,illu/ration3 ,qu>tz1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,ame?y/ cry/als1 ,mexico4 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey ,natural ,gem/ones ,se>*+ = gem/ones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a popul> recreational activity = collectors & hobbyi/s ,natural gem/ones ,a natural gem/one is a m9]al1 /one1 or organic matt] t c be cut & poli%$ or o!rwise treat$ = use z jewelry or o!r ornam5t4 ,a preci\s gem/one has beauty1 durability1 & r>ity1 :]eas a semipreci\s gem/one has only "o or two ( ^! qualities4 ,a gem is a gem/one t has be5 cut & poli%$4 ,diamond1 corundum 7ruby & sapphire71 b]yl 7em]ald & aquam>9e71 topaz1 & opal are g5]ally class$ z preci\s /ones4 ,all o!r gem/ones are usually class$ z semipreci\s4 ,a m9]al is any naturally =m$ homog5e\s inorganic mat]ial4 ,a m9]alogi/ is a p]son :o /udies ! =mation1 occurr5ce1 prop]ties1 composition1 & classification ( m9]als4 ,a gemologi/ is a p]son :o has successfully complet$ recogniz$ c\rses 9 gemology 7! sci5ce & /udy ( gem/ones7 & has prov5 skills 9 id5tify+ & evaluat+ gem mat]ials4 ,a lapid>y is a cutt]1 poli%]1 or engrav] ( preci\s /ones4 ,geologic environm5t ,gem/ones are n pl5tiful4 ,gem/ones d n =m 8ore0 deposits 9 ! normal s5se4 ,gems1 :5 pres5t at all1 t5d to be scatt]$ sp>sely ?r\gh\t a l>ge body ( rock or to h cry/alliz$ z small aggregates or fill ve9s & small cavities4 ,ev5 /ream gravel conc5trations t5d to be small--a few /ones 9 ea* ( sev]al b$rock cracks1 po?oles1 or gravel l5ses 9 a /ream b$4 ,! av]age grade ( ! ri*e/ diamond kimb]lite pipes 9 ,africa is ab\t #a "p diamond 9 #dj million p>ts 8ore40 ,kimb]lite1 a plutonic igne\s rock1 asc5ds f a dep? ( at lea/ #ajj kilomet]s 7#fj miles7 to =m a diatreme 7n>r[ cone-%ap$ rock body or 8pipe074 ,moreov]1 because mu* diamond is n ( gem quality1 ! av]age /one 9 an engagem5t r+ is ! product ( ! removal & process+ ( #bjj to #djj million times its volume ( rock4 ,gem/ones occur 9 mo/ major geologic environm5ts4 ,ea* environm5t t5ds to h a *>act]i/ic suite ( gem mat]ials1 b _m k9ds ( gems occur 9 m ?an "o environm5t4 ,mo/ gem/ones are f\nd 9 igne\s rocks & alluvial gravels1 b s$im5t>y & metamorphic rocks may also conta9 gem mat]ials4 ,examples ( geologic environm5ts 9 :i* gem/ones are f\nd3 ,pegmatite--a co>se-gra9$ intrusive igne\s rock body1 occurr+ z dikes 7a tabul>-%ap$ body71 l5ses1 or ve9s 9 ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,/ream gravels 7plac]s7--deposits ( heavi] & m durable ?an av]age m9]als t h be5 erod$ out ( ! orig9al rock4 ,(t5 t\rmal9e1 b]yl1 & _m o!r gem-quality m9]als h erod$ out ( ! orig9al rock 9 :i* !y =m$ & h mov$ & be5 conc5trat$ locally by wat] 9 /reams4 ,sapphires 9 ,judi? ,bas9 ,c\nty1 ,montana1 7 fir/ f\nd :5 ! gravels 7 work$ = gold f #ahie to #aicj4 ,metamorphic rocks--rocks t h be5 alt]$ by great heat1 pressure1 or bo?4 ,g>net1 = example1 is commonly f\nd z cry/als 9 gneiss & mica s*i/4 ,illu/ration3 ,qu>tz ) phantoms1 ,brazil4 ,illu/ration3 ,aquam>9e1 ,brazil4 ,m9]al gem/ones ,h>dness & specific gravity are two ( ! major *>act]i/ics ( gem/ones4 ,h>dness ( a gem/one is its resi/ance to scrat*+ & may be describ$ relative to a /&>d scale ( #aj m9]als kn[n z ! ,mohs scale4 ,f4 ,mohs1 an ,au/rian m9]alogi/1 develop$ ?is scale 9 #ahbb4 ,accord+ to ,mohs' scale1 ! h>dness (-- ,talc is #a ,gypsum is #b ,calcite is #c ,fluorite is #d ,apatite is #e ,feldsp> is #f ,qu>tz is #g ,topaz is #h ,sapphire is #i ,diamond is #aj ,specific gravity is ! numb] ( times heavi] a gem/one ( any volume is ?an an equal volume ( wat]2 9 o!r words1 x is ! ratio ( ! d5sity ( ! gem/one to ! d5sity ( wat]4 ,! #af m9]al gem/one gr\ps li/$ bel[ are highly priz$ = _! beauty1 durability1 & r>ity3 ,b]yl 7h>dness3 #g4e-h ,mohs7 ,b]yllium alum9um silicate ,specific gravity3 #b4fc-b4ia ,em]ald3 ,int5se gre5 or blui% gre5 ,aquam>9e3 ,gre5i% blue or light blue ,morganite3 ,p9k1 purple p9k1 or pea* ,heliodore3 ,gold5 yell[ to gold5 gre5 ,r$ b]yl3 ,raspb]ry r$ ,go%5ite3 ,colorless1 gre5i% yell[1 yell[ gre51 br[ni% ,*rysob]yl 7h>dness3 #h4e ,mohs7 ,b]yllium alum9um oxide ,specific gravity3 #c4fh-c4gh ,*rysob]yl3 transp>5t yell[i% gre5 to gre5i% yell[ & pale br[n ,alex&rite3 r$ 9 inc&esc5t light & gre5 9 daylight ,cat's eye3 usually yell[i% or gre5i% ,corundum 7h>dness3 #i ,mohs7 ,alum9um oxide ,specific gravity3 #c4if-d4je ,ruby3 ,int5se r$ ,sapphire3 ,blue ,diamond 7h>dness3 #aj ,mohs7 ,c>bon ,specific gravity3 #c4ea ,colorless to fa9t yell[i% t+e1 also v>iable ,feldsp> 7h>dness3 #f-f4e ,mohs7 ,two di/9ctly diff]5t alkali alum9o silicates3 ! ,plagioclase & ! ,alkali ,feldsp> ,s]ies ,specific gravity3 #b4ee-b4gf ,plagioclase ,s]ies-- ,labradorite3 ,colorful1 iridesc5t1 also transp>5t /ones 9 yell[1 orange1 r$1 & gre5 ,sun/one3 ,gold spangles f inclusions ( hematite ,p]i/]ite3 ,blue :ite iridesc5ce ,alkali ,feldsp> ,gr\p-- ,or?oclase3 ,pale yell[1 fle% r$ ,amazonite3 ,yell[ gre5 to gre5i% blue ,moon/one3 ,colorless2 also :ite to yell[i%1 & r$di% to blui% gray ,g>net 7h>dness3 #f4e-g4e ,mohs7 ,a gr\p ( silicate m9]als ,specific gravity3 #c4e-d4c ,alm&9e3 ,orangy r$ to purpli% r$ ,alm&9e-spess>t9e3 ,r$di% orange ,&radite3 ,yell[i% gre5 to orangy yell[ to black ,demantoid3 ,gre5 to yell[ gre5 &radite ,topazolite3 ,yell[ to orangy yell[ ,grossul>3 ,colorless2 also orange1 p9k1 yell[1 & br[n ,tsavorite3 ,gre5 to yell[i% gre5 ,hessonite3 ,yell[ orange to r$ ,pyrope3 ,colorless2 also p9k to r$ ,*rome pyrope3 ,orange r$ ,pyrope-,almad9e3 ,r$di% orange to r$ purple ,pyrope-,spess>t9e3 ,gre5i% yell[ to purple ,malaia3 ,yell[i% to r$di% orange to br[n ,color-*ange g>net3 ,blue gre5 9 daylight to purple r$ 9 inc&esc5t light ,rhodolite3 ,purpli% r$ to r$ purple ,spess>t9e3 ,yell[i% orange ,uv>ovite3 ,em]ald gre5 ,jade 7h>dness3 #f ,mohs7 ,nephrite ,calcium magnesium silicate ,specific gravity3 #b4i-c4a ,:ite1 deep gre51 creamy br[n ,jadeite ,sodium alum9um silicate ,specific gravity3 #c4a-c4e ,:ite1 leafy & blue gre51 em]ald gre51 lav5d]1 d>k blue gre5 & gre5i% black1 deep em]ald-gre5 ,lapis lazuli 7h>dness3 #e-e4e ,mohs7 ,a rock compos$ ma9ly ( ! m9]al lazurite ) v>iable am\nts ( pyrite 7brassy flecks7 & :ite calcite ,specific gravity3 #b4g-b4i ,illu/ration3 ,diamond ,/> ( ,si]ra ,leone4 ,deep blue1 azure blue1 gre5i% blue 7blui% color ) flecks ( :ite & gold7 ,opal 7h>dness3 #e4e-f4e ,mohs7 ,hydrat$ silica ,specific gravity3 #a4ih-b4be ,:ite opal3 ,opaque1 porcela9-l :ite mat]ial2 colors resemble fla%es or speckles ,black opal3 ,fla%es & speckles appe> aga9/ black backgr\nd ,wat] opal3 ,a transp>5t1 colorless opal is ! backgr\nd = brilliant fla%es ( color ,fire opal3 ,r$di% or orange opal ,p]idot ,oliv9e 7h>dness3 #g ,mohs7 ,magnesium iron silicate ,specific gravity3 #c4bb-c4de ,olive to lime gre5 ,qu>tz 7h>dness3 #g ,mohs7 ,silicon dioxide or silica ,specific gravity3 #b4fe ,co>sely cry/all9e v>ieties ( silica-- ,rock cry/al3 ,colorless ,ame?y/3 ,purple ,citr9e3 ,yell[ to amb] ,morion3 ,black ,smoky qu>tz or cairngorm3 smoky gray to br[n ,rose qu>tz3 ,transluc5t p9k ,gre5 qu>tz or praziolite3 ,gre5 ,cryptocry/all9e v>ieties ( silica-- ,*alc$ony & ,jasp] 7v>iable7 ,agate3 ,bull's eye agate1 ,iris or fire agate1 ,onyx1 ,s>donyx4 ,blood/one or heliotrope4 ,c>nelian4 ,*rysoprase4 ,moss agate4 ,plasma4 ,prase4 ,s>d4 ,jasp]4 ,sp9el 7h>dness3 #h ,mohs7 ,magnesium alum9um oxide ,specific gravity3 #c4eh-d4jf ,balas ruby3 ,r$ ,alm&9e sp9el3 ,purple r$ ,rubicelle3 ,orange ,sapphire sp9el & ghanosp9el3 ,blue ,*lorsp9el3 ,gre5 ,illu/ration3 ,c&elabra3 :ite qu>tz1 blue-capp$ r$ elbaite1 & tan albite1 ,cali=nia4 ,topaz 7h>dness3 #h ,mohs7 ,alum9um silicate fluoride hydroxide ,specific gravity3 #c4e-c4f ,w9e yell[1 pale blue1 gre51 violet1 or r$ ,t\rmal9e 7h>dness3 #g-g4e ,mohs7 ,complex alum9um borosilicate 7,elbaite1 ,dravite1 ,uvite7 ,specific gravity3 #c4jc-c4be ,a*orite3 ,colorless ,brazilian em]ald3 ,gre5 ,dravite3 ,br[n ,indicolite3 ,d>k blue ,rubellite3 ,p9k to r$ ,sib]ite3 ,violet ,v]dilite3 ,gre5 ,turquoise 7h>dness3 #e-f ,mohs7 ,hydr\s copp] alum9um phosphate ,specific gravity3 #b4f-b4h ,sky blue2 gre5i% blue ,zircon 7h>dness3 #g4e ,mohs7 ,zirconium silicate ,specific gravity3 #d4f-d4g ,j>gon3 ,v>iable ,matura diamond3 ,colorless ,hyac9?3 ,yell[1 orange1 r$1 br[n ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hook] ,em]ald1 ,colombia4 ,bir?/ones ,mon? ( bir? ,gem/one ,color ,janu>y ,g>net ,d>k r$ ,febru>y ,ame?y/ 7,qu>tz7 ,purple ,m>* ,aquam>9e 7,b]yl7 or ,blood/one ,pale blue 7,qu>tz7 ,april ,diamond or ,rock ,cry/al 7,qu>tz7 ,colorless ,may ,em]ald 7,b]yl7 ,bright gre5 or ,*rysoprase 7,qu>tz7 ,pale gre5 ,june ,pe>l or ,moon/one 7,feldsp>7 ,cream ,july ,ruby 7,corundum7 or ,c>nelian ,r$ 7,qu>tz7 ,augu/ ,p]idot ,pale gre5 or ,s>donyx 7,qu>tz7 ,br[n & :ite ,septemb] ,sapphire 7,corundum7 ,pale to d>k blue or ,lapis ,lazuli ,deep blue ,octob] ,opal or ,t\rmal9e ,v>iegat$ ,novemb] ,topaz or ,citr9e 7,qu>tz7 ,yell[ ,decemb] ,turquoise ,sky blue ,organic gem/ones ,! f\r organic gem/one gr\ps li/$ bel[ are highly priz$ = _! beauty & r>ity4 ,h[ev]1 !y are n z durable z gem/ones f m9]als3 ,amb] 7h>dness3 #b-b4e ,mohs7 ,a mixture ( hydroc>bons ,specific gravity3 #a4je-a4jif ,h>d fossil res9 or sap ( anci5t p9e trees4 ,usually amorph\s 7lacks cry/all9e /ructure74 ,sometimes m9$1 sometimes ga!r$ on sea%ores4 ,v>ies f transp>5t to semitransp>5t & g5]ally f light yell[ to d>k br[n1 b c be orange1 r$1 :iti%1 gre5i%-br[n1 blue1 or violet4 ,c be dy$ 9 any color4 ,takes a f9e poli%4 ,us$ ma9ly 9 mak+ beads or o!r ornam5ts4 ,coral 7h>dness3 #c4e-d ,mohs7 ,=m$ ma9ly ( calcite 7calcium c>bonate7 or con*iol91 a horny organic sub/ance ,specific gravity3 #b4fj-b4gj ,ea* coral polyp1 a t9y m>9e animal t lives 9 enorm\s colonies1 extracts calcium c>bonate f ! sea & exudes x to build a protective home ar\nd & above itself4 ,ea* g5]ation ( polyps dies 9 its protective home & ea* succe$+ g5]ation builds on top ( its pr$ecessor4 ,gem coral ranges f semitransluc5t to opaque & occurs 9 :ite1 p9k1 orange1 r$1 blue1 violet1 gold51 & black4 ,! black & gold5 corals are l>gely horny organic sub/ances1 n calcium c>bonate4 ,! f9e/ coral is us$ to make figur9es1 cameos1 c>v+s1 & beads4 ,jet 7h>dness3 #b4e-d ,mohs7 ,c>bon plus v>i\s hydroc>bon comp\nds ,specific gravity3 #a4cj-a4cb ,?is compact velvet-black coal takes a good poli% & is (t5 cut into beads1 bracelets1 & a wide range ( decorative & useful objects4 ,pe>l 7h>dness3 #b4e-d4e ,mohs7 ,=m$ )9 a mollusk1 su* z an oy/]1 t deposits a sub/ance call$ nacre ar\nd an irritant t ent]$ ! organism ,specific gravity3 #b4ga ,pe>l-be>+ mollusks are f\nd 9 bo? salt & fre% wat]4 ,salt-wat] pe>ls ( gem quality are usually pref]r$ = jewelry2 !y are produc$ almo/ entirely by ! mollusk ,p9ctada4 ,fre%-wat] pe>ls are produc$ by v>i\s clams & mussels4 ,natural pe>ls come 9 v>i\s %apes3 r\nd1 pe>1 drop1 egg1 & o!rs4 ,!y also come 9 v>i\s colors1 su* z :ite1 cream1 light rose1 cream rose1 black1 gray1 bronze1 blue1 d>k blue1 blue gre51 r$1 purple1 yell[1 & violet4 ,buy] bew>e ,inexp]i5c$ buy]s mu/ take :atev] /eps are ne$$ to ensure t gems !y int5d to pur*ase are exactly :at ! sell] purports !m to be & t !y are be+ (f]$ at a fair m>ket price4 ,m & m syn!tic gems--& inf]ior grades & cuts ( natural gems--are be+ sold to unw>y buy]s by unscrupul\s sell]s4 ,s9ce #aice1 ! m9+ ( gem/ones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 almo/ entirely a recreational activity ( m9]al collectors & hobbyi/s4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 v few individuals h d]iv$ _! entire income f gem/ones m9$ by !mselves4 ,?is is n to say t ! proprietors ( roadside rock %ops buy all ( _! /ock f o!rs4 ,rock %ops are abundant 9 areas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t are ri* 9 gem mat]ials1 & ! %ops t5d to specialize 9 ! local gem commodities1 mo/ ( :i* ! proprietors ga!r4 ,r ?an do+ ! m9+ !mselves1 own]s ( l& t has a deposit ( gem-quality m9]als sometimes *>ge hobbyi/s = ! "r to collect gem/ones4 ,= example1 diamond 9 ,arkansas1 opal 9 ,idaho1 & agate 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton are m9$ by hobbyi/s "u ?is 8fee digg+0 arrangem5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! fl[ ( money into ! local economy by pay+ ^! small fees & by ! pur*ase ( gem/ones is m9or comp>$ to ! money ! en?usia/s sp5d = lodg+ & o!r liv+ exp5ses :ile visit+ an area to dig = gem/ones4 ,sev]al k9ds ( natural gem/ones h be5 f\nd 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b mu* l>g] deposits ( ! mo/ preci\s k9ds are f\nd outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! #aiij ,u4,s4 output ( natural gem/ones 0 prim>ily f ,t5nessee1 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 ,arkansas1 ,montana1 ,nevada1 & ,ma9e4 ,an e/imat$ #hj1jjj visitors f\nd a total ( #cae c>ats ( diamonds 9 ! ,crat] ( ,diamonds ,/ate ,p>k 9 ,arkansas4 ,!re 7 sizeable yields ( fre%wat] pe>ls 9 ,t5nessee1 turquoise 9 ,arizona & ,nevada1 t\rmal9e 9 ,ma9e1 & t\rmal9e1 kunzite1 & g>net 9 ,cali=nia4 ,gem/ones3 ,value ( ,u4,s4 production vs4 imports1 #aihf & #aihia ,production #aihf #aihi ,natural #i4c million #dc4j million#b ,syn!tic #aj4c #bc4e #ai4f #ff4e ,m9e employm5t #cjj #hjj ,imports = consumption3 #d4ah billion #e4jj billion ,app>5t reliance on imports ov] #ii #ih exports#c #a;,e/imat$4 #b;,includ+ fre%wat] pe>ls natural1 & cultur$4 #c;,imports - exports adju/m5ts = ,gov]nm5t & indu/ry /ock *anges4 ,s\rce3 ,m9]al ,commodity ,summ>ies1 #aiia1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,u4,s4 production ( comm]cial gems includes agate1 b]yl1 fre%wat] pe>l1 g>net1 jade1 jasp]1 "m-(-pe>l1 opal1 p]idot1 qu>tz1 sapphire1 t\rmal9e1 & turquoise4 ,except = ! few gem diamonds f\nd ea* ye> 9 ,arkansas1 ,u4,s4 diamond production is v l[4 ,yet exploration = diamonds cont9ues 9 ,alaska1 ,colorado1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 & ,wyom+4 ,a diamond m9+ project at ! ,crat] ( ,diamonds ,/ate ,p>k 9 ,arkansas is /ill be+ evaluat$ by ! ,/ate4 ,_w diamond res]ves are e/imat$ to be ab\t #cjj million c>ats1 includ+ ne>-gem mat]ials b n diamonds ( abrasive quality4 ,mo/ ( ! res]ves are 9 s\!rn ,africa1 ,sib]ia1 & we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,x is difficult to e/imate res]ves because ! value ( a giv5 deposit v>ies ) ! m>ket = ! gems4 ,illu/ration3 ,jade nephrite1 ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hope ,diamond1 ,india4 ,*emical =mulas ( gem/ones ,b]yl ,be,al,si,o ,*rysob]yl ,be,al,o ,coral ,ca,c,o ,corundum ,al,o ,diamond ,c ,feldsp> ,plagioclase ,s]ies3 7,na1,ca7,al7,al1,si7,si,o ,alkali ,feldsp> ,gr\p3 ,mixtures ( ,or?oclase--,k,al,si,o & ,albite--,na,al,si,o ,g>net ,almad9e--,fe,al7,si,o7 ,&radite--,ca,fe7,si,o7 ,grossul>--,ca,al7,si,o7 ,pyrope--,mg,al7,si,o7 ,spess>t9e--,mn,al7,si,o7 ,uv>ovite--,ca,cr7,si,o7 ,jade ,nephrite--,ca7,mg1,fe77,si,o7 7,,oh7 ,jadeite--,na,al7,si,o7 ,lapis lazuli ,lazurite--7,na1,ca77,al,si,o7 7,,s1,s1,cl7 ,opal ,hydrat$ ,silica--,si,on,h,o ,p]idot 7,mg1,fe77,si,o7 ,qu>tz ,si,o ,sp9el ,mg,al,o ,topaz ,al,si,o7,f1,,oh7 ,t\rmal9e ,,xy,al7,,bo77,si,o7 7,,oh7 ,x is usually ,na b may be replac$ by ,ca2 ,y is "o ( sev]al metal ions ,turquoise ,cu,al7,,po77,,oh7#d;,h,o ,zircon ,zr,si,o ,"s ways to contact a local rock1 m9]al1 or gem club ,if y h access to ! mo/ rec5t ,april ,buy]'s ,guide issue ( ! ,lapid>y ,j\rnal magaz9e1 scan its li/s ( gem & m9]al clubs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries4 7,! address ( ! ,lapid>y ,j\rnal is giv5 9 ! li/ ( j\rnals cit$ bel[47 ,talk to a memb] ( ! geology or e>? sci5ce dep>tm5t ( y\r local college or univ]sity4 ,talk to a memb] ( ! sci5ce dep>tm5t ( y\r local high s*ool4 ,write to !-- ,ea/]n ,f$]ation ( ,m9]alogical & ,lapid>y ,societies ,box #ajaai ,alex&ria1 ,,va #bbcaj-jaai or ! ,midwe/ ,f$]ation ( ,m9]alogical & ,geological ,societies #cjf ,somonauk ,p>k ,=e/1 ,,il #fjdff ,*eck ! phone book = y\r ne>e/ rock & m9]al %op & talk to ! own]s4 ,role ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 7,,usgs7 ,! ,,usgs reports deposits t seem likely to conta9 gem/ones4 ,x is n a function ( ! ,,usgs to exploit su* res\rces4 ,,usgs geologi/s p]=m cont9u+ rese>* on kimb]lites1 ! initial s\rce ( diamonds4 ,n all kimb]lites are diamond-be>+1 & "s ( ! rese>* is direct$ to le>n+ :at indications y look = dur+ exploration to di/+ui% f]tile f b>r5 kimb]lite4 ,,usgs geologi/s are compil+ a ,u4,s4 map %[+ ! locations ( kn[n kimb]lites4 ,select$ g5]al ref]5ces ,a trip to y\r local libr>y is ! be/ fir/ /ep t[>d und]/&+ gem/ones & t[>d plann+ a trip to gem & rock %ops or to places :]e y may be able to collect gem/ones4 ,a li/ ( ,select$ ref]5ces on rocks1 m9]als1 & gem/ones is compil$ & updat$ e two ye>s by ! ,,usgs ,geologic ,inquiries ,gr\p1 #ijg ,national ,c5t]1 ,re/on1 ,,va #bbjib2 7#gjc7 #fdh-dchc4 ,! li/ has ?ree sections3 select$ guides = rockh\nds & hobbyi/s1 g5]al ref]5ces = all ages1 elem5t>y s*ool to adult1 & p]iodicals4 ,! guides 9 ,section ,i tell ab\t equipm5t ne$$ = collect+1 etiquette ( collect+1 map read+1 organiz+ a collection1 collect+ localities by ,/ates1 m9]al societies1 m9]al %[ dates & locations1 & rock1 m9]al1 & fossil deal]s4 ,! ref]5ces bel[ focus ma9ly on natural gem/ones & ! gems made f !m r ?an on syn!tic gem/ones1 rocks1 or o!r nongem m9]als4 ,m9]als ,ye>book ,! relatively few pages on gem/ones 9 ! multivolume ,m9]als ,ye>book provide data on s\rces1 k9ds1 & volume ( dome/ic production1 dome/ic consumption1 prices1 & =eign trade4 ,?is ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es ye>book is 9 ! ref]5ce sections ( _m major libr>ies4 ,x c be pur*as$ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjdjb4 ,books ,gemology1 ,cornelius ,s4 ,hurlbut ,jr4 & ,rob]t ,c4 ,kamm]l+3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiia1 #bnd ed4 ,gem/ones & ,_! ,orig9s1 ,pet] ,c4 ,kell]3 ,van ,no/r& ,re9hold1 #aiij4 ,color ,encyclop$ia ( ,gem/ones1 ,joel ,arem3 ,van ,no/r& ,re9hold1 ,new ,york1 #aihg1 #bnd ed41 #fh p4 ,gem/ones = ,ev]yman1 ,b4,w4 ,&]son3 ,van ,no/r& ,re9hold1 #aigf1 #bfh p4 ,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones1 ,curzio ,cipriani & ,aless&ro ,boreli2 ,val]ie ,palm]1 translator3 ,k5nie ,lyman1 ,u4,s4 editor3 ,simon & ,s*u/]1 ,new ,york1 #aihf1 #chd p4 ,gem & ,cry/al ,treasures1 ,pet] ,bancr(t3 ,m9]alogical ,record1 ,c>son ,city1 ,,nv1 #aihd1 #dhh p4 ,planet ,e>?--,gem/ones1 ,paul ,o',neil & ! editors ( ,"t-,life ,books3 ,"t-,life ,books1 ,arl+ton1 ,,va1 #aihc1 #agf p4 ,gem/ones ( ! ,_w1 ,walt] ,s*umann 7translat$ by ,evelyne ,/]n73 ,/]l+1 ,new ,york1 #aihd1 #bef p4 ,gems ,cry/als f ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,an illu/rat$ guide to ! hi/ory1 lore1 & prop]ties ( ! gems & m9]als ( "o ( ! _w's greate/ collections1 ,anna ,s4 ,s(i&es & ,george ,e4 ,h>l[3 ,simon ,s*u/]1 ,new ,york1 #aiij1 #bjh p4 ,! ,gem ,collection 7,treasures 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,s]ies ,no4 #a71 ,p4,e4 ,desautels3 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 #aihc1 #gg p4 ,gem/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,john ,s9kankas3 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,company1 ,inc41 ,pr9ceton1 #aiei1 #fge p4 ,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica--,a popul> description ( _! occurr5ce1 value1 hi/ory1 ar*eology1 & ( collections 9 :i* !y exi/1 ,g4,f4 ,kunz3 ,dov] ,publi%+1 ,new ,york1 #aifh 7repr9t ( a classic "w dat$ #ahib71 #cfg p4 ,em]ald & ,o!r ,b]yls1 ,john ,s9kankas3 ,*ilton ,way1 ,radnor1 ,,pa1 #aiha1 #ffe p4 ,h&book ( ,gem ,id5tification1 ,r4,t4 ,liddicoat ,jr43 ,gemological ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 ,santa ,monica1 ,,ca1 #aiha 7#aa? ed471 #dej p4 ,field ,collect+ ,gem/ones & ,m9]als1 ,john ,s9kankas3 ,geosci5ce ,press1 ,prescott1 ,,az1 #aihh1 #bnd ed41 #cig p4 ,prospect+ = ,gem/ones & ,m9]als ,=m]ly ,gem/ones & ,m9]als3 ,h[ & ,:]e to ,f9d ,!m1 ,john ,s9kankas3 ,van ,no/r& ,re9hold1 ,new ,york1 #aigj1 #bnd ed41 #cig p4 ,m9]al ,gem ,trails ( ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ed & ,b]t ,sloan3 ,,edsco1 ,box #gi1 ,oneonta1 ,,ny #achbj1 #aigh1 #eb p4 ,gem ,te/+1 ,b4,w4 ,&]son3 ,butt]wor?1 ,woburn1 ,,ma1 #aihj1 #i? ed41 #chd p4 ,gemology1 ,c4,s4 ,hurlbut ,jr4 & ,g4,s4 ,switz]3 ,wiley1 ,new ,york1 #aigi1 #eif p4 ,gems & ,jewelry1 ,joel ,arem3 ,bantam ,books1 ,new ,york1 #aige1 #aei p4 ,gem ,cutt+3 ,a ,lapid>y's ,manual1 ,john ,s9kankas3 ,van ,no/r& ,re9hold1 ,new ,york1 #aifb1 #bnd ed41 #big p4 ,illu/ration3 ,lav5d]-hu$ rose qu>tz1 ,brazil4 ,j\rnals ,gems & ,gemology 7qu>t]ly74 ,articles on gem/one localities1 id5tification1 & hi/ory4 ,includes annual index1 lab notes1 book reviews1 & gemological ab/racts4 ,publi%$ by ! ,gemological ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 #affj ,/ew>t ,/reet1 ,santa ,monica1 ,,ca #ijdjd4 ,lapid>y ,j\rnal 7mon?ly74 ,articles on gem/ones1 locality in=mation1 exp$itions to f9d s\rces ( gem/ones1 gemcraft1 club news1 %[ news1 product news1 & book reviews4 ,publi%$ by ! ,lapid>y ,j\rnal1 ,devon ,(fice ,c5t]1 ,suite #bja1 #fj ,*e/nut ,av5ue1 ,devon1 ,,pa #aiccc-acab4 ,rocks ,m9]als 7bimon?ly74 ,features articles ( int]e/ to /ud5ts ( m9]alogy1 geology1 & paleontology4 ,includes articles ab\t gem/one localities4 ,regul>ly li/s ann\ncem5ts ( hundr$s ( m9]al1 rock1 & gem %[s 7local1 ,/ate1 national1 ,canadian1 & ,european74 ,includes m$ia reviews1 museum notes & ann\ncem5ts1 & classifi$ ads4 ,publi%$ by ,heldref ,publications1 #djjj ,alb]m>le ,/reet1 ,,nw41 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjjaf4 ,jewel]s' ,book ,club--,catalog 7annual74 ,catalog ( m ?an #eej jewelry-relat$ publications f m ?an #bej publi%]s4 ,includes video- & audio-cassettes & book reviews4 ,jewel]s' ,book ,club--,news 7qu>t]ly7 in=ms memb]s ( new titles & provides book reviews4 ,publi%$ by ! ,jewel]s ,book ,club1 ,*ilton ,way1 ,radnor1 ,,pa #aijhi4 ,videocassettes ,gem/ones ( ,am]ica 7#fj m9utes71 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aiia1 c be ord]$ = #bi4ie f ! ,museum ,%op1 ,att5tion3 ,mail ,ord] ,cl]k1 ,national ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #aj? ,/reet & ,con/itution ,av5ue1 ,,nw41 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjefj2 7#bjb7 #ceg-aece4 ,spl5did ,/ones4 ,?is ,national ,geographic ,society special details ! evolution f raw mat]ial to cut & poli%$ gem1 outl9es _m ( ! /eps involv$ 9 m>ket+ gem/ones1 & exam9es "s ( ! _w's mo/ fam\s jewelry collections4 ,x c be ord]$ = #ie f ! ,national ,geographic ,society1 #ag? & ,m ,/reets ,,nw41 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjjcf4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey is grateful to ! foll[+ individuals = _! assi/ance3 ,h>vey ,e4 ,belk91 ,geologi/1 ,geological ,survey1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,re/on1 ,,va4 ,gordon ,t4 ,au/91 8,gem ,/ones10 ,m9]al ,commodity ,summ>ies #aiia1 ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,?ad51 8,gem ,/ones10 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9]al ,res\rces1 ,geological ,survey ,pr(essional ,pap] #hbj1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 #aigc1 p4 #bdg-bej4 ,jane ,j5ness1 ,m9]als ,in=mation ,(fice1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc4 ,photographs ,all photographs are c\rtesy ( ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,9 ! ,,ascii v]sion only1 subscript$ numb]s are prec$$ by und]score & delimit$ by brackets4