file :i* includes ! num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dgiha-;h4htm or #dgiha-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dgiha_/pg#dgiha-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dgih a_/dgiha-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/langleyme moironm#jjlang ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al page numb]s 7example3 p#jeb7 are includ$ 9 ! text to facilitate use ( ! index4 ,text enclos$ by great]-?an or less-?an symbols is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capitals h be5 trascrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,und]scores are us$ to d5ote subscription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ an und]score is subscript$ 7example3 ,h#b,o74 ,multiple subscript$ *>act]s are enclos$ by curly brackets 7example3 ,p#ij74 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7example3 n#b74 ,multiple sup]script$ *>act]s are enclos$ by curly brackets 7example3 s9#a74 ,"s *>act]s might n display 9 ?is ,,utf-#h text v]sion or 9 ! html v]sion4 ,if s1 ! read] %\ld consult ! orig9al page images ref]r$ to above4 ,an additional transcrib]'s note is at ! end ( ! text4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k ,volume #bg ,numb] #c ,,langley ,,memoir ,,on ,,me*anical ,,flight ,,"p ,i4 #ahhg ,,to #ahif by ,,samuel ,,pi]pont ,,langley ,edit$ by ,*>les ,m4 ,manly ,,"p ,,ii4 #ahig ,,to #aijc by ,,*>les ,m4 ,,manly ,assi/ant 9 ,*>ge ( ,exp]im5ts ,illu/ration 7,publication #aidh7 ,city ( ,wa%+ton ,publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution #aiaa ,commission to :om ?is ,memoir has be5 ref]r$3 ,otto ,hilg>d ,tittman1 ,george ,ow5 ,squi]1 ,alb]t ,francis ,zahm4 ,! ,"l ,baltimore ,press ,baltimore1 ,,md41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #fgjji page iii ,,adv]tisem5t ,! pres5t "w1 entitl$ 8,langley ,memoir on ,me*anical ,flight10 z plann$ by ! late ,secret>y ,samuel ,pi]pont ,langley1 foll[s 8 publications on 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics0 & 8,! ,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d0 pr9t$ 9 #ahia & #ahic1 respectively1 z p>ts ( ,volume #bg ( ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k4 ,?is ,memoir 0 9 prep>ation at ! "t ( ,mr4 ,langley's dea? 9 #aijf1 & ,"p ,i1 record+ exp]im5ts f #ahhg to #ahif1 0 writt5 by him4 ,"p ,,ii1 on exp]im5ts f #ahig to #aijc1 has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,m4 ,manly1 :o became ,mr4 ,langley's ,*ief ,assi/ant 9 ,june1 #ahih4 ,! s\rces ( in=mation = ?is ,"p 7 ! orig9al c>efully record$ acc\nts ( ! exp]im5ts describ$4 ,x is expect$ lat] to publi% a ?ird "p ( ! pres5t memoir1 to consi/ l>gely ( ! ext5sive te*nical data ( te/s ( ! work+ ( v>i\s types ( curv$ surfaces1 propell]s1 & o!r app>atus4 ,x is ( int]e/ "h to note t exp]im5ts ) ! ,langley type ( a]odrome#a did n actually cease 9 ,decemb]1 #aijc1 :5 he made 8 la/ trial ) ! man-c>ry+ ma*9e1 b z rec5tly z ,augu/ #f1 #aijg1 a ,fr5* aviator made a flight ( ne>ly #ejj feet ) an a]odrome ( ess5tially ! same design4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ cu/om ( ref]r+ to exp]ts 9 ! subject treat$1 all manuscripts int5d$ = publication 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ?is "w 0 exam9$ & recomm5d$ by a ,commission consi/+ ( ,mr4 ,o4 ,h4 ,tittman1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 :o witness$ "s ( ! field trials1 ,george ,o4 ,squi]1 ,ph4 ,d4 7,johns ,hopk9s71 ,major1 ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 & ,alb]t ,francis ,zahm1 ,ph4 ,d41 ( ,wa%+ton ,city4 ,,*>les ,d4 ,,walcott1 ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! "n 8a]odrome0 0 giv5 by ,secret>y ,langley to ! fly+ ma*9e 9 #ahic1 f 7to trav]se ! air7 & air runn]4--,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d1 p4 #e4 ,,preface ,! pres5t volume on ,me*anical ,flight consi/s1 z ! title-page indicates1 ( two p>ts4 ,! fir/1 deal+ ) ! long & notable s]ies ( e>ly exp]im5ts ) small models1 0 writt5 almo/ entirely by ,secret>y ,langley ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,huffak] & ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,f[l] 9 #ahig4 ,su* *apt]s z 7 n complete h be5 f9i%$ by ! writ] & are easily not$ z !y are writt5 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,x has be5 subject$ only to su* revision z x w\ld h receiv$ _h ,mr4 ,langley liv$ to sup]vise ?is publication1 & has !re=e ! highe/ value z an hi/orical record4 ,! composition ( ! second "p1 deal+ ) ! lat] exp]im5ts ) ! orig9al & also new models & ! con/ruction ( ! l>g] a]odrome1 has necess>ily devolv$ ^u me4 ,?is is 9 entire accordance ) ! plan =m$ by ,mr4 ,langley :5 ,i began to "w ) him 9 #ahih1 b x is to me a matt] ( s9c]e regret t ! manuscript 9 its f9al =m has n _h ! advantage ( 8 criticism & sugge/ions4 ,if ! read] %\ld feel t any ( ! descriptions or /atem5ts 9 ?is "p ( ! volume leave some?+ to be desir$ 9 fullness ( detail1 x is hop$ t "s all[ance may be made = ! fact t x has be5 writt5 9 ! scanty & scatt]$ mom5ts t c\ld be snat*$ f "w 9 o!r l9es :i* made heavy dem&s ^u ! writ]'s "t & /r5g?4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t suffici5t data are giv5 to enable any compet5t eng9e] to und]/& ?or\ghly ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ phases ( ! "w4 ,p]sons :o c>e only = ! accompli%$ fact may be incl9$ to und]rate ! int]e/ & value ( ?is record4 ,b ev5 !y may be rem9d$ t b = su* pati5t & unremitt+ devotion z is "h enregi/]$1 ! n[ accompli%$ fact ( me*anical flight w\ld /ill rema9 ! wild unrealiz$ dream :i* x 0 = s _m c5turies4 ,to su* m5 z ,mr4 ,langley an unsuccessful exp]im5t is n a failure b a means ( in/ruction1 a necess>y & (t5 an invaluable /epp+-/one to ! desir$ end4 ,! trials ( ! l>ge a]odrome 9 ! autumn ( #aijc1 to :i* ! curiosity ( ! public & ! s5sationalism ( ! newspap]s gave a "* ( f9ality nev] desir$ by ,mr4 ,langley1 7 to him m]ely memb]s ( a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 z mu* s z any trial ( "o ( ! small a]odromes or ev5 ( "o ( ! e>lie/ rubb]-driv5 models4 ,_h 8 heal? & /r5g? be5 sp>$1 he w\ld h gone on ) 8 exp]im5ts undisc\rag$ by ^! accid5ts 9 laun*+ & undet]r$ by criticism & misund]/&+4 ,moreov]1 x is to be borne 9 m9d t ,mr4 ,langley's contribution to ! solution ( ! problem is n to be measur$ solely by :at he himself accompli%$1 important z t is4 ,he began 8 inve/igations at a "t :5 n only ! g5]al public b ev5 ! mo/ progressive m5 ( sci5ce ?\ght ( me*anical flight only z a subject = ridicule1 & bo? by 8 epo*-mak+ inve/igations 9 a]odynamics & by 8 own devotion to ! subject ( flight itself he help$ to trans=m into a field ( sci5tific inquiry :at _h be=e be5 almo/ entirely 9 ! possession ( vision>ies4 ,! orig9al plans = ?is publication provid$ = a ?ird "p cov]+ ! exp]im5tal data obta9$ 9 te/s ( curv$ surfaces & propell]s4 ,ow+ to ! pressure ( o!r matt]s on ! writ]1 ! prep>ation ( ?is ?ird "p is n yet complete & is res]v$ = lat] publication4 ,,*>les ,m4 ,,manly4 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,i4 ,introductory ''' #a ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y ''' #e ,exp]im5ts ) small models ''' #f ,abbreviations & symbols employ$ ''' #ad ,exp]im5ts ) ,a]odromes ,nos4 #cj & #ca ''' #af ,,iii4 ,available motors ''' #ba ,india rubb] ''' #ba ,/eam eng9e ''' #bd ,gunp[d]1 hot-wat]1 compress$ air ''' #be ,gas1 electricity ''' #bf ,c>bonic-acid gas ''' #bh ,,iv4 ,e>ly /eam motors & o!r models ''' #cj ,v4 ,on su/a9+ surfaces ''' #da ,exp]im5ts 9 ! op5 w9d ''' #db ,relation ( air to weight & p[] ''' #dc ,,vi4 ,balanc+ ! a]odrome ''' #de ,lat]al & longitud9al /ability ''' #de ,,vii4 ,hi/ory ( con/ruction ( frame & eng9es ( a]odromes ''' #ec #ahic ''' #ec #ahid ''' #fd #ahie ''' #ge #ahif ''' #gi ,,viii4 ,hi/ory ( con/ruction ( su/a9+ & guid+ surfaces ( a]odromes #d1 #e1 & #f ''' #hj ,introduction ''' #hj #ahic1 #ahid ''' #ha #ahie ''' #he #ahif ''' #hi ,,ix4 ,hi/ory ( laun*+ app>atus & field trials ( a]odromes #d1 #e1 & #f ''' #ib #ahib ''' #ib #ahic ''' #ic ,field trials ''' #ic #ahid ''' #if #ahie ''' #aja #ahif ''' #ajf ,x4 ,description ( ! laun*+ app>atus ( a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f ''' #aaj ,description ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #aaa ,description ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #abj ,,"p ,,ii ,i4 ,introductory ''' #abc ,,ii4 ,g5]al consid]ations ''' #abh ,,iii4 ,exp]im5ts ) models ''' #acc ,cond5s$ record ( flights ( a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f1 f ,june #g to ,augu/ #c1 #ahii ''' #ace ,june #g--;a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #ace ,june #ac--;a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #acg ,june #bb--;a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #aci ,june #bc--;a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #adj ,june #bg--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #adj ,june #cj--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #ada ,july #a to ,july #h ''' #adb ,july #aa to ,july #ad--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #adc ,july #ai--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #add ,july #bg--;a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #ade ,july #bh--;a]odrome ,no4 #f ''' #adf ,july #bi--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #adg ,augu/ #a--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #adh ,augu/ #c--;a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #adi ,,iv4 ,h\se-boat & laun*+ app>atus ''' #aef ,v4 ,con/ruction ( frame ( l>ge a]odrome ''' #afd ,transv]se frame ''' #agd ,propell]s ''' #agh ,aviator's c> ''' #ahe ,,vi4 ,con/ruction ( support+ surfaces ''' #ahh ,,vii4 ,equilibrium & control ''' #bjg ,,viii4 ,! exp]im5tal eng9e ''' #bah ,,ix4 ,! qu>t]-size model a]odrome ''' #bbf ,x4 ,con/ruction & te/s ( ! l>ge eng9e ''' #bcd ,,xi4 ,%op te/s ( ! a]odrome ''' #bea ,,xii4 ,field trials 9 #aijc ''' #bee ,/atem5t made by ,mr4 ,manly to associat$ press ''' #bff ,report ( ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,janu>y1 #aijd ''' #bgf ,langley a]odrome1 ,(ficial ,report ( ,bo>d ( ,ordnance1 ,octob]1 #aijd ''' #bgh ,/atem5t to ! ,press ''' #bhj ,pres5t /atus ( ! "w ''' #bha ,blriot ,ma*9e ( #aijg on ,langley type ''' #bhc ,app5dix4 ,/udy ( ,am]ican ,buzz>d & 8,john ,cr[0 ''' #bhe ,in/ructions to assi/ants ''' #bid ,data %eets #a to #ab ''' #big ,index ''' #cji ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates #a4 ,rubb]-motor model a]odromes ,nos4 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf1 #cj1 #ca ''' #af #b4 ,rubb]-motor model a]odromes ,nos4 #aa1 #ac1 #ad ''' #af #c4 ,rubb]-motor model a]odromes ,nos4 #ae1 #bd ''' #af #d4 ,rubb]-motor model a]odrome ,no4 #bf ''' #af #e4 ,rubb]-pull model a]odrome ''' #bd #f4 ,rubb]-pull model a]odrome ''' #bd #g4 ,rubb]-pull model a]odrome ''' #bd #h4 ,rubb]-pull model a]odrome ''' #bd #i4 ,rubb]-pull model a]odrome ''' #bd #aj4 ,/eel frames ( a]odromes ,nos4 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #ahia & #ahib ''' #cc #aa4 ,/eel frames ( a]odromes ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ahic1 #ahie1 & #ahif ''' #ec #ab4 ,burn]s1 aeolipiles1 & sep>ators ''' #ef #ac4 ,boil]s ( a]odromes ''' #ef #ad4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,decemb] #c1 #ahie4 ,plan view4 ,rudd] remov$ ''' #gh #ae4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,decemb] #c1 #ahie4 ,side view ''' #gh #af4 ,e>ly types ( w+s & sy/ems ( guy+ ''' #ha #ag4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e4 ,plan ( w+s & sy/em ( guy+ ''' #hi #ah4 ,h\se-boat ) ov]head laun*+ app>atus1 #ahif ''' #ajf #ai4 ,pa?s ( a]odrome flights1 ,may #f & ,novemb] #bh1 #ahif1 ne> ,quantico1 ,va41 on ! ,potomac ,riv] ''' #ajh #bj4 ,in/antane\s photograph ( ! a]odrome at ! mom5t aft] laun*+ 9 its flight at ,quantico on ! ,potomac ,riv]1 ,may #f1 #ahif4 ,enl>g$ t5 times ''' #ajh #ba4 ,in/antane\s photograph ( ! a]odrome at a di/ance 9 ! air dur+ its flight at ,quantico on ! ,potomac ,riv]1 ,may #f1 #ahif4 ,enl>g$ t5 times ''' #ajh #bb4 ,in/antane\s photograph ( ! a]odrome at a di/ance 9 ! air dur+ its flight at ,quantico on ! ,potomac ,riv]1 ,may #f1 #ahif4 ,enl>g$ t5 times ''' #ajh #bc4 ,ov]head laun*+ app>atus ''' #ajh #bd4 ,ov]head laun*+ app>atus ''' #ajh #be4 ,side view ( /eel frame ( a]odrome ,no4 #e susp5d$ f laun*+-c>1 ,octob] #bd1 #ahif ''' #aab #bf;,a4 ,dim5sion$ draw+ ( boil] coils1 burn]s1 pump1 ne$le valve1 & ?ru/ be>+ ''' #aaf #bf;,b4 ,dim5sion$ draw+ ( eng9e ,no4 #e ''' #aaf #bg;,a4 ,side & end elevations ( a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,may #aa1 #ahif ''' #aaf #bg;,b4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e4 ,plan view4 ,octob] #bd1 #ahif ''' #aaf #bh4 ,/eel frame ( a]odrome ,no4 #f on laun*+ c> ''' #abj #bi;,a4 ,plan view ( a]odrome ,no4 #f4 ,octob] #bc1 #ahif ''' #abb #bi;,b4 ,side elevation ( a]odrome ,no4 #f4 ,octob] #bc1 #ahif ''' #abb #cj4 ,plan view ( /eel frames & p[] plants ( a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f ''' #abb #ca4 ,details ( a]odrome ,no4 #e ''' #abb #cb4 ,draw+s ( propos$ man-c>ry+ a]odrome1 #ahih ''' #acj #cc4 ,pa? ( flight ( a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ,june #g1 #ahii ''' #acf #cd4 ,pa?s ( flight ( a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ,june #ac & #bc1 #ahii ''' #adj #ce4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e on laun*+-ways ''' #adb #cf4 ,pa?s ( flights ( a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,july #bi1 #ahii ''' #adh #cg4 ,exp]im5tal =ms ( sup]pos$ surfaces1 #ahih1 #ahii4 7,see also plates #fd & #fe47 ''' #aec #ch4 ,h\se-boat & laun*+ app>atus1 #ahii ''' #aef #ci4 ,me?od ( atta*+ guy-wires to guy-po/s to relieve torsional /ra9 ''' #aeh #dj4 ,g5]al plan & details ( laun*+-c> ''' #afj #da4 ,a]odrome on laun*+-c> ''' #afj #db4 ,details ( clut*-po/ = laun*+-c> ''' #afj #dc4 ,front end ( track j prep>atory to laun*+ a]odrome ''' #afj #dd4 ,resi/ance ( wires at giv5 velocities ''' #aff #de4 ,frame ( a]odrome ,a1 ,janu>y #ca1 #aijj ''' #afh #df4 ,frame ( a]odrome ,a1 ,janu>y #ca1 #aijj ''' #afh #dg4 ,frame ( a]odrome ,a1 ,febru>y #a1 #aijj ''' #afh #dh4 ,frame ( a]odrome ,a1 ,febru>y #a1 #aijj ''' #afh #di4 ,guy-wire sy/em1 ,july #aj1 #aijb ''' #agj #ej4 ,guy-wire sy/em1 ,july #aj1 #aijb ''' #agj #ea4 ,guy-wire sy/em1 ,july #aj1 #aijb ''' #agj #eb4 ,scale draw+ ( a]odrome ,a4 ,end elevation ''' #agj #ec4 ,scale draw+ ( a]odrome ,a4 ,side elevation ''' #agj #ed4 ,scale draw+ ( a]odrome ,a4 ,plan ''' #agj #ee4 ,frame fitt+s & guy-wire atta*m5ts1 etc4 ''' #agd #ef4 ,frame fitt+s & guy-wire atta*m5ts1 etc4 ''' #agd #eg4 ,frame fitt+s & guy-wire atta*m5ts1 etc4 ''' #agd #eh4 ,b$ plate ge>s1 etc4 ''' #agf #ei4 ,w+ clamps ''' #ahc #fj4 ,hoi/+ a]odrome to laun*+-track ''' #ahd #fa4 ,a]odrome on laun*+-c>2 front w+s 9 place1 guy-wires adju/$ ''' #ahd #fb4 ,details ( guy-po/s ''' #ahd #fc4 ,guy-po/ & p9 on laun*+-c> ''' #ahd #fd4 ,exp]im5tal type ( sup]pos$ w+s1 ,m>* #b1 #ahii ''' #aib #fe4 ,exp]im5tal type ( sup]pos$ w+s1 ,m>* #b1 #ahii ''' #aib #ff4 ,details ( ribs & fitt+s = w+s ''' #bjj #fg4 ,cross-section ( ribs ''' #bja #fh4 ,automatic equilibrium devices ''' #bab #fi4 ,me*anism ( control ''' #bab #gj4 ,plan view ( qu>t]-size model a]odrome1 ,june #a1 #aijj ''' #bcb #ga4 ,plan view ( qu>t]-size model a]odrome ''' #bcb #gb4 ,end1 side1 & ?ree-qu>t] elevations ( qu>t]-size model a]odrome ''' #bcb #gc4 ,laun*+-c> ) floats ''' #bcb #gd4 ,laun*+-c> ) floats ''' #bcb #ge4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome equipp$ ) sup]pos$ surfaces1 ,june #aa1 #aija4 ,side view ''' #bcb #gf4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome equipp$ ) sup]pos$ surfaces1 ,june #aa1 #aija4 ,end view ''' #bcb #gg4 ,cyl9d]s ( eng9e ( qu>t]-size model a]odrome ''' #bcc #gh4 ,eng9e ( a]odrome ,a4 ,section ?r\gh cyl9d] & drum ''' #bcf #gi4 ,eng9e ( a]odrome ,a4 ,end elevation1 port side ''' #bcf #hj4 ,eng9e ( a]odrome ,a4 ,top plan ''' #bcf #ha4 ,eng9e ( a]odrome ,a4 ,elevation />bo>d b$ plate1 sp>k+ me*anism ''' #bcf #hb4 ,dynamomet] te/s ( l>ge eng9e ''' #bdh #hc4 ,dynamomet] te/s ( l>ge eng9e ''' #bdh #hd4 ,dynamomet] te/s ( l>ge eng9e ''' #bdh #he4 ,location ( h\se-boat 9 c5t] ( ,potomac ,riv]1 ,july #ad1 #aijc ''' #bef #hf4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome m\nt$ on laun*+-c> ''' #bfj #hg4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome 9 flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #hh4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome 9 flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #hi4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome 9 flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #ij4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome 9 flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #ia4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome 9 flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #ib4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome 9 flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #ic4 ,qu>t]-size model a]odrome at end ( flight1 ,augu/ #h1 #aijc ''' #bfj #id4 ,hoi/+ w+ ( full-size a]odrome ''' #bfc #ie4 ,flight ( l>ge a]odrome1 ,octob] #g1 #aijc ''' #bff #if4 ,flight ( l>ge a]odrome1 ,octob] #g1 #aijc ''' #bff #ig4 ,a]odrome be+ recov]$1 ,octob] #g1 #aijc ''' #bgj #ih4 ,a]odrome 9 wat]1 ,octob] #g1 #aijc ''' #bgj #ii4 ,a]odrome 9 wat]1 ,octob] #g1 #aijc ''' #bgj #ajj4 ,a]odrome 9 wat]1 ,octob] #g1 #aijc ''' #bgj #aja4 ,attempt$ laun*+ ( a]odrome1 ,decemb] #h1 #aijc ''' #bgd ,,ref]5ces ,a]odynamics4 ,see ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics4 ,l',aronaute4 ,see ,pnaud1 ,a4 ,a]onautical ,society4 ,see ,h>t+1 ,p4 ,aroplane automoteur4 ,see ,pnaud1 ,a4 ,balanc+ ( ,eng9es1 ,/eam1 ,gas1 & ,petrol4 ,see ,%>p1 ,a4 ,c5tury ,magaz9e4 ,see ,maxim1 ,h4 ,s4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ( ! ,sessions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,see ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,description du vol m*anique4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,see ,flight & ,fly+ ,ma*9es4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics4 ,see ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,flight & ,fly+ ,ma*9es4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? ed41 ,vol4 #i1 #ahgi1 ,ed9burgh1 pp4 #cjh-cbb1 figs4 #a-de4 ,h>t+1 ,p4 ,obs]vations ( ! relative size ( ! w+s & ! weight ( ! pectoral muscles 9 ! v]tebrat$ fly+ animals4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 ,no4 #e1 #ahgj1 ,gre5wi*1 pp4 #ff-gg4 ,il nuovo a]oplano ,blriot1 ,bollett9o della ,societ ,a]onautica ,italiana1 ,anno ,,iv1 ,n4 #h1 ,ago/o #aijg1 ,roma1 pp4 #bgi-bhb1 figs4 #d4 ,langley1 ,bollett9o della ,societ ,a]onautica ,italiana1 ,anno ,,ii1 ,num4 #aa-ab1 ,nov4-,dic4 #aije1 ,roma1 pp4 #ahg-ahh1 figs4 #aj4 ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,description du vol m*anique4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,t4 #abb1 ,mai #bf1 #ahif1 ,p>is1 pp4 #aagg-aagh4 ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 #bg1 #ahia1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 pp4 #aae1 pl4 #aj4 ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,le travail intrieur du v5t4 ,revue de l',aronautique1 #f;e anne1 #c;e livraison1 #ahic1 ,p>is1 pp4 #cg-fh4 ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,! ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,mc,clures ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #i1 ,no4 #b1 ,june1 #ahig1 ,n4 ,y41 pp4 #fdg-ffj4 ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,! ,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 #bg1 #ahic1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 pp4 #bc1 pl4 #f4 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e4 ,see ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,! ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,maxim1 ,h4 ,s4 ,a]ial navigation4 ,! p[] requir$4 ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #db1 ,no4 #f1 ,oct41 #ahia1 ,n4 ,y41 pp4 #hbi-hcf1 figs4 #a-f4 ,pnaud1 ,a4 ,a]oplane automoteur4 ,l',aronaute1 #e;e anne1 ,no4 #a1 ,jan41 #ahgb1 ,p>is1 pp4 #b-i1 figs4 #a-d4 ,revue de l',aronautique4 ,see ,langley1 ,s4 ,p4 ,le travail intrieur du v5t4 ,%>p1 ,a4 ,balanc+ ( ,eng9es1 ,/eam1 ,gas1 & ,petrol4 ,new ,york1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aijg4 ,welln]1 ,georg4 ,v]su*e ueb] d5 ,luftwid]/& gewlbt] ,fl*5 im ,w9de und auf ,eis5bahn54 ,zeits*rift fr ,lufts*iffahrt1 ,bd4 #ab1 ,beilage1 #ahic1 ,b]l91 pp4 #a-dh4 ,zeits*rift fr ,lufts*iffahrt4 ,see ,welln]1 ,georg4 p#jja ,,langley ,,memoir ,,on ,,me*anical ,,flight ,,"p ,i4 #ahhg ,,to #ahif ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley ,,edit$ ,,by ,,*>les ,m4 ,,manly ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,i#b ann\nc$ 9 #ahia1c z ! result ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by me ?r\gh previ\s ye>s1 t x 0 possible to con/ruct ma*9es :i* w\ld give su* a velocity to incl9$ surfaces t bodies indef9itely heavi] ?an ! air c\ld be su/a9$ ^u x1 & mov$ ?r\gh x ) great velocity4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x 0 /at$ t a plane surface 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram ( #gf4b cm4#ab4b cm4 7#cjd4h in*es71 weigh+ #ejj grammes 7#a4a lbs471 c\ld be driv5 ?r\gh ! air ) a velocity ( #bj metres 7#fe4f feet7 p] second 9 absolutely horizontal flight1 ) an exp5diture ( #a_/bjj horse-p[]1 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 t #a horse-p[] w\ld propel & su/a9 9 horizontal flight1 at su* a velocity 7t is1 ab\t #dj miles an h\r71 a little ov] #bjj p\nds weight ( su* surface1 :]e ! specific gravity ( ! plane 0 a matt] ( second>y importance1 ! support be+ d]iv$ f ! ela/icity & in]tia ( ! air ^u :i* ! body is made to run rapidly4 ,x 0 fur!r specifically rem>k$ t x 0 n ass]t$ t planes ( any k9d 7 ! be/ =ms to be us$ 9 me*anical flight1 nor 0 x ass]t$1 )\t re/rictions1 t me*anical flight 0 absolutely possible1 s9ce ?is dep5d$ ^u our ability to get horizontal flight dur+ transport1 & to leave ! e>? & to return to x 9 safety4 ,our ability actually to d ?is1 x 0 add$1 w\ld result f ! practice ( "s unexplor$ art or sci5ce :i* might be t]m$ ,a]odromics1 b on :i* ,i 0 n !n prep>$ to ent]4 ,i _h at t "t1 h[ev]1 made c]ta9 prelim9>y exp]im5ts ) fly+ models1 :i* h be5 cont9u$ up to ! pres5t ye>1#d & at ! same "t ,i h cont9u$ exp]im5ts di/9ct f ^!1 ) ! small :irl+-table e/abli%$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,! results obta9$ f ! latt] be+ supplem5tal to ^? publi%$ 9 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 & p#jjb be+ m or less imp]fect1 7 at fir/ int5d$ n = publication1 b = my own in=mation on matt]s :]e ev5 an incomplete k 0 bett] ?an ! abs5ce ( any4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! me*anical difficulties ( artificial flight h be5 s great t1 s f> z is kn[n1 nev] at any "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w previ\s to my exp]im5t ( ,may1 #ahif1 _h any su* me*anism1 h[ev] actuat$1 su/a9$ itself 9 ! air = m ?an a few seconds--nev]1 = in/ance1 a s+le half-m9ute--& ^? models :i* _h su/a9$ !mselves = ^! few seconds1 _h be5 9 almo/ e case actuat$ by rubb] spr+s1 & _h be5 ( su* a size t !y %\ld h>dly be describ$ z m ?an toys4 ,?is ref]s to actual flights 9 free air1 unguid$ by any track or arm1 =1 s9ce ! mo/ economical flight mu/ always be a horizontal "o 9 a /raight l9e1#e ! fact t a ma*9e has lift$ itself :ile press$ upw>d aga9/ an ov]head track :i* compels ! a]odrome to move horizontally & at ! prop] angle = equilibrium1 is no pro( at all ( real 8flight40 ,i desire to ask ! read]'s consid]ation ( ! fact t ev5 t5 ye>s ago1#f ! :ole subject ( me*anical flight 0 s f> f hav+ attract$ ! g5]al att5tion ( physici/s or eng9e]s1 t x 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be a field fitt$ r = ! pursuits ( ! *>latan ?an = ^? ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 he :o 0 bold en\gh to ent] x1 f\nd almo/ none ( ^? exp]im5tal data :i* are ready to h& 9 e recogniz$ & reputable field ( sci5tific labor4 ,let me reit]ate ! /atem5t1 :i* ev5 n[ seems /range1 t su* disrepute atta*$ s lately to ! attempt to make a 8fly+-ma*9e10 t h>dly any sci5tific m5 ( position _h made ev5 prelim9>y inve/igations1 & t almo/ e exp]im5t to be made 0 made = ! fir/ "t4 ,to cov] s va/ a field z t :i* a]odromics is n[ se5 to op51 no lifetime w\ld h suffic$4 ,! prelim9>y exp]im5ts on ! prim>y "q ( equilibrium & ! intimately associat$ problems ( ! resi/ance ( ! su/a9+ surfaces1 ! p[] ( ! eng9es1 ! me?od ( _! application1 ! fram+ ( ! hull /ructure :i* held ^!1 ! con/ruction ( ! propell]s1 ! putt+ ( ! :ole 9 initial motion1 7 all to be made1 & c\ld n be conduct$ ) ! exactness :i* w\ld r5d] !m f9al models ( accuracy4 ,i beg ! read]1 !re=e1 to recall z he reads1 t ev]y?+ "h has be5 done ) a view to putt+ a trial a]odrome successfully 9 flight )9 a few ye>s1 & ?us giv+ an e>ly demon/ration ( ! only k9d :i* is conclusive 9 ! eyes ( ! sci5tific man1 z well z ( ! g5]al public--a demon/ration t me*anical flight is possible---by actually fly+4 ,all t has be5 done1 has be5 ) an eye pr9cipally to ?is imm$iate p#jjc result1 & all ! exp]im5ts giv5 9 ?is book are to be consid]$ only z approximations to exact tru?4 ,all 7 made ) a view1 n to "s remote future1 b to an arrival )9 ! compass ( a few ye>s at "s result 9 actual flight t c\ld n be ga9said or mi/ak54 ,al?\gh _m exp]im5t]s h address$ !mselves to ! problem )9 ! la/ few ye>s--& ^! h includ$ m5 ( education & skill--! g5]al failure to arrive at any actual flight has seem$ to ?r[ a d\bt ov] ! conclusions :i* ,i _h ann\nc$ z !oretically possible4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i 0 able to /ate t on ,may #f1 #ahif1 su* a degree ( success _h be5 atta9$ t an a]odrome1 built *iefly ( /eel1 & driv5 by a /eam eng9e1 _h inde$ fl[n = ov] half a mile--t ?is ma*9e _h alight$ ) safety1 & _h p]=m$ a second flight on ! same day1 x 0 felt t an advance _h be5 made1 s great z to con/itute ! long desir$ exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! possibility ( me*anical flight4 ,^! results 7 communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 ! note giv5 bel[4#g ,indep5d5tly ( ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts 9 a]odynamics already publi%$1 ,i _h be5 engag$ = sev5 ye>s 9 ! developm5t ( fly+ models4 ,al?\gh ! "w 0 disc\rag+ & (t5 result$ 9 failure1 success 0 f9ally rea*$ "u ! conditions j ref]r$ to1 :i* obvi\sly admitt$ ( its be+ rea*$ aga91 & on a l>g] scale1 if desir$4 p#jjd ,9 view ( ! great importance ( ^! exp]im5ts1 z demon/rat+ beyond "q ! practicability ( ! art ( me*anical flight1 & also 9 view ( ! yet in*oate /ate ( ?is art1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to publi% an acc\nt ( !m some:at 9 detail1 ev5 ?\gh !y involve an acc\nt ( failures2 s9ce x is f !m1 t ^? to :om x may fall to cont9ue su* con/ructions1 w le>n :at to avoid1 z well z ! raison d'etre ( ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9es :i* h actually fl[n4 ,9 an e/abli%$ art or sci5ce1 ?is description ( ! essays & failures :i* prec$$ full k w\ld h *iefly an hi/orical int]e/4 ,"h almo/ no?+ is yet e/abli%$ beyond ! fact t me*anical flight has actually be5 atta9$4 ,! hi/ory ( failure is 9 ?is case1 !n1 if ,i d n mi/ake1 mo/ necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! road to future success1 to :i* x l$1 & ?is has be5 my motive 9 pres5t+ :at ,i h next to say s l>gely 9 n>rative =m4 p#jje ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,prelim9>y ,"p ,i ( ! pres5t "w is int5d$ to include an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ) actual fly+ models1 made *iefly at or ne> ,wa%+ton1 f ! e>lie/ ) rubb] motors up to ! con/ruction ( ! /eam a]odromes t p]=m$ ! flights ( ,may #f & ,novemb] #bh1 #ahif4 ,an acc\nt ( "s obs]vations conduct$ at ,wa%+ton1 ) ! :irl+ table1 on ! reaction ( v>i\s surfaces ^u ! air1 is relegat$ to a lat] "p4 ,! exp]im5ts ) work+ models1 :i* l$ to ! successful flights1 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahhg1 & x has seem$ to me pref]able to put !m at fir/ 9 *ronological ord]1 & to pres5t to ! read] :at may seem in/ructive 9 _! hi/ory1 :ile n )hold+ f him ! mi/ak5 ef=ts :i* 7 necess>ily made be=e ! bett] pa? 0 f\nd4 ,9 ?is same connection1 ,i may say t ,i h no pr(essional acqua9tance ) /eam eng9e]+1 z w1 inde$1 be app>5t f ! pres5t record1 b x may be obs]v$ t none ( ! c\nsel :i* ,i obta9$ f ^? possess+ m k 0 useful 9 meet+ ! special problems :i* pres5t$ !mselves to me1 & :i* 7 solv$1 z f> z !y h be5 solv$1 by con/ant 8trial & error40 ,i %all1 !n1 z f> z practicable1 foll[ ! ord] ( dates 9 pres5t+ ! "w t has be5 done1 b ! read] w obs]ve t aft] ! prelim9>y inve/igations & s9ce ! close ( #ahic1 at lea/ f\r or five indep5d5t inve/igations1 att5d$ ) con/ant exp]im5t & radically di/9ct k9ds ( con/ruction1 h be5 go+ on simultane\sly4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ! "w 9 ! %op1 :i* is ( two ess5tially diff]5t k9ds3 fir/1 t on ! frames & eng9es1 :i* f9ally l$ to ! con/ruction ( an eng9e ( unprec$5t$ lightness2 second1 ! exp]im5tal con/ruction ( ! support+ & guid+ surfaces1 :i* has involv$ an entirely diff]5t set ( consid]ations1 conc]n$ ) equilibrium & support 9 flight4 ,^! con/ructions1 h[ev] successful1 are conf9$ to ! %op & are1 z w be se5 lat]1 useless )\t a laun*+ app>atus4 ,! con/ruction ( a suitable laun*+ app>atus itself involv$ difficulties :i* took ye>s to ov]come4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! :ole _h to be te/$ by actual flights 9 free air1 :i* 7 conduct$ at a place "s #cj miles di/ant f ! %op :]e ! orig9al con/ruction w5t on4 p#jjf ,simultane\sly ) ^!1 orig9al exp]im5ts ) ! :irl+-table 7 be+ conduct$ along l9es ( rese>*1 :i* ?\gh necess>y h only be5 indicat$4 ,we h1 !n1 at lea/ five subjects1 s di/9ct t !y c only be prop]ly treat$ sep>ately1 & accord+ly !y w be f\nd 9 ,*apt]s ,,vii1 ,,viii1 ,,ix & ,x1 & 9 ,"p ,?ird 9 prep>ation4 ,x is inevitable t 9 s complex a /udy "s repetition %\ld pres5t itself1 especially 9 ! n>rative =m *os5 z ! be/ me?od ( pres5t+ ! subject to ! read]4 ,ea* ( ^! *apt]s1 !n1 w conta9 its own hi/orical acc\nt ( its own !me1 s t ea* subject c be pursu$ cont9u\sly 9 ! ord] ( its actual developm5t1 :ile1 s9ce !y 7 all int]dep5d5t & 7 actually go+ on simultane\sly1 ! ord] ( dates :i* is foll[$ 9 ea* *apt] w be a simple & suffici5t me?od ( ref]5ce f "o to ! o!r4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,small ,,models ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ! ne$ arises = su* exp]im5ts 9 fix+ conditions :i* x might appe> 7 already det]m9$ 9 ! "w 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10#h x is to be con/antly borne 9 m9d1 z a consid]ation ( ! fir/ importance1 t ! latt] exp]im5ts1 be+ conduct$ ) ! :irl+-table1 =ce ! model to move 9 horizontal flight & at a con/ant angle4 ,n[ ^! are ideal conditions1 z !y avoid su* practical difficulties z ma9ta9+ equilibrium & horizontality1 & = ?is reason alone give results m favorable ?an are to be expect$ 9 free flight4 ,besides ?is1 ! values giv5 9 8,a]odynamics0 7 obta9$ ) rigid surfaces1 & ^! surfaces !mselves 7 small & !re=e manageable1 :ile l>g] surfaces1 su* z are us$ 9 actual flight1 w\ld ne$ to be /iff5$ by guys & l means1 :i* (f] resi/ance to ! air & /ill fur!r r$uce ! results obta9$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 fairly c]ta91 t no?+ l ! lift ( #bjj p\nds to ! horse-p[] = a rate ( #dj miles an h\r1#i obta9$ "u ^! ideal conditions ) ! :irl+-table1 w be obta9$ 9 actual flight1 at lea/ ) plane w+s4 ,! data 9 8,a]odynamics0 71 !n1 insuffici5t to det]m9e ! conditions ( free flight1 n alone because ! app>atus compels ! planes to move 9 horizontal flight1 b because o!r ideally p]fect conditions are obta9$ by surfaces rigidly atta*$ to ! :irl+-table s z to pres5t an angle to ! w9d ( advance :i* is inv>iable dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t1 :]eas ! surfaces employ$ 9 actual flight may evid5tly *ange ?is angle & cause p#jjg ! a]odrome to move upw>d or d[nw>d1 & ?us dep>t f horizontal flight s widely z to br+ prompt de/ruction4 ,to secure ?is balance1 or equilibrium1 we "k 9 !ory1 t ! c5t] ( gravity mu/ be br\ght ne>ly "u ! c5t] ( pressure1 by :i* latt] expression we mean ! resultant ( all ! =ces :i* t5d to su/a9 ! a]odrome2 b ?is c5t] ( pressure1 z may 9 fact be inf]r$ f 8,a]odynamics10#aj v>ies ) ! incl9ation ( ! surface4 ,x v>ies also ) ! nature ( ! surface itself1 & = "o & ! same surface is con/antly %ift$ unless ! :ole be rigidly held1 z x is on ! :irl+-table1 & z x _c be 9 free flight4 ,"h1 !n1 are conditions ( ! utmo/ importance1 our k ( :i*1 z d]iv$ f ord9>y a]odynamic exp]im5ts1 is almo/ no?+4 ,a consid]ation ( ?is l$ me to rem>k 9 ! conclusion ( 8,a]odynamics03 8,i h n ass]t$1 )\t qualification1 t me*anical flight is practically possible1 s9ce ?is involves que/ions z to ! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! me*anism1 ( secur+ its safe asc5t & desc5t1 & also ( secur+ ! indisp5sable condition = ! economic use ( ! p[] ,i h %[n to be at our disposal--! condition1 ,i mean1 ( our ability to guide x 9 ! desir$ horizontal direction dur+ transport--que/ions :i*1 9 my op9ion1 are only to be answ]$ by fur!r exp]im5t & :i* belong to ! in*oate art or sci5ce ( a]odromics on :i* ,i d n ent]40 ,x is ?is in*oate art ( a]odromics :i* is begun 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts ) actual fly+ ma*9es4 ,9 all discussions ( flight1 especially ( so>+ flight1 ! fir/ s\rce to :i* "o naturally looks = in=mation is birds4 ,b "h correct d$uctions f ev5 ! mo/ accurate ( obs]vations are v difficult1 because ! obs]vation _c include all ( ! conditions "u :i* ! bird is do+ its "w4 ,if we c\ld b see ! w9d ! problem w\ld be greatly simplifi$1 b z ! matt] /&s1 x may be said t mu* less assi/ance has be5 d]iv$ f /udi\s obs]vations on bird-flight ?an might h be5 anticipat$1 p]haps because x has be5 f\nd ?us f> impossible to reproduce 9 ! fly+ ma*9e or a]o/atic model ! %ape & condition ( w+ ) its flexible & controllable connection ) ! body1 & especially ! in/9ctive control ( ! w+ to meet ! requirem5ts ( flight t are v>y+ f second to second1 & :i* no automatic adju/m5t c adequately meet4 ,at ! "t ,i comm5c$ ^! exp]im5ts1 almo/ ! only fly+-ma*9e :i* _h really fl[n 0 a toy-l model1 sugge/$ by ,a4 ,pnaud1 a "y ,fr5*man ( s+ul> me*anical g5ius1 :o contribut$ to ! _w _m mo/ orig9al & valuable pap]s on ,a]onautics1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! j\rnal 8,l',a]onaute40 ,8 a]oplane is a toy 9 size1 ) a small propell] p#jjh ^: blades are usually made ( two fea!rs1 or ( /iff pap]1 & ^: motive p[] is a twi/$ /r& ( rubb]4 ,?is p[] ma9ta9s x 9 ! air = a few seconds & ) an ord9>y capacity = flight ( #ej feet or s1 b x embodies a device = automatically secur+ horizontal flight1 :i* its inv5tor 0 ! fir/ to enunciate4#aa ,al?\gh ,pnaud recogniz$ t1 !oretically1 two screws are necess>y 9 an a]ial propell]1 z ! use ( a s+le "o t5ds to make ! app>atus revolve on itself1 he adopt$ ! s+le screw on acc\nt ( ! great] simplicity ( con/ruction t x p]mitt$4 ,"o ( ^! little ma*9es is %[n z ,no4 #aa1 ,plates #a & #b4 ,,ab is a /em ab\t #b4e mm4 9 diamet] & #ej cm4 long4 ,x is b5t d[n at ea* end1 ) an (fset :i* supports ! rubb] & ! %aft ( ! screw to :i* x is hook$4 ,! screw ,,hh#a is #ba cm4 9 diamet]1 & has two blades made ( /iff pap]2 two are pref]able1 among o!r reasons1 because !y c be made s t ! ma*9e w lie flat :5 x /rikes 9 its desc5t4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,,ab !re is a 8w+0 surface ,,dc1 #de cm4 long & #aa cm4 broad1 ! ends ,c & ,d be+ rais$ & a little curv$4 ,9 front ( ! screw is ! horizontal rudd] ,,gk hav+ a %ape l t ( ! fir/ surface1 ) its ends also turn$ up1 & incl9$ at a small negative angle ) ?is w+ surface4 ,along its c5t] is a small f9-l v]tical rudd] t /e]s ! device lat]ally1 l ! rudd] ( a %ip4 ,! approximately1 b n exactly1 horizontal rudd] s]ves to hold ! device 9 horizontal flight1 & its op]ation c be/ be und]/ood f ! side elevation4 ,let ,,cd be ! w+ plane set ne>ly 9 ! l9e ( ! /em1 :i* /em x is desir$ to ma9ta91 9 fly+1 at a small positive angle1 1 ) ! horizon1 be+ s *os5 t ! t5d5cy upw>d giv5 by x w j c\nt]act ! action ( gravity4 ,! weight ( ! a]oplane1 comb9$ ) ! resi/ance due to ! reaction ( ! air caus$ by its advance w\ld1 "u ^! conditions1 j keep x mov+ onw>d 9 a horizontal l9e1 if !re 7 no di/urbance ( ! conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! w+ no p[] ( self-re/oration to ! horizontal if ^! conditions are di/urb$4 ,b su* a p[] resides 9 ! rudd] ,,gk1 :i* is n set p>allel to ! w+1 b at a negative angle 7#a7 ) x equal to ! positive angle ( ! w+ ) ! horizon4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 horizontal flight1 ! rudd]1 be+ set at ?is angle1 pres5ts its edge to ! w9d ( advance & consequ5tly (f]s a m9imum resi/ance z long z ! flight is horizontal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 = any reason ! head drops d[n1 ! re> edge ( ! rudd] is rais$1 & x is at once subject$ to ! action ( ! air ^u its upp] surface1 :i* has a t5d5cy to l[] ! re> ( ! ma*9e & to re/ore horizontality4 ,%\ld ! head rise1 ! l[] p#jji surface ( ! rudd] is subject$ to ! impact ( ! air1 ! re> end is rais$1 & horizontality aga9 atta9$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,pnaud appe>s to h contemplat$ giv+ ! rudd]-/em a c]ta9 ela/icity1 & 9 ?is %ape x is p]haps z effective a control z art c\ld devise ) su* simple means4 ,( ! flight ( 8 little ma*9e1 ?us direct$1 ,pnaud says3 8,if ! screw be turn$ on itself #bdj times & ! :ole left free 9 a horizontal position1 x w fir/ drop2 !n1 ^u atta9+ its spe$1 rise & p]=m a regul> flight at #g or #h feet f ! gr\nd = a di/ance ( ab\t #dj metres1 requir+ ab\t #aa seconds = its p]=mance4 ,"s h fl[n #fj metres & h rema9$ 9 ! air #ac seconds4#ab ,! rudd] controls ! incl9ation to asc5d or desc5d1 caus+ oscillations 9 ! flight4 ,f9ally ! app>atus desc5ds g5tly 9 an oblique l9e1 rema9+ itself horizontal40 ,! motive p[] is a twi/$ hank ( f9e rubb] /rips1 :i* weighs #e grammes out ( a total ( #af grammes = ! :ole ma*9e1 ^: c5t] ( gravity %\ld be 9 advance ( ! c5t] ( surface ,,cd1 z w be demon/rat$ 9 ano!r place4 ,?is device attract$ little notice1 & ,i 0 unfamili> ) x :5 ,i began my own fir/ con/ructions at ,allegh5y1 9 #ahhg4 ,my own e>lie/ models employ$ a light wood5 frame ) two propell]s1 :i* 7 ea* driv5 by a /r& ( twi/$ rubb]4#ac ,9 lat] =ms1 ! rubb] 0 enclos$ & ! end /ra9s tak5 up by ! ?9ne/ t9-plate tubes1 or bett] /ill1 pap] tubes /r5g!n$ by %ellac4 ,little 0 kn[n to me at t "t z to ! prop] proportions betwe5 w+ surface1 weight & p[]2 & :ile ,i at fir/ s\ght to inf] ! relation betwe5 w+ surface & weight f t ( so>+ birds1 :]e x v>ies f #a_/b to #a sq4 ft4 ( w+ surface to ! p\nd1 yet ! ratio 0 successively increas$ 9 ! e>li] models1 until x became #d sq4 ft4 to #a p\nd4 ,x may be well to add1 h[ev]1 t ! /ill lat] exp]im5ts ) ! /eam-driv5 models1 9 :i* ! support+ surface 0 approximately #b sq4 ft4 to ! p\nd1 prov$ t ! lack ( ability ( ^! e>ly rubb]-driv5 models to prop]ly su/a9 !mselves ev5 ) #d sq4 ft4 ( w+ surface to ! p\nd1 0 l>gely due to ! fact t ! w+s !mselves _h n be5 /iff en\gh to prev5t _! be+ w>p$ by ! air pressure g5]at$ by _! =w>d motion4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ,i pres5tly describe1 ^! t5tative con/ructions 7 p#jaj r5ew$ at int]vals )\t any satisfactory result1 ?\gh x became cle> f repeat$ failures1 t ! motive p[] at comm& w\ld n suffice1 ev5 = a few seconds' flight = models ( suffici5t size to enable a real /udy to be made ( ! conditions necess>y = successful flight4 ,9 ^! e>lie/ exp]im5ts ev]y?+ _h to be le>n$ ab\t ! relative position ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 & :at ,i h call$ ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] t]m1 x might at fir/ seem t s9ce ! upw>d pressure ( ! air is treat$ z conc5trat$ at "o po9t ( ! support+ surface1 z ! weight is at ! c5t] ( gravity1 ?is po9t %\ld be always 9 ! same position = ! same support+ surface4 ,?is relation1 h[ev]1 is nev] con/ant4 ,h[ p>adoxical seems ! /atem5t t1 if ab be su* a support+ surface 9 ! =m ( a plane ( uni=m ?ickness & weight1 susp5d$ at c 7ac be+ some:at great] ?an cb7 & subject$ to ! pressure ( a w9d 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ! pressure on ! less] arm cb w ov]p[] t on ! great] arm ac6 ,we n[ "k1 h[ev]1 t ?is mu/ be s1 & :y1 b z x 0 n kn[n to ! writ] till det]m9$ by exp]im5ts publi%$ lat] 9 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 all ?is 0 work$ out by trial 9 ! models4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,diagram ( susp5d$ plane %[+ position ( ,c4 ,p4 ,x 0 also e>ly se5 t ! surface ( support c\ld be advantage\sly divid$ into two1 ) "o beh9d ! o!r1 or "o ov] ! o!r1 & ?is 0 (t51 ?\gh n always1 done 9 ! models4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ano!r difficulty 0 met :i* has prov$ a con/ant & ev]-increas+ "o ) l>g] models--! difficulty ( laun*+ !m 9 ! air4 ,x is frequ5tly propos$ by ^? unfamili> ) ?is difficulty1 to laun* ! a]odrome by plac+ x ^u a plat=m c> or ^u ! deck ( a /eam]1 & runn+ ! c> or boat at an increas+ spe$ until ! a]odrome1 :i* is free to rise1 is lift$ by ! w9d ( advance4 ,b ?is is q impracticable )\t means to prev5t premature displacem5t1 = ! l>ge surface & slight weight r5d]s any model ( consid]able size unmanageable 9 ! lea/ w9d1 su* z is always pres5t 9 ! op5 air4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y 9 any laun*+ app>atus t ! a]odrome be held rigidly until ! v mom5t ( release1 & t in/ant & simultane\s release f ! app>atus be made at all ! su/a9+ po9ts at ! prop] mom5t4 p#jaa ,!re is b a v p>tial analogy 9 ?is case to ! laun*+ ( a %ip1 :i* is held to h] ways by h] great weight4 ,"h1 ! 8%ip0 is liable to rise f h] ways or be turn$ ov] lat]ally at any in/ant1 unless x is securely fa/5$ to !m 9 a mann] to prev5t its ris+1 b n to prev5t its advanc+4 ,! exp]im5ts ) rubb]-driv5 models comm5c$ 9 ,april1 #ahhg1 at ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory1 7 cont9u$ at int]vals 7p>tly !re1 b *iefly 9 ,wa%+ton7 = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t betwe5 ?irty & =ty indep5d5t models 7 con/ruct$1 :i* 7 s greatly alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5t t m ne>ly "o hundr$ models 7 9 reality tri$4 ,! result ( all ?is ext5d$ labor 0 :olly inconclusive1 b z subsequ5t trials ( o!r motors 7su* z compress$ air1 c>bonic-acid gas1 electric batt]ies1 & ! l7 prov$ futile1 & 7be=e ! /eam eng9e7 only ! rubb] gave results1 h[ev] unsatisfactory1 9 actual flight1 f :i* any?+ c\ld be le>n$1 ,i %all give "s brief acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* prec$$ & prov$ ! necessity ( us+ ! /eam eng9e1 or o!r l en]getic motor1 ev5 9 exp]im5tal models4 ,an e>ly attempt 0 made 9 ,april1 #ahhg1 ) a model consi/+ ( a frame =m$ ( two wood5 pieces1 ea* ab\t #a metre long & #d c5timetres wide1 made = lightness1 ( />-%ap$ section1 brac$ ) cross-pieces & c>ry+ two long /rips ( rubb]1 ea* ab\t #a mm4 ?ick1 #cj mm4 wide1 #b metres long1 d\bl$1 weigh+ #cjj grammes4 ,ea* ( ^! /rips c\ld be w\nd to ab\t #cjj turns1 "o end be+ made fa/ to ! front ( ! frame1 ! o!r to ! %aft ( a f\r-blad$ propell] #cj cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! w+s 7 made ( lighte/ p9e frames1 ov] :i* pap] 0 /ret*$1 & 7 d\ble1 "o be+ sup]pos$ ^u ! o!r4 ,ea* 0 #ae cm4 wide1 & #abj cm4 long4 ,! di/ance betwe5 !m 0 #ab cm4 & ! total surface a little m ?an #cfjj sq4 cm4 7#d squ>e feet74 ,9 fly+1 ! rubb] 0 s twi/$ t ! propell]s 7 run 9 opposite directions4 ,! weight ( ! :ole app>atus 0 n q #a kilogramme1 or ab\t #a p\nd to #b feet ( su/a9+ surface1 :i* prov$ to be entirely too great a weight = ! p[] ( support4 ,:5 plac$ ^u ! :irl+-table1 x %[$ a t5d5cy to so> at a spe$ ( ab\t t5 miles an h\r1 b its own propell]s 7 utt]ly insuffici5t to su/a9 x4 ,9 ?is attempt1 :i* 0 useful only 9 %[+ h[ mu* 0 to be le>n$ ( practical conditions1 ! prim>y difficulty lay 9 mak+ ! model light en\gh & suffici5tly /rong to support its p[]4 ,?is difficulty cont9u$ to be fundam5tal ?r\gh e lat] =m2 b besides ?is1 ! adju/m5t ( ! c5t] ( gravity to ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! w+s1 ! disposition ( ! w+s !mselves1 ! size ( ! propell]s1 ! incl9ation & numb] ( _! blades1 & a great numb] ( o!r details1 pres5t$ !mselves = exam9ation4 p#jab ,ev5 9 ! fir/ model1 ! difficulty ( laun*+ ! ma*9e or giv+ x ! necess>y prelim9>y impulse 0 disclos$--a difficulty :i* may p]haps n appe> s]i\s to ! read]1 b :i* 9 fact requir$ ye>s ( exp]im5t to remove4 ,by ,june1 #ahhg two o!r models1 embody+ v>i\s *anges t _h sugge/$ !mselves1 _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,ea* ( ^! _h a s+le propell] 7"o an #ah-a_/b-;in* propell] ) eight adju/able blades1 ! o!r a #bd-;in* propell] ) f\r adju/able blades7 & 0 su/a9$ by two pairs ( curv$ w+s #d feet #g in*es long4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y to dwell fur!r on ^! details1 s9ce ^! models also prov$ altoge!r too heavy 9 relation to _! p[]1 & nei!r ( !m ev] made an actual flight4 ,at ?is p]iod my "t became s fully occupi$ ) ! exp]im5ts 9 a]odynamics 7:i* are n "h 9 "q7 t dur+ ! next two ye>s little additional 0 done 9 mak+ direct inve/igations 9 flight4 ,9 ,june1 #ahhi1 h[ev]1 new rubb]-driv5 models 7 made 9 :i* ! wood5 frames 7 replac$ by tubes ( light metal1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 /ill too heavy1 & ^! subsequ5tly by tubes ( pap] cov]$ ) %ellac1 :i* prov$ to be ! lighte/ & be/ mat]ial 9 proportion to its /r5g? t _h be5 f\nd4 ,! twi/$ rubb] 0 c>ri$ )9 ^! tubes1 :i* 7 made j /rong en\gh to )/& ! end-/ra9 x produc$4 ,! front end ( ! rubb] be+ made fa/ to an extremity ( ! tube1 ! o!r end 0 atta*$ directly to ! %aft ( ! propell]1 :i* 9 ! e>ly models 0 /ill suppli$ ) f\r blades4 ,a detail$ description ( "o ( ^! e>ly models1 ,no4 #bf1 %[n 9 ,plates #a & #d1 foll[s3 ,9 ea* ( ! two tubes ( pap]1 /iff5$ ) %ellac1 :i* =m a "p ( ! fram+1 is m\nt$ a hank ( twi/$ rubb]1 :i* connects ) a propell] at ! re>4 ,!re are two pairs ( w+s1 sup]pos$ & incl9$ at an angle1 ! "o above1 ! o!r bel[ ! frame4 ,a light /em connect$ ) ! frame be>s a triangul> ,pnaud tail & rudd]4 ,l5g? ( model #aje cm4 ,spread ( w+s #hc ,wid? ( upp] w+s #ad ,wid? ( l[] w+s #ai ,diamet] ( propell] #bi ,area ( upp] w+s #aacd sq4 cm4 ,area ( l[] w+s #aedh ,area ( tail #add ,weight ( w+s #ea grammes ,weight ( tail #g ,weight ( frame #ch ,weight ( :eels #bj ,weight ( rubb] 74#ji p\nd7 #dj ,total weight #aef ,no4 ( turns ( rubb] #ajj ,"t ( runn+ d[n #h seconds ,horse-p[] f prec$+ data #j4jja ,,hp ,! a]odromes made at ?is "t 7 too heavy1 z well z too l>ge1 to be easily laun*$ by h&1 & x 0 n until #ahia t ! fir/ "o 0 con/ruct$ light en\gh to actually fly4 ,?is fir/ flight 0 obta9$ f ! nor? w9d[ ( ! dome ( ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory1 on ,m>* #bh1 #ahia1 & imp]fect z x 01 s]v$ to %[ t ! prop] balanc+ ( ! a]odrome :i* w\ld br+ ! c5t] ( gravity "u ! c5t] ( pressure1 s z to give a horizontal flight1 _h yet to be obta9$4 ,f ?is "t on until #ahic1 exp]im5ts cont9u$ to be made ) rubb]-driv5 models1 ( :i*1 z has be5 /at$1 ne>ly #dj 7 con/ruct$1 "s ) two propell]s1 "s ) "o2 "s ) "o propell] 9 front & "o beh9d2 "s ) plane1 "s ) curv$1 w+s2 "s ) s+le1 "s ) sup]pos$1 w+s2 "s ) two pairs ( w+s1 "o prec$+ & "o foll[+2 "s ) ! ,pnaud tail2 & "s ) o!r =ms4 ,a few ( ^! e>ly =ms are indicat$ on ! accompany+ ,plates #a to #d1 b x does n seem necess>y to g into ! details ( _! con/ruction4 ,no4 #aa ) :i* an e>ly flight 0 made1 closely resembles ! ,pnaud model4 ,no4 #ac has two propell]s1 "o 9 front & "o beh9d1 ) a s+le w+4 ,no4 #ad has two propell]s1 ne>ly side by side1 b "o slightly 9 advance1 ) a s+le w+ & a flat horizontal tail4 ,no4 #ae has "o lead+ propell] & two broad w+s1 plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,no4 #cj has ! propell] %afts at an angle1 & "o pair ( w+s4 ,no4 #ca has ! propell] %afts at an angle1 & two pairs ( w+s sup]pos$4 ,! w+s 9 g5]al 7 flat1 b 9 "s cases curv$4 ,! rubb] 0 usually w\nd to ab\t #ajj turns1 & tr\ble cont9ually arose f its 8k9k+0 & unequal unw9d+1 :i* (t5 caus$ mo/ erratic flights4 ,x is suffici5t to say ( ^! t1 rude z !y 71 mu* 0 le>n$ f !m ab\t ! condition ( ! ma*9es 9 free air1 :i* c\ld nev] be le>n$ f ! :irl+-table or o!r con/ra9$ flight4 ,! advantages & also ! dang]s ( curv$ w+s z comp>$ ) plane ones1 7 %[n1 & ! g5]al disposition :i* w\ld secure an ev5 balance1 0 asc]ta9$2 b all ?is 0 done ) extreme difficulty1 s9ce ! brief flights 7 full ( anomalies1 aris+ f ! imp]fect conditions ( obs]vation4 ,= in/ance1 ! motor p[] 0 app>5tly exhau/$ m rapidly :5 ! propell]s 7 all[$ to turn ) ! model at re/1 ?an :5 x 0 9 motion1 ?\gh 9 !ory1 9 ! latt] case m p[] w\ld seem to be exp5d$ & a great] spe$ ( revolution obta9$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! longe/ flights obta9able did n exce$ #f or #h seconds 9 "t1 nor #hj to #ajj feet 9 di/ance1 & 7 n only s brief1 b1 ow+ to ! spasmodic action ( ! rubb] & o!r causes1 s irregul>1 t x 0 extremely difficult to obta9 ev5 ! imp]fect results :i* 7 actually d$uc$ f !m4 p#jad ,,abbreviations ,,& ,,symbols ,,employ$ ,! foll[+ rules & symbols 7 adopt$ = det]m9+ ! relative position ( po9ts on ! a]odrome1 "s ( !m dur+ #ahia1 & "s ( !m s9ce4 ,all are giv5 "h = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 ?\gh _! *ief application is to ! l>g] /eam a]odromes describ$ lat]4 ,^? :i* imm$iately foll[ 7 meant to give "s ( ! notation ( descriptive geometry 9 unte*nical language = ! use ( ! workm5 employ$4 ,let ,x1 ,y & ,z be ?ree l9es at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! same po9t 9 space1 ,o1 ly+ at any conv5i5t di/ance above ! floor ( ! "w-%op4 ,! l9e ,x lies ,nor? & ,s\?2 ! l9e ,y lies ,ea/ & ,we/1 & ! l9e ,z po9ts to ! z5i?4 ,n[ place ! a]odrome on ! floor s t its pr9cipal axis lies horizontally 9 ! plane ,,xz1 ) its head po9t+ ,nor?1 & 9 su* a position t a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! propell]s %all co9cide ) ! l9e ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,diagram %[+ m5sural coord9ates4 ,:5 measurem5ts are made on or p>allel to ! l9e ,x1 ! po9t ( int]section ,o w be m>k$ #aejj c5timetres1 & di/ances t[>d ! ,s\? w be less ?an1 & di/ances t[>d ! ,nor? great] ?an #aejj c5timetres4 ,:5 measurem5ts are made on or p>allel to ! l9e ,z1 ! po9t ,o w be consid]$ to be m>k$ #bejj c5timetres1 & di/ances above w be great] ?an1 & di/ances bel[ w be less ?an #bejj c5timetres4 p#jae ,la/ly1 :5 measurem5ts are made on or p>allel to ! l9e ,y1 ! po9t ,o w be m>k$ #cejj c5timetres1 & di/ances t[>d ! ,ea/ w be great] ?an1 & di/ances t[>d ! ,we/ w be less ?an #cejj c5timetres4 ,measurem5ts 9 ^! latt] directions w be comp>atively infrequ5t because ! c5t] ( gravity & c5t] ( pressure bo? lie 9 ! plane ,,xz4 ,,example ,9 ! figure ! po9t ,t 9 ! tail1 if #ae c5timetres to ! ,s\? ( ,o1 w\ld be graduat$ #adhe c5timetres4 ,a weight 7,w7 #be c5timetres bel[ ! axis1 w\ld be graduat$ #bdge c5timetres4 ,a po9t #ej c5timetres above ! axis w\ld be graduat$ #beej c5timetres1 etc4 ,,cg repres5ts ! ,c5t] ( ,gravity ( ! a]odrome1 or 7) subscript lett]s7 ( any specially designat$ "p1 or ) ref]5ce to "s indicat$ condition4 ,,cg#a ,,cg#b repres5t ! ,c5t] ( ,gravity z ref]r$ to ! fir/1 or horizontal1 & to ! second1 or v]tical plane1 respectively4 ,,cp repres5ts ! ,c5t] ( ,pressure#ad ( ! :ole a]odrome1 or 7) a subscript7 ( any specially designat$ "p4 ,,cf repres5ts ! ,c5t] ( ,figure ( ! a]odrome1 or ( any specially designat$ "p4 ,subscripts3 8fw0 ref]s to ! front w+s4 8#a0 ref]s to ! plane ,,xy4 8rw0 ref]s to ! re> w+s4 8#b0 ref]s to ! plane ,,xz4 8r0 ref]s to a /ate ( re/4 8#c0 ref]s to ! plane ,,yz4 8m0 ref]s to a /ate ( motion4 8,a0 repres5ts ! total area ( ! support+ surface2 8a0 repres5ts ! total area ( ! tail2 ,,hp repres5ts ! horse-p[] by ,prony brake measurem5t4 8,horse-p[] by =mula0 is giv5 by ,maxim's =mula3#ae rev4diam4 ( propell]pit*?ru/ ,,hp ------------------------------------4 #cc1jjj 7,?is =mula 0 n 9 use at ! "t ( ! rubb]-motor exp]im5ts1 = :i* ! ?ru/ 0 n tak54 ,x appe>s to assume ! conditions :]e ! screws f a fix$ position move a mass ( /ill air1 are ! same z ^? ( free flight4 ,its results1 h[ev]1 are 9 bett] agreem5t ) exp]im5t ?an might be anticipat$47 8,fly+-weight0 means ev]y?+ borne 9 actual flight1 includ+ fuel & wat]4 p#jaf ,rememb]+ t ! pr9cipal object ( all ^! exp]im5ts is to be able to pr$ict t sett+ ( ! w+s & tail ) ref]5ce to ! c5t] ( gravity :i* w secure horizontal flight1 we mu/ und]/& t 9 ! foll[+ tables 7see ,no4 #cj7 ! figures ,,cpm #aeaf4e cm4 mean a pr$iction t ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! su/a9+ surfaces 9 motion 7,,cpm7 is to be f\nd 9 a c]ta9 position #aeaf4e2 t is1 #af4e cm4 9 advance ( ! l9e jo9+ ! propell] %afts4 ,?is pr$iction has be5 made by means ( previ\s calculation jo9$ ) previ\s exp]im5tal adju/m5t4 ,we "k 9 a r\gh way :]e ! ,,cp w fall on ! w+s :5 !y are expos$ indep5d5tly if flat1 & at a c]ta9 angle1 & :]e x w fall on ! tail4 ,f ^!1 we c f9d :]e ! result+ ,,cp ( ! :ole su/a9+ surface w be4 ,x w\ld seem t :5 we h obta9$ ! c5t] ( gravity by a simple exp]im5t1 we h only to slide ! w+s or tail =w>d & back until ! 7calculat$7 c5t] ( pressure falls ov] ?is obs]v$ c5t] ( gravity4 ,b 9 ! v act ( s adju/+ ! w+s & tail1 ! c5t] ( gravity is itself alt]$1 & ! op]ation has to be sev]al times repeat$ 9 ord] to get ! two values 7! c5t] ( pressure & c5t] ( gravity7 z ne> ea* o!r z !y are f\nd 9 ! above-m5tion$ table1 our object be+ to pr$ict ! position :i* w make ! actual flight itself horizontal4 ,h[ f> ?is result has be5 obta9$1 exp]im5t 9 actual flight alone c %[1 & f a comp>ison ( ! pr$iction ) ! results ( obs]vation1 we endeavor to improve ! =mula4 ,! difficulties ( ^! long-cont9u$ e>ly exp]im5ts 7 enhanc$ by ! ev]-pres5t difficulty :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh lat] ones1 t x 0 almo/ impossible to build ! model light en\gh to enable x to fly1 & at ! same "t /rong en\gh to )/& ! /ra9s :i* flight impos$ ^u x4 ,! models 7 brok5 up by _! falls aft] a few flights1 & _h to be cont9ually r5ew$1 :ile ow+ to ! slightness ( _! con/ruction1 ! conditions ( obs]vation c\ld n be exactly repeat$2 & ^! flights !mselves1 z has already be5 /at$1 7 s brief 9 "t 7usually less ?an six seconds71 s limit$ 9 ext5t 7usually less ?an tw5ty metres71 & s :olly caprici\s & erratic1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! rubb] motor & o!r causes1 t v _m exp]im5ts 7 insuffici5t to elim9ate ^! causes ( mal-obs]vation4 ,x is n necess>y to take ! read] ?r\gh _m ( !m1 b n to pass ov] altoge!r a labor :i* 0 s great 9 proportion to ! results1 b ^: results1 su* z !y 71 7 ! f\ndation ( all aft] k1 ,i w1 z illu/rations1 take f an almo/ unlimit$ mass ( su* mat]ial ! obs]vations ( ,novemb] #bj1 #ahia1 :i* 7 conduct$ ) ,model ,no4 #cj ) a s+le pair ( w+s1 %[n 9 ,plate #a1 & ) ano!r "o1 ,no4 #ca1 also %[n p#jah 9 ,plate #a1 ) sup]pos$ w+s1 :i* 0 us$ = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley 0 ! obs]v]1 ! place ( obs]vation ! l>g] upp] hall ( ! ,smi?sonian build+1 at ,wa%+ton1 ! "t be+ tak5 by a /op-wat*1 & ! di/ance by a scale laid d[n ^u ! floor4 ,! models 7 9 e case held by an assi/ant & laun*$ by h&1 be+ ?r[n (f ) a slight initial velocity4 ,9 ! case ( ,no4 #cj1 ! prelim9>y calculation ( ! position ( ! c5t] ( pressure _h be5 made by ! process already describ$2 ! c5t] ( gravity1 ) ref]5ce to ! horizontal plane1 0 det]m9$ by simply susp5d+ ! :ole by a cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #a ,,rubb]-,,motor ,,model ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf1 #cj1 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #b ,,rubb]-,,motor ,,model ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #aa1 #ac1 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #c ,,rubb]-,,motor ,,model ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #ae1 #bd ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #d ,,rubb]-,,motor ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #bf ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,novemb] #bj1 #ahia4 ,,obs]v]1 ,s4 ,p4 ,l4 ,,locality1 ,,upp] ,,hall1 ,,smi?sonian ,,build+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 #cj4 ,no4 #ca4 ,s+le w+s4 ,sup]pos$ w+s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,cpm #aeaf4e cm4 ,,cg#a #aeae cm4 #aeag cm4 ,,cfw #aebh cm4 ,l5g? 7)\t f5d]7 #abj cm4 #c4id ft4 #abj cm4 #c4id ft4 ,wid? ov] w+ tips #abj cm4 #c4id ft4 #abj cm4 #c4id ft4 ,weight ( rubb] 7#gb grammes 9 ea* tube7 #add gr4 #j4cb lbs4 #add gr4 #j4cb lbs4 ,total fly+ weight 7includ+ tail7 #dcb gr4 #j4ie lbs4 #ejf gr4 #a4aa lbs4 ,turns ( rubb] #cj #cj ,diamet] ( propell]s #cg cm4 #a4ba ft4 #cg cm4 #a4ba ft4 ,wid? ( propell]s #g cm4 #j4bc ft4 #g cm4 #j4bc ft4 ,pit* ( propell]s #ej cm4 #a4fd ft4 #ej cm4 #a4fd ft4 ,ea* pair #aihd sq4 cm4 ,area ( w+s 7ea* #aihd sq4 cm4 #b4ac sq4 ft4 #iib sq4 cm47 #b4ac sq4 ft4 ,total #cifh sq4 cm4 #d4bf sq4 ft4 ,area ( tail #cgc sq4 cm4 #cgc sq4 cm4 #j4dj sq4 ft4 #j4dj sq4 ft4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,area ( w+s & tail 9 ,no4 #cj1 #bceg sq4 cm4 #b4ec sq4 ft4 #b4ec sq4 ft4 4#ie #b4g4 ,!re=e1 !re are #b4g or ne>ly #c squ>e feet ( su/a9+ area to ! p\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,flight4,a]odrome4 ,results4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a ,no4 #cj ,) #cj turns ( ! rubb]1 flew l[ ?r\gh #aj metres4 #b ,no4 #cj ,flew heavily ?r\gh #ab metres4 #c ,no4 #ca ,flew high & turn$ to left2 di/ance n not$4 #d ,no4 #ca ,! "r w+ hav+ be5 weight$ 7to depress x & correct ! t5d5cy to turn to ! left71 model flew high1 b ! rubb] ran d[n :5 x _h obta9$ a flight ( #aj metres4 #e ,no4 #ca ,! w+s 7 mov$ backw>d until ! ,,cp /ood at #adic4 ,! model /ill turn$ to ! left2 flight la/$ ?ree & a-half seconds2 di/ance n not$4 #f ,no4 #ca ,v]tical tail 0 adju/$ s z to fur!r increase ! t5d5cy to g to ! "r4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 ! model turn$ %>ply to ! left1 fly+ ) a ne>ly horizontal motion2 "t ( flight n not$2 di/ance n not$4 #g ,no4 #cj ,/raight horizontal flight2 "t ?ree & ?ree-fif? seconds1 :5 rubb] ran d[n2 di/ance #ac metres4 #h ,no4 #cj ,/raight flight z be=e2 "t two & f\r-fif? seconds2 di/ance #ac metres4 #i ,no4 #cj ,) a curv$ w+ 9 ! same position z ! flat w+ _h previ\sly occupi$1 model flew up & /ruck ! ceil+ 7ne>ly #cj feet high71 turn+ to "r1 ) a flight ^: curtate l5g? 0 #aj metres4 #aj ,no4 #cj ,w+ hav+ be5 c>ri$ back #e c5timetres1 model /ill flew up1 b n s high1 & /ill turn$ to ! "r4 #aa ,no4 #cj ,w+s c>ri$ back #e c5timetres m2 model /ill flew high2 "t two & two-fif?s seconds2 di/ance #ac metres4 #ab ,no4 #cj ,w+s c>ri$ back #d c5timetres m2 model /ill flew high dur+ a flight ( #ac metres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! obs]vations n[ ceas$1 ow+ to ! break+ up ( ! model4 ,! objects ( ^! exp]im5ts1 z ( e o!r1 7 to f9d ! practical conditions ( equilibrium & ( horizontal flight1 & to comp>e ! calculat$ ) ! obs]v$ positions ( ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,!y enable u to make a comp>ison ( ! p]=mances giv5 by e>li] ones ) a light rubb] motor1 ) ! relatively heavy motors us$ to-day1 z well z a comp>ison ( s+le flat1 s+le curv$1 & sup]pos$ flat w+s4 ,! av]age "t ( ! runn+ d[n ( ! rubb] 9 flight 0 some?+ l ?ree seconds1 :ile ! av]age "t ( its runn+ d[n :5 /&+ /ill 0 b "o & a half seconds4 ,x might h be5 expect$ f !ory t x w\ld take long] to run d[n :5 /ation>y1 ?an 9 flight1 & ?is 0 "o ( ! _m anomalies obs]v$1 ^: explanation 0 f\nd lat] 9 ! inevitable defects ( su* app>atus4 ,! imm$iate inf]5ces f ! day's "w 73 #a4 ,t ! calculat$ position ( ! ,,cp at re/1 z relat$ to ! ,,cg1 is tru/wor?y only 9 ! case ( ! plane w+4 #b4 ,! =mula altoge!r fail$ ) ! curv$ w+1 = :i* ! ,,cp _h to be c>ri$ indef9itely fur!r backw>d4 ,on comp>+ ! previ\s flights ( ,novemb] #ad1 ) ^!1 x seems t ) ! old rubb] motor ( #ce grammes & #ej turns1 ! s+le w+1 ei!r plane or curv$1 is altoge!r inf]ior to ! d\ble w+2 :ile ) ! increas$ motor p[] ( ?is day1 ! s+le w+1 :e!r plane or curv$1 seems to be z good z ! d\ble w+4 ,x also seems t ! curv$ w+ 0 r m effici5t ?an ! plane "o4 ,! weight ( ! rubb] 9 ea* tube 0 #gb grammes1 or #j4af p\nds2 mean spe$ ( flight 9 horizontal di/ance #d-a_/b metres 7ab\t #ae feet7 p] second4#af ,f exp]im5ts already ref]r$ to1 !re 7 f\nd available #cjj foot-p\nds ( en]gy 9 a p\nd ( rubb] z employ$1 & 9 #j4af ( a p\nd1 #dh foot-p\nds ( en]gy 7 us$2 #dh_/cc1jjj or #j4jjade ! horse-p[] ex]t$ 9 p#jai "o m9ute1 b z ! p[] 0 9 fact exp5d$ 9 #a_/bj ( t "t we h #bjj4jjade #j4jbi2 t is1 dur+ ! brief flight1 ab\t #j4jc ( a horse-p[] 0 ex]t$1 & ?is su/a9$ a total weight ( only ab\t a p\nd4 ,9 comp>+ ?is flight ) ! ideal conditions ( horizontal flight 9 8,a]odynamics10 x w be rememb]$ t ?is model's flight 0 s irregul> & s f> f horizontal1 t 9 "o case x flew up & /ruck ! l(ty ceil+4 ,! angle ) ! horizon is1 ( c\rse1 s v>iable z to be practically unkn[n1 & !re=e no direct comp>ison c be in/itut$ ) ! data giv5 on page #ajg ( 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 b we f9d f ^! t at ! l[e/ spe$ !re giv5 ( ab\t #ce feet p] second1 #j4jc ( a horse-p[] ex]t$ = ?ree seconds w\ld c>ry ne>ly "o p\nd ?r\gh a di/ance ( some:at ov] #ajj feet 9 horizontal flight4 ,! numb] ( turns ( ! propell]s multipli$ by ! pit* corresponds to a flight ( ab\t #af metres1 :ile ! mean actual flight 0 ab\t #ab4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 really m slip ?an ?is "p ( ! obs]vation w\ld indicate4 ,x 0 also obs]v$ t !re seem$ to be v little additional comp5satory ga9 9 ! /e]+ ( ,no4 #cj = ! weight ( ! long rudd]-tail x c>ri$4 ,x may be rem>k$ t 9 subsequ5t obs]vations ! sup]iority ( ! curv$ w+ 9 lift+ p[] 0 confirm$1 ?\gh x 0 f\nd m liable to accid5t ?an ! flatt] "o1 t5d+ to turn ! model ov] unless x 0 v c>efully adju/$4 ,x may also be obs]v$ t ^! & subsequ5t obs]vations %[1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 t z ! motor p[] increas$1 ! necess>y w+ surface dim9i%$1 b t x 0 9 g5]al an easi] & m effici5t employm5t ( p[] to c>ry a surface ( f\r feet su/a9+ area to ! p\nd ?an "o ( ?ree1 :ile "o ( two feet to ! p\nd 0 ne>ly ! limit t c\ld be us$ ) ! rubb] motor4#ag ,x may be rem>k$ t ! flights ?is day1 reckon$ 9 horizontal di/ance1 7 exceptionally %ort1 b t ! be/ flights at o!r times obta9$ ) ^! models 7#cj & #ca7 did n exce$ #be metres4 ,su* obs]vations 7 cont9u$ 9 hundr$s ( trials1 )\t any mu* m conclusive results4 p#jbj ,! f9al results1 !n1 ( ! obs]vations ) rubb]-driv5 models 7:i* 7 comm5c$ z e>ly z #ahhg1 cont9u$ actively ?r\gh ! great] portion ( ! ye> #ahia & resum$1 z w be se5 lat]1 ev5 z late z #ahie71 7 n su* z to give in=mation proportion$ to _! tr\ble & co/1 & x 0 decid$ to comm5ce exp]im5ts ) a /eam-driv5 a]odrome on a l>ge scale4 p#jba ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,available ,,motors ,9 ! introductory *apt] to 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 x 0 ass]t$ t 8,^! rese>*es h l$ to ! result t me*anical su/5tation ( heavy bodies 9 ! air1 comb9$ ) v great spe$s1 is n only possible1 b )9 ! rea* ( me*anical means we actually possess40 ,x 01 h[ev]1 necess>y to make a prop] selection 9 ord] to secure t s\rce ( p[] :i* is be/ adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( me*anical flight4 ,pnaud _h us$ india rubb] z ! *eape/ & at ! same "t ! mo/ available motor = ! toys ) :i* he 0 exp]im5t+1 b :5 models 7 con/ruct$ t 7 heavi] ?an any?+ made prior to #ahhg1 x appe>$1 aft] ! exhau/ive trials ) rubb] ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t some?+ :i* c\ld give long] & /eadi] flights mu/ be us$ z a motor1 ev5 = ! prelim9>y trials1 & ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge /eam-driv5 model kn[n z ,no4 #j1 & else:]e describ$1 0 begun4 ,ev5 be=e ! completion ( ?is1 ! probability ( its failure grew s /rong t exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$ ) o!r motors1 :i* x 0 hop$ might be consi/5t ) a light] con/ruction4 ,^! exp]im5ts :i* comm5c$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib & cont9u$ = ne>ly a twelvemon?1 7 made ^u ! use ( compress$ air1 c>bonic-acid gas1 electricity 9 prim>y & /orage batt]ies1 & num]\s o!r contrivances1 ) ! result t ! /eam eng9e 0 f9ally return$ to1 z be+ ! only "o t gave any promise ( imm$iate success 9 support+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld tea* ! conditions ( flight by actual trial1 ?\gh x may be add$ t ! gas eng9e :i* 0 n tri$ at ?is "t on acc\nt ( eng9e]+ difficulties1 0 reg>d$ f ! fir/ z be+ ! be/ 9 !ory & likely to be ultimately resort$ to4 ,all o!rs 7 fundam5tally too heavy1 & weight 0 always ! greate/ enemy4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to pass 9 brief review ! "w t 0 done & ! am\nt ( en]gy t 0 obta9$ ) ^! sev]al types ( motors1 z well z ! ob/acles :i* !y pres5t$ to practical application ^u work+ a]odromes4 ,,india ,,rubb] ,india rubb] is ! s\rce ( p[] to :i* ! design] ( a work+ model naturally turns1 :]e x is desirable t x %all be1 above all1 light & free f ! necessity ( us+ complicat$ me*anism4 ,rubb] motors 71 p#jbb !re=e1 us$ on all ( ! e>li] models1 & s]v$ z ! basis ( calculations made to det]m9e ! am\nt ( p[] t w\ld be requir$ to propel a]odromes ) o!r s\rces ( en]gy4 ,"s ( ! disadvantages inh]5t 9 ! use ( rubb] are at once app>5t1 su* z ! limit$ "t dur+ :i* its action is available1 ! small total am\nt ( p[]1 & ! v>iability 9 ! am\nt ( p[] put =? 9 a unit ( "t betwe5 ! mom5t ( release & ! exhau/ion ( ! p[]4 ,9 addition1 s]i\s1 ?\gh less obvi\s difficulties1 pres5t !mselves 9 practice4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* rubb] c be us$2 "o by twi/+ a hank ( /r&s1 &1 :ile "o end is held fa/1 all[+ ! o!r to revolve2 ! o!r1 by a direct longitud9al /ret*+ ( ! rubb]1 "o end be+ held fa/ & ! o!r atta*$ to ! mov+ p>ts ( ! me*anism4 ,! =m] me?od 0 adopt$ by ,pnaud1 & 0 also us$ 9 all ( my e>ly con/ructions1 b :ile x is mo/ conv5i5t & simple 9 its 7!oretical7 application1 x has1 9 addition to ! above drawbacks1 t ( knott+ or k9k+1 :5 w\nd too _m turns1 9 su* a way z to cause friction on any conta9+ tube n made impracticably l>ge1 & also t ( unw9d+ s irregul>ly z to make ! result ( "o exp]im5t useless = comp>ison ) ano!r4 ,9 #ahie1 "s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 :i* ! latt] me?od 0 us$1 b ?is 0 f\nd to involve an almo/ impracticable weight1 because ( ! frame 7:i* mu/ be /rong en\gh to )/& ! end pull ( ! rubb]7 & ! me*anism ne$$ to conv]t ! pull into a movem5t ( rotation4 ,z ! p[] put =? 9 a unit ( "t v>ies1 s !re is a correspond+ v>iation accord+ to ! orig9al t5sion to :i* ! rubb] is subject$4 ,?us 9 "s exp]im5ts made 9 #ahhi ) a six-blad$ propell] #ah4h in*es 9 diamet]1 driv5 by a rubb] spr+ #a4c in*es wide1 #j4ab in* ?ick & #c feet long1 d\bl$1 & weigh+ #j4ch p\nd1 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,numb] ( twi/s ( rubb] #ej #ge #ajj ,"t requir$ to run d[n #g sec4 #aj sec4 #ab sec4 ,foot-p\nds develop$ #cg4e #fc4j #abd4f ,foot-p\nds develop$ p] m94 #cba4d #cgh4j #fbc4j ,horse-p[] develop$ #j4jjig #j4jaae #j4jahi ,?us we see t1 ) twice ! numb] ( turns1 m ?an ?ree times ! am\nt ( "w 0 done & almo/ twice ! am\nt ( p[] develop$1 giv+ z a maximum = ?is p>ticul> in/ance #cbh foot-p\nds p] p\nd ( rubb]4 ,! usual me?od ( employ+ ! twi/$ rubb] 0 to use a numb] ( f9e /r&s =m$ into a hank loop$ at ea* end4 ,"o ( ^! hanks1 consi/+ ( #afb s+le or #ha d\ble /r&s ( rubb]1 & weigh+ #gc grammes1 :5 giv5 #ea turns develop$ #ee foot-p\nds ( "w1 :i* 0 put out 9 #d seconds4 ,?is corresponds to #j4ja horse-p[] p] m9ute = "o p\nd ( rubb]4 p#jbc ,! results ( a l>ge numb] ( te/s %[ t "o p\nd ( twi/$ rubb] c put =? f #dej to #ejj or m foot-p\nds ( "w1 b at ! co/ ( an ov]/ra91 & t a safe work+ factor c h>dly be tak5 at high] ?an #cjj foot-p\nds1 if we are to avoid ! 8fatigue0 ( ! rubb]1 :i* o!rwise becomes z m>k$ z t ( a human muscle4 ,:ile twi/+ is an exce$+ly conv5i5t =m ( application ( ! resili5ce ( rubb] to ! turn+ ( propell+ :eels1 ! direct /ret* is1 z has be5 rem>k$1 mu* m effici5t 9 foot-p\nds ( en]gy develop$ by ! same weight ( rubb]4 ,x 0 f\nd t rubb] c\ld n1 )\t undue 8fatigue10 be /ret*$ to m ?an f\r & a half times its orig9al l5g?1 ?\gh exp]im5ts 7 made to det]m9e ! am\nt ( "w t a rubb] b&1 weigh+ "o p\nd1 0 capable ( do+1 ! /ret*+ be+ c>ri$ to sev5 times its orig9al l5g?4 ,! results v>i$ ) ! rubb] us$ & ! conditions ( temp]ature "u :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 tri$1 rang+ f #aedc foot-p\nds to #bfjj foot-p\nds4 ,! te/s l$ to ! conclusion t1 = av]age work+1 "o p\nd ( rubb] s /ret*$1 is capable ( do+ #bjjj foot-p\nds ( "w1 b1 ow+ to ! weight ( ! support+ frame & ( ! me*anism1 ?is result c be obta9$ only "u conditions impracticable = a fly+ ma*9e4 ,9 ! m practicable twi/$ =m x furni%es1 z has be5 said1 less ?an a fif? ( t am\nt4 ,! conclusions rea*$ f ^! exp]im5ts are3 #a4 ,! l5g? ( ! un/ret*$ rubb] rema9+ ! same1 ! su/a9+ p[] w be directly proportional to ! weight ( rubb]2 #b4 ,) a giv5 weight ( rubb]1 ! end /ra9 is inv]sely proportional to ! l5g? ( ! un/ret*$ rubb]2 #c4 ,) a giv5 weight ( rubb]1 ! "w done is con/ant1 :atev] ! =m2 h5ce if we let w ! "w 9 foot-p\nds1 g ! weight ( ! rubb] 9 p\nds1 & k a con/ant tak5 at #bjjj z giv5 above1 we h w kg #bjjj g foot-p\nds4 ,?is is = an ext5sion ( sev5 units ( l5g?1 s t = a unit ( ext5sion we w\ld h approximately w #cjj g foot-p\nds :i* = f\r units ( ext5sion corresponds v closely to ! #acjj foot-p\nds :i* ,pnaud claims to h obta9$4 #d4 ,! end /ra9 v>ies ) ! cross-section = a giv5 unit ( ext5sion4 ,^! results c lead to b "o conclusion2 t = ! developm5t ( ! same am\nt ( p[] :5 t am\nt %all be #a horse-p[] or m1 rubb] weighs enorm\sly m ?an a /eam eng9e1 besides be+ less reliable p#jbd = a su/a9$ ef=t1 &1 !re=e1 _c be us$ = propell+ a]odromes int5d$ = a flight t is to be prolong$ beyond a few seconds4#ah ,x may be desirable to pres5t a tabul> view ( ! !oretical en]gy ( available motors1 :i* x w be notic$ is a :olly diff]5t ?+ f ! results obta9$ 9 practice4 ,?us1 we repres5t ! weight ( rubb] only1 )\t reg>d to ! weight ( ! frame requir$ to hold x4 ,9 ! /eam eng9e1 we consid] ! !oretical effici5cy p] p\nd ( fuel1 )\t reg>d+ ! enorm\s wa/e ( weight 9 wat] 9 su* small eng9es z ^!1 or ! weight ( ! eng9e itself4 ,we treat ! hot-wat] eng9e 9 l mann]1 & 9 reg>d to c>bonic acid & compress$ air1 we take no note ( ! weight ( ! conta9+ vessel1 or ( ! cyl9d]s & mov+ p>ts4 ,9 ! same way we h ! !oretical pot5cy ( electricity 9 prim>y & /orage batt]ies1 )\t c\nt+ ! weight ( ! necess>y electromotors2 & ( ! in]tia-eng9e )\t discuss+ t ( ! me*anism ne$$ to transmit its p[]4 ,foot-p\nds ( en]gy 9 "o p\nd ( ,gasol9e #ae1fbe1bhj ,alcohol #i1gba1hjf ,gunp[d] #ifj1jjj ,hot wat]1 "u pressure ( #ajj atmosph]es #chc1gab ,air1 "u pressure ( #ajj atmosph]es1 iso!rmal expansion #abj1ehd ,liquid c>bonic acid1 at temp]ature ( #cj & pressure ( #ajj atmosph]es #gh1hjj ,electric batt]y2 %ort-liv$1 ?9 wall$2 *romic acid & plat9um #ge1jjj ,/eel r+1 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 at spe$ ( #cjjj turns p] m9ute #ai1jjj ,/orage batt]y #ag1efj ,rubb]1 pull$ #b1jjj ,rubb]1 twi/$ #cjj ,x may be int]e/+ to consid] next1 9 ev5 a r\ghly approximate way1 :at may be expect$ f ^! v>i\s s\rces ( en]gy 9 practice4 ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,! /eam eng9e on a small scale1 & "u ! actual re/rictions ( ! model1 mu/ necess>ily be extremely wa/eful ( p[]4 ,if we suppose x to realize #b p] c5t ( ! !oretical en]gy conta9$ 9 ! fuel1 we %all be assum+ m ?an 0 actually obta9$4 ,! en]gy ( ! fuel _c be obta9$ at all1 ( c\rse1 )\t boil] & eng9e1 ^: weight1 = ! purpose ( ! foll[+ calculation1 mu/ be add$ to t ( ! fuel2 & if we suppose ! weight ( ! boil]s1 eng9es & wat]1 = a s+le m9ute's flight1 to be collectively t5 p\nds1 we %all take an optimi/ic view ( :at may be expect$ "u ord9>y conditions4 ,we h 9 ?is view #a_/ejj ( ! p#jbe !oretical capacity possibly realizable "u su* conditions1 b if we take #a_/ajjj we %all probably be ne>] ! m>k4 ,ev5 9 ?is case we h1 :5 us+ gasol9e z fuel1 #ae1fbe foot-p\nds p] m9ute1 or ne>ly #j4ej horse-p[]1 z aga9/ 4#jjia horse-p[] 9 ! case ( ! rubb]1 s t ev5 ) ?is wa/e & ) ! weight ( ! eng9es necess>y = a s+le m9ute's s]vice1 ! unit weight ( fuel employ$ 9 ! /eam eng9e gives #ee times ! result we get ) rubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #e ,,rubb]-,,pull ,,model ,,a]odrome ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #f ,,rubb]-,,pull ,,model ,,a]odrome ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #g ,,rubb]-,,pull ,,model ,,a]odrome ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #h ,,rubb]-,,pull ,,model ,,a]odrome ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #i ,,rubb]-,,pull ,,model ,,a]odrome ,) alcohol we h ab\t #b_/c ! result t is furni%$ by gasol9e1 s9ce ne>ly ! same boil] & eng9e w be us$ 9 ei!r case4 ,c]ta9 difficulties :i* at fir/ appe>$ to be att5dant on ! use ( gasol9e on a small scale induc$ me to make ! initial exp]im5ts ) alcohol4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ because ( its conv5i5ce dur+ a consid]able "t1 b x 0 f9ally displac$ 9 favor ( gasol9e1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior !oretical effici5cy ( ! latt]1 z = c]ta9 practical advantages1 su* z its ma9ta9+ its flame :ile expos$ to w9d1 & l consid]ations4 ,,gunp[d] ,al?\gh !re are o!r explosives possess+ a mu* great] en]gy 9 proportion to _! weight ?an gunp[d]1 ?is is ! only "o :i* c\ld be consid]$ 9 relation to ! pres5t "w1 & ! conclusion 0 f9ally rea*$ t x involv$ s great a weight 9 ! conta9+ app>atus & s mu* exp]im5t1 t1 al?\gh ! simplicity ( its action is 9 its favor :]e crude means are necess>y1 exp]im5ts ) x _h bett] be def]r$ until o!r ?+s _h be5 tri$4 ,,hot-,,wat] ,,eng9e ,a great deal ( att5tion 0 giv5 to ! hot-wat] eng9e1 b x 0 nev] put to practical use 9 ! con/ruction ( an a]odrome1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! necess>y weight ( a suffici5tly /rong conta9+ vessel4 ,,compress$ ,,air ,compress$ air1 l ! o!r possible s\rces ( p[]1 0 inve/igat$1 b calculations f well-au!nticat$ data %[$ t ?is sy/em ( propell+ eng9es w\ld probably be inadequate to su/a9 ev5 ! models 9 long flights4 ,z ! *ief difficulty lies 9 ! weight1 n ( ! air1 b ( ! conta9+ vessel1 num]\s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! con/ruction ( "o at once /rong & light4 ,! be/ result obta9$ 0 ) a /eel tube #dj mm4 9 diamet]1 #dbh mm4 9 l5g?1 clos$ at ! ends by heads unit$ by wires1 :i* safely conta9$ #ech cubic cm4 ( air at an initial pressure ( #ajj atmosph]es = a weight ( #eba grammes4 p#jbf ,if we suppose ?is to be us$1 by means ( a prop] r$uc+ valve1 at a mean pressure ( #ajj p\nds1 = su* an eng9e z t ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 :i* takes #fj cubic cm4 ( air at ea* /roke1 we f9d t 7if we take no acc\nt ( ! loss by expansion7 we h #ah1cbi foot-p\nds ( en]gy available1 :i* on ! eng9e describ$ w give #cjb revolutions ( ! propell]s4 ,!re are su* limits ( weight1 & ! eng9es mu/ be driv5 at su* high spe$s1 t ! increas$ economy t might be obta9$ by re-heat+ ! air w\ld be out ( ! "q4 ,! pr9cipal object 9 us+ x w\ld h be5 ! avoidance ( fire ^u ! a]odrome1 & ! expansion ( ! unheat$ air w\ld probably h caus$ tr\ble ) freez+1 :ile ! use ( hot 7i4 e4 sup]heat$7 wat] 0 impracticable4 ,s :51 aft] a c>eful computation1 x 0 f\nd t1 hav+ reg>d to ! weight ( ! conta9+ vessel1 only en\gh compress$ air c\ld be /or$ at #gb atmosph]es & us$ at #d1 to run a pair ( eng9es ) cyl9d]s #j4i in* 9 diamet] by #a4f in*es /roke1 at a spe$ ( #abjj revolutions p] m9ute = #bj seconds1 all fur!r consid]ation ( its adaptation to ! imm$iate purpose 0 def9itely ab&on$4 ,?is c\rse1 h[ev]1 0 n tak5 until aft] a model a]odrome = us+ compress$ air _h be5 design$ & p>tially built4 ,!n1 aft] due consid]ation1 x 0 decid$ to make ! te/ ) c>bonic-acid gas in/ead4 ,,gas ,! gas eng9e possesses great !oretical advantages4 ,at ! "t ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ! gas eng9e mo/ available = ! special purposes ( ! models 0 "o driv5 by air drawn ?r\gh gasol9e4 ,z ! build]s c\ld n agree to r$uce ! weight ( a "o horse-p[] eng9e m ?an "o-half ( ! !n usual model1 & z ! weight ( ! /&>d eng9e 0 #dgj p\nds1 x 0 obvi\s t to r$uce ?is weight to ! limit ( less ?an #c p\nds 0 impracticable "u ! exi/+ conditions1 & all consid]ation ( ! use ( gas 0 ab&on$ provisionally1 al?\gh a gasol9e eng9e ( elem5t>y simplicity 0 design$ b nev] built4 ,i purpos$1 h[ev]1 to return to ?is attractive =m ( p[] if ,i 7 ev] able to realize its !oretical advantages on ! l>g] scale :i* w\ld be desirable4 ,,electricity ,z x 0 n int5d$ to build ! model a]odromes = a long flight1 x 0 ?\ght t ! electric motor driv5 by a prim>y or /orage batt]y might possibly be utiliz$4 ,x !re=e occurr$ to me t a batt]y might be con/ruct$ to give great p[] 9 proportion to its weight on condition ( be+ %ort-liv$1 & t 9 ?is =m a batt]y might p]haps advantage\sly take ! place ( ! dang]\s compress$-air tubes t 7 at ! "t 7#ahic7 p#jbg "u consid]ation = driv+ ! models4 ,i assum$ t ! longe/ flight ( ! model w\ld be less ?an five m9utes4 ,any weight ( batt]y1 !n1 t ! model c>ri$ 9 consumable p>ts la/+ beyond ?is five m9utes w\ld be lo/1 & h5ce x 0 propos$ to build a batt]y1 ! :ole active life ( :i* w\ld be compris$ 9 ?is "t1 to actuate a motor or motors driv+ "o or two propell]s4 ,accord+ to ,daniell1 :5 en]gy is /or$ 9 second>y batt]ies1 ov] #cjj1jjj meg]gs p] kilogramme ( weight c be recov]$ & utiliz$ if fre%ly *>g$4 #cjj1jjj meg]gs #j4fif horse-p[] = #a m94 #cjj1jjj meg]gs #j4aci horse-p[] = #e m94 ,9 a z9c & copp] prim>y batt]y ) sulphuric acid & wat]1 "o kilogramme ( z9c1 oxidiz$1 furni%es at lea/ #abjj calories z aga9/ #hjjj = "o kilogramme ( c>bon1 b x is /at$ t ! z9c en]gy comes 9 s mu* m utilizable a =m t ! z9c1 weight = weight1 gives practically1 t is 9 "w1 #dj p] c5t t ( c>bon4 ,! kilogramme ( c>bon gives ab\t #hjjj heat units1 ea* equal to #ajg kilogrammetres1 or ab\t #f1agf1jjj foot-p\nds4 ,( ?is1 9 light eng9es1 f #e to #aj p] c5t1 or at lea/ #cjh1hjj foot-p\nds1 is utiliz$1 & #b_/e ( ?is1 or ab\t #abd1jjj foot-p\nds1 w\ld seem to be :at ! kilogramme ( z9c w\ld give 9 actual "w4 ,b to =m ! batt]y1 we mu/ h a l>g] weight ( fluid ?an ( z9c1 & some?+ mu/ be all[$ = copp]4 ,if we suppose ^! to br+ ! weight up to #a kilogramme1 we might /ill hope to h #ej1jjj foot-p\nds or #a4e horse-p[] = "o m9ute1 or #j4c horse-p[] = #e m9utes4 ,/orage batt]ies 7 (f]$ ) a capacity ( 4#be horse-p[] = #e m9utes p] kilogramme1 b accord+ to ,daniell "o _c expect to get m ?an #j4aci horse-p[] f a fre%ly *>g$ batt]y ( t weight = ! same "t4 ,! plan ( con/ruct+ a batt]y ( a long roll ( extremely ?9 z9c or magnesium1 w9d+ x up ) a n>r[] roll ( copp] or plat9iz$ silv]1 insulat+ ! two metals & !n p\r+ ov] en\gh acid to consume ! major portion ( ! z9c 9 #e m9utes1 0 c>efully consid]$1 b ! difficulties 7 s disc\rag+1 t ! "w 0 n und]tak54 ,! lighte/ motors ( #a horse-p[] capacity ( :i* any trace c\ld be f\nd weigh$ #be p\nds1 & a prom95t electrician /at$ t he w\ld n attempt to con/ruct "o ( t weight4 ,9 trials ) a #a_/b horse-p[] motor driv+ an #hj cm4 propell] ( #a4jj pit*-ratio1 ,i app>5tly obta9$ a developm5t ( #j4ef indicat$ horse-p[] at #abfe revolutions2 b at l[] spe$s :5 tri$ ) ! ,prony brake1 ! brake horse-p[] fell to #j4aj at #edf revolutions1 & ev5 at #afej revolutions p#jbh x 0 b #j4bfb indicat$1 ) a brake horse-p[] ( #j4add1 or #ee p] c5t ( t indicat$4 ,) ^! results bo? ( !oretical calculation & practical exp]im5t1 all ?\ght ( propell+ ! propos$ a]odrome by electricity 0 necess>ily ab&on$4 ,,c>bonic-,,acid ,,gas ,at ! fir/ inception ( ! idea1 x seem$ t c>bonic-acid gas w\ld be ! motive p[] be/ adapt$ = %ort flights4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 ! liquid =m1 is compact1 gives (f ! gas at a uni=m pressure dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature1 & c be us$ 9 ! ord9>y /eam eng9e )\t any ess5tial modifications4 ,! only provision t x seem$1 9 advance1 necess>y to make1 0 t ( "s sort ( a heat] betwe5 ! res]voir ( liquid & ! eng9e1 9 ord] to prev5t freez+1 unless ! liquid itself c\ld be heat$ previ\s to laun*+4 ,! eng9es 9 :i* x 0 fir/ int5d$ to use c>bonic acid 7 ! little oscillat+ cyl9d] eng9es belong+ to ,a]odrome ,no4 #a4 ,! capacity ( ea* cyl9d] 0 #ba4b cu4 cm41 s t #hd4h cu4 cm4 ( gas w\ld be requir$ to turn ! propell]s "o revolution :5 admitt$ = ! full /roke1 & #aja1gfj cubic cm4 = #abjj revolutions4 ,! d5sity ( ! liquid at a temp]ature ( #bd ,c4 0 tak5 z 4#gb1 & z #a volume ( liquid gives #ahj volumes ( gas at a pressure ( #b-a_/b atmosph]es1 we h #aja1gfj_/ahj #efe cu4 cm4 ( liquid1 or #djg grammes requir$ = #abjj revolutions ( ! eng9es4 ,?us1 a !oretical calculation seem$ to indicate t a kilogramme ( liquid c>bonic acid w\ld be an ample supply = a run ( two m9utes4 ,! exp]im5ts 71 at fir/1 some:at enc\rag+4 ,! spe$ & app>5t p[] ( ! eng9es 7 suffici5t = ! purpose1 b ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* p[] c\ld be obta9$ 0 limit$4 ,9 #ahib1 #dae grammes ( c>bonic acid drove ! eng9es ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #c #gjj revolutions 9 #fj seconds1 #ijj 9 #ge1 & #ajjj 9 #he seconds1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! gas 0 entirely exp5d$4 ,! diamet] ( ^! cyl9d]s 0 #b4d cm41 ! /roke ( ! pi/ons #g cm41 & ! "w done1 t ( driv+ a pair ( #ej cm4 propell]s1 :5 tak5 9 comp>ison ) ! propell] te/s detail$ else:]e1 am\nt$ to an effective horse-p[] ( ab\t #j4aj = ! output ( ! eng9e4 ,! difficulties1 h[ev]1 t 7 exp]i5c$ 7 ^? p>tially =ese54 ,! expansion ( ! gas made su* s]i\s inroads ^u ! lat5t heat ( ! liquid1 t lumps ( solid acid 7 =m$ 9 ! res]voir1 & c\ld be he>d rattl+ aga9/ ! sides :5 ! latt] 0 %ak51 :ile ! expansion ( ! exhau/ caus$ su* a l[]+ ( temp]ature at t po9t1 t ! p#jbi pipes 7 soon cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( ice1 & ! free exit ( ! escap+ gas 0 prev5t$4 ,su* difficulties are to be expect$ ) ?is mat]ial1 b "h !y 7 enhanc$ by ! small scale ( ! con/ruction & ! con/ant dem& = lightness4 ,& x 0 f\nd to be v h>d to fill ! small res]voirs int5d$ to c>ry ! supply = ! eng9es4 ,:5 !y 7 screw$ to ! l>ge case 9 :i* ! liquid 0 receiv$ & ! :ole inv]t$1 ! small res]voir w\ld be fill$ f "o-?ird to "o-half full1 & no?+ t c\ld be done w\ld =ce any m liquid to ent]4 ,9 view ( ^! difficulties1 & ! objections to us+ a heat] ( any sort = ! gas1 z well z ! absolute lack ( success att5dant ^u ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs :o 7 attempt+ to use liquid ,,co#b z a motive p[] on a l>ge scale else:]e1 exp]im5ts 7 at fir/ tempor>ily & aft]w>ds p]man5tly ab&on$4 ,! above exp]im5ts ext5d$ ov] ne>ly a ye> 9 "t1 *iefly dur+ #ahib1 & involv$ ! con/ruction & use ( ! small a]odromes ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 pres5tly describ$4 p#jcj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>ly ,,/eam ,,motors ,,& ,,o!r ,,models ,9 deal+ ) ! developm5t ( ! a]odrome1 subsequ5t to ! e>ly rubb]-driv5 models1 ! v consid]able "w done & ! failures incurr$ ) o!r types ( motors ?an /eam1 h be5 briefly dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 b are sc>cely m5tion$ "h1 z no attempts at long flights 7 ev] successful ) any o!r motor ?an /eam1 & no in=mation 0 ga9$ f any ( ! exp]im5ts made ) compress$ air1 gas1 c>bonic acid1 or electricity1 t 0 ( mu* value 9 ! developm5t ( ! successful /eam ma*9es4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahia1 aft] ! long & unsatisfactory exp]im5ts ) rubb]-driv5 models already ref]r$ to1 & be=e mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts ) o!r available motors ?an /eam _h be5 made1 ,i comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( ! eng9es & ! design ( ! hull ( a /eam-driv5 a]odrome1 :i* 0 int5d$ to supplem5t ! exp]im5ts giv5 9 8,a]odynamics0 by o!rs made "u ! conditions ( actual flight4 ,9 design+ ?is fir/ a]odrome1 "h call$ ,no4 #j1 !re 0 no prec$5t or example1 & except = ! purely !oretical conditions asc]ta9$ by ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 8,a]odynamics10 ev]y?+ 0 unkn[n4 ,next to no?+ 0 kn[n z to ! size or =m1 z to ! requisite /r5g?1 or z to ! way ( atta*+ ! su/a9+ surfaces2 almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n z to ! weight p]missible1 & no?+ z to ! prop] scale on :i* to build ! a]odrome1 ev5 if ! design _h be5 obta9$1 :ile ev]y?+ :i* relat$ to ! actual con/ruction ( boil] & eng9es work+ "u su* unprec$5t$ conditions 0 yet to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! scale ( ! actual con/ruction 0 adopt$ "u ! belief t x mu/ be l>ge en\gh to c>ry c]ta9 automatic /e]+ app>atus :i* ,i _h design$1 & :i* possess$ consid]able weight4 ,i decid$ t a fly+ ma*9e if n l>ge en\gh to c>ry a manag]1 %\ld 9 ! abs5ce ( a human direct+ intellig5ce1 h "s sort ( automatic sub/itute = x1 & be l>ge en\gh to h ! means ( ma9ta9+ a long & /eady flight1 dur+ :i* ! problems 7:i* ! rubb]-driv5 models s imp]fectly answ]$7 c\ld be effectually solv$4 ,:51 9 #ahia1 x 0 decid$ to attempt to build ?is /eam a]odrome1 ! only eng9e t _h be5 made up to t "t ) any claim to ! lightness & p[] ,i 0 seek+1 0 ! ,/r+fell[ eng9e1 exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 ,london1 9 #ahfh1 :i* x 0 !n ann\nc$ develop$ #a horse-p[] p#jca = a total weight 7boil] & eng9es7 ( #ac p\nds4 ,! orig9al eng9e came into ! possession ( ! ,in/itution 9 #ahhi z an hi/orical curiosity1 b on exam9ation1 x 0 at once evid5t t x nev] _h develop$1 & nev] c\ld develop ! p[] t _h be5 attribut$ to x1 & probably n "o-t5? s mu*4 ,) ! results obta9$ on ! :irl+-table at ,allegh5y z a basis1 a !oretical computation ( ! weight :i* #a horse-p[] w\ld cause to so> %[$ t1 ) a plane ^: effici5cy %\ld be equal to t ( a #cjd4h in* plane set at an angle ( #e & mov+ at a spe$ ( #cd miles an h\r1 #a horse-p[] w\ld support #abj p\nds4#ai ,) a small] angle ev5 bett] results c\ld be obta9$1 b z ! difficulties ( guidance increase z ! angle dim9i%es1 ,i did n v5ture to aim at less ?an ?is4 ,9 ?is computation1 no all[ance 0 made = ! fact t ^! results 7 obta9$ by a me*anism :i* =cibly ma9ta9$ ! support+ surface 9 ! ideal condition ( ! be/ atta9able angle ( attack z if 9 p]fect equilibrium1 & above all 9 ! equally ideal condition ( p]fectly horizontal flight4 ,besides ?is1 ,i _h to consid] 9 actual flight ! air resi/ance due to ! guy wires & hull1 b aft] mak+ an all[ance ( z mu* z ?ree-qu>t]s = ^! diff]5ces betwe5 ! conditions ( exp]im5t & ^? ( free flight1 ,i hop$ t #a horse-p[] w\ld s]ve to c>ry #cj p\nds ?r\gh ! air if a support+ surface z l>ge z #c feet to ! p\nd c\ld be provid$1 & ?is 0 ! basis ( ! con/ruction :i* ,i w n[ describe4 ,! g5]al =m ( ?is ,a]odrome ,no4 #j1 )\t w+s or propell]s1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ photograph 9 ,plate #aj4 ,its dim5sions & its weights1 z fir/ design$1 & z f9ally f\nd necess>y1 are z foll[s3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,e/imat$ ,,& ,,actual ,,weights ,,( ,,p>ts ,,( ,,a]odrome 8#j0--;,,9 ,,p\nds ,,& ,,ounces4 ,e/imat$ ,actual lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 ,eng9es #d #j #d #a ,boil]s & ,burn]s #h #aa #ac #ad ,pumps & ,atta*m5ts #j #j #a #aj ,/e]+ ,app>atus #j #f #j #j ,frame ( ,hull & ,braces1 includ+ b[sprit & tail tube #g #g #h #aa ,oil tank cov]+ & pipes #j #j #j #ac ,%afts1 ball be>+s 7#b3a7 & wood5 propell]s 7#a3g7 #a #ad #c #h ,w+s 7#e3d7 & guys 7#j3i7 #d #j #e #ac ,tail #a #e #b #b ,jacket at pr[ #j #j #d #j --------- --------- ,total )\t oil or wat] #bg #aa #dd #h 7,! weights atta9$ 9 ! actual mak+ 71 z is se51 ne>ly d\ble ^? fir/ e/imat$1 & ?is con/ant increase ( weight "u ! exig5cies ( con/ruction 0 a feature :i* c\ld nev] be :olly elim9at$47 p#jcb ,aft] /udy+ v>i\s =ms = ! hull or body ( ! prospective a]odrome1 ,i 0 l$ to adopt ! l9es :i* ,nature has us$ 9 ! mack]el z mo/ advantage\s s f> z ! resi/ance ( ! air 0 conc]n$1 b x prov$ to be difficult 9 con/ruction to make ! l9es ( ! b[ mat]ially diff]5t f ^? ( ! /]n1 & 9 ?is fir/ model ! figure 0 symmetrical ?r\gh\t4 ,z ,i wi% t my exp]i5ce may be ( b5efit to ! read]1 ev5 9 its failures1 ,i w add t ,i made ! n unnatural mi/ake ( build+ on ! plan on :i* ! hull ( an ord9>y %ip is con/ruct$2 t is1 mak+ ! hull support ! project+ b[sprit & o!r p>ts4 ,9 ! a]odrome1 :at corresponds to ! b[sprit mu/ project f> 9 advance ( ! hull to su/a9 ! front w+s1 & a l piece mu/ project beh9d x to su/a9 ! re> w+s & ! tail1 or ! support+ surfaces ( :atev] k9d4 ,! mi/ake ( ! con/ruction lay 9 disjo9+ ^! two & connect+ !m indirectly by ! insuffici5tly /rong hull :i* support$ !m4 ,?is hull 0 =m$ ( longitud9al ,u-%ap$ ribs ( ?9 /eel1 :i* re/$ on r+s made ( an alloy ( alum9um1 :i* possess$ ! lightness ( ! latt] metal ) v consid]able t\ghness1 b :i* 0 f9ally unsatisfactory4 ,i may say p>5!tically t 9 none ( ! subsequ5t con/ructions has ! lightness ( alum9um be5 f\nd to comp5sate = its v _m disadvantages4 ,! two rods1 :i* 7 ea* #a metre 9 l5g?1 7 ) difficulty kept rigor\sly 9 l9e1 ow+ to ! yield+ ( ! con/ructionally weak hull4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett]1 9 fact1 to h c>ri$ ! rod /raight ?r\gh at any inconv5i5ce to ! disposition ( ! boil]s & ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #aj ,,/eel ,,frames ,,( ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #ahia ,,& #ahib ,i may add t ! su/a9+ surfaces1 :i* 7 to be ne>ly flat w+s1 compos$ ( silk /ret*$ f a /eel tube ) wood5 atta*m5ts1 7 to p#jcc h be5 c>ri$ on ! front rod1 b1 z subsequ5t exp]i5ce has %[n1 ^! w+s w\ld h be5 inadequate to ! "w1 bo? f _! insuffici5t size & _! lack ( rigidity4 ,! propell]s1 :i* 7 to be #hj cm4 9 diamet]1 #a4be pit*-ratio1 & :i* 7 expect$ to make f five to six hundr$ revolutions a m9ute1 7 c>ri$ on ! end ( long tubul> %afts1 n p>allel1 b mak+ ) ea* o!r an angle ( #be degrees1 & unit$ by ge>s ne> ! b[ ( ! vessel 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,plate #aj4 ,! fir/ eng9es 7 ( ! oscillat+ type1 ) ! pi/on-rod connect$ directly to ! crank2 7 v light1 & 7 unprovid$ ) _m ( ! usual fitt+s belong+ to a /eam eng9e1 su* z rod or pi/on pack+2 & _! con/ruction 0 crude 9 comp>ison ) _! successors4 ,!y 7 te/$ ) ! ,prony brake & f\nd to be defici5t 9 p[]1 = ) a /eam pressure ( #hj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 !y ran at ! rate ( #aagj revolutions p] m9ute1 & develop$ only 4#cfc horse-p[]4 ,x soon became evid5t t !y 7 too light = ! "w t x 0 int5d$ t !y %\ld d1 & /eps 7 tak51 ev5 be=e ! completion ( ^! te/s1 = ! con/ruction ( a pair ( m p[]ful cyl9d]s1 :i* %\ld also be provid$ ) a special boil] = ! g5]ation ( ! /eam4 ,act+ ^u ! supposition1 9 a sav+ ( /eam1 x 0 decid$ to "w ) comp\nd$ cyl9d]s4 ,z two propell]s 7 to be us$1 !y 7 ea* fitt$ ) a di/9ct pair ( cyl9d]s work+ directly ^u ! %aft1 b s connect$ by ge>+ t !y 7 compell$ to turn at ! same rate ( spe$4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( ! inv]t$ oscillat+ type1 l ! fir/ pair ( eng9es1 b1 unlike !m1 !y 7 s+le-act+4 ,! dim5sions 73 diamet] ( high-pressure cyl9d] #a4be in*es2 l[ pressure1 #a4id in*es1 ) a common /roke ( #b in*es1 & ) cranks set opposite to ea* o!r s t "o cyl9d] 0 always at "w4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 held at _! upp] ends by a /rap pass+ ar\nd a holl[ conical trunk1 :i* s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( a support = ! cyl9d]s & an int]m$iate receiv] betwe5 !m4 ,?is receiv] _h a mean inside diamet] ( #a4be in*es1 ) a l5g? ( #d4ge in*es1 s t x _h ab\t twice ! cubical capacity ( ! high-pressure cyl9d]1 :ile ! displacem5t ( ! l[-pressure cyl9d] 0 ab\t #b4e times t ( ! high2 ratios t w\ld h giv5 satisfactory results1 p]haps1 _h ! /eam pressure & o!r conditions be5 favorable to ! use ( ! comp\nd pr9ciple 9 ?is place4 ,!re 7 no valves = ! admission ( ! /eam1 =1 inasmu* z ! eng9es 7 s+le-act+1 x 0 possible to make ports 9 ! cyl9d]-head act z ! admission & exhau/ ports z ! cyl9d] oscillat$1 & ?us avoid ! complication & weight ( ecc5tric & valves4 p#jcd ,^! cyl9d]s 7 set 9 a light frame at an angle ( #be ) ea* o!r1 or #ab4e ) ! m$ian l9e ( ! a]odrome1 & drove ! long propell] %afts z %[n 9 ,plate #aj1 ,no4 #j4 ,at ! extreme =w>d end ( ! crank-%afts !re 0 a pair ( int]me%+ bevel ge>s :i* s]v$ to ma9ta9 ! rate ( revolution ( ! two propell]s ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,boil]s 9 use 9 #ahia-ahib4 ,! boil] built = ?is "w 0 a beehive-%ap$ arrangem5t ( coils ( pipe4 ,x consi/$ at fir/1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ( ?ree d\ble coils ( #c_/h-;in* copp] pipe coil$ up 9 ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone1 c>ry+ 9 ! c5tral portion a pe>-%ap$ receiv] into ! upp] portion ( :i* ! wat] circulat+ ?r\gh ! coils dis*>g$4 ,ea* ( ^! receiv]s 0 connect$ at ! top ) ! bottom ( a long cyl9drical drum1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 :i* =m$ a /eam space f :i* supply = ! eng9es 0 drawn4 ,! l[] ends ( ! coils 7 connect$ ) an injection pipe supply+ ! wat]4 ,ea* 8beehive0 _h #bc turns ( tub+1 & _h a base ( #g4e in*es & a top diamet] ( #f in*es1 ! /eam drum be+ #b4e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,i may "h say t 9 ! selection ( ! g5]al type ( boil] = ! "w to be done1 !re 0 nev] any hesitation reg>d+ ! use ( ! wat]-tube v>iety4 ,_! sup]iority = ! quick g5]ation ( l>ge volumes ( /eam _h be5 s pron\nc$ t no?+ else seem$ capable ( compet+ ) p#jce !m 9 ?is respect1 reg>dless ( ! absolute economy ( fuel t might or might n be exhibit$4 ,h5ce1 to ! end ( my exp]im5ts no?+ else 0 us$4 ,ev5 be=e ! 8beehive0 boil] 0 complet$1 ,i 0 anxi\s to asc]ta9 :at c\ld be done ) a coil ( pipe ) a /ream ( wat] circulat+ ?r\gh x1 z well z ) v>i\s =ms ( burn]s1 = ,i realiz$ t ! success ( ! app>atus dep5d$ n only ^u gett+ an exce$+ly effective heat+ surface1 b also an equally effective flame to d ! heat+4 ,= fuel ,i naturally turn$ to ! liquids z be+ m compact & readily regulat$4 ,:e!r to use "s ( ! m volatile hydroc>bons or alcohol1 0 /ill an unsolv$ problem1 b my op9ion at ! "t 0 t1 on ! limit$ scale ( ! model1 bett] results c\ld probably be obta9$ ) alcohol4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts made ) a coil prelim9>y to ! trial ( ! 8beehive0 boil]1 ,i tri$ a simple horizontal coil ( #c_/h-;in* copp] pipe into :i* two =k$ burn]s work+ on ! ,buns5 pr9ciple & us+ city illum9at+ gas1 7 ?ru/4 ,! jets 7 ab\t #a_/b in* ap>t4 ,! arrangem5t prim$ s badly t ! eng9es c\ld n get rid ( ! entra9$ wat]1 & w\ld only make a few turns4 ,i !n tri$ ! same coil ) two #a4be-;in* drums 9 ! inside & ) five longitud9al wat] tubes at ! bottom1 b5ea? :i* 7 ! same two =k$ burn]s us$ 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t4 ,! coils 7 cov]$ ) a %eet ( asbe/os1 & two r\nd burn]s 7 add$4 ,?is boil] w\ld hold a /eam pressure ( ab\t #ae p\nds & run ! eng9e sl[ly2 b if ! pressure 7 all[$ to rise to #fj p\nds1 ! eng9e w\ld drive a #b-;foot propell] ( #ah-;in* pit* at ! rate ( ab\t #fej turns p] m9ute = f #hj to #ij seconds1 :ile ! /eam ran d[n to #aj p\nds1 %[+ t ?is boil]1 at lea/1 0 too small4 ,?is 0 fur!r %[n 9 a trial ( ! pla9 coil made 9 ,octob]1 #ahia2 #f p\nds ( wat] 7 evaporat$ 9 #cb m9utes "u a pressure ( #fj p\nds4 ,?is 0 at ! rate ( #aa4be p\nds p] h\r1 or1 tak+ ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5t5nial /&>d ( #cj p\nds ( evaporation p] horse-p[]1 gave an available output ( less ?an #a_/c horse-p[]4 ,) ^! results be=e me1 ,i decid$ to make a trial ( ! 8beehive0 pr9ciple ^u a small] scale ?an 9 ! boil] design$ = ,a]odrome ,no4 #j4 ,i us$ a small boil] ( :i* ! inn] coil consi/$ ( #h turns ( #c_/h-;in* copp] tube ab\t #bh gauge ?ick1 & ! out] coil ( #aa turns ( #a_/d-;in* copp] pipe4 ,?is gave #ab feet ( #c_/h-;in*1 & #af feet ( #a_/d-;in* tub+4 ,! drum 0 ( ,no4 #bg gauge1 h>d plani%$ copp]4 ,) ?is boil] consum+ #f oz4 ( fuel1 #hj4c oz4 ( wat] 7 evaporat$ 9 #bh m9utes1 or at ! rate ( ab\t #aj4ge p\nds p] h\r4 ,z ^! coils conta9$ b #b4bb squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 & z ! ?ree to be built w\ld conta9 #c4g squ>e feet ea*1 x 0 e/imat$ ! p#jcf #aj squ>e feet af=d$ by !m c\ld safely be dep5d$ ^u to provide /eam = a #a horse-p[] eng9e4 ,z f> z fuel consumption 0 conc]n$1 ! rate ( evaporation 0 ab\t #ae4f p\nds ( wat] p] p\nd ( gasol9e1 all ( :i* 0 satisfactory4 ,! burn] orig9ally design$ = use 9 connection ) ! 8beehive0 boil]s1 consi/$ ( a small tank 9 :i* a quantity ( gasol9e 0 plac$1 ! space above be+ fill$ ) compress$ air4 ,ris+ f ! bottom ( ?is tank 0 a small pipe coil+ back & d[n & end+ 9 an upturn$ jet f :i* ! gas g5]at$ 9 ! coil w\ld issue4 ,! burn] ?us s]v$ to g5]ate its own gas & act z a heat] = ! boil]s at ! same "t4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #j1 f\r ( ! 8beehive0 coils 7 plac$ 9 a l9e =e & aft4 ,! fuel tank 0 locat$ imm$iately back ( ! re> coil & consi/$ ( a copp] cyl9d] #aa cm4 9 diamet] & #i cm4 long4 ,! eng9es 7 plac$ imm$iately 9 front ( ! coils1 all ! app>atus be+ enclos$ 9 a light fram+1 z %[n 9 ! photograph 7,plate #aj74 ,ext5d+ front & back f ! hull 7 ! tubes = support+ ! w+s & tail1 ea* "o metre 9 l5g?4 ,! cross-fram+ = c>ry+ ! propell] %afts 0 built ( tub+ #a4e cm4 diamet]1 & ! %afts !mselves 7 ( ! same size4 ,! ribs ( ! hull 7 r+s made ( angle-irons measur+ #a4eja4ge cm41 :i* 7 held 9 place longitud9ally by five #j4g cm4 *annel b>s4 ,z x _h be5 le>n$ 9 ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts ) ! model 8beehive0 boil] t ! heat$ wat] w\ld n ( itself cause a suffici5tly rapid circulation to be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! tubes to prev5t !m f becom+ r$-hot1 two circulat+ pumps 7 add$ = =c+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! coils ( ! two =w>d & two re> boil]s respectively1 ! wat] be+ tak5 f ! l[] side ( ! drum & deliv]$ into ! bottom ( ! coils1 :i* 7 unit$ at t po9t = ! purpose4 ,a worm 0 plac$ ^u ea* ( ! propell] %afts1 j back ( ! eng9es1 me%+ 9 ) a ge> on a crank-%aft f :i* ! pumps 7 driv54 ,?is %aft rotat$ at ! rate ( #a to #bd1 s t = #abjj revolutions ( ! eng9e1 x w\ld make b #ej1 driv+ a s+le-act+ plung] #a4b cm4 9 diamet] & #b cm4 /roke4 ,app>5tly all 0 go+ well until ,i began to try ! app>atus4 ,fir/1 !re 0 a difficulty ) ! burn]1 :i* c\ld n be made to give =? ! relative am\nt ( heat t _h be5 obta9$ f ! small] model1 & /eam c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,) "o 8beehive0 connect$ ) ! comp\nd eng9e1 & a #gj cm4 propell] on ! %aft1 !re 7 ab\t #bej turns p] m9ute = a space ( ab\t #ej seconds1 9 :i* "t ! /eam w\ld fall f #ij p\nds to #be p\nds1 & ! eng9e w\ld /op4 ,!n1 z we _h no air-*amb] on ! pumps at ! "t1 !y w\ld n drive ! wat] ?r\gh ! coils4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 %[$ t ! boil]s c\ld be p#jcg dep5d$ ^u to supply ! /eam t ! comp\nd eng9es w\ld require2 b aft] ! :ole 0 complet$1 ! weight1 if no?+ else1 0 prohibitory4 ,i _h gone on f "o ?+ to ano!r1 add+ a little "h & a little !re1 /r5g!n+ ?is "p & t1 until :5 ! hull 0 f9ally complet$ ) ! eng9es & boil]s 9 place1 ready = ! application ( ! w+s1 ! weight ( ! :ole 0 f\nd 7all[+ #g p\nds = ! weight ( ! w+s & tail7 to be almo/ exactly #de p\nds1 & ne>ly #eb p\nds ) fuel & wat]4 ,to ?is excessive weight w\ld h to be add$ t ( ! propell]s1 & z ! w+s w\ld necess>ily h to be made v l>ge 9 ord] to c>ry ! ma*9e1 & z ! difficulties ( laun*+ _h /ill to be met1 no?+ 0 attempt$ 9 ! way ( field trials1 & ) great disappo9tm5t ! decision 0 made 9 ,may1 #ahib 7wisely1 z x subsequ5tly appe>$7 to proce$ no fur!r ) ?is special app>atus4 ,h[ev]1 inasmu* z ?is a]odrome ) its eng9es & boil]s _h be5 complet$ at consid]able exp5se1 x 0 decid$ to use ! app>atus z f> z x might be practicable1 9 ord] to le>n :at mu/ be done to secure a great] am\nt ( success 9 ! future4 ,! fundam5tal tr\ble 0 to get heat4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re 0 tr\ble ) ! burn]s1 = x seem$ to be impossible to get "o t w\ld vaporize ! gasol9e 9 suffici5t quantity to d ! "w1 & v>i\s =ms 7 successively tri$4 ,all ( ! e>ly "p ( #ahib 0 pass$ 9 try+ to get ! boil]s to "w at a /eam pressure ( #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,on acc\nt ( ! defects 9 ! tubes & else:]e ?is requir$ mu* pati5t labor4 ,! writ]1 ev5 ?us e>ly1 devis$ a plan ( us+ a sort ( aeolipile1 :i* %\ld actuate its own bla/1 b ?is _h to be ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! pe>-%ap$ receiv]s w\ld n /& ! heat4 ,?is necessitat$ a numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 ! di/illation ( gas1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !re 0 tr\ble ) ! pumps1 & a cont9ual s]ies ( breakages & leakages1 s t ! middle ( ,april came be=e ,i _h secur$ any fur!r satisfaction ?an to demon/rate t possibly ! boil]s might h a capacity suffici5t = ! "w laid out = !m to d2 b subsequ5t exp]im5ts %[$ t ev5 9 ?is ,i 0 mi/ak51 = x 0 only aft] additional jets _h be5 put 9 betwe5 ! coils t ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ an effective horse-p[] ( #j4dc out ( ! comb9ation4 ,f9ally1 on ! #ad? ( ,april1 aft] hav+ r$uc$ ! capacity ( ! pumps to ! dim5sions giv5 above 7= ! /roke 0 orig9ally #a4be in*7 ,i obta9$ ! developm5t ( #a full horse-p[] by ! eng9e = #da seconds1 ) a /eam pressure ( #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & a rate ( revolution ( #gbj p] m9ute4 ,b at ! end ( ?is brief p]iod1 ! %afts sprung & ! worm 0 ?r[n out ( ge>4 p#jch ,i pass ov] num]\s o!r exp]im5ts1 = _! only result 0 to make x cle> t ! a]odrome1 z x _h be5 con/ruct$1 c\ld n be made to "w effici5tly1 ev5 if its great weight _h n s]v$ z a b> to its flight4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to proce$ ) ! con/ruction ( ano!r4 ,aft] ! failure ( ! fir/ /eam-driv5 model ,no4 #j1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 subsequ5t light models 7 con/ruct$4 ,^!1 ?ree 9 numb]1 made ) a view to ! employm5t ( c>bonic acid or compress$ air1 b also to ! possible use ( /eam1 are %[n 9 ,plate #aj1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c2 on ! same scale z ! l>g] model :i* _h prec$$ !m4 ,9 describ+ ^!1 x w be well to m5tion con/ructive features :i* 7 exp]im5t$ on 9 !m1 z well z to describe ! eng9es us$4 ,9 ,no4 #a1 :i* 0 int5d$ to be on ab\t #b_/e ! l9e> scale ( ,no4 #j1 ! con/ructive fault ( ! latt]1 t ( mak+ ! support dep5d on a too flexible hull1 0 avoid$1 & ! /raight /eel tube 78midrod0 x w h]eaft] be call$7 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh f end to end1 ?\gh at ! co/ ( inconv5i5ce 9 ! plac+ ( ! ma*9]y1 9 :at may be call$ ! hull1 :i* n[ became simply a protective case built ar\nd ?is midrod4 ,! mi/ak5 device ( ! long %afts meet+ at an angle1 01 h[ev]1 reta9$1 & ! eng9es fir/ tri$ 7 a pair ( v light ones ( crude con/ruction4 ,^! 7 lat] replac$ by a pair ( oscillat+ eng9es1 ea* #c cm4 diamet] by #c cm4 /roke1 ) a comb9$ capacity ( #db cubic cm4 & )\t cut-(f4 ,! midrod 0 made ( light /eel tub+ #b cm4 outside diamet]4 ,! fram+ = ! hull 0 =m$ by a s+le r+ ( ,u section1 #h cm4 across & #ah cm4 9 dep?1 /ay$ by five ribs ( wood measur+ #j4gj4c cm4 ,! incl9$ propell] %afts1 :i* 7 connect$ by a pair ( bevel ge>s z 9 ,no4 #j1 7 made ( tub+ #j4e cm4 outside diamet]1 & 7 int5d$ to turn propell]s ( f #dj to #de cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! weight1 )\t eng9e or res]voir = gas1 0 #aafa grammes4 ,) a weight equival5t to t ( ! int5d$ res]voir & eng9es plus t ( ! propos$ support+ surfaces1 ! :ole weight1 indep5d5t ( fuel or wat]1 0 #b4b kilogrammes4 ,! eng9es1 :i* 7 n /rong en\gh to su/a9 a pressure ( ov] #b atmosph]es1 at an actual pressure ( #bj p\nds drove ! #de cm4 propell]s ?r\gh ! long ,v %afts & lift$ only ab\t #a_/g ( ! fly+ weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,! p[] develop$ at ! ,prony brake 0 collectively only ab\t 4#jd horse-p[]1 giv+ #abjj turns a m9ute to two #dj cm4 propell]s4 ,?is 0 ! be/ result obta9$4 ,?is a]odrome 0 complet$ 9 ,june1 #ahib1 b *anges 9 ! eng9es & o!r attempt$ improvem5ts kept x "u exp]im5t until ,novemb] ( t ye>1 :5 x appe>$ to be inexp$i5t to d any?+ m ) x4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #b 7see ,plate #aj71 0 a /ill small] & /ill light] con/ruction1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! midrod 0 b5t 7n cle>ly %[n 9 ! p#jci photograph71 s z to af=d m room 9 ! hull4 ,?is introduc$ a con/ructional weakness :i* 0 n comp5sat$ by ! add$ conv5i5ce1 b ! pr9cipal improvem5t 0 ! ab&onm5t ( ! incl9$ propell] %afts1 :i* 0 done at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,watk9s1 s t ! propell]s 7 c>ri$ on p>allel %afts z 9 m>9e practice4 ,^! p>allel %afts 7 driv5 by two v small eng9es ) cyl9d]s #b4c cm4 9 diamet] by #d cm4 /roke1 ) a collective capacity ( #cc cu4 cm4 & )\t cut-(f1 :i* 7 m\nt$ on a cross-frame atta*$ to ! midrod at "r angles ne> ! re> end ( ! hull4 ,^! eng9es1 driv5 ei!r by /eam or by c>bonic-acid gas develop$ #j4jce horse-p[] at ! ,prony brake1 giv+ #gej revolutions ( ! #de cm4 propell]s1 & lift+ ab\t #a_/e ( ! total weight :i* x 0 necess>y to provide = 9 actual flight4 ,a high] rate ( revolution & a bett] lift 7 occasionally obta9$1 b !re 0 little m hope ) ?is ?an ) ! prec$+ models ( obta9+ p[] en\gh to support ! actual weight 9 flight1 al?\gh su* sacrifices _h be5 made = lightness t e portion ( ! little model _h be5 r$uc$ to :at seem$ ! limit ( possible frailty consi/5t ) any?+ l safety4 ,?us ! midrod 0 light] ?an t ( ,no4 #a1 be+ only #a cm4 9 outside diamet]4 ,! frame 0 made ( ?9 wood5 /rips #e mm4#c4e mm41 unit$ by light /eel r+s4 ,! cross fram+ c>ry+ ! eng9es 0 also ( wood1 & 0 =m$ ( f\r /rips1 ea* #g mm4#c mm4 ,! %afts 7 b #d mm4 9 diamet]4 ,z ^! eng9es did n give results t 7 satisfactory1 :5 us+ c>bonic-acid gas1 exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$ to secure a boil] t w\ld furni% ! requisite /eam4 ,z ! 8beehive0 boil] _h prov$ to be too heavy1 & z ! /eam obta9$ f x _h be5 inadequate to ! requirem5ts1 some?+ else _h to be devis$4 ,a few ( ! boil]s us$ 9 #ahib are %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! "o m>k$ ,a is "o ( ! 8beehives10 :ile an elem5t ( ano!r =m tri$ is t m>k$ ,b4 ,x consi/$ ( #c_/h-;in* copp] tubes jo9$ to a drum ( #aj-oz4 copp]4 ,?is 0 made 9 ,may1 #ahib1 & 0 te/$ to a pressure ( #ej atmosph]es1 :5 x bur/ )\t any te>+ ( ! metal4 ,9 ,july ano!r boil] l t %[n at ,c 9 ,fig4 #c 0 made4 ,?is 0 =m$ ( tubes #c cm4 9 diamet]1 & weigh$ #cdh grammes4 ,x c>ri$ ab\t #cjj grammes ( wat] & /ood a /eam pressure ( #abe p\nds p] squ>e in*1 b fail$ to ma9ta9 suffici5t /eam pressure4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! same mon?1 a ?ird boil] l t %[n at ,d 0 built4 ,x consi/$ ( a tube #ab in*es long to :i* 7 atta*$ fifte5 #a_/d-;in* tubes ea* #g in*es long1 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,! heat+ surface ( ?is boil]1 includ+ ! tubes & ! l[] half ( ! drum1 am\nt$ to #gej squ>e cm41 & x 0 ?\ght t ?is w\ld be suffici5t to supply /eam = a flight ( a p#jdj m9ute & a half4 ,b :5 a te/ 0 made1 x also 0 f\nd to be defici5t 9 /eam+ p[] ev5 aft] *anges 7 made 9 x :i* occupi$ mu* "t4 ,by ! fir/ ( ,octob]1 #ahib1 !re _h be5 built "o l>ge a]odrome t c\ld n possibly fly1 a small] "o1 ,no4 #a1 on #b_/e ! l9e> scale ( ,no4 #j1 ) a pair ( eng9es b no means ( driv+ !m1 & ! /ill small] ,no4 #b ) a boil] t 0 yet untri$4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #c 7,plate #aj7 0 an attempt to obta9 bett] conditions ?an _h exi/$ 9 ! prec$+ model )\t any radical *ange except t ( mov+ ! cross frame1 :i* c>ri$ ! eng9es & propell]s1 ne>] ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,in/ead ( ! oscillatory eng9es us$ up to ?is "t1 two /ation>y cyl9d] eng9es1 ea* #b4d cm4 9 diamet] & #d cm4 /roke1 hav+ a comb9$ capacity ( #cf cu4 cm4 )\t cut-(f 7 employ$ = driv+ ! propell]s4 ,! eng9es1 ?\gh occasionally run 9 trials ) /eam f a /ation>y boil]1 7 int5d$ to be actuat$ ei!r by compress$ air or c>bonic-acid gas conta9$ 9 a res]voir :i* 0 n actually con/ruct$1 b ^: weight 0 provisionally e/imat$ at #a kilogramme4 ,! weight ( ! a]odrome )\t ?is res]voir 0 b #ajej grammes1 includ+ ! e/imat$ weight ( ! su/a9+ surfaces1 :i* consi/$ pr9cipally ( two w+s1 ea* ab\t #a metre 9 l5g? by #cj cm4 9 bread? & :i* 7 9 fact s slight 9 _! con/ruction1 t x is n[ c]ta9 t !y c\ld n h reta9$ _! %ape 9 actual flight4 ,! only trials made ) ?is a]odrome1 !n1 7 9 ! %op1 ( :i* x is suffici5t to cite ^? ( ,novemb] #bb1 #ahib1 :5 "u a pressure ( #cj p\nds1 ! maximum :i* ! eng9es w\ld be>1 two #ej cm4 propell]s 7 driv5 at #ijj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) an e/imat$ horse-p[] ( #j4jg1 ab\t #ce p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! :ole ma*9e be+ lift$4 ,?is 0 a mu* m enc\rag+ result ?an any :i* _h prec$$1 & indicat$ t x 0 possible to make an actual flight ) ! a]odrome if ! boil]s c\ld be ignor$1 ! be/ result hav+ be5 obta9$ only ) c>bonic acid suppli$ )\t limit f a neighbor+ ample res]voir4 ,?is a]odrome 0 also te/$ :ile m\nt$ ^u a :irl+-arm & all[$ to op]ate dur+ its advance ?r\gh ! air4 ,! conclusion rea*$ ) x at ! close ( #ahib1 aft] a l>ge "p ( ! ye> pass$ 9 exp]im5ts ) c>bonic-acid gas & compress$ air1 0 t x 0 necess>y to rev]t to /eam1 & t :atev] difficulties lay 9 ! way1 "s means mu/ be f\nd ( gett+ suffici5t p[] )\t ! weight :i* _h prov$ prohibitory 9 ,no4 #j4 ,) ?is *apt]1 !n1 & ) ! end ( ! ye> #ahib1 ,i close ?is v brief acc\nt ( betwe5 "o & two ye>s ( fruitless exp]im5t 9 ! con/ruction ( models suppli$ ) v>i\s motors1 subsequ5t to & on a l>g] scale inde$ ?an ! toy-l ones ( india rubb]1 b n ev5 s effici5t z ^? _h be51 s9ce !y _h nev] procur$ a s+le actual flight4 p#jda ,,*apt] ,v ,,on ,,su/a9+ ,,surfaces ,! foll[+ g5]al consid]ations may conv5i5tly prec$e ! p>ticul> description ( ! balanc+ ( ! a]odrome4 ,9 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 ,i h giv5 ! result ( trials1 %[+ t ! pressure 7or total resi/ance7 ( a w9d on a surface #a foot squ>e1 mov+ normally at ! velocity ( #a foot p] second1 is #j4jjaff p\nds1 & t ?is pressure increases directly z ! surface ( ! plane1 & 7)9 our exp]im5tal condition7 z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1#bj results 9 g5]al accordance ) ^? ( e>li] obs]v]s4 ,i h fur!r %[n by indep5d5t inve/igations t :ile ! %ape ( ! plane is ( second>y importance if its movem5t be normal1 ! %ape & 8aspect0 greatly affect ! resultant pressure :5 ! plane is incl9$ at a small angle1 & propell$ by su* a =ce t its flight is horizontal1 t is1 "u ! actual conditions ( so>+ flight4 ,i h giv5 on page #fj ( 8,a]odynamics10 ! prim>y equations1 ,p ,p#ij;,f77 k,a,v#b;,f771 ,w ,p cos k,a,v#b;,f77 cos 1 ,r ,p s9 k,a,v#b;,f77 s9 1 :]e ,w is ! weight ( ! plane "u exam9ation 7sometimes call$ ! 8lift072 ,r ! horizontal compon5t ( pressure 7sometimes call$ ! 8drift072 k is ! con/ant already giv52 ,a ! area 9 squ>e feet2 ,v ! velocity 9 feet p] second2 ,f a function ( 7to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t72 ! angle :i*1 "u ^! conditions1 gives horizontal flight4 ,i h also giv5 on page #ff ( ! same "w ! foll[+ table %[+ ! actual values obta9$ by exp]im5t on a plane1 #cjd4h in*es 7 #a sq4 ft471 weigh+ #ejj grammes 7#a4a p\nds73 ,weight ) planes ,angle ,so>+ spe$ ,horizontal ,"w exp5d$ ( l =m t ) ,v4 pressure p] m9ute #a horse-p[] w horizon ,r4 #fj ,,rv4 drive ?r\gh ! 4 air at velocity ,v4 ------- ------------- ---------- ----------------- -------------------- ,metres ,feet ,grammes4 ,kilogram- ,foot- ,kilo- ,p\nds4 p] p] metres4 p\nds4 grammes4 sec4 sec4 #de #aa4b #cf4g #ejj #ccf #b1dcd #f4h #ae #cj #aj4f #cd4h #bge #age #a1bfh #ac4j #bi #ae #aa4b #cf4g #abh #hf #fbc #bf4e #eh #aj #ab4d #dj4g #hh #fe #dgd #cd4h #gg #e #ae4b #di4h #de #da #big #ee4e #abb #b #bj4j #fe4f #bj #bd #agd #ie4j #bji ,x _c be too cle>ly kept 9 m9d t ^! values ref] to horizontal flight1 & t = ?is ! weight1 ! "w1 ! area1 ! angle & ! velocity are insep>ably connect$ by ! =mul already giv54 ,x is to be con/antly rememb]$ also1 t !y apply to results obta9$ "u almo/ p]fect !oretical conditions z reg>ds n only ! ma9t5ance ( equilibrium & horizontality1 b also ! rigid ma9t5ance ( ! angle & ! comp>ative abs5ce ( friction1 & t ^! conditions are especially 8!oretical0 9 _! exclusion ( ! int]nal "w ( ! w9d obs]vable 9 exp]im5ts made 9 ! op5 w9d4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,op5 ,,w9d ,i h po9t$ out#ba t an indef9ite s\rce ( p[] = ! ma9t5ance ( me*anical flight1 lies 9 :at ,i h call$ ! 8int]nal "w0 ( ! w9d4 ,x is easy to see t ! actual effect ( ! free w9d1 :i* is fill$ ) almo/ inf9itely num]\s & incessant *anges ( velocity & direction1 mu/ diff] widely f t ( a uni=m w9d su* z ma!maticians & physici/s h almo/ inv>iably contemplat$ 9 _! discussions4 ,n[ ! artificial w9d produc$ by ! :irl+-table diff]s f ! real w9d n only 9 be+ caus$ by ! advanc+ object1 ^: direction is n /rictly l9e>1 & 9 o!r comp>atively negligible p>ticul>s1 b especially 9 ?is1 t 9 spite ( little artificial curr5ts ! movem5t on ! :ole is regul> & uni=m to a degree /rik+ly 9 contra/ ) t ( ! op5 w9d 9 nature4 ,9 a note to ! ,fr5* edition ( my "w1 ,i h call$ ! att5tion ( ! read] to ! fact t ! figures giv5 9 ! ,smi?sonian publication c %[ only a small "p ( ! virtual "w ( ! w9d1 :ile ! plane1 :i* is us$ = simplicity ( exposition1 is n ! mo/ advantage\s =m = flight2 s t1 z ,i g on to /ate1 ! realization ( ! actually successful a]odrome mu/ take acc\nt ( ! m complex conditions actually exi/+ 9 nature1 :i* 7 only allud$ to 9 ! memoir1 ^: object 0 to br+ to att5tion ! little consid]$ importance ( ! !n almo/ unobs]v$ & un/udi$ m9ute fluctuations :i* con/itute ! int]nal "w ( ! w9d4 ,i add$ t ,i might lat] publi% "s exp]im5tal inve/igations on ! sup]ior effici5cy ( ! real w9d ov] t artificially creat$4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* 7 ?us allud$ to 9 #ahic1 7 suffici5t to indicate ! importance ( ! subject1 b ! data h n be5 pres]v$4 ,:at imm$iately foll[s ref]s1 x w be obs]v$1 m p>ticul>ly to ! "w ( ! :irl+-table4 p#jdc ,,relation ,,( ,,area ,,to ,,weight ,,& ,,p[] ,9 ord] to get a m precise idea ( ! "* ( ! alt]ation introduc$ into ^! !oretical conditions by ! v>iation ( any ( !m1 let u1 /ill conf9+ ourselves to ! use ( ! :irl+-table1 suppose t ! plane 9 "q :ile possess+ ! same weight1 %ape1 & angle ( incl9ation1 7 to h its area increas$1 & to fix our ideas1 we w suppose t x became #d squ>e feet in/ead ( #a z be=e4 ,!n1 f :at has already be5 said1 ,v1 ! velocity1 mu/ v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e root ( ! area2 t is1 x mu/1 "u ! giv5 condition1 become "o-half ( :at x _h be51 = if ,v did n alt]1 ! impell+ =ce cont9u+ ! same1 ! plane w\ld rise & its flight no long] be horizontal1 unless ! weight1 n[ suppos$ to be con/ant1 7 itself increas$ s z to re/ore horizontality4 ,i h repeat$ ,table ,,xiii "u ! condition t ! area be quadrupl$1 :ile all ! o!r conditions rema9 con/ant1 except ! so>+ spe$1 :i* mu/ v>y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,so>+ ,"w4 ,weight4 spe$ --------------------------------------- 7feet p] ,"w exp5d$ ,weight ( l second7 p] m9ute4 planes :i* ,v4 ,a #d sq4 ft4 #a ,h4,p4 w drive ,w #ejj gr4 ?r\gh ! air #a4a lbs4 ) velocity ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,foot-p\nds4 ,p\nds4 #de #ah4d #a1bag #cj #cj #ag4d #fcd #eg #ae #ah4d #cab #aaf #aj #bj4d #bcg #aed #e #bd4i #adh #bdd #b #cb4h #hg #dah ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,w is ! weight ( ! s+le plane2 ,a is ! area2 ,r is ! horizontal 8drift40 ,wt is ! weight ( l planes :i* #a ,h4 ,p4 w drive at velocity ,v4 ,"w is ,,rv4 ,i4 ,if ,"w is con/ant1 ,r v>ies z ,a4 ,,ii4 ,if ,r is con/ant1 ,"w v>ies z #a_/7;,a74 ,,iii4 ,if ,w is con/ant :ile ,a v>ies1 ! weight :i* #a ,h4 ,p4 w support v>ies z ,a4 ,! read] is rem9d$ t ^! are simply d$uctions f ! equations giv5 9 8,a]odynamics10 & t ^! d$uctions h n be5 v]ifi$ by direct trial1 su* z w\ld %[ t no new conditions h 9 fact be5 introduc$ 9 ?is new application4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ^! d$uctions _c convey any confid5ce beyond :at is w>rant$ by ! orig9al exp]im5ts1 9 _! g5]al tru/wor?9ess z work+ =mul at ?is /age ( ! inve/igations1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 feel confid5ce4 ,i may1 9 view ( its importance1 repeat my rem>k t ! relation ( area & weight :i* obta9 9 practice1 w dep5d ^u yet o!r ?an ^! !oretical consid]ations1 =1 z ! flight ( ! free a]odrome _c be expect$ to be exactly horizontal nor ma9ta9$ at any con/ant small angle1 ! p#jdd data ( 8,a]odynamics0 7obta9$ 9 con/ra9$ horizontal flight ) ! :irl+-table7 are "h insuffici5t4 ,!y are insuffici5t also because ^! values are obta9$ ) small rigid planes1 :ile ! surfaces we are n[ to use _c be made rigid "u ! necess>y requirem5ts ( weight1 )\t ! use ( guy wires & o!r adjuncts :i* introduce head resi/ance4 ,aga9/ all ^! unfavorable conditions we h ! favor+ "o t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 some:at m effici5cy c be obta9$ ) suitable curv$ surfaces ?an ) planes4#bb ,i h made num]\s exp]im5ts ) curves ( v>i\s =ms ^u ! :irl+-table1 & con/ruct$ _m su* support+ surfaces1 "s ( :i* h be5 te/$ 9 actual flight4 ,x might be expect$ t full] results f ^! exp]im5ts %\ld be giv5 ?an ^? n[ pres5t$ "h1 b ,i am n yet prep>$ to (f] any m detail$ evid5ce at pres5t = ! p]=mance ( curv$ surfaces ?an w be f\nd 9 ,"p ,,iii4#bc ,i d n "q t curves are 9 "s degree m effici5t1 b ! extreme increase ( effici5cy 9 curves ov] planes und]/ood to be ass]t$ by ,lili5?al & by ,welln]1 appe>s to h be5 associat$ ei!r ) "s imp]fect enunciation ( conditions :i* gave little m ?an an app>5t advantage1 or ) conditions ne>ly impossible = u to obta9 9 actual flight4 ,all ^! circum/ances consid]$1 we may anticipate t ! p[] requir$ 7or ! proportion ( support+ area to weight7 w be v mu* great] 9 actual ?an 9 !oretical 7t is1 9 con/ra9$ horizontal7 flight1 & ! e>ly exp]im5ts ) rubb]-driv5 models 7 9 fact successful only :5 !re 7 f ?ree to f\r feet ( su/a9+ surface to a p\nd ( weight4 ,:5 su* a relatively l>ge area is s\ght 9 a l>ge a]odrome1 ! con/ruction ( light1 yet rigid1 support+ surfaces becomes a ne>ly insup]able difficulty1 & ?is mu/ be rememb]$ z consequ5tly affect+ ! "q ( ! con/ruction ( boil]1 eng9es & hulls1 ^: weight _c be increas$ )\t increas+ ! w+ area4 p#jde ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,balanc+ ,,! ,,a]odrome ,by 8balanc+0 ,i mean su* an adju/m5t ( ! mean c5t] ( pressure ( ! support+ surfaces ) ref]5ce to ! c5t] ( gravity & to ! l9e ( ?ru/1 t = a giv5 spe$ ! a]odrome w be 9 equilibrium1 & w ma9ta9 /eady horizontal flight4 8,balance0 & 8equilibrium0 z "h us$ are ne>ly conv]tible t]ms4 ,,lat]al ,,/ability ,equilibrium may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to lat]al or longitud9al /ability4 ,! lat]al "p is approximately secur$ ) comp>ative ease1 by imitat+ ,nature's plan1 & sett+ ! w+s at a di$ral angle1 :i* ,i h usually made #aej4 ,/ability 9 ?is s5se _c be secur$ 9 :at at fir/ seems an obvi\s way--by putt+ a consid]able weight 9 ! c5tral plane & f> bel[ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! a]odrome prop]1 = ?is introduces roll+4 ,!nce ensues ! necessity ( c>ry+ ! c5t] ( gravity m ne>ly up to ! c5t] ( pressure ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y1 & s f> introduc+ conditions :i* t5d to in/ability1 b :i* seem to be impos$ ^u u by ! circum/ances ( actual flight4 ,) ^! brief consid]ations conc]n+ lat]al /ability1 ,i pass on to ! f> m difficult subject ( longitud9al /ability4 ,,longitud9al ,,/ability ,my mo/ primitive obs]vation ) small glid+ models 0 ( ! fact t great] /ability 0 obta9$ ) two pairs ( w+s1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ?an ) "o pair 7great]1 t is1 9 ! abs5ce ( any in/9ctive p[] ( adju/m5t74 ,?is is connect$ ) ! fact t ! upw>d pressure ( ! air ^u bo? pairs may be resolv$ into a s+le po9t :i* ,i w call ! 8c5t] ( pressure10 & :i*1 9 /able flight1 %\ld 7ap>t f ! di/urbance by ! propell] ?ru/7 be ov] ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,! c5t] ( pressure 9 an advanc+ incl9$ plane 9 so>+ flight is1 z ,i h %[n 9 8,a]odynamics10 & z is o!rwise well kn[n1 always 9 advance ( ! c5t] ( figure1 & moves =w>d z ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! su/a9+ surfaces dim9i%es1 &1 to a less ext5t1 z horizontal flight increases 9 velocity4 ,^! facts furni% ! elem5t>y ideas necess>y 9 discuss+ ?is problem ( equilibrium1 ^: solution is ( ! mo/ vital importance 9 successful flight4 p#jdf ,! solution w\ld be comp>atively simple if ! position ( ! ,,cp c\ld be accurately kn[n be=eh&1 b h[ difficult ! solution is may be realiz$ f a consid]ation ( "o ( ! facts j /at$1 namely1 t ! position ( ! c5t] ( pressure 9 horizontal flight %ifts ) ! velocity ( ! flight itself1 mu* z ?\gh 9 m>9e navigation ! trim ( a /eamboat's hull 7 to be completely alt]$ at e *ange ( spe$4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t ! c5t] ( pressure1 f ! symmetry ( ! a]odrome1 necess>ily lies 9 ! v]tical m$ial plane1 b x may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its position ei!r 9 ! plane ,,xy 7cp#a7 or 9 ! plane ,,yz 7cp#b74 ,! latt] c5t] ( pressure1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! plane ,,yz1 is "h approximately calculat$ on ! assumption t x lies 9 ! int]section ( ?is v]tical plane by a horizontal "o pass+ ?r\gh ! w+s half way f root to tip4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 ,wa%+ton1 lat] ?an ^? giv5 9 8,a]odynamics10 %[ t ! c5t] ( pressure1 7cp#a7 on a plane at slight angles ( incl9ation1 may be at lea/ z f> =w>d z "o-six? ! wid? f ! front edge4 ,f ^! lat] exp]im5ts x appe>s probable also t ! c5t] ( pressure moves =w>d = an increas$ spe$ ev5 :5 !re has be5 no p]ceptible dim9ution ( ! angle ( ! plane ) ! horizon1 b ^! consid]ations are ( little value z appli$ to curv$ w+s su* z are "h us$4 ,"s obs]vations ( a v g5]al nature may1 h[ev]1 be made ) reg>d to ! position ( ! w+s & tail4 ,9 ! case :]e !re are two pairs ( w+s1 "o foll[+ ! o!r1 ! re> pair is less effici5t 9 an indef9ite degree ?an ! front1 b ! action ( ! w+s is greatly modifi$ by _! position ) ref]5ce to ! propell]s1 & f s _m o!r causes1 t1 z a result ( a great deal ( exp]im5t1 x seems almo/ impossible at ?is "t to lay d[n any absolute rule ) reg>d to ! c5t] ( pressure ( any pair ( curv$ w+s us$ 9 practice4 ,lat] exp]im5ts conduct$ "u my direction by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,huffak]1 "s ( :i* w appe> 9 ,"p ,,iii1 indicate t ^u ! curv$ surfaces ,i employ$1 ! c5t] ( pressure moves =w>d ) an increase 9 ! 7small7 angle ( elevation1 & backw>d ) a decrease1 s t x may lie ev5 beh9d ! c5t] ( ! surface4 ,s9ce = "s surfaces ! c5t] ( pressure moves backw>d1 & = o!rs =w>d1 x w\ld seem t !re might be "s o!r surface = :i* x w be fix$4 ,su* a surface 9 fact appe>s to exi/ 9 ! w+ ( ! so>+ bird4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 *iefly ) rigid surfaces1 & ?\gh "s h be5 made ) ela/ic re> surfaces1 ^! h n be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh to give positive results4 ,! curv$ w+s us$ on ! a]odromes 9 late ye>s h a rise ( "o 9 twelve1 or 9 "s cases ( "o 9 eighte51#bd & = ^! latt] ! foll[+ empirical local rule has be5 adopt$3 p#jdg ,! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ ) a horizontal motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute1 is two-fif?s ( ! di/ance f front to re>4 ,:]e !re are two pairs ( w+s ( equal size1 "o foll[+ ! o!r1 & plac$ at su* a di/ance ap>t & ) su* a relation to ! propell]s z "h us$1 ! foll[+ w+ is assum$ to h two-?irds ( ! effici5cy ( ! lead] p] unit ( surface4 ,if x is half ! size ( ! lead]1 ! effici5cy is assum$ to be "o-half p] unit ( surface4 ,if x is half z l>ge aga9 z ! lead]1 its effici5cy is assum$ to be eight-t5?s p] unit ( surface4 ,= int]m$iate sizes ( foll[+ w+1 int]m$iate values ( ! effici5cy may be assum$4 ,^! rules are purely empirical & only approximate4 ,z approximations1 !y are useful 9 giv+ a prelim9>y balance1 b ! exact position ( ! c5t] ( pressure is r>ely det]m9able 9 ei!r ! horizontal or v]tical plane1 except by exp]im5t 9 actual flight4 ,! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity is f\nd ) all ne$$ precision by susp5d+ ! a]odrome by a plumb-l9e 9 two positions1 & not+ ! po9t ( int]section ( ! traces ( ! l9e1 & ?is me?od is s sup]ior to t by calculation1 t x w probably cont9ue 9 use ev5 = mu* l>g] con/ructions ?an ! pres5t4 ,! pr9cipal factor 9 ! adju/m5t is ! position ( ! w+s ) ref]5ce to ! c5t] ( gravity1 b ! a]odrome is mov$ =w>d by ! ?ru/ ( its propell]s1 & we mu/ next recall ! fact ( exp]im5t t z x is = con/ructional reasons difficult to br+ ! ?ru/ l9e 9 ! plane ( ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! w+s1 x is 9 practice suffici5tly bel[ !m to t5d to tip ! front ( ! a]odrome upw>d1 s t x may be t equilibrium w be atta9$ only :5 ,,cp#a is n ov] ,,cg#a4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! equilibrium1 !n1 we mu/ consid] also ! effect ( ?ru/1 & usually assume t ?is ?ru/-l9e is at "s appreciable di/ance bel[ ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,we may conv5i5tly consid] two cases3 #a4 ,t ! c5t] ( pressure is n directly ov] ! c5t] ( gravity2 t is1 ,,cg#a;,,cp#a a1 & e/imate :at ! value ( a %\ld be 9 ord] t1 dur+ horizontal flight1 ! a]odrome itself %all be horizontal2 or1 p#jdh #b4 ,consid] t ! c5t] ( pressure is directly ov] ! c5t] ( gravity 7,,cp#a;,,cg#a #j71 & 9 ?is case inquire :at angle ! a]odrome itself may take dur+ horizontal flight4 ,fir/ case4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #d7 repres5ts ! resultants ( ! sep>ate sy/em ( =ces act+ on ! a]odrome1 & ^! resultants w lie 9 a v]tical m$ial plane f ! symmetry ( _! disposition4 ,let af repres5t ! resultant ( ! v]tical compon5ts ( ! pressure on ! w+s2 ! horizontal compon5t w lie 9 ! l9e ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,diagram %[+ relation "u c]ta9 conditions ( ?ru/1 ,c4 ,p4 & ,c4 ,g4 ,let ! c5t] ( gravity be 9 ! l9e bd1 & ! resultant ?ru/ ( ! propell]s be repres5t$ by cd4 ,let ,w weight ( a]odrome4 ,let ,t ?ru/ ( propell]s4 ,!n if we neglect ! horizontal hull resi/ance1 :i* is small 9 comp>ison ) ! weight1 equilibrium obta9s :5 ,wab ,tbd4 ,second case4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #e7 repres5ts ! same sy/em ( =ces z ,fig4 #d1 b 9 ?is case ! po9t ( support is directly ov] ! c5t] ( gravity g1 :5 ! axis ( ! a]odrome is horizontal4 ,let ,w weight ( a]odrome4 ,let ,t ?ru/ ( propell]s4 ,let ,r di/ance ( ,,cg#b bel[ ,,cp#b ag4 ,let ,s di/ance ( ?ru/-l9e bel[ ,,cp#b ad4 ,if n[ ! a]odrome "u ! action ( ! propell]s be suppos$ to turn ab\t ! ,,cp#b 7or1 a7 ?r\gh an angle 1 s t g takes ! position g1 we p#jdi obta9 by ! decomposition ( ! =ce ( gravity an elem5t gk ,w s9 :i* acts 9 a direction p>allel to ! ?ru/-l9e4 ,if we aga9 neglect ! horizontal hull resi/ance1 equilibrium w be obta9$ :5 kgag ,tad or ,,wr s9 ,,ts s9#a7,,ts_/,,wr7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,diagram %[+ relation "u c]ta9 conditions ( ?ru/1 ,c4 ,p4 & ,c4 ,g4 ,! practical application ( ^! rules is greatly limit$ by ! unc]ta9ty t atta*es to ! actual position ( ! c5t] ( pressure1 & ?is fact & also ! num]ical values involv$ may be illu/rat$ by examples4 ,,condition ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f1 ,,novemb] #bh1 #ahif ,! weight 0 #ab4e kilos4 ,on ,novemb] #bh1 ! /eam pressure 0 less ?an #ajj p\nds1 & ! ?ru/ may be tak5 at #d4e kilos4 ,! di/ance bd 0 #be cm4 ,h5ce #ab4e;ab #d4ex#be cm4 ab #i cm4 ,?is appe>s to give ! position ( ,,cp#a1 b ,,cp#a is a resultant ( ! pressure on bo? w+s1 & its position is det]m9$ by ! empirical rule j cit$4 ,we p#jej _c tell 9 fact1 !n1 ) exactness h[ to adju/ ! w+s s t ,,cg#a;,,cp#a may be #i cm41 & equilibrium 0 9 fact obta9$ 9 flight :5 7! empirically det]m9$7 ,,cg#a;,,cp#a #c cm4 ,aga91 let x be suppos$ t ,,cp#a 0 really ov] ,,cg#a 4 4 4 4 ,! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( gravity bel[ ! c5t] ( pressure is #dc cm4 ,r4 ,!n s9#a 7#d4ebe7_/7ab4edc7 #ab ne>ly4 ,! d\bt z to ! actual position ( ! resultant c5t] ( pressure1 !n1 r5d]s ! application ( ! rule unc]ta94 ,9 practice1 we are compell$ 7un=tunately7 aft] fir/ calculat+ ! balance1 by su* rules z ! above1 & aft] x has be5 ?us f\nd ) approximate correctness1 to try a prelim9>y flight4 ,hav+ witness$ ! actual conditions ( flight1 we mu/ !n readju/ ! position ( ! w+s ) ref]5ce to ! c5t] ( gravity1 arbitr>ily1 )9 ! range :i* is necess>y4 ,?is readju/m5t %\ld be small4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,diagram %[+ effect ( ,pnaud tail4 ,9 ! prec$+ discussion x has be5 assum$ t1 if !re is a flat tail or horizontal rudd]1 x supports no portion ( ! weight4 ,?is is n an indisp5sable condition b x is v conv5i5t1 & we %all assume x4 ,9 ?is case ! action ( ! s-call$ ,pnaud rudd] becomes easily intelligible4 ,?is is a device1 already ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 made by ,alphonse ,pnaud = ! automatic regulation ( horizontal flight1 & x is z beautiful z x is simple4 ,let ,,ab 7,fig4 #f7 be a s*ematic repres5tation ( an a]odrome ^: support+ surface is ,bb1 & let x be incl9$ to ! horizon at su* an angle t its c\rse at a giv5 spe$ may be horizontal4 ,s f> x does n appe> t1 if ! a]odrome be di/urb$ f ?is horizontal c\rse1 !re is any self-regulat+ p[] :i* c\ld re/ore x to its orig9al c\rse2 b n[ let !re be add$ a flat tail ,,ac set at an angle ) ! w+4 ,?is tail s]ves simply = direction1 & n = ! support ( ! a]odrome1 :i*1 z already /at$1 is balanc$ s t ! ,,cg comes "u ! ,,cp ( ! w+ ,bb4 ,x w be se5 on a simple inspection t ! tail "u ! giv5 conditions is horizontal1 & t1 pres5t+ its edge to ! w9d ( advance1 x (f]s no resi/ance to x1 s t if ! front rises & ! angle increases1 ! w9d w /rike on ! "u side ( ! tail & !reby t5d to raise ! re> & depress p#jea ! front aga94 ,if ! angle dim9i%1 s t ! front drops1 ! w9d w /rike ! upp] surface ( ! tail1 & equally re/ore ! angle to ! am\nt :i* is requisite to give horizontal flight4 ,if ! angle is n *os5 orig9ally ) ref]5ce to ! spe$ s z to give horizontal flight1 ! device w /ill t5d to cont9ue ! flight 9 ! /raight l9e :i* ! conditions impose1 :e!r t be horizontal or n4 ,f ?is description ( its action1 x w be se5 t ! ,pnaud tail has ! disadvantage ( giv+ an undulatory flight1 if ! tail is made rigid4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 c be easily ov]come by giv+ to x a c]ta9 am\nt ( ela/icity4 ,x does n appe> t ,pnaud gave mu* att5tion to ?is feature1 b /ress is laid ^u x 9 ! article 8,flight10 9 ! n9? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 & ,i h introduc$ a simple device = secur+ x4 ,! complete success ( ! device implies a /rictly uni=m velocity & o!r conditions :i* _c well he fulfill$ 9 practice4 ,nev]!less1 x is z effici5t a contrivance = its object z has yet be5 obta9$4 ,m elaborate devices h be5 propos$1 & a numb] ( !m1 dep5d+ = _! effici5cy ^u ! action ( a v>iety ( =ces1 h be5 con/ruct$ by ! writ]1 "o ( :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,?is has ! advantage t x t5ds to secure absolutely horizontal flight1 b x is mu* inf]ior 9 simplicity to ! ,pnaud tail4 ,ap>t f consid]ations ab\t ! ?ru/1 ! ,,cp is 9 practice always almo/ directly ov] ! ,,cg1 & ?is relation%ip is1 accord+ to :at has be5 sugge/$1 obta9$ by mov+ ! support+ surfaces relatively to ! ,,cg1 or vice v]sa1 rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t1 z ^! surfaces h weight1 any movem5t ( !m alt]s ! ,,cg ( ! :ole1 s t successive readju/m5ts may be ne$$4 ,! adju/m5t is fur!r complicat$ by ano!r important consid]ation1 namely1 t ^? p>ts :i* *ange _! weight dur+ flight 7l ! wat] & ! fuel7 mu/ be kept v ne> ! ,,cg4 ,z ! wat] & fuel tanks are fix$1 x appe>s1 !n1 t ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole is practically fix$ also1 & ?is consid]ation makes ! adju/m5t a mu* m difficult problem ?an x w\ld be o!rwise4#be ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #aa ,,/eel ,,frames ,,( ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f4 #ahic1 #ahie ,,& #ahif p#jec ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,frame ,,& ,,eng9es ,,( ,,a]odromes ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahib & #ahic1 x w be recall$1 f\r a]odromes1 kn[n z ,nos4 #j1 #a1 #b1 & #c1 _h be5 built1 :i* 7 ( two g5]al types ( con/ruction4 ,fir/1 t repres5t$ by ,no4 #j1 9 :i* a radically weak hull 0 made to support rods at ! front & re>1 to :i* ! w+s & tail 7 atta*$4 ,?is a]odrome 0 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! inability to provide x ) suffici5t p[]1 z well z because ( its con/ructional weakness4 ,second1 t type repres5t$ by ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 9 :i* a midrod 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh f front to re>1 ar\nd :i* ! hull support+ ! ma*9]y 0 built4 ,^! models 7 mu* light] ?an ,no4 #j1 b 7 all ab&on$ because x 0 f\nd impossible to propel ev5 ! lighte/ ( !m4 ,:ile all ^! ma*9es 7 9 ! /ricte/ s5se failures1 inasmu* z none ( !m 0 ev] equipp$ ) support+ surfaces1 yet ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( !m 0 ( ! v greate/ value 9 det]m9+ ! po9ts at :i* /r5g? 0 ne$$1 & 9 indicat+ ! mode ( con/ruction by :i* /r5g? & rigidity c\ld be obta9$4#bf #ahic ,ano!r a]odrome1 kn[n z ,no4 #d 7%[n 9 ,plate #aa71 0 design$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahib1 & by ! end ( ,m>*1 #ahic1 its con/ruction 0 well "u way4 ,x 0 ( ! second type1 9 t ! midrod 0 cont9u\s1 b x diff]$ f ! prec$+ =ms 9 hav+ ! ma*9]y 7boil]s1 burn]s1 & tanks7 atta*$ directly to ! midrod1 ! hull n[ tak+ ! =m ( a m]e protective %ea?+4 ,z 9 ,nos4 #b & #c1 two eng9es 7 us$1 :i* 7 m\nt$ on a cross-frame ( light tub+ atta*$ to ! midrod at "r angles4 ,x _h1 z at fir/ con/ruct$1 no provision = ! g5]ation ( /eam1 b only = c>ry+ a res]voir ( c>bonic acid to supply gas = ! eng9es4 ,! :ole1 includ+ w+s1 tail1 & eng9es1 b )\t ! c>bonic acid res]voir1 weigh$ #ahih grammes 7#d4ah lbs474 ,a cyl9drical res]voir1 weigh+ #eba grammes 7#a4ad lbs47 & capable ( hold+ #aejf cu4 cm4 7#ib cu4 947 0 con/ruct$ = ?is purpose1 & te/$ = #cj m9utes ) a pressure ( #ajj p#jed atmosph]es4 ,if ! weight ( ! cyl9d]1 ) its cont5ts & adjuncts1 be tak5 z #hjj grammes 7#a4gf lbs471 ! total weight ( ! a]odrome 0 #bfih grammes 7#e4ie lbs474 ,! w+s 7 plane surfaces ( silk1 /ret*$ ov] a v light frame1 ) no int]m$iate ribs to prev5t ! w+ f be+ completely di/ort$ by ! upw>d pressure ( ! air4 ,ev5 if !y _h be5 suffici5tly /rong & /iff1 ! total surface ( bo? w+s & tail 0 b #bfja sq4 cm4 7#b4h sq4 ft47 or approximately #j4e sq4 ft4 ( support+ surface to ! p\nd1 mu* less ?an 0 f\nd adequate1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,! weight 0 mu* m ?an _h be5 contemplat$ :5 ! w+s 7 design$1 yet1 if all ! o!r features ( ! a]odrome _h be5 satisfactory1 & suffici5t p[] _h be5 secur$1 ! "w ( provid+ suitable support+ surfaces w\ld h be5 attempt$4 ,b z x 0 f\nd t ! eng9es :5 suppli$ ) c>bonic-acid gas 7 unable to develop any?+ l ! p[] necess>y to propel ! a]odrome1 & t ! con/ruction c\ld be greatly improv$ 9 _m o!r ways1 ?is a]odrome 0 entirely rebuilt4 ,! "w ( ! eng9es ) c>bonic acid _h be5 s completely unsatisfactory t ! idea 0 entirely ab&on$1 & no fur!r attempts to develop an effici5t motor o!r ?an /eam 7 made4 ,x n[ became realiz$ m completely ?an ev] be=e t ! prim>y requisite 0 to secure suffici5t p[]1 & t ?is c\ld be obta9$ only by ! use ( /eam4 ,?is involv$ a numb] ( problems1 all ( :i* w\ld h to be solv$ be=e any hope ( a successful ma*9e c\ld be ent]ta9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 eng9es ( suffici5t p[] & /r5g?1 b ( ! lighte/ possible con/ruction1 mu/ be built4 ,second1 a boil] mu/ be con/ruct$ ( ! lea/ possible weight1 :i* w\ld develop quickly & ma9ta9 /eadily /eam at a high en\gh pressure to drive ! eng9es4 ,?is dem&$ "s =m ( heat+ app>atus1 :i* c\ld "w "u ! adv]se condition ( enclosure 9 a n>r[ hull1 & /eadily supply en\gh heat to develop ! relatively l>ge quantity ( /eam requir$ by ! eng9es4 ,! fir/ ( ^! problems1 t ( procur+ suitable eng9es1 0 at lea/ tempor>ily solv$ by ! con/ruction ( two eng9es ) brass cyl9d]s1 :i* _h a diamet] ( #b4d cm4 7#j4ie 9471 & a pi/on /roke ( #e cm4 7#a4ig 9474 ,! valve 0 a simple slide-valve ( ! pi/on type1 arrang$ to cut (f /eam at "o-half /roke4 ,no pack+ 0 us$ = ! pi/on or ! valve1 :i* 7 turn$ to an accurate fit to ! cyl9d] & ! /eam-*e/ respectively4 ,9 ! eng9es built up to ?is "t1 ! p>ts _h frequ5tly be5 sold]$ toge!r1 & a great deal ( tr\ble & delay _h aris5 f ?is cause4 ,9 ^! new eng9es1 h[ev]1 z /rong & c>eful a con/ruction 0 made z 0 possible )9 ! v n>r[ limits ( weight1 ) ! result t ! eng9es1 ?\gh by no means z effici5t z ^? con/ruct$ lat]1 7 us$ 9 all ! exp]im5ts ( #ahic & also dur+ ! fir/ "p ( #ahid4 p#jee ,z soon z ^! eng9es 7 complet$1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahic1 a te/ 0 made ( "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 /eam be+ suppli$ f ! boil] ( ! %op-eng9e4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! ,prony brake1 & %[$ t at a spe$ ( #ajjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! p[] develop$ f a s+le cyl9d] 0 #j4bjh ,h4 ,p41 ) a mean effective pressure 9 ! cyl9d] ( only ab\t #ba p\nds p] squ>e in* ( pi/on area1 all[+ a loss ( #be p] c5t = ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! eng9e4 ,?is pressure 0 s mu* less ?an %\ld h be5 obta9$ ) ! /eam pressure us$1 t x n[ seems evid5t t ! /eam passages & ports 7 too small to admit & exhau/ ! /eam ) suffici5t rapidity to d ! "w ) ! same effici5cy t is obta9$ 9 common practice4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n imm$iately recogniz$4 ,! pi/on spe$ at #ajjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 0 #cbh feet p] m9ute1 at :i* spe$ ! /eam at a pressure ( #hj p\nds %\ld h be5 able to foll[ up ! pi/on & ma9ta9 almo/1 if n q1 full boil] pressure to ! po9t ( cut-(f1 b x did n d s4 ,! problem ( g5]at+ /eam 0 mu* m difficult & requir$ a long & t$i\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 :i* consum$ ! great] "p ( ! ye> be=e any consid]able degree ( success _h be5 atta9$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts _m unexpect$ difficulties 7 enc\nt]$1 :i* necessitat$ ! con/ruction ( special =ms ( app>atus1 :i* w be describ$ at ! prop] po9t4 ,num]\s features ( con/ruction1 :i* seem$ to be ( value :5 fir/ conceiv$1 b :i* prov$ useless :5 rigor\sly te/$1 w be not$ "h1 :5ev] a k ( _! valuelessness may seem to be ( advantage to ! read]4 ,! boil] 0 necess>ily develop$ simultane\sly ) ! developm5t ( ! heat+ app>atus1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages1 z f> z possible1 !y w be treat$ toge!r2 b (t5 = ! sake ( cle>ness & to avoid repetition1 sep>ate treatm5t w be necess>y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 !re 0 mu* d\bt z to :e!r alcohol or gasol9e w\ld be f\nd mo/ suitable = ! imm$iate purpose4 ,an alcohol burn] _h be5 us$ 9 connection ) ! e>lie/ a]odrome1 ,no4 #j1 b f ! results obta9$ ) x at t "t1 !re seem$ to be little reason to hope = success ) x4 ,x is to be premis$ t ! problem1 :i* at fir/ seem$ insoluble1 0 no less ?an to produce /eam = some?+ l #a ,h4 ,p4 by a fire-grate1 :i* %\ld occupy only a few cubic in*es 7ab\t ! size ( a cl5*$ h&7 & weigh b a few ounces4 ,x _h to be attack$1 h[ev]1 & z alcohol (f]$ ! great advantage ( high calorific prop]ties ) fre$om f all dang] ( explosion1 x 0 at fir/ us$4 ,e>ly 9 #ahic1 x occurr$ to me to modify ! burn] s z to make x ess5tially an aeolipile1 & 9 ,april ( t ye> ! fir/ exp]im5tal aeolipile model %[n at ,a 7,plate #ab7 0 made4 ,x 0 v small & int5d$ = ! p#jef demon/ration ( a pr9ciple r ?an = actual s]vice1 b ! con/ruction ( ?is small aeolipile 0 an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! a]odrome4 ,x furni%$ imm5sely m heat ?an any?+ t _h prec$$ x1 & weigh$ s little & work$ s well t 9 ,may ! aeolipile m>k$ ,b 0 made4 ,9 ?is design two pipes 7 l$ f ! upp] portion ( ! cyl9d]1 "o to a l>ge ,buns5 burn] :i* heat$ ! boil]1 ! o!r to a small burn] plac$ "u ! tank to vaporize ! alcohol4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! "o %[n at ,c1 :]e9 ! heat+ burn] 0 small] & ! gas pipe1 lead+ to ! ma9 burn]1 l>g]4 ,figures ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g 7,plate #ab7 7 really cont9uations & improvem5ts ( ! same idea4 ,9 ,c !re 0 simply a tube or flue ?r\gh ! tank2 9 ,f1 h[ev]1 ?is tube dis*>g$ into a smoke-/ack fa/5$ to ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 :ile 9 ,g ! flue turn$ upw>d )9 ! tank itself & dis*>g$ into ! %ort /ack on top4 ,! object ( ^! *anges 0 to increase ! draft & heat+ p[] ( ! small flame1 s t ! gas w\ld be m rapidly g5]at$ & a great] quantity be ?us made available = use "u ! boil] 9 a unit ( "t4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ?\gh improvem5ts 9 a con/ruction :i* 0 itself a great advance1 /ill inadequate to give out a suffici5t am\nt ( heat to meet ! excessive dem&s ( ! requir$ quantity ( /eam4 ,! boil]s 9 connection ) :i* ^! aeolipiles 7 us$ mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,! fir/ boil] ,e 7,plate #ac7 made dur+ ?is ye> 0 a d\ble-coil boil] ( ! ,s]pollet type1 =m$ ( #ai feet ( copp] tub+ hav+ an int]nal diamet] ( ab\t #a_/h in*4 ,atta*$ to ! boil] 0 a small v]tical drum1 f ! top ( :i* /eam 0 l$ to ! eng9e1 a pipe f ! bottom lead+ to ! pump4 ,?is boil] 0 te/$ 9 ,april ) an alcohol heat]1 ! pump 9 ?is trial be+ work$ by h&4 ,?is app>atus develop$ a /eam pressure v>y+ f #be to #ge p\nds1 :i* caus$ ! eng9es to drive a #fj cm4 propell] ( #a4be pit*-ratio #efe revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! greate/ difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ a suffici5t & uni=m circulation 9 ! boil] coils4 ,! action 9 ! pres5t case 0 extremely irregul>1 z ! pressure sometimes rose to #aej p\nds1 driv+ ! eng9es at a dang]\s spe$ & b5d+ ! ecc5tric rod1 :ile at o!r times x w\ld fall s l[ t ! eng9es /opp$ completely4 ,z ! pump us$ 9 ?is trial _h prov$ s unsatisfactory & unreliable1 x 0 replac$ by a res]voir ( wat] hav+ an air-*amb] *>g$ to #aj atmosph]es1 ! fl[ f :i* c\ld app>5tly be regulat$ ) ! greate/ nicety by a ne$le valve at ! po9t ( egress2 b = "s reason its p]=mance 0 unsatisfactory & rema9$ s aft] weeks ( exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ab ,,burn]s1 ,,aeolipiles1 ,,& ,,sep>ators ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ac ,,boil]s ,,( ,,a]odromes ,!re 0 us$ 9 connection ) ?is device ! d\ble-coil boil] %[n at ,f 7,plate #ac7 :i* 0 made ( tubes flatt5$ s z to be ne>ly capill>y4 ,! idea ( ?is 0 to obta9 a l>g] heat+ surface & a small] volume ( p#jeg wat]1 s t by prop] regulation at ! ne$le valve1 j t quantity w\ld be deliv]$ :i* c\ld be conv]t$ into /eam 9 its passage ?r\gh ! coils1 & be ready = use 9 ! eng9es z x left ! boil] at ! f>!r extremity4 ,! results obta9$ f ?is 7 an improvem5t ov] ^? f ! orig9al coil1 & a ?ird set ( coils 7,g1 9 ,plate #ac7 0 made4 ,?is boil] consi/$ ( ?ree flatt5$ tubes sup]pos$ "o ov] ano!r4 ,^! two boil]s 7 tri$ by plac+ !m 9 a *>coal fire & turn+ on an alcohol bla/1 :ile wat] f a res]voir "u con/ant air pressure 0 =c$ ?r\gh !m pa/ a p9 valve4 ,! result 0 t ! two-/r&$ coil suppli$ /eam at f #aj to #dj p\nds pressure to run ! eng9es at ab\t #djj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! pressure rose /eadily = ab\t #dj seconds & !n sudd5ly fell away1 ?\gh ! coils 7 r$-hot1 & nei!r ! wat] nor ! alcohol 0 exhau/$--app>5tly because ( ! irregul>ity ( ! supply ( wat]1 due to ! "t tak5 by x aft] pass+ ! valve to fill ! consid]able space int]v5+ betwe5 t po9t & ! boil]4 ,an attempt 0 made to ov]come ?is difficulty by putt+ a /op-cock directly 9 front ( ! boil] s t ! wat]1 :ile /ill "u ! control ( ! ne$le valve1 c\ld be turn$ 9 at once2 ! alcohol bla/ 0 also arrang$ to be turn$ on or (f at pleasure1 & provision 0 made1 by tak+ out ! end ( ! flue inclos+ ! boil]1 to provide = an increas$ air supply4 ,) ?is arrangem5t a flame eight or n9e in*es long 0 obta9$1 b a te/ %[$ t n m ?an #be grammes ( wat] p] m9ute pass$ ?r\gh ! tubes1 :i* 0 n en\gh4 ,fur!r te/s ) ^! boil]s 7 s f> satisfactory z to %[ t ) ! flatt5$-tube ,s]pollet boil]1 compris+ f #fj to #hj feet ( tub+1 f #hj to #ajj p\nds pressure ( /eam c\ld be ma9ta9$1 b n /eadily4 ,z !re 7 difficulties 9 flatt5+ ! tubes to make a boil] ( ?is sort1 a compromise 0 effect$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! "o %[n at ,h 7,plate #ac71 :i* 0 made ( light copp] tubes #e mm4 9 diamet]1 laid up 9 ?ree l5g?s ( #f metres ea*4 ,! ends ( ^! coils 7 s atta*$ to ea* o!r t ! wat] ent]+ at "o end ( ! smalle/ coil w\ld pass ?r\gh x & !n ent] ! middle coil1 :5ce x pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ird or out] coil4 ,two sets ( ^! coils 7 made & plac$ 9 ! ?9 %ea?+s %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts ) ^! boil]s demon/rat$ t ! pressure did n rise high en\gh 9 proportion to ! heat appli$1 & t ev5 ! pressures obta9$ 7 irregul> & untru/wor?y4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty /ill lay 9 ma9ta9+ an active & uni=m circulation ?r\gh ! coils1 & = ?is purpose ! wat] res]voir "u con/ant air pressure _h prov$ itself inadequate4 ,?is po9t$ to a return to ! use ( ! =ce pump1 ! con/ruction ( :i* _h hi!rto pres5t$ s _m special difficulties t x _h be5 tempor>ily ab&on$4 p#jeh ,a fur!r difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 ! use ( ^! boil]s _h be5 t ( obta9+ dry /eam = ! eng9es1 z dur+ ! e>ly exp]im5ts ! /eam _h be5 deliv]$ directly into ! eng9es f ! boil] coils4 ,b 9 ,augu/ ! writ] devis$ a *amb]1 kn[n z ! 8sep>ator10 :]e x _h an opportunity to sep>ate f ! wat] & issue z dry /eam1 or at lea/ approximately dry /eam4 ,?is 0 an arrangem5t famili> 9 pr9ciple to /eam eng9e]s "u ano!r =m1 b x 0 "o ( ! _m ?+s :i*1 9 ! ignorance ( /eam eng9e]+ ! writ] has already freely admitt$1 he _h to re9v5t = himself4 ,at ab\t ! same "t1 a new pump 0 design$ to drive ! wat] f ! bottom ( ! sep>ator1 :i* s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( /eam drum & res]voir1 into ! coils4 ,?is pump _h a diamet] ( #d4h cm41 & 0 run at #ahj /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! result ( ! fir/ exp]im5ts ) ^! improvem5ts demon/rat$ t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ is proportional to ! circulation1 & 9 ?is boil] ! circulation 0 /ill ! ?+ t 0 at fault4 ,f9ally1 ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ) ! two-/r&$1 triple-coil boil] may be summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t t x 0 possible to ma9ta9 a pressure ( #hj p\nds1 & t ) x ! eng9es c\ld be made to develop f #j4c to #j4d ,h4 ,p4 at be/4 ,x weigh$ #fej grammes 7#a4dc p\nds7 )\t ! asbe/os jacket4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! writ] _h ! good =tune to secure ! tempor>y s]vices ( ,dr4 ,c>l ,b>us1 an accompli%$ physici/1 ) ^: aid a great v>iety ( boil]s 7 exp]im5t$ on4 ,! next =m ( boil] te/$ 0 t %[n at ,n 7,plate #ac71 made on a sy/em ( coils 9 p>allel1 ( :i* !re 7 tw5ty complete turns4 ,9 ! fir/ te/ x g5]at$ b #bj p\nds ( /eam1 because ! flame refus$ to "w 9 ! cold] coils4 ,! "w ( ?is boil] 0 v unsatisfactory1 & x 0 only ) ! greate/ difficulty t m ?an t5 p\nds pressure c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,!re 0 tr\ble1 too1 ) ! circulation1 9 t :5 ! flame 0 9 full play ! pump seem$ to meet an almo/ solid resi/ance1 s t x c\ld n be made to d its "w4 ,a new boil] 0 accord+ly made1 consi/+ ( ?ree coils ( f\r /r&s ea*4 ,) ?is ! pump work$ easily1 b :]eas x 0 expect$ to get #abj p\nds pressure1 ! be/ t c\ld be obta9$ 0 #gj p\nds4 ,! out] coil 0 !n /ripp$ (f1 & a trial made 9 :i* ev]y?+ ran smoo?ly & ! pressure m\nt$ mom5t>ily to #ij p\nds4 ,aft] "s adju/m5t1 a mean pressure ( #hj p\nds 0 obta9$1 giv+ #gcj revolutions ( ! eng9e p] m9ute1 ) an indicat$ horse-p[] ( #j4cb4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ?is "w t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 /eam is g5]at$ mo/ rapidly :5 x is us$ mo/ rapidly1 s t two eng9es c\ld be us$ p#jei almo/ z well z "o1 ! reason app>5tly be+ t ! rapid circulation increas$ ! /eam g5]at+ p[] ( ! boil]1 & t ! eng9es work$ be/ at ab\t #hj p\nds4 ,x 0 also f\nd t a l>g] tub+ 0 bett] ?an ! small1 weight = weight1 ?is fact be+ due to ! great] ease ) :i* circulation c\ld be ma9ta9$1 s9ce few] coils 7 necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 ! same ext]nal heat+ surface4 ,! pressure 9 ! coils & ! sep>ator 0 also mu* m ne>ly equaliz$4 ,! result 0 t ! boil] tempor>ily approv$ 0 "o made ( tub+ #f4ce mm4 7#j4be in*7 9 diamet]1 b5t into a two-coil1 two-/r&$ boil]1 hav+ sixte5 complete turns = ea* /r& 9 ea* coil4 ,! total weight 0 #efj grammes 7#a4bc p\nds7 ) a total heat+ surface ( #acjj sq4 cm4 7#a4d sq4 ft474 ,! sep>ator us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts made dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb] 0 ( a =m 9 :i* ! wat] 0 =c$ bel[ a s]ies ( p>titions t prev5t$ x f foll[+ ! /eam ov] into ! cyl9d]s ( ! eng9es4 ,x weigh$ #daj grammes 7#j4i p\nd7 & 0 mo/ conv5i5tly work$ ) #gjj grammes 7#a4ed p\nds7 ( wat]4 ,! boil] & sep>ator toge!r weigh$ #igj grammes 7#b4a p\nds74 ,a new sep>ator 01 h[ev]1 design$1 :i* 0 horizontal in/ead ( v]tical1 z x 0 int5d$ t x %\ld be plac$ j bel[ ! midrod4 ,ano!r =m1 devis$ = con/ructional reasons1 consi/$ ( a cyl9d] 9 :i* a pump 0 imb$d$4 ,h]et(ore ! pump us$ _h be5 s+le-act+1 b x 0 n[ propos$ to make a d\ble-act+ pump4 ,^u te/+ ?is app>atus1 x 0 f\nd t :5 us+ an aeolipile1 x took #aej grammes ( alcohol to evaporate #fjj grammes ( wat]4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! latt] 0 us$ v wa/efully1 s t ! !rmal effici5cy ( ! eng9e 0 n ov] "o p] c5t2 b x 0 also evid5t t1 "u ! necessity ( sacrific+ ev]y?+ to lightness1 ?is wa/e 0 l>gely inevitable4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 ano!r boil] 7,o1 ,plate #ac7 0 made1 :i* consi/$ ( two coils w\nd 9 "r & left h& screw-?reads1 "o fitt+ loosely ov] ! o!r1 s z to make a cyl9drical lattice-"w #cb cm4 7#ab4f 947 long4 ,ea* coil conta9$ two /r&s ( copp] tube #j4c mm4 ?ick1 & weigh+ #ed grammes to ! metre 7#j4jcf p\nd to ! foot74 ,! inn] coil _h a diamet] ( #e4fc cm4 7#b4bb 9471 ) n9e turns ( tube to ! /r&1 ! two /r&s mak+ a l5g? ( #cai cm4 7#aj4e feet7 = ! coil4 ,! out] coil _h a mean diamet] ( #f4hh cm4 7#b4ga 947 & a l5g? ( #chh cm4 7#ab4g feet7 = ! two /r&s4 ,! total l5g? ( ! two coils 01 !re=e1 #gjg cm4 7#bc4b feet71 ) a heat+ surface ( ab\t #adae sq4 cm4 7#a4eb sq4 ft47 & a total weight ( #chb grammes 7#j4hd p\nd74 ,! results obta9$ ) ?is boil] 7 s f> satisfactory z to %[ t1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 :5 air 0 suppli$ 9 unlimit$ quantities & !re 7 no di/urb+ curr5ts to put out or int]f]e ) ! "w p#jfj ( ! burn]s1 /eam c\ld be suppli$ at a suffici5t pressure to run ! eng9es4 ,x 0 realiz$1 h[ev]1 t ! conditions 9 flight w\ld be v diff]5t1 & t 9 ord] to protect ! app>atus f ! w9d1 "s sort ( protect+ cov]+ w\ld h to be devis$1 :i* w\ld ( itself introduce new difficulties 9 provid+ ! burn]s ) a prop] & uni=m draft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,diagram ( p5dulum4 ,! hull1 z at fir/ con/ruct$1 consi/$ ( a cyl9drical %ea?+ op5 9 front1 ?r\gh ! re> end ( :i* ! boil] & aeolipile project$ inw>d1 s t ! air tak5 9 at ! front w\ld be drawn ?r\gh ! boil] & he>? to ! exclusion ( lat]al curr5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ te/s1 h[ev]1 aft] ! hull _h be5 appli$1 x 0 impossible to secure a prop] rate ( combu/ion1 ne>ly ! :ole hull be+ fill$ ) a blui% flame1 :ile only a v small portion ( ! gases ( combu/ion pass$ into ! coils ( ! boil]4 ,! rem$y = ?is lay 9 obta9+ an increas$ draft1 & a small /ack 01 !re=e1 arrang$ to c>ry (f ! products ( combu/ion4 ,?is prov$ inadequate1 & x 0 only aft] sev]al weeks ( exp]im5t ) v>i\s types ( smoke-/ack1 & con/ant alt]ation ( ! aeolipile1 t x 0 possible to make ! app>atus "w p#jfa effici5tly :5 x 0 inside ! hull4 ,f9ally su* a degree ( success 0 atta9$ t ! burn]s c\ld be kept light$ ev5 :5 ! a]odrome 0 plac$ 9 a consid]able artificial breeze1 creat$ by a bl[] 9 ! %op4 ,9 connection ) ^! te/s ( ! eng9es & boil]s1 "s me?od 0 desir$1 9 addition to ! ,prony brake te/s1 by :i* ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s :5 driv5 by ! eng9es at v>i\s spe$s c\ld be measur$ accurately & 9 t]ms :i* w\ld be readily available 9 judg+ :e!r ! a]odromes 7 ready to be giv5 an actual trial 9 free flight4 ,su* a me?od 0 f\nd 9 ! use ( an app>atus kn[n z ! 8p5dulum10 :i* 0 introduc$ ne> ! end ( #ahib1 b 0 n g5]ally us$ until ! end ( #ahic4 ,aft] ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ?is te/ 0 made a condition pr]equisite to tak+ any ( ! a]odromes into ! field1 & prov$ ( ! greate/ assi/ance 9 e/imat+ ! probable outcome ( ! trials4 ,! app>atus us$1 :i* is diagrammatically %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 0 extremely simple bo? 9 !ory & op]ation4 ,x consi/$ prim>ily ( a horizontal arm ,,ac c>ry+ ! knife-edge ,b by :i* x is pivot$ on ea* side on support+ beams n %[n4 ,dep5d+ f ,,ac is ! light v]tical arm ,,de1 rigidly jo9$ to x & c>ry+ ! l[] horizontal arm ,,fg1 all ( :i* are brac$ toge!r s z to ma9ta9 ! arm ,,de con/antly p]p5dicul> to ,,ac4 ,to ?is arm ,,fg ! model 0 rigidly atta*$ ) its c5t] ( gravity 9 l9e ) ! v]tical arm ,,de & its weight increas$ by ! addition ( prop]ly dispos$ flat weights1 9 ord] to make ! angle ( lift = a giv5 ?ru/ ( ! propell]s small] & less likely to int]f]e ) ! work+ ( ! boil] & sep>ator4 ,be=e ! actual te/ ( ! 8lift0 c\ld be made1 x 0 necess>y to "k ! exact di/ance ( ! v]tical c5t] ( gravity ( ! model & ! extra weights f ! knife-edge ,b4 ,?is 0 det]m9$ by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,a kn[n weight 0 susp5d$ f ! arm ,,ab at "s arbitr>ily select$ di/ance f ! po9t ,b4 ,?is weight caus$ ! p]p5dicul> arms ,,ab & ,,de to rotate ?r\gh an angle1 1 :i* 0 measur$ on ! scale ,,kl4 ,kn[+1 !n1 ! weight on ! arm ,,ab1 its po9t ( application1 ! weight ( ! a]odrome susp5d$ on ! arm ,,de1 & ! angle ( rotation1 x is easy1 by a simple application ( trigonometric functions1 to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! model f ! po9t ,b4 ,9 a te/ ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f made on ,septemb] #bc1 #ahih1 ! weight susp5d$ f ,,ab 0 #aj1jjj grammes1 its po9t ( application #ej cm41 ! model 0 weight$ to #bj1dej grammes1 & ! angle ( rotation1 1 0 #g #b4 ,lett+ y equal ! di/ance ( ! ,,cg f ,b1 we may equate ! balanc$ =ces ?us3 #aj1jjjej cos #g #b #bj1dejy s9 #g #b #aj1jjjej cot #g #b #bj1dejy y #aih4b cm4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ?is di/ance1 ! weight on ,,ab 0 remov$ & ! a]odrome 0 all[$ to rega9 its =m] position4 ,! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( ?ru/ f ,b 0 !n measur$4 ,! eng9e 0 next />t$ & ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]s c\nt$ by a ta*omet]4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s1 act+ p]p5dicul>ly to ! arm ,,bd1 produc$ rotation ar\nd ! po9t ,b1 ! angle ( :i* 0 measur$ z above4 ,9 ! p[] te/ ( ,no4 #f1 ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$3 ,w weight ( a]odrome #bj1dej grammes4 angle ( lift #ai #cj4 ,di/ance ( ,,cg f c5t] ( rotation #aih4b cm4 ,di/ance ( c5t] ( ?ru/ f c5t] ( rotation #ahf4c cm4 ,z ! propell] ?ru/ & ! weight ( ! model are =ces act+ 9 opposite directions at kn[n di/ances f a c5t] ( rotation1 lett+ ,l equal ! 8dead lift10 we may express ! equation ?us3 ,w s9 #aih4b ,l#ahf4c1 ,l 7#aih4b_/ahf4c7s9 #ai #cjbj1dej1 ,l #g1bfc grammes 8dead lift40 ,! fly+ weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f 0 #ab1jfd grammes1 & ! p] c5t ( ?is weight lift$ 01 !re=e1 #g1bfc_/ab1jfd #fj4c4 ,?is 0 mu* m ?an 0 necess>y = flight1 b 9 ord] to insure successful flights & avoid delay1 ! rule 0 made 9 #ahie t no a]odrome 0 to be laun*$ until x _h previ\sly demon/rat$ its ability to g5]ate en\gh p[] to ma9ta9 = at lea/ two m9utes a lift ( #ej p] c5t ( ! total fly+ weight4 ,at ! same "t o!r important data 7 obta9$1 su* z ! /eam-pressure1 ! "t requir$ to raise suffici5t /eam1 ! total "t ( ! run1 & ! g5]al work+ ( ! boil]s & eng9es4 ,z w easily be se51 ^! te/s af=d$ a mo/ satisfactory basis ( judg+ :at ! a]odromes might be expect$ to d 9 actual flight if ! balanc+ 7 correct4 ,at ?is "t1 ,octob]1 #ahic1 ! a]odrome 7,old ,no4 #d7 0 practically complete1 & ! mo/ anxi\s ?\ght 0 giv5 to light5+ x 9 e way consi/5t ) ! ev]-pres5t dem& = m p[]1 :i* necessitat$ an increase 9 ! weight ( bo? burn]s & boil]s to supply ! requisite /eam4 ,on ,novemb] #ad1 :5 ! a]odrome 0 prep>$ to be %ipp$ to ,quantico = trial1 its condition 0 ab\t z foll[s4 ,! /eam-g5]at+ app>atus--! p>ts ( :i* 7 ( sub/antially ! =ms la/ describ$1 al?\gh "s slight improvem5ts _h be5 introduc$--_h be5 develop$ to p#jfc su* a po9t t a pressure ( f #gj to #hj p\nds ( /eam c\ld be ma9ta9$ = #gj seconds1 :5 x 0 te/$ 9 ! %op4 ,:at x w\ld d "u ! unfavorable conditions impos$ by flight 0 to be le>n$ only by trial4 ,at ?is pressure1 ! eng9es1 ! effici5cy ( :i* _h be5 increas$ by an improvem5t 9 pack+1 w\ld develop approximately #j4d indicat$ ,h4 ,p41 :ile at #aje p\nds pressure !y at times develop$ z mu* z #j4h ,h4 ,p4 ,:5 ! a]odrome 0 te/$ on ! p5dulum1 ^! eng9es1 :5 mak+ less ?an #gjj revolutions p] m9ute1 lift$ ov] #dj p] c5t ( ! total fly+ weight4 ,! propell]s us$ at ?is "t 7 accurate helices1 hav+ a diamet] ( #fj cm41 a wid? ( blade ( approximately #cf degrees1 & a pit*-ratio ( #a4be4 ,!y 7 =m$ ( wood1 & 7 bu%$ ) brass :]e !y 7 atta*$ to ! %afts4 ,,a]odrome ,,old ,,no4 #d ,,z ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,flight ,,be=e ,,be+ ,,%ipp$ ,,= ,,trial ,,on ,,novemb] #ad1 #ahic ---------------------------------------- -------- ,"p4 ,copp]4,/eel4,brass4,iron4 ---------------------------------------- -------- gms4 gms4 gms4 gms4 ,aeolipile #bjj 44 #ib 44 ,boil] #cej 44 #cg 44 ,sep>ator & pumps #cjj #cj #ajj #bj ,eng9e & frame 44 #cej #egj 44 ,midrod 7#bjj cm4 long7 44 #bbj 44 44 ,two smoke-/acks #gj 44 44 44 ,asbe/os jacket+ 44 44 44 44 ,air *amb] 44 44 44 #hb ,spid] betwe5 boil] & burn] #cb 44 44 44 ,intake valve 44 44 #ae 44 ------------------------ ,total #ieb #fjj #had #ajb ------------------------ ,hull #ej 44 #ej 44 ,p9s = />t] 44 #ae 44 44 ,two l>ge w+s & tail 44 44 44 44 ,buff] & /e]] 44 44 44 44 ,propell]s 44 44 44 44 ------------------------ ,total #ej #ae #ej 44 ------------------------ ,gr& total #ajjb #fae #hfd #ajb ,d5sity #h4i #g4h #h4e #g4e ,volume 7cu4 cms47 #aac #gi #ajb #acf ,alcohol 44 44 44 44 ,wat] 44 44 44 44 ------------------------ ,total 44 44 44 44 ,d5sity 44 44 44 44 ,volume 7cu4 cm47 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,"p4 ,wood ,mica & ,fluid4 ,total & mean & asbe/os4 weights4 silk4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- gms4 gms4 gms4 gms4 ,aeolipile 44 44 44 #bib ,boil] 44 44 44 #chg ,sep>ator & pumps 44 44 44 #dej ,eng9e & frame 44 44 44 #ibj ,midrod 7#bjj cm4 long7 44 44 44 #bbj ,two smoke-/acks 44 44 44 #gj ,asbe/os jacket+ 44 #ej 44 #ej ,air *amb] 44 44 44 #hb ,spid] betwe5 boil] & burn] 44 44 44 #cb ,intake valve 44 44 44 #ae -------------------------- ,total 44 #ej 44 #beah #e4ed lbs4 -------------------------- ,hull 44 #be 44 #abe ,p9s = />t] 44 44 44 #ae ,two l>ge w+s & tail #ega 44 44 #ega ,buff] & /e]] #ec 44 44 #ec ,propell]s #bej 44 44 #bej -------------------------- ,total #hgd #be 44 #ajad #b4cc lbs4 -------------------------- ---- ,gr& total #hgd #ge 44 #cecb #g4gg lbs4 ,d5sity #j4h #c4j 44 #b4dh ,i4 ,volume 7cu4 cms47 #ajib #be 44 #adbe #hg cu4 ins4 ,alcohol 44 44 #ajj #ajj ,wat] 44 44 #ejj #ejj -------------------------- ,total 44 44 44 #dacb #i4a lbs4 ,d5sity 44 44 #abe #ejj #b4ja ,,ii4 ,volume 7cu4 cm47 44 44 44 #bjej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p]man5t air spaces3 9 midrod1 vol4 #cee cc4 9 eng9e frame1 vol4 #ajj cc4 volume z p] ,,ii4 #bjej cc4 ,d5sity #dacb_/beje #a4fe ,,iii4 -------- #beje cc4 ,! total fly+ weight ( ,old ,no4 #d1 includ+ fuel & wat]1 0 #dacb grammes 7#i4a lbs471 a mu* l>g] weight ?an _h be5 contemplat$ :5 ! orig9al designs 7 made4 ,a detail$ /atem5t ( ! weights ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! a]odrome1 toge!r ) "s data z to its d5sity1 is giv5 on ! prec$+ page4 ,!re 7 provid$ 9 ! w+s & tail approximately #b sq4 ft4 ( support+ surface to ! p\nd ( weight1 :i* w\ld h be5 b>ely suffici5t to su/a9 ! a]odrome1 ev5 if x _h be5 successfully laun*$ & ! w+s _h be5 built mu* /rong] ?an ! flimsy con/ruction 9 use at ?is "t4 ,an air *amb]1 :i* s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( float+ ! a]odrome & ( provid+ a moveable weight by :i* ! c5t] ( gravity c\ld be %ift$ to ! prop] position relatively to ! c5t] ( pressure1 0 con/ruct$ ( ! ?9ne/ %eet-iron & atta*$ to ! midrod4 ,?is a]odrome1 ! fif? 9 actual con/ruction1 & ! fir/1 aft] ye>s ( exp]im5t1 to be c>ri$ into ! field1 0 transport$ to ,quantico1 :]e ! fir/ trial ) x 0 made on ,novemb] #bj1 "u ! conditions describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 #ahid ,! a]odrome1 ,no4 #d1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 _h n be5 put to ! te/ ( an actual flight1 = reasons connect$ ) ! difficulties ( laun*+1 :i* are m fully describ$ else:]e2 b1 :5 ! complet$ ma*9e 0 m fully /udi$ 9 connection ) ! unfavorable conditions :i* x 0 se5 w\ld be impos$ on x 9 trials 9 ! op5 air1 _m possibilities = improvem5t pres5t$ !mselves4 ,x 0 se51 = in/ance1 t a bett] design might be made1 9 :i* ! eng9es1 boil] & aeolipile might be plac$ s t ! c5t] ( gravity ( ea* w\ld lie 9 ! same v]tical plane z ! c5tral l9e ( ! a]odrome4 ,9 ord] to d ?is ! con/ruction ( a s+le midrod1 :i* 0 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ,old ,no4 #d1 _h to be ess5tially dep>t$ f1 ! midrod ( ?is new "o1 ,no4 #e1 be+ op5$ out into two rods1 s to speak1 :i* 7 b5t out s t ! op5 space betwe5 !m furni%$ a suffici5tly l>ge hull space to hold ! entire p[] g5]at+ app>atus4 ,9 arrang+ ! ma*9]y )9 ?is hull1 x 0 provid$ t1 z ! wat] & fuel 7 exp5d$1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! a]odrome w\ld %ift little1 &1 if at all1 backw>d relatively to ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,in/ead ( ! two small eng9es1 :i* x w be rememb]$ 7 m\nt$ on ! cross-frame 9 ,no4 #d1 a s+le eng9e ) a l>g] cyl9d]1 hav+ a diamet] ( #c4c cm4 7#a4c 947 & a /roke ( #g cm4 7#b4gf 9471 capable ( develop+ ab\t #a ,h4 ,p4 0 us$4 ,?is eng9e 0 m\nt$ )9 ! hull ne> ! =w>d end & drove ! propell]s by suitable ge>+4 p#jfe ,9 addition to ^! radical *anges _m important improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,int]nal comp>tm5ts 7 built 9 ! sep>ator1 s t ev5 if ! wat] 0 displac$ by ! pit*+ ( ! a]odrome1 x c\ld /ill p]=m its functions prop]ly4 ,! pump 0 provid$ ) a rat*et1 s t x c\ld be work$ by h& aft] ! burn]s 7 light$1 & be=e en\gh /eam _h be5 rais$ to enable ! eng9e to run x4 ,an active circulation 0 ?us ma9ta9$ 9 ! coils ( ! boil] z soon z ! burn] 0 light$ & be=e ! eng9e 0 />t$1 :i* prev5t$ ! tub+ f be+ burnt out1 z _h frequ5tly happ5$ previ\sly4 ,! w+ con/ruction 0 also improv$ & _m o!r *anges 7 introduc$1 :i* w be treat$ sep>ately4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,no4 #d1 :i* _h be5 damag$ 9 ! attempt$ laun*+ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahic1 0 /r5g!n$ & prep>$ = ano!r trial :i* took place 9 ,janu>y1 #ahid4 ,by ! end ( ! fir/ week 9 ,febru>y1 ! eng9e ( ,no4 #e 0 ready = trial1 & ) a boil] pressure ( ab\t #hj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 app>5tly develop$ #j4ef ,h4 ,p4 on ! ,prony brake1 :5 mak+ #hjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,to accompli% ?is call$ = su* good di/ribution ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d]1 t x is d\btful if ! p[] c\ld be exce$$ at t spe$ & pressure4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 app>5t t x 0 desirable to h a boil] capable ( supply+ /eam = at lea/ "o horse-p[]1 & t 9 ord] to d ?is1 !re mu/ be an improvem5t 9 ! aeolipiles4 ,! problem consi/$ 9 arrang+ to evaporate m ?an #ejj cu4 cm41 & 9 fact z ne>ly z possible #ajjj cu4 cm4 7#fa cu4 947 ( wat] p] m9ute1 &1 s9ce f #bjj to #cjj cu4 cm4 p] m9ute _h already be5 evaporat$1 ?is 0 n reg>d$ z impossible ( accompli%m5t4 ,! !oretical advantages ( gasol9e _h = a long "t be5 recogniz$1 z well z ! v practical advantage possess$ by x ( keep+ light$ 9 a breeze1 & sev]al attempts _h be5 made dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! previ\s ye> to con/ruct a suitable burn] = use ) x4 ,^! _h n be5 v successful2 b 9 view ( ! increas+ dem& = a flame ( great] effici5cy ?an t ( ! alcohol aeolipiles1 x 0 decid$ to resume ! exp]im5ts ) x4 ,accord+ly1 a gasol9e evaporator 0 tri$1 consi/+ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t ( a gasol9e tank ) n9e flues1 ?r\gh :i* /eam 0 pass$4 ,a fl[ ( /eam gave a rapid evaporation ( gasol9e :5 ! pressure did n exce$ #e p\nds4 ,! *ief difficulty ) ! burn] employ$ 0 t ! supply ( gasol9e gas w\ld rise & fall z ! /eam rose & fell1 conditions j ! opposite ( :at 0 really desir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ?\ght t ?is gasol9e tank w\ld =m a real cond5s] = ! /eam1 s t a p#jff portion ( ! exhau/ /eam w\ld be cond5s$ & be available = use 9 ! boil] aga94 ,! gasol9e vapor _h _m advantages ov] ! alcohol2 b x 0 at fir/ possible to evaporate only #abj cu4 cm4 ( gasol9e 9 a m9ute4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts t 7 made at ?is "t 7,m>* #i7 ) gasol9e1 ! ma9 object 9 view 0 to obta9 a smoo? blue flame at #aj p\nds pressure4 ,!re _h be5 failures to accompli% ?is1 ow+ to ! high boil+ po9t ( ! liquid1 & :ile ! "w 0 9 progress x 0 /ill evid5t t ! problem ( ! boil] & ! flame :i* 0 to heat x _h n be5 solv$4 ,a ,prony brake te/ gave1 at #acj p\nds pressure1 #a4a ,h4 ,p4 ) ab\t #ajjj revolutions ( ! propell]s2 b ?is 0 ) /eam suppli$ f ! boil] ( ! /ation>y %op eng9e4 ,on ,april #a1 #ahid1 ! foll[+ record 0 made ( ! condition ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e3 8,! w+s1 ! tail1 & ! two #hj cm4 propell]s1 z well z ! two small] propell]s1 are ready4 ,! cyl9d]s1 ge>1 pump1 & e ess5tial ( ! runn+ ge>1 are 9 place4 ,! boil]s1 sep>ators1 & adjuncts are /ill "u exp]im5t1 b may be hop$ to be ready 9 a few days4 ,at pres5t1 ! boil]s give f #dej to #fjj grammes ( mix$ /eam & wat] p] m9ute4 ,) #acj p\nds ( /eam1 ! eng9e has actually develop$ at ! brake1 )\t cut-(f1 consid]ably m ?an #a ,h4 ,p41 s t x may be confid5tly consid]$ t at #aej p\nds1 ) cut-(f1 x w give at lea/ #j4h ,h4 ,p41 if x works proportionately well40 ,! delays incid5t to ! accompli%m5t ( ! "w 9 h& 7 always great] ?an anticipat$1 z is in/anc$ by ! fact t x 0 ! latt] "p ( ,septemb] be=e ! "w 0 actually complet$4 ,! great] "p ( ?is delay 0 due to ! necessity = a con/ant s]ies ( exp]im5ts dur+ ! spr+ & summ] to det]m9e ! p[] t x 0 possible to obta9 ) ! v>i\s /yles ( boil]s1 aeolipiles1 & gasol9e burn]s4 ,:ile ,no4 #e 0 ?us "u con/ruction1 new & some:at l>g] eng9es _h be5 built = ,no4 #d1 ! "w on !m hav+ be5 begun 9 ,janu>y4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ^! eng9es1 :i* are m fully describ$ 9 connection ) ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 7 #b4h cm4 9 diamet]1 ) a #e cm4 /roke1 ea* cyl9d] ?us hav+ a capacity ( #cj4h cu4 cm41 :i* 0 an increase ( #cf p] c5t ov] t ( ! old brass cyl9d] eng9es1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 us$ on ,no4 #d4 ,on ,april #bh1 "u a pressure ( #gj p\nds1 ^! eng9es drove ! two #fj cm4 propell]s at a rate ( #ijj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 & lift$ on ! p5dulum ne>ly #dj p] c5t ( ! total fly+ weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #d1 :i* 0 n[ approximately #e kilos4 ,a trial 0 made at ,quantico 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,x is only necess>y to m5tion 9 ?is connection t !re 0 a great deal ( tr\ble exp]i5c$ ) ! alcohol aeolipile1 ! flame be+ ext+ui%$ 9 ! mod]ate w9d to :i* ! p#jfg a]odrome 0 subject$ :ile prep>ations = ! laun* 7 be+ made4 ,moreov] ! flame 0 s ne>ly invisible 9 ! sunlight t x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r x 0 burn+ 9 ! critical in/ants j be=e ! laun*1 :5 d\bt might be fatal4 ,^! conditions result$ 9 a f9al decision 9 favor ( gasol9e1 on acc\nt ( its great] inflammability1 & 9 ! provision ( su* hull cov]+ t ! fires c\ld be light$ & ma9ta9$ 9 a breeze4 ,9 ,june1 ,i tri$ a modification ( ! burn]1 9 :i* ! gasol9e 0 deliv]$ "u ! pressure ( air to ! evaporat+ coil4 ,9 ! fir/ trial /eam 0 rais$ to a f9al pressure ( ab\t #gj p\nds1 & a run ( #de seconds 0 secur$ "u a pressure ( #dj p\nds 9 ! gasol9e tank1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be altoge!r too high2 =1 at ! end ( ! run1 ! :ole app>atus 0 envelop$ 9 flames1 because ( ! gasol9e t 0 project$ ?r\gh ! burn]-tips4 ,cont9ual exp]im5ts ) diff]5t =ms ( burn]1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #ab1 occupi$ ! "t1 ) delays & imp]fect results1 :i* 7 try+ to ! inve/igator1 b are omitt$ z ( little int]e/ to ! read]4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 ! incid5tal result ( prov+ ! practical sup]iority ( gasol9e ov] alcohol1 & culm9at$ 9 ! evolution ( ! burn] t 0 f9ally us$ successfully4 ,x consi/$ ( a tank = ! gasol9e1 f :i* compress$ air deliv]$ ! liquid to a small coil surr\nd$ by asbe/os1 9 :i* x 0 vaporiz$4 ,at ! re> end ( ?is coil ?ree pipes 7 l$ (f1 "o ( :i* 0 a small 8ble$]10 :i* f$ ! burn] = heat+ ! gasol9e1 ! o!r two lead+ to ! ma9 burn]s4 ,aft] ! g5]ation ( gas 9 ! small coil _h be5 />t$1 ! heat f ! small burn] 0 expect$ to cont9ue ! vaporization1 s t no?+ b gas w\ld be able to rea* ! ma9 burn]s4 ,a device 0 also introduc$1 :i* _h greatly increas$ ! am\nt & uni=mity ( ! draft & consequ5tly made ! burn]s & boil]s m effici5t ?an be=e4 ,?is consi/$ simply 9 pass+ ! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es into ! smoke-/ack1 & x is rem>kable t x 0 n ?\ght ( e>li]4 ,by ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #ahid1 bo? a]odromes 7 complet$ & ready = ano!r te/4 ,on ,septemb] #bg ! condition ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #d 0 z foll[s3 ,! g5]al type ( con/ruction1 namely1 t ( a s+le midrod1 to :i* all ! /eam g5]at+ app>atus 0 atta*$1 & :i* support$ also ! cross-frame & ! w+s1 0 ! same z 9 ! con/ruction ( #ahic4 ,on acc\nt ( ! increas$ weight ( ! model1 & ! sub/itution ( an inf]ior piece ( tub+ 9 place ( ! =m] midrod1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to /iff5 x by ! use ( tempor>y trusses4 ,p]man5t be>+ po9ts = hold+ ! a]odrome securely to ! newly devis$ laun*+ app>atus 7 also atta*$ to ?is midrod4 p#jfh ,! eng9es 9 use at ?is "t 7 ! small /eel cyl9d]s describ$ above1 :i* 7 m\nt$ on ! cross-frame1 & drove ! propell]s directly4 ,^! eng9es 7 capable ( deliv]+ to ! propell]s1 z _h be5 prov$ by repeat$ te/s1 at lea/ #j4ff brake horse-p[]4 ,! boil] consi/$ ( two inn] coils & an envelop+ out] coil1 loosely w\nd & connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,! inn] coils1 ea* ( :i* _h ab\t #ag turns ( #h mm4 diamet]1 #j4b mm4 ?ick tub+1 develop$ ab\t #hj p] c5t ( ! /eam2 ! out] coil ( #h turns1 :ile n exactly useless z a /eam g5]ator1 af=d$ an effici5t means ( fa/5+ ! smoke-/ack & cov] ( ! boil]1 & = atta*+ ! latt] to ! midrod4 ,?is boil] 0 ext]nally #cj cm4 long1 #af cm4 wide1 & #aj cm4 deep1 weigh+ ) its cov] approximately #fej grammes4 ,! /ack = ! burnt gases1 into :i* exhau/ /eam 0 l$ f a c5tral jet1 0 ab\t #a foot long4 ,at be/ ?is boil] 0 capable ( develop+ slightly ov] #ajj p\nds ( /eam4 ,! sep>ator 0 ( ! =m la/ describ$1 except t ! /eam dome _h be5 mov$ t[>d ! front1 to prev5t ! j]k ( ! laun*+ c> 9 />t+ f caus+ wat] to be pit*$ ov] into ! eng9es4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ( %eet alum9um-bronze1 & weigh$1 toge!r ) its pump1 #ehj grammes4 ,! pump1 :i* 0 d\ble-act+ & fitt$ ) ball valves1 0 capable ( dis*>g+ #d4e grammes ( cold wat] p] /roke1 its effici5cy be+ only ab\t "o-half z great ) hot wat]4 ,! gasol9e burn]1 :i* _h be5 f9ally adopt$ 9 place ( ! alcohol aeolipiles1 _h n[ be5 p]fect$ to ! =m 9 :i* x 0 f9ally us$4 ,two ,buns5 burn]s ( special con/ruction 7 provid$ ) gasol9e gas by ! heat ( an int]m$iate accessory burn]1 :i* play$ ^u a coil to :i* all ?ree burn]s 7 connect$4 ,gasol9e 0 furni%$ f a tank made ( alum9um-bronze1 "u an air pressure ( ab\t #bj p\nds1 ! fluid be+ "u ! control ( a screw /op-cock4 ,?is tank1 :i* 0 capable ( hold+ #ajj to #aej cu4 cm4 ( gasol9e1 weigh$ #ahj grammes1 & ! burn]s ) an out] %ea?+ weigh$ #cjb grammes4 ,x 0 calculat$ t ab\t #ccjj cu4 cm4 7#bja cu4 947 ( air space w\ld be requir$ to float ! a]odrome 9 wat]1 & ?is 0 suppli$ by an air *amb]1 hav+ a capacity ( #bgjj cu4 cm4 7#afe cu4 9471 :i* c\ld be %ift$ to adju/ ! longitud9al equilibrium ( ! a]odrome1 & ab\t #ijj cu4 cm4 7#ee cu4 947 ( space 9 ! gasol9e tank & ! midrod4 ,! reel & float1 :i* s]v$ to indicate ! location ( ! a]odrome1 if = any reason x %\ld be subm]g$1 7 9 "o piece1 & s moor$ t !re 0 no dang] ( f\l+ ! propell]s4 ,! total weight ( ! a]odrome 0 ab\t #f kilogrammes 7#ac4b lbs471 or1 ) a maximum quantity ( fuel 7#hej cu4 cm4 ( wat]1 #aej cu4 cm4 ( gasol9e71 p#jfi less ?an #g kilogrammes4 ,f #fj to #ij p\nds ( /eam c\ld be ma9ta9$ by ! boil]s = ab\t #b m9utes1 at :i* pressure ! eng9es develop$ ab\t #j4ff brake horse-p[]1 driv+ ! #gj cm41 #a4be pit*-ratio propell]s at #gjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 & giv+ a lift ( f #b4f to #c4j kilos 7#e4g to #f4f p\nds71 or ab\t #dj p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight4 ,! w+s & tail _h a total surface ( #b4fb sq4 m4 7#bh4b sq4 ft471 giv+ a ratio ( #b4g kilos to #a sq4 m4 ( w+ surface 7#a4h sq4 ft4 p] p\nd74 ,if ! hull resi/ance be neglect$1 ! so>+ spe$ ( ?is a]odrome 0 ab\t #e4i metres 7#ai feet7 p] second1 or #ac miles p] h\r4 ,turn+ n[ to ! complet$ ,no4 #e1 its frame 0 ( ! 8d\ble midrod0 type describ$ above1 ! two tubes :i* =m$ ! frame be+ prolong$ at ! front & re> to af=d po9ts ( atta*m5t = ! w+s & tail4 ,! range ?r\gh :i* ! w+s c\ld be %ift$ to adju/ ! position ( ! c5t] ( pressure 01 h[ev]1 v small4 ,! hull1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 conta9$ all ! p[] g5]at+ app>atus1 0 mu* /rong] & heavi] ?an t ( ,no4 #d1 & resembl$ some:at ! hull ( a %ip4 ,x _h a frame-"w ( /eel tub+ braz$ to ! midrod1 to :i* an out] %ea?+ ( %eet alum9um #j4c mm4 ?ick 0 atta*$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 excessively heavy1 weigh+ ne>ly #hjj grammes4 ,! eng9e1 :i* 0 m\nt$ ne> ! front ( ! hull1 0 ! s+le cyl9d]1 "o horse-p[] eng9e1 describ$ above1 :i* drove ! two propell]s by suitable ge>+4 ,! rema9+ p>ts ( ! p[] plant 7 id5tical ) ^? already describ$ 9 connection ) ,no4 #d1 b ! m advantage\s location ( !m 9 ,no4 #e r5d]$ !m some:at m effici5t4 ,x _h be5 plann$ to use #hj cm4 propell]s ( #a4be pit*-ratio on ,no4 #e1 b x 0 f\nd 9 ! %op te/s ( ! a]odrome t ! cross-frame 0 n /rong en\gh to )/& ! /ra9s1 & t ! eng9e c\ld be made to "w mu* m /eadily ) a small] propell]4 ,accord+ly1 propell]s ( #gj cm4 diamet] & #a4be pit*-ratio1 simil> to ^? us$ on ,no4 #d1 7 f9ally sub/itut$4 ,= float+ ! a]odrome1 :5 x desc5d$ into ! wat]1 an air-*amb] simil> to t ( ,no4 #d1 b ( a l>g] capacity 0 provid$4 ,) ?is 9 place on ! a]odrome1 x 0 calculat$ t1 if all ! p>ts except ?is float & ! gasol9e tank 7 fill$ ) wat]1 !re w\ld /ill be a buoyancy ( ov] #b kilogrammes4 ,! total weight ( ,no4 #e 0 #hbjj grammes1 or ) its full supply ( fuel & wat] #ibjj grammes4 ,9 ?is a]odrome ! same boil]s us$ 9 ,no4 #d 7 capable ( ma9ta9+ = at lea/ a m9ute #aae p\nds ( /eam1 s t ! eng9e n[ gave ! maximum ( "o brake horse-p[] = :i* x 0 design$1 &1 driv+ ! #gj cm4 propell]s1 lift$ repeat$ly ne>ly #de p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight4 p#jgj ,! w+s & tail con/ruct$ = ,no4 #e 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ,no4 #d1 be+ slightly curv$ & conta9+ #b4fb sq4 m4 7#bh4b sq4 ft471 equival5t to #a4d sq4 ft4 to ! p\nd1 :i* ) ! flimsy con/ruction ( ! w+s gave an entirely inadequate support to ! a]odrome4 ,dur+ ! summ] a laun*+ app>atus ( a new & improv$ type1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x1 _h be5 p]fect$1 & ) x repeat$ te/s 7 made ( bo? a]odromes 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 ) ! unsatisfactory results record$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 _m slight modifications ( ! burn]s & boil]s 7 made1 b no important *anges 7 introduc$ except t ! cross-frame ( ,no4 #e 0 enl>g$ & /r5g!n$ s z to admit ( its c>ry+ "o metre propell]s safely4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 obta9$1 did n comp5sate = ! increas$ weight ( ! l>g] frame4 ,view+ ! "w ( ?is ye> f ! /&po9t ( results obta9$ 9 ! num]\s attempts at flight1 x w\ld seem t v little progress _h be5 made1 & t !re 0 small reason to expect to a*ieve f9al success4 ,h[ev]1 if ! "w be exam9$ m p>ticul>ly1 x w be se5 t two ( ! mo/ difficult problems _h be5 solv$1 "o completely z f> z ! models 7 conc]n$1 & ! o!r to a v satisfactory degree4 ,fir/1 a laun*+ app>atus1 ) :i* x 0 possible to give ! a]odrome any desir$ initial velocity1 _h be5 devis$1 & s f> p]fect$ t no tr\ble 0 ev] exp]i5c$ ) x 9 te/+ ! models4 ,second1 z a result ( ! ext5d$ & sy/ematic s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 :i* _h be5 conduct$ "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,b>us1 a /eam pressure ( #aae p\nds c\ld be ma9ta9$ /eadily 9 ! boil]s = at lea/ a m9ute1 & ! burn]s c\ld be kept light$ ev5 9 a consid]able breeze4 ,a summ>y ( ^! exp]im5ts1 toge!r ) "s acc\nt ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$ & ! results f9ally obta9$ ) ! app>atus 9 use at ! end ( ! ye>1 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ report1 :i* 0 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,b>us 9 ,decemb]1 #ahid4 8,if wat] be spray$ ^u a surface kept 9 a p]man5t /ate ( ignition1 any quantity ( /eam might be g5]at$ p] "t unit4 ,simil>ly advantage\s conditions w\ld be giv5 if ?reads ( wat] c\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a flame4 ,9 practice ?is me?od w\ld enc\nt] two s]i\s difficulties1 ! importance ( :i* is acc5tuat$ :5 ! boil] app>atus is to be kept )9 ! degree ( lightness ess5tial 9 a]odromics4 ,^! difficulties are 7#a7 ! dang] ( *ill+ ! flame bel[ ! po9t ( ignition or ( combu/ion ( ! gases1 & 7#b7 ! practical impossibility ( ma9ta9+ ?reads ( wat] 9 ! flame4 ,= x is cle> t ! ?reads mu/ be jo9$ 9 multiple arc1 s z to all[ a l>ge bulk ( wat] to circulate ?r\gh ! boil]1 :]eas ev5 :5 !re are b two indep5d5t passages = ! wat] ?r\gh ! furnace1 x is h>d to keep bo? suppli$ ) liquid )\t unduly /ra9+ ! pump4 ,if ! wat] be ev5 slightly defici5t1 circum/ances w arise 9 :i* "o ( p#jga ! passages is bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is conduit w !n g5]ate m /eam & drive ! wat] "u =ce ?r\gh ! o!r passage1 increas+ ! temp]ature discrepancy betwe5 !m4 ,ev5tually ! hot passage rea*es ignition & ei!r bur/s or melts4 ,?is is :at soon] or lat] takes place 9 boil]s adapt$ = fly+ ma*9es & consi/+ ( tubes jo9$ 9 multiple arc1 :5 a s+le mod]ately /rong circulat+ pump supplies ! sy/em4 8,to avoid ^! annoyances1 i4 e41 to increase ! l5g? ( life ( ! boil]1 ! boil] tubes are jo9$ 9 s]ies to ! effect t a s+le curr5t ( wat] may fl[ successively ?r\gh all ( !m4 ,x is ne$ful !re=e to select wide tubes1 su* z w admit ( an easy circulation 9 consid]ation ( ! l5g? ( tub+ employ$ )\t /ra9+ ! pump & at ! same "t to all[ suffici5t room = ! efflux ( /eam4 ,o!r consid]ations ent] "h1 ! be>+ ( :i* w be se5 pres5tly3 if ! tube be too wide ! difficulty ( coil+ x on a m&rel ( small diamet] is increas$1 :ile at ! same "t ! tube loses /r5g? 7ct4 p>47 9 virtue ( ! increas$ wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,diagram #a4 ,diagram #b4 8,x is f consid]ations su* z ^! t1 9 ! c\rse ( _m exp]im5ts1 copp] tub+ ab\t #h mm4 9 diamet] has be5 adopt$4 ,copp] is select$ because ( its fre$om f int]nal corrosion1 easy coil+1 & because ( its availability 9 ! m>ket4 ,! ?9ne/ tube to be _h 7walls only #j4a mm4 ?ick7 w )/& m pressure ?an c be entru/$ to ! l>g] /eam receiv]s 9 circuit ) ! boil]4 ,! boil] weight is ?us a negligible factor1 & x is q feasible to r$uce ! ?ickness ( boil] tub+1 by ! sup]ficial application ( mod]ately /rong nitric acid1 to #bjj-djj grammes p] horse-p[] ( /eam suppli$4 ,ext]nal corrosion due to flames occurs only 9 case ( defici5t wat]1 & if ! boil] be made ( tub+ ) ! walls #j4b mm4 ?ick1 x is 9 view ( ! possibility ( su* accid5ts4 ,boil]s may !n be te/$ to #be atm4 )\t endang]+ ! metal4 8,boil]s are w\nd or coil$ ) reg>d to ! two po9ts above sugge/$1 viz43 to avoid *ill+ ! flame ! successive turns are spac$ on all sides1 & to br+ ! wat] z ne>ly into ! flame z possible1 ! diamet] ( ! coils is *os5 z small z exp$i5t4 ,fur!r reasons = ?is w pres5tly be adduc$4 ,! type ( boil] ev5tually adopt$ is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagrams1 #a & #b1 ,fig4 #aa4 8,diagram #a1 is a p]spective diagram %[+ ! plan ( w9d+ & ,diagram #b1 an end view4 ,! circulation is indicat$4 ,!re are two inn] coils p#jgb ea* conta9+ ab\t #ag turns1 w\nd on a m&rel #e cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! turns are spac$ s z to all[ ab\t #a cm4 cle> betwe5 successive turns4 ,! out] coil envelopes bo?1 & 9 ?is !re are ab\t #c cm4 betwe5 successive turns1 & #h turns 9 all4 ,l5g?1 say1 #cj cm41 bread? #af cm41 ?ickness #aj cm41 give ! ext]nal dim5sions ( ! boil]4 ,! %ell space betwe5 out] & inn] lay]s ( tub+ mu/ n[h]e be less ?an #a cm4 ,:5 s w\nd1 ! inn] coils 7"h z 9 o!r boil] =ms7 raise ab\t #hj p] c5t or m ( ! /eam2 ! out] or envelop+ coil1 :ile n q useless1 make ! mo/ effective frame "w = ! boil] jacket :i* has be5 devis$4 ,! coils are braz$ toge!r by bl9d tubes1 z %[n 9 ,diagram #b1 to keep ! :ole 9 %ape4 ,weight ) c\pl+s & cov] :5 complete #ece grammes4 8,! cov] is pref]ably ( mica1 ?r\gh :i* ! flame )9 ! boil] may be se51 & 9 :i* lightness1 nonconduction1 & resi/ance to ! dis9tegrat+ effects ( high temp]ature are met ) 9 a pron\nc$ degree4 ,?is jacket is held d[n by copp] b&s & ! end b& is cont9u\s ) ! long smoke-/ack1 z w be pres5tly %[n4 8,! wide =m ( boil] ) two coils )9 ! envelope is n absolutely ess5tial4 ,! same am\nt ( /eam c be g5]at$ f "o coil 9 an envelope 9 o!r respects equal to ,diagram #a if a suffici5tly hot flame be pass$ axially ?r\gh ! coils4 ,su* a flame1 h[ev]1 is un/able1 & = ?is reason two mild] flames ) a good air access are to be pref]r$ on practical gr\nds ev5 if ! weight is !reby increas$4 8,to fur!r und]/& ! boil] con/ruction x is advisable to consid] ! action ( ! flame4 ,inasmu* z wide tubes mu/ be us$1 ! problem ( evaporat+ wat] z fa/ z possible is equival5t to gett+ heat into ! curr5t 7wat] & /eam circulat+ ?r\gh ! coils7 z fa/ z possible f )\t4 ,if1 !re=e1 t is ! mean temp]ature ( ! fluids )9 ! coils1 & ,t ! effective temp]ature surr\nd+ ! tube1 !n ! rate at :i* heat w fl[ into ! tubes is proportional to ,tt4 ,n[ t ! temp]ature ( ! /eam is ne>ly con/ant 7#ajj-aej7 :]eas ,t ! effective flame temp]ature may v>y f #hjj to1 say1 #afjj4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! heat spong$ up by ! boil] dep5ds almo/ directly on ! flame temp]ature4 8,:at conditions1 !re=e1 w make ! flame effectively hot8 87#a7 ,! coils mu/ obvi\sly be br\ght z ne>ly into ! flame z feasible3 = ?is purpose ! cyl9drical helix is bett] ?an any o!r =m4 ,b 87#b7 ,! turns & coils mu/ n be s cr[d$ toge!r z to *ill ! flame into imp]fect combu/ion 9 v>i\s p>ts ( its ext5t4 ,h5ce ! loose =m ( w9d+4 ,aga9 87#c7 ,!re mu/ be oxyg5 en\gh to all[ complete combu/ion1 & 87#d7 ,! flame itself mu/ be hot & ! radiation *eck$ by good jacket+4 8,to take up ! la/ po9ts3 ! effective heat ( ! flame dep5ds n only on ! combu/ion heat ( ! fuel us$2 x dep5ds also1 among o!r ?+s1 on ! spe$ ) :i* ?is combu/ion takes place4 ,a flame burn+ f a l[ pressure ( alcohol gas w be at l[ temp]ature z comp>$ ) a flame burn+ f high pressures ( ! gas4 ,if ! flame be burnt f a ,buns5 burn] 9 ! usual way x is an int]e/+ "q to "k h[ flame temp]ature w v>y ) gas pressure4 ,at pres5t we "k x m]ely 9 /eam pressures incid5tly produc$ 9 a giv5 eng9e 7,no4 #d7 z = in/ance3 ,flame pressure1 #aj lbs41 #bj lbs41 #cj lbs4 ,/eam pressure1 #dj lbs41 #hj lbs41 #abj lbs4 9 ! runn+ eng9e4 8,un=tunately !re is a limit set to ?is process ( increas+ ! /eam supply1 q aside f conditions inh]5t 9 ! me?od4 ,?is is due to ! fact t a c]ta9 spe$ ( efflux _c be exce$$ )\t putt+ ! flame out4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 9 ,fig4 #ab1 t a gas g5]at$ f a liquid is ignit$ at ! end ( ! ,buns5 burn] ,f2 !n if ! velocity ( efflux ( mix$ gas & air 9 ! direction ,,ab f ! m\? ( ,f exce$s ! velocity ( combu/ion 9 ! direction ,,ba1 ! flame w obvi\sly be c>ri$ away f ! m\? ( ! tube & dissipat$4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is actually realiz$ at pressures exce$+ ab\t #ae lbs41 dep5d+ on ! degree ( mixture ( ! combu/ible gases us$1 & !re=e on app>5tly haphaz>d conditions connect$ ) ! jet1 ! air holes1 ! air supply1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 8,if1 h[ev]1 ! velocity ( ! jet at ! po9t ( efflux be *eck$ by an ob/ruction l a cyl9d] ,c1 ,fig4 #ac1 plac$ co-axially ) ! burn] tube ,f1 ! spe$ ( combu/ion w no long] be exce$$ 7suppos+ ,c prop]ly *os57 & flames w !n burn f high-pressure gas4 ,9 ?is way flames 7 ma9ta9$ g5]at$ f alcohol gas at ev5 #dj lbs4 & above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 8,! gas escap+ f ! ,buns5 burn] is nev] suffici5tly arat$ to burn completely4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld 79 g5]al7 be explosions 9 ! tube ,f4 ,a "p ( ?is air is suppli$ at ! m\? ( ! boil] ,b1 ,fig4 #ad1 & ! am\nt available "h w dep5d on ! velocity ( ! jet ,f4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t a high-pressure burn] l t 9 ,fig4 #aa w supply a proportionate am\nt ( heat1 s9ce its jet suction is n int5se & ! combu/ion )9 ! boil] is incomplete4 ,?is difficulty may be rem$i$ by plac+ p#jgd air holes 9 ! jacket ( ! boil]1 provid$ ! boil] be wrapp$ loosely en\gh n to *ill ! flame bel[ ignition4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ?is effect t ! boil]s1 ,fig4 #aa1 7 w\nd4 ,a numb] ( rifts aaa1 ,fig4 #ae1 are !n left 9 ! jacket ?r\gh :i* air may ent] 9 virtue ( ! burn] flame act+ z a jet at ! m\? ( ! boil]4 8,:5 s con/ruct$ ! flame at fir/ ent]s ! inn] coil only2 b aft] a little :ile x sudd5ly spreads out ?r\gh\t ! :ole int]ior space & envelops ! coils4 ,?is sudd5 expansion is due1 probably1 to ! assumption ( ! sph]oidal /ate by ! wat] )9 ! coils1 ! curr5t n[ fl>+ on an envelop+ cu%ion ( /eam4 ,! pump mu/ "w well1 = defici5t wat] means a hot tube & defici5t /eam1 or ev5tually a rupture ( ! tube4 8,?us f> ! dep5d5ce = draft has be5 on ! burn] jet & ! suction ( ! smoke-/ack 9 virtue ( ! in]tia ( ! mov+ gases4 ,b ev5 ) ?is v5tilat$ boil]1 ?is me?od is limit$ to c]ta9 dim5sions ( ! boil]4 ,?us a boil] #hj cm4 long yield$ ab\t ! same quantity ( /eam z a boil] half z long & o!rwise simil>4 ,only ! initial p>ts ( ! boil] are1 !re=e1 relatively effici5t1 & ! reason ( ?is seems to be t1 ap>t f %ape1 etc41 ! flame z a heat-produc+ ag5t is practically defunct1 :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat has be5 tak5 out ( x3 9 o!r words1 ev5 ) fair v5tilation ! flame is ev5tually *ill$ (f by ! volum9\s products ( combu/ion cont9ually accumulat+ 9 ! boil]4 ,! same *ok+ action accompanies ! pres5ce ( unburnt gases4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! flame be burnt 9 ! air1 x is sl5d] & mu* small] 9 volume ?an 9 ! boil]4 ,! flame is also ( small volume & burns completely 9 a wide boil]1 b ! /eam is always defici5t1 because ( ! di/ance betwe5 flame & coils 7see above74 ,) ! above app>atus ab\t #a_/b lb4 ( dry /eam p] m9ute p] squ>e foot ( heat+ surface 0 atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 8,?is introduces ! f9al condition = rapid /eam g5]ation4 ,!re mu/ be artificial suction at ! smoke-/ack4 ,by pass+ ! exhau/ /eam 9 ! =m ( a c5tral jet ?r\gh ! smoke-/ack ! yield ( /eam 0 increas$ #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ,9 fact z ! supply ( gas f ! burn] is giv51 ! artificial suction 9 "q means m air 9 ! boil] = ! same am\nt ( gas & x means also a m rapid removal ( ! exhau/ gases4 ,! exp]im5ts ) /eam suction are yet to be complet$1 & ) !m ! boil] "q is to be f9ally laid at re/4 ,! *ief po9ts at issue are ^!3 8#a4 ,see+ t ! jet suction increases ) ! l5g? ( ! smoke-/ack1 up to a c]ta9 l5g? at lea/1 h[ long & h[ wide mu/ ! effici5t smoke-/ack be made8 ,?us a smoke-/ack #aj cm4 long is all b useless4 ,good results are obta9$ :5 ! /ack measures #cj cm4 9 l5g? beyond ! end ( ! /eam jet4 p#jge 8#b4 ,:at is ! relative effici5cy ( ! initial & f9al halves ( ! l5g? ( ! boil]8 ,?is w %[ 9 h[ f> x is useful to increase ! l5g? ( ! boil] = a giv5 burn] & /eam jet4 ,x w also %[ :at advantage is to be ga9$ f triplicate boil]s ) ?ree burn]s1 z comp>$ ) duplicate boil]s ) two burn]s1 or s+le boil]s ) "o burn]1 :5 ! same weight ( tub+ is us$ ?r\gh\t4 8#c4 ,:at is ! effect ( pressure on ! aeolipile tank1 or 9 h[ f> does ! /eam g5]at$ dep5d on :at may be call$ ! pressure ( ! flame8 ,?is is also an important po9t :i* rema9s = quantitative solution4 ,x c be approa*$ 9 two ways3 ei!r by f9d+ ! /eam evaporat$ 9 t]ms ( ! tank pressure1 or by f9d+ ! temp]ature ( ! flame pyrometrically4 8#d4 ,:at spe$ ( wat] circulation be/ conduces to /eam g5]ation8 ,a good pump is n[ in/all$ by :i* ! circulation c be v>i$4 ,if wat] c be put into ! boil] j fa/ en\gh to come out dry /eam at ! o!r end1 ! effici5cy ought to be a maximum1 b x does n foll[ t x w be s1 = "o c imag9e a wet circulation spong+ up m heat ?an "o :i* is j dry at ! end40 #ahie ,dur+ ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #ahie1 ! exp]im5ts ) boil]s & burn]s 7 cont9u$ & ev5 bett] & m uni=m results ?an ^? giv5 above 7 obta9$4 ,! boil]s ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 7 f9ally br\ght to su* a /ate ( effici5cy1 t "u favorable conditions a lift ( ne>ly sixty p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight 0 secur$4 ,?is 0 mu* m ?an 0 requir$ = flight1 b x 0 decid$ to po/pone ! trials until ,no4 #d c\ld also be made ready = a te/ & ! frame ( ,no4 #e c\ld itself be /r5g!n$ 9 _m weak places4 ,^u exam9+ ,no4 #d1 :i* _h be5 put aside s9ce ! trials 9 ,decemb]1 x 0 f\nd to h ru/$ s badly ?r\gh\t & to be s unfit 9 e way = trial1 t a complete recon/ruction ( ! :ole w\ld be necess>y4 ,s _m advantages _h be5 ga9$ 9 ,no4 #e by ! d\ble midrod type ( con/ruction t x 0 decid$ to rebuild ,no4 #d on a modification ( ! same plan1 z %[n 9 ,plate #aa1 reta9+1 h[ev]1 ! same eng9es :i* _h be5 us$ be=e4 ,9 ?is a v gu>d$ return 0 made to ! type :i* _h prov$ s unsatisfactory 9 ,no4 #j1 t is1 mak+ ! hull support rods at ! front & re> = atta*+ ! w+s & tail4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! hull 0 con/ruct$ v rigidly1 & ! tubes at ! front & re> 7 firmly atta*$ & brac$ s t !y c\ld )/& a consid]able /ra9 )\t undue di/ortion4 ,! "w on ?is frame 0 complet$ 9 ,m>*1 b ! o!r p>ts 7 n 9 entirely effici5t condition ev5 9 ,may1 :5 ! a]odromes 7 tak5 to ,quantico = trial4 ,moreov]1 x 0 f\nd t ! weight ( ?is a]odrome _h increas$ f> beyond ! orig9al e/imates4 p#jgf ,9 view ( ! disa/]s f trials 9 ! field1 due to inability to obta9 automatic equilibrium 9 flight & to ! flexure ( ! l>ge w+s r ?an to defects ( ! eng9es1 ! conditions at ?is "t1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( failure1 seem$ s ne>ly hopeless1 t )\t ab&on+ ! "w on ^! /eam a]odromes1 ,i aga9 _h rec\rse to ! e>ly plan ( con/ruct+ small] models driv5 by ,india rubb]1 9 :i* ! small w+s employ$ c\ld be made ( ! requisite /iffness4 ,in/ead ( employ+ twi/$ rubb]1 h[ev]1 ! defects ( :i* _h be5 amply prov$ 9 previ\s trials1 ^! new con/ructions 7 meant to employ rubb] directly /ret*$ & pull+4 ,9 ?is condition ! rubb] ex]cises ne>ly six times ! p[] 9 proportion to weight t x does :5 twi/$1 b on ! o!r h& x requires a v /rong frame & subord9ate p>ts4 ,i sp5t an inord9ate am\nt ( "t & labor dur+ ?is ye> 9 attempt+ to employ ?is latt] =m ( con/ruction & f9ally got a few useful results f x1 b none 9 proportion to ! labor exp5d$4 ,dur+ ,m>*1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ! frame ( :i* _h prov$ on te/ to be radically weak1 0 completely ref9i%$ except = ! w+s4 ,! propell]s _h hi!rto be5 made ( wood1 b 9 ,may1 ,i comm5c$ a new con/ruction ( /eel1 wood & clo?1 on a plan giv+ a figure :i*1 ?\gh n rigor\sly helicoidal1 0 practically ne> en\gh to ! !oretical =m & 0 also bo? light] & m ela/ic ?an ! wood5 con/ruction4 ,on ,may #h & ,june #g ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 0 aga9 tri$ at ,quantico1 & al?\gh ! te/s 7 unsuccessful1 9 t ! a]odrome fail$ to fly1 p>tly because ( ! fact t s mu* "t 0 sp5t 9 rais+ /eam t practically ! entire supply ( fuel & wat] 0 exhau/$ be=e ! a]odrome 0 actually laun*$1 yet x _h come s mu* ne>] fly+ ?an any ma*9e _h previ\sly done1 t x 0 felt t if ei!r ! p[] c\ld be increas$ or ! weight decreas$ ev5 a slight am\nt1 ! a]odrome w\ld probably fly4 ,9 view ( ! great c>e t _h be5 ex]cis$ 9 keep+ d[n ! weight1 x seem$ almo/ hopeless to attempt to r$uce x1 & x also seem$ equally hopeless to attempt to get m p[] )\t increas+ ! weight4 ,h[ev]1 some?+ _h to be done to increase ! ratio ( p[] to weight1 & z x 0 se5 t ?is w\ld involve ext5sive *anges 9 ,no4 #e1 x 0 decid$ to entirely rebuild ,no4 #d ) ?is idea 9 view1 ?\gh x 0 evid5t t x involv$ a plan ( con/ruction ev5 light] ?an ! dang]\sly light plan on :i* ,no4 #d _h already be5 con/ruct$4 ,dur+ ,mr4 ,langley's abs5ce 9 ,europe 9 ! summ]1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d 0 entirely recon/ruct$ & made to embody _m new *>act]i/ics1 ! *anges introduc$ be+ s radical t ?is model 0 h5ce=? designat$ z 8,new ,no4 #d40 ,! new *>act]i/ics ( ?is model 7 its unprec$5t$ly p#jgg light frame & ! elevation ( ! transv]se frame #ab c5timet]s above ! midrod1 :]eby ! position ( ! l9e ( ?ru/ 0 rais$ s t x 0 #bj c5timetres f ! c5t] ( pressure1 :i* f !ory seem$ to be v ne>ly its correct position4 ,! total fly+ weight 0 b #fdjj grammes 7#ad p\nds71 ) a total support+ surface ( fifty-f\r squ>e feet1 equival5t to v ne>ly f\r squ>e feet p] p\nd4 ,x 0 hop$ t ) ?is extremely light con/ruction ! 8dead lift0 w\ld am\nt to a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! fly+ weight1 & z mu* z sixty p] c5t 0 actually lift$ on ! p5dulum4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! a]odrome approa*$ completion x became m & m evid5t t ! con/ruction 0 hopelessly fragile1 ! frame be+ sc>cely able to support itself 9 ! %op4 ,by ,novemb] ?is conclusion became c]ta91 & ?is a]odrome 7,new ,no4 #d7 0 nev] put to an actual te/ 9 ! field4 ,! v exp5sive set ( w+s cov]$ ) gold beat]'s sk91 :i* 7 also con/ruct$ at ?is "t = ?is model1 prov$ s weak "u te/ t !y 7 entirely ab&on$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,langley return$ to ,wa%+ton 9 ! fall1 _m important po9ts1 :i* _h be5 "u special consid]ation dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to ! disposition ( su/a9+ surfaces1 & ! provision ( automatic equilibrium1 7 /ill n def9itely det]m9$4 ,x 0 n yet decid$ :e!r two sets ( w+s ( equal area %\ld be us$ = ! a]odrome1 or :at ! effici5cy p] unit ( area ( ! foll[+ surfaces 0 9 comp>ison ) ! lead+ surfaces4 ,to aid 9 det]m9+ ^! & o!r important po9ts conc]n+ ! relative position ( ! c5t] ( gravity & ! c5t] ( pressure 9 ! horizontal planes1 he _h sev]al small glid+ models made1 :i* c\ld be us$ ) ei!r "o or two pairs ( w+s1 & af=d$ an opportunity = te/+ & comp>+ sev]al types ( curv$ surfaces4 ,^! models 7 built s t ! c5t] ( gravity c\ld be adju/$ to any desir$ po9t1 & _h 9 addition1 z a means ( assi/+ 9 pres]v+ equilibrium1 a small tail-rudd]1 %ap$ some:at l a *ild's d>t1 :i* 0 int5d$ to support no "p ( ! weight4 ,! te/s ) ^! models 7 v satisfactory & aid$ greatly 9 ! f9al developm5t ( :at is kn[n z ! 8,langley type40 ,inde$1 9 ! s+le mon? ( ,novemb] all ! po9ts1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 m or less indef9ite1 7 f9ally decid$ ^u1 & ! te/s ( ! foll[+ spr+ prov$ ^! decisions correct4 ,two sets ( w+s ( equal area 7 h]eaft] provid$ = e a]odrome1 :i* n only greatly increas$ ! /ability1 b also ov]came ! difficulty hi!rto exp]i5c$ 9 br++ ! ,,cp ov] ! ,,cg4 ,! tail-rudd]1 =m$ ( planes int]sect+ at "r angles1 0 adopt$ z ! means ( control4 ,9 use on ! a]odromes x 0 set at a negative angle1 & giv5 a c]ta9 p#jgh degree ( ela/icity1 :i* 0 at fir/ provid$ 9 ! frame ( ! rudd]1 b 0 lat] giv5 by a flat wood5 spr+1 by :i* x 0 atta*$ to ! a]odrome4 ,! tail 9 ?is =m n[ became ! sole means ( controll+ ! equilibrium1 & ! results obta9$ ) x 7 s v satisfactory t no fur!r att5tion 0 giv5 ei!r to ! gyroscopic control built dur+ ! previ\s summ]1 or to any ( ! electrical =ms ( control con/ruct$ prior to t "t1 all ( :i* involv$ m or less delicate app>atus4 ,! def9ite =m into :i* ^! ideas cry/alliz$ is p]haps be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! lett] ( in/ructions issu$ by ,mr4 ,langley on ,novemb] #cj1 #ahie to ! m5 employ$ on ! "w4 ,! text ( ?is lett] is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 & ! =ms ref]r$ to 9 x = record+ ! weights & adju/m5ts ( ! a]odromes are ^? us$ 9 ! data %eets aft] ?is "t4 ,9 ,octob] "w 0 resum$ on ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 on :i* no?+ _h be5 done s9ce its te/ on ,june #g4 ,! recon/ruction ( 8,old ,no4 #d0 into 8,new ,no4 #d0 :i* _h occupi$ ! entire summ]1 & ! f9al result ( :i* 0 ! production ( a ma*9e s radically weak z to be useless1 _h be5 s disc\rag+ t x seem$ va9 to attempt 9 any way to decrease ! weight ( ,no4 #e4 ,! addition ( ! re> w+s 9 place ( ! tail _h1 h[ev]1 s greatly increas$ ! support+ surface t x seem$ possible t ,no4 #e might n[ be able to fly ) no great] eng9e p[] ?an x _h on ,june #g4 ,"s weak places 9 its frame 71 !re=e1 /r5g!n$ & ! midrod at ! front 0 rais$ five c5timetres 9 ord] to raise ! c5t] ( pressure f>!r above ! c5t] ( gravity & give ! front w+s a great] range ( adju/m5t4 ,"s slight *anges 7 also made 9 ! ge>+ :i* drove ! pump1 s z to make x "w fa/]1 & new burn]s1 boil]s & a gasol9e tank 7 con/ruct$ dur+ ,novemb]4 ,lat] ! midrod1 :i* _h =m]ly consi/$ ( two sep>ate pieces atta*$ at ! front & re> respectively ( ! ma9 frame1 0 made cont9u\s1 & 9 ord] to avoid pass+ x ?r\gh ! smoke-/ack1 ! /ack 0 made to =k at ?is po9t4 ,^! *anges are cle>ly %[n 9 ,plates #ad & #ae1 :i* are photographs tak5 on ,decemb] #c4 ,?is plan 01 h[ev]1 soon *ang$ s t ! midrod pass$ ?r\gh ! smoke-/ack & 0 rigidly atta*$ to ! frame at sev]al po9ts1 & a new pump & new boil]s 7 sub/itut$ = ^? :i* _h be5 worn out4 ,aside f ^! *anges1 :i* al?\gh small1 add$ v mat]ially to ! g5]al /r5g? ( ! frame1 no important *anges 7 made 9 ,no4 #e prior to its rem>kable flight ( ,may #f1 #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ad ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e1 ,,decemb] #c1 #ahie4 ,,plan ,,view4 ,,rudd] ,,remov$ ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ae ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e1 ,,decemb] #c1 #ahie4 ,,side ,,view ,:ile ^! *anges 7 be+ made 9 ,no4 #e1 simil> ones 7 also be+ c>ri$ out 9 ,new ,no4 #d1 & ! addition ( ! re> w+s to ,no4 #d1 toge!r ) o!r slight *anges1 made x su* a di/9ctively diff]5t ma*9e f :at x _h be51 t x 0 n[ designat$ z ,no4 #f4 ,aft] mak+ ext5sive p#jgi repairs to ! extremely light frame ( ,no4 #f 7=m]ly ,new ,no4 #d7 x 0 ?\ght to be 9 suitable condition = flight & 0 accord+ly box$ prep>atory to s5d+ x to ,quantico4 ,! ye>1 !re=e1 clos$ ) ,no4 #f app>5tly 9 condition = te/1 b x 0 decid$ n to take x to ,quantico until ,no4 #e1 :i* 0 /ill und]go+ repairs1 c\ld also be got ready4 #ahif ,a few days aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>1 :ile ! repairs on ,no4 #e 7 be+ complet$1 x 0 decid$ t ! frame ( ,no4 #f :i* _h be5 box$ ready to be c>ri$ into ! field = trial1 0 s weak t be=e putt+ x to an actual te/ 9 flight x w\ld be be/ to make "s te/s on ! /r5g? ( its frame4 ,:ile te/+ ! frame = torsional /r5g?1 x broke "u ! mod]ate te/ ( a weight ( #ejj grammes plac$ at ! tips ( ! w+s1 ! angle ( deflection j prior to its break+ be+ #ce1 :ile ! frame ( ,old ,no4 #d 9 ,m>*1 #ahie1 _h %[n a deflection ( only #aj4e "u a simil> te/4 ,?is break+ ( ! frame %[$ v pla9ly t ! wor/ fe>s 9 reg>d to x _h be5 realiz$ & t by "s means or o!r ! frame mu/ be /r5g!n$4 ,?is 0 f9ally accompli%$ by mak+ ! midrod cont9u\s ?r\gh ! smoke-/ack z _h already be5 done 9 ,no4 #e1 & at ! same "t an additional improvem5t 0 made 9 ! means ( atta*+ ! ,pnaud tail1 :]eby x 0 l[]$ 9 ord] to give x a great] cle>ance 9 pass+ "u ! laun*+ c> 9 actual te/4 ,lat] ! boil]s prov$ defective & new ones 7 sub/itut$1 b except = "s m9ute details no fur!r *anges 7 made 9 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f prior to its te/ 9 ,may4 ,on ,may #f1 ,no4 #f 0 unsuccessfully tri$ at ,quantico j prior to ! v successful te/ ( ,no4 #e4 ,9 ?is te/ no s]i\s damage 0 done to ! frame1 b be=e go+ to ,europe 9 ! summ]1 ,mr4 ,langley ord]$ t bo? a]odromes be completely ov]haul$ & put 9 condition = fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ! fall4 ,9 ?is remodell+ practically no *anges 7 introduc$ 9 ! frame ( ei!r ,no4 #e or ,no4 #f1 b ! eng9es ( ,no4 #f 7 refitt$ & a new boil] 0 sub/itut$1 :i*1 ) slight improvem5ts 9 ! burn]1 result$ 9 a some:at increas$ p[] 9 ! eng9es4 ,a complete description1 giv+ all ess5tial details ( bo? ,a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f1 w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,x4 p#jhj ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,su/a9+ ,,& ,,guid+ ,,surfaces ,,( ,,a]odromes #d1 #e ,,& #f ,,introduction ,9 "s e>ly exp]im5ts 9 #ahhg ) ! small models )\t motor p[]1 :i* h n be5 p>ticul>ly describ$1 two pairs ( w+s1 9 ! same plane1 7 employ$ = reasons connect$ ) /ability4 ,aft]w>d1 9 _m ( ! rubb]-driv5 motor models1 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 two l>ge front w+s 7 employ$ & ! foll[+ pair 7 dim9i%$ into :at may prop]ly be call$ a tail4 ,?is plan 0 a retrogression 9 design1 & x 0 pursu$ by ! writ] ) a p]t9acity :i* 0 n ju/ifi$ by ! results obta9$1 be+ us$ ev5 on ! e>ly rubb]-driv5 models4 ,9 ?is con/ruction1 x w be obs]v$ t ! flat tail 0 9 fact n only a guid+ b a su/a9+ surface1 s9ce x bore its own %>e ( ! weight4 ,x 0 n until a mu* lat] date 7,novemb]1 #ahie7 t ! writ] return$ to 8 e>li] con/ruction ( two pairs ( w+s 9 ! same plane be>+ ! :ole weight ( ! a]odrome1 to :i* 0 n[ add$ a flat tail1 ^: function 0 n to support1 b :olly to guide4 ,?is 0 develop$ into ! f9al con/ruction by ! addition ( a v]tical rudd] or rudd]s4 ,! pres5t *apt] is n conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! e>li] attempts ) small models1 or ( ^? num]\s con/ructions ( su/a9+ surfaces :i* 7 nev] put to actual trial2 nor does x give any description ( ! exp]im5ts :i* 7 made 9 plac+ "o set ( surfaces ov] ! o!r1 accord+ to a me?od sugge/$ 9 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics40#bg ,! exp]im5ts 9 8,a]odynamics10 & ! !oretical consid]ations giv5 9 ,*apt] ,v on su/a9+ surfaces1 w\ld nev] alone h l$ to ! con/ruction :i* 0 f9ally rea*$1 :i* 0 l>gely due to ! h>d lessons taught by incessant accid5t & failure 9 ! field4 ,! pres5t *apt]1 !re=e1 %\ld be read 9 connection n only ) ! pages ( 8,a]odynamics10 b ) ,*apt]s ,v & ,,ix ( ?is book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #af ,,e>ly ,,types ,,( ,,w+s ,,& ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,guy+ ,x is to be rememb]$ t1 :ile ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! a]odrome c\ld be det]m9$ readily & exactly1 ! c5t] ( pressure c\ld be det]m9$ only approximately 9 advance ( trial 9 actual flight4 ,! positions p#jha ( ! support+ surfaces giv5 9 ?is *apt] are1 !n1 approximations made f rules = 8balanc+10 i4 e41 = obta9+ equilibrium 9 actual flight1 rules :i* are 9 fact t5tative1 s9ce !y are f\nd$ on a priori consid]ations ) p>tial correction f ! empirical k ga9$ by previ\s field trials4 ,= ^! rules see ,*apt] ,,vi4 #ahic ,) ref]5ce to ! support+ & guid+ surfaces ( ,a]odromes ,nos4 #d1 #e1 & #f1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d1 9 its e>lie/ condition m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 0 tak5 into ! field1 b nev] br\ght to trial 9 ! air4 ,x is suffici5t to say t 9 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree sets ( w+s con/ruct$1 ea* w+ 0 #agea in*es1 & !re=e conta9$ ab\t six squ>e feet1 s t ) ! tail 7:i* 0 at ?is "t a support+ surface71 ^: area 0 "o-half t ( ! two w+s1 ! total support+ surface 0 #ah squ>e feet1 or s9ce ! fly+ weight 0 #i4a p\nds1 ! proportion ( surface to weight 0 some:at less ?an #b squ>e feet to ! p\nd4 ,! w+s 7 at ?is "t ribless1 x be+ expect$ t ! silk cov] :i* 0 purposely left loose w\ld take its curve f ! air fill+ x1 :i* subsequ5t exp]i5ce has %[n w\ld h l$ to c]ta9 disa/] if ! a]odrome _h be5 laun*$4 ,x may be add$ t !re 0 a v]tical rudd] ( :at is n[ se5 to h be5 a :olly inadequate size4 ,^! rem>ks may be appli$ ) little modification to ! attempt$ flight ) ,no4 #d on ,may #be1 except t ! v]tical rudd] _h be5 made l>g]1 b 0 /ill mu* too small4 #ahid ,f ! acc\nt ( ! field trials to be giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 x w be se5 t 9 num]\s attempts at flight prior to ,octob] #f1 #ahid1 ! cause ( failure c 9 e in/ance be trac$ to imp]fections m fundam5tal ?an ^? ( ! su/a9+ surfaces1 ei!r ! laun*+ device or "s o!r "p fail+ to "w satisfactorily4 ,i !re=e comm5ce a description ( ! su/a9+ surfaces ) ^? ( ,nos4 #d & #e z us$ on t day4 ,! con/ruction ( ! w+s ( ,no4 #d & ,no4 #e1 :i* 7 ne>ly id5tical1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 ,a ,plate #af4 ,a rod ( hickory1 tap]+ f #a_/b in* 9 diamet] at ! l>g] end to #a_/d in* at ! small]1 0 /eam$ & b5t1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 to =m ! ma9 front rib ( ! w+4 ,?is 0 firmly clamp$ to ! midrod1 & to ! rib 9 turn 7 atta*$ a numb] ( cross-ribs ( hickory1 slightly curv$1 ! inn] "o ( :i* 0 fa/5$ to ! hull at its inn] extremity1 :ile ! :ole 0 cov]$ ) silk4 ,! l5g? ( ea* w+ 0 #afb cm4 7#fc4ge in*es71 & ! wid? #ed cm4 7#ba4be in*es74 ,! tail 0 plane & equal 9 area to "o ( ! w+s1 s t ! jo9t area ( ! w+s & tail 0 #b4fb squ>e metres 7#bh4b sq4 ft474 p#jhb ,ea* w+ 0 atta*$ to ! midrod by a s+le clamp1 diff]5t =ms ( :i* are %[n at ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i 7,fig4 #af74 ,! clamp consi/$ ( two %ort split tubes1 into :i* ! ma9 front ribs 7 securely clamp$ by means ( screws4 ,!y 7 set at an angle & unit$ to a groov$ frame1 by :i* ! w+s c\ld be readily atta*$ to a second piece clamp$ ab\t ! midrod4 ,! tail clamp1 l ! w+ clamp1 0 compos$ ( two pieces1 slid+ "o ^u ! o!r1 b z ! tail =m$ a s+le surface1 "o "p 0 p]man5tly atta*$ to x4 ,clamps ,f1 ,g 7 fitt$ to a]odrome ,no4 #d1 & ,h1 ,i to ,no4 #e4 ,! w+s 7 set at a di$ral angle ( ab\t #aej1 b z !y 7 n guy$ 9 any way1 ?is angle 9 flight & "u ! upw>d pressure ( ! air probably became mu* less4 ,! tail 0 plane b ribb$ l ! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,w+ clamps1 #ahib-ahif4 ,9 prep>+ ! ma*9e = flight1 ! w+s & tail ( ,no4 #d 7 set at a v small root angle ) ! midrod1 p]haps n exce$+ #c1 b :ile ?is angle might be ma9ta9$ at ! firmly held root ( ! w+1 x 0 lat] se5 to be probable t ! extremity ( ! w+ 0 flex$ by ! upw>d pressure ( ! air aft] laun*+1 ?\gh ! full ext5t & evil effect ( ?is flexure 0 n recogniz$ at ! "t4 ,9 ! approximative calculations = 8balance10 made at ?is "t1 ! tail 0 treat$ z be>+ #a_/c ( ! weight ( ! a]odrome1 z x 0 #a_/c ( ! support+ area1 = ?\gh x 0 recogniz$ t its position 9 ! 8lee0 ( ! w+s r5d]$ x less effici5t1 ! degree ( ?is dim9ution ( effici5cy 0 n realiz$4 ,a v]tical rudd] #bj cm4#gj cm4 7#h 94#bh 9471 ) an area ( #j4ad metres 7#a4e sq4 ft47 0 us$4 p#jhc ,! p>ticul>s ( ! laun* w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,9 ! pres5t connection1 x is suffici5t to say t ?\gh laun*$ ) ! requisite velocity & )\t accid5t1 x fell into ! wat] at a di/ance ( ab\t #ae metres 7#di feet7 ) ! midrod ne>ly horizontal1 ! comb9$ effect ( eng9es & initial impulse hav+ 9 fact kept x 9 ! air = less ?an two seconds4 ,! true cause ( ?is failure n !n be+ recogniz$1 x 0 attribut$ to ! angle ( ! w+s ) ! midrod hav+ be5 too small4 ,! laun* ( ,no4 #e foll[$ almo/ imm$iately1 b tak+ w>n+ by ! suppos$ cause ( failure ( ,no4 #d1 its w+s 7 set at a root angle ( #bj1 & a hurri$ adju/m5t 0 made to secure great] rigidity1 ! tip be+ p>tly secur$ aga9/ twi/+ by a light cross-piece1 & guy$ s t ! w+ z a :ole 0 n only at a great] angle1 b /iff] ?an 9 ! case ( ,no4 #d4 ,^! *anges x 0 hop$ w\ld cause ! a]odrome to advance at a consid]able initial angle ) ! horizontal1 & x did s1 = in/antly aft] ! laun*1 z ! a]odrome escap$ f its bonds into free air1 ! incl9ation ( ! midrod increas$ until x /ood at ab\t #fj1 :5 ! ma*9e1 aft] /ruggl+ a mom5t to ma9ta9 itself1 slid backw>d into ! wat] 7) its eng9es work+ at full spe$7 aft] advanc+ ab\t #ab metres 7#ci feet71 & rema9+ 9 ! air ab\t #c seconds4 ,on ! :ole1 ! result ( ! fir/ actual trial ( an a]odrome 9 ! field 0 disconc]t+1 = unless ! result 0 due to ! w+s be+ plac$ 9 a position :olly unfavorable to support1 !re seem$ to be no d\bt t ei!r ! eng9e p[] or ! support+ surface 0 insuffici5t4 ,n[ ?is eng9e p[] 0 by computation betwe5 ?ree & f\r times :at 0 necess>y to support ! a]odrome 9 horizontal flight at an angle ( #bj1 & aft] mak+ e all[ance = slip1 !re %\ld h be5 /ill an excess ( p[] = ! fir/ flight ( ,no4 #d1 :]eas actual trial indicat$ t x 0 insuffici5t4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]im5t ) ,no4 #e1 :i* mom5t>ily held its position 9 ! air at an angle ( #fj1 seem$ to indicate t ! eng9e p[] 0 abundant1 & t ! failure mu/ be trac$ to "s o!r cause4 ,z a result ( ^! exp]im5ts x 0 conclud$1 8t x is an all-important ?+ t ! angle ( ! front w+ %all be correct1 & t ?is _c be calculat$ unless x is kn[n h[ mu* ! tip w turn up "u pressure ( ! weight40 ,i felt1 !n1 t ,i _h le>n$ some?+ f ! failures z to ! ne$ ( great] rigidity ( ! w+s1 ?\gh h[ to obta9 ?is )\t add+ to _! weight 0 a try+ problem4 ,x 0 ?us at an e>ly /age suspect$ t ! evil to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 w+ con/ruction 0 ! di/ortion ( ! =m ( ! w+ "u pressure1 *iefly by torsion1 :i* is specially h>d to provide aga9/ )\t a con/ruction :i* is p#jhd necess>ily heavy4 ,?is suspicion 0 a correct "o1 ?\gh ! full ext5t ( ! evil 0 n yet surmis$4 ,9 ! light ( subsequ5t exp]im5t x may n[ be confid5tly /at$ t ! tr\ble 0 ) ! w+s1 :i* at ! mom5t aft] laun*+ 7 flex$ :olly out ( ! %ape :i* !y 7 design$ to h1 & :i* !y reta9$ up to t critical mom5t4 ,aft] return+ to ,wa%+ton1 "o ( ! w+s 0 inv]t$1 & a quantity ( s&1 equal 9 weight to ! pressure ^u ! w+ 9 flight1 0 add$1 "u :i* ! yield+ at ! tip am\nt$ to #fe1 or f #bj to #de1 %[+ t ! w+s 7 entirely too weak to su/a9 ! a]odrome4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ef=ts to /r5g!n ! w+s1 x mu/ be con/antly rememb]$ t ?is c\ld h>dly be done 9 any way :i* did n involve increas$ weight2 t is1 x c\ld h>dly be done at all1 s9ce increas$ weight 0 =bidd54 ,! fir/ attempt at sy/ematic guy+ 0 made on ,octob] #bg4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 ,b1 ,plate #af1 two guy-po/s ext5d+ b5ea? ! midrod 7 connect$ by guy-wires ) ! out] extremities ( ! w+1 by means ( :i* x 0 s\ght to hold ! w+ 9 place & prev5t its extremity f twi/+ upw>d1 :ile a ?ird wire connect+ ) ! b[sprit prev5t$ its mov+ backw>d4 ,9 addition1 two alum9um wires1 /ret*$ across above f w+ to w+1 kept ! l[] guys tight4 ,on ,octob] #bg1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 equipp$ ) l>ge new w+s & tail1 hav+ a comb9$ area ( #c4g squ>e metres 7#dj sq4 ft471 ! w+s be+ ea* #fd cm4#aib cm4 7#be4be 94#ge4ge 9471 turn$ %>ply & completely r\nd1 app>5tly ?r\gh "s int]nal curr5t ( ! ma9 w9d aga9/ :i* x 0 advanc+4 ,ow+ to ?is almo/ in/antane\s turn1 x lo/ headway & came d[n4 ,?is l$ to ! subsequ5t con/ruction & use ( a mu* l>g] v]tical rudd]1 int5d$ to prev5t 9 future any su* sudd5 pivot+ & consequ5t loss ( mom5tum4 ,! w+s %[$ a t5d5cy to 8pocket0#bh & bag1 :i* indicat$ "s s]i\s fault 9 _! con/ruction4 ,z a result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x 0 decid$ on ,octob] #bi to attempt to make ! w+s /iff] 7?\gh _! weight 0 almo/ prohibitory71 by ins]t+ m cross-pieces1 cross-p9n+ & guy+ !m s z to make !m m rigid z a :ole1 & less liable to pocket4 ,at ?is "t an automatic device 9 ! =m ( a slid+ tail 0 design$1 :i* x 0 ?\ght w\ld cause ! c5t] ( pressure to move backw>d :5 ! a]odrome re>$1 & =w>d :5 x plung$ d[nw>d1 b ! device1 ?\gh aft]w>d con/ruct$1 0 nev] br\ght to trial 9 ! field4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 equipp$ ) a new set ( w+s simil> to ^? us$ p#jhe on ,octob] #bg1 & guy$ z 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 0 aga9 laun*$ on ,novemb] #ba1 ) ! results record$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! failure 0 attribut$ to ! twi/+ ( ! w+s "u pressure to su* an ext5t t n only 0 _! effective area greatly r$uc$1 b ! out] portions 7 upturn$ s z to cat* ! air ^u ! upp] surfaces1 ! result be+ 9 "p a d[nw>d pressure4 ,on ! foll[+ day a pair ( ! w+s 0 inv]t$ & a weight ( s& equal to ! air pressure to :i* !y 7 subject$ 9 flight1 0 di/ribut$ ov] _! surfaces4 ,"u ! action ( ?is1 ! twi/+ ( ! w+ 0 se5 to increase f ! root1 :i* 0 held ) comp>ative rigidity1 up to ! tip1 :]e 9 spite ( ! cross-ribs x am\nt$ to #de4 ,! resi/ance to torsion lay *iefly 9 ! front rib1 :i*1 9 addition1 c\ld be b5t easily1 all[+ ! surface to become di/ort$ ) great loss ( lift+ p[]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( #ahid _h demon/rat$ ! urg5t necessity = great] rigidity 9 ! su/a9+ surfaces1 :i* might1 z x seem$1 be obta9$ ei!r by increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! fram+ 7:i* meant additional weight7 or by resort+ to "s new & untri$ con/ruction1 or by a prop] sy/em ( guy+4 ,guy+ seem+ly (f]$ ! mo/ feasible solution ( ! problem2 b al?\gh ! sy/em ( wire guy+ 0 ?or\ghly tri$1 ! result 0 v unsatisfactory1 z ! w+s cont9u$ to twi/ & bag 9 a way t 0 extremely disc\rag+4 #ahie ,i accord+ly _h rec\rse 9 #ahie to ! sy/em ( wood5 guy-/icks %[n 9 ,fig4 ,d1 ,plate #af1 :i* necess>ily add$ greatly to ! weight ( ! su/a9+ surfaces4 ,ea* w+ 0 sep>ately /r5g!n$ by means ( a light rod ( spruce1 9 cross-section ab\t ! size ( ! ma9 front rib1 ext5d+ across ! upp] surface ( ! w+1 at a di/ance ( ab\t "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! w+ beh9d ! front rib4 ,x 0 ti$ to ea* ( ! cross-ribs & to ! out] b5t portion ( ! front rib1 & at its root 0 fa/5$ to ! frame ( ! a]odrome4 ,?is effectually prev5t$ ! b5d+ ( ! front rib & ! consequ5t bagg+ ( ! cov]1 & to t ext5t m>k$ a decid$ advance 9 w+ con/ruction4 ,b x 0 faulty1 9 t1 n be+ supplem5t$ by wire guy+1 x (f]$ little resi/ance to ! twi/+ ( ! w+ ab\t ! ma9 front rib1 ! re> tip ( ! w+ be+ free to turn up "u pressure1 z x _h done on =m] occasions4 ,a simil> guy-/ick 0 /ret*$ across ! tail4 ,to gu>d aga9/ torsion1 rods ext5d+ diagonally across ! w+s & tail 7 us$1 :i*1 ) ! aid ( ! guy-/icks j describ$1 prev5t$ ! surfaces f twi/+ greatly4 ,9 addition1 a rod jo9+ ! front ribs & /ret*+ across f w+ to w+ t5d$ to ma9ta9 a fix$ di$ral angle4 p#jhf ,! w+s z ?us guy$ 7 rigid en\gh1 & 9 ! field-trials ( ,no4 #e on ,may #h & ,june #f1 did n yield noticeably "u pressure1 & !re seem$ to be no s]i\s default 9 _! lift+ p[]1 b ! guy-/icks 7 heavy & ! sy/em 0 n aga9 employ$4 ,! w+s us$ 9 ^! trials1 %[n 9 ,fig4 ,c1 ,plate #af1 _h a frame ( hickory1 consi/+ ( a front rib & n9e cross-ribs1 ov] :i* ! silk 0 tightly /ret*$4 ,! curvature ( ! w+s1 :i* is %[n 9 ! cross-sectional draw+1 _h a rise ( ab\t "o-twelf? ! wid?1 ! highe/ po9t ( curvature occurr+ ab\t "o-f\r? ! di/ance f front to re>4 ,ea* w+ 0 #fd cm4#aib cm4 7#be4be 94#ge4ge 9471 ! two ) ! tail1 9 surface equal to a s+le w+1 hav+ an area ( #c4g squ>e metres 7#dj sq4 ft474 ,! comb9$ weight ( ! w+s 0 #aaej grammes 7#b4ec p\nds71 & ( ! tail1 #ehc grammes 7#a4bh p\nds74 ,! evolution ( a v]tical rudd] _h mean:ile be5 go+ /eadily =w>d4 ,^? fir/ us$ _h be5 small1 rectangul>1 /iff1 & heavy1 b 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,may #h a mu* light] & l>g] con/ruction1 consi/+ ( a frame #ib cm4#gf cm4 7#cf 94#cj 947 cov]$ ) pap]1 0 us$1 & on ,june #g ?is 0 replac$ by a long1 diamond-%ap$ rudd]1 hav+ a spruce frame cov]$ ) silk1 v light & seem+ly m effective ?an any hi!rto us$4 ,i _h 9 ! meantime design$ a 8tail-rudd]10 consi/+ ( a horizontal tail & v]tical rudd] comb9$1 ea* hav+ an area ( ab\t #j4f squ>e metres 7#f4e sq4 ft47 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n us$ until #ahif4 ,9 ,augu/ 0 begun ! con/ruction ( a deeply curv$ & ar*$ pair ( w+s = ,no4 #d1 :i* consi/$ ( a light fram+ ( spruce elaborately guy$ & cov]$ ) gold-beat]'s sk9 drawn tight z a drum-head ) pyroxel5e v>ni%4 ,9 _! con/ruction a new feature1 =e%ad[$ 9 ! me?od ( guy+ ! sep>ate w+s us$ 9 ! field-trials ( ,may & ,june1 0 introduc$1 :i* 0 adopt$ 9 all subsequ5t con/ructions--! guy-/ick1 previ\sly describ$ z /ret*+ l5g?wise across ! w+ be+ n[ made a "p ( ! w+ itself1 :i* 0 ?us provid$ ) two longitud9al ribs in/ead ( "o4 ,! additional rib occupi$ a c5tral position1 & l ! front rib 0 atta*$ to ! midrod by means ( a /rong w+ clamp4 ,its out] end 0 unit$ to ! front rib1 :i* 0 "h b5t into a quadrant ( a circle4 ,?is pair ( w+s _h an expanse ( #dce cm4 7#ad4c feet71 an area ( #b4e squ>e metres 7#bf4h sq4 ft471 a weight ( #ffj grammes 7#a4de p\nds71 & a dep? ( curvature equal to "o-t5? _! wid?4 ,?is con/ruction (f]$ a two-fold advantage 9 its resi/ance to bo? torsion & bagg+1 = z ! pressures ^u ! w+ 7 ne>ly balanc$ ab\t ! middle rib1 ! t5d5cy to twi/ 0 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 :ile ! bagg+1 :i* results f ! b5d+ ( ! framework1 z di/9ct f p#jhg its twi/+1 0 greatly r$uc$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! frame 0 put toge!r1 ! :ole con/ruction p]mitt+ a return to ! sy/em ( wire guy+ at fir/ adopt$1 :i* _h be5 f\nd inapplicable to a w+ hav+ b a s+le longitud9al rib =m+ its front m>g94 ,:5 complet$1 ! w+s 7 /rongly guy$ ) piano wire1 bo? above & bel[1 to guy-po/s atta*$ to ! midrod1 & ea* cross-rib 0 sep>ately guy$ ) wire *ords4 ,al?\gh ^! w+s _h co/ mu* 9 "t & labor1 & conta9$ _m po9ts ( improvem5t1 !y 7 ev5tually f\nd to be too weak to support ! a]odrome1 & 7 !re=e ab&on$ )\t a trial 9 ! field4 ,= ! plane horizontal tail hi!rto us$ a pair ( curv$ w+s 0 sub/itut$1 simil> 9 all respects to ^? j describ$1 b hav+ only half _! area1 & ^! 7 lat] replac$ by a pair equal 9 size & 9 e way ! c\nt]p>t ( ! front w+s4 ,! tail z hi!rto us$ accord+ly disappe>$1 & gave place to ano!r hav+ a :olly diff]5t function to p]=m2 = :ile ! old tail1 l ! re> pair ( w+s :i* sup]s$$ x1 0 int5d$ to be> a def9ite "p ( ! weight ( ! a]odrome1 ! new tail :i* 0 n[ add$ beh9d ! re> pair ( w+s 0 n suppos$ to be> any "p :atev] ( ! weight1 b to act solely z a guide1 & ?is new feature1 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahie1 0 cont9u$ to ! end4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! surfaces is q diff]5t f t adopt$ by ,pnaud 9 #ahgb1 9 :i* ! tail became automatic 9 its action ?r\gh its small angle ( elevation z comp>$ ) t ( ! w+s1 :ile /ill act+ z a support+ surface1 :]eas 9 ! pres5t arrangem5t ! function ( ! tail 0 solely "o ( guidance4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 0 "o ( ! important *anges :i* p]haps z mu* z any o!r l$ to f9al success4 ,dur+ ! fall ( #ahie a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts 7 made bo? 9 free flight ) glid+ models1 & 9 con/ra9$ flight ) ! :irl+-table1 to det]m9e ! relative lift+ p[] ( ! front & re> w+s p] unit ( area1 & f ^! ! foll[+ new rules 7 d$uc$ = f9d+ ! c5t] ( pressure3 ,if a foll[+ w+ is ! size ( ! lead]1 assume t its effici5cy is #ff p] c5t p] unit ( surface4 ,if x is half ! size ( ! lead]1 assume t its effici5cy is #ej p] c5t p] unit ( surface4 ,if x is half z l>ge aga9 z ! lead]1 assume t its effici5cy is #hj p] c5t p] unit ( surface4 ,= int]m$iate sizes ( surface1 proportionate values p] unit ( surface may be assum$4 ,if we consid] ! area ( ! front w+ to be unity1 & t ( ! re> w+ to be n1 & if m be ! effici5cy ( ! re> w+ p] unit ( surface1 p#jhh ! above is express$ 9 ! foll[+ =mul1 :i* x w be rememb]$ take acc\nt only ( w+s foll[+ ea* o!r 9 ! same or ne>ly ! same plane1 & are n applicable :]e "o w+ is ei!r above or bel[ ! plane ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! =mul1 ,,cp is ! resultant c5t] ( pressure ^u bo? w+s express$ 9 ! notation describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,,cpfw is ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! front w+s1 & ,,cprw ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! re> w+s4 ,if ! value ( n lie betwe5 "o-half & unity1 n #a m -------2 #c :ile if ! value ( n lie betwe5 unity & #a-a_/b1 #f #dn m --------- 4 #ae4 ,9 ei!r case ,,cpfw mn,,cprw ,,cp ---------------------- 2 #a mn :]e ! lead+ & foll[+ w+s are equal #c;,,cpfw #b;,,cprw n #a1 m #b_/c & ,,cp ----------------------- 4 #e ,! /eady flight ( "o ( ! glid+ models ref]r$ to l$ to ! con/ruction ( a new set ( w+s = ,no4 #e1 patt]n$ aft] ^? us$ on ! glid+ model4 ,^! w+s1 %[n 9 ,plate #ag1 7 rectangul> 9 outl9e1 #bjj cm4#hj cm4 7#f4ef ft4#b4fb ft471 ea* w+ hav+ an area ( #a4f squ>e metres 7#ag4a sq4 ft47 ,!y 7 con/ruct$ ) spruce fram+ cov]$ ) ,*9a silk1 & 7 /rongly guy$ ) piano wire 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! light1 sk9-cov]$ w+s already describ$1 :i* _h prec$$ !m4 ,! comb9$ weight ( ! two pair 0 #aiej grammes 7#d4c p\nds74 ,! long c5tral rib 0 n[ mu* ! l>g] ( ! two :i*1 z 9 ! prec$+ w+1 =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! /ructure4 ,x occupi$ a position two-fif?s ! di/ance f front to re>1 & presumably co9cid$ at all po9ts ) ! c5t] ( pressure ( =e & aft sections ( ! w+s1 s t ! pressure 9 front ( ! rib 0 at all po9ts balanc$ by ! pressure 9 ! re>1 & !re 0 consequ5tly little t5d5cy 9 ! w+ to twi/ "u pressure ( ! w9d4 ,! two ma9 ribs 7 rigidly connect$ by cross-ribs ( spruce1 #bj cm4 7#h in*es7 ap>t1 /eam$ & b5t to ! desir$ =m4 ,! curvature ( ^! ribs 0 ! same = all1 & 9 dep? 0 "o-twelf? ! wid? ( ! w+1 :ile ! highe/ po9t ( curvature 0 "o-six? ( ! di/ance f front to re>1 ^! ratios hav+ be5 *os5 z approximat+ ^? f\nd 9 ! w+ ( ! so>+ bird4 ,^! w+s 7 subsequ5tly us$ 9 ! fir/ successful flights ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ag ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e4 ,,plan ,,( ,,w+s ,,& ,,sy/em ,,( ,,guy+ p#jhi ,dur+ ! ye> #ahie b two field-trials 7 made ) ! /eam a]odromes1 & nei!r ( ^! 0 successful2 b a great /ep =w>d _h be5 tak5 9 ! con/ruction1 guy+ & arrangem5t ( ! su/a9+ surfaces4 ,! w+s _h be5 made /rong] ) no increase 9 weight p] unit ( area4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ratio ( weight ( su/a9+ surfaces to area _h be5 actually r$uc$ f #dc to #bh grammes p] squ>e foot1 s t ! surfaces 7 bo? light] & /rong]4 ,two longitud9al ribs _h tak5 ! place ( ! s+le "o be=e us$1 a second w+ clamp _h be5 add$ to correspond to ! midrib1 ! difficult problem ( torsion _h be5 effectually solv$1 ! sy/em ( guy+ greatly improv$1 & x appe>$ t 9 ! next trial ! w+s might be expect$ to be> ! weight ( ! a]odrome )\t s]i\s di/ortion4 #ahif ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahif1 two new pairs ( w+s 7 design$ = ,no4 #f1 & 9 ord] to give a great] effici5cy to ! re> w+s1 !y 7 made l>g] ?an ! front ones1 ! area ( ! latt] be+ #bb squ>e feet1 & ( ! =m] #bg squ>e feet1 & :]eas ! wid? ( ea* w+ _h =m]ly be5 "o-?ird ( its l5g?1 x 0 n[ increas$ to two-fif?s to correspond to ^? ( ,no4 #e4 ,! progress made 9 con/ruction & guy+ is %[n by ! fact t :5 on ,janu>y #bh "o pair ( ! w+s ( ,no4 #e 0 inv]t$ & s&$1 ! yield+ at ! tip 0 less ?an #e great] ?an at ! root1 :]eas at "o "t x _h be5 #fe4 ,a simil> te/ appli$ to a pair ( w+s ( ,no4 #f on ,m>* #d gave ev5 bett] results1 z ! yield at ! root 0 b #a #de1 & at ! tip #b #cj4 ,! successive /ages ( ! developm5t ( ! w+ clamps are %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,9 its f9al =m ! front w+ clamp1 or t :i* held ! ma9 front rib1 %[n at ,,ab 7#ahif71 _h adju/able slid+ pieces1 by means ( :i* ! w+s c\ld be set at any desir$ angle ( elevation1 ! w+ z a :ole revolv+ ab\t ! re> w+ clamp1 %[n at ,,cd 7#ahif74 ,! g5]al sy/em ( guy+ ! w+s1 z %[n 9 ,plate #ag1 _h be5 greatly improv$4 ,9 ! pres5t =m a b[sprit & guy-po/s firmly atta*$ to ! midrod furni%$ po9ts ( atta*m5t = ! piano wires ) :i* ! w+s 7 guy$ & held rigidly 9 place1 o!r wires be+ /ret*$ across f w+ to w+ s z to ma9ta9 !m at a con/ant di$ral angle ( ab\t #aej4 ,! clamps by :i* ! guy-po/s 7 atta*$ to ! midrod1 are %[n at ,,ef 7,fig4 #af74 ,9 ! successful flights ( ,no4 #e on ,may #f1 ! complet$ w+s already describ$ weigh$ toge!r #aiej grammes 7#d4bi p\nds71 & _h a total su/a9+ area ( #f4d squ>e metres 7#fh4h squ>e feet71 ! fly+ weight ( ! p#jij a]odrome 0 #aa1gge grammes 7#bf p\nds71 & ! su/a9+ surfaces !re=e am\nt$ to #b4f squ>e feet to ! p\nd1 :i*1 z ! ev5t prov$1 0 amply suffici5t4 ,! 8tail-rudd]10 %[n 9 ,plate #ag1 compris$ a v]tical & horizontal surface ( silk int]sect+ 9 a c5tral rod or axis1 hav+ a l5g? ( #aae cm4 7#c4h feet74 ,! fram+ 0 ( spruce & consi/$ ( two sets ( f\r arms1 ea* radiat+ f ! c5tral rod1 ! hexagonal outl9e ( ! surfaces be+ =m$ ( piano wire1 ov] :i* ! silk 0 drawn & sew$4 ,! area ( ea* surface 0 ab\t #j4f squ>e metres 7#f4de squ>e feet71 & ! total weight 0 #cga grammes 7#j4h p\nds74 ,a flat /eel spr+ ins]t$ 9 ! =w>d end betwe5 ! rudd] & ! midrod gave x a c]ta9 desirable degree ( ela/icity 9 a v]tical direction4 ,! rudd] 0 held 9 place by a p9 pass+ ?r\gh ! midrod1 & 0 s set z to co9cide ) ! l9e ( direct flight1 its purpose1 z already expla9$1 be+ to guide ! a]odrome1 b to take no "p 9 its su/5tion4 ,9 balanc+ ,a]odrome ,no4 #e on ,may #f1 ! w+s 7 s adju/$ t 9 accordance ) ! notation giv5 above1 p4 #ae3 ,,cpfw #aege ,,cprw #adae4e2 & z ! w+s 7 ( equal size1 f :at has prec$$ 9 ! pres5t #c;,,cpfw #b;,,cprw ,,cp#a ------------------------------ #aeja4b4 #e ,! c5t] ( gravity 0 locat$ at #adig1 s t !re %\ld h be5 a v slight t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! a]odrome to rise1 z 0 actually ! case4 ,! =mula 0 p]haps n q s accurate z ! prolong$ flight ( ! a]odrome w\ld seem to indicate1 z x takes no acc\nt ( ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s1 :i* 9 action t5d$ to elevate ! a]odrome 9 front :ile _! resi/ance w\ld t5d to depress x :5 !y _h ceas$ to revolve1 :i* consid]ation acc\nts = ! action ( ! a]odrome on ,may #f1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! =mula may1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z approximately correct4 ,9 ! f9al successful trial ) ,no4 #f on ,novemb] #bh1 #ahif1 ! w+s us$ 7 simil> 9 g5]al con/ruction & mann] ( guy+ to ^? ( ,no4 #e on ,may #f1 b1 z %[n 9 ! photograph 7,plate #bi;,a1 ,*apt] ,x71 ! front rib at its out] extremity 0 b5t to a quadrant to connect ) ! midrib1 ?is con/ruction be+ some:at /rong] ?an t adopt$ 9 ! w+s ( ,no4 #e4 ,! curvature 0 b "o-eighte5? ( ! wid? ( ! w+ in/ead ( "o-twelf? z 9 ,no4 #e4 ,! front & re> pairs 7 simil> & equal & _h a comb9$ area ( #e squ>e metres 7#ed sq4 ft471 & a weight ( #baed grammes p#jia 7#d4gd lbs474 ,! fly+ weight ( ! a]odrome 0 #ab1abj grammes 7#bf4g lbs471 ! su/a9+ surface ?us am\nt+ to slightly m ?an #b squ>e feet to ! p\nd4 ,! position ( ! w+s1 9 accordance ) ! notation adopt$1 0 ,,cpfw #aefc4b1 ,,cprw #acgd4 ,s9ce ! w+s 7 equal 9 size1 #c;,,cpfw #b;,,cprw ,,cp#a ----------------------------- #adhg4e4 #e ,! c5t] ( gravity 0 locat$ at #adhd1 :i* 0 #c4e cm4 9 ! re> ( ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,! flight 0 approximately horizontal1 & ! sett+ seems to h be5 z accurate z c\ld be desir$4 ,! angle ( elevation ( ! w+s at ! root 0 #aj #cj1 & s well 7 !y guy$ t !re 0 no visible yield+ at any po9t dur+ ! flight4 ,z ! midrod dur+ flight 0 approximately horizontal ! angle ( elevation ( ! w+s may be tak5 z #aj #cj2 ! effici5cy ( ! re> w+s 0 two-?irds t ( ! front w+s1 & ! effective area 0 !re=e #bgbgb_/c #de squ>e feet4 ,! w+s be+ v ne>ly plane we h !re=e ! data = det]m9+ ! so>+ spe$ f ! =mula ( 8,a]odynamics0 7,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #fj74 ,w ,p cos k,a,v#b;,f77 cos 1 9 :i* ,w #bf4g p\nds2 ,a #de sq4 ft42 k #j4jjaff2 #aj #cj2 ,f 77 cos #j4cec4 ,by sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! =mula we obta9 ,v #cb feet p] second4 ,! spe$ actually atta9$1 h[ev]1 0 ab\t #cj miles an h\r1 or #dd feet p] second1 :i* seems to indicate t ! angle ( elevation "u pressure 0 r$uc$ to mu* less ?an #aj #cj4 ,= a velocity ( #dd feet p] second1 ! !oretical value ( w\ld be b #f4 ,9 ?is calculation1 h[ev]1 ! hull resi/ance & t ( ! sy/em ( guy-wires1 :i* mu/ h be5 comp>atively l>ge1 has be5 omitt$4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! actual results obta9able 9 flight are mu* m favorable ?an calculations bas$ on exp]im5tal data w\ld presuppose4 p#jib ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus ,,& ,,field-,,trials ,,( ,,a]odromes #d1 #e ,,& #f ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus ,i h else:]e m5tion$ t ! difficulties ( laun*+ ev5 a v small model a]odrome are consid]able4 ,e>ly exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) an app>atus some?+ l a gigantic cross-b[1 & 9 lat] ye>s ) v>i\s =ms ( p5dulum1 all ( :i* latt] br\ght out ! inh]5t !oretical defect ( ! movem5t ( rotation ( ! a]odrome1 & 7 o!rwise practically ineffici5t4 ,a device1 consi/+ ( two p5dulums1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 connect$ by a rigid rod1 f :i* ! a]odrome c\ld be susp5d$ & ca/ (f )\t rotation1 0 at "o "t consid]$1 b ab&on$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 also made ) sev]al =ms ( railroad1 ^u :i* ! a]odrome 0 to run up to ! mom5t ( release1 be=e ! =m ( laun*+ app>atus1 :i* f9ally prov$ successful1 0 adopt$4 ,all ^! _h fail$ *iefly = two reasons2 fir/1 x 0 difficult to cause ! a]odrome to be releas$ j at ! mom5t x atta9$ suffici5t spe$ to so>2 second1 ! ext5sive surface pres5t$ to ! w9d by ! w+s ( ! a]odrome1 made x necess>y to provide means = hold+ ! ma*9e securely at sev]al po9ts up to ! mom5t ( release )\t dang] ( int]f]+ 9 any way ) ! a]odrome :5 x 0 ca/ into ! air4 ,?is prov$ a s]i\s problem1 :i* c be appreciat$ only by "o :o has se5 su* a ma*9e 9 ! op5 air1 :]e its w+s are subject to movem5t & di/ortion by ! slighte/ breeze4 ,! /eps by :i* ^! difficulties 7 remov$ & ! f9al type ( laun*+ app>atus p]fect$ are record$ 9 ! foll[+ pages 9 connection ) ! field-trials ( ! model a]odromes4 #ahib ,z ! end ( ! ye> #ahib approa*$ & ) x ! completion ( an a]odrome ( l>ge size :i* _h to be />t$ ^u its flight 9 "s way1 ! me?od & place ( laun*+ x press$ = decision4 ,"o ?+ at lea/ seem$ cle>4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( exp]im5t1 x 0 desirable t ! a]odrome %\ld---if x mu/ fall---fall into wat] :]e x w\ld suff] little injury & be readily recov]$1 r ?an any:]e on l&1 :]e x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be badly damag$4 p#jic ,! %ores ( ! ,potomac on bo? banks 7 scrut9iz$ = ?is purpose1 f a po9t ab\t two miles above ,wa%+ton to bel[ ,*opawamsic ,isl&1 "s ?irty miles bel[ ! city4 ,sev]al l(ty & seclud$ positions 7 f\nd1 b 9 all ^! !re 0 ! dang] t ! a]odrome might be wreck$ be=e rea*+ ! wat]1 or1 turn+ 9 its c\rse1 fly inl&2 b m ?an ?is1 x c\ld be laun*$ only on ! r>e occasions :5 ! exact w9d 0 bl[+ :i* ! local conditions dem&$4 ,f9ally1 ! idea1 :i* seems obvi\s en\gh :5 /at$1 pres5t$ itself ( build+ a k9d ( h\se-boat1 n to get up initial motion by ! boat's own velocity1 b to furni% an elevat$ plat=m1 :i* c\ld be plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( a consid]able expanse ( wat]1 if desir$1 "u conditions :i* admitt$ ( turn+ 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 z x ne$ h>dly be repeat$ t x 0 indisp5sable to ! ma*9e1 z x is to ! bird1 to rise 9 ! face ( a w9d1 if !re be any w9d at all4 ,! h\se-boat 9 "q 0 no?+ m ?an a sc[ ab\t #cj feet long by #ab feet wide1 ^u :i* a small h\se 0 erect$1 to be us$ = ! occasional /or+ ( ! a]odromes4 ,on acc\nt ( ! accid5ts :i* 7 c]ta9 to occur 9 ! fir/ attempts1 x 0 fitt$ up ) ! means ( mak+ small repairs4 ,on ! ro( ( ! h\se !re 0 a plat=m ^u :i* ! op]ator /ood :5 mak+ a laun*1 & ^u :i* 7 m\nt$ ! laun*+ devices h]eaft] describ$4 ,?is boat1 %[n 9 ,plate #ah1 0 complet$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahib4 #ahic ,by ! k9dness ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 ! h\se-boat 0 t[$ 9 ,may1 #ahic1 d[n to ,*opawamsic ,isl&1 a small isl& ne> ! we/]n bank ( ! ,potomac ,riv]1 n f> f ! ,quantico /ation ( ! ,wa%+ton & ,ri*mond ,railroad ,company4 ,a map ( ! isl& & ! adjac5t l& & wat] is %[n 9 ,plate #ai4 ,! h\se-boat 0 at all times moor$ some:]e on ! we/ side ( ! isl&1 9 ! /ret* ( quiet wat] betwe5 t & ! we/ %ore ( ! riv]4 ,! wat]s %[n "h are1 ) ! exception ( a n>r[ *annel1 v %all[1 &1 inde$1 p>tly dry at l[ tide1 s t !re 0 no dang] ( an a]odrome be+ lo/1 unless its flight c>ri$ x a long di/ance away & ov] ! l&4 ,,field ,,trials#bi ,a]odrome ,no4 #d1 z %[n 9 ,plate #aa1 _h a s+le midrod1 a fly+ weight ( #i p\nds1#cj & support+ surface1 consi/+ ( w+s & tail1 ( #ah squ>e feet4 p#jid ,its eng9es1 ) ab\t #ajj p\nds pressure1 develop$ an aggregate ( #j4d ,h4 ,p41 & lift$ #ej p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight4 ,! propell]s 7 #fj cm4 7#b feet7 9 diamet] & #a-a_/d pit* ratio4 ,! a]odrome 0 int5d$ to be laun*$ by a contrivance call$ ! 8/>t]10 :i* 0 an incl9$ rod1 h+$ at ! bottom1 on ! top ( :i* ! a]odrome 0 support$ on a rod :i* 0 ?r[n d[n at ! in/ant ( flight1 giv+ ! a]odrome a slight =w>d impulse1 ) ! expectation t x w\ld get up suffici5t initial spe$ to so> f ! action ( its propell]s4 ,on ,novemb] #ah ! writ] 7,l71 ) ,dr4 ,b>us 7,b7 & ! two me*anics 7,r & ,m71 w5t to ,quantico by an e>ly tra91 & sup]9t5d$ ) int]e/$ expectation ! arrangem5ts = ?is fir/ trial 9 ! op5 air ( ! me*anism :i* _h n[ be5 ov] two ye>s 9 prep>ation4 ,we met ) an unexpect$ difficulty--t ( laun*+ ! a]odrome at all1 = ?\gh ! w9d 0 only a v g5tle breeze1 x 0 only by hold+ x d[n ) ! h&s t x 0 possible to keep ! a]odrome 9 position = ! laun*1 dur+ ! few m9utes :i* pass$ f ! "t x 0 plac$ ^u ! app>atus to ! "t ( releas+ x4 ,:e!r ! laun*+ device itself might be effective or n c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 s9ce x 0 f\nd t no?+ :i* c\ld ev5 be call$ an attempt to laun* c\ld be made except 9 an absolute calm2 a condition ( ?+s v difficult = any "o to und]/& :o has n pass$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce4 ,! writ] return$ to ,wa%+ton at ! close ( ! day )\t hav+ done any?+1 b hav+ le>n$ a great deal4 ,novemb] #bj4 ,l1 ) ,b & ,m1 came d[n aga91 & wait$ until #d4bj1 :51 ! breeze hav+ fall5 to almo/ a calm1 ! a]odrome 0 ma9ta9$ 9 place on ! laun*+ app>atus ) great difficulty1 :ile x 0 repeat$ly set on fire by ! scatt]+ liquid fuel4 ,f9ally x 0 let g1 & fell close to ! h\se-boat1 ! tail /rik+ ! edge ( ! plat=m4 ,! imm$iate cause ( failure 0 ! defective laun*+ app>atus1 = ! design ( :i* ! writ] felt himself responsible4 ,novemb] #bd4 ,l1 ) ,b1 ,m1 & ,r came d[n aga9 to ,quantico1 b ! v mod]ate w9d prov$ completely prohibitory to any attempt at laun*+1 & all return$ aga9 to ,wa%+ton4 ,novemb] #bg4 ,l1 ) ,b & ,m1 came d[n to try a new laun*+ app>atus1 n diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ! prec$+ "o1 b ( bett] con/ruction4 ,! morn+ 0 exceptionally calm1 b ! eng9es 7 f\nd to be out ( ord]1 & preci\s "t 0 sp5t 9 slight repairs :i* %\ld h be5 made 9 ! %op4 ,at #c4cj p4 m41 :5 ! eng9es 7 at la/ ready1 ! exceptional calm gave place to a v g5tle & almo/ imp]ceptible breeze1 p#jie :i*1 nev]!less1 aga9 prov$ prohibitory to ! laun*+1 & ) extreme disappo9tm5t ! p>ty return$ to ,wa%+ton1 x be+ at la/ fully recogniz$ t unless "s ways 7 f\nd ( hold+ d[n all ! ext5d$ support+ surfaces ^u ! laun*+ piece1 & at ! same "t ( firmly clamp+ ! body ( ! a]odrome until x c\ld be dropp$1 z well z ( releas+ all ?is simultane\sly at ! critical in/ant1 no attempt at laun*+ 0 likely to succe$ except 9 su* an entire & p]fect calm z r>ely occurs4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is laun*+ difficulty1 "s way ( protect+ ! fires f ! w9d _h to be f\nd1 :i* 0 by no means easy1 s9ce an effici5t protection meant an enclosure ( !m & a dim9i%$ influx ( air1 ( :i* x 0 ess5tial t !re %\ld be an unlimit$ supply4 ,decemb] #a4 ,l1 ) ,b1 ,r1 & ,m proce$$ to ,quantico4 ,! same conditions pres5t$ !mselves & ! p>ty return$1 )\t effect+ any?+4 ,decemb] #g4 ,l1 ,b1 ,r1 & ,m pres5t2 day ov]ca/ b p]fectly calm4 ,taught by exp]i5ce1 we _h ev]y?+ ready1 & a little aft] "o o'clock ! laun* 0 made4 ,! a]odrome fell directly into ! boat1 ! rod ( ! />t] hav+ brok54 ,x 0 little damag$1 b 9 view ( ! injury & ! ris+ w9d1 all o!r attempts 7 ab&on$ = ! day4 ,decemb] #aa4 ,pres5t1 ,l1 ) ,b1 ,r1 & ,m4 ,a new 8/>t]0 _h be5 devis$ & br\ght d[n1 b 0 n yet q ready = use1 & an attempt 0 made to employ ! old "o ) ! improvem5ts sugge/$ by exp]i5ce1 b1 aft] two attempts to laun*1 ! "w 0 ab&on$ = ! day1 ow+ ?is "t n to ! laun*+ app>atus1 b to tr\bles 9 ! eng9es & pumps1 due probably to injuries receiv$ 9 ! fall ( ! #g?1 :i* 7 n detect$ until ! "t ( ! actual trial4 ,decemb] #bj4 ,l1 ) ,b1 ,m1 & ,g1 pres5t2 eng9e & a]odrome 9 ord] & ev]y?+ app>5tly favorable4 ,:at seem$ to be an almo/ entire calm came t[>d ev5+1 yet once m ! all b imp]ceptible breeze :i* prevail$ 0 f\nd to defeat all arrangem5ts = hold+ ! a]odrome to ! laun*+ ways be=e x 0 let g4 ,trips to ,quantico 7 also made on ,novemb] #bd1 & ,decemb] #a & #ba1 ( :i* no acc\nt is giv5 z ! v mod]ate w9d :i* prevail$ 9 ea* case preclud$ any attempt at laun*+ ! a]odrome4 ,x w be se5 t eight trips 7 made to ,quantico1 & t1 f> f any flight hav+ be5 made1 n once ev5 0 ! a]odrome laun*$ at all4 ,! pr9cipal cause = ?is lay 9 ! unrecogniz$ am\nt ( difficulty introduc$ by ! v smalle/ w9d1 irrespective ( ! unfitness ( ! laun*+ app>atus to give ! desir$ initial spe$ & direction4 ,9 all ^! trials1 ! a]odrome re/$ on ! laun*+ app>atus1 by :i* x 0 project$ =w>d by means ( a spr+ 9 su* a way z n to int]f]e ) ! propell]s4 p#jif ,previ\s te/s ) ! rubb]-driv5 models _h demon/rat$ ! futility ( all simple p5dulum types ( 8ca/ (f10 & likewise all ! trials hi!rto ( a railroad =m ( laun*+ app>atus1 9 :i* ! a]odrome 0 m\nt$ on a c>1 :i* _h itself to get out ( ! way1 7 equally failures1 s t :5 ! device ref]r$ to above prov$ to be wor?less1 x seem$ t almo/ e plan _h be5 exhau/$4 ,!re 71 moreov]1 o!r difficulties1 "s ( :i* h be5 indicat$ above1 su* z t ( mak+ ! burn]s "w prop]ly 9 ev5 a mod]ate w9d dur+ ! v %ort "t requir$ = atta*+ ! w+s & s adju/+ ! a]odrome on ! laun*+ app>atus4 ,^! difficulties1 :i*1 n[ t !y h be5 ov]come1 seem difficulties no long]1 b :i* !n seem$ insup]able1 7 all connect$ ) ! ev]-pres5t problem ( weight4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to make rigid su/a9+ surfaces :i* w\ld n b5d 9 ! w9d2 to make fires :i* w\ld n g out2 & easy to ov]come all ! imp$im5ts :i* seem s trivial 9 description & 7 s =midable 9 practice1 7 x n t ! m&ate ( absolute necessity =bade ?is be+ done by any contrivance :i* w\ld add to ! weight ( an already ph5om5ally light con/ruction4 ,! difficulties ( ! flight z !y 7 se5 9 ! work%op 7 multipli$1 !n1 beyond measure by ! actual exp]im5ts 9 ! field1 & ! ye> clos$ ) a mo/ disc\rag+ outlook4 #ahid ,! new ye> began )\t any ess5tial improvem5t 9 ! means already describ$1 ?\gh a new laun*+ app>atus _h be5 devis$ by ! writ]1 :i* 0 sc>cely s mu* an app>atus = laun*+1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 z "o ( hold+ ! a]odrome out ov] ! wat]1 & simply lett+ x drop f a height ( ab\t #be feet1 dur+ :i* fall x 0 hop$ 7exact data be+ unobta9able 9 advance ( exp]im5t7 t !re w\ld be "t = ! propell]s to give ! a]odrome ! necess>y so>+ spe$ be=e rea*+ ! wat]4 ,?is device consi/$ ( an inv]t$ tripod1 :i* held ! a]odrome comp>atively /eady by ?ree be>+ po9ts1 :ile a cross-b> ( wood 0 add$ to prev5t ! w+s f sway+ be=e ! laun*4 ,previ\sly1 ! support+ surfaces1 w+s & tail1 _h be5 put on only at ! la/ m9ute4 ,n[ x became possible to keep !m on 9 a g5tle breeze = an indef9ite "t be=e laun*+4 ,janu>y #i4 ,! previ\s day hav+ be5 sp5t 9 practic+ ! /eps prelim9>y to laun*+1 s z to avoid delay 9 assembl+ & m\nt+ ! a]odrome1 ! writ]1 ) ,dr4 ,graham ,bell1 w5t to ,quantico4 ,! day 0 calm1 & e condition seem$ favorable4 ,! a]odrome 0 dropp$ fairly1 "u full /eam1 & x fell 9 a ne>ly horizontal position1 b t\*$ ! wat] at a di/ance ( only #ej or #fj feet1 evid5tly be=e ! necess>y initial spe$ p#jig c\ld be impress$ on x by its eng9es4 ,! conclusion %\ld h be5 t by ?is me?od no?+ b a practically unsuitable height w\ld suffice to />t ! a]odrome 9 a calm1 ?\gh x might p]haps be done 9 ! face ( a consid]able breeze4 ,may #be4 ,aft] a consid]able int]val ( delay1 due to ! riv] be+ clos$ by ice & o!r causes1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d 0 aga9 dropp$ f ! />t] "u ne>ly ! same conditions z 9 ! trial ( ,janu>y #i1 & ) a q simil> result1 ! f9al conclusion be+ t ?is me?od mu/ be ab&on$4 ,x may be add$ t a v]tical rudd] 0 tri$ on ?is day4 ,june #ab4 ,no4 #d1 ) an improv$ bla/1 0 tri$ at ,quantico1 ,mr4 ,goode be+ pres5t4 ,! day end$ 9 failure f ano!r cause1 ! improv$ bla/1 :i* work$ well 9 ! %elt] ( ! %op1 b prov$ useless 9 ! field1 be+ ext+ui%$ by ! feeble/ w9d4 ,at ?is "t 79 ,june & ,july7 ,i design$ a horizontal railroad ) laun*+ spr+s & track1 und]nea? :i* ran a c> :i* held ! a]odrome firmly until ! mom5t ( automatic release4 ,?is app>atus f9ally prov$ to be ! successful solution ( ! laun*+ problem4 ,! description giv5 lat]1 ) ! draw+ 9 ,plate #ah1 %[s ! aft]-improvem5ts1 b no specific *ange f t 9 use f ! fir/4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,i also arrang$ = c]ta9 *anges 9 ! boil]s & burn]s1 hav+ decid$ t ,i w\ld n g into ! field )\t "s gr\nd = confid5ce n only t ! a]odrome c\ld be laun*$ successfully1 b t a /eady flame c\ld be ma9ta9$ "u ! boil]s4 ,octob] #f4 ,no4 #d1 z remodell$1 hav+ a fly+ weight ( ab\t #ad4e p\nds1 a support+ surface ( ab\t #bh squ>e feet1 ) a total eng9e p[] ( ab\t #j4e ,h4 ,p41 & hav+ lift$ #dj p] c5t ( its weight on ! p5dulum1 0 tak5 d[n ! riv] = trial ) ! new railroad laun*+ app>atus1 & sev]al days 7 sp5t 9 erect+ ! laun*+ app>atus on ! h\se-boat1 & 9 laun*+ 8dummy0 a]odromes f x = practice4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d !n be+ fitt$ "u conditions :i* app>5tly insur$ a good />t 7! c5t] ( pressure be+ ne>ly ov] ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! root angle ( ! w+ be+ z]o1 ! midrod ne>ly horizontal1 ! eng9e work+ well1 & ) app>5tly ample su/a9+ surface7 0 f9ally successfully laun*$1 b ! hopes :i* 7 reasonably ent]ta9$ prov$ to be unf\nd$4 ,! result ( ?is fir/ actual trial ( a 8fly+ ma*9e0 9 free air 0 mo/ disconc]t+1 = ! a]odrome1 :i* _h 9 !ory _m times ! p[] requir$ = horizontal flight1 plung$ into ! wat] ) its eng9es work+ at full spe$1 aft] a c\rse h>dly long] ?an t p]=m$ by ! dummy4 ,?is result 0 at fir/ inexplicable4 ,no4 #d1 !n1 did n fly at all1 f "s at fir/ inscrutable cause1 & x 0 decid$ to make a trial ( ,no4 #e1 ?\gh x 0 h>d to put ! result ( s mu* p#jih "t1 pa9/ak+ & co/ to ! haz>d ( de/ruction4 ,) ! exp]i5ce j acquir$ f ! trial ( ,no4 #d1 ! w+ ( ,no4 #e 0 set at an angle ( ab\t #bj ) ! midrod1 & ! tip 0 secur$ by a light cross-piece1 s guy$ t ! w+ z a :ole1 :ile set at ?is consid]ably great] angle ) ! rod1 0 /iff] ?an be=e4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! air *amb] 0 mov$ back s t ! c5t] ( gravity 0 f #f to #aj cm4 beh9d ! 7calculat$7 c5t] ( pressure4 ,^! *anges 7 made 9 ord] to insure t ! front %\ld at any rate keep up1 & x did4 ,! a]odrome 0 laun*$ successfully ) ! eng9es work+ "u a pressure ( #aaj p\nds ( /eam4 ,! head rose cont9ually until ! mid-rod /ood up at an angle ( ab\t #fj1 *eck+ all fur!r advance4 ,x rema9$ 9 ! air 9 a /ation>y position = ne>ly a second1 & !n slid backw>d into ! wat]1 /rik+ on ! end ( ! rudd] & b5d+ x4 ,! di/ance fl[n 0 ab\t #ab metres1 & ! "t ( flight #c seconds4 ,"o ( ! propell]s 0 brok5 %ort (f1 & ! %aft 0 b5t4 ,x ?us became cle>ly evid5t t "s cause prev5t$ ! prop] balanc+ ( ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 necess>y to secure ev5 approximately ! !oretically simple condition ( horizontal flight4 ,x 0 all-important t ! angle ( ! front w+ %\ld be correct1 b its position c\ld n be accurately kn[n 9 advance ( exp]im5t1 & ?is exp]im5t c\ld only be made ) ! ma*9e itself1 & involv$ ! risk ( wreck+ x4 ,^! trials gave a v vivid object lesson ( :at _h already be5 anticipat$1#ca t ! difficulties ( actual flight w\ld probably lie ev5 m 9 obta9+ exact balance ?an 9 ! fir/ & m obvi\s difficulty ( obta9+ ! m]e eng9e p[] to su/a9 a ma*9e 9 ! air4 ,! imm$iate problem 0 to acc\nt = ! totally diff]5t behavior ( ! two a]odromes 9 ! two flights1 "u n v diff]5t conditions4 ,obs]vations ( ! movem5t ( ! two a]odromes ?r\gh ! air1 z se5 by ! writ] f ! %ore1 seem$ to %[1 h[ev]1 t ! w+s did n rema9 9 _! orig9al =m1 b t at ! mom5t ( laun*+ !re 0 a sudd5 flexure & di/ortion due to ! upw>d pressure ( ! air4 ,! "t ( flight 0 too %ort1 & ! spe$ too great1 to be sure ( j :at did occur1 b x seem$ probable t ! w+s flex$ "u ! initial pressure ( ! weight :i* came ^u !m at ! mom5t ( laun*+1 & t !y 7 9 fact1 :ile 9 ! air1 a :olly diff]5t ?+ f :at !y 7 an in/ant be=e1 s t a v slight initial diff]5ce 9 ! angle at :i* !y fir/ met ! air might cause ! air to /rike 9 ! "o case on ! top ( ! w+s & ?r[ ! head d[n1 & 9 ! o!r case s z to ?r[ ! head up4 ,to asc]ta9 ! ext5t & "* ( ?is flexure1 caus$1 x w be obs]v$1 by p#jii ! weight ( ! a]odrome sudd5ly ?r[n on ! w+s1 ,i inv]t$ ! a]odrome & di/ribut$ a weight ( dry s& equal to t ( ! :ole ma*9e ev5ly ov] ! support+ surfaces4 ,x 0 f\nd t "u ! weight ( ! s& ! extremity ( ! w+s b5t to an angle ( #de d[nw>ds 7& consequ5tly mu/ h b5t to an angle ( #de upw>ds 9 ! air71 a condition ( affairs worse ?an any?+ t _h be5 suspect$1 & seem+ to dem& ! entire recon/ruction ( ! w+s ) a /r5g? & consequ5t weight = :i* !re 0 no means ( provid+4 ,!re _h be5 "s injuries to ! ma*9es 9 ! trials ( ! #e? & #f?1 & ^! 7 repair$4 ,a new float _h be5 made = ,no4 #d1 & a new set ( l>g] w+s = ,no4 #e4 ,ea* ( ^! w+s _h a l5g? ( #gf in*es & a bread? ( #be in*es1 mak+ ! total surface ( ! two #bf4d sq4 ft41 :ile t ( ! tail 0 #ac4b sq4 ft41 or ab\t #dj sq4 ft4 9 all4 ,octob] #bb4 ,:5 ,no4 #e 0 f9ally prep>$ = ano!r trial1 its condition 0 z foll[s3 ,fly+ weight #bb p\nds ,area ( support+ surfaces 7w+s & tail7 #dj sq4 ft4 ,sq4 ft4 ( surface p] p\nd ( weight #a4hcb ,eng9e p[] ) #aae lbs4 /eam pressure #a4j ,h4 ,p4#cc ,p[] necess>y to so> #j4ce ,h4 ,p4 ,!oretical so>+ spe$ 7plane w+s at #bj7 #bd ft4 p] sec4 ,previ\s lift on p5dulum #dj p] c5t ( fly+ weight ,octob] #be4 ,! a]odromes hav+ be5 tak5 to ,quantico on ,octob] #bc1 & satisfactory exp]im5ts made ) dummies 9 ord] to te/ ! laun*+ app>atus1 ! h\se-boat 0 c>ri$ out into mid/ream & moor$4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d 0 laun*$ 9 ! face ( a w9d ( ab\t #aajj feet p] m9ute4 ,! midrod 0 at a v small incl9ation ) ! horizontal1 ab\t #c4 ,! angle 77 ( ! *ord ( ! curv$ w+ measur$ at ! rod1 :]e x 0 rigidly held1 0 #ae4 ,! adju/m5t 0 su* z to br+ ! ,,cg imm$iately "u ! ,,cp1 )\t any all[ance = ! fact t ! l9e ( propell] ?ru/ 0 bel[ ! ,,cp4#cd ,! a]odrome "u ^! conditions 0 laun*$ ) ! head high4 ,x made a real1 ?\gh brief1 flight ( ab\t #acj feet 9 #d-a_/b seconds1 :5 x swung abruptly r\nd ?r\gh #ij1 &1 los+ headway1 sank cont9u\sly1 f9ally fall+ backw>d into ! wat]4 ,octob] #bg4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d1 hav+ be5 repair$ & guy$ ) wires f ! w+s to v]tical guy-po/s b5ea?1 0 laun*$ aga91 b "o ( ! p#ajj guy-wires caught on ! laun*+ c>1 & ?rew ! a]odrome imm$iately into ! wat] ) b little damage4 ,on ! same day ,no4 #e 0 laun*$4 ,! !oretical ,,cp,,cg 0 nom9ally #j1 b1 = ! reasons /at$ 9 ! footnote on p4 #ii1 0 really some?+ positive1 t is to say1 ! ,,cp 0 really some:at 9 advance ( ! ,,cg2 incl9ation ( midrod less ?an 7#bj74 ,! a]odrome "u ^! circum/ances1 :ile keep+ its head up1 at fir/ fell rapidly1 yet seem$ ab\t to rise j z x /ruck ! wat]1 convey+ ! idea t if ! laun*+ _h be5 made ) a great] initial velocity x w\ld h ris5 & cle>$ ! wat]4 ,! w+s visibly pocket$1 h[ev]1 & x 0 cle> t "s bett] disposition mu/ /ill be made = !m4 ,! flight 0 #c-a_/b seconds4 ,no4 #e 0 tri$ aga9 on ! same day ) l>g] w+s1 ^: area 0 #dj squ>e feet4 ,^! w+s1 ?\gh /iff]1 pocket$ a little1 #bj z be=e4 ,x flew rapidly1 & at fir/ horizontally1 to a di/ance ( #ajj feet or m aga9/ a five-mile breeze4 ,x !n turn$ abruptly r\nd ?r\gh #ahj1 at fir/ fall+ 7f loss ( headway71 !n di/9ctly ris+1 & at ! same "t ?r[+ its head up until x rea*$ an angle ( ne>ly #fj ) ! v]tical1 :5 x fell backw>d aft] a flight ( betwe5 #f & #g seconds4 ,! w+s 7 evid5tly n yet /rong en\gh to resi/ flexure4 ,novemb] #ba4 ,no4 #e1 9 ne>ly ! same condition z be=e4 ,two extra spr+s _h be5 plac$ on ! laun*+ c>1 9 ord] to give ! a]odrome a great] initial velocity ?an be=e4 ,ev]y?+ appe>$ favorable1 b z x left ! laun*+ track a piece flew out ( ! port propell]1 9 spite ( :i* ! a]odrome1 aft] dropp+ #e feet1 rose bodily at an angle ( #de & fell backw>d into ! wat] 7"t1 #e seconds74 ,ano!r trial 0 made ! same day ) ! same a]odrome1 "u simil> conditions1 except t ! angle ( incl9ation 77 0 r$uc$ to #g4 ,x n[1 ) all ! o!r circum/ances ( laun*+ l ^? imm$iately be=e1 behav$ entirely diff]5tly1 plung+ head d[nw>d into ! wat] at a di/ance ( #cj feet4 ,once m x 0 %[n beyond dispute t ! w+s mu/ someh[ be made ev5 /iff]4 ,decemb] #h4 ,ano!r trial 0 und]tak5 ) ,no4 #e1 ! ,,cg be+ #aj cm4 9 front ( ! ,,cp at re/4 ,! root angle ( ! w+s 0 #ah1 tip angle #bg1 elevation ( midrod #a 9 #bd4 ,! o!r *anges made s9ce ! previ\s trial consi/$ *iefly 9 ! increas$ weight due to ! long] & /rong] frames & %afts t 7 made to c>ry #ajj cm4 propell]s4 ,! flight obta9$ 0 s %ort t x 0 z unsatisfactory z be=e4 ,! a]odrome rose 9 ! air aft] leav+ ! laun*+ app>atus1 & !n slid back into ! wat] 9 ! plane ( its own w+s4 ,on ! fir/ trial1 x /ruck ! boat1 & 0 slightly injur$2 on ! second1 ) root angle ( p#aja w+s #aj1 tip angle #bj1 ! flight p>took ( ! same "*1 b ! ma*9e /ruck ! wat] cle> ( ! boat4 ,! fact t ) ! ,,cg #aj cm4 9 advance ( ! calculat$ ,,cp ! a]odrome /eadily rose 9 front1 seems to indicate t ! rule us$ at t "t = calculat+ ! ,,cp 7see ,*apt] ,,ii7 0 n v accurate4 ,?is rule 0 bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! tail1 hav+ an area equal to "o-?ird ! entire su/a9+ surface1 support$ "o-?ird ! total weight 7express$ by ! =mula ,,cp 7#b;,,cpwm ,,cptm7_/#c1 :]e ,,cpwm & ,,cptm repres5t respectively ! ,,cp ( ! w+s & tail 9 motion71 & t ! ,,cp ( ea* surface 0 "o-fif? its wid? 9 front ( ! c5t] ( figure4 ,decemb] #ab4 ,f\r days lat]1 ! tail _h be5 mov$ back #ba cm41 ?us c>ry+ ! ,,cg back #g cm41 b ! v]tical rudd] 7weigh+ #aje grammes71 = :i* !re 0 n[ no room1 0 tak5 (f1 :i* 9 a measure c\nt]act$ ?is *ange4 ,a trial 0 !n made ) ! w+s set at an initial angle ( #h at ! root & #bj at ! tip4 ,! a]odrome 0 releas$ ) ! eng9es work+ "u a /eam pressure ( #ij p\nds1 & so>$ (f horizontally = "s di/ance1 :5 sudd5ly x sw]v$ to ! "r z ?\gh some?+ on t side _h giv5 out1 & turn+ q ?r\gh #ahj head$ t[>d ! boat1 /rik+ ! wat] ab\t #gf feet away4 ,! "t ( ! flight 0 #d seconds4 ,x 0 f\nd ^u ! recov]y ( ! ma*9e t "o ( ! propell]s _h be5 twi/$ ?r\gh #ij1 s t ! two 7 no long] symmetrical4 ,! turn+ may h be5 due to ?is twi/ or to unequal influ5ce ( ! w9d ^u ! two w+s2 = :5 ,i appli$ ! s& te/ to ! w+s aft] return+ !m to ,wa%+ton1 x 0 f\nd t !y deflect$ s mu* t ! gra9s w\ld n lie ^u !m1 :i*1 to a great ext5t1 expla9s ! failure to secure a bett] flight4 ,?us ! end ( ano!r ye> _h be5 rea*$1 & :at might be call$ a real flight _h n yet be5 secur$4 ,! only progress t seem$ to h be5 made 0 t ! a]odromes 7 n q s unmanageable & erratic 9 _! flights z at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 & t x _h be5 demon/rat$1 at lea/ to ! writ]'s satisfaction1 t ! p[] 0 suffici5t = ! "w to be done4 ,! laun*+ device _h be5 s p]fect$ t x work$ satisfactorily1 b ! problem ( balanc+ seem$ z f> f solution z be=e4 #ahie ,:ile1 = conv5i5ce 9 n>rat+ ! progress ( ! "w ) ! a]odromes1 ea* ye> has be5 treat$ z a unit1 x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t ! "w itself %[s no especial diff]5ce betwe5 ! clos+ ( "o ye> & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,*anges :i* _h important effects 7 introduc$ p#ajb at v>i\s times1 b 71 ( c\rse1 made z !y sugge/$ !mselves )\t any ref]5ce to "t or season4 ,b :ile x 0 cu/om>y to make1 f "t to "t1 a rsum ( ! progress ( ! "w1 yet at ! clos+ ( ! cal5d> ye> x 0 ! cu/om to make a m complete dige/ ( j :at _h be5 accompli%$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,^u ?us review+ ! progress ( ! "w dur+ #ahid1 x 0 felt t ! results :i* _h be5 accompli%$ = su* a l>ge exp5diture ( "t seem$ small1 s9ce no real flight _h be5 made by any ( ! a]odromes1 & no def9ite assurance t a successful flight w\ld be obta9$ )9 ! imm$iate future seem$ w>rant$ by :at _h already be5 accompli%$4 ,b n[ t ! pr9cipal difficulties connect$ ) ! laun*+ app>atus _h be5 ov]come1 ?us p]mitt+ ! a]odromes !mselves to be giv5 a fair trial1 ! belief 0 enc\rag$ t ! cont9uance ( ! actual te/s ( ! ma*9es1 ) slight *anges :i* previ\s te/s _h %[n advisable1 w\ld f9ally result 9 a successful flight4 ,! e>ly weeks ( #ahie 7 sp5t 9 a s]ies ( p5dulum te/s on ,no4 #e1 & 9 mak+ su* slight *anges z ^! te/s indicat$ w\ld be advisable4 ,z a result ( small improvem5ts introduc$ 9 ! boil]s1 ,no4 #e _h by ! middle ( ,m>* %[n a repeat$ lift ( consid]ably ov] #ej p] c5t1 & 9 "s te/s z mu* z #fb p] c5t ( its fly+ weight4 ,c]ta9 radical *anges previ\sly describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii 7 also made 9 ,a]odrome ,no4 #d1 & 9 ! p5dulum te/s ( x a lift ( #dd p] c5t ( its fly+ weight _h be5 obta9$4 ,enc\rag$ by ! bett] results :i* ! a]odromes _h %[n 9 ! above te/s1 x 0 decid$ to te/ !m aga9 9 free flight1 & !y 7 accord+ly s5t d[n to ,quantico 9 *>ge ( ! two me*anics1 ,r & ,m1 ,mr4 ,langley1 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,graham ,bell1 :om he _h invit$ to witness ! te/s1 foll[+ on ,may #h4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,may #h ,no4 #e 0 m\nt$ on ! laun*+ app>atus 9 ord] to drill ! me*anics s t :5 favorable wea!r pres5t$ itself ! a]odrome c\ld be got ready = laun*+ ) ! m9imum delay4 ,on ,may #i ,mr4 ,langley & ,dr4 ,bell rea*$ ! h\se-boat at #e a4 m41 b ev5 ) ! drill ( ! previ\s ev5+ ! me*anics 7 n able to h ,no4 #e ready = trial until #f4ae a4 m4 ,! pr9cipal conditions ( ,no4 #e at ?is "t 73 ,total weight #aa1bjj grammes 7#bd4f p\nds71 includ+ #hjj grammes ( fuel & wat]4 ,previ\s lift on ! p5dulum #ed p] c5t1 ) a /eam pressure ( #aej p\nds4 ,) ?is /eam pressure ! eng9e made ab\t #fjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 :5 driv+ ! #ie cm4 propell]s1 :i* ?r\gh _! r$uction ge>+ made ab\t #ejj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 p#ajc ,:5 ! a]odrome 0 balanc$ = flight s z to br+ ! !oretical 8c5t] ( pressure 9 motion0 ov] ! c5t] ( gravity1 x 0 f\nd t x 0 n possible to c>ry ! c5t] ( gravity 9 front ( ?is po9t1 al?\gh x 0 kn[n by exp]i5ce to be necess>y4 ,accord+ly 9 ! fir/ trial ! out] ends ( ! tail 7 press$ d[n by ! guys s t ! w9d ( advance t5d$ to lift ! tail & ?r[ ! head d[n m ?an if ! tail _h be5 flat4 ,fur!rmore1 ! float1 weigh+ #bjj grammes1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ 9 its normal position ne> ! base ( ! b[sprit1 0 c>ri$ out to its extremity1 ?is *ange 9 ! position ( ! float alone be+ suffici5t to c>ry ! c5t] ( gravity =w>d ?ree or f\r c5timetres4 ,! curv$ w+s 7 set at an angle ( n9e degrees at ! root & elev5 degrees at ! tip4 ,!y 7 well guy$1 & 9 flight appe>$ to be n mat]ially twi/$ or alt]$4 ,x 0 anticipat$ t ! press+ d[n ( ! out] ends ( ! tail & ! %ift+ ( ! c5t] ( gravity w\ld cause ! a]odrome to po9t d[nw>d 9 flight1 & ?is anticipation 0 v]ifi$ 9 ! te/4 ,at #f4ae a4 m4 ! a]odrome 0 laun*$ at a /eam pressure ( #abj p\nds4 ,a p]fect calm prevail$ at ! "t & ! ma*9e />t$ /raight ahead4 ,!re 0 no p]ceptible drop at ! mom5t x 0 releas$ f ! laun*+ c>1 b a smoo? & /eady desc5t until x /ruck ! wat]1 nose d[n1 at a po9t approximately #bjj feet f ! boat4 ,dr4 ,bell not$ t ! l5g? ( "t ! a]odrome 0 9 ! air 0 #b4h seconds4 ,"o ( ! propell]s 0 brok5 & ! o!r "o 0 f\nd to h twi/$ its %aft "o-f\r? ( a turn4 ,at #i4de a4 m41 ! w+s hav+ be5 dri$1 ,no4 #e 0 aga9 tri$4 ,! float 0 mov$ back to its normal position at ! base ( ! b[sprit1 & ! guys1 by :i* ! out] ends ( ! tail _h be5 depress$ 9 ! previ\s trial1 7 s adju/$ t ! tail 0 flat4 ,! ma*9e 01 !re=e1 9 ! condition ( !oretical equilibrium = rapid motion ) a plane w+4 ,all ! o!r conditions 7 precisely z 9 ! previ\s trial1 except t ! r\nd-end #ajj-;c5timetre propell]s 7 sub/itut$ = ! #ie-;c5timetre ones :i* _h be5 brok51 & a new pap]-cov]$ tail 0 us$4 ,! me*anic 9 *>ge 0 direct$ to let ! /eam rea* its highe/ pressure consi/5t ) a flight ( "o-half a m9ute1 be=e laun*+ ! ma*9e1 b he seem$ to h lo/ all s5se ( ! l5g? ( "t ! fuel & wat] w\ld la/1 z he let ! eng9es run until almo/ ! :ole *>ge 0 exhau/$ be=e laun*+ x4 ,! a]odrome w5t (f almo/ horizontally1 !n turn$ up into ! w9d & rose to an angle ( ab\t tw5ty degrees2 !n 7:ile mov+ =w>d7 sl[ly sank z ?\gh ! eng9e p[] _h giv5 out1 z 9 fact x d\btless _h4 ,! actual di/ance travell$ 0 #abc feet & ! l5g? ( "t #g4b seconds4 ,:ile ! exhau/ion ( ! fuel & wat] prior to laun*+ ! ma*9e _h prev5t$ :at app>5tly w\ld o!rwise h be5 an p#ajd exce$+ly good flight1 yet ! fact t ! a]odrome rose imm$iately aft] be+ laun*$1 & cont9u$ to d s until ! p[] gave out1 0 9 itself v enc\rag+4 ,at #a4dj p4 m4 ,no4 #e 0 aga9 ready = trial 7! ?ird "o = ! day71 & ?is "t ,mr4 ,langley & ,dr4 ,bell witness$ x f a great] di/ance 9 hopes ( be+ able m cle>ly to /udy its behavior :5 actually 9 ! air4 ,! previ\s trial hav+ miss$ success ?r\gh ! fuel & wat] hav+ be5 consum$ be=e ! ma*9e 0 laun*$1 special in/ructions 7 giv5 to avoid ! recurr5ce ( ?is mi/ake4 ,b ! ma*9e 0 held = probably two m9utes aft] ! burn]s 7 light$1 ) v mu* ! same result z be=e4 ,! conditions ( ! a]odrome 7 ! same z 9 ! previ\s trial1 except t ! tail 0 a little flatt]1 s z to t5d to make ! head slightly l[] 9 flight4 ,x 0 laun*$ at an angle ( ab\t ?irty degrees ) ! v g5tle w9d t 0 bl[+1 &1 app>5tly "u ! direction ( ! rudd]1 turn$ into ! w9d1 ! midrod ris+ to an angle ( ab\t tw5ty degrees & 7z not$ 9 ,mr4 ,langley's record book7 8,! :ole ma*9e absolutely ris+ dur+ five or six seconds--a f9e spectacle6 ,!n ! p[] visibly gave out1 ! propell]s revolv+ sl[]4 ,x settl$ =w>d & lo/ ne>ly all ( its =w>d motion at ! end ( ab\t sev5 seconds1 b did n f9ally t\* ! wat] until t5 & a qu>t] seconds40 ,:ile ! l5g? ( "t t ! a]odrome _h be5 su/a9$ 9 ! air 0 s %ort t no actual flight _h really be5 a*iev$1 yet ! results enc\rag$ ! belief t ) ! a]odrome m accurately balanc$1 x c\ld reasonably be hop$ t a some:at long] flight w\ld be obta9$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 v evid5t t1 al?\gh ! correct balanc+ :i* w\ld insure equilibrium = a few m9utes might soon be atta9$1 ! ma*9e1 lack+ a human intellig5ce to control x1 mu/ be provid$ ) "s me*anism :i* w\ld t5d to re/ore ! equilibrium1 ! conditions ( :i* mu/ necess>ily *ange 9 a ma*9e dep5d+ on ! air = its support4 ,9 ord] to see :at c\ld be done 9 ?is direction1 x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to return imm$iately to ,wa%+ton ) ! ma*9es & make "s m9or *anges 9 !m be=e attempt+ fur!r flights4 ,by ! end ( ,may1 ,nos4 #d & #e 7 aga9 9 read9ess = a trial1 & ! me*anics 7 accord+ly s5t to ,quantico to complete prep>ations = ! te/s4 ,dur+ ,may ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h]r+1 :o _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) model ma*9es = sev]al ye>s1 0 engag$ = a few mon?s z an assi/ant1 & he 0 imm$iately put 9 *>ge ( ! field trials ( ,nos4 #d & #e1 :i* 7 n[ ab\t to be made4 ,on ,june #f ,mr4 ,langley1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,h]r+1 w5t to ,quantico1 & on ,june #g1 at #e a4 m41 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 0 ready = trial1 b ! w9d 0 s high t no?+ c\ld be done4 ,! w9d lat] dim9i%$ 9 int5sity1 b ! h\se-boat _h become /uck on ! bea* p#aje & x 0 impossible to make ! laun*+ app>atus po9t directly into ! w9d1 :i* 0 bl[+ f ! re> ( ! boat4 ,an attempt 0 made to laun* ! a]odrome ev5 ) ! w9d bl[+ at its re>1 b x 0 f\nd impossible to make ! fires burn & ! te/ 0 accord+ly po/pon$4 ,lat] 9 ! aft]noon ! h\se-boat 0 float$ & ! prep>ations = a te/ 7 imm$iately complet$4 ,at #e4db p4 m4 ! fires 7 light$1 b ! burn]s did n "w prop]ly & ! prop] /eam pressure c\ld n be obta9$4 ,at #f4bj p4 m4 ! fires 7 aga9 light$1 & at #f4bb ! a]odrome 0 laun*$1 its midrod hav+ an upw>d angle ( #be degrees1 or m1 ) ! laun*+ track4 ,! a]odrome mov$ (f ne>ly horizontally1 b seem$ to be v sluggi% 9 its movem5t & fell 9 ! wat] ab\t sev5ty feet f ! boat1 aft] hav+ be5 9 ! air only #d4h seconds4 ,! damage consi/$ ( a brok5 propell] & a slight /ra9 9 ! ma9 frame1 ! ext5t ( :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n imm$iately se54 ,! /eam pressure at ! "t ( laun*+ 0 #aaj p\nds1 :i* 0 obvi\sly insuffici5t4 ,! a]odrome _h lift$ fifty p] c5t ( its weight on ! p5dulum1 & its sluggi%ness ( movem5t seem$1 !re=e1 unacc\ntable ev5 = ?is pressure4 ,x seem$ probable1 h[ev]1 t ! pressure ran d[n imm$iately aft] ! ma*9e 0 laun*$1 on acc\nt ei!r ( ! use ( ! light-weight burn]s 9 place ( ! l>g] & heavi] ones1 or ( ! dim9ution ( ! air pressure 9 ! gas tank4 ,at #g4ee ! a]odrome 0 aga9 laun*$1 & ?is "t made a /ill %ort] flight ?an be=e1 be+ 9 ! air only ?ree seconds4 ,a s]i\s leak 9 ! eng9e cyl9d] 01 h[ev]1 discov]$ j z ! ma*9e 0 laun*$1 & ?is probably acc\nt$ = ! lack ( p[]4 ,n only _h ! te/s :i* h j be5 describ$ indicat$ t !re 0 a lack ( p[] dur+ flight1 al?\gh previ\s p5dulum te/s _h repeat$ly %[n lifts great] ?an fifty p] c5t1 b1 fur!rmore1 ! w+s !mselves1 :ile appe>+ p]fectly capable ( support+ ! a]odrome :5 view$ ) ! ma*9e /ation>y1 7 se5 to flex to su* an ext5t 9 flight t x seem$ probable t mu* ( ! p[] 0 consum$ 9 m]ely ov]com+ ! head resi/ance ( a l>ge portion ( ! w+s :i* _h lo/ all lift+ effect4 ,dur+ ! fall & w9t]1 z record$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,vii & ,,viii1 ,a]odrome 8,new ,no4 #d10 :i* _h be5 recon/ruct$ dur+ ! summ]1 & :i* ^u te/ 0 f\nd radically weak1 0 almo/ entirely rebuilt & aft]w>ds kn[n z ,no4 #f4 ,important *anges 7 also made 9 ,no4 #e1 :i* greatly increas$ its /r5g? & p[]4 ,! improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to ! m>k$ success a*iev$ 9 ! next trial ( ! a]odromes1 7 ^? :i* _h to d ) ! nature & disposition ( ! su/a9+ surfaces & ! means = secur+ equilibrium4 p#ajf ,x w be recall$ t 9 ! m rec5t trials ! app>5t causes ( failure _h be5 ! inability to provide suffici5tly rigid w+s1 ! great difficulty ( prop]ly adju/+ ! relative positions ( ! c5t]s ( pressure & gravity1 & ! lack ( any means ( rega9+ equilibrium :5 ! balance ( ! a]odrome _h 9 any way be5 di/urb$4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahie1 accord+ly1 x 0 f9ally decid$ to employ a second pair ( w+s equal 9 size to ! fir/ or lead+ pair4 ,?is n only add$ greatly to ! /ability ( ! a]odrome1 b also made x possible1 )\t any alt]ation 9 ! plan ( ! frame1 to br+ ! c5t] ( pressure into ! prop] position relative to ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,9 addition ! plan ( con/ruct+ ! w+s 0 modifi$ by ! introduction ( a second ma9 rib1 :i*1 plac$ at approximately ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! w+s1 made !m mu* /iff]1 bo? aga9/ b5d+ & torsion4 ,! two pairs ( w+s n[ became ! sole means ( support1 & ! tail :i* _h hi!rto be5 made to be> "p ( ! weight ( ! a]odrome1 z well z assi/ 9 pres]v+ ! longitud9al equilibrium1 0 n[ int5d$ to p]=m only ! latt] function4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 ! re> ( ! w+s & 0 comb9$ ) ! v]tical rudd]4 ,fur!r1 9 adju/+ x on ! a]odrome1 x 0 set at a small negative angle & giv5 a c]ta9 degree ( ela/icity1 z describ$ above4 ,?is device prov$ to be a mo/ effici5t means ( ma9ta9+ & re/or+ ! equilibrium1 :5 x 0 di/urb$1 & its value 0 app>5t 9 all future te/s ( ! models4 #ahif ,! important *anges 9 ! /eam-driv5 models :i* _h be5 begun 9 ! previ\s fall1 & :i* 9 ! case ( ,no4 #d _h be5 s ext5sive z to conv]t x into a new a]odrome1 ,no4 #f1 7 cont9u$ dur+ ! e>ly spr+1 & x 0 n until ! la/ ( ,april t ! models ,nos4 #e & #f 7 ready = actual te/ 9 free flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ah ,,h\se-,,boat ,,) ,,ov]head ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus1 #ahif ,! condition ( ,no4 #e1 :i* made ! fir/ successful flight1 is giv5 9 ! data %eet = ,may #f1 #ahif1 & its g5]al =m at ?is "t may be se5 9 ! photograph ( ,may #aa1 ,plate #bg;,a4 ,al?\gh ! *anges describ$ above1 z well z ! modifications 9 ! boil]s & burn]s ( bo? a]odromes _h und\bt$ly effect$ a great improvem5t 9 e detail ( ! ma*9es1 ! disappo9tm5ts exp]i5c$ 9 ! prec$+ ye>s prev5t$ any great feel+ ( confid5ce t ! trials :i* 7 n[ to be made w\ld be entirely successful4 ,on ,may #d1 h[ev]1 ! two me*anics1 ,mr4 ,re$ & ,mr4 ,maltby1 7 s5t d[n to ,quantico ) ,a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f1 & ,mr4 ,langley1 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,graham ,bell1 :o _h be5 invit$ to witness ! te/s1 foll[$ on ! aft]noon ( ! #e?4 ,on ,may #f ! w9d 0 s v high all ! morn+ t a te/ 0 f\nd impracticable4 ,dur+ ! =5oon1 h[ev]1 ! w9d gradually di$ d[n1 & by #a p4 m4 0 bl[+ f six to t5 miles an h\r p#ajg f ! nor!a/4 ,at #a4aj p4 m4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f 0 laun*$1 b ! guy-wire unit+ ! w+s hav+ app>5tly caught on "o ( ! fix$ wood5 /rips :i* held ! w+s d[n1 ! left w+ 0 brok5 be=e ! a]odrome 0 really laun*$1 & ! result 0 t ! ma*9e sl[ly settl$ d[n 9 ! wat] by ! boat1 break+ ! propell]s & slightly injur+ ! ,pnaud tail4 ,aft] remov+ ,no4 #f f ! wat]1 ,no4 #e 0 plac$ on ! laun*+ c> & imm$iately prep>$ = a te/4 ,at #c4je p4 m4 x 0 laun*$ at a /eam pressure ( #aej p\nds & />t$ directly ahead into ! g5tle breeze :i* 0 !n bl[+4 ,! height ( ! laun*+ track above ! wat] 0 ab\t tw5ty feet4 ,imm$iately aft] leav+ ! laun*+ track1 ! a]odrome sl[ly desc5d$ ?ree or f\r feet1 b imm$iately began to rise1 its midrod po9t+ upw>d at an increas+ angle until x made ab\t t5 degrees ) ! horizon & !n rema9$ rem>kably con/ant at ?is angle ?r\gh ! flight4 ,%ortly aft] leav+ ! laun*+ track ! a]odrome began to circle to ! "r & mov$ ar\nd ) great /ead9ess1 trav]s+ a spiral pa?1 z %[n 9 ! diagram 7,plate #ai74 ,f an inspection ( ! diagram x w be notic$ t ! a]odrome made two complete turns & />t$ on ! ?ird "o4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two turns ! ma*9e 0 con/antly & /eadily asc5d+1 & at ! end ( ! second turn x _h rea*$ a height v>i\sly e/imat$ by ! diff]5t obs]v]s at f #gj to #ajj feet4 ,:5 at ?is height1 & aft] ! lapse ( "o m9ute & tw5ty seconds1 ! propell]s 7 se5 to be mov+ p]ceptibly sl[] & ! ma*9e began to desc5d sl[ly1 at ! same "t mov+ =w>d & *ang+ ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! midrod until ! b[ po9t$ slightly d[nw>d4 ,x f9ally t\*$ ! wat] to ! s\? ( ! h\se-boat at ! position %[n1 ! "t ! ma*9e 0 9 ! air hav+ be5 "o m9ute & ?irty seconds f ! mom5t ( laun*+4 ,! di/ance actually trav]s$1 z e/imat$ by plott+ its curv$ pa? on ! coa/-survey *>t & !n measur+ ?is pa?1 0 approximately #ccjj feet1 :i* is ! mean ( ?ree indep5d5t e/imates4 ,?is e/imate ( ! di/ance 0 *eck$ by not+ ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]s z record$ by ! revolution c\nt]1 :i* 0 set 9 motion at ! mom5t ! ma*9e 0 laun*$4 ,on ! assumption t ! slip ( ! propell]s 0 n great] ?an fifty p] c5t1 ! #aaff revolutions z %[n by ! c\nt] w\ld indicate a di/ance travell$ ( #bdcj feet4 ,z x 0 felt v c]ta9 t ! slip ( ! propell]s c\ld n h am\nt$ to z mu* z fifty p] c5t1 x seem$ a cons]vative e/imate to place ! l5g? ( flight at #cjjj feet1 :i* w\ld mean a rate ( travel ( betwe5 #bj & #be miles an h\r4 ,! circul> pa? trav]s$ by ! a]odrome 0 acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! guy-wires on "o ( ! w+s _h n be5 tight5$ up prop]ly1 ?us caus+ a diff]5ce 9 ! lift+ effect ( ! two sides4 p#ajh ,! a]odrome 0 imm$iately recov]$ f ! wat] & prep>ations made = a second te/1 ! ma*9e be+ laun*$ aga9 at #e4aj p4 m4 at a /eam pressure ( #afj p\nds4 ,! conditions 7 ! same z at ! fir/ trial1 except t ! w9d _h *ang$ f nor? to s\? & 0 p]haps ( less velocity ?an be=e4 ,! pa? trav]s$ by ! a]odrome 9 ?is second trial 0 almo/ a duplicate ( ! previ\s "o1 except t on acc\nt ( ! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! w9d ! ma*9e 0 laun*$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 tight5+ up ! guy-wires1 :i* _h n be5 prop]ly adju/$ 9 ! previ\s te/1 !y 7 probably tight5$ some:at too mu*1 s9ce 9 ?is second te/ ! a]odrome circl$ t[>ds ! left1 :]eas 9 ! fir/ flight x _h circl$ t[>ds ! "r4 ,! a]odrome made ?ree complete turns1 ris+ to a height ( approximately sixty feet ) its midrod incl9$ to ! horizon at a slightly great] angle ?an be=e4 ,! propell]s aga9 ceas$ turn+ :ile ! ma*9e 0 high 9 ! air & x glid$ =w>d & d[nw>d & f9ally settl$ on ! wat] aft] hav+ be5 9 ! air "o m9ute & ?irty-"o seconds4 ,! di/ance travell$ 0 e/imat$ z be=e1 by plott+ ! pa? on ! coa/-survey *>t1 & 0 f\nd to be #bcjj feet4 ,dur+ ^! flights sev]al photographs 7 secur$ ( ! ma*9e :ile x 0 actually 9 ! air1 "s ( ! pictures be+ tak5 by ,dr4 ,bell & o!rs by ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,f[le4 ,! cle>e/ ( ^! are %[n 9 ,plates #bj1 #ba1 & #bb4 ,j :at ^! flights meant to ,mr4 ,langley c be readily und]/ood4 ,!y meant success6 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w a device produc$ by man _h actually fl[n ?r\gh ! air1 & _h pres]v$ its equilibrium )\t ! aid ( a guid+ human intellig5ce4 ,n only _h ?is device fl[n1 b x _h be5 giv5 a second trial & _h aga9 fl[n & _h demon/rat$ t ! result obta9$ 9 ! fir/ te/ 0 no m]e accid5t4 ,%ortly aft] return+ to ,wa%+ton1 ,mr4 ,langley left = ,europe1 b be=e do+ s he gave in/ructions to ! workm5 to rem$y ! small weaknesses & defects :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 & to h bo? a]odromes ready = trial be=e 8 return 9 ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ai ,,pa? ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,flights1 ,,may #f ,,& ,,novemb] #bh1 #ahif1 ,,ne> ,,quantico1 ,,va41 ,,on ,,! ,,potomac ,,riv] ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bj ,,in/antane\s ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,a]odrome ,,at ,,! ,,mom5t ,,aft] ,,laun*+ ,,9 ,,its ,,flight ,,at ,,quantico ,,on ,,! ,,potomac ,,riv]1 ,,may #f1 #ahif4 ,,enl>g$ ,,t5 ,,times ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ba ,,in/antane\s ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,a]odrome ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,dur+ ,,its ,,flight ,,at ,,quantico ,,on ,,! ,,potomac ,,riv]1 ,,may #f1 #ahif4 ,,enl>g$ ,,t5 ,,times ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bb ,,in/antane\s ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,a]odrome ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,dur+ ,,its ,,flight ,,at ,,quantico ,,on ,,! ,,potomac ,,riv]1 ,,may #f1 #ahif4 ,,enl>g$ ,,t5 ,,times ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bc ,,ov]head ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bd ,,ov]head ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus ,aft] return+ 9 ! fall1 ,mr4 ,langley aga9 _h ,a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f tak5 d[n to ,quantico = trial1 & ?is "t _h z 8 invit$ gue/ ,mr4 ,frank ,g4 ,c>p5t]4 ,on ,novemb] #bg a te/ 0 made ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ! g5]al disposition ( :i* at ?is "t may be le>n$ f ! description 9 ,*apt] ,x1 & ! photographs 9 ,plates #bi;,a1 #bi;,b4 ,! model 0 laun*$ at #d4be p4 m4 ) a /eam pressure ( #abe p\nds4 ,! a]odrome w5t ne>ly horizontally aga9/ ! w9d1 & desc5d$ into ! wat] 9 six & a qu>t] seconds at a di/ance ( p]haps #ajj y>ds4 ,aft] ! ma*9e _h be5 recov]$ f ! wat]1 x 0 f\nd t a p9 _h brok5 9 ! syn*roniz+ rod :i* connects ! two propell] %afts toge!r1 & t ! c\nt]1 :i* %[$ #die revolutions ( ! propell]s1 _h be5 caus$ to regi/] p#aji inaccurately on ?is acc\nt4 ,! balanc+ ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f _h be5 made ! same z t ( ,no4 #e1 b 9 ,no4 #f ! l9e ( ?ru/ 0 twelve c5timetres high]1 & ?is fact1 :i* _h n be5 tak5 into acc\nt 9 det]m9+ ! prop] balanc+ = ,no4 #f1 seem$ to be suffici5t cause = ! a]odrome com+ d[n into ! wat] s soon aft] be+ laun*$4 ,d>kness _h desc5d$ be=e ! a]odrome c\ld be recov]$ & prep>$ = a second trial4 ,on ! next day1 ,novemb] #bh1 a high w9d prevail$ 9 ! morn+1 b 9 ! aft]noon x became comp>atively calm1 & ,no4 #f 0 laun*$ at #d4bj p4 m4 "u ! same conditions z on ! prec$+ day1 except t ! float1 :i* weigh$ #bge grammes1 0 mov$ back f ! b[sprit eighty c5timetres 9 ord] to make ! ma*9e light] 9 front4 ,! a]odrome 0 laun*$ at a /eam pressure ( n mu* ov] #ajj p\nds1 ! air draft = ! burn]s be+ tempor>ily bad4 ,! midrod made an angle ( approximately ?ree degrees ) ! horizontal4 ,on acc\nt ( a slight ra91 :i* _h occurr$ j be=e ! ma*9e 0 laun*$1 ! w+s 7 wet & ! weight ( ! entire a]odrome 0 d\btless z mu* z twelve kilos4 ,imm$iately on be+ laun*$ ! a]odrome />t$ directly ahead 9 a g5tle s\? w9d1 mov+ horizontally & sl[ly turn+ to ! "r & appe>+ to approa* dang]\sly ne> to "s ?ick woods on ! we/ %ore4 ,h[ev]1 x =tunately cont9u$ turn+ until x po9t$ directly up ! bea* ) ! w9d 9 ! re>4 ,x !n mov$ m rapidly =w>d1 dipp$ & rose b once1 & ?is v slightly1 & cont9u$ its rem>kable horizontal flight1 v>y+ n m ?an two y>ds out ( a horizontal c\rse1 & ?is only = a mom5t1 until x f9ally desc5d$ into ! bay at a po9t ne>ly 9 a l9e betwe5 ! h\se-boat & ! railroad /ation at ,quantico4 ,^u be+ recov]$1 x 0 f\nd to be absolutely un9jur$1 & ano!r flight w\ld h be5 made ) x imm$iately b d>kness _h desc5d$4 ,! "t ( flight1 z det]m9$ indep5d5tly by two /op-wat*es1 0 "o m9ute & =ty-five seconds4 ,! numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]s 0 #bhja1 or at ! rate ( #afjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 :i*1 ) an all[ance ( fifty p] c5t slip1 %\ld h c>ri$ ! a]odrome a di/ance ( #dfjj feet 9 "o & ?ree-qu>t] m9utes4 ,:ile ! di/ance f ! h\se-boat 9 a /raight l9e to ! po9t at :i* ! a]odrome desc5d$ 0 only ab\t #afjj feet1 yet x 0 e/imat$ by ^? pres5t t ?is /raight-l9e di/ance 0 c]ta9ly n great] ?an "o-?ird ! total l5g? ( ! pa? trav]s$1 :i* w\ld mean a di/ance ( some?+ l #dhjj feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! c\rse1 z plott$ on ! coa/-survey map & aft]w>ds measur$1 0 #dbjj feet1 & x1 !re=e1 seem$ safe to say t ! total di/ance travell$ 0 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 & ! spe$ 01 !re=e1 ab\t ?irty miles an h\r4 p#aaj ,,*apt] ,x ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus ,,& ,,( ,,a]odromes ,nos4 #e ,,& #f ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! developm5t ( ! 8ca/-(f0 app>atus t 0 us$ at ,quantico = laun*+ ! a]odrome4 ,an initial velocity is indisp5sable1 & aft] long exp]im5t ) o!r =ms :i* prov$ failures1 an app>atus 0 design$ by me1 :i* gave a suffici5t l9e> velocity 9 any direction4 ,x _h1 moreov]1 be5 f\nd t1 :5 ! a]odrome 0 atta*$ to any app>atus ^u ! ro( ( ! h\se-boat1 su* slight *anges 9 ! direction & int5sity ( ! w9d z w\ld ord9>ily pass unp]ceiv$1 w\ld t5d to di/ort or loos5 x f its support1 s t only ! mo/ rigid ( fa/5+s at ?ree indep5d5t be>+ po9ts 7 ( any use 9 hold+ x1 :ile ! w+s mu/ be sep>ately fa/5$ d[n1 le/ !y %\ld be torn f _! sockets4 ,x 01 !n1 necess>y to be able to fa/5 ! a]odrome v firmly to ! ca/-(f app>atus1 to />t x ^u its j\rney 9 any direction ) an initial l9e> velocity t %\ld equal its so>+ spe$1 & to release x simultane\sly at all po9ts at ! v same in/ant1 :ile at ! same "t ! po9ts ( contact ( ! laun*+ device1 to :i* x _h j be5 fa/5$1 7 !mselves drawn up out ( ! way ( ! pass+ propell]s & guys4 ,all ^! requirem5ts & o!rs 7 met by ! app>atus f9ally adopt$1 :i* is %[n 9 ,plates #bc & #bd4 ,x consi/s ( a /rong timb] frame-"w1 c>ry+ a track1 consi/+ ( two flat iron rails set on edge1 ^u :i* runs ! laun*+ c>1 susp5d$ f two small :eels on ea* side4 ,at ! front end ( ! frame !re are two cyl9drical air buff]s to receive ! buff+ pi/ons & ?us /op ! c> aft] ! a]odrome has be5 releas$4 ,! c> is drawn to ! re> end ( ! track & held by ! bell-crank lev] ,a 7,plate #bc74 ,! contact po9ts ,,bb & ,c are turn$ d[n & ! clut*-hook ,d set ov] ! clut*-po/ ,k4 ,! a]odrome is ?us held firmly up aga9/ ! ?ree po9ts ,,bb & ,c by ! clut* ,d1 & a di/ortion f its prop] position r5d]$ impossible4 ,all ^! po9ts are ?r[n up out ( ! way ( ! project+ portions ( ! a]odrome at ! in/ant ( release4 ,?is result is accompli%$ z foll[s3 :5 ! c> has rea*$ ! prop] po9t 9 its =w>d c\rse1 ! cam ,e1 :i* is h+$ at #a1 is depress$ by a roll] fix$ to ! framework ( ! device4 ,9 ?is motion x pu%es d[n ! adju/able connections ,,ff1 :i* are atta*$ at _! l[] ends to ! bell-crank arms ,,gg1 :i* turn ab\t a c5tral pivot at #b4 ,?us ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! connections ,,ff op5s ! jaws ( ! p#aaa clut* ,d4 ,:ile ! clut* ,d is rigidly atta*$ to ,g to prev5t transv]se movem5t1 x is h+$ to ! latt] at #c s t x c fold 9 a longitud9al direction4 ,screw$ to ! clut* ,d is a n>r[ plate #d1 :i*1 :5 ! clut* is clos$1 is beh9d ! lug #e1 ?us prev5t+ any turn+ ab\t ! h+e #c4 ,b :5 ! arms ( ,g & ! jaws ( ! clamp are ?r[n out by ! depression ( ,f1 ! plate #d is mov$ out f beh9d ! lug #e & ! clamp is free to fold to ! front4 ,! /rut1 h+$ at #f1 is "u a con/ant t5sion f ! spr+ #g to fold up1 & is prev5t$ f do+ s only by ! connections #h1 by :i* x is held d[n until ! release ( ! plate #d f beh9d ! lug #e1 :5 ! spr+ snaps !m in/antly up & out ( ! way4 ,z ! /ruts ,,bb h no fix$ connection ) ! a]odrome1 !y are releas$ by ! relaxation 9 ! rigidity ( ! o!r connections & are ?r[n up by _! spr+ #i & held 9 t position by ! clip #aj cat*+ b5ea? ! upp] cross-piece4 ,! p[] = ! propulsion ( ! c> is obta9$ by means ( f "o to n9e helical spr+s work+ "u t5sion1 & multiply+ _! own motion f\r times by means ( a movable two-%eave pulley1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,,description ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,:5 ! details ( ! a]odrome1 ^: description is to foll[1 are consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( ! eng9e] accu/om$ to make e provision aga9/ breakage & accid5t & to all[ an ample factor ( safety 9 e "p1 !y w be f\nd f> too weak to /& ! /resses t 7 put ^u !m4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 design+ ?is ma*9e1 all prec$5t _h to be laid aside & new rules1 adapt$ to ! new conditions1 appli$4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to insure success1 t ! weight %\ld be cut d[n to ! l[e/ possible po9t1 & :5 ?is 0 rea*$ x 0 f\nd t ! factor ( safety _h be5 almo/ entirely done away )1 & t ! /resses appli$ & ! /r5g? ( mat]ial 7 almo/ equal4 ,! same obs]vation holds true ( ! boil]s1 aeolipile1 & eng9es1 :5 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! economical g5]ation & use ( /eam4 ,x 0 fully recogniz$ t ! wa/e ( heat 9 ! coil boil]s 0 excessive1 b z x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be an exce$+ly rapid g5]ation ( /eam ) a small heat+ surface1 ?is 0 reg>d$ z inevitable4 ,9 ! eng9e ! ?ree po9ts aim$ at 9 ! design 7 lightness1 /r5g? & p[]1 b lightness above all1 & necess>ily 9 a degree :i* long seem$ incompatible ) /r5g?4 ,no attempt 0 made to secure ! requirem5ts ( mod]n /eam-eng9e con/ruction1 ei!r 9 ! di/ribution ( ! /eam or ! protection ( ! cyl9d] aga9/ ! radiation ( heat by a suitable jacket+4 ,! v n>r[ limits ( weight p]missible requir$ t ! p#aab b>rel ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be z ?9 z possible1 t no protective jacket+ %\ld be us$1 & t ! valve motion %\ld be ( ! simple/ description4 ,to obta9+ ! greate/ lightness consi/5t ) indisp5sable p[]1 ev]y?+ else 0 subord9at$2 & h5ce1 all expectation ( ord9>y economical effici5cy _h to be ab&on$ at ! outset4 ,x 0 only aft] long trials 9 o!r directions t ,mr4 ,langley introduc$ ! aeolipile device1 :i* = ! fir/ "t provid$ suffici5t heat4 ,ev5 9 ! aeolipile1 h[ev]1 is 0 app>5t t no?+ %ort ( ! mo/ complete combu/ion accompani$ by ! highe/ possible temp]ature ( ! flame w\ld be suffici5t = ! extreme dem&4 ,to secure ?is result "u all conditions ( w9d & wea!r1 ) ! a]odrome at re/ & 9 motion1 requir$ ! long s]ies ( exp]im5ts t are giv5 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,9 respect to ! g5]ation ( heat1 !n1 x is probable t x w\ld be difficult to exce$ ! p]=mance ( ! f9al type ( burn] 9 practical "w1 b 9 ! utilization ( ?is heat 9 ! boil]1 z well z 9 ! utilization ( ! /eam !re g5]at$1 ! wa/e 0 s great z to be prohibitive "u ord9>y conditions4 ,b ?is 0 n ord9>y "w1 & ! simple/ protection aga9/ radiation f boil]1 sep>ator1 & eng9e c\ld n well be us$4 ,! framework ( ! a]odrome is made ( ?9 /eel tubes1 ! ma9 or midrod ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! ma*9e & c>ry+ ! atta*m5ts to :i* ! w+s are fa/5$4 ,susp5d$ f ?is midrod by rigid connections is a skeleton hull ( /eel tub+1 %ap$ some:at l ! framework ( a boat1 f :i*1 directly abeam ( ! eng9es1 arms are run out l ! outrigg]s ( a r[boat = c>ry+ ! propell]s4 ,)9 ?is c5tral hull are plac$ ! aeolipile1 ! boil]1 & ! eng9e1 :i* ) _! auxili>y p>ts1 ! pump & ! sep>ator1 con/itute ! entire p[]-g5]at+ app>atus4 ,! aeolipile consi/s ( f\r ess5tial p>ts3 ! sph]ical air *amb] conta9+ ! supply ( compress$ air by :i* ! gasol9e 9 ! res]voir tank is =c$ into ! burn]2 ! res]voir tank conta9+ ! gasol9e t is to be us$ z a fuel2 ! gas g5]ator :]e9 ! liquid gasol9e is heat$ & conv]t$ into gas2 & ! burn]s :]e x is f9ally utiliz$ to heat ! boil]s4 ,! air *amb] ,d1 ,plate #be1 is a sph]ical vessel #abj mm4 9 diamet]1 locat$ at ! extreme front end ( ! hull4 ,x is made ( copp] #j4be mm4 ?ick & has two op5+s4 ,! front op5+ has a copp] pipe #a cm4 outside diamet]1 to :i* ! air pump = *>g+ ! *amb] is connect$4 ,f ! back a copp] pipe #e mm4 outside diamet] ext5ds to ! top ( ! gasol9e res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #be ,,sideview ,,( ,,/eel ,,frame ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,,susp5d$ ,,f ,,laun*+-,,c>1 ,,octob] #bd1 #ahif ,?is res]voir1 %[n at ,i1 ,plate #be1 is also a light1 holl[ sph]e #abj mm4 9 diamet]2 bo? ?is & ! air *amb] be+ made by sold]+ hemisph]es p#aac ( copp] toge!r at _! circumf]5ces4 ,!re are ?ree op5+s 9 ! res]voir tank2 two at ! top & "o at ! bottom4 ,"o ( ^? at ! top s]ves = ! admission ( ! #e-mm4 pipe br++ compress$ air f ! air *amb]2 ! o!r is connect$ ) a pipe #a cm4 9 diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* gasol9e is suppli$ to ! tank1 & :i* is clos$ by a simple plug at ! top4 ,! hole 9 ! bottom s]ves z ! outlet = ! gasol9e to ! burn]s4 ,close to ! bottom ( ! tank !re is plac$ a small ne$le valve1 :i* s]ves to regulate ! fl[ ( oil1 =1 7 ! pipe left op51 ! compress$ air w\ld =ce ! oil out ) su* rapidity t ! burn]s w\ld be flood$ & ! int5sity ( ! flame impair$4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is valve is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plate #bf;,a4 ,x consi/s ( a brass %ell hav+ "o end 7a7 sold]$ to ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,! ne$le ent]s ?r\gh a /uff+ box ^: gl& is held by two small screws4 ,! /em ( ! ne$le is ?read$ & engages 9 a ?read cut 9 ! body ( ! ca/+ & is op]at$ by a f9e wire on ! outside4 ,x w readily be se5 t ?is device af=ds a means ( mak+ a v accurate adju/m5t ( ! fl[ ( ! liquid to ! burn]s4 ,aft] leav+ ! ne$le valve ! gasol9e fl[s along ! pipe ,s1 ,plate #be1 until x rea*es ! evaporat+ coil1 ,n4 ,9 ord] to subject ! oil to z l>ge a heat+ surface z possible1 9 comp>ison ) ! sectional area ?r\gh :i* x is fl[+1 ! pipe1 :i* left ! ne$le valve ) a diamet] ( #f mm4 soon contract$ to #e mm41 is "h flatt5$ to a wid? ( #g mm4 & a ?ickness ( #b mm4 ,!re are sev5 complete turns ( ?is flatt5$ tub+ coil$ to an outside diamet] ( #cj mm4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5? coil ! pipe is enl>g$ to a diamet] ( #a cm4 & two coils ( ?is size are add$1 ! inside diamet] be+ ! same z t ( ! flatt5$ coil4 ,?is enl>g$ portion s]ves z a sort ( expansion *amb] = ! complete gasification ( ! gasol9e1 :i* is !n l$ back ?r\gh a turn ( ! enl>g$ pipe1 b5ea? ! coils & to ! front4 ,at ! front end ( ! coil a small bran* is l$ (f1 =m+ a 8ble$]10 :i* takes suffici5t gas to supply ! burn] by :i* ! coil is heat$1 ! products ( ^: combu/ion pass into & betwe5 ! coils ( ! boil] l ^? ( ! regul> heat+ burn]s4 ,! gas pipe rises 9 front ( ! coil & by a ,t connection bran*es to ! two burn]s t are plac$ 9 front ( ! coils ( ! boil]4 ,^! burn] pipes are #e mm4 9 diamet] & ent] %eet-iron hoods =m+ regul> burn]s ( ! ,buns5 type1 :i* are fully %[n 9 all _! details 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 ,plate #bf4 ,! pipe is plugg$ at ! end1 & a hole #j4i mm4 9 diamet] drill$ = ! nipple ( ! burn] 9 front ( ! coil :]e ! wat] fir/ ent]s f ! sep>ator1 & #j4he mm4 = ! "o 9 front ( ! return coil4 ,! face ( ! burn] %ell /&s exactly c5tral ) & #da mm4 9 front ( ! coils4#ce p#aad ,?is con/itutes ! heat-g5]at+ portion ( ! ma*9e1 & ) x x is probable t a flame ( z high a temp]ature is produc$ z c be rea*$1 ) ! fuel us$1 by any practical device4 ,! boil] or /eam-g5]at+ app>atus may be said to consi/ ( ?ree p>ts3 ! sep>ator1 ! circulat+ pumps1 & ! g5]at+ coils4 ,! sep>ator 7,m 9 ,plate #be7 is a device :i* has atta9$ its pres5t =m aft] a long c\rse ( developm5t4 ,z at pres5t con/ruct$1 x is =m$ ( a holl[ sph]e #aij mm4 9 diamet] & is locat$ z ne>ly z possible ov] ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole app>atus4 ,x s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( wat] res]voir & /eam drum1 & is call$ a 8sep>ator0 on acc\nt ( ! function :i* x p]=ms ( sep>at+ ! wat] f ! /eam z x ent]s f ! coils4 ,!re is a /raight v]tical pipe #aj mm4 9 diamet] ris+ f ! top ( ! sph]e & fa/5$ to ! "r-h& side ( ! midrod4 ,?is is us$ = fill+ ! sep>ator ) wat]4 ,^u ! o!r side ( ! midrod !re is a small /eam dome #db mm4 9 diamet] ) a semi-sph]ical top ris+ to a height ( #gj mm4 above ! top ( ! sph]e4 ,f ?is dome two /eam pipes are l$ (f1 "o to ! eng9e & ! o!r to ! /eam gauge4 ,z already /at$ else:]e1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! coil boil] t an artificial =c+ ( ! circulation ( ! wat] 0 a necessity1 z ! natural circulation 0 too sl[ to be ( any s]vice4 ,accord+ly1 b only aft] num]\s devices involv+ less weight _h fail$1 a pump driv5 f ! eng9e %aft 0 design$ & us$4 ,9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts v>i\s types ( pumps 7 tri$ 9 :i* ! valves 7 op5$ & clos$ automatically by ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ) ! mixture ( /eam & wat] to be h&l$1 ! valves c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to op5 & close prop]ly at ! high spe$s at :i* is 0 necess>y to run ! eng9e4 ,9 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 !re=e1 a d\ble-act+ pump ) a me*anically op]at$ valve 0 us$4 ,! pump1 %[n 9 detail 9 ,plate #bf;,a1 is driv5 f a %aft connect$ ) ! ma9 eng9e %aft by a spur ge> & p9ion1 :i* rotates at half ! spe$ ( ! eng9e %aft4 ,! pump itself consi/s ( two b>rels1 ! ma9 b>rel hav+ a diamet] ( #bc mm4 ) a pi/on /roke ( #bj mm4 ,! out] %ell ( ! b>rel is made ( alum9um bronze & is l9$ ) a ca/-iron bu%+ #a4be mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pi/on has a l5g? ( #ad mm4 & is =m$ ( an alum9um disc & c5t]1 hav+ a foll[] plate ( ! same mat]ial ) two ca/-iron split r+s sprung 94 ,! wat] is receiv$ into & deliv]$ f ! valve cyl9d]1 :i* is #ah mm4 9 diamet] & also l9$ ) a ca/-iron bu%+ #a4be mm4 ?ick4 ,! alum9um bronze %ells ( bo? cyl9d]s are #j4ge mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! valve is a simple pi/on valve #ce mm4 long ) be>+ faces #d mm4 long at ea* end4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ! bottom ( ! sep>ator & l$ to ! c5t] ( ! valve *e/ ( ! pump by a copp] pipe #a cm4 outside diamet]4 ,! ports p#aae lead+ f ! valve to ! ma9 cyl9d] are #c mm4 wide & #cd mm4 ap>t ov] _! op5+s4 ,x w ?us be se5 t :5 ! valve is 9 its c5tral position1 z x %\ld be at ! beg9n+ ( ! pi/on /roke1 bo? ports are cov]$ ) a lap ( #j4e mm4 inside & out1 s t ! valve has to move #j4e mm4 be=e suction or dis*>ge c take place4 ,z ! valve is mov+ mo/ rapidly at ?is po9t1 x op5s & bo? functions beg9 be=e ! pi/on has advanc$ p]ceptibly4 ,! deliv]y is made at ! ends ( ! valve cyl9d] ?r\gh two copp] pipes ( #a cm4 diamet] t unite into a s+le pipe be=e rea*+ ! boil]4 ,! ?r[ ( ! valve is #ad mm4 s t ! ports are uncov]$ & held wide op5 = ! great] portion ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 & beg9 to close only :5 ! latt] approa*es ! end ( its /roke4 ,9 ?is way p]fect fre$om is giv5 to ! fl[ ( ! wat] & all *ok+ is avoid$4 ,z ! eng9e has be5 run at a spe$ ( m ?an #fhh revolutions p] m9ute1 ! pump mu/ h made at lea/ #cdd /rokes 9 ! same "t1 ?us displac+ #aff4b cc4 ( wat]4 ,! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod & valve /em is #c mm4 & !y pass ?r\gh /uff+ boxes ) gl&s ( ! ord9>y type = pack+4 ,?is pump s]v$ its purpose admirably1 & ) x x 0 possible to ma9ta9 a cont9u\s circulation ( wat] ?r\gh ! two coils ( ! boil]4 ,! ?ird elem5t 9 ! /eam-g5]at+ sy/em is ! boil] prop]#cf 7,plates #be & #bf;,a71 :i* consi/s ( two coils ( copp] pipe1 hav+ an outside diamet] ( #aj mm41 ea* coil be+ =m$ ( #ba turns ea* #ge mm4 9 diamet] ^u ! outside & spac$ #g4e mm4 ap>t1 s t ! total axial l5g? ( ea* coil is #cf cm4 ,! wat] is deliv]$ to ! front end ( ! "r-h& coil1 &1 fir/ pass+ ?r\gh ?is1 crosses ov] at ! re> ( ! boil] to ! left-h& coil1 return+ ?r\gh x to ! front :5ce x is l$ to & deliv]$ into ! top ( ! sep>ator4 ,"h ! /eam & wat] are sep>at$1 ! =m] go+ ?r\gh ! sep>ator & !nce to ! eng9e1 :ile ! unevaporat$ wat] falls to ! bottom to be aga9 tak5 into ! pumps & s5t ?r\gh ! coils4 ,9 ord] t ! draft ( ! burn] & ! gases ( combu/ion might n be dissipat$1 x 0 necess>y to %ea! ! boil]4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is %[n 9 ,plate #be4 ,x w be se5 t ! front half ( ! boil] is wrapp$ 9 a %eet ( mica ?r\gh :i* ! coils c be fa9tly se54 ,?is1 9 turn1 is held at ! extreme front end by a /rip ( ?9 %eet-iron1 ,o4 ,ov] ! back end ! /ack ,q1 made ( v ?9 %eet-iron1 is slipp$4 ,?is has an oblong cross-section at ! l[] end :]e x goes ov] ! boil]2 x is provid$ ) a hole ?r\gh :i* ! midrod passes1 & t]m9ates 9 a circul> op5+ ( ab\t #aj cm4 diamet]4 p#aaf ,! eng9e1 :i* is cle>ly %[n 9 ! dim5sional draw+1 ,plate #bf;,b1 is ( ! pla9 slide-valve type1 us+ a pi/on valve & solid pi/on1 )\t pack+ r+s4 ,! cyl9d] is =m$ ( a piece ( /eel tub+ #ce mm4 outside diamet]1 ) flanges #dg mm4 9 diamet] & #b4be mm4 ?ick braz$ to ea* end1 to :i* ! cyl9d] heads are atta*$ by small ma*9e screws4 ,inside ?is cyl9d] is a ?9 ca/-iron bu%+ 9 ord] to obta9 a bett] rubb+ surface = ! pi/on4 ,! cross-head is a small piece ( alum9um bronze1 runn+ on r\nd guides t also s]ve z cyl9d] braces4 ,!re are also f\r holl[ braces1 #e mm4 9 diamet]1 runn+ f ! back cyl9d] head to a corrugat$ /eel b$-plate1 t /&s v]tically & rea*es f "o side rod ( ! frame ( ! hull to ! o!r1 & to :i* are bolt$ ! be>+s ( ! ma9 %aft4 ,! connect+ rod has ! cross-section ( a f\r-ray$ /> & drives a crank 9 ! c5t] ( ! %aft4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! eng9e3 millimetres4 ,inside diamet] ( cyl9d] #cc ,/roke ( pi/on #gj ,l5g? ( cyl9d] inside #hh ,l5g? ( pi/on #aa ,cle>ance at ea* end #j4e ,diamet] ( pi/on rod #e ,l5g? ( cross-head #ag4e ,diamet] ( guides #d4e ,di/ance f c5t] to c5t] ( guides #bf ,l5g? ( guides #aaj ,l5g? ( wri/-p9 be>+ #h4e ,l5g? ( connect+ rod #aej ,ratio ( connect+ rod to /roke #b-a_/g to #a ,l5g? ( crank p9 #aj ,diamet] ( ma9 %aft #h ,l5g? ( ma9 be>+s #be ,di/ance f c5t] ( cyl9d] to c5t] ( valve /em #ce ,l5g? ( valve #gb ,wid? ( ports #b ,outside lap ( valve #d ,inside lap ( valve #c ,lead ( valve #j ,travel ( valve #ac ,cut-(f f beg9n+ ( /roke #eg ,exhau/ op5s ,end ( /roke ,exhau/ closes on return /roke #dh ,diamet] ( valve /em #d4e ,diamet] ( ecc5tric #cf ,wid? ( ecc5tric #d ,wid? ( crank arm #d ,! weights 7 ne>ly z foll[s3 grammes4 ,eng9e #dfd ,pump & pump %afts #bca ,gasol9e tank & valves #agh ,burn]s #cfj ,boil]s1 frames hold+ boil]s1 & mica cov]s ov] boil]s #fea ,sep>ator1 /eam gauge & pipe = eng9e #edj ,exhau/ pipe #adc ,smoke /ack #cdb ,9 all1 #biji grammes1 or #f4d p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bf;,a ,,dim5sion$ ,,draw+ ,,( ,,boil] ,,coils1 ,,burn]s1 ,,pump1 ,,ne$le ,,valve ,,& ,,?ru/ ,,be>+ ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bf;,b ,,dim5sion$ ,,draw+ ,,( ,,eng9e ,,no4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bg;,a ,,side ,,& ,,end ,,elevations ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e1 ,,may #aa1 #ahif ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bg;,b ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,,plan ,,view4 ,,octob] #bd1 #ahif p#aag ,^! weights are ^? det]m9$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahif1 :5 "s slight *anges _h be5 made f ! conditions exi/+ at ! "t ( ! flight by ?is a]odrome on ,may #f4 ,previ\s to t "t1 ) a pressure ( #acj p\nds1 betwe5 #a4a & #a4be horse-p[] 0 giv5 on ! ,prony brake4 ,at ! actual "t ( flight ! pressure 0 ab\t #aae p\nds1 & ! actual p[] v ne> #a horse-p[]4 ,! valve /em 0 pivot$ to ! c5t] ( ! valve p>tly because ?is 0 ! lighte/ connection t c\ld be made1 & p>tly to all[ ! valve p]fect fre$om ( adju/m5t ^u ! seat4 ,_m p>ts1 su* z guides1 braces1 crank-p9s1 wri/-p9 & %afts are holl[4 ,! /eam is tak5 9 at ! front end ( ! /eam *e/1 & ! exhau/ tak5 out ( ! c5t]1 :5ce x is l$ back to ! /ack & by means ( a =k$ exhau/ pipe dis*>g$ 9 su* a way z to assi/ ! draught ( ea* coil ( ! boil]s4 ,l ! cyl9d] ! /eam *e/ is made ( a piece ( /eel tub+1 #bj mm4 diamet] on ! outside1 ) an inside diamet] ( #ai mm41 & is fitt$ ) a ca/-iron bu%+ #j4e mm4 ?ick1 mak+ ! inside diamet] ( ! /eam *e/ #ah mm4 ,x1 too1 has flanges braz$ to ! ends1 to :i* ! heads are held by small ma*9e screws4 ,! %aft = convey+ ! p[] to ! propell] %afts ext5ds across ! ma*9e f side to side2 x is holl[1 be+ #h mm4 outside diamet]1 ) a hole #e mm4 diamet] ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,x is =m$ ( five sections3 ! middle section1 conta9+ ! crank1 has a l5g? ( #aaj mm4 & is connect$ at ei!r end1 by flang$ c\pl+s1 to l5g?s #cbj mm4 long1 :i* are 9 turn ext5d$ by ! end sections hav+ a l5g? ( #bcj mm4 ,9 addition to ! f\r ma9 be>+s t are bolt$ to ! press$-/eel b$-plate already m5tion$1 !re are two be>+s on ! out] framework on ea* side4 ,at ! out] end ( ea* %aft !re is key$ !reto a bevel ge> ) an outside diamet] ( #bg mm4 & hav+ #bh tee?4 ,?is ge> me%es ) "o ( #ce tee? ^u a %aft at "r angles to ! ma9 %aft & p>allel to ! axis ( ! a]odrome4 ,^! two %afts1 "o on ei!r arm1 s]ve to c>ry & transmit ! p[] to ! propell]s4 ,!y are #aib mm4 long1 #h mm4 9 diamet]1 & are provid$ ) ?ree be>+s t are braz$ to a corrugat$ /eel plate =m+ ! end ( ! outrigg] portion ( ! frame4 ,^! %afts are also holl[1 hav+ an axial hole #d mm4 9 diamet] drill$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! propell] seat has a l5g? ( #dc mm4 & ! propell] is held 9 position by a coll> #be mm4 9 diamet] at ! front end1 f :i* !re project two d[el-p9s t fit into correspond+ holes 9 ! hubs ( ! propell]s1 :i* are held up aga9/ ! coll> by a small] "o screw$ into ! back end ( ! %aft4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! coll> is tak5 up by a p9 screw$ into ! end ( ! =w>d box & act+ z a /ep aga9/ :i* ! %aft be>s1 ! arrangem5t be+ cle>ly %[n by ! accompany+ draw+1 ,plate #bf;,a4 p#aah ,?is1 !n1 comprises ! motive p[] equipm5t ( ! a]odrome1 &1 to recapitulate1 x includes ! /orage1 automatic fe$+ & regulation ( ! fuel2 ! /orage1 circulation & evaporation ( ! wat]2 ! eng9e to conv]t ! expansive p[] ( ! /eam into me*anical "w2 & ! %aft+ = ! transmission ( ! en]gy develop$ by ! eng9e to ! propell]s4 ,! propell]s 7 made ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,^? us$ 9 ! successful trials 7 #a metre 9 diamet]1 ) an actual axial pit* ( #a4be metres4 ,!y 7 made ( :ite p9e1 glu$ toge!r 9 /rips #g mm4 ?ick4 ,! hub _h a l5g? ( #de mm4 & a ?ickness or diamet] ( #be mm4 ,at ! out] edge ! blade _h a wid? ( #cae mm4 & a ?ickness ( #b mm4 ,^! propell]s 7 mo/ accurately balanc$ & te/$ 9 e p>ticul>2 ea* propell] blade 0 balanc$ 9 weight ) its mate & ! pit* measur$ at e po9t along ! radius to insure its con/ancy2 f9ally ! two propell]s ( ! pair to be us$ toge!r 7 balanc$ ) ea* o!r s t !re w\ld be no di/urbance 9 ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e4 ,z w be not$ f ! =ego+ description ( ! ma*9]y1 ! propell]s ran 9 opposite directions1 z !y 7 made "r- & left-h& screws4 ,! weight ( ea* propell] 0 #cfb grammes4 ,we n[ turn aga9 to take up ! details ( ! con/ruction ( ! framework by :i* ?is propell+ ma*9]y is c>ri$4 ,! :ole a]odrome1 z cle>ly %[n 9 ! photographs1 ,plates #bg;,a & #bg;,b1 is built ab\t & dep5d5t f "o ma9 backbone or midrod1 :i* ext5ds well =w>d ( all ( ! ma*9]y & aft beyond all o!r p>ts4 ,?is rod1 z well z all o!r portions ( ! framework1 is ( /eel tub+4 ,! midrod1 be+ l>ge/1 is #bj mm outside diamet]1 ) a ?ickness ( #j4e mm4 ,x is to ?is midrod t ! w+s are directly atta*$1 & f x ! hull conta9+ ! ma*9]y is susp5d$4 ,! plan outl9e ( ! hull skeleton is simil> to t ( ! deck ( a vessel4 ,! /eel tub+1 #j4e mm4 ?ick1 ( :i* x is =m$1 has an outside diamet] ( #ae mm4 f ! front end to ! cross-fram+ us$ to c>ry ! propell]s1 back ( :i* ! diamet] is decreas$ to #aj mm4 ,! midrod makes a slight angle ) ?is frame1 ! v]tical di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! tub+ be+ #gc mm4 at ! front & #fg mm4 at ! back4 ,! tube1 correspond+ to ! keel ( a vessel1 is brac$ to ! upp] tubes by light ,u-%ap$ ribs & by two #h-mm4 tubes =m+ a ,v brace on a l9e ) ! back end ( ! guides ( ! eng9e4 ,at ! extreme front & back !re is a direct v]tical connection to ! midrod4 ,! propell] %afts are #a4bc m4 f c5t] to c5t]1 & are c>ri$ on a special cross-fram+1 p>tak+1 z already /at$1 ( ! "* ( an outrigg] on a r[-boat4 7,see ,plate #bg;,b47 ,! re> rods1 :i* are ( #aj mm4 /eel tub+1 />t f ! front end ( ! re> be>+s ( ! propell] %aft & p#aai ext5d across f side to side4 ,! top rod is braz$ to ! side pieces ( ! hull & ! bottom rod to ! keel4 ,!y are connect$ by a v]tical /rut ( #h-mm4 tub+ at a di/ance ( #bfe mm4 inside ( ea* propell] %aft4 ,at ! front end ( ! propell] %aft two m rods run across ! frame4 ,! l[] is simil> & p>allel to ! back rod already describ$1 :ile ! upp] is b[$ to ! front1 z %[n 9 ! plan view ( ! frame 7,plate #cj74 ,9 ord] to take ! =w>d ?ru/ ( ! propell] a second cross-brace is ins]t$1 :i* runs f ! re> be>+ ( ! propell] %aft to a po9t j 9 advance ( ! front head ( ! cyl9d]1 & is braz$ to ! two upp] tubes ( ! cross-frame z well z to ! upp] tubes ( ! ma9 fram+ ( ! hull4 ,! out] ends ( ! tubes ( ! cross-fram+ are braz$ to a ?91 /amp$ /eel plate :i* firmly b9ds !m toge!r1 :ile at ! same "t x =ms a base = atta*+ ! be>+s ( ! propell] %aft4 ,?is end plate has a ?ickness ( "o millimetre4 ,9 addition to ! fram+ prop] !re are two guy-po/s :i* fit into ! sockets ,,cc1 & ov] :i* truss wires are drawn1 z %[n 9 ! side view 9 ,plate #bg;,a4 ,^! po/s h a l5g? ( #gcj mm4 f ! l[] edge ( ! socket1 & are capp$ at _! l[] extremity by a light /eel f]rule ^: outside diamet] is #aj mm4 ,f ! draw+ ( ! w+s ( ,no4 #e1 %[n 9 ,plate #ag1 x w be se5 t !y are =m$ ( two p9e rods #ae mm4 9 diamet] at ! inn] ends1 tap]+ to a half circle ( ! same diamet] at ! tips4 ,^! rods are connect$ by elev5 spruce ribs measur+ #h mm4#c mm41 & curv$1 z %[n 9 ! side elevation1 ^!1 9 turn1 be+ cov]$ by a light :ite silk drawn s tightly z to pres5t a smoo?1 ev5 surface4 ,! total l5g? ( ! w+ is #b metres1 & ! wid? ov] all is #hje mm4 ,v]tical /iffness is obta9$ 9 ! w+s by a s]ies ( guy-wires1 :i* pass ov] light /ruts re/+ ^u ! ma9 rods4 ,^! ma9 rods are ins]t$ & held 9 ! w+ clamps ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #af1 & make an angle ( #aej ) ea* o!r4 ,z is ! case ) all o!r ess5tial details ( ! a]odrome1 a great deal ( "t & att5tion 0 giv5 to ! design+ ( ! w+ clamps be=e a satisfactory arrangem5t 0 secur$4 ,to enable x to control ! a]odrome 9 bo? directions1 ! tail-rudd]1 ,plate #bg;,a1 has bo? a horizontal & a v]tical surface1 ! approximate dim5sions ( :i* are1 l5g? #aae cm4 7#c4h feet71 maximum wid? #fd cm4 7#b4a feet71 giv+ ea* qu>t] section an area ( ab\t #j4fd sq4 m4 7#f4i sq4 ft474 ,x is giv5 ! prop] angle & degree ( ela/icity 9 a v]tical direction by ! flat hickory spr+1 :i* fits into ! clamp ,n1 & atta*es ! rudd] to ! frame4 ,! only o!r atta*m5ts ( ! a]odrome are ! reel1 float1 & c\nt]4 ,!y h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! fly+ ( ! ma*9e1 & are p#abj m]ely safety appliances to insure its recov]y f ! wat]4 ,! reel consi/s ( a light spool on :i* a f9e cord is w\nd1 "o end ( :i* is atta*$ to a light float t deta*es itself & lies ^u ! surface ( ! wat] :5 ! ma*9e s9ks1 :ile ! o!r end is fa/5$ to ! spool t goes d[n ) ! a]odrome4 ,! 8float0 is a light copp] vessel ) conical ends :i* is firmly fa/5$ to ! midrod1 & :i* is int5d$ to s l[] ! specific gravity ( ! :ole ma*9e t x w n s9k4 ,! cyl9drical portion ( ?is float has a l5g? ( #bej mm4 & a diamet] ( #agj mm41 "o cone hav+ a l5g? ( #fe mm4 & ! o!r & front "o a l5g? ( #adj mm41 :i* makes ! total l5g? ( ! float #cge mm4 ,x is made ( v ?9 copp]1 & s]v$ 9 ! successful trials n only z a float to su/a9 ! ma*9e on ! surface ( ! wat]1 b also z a weight by :i* ! c5t] ( gravity 0 s adju/$ t flight 0 possible4 ,! c\nt] records ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]s aft] laun*+4 ,x is a small dial c\nt]1 read+ to #aj1jjj1 ) a special atta*m5t :i* prev5ts any record be+ made ( ! revolutions ( ! propell]s1 until ! actual mom5t ( laun*+1 :5 a piece on ! laun*+ app>atus ?r[s ! c\nt] 9 ge> at ! in/ant t ! a]odrome leaps into ! air4 ,,description ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! outgr[? ( a numb] ( *anges made 9 ,no4 #d dur+ ! fall ( #ahie & ! e>ly "p ( #ahif4 ,9 ?is recon/ruction ! aim 0 to light5 ! :ole ma*9e on acc\nt ( ! small] eng9es 9 ei!r ,no4 #d or ,no4 #e4 ,! modifications f ,no4 #d 7 s radical & ! diff]5ces t exi/ betwe5 ,nos4 #e & #f are s consid]able z to dem& c>eful att5tion4 ,z reg>ds g5]al appe>ance ! frame ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f resembles t ( ,no4 #e 9 consi/+ ( a s+le cont9u\s midrod ( /eel tub+1 #bj mm4 9 diamet]1 #j4e mm4 ?ick1 imm$iately b5ea? :i* ! hull conta9+ ! ma*9]y is situat$4 ,9 recon/ruct+ ! framework aft] ! te/s 9 ,janu>y1 #ahif1 _h %[n x to be dang]\sly weak1 especially aga9/ torsion1 x 0 decid$ to make ! hull only /rong en\gh to c>ry its cont5ts & to atta* x to ! /rong] midrod 9 su* a way t all torsional /ra9s w\ld be tak5 up by x1 :]eas 9 ,no4 #e ! hull /ructure mu/ be> a l>ge proportion ( su* /ra9s4 ,x 0 !re=e built ?r\gh\t ( #h-mm4 tub+1 #j4c mm4 ?ick1 & 0 rigidly atta*$ to ! midrod by braces at ! front & re>1 & also at ! cross-frame4 ,! hull 0 also made n>r[] 7except at ! re>1 :]e x 0 wid5$ to conta9 ! boil]7 & %ort] ?an ! hull ( ,no4 #e--;an advantage\s *ange made possible by ! fact t ! eng9es 7 n conta9$ 9 ! hull1 b m\nt$ on ! transv]se frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bh ,,/eel ,,frame ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f1 ,,on ,,laun*+ ,,c> p#aba ,9 ,no4 #e1 z describ$ above1 a s+le eng9e m\nt$ at ! front end ( ! hull communicat$ its p[] ?r\gh transmission %afts & ge>+ to ! propell]s1 :i* 7 necess>ily 9 ! same plane4 ,?is br\ght ! l9e ( ?ru/ v ne>ly 9 ! same plane z ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! a]odrome1 a condition t5d+ to promote in/ability ( longitud9al equilibrium4 ,9 ,no4 #f1 h[ev]1 ! use ( two eng9es situat$ on ! transv]se frame & communicat+ _! p[] directly to ! propell]s1 made x possible to raise ! transv]se frame #ab cm4 above ! hull1 & ?us raise ! l9e ( ?ru/ to a position int]m$iate betwe5 ! c5t] ( pressure & ! c5t] ( gravity1 )\t mat]ially affect+ ! latt]4 ,z a result ( ?is *ange ,a]odrome ,no4 #f 0 r5d]$ mu* m /able & made /eadi] flights ) few] undulations ?an ,no4 #e4 ,! eng9es 9 use on ,no4 #f 7 ! small eng9es describ$ above 9 connection ) ,no4 #d4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( /eel tub+ #b4h cm4 9 diamet]1 ) a #e-;cm4 /roke1 ea* cyl9d] ?us hav+ a capacity ( #cj4h cc4 ,!y 7 l9$ ) a ?9 ca/-iron bu%+ & ca/-iron r+s 7 sprung 9 ! pi/on head s z to give z smoo? a rubb+ surface & z p]fect action z possible4 ,z 9 ! eng9e ( ,no4 #e a pla9 slid+ valve ( ! pi/on type 0 us$1 cut-(f be+ approximately at "o-half1 ?\gh ! ports 7 s small t x 0 difficult to det]m9e x ) any great accuracy4 ,no pack+ 0 us$1 b ! p>ts 7 c>efully gr\nd s z to give a p]fect fit4 ,^! eng9es1 z is mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 ,plate #cj1 7 m\nt$ symmetrically on ei!r side ( ! cross-frame & 7 connect$ directly to ! propell] %afts4 ,9 ord] to insure t ! propell]s w\ld run at ! same rate1 !re 0 provid$ a syn*roniz+ %aft1 ,t1 9 ,plate #cj1 hav+ on ea* end a bevel ge>1 :i* int]me%$ ) simil> ge>s on ! propell] %afts4 ,/eam = ! cyl9d]s 0 convey$ f ! sep>ator ?r\gh ! pipes ,,ll4 ,! /eam-g5]at+ app>atus = ,no4 #f 0 exactly l t already describ$ 9 connection ) ,no4 #e1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! m compact arrangem5t 9 ! case ( ,no4 #f4 ,! relative location ( ! app>atus 9 ! two models is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plates #bh1 #bi;,b1 & #cj1 ! correspond+ p>ts be+ simil>ly label$1 s t a sep>ate description = ,no4 #f is sup]flu\s4 ,! w+s us$ on ,no4 #f 7 some:at small] ?an ^? ( ,no4 #e1 & diff]$ f !m 9 hav+ ! front ma9rib b5t to a quadrant at its out] extremity & cont9u$ z ! out] rib ( ! w+4 ,! degree ( curvature ( ! w+s 0 also some:at less1 be+ "o-eighte5? = ,no4 #f & "o-twelf? = ,no4 #e4 ,! f\r w+s 7 ( ! same size & _h a total area ( #ed sq4 ft4 ,on acc\nt ( ! %ort5$ hull ( ,no4 #f !y 7 all[$ a mu* great] range ( adju/m5t1 :i* r5d]$ x mu* easi] to br+ ! ,,cp into ! prop] relative position to ! ,,cg ?an 0 ! ease ) ,no4 #e4 p#abb ,! ,pnaud rudd] = ,no4 #f 0 simil> to t = ,no4 #e1 ! two 9 fact be+ int]*angeable1 & 0 simil>ly atta*$ to ! frame4 ,! reel1 float1 c\nt]1 & all o!r accessories 7 id5tical = ! two ma*9es4 ,to sum up ! comp>ative features ( ^! two successful /eam-driv5 models3 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f 0 bo? light] & frail] ?an ,no4 #e1 & requir$ mu* m delicate adju/m5t1 b :5 ! correct adju/m5ts _h be5 made its fly+ qualities 7 sup]ior1 z reg>ds bo? spe$ & /ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bi;,a ,,plan ,,view ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f4 ,,octob] #bc1 #ahif ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #bi;,b ,,side ,,elevation ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f4 ,,octob] #bc1 #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #cj ,,plan ,,view ,,( ,,/eel ,,frames ,,& ,,p[] ,,plants ,,( ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #e1 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ca ,,details ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,,footnotes4 #b 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 #bg1 #ahia4 #c ,?is *apt] 0 writt5 almo/ entirely by ,mr4 ,langley 9 #ahig4 #d #ahig4 #e ,9 ?is /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! 8int]nal "w ( ! w9d40 #f ,t5 ye>s prior to #ahig4 #g ,communication to ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,extract f ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,sessions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 #abb1 ,session ( ,may #bf1 #ahif4 7,translation47 ,a ,description ( ,me*anical ,flight4 ,by ,s4 ,p4 ,langley4 ,9 a communication :i* ,i address$ to ! ,academy 9 ,july1 #ahia1 ,i rem>k$ t ! results ( exp]im5tal inve/igation _h %[n ! possibility ( con/ruct+ ma*9es :i* c\ld give su* a horizontal velocity to bodies resembl+ 9 %ape incl9$ planes1 & m ?an a ?\s& times heavi] ?an air1 t ^! c\ld be su/a9$ on ?is elem5t4 ,:ile ,i h else:]e rem>k$ t surfaces o!r ?an planes might give bett] results1 & t absolutely horizontal flight1 :i* is s desirable 9 !ory1 is h>dly realizable 9 practice1 s f> z ,i "k !re has nev] be5 con/ruct$1 up to ! pres5t "t1 any heavy a]odrome1 or s-call$ fly+-ma*9e1 :i* c keep itself freely 9 ! air by its own =ce m ?an a few seconds1 ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 absolutely free flight be+1 = _m reasons1 immeasurably great] ?an ^? exp]i5c$ :5 ! flight is controll$ by ! body's press+ upw>d aga9/ a horizontal track1 or :irl+-arm4 ,no "o is unaw>e t _m exp]im5t]s h be5 engag$ 9 try+ to execute free me*anical flight1 & al?\gh ! demon/ration :i* ,i furni%$ 9 #ahia 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 #ahia ( its !oretical possibility ) means !n at our disposition1 seem$ conclusive1 s long a "t has elaps$ )\t practical results1 t x might be d\bt$ :e!r ^! !oretical conditions are to be realiz$4 ,i h ?\ght x well1 !n1 to occupy myself ) ! con/ruction ( an a]odrome ) :i* ,i might put my previ\s conclusions to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,! ,academy w1 p]haps1 f9d x int]e/+ to read ! n>rative giv5 "h by an eye-witness1 :o is well kn[n to x4 ,i am l$ to pres5t x n only by ! reque/ ) :i* he honors me1 b by ! appreh5sion t my adm9i/rative duties may put a /op to ^! rese>*es1 s t x seems to me advisable to ann\nce ! degree 9 :i* ,i h already succe$$1 al?\gh ?is success be n z complete z ,i %\ld l to make x4 ,! exp]im5ts took place on a bay ( ! ,potomac ,riv]1 "s di/ance bel[ ,wa%+ton4 ,! a]odrome 0 built *iefly ( /eel1 ?\gh light] mat]ial ent]$ into ! con/ruction1 s t its d5sity z a :ole 0 a little bel[ unity4 ,no gas :atev] ent]$ into ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e1 & ! absolute weight1 indep5d5t ( fuel & wat]1 0 ab\t #aa kilos 7#bd p\nds74 ,! wid? ( ! support+ surfaces 0 ab\t #d metres 7#ac feet71 & ! p[] 0 furni%$ by an extremely light eng9e ( approximately "o horse-p[]4 ,!re 0 no "o to direct x on bo>d1 & ! means = keep+ x automatically 9 horizontal flight 7 n complete4 ,x is important to rem>k t ! small dim5sions ( ! ma*9e did n all[ x to include any app>atus = cond5s+ ! /eam1 s t x c\ld only c>ry wat] en\gh = a v brief c\rse--a drawback :i* w\ld n be enc\nt]$ 9 "o ( a l>g] con/ruction4 ,x is also to be not$ t ! spe$ e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,bell 0 t obta9$ 9 a cont9u\s asc5d+ flight1 & mu* less ?an w\ld h be5 atta9$ 9 a horizontal c\rse4 ,on ,me*anical ,flight4 ,lett] ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell to ,mr4 ,langley4 ,wa%+ton1 ,may #f1 #ahif4 ,i am q aw>e t y are n desir\s ( publication until y h atta9$ m complete success 9 obta9+ horizontal flight "u an automatic direction1 b x seems t :at ,i h be5 privileg$ to see to-day m>ks su* a great progress on ev]y?+ ev] be=e done 9 ?is way1 t ! news ( x %\ld be made public1 & ,i am happy to give my own te/imony on ! results ( two trials :i* ,i h witness$ to-day by y\r invitation1 hop+ t y w k9dly cons5t to mak+ x kn[n4 ,= ! fir/ trial1 ! app>atus1 *iefly con/ruct$ ( /eel & driv5 by a /eam eng9e1 0 laun*$ f a boat at a height ( ab\t #bj feet f ! wat]4 ,"u ! impulse ( its eng9es alone1 x advanc$ aga9/ ! w9d & :ile drift+ little1 & sl[ly asc5d+ ) a rem>kably uni=m motion1 x describ$ curves ( ab\t #ajj metres 9 diamet]2 till at a height 9 ! air :i* ,i e/imate at ab\t #be metres 7#hb feet71 ! revolutions ( ! screws ceas$ = want ( /eam1 z ,i und]/ood1 & ! app>atus desc5d$ g5tly & sank into ! wat]1 :i* x rea*$ 9 a m9ute & a half f ! />t4 ,x 0 n damag$1 & 0 imm$iately ready = ano!r flight4 ,9 ! second trial x repeat$ 9 ne>ly e respect ! action ( ! fir/1 & ) an id5tical result4 ,x rose smoo?ly 9 great curves until x approa*$ a prom95t wood$ promontory1 :i* x cross$ at a height ( #h to #aj metres above ! tops ( ! highe/ trees1 ^u ! exhau/ion ( ! /eam desc5d+ sl[ly into ! bay1 :]e x settl$ 9 a m9ute & ?irty-"o seconds f ! />t4 ,y h an in/antane\s photograph ( x1 :i* ,i took j aft] ! laun*4 ,see plates #bj1 #ba1 & #bb ( pres5t "w4 ,f ! ext5t ( ! curves :i* x describ$1 :i* ,i e/imat$ ) o!r p]sons1 f measurem5ts :i* ,i took1 & f ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]s1 z record$ by ! automatic c\nt] :i* ,i consult$1 ,i e/imate ! absolute l5g? ( ea* c\rse to be ov] half an ,engli% mile1 or1 m exactly a little ov] #ijj metres 7#biec feet74 ,! duration ( flight dur+ ! second trial 0 "o m9ute & ?irty-"o seconds1 & ! av]age velocity betwe5 tw5ty & tw5ty-five miles an h\r1 or1 let u say #aj metres a second1 9 a c\rse :i* 0 con/antly asc5d+4 ,i 0 extremely impress$ by ! easy regul> c\rse ( ea* trial1 & by ! fact t ! app>atus desc5d$ ea* "t ) su* smoo?ness & g5tl5ess z to r5d] any j> or dang] out ( ! "q4 ,x seem$ to me t no "o c\ld h witness$ ^! exp]im5ts )\t be+ conv9c$ t ! possibility ( me*anical flight _h be5 demon/rat$4 #h ,x is desirable t ! read] %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ?is treatise1 & ( ano!r by me1 entitl$ 8,! ,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d10 bo? publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,a k ( ^! works is n absolutely necess>y1 b ( advantage 9 connection ) :at foll[s4 #i 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 p4 #ajg4 #aj ,*apt] ,,viii4 #aa ,8 device = obta9+ automatic equilibrium is f\nd 9 connection ) ! description ( 8 8,a]oplane ,auto ,moteur10 9 8,l',a]onaute0 = ,janu>y1 #ahgb4 #ab ,i h nev] obta9$ s good a result z ?is ) any rubb] motor4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley4 #ac ,"o p\nd ( twi/$ rubb] appe>s1 f my exp]im5ts1 to be capable ( mom5t>ily yield+ ne>ly #fjj foot-p\nds ( en]gy1 b ?is effect is atta9$ only by twi/+ x too f>4 ,x w be saf] to take at mo/ #cjj foot-p\nds1 & z ! /ra9 mu/ be tak5 up by a tube or frame weigh+ at lea/ z mu* z ! rubb]1 we h approximately #j4jjia z ! horse-p[] = "o m9ute1 or #j4jia horse-p[] = six seconds z ! maximum effect1 9 cont9u\s "w1 ( a p\nd ( twi/$ rubb] /r&s4 ,! longitud9al pull ( ! rubb] is mu* great]1 b x is difficult to employ x 9 ?is way = models1 ow+ to ! great relative weight ( ! tube or frame ne$$ to be> ! b5d+ /ra94 ,9 ei!r =m1 rubb] is f> m effective = ! weight ?an any /eel spr+ 7see lat] *apt] on ,available ,motors74 #ad ,! a]odrome is su/a9$ by ! upw>d pressure ( ! air1 :i* mu/ be replaceable by ! resultant pressure at "s p>ticul> po9t1 designat$ by ,,cp4 #ae ,see ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #ahia4 #af ,subsequ5t obs]vations indicate t ! maximum velocity ( horizontal flight mu/ h be5 ab\t #aj metres p] second4 #ag ,obs]v]s foll[+ de ,lucy h long s9ce call$ att5tion to ! fact t z ! scale ( ,nature's fly+ ?+s increases1 ! size ( ! su/a9+ surfaces dim9i%es relatively to ! weight su/a9$4 ,m4 ,h>t+ 7,a]onautical ,society1 #ahgj7 has %[n t ! relation area_/weight is surpris+ly con/ant :5 bats v>y+ 9 weight z mu* z #bej times are ! subject ( ! exp]im5t1 & lat] obs]vations by ,m>ey h n mat]ially affect$ ! /atem5t4 ,z to ! muscul> p[] :i* ,nature has imp>t$ ) ! great] or less] weight1 ?is v>ies1 decreas+ v rapidly z ! weight increases4 ,! same rem>k may be made app>5tly ) at lea/ approximate tru?1 ) reg>d to ! so>+ bird1 & ! important inf]5ce is t if !re be any analogy betwe5 ! bird & ! a]odrome1 z ! scale ( ! con/ruction ( ! latt] increases1 x may be reasonably anticipat$ t ! size ( ! su/a9+ surfaces w relatively dim9i% r ?an increase4 ,we may conv5i5tly use ,m4 ,h>t+'s =mula 9 ! =m a n#bw#b_/c l#b_/m#b :]e a area 9 sq4 cm41 w ! weight 9 grammes1 l ! l5g? ( ! w+ 9 cm41 n & m con/ants d]iv$ f obs]vation4 #ah ,a s+ul> fact connect$ ) ! /ret*+ ( rubb] is t ! ext5sion is n only n directly proportional to ! p[] produc+ x1 b t up to a c]ta9 limit x increases m rapidly ?an ! p[]1 & aft] ?is ! relation becomes = a "t m ne>ly con/ant1 & aft] ?is aga9 ! ext5sion becomes less & less 9 proportion4 ,9 o!r words1 if a curve be con/ruct$ ^: abscissae repres5t ext5sions1 & ord9ates ! correspond+ weights1 x w %[ a rev]se curvature1 "o portion be+ concave t[>d ! axis ( abscissae1 ! o!r convex4 #ai ,! foll[+ table tak5 f 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 p4 #ajg1 gives ! data = so>+ ( #cjd4h in* planes1 weight #ejj grammes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ) planes ,so>+ spe$ ,"w exp5d$ ( l =m t ,angle ,v4 p] m9ute4 #a horse-p[] w ) drive ?r\gh ! horizon air at velocity ,v4 4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,metres ,feet ,kilogram- ,foot- ,kilo- ,p\nds4 p] second4p] second4 metres4 p\nds4 grammes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #de #aa4b #cf4g #ccf #b1dcd #f4h #ae #cj #aj4f #cd4h #age #a1bfh #ac4j #bi #ae #aa4b #cf4g #hf #fbc #bf4e #eh #aj #ab4d #dj4g #fe #dgd #cd4h #gg #e #ae4b #di4h #da #big #ee4e #abb #b #bj4j #fe4f #bd #agd #ie4j #bji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! relations %[n 9 ! above table hold true only 9 case ( planes support+ ab\t #a4a p\nds to ea* squ>e foot ( su/a9+ area4 ,= a diff]5t proportion ( area to weight1 o!r conditions w\ld obta94 #bj ,?is pressure p] unit ( area v>ies ) ! area itself1 b 9 a degree :i* is negligible = our imm$iate purpose4 #ba ,see 8,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d02 also ,revue de ,l',a]onautique1 #c;e ,livraison1 #ahic4 #bb ,m rec5t exp]im5ts "u my direction by ,mr4 ,huffak] give simil> results1 b confirm my e>li] & crud] obs]vations t ! curve1 us$ alone1 = small angles1 is mu* m un/able ?an ! plane4 #bc ,z /at$ 9 ! ,preface1 ,"p ,,iii has n yet be5 prep>$ = publication4 #bd ,accord+ to ,welln] 78,zeits*rift fr ,lufts*iffahrt10 ,beilage1 #ahic71 9 a curv$ surface ) #a_/ab rise1 if ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! *ord ( ! surface be 1 & ! angle betwe5 ! direction ( resultant air pressure & ! normal to ! direction ( motion be 1 !n & ! so>+ spe$ is ,v 7,p_/,k7#a_/7;,f77cos 777 :ile ! effici5cy is ,w_/,r ,weight_/,resi/ance tan ,! foll[+ 7 d]iv$ f exp]im5ts 9 ! w9d3 #c #j #c #f #i #ab ,f77 #j4bj #j4hj #j4ge #j4ij #a4jj #a4je ,tan #j4ja #j4jb #j4jc #j4jd #j4aj #j4ag s t accord+ to him1 a curv$ surface %[s f9ite so>+ spe$s :5 ! angle ( incl9ation is #j or ev5 slightly negative4 #be ,! foll[+ =mul propos$ by ,mr4 ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly %[ h[ ! c5t] ( pressure may be mov$ any desir$ di/ance ei!r =w>d or backw>d )\t 9 any way affect+ ! c5t] ( gravity1 & by m]ely mov+ ! front & re> w+s ! same am\nts b 9 opposite directions1 ! total movem5t ( ea* w+ be+ 9 ei!r case five times ! am\nt t is desir$ to move ! mean ,,cp#a1 & ! direction ( movem5t ( ! front w+ det]m9+ ! direction ( movem5t ( ,,cp#a4 ,9 ,figure #g1 ,,cpfw & ,,cprw are ! c5t]s ( pressure ( ! front & re> w+s respectively2 ! weights ( ! w+s1 :i* are assum$ to be equal & conc5trat$ at _! c5t]s ( figure1 are repres5t$ by w1 w1 & a is ! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( pressure 9 ei!r w+ f its c5t] ( figure4 ,! orig9al mean c5t] ( pressure ( ! a]odrome is ,,cp#a1 ,w is ! weight ( ! a]odrome1 suppos$ to be conc5trat$ at ,,cg#a1 :ile m is ! di/ance f ,,cprw to ,,cg#a4 ,n[1 if we h assum$ t ! re> w+1 be+ ( ! same size z ! front "o1 has a lift+ effect ( only #j4ff1 & on ?is assumption is calculat$ ! prop] relative positions ( ! front & re> w+s to cause ! ,,cp#a to come directly ov] ! ,,cg#a1 & ^u te/+ ! a]odrome f9d t x is too heavy 9 front &1 !re=e1 wi% to move ! c5t] ( pressure =w>d an am\nt1 say b1 )\t affect+ ! c5t] ( gravity1 we c calculate ! prop] relative positions ( ! front & re> w+s 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:ile ! a]odrome z a :ole is balanc$ at ! po9t ,,cg#a1 ! weight ( ! w+s is n balanc$ ar\nd ?is po9t1 = ! re> w+1 ow+ to its decreas$ lift+ effect1 is proportionately f>!r f ,,cp#a ?an ! front w+4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to avoid mov+ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! ma*9e z a :ole1 any movem5t ( ! w+s mu/ be made 9 su* a way z to cause ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! re> w+ multipli$ by its di/ance f ,,cg#a & ! weight ( ! front multipli$ by its di/ance f ,,cg#a to equal a con/ant3 t is1 w7m a7w7#j4ffma7 con/ant1 & #j4ccwm #bwa con/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,figs4 #g-i4 ,diagrams ,illu/rat+ =mul = mov+ ,c4 ,p4 )\t di/urb+ ,c4 ,g4 ,if n[ ! w+s be mov$ s t ,,cp#a is mov$ =w>d a di/ance b1 we may indicate ! di/ance f ,,cg#a to ! new ,,cprw by z1 & equat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! re> w+ multipli$ by its new di/ance f ,,cg#a & ! weight ( ! front w+ multipli$ by its new di/ance f ,,cg#a & mak+ ?is diff]5ce equal to ! con/ant diff]5ce1 we c calculate z 9 t]ms ( m & b1 z foll[s3 ,fig4 #h1 w7a z7w7#j4ff7z b7 ba7 #j4ccwm #bwa1 z m #e;b4 ,kn[+ z1 we readily f9d t ! new di/ance f ,,cpfw to ,,cg#a equals3 #j4ff7z b7 b #j4ffm #e;b4 ,9 a simil> mann] we may calculate ! prop] relative positions ( ! front & re> w+s :5 we wi% to move ! c5t] ( pressure backw>d a di/ance1 b1 f ! orig9al ,,cp#a )\t *ang+ ! position ( ,,cg#a4 ,f ,fig4 #g1 we h z be=e3 w7m a7w7#j4ffma7 con/ant1 #j4ccwm #bwa con/ant4 ,fig4 #i1 w7z#a a7w7#j4ff7z#a;b7ba7 #j4ccwm #bwa4 z#a m#e;b4 ,simil>ly we h = ! new di/ance f ,,cpfw to ,,cg#a3 #j4ff7z#a;b7b #j4ffm#e;b4 #bf ,x is to be rememb]$ t ^! a]odromes 7 "u incessant modifications1 ,no4 #d = in/ance1 pres5t+ successive *anges :i* made ( x 9 reality a numb] ( diff]5t ma*9es1 "o m]g+ by con/ant alt]ations into ! o!r1 ?\gh x /ill w5t "u ! same "n4 ,aft] #ahie ! type ( ! models rema9$ relatively con/ant1 b dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s ( ! "w1 con/ructions equal to ! orig9al build+ ( at lea/ eight or t5 indep5d5t a]odromes 7 made4 #bg ,*apt] ,v4 #bh 8,pocket+0 is a =m ( di/ortion 9 :i* ! canvas or silk bags locally 9 num]\s places betwe5 ! cross-ribs4 #bi ,! site ( ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* 0 #cj miles bel[ ,wa%+ton1 has be5 describ$4 ,! writ] is designat$ by ! initial 8,l02 ,dr4 ,b>us1 :o sev]al times assi/$1 by ! lett] 8,b02 ,mr ,re$1 c>p5t]1 by 8,r02 ,mr ,maltby1 ma*9i/1 by 8,m02 & ,mr4 ,ga]tn]1 in/rum5t mak]1 by 8,g40 #cj ,weights & dim5sions are "h giv5 9 approximate p\nds & feet4 #ca 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics40 #cb ,on ! data ( 8,a]odynamics10 a plane hav+ #a4h sq4 ft4 ( surface p] p\nd1 & advanc+ at an angle ( #bj1 w\ld so> at a spe$ ( #bd4a ft4 p] second4 #cc ,x w be rememb]$ t ! purely !oretical conclusions j cit$ apply to ! p[] deliv]$ 9 direct ?ru/1 b t ( ! above actual ,h4 ,p4 an indef9ite am\nt 0 lo/ 9 friction & slip ( propell]s4 #cd ,x may be obs]v$ t at ?is "t ! position ( ! ,,cp 0 calculat$ on ! assumption t ! pressure = flight surfaces 0 proportional to ! areas1 )\t also all[+ = ! fact t ! foll[+ surfaces1 l ! tail1 7 "u ! 8lee0 ( ! w9d & s f> less effici5t4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! value ,,cp,,cg 0 n really #j1 z 0 assum$1 b some?+ consid]able4 #ce ,v exact accuracy 9 ^! m9ute details is indisp5sable to ! effici5t work+ ( ! eng9es4 #cf ,! read] :o may c>e to note ! evolution ( ?is boil]1 by trial & error1 w f9d a portion ( ! _m disc>d$ types %[n 9 ,plate #ac4 p#abc ,,"p ,,ii4 #ahig ,,to #aijc ,,by ,,*>les ,m4 ,,manly ,assi/ant 9 ,*>ge ( ,exp]im5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,al?\gh 9 #ahif ,mr4 ,langley _h made ! firm resolution n to und]take ! con/ruction ( a l>ge man-c>ry+ ma*9e1 z he realiz$ t 8 multitud9\s adm9i/rative duties left him practically no "t available = orig9al rese>*1 yet ! long+ to take ! f9al great /ep ( actually transport+ a human be+ ?r\gh ! air1 :i* ! successful flights ( ! models _h n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w actually prov$ to be possible1 soon became irresi/ible4 ,t5 ye>s ( almo/ di%e>t5+ difficulties1 a full appreciation ( :i* c h>dly be ga9$ f ! prec$+ description1 _h already be5 sp5t 9 demon/rat+ t me*anical flight 0 practicable1 & ,mr4 ,langley ?or\ghly realiz$ t ! con/ruction ( a l>ge a]odrome w\ld involve z great1 if n ev5 great] difficulties4 ,nev]!less1 8 indomitable w1 :i* balk$ at no ob/acle1 h[ev] great x might seem1 prevail$ aga9/ ! advice ( 8 close fri5ds & associates1 & ev5 t ( 8 physician1 :o _h c\nsell$ him t a resumption ( conc5trat$ ?\ght & vigor\s endeavor w\ld mat]ially %ort5 8 life1 :i* _h already pass$ ?ree score ye>s4 ,only a few 7 privileg$ to come into close contact ) him 9 8 daily "w1 & !reby cat* ! inspiration ( 8 unwav]+ p]si/5ce1 8 ceaseless p]sev]ance1 8 pla9 inability to submit to defeat2 b no "o :o has read ! record ( 8 a/ronomical exp$ition to ,mt4 ,:itney1 or ! /ory ( 8 developm5t ( ! ,bolomet]1 or ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is hi/ory ( 8 ye>s ( pati5t "w 9 ! developm5t ( ! fly+ ma*9e1 c h fail$ to obta9 "s appreciation ( ?is mo/ /rik+ feature ( 8 "*4 ,hav+ once det]m9$ on ! accompli%m5t ( a def9ite object1 no am\nt ( difficulty t might arise det]r$ him f pu%+ on until 9 "s way & by "s means he _h succe$$2 & no "o appreciat$ bett] ?an he t if ! ?9 edge ( ! "r w$ge c be ins]t$ "u an ob/acle1 t ob/acle c be remov$1 no matt] h[ =midable x may seem4 ,! und]tak+ ( ! con/ruction ( a l>ge a]odrome 0 v l>gely influ5c$ by ,presid5t ,mc,kinley1 :o _h become impress$ ) ! great p#abd possibilities ( a fly+ ma*9e z an eng9e ( w>4 ,:5 he f\nd t ,mr4 ,langley 0 will+ to devote 8 own "t to ! developm5t ( a ma*9e1 provid$ ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld furni% ! funds = ! actual con/ruction & te/s ( x1 he appo9t$ a jo9t bo>d1 consi/+ ( ,army & ,navy (fic]s1 to inve/igate & report on ! plans ) :i* ,mr4 ,langley _h a*iev$ success ) ! models4 ,! report ( ?is jo9t bo>d ( ,army & ,navy (fic]s be+ favorable1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 at ! direction ( ,presid5t ,mc,kinley1 reque/$ ,mr4 ,langley to und]take ! con/ruction & te/ ( a ma*9e1 :i*1 :ile n expect$ to be a practical w> ma*9e1 might f9ally lead to ! developm5t ( su* an eng9e ( w>4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to read a lett] :i* ,mr4 ,langley address$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification at ! "t he und]took ?is "w4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahih4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,,g5tlem53 ,9 response to y\r invitation1 ,i repeat :at ,i _h ! honor to say to ! ,bo>d--t ,i am will+1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,reg5ts ( ?is ,in/itution1 to und]take = ! ,gov]nm5t ! fur!r inve/igation ( ! subject ( ! con/ruction ( a fly+ ma*9e on a scale capable ( c>ry+ a man1 ! inve/igation to include ! con/ruction1 developm5t & te/ ( su* a ma*9e "u conditions left z f> z practicable 9 my discretion1 x be+ und]/ood t my s]vices are giv5 to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 su* "t z may n be occupi$ by ! bus9ess ( ! ,in/itution1 & )\t *>ge4 ,i h reason to believe t ! co/ ( ! con/ruction w come )9 ! sum ( #ej1jjj4jj1 & t n m ?an "o-half ( t w be call$ = 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,i entirely agree ) :at ,i und]/& to be ! wi% ( ! ,bo>d t privacy be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! "w1 & only :5 x rea*es a successful completion %all ,i wi% to make public ! fact ( its success4 ,i atta* to ?is a memor&um ( my und]/&+ ( "s po9ts ( detail 9 ord] to be sure t x is also ! und]/&+ ( ! ,bo>d1 & ,i am1 g5tlem51 ,) mu* respect1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley4 ,,memor&um ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,my ,,lett] ,,( ,,?is ,,date ,,to ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,ordnance ,,& ,,=tification ,:ile /at+ t ,i h1 s f> z ,i "k1 an exclusive "r ( prop]ty 9 ! results ( ! exp]im5ts 9 a]odromics :i* ,i h conduct$ h]et(ore & am n[ conduct+1 & :ile und]/&+ t ?is prop]ty & all rights connect$ ) x1 :e!r pat5table or o!rwise1 w rema9 m9e unqualifi$ly1 ,i am glad to place ^! results1 )\t *>ge1 at ! s]vice ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification = ! special con/ruction at pres5t propos$1 :i* seems to me to be ( ,national utility4 p#abe ,i assume t no public /atem5t w be made by ! p]mission ( ! ,bo>d until ! "w is t]m9at$1 b t ,i may publi% ultimately at my discretion a /atem5t ( any sci5tific "w done 9 ?is connection4 ,i und]/& t ! ex]cise ( ?is discretion includes ! ord]+ & pur*ase ( all mat]ial by contract or 9 op5 m>ket1 & ! employm5t ( any necess>y help1 )\t re/riction1 & t1 :ile ,i desire t no money %all pass ?r\gh my h&s1 itemiz$ bills = ea* exp5diture1 made 9 prop] =m & approv$ by me1 w be paid by ! ,*ief ,signal ,(fic]4 ,mu* has already be5 sp5t at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = ! purpose 9 "q1 9 special app>atus1 tools & exp]im5ts1 & 9 rec5t con/ructions n[ actually go+ on1 :i* h involv$ /ill m "t ?an money1 & :i* are ess5tial = exp]im5tal use 9 build+ ! propos$ ma*9e2 & s9ce to re-create all ?is indep5d5tly w\ld greatly def] progress1 ,i assume t my discretion includes ! decision z to h[ f> ?is %all be us$ & paid = at ! co/ ( ?is allotm5t 7x be+ und]/ood t ,i h no p]sonal prop]ty 9 any ( ! mat]ial :i* might be transf]r$ = ! purpose ( ! "w72 & ,i also assume t my discretion includes ! decision z to :]e ! "w %all be conduct$--t is1 :e!r 9 %ops already con/ruct$1 or 9 o!rs to be else:]e erect$ or r5t$1 ) ! necess>y adjuncts1 :e!r on l& or wat]1 & g5]ally :atev] is necess>y to ! e>lie/ atta9m5t ( ! object desir$ by ! ,bo>d4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahih4 ,z is always ! case 9 exp]im5tal "w1 especially 9 a field s v new z 0 ! field ( a]odromics at ! "t t ?is l>g] con/ruction 0 und]tak51 ! 8plant10 or %ops & laboratories requir$ = ! con/ructional & te/+ "w1 grew to a size f> beyond :at seem$ ev5 remotely possible at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w2 & ev5 ! m]e adm9i/ration involv$ 9 ! c>ry+ on ( ?is "w prov$ to be no inconsid]able matt] be=e x _h progress$ v f>4 ,! ye>s ( exp]im5t ) ! models _h demon/rat$ cle>ly t ! greate/ difficulty 9 ! developm5t ( ! a]odrome 0 ! con/ruction ( a suitable p[] g5]ator1 :i* %\ld comb9e ! elem5ts ( extreme lightness & unusual p[] ) a fair degree ( durability4 ,al?\gh rem>kably good results _h be5 secur$ 9 ! case ( ! models ?r\gh ! use ( /eam1 x 0 realiz$ f ! fir/ t n only w\ld ! developm5t ( a /eam-p[] plant = a l>ge man-c>ry+ a]odrome pres5t difficulties ( a con/ructional nature1 b t su* a /eam plant w\ld necess>ily be s fragile & delicate z to make x a con/ant m5ace to ! ma*9e :i* x 0 to propel4 ,! solution ( ! difficulty1 x 0 believ$1 0 to be f\nd 9 ! use ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e2 b ,mr4 ,langley _h _h v little exp]i5ce ) su* eng9es1 & 0 av]se !re=e to und]tak+ ! con/ruction ( a l>ge a]odrome until he _h assurance t a suitable gasol9e eng9e c\ld be secur$4 ,be=e mak+ an agreem5t to attempt ! "w = ! ,w> p#abf ,dep>tm5t1 he _h1 !re=e1 made a se>* = a reliable build] :o w\ld und]take to con/ruct a gasol9e eng9e ( n less ?an #ab horse-p[] to weigh n exce$+ #ajj p\nds1 & :at !n seem$ a safe contract _h be5 ent]$ into ) su* a build] to supply "o eng9e :i* w\ld meet ^! requirem5ts4 ,almo/ imm$iately be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification _h (ficially plac$ ! "w 9 ,mr4 ,langley's h&s & _h made an allotm5t ( fifty ?\s& doll>s to meet ! exp5ses !re(1 x 0 f\nd t ! eng9e build] c\ld n be dep5d$ on1 & t x w\ld1 !re=e1 be necess>y to f9d "o :o 0 m reliable & m exp]i5c$ 9 ! con/ruction ( light eng9es4 ,aft] a mo/ ext5d$ se>* = ! be/ build] to und]take ?is "w1 a contract 0 ent]$ into on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahih1 ) ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,balz]1 an eng9e build] 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,he 0 to furni% a twelve-horse-p[] eng9e to weigh n m !n #ajj p\nds1 & deliv]y ( x 0 to be made on or be=e ,febru>y #bh1 #ahii4 ,) ?is great problem ( ! eng9e app>5tly provid$ =1 e facility ( ! ,in/itution %ops 0 press$ to ! utmo/ limit 9 ord] to h ! frame1 support+ surfaces1 laun*+ app>atus1 & o!r accessories ready z soon z possible aft] ! deliv]y ( ! eng9e4 ,x 0 expect$ f ! fir/ t m p[] w\ld be necess>y ?an ?is "o eng9e w\ld furni%1 & provision _h be5 made 9 ! contract t a duplicate eng9e %\ld be con/ruct$ imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ?is fir/ "o4 ,f pa/ exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 x 0 n likely t ! correct balanc+ ( ! a]odrome c\ld be det]m9$ f a priori calculation bas$ on ! results obta9$ ) ! models1 & x 01 !re=e1 expect$ t ! a]odrome w\ld h to be laun*$ sev]al times be=e a successful flight c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 view ( ?is x 0 plann$ to make a te/ ( ! ma*9e z soon z ! fir/ eng9e 0 ready1 ) ! expectation t1 :ile ! a]odrome w\ld n h suffici5t p[] to fly1 yet ! te/ w\ld furni% def9ite data on ! all-important "q ( balanc+1 & also det]m9e :e!r or n ! laun*+ app>atus w\ld require modification4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,langley felt s appreh5sive t ! fir/1 & possibly ! second te/1 w\ld be unsuccessful t1 9 ord] to avoid ! possibility ( a fatal accid5t1 x 0 plann$ t a dummy %\ld be us$ to repres5t ! weight ( ! man 9 ^! prelim9>y te/s4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 0 n c>ri$ out4 ,9 #aijc1 :5 ! l>ge a]odrome 0 f9ally complet$1 s mu* "t _h be5 lo/ t ! writ] propos$ to assume ! risks ( su* an accid5t & to guide ! ma*9e 9 its fir/ te/1 9 ! hope ( avoid+ a disa/]1 ) ! consequ5t delay ( mon?s = repairs1 :i* ! pres5ce ( a controll+ h& capable ( correct+ any inaccuracies ( balanc+ r5d]$ f> less likely to occur4 ,to ?is proposal ,mr4 ,langley ass5t$ ) great reluctance1 z he fully realiz$ ! dang] involv$4 p#abg ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! above facts1 :i* cle>ly %[ t :ile a c]ta9 degree ( success 9 ! initial te/s 0 lat] hop$ =1 yet f ! beg9n+ x _h be5 felt r c]ta9 t sev]al te/s w\ld h to be made be=e f9al success w\ld be a*iev$4 ,to ^? exp]i5c$ 9 sci5tific exp]im5ts ?is realization ( ! probability ( sev]al te/s be+ necess>y be=e success c\ld reasonably be expect$ does n seem /range1 = ! record ( pa/ exp]i5ce conta9s v few examples ( epo*-mak+ inv5tions spr++ full fl$g$ f ! h& ( _! mak] & prov+ a success on ! fir/ te/4 ,! two exp]im5ts made 9 ! fall ( #aijc1 9 :i* ! a]odrome 0 ea* "t s damag$ 9 ! process ( laun*+ t its ability to fly 0 nev] really te/$1 %\ld !re=e be consid]$ m]ely z ! fir/ ( a s]ies :i* x _h be5 expect$ w\ld ne$ to be made be=e success w\ld be a*iev$4 ,fur!r te/s 7 made impossible at ! "t on acc\nt ( ! lack ( funds1 ! exp5se ( su* "w be+ unusually heavy4 ,:ile ! lack ( funds1 !re=e1 0 ! real cause ( ! tempor>y susp5sion ( ! "w1 yet an influ5ce :i* does n (t5 ent] into sci5tific "w--! unju/ criticism ( a ho/ile press--0 directly responsible = ! lack ( funds4 ,x seems v c]ta9 t _h x n be5 = ?is criticism ( ! press ! funds w\ld h be5 readily =?com+ = cont9u+ ! "w to ! po9t ( success4 p#abh ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,9 ! developm5t ( man-c>ry+ fly+ ma*9es two well-def9$ pa?s are op54 ,fir/3 ,/>t+ ) glid+ ma*9es1 9 :i* gravity furni%es ! motive p[]1 ! op]ator may by practice acquire suffici5t skill 9 controll+ !m to w>rant ! addition ( propell+ me*anism1 & individual skill 9 control may be gradually replac$ by automatic controll+ me*anism4 ,second3 ,f self-propell$ models1 possess+ automatic-equilibrium controll+ me*anism1 & ( a suffici5t size to furni% det]m9ative data1 "o may1 by prop] modification 9 size & con/ruction1 progress to an automatically controll$ man-c>ry+ ma*9e 9 :i*1 = ideal conditions1 no especial skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator is requir$4 ,ea* me?od has its advantages4 ,aft] conclud+ 8 e>li] & purely physical rese>*es1 ! results ( :i* 7 embodi$ 9 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics10 ,mr4 ,langley 0 s firmly conv9c$ ( ! practicability ( me*anical flight t he und]took ! con/ruction ( ! model a]odromes 9 ord] to demon/rate x4 ,x is v d\btful if at any "t1 prior to ! successful flights ( ! models 9 #ahif1 he s]i\sly contemplat$ ! con/ruction ( man-c>ry+ ma*9es4 ,8 object 9 develop+ ! models 0 n1 !re=e1 to furni% a prototype = a l>ge ma*9e1 b m]ely to demon/rate ! feasibility ( me*anical flight2 & ?is he did4 ,?is is %[n v cle>ly by ! clos+ rem>k ( ! article he publi%$ 9 #ahig1 describ+ ! flights ( ! models4 8,i h n[ br\ght to a close ! portion ( ! "w :i* seem$ to be specially m9e--! demon/ration ( ! practicability ( me*anical flight---& = ! next /age1 :i* is ! comm]cial & practical developm5t ( ! idea1 x is probable t ! _w may look to o!rs40#cg ,:5 he lat] und]took ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge ma*9e = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t x 0 natural t1 ) ! inspir+ sight ( ! models 9 flight /ill fre% 9 8 m9d1 he det]m9$ to use z a prototype ^! successful ma*9es1 :i* 7 ! only ?+s ( human con/ruction t _h ev] really fl[n = any consid]able di/ance4 ,n be+ an eng9e]1 & realiz+ t to pass f ! con/ruction ( models to t ( man-c>ry+ ma*9es involv$ ! solution ( _m eng9e]+ problems1 ,mr4 ,langley1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahih1 s\ght ! advice ( ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,?ur/on1 :o _h f ! fir/ manife/$ ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 8 p#abi "w 9 a]odromics4 ,on ! recomm5dation ( ,dr4 ,?ur/on he engag$ ! s]vices ( ! writ]1 :o assum$ *>ge ( ! "w 9 ,june1 #ahih4 ,:ile ! me?od ( 8cut & try0 _h br\ght success 9 ! models1 & 0 p]haps ! only me?od by :i* !y c\ld h be5 successfully develop$1 x 0 ?\ght t1 ) ^! models z a basis ( design1 mu* "t w\ld be sav$ by mak+ an analytical /udy ( !m z eng9e]+ /ructures1 & f ! data ?us obta9$ ! prop] proportions = ! p>ts ( ! l>g] ma*9e c\ld be calculat$4 ,su* an analytical /udy1 h[ev]1 reveal$ v little f :i* to make calculations z to ! /r5g? necess>y = ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 b x did %[ v cle>ly t mo/ ( ! p>ts 7 work+ "u /resses g5]ally f> above ! ela/ic limit ( ! mat]ials1 & 9 _m cases ! ultimate break+ /r5g? 0 closely approa*$4 ,su* a condition 0 ! natural outcome ( ! me?od by :i* ^! models _h be5 develop$--all ! v>i\s p>ts hav+ be5 built at fir/ ( ! lea/ possible weight &1 :5 !y prov$ too weak1 /r5g!n$ until !y w\ld )/& ! /resses impos$ on !m4 ,x is extremely d\btful if previ\s calculations z to ! /r5g? necess>y w\ld h be5 ( any assi/ance1 9 fact x is probable t x w\ld h be5 a di/9ct disadvantage & w\ld h result$ 9 ! ma*9es be+ entirely too heavy = flight4 ,! exact /r5g? :i* _h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! frames ( ! models 0 z unkn[n z 0 ! exact am\nt ( ! /resses :i* !y has be5 made to )/&4 ,_! /atic /r5g? 0 easily det]m9$ by calculation1 b ! /resses due to ! live loads 7 incapable ( exact det]m9ation f ! available data1 = /resses produce /ra9s1 :i* 9 turn g5]ally cause di/ortions accompani$ by greatly increas$ /resses4 ,:ile exact data 71 !re=e1 lack+ z to /resses & /r5g?s 9 _m ( ! important p>ts1 yet ! models furni%$ mo/ important illu/rations ( unusual /r5g? = m9imum weight1 & a c>eful /udy ( !m %[$ _m ways 9 :i* increas$ /r5g? c\ld be obta9$ ) decreas$ weight :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 devis$ )\t ^! concrete examples4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 by no means possible to build ! l>ge a]odrome )9 ! p]missible limits ( weight by simply increas+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! models accord+ to "s pr$et]m9$ function ( ! size ( ! :ole4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty is t inevitably1 by ! laws ( geometry1 :i* are m]e expressions ( ! prop]ties ( space1 if a solid ( any =m is magnifi$1 ! weight increases z ! cube1 :ile ! surface increases only z ! squ>e1 ( ! l9e> dim5sions4 ,successive g5]ations ( physici/s & ma!maticians po9t$ out t :ile ?is 8law ( ! cube0 is ( advantage 9 ! con/ruction ( balloons1 yet x is a /umbl+ block t w prev5t man p#acj f ev] build+ a dynamic fly+ ma*9e suffici5tly l>ge to c>ry ev5 "o human be+4#ch ,h[ev]1 s9ce /r5g? is a function ( mat]ial & =m r ?an weight1 x is possible by select+ prop] mat]ials & adopt+ suitable /ructural =ms to evade to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is 8law ( ! cube40 ,! :ole hi/ory ( /ructural sci5ce has !re=e be5 a s]ies ( attempts to f9d /rong] & light] mat]ial & to discov] me?ods ( s modify+ =m z to disp5se ) all p>ts ( a /ructure t d n contribute to its /r5g?4 ,s 9 a]odromics ! /ructural problem has be5 t ( f9d+ mat]ials & =ms be/ suit$ to ! purpose = :i* !y are requir$1 = x does n always foll[ t ei!r ! =m or ! mat]ial be/ suit$ = "o scale ( con/ruction is ! mo/ advantage\s to employ on a diff]5t scale4 ,nor is ev5 ! =m or mat]ial :i* gives ! greate/ /r5g? = ! lea/ weight necess>ily ! be/ to employ4 ,= ! /ructural problem mu/ necess>ily be co-ord9at$ ) ^? ( balanc+1 propell+1 & transport+1 & ea* mu/1 !re=e1 h its prop] att5tion 9 ! design ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,_m ( ! g5]al consid]ations ( ! design ( an a]odrome suffici5tly l>ge to transport a man 7 det]m9$ dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ( #ahih1 :5 ! fir/ actual draw+s 7,plate #cb1 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #c7 ( ! propos$ ma*9e 7 made4 ,/>t+ ) ! assumption t ! ,models ,nos4 #e & #f 7 capable ( transport+ a load ( approximately t5 p\nds m ?an _! weight1 x 0 se5 t1 s9ce ! support+ surface ( any a]odrome w\ld increase approximately z ! squ>e ( ! l9e> dim5sions1 9 ord] to c>ry a man ! a]odrome w\ld ne$ to be approximately f\r times ! l9e> dim5sions ( ^! models4 ,calculations bas$ on ! results accompli%$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! models indicat$ t su* an a]odrome w\ld ne$ to be equipp$ ) eng9es develop+ #bd horse-p[]4 ,! be/ t c\ld reasonably be hop$ = 0 t ^! eng9es w\ld n weigh ov] #bjj p\nds1 &1 !re=e1 all[+ #dj p\nds = fuel & fuel tanks1 x became necess>y to br+ ! weight ( frame1 support+ surfaces1 tail1 rudd]1 propell]s & e o!r accessory )9 #bej p\nds1 if ! total weight ( ! ma*9e1 includ+ #aej p\nds = ! a]onaut1 0 n to exce$ #fdj p\nds1 or #af times ! comb9$ weight ( ! model & its load ( #aj p\nds4 ,al?\gh ! problem ( con/ruct+ ! frame1 w+s & all o!r p>ts )9 ! limit ( #bej p\nds seem$ inde$ =midable1 x 0 believ$ t ! greate/ ob/acle 9 ! production ( su* a ma*9e w\ld be t ( secur+ a suffici5tly light & p[]ful eng9e to propel x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #cb ,,draw+s ,,( ,,propos$ ,,man-,,c>ry+ ,,a]odrome1 #ahih p#aca ,a brief acc\nt has already be5 giv5 ( ! attempts made by ,mr4 ,langley to secure a suitable gasol9e eng9e = ! l>ge a]odrome1 b ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ! se>* h n p]haps be5 suffici5tly emphasiz$4 ,at ?is "t 7#ahih7 ! automobile indu/ry1 ?r\gh :i* has come ! developm5t ( ! gasol9e eng9e1 0 9 its infancy1 & !re 7 few build]s ei!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,europe :o 7 attempt+ any?+ b r\gh & heavy con/ruction4 ,_m ( !m 7 en?usia/ic ov] ! possibilities ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 & 7 ready to talk ( devis+ su* an eng9e z ! a]odrome w\ld require1 b few 7 will+ to gu>antee any su* def9ite results z 7 dem&$4 ,h[ev]1 ! prospects ( secur+ a suitable gasol9e eng9e f a reliable build] )9 a reasonable "t seem$ s /rong t x 0 decid$ e>ly 9 #ahih to beg9 ! con/ruction ( ! frame on ! g5]al plan :i* w\ld probably be be/ adapt$ = use ) a gasol9e eng9e1 & 9 case x f9ally prov$ impossible to secure su* an eng9e1 to con/ruct lat] a /eam plant :i* c\ld be adapt$ to ?is p>ticul> frame4 ,"s t5tative "w on ! con/ruction ( ! frame 0 accord+ly begun 9 ! summ] ( #ahih1 "s mon?s be=e an eng9e build] 0 f\nd :o seem$ likely to be successful 9 furni%+ ! eng9es4 ,an ext5sive s]ies ( te/s on propell]s 0 also made at ?is "t = ! imm$iate purpose ( det]m9+ :at =m & size w\ld be be/1 s9ce ! dim5sions ( ! transv]se frame c\ld n be def9itely settl$ until x 0 kn[n h[ l>ge ! propell]s w\ld ne$ to be4 ,prelim9>y designs 7 also begun = ! w+s1 rudd]s1 & laun*+ app>atus1 b :5 ! po9t 0 rea*$ ( actually mak+ ! work+ draw+s = ^!1 x 0 se5 t ! *ange 9 ! scale ( ! "w requir$ _m important modifications 9 con/ructional details4 ,z ! models _h fl[n successfully only ?ree times1 & 9 ea* case "u practically ! same conditions1 x 0 felt t x w\ld be unwise to make *anges 9 important details )\t fir/ mak+ a s]ies ( te/s ( ! models 9 flight to det]m9e ! effect ( su* *anges4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to completely ov]haul ,models ,nos4 #e & #f1 /r5g!n+ !m 9 _m important p>ts & 8tun+ up0 _! p[] plants1 :i* _h slightly det]iorat$ s9ce !y 7 la/ us$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahif4 ,:5 ! "w ( prep>+ ^! models = fur!r exp]im5ts 0 begun x 0 ?\ght t x w\ld require at mo/ only a few weeks1 b z x progress$ x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! me*anical "w on ! eng9es _h be5 s poorly execut$ orig9ally t x w\ld be necess>y to practically rebuild ! eng9es4 ,! f9al result 0 t ! p[] plants ( bo? a]odromes 7 entirely rebuilt1 & !y 7 n ready = actual te/ 9 flight until ! spr+ ( #ahii4 p#acb ,mu* ( ! prelim9>y "w necess>y = ! det]m9ation ( actual work+ plans 0 !re=e complet$ 9 ! summ] & fall ( #ahih1 & :5 on ,decemb] #ab a seem+ly satisfactory contract = ! eng9es = ! l>ge a]odrome _h be5 made x 0 ?\ght t rapid progress c\ld be made on ! con/ructional "w aft] ,janu>y #a1 #ahii1 :5 ! allotm5t f ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t w\ld become available4 p#acc ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,models ,imm$iately aft] ! contract = ! eng9e _h be5 plac$ & ! actual "w _h be5 begun1 att5tion 0 giv5 to ! problem ( provid+ means = prop]ly laun*+ ! a]odrome4 ,on ! !ory t ! plan ( laun*+ ! small a]odromes1 :i* _h f9ally be5 adopt$ aft] _m ye>s ( pa9/ak+ exp]im5t1 w\ld be ! be/ to employ = ! l>ge a]odrome1 ,mr4 ,langley decid$ to h con/ruct$ a l>ge h\se-boat ) ! laun*+ track arrang$ on x 9 a way simil> to t us$ = ! small ma*9es4 ,:ile ! g5]al plans = ?is boat _h be5 "u consid]ation = "s "t1 ! actual work+ draw+s 7 complet$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahii1 & s great seem$ ! ne$ = exp$it+ its con/ruction1 9 ord] to h x ready at ! "t :5 ! eng9e 0 expect$1 t ! contract :i* 0 made = its con/ruction specifically provid$ = its be+ complet$ promptly1 !re be+ a l>ge =feit to cov] any delay on ! "p ( ! contractor4 ,:ile ! boat itself 0 be+ con/ruct$1 ! work+ draw+s 7 complet$ = ! h\se to be built on x1 & a contract 0 made = ! con/ruction ( ?is h\se )9 a giv5 p]iod1 !re be+ also a "t =feit 9 ?is contract4 ,:5 ! end ( ,febru>y arriv$1 x 0 f\nd t1 al?\gh ! eng9e build] _h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an eng9e :i* weigh$ "o hundr$ p\nds1 & :i* !oretically %\ld h giv5 some?+ ov] twelve horse-p[]1 yet he 0 unable to make x "w prop]ly4 ,& !n began a protract$ p]iod ( mo/ exasp]at+ delays1 ! eng9e build] promis+ f week to week t c]ta9ly )9 ! succe$+ t5 days he w\ld be able to make deliv]y ( ! eng9e develop+ ! full horse-p[] = :i* ! contract call$4 ,aft] ?is delay on ! eng9e _h cont9u$ = "s mon?s--a delay :i* necessitat$ ! cessation ( ! "w on ! ma9 /eel frame ( ! a]odrome1 z x 0 deem$ be/ to make c]ta9 te/s ( ! eng9e runn+ :ile support$ by a portion ( ! frame to det]m9e :e!r or n x 0 /rong en\gh be=e complet+ ! re/ ( x---,mr4 ,langley decid$ to employ "p ( ! "t 9 ! con/ruction ( a model ( "o-eigh? ! l9e> dim5sions ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 :i* 0 to be us$ 9 te/+ a model ( ! newly design$ laun*+ app>atus describ$ lat]1 & :i* might also be fl[n z a kite 9 mak+ *eck measurem5ts on ! prop] balanc+ :i* %\ld be employ$ = ! l>ge a]odrome4 p#acd ,! p]fect$ laun*+ app>atus :i* _h be5 us$ = ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f 7describ$ 9 ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,x7 _h prov$ mo/ satisfactory & reliable1 b :5 ! designs 7 made = a laun*+ app>atus = ! l>ge ma*9e x 0 f\nd t an exact duplication ( ! plan ( ! small "o involv$ s]i\s difficulties 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( ! h\se-boat1 ow+ to ! v consid]able weight & size ( ! turn-table necess>y to p]mit ! a]odrome to be laun*$ 9 any desir$ direction1 reg>dless ( ! direction 9 :i* ! h\seboat might be po9t+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! w9d & tide4 ,a new design 0 accord+ly made = a laun*+ app>atus 9 :i* ! laun*+ c> 0 to run on a track m\nt$ directly on ! turn-table1 ! laun*+ c> support+ ! a]odrome f und]nea?1 in/ead ( be+ m\nt$ 9 an inv]t$ position on an ov]head track ) ! a]odrome dep5d+ f x4 ,f ! previ\s description ( ! laun*+ app>atus1 x w be recall$ t1 9 ord] to provide t ! a]odrome %\ld drop slightly at ! mom5t ( its release f ! c>1 & !reby avoid all dang] ( entanglem5t1 ! spe$ ( ! laun*+ c> at ! po9t at :i* ! a]odrome 0 releas$ 0 purposely made less ?an ! 8so>+ spe$0 ( ! a]odrome4 ,hav+ ?is feature 9 m9d1 :5 design+ ! 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus1 x 0 recogniz$ t ! dang] ( ! a]odrome becom+ entangl$ ) ?is =m ( app>atus c\ld be avoid$ by mak+ ! laun*+ spe$ great] ?an ! velocity :i* x w\ld be necess>y = ! a]odrome to h 9 ord] to so>1 provid$ ! balanc+ 0 correct & ! a]odrome did so>4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 deem$ unwise to put too mu* dep5d5ce on ! empirical calculations f :i* ! balanc+ ( ! l>ge a]odrome w\ld necess>ily be det]m9$1 &1 !re=e1 "s means seem$ necess>y = caus+ ! laun*+ c> to drop out ( ! way imm$iately ^u releas+ ! a]odrome4 ,9 ! new design1 m completely describ$ bel[1 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ?is 0 accompli%$ by s arrang+ a portion ( ! front end ( ! track t1 at ! mom5t ! laun*+ c> releas$ ! a]odrome1 x dropp$ l a disappe>+ gun c>riage1 leav+ ! a]odrome free 9 ! air ) no possibility ( becom+ entangl$1 provid$ ! a]odrome itself did n drop m rapidly ?an an angle ( #ae degrees4 ,a small work+ model ( ?is laun*+ app>atus1 "o-eigh? ! l9e> dim5sions ( t :i* w\ld be necess>y = ! l>ge a]odrome1 0 fir/ design$ & con/ruct$ 9 ! %op1 ! small "o-eigh?-size model ( ! l>ge a]odrome be+ laun*$ f x into a %eet /ret*$ 9 front ( x to act z a buff]4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd to "w v satisfactorily1 a l>ge "o1 twice ?is size1 0 imm$iately built = use ) ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f4 p#ace ,^! models1 ,nos4 #e & #f1 :i* _h fl[n s successfully 9 #ahif1 _h1 dur+ ! prec$+ twelve mon?s1 be5 completely ov]haul$ & ?or\ghly te/$ 9 prep>+ !m = trials 9 actual flight4 ,_m p5dulum te/s 7 made on bo? a]odromes1 & x 0 f\nd aft] repeat$ trial t ea* c\ld be dep5d$ on to %[ a lift ( sixty p] c5t ( its fly+ weight4 ,?is 0 m ?an suffici5t = flight1 b 9 ord] to insure successful trials & avoid delay no a]odrome 0 laun*$ until x _h %[n previ\sly its ability to g5]ate en\gh p[] to ma9ta9 = at lea/ two m9utes a lift ( at lea/ fifty p] c5t ( ! total fly+ weight4 ,models ,nos4 #e & #f1 hav+ ?us prov$ _! read9ess = trial 9 flight1 7 accord+ly1 9 ,april1 #ahii1 tak5 to ,*opawamsic ,isl&1 toge!r ) ! old 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus & ! new "o above describ$1 & plac$ on a small h\se-boat simil> to ! "o :i* _h be5 us$ 9 #ahif4 ,two m5 7 detail$ = ?is special "w1 & 7 fir/ employ$ 9 m\nt+ ! old laun*+ app>atus = a few prelim9>y te/s ) x1 9 ord] to make sure t ! a]odromes 7 9 prop] work+ ord] be=e try+ !m on ! new 8und]nea?0 "o4 ,aft] consid]able delay1 due to v>i\s causes1 ?is app>atus & ! a]odromes 7 got into prop] work+ condition1 & dur+ ,june1 ,july & ,augu/ ! foll[+ flights 7 made ) ^! ma*9es1 ! record be+ cond5s$ f ! reports made by ! writ] to ,mr4 ,langley :ile he 0 abroad4 ,,cond5s$ ,,record ,,( ,,flights ,,( ,,a]odromes ,,nos4 #e ,,& #f ,,f ,,june #g ,,to ,,augu/ #c1 #ahii ,,june #g--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,aft] mak+ a prelim9>y te/ ( ! eng9es & boil]1 ) ! a]odrome m\nt$ on b5*es inside ! h\se-boat1 to insure t ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! p[] plant 0 9 prop] work+ ord]1 ! a]odrome 0 m\nt$ on ! laun*+ app>atus on top ( ! h\se1 ! v>i\s p>ts 7 assembl$ & ev]y?+ made ready = a flight4 ,z x 0 calculat$ t ?is a]odrome w\ld require a so>+ spe$ ( some?+ l tw5ty-five feet a second1 ! spr+s :i* furni%$ ! motive p[] = ! initial accel]ation ( ! c> 7 adju/$ to ! prop] t5sion to cause x to rea* a spe$ ( approximately tw5ty-?ree feet a second at ! mom5t ( laun*+4 ,ev]y?+ be+ 9 read9ess ! burn]s 7 light$ b work$ some:at sluggi%ly at fir/1 s t two m9utes 7 consum$ 9 rais+ a /eam pressure ( #aaj p\nds4 ,al?\gh ?is pressure %\ld h be5 rea*$ )9 "o m9ute aft] light+ ! burn]s1 & ! extra m9ute :i* _h be5 consum$ _h made a dra9 on ! supply ( fuel & wat] :i* %\ld h p#acf be5 left = consumption dur+ flight1 yet x 0 ?\ght be/ to laun* ! a]odrome1 s at #ab4cg p4 m4 ! c> 0 releas$ & ! a]odrome laun*$4 ,! laun*+ app>atus work$ p]fectly2 ! a]odrome />t$ (f smoo?ly1 & imm$iately aft] be+ releas$ f ! c> x dropp$ slightly & began to turn to ! "r4 ,x _h be5 impossible to move ! h\se-boat out into ! /ream s z to po9t ! laun*+ app>atus directly into ! w9d1 z "o end _h settl$ slightly on ! muddy bea* 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/+ l[ tide4 ,= ?is reason x 0 necess>y to laun* ! a]odrome due s\?1 :ile ! w9d1 :i* 0 v light1 0 f ! nor?-nor!a/1 &1 !re=e1 bl[+ on its port qu>t]4 ,! effect ( ! a]odrome turn+ to ! "r imm$iately aft] be+ laun*$ 0 t x caus$ ! w9d to /rike x to an increas+ ext5t on ! port side until1 f9ally1 x 0 go+ directly ) ! w9d4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 cont9ue 9 ?is direction1 b kept turn+ to ! "r 9 a circle until x head$ directly into ! w9d1 :i*1 n[ /rik+ ! "u in/ead ( ! upp] surface ( ! w+s1 imm$iately caus$ ! a]odrome to rise4 ,x cont9u$ circl+1 mak+ ?ree complete circles ( approximately #bjj feet diamet]1 dropp+ slightly :5 mov+ ) ! w9d1 b ris+ :5 mov+ aga9/ x1 until1 at ! completion ( ! ?ird circle1 x _h alt]$ its pa? to su* an ext5t t ! left front w+ t\*$ a tree & caus$ ! front ( ! ma*9e to dip a little4 ,x1 h[ev]1 kept up its flight1 b ! contact ) ! tree _h s l[]$ its b[1 & app>5tly also caus$ ! w+s to be twi/$ to su* an ext5t1 t x seem$ unable to rise aga91 & aft] mak+ ano!r qu>t] circle x desc5d$4 ,al?\gh ! propell]s 7 /ill turn+ :5 x /ruck ! wat]1 !y _h v greatly decreas$ _! spe$1 mak+ x app>5t t ! p[] _h be5 v greatly r$uc$ ?r\gh ! exhau/ion ( ! fuel & wat] supply4 ,! a]odrome did n s9k1 b sl[ly drift$ ) ! curr5t ( ! creek & 0 recov]$ 9 ab\t five m9utes & br\ght to ! h\se-boat1 :]e ! w+s 7 dism\nt$ & dri$1 & ! metal p>ts 7 c>efully wip$ (f to prev5t !m f ru/+4 ,! pa? ( ?is flight is plott$ on a portion ( a coa/-survey *>t & is %[n 9 ,plate #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #cc ,,pa?s ,,( ,,flight ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f1 ,,june #g1 #ahii ,?is erratic circl+ at fir/ seem$ unacc\ntable1 b on clos] exam9ation1 aft] ! a]odrome _h be5 br\ght into ! h\se-boat1 x 0 f\nd t ! p9 :i* connects ! syn*roniz+ ge> to ! port propell] %aft _h be5 %e>$ (f4 ,?is _h evid5tly happ5$ :ile ! a]odrome 0 /ill on ! laun*+ app>atus4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to ?r[ ! total "w ( ! wat]-circulat+ pump on ! />bo>d eng9e1 ?us giv+ ! port eng9e less "w to d1 & consequ5tly mak+ ! port propell] run mu* fa/] ?an ! />bo>d "o1 & !reby caus+ ! peculi> & erratic circl+ ( ! a]odrome4 ,x is evid5t t ! undulatory motion ( ! p#acg a]odrome 0 due to ! fact t1 :5 x 0 mov+ aga9/ ! w9d1 ! spe$ relative to ! air 0 great] ?an :5 x circl$ s z to g ) ! w9d1 & t ?is great] relative velocity increas$ ! lift+ p[] ( ! a]odrome4 ,! total "t ( ! flight 0 #eg seconds1 & ! di/ance cov]$ 0 betwe5 #bjjj & #bejj feet1 ?us giv+ a spe$ ( a little less ?an #cj miles an h\r4 ,comp>+ ?is flight ) t ( ,novemb] #bh1 #ahif1 made by ! same ma*9e1 x w be not$ t 9 ! e>li] flight ! velocity 0 practically ! same1 b t ! "t ( flight & ! di/ance trav]s$ !n 7 ne>ly twice z great z 9 ! pres5t case4 ,a complete record ( ! details1 n only ( weight1 b also ( ! position ( ! w+s1 ! c5t] ( gravity1 etc41 :i* %[ ! exact condition ( ! a]odrome :5 x made ?is flight1 w be f\nd 9 ! app5dix 7,data ,%eet1 ,no4 #c74 ,,june #ac--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,9 ! flight ( ,june #g !re 0 a slight trembl+ ( ! a]odrome :ile x 0 9 ! air1 & al?\gh ?is 0 probably due to ! fact t ! syn*roniz+ ge> 0 out ( op]ation on acc\nt ( ! %e>+ (f ( "o ( ! p9s :i* held x1 all[+ ! port eng9e to run fa/] ?an ! />bo>d "o1 x 0 ?\ght possible t "s ( ! trembl+ might be due to ! 8w9d-vane0 rudd]1 :i* _h be5 add$ to repres5t ! equival5t ( a /e]+ device by :i* ! op]ator w\ld control ! direction ( ! l>ge ma*9e4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to omit ! 8w9d-vane0 rudd] 9 ! pres5t te/1 b to te/ ! a]odrome ) ! same equipm5t ( s+le-ti] w+s & ,pnaud tail t _h be5 us$ 9 ! previ\s flight1 ! reel & float be+ mov$ to br+ ! ,,cg ! same z on ,june #g4 ,ev]y?+ be+ 9 read9ess1 ) ! laun*+ track po9t$ s\?1 & ! w9d bl[+ only ab\t #e-a_/b miles an h\r f ! s\?we/1 ! burn]s 7 light$ & #fc seconds 7 consum$ be=e ! /eam pressure rose to #ajj p\nds4 ,al?\gh ! valve :i* controll$ ! burn] 0 op5 to its full ext5t ! pressure %[$ no t5d5cy to rise above #ajj p\nds1 :i* 0 n consid]$ q high en\gh to furni% suffici5t p[] = a successful flight1 b z x 0 desir$ to det]m9e at once at h[ l[ a /eam pressure ! a]odrome w\ld fly successfully1 x 0 decid$ to laun* x ev5 at ?is pressure4 ,! laun*+ app>atus 0 accord+ly releas$ & ! a]odrome />t$ (f1 glid+ d[n ab\t ?ree feet imm$iately aft] be+ releas$1 & !n ris+ aga91 turn+ slightly to ! "r & !n head+ directly = ! ,virg9ia %ore1 :]e x seem$ t x w\ld sma% itself 9 ! heavy gr[? ( timb]1 b :5 x 0 ab\t #bej feet f ! %ore x turn$ t[>ds ! "r & />t$ back t[>ds ! isl&4 ,! w9d1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 bl[+ f its re>1 evid5tly got d[n ! smoke-/ack & put out ! fire1 p#ach = ! a]odrome comm5c$ to desc5d z soon z x turn$ its back to ! w9d1 & came d[n 9 ! *annel ( ! creek4 ,! pa? ( ?is flight is %[n by ! solid l9e 9 ,plate #cd4 ,! total di/ance cov]$1 z measur$ by plott+ ! c\rse ( its flight on ! coa/-survey *>t1 0 ab\t #ahjj feet1 & ! l5g? ( "t ( flight 0 #dj seconds4 ,! a]odrome 0 imm$iately recov]$ & br\ght into ! h\se-boat1 :]e x 0 f\nd t !re 7 /ill ab\t #ajjj grammes ( wat] & #ajj grammes ( fuel unus$ 9 x1 %[+ conclusively t ! fire _h be5 put out by ! w9d4 ,^u inspection x 0 f\nd t ! a]odrome 0 un9jur$1 & al?\gh ! burn] _h n work$ at all satisfactorily1 yet z ! wea!r 0 exce$+ly favorable x 0 decid$ to make ano!r trial ) x imm$iately1 us+ ! sup]pos$ w+s4#ci ,ev]y?+ be+ 9 read9ess ! burn]s 7 light$1 & #gj seconds 7 consum$ be=e ! pressure rose to #ij p\nds1 beyond :i* x 0 impossible to make x rise4 ,al?\gh x 0 felt c]ta9 t #ij p\nds 0 n suffici5t pressure to furni% ! p[] necess>y1 yet z a /orm 0 approa*+ 9 ! di/ance1 x 0 decid$ to laun* ! a]odrome1 z x c\ld at lea/ be det]m9$ :e!r x 0 prop]ly balanc$ = ! sup]pos$ w+s4 ,:5 a total ( #ge seconds _h be5 consum$ ! c> 0 releas$ & ! a]odrome 0 laun*$4 ,! wood5 arrangem5t = press+ d[n on ! top ( ! w+s to keep ! a]odrome f be+ injur$ by ! w9d :ile x 0 on ! c> _h be5 rais$ to ! prop] height = ! sup]pos$ w+s1 b x _h n be5 notic$ t ! /icks :i* support ?is arrangem5t _h be5 elevat$ s mu* t !y w\ld come 9 contact ) ! beam ext5d+ across ! boat1 & f :i* ! laun*+ track 0 support$4 ,j z ^! /icks rea*$ ! cross-beam1 h[ev]1 x 0 notic$ t !y project$ ab\t ?ree in*es above ! l[] side ( x2 b ! next mom5t !y /ruck x1 & al?\gh ! =ce ) :i* ! c> 0 runn+ broke all f\r ( !m1 ! bl[ 0 suffici5t to sl[ d[n ! c>1 & !reby cause ! a]odrome to be laun*$ at a v greatly r$uc$ spe$2 n ov] "o-fif? ( :at x %\ld h be54 ,! %ock ( break+ ^! /icks evid5tly j>r$ ! burn]s s t ! fire 0 ext+ui%$1 = ! a]odrome %ot =w>d = ab\t #be feet & settl$ ) ev]y?+ intact1 & ) its midrod p]fectly horizontal4 ,! a]odrome itself su/a9$ absolutely no injury1 com+ d[n z easily z ?\gh x _h be5 l[]$ by a rope1 & w\ld h be5 giv5 ano!r trial imm$iately b = ! fact t x 0 v late 9 ! aft]noon & d>kness 0 rapidly approa*+4 ,! data on sett+ ( w+s1 tail1 etc41 are %[n on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #d 7,app5dix74 p#aci ,,june #bb--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,aft] sev]al days' delay1 due to num]\s small b exce$+ly annoy+ tr\bles1--su* z ! leak+ ( boil]s because ( defects 9 ! copp] tub+1 & ! bur/+ ( ! air tank1 due to its be+ pump$ up to an excessive pressure1 :i* a defective pressure gauge _h fail$ to indicate1---,a]odrome ,no4 #f 0 made ready = ano!r trial1 & x 0 decid$ to te/ x aga9 ) ! sup]pos$ w+s :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! second exp]im5t ( ,june #ac4 ,! a]odrome 0 m\nt$ on ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus1 :i* x w be rememb]$ _h be5 us$ 9 all ! previ\s te/s1 & aft] #ij seconds _h be5 consum$ 9 rais+ a /eam pressure ( #aaj p\nds1 x 0 laun*$ directly into ! w9d1 :i* 0 due s\?4 ,aft] leav+ ! laun*+ c>1 ! a]odrome flew /raight ahead = ab\t #ge feet1 :5 x sudd5ly turn$ its b[ up into ! air at an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees1 & x seem$ t ! ma*9e w\ld be bl[n back onto ! h\se-boat4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! re> end ( ! tail 0 )9 ab\t #aj feet ( ! boat1 & only ab\t #aj feet above ! wat]1 x sudd5ly rega9$ its equilibrium & w5t /raight ahead aga9 9 ! face ( ! w9d ) ! guy-po/s only ab\t #d feet above ! surface ( ! wat]1 fly+ almo/ exactly horizontally = a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj feet1 :5 ! b[ aga9 sudd5ly became elevat$4 ,z ! a]odrome 0 s close to ! wat]1 ! w9d =c$ x d[n until ! burn]s 7 ext+ui%$ by com+ 9 contact ) ! wat]4 ,?is br\ght ! a]odrome to a /&/ill absolutely un9jur$1 ! propell]s be+ sev]al in*es above ! wat] :5 !y quit turn+4 ,! a]odrome 0 br\ght into ! h\se-boat & ?or\ghly dri$ out1 & ano!r trial w\ld h be5 made ) x imm$iately b ! w9d :i* _h be5 /eadily increas+ 0 n[ bl[+ some?+ m ?an #ab miles an h\r1 & x 0 consid]$ be/ n to attempt exp]im5ts 9 s /rong & gu/y a w9d1 = fe> ( ! w+s be+ brok5 by ! w9d sudd5ly ve]+ & /rik+ !m on ! side or re> :ile ! a]odrome 0 /ill on ! laun*+ app>atus4 ,! peculi> action ( ! a]odrome 9 ! air appe>$ to be due to ! fact t ! propell]s int]f]$ m ) ! lift+ p[] ( ! re> sup]pos$ w+s1 z !y 7 !n con/ruct$1 ?an !y did ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 ones4 ,! data on ! sett+ ( ! w+s1 tail1 etc41 are %[n on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #e 7,app5dix74 ,x 0 also f\nd aft] ! exp]im5t t "o ( ! workm51 9 assembl+ ! ma*9e on ! laun*+ c>1 _h secretly increas$ ! /iffness ( ! spr+ :i* controls ! ela/icity ( ! ,pnaud tail4 ,! effect ( ?is increase 9 ! /iffness ( ! ,pnaud tail might at fir/ ?\ght appe> to be simil> to t ( mov+ ! c5t] ( pressure =w>d4 ,^u a clos] analysis1 h[ev]1 x w be se5 t ! effect is v mu* great]1 z excessive /iffness ( ! ,pnaud tail n only causes ! a]odrome to elevate its b[1 p#adj b requires ! ov]com+ ( a /rong d[nw>d =ce at ! re>1 ev5 m s]i\s ?an w\ld be caus$ by plac+ an extra load at ! re> ( ! ma*9e )\t reg>d to its effect on ! balanc+4 ,9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 ! workm5 get c]ta9 ideas ( _! own z to h[ ! "w %\ld be conduct$1 & x is almo/ impossible 9 assembl+ ! a]odrome to prev5t !m f mak+ adju/m5ts :i* are q diff]5t f ^? :i* !y h be5 direct$ to make1 & :i* h be5 def9itely plann$ ) a view to det]m9+ ! effect ( slight *anges :i* x is desir$ %all n be mask$ by *anges ( any k9d 9 o!r details4 ,,june #bc--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,! w9d1 :i* _h be5 bl[+ half a gale all day1 gradually quiet$ d[n t[>ds sunset & at five o'clock 0 v light1 bl[+ only two miles an h\r f ! ea/-s\!a/4 ,z "o ( ! re> sup]pos$ w+s _h be5 injur$ on ! previ\s day 9 c>ry+ ! a]odrome into ! h\se-boat aft] its %ort & erratic flight1 x 0 decid$ to use ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & also to cont9ue us+ ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus = a few m flights4 ,ev]y?+ be+ 9 read9ess1 ! burn]s 7 light$ & #gj seconds 7 consum$ 9 rais+ a /eam pressure ( #abj p\nds1 at :i* pressure ! a]odrome 0 laun*$4 ,x />t$ /raight ahead1 dropp+ n m ?an a foot1 & fly+ on an absolutely ev5 keel = ab\t #hjj feet1 :5 x sudd5ly turn$ to ! left & made a %ort half circle ( ab\t #ajj feet diamet]1 head+ = a po9t ab\t #aej feet ea/ ( ! h\se-boat4 ,:5 x 0 ab\t #bjj feet f ! %ore1 a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d caught "u ! ,pnaud tail1 rais+ ! re> portion ( ! a]odrome & caus+ ! b[ to po9t d[n at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees4 ,! a]odrome kept ?is angle & /ruck ! %all[ wat] only ab\t #bj feet f ! %ore4 ,! a]odrome 0 comp>atively un9jur$1 & ano!r flight w\ld h be5 made imm$iately b = ! fact t by ! "t ! a]odrome _h be5 prop]ly inspect$ x 0 q late1 & entirely too d>k1 & !re w\ld h be5 dang] ( los+ x 9 ! adjac5t m>%es1 :i* are difficult to trav]se ev5 "u ! be/ conditions ( tide & light4 ,! pa? ( ?is flight is %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,plate #cd4 ,,june #bg--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,:ile ! prec$+ te/s _h be5 go+ on ) ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 su* "t z c\ld be sp>$ = x 0 sp5t 9 gett+ ,a]odrome ,no4 #e into prop] condition4 ,! copp] tub+ f :i* ! boil]s = bo? a]odromes 7 made 0 greatly inf]ior to t :i* _h be5 us$ 9 previ\s ye>s1 & z ?is tub+ c\ld be procur$ only by hav+ x specially drawn to ord] 9 ,france1 & z x requir$ sev]al mon?s aft] plac+ an ord] be=e ! p#ada tub+ c\ld be deliv]$1 x 0 necess>y to make ! be/ ( :at 0 already on h&4 ,! copp] tub+ = ! boil]s :i* _h be5 us$ 9 #ahif1 aft] be+ c>efully anneal$ & fill$ ) f9e s&1 c\ld be w\nd into a p]fectly smoo? helix1 free f all wr9kles1 ind5tations1 & s =?1 on ! inn] side ( ! coil4 ,b no am\nt ( c>e1 bo? 9 anneal+ & 9 w9d+ ?is pres5t lot ( tub+1 w\ld produce a smoo? helix1 ! tub+ be+ badly wr9kl$ on ! inn] side ( ! coil 9 spite ( e precaution4 ,^! wr9kles1 h[ev]1 7 n s mu* ! cause ( s]i\s tr\ble z 0 ! fact t ! tub+ 0 n uni=m 9 quality1 ea* l5g? ( x hav+ num]\s rott5 spots :i* did n always %[ up 9 ! w9d+1 b :i* gave way aft] ! boil] _h be5 complet$ & "o or two prelim9>y runs 9 ! %op _h be5 made ) x4 ,:ile ! effect ( su* small ?+s _c be appreciat$ f m]ely read+ ab\t !m1 yet !y 7 ! cause ( ! mo/ exasp]at+ annoyance & delay1 z no soon] _h ! a]odrome be5 gott5 into :at appe>$ to be p]fect work+ ord] ?an ! boil] w\ld break at "o or m po9ts1 ?us caus+ a delay :i* at ! mom5t w\ld seem to involve n m ?an a few h\rs1 b be=e ev]y?+ 0 aga9 9 work+ ord] w\ld am\nt to sev]al days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #cd ,,pa?s ,,( ,,flight ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f1 ,,june #ac ,,& #bc1 #ahii ,h[ev]1 aft] mu* p]sev]ance1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 0 put 9 satisfactory work+ condition1 & on ,june #bg 0 laun*$ ) its 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail4 ,! data on sett+s ( w+s1 tail1 etc41 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #f4 ,aft] light+ ! burn]s1 #gj seconds 7 consum$ 9 rais+ a /eam pressure ( #abj p\nds4 ,imm$iately ^u leav+ ! laun*+ c> ! a]odrome />t$ to rise ) its b[ elevat$ to an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees4 ,x flew /raight ahead ab\t #hj feet1 :5 x came backw>d & d[nw>d & t\*$ ! wat] ab\t #dj feet f ! boat4 ,! failure ( ! a]odrome to fly prop]ly 0 evid5tly due to its n be+ 9 prop] balance4 ,! cause ( ?is lack ( prop] balance 0 n imm$iately app>5t1 b 0 v soon detect$ & w be discuss$ lat] on4 ,,june #cj--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,aft] sev]al days ( incessant ra9 & /rong w9ds1 :i* prev5t$ an exp]im5t1 ! wea!r became bright] & ! w9d quiet$ d[n & ! aft]noon ( ,june #cj 0 almo/ ideal = an exp]im5t4 ,at five o'clock ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ) 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail1 0 plac$ on ! laun*+ app>atus1 a few m9utes lat] ! burn]s 7 light$1 & j z ! propell]s />t$ to turn a rack+ noise 0 he>d4 ,^u inve/igation x 0 f\nd t ! circulat+ pump _h brok54 ,! break 0 a v small matt] & c\ld h be5 repair$ 9 an h\r1 b x 0 !n too late to repair ! damage & get a flight be=e d>k1 s ! a]odrome 0 reluctantly dism\nt$ & ! m5 put to "w repair+ ! brok5 pump4 p#adb ,,july #a ,,to ,,july #h ,! great disadvantage ( conduct+ ! exp]im5ts at a po9t =ty miles f ! city & ! %ops 0 felt at all times4 ,workm51 ev5 ( ! v be/ class1 _c be kept cont5t$ly at "w at a po9t s f> remov$ f _! homes1 ev5 by br++ !m to ! city on ,saturday aft]noon & c>ry+ !m back to ! exp]im5tal gr\nds ! foll[+ ,monday4 ,moreov]1 x is worse ?an useless to try to get ev5 z mu* z "o-?ird ! ord9>y am\nt ( "w done if !re is ! slighte/ excuse = tight5+ an*or ropes1 wat*+ pass+ boats1 or wa/+ "t on any ( ! multitud9\s small v>iations f _! usual r\t9e ( life4 ,on ,july #g1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 equipp$ ) 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail1 0 made ready = a flight 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! sett+s ( ! w+s1 tail1 etc41 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet #f4 ,us+ ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus1 ! a]odrome 0 laun*$ ) a /eam pressure ( #aae p\nds4 ,imm$iately ^u be+ laun*$ its b[ rose to an angle ( ab\t fifte5 degrees or m1 & ! a]odrome came backw>d & d[nw>d & t\*$ ! wat] ab\t ?ree or f\r feet f ! h\se-boat4 ,x may be well to recall f :at has be5 said 9 ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,,ix1 t ,a]odrome ,no4 #e is ! "o ) ! v l[ ?ru/ l9e1 & 9 #ahif _h its 8sep>ator0 sev]al c5timetres 9 front ( its c5t] ( gravity4 ,:5 ?is a]odrome 0 ov]haul$ j previ\s to ^! exp]im5ts1 ! sep>ator 0 mov$ back to ! same relative position z t 9 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 s t ! gradual depletion ( ! wat] supply dur+ flight w\ld n cause x to become light 9 front ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,9 ! laun*+ ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 above describ$1 x %[$ no t5d5cy to drop imm$iately ^u leav+ ! laun*+ ways1 b on ! contr>y its b[ 9 e case rose almo/ imm$iately until x 0 at an angle ( ab\t fifte5 degrees or m4 ,f ! photograph 7,plate #ce7 x w be notic$ t ! w+s ( ! a]odrome are held d[n by ! longitud9al /rips1 ,a1 fa/5$ to cross-beams atta*$ to ! laun*+ c>4 ,if1 n[1 ! laun*+ spe$ is too great & ! a]odrome tries to rise imm$iately ^u be+ releas$1 ! front end1 :i* passes f "u ! laun*+ c> be=e ! re> does1 & is ?us free to rise1 w imm$iately rise1 :ile ! re> _c rise until x has pass$ entirely 9 front ( ! c>1 :i* be+ a di/ance ( sev]al feet requires an appreciable fraction ( a second1 dur+ :i* "t ! b[ ( ! ma*9e has be5 able to rise to q a /eep angle4 ,?is has ! effect ( sl[+ d[n ! a]odrome s t x does n get q ! prop] *ance to />t on its flight ) a m9imum head resi/ance4 ,9 view ( ! above facts1 x 0 decid$ to decrease ! spe$ ( ! laun*+ c> slightly :5 us+ ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 s t ?is matt] c\ld be ?or\ghly te/$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ce ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,,on ,,laun*+-,,ways p#adc ,,july #aa ,,to ,,july #ad--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,! v e>ly morn+ prec$+ actual sunrise on ,july #aa 0 und\bt$ly z calm z x is possible to f9d2 !re 0 absolutely no breeze /irr+ & ! wat] 9 ! riv] 0 z smoo? z glass z f> z "o c\ld see4 ,! anemomet] cups 7 /ation>y1 ! w9d vane /ood absolutely p>allel to ! laun*+ app>atus & ev]y?+ promis$ a mo/ successful exp]im5t4 ,aft] m\nt+ ! a]odrome on ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus ! burn] 0 light$1 & :ile ! /eam pressure 0 /ill ris+ & ! propell]s 7 revolv+ fa/] & fa/] all ! "t1 !re 0 a snap & !y ceas$ to turn4 ,! fire1 :i* 0 burn+ fi]cely1 ran ! pressure imm$iately to #aej p\nds4 ,an attempt 0 at once made to />t ! propell]s aga9 by giv+ !m an initial turn by h&1 x be+ ?\ght possible t a sudd5 gu% ( wat] _h tak5 place &1 accumulat+ 9 "o end ( ! eng9e cyl9d]1 _h block$ ! eng9e4 ,h[ev]1 z ! eng9e refus$ to keep ! propell]s go+ aft] !y 7 />t$1 & z ! pressure 0 /ill ris+ v rapidly1 ! burn] 0 %ut (f & an inve/igation made4 ,^u remov+ ! hull cov]+1 x 0 f\nd t ! connect+ rod be>+ _h brok5 (f %ort ne> ! crank p9 ( ! eng9e1 & t x w\ld be necess>y to take ! "p to ,wa%+ton 9 ord] to repair x1 z !re 7 no ma*9e tools on ! h\se-boat4 ,aft] sev]al days ( exce$+ly bad wea!r1 ! conditions grew m favorable4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon ( ,july #ad1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 0 aga9 plac$ on ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus & prep>$ = a trial4 ,aft] light+ ! burn]s1 #ie seconds 7 requir$ to raise a /eam pressure ( #abj p\nds4 ,^u leav+ ! laun*+ app>atus ! a]odrome w5t directly ahead = a few feet1 b imm$iately comm5c$ to rise1 elevat+ its b[ to an angle ( #bj degrees by ! "t x _h travell$ #dj feet4 ,) its b[ 9 ?is position1 x 0 bl[n back t[>ds ! h\se-boat & a little to ! "r ( x1 &1 :5 )9 ab\t #e feet ( ! wat]1 sudd5ly right$ itself & />t$ ahead aga91 ris+ all ! "t & rea*+ a height ( ab\t #bj feet by ! "t x _h travell$ #ajj feet4 ,9 ! meantime ! b[ _h aga9 become elevat$ to an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees & ! a]odrome 0 bl[n backw>ds & d[nw>ds aga94 ,j be=e rea*+ ! wat] x />t$ to "r itself1 b x _h desc5d$ s t ! front guy-po/ 0 9 ! wat]1 ?us de/roy+ its equilibrium & caus+ x to settle into ! wat]4 ,! pa? ( ?is flight is %[n by ! peculi> ,s-%ap$ l9e 9 ,plate #cd4 ,9 ! adju/m5ts prelim9>y to ! above trial ! ,pnaud tail 0 elevat$ to an angle ( #g-a_/b degrees :5 ! a]odrome 0 /ation>y 9 ! %op4 ,?is excessive elevation1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! c5t] ( gravity 0 also probably a little too f> =w>d1 no d\bt acc\nts = ! erratic flight4 ,! data on sett+ ( w+s1 tail1 etc41 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #g 7,app5dix74 p#add ,,july #ai--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,aft] sev]al days ( exce$+ly bad wea!r ! conditions 7 m favorable on ,july #ai4 ,s9ce ! la/ exp]im5t on ,july #ad ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity ( ! ,pnaud tail _h be5 decreas$1 ! re> w+s mov$ back #e c5timetres1 & ! 8float0 s plac$ t ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! ma*9e 0 br\ght to ! same position x _h _h on t day1 t is1 #b c5timetres back ( ! l9e ( ?ru/4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 assum+ t ! ,,cp is ov] ! ,,cg1 we %\ld h an app>5t effici5cy ( ! re> w+s ( #fc4f p] c5t1 s9ce ! di/ance betwe5 ,,cpfw1 & ,,cg is #gi4g c5timetres1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ,,cprw & ,,cg is #abe4c c5timetres4 ,) ! adju/m5t ( ,july #ad1 ! di/ance betwe5 ,,cpfw & ,,cg 0 #gi4g c5timetres1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ,,cprw & ,,cg 0 #aah4c c5timetres1 ?us all[+ = an app>5t effici5cy ( #fg4cg p] c5t = ! re> w+s4 ,x w be recall$ t 9 ! unsuccessful flight ( ,july #ad ! midrod ( ! a]odrome 0 incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #bj degrees dur+ mo/ ( ! "t t x 0 9 ! air1 ?us indicat+ t ! front w+s 7 lift+ proportionately m ?an !y %\ld4 ,on ,july #ad ! ,pnaud tail _h a negative elevation ( #g #cj1 & x requir$ #abdj grammes plac$ at its c5t] to br+ x to ! horizontal4 ,on ,july #ai ! elevation ( ! tail 0 *ang$ to #e & a weak] spr+ = controll+ ! ela/icity 0 sub/itut$1 s t x requir$ only #bjj grammes plac$ at ! c5t] ( ! tail to br+ x to ! horizontal4 ,a rubb] b&1 ( ab\t "o-half ! /r5g? ( ! upp] spr+1 0 atta*$ by means ( a cord to ! l[] guy-po/ & ! l[] v]tical ribs ( ! tail1 s t ! tail w\ld be ela/ic bo? ways4 ,?is rubb] b& 0 9 place & act+ to help draw ! tail d[n :5 ! above measurem5t ( ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity 0 made4 ,a rubb] b& connect$ to ! l[] side ( ! tail 0 also us$ 9 ! flight ( ,july #ad1 b x 0 s v weak1 comp>$ to ! upp] spr+1 t its effect 0 negligible4 ,! effect ( ?is *ange 9 ! balanc+ ( ! a]odrome1 & also ! m consid]able effect :i* ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity ( ! tail has on ! balanc+1 w be imm$iately notic$ f ! description ( ! next flight4 ,! data on sett+ ( w+s1 tail1 etc4 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #h4 ,at #c p4 m41 ! w9d hav+ di$ d[n1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 equipp$ ) its 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail adju/$ z above1 0 plac$ on ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus4 ,aft] light+ ! burn]s1 "o m9ute & ?irty seconds 7 requir$ to raise a /eam pressure ( #abj p\nds4 ,imm$iately ^u leav+ ! laun*+ app>atus1 ! a]odrome />t$ /raight ahead1 dropp+ ab\t #c feet by ! "t x _h gone #ajj feet2 x !n rose ) its midrod at an angle ( ab\t #f or #h degrees1 rega9+ its level v quickly1 h[ev]1 & mak+ ?ree ( ^! undulations by ! "t x _h gone p#ade #cjj feet4 ,x cont9u$ /raight ahead = ano!r #cjj feet & began to circle to ! left1 ! diamet] ( ! fir/ circle be+ ab\t #bjj feet4 ,z soon z x />t$ to circle1 x rose ) its midrod at an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees1 & by ! "t x _h made its fir/ half turn x />t$ to desc5d1 com+ d[n to )9 #ae feet ( ! wat]4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x _h complet$ ?is fir/ turn1 x aga9 rose1 mak+ ano!r half circle1 !n1 ^u ! completion ( ?is half turn ( ! second circle1 desc5d$1 ?is "t to )9 #aj feet ( ! wat]1 ris+ aga9 = ! ?ird half turn1 b aga9 desc5d+ to )9 #b feet ( ! wat] at ! completion ( ?is ?ird circle1 & !n ris+ & complet+ ! fir/ half turn ( ! f\r? circle4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x _h sunk s ne> to ! wat] t ! guy-po/s caught 9 ! tall grass :ile x 0 desc5d+ j be=e ! completion ( ! f\r? circle1 ?us pull+ ! a]odrome d[n into ! wat] ) ! propell]s /ill runn+4 ,! total "t ! a]odrome 0 9 ! air 0 #df seconds4 ,! total numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]s 0 #dhh1 or at ! mean rate ( #fcg ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,^u exam9+ ! a]odrome1 aft] x 0 recov]$1 x 0 f\nd t !re 7 #ibe grammes ( wat] left 9 ! sep>ator1 ! fire hav+ be5 put out by ! a]odrome com+ d[n into ! wat]4 ,:5 ! a]odrome fir/ comm5c$ to circle dur+ its flight1 x 0 notic$ t ! front w+ clamps _h twi/$ on ! midrod1 ! left w+ be+ dipp$ d[nw>ds1 & ! "r "o1 ( c\rse1 be+ elevat$1 & ! peculi> circl+ ( ! a]odrome 0 und\bt$ly due to ?is fact4 ,! cause ( ! w+ clamp twi/+ on ! midrod 0 t "o ( ! workm5 =got to tight5 "o ( ! screws ( ! w+ clamp :5 ! w+s 7 be+ adju/$ on ! a]odrome4 ,b = ?is un=tunate twi/+ ( ! w+s1 x is probable t ! flight w\ld h be5 p]fectly /raight & ! di/ance cov]$ w\ld h be5 consid]ably great] ?an x 01 ! total pa? trav]s$ be+ ab\t #bfjj to #bhjj feet1 f\nd by plott+ ! pa? on ! coa/-survey *>t & measur+ x4 ,,july #bg--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,z ! prop] balanc+ ( bo? ,a]odrome ,no4 #e & ,no4 #f _h n[ be5 det]m9$ ) reasonable accuracy1 & z mu* m "t _h already be5 giv5 to ! exp]im5ts ?an _h be5 int5d$1 x 0 decid$ to dism\nt ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus at once & sub/itute ! 8und]nea?0 "o1 s t x c\ld be imm$iately det]m9$ :e!r ?is new] plan = laun*+ ! a]odrome by a c> support+ x f und]nea? w\ld be suitable = use ) ! l>ge ma*9e4 ,aft] a consid]able p]iod ( exce$+ly bad wea!r1 dur+ :i* "t ! *ange 0 made 9 ! laun*+ app>atus1 ! wea!r conditions became m favorable on ,july #bg4 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 equipp$ ) 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail1 0 m\nt$ on ! p#adf 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus1 & ev]y?+ 0 got ready = a flight4 ,on light+ ! burn]s1 !y fail$ to "w prop]ly1 &1 ^u inve/igation1 x 0 f\nd t ! air valve controll+ ! air pressure on ! gasol9e tank1 0 out ( ord]4 ,:ile ?is 0 be+ repair$1 ! w9d rapidly increas$ 9 velocity & became v gu/y1 ?us endang]+ ! a]odrome1 z ! w+s 7 v liable to be brok5 by ! w9d sudd5ly ve]+ m rapidly ?an ! h\se-boat c\ld turn or ! turn-table c\ld be mov$1 & ?us /rik+ ! w+s f ! side & putt+ an enorm\s upw>d pressure on !m1 ow+ to ! fact t ! di$ral angle betwe5 !m gave to ea* w+ an elevation ( #g-a_/b degrees f ! horizontal4 ,! a]odrome 0 accord+ly dism\nt$ & ev]y?+ kept 9 read9ess = a trial1 ) ! hope t ! w9d w\ld die d[n1 or at lea/ become /eady1 b x did n d s until aft] d>k4 ,,july #bh--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #f ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 equipp$ ) 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail1 0 laun*$ f ! 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus4 ,!re 0 a dead calm1 ! riv] n %[+ a ripple2 ! w9d vane po9t$ to ! nor!a/1 b z ! tide 0 l[ & ! boat 0 agr\nd1 ! laun*+ track 0 po9t+ due s\?4 ,at #g a4 m4 ! burn]s 7 light$1 & #hj seconds 7 consum$ 9 rais+ a /eam pressure ( #abj p\nds4 ,ev]y?+ work$ p]fectly2 ! uprights on ! c>1 :i* initially support ! a]odrome & ^u its be+ releas$ are in/antane\sly pull$ d[n by rubb] spr+s1 z well z ! disappe>+ "p ( ! track1 act$ )\t ! slighte/ hit*4 ,imm$iately ^u leav+ ! laun*+ app>atus1 ! a]odrome depress$ its b[ to an angle ( betwe5 #c & #d degrees & made a direct l9e = ! wat]4 ,at ?is angle x /ruck j on ! opposite side ( ! *annel1 ab\t #cjj feet f ! h\se-boat1 & :ile sev]al m9or p>ts1 su* z guy-po/s1 7 injur$ no damage ( importance 0 done4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( gett+ ?r\gh ! m>% & recov]+ ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 x 0 f\nd impossible to make ano!r trial ) ,no4 #e be=e ! w9d _h increas$ to a prohibitive velocity4 ,! pa? ( ?is flight is %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,plate #cf4 ,! data on sett+ ( w+s1 tail1 etc41 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #i4 ,! la/ previ\s trial ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f 0 made on ,june #bc1 & ! balanc+ at t "t 0 evid5tly correct = ! sett+s ( ! tail :i* 7 !n us$4 ,! ,pnaud tail !n _h an elevation ( #g-a_/b degrees1 & ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity 0 su* t #abdj grammes 7 requir$ at ! c5t] ( ! tail to deflect x to ! horizontal4 ,9 ! trial above record$1 on ,july #bh1 ! adju/m5ts ( ! w+s 7 practically :at !y 7 on ,june #bc1 ! ,,cg be+ mov$ =w>d #a c5timetre1 b ! ,pnaud tail _h an elevation ( some?+ less ?an #e degrees1 & ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity 0 su* t p#adg #bjj grammes plac$ at ! c5t] 7 requir$ to deflect ! tail to a horizontal4 ,x 0 n int5d$ t ! angle ( ! tail %\ld h be5 less ?an #e degrees1 b x 0 f\nd t "o ( ! workm5 _h improp]ly atta*$ ! fa/5+ wire1 & _h consid]ably decreas$ ! angle4 ,?is la/ adju/m5t ( ! ,pnaud tail %\ld h be5 ! same z t us$ on ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 9 its flight ( ,july #ai4 ,! ,,cg _h purposely be5 mov$ =w>d slightly1 b ! effect ( mov+ ! ,,cg =w>d & at ! same "t decreas+ ! /iffness & angle ( ! tail 0 %[n by ?is flight4 ,! above trial n only v cle>ly emphasizes ! importance ( c>efully det]m9+ :at ! ela/icity ( ! ,pnaud tail %\ld be1 b also emphasizes ! fact t ev5 ! be/ workm51 :o h _h sev]al ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 _c be reli$ on 9 any?+ :i* requires t ev]y?+ be done exactly "r & n ne>ly "r4 ,,july #bi--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,! a]odrome equipp$ ) 8s+le-ti]0 w+s & ,pnaud tail 0 laun*$ f ! 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus at #i a4 m41 #a m9ute & #cj seconds hav+ be5 requir$ to raise #abj p\nds /eam pressure4 ,! w9d 0 f ! s\!a/1 ) a velocity ( #c miles an h\r1 & ! laun*+ track 0 po9t$ directly into x4 ,! laun*+ app>atus1 ) ! disappe>+ track1 work$ p]fectly1 & ! a]odrome />t$ /raight ahead1 dropp+ slightly at fir/1 b imm$iately rega9+ its level & go+ ahead1 gradually rais+ its b[ to an angle ( ab\t #h or #aj degrees1 & slightly slack+ up its spe$ by ! "t x _h gone ab\t #cjj feet4 ,x !n made a circle to ! left ( a radius ( ab\t #ge feet & />t$ back4 ,z soon z x _h made ?is turn x rega9$ its level & directly rega9$ its spe$4 ,b z soon z x _h spe$$ up aga9 x elevat$ its b[1 :i* slack5$ its spe$ z be=e4 ,x !n aga9 right$ itself1 /ill go+ 9 ! same direction & cross+ ! s&-b> on ! po9t ( ! isl& at a height ( ab\t #dj feet4 ,z soon z x _h cross$ ! s&-b>1 x aga9 made a circle to ! left ) a radius ( ab\t #ge feet1 head+ directly = ! h\se-boat1 b :5 x _h got back above ! s&-b> x aga9 circl$ to ! left1 pass+ directly betwe5 two tall trees1 & b>ely miss+ !m1 & /ill circl+ to ! left1 :5 x aga9 rea*$ ! opposite side ( ! s&-b>4 ,x1 h[ev]1 kept on circl+ to ! left & once m />t$ back t[>ds ! h\se-boat1 ?is "t pass+ to ! left ( ! trees & aga9 b>ely miss+ !m1 & complet+ ?is1 its second1 circle ov] ! s&-b>4 ,x !n />t$ due nor?1 head+ directly = ,quantico1 b by ?is "t some?+ _h evid5tly happ5$ to ! burn]s z ! fire w5t out1 & ! propell]s gradually sl[$ up4 ,h[ev]1 x kept on t[>ds ,quantico1 gradually desc5d+ on an ev5 keel1 & came d[n 9 ! wat] at a po9t ab\t #ejj feet p#adh f ! s&-b> & ab\t #ajjj feet f ! h\se-boat4 ,! propell]s _h almo/ ceas$ turn+ :5 ! a]odrome came d[n into ! wat]1 & x settl$ almo/ z quietly z ?\gh x _h be5 pick$ up & plac$ !re1 s t no damage 0 done to x4 ,! total "t t ! a]odrome 0 9 ! air 0 #fc seconds1 & ! total l5g? ( flight 0 ab\t #bejj feet4 ,! pa? ( ?is flight is %[n by ! dott$ l9e ) ! d\ble circle 9 ,plate #cf4 ,! data on sett+s ( w+s1 tail1 etc41 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #aj4 ,z soon z ! workm5 _h _h _! breakfa/1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 0 aga9 plac$ on ! laun*+ app>atus1 equipp$ ?is "t ) ! sup]pos$ w+s & ,pnaud tail4 ,^u light+ ! burn]s1 x 0 f\nd t !y did n "w prop]ly1 a small piece ( soot hav+ clogg$ up ! tip ( ! vaporiz+ coil4 ,:ile ?is tr\ble ) ! burn]s 0 be+ rem$i$1 ! w9d increas$ to su* an ext5t t x 0 f\nd necess>y to remove ! a]odrome f ! laun*+ app>atus to prev5t its be+ injur$ by side gu/s4 ,z x 0 ,saturday & ! w9d %[$ no signs ( quiet+ d[n1 ! exp]im5ts 7 discont9u$ until ! next week4 ,,augu/ #a--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,aft] plac+ ! a]odrome on ! laun*+ app>atus & gett+ ev]y?+ 9 read9ess = a flight1 ^u light+ ! burn]s a sudd5 %eet ( flame %ot out ( ! smoke-/ack & s s]i\sly *>r$ ?ree panels ( ea* ( ! re> w+s t !y _h to be remov$ = repairs4 ,! silk cov]+ ( ! w+s _h be5 coat$ ) a special fire-pro(+ prep>ation1 b ! int5sely hot flame1 ( c\rse1 *>r$ all ! silk t x came 9 contact )4 ,by ! "t t ! w+s _h be5 repair$1 & ! defect 9 ! burn] :i* caus$ ! accid5t _h be5 rem$i$1 a sev]e /orm _h aris51 mak+ x necess>y to remove ev]y?+ to ! int]ior ( ! boat4 ,:ile wait+ = ! wea!r to become m suitable1 a te/ ( ! eng9e ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 0 made inside ( ! h\se-boat4 ,9 ?is te/ a /eam pressure ( #adj p\nds 0 obta9$1 giv+ #fej ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ( ! r\nd-end1 #ajj-;c5timetre propell]s1 :i* previ\s te/s _h %[n to mean a ?ru/ ( #gdhj grammes4 ,z ! fly+ weight ( ! a]odrome 0 n[ #ad1ajd grammes1 ! ?ru/ obta9$ w\ld correspond to a lift ( #ec p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is te/ = #ij seconds4 ,z ! ,,cg ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e seem$ to be a little too f> =w>d 9 ! flight ( ,july #bh1 x 0 decid$ to *ange x slightly1 & x 0 mov$ back #d millimetres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #cf ,,pa?s ,,( ,,flight ,,( ,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e1 ,,july #bi1 #ahii ,a trial run 9 ! h\se-boat 0 also made on ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 :ile wait+ = ! wea!r to become m suitable1 b1 un=tunately1 ! result ( ?is te/ 0 disa/r\s4 ,! a]odrome _h be5 plac$ on tre/les & p#adi held d[n to ! floor by wires fa/5$ to ! cross-frame4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! te/ "o ( ! wires slipp$1 all[+ ! a]odrome to pu% =w>d & ?us p]mitt+ ! propell]s to come 9 contact ) ! wires :i* held x to ! floor4 ,bo? propell]s 7 entirely demoli%$ & ! cross-frame 0 brok5 (f %ort j at ! "r-h& eng9e4 ,! disa/] 0 entirely due to ! c>elessness ( "o ( ! workm5 9 tight5+ "o ( ^! wires1 a fur!r example ( ! extreme he$lessness ( workm51 ev5 9 ! mo/ important details1 :i* conc]n ! v exi/5ce ( ! ma*9e4 ,,augu/ #c--;,,a]odrome ,,no4 #e ,aft] ! v satisfactory trial ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e 9 ! %op two days previ\s1 x 0 hop$1 n[ t ! wea!r _h become suitable1 t a good flight ) ! sup]pos$ w+s w\ld be obta9$4 ,! a]odrome1 equipp$ ) ^! w+s1 0 accord+ly plac$ on ! laun*+ app>atus & ! burn]s 7 light$1 b !y refus$ to "w prop]ly1 a /eam pressure ( only #hj p\nds be+ obta9$4 ,aft] mu* delay ! burn]s 7 f9ally got to "w prop]ly1 b ! w9d _h increas$ 9 velocity to su* an ext5t t x 0 necess>y to remove ! a]odrome to ! int]ior ( ! h\se-boat4 ,z ! w9d cont9u$ to increase 9 velocity x 0 decid$ to make ano!r trial ( ! a]odrome inside ( ! h\se-boat4 ,^u do+ ?is x 0 v soon f\nd t !re 0 a small leak 9 ! front turn ( "o ( ! coils ( ! boil]1 & ! /eam f ?is play$ directly aga9/ ! burn]1 caus+ x to "w int]mitt5tly4 ,a new coil 0 sub/itut$1 & aft] "s adju/m5t a v excell5t run 0 obta9$1 ! /eam pressure rea*+ #acj p\nds & ! propell]s mak+ #fed ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! w9d quiet$ d[n & ! a]odrome1 equipp$ ) sup]pos$ w+s1 0 aga9 plac$ on ! laun*+ app>atus4 ,! burn]s 7 light$ b aga9 refus$ to "w prop]ly1 ! vaporiz+ tip be+ /opp$ up ) soot4 ,?is caus$ ! burn] to 8flood10 :i* s5t a %eet ( flame ?r\gh ! /ack & burn$ ! re> "r w+4 ,a new w+ 0 sub/itut$1 ! burn] tip 0 clean$ out & ev]y?+ 0 aga9 put 9 read9ess = a flight4 ,^u light+ ! burn]s1 #a m9ute & #eh seconds 7 requir$ to raise #abj p\nds /eam pressure4 ,! und]nea? laun*+ app>atus1 ) ! disappe>+ track1 work$ p]fectly1 ! a]odrome dropp+ slightly1 b go+ /raight ahead4 ,x1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to desc5d = a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj feet1 ! b[ be+ elevat$ ab\t #e degrees4 ,! b[ !n became horizontal1 ! a]odrome ris+ slightly at ! same "t1 b go+ only ab\t #ej feet f>!r1 :5 x aga9 />t$ to desc5d slightly1 & f9ally settl$ g5tly on ! wat] betwe5 #cjj & #ejj feet f ! h\se-boat1 ) its b[ elevat$ ab\t #c degrees4 ,!re 0 a hiss z ! hull t\*$ ! wat]1 %[+ t ! fire 0 /ill burn+ & mak+ x p#aej improbable t ! failure ( ! flight 0 due to lack ( p[]4 ,! data on sett+s ( w+s1 tail1 etc41 are giv5 on ,data ,%eet ,no4 #aa4 ,! spe$ ( ! laun*+ c>1 "o foot 9 front ( ! po9t at :i* ! a]odrome 0 releas$1 0 tw5ty feet a second1 z %[n by ! c>bon record %eet c>ri$ by ! laun*+ c> & mov$ 9 front ( a tun+ =k :i* _h be5 set 9 vibration4 ,! a]odrome1 be+ un9jur$ 9 ! previ\s flight1 0 aga9 plac$ on ! 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus1 & be=e atta*+ ! w+s a %ort run 0 made 9 ord] to see t ev]y?+ 0 9 prop] work+ condition4 ,z ev]y?+ seem$ to be all "r1 ! w+s & tail 7 imm$iately adju/$ = ano!r trial4 ,z ! b[ 0 slightly elevat$ 9 ! previ\s trial1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to br+ ! ,,cg a little f>!r =w>d1 & ?is 0 accord+ly done4 ,z ! a]odrome also seem$ to drop slightly 9 leav+ ! laun*+ c> 9 ! above trial1 ! t5sion ( ! laun*+ spr+s 0 slightly increas$ s z to increase ! velocity at ! mom5t ( release4 ,j z ! sun 0 sett+ ! a]odrome 0 aga9 laun*$1 #a m9ute & #cj seconds hav+ be5 requir$ to raise #abj p\nds /eam pressure1 b ! pressure 0 ris+ v rapidly at ! mom5t ( laun*+4 ,!re 0 an absolutely dead calm prevail+1 ! riv] be+ z smoo? z glass4 ,! laun*+ app>atus1 ) ! disappe>+ track1 work$ p]fectly4 ,imm$iately ^u be+ releas$ ! a]odrome w5t /raight ahead1 ) its midrod horizontal1 b gradually glid$ d[nw>d z ?\gh ! w+s _h v little lift+ p[]1 & settl$ 9 ! wat] ab\t #bjj feet f ! h\se-boat4 ,! velocity ( ! laun*+ c>1 #a foot be=e ! a]odrome 0 releas$1 0 #bb feet a second1 z %[n by ! c>bon record %eet4 ,9 ! above trials ( ! sup]pos$ w+s1 ! conditions ( ! w9d & ( ! a]odrome 7 c]ta9ly z favorable z c\ld be expect$4 ,!re 0 z mu* p[] be+ furni%$ by ! eng9e z _h be5 furni%$ 9 ! previ\s flights ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s1 & ! balanc+ ( ! a]odrome 0 exce$+ly good4 ,! sup]pos$ w+s1 unque/ionably1 _h a fair trial & prov$ inf]ior to ! 8s+le-ti]0 ones1 = !y _h a support+ surface ( #b4ge squ>e feet to ! p\nd1 :]eas ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s !re 0 approximately #b squ>e feet to ! p\nd4 ,! decreas$ lift+ p[] ( ! sup]pos$ w+s seems to be ano!r confirmation ( ! results ( ! ,allegh5y exp]im5ts ) ! 8plane-dropp]40#dj ,z m "t _h already be5 giv5 to ^! te/s ?an x seem$ well to p#aea sp5d on !m at t "t1 ow+ to ! pressure ( ! "w ( con/ruction = ! l>ge ma*9e1 x 0 deem$ be/ to discont9ue !m = ! "t be+1 & z soon z "t c\ld be f\nd = x1 to con/ruct a set ( w+s ) sup]pos$ surfaces1 us+ only two surfaces & mak+ _! di/ance ap>t at lea/ equal to or great] ?an _! wid?4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! prime object 9 mak+ ^! te/s 0 to obta9 data = use 9 ! balanc+ ( ! l>ge a]odrome & 9 con/ruct+ a laun*+ app>atus = x4 ,! *ief d$uctions drawn f !m 73 ,fir/3 ,t x w\ld be be/ to con/ruct ! fir/ set ( w+s = ! l>ge ma*9e on ! 8s+le-ti]0 plan1 & lat] to make a set ( sup]pos$ ones1 %\ld fur!r exp]im5ts ) new designs develop a type ( sup]pos$ surfaces :i* gave z good lift+ p[] z ! 8s+le-ti]0 ones4 ,second3 ,t ! proportion+ ( ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity ( ! ,pnaud tail %\ld be giv5 z c>eful att5tion z ! sett+ ( ! w+s4 ,?ird3 ,t ! 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus 0 equally z good z ! 8ov]head0 "o1 & t bo? work$ z well z c\ld be desir$2 &1 f\r?1 t :ile %ort p]iods ( calm wea!r might be expect$ dur+ "s "p ( ! day on a portion ( ! days ( ea* mon?1 yet ! mo/ favorable conditions 7 m apt to be met ) betwe5 ! fir/ break ( day & ! actual ris+ ( ! sun1 or f an h\r prec$+ sunset until d>kness actually came4 ,x w be not$ t :ile consid]able delay 0 exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ ^! te/s1 ne>ly all ( x 0 due to ! v delicate adju/m5ts requir$ 9 ! p[]-g5]at+ app>atus ( ! a]odrome1 b x %\ld also be not$ t :5 ^! adju/m5ts 7 accurately made ! models op]at$ exce$+ly well1 & c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to give good flights ( suffici5t duration to p]mit a c>eful /udy ( _! action :ile 9 ! air4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,june #bg & ,july #g1 above describ$1 ! a]odrome imm$iately aft] leav+ ! laun*+ app>atus began to rise ) its midrod po9t$ upw>d at an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees4 ,f ,data ,%eet ,no4 #f1 :i* gives 9 detail ! important data z to ! sett+s ( ! w+s1 ! ela/icity ( ! ,pnaud tail1#da etc41 we note t ! tail _h a negative angle ( #g-a_/b degrees1 & t ! spr+ :i* held x at ?is angle 0 ( su* a /iffness t x requir$ #abdj grammes plac$ at its c5t] ( figure to depress x to ! horizontal4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! position ( ! front & re> p#aeb w+s relative to ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! ma*9e 0 n ! same z t :i* exi/$ at ! "t ( ! v successful flights ( #ahif1 z %[n by ,data ,%eet ,no4 #a ( ,no4 #e1 ,may #f1 #ahif4 ,:5 ! ela/icity ( ! tail 0 adju/$ be=e mak+ ?is te/ x 0 ?\ght t x 0 made ! same z 9 ! exp]im5ts ( #ahif1 ?\gh accurate data z to ! exact am\nt ( ?is ela/icity _h1 un=tunately1 n be5 kept4 ,a slight *ange _h also be5 made 9 ! me?od employ$ ( atta*+ ! ,pnaud tail to ! ma*9e4 ,9 #ahif ! tail 0 atta*$ to ! ma*9e by means ( a flat piece ( wood 7hickory7 :i* _h be5 /eam$ & b5t to ! prop] ext5t to cause ! rudd] to h a negative angle ( ab\t #e degrees1 b no accurate note 0 made ( its angle or /iffness1 s t 9 #ahii no data 7 available z to exactly :at ! angle _h be5 or h[ /iff ! spr+ 04 ,ow+ to ! fact t wood n only w>ps & twi/s1 b also t any piece :i* has be5 /eam$ & b5t gradually loses a c]ta9 am\nt ( its curvature1 x 0 decid$ 9 #ahih to *ange ?is me?od ( atta*+ ! tail1 ! wood5 spr+ be+ replac$ by a coil$ /eel spr+ atta*$ to an upp] guy-po/ & connect$ to ! tail by a bridle wire fa/5$ to ! c5t] ( figure ( ! tail4 ,aft] ! exp]im5t ( ,july #g1 #ahii1 a l[] spr+1 consi/+ ( small rubb] b&s1 0 connect$ by a wire to ! l[] "p ( ! rudd] & fa/5$ to ! guy-po/1 !reby m ne>ly reproduc+ ! conditions obta9$ :5 us+ a wood5 spr+1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 t5ds to return ! rudd] to its normal position :5 x is displac$ 9 ei!r direction4 ,aft] atta*+ ?is l[] spr+ to ! rudd]1 ! exp]im5t ( ,july #ad 0 made1 & x 0 f\nd t ! a]odrome /ill flew ) its midrod po9t$ upw>d at a v /eep angle4 ,x 01 !re=e1 felt c]ta9 t ! upp] spr+ on ! rudd] 0 too /iff1 & t x %\ld n require s mu* z #abdj grammes to br+ x to ! horizontal4 ,?is spr+ 01 !re=e1 replac$ by a weak] "o1 & ! angle ( ! rudd] 0 also decreas$ until x _h a negative angle ( only #e degrees & requir$ only #bjj grammes plac$ at its c5t] ( figure to br+ x to ! horizontal4 ,f ! description ( ! flight ( ,july #ai1 x w be se5 t ^! *anges imm$iately correct$ ! t5d5cy ( ! a]odrome to po9t its nose upw>d at su* a %>p angle1 & x w be lat] se5 t aft] a fur!r slight adju/m5t ! flight ( ,july #bi 0 made1 9 :i* ! prop] balanc+ 0 obta9$ & ! a]odrome made a good horizontal flight4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y te/s ) ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus1 x 0 dism\nt$ & ! 8und]nea?0 "o sub/itut$ & ! exp]im5ts ( ,july #bh1 #bi & ,augu/ #c 7 made4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ?is 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus work$ p]fectly f ! />t & f\r flights ( ! a]odromes 7 made us+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #cg ,,exp]im5tal ,,=ms ,,( ,,sup]pos$ ,,surfaces1 #ahih1 #ahii 7,,see ,,also ,,plates #fd ,,& #fe7 p#aec ,x w be recall$ t 9 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics0 ,mr4 ,langley made te/s ( ! so>+ spe$1 etc41 ( surfaces :5 sup]pos$4 ,9 _m ( 8 exp]im5ts ) rubb]-driv5 models1 he also employ$ sup]pos$ surfaces4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahih sev]al =ms ( sup]pos$ surfaces1 ( a prop] size = use on ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f1 7 con/ruct$ & 7 te/$ "u z ne>ly z possible ! same conditions z w\ld exi/ :5 us$ on ! a]odrome1 by m\nt+ ! surfaces on ! :irl+-table & measur+ _! so>+ spe$1 lift1 drift1 etc41 to det]m9e j :at arrangem5t ( surfaces gave ! greate/ lift+ effect ) ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,two ( ! =ms :i* 7 te/$ are %[n 9 ,plate #cg1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 & ,plates #fd & #fe4 ,at ! conclusion ( ^! te/s1 x 0 decid$ to con/ruct a set ( surfaces on ! plan %[n 9 ,plates #fd & #fe1 & to h !m ready = use on ei!r ( ! models ,nos4 #e & #f4 ,^! surfaces 7 tak5 to ,*opawamsic ,isl& 9 ,april1 #ahii1 :5 all ( ! o!r a]odromic mat]ial 0 fir/ c>ri$ !re4 ,x 0 plann$ to make "s te/s ) !m to det]m9e :e!r or n x w\ld be be/ to use sup]pos$ surfaces on ! l>ge a]odrome or to foll[ ! plan ( 8s+le-ti]0 ones1 :i* _h ! great advantage ( hav+ already prov$ _! wor? 9 ! successful flights ( ! models4 ,on ,augu/ #c1 ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 equipp$ ) ^! sup]pos$ surfaces1 0 laun*$4 ,x w be not$ f ,data ,%eet ,no4 #aa t ! sup]ficial area ( ! sup]pos$ surfaces 0 consid]ably great] ?an t provid$ by ! 8s+le-ti]0 ones1 & on ! assumption ( ! same effici5cy p] unit ( surface 9 bo? cases1 ! a]odrome %\ld h so>$ at a less spe$ & requir$ less p[] :5 us+ ! sup]pos$ surfaces4 ,! results obta9$1 h[ev]1 7 j ! rev]se1 ! a]odrome be+ unable to su/a9 itself :5 us+ ! sup]pos$ surfaces1 :]eas ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 ones x 0 evid5t t a slight excess weight might easily h be5 c>ri$ )\t prev5t+ ! a]odrome f so>+ prop]ly4 ,:ile x 0 felt t ^! te/s 7 n entirely conclusive z to ! sup]ior lift+ p[] ( ! 8s+le-ti]0 surfaces1 yet z ! eng9e build] 0 con/antly promis+1 ea* "t ) increas$ emphasis1 t he w\ld )9 less ?an a =tnight deliv] ! eng9e = ! l>ge a]odrome1 & t x w\ld develop ev5 m p[] ?an ! specifications call$ =1 x 0 deem$ be/ to cease ! exp]im5ts ) ! models & conc5trate all ef=t on ! completion ( ! l>ge a]odrome frame & ! con/ruction ( a set ( 8s+le-ti]0 support+ surfaces = x4 ,x 0 recogniz$ f ! fir/ t ! 8s+le-ti]0 support+ surfaces lack$ ! rigidity :i* c\ld be secur$ by ! truss con/ruction af=d$ by ! sup]pos$ plan1 yet ^! models1 :i* 7 ! only ma*9es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w t _h ev] fl[n successfully1 _h be5 equipp$ ) 8s+le-ti]0 surfaces2 & ! exp]i5ce s de>ly b\ght dur+ ! long p#aed ye>s ( developm5t ( ^! models _h taught ! v valuable lesson t 9 "w ( ?is k9d :]e we h no m>g9 on any?+1 b ev]y?+ has to be calculat$ on ! 8knife-edge0 basis1 x is an exce$+ly unwise ?+ to introduce any modification f :at has be5 prov$ to be satisfactory1 unless su* modification is absolutely necess>y4 ,! pr9cipal object 9 build+ ! "o-eigh? size model ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 z m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]1 0 to det]m9e by actual exp]im5t :e!r ! new =m ( 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus1 :i* _h j be5 design$1 0 likely to prove z satisfactory z ! orig9al 8ov]head0 type1 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! successful flights ( ! models 9 #ahif4 ,yet aft] x 0 complet$ ?is a]odrome 0 f\nd s v /rong & /iff1 ev5 ?\gh r\ghly con/ruct$ by m]ely ty+ ! jo9ts ( ! tub+ toge!r ) wires & sold]+ ov] ! jo9ts1 t x 0 decid$ to equip x ) p[]1 if a suitable =m ( p[] c\ld be f\nd :i* c\ld be easily appli$4 ,j at ?is "t liquid air z a motive p[] 0 attract+ consid]able att5tion all ov] ! c\ntry1 & attempts 7 made to procure a small p[] plant = op]ation by liquid air4 ,aft] devot+ consid]able "t to ! matt] x 0 f\nd impossible to d any?+ ) x j at t "t1 z ! liquifi$ air c\ld n be obta9$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 & "o ( ! *ief exp]im5t]s 9 ,new ,york1 :o _h be5 giv5 a commission to make c]ta9 exp]im5ts at 8 plant1 s cont9u\sly delay$ beg9n+ !m t x 0 f\nd necess>y to give up ! idea4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! completion ( ! te/s ( ! laun*+ app>atus "s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 fly+ ! model z a kite4 ,= ?is purpose a ma/ tw5ty feet high 0 con/ruct$ & s arrang$ t x c\ld be m\nt$ at ! c5t] ( a small p[] laun*4 ,! model a]odrome 0 fl[n by a cord connect$ to x by a bridle1 ! cord pass+ ov] a swivel pulley on top ( ! ma/ & d[n into ! boat1 :5ce x c\ld be play$ out or haul$ 9 z occasion requir$4 ,by head+ ! laun* into ! w9d x 0 possible to secure suffici5t relative velocity to cause ! model to support itself & a numb] ( te/s 7 made 9 ?is way4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! bridle 0 atta*$ at ! po9t at :i* ! propell]s w\ld deliv] _! ?ru/1 _h !y be5 9 use & driv5 by p[]1 ! model flew exce$+ly well1 ma9ta9+ its equilibrium ev5 dur+ v /rong gu/s4 ,ow+ to ! roll+ produc$ by waves f ! l>ge boats :i* 7 cont9ually pass+ 9 ! "p ( ! riv] :]e ^! te/s 7 made1 ! p[] laun* 0 (t5 9 dang] ( be+ upset by its tall ma/2 & f9ally1 :5 ! te/s 7 j rea*+ ! po9t :]e accurate in=mation 0 be+ obta9$ on ! balanc+ ( ! model1 a sudd5 roll+ ( ! boat caus$ ! ma/ to snap (f :ile ! model 0 9 ! air4 ,be=e x c\ld be pick$ up f ! wat] a pass+ boat _h swamp$ x & x 0 lo/ 9 ! riv]4 p#aee ,al?\gh ! model 01 z has be5 said1 rudely con/ruct$ &1 !re=e1 did n repres5t a s]i\s loss1 yet ! pressure ( ! m important con/ruction "w = ! l>ge ma*9e prohibit$ ! con/ruction ( ano!r r\gh model = cont9u+ ^! kite exp]im5ts1 :i* x 0 felt c\ld n at be/ be m ?an approximate indications ( ! g5]al /ability ( ! ma*9e "u practical conditions4 p#aef ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h\se-,,boat ,,& ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus ,! use ( a h\se-boat seem$ to ,mr4 ,langley s indisp5sable 9 =m] ye>s 9 mak+ op5-air te/s ( ! models t he decid$ f ! outset1 ?\gh advis$ by ! writ] aga9/ do+ s1 to use ! same plan on a mu* l>g] scale 9 connection ) ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,aside f its suppos$ utility z a conv5i5t & app>5tly safe place f :i* to laun* ! a]odrome1 ! h\se-boat 0 valuable z a portable work%op = mak+ necess>y repairs & z a tempor>y /oreh\se = ! app>atus1 !reby sav+ mu* pack+ & unpack+4 ,x also provid$ sleep+ qu>t]s = ! workm54 ,x 0 e>ly se5 t ?is plan w\ld require a boat at lea/ #fj by #dj feet1 :i* c\ld be built only at a l>ge initial co/4 ,b z ! exp]i5ce ) models _h s firmly conv9c$ ,mr4 ,langley t x 0 necess>y n only t ! a]odrome be laun*$ ov] ! wat]1 b also at a consid]able height above x1 & f a /ation t comm&$ all po9ts ( ! compass1 he decid$ to adopt ?is plan = ! l>ge a]odrome1 & designs = su* a boat 7 accord+ly made 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahih4 ,9 ord] to insure ! completion ( ?is h\se-boat by ! "t ! a]odrome 0 expect$ to be ready = trial1 x 0 built "u contract4 ,imm$iately aft] its deliv]y 9 ,may1 #ahii1 "w 0 begun on ! sup]/ructure :i* c>ri$ ! laun*+ track4 ,?is sup]/ructure 0 a consid]able und]tak+1 involv+ a turn-table weigh+ ab\t #ae tons1 support$ on a d\ble circul> track1 & ?is track 9 turn 0 support$ entirely f ! side walls ( ! h\se to avoid hav+ columns 9 ! middle ( ! floor4 ,f ! photographs1 ,plate #ch1 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #c1 x w be se5 t ! entire sup]/ructure 0 support$ by ?ree truss$ gird]s ext5d+ across ! boat above ! ro( & c>ri$ by v]tical po/s built into ! side walls ( ! h\se4 ,! turn-table 0 #dh feet squ>e & ! laun*+ track c>ri$ by x 0 #e feet gauge by #hj feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ch ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,h\se-,,boat ,,& ,,laun*+ ,,app>atus1 #ahii ,9 mak+ te/s ( ! models1 x _h be5 ! practice to c>ry ! ma9 body ( ! a]odrome up a ladd] to ! upp] works ( ! boat1 ! w+s be+ also c>ri$ up 9 ! same mann]4 ,z ! l>ge a]odrome 0 expect$ to weigh at lea/ #fdj p\nds1 ( :i* #cej p\nds w\ld be ! /eel frame ) its undeta*able p>ts1 su* z ! eng9e & its appurt5ances1 x 0 se5 t some?+ m effective ?an a ladd] w\ld ne$ to be provid$ = gett+ ! a]odrome f ! int]ior ( ! boat to ! laun*+ track p#aeg above4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to place ! upp] works ( ! boat r ne>] ! re> end ?an ! front1 ?us leav+ a space ov] ! front end ( ! h\se ?r\gh :i* a l>ge trap-door might be cut 9 ! ro(1 & x 0 ?\ght t 9 ?is way ! a]odrome might be pass$ up to ! laun*+ track by ! use ( suitable ropes & pulleys4 ,! upp] works 7 s arrang$1 & a slid+ trap-door 0 provid$ 9 ! ro(1 b m intimate k ( ! difficulties ( h&l+ s l>ge & heavy a frame made x c]ta91 ev5 be=e ! a]odrome 0 ev] plac$ ^u ! h\se-boat1 t x w\ld be impossible to transport x to ! upp] works by pass+ x ?r\gh ! trap-door4 ,a diff]5t plan 0 !n resort$ to4 ,a v l>ge door 0 con/ruct$ at ! re> end ( ! h\se1 ?r\gh :i* ! completely assembl$ frame c\ld be c>ri$ 9 a level position & plac$ ^u a l>ge raft1 consi/+ ( a lattice floor+ ov] pontoons1 moor$ at ! re> end ( ! boat1 z cle>ly se5 9 ,plate #ch4 ,9 ord] to raise ! a]odrome frame f ! raft to ! upp] works1 a l>ge1 b light1 ma/ & boom1 ) suitable /ays 7 provid$4 ,z ! w+s1 :5 m\nt$ 9 _! prop] position on ! a]odrome1 w\ld be int]f]$ ) by su* a ma/1 ! ma/ & boom 7 s devis$ z to be capable ( rapid erection & dism\nt+1 only five m9utes be+ necess>y = ei!r op]ation4 ,9 ,plate #ch ! ma/ & boom are se5 9 position 9 ,fig4 #c1 :ile 9 ,figs4 #a & #b !y h be5 dism\nt$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! laun*+ track & c> 0 begun 9 ,novemb]1 #ahii1 b _! completion 0 long delay$1 z !y 7 frequ5tly put aside = ! m imm$iately important p>ts ( ! "w4 ,moreov]1 ! arrangem5t ( ! /ruts & clut* ( ! laun*+ c> dep5d$ entirely on ! =m & dim5sions ( ! frame ( ! a]odrome1 :i* c\ld n be entirely decid$ until a prop] eng9e _h be5 secur$ & te/$ 9 ! frame to det]m9e :at modifications ( x 7 necess>y4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijb1 h[ev]1 ! laun*+ c> 0 entirely f9i%$ & a numb] ( te/s ( ! l>ge eng9e 7 made 9 ! %op ) ! frame m\nt$ 9 position on ! c>4 ,f ! description ( ! 8ov]head0 laun*+ app>atus 7,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,x7 :i* _h prov$ s successful 9 ! te/s ( ! models1 bo? 9 #ahif & 9 ! lat] exp]im5ts ( #ahii1 x w be recall$ t ! ess5tial features ( x 7 a track & a light c> ) ?ree h+$ /ruts :i* ext5d$ bel[ ! body ( ! c>1 & aga9/ :i* suitable co-act+ be>+ po9ts atta*$ to ! frame ( ! a]odrome 7 tightly drawn by means ( a clut* :i* gripp$ a special fitt+ fa/5$ to ! a]odrome frame ne> ! c5tral po9t ( its l5g?4 ,aft] ! eng9e ( ! a]odrome _h be5 />t$ & got to runn+ at full spe$1 ! c> 0 releas$ & mov$ =w>d along its track by ! comb9$ =ce ( ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s & ! pull ( ! coil$ laun*+ spr+s4 ,j be=e ! c> rea*$ ! =w>d end ( ! track1 a cam at ?is po9t caus$ ! clut* to op5 & release p#aeh ! a]odrome1 :i* imm$iately dropp$ slightly1 z x _h purposely n q rea*$ a spe$ suffici5t to cause x to so>4 ,?is slight drop ( ! a]odrome1 ev5 if x 7 only a fraction ( an in*1 made x possible = ! h+$ /ruts1 aga9/ :i* x _h be5 held by ! clut*1 to be fold$ up by _! special spr+s aga9/ ! floor ( ! c>1 ?us leav+ ! a]odrome free 9 ! air )\t dang] ( entanglem5t4 ,! /ruts ref]r$ to above 7 ?ree 9 numb]1 two be+ plac$ ne> ! re> & "o at ! c5t] ( ! front ( ! c>4 ,! use ( ?ree po9ts ( support _h ! advantage ( furni%+ a r rigid f\ndation aga9/ :i* ! frame c\ld be tightly drawn by means ( ! clut*-hook )\t risk ( /ra9+ x4 ,9 design+ ! 8und]nea?0 laun*+ app>atus1 :i* 0 v ?or\ghly te/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! models 9 ! summ] ( #ahii1 ! plan ( hav+ ?ree /ruts ) ! a]odrome drawn tightly aga9/ !m by means ( a c5tral clut*-hook 0 cont9u$ ) mo/ satisfactory results4 ,:5 ! position ( ! /ruts on ?is laun*+ app>atus _h be5 *ang$ s z to p]mit x to be us$ = ! qu>t]-size model1 x 0 f\nd1 9 mak+ %op te/s ( ! eng9e ) ! a]odrome m\nt$ on ! laun*+ c>1 t1 ow+ to ! great] vibration produc$ by ! gasol9e eng9e1 ! ?ree po9ts ( susp5sion did n hold ! model 9 a suffici5tly rigid mann]4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to use f\r /ruts1 ! two re> ones be+ left z be=e1 & ! s+le "o 9 front be+ replac$ by two int]connect$ ones arrang$ simil>ly to ^? 9 ! re>4 ,aft] mak+ ?is *ange no difficulty 0 f\nd 9 hold+ ! a]odrome rigidly aga9/ ! /ruts1 & ?is modification 0 !re=e imm$iately introduc$ 9 ! designs = ! l>ge laun*+ c> :i* 0 already "u con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ci ,,me?od ,,( ,,atta*+ ,,guy-,,wires ,,to ,,guy-,,po/s ,,to ,,relieve ,,torsional ,,/ra9 ,exp]i5ce1 bo? ) models #e & #f1 & ) ! qu>t]-size model1 _h also demon/rat$ ! necessity ( provid+ "s means :]eby ! a]odrome frame w\ld be reliev$ ( ! torsional /ra9s produc$ ^u x by a side w9d /rik+ ! "u surface ( ! w+s :5 ! a]odrome 0 m\nt$ on ! c> prep>atory to a te/4 ,! means = prev5t+ ^! torsional /ra9s 9 ! case ( ! models1 :5 8ov]head0 type ( laun*+ c> 0 us$1 has be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x ( ,"p ,i4 ,h[ev]1 ) ! 8und]nea?0 type ( laun*+ c>1 a diff]5t means 0 necess>y4 ,a plan1 9 :i* outrigg]s project$ f ! body ( ! c> & wires runn+ f ^! outrigg]s up to ! ma9 ribs ( ! w+s1 ) means = releas+ ! wires j be=e ! c> rea*$ ! end ( ! track1 0 us$ ) ! 8und]nea?0 c> 9 ! te/s ( models #e & #f 9 ! summ] ( #ahii1 b ! outrigg]s 7 frequ5tly d]ang$ by ! sudd5 /opp+ ( ! c> at ! end ( ! run & !y 7 replac$ by a simpl] arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is plan ! torsional /ra9s 7 reliev$ by provid+1 at ! =w>d & re> ends p#aei ( ! c>1 small] h+$ uprights furni%$ 9 _! upp] "p ) a small slot into :i* a p9 project$ f ! bottom ( ! =w>d & re> guy-po/s1 respectively4 ,! guy-wires f w+s be+ connect$ to ! l[] ends ( ! guy-po/s ! torsional /ra9 produc$ by a side w9d 0 imm$iately transmitt$ f ! w+s ?r\gh ! guy-wires to ! guy-po/1 :5ce x 0 transmitt$ to ! c> itself1 & ?us prev5t$ f act+ on ! metal frame ( ! a]odrome1 z %[n 9 ,plate #ci4 ,^! additional %ort /ruts = tak+ up ! torsional /ra9 7 fir/ add$ to ! small laun*+ c> 9 #aija1 & 9 ! succe$+ te/s made ) ! qu>t]-size model no tr\ble ( any k9d 0 indicat$ z likely to be caus$ by !m4 ,z x 0 ^! extra /ruts :i* 7 directly responsible = ! accid5t 9 ! laun*+ ( ! l>ge a]odrome ,octob] #g1 #aijc1 at ! "t ( its fir/ trial1 & possibly also = t on ,decemb] #h1 #aijc1 at ! "t ( ! second trial1 special att5tion is "h call$ to !m4 ,! l5g? ( travel :i* c\ld be provid$ = ! laun*+ c> 9 ! case ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 z well z 9 t ( ! models 0 necess>ily v limit$1 ow+ to ! fact t ! track _h to be con/ruct$ on ! top ( ! h\se ( ! boat4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y1 9 ord] t ! a]odrome might atta9 a spe$ suffici5t = so>+ be=e be+ laun*$1 to keep ! weight ( ! laun*+ c> z small z possible1 a giv5 spr+ t5sion be+ capable ( accel]at+ a giv5 mass a def9ite am\nt 9 a giv5 l5g? ( travel4 ,) a heavi] laun*+ c> ! spr+ t5sion w\ld h to be increas$4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! bl[ :i* w\ld be /ruck :5 ! c> 0 sudd5ly /opp$ at ! end ( ! track1 w\ld dep5d on its mass z well z its velocity1 !re 0 an additional reason = try+ to keep ! weight ( ! c> z small z possible4 ,:ile x 0 f\nd p]fectly feasible to keep ! weight ( ! laun*+ c> = ! model l[ en\gh = practical purposes1 9 design+ ! laun*+ c> = ! l>ge a]odrome x 0 only by elim9at+ all floor+ ( ! c> & provid+ m]ely a box frame ) necess>y cross-braces1 t its weight 0 kept )9 :at appe>$ reasonable limits4 ,ev5 !n ! bl[ :i* x w\ld /rike :5 x rea*$ ! end ( ! track 0 f\nd by calculation to be exce$+ly =midable4 ,ref]r+ to ! draw+s ( ,plate #dj1 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #c1 x w be se5 t ! l>ge laun*+ c> consi/$ ess5tially ( two p>allel longitud9al side memb]s #f in*es deep by #a4e in*es ?ick by #ai feet long1 connect$ by ?ree ma9 sets ( cross-memb]s3 "o set ne> ! re>1 at ! po9t at :i* ! re> /ruts = support+ ! a]odrome 7 m\nt$2 a second r heavi] set ab\t ! middle ( its l5g?1 at ! po9t :]e ! /rut :i* c>ri$ ! clut*-hook 0 m\nt$2 & a ?ird ne> ! front1 at ! po9t :]e ! front /ruts 7 m\nt$4 ,project+ f ! =w>d end ( ea* ( ! p#afj longitud9al side memb]s 7 pi/on rods1 on :i* 7 m\nt$ lea!r-cup pi/ons1 :i* co-act$ ) buff] cyl9d]s fix$ at ! extreme front ( ! track to absorb ! bl[ :5 ! c> rea*$ !m at ! end ( its travel4 ,! c> 0 support$ on ea* side by means ( f\r hang]s 7,figs4 #d & #e7 :i* c>ri$ groov$ :eels hav+ ball-be>+s & runn+ on a /eel track consi/+ ( flat plates fa/5$ on ! side ( ! timb]s ( ! laun*+ track4 ,on ! extreme l[] po9t ( ^! hang]s 7 small guide pulleys1 s plac$ z to be j bel[ & out ( contact ) a gu>d rail on ! side ( ! laun*+ track1 ?us prev5t+ any possibility ( ! laun*+ c> be+ rais$ f ! track ei!r dur+ its =w>d motion or by a side w9d /rik+ und]nea? ! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #dj ,a]odrome 8,a40 ,g5]al ,plan ,details ( ,laun*+ ,c>4 7,details #a_/c ,full ,size7 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,& ,,details ,,( ,,laun*+-,,c> ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #da ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,a]odrome ,,on ,,laun*+-,,c> ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #db ,a]odrome 8,a0 ,details ( ,clut* ,po/ = ,laun*+ ,c>4 ,scale #a_/c ,full ,size ,,details ,,( ,,clut* ,,po/ ,,= ,,laun*+-,,c> ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #dc ,,front ,,end ,,( ,,track ,,j ,,prep>atory ,,to ,,laun*+ ,,a]odrome ,on ! l>ge laun*+ c> ! arrangem5t ( ! /ruts aga9/ :i* ! be>+ po9ts ( ! frame 7 tightly drawn by ! clut* 0 simil> 9 all respects to t us$ on ! model c>1 !re be+ only slight diff]5ces 9 details4 ,! details ( ! uprights on :i* ! be>+ po9ts ( ! a]odrome frame re/$ are cle>ly %[n 9 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i ( ,plate #dj4 ,f ! photographs 7,plate #da1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c7 :i* %[ ! l>ge frame m\nt$ on ! laun*+ c>1 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! /ruts & ! clut*-hook c be readily se52 & f ,plate #db1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 :i* %[ 9 detail mo/ ( ! important features ( ! clut*-po/ & its clut*1 a v good idea ( ! size ( ! diff]5t p>ts may be _h by obs]v+ t ! di/ance f ! fulcrum ( ea* half ( ! hook to ! p9 by :i* x 0 connect$ ?r\gh ! univ]sal jo9t to ! v]tical rods is five in*es4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ?is clut*-hook gripp$ ! l[] pyramid & pull$ ! be>+ po9ts ( ! frame firmly aga9/ ! =w>d & re> /ruts ( ! laun*+ c>1 & 9 laun*+ ! a]odrome ! trigg]s arrang$ on ! bottom ( ! c>1 :i* at ! prop] "t pull on ! v]tical rods & !reby =ce ! two halves ( ! clut*-hook ap>t1 are s arrang$ t !y /rike a cross-beam at ! front end ( ! track "o in* be=e ! trigg]s1 :i* keep ! /ruts f be+ pull$ d[n by _! spr+s1 :i* t5d to fold !m up & =ce !m d[n aga9/ ! c>4 ,! trigg]s1 :i* prev5t ! /ruts f be+ fold$ d[n1 /rike a cross-beam 9 ! track "o foot be=e ! buff] pi/ons on ! end ( ! c> beg9 to ent] ! buff] cyl9d]s at ! end ( ! track1 &1 consequ5tly1 "o foot be=e ! fold+ prop1 :i* supports ! front end ( ! track1 is knock$ out by ! c> /rik+ a special trigg] :i* all[s ?is fold+ prop to sw+ =w>d :5 ! front end ( ! track folds d[n to insure t ! a]odrome w n become entangl$ ) ! c>1 ev5 ?\gh ! a]odrome be n q up to so>+ spe$ at ! mom5t ( laun*+4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is front end ( ! track folds d[n c be v readily se5 by comp>+ ,plate #dc ) ,plate #ie ( ,*apt] ,,xii1 ! =m] %[+ ! front end ( ! track 9 horizontal position1 ) p#afa ! a]odrome at ! extreme re> end j prep>atory to laun*+1 & ! latt] %[+ ! front end ( ! track fold$ d[n ) ! h+$ prop /&+ outw>d 9 its d[nw>d pa? & ! a]odrome j laun*$4 ,^! photographs w be m p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to lat]1 b att5tion is "h call$ to !m s t ! description imm$iately foll[+ may be m easily und]/ood4 ,al?\gh ?is me?od ( laun*+ ! a]odrome seem$ to ,mr4 ,langley1 bo? !oretically & f ! exp]i5ce ) ! models1 to be a satisfactory & feasible plan1 !re 7 two v important respects 9 :i* x seem$ f ! v fir/ op5 to objection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 necess>y t ! a]odrome %\ld be laun*$ z ne>ly at its so>+ spe$ z possible1 because ei!r an excess or defici5cy ( spe$ int]f]$ to "s ext5t ) ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e4 ,s _m factors 7 involv$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( :at ?is f9al velocity %\ld be t x seem$ almo/ impossible to be sure ( ! results until at lea/ "o te/ ( ! a]odrome _h be5 made4 ,9 ! second place x 0 n kn[n :e!r ! rapid accel]ation ( ! c> w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! equilibrium ( ! aviator4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ "q x 01 ( c\rse1 kn[n t a freely fall+ body acquires a spe$ ( #cb feet p] second at ! end ( ! fir/ second aft] hav+ fall5 a di/ance ( #af feet4 ,x 0 propos$ to laun* ! a]odrome at approximately #ce feet p] second2 &1 s9ce ! di/ance ov] :i* ! c> w\ld pass 9 acquir+ ?is spe$ 0 approximately #fj feet1 ! rate ( accel]ation w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be less ?an t = a freely fall+ body4 ,! conditions 9 ! two cases1 h[ev]1 are q diff]5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! freely fall+ body !re is ! con/ant =ce ( gravity :i* causes ! accel]ation4 ,9 ! case ( ! a]odrome ! c> is initially /&+ /ill b ready to be act$ ^u by ! comb9$ =ce ( ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s & ! t5sion ( ! spr+s4 ,! propell] ?ru/ is approximately #dej p\nds at ! mom5t ( releas+ ! c>1 :ile ! spr+ t5sion adds approximately #djj p\nds m pull1 giv+ a total pull ( #hej p\nds act+ on ! c> at ! />t4 ,! weight ( ! a]odrome includ+ ! a]onaut be+ approximately #hej p\nds1 & ! weight ( ! c> be+ approximately #dej p\nds1 ! total weight to be accel]at$ is #acjj p\nds4 ,! resi/ance ( ! c> & ! a]odrome is z]o at ! mom5t ! c> is releas$1 & increases approximately z ! squ>e ( ! velocity until x rea*es approximately #cjj p\nds at ! so>+ spe$ ( ! a]odrome2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! spr+ t5sion decreases uni=mly f #djj p\nds at ! />t to approximately #gf p\nds at ! end ( ! track1 & ! ?ru/ due to ! propell]s decreases f #dej p\nds at ! />t to approximately #bej p\nds at ! mom5t ( laun*+4 ,consequ5tly1 x is 9 a g5]al way cle> t ! rate ( accel]ation ( ! a]odrome & c> decrease1 probably 9 a geometric ratio1 ! rate ( accel]ation p#afb at ! mom5t ( laun*+ ! a]odrome be+ mu* less ?an t ( a freely fall+ body4 ,s9ce s _m factors ent] into ! problem no confid5ce 0 felt 9 calculations z to :at ! rate ( accel]ation w\ld be4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to det]m9e x exp]im5tally at ! same "t t te/s 7 made on ! c> to det]m9e :at spr+ t5sion w\ld be necess>y to enable ! a]odrome & c> to acquire so>+ spe$ by ! "t !y rea*$ ! end ( ! track4 ,x 0 obvi\sly impossible to make ?is initial te/ ) ! a]odrome m\nt$ on ! laun*+ c>1 z ! a]odrome w\ld c]ta9ly wreck bo? itself & ! c> 7 x all[$ to rema9 fa/5$ :5 ! c> 0 /opp$ at ! end ( ! track4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to make ! te/s by m\nt+ on ! c> bo>ds :i* w\ld h a head resi/ance equal to t ( ! a]odrome4 ,9 ord] to m9imize z mu* z possible ! bl[ due to ! c> /rik+ ! buff]s at ! end ( ! track1 ! c> _h be5 made z light z possible4 ,on ?is acc\nt x 0 felt to be unwise to risk add+ to x a weight ( #hej p\nds to repres5t ! a]odrome1 & supply+ an additional spr+ t5sion to repres5t ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s1 z ! total effect ( ! add$ weight & ! add$ pull w\ld c]ta9ly completely demoli% ! c>4 ,by calculation x 0 f\nd t ! omission ( ! #hej p\nds weight ( ! a]odrome & ! spr+ t5sion to repres5t ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s w\ld practically c\nt]balance ea* o!r2 & t if suffici5t spr+ t5sion 7 provid$ to cause ! c>1 ) ! light bo>ds repres5t+ ! head resi/ance ( ! a]odrome1 to rea* ! so>+ spe$ by ! "t x arriv$ at ! end ( ! track1 x w\ld be safe to assume t ?is spr+ t5sion w\ld be suffici5t = use 9 laun*+ ! a]odrome4 ,! me?od ( measur+ ! f9al spe$ ( ! laun*+ c> = ! models consi/$ 9 fa/5+ a /rip ( smok$ pap] to ! laun*+ c> 9 su* a position t x 0 drawn pa/ a /ylus fa/5$ to ! end ( a vibrat+ tun+ =k plac$ at ! end ( ! track4 ,?is _h prov$ p]fectly successful1 b x gave a record m]ely ( ! f9al spe$ atta9$ by ! c> at ! mom5t ( laun*+ ! a]odrome4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>ge a]odrome x 0 desirable to h a record ( ! spe$ ( ! c> dur+ ! fir/ few feet1 & also at sev]al o!r po9ts 9 its travel d[n ! laun*+ track1 & ! m num]\s ^! po9ts ! bett]4 ,%ort /rips ( copp] 7 accord+ly plac$ e twelve in*es along ! l5g? ( ! track1 & ^! 7 connect$ by a wire to "o t]m9al ( a small electric batt]y4 ,m\nt$ on ! c>1 9 su* a way t x w\ld be drawn across ^! contact /rips1 0 a copp] bru% arrang$ to make cont9u\s contact ) ano!r wire /ret*$ along ! track1 ?is second wire be+ connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! electric batt]y & hav+ 9 its circuit ! magnet :i* actuat$ a p5 on a *ronograph4 ,s9ce ! rate ( revolution ( ! *ronograph b>rel 0 kn[n1 ! p#afc di/ance betwe5 ! m>ks :i* ! magnet w\ld cause ! p5 to make :5 its circuit 0 clos$ by ! bru% on ! c> pass+ across ! contact /rips on ! track w\ld give correct measures ( ! "t consum$ by ! c> 9 pass+ ov] ea* twelve in*es ( its travel4 ,^u te/1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd impossible to get ! *ronograph magnets to "w rapidly en\gh to respond to ! v rapid op5+ & clos+ ( ! circuit aft] ! c> _h pass$ ov] ! fir/ "o-qu>t] ( its l5g? ( travel4 ,z a l>ge "p ( ! sl[ness ( action seem$ to be due to ! weight ( ! f\nta9 p5s1 !y 7 replac$ by small glass tubes drawn out to a f9e po9t & conta9+ a small am\nt ( ink4 ,^! seem$1 h[ev]1 to be /ill too heavy to respond to ! rapid clos+ ( ! circuit unless ! contacts 7 made unduly long4 ,! contacts 7 f9ally made ?ree in*es long & plac$ only e ?ree feet along ! track1 b j z ^! contacts 7 complet$ & plac$ 9 position ! clock-"w ( ! *ronograph itself became d]ang$4 ,be=e x c\ld be repair$1 ! te/s 7 discont9u$1 z ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess = ! boat to proce$ d[n ! riv] :]e ! actual te/s 9 free flight 7 to be made4 ,te/s ( ! f9al spe$ ( ! c> 71 h[ev]1 made by ! tun+-=k me?od1 & ! spr+s 7 adju/$ until _! t5sion 0 suffici5t to cause ! c> to atta9 a spe$ ( ?irty-five feet a second at a po9t ?ree in*es 9 front ( ! po9t at :i* ! a]odrome w\ld be releas$ f ! c>4 p#afd ,,*apt] ,v ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,frame ,,( ,,l>ge ,,a]odrome ,! g5]al plan = ! l>ge a]odrome 0 nev] a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,at ! "t :5 ! fir/ g5]al designs 7 made !re _h be5 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d only "o type ( ma*9e1 t ( ! /eam-driv5 ,langley models1 :i* _h prov$ capable ( flight = any consid]able di/ance4 ,fur!rmore1 ! selection ( ?is type _h be5 ! result n ( sudd5 fancy or ( purely !oretical consid]ation1 b ( ye>s ( ! mo/ c>eful exp]im5tation1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ne>ly e conceivable /yle ( ma*9e _h be5 te/$ ) "s =m ( p[]4 ,x w\ld h be5 worse ?an folly1 !re=e1 if ! "o cle> pa? _h be5 left to seek "s unkn[n way4 ,x 0 fully realiz$ f ! fir/1 h[ev]1 t ! increase 9 size alone w\ld make necess>y 9 ! design = ! l>ge a]odrome a great _m modifications f ! designs ( ! /eam-driv5 models4 ,x 0 n possible "h1 z 9 ne>ly e o!r k9d ( /ructure1 simply to magnify uni=mly ! p>ts & proportions ( ! small ma*9e 9 ord] to obta9 a successful l>ge "o4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! case ( ! a]odrome1 because ! rapid increase ( weight 9 ! l>g] /ructure is out ( all proportion to ! increase 9 /r5g?1 :ile x is v desirable t ! m exp5sive ma*9e :i* is design$ to c>ry a human be+ %all be relatively ev5 /rong] ?an ! easily replac$ model4 ,?is problem ( increas+ size )\t sacrific+ /r5g? & /ability1 x 0 kn[n f ! beg9n+1 w\ld be enc\nt]$ 9 a p>ticul>ly difficult =m 9 design+ ! frame ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 & 0 to be solv$ n by ! discov]y ( "s new & wond]fully /rong mat]ial1 b by improvem5ts bo? 9 ! g5]al plan & ! details ( ! ma*9e4 ,"h1 z is (t5 ! case1 x 0 n ! l>ge *anges 9 ! design b ! improvem5ts 9 small & sometimes seem+ly unimportant details :i* dem&$ ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation &1 z a :ole1 contribut$ mo/ to ! f9al result4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z because ! l>ge *anges1 :5 po9t$ out1 are usually easily und]/ood1 ! pres5t *apt] is = ! mo/ "p a description ( ! improvem5t ( details4 ,f ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! frames ( ! sev]al /eam-driv5 models1 x 0 decid$ t ! frame = ! l>ge a]odrome mu/ consi/ ess5tially ( two pr9cipal p>ts4 ,fir/1 a rigid backbone 0 requir$1 ext5d+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! front w+s to ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! re> w+s2 & ?is backbone1 = conv5i5ce designat$ p#afe ! 8ma9 frame10 mu/ support ! second pr9cipal "p1 ! 8transv]se frame10 :i* =m$ a cross ) ! ma9 frame1 & at ! ends ( :i* ! propell]s 7 m\nt$4 ,:ile x 0 necess>y t ?is transv]se frame %\ld h consid]able rigidity & /r5g? 9 a v]tical direction1 yet its ma9 /r5g? & /iffness 0 requir$ 9 ! horizontal plane = )/&+ ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s4 ,x _h be5 possible to con/ruct ! frames ( ! lat] /eam-driv5 models /iff en\gh1 & at ! same "t light en\gh1 by ! use ( prop]ly proportion$ /eel tub+1 b calculation v soon %[$ t 9 ord] to secure suffici5t rigidity = ! frame ( ! l>ge a]odrome & at ! same "t keep ! weight )9 ! p]missible limit1 x w\ld be necess>y to dep5d v l>gely on guy-wires & to use tub+ only = =m+ ! /ruts aga9/ :i* ! guy-wires %\ld act4 ,b ?is obvi\sly introduc$ a new s]ies ( problems4 ,! ext5sive sy/em ( guy-wires necess>y w\ld add mat]ially to ! head resi/ance ( ! a]odrome1 & ?is might conceivably be s great z to require m propulsive p[] ?an w\ld be requir$ = a frame heavi] b un9cumb]$ by ! head resi/ance ( ! wires4 ,x became necess>y to consid] ^! problems1 b no data 7 accessible f :i* ! head resi/ance c\ld be comput$ ) any confid5ce4 ,! coeffici5t ( resi/ance = a cyl9drical body mov+ ?r\gh ! air 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its l5g? may 9 g5]al be tak5 z "o-half t ( a flat body ( ! same cross-section2 b x 0 ?\ght v c]ta9 t1 ow+ to ! fact t tightly /ret*$ wires are 9 con/ant vibration :5 ! a]odrome is 9 ! air1 ! resi/ance ( ! wires mu/ be consid]ably great] ?an w\ld be calculat$ f treat+ !m z cyl9d]s hav+ a coeffici5t ( #j4e4 ,un=tunately1 no data on ! resi/ance ( vibrat+ wires 7 at h&4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ! designs = ! guy+ ( ! frame1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ brief s]ies ( te/s 0 made 9 ,novemb]1 #ahih1 on ! :irl+ table1 9 ord] to le>n approximately ! resi/ance t ! propos$ sy/em ( guy-wires = ! l>ge a]odrome w\ld (f]3 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,guy-,,wires1 ,,us+ ,,frame ,,atta*$ ,,to 8,,balance40 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,frame ,,)\t ,,wires4 ,frame consi/s (3 #d tubes1 #a cm4 diamet]1 #ad4e cm long2 #b tubes1 #a cm4 diamet]1 #da cm4 long2 #b tubes1 #a cm4 diamet]1 #aja cm4 long4 ,revolutions ( ,velocity ( ,resi/ance4 ,calculat$ resi/ance turn-table p] frame4 ,feet ,grammes4 ( frame4 m9ute4 p] m9ute4 r4 ,grammes4 #f4ge #fjh #aa4e #ad4b #i4ge #hgg #cd4j #bi4f #ab4j #ajhj #ea4h #dd4h #af4ce #adge #ig4j #hc4h #ai4ge #agge #acd4j #aba4c #bb4g #bjde #afh4j #afa4b #be4e #bbij #bje4j #bjb4j ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,frame ,,) #a,,/ ,,set ,,( ,,wires4 ,fir/ set ( wires3 #af wires1 #j4f mm4 diamet]1 #ajb cm4 long2 #f wires1 #j4f mm4 diamet]1 #db cm4 long4 ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,resi/ance ,resi/ance ,calculat$ ( turn-table wires4 ,feet ( frame ( wires4 resi/ance p] m9ute4 p] m9ute4 & wires4 ,r#arr#a4 ( wires4 ,grammes4 ,grammes4 ,r#a4 #i4ge #hgg #dg4e #ac4e #h4hh #ab4j #ajhj #gc4e #ba4g #ac4dg #ac4ge #abcg #ic4e #be4e #ag4fe #ag4be #aeej #add4j #cg4j #bg4g #bj4be #ahbb #ahg4j #de4e #ch4d #bb4ej #bjbe #baf4j #dg4e #dg4d #bb4hge #bjfj #bbe4j #eb4j #di4j #bd4ef #bbae #bej4j #ef4e #ef4g ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,frame ,,) #b;,d ,,set ,,( ,,wires4 ,second set ( wires3 #ae wires1 #a4b mm4 diamet]1 #ajb cm4 long2 #b wires1 #a4b mm4 diamet]1 #db cm4 long4 ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,resi/ance ,resi/ance ,calculat$ ( turn-table wires4 ,feet ( frame ( wires4 resi/ance p] m9ute4 p] m9ute4 & wires4 ,r#brr#b4 ( wires4 ,grammes4 ,grammes4 ,r#b4 #i4be #hcc #ed4j #bf4e #ae4ce #i4ce #hda #ee4j #bg4j #ae4d #aa4c #ajah #hb4j #cf4ge #bb4fe #aa4e #ajce #hb4j #ce4be #bc4d #ac4j #aagj #ajd4e #dc4j #bi4i #ac4ae #aahe #aje4j #db4e #cj4fj #af4g #aeje #afj4j #ei4j #di4e #af4ge #aeaj #afj4j #eh4j #di4i #ai4e #agee #aif4j #fd4j #fg4d #ai4g #aggj #bjc4j #fi4e #fh4e #ba4fj #aide #bcf4j #gg4j #hb4f #ba4fe #aiej #bcg4j #gg4ge #hc4b #ba4ge #aieg #bce4j #ge4e #hc4g ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,frame ,,) #c;,d ,,set ,,( ,,wires4 ,?ird set ( wires3 #ae wires1 #b mm4 diamet]1 #ajb cm4 long2 #b wires1 #b mm4 diamet]1 #db cm4 long4 ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,resi/ance ,resi/ance ,calculat$ ( turn-table wires4 ,feet ( frame ( wires4 resi/ance p] m9ute4 p] m9ute4 & wires4 ,r#crr#c4 ( wires4 ,grammes4 ,grammes4 ,r#c4 #i4be #hcc #fe #cg4e #be4b #aa4ee #ajdj #ia #dc4e #ci4ce #aa4ee #ajdj #aja #ec4e #ci4ce #ae4be #acge #afj #ge4j #fh4g #ah4a #afcj #bjc #hf4e #if4f #ai4be #agce #bba #ib4j #aji4e #ai4be #agce #baf #hg4j #aji4e #bj4fc #ahfj #bcg #ij4e #abe4h ,! la/ column ( ^! tables is calculat$ = a coeffici5t ( =m equal to #j4e1 :i* has be5 f\nd to be approximately correct = a rigid cyl9drical body4 ,^! tables are n suffici5tly ext5sive to det]m9e accurately ! exact resi/ance t wires ( v>i\s sizes w (f] at giv5 velocities1 or to s]ve z ! basis = ! d$uction ( =mul1 & 7 n made = t purpose4 ,h[ev]1 f ! above data1 & ! curves plott$ 9 ,plate #dd1 x w be se5 t "s unexpect$ results 7 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #dd ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,wires ,,at ,,giv5 ,,velocities p#afg ,^! results are fairly well summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts3 ,fir/1 t ! coeffici5t ( resi/ance increases to "s degree z ! size ( ! wire is decreas$2 second1 t 9 ! case ( wires ( ! size :i* x 0 expect$ to use1 & at approximately ! so>+ spe$ ( ! a]odrome1 ! resi/ance is c]ta9ly n great] ?an #ge p] c5t1 & m probably less ?an #ej p] c5t ( ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by a flat surface ( ! same project$ area2 ?ird1 t ! coeffici5t ( resi/ance did n seem to be increas$ by ! vibration ( ! wires4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 not$ dur+ ! exp]im5ts t :5 !y rea*$ a spe$ :i* j caus$ !m to 8s+10 !re 0 a m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! resi/ance4 ,?is /atem5t is made1 h[ev]1 ) "s res]ve1 = x is probable t ! s++ ( ! wires 0 due to vibration 9 ! horizontal plane1 & x is n def9itely kn[n :at ! effect w\ld be ( vibration 9 ! v]tical plane4 ,to make ! v ext5sive exp]im5ts necess>y to det]m9e ^! propositions conclusively w\ld h requir$ mu* m "t ?an c\ld at ?is p]iod be sp>$ f ! actual con/ructional "w on ! a]odrome4 ,nev]!less1 ! data did seem to indicate t x 0 at lea/ n unwise to employ ! ext5sive sy/em ( guy+ :i* _h be5 plann$ 9 ord] to give ! necess>y /r5g? to ! frame ( ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,?is plan ( con/ruction 01 !re=e1 def9itely adopt$1 & z a result ( lat] exp]i5ce ! sy/em ( guy+ 0 /ill fur!r ext5d$4 ,z ! transv]se frame _h to be made comp>atively rigid 9 ord] to prev5t undue b9d+ ( ! be>+s ( ! transmission & propell] %afts1 x 0 necess>y to make x intr9sically /rong] &1 !re=e1 heavi] 9 proportion to its size ?an ! ma9 frame4 ,! ma9 frame1 al?\gh requir+ great /r5g? to enable x to )/& ! /ra9s1 bo? torsional & direct1 :i* 7 impos$ ^u x by ! weights :i* x support$1 did n ne$ excessive rigidity1 & c\ld1 inde$1 be di/ort$ an appreciable am\nt )\t dang] ( any s]i\s effect on ! action ( ! w+s or rudd]2 b ev5 a small am\nt ( di/ortion 9 ! transv]se frame might easily cause su* friction at ! be>+s ( ! %afts z to absorb fifty p] c5t or m ( ! eng9e p[]4 ,9 ! photographs1 ,plates #de to #dh1 :i* %[ ! actual condition ( ! frame on ,janu>y #ca & ,febru>y #a1 #aijj1 ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h & ,i designate p>ts ( ! ma9 frame1 ,a & ,h be+ ! re> & front midrods1 respectively1 to :i* ! w+s 7 to be atta*$4 ,b & ,i are curv$ ext5sions ( ! />bo>d ma9 tube1 ! port ma9 tube be+ exactly simil>1 & ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f & ,g are cross-tubes :i* connect ! midrods to ! port & />bo>d tubes4 ,r is ! front ma9 tube ( ! transv]se frame1 ! re> ma9 tube be+ exactly simil>1 & bo? be+ connect$ to ! ma9 tubes ( ! ma9 frame :]e !y cross !m4 ,! ends ( ! ma9 tubes ( ! p#afh transv]se frame are jo9$ toge!r by ! 8b$ plates0 ,l1 :i* are ( ,i-beam section1 & h m\nt$ on _! out] faces ! be>+s :i* support ! propell] %afts4 ,at ,v are bevel ge>s m\nt$ on ! propell] %afts1 :i* are driv5 by co-act+ bevel ge>s1 ,m1 m\nt$ on ! out] ends ( ! transmission %afts1 ,o1 ! latt] be+ at ?is po9t firmly support$ 9 be>+s m\nt$ on ! inn] faces ( ! b$ plates & /eadi$ by ! int]m$iate be>+s1 ,n4 ,! two transmission %afts are se5 to be n 9 l9e1 ! rot>y cyl9d] eng9e t 0 !n "u con/ruction requir+ ?is arrangem5t4 ,! b$ plates1 ,l1 are fur!r /iff5$ by ! brace tubes1 ,k1 & ! transv]se frame is brac$ aga9/ ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s by ! tubes ,j4 ,! f\r tubes1 ,p1 unite at _! upp] ends to =m :at 0 designat$ z ! upp] 8pyramid10 & ! wires1 ,s & ,t1 radiate f its apex to ! re> & front1 respectively1 ( ! ma9 frame4 ,! l[] 8pyramid10 on ! "u side ( ! frame1 also has simil> wires runn+ =e & aft4 ,! ma9 portions ( bo? frames are fur!r /r5g!n$ by _! sub-frames1 :i* m]ge toge!r1 & ! ma9 tubes ( ! ma9 frame are individually /iff5$ 9 ! v]tical plane by a m9or sy/em ( guy+4 ,! scales %[n 9 ! photographs are calibrat$ 9 metres4 ,x is to be p>ticul>ly not$ t ! midrod1 :i* _h h]et(ore =m$ ! backbone ( ! ma9 frame1 0 n[ made to act m]ely z a means ( atta*+ ! w+s to ! frame1 ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! frame be+ furni%$ by ! two p>allel fifty millimetre tubes :i* ext5d$ ! entire l5g? ( ! frame & :i*1 re9=c$ by ! guy-wires1 =m$ a truss n only m rigid transv]sely1 b also _m times /rong] 9 its ability to resi/ torsional /ra9s ?an c\ld be secur$ by a s+le tube ( equal weight4 ,9 ?is plan ( con/ruct+ ! ma9 frame1 ! pyramids con/itut$ a v important elem5t1 = ) ! guy-wires arrang$ z !y 7 x 0 impossible = any portion ( ! frame to exp]i5ce a /ress :i* 0 n transmitt$ 9 "s way to ! pyramids4 ,9 ! frame1 z "h %[n1 ^! pyramids 7 =m$ ( tubes #ae mm4 9 diamet]1 #j4e mm4 ?ick1 /iff5$ aga9/ buckl+ "u ! end pressure by means ( ! cross-braces1 :i* unit$ !m ne> _! midpo9ts4 ,:ile ! sole function ( ! upp] pyramid 0 to s]ve 9 ! sy/em ( guy+ ! frame1 ! l[] pyramid n only s]v$ a simil> purpose1 b also provid$ a means = hold+ ! a]odrome to ! laun*+ c> 9 ! process ( laun*+ x1 ! clut*-hooks gripp+ ar\nd ! %ort horizontal tube at ! apex ( ! pyramid & ?us draw+ ! 8be>+ po9ts0 ( ! ma*9e firmly aga9/ ! uprights on ! c>4 ,9 fact1 ! p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ^! pyramids 0 l>gely det]m9$ by ?is necessity = provid+ means = hold+ ! a]odrome to ! laun*+ c>1 & ! =m :i* seem$ be/ suit$ to ! purpose 0 duplicat$ on ! upp] side ( ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #de ,,frame ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,janu>y #ca1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #df ,,frame ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,janu>y #ca1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #dg ,,frame ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,febru>y #a1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #dh ,,frame ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,febru>y #a1 #aijj p#afi ,! 8be>+ po9ts0 7 n atta*$ to ! frame at ! "t ^! photographs 7 tak51 b are se5 lean+ aga9/ ! scales 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,plate #df4 ,_! position on ! frame w be m cle>ly se5 9 lat] photographs1 :]e x w be not$ t !y 7 made use ( 9 ! m elaborate sy/em ( guy+ :i* 0 adopt$4 ,:ile1 9 g5]al1 ! frame at ?is "t seem$ to be reasonably /iff & /rong1 yet x 0 subject$ to a v ?or\gh te/ by support+ x at diff]5t po9ts & susp5d+ f x weights to repres5t ! v>i\s p>ts1 su* z eng9e1 aviator1 w+s1 rudd] & s =?1 ! deflections :i* 7 produc$ by ^! weights be+ c>efully not$4 ,x 0 fur!r te/$ by subject+ x to vibratory /ra9s1 su* z x w\ld be likely to meet 9 actual use4 ,aft] ?is ! :ole frame 0 te/$ aga9/ torsional /ra9s1 su* z w\ld be caus$ by ! w9d twi/+ "o set ( w+s m ?an ! o!r4 ,z a result ( ^! te/s x 0 decid$ t ! frame %\ld be /r5g!n$ z f> z x 0 possible to d s )\t greatly increas+ ! weight1 :i* ev5 n[ 0 f\nd to be rapidly increas+ beyond :at _h be5 calculat$ z p]missible4 ,! ma9 guy-wires 7 replac$ by heavi] & /rong] ones1 & :ile ^! 7 f\nd to add some:at to ! /iffness ( ! frame1 yet some?+ m seem$ necess>y to insure safety4 ,! delay 9 secur+ ! eng9e1 :i* _h be5 contract$ = ) a gu>antee t x w\ld be deliv]$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahii1 _h become s s]i\s & _h delay$ ! completion ( ! frame to su* an ext5t t ! "q ( build+ an exact duplicate ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 b ( "o-qu>t] its l9e> dim5sions 0 be+ c>efully consid]$ at ?is "t1 & x 0 decid$ to make no fur!r *anges 9 ! guy+ ( ! l>ge frame until aft] ! small "o 0 built4 ,on acc\nt ( its small] size *anges c\ld be m readily & *eaply made on x1 & ! advantages ( diff]5t me?ods ( guy+ c\ld be j z well /udi$4 ,lat]1 :5 ?is 0 complet$1 x 0 f\nd t1 ) ! same sy/em ( guy+ t _h be5 us$ 9 ! l>g] frame1 ! model 0 s v /iff t x did n require any fur!r /r5g!n+1 ! small] scale1 ( c\rse1 acc\nt+ = ! diff]5ce4 ,:at 0 ?\ght to be ! be/ sy/em to foll[ 9 /r5g!n+ ! frame ( ! l>ge ma*9e 01 h[ev]1 fir/ tri$ on ! small] "o1 & x 0 f\nd t = a v slight increase 9 weight a v great increase 9 /r5g? c\ld be obta9$4 ,?is *ange 9 ! sy/em ( guy+ consi/$ ess5tially ( build+ a 8tre/le0 ( tub+ at a po9t on ! upp] side1 midway betwe5 ! pyramid & ! re> end ( ! frame4 ,"o ( ! =m] sets ( guy-wires :i* pass$ to ! re> ( ! frame 0 !n replac$ by a set :i* />t$ at ! foot ( ! re> tubes ( ! upp] pyramid1 pass$ ov] & 0 fa/5$ to ! tre/le1 & f !re pass$ to ! re> end ( ! frame at ! po9ts :]e ! long] guy-wires f ! pyramid _h =m]ly be5 atta*$4 ,! p#agj guy-wires on ! l[] side ( ! frame1 at ! re>1 7 correspond+ly *ang$ s t ! upp] & l[] sy/ems %\ld be simil>1 ! wires :i* />t$ f ! ma9 tubes at ! foot ( ! pyramid pass+ to ! be>+ po9ts1 & f !re to ! re> end ( ! frame4 ,9 ord] to keep ! ma9 frame ( ! l>ge a]odrome z %ort z possible1 x _h orig9ally be5 plann$ to make ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! front w+s & ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! re> equal to five metres4 ,:5 ^! same proportions 7 foll[$ 9 ! qu>t]-size model1 x 0 f\nd t x br\ght ! re> w+s s close to ! propell]s t _! lift+ effect 0 c]ta9 to be int]f]$ ) by ! bla/ ( air creat$ by ! slip ( ! propell]s4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ t all ?+s consid]$ x w\ld be be/ to increase ?is di/ance betwe5 ! w+s1 ev5 ?\gh ?is involv$ an increase 9 weight1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! increas$ am\nt ( tub+1 & /ill m on acc\nt ( ! guy-wires :i* x w\ld be necess>y to add 9 ord] to make up = ! weakness due to increas$ l5g?4 ,! l>ge a]odrome frame 0 accord+ly l5g!n$ #b4e feet 7#gf4b cm471 & ! guy-wire sy/em 0 *ang$ to t cle>ly %[n by ! photographs ( ,july #aj1 #aijb1 ,plates #di1 #ej & #ea1 ! black cross-l9es on ! backgr\nd be+ #ej c5timetres ap>t4 ,f an inspection ( ^! photographs x w be se5 t two sets ( guy-wires 7 c>ri$ f ! upp] & l[] pyramids1 respectively1 t[>ds ! re> ( ! frame1 ! fir/ set be+ c>ri$ to ! ma9 tubes at ! foot ( ! 8tre/le0 & ! be>+ po9ts1 & ! second set to ^! same ma9 tubes at ! second cross-tube4 ,! sets ( wires :i* />t$ f ! feet ( ! pyramids 7 c>ri$ ov] ! 8tre/le0 on ! upp] side & ! be>+ po9ts on ! l[] side1 & bo? jo9$ to ! ma9 tubes at ! re> cross-tube4 ,additional cross-guy-wires = /iff5+ ! frame sideways 7 add$ 9 ea* ( ! squ>es =m$ by ! junction ( ! cross-tubes ) ! ma9 tubes4 ,a second>y sy/em ( truss guy-wires runn+ ov] %ort guy-po/s atta*$ to ! tubes ( ! ma9 frame also contribut$ to ! /r5g? & rigidity ( ! :ole4 ,al?\gh ! pyramids _h %[n no signs ( weakness1 nev]!less1 because ( increas$ /ra9s due to ! l5g!n+ ( ! ma9 frame1 x 0 ?\ght advisable to make !m /rong]4 ,in/ead ( ! #ae-mm4 tub+1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 us$1 #be-mm4 tub+ ( ! same ?ickness 0 !re=e sub/itut$1 & additional cross-braces 7 add$1 z w be se5 f ! photographs1 & f ! scale draw+s 9 ,plates #eb1 #ec & #ed1 :i* %[ ! a]odrome z x 0 :5 complet$4 ,! num]als atta*$ to ^! draw+s ref] to ! detail draw+s %[n 9 lat] plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #di ,,guy-,,wire ,,sy/em1 ,,july #aj1 #aijb ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ej ,,guy-,,wire ,,sy/em1 ,,july #aj1 #aijb ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ea ,,guy-,,wire ,,sy/em1 ,,july #aj1 #aijb ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #eb ,,scale ,,draw+ ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,end ,,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ec ,,scale ,,draw+ ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,side ,,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ed ,,scale ,,draw+ ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a1 ,,plan ,9 ord] to secure ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! guy-wires1 n only ( ! frame b ( _m o!r p>ts1 notably ! w+s1 propell]s & rudd]1 x 0 necess>y to use a l>ge numb] ( turn-buckles4 ,z almo/ e wire p#aga requir$ at lea/ "o1 & 9 "s cases two turn-buckles1 ! weight repres5t$ by ?is s+le item rapidly became s =midable z to require s]i\s att5tion4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! models1 x _h be5 necess>y to employ "s special turn-buckles 9 connect+ ! guy-wires ( ! w+s to _! guy-po/s 9 ord] to secure ! m9ute adju/m5t ( ! wires necess>y to prev5t ! w+s f be+ w>p$ & di/ort$ by unequal & improp] adju/m5t4 ,^! turn-buckles _h be5 made 9 ! ,in/itution %ops1 z ! v lighte/ ones :i* c\ld be secur$ 9 ! m>ket 7 f t5 to tw5ty times z heavy z x 0 necess>y = !m to be to provide ample /r5g?4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge numb] requir$1 & ! desire to complete ! ma*9e at ! e>lie/ mom5t1 made x advisable to procure ! turn-buckles1 if possible1 f outside s\rces1 & a v c>eful se>* 0 accord+ly made among ! v>i\s deal]s4 ,aft] mu* delay "s bronze turn-buckles 7 secur$ :i* 7 v mu* /rong] = _! weight ?an any o!rs on ! m>ket1 b ^u te/+ !m x 0 f\nd t :ile !y weigh$ #de grammes1 _! av]age break+ /r5g? 0 only #eic p\nds4 ,previ\s exp]i5ce _h %[n t turn-buckles :i* w\ld n break "u a less load ?an #gej p\nds c\ld c]ta9ly be made to weigh n m ?an #ah grammes4 ,z ev5 at ?is "t x 0 realiz$ t at lea/ #ajj turn-buckles w\ld be necess>y = ! entire ma*9e1 ! excess weight :i* ! heavy turn-buckles w\ld add 0 felt to be absolutely prohibitory1 & ! con/ruction ( /eel turn-buckles 0 imm$iately begun 9 ! ,in/itution %ops4 ,^! turn-buckles 7 at fir/ made 9 sev]al sizes1 & :ile "s few 7 at fir/ made 8d\ble end$10 mo/ ( !m 7 ?read$ at only "o end1 ! o!r end be+ provid$ ) a swivel-hook1 or eye4 ,!y 7 at fir/ made ( mild /eel1 ! swivel-hooks1 9 fact1 be+ made ( wire nails 9 ord] to utilize ! head ( ! nail z a %\ld] )\t ! exp5se ( ma*9+ rod /eel ( a size l>ge en\gh to =m ! %\ld]4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! weak po9t ( ?is type ( turn-buckle 0 ! swivel end1 & mo/ ( ^? :i* 7 !n on h& 7 made d\ble end$ by remov+ ! hook1 tapp+ a left-h& ?read into ?is end ( ! %ank1 & fitt+ a ?read$ eye-socket 9 x4 ,! guy-wires !mselves 7 atta*$ to ! eyes ( ! turn-buckles & to ! fitt+s on ! frame by twi/+ loops at ! ends ( ! wires1 & al?\gh ! v greate/ diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( a complet$ guy-wire may result f ! way 9 :i* ! loops are twi/$1 yet1 aft] mu* tra9+1 ! workm5 7 taught to twi/ ^! v uni=mly1 foll[+ ! plan :i* c be be/ und]/ood by an inspection ( ! draw+s 9 ,plate #ee :i* %[ ! loops m cle>ly ?an !y c be describ$4 ,aft] ! loops _h be5 prop]ly twi/$1 s(t sold] 0 run all ?r\gh ! twi/ 9 ord] to unite firmly ! twi/s ( ! wire4 ,al?\gh special grades ( wire 7 f\nd :i* %[$ v high t5sile /r5g? :5 ! wire 0 p#agb te/$ )\t hav+ loops =m$ 9 its ends1 yet x appe>$ t ! twi/+ ( ^! high-grade wires s s]i\sly affect$ !m t 9 ! case ( guy-wires ) loops at ! ends1 bett] f9al results c\ld be obta9$ by us+ s(t] grades ( /eel4 ,! wire :i* 0 actually f\nd be/1 aft] mu* exp]im5t1 0 a good grade ( ,bessem] /eel ( a m$ium h>dness1 :i* _h be5 8copp]$0 to prev5t ru/+4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ) ! s(t] grades ( /eel wire1 x 0 f\nd t !re 7 sometimes h>d spots 9 ! wire :i* reveal$ !mselves only ^u te/1 & t :5 a h>d spot occurr$ 9 ! twi/$ portion :]e ! loop 0 =m$1 ! f9al /r5g? ( ! complet$ guy-wire 0 sometimes only tw5ty-five p] c5t ( :at x %\ld be4 ,! precaution 0 !n tak5 to subject ea* ( ! complet$ guys to a te/ /ra9 at lea/ tw5ty-five p] c5t great] ?an x 0 calculat$ ! wire w\ld h to /& 9 actual use1 s t no accid5t f defective wires w\ld be likely to occur4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 mu* tr\ble 0 caus$ by ! loops 9 ! ends ( "s ( ! guy-wires slipp+1 ow+ to ! giv+ way ( ! sold] :i* _h be5 run ?r\gh ! jo9t1 ! am\nt ( slipp+1 :ile small1 be+ suffici5t to alt] completely ! relative /resses on ! v>i\s wires1 ?us caus+ di/ortion ( ! framework itself4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is difficulty a new me?od 0 devis$ ( atta*+ ! guy-wires to ! turn-buckles & to ! fitt+s by :i* !y 7 c>ri$ to ! frame4 ,?is me?od consi/$ 9 ?read+ ! ends ( ! guy-wires s t !y c\ld be ins]t$ directly 9 ! ?read$ ends ( ! turn-buckles4 ,! wires :5 connect$ 9 ?is way to ! turn-buckles %[$ absolutely no slip1 & ! entire sy/em ga9$ greatly 9 /r5g? !reby4 ,! only disadvantage :i* 0 f\nd 9 ?is new me?od ( atta*+ ! guy-wires to _! fitt+s1 0 t if ! wire 0 b5t v close to ! fitt+1 x w\ld break 9 ! screw ?read v easily4 ,b s9ce mo/ ( ! guy-wires :5 once atta*$ to ! ma*9e are always tight1 & 9 fact1 "u m or less /ra91 !re 0 9 mo/ cases no likelihood ( ! wires be+ endang]$ by be+ b5t close to ! fitt+s4 ,s9ce ! screw ?reads1 :i* x 0 necess>y to adopt 9 ?is new plan ( connect+ ! guy-wires1 _h to be v mu* f9] ?an ! ?reads :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! turn-buckles previ\sly con/ruct$1 x 0 necess>y to make new turn-buckles1 ! o!rs be+ too ?9 to p]mit ( _! be+ bor$ out1 bu%$ & re-?read$4 ,! new turn-buckles 7 made ( a mu* high] grade ( /eel1 & probably repres5t v ne>ly ! maximum ( /r5g? = ! m9imum ( weight possible )\t ! use ( "s ( ! v mu* high]-grade /eels :i* h rec5tly come on ! m>ket1 b :i* are exce$+ly exp5sive to "w4 ,by means ( ?is improv$ plan ( atta*+ ! wires1#db x p#agc 0 f\nd possible to ga9 practically fifty p] c5t 9 ! /r5g? ( ! entire sy/em ( guy-wires us$ on ! frame4 ,_m small *anges 7 f "t to "t made 9 ! v>i\s small fitt+s by :i* ! guy-wires 7 atta*$ to ! frame1 ne>ly all ( ^! fitt+s hav+ be5 orig9ally made ( a v mild grade ( /eel ow+ to ! fact t x 0 s v mu* easi] to "w4 ,at ! "t ^! fitt+s 7 made x 0 con/antly expect$ t a trial ( ! a]odrome w\ld be possible v soon1 & x seem$ necess>y to exp$ite ! "w z mu* z possible & avoid ! delay involv$ 9 us+ grades ( /eel t w\ld h be5 mat]ially h>d] to "w4 ,z is always ! case 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 retrospect %[s _m in/ances :]e :at 0 suppos$ to be a %ort cut to results actually prov$ to be ! longe/ pa?1 b ! "w z a :ole 0 rem>kably free f imp]fect p>ts :i* necessitat$ recon/ruction4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! frames ( ! models x _h be5 cu/om>y to fit ! tub+ accurately at ! jo9ts & to jo9 x p]man5tly toge!r by braz+1 z ?is 0 n only ! lighte/ =m ( jo9t t c\ld be made1 b also ! mo/ exp$iti\s me?od consi/5t ) secur+ a /r5g? ( ! jo9t comp>able ) t ( ! tub+ itself4 ,! con/ruction ( ! frame by ?is me?od ( braz+ ! jo9ts toge!r p]man5tly1 (f]$1 h[ev]1 sev]al s]i\s drawbacks3 among !m1 t :5 a tube got injur$ x 0 a consid]able task to replace x1 :ile ! braz+ ( ! new tube 9 place requir$ extreme c>e to prev5t ! frame f be+ w>p$ :5 complet$1 z ! tube became long] :ile v hot & contract$ aft] ! jo9t _h set4 ,fur!rmore1 ! great heat requir$ de/roy$ to a consid]able degree ! desirable qualities due to ! tube be+ 8cold drawn10 a r$uction ( /r5g? ( some?+ l #be p] c5t be+ almo/ inevitable1 ev5 :5 ! braz+ 0 mo/ c>efully done4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge ma*9e all ( ! ma9 jo9ts %\ld be made by a sy/em ( 8?imbles10 & x 0 plann$ at fir/ to make ^! ?imbles by braz+ %ort pieces ( /eel tub+ into ! prop] %apes & angles s t !y w\ld accurately fit ! tubes :i* 7 to be jo9$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ?imbles 9 ?is mann]1 h[ev]1 seem$ to involve an excessive am\nt ( "w2 &1 z x 0 f\nd t v ?9 ca/+s ( alum9um-bronze c\ld be obta9$1 :i* w\ld %[ a t5sile /r5g? v ne>ly z great z /eel1 x 0 decid$ to make up patt]ns = ! ?imbles & ca/ !m ( alum9um-bronze4 ,! alum9um-bronze ca/+s 7 obta9$ & prop]ly ma*9$ to fit ! tubes1 b :5 x 0 attempt$ to 8t90 ! int]ior walls ( ! ?imbles x 0 f\nd t ! sold] c\ld n be made to /ick to ! bronze4 ,z a consid]able am\nt ( "w _h be5 exp5d$ on ! ma*9e "w ( ^! ?imbles mu* "t & ef=t 0 sp5t 9 attempt+ to devise 8fluxes0 p#agd & sold]s :i* c\ld be made to "w ) ! alum9um-bronze1 b ! f9al result 0 t ! alum9um-bronze ?imbles _h to be ab&on$4 ,!y 7 replac$ by simil> ca/+s ( gun-metal ( a slightly heavi] section1 :i* at ! "t 7 ?\ght to be v suitable = ! purpose4 ,b1 9 f9ally assembl+ ! frame aft] ! *anges describ$ above _h be5 made1 /eel ?imbles1 built up ( %ort pieces ( tub+1 z _h orig9ally be5 plann$1 7 sub/itut$ = ! gun-metal ?imbles4 ,?is *ange 0 made n only because ( ! great increase 9 /r5g?1 b m p>ticul>ly because _m ( ! gun-metal fitt+s _h be5 imp]fectly con/ruct$1 s t x 0 extremely difficult to align ! frame4 ,! /eel ?imbles1 :i* 7 made 9 ! ,in/itution %ops prov$ ?or\ghly satisfactory & gave no tr\ble ( any k9d4 ,_m ( ^! ?imbles & ! me?od ( atta*+ ! guy-wire fitt+s to !m are %[n 9 ,plates #ef & #eg1 z well z 9 ,plate #ee4 ,,transv]se ,,frame ,x w be recall$ f ! description ( ! models ,nos4 #e & #f1 9 ,"p ,i1 t ! position ( ! l9e ( ?ru/1 ) respect to ! positions ( ! c5t] ( pressure & c5t] ( gravity 9 ! v]tical plane 01 !oretically1 v mu* bett] 9 ,no4 #f ?an 9 ,no4 #e4 ,9 design+ ! l>ge a]odrome1 x 0 desir$ to reproduce z ne>ly z possible ! relative position ( ! l9e ( ?ru/ ) ref]5ce to ! c5t] ( pressure & c5t] ( gravity :i* exi/$ 9 ,no4 #f1 b = con/ructional reasons x 0 f\nd impossible to d s4 ,9 fact x appe>$ t )\t s]i\sly complicat+ ! con/ruction ( ! frame x 0 impossible to raise ! l9e ( ?ru/ ) respect to ! c5t] ( gravity mat]ially high] ?an x 0 9 ,no4 #e4 ,9 ,no4 #f ! l9e ( ?ru/ 0 #ab c5timetres above ! midrod1 ?is be+ effect$ by plac+ ! eng9es "s di/ance f ! boil]1 & at ! extreme ends ( ! transv]se frame :]e !y 7 connect$ directly to ! propell]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! /eam eng9e ! weight ( ! eng9e prop] is a relatively small portion ( ! entire weight ( ! p[] plant1 & x is1 !re=e1 possible to put ! eng9e almo/ any:]e )\t mat]ially affect+ ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,b :]e a gas eng9e is us$ ! eng9e itself con/itutes ! great] "p ( ! weight ( ! p[] plant1 & any rais+ ( ! eng9e1 !re=e1 mat]ially raises ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,! l9e ( ?ru/ 9 ! l>ge a]odrome 01 !re=e1 practically 9 ! plane ( ! ma9 frame1 & consequ5tly v little high] ?an ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ee ,,frame ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,guy-,,wire ,,atta*m5ts1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ef ,,frame ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,guy-,,wire ,,atta*m5ts1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #eg ,,frame ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,guy-,,wire ,,atta*m5ts1 ,,etc4 ,! use ( "o eng9e to drive two propell]s m\nt$ at opposite ends ( ! transv]se frame1 & 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e1 necessitates ! use ( a pair ( bevel ge>s betwe5 ea* ( ! propell] %afts & ! %afts by :i* ! p[] is convey$ to !m f p#age ! eng9e %aft4 ,s9ce ! effici5t transmission ( p[] ?r\gh bevel ge>s requires t !y be v accurately plac$ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 & ma9ta9$ v accurately 9 ?is position :ile !y are at "w1 x 0 necess>y to make ! transv]se frame v rigid1 especially at its extreme ends4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ! use ( :at 7 call$ 8propell]-%aft b$ plates40 ,!y are designat$ by ! num]al #bg 9 ,plate #ed1 & are %[n 9 detail 9 ,plate #eh z ( a v deep ,i-beam section1 hav+ v n>r[ flanges top & bottom1 ! web ( ! ,i-beam furni%+ ! /r5g? 9 a v]tical direction1 :ile suffici5t /iffness lat]ally 0 obta9$ f ! flanges1 assi/$ by ! brace tubes1 :i* act$ z /ruts betwe5 ! b$ plates & ! ma9 tubes ( ! transv]se frame4 ,^! /ruts1 :ile v light1 add$ enorm\sly n only to ! lat]al /iffness ( ! propell] b$ plates1 b furni%$ = a m9imum weight a maximum prev5tion aga9/ twi/+ ( ! plates4 ,! propell]-%aft b$ plates 7 orig9ally plann$ to be made ( %eet metal ) ! flanges braz$ to ! web4 ,b at ! "t t !y 7 con/ruct$ ! pressure ( ! "w 0 s great 9 ! ,in/itution %ops t x 0 f\nd necess>y to h "s ( ! "w done outside1 & ! p>ties :o und]took ! con/ruction ( ^! b$ plates 7 unwill+ to attempt to braze !m up1 & accord+ly work$ !m f /eel =g+s made = ! purpose4 ,! exp5se ( ?is plan ( con/ruction prov$ l>ge & unnecess>y1 z bo? previ\s & lat] exp]i5ce prov$ t x 0 n only practicable to braze up b$ plates m complicat$ 9 _! design ?an ^!1 b t equal /r5g? = equal weight c\ld ?us be obta9$ = less ?an "o-qu>t] ! co/ ( con/ruct+ !m f solid =g+s4 ,fur!rmore1 :]e su* p>ts are made f ! solid1 *anges :i* lat] te/s prove advisable c frequ5tly n be c>ri$ out )\t v s]i\s co/ & delay1 :ile ) ! b$ plates =m$ by braz+ less hesitancy is felt 9 remov+ p>ts :i* are braz$ !reto & sub/itut+ new p>ts1 or ev5 disc>d+ ! b$ plates altoge!r & sub/itut+ new ones4 ,p>ticul> emphasis is laid on ?is po9t = ! reason t mu* exp5se & delay w\ld h be5 avoid$ _h ^! v exp5sive propell]-%aft b$ plates be5 disc>d$ z e>ly z #aija & replac$ by o!rs :i* w\ld h p]mitt$ a consid]able /r5g!n+ ( ! ball-be>+s1 :i*1 :ile /rong en\gh to /& ev5 m p[] ?an !y 7 orig9ally design$ =1 7 f> too weak to be safe :5 work+ "u ! greatly increas$ /ress due to ! v mu* high] eng9e p[] :i* 0 lat] us$4 ,in/ead ( disc>d+ ^! b$ plates !n = new ones1 !y 7 /r5g!n$ by braz+ to !m cresc5t-%ap$ pieces1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s & photographs4 ,?is /r5g!n+ 0 made necess>y by ! l>g] hole cut 9 ! b$ plates = ! l>g] bevel ge>s4 ,! b$ plates = ! eng9e1 :i* are lat] describ$1 besides o!r b$ plates :i* 7 made = o!r purposes1 7 all p#agf =m$ by ! use ( %eet metal & tub+ prop]ly braz$ toge!r1 & none ( !m ev] gave any tr\ble4 ,9 ! e>ly photographs ( ! a]odrome frame1 especially t ( ,janu>y #ca1 #aijj1 ,plate #de1 x w be not$ t ! two transmission %afts1 :i* ext5d f ! propell]-%aft b$ plates t[>ds ! c5t]1 are n 9 l9e1 ! port transmission %aft be+ at ! c5t] ( ! transv]se frame1 :ile ! />bo>d %aft is ?ree in*es to "o side4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 necess>y 9 ord] to connect ! %afts to ! rot>y cyl9d] eng9e :i* 0 be+ con/ruct$ "u contract1 & :i* 0 almo/ mom5t>ily expect$ = m ?an a ye> aft] its orig9al promise ( deliv]y on ,febru>y #bh1 #ahii4 ,lat]1 :5 ?is eng9e 0 f9ally f\nd to be a failure1 & ! writ] con/ruct$ ! eng9e 9 ! ,in/itution %ops1 ! />bo>d transmission %aft 0 mov$ ov] to ! c5t] l9e & ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e1 :i* 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh on ! c5t] l9e ( ! transv]se frame1 0 !n connect$ directly to ! inn] ends ( ! transmission %afts4 ,^! %afts1 z well z ! propell] %afts1 7 orig9ally con/ruct$ ( /eel tub+ #a4e in*es 9 diamet] & #a_/af ( an in* ?ick1 b on acc\nt ( ! increas$ p[] ( ! l>ge eng9e x 0 f\nd necess>y to increase ! ?ickness ( ! %afts to #a_/h ( an in*4 ,difficulty 0 also f\nd ) ! tub+ ( :i* ! %afts 7 made4 ,?is1 ?\gh n exactly /raight :5 receiv$ f ! factory1 c\ld be pretty accurately /raight5$ 9 ! la! by ex]cis+ prop] c>e1 b ! mom5t any real /ra9 0 put ^u x 9 ! transmission ( p[]1 x aga9 w5t out ( %ape & caus$ s]i\s damage to ! be>+s by :irl+1 buckl+1 & s =?4 ,z ! sk9 ( ! tub+ is really ! /ronge/ "p1 ow+ to ! cold-draw+ process to :i* x has be5 subject$1 great c>e 0 tak5 to secure %afts :i* 7 suffici5tly /raight = use )\t ma*9+1 b x 0 f9ally f\nd impossible to rely on ! unma*9$ %afts1 & all ! lat] %afts = ! a]odrome 7 made by gett+ tub+ a sixty-f\r? ( an in* ?ick] ?an 0 calculat$ to be necess>y & turn+ (f ?is extra metal 9 a la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #eh ,,b$plate1 ,,ge>s1 ,,etc4 ,suitable flanges & coll>s 7 braz$ to ! propell] %afts2 b1 = conv5i5ce 9 assembl+1 ! flanges by :i* ! ma9 transmission %afts 7 connect$ to ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e 7 at fir/ fa/5$ to ! %afts by screw-?reads1 ! ?reads be+ 9 ! prop] direction to cause ! flanges to jam aga9/ ! %\ld]s ( ! %afts :5 ! eng9e turn$ 9 its normal direction4 ,?is me?od ( fa/5+1 h[ev]1 caus$ s]i\s tr\ble1 ow+ to ! flanges jamm+ s tight t x became impossible to unscrew !m aft] !y _h once be5 us$ 9 driv+ ! propell]s4 ,! usual provisions ( keys & key-ways adopt$ 9 g5]al eng9e]+ practice1 :]e solid %afts are employ$1 71 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q1 s9ce ! %aft w\ld h to be greatly increas$ 9 ?ickness ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? p#agg m]ely to provide ! extra metal at ! small place 9 :i* ! key-ways 7 =m$4 ,tap] p9s ei!r %e>$ (f or v soon /ret*$ ! holes s badly z to leave ! p>ts loose1 & 7 o!rwise v unsatisfactory4 ,! me?od f9ally adopt$1 :i* prov$ v successful1 0 t ( =m+ integral ) ! c\pl+s %all[ int]nal tongues & grooves :i* fitt$ correspond+ tongues & grooves ei!r 9 ! ext]ior surface ( ! %afts or 9 coll>s braz$ to !m at ! prop] po9t4 ,! =m ( flange c\pl+1 9 :i* bolts draw ! two flanges tightly toge!r1 0 also a s\rce ( consid]able tr\ble & delay1 :i* 0 f9ally ov]come by =m+ %all[ tongues & grooves 9 ! faces ( ! flanges1 ! tongues tak+ up ! torsion & reliev+ ! bolts :i* held ! flanges toge!r ( all /ra9 except "o ( slight t5sion4 ,! same difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 m\nt+ ! c\pl+s on ! %afts 7 met ) 9 connection ) ! ge>s1 bo? on ! propell] & transmission %afts1 & 7 f9ally obviat$ 9 a mann] simil> to t describ$ above4 ,! bevel ge>s orig9ally con/ruct$ = transmitt+ ! p[] f ! transmission %afts to ! propell] %afts1 7 made ( case-h>d5$ /eel & 7 eight-pit*1 tw5ty-five tee?1 ) ?ree-qu>t] in* wid? ( face4 ,! ge>s 7 v accurately plan$ to give z p]fect a =m ( too? z possible1 9 ord] to avoid loss ( p[] 9 transmission1 & al?\gh ! manufactur] :o cut ! tee? on !m ass]t$ at ! "t !y 7 made t !y w\ld n be capable ( transmitt+ m ?an five horse-p[]1 yet !y actually did transmit consid]ably m ?an twelve horse-p[] on ea* set2 b !y 7 n /rong en\gh to transmit ! full p[] ( ! l>ge eng9e :i* 0 f9ally us$4 ,! ge>s t 7 f9ally us$ 7 simil>ly con/ruct$ ( mild /eel :i* 0 case h>d5$ #a_/fd ( an in* deep aft] !y 7 f9i%$1 !re be+ ?irty-"o tee? 9 ! ge> on ! transmission %aft & =ty tee? 9 ! "o on ! propell] %aft1 ! tee? be+ eight-pit*1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* face4 ,^! light ge>s prov$ amply /rong1 & sev]al times /ood ! /ra9 :i* !y accid5tally receiv$ :5 "o ( ! propell]s broke :ile ! eng9e 0 "u full p[]1 & ?us ?rew ! entire fifty horse-p[] ov] on ! o!r propell]1 :i* 0 consequ5tly driv5 at a greatly increas$ spe$4 ,pla9 bronze be>+s _h be5 us$ ?r\gh\t on ! model a]odromes1 b 9 ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge a]odrome ball-be>+s 7 us$ on all ( ! propell] & transmission %afts1 n only on acc\nt ( ! decreas$ loss ?r\gh friction1 b also because ball-be>+s c be built mu* light] ?an solid bronze ones1 &1 fur!rmore1 d n pres5t su* great difficulties 9 lubrication4 ,h[ev]1 ow+ to ! limit$ size :i* x 0 possible to secure = ^! be>+s1 because ( _! hav+ be5 orig9ally design$ = only tw5ty-f\r horse-p[]1 & )\t any m>g9 = a lat] increase ( ! p#agh space 9 :i* !y _h to be appli$1 !y 7 nev] really l>ge en\gh = ! "w !y _h to d :5 transmitt+ ! full p[] ( ! l>ge eng9e4 ,!y gave cont9ual tr\ble1 & 7 ! s\rce ( delay :i*1 :ile x _c be accurately measur$1 s9ce !re 7 (t5 o!r causes1 yet might be cons]vatively e/imat$ at n less ?an ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,su* a delay1 :5 reckon$ 9 retrospect1 c easily be se5 to h caus$ an exp5se :i* w\ld h suffic$ = almo/ any *ange 9 ! be>+s1 b$ plates1 etc41 _h ! *ange be5 made imm$iately aft] ! be>+s 7 f\nd to give tr\ble4 ,) ! bett] /eel :i* x is n[ possible to obta9 = ! races ( ! be>+s1 & ) ! high-grade balls n[ obta9able1 ! be>+s c\ld be readily replac$ )\t *ang+ any o!r p>ts & /ill be amply /rong = ! "w4 ,,propell]s ,bo? ! te/s on ! :irl+-table & ! actual results ) ! models _h %[n t propell]s :i* 7 true helices =m$ out ( wood 7 r m effici5t ?an ^? con/ruct$ by ! use ( a hub 9 :i* 7 ins]t$ wood5 arms1 =m+ a fram+ ov] :i* clo? 0 tightly drawn4 ,b ! v great diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( con/ruction & ! facility ) :i* ! latt] type c\ld be repair$ 9 case ( damage--! wood5 ones 7 practically ( no use if once !y 7 mu* injur$---made x seem advisable to con/ruct all ! propell]s = ! l>ge a]odrome 9 ! mann] j expla9$4 ,sev]al pair ( small propell]s _h be5 built on ?is plan1 "s z e>ly z #ahie1 & "o v important advantage _h be5 f\nd to be possess$ by ?is type besides *eapness & facility ( repair4 ,wood5 propell]s ( ev5 s small a diamet] z "o metre _h be5 f\nd to suff] a q appreciable b5d+ ( ! blades1 due to ! ?ru/ produc$ by !m1 ev5 ?\gh ! blades _h be5 made ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,9 plann+ a propell] #b4e metres 9 diamet] = ! l>ge a]odrome x 0 se5 t 9 ord] to make ! blade suffici5tly /rong to )/& its own ?ru/ x w\ld be necess>y to make x inord9ately ?ick1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld mean a consid]able increase 9 weight4 ,9 fact1 x 0 se5 t ! weight ( ! l>g] propell]s w\ld increase practically z ! cube ( ! diamet]2 :i*1 = ! #b4e-metre propell]1 w\ld involve a weight ( some?+ ov] fifte5 times ! weight ( ^? "o metre 9 diamet]4 ,! o!r type1 :i* = conv5i5ce we w call 8canvas cov]$10 p]mitt$ ! b5d+ mom5t produc$ on ! blade by ! ?ru/ to be tak5 up by guy-wires runn+ f ! corn]s ( ! blades to a c5tral po/ project+ f ! hub ( ! propell]1 & x 0 f\nd t 9 ?is way a consid]able sav+ 9 weight c\ld be effect$4 p#agi ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahig1 9 ord] to obta9 by actual te/ "s data on propell]s1 su* z x 0 plann$ to use on ! l>ge a]odrome 9 case x 0 lat] built1 x 0 decid$ to con/ruct "o propell] #b4e metres 9 diamet] & #a4be-pit* ratio ) two blades1 ea* cov]+ ! sector ( #cf degrees on ! project$ circle4 ,ab\t ?is same "t an eng9e build]1 :o "s ye>s be=e _h made "s exp]im5tal model eng9es 9 ! ,in/itution %ops1 propos$ to con/ruct a gasol9e eng9e = ! propos$ l>ge a]odrome4 ,z pa/ exp]i5ce1 n only ) su* eng9es b ) all o!r =ms ( explosive motors1 _h n be5 v reassur+ x 0 ?\ght be/ to make brake te/s ( "o ( ! heavi] eng9es :i* he 0 at ?is "t build+1 & at ! same "t make te/s ) "o ( ^! l>ge propell]s4 ,a fir/ s]ies ( te/s 0 made at sev]al diff]5t spe$s1 & !n a second s]ies 0 made ) ! eng9e driv+ ! propell] at ! same spe$s4 ,! eng9e v>i$ s mu*1 h[ev]1 9 ! p[] develop$ at any spe$ t ! data obta9$ 7 ( little value4 ,z x 0 also desir$ to le>n j h[ mu* ?ru/ c\ld be obta9$ f ^! propell]s1 :5 driv5 by a giv5 horse-p[]1 a special h& c> 0 fitt$ up to c>ry ! eng9e1 :i* 0 connect$ to a %aft on :i* ! propell] 0 m\nt$4 ,! propell] 0 rais$ above ! floor ( ! c> & project$ ov] ! re> end ( x s z to be z little di/urb$ z possible by ! deflection ( ! air curr5ts caus$ by ! c>4 ,?is c>1 ) ! eng9e & propell]1 0 te/$ on a track ne> ,m\nt ,holly1 ,n4 ,j41 9 ,novemb]1 #ahig1 b ! results 7 v unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c> ) ! eng9e m\nt$ on x 0 s v heavy & (f]$ su* a /rong tractive resi/ance t v little spe$ ( propulsion c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! eng9e1 :i* 0 said to h furni%$ ov] six horse-p[] on ,prony-brake te/s1 evid5tly did n furni% any?+ l ?is am\nt ( p[] at ?is "t4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 ! propell] 0 evid5tly f> too l>ge to p]mit ! eng9e to run at ! spe$ at :i* x w\ld develop a reasonable am\nt ( p[] unless "s r$uction ge>+ 7 int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! propell]4 ,z ! te/s1 = v>i\s reasons1 _h to be made at a great di/ance f ,wa%+ton1 & ! sup]vision ( !m _h to be entru/$ by ,mr4 ,langley to o!rs1 :o ei!r did n und]/& or appreciate ! value ( obta9+ accurate data1 x 0 f\nd impracticable to cont9ue !m4 ,! l>ge propell] us$ 9 ^! te/s 0 built )\t special reg>d to weight1 s9ce x 0 expect$ t x w\ld be subject$ to r r\gh usage "u ! v sudd5 /ra9s produc$ by ! irregul> work+ ( ! gas eng9e4 ,its hub 0 made ( brass tub+1 ! horns be+ braz$ to r+s :i* 7 slid ov] a c5tral tube1 ! r+s be+ f9ally sold]$ to ! tube aft] ! arms _h be5 adju/$ to ! positions :i* w\ld give ! blade ! correct %ape & dim5sions4 ,! wood5 arms 7 #a4e in*es 9 p#ahj diamet] at ! hub end1 tap]+ to #a4be in*es at ! end ( ! blade4 ,! blade 0 exce$+ly /iff z reg>ds pressure produc$ by ?ru/1 b x 0 f\nd to be consid]ably /r5g!n$ & made v mu* saf] :5 guy-wires 7 add$1 9 ! mann] expla9$ above4 ,?is g5]al type ( con/ruction 0 adh]$ to 9 all ! future propell]s = ! a]odrome1 ?\gh slight modifications1 bo? z to ! size ( ! arms & ! numb] & position ( ! cross-pieces :i* =m$ ! fram+ ( ! blade1 7 adopt$ f "t to "t4 ,a pair ( heavy propell]s1 #b4e metre1 #a4be-pit* ratio1 #cf-;degree blade1 ! hubs ( :i* 7 =m$ ( brass ca/+s1 01 h[ev]1 con/ruct$ = exp]im5tal purposes1 :]e weight 0 n an important factor4 ,:5 ^! propell]s 7 design$1 ! calculations z to _! size & ! horse-p[] :i* w\ld be requir$ to drive !m at a c]ta9 spe$ 7 bas$ on ! v incomplete data obta9$ f ! v>i\s propell] te/s conduct$ dur+ ! prec$+ ye>s4 ,:5 lat] calculations 7 made = !m1 on ! data obta9$ 9 ! m accurate te/s made 9 ! summ] ( #ahih1 x 0 f\nd t ! p[] ( ! eng9es ) :i* x 0 propos$ to equip ! a]odrome w\ld n be suffici5t to drive ! propell]s at any?+ l ! spe$ :i* ! =m] calculations _h %[n w\ld be possible2 & t1 !re=e1 ei!r ! ratio ( ! ge>+ betwe5 ! propell]s & ! eng9e w\ld h to be *ang$ s z to p]mit ! eng9e to run at a v mu* high] spe$ ?an ! propell]s1 or t propell]s1 hav+ ei!r less pit* or a small] diamet]1 & possibly bo?1 w\ld h to be sub/itut$ = ^! l>g] ones4 ,s9ce x 0 easi] to *ange ! propell]s !n to *ange ! ge>+1 a new set ( propell]s 0 design$ :i* 7 ( #b metres diamet]1 ) a pit* ratio ( unity1 & ) a wid? ( blade ( only #cj degrees4 ,x 0 calculat$ t #bj horse-p[] w\ld drive ^! two propell]s at a spe$ ( #fdj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 :5 ! a]odrome 0 fly+ at a spe$ ( #ce feet p] second & ! propell]s 7 slipp+ ab\t #ej p] c5t1 ?is be+ f\nd to be ab\t ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9es might be expect$ to develop _! maximum p[]4 ,z ! l>g] propell]s hav+ ! brass hubs 7 ?\ght to be excessively heavy1 ! hubs weigh+ #aj4be p\nds ea*1 & z any *ange ei!r 9 size1 pit*1 or wid? ( blade necessitat$ a new set ( patt]ns 9 case ! hubs 7 ca/1 x 0 decid$ to con/ruct ! new hubs ( /eel tub+4 ,! weight 0 fur!r r$uc$ by decreas+ ! size ( ! wood5 arms to #a-a_/d in* 9 diamet] at ! hub1 tap]+ to #a in* at ! end ( ! blade4 ,aft] ! eng9e build] 9 ,new ,york _h be5 unable to fulfil 8 contract on ! eng9e1 & x _h be5 condemn$1 propell] te/s 7 made ) ! exp]im5tal eng9e built 9 ! ,in/itution %ops4 ,^! te/s %[$3 ,fir/1 t ! results :i* might be expect$ f l>g] propell]s c\ld be v safely pr$ict$ by extrapolation f ! results ( ! propell] te/s ( #ahih2 p#aha &1 second1 t 9 ord] to get a ?ru/ :i* w\ld equal fifty p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight ( ! a]odrome x w\ld be necess>y to use propell]s l>g] ?an two metres 9 diamet] unless a v l>ge surplus ( p[] 7 provid$4 ,x 0 accord+ly decid$ to make a set ( propell]s int]m$iate betwe5 ! two-metre1 unit-pit* ratio1 ?irty-degree blade ones1 & ! orig9al ones :i* 7 two & "o-half metres1 "o & "o-qu>t]-pit* ratio1 ?irty-six-degree blade4 ,a set 01 !re=e1 design$ two & "o-half metres 9 diamet]1 unit-pit* ratio1 & ?irty-degree wid? ( blade1 ! hubs be+ made ( /eel tub+ braz$ up 9 ! same mann] z ! two-metre ones1 & ! wood5 arms ( ! blades be+ "o & ?ree-eigh?s in*es 9 diamet] at ! hub end1 & tap]+ to "o in* at ! end ( ! blade4 ,lat]1 :5 ! l>g] eng9e 0 actually te/$ 9 ! frame1 ! inability ( ! orig9al transmission & propell] %afts to /& ! extra /ra9 caus$ by ! eng9e />t+ up v sudd5ly at times1 toge!r ) ! unsatisfactor9ess ( ! screw-?read me?od ( fa/5+ ! ge>s & c\pl+s to ! %afts made x necess>y to provide new %afts1 ge>s1 c\pl+s1 etc4 ,x 0 !n decid$ to *ange ! ratio ( ge>+ betwe5 ! eng9e & ! propell]s1 :i* _h be5 "o to "o1 s t ! eng9e might run fa/] &1 !re=e1 p]mit ! use ( l>g] propell]s4 ,= con/ructional reasons ! ratio *os5 0 ?irty-"o to =ty1 ?us mak+ ! eng9e run approximately "o-?ird fa/] ?an ! propell]s4 ,9 ! v>i\s te/s made ( ! eng9e work+ 9 ! frame !re 7 two or ?ree in/ances 9 :i* ! propell]s 7 damag$ ei!r by ! sudd5 />t+ ( ! eng9e or by _! n be+ able to /& ! /ra9 to :i* !y 7 subject$ by ! p[] absorb$1 b 9 e case su* breakages 7 f\nd to be due to imp]fections ( ! braz+ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x w\ld h be5 desirable to make ! propell]s some:at heavi]1 yet s9ce ! total weight ( ! a]odrome _h be5 gr[+ s v rapidly1 x 0 felt t ?is ne$ n be done1 z a pair ( propell]s :i* _h /ood q sev]e s]vice 9 %op te/s might reasonably be expect$ to /& ! /ra9 ( actually propell+ ! a]odrome ?r\gh ! air4 ,nev]!less1 :5 9 ! summ] ( #aijc ! actual trials ( ! l>ge a]odrome 7 />t$1 x 0 f\nd t ! v important diff]5ce betwe5 a propell] work+ 9 a clos$ room & "o work+ 9 ! op5 air _h n be5 giv5 due consid]ation4 ,sev]al sets ( propell]s1 #b4e metres 9 diamet]1 unit-pit* ratio1 #cj-;degree blade _h be5 con/ruct$ & 7 on h&1 9 ord] t no delays might be caus$ ?r\gh a lack ( su* extra p>ts4 ,on ,septemb] #i1 #aijc1 :5 ! a]odrome frame )\t ! w+s 0 m\nt$ on ! laun*+ c> on top ( ! boat = "s trial runs ) ! eng9e to make sure t ev]y?+ 0 aga9 9 read9ess1 be=e ! eng9e _h made #ejj revolutions1 ! port propell] broke2 & a few m9utes p#ahb lat]1 :5 a new propell] _h be5 sub/itut$ = ?is & ! eng9e 0 aga9 />t$ up1 ! />bo>d propell] also broke4 ,:51 ^u fur!r trials & replacem5ts ( propell]s1 all _h be5 s ?or\ghly demoli%$ t !re 0 n a complete set rema9+1 x 0 se5 v cle>ly t ! /ra9s produc$ on a propell] work+ 9 ! op5 air are v mu* great] ?an ^? produc$ 9 %op te/s1 :]e ! air is necess>ily quiet4 ,^! op5-air te/s ( ! propell]s _h demon/rat$ t _! weake/ po9t 0 :]e ! /eel tubes :i* receiv$ ! wood5 arms ( ! blade t]m9at$1 & t ano!r1 ?\gh n s s]i\s1 po9t ( weakness 0 :]e ! /eel arms 7 braz$ to ! c5tral hub1 ! ?9 metal t5d+ to te> loose ev5 be=e ! braz$ jo9t w\ld give way4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ to con/ruct imm$iately a new set ( propell]s 9 :i* ! /eel arms %\ld be made ( mu* heavi] tub+1 t is1 a sixte5? ( an in* ?ick at ! end :]e x 0 braz$ to ! c5tral hub1 & tap]+ 9 ?ickness to "o-?irty-second ( an in* at ! o!r end4 ,^! arms 7 fur!r made twelve in*es long 9 place ( be+ only ?ree in*es long z be=e4 ,?is add$ l5g? c>ri$ ! /eel out beyond ! po9t :]e ! fir/ section brace jo9$ ! ?ree arms toge!r1 & :]e !y 7 fur!r /r5g!n$ by hav+ ! clo? cov]+ tightly /ret*$ ar\nd !m4 ,9 ord] to utilize su* ( ! hubs ( ! =m] propell]s z _h n be5 s]i\sly damag$ :5 ! propell]s broke1 x 0 also decid$ to try ! effect ( m]ely add+ an extra l5g? ( tube to ! %ort arms by means ( a ?imble slipp$ ov] & braz$ to ! two p>ts1 :i* w\ld make ^! arms twelve in*es long4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! propell]s 0 pu%$ z rapidly z possible2 & aft] _! completion no fur!r tr\ble 0 at any lat] "t caus$ by insuffici5t /r5g? ( ! propell]s4 ,ev5 9 ! te/ ( ,octob] #g1 #aijc1 :5 ! a]odrome came d[n 9 ! wat] at a spe$ ( some?+ l fifty miles an h\r1 & at an angle ( approximately =ty-five degrees1 no break occurr$ 9 ei!r propell] until1 :5 ! a]odrome 0 plung+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 a blade ( "o propell] 0 brok5 by ! t]rific bl[ :i* x receiv$ :5 x /ruck ! wat] "u ! impulse ( ! eng9e driv+ x at full spe$4 ,! sev]ity ( ?is bl[ is atte/$ by ! fact t ! %aft1 :i* 0 ( /eel tub+ "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 0 twi/$ ab\t n9ety degrees4 ,?is exp]i5ce ) propell]s v /rongly emphasizes ! fact t on any fly+ ma*9e ! /ra9s :i* are apt to be met ) 9 ! op5 air mu/ be all[$ = 9 ! proportion+ ( ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,b s9ce an indiscrim9ate increase ( /r5g? 9 all ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9e w\ld entail a prohibitory weight1 v c>eful judgm5t1 bas$ on exp]i5ce1 w h to be ex]cis$ 9 decid+ j :]e add$ /r5g? mu/ be employ$1 & also :]e ! 8live /ra9s0 are n apt to exce$ v appreciably ! calculation = /atical conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ei ,,w+ ,,clamps p#ahc ,ow+ to ,mr4 ,langley's belief t ! te/s ( ! man-c>ry+ a]odrome mu/ n only be made ov] ! wat]1 b t x 0 necess>y t ! ma*9e be laun*$ f a c> runn+ on a track at a consid]able elevation 9 ord] to p]mit ! ma*9e to drop a %ort di/ance aft] be+ laun*$ 9 case x 0 n q up to so>+ spe$ :5 laun*$1 x 0 necess>y t ! a]odrome be s con/ruct$ t x c\ld be readily transport$ to ! laun*+ track f ! int]ior ( ! h\se-boat :]e x 0 /or$4 ,?is plan ( /or+ ! ma9 body ( ! ma*9e 9 ! int]ior ( ! boat & hoi/+ x to ! laun*+ track j be=e attempt+ a flight 7"s ( ! difficulties ( :i* may be m cle>ly appreciat$ by an inspection ( ,plate #fj71 made x necess>y t ! w+s1 tail & guy-po/s be s con/ruct$ z to be readily atta*able to & deta*able f ! ma9 frame1 & s9ce ! wea!r conditions are seldom suitable = a te/ = m ?an a c\ple ( h\rs at a "t1 x 0 necess>y t ! me*anism employ$ = atta*+ ^! p>ts be s arrang$ t ! prop] sett+s ( ! diff]5t p>ts c\ld be quickly obta9$1 & )\t requir+ ! ex]cise ( judgm5t :i* pa/ exp]i5ce _h %[n did n (t5 manife/ itself dur+ ! hurry ( ! prep>ations = a te/4 ,:ile ! w+s1 !re=e1 7 made removable1 yet all ( ! sockets1 guy-wires1 etc41 :i* 7 loos5$ 9 remov+ !m1 7 made ) positive /ops on !m s t ea* fitt+ t 0 to be tight5$ up 9 assembl+ c\ld be adju/$ to its def9itely det]m9$ position4 ,z all ( ! models _h be5 con/ruct$ ) ^! same p>ts removable 9 ord] to p]mit !m to be readily %ipp$ back & =? 9 ! _m trips :i* _h be5 made ) !m f ,wa%+ton to ,*opawamsic ,isl&1 ! same details ( arrangem5t 7 us$ = atta*+ ^! p>ts on ! l>ge a]odrome1 ?\gh ! actual fitt+s by :i* ! p>ts 7 atta*$ 9 ! latt] case became m elaborate4 ,9 ! draw+s1 ,plates #eb1 #ec & #ed1 ! me?od ( atta*+ ! w+s to ! frame is cle>ly %[n4 ,ea* ( ! two ma9 ribs ( ea* w+ 0 secur$ to ! midrod ( ! frame by a w+ clamp1 %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #f & #g ( ,plate #ei4 ,figs4 #a & #b %[ ! clamp = ! middle ma9 rib ( ea* pair ( w+s1 & ,figs4 #e & #f %[ ! clamp = ! ma9 front rib1 ! latt] be+ s con/ruct$ t ! w+s c\ld be rock$ on ! midrib clamp z a pivot & secur$ at any angle ( lift desir$ f #f-a_/b degrees to #ae degrees4 ,! horns on ea* clamp m]ely act$ z receiv+ sockets = ! ends ( ! ribs1 & 7 n 9 any way int5d$ to d any?+ m ?an m]ely hold ! ends ( ! ribs 9 _! correct positions4 ,! w+s 7 fa/5$ to ! frame by ! guy-wires :i* ran f two po9ts on ea* ma9 rib to an upp] & a l[] guy-po/ m\nt$ on ! midrod4 ,! sy/em ( guy-wires = ! w+s is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plates #eb1 #ec & #ed1 & p#ahd 9 ,plate #fa1 :i* %[s ! a]odrome m\nt$ on its laun*+ c> at ! re> end ( ! track1 & ) ! front pair ( w+s 9 place & all ! guy-wires adju/$4 ,! details ( ! guy-po/s are %[n 9 ,plate #fb1 :]e x w be not$ t ! l[] guy-po/ 0 ( wood1 ) metal fitt+s1 & 0 #b metres long f ! c5t] ( ! midrod to ! bottom1 :ile ! upp] guy-po/ 0 a /eel tube #aji c5timetres long f ! c5t] ( ! midrod to its top4 ,! guy-wires f ! middle rib ( ea* ( ! pair ( w+s 7 fa/5$ to ! fitt+s at ! bottom ( ! l[] guy-po/1 :ile ! wires f ! front ma9 rib 7 fa/5$ to ! fitt+s :i* 7 braz$ & rivet$ to ! slidable coll>1 :i* 0 m\nt$ on ! /eel tube =m+ ! cap on ?is guy-po/4 ,?is coll> 0 made slidable to p]mit ! angle ( lift ( ! w+s to be readily *ang$ )\t affect+ ! l5g? ( ! guy-wires4 ,?is coll>1 :5 once set = any p>ticul> angle ( ! w+1 0 prev5t$ f slid+ by a tap] p9 7n %[n7 :i* pass$ ?r\gh x & ! guy-po/4 ,9 ord] to secure ! w+s m rigidly to ! ma9 frame & !reby ?r[ on x all torsional /ra9s f ! w+s1 :i* x 0 specially design$ to take1 ea* ( ! middle ma9 ribs 0 secur$ to "o ( ! ma9 tubes ( ! ma9 frame by an auxili>y clamp at ! po9t :]e ?is rib cross$ ! ma9 tube4 ,^! auxili>y clamps are cle>ly %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d ( ,plate #ei4 ,project+ f ! l[] end ( ea* ( ! l[] guy-po/s 0 a five-sixte5?-in* /eel rod ab\t "o in* long1 z cle>ly se5 9 ,plate #fb4 ,braz$ to ! side ( ?is rod1 9 su* a position t x w\ld project t[>ds ! re> ( ! a]odrome :5 ! guy-po/ 0 9 position1 0 a small arm or bracket4 ,:5 ! guy-po/ 0 9 place ) ! a]odrome on ! laun*+ c>1 ?is p9 0 9 a slot =m$ 9 a metal cap on ! top ( ! small fold+ upright at ! front or re> ( ! c>1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate #fc1 :ile ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #fc %[s ! p9 j be+ ins]t$ into ?is slot z ! guy-wires ( ! guy-po/ are be+ fa/5$4 ,?is small arm or bracket on ?is rod project$ "u ! cap to prev5t ! rod ( ! guy-po/ f be+ lift$ out ( ! slot 9 ! fold+ upright1 :5 ! w9d act+ "u ! w+s t5d$ to lift ! a]odrome f ! c>4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is "h call$ to ?is app>5tly insignificant detail1 = x 0 ?is arm or bracket on ?is small rod ( ! front guy-po/ :i*1 hang+ 9 ! cap on top ( ! fold+ upright1 caus$ ! accid5t 9 ! laun*+ ( ! a]odrome on ,octob] #g1 #aijc4 ,c]ta9 x is t b = ! accid5t due to ?is app>5tly insignificant detail1 success w\ld h cr[n$ ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,langley1 :o above all m5 des]v$ success 9 ?is field ( "w1 :i* 8 labors _h s greatly enri*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fj ,,fig4 #a ,,fig4 #b ,,fig4 #c ,,hoi/+ ,,a]odrome ,,to ,,laun*+-,,track ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fa ,,a]odrome ,,on ,,laun*+-,,c>2 ,,front ,,w+s ,,9 ,,place1 ,,guy-,,wires ,,adju/$ ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fb ,,details ,,( ,,guy-,,po/s ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fc ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,guy-,,po/ ,,& ,,p9 ,,on ,,laun*+ ,,c> p#ahe ,,aviator',s ,,c> ,9 det]m9+ on a suitable c> = ! aviator v>i\s designs 7 made1 diff]+ all ! way f t 9 :i* ! aviator occupi$ a sitt+ position fac+ directly ahead & ) practically no fre$om ( movem5t1 b 0 ev5 /rapp$ to ! ma*9e to avoid ! possibility ( be+ ?r[n out1 to ! "o f9ally adopt$1 9 :i* he 0 provid$ ) ! greate/ fre$om ( movem5t1 c\ld ei!r /& or sit1 z ! occasion seem$ to dem&1 & c\ld face 9 any direction = giv+ prop] att5tion to any ( ! multitud9\s ?+s :i* might at any "t require 8 att5tion1 & c\ld1 if agile1 ev5 climb f ! extreme front ( ! ma*9e to ! re>4 ,! wisdom ( giv+ ! aviator complete fre$om )\t hamp]+ him 9 any way by provisions = prev5t+ 8 be+ ?r[n out ( ! ma*9e 0 amply ju/ifi$1 z w lat] be se5 9 ! description ( ! te/s ( ! ma*9e1 :]e fre$om ( movem5t & agility prev5t$ a fatal accid5t4 ,! aviator's c> 0 !re=e design$ to occupy ! entire available space betwe5 ! eng9e & ! front be>+ po9ts1 & betwe5 ! two ma9 tubes ( ! ma9 frame1 ?us all[+ him a space ( some?+ l ?ree feet by five feet4 ,! c> itself 0 %ap$ l a flat-bottom$ boat1 ! bottom be+ approximately level ) ! bottom ( ! l[] pyramid4 ,x _h a gu>d rail ( /eel tub+ eighte5 in*es above ! floor1 ) a clo? cov]+ drawn ov] ! frame to decrease ! head resi/ance ( ! appurt5ances ( ! eng9e :i* 7 plac$ at ! re> end ( ! c>4 ,! c> 0 support$ by v]tical wires pass+ f its bottom up to ! ma9 frame1 & 0 prev5t$ f longitud9al or side motion by be+ fa/5$ at ! front to ! cross-rod connect+ ! front be>+ po9ts1 & at ! re> to ! l[] pyramid4 ,a light wood5 seat ext5d$ =e & aft ( ! c> at a height ( ab\t two feet f ! floor1 ?is seat re/+ on blocks ( sponge rubb] to absorb "s ( ! tremor :i* exi/$ 9 ! :ole a]odrome :5 ! eng9e & propell]s 7 work+ at high spe$4 ,! aviator 0 ?us free to /&1 to sit sidewise or to /raddle ! seat1 & :ile ! network ( wires surr\nd+ him prev5t$ any great possibility ( 8 be+ ?r[n out1 yet !re 0 a comp>atively l>ge op5+ betwe5 ! guy-wires pass+ ov]head :i* p]mitt$ him to climb out ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to enable ! aviator to "k exactly h[ ! eng9e 0 op]at+1 a ta*omet]1 giv+ in/antane\s read+s ( ! numb] ( revolutions1 0 connect$ by a suitable ge> to "o ( ! transmission %afts & plac$ :]e x c\ld readily be se54 ,dur+ #ahih & #ahii consid]able "t & att5tion _h be5 giv5 to design+ an in/rum5t to be c>ri$ by ! a]odrome :i* w\ld automatically record ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! eng9e1 ! velocity & direction p#ahf ( ! w9d relative to ! ma*9e1 ! height ( ! a]odrome z %[n by a specially s5sitive an]oid b>omet]1 & ! angle ( ! ma*9e ) ! horizontal plane ( ! e>?4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is in/rum5t 0 und]tak5 by a not$ firm ( in/rum5t mak]s1 b aft] _m mon?s ( delay1 dur+ :i* x 0 sev]al times deliv]$ z be+ complete1 only to be return$ = fur!r "w1 x 0 f9ally condemn$ z unsatisfactory1 & x 0 decid$ n to encumb] ! ma*9e ) su* a delicate app>atus1 :i*1 ev5 if p]fectly made1 c\ld n be dep5d$ on to "w prop]ly :5 m\nt$ on ! a]odrome frame1 9 :i* !re 0 a con/ant1 ?\gh m9ute1 tremor due to ! high spe$ & p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,! complet$ frame1 :i* is p]haps be/ %[n 9 ,plates #di1 #ej & #ea1 & ,plate #fj1 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #c1 9 spite ( its size gave an appe>ance ( grace & /r5g? :i* is inadequately repres5t$ 9 ! photographs4 ,9 mak+ ! designs = ! l>ge a]odrome no data 7 available = use 9 calculat+ ! /ra9s t w\ld come on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! frame :ile 9 ! air1 & ! size & ?ickness ( ! tubes & ! /r5g? ( ! guy-wires 7 consequ5tly det]m9$ almo/ entirely by 8rule ( ?umb10 back$ by exp]i5ce ) ! models4 ,al?\gh ! dim5sions1 %ape1 & arrangem5t ( mo/ ( ! auxili>y p>ts ( ! ma*9e 7 consid]ably *ang$ dur+ ! c\rse ( con/ruction 9 accordance ) ! indications ( ! exhau/ive s]ies ( %op te/s1 ! fundam5tal features ( ! con/ruction 7 practically unalt]$1 b ! *anges 9 ! guy-wire sy/em & 9 ! fitt+s by :i* !y 7 atta*$1 made ! frame z a :ole sev]al times z /rong z x 0 orig9ally1 & x 0 felt t ! direction ( fur!r improvem5ts 9 x w\ld be %[n only by actual te/ ( x 9 flight :]e any weaknesses w\ld be c]ta9 to manife/ !mselves4 ,x may be well to rem>k "h t ev5 ) ! data :i* 7 lat] obta9$1 judgm5t bas$ on exp]i5ce prov$ aft] all to be ! safe/ guide = proportion+ ! /r5g? ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,x c be assum$ t a live /ress w produce a /ra9 t5 times z great z t due to a /atic /ress on ! "p :5 ! ma*9e is /ation>y4 ,= great] safety1 x w\ld be /ill bett] to assume a /ra9 tw5ty times z great4 ,if "o is build+ bridges1 h\ses1 & simil> /ructures1 :]e weight is n a prime consid]ation1 x w\ld be crim9al neglig5ce to fail to provide a suffici5t 8factor ( safety10 or :at 9 _m in/ances may be m prop]ly t]m$ a 8factor ( ignorance10 :ile at ! pres5t "t ! insi/5ce on l>ge factors ( safety 9 ma*9es int5d$ to fly w\ld s enorm\sly increase ! weight t1 be=e "o-half ! necess>y p>ts 7 provid$1 ! weight w\ld be _m times :at c\ld possibly be support$ 9 ! air4 ,lat]1 no d\bt1 z exp]i5ce is ga9$ 9 prop]ly h&l+ ! ma*9e 9 ! air1 increas$ /r5g? entail+ p#ahg increas$ weight may be add$ 9 proportion to ! skill acquir$2 & !re is no d\bt t man w acquire ?is skill ) m>vel\s rapidity1 approa*+1 if n equal+1 t exhibit$ by him 9 ! use ( ! bicycle1 :i*1 :5 fir/ ridd51 requires n only all ( ! rid]'s skill b t ( a c\ple ( assi/ants1 b :5 once ma/]$ requires h>dly m ?\ght = its prop] manipulation ?an ev5 ! act ( walk+ involves1 ! balanc+ & guid+ be+ done intuitively m]ely by ! motion ( ! body & ) practically no ex]tion4 p#ahh ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,support+ ,,surfaces ,an exam9ation ( ! w+s ( birds1 :e!r ^? ( so>]s or ( any o!r type1 impresses "o n only ) ! g5]al /r5g? ( ! w+1 b also ) ! fact t1 :ile x possesses consid]able /iffness1 !re is also a graduat$ pliability1 n only ( ! :ole w+1 includ+ ! bones1 b m especially 9 ! fea!rs1 ! re> tips be+ exce$+ly pliable s t1 :5 ! w+ is held 9 a /iff breeze1 !y are se5 to be easily deflect$ 9 a g5tle curve t[>ds ! re> & upp] side4 ,?is lack ( rigidity has sev]al advantages1 among ! m notable ( :i* is ! less5+ ( ! /ra9s on ! w+ caus$ by sudd5 w9d gu/s4 ,( great importance is ! fur!r fact t a support+ surface hav+ a graduat$ pliability1 su* z is possess$ by a bird's w+1 does n exp]i5ce a %ift+ ( ! c5t] ( pressure to ! same ext5t z a rigid surface ( simil> =m4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce any bird1 ev5 ! be/ so>]1 mu/ use its w+s n only = so>+1 b1 :5 />t+ to fly f a /ate ( re/1 = flapp+1 a rigid surface w\ld n furni% any?+ l ! same univ]sally available su/a9+ & propell+ means t ! bird's w+ does4 ,9 an inspection ( ! v>i\s w+s or support+ surfaces :i* ,mr4 ,langley built1 f ! v e>lie/ rubb]-pull models up to ! successful /eam ma*9es ,nos4 #e & #f1 ! po9t :i* is mo/ impress$ ^u ! obs]v] is ! increas+ /r5g? & rigidity embodi$ 9 ^! w+s4 ,:ile ! success ) ! lat] models 0 due to _m ?+s1 includ+ ! developm5t ( a /rong frame & a suitable p[] plant giv+ suffici5t p[] = ! p]missible weight1 besides ! v important developm5t ( effective equilibrium me*anism1 yet x is safe to say t ev5 ) ! developm5t ( all ^! o!r ?+s to ! /ate to :i* !y _h be5 br\ght 9 #ahif1 success w\ld n h be5 a*iev$ _h n ! w+s !mselves be5 simultane\sly *ang$ f ! v flimsy con/ruction :i* 0 at fir/ us$ to ! lat] type1 us+ a v /rong & rigid wood5 frame ov] :i* ! clo? cov]+ 0 tightly /ret*$1 & :i* possess$ only a small am\nt ( pliability at ! extreme re> ends ( ! cross-ribs4 ,! developm5t ( ?is successful type ( w+ = ! models1 x w be rememb]$1 _h be5 a*iev$ only aft] an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts2 & x 0 realiz$ t ! con/ruction ( suitable w+s = ! l>ge a]odrome1 ev5 ) ! k ga9$ 9 ! e>ly "w1 w\ld be /ill m p#ahi difficult4 ,! problem 0 t ( con/ruct+ = a v little great] weight p] squ>e foot1 w+s conta9+ approximately sixte5 times ! area ( ! model w+s4 ,x w be recall$ f ! previ\s description ( model ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 t its f\r w+s _h a comb9$ area ( #fh squ>e feet & weigh$ approximately #bejj grammes1 or #cg grammes p] squ>e foot4 ,x 0 n expect$ t ! l>ge w+s w\ld be ( s light a weight p] squ>e foot1 :i* w\ld h meant only ab\t #ce1ejj grammes 7approximately #gh p\nds7 weight = ! #ifj squ>e feet orig9ally plann$4 ,x 0 hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! increase 9 weight p] squ>e foot = ! l>ge w+s w\ld be less ?an ! squ>e root ( ! increas$ l9e> dim5sions4 ,9 ?is case1 ! increase 9 l9e> dim5sions be+ approximately f\r1 x 01 !re=e1 hop$ t ! l>g] w+s w\ld n h q twice ! weight p] squ>e foot ( ! small] ones2 ! comput$ weight p]missible = ! l>ge w+s 0 !re=e plac$ at #abj p\nds4 ,to obta9 ! requir$ area )9 ! p]missible limits ( weight two well-def9$ pa?s ( proc$ure 7 op53 ,fir/1 x 0 possible to s modify ! /ructural =m ( ! w+ z to obta9 ! advantage ( ! increas$ /r5g? ( truss$ /ructures1 t is1 by sup]pos+ ! w+s4 ,or1 second1 ! 8s+le-ti]0 type ( w+1 ! effici5cy ( :i* _h be5 fairly well det]m9$1 c\ld be reta9$1 & /r5g? ga9$ )\t increase ( weight by improv+ ! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! wood5 framework & by ext5d+ ! sy/em ( guy-wires4 ,"s k ( ! sup]pos$ type ( support+ surfaces _h already be5 ga9$ by ! exp]im5ts at ,allegh5y & ! te/s ( ! rubb]-driv5 models1 9 :i* sup]pos$ w+s _h frequ5tly be5 us$2 b x 0 felt t ?is k 0 altoge!r inadequate to aid 9 det]m9+ ei!r :e!r ! sup]pos$ type ( con/ruction possess$ 9 practice ! advantages :i* !ory w\ld indicate1 or h[ & at :at di/ance ap>t ! surfaces %\ld be sup]pos$ to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ in=mation1 a s]ies ( te/s on ! :irl+-table ( complete w+s suitable = use on ! models 0 made4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 supplem5t$ by ! practical te/s ) ! models1 :i* h already be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 9 ord] to give ! w+s a trial "u ! conditions ( flight1 :]e !y w\ld be subject$ to ! action ( ! propell]s & ! unev5 "* ( ! w9d4 ,9 addition to det]m9+ :at type ( con/ruction & :at =m ( surface w\ld give ! greate/ 8lift0 ) ! smalle/ 8drift10 ^! :irl+-table te/s suppli$ data z to h[ mu* great] ! actual resi/ance ( ! w+ ) its necess>y guy-po/s & guy-wires 0 ?an ! !oretical resi/ance1 f\nd by extrapolation f ! results obta9$ 9 ! te/s ( rigid p#aij curv$ surfaces =m$ ( wood4 ,! fir/ ( ?is s]ies ( te/s1 ! results ( :i* are giv5 bel[1 0 made ,novemb] #cj1 #ahih1 on ! sup]pos$ w+ %[n 9 ,plate #cg1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t :5 ?is te/ 0 made ! w+ 0 n provid$ ) ! /iff5+ /rips or ! v]tical p>titions4 ,weight ( w+ #ajjj grammes2 weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #dge grammes2 di/ance ( mean c5t] ( gravity ( guy-po/s1 etc41 f pivots ( balance arm "o-half di/ance ( ,,cp ( w+ f pivots ( balance arm2 ! w+1 !re=e1 _h a lev] arm ( two to "o ) ref]5ce to weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 s t ! equival5t weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #bcg grammes4 ,?is gives #abcg grammes ( equival5t load on ! w+ #b4gc p\nds4 ,area ( w+ #ba4he squ>e feet4 ,!re=e load on w+ #j4abe p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,angle ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,velocity ,drift ( ( turn- c5t] ( 7ft4 p] 7grammes74 *ord4 table4 w+ 7ft4 second74 p] m947 #b4j #aj4ge #ajhf #ah4a #bee #c4j #aj4j #ajaj #af4he #bee #e4j #i4e #ifj #af4j #bee #aj4j #g4ge #ghc #ac4j #bee ,angle ,drift ,foot-p\nds ,calculat$ ( 7p\nds74 p] sec4 so>+ spe$ *ord4 ,,rv4 c>ry+ #j4e p\nds p] sq4 ft4 7ft4 p] sec474 #b4j #j4efa #aj4ae #cf4b #c4j #j4efa #i4dg #cc4g #e4j #j4efa #h4ih #cb4j #aj4j #j4efa #g4c #bf4j ,! v int]e/+ ph5om5on 0 not$ 9 ?is te/ t ! 8drift0 or resi/ance ( ! w+ seem$ to rema9 un*ang$ at so>+ spe$ at diff]5t angles ( elevation4 ,x is h>dly probable t ?is result is accurate1 = ! 8balance arm0 und\bt$ly twi/$ "u ! action ( ! w+1 & ?is caus$ x to /ra9 on its pivots1 & ?us1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 falsify ! record z to drift4 ,a te/ ( a s+le-ti] w+ at diff]5t angles ( elevation 0 made on ,decemb] #f1 #ahih4 ,?is w+ 0 ne>ly ! same z ^? us$ 9 actual flights ( ,a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f 9 ,may & ,novemb]1 #ahif1 ! w+ be+ ( ! same wid? =e & aft1 b some:at %ort]4 ,! actual w+ 0 a little too long to p]mit its be+ us$ on ! :irl+-table 9 ! limit$ space ( ! %op4 ,weight ( w+ #dbj grammes2 weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #cbj grammes2 equival5t weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #aej grammes appli$ on ! w+4 ,!re=e1 total load on w+ #egj grammes4 ,area ( w+ #aa4b squ>e feet2 equival5t load on w+ #j4aab p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,angle ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,velocity ,drift ( ( turn- c5t] 7ft4 p] 7grammes74 *ord4 table4 ( w+ second74 7ft4 p] m947 #b4j #aa4f #aaie #ai4i #baj #c4j #i4ge #ajje #af4g #aeg #e4j #h4be #hej #ad4b #acc #aj4j #f4ge #fie #aa4f #abi #ab4e #f4j #fah #aj4c #abi ,angle ,drift ,foot-p\nds ,calculat$ ( 7p\nds74 p] sec4 so>+ spe$ *ord4 ,,rv4 c>ry+ #j4e p\nds p] sq4 ft4 7ft4 p] sec474 #b4j #j4dfb #i4b #db4a #c4j #j4cde #e4gg #ce4c #e4j #j4bic #d4af #cj4j #aj4j #j4bhd #c4bi #bd4e #ab4e #j4bhd #b4ib #ba4h ,9 ?is te/ x is to be not$ t ! 8drift10 or resi/ance1 :ile consid]ably great] at so>+ spe$ = #b degrees ?an = #e degrees1 rema9s practically ! same betwe5 #e degrees & #ab-a_/b degrees4 ,comp>+ x ) ! prec$+ te/ ) ! sup]pos$ w+1 x is se5 t at so>+ spe$ at an angle ( #aj degrees1 ! s+le-ti] w+ hav+ a load ( #j4aab p\nds p] p#aia squ>e foot1 has only #abi grammes drift1 :ile ! sup]pos$ "o1 :ile support+ #j4abe p\nds p] squ>e foot1 has #bee grammes drift4 ,moreov]1 ! so>+ spe$ ( ! s+le-ti] w+ is only #aa4f feet p] second1 :ile ! sup]pos$ "o requires a spe$ ( #ac feet p] second4 ,z ! sup]pos$ w+ te/$ on ,novemb] #cj 0 s weak /ructurally t x c\ld n be made to keep its prop] %ape )\t add+ an excessive numb] ( guy-wires1 x 0 decid$ t x 0 n adapt$ = use on ! a]odrome1 b be=e ab&on+ x ! p>titions & /rips 7 add$ & x 0 aga9 te/$ on ! :irl+-table on ,m>* #a1 #ahii1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,weight ( w+ #ije grammes2 weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #cbj grammes2 equival5t weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #aej grammes appli$ at ,,cp ( ! w+2 equival5t load on ! w+ #ajee grammes #b4cba p\nds2 area ( w+ #ba4he squ>e feet2 equival5t load on w+ #j4ajfb p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,angle ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,velocity ,drift ( ( turn- c5t] 7ft4 p] 7grammes74 *ord4 table4 ( w+ second74 7ft4 p] m947 #e4j #aj4hge #aajj #ah4ce #bej #e4j #aj4ge #ajhe #ah4jg #bej #e4j #aj4ge #ajhe #ah4jg #bej #aj4j #h4j #hjh #ac4dg #bej #aj4j #h4j #hjh #ac4dg #bej #aj4e #g4hge #gig #ac4c #bej #aj4e #g4hge #gig #ac4c #bej #ac4j #g4j #gjg #aa4gh #bej ,angle ,drift ,foot-p\nds ,calculat$ ( 7p\nds74 p] sec4 so>+ spe$ *ord4 ,,rv4 c>ry+ #j4e p\nds p] sq4 ft4 7ft4 p] sec474 #e4j #j4ee #aj4a #ci4ha #e4j #j4ee #i4id #ci4ai #e4j #j4ee #i4id #ci4ai #aj4j #j4ee #g4d #bi4bbf #aj4j #j4ee #g4d #bi4bbf #aj4e #j4ee #g4cb #bh4hf #aj4e #j4ee #g4cb #bh4hf #ac4j #j4ee #f4dh #be4eec ,an exam9ation ( ! data obta9$ 9 ?is te/ %[s ! w+ to be ( slightly less effici5cy ?an :5 fir/ te/$4 ,:ile x 0 consid]ably /rong] x 0 /ill too weak = use on ! a]odromes4 ,a second type ( sup]pos$ w+1 ,plates #fd & #fe1 0 !re=e con/ruct$ & te/$ on ! :irl+-table on ,m>* #b1 #ahii1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,weight ( w+ #ajbe grammes2 weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #cbj grammes2 equival5t weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #aej grammes appli$ at ,,cp ( ! w+2 equival5t load on ! w+ #aage grammes #b4ehe p\nds2 area ( w+ #ba4he squ>e feet2 equival5t load on w+ 4#aahc p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,angle ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,velocity ,drift ( ( turn- c5t] 7ft4 p] 7grammes74 *ord4 table4 ( w+ second74 7ft4 p] m947 #e4j #aa4fbe #aagj #ai4e #bej #e4j #aa4fbe #aagj #ai4e #bej #h4j #aj4e #ajfj #ag4g #bej #aj4j #i4abe #iai #ae4c #bej #aj4j #i4abe #iai #ae4c #bej ,angle ,drift ,foot-p\nds ,calculat$ ( 7p\nds74 p] sec4 so>+ spe$ *ord4 ,,rv4 c>ry+ #j4e p\nds p] sq4 ft4 7ft4 p] sec474 #e4j #j4ee #aj4gb #dj4jhg #e4j #j4ee #aj4gb #dj4jhg #h4j #j4ee #i4ge #cf4cg #aj4j #j4ee #h4dc #ca4d #aj4j #j4ee #h4dc #ca4d ,dur+ ! te/s on ! :irl+-table ?is type ( con/ruction seem$ to be exce$+ly /rong & /iff1 & to be easily ma9ta9$ 9 :atev] position x 0 plac$4 ,x 0 !re=e ?\ght t x w\ld prove /rong en\gh = ! a]odrome1 & x 0 accord+ly inv]t$ & giv5 a 8s&+ te/0 p#aib by spr9kl+ s& uni=mly ov] x to su* a ?ickness z to cause x to h a load ( #j4ge p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,z x %[$ no s]i\s deflection or *ange ( =m "u ! s&+ te/1 x 0 decid$ t x 0 /rong en\gh = use 9 te/s ( ! model a]odromes 9 actual flight4 ,^u ! completion ( ^! :irl+-table te/s1 ! clo? cov]+ ( ?is w+ 0 pa9t$ ) collodion v>ni%1 :i* increas$ ! weight ( ! w+ only #ej grammes4 ,9 ord] to make ! results ( its te/s m easily comp>able ) ^? obta9$ be=e v>ni%+1 ! cross guy-wires on ! w+ 7 *ang$ to a slightly small] size 9 ord] to make ! weight ( ! w+ ! same z be=e4 ,x 0 te/$ on ,m>* #c1 & ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,weight ( w+ #ajbe grammes2 weight ( guy po/s1 etc41 #cbj grammes2 equival5t weight ( guy-po/s1 etc41 #aej grammes appli$ at ,,cp ( ! w+2 equival5t load on w+ #aage grammes #b4ehe p\nds2 area ( w+ #ba4he squ>e feet2 equival5t load on w+ 4#aahc p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,angle ,revolutions ,velocity ( ,velocity ,drift ( ( turn- c5t] 7ft4 p] 7grammes74 *ord4 table4 ( w+ second74 7ft4 p] m947 #e4j #aj4e #ajfj #ag4g #bej #e4j #aj4e #ajfj #ag4g #bej #aj4j #h4e #hei #ad4c #bej #aj4j #h4e #hei #ad4c #bej ,angle ,drift ,foot-p\nds ,calculat$ ( 7p\nds74 p] sec4 so>+ spe$ *ord4 ,,rv4 c>ry+ #j4e p\nds p] sq4 ft4 7ft4 p] sec474 #e4j #j4ee #i4ge #cf4cg #e4j #j4ee #i4ge #cf4cg #aj4j #j4ee #g4hh #bi4d #aj4j #j4ee #g4hh #bi4d ,al?\gh ! v>ni%+ ( ! w+ seem$ to h no effect on ! 8drift10 ! so>+ spe$ 0 slightly decreas$4 ,z a result ( ^! te/s x 0 decid$ to con/ruct ?ree m w+s l ?is second type1 ! f\r =m+ a complete set = use on ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f4 ,al?\gh ! te/s on ! :irl+-table indicat$ a sup]ior effici5cy = ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s1 & x 0 n expect$ t 9 actual use on ! a]odrome ! result w\ld be diff]5t1 yet x 0 felt t z ! conditions ( actual use are s v diff]5t f ^? ( a :irl+-table exp]im5t x w\ld n be safe to decide too def9itely aga9/ ! sup]pos$ w+s )\t fir/ giv+ !m a te/ "u actual conditions4 ,aside f ! decreas$ lift+ effect %[n by ! sup]pos$ w+ :5 comp>$ ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 "o1 x 0 also ?\ght t "u ! actual conditions ( use on ! ma*9e ! sup]pos$ w+ w\ld %[ up /ill worse4 ,! deflection ( ! air by ! front w+s dim9i%es ! lift ( ! re> ones ev5 = ! 8s+le-ti]0 type1 & ?is1 x seem$ c]ta91 w\ld be greatly aggravat$ 9 ! case ( ! sup]pos$ type4 ,9 ord] to emphasize m fully ! results ( ^! te/s ! foll[+ table is add$1 :i* gives ! data = ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+ & ?is second type ( sup]pos$ "o1 :5 ea* 0 te/$ at t5 degrees angle ( elevation3 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fd ,,exp]im5tal ,,type ,,( ,,sup]pos$ ,,w+s1 ,,m>* #b1 #ahii ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fe ,,exp]im5tal ,,type ,,( ,,sup]pos$ ,,w+s1 ,,m>* #b1 #ahii p#aic ,w+ 8,s+le-ti]0 ,sup]pos$4 ,type ,no4 #b ,l5g? 7feet74 #d4bg #d4bg ,area 7sq4 ft474 #aa4b #ba4i ,weight 7p\nds74 #a4bf #b4ei ,angle ( *ord4 77 #aj #aj ,so>+spe$1 7ft4 p] sec474 #aa4f #ad4c ,weight 7lbs4 p] sq4 ft474 4#aab 4#aah ,drift 7lbs4 p] sq4 ft474 4#jbe 4#jbf ,calculat$ so>+ spe$1 c>ry+ #j4e lbs4 p] sq4 ft4 7ft4 p] sec474 #bd4e #bi4d ,! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s actually us$ on ,a]odrome ,no4 #f 7 #e4cc feet long1 :ile ! w+ te/$ above 0 only #d4bg feet long4 ,9 ord] to br+ out m fully :at might be expect$ ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 :5 us+ ! two diff]5t types ( w+s1 ! foll[+ table1 calculat$ f ! prec$+ "o1 is giv54 ,?is %[s ! results :i* might be expect$ f ! a]odrome :5 ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9e itself 0 includ$3 ,a]odrome ,no4 #f )\t w+s weighs #bb p\nds4 8,s+le-ti]0 8,s+le-ti]0 ,sup]pos$4 7%ort7 7full-l5g?7 ,type ,no4 #b ,l5g? 7feet74 #d4bg #e4cj #d4bg ,area ( two pair ( w+s 7sq4 feet74 #dd4h #ed4j #hg4f ,weight ( two pair ( w+s 7p\nds74 #e4jd #e4e #aj4cf ,weight ( a]odrome ) two pair ( w+s 7lbs474 #bg4jd #bg4e #cb4cf ,total weight to be support$ 7lbs4 p] sq4 ft474 #j4fjc #j4ea #j4cfi ,drift ( w+s 7lbs474 #f4jf #f4ac #f4i ,assum$ drift ( a]odrome body 7lbs474 #a4j #a4j #a4j ,total drift 7p\nds74 #g4jf #g4ac #g4i ,so>+ spe$ 7ft4 p] sec474 #bg4j #bd4g #be4c ,?ru/ horse-p[] exp5d$4 #j4ce #j4cb #j4cfd ,brake horse-p[] exp5d$4 #j4gj #j4fd #j4gc ,! fir/ l9e %[s ! calculations = ! a]odrome :5 equipp$ ) ! %ort 8s+le-ti]0 w+s2 ! second l9e1 :5 equipp$ ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s ( ! full l5g? us$ 9 ! flights ( #ahif2 & ! ?ird l9e1 :5 equipp$ ) sup]pos$ w+s1 ,type ,no4 #b4 ,x w be se5 t1 on ! :ole1 ! result ( ! comp>ison ( ! full-l5g? 8s+le-ti]0 w+ & ! sup]pos$ "o is less 9 favor ( ! latt] ?an 0 to be expect$1 z1 aside f its great] /ructural /r5g?1 x seems to h no real po9t ( sup]iority1 except t x is %ort]2 &1 z already po9t$ out1 "o po9t ( presumable inf]iority1 ?\gh n exhibit$ 9 ! table1 is ! fact t ! re> set ( w+s w\ld suff] relatively m f be+ 9 ! lee ( ! front ones1 9 ! case ( ! sup]pos$ w+s1 ?an 9 ! case ( ! 8s+le-ti]0 ones4 ,besides ^! 8conv5tional0 =ms ( w+s1 v>i\s o!r types 7 te/$ on ! :irl+-table4 ,! data ( ^! te/s are n giv51 z 9 ! r\gh prelim9>y te/s ! results 7 s entirely negative 9 "* t accurate quantitative te/s 7 nev] made4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce 9 "w ( ?is k9d ! greate/ delay is exp]i5c$ 9 le>n+ :at n to d1 & 9 ridd+ "o's self ( freak notions :i* are cont9ually sugge/+ !mselves1 x may be well "h to describe suffici5tly at lea/ "o ( ^! types ( w+ to enable o!rs to avoid any loss ( "t 9 exp]im5ts ) x4 ,s9ce ! pr9cipal disadvantages ( a w+ possess+ consid]able wid? 9 ! =e & aft direction are due to ! great ext5t ?r\gh :i* ! c5t] ( pressure p#aid %ifts :5 ! velocity ( advance or angle ( incid5ce is *ang$1 & to ! fur!r fact t a wide surface does n support proportionately z mu* p] squ>e foot z a long & n>r[ "o1 x 0 ?\ght t "s advantage might be ga9$ by mak+ ! cov]+ ( ! w+ 9 ! =m ( /rips1 ! edges ( :i* w\ld be p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( motion1 or by mak+ ?is cov]+ 9 m or less slat-l =m1 :i* w\ld p]mit ! air :i* _h already be5 act$ ^u by ! lead+ slat to slip ?r\gh betwe5 ! re> edge ( ! fir/ slat & ! lead+ edge ( ! succe$+ "o4 ,9 ! te/s on ! :irl+-table1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ?is type ( con/ruction n only did n possess any advantages1 b 0 ev5 less effective ?an a simil> "o 9 :i* ! cov]+ 0 cont9u\s4 ,! diff]5ce 0 probably due to ! fact t ! air :i* pass$ betwe5 ! slats r$uc$ ! suction on ! upp] side ( ! foll[+ slat1 & also to ! fact t ! di/ance betwe5 ! slats 0 n suffici5t to ga9 ! effect ( hav+ ea* slat act on air :i* _h n already be5 p>tially deflect$ by ! prec$+ "o4 ,9 view ( ! results ( ^! te/s on v>i\s types ( w+s1 x 0 decid$ t 9 con/ruct+ ! fir/ set ( w+s = ! l>ge a]odrome x w\ld be be/ to employ ! 8s+le-ti]0 type1 :i* _h prov$ successful ) ! models1 & t aft] gett+ a successful flight ) ^! ! sup]pos$ w+s w\ld be tri$ 9 ord] to get1 if possible1 ! advantage :i* !y possess$ ( be+ /ructurally /rong] & m compact4 ,x 0 !re=e cle> t any ga9 9 ! /r5g? & rigidity ( ! fir/ set ( w+s1 z a :ole1 w\ld h to be obta9$ by improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( its integral p>ts1 t is1 9 ! ma9 & cross-ribs :i* made up its framework4 ,be=e attempt+ to proportion ! p>ts ( ! necess>y wood5 w+ frame1 :i* x 0 expect$ w\ld probably und]go _m *anges be=e a f9al design 0 secur$ :i* w\ld embody maximum /r5g? = m9imum weight1 v>i\s te/s 7 made to det]m9e j h[ light a clo? cov]+ c\ld be obta9$ :i* w\ld be /rong en\gh & suffici5tly imp]vi\s to ! air4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! w+s = ! models a good grade ( ,*9a silk _h be5 employ$1 b on acc\nt ( ! greatly increas$ quantity ( clo? requir$ = ! l>ge w+s1 x 0 hop$ t some?+ approximately z good z ! silk c\ld be secur$ at a mu* less co/1 & v>i\s grades ( p]cal9e 7 !re=e te/$4 ,! weight ( ! v>i\s grades ( p]cal9e rang$ f ?ree grammes to t5 grammes p] squ>e foot1 ! light] samples be+ ( a r co>se me%1 :ile ! heavie/ ones 7 n only close me% b "s specim5s conta9$ a l>ge am\nt ( 8siz+40 ,! p>ticul> grade :i* 0 f9ally adopt$ weigh$ sev5 grammes p] squ>e foot4 ,?is mat]ial 0 practically imp]vi\s to air at a pressure ( "o p\nd p] squ>e foot1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 0 consid]ably p#aie m ?an x w\ld be subject$ to 9 flight4 ,?is grade ( p]cal9e weigh$ approximately "o & a half times z mu* z a grade ( silk1 :i* on te/ 0 f\nd to h a slightly great] t5sile /r5g? ?an ! p]cal9e1 ?\gh ! latt] did n 8flute0 or 8pocket0 ne>ly z mu* z ! silk4 ,moreov]1 ! co/ ( ! p]cal9e 0 only ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! silk1 & x 0 *iefly = ?is reason t p]cal9e 0 adopt$ 9 place ( silk4 ,all[+ = necess>y seams & extra mat]ial to be turn$ ov] at ! front & re> edges ( ! w+s1 ! p]cal9e cov]+1 :i* "u ! orig9al plans compris$ approximately #ajjj squ>e feet1 0 !re=e calculat$ to weigh approximately #gjjj grammes1 exclusive ( ! necess>y cords = lac+ ! cov]+s to ! wood5 frames ( ! w+s4 ,z ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds all[$ = ! f\r w+s p]mitt$ only ?irty p\nds p] w+1 & z ! clo? cov]+1 lac+ cords1 etc41 7 f\nd to weigh some?+ ov] f\r p\nds1 !re rema9$ only ab\t #be p\nds z ! p]missible weight ( ! wood5 fram+1 includ+ ! necess>y metal clips1 second>y guy-wires1 etc41 = ea* w+4 ,) ! relative proportions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! wood5 fram+ ( ! w+s ( ! models z a basis1 x 0 decid$ to make ! ma9 ribs ( ! l>ge w+s #a4e in*es 9 diamet] = "o-half _! l5g?1 & h !m tap] f ?is size to "o in* 9 diamet] at ! extreme po9t4 ,aft] mak+ all[ance = ! weight ( ^! ribs1 x 0 f\nd t1 if ! cross-ribs 7 to be spac$ no f>!r ?an t5 in*es ap>t1 & ! two end ones 7 to be made at lea/ z wide z #a4e in*es 9 ord] to resi/ ! end /ra9 due to ! /ress ( ! clo?1 ! tw5ty-six int]m$iate cross-ribs c\ld be only sev5-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! po9t :]e !y cross$ ! ma9 rib1 & t !y mu/ be tap]$ to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! front end & to "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! re> tip4 ,a trial w+1 ^: total weight 0 #cj p\nds #b ounces1 0 made up ) ! v>i\s p>ts ( its frame ( ! above dim5sions4 ,ev5 ^u inspection x appe>$ to be too flimsy to )/& ! sudd5 gu/s ( w9d :i* 7 c]ta9 to be met 9 actual practice4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to get "s def9ite data z a guide1 ! w+ 0 inv]t$ & guy$ 9 ! same way t x 0 propos$ to guy x on ! a]odrome1 & a uni=m ?ickness ( s& 0 !n spr9kl$ ov] x to su* a dep? z to give x a load ( #j4g p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,ev5 be=e "o-qu>t] ( ! s& 0 spr9kl$ ov] x1 x 0 se5 t ! w+ 0 rapidly go+ out ( %ape1 & x 0 fe>$ t ! full am\nt ( s& w\ld n only s]i\sly di/ort x1 b w\ld ev5 break x4 ,! full quantity ( s&1 h[ev]1 did n break x1 b di/ort$ x to su* an ext5t t1 _h ! pressure be5 due to its be+ propell$ ?r\gh ! air1 its s]i\s *ange 9 =m w\ld h r5d]$ x worse ?an useless4 p#aif ,:ile ! ma9 ribs _h %[n a c]ta9 am\nt ( deflection "u ! s&+ te/1 ! m s]i\s di/ortion _h be5 9 ! cross-ribs1 ! small guy-wires1 :i* _h be5 fa/5$ to ea* cross-rib1 becom+ loose in/ead ( tight1 z _h be5 expect$1 s9ce ! rib t5d$ to increase its curvature in/ead ( /raight5+ out4 ,?is increase 9 ! curvature ( ! cross-ribs 0 p>tly ov]come by ty+ ! guy-wire flat aga9/ ! cross-rib = a di/ance ( ab\t #b feet f ! re> tip4 ,b :ile ?is caus$ ! guy-wire to tight5 ! g5]al cont\r ( ! w+ %[$ v little improvem5t1 z ! ribs n[ assum$ a curve m or less l ! lett] ,s1 ! re> tip n[ be+ b5t d[nw>d to =m ! tail ( ! elongat$ ,s4 ,f ?is s&+ te/ x 0 se5 t ! cross-ribs mu/ be mat]ially /iff]1 & a new set 0 accord+ly made "o-sixte5? ( an in* l>g] 9 diamet] at ! v>i\s po9ts ( measurem5t4 ,^u giv+ ! w+1 equipp$ ) ^! l>g] ribs1 a s&+ te/ x 0 f\nd t1 :ile !re _h be5 "s improvem5t1 x 0 entirely too flimsy1 ev5 :5 x be5 d\ble-guy$ by runn+ a second wire on ea* cross-rib f ! middle ( ! portion 9 front ( ! mid-rib to ! middle ( ! portion beh9d ! mid-rib4 ,z ! weight ( ! w+ ) ^! l>g] solid cross-ribs _h n[ increas$ to m ?an #cc p\nds1 & ! w+ _h prov$ itself altoge!r too weak = use on ! a]odrome1 x 0 evid5t t "s o!r plan ( con/ruct+ ! ribs :i* w\ld give great] /r5g? = ! same weight mu/ be f\nd4 ,at fir/ sight x might appe> t ! obvi\s way ( increas+ ! /iffness ( ! cross-ribs 0 to employ a cross-section o!r ?an a r\nd "o1 s9ce mat]ial add$ to ! dep? ( ! rib is v mu* m effective ?an if add$ to ! wid?4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ^! cross-ribs 7 #aa feet long1 & t1 z ! ma9 mid-rib 0 #f feet 9 front ( ! re> tips ( ! cross-ribs1 ) no int]m$iate brac+1 except ! light ?reads by :i* ! clo? cov] 0 atta*$1 x 0 inevitable t1 %\ld ! dep? be made mat]ially great] ?an ! wid?1 ! rib w\ld buckle sideways4 ,te/ ribs ( ,i-beam =m1 :i* are lat] describ$1 7 con/ruct$1 b1 al?\gh !y prov$ exce$+ly /iff1 _h to be disc>d$4 ,9 view ( ^! facts ! obvi\s rem$y appe>$ to be to make ! rib holl[1 & "o cross-rib1 #c_/d ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! po9t :]e x cross$ ! ma9 rib1 tap]+ to #e_/h ( an in* at ! front & #c_/h ( an in* at ! re> tip1 0 accord+ly con/ruct$4 ,te/s %[$ t ?is =m ( rib1 :i* 0 ab\t #aj grammes light] ?an ! #a_/b-;in* solid ribs1 0 mu* /iff] ?an any?+ yet con/ruct$4 ,b :5 a w+1 ) cross-ribs ( ?is size plac$ #bj in*es ap>t1 0 s&$ x 0 f\nd t1 al?\gh a great advance 9 con/ruction _h be5 made1 /ill fur!r improvem5t 0 necess>y be=e a suitable w+ = ! l>ge a]odrome c\ld be procur$4 p#aig ,be=e proce$+ ) ! con/ruction ( any m complete w+s1 an ext5d$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made 9 ord] to secure ribs ( prop] lightness & /r5g?4 ,v>i\s =ms ( metal tubes 7 te/$2 b1 al?\gh alum9um seem$ at "o "t to promise good results1 x 0 f\nd t holl[ ribs c\ld be con/ruct$ ( spruce :i* 7 mu* /rong] ?an alum9um tubes ( ! same weight4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e m accurately :at mode ( con/ruction w\ld give ! greate/ /iffness & /r5g? = a m9imum weight1 x 0 decid$ to make up "s te/ pieces ( diff]5t =ms be=e mak+ up complete ribs4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 con/ruction1 ^! te/ pieces 7 made /raight & %ort] ?an ! l>ge cross-ribs4 ,ea* piece 0 te/$ by fa/5+ x 9 ! te/+ clamp ) #a metre ( its l5g? project+ horizontally1 & atta*+ at its end a weight ( #a kilogramme4 ,! deflection f ! horizontal gave an index ( ! /iffness ( ! piece "u exam9ation4 ,! fir/ te/ piece 0 a holl[ squ>e1 #ag mm4 l5g? ( side on ! ext]ior1 & #aa mm4 l5g? ( side on ! int]ior1 ! walls ?us be+ #c mm4 ?ick4 ,?is weigh$ #gc grammes p] metre & _h small int]nal /iff5+ pieces1 l ! p>titions 9 bamboo1 glu$ into x #d in*es ap>t4 ,a weight ( #a kilogramme at ! di/ance ( #a metre gave a deflection ( #ef mm4 ,! second te/ piece 0 a duplicate ( ! fir/ "o1 except t x _h no int]nal /iff5+ pieces1 & ! weight p] metre 0 made ! same1 #gc grammes1 z =m]ly1 by leav+ ! walls a fraction ?ick]4 ,! deflection 9 ?is case 01 z w\ld be expect$1 exactly ! same z 9 ! fir/ "o4 ,! fir/ te/ piece1 h[ev]1 0 sup]ior to ! second "o 9 t x 0 /iff] aga9/ be+ cru%$ 9 by accid5t4 ,! ?ird te/ piece 0 a holl[ cyl9d]1 #bb mm4 outside diamet] & #ag mm4 inside diamet]1 ! walls ?us be+ #b4e mm4 ?ick4 ,! weight p] metre 0 #ia grammes1 & ! deflection 0 #df mm4 ,! f\r? te/ 0 made by tak+ two ( ! orig9al solid cross-ribs1 #ab mm4 9 diamet]1 & fa/5+ !m 9 ! clamp side by side1 ) a l5g? ( #a metre project+4 ,! weight p] metre = ! two ribs 0 #aje grammes1 & ! deflection produc$ on ! two by #a kilogramme at #a metre di/ance 0 #aae mm4 ,! fif? te/ piece 0 an ,i-beam ( spruce1 hav+ a dep? ( #be mm41 ) ! flanges #ab4e mm4 wide & ! web #c mm4 ?ick4 ,! weight p] metre 0 #fe grammes1 & ! deflection 0 #bf mm4 ,all ( ^! te/ pieces 7 made ( c>efully select$ /raight-gra9$ spruce4 ,x is readily se5 t ! te/ piece hav+ ! ,i-beam section weigh$ less ?an ! holl[ squ>e 9 ! fir/ & second te/s1 & _h a deflection ( less ?an half4 ,?is ,i-beam section1 h[ev]1 did n %[ up s well :5 a long] piece 0 te/$1 = z soon z ! l5g? 0 made appreciably great] ?an a metre x began to twi/1 ! twi/+ becom+ m & m s]i\s ! p#aih great] ! l5g?1 until ) a piece #aa feet long1 ! full l5g? ( a cross-rib1 ! twi/+ 0 s s]i\s z to make ! rib practically useless4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ?is twi/+ might be ov]come by mak+ ! webs slightly wid]1 & x w\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b 9 look+ ahead & plann+ h[ ! cross-ribs 7 to be fa/5$ to ! ma9 ribs1 ! ,i-beam section 0 se5 to pres5t s _m difficulties t x 0 ?\ght h>dly wor? :ile to sp5d "t on fur!r exp]im5ts ) x4 ,?is decision 0 made all ! m imp]ative by =esee+ ! difficulty ( b5d+ ! ,i-beam section to ! curve :i* ! cross-ribs 7 to h4 ,9 fact x _h be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t :ile _m diff]5t =ms ( ribs c\ld be b5t to ! prop] curve by /eam+ & clamp+ !m ov] a =m & !n dry+ !m out :ile /ill clamp$ to ! =m1 yet ! gra9 ( ! wood v>i$ s 9 diff]5t ribs1 t ( a doz5 /eam$ & b5t ov] ! same =m x 0 seldom t z _m z ?ree w\ld h approximately ! same am\nt ( curvature :5 remov$ f ! =m aft] dry+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! curve 0 =m$ 9 ! ribs by mak+ !m 9 two p>ts1 :i* 7 glu$ toge!r & clamp$ up on ! =m :ile ! glue dri$1 practically any numb] c\ld be made :i* w\ld h ! same curvature :5 ?9n$ d[n to ! prop] ?ickness ( wall4 ,x 0 recogniz$ at all times t ! glu+ toge!r ( ! ribs n only entail$ extra "w1 b introduc$ an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty unless "s k9d ( a v>ni% = ! ribs c\ld be f\nd :i* w\ld prev5t any possibility ( ! glue becom+ s(t f moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e or f ! w+s actually com+ d[n into ! wat] :5 ! a]odrome 0 tri$ 9 flight4 ,a se>* 0 !re=e made = a v>ni% t 0 wat]-pro(4 ,a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t v>ni%es 7 tri$1 & "o 0 f9ally f\nd :i*1 aft] repeat$ te/s1 seem$ to be ?or\ghly good4 ,sev]al te/ ribs 7 giv5 ?ree coats ( ?is v>ni%1 & 7 !n kept imm]s$ 9 wat] = #bd h\rs )\t ! glue %[+ any signs ( s(t5+4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to foll[ ! plan ( glu+ ! ribs toge!r & protect+ !m ) ?ree coats ( ?is v>ni%1 :i* seem$ to possess ! rem>kable prop]ties ( be+ n only imp]vi\s to wat]1 b also unaffect$ by ! application ( conc5trat$ ammonia or ( gasol9e1 ei!r ( :i* produces imm$iate s(t5+ :5 appli$ to ord9>y v>ni%es4 ,foll[+ ! indication ( ^! te/s t ! holl[1 r\nd section1 #bb mm4 outside diamet] by #ag mm4 inside diamet]1 w\ld probably give ! be/ cross-rib = ! weight t x seem$ possible to all[1 a set ( cross-ribs ( ?is =m 0 con/ruct$ & put 9 place 9 ! l>ge exp]im5tal w+1 9 :i* ! =m] solid ribs _h be5 te/$4 ,! w+ 0 inv]t$ & fa/5$ into two po/s at ! angle x w\ld h 9 flight1 ! guy-wires f ! p#aii l[] guy-po/s ( ! a]odrome be+ repres5t$ by wires /ret*$ f ! po/s4 ,9 actual use on ! a]odrome x 0 propos$ to h ?ree ma9 guy-wires runn+ f ea* ( ! ma9 cross-ribs to ! l[] guy-po/1 b 9 ! te/1 :i* is n[ to be describ$1 ! wires :i* w\ld h come ne>e/ ! body ( ! ma*9e 7 left (f to see :at effect _! removal w\ld h on ! w+4 ,! weight & dim5sions ( ! w+1 z set up1 7 z foll[s3 ,l5g? ( ! ma9 ribs1 #bd feet2 l5g? ( ! clo? cov]+1 #bb feet2 wid? ( ! clo? cov]+1 #aa feet2 total weight1 #bi p\nds4 ,! two ma9 ribs 7front rib & mid-rib7 7 solid1 #c4e cm4 9 diamet] at butt1 #b4e cm4 9 diamet] at tip1 & tap]+ f ! middle to ! tip4 ,!re 7 twelve regul> cross-ribs set #ej4h cm4 7#bj in*es7 ap>t1 ea* rib be+ z above describ$1 #aa feet long1 #bb mm4 outside diamet] by #ag mm4 inside diamet] at ! butt1 & tap]+ f :]e !y 7 atta*$ to ! mid-rib to ! tip1 & ea* weigh+ #cjj grammes4 ,!re 7 two extra cross-ribs1 "o at ! inn] end next to ! body ( ! ma*9e & ! o!r at ! out] end4 ,^! 7 solid /rips ( wood #c4h cm4 wide by #a4b cm4 ?ick1 made extra wide & /iff 9 ord] to )/& ! /ra9 ( /ret*+ ! clo? cov]+4 ,!re 0 also a ?91 flat /rip at ! re> edge1 :i* connect$ toge!r all ! tips ( ! cross-ribs1 hold+ !m a uni=m di/ance ap>t1 & also s]v+ to fa/5 ! clo?4 ,! ma9 mid-rib 0 /iff5$ 9 a v]tical direction by a sy/em ( small guy-wires drawn ov] %ort guy-po/s ab\t #f in*es high4 ,) ! w+ inv]t$ & fa/5$ 9 ! way above describ$1 a weight ( #b kilogrammes plac$ at ! inn] re> corn] produc$ a deflection ( #bf4g cm4 ,:5 ! inn] re> corn] 0 pull$ up by a spr+ balance until ! balance regi/]$ #b kilogrammes1 !re 0 an upw>d deflection ( #da4c cm4 ,:5 ! ma9 mid-rib 0 held at ! inn] end1 ! pull ( #b kilogrammes1 appli$ to ! inn] corn] z be=e1 caus$ an upw>d deflection ( #be4d cm4 in/ead ( #da4c cm4 ,?is w+ 0 aft]w>ds giv5 a s&+ te/ "u a weight ( #j4g p\nd p] squ>e foot4 ,) f9e guy-wires fa/5$ f ! front ( ! cross-ribs to ! tip & drawn j taut1 ! ribs %[$ an av]age deflection ( #i in*es at ! tip "u ! above weight4 ,:5 a small wood5 guy-po/ 0 add$ "u ea* ( ^! small guy-wires1 ! same weight produc$ an av]age deflection ( #e in*es at ! tip ( ea* rib "u ! same load4 ,9 a previ\s te/ ( ! w+1 us+ holl[ cross-ribs #af mm4 outside diamet] by #aj mm4 inside diamet] at ! butt1 & only half z f> ap>t z ! lat] ones1 a load ( #a p\nd p] squ>e foot on ! w+ produc$ an av]age deflection ( #i in*es at ! tip ( ea* rib :5 ! cross guy-wires on ea* rib 7 held up by %ort guy-po/s1 b :5 ^! %ort guy-po/s 7 remov$1 ! same load produc$ a deflection ( ne>ly #be in*es at ! tip ( ea* rib4 p#bjj ,al?\gh ?is w+ 0 a great improvem5t 9 e way ov] any ( ! previ\s con/ructions1 x 0 felt t x 0 too weak = ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts 7 !re=e made 9 ord] to secure a =m ( cross-rib :i* w\ld meet ! rigor\s requirem5ts impos$4 ,an inord9ate am\nt ( "t 0 sp5t 9 ! con/ruction & te/s ( v>i\s =ms ( rib1 b z a result a satisfactory cross-rib 0 at la/ con/ruct$ ( ! =m %[n 9 ,plate #ff1 ,figs4 #d-h1 ! dim5sions at ! ?ree pr9cipal po9ts1 viz41 fir/1 :]e ! cross-ribs jo9 ! front rib2 second1 :]e !y cross ! mid-rib2 & ?ird1 at ! re> tip1 be+ giv5 bo? = ! int]m$iate cross-ribs & ! end cross-ribs4 ,foll[+ ! plan employ$ by ,nature 9 ! con/ruction ( ! bamboo pole1 small p>titions1 approximately "o millimetre ?ick1 7 plac$ e ?ree in*es 9 ! ?91 holl[ rib to keep x f be+ cru%$4 ,! p>titions 7 glu$ 9 place :5 ! holl[ rib 0 glu$ toge!r on ! =m ar\nd :i* x 0 b5t & clamp$ until ! glue dri$4 ,long] blocks 7 also ins]t$ 9 ea* ( ! int]m$iate ribs at ! po9t :]e x cross$ ! ma9 rib & also at ! front end :]e x 0 atta*$ to ! front rib4 ,9 ! end ribs blocks 7 also ins]t$ at ! po9ts :]e ! cross-braces 7 fa/5$ to !m = resi/+ ! end /ress due to ! clo? cov]+4 ,^u mak+ up "o ( ^! ribs & te/+ x1 x 0 f\nd to possess rem>kable /iffness1 s mu* s t x 0 ?\ght probable t x 0 z /iff 9 proportion to its size z ! be/ ?+ t ,nature _h produc$ 9 ! bird's w+4 ,a l>ge quill f ! w+ ( a h>py eagle 0 !re=e /ripp$ & ! l>ge end clamp$ 9 a special hold]1 & measurem5ts 7 made ( ! deflection produc$ by weights at v>i\s di/ances f ! clamp4 ,z ! ma9 mid-rib ( ! w+ ( ! a]odrome is plac$ approximately at ! po9t ( ! c5t] ( pressure1 ! b5d+ action on ! cross-ribs may be assum$ to act on a lev] arm f ! mid-rib t[>ds ! front1 & f ! mid-rib t[>ds ! re> 9 ! cases ( ! pressure on ! front & re> portions ( ! w+1 respectively4 ,9 te/+ ^! cross-ribs1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! quill1 ! rib 0 clamp$ at ! po9t :]e x crosses ! mid-rib ( ! w+1 & measurem5ts 7 made ( ! deflection produc$ by weights plac$ at v>i\s di/ances f ! po9t ( clamp+ bo? front & re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ff ,,details ,,( ,,ribs ,,& ,,fitt+s ,,= ,,w+s ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fg ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,ribs ,! quill on :i* ! measurem5ts 7 made 0 #ai4e in*es long & _h a gradual curve1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! curve be+ ab\t ! c5t] ( ! l5g? ( ! quill1 & ! dep? ( curvature be+ ab\t #b in*es4 ,:5 ! butt ( ?is quill 0 plac$ 9 ! clamp ! tip /ood #ag cm4 above ! horizontal4 ,! holl[ spruce rib1 :5 clamp$ at a po9t #e feet f ! tip 7! po9t f :i* x tap]s 9 bo? directions7 _h its tip #b4b cm4 above ! horizontal1 !re be+ v little curve 9 t portion ( ! rib4 ,! quill weigh$ #d grammes :5 /ripp$ & #ah in*es ( x project$ f ! p#bja clamp :i* held x dur+ ! te/s4 ,! re> portion ( ! spruce rib project$ #e feet f ! clamp1 be+ ?us #c4c times z long z ! quill1 & x weigh$ #abj grammes1 ! weight = ! l>g] size hav+1 !re=e1 increas$ slightly less ?an ! cube ( ! l5g?4 ,! results ( ! te/s ( bo? ! quill & ! rib are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! approximate cross-section ( ! quill at ! po9t ( clamp+1 ! middle & ! tip are %[n 9 diagrams ,a1 ,b & ,c1 respectively1 ( ,plate #fg4 ,! cross-sections ( ! rib at ! correspond+ po9ts are %[n 9 diagrams ,d1 ,e & ,f4 ,! cross-sections ( ! quill1 enl>g$ five times1 are %[n 9 diagrams ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,,quill ,,f ,,! ,,remiges ,,( ,,h>py ,,eagle4 ,weight1 #d grammes2 l5g?1 #de cm42 tip1 #ag cm4 above butt :5 ! latt] is horizontal4 ,po9t ( ,weight application ,absolute 9 t]ms ,deflection ( weight weight 9 ( 9 t]ms 9 t]ms ( grammes4 greate/ ( l5g?4 l5g?4 weight4 #j4ci #ajej #a4j 4#ch #j4dde #fje #j4eh 4#ch #j4ef #dje #j4ci 4#ch #j4ge #baj #j4bj 4#ch #j4ie #gg #j4jge 4#ch ,,holl[ ,,spruce ,,rib4 ,weight1 #abj grammes2 l5g? #aec cm42 section1 rectangul>2 tip1 #ag cm4 above butt4 ,po9t ( ,weight application ,absolute 9 t]ms ,deflection ( weight weight 9 ( 9 t]ms 9 t]ms ( grammes4 greate/ ( l5g?4 l5g?4 weight4 #j4ci #ae1jjj #a4j 4#aa #j4dde #aa1djj #j4gf 4#aa #j4ef #g1ijj #j4ec 4#aa #j4ge #d1jjj #j4bg 4#aa #j4ie #b1jjj #j4ace 4#aa ,9 ea* case ! unit ( l5g? 0 ! portion ext5d+ beyond ! clamp2 ! unit ( weight1 ! greate/ weight employ$ to produce ! deflection4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! relative deflection 0 q diff]5t 9 ! two comp>isons4 ,9 ! case ( ! quill ! deflection 0 #ag cm4 9 #de cm41 or #ch p] c5t2 9 ! case ( ! rib x 0 #ag cm4 9 #aec cm41 or #aa p] c5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! rib at ! po9t #j4ci ! absolute weight 0 #ae1jjj grammes1 ! relative weight unity & ! deflection 9 t]ms ( l5g? #j4aa4 ,:ile no rigor\s comp>ison c be in/itut$1 s9ce ! rib 0 n deflect$ ne>ly z mu* proportionately z ! quill1 yet ! g5]al inf]5ce is t :ile ! rib 0 n int5d$ to be1 & 0 n z ela/ic proportionately z ! quill1 x 0 probably at lea/ z /rong 9 proportion to its weight4 ,briefly summ>iz+ ^! results x w be not$ t ! spruce rib 0 ab\t #c4c times ! l5g? & #cj times z heavy1 :ile x 0 #ae times z /iff ne> ! butt & #bf times z /iff at ! tip1 z ! quill4 ,z ?is te/ on ! rib = ! l>ge w+s _h app>5tly %[n t ! plan ( con/ruct+ ! ribs 9 ! =m ( a holl[ squ>e secur$ maximum /r5g? = m9imum weight1 x 0 decid$ to con/ruct a few sample ribs aft] ! same plan = ! w+s ( ! new qu>t]-size model ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 & to te/1 ^! ribs 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! results ( ! te/ on "o ( ^! ribs3 ,total l5g? ( rib #hj cm4 ,curve #a 9 #ah4 ,highe/ po9t ( curvature #j4be f front4 ,section ( rib #aj mm #ad mm4 at ! po9t ( atta*m5t to mid-rib1 tap]+ to #h mm4 #ab mm4 at ! front po9t & to #g mm4 #b mm4 at ! tip4 ,! rib 0 clamp$ ) ! tip project+ p#bjb #df cm4 & 0 weight$ at diff]5t p]c5tages ( its l5g? to su* an ext5t t x 0 deflect$ #aa p] c5t ( its l5g?1 or #e cm4 ,! weight ( ! #df cm4 l5g? ( rib :i* project$ f ! clamp 0 #aa grammes1 ! :ole rib weigh+ #bb grammes & balanc+ on a knife edge plac$ at ! po9t :]e x 0 clamp$4 ,po9t ( ,absolute ,weight 9 ,deflection application weight t]ms ( 9 t]ms ( weight 9 greate/ ( 9 t]ms ( grammes4 weight4 l5g?4 l5g?4 #j4ci #gfhj #a4j #j4aa #j4dde #eihj #j4gh #j4aa #j4ef #cfhj #j4dh #j4aa #j4ge #bcjj #j4cj #j4aa #j4ie #aajj #j4adc #j4aa #a4jj #icj #j4aba #j4aa ,a light] rib ?an ! above1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ at ! same "t1 0 also te/$ ) ! results %[n 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,?is rib 0 also #hj cm4 long1 b 0 only "o-half ! l9e> dim5sions 9 section ( ! rib previ\sly te/$4 ,! re> portion ( x project$ #df cm4 f ! clamp4 ,! total weight ( ! rib 0 #aa grammes1 or #e4e grammes = ! #df cm4 on :i* ! measurem5ts 7 made4 ,po9t ( ,absolute ,weight 9 ,deflection application weight 9 t]ms ( 9 t]ms ( weight grammes4 greate/ ( 9 t]ms ( weight4 l5g?4 l5g?4 #j4ci #adjj #a4j #j4aa #j4dde #aajj #j4ghe #j4aa #j4ef #gjj #j4ej #j4aa #j4ge #djj #j4bge #j4aa #j4ie #bej #j4agh #j4aa #a4jj #bbj #j4aeg #j4aa ,a /ill light] rib ( ! same l5g?1 weigh+ #i grammes1 suitable = use 9 ! w+s ( ! qu>t]-size model1 0 con/ruct$ & a set ( te/s 0 made on x ) ! foll[+ results4 ,z 9 ! above te/1 #df cm4 ( ! re> portion ( x project$ f ! clamp :i* held x4 ,po9t ( ,absolute ,weight 9 ,deflection application weight 9 t]ms ( 9 t]ms ( weight grammes4 greate/ ( 9 t]ms ( weight4 l5g?4 l5g?4 #j4ci #adej #a4j #j4aa #j4dde #aaej #j4gie #j4aa #j4ef #gdj #j4ea #j4aa #j4ge #chj #j4bfb #j4aa #j4ie #baj #j4ade #j4aa #a4jj #ahj #j4abd #j4aa ,among q a numb] ( diff]5t =ms ( cross-ribs :i* 7 con/ruct$ ( a size suitable = use 9 ! model a]odrome1 b made prim>ily = use 9 te/s to det]m9e ! be/ =m to employ1 may be m5tion$ ! foll[+1 9 :i* bo? ribs 7 sev5-sixte5?s ( an in* outside diamet] & five-sixte5?s ( an in* inside diamet]4 ,"o 0 fill$ ) eld] pi?1 =m$ up into a r\nd rod t j fit ! int]ior ( ! holl[ rib1 & 0 glu$ into x :5 ! rib 0 glu$ up4 ,! o!r rib 0 left holl[4 ,^u te/+ ^! by susp5d+ weights at diff]5t po9ts1 ! rib )\t p#bjc ! pi? %[$ a slightly less deflection ?an ! "o ) x1 x happ5+ probably t ! wood 9 "o case 0 a little /iff] ?an 9 ! o!r1 al?\gh !y 7 c>efully select$ to be z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,! rib ) ! pi? 9 x weigh$ #cd grammes & ! "o )\t x weigh$ #cj grammes4 ,x 0 inf]r$ f ?is te/ t ! plac+ ( a light pi?y mat]ial 9 ! int]ior ( ! ribs w\ld h no good effect1 & w\ld n only add weight1 b also complicate ! con/ruction4 ,! reason = mak+ ?is te/ ) pi? 9 "o ( ! ribs 0 t x 0 ?\ght probable t ! rib flatt5$ out some:at :5 x 0 deflect$ "u a load1 & t ! pi? /iff5$ ) ! glue ) :i* x 0 fa/5$ 91 might less5 ?is4 ,z ! cross-rib describ$ above1 :i* 0 te/$ on ,octob] #bc1 #ahii1 seem$ 9 e way suit$ = use 9 ! w+s ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 a complete w+ equipp$ ) simil> ribs b ( slightly *ang$ dim5sions1 z %[n 9 ,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #e1 0 imm$iately con/ruct$4 ,z previ\s te/s _h %[n t ! w+ cov]+ did n 8flute0 or 8pocket0 to any consid]able ext5t ev5 :5 ! ribs 7 z mu* z ?irty in*es ap>t1 only t5 cross-ribs 7 us$ 9 ?is w+4 ,! eight int]m$iate cross-ribs 7 ( ! =m describ$ above1 b ! ribs at ei!r end ( ! w+ 7 made ( a l>g] cross-section & o!rwise /iff5$ 9 ord] to resi/ ! /ra9 ( ! tightly /ret*$ clo? cov]+4 ,on ,april #ac1 #aijj1 a f9al s&+ te/ 0 made on ?is w+1 guy$ 9 a mann] simil> to t us$ 9 ! a]odrome1 9 :i* ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,,s&+ ,,te/ ,,( ,,l>ge ,,w+4 ,area1 #bfj sq4 ft42 weight ( w+1 #bi p\nds2 weight ( s& on w+1 #bca p\nds2 total weight support$ by w+1 #bfj p\nds1 or "o p\nd p] squ>e foot4 ,deflection ( cross-rib1 numb]+ f inn] edge to extreme out] edge ( w+-- ,numb] ( rib4 ,deflection4 ,in*es4 #a 7,heavy end rib7 #e4e #b #i4e #c #aa4ge #d #ab4be #e #ab4e #f #ab4ge #g #ab4i #h #ac4j #i #ab4j #aj 7,heavy end rib7 #i4ge ,! weight ( s& put on ! w+ 9 ?is te/ 0 #a4e times z great z ! pressure :i* at ?is "t x 0 expect$ w\ld be impos$ ^u x 9 flight1 & 0 9 fact #a4b times z great z ! normal pressure :5 support+ ! a]odrome z f9ally con/ruct$4 ,ev5 "u ?is weight ! greate/ deflection not$ 9 t]ms ( ! total l5g? ( ! rib 0 less ?an #j4aj1 %[+ t ! ela/ic limit ( ! rib 0 f> f be+ rea*$4 p#bjd ,z ?is te/ seem$ to indicate t ! w+s con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] 7 c]ta9ly /rong & rigid en\gh = use on ! a]odrome1 & t imm$iate fur!r improvem5t c\ld h>dly be made1 ?ree simil> w+s 7 at once con/ruct$ to complete ! set4 ,some:at lat] two additional w+s 7 provid$1 s t :5 ! l>ge a]odrome 0 tak5 to ,widewat] on ! ,potomac 9 #aijc "o & a half complete sets ( w+s 7 on h&1 :i* seem$ to be ample to provide = any em]g5cies t might arise4 ,ea* ( ^! w+s _h1 z is cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ,plates #ec & #ed1 two ma9 ribs1 :i* =m$ ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! framework & gave ! w+ longitud9al rigidity4 ,to ! ma9 front rib 7 atta*$ ! cross-ribs & ! pieces = ! curv$ ext5sion lat] describ$4 ,! mid-rib ext5d$ across ! cross-ribs1 p>allel to & ab\t #e feet beh9d ! front rib1 ?is be+ approximately ! l9e 9 :i* lay ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! w+4 ,x 0 ^u ?is rib1 !re=e1 t ! greate/ /ra9 w\ld fall4 ,! mid-rib1 ,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #b1 0 #gca4e cm4 7#bd ft47 long1 hav+ at ! butt an out] diamet] ( #ch mm4 7#a4e 947 & an inn] diamet] ( #be mm4 7#a 9471 ! walls be+1 !re=e1 approximately #f4e mm4 7#j4be 947 ?ick4 ,f ! butt to ! middle po9t ! section 0 uni=m1 b f ?is po9t x _h a tap] ( "o-tw5ty-f\r? ( an in* to ! foot1 s t at ! tip x _h an out] diamet] ( #be mm4 7#a 9471 ! ?ickness ( ! wall be+ un*ang$4 ,at ! butt end a wood5 block #h in*es long 0 glu$ inside ! rib1 & at uni=m di/ances ( #ge mm4 7#cj 947 #aj small] blocks 7 glu$ 9 :]e ! cross-ribs 7 atta*$4 ,! ma9 front rib 0 ( ! same =m & size1 except t x 0 "s #b in*es %ort] & _h no blocks1 except ! long "o at ! butt1 glu$ 9 x4 ,to ^! ma9 ribs 7 atta*$1 9 ! mann] lat] describ$1 ! #aj cross-ribs1 to :i* ! clo? cov] 0 atta*$4 ,! #h int]m$iate cross-ribs h already be5 describ$ 9 connection ) ! te/s4 ,! cross-ribs at ! end ( ! w+s1 ^u :i* great] lat]al /ra9s w\ld come f ! /ret*+ ( ! clo?1 7 made ( ! l>g] cross-section %[n 9 ,fig4 #h ( ,plate #ff4 ,additional longitud9al /iffness 0 provid$ by glu+ a /rip #b mm4 ?ick betwe5 ! upp] & l[] halves1 z %[n 9 ! section4 ,^! end ribs1 z well z ^? next to ! ends1 _h small blocks glu$ into !m :]e !y 7 cross$ by ! diagonal braces1 9 addition to ! small p>titions #a mm4 ?ick1 :i* 7 glu$ into ! ribs e #c in*es to prev5t cru%+1 & ! blocks #b4e & #c in*es long respectively1 :]e !y 7 atta*$ to ! front rib & to ! mid-rib4 ,at ! extreme re> edge ( ! w+ ! cross-ribs 7 atta*$ to ! small 8,d0-rib1 :i* s]v$ to hold ! ribs at equal di/ances & to keep ! clo? cov] /ret*$ tight4 ,?is 8,d0-rib1 z %[n 9 ,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #c1 _h semi-circul> walls #d mm4 ?ick1 #ba mm4 9 diamet]1 to ! edge ( :i* 0 glu$ a flat /rip #c mm4 ?ick4 p#bje ,z orig9ally design$ ! w+s _h a curve ( only #a 9 #ah1 ! ma9 front rib =m+ ! lead+ edge ( ! w+4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 x seem$ desirable to 8quick50 ! curve & at ! same "t give ! w+ a %>p] lead+ edge4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by atta*+ to ! front rib1 at ! po9ts :]e ! cross-ribs jo9$ x1 prop]ly curv$ wood5 pieces ( ! =m %[n 9 ,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #aj1 ov] :i* ! clo? cov] ( ! w+ 0 /ret*$4 ,! curve ( ! w+ aft] ! addition ( ?is ext5sion is %[n 9 ,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #d1 & 0 a curve hav+ a rise ( approximately #a 9 #ab1 ) ! highe/ po9t 4#be f ! front end4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge size ( ^! w+s & ! consequ5t difficulty 9 h&l+ !m x 0 necess>y to con/ruct !m 9 su* a mann] t !y c\ld be easily tak5 ap>t1 roll$ up1 transport$ to ! h\se-boat or any o!r po9t :]e !y might ne$ to be us$1 & !n quickly reassembl$4 ,aft] mu* exp]im5t z to ! be/ means ( con/ruct+ !m1 ! foll[+ plan 0 devis$4 ,! clo? cov]+ 0 p]man5tly fa/5$ to ! front rib1 to :i* 7 atta*$ ! front ext5sion pieces by means ( small metal clips secur$ by small wood screws4 ,on ! re> edge ( ! front ma9 rib1 at a uni=m di/ance ( #cj in*es ap>t1 #aj small metal horns ( #a-mm4 tub+1 #e cm4 long1 ea* braz$ to an indep5d5t clamp+ ?imble1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i ( ,plate #ff1 7 fa/5$4 ,! front end ( ea* ( ! cross-ribs 0 slightly r\nd$ out to fit ! front ma9 rib1 & 9 ! wood5 block :i* 0 glu$ 9 ?is end ( ! cross-rib a hole 0 bor$ to fit ^! horns4 ,ea* ( ! cross-ribs 0 !n pu%$ ov] its prop] horn & aga9/ ! front ma9 rib1 & ! clo? cov]+ !n drawn back t[>d ! re> tips ( ! cross-ribs4 ,9 ! extreme re> edge ( ! clo? cov]+ a seam 0 made1 & 9 ?is 0 ins]t$ ! 8,d0-rib already describ$4 ,! clo? 0 !n tightly /ret*$ & a wood screw =c$ ?r\gh ! 8,d0-rib & into & ?r\gh ! metal f]rule at ! tip ( ! cross-rib4 ,ne> ! inn] & out] edges ( ! clo? cov]+ eyelets 7 plac$ ab\t #f in*es ap>t1 ?r\gh :i* small cords 7 !n ins]t$ & ti$ to ! end cross-ribs4 ,! ma9 or mid-rib 0 !n plac$ on top ( ! cross-ribs & fa/5$ to !m ) wood screws1 & ! cross-braces 7 !n fa/5$ on ! top ( ! w+1 z %[n 9 ,plate #ed4 ,! frame ( ! w+ 0 /iff5$ horizontally by cross guy-wires :i* pass$ f ea* cross-rib1 at ! po9t :]e ! mid-rib cross$ x1 to ! adjo9+ cross-rib1 at ! po9t :]e x 0 connect$ to ! front rib4 ,ea* ( ! ma9 ribs 0 individually guy$1 9 ! mann] cle>ly %[n 9 ,plate #eb1 9 ord] to /iff5 x 9 ! v]tical direction1 ! fitt+s = ^! guy-wires be+ %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #aa-ae ( ,plate #ff4 ,f9ally1 small guy-wires 7 run f ! front end ( ! cross-ribs ov] a guy-po/ #ab in*es high at ! po9t :]e ! cross-rib cross$ ! mid-rib to ! re> tip ( ! cross-rib4 ,^! cross guy-wires 7 regulat$ 9 p#bjf tightness by rais+ & l[]+ a screw 9 ! slot ( ! head ( :i* !y re/$1 & :i* 0 ?read$ 9 ! end ( ! small guy-po/4 ,upp] & l[] guy-wires1 runn+ f ! ma9 ribs to ! guy-po/s on ! a]odrome1 z already describ$1 & z is cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ,plates #eb & #ed1 complet$ ! guy-wire sy/em = ! w+s1 except = ! 8drift wires10 :i* = ! front w+s 7 run f ! l[] side ( ! mid-rib to ! b[sprit at ! front ( ! ma*9e1 & = ! re> w+s to ! ma9 frame4 ,ea* w+ :5 completely assembl$ weigh$ approximately #bi p\nds1 & _h a rectangul> surface #bb4e by #aa4e feet 7measur$ on ! *ord ( ! curve71 or #bfj squ>e feet1 mak+ ! weight p] squ>e foot equal ab\t #ej grammes1 r less ?an #a4e times z mu* p] squ>e foot z ! w+s = ! /eam-driv5 models4 ,! total support+ surface ( ! a]odrome 0 #ajdj squ>e feet1 & z ! a]odrome :5 equipp$ = flight weigh$1 includ+ ! aviator1 #hej p\nds ?is gave #a4bb squ>e feet to ! p\nd1 or #j4hb p\nd to ! squ>e foot4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 a some:at l>g] proportion ( weight to support+ surface ?an x _h orig9ally be5 expect$ to h1 !re is e reason to believe t x 0 suffici5t1 = ! qu>t]-size model1 :5 weight$ s t x _h #a4bb squ>e feet to ! p\nd1 flew well1 z w lat] appe>4 p#bjg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,equilibrium ,,& ,,control ,9 an a]odrome x is ess5tial n only t its compon5t p>ts %all be s dispos$ t ! initial equilibrium is correct & highly /able1 b also t "s effici5t means be provid$ = quickly & accurately re/or+ ! equilibrium1 if = any reason x is di/urb$4 ,if ! a]odrome is ( suffici5t size & p[] to c>ry a human be+ x is1 ( c\rse1 possible m]ely to supply an effici5t means ( controll+ ! lat]al & horizontal equilibrium ( ! ma*9e & dep5d ^u ! intellig5ce & skill ( ! op]ator1 z develop$ by practice & exp]i5ce1 to ma9ta9 ! prop] equilibrium ( ! ma*9e :ile 9 ! air4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is op5 to ! objection t no matt] h[ skill$ ! aviator may be !re rema9s ! probability ( a s]i\s if n fatal accid5t z ! result ( any mom5t>y lapse or div]sion ( att5tion until ! 8s5se ( equilibrium0 has be5 develop$4 ,"o ( ! *ief problems1 !re=e1 :i* _h impress$ itself f ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 0 to devise "s means by :i* ! equilibrium ( ! a]odrome w\ld be automatically ma9ta9$ "u ! v>y+ conditions ( flight1 s z to leave ! aviator free1 z f> z possible1 to control ! direction ( flight & to devote 8 att5tion to o!r important matt]s connect$ ) ! prop] function+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! a]odrome4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! models x _h be5 absolutely necess>y to develop "s effici5t automatic control1 z !y 7 f> too small to c>ry an aviator1 & ! conditions ( flight 9 ! op5 air1 ev5 on ! calme/ day1 7 su* t con/ant readju/m5ts ( ! equilibrium 7 necess>y4 ,! success atta9$ 9 ! automatic control ( ! equilibrium ( ! models _h be5 s great1 & s mu* "t w\ld h be5 requir$ = an aviator to acquire skill suffici5t to control a ma*9e )\t su* automatic equilibrium1 t x 0 consid]$ bo? exp$i5t & safe to embody 9 ! l>ge a]odrome ! plans :i* _h prov$ s successful 9 ! models4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to provide 9 addition 9 ! l>ge ma*9e means :]eby ! aviator c\ld quickly & accurately ei!r modify ! action ( ! automatic devices or1 if desir$1 entirely sup]s$e ! automatic control by purely manual control4 ,?ree di/9ct problems 71 !re=e1 enc\nt]$ 9 connection ) ! equilibrium & control ( ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ma*9e z a :ole _h to be s design$1 & its compon5t p>ts s dispos$ z to secure a highly /able initial equilibrium2 second1 automatic means _h to be provid$ = p#bjh ma9ta9+ ?is equilibrium "u ! v>y+ conditions ( flight & = re/or+ x if = any reason x 0 di/urb$1 &1 f9ally1 provision _h to be made = ! quick & accurate control ( ! flight by ! aviator4 ,^! problems1 :ile intimately relat$1 _h to be met "o by "o & solv$ sep>ately4 ,! g5]al type ( ma*9e adopt$ 0 t :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 ! ye>s ( exp]im5t ) ! /eam-driv5 models4 ,f ! v fir/ consid]ation ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 x seem$ advisable to foll[ ?is type1 :i* n only _h %[n itself to be di/+ui%$ by rem>kable longitud9al & lat]al /ability 9 ! te/s1 b 0 actually ! only type 9 ! _w :i* _h at t "t %[n any possibility ( successful flight4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 a "q :e!r s+le surface or sup]pos$ w+s w\ld be us$1 & 9 spite ( ! negative results obta9$ 9 ! te/s ( ! models ) ! sup]pos$ w+s1 x 0 felt t a consid]able field = developm5t 0 op5 9 ?is direction4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! advantages :i* !oretical consid]ations %[$ might be obta9$ ?r\gh ! introduction ( ?is & v>i\s o!r modifications ( ! orig9al type1 ! :ole tea*+ ( pa/ exp]i5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( ! model a]odromes _h be5 t success 0 m c]ta9 to be a*iev$ by foll[+ ! c\rse 9 :i* g5u9e practical results _h be5 a*iev$4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge a]odrome ! design %\ld foll[ z closely z con/ructional conditions w\ld p]mit ! l9es ( ! successful model ,a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f1 :i* h already be5 fully describ$4 ,! longitud9al /ability ( an a]odrome is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! relation ( ?ree *ief factors2 ! c5t] ( pressure1 ! c5t] ( gravity & ! l9e ( ?ru/4 ,= an a]odrome ( ! 8,langley0 type1 ! relative positions ( ^! :i* give ! greate/ degree ( /ability _h be5 det]m9$ z f> z possible ?r\gh ! ye>s ( exp]im5t ) ! models4 ,h[ev]1 :ile x is ! usual exp]i5ce 9 design+ ma*9]y1 or ev5 sci5tific app>atus1 t :at appe>s !oretically to be ! be/ plan has to be consid]ably modifi$ = con/ructional reasons1 yet 9 ! design ( an a]odrome ?is is p>ticul>ly true1 = n only mu/ all ! v>i\s p>ts function prop]ly1 bo? sep>ately & z a :ole1 b ?is result mu/ be secur$ = ! v m9imum ( weight4 ,exp]i5ce alone c enable "o to appreciate ?or\ghly h[ s]i\sly ?is consid]ation ( weight complicates ! problem4 ,9 mak+ ! orig9al designs = ! l>ge a]odrome x _h be5 recogniz$ t ! relative positions ( ! l9e ( ?ru/1 c5t] ( pressure1 & c5t] ( gravity 7 mu* bett] 9 model ,no4 #f ?an 9 model ,no4 #e4 ,f ,data ,%eet ,no4 #a1 = ,a]odrome ,no4 #e :5 x made its flight on ,may #f1 #ahif1 x w be not$ t ! l9e ( ?ru/ be+ assum$ to be at ! po9t #aejj1dc p#bji ! c5t] ( gravity 0 at ! po9t #adig1 & t1 assum+ ! re> w+s to h two-?irds ( ! lift+ effect ( ! front ones1 ! c5t] ( pressure 0 calculat$ to be at ! po9t #adih1 or "o c5timetre 9 front ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 measur$ 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,9 ! v]tical plane ! c5t] ( pressure 0 calculat$ to be at ! po9t #becf1 & ! c5t] ( gravity 0 f\nd by te/ to be at ! po9t #beja1 :5 ! l9e ( ?ru/ 0 assum$ to be at ! po9t #bejj1 ! c5t] ( gravity be+ actually "o c5timetre above ! l9e ( ?ru/4 ,f ! data %eet ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 = its flight ( ,novemb] #bh1 #ahif1 x w be not$ t ! l9e ( ?ru/ be+ at ! po9t #aejj ! c5t] ( pressure 0 at ! po9t #adhg1 & ! c5t] ( gravity at ! po9t #adhd2 t is1 ! c5t] ( pressure 0 ?ree c5timet]s 9 front ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 measur$ 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,9 ! v]tical plane1 tak+ ! l9e ( ?ru/ at ! po9t #bejj1 ! c5t] ( pressure 0 at ! po9t #bebe1 & ! c5t] ( gravity at ! po9t #bdhf1 ! c5t] ( gravity be+ #ad c5timetres bel[ ! l9e ( ?ru/ & #ci c5timetres bel[ ! c5t] ( pressure1 ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( pressure to ! l9e ( ?ru/ be+1 !re=e1 #fd p] c5t ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( pressure & ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,z has be5 expla9$ 9 ,"p ,i1 :ile x is n desirable t ! c5t] ( gravity be a great di/ance bel[ ! c5t] ( pressure1 z su* a relation t5ds to produce a special k9d ( roll+ & pit*+ 9 v>y+ curr5ts ( air1 x is highly desirable t ! c5t] ( gravity %\ld lie "s di/ance bel[ ! l9e ( ?ru/ 9 ord] t ! ?ree =ces may be balanc$4 ,9 a ma*9e l model ,no4 #e1 :]e ! c5t] ( gravity 0 actually1 ?\gh v slightly above ! l9e ( ?ru/1 !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to produce rotation ( ! a]odrome1 if = any reason its equilibrium is di/urb$1 :i* is correct$ 9 practice by ! action ( ! ,pnaud tail4 ,9 model ,no4 #f1 on ! o!r h&1 ! disposition ( ! ?ree factors 0 su* t !y t5d$ to ma9ta91 r ?an to de/roy1 ! initial equilibrium ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! desirable relative positions _h be5 made possible 9 model ,no4 #f by ! fact t ! c5t] ( gravity & l9e ( ?ru/ c\ld be locat$ at practically any desir$ po9t1 s9ce ) ! use ( /eam ! p[] plant consi/s ( two sep>able p>ts1 ! boil]1 ) its fuel & wat] tanks1 & ! eng9e4 ,^! p>ts c1 !re=e1 be plac$ 9 any "p ( ! a]odrome t con/ructional or !oretical reasons dem&4 ,fur!rmore1 ! eng9e con/itutes su* a relatively small portion ( ! weight ( ! entire ma*9e t1 if = any reason x is desirable to place ! eng9e 9 ! same plane z ! l9e ( ?ru/1 its weight is n suffici5t to alt] mat]ially ! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 s9ce ! boil]1 wat] & fuel tanks c be plac$ z l[ z desirable & connect$ ) ! eng9e by suitable pipes4 p#baj ,) a gasol9e eng9e1 h[ev]1 ! conditions are v greatly alt]$4 ,"h ! eng9e con/itutes practically ! entire weight ( ! p[] plant1 only su* accessories z ! ignition coil1 batt]ies1 & c>buretor be+ available = l[]+ ! c5t] ( gravity1 unless ! fuel1 cool+ wat] tanks & radiator be plac$ bel[ ! eng9e & ! liquids =c$ up by means ( a pump4 ,9 mak+ ! fir/ designs = ! l>ge a]odrome1 !re=e1 x 0 f\nd t x w\ld be practically impossible to make ! relative positions ( ! c5t] ( gravity & l9e ( ?ru/ ! same z _h exi/$ 9 model ,no4 #f1 h[ev] desirable x might be4 ,! c5t] ( gravity c\ld be br\ght appreciably l[] ?an ! l9e ( ?ru/ only by plac+ ! gasol9e eng9e 9 a plane consid]ably bel[ t ( ! propell]s1 & ?is necessitat$ ! addition ( at lea/ two m sets ( ge>s ) heavy be>+s & braces4 ,besides ?is almo/ prohibitive factor ( weight1 x 0 also =ese5 t great difficulty w\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ev5 ! two sets ( bevel ge>s already necess>y align$ & 9 prop] condition = effici5tly transmitt+ ! p[] to ! propell]s unless ! frame & o!r p>ts 7 made prohibitively heavy4 ,x 01 !re=e1 f\nd necess>y to br+ ! c5t] ( gravity practically 9 ! same plane ) ! l9e ( ?ru/1 :i* made its g5]al features z reg>ds equilibrium m ne>ly resemble ^? ( model ,no4 #e ?an ( ,no4 #f4 ,! weight ( ! aviator1 x is true1 con/itut$ an appreciable "p ( ! fly+ weight ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 & x at fir/ seem$ possible to l[] ! c5t] ( gravity by plac+ him at a consid]able di/ance bel[ ! l9e ( ?ru/4 ,b x 0 recogniz$ f ! beg9n+ t ! aviator w\ld probably h to give a great deal ( att5tion to any =m ( eng9e 9 ord] to insure its work+ prop]ly1 & 8 position mu/1 !re=e1 be select$ ) a view to ! prop] sup]vision ( ! eng9e & )\t reg>d to its effect on ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,al?\gh ! repeat$ successful flights ( model ,no4 #e "u v>y+ conditions ( w9d & p[] inspir$ ! belief t ! m9or adju/m5ts1 z well z ! g5]al plan ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 7 su* z to give highly /able equilibrium1 nev]!less1 m direct corroboration ( ?is op9ion 0 desir$1 & x 0 l>gely = ?is reason t ! qu>t]-size model 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 x e detail ( ! l>g] ma*9e :i* 9 any way affect$ its equilibrium 0 exactly reproduc$ to scale1 & ! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 t ! same relative positions ( ! c5t] ( pressure1 ! c5t] ( gravity & ! l9e ( ?ru/ :i* x 0 propos$ to employ = ! l>ge a]odrome %\ld be us$ on ! model 9 its flight ( ,augu/ #h1 #aijc1 :i* is lat] describ$4 ,! entire success ( ?is flight1 s f> z ! balanc+ 0 conc]n$1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! eng9e work$ erratically & t ! laun*+ spe$ 0 mu* less ?an x %\ld h be51 remov$ e d\bt p#baa t ! equilibrium ( ! l>ge a]odrome w\ld be satisfactory "u normal conditions4 ,! second problem enc\nt]$ 9 connection ) ! balanc+ & control ( ! l>ge a]odrome 0 t ( provid+ an effici5t means = ma9ta9+ ! equilibrium "u v>y+ atmosph]ic conditions4 ,al?\gh mu* _h be5 done t[>d ! solution ( ?is problem 9 ! developm5t ( ! models1 ! :ole "q 0 reop5$ & ?or\ghly reconsid]$ 9 design+ ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,! ,pnaud tail1 :5 made ela/ic or :5 m or less rigid1 b atta*$ to ! frame ?r\gh an ela/ic connection1 & normally set at a negative angle1 furni%es a means ( automatically controll+ ! equilibrium1 :i* is suffici5tly s5sitive & accurate to enable a ma*9e to fly = a consid]able di/ance1 at lea/ 9 mod]ately calm wea!r1 z is evid5c$ by ! v>i\s flights ( ! model a]odromes1 :]e !re 0 no human intellig5ce to control !m4 ,b ow+ to ! pr9ciple ( action ( ! ,pnaud tail1 ! flight ( an a]odrome controll$ by x mu/ ( necessity be m or less undulatory 9 its c\rse4 ,fur!rmore1 ! te/s ) ! models _h indicat$ t1 :ile ! ,pnaud tail s]v$ rem>kably well z a means ( controll+ ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e1 provid$ ! balanc+ _h be5 r accurately det]m9$1 &1 fur!r1 provid$ no?+ happ5$ to affect s]i\sly ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e1 x 0 limit$ 9 its effectiv5ess by its n>r[ range ( action4 ,x 0 ?\ght t a control me*anism :i* %\ld be m s5sitive & at ! same "t %\ld act m p[]fully to prev5t ! upsett+ ( ! equilibrium :5 ! ma*9e 0 subject$ to r /rong di/urb+ =ces 0 desirable = any ma*9e :i* 0 to transport a human be+ &1 !re=e1 involv$ ! risk ( a fatal accid5t4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! "w & be=e ! correct application ( ! ,pnaud tail to ! model a]odromes _h be5 f\nd1 ,mr4 ,langley _h plann$ a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t =ms ( automatic control = pres]v+ ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9es4 ,! m frequ5tly recurr+ ( ^! 7 devices = *ang+ ! angle ( ! w+s or tail1 & o!rs = %ift+ ! w+s or tail bodily s z to %ift ! position ( ! c5t] ( pressure ) respect to ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! motive p[] = op]at+ ! devices be+ 9 "s cases t d]iv$ f a gyroscope or a p5dulum1 & 9 o!rs small electric motor app>atus controll$ by a p5dulum or a gyroscope4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 nev] rea*$ ! /age ( developm5t :]e !y 7 actually tri$ on ! ma*9es 9 flight1 z ! te/s ( "s ( !m 9 ! %op %[$ t !y 7 unreliable1 :ile o!rs 7 ab&on$ ei!r :5 p>tly built or :5 only ! draw+s = !m _h be5 made4 ,among ! bett]-pres]v$ models ( devices = ?is purpose :i* 7 9 exi/5ce :5 ! writ] became associat$ ) ! "w are ^? %[n 9 ,plate #fh1 p#bab :]e ! piece at ! top is a p5dulum 7inv]t$ or direct7 :i* controls ! movem5t ( ! horizontal tail by means ( ! cords & app>atus %[n1 actuat+ ^! ?r\gh ! small electro magnets & app>atus atta*$4 ,j bel[ ! rod1 :i* repres5ts a piece ( ! midrod1 are ?ree p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* is a gr\p ( six little batt]ies clu/]$ 9 a circle1 :ile next to x is a sy/em ( ne$les hung 9 gymbals1 ) electro-/e]+ app>atus 9 cups :i* itself turns on a graduat$ base1 ^! electric connections1 toge!r ) ! batt]y1 controll+ ! v]tical rudd]4 ,on ! "r ( ?is is ano!r piece ( app>atus = actuat+ w9dlass cyl9d]s :i* turn "o way or ! o!r z ! contact is made by "o side or ! o!r ( ! p5dulum or ! ne$le4 ,at ! bottom1 on ! two rods1 is a tail-piece :i* automatically ?r[s ! c5t] ( pressure =w>d or backw>d accord+ z ! a]odrome dep>ts "o way or ! o!r f ! horizontal4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t all ! e>ly attempts ( ,mr4 ,langley to devise su* a me*anical control _h be5 v unsatisfactory1 ! idea t some?+ ( ?is k9d 0 necess>y _h nev] really be5 ab&on$ by him4 ,"h 0 to be se5 "o ( 8 *ief *>act]i/ics1 :i* 0 nev] to ab&on any idea t seem$ valuable until x 0 br\ght to a successful issue or "s v /rong pro( 0 develop$ t ! idea 0 impracticable4 ,:ile on a trip abroad dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii1 & especially :ile re/+ at ,vallombrosa1 ,italy1 ,mr4 ,langley's m9d aga9 turn$ to ?is problem1 & he wrote a numb] ( v int]e/+ lett]s emphasiz+ ! importance ( devis+ su* a me*anism :i* %\ld be controll$ by gravity4 ,:5 he return$ to ! ,in/itution 9 ! fall he insi/$ ^u ! same idea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fh ,,automatic ,,equilibrium ,,devices ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #fi ,,fig4 #a ,,fig4 #b ,,me*anism ,,( ,,control ,a me*anism :i* _h be5 devis$ by ! writ] = ano!r1 b some:at simil>1 purpose seem$ to be well adapt$ to ?is end1 & x 0 accord+ly decid$ to con/ruct a small model ( su* a size z w\ld be suitable = use on "o ( ! /eam-driv5 models4 ,! plan ( control :i* x 0 propos$ to foll[ 0 to h "s me*anism :i* w\ld control ! angle ( ! tail ?r\gh ! action ( gravity on a p5dulum bob4 ,s9ce x w\ld require an exce$+ly heavy p5dulum %\ld ! deflections ( x be directly utiliz$ to produce correspond+ movem5ts ( ! tail1 ! mo/ feasible plan seem$ to be to h a light p5dulum1 :i*1 :ile free to move "u ! action ( gravity1 w\ld nev]!less by its movem5t cause "s outside =ce to produce correspond+ & simultane\s movem5ts ( ! tail4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,plate #fi1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,?is device consi/s ess5tially ( a cyl9d] 7#a7 9 :i* is m\nt$ a pi/on ) ! pi/on rod 7#c7 pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] head & connect$ to ! cord 7#e7 :i* passes ov] ! pulley 7#f71 fa/5$ to ! tube 7#b71 :i* is slidably m\nt$ on ! midrod 7#g71 :5ce x is c>ri$ ov] ! pulley 7#h7 on ! guy-po/ 7#i74 ,f "h x is connect$ to ! spr+ 7#aj7 :i* is fa/5$ by ! p#bac bridle 7#aa7 to ! upp] side ( ! ,pnaud tail 7#ab74 ,! o!r end ( ! pi/on rod 7#c7 passes ?r\gh ! head 9 ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 & has connect$ to x a cord 7#ad7 :i* passes ov] ! pulley 7#ae7 fa/5$ to ! tube 7#b71 :5ce x is cont9u$ ov] ! pulley 7#af7 & is jo9$ to ! spr+ 7#ag71 :i* is connect$ by ! bridle 7#ah7 to ! l[] side ( ! tail4 ,m\nt$ on top ( ! cyl9d] 7#a7 is a valve *amb] 7#bj7 hav+ ports lead+ to ! two ends ( ! cyl9d]4 ,m\nt$ 9 ! valve *amb] is a rock+ valve surr\nd$ by a bu%+ hav+ ports 9 x1 & to :i* is fa/5$ a rod 7#be7 :i* passes ?r\gh ! said valve & ! head ( ! valve *amb]4 ,fa/5$ to ! rod 7#be7 ( ! bu%+ is a lev] 7#bf71 :i* by means ( ! l9k 7#bg7 is connect$ to ! pi/on rod 7#c74 ,fa/5$ to ! rock+ valve is a rod 7#bh7 :i* telescopes ov] ! rod 7#be7 & also passes ?r\gh ! same head ( ! valve *amb]1 & c>ries at its out] end a p5dulum 7#bi7 on ! l[] end ( :i* is ! bob 7#cj74 ,if /eam or any o!r fluid "u pressure is furni%$ to ! valve *amb] ?r\gh ! pipe 7#ca71 none w be admitt$ to ! cyl9d] s long z ! p5dulum is v]tical or at "r angles to ! axis ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! tail w be 9 its normal position1 :i* we w suppose to be an upw>d incl9ation ( five degrees4 ,if1 n[1 ! front ( ! ma*9e be depress$1 !reby caus+ ! p5dulum to move to ! "r1 su* movem5t ( ! p5dulum w cause ! valve to op51 admitt+ fluid to ! left-h& end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is1 act+ on ! pi/on1 w =ce x t[>ds ! "r1 :i*1 by means ( ! cord1 w cause ! angle ( ! tail to be increas$1 !reby caus+ ! re> ( ! ma*9e to be depress$ & ! front to be rais$4 ,b z soon z ! pi/on beg9s to move "u ! action ( ! fluid pressure x simultane\sly moves ! bu%+ :i* surr\nds ! valve by means ( ! connect+ l9ks & lev]s1 s t z soon z ! pi/on has mov$ a di/ance proportional to ! am\nt t ! valve has be5 op5$ by ! p5dulum1 x causes ! bu%+ to %ut (f ! port & ?us prev5ts fur!r fluid ent]+ ! cyl9d]4 ,z soon z ! a]odrome responds to ! action ( ! tail ! p5dulum w1 ( c\rse1 beg9 to move back to its normal position ( p]p5dicul>ity to ! cyl9d]1 & w !n op5 ! valve to ! o!r port1 !reby caus+ fluid to pass into ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is fluid act+ on ! pi/on w move x 9 ! opposite direction & !reby cause ! tail to be drawn back to its normal position at ! same "t t ! p5dulum gradually rea*es its normal position1 ow+ to ! return ( ! a]odrome to its normal position4 ,9 ! explanation giv5 above x 0 assum$ t ! slidable tube 7#b7 0 9 a fix$ position4 ,x 0 plann$ to h ! equilibrium normally ma9ta9$ automatically & at ! same "t p]mit ! op]ator to modify ! automatic control & ev5 to assume full manual control4 ,to secure ?is1 ! slidable tube 7#b7 0 connect$ at ea* end to an p#bad endless cord 7#bj7 :i* aft] pass+ ov] suitable pulleys 0 connect$ to ! control :eel 7#ea7 at ! aviator's c>4 ,a model ( ?is device 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijj & 0 te/$ ) /eam pressure 9 ! %op4 ,! te/ %[$ t ! device act$ imm$iately & ) precision1 ! pi/on p]=m+ movem5ts simultane\sly & 9 exact accordance ) ! p5dulum4 ,! device1 h[ev]1 0 nev] tri$ 9 a flight ( any ( ! a]odromes ow+ to ! lack ( "t necess>y to prop]ly in/all x on ! ma*9e4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 ?\ght probable t ! rapid accel]ation ( ! a]odrome at ! mom5t ( laun*+ w\ld s di/urb ! p5dulum z to cause x to be 9 a v diff]5t position f t ( v]tical1 & also t ! motion ( ! a]odrome ?r\gh ! air w\ld itself be a some:at di/urb+ factor4 ,because ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 ?is or any o!r me*anical device = controll+ ! equilibrium1 x 0 9 e way advisable to reta9 9 ! l>ge ma*9e ! ,pnaud sy/em1 :i*1 ?\gh itself imp]fect 9 _m ways1 _h be5 ?or\ghly te/$ 9 actual flight4 ,9 ! models1 x w be rememb]$1 ! comb9$ ,pnaud tail & rudd] controll$ ! longitud9al equilibrium by movem5t 9 ! v]tical plane "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( its initial negative angle & ! ela/icity ( its connection ) ! frame1 ! flight be+ kept z ne>ly z possible 9 a /raight l9e by ! v]tical surfaces ( ! tail4 ,al?\gh x 0 necess>y t ! l>ge a]odrome %\ld be capable ( be+ /e]$ 9 a horizontal direction1 x 0 felt to be unwise to give ! comb9$ ,pnaud tail & rudd] motion 9 ! horizontal plane 9 ord] to atta9 ?is end1 s9ce ! use ( x = su* a d\ble function might v s]i\sly int]f]e ) its prop] action 9 pres]v+ ! longitud9al /ability4 ,x 01 !re=e1 at fir/ ?\ght be/ to dissociate ! rudd] & tail s t ! rudd] might be us$ = horizontal /e]+ )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! prop] function+ ( ! tail4 ,b1 z ! ma9 desid]atum 0 to obta9 a flight ( ! l>ge ma*9e z soon z possible1 & p]fection ( /e]+ control seem$ second>y1 x 0 decid$1 aft] fur!r consid]ation1 9 ord] n to risk ! unpr$ictable effects t might result f small *anges1 to duplicate on ! l>ge ma*9e ! comb9$ ,pnaud tail & rudd] ( ! model1 & to add ano!r rudd] = /e]+ 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,con/ructional requirem5ts det]m9$ z ! only available position = ?is rudd] a r disadvantage\s "o4 ,z w be se5 f ,plate #ec1 its effici5cy 0 dim9i%$ by its be+ only ab\t half z f> f ! c5t] ( gravity z ! comb9$ ,pnaud tail & rudd]1 & by be+ locat$ 9 ! lee ( a consid]able portion ( ! frame1 :]e x w\ld be subject to ! cross-curr5ts ( air creat$ by ! =w>d motion ( ! frame4 p#bae ,= ! pres]vation ( ! equilibrium ( ! a]odrome1 ?\gh ! aviator might assi/ by su* slight movem5ts z he 0 able to make 9 ! limit$ space ( ! aviator's c>1 ! ma9 reliance 0 ^u ! ,pnaud tail4 ,b1 9 ! abs5ce ( any data = det]m9+ ! effect produc$ 9 pass+ f ! model to ! l>ge ma*9e1 x c\ld n be c]ta9 t calculations bas$ ^u ! balanc+ ( ! model w\ld accurately det]m9e ! prop] balanc+ ( ! l>ge ma*9e4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to provide su* atta*m5t = ! ,pnaud tail t1 :ile x w\ld always h ela/ic connection ) ! ma9 frame1 yet its angle c\ld be appreciably *ang$ )\t affect+ 9 any way ! degree ( ela/icity ( ?is connection4 ,aft] _m *anges 9 plans = secur+ ?is result1 x 0 f9ally decid$ to arrange x 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,ref]r+ to ! g5]al plans 9 ,plates #ec & #ed1 & to ! details 9 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #ef1 ! ma9 /em ( ! ,pnaud tail is se5 to be connect$ by a p9 to ! horn 7#ag71 :i* is braz$ to ! clamp+ ?imble1 by :i* x is m\nt$ on ! v]tical tube 7#af71 suitably connect$ & brac$ to ! re> end ( ! midrod1 ! horn 7#ag7 be+ l>g] ?an ! /em ( ! tail & set at an angle to ! v]tical tube 7#af71 ! p9 connection p]mitt+ ! tail to sw+ up & d[n4 ,! bridle 7#dj71 connect$ to ! c5t] ( ! tail on its upp] side1 passes upw>d :]e x is connect$ to ! spr+ 7#da71 ! o!r end ( :i* is connect$ to a s+le wire rope 7#db71 :i* passes ov] ! pulley m\nt$ on ! top ( ! po/ 7#dc71 :i* is guy$ to ! upp] guy-po/ by ! wire 7#dd74 ,! wire rope 7#db71 aft] pass+ ov] ! pulley1 is connect$ to ! spr+ 7#de71 ar\nd ! two ends ( :i* x =ms a loop1 & f !re x passes d[n to ! plane ( ! ma9 frame & ?r\gh suitable pulley blocks to ! aviator's control :eel 7#ej71 :i* is m\nt$ on ! />bo>d side ( ! ma9 frame1 conv5i5t to ! aviator's "r h& :5 he is fac+ =w>d4 ,f ?is po9t ! wire rope passes ?r\gh ! v>i\s pulley blocks t[>ds ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 & ?r\gh ! pulley block 7#df7 m\nt$ on ! side & ne> ! bottom ( ! re> l[] guy-po/4 ,at a %ort di/ance beyond ?is pulley x is connect$ to a weak] spr+ 7#dg71 ! o!r end ( :i* is connect$ by a second bridle 7#dh7 to ! "u side ( ! ,pnaud tail at its c5t]4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! spr+s 7#da71 7#de7 & 7#dg71 :i* furni% ! ela/icity = ! ,pnaud-tail connection1 f be+ /ra9$ beyond _! ela/ic limit1 ei!r by a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d or by ! aviator attempt+ to move s l>ge an area ( surface too sudd5ly1 ! wire rope 7#db7 0 made cont9u\s ar\nd ! spr+s1 ! portion betwe5 ! po9ts :]e x 0 jo9$ to ! two ends ( ! spr+s be+ made ( su* a l5g? z to take ! entire /ra9 %\ld ! /ra9 on ! cord become great] ?an suffici5t to /ret* ! spr+s #ej p] c5t ( _! orig9al l5g?4 p#baf ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! equilibrium control :eel x 0 decid$ t "s arrangem5t mu/ be secur$ :]eby ! :eel w\ld normally be inactive & ma9ta9 :atev] position x _h be5 set to1 & at ! same "t c\ld be mov$ by ! aviator ) "o h&1 ! m]e act ( grasp+ x r5d]+ x free to be mov$1 & :]eby x mu/ automatically lock itself 9 any position 9 :i* x might be :5 ! aviator remov$ 8 h& f x4 ,! multiplicity ( ?+s requir+ ! att5tion ( ! aviator made x desirable t 8 att5tion to any "o ( ! important details1 :e!r ! eng9e1 ! equilibrium1 or ! /e]+1 %\ld nev] require m ?an "o h&1 ?us leav+ ! o!r h& free ei!r to hold on to ! ma*9e or to control "s o!r detail at ! same "t4 ,:ile an irrev]sible :eel1 su* z w\ld be secur$ by ! use ( a worm & worm-:eel1 at fir/ seem$ likely to answ] ! purpose1 yet ! movem5t ( a worm-:eel by means ( a worm is necess>ily v sl[ if x is irrev]sible1 & x "h seem$ desirable to s arrange ! :eel t 9 case ( em]g5cy1 ( = ris+ or desc5d+1 ! aviator c\ld sw+ ! ,pnaud tail f its extreme upp] position to its extreme l[] "o by a small motion ( 8 h&1 & ?us small or l>ge adju/m5ts ( ! ,pnaud tail c\ld be intuitively felt to h be5 produc$ )\t ! aviator hav+ to rememb] h[ _m turns he _h made ( ! :eel4 ,! control ( ! /e]+ rudd] 0 effect$ by a /e]+ :eel 7#ea7 simil> 9 con/ruction to ! equilibrium control :eel 7#ej71 a cont9u\s cord 7#eb7 pass+ f ! /e]+ :eel ?r\gh suitable pulleys to ei!r side ( ! /e]+ rudd] 7r71 spr+s be+ int]pos$ 9 loops 9 ! cord on ei!r side ( ! /e]+ rudd] to give "s ela/icity to ! control app>atus 9 ord] to prev5t possible dang] f ! aviator attempt+ to move ! rudd] too sudd5ly4 ,?is /e]+ rope pass$ directly ?r\gh ! /e]+ rudd] at ! po9ts :]e x 0 jo9$ to x2 s t1 %\ld "o side ( ! cord 9 any way become entangl$ ) ! frame or ) its pulleys1 ! /ra9 produc$ by ! aviator 9 attempt+ to move x 9 ! opposite direction w\ld be tak5 up by ! cord & !reby avoid ! possibility ( de/roy+ ! rudd]4 ,= ev5 %\ld ! cord become entangl$ on "o side1 ! rudd] c\ld be giv5 a slight am\nt ( adju/m5t ?r\gh ! ela/icity ( ! coil$ spr+s4 ,! design ( ! comb9$ ,pnaud tail & rudd] foll[$ v closely t :i* _h be5 us$ = ! models1 & its area ( n9ety-five squ>e feet on ! horizontal surface ) a correspond+ area ( v]tical surface bore ! same relation to ! area ( ! tail & rudd] ( ! models t ! area ( ! w+s ( ! l>ge ma*9e bore to t ( ! w+s ( its prototype4 ,:ile ! provisions = automatic equilibrium & manual control 7 n entirely ideal1 ev5 = ! quiet atmosph]ic conditions "u :i* x p#bag 0 propos$ to make ! fir/ te/s1 nev]!less x 0 & /ill is believ$ t ! provisions = su* conditions 7 suffici5t to enable a successful flight ( a few miles to be obta9$4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be v c]ta9 t1 once a successful flight c\ld be made1 ! funds = ! fur!r prosecution ( ! "w w\ld be readily =?com+1 & t :5 ^! funds 7 obta9$ ! _m problems ( control1 ris+ & alight+1 c\ld be und]tak54 p#bah ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,eng9e ,x w be recall$ t ! contract = ! eng9e = ! l>ge a]odrome1 :i* _h be5 ent]$ into on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahih1 call$ = its completion on ,febru>y #bh1 #ahii4 ,betwe5 ! "t :5 ! eng9e %\ld h be5 complet$ & ,may1 #aijj1 ! eng9e build] _h be5 engag$ 9 a cont9u\s s]ies ( *anges on x1 all connect$ ) :at might be briefly call$ its prop] function+4 ,! actual me*anical con/ruction ( ! m important p>ts _h be5 admirably execut$1 & ?is ma9 portion ( ! con/ructional "w _h be5 complet$ )9 ! "t call$ = by ! contract4 ,! tr\ble 0 t ! eng9e1 :i* 0 ( ! rot>y cyl9d] type1 w\ld n furni% any?+ l ! p[] :i* _h be5 expect$ ( x1 & :i* ! size & numb] ( its cyl9d]s indicat$ t x %\ld furni%4 ,no "o :o has n _h practical exp]i5ce 9 ! developm5t ( gasol9e eng9es1 c und]/& or appreciate h[ f\rte5 mon?s c\ld be sp5t 9 *anges 9 ! m9or details ( ! eng9e ) ! expectation t ea* contemplat$ *ange w\ld br+ success2 & to anyone :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]1 an attempt to expla9 ! delays w\ld m]ely seem l a hi/ory ( 8 own exp]i5ces4 ,x is1 !re=e1 suffici5t to say t ! delay on ! eng9e _h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e x 0 necess>y to br+ x to a successful completion imm$iately or to ab&on x def9itely1 & ei!r f9d a compet5t build] :o _h already built eng9es :i*1 :ile n necess>ily light1 7 successful1 & :o w\ld und]take to con/ruct a light "o on ! same pr9ciples1 or1 z a la/ resort1 to turn to /eam2 & ev5 ! contemplation ( ?is 0 appall+4 ,on ,may #f1 #aijj1 ! writ] w5t to ,new ,york to see :at c\ld be done t[>ds assi/+ ! eng9e build] to complete ! l>ge eng9e & also1 if possible1 ! small "o :i* _h be5 ord]$ = ! qu>t]-size model lat] describ$4 ,he imm$iately made brake te/s ( ! eng9e to det]m9e accurately j :at effects 7 be+ produc$ by ! diff]5t *anges ! eng9e build] 0 mak+4 ,^u ! fir/ te/ ! eng9e 0 f\nd to develop only #b4hc horse-p[]1 & ?is c\ld n be ma9ta9$ = m ?an a few m9utes1 :5 )\t any app>5t cause & )\t any signs ( ov]heat+ ! eng9e w\ld altoge!r cease to develop any p[]4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ,new ,york = sev]al weeks1 dur+ :i* "t _m *anges 7 made 9 ! eng9e1 he f9ally got x to ! po9t :]e x w\ld develop f\r horse-p[] cont9u\sly2 b1 z x seem$ impossible to get any bett] results p#bai )\t an indef9ite am\nt ( exp]im5t1 x 0 decid$ t all hope ( mak+ ?is eng9e an imm$iate success w\ld h to be ab&on$4 ,int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( ! automobile 0 increas+ at a rapid rate all ov] ! _w1 & :ile ! build]s 9 ?is c\ntry _h n rea*$ ! /age ( developm5t :i* _h be5 atta9$ 9 ,europe1 especially 9 ,france1 yet "s ,am]ican build]s _h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ c>s propell$ by gasol9e eng9es :i* c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to run at lea/ a %ort di/ance1 & x 01 !re=e1 hop$ t "s "o ( ! m compet5t ( ^! build]s might be f\nd :o w\ld und]take to con/ruct a suitable eng9e4 ,aft] mak+ a mo/ ext5sive b fruitless se>* = su* a build] 9 ?is c\ntry1 x 0 decid$ t x w\ld be be/ to see :at c\ld be done 9 ,europe1 & z o!r adm9i/rative matt]s made x necess>y = ,mr4 ,langley to g to ,europe ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 ! writ] accompani$ him to see :at c\ld be done t[>ds hav+ a suitable eng9e built !re4 ,"s six weeks 7 sp5t 9 visit+ all ! important build]s ( gasol9e eng9es 9 ,europe1 & ! results 7 v disc\rag+4 ,ev]y:]e ! build]s said t !y did n c>e to und]take ! "w1 & t !y did n consid] x possible to con/ruct an eng9e ( #ab horse-p[] weigh+ less ?an #ajj to #aej kilograms 7#bbj to #ccj lbs471 or t1 if !y _h ?\ght x possible1 !y w\ld already h built x1 z !y _h _h num]\s inquiries = su* eng9es1 & also want$ !m = _! own use4 ,! la/ hope ( secur+ a suitable gasol9e eng9e seem$ to h vani%$4 ,b1 disc\rag+ z 0 ! refusal ( ! eng9e build]s ( ,europe to und]take to build ! eng9e1 & /ill m s _! op9ion t su* an eng9e 0 an impossibility1 inspection ( ! eng9es exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exposition _h s /r5g!n$ ! writ]'s conviction ( ! possibility ( ! und]tak+ t1 be=e p>t+ ) ,mr4 ,langley on ,augu/ #c to return to ,am]ica1 he p]sonally assum$ ! responsibility ( build+ an eng9e :i* w\ld meet ! requirem5ts4 ,^u return+ f ,europe on ,augu/ #ac1 & f9d+ t ! eng9e build] 9 ,new ,york _h made no progress :atev] t[>ds improv+ ! eng9e dur+ 8 abs5ce1 ! writ] condemn$ bo? ! l>ge eng9e & ! small "o4 ,! eng9e build] _h practically bankrupt$ himself 9 8 attempts to con/ruct ^! two eng9es1 hav+ sp5t some?+ l #hjjj or #aj1jjj 9 actual wages ov] & above ! contract prices = ! eng9es1 to say no?+ ( remun]ation = 8 own "t or su* exp5ses z %op r5t & p[]4 ,z all ( ! money = ! l>ge ma*9e & practically all = ! small "o _h be5 advanc$ to him at v>i\s times to assi/ him ov] f9ancial /r+5cies--su* advances1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 secur$ by suitable bonds--x 0 decid$ to take ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! two eng9es 9 p#bbj paym5t = ! money :i* _h be5 advanc$1 z x 0 hop$ t "s ( ! p>ts ( ! eng9es might prove ( use 9 exp]im5tal "w4 ,imm$iately aft] ! writ]'s return to ,wa%+ton he began "w on ! developm5t ( an eng9e4 ,tak+ "s ( ! p>ts ( ! eng9e :i* _h be5 condemn$ & con/ruct+ o!rs1 he 0 able by ,septemb] #ah to h an exp]im5tal eng9e at "w :i*1 :ile n wat]-jacket$1 b provisionally cool$ by wrapp+ wet clo?s ar\nd ! cyl9d]s1 develop$ #ah-a_/b horse-p[] on ! ,prony brake at #gae ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 ! eng9e1 includ+ ^! wet clo?s1 weigh+ #ajh p\nds4 ,( c\rse ^! wet clo?s suffic$ to keep ! eng9e cool = only a %ort "t--?ree to f\r m9utes be+ ! maximum4 ,?is 0 only a tempor>y exp$i5t = enabl+ ! eng9e to run = a suffici5t "t to make brake te/s & det]m9e ! p[] x develop$1 b ! results obta9$ 7 s v enc\rag+ t x 0 decid$ to make wat] jackets = ! cyl9d]s ( ?is eng9e & see :at p[] x w\ld !n develop = m ext5d$ p]iods4 ,?is exp]im5tal eng9e1 :i* 0 m]ely a 8pat*$-up0 affair1 0 fir/ equipp$ ) a sp>k+ arrangem5t built on ! wip+-contact pr9ciple4 ,) ?is sp>k+ arrangem5t sev]al important difficulties pres5t$ !mselves1 among :i* may be p>ticul>ly m5tion$ ! great difficulty ( s adju/+ ! sp>k+ arrangem5ts t ! explosion 9 ea* cyl9d] occurr$ at exactly ! same po9t 9 its cycle t ! explosions occurr$ 9 all ! o!r cyl9d]s1 x be+ necess>y to secure ?is result to a reasonably accurate degree 9 ord] to cause ! eng9e to run smoo?ly en\gh to be us$ 9 ! a]odrome4 ,:]e an eng9e has a l>ge & heavy fly-:eel runn+ at a high rate ( spe$1 ! nicety ( adju/m5t ( ! sp>k+ arrangem5t is n s ess5tial1 = ! fly-:eel acts z a res]voir ( en]gy & t5ds to smoo? out ! r\gh & j]ky impulses :i* w\ld be o!rwise introduc$ by slight v>iations 9 ! =ce ( ! explosions 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,9 con/ruct+ an eng9e = an a]odrome1 h[ev]1 ! p]missible weight ( ! eng9e is s v small t ! use ( a fly-:eel hav+ suffici5t weight to act z an en]gy res]voir is practically prohibit$4 ,ano!r s]i\s difficulty :i* 0 enc\nt]$ ) ! wip+-contact type ( sp>k+ arrangem5t 0 t ( keep+ ! /uff+ boxes ar\nd ! rotat+ contact rods tight en\gh to prev5t leakage1 )\t at ! same "t b9d+ & caus+ excessive friction4 ,al?\gh x seem$ probable t ! difficulties :i* h be5 m5tion$1 & o!r m9or ones :i* 7 app>5t1 c\ld be rem$i$ by fur!r exp]im5t1 yet ! high t5sion or 8jump-sp>k0 type ( sp>k+ app>atus seem$ to (f] mu* great] advantages4 ,s9ce x _h few] mov+ p>ts1 & fur!rmore s9ce ! wip+-contact sp>k+ arrangem5t w\ld h to be consid]ably modifi$ 9 ord] to p]mit ! con/ruction ( wat] jackets ar\nd ! cyl9d]s1 x 0 decid$ to con/ruct a p#bba new sp>k+ arrangem5t = ! eng9e on ! jump-sp>k pr9ciple4 ,aft] introduc+ ?is *ange 9 ! eng9e x 0 f\nd to run v mu* m smoo?ly & to require a m9imum am\nt ( c>e 9 adju/+ x4 ,at ! "t t ?is eng9e 0 be+ develop$ x 0 practically impossible to obta9 any outside in=mation reg>d+ ! prop] way ( con/ruct+ x4 ,! little t 0 !n kn[n _h be5 le>n$ ?r\gh labori\s exp]i5ce & at great co/ by ! exp]im5t]s :o 7 attempt+ to build automobiles1 & 0 zeal\sly gu>d$ 9 ! hope ( prev5t+ _! rivals f utiliz+ ! results ( _! labors4 ,x 0 ! kn[n cu/om1 h[ev]1 ( all eng9e build]s at ?is "t to use a sep>ate sp>k coil & a sep>ate contact mak] = ea* cyl9d] ( an eng9e1 no matt] h[ _m cyl9d]s !re 74 ,?is multiplication ( ! sp>k coils1 :i* at t "t 7 v heavy1 n only add$ greatly to ! weight b also _h ! same defect t ! wipe-sp>k type ( sp>k+ arrangem5t _h ( be+ exce$+ly difficult to s adju/ t all ( ! contact mak]s w\ld p]=m _! functions at exactly ! same po9t 9 ! cycle = ea* cyl9d]4 ,to obviate ^! difficulties1 bo? ( adju/m5t & ( excessive weight1 ! writ] devis$ :at is suppos$ to h be5 at t "t a new & valuable multiple-sp>k+ arrangem5t :]eby only "o batt]y1 "o coil & "o contact mak] 7 utiliz$ = caus+ ! sp>k 9 all five cyl9d]s1 a small commutat+ arrangem5t 9 ! high-t5sion circuit di/ribut+ ! sp>ks to ! prop] cyl9d]s at ! prop] "t4 ,?is =m ( sp>k+ arrangem5t 0 f\nd ^u te/ to "w s satisfactorily t x 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ = ! small eng9e ( ! qu>t]-size model1 & also = ! new & l>g] eng9e :i* 0 aft]w>ds built & :i* w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,x is ne$less to describe 9 detail ! _m & p]plex+ difficulties :i* 7 exp]i5c$ 9 procur+ suitable sp>k coils1 sp>k plugs & o!r appurt5ances ( ! sp>k+ app>atus1 all ( :i* at ?is "t 7 9 a v crude /ate ( developm5t1 !re be+ only a few diff]5t makes on ! m>ket1 & mo/ ( ^! be+ v unsatisfactory4 ,"o important m9or improvem5t connect$ ) ! sp>k plugs may be describ$1 z ! b5eficial effect produc$ by x 0 s v great t its use 0 cont9u$ 9 all future sp>k plugs = all ( ! eng9es4 ,?is improvem5t1 h[ev]1 is n[ incorporat$ 9 _m ( ! plugs :i* are on ! m>ket1 & 9 "s cases pat5ts1 cov]+ ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* ! improvem5t is incorporat$1 are exploit$ by ! manufactur]4 ,consid]able difficulty 0 at fir/ exp]i5c$ ) ! sp>k plugs f a coat+ ( soot 7result+ f ! incomplete combu/ion ( ! gas & oil 9 ! cyl9d] at ! "t ( explosion7 :i* =m$ on ! porcela9 & !reby caus$ a %ort-circuit1 prev5t+ ! plug f work+ prop]ly4 ,?is 0 ov]come by ext5d+ ! metal portion ( ! plug = "s di/ance into ! cyl9d]1 & = some?+ l ?ree-qu>t]s ( an p#bbb in* beyond ! end ( ! porcela9 insulator4 ,! t]m9al :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! insulator 0 also ext5d$ = some?+ l half an in* beyond ! porcela9 & b5t to a prop] ext5t to co-act ) a piece ( plat9um wire ins]t$ 9 ! int]ior wall ( ! plug :i* =m$ ! o!r t]m9al4 ,aft] mak+ ?is improvem5t 9 ! plugs practically no difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ f %ort-circuits caus$ by ! soot4 ,9 mak+ ! te/s ( ?is exp]im5tal eng9e x 0 f\nd practically impossible to absorb ! p[] by a ,prony brake 9 a suffici5tly uni=m mann] on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! eng9e 0 be+ run )\t a fly :eel4 ,! consequ5t v>iation 9 ! torque & spe$ dur+ ea* revolution caus$ su* great fluctuations 9 ! read+ ( ! scales :i* measur$ ! pull ( ! ,prony brake t no confid5ce c\ld be felt 9 ! accuracy ( ! read+s &1 !re=e1 no confid5ce c\ld be plac$ 9 ! det]m9ations ( ! effect :i* diff]5t *anges 9 ! eng9e produc$4 ,a wat]-absorption dynamomet] consi/+ ( a numb] ( flat1 circul> discs fa/5$ to a %aft & rotat+ betwe5 o!r p>allel flat discs arrang$ 9 a circul> drum :i* 0 fill$ to any desir$ ext5t ) wat] 0 imm$iately plann$1 & ! con/ruction ( two ( !m 0 begun s t p[] c\ld be tak5 f bo? ends ( ! eng9e %aft1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its necess>y lightness1 0 apt to be injur$ by be+ twi/$ :5 all ! p[] 0 tak5 f "o end ( ! %aft4 ,9 ord] to cont9ue ! te/s on ! eng9e :ile ?is dynamomet] 0 be+ made x 0 decid$ to employ "o ( ! propell]s z a dynamomet]4 ,al?\gh no accurate te/s _h be5 made to det]m9e j h[ mu* p[] 0 requir$ to drive ^! propell]s at v>i\s spe$s1 yet ! fundam5tal law 0 kn[n t "u ! same conditions ! p[] requir$ to drive any propell] w\ld v>y z ! cube ( ! numb] ( revolutions1 & s9ce ! ,prony-brake te/s _h giv5 an approximation z to ! am\nt ( p[] :i* ! eng9e develop$ at c]ta9 spe$s1 ! law ( ! propell]1 & extrapolations f ! data obta9$ 9 ! te/s ( ! small] propell]s 9 #ahih1 enabl$ fur!r approximations to be made z to ! am\nt ( extra p[] :i* ! eng9e develop$ :5 c]ta9 *anges enabl$ x to drive ! propell] at increas$ spe$s4 ,?is me?od _h also ! great advantage t1 s9ce ! p[] requir$ v>ies z ! cube ( ! numb] ( revolutions1 x is practically impossible = ! eng9e to 8run away0 ) ! propell] & cause s]i\s damage ?r\gh ! possible excessive /ra9s introduc$ by high spe$4 ,?is feature is also possess$ by wat]-absorption dynamomet]s ( ! type :i* 7 built & us$ 9 ! lat] te/s4 ,! con/ruction ( wat] jackets = ?is eng9e prov$ an exce$+ly =midable task1 x be+ impossible to braze ! jackets directly to ! walls ( ! cyl9d]s )\t risk ( ru9+ !m4 ,x !re=e became necess>y to atta* !m by means ( /uff+ boxes1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! l>ge size p#bbc & ! necessity = keep+ ! weight a m9imum1 0 a mo/ difficult piece ( "w4 ,! "w 0 r5d]$ /ill m difficult by ! fact t ! wat] jackets _h to be made 9 halves :i* 7 braz$ toge!r aft] !y _h be5 fitt$ ov] ! head ( ! cyl9d]4 ,ev5 :5 ! "w 0 done 9 ! mo/ c>eful way ?is me?od ( con/ruction gave a great deal ( tr\ble f ! leak+ ( ! /uff+ boxes or ! jackets !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 aft] mu* delay1 ! wat] jackets 7 f9ally complet$1 & ^u te/ ! eng9e 0 f\nd to develop #ba4e horse-p[] at #hbe ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 ! eng9e itself weigh+ #abj p\nds4 ,fur!r *anges 7 made 9 ?is eng9e1 especially 9 ! pi/ons1 a new set ( :i* 7 con/ruct$ :i* weigh$ #ae p\nds less ?an ! orig9al set4 ,on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ) ! leakage ( ! wat] ar\nd ! /uff+ boxes ( ! wat] jackets1 & also f imp]fections 9 ! braz$ jo9ts ( ! jackets !mselves1 x 0 f\nd impossible to rely on ! p[] t ! eng9e w\ld develop at any p>ticul> "t1 z ! wat] leak+ f ! jackets & runn+ d[n on ! sp>k plugs ( ! l[] cyl9d]s caus$ ^! cyl9d]s to "w erratically1 & ?is n only mat]ially r$uc$ ! p[] b also caus$ j]ky impulses 9 ! abs5ce ( fly :eels4 ,x seem$ s desirable to obta9 z soon z possible a fir/ te/ 9 actual flight ( ! l>ge ma*9e t ! writ] (f]$ to put ?is eng9e 9 ! a]odrome frame & make a te/ ) x if ! ma*9e 7 laun*$ ov] ! wat]1 b ) ! laun*+ track m\nt$ directly on ! riv] bank4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,langley felt x s necess>y to make ! initial te/ f ! top ( ! h\se-boat & at an elevation ( #cj feet or m t he w\ld n cons5t to ?is1 & z ! eng9e at its be/ did n develop q #bd horse-p[]1 :i* _h be5 calculat$ z ! m9imum :i* %\ld be provid$1 x 0 ?\ght unwise to attempt to make ! fir/ te/ f ! top ( ! h\se-boat until ! a]odrome _h be5 provid$ ) eng9es t c\ld be dep5d$ on to develop cont9u\sly n less ?an #bd horse-p[]4 ,x !n became necess>y ei!r to build a duplicate eng9e & use bo? ( !m 9 ! a]odrome1 ! orig9al plan z already expla9$ hav+ be5 to h two eng9es develop+ ! #bd horse-p[] toge!r2 or1 second1 to con/ruct an entirely new eng9e l>ge en\gh to furni% a m9imum ( #bd horse-p[] & use ?is s+le eng9e4 ,z ! con/ruction & te/s ( ?is exp]im5tal eng9e _h %[n _m places 9 :i* ! weight might be safely r$uc$1 ! writ] decid$ to con/ruct an entirely new & l>g] s+le eng9e1 & !reby avoid ! extra weight & difficulties :i* w\ld be introduc$ by hav+ to use syn*roniz+ ge>s :]e two eng9es 7 us$1 x be+ impossible1 ( c\rse1 to run ! two propell]s f ! two eng9es indep5d5tly )\t risk ( s]i\s disa/]4 p#bbd ,x w be recall$ t :5 ! a]odrome 0 orig9ally plann$ 9 #ahih x 0 propos$ to h two eng9es ( #ab horse-p[] ea*1 & ! contract = ! s+le eng9e ( #ab horse-p[] provid$ t a duplicate 0 to be suppli$1 if desir$1 imm$iately ^u ! completion & deliv]y ( ! fir/ "o4 ,! calculations1 bo? f ! :irl+-table te/s & f ! results ) ! /eam-driv5 models 9 actual flight1 indicat$ t #bd horse-p[] w\ld be ample = ! a]odrome1 :i* x 0 !n expect$ w\ld n exce$ #fdj p\nds 9 weight1 ) a support+ surface ( #ifj squ>e feet4 ,b x 0 f\nd t ! total weight ( ! ma*9e 0 rapidly increas+ on acc\nt ( slight increases 9 ! v>i\s details1 :i* :5 add$ toge!r made a consid]able increase 9 weight4 ,fur!rmore1 z x _h be5 f\nd difficult to keep all five ( ! cyl9d]s ( ! exp]im5tal eng9e work+ uni=mly1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to build ?is new eng9e suffici5tly l>ge to provide n only ! extra p[] necess>y because ( ! increas$ weight ( ! a]odrome1 b also to provide = fur!r inevitable increases 9 weight1 & ov] & above all ?is1 to provide also t ! eng9e w\ld furni% all ! p[] necess>y1 ev5 ?\gh "o ( its cyl9d]s %\ld absolutely fail to "w & act z a dead load on ! o!rs4 ,! writ] accord+ly design$ ?is new eng9e to give #dj horse-p[] :5 all five ( ! cyl9d]s 7 work+1 & #bh horse-p[] ev5 ?\gh "o cyl9d] %\ld act z a dead load on ! o!rs4 ,! v>i\s mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( ?is eng9e 7 ord]$ e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 #aijj1 ) ! promise ( deliv]y n lat] ?an ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,ow+ to v>i\s causes1 h[ev]1 ! major portion ( ! mat]ials c\ld n be obta9$ until late 9 ! spr+1 &1 9 fact1 a portion ( !m 7 n obta9$ until ! summ] ( #aija4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( delay1 h[ev]1 ! eng9e = ! qu>t]-size model 0 completely recon/ruct$ & fur!r te/s 7 made ) ! exp]im5tal eng9e 9 develop+ accessories1 su* z c>buretors & sp>k coils4 ,! float-fe$ type ( c>buretor :i* 0 !n com+ into prom95ce 9 automobile "w prov$ at t /age ( its developm5t to be totally unsuitable1 z ! slight b con/ant tremor ( ! a]odrome frame1 :5 ! eng9e 0 work+ at high spe$s "u a heavy load1 caus$ ! float to act z a pump & p]iodically flood ! c>buretor4 ,?is result$ 9 an irregul>ity ( action ( ! eng9e :i* at times injur$ n only ! transmission %afts1 ge>s1 & frame1 b ! eng9e itself by ! s]i\s p\nd+ :i* occurr$4 ,a =m 0 next tri$ 9 :i* ! gasol9e 0 f$ 9 ?r\gh ! valve seat ( a lightly load$ valve :i* rais$ :5ev] !re 0 suction 9 ! inlet pipe1 ! am\nt ( gasol9e f$ be+ regulat$ by a p9 valve4 ,lat] !re 7 built sev]al %apes & sizes ( tanks fill$ ) absorb5t mat]ial1 :i* 0 saturat$ ) gasol9e & ! surplus drawn (f be=e />t+ ! eng9e4 ,"s ( ^! tanks 7 provid$ ) a jacket ?r\gh :i* p#bbe a portion ( ! exhau/ gases 0 pass$ 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! cool+ ( ! tank caus$ by ! evaporation ( ! gasol9e4 ,z a result ( ^! te/s x 0 f\nd t a type consi/+ ess5tially ( a tank fill$ ) small lumps ( a por\s cellul> wood 7tupelo wood7 :i* 0 initially saturat$ ) gasol9e1 & into :i* ! gasol9e 0 f$ ?r\gh a di/ribut+ pipe z rapidly z x 0 tak5 up by ! air1 :i* 0 suck$ ?r\gh x by ! eng9e1 gave ! be/ results4 ,in/ead ( jacket+ ?is tank1 ! cool+ effect due to evaporation 0 comp5sat$ by draw+ ! some:at heat$ air f ar\nd ! eng9e cyl9d]s up ?r\gh ! loosely pack$ lumps ( wood4 ,:5 te/$ 9 ! %op ?is type 0 f\nd to give su* a v uni=m mixture t ! eng9e ran z smoo?ly & regul>ly z an electric motor1 ! vibration 9 no way int]f]+ ) x1 & ev5 :5 ! sudd5 *ange f a /ate ( re/ to "o ( rapid motion ?r\gh ! air 0 imitat$ by sudd5ly turn+ on ! c>buretor ! bla/ ( sev]al l>ge electric fans f v>i\s angles1 x 0 f\nd to h no appreciable effect on ! runn+ ( ! eng9e1 ?us indicat+ t ! tr\ble :i* 0 exp]i5c$ ) ! model a]odrome 9 ! trials ( #aija 0 n likely to be repeat$ ) ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,some:at m ?an a doz5 c>buretors ( v>i\s =ms 7 con/ruct$ be=e ?is la/ type 0 devis$1 b ?is prov$ s satisfactory t !re 7 nev] !reaft] any c>buretor tr\bles4 ,9 fact1 z w lat] appe>1 a c>buretor ( ?is type kept ! eng9e on ! l>ge a]odrome runn+ at full p[] n only :5 ! a]odrome 0 9 a v]tical position 9 ! air1 b also aft] x _h turn$ completely ov] on its back4 p#bbf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,ow+ to ! v consid]able *anges :i* con/ructional reasons necessitat$ 9 ! relative positions ( ! c5t] ( pressure1 c5t] ( gravity1 & l9e ( ?ru/ f ^? :i* !oretical consid]ations po9t$ to z be+ be/1 x 0 decid$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijj1 to build a "o-qu>t]-size model ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 if a suitable eng9e capable ( furni%+ some?+ l "o & a half horse-p[] c\ld be procur$ )\t delay4 ,x 0 hop$ t x might be possible to con/ruct ?is model imm$iately )\t s]i\sly int]f]+ ) ! progress ( ! "w on ! l>ge ma*9e1 & t "s te/s 9 free flight c\ld !n be made ) x1 :i* w\ld give v mu* m reliable data f :i* to det]m9e ! balanc+ ( ! l>ge a]odrome ?an _h be5 obta9$ f ! te/s ( ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f4 ,a factor ( unc]ta9ty w\ld /ill rema91 due to ! diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ! l>ge ma*9e & ! model1 :i* c\ld be det]m9$ only by actual trial ( ! l>ge ma*9e itself2 b by mak+ ! model an exact duplicate1 on a small] scale ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 v valuable results c\ld be obta9$4 ,te/s ( x 9 free flight w\ld involve1 ev5 ) ! probable att5dant breakages1 a comp>atively small exp5diture ( "t & money4 ,a se>* 0 imm$iately begun = an eng9e build] :o w\ld und]take to furni% a suitable eng9e = ?is model4 ,! specifications call$ = an eng9e develop+ "o & a half horse-p[] on ! ,prony brake = five m9utes )\t dim9ution 9 p[] caus$ by ov] heat+4 ,:ile x 0 desir$ if possible to get an eng9e :i* w\ld come )9 ! giv5 weight & develop ! requir$ p[] = a long] "t ?an five m9utes1 x 0 =ese5 t ! con/ruction ( a multiple-cyl9d] eng9e ( s small a p[] made x necess>y to resort to ! air-cool$ type1 & t su* an eng9e w\ld be do+ exce$+ly well to develop its maximum p[] cont9u\sly = z mu* z five m9utes4 ,! only eng9e build] :o c\ld be f\nd will+ to und]take ! con/ruction ( su* an eng9e 0 ! "o already engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! l>g] eng9e4 ,z ?is build] 0 already twelve mon?s beh9d 9 ! deliv]y ( ! l>ge eng9e1 x 0 felt t x w\ld be unwise to give x to him1 bo? because ! "w on x might /ill fur!r delay him 9 ! completion ( ! l>ge "o1 & also because he 0 /ill hav+ tr\bles ) ! l>ge "o1 :i* x 0 n c]ta9 he w\ld ev] be able to ov]come4 ,aft] fur!r consid]ation ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 x seem$ s important to h a model :i* 0 an exact duplicate ( ! l>ge ma*9e = ! p#bbg mak+ ( te/s1 :i* might prev5t n only s]i\s damage b possibly fatal accid5ts1 t ^u ! assurance ( ! eng9e build] t ! und]tak+ ( ! small eng9e w\ld 9 no way int]f]e ) ! completion ( ! l>ge "o1 a contract 0 ent]$ into on ,febru>y #bc1 #aijj1 :i* specifi$ t ! eng9e %\ld be deliv]$ by ,april #a1 ) a p5alty = any delay beyond t date4 ,! frame = ?is qu>t]-size model 0 imm$iately begun & extra workm5 7 employ$ = "w on x 9 ord] t its con/ruction %\ld 9 no way delay ! completion ( ! l>ge ma*9e4 ,! decision to con/ruct ?is qu>t]-size model ( ! l>ge a]odrome _h be5 made on ! assumption t1 s9ce x 0 to be "o-sixte5? ! weight ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 & !re=e mu* heavi] 9 comp>ison to its size ?an ! /eam models ,nos4 #e & #f1 x w\ld1 !re=e1 n ne$ to be s c>efully con/ruct$ 9 ord] to obta9 suffici5t /r5g?4 ,b :5 con/ruction 0 actually begun x 0 f\nd n only t ! simpl] & less exp5sive me?ods :i* x _h be5 propos$ to use 9 jo9+ its frame toge!r result$ 9 a weak con/ruction1 b also t ! "t consum$ 9 t9k]+ up ! imp]fections 9 ! jo9ts m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! extra "t :i* w\ld h be5 requir$ to make ! jo9ts 9 ! be/ mann] f ! beg9n+4 ,be=e go+ v f> x 0 !re=e decid$ to make ! jo9ts by foll[+ ! same process :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! previ\s models4 ,! frame 0 accord+ly built 9 ! mo/ sub/antial mann]1 & :5 guy$ by a sy/em ( guy-wires simil> to t employ$ = ! l>ge ma*9e x 0 f\nd to be exce$+ly /iff1 9 fact v mu* /rong] & /iff] ?an ! frame ( any ( ! prec$+ models4 ,9 orig9ally plann+ ! model ! int5tion 0 to make all its l9e> dim5sions exactly "o-f\r? ^? ( ! l>ge a]odrome4 ,be=e ! designs 7 complet$1 h[ev]1 x 0 se5 f ! previ\s exp]i5ce ) ! /eam-driv5 models t in/ead ( ! #fb4e-;cm4 propell]s1 :i* a /rict adh]5ce to ! qu>t]-size plan w\ld dem&1 x w\ld be necess>y to use propell]s :i* 7 at lea/ "o metre 9 diamet]4 ,moreov]1 z ! small eng9e w\ld be m ?an "o-f\r? ! size ( ! eng9e "u con/ruction = ! l>ge a]odrome1 a dep>ture f ! scale 9 ! case ( ! transv]se frame w\ld be necess>y4 ,! designs 7 !re=e alt]$ s z to admit ( us+ ! l>g] propell]s1 & ! tubes :i* =m$ ! front ( ! transv]se frame 7 b5t1 z %[n 9 ! plan photograph1 ,plate #gj1 9 ord] to give a l>ge en\gh space = prop]ly m\nt+ ! eng9e4 ,! frame ) ^! modifications 0 complet$ 9 ,june1 #aijj1 b no eng9e 0 ready = x1 z ! build] _h fail$ to fulfill 8 contract = ei!r ! l>ge or ! small eng9e1 al?\gh sev]al trips to ,new ,york _h be5 made to exp$ite _! successful completion4 p#bbh ,soon aft] ?is x became c]ta9 t ! eng9es = bo? a]odromes w\ld h to be con/ruct$ 9 ! %ops ( ! ,in/itution1 & ow+ to ! great] importance ( ! exp]im5tal eng9e = ! l>ge a]odrome1 all ! facilities ( ! %ops 7 devot$ to ! e>ly completion ( x4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijj1 h[ev]1 x 0 se5 t ! exp]im5tal eng9e alone w\ld n furni% suffici5t p[] = ! l>ge a]odrome1 & t a duplicate ( x w\ld h to be built or a new & l>g] eng9e design$ & con/ruct$1 & t !re=e x w\ld be impossible to get ! fir/ te/s ( ! l>ge a]odrome 9 free flight be=e ! foll[+ summ]4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ t x w\ld be be/ to susp5d "w tempor>ily on ! l>ge a]odrome & its eng9e1 & put all ! workm5 :o c\ld possibly be employ$ on ! con/ruction ( ! small eng9e1 s t x w\ld be ready 9 "t to p]mit "s te/s ( ! qu>t]-size model to be made dur+ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 ord] to exp$ite its con/ruction z mu* z possible1 ! attempt 0 made to utilize all ! available p>ts f ! small eng9e :i* _h be5 und]tak5 by ! eng9e build] 9 ,new ,york4 ,! cyl9d]s1 :i* x _h be5 expect$ w\ld be kept cool by _! rotation ar\nd ! crank p91 7 n well adapt$ = use z /ation>y cyl9d]s1 s9ce !y 7 n provid$ ) radiat+ ribs1 b x 0 hop$ t by us+ !m an eng9e c\ld be v quickly con/ruct$ :i* w\ld keep cool long en\gh to enable "s %ort flights to be made ) ! model4 ,! "w on ?is small eng9e 0 pu%$ =w>d v rapidly1 s t )9 a %ort "t x 0 suffici5tly complete to all[ "s p[] te/s to be made ) x4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! te/s ! attempt 0 made to measure ! p[] by means ( ! ,prony brake1 b z ! eng9e _h no fly :eel ! fluctuations 9 spe$ dur+ ea* revolution 7 s great z to make x impossible to obta9 read+s ( any value4 ,:5 x 0 attempt$ to rem$y ?is by putt+ a fly :eel on ei!r side ( ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e1 x 0 f\nd t ! sudd5 />t+ ( ! eng9e caus$ su* sev]e /ra9s 9 ! crank %aft1 :i* _h be5 built /rong en\gh = driv+ ! propell]s b n = sudd5ly />t+ fly :eels hav+ consid]able in]tia1 z to make x unsafe to cont9ue ! use ( fly :eels4 ,z )\t !m ! ,prony brake c\ld n be us$1 x 0 decid$ to build a small wat]-absorption dynamomet] on ! same pr9ciple z ! l>g] ones :i* 7 "u con/ruction = ! l>ge eng9e4 ,z ?is l>g] dynamomet] has already be5 describ$1 x is only necess>y to add t ! small "o consi/$ ( twelve rotat+ plates & twelve /ator plates twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! con/ruction ( a special & elaborate te/+ frame = m\nt+ ! eng9e & ! dynamomet] exactly 9 l9e ) ea* o!r1 x 0 attempt$ to connect !m by means ( a univ]sal jo9t4 ,?is 8%ort cut0 also prov$ ! 8long way ar\nd40 ,! /ra9s set up 9 ! univ]sal jo9t by ! sudd5 />t+ ( p#bbi ! eng9e caus$ s mu* tr\ble on acc\nt ( ! in]tia ( ! rotat+ plates ( ! dynamomet] t ! "t lo/ 9 keep+ ! univ]sal jo9t 9 work+ ord] dur+ ! te/s m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! extra "t :i* w\ld h be5 requir$ to con/ruct a special wood5 frame on :i* ! dynamomet] & eng9e c\ld h be5 m\nt$ 9 l9e ) ea* o!r s t ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e c\ld h be5 directly connect$ to ! %aft ( ! dynamomet]4 ,mu* "t 0 also lo/ 9 ! ef=t to con/ruct an app>atus by :i* a record c\ld be obta9$ ( ! p[] actually us$ 9 propell+ ! a]odrome4 ,v>i\s me?ods 7 9 use by :i* ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s c\ld be m or less satisfactorily measur$ :ile ! a]odrome 0 at re/1 b x 0 desir$ to "k j h[ mu* p[] ! a]odrome consum$ :ile 9 actual free flight4 ,su* a record x 0 hop$ to obta9 f a device incorporat$ 9 ! propell] %afts4 ,?is ?ru/-measur+ device consi/$ ess5tially ( a propell] %aft made 9 two sections1 "o section telescop+ ! o!r = a %ort di/ance4 ,on ! section ( ! %aft to :i* ! propell] 0 atta*$ !re 0 m\nt$ a drum1 hav+ 9 its circumf]5ce two long slots diametrically opposite4 ,to ! o!r section ( ! %aft a disc 0 fa/5$ ) two diametrically opposite roll]s m\nt$ on its p]iph]y1 :i* fitt$ ! slots 9 ! drum ( ! o!r section4 ,a compression spr+ 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! disc & ! drum1 & ! outside ( ! drum 0 s arrang$ t a /rip ( pap] c\ld be w\nd ar\nd & fa/5$ to x :i* w\ld s]ve z a *ronograph %eet4 ,a p5cil 0 fa/5$ to ! frame1 &1 s9ce ! drum 0 connect$ to ! section ( ! %aft to :i* ! propell] 0 atta*$ & :i* !re=e mov$ to & f ! frame "u ! action ( ! propell] ?ru/1 a record ( ! actual ?ru/ ( ! propell] at any p>ticul> mom5t c\ld be obta9$ by simply press+ ! p5cil up aga9/ ! pap] on ! drum & calculat+ ! ?ru/ f ! calibration ( ! compression spr+4 ,s9ce ! ?ru/ w\ld naturally be great] :5 ! propell]s 7 revolv+ 9 a moor$ condition1 dur+ ! few mom5ts aft] ! eng9e 0 />t$ up & be=e ! a]odrome 0 laun*$1 x 0 necess>y to provide means = hav+ ! p5cil po9t held away f ! *ronograph %eet until ! a]odrome 0 laun*$1 & !n h ! po9t come to be> on ! %eet4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by hav+ ! po9t held (f by a small trigg] arrangem5t :i* 0 to be releas$ j at ! mom5t t ! a]odrome left ! laun*+ c>4 ,a set ( propell] %afts embody+ ?is ?ru/-record+ device 0 con/ruct$1 b :5 !y 7 actually te/$ on ! a]odrome _m difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ :i* _h n be5 anticipat$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! gasol9e eng9e = ! model 0 />t$ up 7or 8crank$ ov]07 by turn+ ! propell]s by h&4 ,a gasol9e eng9e nev] />ts sl[ly1 & on acc\nt ( ?is sudd5ness ( />t+ causes a v great /ra9 9 any p#bcj %aft+ by :i* x is connect$ to any driv5 me*anism4 ,! in]tia ( ! driv5 me*anism1 ev5 ?\gh x be app>5tly small1 becomes a mo/ s]i\s matt] :5 an attempt is made to />t up v sudd5ly4 ,?is effect is v mu* int5sifi$ if ! driv5 me*anism is connect$ to ! eng9e ?r\gh ev5 "o pair ( ge>s1 = !re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( back-la% betwe5 ! tee? ( ! ge>s1 & ! effect ( ?is back-la% is /ill fur!r int5sifi$ :5 ! driv5 me*anism is turn$ ov] by h& 9 ord] to />t ! eng9e1 z ?is takes up ! back-la% on "o side ( ! ge>s1 & ! mom5t ! eng9e />ts p]mits a free movem5t until x sudd5ly takes up ! back-la% & /rikes ! o!r side ( ! ge> tee? ) a bl[4 ,! effect ( ?is sudd5 />t+ ( ! eng9e prov$ mo/ disa/r\s to ! ?ru/-record+ devices1 &1 al?\gh !y 7 consid]ably /r5g!n$1 x 0 f\nd aft] a %ort "t t 9 ord] to make !m /rong en\gh to )/& ! %ock ( ! sudd5 />t+ ( ! eng9e x w\ld be necess>y to make !m inord9ately heavy4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to ab&on all attempts to incorporate ! ?ru/-record+ device on ?is qu>t]-size model1 b x 0 hop$ to in/all x lat] on "o ( ! /eam-driv5 models1 :]e ! eng9e />ts s sl[ly t !re w\ld be no ne$ = excessive /r5g? 9 x4 ,! eng9e = ! qu>t] model :5 recon/ruct$ ) /ation>y in/ead ( rotat+ cyl9d]s 0 f\nd 9 ! %op te/s ref]r$ to above to develop :5 work+ at its be/ betwe5 #a-a_/b & #b horse-p[]1 z measur$ by ! absorption dynamomet]s4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 impossible to ma9ta9 ?is p[] /eadily = m ?an #cj seconds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! same difficulties 7h]et(ore describ$7 t 7 met ) 9 secur+ a suitable c>buretor = ! exp]im5tal eng9e 7 exp]i5c$ at ! same "t 9 ! developm5t ( ! small eng9e4 ,9 ! second place1 z ! eng9e _h no cool+ app>atus ( any k9d1 x 0 f\nd t x c\ld n be te/$ 9 ! %op = m ?an #cj seconds ow+ to premature explosions4 ,x 0 hop$1 h[ev]1 t by hav+ ev]y?+ ready = a flight be=e />t+ ! eng9e1 x might be possible to laun* ! a]odrome be=e ! cyl9d]s began to heat s]i\sly1 & t ! greatly increas$ cool+ effect due to ! motion ( ! a]odrome ?r\gh ! air w\ld p]mit ! eng9e to develop suffici5t p[] to secure a flight t w\ld %[ :e!r or n ! balanc+ 0 correct1 z ! f9al disposition ( "s ( ! accessories on ! l>ge a]odrome c\ld n be s well settl$ until x 0 kn[n j h[ ! calculat$ balanc+ ( ?is new model correspond$ ) ! actual balanc+ necess>y = flight4 ,on acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,langley's reliance on ! g5]ally s\nd !ory t :]e a successful me?od ( conduct+ an exp]im5t has be5 f\nd only aft] a long s]ies ( failures x is be/ n to *ange to "s unkn[n & untri$ plan1 x 0 impossible1 especially :]e failure 9 ! te/ might involve a fatal accid5t1 to get him to deviate f 8 orig9al plan ( p#bca laun*+ ! l>ge a]odrome f ! top ( ! h\se-boat4 ,he app>5tly realiz$ z well z anyone1 t 9 _m respects ! mak+ ( ! te/ f ! top ( ! h\se-boat _h _m s]i\s drawbacks1 b he emphasiz$ & impress$ on ! writ] ! importance ( foll[+ z f> z possible 9 ! con/ruction & te/ ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 ! plans :i* _h br\ght success ) ! models4 ,believ+1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 probably a bett] me?od ( laun*+ ! a]odrome ?an f ! top ( ! h\se-boat1 & t x w\ld be well to prep>e be=e h& z f> z possible = foll[+ "s o!r plan ( laun*+ imm$iately aft] a fir/ successful te/ _h be5 obta9$ f ! top ( ! boat1 ,mr4 ,langley _h con/ruct$ "s floats :i* 7 arrang$ to be atta*$ to ! laun*+ c> ( ! qu>t]-size model s t ! c> c\ld be conv]t$ into a catam>an raft4 ,x 0 n believ$ t ?is crude arrangem5t w\ld suffice = a complete laun*+ app>atus1 s9ce ! p[] ( ! a]odrome propell]s w\ld n be great en\gh to =ce ! raft ?r\gh ! wat] at a suffici5tly high spe$2 /ill x 0 ?\ght t by hav+ ! laun*+ c> arrang$ 9 ?is way ! model might be all[$ to drive ! raft rapidly ?r\gh ! wat] & ?us give "s idea z to :at w\ld be necess>y1 9 a m complete laun*+ app>atus1 to obviate ! dang] ( ! drag ( ! raft caus+ ! model to plunge ov] headlong into ! wat]4 ,! laun*+ c> ) ^! floats atta*$ to x1 & ) ! qu>t]-size model m\nt$ on ! c>1 is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plates #gc & #gd4 ,:ile ! results obta9$ ) sup]pos$ w+s 9 ! te/s ( models ,nos4 #e & #f 9 ! summ] ( #ahii indicat$ t ! 8s+le-ti]0 surfaces 7 mu* m effici5t1 /ill1 z has be5 already /at$1 ! great advantages ( ! sup]pos$ surfaces1 s f> z /r5g? ( con/ruction is conc]n$1 0 fully realiz$ at all times4 ,z a result ( ^! te/s x 0 decid$ to use ! 8s+le-ti]0 surfaces 9 ! fir/ te/ ( ! l>ge ma*9e 9 ord] to insure z f> z possible ! be/ conditions4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 f ! beg9n+ plann$ to con/ruct sup]pos$ surfaces = use 9 ! lat] te/s ( ! l>ge ma*9e2 &1 9 ord] to obta9 m reliable data on su* surfaces ?an _h be5 obta9$ 9 ! te/s ( ! models 9 ! summ] ( #ahii1 a set ( sup]pos$ surfaces = ! qu>t]-size model 7 con/ruct$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijj-aija4 ,! qu>t]-size model1 equipp$ ) ^! surfaces1 is %[n 9 ,plates #ge & #gf1 :]e ! model is se5 m\nt$ on its laun*+ c>1 :i* is atta*$ to ! floats h]et(ore ref]r$ to4 ,x 0 orig9ally plann$ n to employ guy-po/s :5 us+ ! sup]pos$ surfaces1 b aft] ! latt] _h be5 con/ruct$ & atta*$ to ! frame1 x 0 f\nd t !y w\ld h to be made ) rigid jo9ts in/ead ( h+$ jo9ts if ! guy-po/s 7 omitt$4 ,z ! h+$ jo9ts1 h[ev]1 7 already made1 & p]mitt$ ! surfaces to be fold$ up s z to occupy a mu* small] p#bcb space 9 %ipp+ !m1 x 0 decid$ to reta9 ! h+$ =m ( con/ruction & use ! guy-po/s z %[n 9 ! above plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gj ,,plan ,,view ,,( ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome1 ,,june #a1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ga ,,plan ,,view ,,( ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gb ,,end1 ,,side1 ,,& ,,?ree-,,qu>t] ,,elevation ,,( ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gc ,,laun*+-,,c> ,,) ,,floats ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gd ,,laun*+-,,c> ,,) ,,floats ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ge ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,sup]pos$ ,,surfaces1 ,,june #aa1 #aija1 ,,side ,,view ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gf ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,sup]pos$ ,,surfaces1 ,,june #aa1 #aija4 ,,end ,,view ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gg ,,cyl9d]s ,,( ,,eng9e ,,( ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,aft] mu* delay1 due to v>i\s causes1 ! qu>t]-size model1 z %[n 9 plan1 end elevation1 side elevation & ?ree-qu>t] elevation 9 ,plates #ga & #gb1 respectively1 0 tak5 d[n ! riv] 9 ,june1 #aija1 9 ord] to make "s te/s ) x f ! small h\se-boat1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly mov$ to ! middle ( ! riv] opposite ,widewat]1 ,va4 ,a te/ ( x 9 free flight 0 made on ,june #ah1 its condition at ?is "t be+ %[n by ,data ,%eet ,no4 #ab 9 ,app5dix4 ,! laun*+ app>atus work$ p]fectly & ! a]odrome />t$ (f on an absolutely ev5 keel1 dropp+ only a few in*es imm$iately ^u leav+ ! laun*+ app>atus1 & cont9u+ /raight ahead directly into ! light w9d ( some?+ less ?an #b miles an h\r4 ,aft] x _h gone only ab\t #ajj feet1 h[ev]1 x began to desc5d sl[ly1 b /ill ma9ta9$ a p]fectly ev5 balance1 & f9ally t\*$ ! wat] ab\t #aej feet f ! h\se-boat1 hav+ be5 9 ! air betwe5 #d & #e seconds4 ,x 0 imm$iately recov]$1 & z soon z ! w+s c\ld be dri$ out ano!r te/ 0 made1 z x 0 ?\ght probable t ! w9d _h int]f]$ ) ! c>buretor to su* an ext5t t ! eng9e _h n receiv$ ! prop] mixture ( gas4 ,^u ?is second te/ ! laun*+ app>atus aga9 work$ p]fectly & ! a]odrome aga9 flew /raight ahead on a p]fectly ev5 keel1 & at a uni=m height f ! wat] until x _h gone ab\t #cjj feet1 :5 x aga9 began to desc5d sl[ly & f9ally t\*$ ! wat] ab\t #cej feet f ! h\se-boat1 hav+ be5 9 ! air ab\t #aj seconds4 ,:ile ! te/s 7 v disappo9t+1 ow+ to ! extreme brevity ( ! flights1 yet !y %[$ conclusively t ! balanc+ ( ! a]odrome 0 correct1 at lea/ z f> z motion 9 a /raight l9e & 9 a quiet atmosph]e 0 conc]n$4 ,z "o & a half horse-p[]1 :i* 0 felt to be ! v m9imum :i* w\ld successfully propel ! a]odrome1 0 furni%$ by ! eng9e only :5 work+ at its v be/1 & z ! *ange 9 conditions f a quiet /ate to a velocity ( some?+ l #dj feet p] second evid5tly caus$ a consid]able drop 9 ! p[] because ( ! *ange 9 ! gase\s mixture :i* ! c>buretor furni%$ to ! eng9e1 x 0 decid$ n to make any fur!r te/ ( ! a]odrome until ! eng9e cyl9d]s c\ld be recon/ruct$ s z to provide m effective means = cool+ x1 & !reby a reasonable m>g9 ( p[] above t actually necess>y4 ,! a]odrome 0 accord+ly return$ to ,wa%+ton = ! purpose ( mak+ new cyl9d]s = ! eng9e4 ,9 con/ruct+ ^! new cyl9d]s ! old cyl9d] heads f ! previ\s cyl9d]s 7 us$ 9 ord] to exp$ite _! completion4 ,?is prov$ 9 ! end to be a v great mi/ake1 ?\gh at ! "t x seem$ probable t ! use ( !m w\ld save mu* delay & consid]able exp5se4 ,! new cyl9d]s 7 con/ruct$ ( /eel tub+ orig9ally "o-half in* ?ick1 :i* p#bcc 0 ma*9$ to ! =m cle>ly %[n 9 ! photograph1 ,plate #gg1 :]e x w be se5 t ?9 radiat+ ribs spac$ "o-qu>t] in* ap>t 7 =m$ integral ) ! cyl9d]1 ! combu/ion *amb]s or heads be+ screw$ on & braz$ to ! cyl9d]s4 ,aft] mu* delay ! new cyl9d]s 7 complet$1 & ^u te/ x 0 f\nd t :ile ! radiat+ ribs assi/$ v greatly 9 keep+ ! eng9e cool1 yet ! valves 7 s small t ! gas 0 n able to get 9 & out ( ! cyl9d]s rapidly en\gh to p]mit ! eng9e to furni% its full p[]4 ,ev5 at ?is /age x w\ld h be5 bett] ei!r to h made new cyl9d] heads ) l>g] valves or to h made entirely new cyl9d]s & cyl9d] heads1 b 9 ! ef=t to economize "t & money x seem$ be/ to try to ov]come "p ( ! defect by add+ an auxili>y inlet valve4 ,?is 0 con/ruct$1 & ^u te/ x 0 f\nd t1 al?\gh ! eng9e develop$ #c4b horse-p[] on ! ,prony brake at #ahjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 & ev5 ma9ta9$ #e4a horse-p[] on ! brake = a few seconds :5 runn+ at #cjjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 ! ports lead+ f ! valve *amb] to ! cyl9d]s 7 s small t !y became heat$ aft] ! eng9e _h run = #b m9utes & premature ignition occurr$1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 imm$iately & v greatly r$uc$ ! p[] develop$4 ,x 0 decid$1 h[ev]1 9 view ( ! te/s 9 :i* ! eng9e _h develop$ #c4b horse-p[] at #ahjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 t !re 0 suffici5t m>g9 ( p[] to enable x to propel ! qu>t]-size model1 ev5 if x 0 n work+ at its be/4 ,aft] conclud+ ! ,prony-brake te/s on ! eng9e1 x 0 m\nt$ 9 its prop] position 9 ! a]odrome frame & connect$ to ! propell] %afts4 ,"s p5dulum te/s 7 !n made1 %[+ an av]age lift ( approximately #eg p] c5t ( ! total fly+ weight4 ,b x 0 f\nd t ! propell] & transmission %afts & _! be>+s w\ld n /& ! /ra9 due to ! increas$ p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,new] & /rong] %afts & be>+s 71 !re=e1 con/ruct$ & fur!r p5dulum te/s 7 made4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t ! transv]se frame :i* support$ ! %afts & be>+s 0 too weak1 & ?is 0 /r5g!n$ by sub/itut+ new] & ?ick] tub+ :]e x seem$ necess>y4 ,^! *anges & repairs 7 all complet$ by ,octob]1 #aija1 & ! qu>t]-size model 0 at la/1 aft] mon?s ( delay1 felt to be 9 a condition :i* ju/ifi$ ! expectation t its next flight w\ld be entirely successful4 ,9 view ( ! mu* m important "w on ! l>ge a]odrome :i* dem&$ imm$iate att5tion ! qu>t]-size model 9 ?is complet$ condition 0 put aside4 ,no?+ m 0 done ) x until ,april1 #aijc1 :5 "s %op te/s 7 made prelim9>y to tak+ x to ,quantico1 :]e1 on ,augu/ #h1 x made a successful flight1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 p#bcd ,,*apt] ,x ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,te/s ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge ,,eng9e ,! ma9 requirem5t 9 an eng9e = an a]odrome--aside f reliability & smoo?ness ( op]ation1 :i* are necess>y 9 an eng9e = any k9d ( locomotion--is t x %all develop ! greate/ am\nt ( p[] = ! lea/ weight4 ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable to r$uce ! weight & numb] ( p>ts ( ! eng9e to ! v m9imum1 s f> z ?is c be done )\t sacrific+ reliability & smoo?ness ( runn+4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ! /ronge/ metal = its weight is /eel1 & s9ce ! greate/ /r5g? ( /eel is utiliz$ :5 ! /ress act+ on x is "o ( t5sion1 x is advisable to design ! eng9e s t ! p>ts :i* su/a9 ! greate/ /ra9s %all be ( /eel &1 z f> z possible1 meet ) /ra9s :i* are purely t5sional ones4 ,9 design+ ! new eng9e = ! l>ge a]odrome x 01 !re=e1 plann$ to make x entirely ( /eel1 z f> z ?is 0 possible4 ,! only p>ts :i* 7 n ( /eel 7 ! bronze bu%+s = ! be>+s1 ! ca/-iron pi/ons1 & ca/-iron l9]s ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,previ\s exp]i5ce _h %[n t1 :ile x is possible to use a ca/-iron pi/on 9 a /eel cyl9d] or ev5 a /eel pi/on 9 a /eel cyl9d]1 provid$ ! lubrication be kept exactly adju/$1 yet ! prop] lubrication ( ! pi/on & cyl9d] ( a gas eng9e is difficult ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 ow+ to ! fact t excessive lubrication causes tr\ble f ! surplus oil int]f]+ ) ! sp>k+ app>atus4 ,x 01 !re=e1 det]m9$ n to risk s]i\s tr\ble by attempt+ to h ! pi/ons be> directly on ! /eel walls ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,:ile visit+ ! ,fr5* eng9e build]s 9 ! summ] ( #aijj 9 ! attempt to f9d "o will+ to und]take ! con/ruction ( a suitable eng9e = ! a]odrome1 x 0 po9t$ out to !m t ! great am\nt ( weight :i* !y claim$ to be necess>y = ! cyl9d]s1 & :i* !y /at$ made x impossible = !m to build an eng9e :i* w\ld meet ! requirem5ts z to p[] & weight1 c\ld be v greatly r$uc$ by mak+ ! cyl9d]s 9 ! =m ( ?9 /eel %ells hav+ ca/-iron l9+s4 ,all1 h[ev]1 to :om ?is sugge/ion 0 made decl>$ t x 0 impossible to build satisfactory cyl9d]s 9 ?is way2 "s ( !m ev5 /at$ t !y _h tri$ x & f\nd x impossible to keep ! ?9 l9]s tight 9 ! /eel %ells4 ,! difficulty :i* !y _h enc\nt]$ is due to ! diff]5ce 9 expansion ( ! /eel & ! iron :5 rais$ to a r high temp]ature by ! heat ( ! explosions1 if ! cyl9d]s are n well jacket$ ) wat]2 & if ! /eel p#bce %ells are wat] jacket$ !y !n d n exp& z mu* z ! ca/-iron l9]s1 & ?is causes ! latt] to become 8out ( r\nd0 because ( ! compression /ra9s produc$ 9 !m :5 try+ to exp& m ?an ! /eel %ells4 ,z pa/ exp]i5ce _h %[n1 h[ev]1 t x 0 possible to keep ! l9]s tight 9 small cyl9d]s1 x 0 believ$ t by tak+ prop] c>e 9 ! con/ruction !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ?is respect ) ! cyl9d]s ( ?is l>g] eng9e4 ,9 c>ry+ out ^! plans1 h[ev]1 ( mak+ ! cyl9d]s ( /eel1 num]\s con/ructional difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ :i* c\ld n be =ese5 :5 ! design 0 made4 ,_h !y be5 =ese51 provision = obviat+ !m c\ld easily h be5 made4 ,z w be se5 f ! draw+1 ,plate #gh1 ! eng9e cyl9d]s consi/$ prim>ily ( a ma9 out] %ell ( /eel "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 ne> ! bottom end ( :i* 0 screw$ & braz$ a suitable flange1 by :i* x 0 bolt$ to ! support+ drum or crank *amb]4 ,^! %ells1 :i* 7 seamless1 ) ! heads =m$ integral1 7 design$ to be ( suffici5t /r5g? to )/& ! =ce ( ! explosion 9 !m1 &1 9 ord] to provide a suitable we>+ surface = ! pi/on1 a ca/-iron l9] "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick 0 c>efully %runk into !m4 ,ent]+ ! side ( ! cyl9d] ne> ! top1 0 ! combu/ion *amb]1 ma*9$ out ( a solid /eel =g+1 :i* also =m$ ! port :i* ent]$ ! cyl9d] & 0 fa/5$ to x by braz+4 ,! wat] jackets1 :i* 7 =m$ ( %eet /eel 4#jbj in* ?ick1 7 also fa/5$ to ! cyl9d] by braz+1 & x 0 9 connection ) ! braz+ ( ^! wat] jackets t ! fir/ s]i\s difficulty 0 met 9 ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z ! jackets 7 ( an irregul> %ape & ( a diff]5t ?ickness ( metal f ! walls ( ! cyl9d] to :i* !y 7 jo9$1 ! expansion & contraction due to ! extreme heat necess>y = prop]ly braz+ ! jo9ts caus$ su* s]i\s /ra9s 9 v>i\s & unexpect$ directions t x 0 only by ex]cis+ ! v greate/ c>e & pati5ce t a completely tight jo9t at all po9ts ( ! jacket c\ld be secur$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! size ( ! cyl9d]s & ! consequ5tly l>ge ext5t ( wat]-jacket surface1 complicat$ ! problem4 ,! ma9t5ance ov] ?is l>ge surface ( ! extreme heat necess>y = braz+ involv$ discom=t &1 inde$1 actual suff]+ to ! p]son engag$ 9 ! "w1 & mu* c>e & skill 7 dem&$ 9 s di/ribut+ ! heat t ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! jackets w\ld be uni=m en\gh to prev5t s]i\s /ra9s f expansion & contraction4 ,z no workman c\ld be f\nd ei!r compet5t to d ! "w or will+ to und]go ! p]sonal discom=t1 ! writ] 0 oblig$ to d all ?is braz+ "w himself4 ,besides ! difficulties due to ! expansion & contraction ( ! jackets :ile !y 7 be+ braz$1 ! greate/ c>e _h to be ex]cis$ to avoid heat+ ! cyl9d]s s hot z to weak5 ! p#bcf jo9t :]e ! explosion *amb]s 7 jo9$ to ! cyl9d]s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h be5 braz$ be=e ! jackets 7 fitt$ to !m prep>atory to braz+ !m4 ,ano!r great difficulty 0 t ! r+ :i* encircl$ ! cyl9d] ne> ! middle ( its l5g?1 & :i* =m$ ! bottom "p ( ! wat] jacket1 exp&$ v mu* m ?an ! cyl9d] itself1 s t1 if x 0 braz$ to ! cyl9d] be=e ! jacket 0 braz$ to x1 ! heat ( braz+ ! jacket to ! r+ w\ld cause ! r+ to break loose f ! cyl9d]2 :ile if ! r+ 0 n previ\sly braz$ to ! cyl9d]1 b 0 braz$ aft] ! jacket _h be5 braz$ to x1 ! v mu* great] heat requir$ = braz+ ! r+ to ! cyl9d] caus$ ! spelt] to burn out ( ! jo9t betwe5 ! jacket & ! r+4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 f\nd v difficult to braze ! two jo9ts at ! same "t1 s9ce 9 braz+ ! r+ to ! cyl9d] x 0 be/ to h ! cyl9d] 9 an inv]t$ v]tical position1 s t ! spelt] c\ld be made to fl[ ev5ly ar\nd ! r+ & =m a fillet aga9/ ! wall ( ! cyl9d]1 :ile 9 braz+ ! jackets to ! r+ x 0 be/ to h ! cyl9d] 9 ! rev]se v]tical position or ly+ on its side s t ! spelt] c\ld prop]ly fl[ into ?is jo9t4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 aft] :at prov$ to be mo/ exasp]at+ & t$i\s "w1 ! five cyl9d]s necess>y = ! eng9e 7 complet$ & a s]ies ( te/s 0 imm$iately made4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! te/s ! wat] circulation became ob/ruct$ 9 sev]al in/ances1 & ! consequ5t high temp]ature to :i* ! cyl9d]s & jackets 7 rais$ caus$ sev]e /ra9s 9 ! jackets :i*1 9 turn1 produc$ breaks 9 ! braz$ jo9ts4 ,^! breaks _h to be rebraz$1 & 9 braz+ !m x 0 necess>y 9 almo/ e case to remove ! ca/-iron l9]s & rebraze ! entire jackets f />t to f9i%1 z ! application ( ! int5se heat necess>y = braz+ at any "o po9t produc$ su* sev]e /ra9s t be=e ! break :i* 0 be+ repair$ c\ld be complet$ o!r breaks develop$ at v>i\s po9ts ( ! jacket4 ,x 01 !re=e1 necess>y to get ! :ole jacket up to a fairly uni=m heat & complete ! braz+ :ile x 0 9 ?is condition1 & !n keep ! :ole cyl9d] at a uni=m b gradually decreas+ temp]ature until x _h suffici5tly cool$ (f4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! tr\bles ) ! wat] jackets & ! cyl9d]s1 x 0 decid$ to build "s extra cyl9d]s1 n only because pa/ exp]i5ce _h sugge/$ improvem5ts 9 detail 9 ! con/ruction ( ! jackets1 :i* w\ld prev5t to a l>ge ext5t ! great tr\bles :i* _h be5 met ) 9 ! braz$ jo9ts1 b also to insure hav+ suffici5t cyl9d]s to enable ! eng9e to be always 9 work+ condition1 ev5 ?\gh sev]al ( ! cyl9d]s might be out ( commission f slight imp]fections 9 ! jackets or at o!r po9ts4 ,:ile ! con/ruction ( ^! new cyl9d]s involv$ a repetition ( ! ardu\s task ( braz+1 yet ! m9or improvem5ts :i* 7 introduc$ p#bcg prov$ em95tly successful 9 provid+ aga9/ future tr\bles f leaky jackets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gh ,,eng9e ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,cyl9d] ,,& ,,drum ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #gi ,,eng9e ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a4 ,,end ,,elevation1 ,,port ,,side ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hj ,,eng9e ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a4 ,,top ,,plan ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ha ,,eng9e ,,( ,,a]odrome ,a4 ,,elevation ,,/>bo>d ,,b$ ,,plate1 ,,sp>k+ ,,me*anism ,! g5]al =m ( con/ruction ( ! eng9e ) ! improv$ cyl9d]s w be readily und]/ood f ! draw+s1 ,plates #gh-ha1 9 :i* ,plate #gh is a detail sectional view1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 ?r\gh "o ( ! cyl9d]s2 ,plate #gi is an end elevation ( ! port side1 ,plate #hj is a plan view1 & ,plate #ha is an elevation ( ! />bo>d b$ plate :i* supports t side ( ! eng9e1 & by :i* x 0 fa/5$ to ! a]odrome frame1 ?is view %[+ p>ticul>ly ! sp>k+ app>atus :i* 0 m\nt$ on ! b$ plate4 ,! eng9e consi/s prim>ily ( a s+le crank %aft provid$ ) a s+le crank p91 ! %aft hav+ be>+s 9 a drum :i* consi/s ess5tially ( two heads4 ,arrang$ ar\nd ! crank %aft & atta*$ at equidi/ant po9ts ( ! drum are five cyl9d]s4 ,m\nt$ on ! port side ( ! crank %aft & close to ! crank arm is a small ge>1 :i* ?r\gh suitable ge>s m\nt$ on ! port head ( ! drum drives a d\ble-po9t$ cam :i* has a be>+ on ! ext]ior ( ! hub ( ! drum4 ,! ratio ( ^! ge>s is su* t ! cam is driv5 at "o-qu>t] ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft1 & 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,m\nt$ on ! ext]ior side ( ! port head ( ! drum are five pun* rods1 ! upp] ends ( :i* are )9 a sixty-f\r? ( an in* ( be+ 9 contact ) ! exhau/-valve /ems ( ! cyl9d]s1 & on ! l[] end ( ^! rods are h>d5$-/eel roll]s :i* re/ on ! d\ble-po9t$ cam--?is "o cam ?us s]v+ to op]ate ! exhau/ valves ( all five ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! port head ( ! drum is connect$ to ! port b$ plate1 by :i* x is support$1 by means ( a flang$ bu%+ 9 :i* are =m$ tongues & grooves :i* fit into correspond+ grooves & tongues =m$ 9 ! hub ( ! drum1 x be+ necess>y to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( space betwe5 ?is b$ plate & ! head ( ! drum to provide room = ! exhau/-valve cam & its co-act+ pun* rods4 ,! />bo>d b$ plate is fa/5$ to ! />bo>d head ( ! drum by bolts :i* draw ! web ( ! b$ plate aga9/ ! face ( ! drum4 ,! sp>k+ ge>s are driv5 by means ( a ge> =m$ on a sleeve :i* telescopes ov] ! hub ( ! />bo>d drum1 & has a be>+ !reon1 ! end ( ! sleeve t]m9at+ 9 a r+ :i* is fa/5$ to ! crank %aft4 ,s9ce ! five connect+ rods mu/ c5t] on ! "o crank p91 ! bronze %oes 9 :i* !y t]m9ate c occupy only a portion ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! p91 & ) ! relative proportions :i* "h exi/$ betwe5 ! l5g? ( /roke ( crank & ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod1 ! circumf]5tial wid? ( ! connect+-rod %oes 0 slightly less ?an sixty degrees1 ?us leav+ uncov]$ a crank space ( ab\t "o-six? ( ! circumf]5ce1 :i* x 0 necess>y to h 9 ord] to provide room = ! *ange 9 relative position ( ! %oes due to ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rods4 ,9 p#bch ! exp]im5tal eng9e ! connect+-rod %oes 7 all giv5 _! be>+ directly on ! crank p91 z h]et(ore describ$1 be+ held 9 contact !re) by means ( cone nuts1 :i* 7 screw-?read$ to ! crank p91 ! tap] ( ! cones p]mitt+ adju/m5t = we>4 ,?is me?od ( connect+ ^! p>ts to ! crank p9 is ! usual plan ( connect+ ?ree or m connect+ rods to "o crank p94 ,s mu* tr\ble _h be5 exp]i5c$ ) ! wat] jackets & ) m9or defects 9 ! exp]im5tal eng9e t no long runs _h be5 possible ) x1 & consequ5tly no tr\ble _h be5 exp]i5c$ because ( ! small am\nt ( be>+ area provid$ by ?is me?od ( jo9+ ! connect+ rods to ! crank p94 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! new eng9e 0 complet$ x 0 f\nd t aft] work+ at high p[] = a few m9utes ! connect+-rod %oes heat$ s rapidly t x 0 impossible to run ! eng9e = m ?an t5 or twelve m9utes1 ! excessive heat+ ( ! %oes caus+ a great dim9ution 9 p[] besides ! dang] ( s]i\s damage if ! te/s 7 cont9u$ long]4 ,at fir/ ?is defect seem$ almo/ fatal1 z !re appe>$ to be no way ( provid+ suffici5t be>+ area = ! five connect+ rods on "o crank p94 ,happily1 h[ev]1 ! writ] 0 able to ov]come ?is defect by an improv$ design :i* enables all five connect+ rods to op]ate on ! "o crank p91 & at ! same "t provides ea* ) ! full am\nt ( be>+ area :i* x w\ld h 7 x ! only connect+ rod op]at+ on ! crank p94 ,?is arrangem5t consi/s ess5tially ( a ma9 connect+ rod =m$ ( a /eel =g+ t]m9at+ 9 a sleeve :i* encircles ! crank p9 & is provid$ ) a bronze l9+ = giv+ a prop] be>+ surface betwe5 ! connect+ rod & ! crank p91 bo? ! /eel sleeve & ! bronze l9+ be+ split1 b at "r angles to ea* o!r1 to p]mit assembl+ !m on ! crank p94 ,?is /eel sleeve1 ! upp] half ( :i* is =m$ integral ) ! ma9 connect+ rod is r\nd$ (f to a true circle on its ext]ior circumf]5ce1 except at ! po9t :]e ! rod jo9s x4 ,! o!r f\r connect+ rods t]m9at+ 9 bronze %oes are !n caus$ to be> on ! ext]ior ( ?is sleeve1 be+ held 9 contact !re)1 & p]mitt$ to h a slid+ motion !reon suffici5t to take c>e ( ! v>iation 9 angul>ity ( ! connect+ rods1 by means ( ! cone nuts :i* are screw-?read$ to ! sleeve & lock$ !reto by means ( ! jam nuts1 z %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,! ma9 connect+ rod1 ( c\rse1 acts 9 ! same way z 9 ! ord9>y case :]e ea* cyl9d] has its sep>ate crank p94 ,! o!r f\r connect+ rods deliv] _! ef=t to ! crank p9 ?r\gh ! sleeve 9 :i* ! fir/ connect+ rod t]m9ates1 & !y1 !re=e1 d n receive any ( ! rubb+ effect due to ! rotation ( ! crank p91 except t ( slipp+ a v %ort di/ance ov] ! circumf]5ce ( ! sleeve dur+ ea* revolution1 ! am\nt ( slipp+ dep5d+ on ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod4 ,?is improv$ type ( be>+ 0 successful f ! "t ( its fir/ trial1 & ev5 9 lat] p#bci te/s 9 :i* ! eng9e 0 run = t5 consecutive h\rs at full p[] x %[$ no signs :atev] ( ov]heat+4 ,z ?is new =m ( connect+-rod be>+ = ! crank p9 _h nev] be5 tri$ be=e1 ! precaution 0 tak5 to leave ! ?reads on ! crank p9 = ! cone nuts1 s t if ?is new be>+ %\ld n prove successful ! old plan ( hav+ ! connect+-rod %oes be> directly on ! crank p9 c\ld be rev]t$ to4 ,^! ?reads are cle>ly se5 9 ,plate #gh & 7 nev] remov$ f ! crank p91 ?\gh _! removal w\ld h add$ consid]ably to ! area ( ! be>+ surface ( ! ma9 connect+ rod1 _h m be>+ surface seem$ necess>y4 ,! lubrication ( ! ma9 crank-%aft be>+ & ( ! crank p9 0 effect$ by means ( a small oil cup1 fa/5$ to ! port b$ plate1 :i* f$ oil ?r\gh a hole 9 ! hub ( ! drum to a circul> groove =m$ 9 ! bronze bu%+ 9 ! hub4 ,! crank %aft be+ holl[1 a hole 0 drill$ ?r\gh x 9 l9e ) ! groove 9 ! bu%+1 & ! oil 0 !n l$ f ! int]ior ( ! crank %aft ?r\gh a pipe connect$ to ! plug 9 ! end !re(1 & ?r\gh a hole drill$ 9 ! crank arm to ! holl[ crank p94 ,small holes ?r\gh ! crank p9 p]mitt$ oil to pass to ! ext]ior !re( & ?us oil ! be>+ ( ! ma9 connect+ rod4 ,small holes ?r\gh ! sleeve & bu%+ ( ! ma9 connect+ rod f$ oil "u ! %oes ( ! o!r f\r connect+ rods1 ! small holes be+ plac$ 9 oil grooves =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! bronze bu%+4 ,! lubrication ( ! pi/ons 0 effect$ by means ( small cresc5t-%ap$ oil cups fa/5$ to ! out] wall ( ! cyl9d]s1 :i* di/ribut$ ! oil equidi/antly ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! pi/ons1 ?r\gh small tubes :i* project$ ?r\gh correspond+ holes drill$ 9 ! cyl9d] wall4 ,^! oil cups = ! cyl9d]s 71 :ile small1 ( suffici5t size to furni% a supply = approximately "o h\r1 & 7 s position$ on ea* cyl9d] z to h a gravity fe$4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t :ile !re 7 _m p>ts ( ! eng9e :i* 7 ( unprec$5t$ lightness !re 0 no?+ :i* excell$ ^! oil cups 9 ?is respect1 z !y 7 made ( %eet /eel 4#jjc ( an in* ?ick1 rivet$ & sold]$ up4 ,! crank-%aft be>+ 9 ! />bo>d drum 0 oil$ f an oil cup m\nt$ on ! outside ( ! b$ plate & connect$ by a pipe to a hole 9 ! inn] wall ( ! drum1 :i* 0 connect$ to ! oil grooves 9 ! bronze bu%+ 9 ! hub ( ! drum4 ,! fir/ set ( pi/ons = ?is eng9e 7 simil> 9 design to ^? %[n 9 ! assembl$ draw+s1 except t !y _h side walls & heads :i* 7 twice z ?ick z ^? %[n4 ,^! light] pi/ons 7 con/ruct$ lat]1 & 7 j z good z ! e>li] & heavi] ones4 ,x w be not$ t ! pi/ons h two deep b ?9 ribs re9=c+ ! head4 ,! pi/ons 7 slightly tap]$ f ! middle1 :]e !y 7 4#jje in* small] ?an ! cyl9d] bore1 t[>d ! out] end1 :]e !y 7 4#jjge in* small] p#bdj ?an ! bore4 ,! out] pi/on r+ 0 4#jjce in* n>r[] ?an its groove1 ! second "o 4#jjc in*1 ! ?ird 4#jjbe in*1 & ! inn] "o 4#jjb in* n>r[] ?an its groove4 ,! r+s 7 bor$ "o-sixte5? in* (f c5t] ) ! ext]ior surface1 & _h "o-eigh? in* diamet] ( spr+4 ,!y 7 ( ! lap-jo9t type1 ) ! sides ( ! laps c>efully fitt$ & only "o-sixty-f\r?-in* cle>ance at ! ends ( ! laps to all[ = !rmal expansion4 ,z no gr9d+ facilities 7 obta9able 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! cyl9d]s 7 c>efully bor$ smoo? & free f tap]1 & ! pi/ons 7 worn 9 to a p]fect fit by runn+ !m 9 by a belt = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) copi\s oil supply4 ,! ma9 connect+ rod 0 #g_/h-;in* diamet] & solid1 :ile ! o!r f\r 7 ( ! same diamet] b ) a #e_/h-;in* hole 9 !m4 ,! gudgeon p9s 9 ! pi/ons 7 holl[ /eel tubes #g_/h-;in* diamet] & case-h>d5$1 & 7 oil$ entirely by ! oil ?r[n (f by c5trifugal =ce f ! crank-p9 be>+1 ! oil runn+ along ! connect+ rods & ?r\gh suitable holes at ! heads into oil grooves 9 ! bronze bu%+s 9 ^! heads4 ,s9ce on an eng9e = an a]odrome ! be/ plan = releas+ ! exhau/ gases f ! eng9e is to get rid ( !m z soon z possible1 s long z !y are releas$ beh9d ! aviator & d n int]f]e ) 8 view 9 ! direction ( motion1 x 0 decid$ to h ! gases exhau/ imm$iately f ! combu/ion *amb]s2 b 9 ord] to prev5t _! play+ on & heat+ ! ma9 be>+ ( ! crank %aft 9 ! port drum ! combu/ion *amb]s 7 ea* provid$ ) a *amb] bel[ ! exhau/-valve seat1 ) a side outlet !refrom4 ,! manifold pipe ?r\gh :i* ! gase\s mixture 0 suppli$ to ! inlet valves ( ! eng9e consi/$ ( a tube b5t to a circle & hav+ five bran* tubes1 ea* lead+ to "o ( ! automatic inlet valves1 :i* fitt$ removable ca/-iron seats fa/5$ by a nut 9 ! upp] "p ( ea* combu/ion *amb]4 ,! v small am\nt ( cle>ance betwe5 ! eng9e & ! frame necessitat$ t ?is pipe be cut 9 ?ree places & jo9$ by flanges 9 ord] to prop]ly assemble x on ! eng9e :5 ! latt] 0 m\nt$ 9 ! frame4 ,! c>buretor1 :i* 0 plac$ ne> ! re> ( ! aviator's c>1 0 connect$ ?r\gh suitable pipes to ?is circul> inlet pipe1 at a po9t horizontally 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! %aft4 ,! auxili>y air valve consi/$ ( a sleeve rotatably m\nt$ on ! v]tical pipe lead+ f ! c>buretor to ! manifold1 holes 9 ! sleeve be+ br\ght to co9cide m or less ) holes 9 ! v]tical pipe1 by ! op]ator1 :5 m or less air 0 requir$ or :5 he wi%$ to v>y ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,! cool+ wat] = ! jackets ( ! cyl9d]s 0 l$ to !m ?r\gh a circul> manifold pipe on ! />bo>d side connect$ by a v]tical pipe ) ! c5trifugal pump situat$ at ! l[] po9t ( ! l[] pyramid ( ! a]odrome frame4 ,! heat$ wat] 0 l$ f ! jackets ?r\gh ano!r p#bda circul> manifold pipe on ! port side1 ?r\gh two connections to ! radiat+ tubes at ! front & re>1 respectively1 ( ! cross-frame4 ,^! radiat+ tubes1 :i* 7 provid$ ) ?9 radiat+ ribs sold]$ to !m1 f9ally l$ ! cool$ wat] to ! tank situat$ 9 ! extreme re> ( ! aviator's c>1 a suitable pipe f ! bottom ( ?is tank be+ connect$ to ! inlet side ( ! c5trifugal pump4 ,! c5trifugal pump 0 driv5 by means ( a v]tical %aft connect$ to ! crank %aft ?r\gh a set ( bevel ge>s :i* drove x at ?ree times ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,! be>+s ?r\gh :i* ^! ge>s 7 connect$ 7 m\nt$ on ! port b$ plate1 & 9 ord] to all[ = a c]ta9 am\nt ( vibration betwe5 ! eng9e & ! pump ?is v]tical connect+ %aft _h a telescop+ section connect$ ?r\gh suitable spl9es4 ,! sp>k+ app>atus compris$1 fir/1 a prim>y sp>k] simil> to ! simple/ =m ( su* devices :i* h s9ce come into common use1 :]e a cam driv5 by ! eng9e co-acts ) a pawl on ! end ( a spr+1 b 9 ?is case1 z ?is sp>k] 0 us$ = all five cyl9d]s1 ! cam 0 driv5 at a spe$ ( two & "o-half times t ( ! eng9e %aft1 ?us mak+ & break+ ! prim>y circuit five times 9 ea* two revolutions ( ! eng9e4 ,second1 a sp>k coil1 ! prim>y t]m9als ( :i* 7 connect$ to ! prim>y sp>k] & to a set ( dry batt]ies4 ,?ird1 a second>y di/ributor consi/+ ( a disc c>ry+ a contact bru% & driv5 at a spe$ "o-half t ( ! eng9e1 ?is bru% be+ con/antly connect$ ?r\gh a contact r+ to "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! high-t5sion side ( ! sp>k coil & runn+ ov] ! face ( a five-section commutator1 ea* ( ! sections ( :i* 0 connect$ to a sp>k plug1 ! o!r high-t5sion t]m9al ( ! sp>k coil be+1 ( c\rse1 gr\nd$ on ! eng9e frame4 ,?is sp>k+ app>atus 0 fir/ con/ruct$ by us+ blocks ( r$ fibre = insulation4 ,aft] ! eng9e 0 complet$ & 0 be+ te/$ difficulties 7 met ) 9 ! sp>k+ app>atus :i* at t "t appe>$ inexplicable4 ,aft] a great deal ( annoyance & loss ( "t x 0 f9ally discov]$ t ! r$ fibre 0 n z good an insulat+ m$ium z x 0 suppos$ to be1 ow+ to ! z9c oxide us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,9 damp wea!r ! sp>k+ app>atus absolutely refus$ to "w1 & x 0 f\nd t ! moi/ure 9 ! air caus$ ! z9c oxide 9 ! fibre to nullify its insulat+ qualities4 ,?is tr\ble1 aft] be+ locat$1 0 cur$ by sub/itut+ h>d rubb] = ! r$ fibre4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is eng9e 0 built1 z well z e>li] :5 ! exp]im5tal eng9e 0 built1 x 0 impossible to procure any wire :i* _h be5 prop]ly insulat$ to )/& ! high voltages necess>y = ! connections betwe5 ! high-t5sion side ( ! sp>k coil & ! second>y di/ributor1 & f ! second>y di/ributor to ! sp>k plugs 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,:ile at ?is "t ?is appe>s a v simple matt]1 yet ! tr\ble exp]i5c$ & p#bdb ! delays caus$ by ! lack ( su* small accessories :i* are n[ s easily procurable 7 v exasp]at+1 & x 0 f9ally necess>y to insulate ^! wires by cov]+ !m ) sev]al ?icknesses ( ord9>y rubb] tube ( diff]5t diamet]s telescop$ ov] ea* o!r4 ,9 ! e>ly te/s ( ?is new eng9e1 :i* 7 made ) x m\nt$ on a special te/+ frame & deliv]+ its p[] to ! wat]-absorption dynamomet]s1 ! eng9e 0 op]at$ )\t any fly :eels1 &1 s f> z its smoo?ness ( op]ation 0 conc]n$ & its ability to g5]ate its maximum p[]1 x did n require any4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! te/s on ! te/+ frame ! eng9e 0 assembl$ 9 ! a]odrome frame1 :i* 0 fir/ m\nt$ on ! floor ( ! laun*+ c>4 ,! c> itself 0 m\nt$ on a %ort track 9 ! %op1 :i* arrangem5t provid$ a smoo?ly roll+ c>riage :i* c\ld be utiliz$ = measur+ ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s by m]ely atta*+ a spr+ balance betwe5 ! re> ( ! c> & a prop] hold+ /rap on ! track4 ,9 ! fir/ te/s ( ! eng9e "u ^! conditions1 x 0 f\nd t :ile ! eng9e itself did n require any fly :eels1 yet ! lack ( !m caus$ tr\ble ) ! transmission & propell] %afts1 :i*1 :ile x _h nev] be5 anticipat$1 0 easily und]/ood :5 x 0 enc\nt]$4 ,?is difficulty 0 caus$ by ! 8rev]se torque10 :i* fluctuat$ f a maximum to a m9imum five times dur+ ea* d\ble revolution ( ! eng9e1 & :i* set up fluctuat+ torsional /ra9s ( su* magnitude 9 ! transmission & propell] %afts t ! %afts !mselves became exce$+ly hot aft] a few m9utes op]ation ( ! eng9e1 & "u m prolong$ p]iods ( op]ation ^! fluctuat+ torsional /ra9s caus$ a p]man5t twi/+ & b5d+ ( ! %afts4 ,! transmission & propell] %afts 7 at fir/ made ( tub+ "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 b ^! 7 ab&on$ bo? on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( ab&on+ ! screw-?read me?od ( atta*+ ! flange c\pl+s & ge>s1 & also because ^! %afts _h be5 design$ :5 x 0 expect$ to transmit only twelve horse-p[] to ea* propell]1 :ile ! increase ( p[] 9 ! l>ge eng9e necess>ily requir$ mu* /rong] %afts4 ,! fir/ %afts :i* 7 actually te/$ 9 ! frame 71 !re=e1 "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] by ?ree-?irty-seconds ( an in* ?ick1 ! tub+ hav+ be5 "o-?irty-second ( an in* l>g] orig9ally & turn$ d[n to ?is size to insure a /raight %aft4 ,:5 ^! %afts twi/$ "u ! action ( ! rev]se torque ( ! eng9e1 a v mu* heavi] set1 practically twice z ?ick1 7 con/ruct$4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! te/s ^! heavi] %afts1 :ile mu* /rong]1 /ill %[$ a l>ge am\nt ( heat+ due to ! fluctuat+ torsional /ra9s4 ,^u calculation x 0 f\nd t by provid+ specially light fly :eels ! major portion ( ?is rev]se torque c\ld be elim9at$ = a less increase p#bdc 9 weight ?an w\ld be occasion$ by suffici5tly increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! transmission & propell] %afts to safely /& x4 ,s9ce x 0 desir$ to conc5trate z mu* z possible ( ! weight ( ! fly :eels 9 ! rims1 ! idea at once sugge/$ itself ( build+ !m up l a bicycle :eel by means ( tang5t spokes4 ,two /eel automobile-:eel rims 7 !re=e procur$ ?irty-?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & ^! 7 provid$ ) tang5t spokes connect$ to special /eel hubs fitt$ to ! crank %aft ( ! eng9e4 ,! rims !mselves n be+ q heavy en\gh1 & con/ructional reasons necessitat+ _! be+ at diff]5t di/ances f ! c5t] ( l5g? ( ! crank p91 ! extra weight :i* x 0 desir$ to give to ^! rims 0 provid$ by means ( /eel wire w\nd tightly ar\nd & fa/5$ to ! rims1 ! weight ( ea* rim be+ made inv]sely proportional to its di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! crank p94 ,! fir/ spokes :i* 7 us$ = ^! :eels 7 /&>d bicycle spokes ?ree-?irty-seconds ( an in* 9 diamet]1 b ^! 7 soon f\nd to be entirely too weak to )/& ! sudd5 /ra9s due to ! rapid />t+ ( ! eng9e4 ,!y 7 !re=e replac$ by /&>d spokes "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 b ^! also prov$ too weak & 7 lat] replac$ ) special spokes made 9 ! %op out ( ,no4 #aj copp]$-/eel wire1 :i* by te/ 0 f\nd to h a t5sional /r5g? ( #baib p\nds4 ,z ^! /eel rims 7 only "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick & _h n be5 made exactly true1 b _h be5 /raight5$ be=e be+ us$1 x 0 f\nd t !y v quickly w5t out ( %ape "u ! /ra9 due to ! c5trifugal =ce at high spe$s1 & also :5 ! eng9e 0 sudd5ly accel]at$4 ,z long z !y did /ay true1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t !y 7 suffici5tly heavy to provide all ( ! fly-:eel effect x 0 necess>y to h 9 ord] to elim9ate all tr\ble f ! rev]se torque4 ,aft] fur!r consid]ation1 x 0 decid$ t ! only means ( con/ruct+ a fly :eel :i* w\ld h a /iff rim & at ! same "t w\ld n be heavi] ?an ! /eel ones1 :i* _h be5 f\nd adequate1 0 by p]petrat+ :at w\ld at fir/ sight appe> to be an absurdity4 ,a new set ( rims = ! fly :eels 0 made by con/ruct+ !m ( an alum9um ca/+1 ! section ( ! rim be+ ,u-%ap$4 ,aft] ma*9+ ^! rims & assembl+ ! fly :eels ) !m1 x 0 f\nd t !y 7 _m times /iff] ?an ! previ\s /eel ones ( ! same weight1 & aft] ?is *ange no fur!r tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ! fly :eels p]fectly true1 ev5 "u ! mo/ sev]e /ra9s4 ,9 fact1 on "o occasion :5 ! eng9e broke loose f ! propell]s1 x ran to a spe$1 :i*1 :ile n exactly kn[n1 yet rea*$ ! limit ( ! ta*omet]1 :i* 0 #bjjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 )\t injury to ! fly :eels4 ,x w be recall$ t 9 />t+ up ! eng9e on ! qu>t]-size model1 ! initial 8crank+0 necess>y ) a gasol9e eng9e 0 accompli%$ by p#bdd hav+ two ( ! me*anics turn ! propell]s4 ,:ile ?is same plan might h be5 foll[$ 9 ! case ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 yet x w\ld h involv$ "s dang] to ! me*anics & w\ld also h left ! aviator )\t any means ( re/>t+ ! eng9e %\ld x = any reason /op :ile 9 ! air4 ,believ+ x to be v important to provide means = enabl+ ! aviator to re/>t ! eng9e 9 case x /opp$ 9 ! air1 ! writ] devis$ ! />t+ me*anism %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ,plates #gh to #hj4 ,fa/5$ by tongues & grooves to ! port side ( ! eng9e crank %aft1 j outside ( ! b$ plate1 is a worm :eel1 on ! hub ( :i* is m\nt$ ! bevel ge> :i* drives ! wat]-circulation pump ?r\gh ! bevel p9ion1 z already describ$4 ,m\nt$ on ! web ( ! b$ plate are two brackets1 9 :i* ! %aft = ! />t+ crank is j\rnal$1 ?is %aft pass+ =w>d & d[nw>d ?r\gh ! front ( ! cross-frame ( ! a]odrome1 :]e x is j\rnal$ 9 a bracket secur$ to ! brace tubes !re(4 ,at ! front or l[] end ( ! %aft a crank h&le is connect$ !reto by a rat*et me*anism4 ,! upp] end ( ! />t+ %aft1 betwe5 ! be>+s ( ! two support+ brackets1 is tongu$ & groov$1 & slidably m\nt$ !reon ) co-act+ grooves & tongues is a worm screw :i*1 9 ! position %[n 9 ,plates #gi & #hj1 is 9 ge> ) ! worm :eel j describ$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! worm screw is slid along on ! %aft until x is aga9/ ! upp] bracket x is out ( ge> ) ! worm :eel4 ,m\nt$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! tubul> />t+ %aft is a spr+-press$ pawl plug1 n %[n1 b :i* projects ?r\gh "o ( ! tongues on ! %aft ne> ! upp] bracket4 ,if ! worm screw is slid up aga9/ ?is upp] bracket1 ?is pawl cat*es 9 a radial hole 9 ! worm screw & holds x 9 ?is position out ( ge> ) ! worm :eel4 ,connect$ to ?is pawl plug & pass+ longitud9ally ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! %aft is a wire :i* t]m9ates 9 a button j at ! end !re(4 ,by pull+ on ?is button ! op]ator may release ! worm & ?us p]mit x to slide d[nw>d s t :5 ! />t+ crank is turn$ 9 a clockwise direction ! worm w screw itself into ge> ) ! worm :eel1 & any fur!r turn+ ( ! />t+ crank w cause ! worm to =ce ! worm :eel1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! eng9e %aft1 ar\nd 9 a clockwise direction4 ,z soon z ! eng9e gets an explosion ! worm :eel slides ! worm along aga9/ ! upp] bracket1 :]e ! spr+ pawl cat*es & holds x till x is aga9 releas$ by ! op]ator z be=e4 ,?is />t+ me*anism 0 a success f ! fir/1 & ! eng9e 0 nev] />t$ up 9 any o!r way4 ,) an a]odrome hav+ ! qualities ( automatic equilibrium1 :i* ! ,langley ma*9es h1 x 0 felt v c]ta9 t by ?is me*anism ! eng9e c\ld be easily re/>t$ :ile 9 ! air1 9 case x 0 inadv]t5tly /opp$4 p#bde ,! reason = build+ ! eng9e ) five cyl9d]s in/ead ( "s o!r numb]1 & = arrang+ !m radially on a c5tral drum us+ only "o crank p9 may n appe> q obvi\s4 ,! advantages ga9$ by su* a con/ruction1 h[ev]1 are v great1 & may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3 ,fir/1 s9ce 9 a gas eng9e ( ! f\r-cycle type !re is only "o explosion 9 ea* cyl9d] e two revolutions1 & ! crank %aft & crank p9 !re=e are load$ only "o-qu>t] ( ! "t = ea* cyl9d]1 x is obvi\s t by hav+ f\r cyl9d]s arrang$ radially ar\nd a c5tral drum ! load on ! be>+s ( a s+le crank %aft & crank p9 may be kept v uni=m4 ,h[ev]1 ) f\r cyl9d]s ?us arrang$ x is impossible to h ! cyl9d]s explode & ex]t _! ef=t on ! crank at uni=m int]vals 9 ! cycle1 x be+ necess>y to h ! cyl9d]s explode 9 ! ord] ( #a1 #c1 #d1 #b1 #a1 etc41 ?us giv+ int]vals betwe5 explosions ( #ahj degrees1 #ij degrees1 #ahj degrees1 #bgj degrees1 etc41 or to h !m explode 9 ! ord] ( #a1 #c1 #b1 #d1 #a1 etc41 ?us giv+ int]vals ( #ahj degrees1 #bgj degrees1 #ahj degrees1 #ij degrees1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) any odd numb] ( cyl9d]s ! explosions w occur at equal int]vals 9 ! cycle4 ,) ?ree cyl9d]s !y w explode 9 ! ord] ( #a1 #c1 #b1 #a1 etc41 or at equal int]vals ( #bdj degrees1 :ile ) five cyl9d]s !y w explode 9 ! ord] ( #a1 #c1 #e1 #b1 #d1 #a1 etc41 or at equal int]vals ( #add degrees4 ,x is !re=e se5 t !re is a great advantage 9 smoo?ness ( op]ation & uni=mity ( torque ( ! eng9e ?r\gh hav+ an odd numb] ( cyl9d]s in/ead ( an ev5 numb]4 ,second1 x is readily app>5t t ! great] ! numb] ( cyl9d]s1 provid$ ! numb] is an odd "o1 ! m uni=m ! torque w be1 & x w\ld seem at fir/ t sev5 cyl9d]s w\ld !re=e be bett] ?an five1 s9ce ! uni=m int]vals betwe5 explosions ) sev5 cyl9d]s w\ld be only #ajc degrees 7approximately74 ,! advantage ga9$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh sev5 cyl9d]s in/ead ( five is l>gely1 if n completely1 c\nt]balanc$ by ! add$ numb] ( p>ts & ! difficulty ( provid+ suffici5t circumf]5cial wid? = ! connect+-rod %oes on ! crank-p9 be>+1 ev5 ) ! improv$ con/ruction ( ?is be>+ already describ$4 ,!re is consid]able fluctuation ( ! torque 9 ea* revolution ( ! eng9e ) five cyl9d]s1 b ?is fluctuation ( torque is m easily smoo!d out by ! use ( v light fly :eels ?an by increas+ ! numb] ( cyl9d]s1 & ?us add+ to ! complication ( ! eng9e4 ,?ird1 ! /ronge/ po9t 9 favor ( ! radially arrang$ cyl9d]s is ! r$uction 9 weight & complication :i* x p]mits4 ,! crank %aft is r$uc$ to ! v m9imum1 !re be+ only "o crank p9 ) two ma9 be>+s :i* c1 )\t any difficulty :atev]1 be kept absolutely 9 l9e ) ea* o!r & ?us prev5t b9d+ & loss ( p[]4 ,aga91 ! use ( a s+le-?r[ crank n only r$uces ! co/ & weight ( ! crank p#bdf itself1 b makes x v mu* less liable to damage2 long crank %afts ) sev]al crank p9s be+ frequ5tly twi/$ by improp] explosions 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,! support+ drum or crank *amb] is likewise r$uc$ to ! v m9imum1 bo? 9 weight & simplicity1 ! drums be+ p]fectly symmetrical ) no lo/ space ei!r inside ( !m or on _! ext]iors4 ,! cam me*anism = op]at+ ! valves is r$uc$ to a simple r+ c>ry+ 7= a five-cyl9d] eng9e7 a d\ble-po9t$ cam & j\rnal$ on ! ext]ior ( ! hub ( "o ( ! drums1 ! cam be+ driv5 by a tra9 ( ge>s j\rnal$ on /uds m\nt$ on ! drum1 & co-act+ ) a ge> fa/5$ to ! crank %aft aga9/ ! crank arm4 ,! radial arrangem5t ( ! cyl9d]s is ?us se5 to give n only an eng9e ) ! smalle/ numb] ( p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is z f> z possible work$ to a uni=m am\nt dur+ ea* complete revolution ( ! crank %aft1 b x also gives a v compact & readily accessible me*anism ) its c5t] ( gravity co9cid5t ) its c5t] ( figure1 & ) ! liability ( damage to x1 9 case ( a sma% ( ! vehicle on :i* x is us$1 r$uc$ to ! m9imum f ! fact t ! greate/ weight is locat$ at ! /ronge/ "p4 ,f\r?1 & ( almo/ z great importance z ! r$uction 9 weight :i* ! five-cyl9d] radial arrangem5t p]mits1 is its unusual qualities z reg>ds vibration4 ,s9ce ^! five-cyl9d] eng9es 7 built by ! writ] a v ?or\gh treatm5t ( _! prop]ties z reg>ds balanc+ has be5 giv5 9 a treatise on ! balanc+ ( eng9es1#dd s no discussion ( ! ma!matical =mul involv$ 9 a /udy ( ! "q ( ! inh]5t balanc+ prop]ties ( ^! eng9es w be "h giv54 ,x is suffici5t to call att5tion to ! fact t 9 an eng9e hav+ five cyl9d]s arrang$ radially1 all ( ! reciprocat+ p>ts are balanc$ = all =ces ( ! fir/1 second & ?ird ord]s4 ,z x is only ! reciprocat+ p>ts :i* give any tr\ble 9 balanc+ any eng9e1 ! unbalanc$ rotat+ p>ts be+ readily balanc$ by plac+ an equal weight at an equal di/ance f ! c5t] ( rotation1 & on ! opposite side !re(1 x is readily se5 t ! prop]ties ( balanc+ :i* are inh]5t 9 ?is type ( eng9e are unusual4 ,a six-cyl9d] eng9e hav+ a six-?r[ crank %aft is n ne>ly s ?or\ghly balanc$ z ?is type hav+ its five cyl9d]s radially arrang$1 = 9 ! latt] case all ! mov+ p>ts are 9 "o plane1 :ile 9 ! =m] case ! mov+ p>ts are 9 six sep>ate & p>allel planes1 & !re is consequ5tly consid]able longitud9al vibration :i* c nev] be ov]come4 ,:ile ?is is true z reg>ds ! vibration due to mov+ masses1 x is /ill m impressively true z reg>ds vibration due to reaction aris+ f ! =ce ( ! explosions 9 ! eng9e cyl9d]s1 especially :5 ! eng9e is runn+ sl[ly & hav+ heavy explosions4 ,! usual practice 9 balanc+ ! rotat+ p>ts ( an eng9e is to atta* p#bdg balance weights to ! crank arms :i* are prolong$ beyond ! c5t] ( ! crank %aft & on ! opposite side f ! crank p92 ! radius ( rotation ( ^! balance weights be+ made approximately equal to ! radius ( ! crank p94 ,b aside f ! con/ructional difficulties :i* w\ld be introduc$1 x 0 se5 t if ?is plan 0 foll[$ 9 ?is eng9e x w\ld require a v l>ge additional weight4 ,s9ce ! am\nt ( ?is weight c\ld be dim9i%$ 9 exact proportion to ! increase ( ! radius ( rotation ( ! balance weights1 x 0 at fir/ decid$ to atta* ! weights to ! rims ( ! fly :eels1 ! relative am\nt ( weight atta*$ to ea* :eel be+ inv]sely proportional to its actual longitud9al di/ance f ! crank-p9 c5t]4 ,x 0 v soon f\nd t ! atta*m5t ( ^! balance weights to ! fly :eel caus$ excessive /ra9s on ! rims ( ! :eels1 !reby caus+ !m to g out ( l9e4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to keep ! am\nt ( balance weight small by c>ry+ x at a consid]able di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! %aft1 ! weights 7 f9ally arrang$ z cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ,plates #gh to #hj4 ,!re x is se5 t ! ma9 portion ( ea* ( ! balance weights consi/s ( a flat arm bolt$ betwe5 ! flanges :i* c\ple ! transmission %afts to ! eng9e %afts4 ,! flat arm t]m9ates 9 a loz5ge-%ap$ lug1 additional weight be+ provid$ by a plate fa/5$ to "o end ( a tube1 ! o!r end ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a coll> fa/5$ ar\nd ! transmission %aft4 ,! tube is incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t ?irty degrees ) ! flat balance arm1 ?us act+ z a brace to prev5t ! balance arm f wobbl+1 ! plate on ! brac+ tube be+ fa/5$ to ! loz5ge-%ap$ lug by means ( small bolts4 ,! tabulat$ /atem5t ( ! weight ( ?is l>ge eng9e is giv5 bel[4 ,f ?is x w be readily se5 t ! net weight ( ! eng9e prop] is #abd4ag p\nds4 ,! fly :eels 7 9 no way necess>y to ! eng9e itself1 b 7 us$ solely = ! purpose ( smoo?+ out ! torque ( ! eng9e s t ! transmission %afts & propell] %afts might be kept d[n to ! v m9imum 9 weight4 ,includ+ ! two fly :eels1 ! weight is #adj p\nds4 ,includ+ ! #bj p\nds ( cool+ wat] ! total weight ( ! p[] plant is #bjg4dg p\nds4 ,)\t fly:eels ! total weight is #aia4fd p\nds4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is l>ge eng9e 0 complet$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 & ! fir/ te/s ( x 7 made 9 ,janu>y1 #aijb4 ,z already /at$1 ^! fir/ te/s 7 made ) ! eng9e m\nt$ on a special te/+ frame & deliv]+ its p[] to two wat]-absorption dynamomet]s1 no fly :eels be+ us$1 z none 7 requir$4 ,lat]1 :5 x became necess>y ei!r to use fly :eels or to greatly increase ! weight ( ! transmission & propell] %afts1 9 ord] to ov]come ! rev]se torque1 ! two light fly :eels 7 add$1 & ano!r s]ies ( te/s 0 made ( ! eng9e on its te/+ frame4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! eng9e1 dynamomet]s1 & accessory p#bdh app>atus is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plates #hb1 #hc & #hd4 ,! eng9e ran 9 a clockwise direction1 z view$ 9 ,plate #hb4 ,,aa are ! fly :eels2 ,,bb ! balance weights2 ,,cc ! dynamomet] %afts1 on :i* are fa/5$ ! rotor plates :i* revolve inside ( ! dynamomet] drums1 ,,dd1 betwe5 /ator plates fa/5$ !re94 ,! drums h a hub on ei!r side1 by :i* !y are support$1 ^! hubs be+ j\rnal$ on ball-be>+s 9 ! p$e/als re/+ on ! wood5 framework4 ,! rotor plates d n t\* ! /ator plates 9 ! dynamomet]s1 b drag on ! wat] ) :i* ! drums are p>tially fill$1 & ?us t5d to cause ! drums to revolve ar\nd ) !m4 ,! torque on ea* drum is measur$ by means ( a rope1 n %[n1 fa/5$ into ! hook at ! top ( ! drum1 ! rope be+ giv5 a p>tial coil ar\nd ! drum & pass+ (f tang5t !reto at ! horizontal diamet] is fa/5$ to a pair ( spr+ scales hung f ! ceil+ v]tically above ! po9t ( tang5cy4 ,! scales & ropes 7 un=tunately n 9 position :5 ^! photographs 7 tak51 b ! arrangem5t ( !m %\ld be readily und]/ood4 ,z ! friction ( ! rotor plates on ! wat] heats x 9 exact proportion to ! am\nt ( p[] absorb$1 ! small am\nt ( wat] 9 ! drums w\ld be soon conv]t$ into /eam unless cont9ually r5ew$ or cool$4 ,:5 ! rotor plates are revolv+ ! c5trifugal =ce keeps ! wat] press$ t[>d ! circumf]5ce ( ! drum1 & ! friction at any spe$ is dep5d5t on ! area ( ! rotor plates 9 contact ) ! wat]4 ,! horse-p[] requir$ to revolve ! plates at any def9ite spe$ c !re=e be controll$ by hav+ an outlet = ! wat] at ! prop] radial di/ance f ! %aft4 ,! wat] f ! wat] ma9s is l$ ?r\gh ! upp] v]tical pipe & all[$ to fl[ into ! funnel1 & !nce into ! drum ne> ! c5t] :]e ! c5trifugal =ce ?r[s x to ! circumf]5ce ( ! drum4 ,! l[] v]tical pipe is connect$ to ! drum at a suitable radial di/ance f ! c5t]1 & ! heat$ wat] ?us passes ?r\gh ?is pipe & into ! l[] funnel connect$ to ! sew]4 ,by ! use ( ! funnels ! drums are all[$ to rock suffici5tly to ex]t _! pull on ! spr+ scales )\t be+ affect$ by ! supply & exhau/ ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hb ,,dynamomet] ,,te/s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,eng9e ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hc ,,dynamomet] ,,te/s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,eng9e ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hd ,,dynamomet] ,,te/s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,eng9e ,! wat] = cool+ ! cyl9d]s is l$ f ! bottom ( ! tank ,e to ! circulat+ pump ,f1 support$ 9 a disc>d$ l[] pyramid ( ! a]odrome frame1 ! pump be+ driv5 by ! small v]tical %aft1 z already describ$4 ,! wat]1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! pump & ! eng9e cyl9d]s1 is l$ back to ! upp] "p ( ! tank4 ,by suitable connections to ! wat] ma9s & sew]1 ! wat] 9 ! tank is kept at any desir$ temp]ature4 ,! gasol9e supply tank is se5 on ! left-h& side ( ! te/+ frame1 z view$ 9 ,plate #hb1 ! c>buretor be+ plac$ bel[ x & ! gas supply pipe f ! c>buretor pass+ ?r\gh ! gasol9e tank4 ,in/ead ( jacket+ ! c>buretor1 a grid =m$ ( ?9 copp] tubes is support$ j above ! multitude ( small air pipes lead+ into ! c>buretor1 & "s ( p#bdi ! hot wat] f ! eng9e is by-pass$ ?r\gh ?is grid & ?us w>ms ! air z x passes into ! c>buretor4 ,! small pipe t by-passes ?is wat] ?r\gh ! grid is se5 connect$ to ! outlet wat] pipe j above ! cyl9d]s1 a small butt]fly valve 9 ! outlet pipe enabl+ ! am\nt ( heat$ wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! grid to be controll$4 ,! return f ! grid is by means ( ! small pipe lead+ to ! top ( ! l>ge wat] tank4 ,! ta*omet]1 :i* gives in/antane\s read+s ( ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 is se5 at ,g1 :]e x is at all times 9 full view ( ! op]ator4 ,^! dynamomet]s prov$ to be excell5tly suit$ = ! te/+ "w1 & f> ahead ( any?+ else ! writ] has ev] f\nd = eng9e te/+4 ,s9ce ! p[] requir$ to rotate ! rotor plates1 ) a uni=m am\nt ( wat] 9 ! drums1 v>ies z ! cube ( ! spe$1 x is readily se5 t x is impossible = ! eng9e to race or injure itself by runn+ away1 z frequ5tly happ5s :]e !re is no eng9e gov]nor & ,prony brakes are us$ to measure ! p[]4 ,9 ! e>ly te/s ! eng9e 0 nev] all[$ to develop m ?an #dj horse-p[]1 z x 0 fe>$ t by lett+ x develop m1 :i* x 0 cle>ly se5 to be capable (1 x might be injur$ & cause a delay 9 ! te/s ( ! a]odrome4 ,9 ! second s]ies ( te/s x 0 all[$ to develop #ea horse-p[] at #ice ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 b x 0 n ?\ght to be advisable to let x run at maximum p[] = m ?an an h\r1 = ! same reason z be=e4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aijd1 aft] x 0 se5 t !re 0 no imm$iate possibility ( secur+ funds = cont9u+ ! te/s ( ! a]odrome1 x 0 plann$ to ent] ! eng9e 9 ! competitive te/s at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition1 :]e a prize ( #bejj 0 (f]$ = ! lighte/ eng9e = its p[]4 ,z ! conditions specifi$ 9 ?is competition requir$ t ! eng9e run at its maximum p[] = "o h\r1 & t ?is be foll[$ by a durability te/ ( t5 h\rs' cont9u\s runn+1 x 0 decid$ to make "s durability te/s ( ! eng9e be=e tak+ x to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 ^! te/s1 ! eng9e 0 run on ?ree sep>ate trials = a p]iod ( t5 h\rs#de ) a con/ant load ( #eb4d horse-p[] at #iej ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,ev5 9 ^! long durability te/s ! eng9e & ! dynamomet]s bo? work$ s smoo?ly & ev5ly t ! eng9e did n v>y its spe$ m ?an t5 revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! pull on ! spr+ scales v>i$ less ?an t5 p\nds 9 ! entire t5 h\rs4 ,consid]able correspond5ce 0 _h ) ! (ficials ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition reg>d+ ! entrance ( ! eng9e 9 ! competition1 9 ord] to make sure t suitable facilities = conduct+ ! te/s _h be5 provid$4 ,aft] receiv+ assurance t ev]y?+ necess>y _h be5 provid$1 ! eng9e & its te/+ dynamomet]s 7 box$ = %ipm5t to ,/4 ,l\is & arrangem5ts 7 j be+ complet$ = _! transportation :5 ! foll[+ telegram 0 p#bej receiv$ f ! director 9 *>ge ( ! a]onautical dep>tm5t ( ! ,exposition3 8,on acc\nt ( lack ( competition eng9e te/s ab&on$40 ,z ! ma9 object ( ent]+ ! eng9e 9 ! competition 0 to insure = x an unque/ion$ record ( its p]=mance x 0 decid$ to reassemble x 9 ! te/+ frame 9 ,wa%+ton & invite "s eng9e]s ( prom95ce to witness & c]tify to its p]=mance1 b on acc\nt ( ! lack ( funds = meet+ ! exp5ses incid5t to su* a s]ies ( te/s z x 0 plann$ to make ?is 0 nev] done4 ,9 ! te/s :i* 7 witness$ on ,april #bf1 #aijb1 by ,capta9 ,i4 ,n4 ,lewis1 ,record] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 ! eng9e 0 held d[n to a pull ( #bjj p\nds on a #ac-;in* lev]1 :5 runn+ at #ajjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,9 ! lat] te/s 9 ,may1 #aijc1 :i* 7 witness$ by ,capta9 ,gibson1 :o 0 !n ,record] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,p[ell1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d1 ! eng9e 0 all[$ to "w at a pull ( #bfe p\nds on ! #ac-;in* lev] arm at a spe$ ( #iej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,9 ! te/s made 9 ,augu/1 #aijd1 ! eng9e 0 run = t5 consecutive h\rs#df at a pull :i* v>i$ f #bfc to #bga p\nds1 or an av]age ( #bfg p\nds1 on a #ac-;in* lev]1 ) ! spe$ v>y+ f #ide to #iee revolutions p] m9ute1 ?us %[+ #eb4d horse-p[] at ! av]age spe$ ( #iej ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,,detail$ ,,weight ,,( ,,new ,,l>ge ,,eng9e4 ,"n ( ,weight 9 "p4 grammes4 ,crank %aft #e1bbe ,connect+ rods 7total7 #e1jje ,pi/ons-- ,no4 #a #a1feb ,no4 #b #a1fdg ,no4 #c #a1fee ,no4 #d #a1ffj ,no4 #e #a1fdf ,cyl9d]s-- ,no4 #a 7includ+ exhau/ & inlet valves1 oil cups1 etc47 #d1gfh ,no4 #b 7includ+ exhau/ & inlet valves1 oil cups1 etc47 #d1fhe ,no4 #c 7includ+ exhau/ & inlet valves1 oil cups1 etc47 #d1fch ,no4 #d 7includ+ exhau/ & inlet valves1 oil cups1 etc47 #d1fcg ,no4 #e 7includ+ exhau/ & inlet valves1 oil cups1 etc47 #d1gif ,port crank *amb] drum1 includ+ cam1 cam ge>s1 pun* rods1 etc4 #e1bbe ,/>bo>d crank *amb] drum #c1ddj ,sp>k plugs 7#e7 #dej ,outlet wat] pipe #dej ,inlet wat] pipe #cfj ,inlet gas manifold #a1gjj ,prim>y & second>y sp>k]s & wires #eab ,balance arm ) braces = same--/>bo>d #a1jdj ,balance arm ) braces = same--port #a1jfg ------ ,total #ef1cbc #abd4ag lbs4 ,/>bo>d fly :eel #c1idf ,port fly :eel #c1bcd ------ ,total weight ( eng9e & fly :eels #fc1ejc #adj4jj lbs4 ,sp>k coil & batt]ies #f1hjj ,c>buretor #c1gea ,inlet gas pipe f c>buretor to manifold #gef ,gasol9e tank #a1jjd ,wat] tank #gag ,wat] circulat+ pump & %aft #hjg ,radiator #g1gjj ------ ,total weight ( p[] plant #he1jch #ahg4dg lbs4 p#bea ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,%op ,,te/s ,,( ,,! ,,a]odrome ,9 ,june1 #aijb1 aft] ! prop] adju/m5ts ( ! c>buretor & o!r accessories ( ! eng9e _h be5 accurately det]m9$ 9 ! te/s on ! te/+ frame1 ! eng9e 0 assembl$ 9 its prop] position 9 ! a]odrome frame & connect$ to ! propell]s4 ,! a]odrome frame 0 !n m\nt$ directly on ! floor ( ! laun*+ c>1 :i* 0 plac$ on a %ort track laid on ! floor ( ! %op1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,a l>ge spr+ balance1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly calibrat$1 0 !n connect$ betwe5 ! c> & an upright fa/5$ to ! track1 & te/s 7 made to det]m9e ! ?ru/ develop$ :5 ! eng9e drove ! propell]s at diff]5t spe$s4 ,^u f9d+ t !re 0 comp>atively little vibration :5 ! eng9e 0 driv+ ! propell]s ev5 at its maximum spe$1 x 0 felt safe to raise ! a]odrome f ! floor ( ! c> & place x ^u ! uprights on :i* x w\ld be support$ 9 laun*+ x4 ,q an ext5d$ s]ies ( te/s 0 !n made1 & al?\gh ! uprights rais$ ! a]odrome frame until ! midrod 0 practically #i feet f ! floor ( ! c>1 & 9 ! te/s at maximum p[] ! propell]s develop$ an av]age ?ru/ ( #dej p\nds1 yet x 0 f\nd t ! clut* hook held ! be>+ po9ts ( ! frame s securely on ! uprights ( ! c> t all fe> t ! a]odrome might break loose f ! c> dur+ ! laun*+ process 0 remov$4 ,^u ! completion ( ^! te/s1 :i* _h prov$ mo/ satisfactory1 ! a]odrome frame 0 support$ f ! ceil+ ( ! %op by means ( f\r %ort coil spr+s :i* reproduc$ z ne>ly z possible ! ela/ic or flexible susp5sion :i* ! a]odrome w\ld h :5 support$ by its w+s 9 ! air4 ,^! spr+s 7 atta*$ at ! same po9ts on ! ma9 frame ( ! a]odrome at :i* ! w+s w\ld be atta*$1 ?us p]mitt+ a c>eful /udy ( ! am\nt ( flexure & vibration :i* x w\ld und]go 9 actual flight4 ,! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! vibration induc$ 9 ! frame 0 f\nd :5 ! a]odrome 0 ?us support$ by spr+s4 ,:5 x 0 support$ on ! r unyield+ laun*+ c>1 ! g5]al tremor set up 9 ! frame by ! eng9e & propell]s 01 :ile small1 yet h>%1 ! effect on a p]son /&+ 9 ! aviator's c> be+ r unpleasant 9 ! jo9ts ( ! knees :5 exp]i5c$ = sev]al m9utes4 ,:5 ! frame 0 susp5d$ by ! spr+s x 0 f\nd t all ?is h>%ness ( tremor disappe>$1 x be+ replac$ by a slight g5]al & rapid tremor ( ! :ole frame1 :i* 0 n at all unpleasant1 & :i* p#beb _h no tir+ effect on "o /&+ 9 ! aviator's c>4 ,9 fact1 ! vibration 9 ! fir/ case resembl$ r closely t ( a motor vehicle support$ on :eels hav+ metal tires1 & 9 ! second case a motor vehicle support$ on :eels hav+ pneumatic tires4 ,z 9 ^! te/s 9 ! %op x 0 impossible to keep ! eng9e cool by circulat+ its cool+ wat] ?r\gh ! radiator1 s9ce !re 0 no air curr5t bl[+ across ! latt] to c>ry away ! heat1 x 0 necess>y to connect an extra wat] tank 9 ! cool+-wat] circuit4 ,a tank hold+ ab\t t5 gallons 0 us$1 & ?is suffic$ = ab\t t5 m9utes be=e ! wat] 0 rais$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,dur+ "o ( ^! te/s :5 ! frame 0 support$ f ! spr+s1 & :ile ! eng9e 0 develop+ ab\t fifty horse-p[]1 )\t any w>n+ :atev]1 bo? propell]s sudd5ly twi/$ (f f ! flanges by :i* !y 7 connect$ to ! propell] %afts1 ?us leav+ ! eng9e entirely unload$4 ,! propell]s bo? dropp$ quietly to ! floor1 mak+ only ab\t "o or two turns 9 fall+ ! di/ance ( approximately #aj feet1 & ! eng9e1 :i* _h be5 runn+ at ab\t #hej ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 imm$iately spe$$ up to an exce$+ly high spe$1 :i*1 :ile n exactly kn[n1 s9ce ! ta*omet] only read to #bjjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m41 yet f ! deflection produc$ on ! ta*omet] ne$le mu/ h be5 consid]ably high] ?an ?is4 ,al?\gh ! fly :eels1 :i* 7 #cc in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ! alum9um rims & wire spokes1 _h be5 exce$+ly well made1 yet x 0 n consid]$ safe to run !m at ?is spe$1 & ! eng9e 0 imm$iately %ut d[n4 ,at ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t ! eng9e _h brok5 loose f its propell]s & also mom5t>ily jump$ to ?is exce$+ly high spe$ !re 0 absolutely no vibration t c\ld be notic$1 ! unload$ eng9e runn+ z smoo?ly z an electric motor4 ,?is %[$ v cle>ly t ! runn+ balance ( ! eng9e 0 z ne> p]fect z x w\ld be possible to get x1 except ) a sev5-cyl9d] eng9e1 :i* is !oretically capable ( m p]fect balance4 ,x 0 evid5t t :at small vibration !re 0 9 ! frame :ile ! eng9e 0 develop+ its p[] 0 due almo/ entirely to ! rev]se torque1 &1 ( c\rse1 c\ld nev] be entirely elim9at$4 ,9 ! te/s ( ! eng9e work+ 9 ! frame1 bo? :ile m\nt$ on ! c> & also :5 susp5d$ f ! spr+s1 a great am\nt ( delay 0 caus$ f ! fact t ! ball-be>+s on ! transmission & propell] %afts frequ5tly w5t to pieces4 ,!re 7 two reasons = ?is3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh c>efully select$ balls 7 us$1 defective ones 7 cont9ually enc\nt]$4 ,ev5 a slight defect 9 a s+le ball result$ 9 its break+ "u ! r sev]e te/ to :i* !y 7 subject$1 &1 z is well kn[n1 ! break+ ( "o ball 9 a ball-be>+ usually results 9 ! de/ruction ( ! :ole be>+1 especially if ! races are light4 ,! second cause 0 t p#bec ! :ole a]odrome _h be5 orig9ally design$ ) ! expectation ( us+ a maximum ( #bd horse-p[]1 & z no m>g9 _h be5 left to provide = possible increases 9 ! size ( ! be>+s1 !re 0 no room to p]mit !m to be increas$ )\t almo/ completely recon/ruct+ portions ( ! transv]se frame4 ,:ile 9 ! end x w\ld h be5 *eap] to h recon/ruct$ ^! portions 9 ord] to put 9 l>g] be>+s1 yet1 z is always ! case 9 exp]im5tal "w ( ?is k9d1 small *anges :i* seem to hold out hope ( ov]com+ difficulties are usually foll[$1 r ?an recon/ructions :i* c be se5 to involve consid]able exp5se & delay4 ,aft] a numb] ( m9or *anges _h be5 made 9 ! be>+s1 !y 7 f9ally able to /& up fairly well "u ! sev]e /ra9 to :i* !y 7 subject$ :5 ! eng9e develop$ its full p[]1 & no fur!r *anges 7 made 9 !m2 a defective race be+1 h[ev]1 replac$ by a new "o z occasion dem&$4 ,^! te/s demon/rat$ v cle>ly t at spe$s ( approximately #ajjj revolutions p] m9ute ball-be>+s :i* are subject$ to consid]able loads %\ld be calculat$ ) a consid]able m>g9 ( safety1 z ! yield+ ( ! frame1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be f> f rigid1 causes m or less error 9 ! alignm5t ( ! %afts & be>+s1 & ?is introduces consid]ably increas$ /ra9s on ! be>+s4 ,9 ! e>ly te/s be=e ! be>+s 7 /r5g!n$1 ! balls 9 "s ( ! races 7 on a few occasions gr\nd to a v f9e p[d] be=e x 0 discov]$ t !y _h fail$4 ,su* a result1 x w be und]/ood1 c\ld & did occur 9 ! c\rse ( a v m9ute l5g? ( "t4 ,9 imitat+ z ne>ly z possible ! conditions to :i* ! c>buretor ( ! eng9e w\ld be subject$ dur+ ! p]iod ( laun*+1 num]\s te/s 7 made 9 :i* ! eng9e 0 br\ght to its maximum spe$ &1 )\t *ang+ ! adju/m5t ( ! mixture-controll+ devices ( ! c>buretor1 sudd5 bla/s ( air 7 turn$ on x f v>i\s directions1 & ^! 7 cont9u$ until ! mixture-control devices 7 p]fect$ to su* a po9t t gu/s ( ?irty miles an h\r sudd5ly direct$ f any po9t aga9/ any portion ( ! app>atus w\ld 9 no way effect ! spe$ & p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,^! te/s 7 consid]$ necess>y 9 view ( ! v sudd5 *anges 9 conditions to :i* ! a]odrome w\ld be subject$ dur+ its brief run d[n ! laun*+ track1 ! conditions *ang+ 9 approximately ?ree seconds f absolute quiesc5ce ( ! a]odrome to a plunge ?r\gh space at ?irty-five feet p] second4 ,an aviator w\ld be m ?an occupi$ ) ma9ta9+ control ( himself & ( ! a]odrome1 :i* at ! mom5t ( leav+ ! track might require consid]able *ange 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! ,pnaud tail1 & he w\ld1 !re=e1 n be able to make any adju/m5ts ( ! eng9e-control devices4 ,?is supposition 0 entirely confirm$ 9 ! actual te/s ( ! a]odrome :i* are to be lat] describ$1 ! ru% d[n ! track be+ p#bed s v brief t ! eng9e c\ld n h be5 giv5 any att5tion by ! aviator _h x ne$$ x1 :i* =tunately x did n4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rec\nt at any l5g? ! great difficulties :i* 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ^! te/s ( ! eng9e 9 ! a]odrome frame be=e ! %afts1 be>+s1 propell]s1 &1 9 fact1 ! frame itself 7 all prop]ly co-ord9at$ s t confid5ce c\ld be felt t all ( ! p>ts w\ld /& ! /ra9s :i* 7 likely to come on !m :5 ! a]odrome 0 9 flight4 ,^! te/s 7 really n te/s ( ! eng9e itself1 b ( ! frame1 %afts1 & be>+s4 ,suffice x to say t ne>ly a ye> 0 consum$ by ! v>i\s breakages ( ! %afts1 be>+s1 & propell]s be=e x 0 felt t all ( ^! p>ts c\ld be dep5d$ on1 & ev5 !n ! weakness ( ! be>+s above ref]r$ to 0 fully recogniz$4 ,_h "s ( ! bett]-grade balls & /eels = ! be>+s1 :i* h s9ce t "t come on ! m>ket1 be5 obta9able !n1 !re w\ld h be5 no difficulty ) ^! be>+s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is same rem>k might be made ) ref]5ce to ne>ly all ( ! details ( ! a]odrome1 = x 0 ! accessories1 su* z be>+s = ! transmission & propell] %afts1 sp>k plugs1 coils1 batt]ies1 & a suitable c>buretor = ! eng9e1 t caus$ ! *ief delay aft] ! ma9 difficulty ( gett+ a suitable eng9e _h be5 ov]come4 p#bee ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,field-,,trials ,,9 #aijc ,! ext5d$ s]ies ( %op te/s :i* _h occupi$ a consid]able portion ( ! late w9t] & e>ly spr+ ( #aijc _h demon/rat$ ! foll[+ facts3 ,fir/1 ) ! a]odrome m\nt$ on ! laun*+ c>1 a propell] ?ru/ ( f #dej to #dge p\nds c\ld be ma9ta9$ indef9itely by ! eng9e1 & ev5 :5 ! eng9e 0 deliv]+ its full p[] to ! propell]s1 ! vibration 0 s small z to cause no appreh5sion t ! w+s & rudd] w\ld be made to vibrate suffici5tly to produce undue /ra9s 9 !m4 ,second1 ) ! a]odrome susp5d$ f ! ceil+ by spr+s at ! po9ts at :i* ! w+s w\ld be atta*$1 ! vibration produc$ by ! eng9e develop+ x's full p[] 0 ev5 less ?an :5 ! ma*9e 0 m\nt$ on ! laun*+ c> & !re 01 consequ5tly1 ev5 less cause = conc]n t ! w+s & rudd] might be set 9 vibration :5 ! ma*9e 0 free 9 ! air4 ,?ird1 ! eng9e c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to deliv] some?+ ov] #eb horse-p[] :5 ! five cyl9d]s 7 work+ prop]ly1 & ev5 ) "o cyl9d] n work+1 b act+ z a dead load aga9/ ! o!rs1 approximately #ce horse-p[] c\ld be develop$1 :ile ) two cyl9d]s n work+ at all1 ! ?ree :i* 7 work+ w\ld deliv] ab\t #be horse-p[]4 ,!re=e1 ev5 assum+ t two ( ! five cyl9d]s might become d]ang$ dur+ a flight1 !re %\ld /ill be suffici5t p[] to propel ! ma*9e4 ,^! te/s1 "s ( :i* _h be5 witness$ by memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 cle>ly demon/rat$ t ! "t _h arriv$ :5 x 0 safe to give ! a]odrome a te/ 9 free flight4 ,! ma*9e itself toge!r ) all its appurt5ances & mu* extra mat]ial = repairs 9 case ( breakages1 :i* previ\s exp]i5ce _h %[n to be almo/ c]ta91 0 accord+ly tak5 f ! %op & plac$ on ! h\se-boat prep>atory to tak+ x d[n ! riv] to ! po9t opposite ,widewat]1 ,va41 :i* _h already be5 select$ z ! 8exp]im5tal gr\nd40 ,ow+ to ! limit$ size ( ! %ops x _h be5 impossible to place ! w+s & rudd] 9 _! prop] positions on ! a]odrome & det]m9e its balanc+ 9 a way simil> to t practic$ ) ! models4 ,! approximate sett+s = ! w+s & rudd] _h1 h[ev]1 be5 det]m9$ by calculation f ! data obta9$ 9 ! te/ ( ! qu>t]-size model1 s t x rema9$ only to place ! w+s & a weight to repres5t ! rudd] actually on ! ma*9e 9 ! l>ge space ( ! h\se-boat 7:i*1 h[ev]1 0 n l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! rudd] to be assembl$ along ) ! w+s71 & ?us *eck ! balanc+ previ\sly det]m9$ by calculation4 ,!re 7 v p#bef few appurt5ances :i* c\ld be %ift$ 9 balanc+ ! a]odrome1 b ! prop] disposition ( weight _h be5 s accurately det]m9$ by calculation t ! floats1 :i*1 z w be se5 f ! v>i\s photographs1 7 m]ely cyl9drical tanks ) po9t$ ends1 & ( a suffici5t capacity to cause a displacem5t great en\gh to float ! a]odrome :5 x came d[n into ! wat]1 prov$ suffici5t balla/ = %ift+ ! c5t] ( gravity to its prop] po9t4 ,! fly+ weight ( ! a]odrome 0 #hcj p\nds1#dg includ+ ! weight ( ! writ]1 :i* 0 #abe p\nds4 ,! total area ( ! w+s or support+ surfaces 0 #ajdj squ>e feet1 or ! ratio ( support+ surface to weight 0 #a4be squ>e feet p] p\nd1 :i* is ! same z 4#h p\nd p] squ>e foot4 ,aft] ! balanc+ ( ! l>ge a]odrome _h be5 complet$ on ! h\se-boat1 & ev]y?+ else got 9 read9ess z f> z c\ld be done be=e actually arriv+ at ! po9t at :i* ! te/ 0 to be made1 ! h\se-boat 0 t[$ d[n ! riv] on ,july #ad1 #aijc1 & fa/5$ to its moor+ buoy1 :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! riv] at a po9t practically opposite ,widewat]1 ,va41 & approximately =ty miles f ,wa%+ton4 ,see ,coa/-,survey ,*>t1 ,plate #he4 ,sleep+ qu>t]s = ! =ce ( eight workm5 & ! regul> soldi] f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 :o _h be5 detail$ z a special gu>d1 _h be5 provid$ on ! boat1 b ow+ to ! lack ( space x _h be5 f\nd impracticable to arrange prop] cook+ facilities on ! boat1 & x _h be5 f\nd necess>y to arrange to transport ! workm5 to ,*opawamsic ,isl&1 ne> ,quantico1 ,va41 = _! meals4 ,x _h be5 plann$ to use ! tw5ty-five-foot p[] laun* = ?is purpose1 b ow+ to ! heavy /orms :i* became q frequ5t soon aft] ! h\se-boat 0 tak5 d[n ! riv]1 x 0 f\nd t ! small laun* 0 n suffici5t1 & x 0 necess>y to employ a tug-boat & keep x /ation$ !re at all times4 ,?is add$ v consid]ably to ! exp5se ( ! exp]im5ts1 z ! hire ( ?is "o tug-boat v ne>ly equall$ ! pay-roll ( ! workm51 & :ile x 0 n expect$ t ! /ay d[n ! riv] w\ld be s greatly prolong$ z aft]w>ds prov$ ! case x 0 felt c]ta9 t m9or delays 7 sure to occur & ! exp]im5ts w\ld at ! v lea/ require sev]al weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #he ,,location ,,( ,,h\se ,,boat ,,9 ,,c5t] ,,( ,,potomac ,,riv]1 ,,july #ad1 #aijc ,,f ,,%eet ,,no4 #c1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,coa/ ,,& ,,geodetic ,,survey ,,*>t ,,( ,,potomac ,,riv]1 ,,issue ,,( #ahhb ,,scale #a #a-af ,,in* ,,to ,,/atute ,,mile ,_h x be5 possible to =esee ! great delay :i* f9ally occurr$ be=e ! l>ge a]odrome 0 actually laun*$1 & ! great exp5se aris+ f ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ "o or m exp5sive tug-boats con/antly1 x is v c]ta9 t an exp]im5tal /ation ne>] ,wa%+ton w\ld h be5 select$1 ev5 ?\gh ! ne>] places on ! riv] :i* 7 available 7 mu* less suitable1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! riv] be+ mu* n>r[] & ! traffic v mu* heavi]4 ,9 fact1 at ! "t t ! h\se-boat 0 tak5 d[n ! riv] on ,july #ad1 ) ! expectation t ! exp]im5ts ) ! p#beg l>ge a]odrome w\ld c]ta9ly be conclud$ )9 f\r weeks1 ! exp5ses ( ! "w1 :i* _h be5 met f ! ,hodgk9s ,fund ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution s9ce ! orig9al allotm5t f ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification 0 exhau/$ m ?an a ye> previ\sly1 _h already made su* heavy drafts on ?is fund t ,mr4 ,langley 0 mo/ reluctant to draw fur!r on x1 ev5 to ! ext5t :i* seem$ necess>y to meet ! exp5ses ( a mon? ( 8field-"w40 ,be=e mak+ ! te/s ( ! l>ge a]odrome1 x 0 int5d$ to give ! qu>t]-size model a prelim9>y trial to te/ ! balanc+ :i* x 0 propos$ to use on ! l>ge ma*9e4 ,= ?is te/ x 0 plann$ to employ ! small laun*+ app>atus m\nt$ on top ( ! small h\se-boat1 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f 9 #ahii1 & lat] ) ! qu>t]-size model 9 #aija4 ,h[ev]1 aft] arriv+ d[n ! riv]1 x 0 f\nd t ! small h\se-boat :i* _h be5 an*or$ at ,*opawamsic ,isl& s9ce ! exp]im5ts 9 #aija _h det]iorat$ to su* an ext5t t x 0 unsafe to take x out into ! riv]4 ,! laun*+ app>atus = ! model 01 !re=e1 remov$ f x & plac$ on ! turn-table ( ! l>ge h\se-boat1 alongside ! laun*+ track = ! l>ge ma*9e4 ,aft] complet+ ?is transf] ( ! model-laun*+ app>atus ev]y?+ 0 ?\ght to be 9 read9ess = a te/ ( ! qu>t]-size model1 b ^u mak+ a %op te/ ( ! model to make sure t its eng9e 0 work+ prop]ly1 x 0 f\nd impossible to get x to "w at all4 ,a few explosions c\ld be obta9$ once 9 a :ile1 b v irregul>ly4 ,aft] sp5d+ consid]able "t 9 try+ to locate ! difficulty1 x 0 f\nd t ! commutator :i* di/ributes ! high-t5sion sp>k+ curr5t to ! prop] cyl9d] at ! prop] "t 0 %ort-circuit$4 ,?is commutator _h be5 made ( 8insulat+ fibre0 & _h nev] caus$ any previ\s tr\ble4 ,x 0 n[ f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! v damp atmosph]e :i* _h be5 exp]i5c$ dur+ ! prec$+ two weeks1 :5 ! fog = a l>ge portion ( ! "t 0 s heavy t objects at a %ort di/ance across ! wat] c\ld n be se51 _h caus$ ! moi/ure to p5etrate ! fibre & ?us de/roy its insulat+ qualities4 ,aft] mu* tr\ble "s vulcanite & mica 7 secur$ & a new commutator made to replace ! fibre "o1 &1 !n1 aft] "s m9or difficulties _h be5 rem$i$1 ! eng9e = ! model 0 got into good condition aga94 ,aft] gett+ satisfactory %op te/s on ! model a]odrome1 & hav+ ev]y?+ 9 read9ess = a flight1 x 0 necess>y to wait _m days be=e ! wea!r 0 calm en\gh = a te/4 ,h[ev]1 on ,augu/ #h ! wea!r quiet$ d[n & ! model 0 laun*$ at #i4cj a4 m4 into a w9d bl[+ ab\t #ab miles p] h\r f ,e4 ,,se4 ,ref]r+ to ,plate #hf1 :i* %[s ! qu>t]-size model m\nt$ on its laun*+ c> on top ( ! l>ge h\se-boat1 & :i* 0 tak5 only a few p#beh m9utes be=e ! model 0 actually laun*$1 x w be not$ t a bo>d 7,a7 projects f ! front ( ! laun*+ c>4 ,?is bo>d1 :i* is m\nt$ 9 a false floor ( ! laun*+ c>1 is s arrang$ t :5 x /rikes ! two blocks 7,b7 at ! end ( ! track x is driv5 backw>d 9 ! c> aga9/ ! trigg]s :i* prev5t ! uprights 7,d71 support+ ! a]odrome1 f be+ fold$ d[n aga9/ ! floor4 ,:5 ?is bo>d /rikes ! trigg]s x releases !m & ! spr+s 7,c71 :i* 9 ?is case 7 rubb] b&s1 imm$iately fold ! v]tical po/s or uprights 7,d7 aga9/ ! brace po/s 7,e71 :i* are imm$iately fold$ d[n flat aga9/ ! floor ( ! c> ?r\gh ! action ( ! spr+ h+es1 by :i* !y are connect$ to x4 ,^! uprights 7,d71 :i* support ! a]odrome at ! front & re>1 respectively1 are n releas$ until a fraction ( a second aft] ! release ( ! clut* hook 7,f71 :i* is atta*$ to ! middle upright 7,g71 & :i*1 grasp+ ! l[] pyramid1 holds ! ma*9e d[n firmly aga9/ ! uprights 7,d7 previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! possibility ( ! a]odrome be+ releas$ prematurely :ile ! c> is held at ! extreme re> end ( ! track by ! hook 7,h71 a /eel p9 7,j71 :i* c j be se5 9 ! photograph1 is pu%$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bo>d 7,a71 & into a hole 9 a cross-memb] on ! bottom ( ! c>1 ?us hold+ ! bo>d 9 its prop] position4 ,aft] ! eng9e is />t$ up "o ( ! me*anics :o has assi/$ 9 />t+ x is "u ord]s to remove ! p9 at ! ^w 8,ready10 & at ! ^w 8,g0 ! o!r me*anic :o has assi/$ 9 />t+ ! eng9e is "u ord]s to release ! hook 7,h71 & ?us all[ ! c> to da% d[n ! track4 ,9 ! exp]im5t on ,augu/ #h ! me*anic fail$ to remove ! p9 7,j7 at ! prop] "t1 & x 0 only aft] ! ma*9e _h be5 releas$ & />t$ d[n ! track t x 0 se5 t ! p9 _h n be5 remov$4 ,x 0 !n1 h[ev]1 too late to /op x1 s ! c> da%$ d[n ! track4 ,al?\gh ! /rik+ ( ! bo>d aga9/ ! blocks caus$ ! p9 to split ! bo>d to pieces1 ! laun*+ app>atus work$ p]fectly & ! a]odrome />t$ (f on a p]fectly ev5 keel1 ! propell]s revolv+ at an exce$+ly high rate ( spe$4 ,! a]odrome flew /raight ahead = a di/ance ( #cej feet1 :5 x began to circle t[>ds ! "r1 desc5d+ slightly z x circl$4 ,^u complet+ a qu>t] circle x aga9 began to rise1 fly+ /raight ahead until x _h gone a simil> di/ance1 :5 x aga9 lo/ headway1 b be=e x rea*$ ! wat] ! eng9e increas$ its spe$ & ! a]odrome aga9 rose4 ,:5 ! eng9e sl[$ d[n = ! ?ird "t1 h[ev]1 ! a]odrome 0 n _m feet above ! riv]1 s t be=e ! eng9e rega9$ its normal spe$ ! a]odrome t\*$ ! wat] ) its propell]s /ill revolv+1 b v sl[ly4 ,:ile ! total di/ance cov]$ 0 only ab\t #ajjj feet1 & ! "t t x 0 actually 9 ! air #bg seconds1 yet 9 ?is brief "t x _h s]v$ ! ma9 purpose = :i* x _h be5 built1 :i* 0 to f9d out if ! balanc+ ( p#bei ! l>ge a]odrome1 :i* _h be5 det]m9$ by calculation f ! results obta9$ ) ! /eam-driv5 models1 0 correct4 ,= x 0 assum$ t if ! qu>t]-size model1 :i* 0 an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 %\ld fly successfully ) ! same balanc+ z t calculat$ = ! l>ge "o1 ! l>ge "o c\ld reasonably be expect$ to act simil>ly4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght be/ to make ano!r te/ ) ! model imm$iately aft] recov]+ x f ! wat]1 b by ! "t x c\ld be br\ght into ! h\se-boat & ! wat] :i* _h got into ! eng9e cyl9d]s c\ld be remov$ & ! eng9e made to "w prop]ly q a /rong w9d _h sprung up & r5d]$ fur!r te/s ( ! model on ?is day impossible4 ,if ! laun*+ track = ! small ma*9e c\ld h rema9$ on ! top ( ! boat )\t int]f]+ ) ! completion ( ! prep>ations = te/+ ! l>ge ma*9e1 x w\ld h be5 left !re & o!r te/s made ) ! model :5 ! wea!r 0 suitable1 b z ?is c\ld n be done )\t int]f]+ ) ! "w on ! l>ge ma*9e1 & ! delays ) ! model _h already be5 s great1 ! small track 0 imm$iately remov$ & ! model /or$ away 9 ! h\se-boat = possible lat] te/s4 ,at ! fir/ x 0 impossible to acc\nt = ! eng9e on ! model runn+ s irregul>ly & sl[+ d[n s soon aft] x 0 laun*$1 z x 0 felt v c]ta9 t ! cyl9d]s c\ld n 9 s %ort a "t1 & ) ! a]odrome actually mov+ ?r\gh ! air1 h heat$ up suffici5tly to cause x4 ,aft] a :ile1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! workm5 volunte]$ ! in=mation t 9 8 zeal to fill ! fuel tank completely s z to insure a long flight1 he _h caus$ ! tank to ov]fl[ s t "s ( ! gasol9e _h run into ! intake pipe1 & t he _h notic$ gasol9e dripp+ f ! intake pipe z ! ma*9e w5t d[n ! track4 ,?is excess gasol9e 9 ! intake pipe _h caus$ ! mix+ valve :i* controls ! quality ( ! explosive mixture to be improp]ly set1 s t x w\ld n furni% ! prop] mixture :5 ! fuel 0 suppli$ 9 ! prop] way by ! c>buretor1 & consequ5tly :5 ?is excess gasol9e _h evaporat$1 ! mixture furni%$ to ! eng9e 0 n prop]1 & x consequ5tly sl[$ d[n1 !re be+ no human intellig5ce on bo>d to correct ! adju/m5t ( ! mix+ valve4 ,a s]ies ( sev5 photographs ( ?is flight ( ! qu>t]-size model is giv5 9 ,plates #hg to #ic4 ,plate #hg1 tak5 ) a kodak f ! tug-boat /ation$ sev]al hundr$ y>ds directly ahead ( ! h\se-boat1 %[s ! ma*9e 9 full flight head+ directly = ! tug-boat4 ,al?\gh ! a]odrome 0 ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty feet high] above ! level ( ! wat] ?an ! cam]a1 /ill1 at ! consid]able di/ance f :i* ! photograph 0 tak51 ?is view w\ld n %[ s mu* ( ! "u side unless ! ma*9e _h be5 po9t+ upw>d4 ,! photograph also proves v cle>ly t at ! "t x 0 tak5 ! ma*9e _h c]ta9ly n dropp$ at all bel[ ! level p#bfj at :i* 0 laun*$4 ,9 ,plate #hh ! cam]a 0 un=tunately n well aim$1 & only ! front guy-po/1 be>+ po9ts1 float & b[sprit are visible1 besides ! blur ( ! propell]s1 :i*1 x w be not$1 7 mov+ v rapidly4 ,! cam]a ) :i* ?is & ! succe$+ plates 7 tak5 0 "o ( ! two special telephoto cam]as belong+ to ! ,zoological ,p>k1 b built 9 ! c\rse ( ! a]odromic "w & us$ :]e especially rapid %utt]s 7 ne$$4 ,z ! %utt]s on ^! cam]as give an exposure ( only #a_/ejj ( a second1 & consequ5tly are suffici5tly rapid to %[ ! individual fea!rs 9 a rapidly mov+ bird's w+1 any di/ortion ( ! ma*9e 9 flight w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 %[n1 b1 z w be se5 f ! lat] photographs1 no di/ortion ( any k9d occurr$1 bo? ! surfaces & ! framework rema9+ 9 a p]fectly /raight condition4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ,plate #hh is ! tug f :i* ,plate #hg 0 tak51 & a c>eful inspection ( ,plate #hg %[s two p]sons /&+ on ! ro( ( ! h\se-boat1 bel[ ! upp] works1 ! g5tleman on ! left be+ ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,smillie1 ! (ficial photograph] ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 :o took all ( ! photographs except ,plate #hg1 &1 z /at$ above1 us$ !re= ! special telephoto cam]as ) ! rapid %utt]s4 ,plate #hi is an exce$+ly good view1 & %[s ! propell]s revolv+ v rapidly :ile ,plates #ij1 #ia & #ib %[ v cle>ly t ! spe$ ( ! propell]s _h greatly decreas$ betwe5 ! successive photographs4 ,plate #ic %[s ! a]odrome %ortly aft] x t\*$ ! wat] & _h be5 almo/ completely subm]g$1 9 spite ( its floats1 by ! v /rong tide :i* 0 runn+4 ,?\gh ^! plates %[ all t photographs c1 !y give no adequate idea ( ! wond] & beauty ( ! ma*9e :5 actually 9 flight4 ,= :ile ! graceful l9es ( ! ma*9e make x v attractive to ! eye ev5 :5 /ation>y1 yet :5 x is actually 9 flight x seems v]itably end[$ ) life & intellig5ce1 & ! spectacle holds ! obs]v] aw$ & brea?less until ! flight is end$4 ,x seems h>dly probable t anyone1 no matt] h[ skeptical be=eh&1 c\ld witness a flight ( "o ( ! models & note ! almo/ bird-l intellig5ce ) :i* ! automatic adju/m5ts respond to v>y+ conditions ( ! air )\t feel+ t1 9 ord] to trav]se at w ! great a]ial highway man no long] ne$s to wre/ f nature "s /range1 my/]i\s secret1 b only1 by dilig5t practice ) ma*9es ( ?is v type1 to acquire an exp]tness 9 ! managem5t ( ! a]odrome n diff]5t 9 k9d f t acquir$ by e exp]t bicycli/ 9 ! control ( 8 bicycle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hf ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,,laun*+-,,c> ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hg ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hh ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #hi ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ij ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ia ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ib ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ic ,,qu>t]-,,size ,,model ,,a]odrome ,,at ,,end ,,( ,,flight1 ,,augu/ #h1 #aijc ,9 describ+ ?is flight imm$iately aft] x 0 made1 ,pr(essor ,john ,m4 ,manly1 :o took ! photograph %[n 9 ,plate #hg1 said3 8,! flight ( ! small a]odrome 0 an ev5t :i* all :o saw x w rememb] = ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,we 71 ( c\rse1 9 a /ate ( consid]able n]v\s excitem5t & t5sion1 =1 aft] weeks ( delay f high w9ds1 ra9s1 & p#bfa o!r uncontrollable causes1 at la/ we _h a day ideally suit$ to ! te/4 ,?is 01 to be sure1 n ! great te/1 ! f9al te/1 ! te/ ( ! man-c>ry+ fly]1 b x 0 felt by all to be ( almo/ equal importance1 = if ! balanc+ ( ! small a]odrome 0 correct1 ! l>ge "o w\ld ma9ta9 its equilibrium1 & ! problem ( human flight w\ld be solv$ practically z well z !oretically4 ,t ! wea!r 0 n[ favorable = ! te/ fill$ u ) excitem5t4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! favorable mom5t _h seem$ to come1 & _h gone aga9 be=e we c\ld make ready = x4 ,! a]odrome 0 rapidly c>ri$ to ! upp] works ( ! h\se-boat & ! obs]v]s & help]s w5t ha/ily to _! positions4 ,! l>ge tug-boat 0 /ation$ directly ahead1 almo/ 9 ! l9e ( flight1 & ab\t a mile f ! h\se-boat4 ,signals ( read9ess 7 ex*ang$1 & ) e s5se a/ra9 we await$ ! supreme mom5t4 ,! rocket gave ! />t+ signal1 & in/antly !re ru%$ t[>ds u1 mov+ smoo?ly1 )\t a quiv] ( its w+s1 ) no visible means ( motion & no app>5t ef=t1 b ) trem5d\s spe$1 ! /range new inhabitant ( ! air4 ,onw>d x mov$1 look+ l a huge :ite mo?1 b seem+ no creature ( ?is _w1 n only on acc\nt ( its size1 its ease ( movem5t & its wond]ful spe$1 b also because ( its /range1 uncanny beauty4 ,x seem$ visibly & glori\sly alive z x advanc$1 gr[+ rapidly l>g] & m impressive4 ,/raight at u x came1 & = a mom5t !re 0 a wild fe> t x w\ld come "r on & cru% itself aga9/ ! pond]\s tug-boat4 ,!re 0 a half impulse to move ! tug-boat out ( its way1 b ! a]odrome seem$ to realize its dang] & rapidly1 ?\gh n abruptly or viol5tly1 z if x _h intellig5ce & p[] ( self-direction1 x *eck$ its spe$ & circl$ to ! "r1 desc5d+ slightly4 ,soon x quick5$ its spe$ aga9 & w5t /raight ahead = ab\t t5 seconds1 :5 x aga9 *eck$ its flight & desc5d$1 circl+ once m4 ,once aga9 x attempt$ to increase its spe$ & rise1 b x 0 too ne> ! wat]1 & 9 a few mom5ts ! waves _h wet its propell]s & w+s1 & x sank1 a poor1 b$raggl$ creature4 ,b ! vision ( its beauty & p[] & seem+ intellig5ce & life w long rema9 ) ^? :o saw its flight40 ,aft] remov+ ! model-laun*+ track s t ! f9al arrangem5ts c\ld be complet$ = te/+ ! l>ge ma*9e1 _m weeks ( delay 7 exp]i5c$1 almo/ entirely due to ! unusually bad wea!r conditions :i* prevail$1 & :i* 7 unprec$5t$ = ! "t ( ! ye>4 ,h[ev]1 on ,septemb] #c ! wea!r became m suitable1 & ! a]odrome be+ 9 read9ess ! metal frame ( ! l>ge ma*9e 0 hoi/$ to ! top ( ! boat & plac$ on ! laun*+ c>1 & ! w+s1 rudd]1 etc41 7 !n hoi/$ up & prop]ly assembl$ & ev]y?+ made ready = a flight4 ,! p>ties ) ! telephoto cam]as 7 s5t to _! /ations on ! %ore1 :]e def9ite base l9es _h be5 m>k$ out s t ) ! data z to p#bfb altitude & azimu?1 :i* ^! cam]as automatically record$1 ! spe$1 height1 etc41 ( ! ma*9e 9 flight c\ld be accurately comput$4 ,aft] /ation+ ! tug-boats at prop] po9ts1 s z to r5d] assi/ance %\ld ! a]odrome come d[n into ! wat] at a consid]able di/ance f ! h\se-boat1 x 0 f\nd1 ^u attempt+ to />t ! eng9e1 t = "s reason x w\ld n op]ate4 ,! sp>k+ batt]y :i* _h be5 plac$ at ! extreme re> ( ! a]odrome 0 f\nd to be giv+ su* a weak sp>k t x w\ld n ignite ! mixture 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,^u remov+ ! connection :i* gr\nd$ ! t]m9al ( ! batt]y to ! framework & replac+ x by a l>ge copp] wire lead+ up to ! eng9e s z to decrease ! resi/ance ( ! circuit x 0 f\nd t ! batt]y /ill w\ld n give suffici5t sp>k4 ,a l>ge quantity ( dry cells1 su* z 7 us$ = ! eng9e1 _h be5 procur$ to insure aga9/ delay f lack ( batt]ies1 b ^u attempt+ to get a new set f ?is res]ve supply x 0 f\nd t !y1 z well z ! set t 0 on ! ma*9e1 _h s det]iorat$ t in/ead ( giv+ eighte5 amp]es on %ort circuit !y w\ld give only ?ree1 :i* 0 n a suffici5t curr5t to enable ! eng9e to op]ate4 ,no %op te/s on ! l>ge eng9e _h be5 made s9ce ! l>ge a]odrome _h be5 br\ght d[n ! riv]1 z no provision _h be5 made = prop]ly support+ ! a]odrome 9 ! h\se-boat 9 su* a way z to p]mit ! l>ge propell]s to :irl ar\nd )\t caus+ damage1 &1 !re=e1 ! batt]ies :i* _h hi!rto prov$ to be suitable _h n _h any special te/ s9ce !y _h be5 br\ght d[n ! riv]4 ,z no batt]ies suitable = use 7 on h&1 & z none c\ld be procur$ f a po9t ne>] ?an ,wa%+ton1 ! te/ _h to be ab&on$ = ! day & ! a]odrome remov$ to ! int]ior ( ! boat4 ,x 0 at fir/ impossible to acc\nt = ! rapid det]ioration ( s l>ge a numb] ( dry cells1 b x 0 lat] f\nd t ! damp1 p5etrat+ fogs :i* _h be5 exp]i5c$ = ne>ly two mon?s 7 responsible = x1 & t 9 ord] to pres]ve ! batt]ies 9 su* a climate x 0 necess>y to place !m 9 metallic boxes :i* c\ld be ne>ly1 if n q1 h]metically seal$4 ,new batt]ies 7 imm$iately procur$ f ,wa%+ton1 & be=e aga9 m\nt+ ! a]odrome on ! laun*+ track provision 0 made = te/+ ! eng9e inside ! h\se-boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #id ,,hoi/+ ,,w+ ,,( ,,full-,,size ,,a]odrome ,up to ?is "t ! w+s _h be5 /or$ inside ! h\se-boat by susp5d+ !m f ! ceil+1 b ! "t requir$ to hoi/ !m to ! upp] works on top ( ! boat1 aft] ! ma9 body ( ! a]odrome _h be5 plac$ on ! laun*+ c> prep>atory to mak+ a flight1 _h add$ s greatly to ! delay1 & consequ5tly to ! difficulty ( gett+ ! ma*9e entirely ready = a flight :ile ! wea!r conditions rema9$ suitable = a te/1 t x 0 decid$ to build "s framework on ! upp] works & cov] x ) canvas s z to provide "s boxes 9 :i* ! w+s c\ld be p#bfc /or$ :5ev] x seem$ probable t a flight w\ld soon be possible4 ,"s ( ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 hoi/+ ^! w+s f ! int]ior ( ! boat to ! upp] works may be appreciat$ by an inspection ( ,plate #id1 :]e "o ( !m is se5 j ready to be hoi/$ f ! raft4 ,only "o w+ at a "t c\ld be h&l$ on ! raft1 ev5 :5 !re 0 no appreciable w9d or r\ghness ( ! wat]1 s t 9 ord] to hoi/ all f\r w+s ! raft _h to be haul$ ar\nd f ! door at ! end ( ! boat to ! side :]e ! w+ 0 hoi/$1 & back aga9 f\r times e "t ! ma*9e 0 assembl$ prep>atory to a flight4 ,! necessity = mak+ occasional te/s ( ! eng9e 9 ord] to make sure t no tr\ble w\ld be aga9 exp]i5c$ 9 hav+ prop] batt]ies1 etc41 = ! eng9e :5 ! ma*9e 0 aga9 on ! po9t ( be+ laun*$ also made x imp]ative to remove ! w+s f ! int]ior ( ! h\se-boat1 z ! trem5d\s bla/s ( air f ! propell]s w\ld c]ta9ly h wreck$ ! w+s _h !y rema9$ 9 ! boat :ile ! eng9e 0 be+ te/$4 ,aft] ! w+s _h be5 /or$ 9 ! 8w+ boxes10 ?or\gh te/s ( ! eng9e 7 made1 & be=e !re came ano!r day :i* 0 at all suitable = a trial1 x 0 accid5tally discov]$ t ! glu$ jo9ts 9 ! cross-ribs ( ! l>ge w+s _h be5 s(t5$ by ! moi/ure ( ! fogs :i* _h p5etrat$ ev]y?+1 & t ! jo9ts _h all op5$ up & left ! ribs 9 a practically useless condition4 ,x w be recall$ f ! description ( ^! cross-ribs1 ,*apt] ,,vi1 t ! rib is compos$ ( two *annel-%ap$ /rips1 ! edges ( :i* are glu$ toge!r :ile ! /rips are b5t ov] a =m :i* causes ! ribs to ma9ta9 ! curv$ =m desir$ aft] ! glue has h>d5$4 ,recall+ ^! facts1 x w be readily und]/ood t !re is at all times a consid]able /ra9 on ! glu$ jo9ts due to ! two /rips ( wood try+ to /raight5 out1 &1 !re=e1 if ! glue %\ld at any "t become s(t5$ suffici5tly to all[ "o /rip to slide along on ! o!r1 ! jo9t w\ld op5 up & ! rib w\ld consequ5tly become /raight4 ,:5 ! con/ruction ( ! holl[ ribs 0 fir/ contemplat$ x 0 realiz$ t al?\gh ! holl[ con/ruction w\ld enable ! ribs to be /rong1 & at ! same "t exce$+ly light1 yet x w\ld make x imp]ative t ! ribs be cov]$ ) a wat]-pro( v>ni% 9 ord] to prev5t ! glue f be+ s(t5$ :5 ! a]odrome came d[n into ! wat]1 z x 0 expect$ f ! fir/ t x w\ld d at ! end ( its flight4 ,consid]able "t & att5tion _h1 !re=e1 be5 giv5 to ?is v problem ( secur+ a suitable wat]-pro( v>ni%1 & ribs coat$ ) ! v>ni% :i* 0 f9ally us$ _h be5 subm]g$ 9 wat] = m ?an #bd h\rs 9 te/+ ?is v po9t1 & no s(t5+ ( ! glue c\ld be detect$ aft] ?is long subm]g5ce4 ,x _h1 !re=e1 be5 felt t ! ribs _h be5 giv5 a te/ :i* 0 mu* m sev]e ?an any conditions :i* p#bfd 7 likely to be met )1 s9ce ! a]odrome w\ld1 9 no case :i* c\ld be anticipat$1 be 9 ! wat] = s long a p]iod z #bd h\rs1 & no tr\ble f ?is s\rce ne$ be anticipat$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* _h be5 heavily lad5 ) fog = sev]al weeks1 _h p5etrat$ ! v>ni% & s(t5$ ! glue1 ev5 ?\gh ! subm]g5ce ( #bd h\rs 9 wat] _h %[n no effect4 ,to con/ruct new ribs = ! w+s w\ld h requir$ sev]al weeks1 & ! delays :i* _h already be5 exp]i5c$ _h by ?is "t prolong$ ! /ay d[n ! riv] s greatly t ev5 "u ! v be/ conditions x seem$ h>dly possible to complete ! te/s be=e ! com+ ( ! equ9oxial /orms1 :i* w\ld make x necess>y to remove ! boat f ! middle ( ! riv] & place x 9 a safe h>bor4 ,some?+1 !re=e1 _h to be done1 & t v quickly1 s t an imm$iate te/ c\ld be made1 or else ! te/s w\ld h to be delay$ until ! foll[+ season1 or possibly po/pon$ indef9itely on acc\nt ( ! lack ( funds4 ,ow+ to ! v>ni% ) :i* ! ribs 7 cov]$1 x 0 impossible 9 repair+ !m to c>ry out ! fir/ plan :i* sugge/$ itself ( b9d+ ! ribs ) a /rip ( clo? impregnat$ ) glue & w\nd spirally f end to end4 ,z ! wood 0 s v ?91 x 0 impossible to b9d ! two p>ts toge!r ) wire1 & ev5 ?9 b&s ( metal driv5 up on ! tap]$ portion ( ! rib 7 n likely to draw ! two /rips toge!r )\t cru%+ ! wood4 ,:at 0 f9ally done 0 to scrape ! edges ( ! two /rips :]e ! jo9t _h op5$1 !reby remov+ all ! old glue1 & aft] putt+ fre% glue on all ^! edges ! two /rips 7 drawn toge!r & b\nd ) surgeons' tape1 :i* 0 f\nd to adh]e v firmly ev5 to ! v>ni%$ surface4 ,aft] repair+ ! ribs 9 ?is mann] & readju/+ ! guy-wires ( _! framework s z to make ! w+ assume ! correct =m1 :i* _h be5 slightly alt]$ by ! w>p+ & twi/+ consequ5t on ! op5+ up ( ! ribs1 ev]y?+ 0 aga9 9 read9ess = a te/ 9 free flight1 num]\s te/s ( ! eng9e hav+ mean:ile be5 made bo? ) ! a]odrome frame inside ( ! h\se-boat & also :5 m\nt$ on ! laun*+ track above4 ,! wea!r1 :i* _h be5 unprec$5t$ly bad all summ]1 n[ became ev5 worse1 & al?\gh %ort p]iods ( calm la/+ an h\r or less occasionally occurr$1 !re 7 = sev]al weeks no calm p]iods long en\gh = complet+ ! necess>y prep>ations & mak+ a te/1 al?\gh ! "t requir$ = assembl+ ! a]odrome _h be5 greatly %ort5$ by build+ ! 8w+ boxes0 on ! sup]/ructure1 & 9 o!r ways previ\sly describ$4 ,on sev]al occasions :5 an attempt 0 made to utilize :at appe>$ to be a relative calm1 ! a]odrome 0 assembl$ on ! laun*+ app>atus & ev]y?+ got 9 read9ess except ! actual fa/5+ ( ! p#bfe w+s & rudd] to x1 b 9 e in/ance1 be=e ! w+s c\ld be actually appli$ & a flight made1 ! w9d became s /rong z to absolutely prohibit a te/4 ,on two occasions :5 ! w+s 7 actually atta*$1 heavy ra9 /orms sudd5ly came up & dr5*$ ! ma*9e be=e ! w+s c\ld be remov$1 & on sev]al occasions x 0 necess>y to leave ! entire metal frame & eng9e ( ! a]odrome m\nt$ on top ( ! boat all night1 because ! heavy sea :i* 0 runn+ made x impossible to utilize ! l>ge raft 9 return+ ! frame to ! int]ior ( ! boat4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 aft] x seem$ almo/ useless to hope = calm wea!r1 :at appe>$ to be a mo/ propiti\s day arriv$ on ,octob] #g4 ,! w9d :i* _h be5 q high 9 ! e>ly morn+ gradually quiet$ until at #aj a4 m4 x 0 bl[+ only ab\t twelve miles p] h\r & ! indications 7 t x w\ld quiet d[n /ill m4 ,e en]gy 0 conc5trat$ 9 gett+ ! a]odrome ready at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 z previ\s exp]i5ce _h %[n too cle>ly t ! conditions might be completely rev]s$ 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,z ! tide & w9d caus$ ! boat to sw+ up ! riv] f its buoy1 & ?us made ! laun*+ track po9t d[n ! riv]1 ! /eam tug-boat 0 s5t d[n ! riv] = a di/ance ( a mile or m s t1 %\ld ! a]odrome come d[n into ! wat] )\t be+ able to make a return trip to ! h\se-boat1 ! tug-boat w\ld be able to rea* x quickly & r5d] assi/ance to bo? ! writ] & ! ma*9e %\ld !y ne$ x4 ,at #ab4bj p4 m4 ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess & :at appe>$ to be ! decisive mom5t _h arriv$1 :5 ! writ]1 aft] />t+ up ! eng9e & gradually rais+ its spe$ to ! maximum1 & aft] tak+ ! la/ survey ( ! :ole ma*9e to insure t ev]y?+ 0 z x %\ld be1 f9ally gave ! ord]s to release x4 ,al?\gh ! writ] did n h ! privilege ( see+ x glide d[n ! track1 z 8 att5tion 0 too ?or\ghly engag$ 9 insur+ t he 0 9 ! prop] position = rea*+ imm$iately any ( ! control app>atus1 ei!r ( ! a]odrome or ( ! eng9e1 yet ^? :o did witness ! actual passage ( ! ma*9e d[n ! track h said t ! sight 0 mo/ impressive & maje/ic4 ,no sign ( j> 0 app>5t :5 ! ma*9e 0 fir/ releas$1 b ) lightn+-l rapidity x ga!r$ its spe$ z x ru%$ d[n ! sixty feet ( track1 ! end ( :i* x rea*$ 9 ?ree seconds1 at :i* "t x _h atta9$ a spe$ ( some?+ ov] ?irty-two feet p] second4 ,j z ! ma*9e rea*$ ! end ( ! track ! writ] felt a sudd5 %ock1 imm$iately foll[$ by an indescribable s5sation ( be+ free 9 ! air1 :i* _h h>dly be5 realiz$ be=e ! important fact 0 intuitively felt t ! ma*9e 0 plung+ d[nw>d at a v %>p angle1 & he in/9ctively grasp$ ! :eel :i* controls ! ,pnaud tail & ?rew x to its upp]mo/ ext5t 9 an attempt to depress ! re> ( ! ma*9e & p#bff !reby ov]come ! %>p angle ( desc5t4 ,f9d+ t ! ma*9e made no response to ?is extreme movem5t ( ! tail1 he imm$iately realiz$ t a cra% into ! wat] 0 unavoidable & brac$ himself = ! %ock4 ,! trem5d\s cra% ( ! front w+s be+ completely demoli%$ z !y /ruck ! wat] _h h>dly become app>5t be=e he f\nd himself & ! ma*9e plung+ d[nw>d ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,by "s in/9ct he grasp$ ! ma9 guy-wires :i* 7 above 8 head1 & pull+ himself ?r\gh ! n>r[ space betwe5 !m fre$ himself f ! ma*9e & swam upw>d z rapidly z possible4 ,a few mom5ts aft] rea*+ ! surface ( ! wat] ! upp]mo/ po9t ( ! pyramid ( ! ma*9e 0 se5 to project f ! wat] & he swam ov] & sat d[n on x until a r[-boat c\ld be s5t to x f ! ne>by p[]-boat4 ,! fir/ ?+ t ! writ] saw aft] look+ ar\nd him 0 a newspap] report]1 8 boatman exp5d+ ! utmo/ limit ( 8 p[] 9 pu%+ 8 boat ahead to be ! fir/ "o to arrive4 ,aft] giv+ directions to ! workm5 reg>d+ ! recov]y ( ! ma*9e1 ! writ] return$ to ! h\se-boat to obta9 dry clo?+1 & al?\gh 8 fir/ incl9ation 0 n to make any /atem5t until a complete exam9ation c\ld be made to det]m9e bo? ! cause ( ! lack ( success & also ! ext5t ( ! damage :i* _h be5 su/a9$ by ! ma*9e1 yet ow+ to ! v great pressure br\ght to be> by ! press repres5tatives :o said t unless "s /atem5t 0 giv5 out !y w\ld write _! own conclusions z to ! cause ( ! mi%ap1 he f9ally gave out ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,,/atem5t ,,made ,,by ,,mr4 ,,manly ,,to ,,associat$ ,,press 8,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! te/ to-day 0 entirely an exp]im5t1 & ! fir/ ( its k9d ev] made4 ,! exp]im5t 0 unsuccessful4 ,! balanc+1 ^u :i* dep5ds ! success ( a flight1 0 bas$ ^u ! te/s ( ! models & prov$ to be incorrect1 b only an actual trial ( ! full-size ma*9e itself c\ld det]m9e ?is4 ,my confid5ce 9 ! future success ( ! "w is un*ang$4 ,i c give y no fur!r in=mation4 ,i %all make a =mal report to ,secret>y ,langley40 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ie ,,flight ,,( ,,l>ge ,,a]odrome1 ,,octob] #g1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #if ,,flight ,,( ,,l>ge ,,a]odrome1 ,,octob] #g1 #aijc ,,photograph ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,smillie ,aft] recov]+ ! ma*9e ! =eman ( ! workm5 7,mr4 ,re$7 :o toge!r ) ,mr4 ,mc,donald 7 ! only ones on top ( ! boat :5 ! laun*+ actually took place1 busi$ himself to discov] :at _h caus$ ! j]k to ! ma*9e at ! mom5t x 0 releas$1 :i* _h be5 imm$iately foll[$ by ! great depression ( ! front end4 ,aft] "s little "t he discov]$ t ! upright guide at ! extreme front ( ! laun*+ c> 7:i*1 z h]et(ore /at$1 0 slott$ to receive a metal lug project+ f ! end ( ! guy-po/1 & ?us prev5t ! front end ( ! p#bfg framework f be+ twi/$ by a side w9d /rik+ ! ma*9e :ile x 0 /ill on ! laun*+ c>7 _h be5 di/ort$1 ! metal cap on x be+ /ret*$ out ( %ape 9 a way :i* indicat$ t ! p9 ( ! front guy-po/ _h hung 9 ! cap1 & t ! guy-po/ 0 n !re=e free f ?is "p ( ! c> :5 ! end ( ! laun*+ track dropp$4 ,! %ock :i* ! writ] felt at ! mom5t ( laun*+ & :i* _h also be5 se5 by o!rs to occur 0 ?us conclusively %[n to h be5 due to ! fall+ track1 dragg+ ! front end ( ! ma*9e d[n ) x4 ,z ! ma*9e 0 travell+ =w>d & ! c> _h be5 almo/ in/antly br\ght to a /&/ill by its buff] pi/ons co-act+ ) ! buff] cyl9d]s at ! foot ( ! track1 ?is front guy-po/ _h be5 pull$ backw>ds1 & ?us n only pull$ ! ma9 guy-wires ( ! w+s backw>ds & !reby depress$ ! front edge ( ! front w+s s t !y _h no angle ( incl9ation1 b _h also b5t ! front end ( ! metal framework d[nw>d1--effects :i* 7 discov]$ f ! lat] exam9ation ( ! frame & ! guy-po/ itself4 ,f ! in/antane\s photographs :i* 7 obta9$1 indisputable evid5ce 0 obta9$ t ?is 0 :at actually occurr$4 ,ref]r+ to ! photograph1 ,plate #ie1 :i* 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,p[ell1 ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 & :i* %[s ! ma*9e j a few feet 9 front ( ! po9t :]e x 0 actually laun*$1 x w at once be se5 t ! front end ( ! frame is b5t d[nw>d & t ! front guy-po/ in/ead ( be+ p>allel ) ! re> "o has be5 deflect$ backw>d at ! l[] end ?r\gh an angle ( #cj degrees4 ,ref]r+ fur!r to ! photograph1 ,plate #if1 :i* 0 tak5 at ! same in/ant z ! "o j describ$1 x w be se5 t ev5 ?is "o1 :i* is a view ( ! ma*9e z x pass$ almo/ directly ov] ,mr4 ,smillie's head1 mo/ cle>ly %[s ! extreme ext5t to :i* ! front w+s _h be5 di/ort$1 ! re> edges ( ! w+s ne> ! frame hav+ be5 twi/$ up until !y /ruck ! cross-frame1 & ! out] ends be+ free to twi/ _h be5 =c$ up v mu* high]4 ,aft] complet+ ! recov]y ( ! ma*9e & ! exam9ation z to ! ext5t ( ! injuries x _h su/a9$1 & f9d+ unque/ionable evid5ce t ! accid5t _h be5 caus$ by ! front guy-po/ hang+ 9 its guide block on ! laun*+ c>1 ! workm5 7 set to "w /raight5+ out & arrang+ ! v>i\s p>ts1 fitt+s & accessories1 & clean+ up ! eng9e :i* =tunately _h su/a9$ no injury :atev]4 ,aft] a consultation 9 ,wa%+ton ) ,mr4 ,langley1 :o _h be5 unable to be pres5t at ! exp]im5t1 bo? conc]n+ :at _h already occurr$ & also :at %\ld be done reg>d+ ! future ( ! "w1 & 9 view ( ! fact t ! /atem5t :i* ! writ] _h giv5 to ! press repres5tatives1 imm$iately aft] ! accid5t1 _h be5 made be=e !re _h be5 "t to make an exam9ation ( ! ma*9e itself1 x 0 decid$ t x w\ld be be/ to give to ! press p#bfh a %ort /atem5t to correct ! e>li] "o1 & ,mr4 ,langley accord+ly made public ! foll[+ note3 8,mr4 ,langley /ates t he 0 n an eye witness ( ! exp]im5t at ,widewat] ye/]day1 hav+ be5 deta9$ 9 ,wa%+ton by bus9ess1 b t on ! report ( ,mr4 ,manly1 imm$iately 9 *>ge1 he is able to say t ! latt]'s fir/ impression t !re _h be5 defective balanc+ 0 correct$ by a m9ut] exam9ation1 :5 ! clut*1 :i* held ! a]odrome on ! laun*+ ways & :i* %\ld h releas$ x at ! in/ant ( ! fall1 0 f\nd to be injur$4 8,! ma*9]y 0 work+ p]fectly & giv+ e reason to anticipate a successful flight1 :5 ?is accid5t 7due :olly to ! laun*+ me*anism7 drew ! a]odrome abruptly d[nw>d at ! mom5t ( release & ca/ x into ! wat] ne> ! h\se-boat4 ,! /atem5t t ! ma*9e fail$ = lack ( p[] to fly 0 :olly a mi/ak5 "o4 8,! eng9e1 ! frame & all ! m important p>ts 7 practically un9jur$4 ,! eng9e is actually 9 good work+ ord]4 ,! damage done 0 conf9$ to ! slight] portions1 l ! canvas w+s & propell]s1 & ^! c be readily replac$4 8,! belief ( ^? *>g$ ) ! exp]im5t 9 ! ultimate successful work+ ( ! ma*9e is 9 no way affect$ by ?is accid5t1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge *apt] ( accid5ts t beset ! initial /ages ( exp]im5ts s novel z ! pres5t ones4 ,x is *iefly un=tunate 9 com+ at ! end ( ! season :5 outdoor "w ( ?is sort is impossible4 8,:e!r ! exp]im5ts w be cont9u$ ?is ye> or n has n yet be5 det]m9$40 ,9 view ( ! _m inaccurate acc\nts publi%$ 9 ! daily press at ! "t ( ?is exp]im5t1 special att5tion is direct$ to ! fact t ev5 "u ! enorm\s /ra9 to :i* ! a]odrome 0 subject$1 due to its /rik+ ! wat] at an angle ( approximately =ty-five degrees & at a spe$ c]ta9ly n less ?an =ty miles an h\r1 no b5d+ or di/ortion ( any k9d 0 f\nd 9 ! frame aft] x 0 recov]$1 except t a slight depression at ! front _h be5 produc$ by ! l[] guy-po/ cat*+ on ! laun*+ c>1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,?is is v cle>ly se5 9 ,plate #ig1 ,fig4 #a1 :i* %[s ! a]odrome be+ hoi/$ f ! wat]1 & 9 ,plate #ig1 ,fig4 #b1 :i* %[s x j aft]w>ds re/+ on ! raft1 ! w+s1 tail & rudd] hav+ be5 completely demoli%$ by t[+ x ?r\gh ! wat] to ! h\se-boat f ! place :]e x /ruck ! wat]4 ,?is s+le di/ortion1 !re=e1 0 9 no way a result ( ! /ra9s exp]i5c$ by ! frame ei!r :ile x 0 9 ! air or :5 x /ruck ! wat]4 ,"s ( ! press reports1 &1 9 fact1 "s ( ! acc\nts publi%$ 9 ! sci5tific press1 /at$ t ! a]odrome frame _h prov$ s weak t x broke :ile ! ma*9e 0 9 ! air1 & t ?is 0 ! cause ( ! accid5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! actual facts ?an ?is1 = ?\gh !re 7 _m ?+s connect$ ) ! ma*9e :i* c\ld n be prop]ly te/$ until x 0 actually 9 ! air1 yet ! /r5g? ( ! frame _h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly p#bfi te/$ 9 ! %ops prior to ! trial1 & x _h be5 f\nd t ) ! frame support$ only at ! extreme front & re>1 no appreciable deflection 0 produc$ ^u x by ! conc5trat$ weight ( f\r m5 at ! c5t]1 ev5 :5 !y simultane\sly jump$ up & d[n on x4 ,t ! a]odrome frame 0 amply /rong 0 fur!r evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 ! lat] trial1 h]eaft] describ$1 no injury 0 su/a9$ by ! frame ev5 :5 ! ma*9e turn$ ov] 9 mid-air & /ruck ! wat] flat on its back4 ,9 fact1 no po9t reg>d+ ! a]odrome is m c]ta9 ?an t ! frame 0 m ?an /rong en\gh = its purpose4 ,plates #ih to #ajj %[ ! a]odrome 9 ! wat] f ! mom5t aft] x arose & ! writ]1 :o _h extricat$ himself :ile x 0 plung+ d[n ?r\gh ! wat] & beat x to ! surface1 _h swum ov] to x & sat d[n on ! upp] pyramid to await a r[-boat1 until ! ma*9e 0 tak5 9 t[ by ! tug-boat4 ,z ! wea!r conditions 7 cont9ually gr[+ worse1 ow+ to ! lat5ess ( ! season1 x 0 decid$ t x w\ld be absolutely impossible to und]take to keep ! h\se-boat d[n ! riv] until ! a]odrome c\ld be repair$ & ano!r te/ made1 & ! writ] accord+ly return$ to ,quantico on ! foll[+ day1 expect+ to take ! tug-boat f !re to ! h\se-boat & complete arrangem5ts = br++ ev]y?+ to ,wa%+ton4 ,on rea*+ ,quantico1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t a mo/ viol5t /orm 0 rag+ on ! riv]1 & _h1 9 fact1 be5 increas+ 9 viol5ce s9ce ! ev5+ ( ,octob] #g1 imm$iately foll[+ ! trial4 ,on acc\nt ( ! /orm x 0 impossible to rea* ! h\se-boat or to get into communication ) ! workm51 :o _h s\ght refuge at ! hotel at ,clifton ,bea*1 z ! tug-boat itself 0 n at ! po9t at :i* x 0 expect$ to be f\nd1 &1 9 fact1 x _h n be5 se5 by any ( ! riv] p s9ce ! morn+ ( ,octob] #h1 :5 x 0 se5 tak+ ! workm5 f ! boat to ,clifton ,bea*4 ,two days lat]1 or ,octob] #aa1 :5 ! /orm _h subsid$ & ! tug-boat1 :i* _h be5 bl[n _m miles d[n ! riv]1 0 able to return ! workm5 to ! h\se-boat1 x 0 f\nd t ! /orm _h made a complete wreck ( all ! r[-boats1 ! p[]-laun*1 & ! l>ge raft4 ,! r[-boats _h be5 completely demoli%$ on ! bea*es1 ! laun* _h be5 brok5 f its moor+s to ! h\se-boat & driv5 a%ore "s f\r miles d[n ! riv]1 :]e x 0 f\nd ) ! deck torn completely (f1 a l>ge hole /ove 9 x amid%ips1 & ! eng9e s]i\sly damag$1 :ile ! raft _h be5 v s]i\sly damag$ on ! bea* _m miles d[n ! riv]4 ,aft] mak+ tempor>y repairs to ! raft & gett+ x laun*$1 x 0 us$ z a float+ dock = mak+ tempor>y repairs on ! p[]-laun*2 bo? 7 !n return$ to _! moor+s at ! h\se-boat & ev]y?+ got 9 read9ess = t[+ ! h\se-boat to ,wa%+ton1 & ?is 0 f9ally accompli%$ on ,octob] #ab4 p#bgj ,ev5 :ile ! boat 0 en r\te "s ( ! workm5 7 busily engag$ 9 ! repair ( ! damag$ p>ts1 ! o!rs hav+ be5 s5t ahead to ,wa%+ton to beg9 "w on ! con/ruction ( new w+s1 s t ano!r trial c\ld be _h at ! e>lie/ mom5t t ! wea!r w\ld p]mit4 ,"o extra pair ( w+s 0 on h&1 b ^! _h be5 /or$ 9 ! h\se-boat :ile x 0 d[n ! riv]1 & ! damp wea!r1 :i* _h caus$ su* s]i\s damage to ! cross-ribs ( ! w+s :i* 7 actually us$1 _h also s s]i\sly affect$ ! ribs ( ^! extra w+s t x 0 necess>y to disc>d "s ( !m & repair ! o!rs4 ,an extra ,pnaud tail 0 on h&1 z well z a /e]+ rudd]1 & x 0 e/imat$ t unless "s un=ese5 delay occurr$ ! a]odrome w\ld be ready = flight 9 ?ree weeks4 ,aft] mak+ a c>eful exam9ation ( ! places on ! riv] :i* seem$ mo/ available = an exp]im5t1 x 0 f9ally decid$ to make ! next te/ j (f ! ,potomac ,flats1 at ! junction ( ! ma9 body ( ! riv] & ! ,ea/]n ,bran*1 ! traffic on ?is "p ( ! riv]1 :i* w\ld h be5 m dang]\s & tr\blesome dur+ ! summ]1 be+ q light at ?is "t ( ! ye>4 ,by mak+ ! exp]im5t at ?is po9t x 0 possible to leave ! h\se-boat at its dock until ! wea!r seem$ suitable & !n h a tug-boat t[ x to ! exact po9t1 :i* w\ld be det]m9$ by ! /ate ( ! w9d & ! tide4 ,aft] m completely exam9+ ! condition ( ! framework ( ! ma*9e1 & discuss+ & maturely delib]at+ on ! causes :i* _h l$ to ! accid5t ( ,octob] #g1 ! writ] advis$ ,mr4 ,langley n to make any *anges ei!r 9 ! ma*9e itself or 9 ! laun*+ app>atus1 except to remove ! small lug f ! metal rod :i* project$ f ! end ( ! guy-po/1 & :i* by cat*+ 9 its guide on ! laun*+ c> _h be5 ! sole cause ( ! accid5t4 ,! a]odrome 0 accord+ly repair$ s z to reproduce exactly ! conditions :i* obta9$ at ! "t ( ! previ\s exp]im5t1 except = ?is slight *ange1 & x 0 aga9 ready = trial by ! middle ( ,novemb]4 ,! wea!r1 h[ev]1 at ?is "t 0 v v>iable1 !re be+ at times comp>atively quiet p]iods :i* la/$ = only an h\r or less1 :i* 0 n suffici5t "t = procur+ a tug-boat & t[+ ! boat to ! prop] po9t1 & !n assembl+ ! a]odrome & mak+ a trial4 ,h[ev]1 aft] _m days wait+1 :at appe>$ to be an exceptionally quiet day occurr$ on ,decemb] #h1 ! w9d quiet+ d[n by noon to su* an ext5t t practically a dead calm prevail$4 ,vigor\s se>* 0 imm$iately in/itut$ = a tug-boat to t[ ! h\se-boat to ! po9t select$1 b x 0 v late 9 ! aft]noon be=e "o c\ld be procur$1 & by ! "t ! boat arriv$ at ! prop] place d>kness 0 desc5d+ & a /rong p#bga & exce$+ly gu/y w9d _h sprung up1 & x seem$ almo/ disa/r\s to attempt an exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ig ,,a]odrome ,,be+ ,,recov]$1 ,,octob] #g1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ih ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,wat]1 ,,octob] #g1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ii ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,wat]1 ,,octob] #g1 #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #ajj ,,a]odrome ,,9 ,,wat]1 ,,octob] #g1 #aijc ,h[ev]1 ! funds :i* _h be5 appropriat$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification _h be5 exhau/$ ne>ly two ye>s be=e1 & all ! exp5se s9ce t "t _h be5 met f a special fund ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,b1 ow+ to ! heavy dra9s :i* ! "w _h made ^u ?is fund1 ,mr4 ,langley felt unwill+ to draw fur!r ^u x1 & s9ce !re 7 no o!r funds available f :i* to meet ! exp5ses :i* w\ld be incurr$ by po/pon+ ! exp]im5ts until spr+1 x 0 decid$ t x 0 practically a case ( 8n[ or nev]10 & al?\gh ! riv] 0 full ( l>ge blocks ( float+ ice sev]al in*es ?ick1 :i* add$ enorm\sly to ! dang] involv$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 ! writ] decid$ to make ! te/ imm$iately s t ! long-hop$-= success1 :i* seem$ s c]ta91 c\ld be f9ally a*iev$4 ,aft] consid]able delay1 due to ! great difficulty ( prop]ly assembl+ ! huge w+s 9 ! /rong & gu/y w9d1 into :i* ! boat c\ld n be kept directly po9t$1 ow+ bo? to ! /rong tide :i* 0 runn+ & to ! fact t ! w9d itself 0 rapidly v>y+ ?r\gh z great a range z n9ety degrees1 & aft] _m m9or delays1 due to causes too num]\s to m5tion1 ! a]odrome 0 f9ally ready = te/4 ,! w9d 0 exce$+ly gu/y1 v>y+ 9 velocity f twelve to eighte5 miles p] h\r & %ift+ its direction mo/ abruptly & disconc]t+ly1 s t ! a]odrome 0 at "o mom5t po9t$ directly into x & at ! next mom5t side gu/s /rik+ "u ! port or />bo>d w+s w\ld wr5* ! frame sev]ely1 ?us t5d+ to twi/ ! :ole ma*9e f its fa/5+s on ! laun*+ c>4 ,aft] />t+ up ! eng9e & br++ x to full spe$1 ! writ] gave ! signal = ! ma*9e to be releas$1 & x />t$ quietly1 b at a rapidly accel]at$ pace1 d[n ! laun*+ track4 ,exactly :at happ5$1 ei!r j be=e or j z ! a]odrome rea*$ ! end ( ! track1 x has be5 impossible to det]m9e1 z all ! workm5 & visitors _h gone to _! /ations on ! v>i\s auxili>y boats1 except ! two workm5 7,mr4 ,re$ & ,mr4 ,mc,donald7 :o _h be5 reta9$ on top ( ! boat to assi/ 9 ! laun*+4 ,x _h gr[n s d>k t ! cam]as ( ,mr4 ,smillie1 ! (ficial photograph]1 7 unable to get any impression :5 he us$ !m1 ow+ to ! extreme rapidity ( ! %utt]s ) :i* !y 7 equipp$4 ,=tunately1 "o photograph ( ! ma*9e :ile /ill 9 ! air 0 secur$1 :i* %[s ! result ( :at _h occurr$ 9 ! laun*+ & be=e any fur!r damage _h be5 caus$ by its com+ d[n into ! wat]1 b ! all-important "q z to j :at caus$ ! accid5t :i* did occur rema9s to a c]ta9 ext5t a my/]y4 p#bgb ,mr4 ,re$1 ! =eman1 :o 0 qualifi$ to obs]ve accurately1 n only ?r\gh 8 hav+ work$ cont9u\sly = _m ye>s on ! ma*9es1 b also f 8 hav+ witness$ ! num]\s te/s ( ! models1 /ates t f 8 position ne> ! re> end ( ! laun*+ track he notic$ t at a po9t ab\t t5 feet be=e ! ma*9e rea*$ ! end ( ! track ! ,pnaud tail seem$ to h dropp$ at ! re> end 9 "s inexplicable way s t x 0 dragg+ aga9/ ! cross-pieces ( ! track1 & t at ! next in/ant1 :5 ! c> rea*$ ! end ( ! track1 he saw ! ma*9e cont9ue onw>d1 b ! rudd] & :ole re> portion ( ! frame & ! w+s seem$ to be dragg+ on ! laun*+ c>4 ,mr4 ,mc,donald1 ! head ma*9i/1 /ates t he _h 8 att5tion s conc5trat$ on ! eng9e1 :i* he notic$ 0 work+ p]fectly & driv+ ! propell]s at a high] rate ( spe$ ?an he _h ev] be=e se5 x d1 t he did n see any?+ happ5 until he saw ! ma*9e %oot upw>d 9 ! air1 gradually atta9+ a v]tical position ) its b[ upw>d1 :]e x 0 su/a9$ = a few mom5ts by ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! propell]s4 ,aft] a few mom5ts1 h[ev]1 ! /rong w9d1 :i* 0 bl[+ f twelve to eighte5 miles an h\r directly ahead & act+ aga9/ ! w+s :i* 7 n[ v]tical1 drove ! ma*9e backw>ds t[>ds ! h\se-boat1 & he saw x come d[n into ! wat] on its back1 ) ! writ] gradually right+ himself 9 accordance ) ! turn+ ( ! ma*9e until he 0 f9ally hidd5 f view by ! ma*9e com+ d[n on top ( him4 ,! witnesses on ! tug-boats seem n to h be5 able to p]ceive exactly :at occurr$4 ,all unite 9 /at+ t some?+ seem$ to happ5 to ! ma*9e j a few feet be=e ! laun*+ c> rea*$ ! end ( ! track1 b :at x 0 !y c\ld n say4 ,ev]yone :o saw ! accid5t & :o 0 suffici5tly famili> ) ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e to be able intuitively to =m an idea z to j :at 0 tak+ place 0 s v close to ! ma*9e t :5 ! accid5t happ5$ ev]y?+ seem$ to m]ge into "o vision1 :i* 0 t ( ! :ole re> ( ! w+s & rudd] be+ completely de/roy$ z ! ma*9e %ot upw>d at a rapidly increas+ angle until x rea*$ ! v]tical position previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! writ] c only say t f 8 position 9 ! front end ( ! ma*9e1 :]e he 0 fac+ =w>d & :]e 8 ma9 att5tion 0 direct$ t[>ds insur+ t ! eng9e 0 p]=m+ at its be/1 he 0 unable to see any?+ t occurr$ at ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 b t j be=e ! ma*9e 0 fre$ f ! laun*+ c> he felt an extreme sway+ motion imm$iately foll[$ by a trem5d\s j]k :i* caus$ ! ma*9e to quiv] all ov]1 & almo/ in/antly he f\nd ! ma*9e da%+ ahead ) its b[ ris+ at a v rapid rate1 & t he1 !re=e1 swung ! :eel :i* controls ! ,pnaud tail to its extreme d[nw>d limit ( motion4 ,f9d+ t p#bgc ?is _h absolutely no effect1 & t by ?is "t ! ma*9e _h pass$ its v]tical position & 0 beg9n+ to fall backw>ds1 he swung himself ar\nd on 8 arms1 f :i* he support$ himself1 s t 9 /rik+ ! wat] ) ! ma*9e on top ( him he w\ld /rike feet =emo/4 ,! next few mom5ts 7 = him mo/ int5se1 = he f\nd himself "u ! wat] ) ! ma*9e on top ( him1 & ) 8 cork-l9$ canvas jacket s caught 9 ! fitt+s ( ! framework t he c\ld n dive d[nw>d1 :ile ! floor ( ! aviator's c>1 :i* 0 press+ aga9/ 8 head1 prev5t$ him f com+ upw>d4 ,8 "o ?\ght 0 t if he 0 to get out alive he w\ld h to d s imm$iately1 z ! pressure ( ! wat] on 8 lungs 0 beg9n+ to make itself s]i\sly felt4 ,ex]t+ all ( ! /r5g? he c\ld mu/]1 he succe$$ 9 ripp+ ! jacket entirely 9 two & ?us free+ himself f ! fa/5+s :i* _h accid5tally held him1 he div$ "u ! ma*9e & swam "u ! wat] = "s di/ance until he ?\ght he 0 out f "u ! ma*9e4 ,^u ris+ to ! surface 8 head came 9 contact ) a block ( ice1 :i* necessitat$ ano!r dive to get free ( ! ice4 ,^u com+ to ! surface ( ! wat] he notic$ ,mr4 ,hewitt1 "o ( ! workm51 j ab\t to plunge 92 be=e he c\ld call out to indicate he 0 safe1 ,mr4 ,hewitt _h h]oically plung$ 9 ) ! expectation ( div+ "u ! ma*9e :]e he believ$ ! writ] to be entangl$4 ,f9d+ ! h\se-boat 0 be+ rapidly %ov$ ^u him1 imp]ill+ ! life ( bo? himself & ,mr4 ,hewitt1 besides ! safety ( ! a]odrome1 ! writ] gave ord]s t ! tug-boat rev]se & t[ ! h\se-boat away4 ,!n1 ) ! assi/ance ( a r[-boat1 he rea*$ ! h\se-boat1 :]e will+ h&s drew him on bo>d & assi/$ him into dry] & w>m] clo?+4 ,mean:ile1 x _h become q d>k1 & :5 ! writ] w5t outside to see ab\t ! a]odrome he f\nd t ! m5 on ! tug-boat1 9 _! zeal to r5d] assi/ance1 _h fa/5$ a rope to ! re> end ( ! ma*9e1 at ! same "t pull+ x 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! front end 0 po9t$1 & ?r\gh _! ignorance _h =c$ x d[n into ! muddy bottom ( ! riv] & brok5 ! ma9 framework completely 9 two1 ?us r5d]+ x absolutely impossible ) ! facilities at h& to remove x f ! wat] to ! int]ior ( ! boat4 ,x 0 f9ally necess>y to tie ! wreck$ ma*9e to ! /]n ( ! h\se-boat & h ! boat t[$ to its dock :]e ! ma/ & boom 7 assembl$ & ! wreck$ ma*9e hoi/$ f ! wat]4 ,?is 0 f9ally accompli%$ ab\t midnight1 :5 ! workm51 :o _h be5 work+ at a fev] heat all day1 7 glad to close up ! "w = ! day1 :i* _h prov$ s un=tunate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 #aja ,,attempt$ ,,laun*+ ,,( ,,a]odrome1 ,,decemb] #h1 #aijc ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,photograph ,,by ,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,/> ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 d>kness _h desc5d$ to su* an ext5t t ! light 0 n /rong en\gh to give photographs ) ! v rapid %utt]s ) :i* ,mr4 ,smillie _h 8 cam]as equipp$1 & t1 !re=e1 p#bgd incontrov]tible evid5ce1 :i* ! in/antane\s photographs _h giv5 z to j :at _h occurr$ to ! ma*9e 9 ! accid5t ( ,octob] #g1 0 9 ?is case un=tunately lack+4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t no photographs _h be5 obta9$ :ile ! ma*9e 0 actually 9 ! air1 b x 0 lat] f\nd t by "s r>e =tune ! photograph] = ,! ,wa%+ton ,/> _h secur$ a photograph1 :i*1 :ile small1 %[$ v di/9ctly "s decid$ly int]e/+ facts4 ,an enl>gem5t ( ?is photograph is %[n 9 ,plate #aja1 by ! k9d p]mission ( ,! ,wa%+ton ,/>4 ,ref]r+ to ?is photograph1 x w be se5 t at ! mom5t x 0 tak5 ! ma*9e 0 practically v]tical 9 ! air1 & x confirms ! te/imony ( ! eye witnesses1 & also ! writ]'s impression t ! ma*9e 0 ma9ta9$ 9 a v]tical position = sev]al mom5ts by ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! propell]s4 ,x w also be se5 t ! ,pnaud tail has be5 completely demoli%$ & is hang+ z a limp roll ( clo?1 :i* ! /rong w9d has deflect$ backw>ds t[>ds ! h\se-boat1 ! port re> w+ has brok5 its ma9 ribs1 bo? :]e !y are atta*$ to ! ma9 frame & also ab\t midway ! l5g? ( ! w+1 ! out] end be+ p>tially fold$ t[>ds ! frame4 ,! />bo>d re> w+ has also brok5 bo? ( its ma9 ribs at ! po9t :]e !y are jo9$ to ! frame1 & !y h also brok5 at a po9t ab\t "o-?ird _! l5g? f ! frame1 ! out] end be+ likewise fold$ t[>ds ! frame4 ,by a /ill m c>eful inspection1 x w also be se5 t ! port front w+ is app>5tly un9jur$1 :ile ! />bo>d front w+ has brok5 ! middle ma9 rib at a po9t betwe5 ! six? & sev5? cross-ribs1 & :ile x _c be di/9ctly se5 at fir/ t ! front ma9 rib has also brok5 at ! same po9t v c>eful inspection w %[ t ?is is ! case1 z ! six? & sev5? ribs1 %[+ z fa9tly d>k] l9es 9 ! photograph1 are se5 to be displac$1 s t !y are toge!r & actually cross+ ea* o!r4 ,x w fur!rmore be se5 t bo? front w+s h be5 press$ upw>d by ! w9d until _! tips ne> ! inn] ends are 9 contact ) ! cross-frame4 ,?is c\ld n h happ5$ unless ! front guy-po/ _h giv5 away ei!r by b5d+ or break+4 ,! fact t x has giv5 way is fur!r evid5c$ by a m c>eful exam9ation ( ! extreme front end ( ! ma*9e1 :]e x w be se5 t ! b[sprit & ! curv$ tubes :i* =m ! extreme end ( ! /eel frame h be5 b5t f a /raight l9e ) ref]5ce to ! ma9 frame4 ,?is b5d+ ( ! b[sprit & ! curv$ tubes c\ld be produc$ only by ! front guy-po/ com+ 9 contact ) "s ob/ruction on ! laun*+ c> z ! ma*9e left x4 ,x is kn[n v c]ta9ly t ! re> end ( ! ma*9e came 9 contact ) ! laun*+ c>1 z ! c> itself %[s a v deep ga% 9 ! wood5 cross-piece at its c5t]1 :i* 0 produc$ by ! port-be>+ po9t at ! re> /rik+ x4 ,z ?is be>+ po9t 0 elevat$ five feet above ! cross-piece ( ! laun*+ c>1 & 0 also six feet six in*es to p#bge ! re> ( ! po9t :]e ! wood is torn1 ?is re>-be>+ po9t mu/ h travell$ d[nw>d at an angle ( approximately ?irty-eight degrees 9 ord] = ! be>+ po9t to /rike ! c> at ?is po9t4 ,z ! l[] end ( ! re> guy-po/ 0 only eighte5 in*es above ! cross-piece ( ! laun*+ c>1 x1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be brok5 be=e ! be>+ po9t c\ld desc5d s mu*4 ,z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 ,mr4 ,re$1 :o 0 at ! re> ( ! laun*+ track1 /ates v positively t ! rudd] 0 dragg+ on ! track at lea/ t5 feet be=e ! laun*+ c> rea*$ ! front end ( ! track :]e ! ma*9e 0 actually laun*$4 ,!re are sev]al ways 9 :i* ! rudd] c\ld h gott5 d[n on ! track1 b positive in=mation is lack+4 ,if x 0 dragg+ on ! track1 z ,mr4 ,re$ /ates 7& f 8 ext5d$ exp]i5ce & r acute p[]s ( obs]vation ,i %\ld place great cr$5ce 9 8 report71 ! subsequ5t demolition ( ! guy-po/s succe$$ by ! de/ruction ( ! re> w+s & s]i\s injury ( ! front ones is easily expla9$4 ,if ! dropp+ ( ! rudd] on ! track occurr$ f ! break+ ( ! upp] rudd] po/1 ov] :i* ! upp] control wire pass$1 ! l[] v]tical surface w\ld fir/ come 9 contact ) ! track1 & ! de/ruction ( ?is "p w\ld c]ta9ly occasion subsequ5t de/ruction ( ! horizontal & upp] v]tical surfaces ( ! rudd]1 leav+ ! c5tral rib ( ! rudd] /ill atta*$ to ! frame1 & ^u ! ma*9e be+ releas$ f ! c> a few mom5ts lat] ?is de/roy$ rudd] w\ld easily cat* 9 ! laun*+ c> & pull ! a]odrome d[n on x1 & ?us cause ! de/ruction ( ! guy-po/s1 w+s1 & s =?4 ,if ! dropp+ ( ! rudd] 0 caus$ prim>ily by its ma9 rib break+ loose f its connection ) ! frame1 ! rudd] w\ld /ill be dragg$ along beh9d ! ma*9e by ! wire cords ?r\gh :i* x 0 op]at$1 & ! subsequ5t laun*+ ( ! ma*9e w\ld /ill give ! rudd] e *ance to cat* 9 ! laun*+ c> & drag ! ma*9e d[n on x4 ,x c !re=e be said t1 :ile positive in=mation is lack+1 !re is v /rong evid5ce t ! accid5t 9 ! laun*+ 0 due to ! rudd] becom+ entangl$ ) ! laun*+ track ow+ to ! breakage ( "s "p ( ! me*anism by :i* x 0 connect$ to ! ma9 frame4 ,x is ( importance to note t ! photograph furni%es incontrov]tible evid5ce t ! ma9 frame ( ! ma*9e 0 9 no way injur$1 except = ! slight b5d+ ( ! =w>d curv$ ext5sion1 & t1 !re=e1 ! accid5t 0 9 no way due to ! weakness ( ! frame4 ,! ma9 frame 0 n ev5 injur$ by ! ma*9e com+ d[n 9 ! wat] on its back1 & ! lat] damage 0 entirely caus$ by ! comb9ation ( ! ignorance ( ! tug-boatm5 & ! d>kness 9 :i* !y 7 work+1 :5 !y attempt$ to t[ x to ! re> ( ! h\se-boat s t x c\ld be remov$ f ! wat]4 p#bgf ,on ! day foll[+ ! trial a v c>eful inspection 0 made 9 ! hope ( obta9+ "s m def9ite in=mation z to j :at caus$ ! accid5t1 b ! s]i\s injury to ! ma*9e caus$ by ! tug-boatm5 break+ x 9 ! wat] _h s greatly tangl$ ?+s up t x 0 impossible to tell any?+ ab\t x4 ,! workm5 7 imm$iately put to "w remov+ fitt+s f ! brok5 w+s1 rudd]1 etc41 & dism\nt+ ! eng9e1 :i* 0 imm$iately reassembl$ on its te/+ frame & f\nd to be absolutely un9jur$4 ,! transv]se frame ( ! ma*9e 0 comp>atively un9jur$1 ! damage done by ! m5 on ! tug-boat be+ ! break+ ( ! ma*9e 9 two at a po9t j back ( ! cross-frame1 toge!r ) ! consequ5t de/ruction ( ! be>+ po9ts1 8tre/le10 & c]ta9 fitt+s by :i* ! ma9 guy-wires 7 atta*$ to ! ma9 tubes & pyramids4 ,! situation :i* n[ exi/$ 0 mo/ di/ress+ & di%e>t5+4 ,mr4 ,langley felt t he c\ld n approve ( fur!r exp5ditures f any ,smi?sonian fund1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t hav+ be5 sev]ely criticis$ on ! floors ( ,congress = its orig9al allotm5t = ! "w1 deem$ x inexp$i5t to incur a possible curtailm5t ( ! funds annually plac$ at its disposal = g5]al exp]im5tal "w ?r\gh a manife/ation ( cont9u$ int]e/ 9 ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 repres5tatives f ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 7 pres5t at bo? te/s ( ! l>ge a]odrome2 on ,octob] #g ,major ,montgom]y ,m4 ,macomb & ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,p[ell1 & on ,decemb] #g ,g5]al ,w4 ,f4 ,r&olph accompani$ by ,major ,macomb & ,mr4 ,p[ell1 repres5t$ ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 & ,dr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,na%1 at t "t ,contract ,surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 0 (ficially pres5t at bo? trials to r5d] m$ical assi/ance %\ld x be ne$$4 ,by p]mission ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ! (ficial report ( ! te/s submitt$ by ,major ,macomb to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification is "h made public3 ,enc4 #a/ to #c;d end't1 ,,b( #faia4 ,,report ,exp]im5ts ) work+ models :i* 7 conclud$ ,augu/ #h la/ hav+ prov$ ! pr9ciples & calculations on :i* ! design ( ! ,langley a]odrome 0 bas$ to be correct1 ! next /ep 0 to apply ^! pr9ciples to ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e ( suffici5t size & p[] to p]mit ! c>ry+ ( a man1 :o c\ld control ! motive p[] & guide its flight1 ?us po9t+ ! way to atta9+ ! f9al goal ( produc+ a ma*9e capable ( su* ext5sive & precise a]ial flight1 "u normal atmosph]ic conditions1 z to prove ( milit>y or comm]cial utility4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,manly1 work+ "u ,pr(4 ,langley1 _h1 by ! summ] ( #aijc1 succe$$ 9 complet+ an eng9e-driv5 ma*9e :i* "u favorable p#bgg atmosph]ic conditions 0 expect$ to c>ry a man = any "t up to half an h\r1 & to be capable ( hav+ its flight direct$ & controll$ by him4 ,! support+ surface ( ! w+s 0 ample1 & exp]im5t %[$ ! eng9e capable ( supply+ m ?an ! necess>y motive p[]4 ,ow+ to ! necessity ( lightness1 ! weight ( ! v>i\s elem5ts _h to be kept at a m9imum1 & ! factor ( safety 9 con/ruction 0 !re=e exce$+ly small1 s t ! ma*9e z a :ole 0 delicate & frail & incapable ( su/a9+ any unusual /ra94 ,?is defect 0 to be correct$ 9 lat] models by utiliz+ data ga!r$ 9 future exp]im5ts "u v>i$ conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results atta9$ 0 ! production ( a gasol9e eng9e furni%+ ov] fifty cont9u\s horse-p[] = a weight ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,! a]odrome1 z complet$ & prep>$ = te/1 is briefly describ$ by ,pr(4 ,langley z 8built ( /eel1 weigh+ complete ab\t sev5 hundr$ & ?irty p\nds1 support$ by "o ?\s& & =ty feet ( su/a9+ surface1 hav+ two propell]s driv5 by a gas eng9e develop+ cont9u\sly ov] fifty brake horse-p[]40 ,! appe>ance ( ! ma*9e prep>$ = flight 0 exce$+ly light & graceful1 giv+ an impression to all obs]v]s ( be+ capable ( successful flight4 ,on ,octob] #g la/ ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess1 & ,i witness$ ! attempt$ trial on t day at ,widewat]1 ,va41 on ! ,potomac4 ,! eng9e work$ well & ! ma*9e 0 laun*$ at ab\t #ab4ae p4 m4 ,! trial 0 unsuccessful because ! front guy-po/ caught 9 its support on ! laun*+ c> & 0 n releas$ 9 "t to give free flight1 z 0 int5d$1 b on ! contr>y1 caus$ ! front ( ! ma*9e to be dragg$ d[nw>d1 b5d+ ! guy-po/ & mak+ ! ma*9e plunge into ! wat] ab\t #ej y>ds 9 front ( ! h\se-boat4 ,! ma*9e 0 subsequ5tly recov]$ & br\ght back to ! h\se-boat4 ,! eng9e 0 un9jur$ & ! frame only slightly damag$1 b ! f\r w+s & rudd] 7 practically de/roy$ by ! fir/ plunge & subsequ5t t[+ back to ! h\se-boat4 ,?is accid5t necessitat$ ! removal ( ! h\se-boat to ,wa%+ton = ! m conv5i5t repair ( damages4 ,on ,decemb] #h la/1 betwe5 #d & #e p4 m41 ano!r attempt at a trial 0 made1 ?is "t at ! junction ( ! ,anaco/ia ) ! ,potomac1 j bel[ ,wa%+ton ,b>racks4 ,on ?is occasion ,g5]al ,r&olph & myself repres5t$ ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification4 ,! laun*+ c> 0 releas$ at #d4de p4 m41 be+ po9t$ up ! ,anaco/ia t[>ds ! ,navy ,y>d4 ,my position 0 on ! tug ,b>?oldi ab\t #aej feet f & at "r angles to ! direction ( propos$ flight4 ,! c> 0 set 9 motion & ! propell]s revolv$ rapidly1 ! eng9e work+ p]fectly1 b !re 0 some?+ wrong ) ! laun*+4 ,! re> guy-po/ seem$ to drag1 br++ ! rudd] d[n on ! laun*+ ways1 & a cra%+1 r5d+ s\nd1 foll[$ by ! collapse ( ! re> w+s1 %[$ t ! ma*9e _h be5 wreck$ 9 ! laun*+1 j h[1 x 0 impossible = me to see4 ,! fact rema9s t ! re> w+s & rudd] 7 wreck$ be=e ! ma*9e 0 free ( ! ways4 ,_! collapse depriv$ ! ma*9e ( its support 9 ! re>1 & x consequ5tly re>$ up 9 front "u ! action ( ! motor1 assum$ a v]tical position1 & !n toppl$ ov] to ! re>1 fall+ into ! wat] a few feet 9 front ( ! boat4 p#bgh ,mr4 ,manly 0 pull$ out ( ! wreck un9jur$ & ! wreck$ ma*9e 0 subsequ5tly plac$ ^u ! h\se-boat1 & ! :ole br\ght back to ,wa%+ton4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be se5 t ^! un=tunate accid5ts h prev5t$ any te/ ( ! app>atus 9 free flight1 & ! claim t an eng9e-driv51 man-c>ry+ a]odrome has be5 con/ruct$ lacks ! pro( :i* actual flight alone c give4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! pres5t /age ( advancem5t 9 its developm5t1 x w\ld seem highly desirable1 be=e lay+ d[n ! inve/igation1 to obta9 conclusive pro( ( ! possibility ( free flight1 n only because !re are excell5t reasons to hope = success1 b because x m>ks ! end ( a def9ite /ep t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ! f9al goal4 ,j :at fur!r proc$ure is necess>y to secure successful flight ) ! l>ge a]odrome has n yet be5 decid$ ^u4 ,pr(essor ,langley is und]/ood to h ?is subject "u advisem5t1 & w d\btless in=m ! ,bo>d ( 8 f9al conclusions z soon z practicable4 ,9 ! meantime1 to avoid any possible misund]/&+1 x %\ld be /at$ t ev5 aft] a successful te/ ( ! pres5t great a]odrome1 design$ to c>ry a man1 we are /ill f> f ! ultimate goal1 & x w\ld seem z if ye>s ( con/ant "w & /udy by exp]ts1 toge!r ) ! exp5diture ( ?\s&s ( doll>s1 w\ld /ill be necess>y be=e we c hope to produce an app>atus ( practical utility on ^! l9es4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,macomb1 ,major ,artill]y ,corps4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,janu>y #f1 #aijd4 ,! attitude ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 ) ref]5ce to r5d]+ fur!r f9ancial assi/ance to ! "w1 is cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ extract f ! (ficial report ( ! ,bo>d on ,octob] #f1 #aijd1 to ! ,secret>y ( ,w>3 ,,! ,,langley ,,a]odrome ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahih a bo>d compos$ ( (fic]s ( ! ,army & ,navy 0 appo9t$ to exam9e ! models & pr9ciples ( ! a]odrome devis$ by ,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & to report :e!r or n1 9 its op9ion1 a l>ge ma*9e ( ?is design c\ld be built1 &1 if s1 :e!r x w\ld be ( practical value4 ,! report ( ?is bo>d 0 ref]r$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification = action1 & ,doctor ,langley 0 invit$ to appe> be=e ! ,bo>d & fur!r expla9 ! propos$ con/ruction4 ,9 view ( ! great utility ( su* a device1 if a practical success1 ! ,bo>d1 on ,novemb] #i1 #ahih1 made an allotm5t ( #be1jjj = ! con/ruction1 developm5t1 & te/ ( an a]odrome to be made "u ! direction ( ,doctor ,langley1 ) ! und]/&+ t an additional allotm5t ( ! same am\nt w\ld be made lat]4 ,on ,decemb] #ah1 #ahii1 ! additional allotm5t ( #be1jjj 0 made4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e 0 delay$ by ,doctor ,langley's inability to procure a suitable motor1 :i* he 0 f9ally oblig$ to design4 ,! a]odrome 0 complet$ ab\t ,july #ae1 #aijc1 & prep>ations = its te/ 7 made at a po9t 9 ! ,potomac ,riv] ab\t #dj miles bel[ ,wa%+ton4 p#bgi ,prelim9>y arrangem5ts hav+ be5 complet$ & te/s made ( a qu>t]-size model1 ! fir/ attempt at actual flight ) ! man-c>ry+ a]odrome 0 made on ,octob] #g1 #aijc4 ,on ?is occasion !re 7 pres5t on behalf ( ! ,bo>d1 ,major ,m4 ,m4 ,macomb1 ,artill]y ,corps1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,p[ell1 cl]k ( ! ,bo>d4 ,major ,macomb 9 8 report to ! ,bo>d /at$ t-- 8,! trial 0 unsuccessful because ! front guy-po/ caught 9 its support on ! laun*+ c> & 0 n releas$ 9 "t to give free flight1 z 0 int5d$1 b on ! contr>y1 caus$ ! front ( ! ma*9e to be dragg$ d[nw>d1 b5d+ ! guy-po/ & mak+ ! ma*9e plunge into ! wat] ab\t #ej y>ds 9 front ( ! h\se-boat40 ,?is accid5t necessitat$ ! removal ( ! h\se-boat to ,wa%+ton = ! m conv5i5t repair ( damages4 ,! repairs hav+ be5 complet$1 on ,decemb] #h1 #aijc1 ano!r attempt at a trial 0 made1 ?is "t at ! junction ( ! ,anaco/ia & ! ,potomac ,riv]s4 ,g5]al ,w4 ,f4 ,r&olph & ,major ,macomb1 memb]s ( ! ,bo>d1 & ,mr4 ,p[ell1 7 pres5t4 ,major ,macomb report$ z foll[s3 8,! laun*+ c> 0 releas$ at #d4de p4 m4 4 4 4 ,! c> 0 set 9 motion & ! propell]s revolv$ rapidly1 ! eng9e work+ p]fectly1 b !re 0 some?+ wrong ) ! laun*+4 ,! re> guy-po/ seem$ to drag1 br++ ! rudd] d[n on ! laun*+ ways1 & a cra%+1 r5d+ s\nd1 foll[$ by ! collapse ( ! re> w+s1 %[$ t ! ma*9e _h be5 wreck$ 9 ! laun*+1 j h[1 x 0 impossible = me to see40 ,m>* #c1 #aijd1 ! ,bo>d /at$ t x 0 n 8prep>$ to make an additional allotm5t at ?is "t = cont9u+ ! "w10 :]eupon ,doctor ,langley reque/$ t arrangem5ts be made = a di/ribution ( ! a]odrome mat]ial procur$ jo9tly f funds allott$ by ! ,bo>d & by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,doctor ,langley 0 in=m$ t all ( ! mat]ial w\ld be left 9 8 possession & available = any future "w t he might be able to c>ry on 9 connection ) ! problem ( me*anical flight4 ,t ?is refusal ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification to r5d] fur!r assi/ance to ! "w 0 due to ! fe> t su* action w\ld result 9 a curtailm5t ( _! appropriation by ,congress is cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ extract f ! (ficial report ( ! ,bo>d on ,novemb] #ad1 #aijh1 to ! ,secret>y ( ,w>3 ,,a]ial ,,navigation ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! ,bo>d has be5 int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( a]ial navigation1 & z long ago z #ahih made allotm5ts to c>ry on exp]im5ts ) a ma*9e ( ! heavi]-?an-air type1 "u ! direction ( ! late ,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 :o _h made exhau/ive exp]im5ts 9 a]odynamics1#dh & :o _h demon/rat$ ! practicability ( me*anical flight by ! successful op]ation ( eng9e-driv5 models4 ,! _m problems & me*anical difficulties met ) 9 ! developm5t ( ! full-size ma*9e h be5 set =? 9 ! v>i\s publi%$ /atem5ts#di p#bhj ( ,doctor ,langley1 & ! unsuccessful outcome ( ! exp]im5ts is too well kn[n to require reit]ation4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t at ! "t ( ! trials ! ,bo>d 0 ( ! op9ion t ! failure ( ! a]odrome to successfully op]ate 0 9 no mann] due to ! ma*9e itself1 b solely to accid5ts 9 ! laun*+ app>atus1 :i* caus$ ! wreck ( ! a]odrome be=e x 0 9 free flight4 ,doctor ,langley consid]$ x desirable to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts1 b ! ,bo>d deem$ x advisable1 l>gely 9 view ( ! adv]se op9ions express$ 9 ,congress & else:]e1 to susp5d op]ations 9 ?is direction4 ,^! adv]se op9ions express$ 9 ,congress 7 :olly due to ! bitt] criticism by ! newspap]s1 ^: ho/ility 0 eng5d]$ by ,mr4 ,langley's refusal to admit _! repres5tatives to ! %ops & h\se-boat :]e ! "w 0 9 progress4 ,mr4 ,langley _h at all times tri$ to make 8 position 9 ! matt] cle> to ! newspap]s1 b1 on ,augu/ #ai1 #aijc1 at ! "t ( "o ( 8 visits to ! exp]im5tal /ation ne> ,widewat]1 ,va41 he f\nd ! newspap] repres5tatives s p]si/5t 9 _! misrepres5tations ( 8 reasons = exclud+ !m t he gave out ! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i* 0 publi%$ at t "t3 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,augu/ #ai1 #aijc4 ,,to ,,! ,,press3 ,! pres5t exp]im5ts be+ made 9 me*anical flight h be5 c>ri$ on p>tly ) funds provid$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification & p>tly f private s\rces1 & f a special end[m5t ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! exp]im5ts are c>ri$ on ) ! approval ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! public's int]e/ 9 !m may lead to an unf\nd$ expectation z to _! imm$iate results1 )\t an explanation :i* is "h briefly giv54 ,^! trials1 ) "s already conduct$ ) /eam-driv5 fly+ ma*9es1 are believ$ to be ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion :]e bodies1 f> heavi] ?an ! air itself1 h be5 su/a9$ 9 ! air = m ?an a few seconds by purely me*anical means4 ,9 my previ\s trials1 success has only be5 rea*$ aft] initial failures1 :i* alone h taught ! way to x1 & ,i "k no reason :y ! prospective trials %\ld be an exception4 ,x is possible1 r ?an probable1 t x may be o!rwise n[1 b judg+ !m f ! light ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 x is to be regrett$ t ! en=c$ publicity :i* has be5 giv5 to ^! initial exp]im5ts1 :i* are ess5tially exp]im5ts & no?+ else1 may lead to q unf\nd$ expectations4 ,x is ! practice ( all sci5tific m51 inde$ ( all prud5t m51 n to make public ! results ( _! "w till ^! are c]ta94 ,?is consid]ation1 & n any desire to )hold f ! public matt]s 9 :i* ! public is int]e/$1 has dictat$ ! policy ?us f> pursu$ "h4 ,! fulle/ publicity1 consi/5t ) ! national int]e/ 7s9ce ^! rec5t exp]im5ts h = _! object ! developm5t ( a ma*9e = w> purposes71 w be giv5 to ?is "w :5 x rea*es a /age :i* w>rants publication4 7,sign$47 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley4 ,al?\gh x 0 impossible to imm$iately f9d funds = actively cont9u+ ! "w1 ! writ] f9ally1 aft] "s delay1 p]suad$ ,mr4 ,langley to allot a small sum f a limit$ fund :i* p]sonal fri5ds _h "s "t previ\sly plac$ at 8 disposal = use 9 any exp]im5ts he might wi% to make4 ,?is small sum 0 us$ to meet ! exp5se ( ! workm5 :o 7 kept employ$ long en\gh to completely repair ! ma9 frame s t1 %\ld fur!r exp]im5ts be possible at a lat] "t1 !re w\ld be no dang] ( important p>ts & fitt+s hav+ be5 lo/ 9 ! meantime1 & ev5 if no fur!r exp]im5ts 7 made ! frame w\ld be 9 su* condition t o!rs c\ld pr(it f an exam9ation ( x1 ! frame itself embody+ ! solution ( _m important problems :i* _h co/ mu* "t & money4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijd1 aft] ! repairs to ! ma9 frame 7 well "u way1 ! writ] on 8 own initiative und]took to see :at c\ld be done t[>ds secur+ = ,mr4 ,langley's disposal ! small f9ancial assi/ance necess>y to cont9ue ! "w2 b he f\nd t :ile a numb] ( m5 ( means 7 will+ to assi/ 9 ! developm5t ( ! a]odrome1 provid$ arrangem5ts 7 made = lat] comm]cialization1 yet none 7 ready to r5d] ! assi/ance f a desire to assi/ 9 ! prosecution ( sci5tific "w4 ,_m ye>s prior to ?is ,mr4 ,langley _h _h "s v tempt+ propositions made to him by c]ta9 bus9ess m5 ) a view to c>ry+ on ! "w 9 a way t w\ld lead to lat] comm]cial developm5t4 ,he _h nev] pat5t$ any?+ previ\sly 9 8 life1 & al?\gh _m fri5ds _h urg$ t x 0 only prop] t he %\ld pat5t :atev] ( value _h be5 develop$ 9 connection ) ! a]odromes1 he /eadfa/ly refus$ to d s4 ,he _h giv5 8 "t & 8 be/ labors to ! _w )\t hope ( remun]ation1 & he c\ld n br+ himself at 8 /age ( life to cons5t to capitalize 8 sci5tific "w4 ,success seem$ only a /ep away1 & 8 age 0 su* t any delay 9 a*iev+ success increas$ ! probability ( 8 n liv+ to see x1 b he ma9ta9$ positively & resolutely t1 if nei!r ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t nor o!rs felt suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! "w to provide ! small am\nt ( funds necess>y to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts1 & !y !re=e c\ld be cont9u$ only by 8 giv+ 9 & p]mitt+ 8 "w to be capitaliz$1 he w\ld h to d5y himself ! hope ( liv+ to see ! ma*9e a*ieve success4 ,! result is well kn[n to all4 ,,pres5t ,,/atus ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,! completely repair$ frame ( ! l>ge ma*9e is n[ /or$ 9 "o ( ! work%ops at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! l>ge eng9e1 ! /eam-driv5 models ,nos4 #e & #f1 & ! qu>t]-size model1 driv5 by ! ?ree p#bhb horse-p[] gasol9e eng9e1 are on exhibition at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,! laun*+-c> & a small am\nt ( mat]ials h also be5 /or$ away4 ,! l>ge h\se-boat1 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( :i* prov$ su* a s]i\s dra9 on ! f9ances1 & ! pres]vation ( :i* w\ld h entail$ ! cont9uance ( heavy fix$ *>ges1 has be5 turn$ ov] to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t & sold1 z has also ! p[]-laun* & o!r p>aph]nalia :i* x seem$ useless to pres]ve4 ,! writ] is firmly conv9c$ t ! a]odrome is n only correct 9 pr9ciple b t x possesses no inh]5t faults or weaknesses1 & t ! success :i* ! "w des]ves has be5 fru/rat$ by two mo/ un=tunate accid5ts 9 ! laun*+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,o!r plans ( laun*+1 sev]al ( :i* 7 /udi$ out dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! "w on ! l>ge ma*9e1 w\ld h avoid$ ! accid5t :i* did occur1 b1 ( c\rse1 might h produc$ o!rs possibly ev5 m disa/r\s1 b :i* c\ld be det]m9$ only by actual trial4 ,b ev5 recogniz+ c]ta9 fundam5tal weaknesses ( ! laun*+ me*anism z us$1 he believes t !re is no inh]5t reason :y ! ma*9e %\ld n h be5 successfully laun*$1 & t ! accid5ts :i* prov$ s disa/r\s 9 ! two exp]im5ts 7 n su* z %\ld cause a lack ( confid5ce 9 ! f9al success ( ! a]odrome4 ,x might be ( int]e/ to add t ! writ] is n[ prep>+ to resume ! "w at ! e>lie/ opportunity1 & t ! ma*9e w be us$ 9 practically ! =m 9 :i* x exi/$ at ! two previ\s exp]im5ts1 ?\gh a slight *ange w be made p]mitt+ exp]im5ts ov] ! l& r ?an ! wat]4 ,! only ?+ t prev5ts an imm$iate resumption is ! pressure ( private bus9ess matt]s4 ,be=e clos+ ?is record ! writ] wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! v valuable assi/ance 9 ! "w r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,ra?bun1 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ?r\gh 8 moral support & int]e/ 9 x at all times1 & especially dur+ ! try+ days ( ! summ] ( #aijc2 by ,capta9 ,i4 ,n4 ,lewis1 :o1 :ile ,record] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification f #ahih to #aijb1 manife/$ ke5 int]e/ 9 ! "w & gave x 8 moral support be=e ! ,bo>d2 by ,pr(essor ,john ,m4 ,manly1 :o devot$ ! :ole ( ! summ] ( #aijc to x2 & by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,g4 ,manly1 :o devot$ a l>ge "p ( ! summ] ( #aijc to assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation = ! actual field-trials ( ! a]odrome4 ,m5tion mu/ also be made ( ! v loyal & valuable s]vices r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,re$1 ! v effici5t =eman ( ! "w dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( its progress1 to :om mu* cr$it is due = 8 p]sev]ance & skill 9 ov]com+ _m ( ! difficulties :i* pres5t$ !mselves1 z well z to ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,mc,donald1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,d>cey1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,hewitt1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ne:am p#bhc & ! o!r employees :o labor$ fai?fully = ! sev]al ye>s !y 7 engag$ on x4 ,,bl,,riot ,,ma*9e ,,( #aijg ,,on ,,langley ,,type ,s9ce complet+ ! prep>ation ( ?is ,memoir1 ! writ]'s att5tion has be5 call$ to "s v int]e/+ te/s made at ,issy by ,m4 ,l\is ,blriot ) a ma*9e ( ! ,langley type4 ,^! te/s confirm 9 su* a practical mann] ! conviction t ! l>ge a]odrome w\ld h fl[n successfully _h x n be5 wreck$ 9 laun*+ t x has seem$ well to "h quote an int]e/+ description ( !m publi%$ 9 ! 8,bollett9o della ,societ ,a]onautica ,italiana1 ,augu/1 #aijg10 "u ! title 8,il nuovo a]oplano ,blriot10 a translation ( :i* is z foll[s3 ,,! ,,new ,,bl,,riot ,,a]oplane ,! ,blriot ,,iv 9 ! =m ( a bird1 ( :i* we spoke at l5g? 9 ,no4 #d ( ! ,bullet9 ( ?is ye>1 does n appe> to give good results1 p]haps on acc\nt ( its lack ( /ability1 & ,blriot in/ead ( try+ "s modifications :i* might rem$y su* a grave fault1 laid x aside & at once began ! con/ruction ( a new type1 ,no4 ,v1 adopt+ purely & simply ! arrangem5t ( ! ,am]ican1 ,langley1 :i* (f]s a good /ability 7see ,bullet9 #aa-ab1 ,novemb] to ,decemb]1 #aije1 pages #ahg & #ahh74 ,! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 comm5c$ a mon? ago1 7 fir/ completely negative1 because ! #bd ,,hp4 motor w\ld n turn ! propell]1 :i* 0 #a4hj m4 9 diamet] & #a4dj m4 pit*4 ,by advice ( ,capta9 ,f]b]1 ,blriot r$uc$ ! pit* ( 8 propell] to #j4ij m41 s t ! motor c\ld give all its =ce4 ,?is modification 0 an important "o = 8 a]oplane4 ,f t mom5t e trial m>k$ an advance4 ,on ,july #ab1 he made a flight ( #cj m41 & ! aviator 0 able to %[ t ! lat]al /ability 0 p]fect4 ,on ,july #ae1 ! trial 0 made aga9/ a w9d ( #f miles an h\r1 b gave good results4 ,he made a flight ( #hj m41 %[+1 h[ev]1 t ! h9d "p ( ! a]oplane 0 too heavy4 ,9 ?is flight he arose z high z a second /ory1 & on l&+ ! :eels & "o propell] 7 some:at damag$4 ,on ,july #bd1 repairs hav+ be5 complet$1 a new trial 0 made4 ,?is "t1 9 ord] to rem$y ! defect 9 ! balance1 ,blriot _h mov$ 8 seat =w>d ab\t #hj cm4 ,! correction 0 too great1 = on t day ! a]oplane1 al?\gh ! h9d "p arose1 0 n able to leave ! gr\nd4 ,on ,july #bg1 aft] hav+ m\nt$ ! seat on :eels z skiffs1 ,blriot resum$ ! trials & made a flight ( #abj m41 at fir/ mov+ 8 seat back & !n1 aft] gett+ />t$1 br++ x =w>d4 ,blriot _h n provid$ ?is a]oplane ) an elevat+ rudd]1 b1 foll[+ ! example ( ,lili5?al1 *ang$ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! app>atus by mov+ 8 own p]son1 & aft] hav+ e/abli%$ ! prop] angle rema9$ immovable on 8 seat4 ,9 ord] to arise or desc5d1 ! aviator made use ( ! sp>k lev]1 ?us v>y+ ! numb] ( turns ( ! propell]4 ,dur+ a second trial on ! same day1 hav+ accid5tly rea*$ ! limit ( ! aviation field1 ,blriot1 )\t all[+ himself to be surpris$ & oblig$ to desc5d1 decid$ to attempt a turn by maneuv]+ ! /e]+ rudd] p#bhd & to return aga9 to ! c5t] ( ! field4 ,) m>vel\s precision1 ! a]oplane began to describe a circle ( ab\t #bjj m4 radius1 incl9+ z if on a bank$ track4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! flight1 he quickly rega9$ 8 balance /ill 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 b on acc\nt ( a slight movem5t ( ! aviator1 ! a]oplane fell to su* an ext5t t he 0 oblig$ to l&4 ,he l&$ g5tly & )\t %ock1 roll+ on 8 :eels4 ,on ,augu/ #a1 he made ano!r flight ( #ajj m4 9 #f-a_/b seconds2 & on ! #f?1 "o ( #bfe m4 ) "o int]ruption4 ,:ile ! att5tion ( ! pilot 0 di/ract$ = a mom5t1 ! a]oplane1 :i* 0 fly+ at a height ( #b or #c m4 above ! gr\nd1 t\*$ ! soil ) its su/a9+ :eels at ! end ( #abb m4 & !n imm$iately aris+1 cov]$ ! rema9+ #adc m4 at a height ( #ab m4 ,blriot1 mov+ =w>d too quickly1 caus$ ! a]oplane to desc5d swiftly to ! gr\nd1 & ! %ock broke ! axle & ! blades ( ! propell] 7 b5t4 ,9 ord] to confirm ?is acc\nt1 we reproduce :at 0 said 9 ! 8,auto0 ( ,augu/ #g1 #aijg4 8,m4 ,blriot1 cont9u+ ! trials ( 8 a]oplane ye/]day1 surpass$ ! sup]b results :i* he _h already obta9$4 ,! trial took place at #b o'clock 9 ! aft]noon on ! aviation field ( ,issy4 ,aft] a su/a9$ flight ( ab\t #abb m4 at a height ( #b m41 ! a]oplane t\*$ ! gr\nd1 )\t /opp+1 h[ev]1 & set out aga9 almo/ imm$iately at a height ( #ab m4 & trav]s$ ab\t #adc m4 ,m4 ,blriot1 :o = ! "t _h no o!r means ( balanc+ b by mov+ 8 body1 !n mov$ a little =w>d to /op ! asc5t4 ,! a]oplane plung$ =w>d1 & 9 ! fall ! propell] 0 damag$ & ! axle brok54 8,m4 ,blriot1 ^: c\rage z a sportsman equals 8 le>n+ z an eng9e]1 0 =tunately un9jur$4 ,an inspection ( ! app>atus %[$ t "o blade ( ! propell] 0 b5t1 :i* 0 suffici5t to prev5t ! maneuv] made by ! aviator hav+ its desir$ effect & contribut$ to ! fall4 ,! eng9e w be repair$ )\t difficulty & ! trials w be resum$ ,friday40 ,on ,augu/ #aj1 he made a flight ( #hj m41 b ! motor 0 n 9 p]fect ord]1 s ,blriot did n make o!r trials4 ,he decid$1 h[ev]1 to sub/itute def9itely a #ej ,,hp4 motor = ! #bd ,,hp4 motor ) :i* he made all ! exp]im5ts above report$1 :i* 7 ( a "* to enc\rage ! mo/ sangu9e expectations4 ,f]b] advis$ ,blriot to adopt an elevat+ rudd] also1 because ! effect produc$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 al?\gh efficaci\s is v difficult & delicate to control4 ,! conclusion ( an article by ,f]b] 9 8,nature0 ( ,augu/ #aj1 is wor?y ( note4 ,he says3 8,let u rem>k1 9 conclusion1 h[ fruitful is ! me?od ( p]sonal trial :i* we h always advis$ 9 pref]5ce to any calculation4 ,?is ye>1 ) 8 f\r? app>atus1 ,blriot has n met ) any damage to 8 a]oplane4 ,he made ! trials himself & !y quickly l$ to results1 because ea* trial gave him an exact idea ( :at 0 to be correct$4 ,t is ! condition ( success40 p#bhe ,,app5dix ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,buzz>d ,,& ,,! 8,,john ,,cr[0 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is ,memoir1 ! writ] has deem$ x be/ to g5]ally omit any m5tion ( plans & ideas :i* 7 br\ght =? 9 ! "w1 unless con/ructions or te/s 9 accordance ) !m 7 c>ri$ to a suffici5t ext5t to admit ( "s def9ite conclusion reg>d+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 ow+ to ! important "p play$ by ! w>p+ ( ! support+ surfaces1 or ! v>iation 9 ! angle ( auxili>y surfaces1 9 ! me?ods ( pres]v+ ! equilibrium ( practically all fly+ ma*9es ( ! pres5t day1 x may be ( int]e/ to "h add a %ort m5tion ( ! direction 9 :i* plans along ?is l9e 7 orig9ally propos$ 9 ?is "w4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! importance :i* ,mr4 ,langley atta*$ to ! /udy ( ! works ( ! great ma/]-build]1 ,nature1 ?\gh recogniz+ at ! same "t t ow+ bo? to ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ces & me?ods ( con/ruction possible to man1 x 0 n 9 g5]al possible = him to produce ! be/ results by attempt+ to too closely imitate ! me?ods or plans ( ,nature4 ,mr4 ,langley consid]$ x n practicable or be/ to attempt to imitate ! details ( con/ruction ( ! fly+ me*anism ( birds4 ,at ! same "t1 he /rongly believ$ t mu* 0 to be le>n$ f !m ab\t ! practical side ( ! art ( balanc+1 & he !re=e sp5t a great deal ( "t bo? 9 analyz+ ! me?ods practic$ by ! birds 9 pres]v+ _! equilibrium & 9 criticiz+ 8 own plans 9 ?is direction 9 ! light ( :at ,nature w\ld seem likely to d if %e _h to con/ruct a fly+ creature on su* a l>ge scale4 ,9 c>ry+ on 8 inve/igations 9 ! art z practic$ by ! birds1 he made a trip to ,jamaica dur+ ! e>ly weeks ( #aijj1 9 ord] to /udy ! species ( buzz>d :i* are s num]\s & tame !re & are kn[n locally z ! 8,john ,cr[40 ,aft] 8 return f ?is trip he wrote ! foll[+ v int]e/+ lett] to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,ridgway1 reque/+ c]ta9 data reg>d+ ! ,am]ican buzz>d1 :i* he wi%$ to comp>e ) "s data on ! 8,john ,cr[0 :i* he _h obta9$ on ?is trip3 ,,m>* #bi1 #aijj4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,ridgway3 ,i h j return$ f ,jamaica1 :]e among o!r occupations1 ,i h be5 /udy+ ! evolutions ( ! buzz>d locally call$ ! 8,john ,cr[10 a so>+ bird :i* is almo/ z mu* sup]ior 9 skill to our buzz>d z t is to a b>n-y>d f[l 9 its p[] ( keep+ itself 9 ! air )\t flapp+ its w+s1 9 :at is v ne>ly a calm4 ,i h obs]v$ p>ticul>ly ! foll[+ po9ts ) ! ,jamaica specim5 7:i* ,i c only give1 h[ev]1 approximately71 & ,i %\ld l to h y give correspond+ ones = our ,wa%+ton buzz>d if y c oblige me4 p#bhf ,i note "h t ! measurem5ts 7 made on a live bird & t x 0 impracticable to get ! sep>ate weight ( ! w+s except by e/imate1 b ! two w+s may be e/imat$ collectively z #a-a_/d lbs41 ! :ole weight be+ #b-c_/d lbs4 to #c lbs4 ,approximate values3 ,weight ( ! bird complete1 #c p\nds4 ,l5g? ( bird1 #bc in*es4 ,spread ( w+s f tip to tip1 #e ft4 #e 94 ,complete curtate area ( bo? w+s 7t is1 ! area ( ! %ad[ ( ! bird's w+s :5 ^! are fully ext5d$ "u a v]tical sun7 is #fjj squ>e in*es1 or ne>ly #d sq4 ft41 consequ5tly ea* squ>e foot ( ! bird's su/a9+ surface c>ries #c_/d lbs4 ,di$ral angle ne>ly #aej4 ,:5 ! bird is so>+ 9 a ne>ly calm atmosph]e1 :i* x inexplicably does1--so>+ ,i mean ne>ly 9 l9e ( ! obs]v]'s eyes & com+ directly to ( go+ directly away f him1--x pres5ts ne>ly ! foll[+ appe>ance3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,jamaica1 ,m*4 #bb1 #aijj4 8,john ,cr[40 ,sket* so>+ horizontally1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4 ,weight #c lbs4 ,total w+s area #edf 94 ,p]p5dicul> di/ance c bel[ a b #c4c 94 7#edf7_/g ,,cp#b;,,cg#b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,ano!r4 ,,cp#b;,,cg#b #c4c 94 7#edf7_/g4 ,,figs4 #a & #b4--,type sket*es ( w+s by ,holmes f a mean ( positions tak5 f 8 own sket*es & photographs1 & also f sket*es & photographs by ,langley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,type sket* ( same birds1 av]age type1 position ( w+s4--,s4 ,p4 ,langley ,,cp#b;,,cg#bc4f 94 7#edf7_/f4e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,av]age typical position ( w+s 9 so>+ gull4 ,f memory by ,s4 ,p4 ,langley4 7,! scale "h may be tak5 approximately at #a_/ac74 p#bhg ,i mu/ preface :at foll[s by a little /atem5t ( ! ?+s :i* p>ticul>ly int]e/ me "h & :i* are n a naturali/'s ord9>y conc]n4 ,fir/1 ,i want to "k ! ,,cg ( ! bird :5 9 flight4 ,y w und]/& t ?\gh !re is b "o c5t] ( gravity 7"h symboliz$ z ,,cg71 x may be consid]$ 7#a7 ) ref]5ce to its position on ! horizontal plan ( ! bird ) w+s ext5d$1 :5 x w always be f\nd some:]e 9 ! m$ial v]tical plane1 pass+ ?r\gh ! body1 & usually ne>ly at a c]ta9 po9t ) ref]5ce to l5g?1 ! position ?us consid]$ be+ call$ ,,cg1 or 7#b7 ! position ( ! same ,,cg ) ref]5ce to a v]tical plane pass+ transv]sely ?r\gh ! m$ial l9e1 ! position ?us consid]$ be+ call$ ,,cg#b4 ,9 ! latt] case y w und]/& t ! ,,cg :i* is t ( ! :ole body1 w+s & all1 w be c>ri$ m or less upw>d :5 ! w+s are ?r[n high up1 & w be c>ri$ tempor>ily d[nw>d :5 ! w+s are at _! l[e/ po9t ( ! /roke4 ,x w\ld h a c]ta9 position :5 ! bird 0 at re/ & ano!r position :5 x 0 so>+ & ! w+s 7 above ! body4 ,! so>+ bird is *iefly held upw>d by ! pressure ( ! air "u ea* w+1 & j z ! common c5t] ( gravity is a po9t :]e all ! ef=ts ( gravity are suppos$ to be c5t]$1 s !re is a common c5t] ( pressure1 or "o po9t :]e all ! ef=ts ( ! upp] pressure ( ! air may be suppos$ to be c5t]$1 & x w be cle>1 on v little consid]ation t ?is latt] po9t mu/ be always ne>ly 9 a v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! ,,cg1 & usually above x4 ,call x ,,cp4 ,,cg#a & ,,cp#a are !n1 ! symbols ( ,,cg & ,,cp z ref]r$ to ! horizontal plane4 ,,cg#b & ,,cp#b are ! symbols = ! correspond+ ones :5 ref]r$ to _! position 9 ! v]tical plane4 ,i %all be glad to expla9 to y1 if y are n famili> ) x1 ! simple me?od ( f9d+ ! ,,cg#a & ,,cg#b4 ,x consi/s 9 b5d+ ! w+s into j ! position t !y w\ld ord9>ily occupy above ! body 9 pla9 so>+ flight1 keep+ !m !re by a v light b5t /ick or wire1 !n hang+ ! bird up by a l9e atta*$ to ! tip ( "o w+1 & see :]e ?is l9e w\ld pass ?r\gh ! body ( ! bird1 = ! ,,cg w be some:]e 9 ?is l9e4 ,aft] m>k+ !n1 on ! body ( ! bird its position1 hang x up a second "t by ! head or tail & note aga9 :]e ! new v]tical l9e runs 9 ! new position4 ,!re is b "o ,,cg & b "o po9t 9 :i* two /raight l9es c cross1 & t w be ! ,,cg necess>ily4 ,note ) all c>e j :]e ?is is above or bel[ ! c5t] ( ! body ( ! bird4 ,z = ! ,,cp = ei!r w+1 t may be ne>ly f\nd by trac+ ! w+ on a flat piece ( ?ick pap] or c>dbo>d /rong en\gh n to b5d mu*--cutt+ out ! trac+ & balanc+ x well on ! po9t ( a p5cil--! po9t ab\t :i* x balances is v ne> ,,cp#b or ! c5t] ( pressure 9 ! v]tical plane4 ,!re is su* a po9t ( c\rse 9 ea* w+1 & :5 !y are ?r[n up 9 ! actual position t !y h 9 calm so>+ flight1 we may suppose a horizontal l9e drawn betwe5 !m1 & x is ! di/ance f ?is horizontal l9e to ,,cg#b comp>$ ) ! area ( ! w+s or ) ! di/ance betwe5 _! ext5d$ tips :i* we want to "k1 :i* gives ! v]tical di/ance :i* ! ,,cg is bel[ ! ,,cp1 ! ?+ we want to "k4 ,x w be v conv5i5t also to h a w+ dissect$ f ! body & ! w+ itself held 9 ab\t ! so>+ curve by a bit ( light /ick balanc$ on a p5cil po9t1 :i* w give ! ,,cg ( ! w+ z di/9ct f t ( ! body4 ,h[ev]1 ! ?ree ?+s ,i pr9cipally want1 beside a sket* or p#bhh photograph ( ! bird f ab\t its own level com+ directly t[>d or go+ directly away 9 so>+ flight1 are ^!3 ,approximate weight ( ! bird1--& approximate trac+ ( its ext5d$ w+ ) ! area1 s t we c tell ! area ( ! support+ surface relative to ! weight1 & f9ally1 ! di/ance betwe5 ,,cp#b1 & ,,cg#b1 :i* is obta9able by ! process :i* ,i h expla9$4 ,i am afraid t :at ,i h j be5 describ+ at su* l5g? may h a c]ta9 obscurity to y1 b if y w give me an opportunity1 ,i %all be pleas$ to illu/rate x ) ! actual exp]im5t :5 ! bird is hung up by a /r+1 & y w see t x is 9 reality simple4 ,ref]r+ to ! sket*es on page #c ( ?is communication1 a & b correspond to ! c5t]s ( pressure on ei!r w+ :]e ! upw>d pressure ( ! air di/ribut$ ov] ea* w+ may be suppos$ to be ga!r$ 9 a s+le po9t4 ,?is1 z ,i h said1 is call$ ! c5t] ( pressure ) ref]5ce to ! v]tical flight1 & its symbol is ,,cp#b1 :ile ! horizontal dott$ l9e betwe5 !m repres5ts ! level ( ,,cp#b1 f ! be/ e/imate t ,i c\ld make :5 ! w+s are 9 _! natural position ( so>+4 ,x is evid5t t ?is l9e pass$ f> above ! body ( ! vulture1 & if 7! correspond+ symbol = ! height ( ! c5t] ( gravity be+ ,,cg#b71 ! ,,cg#b1 ( ! entire bird be tak51 x w be f\nd to lie ne>ly 9 ! po9t c4 ,:]e c is 9 ! pres5t case1 ,i c\ld n det]m9e exactly 9 my ha/y exam9ations 9 ! live bird1 b ,i assume t x is ab\t #a_/b way betwe5 ! c5tral horizontal axial l9e ( ! bird's body & ! upp] portion4 ,i repeat t x is important to me to "k :at ! v]tical di/ance is betwe5 ,,cp#b & ,,cg#b 9 ea* specim5 ( so>+ bird4 ,i may obs]ve 9 illu/ration t 9 ! common sea-gull1 x is ne>ly z %[n 9 ! fa9t sket*2 t is to say1 t ! correspond+ l9e a b 9 ! so>+ gull passes di/9ctly ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! body1 & ! di/ance d[n to ! ,,cg#b ( ! :ole 9 ! gull is almo/ nil1 :ile 9 ! buzz>d x is v consid]able z %[n by ! correspond+ di/ance 9 ! 8,john ,cr[40 ,n[1 :at ,i want to get f y is ! correspond+ figures = an av]age specim5 ( our ,wa%+ton buzz>d4 ,if y w k9dly h "o kill$ & weigh$ :ile fre%1 & be=e ! rigor-mortis has set 91 fir/ not+ ! position ( its w+s :5 so>+ 9 a calm1 & 7if possible7 :5 com+ t[>d y or go+ away 9 ab\t a horizontal plane ) y\r eye1 9 :i* position ! w+s w be elevat$ & b5t some:at z 9 ! case ( ! above sket* ( ! 8,john ,cr[02 if y w k9dly d ?is1 s z to give me correspond+ facts ) ref]5ce to ! buzz>d1 namely weight1 area ( ext5d$ w+ surface1 di/ance betwe5 tips z b5t up 9 ord9>y flight1 di/ance betwe5 ext5d$ tips1 ! quantity ,,cp#b;,,cg#b1 & also w make su* a trac+ ( ! buzz>d's w+ z ,mr4 ,manly w %[ y ( ! 8,john ,cr['s10 ,i %all be oblig$4 ,my impression is t ! buzz>d is a consid]ably heavi] bird ?an ! 8,john ,cr[10 )\t1 h[ev]1 v mu* great] spread ( w+4 ,i may obs]ve t :5 ! w+s ( ! ,jamaica bird 7 spread out1 !y 7 spread q to _! utmo/ ext5t1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! tips ( ! t]m9al fea!rs 0 mu* great] ?an :5 9 flight4 ,i wi% y w\ld k9dly also add ! sci5tific "n ( ! 8,john ,cr[10 ) any p>ticul>s t y w\ld ?9k ( int]e/4 ,if !re be any special exp5ses incurr$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is memor&um1 includ+ ! "t ( a photograph]1 ,i w direct !m to be paid f ! ,smi?sonian fund4 p#bhi ,if y c\ld get ,mr4 ,holmes 7:o made mo/ ( ! sket*es & all ( ! photographs ( ! 8,john ,cr[071 to try & d some?+ l ?is = y\r buzz>d1 especially gett+ su* a photograph ( x 9 flight1 z w give ! position ( its c5t] ( gravity relative to ! c5t] ( pressure on ! w+s1 x w\ld add v greatly to ! value ( y\r memor&a1 & ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,holmes takes s full & intellig5t an int]e/ 9 ! subject1 t he might be pleas$ to give 8 help4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 ,secret>y4 ,,mr4 ,,rob]t ,,ridgway1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,curator1 ,division ( ,orni?ology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 response to ?is reque/1 ,mr4 ,ridgway submitt$ ! foll[+ v int]e/+ in=mation3 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] #af1 #aijj4 ,,pr(4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 ,secret>y1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor ( submitt+ h]e) ! data obta9$ by ,mr4 ,rolla ,p4 ,currie conc]n+ measurem5ts1 etc41 ( ! common ,turkey ,buzz>d 7,ca?>tes aura7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z reque/$ by y 9 y\r lett] ( ,m>* #bi1 la/4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( secur+ ^! data1 already expla9$ by me 9 previ\s communications1 are responsible = ! delay 9 submitt+ !m4 ,hop+ t ?is mat]ial may prove ( use to y1 ,i am1 ,v respectfully1 ,r4 ,,ridgway1 ,curator1 ,division ( ,birds4 ,,memor&a ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,turkey ,,buzz>d 7,,second ,,specim57 #a4 ,weight4--#ahej grammes4 #b4 ,area ( out/ret*$ w+s4--#fda squ>e in*es4 7,comput$ f ?ree %eets ( trac+s1 ,a#a & ,a#b compris+ ! entire area ( bo? w+s2 ,b1 a s+le w+47 ,note4--,z ! bird 0 9 process ( m\lt1 "o ( ! l>ge w+ quills1 z %[n by ! trac+s & compo-bo>d patt]ns1 is b p>tially develop$1 ?us slightly modify+ ! results obta9$4 ,its l5g?1 if full gr[n1 w\ld be ne>ly ! same z t ( ! quill j above x4 #c4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! tips ( ^! w+s4--#e feet1 #h4g in*es4 #d4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! tips ( ! same w+s :5 ! bird is 9 horizontal so>+ flight4--,e/imat+ ! dih$ral angle ( ! w+s to be #aej1 & elevat+ ! w+s s z to make ?is angle1 ! di/ance betwe5 _! tips p#bij measures #e feet1 #e4g in*es1 or #c in*es less ?an :5 fully ext5d$ 9 ! horizontal plane4 #e4 ,! position ( ! c5t] ( pressure ( ! w+4--,?is is indicat$ on two compo-bo>d patt]ns1 ,c & ,d4 ,c 0 made f a fully ext5d$ w+1 :ile ,d 0 made f ! w+ 9 ! so>+ position4 ,! c5t]s ( pressure ( ! w+s are ab\t #b feet1 #j4e in*es ap>t1 or #a foot1 #j4be in*es f ! c5tral po9t ( ! bird's body4 #f4 ,! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! so>+ bird4--7,l5g? ( buzz>d1 #bf in*es47 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ! so>+ buzz>d 9 ! horizontal plane1 ,,cg#a1 0 f\nd to lie #i-a_/b in*es beh9d ! tip ( ! beak & #af-a_/b in*es 9 front ( ! tip ( ! tail4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ! so>+ bird 9 ! v]tical plane1 ,,cg#b1 0 f\nd to lie #b4h in*es above ! v5tral po9t ( ! body & #a4f in*es bel[ ! dorsal po9t1 ! dep? ( ! bird's body at ,,cg#a1 be+ #d4d in*es4 ,9 det]m9+ ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! bird 0 froz5 9 ! so>+ position1 its w+s mak+ a dih$ral angle ( #aej4 ,x 0 !n hung up1 fir/ horizontally & !n v]tically1 & balanc$ till ! l9e f :i* x 0 susp5d$ co9cid$ ) a plumb-l9e plac$ 9 front ( x2 ! measurem5ts 7 !n made4 ,! bird 0 aft]w>ds1 & :ile /ill froz51 hung up 9 ! same way 9 ,mr4 ,smillie's photographic room1 & exposures made by him 9 bo? positions4 ,^! photographs1 ,e#a & ,f#a 7 enl>g$ to natural size1 & measurem5ts made on ! enl>gem5ts yield$1 z ne>ly z c\ld be det]m9$1 ! same results z :5 tak5 directly ^u ! bird4 ,z det]m9$ by measurem5ts ^u ! buzz>d 9 so>+ position1 ! c5t] ( gravity 0 f\nd to be #b4fe in*es bel[ ! c5t] ( pressure 7e/imat+ ! c5t] ( pressure to be at ! b5d ( ! w+72 or1 employ+ ! compo-bo>d patt]n 9 a correspond+ position1 ! di/ance 0 se5 to be a small fraction ( an in* less4 #g4 ,! position ( ! root ( ! w+4--,?is is indicat$ on ! trac+ ,a#a4 a4 7,dep? ( ! body on a v]tical l9e ) root1 #c4e in*es47 ,! root lies #a4f in*es bel[ dorsal l9e1 #a4i in*es above v5tral l9e4 b4 7,l5g? ( body1 #bf in*es47 ,! root lies #g4f in*es beh9d tip ( beak1 #ah4d in*es 9 front ( tip ( tail4 #h4 ,! dih$ral angle betwe5 ! w+s4--,! photographs tak5 previ\sly 7 n suffici5tly l>ge or di/9ct to enable u to det]m9e ?is ) exactness4 ,x 0 e/imat$1 h[ev]1 z #aej1 & exp]im5ts 7 made on ?is basis4 #i4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ! dissect$ w+4--,?is 0 f\nd1 fir/1 = ! w+ hav+ all ! muscles1 up to ! ball & socket jo9t1 intact4 ,"o ( ! w+s 0 froz5 9 ! so>+ position & its c5t] ( gravity f\nd by balanc+ on a po9t4 ,its position 0 m>k$ by a wire ?ru/ ?r\gh ! w+ at ?is place1 & ! w+ 7,h7 is pres]v$ 9 =mal94 ,?is position is also m>k$ on a special trac+1 ,i4 ,x lies #f in*es f ! base ( ! hum]us bone 7root ( w+74 ,secondly1 x 0 f\nd = ! w+ d5ud$ ( all muscle4 ,its position 0 m>k$ on ! o!r w+ ( ! bird1 :i* is pres]v$ dry1 spread 9 ! so>+ position4 ,x lies #i-c_/d in*es f ! base ( ! hum]us4 p#bia #aj4 ,! weight ( ! dissect$ w+4-- a4 ,) all muscle up to ! ball & socket jo9t intact1 #cbe grammes4 b4 ,) all muscle remov$1 #aij grammes4 ,weight ( muscle1 !re=e1 #ace grammes4 ,! position ( ! root ( ! tail4-- a4 ,9 ! horizontal plane1 #aa4h in*es 9 front ( ! tip ( ! longe/ tail fea!r2 #ad4b in*es beh9d tip ( beak4 b4 ,9 ! v]tical plane3 7dep? ( body f v5tral po9t bel[ root ( tail to a po9t directly above1 :i* is on a level ) ! highe/ po9t ( ! back1 #b4e in*es47 #a4e in*es above v5tral po9t1 #a in* bel[ dorsal po9t4 ,weight ( tail4--,) muscle1 #dj grammes2 )\t muscle1 #cj grammes4 ,weight ( muscle1 !re=e1 #aj grammes4 ,,exhibits ,,accompany+ ,,^! ,,memor&a ,illu/ration3 ,,exhibit ,e#a4--,turkey ,buzz>d susp5d$ 9 so>+ position4 7,r4 ,p4 ,currie47 ,a#a & ,a#b4 ,two %eets1 compris+ a trac+ ( ! entire turkey buzz>d ) fully out/ret*$ w+s4 ,f ^! ! area ( ! w+s & ! di/ance betwe5 _! tips 0 obta9$4 ,! position ( ! root ( ! w+ & ! root ( ! tail is also m>k$ on "o ( ^! %eets4 ,b4 ,"o %eet1 compris+ a trac+ ( a s+le w+1 & f :i* ! area 0 also comput$4 ,?is area1 multipli$ by #b1 gives ! same result z ! sum ( bo? w+s on ,a#a & ,a#b4 ,! compo-bo>d patt]n ,c 0 made f ?is trac+4 ,c4 ,compo-bo>d patt]n ( fully ext5d$ w+1 on :i* ! c5t] ( pressure is indicat$4 ,d4 ,compo-bo>d patt]n ( w+ 9 so>+ position1 on :i* ! c5t] ( pressure is %[n4 p#bib ,e#a4 ,photograph ( bird 9 so>+ position1 susp5d$ horizontally4 ,e#b4 ,same1 enl>g$ to natural size4 ,f#a4 ,photograph ( bird 9 so>+ position1 susp5d$ v]tically4 ,f#b4 ,same1 enl>g$ to natural size4 ,g4 ,trac+ ( w+ 9 so>+ position1 f :i* ! compo-bo>d patt]n ,d 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exhibit ,f#a4--,turkey ,buzz>d susp5d$ v]tically 9 so>+ position4 7,r4 ,p4 ,currie47 ,h4 ,w+ pres]v$ 9 =mal91 on :i* ! c5t] ( gravity is record$4 ,i4 ,trac+ ( w+ ,h :5 froz5 9 so>+ position1 on :i* ! c5t] ( gravity is m>k$4 ,j4 ,w+ ) muscle remov$1 on :i* ! c5t] ( gravity is %[n4 ,sev]al p]sons connect$ ) ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum h contribut$ t[>ds secur+ ! results h]e) submitt$4 ,among !m1 ,i desire especially to m5tion ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 ,mr4 p#bic ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,r4 ,wood1 & ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,re$4 ,mr4 ,holmes sup]9t5d$ ! exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ,no4 #f 7f9d+ ! bird's c5t] ( gravity71 & by 8 sugge/ions & criticisms help$ me 9 _m o!r p>ticul>s4 ,! photographs & enl>gem5ts 7 made by ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,smillie4 ,respectfully submitt$1 ,,rolla ,p4 ,,currie1 ,aid1 ,division ( ,insects1 act+ 9 ! ,division ( ,birds4 ,,octob] #af1 #aijj4 ,! feats ( airman%ip p]=m$ by ! 8,john ,cr[0 seem$ to greatly impress ,mr4 ,langley & %ortly aft] ?is trip he wrote ! foll[+ lett] to ! writ]3 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #af1 #aijj4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,manly3 ,i am rem9d$ ( ! consequ5ce t ,i h1 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,*anute & p]haps ,mr4 ,huffak]1 atta*$ 9 ! pa/ to ! possibility ( direct+ ! bird1 & consequ5tly ! fly+ ma*9e1 by ! m]e inflection ( ! w+1 t is1 by *ang+ its angle2 & y recall to me t ,mr4 ,huffak] at "o "t propos$ to arrange a w+1 ) "s provision ( a spr+1 :i* %\ld enable x to *ange its angle automatically4 4 4 4 4 ,i h be5 not+ ?is ability to guide by ! slight inflection ( ! w+1 9 my /udies ( ! ,jamaica buzz>d1 & am ready to say t ,i ?9k1 :ile ! qu>t]-siz$ work+ model ( ! great a]odrome is build+1 x w be wor? :ile to make "s arrangem5t ( ! frame or w+-hold] :i* w make x possible to te/ ?is idea4 ,i w endeavor to "w out some?+ ( ! k9d m 9 detail myself1 b :atev] x is1 x w app>5tly involve ! ability ( ! w+ to rotate ab\t a l9e pass+ ne>ly ?r\gh x l5g?wise1 & an all[ance = ?is2 if n 9 ! w+ itself1 !n 9 ! w+-hold]2 w ne$ to be made :ile ! pres5t model is "u con/ruction4 ,i w reque/ y to especially look out = ?is1 z f> z y c on ^! indications4 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 ,secret>y4 ,! in/ructions & sugge/ions conta9$ 9 ?is lett] & 9 _m conf]5ces on ! subject 7 nev] c>ri$ out by ! writ]1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme pressure ( ! "w already on him :i* _h = its object1 n ! production ( a fly+ ma*9e :i* w\ld embody all ( ! control :i* we wi%$ x to h1 b :i* w\ld be burd5$ only ) su* devices & arrangem5ts z w\ld enable x to transport a human be+1 & ?us demon/rate ! practicability ( human flight4 p#bid ,,secret>y ,,langley',s ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,assi/ants ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahie4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,! foll[+ in/ructions are to replace ^? ( ,may #ac1 #ahie3 #a4 ,! m9imum fraction ( its own 8fly+ weight0 7t is1 weight complete ) initial wat] & fuel71 :i* ! a]odrome %all lift on ! p5dulum1 is #ej p]c5t1#ej "u su* eng9e p[] z c c]ta9ly be gott5 up 9 ! field & ma9ta9$ dur+ =ty seconds f ! "t ! a]odrome is let g4 ,! bla/1 ! pumps1 & all o!r ess5tial p>ts mu/1 9 o!r words1 be 9 su* a condition t /eam en\gh = ?is lift+ ov] #ej p] c5t ( weight c be gott5 up readily & surely 9 ! field & 9 a "t :i* w /ill leave at lea/ =ty seconds' supply4 #b4 ,! m9imum relation ( support+ area to weight 9 any a]odrome con/ruct$ h]eaft]1 is to be two feet to ! p\nd1#ej & ! m9imum ( p[] at ! rate ( "o /eadily-ma9ta9$ horse p[]#ej at ! brake "u ord9>y conditions1 to n ov] tw5ty-two p\nds 7t5 kilos7 ( fly+ weight4 ,9 abs5ce ( a brake det]m9ation horse p[] may be tak5-- ,h4 ,p4 7revs4 p] m94 at re/ pit* diamet] 79 ft47 ?ru/ 79 lbs477 _/ #cc1jjj4 ,^! rules d n apply to ,no4 #e1 b !y d to ,no4 #f1 :i* is to be built ov]1 if necess>y1 to meet !m4 #c4 ,9 balanc+ an a]odrome1 unless o!rwise in/ruct$1 set w+s at a root angle ( ei!r #aj1 #g1 or #e1 aft] be+ c]ta9 f previ\s inv]sion & s&+1 t ! tip angle 9 motion w n diff] f ?is root angle z mu* z #e4 ,! object 9 balanc+ any a]odrome ) a s+le pair ( w+s is to be able to br+ ! c g#b "u _! c p#b )\t any ref]5ce to ! tail1 :i* supports no?+1 unless specially ord]$4 ,b z ?is condition _c n[ be obta9$ 9 ,nos4 #e & #f1 ^! at any rate1 & p]haps future a]odromes1 are to c>ry a second pair ( w+s4 ,:5 ?is second pair ( w+s is ( ne>ly equal size ) ! fir/ x is to be assum$ 9 prelim9>y adju/m5ts = weight & c5t] ( pressure1 t ! second pair has two-?irds ! lift+ effici5cy p] unit area ( ! fir/4 ,call+ ! :ole di/ance f ! mean c5t] ( pressure ( ! w+s to ! c5t] ( gravity ,m4 ,m is to h a def9ite relation to ! bread? ( p#bie w+s f tip to tip 7b7 & total =e & aft l5g? 7#a71 :i* is provisionally fix$ at ,m 7bl7_/#h1 & ! l9e ( ?ru/ is to be n ov] "o-f\r? ! way f c p#b to c g#b4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! front pair ( w+s w be fix$ 9 position & ! adju/m5t = balanc+ made by mov+ ! re> pair4 ,! individual weights ( all p>ts *eck$ by lump weigh+ are to be giv5 by ! c>etak] 7,mr4 ,huffak]71 "u ! g5]al s*eme %[n 9 ! note4 ,! "w on ! a]odromes be+ divid$ into two classes1 viz43 metal "w & all :i* is n metal1 ! two 9 *>ge ( ?is "w 7,mr4 ,re$ & ,mr4 ,maltby7 are sev]ally responsible = kn[+ ! weight 9 grammes ( any ( ! p>ts !y h put into _! "w1 giv+ ^! weights to ,mr4 ,huffak]1 toge!r ) any data = fill+ out ! annex$ tables1#ea on 8 reque/4 ,until fur!r ord]s1 ,mr4 ,huffak] is *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( see+ t ^! conditions are met be=e any a]odrome is box$1 & w keep ! record ( weights ( ! a]odromes & _! pr9cipal p>ts z already complet$1 9 a book1 to be pres]v$ 9 y\r keep+1 :i* w also be arrang$ to %[ ) sign$ photographs & descriptions1 & ) sket*es :]e ne$$1 ! condition & weight 7z f> z con/ruct$7 ( e a]odrome1 & ( any new con/ruction ( any "p1 on ! fir/ ( ea* mon?4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is direct$ to ! prec$+ p>agraph1 & to ! ne$ t evid5ce ( a def9ite "* is to be obta9$ & pres]v$ ( ev]y?+ already done1 & be+ done4 ,)\t special ord]s to ! contr>y1 y w n au?orize ! box+ ( any a]odrome :i* does n1 to y\r k1 meet ^! conditions4 ,ea* a]odrome is to h ! foll[+ p>ts 9 duplicate or 9 triplicate3 #b pairs w+s2 #b pairs tails2 #b pairs light silk cov]$ rudd]s2 #c pairs :eels2 ) any o!r p>ts 9 duplicate or triplicate1 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be necess>y4 ,mr4 ,re$ w n box any a]odrome till a c]tificate f ,mr4 ,huffak] c be put on ! inside cov]1 ) ! li/ ( cont5ts1 %[+ :at ! conditions are z to weight1 w+ area1 p[]1 etc41 & ! p]son 9 ! field *>g$ ) ! duty ( laun*+ ! a]odrome 7at pres5t ,mr4 ,re$71 is au?oriz$ n to let x g unless he is satisfi$ t x has a full =ty seconds' supply ( /eam4 p#bif ,i am satisfi$ t a great deal ( "t is lo/ 9 putt+ ! a]odrome toge!r = flight1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any prelim9>y drill 9 do+ ?is4 ,be=e x goes into ! field ! :ole is to be completely box$1 & !n tak5 out f ! box & set up on ! clut*1 & /eam gott5 up = flight4 ,all ?is is to be done 9 ! %op be=e ! f9al box+1 & provision is to be made s t no wir+ or adju/+ ( p>ts is to be done 9 ! field :i* c possibly be avoid$ by =e?\ght 9 ! %op4 ,! tail-piece1 = in/ance1 is to be bu%$ ) brass1 s t x w always come into ! same place1 & make a tight fit1 9 spite ( wett+ or %r9k+1 9 ! /eel tube1 :]e x is to g into a guide-way ) a bayonet spr+1 or a l contrivance = sett+ x at once securely into position4 ,! mean positions ( ! w+s & tail are to be laid out 9 "s way p]man5tly on ! mid-rod1 b e guy-rod or adju/able piece is to be arrang$ s z to fit at once securely & p]man5tly 9 its position )\t wir+ or l sl[ process4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 ,secret>y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,w9lock1 ,esq41 ,assi/ant 9 ,*>ge1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,a copy to be communicat$ to3-- ,mr4 ,huffak]1 ,mr4 ,re$1 ,mr4 ,maltby4 ,,footnotes4 #cg 8,! ,fly+ ,ma*9e0 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahig4 #ch ,"o not$ a/ronom] & ma!matician re-affirm$ ?is op9ion z late z #aijj & ev5 /at$ t man c\ld n hope to con/ruct a fly+ ma*9e capable ( su/a9+ a weight z great z our l>ge/ birds1 kn[+ t ev5 at t "t ! model ,a]odromes ,nos4 #e & #f _h already done m ?an ?is4 #ci ,^! w+s are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 pp4 #aia4 #dj ,see 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics40 ,x w be recall$ t 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! 8plane-dropp]0 !re 0 a greatly r$uc$ lift+ p[] ) sup]pos$ planes :5 _! di/ance ap>t 0 "o-half ! wid? ! planes1 unless a spe$ ( ab\t #db4e feet a second 0 obta9$4 ,9 ! above te/s ) ! sup]pos$ w+s1 ! spe$ 0 only f tw5ty to tw5ty-two feet a second at ! "t ( laun*+1 & z ! di/ance betwe5 ! surfaces 0 only "o-half z great z _! wid?1 x is n surpris+ t ! lift+ p[] %\ld n be z great z ) ! 8s+le-ti]0 w+s4 #da ,9 fact ! sett+ ( ! tail at a negative angle & fa/5+ x to ! frame by an ela/ic or spr+ connection 0 only begun 9 #ahif1 & :ile x prov$ to be ! key to ! solution ( ! problem ( automatic longitud9al /ability1 yet x 0 n at t "t s recogniz$1 al?\gh ! fir/ real te/ ( ! a]odromes aft] ! ela/ic connection & negative angle ( ! tail 7 adopt$ result$ 9 ! epo*-mak+ flight ( ,no4 #e on ,may #f4 ,by comp>+ ! angle ( ! tail on ,no4 #e 9 ,plate #bg;,a1 ,"p ,i1 ) ! angle ( ! tail on ,no4 #f 9 ,plate #bg;,b1 ,"p ,i1 x w be se5 t :ile ! fir/ _h an angle ( mu* less ?an #e degrees1 ! latt] _h an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees4 ,b ! wood5 spr+s *ang$ s t x 0 n accurately kn[n :at ! angle really 0 at ! "t at ei!r flight 9 #ahif4 #db ,! draw+s1 ,plate #ee1 :i* illu/rate _m ( ! fitt+s us$ on ! frame1 %[ ! guy-wires z atta*$ by means ( loops twi/$ 9 _! ends1 ^! draw+s hav+ be5 made be=e ! f9al plan ( atta*+ ! wires _h be5 devis$4 #dc ,see explanation ( sy/em ( locat+ po9ts 9 ,"p ,i1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 p4 #ae4 #dd ,see ,balanc+ ( ,eng9es1 by ,ar*ibald ,%>pe4 #de ,except = a t5 m9ute /op to r5ew ! supply ( lubricat+ oil & *ange ! sp>k+ batt]ies4 #df ,see foot-note1 page #bdi4 #dg ,! weight 0 aft]w>ds increas$ to #hej p\nds due to repair+ ! w+s & add+ m sp>k+ batt]ies4 #dh ,see ,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics1 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 #bg1 ,wa%+ton #ahia4 #di ,rese>*es & ,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]ial ,navigation1 ,smi?sonian ,publication ,no4 #ahji1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh4 #ej ,all ^! m9imum p]missible conditions are connect$ by ! tacit assumption t ! support+ area is n greatly ov] #b ft4 to ! p\nd ( weight4 ,if = in/ance ! weight 7 increas$ by l>g] w+s or m w+s1 furni%+ a mu* great] support+ area p] p\nd1 ^! conditions w\ld n necess>ily apply4 #ea ,^! tables 7 lat] designat$ z 8,data ,%eets40 ,sev]al copies1 ) ! data duly ent]$ on !m1 are giv5 9 ?is app5dix1 & ! =m :i* ,mr4 ,langley includ$ 9 ?is lett] is !re=e n repeat$ "h4--,,editor4 p#big ,,data ,,%eets4 ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #a4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 z photograph$ on ,may #aa1 #ahif4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,r4 ,l4 ,re$1 ,may #f1 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #bddc #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #aaaj #c ,pump1 pump %aft #bca #d ,hull cov]+ #cej #e ,gasol9e tanks1 valves #agh #f ,smoke/ack #cdb #g ,float #bge #h ,reel #gg #i ,w+ clamps1 #bce2 clamp = guy-po/s1 #bi #bfd #aj ,o!r ?+s1 c\nt] #ge #aa ,burn]s #cfj #ab ,boil]s #fea #ac ,sep>ators1 /eam gauge1 pipe to eng9e #edj #ad ,exhau/ pipe #adc #ae #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 #aiej #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp7 #ai ,rudd] #cej #bj ,guy /icks1 ea*1 #eg #aad #ba ,propell]s #hjj #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod1 #cjh2 drop piece = rudd]1 #dj #cdh #bc ,wood ,b[sprit #gd #bd ,o!r ?+s #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #bjj #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #ijj #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #aa1gge #bf #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #fh #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #b4f #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #f #db ,horse-p[] at brake4 ,horse-p[] by =mula99 4#gb #g #dc ,m9imum pressure dur+ #dj secs4 lift1 #aej lbs4 #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ #dj secs4 absolute7 #eggb #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ #dj secs4 9 t]ms ( wt47 #di #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn1 #aj lbs4 #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s ,f4 ,w41 #aege2 ,r4 ,w41 #achc4e #dh ,"t ( gett+ up full /eam1 #a m9ute #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a_/aa #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #i #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #i #ec ,position ( w+s1 ,front rib on ,f4 ,w41 #afjg2 ,r4 ,w41 #adae4e #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail #fa ,position ( rudd]1 c5t]1 #abhh4c2 re> end1 #abbi4h #fb ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #bejj #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj :i* is #i cm4 bel[ ! c5t] ( midrod #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole1 #adig #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #beja1 i4 e41 #a cm4 above l9e ( ?ru/ #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate1 #adih #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b1 #becf #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front end ( b[sprit1 #afhf4c4 #b ,front end ( midrod1 #afaa4f4 #e ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #afjg4 #h ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aege4 #aa ,back edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aebg4 #ad ,back edge ( cross frame1 #aeji4 #ag ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #ba ,c4 ( ,g41 #adig4 #bd ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adae4e4 #bg ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #achc4e4 #cj ,end ( mid-rod1 #acfj4e4 #cc ,front end ( rudd]1 #acdc4h4 #cf ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acce4e4 #ci ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abhh4c4 #da ,back end ( rudd]1 #abbi4h4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#bih ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #b4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,r4 ,l4 ,re$1 ,novemb] #bg & #bh1 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- m4 ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$- plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #aagh #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #ajdc #c ,pump1 pump %aft #aij #d ,hull cov]+ #cde #e ,gasol9e tanks1 valves #cjf #f ,smoke/ack1 #cjb2 burn]1 #agb #dgd #g ,float #bge #h ,reel #gg #i ,w+ clamps1 #bch2 drop piece = rudd]1 #bgh #dj #aj ,o!r ?+s #aef #aa ,boil]1 frames1 mica cov] #fid #ab ,sep>ator1 /eam gauge1 pipe to eng9es #ece #ac ,exhau/ pipe #hb #ad #ae #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp71 wet #baed #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp7 #ai ,rudd] #cge #bj ,guy /icks1 ea* #ec #ajf #ba ,propell]s #fdd #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod #cih #bc ,wood b[sprit #ace #bd ,c\nt] #ge #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #bej #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #bcej #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ab1abj #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ #ed tail7 sq4 ft4 #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #b #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 4#f #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 4#f #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc ,m9imum /eam pressure dur+ #dj secs4 #acj lift #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute #g1baa absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #aj #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh ,"t ( gett+ up full /eam1 #ge secs4 #di ,angle ( midrod ) horizon1 #b #ag #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ah1 #a_/d f front #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #cj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #cj #ec ,position ( w+s #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/ #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole1 #adhc4h #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b1 #bdhb #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate1 #adhg #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b1 #bebj #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front end ( b[sprit1 #agig4 #b ,c5t] ( float 9 fir/ trial1 ,nov4 #f ,front end ( midrod1 #afac4g4 #i ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeie4g4 #ab ,c5t] ( float 9 flight1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahif1 #aege4h4 #af ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aefc4g4 #ai ,back edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeae4g4 #bb ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #bf ,c4 ( ,g41 #adhd4d 7old ,c4 ( ,g41 #adhf4c74 #bi ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adjf4 #cb ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgd4 #ce ,end ( midrod1 #acea4c #ch ,front end ( rudd]1 #accd4e4 #da ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acbf4 #dc ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abgi4 #df ,back end ( rudd]1 #abbj4e4 #di ,re$ w+s1 #hj cm4#ahe cm4 9 rectangle4 #ec ,weight 9 %op1 #aihb g4 #ef ,on day ( flight !y weigh$ #baed g4 because !y 7 damp4 #fj ,area #ed sq4 ft4 #fc ,spread ( w+s1 #cei cms4 or #aa #i-c_/h4 #fg ,weight ( a]odrome 9 flight1 #ab1abj grs4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 ,?is is und\bt$ly incorrect1 z if x 7 true1 ! ,c4 ,g4 w\ld be j at ! c5t] ( ! sep>ator1 & ?is w\ld be impossible4 ,mr4 ,re$ /ates t ! ,c4 ,g4 0 #b cm4 bel[ ! side frame1 & if ?is is correct1 we w\ld h ,c4 ,g4 #bdhf4 p#bii ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #c4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,june #g1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #bhfg #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #c ,pump1 #abc2 pump %aft1 #di #agb #d ,hull cov]+1 includ+ apron & piece beh9d sep>ator #bgd #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #aad2 air valve1 #af #big #f ,smoke/ack1 #cai2 c\nt]1 #ie2 burn]1 #afe #fgi #g ,float1 #bge2 pipe f pump to boil]1 #dj #cae #h ,reel1 ) =k & float #abh #i ,w+ clamps1 #ahh2 guy-po/ clamps1 #bab #bd #aj ,boil]1 #gfd2 /eam gauge & connections1 #gi #hdc #aa ,front l[] be>+ po/1 #ge2 clut* po/1 #eh2 re> be>+ po9ts1 #bhh #aee #ab ,sep>ator & pipes lead+ to eng9es & pump #ejb #ac ,drop piece = rudd]1 #eg2 #ge guy-po/ = rudd]1 #ah #ad #ae #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 #bjgg #ah ,sup]pos$ w+s1 #cddh #ai ,rudd] #cbc #bj ,guy /icks1 ea* #ec #ajf #ba ,propell]s #fbj #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod #cgg #bc ,wood b[sprit #abh #bd ,canvas keel1 #cf2 rudd]1 #gf #aab #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #age #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #aebe #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #aa1iie #bf4dd #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #ed #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #b4jd #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #i4e #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #g4ge #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dj f front #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ah #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s--front edge ( front w+1 #aeie4g2 ( re> w+1 #adjf4e #ed ,h[ guy$--) wires f w+ to w+ on top & to guy-po/ on bottom #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( c5t] ( rudd]1 #abgi4e #ei ,angle ( tail1 #aj #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole1 #adhd4d #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front edge ( b[sprit1 #agjb4g4 ,weight #bhfg gm4 = "p #a includes also "p #b4 #b ,c5t] ( float ) small w9d vane rudd]1 #afbh4i4 #f ,front edge ( midrod1 #afac4g4 #i ,c5t] ( float ) small rudd] (f1 #afji4b4 #ab ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeie4g4 #ae ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aefc4g4 #ah ,back edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeae4g4 #ba ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #be ,c4 ( ,g41 #adhd4d4 #bh ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adjf4e4 #ca ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgd4e4 #cd ,end ( midrod1 #acea4h4 #cg ,front end ( rudd]1 #acce4 #ci ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acbf4e4 #db ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abgi4e4 #de ,back end ( rudd]1 #abba4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjj ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #d4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ,sup]pos$ ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,june #ac1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #bhfg #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #c ,pump1 #abc2 pump %aft1 #di #agb #d ,hull cov]+1 includ+ apron & piece beh9d sep>ator #bgd #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #aad2 air valve1 #af #big #f ,smoke/ack1 #cai2 c\nt]1 #ie2 burn]1 #agj #ehd #g ,float #cae #h ,reel1 ) =k & float #abh #i ,w+ clamps1 #ahh2 guy-po/ clamps1 #bd #bab #aj ,boil]1 #gfd2 /eam gauge & connections1 #gi #hdc #aa ,front be>+ po9t1 #ge2 clut* po/1 #eh2 re> be>+ po9ts1 #aee #bhh #ab ,sep>ator & pipes to eng9es & pump #ejb #ac ,drop piece & guy-po/ = rudd] #ge #ad #ae #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp71 #bjgg2 sup]pos$ w+s #cddh #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp7 #ai ,rudd] #cbc #bj ,guy /icks #ajf #ba ,propell]s #fbj #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod #cgg #bc ,wood b[sprit #abh #bd ,canvas keel1 #cf #cf #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #age #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #aebe #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ac1bge #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #hg4d #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 #i4e ft4 #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 #g4ge sq4 ft4 #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s1 #dj f front #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ah #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s--front edge ( front w+1 #aei #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail1 #g-a_/b #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #abdj grammes at c5t] to deflect to ! horizontal #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole1 #adhd4d #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front edge ( b[sprit1 #agjb4g4 ,weight #bhfg gm4 includes p>ts #b4 #b ,c5t] ( float )\t small w9d vane rudd]1 #afff4a4 7,c5t] ( float ) w9d vane rudd] on1 #afbg47 #h ,front edge ( midrod1 #afac4g4 #aa ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aehe4 #ac ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aefc4g4 #af ,re> edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeca4g4 #ai ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #bc ,c4 ( ,g41 #adhd4d4 #bf ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acie4h4 #bi ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgd4e4 #cb ,end ( midrod1 #acea4h4 #ce ,front end ( rudd]1 #acce4 #ch ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acdb4e4 #dj ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abgi4e4 #dc ,back end ( rudd]1 #abba4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cja ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #e4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,june #bb1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 7b[sprit1 #gh;g7 #bhfg #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #c ,pump1 #abc2 pump %aft1 #di #agb #d ,hull cov]+1 includ+ apron & piece beh9d sep>ator #bgd #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #agd2 air valve1 #af #ceg #f ,smoke/ack1 #cai2 c\nt]1 #ie2 burn]1 #agj #ehd #g ,float #cae #h ,reel1 ) =k & float #abh #i ,w+ clamps1 #ahh2 guy-po/ clamps1 #bd #bab #aj ,boil]1 #gfd2 /eam gauge & connections1 #gi #hdc #aa ,front be>+ po/1 #ge2 clut*-po/1 #eh #acc #ab ,re> be>+ po9ts #aee #ac ,sep>ator & pipes to eng9es & pump #ejb #ad ,drop piece & guy-po/s1 #ah2 = rudd]1 #eg #ge #ae #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 #bjgg #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp7 #ai ,rudd] #cbc #bj ,guy /icks #ajf #ba ,propell]s #fbj #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod #cgg #bc ,wood b[sprit #abh #bd ,o!r ?+s #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #age #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #aebe #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #aa1idh #bf4c #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #ed #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #i4e #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #g4ge #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dj f front #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ah #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail1 #g #cj #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #abdj grammes at c5t] to deflect to ! horizontal #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front edge ( b[sprit1 #afhe4g4 ,weight #bhfg gm4 includes ,p>ts #b4 #b ,back edge ( cyl9drical "p ( float1 #afjf4e #e ,front edge ( midrod1 #afac4g4 #h ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeie4g4 #aa ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aefc4g4 #ad ,back edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aeae4g4 #ag ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #ba ,c4 ( ,g41 #adhd4d4 #bd ,front edge ,r4 ,w41 #adjf4e4 #bg ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgd4e4 #cj ,end ( midrod1 #acea4h4 #cc ,front end ( rudd]1 #acce4 #cf ,back edge ,r4 ,w41 #acbf4e4 #ch ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abgi4e4 #da ,back end ( rudd]1 #abba4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjb ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #f4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,june #bc1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #cjej #b ,eng9e #dfd #c ,pump1 #ccd2 pump %aft1 #ee #chi #d ,hull cov]+ #cih #e ,gasol9e tanks1 air tanks1 valves1 etc4 #cdh #f ,smoke/ack #cgc #g ,float1 #bge2 drop piece = rudd]1 #eg2 guy-po/1 #ah #cej #h ,reel1 #abh2 /eam gauge1 #ha #bji #i ,w+ clamps1 #bjj2 guy-po/ clamps1 #cb #bcb #aj ,boil]1 #gfd2 burn]1 #agj2 c\nt]1 #ie #ajbi #aa ,re> ext5sion to midrod #agd #ab ,sep>ator & pipes to eng9e & pump #ejb #ac ,exhau/ pipe #hd #ad ,front l[] be>+ po9t1 #hd2 clut* po/1 #da #abe #ae ,re> be>+ po9ts1 #adf2 extra /r5g!n]s1 #cb #agh #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 #bcdb #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp7 #ai ,rudd] #cbb #bj ,guy /icks1 ea* #ef #aab #ba ,propell]s #hcg #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod at front #abi #bc ,wood b[sprit #acb #bd ,o!r ?+s #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7#cge at />t+ flight7 #bjj #bh ,wat] 7#bajj at />t+ flight7 #faf 9 boil] #adjj #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ac1cgj #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #fh #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #f4id #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #g4fd #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail1 #g #cj #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front end ( midrod1 #afaa4e4 #b ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #afji4g4 #e ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aegg4g4 #h ,back edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aebi4g4 #aa ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #ae ,c4 ( ,g41 #adid4f4 #ah ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adaa4g4 #ba ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgi4g4 #bd ,re> end ( midrod1 #acfj4c4 #bg ,re> end ( ,r4 ,w41 #acca4g4 99 ,h4,p 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjc ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #g4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,july #ab1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = ge>s1 clut*1 %afts1 etc4 #cjej #b ,eng9e #dfd #c ,pump1 #ccd2 pump %aft1 ) ge> & ecc5tric & end rod1 #ee #chi #d ,hull ,cov]+1 #bfd2 apron #aae2 piece beh9d sep>ator1 #ai #cih #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #afe2 air valve1 #af #cdh #f ,smoke/ack1 #caj2 piece to protect midrod1 #fc #cgc #g ,float1 #bge2 drop piece = rudd]1 #eg2 guy-po/1 #ah #cej #h ,reel1 =k & float1 #abh2 /eam gauge ) pipe1 #ha #bji #i ,w+ clamps1 #bjj2 guy-po/ clamps1 #cb #bcb #aj ,boil]1 #gfd2 burn]1 #agj2 c\nt]1 #ie #ajbi #aa ,re> ext5sion to midrod #agd #ab ,sep>ator & pipes to eng9e & pump #ejb #ac ,exhau/ pipe1 #hd #hd #ad ,front l[] be>+ po9t1 #hd2 clut* po/1 #da #abe #ae ,re> be>+ po9ts1 #adf2 extra /r5g!n]s1 #cb #agh #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 7#bahj 9 #ahif7 #bcdb #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp72 "p ( rudd] #ai ,rudd] r$uc$ 7,no4 #b or new "o1 #bii7 #cbb #bj ,guy /icks1 ea* #ef #aab #ba ,propell]s 7#ie cms42 wood1 #hcg2 #ie cms4 canvas1 #edh7 #hcg #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod 7front71 #abi #abi #bc ,wood b[sprit 7complete71 #acb #acb #bd ,o!r ?+s #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7#cge at />t+ flight7 #bjj #bh ,wat] 7#bajj at />t+ flight7 #faf 9 boil] #adjj #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ac1cgi #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #fh #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 #f4id ft4 #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #g4fd #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ab #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail1 #g #cj #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #abdj grammes at c5t] ( rudd] to br+ x to a horizontal2 #dij grammes at po9t same di/ance f front end ( rudd] z l5g? ( rudd] ( #ahif1 to br+ to horizontal #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front end ( b[sprit1 #agjj4e4 ,front end ( midrod #afaa4e4 #c ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #afji4g4 #f ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aegg4g4 #i ,re> edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aebi4g4 #ab ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s #aejj4 #af ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adaa4g4 #ai ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgi4g4 #bb ,end ( midrod1 #acfj4c4 #be ,front end ( rudd]1 #acdc4e4 #bh ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acca4g4 #ca ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abhh4 #cd ,back end ( rudd]1 #abbi4e4 99 ,h4,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7 _/ #ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on a pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f ! front to ! re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+ h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjd ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #h4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,july #ai1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #ceef #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #dgf #c ,pump1 pump %aft #chi #d ,hull cov]+1 #bfd2 apron1 #aae2 piece beh9d sep>ator1 #ai #cih #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #afe2 air valve1 #af #cdh #f ,smoke/ack1 #caj2 piece to protect midrod1 #fc #cgc #g ,float1 #bge2 drop piece = rudd]1 #eg2 guy-po/1 #ah #cej #h ,reel1 =k & float1 #abh2 /eam gauge ) pipe1 #ha #bji #i ,w+ clamps1 #bjj2 guy-po/ clamps1 #cb #bcb #aj ,boil]1 #hjj2 burn]1 #agj2 c\nt]1 #ie #ajfe #aa ,re> ext5sion to midrod #agd #ab ,sep>ator & pipes to eng9e & pump #ejb #ac ,exhau/ pipe #hd #ad ,front l[] be>+ po9t1 #hd2 clut* po/1 #da #abe #ae ,re> be>+ po9ts1 #adf2 extra /r5g!n]s1 #cb #agh #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 #bddf #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp71 "p ( rudd] #ai ,rudd] #bii #bj ,guy /icks1 ea* #ef #aab #ba ,propell]s1 #ie cm4 wood #hcg #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod #afh #bc ,wood b[sprit #gh #bd ,o!r ?+s #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7#cge at />t+ flight7 #bjj #bh ,wat] 7#bajj at />t+ flight7 #faf 9 boil] #adjj #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #fh #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail1 #e #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #bjj grammes at c5t] gives deflection to horizontal #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb ,ela/icity caus$ by two #a_/b-;in* rubb] b&s above & two #a_/d-;in* b&s1 9 t&em1 bel[ #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front end ( b[sprit1 #afhc4e4 #b ,c4 ( float1 #afad4e4 #e ,front end ( midrod1 #afaa4e4 #h ,c4 ( reel & float1 #aegg4e4 #aa ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #afji4g4 #ad ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aegg4g4 #ag ,re> edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aebi4g4 #bj ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #bd ,c4 ( ,g41 #adih4 #bg ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adjf4g4 #cj ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgd4g4 #cc ,end ( midrod1 #acfj4c4 #cf ,front end ( rudd]1 #acdc4e4 #ci ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acbf4g4 #da ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abhh4 #dd ,back end ( rudd]1 #abbi4e4 #dg ,n4 ,b4--,di/ance betwe5 ,c4 ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 & ,c4 ,g4 #gi4g4 ,di/ance betwe5 ,c4 ,p4 on ,r4 ,w4 & ,c4 ,g4 #abc4c4 ,if ! mean ,c4 ,p4 is to be ov] ! ,c4 ,g4 we %\ld require an effici5cy = ! re> w+s ( #fd4f4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cje ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #i4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #f1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,july #bg1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*4 etc4 #bhfg #b ,eng9e1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #c ,pump1 #abc2 pump %aft1 #di #agb #d ,hull cov]+1 includ+ apron & piece beh9d sep>ator #bgd #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #agd2 air valve1 #ah #cfa #f ,smoke/ack1 #cai2 c\nt]1 #ie2 burn]1 #agj #ehd #g ,float #bij #h ,reel1 =k & float #abh #i ,w+ clamps1 #ahh2 guy-po/ clamps1 #bd #bab #aj ,boil]1 #gfd2 /eam gauge & connections1 #gi #hdc #aa ,front be>+ po9t1 #ge2 clut* po/1 #eh2 re> be>+ po9ts1 #aee #bhh #ab ,sep>ator & pipes lead+ to eng9e & pump #ejb #ac ,drop piece & guy-po/ = rudd] #ge #ad #ae #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp71 repair$ #babc #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp7 #ai ,rudd] #bii #bj ,guy /icks #ajf #ba ,propell]s #fbh #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod #cgg #bc ,wood b[sprit #gh #bd ,o!r ?+s 7canvas keel1 #cf2 rudd]1 #gf7 #aab #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #age #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #aebe #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ab1jai #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #ed #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #i4e #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #g4ge #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ah #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s #aj #ec ,position ( w+s4 #ed ,h[ guy$4 #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail1 #e #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #bjj grammes at c5t] to deflect x to ! horizontal #fa ,position ( rudd] #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,front end ( b[sprit1 #afie4g4 ,weight #bhfg includes ,p>ts #b4 #b ,front end ( midrod1 #afbc4g4 #e ,c4 ( float1 #afah4b4 #h ,reel & float1 #aegf4g4 #aa ,front edge1 ,f4 ,w41 #aeie4h4 #ac ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aefc4h4 #af ,re> edge ,f4 ,w41 #aeae4h4 #ai ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #bc ,c4 ( ,g41 #adhe4e4 #bf ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adjf4g4 #bi ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgd4g4 #cb ,end ( midrod1 #aceb4b4 #ce ,front end ( rudd]1 #accc4i4 #ch ,re> edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acbf4g4 #dj ,c5t] ( rudd]1 #abhj4f4 #dc ,back end ( rudd]1 #abai4i4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if ! re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjf ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #aj4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,flat ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,july #bg1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- m4 ft4 gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 7su* z guy-wires & turn buckles1 #bf;g74 #ccdb #b ,eng9e4 #dgf #c ,pump1 #cja2 pump %aft1 #ee2 support to pump1 #cc4 #chi #d ,hull cov]+3 front1 #dg2 sides1 #ib2 top #df2 small side pieces1 #dd4 #bbi #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #afe2 air valve1 #ah2 nett+1 #cj2 piece re> ( sep>ator1 #bj4 #djj #f ,smoke/ack1 #caj2 piece to protect midrod1 #fc4 #cgc #g ,float1 #bij2 drop piece = rudd]1 #eg4 #cdg #h ,reel1 =k & float1 #abh2 c\nt]1 #ie4 #bbc #i ,w+ clamps1 #bjb2 guy-po/ clamps1 #cc4 #bce #aj ,burn]1 #agj2 boil] #gei4 #ibi #aa ,sep>ator ) tubes braz$ to x4 #eac #ab ,/eam pipe1 #hg2 /eam gauge & connections1 #ha4 #afh #ac ,exhau/ pipe1 #ij2 wood5 plugs 9 nose ( frame1 #aj #ajj #ad ,upp] front be>+ po9t & clut* po/4 #acf #ae ,l[] front be>+ po9t1 #hd2 l[] re> be>+ po9t1 #adf2 clut*1 #da4 #bga #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp71 front1 #bffb2 re> #bfje4 #becd #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp74 #ai ,rudd]4 #bii #bj ,guy /icks #fe2 re>1 #ej4 #aad #ba ,propell]s1 #ajj cm4 r\nd ends1 #cj blade4 #geg #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod1 front1 #agd2 re>1 #bbg4 #dja #bc ,wood b[sprit 7heavy "o74 #acj #bd ,o!r ?+s4 #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7#cij at />t+ flight74 #bbe #bh ,wat] 7#bjjj at />t+ flight74 #aejj #bi #cj ,lead on b[sprit to balance4 #ac #ca ,sundries unkn[n4 #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight4 #ad1gjd #a #jc #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail74 sq4 ft4 #fh #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #b4aice #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail4 sq4 ft4 #f4id #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical74 sq4 ft4 #g4fd #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute74 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt474 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn4 #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s4 #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #ab1 b ab\t #a 9 #aa n[4 #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj4 #eb ,tip angle ( w+s #aj4 #ec ,position ( w+s4 #ed ,h[ guy$4 #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail4 #ei ,angle ( tail1 #e elevation at re> end4 #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #bjj grammes at c5t] to deflect x to a horizontal4 #fa ,position ( rudd]4 #fb #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj4 #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole1 #adih4 #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b4 #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate4 #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b4 #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a #ac grammes ( lead on end ( b[sprit4 #b ,end ( b[sprit1 #agjh4 #d ,c4 ( float1 #afbb4 #f ,front end ( midrod1 #afai4 #i ,reel & float1 #afja4e4 #ab ,front edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #afji4g4 #ae ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aegg4g4 #ag ,re> edge ( ,f4 ,w41 #aebi4g4 #bj ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj #bd ,c4 ( ,g41 #adih4 #bg ,front edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #adjd4g4 #cj ,c4 ( ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgb4g4 #cc ,end ( midrod1 #acej4c4 #cf ,front end ( rudd]1 #accc4e4 #ci ,back edge ( ,r4 ,w41 #acbd4g4 #da ,c5tre ( rudd]1 #abgi4e4 #dd ,re> end ( rudd]1 #abbb4 #dg ,di/ance betwe5 ,c4 ,p4 on ,f4 ,w4 & ,c4 ,g41 #gi4g4 ,di/ance betwe5 ,c4 ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 & ,c4 ,g4 #abe4c4 ,if ! mean ,c4 ,p4 is to be ov] ! ,c4 ,g4 we %\ld require an effici5cy ( #fc4f = ! re> w+s4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7_/#ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight3 b if ! re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjg ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #aa4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome ,no4 #e1 ,sup]pos$ ,w+s & ,pnaud ,rudd]4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,augu/ #c1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #ceef #b ,eng9e1 complete #dgf #c ,pump1 #cja2 pump %aft1 #ee2 support to pump1 #cc #chi #d ,hull cov]+1 #bgf2 apron1 #aag2 piece beh9d sep>ator #cic #e ,gasol9e & air tanks1 #afg1 #afe2 air valve1 #ag #cdi #f ,smoke/ack & piece to protect midrod #che #g ,float1 #bij2 drop piece = rudd]1 #eg2 guy-po/ & clamp1 #ag #cfd #h ,reel1 =k & float1 #abh2 /eam gauge ) pipe1 #ha #bji #i ,w+ claps1 #bjb2 guy-po/ clamps1 #cc #bce #aj ,boil]1 #gge2 burn]1 #aga2 c\nt]1 #ajj #ajdf #aa ,re> ext5sion to midrod #bbg #ab ,sep>ator & pipes to eng9e & pump #eac #ac ,exhau/ pipe #ij #ad ,front l[] be>+ po9ts1 #hd2 clut* po/1 #da #abe #ae ,re> be>+ po9ts1 #adf2 extra /r5g!n]s1 #cb #agh #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp7 #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp71 "p ( rudd] #ai ,rudd] #cji #bj ,guy /icks1 ea* #fj #abj #ba ,propell]s1 #ajj cm4 r\nd end #geg #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod1 front #agd #bc ,wood b[sprit #acj #bd ,o!r ?+s1 #bdh grammes ( lead on end ( b[sprit #bdh #be #bf #bg ,fuel 7at />t+ flight7 #bh ,wat] 7at />t+ flight7 #bi #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ad1ced #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #hg4e #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #b4ge #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #f4id #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #g4fd #db ,horse-p[] at brake ,horse-p[] by =mula99 #dc #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #aa #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee #ef #eg #eh ,position ( tail #ei ,angle ( tail #fj ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #bjj grammes at c5t] gives deflection ( #e #fa ,position rudd] #fb ,ela/icity caus$ by rubb] b&s #fc ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj #fd ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole #fe ,c5t] ( gravity#b #ff ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate #fg ,c5t] ( pressure#b #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 #a ,c4 ,p4 on ,f4 ,w41 #aegg4g4 #b ,l9e ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s1 #aejj4 #f ,c4 ( ,g41 #adih4 #h ,c4 ,p4 on ,r4 ,w41 #acgb4g4 99 ,h4 ,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7 _/ #ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cjh ,,data ,,%eet ,no4 #ab4 ,weight ( ,a]odrome1 ,"o-,qu>t] ,model4 ,c]tifi$ to by ,*as4 ,m4 ,manly1 ,june #aa1 #aija4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p>ts4 ,sizes4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- m4ft4gr4 lbs4 #a ,frame1 includ+ ev]y?+ ( metal1 p]man5t & undeta*able1 su* z b$-plate1 cross-rods = ! support ( propell]s1 be>+ po9ts = clut*1 etc4 #cbde #b ,eng9e1 b$ plates & sp>k]s #dedi #aj #c ,ge>s1 %afts1 etc4 #affb #d #e #f #g ,floats1 front1 #bab2 re>1 #bbj #dcb #h ,reel1 float & cord1 #adb #adb #i ,w+ clamps1 #hf & #ig2 rudd] clamp & po/ #ahc #aj ,c>buretor & fuel #gcg #aa ,sp>k coil1 #aeab2 hold]s1 #aaj #afbb #ab ,batt]y #afbg #ac ,prim>y connections #ad ,second>y connections #ae ,guy-po/ clamps1 ea* #ac #bf #af #ag ,w+s 7)\t clamp71 new flat w+s #bfcd #ah ,tail 7)\t clamp71 ,pnaud rudd] #cec #ai ,rudd]1 w9d vane #hh #bj ,guy /icks #cj #ba ,propell]s1 #ehe ea* #aagj #bb ,extra l5g? ( midrod1 front1 #abe2 re>1 #bbe #cej #bc ,wood b[sprit #ge #bd ,o!r ,?+s #be ,c\nt] #aaj #bf ,guy-po/ clamp & po/ = rudd] #af #bg #bh #bi ,drop piece = rudd] #ec #cj #ca ,sundries unkn[n #cb #cc #cd ,total fly+ weight #ai1ajd #ce #cf #cg #ch ,total area ( support 7n includ+ tail7 sq4 ft4 #fa4da #ci ,total area ( support 9 feet1 divid$ by total fly+ weight 9 lbs4 #a4df #dj ,total area ( horizontal tail sq4 ft4 #f #da ,total area ( rudd] 7v]tical7 sq4 ft4 #f #db ,horse-p[] at brake #a4e at #gej ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 #dc ,eng9e gave #b4ja ,h4 ,p4 on brake at #ijj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 #dd ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute absolute7 #de ,lift at p5dulum 7dur+ "o m9ute 9 t]ms ( wt47 #df ,m9imum pressure ) :i* :eels turn #dg ,position ( c5t] ( pressure ( w+s #dh #di #ej ,curvature ( w+s1 #a 9 #bj-a_/b #ea ,root angle ( w+s1 #aj #eb ,tip angle ( w+s1 #aj #ec ,position ( w+s3 ,c4 ,p4 ,f4 ,w41 #aeg4hb2 ,c4 ,p4 ,r4 ,w41 #achf4i #ed ,h[ guy$ #ee ,position ( tail #ef ,angle ( tail1 #e #eg ,co-effici5t ela/icity ( tail1 #bjj at c5t] depresses to horizontal #eh ,position ( rudd] 7c5t]71 #abib4i #ei #fj ,l9e ( ?ru/1 #aejj1 ?r\gh c5t] ( propell]s #fa ,c5t] ( gravity#a ( :ole1 #aejc4g #fb ,c5t] ( gravity#b1 #bdig4e #fc ,c5t] ( pressure#a ( :ole e/imate1 #aejc4g #fd ,c5t] ( pressure#b1 #beac4b #fe ,c5t] ( clut* po/1 #aeae4d #ff ,c5t] ( coil1 #aeee4c #fg ,c5t] front float1 #af4de #fh ,c5t] re> float1 #acgb4f #fi ,c5t] w9d vane rudd]1 #adce4f #gj ,c5t] ,pnaud rudd]1 #abib4i #ga ,re> end ,pnaud rudd]1 #abae4i #gb ,front end ( ,b[sprit1 #agjg4b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 99 ,h4,p4 7,rev4diam4pit* ratio?ru/7 _/ #ccjjj ,?is is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! c5t] ( pressure on ea* w+ or on pair ( w+s at a motion ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute is 9 ord9>y curv$ w+s #b-e ! way f front to re>1 t = w+s ( usual size ! re> w+ h #b-c ( ! effici5cy p] surface ( ! front ones & t ! tail prop] be>s no "p ( ! weight2 b if re> w+ is small] or l>g] ?is effici5cy is small] or l>g] p] unit ( surface4 p#cji ,,index ,a ,abbreviations & symbols = po9ts on a]odrome ''' #ad1 #ae ,accid5ts1 9 laun*+ l>ge a]odrome ''' #abf1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bfe-bha loss ( model a]odrome ''' #ag1 #id1 #aed ,aeolipiles1 alcohol ''' #ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #fj1 #fe1 #ff1 #aab ,a]ial navigation1 report ( ,bo>d ( ,ordnance on ''' #bgf1 #bgi ,a]odrome1 balanc+ ( ''' #de-eb1 #ha1 #ij1 #aji1 #acd1 #baa1 #bab con/ruction ( ''' #ec-hj1 #afd-ahg1 #bcd-bej def9ition ( ^w ''' iii dim5sions ( 7see a]odrome models & data %eets74 eigh?-size model ''' #acc1 #acd1 #aed eng9es 7see eng9es & motors74 exp]im5ts ) models ''' #f-ad1 #af-bd1 #acc-aee field trials 7see trials74 fir/ flight ( model1 ,may #f1 #ahif ''' #b1 #c1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aag fir/ trial ( a 8fly+ ma*9e0 9 free air ''' #ig flight 7see also trials74 fir/ model1 ,may #f1 #ahif ''' #b1 #c1 #ajg1 #aag l>ge ma*9e 7#aijc7 ''' #abf1 #abg1 #bee-bhb photographs ( ''' #ajh1 #bei1 #bfj l>ge ''' #abf1 #abg1 #abi1 #acj1 #aef1 #ahc1 #bbe1 #bee-bhb con/ruction ( ''' #afd-ahg1 #bcd-bej laun*+ app>atus = ''' #aef-afc1 #ahc %op te/s ''' #bea-bed trials 7#aijc7 ''' #abf1 #aha1 #bee-bhb weight ( ''' #bgg laun*+ app>atus = models ''' #ib-abb1 #acc1 #acd l>ge a]odrome ''' #aef-afc1 #ahc man-c>ry+ 7see also a]odrome l>ge7 ''' #abc1 #abe1 #abi1 #acj1 #aea1 #aec1 #aef-ahg1 #bcd-bej1 #bee1 #bhb4 model1 descriptions ( 7see also data %eets74 ,no4 #j ''' #ba1 #cj1 #ca1 #cf1 #ch1 #dj1 #ec1 #ee1 #ge ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c ''' #bh1 #bi1 #ch1 #dj1 #ec ,no4 #d ''' #ec1 #fb-fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #ge-gi1 #ha-hc1 #hf1 #ib-aji1 #abj ,no4 #e ''' #bf1 #fd-ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #ge-gi1 #ha1 #hb-hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib-aji1 #aaj-abb1 #acj1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace-aee1 #aeh1 #agd1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bjh-baj1 #bca1 #beg1 #bha4 ,no4 #f ''' #di1 #fa1 #fb1 #gh-ha1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib-aji1 #aaj-abb1 #acj1 #aca1 #acd1 #aeh1 #agd1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bca1 #beg1 #bha4 rubb] pull ''' #aa-bj eigh?-size ''' #acc1 #acd1 #aed frames ( ''' #ci1 #ec-hj1 #ij1 #aab1 #aai1 #abi laun*+ app>atus = ''' #ib-aab1 #acd qu>t]-size ''' #aeh1 #aei1 #agj1 #bbf-bcc1 #bcd1 #bee1 #beg-bfa1 #bha results f ''' #ag1 #abi /eam driv5 7see also ,nos4 #e1 #f7 ''' #abb1 #afd1 #afe1 #bbd1 #bha trials1 ( ,nos4 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c 7#ahib7 ''' #bi1 #ec ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f 7#ahic7 ''' #fc1 #ib-ajf ,nos4 #e1 #f 7#ahif7 ''' #b1 #gi1 #ajf-aji ,no4 #f 7#ahih7 ''' #fa ,nos4 #e1 #f 7#ahii7 ''' #di1 #gi1 #ace-aee1 #bca1 #beg ,nos4 #cj1 #ca1 & o!rs ''' #f-ad1 #ag1 #ai motors 7see eng9es & motors74 qu>t]-size models 7see a]odrome models74 rubb]-p[] models ''' #e1 #h-bd1 #dd weights ( 7see weight & data %eets74 ,a]odromics1 sci5ce ( ''' iii1 #g ,a]odynamics ''' #g1 #cj1 #dc1 #dd1 #hj1 #ia1 #ii exp]im5ts 9 ''' #a1 #f1 #g1 #ai1 #ba1 #cb1 #da1 #hj1 #ih1 #abh1 #aej1 #aec ,a]onaut 7see also aviator7 ''' #acj ,air1 compress$ ''' #aa1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #fh1 #aab liquid ''' #aed resi/ance ( ''' #f1 #h1 #i1 #adb1 #afe-afg ,air-*amb] ''' #fd1 #fh1 #fi1 #ih1 #aab1 #aac ,air-cool$ eng9e ''' #bbf ,alcohol & hydroc>bons1 use (1 z fuel ''' #bd1 #be1 #ce1 #ee1 #eg1 #ff1 #gb1 #gc ,alcohol aeolipiles ''' #ee1 #ef1 #fj1 #ff1 #fi1 #aab ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory1 exp]im5ts at ''' #aa1 #ac1 #ca1 #aej ,allotm5t1 ,gov]nm5t1 = man-c>ry+ a]odrome ''' #abd-abf1 #acb1 #bgh ,alum9um-bronze1 use ( ''' #aad1 #aaf1 #agc1 #agd ,alum9um 9 eng9e con/ruction ''' #cb1 #aad1 #bdc1 #beb %ea?+ ( hull ''' #fi wires ''' #hd ,an]oid b>omet] = det]m9+ height ''' #ahf ,anemomet] cups ''' #adc ,angle1 di$ral1 ( w+s ''' #de1 #hb1 #hi ( incl9ation ''' #da1 #dc1 #hc1 #ii1 #ajj rotation ''' #fa w+s1 root angle ''' #hc1 #hi1 #ia1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc ,area1 relation to weight & p[] ''' #dc1 #dd1 #fd1 #ij1 #ii1 #aja support+ 7see also surface7 ''' #hb1 #hg-hi1 #ia1 #ic ,asbe/os1 use ( ''' #ce1 #fc1 #fg ,associat$ ,press /atem5t to ''' #bff1 #bhj ,aviator1 equilibrium ( ''' #afa1 #afi1 #bec weight ( ''' #acj1 #baj1 #bef ,aviator's c> ''' #ahe-ahg1 #bad1 #bea1 #beb jacket ''' #bgc seat ''' #ahe :eel ''' #bad1 #baf1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgb ,b ,bagg+ or pocket+ ( w+s ''' #hd1 #hf1 #ajj1 #aie1 #bjc ,balance 7see also equilibrium7 ''' #hb1 #afe ,balanc+ ( a]odrome ''' #de-eb1 #ha1 #ij1 #aji1 #acd1 #baa1 #beh eng9e ''' #bdf1 #bdg w+s & rudd] ''' #baa1 #bee ,ball-be>+s on laun*+ c> ''' #afj1 #age1 #agg1 #beb1 #bec ,bamboo ribs = w+s ''' #bjj ,b>omet]1 an]oid ''' #ahf ,b>us1 ,dr ,c>l1 boil] exp]im5ts by ''' #eh1 #gj-ge1 #ic-ie ,batt]ies1 electric ''' #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #afb1 #bab1 #bbj-bbb1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bfc ,be>+s1 ball1 on a]odrome & laun*+ c> ''' #afj1 #age1 #agg1 #beb1 #bec bronze1 on model a]odromes ''' #agg ,b$plates ''' #aaf1 #afh1 #age1 #bgc 8,beehive0 boil]s 7see boil]s74 ,bell ,alex&] ,graham ''' #d1 #if1 #ajb-ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh ,bessem] /eel guy wires ''' #agb ,bevel ge>s ''' #agd1 #agg1 #bda ,bird-w+s1 con/ruction ( ''' #g1 #ahh1 #bjj1 #bja ,birds1 so>+1 /udy ( ''' #g1 #i1 #hh1 #bhg ,blaz]1 ,s4 ,m41 eng9e] ''' #abf 8,ble$]10 fe$ tube = burn] ''' #fg1 #aac ,blriot a]oplane ( ,langley type ''' #bhc ,bl[] = artificial w9d ''' #fa1 #ig1 #bbe ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification ''' #abd1 #abf1 #acb1 #bej1 #bee1 #bga1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj ,boat1 h\se ''' #ib1 #ic1 #acf1 #adh1 #adi1 #aef-afc1 #bfi ,body1 con/ruction ( 7see also hull7 ''' #cb1 #fj ,boil]1 8,beehive0 type ''' #cd1 #ci coil ( ''' #cd-ci1 #gj1 #ga1 #aac-aaf developm5t ( ''' #ee-ei1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj-ge1 #ajb1 #aad-aaf pressure ''' #eh1 #ei1 #fc1 #fh1 #fi1 #aja1 #ajb report on1 by ,dr4 ,b>us ''' #gj-ge s]pollet type ''' #ef1 #eg spray type ''' #gj te/s ( ''' #gj-ge1 #ace tub+ ( ''' #gj-ge1 #aad1 #ada wat]-tube type ( ''' #cd1 #ce1 #gj-ge1 #aad ,bolomet]1 developm5t ( ''' #abc ,brake1 horse-p[] ''' #bh1 #cg1 #eh1 #fa1 #fd-fi1 #aag1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bcc ,prony ''' #ch1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff1 #aag1 #agi1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bdi ,brass1 use ( ''' #ed1 #fc1 #aac1 #ahj ,braz+ ''' #aag1 #agc1 #age1 #bce1 #bcf ,bronze1 alum9um ''' #aad1 #aaf1 #aga1 #agc1 #agg1 #bcd1 #bcg-bdj ,burn]s1 ,buns5 type ''' #ce1 #fh1 #gb1 #aac gasol9e ''' #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj-ge1 #aab-aaf1 #adi %ield = ''' #fj1 #fg1 #ie1 #aae ,bu%+1 ca/-iron ''' #aad-aag1 #aba ,buzz>d1 ,am]ican1 & 8,john ,cr[10 /udy ( ''' #bhe ,c ,cam]as1 telephoto ''' #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgc 8,canvas-cov]$0 propell]s ''' #hd1 #agh ,c>1 aviator's ''' #ahe-ahg1 #bad1 #bea1 #beb laun*+ 7see laun*+ app>atus74 ,c>bon1 en]gy develop$ by ! use ( ''' #bg ,c>bonic-acid gas z motive p[] ''' #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ci1 #ec1 #ed liquid ''' #bd1 #bh freez+ ( ''' #bh-bi lat5t heat ( ''' #bh ,c>buretor1 developm5t (1 suitable type ( ''' #bbd1 #bbe1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bec1 #bei ,c>p5t]1 ,frank ,g41 witnesses flights ''' #ajh ,ca/-iron1 use ( 7see also iron7 ''' #aad-aag1 #aba1 #bcd-bcf1 #bdj 8,ca/-(f0 app>atus ''' #if1 #aaj ,c5t] ( gravity ''' #aj1 #ac-af1 #de-eb1 #fa1 #fd1 #hj1 #ia1 #ajc1 #adc1 #add1 #aej1 #bji1 #baj 9 relation to pressure ''' #aj1 #aa1 #ae1 #df1 #dh1 #fd1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc pressure ''' #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #de-eb1 #gh1 #hj1 #hd1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #bjj1 #bji1 #baj =mul = ''' #di1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij w+s & tail ''' #af rotation ''' #fb ?ru/ ''' #fb ,c5trifugal pump ''' #bda1 #bdh ,*>coal1 z fuel ''' #eg ,*9a silk 7see silk74 ,*opawamsic ,isl&1 ,potomac ,riv] ''' #ic1 #ace1 #aec1 #ahc1 #bef ,*ronograph atta*m5ts ''' #afb1 #afc1 #bbi ,circulat+ pump ''' #aad1 #bdd ,clamps1 w+ ''' #hb1 #hi1 #ade1 #ahc ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey ''' #ic1 #ade1 #bef ,coeffici5t ( ela/icity ''' #adf ,coil1 sp>k 7see sp>k+ devices74 ,compress$ air ''' #bd1 #be-bf1 #fh1 #aab1 #aac ,cond5s]1 /eam ''' #fe ,con/ruction & te/s ( l>ge eng9e ''' #bcd-bej ,con/ruction ( frame & eng9es ''' #ec-hj ( l>ge a]odrome ''' #afd-ahg support+ surfaces ''' #ahh-bjf ,control1 equilibrium & ''' #gg1 #gh1 #aai1 #bjg-bag gyroscopic ''' #gh1 #baa ,cool+ sy/ems1 7see wat] & air cool+74 ,copp]1 use ( ''' #bg1 #ci1 #fc1 #gb1 #aab-aae1 #afb ,copp] tub+ ''' #ce1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #aab1 #aae1 #adj1 #ada1 #bdh ,c\nt]1 spe$ ''' #fb1 #abj1 #ahe1 #bdc1 #bdi propell]s ''' #agh ,cov]+ = tail ''' #hf1 #ajc w+s ''' #ed1 #fc1 #gg1 #ha1 #hf1 #hh1 #ij1 #adh1 #aid1 #aie1 #bje ,crank bell ''' #aaj />t+ ''' #bdd ,crank-p9 ''' #bcg-bci1 #bdc-bdg ,crank-%aft ''' #bcg1 #bci1 #bdd-bdf1 #bej ,cube1 law ( ! ''' #abi1 #acj1 #bbb1 #bdd1 #bdi ,currie1 ,rolla ,p41 report on ,am]ican ,buzz>d ''' #bhi ,curv$ surfaces 7see also w+ curvature7 ''' #ah1 #dd1 #dg1 #ii ,cyl9d]s 7see also eng9es1 cyl9d]s74 alum9um 9 con/ruction ( ''' #aad brass 9 con/ruction ( ''' #ed /eel tubes 9 ''' #aaf1 #aba1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bci1 #bdj con/ruction ( ''' #aab1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aba1 #bab1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdf five1 eng9e ''' #bde1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bee high-pressure ''' #cc l[-pressure ''' #cc multiple1 eng9e ''' #bbf oscillat+ ''' #cc1 #ch te/s ( 7see also eng9e te/s7 ''' #ee walls ( ''' #bci weight ( ''' #bdf1 #bdg1 #bej ,d ,daniell1 on en]gy 9 /orage batt]ies ''' #bg ,data %eets ''' #big ,def9itions ( t]ms & symbols ''' #ad1 #ae ,deflection1 abs5ce ( ''' #bfi de ,lucy1 on su/a9+ surfaces ''' #ai ,di$ral angle ( w+s ''' #de1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hi1 #if1 #adf ,dim5sions 7see a]odrome descriptions & data %eets74 ,di/ance ( flights ''' #ajc1 #ajg-aji1 #ace-aee1 #beh ,di/ortion ( w+s ''' #hb-hd1 #ia1 #ih1 #aje ,dry batt]ies ''' #bfb ,duration ( flights 7see also "t7 ''' #ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #acg1 #ade1 #adh1 #beh ,dynamomet]1 use ( ''' #bbb1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bdb1 #bdg1 #bdi ,e ,eagle quill & spruce rib1 comp>ative /r5g? ( ''' #bja ,e>ly /eam motors & o!r models ''' #cj-dj ,effici5cy ( w+s ''' #hg1 #hi1 #ia1 #add1 #aib1 #aic ,eigh?-size models ''' #acc1 #acd1 #aed ,ela/ic limit ( rubb] ''' #i1 #bb1 #bc ,ela/icity ( tail ''' #gh1 #ij1 #add1 #aeb coeffici5t ( ''' #ea1 #add1 #adf ,electric batt]ies ''' #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bab1 #bfb1 #bfc circuits ''' #gj1 #bab1 #bbj-bbc1 #bcg1 #bda1 #beg ,electricity z motive p[] ''' #bd1 #bf-bh ,en]gy 9 foot p\nds 7see also lift7 ''' #bc-bg ,eng9e 7see also motors7 ''' #aab-aaf1 #agi1 #ahj1 #bbb-bbe1 #bbf-bcc1 #bcd-bej1 #bha ,am]ican build]s ''' #aca1 #ahj1 #bai1 #bbh air-cool$ ''' #bbf automobile ''' #bai balanc+ ( ''' #bdf1 #bdg c>bonic-acid gas ''' #bd1 #bf-bi compress$ air ''' #aa1 #bd-bf1 #fh1 #aab con/ruction (1 & frames ''' #ec-gi1 #aad1 #aaf1 #bai1 #bbc-bcc te/s ''' #bcd-bej contract = ''' #abf cyl9d]s ( ''' #cc1 #ch1 #ed1 #aab1 #aad-aaf1 #aba1 #bab1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bce-bci1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bee description ( "o-horse-p[] ''' #cg1 #aaf electric ''' #bd1 #bf-bh ,european build]s ''' #aca1 #adj1 #bai1 #bcd exp]im5tal ''' #bah-bbe five-cyl9d] ''' #bbd1 #bcb1 #bcd-bej1 #bee gas 7see also gasol9e7 ''' #bf1 #bh1 #aca1 #acc gasol9e ''' #bd1 #cg1 #fe1 #abe1 #aca1 #agi1 #baj1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bgg gunp[d] ''' #bd1 #be horse-p[] 7see also brake1 horse-p[]7 ''' #cg1 #eh1 #aaf1 #bcc hot-wat] ''' #bd1 #be1 #fh l>ge1 con/ruction & te/s ( ''' #acc1 #bcd-bej1 #bha1 #bhb weight ( ''' #bdg1 #bej1 #bef ,manly ''' #bai-bbe multiple cyl9d] ''' #bbf oscillat+ ''' #cc1 #ch radiator ''' #beb /eam ''' #bd1 #cj-dj1 #fd1 #fi1 #aaf1 #abj dim5sions ( ''' #aaf ,/r+fell[ ''' #cj1 #ca te/s ''' #cg1 #ee1 #fa1 #fi1 #ajb1 #acc1 #adh1 #bcd-bej1 #bha1 #bhb wat]-cool$ ''' #bbj1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #beb weight ( ''' #aaf1 #abf1 #acj1 #bji1 #bdg1 #bej ,equilibrium1 ma9t5ance ( ''' #f1 #ca1 #de1 #ea1 #add1 #bac-baf ( aviator ''' #afa1 #afi1 #bac1 #bec & control ''' #gg1 #gh1 #aai1 #bjg-bag lat]al1 & longitud9al /ability ''' #ca1 #de-eb ,evaporation1 rate ( gasol9e ''' #fe1 #ff ,evaporators ''' #cg1 #fe1 #fg1 #aad1 #adh ,f 8,factor ( safety0 ''' #aaa1 #ahf ,fea!rs1 pliability ( ''' #ahh1 #bjj toy-propell]1 blades made ( ''' #h ,fe$1 gravity ''' #bci ,fibre insulation ''' #bda1 #beg ,field trials1 eigh?-size ''' #acc1 #acd1 #aed l>ge & qu>to size models ''' #abf1 #aeh1 #agj1 #aha1 #bbf-bcd1 #bee-bhb models ,nos4 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c ''' #bi1 #ec ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f ''' #fc1 #ib-ajf ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #b ''' #fa1 #gi1 #ace-aee1 #bca1 #beg ,fire-pro(+ prep>ation ''' #adh ,fir/ flight ( heavi] ?an air ma*9e ''' #ajg1 #ajh ,fir/ trial ( a fly+-ma*9e 9 free air ''' #ig ,flexure ( w+s ''' #hb-hd1 #ia1 #ih1 #aje ,flight 7see a]odrome & a]odrome model flights74 bird1 /udy ( ''' #g ( l>ge ma*9e ''' #abf1 #aha1 #bee-bhb ,may #f1 #ahif ''' #b1 #c1 #ajg-ajh models ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f ''' #b1 #fc1 #gi1 #ib-aji1 #ace-aee qu>t] size model ''' #bei rubb]-driv5 models ''' #af-bj qu>t]-size models ''' #aeh1 #agj1 #bbf-bcc1 #bdc1 #bee1 #beg-bfa1 #bha ,float+ ! models ''' #fd1 #fh1 #fi1 #ii1 #ajc1 #aai1 #abj ,fly-:eels ( eng9e ''' #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #beb ,fly+ a]odrome model z a kite ''' #acc1 #aed1 #aee ,fly+-weight ( a]odromes 7see also data %eets7 ''' #ae1 #fb1 #fc1 #gf1 #gg1 #ha1 #hi1 #ia1 #adh1 #bdg1 #bej1 #bef ,foot-p\nds1 def9ition ( ''' #ae en]gy 9 7see also horse-p[]7 ''' #bb1 #bg1 #fb ,=ce-pump ''' #eg ,=mul3 area ''' #ai c5t] ( pressure ''' #di1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #aja drift ''' #da1 #dc effici5cy ''' #dg ,h>t+'s ''' #ai horse-p[] ''' #ae1 #fb lift or weight ''' #da1 #dc1 #fb ,manly's1 = *ang+ c5t] ( pressure ''' #ea ,maxim's1 = horse-p[] ''' #ae resi/ance ''' #da so>+ spe$ ''' #ia t&em w+ ''' #hg "w 7see also horse-p[]7 ''' #ah1 #bc1 #bg1 #fb ,frame1 con/ruction (1 model ''' #ci1 #ec-hj1 #ij1 #aab1 #aai1 #abi l>ge a]odrome ''' #afd-ahg1 #bec ma9 ''' #afe-afh1 #agj resi/ance ( ''' #afe-afg te/+ ( ''' #gi transv]se ''' #gg1 #afe1 #agd-agh "w ''' #aah ,fr5* academy1 communication to ''' #c ,fuel1 alcohol & hydroc>bon ''' #bd1 #be1 #ce1 #ee1 #eg1 #ff1 #gb1 #gc c>bon ''' #bg c>bonic acid gas ''' #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ci1 #ec1 #ed *>coal ''' #eg gas ''' #bf1 #bh1 #cg gasol9e ''' #bd1 #be1 #cf1 #cg1 #fe-fh1 #aab1 #abe1 #bbd1 #bdh1 #bei quantity ( ''' #fh ,fuel-tank ''' #cf1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #aab1 #aac ,funds = exp]im5ts ''' #abd-abf1 #acb1 #beg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bha ,g ,ga]tn]1 ,mr41 in/rum5t mak] ''' #ic1 #ie ,gas1 c>bonic-acid ''' #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #cf1 #fh1 #aac ,gas-burn]s ''' #ce1 #ee1 #fj1 #fe1 #gj-ge1 #aab1 #aac ,gas-eng9e 7see also eng9es1 gas & gasol9e7 ''' #bf1 #bh1 #cg ,five cyl9d] ''' #bbd1 #bcd-bej1 #bee l>ge ''' #bcd-bej1 #bgg model ''' #bf-bh1 #fe1 #aca1 #acc1 #bcb-bcd ,gasol9e-burn]s ''' #ef1 #fj1 #fb1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj-ge1 #aab-aaf1 #adi ,gasol9e-eng9es ''' #bd1 #cg1 #fe1 #abe1 #aca1 #agi1 #baj1 #bah-bbe1 #bcb-bcd1 #bdh1 #bei1 #bgg ,gasol9e-evaporator ''' #cg1 #fe1 #adh ,ge>s ''' #aad1 #aag1 #acf1 #acg1 #afh1 #agd1 #age1 #agg1 #bcg1 #bda ,gibson1 ,capta91 record] ''' #bej ,goldbeat]'s sk91 = w+s ''' #gg ,goode1 ,g4 ,br[n ''' #ig ,gov]nm5t allotm5t 7see also ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification7 ''' #abd-abf1 #acb1 #bgi ,gravity1 c5t] ( ''' #aj1 #ac-af1 #de-eb1 #fa1 #fd1 #hj1 #ia1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajc1 #adc1 #add1 #aej1 #bji1 #baj ,gravity-fe$ ''' #bci ,guid+ 7see equilibrium & control2 su/a9+ surfaces2 & rudd]74 ,gun-metal ''' #agd ,gunp[d] ''' #bd1 #be ,guy-po/s ''' #ahd1 #ahi1 #aii1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bge ,guy+1 e>ly sy/ems ( ''' #ha1 #hd-ia wire ''' #ha1 #hd-ij1 #ii1 #afd-agc1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aif1 #aii1 #bfd1 #bff ,gyroscopic control ''' #gh1 #baa ,h ,h>t+'s =mula ''' #ai ,head resi/ance ''' #adb1 #afe-afg ,heat+ app>atus 7see burn]s74 ,h]r+1 ,a4 ,m41 assi/ant ''' #ajd ,hewitt1 ,mr41 at rescue ( ,mr4 ,manly ''' #bgc ,hodgk9's fund1 aid f ''' #beg ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ''' #bhf1 #bhi ,horizontal flight1 velocity requir$ to su/a9 ''' #a1 #af-ai1 #dc1 #ia rudd] ''' #h ,horse-p[]1 ex]t$ by rubb] ''' #i1 #bb ,maxim's =mula ''' #ae requir$ to su/a9 flight ''' #a develop$ ''' #bh1 #cg1 #ee1 #eh1 #fd-fi1 #aag1 #agi1 #bbc1 #bcc1 #bdi ,hot-wat] eng9e ''' #bd1 #be ,h\se-boat & laun*+ app>atus ''' #ib-aji1 #aaj-abb1 #adh1 #adi1 #aef1 #afc1 #bfi ,huffak]1 ,e4 ,c4 ''' #dd1 #df ,hull1 con/ruction ( ''' #cj1 #cb1 #cf1 #ec1 #fj1 #fi1 #ge1 #aab1 #aah-aba =ms ( ''' #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1 #fj1 #fi resi/ance ''' #di1 #fi /eel tubes = ''' #ci1 #fi1 #ge1 #aab1 #aah1 #abj ,i ,ignition 7see electric batt]ies & circuits74 ,indian rubb] = p[] 7see also rubb]7 ''' #ba1 #dj ,int]nal "w ( ! w9d ''' #f1 #db ,incl9ation1 angle ( ''' #da1 #dc1 #hc1 #ii1 #ajj ,insulation ''' #add1 #bda1 #beg ,iron1 use ( ''' #fc1 #fd1 #aad-aag1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdj ,j ,jacket1 cork1 aviator's ''' #bgc wat] ''' #bbj1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bda1 #bdg1 #beb 8,john ,cr[0 7bird ( ,jamaica71 /udy ( ''' #bhe ,k ,kite1 model fl[n z ''' #acc1 #aed1 #aee ,l ,langley4 ,s4 ,p4 ''' #c1 #d1 #i1 #ah1 #gf-gi1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajb-ajh1 #aab1 #abc-abf1 #abh1 #aca1 #acc1 #ace1 #aec1 #aef1 #afa1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahh1 #baa1 #bab1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bcj1 #bca1 #beg1 #bff-bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bhg1 #bhj1 #bha /atem5t ( ''' #abd1 #bhj lett] ( in/ructions f 7see app5dix74 /udy ( 8,john ,cr[0 bird 7see app5dix74 a]odrome1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t report on ''' #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi 8,langley type0 ( a]odrome ''' #gg1 #afd1 #bjh1 #bdd1 #bff1 #bgf1 #bgh-bha rudd] ''' #gg1 #hf ,lat]al /ability ''' #de-eb1 #ig ,laun*+1 difficulties ( ''' #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ib1 #id1 #if1 #ii me?ods ( ''' #ac1 #id-ig1 #aaj ( l>ge ma*9e ''' #bfe-bfg1 #bga-bgb1 #bgf1 #bhb ,laun*+-app>atus ''' #ib-abb1 #acd1 #adi1 #aef-afc1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bca1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bfe-bfg1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bgf1 #bhb ov]head ''' #e1 #ib-abb1 #acc-ace1 #aci1 #adb1 #adc1 #ade1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef-afc und]nea? ''' #acd1 #ace1 #ade-adg1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef-afc1 #ahc weakness ( ''' #bfe1 #bgf1 #bhb ,laun*+-c> ''' #aeh1 #aei1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bee1 #beh1 #bfb1 #bff-bfh1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bgg ,laun*+ spe$ 7see also velocity7 ''' #ace1 #afa1 #afb ,law ( ! cube ''' #abi1 #acj ,lewis1 ,capta9 ,i4 ,n4 ''' #bej ,lift ( propell]s 7see also p5dulum te/s7 ''' #fa1 #fb1 #ff1 #fi1 #gg1 #id1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aea1 #ahi1 #aib ,lili5?al1 ,otto1 on effici5cy ( curves ''' #dd ,l9eal velocity ''' #a1 #dc1 #aaj1 #aff ,liquid air ''' #aed ,longitud9al /ability ''' #de-eb ,lubrication ''' #aac1 #agg1 #bcd1 #bci1 #bdj ,m ,mc,donald1 ,mr4 ''' #bff1 #bga1 #bgb ,mc,kinley1 ,presid5t ,william ''' #abc1 #abd ,macomb1 ,major ,m4 ,m41 report ( ''' #bgf-bgh ,maltby1 ,mr41 ma*9i/ ''' #ic-ie1 #ajb1 #ajf ,man-c>ry+ ma*9e ''' #abc1 #abe1 #abi1 #acj1 #aea1 #aec1 #aef-ahg1 #bcd-bej1 #bee-bhb ,manly1 ,c4 ,m41 assi/ant 9 *>ge ( exp]im5ts ''' #abc1 #abi1 #bah-bbd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bgb1 #bgf1 #bgh eng9e ''' #bai-bbe =mula ''' #ea ,john ,m41 description ( flight1 by ''' #bfj-bfa ,maxim's =mula = horse-p[] ''' #ae ,me*anical flight ''' #b-d !ory ( ''' #a ,dr4 ,bell on ''' #d ,mr4 ,langley on ''' #c-d ,mica1 use ( ''' #fc1 #gb1 #aae1 #beg ,models 7see also a]odrome model description & trials74 exp]im5ts ) ''' #a1 #acc-aee small ''' #f-ad1 #ag1 #ai flight ( 7see trials74 laun*+ ( 7see also laun*+ app>atus7 ''' #ib-abb1 #acc1 #acd rubb]-driv5 ''' #e1 #h-bd1 #gf /eam-driv5 7see also ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f7 ''' #acd1 #ace /eam1 motor1 & o!r ''' #cj-dj ,motive p[] 7see also eng9es1 electricity1 & fuel7 ''' #h1 #aa1 #ba-bi1 #aah discussion ( ''' #aa ,motors1 available 7see also eng9es7 ''' #aa1 #ba-bi1 #bgh c>bonic acid gas ''' #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ci1 #ec1 #ed compress$ air ''' #aa1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #fh1 #aab1 #aac con/ruction ( e>ly types ( ''' #cj-dj electrical ''' #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bab1 #bfb1 #bfc gas ''' #bf1 #bh1 #cg1 #aca1 #acg gasol9e ''' #bd1 #cg1 #fe1 #abe1 #aca1 #agi1 #baj1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bgg gunp[d] ''' #bd1 #be hot-wat] ''' #bd1 #be1 #fh rubb] ''' #e1 #h-bd1 #gf /eam ''' #bd1 #be1 #cj-dj weight ( 7see also weight ( eng9es7 ''' #aaf1 #abf1 #acj1 #bji1 #bdg1 #bej ,m\nt ,:itney1 obs]vations on ''' #abc ,n ,na%1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,s4 ''' #bgf ,national ,museum1 models 9 ''' #bhb ,ne$le-valve ''' #ef1 #eg1 #aac ,nitric acid1 use ( ''' #ga ,nom5clature ( p>ts ( a]odrome ''' #ad1 #ae ,o ,oil+ sy/ems ''' #aac1 #agg1 #bcd1 #bci1 #bdj ,op5 w9d1 exp]im5ts 9 ''' #db1 #ii1 #beg1 #bga1 #bgb ,ord9ance & ,=tification 7see ,bo>d (74 ,oxyg51 necessity ( ''' #gb ,p ,pap] cov]+ = rudd] ''' #hf1 #ajc ,pnaud1 ,alphonse1 toy a]oplane design$ by ''' #g-i1 #ba1 #bb1 #dj tail or rudd] ''' #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #ej1 #ea1 #gi1 #hb1 #ajg1 #abb1 #aci-adg1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #bji1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf1 #bec1 #bfd1 #bgj-bgb 8,p5dulum0 te/ = lift ''' #fj1 #fa1 #ff1 #id1 #aca1 #ace1 #baa1 #bab1 #bad1 #bcb ,p]cal9e = w+ cov]+ ''' #aid1 #aie ,p9ion 7see ge>s74 ,pi/on 7see eng9es & cyl9d]s74 ,pit* ( propell]s ''' #fc1 #fi1 #gf1 #id1 #aha ,plane 7see also w+s & surfaces74 dropp] ''' #aej surface1 angle ( incl9ation ( ''' #f1 #h1 #da-de1 #fa1 #hc1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj velocity requir$ to su/a9 ''' #a1 #dc1 #aaj1 #aff ,pocket+ ( w+s ''' #hd1 #hf1 #ajj1 #aie1 #bjc ,potomac ,riv]1 location ( te/s on ''' #ic ,p[] 7see also /eam1 fuel1 & electricity74 developm5t ( ''' #h1 #ci =mula = ''' #fb g5]at+ app>atus ''' #aab1 #abe relation to area & weight ''' #dc ,p[]-gauge 7see dynamomet]74 ,p[ell1 ,major ,g4 ,h41 record] ''' #bej1 #bfg1 #bgf ,press1 attitude ( ''' #abg1 #bfh report to1 ,mr4 ,langley's ''' #bhj ,mr4 ,manly's ''' #bff-bfg ,pressure1 c5t] ( ''' #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #de-eb1 #fd1 #gh1 #hj1 #hd1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #bjj1 #bji1 #baj rules = locat+ ''' #di1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #aja & c5t] ( gravity ''' #aj1 #aa1 #ae1 #df1 #dh1 #fd1 #ih-aja1 #ajc /eam ''' #bd1 #cj-dj1 #ec-ei1 #fc-ge1 #aja1 #aad1 #aag1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ada1 #adb1 #adi1 #aej ,pressure-gauge ''' #aad ,prony-brake ''' #ch1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff1 #aag1 #agi1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bdi ,propell]s ''' #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #bb1 #dj1 #fh1 #fi1 #id1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aah1 #aai1 #acf1 #aci1 #adc1 #ade1 #adi1 #agh-ahd1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfh1 #bgb1 #bgg con/ruction ( ''' #fc1 #gf1 #ih1 #ajj1 #agh-ahd e>ly =ms ( ''' #g1 #h1 #aa1 #bb1 #cc lift ( ''' #fa1 #fb1 #ff1 #fi1 #gg1 #id1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aca1 #adh1 #aea1 #ahi1 #aib pit* ( ''' #fc1 #fi1 #gf1 #aah1 #aha position ( ''' #ci1 #fc %afts ( ''' #ci1 #aag1 #age-agg1 #bdb slip ( ''' #ajg1 #aji spe$ ( 7see also revolutions p] m9ute7 ''' #fa1 #ia1 #id1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aad1 #acd1 #bfd1 #bgb te/s ( 7see p5dulum1 lift1 & ?ru/74 ?ru/ ( ''' #dg1 #fb1 #id1 #aai1 #adh1 #aed1 #afa1 #agd toy ''' #g1 #h1 #i1 #ba1 #bb ,pumps ''' #cf1 #cg1 #eg1 #ei1 #fe1 #fh1 #ga1 #ge1 #aad1 #aae1 #ada1 #bda c5trifugal ''' #bda1 #bdh circulat+ ''' #aad1 #bdd d\ble-act+ ''' #fh1 #aad =ce ''' #eg ,q ,quantico1 ,va41 flights at ''' #fd1 #ff1 #gi1 #ic1 #adg1 #bee1 #bfi ,qu>t]-size model ''' #aeh1 #aei1 #agj1 #bbf-bcc1 #bdc1 #bee1 #beg-bfa1 #bha ,quill1 eagle's1 & spruce rib comp>$ ''' #bjj1 #bja ,r ,radiator 7see also eng9e1 wat]-cool$7 ''' #beb ,r&olph1 ,g54 ,w4 ,f4 ''' #bgf1 #bgg ,record ( flights 7see also data %eets7 ''' #b1 #c1 #ag1 #ajg1 #aag1 #ace-aee1 #bee-bhb ,re$1 ,r4 ,l41 *ief c>p5t] ''' #ic-ie1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #bff1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bge ,reel atta*$ to float ''' #aai1 #abj ,relation ( area to weight & p[] ''' #dc1 #dd1 #fd1 #ha1 #hi1 #ij1 #ii ,res]voir 7see air-*amb] & tank74 ,resi/ance1 air ''' #f1 #h1 #i1 #adb ( frame & guy-wires ''' #afe-afg ,revolutions ( eng9e & propell]s p] m9ute 7see also spe$7 ''' #cc1 #eh1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aae1 #bdi1 #beb ,rib1 spruce & eagle's quill1 comp>$ ''' #bjj1 #bja ,ribs1 con/ruction ( ''' #cg1 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #ahh1 #aid-bjf1 #bfc1 #bfd ,ridgway1 ,rob]t1 on ,am]ican ,buzz>d ''' #cja ,root-angle ( w+s ''' #hb1 #hc1 #ia1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc ,rotation1 angle ( ''' #fa c5t] ( ''' #fb ,rubb] z a s\rce ( p[] ''' #e1 #h-bd1 #dd1 #gf ela/ic limit ( ''' #i1 #bb 8fatigue0 ( ''' #bc horse-p[] produc$ by ''' #i1 #bb1 #bc spr+s ''' #b1 #ahe insulation ''' #add1 #bda ,rubb]-driv5 models ''' #e1 #h-bb ,rubb]-pull & rubb]-twi/$ models ''' #af-bd ,rudd] 7see also tail7 ''' #h1 #i1 #gg1 #hj-ia1 #abb1 #acf1 #bjg-bag1 #bee1 #bgb1 #bge horizontal ''' #h ,pnaud's ''' #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #ej1 #gi1 #hg1 #ajg1 #abb1 #aci-adg1 #aea1 #bji1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf1 #bec1 #bgj-bgb1 #bge v]tical evolution ( ''' #ha1 #hb1 #hf1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajf ,rudd]-tail 7see tail-rudd]74 ,s ,s&+-te/s ( w+s ''' #hd1 #he1 #hi1 #ii1 #aij-bjd 8,sep>ator10 evolution (1 = dry /eam ''' #eh1 #ei1 #fe1 #fh1 #aad1 #adb ,s]pollet-type boil]s ''' #ef1 #eg ,%afts1 ma91 con/ruction ( ''' #aag propell] ''' #ci1 #aag1 #age-agg1 #bdb ,%>p1 ,ar*ibald1 on balanc+ ( eng9es ''' #bdf ,%ea?+1 alum9um ''' #fi mica ''' #fc1 #gb1 #aae ,%op te/s ''' #dj1 #bah1 #bea-bed ,silk w+-cov]+ ''' #ed1 #fc1 #ha1 #hf-hh1 #ij1 #adh1 #aid1 #aie1 #bje ,slid+ tail design$ ''' #af1 #hd ,smillie1 ,?omas ,w41 photograph] ''' #bfj1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bgc ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ''' #a1 #f1 #ag1 #ah1 #ca1 #db1 #abd-abf1 #aga1 #agd1 #agf1 #agi1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bga1 #bgf1 #bhj-bha ,smoke-/ack ''' #fj1 #fg1 #gd1 #gh ,so>+ birds1 /udy ( 7see also app5dix7 ''' #g1 #i1 #hh ,so>+-spe$ ''' #cb1 #da1 #fi ,sp>k+ devices 7see electric batt]ies & circuits74 ,specific gravity ''' #abj ,spe$ atta9$ 7see also velocity7 ''' #ca1 #cb1 #da1 #ee1 #fa1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aad1 #acd1 #afa1 #bfd ,spe$-c\nt] ''' #fb1 #abj1 #ahe1 #bdc1 #bdi1 #beb ,spokes1 wire ''' #bdc ,spruce guy-/icks & frames ''' #he-hg1 #ij ribs comp>$ ) quills ''' #bjj1 #bja ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition te/s ''' #bdi ,/ability1 lat]al & longitud9al ''' #de-eb1 #gg ,/>t] on laun*+-c> ''' #id1 #ie ,/>t+-crank on laun*+-c> ''' #bdc1 #bdd ,/eam1 dry1 production ( ''' #eh ,/eam-*e/ ''' #aag ,/eam-eng9e ''' #bd1 #cj-dj1 #fd1 #fi1 #aaf1 #abj ,/eam-gauge ''' #aad con/ruction ( frames & ''' #ec-hj ,/eam-g5]at+ app>atus ''' #aad-aaf ,/eam-motors & o!r models ''' #cj-dj1 #acd1 #ace ,/eam-pressure ''' #bd1 #cj-dj1 #ec-ei1 #fc-gj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aad1 #aag1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ada1 #adb1 #adi1 #aej ,/eel1 use ( ''' #fi1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aai1 #aba1 #agb1 #agd1 #bcd1 #bgg tubes1 = hull ''' #ci1 #fi1 #ge1 #aab1 #aah1 #abj ,/e]+ app>atus 7see also equilibrium & control7 ''' #bad-baf1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgb automatic ''' #cj1 #gg1 #baa1 #baf ,/e]+ :eel ''' #bad1 #baf1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgb ,/orage batt]ies 7see batt]ies1 electrical74 ,/r+fell[ eng9e ''' #cj1 #ca ,sup]pos$ w+s ''' #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ach1 #aec1 #aic1 #bca ,support+ surfaces ''' #aa1 #dd1 #gg1 #ha1 #ii1 #ahh-bjf ,supports = propell]s ''' #aab w+s & tails ''' #cf1 #fi ,surfaces 7see also planes & w+s74 cov]+ = ''' #gg1 #ha1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #adh1 #aid1 #aie curv$ ''' #dd1 #df plane1 obs]vations on velocity ( ''' #a rigid ''' #f1 #df support+ ''' #aa #dd1 #gg1 #ic1 #ii #ahh-bjf su/a9+ ''' #a1 #e1 #da-dd1 #hj-ia1 #ii & guid+ ''' #e1 #hj-ia ,surgeons' tape1 us$ = m5d+ ribs ''' #bfd ,su/a9+ surface ''' #a1 #e1 #da-dd1 #hj-ia1 #ii de ,lucy on ''' #ai ,symbols ''' #ad1 #ae ,syn*roniz+ me*anism ''' #ajh1 #aba1 #acf1 #acg ,t ,table1 turn ''' #aef1 #afe1 #aff :irl+ ''' #a1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #ca1 #db1 #afe1 #aff1 #agh1 #ahi-aid ,ta*omet] ''' #fb1 #abj1 #ahe1 #bdc1 #bdi1 #beb ,tail ''' #h1 #i1 #gj1 #gg1 #hj1 #ia1 #ii1 #bjg-bag adju/m5t ( ''' #af1 #hd connections ( ''' #hd1 #bac-baf cov]+ ''' #hf #ajc ,pnaud ''' #ab1 #ac1 #ej1 #gi1 #ajg1 #abb1 #aci-adg1 #aea-aec1 #bji1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae slid+ ''' #af1 #hd use z guid+ & su/a9+ surface ''' #hj ,tail-rudd] ''' #gg1 #hf1 #hg1 #aai1 #aeb1 #aec ,langley ''' #gg1 #hf ,tank1 air ''' #fd1 #fh1 #fi1 #aab1 #aad fuel ''' #cf1 #fe-fh1 #aab1 #aac wat] ''' #beb ,telephoto cam]a ''' #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgc ,te/s 7see also eng9e te/s1 trials1 & flights74 boil]s ''' #gj-ge1 #ace con/ruction & ''' #bcd-bej cyl9d] ''' #ee eng9e ''' #cg1 #ee1 #fa1 #fi1 #ajb1 #acc1 #ace1 #adh1 #bcd-bej1 #bea-bed1 #bha exp]im5tal eng9e ''' #aijb-aijd ''' #bej frame ''' #gi p[] ''' #fa1 #fb1 #fi1 #ajb resi/ance ''' #afe-afg s&+1 ( w+s ''' #hd1 #he1 #hi1 #ij1 #aij-bjd %op1 ( l>ge ma*9e ''' #dj1 #bah1 #bea-bed ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition ''' #bdi :irl+-table ''' #a1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #ca1 #db1 #afe-aff1 #agh1 #ahi-aid w+ ''' #hd1 #he1 #hi1 #ii1 #aij-bjd ,te/+ gr\nd 7see also ,quantico7 ''' #fd1 #ff1 #ib1 #ic1 #bee1 #bef1 #bgg1 #bhj ,?ru/1 c5t] ( ''' #fb propell] ''' #dg1 #fb1 #id1 #aai1 #adh1 #aed1 #afa1 #agd ,?ru/-record+ devices ''' #bbi1 #bcj ,?ur/on1 ,r4 ,h4 ''' #abh1 #abi ,"t ( flights ''' #ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #acg1 #ade1 #adh1 #beh ,torque ''' #bbb1 #bdb ,toy a]oplanes ''' #g1 #i1 #ba1 #bb1 #dj ,transmission 7see also %aft & ge>s7 ''' #aag1 #age-agg1 #bdb ,transv]se frame ''' #gg1 #afe1 #agd-agh ,trials1 fir/ ''' #ig 7#ahia7 ''' #ag 7#ahib7 ''' #ec1 #ib 7#ahic7 ''' #fe1 #ic-if 7#ahid7 ''' #fe1 #if-ajj 7#ahie7 ''' #aja-ajf 7#ahif7 ''' #b1 #gi1 #ajf-aji 7#ahig7 ''' #abc-abe 7#ahih7 ''' #fa 7#ahii7 ''' #gi1 #ace-aee 7#aijc7 ''' #abf1 #aha1 #bee-bhb ,tubes 9 hull con/ruction ''' #fi1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #agb1 #agd1 #bcd1 #bgg ,turn-table ''' #aef1 #afe1 #aff ,turnbuckle 7see also guy+7 ''' #agj1 #aga1 #agb ,v ,valve-*e/ ''' #aad1 #bac ,valves ''' #aad1 #aag1 #bac exhau/ ''' #bcg me*anically op]at$ ''' #aad1 #bac motion ''' #aab1 #aad1 #aae1 #bac ne$le ''' #ef1 #eg1 #aac1 #bab ,vaporization ''' #cg1 #fg1 #adh1 #adi ,v>ni%1 collodion ''' #aib n affect$ by ammonia ''' #aih pyroxel5e ''' #hf wat]-pro( ''' #bfc1 #bfd ,velocity ''' #ah1 #ca1 #cb1 #ee1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aad1 #acd1 #aej1 #afa1 #aff1 #ahe1 #bfd1 #bfe initial ''' #ajj1 #aaj1 #aej1 #afc requir$ to su/a9 plane ''' #a1 #dc1 #aaj1 #aff ,v]tical rudd] ''' #ha1 #hb1 #hf1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajf ,vulcanite1 use ( ''' #beg ,w ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 allotm5t ''' #abd-abf1 #acb1 #bgh1 #bgi ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification ''' #abd-abf ,report ( ''' #bgf-bhj ,wa%+ton ,ev5+ ,/>1 report ( ''' #bgd ,wat*es1 /op1 = tim+ flight ''' #aji ,wat]1 cool+1 = eng9e ''' #bce1 #bcf1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #beb ,wat]-eng9e1 hot ''' #bd1 #be ,wat]-jacket ''' #bbj1 #bcd1 #bcf ,wat]-pro( v>ni% ''' #bfc1 #bfd ,wat]-tank ''' #beb ,watk9s ,j4 ,e4 ''' #ci ,weight 7see also data %eets74 fly+1 ( a]odrome ''' #ae1 #ch1 #fb1 #fc1 #gf1 #gg1 #ha1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #aja1 #aji1 #aaf1 #adh1 #bjf1 #bdg1 #bej1 #bef1 #bgg ( a]odrome ''' #ca1 #ch1 #dj1 #ec1 #fb1 #fc1 #aaf1 #abf1 #acj1 #bjf1 #bef cov]+ = w+s ''' #aid p>ts ( a]odrome ''' #ca1 #fc1 #aaf1 #aij1 #bej eng9e ''' #aaf1 #aag1 #abf1 #acj1 #aef1 #bji1 #bdg1 #bej1 #bgg p] horse-p[] ''' #ca1 #abf relation to area & p[] ''' #dc1 #dd1 #fd1 #ha1 #hi1 #ij1 #if total1 ) aviator ''' #bef ,welln]1 ,georg ''' #dd1 #dg ,:eel1 fly ''' #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #beb /e]+ ''' #bad-baf1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgb ,:irl+-table ''' #a1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #ca1 #db1 #afe-aff1 #agh1 #ahi-aid ,widewat]1 ,va41 exp]im5tal gr\nds 7#aijc7 ''' #bee1 #bef1 #bgg1 #bhj ,w9d1 artificial ''' #db1 #fa difficulties ( laun*+ 9 ''' #id1 #ii1 #bfe1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgf1 #bhb exp]im5ts 9 ''' #db1 #fa1 #ii1 #beg1 #bga int]nal "w ( ! ''' #f1 #db op5 ''' #db1 #ii1 #beg1 #bga1 #bgb ,w9d-%ield = burn]s ''' #fj1 #fg1 #ie1 #aae ,w9d-vane rudd] ''' #acf ,w+-clamps ''' #hb1 #hi1 #ade1 #ahc ,w+s1 adju/m5t (1 = c5t] ( gravity ''' #af angle ( ''' #de1 #fa1 #hb1 #hc1 #hi1 #ia1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc arrangem5t ( ''' #de-dg1 #gg1 #hf1 #hi1 #aid1 #bee bagg+ ( ''' #hd1 #hf1 #ajj1 #aie1 #bjc bird1 con/ruction ( ''' #g1 #ahh1 #bjj1 #bja boxes = ''' #bfc1 #bfd con/ruction ( ''' #g1 #gj1 #hj1 #ha1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ii1 #aje1 #aai1 #aba1 #ach1 #ahh-bjf cov]+ (1 clo? ''' #aie1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bje goldbeat]'s sk9 ''' #gg pap] ''' #hf silk ''' #ed1 #fc1 #ha1 #hf-hh1 #ij1 #adh1 #aid1 #aie1 #bje weight ( ''' #aid curvature ( ''' #ah1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #ii1 #aab di/ortion ( ''' #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #ia1 #ih1 #aje d\ble ti] ''' #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ach1 #aic1 #bca effici5cy ( ''' #df1 #hg1 #hi1 #ia1 #add1 #aib1 #aic flexure ( 7see di/ortion (74 pocket+ ( ''' #hd1 #hf1 #ajj1 #aie #bjc quills & spruce ribs comp>$ ''' #bjj1 #bja ribs ( ''' #cg1 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #ahh1 #aid-bjf s+le ti] ''' #ag1 #adb1 #adf1 #adg-aea1 #aec1 #aib1 #aic1 #bca sup]pos$ ''' #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ach1 #aec1 #aic1 #bca surface ( ''' #i1 #fi1 #ha1 #ii t&em effici5cy ( ''' #df1 #hg two sets ( ''' #ac1 #gg1 #ajf1 #ach1 #bca weight ( ''' #aij1 #aif ,wire guy+ ''' #ha1 #hd-ia1 #ii1 #afd-agc1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aie1 #aif1 #aii1 #bfd1 #bff resi/ance ''' #afe-afg spokes ''' #bdc ,wood5 guy /icks ''' #fc1 #ha1 #he ribs ''' #cg1 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #ahh1 #aid-bjf1 #bfc1 #bfd ,wreck+ ( l>ge ma*9e ''' #abf1 #ahd1 #bfe-bha ,z ,z9c1 en]gy develop$ f ''' #bg1 #bda ,zoological ,p>k cam]as ''' #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgc ,,transcrib]',s ,,endnote ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,illu/rations are mov$ f inside p>agraphs to betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ f ! ends ( pages to ! to ! ends ( ! appropriate sections1 :i* are3 ,adv]tisem5t 7page iii72 ,"p ,i2 & ,"p ,,ii1 up to j ahead ( ! ,,data ,,%eets1 :i* h _! own footnotes1 :i* 7 nei!r mov$ nor r5umb]$4 ,pages #af-ah4 ,page #af end$ at ) ano!r "o1 ,no4 #ca1 also %[n1 foll[$ by ,plates #a-d1 foll[$ by page #ag1 :i* conta9$ two data tables1 foll[$ by page #ah1 :i* cont9u$ ! orig9al p>agraph4 ,! transcrib] has clos$ ! p>agraph1 & mov$ ! ,plates & tables to foll[ x4 ,pages #ca-cb4 ,! footnote on page #ca said only ,see footnote on page #cb4 ,! footnote on page #cb _h no an*or 9 ! text4 ,!re=e1 to simplify1 ! page #ca footnote has be5 elim9at$1 & its an*or is l9k$ directly to ! page #cb footnote4 ,pages #df-dg4 ,! footnote on page #dg _h no an*or 9 ! text4 ,h[ev]1 ! footnote on page #df said only ,see ,footnote page #dg4 ,!re=e1 ! footnote an*or on page #df has be5 l9k$ directly to ! footnote on page #dg1 elim9at+ ! page #df footnote4 ,page #fc4 ,! l>ge table 0 split into two tables1 repeat+ ! fir/ column 9 ea* "p4 ,l>ge curly brackets 1 1 indicat+ comb9ation ( in=mation on two or m l9es1 h be5 replac$ by ,unicode box draw+ *>act]s1 e4g4 4 ,tables 9 g5]al1 & ^! box *>act]s 9 p>ticul>1 may n l9e up prop]ly unless ! us] is employ+ a monospac$ font4 ,page #adj4 ,! p>agraph = ,june #bc orig9ally end$ dott$ l9e 9 ,plate4 ,! transcrib] has ins]t$ #cd41 z a guess4 ,pages #aij-aib4 ,! wide tables 7 split into two1 repeat+ ! fir/ column 9 ea* "p4 ,page #aic4 ,! wide tables 7 transpos$1 r[ = column4 ,page #bja4 ,! wide table 0 split into two4 ,pages #big-cjh1 ,data ,%eets4 ,rem>ks orig9ally situat$ 9 ! tables are app5d$ bel[ ea* ,data ,%eet4 ,! units ( measurem5t 7 orig9ally spell$ out--m4,metres2 ft4,feet2 gr4,grammes2 & lbs4,p\nds4 ,9 ! footnotes to ! ,data ,%eets1 9 ! phrases curv$ w+s #b-e ! way1 & re> w+s h #b-c ( ! effici5cy1 ! hyph5 seems to mean division1 l _/4 ,?is usage occurs also 9 ! caption to ,plate #he1 9 ,,scale #a #a-af ,,in* ,,to ,,/atute ,,mile4 ,page #bii4 ,item #da1 #g #ge *ang$ to #g4ge4 ,,index4 ,! orig9al index 0 /ructur$ 9 a way n suitable = ?is ebook4 ,! :ite space on ! pr9t$ page sub/itut$ = words n repeat$4 ,?us1 "u ,balanc+ ( a]odrome1 444 1 7 ind5t$ entries = eng9e1 w+s & rudd]1 c4 ,?is spac+ has be5 r5d]$ h]e9 z a horizontal b> 1 "o = ea* ^w to be und]/ood z repeat$4 ,s 9 ?is case1 two b>s1 mean+ ,balanc+ (4 ,moreov]1 page numb]s ref]5c$ by index entries 7 "r-ju/ifi$ & prec$$ by dott$ lead]s4 ,h]e91 ! lead]s h be5 indicat$ by horizontal ellipsis '''4 ,! lead]s 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts h also be5 replac$ by ellipses4 ,e/imat+ f ,int]net ,ar*ive's /at$ scann+ rate ( #djj ppi1 ! pages 7 ab\t #f4b by #i4b in*es4 ,body text 0 pr9t$ 9 #i po9t type1 ) #c po9t lead+1 & footnotes 7 pr9t$ 9 #e4d po9t type4