 ) microscope & scalpel1 we %\ld come ^u ! seat ( ! s\l at la/1 :ile psy*ologi/s 7 fa9 to believe t1 9 addition to all our pres5tations ( objects1 we _h also a pres5tation ( ! subject or ?9k+ be+4 ,! mi/ake ( bo? 0 9 imag9+ t ! s\l 0 a ?+ among/ o!r ?+s1 or a pres5tation among/ o!r pres5tations1 in/ead ( ! subject & condition ( !re be+ ei!r ?+s or ?\ghts at all4 ,( a simil> "* is ! attempt to get at an end or f9al cause )\t leav+ ! po9t ( view ( effici5t causality4 ,7 x successful1 x w\ld r$uce f9al cause to me*anism4 ,to look ^u man or ^u nature z manife/+ an end implies an idea or notion ( ! object z a :ole1 ov] & above ! mutual det]m9ation ( its v>i\s p>ts1 & ?us necessitates ! contemplation ( x z ?\gh an und]/&+ conta9$ ! gr\nd ( ! unity ( ! multiplicity ( its empirical laws4#bgf ,x is ! attempt to get at an ext]nal purpose = objects ( exp]i5ce t has made teleology be look$ ^u askance by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,a conception ( ?is k9d w5t f> to vitiate physics 9 ! middle ages1 till x 01 ) ju/ice1 /rictly exclud$ f ! sci5tific int]pretation ( nature by ! lead]s ( mod]n philosophy4#bgg ,b teleology does n /& or fall ) ?is ext]nal =m ( x1 :i* takes its illu/rations f ! products ( ! factory1 n f ! manife/ations ( life1#bgh & :i* is really only me*anism misund]/ood4 ,sid5ote3 necess>y 9 consid]+ life1 ,! conception ( an end is =c$ ^u u 9 consid]+ life1 because !n x is necess>y to take acc\nt ( ! be+ z organis$1 & !re=e z a :ole4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( nature1 on ! o!r h&1 ?+s may be appreh5d$ )\t relation to ! conception ( ! :ole2 & teleology1 !re=e1 seems to be unnecess>y4 ,! notion ( purpose1 x is (t5 said1 is ess5tial to biology1 b out ( place 9 physical sci5ce4 ,b :5 we look on ! _w z a :ole1 ! notion ( end or purpose is introduc$1 & ! functions ( its v>i\s p>ts conceiv$ f a new po9t ( view4 ,& ! end ( an organism c only be p>tially und]/ood1 :5 t organism is conceiv$ z a :ole ap>t f its environm5t4 ,x is only a p>tial manife/ation or example ( ! m p]fect reality 9 :i* ?+s are to be reg>d$ z n m]ely condition$ & condition+1 b z revelations ( purpose4 ,b1 al?\gh ! notion ( purpose _c be disp5s$ ) 9 consid]+ organic nature1 ! teleological notions we =m ( liv+ ?+s are imp]fect & ab/ract4 ,?us ! organism is (t51 m or less explicitly1 judg$ by its utility = "s human purpose4 ,9 ^! cases ! end is cle>ly an ext]nal & dep5d5t "o4 ,&1 :5 ! adaptation ( its p>ts is spok5 ( 9 relation to its type or p]fect =m1 a conception is involv$ ov] & above :at c be inf]r$ f ! nature ( ! organism 9 itself4 ,! notion ( ! end dep5ds ^u a rational ideal1 :i* passes beyond ! causal int]relation ( p>ts to ! conception ( ! organism z a :ole1 ^: function is necess>ily relat$ to its environm5t4 ,sid5ote3 & life directly kn[n only z self-consci\s4 ,our k ( ! ends ( ! l[] animals is really mu* m imp]fect ?an our k ( ! human end4 ,= ! only life we really "k is self-consci\s life1 & t we are unable to attribute to !m4 ,we "k _! life only by conjecture1 our k ( x be+ b an ab/raction f our own consci\sness4 ,! e?ical1 z ,tr5del5burg puts x1#bgi is ! high] /age ( ! process1 a l[] /age ( :i* is ! organic4 ,! purpose1 :i* is conceiv$ z bl9d or unconsci\s 9 nature1 becomes consci\s & volunt>y 9 man4 ,b our notion ( ! =m] is simply an ab/raction f ! free & consci\s purpose :i* *>act]ises our own activity4 ,! conception ( life is only kn[n to u z--is only--an elem5t or mom5t 9 our own self-consci\sness4 ,& life :i* is n self-consci\s c only be judg$ 9 relation to ! self-consci\sness :i* conta9s 9 itself ! explanation bo? ( life & ( nature4 ,! g]m ( tru? 9 ! old me*anical teleology may p]haps be se5 9 ?is way4 ,= x _h "r on its side 9 s f> z x ref]r$ ev]y?+ to ! self-consci\sness manife/$ 9 man2 x 0 mi/ak5 only 9 s f> z x made ?+s relative to 8 ne$s & desires4 ,! teleological an?ropomorphism :i* judges all ?+s accord+ to _! correspond5ce ) human purposes1 mu/ be transc5d$1 equally ) ! speculative an?ropomorphism :i* frames ! unse5 _w 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ph5om5a ( our pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,b to attempt to escape f :at is sometimes call$ an?ropomorphism--! ref]5ce ( ! nature & purpose ( ?+s to self-consci\sness1 z expressive ( ! ultimate reality--is to attempt to escape f ?\ght itself1 & makes "o's ?9k+ f ! beg9n+ void & contradictory4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,ref]5ce to self-consci\sness impli$ 9 evolution1 ,n[ ?is ref]5ce to self has be5 omitt$ 9 our consid]ation ( empirical evolution4 ,we h tak5 ! purely objective gr\nd ( sci5ce1 & we h admitt$ :at sci5ce has told u ( h[ all sorts ( ?+s came to be1--h[ man appe>$ on ! e>?1 gradually adapt$ himself to 8 surr\nd+s & modifi$ !m--h[ s5tim5ts exp&$1 cu/oms grew1 & "o in/itution develop$ out ( ano!r4 ,b sci5ce %[s u all ?is only z an ext]nal process ( ev5ts 9 space & "t--a process 9 :i* ! prec$+ det]m9es ea* succe$+ /ate1 & all p>ts are unit$ toge!r4 ,x does n %[ u ! process f ! inside4 ,&1 9 ! end1 x c d no m ?an po9t t[>ds1 )\t rea*+1 ! compreh5sive idea ( a :ole1 by ref]5ce to :i* idea all ! memb]s ( ! :ole are det]m9$1 9 su* a way t x is insuffici5t to look ^u "o z caus+ ano!r1 & ) ! o!rs mak+ up ! aggregate2 s9ce ea* memb] only exi/s = ! sake ( ! :ole1 & ! idea ( ! :ole prec$es ! p>ts :i* con/itute x4#bhj ,! teleological conception ?us necess>ily leads u beyond ! ord9>y categories ( sci5ce1 by :i* all ?+s are conceiv$ z connect$ causally 9 space & "t4 ,b ! sci5tific !ories t we h be5 discuss+ d n recognise ?is alt]$ po9t ( view2 &1 )\t giv+ any ju/ification = ! *ange ( /&po9t1 lay d[n ! moral law t we ought to aim at ! realisation ( some?+ :i* c only be describ$ z a m5tal conception or idea4 ,"h a d\ble *ange 9 po9t ( view is involv$4 ,we are no long] consid]+ a process go+ on outside u1 9 :i* ! ref]5ce to self may be fairly ignor$1 b we put ourselves 9 relation to ?is ext]nal ord]3 & we d s1 n m]ely z cognitive1 b z active--z ! pot5tial s\rce ( actions :i* we say ought to be p]=m$ by u4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 made cle> 9 ! attempt to trace ! g5esis ( self-consci\sness4 ,! assumption involv$ 9 ! =m] *ange is t made by comp>ative or evolutioni/ psy*ology1 :5 x attempts to play ! "p ( a !ory ( k4 ,! developm5t ( impressions & ideas is made to pass upw>ds to m complicat$ /ages1 till x rea*es ! po9t at :i* ! individual1 conceiv$ z det]m9$ by ext]nal =ces & react+ ^u !m1 becomes consci\s ( itself z a subject ( k & s\rce ( action4 ,?is transition f ! category ( causality to self-consci\sness is1 9 "s sy/ems--t ( ,mr ,sp5c]1 = example--ei!r conceal$ or held to ) no firm grasp4 ,?r\gh\t 8 objective treatm5t ( psy*ology1 x w\ld seem t ,mr ,sp5c] is evolv+ m9d or self-consci\sness out ( ! process 9 :i* simple relations ( matt] & motion =m ! l[e/ /age1 & reflex action is t :i* approa*es mo/ ne>ly to hav+ m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,&1 f ?is objective po9t ( view1 he speaks ( 8 philosophy z an int]pretation ( ! detail$ ph5om5a ( life1 m9d1 & society1 9 t]ms ( matt]1 motion1 & =ce4#bha ,b :5 he discusses ! subjective side1 he admits t x is entirely unique & sui g5]is1#bhb & adopts :at is kn[n z ! two aspects !ory--! !ory t m9d _c be acc\nt$ = z d]iv$ f matt]1 any m ?an matt] c be acc\nt$ = z d]iv$ f m9d1 b t !y are bo? phases ( "o ultimate & unkn[n reality4#bhc ,?is admission involves a practical ackn[l$gm5t t x is impossible to arrive at consci\sness or at subjectivity by a process ( natural developm5t4 ,we mu/1 x affirms1 po/ulate two aspects or phases ( exi/5ce1 or two l9es ( developm5t1 connect$ probably 9 _! ultimate reality1 b1 z kn[n to u1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & )\t mutual influ5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,ref]5ce to self-consci\sness1 ,! doctr9e t a ref]5ce to self-consci\sness is impli$ 9 exp]i5ce1 may p]haps be made cle>] by consid]+ a criticism to :i* x has rec5tly be5 subject$ by an able psy*ological writ]4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,james writes z foll[s3-- ,! doctr9e ( ! po/-,kantians1 t all k is also self-k1 seems to fl[ f ?is confusion betwe5 ! psy*ologi/'s /&po9t & ! /&po9t ( ! feel+ ^u :i* he is suppos$ to be mak+ 8 report4 ,empirically1 ( c\rse1 an aw>5ess ( self accompanies mo/ ( our ?9k+4 ,b t x %\ld be ne$$ to make t ?9k+ 'objective' is q ano!r matt]4 ',gre5-aft]-r$-&-o!r-?an-x' is an absolutely complete object ( ?\ght1 ideally consid]$1 & ne$s no add$ elem5t4 ,! fallacy seems to arise f "s su* reflection z ?is1 t s9ce ! feel+ is :at x feels itself to be1 s x mu/ feel itself to be :at x is--namely1 relat$ to ea* ( its objects4 ,t ! la/ is cov]s mu* m gr\nd ?an ! fir/1 ! philosoph] "h does n notice4 ,! fir/ is signifies only ! feel+'s inw>d quality2 ! la/ is cov]s all possible facts ab\t ! feel+1--relational facts1 :i* c only be kn[n f outside po9ts ( view1 l t ( ! philosoph] himself4#bhd ,sid5ote3 ?\gh n itself a "p ( exp]i5ce1 ,sid5ote3 logically impli$ by exp]i5ce4 ,n[ x seems to me t ! real confusion "h is betwe5 ! po9t ( view ( exp]i5ce1 & ! po9t ( view ( reflection on exp]i5ce1 & t x is n ! po/-,kantians :o confuse ! two po9ts ( view4 ,! po/-,kantians--by :om ,pr(essor ,james means ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 & ! writ]s commonly associat$ ) him--habitually occupy ! latt] /&po9t4 ,!y d n hold t all k is also self-k1 9 ! s5se t an aw>5ess ( self accompanies mo/ or all ( our ?9k+4 ,:5 we h ?is empirical aw>5ess ( self1 our object is ! m or less di/9ct cont5ts ( p]ception1 c41 :i* make up ! empirical ego4 ,b ?is k ( ! empirical ego1 equally ) k ( ext]nal nature1 implies logically ! action ( self-consci\sness4 ,:5 we reflect ^u exp]i5ce1 "o con/ant elem5t is se5 to be impli$ 9 x--! ref]5ce to a subject ( k & feel+4 ,c]ta9ly po/-,kantians d n imag9e--z ,pr(essor ,james seems himself to imag9e & to ?9k !y d--t a feel+ feels itself1 or an object kn[s itself4 ,gre5-aft]-r$-&-o!r-?an-x is = !m1 z = him1 if n an absolutely complete object ( ?\ght1 yet relatively complete4 ,x may be appreh5d$ alone z a "p ( exp]i5ce4 ,b reflection on exp]i5ce %[s t x1 l any o!r object ( ?\ght1 dep5ds ^u a kn[+ subject4 ,! po/-,kantians d n ass]t t kn[+ an object involves = ! individual kn[] actual consci\sness ( :at 8 k implies1 any m ?an !y w\ld say t ! pla9 man is already a metaphysician4 ,b !y hold t reflection on exp]i5ce %[s t self-ref]5ce1 or ref]5ce to a subject1 is a logical condition ( !re be+ exp]i5ce at all4 ,s f> f confus+ ! two /&po9ts1 !y require c>efully to emphasise _! diff]5ce1 le/ ! actual cont5t ( a /ate ( consci\sness 9 ! individual man be held to be equival5t to ! gr\nds or conditions ( t /ate ( consci\sness4 ,! reason :y !re is ev5 an app>5t plausibility 9 ! attempt to get at a natural developm5t ( self-consci\sness1 is t ! ref]5ce to self is1 f ! outset1 implicitly1 b logically1 assum$ 9 trac+ ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* =ms ! subject-matt] ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :ile ! c\rse ( developm5t does no?+ m ?an r5d] its implication explicit4 ,self-consci\sness is n some?+ t exi/s ap>t f ! _w ( kn[n & kn[able objects1 any m ?an x is itself a special dep>tm5t ( ?is _w ( objects di/+ui%able f1 & det]m9$ by1 its surr\nd+s4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! supreme condition ( ! _w ( objects hav+ any exi/5ce :atev]4 ,x is only ?r\gh objects be+ br\ght into relation ) ! id5tical & p]man5t subject ( k1 t !re is unity 9 nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re is a kn[n _w ( nature or exp]i5ce at all4 ,! evolution ( m9d or self-consci\sness out ( exp]i5ce is1 !re=e1 n m]ely to be reject$ z a problem too intricate = psy*ological analysis4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t x is a possible problem at all2 = x attempts to make exp]i5ce acc\nt = & orig9ate ! pr9ciples on :i* its own possibility dep5ds4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 made cle> 9 ! attempt to trace morality f reflex action4 ,b x is ! second *ange 9 po9t ( view :i* ne$s special emphasis "h--! *ange f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce to t ( morality4 ,tak5 9 its b>e =m1 ?is is p]haps little m ?an a confusion ( ?\ght4 ,! fact ( ?+s be+ ( a c]ta9 con/itution1 & ( _! progress t5d+ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 _c ( itself supply a law = ! ex]cise ( our activity4 ,b ! view is associat$ ) a !ory ( ! nature ( human action :i* seeks to br+ x into ! /rict l9e ( natural developm5t4 ,j z empirical psy*ology attempt$ to treat self-consci\sness z a /age 9 ! evolution ( exp]i5ce or k1 s ! empirical !ory ( morality1 aid$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution1 tries to %[ h[ ! action :i* is call$ moral has be5 develop$ out ( purely physical or reflex action4 ,b ?is !ory ( ! developm5t ( moral action is really op5 to ! same objection z t :i* 0 urg$ aga9/ ! !ory :i* evolves self-consci\sness f ! unconsci\s4 ,! objection to ! latt] 01 t exp]i5ce1 itself con/itut$ by consci\sness1 is made to produce ! condition ( its own possibility2 & a simil> confusion is involv$ 9 attempt+ to develop moral action out ( m]ely physical or reflex action4 ,! only case ( true psy*ical or consci\s action is t 9 :i* !re is a consci\s det]m9ation ( end & means2 & action ( ?is k9d implies ! same relation to self-consci\sness z t by :i* k is con/itut$4 ,! relation is1 h[ev]1 manife/$ 9 a diff]5t way3 x is n an appreh5sion ( ! manifold ( impression into ! unity ( consci\sness1 b ! ext]nalisation ( self-consci\sness 9 realis+ a conceiv$ end or idea4 ,n[1 9 s f> z physical & psy*ical facts are ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce--& !y h no o!r exi/5ce1 at lea/ none t c h any intelligible mean+ giv5 to x--!y presuppose self-consci\sness2 = x is only 9 relation to x t exp]i5ce is possible4 ,t is to say1 _! exi/5ce logically implies a ref]5ce to a subject ^: active ext]nalis+ manife/ation is ! det]m9ation ( means & end :i* con/itutes moral 7z di/+ui%$ f m]ely natural7 action4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f our be+ able to trace ! developm5t ( moral action f ! simpl] ph5om5a ( natural action1 we f9d t ^!1 9 _! mo/ rudim5t>y =m1 by virtue ( _! be+ ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce1 imply & receive _! reality f ! self-consci\sness :i* is ! diff]5tiat+ quality bo? ( k & ( moral action4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,! unity ( self-consci\sness3 ,sid5ote3 7a7 z mak+ possible ! transition f k to morality2 ,f ?is x foll[s t1 al?\gh1 empirically1 ! *ange f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce to t ( morality is a transition to a diff]5t ord] ( facts1 yet ! passage may be possible transc5d5tally ?r\gh self-consci\sness4 ,= 9 self-consci\sness we rea* ! elem5t ( id5tity betwe5 k & action4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( importance to und]/& ! nature ( ?is self-consci\s activity 9 relation to k & to action4 ,if ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( k is ! br++ into relation to consci\sness1 !n all consci\s action has ?is *>act]i/ic2 = x det]m9es self t[>ds "s p>ticul> l9e ( activity--t is to say1 t[>ds an object or end :i* is !reby relat$ to consci\sness4 ,action !re=e1 we may say1 is k4 ,& 9 ! same way1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! relat+ to consci\sness :i* con/itutes k c only be reg>d$ z orig9at$ by ! subject1 x foll[s1 conv]sely1 t k is action4#bhe ,we act1 says ,sp9oza1 only 9 s f> z we "k or und]/&4 ,action is b "o aspect or manife/ation ( t :i*1 9 ano!r aspect or manife/ation1 is k4 ,b ! aspect ( self-consci\sness we call k & t we call action are diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,9 ! =m] ! relat+ to consci\sness 9 ! def9ite =ms ( ?\ght & p]ception is ! prom95t ?+4 ,9 ! latt] x is ! realis+ en]gy ( ! self-consci\s subject4 ,! ord9>y di/9ction betwe5 k & action is !re=e correct1 if n pu%$ to ! ext5t ( mak+ an absolute sep>ation betwe5 !m3 9 ! =m] we idealise ! real1 9 ! latt] we realise ! ideal4 ,b !y are at "o 9 ?is1 t bo? involve self-consci\s activity4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 z det]m9+ ! "* ( ! e?ical end1 ,! self-consci\sness :i* 9 "o relation is k1 9 ano!r action1 is ?us ! fundam5tal fact ( human nature2 & on x1 !re=e1 ! e?ical end mu/ be bas$1 if t end c be disclos$ by ! nature ( man1 & is to express :at is mo/ fundam5tal 9 8 nature4 ,n[1 z k f9ds its completion :5 all ?+s are connect$ ) "o ano!r & ! subject 9 a def9ite sy/em ( relations1 ! end ( complet$ self-consci\s activity _c be diff]5t4 ,9 _! f9al p]fection1 z 9 _! fundam5tal nature1 ! two are at "o4 ,z ,kant puts x1#bhf ! speculative & ! practical reason are reconcil$ 9 ! notion ( end4 ,h[ev] virtue may diff] f k 9 ! processes ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ! di/9ction only belongs to _! f9ite realisation4 ,an intuitive und]/&+1 or und]/&+ :i*1 9 kn[+1 creates ! objects ( k1 is ! highe/ conception ( reason4 ,yet ! v notion ( a f9ite self implies t nei!r su* k nor su* activity belongs to x4 ,9 k & action1 z prop]ties ( ! ultimate self-consci\sness1 human be+s only p>ticipate4 ,x is only by means ( ! labori\s me?ods ( obs]vation & inf]5ce t !y approa* ! intuition ( all ?+s z a unity 9 :i* p]fect k consi/s2 &1 9 ! same way1 x is only by ! gradual volitional adaptation ( means to end t !y are able1 9 "s measure1 to contribute to ! realisation ( self-consci\sness 9 ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 z self-realisation1 ,an end c only be made our own :5 conceiv$ z necess>y = realis+ or complet+ our idea ( self4 ,consci\s volition only foll[s a conceiv$ want1 or recognition t ! self z imag9$--! ideal self--is n realis$ 9 ! actual self4 ,! action is t[>ds a full] work+ out ( ! idea ( self2 & ! end may !re=e1 9 all cases ( consci\s action1 be said to be self-realisation1 ?\gh ! nature ( ?is end diff]s accord+ to ea* man's conception ( self4 ,?is may be express$1 z ,gre5 expresses x1 by say+ t self-satisfaction is ! =m ( e object will$2 b 444 x is on ! specific diff]5ce ( ! objects will$ "u ! g5]al =m ( self-satisfaction t ! quality ( ! w mu/ dep5d4#bhg ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ?is /atem5t requires to be gu>d$ by an explanation4 ,! self-satisfaction s\ght mu/ n be look$ ^u z a feel+1--= if x is1 x c only be int]pret$ psy*ologically z pleasure--b z simply consci\s self-realisation4 ,& ?is self-realisation is ! objective consci\sness ( an atta9$ end1 :i* is accompani$ by1 b is n ! same z1 ! feel+ ( pleasure4 ,self-realisation is ! end1 n ! pleasurable feel+ :i* foll[s x2 self-satisfaction1 n ! pleasure ( self-satisfaction4 ,9 ?is way1 ! common exp]i5ce t ! objects ) :i* we seek to satisfy ourselves d n turn out capable ( satisfy+ u1#bhh might be express$ by say+ t ! me?od adopt$ = ! realisation ( self is (t5 f\nd 9 its result to lead to incomplete1 or ev5 to illusory1 self-realisation4 ,! "q ?us arises1 ,:at is ! true self t is to be realis$1 & :at is meant by ! realisation ( x8 ,! w t wills itself is z b>e a notion 9 e?ics1 z ! ?\ght t ?9ks itself is 9 metaphysics4 ,! good w1 :i* ,kant rightly held to be ! only ultimate good1 nev] altoge!r escap$ ?is =mality 9 ,kant's own treatm5t ( x4 ,8 idea ( humanity z a realm ( ends 0 limit$ by 8 =mal conception ( ! function ( reason1 ?\gh x sugge/s ! way by :i* ! m]e tautology ( w may be transc5d$4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( a f9ite w t its end is diff]5t f ! realisation ( ! end4 ,b ! rationality ( ! w implies t x mu/ aim at no?+ less ?an ! h>moni\s articulation ( its :ole activity 9 ! unity ( self-consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 b z transc5d+ egoism2 ,x has be5 argu$ above t bo? k & morality are expressions ( self-consci\s activity3 9 x ^! diff]5t manife/ations f9d an elem5t ( fundam5tal id5tity4 ,b x may be ma9ta9$1 fur!r1 t ?is unity ( self-consci\sness is n m]ely ! unity ( ! diff]5t /ates ( an individual1 b t x is an elem5t :i* transc5ds ! diff]5ce by :i* concrete individuals are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,if ?is view c be c>ri$ out1 x seems to lead u to attribute to o!r m5 some?+ m ?an a simil> consci\sness#bhi to our own1 & to make u look on all self-consci\s be+s z %>+ 91 or manife/+1 9 v>i\s imp]fect ways1 "o id5tical self-consci\sness4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 self-realisation w\ld be e/abli%$ z no m]e individual end4 ,! fir/ law ( morality w\ld be n ! natural impulse = ea* to take c>e ( himself 9 ! /ruggle = life1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! sublation ( t di/9ction betwe5 ! p>ticul> ego & o!r individuals :i* w\ld admit ( ! "o us+ ! o!rs z m]e means to 8 own advancem5t4 ,8 true end is ! same z !irs3 ! realisation ( ! self-consci\sness 9 :i* bo? p>take--its realisation1 t is to say1 n 9 "o individual only1 b :]ev] x is manife/$4#bij ,?is is ! rationale ( :at ! empirical !ory ( evolution tries to e/abli% by po9t+ to ! gr[+ h>mony 9 feel+ & int]e/ betwe5 ! individual & society4 ,:at evolution really %[s is ! gradual manife/ation 9 actual volition ( ! id5tity ( nature 9 all m54#bia ,i d n say t ?is fundam5tal id5tity ( nature does away ) all conflict betwe5 self-realisation 9 "o's self & 9 o!rs2 b x does mu*1 if x e/abli%es ! pr9ciple t ! realisation ( "o's own nature involves ! realisation ( t ( o!rs4 ,z ,s*ffle says1 ! moral law is ! direction ( ! w to ! g5u9ely human z humanity2 & ?is is a transc5d5tal elem5t emb$d$ 9 ! he>ts ( all m5--?\gh 9 its basis only1 = x is develop$ & rip5$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4#bib ,& ! m fully self-consci\sness is realis$1 ! cle>] does x become t its complete realisation implies t k+dom ( ends spok5 ( by ,kant1 9 :i* all self-consci\s be+s are at once subjects & sov]eign4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 z %[+ t ! realisation ( ! end mu/ be progressive4 ,fur!r1 self-realisation 9 bo? its aspects--z individual & z social--is necess>ily progressive4 ,x is only at ! highe/ /age ( its developm5t t nature becomes ! organ ( intellig5ce & morality4#bic ,&1 j z k expresses itself ?r\gh ! =ms ( space & "t1 &1 !re=e1 by gradual colligations ( facts1 s ! consci\s det]m9ation ( activity is manife/$ 9 ! _w 9 an ord] ( consecutive acts1 & is !re=e subject1 9 its manife/ation1 to ! laws ( temporal succession4 ,x is ! "p ( a sy/em ( metaphysics--at any rate1 x does n belong to ! pres5t inquiry--to %[ h[ reason manife/s itself 9 space & "t1 & h[1 ?r\gh ! rationality ( ?is manife/ation1 ev]y?+ 9 space is & acts only 9 relation to its environm5t1 & ?r\gh x1 to ! re/ ( ! _w1 & h[ ea* ev5t 9 "t is ! result ( prec$+ ev5ts1 & det]m9es ^? :i* foll[ x4 ,:at x ?us %[s ! necessity ( is ! process ( evolution2 & x is because ?is process is det]m9$ by reason t ! _w is ! object ( k & ! sph]e ( moral action4 ,evolution is ?us n ! f\ndation ( morality1 b ! manife/ation ( ! pr9ciple on :i* x dep5ds4 ,morality _c be expla9$ by means ( its own developm5t1 )\t ref]5ce to ! self-consci\sness :i* makes t developm5t possible4 ,h[ev] valuable may be ! in=mation we get f exp]i5ce z to ! gradual evolution ( conduct1 its nature & end c only be expla9$ by a pr9ciple t transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,blackwood ,,& ,,sons4 ,,footnotes3 #bgj ,! empirical int]pretation ( evolution is t adopt$ by ! majority ( evolutioni/s1 b is n ess5tial to ! tru? ( ! !ory4 ,a prote/ aga9/ x is ent]$ by ,mr ,wallace1 ?\gh 9 ! some:at crude =m ( po/ulat+ sup]natural int]f]5ce = ! production ( c]ta9 classes ( ph5om5a 7cf4 ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 p4 #cei71 at ! same "t t 8 conception ( nature does n seem to diff] o!rwise f t ( ,hckel4 #bga ,! ref]5ce 9 ! above to ,kant1 ,w]ke1 iii4 #dch ff41 is obvi\s2 b x is nev]!less a true acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! !ory ( evolution4 #bgb ,cf4 ,/irl+1 ,secret ( ,hegel1 ii4 #fae3 ,"o gr& sy/em1 unity ( type1 all ?is mu/ be po/ulat$ f ! v con/itution ( human reason2 b f ! v con/itution ( exp]i5ce z well1 x c nev] be realis$ 9 exp]i5ce4 #bgc ,bau und ,leb5 des social5 ,krp]s1 ii4 #fh4 #bgd ,cf4 ,f\ille1 ,critique des sy/mes de morale contempora9s1 p4 #ac ff4 #bge ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson1 *ap4 liv4 #bgf ,kant1 ,w]ke1 v4 #ahg 7,kr4 d4 ,urt41 ,e9l4 iv47 #bgg ,desc>tes1 ,pr9c4 phil41 iii4 #c1 i4 #bh2 ,bacon1 ,de augm41 iii4 #e1 ,novum organum1 ii4 #b4 #bgh ,cf4 ,kant1 ,w]ke1 v4 #chg 7,kr4 d4 ,urt41 #fe74 #bgi ,hi/oris*e ,beitrge zur ,philosophie1 iii4 #afe4 #bhj ,cf4 ,hegel1 ,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik1 iii4 #bbh4 #bha ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #aid1 p4 #eef4 #bhb ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #ef1 i4 #adj4 #bhc ,ibid41 #bgb1 #bgc1 i4 #fbd ff4 #bhd ,m9d1 ix4 #ba4 #bhe ,f action 9 ?is its ultimate mean+ z equival5t to orig9ation by ! subject1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% action z a ph5om5on 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,! latt] is "o ( ! modes 9 :i* ! relation ( objects is kn[n to u1 ! =m] a *>act]i/ic ( kn[+4 ,! active nature ( k is work$ out 9 an int]e/+ way 9 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie's ',metaphysica nova et vetu/a1' by ,scotus ,novanticus 7#ahhd74 #bhf ,w]ke1 iii4 #ech2 cf4 ,adamson1 ,philosophy ( ,kant1 p4 #ach4 #bhg ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #afa4 #bhh ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #afe4 #bhi ,sidgwick1 ,gre5's ,e?ics1 ,m9d1 ix4 #ahj4 #bij ,?is is impli$ 9 ,hegel's well-kn[n imp]ative1 ,be a p]son & respect o!rs z p]sons4--,phil4 d4 ,re*ts1 p4 #gc4 #bia ,?us ,hffd+ ma9ta9s t ! highe/ e?ical idea is ! idea ( ! human race z a realm ( p]sonalities4--,grundlage d] human5 ,e?ik 7aus dem dnis*571 p4 #gd4 #bib ,bau und ,leb5 des social5 ,krp]s1 i4 #agc4 #bic ,cf4 ,h4 ,siebeck1 ,philosophis*e ,monat%efte1 xx4 #cdj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,messrs ,,blackwood ,,sons' ,,publications4 ,,philosophical ,,classics ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,knight1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews4 ,9 cr[n #hvo ,volumes1 ) ,portraits1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,n[ ready-- ,,desc>tes1 by ,pr(essor ,mahaffy1 ,dubl94--,,butl]1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,lucas ,coll9s1 ,m4,a4--,,b]keley1 by ,pr(essor ,campbell ,fras]1 ,ed9burgh4--,,fi*te1 by ,pr(essor ,adamson1 ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]4--,,kant1 by ,pr(essor ,wallace1 ,ox=d4--,,hamilton1 by ,pr(essor ,veit*1 ,glasg[4--,,hegel1 by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,caird1 ,glasg[4--,,leibniz1 by ,j4 ,!odore ,m]z4--,,vico1 by ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 ,ed9burgh4--,,hobbes1 by ,pr(essor ,croom ,rob]tson1 ,london4--,,hume1 by ! ,editor4--,,sp9oza1 by ! ,v ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,caird1 ,glasg[4--,,bacon3 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,life1 by ,pr(essor ,ni*ol1 ,glasg[4--,,bacon3 ,"p ,,ii4 ,philosophy1 by ! same ,au?or4--,,locke1 by ,pr(essor ,campbell ,fras]1 ,ed9burgh4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,mill1 by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=eign ,,classics ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,mrs ,,oliphant4 ,9 cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,s]ies4 ,,dante1 by ! ,editor4--,,voltaire1 by ,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley1 ,k4,c4,b4--,,pascal1 by ,pr9cipal ,tullo*4--,,petr>*1 by ,h5ry ,reeve1 ,c4,b4--,,goe!1 by ,a4 ,hayw>d1 ,q4,c4--,,moli,,re1 by ! ,editor & ,f4 ,t>v]1 ,m4,a4--,,montaigne1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,coll9s1 ,m4,a4--,,rabelais1 by ,walt] ,besant1 ,m4,a4--,,cald]on1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,hasell4--,,sa9t ,,simon1 by ,clifton ,w4 ,coll9s1 ,m4,a4--,,c]vantes1 by ! ,editor4--,,corneille ,,& ,,rac9e1 by ,h5ry ,m4 ,trollope4--,,madame ,,de ,s,,vign1 by ,miss ,?ack]ay4--,,la ,,fonta9e1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,fr5* ,,fabuli/s1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,lucas ,coll9s1 ,m4,a4--,,s*ill]1 by ,james ,sime1 ,m4,a41 ,au?or ( ',less+1 8 ,life & ,writ+s4'--,,tasso1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,hasell4--,,r\sseau1 by ,h5ry ,grey ,graham4--,,alfr$ ,,de ,,musset1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,oliphant4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,leop>di4 ,by ! ,editor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ ,,complete4 ,,anci5t ,,classics ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,lucas ,,coll9s1 ,m4,a4 ,complete 9 #bh ,vols4 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,& may also be _h 9 #ad ,volumes1 /rongly & neatly b\nd1 ) calf or vellum back1 #c1 #ajs4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,s]ies4 ,,hom]3 ,,! ,,iliad1 by ! ,editor4--,,hom]3 ,,! ,,odyssey1 by ! ,editor4--,,h]odotus1 by ,george ,c4 ,swayne1 ,m4,a4--,,x5ophon1 by ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4,d4--,,euripides1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,donne4--,,ari/ophanes1 by ! ,editor4--,,plato1 by ,clifton ,w4 ,coll9s1 ,m4,a4--,,lucian1 by ! ,editor4--,,s*ylus1 by ! ,"r ,rev4 ! ,bi%op ( ,colombo4--,,sophocles1 by ,clifton ,w4 ,coll9s1 ,m4,a4--,,hesiod ,,& ,,!ognis1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,davies1 ,m4,a4--,,greek ,,an?ology1 by ,"l ,neaves4--,,virgil1 by ! ,editor4--,,horace1 by ,sir ,!odore ,m>t91 ,k4,c4,b4--,,juv5al1 by ,edw>d ,wal=d1 ,m4,a4--,,plautus ,,& ,,t]5ce1 by ! ,editor4--,,! ,,comm5t>ies ,,( ,c,,s>1 by ,an?ony ,trollope4--,,tacitus1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,donne4--,,cic]o1 by ! ,editor4--,,pl9y',s ,,lett]s1 by ! ,rev4 ,alfr$ ,*ur*1 ,m4,a41 & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,brodribb1 ,m4,a4--,,livy1 by ! ,editor4--,,ovid1 by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,*ur*1 ,m4,a4--,,catullus1 ,,tibullus1 ,,& ,,prop]tius1 by ! ,rev4 ,jas4 ,davies1 ,m4,a4--,,demo/h5es1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,brodribb1 ,m4,a4--,,ari/otle1 by ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4,d4--,,?ucydides1 by ! ,editor4--,,lucretius1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 ,m4,a4--,,p9d>1 by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,d4 ,morice1 ,m4,a4 ,saturday ,review4--,x is difficult to e/imate too highly ! value ( su* a s]ies z ?is 9 giv+ ',engli% read]s' an insight1 exact z f> z x goes1 into ^? old5 times :i* are s remote1 & yet to _m ( u s close4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,messrs ,,blackwood ,,sons' ,,publications4 ,,alison4 ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,by ,sir ,,ar*ibald ,,alison1 ,b>t41 ,d4,c4,l4 #a4 ,f ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution to ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,,libr>y ,,edition1 #ad vols41 ) ,portraits4 ,demy #hvo1 #aj1 #ajs4 ,,ano!r ,,edition1 9 #bj vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #f4 ,,p',s ,,edition1 #ac vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #b1 #aas4 #b4 ,cont9uation to ! ,accession ( ,l\is ,napoleon4 ,,libr>y ,,edition1 #h vols4 #hvo1 #f1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,p',s ,,edition1 #h vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #cds4 #c4 ,epitome ( ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,tw5ty-n9? ,?\s&1 #gs4 #f;d4 #d4 ,atlas to ,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,by ,a4 ,kei? ,john/on4 ,,libr>y ,,edition1 demy #dto1 #c1 #cs4 ,,p',s ,,edition1 #cas4 #f;d4 ---- ,life ( ,john ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,) "s ,acc\nt ( 8 ,contempor>ies1 & ( ! ,w> ( ! ,succession4 ,?ird ,edition1 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,portraits & ,maps1 #cjs4 ---- ,essays3 ,hi/orical1 ,political1 & ,miscellane\s4 #c vols4 demy #hvo1 #des4 ,,acta ,,sanctorum ,,hib]ni2 ,ex ,codice ,salmantic5si4 ,nunc primum integre edita op]a ,,c>oli ,,de ,,sm$t et ,,josephi ,,de ,,back]1 e ,soc4 ,jesu1 ,hagiographorum ,boll&ianorum2 ,auctore et ,sumptus ,l>gi5te ,,joanne ,,patricio ,,m>*ione ,,bo?ae4 ,9 ,"o h&some #dto ,volume1 b\nd 9 half roxburghe1 #b1 #bs42 9 pap] wrapp]1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,aird4 ,poetical ,works ( ,?omas ,aird4 ,fif? ,edition1 ) ,memoir ( ! ,au?or by ! ,rev4 ,,j>d9e ,,wallace1 & ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,all>dyce4 ,! ,city ( ,sun%9e4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,all>dyce4 ,?ree vols4 po/ #hvo1 #a1 #es4 #f;d4 ---- ,memoir ( ! ,hon\rable ,george ,kei? ,elph9/one1 ,k4,b41 ,visc\nt ,kei? ( ,/onehav51 ,m>is*al1 ,admiral ( ! ,r$4 #hvo1 ) ,portrait1 ,illu/rations1 & ,maps1 #bas4 ,,almond4 ,s]mons by a ,lay ,head-ma/]4 ,by ,,hely ,,hut*9son ,,almond1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon41 ,head-ma/] ( ,loretto ,s*ool4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,anci5t ,,classics ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,w4 ,,lucas ,,coll9s1 ,m4,a4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,= li/ ( ,vols41 see page #b4 ,,ayt\n4 ,lays ( ! ,scotti% ,cavali]s1 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,w4 ,,edmond/\ne ,,ayt\n1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric & ,belles-,lettres 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,ano!r ,edition1 be+ ! ,?irtie?4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,*eap ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ ,cov]4 ,price #as4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #c;d4 ---- ,an ,illu/rat$ ,edition ( ! ,lays ( ! ,scotti% ,cavali]s4 ,f designs by ,sir ,,noel ,,paton4 ,small #dto1 9 gilt clo?1 #bas4 ---- ,bo?well3 a ,poem4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,poems & ,ballads ( ,goe!4 ,translat$ by ,pr(essor ,,ayt\n & ,sir ,,!odore ,,m>t91 ,k4,c4,b4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap41 #fs4 ---- ,bon ,gaulti]'s ,book ( ,ballads4 ,by ! ,,same4 ,fifte5? ,edition4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,doyle1 ,lee*1 & ,cr[quill4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,ballads ( ,scotl&4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,ayt\n4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #b vols4 fcap4 #hvo1 #abs4 ---- ,memoir ( ,william ,e4 ,ayt\n1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,by ,sir ,,!odore ,,m>t91 ,k4,c4,b4 ,) ,portrait4 ,po/ #hvo1 #abs4 ,,ba*4 ,on ,musical ,education & ,vocal ,culture4 ,by ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,ba*4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,s++4 ,a ,practical ,guide = ,vocali/s & ,tea*]s4 ,) ,c\rse ( ,vocal ,ex]cises4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,! ,art ( ,s++4 ,) ,musical ,ex]cises = ,"y ,p4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 ---- ,! ,art ,ballad3 ,loewe & ,s*ub]t4 ,) ,music ,illu/rations4 ,) a ,portrait ( ,,loewe4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,small #dto1 #es4 ,,ballads ,,& ,,poems4 ,by ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,glasg[ ,,ballad ,,club4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,bannatyne4 ,h&book ( ,republican ,in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,bas$ ^u ,f$]al & ,/ate ,laws1 & o!r reliable s\rces ( in=mation4 ,by ,,dugald ,j4 ,,bannatyne1 ,scot* ,solicitor1 ,new ,york2 ,memb] ( ! ,faculty ( ,procurators1 ,glasg[4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,bellairs4 ,! ,transvaal ,w>1 #ahhj-ha4 ,edit$ by ,lady ,,bellairs4 ,) a ,frontispiece & ,map4 #hvo1 #aes4 ---- ,gossips ) ,girls & ,maid5s1 ,betro!d & ,free4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,clo?1 extra gilt edges1 #es4 ,,besant4 ,! ,revolt ( ,man4 ,by ,,walt] ,,besant1 ,m4,a4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,read+s 9 ,rabelais4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,bev]idge4 ,culross & ,tulliallan2 or ,p]?%ire on ,=?4 ,its ,hi/ory & ,antiquities4 ,) ,elucidations ( ,scotti% ,life & ,"* f ! ,burgh & ,kirk-,session ,records ( t ,di/rict4 ,by ,,david ,,bev]idge4 #b vols4 #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #dbs4 ---- ,betwe5 ! ,o*ils & ! ,=?2 or1 ,f ,/irl+ ,bridge to ,ab]d\r4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,black4 ,heligol& & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,by ,,william ,,george ,,black4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 ,,blackie4 ,lays & ,leg5ds ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,blackie1 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,wisdom ( ,goe!4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 extra gilt1 #fs4 ---- ,scotti% ,song3 ,its ,weal?1 ,wisdom1 & ,social ,significance4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,music4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,a ,song ( ,h]oes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,blackwood',s ,,magaz9e1 f ,comm5cem5t 9 #ahag to ,novemb] #ahia4 ,nos4 #a to #iac1 =m+ #adh ,volumes4 ---- ,index to ,blackwood's ,magaz9e4 ,vols4 #a to #ej4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,,blackwood4 ,tales f ,blackwood4 ,price ,"o ,%ill+ ea*1 9 ,pap] ,cov]4 ,sold sep>ately at all ,railway ,book/alls4 ,!y may also be _h b\nd 9 clo?1 #ahs41 & 9 half calf1 ri*ly gilt1 #cjs4 ,or #ab volumes 9 #f1 roxburghe1 #bas41 & half r$ morocco1 #bhs4 ---- ,tales f ,blackwood4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,complete 9 ,tw5ty-f\r ,%ill+ ,p>ts4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 #ab vols41 clo?1 #cjs4 ,9 lea!r back1 roxburghe /yle1 #cgs4 #f;d4 ,9 half calf1 gilt1 #ebs4 #f;d4 ,9 half morocco1 #ees4 ---- ,tales f ,blackwood4 ,?ird ,s]ies4 ,complete 9 #f vols4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 #aes42 or 9 #ab vols4 #ahs4 ,! #f vols4 b\nd 9 roxburghe1 #bas4 ,half calf1 #bes4 ,half morocco1 #bhs4 ,also 9 #ab p>ts1 price #as4 ea*4 ---- ,travel1 ,adv5ture1 & ,sport4 ,f ',blackwood's ,magaz9e4' ,uni=m ) ',tales f ,blackwood4' ,9 ,twelve ,p>ts1 ea* price #as4 ,or h&somely b\nd 9 #f vols41 #aes4 ,half calf1 #bes4 ,,blackwood4 ,new ,uni=m ,s]ies ( ,?ree-&-,sixp5ny ,novels 7,copyright74 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,n[ ready3-- ,,begg> ,,my ,,neighb\r4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,g]>d4 ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,h]cules4 ,by ! ,same4 ,,sons ,,& ,,daught]s4 ,by ,mrs ,oliphant4 ,,fair ,,to ,,see4 ,by ,l4 ,w4 ,m4 ,lockh>t4 ,,! ,,revolt ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,walt] ,besant4 ,,m9e ,,is ,,?9e4 ,by ,l4 ,w4 ,m4 ,lockh>t4 ,,altiora ,,peto4 ,by ,laur5ce ,oliphant4 ,,d\bles ,,& ,,quits4 ,by ,l4 ,w4 ,m4 ,lockh>t4 ,,lady ,,baby4 ,by ,d4 ,g]>d4 ,,hurri%4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,emily ,lawless4 ,,! ,,blacksmi? ,,( ,,voe4 ,by ,paul ,cu%+4 ,,! ,,dilemma4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ',! ,battle ( ,dork+4' ,,my ,,trivial ,,life ,,& ,,mis=tune4 ,by ,a ,pla9 ,woman4 ,,piccadilly4 ,by ,laur5ce ,oliphant4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,o!rs 9 prep>ation4 ---- ,/&>d ,novels4 ,uni=m 9 size & legibly ,pr9t$4 ,ea* ,novel complete 9 "o volume4 ,,flor9 ,,s]ies1 ,illu/rat$ ,bo>ds4 ,or 9 ,new ,clo? ,b9d+1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,tom ,,cr+le',s ,,log4 ,by ,mi*ael ,scott4 ,,! ,,cruise ,,( ,,! ,,midge4 ,by ! ,same4 ,,cyril ,,?ornton4 ,by ,capta9 ,hamilton4 ,,annals ,,( ,,! ,,p>i%4 ,by ,john ,galt4 ,,! ,,provo/1 c4 ,by ,john ,galt4 ,,sir ,,&rew ,,wylie4 ,by ,john ,galt4 ,,! ,,entail4 ,by ,john ,galt4 ,,miss ,,molly4 ,by ,beatrice ,may ,butt4 ,,reg9ald ,,dalton4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockh>t4 ,,p5 ,,ow54 ,by ,dean ,hook4 ,,adam ,,blair4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockh>t4 ,,lady ,,lee',s ,,wid[hood4 ,by ,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley4 ,,salem ,,*apel4 ,by ,mrs ,oliphant4 ,,! ,,p]petual ,,curate4 ,by ,mrs ,oliphant4 ,,miss ,,m>joribanks4 ,by ,mrs ,oliphant4 ,,john3 ,a ,love ,/ory4 ,by ,mrs ,oliphant4 ,,%ill+ ,,s]ies1 ,illu/rat$ ,cov]4 ,or 9 ,new ,clo? ,b9d+1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,rector1 & ,,! ,,doctor',s ,,family4 ,by ,mrs ,oliphant4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,mansie ,,wau*4 ,by ,d4 ,m4 ,moir4 ,,p59sul> ,,sc5es ,,& ,,sket*es4 ,by ,f4 ,h>dman4 ,,sir ,,frizzle ,,pumpk91 ,,nights ,,at ,,mess1 c4 ,,! ,,subalt]n4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,f> ,,we/4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,ruxton4 ,,val]ius3 ,a ,roman ,/ory4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockh>t4 ,,blackmore4 ,! ,maid ( ,sk]4 ,by ,r4 ,d4 ,,blackmore1 ,au?or ( ',lorna ,doone1' c4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,blair4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,f ! ,introduction ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,by ,,alphons ,,belle%eim1 ,d4,d41 ,canon ( ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes & ,additions1 by ,d4 ,,oswald ,,hunt] ,,blair1 ,o4,s4,b41 ,monk ( ,=t ,augu/us4 ,complete 9 #d vols4 demy #hvo1 ) ,maps4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,boscobel ,,tracts4 ,relat+ to ! ,escape ( ,*>les ! ,second aft] ! ,battle ( ,worce/]1 & 8 subsequ5t ,adv5tures4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,,hughes1 ,esq41 ,a4,m4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) additional ,notes & ,illu/rations1 includ+ ,communications f ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,b>ham1 ,au?or ( ! ',+oldsby ,leg5ds4' #hvo1 ) ,engrav+s1 #afs4 ,,br\gham4 ,memoirs ( ! ,life & ,times ( ,h5ry ,"l ,br\gham4 ,writt5 by ,,himself4 #c vols4 #hvo1 #b1 #hs4 ,! ,volumes are sold sep>ately1 price #afs4 ea*4 ,,br[n4 ,! ,=e/]3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,plant+1 ,re>+1 & ,g5]al ,managem5t ( ,=e/-trees4 ,by ,,james ,,br[n1 ,,ll4,d41 ,inspector ( & ,report] on ,woods & ,=e/s4 ,fif? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,royal #hvo1 ) ,engrav+s1 #cfs4 ,,br[n4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,george ,eliot's ,works4 ,by ,,john ,,crombie ,,br[n4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,br[n4 ,a ,manual ( ,botany1 ,anatomical & ,physiological4 ,= ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,br[n1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,bruce4 ,9 ,clov] & ,hea!r4 ,poems by ,,wallace ,,bruce4 ,new & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,a limit$ numb] ( ,copies ( ! ,fir/ ,edition1 on l>ge h&-made pap]1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,brydall4 ,art 9 ,scotl&2 its ,orig9 & ,progress4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,brydall1 ,ma/] ( ,/ ,george's ,art ,s*ool ( ,glasg[4 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,bu*an4 ,introductory ,text-,book ( ,meteorology4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,bu*an1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,secret>y ( ! ,scotti% ,meteorological ,society1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #h ,col\r$ ,*>ts & ,engrav+s1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,bu*anan4 ,! ,%ire ,highl&s 7,ea/ ,c5tral ,africa74 ,by ,,john ,,bu*anan1 ,plant] at ,zomba4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,burbidge4 ,dome/ic ,floriculture1 ,w9d[ ,g>d5+1 & ,floral ,decorations4 ,be+ practical directions = ! ,propagation1 ,culture1 & ,arrangem5t ( ,plants & ,fl[]s z ,dome/ic ,ornam5ts4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,burbidge4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,cultivat$ ,plants3 ,_! ,propagation & ,improvem5t4 ,includ+ ,natural & ,artificial ,hybridisation1 ,rais+ f ,se$1 ,cutt+s1 & ,lay]s1 ,graft+ & ,budd+1 z appli$ to ! ,families & ,g5]a 9 ,cultivation4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,burton4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&3 ,f ,agricola's ,invasion to ! ,ext9ction ( ! la/ ,jacobite ,insurrection4 ,by ,,john ,,hill ,,burton1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,hi/oriograph]-,royal = ,scotl&4 ,new & ,enl>g$ ,edition1 #h vols41 & ,index4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #c1 #cs4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,empire dur+ ! ,reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,9 #c vols4 #hvo1 #cfs4 ---- ,! ,scot ,abroad4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,book-,hunt]4 ,new ,edition4 ,) ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,bute4 ,! ,roman ,brevi>y3 ,re=m$ by ,ord] ( ! ,holy cum5ical ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 ,publi%$ by ,ord] ( ,pope ,/ ,pius ,v42 & ,revis$ by ,clem5t ,,viii4 & ,urban ,,viii42 toge!r ) ! ,(fices s9ce grant$4 ,translat$ out ( ,lat9 into ,engli% by ,,john1 ,m>quess ( ,bute1 ,k4,t4 ,9 #b vols41 cr[n #hvo1 clo? bo>ds1 edges uncut4 #b1 #bs4 ---- ,! ,altus ( ,/ ,columba4 ,) a ,prose ,p>aphrase & ,notes4 ,9 pap] cov]1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,butl]4 ,pompeii3 ,descriptive & ,picturesque4 ,by ,w4 ,,butl]4 ,po/ #hvo1 #es4 ,,butt4 ,miss ,molly4 ,by ,,beatrice ,,may ,,butt4 ,*eap ,edition1 #bs4 ---- ,eug5ie4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ---- ,elizabe?1 & ,o!r ,sket*es4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,novels4 ,new & ,uni=m ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ea* #bs4 #f;d4 ,delicia4 ,n[ ready4 ,,caird4 ,s]mons4 ,by ,,john ,,caird1 ,d4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,sixte5? ,?\s&4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,religion 9 ,common ,life4 ,a ,s]mon prea*$ 9 ,cra?ie ,*ur*1 ,octob] #ad1 #ahee1 be=e ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 & ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,publi%$ by ,h] ,maje/y's ,comm&4 ,*eap ,edition1 #c;d4 ,,campbell4 ,critical ,/udies 9 ,/ ,luke's ,gospel3 ,its ,demonology & ,ebionitism4 ,by ,,col9 ,,campbell1 ,b4,d41 ,m9i/] ( ! ,p>i% ( ,dundee1 =m]ly ,s*ol> & ,fell[ ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ! ',?ree ,fir/ ,gospels 9 ,greek1 arrang$ 9 p>allel columns4' ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,campbell4 ,s]mons ,prea*$ be=e ! ,que5 at ,balmoral4 ,by ! ,rey4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,campbell1 ,m9i/] ( ,cra?ie4 ,publi%$ by ,comm& ( ,h] ,maje/y4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,campbell4 ,records ( ,argyll4 ,leg5ds1 ,traditions1 & ,recollections ( ,argyll%ire ,highl&]s1 collect$ *iefly f ! ,gaelic4 ,) ,notes on ! ,antiquity ( ! ,dress1 ,clan ,col\rs or ,t>tans ( ! ,highl&]s4 ,by ,,"l ,,ar*ibald ,,campbell4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,n9ete5 full-page ,et*+s4 #dto1 pr9t$ on h&-made pap]1 #c1 #cs4 ,,canton4 ,a ,lo/ ,epic1 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,william ,,canton4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,c>rick4 ,k\miss2 or1 ,f]m5t$ ,m>e's ,milk3 & its ,uses 9 ! ,treatm5t & ,cure ( ,pulmon>y ,consumption1 & o!r ,wa/+ ,diseases4 ,) an ,app5dix on ! be/ ,me?ods ( ,f]m5t+ ,c['s ,milk4 ,by ,,george ,l4 ,,c>rick1 ,m4,d41 ,l4,r4,c4,s4,e4 & ,l4,r4,c4,p4,e41 ,physician to ! ,briti% ,embassy1 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,c>/airs4 ,briti% ,"w 9 ,india4 ,by ,r4 ,,c>/airs4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,cauv94 ,a ,treasury ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man ,languages4 ,compil$ f ! be/ ,au?ors & ,lexicograph]s 9 bo? ,languages4 ,by ,,joseph ,,cauv91 ,,ll4,d4 & ,ph4,d41 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cave-,,br[n4 ,lambe? ,palace & its ,associations4 ,by ,j4 ,,cave-,,br[n1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,detl+1 ,k5t1 & = _m ye>s ,curate ( ,lambe? ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,second ,edition1 conta9+ an additional ,*apt] on ,m$ieval ,life 9 ! ,old ,palaces4 #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #bas4 ,,*>t]is4 ,canonicity2 or1 ,e>ly ,te/imonies to ! ,exi/5ce & ,use ( ! ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,bas$ on ,kir*h(f]'s ',quell5sammlung4' ,edit$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,,*>t]is1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,criticism 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #hvo1 #ahs4 ,,*ri/ison4 ,life ( ,sir ,rob]t ,*ri/ison1 ,b>t41 ,m4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,oxon41 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,edit$ by 8 ,,sons4 ,9 two vols4 #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i4--,autobiography4 #afs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,memoirs4 #afs4 ,,*ur* ,,s]vice ,,society4 ,a ,book ( ,common ,ord]3 ,be+ ,=ms ( ,wor%ip issu$ by ! ,*ur* ,s]vice ,society4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr[n1 #hvo1 #fs4 ,also 9 #b vols1 cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,clel&4 ,too ,apt a ,pupil4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,clel&4 ,au?or ( ',b>b>a ,allan1 ! ,provo/'s ,daught]4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,cl\/on4 ,popul> ,tales & ,fictions3 _! ,migrations & ,trans=mations4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,cl\/on1 ,editor ( ',arabian ,poetry = ,engli% ,read]s1' c4 #b vols4 po/ #hvo1 roxburghe b9d+1 #bes4 ,,cobban4 ,ma/] ( 8 ,fate4 ,by ,j4 ,,macl>5 ,,cobban1 ,au?or ( ',! ,cure ( ,s\ls1' ',t9t$ ,vap\rs1' c4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pap] cov]1 #as4 ,clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,co*ran4 ,a ,h&y ,text-,book ( ,milit>y ,law4 ,compil$ *iefly to assi/ ,(fic]s prep>+ = ,exam9ation2 also = all ,(fic]s ( ! ,regul> & ,auxili>y ,=ces4 ,compris+ also a ,synopsis ( "p ( ! ,army ,act4 ,by ,major ,f4 ,,co*ran1 ,hamp%ire ,regim5t ,g>rison ,in/ructor1 ,nor? ,briti% ,di/rict4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,colquh\n4 ,! ,moor & ! ,lo*4 ,conta9+ ,m9ute ,in/ructions 9 all ,highl& ,sports1 ) ,w&]+s ov] ,crag & ,corrie1 ,flood & ,fell4 ,by ,,john ,,colquh\n4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 #bas4 ,,cott]ill4 ,sugge/$ ,re=ms 9 ,public ,s*ools4 ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,,cott]ill1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cran/\n4 ,! ,elegies ( ,albius ,tibullus4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se1 ) ,life ( ! ,poet1 & ,illu/rative ,notes4 ,by ,,james ,,cran/\n1 ,,ll4,d41 ,au?or ( a ,translation ( ',catullus4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,elegies ( ,sextus ,prop]tius4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se1 ) ,life ( ! ,poet1 & ,illu/rative ,notes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,craw=d4 ,s>ac9esca4 ,by ,f4 ,,m>ion ,,craw=d1 ,au?or ( ',mr ,isaacs1' ',dr ,claudius1' ',zoroa/]1' c4 c4 ,fif? ,ed4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,craw=d4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,holy ,scripture respect+ ! ,atonem5t4 ,by ! late ,,?omas ,j4 ,,craw=d1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,fif? ,edition4 #hvo1 #abs4 ---- ,! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 ,consid]$ 9 its ,g5]al & ,special ,aspects4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #hvo1 #is4 ---- ,! ,prea*+ ( ! ,cross1 & o!r ,s]mons4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,craw=d4 ,an ,atonem5t ( ,ea/ ,london1 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,h[>d ,,craw=d1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,cu%+4 ,! ,blacksmi? ( ,voe4 ,by ,,paul ,,cu%+1 ,au?or ( ',! ,bull i' ?' ,?orn4' ,*eap ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,cut ) 8 own ,diamond4 ,a ,novel4 #c vols4 cr4 #hvo1 #bes4 #f;d4 ,,davies4 ,norfolk ,broads & ,riv]s2 or1 ,! ,wat]ways1 ,lagoons1 & ,decoys ( ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,by ,g4 ,,*ri/oph] ,,davies4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,sev5 full-page ,plates4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,our ,home 9 ,aveyron4 ,sket*es ( ,peasant ,life 9 ,aveyron & ! ,lot4 ,by ,g4 ,,*ri/oph] ,,davies & ,mrs ,,br\ghall4 ,illu/rat$ ) full-page ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,*eap ,edition1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,dayne4 ,9 ! ,"n ( ! ,tz>4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,j4 ,,bel=d ,,dayne4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,tribute to ,satan4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,de ,,la ,,w>r4 ,an ,ea/]n ,cruise 9 ! ',edel9e4' ,by ! ,c\ntess ,,de ,,la ,,w>r4 ,9 ,illu/rat$ ,cov]4 #bs4 ,,desc>tes4 ,! ,me?od1 ,m$itations1 & ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy ( ,desc>tes4 ,translat$ f ! ,orig9al ,fr5* & ,lat94 ,) a ,new ,introductory ,essay1 ,hi/orical & ,critical1 on ! ,c>tesian ,philosophy4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,veit*1 ,,ll4,d41 ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,n9? ,edition4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,dickson4 ,glean+s f ,japan4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,dickson1 ,au?or ( ',japan3 ,be+ a ,sket* ( its ,hi/ory1 ,gov]nm5t1 & ,(fic]s ( ! ,empire4' ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 #afs4 ,,dogs1 ,,our ,,dome/icat$3 ,_! ,treatm5t 9 ref]5ce to ,food1 ,diseases1 ,habits1 ,puni%m5t1 ,accompli%m5ts4 ,by ',,mag5ta4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,dome/ic ,,exp]im5t1 ,a4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ',ideala3 ,a ,/udy f ,life4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,dr ,,h]mione4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ',lady ,bluebe>d1' ',zit & ,xoe4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,du ,,cane4 ,! ,odyssey ( ,hom]1 ,books ,i4-,,xii4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se4 ,by ,sir ,,*>les ,,du ,,cane1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,dudgeon4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ed9burgh or ,que5's ,regim5t ,light ,infantry ,militia1 n[ #crd ,battalion ,! ,royal ,scots2 ) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,militia1 & a ,brief ,sket* ( ! old ,royal ,scots4 ,by ,major ,r4 ,c4 ,,dudgeon1 ,adjutant #crd ,battalion ,! ,royal ,scots4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,duncan4 ,manual ( ! ,g5]al ,acts ( ,p>liam5t relat+ to ! ,salmon ,fi%]ies ( ,scotl& f #ahbh to #ahhb4 ,by ,j4 ,,b>k] ,,duncan4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,dunsmore4 ,manual ( ! ,law ( ,scotl& z to ! ,relations betwe5 ,agricultural ,t5ants & _! ,l&lords1 ,s]vants1 ,m]*ants1 & ,b[]s4 ,by ,w4 ,,dunsmore4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,dupr4 ,?\ghts on ,art1 & ,autobiographical ,memoirs ( ,giovanni ,dupr4 ,translat$ f ! ,italian by ,e4 ,m4 ,,p]uzzi1 ) ! p]mission ( ! ,au?or4 ,new ,edition4 ,) an ,introduction by ,w4 ,w4 ,,/ory4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,eliot4 ,george ,eliot's ,life1 ,relat$ 9 h] ,lett]s & ,j\rnals4 ,arrang$ & ,edit$ by h] husb&1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,cross4 ,) ,portrait & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo1 #dbs4 ---- ,george ,eliot's ,life4 7,cab9et ,edition47 ,) ,portrait & o!r ,illu/rations4 #c vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #aes4 ---- ,george ,eliot's ,life4 ,) ,portrait & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition1 9 "o volume4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,works ( ,george ,eliot 7,cab9et ,edition74 ,h&somely pr9t$ 9 a new type1 #ba volumes1 cr[n #hvo1 price1 #e1 #es4 ,! ,volumes are also sold sep>ately1 price #es4 ea*1 viz43-- ,romola4 #b vols4--,silas ,m>n]1 ,! ,lift$ ,veil1 ,bro!r ,jacob4 #a vol4--,adam ,b$e4 #b vols4--,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life4 #b vols4--,! ,mill on ! ,floss4 #b vols4--,felix ,holt4 #b vols4--,middlem>*4 #c vols4--,daniel ,d]onda4 #c vols4--,! ,spani% ,gypsy4 #a vol4--,jubal1 & o!r ,poems1 ,old & ,new4 #a vol4--,!ophra/us ,su*4 #a vol4--,essays4 #a vol4 ---- ,novels by ,,george ,,eliot4 ,*eap ,edition4 ,adam ,b$e4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d41 clo?4--,! ,mill on ! ,floss4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d41 clo?4--,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs41 clo?4--,silas ,m>n]3 ! ,weav] ( ,raveloe4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #f;d41 clo?4--,felix ,holt1 ! ,radical4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d41 clo?4--,romola4 ,) ,vignette4 #cs4 #f;d41 clo?4 ---- ,middlem>*4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,daniel ,d]onda4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,essays4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,impressions ( ,!ophra/us ,su*4 ,new ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,spani% ,gypsy4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,leg5d ( ,jubal1 & o!r ,poems1 ,old & ,new4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,wise1 ,witty1 & ,t5d] ,say+s1 9 ,prose & ,v]se4 ,select$ f ! ,works ( ,,george ,,eliot4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo #fs4 ---- ,! ,george ,eliot ,bir?day ,book4 ,pr9t$ on f9e pap]1 ) r$ bord]1 & h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,& 9 ,fr5* morocco or ,russia1 #es4 ,,essays ,,on ,,social ,,subjects4 ,orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! ',saturday ,review4' ,new ,ed4 ,fir/ ,second ,s]ies4 #b vols4 cr4 #hvo1 #fs4 ea*4 ,,ewald4 ,! ,cr[n & its ,advis]s2 or1 ,que51 ,m9i/]s1 ,lords & ,commons4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,*>les ,,ewald1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,fai?s ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,!4 ,a ,concise ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w4 ,by v>i\s ,au?ors4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,f>r]4 ,a ,t\r 9 ,greece 9 #ahhj4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,ridley ,,f>r]4 ,) ,tw5ty-sev5 full-page ,illu/rations by ,,"l ,,w9dsor4 ,royal #hvo1 ) a ,map1 #bas4 ,,f]ri]4 ,philosophical ,works ( ! late ,james ,f4 ,f]ri]1 ,b4,a4 ,oxon41 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy & ,political ,economy1 ,/ ,&rews4 ,new ,edition4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,,alex4 ,,grant1 ,b>t41 ,d4,c4,l41 & ,pr(essor ,,lu%+ton4 #c vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #cds4 #f;d4 ---- ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic4 ,?ird ,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 #c;d ,ed4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,philosophical ,rema9s1 includ+ ! ,lectures on ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 #b vols41 #bds4 ,,fitzroy4 ,dogma & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,by ,a4 ,i4 ,,fitzroy4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,fl9t4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,europe4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,fl9t1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,new ,edition 9 prep>ation4 ---- ,!ism4 ,be+ ! ,baird ,lecture = #ahgf4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,anti-,!i/ic ,!ories4 ,be+ ! ,baird ,lecture = #ahgg4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,agno/icism4 ,be+ ! ,croall ,lectures = #ahhg-hh4 ,9 ! press4 ,,=bes4 ,insul9de3 ,exp]i5ces ( a ,naturali/'s ,wife 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,by ,mrs ,h4 ,o4 ,,=bes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) a ,map4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,=eign ,,classics ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,edit$ by ,mrs ,,oliphant4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,= ,li/ ( ,volumes publi%$1 see page #b4 ,,fo/]4 ,! ,fall5 ,city1 & ,o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,w ,,fo/]4 ,9 #a vol4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,imm$iately4 ,,full>ton4 ,m]l93 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,,ralph ,,macleod ,,full>ton4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,galt4 ,novels by ,,john ,,galt4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 bo>ds1 #bs42 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,annals ( ! ,p>i%4--,! ,provo/4--,sir ,&rew ,wylie4--,! ,entail4 ,,g5]al ,,assembly ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,scotl&4 ---- ,pray]s = ,social & ,family ,wor%ip4 ,prep>$ by a ,special ,committee ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,entirely ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,fcap4 #hvo r$ edges1 #bs4 ---- ,pray]s = ,family ,wor%ip4 ,a ,selection f ! complete book4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 r$ edges1 price #as4 ---- ,scotti% ,hymnal1 ) ,app5dix ,incorporat$4 ,publi%$ = ,use 9 ,*ur*es by ,au?ority ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 #a4 ,l>ge type1 clo?1 r$ edges1 #bs4 #f;d42 ,fr5* morocco1 #ds4 #b4 ,b\rgeois type1 limp clo?1 #as42 ,fr5* morocco1 #bs4 #c4 ,nonp>eil type1 clo?1 r$ edges1 #f;d42 ,fr5* morocco1 #as4 #d;d4 #d4 ,pap] cov]s1 #c;d4 #e4 ,sunday-,s*ool ,edition1 pap] cov]s1 #a;d4 ,no4 #a1 b\nd ) ! ,psalms & ,p>aphrases1 ,fr5* morocco1 #hs4 ,no4 #b1 b\nd ) ! ,psalms & ,p>aphrases1 clo?1 #bs42 ,fr5* morocco1 #cs4 ,,g]>d4 ,reata3 ,:at's 9 a ,"n4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,,g]>d4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,begg> my ,neighb\r4 ,*eap ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,wat]s ( ,h]cules4 ,*eap ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,g]>d4 ,! ,l& beyond ! ,=e/4 ,facts1 ,figures1 & ,fancies f ,transylvania4 ,by ,e4 ,,g]>d4 ,9 ,two ,volumes4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #bes4 ---- ,bis3 ,"s ,tales ,retold4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,a ,secret ,mission4 #b vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #ags4 ,,g]>d4 ,lady ,baby4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,g]>d1 ,au?or ( ',or?odox4' ,*eap ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,re*a4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,g]>d4 ,/onyhur/ ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,by ,rev4 ,,john ,,g]>d4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 ,,gill4 ,free ,trade3 an ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( its ,op]ation4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,gill4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,free ,trade "u ,protection4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,goe!',s ,,fau/4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se by ,sir ,,!odore ,,m>t91 ,k4,c4,b4 ,"p ,i4 ,second ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 #fs4 ,n9? ,edition1 fcap41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,goe!4 ,poems & ,ballads ( ,goe!4 ,translat$ by ,pr(essor ,,ayt\n & ,sir ,,!odore ,,m>t91 ,k4,c4,b4 ,?ird ,edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,goodall4 ,juxta ,crucem4 ,/udies ( ! ,love t is ov] u4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,,*>les ,,goodall1 ,b4,d41 ,m9i/] ( ,b>r4 ,) a ,memoir by ,rev4 ,dr ,/rong1 ,glasg[1 & ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,gordon ,,cumm+4 ,two ,happy ,ye>s 9 ,ceylon4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,gordon ,,cumm+4 ,) #ae full-page ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #cjs4 ---- ,at ,home 9 ,fiji4 ,f\r? ,edition1 po/ #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,map4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,a ,lady's ,cruise 9 a ,fr5* ,man-(-,w>4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,map4 #abs4 #f;d4 ---- ,fire-,f\nta9s4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,hawaii3 ,its ,volcanoes1 & ! ,hi/ory ( its ,missions4 ,) ,map & ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #bes4 ---- ,w&]+s 9 ,*9a4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 ---- ,granite ,crags3 ,! ,y-semit ,region ( ,cali=nia4 ,illu/rat$ ) #h ,engrav+s4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,graham4 ,! ,life & ,"w ( ,sy$ ,ahm$ ,khan1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,by ,lieut4-,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,i4 ,,graham1 ,b4,s4,c4 #hvo1 #ads4 ,,graham4 ,manual ( ! ,elections 7,scot47 7,corrupt & ,illegal ,practices7 ,act1 #ahij4 ,) ,analysis1 ,relative ,act ( ,s$]unt1 ,app5dix conta9+ ! ,corrupt ,practices ,acts ( #ahhc & #ahhe1 & ,copi\s ,index4 ,by ,j4 ,,edw>d ,,graham1 ,advocate4 #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,grant4 ,bu%-,life 9 ,que5sl&4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,grant4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,griffi?s4 ,lock$ ,up4 ,by ,major ,,ar?ur ,,griffi?s1 ,au?or ( ',! ,wrong ,road1' ',*ronicles ( ,newgate1' c4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,c4 ,j4 ,,/anil&1 ,r4,i4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,gu?rie-,,smi?4 ,crispus3 ,a ,drama4 ,by ,h4 ,,gu?rie-,,smi?4 ,9 "o volume4 ,fcap4 #dto1 #es4 ,,ha9es4 ,unless6 ,a ,romance4 ,by ,,r&olph ,,ha9es4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,haldane4 ,subtropical ,cultivations & ,climates4 ,a ,h&y ,book = ,plant]s1 ,coloni/s1 & ,settl]s4 ,by ,r4 ,c4 ,,haldane4 ,po/ #hvo1 #is4 ,,hallett4 ,a ,?\s& ,miles on an ,elephant 9 ! ,%an ,/ates4 ,by ,,holt ,s4 ,,hallett1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 ,hon4 ,memb] ,man*e/] & ,tyneside ,geographical ,societies4 #hvo1 ) ,maps & num]\s ,illu/rations1 #bas4 ,,ham]ton4 ,w5d]holme3 ,a ,/ory ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,life4 ,by ,,philip ,,gilb]t ,,ham]ton1 ,au?or ( ',a ,pa9t]'s ,camp4' ,a ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hamilton4 ,lectures on ,metaphysics4 ,by ,sir ,,william ,,hamilton1 ,b>t41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,mansel1 ,b4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,dean ( ,/ ,paul's2 & ,,john ,,veit*1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,rhetoric1 ,glasg[4 ,sev5? ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #bds4 ---- ,lectures on ,logic4 ,edit$ by ! ,,same4 ,?ird ,edition4 #b vols41 #bds4 ---- ,discussions on ,philosophy & ,lit]ature1 ,education & ,univ]sity ,re=m4 ,?ird ,edition1 #hvo1 #bas4 ---- ,memoir ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,b>t41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,veit*1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 #hvo1 ) ,portrait1 #ahs4 ---- ,sir ,william ,hamilton3 ,! ,man & 8 ,philosophy4 ,two ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y #ahhc4 ,by ! ,,same4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,hamley4 ,! ,op]ations ( ,w> ,expla9$ & ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,g5]al ,sir ,,edw>d ,,bruce ,,hamley1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,m4,p4 ,fif? ,edition1 revis$ ?r\gh\t4 #dto1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #cjs4 ---- ,national ,def5ce2 ,articles & ,spee*es4 ,po/ #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,%akespe>e's ,fun]al1 & o!r ,pap]s4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,?omas ,c>lyle3 ,an ,essay4 ,second ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,on ,outpo/s4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo1 #bs4 ---- ,well+ton's ,c>e]2 ,a ,milit>y & ,political ,summ>y4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ---- ,lady ,lee's ,wid[hood4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,our ,poor ,relations4 ,a ,philozoic ,essay4 ,) ,illu/rations1 *iefly by ,erne/ ,griset4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hamley4 ,guilty1 or ,n ,guilty8 ,a ,tale4 ,by ,major-,g5]al ,w4 ,g4 ,,hamley1 late ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,h>rison4 ,! ,scot 9 ,ul/]4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,scotti% ,settlem5t 9 ,ul/]4 ,by ,,john ,,h>rison1 ,au?or ( ',oure ,t\nis ,coll$ge4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,hasell4 ,bible ,p>t+s4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,hasell4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,%ort ,family ,pray]s4 ,clo?1 #as4 ,,hay4 ,! ,works ( ! ,"r ,rev4 ,dr ,george ,hay1 ,bi%op ( ,ed9burgh4 ,edit$ "u ! ,sup]vision ( ! ,"r ,rev4 ,bi%op ,,/ra94 ,) ,memoir & ,portrait ( ! ,au?or4 #e vols4 cr[n #hvo1 b\nd 9 extra clo?1 #a1 #as4 ,! foll[+ ,volumes may be _h sep>ately--viz43 ,! ,dev\t ,*ri/ian ,in/ruct$ 9 ! ,law ( ,*ri/ f ! ,writt5 ,^w4 #b vols41 #hs4--,! ,pi\s ,*ri/ian ,in/ruct$ 9 ! ,nature & ,practice ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ex]cises ( ,piety4 #a vol4 #cs4 ,,heatley4 ,! ,horse-,own]'s ,safegu>d4 ,a ,h&y ,m$ical ,guide = e ,man :o owns a ,horse4 ,by ,g4 ,s4 ,,heatley1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,/ock-,own]'s ,guide4 ,a ,h&y ,m$ical ,treatise = e ,man :o owns an ,ox or a ,c[4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,h$d]wick4 ,lays ( ,middle ,age2 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,james ,,h$d]wick1 ,,ll4,d4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,backw>d ,glances2 or1 ,"s ,p]sonal ,recollections4 ,) a ,portrait4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,hemans4 ,! ,poetical ,works ( ,mrs ,hemans4 ,copyright ,editions4--,royal #hvo1 #es4--,! ,same1 ) ,engrav+s1 clo?1 gilt edges1 #gs4 #f;d4--,six ,vols4 9 ,?ree1 fcap41 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,select ,,poems ,,( ,,mrs ,,hemans4 ,fcap41 clo?1 gilt edges1 #cs4 ,,h]kless4 ,c>d9al ,beaton3 ,prie/ & ,politician4 ,by ,,john ,,h]kless1 ,m9i/] ( ,taunadice4 ,) a ,portrait4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,home ,,pray]s4 ,by ,m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& & ,memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ,s]vice ,society4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 ,,hom]4 ,! ,odyssey4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se 9 ! ,sp5s]ian ,/anza4 ,by ,,philip ,,/anhope ,,worsley4 ,?ird ,edition1 #b vols4 fcap41 #abs4 ---- ,! ,iliad4 ,translat$ by ,p4 ,s4 ,,worsley & ,pr(essor ,,con+ton4 #b vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #bas4 ,,hut*9son4 ,h9ts on ! ,game ( ,golf4 ,by ,,horace ,g4 ,,hut*9son4 ,six? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 ,,iddesleigh4 ,lectures & ,essays4 ,by ! late ,,e>l ,,( ,,iddesleigh1 ,g4,c4,b41 ,d4,c4,l41 c4 #hvo1 #afs4 ---- ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,di>ies ( ,sir ,/af=d ,nor?cote1 ,fir/ ,e>l ( ,iddesleigh4 ,by ,,&rew ,,lang4 ,) ,?ree ,portraits & a ,view ( ,pynes4 ,?ird ,edition4 #b vols ,po/ #hvo1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,popul> ,,edition4 ,9 "o volume4 ,) two ,engrav+s4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,index ,,geographicus3 ,be+ a ,li/1 alphabetically arrang$1 ( ! ,pr9cipal ,places on ! ,globe1 ) ! ,c\ntries & ,subdivisions ( ! ,c\ntries 9 :i* !y are situat$1 & _! ,latitudes & ,longitudes4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 pp4 #fgf1 #bas4 ,,jean ,,jambon4 ,our ,trip to ,blund]l&2 or1 ,gr& ,excursion to ,blund]t[n & ,back4 ,by ,,jean ,,jambon4 ,) ,sixty ,illu/rations design$ by ,,*>les ,,doyle1 engrav$ by ,,dalziel4 ,f\r? ,?\s&4 ,clo?1 gilt edges1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,*eap ,edition1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,j5n+s4 ,mr ,glad/one3 ,a ,/udy4 ,by ,,l\is ,j4 ,,j5n+s1 ,m4,p41 ,au?or ( ',republican ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1' ',! ,crok] ,memoirs1' c4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 ,,j]n+ham4 ,rem9isc5ces ( an ,atta*4 ,by ,,hub]t ,e4 ,h4 ,,j]n+ham4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,diane de ,breteuille4 ,a ,love ,/ory4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,john/on4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,common ,life4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,john/on4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$1 & br\ght d[n to date4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,h]b]t ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon42 ,au?or ( ',food3 its ,s\rces1 ,con/itu5ts1 & ,uses1' c4 ,) ,maps & #ajb ,engrav+s4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology4 ,revis$1 & br\ght d[n to date4 ,by ,sir ,,*>les ,a4 ,,cam]on1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4,i41 c4 ,sixte5? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ---- ,cate*ism ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 by ,sir ,c4 ,a4 ,,cam]on4 ,eighty-six? ,?\s&1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #as4 ,,john/on4 ,patrick ,hamilton3 a ,trag$y ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl&1 #aebh4 ,by ,t4 ,p4 ,,john/on4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,two ,et*+s4 #es4 ,,k]4 ,%ort ,/udies on ,/ ,paul's ,lett] to ! ,philippians4 ,by ,rev4 ,,william ,,lee ,,k]1 ,m9i/] ( ,kilw9n+4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,k+4 ,! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid4 ,translat$ 9 ,engli% ,blank ,v]se4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,k+1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ( ! ,inn] ,temple1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,k+lake4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,invasion ( ! ,crimea4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,k+lake4 ,cab9et ,edition1 revis$4 ,) an ,index to ! ,complete ,"w4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,maps & ,plans4 ,complete 9 #i ,vols41 cr[n #hvo1 at #fs4 ea*4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,invasion ( ! ,crimea4 ,demy #hvo4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,w9t] ,tr\bles4 ,) a ,map1 #afs4 ,vols4 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 ,f ! ,morr[ ( ,ink]man to ! ,dea? ( ,"l ,raglan4 ,) an ,index to ! ,:ole ,"w4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 #bhs4 ---- ,eo!n4 ,a ,new ,edition1 uni=m ) ! ,cab9et ,edition ( ! ',hi/ory ( ! ,invasion ( ! ,crimea1' price #fs4 ,,kneipp4 ,my ,wat]-,cure4 ,z ,te/$ ?r\gh m ?an ,?irty ,ye>s1 & ,describ$ = ! ,heal+ ( ,diseases & ! ,pres]vation ( ,heal?4 ,by ,,seba/ian ,,kneipp1 ,p>i% ,prie/ ( ,wri%(5 7,bav>ia74 ,) a ,portrait & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,only ,au?oris$ ,engli% ,translation4 ,translat$ f ! ,?irtie? ,g]man ,edition by ,a4 de ,f4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,knollys4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,field-,artill]y4 ,design$ = ! ,use ( ,infantry & ,cavalry ,(fic]s4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,knollys1 ,capta9 ,royal ,artill]y2 ,au?or ( ',f ,s$an to ,sa>brck1' ,editor ( ',incid5ts 9 ! ,sepoy ,w>1' c4 ,) ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,lam+ton4 ,9 ! ,days ( ! ,d&ies4 ,by ! late ,"l ,,lam+ton4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ cov]1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,lawless4 ,hurri%3 a ,/udy4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,,emily ,,lawless1 ,au?or ( ',a ,*elsea ,h\sehold]1' c4 ,f\r? ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lawson4 ,spa9 ( ,to-day3 ,a ,descriptive1 ,indu/rial1 & ,f9ancial ,survey ( ! ,p59sula1 ) a full acc\nt ( ! ,rio ,t9to ,m9es4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,lawson4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lees4 ,a ,h&book ( ,%]iff ,c\rt ,/yles4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,lees1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b41 ,advocate1 ,%]iff-,sub/itute ( ,lan>k%ire1 ,new ,ed41 #hvo1 #bas4 ---- ,a ,h&book ( ! ,%]iff & ,ju/ice ( ,peace ,small ,debt ,c\rts4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,lightfoot4 ,/udies 9 ,philosophy4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,lightfoot1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,vic> ( ,cross ,/one1 ,todmord54 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,lockh>t4 ,novels by ,,laur5ce ,w4 ,m4 ,,lockh>t4 ,see ,blackwoods' ,new ,s]ies ( ,?ree-&-,sixp5ny ,novels on page #e4 ,,lorim]4 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,law3 ,a ,treatise ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,jurisprud5ce z det]m9$ by ,nature4 ,by ! late ,,james ,,lorim]1 ,pr(essor ( ,public ,law & ( ! ,law ( ,nature & ,nations 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ & mu* enl>g$4 #hvo1 #ahs4 ---- ,! ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations4 ,a ,treatise ( ! ,jural ,relation ( ,sep>ate ,political ,communities4 ,9 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,volume ,i41 price #afs4 ,volume ,,ii41 price #bjs4 ,,love4 ,scotti% ,*ur* ,music4 ,its ,compos]s & ,s\rces4 ,) ,musical ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,james ,,love4 ,9 #a vol4 po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,m',,combie4 ,cattle & ,cattle-,bre$]s4 ,by ,,william ,m',,combie1 ,tillyf\r4 ,new ,edition1 enl>g$1 ) ,memoir ( ! ,au?or4 ,by ,,james ,,macdonald1 ( ! ',f>m+ ,_w4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,macrae4 ,a ,h&book ( ,de]-,/alk+4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,macrae1 late ,=e/] to ,"l ,h5ry ,b5t9ck4 ,) ,introduction by ,,horatio ,,ross1 ,esq4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ) two ,photographs f ,life4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,m',,crie4 ,works ( ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,m',crie1 ,d4,d4 ,uni=m ,edition4 ,f\r vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #bds4 ---- ,life ( ,john ,knox4 ,conta9+ ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl&4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,ano!r ,edition1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,life ( ,&rew ,melville4 ,conta9+ ,illu/rations ( ! ,ecclesia/ical & ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& 9 ! ,sixte5? & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,progress & ,suppression ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,italy 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,progress & ,suppression ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,spa9 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,book ( ,e/h]4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,macdonald4 ,a ,manual ( ! ,crim9al ,law 7,scotl&7 ,proc$ure ,act1 #ahhg4 ,by ,,norman ,,doran ,,macdonald4 ,revis$ by ! ,,"l ,,ju/ice-,,cl]k4 #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,macgregor4 ,life & ,op9ions ( ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,*>les ,mac,gregor1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,i4,e41 ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al ( ,india4 ,f 8 ,lett]s & ,di>ies4 ,edit$ by ,,lady ,,macgregor4 ,) ,portraits & ,maps to illu/rate ,campaigns 9 :i* he 0 engag$4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #ces4 ,m',,into%4 ,! ,book ( ! ,g>d54 ,by ,,*>les ,m',,into%1 =m]ly ,curator ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s ( 8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ! ,belgians1 & lately ( ^? ( 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*1 ,k4,g41 at ,dalkei? ,palace4 #b vols4 royal #hvo1 ) #acej ,engrav+s4 #d1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,on ! ,=mation ( ,g>d5s & ,con/ruction ( ,g>d5 ,edifices4 #b1 #aj,s4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,practical ,g>d5+4 #a1 #ags4 #f;d4 ,,mac9tyre4 ,h9du-,koh3 ,w&]+s & ,wild ,sports on & beyond ! ,himalayas4 ,by ,major-,g5]al ,,donald ,,mac9tyre1 ,v4,c41 late ,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,own ,goorkhas1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,d$icat$ to ,h4,r4,h4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition1 revis$1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,mackay4 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,fife & ,k9ross4 ,a ,/udy ( ,scotti% ,hi/ory & ,"*4 ,by 4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,mackay1 ,%]iff ( ^! ,c\nties4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,mackay4 ,a ,manual ( ,mod]n ,geography2 ,ma!matical1 ,physical1 & ,political4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,mackay1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #aa? ,?\s&1 revis$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #fhh4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,elem5ts ( ,mod]n ,geography4 #ec;d ,?\s&1 revis$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #cjj1 #cs4 ---- ,! ,int]m$iate ,geography4 ,int5d$ z an ,int]m$iate ,book betwe5 ! ,au?or's ',outl9es ( ,geography' & ',elem5ts ( ,geography4' ,fifte5? ,edition1 revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #bch1 #bs4 ---- ,outl9es ( ,mod]n ,geography4 #ahh? ,?\s&1 revis$ to ! pres5t "t4 #ahmo1 pp4 #aah1 #as4 ---- ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,geography4 #aje? ,?\s&4 #ahmo1 pp4 #ef4 ,sew$1 #d;d42 clo?1 #f;d4 ---- ,elem5ts ( ,physiography & ,physical ,geography4 ,) ,express ,ref]5ce to ! ,in/ructions issu$ by ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 #cj? ,?\s&1 revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ---- ,facts & ,dates2 or1 ! ,lead+ ,ev5ts 9 ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,hi/ory1 & ! ,pr9cipal ,facts 9 ! v>i\s ,physical ,sci5ces4 ,= ,s*ools & ,private ,ref]5ce4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mackay4 ,an ,old ,scots ,brigade4 ,be+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,mackay's ,regim5t1 n[ incorporat$ ) ! ,royal ,scots4 ,) an ,app5dix conta9+ _m ,orig9al ,docum5ts connect$ ) ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,regim5t4 ,by ,,john ,,mackay 7late7 ,,( ,,h]riesdale4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,mack5zie4 ,/udies 9 ,roman ,law4 ,) ,comp>ative ,views ( ! ,laws ( ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,scotl&4 ,by ,,"l ,,mack5zie1 "o ( ! ,judges ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session 9 ,scotl&4 ,six? ,edition1 ,edit$ by ,,john ,,kirkpatrick4 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b41 ,advocate1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #hvo1 #abs4 ,m',,k]lie4 ,gall[ay3 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/oric ,celtic ,di/rict4 ,by ,p4 ,h4 ,m',,k]lie1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,scot41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 c4 ,au?or ( ',l&s & _! ,own]s 9 ,gall[ay4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,m',,ph]son4 ,summ] ,sundays 9 a ,/ra?more ,p>i%4 ,by ,j4 ,,gordon ,m',,ph]son1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,m9i/] ( ,ru?v54 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,golf & ,golf]s4 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,balf\r1 & a ,portrait ( ! ,au?or4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,ma94 ,?ree ,hundr$ ,engli% ,sonnets4 ,*os5 & ,edit$ by ,,david ,m4 ,,ma94 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,mair4 ,a ,dige/ ( ,laws & ,decisions1 ,ecclesia/ical & ,civil1 relat+ to ! ,con/itution1 ,practice1 & ,affairs ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,) ,notes & ,=ms ( ,proc$ure4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,mair1 ,d4,d4 ,m9i/] ( ! ,p>i% ( ,e>l/on4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,supplem5ts1 #hs4 ,,m>morne4 ,! ,/ory is told by ,,adolphus ,,segrave1 ! y\nge/ ( ?ree ,bro!rs4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,m>%all4 ,fr5* ,home ,life4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,m>%all1 ,au?or ( ',claire ,br&on4' ,second ,edition4 #es4 ---- ,x ,happ5$ ,ye/]day4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,m>%man4 ,hi/ory ( ,india4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,close ( ! ,india ,company's ,gov]nm5t2 ) an ,epitome ( ,subsequ5t ,ev5ts4 ,by ,,john ,,cl>k ,,m>%man1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,abridg$ f ! ,au?or's l>g] "w4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,map1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,m>t94 ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,"p ,i4 ,translat$ by ,sir ,,!odore ,,m>t91 ,k4,c4,b4 ,second ,ed41 cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,n9? ,ed41 fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,! ,works ( ,horace4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se1 ) ,life & ,notes4 #b vols4 ,new ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #bas4 ---- ,poems & ,ballads ( ,he9ri* ,he9e4 ,done into ,engli% ,v]se4 ,second ,edition4 ,pr9t$ on papi] v]g1 cr[n #hvo1 #hs4 ---- ,! ,song ( ! ,bell1 & o!r ,translations f ,s*ill]1 ,goe!1 ,uhl&1 & ,o!rs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,catullus4 ,) ,life & ,notes4 ,second ,ed41 po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,aladd93 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,,adam ,,oehl5s*laeg]4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,correggio3 ,a ,trag$y4 ,by ,,oehl5s*laeg]4 ,) ,notes4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 ---- ,k+ ,r5e's ,daught]3 ,a ,dani% ,lyrical ,drama4 ,by ,,h5rik ,,h]tz4 ,second ,edition1 fcap41 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,m>t94 ,on "s ( ,%akespe>e's ,female ,*>act]s4 ,9 a ,s]ies ( ,lett]s4 ,by ,,hel5a ,,faucit1 ,,lady ,,m>t94 ,d$icat$ by p]mission to ,h] ,mo/ ,graci\s ,maje/y ! ,que54 ,new ,edition1 enl>g$4 #hvo1 ) ,portrait by ,lane1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,ma!son4 ,c ! ,old ,fai? ,live ) ! ,new8 or ! ,problem ( ,evolution & ,revelation4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,george ,,ma!son1 ,d4,d4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,psalmi/ & ! ,sci5ti/2 or1 ,mod]n ,value ( ! ,religi\s ,s5tim5t4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,spiritual ,developm5t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,sacr$ ,songs4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,maurice4 ,! ,balance ( ,milit>y ,p[] 9 ,europe4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,w> ,res\rces ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,cont95tal ,/ates4 ,by ,colonel ,,maurice1 ,r4 ,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,milit>y ,art & ,hi/ory at ! ,royal ,/aff ,college4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) a ,map4 #fs4 ,,m]$y?4 ,! ,brief = ! ,gov]nm5t1 #ahhf-ib4 ,a ,h&book = ,cons]vative & ,unioni/ ,writ]s1 ,speak]s1 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,m]$y?4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,mi*el4 ,a ,critical ,inquiry into ! ,scotti% ,language4 ,) ! view ( ,illu/rat+ ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,civilisation 9 ,scotl&4 ,by ,,francisque-,,mi*el1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,lond4 & ,scot41 ,correspondant de l',in/itut de ,france1 c4 #dto1 pr9t$ on h&-made pap]1 & b\nd 9 ,roxburghe1 #ffs4 ,,mi*ie4 ,! ,l>*3 ,be+ a ,practical ,treatise on its ,culture & ,g5]al ,managem5t4 ,by ,,*ri/oph] ,y4 ,,mi*ie1 ,=e/]1 ,cull5 ,h\se4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition1 enl>g$1 #es4 ---- ,! ,practice ( ,=e/ry4 ,cr4 #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,,middleton4 ,! ,/ory ( ,ala/air ,bhan ,comyn2 or1 ,! ,trag$y ( ,dunphail4 ,a ,tale ( ,tradition & ,romance4 ,by ! ,lady ,,middleton4 ,squ>e #hvo #ajs4 ,*eap] ,edition1 #es4 ,,mill]4 ,l&scape ,geology4 ,a ,plea = ! ,/udy ( ,geology by ,l&scape ,pa9t]s4 ,by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ( ,h4,m4 ,geological ,survey4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 ,,milne4 ,! ,problem ( ! ,*ur*less & ,poor 9 our ,l>ge ,t[ns4 ,) special ref]5ce to ! ,home ,mission ,"w ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,robt4 ,,milne1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,ardl]4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 ,,milne-,,home4 ,mamma's ,black ,nurse ,/ories4 ,we/ ,indian ,folk-lore4 ,by ,,m>y ,,pamela ,,milne-,,home4 ,) six full-page t9t$ ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto1 #es4 ,,m9to4 ,a ,manual ( ,engli% ,prose ,lit]ature1 ,biographical & ,critical3 design$ ma9ly to %[ ,*>act]i/ics ( ,/yle4 ,by ,w4 ,,m9to1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,*>act]i/ics ( ,engli% ,poets1 f ,*auc] to ,%irley4 ,new ,edition1 revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,moir4 ,life ( ,mansie ,wau*1 ,tailor 9 ,dalkei?4 ,by ,d4 ,m4 ,,moir4 ,) #h ,illu/rations on ,/eel1 by ! late ,,george ,,cruik%ank4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,ano!r ,edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mom]ie4 ,defects ( ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,williams ,,mom]ie1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #d? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,basis ( ,religion4 ,be+ an ,exam9ation ( ,natural ,religion4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,orig9 ( ,evil1 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,sev5? ,edition1 enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,p]sonality4 ,! ,beg9n+ & ,end ( ,metaphysics1 & a ,necess>y ,assumption 9 all ,positive ,philosophy4 ,f\r? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 ---- ,agno/icism4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,prea*+ & ,he>+2 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,belief 9 ,god4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 ---- ,inspiration2 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,second ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,*ur* & ,cre$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,montague4 ,campaign+ 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,rem9isc5ces ( an ,(fic] 9 #ahgi4 ,by ,capta9 ,w4 ,e4 ,,montague1 #id? ,regim5t1 ,au?or ( ',claude ,mead[leigh1' c4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,montalemb]t4 ,memoir ( ,c\nt de ,montalemb]t4 ,a ,*apt] ( ,rec5t ,fr5* ,hi/ory4 ,by ,mrs ,,oliphant1 ,au?or ( ! ',life ( ,edw>d ,irv+1' c4 #b vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #a1 #ds4 ,,morison4 ,sordello4 ,an ,outl9e ,analysis ( ,mr ,br[n+'s ,poem4 ,by ,,jeanie ,,morison1 ,au?or ( ',! ,purpose ( ! ,ages1' ',ane ,booke ( ,ballades1' c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 ---- ,selections f ,poems4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,!re z ,"h4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 ,a limit$ impression on h&-made pap]1 b\nd 9 vellum1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,munro4 ,on ,valuation ( ,prop]ty4 ,by ,,william ,,munro1 ,m4,a41 ,h] ,maje/y's ,assessor ( ,railways & ,canals = ,scotl&4 ,second ,edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,murdo*4 ,manual ( ! ,law ( ,insolv5cy & ,bankruptcy3 ,compreh5d+ a ,summ>y ( ! ,law ( ,insolv5cy1 ,not\r ,bankruptcy1 ,composition-contracts1 ,tru/-de$s1 ,cessios1 & ,seque/rations2 & ! ,w9d+-up ( ,jo9t-,/ock ,companies 9 ,scotl&2 ) ,annotations on ! v>i\s ,insolv5cy & ,bankruptcy ,/atutes2 & ) ,=ms ( ,proc$ure applicable to ^! ,subjects4 ,by ,,james ,,murdo*1 ,memb] ( ! ,faculty ( ,procurators 9 ,glasg[4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 #hvo1 #a1 #ajs4 ,,my ,,trivial ,,life ,,& ,,mis=tune3 ,a ,gossip ) no ,plot 9 ,p>ticul>4 ,by ,a ,,pla9 ,,woman4 ,*eap ,ed41 cr[n #hvo1 #cs1 #f;d4 ,by ! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,poor ,,nellie4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,napi]4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,wond]ful ,canon ( ,log>i?ms 7,mirifici ,log>i?morum ,canonis ,con/ructio74 ,by ,,john ,,napi] ( ,m]*i/on4 ,translat$ = ! fir/ "t1 ) ,notes1 & a ,catalogue ( ,napi]'s ,works1 by ,,william ,,rae ,,macdonald4 ,small #dto1 #aes4 ,a few l>ge pap] copies may be _h1 pr9t$ on ,:atman pap]1 price #cjs4 ,,neaves4 ,songs & ,v]ses1 ,social & ,sci5tific4 ,by an ,old ,contributor to ',maga4' ,by ! ,hon4 ,"l ,,neaves4 ,fif? ,ed41 fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 ---- ,! ,greek ,an?ology4 ,be+ ,vol4 ,,xx4 ( ',anci5t ,classics = ,engli% ,read]s4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,ni*olson4 ,a ,manual ( ,zoology1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,) a ,g5]al ,introduction on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,zoology4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,alleyne ,,ni*olson1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,sev5? ,edition1 rewritt5 & enl>g$4 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #ief1 ) #eee ,engrav+s on ,wood1 #ahs4 ---- ,text-,book ( ,zoology1 = ! ,use ( ,s*ools4 ,f\r? ,edition1 enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #ahh ,engrav+s on ,wood1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,introductory ,text-,book ( ,zoology1 = ! ,use ( ,junior ,classes4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ) #aff ,engrav+s1 #cs4 ---- ,outl9es ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 = ,beg9n]s2 be+ ,descriptions ( a ,progressive ,s]ies ( ,zoological ,types4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) ,engrav+s1 #as4 #f;d4 ---- ,a ,manual ( ,palontology1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,) a ,g5]al ,introduction on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,palontology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,,alleyne ,,ni*olson & ,,ri*>d ,,lydekk]1 ,b4,a4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,rewritt5 & greatly enl>g$4 #b vols4 #hvo1 ) ,engrav+s1 #c1 #cs4 ---- ,! ,anci5t ,life-,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,lead+ ,facts ( ,palontological ,sci5ce4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #bgf ,engrav+s1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,on ! ,tabulate ,corals ( ! ,palozoic ,p]iod1 ) ,critical ,descriptions ( ,illu/rative ,species4 ,illu/rat$ ) #ae ,li?ograph ,plates & num]\s ,engrav+s4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #bas4 ---- ,synopsis ( ! ,classification ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 #hvo1 ) #ajf ,illu/rations1 #fs4 ---- ,on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ! ,g5us ,monticulipora & its ,sub-,g5]a1 ) ,critical ,descriptions ( ,illu/rative ,species4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,engrav+s on wood & li?ograph$ ,plates4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #ahs4 ,,ni*olson4 ,communion ) ,heav51 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,by ! late ,,maxwell ,,ni*olson1 ,d4,d41 ,m9i/] ( ,/ ,/eph5's1 ,ed9burgh4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 #f;d4 ---- ,re/ 9 ,jesus4 ,six? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,ni*olson4 ,a ,treatise on ,money1 & ,essays on ,pres5t ,monet>y ,problems4 ,by ,,joseph ,,%ield ,,ni*olson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,pr(essor ( ,comm]cial & ,political ,economy & ,m]cantile ,law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,?o?4 ,a ,romance4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,a ,dream] ( ,dreams4 ,a ,mod]n ,romance4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,nicolson ,,& ,,mure4 ,a ,h&book to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t 7,scotl&7 ,act1 #ahhi4 ,) ,introduction1 ,explanatory ,notes1 & ,index4 ,by ,j4 ,,bad5a* ,,nicolson1 ,advocate1 ,c\nsel to ! ,scot* ,education ,dep>tm5t1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,mure1 ,advocate1 ,legal ,secret>y to ! ,"l ,advocate = ,scotl&4 ,n9? ,repr9t4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,oliphant4 ,masollam3 a ,problem ( ! ,p]iod4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,laur5ce ,,oliphant4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo1 #bes4 #f;d4 ---- ,sci5tific ,religion2 or1 ,high] ,possibilities ( ,life & ,practice ?r\gh ! ,op]ation ( ,natural ,=ces4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo1 #afs4 ---- ,altiora ,peto4 ,by ,,laur5ce ,,oliphant4 ,*eap ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d42 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,illu/rat$ ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ---- ,piccadilly3 ,a ,fragm5t ( ,contempor>y ,biography4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,ri*>d ,doyle4 ,new ,edition1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,*eap ,edition1 bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,traits & ,trave/ies2 ,social & ,political4 ,po/ #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,l& ( ,gilead4 ,) ,excursions 9 ! ,lebanon4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,maps4 ,demy #hvo1 #bas4 ---- ,haifa3 ,life 9 ,mod]n ,pale/9e4 #b;d ,edition4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,episodes 9 a ,life ( ,adv5ture2 or1 ,moss f a ,roll+ ,/one4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,memoir ( ! ,life ( ,laur5ce ,oliphant1 & ( ,alice ,oliphant1 8 ,wife4 ,by ,mrs ,m4 ,o4 ,w4 ,,oliphant4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,9 #b vols4 po/ #hvo1 ) ,portraits4 #bas4 ,,oliphant4 ,katie ,/ew>t4 ,by ,mrs ,,oliphant4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,duke's ,daught]1 & ,! ,fugitives4 ,a ,novel4 #c vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #bes4 #f;d4 ---- ,two ,/ories ( ! ,se5 & ! ,unse54 ,! ,op5 ,door--,old ,lady ,m>y4 ,pap] ,cov]s1 #as4 ---- ,sons & ,daught]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,oliphant4 ,notes ( a ,pilgrimage to ,j]usalem & ! ,holy ,l&4 ,by ,f4 ,r4 ,,oliphant4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,surrey ,,hills4 ,by ,a ,,son ,,( ,,! ,,m>%es4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,osborn4 ,n>ratives ( ,voyage & ,adv5ture4 ,by ,admiral ,,%]>d ,,osborn1 ,c4,b4 #c vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 ,,ossian4 ,! ,poems ( ,ossian 9 ! ,orig9al ,gaelic4 ,) a ,lit]al ,translation into ,engli%1 & a ,diss]tation on ! ,au!nticity ( ! ,poems4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,ar*ibald ,,cl]k4 #b vols4 imp]ial #hvo1 #a4 #aas4 #f;d4 ,,oswald4 ,by ,fell & ,fjord2 or1 ,sc5es & ,/udies 9 ,icel&4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,oswald4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,ow54 ,annals ( a ,fi%+ ,village4 ,drawn f ! ,notes ( ,a ,son ( ! ,m>%es4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,,ow54 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,page4 ,introductory ,text-,book ( ,geology4 ,by ,,david ,,page1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,durham ,univ]sity ( ,physical ,sci5ce ,newca/le1 & ,pr(essor ,,lapwor? ( ,mason ,sci5ce ,college1 ,birm+ham4 ,) ,engrav+s & ,gloss>ial ,index4 ,twelf? ,edition4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,advanc$ ,text-,book ( ,geology1 ,descriptive & ,indu/rial4 ,) ,engrav+s1 & ,gloss>y ( ,sci5tific ,t]ms4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,introductory ,text-,book ( ,physical ,geography4 ,) ,sket*-,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,,lapwor?1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s41 c41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,mason ,sci5ce ,college1 ,birm+ham1 #ab? ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,advanc$ ,text-,book ( ,physical ,geography4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ by ,pr(4 ,,lapwor?4 ,) ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,paton4 ,sp9drift4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,,noel ,,paton4 ,fcap41 clo?1 #es4 ---- ,poems by a ,pa9t]4 ,fcap41 clo?1 #es4 ,,paton4 ,body & ,s\l4 ,a ,romance 9 ,transc5d5tal ,pa?ology4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,noel ,,paton4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 ,,patt]son4 ,essays 9 ,hi/ory & ,art4 ,by ,r4 ,,hog>? ,,patt]son4 #hvo1 #abs4 ---- ,! ,new ,gold5 ,age1 & ,influ5ce ( ! ,preci\s ,metals ^u ! ,_w4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,paul4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,company ( ,ar*]s1 ! ,que5's ,body-,gu>d = ,scotl&4 ,by ,,james ,,balf\r ,,paul1 ,advocate ( ! ,scotti% ,b>4 ,cr[n #dto1 ) ,portraits & o!r ,illu/rations4 #b1 #bs4 ,,peile4 ,lawn ,t5nis z a ,game ( ,skill4 ,) late/ revis$ ,laws z play$ by ! ,be/ ,clubs4 ,by ,capta9 ,s4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,peile1 ,b4,s4,c4 ,*eap] ,edition1 fcap4 clo?1 #as4 ,,pettigrew4 ,! ,h&y ,book ( ,bees1 & _! ,pr(itable ,managem5t4 ,by ,a4 ,,pettigrew4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,enl>g$1 ) ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,philosophical ,,classics ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,edit$ by ,,william ,,knight1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews4 ,9 cr[n #hvo volumes1 ) portraits1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,= li/ ( ,volumes publi%$1 see page #b4 ,,philip4 ,! ,function ( ,lab\r 9 ! ,production ( ,weal?4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,philip1 ,,ll4,b41 ,ed9burgh4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,pollok4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,"t3 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,pollok1 ,a4,m4 ,small fcap4 #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,cottage ,edition1 #cbmo1 #h;d4 ,! ,same1 clo?1 gilt edges1 #as4 #f;d4 ,ano!r ,edition1 ) ,illu/rations by ,birket ,fo/] & o!rs1 fcap41 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d41 or ) edges gilt1 #ds4 ,,port ,,royal ,,logic4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*2 ) ,introduction1 ,notes1 & ,app5dix4 ,by ,,?omas ,,sp5c] ,,baynes1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews4 ,t5? ,edition1 #abmo1 #ds4 ,,potts ,,& ,,d>nell4 ,aditus ,faciliores3 ,an easy ,lat9 ,con/ru+ ,book1 ) ,complete ,vocabul>y4 ,by ! late ,a4 ,w4 ,,potts1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 & ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,,d>nell1 ,m4,a41 ,head-,ma/] ( ,c>gilfield ,prep>atory ,s*ool1 ,ed9burgh4 ,t5? ,edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,aditus ,faciliores ,graeci4 ,an easy ,greek ,con/ru+ ,book1 ) ,complete ,vocabul>y4 ,f\r? ,edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 ,,potts4 ,s*ool ,s]mons4 ,by ! late ,,alex&] ,,wm4 ,,potts1 ,,ll4,d41 ,fir/ ,head-,ma/] ( ,fettes ,college4 ,) a ,memoir & ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,pr+le4 ,! ,live-,/ock ( ! ,f>m4 ,by ,,rob]t ,o4 ,,pr+le4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,revis$ & ,edit$ by ,,james ,,macdonald4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,public ,,g5]al ,,/atutes ,,affect+ ,,scotl& f #agjg to #ahdg1 ) ,*ronological ,table & ,index4 #c vols4 l>ge #hvo1 #c1 #cs4 ,,public ,,g5]al ,,/atutes ,,affect+ ,,scotl&1 ,,collection ,,(4 ,publi%$ ,annually ) ,g5]al ,index4 ,,radical ,,cure ,,= ,,irel&1 ,!4 ,a ,lett] to ! ,p ( ,engl& & ,scotl& conc]n+ a new ,plantation4 ,) #b ,maps4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,ramsay4 ,r\gh ,recollections ( ,milit>y ,s]vice & ,society4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,,balc>res ,d4 ,,w>dlaw ,,ramsay4 ,two vols4 po/ #hvo1 #bas4 ,,ramsay4 ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,edit$ f ! ,,mss4 ( ,,john ,,ramsay1 ,esq4 ( ,o*t]tyre1 by ,,alex&] ,,all>dyce1 ,au?or ( ',memoir ( ,admiral ,"l ,kei?1 ,k4,b41' c4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,rank94 ,a ,h&book ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,by ,,james ,,rank91 ,d4,d41 ,m9i/] ( ,mu?ill2 ,au?or ( ',"* ,/udies 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1' c4 ,an entirely ,new & mu* ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #b ,maps1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,cre$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,) ,extracts f ,ar*bi%op ,hamilton's ,cate*ism ( #aeeb1 ,john ,calv9's ,cate*ism ( #aeef1 & a ,cat5a ( ,anci5t ,lat9 & o!r ,hymns4 ,po/ #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,fir/ ,communion ,lessons4 ,tw5ty-?ird ,edition4 ,pap] ,cov]1 #b;d4 ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,t]c5t5>y ,,fe/ival ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,celebrat$ 9 ,april #ahhd4 ,publi%$ "u ! ,sanction ( ! ,s5atus ,academicus4 ,l>ge #dto1 #b1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,rob]tson4 ,e>ly ,religion ( ,israel4 ,be+ ! ,baird ,lecture = #ahhh-hi4 ,by ,,james ,,rob]tson1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,9 "o ,vol4 cr[n #hvo4 ,imm$iately4 ,,rob]tson4 ,orellana1 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,j4 ,,logie ,,rob]tson1 ,m4,a4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,pr9t$ on h&-made pap]4 #fs4 ,,rob]tson4 ,our ,holiday ,among ! ,hills4 ,by ,,james & ,,janet ,,logie ,,rob]tson4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,roscoe4 ,rambles ) a ,fi%+-rod4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,roscoe4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,ross4 ,old ,scotti% ,regim5tal ,col\rs4 ,by ,,&rew ,,ross1 ,s4,s4,c41 ,hon4 ,secret>y ,old ,scotti% ,regim5tal ,col\rs ,committee4 ,d$icat$ by ,special ,p]mission to ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que54 ,folio4 #b1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,russell4 ,! ,haigs ( ,bem]syde4 ,a ,family ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,john ,,russell4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,,russell4 ,fragm5ts f ,_m ,tables4 ,be+ ! ,recollections ( "s ,wise & ,witty ,m5 & ,wom54 ,by ,,geo4 ,,russell4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,rutl&4 ,notes ( an ,iri% ,t\r 9 #ahdf4 ,by ! ,,duke ,,( ,,rutl&1 ,g4,c4,b4 7,"l ,,john ,,mann]s74 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,"r ,honble4 ,william ,pitt & ,*>les ,duke ( ,rutl&1 ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 #agha-aghg4 ,) ,introductory ,note by ,john ,duke ( ,rutl&4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,rutl&4 ,gems ( ,g]man ,poetry4 ,translat$ by ! ,,du*ess ,,( ,,rutl& 7,lady ,,john ,,mann]s74 ,new ,edition 9 prep>ation4 ---- ,impressions ( ,bad-,homburg4 ,compris+ a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,wom5's ,associations ( ,g]many "u ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ---- ,"s ,p]sonal ,recollections ( ! ,lat] ,ye>s ( ! ,e>l ( ,beaconsfield1 ,k4,g4 ,six? ,edition1 #f;d4 ---- ,employm5t ( ,wom5 9 ! ,public ,s]vice4 #f;d4 ---- ,"s ( ! ,advantages ( ,easily ,accessible ,read+ & ,recreation ,rooms1 & ,free ,libr>ies4 ,) ,rem>ks on ,/>t+ & ,ma9ta9+ ,!m4 ,second ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #as4 ---- ,a ,sequel to ,ri* ,m5's ,dwell+s1 & o!r ,occasional ,pap]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,enc\rag+ ,exp]i5ces ( ,read+ & ,recreation ,rooms1 ,aims ( ,guilds1 ,nott+ham ,social ,guild1 ,exi/+ ,in/itutions1 c41 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 ,,s*ill]4 ,wall5/e94 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,von ,,s*ill]4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,lockh>t4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,scot* ,,lo* ,,fi%+4 ,by ,black ,palm]4 ,cr[n #hvo1 int]leav$ ) blank pages1 #ds4 ,,sc\gal4 ,prisons & _! ,inmates2 or1 ,sc5es f a ,sil5t ,_w4 ,by ,,francis ,,sc\gal4 ,cr[n #hvo1 bo>ds1 #bs4 ,,sell>4 ,manual ( ! ,education ,acts = ,scotl&4 ,by ! late ,,alex&] ,,craig ,,sell>1 ,m4,p4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,revis$ & 9 great "p rewritt5 by ,j4 ,,edw>d ,,graham1 ,b4,a4 ,oxon41 ,advocate4 ,) ,rules = ! conduct ( ,elections1 ) ,notes & ,cases4 ,) a ,supplem5t1 be+ ! ,acts ( #ahhi 9 s f> z affect+ ! ,education ,acts4 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,supplem5t ,,to ,,sell>',s ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,education ,,acts4 #hvo1 #bs4 ,,se?4 ,scotti% ,philosophy4 ,a ,comp>ison ( ! ,scotti% & ,g]man ,answ]s to ,hume4 ,balf\r ,philosophical ,lectures1 ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,by ,,&rew ,,se?1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,hegelianism & ,p]sonality4 ,balf\r ,philosophical ,lectures4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,se?4 ,fre$om z ,e?ical ,po/ulate4 ,by ,,james ,,se?1 ,m4,a41 ,george ,munro ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,dalh\sie ,college1 ,halifax1 ,canada4 #hvo1 #as4 ,,%adwell4 ,! ,life ( ,col9 ,campbell1 ,"l ,clyde4 ,illu/rat$ by ,extracts f 8 ,di>y & ,correspond5ce4 ,by ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,,%adwell1 ,c4,b4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1 & ,plans4 #cfs4 ,,%&4 ,half a ,c5tury2 or1 ,*anges 9 ,m5 & ,mann]s4 ,by ,,alex4 ,,innes ,,%&1 ,au?or ( ',aga9/ ,"t1' c4 ,second ,edition1 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lett]s f ! ,we/ ( ,irel&4 ,repr9t$ f ! ',times4' ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,kilc>ra4 ,a ,novel4 #c vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #bes4 #f;d4 ,,%>pe4 ,lett]s f & to ,*>les ,kirkpatrick ,%>pe4 ,edit$ by ,,alex&] ,,all>dyce1 ,au?or ( ',memoir ( ,admiral ,"l ,kei?1 ,k4,b41' c4 ,) a ,memoir by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,k4 ,r4 ,,b$=d4 ,9 two vols4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,et*+s & o!r ,engrav+s4 #b1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,sim4 ,m>g>et ,sim's ,cook]y4 ,) an ,introduction by ,l4 ,b4 ,,wal=d1 ,au?or ( ',mr ,smi?3 ,a ,"p ( ,8 ,life1' c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,skelton4 ,maitl& ( ,le?+ton2 & ! ,scotl& ( ,m>y ,/u>t4 ,a ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,john ,,skelton1 ,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,au?or ( ',! ,essays ( ,%irley4' ,demy #hvo #b vols41 #bhs4 ---- ,! ,h&book ( ,public ,heal?4 ,a ,complete ,edition ( ! ,public ,heal? & o!r ,sanit>y ,acts relat+ to ,scotl&4 ,annotat$1 & ) ! ,rules1 ,in/ructions1 & ,decisions ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]vision br\ght up to date ) relative =ms4 #hvo1 ) ,supplem5t1 #hs4 #f;d4 ---- ,supplem5t to ,skelton's ,h&book4 ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act 9 ,c\nties4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t 7,scotl&7 ,act 9 ,relation to ,public ,heal?4 ,a ,h&y ,guide = ,c\nty & ,di/rict ,c\ncillors1 ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 ,sanit>y ,inspectors1 & ,memb]s ( ,p>o*ial ,bo>ds4 ,second ,edition4 ,) a new ,preface on appo9tm5t ( ,sanit>y ,(fic]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,smi?4 ,= ,god & ,humanity4 ,a ,romance ( ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,by ,,haskett ,,smi?1 ,au?or ( ',! ,div9e ,epiphany1' c4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo1 #bes4 #f;d4 ,,smi?4 ,?orndale2 or1 ,! ,conflict ( ,op9ions4 ,by ,,william ,,smi?1 ,au?or ( ',a ,disc\rse on ,e?ics1' c4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,grav5hur/2 or1 ,?\ghts on ,good & ,evil4 ,second ,edition1 ) ,memoir ( ! ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #hs4 ---- ,! ,/ory ( ,william & ,lucy ,smi?4 ,edit$ by ,,george ,,m]riam4 ,l>ge po/ #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,smi?4 ,memoir ( ! ,families ( ,m',combie & ,?oms1 orig9ally ,m',into% & ,m',?omas4 ,compil$ f ,hi/ory & ,tradition4 ,by ,,william ,m',,combie ,,smi?4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,smi?4 ,greek ,te/am5t ,lessons = ,colleges1 ,s*ools1 & ,private ,/ud5ts1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! ,p>ables ( our ,"l4 ,) ,notes & ,essays4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,hunt] ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,k+ ,edw>d's ,s*ool1 ,birm+ham4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,smi?4 ,writ+s by ! ,way4 ,by ,,john ,,campbell ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,%]iff-,sub/itute4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 ,,smi?4 ,! ,secret>y = ,scotl&4 ,be+ a ,/atem5t ( ! ,p[]s & ,duties ( ! new ,scotti% ,(fice4 ,) a ,%ort ,hi/orical ,introduction & num]\s ref]5ces to important ,adm9i/rative ,docum5ts4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,b41 ,advocate4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,sorley4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,naturalism4 ,be+ ! ,%aw ,fell[%ip ,lectures1 #ahhd4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,sorley1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,philosophy 9 ,univ]sity ,college ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,spe$y4 ,sport 9 ! ,highl&s & ,l[l&s ( ,scotl& ) ,rod & ,gun4 ,by ,,tom ,,spe$y4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,lieut4-,g54 ,hope ,crealocke1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 & o!rs4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,,sprott4 ,! ,wor%ip & ,(fices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,sprott1 ,d4,d41 ,m9i/] ( ,nor? ,b]wick4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,/af=d4 ,h[ ,i ,sp5t my ,tw5tie? ,ye>4 ,be+ a ,record ( a ,t\r ,r\nd ! ,_w1 #ahhf-hg4 ,by ! ,,m>*ioness ,,( ,,/af=d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,/>=?4 ,villa ,resid5ces & ,f>m ,ar*itecture3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,designs4 ,by ,,john ,,/>=?1 ,ar*itect4 #ajb ,engrav+s4 ,second ,edition1 m$ium #dto1 #b1 #ags4 #f;d4 ,,/ati/ical ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,complete1 ) ,index1 #ae vols4 #hvo1 #af1 #afs4 ,ea* ,c\nty sold sep>ately1 ) ,title1 ,index1 & ,map1 neatly b\nd 9 clo?4 ,,/eph5s' ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,f>m2 detail+ ! ,lab\rs ( ! ,f>m]1 ,f>m-,/ew>d1 ,pl\ghman1 ,%eph]d1 ,h$g]1 ,f>m-,lab\r]1 ,field-,work]1 & ,cattleman4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,portraits ( ,animals & ,engrav+s ( ,implem5ts1 & ,plans ( ,f>m ,build+s4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,revis$1 & 9 great "p rewritt5 by ,,james ,,macdonald1 ( ! ',f>m+ ,_w1' c41 c4 ,assi/$ by _m ( ! lead+ agricultural au?orities ( ! day4 ,complete 9 ,six ,divisional ,volumes1 b\nd 9 clo?1 ea* #ajs4 #f;d41 or h&somely b\nd1 9 #c volumes1 ) lea!r back & gilt top1 #c1 #cs4 ,,/eph5s4 ,! ,book ( ,f>m ,implem5ts & ,ma*9es4 ,by ,j4 ,,slight & ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn1 ,eng9e]s4 ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,/eph5s4 ,l>ge #hvo1 #b1 #bs4 ,,/ev5son4 ,briti% ,fungi4 7,hym5omycetes47 ,by ,rev4 ,,john ,,/ev5son1 ,au?or ( ',mycologia ,scotia1' ,hon4 ,sec4 ,cryptogamic ,society ( ,scotl&4 #b vols4 po/ #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 price #abs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,ag>icus--,,bolbitius4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,cort9>ius--,,dacrymyces4 ,,/ew>t4 ,advice to ,pur*as]s ( ,horses4 ,by ,,john ,,/ew>t1 ,v4,s4 ,new ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,/able ,economy4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,managem5t ( ,horses 9 relation to ,/abl+1 ,groom+1 ,fe$+1 ,wat]+1 & ,work+4 ,sev5? ,edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,/ew>t4 ,a ,hebrew ,gramm>1 ) ! ,pronunciation1 ,syllabic ,division & ,tone ( ! ,words1 & ,quantity ( ! ,v[els4 ,by ,rev4 ,,duncan ,,/ew>t1 ,d4,d4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/ew>t4 ,boe?ius3 ,an ,essay4 ,by ,,hugh ,,fras] ,,/ew>t1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,/odd>t4 ,angl+ ,songs4 ,by ,,?omas ,,tod ,,/odd>t4 ,new ,edition1 ) a ,memoir by ,,anna ,m4 ,,/odd>t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,/ormon?4 ,etymological & ,pron\nc+ ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,includ+ a v ,copi\s ,selection ( ,sci5tific ,t]ms ,= ,use 9 ,s*ools & ,colleges1 & z a ,book ( ,g5]al ,ref]5ce4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,/ormon?4 ,! ,pronunciation c>efully ,revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,phelp1 ,m4,a4 ,cantab4 ,t5? ,edition1 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #hjj4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language1 ,pron\nc+1 ,etymological1 & ,explanatory4 ,revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,phelp4 ,libr>y ,edition4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 h&somely b\nd 9 half morocco1 #cas4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,s*ool ,etymological ,diction>y & ,^w-,book4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 pp4 #bed4 #bs4 ,,/ory4 ,n]o2 ,a ,hi/orical ,play4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,/ory1 ,au?or ( ',roba di ,roma4' ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ---- ,vallombrosa4 ,po/ #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,poems4 #b4 vols4 fcap41 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,fiammetta4 ,a ,summ] ,idyl4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,conv]sations 9 a ,/udio4 #b vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ---- ,excursions 9 ,art & ,lett]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,/rickl&4 ,life ( ,agnes ,/rickl&4 ,by h] ,,si/]4 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,portrait engrav$ on ,/eel1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,/urgis4 ,john-a-,dreams4 ,a ,tale4 ,by ,,julian ,,/urgis4 ,new ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,little ,com$ies1 ,old & ,new4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,su!rl&4 ,h&book ( ,h>dy ,h]bace\s & ,alp9e ,fl[]s1 = g5]al ,g>d5 ,decoration4 ,conta9+ ,descriptions ( upw>ds ( #ajjj ,species ( ,ornam5tal ,h>dy ,p]5nial & ,alp9e ,plants2 along ) ,concise & ,pla9 ,in/ructions = _! ,propagation & ,culture4 ,by ,,william ,,su!rl&1 ,l&scape ,g>d5]2 =m]ly ,manag] ( ! ,h]bace\s ,dep>tm5t at ,kew4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,taylor4 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,life4 ,by ! late ,colonel ,,mead[s ,,taylor1 ,au?or ( ',! ,confessions ( a ,?ug1' c4 c4 ,edit$ by 8 ,daught]4 ,new & *eap] ,edition1 be+ ! ,f\r?4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,?oluck4 ,h\rs ( ,*ri/ian ,devotion4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,a4 ,?oluck1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,m5zies1 ,d4,d4 ,) a ,preface writt5 = ?is ,translation by ! ,au?or4 ,second ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,?omson4 ,h&y ,book ( ! ,fl[]-,g>d53 be+ ,practical ,directions = ! ,propagation1 ,culture1 & ,arrangem5t ( ,plants 9 ,fl[]-,g>d5s all ! ye> r\nd4 ,) ,engrav$ ,plans4 ,by ,,david ,,?omson1 ,g>d5] to 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*1 ,k4,t41 at ,drumlanrig4 ,f\r? & ,*eap] ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ---- ,! ,h&y ,book ( ,fruit-,culture "u ,glass3 be+ a s]ies ( ,elaborate ,practical ,treatises on ! ,cultivation & ,=c+ ( ,p9es1 ,v9es1 ,pea*es1 ,figs1 ,melons1 ,/rawb]ries1 & ,cucumb]s4 ,) ,engrav+s ( ,ho?\ses1 c4 ,second ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,?omson4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,cultivation ( ! ,grape ,v9e4 ,by ,,william ,,?omson1 ,twe$ ,v9ey>ds4 ,t5? ,edition1 #hvo1 #es4 ,,?omson4 ,cook]y = ! ,sick & ,convalesc5t4 ,) ,directions = ! ,prep>ation ( ,p\ltices1 ,fom5tations1 c4 ,by ,,b>b>a ,,?omson4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,?ornton4 ,opposites4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,unpopul> ,sides ( ,popul> ,que/ions4 ,by ,,lewis ,,?ornton4 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,tom ,,cr+le',s ,,log4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #es4 ,*eap ,edition1 #bs4 ,,transactions ,,( ,,! ,,highl& ,,& ,,agricultural ,,society ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,publi%$ annually1 price #es4 ,,tullo*4 ,rational ,!ology & ,*ri/ian ,philosophy 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,,john ,,tullo*1 ,d4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ,/ ,m>y's ,college 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews2 & "o ( h] ,maje/y's ,*apla9s 9 ,ord9>y 9 ,scotl&4 ,second ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #afs4 ---- ,mod]n ,!ories 9 ,philosophy & ,religion4 #hvo1 #aes4 ---- ,lu!r1 & o!r ,lead]s ( ! ,re=mation4 ,?ird ,edition1 enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,memoir ( ,pr9cipal ,tullo*1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,by ,mrs ,,oliphant1 ,au?or ( ',life ( ,edw>d ,irv+4' ,?ird & ,*eap] ,edition4 #hvo1 ) ,portrait4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,twe$ie4 ,! ,arabian ,horse3 8 ,c\ntry & ,p4 ,) ,portraits ( ,typical or ,fam\s ,arabians1 & num]\s o!r ,illu/rations2 also a ,map ( ! ,c\ntry ( ! ,arabian ,horse1 & a descriptive ,gloss>y ( ,arabic words & prop] names4 ,by ,colonel ,w4 ,,twe$ie1 ,c4,s4,i41 ,b5gal ,/aff ,corps1 ,h4,b4,m4's late ,consul-,g5]al1 ,baghdad4 ,9 ! press4 ,,veit*4 ,in/itutes ( ,logic4 ,by ,,john ,,veit*1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,rhetoric 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,po/ #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,feel+ = ,nature 9 ,scotti% ,poetry4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,pres5t ,day4 #b vols4 fcap4 #hvo1 9 roxburghe b9d+4 #aes4 ---- ,m]l9 & ,o!r ,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,kn[+ & ,be+4 ,essays 9 ,philosophy4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,virgil4 ,! neid ( ,virgil4 ,translat$ 9 ,engli% ,blank ,v]se by ,g4 ,k4 ,,rick>ds1 ,m4,a41 & ,"l ,,rav5swor?4 #b vols4 fcap4 #hvo1 #ajs4 ,,wal=d4 ,f\r ,biographies f ',blackwood'3 ,jane ,taylor1 ,hannah ,m1 ,elizabe? ,fry1 ,m>y ,som]ville4 ,by ,l4 ,b4 ,,wal=d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,w>r5',s 7,,samuel7 ,,works3-- ,di>y ( a ,late ,physician4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d42 bo>ds1 #bs4 ,t5 ,?\s& ,a-,ye>4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d42 bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,n[ & ,!n4 ,! ,lily & ! ,bee4 ,intellectual & ,moral ,developm5t ( ! ,pres5t ,age4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,essays3 ,critical1 ,imag9ative1 & ,juridical4 #es4 ,,w>r54 ,! ,five ,books ( ! ,psalms4 ,) ,m>g9al ,notes4 ,by ,rev4 ,,samuel ,l4 ,,w>r51 ,rector ( ,e%]1 ,surrey2 late ,fell[1 ,dean1 & ,div9ity ,lectur]1 ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,web/]4 ,! ,angl] & ! ,loop-,rod4 ,by ,,david ,,web/]4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,well+ton4 ,well+ton ,prize ,essays on ! ,sy/em ( ,field ,manuvres be/ adapt$ = enabl+ our ,troops to meet a ,cont95tal ,army4 ,edit$ by ,g5]al ,sir ,,edw>d ,,bruce ,,hamley1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,w5ley4 ,socrates & ,*ri/3 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,by ,r4 ,m4 ,,w5ley1 ,m4,a41 ,lectur] on ,m5tal & ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,que5 ,m>g>et ,college1 ,glasg[2 ,exam9] 9 ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,w]n]4 ,a ,visit to ,/anley's ,re>-,gu>d at ,major ,b>ttelot's ,camp on ! ,aruhwimi4 ,) an ,acc\nt ( ,riv]-,life on ! ,congo4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,w]n]1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,eng9e]1 late 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,etat ,indep5dant du ,congo4 ,) ,maps1 ,portraits1 & o!r ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,we/m9/] ,,assembly4 ,m9utes ( ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly1 :ile engag$ 9 prep>+ _! ,directory = ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t1 ,confession ( ,fai?1 & ,cate*isms 7,novemb] #afdd to ,m>* #afdi74 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,,alex4 ,t4 ,,mit*ell1 ( ,/ ,&rews1 & ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,/ru!rs1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) a ,hi/orical & ,critical ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,mit*ell4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,,:ite4 ,! ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,:ite4 ,sev5? ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 ) ,index1 #fs4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,france1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4 ,six? ,?\s&1 po/ #hvo1 ) ,index1 #fs4 ,,:ite4 ,ar*ological ,sket*es 9 ,scotl&--,k9tyre & ,knapdale4 ,by ,colonel ,t4 ,p4 ,,:ite1 ,r4,e41 ( ! ,ordnance ,survey4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 folio1 #d1 #ds4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,k9tyre1 sold sep>ately1 #b1 #bs4 ---- ,! ,ordnance ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,wicks4 ,gold5 ,lives4 ,! ,/ory ( a ,woman's ,c\rage4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,wicks4 ,*eap ,edition1 ) #abj ,illu/rations4 ,illu/rat$ ,bo>ds4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,williamson4 ,poems ( ,nature & ,life4 ,by ,,david ,r4 ,,williamson1 ,m9i/] ( ,kirkmaid54 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 ,,wills ,,& ,,gre5e4 ,draw+-room ,dramas = ,*ildr54 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,wills & ! ,hon4 ,mrs ,,gre5e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,wilson4 ,works ( ,pr(essor ,wilson4 ,edit$ by 8 ,son-9-,law1 ,pr(essor ,,f]ri]4 #ab vols4 cr[n #hvo1 #b1 #hs4 ---- ,*ri/oph] 9 8 ,sport+-,jacket4 #b vols41 #hs4 ---- ,isle ( ,palms1 ,city ( ! ,plague1 & o!r ,poems4 #ds4 ---- ,lights & ,%ad[s ( ,scotti% ,life1 & o!r ,tales4 #ds4 ---- ,essays1 ,critical & ,imag9ative4 #d vols41 #afs4 ---- ,! ,noctes ,ambrosian4 #d vols41 #afs4 ---- ,hom] & 8 ,translators1 & ! ,greek ,drama4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 ,,w+ate4 ,lily ,neil4 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,,david ,,w+ate4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,wordswor?4 ,! ,hi/orical ,plays ( ,%akspe>e4 ,) ,introductions & ,notes4 ,by ,,*>les ,,wordswor?1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,bi%op ( ,s4 ,&rews4 #c vols4 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 ea* price #gs4 #f;d41 or h&somely b\nd 9 half-calf1 ea* price #is4 #i;d4 ,,worsley4 ,poems & ,translations4 ,by ,,philip ,,/anhope ,,worsley1 ,m4,a4 ,edit$ by ,,edw>d ,,worsley4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 ,,yate4 ,engl& & ,russia ,face to ,face 9 ,asia4 ,a ,record ( ,travel ) ! ,afghan ,b\nd>y ,commission4 ,by ,capta9 ,a4 ,c4 ,,yate1 ,bombay ,/aff ,corps4 #hvo1 ) ,maps & ,illu/rations1 #bas4 ,,yate4 ,nor!rn ,afghani/an2 or1 ,lett]s f ! ,afghan ,b\nd>y ,commission4 ,by ,major ,c4 ,e4 ,,yate1 ,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,m4,g4 ,bombay ,/aff ,corps1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #hvo1 ) ,maps4 #ahs4 ,,"y4 ,a ,/ory ( ,active ,s]vice 9 ,=eign ,l&s4 ,compil$ f lett]s s5t home f ,s\? ,africa1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 #ahef-ahhb4 ,by ,surgeon-,g5]al ,a4 ,,graham ,,"y1 ,au?or ( ',crimean ,cracks4' ,cr[n #hvo1 ,illu/rat$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,yule4 ,=tification3 = ! ,use ( ,(fic]s 9 ! ,army1 & ,read]s ( ,milit>y ,hi/ory4 ,by ,col4 ,,yule1 ,b5gal ,eng9e]s4 #hvo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4