,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by tildes4 ,sup]script$ text is enclos$ 9 braces & prec$$ by a c>et 774 ,,cambridge ,,agricultural ,,monographs ,,inorganic ,,plant ,,poisons ,,& ,,/imulants ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,ed9burgh3 #ajj ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,colophon ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis1 #acf ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,london3 ,,william ,,wesley ,,& ,,son1 #bh ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,toronto3 ,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,tokyo3 ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,all rights res]v$ ,,inorganic ,,plant ,,poisons ,,& ,,/imulants ,,by ,,w9ifr$ ,e4 ,,br5*ley1 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london 7,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5tal ,/ation7 ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiad ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,preface ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury great & widespread *anges h be5 made 9 agricultural practice--*anges l>gely associat$ ) ! increase 9 ! use ( artificial f]tilis]s z supplem5ts to ! bulky organic manures :i* _h hi!rto be5 us$4 ,! value ( c]ta9 *emical comp\nds z artificial manures is fully recognis$1 yet _m attempts are be+ made to prove ! value ( o!r sub/ances = ! same purpose1 ) a view to increase 9 effici5cy & decrease 9 co/4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! matt] is naturally great1 & agriculturi/s1 botani/s & *emi/s h all approa*$ ! "q f _! diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt is made to correlate ! "w t has be5 done on a few inorganic sub/ances :i* gave promise ( prov+ useful 9 agricultural practice4 ,mu* ( ! evid5ce put =w>d by diff]5t work]s is conflict+1 & x is cle> t no def9ite conclusions c yet be rea*$4 ,nev]!less1 exam9ation ( ! evid5ce ju/ifies ! hope t results ( practical value w yet be obta9$1 & x is hop$ t ! analysis & coord9ation ( ! available data put =w>d 9 ?is book w aid 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd = ^? inve/igators :o are foll[+ up ! problem f bo? ! academic & ! practical /&po9ts4 ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,ro?am/$4 ,octob] #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+ #g ,i4 ,discussion ( ,me?ods #g #a4 ,wat] cultures #g #b4 ,s& cultures #h #c4 ,soil cultures 9 pots #i #d4 ,field exp]im5ts #i ,,ii4 ,details ( ,me?ods #aj ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,copp] ,,comp\nds #ae ,i4 ,pres5ce ( ,copp] 9 ,plants #ae ,,ii4 ,effect ( ,copp] on ! ,gr[? ( ,high] ,plants #ag #a4 ,toxic effect #ag 7a7 ,toxic action ( copp] comp\nds alone 9 wat] cultures #ag 7b7 ,mask+ effect caus$ by addition ( soluble sub/ances to solutions ( copp] salts #bj 7c7 ,effect ( add+ insoluble sub/ances to solutions ( copp] salts #bb 7d7 ,effect ( copp] on plant gr[? :5 pres5t 9 soils #bd 7e7 ,mode ( action ( copp] on plants #be #b4 ,effect ( copp] on g]m9ation #bg 7a7 ,se$s #bg 7b7 ,spores & poll5 gra9s #bh #c4 ,does copp] /imulate high] plants8 #bh #d4 ,action ( copp] on organs o!r ?an roots #cj 7a7 ,effect ( copp] sprays on leaves #cj 7b7 ,effect ( solutions ( copp] salts on leaves #cb ,,iii4 ,effect ( ,copp] on ,c]ta9 ( ! ,l[] ,plants #cc ,conclusion #ce ,,iv4 ,,effect ,,( ,,z9c ,,comp\nds #cf ,i4 ,pres5ce ( ,z9c 9 ,plants #cf ,,ii4 ,effect ( ,z9c on ! ,gr[? ( ,high] ,plants #ch #a4 ,toxic effect #ch 7a7 ,toxic action ( z9c salts alone 9 wat] cultures #ch 7b7 ,effect ( soluble z9c salts 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5ts #ci 7c7 ,effect ( z9c comp\nds on plant gr[? :5 !y are pres5t 9 soils #da 7d7 ,mode ( action ( z9c on plants #dc #b4 ,effect ( z9c comp\nds on g]m9ation #dc #c4 ,/imulation induc$ by z9c comp\nds #de 7a7 ,/imulation 9 wat] cultures #de 7b7 ,/imulation 9 s& cultures #df 7c7 ,increas$ gr[? 9 soil #df #d4 ,direct action ( z9c salts on leaves #dg ,,iii4 ,effect ( ,z9c on ,c]ta9 ( ! ,l[] ,plants #dh ,conclusion #ej ,v4 ,,effect ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,comp\nds #ea ,i4 ,pres5ce ( ,ars5ic 9 ,plants #ea ,,ii4 ,effect ( ,ars5ic on ! ,gr[? ( ,high] ,plants #eb #a4 ,toxic effect #eb 7a7 ,toxic action ( ars5ic comp\nds 9 wat] cultures 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5ts #eb 7b7 ,toxic effect ( ars5ic comp\nds 9 s& cultures #eg 7c7 ,toxic effect ( ars5ic :5 appli$ to soil cultures #eg 7d7 ,physiological consid]ations #ei #b4 ,effect ( ars5ic comp\nds on g]m9ation #fj #c4 ,d ars5ic comp\nds /imulate high] plants8 #fa ,,iii4 ,effect ( ,ars5ic ,comp\nds on ,c]ta9 ( ! ,l[] ,plants #fb #a4 ,algae #fb #b4 ,fungi #fc ,conclusion #fd ,,vi4 ,,effect ,,( ,,boron ,,comp\nds #fe ,i4 ,pres5ce ( ,boron 9 ,plants #fe ,,ii4 ,effect ( ,boron on ! ,gr[? ( ,high] ,plants #fg #a4 ,toxic effect #fg 7a7 ,toxic action ( boron comp\nds 9 wat] cultures #fg 7b7 ,toxic action ( boron comp\nds 9 s& cultures #gj 7c7 ,toxic action ( boron comp\nds 9 soil exp]im5ts #ga #b4 ,effect ( boron comp\nds on g]m9ation #gb #c4 ,does boron /imulate high] plants8 #gc 7a7 ,wat] cultures #gc 7b7 ,s& cultures #gc 7c7 ,soil cultures #gd ,,iii4 ,effect ( ,boron ,comp\nds on ,c]ta9 ( ! ,l[] ,plants #gf ,conclusion #gg ,,vii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,manganese ,,comp\nds #gh ,i4 ,pres5ce ( ,manganese 9 ,plants #gh ,,ii4 ,effect ( ,manganese on ! ,gr[? ( ,high] ,plants #ha #a4 ,toxic effect #ha 7a7 ,toxic action ( manganese comp\nds 9 ! pres5ce ( soluble nutri5ts #ha 7b7 ,toxic action ( manganese comp\nds 9 s& cultures #hb 7c7 ,toxic action ( manganese comp\nds 9 soil cultures #hb #b4 ,effect ( manganese comp\nds on g]m9ation #hd #c4 ,does manganese /imulate high] plants8 #hd 7a7 ,/imulation 9 wat] cultures #he 7b7 ,/imulation 9 soil cultures #hf ,,iii4 ,effect ( ,manganese ,comp\nds on ,c]ta9 ( ! ,l[] ,plants #ij ,,iv4 ,physiological ,consid]ations ( ,manganese ,/imulation #ij ,conclusion #ib ,,viii4 ,,conclusions #ic ,,bibliography #ig ,,index ,,( ,,plant-,,names #ajg ,,g5]al ,,index #aji ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations x ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,sket* illu/rat+ wat] culture me?ods #ab #b4 ,photograph4 ,b>ley gr[n ) copp] sulphate ,to face #bj #c4 ,curve4 ,ditto #ba #d4 ,photograph4 ,peas gr[n ) copp] sulphate ,to face #bi #e4 ,curve4 ,ditto #bi #f4 ,curve4 ,b>ley gr[n ) z9c sulphate #dj #g4 ,photograph4 ,peas gr[n ) z9c sulphate ,to face #dj #h4 ,curve4 ,ditto #da #i4 ,photograph4 ,b>ley gr[n ) ars5i\s acid ,to face #ed #aj4 ,curve4 ,ditto #ee #aa4 ,curve4 ,peas gr[n ) ars5i\s acid #ee #ab4 ,curve4 ,b>ley gr[n ) ars5ic acid #ef #ac4 ,curve4 ,b>ley gr[n ) sodium ars5ite #ef #ad4 ,curve4 ,peas gr[n ) sodium ars5ite #eg #ae4 ,curve4 ,b>ley gr[n ) boric acid #fi #af4 ,photograph4 ,peas gr[n ) boric acid ,to face #fi #ag4 ,curve4 ,b>ley gr[n ) manganese sulphate #he #ah4 ,photograph4 ,ditto ,to face #hf #ai4 ,photograph4 ,peas gr[n ) manganese sulphate #hf ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,ev] s9ce ! physiological side ( botany began to em]ge f obscurity1 ! "q ( ! relation betwe5 ! nutrition & ! gr[? ( ! plant has occupi$ a =emo/ position4 ,all k9ds ( !ories1 bo? probable & improbable1 h be5 held z to ! way 9 :i* plants obta9 ! v>i\s compon5ts ( _! foods4 ,b q e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject x 0 ackn[l$g$ t ! soil 0 ! s\rce ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! plant food1 & t ! roots 7 ! organs by :i* !y 7 receiv$ into ! plant4 ,a new *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce 0 begun :5 ,liebig 9 #ahdj fir/ discuss$ ! importance ( inorganic or m9]al sub/ances 9 plant nutrition4 ,?is discussion l$ to a va/ am\nt ( "w deal+ ) ! problem ( nutrition f _m po9ts ( view1 & ! g5]al result has be5 ! sort+ out ( ! elem5ts into ?ree gr\ps1 nutritive1 indiff]5t1 & toxic4 ,?us calcium1 phosphorus1 nitrog5 & potassium are class$ z nutritive1 ars5ic1 copp] & boron z toxic1 & _m o!rs are reg>d$ z indiff]5t4 ,clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[s t ?is division into ?ree classes is too rigid4 ,n[ t exp]im5ts are m ref9$ x has become evid5t t no su* simple gr\p+ is possible4 ,x has be5 f\nd t typical nutri5t salts are toxic :5 !y are appli$ s+ly to ! plant 9 c]ta9 conc5trations1 ! toxic p[] decreas+ & ! nutritive function com+ into play m fully on ! addition ( o!r nutri5t salts4 ,= in/ance1 ,burl+ham f\nd t ! typical nutri5t magnesium sulphate 9 conc5trations above m_/#haib 7m molecul> weight7 is toxic to mo/ se$l+s1 ! degree ( toxicity v>y+ ) ! type ( se$l+ & ! conditions "u :i* gr[? takes place4 ,x w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ pages t ev5 su* a typical poison z boric acid may1 "u suitable conditions1 increase plant gr[? j z if x 7 a nutri5t4 ,a review ( ! :ole subject leads "o to conclude t 9 g5]al bo? fav\rable & unfav\rable conditions ( nutrition are pres5t side by side1 & only :5 a balance is /ruck 9 fav\r ( ! good conditions c satisfactory gr[? take place4 ,z indicat$ above1 exp]im5ts h %[n t ! v sub/ances t are ess5tial = plant food may be1 9 reality1 poison\s 9 _! action1 ex]cis+ a decid$ly depress+ or toxic influ5ce on ! plant :5 !y are pres5t$ s+ly to ! roots4 ,?is toxic action ( food salts is decreas$ :5 !y are mix$ toge!r1 s t ! addition ( "o toxic food solution to ano!r produces a mixture :i* is less toxic ?an ei!r ( its con/itu5ts4 ,consequ5tly a balanc$ solution c be made 9 :i* ! toxic effects ( ! v>i\s foods = a p>ticul> plant are r$uc$ to a m9imum1 enabl+ optimum gr[? to take place4 ,su* a mixture ( plant foods occurs 9 ! soil1 ! composition ( c\rse v>y+ ) ! soil4 ,:ile ! e>lie/ obs]vations set =? ! poison\s action ( v>i\s sub/ances ^u plants1 x 0 n long be=e inve/igators f\nd t "u c]ta9 conditions ^! v sub/ances seem$ to ex]t a b5eficial r ?an an injuri\s action4 ,! poisons 7 !re=e said to act z 8/imulants0 :5 !y 7 pres5t$ to ! plant 9 suffici5tly great dilution4 ,?is /imulation 0 notic$ ) v>i\s plants & ) sev]al poisons1 & a hypo!sis 0 br\ght =w>d t attempt$ to reconcile ! new facts ) ! old conceptions4 ,any poison1 x 0 sugge/$1 might act z a /imulant1 if giv5 9 suffici5tly small doses4 ,x w be se5 9 ! foll[+ pages t ?is is n univ]sally true1 su* sub/ances z copp]1 z9c1 & ars5ic fail+ to /imulate c]ta9 plants ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute quantities s f> te/$4 ,( rec5t ye>s inve/igators 9 animal physiology h br\ght into prom95ce ! /rik+ effect ( m9ute quantities ( c]ta9 sub/ances 9 animal nutrition1 z = example iod9e 9 ! ?yroid gl& 7see ,e4 ,baumann1 #ahie74 ,?is & o!r "w has r5d]$ x imp]ative to re-exam9e ! p>allel problems 9 plant physiology4 ,! words 8/imulant0 & 8/imulation0 !mselves ne$ m precise def9ition4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! 8/imulation0 notic$ by "o obs]v] is n necess>ily held to be su* by ano!r4 ,/imulation may express itself 9 v>i\s ways--! gre5 weight & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! fre% plant may be improv$1 ! dry weight may be increas$1 ! transpiration curr5t may be hurri$ up1 entail+ increas$ absorption ( wat] & food sub/ances by ! roots1 assimilation processes may be enc\rag$4 ,b ^! b5efits are n ( necessity correlat$ ) "o ano!r1 e4g4 a plant treat$ ) a dilute solution ( poison may look mu* heal?i] & weigh f> m 9 ! gre5 /ate ?an an untreat$ plant1 :]eas ! latt] may prove ! heavi] 9 ! dry /ate4 ,to a m>ket g>d5] to :om size & appe>ance is s important1 /imulation means an improvem5t 9 8 cabbages & lettuces 9 ! gre5 /ate1 ev5 ?\gh ! increas$ weight is *iefly due to additional wat] absorb$ "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ! /imulative ag5t1 :]eas to a sci5tific obs]v]1 ! dry weight may give a m accurate e/imate ( /imulation 9 t x expresses m fully an increas$ activity 9 ! vital functions ( ! plant :]eby ! nutritive & assimilative processes h gone on m rapidly1 ) a consequ5t increase 9 ! deposition ( tissue4 ,:ile /imulation expresses itself 9 ! ways detail$ above poison+ action also makes itself visible to ! eye4 ,badly poison$ plants ei!r fail to gr[ at all or else make v little or weak gr[?4 ,ev5 :5 less badly affect$ ! toxic action is well %[n 9 "s cases by ! flaccidity ( ! roots1 & 9 o!rs by ! =mation ( a 8/rangulation0 ne> ! cr[n ( ! root1 :i* spreads to ! /em1 mak+ x into a ?9 ?read1 :ile ! leaves usually )] & die4 ,if su* plants z peas are able to make any %oot gr[? at all ! roots %[ signs ( a desp]ate attempt to put =? lat]als4 ,! prim>y root gets mu* ?ick5$ & !n bur/s d[n f\r sides1 ! tips ( ! lat]als all try+ to =ce _! way ?r\gh 9 a bun*1 b fail+ to d s on com+ 9 contact ) ! poison4 ,mo/ curi\s mal=mations ( ! root arise f ?is /rong ef=t ( ! plant to fight aga9/ adv]se circum/ances4 ,:ile all ! inorganic sub/ances exam9$ 9 ?is monograph are toxic 9 high conc5trations1 "s lead to increas$ gr[? 9 l[] conc5trations1 :ile o!rs app>5tly h no effect4 ,9 ?is s5se all sub/ances c\ld be class$ z tox9s1 ev5 ! nutri5ts4 ,?us ! old di/9ction betwe5 tox9 & nutri5t has n[ lo/ its %>pness1 b x does n lose all its significance4 ,! old 8nutri5ts0 _h c]ta9 def9ite *>act]s 9 common1 9 t !y 7 ess5tial to plant gr[?1 ! gr[? be+ 9 a great degree proportional to ! supply1 a relatively l>ge am\nt ( ! nutri5ts be+ n only tol]at$ b necess>y4 ,! sub/ances dealt ) m p>ticul>ly 9 ?is book h none ( ^! *>act]s4 ,ev5 ^? t cause increas$ gr[? d n appe> to be ess5tial1 at any rate n 9 ! quantities t potassium1 phosphorus1 nitrog51 c41 are ess5tial1 :ile !re is no evid5ce t gr[? is proportional to supply4 ,! sub/ances fall into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ,^? t app>5tly become indiff]5t 9 high dilutions & nev] produce any increase 9 plant gr[?4 7#b7 ,^? t cause a small1 b q di/9ct1 increas$ gr[? :5 appli$ 9 quantities suffici5tly small4 ,! =m] gr\p may be legitimately reg>d$ z tox9s2 ! latt] pres5t m difficulty & ev5 n[ _! function is n settl$4 ,x is n cle> :e!r !y /imulate ! protoplasm or 9 "s way ha/5 ! metabolic processes 9 ! plant1 :e!r !y help ! roots 9 _! absorb5t "w1 or :e!r !y are simple nutri5ts ne$$ only 9 inf9itesimal quantities4 ,! two gr\ps1 h[ev]1 _c be %>ply sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,inde$ a sub/ance may be put into "o ( ^! classes on ! basis ( exp]im5ts made ) "o plant alone & into ano!r :5 a diff]5t plant is us$1 :ile x is q conceivable t fur!r exp]im5ts ) o!r plants may aboli% ! division betwe5 ! two gr\ps altoge!r4 ,x is ev5 impossible to speak rigidly ( toxicity4 ,! addition ( ! inorganic food salts to solutions ( a poison r$uces ! toxicity ( ! latt]1 s t ! plant makes good gr[? 9 ! pres5ce ( f> m poison ?an x c )/& 9 ! abs5ce ( ! nutri5ts4 ,?is mask+ effect ( ! inorganic food salts ^u ! toxicity ( inorganic plant poisons is p>allel$ by a simil> action on organic toxic ag5ts4 ,s*re9] & ,re$ 7#aijh7 f\nd t ! addition ( a second solute to a solution decreases ! toxicity ( t solution2 fur!r ! plant itself may ex]cise a modify+ influ5ce ^u ! toxic ag5t4 ,wat] culture exp]im5ts 7 made ^u ! toxicity ( c]ta9 organic comp\nds1 ) & )\t ! addition ( o!r inorganic salts4 ,arbut91 vanill91 & cum>9 7 def9itely toxic & ! toxicity decid$ly fell (f aft] ! addition ( sodium nitrate & calcium c>bonate1 especially ) ! weak] solutions ( ! tox9s4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 :ile weak] solutions ( vanill9 alone produc$ /imulation1 ! /imulat+ effect ( ?is toxic ag5t disappe>$ entirely on ! addition ( ! inorganic sub/ances4 ,! results %[$ t ! addition ( c]ta9 inorganic salts to solutions ( toxic organic comp\nds 0 decid$ly b5eficial to ! plant4 ,ano!r important problem has come to ! front ) reg>d to ^! toxic sub/ances--,h[ d ^! sub/ances get into ! plant8 ,are !y all absorb$ if !y occur 9 ! soil1 or is !re any discrim9atory p[] on ! "p ( ! root8 ,9 o!r words1 d ! roots p]=ce take 9 ev]y?+ t is pres5t$ to _! surfaces1 or h !y ! p[] ( mak+ a selection1 absorb+ ! useful & reject+ ! useless & h>mful8 ,daub5y 7#ahcc7 describ$ exp]im5ts 9 :i* v>i\s plants1 z radi%1 cabbage1 ,vicia ,faba1 hemp & b>ley 7 gr[n actually on sulphate ( /rontium or on soils wat]$ ) nitrate ( /rontium4 ,no /rontium c\ld be detect$ 9 ! a% ( any ( ! plants save b>ley1 & !n only ! m]e/ trace 0 f\nd4 ,daub5y conclud$ t ! roots 7 able to reject /rontium ev5 :5 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a solution4 8,^u ! :ole1 !n1 ,i see no?+1 s f> z exp]im5ts h yet gone1 to invalidate ! conclusion 444 t ! roots ( plants d1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 possess a p[] ( selection1 & t ! e>?y con/itu5ts :i* =m ! basis ( _! solid p>ts are det]m9$ z to quality by "s prim>y law ( nature1 al?\gh _! am\nt may dep5d ^u ! m or less abundant supply ( ! pr9ciples pres5t$ to !m f )\t40 ,"s ye>s aft]1 9 #ahfb1 ,daub5y rev]t$ to ! idea1 /at+ 8,i %\ld be incl9$ to inf] t ! spongioles ( ! roots h resid+ 9 !m "s specific p[] ( exclud+ ^? con/itu5ts ( ! soil t are abnormal &1 !re=e1 unsuitable to ! plant1 b t !y take up ^? :i* are normal 9 any proportions 9 :i* !y may *ance to pres5t !mselves#a40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n held to apply to su* corrosive sub/ances z copp] sulphate4 ,de ,saussure _h f\nd t ,polygonum ,p]sec>ia took up copp] sulphate 9 l>ge quantities1 a circum/ance :i* he attribut$ to ! poison\s & corrosive quality ( ?is sub/ance1 ow+ to :i* ! texture ( ! cells became disorganis$ & ! entrance ( ! solution into ! vegetable texture took place z freely1 p]haps1 z if ! plants _h be5 actually sev]$ asund]#b4 ,daub5y conclud$ t a plant is unable to exclude poisons ( a corrosive nature1 z ?is quality ( ! sub/ance de/roys ! vitality ( ! absorb+ surface ( ! roots & ?us r$uces x to ! condition ( a simple membrane :i* by endosmosis absorbs :atev] is pres5t$ to its ext]nal surfaces1 s t :5ev] abnormal sub/ances are tak5 up by a liv+ plant x is 9 consequ5ce ( "s int]f]5ce ) ! vital functions ( ! roots caus$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! delet]i\s influ5ce ( ! ag5t employ$4 #a ,?is idea ( a selectivity ( ! roots has be5 rec5tly reviv$ by ,col9 & ,lavison 7#aiaj7 :o f\nd t :5 peas 7 gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( b>ium1 /rontium or calcium salts no trace ( b>ium c\ld be f\nd 9 ! /em1 /rontium only occurr$ 9 small quantities1 :ile calcium 0 pres5t 9 abundance4 ,!y conclud$ t app>5tly salts ( ! two latt] alkal9e metals c\ld be absorb$ by ! roots & transf]r$ to ! /em & o!r organs1 b t ?is is n ! case ) salts ( b>ium4 ,!y obta9$ simil> results ) o!r plants1 beans1 l5tils1 lup9s1 maize1 :eat1 hyac9?4 ,_! pro( is n rigid1 & exception c\ld be tak5 to x on *emical gr\nds4 #b ,vide ,daub5y1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 7#ahfb71 p4 #baj4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w t has be5 done on ?is subject ( toxic action & /imulation x is yet too e>ly to discuss ! matt] 9 any real detail4 ,a volum9\s lit]ature has aris5 ar\nd ! subject1 & 9 ! pres5t discussion "s selection has be5 made ) a view to pres5t+ asc]ta9$ facts z succ9ctly z possible4 ,no attempt has be5 made to notice all ! pap]s2 _m h be5 omitt$ p]=ce2 x w\ld h be5 impossible to deal ) ! matt] )9 reasonable l5g? o!rwise4 ,a full & complete acc\nt w\ld h dem&$ a pond]\s treatise4 ,?is widespread int]e/ on ! "p ( inve/igators is fully ju/ifi$1 z ! problems "u discussion are n only ( ! highe/ possible int]e/ to ! plant physiologi/1 b hold out consid]able promise = ! practical agriculturi/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+ ,i4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,me?ods4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! scatt]$ inve/igations on plant poisons & /imulants1 v>i\s exp]im5tal me?ods h be5 br\ght into use1 b ^! all fall into ! two ma9 categories ( wat] & soil cultures1 ) ! exception ( a few s& cultures :i* hold a k9d ( int]m$iate position1 comb9+ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ea* ( ! ma9 gr\ps4 ,! conditions ( plant life app]ta9+ to soil & wat] cultures are totally diff]5t1 s diff]5t t x is impossible to assume t a result obta9$ by "o ( ! exp]im5tal me?ods mu/ ( necessity hold good 9 respect ( ! o!r me?od4 ,a c]ta9 simil>ity does exi/1 & :]e p>allel inve/igations h be5 c>ri$ out ?is becomes evid5t1 b x seems to be m or less individual1 ! plant1 ! poison & ! cultural conditions ea* play+ a "p 9 det]m9+ ! matt]4 #a4 ,wat] cultures4 ,?is me?od ( cultivation repres5ts ! simple/ type ( exp]im5t4 ,its great advantage is t ! inve/igator has absolute control ov] all ! exp]im5tal conditions4 ,nutritive salts & toxic sub/ances c be suppli$ 9 exact quantities & d n suff] loss or *ange by int]action ) o!r sub/ances :i* are beyond control4 ,any precipitates :i* may =m 9 ! food solution are conta9$ )9 ! culture vessel & are available = use if ne$$4 ,! results are ?us mo/ useful z aids 9 int]pret+ ! mean+ ( ^? f ! field exp]im5ts1 ! results ( ! "o me?od frequ5tly dovetail+ 9 ) ^? ( ! o!r 9 a rem>kable way4 ,! disadvantage ( ! wat] culture me?od is t x is m or less unnatural1 z ! roots ( ! plants are gr[n 9 a m$ium q unlike t :i* !y meet 9 nature1 a liquid m$ium replac+ ! solid "o1 s t ! roots h free access to e "p ( ! sub/ratum )\t meet+ any opposition to _! spread until ! walls ( ! culture vessel are rea*$4 ,! conditions ( a]ation are also diff]5t1 = :ile ! plant roots meet ) gase\s air 9 ! int]/ices ( ! soil1 9 wat] cultures !y are dep5d5t ^u ! air dissolv$ 9 ! solution1 s t respiration takes place "u unusual conditions4 ,x is possible t ! pov]ty ( ! air supply c be ov]come by regul> a]ation ( ! solution1 result+ 9 decid$ improvem5t 9 gr[?1 z ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood 7#aiac7 has %[n 9 rec5t "w on b>ley 9 :i* cont9u$ a]ation 0 c>ri$ out4 #b4 ,s& cultures4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ov] wat] cultures 9 t ! environm5t ( ! plant roots is some:at m natural1 b on ! o!r h& ! "w is cumb]some & co/ly1 :ile ! conditions ( nutrition1 wat]+1 c41 are less "u control ?an 9 ! wat] cultures4 ,s& cultures repres5t an attempt to comb9e ! advantages ( bo? soil & wat] cultures1 )\t _! respective disadvantages4 ,g5]ally speak+ p]fectly clean s& is us$ v>y+ 9 co>s5ess 9 diff]5t te/s1 & ?is is impregnat$ ) nutritive solutions suitable = plant gr[?4 ,! s& is practically insoluble & sets up no *emical int]action ) ! nutritive comp\nds1 :ile x provides a m$ium = ! gr[? ( ! plant roots :i* approximates some:at to a natural soil4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( adsorption or )drawal f solution occurs1 :]eby a c]ta9 proportion ( ! food salts are affiliat$1 s to speak1 to ! s& p>ticles & are s held t !y are remov$ f ! nutritive solution 9 ! int]spaces & are n available = plant food1 ! nutritive solution be+ ?us weak5$4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! poisons t are add$1 s t ! conc5tration ( ! toxic sub/ance us$ 9 ! exp]im5t does n necess>ily indicate ! conc5tration 9 :i* x is pres5t$ to ! plant roots4 ,on ! o!r h&1 undue conc5tration ( ! solution is apt to occur on acc\nt ( ! excessive evaporation f ! surface ( ! s&4 ,! s& p>ticles are relatively s co>se 9 comp>ison ) soil p>ticles t ! wat] is held loosely & s is easily lo/ by evaporation1 ?us conc5trat+ ! solution at ! surface1 a condition t does n apply 9 soil "w4 ,) c>e ?is disadvantage is easily ov]come z x is possible to weigh ! pots regul>ly & to make up ! evaporation loss by ! addition ( wat]4 #c4 ,soil cultures 9 pots4 ,9 ?is case ! conditions ( life are /ill m natural1 z ! plant roots f9d !mselves 9 _! normal m$ium ( soil4 ,b ! inve/igator has n[ f> less control1 & bact]ial & o!r actions come into play1 :ile ! nutri5ts & poisons suppli$ may set up int]actions ) ! soil :i* x is impossible to fa?om4 ,?is me?od is useful 9 ! laboratory z x is m conv5i5t = h&l+ & gives m exact quantitative results ?an plot exp]im5ts4 ,also ! pots c be protect$ f _m ( ! unt[>d exp]i5ces t are likely to befall ! crops 9 ! op5 field4 ,! conditions are some:at m artificial1 z ! root sy/ems are conf9$ & ! dra9age is n natural1 b on ! :ole ! results ( pot exp]im5ts are v closely alli$ to ^? obta9$ 9 ! field by simil> te/s4 #d4 ,field exp]im5ts4 ,^! make a direct appeal to ! practical man1 b ( ! sci5tific me?ods employ$ ! field exp]im5ts are ! lea/ "u control4 ,! plants are gr[n "u ! mo/ natural conditions ( cultivation x is possible to obta91 & = t reason mu* value has be5 atta*$ to su* te/s4 ,c]ta9ly1 s f> z ! f9al practical application is conc]n$1 op5 field exp]im5ts are ! only ones :i* give in=mation ( ! k9d requir$4 ,b f ! sci5tific po9t ( view "o v great drawback exi/s 9 ! lack ( control t ! inve/igator has ov] ! conditions ( exp]im5t4 ,! se$s1 application ( poison1 c41 c all be regulat$ to a nicety1 b ! con/itution ( ! soil itself & ! soil conditions ( moi/ure1 temp]ature & a]ation introduce factors :i* are highly v>iable4 ,no "o c h any idea ( ! composition ( ! soil ev5 9 a s+le field1 z x may v>y1 sometimes v consid]ably1 at e /ep4 ,fur!r1 no "o kn[s ! complicat$ action t may or may n occur 9 ! soil on ! addition ( extrane\s sub/ances su* z manures or poisons4 ,altoge!r1 "o is work+ q 9 ! d>k z to k ( :at is go+ on r\nd ! plant roots4 ,x is impossible to attribute ! results obta9$ to ! direct action ( ! poison appli$4 ,:ile ! influ5ce may be direct1 x may also happ5 t c]ta9 *emical & physical int]actions ( soil & poison occur1 & t ! action on ! plant is second>y & n prim>y1 s t a delet]i\s or b5eficial result is n necess>ily due to ! action ( ! toxic or /imulat+ sub/ance directly on ! plant1 b x may be an indirect effect induc$ possibly by an increase or decrease 9 ! available plant food1 or to "s o!r physiological factor4 ,consequ5tly great c>e is ne$$ 9 int]pret+ ! results ( field exp]im5ts )\t ! due consid]ation ( ^? obta9$ by o!r me?ods4 ,,ii4 ,,details ,,( ,,me?ods4 ,_m details ( ! s& & soil culture me?ods h be5 publi%$ by v>i\s inve/igators1 e4g4 ,hiltn] gives acc\nts ( s& cultures1 :ile ! v>i\s publications issu$ f ,ro?am/$ deal l>gely ) ! soil exp]im5ts4 ,z ?is is ! case1 & z all crucial exp]im5ts h always be5 & mu/ always be done 9 wat] cultures1 x is only necess>y to give "h full details ( ^!4 ,! great ess5tial = success 9 wat] culture "w is /rict att5tion to detail4 ,cleanl9ess ( app>atus & purity ( reag5ts are absolutely indisp5sable1 z ! failure ( a set ( cultures c (t5 be trac$ to a slight irregul>ity 9 "o ( ^! two directions4 ,purity ( di/ill$ wat] is p]haps ! greate/ ess5tial ( all4 ,plant roots are extraord9>ily s5sitive to ! pres5ce ( small traces ( delet]i\s matt] 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 especially :5 !y are gr[n 9 ! abs5ce ( food salts4 ,ord9>y comm]cial di/ill$ wat] is g5]ally useless z ! /eam frequ5tly passes ?r\gh tubes & *amb]s :i* get incru/$ ) v>i\s impurities1 metallic & o!rwise1 ( :i* slight traces get into ! di/ill$ wat]4 ,loew 7#ahia7 %[$ t wat] :i* conta9$ slight traces ( copp]1 lead or z9c d]iv$ f di/ill+ app>atus ex]cis$ a toxic influ5ce :i* 0 n evid5t 9 glass di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is poison\s effect 0 remov$ by filt]+ ?r\gh c>bon du/ or fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,app>5tly only ab\t ! fir/ #be litres ( di/ill$ wat] 7 toxic1 9 ! lat] di/illate ! delet]i\s sub/ance 0 n evid5t4 ,! be/ wat] to use is t di/ill$ 9 a j5a glass /ill1 ! /eam be+ pass$ ?r\gh a j5a glass cond5s]4 ,= "w on a l>ge scale1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to get a suffici5t supply ( su* wat]1 :ile ! dang] ( breakage is v great4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ 7 made to f9d a metallic /ill t w\ld supply pure wat]4 ,:ile silv] salts are v injuri\s to plant gr[? x 0 f\nd t wat] t _h be5 9 contact ) pure metallic silv] _h no h>mful action4 ,consequ5tly a /ill 0 con/ruct$ 9 :i* ! cool+ dome & ! gutt]s 7 made ( pure silv] )\t any alloy1 s plac$ t ! /eam imp+$ ^u ! silv] dome1 cond5s$ into ! silv] gutt] & 0 c>ri$ (f by a glass tube into ! receptacle4 ,su* wat] prov$ p]fectly satisfactory s long z any necess>y repairs to ! /ill 7 made ) pure silv]1 b a toxic action set 9 directly ord9>y sold] 0 employ$4 ,m rec5tly a new t9n$ copp] /ill has be5 employ$ ) good results1 b ?is is some:at dang]\s = g5]al purposes1 z 9 ! ev5t ( ! t9 we>+ (f 9 any place1 copp] poison+ sets 9 at once4 ,! wat] is always filt]$ ?r\gh a good lay] ( *>coal z a f9al precaution aga9/ impurity4 ,9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts no attempt is made to c>ry on ! cultures "u /]ile conditions4 ,bottles ( #fjj c4c4 capacity are us$1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly clean$ by prolong$ boil+ 7ab\t f\r h\rs7 foll[$ by wa%+ & r9s+4 ,! bottles are fill$ ) nutritive solution & ! appropriate dose ( poison1 c>efully labell$ & cov]$ ) ?ick br[n pap] coats to exclude ! light f ! roots & to prev5t ! gr[? ( unicellul> gre5 algae4 ,! corks to fit ! bottles are ei!r us$ br& new or1 if old1 are /]ilis$ 9 ! autoclave to avoid any g]m contam9ation f previ\s exp]im5ts4 ,lack ( c>e 9 ?is respect leads to diseas$ conditions due to ! gr[? ( fungi & h>mful bact]ia4 ,two holes are bor$ 9 ea* cork1 "o to admit air1 ! o!r to hold ! plant1 & ! cork is cut into two pieces ?r\gh ! latt] hole4 ,! se$s ( ! exp]im5tal plants are 8grad$10 weigh$ s t !y only v>y )9 c]ta9 limits1 e4g4 b>ley may be #je-jf gm41 peas #c-ce gm41 buck:eat #jb-jc gm4 ,9 ?is way a m uni=m crop is obta9$4 ,great c>e is ne$$ 9 select+ ! se$s1 ! pure/ /ra9 possible be+ obta9$ 9 ea* case4 ,) b>ley x has always prov$ possible to get a pure p$igree /ra91 orig9ally rais$ f a s+le e>4 ,9 ?is way mu* ( ! difficulty due to ! great individuality ( ! plants is ov]come1 ?\gh t is a factor t mu/ always be recognis$ & reckon$ )4 ,! se$s are s[n 9 damp sawdu/--clean deal sawdu/1 sift$ & mix$ up ) wat] into a nice crumbly mass--& z soon z !y h g]m9at$ & ! plantlets are big en\gh to h&le !y are put into ! culture solutions4 ,b>ley plants are ins]t$ 9 ! corks ) ! aid ( a little cotton wool 7non-absorb5t7 to support !m1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! se$ above ! level ( ! wat]1 ?\gh x is bel[ ! cork4 ,) peas x is impossible to get a satisfactory crop if ! se$ is bel[ ! cork1 z ! plant is v prone to bact]ial & fungal infection 9 its e>ly /ages1 & damp cotyl$ons are fatal = ?is reason4 ,consequ5tly ! m\?s ( ! bottles are cov]$ ) /\t c>tridge pap]1 ! pea root be+ ins]t$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! pap]1 s t ! root is 9 ! liquid :ile ! cotyl$ons re/ on ! surface4 ,z soon z suffici5t gr[? has be5 made ! pap]s are replac$ by corks1 ! remnants ( ! se$s /ill be+ kept on top 9 ! air4 ,o!r plants are treat$ accord+ to _! individual ne$s & mode ( g]m9ation 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,diagrammatic sket*es %[+ me?ods ( sett+ up wat] cultures4 ,a4 a4 ,se$l+ ( c]eal4 b4 ,cork bor$ ) two holes1 & cut into two pieces ?r\gh "o hole4 c4 ,food solution4 ,b4 a4 ,pea se$l+4 b4 ,pap] %ield :i* supports ! se$l+4 c4 ,br[n pap] cov] ov] bottle ( food solution4 ,! con/itution ( ! nutritive solution is important1 & x is becom+ m & m evid5t t diff]5t plants h diff]5t optima 9 ?is respect4 ,= sev]al ye>s a solution ( m$ium /r5g? 0 us$1 conta9+ ! foll[+3 ,potassium nitrate #aj gram ,magnesium sulphate #e ,sodium *loride #e ,calcium sulphate #e ,potassium di-hydrog5 phosphate #e ,f]ric *loride #jd ,di/ill$ wat] to make up #a litre4 ,?is is an excell5t solution = b>ley plants1 giv+ good & heal?y gr[?4 ,:ile peas grew v well 9 x1 !y %[$ "s slight signs ( ov]-nutrition4 ,a weak] solution is be+ te/$ :i* gives v good results4 ,peas gr[ v /rongly 9 x & x also seems to be suffici5tly conc5trat$ to all[ b>ley to c>ry on its gr[? long en\gh = ! purposes ( exp]im5t4 ,! solution is z foll[s3 ,sodium nitrate #e gram ,potassium nitrate #b ,potassium di-hydrog5 phosphate #a ,calcium sulphate #a ,magnesium sulphate #a ,sodium *loride #a ,f]ric *loride #jd ,di/ill$ wat] to make up #a litre4 ,! latt] solution 0 made up s t ! quantity ( phosphoric acid & pota% approximat$ m or less to ! am\nt ( ^? sub/ances f\nd by analysis 9 an extract made f a good soil4 ,! exp]im5ts are usually c>ri$ on = p]iods v>y+ f #d-aj weeks1 six weeks be+ ! av]age "t4 ,c>eful notes are made dur+ gr[? & ev5tually ! plants are remov$ f ! solutions1 ! roots are wa%$ 9 clean wat] to remove adh]5t food salts1 & !n ! plants are dri$ & weigh$ ei!r sep>ately or 9 sets4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! error due to ! individuality ( ! plants1 five1 t5 or ev5 tw5ty simil> sets are gr[n 9 ea* exp]im5tal s]ies1 ! mean dry weight be+ tak5 f9ally4 ,also ! same exp]im5t is repeat$ sev]al times be=e any def9ite conclusions are drawn4 ,ano!r me?od ( wat] cultures is us$ by "s inve/igators1 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts only la/ = a few h\rs or days1 usually #bd-dh h\rs4 ,:ile su* exp]im5ts may n be )\t value = det]m9+ ! broad] outl9es ( toxic poison+1 !y fail to %[ ! f9] details4 ,! effect ( c]ta9 /r5g?s ( poison is n always imm$iate4 ,too great conc5trations kill ! plant at once1 too weak solutions fail to h any appreciable imm$iate action & s appe> indiff]5t4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes !re exi/s a range ( conc5trations ( :i* ! effect v>ies ) ! plant's gr[?4 ,a solution may be ( su* a nature & /r5g? t at fir/ gr[? is s]i\sly *eck$1 ?\gh lat] on "s recov]y may be made1 :ile x is also possible t a conc5tration :i* is app>5tly indiff]5t at fir/ may prove m or less toxic or /imulant at a lat] date1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,consequ5tly too mu* /ress mu/ n be laid ^u ! results ( ! %ort "t exp]im5ts ) reg>d to ! ultimate effect ( a poison ^u a p>ticul> plant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s exp]im5tal me?ods %[s t :ile no "o ( !m is ideal1 yet ea* ( !m has a def9ite contribution to make to ! inve/igation ( toxic & /imulant sub/ances4 ,ea* me?od aids 9 ! elucidation ( ! problem f a diff]5t /&po9t1 & ! comb9ation ( ! results obta9$ gives "o a cle>] picture ( ! tru? ?an c\ld be obta9$ by "o me?od alone4 ,wat] cultures1 ) _! exactitude ( quantitative control lead on by way ( s& cultures to pot cultures1 & ^! to field exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! control is l>gely lo/1 b 9 :i* ! practical application is br\ght to ! front4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,effect ,,( ,,copp] ,,comp\nds ,i4 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,copp] ,,9 ,,plants4 ,copp] has be5 recognis$ z a normal con/itu5t ( c]ta9 plants = at lea/ a c5tury1 s mu* s t 9 #ahaf ,meissn] br\ght out a pap] deal+ solely ) ! copp] cont5t ( v>i\s plant a%es4 ,! a% ( ,c>damomum m9us1 ( ! root ( ,curcuma longa1 & ( 8,p>adieskrn]#c10 among/ o!rs1 7 te/$ & all yield$ copp] 9 v small quantity4 ,meissn] 0 l$ to conclude t copp] is widespread 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 b t x exi/s 9 su* m9ute traces t its det]m9ation 9 plants is exce$+ly difficult4 ,9 #ahba ,phillips made an int]e/+ obs]vation z to ! effect ( copp] on vegetation4 ,"s oxide ( copp] 0 accid5tally put ne> ! roots ( a "y popl>1 & soon aft] ! plant began to fail4 ,! l[] bran*es di$ (f fir/1 b ! h>m gradually spread to ! topmo/ leaves4 ,z a pro( t copp] _h be5 absorb$ by ! plant ! record tells t ! blade ( a knife ) :i* a bran* 0 sev]$ 0 cov]$ ) a film ( copp] :]e x _h be5 ?r\gh ! bran*1 & ! dea? ( ! plant 0 attribut$ to ! absorb$ copp]4 #c ,^! are 8gra9s ( ,p>adise10 ,gu9ea gra9s1 or meleguetta pepp]4 ,!y are ! se$s ( ,amomum melegueta & ,a4 ,granum-,p>adisi1 ,n4,o4 ,z+ib]aceae4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y break+ ( ! gr\nd little m seems to h be5 done = "s sixty ye>s1 b f ab\t #ahhj till ! pres5t day ! association ( copp] ) ! vegetable k+dom has be5 actively inve/igat$ 9 its _m aspects4 ,dieulafait 7#ahhj7 %[$ t ! quantity ( copp] pres5t 9 ! vegetation is l>gely det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! soil1 :i* ?us affects ! ease ) :i* ! elem5t c be detect$ & e/imat$4 ,copp] 0 %[n to exi/ 9 all plants :i* gr[ on soils ( 8prim>y orig90 78ro*es de la =mation primordiale071 ! proportion be+ suffici5t to enable x to be recognis$ ) c]ta9ty 9 "o gram ( a%1 ev5 by means ( ! ammonia reaction4 ,samples ( :ite oak f ! clay soils1 & plants f ! dolomitic horizons also gave evid5ce ( copp] 9 "o gram ( a%1 ?\gh less 0 pres5t ?an 9 ! fir/ case consid]$1 b ) plants gr[n on relatively pure *alk #ajj grams ( a% _h to be exam9$ be=e copp] c\ld be recognis$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,e4 ,o4 von ,lippman f\nd traces ( copp] 9 beets1 beet leaves1 & beet products2 ,pass]9i e/imat$ z mu* z #jhb copp] 9 ! /em ( *ickpea plants1 ?\gh he reg>d$ ?is figure z too high2 ,hatt5saur det]m9$ #bff ,cu,o 9 ! total a% ( ,mol9ia crulea 7#jjf ( total plant1 air-dri$74 ,aft] ?is ,lehmann 7#ahie1 #ahif7 c>ri$ out m exhau/ive /udies on ! subject ( detect+ & e/imat+ ! copp] 9 v>i\s articles ( food3 :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats1 maize1 buck:eat1 & also 9 v>i\s makes ( bread2 potatoes1 beans1 l9se$1 salads1 apricots & pe>s2 cocoa & *ocolate4 ,he f\nd t only 9 ^? plants :i* are gr[n on soil ri* 9 copp] does ! copp] rea* any consid]able value1 a value :i* lies f> above ! quantity pres5t 9 an ord9>y soil4 ,plants f ! =m] soils conta9$ z mu* z #hc-efj mg4 ,cu 9 #a kilog4 dry sub/ance1 :]eas ord9>ily ! plants only conta9$ f a trace to #bj mg4 ,app>5tly ! species ( ! plants conc]n$ seems to be ( less importance = _! copp] cont5t ?an is ! copp] cont5t ( ! soil4 ,! deposition ( copp] 79 :eat1 buck:eat & paprika7 is *iefly 9 ! /ems & leaves1 little be+ convey$ to ! fruits & se$s1 s t a high cont5t ( copp] 9 ! soil does n necess>ily imply ! pres5ce ( mu* copp] 9 ! gra9 & se$4 ,! metal is v>i\sly di/ribut$ among ! tissues1 ! b>k ( ! wood be+ ! ri*e/ ( ! a]ial p>ts 9 t sub/ance4 ,! =m 9 :i* ! copp] exi/s 9 ! plant is unc]ta9 & x is sugge/$ t an album9\s copp] comp\nd possibly exi/s4 ,v$rdi 7#ahic7 tackl$ ! problem at ab\t ! same "t z ,lehmann b f a r diff]5t /&po9t4 ,he ratifies ! /atem5t z to ! absorption ( copp] by plants1 & go+ /ill fur!r he /ates t 9 "s cases ! p]c5tage ( copp] f\nd 9 ! se$ may be f\r times z great z t occurr+ 9 ! soil on :i* ! plants gr[1 quot+ "o in/ance 9 :i* ! soil conta9$ #jea ,cu,o & ! se$ #bf ,cu,o4 ,x is assum$ t copp] mu/ play "s physiological rle 9 ! plant1 b no explanation ( ?is action is yet =?com+4 ,lehmann criticis$ ,v$rdi's figures ( ! copp] cont5t ( c]ta9 plant a%es1 & ! latt] repli$ 9 a fur!r pap] 7#ahif7 9 :i* he br+s mo/ int]e/+ facts to light4 ,! quantity ( copp] 9 any species ( plant v>ies ) ! individuals ( t species1 ev5 :5 gr[n on ! same soil1 9 ! same ye>1 & "u simil> conditions4 ,! copp] cont5t ( c]ta9 plants is put =w>d z a table1 ! ye>s #ahid & #ahie be+ comp>$1 & enorm\s diff]5ces are to be notic$ 9 "s cases4 ,a quotation ( ! table w illu/rate ?is m cle>ly ?an any am\nt ( explanation4 ,milligrams ( copp] 9 #a kilog4 dry matt]4 #ahid #ahie _/ _/ 8,se$s0 m94 max4 m94 max4 ,w9t] :eat #hj #gaj #bjj #fhj ,summ] :eat #aij #fcj #aij #bcj ,maize #fj #ij #aj #cj ,b>ley #hj #abj #aj #gj ,oats #dj #aij #dj #bjj ,buck:eat #afj #fdj #aej #afj 8,fisol50 7,beans7 #afj #cbj #aaj #aej ,l9se$ #abj #aej #aaj #aej ,peas #fj #ajj #fj #aaj ,soy ,beans #gj #ajj #gj #hj ,lup9s #hj #aij #gj #bij ,mu/>d se$ #gj #acj #fj #gj ,paprika pods #gij #acej #bcj #djj ,,ii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,copp] ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,high] ,,plants4 #a4 ,toxic effect4 7a7 ,toxic action ( copp] comp\nds alone 9 wat] cultures4 ,! me?od ( wat] cultures has be5 l>gely appli$ to det]m9e ! relation ( copp] comp\nds to plants4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago 7#ahic7 ,otto discov]$ ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( plants to ?is poison :5 gr[n "u su* conditions1 z he f\nd t gr[? 0 v soon *eck$ 9 ord9>y di/ill$ wat] :i* on analysis prov$ to conta9 m9ute traces ( copp]4 ,controls gr[n 9 tap wat] gave f> bett] plants1 b ?is sup]iority 0 attribut$ p>tly to ! m9ute traces ( m9]al salts 9 ! tap wat]1 & n only to ! abs5ce ( ! copp] :i* occurr$ 9 ! di/ill$ wat]4 ,te/s made at ,ro?am/$ h c>ri$ ?is po9t /ill fur!r4 ,pisum sativum1 ,phaseolus vulg>is1 ,triticum vulg>e1 ,zea japonica1 ,tropeolum ,lobbianum1 sweet pea 7,am]ican ,que571 na/urtium1 & c[ pea--! fir/ ?ree ( ^! be+ ! species us$ by ,otto--7 gr[n 9 7#a7 ord9>y di/ill$ wat]1 :i* 0 f\nd to conta9 traces ( copp]1 7#b7 glass di/ill$ wat]1 = ab\t a mon?1 till no m gr[? 0 possible ow+ to ! lack ( nutrim5t4 ,9 e s+le case ! root gr[? 0 *eck$ 9 "s degree 9 ! ord9>y di/ill$ wat]1 ! roots seem+ to ! eye to be less heal?y & less well develop$4 ,9 ,pisum1 ,tropeolum & ,zea1 ! %oot gr[? ( ! copp]$ plants appe>$ /rong] ?an t ( ! controls1 & ?is 0 borne out :5 ! dry weights ( ! plants 7 obta9$4 ,9 e o!r case ! copp]$ plants 7 inf]ior1 root & %oot1 to ^? gr[n 9 ! pure wat]4 ,) ! fir/ ?ree plants x appe>s t :ile ! toxic wat] has a bad effect on ! roots1 yet ! gr[? ( ! %oots is increas$4 ,! idea sugge/s itself t ?is app>5t /imulation is 9 reality ! result ( a desp]ate /ruggle aga9/ adv]se circum/ances4 ,! roots are ! fir/ to respond to ! action ( ! poison1 z !y are 9 actual contact2 _! gr[? is *eck$1 & h5ce ! wat] absorption is decreas$4 ,no food is available 9 ! wat] supply f ! roots1 s ! plant is entirely dep5d5t on ! /ores laid up 9 ! se$ & on ! c>bon x c d]ive f ! air by photo-syn!sis c>ri$ on by ! gre5 leaves4 ,! result ( ! root *eck+ 9 ^! p>ticul> cases seems to be s to /imulate ! %oots by "s physiological action or o!r1 t ?is process ( photo-syn!sis is ha/5$1 m c>bon be+ conv]t$ into c>bo-hydrates1 s t ! %oot developm5t is increas$1 yield+ a great] weight ( dry matt]4 ,9 ea* ( ! o!r cases obs]v$ ! %oot 0 obvi\sly n /imulat$ to increas$ en]gy by ! poison1 & s ! :ole plant fell bel[ ! normal4 ,o!r exp]im5ts %[$ t b>ley roots are peculi>ly s5sitive to ! pres5ce ( m9ute traces ( copp]1 z v little root gr[? took place 9 ! copp] di/ill$ wat]1 & root gr[? 0 also entirely *eck$ by ! pres5ce ( "o "p p] million copp] sulphate 9 ! pure glass di/ill$ wat]4 ,yet aga91 "o litre ( pure di/ill$ wat] 0 all[$ to /& on a small piece ( pure metallic copp] foil 7ab\t #a 7 = an h\r1 & ev5 su* wat] ex]cis$ a v consid]able ret>d+ influ5ce ^u ! root-gr[?1 *eck+ x entirely 9 "s in/ances4 ,"s ye>s be=e ,true & ,gies publi%$ _! results1 ,c\p9 7#ahih7 _h gr[n :eat se$l+s 9 culture solutions ) ! addition ( copp] salts = sev]al days 9 ord] to f9d ! fatal conc5trations ( ! diff]5t comp\nds4 ,tak+ toxic equival5t z mean+ 8! m9imum weight ( salt1 :i*1 dissolv$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 kills ! se$l+10 ! results 7 z foll[s3 ,toxic ,conta9+ equival5t copp] ,copp] bromide 7,cu,br7 #jjdhge #jjachg ,copp] *loride 7,cu,cl4#b;aq47 #jjejjj #jjahfe ,copp] sulphate 7,cu,s,o4#e;aq47 #jjeeee #jjadae ,copp] acetate 7,cu,c,h,o4aq47 #jjegad #jjahbj ,copp] nitrate 7,cu,,no4#f;aq47 #jjfajb #jjacab ,^! numb]s appe> to be v close1 s ,c\p9 consid]$ t x might be p]missible to reg>d ! diff]5ces z due to ! impurities 9 ! salts1 & to ! wat] ( cry/allisation :i* may falsify ! weights1 s t "u ^! conditions "o may believe t all ^! salts h ! same toxicity4 ,?is is consid]able1 & is evid5tly due to ! copp] ion1 ! electro-negative ion n int]v5+ ) su* a feeble dose4 ,a recalculation ( ^! toxic equival5ts to det]m9e ! actual am\nt ( copp] pres5t 9 ea*1 gives results t are fairly approximate1 b x is difficult to accept ?is hypo!sis 9 view ( o!r "w 9 :i* diff]5t salts ( ! same poison are prov$ to diff] greatly 9 _! action on plant gr[?4 ,kahl5b]g & ,true 7#ahif71 work+ ) ,lup9us albus1 f\nd t ! v>i\s copp] salts1 z sulphate1 *loride & acetate1 7 simil> 9 _! action ^u ! roots4 ,plants plac$ 9 solutions ( ^! salts ( v>y+ /r5g?s = #ae-bd h\rs %[$ t 9 ea* case #a_/be1fjj gram molecule kill$ ! root1 :ile ) #a_/ea1bjj gram molecule ! root 0 j alive4 ,^! work]s discuss _! results f ! /&po9t ( electrolytic dissociation1 & concur 9 ! op9ion t ! positive ions ( ! toxic salt are exce$+ly poison\s4 ,! toxicity ( ! positive ion 0 aga9 set =? by ,copel& & ,kahl5b]g 7#aijj74 ,_! wat] culture exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on 9 glass vessels coat$ int]nally ) p>aff9 to avoid solution ( glass1 & 9 te/s ) se$l+s ( maize1 lup9s1 oats & soy beans x 0 f\nd t su* metals z copp]1 iron1 z9c & ars5ic 7 almo/ always fatal to ! gr[? ( plants4 ,z a g5]al rule ^? metals ^: salts are toxic1 !mselves poison plants :5 !y are pres5t 9 wat]4 ,! assumption made 0 t ! injury to plants :5 cultivat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( pure metals dep5ds on ! t5d5cy ( ! metal to g into solution z a compon5t ( *emical comp\nds & on ! specific toxicity ( ! metallic ion :5 9 solution4 7b7 ,mask+ effect caus$ by addition ( soluble sub/ances to solutions ( copp] salts4 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on ) b>ley1 9 :i* ! plants 7 gr[n 9 ! v>i\s grades ( di/ill$ wat] indicat$ above1 bo? ) & )\t ! addition ( nutri5t salts4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! pres5ce ( ! nutri5ts ex]cises a v def9ite mask+ effect ^u ! action ( ! poison\s sub/ance1 s t ! delet]i\s prop]ties ( ! toxic sub/ance are mat]ially r$uc$4 ,lat] "w1 9 :i* kn[n quantities ( su* toxic salts z copp] sulphate 7 add$ to pure di/ill$ wat] %[$ t 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts a plant is able to )/& ! action ( a mu* great] conc5tration ( poison4 ,= in/ance1 a conc5tration ( #a3a1jjj1jjj copp] sulphate alone /ops all gr[? 9 b>ley1 b1 if nutri5t salts are pres5t1 a /r5g? ( #a3bej1jjj 7at lea/ f\r times z great7 does n prev5t gr[?1 ?\gh ! ret>d+ action is v consid]able 7,figs4 #b & #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( copp] sulphate on b>ley 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,m>* #e?-,april #ai?1 #aijg47 #a4 ,glass di/ill$ wat]4 #b4 ,copp] di/ill$ wat]4 #c4 #a_/ab1ejj copp] sulphate4 #d4 #a_/be1jjj #e4 #a_/ej1jjj #f4 #a_/ajj1jjj #g4 #a_/bej1jjj #h4 #a_/ejj1jjj #i4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,curve %[+ ! dry weights ( a s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( copp] sulphate & nutri5t salts4 7,m>* #ac?-,may #crd1 #aijg47 ,,note4 ,9 ea* scale ( conc5trations repres5t$ 9 ! curves a conv5i5t int]m$iate /r5g? is select$ z a unit1 & all o!r conc5trations 9 ! s]ies are express$ 9 t]ms ( t unit4 ,?us1 ) #a_/a1jjj1jjj z ! unit a scale ( conc5trations might run ?us3 #aj #a_/ajj1jjj #d #a_/bej1jjj #b #a_/ejj1jjj #a #a_/a1jjj1jjj #je #a_/b1jjj1jjj #ja #a_/aj1jjj1jjj #jje #a_/bj1jjj1jjj #j ,control4 ,^! lat] ,ro?am/$ results fit 9 v well ) ^? obta9$ t5 ye>s ago 7#aijc7 by ,true & ,gies 9 _! exp]im5ts on ! physiological action ( "s ( ! heavy metals 9 mix$ solutions4 ,plants ( ,lup9us albus 7 te/$ = #bd-dh h\rs ) diff]5t solutions 9 :i* ! roots 7 imm]s$4 ,giv5 ! same /r5g? ( ! same poison1 ! addition ( diff]5t salts yield$ v>y+ results4 ,= in/ance1 ) copp] *loride z ! toxic ag5t1 ! addition ( magnesium *loride did n affect ! toxicity1 calcium *loride decreas$ x1 :ile sodium *loride slightly increas$ ! poison\s action4 ,calcium sulphate ) copp] sulphate enabl$ a plant to )/& f\r times z mu* copp] z :5 ! latt] 0 us$ 9 pure solution4 ,calcium salts 9 conjunction ) ^? ( copp] prov$ g5]ally to accel]ate b n to increase gr[?1 b ) silv] salts !y did n cause any improvem5t4 ,p]haps ?is amelioration is 9 inv]se proportion to ! activity ( ! heavy metals4 ,) a complex mixture consi/+ ( five salts--copp] sulphate & salts ( sodium1 magnesium1 calcium & potassium1 all except calcium be+ pres5t 9 conc5trations /rong en\gh to int]f]e ) gr[? if us$ alone--x 0 %[n t 8z a result ( _! pres5ce toge!r1 n only is !re no addition ( poison\s effects1 b a neutralisation ( toxicity to su* degree z to p]mit 9 ! mix$ solutions a gr[?-rate equal to or great] ?an t se5 9 ! *eck culture40 ,if ! conc5tration ( ! copp] salts 0 increas$1 ! o!r salts rema9+ ! same1 ! poison\s activity ( ! copp] became great] ?an c\ld be neutralis$ by ! o!r salts4 ,if ! copp] rema9$ ! same & ! o!r salts 7 dim9i%$ by half 7i4e4 bel[ toxic conc5tration7 ! neutralis+ action ( ! add$ salts 0 m>k$ly less1 & ! gr[? rate nev] exce$$ t ( ! control4 ,?is 0 app>5tly due to ! action ( ! unneutralis$ copp]4 ,! indications are t ! conspicu\sly effective "p ( ! molecule is ! cation or metal1 & t ! anion plays little or no "p 9 caus+ ! toxicity2 9 su* great dilutions ! metals act z free ions4 ,! hypo!sis is put =w>d t int]ior physiological modifications are responsible = ! obs]v$ diff]5ces 9 gr[? rate1 ! cell processes be+ s affect$ z to br+ ab\t diff]5t results on cellul> gr[?2 9 o!r words1 ! gr[? rate repres5ts ! physiological sum ( oppositely act+ /imuli or ( antagoni/ic protoplasmic *anges :]e mixtures ( salts occur4 ,?is is really an ext5sion ( ,heald's idea t ! toxic effect ( a poison is due p>tly to *anges 9 ! turgesc5ce ( ! cell1 a sudd5 decrease caus+ ret>dation or inhibition ( gr[?1 & p>tly to a direct action on ! protoplasm1 :i* diff]s 9 diff]5t plants ) ! same salt4 ,heald 7#ahif7 w5t s f> z to sugge/ t ! poison\s action is a m]e matt] ( adaptation & adju/m5t1 s9ce toxic sub/ances are n usually pres5t 9 soil1 b ?is ass]tion is too sweep+ to be accept$ 9 its entirety1 al?\gh x probably holds good to a c]ta9 ext5t ) "s species ( plants4 ,kahl5b]g & ,true 7#ahif7 f\nd t ! addition ( an organic sub/ance produc$ ! same effect z ! addition ( "s nutri5t salt1 9 t x r$uc$ ! toxicity ( ! copp] salt1 e4g4 9 ! pres5ce ( sug> & potassium hydrate ! lup9s 7 able to )/& a conc5tration ( #a_/djj copp] sulphate1 "p ( :i* r$uction ( toxicity is attribut$ to ! sug>4 7c7 ,effect ( add+ insoluble sub/ances to solutions ( copp] salts4 ,o!r inve/igators h %[n t ! pres5ce ( insoluble sub/ances has a simil> effect 9 r$uc+ toxicity to an ev5 great] degree4 ,true & ,oglevee 7#aijd1 #aije7 aga9 us$ ,lup9us albus z a te/ plant 9 ! pres5ce ( solutions ( v>i\s poisons 9 pure di/ill$ wat]1 copp] sulphate1 silv] nitrate1 m]curic *loride1 hydro*loric acid1 sodium hydroxide1 ?ymol & resorc9ol all com+ "u consid]ation4 ,clean sea s&1 p[d]$ ,bohemian glass1 %r$d$ filt] pap]1 f9ely divid$ p>aff9 wax & pure unruptur$ />* gra9s 7 respectively add$ to ! solutions1 & se$l+s 7 susp5d$ ov] glass rods s t _! roots 7 9 ! solutions = #bd-dh h\rs4 ,! solids v>i$ 9 _! action on ! diff]5t poisons2 :ile ! toxic influ5ce ( m]curic *loride 0 r$uc$ by s& & cru%$ glass1 ! action ( silv] nitrate 0 modifi$ by ne>ly all ! solids4 ,lup9 roots prov$ unable to )/& an exposure ( #bd h\rs to a conc5tration ( copp] sulphate ( #a molecul> weight 9 #fj1jjj litres ( wat] 7i4e4 ab\t #a "p by weight ,cu,s,o4#e;,h,o 9 #bdjd p>ts wat]71 b ! addition ( solids caus$ a great decrease 9 toxicity4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( copp] 0 dim9i%$ an advantage 0 regul>ly obta9$ 9 fav\r ( ! cultures conta9+ ! solid bodies4 ,on ! :ole ! ameliorat+ action ( solids is m cle>ly m>k$ ) dilute solutions ( /rong poisons ?an ) relatively conc5trat$ solutions ( weak] poisons4 ,z a g5]al rule1 filt] pap] & potato />* gra9s ex]t a m m>k$ modify+ action ?an ! d5s] bodies1 su* z s&1 glass or p>aff94 ,breazeale 7#aijf7 te/$ ! same po9t ) extracts ( c]ta9 soils :i* prov$ toxic to :eat se$l+s gr[n 9 !m z wat] cultures4 ,! toxicity 0 :olly or p>tly remov$ by ! addition ( su* sub/ances z c>bon black1 calcium c>bonate or f]ric hydrate4 ,o!r exp]im5ts %[$ t ! toxic sub/ances ( ord9>y di/ill$ wat] are remov$ by f]ric hydrate & c>bon black1 & fur!r t ! latt] sub/ance w take out copp] f copp] solutions1 r5d]+ !m f> less poison\s4 ,fur!r corroboration ( ,true & ,oglevee's "w 0 obta9$ by ,fit* 7#aijf7 :o work$ 9 a simil> way ) fungi1 arriv+ at ! g5]al conclusion t insoluble sub/ances 9 a solution act z ag5ts ( dilution or absorption :]eby poison\s ions or molecules are 9 "s way remov$4 ,he f\nd t n_/#bef ( copp] sulphate 9 beet concoction ex]cis$ a /imulat+ effect on ,p5icillium glaucum1 b ! addition ( f9e glass to ! solution increas$ ! /imulation1 :ile l>ge or m$ium siz$ pieces did n h ! same effect4 ,?is action ( solid bodies 9 r$uc+ ! delet]i\s effects ( poison\s solutions is attribut$ to ! process ( 8adsorption0 :]eby a lay] ( great] molecul> d5sity is =m$ on ! surfaces ( solids imm]s$ 9 solutions4 ,! solids presumably )draw a c]ta9 proportion ( poison\s ions or molecules f ! body ( ! solution 7reta9+ !m 9 a molecul>ly d5s] lay] ov] _! own surfaces71 s t ! toxic prop]ties ( ! solution are r$uc$ ow+ to ! )drawal ( "p ( ! poison f ! field ( action4 ,9 "s cases ?is r$uction may be s great z to relieve ! solution ( its toxic prop]ties1 or ev5 to cause an abnormal accel]ation to replace a m>k$ ret>dation4 ,also1 if ! solution is ( su* a dilution z to cause accel]ation ( gr[? 9 plants1 ! addition ( insoluble sub/ances may increase ?is accel]ation4 ,! progressive addition ( quantities ( solids causes progressive dilution ( ! toxic m$ium1 ! und]ly+ cause ( ^! results be+ ! gradual removal ( molecules or ions f ! solutions by ! insoluble body pres5t4 ,fit*'s results are also 9 accordance ) ! well-kn[n fact t ! physical condition & prop]ties ( ! add$ solid play a consid]able "p 9 det]m9+ its efficacy z an adsorb+ ag5t4 7d7 ,effect ( copp] on plant gr[? :5 pres5t 9 soils4 ,z has already be5 %[n ! toxic prop]ty ( copp] ) reg>d to plants 0 recognis$ almo/ z soon z t elem5t 0 f\nd to occur 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 b little notice 0 tak5 ( ! discov]y = _m ye>s4 ,9 #ahhb ,f4 ,c4 ,phillips ass]t$1 z ! result ( exp]im5ts ) v>i\s cultivat$ fl[]+ plants1 includ+ g]aniums1 coleas1 ag]atum1 pansies1 c41 t "u fav\rable conditions plants w absorb small quantities ( copp] by _! roots1 & t su* comp\nds ex]cise a di/9ctly ret>d+ influ5ce ev5 if 9 v small am\nt1 :ile if l>ge quantities are pres5t !y t5d to *eck root =mation1 ei!r kill+ ! plants outright or s f> r$uc+ _! vitality z s]i\sly to int]f]e ) nutrition & gr[?4 ,two ye>s lat] ,knop confirm$ bo? ! absorption & ! toxicity ( copp] by 8 exp]im5ts on maize4 ,j5s5 7#aijg7 work$ ) 8artificial0 soils1 "u /]ile conditions1 us+ f9ely gr\nd qu>tz fl\r = 8 m$ium & :eat = a te/ plant1 p>allel exp]im5ts be+ c>ri$ on ) solutions4 ,e precaution 0 tak5 to ensure /]ility--! corks 7 boil$ fir/ 9 wat] & !n 9 p>aff91 ! se$s 7 /]ilis$ 9 #b copp] sulphate solution = h\r1 wa%$ 9 /]ilis$ wat]1 plant$ 9 /]ilis$ sphagnum1 ! transplant+ be+ done 9 a /]ile *amb] into /]ilis$ solutions4 ,! crit]ia us$ to det]m9e ! toxic & /imulation effects 7 ! total transpiration1 av]age l5g? ( spr\t1 ! gre5 weight & dry weight ( plants4 ,! results obta9$ ) ! diff]5t sub/rata %[$ t x does n foll[ t a salt highly toxic 9 solution is equally s 9 soil1 or t "o :i* holds a relatively high toxic position 9 soil %\ld occupy ! same relative position 9 solution cultures4 ,= in/ance1 :ile 9 soil cultures nickel comp\nds 7 ! mo/ toxic ( all ! sub/ances tri$1 9 solution cultures silv] comp\nds 7 m poison\s ?an nickel4 ,! range ( conc5trations1 bo? fatal & accel]at+1 0 f\nd to be mu* great] 9 solution ?an 9 soil cultures4 ,9 ! s& cultures ! toxicity ( ! copp] sulphate 0 f\nd to decrease z ! ratio ( ! qu>tz s& to ! poison\s solution increas$1 provid$ t a wat] cont5t suitable = gr[? 0 pres5t4 ,j5s5 /ates t ! fatal conc5tration ( copp] sulphate 9 solution cultures is approximately #a_/aj? t ( ! fatal conc5tration 9 8 artificial soil4 ,:5 copp] salts are add$ to soil a complication at once sets 9 due to ! d\ble decomposition :i* is always likely to occur :5 any soluble salt is add$ to soil4 ,! reaction may be graphically express$ z foll[s1 9 a mu* simplifi$ =m-- ,,ab ,,cd ,,ac ,,bd4 ,haselh(f 7#ahib7 extract$ sev]al lots ( #be kgm4 soil1 ea* ) #be litres ( wat] 9 :i* quantities ( mix$ copp] salts v>y+ f #j-bjj mg4 _h be5 dissolv$1 ! mixture consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts copp] sulphate & "o "p copp] nitrate4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ #ae times1 ! soils be+ all[$ to dra9 ?or\ghly aft] ea* treatm5t1 s t altoge!r ea* #be kgm4 soil 0 extract$ ) #cge litres wat]4 ,! dra9age wat]s 7 analys$1 s t ! am\nt ( copp] absorb$ by ! soils c\ld be e/imat$4 ,x 0 f\nd t by extract+ ) wat] conta9+ su* soluble copp] salts z sulphate & nitrate1 ! food salts ( ! soil1 especially ^? ( calcium & potassium1 7 dissolv$ & wa%$ out1 copp] oxide be+ reta9$ by ! soil4 ,9 ?is way a d\ble action 0 manife/1 :]eby ! f]tility ( ! soil 0 r$uc$ by ! loss ( plant food1 :ile its toxicity 0 increas$ by ! accumulation ( copp] oxide4 ,s long z ! soil conta9$ a good supply ( undissolv$ calcium c>bonate ! h>mful action ( ! copp]-conta9+ wat] 0 dim9i%$1 b z soon z ! /ore 0 exhau/$ by solution & lea*+1 ! toxic influ5ce became f> m evid5t4 7e7 ,mode ( action ( copp] on plants4 ,q e>ly 9 ! inve/igations on ! effect ( copp] on plants ! "q arose z to its mode ( activity--:e!r ! toxicity 0 m]ely due to "s me*anical action on ! root f outside1 :]eby ! absorptive p[] ( ! root 0 impair$1 or :e!r ! poison\s sub/ance 0 absorb$ into ! plant1 s act+ directly on ! int]nal tissues4 ,gorup-,besanez made def9ite exp]im5ts t[>ds asc]ta9+ ! tru? ( ^! !ories z f> back z #ahfc1 endeav\r+ fir/ ( all to see :e!r ! plants take up any appreciable quantity ( poisons :i* exi/ 9 ! soil z mixtures or comb9ations & :i* are capable ( solution by ! cell-sap4 ,salts ( ars5ic1 copp]1 lead1 z9c & m]cury 7 intimately mix$ ) soil1 #cj grams ( ! poison be+ add$ to #cjg cubic decimetres ( soil1 two plants sep>at$ by a p>tition be+ gr[n on ?is quantity4 ,! te/ plants 7 ,polygonum ,fagopyrum1 ,pisum sativum1 ,secale c]eale & ,panicum italicum1 & all ! plants develop$ /rongly & normally except ! la/ nam$4 ,! ,panicum develop$ v badly col\r$ leaves 9 an ars5ic-conta9+ soil1 & ! plants 7 kill$ soon aft] !y />t$ 9 soils conta9+ copp]4 ,aft] h>ve/+1 ! crops 7 analys$ & no trace ( copp] 0 f\nd 9 any "o ( ! exp]im5tal plants by ! me?ods adopt$4 ,also ! absorption capacity ( diff]5t soils = diff]5t poisons 0 %[n to v>y1 = basic salts are absorb$1 :ile acids may pass completely ?r\gh ! soil into ! dra9age wat]4 ,^! results obta9$ by ,gorup-,besanez are possibly n altoge!r above criticism1 = lat] work]s %[$ t copp] 0 absorb$ to "s ext5t by plants gr[n 9 wat] cultures1 & if t is s x seems unlikely t no absorption %\ld take place f soil4 ,nev]!less1 ! absorption is v slight1 = app>5tly liv+ protoplasm is v resi/ant to copp] osmotically4 ,otto %[$ t beans1 maize & peas c h _! roots = a long "t 9 a relatively conc5trat$ solution ( copp] sulphate1 & yet take up v little copp] inde$1 b analyses d reveal slight traces aft] a suffici5t int]val ( "t ( contact has elaps$4 ,b]lese & ,so/egni indicate t ! roots ( plants gr[n 9 wat] culture 9 ! pres5ce ( bic>bonate ( copp] %[$ traces ( copp]4 ,v]s*affelt 7#aije7 devis$ an +5i\s me?od ( e/imat+ ! toxic limits ( plant poisons1 ?\gh x is r difficult to see h[ ! me?od c be put to practical use ) wat] culture & soil exp]im5ts4 ,liv+ tissues increase 9 weight :5 put into wat] on acc\nt ( ! absorption ( wat]4 ,dead tissues d n1 z !y h lo/ _! semi-p]meable *>act]i/ics1 s a decrease 9 weight takes place ow+ to "p ( ! wat] pass+ out4 ,?is pr9ciple is appli$ by ,v]s*affelt to det]m9e ! 8mortal limit0 ( ext]nal ag5ts 9 _! action on plant tissues4 ,root ( beetroot1 potato tub]1 aloe leaves1 & p>ts ( o!r plants ri* 9 sug> all came "u review4 ,! p>ts 7 cut into small pieces weigh+ ab\t #c-e grams1 dri$ ) filt] pap]1 weigh$1 & plung$ into solutions ( copp] sulphate ( v>y+ /r5g?s f #jja-jjd gm4 mol4 p] litre1 & left = #bd h\rs4 ,aft] dry+ & aga9 weigh+ all 7 heavi] ow+ to ! absorption ( wat]4 ,! pieces 7 !n imm]s$ 9 pure wat] = ano!r p]iod ( #bd h\rs1 :5 aft] dry+ & weigh+1 ^? f ! weak] /r5g?s ( copp] sulphate 7#jja-jjb7 _h absorb$ yet m wat]1 :ile ^? f high] conc5trations 7#jjc-jjd7 _h lo/ weight4 ,s ! au?or assumes t = su* pieces ( potato ! limit ( toxicity lies betwe5 #jjb & #jjc gm4 mol4 copp] sulphate p] litre4 ,^! exp]im5ts may possibly give "s indication z to ! action ( copp] salts on plant roots4 ,s long z ! solution ( copp] salt is dilute en\gh1 ! absorption lay] ( ! root1 act+ z a semi-p]meable membrane & upheld by ! resi/ant protoplasm1 is able to keep ! copp] out ( ! plant & to *eck its toxicity4 ,z soon z a c]ta9 limit is rea*$ ! copp] ex]cises a corrosive influ5ce ^u ! out] lay] ( ! root :]eby its functions are impair$1 s t x is no long] able effici5tly to resi/ ! entry ( ! poison4 ,z ! conc5tration increases x is easy to conceive t ! h>mful action %\ld ext5d to ! protoplasm itself1 s t ! vital activities ( ! plants are s]i\sly int]f]$ ) & gr[? is entirely or p>tially *eck$1 dea? ensu+ 9 ! pres5ce ( suffici5tly high conc5trations4 #b4 ,effect ( copp] on g]m9ation4 ,! action ( copp] on ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 spores & poll5 gra9s has attract$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( att5tion1 & al?\gh ! results are app>5tly contradictory ?is is probably due to ! diff]5t plant organs ) :i* ! obs]v]s h work$4 7a7 ,se$s4 ,miyajima 7#ahig7 %[$ t ! g]m9at+ p[] ( su* se$s z ,vicia ,faba1 ,pisum sativum1 & ,zea ,mays 0 p>tly de/roy$ by a #a solution ( copp]#d1 ,zea ,mays be+ ! mo/ resi/ant & ,vicia ,faba ! lea/ resi/ant ( ! ?ree4 ,mi*eels 7#aijd-e7 /at$ t wat] di/ill$ 9 a t9n$ copp] vessel 0 m fav\rable = g]m9ation ?an wat] f a non-t9n$ vessel4 ,he sugge/s t ?is is due to copp] be+ pres5t 9 ! wat] 9 a colloidal =m 9 :i* ! p>ticles are exce$+ly small & ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! liquid by reason ( a uni=m dis5gagem5t ( en]gy 9 all directions1 to :i* en]gy ! influ5ce on g]m9at+ se$s mu/ be attribut$1 ! nature ( ! susp5d$ sub/ance det]m9+ :e!r ! influ5ce be fav\rable or n4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,mi*eels 0 really deal+ ) a true colloidal solution ( copp] or ) a dilute solution ( "s copp] salt produc$ by oxidation ( ! copp] vessel f :i* 8 di/ill$ wat] 0 obta9$4 #d ,! ,engli% translation 9 ,j's ,bot4 ,jahresb]4 speaks only ( a 8solution ( copp]10 & 9 no case is ! specific comp\nd m5tion$4 7b7 ,spores & poll5 gra9s4 ,miani 7#aija7 br\ght fre% ideas to be> ^u ! problem ( ! action ( copp] on liv+ plant cells1 9 t he s\ght to attribute ! toxic or /imulant effects to an oligodynamic action1 i4e4 spores & poll5 gra9s 7 gr[n 9 hang+ drop cultures 9 pure glass di/ill$ wat] ) ! addition ( c]ta9 salts or traces ( c]ta9 metals4 ,:ile ! salts are kn[n to be (t5 disadvantage\s to g]m9ation1 ,ngeli _h ass]t$ t ! latt] (t5 ex]t$ an oligodynamic action4 ,9 "s cases pure copp] 0 plac$ = v>y+ times 9 ! wat] f :i* ! hang+ drop cultures 7 ev5tually made1 or t9y bits ( copp] 7 plac$ 9 ! drop itself4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( poll5 gra9s 7 te/$1 & z a rule1 poll5 0 only tak5 f "o an!r 9 ea* exp]im5t1 ?\gh occasionally x 0 f sev]al an!rs ( ! same fl[]4 ,x 0 g5]ally f\nd t ! g]m9ation ( poll5 gra9s or ,u/ilago spores 0 n h9d]$ by ! use ( copp]$ wat] or by ! pres5ce ( small bits ( copp] 9 ! culture solution4 ,! only cases 9 :i* "s spores or poll5 gra9s 7 m or less h>m$ 7 ^? 9 :i* ! wat] _h /ood ov] copp] = m ?an two weeks1 & ev5 s ! delet]i\s effect 0 *iefly noticeable :5 ! poll5 itself 0 old or d]iv$ f fl[]s 9 :i* ! an!r =mation 0 ne>ly at an end4 ,z a rule g]m9ation 0 bett] 9 ! pres5ce ( copp]1 :e!r 9 pure wat] or food solution1 ! /imulus be+ indicat$ bo? by ! great] numb] ( g]m9at$ gra9s & by ! regul> & rapid gr[? ( ! poll5 tubes4 ,miani attributes ?is fav\rable action to ! m]e pres5ce ( ! copp]1 corroborat+ ,ngeli's idea ( an oligodynamic action4 #c4 ,does copp] /imulate high] plants8 ,f ! =ego+ review x is evid5t t x is ! toxic action ( copp] t is mo/ to ! front1 s f> z ! high] plants are conc]n$1 & t little or no evid5ce ( its /imulative action 9 great dilution has s f> be5 discuss$4 ,k&a dealt ) ?is "q1 ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( obta9+ su* evid5ce1 if x exi/$4 ,he work$ ) ,pisum sativum1 v>4 arv5se1 ,pisum arv5se1 ,vicia ,faba1 v>4 equ9e ,p]s1 & ,fagopyrum escul5tum ,mn*1 :i* 7 gr[n 9 glass di/ill$ wat]1 )\t any food salts1 s t ! plants 7 =c$ to live on ! res]ves 9 ! se$s1 :i* 7 c>efully grad$ to ensure uni=mity ( size4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 wat] cultures copp] sulphate solutions d[n to #jjjjjbdi 7ab\t #a 9 #dj1afj1jjj7 are h>mful to peas1 & /ill fur!r d[n to #jjjjjjjbdi 7ab\t #a 9 #d1jaf1jjj1jjj7 ! copp] salts act z a poison r ?an z a /imulant4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! /atem5t t 9 c]ta9 soils copp] sulphate acts z a /imulant :5 x is add$ 9 solution4 ,j5s5 aga9 c\ld obta9 no /imulation ) copp] sulphate4 ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts g to uphold ,k&a's /atem5ts z to ! failure ( copp] sulphate to /imulate plants gr[n 9 wat] cultures4 ,peas are p]haps slightly m resi/ant to ! great] /r5g?s ( copp] sulphate ?an are b>ley & buck:eat1 = :ile #a_/ajj1jjj proves mortal to ! latt]1 peas w /ruggle on & fruit 9 #a_/ej1jjj1 ?\gh ?is /r5g? is v ne> ! limit beyond :i* no gr[? c occur 7,fig4 #d74 ,z a g5]al rule1 ) b>ley ! depression caus$ by ! poison is /ill evid5t ) #a_/e1jjj1jjj & #a_/aj1jjj1jjj1 ?\gh occasionally ^! doses act z indiff]5t doses1 no sign ( /imulation appe>+ 9 any s+le in/ance4 ,) peas aga91 ev5 #a_/bj1jjj1jjj copp] sulphate is poison\s1 al?\gh to ! eye !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! control plants & ^? receiv+ poison up to a conc5tration ( "o "p 9 #b million 7,fig4 #e74 ,9 ! case ( buck:eat ! matt] is /ill undecid$1 z 9 "s exp]im5ts app>5t /imulation is obta9$ ) #a 9 #b or #a 9 #e million copp] sulphate1 :ile 9 o!rs a consi/5t depression is evid5t1 ev5 :5 ! dilution is c>ri$ consid]ably bel[ ?is limit4 ,! reason = ! v>iation ) ?is p>ticul> plant is s f> unexpla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( copp] sulphate on pea plants 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,oct4 #crd-,dec4 #bj?1 #aiab47 #a4 ,control4 #b4 #a_/ej1jjj copp] sulphate4 #c4 #a_/ajj1jjj #d4 #a_/bej1jjj #e4 #a_/ejj1jjj #f4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj #g4 #a_/b1ejj1jjj #h4 #a_/e1jjj1jjj #i4 #a_/aj1jjj1jjj #aj4 #a_/bj1jjj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,curve %[+ ! mean values ( ! dry weights ( f\r s]ies ( pea plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( copp] sulphate & nutri5t salts4 7,oct4 #crd-,dec4 #bj?1 #aiab47 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ! accumulat$ evid5ce z to ! consi/5t toxicity ( copp] salts 9 great dilution1 ! possibility /ill rema9s t ! limit ( toxicity has n yet be5 rea*$1 & t a /imulat+ conc5tration does exi/1 s t x is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r beyond ! limits ( toxicity copp] salts act z indiff]5t or /imulative ag5ts4 #d4 ,action ( copp] on organs o!r ?an roots4 ,! bulk ( ! "w on ! relations ( copp] ) ! life-processes ( plants has dealt ) ^? cases 9 :i* ! metal has be5 suppli$ to ! roots 9 "s =m or o!r1 & _m ( ! results may be said to apply m /rictly to ! !oretical1 or r to ! purely sci5tific aspects ( ! matt]1 ?an to ! practical ev]yday life ( ! community4 ,?is /atem5t is h>dly correct1 9 t ! two l9es ( "w are s inextricably int]wov5 t ! "o c\ld n be satisfactorily foll[$ up )\t a p>allel m>* ( progress along ! o!r4 ,9 practice1 copp] has prov$ rem>kably effici5t z a fungicide :5 appli$ z sprays 9 ! =m ( ,bordeaux mixture to infe/$ plants & trees4 ,obs]vations on ! action ( ! fungicide h %[n t ! physiological processes ( ! treat$ plants are also affect$ to "s degree1 & a numb] ( int]e/+ !ories & results h be5 put =w>d4 7a7 ,effect ( copp] sprays on leaves4 ,frank & ,krg] 7#ahid7 treat$ potato plants ) a #b ,bordeaux mixture1 & obta9$ a def9ite improvem5t 9 gr[?1 :i* !y attribut$ to ! direct action ( ! ,bordeaux mixture ^u ! activities ( ! plant4 ,! effect ( ! copp] 0 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! leaves1 & 0 *iefly indicat$ by increase 9 physiological activity r ?an by morphological *anges4 ,! /ructure ( ! spray$ leaves 0 n fundam5tally *ang$ b !y 7 ?ick] & /rong] 9 "s degree1 :ile _! life 0 l5g!n$4 ,app>5tly1 treatm5t increas$ ! *lorophyll cont5t1 &1 correlat$ ) ?is1 0 a rise 9 ! assimilatory capacity1 m />* be+ produc$4 ,rise 9 transpiration 0 also obs]v$4 ,:ile ! leaves 7 ! organs mo/ affect$1 a subsidi>y /imulation occurr$ 9 ! tub]s1 s9ce ! great] quantity ( />* produc$ requir$ m accommodation = its /orage4 ,9 diff]5t v>ieties ! ratio ( tub] =mation on treat$ & untreat$ plants 0 #ai3ag & #ag3af4 ,9 discuss+ ! mean+ ( ?is /imulation ^! writ]s1 foll[+ ! cu/om !n 9 vogue1 7 incl9$ to hold t x 0 due to a catalytic r ?an to a purely *emical action1 an idea simil> to "o :i* lat] on came mu* into prom95ce 9 connection ) ! "w ( ,b]tr&'s s*ool on manganese1 boron & o!r sub/ances4 ,! imput$ increase 9 photo-syn!sis seems to h met ) approval & acceptance1 b nev]!less x did n pass un*all5g$4 ,ew]t 7#aije7 br\ght =w>d a detail$ discussion & criticism ( ! assumption t gre5 plants :5 treat$ ) ,bordeaux mixture atta9 a high] assimilation activity ?an untreat$ plants4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 made to te/ ! effects ( diff]+ conditions ( life on plants treat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & 8 conclusions lead him to ass]t t 8in/ead ( ! organic life ( ! plant be+ /imulat$ by treatm5t ) ,bordeaux mixture x is r h9d]$40 ,:ile ,frank & ,krg] indicat$ a rise 9 transpiration :5 copp] comp\nds 7 appli$ to ! leaves z sprays1 ,hattori 7#aija7 attribut$ "p ( ! toxic effect ( copp] salts1 :5 appli$ to ! roots1 to a weak5+ action on ! transpiration /ream1 & he ma9ta9$ t ! toxic effect ( ! copp] salts is !re=e connect$ ) ! humidity ( ! air4 ,no fur!r confirmation or refutation ( ?is /atem5t has s f> come to light4 ,9 c]ta9 plants ! application ( cupric solutions z sprays causes a slight increase 9 ! quantity ( sug> pres5t 9 ! matur$ fruits4 ,*u>d & ,por*et 7#aijb1 #aijc7 consid] t su* a modification 9 ! ripe fruit dur+ ! process ( maturation occurs 9 all plants :i* rip5 _! fruits be=e leaf-fall beg9s4 ,injection ( solutions ( copp] salts into ! tissues ( su* plants z ! v9e causes m vigor\s gr[?1 m int5se col\r & great] p]si/5ce ( ! leaves2 9 o!r words ! copp] acts z a /imulant to all ! cells ( ! organism4 ,a simil> effect is produc$ by o!r metals su* z iron or cadmium4 ,by inject+ small quantities ( cupric salts into ! bran*es ( currants an accel]ation ( ! maturation ( ! fruits 0 caus$1 id5tical ) t obta9$ by ! application ( ,bordeaux mixture to ! leaves4 ,if ! quantity ( copp] introduc$ into ! vegetable organism 0 augm5t$1 ! toxic action ( ! metal began to come into play4 ,^! inve/igators attribut$ ! /imulus1 z %[n by ! e>li] maturation ( ! fruits1 to a great] activity ( all ! cells ( ! organism & n to an excitation ex]cis$ only on ! *lorophyll functions4 7b7 ,effect ( solutions ( copp] salts on leaves4 ,treb\x 7#aijc7 demon/rat$ ! h>mful action ( solutions ( copp] salts on leaves by means ( exp]im5ts on %oots ( ,elodea canad5sis4 ,! activity ( photo-syn!sis 0 measur$ by ! rate ( emission ( bubbles ( oxyg54 ,on plac+ ! %oots fir/ 9 wat]1 !n 9 ,n_/#a1jjj1jjj copp] sulphate 7#jjjjaei71 !re 0 a r$uction f #bj to #ae or #af bubbles 9 #e m9utes4 ,on replac+ 9 wat] !re 0 an increase to #ah1 b n to #bj1 indicat+ a p]man5t injury4 ,) ,n_/#aj1jjj1jjj copp] sulphate !re 0 little or no r$uction 9 ! numb] ( bubbles4 ,?is exp]im5t _h an int]e/+ side issue 9 t x 0 notic$ t n only ! conc5tration1 b also ! quantity ( fluid 0 conc]n$ 9 ! toxic action1 indicat+ t bo? ! proportion & ! actual am\nt ( poison available play _! "p4 ,= in/ance1 ) a %oot #aj cm4 long 9 #ajj c4c4 solution ! plants 7 only slightly affect$ by #jjjjae copp] sulphate1 b 9 #ejj c4c4 solution ! %oots 7 kill$ aft] "s days 9 #jjjjjae copp] sulphate1 a conc5tration only "o-t5? z great4 ,:ile x is evid5t t copp] sprays h a def9ite action ^u gre5 leaves1 :e!r fav\rable or unfav\rable1 ! "q arises z to ! means :]eby ! copp] obta9s access to ! plant 9 ord] to take effect4 ,d&5o f\nd t solutions ( copp] sulphate 7 absorb$ by ! leaves ( ,ampelopsis1 =m+ a br[n r+4 ,g5]ally speak+ inorganic salts 9 solution are absorb$ ?r\gh bo? surfaces ( ! leaves1 :e!r ! leaves are deta*$ or n1 provid$ ! surr\nd+ atmosph]ic conditions are fav\rable1 ! absorption be+ usually m ready ?r\gh ! l[] surface4 ,dilute solutions appli$ 9 drops /imulate ! leaf tissue 9 a r+1 :]eas if ! solutions are conc5trat$ ! entire area cov]$ by ! drop is affect$4 ,too conc5trat$ solutions ( copp] sulphate appli$ to leaves caus$ scor*+1 b if ?is 0 avoid$ :ile ! solution 0 /ill /rong en\gh to cause a d>k5+ ( gre5 col\r aft] a "t1 ,d&5o consid]$ t ! action 0 probably ( ! nature ( a /imulus to gr[?1 & produc$ a bett] developm5t ( *lorophyll & protoplasm 9 ! region :]e ! tissues appe>$ d>k to ! nak$ eye1 a conclusion :i* tallies v closely ) t ( ,frank & ,krg]4 ,amos 7#aijg-h7 exp]im5t$ to see :e!r ! application ( ,bordeaux mixture affect$ ! assimilation ( c>bon dioxide by ! leaves ( plants1 & :e!r any /imulation 0 produc$4 ,br[n & ,escombe's me?ods & app>atus 7 us$ & ! summ>is$ results indicate t ! application ( ,bordeaux mixture to ! leaves ( plants dim9i%es ! assimilation ( c>bon dioxide by ^? leaves = a "t4 ,! effect gradually passes (f1 :atev] ! age ( ! leaves may be4 ,! sugge/ion is made t ! /omata are block$ by ! ,bordeaux mixture1 s t less air diffuses into ! int]cellul> spaces & less c>bon dioxide comes into contact ) ! absorptive surfaces4 ,if ?is hypo!sis is correct1 ! physiological slack5+ ( assimilation is n due to ! toxic action ( ! copp] 9 ! ,bordeaux mixture1 b to a me*anical h9drance due to block+ ( ! /omata4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,copp] ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,plants4 ,on turn+ to ! l[] plants1 especially to "s species ( fungi1 "o notices a /rik+ contra/ 9 _! behavi\r to t ( ! high] plants4 ,"s species ( fungi h ! p[] ( liv+ & fl\ri%+ 9 ! pres5ce ( relatively l>ge quantities ( copp] comp\nds1 or ev5 ( copp] or bronze 9 ! solid /ate4 ,dubois 7#ahij7 f\nd t conc5trat$ solutions ( copp] sulphate1 neutralis$ by ammonia1 :i* 7 us$ = ! imm]sion ( gelat9e plates us$ 9 photography1 %[$ :ite floccul5t masses resembl+ ! mycelium ( ,p5icillium & ,asp]gillus1 :i* grew rapidly & fructifi$ 9 ,raul9's solution1 b :i* rema9$ z mycelium 9 cupric solutions4 ,! m\ld prov$ capable ( trans=m+ copp] sulphate into mala*ite 9 ! pres5ce ( a piece ( bronze1 b x 0 f\nd t ! pres5ce ( ! latt] 0 n ess5tial = ! conv]sion into basic c>bonate4 ,! same result 0 obta9$ if ! culture liquid 0 put 9 contact ) a body :i* prev5t$ x f becom+ acid1 fragm5ts ( m>ble act+ 9 ?is way4 ,copp] sulphate solution 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m\ld produc$ a gre5 deposit on ! m>ble1 :ile )\t ! fungus ! solution simply evaporat$ leav+ a blue /a9 ( copp] sulphate4 ,trabut 7#ahie7 f\nd t on treat+ smutty :eat ) a #b solution ( copp] sulphate he obta9$ a mass ( floccul5t :ite mycelium1 ^: surface 0 soon cov]$ ) a]ial bran*es be>+ pale rose-col\r$ spores1 & he gave ! provisional "n ( ,p5icillium cupricum to ! species4 ,on prep>+ nutritive solutions by /eep+ a h&ful ( :eat 9 wat] = #bd h\rs1 & !n add+ v>i\s am\nts ( copp] sulphate to !m1 ,p5icillium 0 f\nd to vegetate q well until ! am\nt ( copp] sulphate rea*$ #i grams 9 #ajj c4c41 aft] :i* ! se$+s ) spores did n develope at all4 ,de ,seynes te/$ ?is ,p5icillium m exhau/ively ) diff]5t culture m$ia "u v>i\s conditions & decid$ t ,trabut 0 "r 9 only assign+ ! "n ,p4 cupricum provisionally1 z ! m\ld rev]ts to ! =m ,p4 glaucum :5 se$$ 9 a natural m$ium1 indicat+ t ,p4 cupricum has n an autonom\s exi/5ce1 b is ,p4 glaucum :i* modifies ! col\r ( its conidia "u ! influ5ce ( copp] sulphate1 9 ! same way t x (t5 modifies !m 9 o!r m$ia4 ,x is noticeable t ! mycelium aris+ f ! g]m9ation ( conidia ( ,p4 cupricum 9 a normal m$ium has a v poor capacity = produc+ reproductive organs1 b ?is dim9i%$ activity is attribut$ n to a special delet]i\s action ( ! copp] sulphate b to ! impulse giv5 to ! vegetative functions1 at ! exp5se ( ! reproductive1 :5 ! spores are se$$ 9 a ri*] m$ium ?an ! solutions ( copp] sulphate :i* s]ve z ! soil = ,p4 cupricum4 ,ono f\nd t ,asp]gillus & ,p5icillium are ret>d$ 9 gr[? 9 ! high] conc5trations ( copp] sulphate1 b t !y are /imulat$ by weak] /r5g?s4 ,! range ( /imulat+ conc5trations is giv5 z f #jjae-jab1 ! bigge/ crop be+ obta9$ ) bo? m\lds 9 ! /ronge/ ( ^! solutions4 ,hattori gives ! optimum z be+ consid]ably l[] = ! two fungi m5tion$1 ,p5icillium be+ at its be/ 9 a solution ( #jjh & ,asp]gillus 9 #jjd4 ,a4 ,ri*t] 7#aija7 opposes ?is absolutely s f> z ,asp]gillus nig] is conc]n$4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts copp] appe>s inv>iably z a depressant1 all conc5trations f #a_/aej to #a_/aej1jjj1jjj giv+ gr[? bel[ ! normal1 no /imulative action ev] be+ obs]v$4 ,z9c h[ev] prov$ to be a def9ite /imulant & 9 a mixture ( copp] & z9c salts 9 appropriate conc5trations ! toxic effect ( ! copp] 0 completely p>alys$ by ! /imulat+ action ( ! z9c1 #a_/bjj1jjj z9c salt p>alys+ or ov]com+ ! copp] salt at #a_/aabe4 ,ono /ates t ! optimal quantity ( su* poisons z copp] salts is l[] = algae ?an = fungi1 copp] fail+ to /imulate algae at dilutions :i* 7 ! mo/ fav\rable to ! gr[? ( fungi4 ,bokorny indicates t silv] & copp] salts "w h>m 9 unusually dilute solutions4 ,attempts h be5 made to utilise ! poison\s action ( copp] on algae 9 cle>+ ponds ( ^? plants4 ,l9dsay 7#aiac7 describes exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 a res]voir infe/$ ) ,spirogyra4 ,a quantity ( copp] sulphate suffici5t to make a solution ( #a_/ej1jjj1jjj 0 f\nd necess>y to kill (f ! ,spirogyra1 b x is sugge/$ t ! solution 0 probably weak] be=e x rea*$ ! algae1 ow+ to ! curr5ts ( fre% wat]4 ,anabo5a ne$$ #a_/aj1jjj1jjj be=e x 0 kill$ (f1 :ile ,oscillatoria is less s5sitive /ill1 #a_/e1jjj1jjj usually repres5t+ ! mortal dose1 ?\gh #a_/d1jjj1jjj 0 necess>y 9 "s in/ances4 ,algae seem to be peculi>ly s5sitive to ! copp] sulphate1 f> m s ?an ! high] plants1 z ,nuph> lutea1 ,m5yan!s trifoliata1 & ,polygonum amphibium grew 9 ! wat] unh>m$ by ! addition ( ! poison\s sub/ance4 ,= "s unexpla9$ reason x seems t 8! conc5tration ( copp] sulphate necess>y to kill (f ! algae 9 ! laboratory is five to tw5ty times z great z t ne$$ to de/roy ! same species 9 its natural habitat40 ,conclusion4 ,altoge!r1 aft] look+ at ! "q f _m po9ts ( view1 "o is =c$ to ! conclusion t "u mo/ typical circum/ances copp] comp\nds act z poisons to ! high] plants1 & t x is only "u p>ticul> & peculi> conditions & 9 v great dilutions t any /imulative action on _! "p c be cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,effect ,,( ,,z9c ,,comp\nds ,i4 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,z9c ,,9 ,,plants4 ,! pres5ce ( z9c 9 ! a% ( c]ta9 plants has be5 recognis$ = _m ye>s1 especially 9 s f> z ! vegetation ( soils conta9+ mu* z9c is conc]n$4 ,risse1 be=e #ahfe1 /at$ t mo/ plants :5 gr[n on su* soils prove to conta9 great] or less quantities ( z9c oxide4 ,he /ates t ! soil at ,alt5b]g1 ne> ,aa*51 is v ri* 9 z9c1 :i* rises z high z #bj 9 places4 ,! flora ( ! soil is v div]sifi$ & z9c has be5 det]m9$ qualitatively 9 mo/ & quantitatively 9 "s ( ! plants4 ,viola tricolor & ,?laspi alpe/re are mo/ *>act]i/ic "u su* circum/ances1 bo? %[+ su* con/ant habit *anges t !y resemble new species1 :ile o!r plants su* z ,arm]ia vulg>is & ,sil5e inflata are peculi>ly luxuriant4 ,risse's figures ( ! z9c cont5t ( ^! f\r plants may prove ( int]e/4 ,! figures are bas$ on ! dry weights1 air dri$4 ,?laspi alpe/re1 v>4 calam9>ia4 ,root #fbh a%1 #jafg ,zn,o1 #aff ,zn,o 9 a%4 ,/em #aage #jche #cbh ,leaves #aade #aej #acab ,fl[]s #hdi #jbge #cbd ,viola tricolor4 ,root #eei a%1 #jjhe ,zn,o1 #aeb ,zn,o 9 a%4 ,/em #ajee #jjfe #jfb ,leaves #idb #jaaj #aaf ,fl[]s #gff #jjge #jih ,arm]ia vulg>is4 ,root #dgd a%1 #jag ,zn,o1 #ceh ,zn,o 9 a%4 ,/em #ecg #jjb #jcg ,leaves #icf #jaa #aag ,fl[]s #fjh #jjg #aae ,sil5e inflata4 ,root #bga a%1 #jjb ,zn,o1 #jgd ,zn,o 9 a%4 ,/em ,leaves #aadc #jbb #aib ,fl[]s ,freytag 7#ahfh7 c>ri$ out v>i\s exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( z9c oxide & its comp\nds on vegetation1 & f\nd t all plants are capable ( absorb+ z9c oxide by _! roots :5 gr[n on soils conta9+ su* oxide4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! z9c is deposit$ *iefly 9 ! leaves & /ems1 v little be+ f\nd 9 ! se$s1 su* m9ute traces occurr+ t he /at$ t ! se$s mu/ be h>mless = m5 & animals4 ,! g5]al cont5t ( ,zn,o 9 plants is giv5 z #e-aj ( a%1 except 9 ! abnormal case ( plants gr[+ on calam9e4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy 7#ahgg7 demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( z9c 9 su* food sub/ances z :eat1 ,am]ican maize1 b>ley & :ite h>icots1 b !y fail$ to f9d x 9 maize /ems & beetroot1 s !y cauti\sly conclud$ t if x does occur 9 ! latt] cases x mu/ be f> less 9 quantity ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,hatt5saur 7#ahia7 analys$ ! a% ( ,mol9ia crulea & discov]$ ! pres5ce ( copp]1 manganese1 z9c & lead1 z9c oxide =m+ #bfe ( ! total a%1 7#jjf ( ! air dri$ plant74 ,j5s* 7#ahid7 obs]v$ t ! flora on calam9e soils 0 some:at scanty1 ! *ief plants t came "u 8 notice be+ ,t>axacum (fic9ale1 ,capsella ,bursa-pa/oris1 ,plantago lanceolata1 ,tussilago ,f>f>a1 & ,polygonum avicul>e1 all ( :i* %[$ c]ta9 morphological peculi>ities4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! gr[? ( ^! plants on ! calam9e soils 0 weak & poor1 ! /ems & leaves be+ v brittle4 ,j5s* f\nd t ! roots 7 de=m$ & %[$ a t5d5cy t[>ds a plate-l sup]ficial spread ( root4 ,! leaves ( ,tussilago 7 unev5 9 %ape & lack$ ! :ite hairs on ! "u side1 ! fl[] /alks 7 twi/$1 :ile ! fl[]s !mselves 7 a deep saturat$ yell[ col\r4 ,! /ems ( ,polygonum avicul>e 7 mu* ?ick5$ at ! nodes1 ! leaves weak & roll$ 9 "*1 :ile ! fl[]s 7 long-/alk$1 ! calyces be+ usually ( a purple r$ col\r4 ,! foll[+ figures are giv5 = ! quantities ( z9c c>bonate 7,zn,c,o7 9 ! a% ( ^! two plants3-- ,tussilago ,f>f>a4 ,root ,leaf-/alk ,leaf-blade #bea-cbf #age-afc #bij-bhc ,zn,c,o #afbi-baae #aacf-ajeh #ahhb-ahcf ,zn,o4 ,polygonum avicul>e4 ,root ,/em ,leaves #agg-aic #bbe-bhf #abd-adi ,zn,c,o #aadh-abeb #adf-ahef #hjd-ifg ,zn,o4 ,o!r analyses ( plants f z9c soils z aga9/ controls f normal soils indicat$ ! high wat] & high a% cont5t ( ! z9c plants1 ?\gh ! dry matt] 0 l[1 & x is sugge/$ t ! increase ( ! a% may be connect$ ) a /imulation caus$ by ! z9c salts1 unless x is due to phosphoric-acid hung]1 s9ce ! calam9e soils conc]n$ are v defici5t 9 phosphorus4 ,javilli] 7#aijh c7 corroborat$ ! e>ly /atem5ts ( ,risse z to ! pres5ce ( consid]able quantities ( z9c 9 c]ta9 species ( ,viola1 ,?laspi & ,arm]ia1 & also he cit$ a li/ ( o!r plants 9 :i* z9c occurs 9 "s quantity4 ,javilli]1 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion t z9c oxide1 l ! oxides ( iron & manganese1 is v common 9 plant a%1 be+ pres5t 9 all plant organs4 ,z9c is specially abundant 9 ,conif]ae1 :]e x is probably *>act]i/ic1 z is ! pres5ce ( manganese 9 ! a% & manno-cellulose 9 ! wood4 ,! s-call$ 8calam9e0 plants %[ great p[]s ( accommodation to l>ge am\nts ( z9c4 ,klops* 7#aijh7 analys$ #ag species ( plants gr[n on soil 9 ! vic9ity ( z9c works1 & %[$ t ! plants evid5tly absorb small quantities ( z9c f _! surr\nd+s4 ,he also reg>d$ z9c z a normal con/itu5t ( c]ta9 plants4 ,,ii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,z9c ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,high] ,,plants4 #a4 ,toxic effect4 7a7 ,toxic action ( z9c salts alone 9 wat] cultures4 ,9 comp>ison ) copp] little "w has be5 done ) reg>d to ! action ( soluble z9c salts alone on high] plants :5 gr[n 9 wat] cultures4 ,freytag 7#ahfh7 /at$ t z9c salts mu/ be v dilute if ! plants are n to be h>m$1 & t = z9c sulphate ! conc5trations mu/ n be m ?an #bjj mg4 p] litre 7 #a_/ejjj74 ,baumann 7#ahhe7 c>ri$ out fur!r exp]im5ts & conclud$ t z9c salts are f> m toxic ?an ,freytag suspect$1 #dd mg4 z9c sulphate p] litre#e kill+ plants ( #ac species belong+ to #g families 7,conif]ae except$74 ,! v>i\s plants )/& ! action ( ! z9c salts 9 diff]5t degrees1 ! same conc5tration kill+ (f ! species 9 diff]5t times4 ,) ! #dd mg4 z9c sulphate ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ,trifolium prat5se kill$ 9 #af days ,sp]gula arv5sis #ba ,hordeum vulg>e #cj ,vicia sativa #ca ,polygonum ,fagopyrum #fj ,beta vulg>is #gf ,onobry*is sativa #aid #e #dd mg4 ,zn,s,o4#g;,h,o #aj mg4 ,zn #a_/bb1gbg ,zn,s,o4#g;,h,o approx4 ,) /ill less poison1 #bb mg4 z9c sulphate p] litre1 all ! species m5tion$ 7 ev5tually kill$ ) ! exception ( ,onobry*is sativa1 :ile #dd mg4 z9c sulphate seem$ to be h>mless = all ! plants te/$ except ,raphanus sativus1 :i* is evid5tly exceptionally s5sitive to ?is toxic sub/ance4 ,j5s5 7#aijg7 aga9 indicat$ ! poison\s action ( z9c salts & also f\nd t a relatively small r$uction ( toxicity 0 obta9$ by ! addition ( f9ely divid$ qu>tz to ! solutions4 7b7 ,effect ( soluble z9c salts 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5ts4 ,krau* 7#ahhb7 grew v>i\s plants 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t solutions & quantities ( z9c sulphate v>y+ f #a to #h gm4 p] litre 7 #a_/aj1jjj to #h_/aj1jjj74 ,b>ley prov$ to be v s5sitive1 ev5 to ! weake/ /r5g? ( ! poison1 z ! plants soon %[$ r$di% flecks1 :ile all 7 dead )9 six weeks1 ! control plants )\t z9c rema9+ q heal?y4 ,c]ta9 grasses took long] to kill ?an b>ley1 ^? ) #d gm4 z9c sulphate p] litre dy+ 9 ab\t sev5 weeks1 :ile #ac weeks elaps$ be=e ! o!rs 7 kill$4 ,ev5 aft] ?is l5g? ( "t ! plants ) #a gm4 z9c sulphate p] litre /ill surviv$1 al?\gh 9 a v sickly condition4 ,) will[1 aga91 ev5 #a gm4 z9c sulphate p] litre made ! plants v sickly aft] f\r weeks1 gr[? be+ weak1 ! leaves yell[1 & ! roots br[ni%4 ,9 ?is case ! solutions 7 r5ew$1 b ! plants treat$ ) z9c comp\nds 7 dead )9 eight weeks f ! />t1 ! controls be+ v heal?y4 ,! next ye> 7#ahhc7 ,/orp repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts made by ,krau* & corroborat$ 8 results fully4 ,b>ley & grasses 7timo?y & o!rs7 gr[n 9 solutions ( z9c sulphate1 bo? ) & )\t nutri5ts1 soon lo/ _! gre5 col\r & became cov]$ ) ru/y br[n flecks1 ! b>ley dy+ )9 #ad days1 & ! grasses soon aft]4 ,) will[1 too1 ! toxic action 0 aga9 manife/$4 ,true & ,gies 7#aijc7 %[$ t ! addition ( calcium salts 9 appropriate conc5trations r$uc$ ! toxicity ( z9c salts consid]ably1 a result simil> to t :i* !y obta9$ = copp]4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ h %[n t z9c sulphate is v toxic to b>ley1 ?\gh ! plant is able to make "s slight am\nt ( gr[? ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( a solution ( ! anhydr\s salt ,zn,s,o z /rong z #a_/ejjj1 rapid improvem5t occurr+ z ! conc5tration decreases to #a_/b1ejj1jjj or less 7,fig4 #f74 ,on ! :ole ! high] /r5g?s ( z9c sulphate are less poison\s to peas ?an !y are to b>ley4 ,at a conc5tration ( #a 9 or #a 9 million 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts ! gr[? 0 ne>ly z good z ) ! control plants1 ?\gh x consi/5tly lagg$ a little way beh9d until a dilution ( #a_/aj1jjj1jjj 0 rea*$ 7,figs4 #g & #h74 ,incid5tally x is v /rik+ to see ! desp]ate ef=ts t badly poison$ pea plants make to reproduce !mselves4 ,gr[? ( ! roots is ne>ly always *eck$ 9 advance ( t ( ! %oots1 probably on acc\nt ( ! contact ( ! roots ) ! poison4 ,9 ! great] /r5g?s ( su* poisons z z9c & copp] sulphate root gr[? is *eck$ f ! outset1 b usually a v little %oot gr[? is made1 & "o frequ5tly obta9s ridicul\s little plants ab\t an in* high be>+ unhappy & dim9utive fl[]s1 :i* are occasionally replac$ by equally unhappy & m9iature fruits4 ,! same ?+ has also be5 notic$ :5 unsuccessful attempts h be5 made to introduce sp9a* z a te/ plant = wat] cultures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( anhydr\s z9c sulphate & nutri5t salts4 7,m>* #bnd-,may #h?1 #aiaa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( anhydr\s z9c sulphate on pea plants 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,sept4 #cj?-,dec4 #bj?1 #aiab47 #a4 ,control4 #b4 #a_/e1jjj z9c sulphate4 #c4 #a_/aj1jjj #d4 #a_/ej1jjj #e4 #a_/ajj1jjj #f4 #a_/bej1jjj #g4 #a_/ejj1jjj #h4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj #i4 #a_/b1ejj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,curve %[+ ! mean values ( ! dry weights ( n9e s]ies ( pea plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( anhydr\s z9c sulphate & nutri5t salts4 7,may #ah?-,june #bh?1 #aiaj47 7c7 ,effect ( z9c comp\nds on plant gr[? :5 !y are pres5t 9 soils4 ,z soon z ! pres5ce ( z9c 9 memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom 0 e/abli%$ ! "q arose z to its effect ^u bo? ! plant & ! soil4 ,gorup-,besanez 7#ahfc7 grew plants 9 soil ) :i* #cj grams ( metallic poisons su* z ,cu,s,o1 ,zn,s,o1 ,hg,o1 7 intimately mix$ ) #cjg litres 78cubik ,decimet]07 ( soil#f4 ,on analys+ ! a% ( ,secale c]eale1 ,polygonum ,fagopyrum1 & ,pisum sativum aft] six mon?s gr[? he fail$ to detect ! pres5ce ( z9c 9 any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,z ! results v>i$ ) diff]5t poisons on diff]5t plants he conclud$ t ! absorption capacity ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( soils = diff]5t poisons v>ies1 t basic salts are absorb$1 :ile ! acid salts may pass completely ?r\gh ! soil 9 ! dra9age wat]4 #f ,?is is equival5t to ab\t #a ( poison4 ,freytag 7#ahfh7 /at$ t z9c is reta9$ by ! soil 9 ! =m ( oxide1 :i* is d]iv$ f dilute z9c comp\nds z !y filt] ?r\gh ! soil1 by decomposition by ! salts ( ! soil4 ,= field e>? ! limit ( absorption ( z9c oxide f z9c sulphate is betwe5 #ba-bd ( ! e>?4 ,f4 ,c4 ,phillips 7#ahhb7 corroborat$ ,freytag's /atem5t z to ! absorption ( small quantities ( z9c by ! roots ( plants1 b he /ates z a fact t bo? lead & z9c may ent] plant tissues )\t caus+ any di/urbance 9 ! gr[?1 nutrition or functions ( ! plants1 a conclusion t is obvi\sly incorrect or at lea/ incomplete 9 view ( lat] "w on ! subject4 ,8 *oice ( plants 0 c]ta9ly unusual1 includ+ g]aniums1 coleas1 ag]atums & pansies1 ! poison us$ be+ z9c c>bonate4 ,holdefleiss 7#ahhc7 /at$ t 9 spite ( a soil cont5t ( #b z9c ! vegetation 0 n 9 any way h>m$1 clov] fields & mead[ l&s on z9c soil pres5t+ a normal appe>ance4 ,?is obs]vation 0 q inconclusive1 z ! au?or proce$s to say t ( ! plants t 7 able to absorb z9c salts )\t disadvantage ! mo/ luxuriant 7 ! s-call$ z9c plants--! exceptions t prove ! rule4 ,two ye>s lat] ,baumann %[$ t su* insoluble z9c salts z ! c>bonate & sulphide 9 ! soil _c hurt plants4 ,^! salts are c]ta9ly dissolv$ to "s ext5t by wat] conta9+ ,,co b solution is h9d]$ by ! con/itution ( ! soil4 ,he also f\nd t ! v>i\s k9ds ( soil act diff]5tly ^u z9c solutions1 ! absorptive p[] ( pure humus soils 78re9em ,humusbod507 = z9c solutions be+ ! /ronge/4 ,clay & *alk soils also decompose su* solutions en]getically1 :ile poor s&y soils h only a weak p[] ( absorption4 ,?is selectivity ( absorption may acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! toxicity ( z9c salts to plants 9 ! v>i\s soils4 ,/orp 7#ahhc7 exp]im5t$ to det]m9e ! *anges 9 ! v>i\s *>act]s ( ! soil by ! action ( z9c salts on x1 & he makes ! rem>kable /atem5t t 9 "s soils ! pres5ce ( z9c g5]ates free sulphuric acid1 :i* is p>ticul>ly injuri\s to plant life4 ,grasses1 "y oaks & figs %[$ a decrease 9 dry weight1 nitrog5 & fat1 z ! quantity ( z9c comp\nds increas$ 9 ! wat] add$ to ! soil4 ,bo? ! quality & ! quantity ( ! crop 7 adv]sely affect$4 ,?is decrease 9 ! dry weight due to ! pres5ce ( z9c 0 confirm$ by ,j5s* lat] on1 & also by ,nobbe1 ,baessl] & ,w 7#ahhd71 :o /ate t bo? lead & z9c comp\nds "w disadvantage\sly to vegetation ev5 :5 !y are pres5t 9 su* small quantities t ! plants are outw>dly s\nd1 ! h>mful action appe>+ 9 ! decrease ( dry weight4 ,contr>y to ,baumann's op9ion1 z9c c>bonate is said to be "o ( ! salts t ex]cises ?is insidi\s poison\s action4 ,/orp 7#ahhc7 notic$ t ! direct poison\s action ( z9c comp\nds is l>gely de/roy$ by _! admixture ) soil1 b he sugge/s t a second>y cause ( h>m is introduc$ by ! accumulation ( insoluble z9c salts1 s t ! f]tility ( ! soil is impair$ to ! detrim5t ( ! vegetation4 ,ehr5b]g 7#aijh7 ?r[s out a sugge/ion t z9c is specially h>mful to plant life :5 x occurs 9 conjunction ) ammonia1 b no fur!r evid5ce has come to light4 7d7 ,mode ( action ( z9c on plants4 ,! reason = ! toxicity ( z9c salts :5 pres5t 9 soil =c$ itself ^u ! att5tion ( "s ( ! e>ly inve/igators 9 ?is field4 ,freytag 7#ahfh7 put =w>d ! hypo!sis t ! z9c oxide is p>tly or exclusively absorb$ by ! roots on acc\nt ( ! cell walls ( ! root be+ corrod$ by ! v ?9 lay] ( z9c salts ly+ 9 contact ) x--! same !ory z has be5 held ) reg>d to copp]4 ,he /at$ also t ! quantity ( z9c oxide tak5 up by ! plant ?r\gh its roots is /rictly limit$1 n be+ proportional to ! quantity occurr+ 9 ! soil1 b v>y+ betwe5 n>r[ limits4 ,krau* 7#ahhb7 f\nd himself unable to accept ano!r hypo!sis :i* at "o "t f\nd fav\r1 i4e4 t ! z9c salts kill ! plants by coagulat+ ! protoplasm4 ,if ?is 7 s1 he argu$1 no plants at all c\ld gr[ ^u soils conta9+ z9c1 & he 0 cont5t to leave ! cause z "o yet to be expla9$4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 ?irty ye>s aft]1 we "k v little m ab\t ! physiological cause ( ! toxicity ( z9c4 #b4 ,effect ( z9c comp\nds on g]m9ation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations on ! influ5ce ( z9c on vegetation ,freytag j t\*$ ^u ! "q ( se$ g]m9ation4 ,accord+ to 8 /atem5t ! pres5ce ( z9c oxide 9 ! soil does n ex]cise mu* influ5ce ^u g]m9ation & ! gr[? processes ( plants4 ,little z9c is /or$ up 9 se$s & on ?is acc\nt se$s orig9at+ f plants conta9+ z9c g]m9ate q normally & d n seem to be affect$ by ! peculi> nutritive conditions ( ! p>5t plants4 ,9 c]ta9 cases light seems to h some?+ to d ) ! h>m z9c comp\nds "w on plants4 ,/orp f\nd t :5 clov] se$s 7 g]m9at$ 9 ! d>k on filt] pap] moi/5$ ) wat] conta9+ #jbe gm4 ,zn,o p] litre 7add$ 9 ! =m ( z9c sulphate7 no delet]i\s action 0 obs]v$4 ,b>ley se$s 7 soak$ = f\r days 9 7a7 di/ill$ wat]1 7b7 wat] ) #i gm4 ,zn,o p] litre1 :i* 0 frequ5tly *ang$4 ,^! se$s 7 !n plac$ 9 ! d>k on filt] pap]s soak$ respectively ) wat] & ) ! solution conta9+ ,zn,o4 ,s long z no light 0 admitt$1 = a p]iod ( elev5 days1 g]m9ation 0 uni=m 9 bo? sets1 b directly ! cov]s 7 remov$ ! gr[? ( ! se$s ) z9c ceas$ almo/ entirely1 & !y did n assume ! gre5 col\r tak5 on by ! unpoison$ se$l+s4 ,) maize ! g]m9ation 0 ret>d$ by z9c ev5 9 ! d>k1 b ! h>mful action ( light on ! plants ) z9c 0 aga9 e/abli%$4 ,^! results seem to indicate t ! =mation & activity ( *lorophyll is impair$ by ! toxic ag5t1 & ?is hypo!sis is borne out by ! fact t 9 _m fungi & non-assimilat+ high] plants ! toxic action ( z9c is n evid5t4 ,mi*eels 7#aijf7 approa*$ ! matt] f a totally diff]5t /&po9t1 seek+ to discov] :at influ5ce ! val5cy ( a metal has ^u ! toxicity ( its salts4 ,9 ea* ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts #ajjj c4c4 ( dec9ormal solution ( sodium *loride 9 pure di/ill$ wat] 7 us$1 ) ! addition ( v>y+ /r5g?s ( calcium sulphate4 ,gra9s ( :eat1 :i* previ\sly _h be5 soak$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 7 plac$ 9 ! solutions1 & x 0 f\nd t ! /rong] ! calcium sulphate solution 7up to #a_/fd normal--! limit ( exp]im5t71 ! bett] ! gr[?4 ,! calcium sulphate 0 !n replac$ by salts ( o!r bival5t metals1 z z9c1 lead & b>ium1 ) analog\s results1 ! quantity necess>y to obta9 ! maximum developm5t v>y+ ) "o & ano!r2 ) z9c1 n_/#abh gave ! maximum4 ,9 ?is case ! toxic action ( bo? sodium *loride & z9c sulphate on g]m9ation 7 consid]ably r$uc$ by _! mutual pres5ce--a result :i* fits 9 p]fectly ) :at is kn[n z to ! mask+ effect ( soluble sub/ances ^u toxic action4 ,! same fact obta9s 9 ! animal k+dom1 :]e ,loeb & o!rs h f\nd t ! toxicity ( solutions ( sodium *loride = m>9e animals is r$uc$ by ! introduction ( salts ( ! bival5t metals4 #c4 ,/imulation induc$ by z9c comp\nds4 ,:ile ! toxic action ( z9c on ! high] plants is s obvi\s t x =c$ itself ^u ! att5tion ( inve/igators at an e>ly date1 ! "q ( possible /imulus is s mu* m subtle t x has only come into prom95ce dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t an extraord9>y am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w has be5 done ) reg>d to x4 ,"o inve/igator1 ,gu/avson1 0 some:at 9 advance ( 8 "t1 = z long ago z #ahha he h9t$ at ! possibility t z9c1 alum9ium & o!r sub/ances might act z /imulants or r z accel]ators4 ,he indicat$ t ! rle ( c]ta9 m9]al salts 9 ! plant economy is to ent] into comb9ation ) ! exi/+ organic comp\nds1 ! result+ product ( ! reaction aid+ 9 ! =mation ( yet o!r purely organic comp\nds :i* ord9>ily require = _! =mation ei!r a v high temp]ature or a long "t--9 o!r words1 su* a m9]al salt acts z a k9d ( accel]ator4 ,?is "w 0 app>5tly n foll[$ up imm$iately1 b x evid5tly conta9s ! g]m ( ! 8catalytic0 hypo!sis ( :i* s mu* has be5 made dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! "w deal+ ) z9c z a /imulant to plant gr[? has yield$ su* v>i\s & app>5tly contradictory results t ! "q _c yet be reg>d$ z settl$--x is ev5 /ill m or less unc]ta9 :e!r z9c comp\nds act z /imulants1 or :e!r !y are m]ely indiff]5t at conc5trations bel[ ! toxic doses4 7a7 ,/imulation 9 wat] cultures4 ,true & ,gies 7#aijc7 susp5d$ se$l+s ( ,lup9us albus = #bd-dh h\rs ) _! roots 9 solutions ( z9c sulphate & calcium sulphate 7m_/#bef7g1 & f\nd t :ile z9c sulphate alone at m_/#haib ret>d$ gr[?1 yet ) m_/#bjdh ,zn,s,o & m_/#bef calcium sulphate gr[? 0 m ?an twice z rapid z 9 controls gr[n 9 wat]1 indicat+ a m>k$ /imulation4 ,! pres5ce ( ! calcium ex]cis$ a def9ite ameliorat+ influ5ce1 r$uc+ ! toxicity ( z9c to "o-sixte5? at mo/4 ,! hypo!sis put =w>d is t int]ior physiological modifications are responsible = ! obs]v$ diff]5ces 9 gr[? rate1 ! cell processes be+ s affect$ z to br+ ab\t diff]5t results on cellul> gr[?--i4e4 t :]e mixtures ( salts are conc]n$ gr[? rate repres5ts ! physiological sum ( oppositely act+ /imuli or ( antagoni/ic protoplasmic *anges4 #g m probably gram molecul> weight4 ,k&a 7#aijd7 f\nd t peas 7 /imulat$ 9 dilute solutions ( z9c sulphate 9 ! abs5ce ( nutri5ts1 ! optimum conc5tration be+ betwe5 #jjjjjbhg & #jjjjjadce 7ab\t #a 9 #cd1hdj1jjj & #a 9 #fi1gjj1jjj71 high] conc5trations be+ poison\s :5 ! solutions 7 *ang$ e f\r days4 ,j5s5 7#aijg7 /at$ t he obta9$ no /imulation at all ) wat] cultures1 ev5 9 a solution z dilute z n_/#ajj1jjj 7ab\t #a 9 #a1bci1jjj71 b he sugge/$ t x 0 q possible t 9 prop] conc5tration ! z9c sulphate might prove to be a /imulant4 ,javilli] 7#aiaj7 grew :eat 9 nutritive solutions ) quantities ( z9c salts conta9+ f #a_/e1jjj1jjj-a_/bej1jjj z9c1 & f\nd t ! dry weight ( ! plant 0 increas$ 9 s f> z ! /ems & leaves 7 conc]n$1 ?\gh x rema9$ unc]ta9 :e!r a simil> increase occurr$ 9 ! gra94 ,a consid]ation ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts %[s t up to ! pres5t "t !re is no conclusive evid5ce t z9c sulphate acts z a /imulant to b>ley gr[n 9 wat] cultures4 ,z a g5]al rule ! gr[? ( ^? plants ) #a_/e1jjj1jjj ,zn,s,o approximates closely to t ( ! controls4 ,beyond ?is ! gr[? v>ies 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts4 ,9 "s cases l[] conc5trations f #a_/e1jjj1jjj to #a_/ej1jjj1jjj seem to cause "s slight improvem5t 9 comp>ison ) ! normal1 indicat+ a possible /imulus1 b ?is improvem5t is n at all well m>k$4 ,9 o!r cases ^! great dilutions are app>5tly indiff]5t1 nei!r a poison\s nor a /imulative action be+ ex]t$ on ! gr[? ( ! plant 7,fig4 #f74 ,) peas "s increase has be5 obta9$ ) #a_/bj1jjj1jjj1 & al?\gh ! rise is only slight1 yet x is possible t x may indicate ! sett+ 9 ( a /imulus :i* w\ld make itself m /rongly felt ) /ill weak] conc5trations 7,fig4 #g74 7b7 ,/imulation 9 s& cultures4 ,:ile ,j5s5 d5i$ /imulation 9 :eat gr[n 9 wat] cultures ev5 :5 ! solutions 7 z dilute z n_/#ajj1jjj z9c sulphate1 yet he f\nd increase ( gr[? ) ! same plant 9 artificial soil 7qu>tz fl\r7 to :i* mu* /rong] solutions ( z9c sulphate1 f #en_/#aj1jjj-n_/#aj1jjj1 _h be5 add$4 7c7 ,increas$ gr[? 9 soil4 ,nakamura 7#aijd7 dealt ) a few plants ( agricultural importance1 add+ #ja gram anhydr\s z9c sulphate to #bcjj grams air-dri$ soil4 ,! m>k$ individuality 9 ! response ( ! v>i\s plants to ! poison is v /rik+4 ,allium %[$ signs ( increas$ gr[? ?r\gh\t2 ,pisum 0 app>5tly improv$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( gr[?1 b :5 ! dry weights 7 tak5 at ! end ( ! exp]im5t no increase manife/$ itself 9 ! weights ( ! plants treat$ ) z9c2 ) ,hordeum ! same quantity ( z9c ex]cis$ a consi/5tly injuri\s action4 ,^! results ) peas & b>ley corroborate ^? obta9$ 9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts ) wat] cultures 9 t z9c sulphate prov$ to be less toxic to peas ?an to b>ley4 ,k&a f\nd t bo? peas & beans :5 gr[n 9 soil z pot cultures 7 improv$ by l>g] quantities ( z9c sulphate ?an :5 !y 7 treat$ z wat] cultures--a result 9 full accordance ) curr5t k4 ,:eat is evid5tly peculi>ly s5sitive to ! effects ( z9c comp\nds "u diff]+ conditions4 ,javilli] 7#aijh c7 po9t$ out t :ile :eat is v susceptible to ! toxic action ( z9c1 yet x c b5efit by ! pres5ce ( suffici5tly small quantities ( ! comp\nds ( ! metal4 ,rice is ano!r c]eal t is said to respond to ! action ( z9c sulphate1 z ,roxas1 work+ 9 pot cultures ) soil bo? ) & )\t ! addition ( nutritive salts1 obta9$ an accel]ation ( gr[? on ! addition ( m_/#ajjj z9c sulphate1 a quantity s rem>kably great t x might be expect$ to act z a toxic r ?an z a /imulant4 ,) phan]ogams ! z9c "q is n only conc]n$ ) ! effect ( ! metal ^u g]m9ation1 b also ) its effect ^u ! lat] gr[? ( ! gre5 plants1 & on ! physiological functions involv+ ! con/ruction ( sub/ances at ! exp5se ( m9]al elem5ts & ! c>bon dioxide ( ! air4 ,javilli] holds t ! indications are t z9c w\ld prove to be pr(itable if appli$ to crops z a 8complem5t>y0 manure4 #d4 ,direct action ( z9c salts on leaves4 ,d&5o 7#aijj7 appli$ z9c sulphate 9 drops to ! leaves ( ,ampelopsis1 & f\nd t ! solution 0 n all absorb$ by ! leaf1 b t a slight d>k r+ ( a yell[ col\r 0 produc$1 & he 0 induc$ to ?9k t "s local /imulation 0 produc$ if ! salt 0 pres5t$ 9 suffici5t dilution4 ,klops* 7#aijh7 discuss$ ! effect on plant gr[? ( z9c d]iv$ f indu/ries produc+ z9c fumes4 ,z9c oxide f ! fumes is deposit$ on ! leaves1 & ,klops* /at$ t ! ra9 & dew conta9+ dissolv$ z9c comp\nds f9d entrance to ! tissues by way ( ! /omates & "w injury to ! plants4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! same fumes also conta9 o!r sub/ances :i* are admitt$ly h>mful to plant life1 & s ! delet]i\s effect may be p>tly or ev5 *iefly due to ^! sub/ances r ?an to ! z9c4 ,yet x is probable t at lea/ "s ( ! depreciation is due to ! z9c4 ,treb\x 7#aijc7 te/$ ! effect ( z9c sulphate on %oots ( ,elodea canad5sis4 ,if ! %oots 7 plac$ 9 n_/#ajj1jjj 7 #jjjjaf7 z9c sulphate no r$uction ( assimilation 7z obs]v$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( oxyg5 bubbles emitt$ p] m9ute7 took place1 & replacem5t 9 wat] app>5tly _h no effect ei!r way4 ,:5 h[ev] ! %oots 7 plac$ 9 7#a7 wat]1 7#b7 #jjjjh z9c sulphate1 7#c7 fre% #jjjjh z9c sulphate1 7#d7 wat] aga91 x 0 f\nd t :ile ! fir/ solution ( z9c sulphate _h app>5tly no effect on assimilation1 yet dur+ ! second imm]sion a gradual r$uction 9 assimilation set 91 :i* r$uction 0 cont9u$ aft] ! return to pure wat]1 s t ! toxic action ( ! z9c sulphate ^u ! %oots 0 cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,z9c ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,plants4 ,among ! fungi1 "o species /&s out 9 special prom95ce on acc\nt ( ! great am\nt ( "w t has be5 done on x ) reg>d to its reactions to z9c salts4 ,asp]gillus nig] ,/]igmatocy/is nigra van ,tgh 0 us$ z a te/ plant by ,raul9 7#ahfi71 :o evid5tly consid]$ t z9c 0 an ess5tial prim>y con/itu5t ( ! food solutions ( ! fungi1 #jg p>ts z9c sulphate be+ add$ to ea* #aejj p>ts ( wat]4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts he te/$ 7#a7 ord9>y nutritive solution1 7#b7 nutritive solution ) v>i\s salts add$1 z z9c sulphate1 7#c7 nutritive solution & salts 7z #b7 & also p[d]$ porcela94 7#b7 gave a crop ( ,asp]gillus ab\t #ca-ce times bett] ?an 7#a71 :ile 7#c7 0 ev5 bett] /ill4 ,sulphate ( iron also prov$ /imulat+ 9 its action1 b ,raul9 /at$ t z9c _c replace iron1 z bo? are ess5tial4 ,ono 7#aijj7 det]m9$ ! relation betwe5 ! weight ( ! m\ld crop 9 grams & ! quantity ( sug> us$ up 9 ! pres5ce ( v>y+ am\nts ( z9c sulphate4 ,! am\nt ( sug> us$ 0 always great] 9 ! crops ) #jjcg-jbig z9c sulphate by weight ?an 9 ! control crops1 indicat+ a /imulation caus$ by z9c4 ,ri*t] 7#aija7 c>ri$ out r simil> exp]im5ts4 ,:5 gr[n 9 solutions )\t & ) #a_/gjj1jjj gram molecule z9c sulphate ! dry weights ( ! m\ld 7 practically ! same = ! fir/ two days1 !n ! dry weight ( ! z9c crop %ot ahead = a day or two1 a depression sett+ 9 on ! fif? day4 ,)\t z9c a less increase took place1 & a simil> drop 0 noticeable ab\t ! six? day4 ,! conclusion drawn is t ! /imulation due to ! z9c occurs *iefly 9 ! fir/ few days & also t ! rise 9 ! sug> consum$ is m rapid at fir/ ) ! m\lds treat$ ) z9c4 ,conc5trations above #a_/fjj are h>mful1 b 9 weak] solutions z9c is a def9ite /imulant4 ,c\p9 7#aijc7 re-inve/igat$ "s ( ,raul9's "w "u m antiseptic conditions 9 ord] to see :at sub/ances 7 really ne$$ by ! m\ld & :e!r c]ta9 elem5ts decl>$ ess5tial 7 really s4 ,he conclud$ t iron & z9c are ( no use 9 ! nutrition ( ,/]igmatocy/is nigra1 b t ! z9c ret>ds ! developm5t ( mycelium :5 food is abundant1 kill+ x if x is badly n\ri%$4 ,?is d5ial ( /imulation 0 controv]t$ by ,javilli] 7#aijg7 :o re-te/$ ,raul9's solution ) extreme c>e1 gr[+ ,/]igmatocy/is 9 7a7 normal ,raul9's solution ) z9c1 7b7 ,raul9's solution )\t z9c4 ,! ratio ( crops a_/b v>i$ f #bc-ca 9 f\r exp]im5ts1 v9dicat+ ! fav\rable action ( z9c4 ,) reg>d to ! optimum value = z9c ! m\ld seem$ to be p]fectly indiff]5t to ! pres5ce ( m$ium quantities b v s5sitive to extremes1 ! maximum weights be+ rea*$ 9 dilutions betwe5 #a_/aj1jjj1jjj & #a_/bej1jjj1 :ile quantities above #a_/be1jjj 7 toxic 9 _! action4 ,at a dilution ( #a_/ej1jjj1jjj /imulation 0 /ill evid5t1 ?\gh 9 a less degree ?an ) ! optimal conc5trations4 ,javilli] ma9ta9s t z9c is fix$ by ! fungus1 ! :ole ( ! z9c pres5t 9 dilute solutions be+ tak5 up1 only "p be+ utilis$ 9 /rong] solutions4 ,! value ( accordance betwe5 ! quantity ( z9c fix$ & ! quantity suppli$ decreases rapidly ) increase ( conc5tration4 ,/]igmatocy/is is able to fix )\t h>m a quantity ( z9c equal to m ?an #a_/aajj ( its weight4 ,z9c is reg>d$ z a catalytic elem5t1 z ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! plant z are ! m obvi\s nutri5ts1 c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 c41 9 spite ( ! m9ute traces 9 :i* x occurs4 ,a few te/s on yea/s made by ,javilli] %[$ t ) vegetative yea/s z9c has a specific action1 a consi/5t increase occurr+ 9 ! am\nt ( yea/ =m$ & 9 ! am\nt ( sug> consum$ z ! quantity ( z9c increas$ f #j-a_/aj1jjj1jjj-a_/aj1jjj4 ,) f]m5t yea/1 h[ev]1 z9c ex]t$ no appreciable action4 ,^! results l5d =ce to ! conclusion ( ,ri*>ds 7#ahig7 :o c>ri$ out exp]im5ts on fungi ) v>i\s nutritive m$ia ) ! addition ( c]ta9 salts ( z9c1 nickel1 manganese1 iron1 c4 ,he consid]$ t 8 g5]al results %[$ t ! fact ( a *emical /imulation ( c]ta9 metallic salts ^u ! gr[? ( fungi is e/abli%$1 al?\gh x mu/ n be consid]$ )\t fur!r inve/igations t all fungi react 9 ! same degree to ! same reag5t4 ,conclusion4 ,z matt]s /& at ! pres5t day1 x appe>s t x is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r high] plants gr[n 9 wat] cultures are susceptible to /imulation by z9c salts4 ,if a /imulus does exi/1 x mu/ be at exce$+ly great dilutions1 b fur!r evid5ce is ne$$4 ,9 soil cultures1 h[ev]1 ! fact ( increas$ gr[? seems to be m firmly e/abli%$1 c]ta9 species respond+ to z9c salts :5 us$ z manure1 ?\gh no increase has be5 obta9$ ) o!r species4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! action may be an indirect "o4 ,! soil is v complex 9 its con/itution1 & x is impossible to det]m9e ! exact action ( ! add$ poison ^u x1 s t a /imulat+ effect ne$ n necess>ily be due to a direct action ( a sub/ance ^u ! plant1 b x may be ! result ( m fav\rable conditions = life induc$ by ! action ( ! sub/ance ^u ! soil4 ,among ! fungi ! /imulation ( ,asp]gillus nig] by m9ute traces ( z9c comp\nds seems to be well prov$1 ?\gh aga9 x does n necess>ily foll[ t all fungi w react 9 ! same way to z9c4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,effect ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,comp\nds ,i4 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,9 ,,plants4 ,! occurr5ce ( ars5ic z an occasional con/itu5t ( plants has be5 recognis$ = _m ye>s4 ,*at9 7#ahde7 f\nd t if a plant 7 suppli$ ) ars5ical comp\nds at ! roots ars5ic 0 absorb$1 b t x 0 di/ribut$ unequally to ! v>i\s tissues4 ,! greate/ accumulation ( ! elem5t 0 9 ! floral receptacle & ! leaves1 :ile x 0 sc>ce 9 ! fruits1 se$s1 /ems1 roots & petals4 ,e4 ,davy 7#ahei7 comm5t$ on ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 plants cultivat$ = food4 ,he grew peas 9 pots & wat]$ !m = a %ort "t ) a saturat$ aque\s solution ( ars5i\s acid1 ! application be+ !n discont9u$4 ,! plants1 app>5tly un9jur$ by ! treatm5t1 fl[]$ & =m$ se$s4 ,on analysis ars5ic 0 readily detect$ 9 all p>ts ( ! plant1 includ+ ! se$s4 ,o!r analyses reveal$ ! pres5ce ( ! elem5t 9 cabbage plants 7f pots7 & turnips 7f field71 bo? ( :i* _h be5 manur$ ) sup]phosphate conta9+ "s am\nt ( ars5ic4 ,?is absorption ( ars5ic by ! roots ( plants 0 fur!r e/abli%$ by ,phillips 7#ahhb74 ,v>i\s physiological work]s h po9t$ out t ?is elem5t is frequ5tly or usually pres5t 9 animal tissues4 ,c]n 7#aija7 rea*$ ! g5]al conclusion t m9imal traces ( ars5ic c occur 9 animal organisms1 b t ^! play no "p 9 ! organism & inde$ are n con/ant 9 _! occurr5ce4 ,b]tr& 7#aijb7 e/abli%$ its pres5ce 9 m9ute quantities 9 ! ?yroid gl&s ( ! ox & pig1 hair & nails ( ! dog1 & ! fea!rs ( ! goose4 ,gauti] & ,clausmann 7#aijd7 realis$ ! con/ant pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 human tissues & recognis$ t x mu/ inevitably be introduc$ into ! body ) ! food4 ,?is l$ !m to e/imate ! ars5ic pres5t 9 v>i\s animal & vegetable foods1 "s ( _! results be+ giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,ars5ic p] #ajj p>ts fre% sub/ance 9 gr4 7 ?\s&? "p ( a milligram7#h4 ,:eat 7,victoria--complete gra97 #g 7f ,fran*e ,comt7 #he ,:ite bread #ga ,:ole gre5 cabbage #b ,outside leaves ( cabbage #j 7abs5t7 ,gre5 h>icots #j ,turnip #cf ,potatoes #aab #h #j gr41 #a #jjjja mg4 ,ars5ic 0 also f\nd 9 w9e & be] & 9 consid]able quantities 9 sea wat] & v>i\s k9ds ( salt4 ,s9ce x _c be f\nd 9 "s ?+s ev5 9 ! lea/ traces1 ! au?ors conclude t x is incorrect to say t ! elem5t is always pres5t or t x is ess5tial to all liv+ cells4 ,s4 ,h4 ,coll9s 7#aijb7 f\nd t b>ley is able to absorb relatively l>ge quantities ( ars5ic4 ,! plants 7 gr[n 9 pots on soil :i* orig9ally conta9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! sub/ance1 & v>i\s comb9ations ( ars5ic acid1 ars5i\s acid & sup]phosphate 7 add$4 ,p>ticul>s & details are n giv5 by ! au?or1 except t ars5ic 0 detect$ by ,re9s*'s te/ 9 ! gra9s f all ! exp]im5tal pots1 & 9 "o case 7n specifi$7 9 ! upp] & l[] halves ( ! /raw & 9 ! ?re%$ e>s4 ,! analyses ( ! soil at ! close ( ! exp]im5ts %[$ ! pres5ce ( #g-bb p>ts ars5i\s acid p] million4 ,wehm] 7#aiaa7 quotes ref]5ces to ! occurr5ce ( ars5ic 9 ,vitis v9if]a4 ,! elem5t 0 detect$ 9 ! a% ( ! mu/ & its pres5ce 0 attribut$ to treatm5t ( ! plants ) ars5ical comp\nds4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note ! obs]vation ( ,swa9 & ,h>k9s 7#aijh71 :o1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! absorption ( ars5ic f ! soil by _m plants1 yet indicate t 9 ! case ( ^? plants :i* are expos$ to smelt] smoke ! ars5ic is deposit$ on ! vegetation1 & is n absorb$ by ! latt] f ! soil4 ,,ii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,high] ,,plants4 #a4 ,toxic effect4 7a7 ,toxic action ( ars5ic comp\nds 9 wat] cultures 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5ts4 ,! poison\s action ( ars5ic on plants has long be5 recognis$4 ,*at9 7#ahde7 gave acc\nts ( tissues poison$ by /rong ars5ical solutions4 ,nobbe1 ,baessl] & ,w 7#ahhd7 c>ri$ on wat] culture exp]im5ts ) buck:eat1 oats1 maize & ald]1 & f\nd t ars5ic 0 a p>ticul>ly /rong poison = ^! plants4 ,:5 small quantities ( ars5i\s acid 7,z,o7 7 add$ to ! food solutions1 gr[? 0 measurably h9d]$ by a conc5tration ( #a_/a1jjj1jjj ,z 7reckon$ z ,z74 ,! elem5t only appe>s 9 plants 9 v small quantity & c nev] be detect$ 9 notable quantities4 ,! a]ial organs %[ ! effect ( ars5ical poison+ by int5se )]+1 int]rupt$ by p]iods ( recov]y1 b ev5tually foll[$ by dea?4 ,x 0 also f\nd t if plant roots 7 expos$ to ! action ( ars5ical solutions = a %ort p]iod1 say t5 m9utes1 & !n 7 transf]r$ to normal food solutions1 ! action ( ! poison 0 delay$1 b ev5tually h9d]+ ( gr[? or dea? occurr$1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! poison us$ 9 ! fir/ solution4 ,at ! same "t t ,nobbe1 ,baessl] & ,w 7 e/abli%+ ! great toxicity ( ! l[] oxide ( ars5ic1 ,knop 7#ahhd7 0 c>ry+ ! matt] a /ep fur!r by comp>+ ! action ( ars5i\s & ars5ic acid & _! d]ivatives on plant gr[?4 ,he e/abli%$ ! fact t :ile ars5i\s acid is a /rong poison = maize plants1 ars5ic acid 9 small quantities is n toxic to ! roots & t ! plants c produce fl[]s & fruit 9 its pres5ce4 ,ars5ic acid appli$ z potassium ars5ate prov$ to be h>mful to "y maize se$l+s if ! solutions conta9$ #je-a gm4 ars5ic acid p] litre 7 #a_/-b_/bj1jjj ars5ic acid74 ,if h[ev] ! plants 7 all[$ to =m #aj-ae leaves 9 a pure food solution & !n :5 /rongly root$ 7 transf]r$ to a solution ( #je gm4 ars5ic acid p] litre1 !y 7 f\nd to gr[ /rongly & develope big heal?y leaves4 ,c>eful measurem5ts indicat$ t ! developm5t is un*eck$ by ! addition ( ! poison1 ?\gh ars5ic 0 det]m9$ 9 ! a% ( ! treat$ plants4 ,/oklasa 7#ahif1 #ahih7 te/$ ! effect ( ars5ic comp\nds on plant gr[? ) special att5tion to _! comp>ative relation to phosphoric acid4 ,he corroborat$ ,knop's /atem5t z to ! great] toxicity ( ars5i\s acid & ars5ites 9 comp>ison ) ars5ic acid & ars5ates1 /at+ t #a_/ajj1jjj mol4 wt4 ars5i\s acid p] litre causes def9ite tr\ble 9 plants1 :ile ) ars5ic acid #a_/ajjj mol4 wt4 p] litre fir/ %[s a noticeable toxicity4 ,wat] culture exp]im5ts 7 made ) & )\t phosphoric acid1 9 ea* case ) & )\t ! addition ( ars5ic & ars5i\s acid4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ars5ic acid 0 unable to replace ! phosphoric acid1 ! plants decay+ 9 ! fl[] 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! complete abs5ce ( phosphoric acid1 ars5ic acid causes a /rong production ( organic sub/ances up to ! fl[]+ "t4 ,! foll[+ figures 7 obta9$ ) maize3-- #jjb gm4 ,z,o ) ,p,o #bhd gm4 dry wt4 #jje gm4 #bcg #ja gm4 ,z,o #fgcb #dj #fdac #jc ,z,o )\t ,p,o #ciih #jg #dbac normal solution #abic ) #fehd ,comp>ative exp]im5ts ) ! two ars5ical oxides %[$ t v>y+ times 7 requir$ to kill diff]5t plants4 ,"y se$l+s 7 br\ght into solutions conta9+ #a_/aj1jjj mol4 wt4 ars5i\s acid 7 #jai gm4 ,z,o p] litre7 & ! plants di$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,hordeum di/i*um #df h\rs ,polygonum ,fagopyrum #hd ,p]sec>ia #ij ,) t5 times ! /r5g? ( ars5ic acid 7#a_/ajjj mol4 wt4 #bc gm4 p] litre7 ! plants took mu* long] to kill4 ,hordeum di/i*um #bde days ,polygonum ,fagopyrum #dj ,p]sec>ia #db ,v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on at ,ro?am/$ ) peas & b>ley4 ,) ars5i\s acid on b>ley a depress+ influ5ce is manife/ ev5 at a conc5tration ( #a_/aj1jjj1jjj1 :ile no gr[? at all is possible ) #a_/aj1jjj & upw>ds4 ,app>5tly ! toxic action on ! root ceases at a high] /r5g? ?an on ! %oot1 z ) #a_/a1jjj1jjj & less ! dry weight ( ! root rema9s practically con/ant4 ,at ?is same /r5g? ! %oots look bett] ?an ! controls1 b ?is is n app>5t 9 ! dry weights 7,figs4 #i & #aj74 ,) peas ! depression is aga9 evid5t to #a_/aj1jjj1jjj1 b ! plants are m s5sitive to ! high] conc5trations1 z no gr[? c take place 9 ! pres5ce ( #a_/bej1jjj ars5i\s acid 7,fig4 #aa74 ,a /rik+ diff]5ce is obs]v$ ) ars5ic acid on b>ley1 z app>5tly ?is does n act z a toxic ev5 ) su* comp>atively great conc5trations z #a_/ajj1jjj1 ?\gh possibly ! %oot is slightly depress$ by ?is /r5g? 7,fig4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( ars5i\s acid on b>ley 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,m>* #af?-,may #i?1 #aiaa47 #a4 ,control4 #b994 #a_/ej1jjj ars5i\s acid4 #b4 #a_/ajj1jjj #c4 #a_/aej1jjj #d4 #a_/bjj1jjj #e4 #a_/bej1jjj #f4 #a_/ejj1jjj #g4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj #h4 #a_/e1jjj1jjj #i4 #a_/aj1jjj1jjj #aj4 #a_/be1jjj1jjj #aa4 #a_/ej1jjj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( ars5i\s acid & nutri5t salts4 7,m>* #af?-,may #i?1 #aiaa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( pea plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( ars5i\s acid & nutri5t salts4 7,june #h?-,july #ba/1 #aiaj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( ars5ic acid & nutri5t salts4 7,feb4 #bh?-,april #bd?1 #aiaa47 ,) sodium ars5ite ! dilutions 7 c>ri$ fur!r1 to #a_/bej1jjj1jjj1 b ?is /ill depress$ b>ley to "s ext5t 7,fig4 #ac74 ,) peas ! results v>y some:at 9 ! diff]5t te/s1 ! depression ) #a_/b1ejj1jjj & less be+ usually slight1 ?\gh occasionally x is mu* m /rongly m>k$ 7,fig4 #ad74 ,9 a s+le s]ies ) sodium ars5ate b>ley 0 app>5tly unaffect$ by a conc5tration ( #a_/a1jjj1jjj1 b f ?is po9t d[n to #a_/bej1jjj1jjj a con/ant depression %[$ itself1 :i* 0 p>allel$ by a simil> depression 9 ! sodium ars5ite s]ies f #a_/be1jjj1jjj to #a_/bej1jjj1jjj1 ! curves grad+ d[nw>ds in/ead ( up t[>ds ! normal4 ,) peas sodium ars5ate has little or no action1 ?\gh x is j possible t ! r irregul> curves indicate a v slight depression bel[ ! normal ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium ars5ite & nutri5t salts4 7,feb4 #aj?-,april #ah?1 #aiac47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( pea plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium ars5ite & nutri5t salts4 7,june #bg?-,aug4 #aj?1 #aiaa47 7b7 ,toxic effect ( ars5ic comp\nds 9 s& cultures4 ,comp>atively few te/s seem to h be5 made z to ! action ( ars5ical solutions 9 s& cultures4 ,/oklasa 7#ahih7 repeat$ 8 wat] culture "w1 us+ s& z a m$ium1 & f\nd analog\s results by ! two me?ods1 i4e4 t ars5ites are f> m toxic ?an ars5ates1 & also t ! degree ( toxicity ( a salt v>ies ) ! plant to :i* x is appli$1 z 0 %[n by ! fact t diff]5t plants liv$ = v>y+ times :5 treat$ ) simil> /r5g?s ( solution4 7c7 ,toxic effect ( ars5ic :5 appli$ to soil cultures4 ,daub5y 7#ahfb7 wat]$ b>ley plants ) a solution ( ars5i\s acid1 #a ounce 9 #aj gallons1 five times 9 succession1 & f\nd t ! crop arriv$ at maturity ab\t a =tnight e>li] ?an ! untreat$ "p ( ! crop1 ?\gh ! am\nt h>ve/$ 0 r less4 ,) turnips f\r wat]+s _h no effect ^u ! "t ( maturity1 b aga9 ! crop 0 slightly decreas$4 ,! analyses made indicat$ t no ars5ic 0 tak5 into ! tissues1 b t x m]ely adh]$ to ! ext]nal surfaces4 ,gorup-,besanez 7#ahfc7 mix$ #cj grams ars5i\s acid ) #cjg litres#i soil1 gr[+ two plants on ?is quantity ( e>?4 ,mo/ ( 8 exp]im5tal plants 7,polygonum ,fagopyrum1 ,pisum sativum1 & ,secale c]eale7 develop$ normally1 b ,panicum italicum di$ soon aft] ! plants appe>$ above ! surface1 ! leaves be+ v badly col\r$4 ,analyses by ,m>%'s te/ %[$ no trace ( ars5ic 9 #bj grams dry matt] f ,secale c]eale1 b 9 #adh grams ,polygonum ,fagopyrum ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 0 evid5t1 ?\gh ! mirror =m$ 0 weak4 ,) su* a l>ge proportion ( ars5i\s acid 9 ! soil x seems h>dly conceivable t ! plants 7 n injur$ to "s ext5t1 & also x is probable t ) m c>eful analyses ars5ic w\ld h be5 detect$ 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* its pres5ce 0 d5i$4 ,yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,davy 7#ahei7 _h treat$ pea plants 9 pots ) a saturat$ solution ( ars5i\s acid = a %ort "t & _h /at$ t ! plants 7 un9jur$4 ,?us bo? ,gorup-,besanez & ,davy concur 9 ! op9ion t ,pisum sativum is indiff]5t to relatively l>ge quantities ( ars5i\s acid :5 pres5t$ 9 ! soil1 :]eas ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts %[ t 9 wat] cultures ! plant is extremely s5sitive ev5 to m9ute traces ( ! sub/ance4 ,x is possible t ! ars5ic 9 ! solution add$ to ! soil ent]s into comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 =m+ insoluble comp\nds1 ?us be+ remov$ f ! sph]e ( action & r5d]$ unable to affect plant life4 ,if ?is be s1 ! app>5t immunity ( c]ta9 plants to ars5i\s acid is expla9$4 ,f4 ,c4 ,phillips 7#ahhb71 9 8 exp]im5ts on v>i\s fl[]+ plants1 su* z g]aniums1 coleas & pansies1 f\nd t comp\nds ( ars5ic 9 ! soil ex]cis$ a di/9ct poison+ influ5ce1 t5d+1 :5 pres5t 9 l>ge am\nt1 to *eck ! =mation ( roots1 s t ! vitality ( ! plant 0 s f> r$uc$ z to int]f]e ) nutrition & gr[?1 or ev5 to kill x outright4 ,he also /at$ t traces ( ars5ic 7 f\nd 9 all ! plants gr[n ^u ! poison$ soil4 #i #cj grams ars5i\s acid to #cjg 8cubik ,decimet]0 soil ab\t #a4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t a c]ta9 proportion ( ars5ic is frequ5tly pres5t 9 ! sup]phosphate us$ z manure4 ,9 view ( ! kn[n toxicity ( ars5ical comp\nds to plant life ! "q arose z to :e!r sup]phosphate manur+ w\ld ex]cise a detrim5tal influ5ce on acc\nt ( its ars5ic cont5t4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,/oklasa 7#ahih71 h[ev]1 indicate t !re is n suffici5t ars5ic 9 maximum doses ( sup]phosphate to ex]cise a toxic action 9 ! field4 7d7 ,physiological consid]ations4 ,! physiological action ( ars5ic comp\nds on plant life e>ly attract$ ! att5tion ( inve/igators4 ,*at9 7#ahde7 put =w>d "s r curi\s & unexpect$ consid]ations ) reg>d to ?is action4 ,he /at$ t ! effect ( ars5ic on plant gr[? is det]m9$ m by ! con/itution & temp]am5t ( individual plants ?an by _! age1 & t app>5tly diff]5ce 9 ! sex ( plants is ( no significance4 ,! *ief det]m9+ ag5t1 h[ev]1 is ! species1 & ,*at9 f\nd t z a g5]al rule ,cryptogams are m s5sitive ?an ,phan]ogams1 & ,monocotyl$ons ?an ,dicotyl$ons1 z is %[n by ! fact t "u treatm5t ! =m] p]i% fir/4 ,"s extreme exceptions exi/1 ?\gh1 z ,mucor muc$o & ,p5icillium glaucum w gr[ on moi/ ars5i\s acid1 :]eas legum9\s plants are kill$ by an ars5ical solution 9 a few h\rs4 ,*at9 held ! view t elim9ation ( ! poison succe$$ its absorption1 & t ?is elim9ation is complete if ! plant lives long en\gh4 ,"h aga9 ! species ex]ts a great influ5ce on ! excretory functions ( ! plants4 ,lup9s & ,phaseolus are presumably able to elim9ate 9 six weeks all ! ars5i\s acid !y c absorb )\t dy+4 ,mo/ ,dicotyl$ons ne$ #c-e mon?s1 :ile ,monocotyl$ons reta9 traces ( poison = six mon?s aft] its absorption4 ,li*5s are said to elim9ate x m sl[ly /ill4 ,aga91 woody species are long] 9 free+ !mselves ?an h]bace\s1 & "y plants c>ry out ! elim9ation m easily ?an old plants4 ,! excretory function is influ5c$ by o!r physiological factors su* z dryness & season4 ,! toxic effects & elim9ation are suppos$ to act inv]sely & p>allel1 ! absorb$ ars5i\s acid comb9+ ) alkal9e bases1 mak+ a v soluble salt :i* is excret$ by ! roots4 ,calcium *loride is giv5 z ! antidote to ars5i\s acid1 all soluble acid be+ 8neutralis$0 by x4 ,?is view ( ! elim9ation ( ars5ic app>5tly did n ga9 mu* support1 z no fur!r ref]5ces to ! matt] h s f> come to light4 ,9 view ( ! "w ( "s mod]n inve/igators 7,wilf>?1 ,rm] & ,wimm]7 on ! excretion ( salts by plant roots1 ! idea may prove ( fre% int]e/4 ,*at9 also f\nd t mov+ or /ill air influ5c$ ! work+ ( ! poison1 indicat+ t ! ext]nal physical conditions affect ! toxic action consid]ably4 ,ne>ly =ty ye>s lat] ,nobbe1 ,baessl] & ,w f\nd t1 if transpiration 7 h9d]$ by plac+ plants 9 a d>k or moi/ room1 x 0 possible to keep ! plants turgesc5t 9 ars5ic solutions = a long "t )\t !reby increas+ ! toxic effect lat] on4 ,! poison\s action proce$s f ! roots1 ( :i* ! protoplasm is disorganis$ & ! osmotic action h9d]$4 ,f9ally1 9 ! pres5ce ( suffici5t ( ! poison1 ! root dies )\t gr[?4 ,/oklasa 7#ahif1 #ahih7 aga9 f\nd t phan]ogamic plants c )/& ars5ic poison+ = "s "t 9 ! d>k or 9 ,,co-free air1 provid$ t glucose is giv5 9 ! food solution4 ,! ars5ic poison+ is at its maximum dur+ c>bon assimilation by means ( *lorophyll4 ,! toxic action ( ars5i\s & ars5ic acids1 especially 9 phan]ogams1 is due to injury to ! *lorophyll activity4 ,! de/ruction ( ! liv+ molecule is f> m rapid 9 ! *lorophyll app>atus ?an 9 ! protoplasm ( ! plant cell4 ,?us x seems t ! physiological cause ( ! toxicity ( ars5ic is p>tly a direct action on ! root protoplasm1 :]eby its osmotic action is h9d]$1 & p>tly a detrim5tal action ^u ^? functions :i* are directly conc]n$ ) ! elaboration processes ( nutrition4 #b4 ,effect ( ars5ic comp\nds on g]m9ation4 ,9 view ( ! great toxicity ( ars5ic to plants 9 _! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 "o w\ld naturally expect to f9d a simil> action ) reg>d to ! g]m9ation ( ! se$s4 ,davy 7#ahei7 casually m5tion$ cases 9 :i* wat]+ ) ars5ical solutions or dipp+ se$s 9 ars5iat$ wat] prev5t$ g]m9ation4 ,heckel 7#ahge7 f\nd t ars5i\s acid *ecks g]m9ation & kills ! embryo at relatively feeble doses1 #be gm4 to #ij gm4 wat]4#aj ,gu?rie & ,helms 7#aijc-d-e7 c>ri$ out a sy/ematic s]ies ( exp]im5ts to te/ ! effect ( ars5ic comp\nds ^u diff]5t f>m crops4 ,v>i\s am\nts ( ars5i\s acid 7 add$ to soil 9 pot exp]im5ts1 & ! se$s ( ! sev]al crops 7 !n s[n4 ,) b>ley1 :eat & rye #jaj ars5i\s acid _h little or no effect on g]m9ation1 :ile an increase 9 ! poison ex]cis$ a ret>d+ action4 ,maize c\ld )/& #jdj ars5i\s acid )\t ret>dation be+ p]ceptible4 ,! aft]gr[? ) ! diff]5t crops v>i$ consid]ably4 ,! :eat plants ) #jaj ars5i\s acid grew all "r at fir/1 b lat] on !y develop$ weakly4 ,! toxic action increas$ rapidly z ! /r5g? ( ! poison rose 9 ! diff]5t pots4 ,b>ley prov$ ev5 m s5sitive ?an :eat1 = ev5 #jje ars5i\s acid affect$ ! gr[? adv]sely4 ,aft] a "t ! plants ) #jje-jjf recov]$ & grew /rongly1 ?\gh n s well z ! controls1 b ^? ) #jaj practically di$ (f4 ,rye behav$ 9 ! rev]se way f :eat4 ,! plants ) #jaj 7 slightly *eck$ at fir/ b lat] recov]$ & made gr[? q equal to ! *eck plants4 ,gr[? 0 /unt$ ) #jbj ars5i\s acid1 & ! plants 7 kill$ ) #jcj1 s t rye is f> less s5sitive ?an b>ley4 ,) maize ! gr[? 0 slightly affect$ ) #jje ,z,o1 & increas+ly s ) great] quantities4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! action ( #jh ,z,o 0 /rongly adv]se to ! g]m9ation ( all plants1 & t above ?is /r5g? g]m9ation 0 altoge!r prev5t$4 #aj ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k su* a conc5tration seems relatively /rong6 ,! results %[ v cle>ly h[ impossible x is to draw any g5]al conclusions ) reg>d to ! action ( ars5ic comp\nds on plants1 z !y emphasise ! /rong individuality ( ! species 9 _! reaction4 #c4 ,d ars5ic comp\nds /imulate high] plants8 ,! "q ( /imulation due to ars5ic does n seem to h engag$ ! att5tion ( inve/igators to any ext5t4 ,wat] culture exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ h s f> yield$ negative results1 & no /imulation has yet be5 obta9$ ) any plant1 ) ! possible exception ( :ite lup9 ) sodium ars5ite4 ,9 a s+le s]ies a /imulus 0 sugge/$1 beg9n+ to make itself felt at #a_/ejj1jjj1 ris+ to an optimum at #a_/aj1jjj1jjj4 ,no /ress c be laid on ?is result1 z x is nev] safe to draw any c]ta9 conclusions )\t sev]al repetitions ( ! same exp]im5t4 ,) ars5ic acid on b>ley a possible /imulus is sometimes indicat$ to ! eye1 ! plants be+ f9e & ( a p>ticul>ly heal?y d>k col\r1 b ?is is n corroborat$ by ! dry weights4 ,additional te/s 7 made ) peas & b>ley1 treat$ ) sodium ars5ite & ars5ate1 ! dilutions be+ c>ri$ d[n to #a_/bej1jjj1jjj1 b no evid5ce ( /imulus 0 obta9$1 s t x h>dly seems possible t ars5ic c act z a /imulative ag5t = ^! two plants :5 gr[n 9 wat] cultures4 ,x _h be5 ?\ght t ! failure to f9d a /imulation po9t hi!rto might be due to ! too great conc5tration ( ! toxic sub/ance r ?an to ! actual inability ( ! poison to /imulate1 b ?is hypo!sis mu/ n[ be dismiss$ s f> z ^! plants are conc]n$4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,comp\nds ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,plants4 #a4 ,algae4 ,loew 7#ahhc7 0 sceptical conc]n+ ! specific toxicity ( ars5ic = plant protoplasm4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t ars5ic & ars5i\s acid 7 poison\s to algae1 n because ( _! specific "* z ars5ical comp\nds1 b because ( _! acid nature1 algae be+ peculi>ly s5sitive to any acid1 & he ma9ta9$ t ^! sub/ances 7 n m poison\s ?an v9eg> or citric acid4 ,he plac$ v>i\s species ( ,spirogyra 9 solutions ( #b gm4 potassium ars5ate p] litre wat] 7#a_/ejjj71 & f\nd t ! algae grew well )\t mak+ any abnormal gr[? 9 a =tnight1 %[+ h>dly "o dead ?read4 ,"s ( ?is alga 0 !n transf]r$ to a #a_/ajjj solution ( potassium ars5ate4 ,?is suit$ x excell5tly & x increas$ & ! appe>ance "u ! microscope 0 v fre% & /rong1 :i* 0 attribut$ m to ! pota% ?an to ! ars5ic acid4 ,loew ma9ta9$ t = ! l[] animals & = _m ( ! l[] plants ars5ic 9 ! =m ( neutral salts is n a poison4 ,:5 ! diff]5tiation ( ! protoplasm into c]ta9 organs rea*es a specific degree 9 ! high] plants1 !n ! poison\s action ( ! ars5ic comp\nds comes into play4 ,knop 7#ahhd7 f\nd t c]ta9 unicellul> gre5 algae grew luxuriantly 9 a neutral solution suppli$ ) potassium ars5ate4 ,b\ilhac 7#ahid7 conc]n$ himself *iefly ) ! possibility ( ! replacem5t ( phosphates by ars5ates4 ,he recognis$ t ! influ5ce ( ars5ic is n ! same on all species ( plants1 s he conf9$ 8 att5tion to c]ta9 ( ! algae4 ,/i*ococcus bacill>is ,naegeli 0 f\nd to live & reproduce itself 9 a m9]al solution conta9+ ars5ic acid4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphoric acid ! ars5ic acid fav\rs gr[?1 ! be/ dose be+ ab\t #a_/ajjj4 ,! ars5ic acid is capable ( p>tly replac+ phosphoric acid4 ,o!r species ( algae1 ,protococcus infusionum1 ,ulo?rix t5]rima1 & ,phormidium ,vald]ianum invad$ ! orig9al culture ( ,/i*ococcus f ! atmosph]e1 b ) no ars5ic or phosphoric acid _! developm5t 0 poor4 ,! j>s ) ars5ic comp\nds 7 invad$ by /ill m species :i* grew /rongly4 ,"u ^! conditions x is evid5t t ^! algae are capable ( assimilat+ ars5ic1 & ! addition ( ars5ic acid to a solution free f phosphoric acid is suffici5t to enable ^! algae to live satisfactorily1 ! ars5ates 9 ?is case replac+ ! phosphates4 ,ono 7#aijj7 f\nd t algae are fav\rably influ5c$ by small doses ( poisons1 ! optimal quantity = algae be+ l[] ?an t = fungi4 ,protococcus %[$ a possible /imulus :5 gr[n 9 conc5trations ( potassium ars5ate v>y+ f #jjjjb-jjje4 ,?is possible /imulus is int]e/+ 9 view ( ! failure to obs]ve /imulation 9 high] plants by m9ute traces ( ars5ic4 #b4 ,fungi4 ,! effect ( ars5ic on fungi is ( special int]e/ 9 t x has a direct be>+ ^u hygi5ic & comm]cial int]e/s4 ,gosio 7#ahib1 #ahig1 #aija7 f\nd t c]ta9 ( ! fungi1 ,mucor muc$o & ,asp]gillus glaucum1 w gr[ on v>i\s ars5ic comp\nds & ex]cise a r$uc+ influ5ce on !m4 ,^! m\lds attack all oxyg5 comp\nds ( ars5ic includ+ copp] ars5ite1 & develope ars5ical gases4 ,sulphur comp\nds ( ars5ic are n influ5c$ by ^! fungi4 ,! same m\lds w\ld1 if cultivat$ 9 soil conta9+ ars5ic1 develope hydrog5 ars5ide4 ,p5icillium glaucum has su* a /rong & def9ite action on ars5ic comp\nds t he /ates t !re is no d\bt ( ! possibility ( poison+ by ars5ical gas 9 a room hung ) pap] conta9+ ars5ic4 ,! comp\nds are s extraord9>ily pot5t t if a m\se is plac$ 9 a vessel 9 :i* ! m\ld is /rongly develop$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ars5ic1 x dies 9 a few seconds4 ,p5icillium brevicaule uses ! elem5t 9 its developm5t z a food sub/ance4 ,if mat]ial conta9+ ars5ic is plac$ 9 contact ) dead fungi no reaction occurs4 ,! life activity ( ! m\ld is evid5tly necess>y = ! reaction by :i* ! ars5ic-conta9+ gases are lib]at$4 ,csapodi 7#ahid7 put =w>d ! e>li] results ( ,gosio & not$ t ! s-call$ ars5ical fungicides d n only fail to kill ! m\ld fungi b actually fav\r _! developm5t4 ,?is action expla9s :y wallpap] conta9+ ars5ic is s disadvantage\s 9 a room4 ,abba 7#ahih7 sev]ely te/$ ,gosio's me?od ( detect+ ars5ic by means ( gr[?s ( ,p5icillium brevicaule1 :]eby ars5ic gases are lib]at$1 v9dicat+ ! me?od completely1 & e/abli%+ ! te/ z an exceptionally delicate "o4 ,segale 7#aijd7 appli$ ! same me?od to ! detection ( ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 animal tissues4 ,ono 7#aijj7 grew ,p5icillium cultures ) solutions ( potassium ars5ate & f\nd no important diff]5ces ei!r ( depression or /imulation4 ,orl[ski 7#aijb-c7 /at$ t small doses ( ars5ic 7#a_/ajjj-a_/ajj ,sodium ars5--#aa7 /imulate ! gr[? ( ,asp]gillus nig]1 l>g] doses up to ret>d gr[?1 :ile kills4 ,spores ( ! fungus tak5 f soil conta9+ ars5ic are said to possess an immunity aga9/ ars5ic1 9 t !y g]m9ate 9 ! pres5ce ( an ars5ic cont5t :i* rapidly kills control fungi4 ,?is immunity is n specific = ars5ic1 b ext5ds also to o!r poisons4 ,! *emical composition & wat] cont5t are n alt]$4 #aa ,! exact comp\nd is n specifi$ 9 ! ab/ract$ pap]1 #a_/ajjj-a_/ajj ,natr4 ,ars4 be+ giv54 ,conclusion4 ,! toxic effect ( ars5ic ^u high] plants is mu* m m>k$ ) ars5i\s acid & its comp\nds ?an ) ars5ic acid & its d]ivatives4 ,no def9ite evid5ce ( /imulation has yet be5 obta9$ ) any ars5ic comp\nd1 h[ev] great ! dilution at :i* x is appli$4 ,) c]ta9 algae a /imulus may occur1 & x is possible t ars5ic acid is capable ( replac+ phosphoric acid to "s ext5t "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,) fungi ! toxic effect ( great conc5trations is m>k$ ) c]ta9 species1 b !re are o!rs :i* are capable ( liv+ happily on ars5ical comp\nds & ( lib]at+ highly poison\s ars5ic gas4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,effect ,,( ,,boron ,,comp\nds ,i4 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,boron ,,9 ,,plants4 ,! fir/ claim to ! discov]y ( boron 9 plants 0 put =w>d 9 #aheg by ,witt/e9 & ,apoig]1 :o c>ri$ out inve/igations on ! ,abyss9ian ,saoria 7se$s ( ,maasa or ,maessa picta1 ,n4,o4 ,primulaceae#ab74 ,9 ! c\rse ( analyses a cry/all9e mass 0 obta9$ :i* 0 f\nd to conta9 *lor9e1 phosphoric acid1 lime1 & boric acid4 ,! discov]y app>5tly attract$ little att5tion & = ab\t ano!r ?irty ye>s ! matt] 0 aga9 all[$ to s9k into oblivion4 ,!n x came to ! front aga91 & f #ahhh onw>ds "o inve/igator aft] ano!r demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( boron 9 v>i\s plants4 #ab ,accord+ to ,engl]'s classification ?is plant belongs to ,n4,o4 ,myrs9aceae4 ,9 #ahhh ,baum]t detect$ boron 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,spani% w9es )\t exception1 :ile ,e4 ,o4 von ,lippman 7#ahhh7 demon/rat$ x 9 sug> mu/ & also 9 ! leaves & root ( ! sug> beet4 ,9 ! latt] case ! reactions 7 s def9ite t ! pres5ce ( m ?an a m9imal am\nt ( boric acid 0 conjectur$4 ,crampton 7#ahhi7 te/$ v>i\s fruits1 b :ile he f\nd boron 9 e "p ( ! wat]melon1 he c\ld get no reaction ) apples or ) c]ta9 samples ( sug> cane4 ,he pr$ict$1 h[ev]1 t ! occurr5ce ( boron w\ld prove to be m g5]al 9 ! plant k+dom ?an _h previ\sly be5 suppos$4 ,! next ye> 7#ahij7 ,hott] ext5d$ ! "w on fruits1 te/+ = boron 9 ! fruits1 leaves1 & twigs ( c]ta9 plants1 & f9d+ x 9 ! apple1 pe>1 *]ry1 raspb]ry1 fig1 & o!rs4 ,8 results indicat$ t fruits are relatively ri* 9 boron4 ,lat] on 7#ahie7 ,hott] c>ri$ 8 exp]im5ts fur!r1 & he /at$ t /one fruits are ri*] 9 boric acid ?an are b]ries & pomes4 ,! accumulation ( boron is 9 ! fruit itself1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant conta9+ little4 ,! quantities ( boric acid f\nd 9 ! a% ( ! v>i\s fruits rang$ f #eh 9 ! 8,autumn ,re9ette0 apple to #jf 9 figs4 ,be*i _h previ\sly 7#ahia7 detect$ boron 9 ! a% ( figs1 love-apple1 & rubus fruits f ,pitecio1 b he attribut$ ?is to ! pres5ce ( boric acid or borates 9 ! soil at ! place4 ,pass]9i 7#ahia7 f\nd traces ( boron 9 ! /ems ( *ickpea plants1 :ile 9 #ahib ,br& det]m9$ boric acid 9 ! a% ( be]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is v>i\s samples ( hops 7 a%$ )\t ! addition ( any alkali1 & !n ! a% 0 di/ill$ ) sulphuric acid & me?yl alcohol4 ,:5 te/$ all ! hops %[$ relatively l>ge quantities ( boric acid 9 comp>ison ) be]1 h5ce he argu$ t ! boric acid 9 be] is d]iv$ f ! hops4 ,boron 0 discov]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! hop plant--9 ! clu/]s1 leaves1 p$icels1 & /ems4 ,jay 7#ahie7 analys$ _m plants & plant products gr[n 9 v>i\s soils & wat]s1 & arriv$ at ! conclusion t boron is ( practically univ]sal occurr5ce 9 ! plant _w4 ,( all vegetable liquids w9es are ! ri*e/ 9 ?is con/itu5t1 ! am\nt v>y+ f #jji gram to #cc gram p] litre4 ,he confirm$ ,hott]'s /atem5t z to ! ri*ness ( fruits 9 ?is sub/ance1 f9d+ f #aej-fdj grams 9 #a kgm4 ( a%4 ,*rysan!mums & onions1 among/ o!r plants1 are well (f 9 ?is respect1 conta9+ #baj-dfj grams p] kgm4 ( a%4 ,jay also f\nd t ! plants v>y 9 _! capacity = absorb+ boric acid1 ^? :i* d s ! lea/ easily be+ ,gram9eae 7z :eat1 b>ley1 rice71 mu%rooms & wat]cress1 ! quantity 9 ^! plants nev] exce$+ #ejj grams p] kgm4 ( a%4 ,( all ! work]s ^u boron1 ,agulhon has done ! mo/ to ext5d & conc5trate our k ( ! subject4 ,he us$ ! mo/ ref9$1 up-to-date me?ods = ! detection & e/imation ( boric acid1 & s det]m9$ its pres5ce 9 _m plants1 includ+ angiosp]ms1 gymnosp]ms1 f]ns1 algae1 & fungi4 ,tobacco is s ri* 9 boron t x c be detect$ 9 ! a% ( "o cig>ette4 ,among ! plants te/$1 ! highe/ p]c5tages ( boric acid 7 f\nd 9 ,betula alba 7#aage ( a%7 & ,lam9>ia sac*>9a 7#fhb ( a%71 ! l[e/ 9 ,cannabis sativa 7#abc ( a%74 ,g5]ally speak+ annual plants & p>ts ( plants seem to h ! lea/ boron 9 ! composition ( _! a%es4 ,9 "o & ! same plant ! durable p>ts l b>k & wood are ri*] ?an ! leaves1 ev5 9 ev]gre5 trees4 ,he indicat$ t plants seem to h a great aff9ity = boron1 z ev5 :5 plants are gr[n on soils 9 :i* ! boron is practically indetectable !y always seem to extract an appreciable quantity ( ! elem5t4 ,f ! =ego+ results x is evid5t t boron is v widespread 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ent]+ into ! composition ( _m plants 9 all ! great classes4 ,a g5]al impression obta9s t its di/ribution is univ]sal1 & t x w ultimately prove to ent] into ! composition ( practically e plant1 z ! scope ( ! analyses is wid5$ & z me?ods ( detection are improv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,agulhon is incl9$ to ?9k t boron may be a 8p>ticul> elem5t10 *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( individuals or ( life "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,! s]ies ( individuals diff] among !mselves z to _! p>ticul> ne$s ( nutrim5t 79 ! wide/ s5se7 & d\btless ea* gr\p has special ne$ ( p>ticul> elem5ts1 a ne$ t is possibly correlat$ ) morphological & *emical diff]5ces4 ,x may well be t boron is "o ( ^! elem5ts1 associat$ ) c]ta9 vital functions 9 a way z yet unexpla9$1 ?\gh x may possibly be f\nd to play "s "p 9 ! =mation ( vascul> tissues1 s9ce x is mo/ abundant 9 b>k & lignifi$ p>ts4 ,,ii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,boron ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,high] ,,plants4 #a4 ,toxic effect4 7a7 ,toxic action ( boron comp\nds 9 wat] cultures4 ,excessive quantities ( boric acid are decid$ly poison\s to plants1 ! action be+ well m>k$ 9 wat] cultures4 ,knop 7#ahhd7 f\nd t free boric acid 0 poison\s 9 neutral food solutions :5 pres5t at ! rate ( #e gram p] litre1 b he 0 n able to detect boron 9 ! a% ( ! roots ( ! exp]im5tal plants4 ,ar*angeli 7#ahhe7 plac$ se$l+s ( maize1 :ite lup9s1 ,vicia sativa & ,triticum vulg>e 9 solutions ( boric acid v>y+ 9 conc5tration f #a-je1 ) controls 9 spr+ wat]4 ,9 ! latt] case ! developm5t 0 normal1 ) #a boric acid ! plants 7 kill$1 :ile x 0 f\nd t ! weak] ! solution 7)9 ! indicat$ limits7 ! /rong] ! root & %oot gr[?4 ,hott] 7#ahij7 /at$ t x 0 kn[n t #a_/bj1jjj boric acid by weight 0 h>mful to soy beans 9 nutritive solutions4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) peas & maize1 plac+ ! se$l+s fir/ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 lat] 9 nutritive solutions4 ,:5 ! peas 7 n9ete5 days old !y 7 transf]r$ to nutritive solutions conta9+ #a_/ajjj-a_/ajj1jjj boric acid by weight p] litre1 & )9 ?ree days ! plants ) #a_/ajjj %[$ signs ( injury4 ,two days lat] all ! plants %[$ signs ( poison+ 9 t1 ev5 ) ! weake/ /r5g?s1 ! l[] leaves 7 fleck$ ) br[n1 especially at ! edges1 :ile ) ! great] /r5g?s ! l[] leaves 7 dead & ! fleck+ _h ext5d$ to ! upp] leaves4 ,9 elev5 days f ! />t ! plants ) #a_/ajjj boric acid 7 completely dead1 :ile ! o!r plants %[$ m or less signs ( poison+4 ,! dry matt] & a% decreas$ /eadily ) ! increase 9 ! boric acid1 :ile ! boric acid p] #ajj1jjj p>ts ( dry matt] increas$ /eadily f #h to #eeg p>ts4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on ) potassium borate & ) borax2 ! results %[$ t1 weight = weight1 borax is less toxic ?an potassium borate1 :i* 9 turn is less toxic ?an boric acid1 :ile at a /r5g? ( #a_/ajj1jjj !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! ?ree poisons4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ ) maize2 plants treat$ ) boric acid or potassium borate yield$ ab\t #bcjj p>ts boric acid 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts dry matt]4 ,! g5]al conclusion arriv$ at by ,hott] 0 t ! effect is n s mu* t ( a g5]al poison+ z ( a blea*+ ( p>ts ( ! leaf1 m]e traces ( boron be+ h>mless4 ,! cause ( injury is local inhibition ( assimilation & kill+ ( roots 9 /rong] conc5trations4 ,increase ( ! /r5g? ( boron raises ! toxicity until #a_/ajjj practically inhibits increase 9 dry sub/ance4 ,! boron 0 f\nd to be fairly ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh s\nd & affect$ organs4 ,kahl5b]g & ,true 7#ahif7 work$ ) se$l+s ( ,lup9us albus ,l41 limit+ _! exp]im5ts to ^? ( #ae-bd h\rs 9 duration4 ,v>i\s comb9ations ( boron & o!r sub/ances 7 te/$4 ,) boric acid alone #b_/be gram molecule p] litre kill$ ! plants1 ) #a_/be !y 7 app>5tly j alive1 :ile #a_/ajj & less _h no injuri\s effect4 ,boromannitic acid 0 possibly m poison\s ?an ! boric acid1 :ile a comb9ation ( boric acid & cane sug> prov$ slightly less toxic4 ,! %ort duration ( ^! exp]im5ts limit$ _! scope consid]ably1 z ) c]ta9 conc5trations ! toxic action w\ld n become evid5t )9 ! prescrib$ limits ( "t4 ,agulhon 7#aiaj a7 work$ ) /]ile nutri5t solutions1 & f\nd t ! high] /r5g?s ( boric acid h9d]$ gr[?1 #bjj mg4 boric acid p] litre r5d]+ gr[? impossible4 ,he support$ ,hott]'s idea t ! toxic action affects ! roots & ! =mation ( *lorophyll1 & he /at$ t ! plants are less gre5 z ! dose ( boron increases1 plants gr[+ 9 doses ( above #aj mg4 p] litre be+ yell[i%4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts he f\nd t at #ajj mg4 boric acid p] litre life seems impossible = ! plant4 ,! roots seem to be m adv]sely affect$ by toxic doses ?an d ! %oots4 ,9 control plants ,agulhon det]m9$ ! /em_/root ratio z #f1 ) a little boron z #g1 :ile ! ratio rose to #ac z ! dose ( ! poison increas$ to #ej-ajj mg4 boron p] litre4 ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts %[ t boric acid is def9itely poison\s to b>ley d[n to a /r5g? ( #a_/bej1jjj 7,fig4 #ae71 ! depress+ effect frequ5tly be+ evid5t at mu* small] conc5trations1 :ile peas c )/& f> m ( ! poison1 ! limit ( toxicity be+ ab\t #a_/be-a_/ej ?\s& 7,fig4 #af74 ,) ! great] /r5g?s ( poison ! l[] leaves ( bo? b>ley & peas are badly damag$4 ,9 b>ley ! leaves turn yell[ ) big br[n spots1 giv+ ! leaves a curi\s1 mottl$ appe>ance1 :ile ) peas ! poison+ seems to beg9 at ! tip & edge ( ! leaves1 spread+ inw>ds1 )\t1 h[ev]1 %[+ ! l>ge spots z 9 b>ley4 ,s f> z *emical te/s g at pres5t1 x is v probable t boron is deposit$ 9 ! leaves 9 ! same way z manganese1 & t ?is is ! cause ( ! deg5]ation4 ,z ) manganese1 ! l[] leaves are attack$ fir/1 & ! tr\ble spreads upw>ds1 "o leaf aft] ano!r be+ involv$4 ,^! obs]vations fit 9 v well ) ^? ( ,hott]1 & ! hypo!sis ( direct boron poison+ ga9s support f ! fact t 9 dilutions :i* produce /imulation ( ! %oot ! leaves %[ h>dly any sign ( dy+ (f1 ev5 aft] prolong$ gr[? 9 ! solutions4 ,) b>ley ! effects ( boron c be se5 9 ! leaves 9 conc5trations z l[ z #a_/b1ejj1jjj1 & x may be significant t ?is is ! po9t at :i* ! depressant action ( boric acid entirely ceases 9 _m cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( boric acid & nutri5t salts4 7,may #a/-,june #bj?1 #aiaa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( boric acid on pea plants 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,sept4 #cj?-,dec4 #bj?1 #aiab47 #a4 ,control4 #b4 #a_/e1jjj boric acid4 #c4 #a_/aj1jjj #d4 #a_/be1jjj #e4 #a_/ej1jjj #f4 #a_/ajj1jjj #g4 #a_/bej1jjj #h4 #a_/ejj1jjj #i4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj ,te/s ) :ite lup9s gave no conclusive results1 z = "s reason x prov$ v difficult to get satisfactory plants 9 wat] cultures4 ,:5 !y are gr[n "u su* conditions ! roots always t5d to get m or less diseas$ & cov]$ ) slime1 probably fungal 9 nature4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( mu* boric acid ! roots rema9 9 a mu* heal?i] condition1 :i* sugge/s t ! acid has 9 ?is case a /rong antiseptic action1 & protects ! roots4 ,) high conc5trations ! l[] leaves ( ! plant are badly affect$1 j z ) peas & b>ley1 turn+ br[n & )]+ at an e>ly date4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 made ) yell[ lup9s1 b ^! aga9 are v difficult to gr[ well 9 wat] cultures1 z !y are apt to drop _! leaves = no app>5t reason4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! evid5ce goes to prove t boric acid is toxic d[n to a conc5tration ( ab\t #ejj p>ts 9 #be million4 ,x is difficult to get a true control ) :i* to make comp>isons z ! plants )\t boric acid are encumb]$ ) ! slime on _! roots1 :i* naturally int]f]es ) normal gr[?1 :ile ! plants 9 ! pres5ce ( boric acid h ! unfair advantage due to ! probable antiseptic action ( ! boron4 ,! effect ( ! boron poison+ is aga9 evid5t 9 ! dy+ (f ( ! l[] leaves1 :i* become flaccid & droop+ & f9ally drop (f4 ,! lup9s gr[n ) boron are v active 9 ! putt+ =? ( lat]al roots1 s mu* s t ! cortex ( ! roots is split along ! l9e ( em]g5ce ( ! lat]als1 :i* are v num]\s & cr[d$4 7b7 ,toxic action ( boron comp\nds 9 s& cultures4 ,agulhon 7#aiaj a7 moi/5$ #b kgm4 pure s& ) #ejj c4c4 nutritive solution = ea* pot1 & boron 0 add$ at ! rate ( #j1 #ja1 #a1 #aj1 & #ej mg4 boric acid p] litre ( nutritive solution4 ,tw5ty :eat se$s 7 s[n 9 ea* pot1 & aft] twelve days ! heal?y plants 9 ! fir/ f\r pots 7 #f-h cm4 high1 b ^? ) ! maximum am\nt ( boron %[$ yell[i% leaves only #c cm4 long4 ,aft] ?ree mon?s' gr[? ! plants 7 h>ve/$1 :5 ^? ) mo/ boron 7 f\nd to h di$ aft] mak+ ab\t #aj cm4 gr[?4 ,! toxic doses 9 s& prov$ to be weak] ?an ^? 9 wat] cultures1 probably because evaporation f ! surface ( ! s& caus$ conc5tration ( ! poison\s liquid4 7c7 ,toxic action ( boron comp\nds 9 soil exp]im5ts4 ,long be=e any exp]im5tal "w 0 done ) boron 9 wat] cultures1 ! poison\s prop]ties ( ! sub/ance 7 recognis$ ) reg>d to plants gr[+ 9 soil4 ,peligot 7#ahgf7 grew h>icots 9 por\s e>!nw>e pots1 ! plants be+ wat]$ by ra9 & by solutions1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #b grams p] litre ( su* sub/ances z borax1 borate ( potassium1 & boric acid1 o!r pots receiv+ v>i\s f]tilis]s1 z potassium nitrate1 sodium nitrate1 c4 ,?is quantity ( boron completely kill$ (f ! plants receiv+ x1 :e!r x 0 appli$ z free or comb9$ boric acid1 :ile ! f]tilis$ plants complet$ _! developm5t well4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! delet]i\s action 0 attribut$ to ! boric acid & n to ! sodium or potassium base suppli$4 ,peligot h9t$ at ! improbability ( a sub/ance l boron1 :i* is s poison\s to plants1 be+ really innocu\s to human be+s :5 x is us$ z a pres]vative = foods4 ,nakamura 7#aijc7 also f\nd t borax is h>mful 9 pot cultures if pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 #ej mg4 borax p] kgm4 ( soil ex]t+ a v injuri\s influ5ce1 :ile ev5 #aj mg4 p] kgm4 did "s damage4 ,agulhon 7#aiaj c7 f\nd t ! toxic doses ( boric acid 9 soil cultures approa*$ ^? 9 nutritive solutions r ?an 9 s& cultures1 a ph5om5on t he attribut$ to ! fact t ! boric acid 0 fix$ by ! soil1 probably z insoluble borate ( calcium1 s t ! surface conc5tration obta9$ ) s& cultures 0 avoid$4 ,he f\nd t ! a% ( plants gr[n ) excess ( boron conta9$ m ?an ! normal am\nt ( boron1 :ile ! weight ( a% p] #ajj dry matt] 0 also increas$4 ,he conclud$ t ! plant ?us suff]s an ov]-m9]alisation & 9 consequ5ce an augm5tation ( its hold on wat]1 s t ! fre% weight ( ! plant may indicate a m fav\rable action ( ! boric acid ?an does ! dry weight4 ,o!r inve/igators 7,fli*e & ,gr&eau #ahgd7 _h f\nd ! same increase 9 ! proportion ( a% 9 *e/nut trees gr[n on too calc>e\s soil1 s ,agulhon conclud$ t "o is "h deal+ ) a g5]al reaction ( plants to an excess ( a useful elem5t4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on 9 ! op5 field1 maize be+ gr[n on control plots & on plots receiv+ #b gm4 boron p] squ>e metre4 ,at fir/ ! latt] plants 7 beh9d1 ! dose be+ too /rong4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 !y pull$ up level & ! dry weights f ! two plots prov$ to be ne>ly ! same1 ! fre% weights be+ id5tical4 ,maize is evid5tly f> less s5sitive to boron poison+ ?an are peas & oats1 = ) ^! "o-half ! orig9al am\nt ( boron 7 #a gm4 p] sq4 metre7 prov$ toxic4 ,int]e/+ results 7 obta9$ 7,agulhon #aiaj a7 by repeat$ exp]im5ts ) ! same soil conta9+ boron4 ,x 0 f\nd t s& or soil conta9+ a proportion ( boron :i* is le?al or toxic to a fir/ culture w all[ mu* bett] gr[? ) a second & subsequ5t crops4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts on ! same soil may %[ ! *ange f a le?al dose to a toxic "o1 !nce to an indiff]5t & f9ally to an optimum conc5tration4 ,fur!rmore 7,agulhon #aiaj b7 ! v plants may accu/om !mselves to great] quantities ( boron1 ! increas$ p[] ( resi/ance be+ transmitt$4 ,he conclud$ f 8 exp]im5ts t ! prog5y ( ! second g5]ation ( maize 7 able to )/& quantities ( boron t 7 toxic to control plants#ac4 ,agulhon once aga9 emphasis$ ! fact t = toxic doses ( boron ! fir/ symptom is ! m or less m>k$ disappe>ance ( *lorophyll1 ?\gh ! a]ial p>ts are n affect$ s soon z ! roots4 #ac 8,il app>at donc que les gra9es f\rnies p> des plantes ayant cr en prs5ce d'une quantit de bore leve prs5t5t une acc\tumance vis--vis de cet lm5t2 les plants auxquels elles donn5t naissance sembl5t non seulem5t faire un meilleur emploi des petites doses de bore qui leur sont (f]tes1 mais encore support5t les doses toxiques plus facilem5t que les plants tmo9s1 issus de gra9es non acc\tumes40 #b4 ,effect ( boron comp\nds on g]m9ation4 ,"o ( ! fir/ indications t boron comp\nds affect ! g]m9ation ( se$s 0 giv5 by ,heckel 7#ahge7 :o f\nd t g]m9ation 0 ret>d$ = #a-c days by weak solutions ( borates 7#be gm4 to #bj gm4 wat]71 & 0 /opp$ altoge!r by /rong] solutions 7#fj gm4 to #bj gm4 wat]74 ,ar*angeli 7#ahhe7 te/$ ! g]m9ation ( a v>iety ( se$s ( ,legum9osae1 ,gram9eae1 & ( ,cannabis1 ,ib]is1 ,raphanus1 ,coll9sia1 & ,l9um 9 ! pres5ce ( boric acid4 ,! se$s 7 plac$ 9 b[ls ) solutions ( #be1 #e1 & #a boric acid at temp]atures rang+ f #af-bc ,c4 ,! b[ls 7 cov]$ ) glass plates to prev5t evaporation & consequ5t increase ( conc5tration1 controls 9 spr+ wat] be+ dealt ) "u simil> conditions4 #a boric acid 0 f\nd to *eck g]m9ation altoge!r1 & ! weak] ! conc5tration ! less 0 ! process h9d]$4 ,morel soak$ se$s ( h>icots & :eat 9 v>i\s solutions ( boric acid1 & f\nd t g]m9ation 0 g5]ally h9d]$ or inhibit$4 ,! delet]i\s action dim9i%es z ! /r5g? ( ! solution or ! "t ( contact dim9i%es1 b solutions ( ! same conc5tration d n act equally on all se$s4 ,boric acid & borax prov$ to be simil> 9 _! action qualitatively4 ,! delet]i\s effect ( /rong doses ( boric acid on g]m9ation 0 confirm$ by ,agulhon 7#aiaj a71 ! high] quantities 7above #aj mg4 boric acid p] litre7 ret>d+ g]m9ation ( :eat4 #c4 ,does boron /imulate high] plants8 ,( rec5t ye>s a few inve/igators h ?r[n out h9ts z to ! /imulant action ex]t$ by boron comp\nds on plants4 ,roxas indicat$ t ,m_/#ajj1jjj 7,m molecul> weight7 ( boric acid ex]cis$ a fav\rable action on rice4 ,nakamura 7#aijc7 te/$ ! po9t by means ( pot cultures4 ,peas & sp9a* plants 7 gr[n 9 soil :i* receiv$ #a & #e mg4 borax p] kgm4 ,) peas ! #a mg4 ex]t$ evid5t /imulant action1 z det]m9$ by ! increase 9 height ( ! %oot ov] t ( ! control1 #e mg4 seem+ to be slightly depressant 9 action4 ,) sp9a* a /imulation 0 obs]v$ bo? 9 weight & height ) a dose ( #e mg4 borax p] kgm4 ,av]age weight ,av]age l5g? ( leaves #e mg4 borax #ajce #chb ,control #gb #cdj ,agulhon 7#aiaj c & d7 took ! matt] up /ill m def9itely & made _m te/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 9 wat]1 s& & pot cultures4 7a7 ,wat] cultures4 ,8 wat] cultures 7 made "u /]ile conditions1 ! se$s :5 possible be+ /]ilis$ ) corrosive sublimate1 ! g]m9at+ app>atus be+ also /]ilis$4 ,) :eat a /imulant action 0 evid5t1 maximum gr[? be+ obta9$ ) betwe5 #be & #aj mg4 boric acid p] litre1 ?\gh ! dry weight increase did n q keep pace ) t ( ! fre% weight1 a fact to :i* previ\s ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,! *ief improvem5t is 9 ! root1 ! /em_/root ratio fall+ to #e1 z aga9/ #f 9 ! control s]ies4 ,visual obs]vation indicat$ t ! roots ( plants receiv+ #e-aj mg4 boric acid p] litre are long] ?an ! o!rs1 ?\gh !y are less ri* 9 adv5titi\s roots4 ,! increas$ dry weight due to boron may am\nt to z mu* z #cj4 7b7 ,s& cultures4 ,agulhon aga9 obs]v$ /imulation 9 ?is case4 #b kgm4 ( s& 7 moi/5$ ) #ejj c4c4 nutritive solution1 v>y+ quantities ( boric acid be+ add$ 9 addition4 #a mg4 boric acid p] litre ( ,n4,s4 7#je mg4 p] pot7 gave an increase ( #be fre% weight1 & #ge dry weight4 ,! /imulat+ doses seem to be weak] ?an 9 ! exp]im5ts ) liquid m$ia1 probably because ! evaporation f ! s& increases ! conc5tration ( ! boric acid at ! surface4 ,x 0 also notic$ t ! increase ( weight v>i$ 9 exp]im5ts made at diff]5t times4 ,) oats ! /imulat+ influ5ce is great] ?an ) :eat1 %[+ t "s plants are m s5sitive ?an o!rs to ! influ5ce ( boron4 ,) radi% #a mg4 boric acid p] litre ex]cis$ a /imulat+ effect1 ! enorm\s av]age increase ( #fa 9 fre% weight occurr+ ) ?is /r5g?1 ?\gh ?is only repres5t$ an av]age increase ( #if dry weight4 7c7 ,soil cultures4 ,"h aga9 ! /imulat+ action 0 evid5t ) high] conc5trations ?an 9 s& cultures1 & ,agulhon obta9$ good results ) /r5g?s t are toxic 9 s&4 ,! evaporation f e>? is n s rapid z f s&1 s t ! conc5tration is n increas$1 & also "s ( ! boric acid is )drawn f ! solution by int]action ) ! soil1 s t ! /imulat+ conc5tration rises 9 ! scale4 ,9 field exp]im5ts ,agulhon f\nd t peas 7 m s5sitive to ! toxic action ( boric acid ?an is maize4 ,a /r5g? ( boric acid 7 #a gm4 ,b p] sq4 metre7 t poison$ peas1 gave an increase ( #fa fre% weight & #ci dry weight ) maize2 half ! /r5g? prov$ to be indiff]5t = peas1 ! improvem5t ) maize equall+ #ef increase fre% & #ej increase dry4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 judg+ by appe>ances 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 an unfav\rable influ5ce 0 at "w1 ?\gh 9 reality a great /imulation 0 be+ caus$4 ,colza gave a good increase ) simil> /r5g?s1 b ) turnips #a gm4 ,b p] sq4 metre only fav\r$ ! a]ial p>ts1 :ile #e gm4 ,b p] sq4 metre only increas$ root developm5t4 ,agulhon conclud$ t x is z yet impossible to det]m9e ) any precision ! exact "p t boron plays 9 ! plant economy4 ,he sugge/s t boron is a 8p>ticuli]0 elem5t *>act]i/ic ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( individuals or ( life "u p>ticul> conditions4 ,9 8 summ>y he argues t ea* s]ies ( individuals adapt$ to diff]5t environm5ts has d\btless ne$ ( p>ticul> elem5ts1 & t p]haps *emical causes & morphological diff]5ces are v closely connect$4 ,boron may be ( ?is 8p>ticuli] lm5t0 type 9 ! high] plants ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & x may be useful comm]cially z a manurial ag5t1 ! 8catalytic manure0 ( ,b]tr& & ,agulhon4 ,:ile ! high] conc5trations ( boric acid prov$ def9itely toxic to bo? peas & b>ley 9 ! ,ro?am/$ wat] cultures1 "s evid5ce ( /imulation 0 obta9$ ) ! l[] /r5g?s4 ,) b>ley ! "q ( /imulation is /ill an op5 "o1 z bel[ ! toxic limit gr[? seems fairly level 9 mo/ ( ! exp]im5tal s]ies4 ,! l[] limit ( toxicity v>ies f #dj-d p>ts boric acid p] #aj1jjj1jjj accord+ to circum/ances4 ,bel[ ?is critical conc5tration ! boric acid has app>5tly no action1 ei!r depressant or /imulant1 unless ! /imulation %\ld prove to beg9 at a dilution ( #a_/ej1jjj1jjj1 b ! evid5ce on ?is po9t is n suffici5tly well m>k$ or consi/5t to be conclusive4 ,?is failure to detect /imulation 0 some:at unexpect$1 z :5 judg$ by ! eye ! plants treat$ ) ! l[] conc5trations ( boric acid seem$ bett] ?an ! controls1 & also exhibit$ a p>ticul>ly heal?y gre5 col\ration4 ,peas on ! o!r h& are def9itely /imulat$ ) traces ( boric acid1 conc5trations ( #a_/ajj1jjj & less caus+ an improvem5t 9 gr[?1 :ile "u "s exp]im5tal conditions ev5 high] am\nts ( boric acid 7 b5eficial4 ,all ! /imulat$ plants %[$ ! *>act]i/ic d>k gre5 col\r :i* seems to be associat$ ) ! pres5ce ( m9ute traces ( boron 9 ! nutritive solution4 ,an int]e/+ morphological feature 0 ! /rong developm5t ( small side %oots f ! base ( ! plants 9 ! pres5ce ( m$ium am\nts ( boric acid1 f #a "p 9 #ajj1jjj d[nw>ds4 ,?is gave rise to a c]ta9 bu%9ess ( gr[?1 :i* 0 less evid5t z ! conc5tration ( ! /imulant decreas$4 ,! g5]al outcome ( ! te/s seems to be t boric acid ne$s to be suppli$ 9 relatively great /r5g? to be fatal to pea plants1 & t ! toxic action gives place to a /imulative "o high up 9 ! scale ( conc5tration4 ,z f> z exp]im5ts h already gone x seems z ?\gh ! /imulation is n a progressive "o1 z ! effect ( #a_/ajj1jjj boric acid is z good z t ( #a_/bj1jjj1jjj1 a flat curve connect+ ! two4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$s confirmation4 ,yell[ lup9s also give "s evid5ce ( /imulation ) conc5trations ( ab\t #a_/ej1jjj boric acid1 ! improvem5t be+ f> m /rongly m>k$ 9 "s sets ( exp]im5ts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,boron ,,comp\nds ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,plants4 ,our k ( ! action ( boron on ! l[] plants is less def9ite & complete ?an ) reg>d to ! high] plants4 ,morel 7#ahib7 f\nd t boric acid acts z a /rong poison to ! l[] fungi & simil> organisms1 _! developm5t be+ completely arre/$ by v weak solutions ( ! acid4 ,he sugge/$1 on ?is acc\nt1 t boric acid might be us$ 9 ! same way z copp] to attack su* diseases z mildew1 an?racnose1 c41 :i* attack useful plants4 ,on ! o!r h& ,loew 7#ahib7 /at$ t su* algae z ,spirogyra & ,vau*]ia %[$ no h>mful influ5ce = _m weeks :5 ! culture wat] conta9$ z mu* z #b 7 #a_/ejj7 boric acid4 ,?is may be supplem5t$ by a rec5t obs]vation at ,ro?am/$1 9 :i* c]ta9 unicellul> gre5 algae 7unid5tifi$71 7 f\nd gr[+ at ! bottom ( a /opp]$ bottle conta9+ a /ock solution ( #a_/ajj boric acid4 ,agulhon 7#aiaj a7 dealt *iefly ) yea/s & c]ta9 f]m5ts1 & f\nd t yea/s gr[n 9 culture solutions are n influ5c$ fav\rably or unfav\rably by relatively l>ge quantities ( boric acid up to #a gram p] litre1 :ile all developm5t is *eck$ ) #aj grams p] litre4 ,! pres5ce ( boron affects ! action ( yea/ on glucose & galactose4 ,galactose alone is n attack$ ev5 aft] #dj days 9 ! pres5ce ( #ff boric acid4 ,:5 glucose is mix$ ) ! galactose ! latt] is said to be at fir/ left unt\*$1 b lat] x disappe>s v sl[ly4 ,boric acid ex]cises an antiseptic action on lactic f]m5ts1 #e gm4 p] litre *eck+ _! action suffici5tly to enable milk to rema9 uncoagulat$4 ,lactic acid is /ill produc$ ev5 ) z mu* boric acid z #aj gm4 p] litre4 ,! microbe is n actually kill$ by ! boric acid1 b its developm5t is s arre/$ t reproduction _c take place4 ,! same ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ ) yea/4 ,) m\lds aga91 :ile no /imulation c\ld be obta9$ ) small quantities ( boric acid1 yet ! toxic action does n beg9 to set 9 until #e gm4 boric acid p] litre are pres5t4 ,?us x appe>s t su* l[] organisms z yea/1 lactic f]m5t & ,asp]gillus nig] are rem>kably indiff]5t to ! action ( boric acid1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! toxic dose is rem>kably high1 :ile /imulation effects _c be obs]v$ ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! smalle/ quantities yet tri$4 ,conclusion4 ,boric acid is less h>mful to ! gr[? ( high] plants ?an are ! comp\nds ( copp]1 z9c1 & ars5ic4 ,evid5ce exi/s t bel[ a c]ta9 limit ( conc5tration boron ex]cises a fav\rable influ5ce ^u plant gr[?1 enc\rag+ ! =mation ( /rong] roots & %oots4 ,?is /imulation is m /rongly m>k$ ) "s species ?an ) o!rs1 peas respond+ m readily ?an b>ley to ! action ( boric acid4 ,fungi are v indiff]5t to boron1 :e!r x is pres5t 9 l>ge or small quantities1 & !re is evid5ce to %[ t c]ta9 ( ! gre5 algae c also )/& l>ge quantities ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,effect ,,( ,,manganese ,,comp\nds ,i4 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,manganese ,,9 ,,plants ,! pres5ce ( manganese z a con/itu5t ( plant tissues has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 & 9 view ( ! close association betwe5 iron & manganese x 0 natural t ! e>ly inve/igators %\ld seek = ! latt] elem5t4 ,de ,saussure 7#ahjd7 gives "o ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to manganese 9 plant a%1 /at+ t x occurs 9 ! se$s 9 less great proportion ?an 9 ! /ems1 & also t ! leaves ( trees conta9 less 9 autumn ?an 9 spr+4 ,at fir/ oxides ( iron & manganese 7 put toge!r z 8metallic oxides0 & little or no attempt 0 made to sep>ate !m s z to get an idea ( _! relative abundance4 ,john 7#ahad7 gives a numb] ( r\gh analyses ( plants & indicates ! pres5ce ( manganese 9 _m plants1 includ+ ,solanum tub]osum1 ,brassica ol]acea viridis ,l41 ,conium maculatum1 ,aesculus 79 out] b>k71 & ,arundo ,sac*>4 ,no fur!r ref]5ces pres5t$ !mselves until #ahdg1 z probably manganese 0 ov]look$ & always class$ ) iron 9 any analyses made dur+ t "t4 ,kane 7#ahdg7 f\nd traces ( manganese 9 ! a%es ( "s samples ( flax1 b none 9 o!rs1 & exam9ations ( ! soils on :i* ! plants 7 gr[n gave simil> results4 ,may] & ,brazi] 7#ahdi7 confirm$ ?is result4 ,h]apa? 7#ahdi7 analys$ ! a%es ( v>i\s cul9>y vegetables1 f9d+ manganese 9 caulifl[]s1 sw$e turnips1 beetroot1 & 9 "o v>iety ( potato 7,=ty fold74 ,malaguti & ,duro*] 7#aheh7 tri$ to inve/igate ! matt] quantitatively4 ,! oxides ( iron1 manganese1 & alum9ium 7 all class$ toge!r1 & ! mean p]c5tage ( ! ?ree v>i$ f #he-ejf accord+ to ! v>ieties ( plants conc]n$1 ,crucif]ae possess+ lea/ & ,legum9osae mo/4 ,diff]5t mean results ) ! same plant 7 obta9$ f diff]5t soils4 ,wolff 7#ahga7 made o!r quantitative analyses includ+ ,trapa natans 7#ae ,mn,o71 ,acorus ,calamus 7#aeb ,mn,o71 ,alnus incana 7trace-#gc ,mn,o71 ,pyrus communis 7#bae ,mn,o74 ,_m o!r plants 7 m5tion$ by ,wolff z conta9+ manganese4 ,campani 7#ahgf7 f\nd manganese 9 a% by a me?od 9 :i* x 0 detect$ z phosphate ( manganese1 & he claim$ to be ! fir/ to discov] manganese 9 :eat a%4 ,w>d5 7#ahgh7 f\nd traces ( ,mn,o 9 ! a% ( opium f ,beh>4 ,dunn+ton 7#ahgh7 detect$ manganese 9 ! a% ( :eat1 #jjadd gm4 7z ,mn,o87 9 #cjj grams ( 8,d>k ,lanca/]0 v>iety1 equival5t to #jbg ( ! pure a%4 ,! a% 0 exhau/$ ) nitric acid1 & aft] sep>at+ ! iron ! ammonium sulphide precipitate 0 f\nd to conta9 manganese1 & gave by fusion ) nitre & sodium phosphate a violet col\r$ mass4 ,&reas* 7#ahgh7 f\nd slight traces ( ,mn,o 9 ! fl[]s ( ,dian?us c>yophyllus1 none occurr+ else:]e1 :ile 9 ,rosa remontana x appe>$ 9 bo? leaves & fl[]s4 ,maum5 7#ahhd7 te/$ _m food plants & conclud$ t "s quantity ( manganese is frequ5tly pres5t 9 potato1 rice1 b>ley1 c>rot1 l5til1 pea1 beetroot1 asp>agus1 *icory1 mo/ fruits1 tea1 & also 9 "s fodd] plants1 z luc]ne1 oats1 & sa9fo94 ,ricci>di 7#ahhi71 ,hatt5saur 7#ahia7 also add$ to ! li/ ( plants prov$ to conta9 manganese4 ,gu]9 7#ahig7 /udi$ ! manganese cont5t ( woody tissues4 ,sawdu/ 0 treat$ ) di/ill$ wat] conta9+ #a cau/ic pota%1 express$1 & filt]$ aft] two or ?ree days4 ,a br[n col\r$ liquid 0 obta9$1 :i* :5 treat$ ) a slight excess ( hydro*loric acid gave an abundant floccul5t precipitate4 ,?is precipitate prov$ to be soluble 9 pure wat]1 s x 0 wa%$ ) slightly acidulat$ di/ill$ wat]1 & aft] fur!r purification 0 analys$4 ,no trace ( iron 0 obta9$1 b ab\t #djb ,mn 0 f\nd4 ,gu]9 reg>d$ ! precipitate z a 8nucle9ic0 comb9ation1 :i* he suppos$ to occur g5]ally 9 wood & to conta9 ! manganese pres5t 9 ! woody tissues ( all plants4 ,s*lagd5hauff5 & ,reeb 7#aijd7 detect$ manganese 9 a petrol extract ( su* c]eals z b>ley1 oats1 & maize1 & s9ce inorganic salts ( manganese are n soluble 9 su* liquids z e!r or petrol !y conclud$ t ! manganese mu/ be pres5t 9 ! plant 9 organic comb9ation1 !reby uphold+ ,gu]9's view4 ,loew & ,seiroku ,honda 7#aijd7 give a table ( ,mn,o 9 ! a%es ( c]ta9 trees4 ,?is is v high 9 "s cases1 ris+ to #aabe 9 ! a% ( bee* leaves1 #fgc 9 bir* leaves1 & #edh 9 *e/nut fruits4 ,gssl 7#aije7 gives li/s ( ! di/ribution ( manganese 9 plants1 bo? ,?allophytes & ,phan]ogams1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( mu* or little ( ! elem5t4 ,z a rule1 he /ates1 m>% & wat] plants ga!r up m manganese ?an d l& plants4 ,! ,gymnosp]ms seem to be p>ticul>ly ri* 9 _! manganese cont5t4 ,s*rd] 7#ahgh7 te/$ = ! elem5t 9 firs & p9es & f\nd ! foll[+ am\nts ( ,mn,o4 ,9 #ajj p>ts a%4 ,9 #ajjj p>ts dry matt]4 ,fir ,p9e ,fir ,p9e #ccah #acdf #bgf #gg ,he gave a table ( detail$ analyses %[+ ! diff]+ proportions ( manganese 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fir4 ,bak] & ,smi? 7#aiaj7 paid special att5tion to manganese 9 _! exhau/ive "w on ! ,p9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,!y /ate t 89 ! anatomical inve/igations ( ! timb]1 b>k1 & leaves ( ! v>i\s species1 !re 0 f\nd to be pres5t1 9 a m or less degree1 a naturally br[ni%-bronze col\r$ sub/ance1 :i* inv>iably /a9$ d>k br[n or almo/ black ) haematoxyl940 ,?is sub/ance on c>eful inve/igation prov$ to be a comp\nd ( manganese4 ,! quantity pres5t v>ies ) ! species & also ) ! plant organs4 ,! diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,callitris %[ v>iable p]c5tages ( manganese f a maximum ( #jbcj 9 ,c4 gracilis1 to a m9imum ( #jjaj 9 ,c4 robu/a4 ,! p]c5tage ( manganese 9 ,au/ralian ,conif]ae o!r ?an ,callitris is giv5 by ! au?ors 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,a% ( timb] ( ,aga?is robu/a #jade ,mn4 ,arauc>ia ,cunn+hamii #jjed ,arauc>ia ,bidwilli #jjgg ,act9o/robus pyramidalis #jjgg ,podoc>pus elata #jjjb ,dacrydium ,frankl9i #jabi ,a?rotaxis selag9oides #jjai ,phyllocladus rhomboidalis #jade ,air-dri$ black gum ( ,aga?is robu/a #jjjdf ,arauc>ia ,cunn+hamii #jjjch ,bak] & ,smi? assume t manganese is ess5tial to ! production ( ! mo/ complete gr[? ( ,conif]ae4 ,! elem5t is f\nd 9 ^! plants ev5 :5 !y gr[ on soils conta9+ only traces ( manganese & x is sugge/$ t possibly ! excess or defici5cy ( manganese 9 ! soil helps to gov]n ! location ( c]ta9 ( ! ,au/ralian ,conif]ae4 ,! au?ors conclude t manganese may be ess5tial to ! gr[? ( ^! plants1 & t its association ) plant life may be consid]$ to date back to pa/ geological "t1 z is indicat$ by plates illu/rat+ fossil woods4 ,,ii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,manganese ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,high] ,,plants4 #a4 ,toxic effect4 7a7 ,toxic action ( manganese comp\nds 9 ! pres5ce ( soluble nutri5ts4 ,little "w seems to h be5 done on ! action ( manganese comp\nds 9 wat] cultures4 ,knop 7#ahhd7 j indicat$ t manganese comp\nds _h no effect on maize1 b gave no details4 ,japanese inve/igators t\*$ on ! matt] 9 ! c\rse ( _! ext5sive exp]im5ts ) ?is elem5t4 ,z 7#aijb7 f\nd t ! great] conc5trations ( manganese sulphate ex]cis$ an injuri\s influ5ce on b>ley4 ,ev5 9 solutions ) z little z #jjb manganese sulphate 7 #a_/ej1jjj ,mn,s,o7 ! roots gradually turn$ br[n1 ! l[] leaves foll[+ suit4 ,! br[n col\r 0 conc5trat$ at c]ta9 po9ts ( ! leaves1 & microscopical exam9ation %[$ t ! membranes ( ! epid]mal cells1 & 9 "s cases ! nuclei1 7 /a9$ deeply br[n4 ,! greate/ conc5tration endur$ by b>ley )\t injury seem$ to be ab\t #ja p] #ajjj #a_/ajj1jjj4 ,! pres5ce ( iron 9 ! food solutions seems to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! manganese to "s ext5t by delay+ ! yell[+ ( ! leaves4 ,:eat prov$ v simil> to b>ley 9 its reactions1 ?\gh m iron is necess>y to give good heal?y gr[?4 ,z /ates t :eat is able to ov]come ! injuri\s action ( manganese mu* m readily ?an is b>ley4 ,) peas ! yell[+ ( ! leaves 0 delay$1 probably on acc\nt ( a suffici5t supply ( iron 9 ! res]ve /ores ( ! se$s4 ,loew & ,sawa 7#aijb7 f\nd t #be #a_/djj ,mn,s,o 7anhydr\s7 kills pea plants )9 five days & t ! gre5 col\r is gradually affect$ ) m dilute solutions4 ,b>ley & soy beans 7 gr[n 9 nutritive solutions ) ei!r iron sulphate or manganese sulphate or bo? 7#ja ,fe,s,o1 #jb ,mn,s,o1 #ja ,fe,s,o #jb ,mn,s,o74 ,at fir/ ! gr[? 0 increas$ by ! action ( two salts toge!r1 b ev5tually ! %oots turn$ yell[i%1 & assimilation 0 depress$1 s t decreas$ nutrition l$ to relaxation 9 ! spe$ ( gr[?1 indicat+ ! toxic action due to ! manganese sulphate4 ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts support$ ,z's "w on ! action ( manganese sulphate on b>ley1 conc5trations ( ! salt above #a_/ajj1jjj hav+ a ret>d+ influ5ce on ! gr[?1 ! roots be+ col\r$ br[n & ! leaves also %[+ discol\ration4 ,at an e>ly /age 9 gr[? ! l[] leaves ( ! plants receiv+ ! mo/ poison began to be fleck$ ) br[n spots1 :i* 7 at fir/ attribut$ to an attack ( ru/4 ,suspicion 0 soon ar\s$1 h[ev]1 & a clos] microscopic inve/igation %[$ t no disease 0 pres5t1 b t ! cells 9 ! affect$ spots 7 dead & br[n1 ?\gh !y reta9$ _! %ape4 ,! dead cells at fir/ occurr$ 9 small pat*es1 :i* spread & coalesc$ until ultimately ! :ole leaf 0 involv$4 ,"s ( ! affect$ leaves 7 deta*$ & fus$ ) a mixture ( sodium c>bonate & potassium nitrate4 ,on dissolv+ up ! result+ mass ) wat] a gre5 col\ration 0 obta9$1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( manganese 9 ! leaves4 ,?is %[s t ! manganese is tak5 up by ! roots1 transf]r$ to ! leaves & !n deposit$ 9 !m1 ! l[] leaves be+ ! fir/ affect$4 ,! pres5ce ( manganese 9 ! nutritive solution ret>d$ ! rip5+ ( ! gra9 to "s ext5t1 z :5 ! gra9s f ! control plants 7 h>d & ripe1 ^? f plants treat$ ) #a_/aj1jjj ,mn,s,o 7 gre51 ^? ) #a_/ajj1jjj 7 a mixture ( ripe1 half-ripe1 & gre5 gra9s1 :ile plants :i* _h receiv$ #a_/a1jjj1jjj ,mn,s,o possess$ ripe gra9s4 ,peas give simil> results to b>ley s f> z ! vegetative gr[? is conc]n$1 ! same ret>dation ) ! high] conc5trations be+ obs]v$1 :ile ! br[n discol\r$ pat*es 9 ! l[] leaves are mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,all traces ( manganese 9 ! leaves disappe> :5 ! conc5tration falls to #a_/bej1jjj4 ,on ! :ole peas are m s5sitive to manganese poison+ ?an is b>ley1 & ! high] /r5g?s ( manganese prove m delet]i\s to !m4 7b7 ,toxic action ( manganese comp\nds 9 s& cultures4 ,little "w has be5 done on ?is aspect ( ! problem4 ,pr9ce de ,salm ,hor/m> 7#ahea7 grew oats 9 s& ) v>i\s comb9ations ( nitrog5\s sub/ances & inorganic m9]al salts4 ,he /at$ t until ! "t ( fruit =mation manganese does n seem to be ess5tial to ! oat unless iron is 9 excess 9 ! sub/ratum4 7c7 ,toxic action ( manganese comp\nds 9 soil cultures4 ,a l>ge body ( "w has be5 done ) manganese 9 soil cultures1 b ! toxic effect is h>dly indicat$1 possibly because x is less manife/ "u soil conditions1 possibly because ! obs]vation ( ! toxic action has be5 almo/ completely ov]%ad[$ by ! int]e/ 9 ! /imulation obs]v$ "u ! same circum/ances4 ,namba /at$ t #e gm4 ,mn,s,o add$ to #h kgm4 ,japanese soil ex]t$ a depress+ influ5ce on ! gr[? ( v>i\s plants4 ,! ,hills ,exp]im5ts 7#aijc7 indicat$ "s toxic effect4 ,v>i\s soluble & insoluble salts ( manganese 7 add$ to soil 9 pots at ! rate ( #b cwt4 p] acre1 :eat be+ s[n4 ,on ! :ole ! plants f untreat$ pots 7 z good z any ) manganese except ^? t receiv$ manganese nitrate or phosphate4 ,manganese iodide di/9ctly ret>d$ gr[?4 ,! plants t grew did well ev5tually1 b developm5t ( ! e> 0 greatly or entirely ret>d$4 ,if ! se$s 7 soak$ 9 ! iodide1 a conc5tration ( #aj 0 f\nd to be h>mful1 #e all[+ normal gr[?4 ,simil> exp]im5ts ) b>ley %[$ t plants treat$ ) manganese c>bonate & sulphate 7 bo? inf]ior to ! untreat$ plants2 ) iodide less plants 7 obta9$ & _! developm5t 0 abnormal4 ,soak+ ! se$s 9 ! iodide1 ev5 9 #aj solution1 did n d damage z x did ) :eat4 ,! oxides 7 app>5tly innocu\s1 b gave no increase ei!r 9 corn or /raw4 ,kelley 7#aiji7 f\nd t on soils 9 ,hawaii 9 :i* excessive quantities ( manganese are pres5t 7#efa ,mn,o7 p9eapples d n fl\ri%1 b turn yell[ & produce poor fruits1 & also t if r less manganese is pres5t 7#acf ,mn,o7 ! p9eapples %[ ! toxic effect by yell[+ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 b !y recov] completely dur+ ! hot summ] mon?s4 ,kelley also obs]v$ t ! delet]i\s effect is h>dly noticeable dur+ ! fir/ twelve mon?s ( gr[?1 & t aft] a "t a d>k5+ occurs 9 ! col\r ( ! soil1 :i* he attributes to "s *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! manganese comp\nds4 ,"s int]e/+ obs]vations 7 made by ,gu?rie & ,coh5 7#aiaj7 on c]ta9 ,au/ralian soils4 ,a b[l+ gre5 t 0 initially cov]$ ) a heal?y mat ( c\* grass develop$ a numb] ( small pat*es aft] ab\t ?ree ye>s gr[?1 on :i* ! grass di$ (f4 ,no reason 0 app>5t = ?is ph5om5on1 z ! cultural conditions 7 uni=m & to all appe>ances ! soil ov] ! :ole area 0 simil> 9 "*4 ,analyses ( soil samples f ! dead pat*es & f ! neighb\r+ heal?y p>ts ( ! gre5 %[$ t ! *emical composition 9 bo? cases 0 practically ! same1 except t :ile no manganese occurr$ 9 ! soil f ! unh>m$ "p1 z mu* z #bed ,mn,o 0 f\nd 9 t f ! dead pat*es4 ,z no o!r diff]5ces 7 f\nd x 0 argu$ t ! manganese1 pres5t 9 su* l>ge quantities1 act$ z a toxic ag5t & kill$ (f ! grass4 ,o!r in/ances ( manganese poison+ 9 :i* :eat & b>ley 7 affect$ are quot$ by ^! au?ors1 ! analytical results indicat+ t possibly b>ley is able to )/& )\t injury a great] quantity ( manganese comp\nds 9 ! soil ?an is :eat4 #b4 ,effect ( manganese comp\nds on g]m9ation4 ,naz>i 7#aiaj7 roll$ :eat gra9s 9 a pa/e ( manganese dioxide1 iron sesquioxide 7bo? ) & )\t organic matt]71 & 9 :at he t]ms 8artificial oxydases40 ,! se$s roll$ 9 ! la/-nam$ %[$ ! greate/ en]gy 9 g]m9ation1 :ile ^? ) manganese gave an appreciable accel]ation4 ,! pres5ce ( organic matt] decreas$ ! action ( manganese4 ,! plants f ! manganese se$l+s gave an increas$ yield 9 bo? /raw & gra91 :ile ^? treat$ ) sesquioxide ( iron %[$ no ga9 ov] ! *eck plants4 ,! ,hills ,exp]im5ts yield$ "s in=mation z to ! diff]+ effects ( v>i\s comp\nds ( manganese on g]m9ation4 ,) :eat plants 9 pot exp]im5ts manganese oxide 7,mn,o7 di/9ctly ret>d$ g]m9ation :5 appli$ at ! rate ( #b cwt4 p] acre4 ,) b>ley ,mn,o1 manganese c>bonate & sulphate all ret>d$ g]m9ation1 :ile ) ! iodide #ej ( ! se$s 7 entirely prev5t$ f g]m9at+4 #c4 ,does manganese /imulate high] plants8 ,) manganese ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( /imulation is m weighty ?an ) su* poisons z copp]1 z9c & ars5ic1 & ! lit]ature on ! subject is correspond+ly pl5tiful4 7a7 ,/imulation 9 wat] cultures4 ,:ile ,z 7#aijb7 ass]t$ t plants c develope normally 9 wat] cultures 9 ! abs5ce ( any trace ( manganese1 he fur!r /at$ t manganese comp\nds ex]cise bo? an injuri\s & a /imulant action on plants4 ,) increas+ dilution ( ! comp\nd ! delet]i\s action dim9i%es1 :ile ! /imulant action increases1 & a dilution c be rea*$ 9 :i* only ! fav\rable influ5ce ( ! manganese becomes obvi\s4 ,! addition ( #jjb manganese sulphate 7 #a_/ej1jjj7 to culture solutions /imulat$ radi%1 b>ley1 :eat & peas4 ,! int5sity ( ! col\r reaction ( ! oxidis+ enzyme ( ! manganese plants 0 f\nd to exce$ t ( ! control plants1 at lea/ ) reg>d to ^? leaves on ! manganese plants :i* _h turn$ a yell[i% col\r4 ,loew & ,sawa 7#aijb7 obta9$ an initial increase ( gr[? ) b>ley & soy beans 9 nutritive solutions #ja f]r\s sulphate #jb manganese sulphate1 b ?is initial /imulation 0 foll[$ by depression4 ,^! au?ors support ,z's cont5tion t manganese ex]ts bo? an injuri\s & a /imulative action ^u plants1 & t ! promot+ effect is /ill obs]vable ) manganese comp\nds 9 high dilution1 :ile ! injuri\s effects disappe> "u ?is condition4 ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts ) b>ley %[ a decid$ /imulation ) #a_/ajj1jjj ,mn,s,o & less4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to utilise sublim$ ,fe,cl to avoid error due to ! introduction ( manganese into ! control solution ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ?is salt4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t conc5trations t are weak en\gh to /imulate ! vegetative gr[? /ill %[ a depress+ action 9 t !y ret>d ! rip5+ ( ! gra91 a fact :i* supports ,loew & ,sawa's cont5tion t manganese ex]ts bo? a toxic & a /imulative action at "o & ! same "t1 ! balance %[+ itself accord+ to ! conc5tration 7,fig4 #ag74 ,9 ! lat] exp]im5ts ! plants 7 n all[$ to =m e>s1 b simil> results 7 obta9$1 except t :5 deal+ ) ! vegetative gr[? only1 a def9ite /imulus 0 obta9$ ) a high] conc5tration ?an 9 ^? exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! plants 7 all[$ to =m se$4 ,?is may or may n be significant1 z x is possible t seasonal v>iation & individuality ( ! plants may h play$ "s "p4 ,b>ley seems to be mo/ extraord9>ily s5sitive to ! action ( manganese1 z ev5 #a "p 9 #ajj1jjj1jjj 0 f\nd to ex]cise a b5eficial action 7,fig4 #ah74 ,) peas ! evid5ce ( /imulus is less well m>k$4 ,no sign ( /imulation is obta9$ until a great] dilution is rea*$ ?an is necess>y ) b>ley4 ,ev5 s ! result+ curves are n suffici5tly conclusive to w>rant ! def9ite /atem5t t manganese does act z a /imulant to peas :5 pres5t 9 v small quantities 7,fig4 #ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,curve %[+ ! mean value ( ! dry weights ( t5 s]ies ( b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( manganese sulphate & nutri5t salts4 7,feb4 #e?-,m>* #bi?1 #aiji47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( manganese sulphate on b>ley plants gr[n 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,feb4 #e?-,m>* #bi?1 #aiji47 #a4 ,control4 #b4 #a_/aj1jjj manganese sulphate4 #c4 #a_/ajj1jjj #d4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj #e4 #a_/aj1jjj1jjj #f4 #a_/ajj1jjj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,photograph %[+ ! action ( manganese sulphate on pea plants 9 ! pres5ce ( nutri5t salts4 7,oct4 #bnd-,dec4 #bj?1 #aiab47 #a4 ,control4 #b4 #a_/e1jjj manganese sulphate4 #c4 #a_/aj1jjj #d4 #a_/be1jjj #e4 #a_/ej1jjj #f4 #a_/ajj1jjj #g4 #a_/bej1jjj #h4 #a_/ejj1jjj #i4 #a_/a1jjj1jjj 7b7 ,/imulation 9 soil cultures4 ,roxas c>ri$ out pot exp]im5ts ) rice 9 soil to :i* 0 add$ v>y+ proportions ( manganese sulphate1 ) & )\t ! addition ( nutri5t salts ( ammonium1 potassium1 & calcium4 ,! crit]ion ( /imulation 0 ! l5g? ( ! gr[+ leaves z measur$ daily1 a /r5g? ( ,m_/#ajjj ,mn,s,o 7,m molecul> weight7 giv+ a fav\rable result4 ,9 ! ,hills ,exp]im5ts 7#aijc7 an increase ( produce 0 obta9$ ) :eat by manur+ ) manganese phosphate1 *loride1 sulphate1 or oxide 7,mn,o71 :ile an increase ( /raw 0 ga9$ ) nitrate1 ?\gh ?is comp\nd decreas$ ! yield ( corn4 ,) b>ley no evid5ce ( /imulation is set =? = any comp\nd1 except t ! root gr[? 0 improv$ by ! addition ( manganese iodide1 9 spite ( ! g5]al unfav\rable action ?is sub/ance ex]t$ ^u g]m9ation & gr[?4 ,b]tr& 7#aije7 ^: "w w lat] be consid]$ 9 detail1 exp]im5t$ on arable l&1 add+ quantities ( manganese sulphate 787 equival5t to ab\t #af gm4 ,mn to ea* squ>e metre1 gr[+ oats f ,febru>y to ,may4 ,increase ( weight 0 f\nd 9 ! plants gr[+ on ! manganese plots1 ! diff]5ces 9 fav\r ( manganese be+ ,= total crops #bbe4 gra9 only #agd4 /raw only #bfj4 ,a c]ta9 alt]ation 9 ! quality ( ! gra9 0 also not$ f ! manganese plots1 ! weight p] hectolitre exce$+ t f ! untreat$ plot1 ! ( wat] & ( total nitrog5 be+ some:at l[] ?an t f ! untreat$1 :ile ! a% & ! quantity ( manganese pres5t 0 ! same 9 ! gra9 f bo? plots4 ,b]tr& sugge/$ t ^! results might indicate a new l9e to foll[ 9 ! /udy ( ! causes ( ! soil f]tility4 ,/rampelli 7#aijg7 te/$ ! effect ( manganese dioxide1 c>bonate1 & sulphate1 & ( a manganif]\s m9]al f ! ,arg5t9e ^u :eat1 & f\nd t :ile all f\r sub/ances ex]cis$ a fav\rable influ5ce on ! vegetation1 ! be/ result 0 obta9$ ) ! sulphate4 ,:5 h[ev] o!r manures 7 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! manganese comp\nds ! balance ( improvem5t %ift$4 ,) nitrog51 appli$ z nitrate ( soda1 manganese dioxide prov$ ! mo/ b5eficial1 ) f>my>d manure ! manganif]\s m9]al#ad1 & ) blood ! c>bonate4 ,x 0 also f\nd t a manganese compo/ did n increase production :5 phosphatic manure 0 appli$ z basic slag4 #ad ,z no analysis ( ! m9]al is giv5 x is obvi\sly impossible to say to :at con/itu5t ! increase is due 9 ?is case4 ,feilitz5 7#aijg7 indicat$ t ! nature ( ! soil plays its "p 9 det]m9+ :e!r manganese acts z a /imulant or n4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! field on poor moor soil1 :i* c>ri$ a little ,sphagnum turf & ,eriophorum1 & :i* 0 poor 9 food salts4 ,! soil 0 prep>$ & manur$ & !n ! plots 7 wat]$ ) a solution ( #a gm4 ,mn,s,o4#d;,h,o p] litre at ! rate ( #aj kgm4 sulphate p] hect>e1 six control plots be+ left untreat$4 ,oats 7 s[n & ! soil roll$4 ,dur+ gr[? no diff]5ce 0 not$ betwe5 ! v>i\s plots1 & aft] h>ve/+ ! weights ( ! diff]5t crops %[$ t ! manganese _h n caus$ increase ( crop 9 ei!r gra9 or /raw on ?is poor moor soil4 ,! great bulk ( ! "w on ?is problem has be5 c>ri$ out by v>i\s ,japanese inve/igators1 ^: "w ext5ds ov] sev]al ye>s4 ,loew & ,sawa 7#aijb7 f\nd t small quantities ( manganese sulphate 9 soil cultures /imulat$ ! gr[? ( rice1 pea1 & cabbage4 ,!y sugge/$ t soils ( great natural f]tility conta9 manganese 9 an easily absorb$ condition1 & t ?is =ms "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( su* soils4 ,nagaoka 7#aijc7 dealt ) plots 9 ! rice fields :i* _h n be5 manur$ = ! ?ree previ\s ye>s & :i* 7 !n treat$ ) manure at ! rate ( #ajj kgm4 ammonium sulphate1 #ajj kgm4 potassium c>bonate & #ajj kgm4 d\ble sup]phosphate p] hect>e4 ,twelve s]ies 7 work$ 9 triplicate & receiv$ manganese sulphate 9 v>y+ quantities1 equival5t to #j-ee kgm4 ,mn,o p] hect>e1 "o set ( ?ree be+ left untreat$4 ,! cultivation 0 normal & ! application ( manganese 0 f\nd to influ5ce ! yield ( rice4 #be kgm4 p] hect>e gave ! be/ result & increas$ ! h>ve/ ( gra9s by "o-?ird2 high] doses ( ,mn,o gave no bett] crop4 ,! p]c5tage ( gra9 relative to ! /raw 0 also increas$4 ,! increase 9 bo? respects 0 evid5t all ?r\gh ! s]ies f #aj to #ee kgm4 ,mn,o p] hect>e4 ,! conclusion 0 rea*$ t ! application ( ?is salt to soils poor 9 manganese w\ld be a comm]cial advantage4 ,! next ye> 7#aijd7 ! exp]im5ts 7 ext5d$ to obs]ve ! aft] effects ( ! initial doses ( manganese sulphate4 ,! h>ve/ ( gra9 0 greate/ 9 ^? plots t _h receiv$ #cj kgm4 ,mn,o p] hect>e1 :ile x 0 approa*$ v closely by t f ! plot ) #be kgm4 ,mn,o1 :i* _h prov$ ! be/ 9 ! fir/ ye>'s exp]im5ts4 ,! maximum increase ( yield ov] ! unmanur$ plots 9 ! fir/ ye> 0 #cg1 :ile 9 ! second ye> x dropp$ to #afi4 ,z 7#aijd7 also obta9$ an increase ( "o-?ird 9 produce ( gra9 :5 #be kgm4 ,mn,o p] hect>e 7z mangan\s *loride7 0 appli$ to rice4 ,! developm5t ( ! plants 0 improv$ & ! treat$ plants fl[]$ ab\t f\r days be=e ! untreat$ ones4 ,loew & ,honda 7#aijd7 grew ,cryptom]ia japonica 9 b$s1 treat+ ! soil ) v>i\s manures & ) iron or manganese sulphate4 ,! latt] fav\r$ increase 9 height1 & )9 #a ye>s ! cubic cont5t ( ! trees _h increas$ to d\ble4 ,fukutome 7#aijd7 grew flax 9 pot cultures1 ea* pot conta9+ #h kgm4 soil1 to :i* 0 add$ #d gm4 ,mn,cl4#d;,h,o & #d gm4 ,fe,s,o4#g;,h,o4 ,?is mixture _h a m>k$ effect on ! gr[? ( ! flax1 b ! individual salts 9 doses ( #d gm4 p] #h kgm4 soil _h b little effect4 ,namba 7#aijh7 appli$ manganese salts to onion plants 9 pots ) a consid]able measure ( success4 ,pots conta9+ #h kgm4 loamy soil 7 manur$ & receiv$3 7#a7 no manganese1 7#b7 #a gm4 ,mn,s,o4#d;,h,o1 7#c7 #b gm4 ,mn,s,o4#d;,h,o1 ! manganese sulphate be+ appli$ 9 high dilution z top dress+4 ,! bulbs & leaves 7 consid]ably /imulat$ by small doses ( manganese sulphate1 ! be/ results be+ obta9$ f 7#b71 :i* repres5ts a manur+ ( #bb kgm4 ,mn,s,o p] hect>e4 ,an increase ( ! dose less5s ! b5eficial effect1 z ! toxic action beg9s to come into play4 ,! actual figures obta9$ may prove ( int]e/4 ,wt4 leaves ,wt4 bulbs ,total weight ,bulbs roots roots ,absolute ,relative leaves gm4 gm4 gm4 gm4 #a4 #bie #he #chj #ajjj #bh #b4 #chj #bbe #fje #aeib #ei #c4 #cee #afe #eaj #acdb #df ,u*iyama 7#aijg7 c>ri$ on a v>iety ( exp]im5ts ) manganese sulphate on sev]al plants on diff]5t soils1 bo? 9 ! field & 9 pots1 & f\nd t ! comp\nd ex]cis$ a fav\rable action 9 mo/ cases :5 appli$ 9 appropriate quantities4 ,9 summ>is+ 8 results he /at$ t bo? manganese & iron /imulate ! developm5t ( plants1 diff]5t plants v>y+ 9 _! susceptibility to ! action4 ,sometimes a jo9t application ( ! two salts is ! mo/ b5eficial1 sometimes an individual application is ! bett]1 9 :i* case manganese sulphate is g5]ally bett] ?an f]ric sulphate 9 its action4 ,! /imulat+ action ( manganese v>ies greatly ) ! "* ( ! soil1 & ! mode ( application also affects results4 ,z a g5]al rule ! manganese acts be/ :5 appli$ z a top dress+ r ?an :5 add$ toge!r ) ! manure4 ,fur!r ! /imulat+ action diff]s greatly ) ! nature & reaction ( ! manurial mixture4 ,u*iyama concludes t #bj-ej kgm4 p] hect>e ( cry/allis$ manganese sulphate is a good g5]al am\nt to apply4 ,takeu*i 7#aiji7 corroborates ! /atem5ts ( ! v>i\s writ]s t plants diff] 9 _! response to ! manganese manur+4 ,pot cultures1 9 ea* ( :i* #h kgm4 soil 7 simil>ly manur$1 receiv$ #b gm4 ,mn,s,o4#d;,h,o appli$ z a solution ( #a_/ajj /r5g?1 ! controls receiv+ ! same am\nt ( wat]4 ,! manganese increas$ ! gre5 weight ( sp9a* by #da1 :ile ! dry weight ( b>ley1 peas & flax rose #ec1 #aid1 & #aci respectively above t ( ! untreat$4 ,! control plants ( flax 7 beh9d ! manganese plants 9 gr[? & fl[]+1 :ile b>ley 0 ! lea/ /imulat$ ( all ! te/-plants4 ,o!r obs]vations seem$ to %[ t ,legum9osae & ,crucif]ae are m susceptible to manganese /imulation ?an are ! ,gram9eae4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,manganese ,,comp\nds ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,plants4 ,! in=mation on ?is po9t is exce$+ly meagre1 possibly because ( ! div]sion ( g5]al att5tion to ! high] plants 9 view ( ! comm]cial int]e/s involv$4 ,ri*>ds 7#ahig7 c>ri$ out exp]im5ts ) v>i\s nutritive m$ia ) ! addition ( c]ta9 metallic salts1 includ+ ^? ( z9c1 iron1 alum9ium & manganese4 ,! fungi te/$ 7 ,asp]gillus nig]1 ,p5icillium glaucum & ,botrytis c9]ea4 ,8 g5]al conclusion 0 t fungi may be /imulat$1 ?\gh x mu/ n be conclud$ )\t fur!r inve/igation t all fungi react 9 ! same degree to ! same reag5t1 b ?is conclusion is trav]s$ by ,loew & ,sawa 7#aijb74 ,^! writ]s /ate t fungi are n /imulat$ by manganese1 & take ?is z a pro( t ! improvem5t 9 ! gr[? ( phan]ogams1 induc$ by manganese comp\nds1 is n due to direct /imulation ( ! protoplasmic activity1 b to "s o!r m obscure cause4 ,,iv4 ,,physiological ,,consid]ations ,,( ,,manganese ,,/imulation4 ,! physiological cause ( ! /imulation ex]t$ by manganese comp\nds has rais$ mu* controv]sy4 ,loew & ,sawa sugge/$ t ! action ( ! sun's rays ^u a normal plant puts a c]ta9 *eck on gr[?1 aris+ out ( ! action ( c]ta9 noxi\s comp\nds :i* !y suppos$ to be produc$ 9 ! cells "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,! /imulation ( ! manganese comp\nds may be due to a suppos$ increase 9 ! oxidis+ p[]s ( ! oxidis+ enzymes1 s t de/ruction ( ! *eck+ comp\nds c be accompli%$ z quickly z !y are =m$1 s enabl+ gr[? to cont9ue m rapidly4 ,z 7#aijb7 _h previ\sly /at$ t colorimetric te/s = oxidis+ enzymes indicate t ! yell[i% leaves f plants treat$ ) manganese comp\nds give reactions ( high] int5sity ?an ! gre5 leaves f control plants1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reactions be+ specially m>k$ 9 b>ley1 & less s 9 radi%4 ,b]tr& has devot$ mu* "t to ! consid]ation ( ?is & alli$ problems4 ,9 #ahig 7a1 b1 c7 he proce$$ to inve/igate ! ess5tial nature ( manganese 9 ! economy ( ! plant1 8 exp]im5ts %[+ its con/ant pres5ce 9 a f]m5t 7laccase7 obta9$ f plants4 ,he also extract$ f luc]ne a sub/ance v poor 9 manganese1 :i* 0 some:at inactive1 b :i* rega9$ or increas$ its activity on ! addition ( manganese4 ,b]tr& /at$ t manganese 0 app>5tly n to be replac$ by ano!r metal1 n ev5 by iron1 & t ! small quantity ( x occurr+ 0 no reason = reg>d+ x z a second>y elem5t 9 ! composition ( plants4 ,! view 0 also put =w>d t 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organic sub/ances1 su* z hydroqu9one1 pyrogallol or simil> bodies1 manganese is capable ( fix+ free oxyg5 f ! air1 ! volume ( oxyg5 absorb$ v>y+ accord+ to ! comp\nd ( manganese us$4 ,b]tr& 0 l$ to conceive ! oxydases z special comb9ations ( manganese 9 :i* ! acid radicle1 probably prote9 9 nature & v>iable accord+ to ! f]m5t consid]$1 w\ld h j ! necess>y aff9ity to ma9ta9 ! metal 9 solution1 i4e4 ! =m ! mo/ suitable = ! "p x has to play4 ,! manganese w\ld !n be1 accord+ to 8 view1 ! true active elem5t ( oxydase1 :i* functions z ! 8activator02 ! album9\s matt]1 on ! o!r h&1 gives to ! f]m5t ^? special *>act]s1 :i* %[ !mselves 9 _! behavi\r ) reg>d to reag5ts & physical ag5ts4 ,f ?is po9t ( view manganese c\ld no long] be consid]$ z a non-ess5tial elem5t1 b z a sub/ance ( vital necessity to ! functions ( plant-life4 ,! "n 8complem5t>y0 manure 0 sugge/$ = comp\nds ( su* elem5ts z manganese1 :i* ex]t a physiological action & :i* 7 propos$ = use z manures4 ,lat] 7#aije7 ,b]tr& consid]$ t he _h /ill fur!r prov$ ! indisp5sable nature ( manganese4 ,! abs5ce or insuffici5cy ( "o ess5tial elem5t arre/s or dim9i%es gr[?4 ,?is applies n only to ^? sub/ances :i* are pres5t 9 ! greate/ abundance1 su* z ,c1 ,p1 ,n1 c41 b also to ^? elem5ts l manganese1 boron1 & iod9e1 :i* only occur 9 traces4 ,^! elem5ts are usually specialis$ 9 function1 & = !m ! "n 8catalytic0 elem5ts 0 sugge/$1 9 view ( ! "w !y are held to d4 ,z late z #aiaj ! rle ( manganese 9 ! function+ ( ! oxidis+ enzymes 0 aga9 insi/$ on4 ,x 0 conclud$ t manganese int]v5es z a catalytic ag5t 9 ! mat]ial *anges ( :i* plants are ! seat1 & t x p>ticipates 9 an indirect mann] 9 ! build+ up ( ! tissues & 9 ! production ( organic matt]4 ,conclusion4 ,manganese ex]ts a toxic influ5ce ^u ! high] plants1 if x is pres5t$ 9 high conc5tration1 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( great excess ( ! manganese comp\nds1 ! poison+ effect is ov]%ad[$ by a def9ite /imulation4 ,z is ! case ) boron1 manganese /imulates "s species m ?an o!rs1 ! action on b>ley be+ m evid5t ?an t on peas4 ,x seems probable t manganese may prove to be an elem5t ess5tial to ! economy ( plant life1 ev5 ?\gh ! quantity usually f\nd 9 plants is v small4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conclusions ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s a v limit$ numb] ( plant poisons h be5 consid]$1 yet !re is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ev5 ^! few diff] consid]ably 9 _! action ^u plant-life4 ,?is action is mo/ v>iable1 & x is impossible to =etell ! effect ( any sub/ance ^u vegetative gr[? )\t exp]im5ts4 ,! degree ( toxicity ( ! diff]5t poisons is n ! same1 & also "o & ! same poison v>ies 9 ! int5sity & nature ( its action on diff]5t species ( plants4 ,:ile c]ta9 comp\nds ( copp]1 z9c & ars5ic are exce$+ly poison\s1 comp\nds ( manganese & boron are f> less delet]i\s1 s t a plant c )/& ! pres5ce ( f> m ( ! latt] sub/ances ?an ( ! =m]4 ,aga91 ! te/$ comp\nds ( copp]1 z9c & ars5ic d n seem to /imulate gr[?1 ev5 :5 !y are appli$ 9 ! smalle/ quantities1 :]eas v dilute solutions ( manganese & boron comp\nds decid$ly increase gr[?4 ,b1 diff]5tiation occurs ev5 9 ?is /imulative action1 = :ile manganese is ! m effective 9 /imulat+ b>ley1 boric acid is f> m pot5t = peas1 ! %oots be+ p>ticul>ly improv$4 ,a consid]ation ( ! exp]im5tal "w t has be5 done on ?is subject ( poison+ & /imulation leads "o to ! inevitable conclusion t x is n true to ma9ta9 ! hypo!sis t all inorganic plant poisons act z /imulants :5 !y are pres5t 9 v small quantities1 = :ile "s poisons d increase plant gr[? "u su* conditions1 o!rs fail to d s 9 any circum/ances4 ,x is probable t :at has be5 f\nd true ) ! few sub/ances te/$ w\ld prove to be simil>ly true ov] a mu* wid] range ( poisons1 & at any rate ! hypo!sis mu/ be dismiss$ 9 its univ]sal application4 ,a m accurate /atem5t w\ld be t "s inorganic poisons act z /imulants :5 pres5t 9 small am\nts1 ! /imulat+ conc5trations v>y+ bo? ) ! poisons us$ & ! plants on :i* !y act4 ,x is q possible = a /imulation 9 "o respect to be correlat$ ) a ret>dation 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on ! action ( manganese sulphate on b>ley ! weak] conc5trations ( ! salt improv$ ! vegetative gr[?1 z 0 %[n by ! increase 9 ! dry weights1 b ) ! same /r5g?s ( ! poison ! rip5+ ( ! gra9 0 ret>d$1 s t1 :ile c]ta9 ( ! physiological functions 7 exp$it$1 o!rs 7 h9d]$ by ! action ( ! poison4 ,?us x is evid5t t x is exce$+ly difficult %>ply to *>act]ise ei!r toxic or /imulant action4 ,9 nei!r case is ! reaction simple--_m factors may come into play & _m processes are conc]n$1 :ile ! effect ( a s-call$ poison may v>y 9 respect ( ea* ( ! functions & processes conc]n$4 ,if ! poison is pres5t$ 9 great /r5g? ! toxic action is dom9ant1 & probably affects _m functions 9 ! same s5se1 s t ! action is1 s to speak1 cumulative4 ,l[] d[n 9 ! scale ( conc5tration diff]5tiation ( action may set 91 & :ile "s processes may /ill be h9d]$1 o!rs may be /imulat$4 ,if ! two actions balance "o ano!r an app>5t indiff]5ce may be manife/$1 s t x seems t su* /r5g?s ( ! poison h no effect on gr[?1 ei!r h>mful or b5eficial4 ,at /ill l[] conc5trations1 ) c]ta9 plants & c]ta9 poisons1 ! /imulative action ov]p[]s ! toxic effect1 s t 9 "s respect or o!r improvem5t occurs 9 gr[?4 ,x is q conceivable1 h[ev]1 t "s poisons are truly indiff]5t 9 weak conc5trations1 z no /imulation makes itself evid5t "u any circum/ances4 ,9 ^! cases "o is incl9$ to suspect t ! action is some:at m simple1 9 t ! toxic effects gradually dim9i% until no poison\s action is manife/ at v weak conc5trations1 & z no /imulation is pres5t to br+ ! gr[? above ! normal ) ^! v weak conc5trations ! plant is simil> to ^? gr[n )\t any addition ( ! poison4 ,! modus op]&i ( ^! /imulative ag5ts is n yet fully und]/ood4 ,p]haps at ! pres5t "t two ma9 !ories hold ! field3 7#a7 t !y act z catalytic ag5ts1 be+ valueless on _! own acc\nt1 b valuable 9 t !y aid 9 ! procur+ ( ess5tial food sub/ances2 7#b7 t ! /imulants !mselves are ( integral value = nutrition4 ,! ,fr5* s*ool1 ) ,b]tr& at ! head1 hold /rongly to ! catalytic !ory1 ma9ta9+ t manganese & boron comp\nds are able to increase gr[? if !y are pres5t 9 small quantities1 z !y act z 8c>ri]s0 :]eby ! v>i\s functions ( ! plant are exp$it$ by ! increas$ facility ) :i* ! ess5tial nutritive elem5ts are suppli$4 ,! manganese 9 laccase1 = in/ance1 is held to be an oxyg5 c>ri]1 :]eby ! oxyg5 is fir/ absorb$ & !n releas$ = ! b5efit ( ! plant1 ! manganese be+ reg>d$ z ess5tial = ! function+ ( ! enzyme4 ,b1 if ^! elem5ts are ess5tial1 ?is !ory seems to /op %ort ( ! tru?4 ,if c]ta9 functions are dep5d5t = _! v occurr5ce ^u ! pres5ce ( ev5 m9ute traces ( any elem5t1 !n surely t elem5t is z ess5tially a nutri5t elem5t1 z vital to ! well-be+ ( ! plant z is su* an elem5t z c>bon or nitrog5 or phosphorus1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] occurs 9 f> great] quantity4 ,x is necess>y t "o %\ld free "o's m9d f ! idea t ! quantity ( an elem5t pres5t 9 a plant is an index ( its value to ! plant4 ,naturally en\gh1 9 ! e>ly days ( plant physiology1 ! mo/ abundant elem5ts fir/ engag$ ! att5tion ( inve/igators1 & !y 7 divid$ into ess5tial & non-ess5tial1 t5 elem5ts be+ class$ 9 ! =m] category4 ,m rec5t "w is beg9n+ to %[ t o!r elem5ts are con/antly pres5t 9 plants1 b 9 su* small quantities t ! old] & crud] me?ods ( analysis fail$ to reveal !m1 s t until lately !y h be5 completely ov]look$ 9 "w on plant nutrition4 ,ev5 yet we d n "k :i* ( ^! o!r elem5ts are ess5tial & :i* are m]ely accid5tal4 ,:ile we d "k t ! t5 ess5tial elem5ts 7,c1 ,h1 ,o1 ,n1 ,s1 ,p1 ,k1 ,mg1 ,fe1 ,ca7 are necess>y = ! well-be+ ( all plants1 x is conceivable t ^! o!r sub/ances :i* only occur 9 v small quantities may be m individual 9 _! action1 & t :ile a trace ( a c]ta9 elem5t may be absolutely ess5tial to "o plant1 t same elem5t may be q indiff]5t = ano!r species4 ,if "o takes a broad outlook1 ! two !ories seem to be 9 reality only p>ts ( "o1 ! 8nutrition0 !ory c>ry+ matt]s a little f>!r ?an ! 8catalytic0 idea1 broad5+ its scope & ext5d+ its application4 ,x seems probable t all ! exp]im5tal "w t has be5 discuss$ w prove to be simply prelim9>y to a f> great] practical application ( ! pr9ciple ( /imulation or increas$ gr[?4 ,:ile ! physiologi/s h be5 feel+ _! way t[>ds ! conclusions put =? on ?is subject1 ! agriculturi/s h be5 discov]+ & ext5d+ ! application ( artificial manures1 until at ! pres5t "t su* manur+ is com+ into its own & is receiv+ m ( ! widespread att5tion t x des]ves4 ,! possibility n[ exi/s t 9 "s respects ! two l9es ( "w are conv]g+ & t ! m purely sci5tific l9e w h a big contribution to make to ! /rictly practical l9e4 ,artificial manur+ aims at improvem5t ( ! soil & crop by ! addition ( food sub/ances t are ne$$ 9 a p>ticul> soil1 a result t us$ to be obta9able only by ! use ( ! bulky f>my>d manure1 seawe$1 c4 ,ap>t f any o!r aspect ( ! matt] ! artificials1 :5 intellig5tly us$1 are f> m easy to h&le & to regulate 9 supply1 & !y yield excell5t results1 especially 9 conjunction ) a c]ta9 proportion ( organic manures4 ,! fur!r prospect n[ op5$ up is ! possibility ( utilis+ "s ( ^! /imulat+ comp\nds z artificial manures4 ,z only small traces are b5eficial1 l>g] am\nts be+ poison\s1 x is obvi\s t only small quantities w\ld be ne$$1 &1 z ! comp\nds are n usually v exp5sive1 a consid]able increase ( crop = a relatively small outlay might be anticipat$ if no complicat+ factors int]v5$4 ,v mu* "w w be requir$ 9 ! field to te/ ! value ( ^! sub/ances1 z _! action may be influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! soil1 climatic conditions1 g5]al conditions ( manur+1 & ! crops gr[n4 ,"s te/s h already be5 made1 especially 9 ,japan1 ) boron & manganese1 & ^! indicate a promis+ field = inve/igation4 ,above all1 x is mo/ important to realise t "o is approa*+ an entirely unexplor$ field1 & t x is inevitable t ! results ( ! initial exp]im5ts w be contradictory1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance1 s t x is necess>y to keep an op5 m9d on ! subject1 be+ ready to modify "o's ideas z circum/ances require1 z improv$ exp]im5tal me?ods lead on to m accurate results4 ,,bibliography ,! ref]5ces are to pages on :i* au?ors are m5tion$4 ,pap]s to :i* no page-ref]5ces are app5d$ are n dealt ) 9 ! text4 ,,page ,,abba1 ,f4 ,ueb] die ,fe9heit d] biologis*5 ,me?ode beim ,na*weis des ,ars5iks4 ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 ,abt4 #b1 ,,iv1 #hjf-h4 7#ahih7 #fc ,,ad]hold1 ,r4 ,zur ,frage d] ,wirkung des ,kupf]s auf die ,pflanze4 ,b]4 ,deut4 bot4 ,gesell4 ,,xxiv1 #aab-h4 7#aijf7 -- ,,agulhon1 ,h4 ,re*]*es sur la prs5ce et le rle du bore *ez les vgtaux4 ,?se4 ,p>is4 7#aiaj a7 #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #gf ,,agulhon1 ,h4 ,acc\tumance du mas au bore4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cli1 #achb-c4 7#aiaj b7 #gb ,,agulhon1 ,h4 ,emploi du ,bore comme ,engrais catalytique4 #g? ,int]4 ,cong4 ,appli$ ,*em4 ,sect4 ,,vii1 ,agric4 ,*em4 #afe-f4 7#aiaj c7 #ga1 #gc ,,agulhon1 ,h4 ,emploi du bore comme engrais catalytique4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cl1 #bhh-ia4 7#aiaj d7 #gc ,,amos1 ,a4 ,effect ( fungicides ^u ! assimilation ( c>bon dioxide by gre5 leaves4 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci4 ,,ii1 #beg-ff4 7#aijg-h7 #cc ,,&reas*1 ,r4 ,ueb] die ,zusamm5setzung d] ,as*e d] ,g>t5nelke und d] ,g>t5rose4 ,j\rn4 prakt4 ,*em4 ,,xviii1 #bjd-g4 7#ahgh7 #gi ,,ar*angeli1 ,g4 ,sopra l'azione dell'acido borico sul g]mogliam5to dei semi4 ,proc4 v]b4 ,soc4 ,toscana sci4 nat4 ,pisa4 ,v1 #be-i4 7#ahhe7 #fg1 #gb ,,z1 ,k4 ,on ! physiological influ5ce ( manganese comp\nds on plants4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,v1 ,no4 #b1 #agg-he4 7#aijb7 #ha1 #hd1 #ij ,,z1 ,k4 ,on ! practical application ( mangan\s *loride 9 rice culture4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 #aca-c4 7#aijd7 #hh ,,bak]1 ,r4 ,t4 & ,,smi?1 ,h4 ,g4 ,a ,rese>* on ! ,p9es ( ,au/ralia4 7#aiaj7 #hj ,,baumann1 ,a4 ,das ,v]halt5 von ,z9ksalz5 geg5 ,pflanz5 und im ,bod54 ,l&w4 ,v]su*s-,/at4 ,,xxxi1 #a-ec4 7#ahhe7 #ci1 #db ,,baumann1 ,e4 ,ueb] das normale ,vorkomm5 von ,iod im ,?i]krp]4 ,zeits*r4 physiol4 ,*em4 ,,xxi1 #cai-ccj4 7#ahie7 #b ,,baum]t1 ,g4 ,zur ,frage des normal5 ,vorkomm5s d] ,borsure im ,we9e4 ,b]4 ,deut4 *em4 ,gesell4 ,,xxi1 #cbij-b4 7#ahhh7 #fe ,,be*i1 ,m4 ,e4 ,sur la prs5ce de l'acide borique dans les vgtaux4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 ,p>is1 ,,iii1 #abb4 7#ahij7 #ff ,,be*i1 ,e4 ,intorno alla diffusione dell'acido borico4 ,atti ,r4 ,accad4 ,econom4 ,agr>4 ,georg(ili di ,fir5ze1 ,,xiv1 #bdj-ej4 7#ahia7 #ff ,,b]lese und ,,so/egni4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,wirkung d] ,kupf]salze auf die ,vegetation des ,we9/ockes und auf d5 ,bod54 ,rev4 int]nat4 viticult4 et o5ol4 7#ahie7 #bf ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,sur l'int]v5tion du manganse dans les oxydations provoques p> la laccase4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxiv1 #ajcb-e4 7#ahig a7 #ij ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,sur l'action oxydante des sels manganeux et sur la con/itution *imique des oxydases4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxiv1 #acee-h4 7#ahig b7 #ij ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,n\velles re*]*es sur les f]m5ts oxydants ou oxydases4 ,ann4 ,agronom4 ,,xxiii1 #che-ii4 7#ahig c7 #ij ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,sur la re*]*e et sur l'exi/5ce de l'ars5ic dans l'organisme4 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 ,,xvi1 #eec-fa4 7#aijb7 #ea ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,les engrais complm5taires4 #e? ,int]nat4 ,kong4 angew4 ,*em4 ,b]l91 ,,iii1 #hci-dj4 7#aijc7 #ia ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,sur l'emploi favorable du ,manganse comme engrais4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxli1 #abee-g4 7#aije7 #hf1 #ia ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 ,sur les ,engrais catalytiques4 #g? ,int]nat4 ,cong4 ,appli$ ,*em4 ,sect4 ,,vii1 ,agric4 ,*em4 #aei-fb4 7#aiaj7 #ia ,,bokorny1 ,t4 ,ueb]e9/imm5des ,v]halt5 d] ,metalle d] ,kupf]gruppe 7,kupf]1 ,quecksilb]1 ,silb]7 geg5 ,zell5 d] ni$]5 ,pflanz54 ,*em4 ,zeit4 ,,xxix1 #b1 #abja-b4 7#aije7 #ce ,,b\ilhac1 ,r4 ,influ5ce de l'acide arsnique sur la vgtation des algues4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxix1 #ibi-ca4 7#ahid7 #fb ,,br&1 ,j4 ,die ,borsure1 e9 /et] ,begleit] des ,bi]es und e9 wes5tli*] ,be/&!il des ,hopf5s4 ,zeits*r4 ges4 ,brauwes51 ,,xv1 #dbf-h4 7#ahib7 #ff ,,breazeale1 ,j4 ,f4 ,effect ( c]ta9 solids ^u ! gr[? ( se$l+s 9 wat] culture4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 ,,xli1 #ed-fc4 7#aijf7 #bc ,,br5*ley1 ,w4 ,e4 ,! influ5ce ( copp] sulphate & manganese sulphate ^u ! gr[? ( b>ley4 ,ann4 ,bot4 ,,xxiv1 #ega-hc4 7#aiaj7 #bj1 #hb ,,br5*ley1 ,w4 ,e4 ,on ! action ( c]ta9 comp\nds ( z9c1 ars5ic1 & boron on ! gr[? ( plants4 ,ann4 ,bot4 ,,xxviii1 #bhc-cja4 7#aiad7 #dj1 #df1 #ed ,,burl+ham1 ,g4 ,s4 ,a /udy ( ! influ5ce ( magnesium sulphate on gr[? ( se$l+s4 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,xxix1 #ajie-aab4 7#aijg7 #a ,,campani1 ,g4 ,il manganese nelle c5]i si manife/a facilm5te sotto la =ma di fosfato manganico4 ,gaz4 *im4 ital4 ,,vi1 #dfd-f4 7#ahgf7 #gi ,,campani1 ,g4 ,sull'esi/5za del manganese nelle piante4 ,gaz4 *im4 ital4 ,,xiv1 #eae-f4 7#ahhd7 -- ,,c]n1 ,k4 ,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 von ,ars5 im ?i]is*5 ,organismus4 ,zeits*r4 physiol4 ,*em4 ,,xxxiv1 #djh-af4 7#aija7 #ea ,,*at91 ,a4 tudes de physiologie vgtale faites au moy5 de l'acide arsnieux4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,xx1 #ba-i4 7#ahde7 #ea1 #eb1 #ei ,,*u>d1 ,e4 et ,,por*et1 ,f4 ,l'action des sels de cuivre sur les vgtaux4 ,ar*4 ,sci4 ,phys4 ,nat4 ,,xiv1 #ejb-e4 7#aijb7 #ca ,,*u>d1 ,e4 et ,,por*et1 ,f4 ,l'action des sels de cuivre sur les vgtaux4 ,ar*4 ,sci4 ,phys4 ,nat4 ,,xv1 #ia4 7#aijc7 #ca ,,col91 ,h4 et ,,lavison1 ,j4 ,absorption comp>e des sels de ,b>yum1 de ,/rontium et de ,calcium p> la plante vivante4 ,revue ,gn4 ,bot4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #bfa1 #ccg-dd4 7#aiaj7 #e ,,coll9s1 ,s4 ,h4 ,! absorption ( ,ars5ic by ,b>ley4 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xxi1 #bba-b4 7#aijb7 #eb ,,copel&1 ,e4 ,b4 & ,,kahl5b]g1 ,l4 ,! influ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( pure metals ^u plants4 ,trans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,arts & ,lett]s ,wiscons91 ,,xii1 ,"p #b1 #ded-gd4 7#aijj7 #ai ,,c\p91 ,h4 ,sur la toxicit des sels de cuivre l'g>d des vgtaux suprieurs4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxvii1 #djj-a4 7#ahih7 #ah ,,c\p91 ,h4 ,sur la nutrition du ,/]igmatocy/is nigra4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxxvi1 #cib-d4 7#aijc7 #di ,,crampton1 ,c4 ,a4 ,borsure als ,be/&!il d] ,pflanz54 ,b]4 ,deut4 *em4 ,gesell4 ,,xxii1 #ajgb-f4 7#ahhi7 #fe ,,csapodi1 ,s4 ,das ,vegetir5 d] ,s*immelpilze auf fe/5 ,ars5v]b9dung54 ,bot4 ,c5tr4 ,,lvii1 #aja-b4 7#ahid7 #fc ,,d&5o1 ,j4 ,b4 ,an inve/igation into ! effects ( wat] & aque\s solutions ( "s ( ! common inorganic sub/ances on foliage leaves4 ,trans4 ,canadian ,in/4 ,,vii1 #bcg-cej4 7#aijj-aijc7 #cb1 #dg ,,daub5y1 ,c4 ,memoir on ! degree ( selection ex]cis$ by plants1 ) reg>d to ! e>?y con/itu5ts pres5t$ to _! absorb+ surfaces4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,,xvii1 #bec-ff4 7#ahcc7 #e ,,daub5y1 ,c4 ,on ! p[] ascrib$ to ! roots ( plants ( reject+ poison\s or abnormal sub/ances pres5t$ to !m4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,xiv1 #bji-cj4 7#ahfb7 #e1 #eg ,,davy1 ,e4 ,pres5ce ( ,ars5ic 9 plants cultivat$ = food4 ,g>d4 ,*ron4 ,sept4 #aj?1 #gci-dj4 7#ahei7 #ea1 #eh1 #fj ,,de ,,saussure4 ,re*]*es *imiques sur la vgtation4 ,p>is4 7#ahjd7 #e1 #gh ,,dieulafait4 ,sur la prs5ce normale du cuivre dans les plantes qui viv5t sur les ro*es de la =mation primordiale4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,xc1 #gjc-e4 7#ahhj7 #ae ,,dubois1 ,r4 ,sur les moisissures du cuivre et du bronze4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxi1 #fee-g4 7#ahij7 #cc ,,dunn+ton1 ,f4 ,p4 ,manganese 9 ! ,a% ( ,:eat4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,ii1 #ada4 7#ahgh7 #gi ,,ehr5b]g1 ,p4 ,wirkung5 des ,z9ks bei ,vegetationv]su*54 ,*em4 ,zeit4 ,,xxxii1 #icg4 7#aijh7 #dc ,,ew]t1 ,dr4 ,d] we*selseitige ,e9fluss des ,li*tes und d] ,kupf]kalkbrh5 auf d5 ,/(fwe*sel d] ,pflanze4 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 ,,xxxiv1 #bcc-caj4 7#aije7 #ca ,,feilitz51 ,h4 von4 ,kann man auf dem frei5 ,felde e95 gn/ig5 /imuli]5d5 ,e9fluss auf die ,entwickelung d] ,kulturpflanz5 dur* kle9e ,m5g5 ,mangansalze wahrnehm58 ,j\rn4 ,l&w4 ,,lv1 #bhi-ib4 7#aijg7 #hg ,,fit*1 ,r4 ,! action ( insoluble sub/ances 9 modify+ ! effect ( delet]i\s ag5ts ^u ! fungi4 ,ann4 ,mycologici1 ,,iv1 #cac-bb4 7#aijf7 #bc ,,fli*e et ,,gr&eau4 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 #ced4 7#ahgd7 #ga ,,frank1 ,b4 und ,,kr,,g]1 ,f4 ,ueb] d5 ,reiz1 wel*5 die ,beh&lung mit ,kupf] auf die ,k>t(felpflanze h]vorbr+t4 ,b]4 ,deut4 bot4 ,gesell4 ,,xii1 #h-aa4 7#ahid7 #cj ,,freytag1 ,m4 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss des ,z9koxyds und se9] ,v]b9dung5 auf die ,vegetation4 ,mit?4 ,knig4 l&w4 ,akad4 ,poppelsdorf1 #hb-ii4 7#ahfh7 #cg1 #ch1 #db1 #dc ,,freytag1 ,m4 ,die s*dli*5 ,be/&teile des ,htt5rau*s d] ,kupf]-1 ,blei-1 und ,z9c-htt5 und ihre ,beseitigung4 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 ,,ii1 #cae-eg4 7#ahhb7 -- ,,fukutome1 ,t4 ,on ! influ5ce ( manganese salts on ,flax4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 #acg-h4 7#aijd7 #hh ,,gauti]1 ,a4 et ,,clausmann1 ,p4 ,orig9es alim5taires de l'ars5ic normal *ez l'homme4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxxix1 #aja-h4 7#aijd7 #ea ,,gir>d1 ,a4 ,sur l'accumulation dans le sol des composs cuivriques employs p\r combattre les maladies p>asitaires des plantes4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxx1 #aadg-eb4 7#ahie7 -- ,,gorup-,,besanez1 ,e4 von4 ,ueb] das ,v]halt5 d] vegetir5d5 ,pflanze und d] ,ack]]de geg5 ,metallgifte4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 ,,cxxvii1 #bdc-ef4 7#ahfc7 #be1 #da1 #eh ,,gosio1 ,b4 ,e9wirk+ von ,microphyt5 auf fe/e ,ars5v]b9dung4 ,mitt4 aus d5 ,lab4 sci4 della ,direzione di ,sanit4 ,ab/4 9 ,b]4 ,deut4 *em4 ,ges4 ,,xxv1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #cdf4 7#ahib7 #fc ,,gosio1 ,b4 ,zur ,frage1 wodur* die ,giftigkeit ars5haltig] ,tapet5 b$+t wird4 ,b]4 ,deut4 *em4 ,gesell4 ,,xxx1 ,bd4 #a1 #ajbd-f4 7#ahig7 #fc ,,gosio1 ,b4 ,weit]e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,biologie und d5 ,*emismus von ,ars5s*immelpilz54 ,il ,policl9ico1 ,x4 7#aijj74 ,abs4 9 ,bot4 ,c5tr4 ,,lxxxvii1 #aca-c4 7#aija7 #fc ,g,,ssl1 ,j4 ,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 des ,mangans 9 d] ,pflanze und b] se95 ,e9fluss auf ,s*immelpilze4 ,beih4 ,bot4 ,c5tr4 ,,xviii1 #a1 #aai-cb4 7#aije7 #hj ,,gu]91 ,g4 ,sur un compos organique1 ri*e en manganse1 retir du tissu ligneux4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxv1 #caa-b4 7#ahig7 #gi ,,gu/avson1 ,g4 ,*emis*e ,rolle d] ,m9]alsalze 9 d] organis*5 ,natur4 ,mitt4 ,l&w4 ,=/wir?s*4 ,akad4 ,petr[sko-,rasum[sko4 ,heft #c1 #a-ae4 ,moskau4 7#ahha47 ,ab/4 9 ,j1 ,bot4 ,jahresb]4 ,i1 #ch4 7#ahhb7 #de ,,gu?rie1 ,f4 ,b4 & ,,coh51 ,l4 ,note on ! occurr5ce ( manganese 9 soil & its effect on grass4 ,agric4 ,gaz4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,,xxi1 #bai-bb4 7#aiaj7 #hc ,,gu?rie1 ,f4 ,b4 & ,,helms1 ,r4 ,pot exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! limits ( endurance ( diff]5t f>m crops to c]ta9 injuri\s sub/ances4 ,"p #a4 ,:eat4 ,ag4 ,gaz4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,,xiv1 #aad-bj4 7#aijc7 #fj ,,gu?rie1 ,f4 ,b4 & ,,helms1 ,r4 ,ibid4 ,"p #b4 ,maize4 ,ag4 ,gaz4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,,xv1 #bi-cb4 7#aijd7 #fj ,,gu?rie1 ,f4 ,b4 & ,,helms1 ,r4 ,ibid4 ,"p #c4 ,b>ley & ,rice4 ,"p #d4 ,rye4 ,ag4 ,gaz4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,,xvi1 #hec-fj4 7#aije7 #fj ,,hall1 ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,book ( ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts4 7#aije7 -- ,,hall1 ,a4 ,d41 ,,br5*ley1 ,w4 ,e4 & ,,und]wood1 ,l4 ,m4 ,! soil solution & ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 #bjd4 ,b4 #cjg4 #agi-bjj4 7#aiac7 #h ,,haselh(f1 ,e4 ,ueb] die s*dig5de ,wirkung von kupf]sulfat- und kupf]nitra?altigem ,wass] auf ,bod5 und ,pflanz54 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 ,,xxi1 #bfc-gf4 7#ahib7 #be ,,haselh(f1 ,e4 ,v]su*e b] die ,e9wirkung ,s*weflig] ,sure1 ,z9koxyd und ,z9ksulfat auf ,bod5 und ,pflanz54 ,b]4 ,v]su*s-,/at4 ,m>burg4 #aijc-d4 ,ab/4 9 ,jahresb4 ,agrik4 ,*em4 ,,vii1 #bfa4 7#aijd7 -- ,,hatt5saur1 ,g4 ,zur *emis*5 ,zusamm5setzung von ,mol9ia crulea ,mn* von ,knigsb]g bei ,raibl4 ,b]4 ,kais4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s4 ,wi51 ,,xcix1 #b b4 #bi-ca4 7#ahia7 #af1 #cg ,,hattori1 ,h4 ,/udi5 b] die ,e9wirkung des ,kupf]sulfats auf e9ige ,pflanz54 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,sci4 ,tokyo1 ,,xv1 #cga-id4 7#aija7 #ca1 #cd ,,heald1 ,f4 ,d4 ,on ! toxic effect ( dilute solutions ( acids & salts ^u plants4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 ,,xxii1 #abe-ec4 7#ahif7 #bb ,,heckel1 ,e4 ,de l'action de quelques composs sur la g]m9ation des gra9es 7bromure de camphre1 borate1 silicate et arsniate de s\de74 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,lxxx1 #aagj-b4 7#ahge7 #fj1 #gb ,,h]apa?1 ,t4 ,j4 ,analyses ( ! a%es ( "s escul5t vegetables4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,ii1 #d-bd4 7#ahdi7 #gh 8,,hills0 ,exp]im5ts4 ,influ5ce ( ,manganese salts on :eat & b>ley4 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc4 ,eng4 ,,lxiv1 #cdh-eg4 7#aijc7 #hc1 #hd1 #hf ,,hiltn]1 ,l4 und ,,g5tn]1 ,g4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,ernhrungsv]hltnisse uns]] ,kulturpflanz54 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 ,bay]n4 ,no4 #aj1 pp4 #da-fb4 7#aiac7 #aj ,,holdefleiss4 7,discussion on z9c 9 soils & its effect on plant life47 ,l&w4 ,v]su*s-,/at4 ,,xxviii1 #dgb4 7#ahhc7 #db ,,hott]1 ,e4 ,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 des ,bors im ,pflanz5rei* und dess5 physiologis*e ,b$eutung4 ,l&w4 ,v]su*s-,/at4 ,,xxxvii1 #dcg-eh4 7#ahij7 #fe1 #fg ,,hott]1 ,e4 ,ueb] d5 ,borsuregehalt e9ig] ,ob/>t54 ,zeits*r4 ,nahrungsmittel ,hyg4 ,w>4 ,,ix1 #a-d4 7#ahie7 #fe ,,javilli]1 ,m4 ,sur l'influ5ce favorable de petites doses de z9c sur la vgtation de ,/]igmatocy/is nigra ,v4 ,tgh4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxlv1 #abab-e4 7#aijg7 #di ,,javilli]1 ,m4 ,sur la fixation du z9c p> le ,/]igmatocy/is nigra1 ,v4 ,tgh4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxlvi1 #cfe-g4 7#aijh a7 #di ,,javilli]1 ,m4 ,le ,z9c *ez les plantes4 ,re*]*es sur sa prs5ce et son rle4 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 ,,xxii1 #gbj-g4 7#aijh b7 #di ,,javilli]1 ,m4 ,re*]*es sur la prs5ce et le rle du z9c *ez les plantes4 ,?se4 ,p>is4 7#aijh c7 #ch1 #dg ,,javilli]1 ,m4 ,le ,z9c *ez les plantes et son emploi comme ,engrais complm5taire4 #g? ,int]nat4 ,cong4 ,appl4 ,*em4 ,sect4 ,,vii1 ,agric4 ,*em4 #afc-d4 7#aiaj7 #df ,,javilli]1 ,m4 ,sur la sub/itution au z9c de div]s lm5ts *imiques p\r la culture du ,/]igmatocy/is nigra4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,clv1 #aeea-b4 7#aiab7 -- ,,jay1 ,h4 ,sur la disp]sion de l'acide borique dans la nature4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxi1 #hif-i4 7#ahie7 #ff ,,j5s*1 ,e4 ,beitrge zur ,galmeiflora von ,ob]s*lesi54 ,zeits*r4 angew4 ,*em4 #ad-e4 7#ahid7 #cg1 #dc ,,j5s51 ,g4 ,h4 ,toxic limits & /imulation effects ( "s salts & poisons on :eat4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 ,,xliii1 #aa-dd4 7#aijg7 #bd1 #ci1 #df ,,john1 ,j4 ,f4 ,*emis*e ,tabell5 d] ,pflanz5-analys54 ,nrnb]g4 7#ahad7 #gh ,,kahl5b]g1 ,l4 & ,,true1 ,r4 ,h4 ,on ! toxic action ( dissolv$ salts & _! electrolytic dissociation4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 ,,xxii1 #ha-abd4 7#ahif7 #ai1 #bb1 #fh ,,k&a1 ,m4 ,/udi5 b] die ,reizwirkung e9ig] ,metallsalze auf das ,wa*/um hh]5 ,pflanz54 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,sci4 ,tokyo1 ,,xix1 ,art4 #ac1 #a-cg4 7#aijd7 #bh1 #df1 #dg ,,kane1 ,r4 ,rese>*es on ! composition & *>act]s ( c]ta9 soils & wat]s belong+ to ! flax di/ricts ( ,belgium & on ! *emical con/itution ( ! a%es ( ! ,flax plant4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,dubl9 ,soc4 ,,lxxxiii1 #aec-agb4 7#ahdg7 #gh ,,kelley1 ,w4 ,p4 ,manganese 9 "s ( its relations to ! gr[? ( p9eapples4 ,j\rn4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em4 ,i1 #ecc-h4 7#aiji7 #hc ,,klops*4 ,ueb] die ,aufnahme von ,z9k dur* die ,pflanz54 ,kulturte*nik]1 #bbc-f4 7#aijh7 #ch1 #dg ,,knop1 ,w4 ,ueb] die ,aufnahme v]s*i$5] ,sub/anz5 dur* die ,pflanze1 wel*e ni*t zu d5 ,nhr/(f5 gehr54 ,jahresb4 ,agrik4 ,*em4 ,,vii1 #ach-dj4 7#ahhd7 #bd1 #ec1 #fb1 #fg1 #ha ,,krau*1 ,c4 ,ueb] ,pflanz5v]giftung54 ,j\rn4 ,l&w4 ,,xxx1 #bga-ia4 7#ahhb7 #ci1 #dc ,,lab&4 ,zur ,v]breitung des ,z9kes im ,pflanz5rei*e4 ,zeits*r4 ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel1 ,,iv1 #dhi-ib4 7#aija7 -- ,,le*>ti]1 ,g4 et ,,bellamy1 ,f4 ,sur la prs5ce du ,z9c dans le corps des animaux et dans les vgtaux4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,lxxxiv1 #fhg-ij4 7#ahgg7 #cg ,,lecl]c1 ,m4 ,a4 ,dosage du manganse dans les sols et dans les vgtaux4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,lxxv1 #abji-ad4 7#ahgb7 -- ,,lehmann1 ,k4 ,b4 ,hygi5is*e ,/udi5 b] ,kupf]4 #a4 ,die ,be/immung kle9] ,kupf]m5g5 9 organis*5 ,sub/anz54 ,ar*4 ,hyg4 ,,xxiv1 #a-hc4 7#ahie7 #af ,,lehmann1 ,k4 ,b4 ,ibid4 #d4 ,d] ,kupf]gehalt von ,pflanz5 und ,?i]5 im kupf]rei*5 ,geg5d54 ,ar*4 ,hyg4 ,,xxvii1 #a-g4 7#ahif7 #af ,,le ,,r5>d4 ,du *mauxisme des sels de cuivre solubles sur le ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 ,,xvi1 #ig-ajg4 7#aijb7 -- ,,liebig1 ,j4 ,die ,*emie 9 ihr] ,anw5dung auf ,agricultur und ,physiologie4 7#ahdj7 #a ,,l9dsay1 ,j4 ,! elim9ation ( ,algae 9 lo*s & ponds4 ,trans4 ,ed9burgh ,field ,nat4 ,micros4 ,soc4 ,,vi1 ,"p #e1 #dbb-ca4 7#aiac7 #ce ,,lippman1 ,e4 ,o4 von4 ,ueb] e9ig] selt5]e ,be/&!ile d] ,rb5as*e4 ,b]4 ,deut4 *em4 ,gesell4 ,,xxi1 #cdib-c4 7#ahhh7 #af1 #fe ,,loeb1 ,j4 ,! toxic & antitoxic effects ( ions z a function ( _! val5cy & possibly _! electrical dis*>ge4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,physiol4 ,,vi1 #daa-cc4 7#aijb7 #dd ,,loew1 ,o4 ,s9d ,ars5v]b9dung5 ,gift fr pflanzli*es ,protoplasma8 ,pflg] ,ar*4 ,physiol4 ,,xxxii1 #aaa-c4 7#ahhc7 #fb ,,loew1 ,o4 ,bem]kung b] die ,giftwirkung des di/illirt5 ,wass]s4 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 ,,xx1 #bce4 7#ahia7 #aj ,,loew1 ,o4 ,ueb] die physiologis*5 ,function5 d] ,calcium- und ,magnesiumsalze im ,pflanz5organismus4 ,flora1 ,,lxxv1 #cgd4 7#ahib7 #gf ,,loew1 ,o4 ,on ! treatm5t ( crops by /imulat+ comp\nds4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 #afa-ge4 7#aijd7 -- ,,loew1 ,o4 ,,z1 ,k4 und ,,sawa1 ,s4 ,ueb] die ,wirkung von ,manganv]b9dung5 auf ,pflanz54 ,flora1 ,,xci1 #bfd-gc4 7#aijb7 -- ,,loew1 ,o4 und ,,honda1 ,s4 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss des ,mangans auf ,waldbume4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 #abe-cj4 7#aijd7 #gi1 #hh ,,loew1 ,o4 & ,,sawa1 ,s4 ,on ! action ( manganese comp\nds on plants4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,v1 ,no4 #b1 #afa-gb4 7#aijb7 #ha1 #he1 #hg1 #ij ,,malaguti et ,,duro*]4 ,sur la rp>tition des lm5ts inorganiques dans les pr9cipales familles du rgne vgtal4 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 ,,liv1 #beg-ig4 7#aheh7 #gh ,,maum51 ,e4 ,j4 ,sur l'exi/5ce du manganse dans les plantes et son rle dans la vie animale4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 ,p>is1 ,,xlii1 #cje-ae4 7#ahhd7 #gi ,,may]1 ,j4 ,e4 & ,,brazi]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,analyses ( m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! ,flax plant1 & ( ! soils on :i* ! plants _h be5 gr[n4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,ii1 #gh-ij4 7#ahdi7 #gh ,,meissn]1 ,w4 ,v]su*e b] d5 ,kupf]gehalt e9ig] ,pflanz5as*54 ,s*weigg]'s ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,phys4 ,,xvii1 #cdj-ed4 7#ahaf7 #ae ,,miani1 ,d4 ,ueb] die ,e9wirkung von ,kupf] auf des ,wa*/um leb5d] ,pflanz5zell54 ,b]4 ,deut4 bot4 ,gesell4 ,,xix1 #dfa-d4 7#aija7 #bh ,,mi*eels1 ,h4 ,sur les /imulants de la nutrition *ez les plantes4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,roy4 ,belgique1 ,,xlii1 ,"p #b1 #bcc-i4 7#aijd-e7 #bg ,,mi*eels1 ,h4 ,influ5ce de la val5ce des mtaux sur la toxicit de leur sels4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxliii1 #aaha-b4 7#aijf7 #dd ,,miyajima1 ,m4 ,on ! poison\s action ( ,copp] ^u v>i\s plants4 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,tokyo1 ,,xi1 #dag-bg 7#ahig74 ,ref4 9 ,j's ,bot4 ,jahresb4 ,,ii1 #ahg-h4 7#ahih7 #bg ,,molis*1 ,h4 ,ueb] lokale ,membranfrbung dur* ,manganv]b9dung5 bei e9ig5 ,wass]pflanz54 ,sitz4 ,kais4 ,ak4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,,cxviii1 #adbg-ci4 ,ab/4 9 ,k1 ,,vii1 #ddh4 7#aiji7 -- ,,morel1 ,j4 ,action de l'acide borique sur la g]m9ation4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxiv1 #aca-c4 7#ahib7 #gb1 #gf ,,nagaoka1 ,m4 ,on ! /imulat+ action ( ,manganese ^u ,rice1 ,i4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,v1 ,no4 #d1 #dfg-gb4 7#aijc7 #hg ,,nagaoka1 ,m4 ,on ! /imulat+ action ( ,manganese ^u ,rice1 ,,ii4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 #ace-f4 7#aijd7 #hh ,n,,geli1 ,c4 ,ueb] oligodynamis*e ,ers*e9ung5 9 leb5d5 ,zell54 ,d5ks*r4 ,s*weiz4 ,natur-gesell4 ,,xxxiii1 #a-dc4 7#ahic7 #bh ,,nakamura1 ,m4 ,c ,boric ,acid 9 high dilution ex]t a /imulant action on plants8 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,v1 ,no4 #d1 #eji-ab4 7#aijc7 #ga1 #gc ,,nakamura1 ,m4 ,c salts ( ,z9c ,cobalt & ,nickel 9 high dilution ex]t a /imulant action on agricultural plants8 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 #adg-eb4 7#aijd7 #df ,,namba1 ,i4 ,on ! behavi\r ( ,onion to /imulants4 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,vii1 ,no4 #e1 #fce-f4 7#aijh7 #hc1 #hh ,,naz>i1 ,v4 ,azione di alcune ossidasi artificiali e di div]si compo/i metallici1 sulla g]m9azione e sull'accrescim5to delle piante4 ,/az4 sp]4 agr>4 ,ital4 ,,xliii1 #ffg-hf4 7#aiaj7 #hd ,,naz>i1 ,v4 ,influ5ce ( "s artificial oxydases & "s metallic comp\nds on ! gr[? ( :eat4 7#aiaj47 ,ref4 9 ,exp4 ,/at4 ,rec4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #ecb4 7#aiaa7 #hd ,,nobbe1 ,f41 ,,baessl]1 ,p4 und ,,w1 ,h4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,giftwirkung des ,ars5s1 ,blei und ,z9c im pflanzli*5 ,organismus4 ,l&w4 ,v]su*s-,/at4 ,,xxx1 #chj-dbc4 7#ahhd7 #dc1 #ec1 #ei ,,ono1 ,n4 ,ueb] die ,wa*/umbes*leunigung e9ig] ,algae und ,pilze dur* *emis*e ,reize4 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,,xiii1 #ada-he4 7#aijj7 #cd1 #dh1 #fb1 #fc ,,orl[ski1 ,s4 ,f4 ,ueb] die ,wirkung des ,ars5s auf das ,wa*/um und die *emis*e ,zusamm5setzung von ,asp]gillus nig]4 ,pet]sburg4 ,diss]t4 7#aijb74 ,ab/4 9 ,bio*em4 ,c5tr4 ,i1 #cbi4 7#aijb-c7 #fc ,,otto1 ,r4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,v]halt5 d] ,pflanz5wurzeln geg5 ,kupf]salzlsung54 ,sorau]1 ,zeits*4 ,pflanz5krankh4 ,,iii1 #cbb-cd4 7#ahic7 #ag1 #bf ,,pass]9i1 ,n4 ,ric]*e *imico-agricole sui ceci4 ,cic] ariet9um ,l4 ,pres5za del boro1 del litio e del rame nella pianta4 ,/az4 ,sp]4 ,agr>4 ,ital4 ,,xxi1 #bj-cj4 7#ahia7 #af1 #ff ,,peligot1 ,e4 ,de l'action que l'acide borique et les borates ex]c5t sur les vgtaux4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,lxxxiii1 #fhf-hh4 7#ahgf7 #ga ,,phillips1 ,f4 ,c4 ,! absorption ( metallic oxides by plants4 ,*em4 ,news1 ,,xlvi1 #bbd-f4 7#ahhb7 #bd1 #db1 #ea1 #eh ,,phillips4 ,effets du cuivre sur la vgtation4 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 ,,xix1 #gf4 7#ahba7 #ae ,,raul91 ,j4 tudes *imiques sur la vgtation4 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 ,,xi1 #aci-dj4 7#ahfi7 #dh ,,ricci>di1 ,l4 ,sulla diffusione dell'allum9a nei vegetali4 ,gaz4 *im4 ,ital4 ,,xix1 #aej-i4 7#ahhi7 #gi ,,ri*>ds1 ,h4 ,m4 ,die ,bee9flussung des ,wa*/ums e9ig] ,pilze dur* *emis*e ,reize4 ,jahrb4 wiss4 ,bot4 ,,xxx1 #ffe-hh4 7#ahig7 #ej1 #ij ,,ri*t]1 ,a4 ,zur ,frage d] *emis*5 ,reizmittel4 ,die ,rolle des ,z9c und ,kupf] bei d] ,ernhrung von ,asp]gillus nig]4 ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 ,abt4 #b1 ,,vii1 #dag-bi4 7#aija7 #cd1 #di ,,risse1 ,h4 ,quot$ 9 ,sa*s 8,exp]im5tal-,physiologie d] ,pflanz540 #aec-d4 7#ahfe7 #cf ,,roxas1 ,m4 ,! effect ( "s /imulants ^u rice4 ,philipp9e ,agric4 & ,=e/]1 ,i1 ,no4 #e1 #hi-ig #dg1 #hf ,,salm ,,hor/m>1 ,pr9ce de4 ,re*]*es sur la nutrition de l'avo9e1 p>ticulirem5t en ce qui conc]ne les matires inorganiques qui sont ncessaires cette nutrition4 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 ,,xxxii1 #dfa-ejg4 7#ahea7 #hb ,,s*lagd5hauff5 et ,,reeb4 ,sur les comb9aisons organiques des mtaux dans les plantes4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,,cxxxix1 #ihj-c4 7#aijd7 #gi ,,s*re9]1 ,o4 & ,,re$1 ,h4 ,s4 ,p[] ( ,sodium ,nitrate & ,calcium ,c>bonate to decrease toxicity 9 conjunction ) plants gr[+ 9 solution cultures4 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,xxx1 #he-ig4 7#aijh7 #d ,,s*r,,d]1 ,j4 etc4 ,*emis*e ,zusamm5setzung d] ,pflanze4 ,a4 ,anorganis*e ,be/&!ile4 ,jahresb]4 ,agrik4 ,*em4 #aje et seq4 7#ahgh7 #hj ,,segale1 ,m4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,vorh&5se9 von ,ars5 9 d5 normal5 ,geweb5 v]mittel/ d] biologis*5 ,me?ode4 ,zeits*r4 physiol4 ,*em4 ,,xlii1 #age-hj4 7#aijd7 #fc ,,seynes1 ,m4 ,j4 de4 ,rsultats de la culture du ,p5icillium cupricum ,trabut4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,france1 ,,xlii1 #dea-e4 7#ahie7 #cd ,,/oklasa1 ,j4 ,ueb] die ,b$eutung des ,ars5s 9 d] ,pflanz5production4 ,casopis pro prumysl *emicky1 #e1 #caa1 #cgi1 #djg 7#ahie74 #f1 #ahb 7#ahif74 ,ab/4 9 ,jahresb4 ,agrik4 ,*em4 ,,xix1 #bdf-g4 7#ahif7 #ec1 #fj ,,/oklasa1 ,j4 ,ueb] die physiologis*e ,b$eutung des ,ars5s im ,pflanz5organismus4 ,zeits*r4 l&w4 ,v]su*swes4 ,oe/]rei*1 ,i1 #aee-ic4 7#ahih7 #ec1 #eg1 #eh1 #fj ,,/orp1 ,f4 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss von ,ko*salz- und ,z9csulfa?altig5 ,wass] auf ,bod5 und ,pflanz54 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 ,,xii1 #gie-hdd4 7#ahhc7 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #dd ,,/rampelli1 ,n4 ,azione del div]si compo/i di manganese ed 9 p>ticol>e del m9]ale manganesif]o del ,monte ,arg5t>io1 usati nella concimazione delle piante4 #f ,cong4 int]nat4 ,*im4 appl4 ,roma1 ,,iv1 #ad-g4 7#aijg7 #hg ,,swa91 ,r4 ,e4 & ,,h>k9s1 ,w4 ,d4 ,ars5ic 9 vegetation expos$ to smelt] smoke4 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,,xxx1 #iae-bh4 7#aijh7 #eb ,,takeu*i1 ,t4 ,on diff]5ces ( susceptibility ( plants to /imulation4 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokyo1 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 #bjg-aj4 7#aiji7 #hi ,,trabut1 ,m4 ,l4 ,sur un ,p5icillium vgtant dans des solutions conc5tres de sulfate de cuivre4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 ,,xlii1 #cc-d4 7#ahie7 #cd ,,treb\x1 ,o4 ,e9ige /(fli*e ,e9flsse auf die ,kohl5sureassimilation bei subm]s5 ,pflanz54 ,flora1 ,,xcii1 #ef-h4 7#aijc7 #cb1 #dh ,,true1 ,r4 ,h4 & ,,gies1 ,w4 ,j4 ,on ! physiological action ( "s ( ! heavy metals 9 mix$ solutions4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 ,,xxx1 #cij-djb4 7#aijc7 #bj1 #dj1 #de ,,true1 ,r4 ,h4 & ,,oglevee1 ,c4 ,s4 ,! effect ( ! pres5ce ( insoluble sub/ances on ! toxic actions ( poisons4 ,sci5ce1 ,,xix1 #dba-d4 7#aijd7 #bb ,,true1 ,r4 ,h4 & ,,oglevee1 ,c4 ,s4 ,! effect ( ! pres5ce ( insoluble sub/ances on ! toxic action ( poisons4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 ,,xxxix1 #a-ba4 7#aije7 #bb ,,u*iyama1 ,s4 ,influ5ce ( /imulat+ comp\nds ^u ! crops "u diff]5t conditions4 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,c5t4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/at4 ,japan1 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 #cg-gi4 7#aijg7 #hi ,,und]wood1 ,l4 ,m4 vide ,,hall1 ,,br5*ley & ,,und]wood #h ,,v$r,,di1 ,v4 ,das ,kupf] als ,be/&!il d] ,s&bd5 und uns]] ,culturgew*se4 ,*em4 ,zeit4 ,,xvii1 #aicb4 7#ahic7 #af ,,v$r,,di1 ,v4 ,das ,kupf] als ,be/&!il uns]] ,vegetabili54 ,*em4 ,zeit4 ,,xx1 #cii-djj4 7#ahif7 #ag ,,v]s*affelt1 ,e4 ,mesure de l'action des poisons sur les plantes4 ,ar*iv4 ,nerl&4 ,sci4 ,exact4 ,nat4 ,ha>lem1 ,x1 #a-g4 7#aije7 #bf ,,w>d51 ,c4 ,j4 ,h4 ,analysis ( ,beh> ,opium a%4 ,*em4 ,news1 ,,xxxviii1 #adf4 7#ahgh7 #gi ,,wehm]1 ,c4 ,pflanz5/(fe4 7#aiaa7 #eb ,,wiel]1 ,a4 ,die ,wirkung metallis*] ,gifte im ,bod5 auf das ,pflanz5wa*/um4 ,pflanz5wa*/um und ,kalkmangel im ,bod51 #agg-bce4 7#aiab7 -- ,,witt/e91 ,dr und ,,apoig]1 ,f4 ,entdeckung d] ,borsure im ,pflanz5rei*e4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m4 ,,ciii1 #cfb-fd4 7#aheg7 #fe ,,wolff1 ,e4 ,as*5-analys5 von l&wirts*aftli*5 ,product51 ,fabrikabfll5 und wildwa*s5d5 ,pflanz54 ,b]l94 7#ahga7 #gh ,,index ,,( ,,plant-,,names ,! symbols aft] ! plant-names repres5t ! elem5ts ref]r$ to on ! pages indicat$4 ,acorus ,calamus ,mn1 #gi ,act9o/robus pyramidalis ,mn1 #hj ,aesculus ,mn1 #gh ,aga?is robu/a ,mn1 #hj ,ag]atum ,cu1 #bd2 ,zn1 #db ,ald] ,z1 #ec ,algae ,z1 #fb1 #fd2 ,b1 #ff1 #gg ,allium 7see ,onion7 ,zn1 #dg ,alnus incana ,mn1 #gi ,aloe ,cu1 #bf ,amomum sp4 7,p>adieskrn]7 ,cu1 #ae ,ampelopsis ,cu1 #cb2 ,zn1 #dg ,anabo5a ,cu1 #ce ,angiosp]ms ,b1 #ff ,an?racnose ,b1 #gf ,apple ,b1 #fe1 #ff ,apricot ,cu1 #af ,arauc>ia ,bidwilli ,mn1 #hj ,cunn+hamii ,mn1 #hj ,arm]ia sp4 ,zn1 #ch vulg>is ,zn1 #cf1 #cg ,arundo ,sac*> ,mn1 #gh ,asp>agus ,mn1 #gi ,asp]gillus ,cu1 #cc1 #cd ,asp]gillus nig] 7 ,/]igmatocy/is nigra7 ,zn1 #dh1 #di1 #ej2 ,z1 #fc2 ,b1 #gf2 ,mn1 #ij ,a?rotaxis selag9oides ,mn1 #hj ,b>ley1 #aa1 #ac2 ,sr1 #e2 ,cu1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #bi2 ,zn1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #dd1 #df2 ,z1 #eb1 #ed1 #ee1 #eg1 #fj1 #fa2 ,b1 #ff1 #fi1 #ge2 ,mn1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #id ,beans ,cu1 #af1 #ag1 #bf2 ,zn1 #dg ,bee* ,mn1 #gi ,beetroot 7,beta vulg>is7 ,cu1 #af1 #bf2 ,zn1 #cg1 #ci2 ,mn1 #gh1 #gi ,beet1 sug> ,b1 #fe ,betula alba ,b1 #ff ,bir* ,mn1 #gi ,botrytis c9]ea ,mn1 #ij ,brassica ol]acea ,mn1 #gh ,buck:eat1 #aa2 ,cu1 #af1 #ag1 #bi1 #cj2 ,z1 #ec 7see ,polygonum ,fagopyrum7 ,cabbage ,sr1 #e2 ,z1 #ea1 #eb2 ,mn1 #hg ,cacao ,cu1 #af ,callitris gracilis ,mn1 #hj robu/a ,mn1 #hj ,cannabis ,b1 #gb sativa ,b1 #ff ,capsella ,bursa-pa/oris ,zn1 #cg ,c>damomum m9us ,cu1 #ae ,c>rot ,mn1 #gi ,caulifl[] ,mn1 #gh ,*]ry ,b1 #fe ,*e/nut ,ca1 #ga2 ,mn1 #gi ,*ickpea ,cu1 #af2 ,b1 #ff ,*icory ,mn1 #gi ,*rysan!mum ,b1 #ff ,clov] ,zn1 #db1 #dd ,colea ,cu1 #bd2 ,zn1 #db2 ,z1 #eh ,coll9sia ,b1 #gb ,conif]ae ,zn1 #ch ,conium maculatum ,mn1 #gh ,colza ,b1 #gd ,c\* grass ,mn1 #hc ,c[ pea ,cu1 #ah ,crucif]ae ,mn1 #gh1 #hi ,cryptom]ia japonica ,mn1 #hh ,curcuma longa ,cu1 #ae ,currant ,cu1 #ca ,dacrydium ,frankl9i ,mn1 #hj ,dian?us c>yophyllus ,mn1 #gi ,elodea canad5sis ,cu1 #cb2 ,zn1 #dh ,fagopyrum escul5tum ,cu1 #bi ,f]ns ,b1 #ff ,fig ,zn1 #db2 ,b1 #fe1 #ff ,fir ,mn1 #hj ,flax ,mn1 #gh1 #hh1 #hi ,fungi ,cu1 #cc2 ,zn1 #dd1 #ej2 ,z1 #fd2 ,b1 #ff1 #gg ,g]anium ,cu1 #bd2 ,zn1 #db2 ,z1 #eh ,gram9eae ,b1 #gb2 ,mn1 #hi ,grasses ,zn1 #ci1 #dj1 #db ,gymnosp]ms ,b1 #ff2 ,mn1 #hj ,h>icot ,b1 #ga1 #gb gre5 ,z1 #eb :ite ,zn1 #cg ,hemp ,sr1 #e ,hop ,b1 #ff ,hordeum di/i*um ,z1 #ed vulg>e ,zn1 #ci1 #dg 7see ,b>ley7 ,ib]is ,b1 #gb ,lam9>ia sac*>9a ,b1 #ff ,legum9osae ,b1 #gb2 ,mn1 #gh1 #hi ,l5til ,mn1 #gi ,li*5 ,z1 #ei ,l9se$ ,cu1 #af1 #ag ,l9um ,b1 #gb ,love-apple ,b1 #ff ,luc]ne ,mn1 #gi1 #ia ,lup9 ,cu1 #ag1 #ai2 ,z1 #ei :ite ,z1 #fa2 ,b1 #fg1 #gj 7see ,lup9us albus7 yell[ ,b1 #gj1 #ge ,lup9us albus ,cu1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb2 ,zn1 #de2 ,b1 #fh 7see ,:ite ,lup97 ,maasa picta ,b1 #fe ,maize ,cu1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg2 ,zn1 #cg1 #dd2 ,z1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj2 ,b1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd2 ,mn1 #gi1 #ha ,m5yan!s trifoliata ,cu1 #ce ,mildew ,b1 #gf ,mol9ia crulea ,cu1 #af2 ,zn1 #cg ,m\ld ,b1 #gf ,mucor muc$o ,z1 #ei1 #fc ,mu%room ,b1 #ff ,mu/>d ,cu1 #ag ,na/urtium ,cu1 #ag ,nuph> lutea ,cu1 #ce ,oak ,cu1 #af2 ,zn1 #db ,oat ,cu1 #af1 #ag1 #ai2 ,z1 #ec2 ,b1 #gd2 ,mn1 #gi1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg ,onion ,b1 #ff2 ,mn1 #hh ,onobry*is sativa ,zn1 #ci ,opium ,mn1 #gi ,oscillatoria ,cu1 #ce ,panicum italicum ,cu1 #bf2 ,z1 #eh ,pansy ,cu1 #bd2 ,zn1 #db2 ,z1 #eh ,paprika ,cu1 #af1 #ag ,p>adieskrn] 7,amomum sp47 ,cu1 #ae ,pea 7see ,pisum sativum7 sweet ,cu1 #ag ,pe> ,cu1 #af2 ,b1 #fe ,p5icillium ,cu1 #cc1 #cd brevicaule ,z1 #fc cupricum ,cu1 #cd glaucum ,cu1 #bc2 ,z1 #ei1 #fc2 ,mn1 #ij ,phaseolus vulg>is ,cu1 #ag2 ,z1 #ei ,phormidium ,vald]ianum ,z1 #fb ,phyllocladus rhomboidalis ,mn1 #hj ,p9e ,mn1 #hj ,p9eapple ,mn1 #hc ,pisum arv5se ,cu1 #bi sativum ,cu1 #ag1 #ah1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi2 ,zn1 #da1 #dg2 ,z1 #eh 78,pea071 #c1 #aa1 #ac1 #ic2 ,cu1 #ag1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj2 ,zn1 #dj1 #df2 ,z1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fa2 ,b1 #fg1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #ic2 ,mn1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #ib ,plantago lanceolata ,zn1 #cg ,podoc>pus elata ,mn1 #hj ,polygonum amphibium ,cu1 #ce avicul>e ,zn1 #cg1 #ch ,fagopyrum ,cu1 #bf1 #ci2 ,zn1 #da2 ,z1 #ed1 #eh 7see ,buck:eat7 ,p]sec>ia ,cu1 #e2 ,z1 #ed ,popl> ,cu1 #ae ,potato ,cu1 #af1 #bf1 #bg1 #cj2 ,z1 #eb2 ,mn1 #gh1 #gi ,protococcus infusionum ,z1 #fb sp4 ,z1 #fc ,pyrus communis ,mn1 #gi ,radi% ,sr1 #e2 ,b1 #gd2 ,mn1 #hd1 #ij ,raphanus ,b1 #gb sativus ,zn1 #ci ,raspb]ry ,z1 #fe ,rice ,zn1 #dg2 ,b1 #ff1 #gc2 ,mn1 #gi1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh ,rosa remontana ,mn1 #gi ,rubus ,b1 #ff ,rye ,cu1 #af2 ,z1 #fj1 #fa ,sa9fo9 ,mn1 #gi ,secale c]eale ,cu1 #bf2 ,zn1 #da2 ,z1 #eh ,sil5e inflata ,zn1 #cf1 #cg ,solanum tub]osum ,mn1 #gh ,soy beans ,cu1 #ag1 #ai2 ,b1 #fg2 ,mn1 #ha1 #he ,sp9a*1 #da2 ,b1 #gc2 ,mn1 #hi ,sp]gula arv5sis ,zn1 #ci ,spirogyra ,cu1 #ce2 ,z1 #fb2 ,b1 #gf ,/i*ococcus bacill>is ,z1 #fb ,/]igmatocy/is nigra ,zn1 #dh1 #di 7see ,asp]gillus nig]7 ,sug> cane ,b1 #fe ,t>axacum (fic9ale ,zn1 #cg ,tea ,mn1 #gi ,?laspi alpe/re ,zn1 #cf sp4 ,zn1 #ch ,tobacco ,b1 #ff ,trapa natans ,mn1 #gi ,trifolium prat5se ,zn1 #ci ,triticum vulg>e ,cu1 #ag2 ,b1 #fg 7see ,:eat7 ,tropeolum ,lobbianum ,cu1 #ag1 #ah ,turnip ,z1 #ea1 #eb2 ,b1 #gd sw$e ,mn1 #gh ,tussilago ,f>f>a ,zn1 #cg1 #ch ,ulo?rix t5]rima ,z1 #fb ,u/ilago ,cu1 #bh ,vau*]ia ,b1 #gf ,vicia ,faba ,sr1 #e2 ,cu1 #bg1 #bi sativa ,b1 #fg2 ,zn1 #ci ,viola sp4 ,zn1 #ch tricolor ,zn1 #cf ,v9e ,cu1 #ca ,vitis v9if]a ,z1 #eb ,wat]cress ,b1 #ff ,wat]-melon ,b1 #fe ,:eat ,cu1 #af1 #ag1 #bc2 ,zn1 #cg1 #dd1 #df2 ,z1 #eb1 #fj2 ,b1 #ff1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc2 ,mn1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg ,will[ ,zn1 #ci1 #dj ,yea/ ,zn1 #ej2 ,b1 #gf ,zea japonica ,cu1 #ag1 #ah ,mays 7see ,maize7 ,,g5]al ,,index ,absorption capacity ( soils = z9c1 #da ( poisons by plants1 #be ,accel]ators1 #de ,action ( heavy metals 9 mix$ solutions1 #bj ,adsorption1 #h1 #bc ,a]ation 9 wat] cultures1 #h ,algae1 assimilation ( ars5ic by1 #fb cle>+ ponds (1 #ce effect ( ars5ic on1 #fb effect ( boron on1 #gf effect ( copp] on1 #ce ,alum9ium1 #de1 #gh ,arbut91 #d ,ars5ate1 potassium1 #ec1 #fb1 #fc sodium1 #ee1 #eg1 #fa ,ars5ates1 #ec1 #eg ,ars5ic acid1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd acid v4 ars5i\s acid1 #ec acid v4 phosphoric acid1 #ec1 #fb elim9ation (1 #ei gas lib]at$ by m\lds1 #fc 9 soil1 effect (1 #eh 9 sup]phosphate1 #eh ,ars5i\s acid1 #ec1 #ed1 #eg-fa1 #fd immunity ( plants to1 #eh ,ars5ite1 sodium1 #ee1 #ef1 #fa ,ars5ites1 #ec1 #eg v4 ars5ates1 #eg ,artificial oxydases1 #hd soil1 #bd1 #df ,assimilation1 r$uction 9 wat] plants1 #dh ,b>ium1 #dd ,borate1 calcium1 #ga potassium1 #ga ,borates1 #gb ,borax1 #ga1 #gc ,bordeaux mixture1 #cj block+ ( /omata by1 #cc on assimilation1 effect (1 #cc ,boric acid1 #a1 #fe-gf1 #ic ,boromannitic acid1 #fh ,boron1 antiseptic action (1 #gj col\r due to1 #ge di/ribution 9 plants1 #ff poison+1 indication (1 #fh1 #fi rle 9 plant economy1 #gd ,cadmium1 #ca ,calam9e1 #cg plants1 #ch soils1 flora (1 #cg ,calcium c>bonate1 #d1 #bc1 #be *loride1 #bj1 #ei sulphate1 #bj1 #dd1 #de ,c>bon black1 #bc du/1 #aj ,catalytic elem5ts1 #di1 #ia ,*lorophyll1 #dd1 #fj ,complem5t>y manures1 #dg1 #ia ,conditions ( plant life1 #g ,copp]1 acetate1 #ai action on plant organs1 #cj bic>bonate1 #bf bromide1 #ai *loride1 #ai1 #bj comp\nds1 corrosive action on plant roots1 #e1 #bg di/ribution 9 tissues1 #af mode ( action on plants1 #be nitrate1 #ai1 #be oxide1 #ae1 #be quantity 9 c]ta9 plants1 #ag salts1 injection into plant tissue1 #ca sprays1 effect on leaves1 #cj1 #cb sulphate1 #e1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb-bg1 #bi-ce1 #da ,cum>91 #d ,di/ill$ wat]1 prep>ation (1 #aj ,d\ble decomposition 9 soil1 #be ,duration ( exp]im5ts1 #ac ,exp]im5tal me?ods1 comp>ison (1 #ad ,f]ric *loride1 sublim$1 #hf hydrate1 #bc ,fungi1 effect ( ars5ic on1 #fc effect ( boron on1 #gf effect ( copp] on1 #cc1 #cd effect ( manganese on1 #ij effect ( z9c on1 #dh ,galactose1 #gf ,glucose1 #gf ,g]m9ation1 effect ( ars5ic on1 #fj effect ( boron on1 #gb effect ( copp] on1 #bg1 #bh effect ( manganese on1 #hd effect ( z9c on1 #dc ( se$s 9 sawdu/1 #aa ,grad+ ( se$s1 #aa ,gr[? 9 copp]-di/ill$ wat]1 #ag ( peas 9 wat] cultures1 #aa ,hydro*loric acid1 #bb ,hydroqu9one1 #ia ,hypo!sis ( univ]sal /imulation1 #ic ,iod9e1 #b1 #ia ,individuality ( plants1 error due to1 #ac ( species1 #fa ,int]action betwe5 soil & poison1 #i ,iron1 #ca1 #di oxide1 #gh sesquioxide1 #hd sulphate1 #dh1 #ha1 #he1 #hh ,laccase1 #ia1 #ie ,lack ( control ov] field exp]im5ts1 #i ,lead1 #aj1 #bf1 #db1 #dd ,magnesium c>bonate1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg *loride1 #bj sulphate1 #a ,manganese z top-dress+1 #hi *loride1 #hf1 #hh comm]cial value (1 #hh cytological action (1 #ha1 #hb dioxide1 #hd1 #hg ess5tial to ,conif]ae1 #hj 9 ,au/ralian soils1 #hc 9 leaves1 deposition (1 #hb 9 organic comb9ation1 #gi iodide1 #hc1 #hd manur+1 aft]-effects (1 #hh nitrate1 #hc1 #hd oxide1 #gh1 #gi1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh phosphate1 #gi1 #hc1 #hf ret>dation ( rip5+ by1 #hb1 #he sulphate1 #ha-hi1 #id ,mask+ effect ( inorganic food salts1 #d1 #bj ,m]curic *loride1 #bb oxide1 #da ,m]cury1 #bf ,metallic oxides1 #gh ,me?ods2 field exp]im5ts1 #i s& cultures1 #h soil cultures 9 pots1 #i wat] cultures1 #g1 #aa ,mode ( entry ( poisons into plants1 #d ,nickel1 #bd1 #ej ,nucle9ic comb9ation1 #gi ,nutri5t solutions1 composition1 #ac ,oligodynamic action1 #bh ,ov]-m9]alisation ( plants1 #ga ,phosphoric acid1 #ec1 #ed1 #fb1 #fd ,photo-syn!sis1 effect ( copp] on1 #cb ,potassium hydrate1 #bb ,pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 animals1 #ea 9 plants1 #ea ( boron 9 plants1 #fe ( copp] 9 plants1 #ae ( manganese 9 plants1 #gh ( z9c 9 plants1 #cf ,pyrogallol1 #ia ,raul9's solution1 #di ,reproduction ( poison$ plants1 #dj ,silv] nitrate1 #bb ,sodium *loride1 #bj1 #dd hydroxide1 #bb nitrate1 #d ,/]ile cultures1 #bd ,/imulation1 by injection ( copp] solutions1 #ca by small doses ( poisons1 #b def9ition (1 #b local1 #dg ( ,asp]gillus nig]1 #ej ( fungi by copp]1 #cd ( plants by ars5ic1 #fa ( plants by boron1 #gc ( plants by copp] 7negative71 #bh ( plants by manganese1 #hd ( plants by z9c1 #de-dg physiological consid]ations ( manganese1 #ij ,/rontium sulphate1 #e ,sug>1 #bb1 #ca1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #fh ,sulphur1 fl[]s (1 #aj ,?ymol1 #bb ,toxic action1 effect ( ars5ic1 #eb effect ( boron1 #fg effect ( copp]1 #ag effect ( light on1 #dd effect ( manganese1 #ha effect ( z9c1 #ch equival5t1 #ah limits ( plant poisons1 e/imation (1 #bf ,toxicity1 ( nutri5t salts1 #a ( organic comp\nds1 #d ( poisons1 cause (1 #bb ( positive ions 9 copp] comp\nds1 #ai1 #bb r$uction (1 #ci1 #dd r$uction (1 by c>bon black & f]ric hydrate1 #bc r$uction (1 by insoluble sub/ances1 #bb ,tox9 & nutri5t1 di/9ction betwe51 #c ,transmission ( p[] ( resi/ance1 #gb ,val5cy1 effect on toxicity1 #dd ,vanill91 #d ,v>iation 9 results on diff]5t sub/rata1 #bd ,z9c1 absorption by roots1 #db c>bonate1 #ch1 #db1 #dc effect (1 on l[] plants1 #dh effect (1 on plant & soil1 #da fixation (1 #di mode ( action on plants1 #dc oxide1 #cg1 #dg oxide on leaves1 deposition (1 #dg /orage 9 se$s1 #dc sulphate1 #ch-di sulphide1 #db ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,cambridge ,,agricultural ,,monographs ,,g5]al ,,editors3 ,t4 ,b4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a41 ,drap]'s ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ! 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