,illustration3 ,quartz1 ,rhode ,island4 ,illustration3 ,amethyst crystals1 ,mexico4 ,u4,s4 ,department of the ,interior ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey ,natural ,gemstones ,searching for gemstones in the ,united ,states is a popular recreational activity for collectors and hobbyists ,natural gemstones ,a natural gemstone is a mineral1 stone1 or organic matter that can be cut and polished or otherwise treated for use as jewelry or other ornament4 ,a precious gemstone has beauty1 durability1 and rarity1 whereas a semiprecious gemstone has only one or two of these qualities4 ,a gem is a gemstone that has been cut and polished4 ,diamond1 corundum 7ruby and sapphire71 beryl 7emerald and aquamarine71 topaz1 and opal are generally classed as precious stones4 ,all other gemstones are usually classed as semiprecious4 ,a mineral is any naturally formed homogeneous inorganic material4 ,a mineralogist is a person who studies the formation1 occurrence1 properties1 composition1 and classification of minerals4 ,a gemologist is a person who has successfully completed recognized courses in gemology 7the science and study of gemstones7 and has proven skills in identifying and evaluating gem materials4 ,a lapidary is a cutter1 polisher1 or engraver of precious stones4 ,geologic environment ,gemstones are not plentiful4 ,gemstones do not form 8ore0 deposits in the normal sense4 ,gems1 when present at all1 tend to be scattered sparsely throughout a large body of rock or to have crystallized as small aggregates or fill veins and small cavities4 ,even stream gravel concentrations tend to be small--a few stones in each of several bedrock cracks1 potholes1 or gravel lenses in a stream bed4 ,the average grade of the richest diamond kimberlite pipes in ,africa is about #a part diamond in #dj million parts 8ore40 ,kimberlite1 a plutonic igneous rock1 ascends from a depth of at least #ajj kilometers 7#fj miles7 to form a diatreme 7narrow cone-shaped rock body or 8pipe074 ,moreover1 because much diamond is not of gem quality1 the average stone in an engagement ring is the product of the removal and processing of #bjj to #djj million times its volume of rock4 ,gemstones occur in most major geologic environments4 ,each environment tends to have a characteristic suite of gem materials1 but many kinds of gems occur in more than one environment4 ,most gemstones are found in igneous rocks and alluvial gravels1 but sedimentary and metamorphic rocks may also contain gem materials4 ,examples of geologic environments in which gemstones are found3 ,pegmatite--a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock body1 occurring as dikes 7a tabular-shaped body71 lenses1 or veins in the surrounding rock4 ,stream gravels 7placers7--deposits of heavier and more durable than average minerals that have been eroded out of the original rock4 ,often tourmaline1 beryl1 and many other gem-quality minerals have eroded out of the original rock in which they formed and have moved and been concentrated locally by water in streams4 ,sapphires in ,judith ,basin ,county1 ,montana1 were first found when the gravels were worked for gold from #ahie to #aicj4 ,metamorphic rocks--rocks that have been altered by great heat1 pressure1 or both4 ,garnet1 for example1 is commonly found as crystals in gneiss and mica schist4 ,illustration3 ,quartz with phantoms1 ,brazil4 ,illustration3 ,aquamarine1 ,brazil4 ,mineral gemstones ,hardness and specific gravity are two of the major characteristics of gemstones4 ,hardness of a gemstone is its resistance to scratching and may be described relative to a standard scale of #aj minerals known as the ,mohs scale4 ,f4 ,mohs1 an ,austrian mineralogist1 developed this scale in #ahbb4 ,according to ,mohs' scale1 the hardness of-- ,talc is #a ,gypsum is #b ,calcite is #c ,fluorite is #d ,apatite is #e ,feldspar is #f ,quartz is #g ,topaz is #h ,sapphire is #i ,diamond is #aj ,specific gravity is the number of times heavier a gemstone of any volume is than an equal volume of water2 in other words1 it is the ratio of the density of the gemstone to the density of water4 ,the #af mineral gemstone groups listed below are highly prized for their beauty1 durability1 and rarity3 ,beryl 7hardness3 #g4e-h ,mohs7 ,beryllium aluminum silicate ,specific gravity3 #b4fc-b4ia ,emerald3 ,intense green or bluish green ,aquamarine3 ,greenish blue or light blue ,morganite3 ,pink1 purple pink1 or peach ,heliodore3 ,golden yellow to golden green ,red beryl3 ,raspberry red ,goshenite3 ,colorless1 greenish yellow1 yellow green1 brownish ,chrysoberyl 7hardness3 #h4e ,mohs7 ,beryllium aluminum oxide ,specific gravity3 #c4fh-c4gh ,chrysoberyl3 transparent yellowish green to greenish yellow and pale brown ,alexandrite3 red in incandescent light and green in daylight ,cat's eye3 usually yellowish or greenish ,corundum 7hardness3 #i ,mohs7 ,aluminum oxide ,specific gravity3 #c4if-d4je ,ruby3 ,intense red ,sapphire3 ,blue ,diamond 7hardness3 #aj ,mohs7 ,carbon ,specific gravity3 #c4ea ,colorless to faint yellowish tinge1 also variable ,feldspar 7hardness3 #f-f4e ,mohs7 ,two distinctly different alkali alumino silicates3 the ,plagioclase and the ,alkali ,feldspar ,series ,specific gravity3 #b4ee-b4gf ,plagioclase ,series-- ,labradorite3 ,colorful1 iridescent1 also transparent stones in yellow1 orange1 red1 and green ,sunstone3 ,gold spangles from inclusions of hematite ,peristerite3 ,blue white iridescence ,alkali ,feldspar ,group-- ,orthoclase3 ,pale yellow1 flesh red ,amazonite3 ,yellow green to greenish blue ,moonstone3 ,colorless2 also white to yellowish1 and reddish to bluish gray ,garnet 7hardness3 #f4e-g4e ,mohs7 ,a group of silicate minerals ,specific gravity3 #c4e-d4c ,almandine3 ,orangy red to purplish red ,almandine-spessartine3 ,reddish orange ,andradite3 ,yellowish green to orangy yellow to black ,demantoid3 ,green to yellow green andradite ,topazolite3 ,yellow to orangy yellow ,grossular3 ,colorless2 also orange1 pink1 yellow1 and brown ,tsavorite3 ,green to yellowish green ,hessonite3 ,yellow orange to red ,pyrope3 ,colorless2 also pink to red ,chrome pyrope3 ,orange red ,pyrope-,almadine3 ,reddish orange to red purple ,pyrope-,spessartine3 ,greenish yellow to purple ,malaia3 ,yellowish to reddish orange to brown ,color-change garnet3 ,blue green in daylight to purple red in incandescent light ,rhodolite3 ,purplish red to red purple ,spessartine3 ,yellowish orange ,uvarovite3 ,emerald green ,jade 7hardness3 #f ,mohs7 ,nephrite ,calcium magnesium silicate ,specific gravity3 #b4i-c4a ,white1 deep green1 creamy brown ,jadeite ,sodium aluminum silicate ,specific gravity3 #c4a-c4e ,white1 leafy and blue green1 emerald green1 lavender1 dark blue green and greenish black1 deep emerald-green ,lapis lazuli 7hardness3 #e-e4e ,mohs7 ,a rock composed mainly of the mineral lazurite with variable amounts of pyrite 7brassy flecks7 and white calcite ,specific gravity3 #b4g-b4i ,illustration3 ,diamond ,star of ,sierra ,leone4 ,deep blue1 azure blue1 greenish blue 7bluish color with flecks of white and gold7 ,opal 7hardness3 #e4e-f4e ,mohs7 ,hydrated silica ,specific gravity3 #a4ih-b4be ,white opal3 ,opaque1 porcelain-like white material2 colors resemble flashes or speckles ,black opal3 ,flashes and speckles appear against black background ,water opal3 ,a transparent1 colorless opal is the background for brilliant flashes of color ,fire opal3 ,reddish or orange opal ,peridot ,olivine 7hardness3 #g ,mohs7 ,magnesium iron silicate ,specific gravity3 #c4bb-c4de ,olive to lime green ,quartz 7hardness3 #g ,mohs7 ,silicon dioxide or silica ,specific gravity3 #b4fe ,coarsely crystalline varieties of silica-- ,rock crystal3 ,colorless ,amethyst3 ,purple ,citrine3 ,yellow to amber ,morion3 ,black ,smoky quartz or cairngorm3 smoky gray to brown ,rose quartz3 ,translucent pink ,green quartz or praziolite3 ,green ,cryptocrystalline varieties of silica-- ,chalcedony and ,jasper 7variable7 ,agate3 ,bull's eye agate1 ,iris or fire agate1 ,onyx1 ,sardonyx4 ,bloodstone or heliotrope4 ,carnelian4 ,chrysoprase4 ,moss agate4 ,plasma4 ,prase4 ,sard4 ,jasper4 ,spinel 7hardness3 #h ,mohs7 ,magnesium aluminum oxide ,specific gravity3 #c4eh-d4jf ,balas ruby3 ,red ,almandine spinel3 ,purple red ,rubicelle3 ,orange ,sapphire spinel and ghanospinel3 ,blue ,chlorspinel3 ,green ,illustration3 ,candelabra3 white quartz1 blue-capped red elbaite1 and tan albite1 ,california4 ,topaz 7hardness3 #h ,mohs7 ,aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide ,specific gravity3 #c4e-c4f ,wine yellow1 pale blue1 green1 violet1 or red ,tourmaline 7hardness3 #g-g4e ,mohs7 ,complex aluminum borosilicate 7,elbaite1 ,dravite1 ,uvite7 ,specific gravity3 #c4jc-c4be ,achorite3 ,colorless ,brazilian emerald3 ,green ,dravite3 ,brown ,indicolite3 ,dark blue ,rubellite3 ,pink to red ,siberite3 ,violet ,verdilite3 ,green ,turquoise 7hardness3 #e-f ,mohs7 ,hydrous copper aluminum phosphate ,specific gravity3 #b4f-b4h ,sky blue2 greenish blue ,zircon 7hardness3 #g4e ,mohs7 ,zirconium silicate ,specific gravity3 #d4f-d4g ,jargon3 ,variable ,matura diamond3 ,colorless ,hyacinth3 ,yellow1 orange1 red1 brown ,illustration3 ,the ,hooker ,emerald1 ,colombia4 ,birthstones ,month of birth ,gemstone ,color ,january ,garnet ,dark red ,february ,amethyst 7,quartz7 ,purple ,march ,aquamarine 7,beryl7 or ,bloodstone ,pale blue 7,quartz7 ,april ,diamond or ,rock ,crystal 7,quartz7 ,colorless ,may ,emerald 7,beryl7 ,bright green or ,chrysoprase 7,quartz7 ,pale green ,june ,pearl or ,moonstone 7,feldspar7 ,cream ,july ,ruby 7,corundum7 or ,carnelian ,red 7,quartz7 ,august ,peridot ,pale green or ,sardonyx 7,quartz7 ,brown and white ,september ,sapphire 7,corundum7 ,pale to dark blue or ,lapis ,lazuli ,deep blue ,october ,opal or ,tourmaline ,variegated ,november ,topaz or ,citrine 7,quartz7 ,yellow ,december ,turquoise ,sky blue ,organic gemstones ,the four organic gemstone groups listed below are highly prized for their beauty and rarity4 ,however1 they are not as durable as gemstones from minerals3 ,amber 7hardness3 #b-b4e ,mohs7 ,a mixture of hydrocarbons ,specific gravity3 #a4je-a4jif ,hard fossil resin or sap of ancient pine trees4 ,usually amorphous 7lacks crystalline structure74 ,sometimes mined1 sometimes gathered on seashores4 ,varies from transparent to semitransparent and generally from light yellow to dark brown1 but can be orange1 red1 whitish1 greenish-brown1 blue1 or violet4 ,can be dyed in any color4 ,takes a fine polish4 ,used mainly in making beads or other ornaments4 ,coral 7hardness3 #c4e-d ,mohs7 ,formed mainly of calcite 7calcium carbonate7 or conchiolin1 a horny organic substance ,specific gravity3 #b4fj-b4gj ,each coral polyp1 a tiny marine animal that lives in enormous colonies1 extracts calcium carbonate from the sea and exudes it to build a protective home around and above itself4 ,each generation of polyps dies in its protective home and each succeeding generation builds on top of its predecessor4 ,gem coral ranges from semitranslucent to opaque and occurs in white1 pink1 orange1 red1 blue1 violet1 golden1 and black4 ,the black and golden corals are largely horny organic substances1 not calcium carbonate4 ,the finest coral is used to make figurines1 cameos1 carvings1 and beads4 ,jet 7hardness3 #b4e-d ,mohs7 ,carbon plus various hydrocarbon compounds ,specific gravity3 #a4cj-a4cb ,this compact velvet-black coal takes a good polish and is often cut into beads1 bracelets1 and a wide range of decorative and useful objects4 ,pearl 7hardness3 #b4e-d4e ,mohs7 ,formed within a mollusk1 such as an oyster1 that deposits a substance called nacre around an irritant that entered the organism ,specific gravity3 #b4ga ,pearl-bearing mollusks are found in both salt and fresh water4 ,salt-water pearls of gem quality are usually preferred for jewelry2 they are produced almost entirely by the mollusk ,pinctada4 ,fresh-water pearls are produced by various clams and mussels4 ,natural pearls come in various shapes3 round1 pear1 drop1 egg1 and others4 ,they also come in various colors1 such as white1 cream1 light rose1 cream rose1 black1 gray1 bronze1 blue1 dark blue1 blue green1 red1 purple1 yellow1 and violet4 ,buyer beware ,inexperienced buyers must take whatever steps are needed to ensure that gems they intend to purchase are exactly what the seller purports them to be and that they are being offered at a fair market price4 ,more and more synthetic gems--and inferior grades and cuts of natural gems--are being sold to unwary buyers by unscrupulous sellers4 ,since #aice1 the mining of gemstones in the ,united ,states has been almost entirely a recreational activity of mineral collectors and hobbyists4 ,in recent years1 very few individuals have derived their entire income from gemstones mined by themselves4 ,this is not to say that the proprietors of roadside rock shops buy all of their stock from others4 ,rock shops are abundant in areas of the ,united ,states that are rich in gem materials1 and the shops tend to specialize in the local gem commodities1 most of which the proprietors gather4 ,rather than doing the mining themselves1 owners of land that has a deposit of gem-quality minerals sometimes charge hobbyists for the right to collect gemstones4 ,for example1 diamond in ,arkansas1 opal in ,idaho1 and agate in ,oregon and ,washington are mined by hobbyists under this 8fee digging0 arrangement4 ,however1 the flow of money into the local economy by paying these small fees and by the purchase of gemstones is minor compared to the money the enthusiasts spend for lodging and other living expenses while visiting an area to dig for gemstones4 ,several kinds of natural gemstones have been found in every ,state of the ,united ,states1 but much larger deposits of the most precious kinds are found outside the ,united ,states4 ,the #aiij ,u4,s4 output of natural gemstones was primarily from ,tennessee1 ,california1 ,arizona1 ,arkansas1 ,montana1 ,nevada1 and ,maine4 ,an estimated #hj1jjj visitors found a total of #cae carats of diamonds in the ,crater of ,diamonds ,state ,park in ,arkansas4 ,there were sizeable yields of freshwater pearls in ,tennessee1 turquoise in ,arizona and ,nevada1 tourmaline in ,maine1 and tourmaline1 kunzite1 and garnet in ,california4 ,gemstones3 ,value of ,u4,s4 production vs4 imports1 #aihf and #aihia ,production #aihf #aihi ,natural #i4c million #dc4j million#b ,synthetic #aj4c #bc4e #ai4f #ff4e ,mine employment #cjj #hjj ,imports for consumption3 #d4ah billion #e4jj billion ,apparent reliance on imports over #ii #ih exports#c #a;,estimated4 #b;,including freshwater pearls natural1 and cultured4 #c;,imports - exports adjustments for ,government and industry stock changes4 ,source3 ,mineral ,commodity ,summaries1 #aiia1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,mines4 ,u4,s4 production of commercial gems includes agate1 beryl1 freshwater pearl1 garnet1 jade1 jasper1 mother-of-pearl1 opal1 peridot1 quartz1 sapphire1 tourmaline1 and turquoise4 ,except for the few gem diamonds found each year in ,arkansas1 ,u4,s4 diamond production is very low4 ,yet exploration for diamonds continues in ,alaska1 ,colorado1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,wisconsin1 and ,wyoming4 ,a diamond mining project at the ,crater of ,diamonds ,state ,park in ,arkansas is still being evaluated by the ,state4 ,world diamond reserves are estimated to be about #cjj million carats1 including near-gem materials but not diamonds of abrasive quality4 ,most of the reserves are in southern ,africa1 ,siberia1 and western ,australia4 ,it is difficult to estimate reserves because the value of a given deposit varies with the market for the gems4 ,illustration3 ,jade nephrite1 ,china4 ,illustration3 ,the ,hope ,diamond1 ,india4 ,chemical formulas of gemstones ,beryl ,be,al,si,o ,chrysoberyl ,be,al,o ,coral ,ca,c,o ,corundum ,al,o ,diamond ,c ,feldspar ,plagioclase ,series3 7,na1,ca7,al7,al1,si7,si,o ,alkali ,feldspar ,group3 ,mixtures of ,orthoclase--,k,al,si,o and ,albite--,na,al,si,o ,garnet ,almadine--,fe,al7,si,o7 ,andradite--,ca,fe7,si,o7 ,grossular--,ca,al7,si,o7 ,pyrope--,mg,al7,si,o7 ,spessartine--,mn,al7,si,o7 ,uvarovite--,ca,cr7,si,o7 ,jade ,nephrite--,ca7,mg1,fe77,si,o7 7,,oh7 ,jadeite--,na,al7,si,o7 ,lapis lazuli ,lazurite--7,na1,ca77,al,si,o7 7,,so1,s1,cl7 ,opal ,hydrated ,silica--,si,on,h,o ,peridot 7,mg1,fe77,si,o7 ,quartz ,si,o ,spinel ,mg,al,o ,topaz ,al,si,o7,f1,,oh7 ,tourmaline ,,xy,al7,,bo77,si,o7 7,,oh7 ,x is usually ,na but may be replaced by ,ca2 ,y is one of several metal ions ,turquoise ,cu,al7,,po77,,oh7#d;,h,o ,zircon ,zr,si,o ,some ways to contact a local rock1 mineral1 or gem club ,if you have access to the most recent ,april ,buyer's ,guide issue of the ,lapidary ,journal magazine1 scan its lists of gem and mineral clubs in the ,united ,states and other countries4 7,the address of the ,lapidary ,journal is given in the list of journals cited below47 ,talk to a member of the geology or earth science department of your local college or university4 ,talk to a member of the science department of your local high school4 ,write to the-- ,eastern ,federation of ,mineralogical and ,lapidary ,societies ,box #ajaai ,alexandria1 ,,va #bbcaj-jaai or the ,midwest ,federation of ,mineralogical and ,geological ,societies #cjf ,somonauk ,park ,forest1 ,,il #fjdff ,check the phone book for your nearest rock and mineral shop and talk to the owners4 ,role of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 7,,usgs7 ,the ,,usgs reports deposits that seem likely to contain gemstones4 ,it is not a function of the ,,usgs to exploit such resources4 ,,usgs geologists perform continuing research on kimberlites1 the initial source of diamonds4 ,not all kimberlites are diamond-bearing1 and some of the research is directed to learning what indications you look for during exploration to distinguish fertile from barren kimberlite4 ,,usgs geologists are compiling a ,u4,s4 map showing the locations of known kimberlites4 ,selected general references ,a trip to your local library is the best first step toward understanding gemstones and toward planning a trip to gem and rock shops or to places where you may be able to collect gemstones4 ,a list of ,selected references on rocks1 minerals1 and gemstones is compiled and updated every two years by the ,,usgs ,geologic ,inquiries ,group1 #ijg ,national ,center1 ,reston1 ,,va #bbjib2 7#gjc7 #fdh-dchc4 ,the list has three sections3 selected guides for rockhounds and hobbyists1 general references for all ages1 elementary school to adult1 and periodicals4 ,the guides in ,section ,i tell about equipment needed for collecting1 etiquette of collecting1 map reading1 organizing a collection1 collecting localities by ,states1 mineral societies1 mineral show dates and locations1 and rock1 mineral1 and fossil dealers4 ,the references below focus mainly on natural gemstones and the gems made from them rather than on synthetic gemstones1 rocks1 or other nongem minerals4 ,minerals ,yearbook ,the relatively few pages on gemstones in the multivolume ,minerals ,yearbook provide data on sources1 kinds1 and volume of domestic production1 domestic consumption1 prices1 and foreign trade4 ,this ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,mines yearbook is in the reference sections of many major libraries4 ,it can be purchased from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjdjb4 ,books ,gemology1 ,cornelius ,s4 ,hurlbut ,jr4 and ,robert ,c4 ,kammerling3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiia1 #bnd ed4 ,gemstones and ,their ,origins1 ,peter ,c4 ,keller3 ,van ,nostrand ,reinhold1 #aiij4 ,color ,encyclopedia of ,gemstones1 ,joel ,arem3 ,van ,nostrand ,reinhold1 ,new ,york1 #aihg1 #bnd ed41 #fh p4 ,gemstones for ,everyman1 ,b4,w4 ,anderson3 ,van ,nostrand ,reinhold1 #aigf1 #bfh p4 ,gems and ,precious ,stones1 ,curzio ,cipriani and ,alessandro ,boreli2 ,valerie ,palmer1 translator3 ,kennie ,lyman1 ,u4,s4 editor3 ,simon and ,schuster1 ,new ,york1 #aihf1 #chd p4 ,gem and ,crystal ,treasures1 ,peter ,bancroft3 ,mineralogical ,record1 ,carson ,city1 ,,nv1 #aihd1 #dhh p4 ,planet ,earth--,gemstones1 ,paul ,o',neil and the editors of ,time-,life ,books3 ,time-,life ,books1 ,arlington1 ,,va1 #aihc1 #agf p4 ,gemstones of the ,world1 ,walter ,schumann 7translated by ,evelyne ,stern73 ,sterling1 ,new ,york1 #aihd1 #bef p4 ,gems ,crystals from the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history3 ,an illustrated guide to the history1 lore1 and properties of the gems and minerals of one of the world's greatest collections1 ,anna ,s4 ,sofiandes and ,george ,e4 ,harlow3 ,simon ,schuster1 ,new ,york1 #aiij1 #bjh p4 ,the ,gem ,collection 7,treasures in the ,smithsonian ,series ,no4 #a71 ,p4,e4 ,desautels3 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 #aihc1 #gg p4 ,gemstones of ,north ,america1 ,john ,sinkankas3 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,company1 ,inc41 ,princeton1 #aiei1 #fge p4 ,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america--,a popular description of their occurrence1 value1 history1 archeology1 and of collections in which they exist1 ,g4,f4 ,kunz3 ,dover ,publishing1 ,new ,york1 #aifh 7reprint of a classic work dated #ahib71 #cfg p4 ,emerald and ,other ,beryls1 ,john ,sinkankas3 ,chilton ,way1 ,radnor1 ,,pa1 #aiha1 #ffe p4 ,handbook of ,gem ,identification1 ,r4,t4 ,liddicoat ,jr43 ,gemological ,institute of ,america1 ,santa ,monica1 ,,ca1 #aiha 7#aath ed471 #dej p4 ,field ,collecting ,gemstones and ,minerals1 ,john ,sinkankas3 ,geoscience ,press1 ,prescott1 ,,az1 #aihh1 #bnd ed41 #cig p4 ,prospecting for ,gemstones and ,minerals ,formerly ,gemstones and ,minerals3 ,how and ,where to ,find ,them1 ,john ,sinkankas3 ,van ,nostrand ,reinhold1 ,new ,york1 #aigj1 #bnd ed41 #cig p4 ,mineral ,gem ,trails of ,delaware1 ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,north ,carolina1 ,ed and ,bert ,sloan3 ,,edsco1 ,box #gi1 ,oneonta1 ,,ny #achbj1 #aigh1 #eb p4 ,gem ,testing1 ,b4,w4 ,anderson3 ,butterworth1 ,woburn1 ,,ma1 #aihj1 #ith ed41 #chd p4 ,gemology1 ,c4,s4 ,hurlbut ,jr4 and ,g4,s4 ,switzer3 ,wiley1 ,new ,york1 #aigi1 #eif p4 ,gems and ,jewelry1 ,joel ,arem3 ,bantam ,books1 ,new ,york1 #aige1 #aei p4 ,gem ,cutting3 ,a ,lapidary's ,manual1 ,john ,sinkankas3 ,van ,nostrand ,reinhold1 ,new ,york1 #aifb1 #bnd ed41 #big p4 ,illustration3 ,lavender-hued rose quartz1 ,brazil4 ,journals ,gems and ,gemology 7quarterly74 ,articles on gemstone localities1 identification1 and history4 ,includes annual index1 lab notes1 book reviews1 and gemological abstracts4 ,published by the ,gemological ,institute of ,america1 #affj ,stewart ,street1 ,santa ,monica1 ,,ca #ijdjd4 ,lapidary ,journal 7monthly74 ,articles on gemstones1 locality information1 expeditions to find sources of gemstones1 gemcraft1 club news1 show news1 product news1 and book reviews4 ,published by the ,lapidary ,journal1 ,devon ,office ,center1 ,suite #bja1 #fj ,chestnut ,avenue1 ,devon1 ,,pa #aiccc-acab4 ,rocks ,minerals 7bimonthly74 ,features articles of interest to students of mineralogy1 geology1 and paleontology4 ,includes articles about gemstone localities4 ,regularly lists announcements of hundreds of mineral1 rock1 and gem shows 7local1 ,state1 national1 ,canadian1 and ,european74 ,includes media reviews1 museum notes and announcements1 and classified ads4 ,published by ,heldref ,publications1 #djjj ,albermarle ,street1 ,,nw41 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjjaf4 ,jewelers' ,book ,club--,catalog 7annual74 ,catalog of more than #eej jewelry-related publications from more than #bej publishers4 ,includes video- and audio-cassettes and book reviews4 ,jewelers' ,book ,club--,news 7quarterly7 informs members of new titles and provides book reviews4 ,published by the ,jewelers ,book ,club1 ,chilton ,way1 ,radnor1 ,,pa #aijhi4 ,videocassettes ,gemstones of ,america 7#fj minutes71 ,smithsonian ,institution1 #aiia1 can be ordered for #bi4ie from the ,museum ,shop1 ,attention3 ,mail ,order ,clerk1 ,national ,museum of ,natural ,history1 #ajth ,street and ,constitution ,avenue1 ,,nw41 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjefj2 7#bjb7 #ceg-aece4 ,splendid ,stones4 ,this ,national ,geographic ,society special details the evolution from raw material to cut and polished gem1 outlines many of the steps involved in marketing gemstones1 and examines some of the world's most famous jewelry collections4 ,it can be ordered for #ie from the ,national ,geographic ,society1 #agth and ,m ,streets ,,nw41 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjjcf4 ,acknowledgments ,the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey is grateful to the following individuals for their assistance3 ,harvey ,e4 ,belkin1 ,geologist1 ,geological ,survey1 ,u4,s4 ,department of the ,interior1 ,reston1 ,,va4 ,gordon ,t4 ,austin1 8,gem ,stones10 ,mineral ,commodity ,summaries #aiia1 ,bureau of ,mines1 ,u4,s4 ,department of the ,interior1 ,washington1 ,,dc4 ,robert ,e4 ,thaden1 8,gem ,stones10 in ,united ,states ,mineral ,resources1 ,geological ,survey ,professional ,paper #hbj1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 #aigc1 p4 #bdg-bej4 ,jane ,jenness1 ,minerals ,information ,office1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,washington1 ,,dc4 ,photographs ,all photographs are courtesy of ,the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4 --,in the ,,ascii version only1 subscripted numbers are preceded by underscore and delimited by brackets4