,,! ,,bases ,,( ,,design ,,! ,,bases ,,( ,,design ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane ,illu/ration ,,london ,,george ,,bell ,,& ,,sons #aijb ,fir/ ,edition1 ,m$ium #hvo1 #ahih4 ,second ,edition1 ,cr[n #hvo1 #aijb4 ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,,to ,,*>les ,,r[ley1 ,j4,p4 ,,*airman ,,( ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,municipal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,art1 ,,to ,,^: ,,en]gy1 ,,sympa?y1 ,,& ,,en?usiasm ,,! ,,s*ool1 ,,9 ,,its ,,new] ,,developm5t1 ,,owes ,,s ,,mu*1 ,,& ,,to ,,my ,,=m] ,,colleagues ,,( ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,/aff1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,to ,,all ,,/ud5ts1 ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,book4 ,,preface ,,! sub/ance ( ! foll[+ *apt]s orig9ally =m$ a s]ies ( lectures address$ to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,man*e/] ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art dur+ my t5ure ( ! director%ip ( ,design at t in/itution4 ,! field cov]$ is an ext5sive "o1 & ,i am consci\s t _m bran*es ( my subject are only t\*$1 :il/ o!rs are treat$ 9 a v elem5t>y mann]4 ,e *apt]1 inde$1 might be exp&$ into a volume1 "u su* f>-rea*+ head+s1 to give to ea* section any?+ l adequate treatm5t4 ,my ma9 object1 h[ev]1 has be5 to trace ! vital ve9s & n]ves ( relation%ip 9 ! arts ( design1 :i*1 l ! sap f ! c5tral /em1 spr++ f connect$ & collective roots1 out ( a common gr\nd1 su/a9 & unite 9 "o organic :ole ! liv+ tree4 ,9 an age :51 ow+ to ! action ( c]ta9 economic causes--! *iefe/ be+ comm]cial competition--! t5d5cy is to specialize ea* bran* ( design1 :i* ?us becomes isolat$ f ! re/1 ,i feel x is mo/ important to keep 9 m9d ! real fundam5tal connection & ess5tial unity ( art3 & ?\gh we may1 z /ud5ts & arti/s1 9 practice be int5t ^u ga!r+ ! fruit f ! p>ticul> bran* we desire to make our own1 we %\ld nev] be ins5sible to its relation to o!r bran*es1 its dep5d5ce ^u ! ma9 /em & ! s\rce ( its life at ! root4 ,o!rwise we are1 ,i ?9k1 9 dang] ( becom+ me*anical 9 our "w1 or too n>r[ly te*nical1 :ile1 z a collective result ( su* n>r[ness ( view1 ! art ( ! age1 to :i* ea* individual contributes1 %[s a want ( bo? imag9ative h>mony & te*nical relation ) itself1 :5 unity ( effect & purpose is p>ticul>ly ess5tial1 z 9 ! design & decoration ( bo? public & private build+s1 n to speak ( ! l>g] significance ( art z ! mo/ p]man5t record ( ! life & ideals ( a p4 ,my illu/rations are drawn f _m s\rces1 & consi/ ( a l>ge proportion ( ^? orig9ally us$ = ! lectures1 only t in/ead ( ! r\gh *>coal sket*es done at ! "t1 c>eful p5 draw+s h be5 made ( _m ( ! subjects 9 addition to ! photographs & o!r au?orities4 ,x may be not$ t ,i h freely us$ bo? l9e & tone blocks 9 ! text & ?r\gh\t ! book1 al?\gh ,i advocate ! use ( l9e draw+s only ) type 9 books :]e9 complet5ess ( organic ornam5tal "* is ! object4 ,su* a book z ?is1 h[ev]1 be+ r 9 ! nature ( a tool or auxili>y to a design]'s work%op1 c h>dly be reg>d$ f t po9t ( view4 ,! s*eme ( ! "w1 :i* necessitates ! ga!r+ toge!r ( s _m & v>i$ illu/rations z div]se 9 scale1 subject1 & treatm5t z ! hi/oric p]iods :i* !y repres5t1 w\ld itself preclude a consi/5t decorative treatm5t1 & x has be5 f\nd necess>y to reproduce _m ( ! illu/rations f _! orig9al =m 9 l>ge scale draw+s on br[n pap] t\*$ ) :ite1 z well z f photographs :i* necess>ily pr9t z tone-blocks4 ,i h to ?ank ,mr4 ,gleeson ,:ite = 8 valuable help 9 _m ways1 z well z 9 obta9+ p]mission f v>i\s own]s ( copyright to use photographs & o!r illu/rations1 & also ! publi%]s1 :o h all[$ me ! use ( blocks 9 "s in/ances--,mr4 ,george ,all5 = a page f ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e2 ,messrs4 ,bradbury1 ,agnew & ,co4 = ! use ( ! ,pun* draw+s2 & ,messrs4 ,j4 ,s4 ,virtue & ,co4 = ! use ( photographs ( c>pet weav+ & glass bl[+1 :i* 7 specially tak5 = ,! ,art ,j\rnal4 ,my ?anks are also due to ,mr4 ,met=d ,w>n] 7,messrs4 ,jeffrey & ,co47 = ! use ( 8 photo-li?ographs ( my wall-pap] designs issu$ by 8 firm2 to ,mr4 ,r4 ,ph5 ,spi]s = ! use ( 8 sket* ( ! iron balu/rade f ,ro!nburg2 to ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son = photographs ( two ( 8 rec5t bookb9d+s2 to ! executors ( ! late ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cre5y = p]mission to reproduce two ( ! illu/rations f 8 ,monum5tal ,brasses on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe 7n[ publi%$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d72 also to ,mr4 ,h>old ,ra?bone1 :o k9dly all[s me to reproduce ! c>toons by ,=d ,madox ,br[n 9 8 possession2 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,sylve/] ,sp>r[ = ! practical notes on pa9t+ glass2 & to ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk] = help 9 sev]al ways 9 ! prep>ation ( ! book4 ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,,k5s+ton1 ,novemb]1 #ahig4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,pres5t ,,edition ,,?is repr9t ( ,! ,bases ( ,design gives me an opportunity to correct a few errors :i* _h inadv]t5tly crept 9 on its fir/ appe>ance1 & also to add a ^w "h & !re4 ,i v5ture to hope t ! book may prove m useful & accessible to /ud5ts 9 its pres5t =m4 ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,,k5s+ton1 ,novemb]1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,,( ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,basis #a ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,utility ,,basis ,,& ,,influ5ce #dh ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,me?od #ia ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,conditions ,,9 ,,design #abc ,v ,,( ,,! ,,climatic ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design--,,*iefly ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,col\r ,,& ,,patt]n #afj ,,vi ,,( ,,! ,,racial ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design #aia ,,vii ,,( ,,! ,,symbolic ,,influ5ce1 ,,or ,,emblematic ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,design #bbb ,,viii ,,( ,,! ,,graphic ,,influ5ce1 ,,or ,,naturalism ,,9 ,,design #bei ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design #cjb ,x ,,( ,,! ,,collective ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design #cej ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,?ree typical ,con/ructive ,=ms 9 ,ar*itecture--,l9tel1 ,r\nd ,ar*1 ,po9t$ ,ar*4 #e ,gate ( ,myc54 #f ,imitation ( ,wood5 ,con/ruction 9 ,/one ,tomb 9 ,lycia4 #g ,ornam5tal l9es 9 ! ,frieze ( ! ,p>!non #h ,metope ( ! ,p>!non1 %[+ relation & proportions ( ! masses 9 relief to ! gr\nd4 #i ,! ,p>!non4 #aa ,! ,p>!non--,ea/]n ,p$im5t1 sket*es %[+ relation ( l9es ( sculpture to angle ( ,p$im5t4 #ab ,! ,p>!non--,elevation %[+ portion ( ,p$im5t1 ,frieze & ,columns4 #ac ,ar*itectural influ5ce 9 design ( small accessories 7,greek74 #ae ,section ( ! ,colosseum4 #ag ,hang+ ! ,fe/al ,g>l&--,visit ( ,bac*us to ,ic>ius4 #ah ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e4 #ai ,mosaic1 ,/4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 ,rav5na4 #ba ,"p ( ,int]ior ( ,dome ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 #bc ,mosaic ( ! ,empress ,!odora1 ,/4 ,vitale1 ,rav5na4 #bd ,anselm's ,t[]1 ,cant]bury4 #bg ,transitional ,arcade1 ,s\? ,transept1 ,cant]bury4 #bi ,typical ,=ms ( ,ar*es4 #cj ,typical ,=ms ( ,go?ic ,geometric ,foliation4 #cj ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! ,nave1 look+ ea/4 #ca ,wells ,ca!dral1 ,we/ ,front4 #cc ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,fan ,trac]y 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel4 #ce ,! ,five ,si/]s ( ,york4 #cg ,details ( ,tomb1 ,w9*elsea ,*ur* 7#acjc74 #ch ,f\rte5? ,c5tury ,canopi$ ,tomb1 ,w9*elsea ,*ur*4 #ci ,wr\ght-iron ,rail+1 ,wells ,ca!dral4 #dj ,canopi$ ,seat & ,sidebo>d1 ,fr5* ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 #da ,c>v$ ,b5*-ends1 ,d5n+ton ,*ur*1 ,suffolk4 #db ,brocade ,hang+1 f ! ,annunciation1 by ,meml+4 #dc ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral4 #dd ,/ructural l9es ( diff]5t p]iods 9 h>moni\s comb9ation1 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 #de ,matt+4 #di ,primitive ,ru% ,mat4 #ej ,assyrian ,bord]4 #ej ,assyrian enamell$ ,tile4 #ea ,greek ,an!mion ,ornam5t4 #eb ,wattl$ ,f5ce4 #eb ,anci5t ,volute ,ornam5t4 #ec ,types ( ,decoration d]iv$ f ,?ong+4 #ed ,frieze ( ! ,temple ( ! ,sybil at ,tivoli4 #ee ,yoke ( ,ox51 ,c>r>a4 #ee ,b>ge-bo>d1 ,igh?am ,mote ,h\se4 #eg ,types ( ,gables4 #eg ,hazel=d ,hall1 ,d]by%ire4 #ei ,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,drip/one4 #fj ,t[]s ( ,san ,gimignano4 #fa ,t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ,flor5ce4 #fc ,t[] ) corn] ,turret1 ,axm\? ,*ur*1 ,devon4 #fd ,cut ,brick ,*imneys1 ,leigh's ,priory1 ,essex4 #fe ,brick ,*imney1 ,framl+ham ,ca/le4 #ff ,ca/-iron ,fire-dog1 ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,hospital1 ,cant]bury4 #fg ,ca/-iron ,grate ,back1 ,bruges4 #fh ,fireplace ) wr\ght-iron ,crane1 ,*ur* ,f>m1 ,hemp/ead1 ,essex4 #fi ,c&le/icks4 #ga ,brass ,*&eli]1 ,g]man ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 #gd ,details ( above4 #ge ,lamps1 ,c&le/ick1 & ,snuff]s4 #gg ,dr9k+ ,vessels1 etc4 #ha ,g]man ,be] ,mugs4 #hb ,italian ,flasks & ,bottle4 #hc ,pit*] f ,ro!nburg4 #hg ,plate & ,di% ,decoration4 #hg ,typical ,bord] ,sy/ems4 #hi ,p]si/5t ,patt]n ,plans1 ,rectangul> ,basis4 #hi ,corbel1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 ,d5n+ton ,*ur*1 ,suffolk4 #ib ,mis]]es1 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral4 #ic1 #id ,sc&9avian ,clay ,vessel4 #ie ,mod]n ,egyptian ,clay ,vessel4 #ig ,bronze ,/atue ( ,l\is ,,xv4 by ,b\*>don1 %[+ int]nal ,iron-"w & ,core4 #ii ,! same1 %[+ di/ribution ( ,ducts & ,v5ts4 #aja ,wr\ght-iron ,gates1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,nuremb]g4 #ajc ,wr\ght-iron ,f5d]1 ,tongs1 ,fire-dog & ,%ovel1 ,bruges4 #ajc ,wr\ght-iron ,alt> ,scre51 ,/4 ,?omas's1 ,salisbury4 #ajd ,wr\ght-iron ,balu/rade1 ,ro!nburg1 f a sket* by ,r4 ,ph5 ,spi]s4 #aje ,lady at a ,h& ,loom1 f ,erasmus's ,praise ( ,folly 7#afgf74 #ajg ,diagrams %[+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,loom4 #ajg ,p]sian ,c>pet1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 #aji ,embroid]y4 #aad ,facsimile ( a page f ! ,bu* von d5 ,sieb5 ,todsnd5 7,augsburg1 #adgd74 #aag ,hans ,baldung ,grn1 facsimile ( a page f ,hortulus ,anim 7,/rassburg1 #aeaa74 #aah ,william ,blake1 ,a ,cradle ,song4 #abj ,ceil+ ,pap]s4 ,design$ by ,walt] ,crane4 #abd1 #abe1 #abf ,repeat+ ,patt]n ,wall-pap]4 ,design$ by ,walt] ,crane4 #abg ,patt]n ,plans & ,motives controll$ by conditions ( ,position & ,purpose4 #abi ,floor ,motive4 ,sket* design = inlaid wood1 by ,walt] ,crane4 #acj ,drop ,repeat ,wall-pap]s4 ,design$ by ,walt] ,crane4 #acb1 #acd ,page ,plans1 %[+ v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ,text & ,decorations4 #acg ,page f ,! ,glitt]+ ,pla9 7,kelmscott ,press74 #aci ,page f ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que5e 7,walt] ,crane74 #adj ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,glass f ! ,sa9te ,*apelle1 ,p>is 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 #adb1 #adc1 #ade ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,glass f ,w9*e/] ,college ,*apel 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 #adg ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,glass ,grisaille1 ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 #aea ,c>toons = ,glass1 %[+ lead design1 by ,=d ,madox ,br[n4 #aeb1 #aec ,mod]n ,glass1 design$ & execut$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,sp>r[4 #aeg ,por* ( ,ca!dral ( ,s4 ,jacopo1 ,pi/oia4 #afe ,primitive ,egyptian ,h\se1 aft] ,viollet le ,duc4 #afh ,column f ,temple ( ,luxor4 #afi ,p]sian ,capital1 influ5c$ by ,primitive ,timb] ,con/ruction4 #agj ,lotus ,capital1 ,phil4 #aga ,frieze 9 col\r$ & glaz$ ,bricks1 ,palace ( ,susa 7f ! ,reproduction 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum71 drawn by ,w4 ,cleobury4 #agc ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque at ,ardebil 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 #agg ,arab ,casem5t f ,cairo 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum71 drawn by ,w4 ,cleobury4 #aha ,c>v$ /one lattice ,w9d[ f ! ,mosque ( ! ,palace ( ,ahm$abad4 #ahc ,portion ( ! ,alhambra1 drawn by ,gu/ave ,dor4 #ahg ,old ,h\se 9 ,turnov1 dat$ #ahaf4 #ahh ,/reet 9 ,eg]4 #ahi ,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics1 ,tomb ( ,b5i ,hasan 7,x,i,xth ,dyna/y74 #aie ,alt> ) ,(f]+s1 ,egyptian ,mural ,pa9t+1 ,!bes4 #aif ,egyptian ,wall-pa9t+ 7,briti% ,museum74 #aig ,assyrian ,tree ( ,life4 #aih ,assyrian ,bas-reliefs 7,briti% ,museum74 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja ,assur ,b5i ,pal1 ,assyrian ,lions f ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bjc ,lion modell$ by ,alfr$ ,/ev5s & ca/ 9 iron4 #bje ,greek ,/ele or ,head-/one4 #bjf ,indian ,flame ,halo or ,nimbus4 #bjg ,p]sian ,pomegranate =ms1 f a goat-hair ,c>pet 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 #bjh ,celtic design1 f a ,cross at ,campbelt[n1 ,argyll%ire4 #bji ,typical ornam5tal ,=ms 9 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese designs4 #baa ,arabian ,f\rte5? ,c5tury c>v$ & inlaid ,pulpit1 ,cairo 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum71 drawn by ,w4 ,cleobury4 #bac1 #bae ,panel 9 c>v$ & inlaid ,wood1 f ! ,mosque ( ,tooloon 9 ,cairo1 ,f\rte5? or ,fifte5? ,c5tury ,s>ac5ic4 #bag ,! ,fylfot or ,sauva/ika1 & its incorporation 9 ornam5t4 #bbd ,primitive ,symbols1 ,sun1 ,fire1 ,wat]4 #bbd ,polynesian ,c>v$ ,ornam5t1 f ,h]vey ,isl& ,paddle4 #bbe ,polynesian ,ornam5t--,evolution ( ! ,zigzag4 #bbg ,h9du ,symbol ( ! ,univ]se4 #bbi ,examples ( ,egyptian ,symbolism4 #bca ,il ,nilo 7,vatican1 ,rome74 #bce ,v5us & ,p>is--! ,apples ( ! ,hesp]ides 7f a relief at ,wilton ,h\se74 #bcg ,*ri/ian ,emblem3 ,/ags ,dr9k+ 7,mausoleo di ,galla ,placidia1 ,rav5na74 #bdj ,*ri/ian ,emblem3 ,peacocks & ,v9e 7,s>cophagus1 ,/4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 ,rav5na74 #bda ,fra ,angelico1 ,angel 7,uffizi1 ,flor5ce74 #bdb1 #bdc ,orcagna1 ,fi5ds f ,! ,triumph ( ,dea?1 ,fresco 7,campo ,santo1 ,pisa74 #bde ,combat ( ,k+ ) ,griff9 7,anci5t ,p]sian ,sculpture1 ,p]sepolis74 #bdg ,typical ,=ms ( ,%ields & ( ,h]aldic ,treatm5t4 #bdi ,sicilian ,silk ,tissue1 ,twelf? c5tury 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 #bea ,alciati's ,emblems1 design$ by ,solomon ,b]n>d1 ,ex ,bello ,pax1 ,=tune1 ,ambition1 ,av>ice4 #bec1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef ,prehi/oric ,graphic ,art ( ! ,cave ,m54 #bfj1 #bfa ,egyptian ,treatm5t ( ,birds 7f pa9t$ ,mummy ,cases1 ,briti% ,museum74 #bfd ,a ,f[l]1 ,wall-pa9t+1 ,x,i,xth ,dyna/y 7,briti% ,museum74 #bfe ,japanese ,graphic ,art 7f ,! ,hundr$ ,birds ( ,b>i74 #bff1 #bfg ,egyptian ,scribe1 ,portrait ,/atuette1 ,v? or ,v,ith ,dyna/y 7,l\vre74 #bfi ,sculptur$ ,frieze discov]$ 9 ! ,=um1 #ahgb4 #bga ,aux]re ,ca!dral1 ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,sculpture4 #bgb ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury ,sculpture4 #bgc ,/atue ( ,/4 ,m>?a 7,/4 ,urba91 ,troyes74 #bge ,meml+1 ,deliv]ance ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,grimani ,brevi>y74 #bgf ,meml+1 ,david plac+ ! ,ark 9 ! ,tab]nacle 7,grimani ,brevi>y74 #bgg ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,! ,apocalypse4 #bgi ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,portrait ( ,erasmus 7#aebf74 #bhj ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,! ,cannon 7#aeac74 #bha ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,! tak+ d[n f ! ,cross 7,little ,passion74 #bhc ,hans ,burgmair1 ,gr\p ( ,knights f ,! ,triumphs ( ,maximilian4 #bhd ,horn$ ,poppy1 f ,fu*sius' ,de ,hi/oria ,/irpium 7#aedb74 #bhg ,japanese ,plant ,draw+4 #bhh1 #bhi ,brass ( ,joris de ,munt] & ,wife 7,bruges1 #adci74 #bia ,brass ( ,k+ ,eric ,m5v$ & ,que5 ,+eborg ( ,d5m>k 7,r+/ead1 #acai74 #bic ,*>les ,ke5e1 ,draw+ f ,pun*4 #bie ,l9ley ,samb\rne1 ,draw+ f ,pun*4 #big ,phil ,may1 ,draw+ f ,pun*4 #bii ,simone ,memmi1 ,fresco conta9+ portrait ( ,cimabue & ,contempor>ies 7,s4 ,m4 ,novella1 ,flor5ce74 #cjg ,giotto1 ,portrait ( ,dante 7,pretorian ,palace1 ,flor5ce74 #cji ,giotto1 ,frescoes 7,ar5a ,*apel1 ,padua74 #caj1 #caa ,giotto1 ,frescoes 7,assisi74 #cab1 #cac ,niccolo ,pisano1 ,pulpit 7,bapti/]y1 ,pisa74 #cae ,orcagna1 ,triumph ( ,dea?1 ,fresco 7,campo ,santo1 ,pisa74 #cag ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 ,frescoes 7,ricc>di ,*apel1 ,flor5ce74 #cah1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cba ,botticelli1 ,detail f ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,uffizi1 ,flor5ce74 #cbc ,botticelli1 ,la ,prima ,v]a 7,academy1 ,flor5ce74 #cbe ,mantegna1 ,bronze ,monum5t 7,s4 ,&rea1 ,mantua74 #cbg ,mantegna1 ,! ,triumph ( ,julius ,cs>1 f ,&rea ,&reani's woodcut4 #cca ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,! ,la/ ,supp] 7,milan74 #cce ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,/udy = ! ,head ( ,*ri/4 #ccg ,bu/ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7,s4 ,croce1 ,flor5ce74 #cci ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 7,! ,creation ( ,man74 #cda ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 #cdc ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,! ,delphic ,sibyl 7,si/9e ,*apel74 #cde ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,tomb ( ,giuliano de ,m$ici 7,flor5ce74 #cdf ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,tomb ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici 7,flor5ce74 #cdg ,natural v>iation 9 ,repetition ( ,ornam5tal ,=ms--,prim>y ,s*ool ,*ildr5 draw+ on ! blackbo>d1 ,philadelphia4 #cef1 #ceg ,axm9/] ,c>pet ,weav+4 #cfa ,tape/ry ,c>pet ,weav+4 #cfb ,int]ior ( ! ,ateli] ( ,eti5ne ,delaune1 ,p>is1 #aegf4 #cfd ,glass ,bl[+4 #cff ,int]ior ( a ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 f ,jo/ ,amman4 #cfg ,gold-,tool$ ,b9d+s1 by ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son4 #cgj1 #cga ,,( ,,! ,,bases ,,( ,,design ,,*apt] ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,basis ,,:5 we approa* ! /udy ( ,design1 f :atev] po9t ( view1 & :atsoev] our ultimate aim & purpose1 we c h>dly fail to be impress$ ) ! va/ v>iety & endless complexity ( ! =ms :i* ! t]m 7,design7 cov]s1 und]/&+ x 9 its wide/ & fulle/ s5se4 ,f ! simple/ l9e> patt]n1 or bone scrat*+s ( primitive man1 to ! mo/ spl5did a*ievem5ts 9 mural decoration ( ! ,italian ,r5asc5ce--or1 %all we say1 f ! grass mat ( ! fir/ plait] to ! f9e/ ,p]sian c>pet3 or f ,/oneh5ge to ,salisbury ,ca!dral--! range is enorm\s1 & 7 we to attempt to trace1 /ep by /ep1 ! true relation betwe5 ! div]se & multitud9\s *>act]i/ics :i* su* contra/s sugge/1 we %\ld be trac+ ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( human ?\ght & hi/ory !mselves4 ,:5 we /& amaz$ 9 ?is labyr9?--?is en*ant$ & beautiful wood ( human inv5tion :i* ! hi/ory ( art displays1 we might be cont5t to gaze at ! lovel9ess ( p>ticul> =ms !re1 & simply enjoy1 l *ildr51 ! beauty ( ! trees & fl[]s2 ga!r+ "h & !re at r&om1 & ca/+ !m aside aga9 :5 we 7 tir$1 )\t a ?\ght z to _! true significance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we desire to f9d "s clue to ! labyr9?--some?+ :i* w expla9 x 9 "p1 at lea/1 some?+ :i* w give u a key to ! relation ( ^! manifold =ms1 & enable u to place !m 9 h>moni\s ord] & coh]5ce1 we %all pres5tly ask3 7#a7 ,h[ & :5ce !y d]iv$ _! lead+ *>act]i/ics8 7#b7 ,^u :at basis h !y be5 built up8 & 7#c7 ,:at h be5 ! *ief influ5ces :i* h det]m9$1 & /ill det]m9e1 _! v>ieties8 ,let u try to address ourselves to ^! que/ions1 s9ce1 ,i believe1 ev5 if we only end z we beg91 by inquiry1 t1 9 ! c\rse ( t inquiry1 by /udy1 by comp>ison1 & c>eful obs]vation1 we %all be able greatly to cle> our pa?1 & f9d mu* to help u z individual /ud5ts & practical work]s 9 art4 7#a7 ,! fir/ arts are1 ( c\rse1 ^? ( pure utility1 :i* spr+ f ! primal physical necessities ( man3 :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( life itself--! art or craft ( ! hunt] & ! fi%]man1 ! till] ( ! soil1 ! hew] ( wood & ! draw] ( wat]3 b see+ t next to secur+ suffici5cy ( food1 ! ef=ts ( man are direct$ t[>ds provid+ himself ) %elt]1 bo? ( ro( & raim5t1 & s9ce mo/ ( ! arts ( ! creative sort mu/ be practis$ "u %elt] ( "s k9d1 & t all ( !m contribute 9 "s way t[>ds ! build+ or adornm5t ( su* %elt]1 ,i ?9k we %all f9d ! true basis & controll+ influ5ces1 :i* h be5 p>am\nt 9 ! developm5t ( decorative design1 9 ! =m & "* ( ! dwell+s ( man & _! accessories2 f ! temples he has rais$ to en%r9e 8 highe/ ideals--^! temples !mselves be+ b l>g] & m monum5tal dwell+s--to ! tomb1 8 la/ dwell+-place4 ,we %all f9d1 9 %ort1 ! orig9al & controll+ bases ( design 9 ar*itecture1 ! que5 & "m ( all ! arts4 ,9 ass]t+ ?is "o does n lose sight ( ! view t all art is1 prim>ily1 ! projection or precipitation 9 mat]ial =m ( man's emotional & intellectual nature2 b1 be+ project$ & tak+ def9ite %ape1 x becomes subject to c]ta9 controll+ =ces ( nature1 ( mat]ial1 ( condition1 :i* re-act ^u ! m9d2 & x is ) ^! controll+ =ces & conditions1 & ! di/9ctions :i* arise out ( !m1 t we are n[ conc]n$4 ,su* di/9ctions z exi/1 = in/ance1 9 ! feel+1 ! plan & con/ruction ( ^? patt]ns int5d$ to be laid ^u ! floors 7z 9 c>pets or tiles71 & su* z are int5d$ to cov] ceil+s & walls 7z 9 pla/]-"w1 textile hang+s or wall pap]s71 obvi\sly arise f ! relative positions ( floor1 walls1 & ceil+s1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 horizontal & v]tical positions2 & ^! conditions are necess>ily "p & p>cel ( ! con/ructional conditions ( ! dwell+ itself4 ,! fir/ %elt] may be said to h be5 ! %elt] ( nature )\t art--! ,,tree & ! ,,cave1 ! fir/ homes ( man2 al?\gh he 0 probably n by any means ! fir/ animal to hide among ! woods & ! rocks1 s9ce he _h _m & =midable foes to dispute ) or di/urb him 9 possession4 ,x is noticeable t su* art z is associat$ ) ?is /range & remote *apt] ( man's exi/5ce on ! e>?--! art-in/9ct :i* impell$ ! primitive hunt] to incise ! bone & /one implem5ts he us$ ) ! images ( ! animals he hunt$--is purely graphic1 & does n %[ any feel+ ( t adaptive ornam5tal quality *>act]i/ic ( :at we call decorative design1 :i* w\ld seem to belong to a m highly organiz$ condition ( society4 ,among ! primitive ,greeks1 rem>ks ,messrs4 ,guhl & ,kn] 9 _! ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 f\nta9s & trees1 caves & m\nta9s1 7 consid]$ z seats ( ! gods1 & rev]$ accord+ly1 ev5 )\t be+ *ang$ into div9e habitations by ! art ( man4 ,b1 z prov+ lit]ally t art spr+s out ( nature1 ! cave itself l$ to a developm5t ( ar*itecture1 z 9 "s e>ly ,greek tombs :]e ! cave1 or cleft 9 ! rocks1 is utiliz$ & add$ to by masonry2 or :]e ! rock itself 0 c>v$ & holl[$1 z 9 ! rock-cut temples ( ,egypt & ,india4 ,to :i* "s trace ! orig9 ( column> ar*itecture4 ,! ,,t5t ( ! ,asiatic w&]+ tribes1 & ! wattl$ & wood5 ,,hut ( ! we/]n & nor!rn1 come next 9 ! ord] ( human dwell+s1 & n only may we trace c]ta9 types ( patt]n design to bo? s\rces1 b x w\ld seem z if bo? ! t5t & ! hut1 & p]haps ! wagon ( ! ,aryans1 _h _h _! influ5ce ^u ! m sub/antial /one /ructures :i* succe$$ !m4 ,:5 tribes became communities1 t[n%ips 7 f\nd$1 & m fix$ & settl$ habits ( life prevail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,?ree ,,typical ,,=ms ,,( ,,ar*itecture3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,l9tel4 ,,r\nd ,,ar*4 ,,po9t$ ,,ar*4 ,n[ we may broadly gr\p ! pr9cipal types ( ar*itectural =m & con/ruction 9 ?ree pr9cipal divisions1 foll[+ ,pr(essor ,rusk91 namely3 #a4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,l9tel 7or column & p$im5t74 #b4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,r\nd ,ar* 7or vault & dome74 #c4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,po9t$ ,ar*#a 7or vault1 gable1 & buttress74 #a ,al?\gh su* a classification may n be q satisfactory f ! po9t ( view ( ! con/ructive & hi/orical ar*itect1 x suffici5tly s]ves ! pres5t purpose z reg>ds ! influ5ce ( ^! ma9 types 9 det]m9+ ! =m & "* & controll+ spaces & l9es ( ! decoration1 bo? surface & sculptural design1 :i* accompanies !m 9 anci5t1 classical1 & m$ival "w :i* x is my object to trace4 ,( ! fir/ we may f9d ! simple/ type 9 ,/oneh5ge2 we may f9d x 9 equally massive1 & almo/ z primitive =m at ,myc51 9 ! fam\s ,gate ( ! ,lions1 rem>kable z be+ ! e>lie/ kn[n example ( ,greek sculpture3 we may f9d x m develop$ 9 ! ,greek temples ( anci5t ,egypt1 at ,k>nac1 ,!bes & ,phil1 & we may see x 9 its pure/ =m 9 ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,( ,,myc54 ,! d]ivation & developm5t ( ! ,greek ,doric temple f its prototype ( wood5 con/ruction has frequ5tly be5 demon/rat$1 & ! tombs 9 ,lycia furni% /rik+ illu/rations ( ?is close imitation & p]petuation 9 /one ( a sy/em & details belong+ to wood2 & x is in/ructive to comp>e its features ) correspond+ p>ts 9 ! ,p>!non1 & to obs]ve h[ closely !y agree4 ,x is a curi\s in/ance ( t love = & cl++ to anci5t & traditional =ms1 t ) ! art & all ! res\rces ( ,a!nian civilization1 ! =m & con/ruction ( its temples rema9$ mu* ! same1 & may be consid]$ z only glorifi$ enl>gem5ts 9 m>ble ( _! wood5 pr$ecessors1 reta9+ all ! *>act]i/ic details ( ^? primitive /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,imitation ,,( ,,wood5 ,,con/ruction ,,9 ,,/one ,,tomb ,,9 ,,lykia1 ,f ,,guhl ,,kon]4 ,by ^! means1 h[ev]1 qualities ( gr&eur1 jo9$ ) extreme simplicity1 subtle proportions1 & sp>+1 sev]e1 b delicately *isell$ ornam5t 7 ga9$2 :i*1 :5 height5$ ) col\r 9 ! broad & /rong sun%9e ( ,greece1 seem$ all suffici5t1 especially s :5 !y =m$ ! framework1 or sett+1 ( ! mo/ beautiful & noble sculpture ! _w has ev] se51 z 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,to ?is sculpture1 inde$1 all ! l9es & proportions ( ! build+ seem to lead ! eye1 :ile x rema9s1 :e!r 9 p$im5t1 metope1 or frieze1 an ess5tial "p ( ! ar*itectural effect1 & is /rictly slab sculpture1 or :at may be consid]$ z ar*itectural ornam5t1 =1 z ,i h else:]e said1 we may fairly consid] figure-sculpture to h be5 ! ornam5t ( ! ,greeks3 j z "o might say t picture writ+ & hi]oglyphic 7 ! mural decorations ( ! ,egyptians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5tal ,,l9es ,,9 ,,! ,,frieze ,,( ,,! ,,p>!non4 ,,wave ,,movem5t ,,spiral ,,curves ,,9 ,,! ,,frieze4 ,^! sculptures 7 evid5tly design$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! /ronge/ ar*itectural & decorative feel+1 & 7 con/ruct$ ^u a basis ( ornam5tal l9es4 ,!re is a c]ta9 rhy?m & recurr5ce ( mass1 & l9e1 & =m 9 !m ?r\gh\t1 & !y h all be5 c>efully consid]$ 9 relation to ! places !y occupy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metope ,,( ,,! ,,p>!non1 ,,%[+ ,,relation ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,masses ,,9 ,,relief ,,to ,,! ,,gr\nd4 ,x is to be not$1 too1 t ! sculptures are plac$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! con/ruction2 t is to say1 n on ! actual be>+ p>ts4 ,on ?is po9t x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! e>li] =ms ( pure /one con/ruction at ,myc54 ,! lions ov] ! ,myc5 ,gate are c>v$ ^u a slab ( /one plac$ 9 ! triangul> holl[ left above ! l9tel to prev5t x break+ "u ! great pressure ( ! heavy /ones us$4 ,! triangul> holl[ may be se5 )\t ! slab 9 ! doorway ( ,clytemne/ra's h\se at ,myc54 ,"h we h an e>ly in/ance ( ! int]/ice left by ! necessities ( ! con/ruction be+ utiliz$ z a decorative feature1 significant 9 its design1 %[+ ! protect+ image ( ! ,ca/le ( ,myc51 mu* 9 ! same way z we see ! family arms sculptur$ ov] ! gateways ( our ,engli% m$ival ca/les4 ,return+ to ! ,p>!non1 we see t ! same pr9ciple is obs]vable 9 ! p$im5t & metope sculptures1 ! frieze ( ! cella be+ really a mural decoration consi/+ ( fac+ slabs ( m>ble4 ,! build+ w\ld d\btless /& )\t any ( !m1 z a timb]-fram$ h\se w\ld /& )\t its bo>d+1 or fill+ ( brick or pla/]2 b x w\ld be l a skeleton1 or a head )\t its eyes--mu*1 inde$1 z "t1 bomb>dm5t1 ravage1 & ! ,briti% ,museum h left x n[4 ,be=e we leave ! ,p>!non1 let me call att5tion to "o prevail+ pr9ciple1 *>act]i/ic ( its design 9 e "p2 = ?\gh foll[+ ?r\gh\t ! pr9ciples or traditions ( wood5 con/ruction1 no d\bt its proportions & l9es 7 consci\sly & c>efully consid]$ by ! ar*itect ) a view to /hetic effect4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( recurr+ or re-e*o+ l9es1 a lead+ pr9ciple1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole prov9ce ( ,design1 & "o on ! importance & value ( :i* x is impossible to lay too mu* /ress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p>!non ,aft] ,,m5ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>!non ,,ea/]n ,,p$im5t--,,sket* ,,to ,,%[ ,,relation ,,( ,,l9es ,,( ,,sculpture ,,to ,,angle ,,( ,,p$im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>!non ,,ea/]n ,,p$im5t--,,sket* ,,to ,,%[ ,,relation ,,( ,,l9es ,,( ,,sculpture ,,to ,,angle ,,( ,,p$im5t4 ,to beg9 ) ! p$im5t4 ,! ma9 outl9e is delicately emphasiz$ by ! m\ld+s ( ! edge1 :i* also s]ve z a drip/one--! practical orig91 probably1 ( all m\ld+s4 ,! gr\ps ( sculptur$ figures )9 ! recess 7:i* fur!r s]ve to express ! pit* ( ! ro(7 re-e*o1 in=mally1 9 ! l9es controll+ _! composition1 z well z 9 ! l9es ( limbs & drap]ies1 v>iations ( ! angle ( ! p$im5t4 ,?us1 ! gr\ps ( figures1 full ( action & v>iety z !y are1 are unit$ & h>moniz$ ) ! :ole build+2 :ile1 to avoid undue appe>ance ( heav9ess on ! cre/ ( ! p$im5t & on ! angles 7 plac$ an!mion bronze ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>!non ,,elevation ,,%[+ ,,portion ,,( ,,p$im5t1 ,,frieze ,,& ,,columns4 ,! cornice1 aga91 is emphasiz$ by m\ld+s m>k+ ! important horizontal l9es ( ! build+1 re-e*o$ by ! l9es ( ! frieze1 & c\nt]act$ & brac$ by ! emphatic v]tical l9es ( ! triglyphs1 & enri*$ by ! little d5tils bel[4 ,!n we come to ! cap ( ! ,doric column4 ,x is simplicity itself4 ,a ?9 squ>e block ( m>ble =ms ! abacus4 ,! capital is a flatt5$ circul> cu%ion ( m>ble1 r\nd$ at ! sides 9 a dim9i%+ curve to ! head ( ! column1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a horizontal re$+4 ,! column itself is delicately *annell$ ) a s]ies ( l9es :i* foll[ its outl9e1 & give v]tical expression to ! idea ( ! support ( ! horizontal mass above1 ! column gradually dim9i%+ f base to cap1 entasiz$ or slightly swell$ 9 ! middle to avoid ! visual effect ( runn+ out ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! ,doric columns spr+ boldly f ! /eps )\t base m\ld+s1 ! /eps repeat+ ! horizontal l9es ( ! build+ aga91 & giv+ x height & dignity4 ,! o!r v>iants ( ! ,greek /yle w illu/rate mu* ! same pr9ciples 9 diff]5t degrees1 & we may trace ! value ( proportions1 & recurr+ l9es1 & diff]5t degrees ( enri*m5t ?r\gh ! o!r f\r ord]s4 ,z design]s1 !n1 we c at lea/ le>n "s v important lessons f l9tel ar*itecture g5]ally1 & f ! ,p>!non 9 p>ticul>1 & *iefe/ among/ ^! are3 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ble ,,*airs1 ,,!atre ,,( ,,dionysus1 ,,a!ns4 #a4 ,! value ( simplicity ( l9e4 #b4 ,! value ( recurr+ & re-e*o+ l9es4 #c4 ,! value ( ornam5tal design & treatm5t ( figures 9 l[ or high relief z p>ts ( ar*itectural expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,*air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,table ,,) ,,votive ,,(f]+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,end ,,( ,,greek ,,c\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,l[-,,back$ ,,?rone4 #d4 ,! value ( l>g5ess ( /yle 9 ! design & treatm5t ( ! gr\ps & figures !mselves1 bo? z sculpture pure & simple & z ar*itectural ornam5t4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! accessories ( ,greek life1 furniture1 pott]y1 dress1 we f9d !m all *>act]iz$ by ! same qualities 9 design z we h j be5 not+ 9 ! ar*itecture2 ! fundam5tal ar*itectural feel+ seems to p]vade !m4 ,a simplicity ( l9e1 balance1 & res]ve ( ornam5t di/+ui%es alike _! seats & *airs & tables1 caskets1 vases & vessels1 & ! expressive l9es ( _! dresses & drap]ies fall+ into ! l9es ( ! figure give life & v>iety1 :ile !y contra/ ) ! sev]ity ( ! ar*itectural l9es & planes4 ,n[1 s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! ar*itecture ( ! l9tel1 & its be>+ ^u design1 & ! qualities & pr9ciples we may le>n f x g5]ally4 ,) ! use ( ! r\nd ar*--inv5t$1 x is said1 by ! ,greeks1 b always associat$ ) ! ,romans1 :o us$ x--q diff]5t effects come 91 ) diff]5t motives & ideas 9 design4 ,! ,roman ar*itecture1 ! r\nd ar*1 fulfils ! functions ( bo? con/ruction & ornam5t1 on ! same pr9ciple ( recurr5ce1 or repetition1 we h notic$ be=e2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,colosseum1 :]e ! ti]s ( r\nd ar*es :i* support ! out] wall ( ! build+ s]ve bo? ! con/ructive & decorative functions4 ,) ! use ( ! ar* ! arcade becomes a con/ructive feature ( great decorative value1 & takes ! place 9 ,roman & ,romanesque build+s1 ) a light] & m v>i$ effect1 ( ! column$ ,greek cella4 ,sun%9e1 no d\bt1 _h mu* to d ) its use1 s9ce a cov]$ arcad$ loggia1 or por* 9 front ( a build+1 s frequ5t 9 ,italy1 gave bo? %elt] & coolness4 ,! use ( ! ar* l$ to vault+1 & to ! use ( ar* m\ld+s1 enri*m5ts1 & to ! cov]+ ! vaults ) mosaic & pa9t+1 & ! vault+ l$ to ! dome1 :i*1 aga91 (f]$ a spl5did field = ! mosaici/ & ! pa9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ructive ,,decorative ,,use ,,( ,,r\nd ,,ar* ,,pila/] ,,flavian ,,amphi!atre 7,,colosseum7 ,,rome4 7,,f]guson74 ,! ,romans borr[$ all _! ar*itectural details f ! ,greeks1 & v>i$ & enri*$ !m1 add+ _m m memb]s to ! cornice m\ld+s1 & c>v+ /one g>l&s ^u _! friezes1 to take ! place ( ! primitive fe/al ones ( leaves :i* 7 hung !re1 z 9 ! relief ( ! visit ( ,bac*us to ,ic>ius1 a ,romano-,greek sculpture 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hang+ ,,! ,,fe/al ,,g>l&1 ,,f ,a ,,gr,,co ,,roman ,,relief ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,!y 7! ,romans7 fully realiz$ ! ornam5tal value ( colonnades & porticoes1 & !y us$ ! column1 v>y+ ! ord]s1 & translat+ !m into pila/]s freely z decorations on ! faades & walls ( _! build+s1 slic+ up ! p]i/yles ( temples1 z x 71 = ! sake ( _! ornam5tal effect1 cutt+ d[n ! columns into pila/]s1 & plac+ !m1 ) int]v5+ friezes1 "o on ! top ( ! o!r1 mask+ ! con/ruction ( ! real build+1 a fav\rite device ) ! ,r5asc5ce ar*itects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,use ,,( ,,decorative ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,roman ,,ar*itecture3 ,,! ,,ar* ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,roman ar*itecture may be consid]$ really z a transitional /yle4 ,:ile its true con/ructive *>act]i/ic is ! r\nd ar*1 e detail ( ! ,greek or ,l9tel ar*itecture is us$ bo? )\t & ) ! ar*1 & 9 ! latt] case ! column frequ5tly becomes a wall decoration 9 ! %ape ( a pila/]1 z well z ! cornice1 & is no long] made use (1 z 9 true l9tel con/ruction1 to support ! weight ( ! ro(4 ,9 _! viaducts & bridges & ba?s !y 7 great build]s ) ! ar*1 b1 l "s mod]n eng9e]s1 :5 !y want$ to beautify !y borr[$ ar*itectural ornam5t f ! ,greeks4 ,no?+ v fre% 0 ga9$ = design 9 ^! adaptations except a c]ta9 heavy ri*ness ( detail 9 ! sculptur$ cornices & friezes1 & c(f]$ ceil+s4 ,! use ( ! flat pila/]1 h[ev]1 l$ to ! panell$ pila/] ) its elegant arabesque1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds reviv$ & develop$ ) su* extraord9>y grace & v>iety by ! arti/s ( ! ,r5asc5ce & c>ri$ f ,italy we/w>d4 ,) ! r\nd ar*1 too1 sev]al important decorative spaces 7 giv5 to ! design]1 ! sp&rel1 ! panel1 ! m$allion1 all ( :i*1 ) ! frieze1 may be se5 utiliz$ = ! decorative sculpture on ! ar* ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! decorative use ( inscriptions is also a feature 9 ,roman ar*itecture1 & ! dignity ( ! =m ( _! capital lett]s 0 well adapt$ to ornam5tal effect 9 squ>e masses ^u _! triumphal ar*es & along ! entablature ( _! temples4 ,! ,romans1 too1 br\ght ! dom$ ro( & ! mosaic floor into use1 & 7 great 9 ! use ( col\r$ m>bles2 also /ucco & pla/] "w 9 int]iors1 ! free & beautiful pla/] "w f\nd 9 ! tombs on ! ,lat9 ,way be+ well kn[n2 s t on ! :ole we owe to !m ! illu/ration ( ! effective use ( _m beautiful arts1 :i* ! ,italians h inh]it$ to ?is day1 ?\gh x mu/ be said (t5 ) m skill ?an ta/e4 ,"o might say1 g5]ally & ultimately1 ,roman art exemplifi$ t love ( %[1 & ! ext]nal signs ( p[]1 pomp1 spl5d\r1 & luxury :i* became de> z well z fatal to !m1 z !y appe> to d to e conqu]+ p1 until !y are f9ally en]vat$ & ov]come z if by ! ,nemesis ( _! own supremacy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mosaic1 ,,/4 ,,apoll9>e ,,9 ,,classe1 ,,rav5na4 ,! art ( ,greece1 "o may say1 on ! o!r h&1 at h] z5i? repres5t$ t love ( beauty z di/9ct f ornam5t1 & cle>ness & sev]ity ( ?\ght :i* w always cl+ to ! c\ntry f :5ce ! mod]n _w d]ives ! g]m ( ne>ly all its ideas4 ,b :5 ! seat ( ! empire 0 transf]r$ to ,con/ant9ople1 & ,roman art1 influ5c$ by ,asiatic feel+1 & /imulat$ & elevat$ by ! new fai? ( ,*ri/ianity1 became transfigur$ into ! solemn spl5d\r ( ,byzant9e art1 ! ar*itecture ( ! r\nd ar* & ! dome & cupola rose to its fulle/ beauty1 & su* build+s z ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 & ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 ) ! *ur*es ( ,rav5na1 m>k ano!r great & noble epo* 9 ! arts ( design4 ,byzant9e design1 :e!r 9 build+1 9 c>v+1 9 mosaic1 or goldsmi?s' "w1 impresses "o ) a c]ta9 re/ra9t 9 ! mid/ ( its spl5d\r2 a c]ta9 controll+ dignity & res]ve appe>s to be ex]cis$ ev5 9 ! use ( ! mo/ beautiful mat]ials1 z well z 9 design & ! treatm5t ( =m4 ,! mosaics ( ! ,rav5na *ur*es alone are suffici5t to exemplify ?is4 ,! arti/s seem$ fully to realize t ! curv$ surfaces ( ! dome1 ! half dome ( ! apse1 or ! long flat frieze above ! ar* columns ( ! nave ( ! basilicas1 l ,/4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 af=d$ spl5did fields = a spl5did mat]ial1 ! cross light f ! deep-set w9d[s enri*+ ! effect1 & t ev]y?+ might well be second>y to x4 ,! same pr9ciple or feel+ is se5 9 ,/4 ,m>k's :]e ! ar*itecture is q simple1 ! ar*es & vault+ )\t m\ld+s1 no?+ to int]f]e ) ! quiet spl5d\r ( ! gold or blue fields ( mosaic v>i$ ) simple typical figures1 bold 9 silh\ette1 plac$ frankly ^u !m1 emblems1 boldly curv+ scroll-"w1 & inscriptions4 ,! execution1 too1 is z direct & simple z ! design4 ,su* design & decoration z ?is becomes an ess5tial & integral "p ( ! ar*itectural /ructure & effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,int]ior ,,( ,,dome1 ,s4 ,,m>k',s1 ,,v5ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mosaic ,,( ,,! ,,empress ,,!odora1 ,t4 ,,vitale1 ,,rav5na1 ,,six? ,,c5tury4 ,note ! way 9 :i* ! tess] are laid 79 ! head ( ! ,empress ,!odora f ,/4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 = in/ance74 ,! cube is us$ z mu* z possible1 b ! cubes v>y mu* 9 size1 & are set (t5 ) v op5 jo9ts1 ! cem5t l9es ( ! b$d+ %[+ q cle>ly1 & ! surface ( ! "w unev51 ! tess] be+ work$1 ( c\rse1 f ! front & 9 situ1 pres5t+ a v>i$ surface ( diff]5t facets :i*1 cat*+ ! light at diff]5t angles1 give an extraord9>y sp>kle & ri*ness to ! effect z a :ole4 ,9 ! head ( ,!odora ! effect is enhanc$ by ! discs ( "m-(-pe>l us$ = ! head-dress4 ,9 ! lay+ ( ! tess]1 too1 note t ! sy/em is foll[$ ( def9+ ! outl9es ) r[s ( cubes1 & build+ up ! masses 7z 9 ! nimbus7 ) conc5tric r[s1 z a rule1 mak+ ! l9es ( ! fill+ tess] foll[ z f> z possible ! l9e ( ! b\nd>y tess]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld naturally result z ! simple/ & mo/ conv5i5t1 z well z mo/ expressive1 me?od ( lay+ tess]1 9 def9+ =m by means ( small cubes1 & is "o ( ! conditions ( ! "w1 & :51 z 9 ^! mosaics1 s f> f be+ ref9$ away1 or conceal$1 or any attempt be+ made 7z 9 lat] times7 to imitate pa9t+1 ^! conditions are boldly & frankly ackn[l$g$1 we see h[ its peculi> beauty1 "*1 & ! quality ( its ornam5tal effect dep5ds ^u ^! v conditions4 ,?is pr9ciple w be f\nd to hold good & true ?r\gh\t all art4 ,directly1 f a false idea ( ref9em5t1 or ) ! object ( display+ me*anical skill1 ! craftsman is induc$ to try to conceal ! fundam5tal conditions ( 8 craft1 & to make x ape ! qualities ( "s totally diff]5t sort ( "w1 he ceases to be an arti/1 at all ev5ts4 ,! true arti/ 9 any mat]ial is he :o 9 ackn[l$g+ its conditions & limitations f9ds 9 !m s\rces & opportunities ( new beauty1 & 9 be+ fai?ful to ^? conditions makes !m subs]ve 8 inv5tion4 ,aft] ! decorative spl5d\r ( ! ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 ! ,norman "w left 9 our own l& seems comp>atively simple & pla9 z "t has left x1 b its rema9s %[ its ,roman desc5t 9 ! doorway & por* ( _m a quiet village *ur*1 z well z on a great] scale 9 s _m ( our ca!drals1 :i* (t5 illu/rate1 9 a rem>kable way1 ! transition or gr[? ( "o /yle out ( ano!r1 ! new evolv$ f ! old4 ,at ,cant]bury1 = in/ance1 "o reads ! signs :i* m>k ! trans=mation ( ! ,norman build+ into ! ,go?ic4 ,! fir/ *ur* f\nd$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 ,saxon4 ,?is 0 enl>g$ by ,o?o 7#ich7 z a basilica4 ,?is aga9 0 ru9$ by ! ,danes 7#ajac74 ,! ,norman "p ( ! pres5t build+ 0 con/ruct$ by ,bi%op ,lanfranc 7#ajgj71 on to :i* 0 graft$1 z x 71 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5tury ,go?ic :i* di/+ui% x4 ,!re is a t[] on ! s\? side ( ! transept kn[n z ,anselm's ,t[] 7f ,bi%op ,anselm1 "o ( ! ,norman build]s71 & on ! l[] "p runs an arcad+ ( int]lac+ r\nd ar*es1 ! t[] itself be+ ri*ly arcad$ 9 sev]al /ories 9 r\nd ar*es4 ,b ?is l[] b& %[s ! p]iod ( transition1 f ! use ( ! r\nd ar*1 to ! po9t$--! po9t$ lancet ar*es be+ =m$ by ! int]lac+ ( ! r\nd1 s t we h "h ! actual bir? ( ! po9t$ ar* 7at lea/1 z a decorative feature71 :i* leads u to our next typical division & *>act]i/ic epo* ( ar*itectural /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anselm',s ,,t[]1 ,,cant]bury4 ,we ne$ n g out ( our own c\ntry to f9d abundant illu/rations ( typical =ms ( po9t$ ar*itecture4 ,almo/ any village *ur* w give u ! ma9 features--! *>act]i/ic plan ( nave & *ancel1 curi\sly foll[+ ! plan ( ! anci5t ,roman basilica--! public hall & law c\rt 9 "o1 & p]petuat+ = u ! type ( anci5t dwell+ or hall :i* may be said to h prevail$ f ! "t ( ,hom] to ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 v>y+ *iefly 9 ext]nal features & ar*itectural detail4 ,! sev]e lancet ar* is *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ phase ( ! ,go?ic1 :i* gradually grew out ( ! sev]] ,norman4 ,! gable took a high] pit*1 & to support ! weight & ?ru/ ( t[]s & spires1 buttresses 7 us$1 & ^! became1 also1 a /rik+ & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! po9t$ ar*1 :i* complet$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! p]iod ( its fir/ developm5t4 ,lancet ar*1 high-pit*$ gable1 buttress 7pla9 & p9nacl$71 spir$ & p9nacl$ t[]--^! are ! lead+ con/ructive ext]ior *>act]i/ics1 ! c>v$ "w1 some:at re/ra9$1 & *iefly manife/$ 9 peculi> foliation ( ! capitals & corbels1 & 9 ! holl[s ( ar* m\ld+s 9 r[s ( %>p cut dog tee?4 ,9 ! int]ior clu/]$ %afts took ! place ( ! solid r\nd ,norman pi]s1 ris+1 z we see 9 our ca!dral naves1 to support l(ty vault$ ro(s1 ! ribs m\ld$ & cov]$ at _! int]sections by c>v$ bosses4 ,aga9 we may note ! pr9ciple ( recurr+ l9es :i* repeat & emphasize ! =m ( ! ar*$ op5+s & ! /ructural l9es ( ! vault+ 9 ! m\ld+s4 ,?is recurr5ce gives t effect ( extraord9>y grace & lightness comb9$ ) /ructural /r5g? :i* is s /rik+ a *>act]i/ic ( ?irte5? c5tury ,go?ic "w1 & ( :i* !re is no f9] example ?an ! nave ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,transitional ,,arcade1 ,,s\? ,,transept1 ,,cant]bury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,=ms ,,( ,,ar*es3 ,,semicircul>4 ,,transition4 ,,po9t$ 7,,equilat]al74 ,,po9t$ 7,,lancet74 ,,cusp$4 ,,ogee4 ,,typical ,,=ms ,,( ,,go?ic ,,geometric ,,foliation4 ,rusk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey3 ,,! ,,nave1 ,,look+ ,,ea/4 ,we not$ t ! ,greeks us$ ! int]/ices ( _! con/ruction = _! *ief decoration1 _! figure sculpture1 & to "s ext5t ! same plan is foll[$ 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 :]e we f9d ! tympanums ( doors1 ! sp&rels ( arcades 7z 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se at ,salisbury or ! angel *oir at ,l9coln71 & canopi$ ni*es 7z at ,wells71 us$ = figure sculpture2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! /ructural features !mselves are emphasiz$ by ornam5t to a f> great] ext5t1 z 9 caps1 ar* m\ld+s1 ! junctions ( ! vault+1 & ! l2 & increas+ly s 9 ! succe$+ ,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul> p]iods1 until we get vault$ ro(s ( fan trac]y l ^? ( ,k+'s ,college ,*apel at ,cambridge1 or ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel at ,we/m9/]4 ,b if we may say t ! *ief decorative glory ( ,greek ar*itecture 0 its figure sculpture1 z mosaic 0 ( ! ,byzant9e *ur*es1 s we may say t ! trac]i$ w9d[1 fill$ ) /a9$ & lead$ glass1 became ! *ief decorative glory ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,unhappily great quantities ( glass h disappe>$ f our ca!drals & *ur*es1 f "o cause or ano!r1 b f ! relics t rema9 we may =m "s idea ( ! spl5d\r & quality ( ! old glass4 ,! fam\s w9d[s ( ! s\? transept at ,york ,m9/]1 call$ ,! ,five ,si/]s1 are good examples ( ! sev]] e>li] /yle ( patt]n & col\r1 consi/+ ( f9e scroll-"w & geometric =ms1 9 :i* hat*$ grisaille patt]ns are height5$ by bright po9ts & l9es ( col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,front ,,( ,,wells ,,ca!dral4 ,?irte5? c5tury glass1 :]e figures are us$1 is *>act]iz$ by ! smallness ( _! scale 9 proportion to ! w9d[1 & traces ( ,byzant9e tradition 9 _! draw+1 intricate design1 & deep & vivid col\r+1 ! "w be+ compos$ ( small pieces ( glass lead$ toge!r2 ! effect ( ! jewel-l dep? & quality ( ! col\r--deep crimsons1 blues1 & gre5s be+ mu* us$--be+ increas$ by ! close network ( lead+4 ,z w9d[s1 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 7 made broad]1 or r1 ! w9d[ op5+ prop] f wall to wall be+ greatly increas$ 9 wid? & height1 !y 7 support$ & divid$ into panels or lights by elaborate /one trac]y1 a trac]y :i* becomes almo/ z di/9ct a prov9ce ( design z ! design ( ! glass itself--di/9ct f1 yet 9 close relation%ip to ! ar*itecture ( ! build+4 ,! comp>ative slight divisions ( ! trac]y1 h[ev]1 gave m scope to ! /a9$ glass design]1 :o %[s v emphatic ar*itectural influ5ce 9 ! elaborate canopies :i* surm\nt ! figures occupy+ ! sep>ate lights ( ! w9d[s f ! ?irte5? to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5turies1 z well z 9 ! g5]al v]tical arrangem5t ( ! l9es ( _! composition4 ,he gradually increas$ ! scale ( 8 figures & gave m bread? to 8 design1 & br\ght x m into relation ) ! art ( ! pa9t] & ! sculptor1 at ! same "t ackn[l$g+ ) !m1 9 ! disposition ( 8 figures 9 ! space1 & ! disposition ( ! drap]ies & accessories1 t ar*itectural influ5ce "u :i* ! arti/ & craftsman ( ! ,middle ,ages work$ ) extraord9>y fre$om & f]tility ( inv5tion1 & yet 9 p]fect h>mony#b--;a sign ( t frat]nal co-op]ation & ! effect ( ! =mation ( m5 into bro!rhoods & guilds1 :i*1 com+ 9 ) ! adoption ( ,*ri/ianity & ! organization ( ! ,*ur*1 rema9$ ?r\gh all ! turbul5ce & /rife ( ! "t ! great social =ce ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #b ,z ,i recur to ! subject ( glass design 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 illu/rations are giv5 !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey1 ,,fan ,,trac]y ,,9 ,,h5ry ,,vii4',s ,,*apel1 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,x seems to me if we wi% to realize ! ideal ( a great & h>moni\s art1 :i* %all be capable ( express+ ! be/ t is 9 u3 if we desire aga9 to raise great ar*itectural monum5ts1 religi\s1 municipal1 or commemorative1 we %all h to le>n ! great lesson ( unity ?r\gh frat]nal co-op]ation & sympa?y1 ! p>ticul> "w ( ea*1 h[ev] individual & free 9 arti/ic expression1 fall+ naturally into its due place 9 a h>moni\s s*eme4 ,let u cultivate our te*nical skill & k to ! utmo/1 b let u n neglect our imag9ation1 s5se ( beauty1 & sympa?y1 or else we %all h no?+ to express4 ,?r\gh ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>ds to ! fifte5? ,go?ic ar*itecture cont9u$ to develop1 to pass ?r\gh new phases1 to take new =ms1 a liv+ & gr[+ /yle mov+ ) ! wants & ideals ( m54 ,aft] ! ,e>ly ,engli% comes ! ,decorat$ p]iod1 9 :i* ! m\ld+s & foliation become full]1 broad]1 & m ornate4 ,to contra/ decorat$ foliation & ornam5t ) ! e>li] "w1 is l comp>+ ! op5+ fl[] ) ! bud4 ,! ogee ar* 0 inv5t$1 ! crockets ( ! p9nacles & canopies grew & increas$ & became f9] 9 =m1 ! f9ials l>g] & m v>i$4 ,! c>v$ canopies & tab]nacle "w grew ri*] & m intricate4 ,! foliage foll[$ nature m closely4 ,! figure subjects ( ! c>v] 7 m freely treat$1 & dealt (t5] ) common life1 ) phantasy1 or hum\r4 ,! effigies ( knight & lady1 or prie/1 became m & m l portraits 9 /one or alaba/]1 ! details ( _! dresses m ri*1 delicate1 & beautiful4 ,! mak] ( brasses %[$ a fre] & m ma/]ly h&1 & great] s5se ( ornam5tal effect 9 ! spac+ & treatm5t ( 8 figures4 ,! "w ( ! m9iaturi/ & ! scribe grew m & m delicate & exquisite 9 =m1 col\r1 & inv5tion4 ,! /a9$ glass work] increas$ ! scale ( 8 figures1 & v>i$ ! quality & treatm5t ( 8 col\rs4 ,! glazi] inv5t$ new lead patt]ns2 ! wood c>v] revell$ 9 /all "w1 scre5s1 & mis]]es4 ,! recess$ & canopi$ tomb enri*$ ! *antries ( *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,five ,,si/]s ,,( ,,york1 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,tomb ,,w9*elsea ,,*4 #acjc4 ,f9ial4 ,p9nacle4 ,crocket4 ,t]m9ation ( ,cusp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,,canopi$ ,,tomb1 ,,w9*elsea ,,*ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,wells ,ca!dral ,ar*itectural feel+ detail 9 iron "w4 ,wr\ght-,iron ,rail+4 ,tomb ( ,bi%op ,?omas ,de ,bekynton #adfd-e4 ,beauty & inv5tion ( extraord9>y f]tility & ri*ness *>act]iz$ e =m ( art & h&icraft associat$ ) ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,we c trace 9 ea* v>iety ! ar*itectural influ5ce 9 e dep>tm5t ( "w4 ,9 "s in/ances reproduction ( actual ar*itectural details & *>act]i/ics1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! wr\ght-iron rail+ ( a bi%op's tomb 7at ,wells ,ca!dral1 #adfd-e7 reproduc$ ! battlem5t1 buttress & p9nacle z motives1 giv+ !m1 h[ev]1 a free & fanciful r5d]+ suit$ to ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dressoir ,,or ,,side ,,bo>d #ae? ,,c5t4 ,,fr5* 7f ,l4 ,rog] ,mils74 ,illu/ration3 ,,canopi$ ,,seat ,,fr5* #ae? ,,c5t4 ,abundant in/ances may be f\nd ( ! fanciful treatm5t ( ar*itectural =ms 9 furniture1 textiles1 9 pa9t+ & c>v+1 & metal "w--! canopies ov] ! heads ( figures 9 /a9$ glass1 & inclos+ figures ^u brasses1 are in/ances--%r9es & caskets 9 ! =m ( arcad$1 & buttress$ & p9nacl$ build+s1 seats & *airs ) canopi$ or ar*$ backs1 c>v$ b5* ends ) poppy head f9ials & ar*$ & foliat$ panels1 c5s]s 9 ! =m ( %r9es4 ,! l>ge gold brocad$ /uffs us$ z hang+s or cov]+s1 & repres5t$ 9 m9iatures & pictures ( ! p]iod4 ,v beautiful specim5s are to be se5 9 ! pictures ( ,van ,eyck & ,meml+ = in/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v$ ,,b5*-,,ends1 ,,d5n+ton ,,*ur*1 ,,suffolk4 ,9 all ^! ?+s we f9d a re-e*o1 z x 71 ( ! prevail+ foliat$ =ms ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 repeat$ ?r\gh endless v>iations1 ! controll+ & h>moniz+ elem5t ?r\gh\t ! design "w ( ! ,go?ic p]iods1 ! =m by :i* all seem to be h>moniz$ & relat$1 z ! bran*es are relat$ to ! ma9 /em1 & z ! plan ( ! tree may be f\nd 9 ! ve9+ ( ! leaf4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury saw ! developm5t ( a new phase ( ,go?ic call$ ,p]p5dicul>4 ,x is f\nd unit$ ) ! ,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$1 z well z ,norman1 9 ne>ly all our ca!drals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brocade ,,hang+1 ,,f ,,! ,,annunciation1 ,,by ,,meml+4 ,at ,/4 ,david's1 = in/ance1 !re is a rem>kable in/ance ( a late ,p]p5dicul> timb] ro(1 ri*ly m\ld$ & c>v$1 ) p5dants1 cov]+ a ,norman nave ( #aahj4 ,yet ! effect is f9e1 & "o feels glad t ! re/or+ ar*itect c\ld f9d no au?ority = a ,norman /one vault+1 o!rwise we might h lo/ ! ri* timb] ro( = a mod]n idea ( a supposititi\s ,norman vault4 ,! sket* 7f ! s\? side ( ! *oir at ,cant]bury1 p4 #de71 too1 %[s h[ h>moni\sly /ructural l9es ( diff]5t p]iods compose4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! late p]iod ( ,go?ic 7,p]p5dicul>7 are a l[] pit*$ ar*1 an elongat$ %aft1 _m clu/]$2 caps & bases angul>2 ribs ( vault+ ri*ly m\ld$1 or ! vault cov]$ ) fan-l foliation 9 late examples1 z 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel4 ,p9nacles beg9 to take ! cupul> =m1 details become small]1 w9d[s gr[ l>g] & are transv]sely divid$ by transoms or horizontal b>s ( /one1 connect+ & solidify+ ! _m v]tical mullions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,david',s ,,ca!dral4 ,a c]ta9 ref9em5t ( detail & l9e ) a feel+ = emphatic horizontals & v]ticals comes 92 & ?is feel+ may be ! indication ( a reaction1 z if ! con/ructive & imag9ative faculties ( man 7 beg9n+ to prep>e = ! next great *ange t 0 soon to sweep ov] ! art ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ructural ,,l9es ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,h>moni\s ,,comb9ation1 ,,cant]bury ,,ca!dral4 ,x might be said t gradually f t "t ar*itecture1 z ! supreme organic & controll+ influ5ce 9 ! arts ( design1 gave up h] pr]ogative ( lead]%ip1 & s9ce has r be5 on ! :ole displac$ 9 arti/ic int]e/ by ! o!r arts2 or r1 ) ! *ange ( ! pr9ciple ( organic gr[? out ( use & con/ructive necessity 9 ar*itecture = ^? ( classical au?ority1 ar*ology1 or le>n$ eclecticism1 ! diff]5t arts1 m especially pa9t+1 began an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 &1 ) ! o!r arts ( design1 may be said to h be5 m individualiz$ & less & less relat$ bo? to !m & to ar*itecture ev] s9ce1 rea*+ ! extreme/ po9ts ( div]g5ce p]haps 9 our own days4 ,x seems to me t1 on ! :ole1 !re c be little d\bt t ar*itecture & ! arts ( design g5]ally h suff]$ 9 consequ5ce2 & to br+ !m back to heal?y & h>moni\s activity we mu/ try to re-unite !m all aga9 ^u ! old basis4 ,i w t]m9ate "h my %ort sket* ( ar*itectural /yle & its influ5ce1 n attempt+ n[ to foll[ x 9 its lat] *anges & adaptations to ! increas$ complexities ( human exi/5ce4 ,my purpose has be5 r to dwell ^u ! organic & typical =ms ( ar*itecture1 9 my endeav\r to trace ! relation%ip betwe5 x & ! art ( design g5]ally4 ,t relation%ip appe>s to me to consi/ *iefly 9 ! control ( con/ructive l9e & =m1 :i* all design1 surface or o!rwise1 9 association ) any =m ( ar*itecture is b\nd ( necessity to ackn[l$ge z a fundam5tal condition ( fitness & h>mony4 ,^? ess5tial prop]ties ( ! expression ( l9e1 z !y n[ seem1 :i* give mean+ & purpose to all design1 appe> to be d]iv$ /raight f con/ructive necessities & ! insep>able association ( ideas ) :i* !y are connect$2 z1 = in/ance1 ! idea ( secure re/ & repose convey$ by horizontal l9es1 or ! s5se ( support & rigidity sugge/$ by v]tical ones may be directly trac$ to association ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ar*itectural /ructure1 to ! l9tel & its support1 to ! lay+ ( /one ^u /one1 & ) ?is clue we might trace ! expression ( l9e ?r\gh its _m v>iations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,utility ,,basis ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,next to ! ar*itectural basis influ5ce 9 design1 &1 inde$1 h>dly sep>able f x1 be+ ano!r side ( ! con/ructive1 adaptive art1 we may fitly take ! ,utility ,basis & influ5ce4 ,?is may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,9 its effect ^u patt]n design & ar*itectural ornam5t ?r\gh primitive /ructural necessities4 7#b7 ,9 its effect ^u /ructural =m & ornam5tal treatm5t aris+ out (1 or sugge/$ by1 functional use4 7#a7 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t we %\ld f9d ! primitive ornam5tal motives b\nd up ) ! primitive /ructures & fabrics ( pure utility & necessity1 b su* w\ld appe> to be ! case4 ,! plait+ ( ru%es to make a mat 0 probably "o ( ! e>lie/ indu/rial occupations1 & ! *equ] "o ( ! mo/ primitive & univ]sal ( patt]ns4 ,if we look at ! surface effect ( ! necessity ( ! con/ruction1 ! cross+ ( "o equal set ( fibres by ano!r set at "r angles1 ) ! int]lacem5t1 a s]ies ( squ>es are produc$1 :i* alt]nate 9 t9t if ! col\r ( "o set is d>k] ?an ! sets :i* cross x 7see illu/ration74 ,emphasize ?is contra/ & we get our *equ]1 or *essbo>d patt]n1 :i*1 ei!r z a patt]n complete 9 itself1 z 9 plaids & t>tans1 or z a plan1 or effect motive 9 design+ is1 z ,i h said1 p]haps ! mo/ univ]sal & imp]i%able ( all patt]ns1 be+ f\nd 9 association ) ! design ( all p]iods1 & /ill surviv+ 9 con/ant use among design]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,matt+4 ,let u foll[ ! primitive ru% mat a little fur!r1 h[ev]4 ,z x lay on ! primitive t5t or hut floor its edges w\ld take ! sort ( =m %[n on ! foll[+ page4 ,9 anci5t ,assyrian1 ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 & ,greek ar*itecture we con/antly f9d c>v$ patt]ns us$ z bord]+s & figures1 ( ! type giv5 9 ! ,assyrian example4 ,n[1 comp>+ ?is ) ! primitive matt+1 ! sugge/ion is v /rong ( ! probability ( d]ivation ( motive ( patt]ns ( ?is type f ! same con/ructive s\rce orig9ally4 ,9 "s in/ances1 z on ! enamell$ tile f ,assyria1 ! bord] rev]ses itself1 b ) ! ,greeks x f9ally took ! upright direction1 z 9 ! ,an!mion or honeysuckle bord] =ms2 b1 h[ev] aft]w>ds v>i$ & enri*$ by floral =m1 its /ructural orig9 9 plait$ "w is always to be trac$1 & x seems to ga9 f x a c]ta9 /r5g? & adaptability4 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,ru% ,,mat ,,& ,,assyrian ,,bord]4 ,,assyrian ,,incis$ ,,bord]4 ,ano!r type ( ornam5t may be trac$ to ! con/ructive necessities ( wattle & wick] "w1 s mu* us$ by primitive man 9 ! /ructure ( 8 dwell+s1 & 9 primitive objects ( use & s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assyrian ,,enamell$ ,,tile4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( volute1 or spiral1 & guillo*e ornam5t1 s mu* us$ by ! anci5ts--,assyrian1 ,egyptian1 & ,greek--may be comp>$1 9 _! /ructure & arrangem5t ( l9e1 ) ! =m tak5 by ! )y1 or cord twi/$ ar\nd ! upright canes or /aves ( a wattl$ f5ce1 z se5 9 horizontal section4 ,! primitive wattl$ /ructure gives ! plans ( ^! patt]ns4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s to acc\nt = _! orig9 9 a rem>kably complete way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,an!mion ,,ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wattl$ ,,f5ce4 ,x is possible t ano!r s\rce :i* may h contribut$ to ! evolution ( ! ,greek spiral or volute 0 metal 9 ! =m ( ! ?9 beat5 plates ) :i* ! primitive ,greeks cov]$ p>ts ( _! int]ior walls2 b ^! 7 lat] times1 & x is also possible t ! primitive metal work] took 8 motive f ! wattl+ too4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,volute ,,ornam5t4 ,,patt]ns ,,f ,,bronze ,,%ields ,,cyprus4 ,,greek ,,volute ,,or ,,me&] ,,patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,decoration ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,?ong+4 ,,/one ,,axe ,,( ,,montezuma ,,ii4 ,,bronze ,,vessel1 ,,lake ,,( ,,b\rget4 ,,ebony ,,comb1 ,,assyria4 ,,sculptur$ ,,/one ,,cornice ,,egypt4 ,,norman ,,cap1 ,,pet]bor\gh ,,ca!dral4 ,,back ,,( ,,bronze ,,knife ,,e/avay]4 ,be=e metal 0 us$1 or nails or jo9]y 7 kn[n1 ! me?od ( fa/5+ two ?+s toge!r1 su* z ! blade ( a /one axe or hamm] & its h&le1 0 by ?ong+ or ty+ !m firmly toge!r by /rips ( lea!r or ?ongs1 & to ?is s\rce aga9 we might trace o!r types ( patt]n motives ( v wide preval5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ances ! ?ong+ 0 imitat$ 9 metal-"w :5 no long] us$ 9 ! con/ruction by way ( ornam5t1 z 9 v>i\s bronze implem5ts exi/+2 b lat]1 />t+ f ! ty+ & ?ong+ motive1 we get all sorts ( v>iations1 z 9 ! zigzag ( ,norman ar* m\ld+s1 & 9 ! e>li] ,celtic knott$ "w1 :i* seem$ p>tly a re-e*o ( "s types ( ,ea/]n & classic ornam5t1 unless we reg>d x z indep5d5tly d]iv$1 l !m1 f primitive /ructure4 ,x seems to make itself felt aga9 9 a new v>iety 9 ! /rap-"w ( our ,elizabe?an p]iod1 9 :i* ! ornam5t app>5tly 0 a new bl5d ( ,go?ic ) classical details1 ) an infusion ( ori5tal or ,moori% feel+1 filt]$ ?r\gh ,italy & ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,frieze 7,,temple ,,( ,,! ,,sibyl ,,tivoli74 ,illu/ration3 ,,yoke ,,( ,,ox51 ,,c>r>a4 ,z an in/ance ( ar*itectural ornam5t1 ! motive ( :i* seems tak5 f a piece ( common e-day usage1 we may note ! frieze ( ! ,roman circul> ,temple ( ! ,sibyl at ,tivoli1 :i* is compos$ ( ! heads ( ox51 alt]nat+ )1 & connect$ by1 ! curves ( p5d5t floral g>l&s4 ,to ?is day 9 ,italy almo/ any:]e "o may see ?is motive sugge/$ by ! appe>ance ( ! c\ntry ox wagon z x approa*es along ! road--! front view ( ! two ox5 heads1 ) ! level yoke across _! necks1 & ! p5d5t connect+ ropes hang+ betwe54 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t :atev] its orig91 its sugge/ion 0 sacrificial1 s9ce ! ox deck$ ) g>l&s con/antly figures 9 classical sculpture l$ be=e ! alt> to be sla91 & ?is circum/ance may equally h giv5 rise to ! sculptor's motive1 j z we saw t ! cu/om ( deck+ ! cornice ( ! ,greek h\se ) g>l&s sugge/$ its p]petuation 9 /one c>v+ by ! classical ar*itects4 ,x w be not$ t ^? primitive s\rces to :i* we may trace motives 9 ornam5tal design1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds develop$ on purely ornam5tal l9es1 & because ( _! ornam5tal value1 all ( !m h _! beg9n+s 9 actual use & s]vice1 9 physical & con/ructive necessity1 & t !y are closely associat$ ) ! =m & "* ( ! dwell+s & temples ( man4 7#b7 ,turn+ n[ to ! second division ( our subject to consid] ! effects ^u =m & treatm5t ( surface aris+ out (1 or sugge/$ by1 functional use1 we %all /ill h to keep close to ! dwell+1 & con/antly to rememb] ! ev] pres5t ar*itectural influ5ce ) ! consid]ation ( :i* we set out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>ge-,,bo>d1 ,,igh?am ,,mote ,,h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,,( ,,gables3 ,,nor!rn4 ,,s\!rn4 ,! angle ( ! pit* ( ! ro( 9 build+s1 = in/ance1 :i* is s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic 9 ! diff]5t types ( ar*itecture1 0 orig9ally det]m9$ by ! necessities ( climate4 ,"o might say broadly t ! acute1 high-pit*$ ,go?ic ro( means sn[ or bad wea!r1 :ile ! l[-pit*$ classic ro( means sun%9e = ! mo/ "p2 or we might say t ! "o typifi$ w9t] & ! o!r summ]4 ,a h\se mu/ /ill be built ma9ly = "o or ! o!r1 ?\gh by +5uity & c>eful consid]ation ( ! po9ts ( ! compass 9 *oos+ ! site & plann+1 9 ! r>e in/ances :]e free *oice is /ill possible1 some?+ may be1 & has be5 attempt$1 to fit all seasons2 & x is ?is c>eful consid]ation ( su* po9ts 9 our anci5t build+s--say ! old ,engli% manor h\ses1 built to dwell 9 & to la/--:i* gives t s5se ( homelike com=t & pleasure to ! eye1 p]haps1 q z mu* z ! int]e/ ( _! ornam5tal detail4 ,a sunny g>d5 t]race or arcad$ front to ! s\? to cat* ! w9t] sun--cool & %ady rooms to ! nor? = ! summ]--a %elt]$ por* to protect ! gue/ aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,su* contrivances z ^! %[ t ?\ght has be5 sp5t & c>e tak5 9 ! plann+ & build+2 t ! build] or design] has be5 influ5c$ by consid]ations ( true utility--n 9 ! bald & m mod]n s5se ( m]e money or "t sav+ appliance1 b ! tru] economy ( mak+ a h\se livable4 ,"h is a sket* ( "o ( ^? old /one halls or manor h\ses ( ,d]by%ire ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7,hazel=d ,hall71 *>m+ly plac$ ^u a hillside1 s z to fit into or become "p ( ! l&scape1 :ile x is really plann$ to live com=tably 91 ) due reg>d to ! v>iation ( ! seasons & ! w9ds4 ,! liv+ rooms face s\? & we/4 ,h\ses n[adays seem m built to sell ?an to live 9 7at lea/ p]man5tly71 s9ce ,i notice t (t5 ev5 :5 p build a h\se = !mselves !y con/antly want to let x to somebody else4 ,i %\ld ?9k t ! gipsy van w\ld suit mod]n habits exce$+ly well4 ,x w\ld be m picturesque ?an a brick box ) a slate lid1 to :i* mo/ ( u are committ$1 & probably mu* less exp5sive 9 ! long run4 ,! only ?+ requir$ to make x practicable on any scale is a trifl+ alt]ation 9 ! l& laws4 ,! orig9 ( m\ld+s 9 ar*itecture1 z _! use 9 ! capacity ( drip/ones decl>es1 0 to s]ve a purely useful purpose--! alt]nat+ concavity & convexity ( ! memb]s :i* g5]ally *>act]ize !m af=d+ escapem5t = ! ra9 wat]1 & keep+ x away f ! w9d[s & doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hazel=d ,,hall1 ,,d]by%ire4 ,to give a simple illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple4 ,if ! sill ( a w9d[1 = in/ance1 be left rectangul> & p]fectly level1 ! wat] w\ld be likely to run inw>d ?r\gh ! w9d[1 or p]haps into ! wall1 b if slop$ on ! upp] surface & holl[$ b5ea?1 ! wat] w\ld t5d to drop f ! "u out] edge cle> ( bo? w9d[ & wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,to ,,%[ ,,action ,,( ,,ra9 ,,on ,,w9d[ ,,sills3 7#a7,,pla9 ,,m\ld$7#b74 ,,section4 ,,squ>e-,,head$ ,,drip/one4 ,?is necessity l$ to motives 9 design & ornam5tal effect1 & m\ld+s became valuable p>ts ( /hetic expression 9 ar*itecture1 af=d+ means ( emphasis1 ( giv+ ! effect ( rec$+ planes1 & ( us+ ! important pr9ciple ( recurr+ l9es to :i* ,i call$ att5tion 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! b>ge-bo>d1 too1 s picturesque a feature 9 old timb]$ h\ses1 _h ! same useful purpose to subs]ve 9 keep+ ! wea!r f injur+ ro( & wall4 ,/aircases ) ! necess>y h&rail1 aga91 h l$ to beautiful =m 9 design1 n only 9 ! plann+ ( ! /aircase itself1 :i* is s important a feature 9 e h\se1 b 9 ! int]e/+ & v>i$ design 9 ! balu/]s support+ ! h&rail1 & 9 newel heads1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[]s ,,( ,,san ,,gimignano4 ,t[]s & *ur* /eeples1 :i* =m su* important & picturesque features 9 ar*itectural 7&1 "o might add1 l&scape7 design1 ow$ _! exi/5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! necessities ( wat*1 gu>d1 & def5ce1 & probably also means ( communication by signals4 ,to ! m$ival city1 :i*1 z x is n[ be+ realiz$1 0 a highly organiz$ arrangem5t = mutual aid & def5ce1 t[]s 7 ( great importance bo? = wat* & def5ce4 ,!y s]v$ z /rong buttresses & vantage po/s plac$ at int]vals along ! inclos+ city wall1 & flank+ ! gateways4 ,! boldness & grace ( design 9 "s m$ival t[]s is v notable4 ,^? ( ,si5a1 = in/ance1 & t t[n ( t[]s1 ,san ,gimignano1 ( :i* ,i give a r\gh sket* to %[ ! effect f a di/ance ( ! clu/]+ t[]s1 l a cr[n ^u ! hill top2 above all1 p]haps1 is ! fam\s t[] ( ! ,signoria or ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ! old city hall ( ,flor5ce 7?irte5? c5tury74 ,! ,belfry ( ,bruges 7?irte5? c5tury71 too1 is ano!r f9e in/ance ( boldness & grace ( design4 ,x _h =m]ly a spire1 :i* is %[n 9 a sixte5? c5tury picture1 ! backgr\nd ( a portrait by ,p\rbus1 a ,flemi% pa9t]1 b ! spire 0 twice de/roy$ by fire1 & 0 n r5ew$ a ?ird "t4 ,b ev5 z x /&s ! belfry is v /rik+1 &1 :ile x comm&s a va/ prospect ( ! c\ntry r\nd1 x is also conspicu\s all ov] ! t[n1 & a l&m>k to ! flat c\ntry r\nd ab\t4 ,! t[]s ( our own anci5t village *ur*es are g5]ally battlem5t$1 & ! squ>e ones (t5 h a corn] turret to give a m comm&+ view2 & ?is aga9 gives v>iety1 & is a v picturesque feature4 ,! battlem5ts !mselves 7?\gh int5d$ = use 9 def5ce7 are extremely ornam5tal features1 & give relief & lightness to ! p>apet4 ,9 lat] ,go?ic times !y 7 frequ5tly fancifully piec$ & fill$ ) ornam5t1 z on ,magdal5 ,t[] at ,ox=d4 ,_! decorative value 0 p]ceiv$ by ! wood c>v] ( ! ,go?ic times1 & !y are con/antly introduc$ 9 tab]nacle "w1 scre5s1 & furniture1 :]e _! use is purely decorative4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t[] ,,( ,,palazzo ,,vec*io1 ,,flor5ce4 ,*imneys1 aga91 af=d an in/ance ( a purely useful & s]viceable object l5d+ itself to ornam5tal treatm5t & becom+ important z p>ts ( ! design ( a build+4 ,! fir/ *imney 9 ,engl& is said to be ! "o exi/+ 9 ! ,norman h\se at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,hamp%ire4 ,! common practice 0 to h ! fireplace 9 ! c5tre ( ! hall & let ! smoke escape by a l\vre 9 ! ro(1 z may /ill be se5 9 ! hall at ,p5%ur/ ,place 9 ,k5t 7f\rte5? c5tury72 b 9 lat] times1 especially 9 ! ,tudor p]iod1 ! *imneys ( brick are (t5 f\nd full ( inv5tion & v>iety 9 design1 & extremely ri* 9 effect4 ,i give sket*es ( "s *>act]i/ic examples at ,framl+ham ,ca/le & ,leigh's ,priory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t[] ,,) ,,corn] ,,turret1 ,,axm\? ,,*ur*1 ,,devon4 ,! f9e old brick *imney /acks "o f9ds among ! old f>m/eads ( ,essex x is suppos$ 7 built fir/ & !n ! half-timb]$ h\se built ar\nd ! brick /ack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cut ,,brick ,,*imneys1 ,,leigh',s ,,priory1 ,,essex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brick ,,*imney1 ,,framl+ham ,,ca/le4 ,o!r useful ?+s connect$ ) ! fireside & ! *imney corn]1 :i* are rem>kable = _! adaptability 9 ornam5tal design1 are ! iron fire-dogs us$ to support ! burn+ logs4 ,we f9d !m 9 great v>iety ( %ape & treatm5t1 :ile _! ma9 or necess>y l9es rema9 ! same4 ,x is ! /&>d or upright front "p :i* af=ds a field = ! inv5tive craftsman & design]4 ,! fire-irons1 too1 are aga9 purely useful 9 _! object1 b h become highly graceful & elegant 9 "s ( _! =ms4 ,! iron grate back 7notably ^? ( old ,sussex71 plac$ at ! back ( ! fire aga9/ ! *imney to protect ! brick-"w & radiate ! heat1 _h aga9 a purely useful function1 b x has be5 ! object ( a great deal ( f9e & ri* decorative design1 *iefly ( a h]aldic or emblematic "*1 & _m old examples exi/4 ,ca/ iron has 9 mod]n times acquir$ a bad "n 7arti/ically speak+71 b ?is is ow+ to its misapplication1 z 9 rail+s or grills1 :]e x endeav\rs to usurp ! place ( wr\ght iron4 ,9 a flat panel or pla9 surface1 su* z a grate back af=ds1 h[ev]1 ca/ iron has a s+ul>ly good effect1 & r5d]s bold designs well4 ,!re are "s f9e h]aldic grate backs 9 ca/ iron to be se5 at ,*ee?am's ,hospital1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ build+ 9 ! ,city ( ,man*e/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/-,,iron ,,fire-,,dog1 ,,/4 ,,ni*olas ,,hospital1 ,,cant]bury4 ,i give a sket* ( a qua9t ca/-iron *imney back ( ,go?ic design f ,bruges4 ,at ! ,museum at ! old ,ra? ,haus !re is a v good collection ( examples4 ,someh[1 ) ! mod]n1 or r mid-,victorian iron regi/] fireplace all beauty & int]e/ ( design is lo/4 ,?\gh x %\ld be rememb]$ t a really f9e arti/ & design] l ,alfr$ ,/ev5s sp5t 8 tal5t ^u su* ?+s4 ,! conception ( ! ?+1 h[ev]1 seems joyless & ugly1 & 9 mo/ surviv+ examples ! ornam5t 9 endeav\r+ to be elegant becomes fritt]$ & mean2 & z to %eet-iron /oves !y seem to be "u a ban ( hide\sness1 :i* seems sad :5 "o recalls ! *>m+ & *e]ful e>!nw>e /oves ( ,g]many ( ,go?ic & ,r5asc5ce times1 full ( col\r & inv5tion4 ,! reviv$ use ( til$ *imney1 & recess$ & basket grates1 has done mu* to re/ore *e]fulness to our he>?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/-,,iron ,,grate ,,back4 ,be=e we leave ! *imney corn] ,i might m5tion ano!r bit ( metal1 important be=e ! days ( kit*5 ranges z ! *ief cook+ app>atus1 ,i mean ! iron crane t is sometimes f\nd /ill susp5d$ 9 ! wide *imneys ( old f>mh\ses1 made ( wr\ght iron1 twi/$ & curl$1 & ) bright bosses ( /eel ^u x1 & great 9 hooks & h+es4 ,"h is a sket* ( a typical example 9 an ,essex f>mh\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fireplace ,,) ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,crane1 ,,*ur* ,,f>m1 ,,hemp/ead1 ,,essex4 ,consid]ations ( use1 aga91 v evid5tly control design 9 lamps & c&le/icks4 ,a lamp necessitates3 7#a7 a res]voir = ! oil1 & 7#b7 a neck & m\? to hold ! wick1 & 7#c7 a firm & /eady /&4 ,all ^! requisites are comb9$1 ) addition ( h&le1 9 ! olde/ & simple/ =m ( lamp--! portable antique lamp to be c>ri$ 9 ! h&4 ,! res]voir is !re1 ?\gh small1 & ne$+ re-fill+ f a l>g] vessel 7z 0 ! case 9 ! p>able ( ! t5 virg9s74 ,^! lamps 7 (t5 plac$ ^u ! top ( sl5d] flut$ tripod /&s1 to give light 9 ! h\se1 or hung 9 clu/]s by *a9s f a bran*$ /& l a tree4 ,a comb9ation ( _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! antique lamp is f\nd 9 ! comp>atively mod]n brass ,roman lamp 7n[ call$ antique1 b till )9 a few ye>s1 & ,i believe /ill1 commonly us$ by ! p73 we h ! small res]voir1 ) f\r necks = ! wicks1 closely resembl+ 9 =m ! antique h& lamps4 ,?is is pi]c$ by ! %aft ( ! /&1 :i* f9i%es 9 a r+ h&le at ! top & t]m9ates 9 a broad m\ld$ /&1 s t ! lamp c be us$ = c>ry+ or /&+ ) equal facility4 ,! little implem5ts = trimm+1 snuff+1 & ext+ui%+ are susp5d$ by small *a9s f ! neck ( ! /&>d & add to ! ornam5tal effect4 ,ea* "p is made sep>ately & screws toge!r4 ,) ! mod]n p[]ful lamps ( m9]al oil & circul> wicks1 mu* l>g] res]voirs are requir$1 & mod]n lamps h t5d$ to take ! urn %ape ow+ to ?is necessity1 & !y lose 9 beauty ( l9e g5]ally z !y ga9 9 body 7mu* l p74 ,a satisfactory type has be5 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b5son1 ( copp]1 ) a copp] fan-l %ade1 :i* is g5]ally a difficulty ) a mod]n lamp2 & ! glasses also1 :ile necess>y1 complicate ! design & _c be said to add to ! beauty1 z a rule4 7,see ,illu/ration1 p4 #gg47 ,h[ev]1 a lamp design c nev] get away f ! primitive triple conditions ( lamp /ructure ) :i* we saw 9 its e>lie/ =m res]voir1 neck = ! wick1 & /&--possibly h&le--b )9 ^! dem&s ( utility !re is scope = v great v>iations1 & unlimit$ ta/e & inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c&le/icks4 ,! c&le/ick1 ) :i* ! h& lamp has some?+ 9 common1 is1 h[ev]1 q di/9ct 9 "*1 see+ t x is =m$ to hold ! combu/ible "p 9 a solid1 in/ead ( a liquid =m4 ,its requirem5ts1 !re=e1 are a firm /& 7l ! lamp71 a reasonable height1 on :i* to raise ! light1 ano!r to hold ! c&le1 & some?+ to cat* ! melt+ grease4 ,^! conditions are satisfi$ 9 ! =m ( ! antique brass c&le/ick1 b /ill bett] 9 ! old] ,go?ic =m1 or ! *ur* c&le/ick1 :i* has a spike on :i* to hold ! c&le1 in/ead ( a holl[4 ,a c&le/ick1 !re=e1 %\ld be true to its "n & rema9 a /ick1 or m\ld$ tubul> column1 ?\gh capable ( developm5t into ! c&elabrum1 ?r[+ out bran*es = extra lights f ! c5tral /em2 a sugge/ive =m1 if suffici5tly re/ra9$1 design$ ) ta/e4 ,! anci5t hang+ brass c&elabra ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 or e>li]1 are v good 9 =m z well z practical4 ,!re is a f9e ,go?ic "o 9 ,van ,eyck's picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,jan ,arnolf9i & 8 ,wife4 ,i h a good example ( ! lat] type--a ,g]man "o4 ,! /em is surr\nd$ by ! d\ble eagle1 & !re are sev]al ti]s ( m\ld+s1 ! l>g] ones be+ flat1 & cut into not*es at ! edge to s]ve z sockets to receive ! correspond+ "p ( ! bran*1 :i* fits on to !m & supports ! c&les4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 two ti]s ( six lights ea*1 & betwe5 ea* light occurs a little ornam5tal bran* or f9ial1 ! :ole be+ deta*able f ! hang+ /em t]m9at+ 9 a brass sph]e :i* keeps x /raight & /eady4 ,x is a f9e example ( good1 simple1 & practicable design1 :i* %\ld always unite necessity & utility ) beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*&eli] ,,( ,,brass1 ,,g]man #ag? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,*&eli]3 ,,plan ,,( ,,lights4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,fix+ ,,bran*4 ,,c&le ,,socket4 ,,section ,,( ,,/em1 ,,bran*es ,,ornam5ts4 ,= c>ry+ ab\t1 a c&le/ick ne$s ! addition ( a broad di%-l /& & h&le1 :ile ! /ick itself is kept l[2 h>dly s attractive a =m z ! /ation>y column> table c&le/ick1 & yet hav+ decid$ "* & purpose ( its own4 ,^? old-fa%ion$ & mo/ picturesque companions ( c&le/icks1 ! snuff]s1 are (t5 v beautiful 9 design1 & x seems to me t1 h[ev] improv$1 ! wicks ( mod]n c&les /ill require "s att5tion f !m4 ,! necessity ( protect+ light af=ds 9 lant]ns opportunities = ! inv5tive adaptability ( ! design] 9 glass & metal4 ,i met ) a v pretty & orig9al motive 9 a ,g]man museum 7at ,l9dau7 :i* 0 hexagonal 9 =m1 pieces ( glass fitt$ toge!r by leads =m+ a globe-l body to hold ! light1 & t]m9at+ above 9 a neck1 f :i* x hung to a bracket by a r+4 ,x 0 furni%$ ) a tripod /& 9 iron1 s t x c\ld be tak5 d[n & made to /& if ne$$4 ,!re is pl5ty ( room = inv5tion 9 lant]ns1 & x seems a pity t our /reet lamp1 :i* is practically a /&>d lant]n1 %\ld rema9 s extremely prosaic1 :5 x is a design s con/antly repeat$4 ,x is n s mu* ! pla9ness1 s9ce "o ne$s no extrane\s ornam5t if ! purpose is well s]v$ by a /ructure ( good l9es4 ,! necessity ( clean+ ! glass is probably a h9drance to mu* v>iety ( =m 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 & !n1 too1 ! electric light is com+ into g5]al use1 br++ ) x an entirely fre% set ( conditions1 s t be=e we get our ideal gas-lamp ! necessity = x w probably h disappe>$ altoge!r1 s to speak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lamps1 ,,c&le/ick1 ,,& ,,snuff]s4 ,,mod]n 7,,b5son7 ,,lamp4 ,,g]man ,,lant]n 7,,l9dau74 ,,roman ,,lamp4 ,,antique ,,c&elabrum ,,lamp 7,,h]culaneum74 ,,primitive ,,brass ,,lamp 7,,holl&74 ,,brass ,,snuff]s 7,,v5ice74 ,,brass ,,c&le/ick 7,,bruges74 ,! idea ( susp5sion & abs5ce ( rigidity or weight associat$ ) electric light+ ought1 "o w\ld ?9k1 to be sugge/ive to design]s1 b we don't seem yet to h q %ak5 (f ! conditions ( gas tub+ on ! "o h&1 or to h got mu* beyond ! some:at well-worn idea ( bell-fl[]s bur/+ into inc&esc5ce on ! o!r4 ,"o almo/ pref]s ! nak$ simplicity ( ! little pe>-%ap$ glasses1 ) _! inc&esc5t twi/ ( ?read susp5d$ at ! end ( ! cov]$ wires1 to ! flamboyant excesses 9 brass & copp] electric fitt+ sometimes se54 ,"o might g on ?r\gh ! :ole range ( objects ( dome/ic use1 & multiply in/ances ( beauty & design+ inv5tion appli$ to ! humble/ ut5sil1 implem5t1 or accessory1 & sugge/$ by ! *>act]i/ic features /amp$ ^u its =m by ! necessities & dem&s ( daily use1 :i* mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( by ! arti/4 ,n a s+le ?+ t we t\* or use b has _h an enorm\s am\nt ( human ?\ght & +5uity br\ght to be> ^u x1 :i* has det]m9$ its =m z we see x1 & :i* is con/antly modify+ =m & mat]ial & "*4 ,! pres5t modify+ influ5ces1 ! direction 9 :i* human +5uity mo/ly seems to "w is 9 ! "t-sav+1 co/-sav+1 lab\r-sav+ direction1 or w\ld-be s1 & "u ?is influ5ce designs ( articles or objects ( pure utility h a t5d5cy to become v prosaic--or1 p]haps1 vulg>ly ass]tive4 ,x is ! comm]cial in/9ct1 no d\bt1 :i* is satisfi$ if a knife is a knife & w cut1 or at any rate w sell1 & puts no romance into ei!r blade or h&le4 ,! old curv$ blades h disappe>$1 & only ! silv] knife receives any ornam5t1 & t g5]ally ( a v un9t]e/+ type4 ,?is prosaic t5d5cy repres5ts ! me*anical side ( ! utility influ5ce1 :i* only rea*es beauty1 if beauty ( l9e m]ely1 by necessity ( use2 ?\gh "u :at ,i %\ld t]m ! %ort-cut inspiration beauty is g5]ally entirely out ( ! "q4 ,?is is to be deplor$1 s9ce ! simple/ ?+ ( use may be j z well made pleas+ & good 9 =m & l9e1 ?\gh t may be ! only k9d ( beauty possible to x4 ,:5 we come to pott]y ! utility & adaptation to s]vice influ5ce is v obvi\s4 ,look at ! =m ( a wat]-vessel1 a pit*] we w say1 z a typical =m4 ,x mu/ h a l>ge holl[ body to hold z mu* wat] z c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ by a s+le p]son1 b n m ?an its h&le or h&les w lift4 ,x mu/ h a neck = p\r+ out4 ,a r\nd$ =m is f\nd to be m conv5i5t = c>ry+ ?an a squ>e1 & is easi] to balance 9 ! h& or on ! head4 ,! s(t clay1 too1 readily takes ! circul> =m on ! :eel :5 ! pit*] is =m$ "u ! h&s ( ! pott]2 & ! r\nd$ =m may be dim9i%$ t[>ds ! base1 :i* saves weight1 & at ! same "t gives opportunity = grace ( l9e4 ,its =m at once expresses its purpose ( c>ry+ & p\r+4 ,a nobl] =m is se5 9 ! ,greek hydria--a l>ge ?ree-h&$ wat]-vessel1 adapt$ = c>ry+ & p\r+4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on ! head or ! %\ld]s1 ! two side horizontal h&les enabl$ x to be lift$ up & d[n1 :ile its v]tical h&le s]v$ ! function ( p\r+4 ,we may note ! simil>ity 9 cont\r & proportion ( ! ,greek amphora or w9e-vessel1 to ! l9es ( a woman's figure4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ graceful ( ! antique =ms ( vessels1 & x seems dimly reflect$ ev5 9 ! purely prosaic =m ( ! mod]n bottle4 ,we might trace ?r\gh all ! v>i\s =ms ( vessels ! clue ( utility1 & note h[ x det]m9es _! typical =m z !y are adapt$1 l ! hydria or pit*]1 = c>ry+ & p\r+3 ! amphora or anci5t w9e-bottle = keep+ w9e cool 9 ! e>? 9 portable quantities3 ! bucket type = dipp+ & c>ry+3 ! funnel type = fill+4 ,! copp] wat]-vessel ( ! ,roman p seems to comb9e ! functions ( bucket & pit*] 9 a highly picturesque way1 & its =m enables a quantity to be c>ri$ on ! head4 ,! dr9k+ vessel aga9 %[s q a diff]5t type ( =m1 & 9 all its v>ieties decl>es its function--! cup1 ! glass1 ! tumbl]1 ! mug1 & ! tank>d4 ,9 ! bottle we approa* aga9 ! type ( ! pit*]1 ! hold+ & p\r+ functions be+ aga9 emphatic1 ?r\gh\t all its _m %apes4 ,! illu/ration %[s a selection ( ! typical =ms ,i h m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr9k+ ,,vessels1 ,,etc4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,l9es ,,( ,a ,,female ,,figure amp2 ,,^? ,,( ,,an ,,amphora4 ,,cylix4 ,,anci5t ,,greek ,,dr9k+ ,,vessel4 ,,hydria ,,anci5t ,,greek ,,wat] ,,vessel4 ,,mode ,,( ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,hydria ,,p>!non ,,frieze4 ,,amphora ,,approa*+ ,,pit*] ,,=m4 ,,pit*]4 ,,engli% ,,br[n ,,jug4 ,,g]man ,,be] ,,mugs4 ,,glass ,,pit*]4 ,,bottles4 ,,dr9k+ ,,glasses4 ,,romano ,,briti% ,,?umb]4 ,,di/ill]s ,,copp] ,,fill]4 ,,c4 ,,roman ,,peasant ,,woman ,,) ,,copp] ,,wat] ,,vessel4 ,,bucket4 ,,bas94 ,,wat]+ ,,c4 ,! subject ( ! typical =ms ( vessels is v cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ,mey]'s ,h&book ( ,ornam5t1 to :i* ,i may ref] ! /ud5t :o wi%es to pursue ! subject fur!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,be] ,,mugs4 ,on ! subject ( bottles1 h[ev]1 ,i w j ref] to a curi\s correspond5ce 9 design motive 9 two diff]5t mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,italian ,,flasks ,,bottle4 ,! ord9>y ,italian oil or w9e flask is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( mod]n useful vessels4 ,x is simply a piece ( bl[n glass ( ! =m fir/ assum$ by ! molt5 glass :5 bl[n at ! end ( ! glass-work]'s tube4 ,to make ?is primitive b elegant bottle portable & enable x to /&1 x is b\nd ar\nd by a twi/ ( ru%es1 or cane leaves twi/$ into a circul> /&1 & brac$ by v]tical broad] b&s ( ! untwi/$ leaf at int]vals1 & a loop ( ! twi/ is tw9$ ar\nd ! neck1 & left free to hang up or c>ry ! vessel 94 ,! :ole is bo? highly practical & picturesque4 ,?is is a type ( ,v5etian glass bottle or decant] highly ornam5t$1 9 :i* ! fundam5tal motive or idea ( ! protect+ b9d+ ( ru%es seems to be foll[$ 9 glass4 ,! melon-l divisions are def9$ by /r+s ( rais$ glass laid on ! surface1 :ile ! panels betwe5 are engrav$ 9 arabesques ( leaves & birds1 & ! :ole =ms a v pretty piece ( ornate glass design4 7,see illu/ration1 p4 #hc47 ,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( decorative motive d]iv$ f useful function1 & ( ! adaptation 9 "o mat]ial ( a sugge/ion d]iv$ f ano!r1 ?\gh appli$ to ! same type ( =m4 ,i h n m5tion$ ! plate or di% type ( vessel1 :i* has on ! :ole1 p]haps1 receiv$ ! mo/ att5tion f ! decorator ( surfaces1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ! m pictorial conditions its functional =m pres5ts4 ,!re is a circul> flat or concave surface 9 ! c5tre ( ! di%1 plate1 or plaque to hold ! food2 & !re is a circul> space or rim = ! h&1 a bord] :i* w s]ve bo? z a frame to ! c5tral subject1 & also to emphasize ! edge4 ,! ,greek cylix1 ?\gh really a %all[ dr9k+ cup1 pres5ts simil> conditions to ! design]1 ?\gh m ( ! %all[ boat or sauc] type1 & 9 ! fill+ ( ^! spaces ! ,greek vase-pa9t]1 z f> z reg>ds composition ( l9e1 dramatic action ( figure1 simplicity1 & ! necess>y flatness & res]ve1 sets u ! be/ models 9 ?is k9d ( design4 ,! ,italian ,r5asc5ce majolica & lu/re w>e give m sumptu\s effect & m pictorial treatm5t1 b are n ne>ly s safe a guide 9 ta/e z ! ,greek4 ,9 pure ornam5t we _c d bett] ?an /udy ori5tal models = ! treatm5t ( bord] & c5tre1 & 9 ! blue & :ite w>e ( ,*9a & ,p]sia we %all f9d z satisfactory examples ( decorative fitness z ne$ be4 ,! ,*9ese influ5ce is freely & (t5 v happily r5d]$ 9 ! blue & :ite w>e ( ,delft1 & 9 "s ( ! works ( ! old ,engli% pott]ies1 z ,worce/] & ,d]by = in/ance4 ,9 textile design ! functions ( bord]1 ( field or fill+1 ( we>+ app>el1 or furniture hang+s & mat]ials & _! necess>y adaptation to v]tical or horizontal positions1 diff]5tiates ! v>i\s types & classes ( design 9 wov5 or pr9t$ /uffs4 ,"h use aga9 influ5ces & decides decorative motive4 ,we recognize at once ! ess5tial diff]5ces ( expression 9 diff]5t patt]n plans & sy/ems ( l9e 9 horizontal ext5sion1 :i* m>k !m (f z suitable = bord]s dem&+ l9e>1 or me&]+1 or runn+ patt]ns to fulfil _! function ( def9+ ! edge1 z 9 a g>m5t or hang+1 or 9 pott]y1 or =m+ a sett+ = ! c5tre1 z 9 a c>pet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pit*] ,,f ,,ro!nburg4 7,,see ,,*ap4 ,,iii7 ,,! ,,h&le ,,( ,,! ,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,di% ,,decoration4 ,,delft ,,di%4 ,,*9ese ,,plate ,,patt]ns4 ,= ^! reasons1 be>+ 9 m9d ! con/ructive sugge/ion ( _! orig91 ! typical examples giv5 ( bord] sy/ems h held _! own f ! e>lie/ times z fundam5tally adaptable to horizontal ext5sion1 :ile !y also adapt !mselves to endless v>iation 9 design & treatm5t4 ,j z1 = ! same reasons1 ! sy/ems ( patt]n adapt$ = indef9ite ext5sion ov] a surface 7bo? v]tically & horizontally71 & repres5t$ by ! plans ,i h t]m$ p]si/5t1 h held1 & /ill hold1 _! place 9 ! _w ( design4 ,^! latt]1 too1 x w be notic$1 are all con/ruct$ ^u1 or controll$ by1 ! same basis--! rectangul> diap]4 ,!re seems some?+ fix$ & fundam5tal ab\t ^! l9e> con/ructive bases ( patt]n design f ! po9t ( view ( :at might be t]m$ decorative or l9e> logic1 & ap>t f _! orig9 9 actual con/ructive necessity be=e spok5 (1 &1 z f> z s\ndness ( pr9ciple c guide u 9 design+1 we _c g wrong 9 obey+ !m1 h[ev] v>i\s ! sup]/ructure ( floral fancy we may build ^u !m4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! pr9ciple alone1 ( c\rse1 w n make u successful design]s1 any m ?an ! skeleton makes a liv+ figure4 ,we _c d )\t ?\ght1 fancy1 & vivify+ imag9ation1 guid$ by ! s5se ( beauty1 z well z ( use1 to produce design wor? hav+ 9 any direction4 ,to trace out ?is clue ( utility fully & adequately ?r\gh all ! v>ieties ( ! va/ prov9ce ( arti/ic design w\ld ne$1 n a s+le *apt]1 b a l>ge & amply illu/rat$ volume4 ,i h only attempt$ to call y\r att5tion to c]ta9 typical =ms & in/ances :]e ! be>+s ( ! necessities ( use & s]vice h decid$ ^? =ms1 & mu/ always influ5ce ! decorative design]1 :o %\ld nev] =get !m = a mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,,typical ,,bord] ,,sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,p]si/5t ,,patt]n ,,plans1 ,,rectangul> ,,basis4 ,no?+ has degrad$ ! =m ( common ?+s s mu* z a mi/ak5 love ( ornam5t4 ,! production ( ?+s ( beauty = ord9>y use has decl9$ ) ! gradual sep>ation ( arti/ & craftsman4 ,decoration1 or ornam5t1 we h be5 too mu* accu/om$ to consid] z accid5tal & unrelat$ addition to an object1 n z an ess5tial expression & organic "p ( x2 n z a beauty :i* may satisfy u 9 simple l9e1 =m1 or proportion1 comb9$ ) fitness to purpose1 ev5 )\t any surface ornam5t at all4 ,! m we are able to keep be=e our m9ds ! place & purpose ( any design we h to make1 ! m we realize ! conditions ( use & s]vice ( :i* x mu/ be a "p1 z well z ! capacities ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is to be made2 & ! m we und]/& its con/ructive necessities1 ! m successful our design is likely to be1 & ! ne>] we %all approa* to bridg+ ! un=tunate gulf :i* too (t5 exi/s betwe5 ! design] & ! craftsman4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,me?od ,,we h se5 7#a7 t ar*itectural consid]ations lie at ! basis ( design & control its g5]al "*1 its scale1 & relation%ips2 & 7#b7 t utility det]m9es & specializes its p>ticul> =ms & functions2 n[1 z our ?ird proposition1 we may say t1 9 addition to ^! 9 limitation ( mat]ial & me?ods ( workman%ip1 we %all f9d ! influ5ces :i* det]m9e prim>ily ! purely arti/ic "q ( treatm5t 9 design1 & :i* diff]5tiate its classes & v>ieties4 ,if we look at a piece ( /one-c>v+ & comp>e x ) a piece ( wood-c>v+1 = in/ance1--or1 /ill bett]1 take mallet & *isel 9 h& & exp]im5t ^u a piece ( /one or m>ble1 & try to evolve or to express a =m by ^! means1 & ) a *isel1 or knife1 "w ^u wood--we %all soon f9d t ! diff]5ces ( ! quality ( ! two sub/ances ^u :i* we "w--! diff]5ces ( d5sity1 t\ghness1 resi/ance to ! tool--at once dem& diff]5t me?ods ( h&l+ ea*4 ,%ort1 quick foll[+ /rokes 9 ! case ( *isell+ /one1 & a long]1 /eady sort ( pu%+ or driv+ movem5t1 ! *isel be+ held 9 bo? h&s1 9 ! case ( wood-c>v+4 ,f su* necess>y & fundam5tal diff]5ces ! arti/ w\ld soon develop a di/9ct /yle 9 ! treatm5t ( ea* k9d ( "w4 ,he w\ld n attempt to make ! /one look l wood1 or p]suade ! wood to look l /one2 b he w\ld r rejoice 9 _! fundam5tal diff]5ces ( quality1 & make 8 "w 9 ea* emphasize _! ess5tial & di/9ctive *>act]i/ics4 ,^! diff]5t *>act]i/ics are %[n 9 ! design & treatm5t ( ! c>v$ /one corbel giv51 z comp>$ ) ! mis]]es 9 wood2 ! /one-"w be+ also controll$ by ! necessity ( ! jo9t+ 9 ! masonry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corbel1 #ad? ,c5t1 ,,d5n+ton ,,*ur*1 ,,suffolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood ,,c>v+4 ,,mis]]e1 ,,/4 ,,david',s ,,ca!dral4 ,9 h&l+ s(t mat]ials1 l modell+ clay1 = in/ance1 we enc\nt] q a diff]5t set ( conditions4 ,!re is mu* less re/riction ( mat]ial & me?od1 al?\gh ! pla/icity ( ! clay br+s its own difficulties ( manipulation ) x4 ,modell+1 inde$1 x is soon p]ceiv$1 is ! rev]se ( c>v+1 s9ce 9 c>v+ =m is produc$ by cutt+ away1 9 modell+ =m is produc$ by build+ up 7or add+ to72 surface be+ ga9$ 9 ! fir/ case by delicate *isell+ ( %>p tools ^u a close-gra9$1 t\gh mat]ial1 & 9 modell+ by a delicate pressure ( ! f+]s1 or tools1 ^u a s(t & s5sitive clay4 ,clay modell+1 aga91 n be+ a f9al =m1 b r a prep>atory /age 9 design1 be>s to bronze1 or pla/]1 mu* ! same relation%ip z a design or draw+ on pap] = reproduction by a p>ticul> process be>s to its f9i%$ =m 9 ! mat]ial = :i* x is int5d$4 ,clay has1 x is true1 aft] fir+1 a p]man5t =m 9 t]ra-cotta1 :i* ( c\rse ?or\ghly illu/rates ! fre$om & naturalism ( treatm5t ( :i* x is capable2 on ! "o h& associat+ itself ) dome/ic use & adornm5t1 k9dr$ ) ! "w ( ! pa9t]1 & on ! o!r unit+ itself ) ar*itecture1 & be+ adaptable to all k9ds ( enri*m5t ^u brick build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood ,,c>v+4 ,,mis]]e1 ,,/4 ,,david',s ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc&9avian ,,clay ,,vessel4 ,! adaptability & pla/icity ( clay1 aga91 is %[n 9 :at might be call$ its fundam5tal capacity z ?r[n ^u ! pott]'s :eel4 ,"h1 "u ! /eady revolution ( ! horizontal circul> disk1 or :eel1 controll$ & held 9 its place by ! left h& ( ! pott]1 :ile he manipulates & v>ies ! =m ) ! "r1 we see h[ readily ! clay obeys ! law ( ! circul> pressure & movem5t1 & h[1 9 ob$i5ce to x1 e v>iety ( =m :i* ! hi/ory ( pott]y displays becomes possible to x 9 ! h&s ( a skilful & ta/eful craftsman4 ,manual skill ( a v accompli%$ k9d is dem&$ 9 ?r[+1 z anyone may see = himself by try+ to =m a vessel ^u ! :eel1 simple z ! op]ation looks1 controll$ by a purely me*anical movem5t4 ,!n1 9 addition to dext]ity 9 manipulat+ ! clay & skill 9 =m+ ! vessel truly1 & ( an ev5 ?ickness1 !re is room = any am\nt ( arti/ic judgm5t & ta/e 9 decid+ ! f9al =m1 or section1 :i* ! vessel %all take2 & aga91 9 ! design & use ( su* ornam5t z %all express its =m & (fice1 or give x an additional decorative surface beauty4 ,) ! use ( ornam5t1 ind5t$ :ile our clay is s(t1 or ) rais$ m\ld+ & edges1 or l[ relief "w1 we are /ill c>ry+ out ! fundam5tal sugge/iv5ess ( ! mat]ial & :at may be call$ its natural me?od2 & we f9d t ornam5tation ^u pott]y 9 its e>lie/ developm5t took ! =m ( ind5t$ zigzag bord]s & patt]ns1 & to ?is day 9 "s k9ds ( ,g]man pott]y1 & t kn[n z ,grs de ,fl&res1 we f9d ! patt]ns ind5t$ 9 outl9e & fill$ aft]w>ds ) ! blue col\r & glaz$2 ! mod]n ,egyptian r$ clay pots are ornam5t$ ) ind5t$1 cut1 & rais$ patt]ns2 :ile 9 ! homely br[n jug ( our ,engli% pott]ies1 we see ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( relief "w 9 ! qua9t figures /amp$ ^u ! surface1 pleas+ en\gh1 ?\gh )\t any ref]5ce to classic dignity or proportion4 ,!re is a good in/ance ( ! pleasant use ( /amp+ ! patt]n ^u a clay vessel 9 ?is ,g]man pit*] f ,ro!nburg 7see p4 #hg71 b\ght f ! work%op ( ! pott] himself1 :o made ! pots ( ! local clay1 fir$ !m1 & glaz$ !m himself1 & f9ally 0 8 own salesman--an in/ructive comb9ation ( functions n (t5 f\nd 9 our own c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,egyptian ,,pott]y4 ,) wax1 modell+ c be c>ri$ to a great] degree ( f95ess & %>pness ( detail1 especially ^u a small scale4 ,x is a mat]ial1 !re=e1 :i* l5ds itself to modell+ = bronze & o!r f9e metal ca/+s1 to metals & co9age1 z well z to small figures1 lamps1 v>i\s vessels & ornam5ts2 & also to l>ge scale1 highly f9i%$ /atues1 especially :5 int5d$ to be ca/ by ! c]a p]duta or lo/ wax me?od1 by :i* ! molt5 metal f ! furnace is made to fl[ into ! m\ld1 to take ! place ( ! wax ( ! model1 ! wax ( c\rse melt+ & fl[+ out ?r\gh ! v5ts contriv$ = ! purpose4 ,! figure is modell$ 9 ! usual way 9 clay fir/4 ,!n a pla/] piece-m\ld is tak51 & into ! inside ( ?is1 :5 tak5 (f1 ! wax is press$1 s z to l9e x completely4 ,a framework or skeleton ( iron b>s hav+ be5 con/ruct$ to support ! weight1 ! holl[ m\ld inside ! wax l9+ or sk91 :i* repres5ts ! ?ickness ( ! bronze /atue1 is !n fill$ up ) a core compos$ ( brick-du/ & pla/]1 mix$ 9 a pa/e & p\r$ 94 ,! ducts to enable ! molt5 bronze to fl[ prop]ly into ! m\ld are !n arrang$1 ) v5ts = ! escape ( ! melt$ wax & air4 ,! pla/] piece-m\ld is !n c>efully tak5 (f1 & ! /atue is disclos$ 9 wax4 ,?is wax surface c !n be f9ally f9i%$ by ! modell] be=e ! :ole /atue is cov]$ 9 ) ano!r m\ld made ( a f9e pa/e ( bone a% & ,tripoli p[d] & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,x is !n b$d$ 9 e>? or s&1 & ! bronze1 be+ mix$ & melt$ 9 ! furnace is run out into ! ducts ( ! m\ld2 :5 cool ! m\ld is brok5 (f1 &1 ! bronze tak+ ! place ( ! wax :i* is melt$ & escapes1 ! /atue is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,/atue ,,( ,,l\is ,,xv4 ,,by ,,b\*>don1 ,,%[+ ,,int]nal ,,iron-,,"w ,,& ,,core4#c #c ,f ,mr4 ,george ,simond's article on ,ca/+ 9 ,bronze4 ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e1 #ahhe4 ,?us a complete & p]fect ca/+ is obta9$ ( ! "w1 x be+ only necess>y to /op ! places :]e ! ducts & v5ts 7 fix$1 :i* by +5uity c\ld be arrang$ to occur 9 ! less important p>ts4 ,c]a p]duta1 z its "n indicates1 is an old ,italian me?od1 & 0 us$ by ,b5v5uto ,cell9i4 ,x has be5 reviv$ by ,mr4 ,george ,simonds1 :o has giv5 an acc\nt ( x1 & by our y\ng] s*ool ( sculptors1 ,messrs4 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t1 ,onsl[ ,=d1 ,h>ry ,bates1 & o!rs1 9 place ( ! me?od ( ca/+ )\t ! use ( ! wax1 :i* entail$ a great deal ( surface "w & *as+ ^u ! h>d bronze1 s t ! delicate modell$ surface--! t\* ( ! arti/1 9 %ort--0 lo/1 b x is j ?is :i* is pres]v$ by ! lo/ wax process1 s t x is a me?od :i* fav\rs arti/ic modell+1 s9ce x p]petuates x 9 bronze ) great] precision ?an by ! ord9>y me?od1 & does n require aft] t\*+ 9 ! h>d4 ,9 iron-"w we h ano!r /rictly condition$ k9d1 9 :i* design owes its "* & peculi> beauty to ! necessities & limitations ( ! mat]ial & mode ( work+4 ,i am speak+ ( wr\ght iron1 & ( ! =ms 9 :i* x is usually f\nd--9 grills ( all k9ds1 9 gates1 & rail+s4 ,n[ we may consid] t ! design] 9 iron has a mat]ial to deal ) :i* is capable1 "u heat & ! hamm]1 ( obey+ mu* inv5tion & l9es ( grace & fancy4 ,we />t ) a b> ( iron2 we plan our ma9 framework2 we may use rigid v]ticals & horizontals 9 =m+ our grill4 ,a simple squ>e trellis is ! fundam5tal grill1 b we seek m play & fancy4 ,our iron b> is capable ( be+ twi/$ at its ends into spiral curves "u heat1 ) ! p9c]s 7or ev5 )\t1 if ?974 ,x is also capable ( be+ beat5 out ) ! hamm] into flatt5$ leaf =ms1 :i* aga91 by heat+1 c be work$ & elaborat$1 & p>ts jo9$ by weld+ 9 great v>iety ( =m4 ,b we may consid] prim>ily t ! design] 9 iron />ts ) ! b>1 ! spiral curve1 & ! flat leaf1 or ev5 only ! fir/ two4 ,^! are 8 units out ( :i* he con/ructs 8 patt]n2 8 p5cils are ! hamm] & p9c]s1 8 easel is ! vice1 8 m$ium is ! =ge4 ,8 bus9ess is to make a h>mony 9 iron1 & ^! are 8 notes1 8 treble & bass4 ,8 success w dep5d1 fir/ly1 ^u ! effectiv5ess ) :i* he contrives to meet ! fundam5tal purpose ( ! grill or gate1 t x %all be a s5sible & practical grill or gate to beg9 )2 secondly1 8 l9es & curves1 h[ev] simple1 mu/ be h>moni\sly arrang$1 s t ! eye is satisfi$ at ! same "t z ! con/ructive s5se2 & ?irdly1 any inv5tion or play ( fancy :i* he c sup]-add )\t injur+ ! fir/ two consid]ations w be s mu* to ! good1 & to 8 cr$it1 & ! common pleasure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,/atue ,,( ,,l\is ,,xv4 ,,by ,,b\*>don1 ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,ducts ,,& ,,v5ts4#d #d ,f ,mr4 ,george ,simond's article on ,ca/+ 9 ,bronze4 ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e1 #ahhe4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to te/ our p[]s by simple problems at fir/4 ,if we _c comb9e a great v>iety ( attractive =ms h>moni\sly1 & fit !m to useful purpose1 let u try :at we c d ) few & simple =ms4 ,if we fail at con/ruct+ gates ( ,p>adise let u see if we _c make a good rail+4 ,if we _c inv5t a romantic knock]1 let u try our h&s at an effective scrap]4 ,x is mu* bett] to d a simple ?+ well1 ?an a complex or ambiti\s ?+ badly2 & !re is f> m ne$ 9 ! _w = well-design$ & beautiful common ?+s ?an = elaborate exceptional ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,gates1 ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce1 ,,nuremb]g4 ,,! ,,iron ,,work]s ,,units4 ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,"w ,,por* ,,gates ,,ca!dral ,,( ,s4 ,,lawr5ce ,,nuremb]g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,f5d]1 ,,tongs1 ,,fire-,,dog ,,& ,,%ovel1 ,,bruges4 ,,f5d] ,,) ,,tongs ,,bruges4 ,,fire ,,dog4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,alt> ,,scre51 ,,/4 ,,?omas',s1 ,,salisbury4 ,,"p ,,( ,,alt> ,,scre5 ,,9 ,,wr\ght ,,iron1 ,,*4 ,,( ,s ,,?omas1 ,,salisbury4 ,a /udy ( iron-"w %\ld be useful to all /ud5ts 9 design1 z %[+ :at ornam5tal effects c be ga9$ by economy ( means1 ! effectiv5ess ( simply repeat+ well-*os5 curves1 spirals1 & l9es2 z well z ! am\nt ( fantasy & feel+ :i* an inv5tive design] & craftsman c put into su* "w 9 its m complex & elaborate =ms1 &1 above all1 h[ p]fectly x may be made to unite s]viceabl5ess & beauty2 :ile1 p]haps m conspicu\sly ?an mo/ k9ds ( arti/ic "w1 x illu/rates ! ess5tial unity ( mat]ial & me?od ) _! results 9 design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,balu/rade1 ,,ro!nburg1 f a sket* by ,r4 ,,ph5 ,,spi]s4 ,! illu/rations giv5 exemplify diff]5t v>ieties ( treatm5t1 & also %[ h[ design 9 iron-"w1 9 addition to ! influ5ce ( ! mat]ial1 is controll$ by ! _s & p]iod ( ! ar*itecture ( :i* x becomes "p4 ,we see ?is 9 comp>+ ! free ,go?ic & r fanta/ic =ms ( ! gates ( ! s\? por* ( ,s4 ,laur5ce at ,nuremb]g ) ! symmetric & =mal scre5 f ,s4 ,?omas's1 ,salisbury 7sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury71 or bo? ) ! fl[+ ,r5asc5ce scroll balu/rade f ,ro!nburg4 ,a mo/ important bran* ( design is t ( textiles1 :e!r we reg>d x 9 its close association ) daily life & ! wants ( humanity1 ) dome/ic com=t1 p]sonal adornm5t1 or ecclesia/ical spl5d\r4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ intimate ( ! arts ( design1 & "h aga9 we %all f9d ! control ( mat]ial & me?od always ass]t+ !mselves4 ,textile design+ may be broadly divid$ into two ma9 k9ds3 7#a7 t :i* is an incorporat$ "p ( ! textile itself1 z 9 wov5 patt]ns1 c>pets1 & tape/ry2 & 7#b7 t :i* is design$ z a surface decoration to be pr9t$ or work$ on ! textile1 z 9 cotton1 clo?1 cretonne1 silk1 velvet1 & embroid]y4 ,into ! _m te*nicalities & complexities ( ! mod]n p[]-loom x is n n[ necess>y to ent]2 b ! ma9 ess5tial conditions x is always necess>y = ! textile design] to h 9 m9d are t 8 design has to be produc$ by ! cross+ ( ?reads 9 ! loom1 by w>p & weft1 z ! sets ( ?reads are call$--! w>p be+ ! v]tical ?reads1 =m+ ! web & f\ndation ( ! fabric2 ! wo( or weft be+ ! horizontal ?read wov5 ?r\gh x at "r angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lady ,,at ,a ,,h& ,,loom1 f ,erasmus's ,praise ( ,folly 7#afgf74 ,,diagrams ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,loom4 ,,rectangul> ,,basic ,,conditions ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,all ,,textile ,,patt]n4 ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,patt]n ,,9 ,,weav+4 ,,! ,,re$ ,,or ,,comb ,,us$ ,,to ,,drive ,,home ,,! ,,?reads4 ,,diagrams ,,to ,,%[ ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,h$dles ,,:i* ,,lift ,,! ,,horizontal ,,sets ,,( ,,?reads ,,alt]nately ,,to ,,all[ ,,! ,,%uttle ,,to ,,pass ,,to ,,fro ,,) ,,! ,,weft4 ,9 ! simple l[ w>p h&-loom1 ! w>p be+ 9 two sets1 ! alt]nate ?reads are lift$ by ! h$dles alt]nately4 ,^! h$dles are connect$ ) treadles work$ by ! feet ( ! weav]1 :o1 ) 8 h&1 passes 8 %uttle ) ! wo( backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh ! int]/ices ?us left1 & weaves ! pla9 clo?4 ,to make patt]ns1 v>i\s wefts 9 diff]5t col\rs are add$4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal simple pr9ciple ( weav+1 :i* 9 a /ill simpl] =m may be se5 9 ! mak+ ( tape/ry & c>pets 9 ! high w>p loom1 :]e ! ?reads ( ! w>p are /ret*$ v]tically ^u roll]s 9 a framework1 at :i* ! work] sits & works 9 by 8 h&s ! diff]5t col\rs ( ! patt]n horizontally1 twi/+ & knott+ ! ?reads 9 ?r\gh ! w>ps on :i* ! patt]n has be5 m>k$1 & press+ x toge!r by a sort ( comb to make x firm & solid2 z ! fabric is complet$ x is roll$ up ^u ! roll]4 ,p5elope is se5 work+ at su* a loom 9 a ,greek vase pa9t+4 ,! simple h&-loom1 z x 0 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is se5 9 ! figure tak5 f ,erasmus's ,praise ( ,folly4 ,:at *iefly conc]ns ! design] 9 wov5 textiles1 !re=e1 is t he mu/ be prep>$ = ! necessity t 8 design mu/ adapt itself to work+ out ^u a squ>e trellis ( horizontal & v]tical l9es1 :i* w repres5t 8 outl9es1 or ! edges ( 8 masses1 9 /epp$ outl9es & edges1 :]e ! design crosses ! w>p diagonally at any angle1 & 9 /raight l9es :]e x runs ) ! w>p2 s9ce x may be said t patt]n on wov5 clo? is produc$ by leav+ out1 or /opp+ out1 c]ta9 ?reads 9 ! wefts1 disclos+ "o set 9 "o place & ano!r 9 ano!r2 su* ?reads correspond+ ) ! holes cut 9 ! c>ds plac$ 9 ! loom to regulate ! patt]n1 :i* are prep>$ f ! design1 aft] x has be5 work$ out on squ>$ pap] to calculat$ int]vals & numb]s ( ?reads or po9ts to ea* l9e & mass ( ! patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,c>pet1 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 ,n[1 s f> f wi%+ to conceal ! *>act]i/ic flatness & squ>5ess ( outl9e & mass1 :i* ! nature ( ! conditions ( weav+ normally produce1 ! arti/ values ^! *>act]i/ics z ess5tial to ! "w1 & w\ld make 8 design adaptable to !m4 ,! mo/ beautiful & decorative effects are produc$ 9 wov5 textiles by ! contra/1 h>mony1 & bl5d+ ( col\r$ ?reads1 wool1 or silk1 & ! relief ( "o flat col\r ^u ano!r1 or "o flat t9t ^u ano!r %ade ( ! same t9t1 s t any?+ l attempts at naturali/ic draw+1 & ! repres5tation ( planes ( light & %ade & relief c only be clumsy1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! conditions1 besides be+ mi/ak51 f ! po9t ( view ( good patt]n-"w4 ,!re are no bett] ma/]s 9 ! selection & treatm5t ( natural =ms 9 textile design ?an ! ,p]sians1 :o1 9 _! magnific5t c>pets1 %[ bo? ! extreme ( graceful conv5tional patt]n1 & also a happy mean 9 ! treatm5t ( fl[]s1 trees1 & animals1 exhibit+ 9 _! draw+ & col\r def9ite *>act]ization r ?an naturalism2 translat+ nature1 z x 71 & ally+ x ) inv5tion 9 a di/9ct region ( _! own4 ,to d ?is is really :at all design]s %\ld aim at1 9 :atsoev] mat]ial !y may "w4 ,:5 we come to ! second division ( textile design1 t 9 :i* patt]n is appli$ to ! surface ( ! clo? aft] x has be5 wov51 by means ( pr9t+1 ! design] is *iefly controll$ by consid]ations ( scale & beauty ( effect1 z he has to adapt 8 design to v>i\s purposes1 su* z hang+s & furniture cov]+s1 or small dress patt]ns1 k]*iefs1 & s =?4 ,beyond ! necess>y limit ( size ( repeat & its satisfactory con/ruction1 he is fre] ?an 9 design+ = wov5 textiles2 &1 9 fact1 has ab\t z mu* range z any o!r surface design] 9 col\rs4 ,x is consid]$ a practical & economic advantage t a design %\ld adapt itself to pr9t+ 9 _m diff]5t s*emes ( col\r1 & be capable ( treatm5t on a light or d>k gr\nd4 ,9 l>g] scale patt]ns1 su* z furniture cretonnes1 patt]ns or p>ts ( patt]ns are produc$ by a mordant or resi/2 t is to say1 ! light p>ts are pr9t$ 9 a mordant or *emical prep>ation :i* takes out ! dye1 & s discloses 9 ^? p>ts ! natural col\r ( ! cotton clo?4 ,simil> effects c be produc$ by ! rev]se me?od ( pr9t+ ! clo? fir/ ) a resi/ & dye+ or pr9t+ ! :ole aft]w>ds4 ,! me?ods & ma*9]y ( pr9t+ cotton h be5 c>ri$ to great p]fection1 & ! necess>y limitations z to :at effects c or _c be obta9$ are v few1 :at is done be+ l>gely regulat$ by consid]ations ( co/4 ,^! app>5t advantages1 h[ev]1 f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 expose u to new dang]s4 ,we may easily lose sight ( ! end 9 ! v p]fection ( ! means2 ! v facility ( ^? means may lead ! design] to =get t1 aft] all1 he is design+ = a textile--some?+ :i* w be hung 9 folds1 v>i\sly drap$1 or worn4 ,! desire to %[ ! capacity ( ! me?od ( pr9t+ a patt]n 9 col\rs may n always be on all f\rs ) ! wi% = ta/eful design & reposeful effect4 ,! fi]ce competition ( trade1 & ! viol5t dem&s ( ! salesman1 d n h>monize ) ! judgm5t ( ! arti/4 ,if y 7 9 a company :]e all 7 talk+ at once at ! top ( _! voices y w\ld h to %\t v l\dly if y want$ to be he>d1 b no "o w\ld cont5d t ^! 7 ! be/ conditions = ! human voice4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a tol]ably j simile ( ! pres5t conditions ( trade & _! effect ^u design4 ,s long z ?+s are made prim>ily to sell1 r ?an to la/ & live )1 !re w always be ?is difficulty & disp>ity betwe5 art & comm]ce2 b a s*ool ( art c only conc]n itself ) :at are ! be/ me?ods1 & endeav\r always to set up ! be/ types ( design1 ! be/ /&>ds ( ta/e4 ,if we want to repres5t fl[]s1 = in/ance1 9 _! natural sup]ficial aspects ( light & %ade & relief1 ! natural =m = su* r5d]+s is ! /ill life /udy2 ! natural means1 ! canvas1 palette1 & bru%es1 or ,:atman & wat]-col\r2 ! natural equipm5t1 p[] ( graphic draw+ & k ( pictorial effect4 ,b1 :atev] value1 pictorial int]e/1 & *>m su* /udies may h1 z su*1 ) ! *>m ( treatm5t1 ) ! fre$om ( h&l+ op5 to ! pictorial arti/1 & ) ! direct p]sonal t\*1 ! value1 pictorial int]e/1 & *>m & beauty w\ld be entirely lo/ if !y 7 done by ! y>d1 & spread ov] acres ( cotton4 ,! p>ticul> conditions :i* give value to ! individual pictorial /udy become utt]ly lo/ :5 ! attempt is made to produce a patt]n on ! same pr9ciples4 ,x is nei!r good patt]n nor good pa9t+2 & ! v be/ ma*9e-pa9t+ c only give a m or less co>se r5d]+ ( h&-pa9t+1 & x is !re=e a mi/ak5 application ( x to try4 ,x requires no special arti/ic feel+ or tra9+ to recognize a bun* ( roses or poppies ?r[n 9 exagg]at$ relief on a flat surface2 b x does require bo? to appreciate a design made ( ! same fl[]s1 compos$ & col\r$ h>moni\sly 9 an +5i\s repeat1 & drawn firmly & delicately ) an und]/&+ ( ! "* & con/ruction ( ! plants1 yet treat$ ) fancy & inv5tion1 &1 at ! same "t1 meet+ p]fectly ! nature ( ! mat]ial & ! me?od ( manufacture4 ,^! qualities ,i %\ld enum]ate z ! real necessities 9 design+ = pr9t$ fabrics1 :e!r x is cotton clo? pr9t$ f ! patt]n engrav$ on copp] roll]s1 or furniture cretonne pr9t$ f flat blocks4 ,9 ei!r case1 9 provid+ ! design1 firmness & %>pness ( l9e w\ld be good1 & precision ( t\* 9 lay+ 9 ! col\r4 ,! embroid]]1 aga91 is comp>atively free z to range ( *oice 9 treatm5t ( surface design1 :i* w be necess>ily gov]n$ by purpose1 position1 & nature ( mat]ial & me?od employ$4 ,! bold design & l>ge scale detail :i* w\ld be suitable = b$ hang+s & curta9s 9 crewel "w1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod1 w\ld be obvi\sly out ( place 9 small panels ( delicate f9e silk-"w4 ,a great] approa* to ! col\rs & surfaces ( nature1 too1 9 silk-"w may be attempt$1 z 9 ! plumage ( birds & ! petals ( fl[]s1 z we see 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese silk embroid]ies1 ?\gh ! decorative pr9ciple ( %ad+ "o col\r ) o!r t9ts ( ! same %\ld be foll[$ :5 %ad+ is us$1 keep+ ! col\r pure & brilliant1 & nev] us+ black or br[n = %ad[s on col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,embroid]y4 ,,natural ,,direction ,,( ,,/it*es ,,9 ,,work+ ,,leaves1 ,,/ems1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,fruit4 ,,silk ,,embroid]y ,,height5$ ,,) ,,silv] ,,?read ,,italian #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,japanese ,,kimono ,,pr9t$ ,,patt]n ,,height5$ ,,) ,,gold ,,silk ,,embroid]y ,,9 ,,p>ts4 ,,p]sian ,,embroid]y ,,silk ,,on ,,l95 ,,bokh>a4 ,a c]ta9 natural conv5tion1 we might say1 belongs to ! conditions ( mat]ial & me?od 9 embroid]y1 & is insep>able f ! art ( ! expression ( =m by /it*es4 ,foll[+ ! same pr9ciple ( su* ackn[l$gm5t ( necess>y limitations :i* we f9d hold good 9 o!r decorative arts1 ! ess5tial /it* me?od ( ! embroid]] %\ld be r emphasiz$ ?an conceal$1 al?\gh x does n foll[ t 9 prep>+ designs to be embroid]$ ! /it*es ne$ be all repres5t$1 s long z ! design is cle> & pla91 & ! outl9es di/9ct2 :ile 9 ! *oice ( ! direction ( ! /it*es1 z well z 9 _! =m & "*1 mu/ be f\nd ! p>ticul> means ( express+ v>ieties ( surface & *>act]i/ics ( =m4 ,9 mak+ leaves1 = in/ance1 "o w\ld naturally make ! /it*es radiate f ! c5tre t[>ds ! po9t1 :ile ! "* ( tree /ems is well express$ by c>ry+ ! /it*es crossways ov] o!rs laid v]tically fir/1 z1 9 addition to ! sugge/ion ( l9es ( b>k1 ! d\ble r[ ( /it*es has ! effect ( sugge/+ ! projection ( a r\nd$ /em4 ,= fill+ 9 l>ge masses1 or = me&]+ types ( patt]ns & scroll-"w1 or bold outl9e1 *a9-/it* is v useful1 & has a compact1 solid effect4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 ,indian embroid]ies4 ,! introduction ( gold ?read1 s mu* f\nd 9 all ori5tal embroid]y1 enri*es & height5s ! effects ( ! col\rs v mu*1 & on ! unblea*$ l95s & musl9s1 :]e ! patt]n is q light1 x has a *>m+ effect4 ,! ,japanese make v effective use ( gold ?read embroid]y1 9 "s cases c>ry+ ! :ole ( ! "w out 9 gold ^u a d>k gr\nd1 or us+ x z a p>tial enri*m5t on pr9t$ textiles su* z kimonos or robes2 9 o!r k9ds1 notably 9 d>k1 ri*1 full-col\r$ embroid]$ hang+s1 by introduc+ disks ( gold ?read1 =m$ by /it*+ ! ?read d[n ^u ! gr\nd 9 closely twi/$ spiral =ms1 :i* cat* ! light v effectively :5 hung ^u ! wall4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ! embroid]]'s art imm5se range ( bo? treatm5t & subject4 ,x may be light & delicate1 & re/rict$ to "o or two col\rs1 or vie 9 fulness1 ri*ness1 & dep? ( col\r & spl5d\r ( effect ) tape/ry itself4 ,x may adorn a *ild's quilt1 or decorate an alt>2 x may t\* ! hem ( a g>m5t1 or in=m ! cov] ( a book2 no?+ seems to be above or bel[ x2 & ?r\gh\t its manifold adaptations x (f]s an attractive field to ! design] & ! work] :o is n afraid ( pati5t b n unrew>d+ lab\r4 ,z fur!r exemplify+ ! influ5ce ( mat]ial & me?od1 ,i may j t\* ^u ano!r art1 9 our days ! mo/ popul> & f>-rea*+1 p]haps1 ( all--! art ( design 9 black & :ite = ! book & ! newspap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bu* ,,von ,,d5 ,,sieb5 ,,tods,,nd5 7,,augsburg1 #adgd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,hans ,,baldung ,,gr,n1 ,,hortulus ,,animae 7,,/rassburg1 #aeaa74 ,n[1 ! e>ly woodcut z we f9d x 9 ! pr9t$ books ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ow$ its =ms & qualities to ! necessities ( surface pr9t+ ) types 9 a h&-press4 ,! vigor\s1 bold draw+ ) ! p5 on ! wood-block 0 cut by ! engrav] ) a knife & on ! plank1 n z n[1 ^u ! cross section ( ! box tree3 s(t] wood1 too1 0 at fir/ probably us$4 ,! engrav]'s knife left ! arti/'s l9e firm]1 p]haps1 ?an x 0 drawn1 & ! design 9 vigor\s op5 l9e 0 exactly adapt$ to pr9t "u ! same pressure z ! type _h to und]go4 ,! two 7 9 true me*anical relation1 & also 9 true arti/ic relation4 ,! decorative effect ( ! e>ly pr9t]s' pages is rem>kably f9e1 & is obta9$ by v simple means4 ,) ! decl9e ( ! sev]e & vigor\s draw+ ( ! great design]s ( ! late ,go?ic & e>ly ,r5asc5ce p]iod1 & probably also ) ! inv5tion ( copp]-plate engrav+ & pr9t+1 & ! m rapid production ( books1 ! art ( ! book pr9t] decl9$1 & ! art ( ! book decorator ) x2 & al?\gh ! woodcut /ill held its place1 & 0 l>gely us$ = ! next two c5turies1 &1 inde$1 d[n to our own "t1 9 book ornam5ts1 initial lett]s1 & illu/rations1 x _h fall5 into inf]ior h&s4 ,at ! end ( la/ c5tury a sort ( revival took place "u ,?omas ,bewick & 8 s*ool1 :i* l$1 n to a revival ( ! firm & op5 l9e> draw+ ( ! design]s ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 b r to a se>* aft] extra f95ess & qualities ( tone & col\r1 hi!rto associat$ ) /eel or copp]-plate4 ,?is t5d5cy or aim ( ! engrav]s1 h[ev]1 only s]v$ to put ! woodcut out ( relation ) ! type1 & ! type itself grew ugli]1 & 0 h>dly consid]$ z "p ( ! arti/ic "* ( ! book4 ,william ,blake seems to h be5 ! only arti/ :o made any attempt to consid] ! necess>y relation ( illu/ration & type1 b he did x by means ( copp]-plate1 & writ+ 8 own lett]+4 ,x is only rec5tly t a s]i\s ef=t has be5 made to re-e/abli% ! old relation%ip betwe5 design & text 9 surface pr9t+ & z appli$ to books4 ,our newspap]s & illu/rat$ j\rnals /ill pr9t heavy black blocks1 reproduc$ f wa% draw+s1 along ) ?9 pale type2 & ! t5d5cy ( ! rec5t new photographic processes ( reproduc+ ! designs ( arti/s has r be5 to dislocate ! decorative feel+ & ! relation%ip ( type & picture a=esaid1 by impos+ no re/rictions ( mat]ial or me?od 9 prep>+ draw+s = ! press4 ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 a s*ool ( pr9t]s & design]s 9 black & :ite :o d consid] decorative effect 9 pr9t+ & 9 ! design ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cradle ,,song ,sweet dreams =m a %ade1 ,o'er my lovely infants head4 ,sweet dreams ( pleasant /reams1 ,by happy sil5t moony beams4 ,sweet sleep ) s(t d[n4 ,weave ?y br[s an infant cr[n4 ,sweet sleep ,angel mild1 ,hov] o'er my happy *ild4 ,sweet smiles 9 ! night1 ,hov] ov] my delight4 ,sweet smiles ,mo!rs smiles1 ,all ! livelong night beguiles4 ,sweet moans1 dovelike sighs1 ,*ase n slumb] f ?y eyes1 ,sweet moans1 sweet] smiles1 ,all ! dovelike moans beguiles4 ,sleep sleep happy *ild1 ,all creation slept & smil'd4 ,sleep sleep1 happy sleep4 ,:ile o'er !e ?y "m weep4 ,sweet babe 9 ?y face1 ,holy image ,i c trace4 ,sweet babe once l !e4 ,?y mak] lay & wept = me4 ,wept ,,william ,,blake4 ,mr4 ,william ,morris1 by 8 p]sonal exp]im5t & practice ( pr9t+1 approa*+ x f ! design]'s po9t ( view1 has aga9 plac$ ! pr9t+ ( books 9 ! position ( an art4 ,by practical demon/ration 9 ! beautiful results ( 8 "w--9 ! beautiful books he issu$ f ! ,kelmscott ,press--he has %[n u :at v f9e decorative effects c be got by c>eful consid]ation ( ! =m ( ! lett]s1 by ! plac+ ( ! type ^u ! page1 by ! use ( good h&made pap]1 by ! use ( ornam5ts & initial lett]s ( ri* & bold design1 h>moniz+ ) ! /r5g? & ri*ness ( ! type 7:i* makes ! ord9>y types look pale & ?974 ,8 "w1 too1 is obvi\sly influ5c+ pr9t]s & publi%]s g5]ally1 s t some?+ l a r5asc5ce 9 pr9t+ & 9 design & decoration 9 black & :ite has be5 go+ on dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,c]ta9ly a return to ! practice ( draw+ 9 l9e is good1 n only z a te/ ( design & draughtsman%ip1 & absolutely necess>y to all design]s1 b also z ess5tial to designs or illu/rations int5d$ to contribute to ! decorative "* ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,9 ! v>i\s in/ances1 !re=e1 to :i* ,i h drawn att5tion1 we h se5 t design 9 its _m =ms & applications mu/ be reconcil$ to c]ta9 limitations ( mat]ial & me?od2 b t1 s f> f ^! limitations be+ a h9drance to h>moni\s expression or to beauty ( result1 !y !mselves1 by _! v nature1 if prop]ly und]/ood & frankly ackn[l$g$1 lead to ^? v results ( beauty & h>moni\s expression :i* come ( t p]fect unity ( design1 mat]ial1 & me?od x is ! object ( all decorative art to atta94 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,on ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,conditions ,,9 ,,design ,,9 ! previ\s ?ree *apt]s we h be5 consid]+ ,design "u v>i\s conditions ( use & mat]ial4 ,! pres5t may be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( ! same l9e ( ?\ght 9 some:at diff]5t directions4 ,we may consid] conditions 9 ! g5]al s5se z ^? g5]al /hetic laws gov]n+ ! place & purpose ( designs1 & _! position 9 relation to ! eye & h&1 su* z height1 plane ( ext5sion1 & scale2 or 9 ! m p>ticul> s5se :i* includes all ^!1 z well z m /rict te*nical conditions :i*1 be+ accept$ by ! arti/ic faculty1 influ5ce ! =m & "* ( all design1 ! object be+1 ( c\rse1 ! atta9m5t ( ! greate/ beauty consi/5t ) su* conditions4 ,all design is necess>ily condition$1 f ! purely graphic & pictorial to ! mo/ ab/ract =ms ( decoration4 ,we _c set p5cil to pap] ev5 )\t committ+ ourselves to a k9d ( compact ) conditions4 ,"h is a :ite expanse--a pla9 surface2 "h is some?+ to make black m>ks )4 ,! arti/ic realization ( or pres5tm5t ( our ?\ght1 or our r5d]+ ( a piece ( nature or ( art w dep5d ^u our frank acceptance ( ! natural limits ( ! capacity ( p5cil & pap]--( plane1 surface1 l9e1 & t9t z conditions ( repres5tation1 & on our fai?fulness to !m1 by means ( :i* we %all atta9 ! mo/ tru? & beauty 9 draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ceil+ ,,pap]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ceil+ ,,pap]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,x is ! recognition ( ?is :i* gives di/9ction to all draw+1 accord+ to ! individuality1 inv5tion1 & "* ( ! arti/4 ,we recognize 8 /yle & p]sonality by 8 mann] ( deal+ ) ! conditions ( ! "w1 & n[h]e does ?is come out m emphatically ?an :5 ^? conditions are r$uc$ to ! simple/4 ,s t 9 a l9e draw+ 9 p5 or p5cil1 9 ! economy ( ! means1 & 9 ! skill & ma/]y by :i* facts ( nature1 "*1 life1 action1 or beauty ( l9e & ornam5tal effect are r5d]$ by ! simple use ( outl9e1 or t9t1 or solid black1 we c recognise ! arti/ ( p[] j z cle>ly z we recognize a fri5d's h&writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ceil+ ,,pap]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,! suavity & grace ( ,raphael1 ! en]gy ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! le>n+ & f9i% ( ,leon>do1 ! sculptor-l def9ition ( ,mantegna1 ! firmness & c>e ( ,dr]1 ! bread? & ri*ness ( ,holbe92 all ^! qualities come out cle>ly en\gh 9 ! /udies & draw+s ( ^! ma/]s 9 p51 p5cil1 & *alk4 ,= beauty ( /yle1 treatm5t1 & decorative feel+ 9 p5cil & *alk1 p]haps few come ne> ! /udies ( our mod]n ma/]1 ,burne-,jones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,repeat+ ,,patt]n ,,wall-,,pap]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,9 mak+ /udies1 too1 ano!r condition comes 91 important en\gh 9 its effects--t ( "t4 ,9 g5]al practice no means to ends are m useful ?an rapid sket*es & notes ( pass+ actions & transi5t effects4 ,9 ord] to seize ! ess5tial facts quickly great economy ( means is necess>y1 & practice & exp]i5ce alone c tea* u facility 9 select+ ! lead+ po9ts & mo/ expressive l9es4 ,giv5 a limit$ "t 9 :i* to note facts1 ! problem is h[ to set d[n ! mo/ tru? 9 ! simple/ & mo/ =cible way4 ,! conditions :i* gov]n ! mak+ ( a sket* or /udy ^u pap] are suffici5t z te/s ( arti/ic capacity1 ( draughtsman%ip1 ( ta/e1 & ! o!r f9e qualities :i* g to ! mak+ ( a "w ( art1 hav+ :at may be t]m$ an indep5d5t or individual int]e/ & value2 b 9 adapt+ any k9d ( design to a def9ite ornam5tal purpose o!r conditions imm$iately come into play ov] & above ^? belong+ to ! conditions ( draughtsman%ip alone1 conditions :i* at once influ5ce ! /yle ( draughtsman%ip & det]m9e ! treatm5t4 ,aga91 ev]yone :o attempts designs = diff]5t k9ds ( decorative purpose1 = diff]5t mat]ials1 = diff]5t planes ( ext5sion1 = diff]5t positions & uses1 mu/ p]ceive t su* consid]ations are important factors 9 det]m9+ ! plan1 con/ruction1 & _s ( ! design4 ,! ornam5tal conditions1 = in/ance1 :i* gov]n ! design ( wall-pap]s & hang+s1 dem& patt]ns :i* climb upw>ds & spread lat]ally )\t any app>5t effect or flaw 9 ! repeat4 ,frieze designs1 aga91 dem& horizontal ext5sion & def9ite rhy?m1 :i* latt] is an important elem5t 9 all bord] design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,patt]n ,,plans ,,motives ,,controll$ ,,by ,,conditions ,,( ,,position ,,& ,,purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,an ,,ord9>y ,,wall-,,pap] ,,patt]n ,,repeat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,drop ,,repeat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mural ,,motive-,,field ,,frieze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,textile ,,motive--,,brok5 ,,by ,,folds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ceil+ ,,motive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,floor ,,motive ,,) ,,bord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,floor ,,motive4 ,,sket* ,,design ,,= ,,inlaid ,,wood1 ,,s\? ,,london ,,f9e ,,art ,,gall]y4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,designs = ext5sion ^u floors & pavem5ts1 :]e ! effect ( p]spective di/orts =ms z !y rec$e f ! eye1 require _! own special plann+ & treatm5t1 squ>e1 circul>1 diamond1 & fi%-scale plans be+ g5]ally ! safe/1 z bases1 s9ce !y pres]ve _! =m 9 p]spective bett] ?an irregul> non-geometric or m complex plans4 ,mu* ! same k9d ( consid]ations control ceil+ decoration1 :]e1 9 addition1 sugge/ions may be tak5 f con/ructive conditions1 z1 9 flat ceil+s1 ! design foll[+ p>allel beams & joi/s & _! int]/ices2 ! panell$ arrangem5t ( a c(f]$ ceil+2 or radiat+ spr+ ( l9es f con/ructive c5tres1 z 9 vault$ ceil+s4 ,:]e a patt]n w be brok5 by deep folds1 z 9 textiles1 9 hang+s1 & curta9s1 ! conditions fav\r ! recurr5ce ( bold masses1 ri*] po9ts1 & m /rongly def9$ =ms1 at int]vals1 ?an w\ld be agreeable 9 a patt]n = ext5sion on a plane surface1 unless we except c>pets1 :]e boldness ( =m & ri*ness ( col\r are desirable4 ,su* conditions z ^! influ5ce e dep>tm5t ( decorative design1 & 9 proportion to ! complet5ess ) :i* !y are satisfi$ w dep5d ! success ( designs2 & a design :i* may h less actual beauty1 p]haps1 ?an ano!r1 b :i* completely fulfils ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 is likely to h a long] life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drop ,,repeat ,,wall-,,pap]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 well-kn[n types ( patt]n is probably due to ?is--su* z ! cont9ual reappe>ance ( ! ,greek fret 9 v>i\s =ms z a bord] design 9 all sorts ( "w4 ,que/ions ( scale 9 design are less absolute1 p]haps1 s9ce1 ?\gh "o may say z a rule t l>ge types ( design & detail belong to l>ge rooms & l>ge scale build+s1 !re may be int]e/+ exceptions1 :5 l>ge patt]ns might suit ev5 9 a small room1 if a p>ticul> arti/ic effect 7 s\ght4 ,! ma9 condition 9 ! matt] ( scale appe>s to be t we _c af=d to ignore ! av]age human /&>d4 ,z we may say t ! human frame itself conta9s ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( all ornam5tal design1 s its proportions & scale control ! proportions & scale ( all design4 ,objects int5d$ = human use & s]vice are b\nd to be ( c]ta9 fix$ or av]age sizes--seats & c\*es ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! gr\nd1 = in/ance2 ord9>y dome/ic doors n mu* ov] six feet high1 & ?ree feet six in*es or f\r feet wide4 ,! size ( casem5ts1 aga91 is /rictly relat$ to ! p[] ( ! h& to op5 !m2 :ile ! sizes ( all movable objects ( use are 9 l mann] /rictly gov]n$ by ! av]age size1 height1 & /r5g? ( mank9d4 ,pursu+ ! influ5ce ( su* conditions1 we f9d t !re are 9 e direction natural limitations 9 e dep>tm5t ( design3 9 ! fir/ place ( scale & position 9 relation to eye & h&1 9 ! second place ( me?od & mat]ial4 ,take ! page ( a pr9t$ book1 = in/ance4 ,! body ( type impress$ ^u ! pap]1 gives ! proportions & dim5sions ( ! page4 ,! d\ble page1 :5 ! book is op5$ to %[ ! "r & left h& pages 7or recto & v]so1 z !y are t]m$71 is ! true unit1 n ! s+le page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drop ,,repeat ,,wall-,,pap]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,! type %\ld be plac$ s z to leave ! n>r[e/ m>g9 at ! top & ! inside1 ! broad] on ! outside1 & ! broade/ ( all at ! foot4 ,& ?is = obvi\s reasons1 s9ce 9 hold+ a book 9 our h& we naturally want ! type br\ght well "u ! eye1 ! pages be+ set z close toge!r z ! necessities ( jo9+ d[n ! middle w all[ conv5i5tly1 s t ! eye ne$ n h to jump across a l>ge brook ( m>g9 9 travell+ f "o to ! o!r1 :ile ! deep m>g9 bel[ enables ! book to be held 9 ! h& well set up be=e ! eye1 )\t t\*+ ! type4 ,9 tak+ up a book ) ! int5tion ( decorat+ or illu/rat+ x1 we mu/ accept frankly ^! conditions1 :i* inde$ are1 prop]ly consid]$1 a sub/antial help to ! arti/1 j z ! necessities ( ! gr\nd plan give sugge/ions = ! elevation 9 ar*itectural design4 ,^! conditions1 we may take x1 are ! ar*itectural conditions ( book-page con/ruction4 ,! size1 !n1 ( our page-panel be+ fix$1 z well z ! page ( type necess>y to ! book 7sizes ( books are1 ( c\rse1 det]m9$ by fold+ ( ! pap]--folio1 qu>to1 octavo1 duodecimo1 & s on71 we are free to deal ) x decoratively 9 a v>iety ( ways1 subject only to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ess5tial condition t x is a book-page1 & n a r&om %eet ( pap] to make blots ( ink ^u--or a /]eoscope1 or a c>d-basket1 = in/ance1 z "s mod]n treatm5ts ( illu/ration 9 books sugge/4 ,we may use ! :ole page = ! design1 surr\nd+ x ) a l9e or bord]4 ,or = ! sake ( ri*] & m ornate effect1 :ile conf9+ our picture or illu/ration to ! limits ( ! type-page1 we may use our m>g9 = a decorative framework or bord]4 ,z also 9 us+ ornam5tal initial lett]s ! side bord]s c be utiliz$ = ornam5ts bran*+ up & d[n f ! lett] to emphasize ! *apt] or p>agraph1 9 ! mann] ( m$ival illum9at$ ,,mss41 & 9 ! way adopt$ by ,william ,morris 9 8 ,kelmscott ,press books4 ,or1 aga91 limit+ our decoration to ! actual type-page1 we may divide ! page at ! op5+ ( a *apt] by a frieze-%ap$ panel or head+ across ! top1 plac+ ! initial lett] bel[2 or ins]t a picture 9 ! text1 occupy+ a half-page or qu>t]-page2 or at ! end+ ( a *apt] design a tailpiece to fill ! page :]e ! type ends1 treat+ any space )9 ! limits ( ! type-page1 :i* ! type does n occupy1 z a field = design1 or plac+ "o's pictures & ornam5ts 9 ! mid/ or 9 place ( ! type4 ,! title-page1 aga91 is capable ( an imm5se v>iety ( treatm5t1 & great ornam5tal use c always be made ( ! lett]+1 :e!r accompani$ by design or n4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t x is obvi\s t ! conditions ( surface pr9t+ po9t to l9e-draw+ z ! mo/ h>moni\s 9 effect = book illu/ration & decoration1 z well z mo/ practical me*anically1 s9ce type & blocks :i* decorate a page mu/ be subject$ to ! same pressure4 ,! =m ( lett]s1 too1 9 movable type1 be+ l9e>1 :e!r ,go?ic or ,roman lett]s1 l9e-draw+ is 9 direct decorative relation ) ! type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op5 ,,folio ,,book ,,to ,,%[ ,,proportions ,,( ,,type ,,page ,,m>g91 ,,kelmscott ,,press1 ,,william ,,morris4 ,illu/ration3 ,,title ,,page ,,fa]ie ,,que5e ,,walt] ,,crane ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4,c4 ,w4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,page ,,plans ,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,text ,,decoration4 ,9 proportion to ! solidity or heav9ess ( ! lett]s1 too1 z a g5]al pr9ciple1 /rong] effects ( black & :ite may be v5tur$ on1 :ile if ! type is light & elegant1 f9] & m op5-l "w w\ld be ! mo/ h>moni\s treatm5t4 ,) ! use ( h&made pap]1 aga91 ^u :i* a pr9t$ book always looks be/1 op5ness ( l9e is a necess>y condition 9 design "w to be reproduc$ z surface pr9t+ blocks ) ! type1 s9ce ! quality ( ! pap] requires consid]able pressure to br+ up bright impressions1 & "u su* pressure 7) ! gra9 & r\gh surface ( ! pap]1 :i* gives ! ri*ness to ! l9es & blocks ( type or woodcut7 f9e & brok5 l9es w\ld pr9t up too /rong1 & n look well4 ,p5 or bru% draw+1 !re=e1 9 firm & unbrok5 l9es is ! mo/ adapt$ to ! conditions 9 ?is case because !y "w & look ! be/1 & lead to a di/9ct "* & /yle4 ,no?+ looks worse1 to my m9d1 ?an heavy ton$ & reali/ically treat$ wa% draw+s us$ ) a ?9 & light type1 su* z we con/antly see 9 newspap]s & magaz9es4 ,! facility ( ! photographic processes = reproduc+ draw+s ( all k9ds 7z well z ! decl9e ( pr9t+ z an art be=e t1 & ! decl9e ( good facsimile engrav+71 h no d\bt t5d$ to de/roy ! s5se ( /yle & h>mony 9 comb9+ text & illu/ration1 s9ce ! two h come to be consid]$ s entirely ap>t2 b ( late ye>s !re h be5 _m indications ( a return to s\nd] ta/e1 :i* is sure to influ5ce ! pr9t]'s & illu/rator's art m & m widely4 ,illu/ration3 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,evil tid+s come to h& at ,clevel& ,,n long _h he work$ ere he he>d ! s\nd ( horse-ho(s once m1 & he look$ n up1 b said to himself1 ,x is b ! lads br++ back ! teams f ! acres1 & rid+ fa/ & driv+ h>d = joy ( he>t & 9 wantonness ( y\? ,b ! s\nd grew ne>] & he look$ up & saw ov] ! turf wall ( ! g>? ! ,,f ,,! ,,glitt]+ ,,pla91 ,,kelmscott ,,press4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,william ,,morris ,,& ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,illu/ration3 ,o ,,sacr$ hung] ( ambiti\s m9des1 ,& impot5t desire ( m5 to ra9e6 ,:om nei!r dread ( ,god1 t devils b9des1 ,nor lawes ( m51 t common-weales conta9e1 ,nor b&s ( nature1 t wilde bea/es re/ra9e1 ,c keepe f outrage & f do+ wrong1 ,:]e !y may hope a k+dome to obta9e3 ,no fai! s firme1 no tru/ c be s /rong1 ,no love s la/+ !n1 t may endur5 long4 ,witness may ,burbon be2 :om all ! b&s ,:i* may a ,knight assure _h surely b\nd1 ,untill ! love ( ,lord%ip & ( l&s ,made him become mo/ fai?less & uns\nd3 ,& witness be ,g]ioneo f\nd1 ,:o = l cause faire ,belg did oppresse1 ,& "r & wrong mo/ cruelly conf\nd3 ,& s be n[ ,grantorto1 :o no lesse ,!n all ! re/ bur/ out to all outragi\snesse4 ,,f ,,sp5s]',s ,,fa]ie ,,que5e4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,f books let u turn = fur!r illu/ration to ano!r s\rce ( illum9ation1 namely1 w9d[s2 :]e1 9 ! design ( lead$ & /a9$ glass1 we %all f9d examples ( ano!r /rictly condition$ & v beautiful prov9ce ( design4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its hi/orical developm5t /a9$ glass seems to %[ mu* ! same or correspond+ g5]al *>act]i/ics at diff]5t p]iods z to /yle1 z may be trac$ 9 o!r bran*es ( art4 ,! w9d[s ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7 *>act]iz$ by geometric patt]n1 & made up ( small pieces ( glass1 ! figure subjects small1 set 9 geometric inclosures or quatrefoil panels & %[+ ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 _! treatm5t4#e ,x may be1 too1 t ! w9d[s ( ! e>ly ,go?ic p]iod 7 influ5c$ by ! ri* mosaic "w ( ! ,byzant9e arti/s1 b 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 z w9d[s became l>g] & m important features 9 ar*itecture1 & /one trac]y enabl$ v l>ge op5+s to be fill$ ) col\r$ & lead$ glass1 bo? ! figures & ! pieces ( glass became l>g]1 ! g5]al design m pictorial1 till 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury we get p]spectives & heavily-%ad$ figures1 & l>ge masses ( light & d>k1 until ! art p]i%$ 9 eighte5? c5tury transp>5cies4 #e ,i give "s reproductions f photographs ( ! beautiful fragm5ts f ! ,sa9te ,*apelle1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 z types ( ! e>li] glass1 & f ,w9*e/] ,college = ! lat]1 & two c>toons ( ,=d ,madox ,br[n's z examples ( good mod]n design1 %[+ lead+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,glass ,,f ,,! ,,sa9te ,,*apelle1 ,,p>is 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,glass ,,f ,,! ,,sa9te ,,*apelle1 ,,p>is 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,x p]i%$ because ! ess5tial fundam5tal conditions 7 ignor$ or n made important decorative use (4 ,lead+1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z ! backbone ( ! design1 its fundam5tal anatomy1 & ess5tial decorative z well z me*anical *>act]i/ic1 0 r look$ ^u z an awkw>d if necess>y int]ruption 9 ! picture1 & ! glass-pa9t]1 9 endeav\r+ to foll[ ! pa9t] on canvas 9 8 effects ( relief & *i>oscuro1 lo/ all ! peculi> beauty & "* ( 8 own art )\t ga9+ ! di/9ction ( ! "o he w\ld fa9 h rivall$4#f #f ,w9/on1 9 8 well-kn[n "w on glass-pa9t+1 a v good & p>ticul> acc\nt bo? ( ! *>act]i/ic hi/oric p]iods & ! me?ods & mat]ials ( glass-pa9t+1 says3 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury glass 0 pa9t$ ) enamels1 v mu* z canvas is ) oil col\rs1 t is to say1 9 little pat*es1 & ! %ad[s 7 n produc$ m]ely ) enamel br[n1 b ) deep] t9ts ( v>i\s local col\rs4 ,9 ?is way ! %ad[s are almo/ imp]ceptibly bl5d$ ) ! lights1 sc>cely any "p ( ! glass be+ left p]fectly free ( col\r1 or ! m>ks ( ! bru%4 ,x has only be5 by arti/s go+ back to ! fundam5tal conditions1 & keep+ fai? ) !m1 t a revival ( glass-pa9t+ has tak5 place 9 our "t4 ,n[ we might divide design 9 glass into two p>ts3 #a4 ,design 9 lead l9e4 #b4 ,design 9 col\r$ light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,glass ,,f ,,! ,,sa9te ,,*apelle1 ,,p>is 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,bo? dem& ! full light ( ! sky to d !m ju/ice1 b especially ! col\r "w1 & !re=e c only effectively be us$ = w9d[s plac$ high1 or above ! level ( ! eye1 9 ! wall l *ur* w9d[s1 = x is only ! full /r5g? ( light :i* br+s out ! full beauty & dep? :i* ! be/ "w 9 glass always possesses2 & 9 "s qualities ( glass1 inde$1 only full sunlight w discov] _! inn] he>t ( jewel-l col\r4 ,v beautiful effects 9 w9d[ glaz+ are produc$ by patt]ns =m$ ( pla9 leads1 & _! value has ( late be5 p]ceiv$ by ar*itects1 :o l>gely use !m 9 dome/ic "w4 ,ei!r se5 f )9 or )\t ! effect is pleasant1 & sugge/s a s5se bo? ( com=t & romance :i* refuse to be associat$ ) l>ge blank squ>es ( plate glass & heavy sa% w9d[s1 :i* require a ,samson or a ,s&[ to lift4 ,inside1 ! effect ( l>ge panes ( plate glass is cold4 ,outside1 x =ms great holes 9 ! ar*itecture1 b1 ) ! use ( leads1 if ! op5+ is l>ge1 !re ne$ be sc>cely any dim9ution ( light inside1 :ile ! network ( lead =ms a pleasant relief to ! w9d[ surface & unites x by patt]n ) ! ar*itecture ( ! build+4 ,! pliant groov$ /rip ( lead1 !n1 is ! glass design]'s outl9e4 ,) x he weaves 8 pla9 patt]n1 :i* he c enri* ) spots ( col\r or by jewels ( light 9 escut*eons & r\ndels2 & :5 he comes to plann+ an elaborate figure panel he is b\nd to contrive a well-con/ruct$ basis ( lead+ to hold 8 col\r & =m toge!r1 & by means ( its bold black b\nd+ l9es to def9e ! masses ( 8 patt]n1 ea* diff]5t t9t ( glass be+ inclos$ by a lead l9e1 & %ad+1 faces1 h&s1 & small details be+ add$ ) bru% draw+ 9 br[n ^u ! col\r$ glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,glass4 ,,f ,,w9*e/] ,,college ,,*apel 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,ap>t f good design1 well-plann$ lead+ & col\r s*eme1 ne>ly ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! c>eful *oice ( t9t 9 ! glass itself1 & imm5se pa9s & tr\ble are well sp5t 9 ?is way1 s9ce beauty ( total effect1 z well z p>ticul> h>monies1 dep5d ^u *oice ( ! degree1 dep?1 & quality ( ! col\r$ glass4 ,n[ glass = col\r "w1 call$ antique1 is made 9 small %eets ab\t #bb 94 #ag 94 ,! %eets ( "o mak] d n exce$ #h 94 #e 94 ,!y may be classifi$ z t9ts & :ites4 ,^! =m ! palette ( ! /a9$ glass arti/1 & furni% him ) an imm5se range ( t9t & tone f :i* to select4 ,b ^!1 aga91 are divisible into two sorts3 7#a7 :at is call$ pot-metal self-col\rs1 or %eets t are ( ! same metal ?r\gh\t2 & 7#b7 t kn[n z fla%$1 t is1 :5 a ?9 sk9 ( ruby1 gold1 p9k1 or blue is fla%$ ^u a %eet ( blue1 :ite1 p9k1 or amb]4 ,?is fla% may be light5$ or remov$ at pleasure by fluoric acid4 ,! object ( ! mak] ( ^! small %eets ( glass is to get z mu* v>iety z possible1 n only 9 light & d>k1 :i* 9 ! pot-metals is due to ! v>y+ ?ickness ( ! %eet1 & 9 ! fla%$ col\rs to ! v>y+ ?ickness ( ! fla%1 b 9 "s cases a mixture ( two or m col\rs 9 ! same %eet1 by :i* x w be se5 t no two %eets ev5 out ( ! same pot ( metal are alike4 ,x is ! use ( ?is v>iety & unexpect$ness t are among/ ! *>ms ( /a9$ glass4 ,we speak ( /a9$ glass1 b 9 reality !re is only "o /a91 prop]ly speak+2 o!r col\rs us$ on glass are enamels1 ! real col\r be+ incorporat$ 9 ! glass :5 made 7pot-metal or fla%$71 & n pa9t$ on4 ,?is /a9 is a prep>ation ( silv]1 & is mix$ ) a vegetable col\r1 yell[ lake1 to weak5 x4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ ^u ! :ites to /a9 diap]s1 hair1 etc41 & :5 fix$ 9 ! kiln ! yell[ lake is burnt away1 leav+ a slight residue :i* is easily remov$1 & ! silv] is vitrifi$ into ! glass1 ! dep? ( yell[ be+ v>i$ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! /a9 & ! susceptibility ( ! glass4 ,9 sett+ to "w to design a /a9$ glass w9d[1 x is usual fir/ to make a col\r$ design to scale--#a in* to ! foot is ! be/4 ,a w9d[ may be compos$ ( "o light or ( _m1 ea* sep>ate panel inclos$ by ! masonry or mullions be+ t]m$ a light4 ,! "q ( treatm5t ( subject z a s+le design ext5d+ across sev]al lights1 or z sep>ate panels1 mu/ dep5d fir/ ^u ! p>ticul> subject1 or subjects1 to be treat$1 !n ! scale ( ! w9d[1 & ! g5]al "* ( ! ar*itectural sett+4 ,suppos+ x is a subject l ! ,nativity1 ) ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 x w\ld l5d itself to treatm5t z a s+le subject ext5d+ across sev]al lights1 & to great ri*ness & spl5d\r ( col\r4 ,! col\r design 9 su* a case w\ld be ! mo/ important1 b1 z ,i h be=e said1 x mu/ be p]fectly comb9$ )1 & built ^u1 a well-design$ network ( lead l9es1 ^? l9es =m+ !mselves ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! design1 def9+ ! =ms 9 bold outl9e1 & unit+ & giv+ value to ! masses ( col\r4 ,= :ile we may sep>ate ! problem into two p>ts1 ! design ( lead l9es & col\r design1 ! w9d[ mu/ be conceiv$ z a :ole1 n m]ely z composition 9 l9e to be t9t$4 ,hav+ made our scale sket*1 ! next /ep is to "w out ! full-siz$ c>toons1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 dem& m att5tion to draw+ & detail4 ,_m arti/s make z _m elaborate /udies = figures1 drap]y1 & details z !y w\ld = a highly-wr\ght picture 9 oil1 or mural pa9t+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ?\gh any am\nt ( good draw+ & inv5tion may be put into glass design1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t beauty ( patt]n & effect & symbolic sugge/ion are ! objects & n pictorial naturalism4 ,= ma9 def9ition 9 ! design ! ess5tial lead l9e is all important4 ,x w\ld n d to sket* 9 a figure 9 a casual way1 & !n surm\nt x ) lead l9es2 x %\ld be c>efully consid]$ z a piece ( bold & massive outl9e design4 ,9 lead+ we may use a bold] l9e = b\nd+ & def9+ ! ma9 masses1 & a ?9n] sort = subsidi>y fitt+s2 9 ?is mu* w dep5d ^u ! scale ( ! "w4 ,! lead1 :i* has a d\ble groove1 may be said to s]ve sev]al functions4 ,its prim>y (fice is to hold ! pieces ( glass toge!r3 x =ms ! l9ework ( ! design1 surr\nd+ ! figures & =ms1 sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r & ! backgr\nd1 z well z def9+ ! second>y =ms1 z ( drap]y & o!r detail4 ,!n1 too1 ! lead jo9ts ease ! cutt+ ( awkw>d %apes 9 ! glass1 :i* h[ev] %\ld be avoid$ 9 plann+ ! c>toon4 ,aga91 x may be us$ to obta9 great] v>iety into l>ge masses1 z a piece ( drap]y1 = in/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,glass ,,grisaille1 ,,salisbury ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>toon ,,= ,,glass1 ,,%[+ ,,lead ,,design1 ,,by ,,=d ,,madox ,,br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>toon ,,= ,,glass1 ,,%[+ ,,lead ,,design1 ,,by ,,=d ,,madox ,,br[n4 ,! c>toon be+ made1 ! next ?+ is to make ! work+ draw+4 ,?is is done by lay+ a semi-transp>5t piece ( pap] ov] ! c>toon1 & trac+ m]ely ! lead l9es & ?us obta9+ ! skeleton ( ! w9d[4 ,! glass is cut f ?is draw+1 ! cutt] cutt+ ! glass j )9 ! l9es1 ?us all[+ = ! he>t ( lead4 ,! same draw+ s]ves also = ! leadwork] to glaze ! f9i%$ "w ^u4 ,! %apes ( ! :ites & light col\rs are se5 :5 ! %eets are laid on ! draw+2 b ! %apes ( ! d>k col\rs1 ?r\gh :i* x is impossible to see ! lead l9es1 mu/ be obta9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,! be/ way is to cut ! %ape 9 ?9 %eet glass1 :i* is !n plac$ on ! d>k %eet ( antique glass held up to ! light1 & mov$ ab\t until ! mo/ suitable "p ( ! %eet is f\nd4 ,!y are !n laid on ! b5* toge!r1 & ! piece ( %eet glass is p\nc$ ) a small bag ( f9e :it5+1 :i*1 :5 remov$1 leaves its %ape on ! d>k %eet to be foll[$ by ! cutt]'s diamond4 ,we n[ come to ! all-important task ( select+ ! glass4 ,! ord9>y trade way ( do+ ?is is to numb] ! outl9e1 :i* indicates to ! cutt] c]ta9 racks correspond+ly numb]$ conta9+ ! diff]5t col\rs4 ,b if x is to be really c>eful arti/ic "w ! design] ought himself to select ea* piece = 8 "w4 ,! pr9ciple & idea ( col\r 9 glass design1 deal+ z ! arti/ does ) pure transluc5t col\r1 is necess>ily di/9ct f ^? obta9+ 9 o!r k9ds ( pa9t+1 su* z mural1 :5 opaque col\rs & a v>iety ( half-tones are us$4 ,! glass design] does n attempt to %ade 8 figures & drap]ies by ! light & d>k p>ts ( a %eet ( col\r$ glass4 ,he desires to express ! jewel-l quality--! qu9tess5ce ( col\r 9 e piece ( glass--by ! =ce ( contra/1 n 9 ! juxtaposition ( d>k & light pieces ( "o col\r m]ely1 b by ! bold arrangem5t ( v>i\s col\rs1 hav+ ! effect ( "o1 b ) a ri*ness & sonor\sness t ! s+le t9t does n possess4 ,= example1 9 a yell[ drap]y we %\ld take a ri* decid$ yell[ z keynote4 ,obvi\sly if ! adjo9+ pieces 7 ( ! same col\r1 ! effect w\ld be flat & tame2 b if we take a l[ ton$ yell[ or neutral col\r1 ! keynote w be screw$ up to conc]t pit*1 z x 71 & if ! neutral col\r is foll[$ by a r$di% tone ( yell[ & t by ano!r v>iation ( yell[1 t aga9 by a decid$ gre51 & s on1 we %all a*ieve t desid]atum 9 /a9$ glass--v>iety 9 unity4 ,! g5]al effect w be w>m] or cold] z r$di% or gre5i% tones pr$om9ate 9 ! s*eme4 ,c>e1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be tak5 to br+ ^! contra/$--ev5 discordant--compon5t p>ts into a h>moni\s :ole3 inde$ e piece %\ld be select$1 n only to agree ) & help its neighb\r1 b ) ref]5ce to ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,any undue abruptness ( contra/ may be br\ght into suffici5t relation by ! aft] pa9t+4 ,! :ite mu/ be treat$ 9 ! same way1 a mixture ( w>m & cold t9ts z a rule1 ! g5]al effect ( ea* mass be+ made w>m] or cold] z f\nd necess>y4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ! masses ( :ite to prev5t !m look+ l holes 9 ! w9d[3 = in/ance1 a :ite com+ next to a d>k col\r w\ld h to be a t9t 7or v l[ 9 tone1 z we %\ld say 9 pa9t+7 to hold its prop] place4 ,only by actual exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 c ! arti/ le>n h[ "o col\r affects ano!r1 & h[ c]ta9 comb9ations w look 9 _! place4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! pa9t+ /age4 ,all ! glass has be5 cut & laid out on ! outl9e4 ,x is n[ look$ ov] to see if !re are any pieces t w n /& ! fire--t is1 t w\ld *ange col\r or lose brilliance4 ,! gold p9ks1 br[n rubies1 & "s sorts ( pure ruby are liable to d ?is4 ,pieces ( pla9 %eet glass may !re=e be cut to ! same %ape to pa9t on1 to be aft]w>ds glaz$ beh9d ! col\r$ pieces1 s t ! full brilliance is pres]v$4 ,! w+s ( ! angel 9 ! panel by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,sp>r[ 7to :om ,i am indebt$ = ?is detail$ acc\nt7 h be5 treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! outl9e 0 made 9 col\rs gr\nd 9 turp5t9e1 fatt5$ & made workable ) japann]'s gold-size1 9 ord] to /& ! matte ( wat]-col\r to be add$ aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,glass1 ,,design$ ,,& ,,execut$ ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,sp>r[4 ,:5 ! figure is drawn 9 ?is way all ! pieces are /uck ^u an easel glass 7a l>ge /\t piece ( %eet7 ) a composition ( bees-wax & res94 ,z ?is is ! fir/ "t all ! pieces h be5 se5 toge!r ! panel is c>efully look$ ov]1 z a :ole1 to see t ea* piece is ( a "r col\r & value4 ,"s pieces may h to be cut ov] aga92 o!rs /r5g!n$ or modifi$ by ! addition ( ano!r piece ( glass4 ,?is la/ me?od is call$ plat+1 by :i* ri* & beautiful deep ton$ effects c be produc$4 ,a /rong flat matte ( wat]-col\r is n[ laid all ov] ! figure4 ,?is =ms ! half-tones1 & ! lights are tak5 out 7:5 dry7 ) hog-hair bru%es1 ! col\r be+ fir/ loos5$ by modell+ ! broad lights ) ! f+]1 :i* inde$ is ! be/ implem5t1 & z mu* ( ! modell+ %\ld be done by x z possible4 ,a quill may be us$ to take out %>p lights4 ,! "w %\ld n[ be ready = ! kiln1 b be=e fir+ x %\ld be aga9 /uck up1 & look$ ov]1 & any /r5g!n+ or def9ition add$ 9 %ad[s on details by oil-col\r ) ! addition ( fat turp5t9e to keep x op52 ! dry surface ( ! glass be+ fir/ treat$ ) a wa% ( oil ( t> to make ! col\r fl[ easily4 ,!n ! diap]s & hair are /a9$ on ! back ( ! glass1 & x is ready = ! kiln4 ,aft] be+ lead$ up1 ! leads sold]$ toge!r at ! junctions1 ! panel is aga9 plac$ on ! easel1 & fur!r alt]ations or improvem5ts may be made1 z ! lead$ panel looks v diff]5t f ! glass by itself4 ,! panel is next cem5t$1 ! leads fill$ up ) putty or cem5t to make x firm & wat]-tight4 ,! cem5t is l a v ?ick pa9t1 a mixture ( :ite lead1 :it5+1 r$ lead1 lamp-black1 dry]s & raw & boil$ oil4 ,! w9d[ may require to be support$ by horizontal iron b>s1 if x ext5ds ov] two feet4 ,!y are usually plac$ ab\t fifte5 in*es ap>t1 z ! lead$ glass might b5d "u ! pressure ( w9d )\t extra support4 ,f ?is acc\nt we may realize :at c>e & ta/e are necess>y to c>ry out really arti/ic "w 9 /a9$ glass4 ,! :ole subject af=ds u a good illu/ration ( "o ( ! highe/ & mo/ beautiful ( ! arts ( design1 sev]ely controll$ by well-def9$ conditions--conditions :i*1 if foll[$ fai?fully1 give x all its peculi> "*1 /r5g?1 & beauty4 ,! necessities ( lead+ & cutt+ ! glass dem& a c]ta9 sev]ity & simplicity ( design--f :i* a new beauty is evolv$1 capable 9 its turn ( influ5c+ o!r =ms ( art = good1 z 9 easel pa9t+--:i* h>monizes ) its symbolic & religi\s int5tion z well z ) ! ar*itectural & monum5tal "* ( its surr\nd+s 9 its noble/ =ms 9 public & college halls & *ur*es2 :ile its gl[ & col\r1 sugge/ive symbolism1 or h]aldic adornm5t1 may *e] & vivify dome/ic int]iors ) a t\* ( poetry & romance4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,( ,,! ,,climatic ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design--,,*iefly ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,col\r ,,& ,,patt]n ,,we h se5 h[ l>gely ,design 9 its manifold =ms has be5 influ5c$ by v>i\s physical conditions & necessities1 & 9 pursu+ ! subject we c h>dly fail to note t1 outside ^? m /rictly def9$ te*nical conditions we h be5 consid]+1 !re are c]ta9 broad controll+ influ5ces :i* h det]m9$1 & /ill det]m9e1 ess5tial diff]5ces ( "* z betwe5 ! products ( "o c\ntry & ano!r2 diff]5ces :i*1 despite ! complex network ( int]national comm]ce & ex*ange1 t5d+ ev] to obscure & confuse ^? native & natural diff]5ces by mixture & fusion1 /ill p]si/4 ,inde$1 z ,man*e/] manufactur]s & m]*ants well "k1 9 ! matt] ( patt]n & col\r !y h to be tak5 into s]i\s acc\nt1 s9ce we h un=tunately tak5 ^u ourselves ! responsibility ( supply+ ,ea/]n m>kets1 sub/itut+ our own ideas ( patt]n & col\r 9 fabrics = ! orig9al native ones--or r1 s5d+ back to ! native ,*9ese & ,indian second-h& notions ( _! own col\rs & patt]ns4 ,n[ to :at pr9cipal cause may we trace ^! broad diff]5ces 9 ! *oice & treatm5t ( col\r & design 9 diff]5t c\ntries--^? v>iations :i* enable u to assign ea* to its native home1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/1 ^u ?is p>ti-col\r$ globe ( ours8 ,if we 7 to endeav\r to m>k ^u a *>t 9 "s bright col\r1 say r$ or yell[1 all ^? c\ntries :]e1 giv5 a c]ta9 organiz$ social life ( civilization ( "s k9d1 bright sun%9e 0 ! rule1 & indicate proportionally its less] degrees 9 o!rs1 we %\ld get a vivid notion ( ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! col\r s5se3 we %\ld naturally come to ! conclusion t x is to ! s\rce ( all our life1 light1 & heat--to ! sun--t we mu/ also trace our col\r s5se1 :i* is a "p ( ! s5se ( sight itself4 ,x is to ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 direct or indirect1 & to its preval5ce 9 a great] or less] degree 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 !n1 t we may attribute ! diff]5ces ( ta/e & feel+ = col\r & patt]n :i* m>k ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! inhabit$ e>?4 ,we "k h[ we are affect$ by ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( sunlight 9 our own c\ntry1 & by a heavy or light atmosph]e1 & are s5sitive to ! *anges ( ! wea!r1 :i* no d\bt h _! influ5ce ^u our "w1 & we "k h[ diff]5t col\rs look 9 diff]5t degrees & qualities ( light4 ,we h only to foll[ ! patt]n book ( ,nature h]self1 inde$1 & see h[ di/9ctly %e pa9ts ^u ! globe ! diff]5t zones ( climate 9 diff]5t col\r$ fl[]s1 birds1 & animals correspond+ ) ^? diff]5ces2 or foll[ h] sy/em ( coloration 9 ! ord9>y procession ( ! seasons1 )\t go+ out ( our own c\ntry4 ,) ! return ( ! sun & l5g!n+ days & ! new awak5+ ( life 9 ! spr+1 a delicate bloom ov]spreads ! l&scape1 ! d>k w9try woodl&s bur/ into blossoms & cl\ds ( foliage1 tak+ e t9t1 f ! pale/ gre5 to delicate amb] & r$2 :ile ! mead[s %[ ! ri* moi/ gre5 ( new spr++ grass1 embroid]$ ) fl[]s1 yell[1 :ite1 & blue2 & ! blue sky seems to repeat itself 9 ! copses :]e ! hyac9?s gr[4 ,gradually1 z spr+ turns to summ]1 ! col\rs deep51 ! gre5s ( trees & grass gr[ full]1 ! fl[]s gr[ bright] & m v>i$ 9 hue1 crimsons & r$s & purples are se51 & g>d5s become fea/s ( col\r2 & z ! cornfields rip5 sc>let poppies m+le ) ! gold1 & ! leaves ( ! trees1 hav+ rea*$ _! d>ke/ t9t1 z autumn ne>s1 become t+$ ) yell[ & br[n1 &1 be=e !y fall1 turn into wond]ful h>monies ( russet & gold1 9 "p recall+1 ?\gh 9 l[] tones1 "s ( ! col\rs ( spr+4 ,! ripe fruit 9 ! or*>ds gives a deep] note ( ri*] & bright] col\r1 :5 ! procession ( fl[]s has rea*$ ! ?re%old ( w9t]1 b>e & cold1 ?\gh n col\rless--its col\rs be+ m metallic--! silv] ( fro/ & mi/s1 & ! ruddy gold ( ! w9t] sun gild+ ! black trees1 :]eon mosses & li*5s take ! place ( leaves & fl[]s1 & sombre yews & hollies & firs1 in/ead ( ! bright gre5s ( spr+1 until ! :ole is veil$ 9 ice & sn[4 ,?is drama ( expressive col\r is enact$ be=e our eyes e ye>--^? ( u1 at lea/1 :o are =tunate en\gh to live 9 ! c\ntry1 & are obs]v]s2 & ev5 to t[n dwell]s ! tale ( col\r to a c]ta9 ext5t is told by ! importation ( fl[]s1 or ev5 by ! textiles 9 drap]s' w9d[s1 or co/umes 9 ! /reet1 z humanity responds to ! approa* ( ! sun by we>+ light] & fair] col\rs 9 ! spr+ & summ]1 & gett+ d>k] & m sombre aga9 9 ! autumn & w9t]4 ,we h only to glance at ! v>i\s manife/ations ( our home arts to note ^! *anges ) ! *>act]i/ic col\rs ( our v>i$ l&scape reflect$1 n only 9 ! works ( our pa9t]s1 b 9 ! half-tones ( our textiles & wall-pap]s1 & ?r\gh\t our decorative design1 :i* = =m1 too1 owes s mu* to ! flora ( our native l&4 ,x does n seem to foll[ t ) ! greate/ am\nt ( sunlight we get ! mo/ col\r2 on ! contr>y1 ! z5i? ( light is ! absorption ( col\r1 j z d>kness repres5ts its ext9ction4 ,light & d>kness are ! black & :ite on ! palette ( nature1 necess>y to give value to h] col\rs4 ,! s5se ( col\r1 too1 is no d\bt greatly affect$ by o!r climatic influ5ces1 su* z humidity1 haz9ess1 cle>ness1 heat & cold1 z well z _! accompanim5ts 9 v>ieties ( sc5]y & locality1 su* z pla9s or m\nta9s1 woodl&1 sea-bo>d1 lake1 riv]1 agricultural l&1 or wild nature4 ,we associate brilliant col\rs & bold designs ) ea/]n & s\!rn c\ntries1 b1 ap>t f ! great] /imulus ( light :i* might enc\rage ! use ( vivid col\r1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 ano!r reason :i* acc\nts = ! bold] & frank] use ( col\r & ornam5t 9 ! s\? & ea/4 ,broad & full sunlight has a curi\sly flatt5+ effect ^u col\r & patt]n1 & !re=e col\rs & patt]ns :i* "u a gray sky w\ld look />+1 or v /rong & /rik+1 "u ! full sunlight fall into plane1 & become subord9at$ to ! dom9ant pit* ( light4 ,we may take z an in/ance ! por* ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pi/oia4 ,! bold black & :ite b&s ( m>ble :i* face ! front ( ?is build+--z ( s _m m$ival ,lomb>dic ,italian ca!drals1 z at ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 & ,si5a 7an idea borr[$ f ! ,s>ac5s7--look /rik+ en\gh "u a gray sky1 b :5 ! sunlight falls ^u ! build+ & raises ! :ole pit* ( light ! :ole mass ) its projections falls into planes ( broad light & %ade4 ,! black b&s become gray & flat 9 ! light1 & all fall into _! places 9 ! ar*itectural s*eme1 & !re=e1 ?\gh borr[$ f ! ea/1 are q appropriate 9 a climate l ,italy1 :i* c c\nt on p]si/5t sun%9e = ! mo/ "p1 summ] & w9t]4 ,inside ! por*1 9 ! sp&ril & vault1 is fac$ ) ,della ,robbia w>e1 9 blue1 :ite1 & yell[1 & a v beautiful piece ( decoration x is4 ,?is1 aga91 h[ev]1 9 a dull atmosph]e might look cold & /range1 b illum9at$ by ! ri* reflect$ light ca/ up f ! sunlit pavem5t x takes all sorts ( accid5tal lights & falls into its place admirably4 ,o!rwise ! por* is int]e/+ f ! curi\s bl5d ( ,byzant9e1 ,s>ac5ic1 & classical motives & influ5ces 9 decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,por* ( ,,ca!dral ,,( ,s4 ,,jacopo ,,pi/oia ,se5 9 ! cold & dull light ( an ,engli% museum1 away f _! prop] ar*itectural surr\nd+s1 panels ( ,della ,robbia w>e are apt to look some:at /rong1 bold1 or rank 9 col\r1 :i* only %[s !y 7 design$ 9 a sunny bright climate1 & to be se5 9 a full ext]nal or w>m reflect$ light z a rule4 ,! v qualities t make ! w>e try+ 9 "o place make x "r 9 ano!r4 ,! v>i\s hi/oric types ( design 9 ar*itecture & decoration are1 9 fact1 mo/ly ! result ( ! bl5d+ or unit+ ( elem5ts d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,:ile we may 9 ! lead+ types preval5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries detect ! fundam5tal prevail+ influ5ce ( life1 cu/om & habit1 ! result ( climatic & racial conditions2 we may also see1 ow+ to social & political *anges & ! results ( conque/ or ( comm]cial relations1 o!r elem5ts com+ 9 v>i\s details ( con/ruction1 =m1 & col\r4 ,our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 is r to seek ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic types & pr$ilections traceable to ! fundam5tal or natural conditions ( locality & climate1 z f> z !y c be foll[$ 9 hi/oric decoration4 ,x seems to h be5 9 ! p[] ( c]ta9 anci5t peoples to impress & to pres]ve ! "* ( _! life & ! conditions ( _! habitat v /rongly ^u _! art1 s t1 ?\gh _! political p[] has long ago be5 swept away1 _! records rema9 practically imp]i%able 9 _! monum5ts ( art4 ,( su* ! anci5t ,egyptians mu/ always be typical4 ,if we look at ! /ructure ( ! primitive ,egyptian dwell+ we %all f9d t x illu/rates ^? influ5ces ( climate & locality 9 a v emphatic way4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we "k1 ,egypt dep5ds ^u h] great riv]1 ! ,nile1 :i* may be said to h made h] exi/5ce possible1 s9ce its wat]s f]tilize ! :ole c\ntry4 ,x is int]e/+1 !n1 to note t ! primitive ,egyptian dwell+ 0 ess5tially sugge/ive ( ! riv]side & ( a c\ntry ( sun%9e4 ,its mat]ials 7 ^? ( ! wat]side1 consi/+ ( clay & canes & lotus re$s2 ! canes be+ us$ = ! fram+ & support ( ! clay walls1 :i* are built 9 lay]s betwe5 !m4 ,! plans & diagrams ( con/ruction 7f ,viollet le ,duc7 w give a cle> idea ( ! =m & "* ( ! primitive ,egyptian dwell+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an int]e/+ acc\nt ( its con/ruction he says3 t x is a dwell+ = a c\ntry :]e brilliant sun%9e is ! rule is %[n by ! smallness ( ! w9d[s1 :i* are furni%$ ) lattices4 ,! walls 7 frequ5tly pla/]$ ) clay1 cov]$ ) a composition made ( ! same clay & f9e s& or :ite /one du/1 & ?is furni%$ a gr\nd = ! pa9t]s :o decorat$ ! re$s & pla/]$ walls ) brilliant col\rs2 ! walls & ceil+s ( ! int]ior 7 also decorat$ 9 ! same way2 ru% mats furni%$ ! floor & cov]$ ! l[] "p ( ! walls4 ,sometimes1 also1 we f9d a portico support$ on bundles ( re$s1 ! cov]+ ( :i* is made ( wood & byblos1 ) a t]race ( clay be=e ! door1 af=d+ %ade & coolness 9 front ( ! dwell+4 ,l mo/ dwell+s 9 ea/]n c\ntries1 !re is a flat ro( or t]race on ! top ( ! h\se1 approa*$ by /eps2 & "h awn+s are spread on poles to give %ade1 :5 !y c be us$ = sitt+ ^u or = sleep+ or enjoy+ ! cool ( ! day4 ,illu/ration3 ,primitive ,egyptian ,h\se1 aft] ,viollet le ,duc ,illu/ration3 ,,column ,,f ,,temple ,,( ,,luxor4 ,:5 ! ,egyptians le>n$ ! art ( build+ & c>v+ 9 /one f ! rock dwell]s above ! ,delta1 & built _! great temples1 !y /ill p]petuat$ 9 /one1 9 ! re$$ & fillet$ columns ) lotus capitals1 ! ornam5tal traditions ( ! re$-built primitive dwell+1 & ! pa9t] /ill adorn$ !m 9 bright primitive col\rs2 s t we are p]petually rem9d$ ( ! great riv]side1 f :i* sprung ! fl[] ( t anci5t art & civilization4 ,ano!r effect ( climate ^u art may be not$ 9 ! repres5tation ( figures4 ,! ,egyptian climate be+ extremely w>m b equable1 mo/ out-door occupations preclud$ ! we>+ ( mu* app>el1 s t ! figure nude & lightly clad plays an important "p 9 ,egyptian design1 z 9 ,greek4 ,at a "t l ! pres5t1 :5 ! _w ( design suff]s r f :at might be call$ too g5]\s or too mix$ a diet2 :5 ! t5d5cy is to ov]-elaborate1 to comb9e too _m elem5ts2 to be lo/ ei!r 9 an ov]done flamboyance ( curvature1 or 9 a /ra9+ aft] a =c$ & inappropriate naturalism1 a /udy ( ,egyptian art may be recomm5d$ z a :olesome corrective4 ,! simplicity1 sev]ity1 & re/ra9t1 ab/ract & yet vivid *>act]ization ( =m1 frank & primitive coloration1 purposeful int5tion1 & mural motives & me?ods are full ( sugge/iv5ess & value to ! /ud5t & decorative design]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,design ,,( ,,p]sian ,,capital ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,primitive ,,timb] ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,,lotus ,,capital1 ,,phil4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! influ5ce ( primitive timb] con/ruction ov] /one may be se5 9 comp>+ ! anci5t ,p]sian column ) its timb] prototype /ill 9 use4 ,p]sia1 inde$1 is ano!r ea/]n c\ntry :i* has pres]v$ almo/ unbrok5 traditions 9 design f a v remote pa/1 & may be said to be ! s\rce ( ! mo/ beautiful types ( ornam5tal art ! _w has ev] se51 & especially 9 ?ree lead+ =ms--col\r$ & glaz$ tiles & bricks1 pott]y1 & textiles4 ,to judge f ! wond]ful decoration ( glaz$ bricks discov]$ a few ye>s ago at ,susa1 =m+ "p ( ! anci5t =um & palace ( ,d>ius1 de/roy$ 9 ! reign ( ,x]xes1 ,b4,c4 #dhe-dfe1 excavat$ by ,m4 & ,mme4 ,dieulafoy1#g ! arti/ic skill ( ! ,p]sians 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 & _! s5se ( its value1 & ! treatm5t ( col\r & ornam5t1 dates back to a v e>ly p]iod4 #g ,see ,acropole de ,suse1 ,ha*ette et ,cie41 #gi1 ,b\lev>d ,/4 ,g]ma9e1 ,p>is4 ,9 ! fam\s frieze ( ar*]s1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! wall decoration ( ?is palace1 ! figures are frankly repeat$ 9 design ?\gh alt]nat+ 9 ! patt]ns & col\rs ( _! dress1 boldly reliev$ ^u a field ( turquoise blue1 =m$ by ! glaz$ bricks by :i* ! frieze is con/ruct$4 ,! figures & ornam5t mu/ h be5 m\ld$ or /amp$ 9 relief ^u ! clay :ile s(t1 & cut up into bricks1 & aft]w>ds fir$ & glaz$ 9 ! me?od ( ,robbia w>e2 ! :ole s*eme is sev]ely simple b v effective 9 its prop] position ^u ! walls ( "o ( ! l>ge c\rts ( ! palace1 mo/ly 9 reflect$ light "u project+ porticoes1 & w\ld be v impressive & at ! same "t truly mural & reposeful 9 feel+ & col\r4 ,su* a s*eme ( frank col\r & f9e detail c\ld h>dly h be5 conceiv$ except 9 a c\ntry ( brilliant light4 ,"s d\bt exi/s z to ! exact position ( ! frieze ^u ! wall4 ,figures ( simil> scale 9 ,assyrian "w & also at ,p]sepolis 7 plac$ n f>1 if at all1 above ! eye level4 ,^u ! dress ( "o set ( ! ar*]s is figur$1 x is suppos$1 ! =tress ( ,susa itself1 :i* 0 built ^u a m\nt4 ,!re is mu* int]e/+ ornam5tal detail 9 ! dresses1 :i* af=d excell5t au?orities = ! co/ume ( ,p]sian w>riors ( t p]iod4 ,we see also ! palm-leaf bord]1 a primitive =m1 type & =]unn] ( a :ole tribe ( bord] design4 ,! rosette is said to resemble ! full-bl[n ,/> ( ,be?lehem1 conspicu\s among all o!r fl[]s1 among ! h]bage clo?+ ! /ret*es ( ,susiana & ! tablel&s ( ,iran 7,p]sia7 aft] ! fir/ ra9s 9 e>ly spr+4 7,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 p4 #acg47 ,we may note1 too1 :at seems obvi\sly ! prototype ( ! ,moori% battlem5t1 def9$ 9 blue bricks above ! figures1 sugge/+ !y are gu>d+ ! citadel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frieze ,,9 ,,col\r$ ,,& ,,glaz$ ,,bricks1 ,,palace ,,( ,,susa4 ,,f ,,! ,,reproduction ,,at ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton4 ,! ,moori% or ,arabian =m con/antly occurs z an ornam5tal cre/+ 9 c>v$ woodwork1 & also appe>s to h sugge/$ an ornam5tal =m l>gely us$ ) v>iations 9 ea/]n c>pets1 notably ^? ( ,turki/an4 ,! treatm5t ( ! design has ! sev]ity & simplicity ( e>ly ,asiatic monum5tal art1 & is alli$ 9 treatm5t to ! ,assyrian relief "w1 b is m subtle & ref9$1 & %[s a f9] decorative & col\r s5se4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( blue ! ,p]sians always seem to h be5 p>ticul>ly successful1 & _! lat] tile "w 9 ! ,mohamm$an p]iod is well kn[n1 & cont9ues d[n to our own "t4 ,! love ( blue & its use 9 tile "w & pott]y seems to h be5 g5]al all ov] ! ea/2 x may be because ( ! adaptability ( ! metallic oxide col\r to fir+1 b also x may be due to ! pleasant relief & s5se ( coolness su* decoration w\ld af=d to ! eye 9 c\rts & int]iors scre5$ f ! sun4 ,! old ,nank9 blue1 s fam\s 9 ,*9ese porcela91 9 ! s-call$ haw?orn patt]n1 0 describ$ by "o ( ! emp]ors z ! blue ( ! sky %[+ ?r\gh ! :ite cl\ds aft] ! s\? ra94 ,9 c>pets ,p]sia ab\t our sixte5? c5tury rea*$ a pit* ( p]fection 9 design1 col\r+1 & mat]ial :i*1 x w\ld seem1 has nev] be5 rea*$ be=e or s9ce4 ,9 ^! works we1 ( c\rse1 pass to a v diff]5t & mu* lat] p]iod ( ,p]sian hi/ory1 aft] ! ,arabian invasion 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! conv]sion ( its p to ! ,mohamm$an religion1 "u :i* ,p]sian art develop$ 9 su* delicate1 ri*1 & beautiful =ms4 ,!re are v magnific5t specim5s ( ! f9e/ types ( ,p]sian c>pets n[ 9 ! national collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! ,p]sian collection hav+ be5 rec5tly re>rang$ 9 ! new gall]ies 9 ,imp]ial ,in/itute ,road to v great advantage z reg>ds light+ & opportunities ( /udy4 ,! fam\s ,holy ,c>pet ( ! mosque at ,ardebil is p]haps ! f9e/ example1 ?\gh !re are o!rs m inv5tive 9 patt]n1 if n m delicate 9 design or h>moni\s 9 col\r4 ,a curi\s feature 9 ! patt]n ( ?is c>pet is a hang+ lamp1 su* a lamp z is us$ = light+ mosques1 ) a pa9t$ glass body1 probably susp5d$ by *a9s f ! ro(4 ,! lamp is repeat$ at ! end ( ! ma9 ornam5t ( ! field ( ! c>pet1 fac+ opposite ways4 ,! inscription work$ 9 ,arabic *>act]s into ! c>pet at "o end is giv5 9 translation ?us3 ,i h no refuge 9 ! _w o!r ?an ?y ?re%old4 ,my head has no protection o!r ?an ?is por*way1 ! "w ( ! slave ( ?is holy place1 ,maksond ( ,ka%an 9 ! ye> #idf 7correspond+ to our ,a4,d4 #aedj74 ,we ?us see t x is a c>pet de/9$ = an entrance1 or por*way1 ( a mosque1 & ! wov5 images ( ! lamps probably indicat$ ! real lamps susp5d$ ov]head to light ! entrance to ! mosque4 ,s t1 ?\gh !y seem /range objects 9 ! patt]n ( a c>pet1 !y h a c]ta9 appropriat5ess & significance 9 ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,fire1 too1 0 a sacr$ emblem ( ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,p]sia might be said to be a c\ntry ( g>d5s1 ( des]ts1 & ( abundant sun%9e4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p a high table-l&1 & is describ$ z a climate ( extremes4 ,n[h]e 9 ! habitable _w is !re s %>p a contra/ betwe5 ! heat ( noon & ! cold ( night1 betwe5 ! br[n b>e rock & ! v]dant mead[1 betwe5 ! gorge\s hues ( natural pla9s & ! absolute b>5ess ( arid wa/es4 7,p]rot & ,*ipiez47 ,su* a description is v sugge/ive4 ,we seem to see natural reasons = ! int]e/ & beauty ( ,p]sian art 9 ! v>i$ physical conditions ( _! c\ntry & climate4 ,! love ( ! %elt]$1 wall$-91 & natural g>d5 is v evid5t 9 _! lit]ature2 & ! influ5ce ( _! flora ^u _! design ( all k9ds is evid5t en\gh4 ,! idea ( ! ea/]n p>adise is a g>d54 ,we h x 9 ! ,bible 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5--an inclos$ pleasance or p>k full ( *oice trees & r>e fl[]s1 animals ( ! *ase1 & birds4 ,?is idea recurs con/antly 9 ,p]sian design4 ,! v s*eme ( ! typical c>pet seems d]iv$ f x--a ri* v>i-col\r$ field h$g$ ab\t ) its bord]s4 ,! field is frequ5tly obvi\sly int5d$ = a field ( fl[]s1 & sometimes sugge/s a wood or an or*>d ( fruit trees4 ,! idea ( ! gre5 oasis to ! travell] 9 ! des]t2 ! grateful relief ( ! col\r & %ade ( gre5 trees & fre% fl[]s2 ! s\nd ( wat]s2 ! delight ( ! horseman & ! hunt]2 ! d>k =e/ full ( dang]\s animals--are n ^! ?+s irresi/ibly sugge/$ 9 ,p]sian design8 ,illu/ration3 ,,holy ,,c>pet ,,( ,,! ,,mosque ,,at ,,ardebil 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,! same s5sitiv5ess to natural beauty & ! influ5ce ( climate is %[n 9 _! poets4 ,! a/ronom]-poet ( ,p]sia1 ,om> ,khayym1 s+s ( ! awak5+ spr+4 ,x is a p]iod1 too1 associat$ ) ! t]m9ation ( a religi\s fa/1 ,ramazan1 :i* is analog\s to our ,l5t1 p]haps4 ,om> invites 8 read] to come =?1 l a true poet1 seek+ inspiration 9 ! wild]ness4 ,) me along ! /rip ( h]bage /r[n1 ,t j divides ! des]t f ! s[n1 ,:]e "n ( slave & sultan is =got1 ,& peace to ,mahmud on 8 gold5 ?rone4 ,spr+ 9 ,p]sia mu/ be a mu* m sudd5 bur/ ( life & effloresc5ce ?an we c realize f our own timid & coy climate4 ,ev5 9 ,italy ! spr+ g5]ally comes all at once ) a bur/ ( bloom & a pr(usion ( blossoms & fl[]s1 & 9 its /r5g? ! sun /raightway leads on into summ] be=e "o is aw>e4 ,?is gives "o an idea :at x mu/ be 9 a c\ntry l ,p]sia--! c\ntry ( ! rose & ! night+ale z well z ( ! v9e1 ( :i* ,om> ! poet is eloqu5t4 ,!n1 too1 x is an agricultural c\ntry4 ,he :o guides a pl\gh does a pi\s de$ is "o ( ! precepts ( ! e>ly ,p>see religion1 :i* also1 z its ma9 conception1 pres5ts ! con/ant /rife ( good aga9/ evil1 light aga9/ d>kness1 p]sonifi$ by ! conte/ ( ,ormuzd & ,ahriman4 ,! /urdy & hone/ peasant 0 ! backbone ( ! c\ntry 9 anci5t times1 & furni%$ ^? /urdy w>riors :o built ! p[] ( ! anci5t k+s4 ,& 9 ! political *anges or conque/s to :i* ,p]sia has be5 subject 9 ! c\rse ( h] hi/ory1 h] p w\ld always appe> to h _h a recup]ative p[]1 or a p[] ( absorb+ _! conqu]ors1 or p]haps a c]ta9 t5acity ( purpose1 or a cons]vation ( ! vital "p 9 old beliefs & traditions :i* h be5 fav\rable to art4 ,h[ f> t art 0 orig9al1 9 ! "t ( ,p]sia's anci5t greatness z a conqu]+ p[]1 9 ! "t ( ,d>ius1 :5 ! palace at ,susa 0 built--h[ f> x 0 influ5c$ f o!r s\rces1 or contribut$ to by arti/s ( o!r nations1 mu/ always be m or less a matt] ( conjecture2 b 9 ! ,susa "w we are rem9d$ ( ,assyrian decoration1 & ev5 ( ,greek & ,egyptian influ5ce4 ,! ,p]sian art1 h[ev]1 :i* has _h ! mo/ influ5ce ^u ! neighb\r+ ,asiatic c\ntries1 & ^u ,europe1 has be5 produc$ s9ce ! ,arabian conque/ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! conv]sion ( ! c\ntry to ! ,mohamm$an fai?4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 al?\gh 9 ,mohamm$an art ! repres5tation ( animals is =bidd51 ! ,p]sians 7 neutral & indep5d5t2 9 ,p]sian design animals h be5 freely introduc$1 & ) *>m+ decorative effect4 ,x is suppos$1 inde$1 t ,p]sian art is really ! s\rce ( inv5tion ( _m =ms commonly call$ ,arabian & ,indian1 & ^! =ms h travell$ bo? ea/ & we/1 & h be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\ntries ( _! adoption4 ,! ,p]sians seem to h be5 9 ,asia mu* :at ! ,greeks 7 9 ,europe--bo? great adaptors & great orig9ators 9 design4 ,"o might trace elem5ts & influ5ces & types ( =m & treatm5t f o!r c\ntries & races 9 ,p]sian art1 b "o traces ,p]sian influ5ce to a f> great] ext5t 9 ! art ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,india1 :i* 0 also invad$ by ,islam1 & 0 coloniz$ by ,p]sians1 ! ,arabic type ( art also became naturaliz$ 9 ar*itecture & decoration4 ,"h aga9 we h a c\ntry ( ! sun4 ,"h aga9 we f9d tile decoration 9 great beauty1 & ! use ( bright col\rs & intricate design4 ,intricacy bo? ( col\r & patt]n is p]haps ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,indian design4 ,"o feature 9 ,indian1 z 9 ,arabic dwell+s1 may be notic$ z a direct result ( ! p]si/5t sun%9e turn$ to decorative acc\nt--"o common to ea/]n c\ntries--! pi]c$ scre5 or lattice w9d[1 :i* temp]s ! fi]ce light ( ! sun & breaks x into small />s ( light4 ,! ri* c>v$ timb] ov]hang+ w9d[s1 ) its lattice scre5 s *>act]i/ic ( old ,cairo & ,arabian life1 is repeat$ ) v>iations 9 ,india1 & n only 9 wood b 9 /one & faence4 ,we f9d small ogee-po9t$ w9d[s ) p]=at$ lattices cut 9 s&/one ( intricate design & delightful ornam5tal effect4 ,!re are "s 9 ! ,india ,museum f ,agra4 ,b ! lovelie/ ( all are ^? 9 ! mosque ( ! ,palace at ,ahm$abad1 consi/+ ( mo/ delicate & intricate designs ( trees cut 9 /one1 :i* fill ! ar*$ op5+s4 ,"o ( ^! w9d[s is "h illu/rat$4 ,!re is no?+ m delicate or beautiful 9 ! :ole range ( ar*itectural ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arab ,,casem5t ,,f ,,cairo 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,cleobury74 ,9 ! tomb ( ,yusuf ,%ah ,cadez1 at ,multan1 occur l>ge p]=at$ scre5s 9 tile "w4 ,?is tomb1 an excell5t reproduction ( :i* is to be se5 9 ! ,india ,museum1 is a f9e example ( ,mohamm$an tile "w & decoration 9 two blues--turquoise & ultram>9e--on a w>m :ite gr\nd4 ,9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e ( ,india1 b5ea? ! deep blue vault ( ! sky1 su* col\r on su* surface mu/ be v beautiful4 ,p]haps ! love ( intricate ornam5t 9 ,indian c>v$ & pi]c$ "w 9 ! doors1 w9d[ casem5ts1 & lattices may be due 9 "p to ! c]ta9ty ( obta9+ a bright1 crisp1 ri*1 sp>kl+ effect 9 ! broad & /rong sunlight1 :]e e t\* w\ld tell1 & ! fret or lattice "w ov] a pi]c$ op5+ w\ld h all ! ri*ness & delicacy ( lace4 ,!n 9 ! solemn & dimly-light$ spl5d\r ( ! int]ior ( ! mosques1 ! ,mohamm$an1 alike 9 ,arabia1 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 or ,india1 f\nd a grateful contra/ & relief to ! eye1 :ile 8 religi\s imag9ation & emotion 7 /imulat$4 ,mu* ! same feel+ int5sifi$ :i* comes ov] "o :o passes f ! brilliant ,v5etian sunlight on ! piazza1 ! glitt]+ quays & danc+ light & col\r ( ,v5ice1 into ! subdu$1 cool1 & gold5 %ade ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,illu/ration3 ,,india4 ,,c>v$ ,,/one ,,lattice ,,w9d[ ,,f ,,! ,,mosque ,,( ,,! ,,palace ,,( ,,ahm$abad4 ,?is wond]ful contra/ ( bright & d>k1 ( glitt] & solemnity1 ! spl5d\r ( sunlight & ! solemnity ( %ade1 c only be fully appreciat$ 9 s\!rn or ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! pit* ( light be+ high] ! %ade seems deep]1 & yet x is a %ade full ( col\r always4 ,:5 ! sun s9ks1 9 ! %ort aft]gl[ ev]y?+ seems fus$ 9 an atmosph]e ( lum9\s col\r & half-tone1 :i* transfigures & glorifies ev]y?+4 ,we get an approa* to x on ! f9e/ summ] ev5+s 9 ,engl&1 b ) a diff]5t & g5]ally less romantic backgr\nd4 ,x w\ld appe>1 ?\gh1 t climates :i* are *>act]iz$ by con/ant sunlight & heat fav\r r traditional ?an individual =ms ( art4 ,! sun1 ! giv] ( life & light1 becomes ov]p[]+1 always pres5t1 & 9 its se>*+ beams leaves no hid+-place = ! romantic imag9ation1 except 9 temples & mosques at sunrise or sunset1 or "u ! moon4 ,we may h an equable & w>m climate l ,egypt1 :]e all is %>ply def9$ 9 ! light ( a cle> & s]5e atmosph]e1 ) a regulat$1 ord]$ life1 z 9 h] anci5t days1 "u a long succession ( dyna/ies1 & we see ! outcome 9 art--measur$1 calculat$ accord+ to /rict me?od & au?ority & conv5tion1 ) b little room = individual feel+4 ,9 ,p]sia we f9d a climate ( %>p contra/s1 hot sun by day & %>p cold at night1 v]dure & des]t1 b>e rock & fl[]y mead[ side by side1 & we get a wond]fully v>i$ art1 ri* 9 col\r & fantasy4 ,9 ,india ! inv5tion1 ?\gh k9dr$1 p]haps ev5 l>gely borr[$1 seems tam]1 ! intricacy m calculat$1 ! ri*ness m me*anical2 & we f9d ?is ) a dep5d5t p 9 a l& ( fi]c] & m p]man5t sun%9e1 pursu+ mo/ly an agricultural life1 l ! anci5t ,egyptians1 "u conditions practically un*ang$ = c5turies4 ,9 ,greece1 :i* fus$ & absorb$ ,asiatic elem5ts 9 h] art1 we see ano!r c\ntry ( ! sun1 yet subject to w9ds & v>iations & m>k$ transition ( ! seasons--a m\nta9\s1 rocky c\ntry1 beautiful 9 =m & embrac+ ! sea4 ,9 art %e has giv5 u ! p]fection ( figure sculpture4 ,9 ,italy1 ) h>dly less sun1 yet by no means beyond ! rea* ( w9try cold1 sev]e w9ds1 great ra9s & sometimes sn[1 yet ) a burn+ summ] = ! mo/ "p1 :i* has decid$ly fix$ ! types 9 h] ar*itecture1 we f9d a union ( _m elem5ts1 a halfway h\se betwe5 ea/ & we/1 :]e ,asiatic feel+ unites ) ,greek & ,roman1 ,s>ac5 & ,norman1 ,go?ic ) ,r5asc5ce1 9 an unexampl$ weal? & pr(usion ( inv5tive design 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & all ! family ( arti/ic h&icrafts1 :i* makes h] a happy hunt+ gr\nd = ! arti/1 an inexhau/ible treasure-h\se ( beauty & sugge/ion4 ,we might foll[ ! *>iot ( ! sun1 f ! l& ( its ris+1 ,japan1 a climate m ne> to our own1 & note h] wond]ful display ( manipulation & imitative skill1 9 all ways ( h&icrafts dom9at+ by a c]ta9 grotesqu5ess z well z naturali/ic impressionism2 or1 pass+ to h] great foe ,*9a1 see some?+ ( ! same t5d5cies & /ages 9 ! ris+ ( h] art1 break+ (f1 z x 71 at a /age ( re/ra9$ conv5tionalism--or we/w>d1 along ! s\!rn %ores ( ! blue ,m$it]ranean1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,moors1 & note ! wond]fully ornate b some:at he>tless spl5d\r ( _! art 9 ,spa93 ! gild$ magnific5ce ( ! ,alhambra1 ) its glitt]+ p5d5tive ceil+s1 borr[$1 z "s ?9k1 9 ! fir/ place f ,p]sia1 & ! wond]ful jewel-l sp>kle & intricate fancy ( its ornam5t ) its ev]-recurr+ />-=ms & scimit>-l scrolls4 ,& !n turn+ nor?w>ds into ,france1 ) "o h& t\*+ ! sunny s\? & ! o!r dipp$ 9 ! gray ,engli% ,*annel1 we %\ld f9d "s ( ! same elem5ts1 b v diff]5tly mix$1 ) a v di/9ct "* ( art4 ,cold 9 col\r1 correct 9 =m1 brilliant 9 workman%ip1 quick-witt$1 dramatic2 ev] exp]im5t+ & inquir+1 & desir+1 l ! anci5t ,greeks1 "s new ?+4 ,pursu+ our j\rney nor?w>ds1 we might pause 9 ,fl&]s & ,holl& & m>k h[ closely associat$ ) local conditions ( life & climate are _! =ms ( art1 m especially z illu/rat$ 9 ! art ( _! pa/ days--! pictures ( ri* ,flemi% burgh] life ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! knights & ladies ) a c]ta9 /]nness & /iffness ( demean\r1 z ( an en]getic & yet pati5t p accu/om$ to cont5d ) difficulties1 pr\d1 yet devotional1 & fond ( com=t1 kneel+1 well-clad 9 velvets & ri* furs aga9/ a nor!rn climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spa94 ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,alhambra4 ,,drawn ,,by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,g]many w\ld tell a simil> tale 9 h] arts1 ?\gh ) a m dom9ant milit>y & religi\s note1 m fantasy & m melan*oly1 & ) a wild grotesque elem5t correspond+ ) h] m v>i$ conditions ( climate & sc5]y4 ,! latt] quality is /ill m m>k$ among ! old t[ns ( ,bohemia4 ,! two sket*es "h give "s ( ! ar*itectural *>act]i/ics ( bo? t[n & c\ntry dwell+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,h\se ,,9 ,,turnov1 ,,bohemia1 ,,dat$ #ahaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/reet ,,9 ,,eg]1 ,,bohemia4 ,aft] su* a j\rney we %\ld d\btless be glad to get home aga9 to our own v>y+ & *angeable climate1 & :5 seat$ com=tably at ! fireside ?9k h[ mu* ! *>act]i/ics ( our native art may also owe to ! influ5ce ( ! con/ant & v>i$ procession ( sun%9e & cl\d1 /orm & calm1 heat & cold1 fickle spr+1 %ort summ]1 long unc]ta9 w9t]1 our mi/ & ra9 7:i* gives u our gre5 woodl&s & mead[s71 to our wild & dang]\s coa/s4 ,or we may well ?9k :e!r ^! influ5ces are n traceable 9 our art3 love ( dome/icity & indoor com=t1 *>act]iz$ by w>m & bl5d$ ?\gh subdu$ col\r1 small patt]ns1 trimness & neatness2 love ( animals & fl[]s1 ( natural sc5]y & ! sea4 ,may x n be said ^! are *>act]i/ics :i* our pictorial art c]ta9ly displays8 ,:ile our ar*itecture 79 spite ( =eign importations7 is oblig$ to consid] ! necessities ( a v>y+ climate1 s t our h\ses are built z a rule m to live 9 ?an to look at2 & ! col\rs ( our int]iors1 :ile !y (t5 re-e*o ! gre5s1 br[ns1 & russets ( our l&scape--z our patt]ns & fabrics recall ! fl[] g>d5s & mead[s--are *os5 p]haps m to live ) quietly ?an to excite controv]sy1 or compel a ref]5ce to ! gramm> ( ornam5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,( ,,! ,,racial ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design ,,^? p]sonal pr$ilections & idiosyncrasies :i* we ea* possess1 ^? diff]5ces ( temp] & qualities ( p]ception :i* affect our s5se ( col\r & =m1 :i* acc\nt = ^? v>iations ( treatm5t 9 ! r5d]+1 9 design or draw+1 ( ! same objects by diff]5t p]sons--:at are ^! & :5ce d !y come8 ,!y belong to ! v con/itution ( our m9ds & bodies2 !y are beyond our own control1 & beyond almo/ our own consci\sness1 (t5times4 ,!y belong to our prog5itors & ance/ors p]haps z mu* z to ourselves1 & are lo/ 9 ! brok5 records ( pa/ family hi/ories2 we c only say t c]ta9 =ms & col\rs appe> s & s to our eyes1 t we delight 9 "s m ?an o!rs--because we are made t way4 ,su* indications ( "* & pref]5ces are g5]ally traceable1 :]e clues & records exi/1 to ! race1 or mixture ( races f :i* we h sprung4 ,we attribute1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 imag9ative faculties to our ,celtic orig92 c]ta9 calculat+ & analytical capacities to ,teutonic s\rces2 :ile z a mix$ race we call ourselves ,anglo-,saxon1 & z su* are suppos$ to be especially di/+ui%$ by practicality1 ! racial type gradually1 9 ! process ( "t1 be+ =m$ by ! collective action ( su* small individual *>act]i/ics--some:at z great geological deposits1 su* z our *alk hills1 h be5 =m$ by ! gradual accumulation & aggregation ( ! m9ute %ells ( m9ut] m>9e creatures4 ,^! typical racial *>act]i/ics 9 art--^! pref]5ces 9 col\r1 =m1 patt]n1 treatm5t1 s5tim5t1 & idea1 h left _! m>ks ^u ! hi/ory ( art1 :i* inde$ becomes1 f9ally1 ! only hi/ory ( races--! only record left ( peoples to tell u ( _! intimate life1 _! hopes & fe>s1 _! /ruggles & _! aspirations1 s t a scrap ( wall-pa9t+1 a fragm5t ( an incis$ slab1 a piece ( brok5 pott]y1 a weapon ( bronze1 or a jewel1 become 9 c\rse ( "t full ( significance--eloqu5t books ( ! life ( peoples & p[]s long ago cov]$ by ! drift+ s&s ( "t4 ,! desire to record & to p]petuate seems to h /imulat$ ! primitive arti/ic in/9ct 9 all races2 &1 inde$1 x may /ill be said to be a liv+ factor & motive 9 art production4 ,ea* race seeks an image ( itself 7z e individual desires a portrait71 & /rives to put 9 imp]i%able =m ! "* ( its own life1 & ! ideas or ideals de>e/ to x4 ,?us1 ! prehi/oric hunt] left images ( ! animals he hunt$1 & 8 hunt+ rem9isc5ces1 scrat*$ ^u bones & smoo? slates & /ones2 mu* z ! ,assyrian k+s1 9 a m elaborate way1 hav+ ! res\rces ( a p[]ful civilization at comm&1 lov$ to h record$ on sculptur$ slabs1 l9+ _! palaces1 _! pr[ess 9 arms & ! *ase2 m especially z hunt]s & slay]s ( lions1 ?\gh 9 _! case ! lion hunt+ 0 done 9 a m luxuri\s mod]n way1 ! animals be+ driv5 into special inclosures1 & let loose on purpose to be sla9 by ! k+ & 8 m5--a sy/em ( a piece ) ! g5]ally tyrannical & cruel me?ods ( despotic p]sons4 ,/ill1 no d\bt1 !re 0 consid]ably m risk & dang] involv$ ?an 9 a mod]n battue 9 a pheasant cov]--b>r+ ! *ance ( be+ %ot by y\r neighb\r's gun4 ,c]ta9ly ! g5]al t5or ( ! /ory told 9 anci5t ,asiatic art is t ( ! conqu]or's triumphs1 ( ! /rong ov]com+ ! weak1 ! glorification ( k+s & w>riors 9 battle1 ( beleagu]$ cities1 & ! c>ry+ away ( captives & spoils4 ,no d\bt1 if ?is conqu]+ _s _h be5 abs5t1 if ea* bran* ( ! great human family _h rema9$ )9 its primitive bord]s1 _! art w\ld h pres5t$ %>p] & m di/9ct contra/s1 :ile rema9+ simple 9 "*4 ,x is ! re/less1 explor+1 conqu]+1 acquisitive _s :i* mixes & bl5ds elem5ts orig9ally di/9ct--well1 x may be x also acts z ! /ormy w9d t scatt]s ! w+$ se$s ( design &1 be>+ !m to new soils1 produces new v>ieties4 ,x is difficult1 ( c\rse1 to dis5tangle ! /rictly racial *>act]i/ics 9 art entirely f ^? o!r /rong influ5ces :i*1 9 fact1 may be said to h help$ 9 _! =mation--! influ5ce ( climate1 habit1 & local mat]ials1 :i* we h previ\sly t\*$ ^u4 ,yet ! purely human elem5t appe>s to come 91 & ! f9al =m :i* art takes among a p mu/ be> ! /amp ( individual *oice z well z ( collective s5tim5t & climatic influ5ce4 ,9 primitive communities1 h[ev]1 ! individual is less app>5t ?an ! collective racial influ5ce4 ,! =ms ( art are typical & symbolical r ?an imitative or graphic4 ,! great ,asiatic races ( antiquity1 to judge f ! rema9s ( _! monum5ts1 ! palaces ( _! k+s1 & _! temples & tombs1 adopt$ c]ta9 typical me?ods ( repres5tation :i*1 9 ! case ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 became1 9 association ) a /rictly ord]$ & c>efully organiz$ social exi/5ce "u an elaborate religi\s sy/em & ritual1 actual =ms ( language & record 9 ! hi]oglyphic4 ,^! consi/$ ( c]ta9 ab/ract repres5tations ( famili> =ms & figures inclos$ 9 a k9d ( c>t\*e1 incis$ ^u /one walls1 or /amp$ ^u pla/] & fill$ ) col\r4 ,! lotus fl[] s]v$ z a symbol ( ! annual ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile 7at ! summ] sol/ice7 s important to ! ,egyptians2 ! ram & ! sun symboliz$ ,amru-,ra1 ! k+ ( all gods2 o!r animals1 ) & )\t w+s1 ! cat1 ! dog1 ! sp>r[-hawk = ! s\l1 ! beetle 7sc>abu7 = creative en]gy1 g5]ation & p]petuation ( life1 ! snake = cont9uity ( "t1 etc42 & ev5 diff]5tly arrang$ l9es1 ! zigzag = wat]1 ! circle1 squ>e1 wav$ l9e1 spiral1 labyr9?1 etc41 betok5$ ! div9e & secretly-work+ p[]s ( nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,hi]oglyphics4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,b5i ,,hasan4 ,,n9ete5? ,,dyna/y4 ,su* =ms inclos$ 9 c>t\*es mass$ toge!r1 sometimes 9 horizontal l9es1 sometimes 9 v]tical1 =m$ a /rik+ wall decoration 9 !mselves4 ,a wond]ful pit* ( ab/ract yet exact *>act]ization ( natural =m 0 rea*$ by v simple means 9 ?is picture-writ+4 ,! birds especially are rem>kable = _! tru?4 ,e object _h to be cle>ly def9$ s z to be recogniz$ at once & easily deciph]$4 ,! pr(ile view ( an object is always ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & typical1 & l5ds itself be/ to a sy/em ( repres5tation :]e all objects are on ! same plane4 ,s ! glyphic arti/ kept /rictly to pr(ile4 ,love ( typical =m1 def9ite outl9e & mass1 flat & vivid coloration--^! are always *>act]i/ic ( anci5t ,egyptian art1 ev5 :51 z dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies1 a fre] /yle & great] naturalism is app>5t 9 _! portrait sculpture & wall-pa9t+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alt> ,,) ,,(f]+s4 ,,egyptian ,,mural ,,pa9t+1 ,,!bes4 ,! love ( cle>ness ( /atem5t & _! conception ( art1 z 9 ! nature ( a decorative record1 seems to be emphatically express$ 9 _! ways ( repres5tation4 ,= in/ance1 9 pa9t+ an alt> pil$ ) (f]+s !y give ! alt> front 9 elevation1 b ! (f]+s1 9 ord] t ea* & all %\ld be se5 drawn 9 pr(ile1 are arrang$ 9 gr\nd plan4 ,?us we may say t _! /atem5ts 7 pictures1 _! pictures 7 /atem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,wall-,,pa9t+ 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,,assyrian ,,tree ,,( ,,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assyrian ,,bas-,,relief4 ,,pavem5t ,,slab 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,!re is a wall-pa9t+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[+ a fi% pond or tank 9 a g>d51 surr\nd$ by trees4 ,! inclos$ wat] is r5d]$ by a flat t9t ( pale blue1 ) horizontal zigzag l9es 9 a second t9t across x4 ,lotus fl[]s & buds spr+ v]tically f x1 & on its surface ducks & fi% are pa9t$ 9 pr(ile4 ,! trees are pa9t$ on ! upp] side & ends ) _! /ems spr++ f ! edge ( ! pond2 b ! r[ ( trees on ! ne> side gr[s ) ! tops t[>ds ! wat]2 :ile ! r[ at ea* end spr\ts outw>d4 ,! :ole =ms a v pretty piece ( ornam5t1 & w\ld embroid] well = a table-clo? c5tre1 or l5d itself to a treatm5t = a mosaic floor4 ,note ! way 9 :i* ! trees alt]nate 7apple trees & date palms71 & ! gr\p+ ( ! ducks & ! fi% alt]nat+ ) ! lotus fl[]4 ,x is freely pa9t$ ) direct bru% t\*es on ! :ite pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assyrian ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,natural ,,=m ,,slab #gf ,,brit4 ,,mus4 ,9 ! ornam5tal treatm5t ( tree =ms all ! ea/]n races seem to h excell$4 ,trees h always be5 associat$ ) religi\s belief1 & h _h my/ical & symbolical significance--z ! tree ( ! g>d5 ( ,g5esis1 ! tree ( life1 & ! fatal tree ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,trees1 too1 7 man's fir/ %elt] & dwell+2 no wond] a race desc5d$ f arboreal ance/ors %\ld rev]e !m & hold !m sacr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9e ,,fig ,,trees ,,f ,,assyrian ,,slabs ,,briti% ,,museum ,n4#be4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is ,egyptian r5d]+ ( ! date palm tree ) an ,assyrian r5d]+ ( ! same tree1 ?\gh ! latt] is sculptur$2 or1 aga91 ) ! ,grco-,roman v]sion at ! h\se ( ,ic>ius4 ,! typical & sacr$ tree ) ! ,assyrians1 h[ev]1 0 ! tree ( life1 :i* became ) !m a =mal piece ( ornam5t4 ,9 x we seem to see1 too1 ! orig9al =m ( a type ( ornam5t con/antly recurr+ 9 ! art ( all ! ,asiatic races1 & :i* 0 app>5tly c>ri$ by !m1 or f !m1 into ,europe2 reappe>+ 9 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,r5asc5ce "w 9 all mann] ( v>iations1 rema9+ a typical horizontal bord] motive to our own day4 ,! lotus appe>s 9 sculptur$ ,assyrian pavem5ts on ! out] bord]1 ! op5 fl[]s alt]nat+ ) ! buds1 z 9 ,egyptian "w4 ,!n we h ano!r typical & con/antly recurr+ bord] motive 9 ! rosette1 :i* has a ri* & sumptu\s effect1 closely fill$ 9 ?is way4 ,!n comes 9 ! palmette1 or tree ( life1 :ile ! c5tre fill+1 a network =m$ ( a six-petall$ fl[] =m1 aga9 recalls ! sugge/$ textile orig9 ( ! ornam5tal motive ( ! :ole1 to :i* ,i h be=e allud$4 ,o!r int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic r5d]+s ( fl[]s & trees may be f\nd 9 bas-relief ^u ! ,assyrian alaba/] slabs us$ z wall decorations1 su* z ^? %[+ ! v9e1 ! fig1 ! lily1 & ! daisy "h giv51 ! sculpture ( :i*1 9 g5]al1 is rem>kable n only = ! comb9ation ( great p[] ( expression & en]gy ( action ) a v dom9ant =maliz+ & ornam5tal & typical treatm5t ( =m1 b also = great delicacy ( *isell+2 9 "o slab !re is a small figure ( a k+ 9 8 *>iot1 inclos$ )9 l>g] "w1 z f9ely cut almo/ z a gem or seal4 ,note1 z illu/rat+ ! ornam5tal treatm5t ( animal =ms1 s *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,assyrian or ,semitic sculptures1 ! way ! lions are c>v$1 ! masses ( ! hair ( ! manes c>efully m>k$ & ornam5tally design$1 ! muscul> l9es ( ! face emphasiz$ 9 ! same ornam5tal mann]4 ,! result is a typical lion1 /ately1 monum5tal1 sculptural1 & decorative1 yet 9 no way want+ 9 en]gy ( action1 "*1 & vig\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assur ,,b5i ,,pal4 ,,assyrian ,,lion ,,f ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assur ,,b5i ,,pal4 ,,assyrian ,,lion ,,f ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,no?+ c\ld be m diff]5t 9 _s & /yle f ! ord9>y mod]n ,european sculptor's treatm5t4 ,! ,assyrian grasp$ ! ess5tial leon9e "*1 b express$ x 9 typical & ornam5tal t]ms4 ,! mod]n ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,italian g5]ally seeks a naturalism :i* /ruggles to escape f ! conditions ( ! mat]ial2 he seeks accid5ts r ?an ess5tials1 &1 9 8 horror ( =malism1 tries to treat ! masses ( hair & mane z if he wield$ ! pa9t]'s bru% r ?an ! sculptor's *isel--?\gh x is g5]ally modell$ 9 clay fir/ be=e x is c>v$4 ,! result is loss ( dignity1 typical "*1 & monum5tal feel+4 ,alfr$ ,/ev5s saw ! importance ( a c]ta9 =malism1 & 8 little lion on ! uprights ( ! out] rail+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum rema9s unequall$1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 mod]n "w4#h #h ,= "s unexpla9$ reason ^! lions h be5 remov$ & ! ,london p depriv$ ( p]haps _! f9e/ bit ( monum5tal "w4 ,! ,hell5ic race1 ! ,greeks1 ^: art has _h1 & /ill possesses1 su* an influ5ce ov] t ( ! mod]n _w1 :ile 9 _! ar*aic p]iod diff]+ little 9 me?od ( treatm5t & 9 use ( ornam5t f ! ,asiatic races1 ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian & ,p]sian1 ! elem5ts ( ea* ( :i* !y seem$ to fuse & adapt1 gradually develop$ a fre] /yle1 &1 :ile nev] los+ _! monum5tal s5se 9 sculpture1 c>ri$ ! human figure 9 sculpture to ! greate/ pit* ( p]fection4 ,_! inv5tion 9 purely ornam5tal =ms 0 n conspicu\s1 nor 0 x ne$$1 s9ce !y treat$ ! human figure z _! *ief elem5t 9 decoration4 ,_! lead+ ornam5tal types may be trac$ to ,asiatic prototypes--! palmette & ! rosette1 = in/ance4 ,! scroll1 p]haps1 !y may p>ticul>ly claim to h develop$1 & ! an!mion1 f _! primitive types4 ,?is latt] type ( ornam5t1 s g5]ally us$ by ! ,greeks z a cre/ or cr[n ^u _! upright obelisk-l tomb/ones or /eles1 or to cre/ ! angles ( ! p$im5ts ( _! temples1 is sugge/ive 9 its g5]al =m ( a flame1 or pair ( w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lion1 ,,=m]ly ,,cre/+ ,,! ,,out] ,,rail+ ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,,modell$ ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,/ev5s1 ,,& ,,ca/ ,,9 ,,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,/ele ,,or ,,head-,,/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian 7,,brahman7 ,,flame ,,halo ,,9 ,,bronze ,,surr\nd+ ,,image ,,( ,,! ,,god ,,siva ,,de/roy+ ,,! ,,demon ,,tripurasura4 7,,z9c7 ,,flame ,,halo ,,enclos+ ,,image ,,( ,,surya ,,! ,,sun ,,god4 ,x is notewor?y t a simil> =m occurs1 treat$ 9 detail 9 a v>iety ( ways1 z a glory or halo plac$ beh9d ,buddhi/ images made 9 anci5t ,india1 ,japan1 & ,burmah1 (t5 9 c>v$ wood & gilt metal or bronze1 pi]c$ & ornam5t$ 9 a v>iety ( ways--sometimes sugge/+ leafy trees1 b g5]ally radiat+ 9 _! pr9cipal l9es f a c5tre1 l ! an!mion4 ,! flame 0 a sacr$ symbol ) _m anci5t peoples1 & x rema9s ) u z ! fitt+ emblem ( inspiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,pomegranate ,,=ms 7,,f ,a ,,goat-,,hair ,,c>pet1 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,,celtic ,,ornam5t ,,f ,a ,,cross ,,at ,,campbelt[n1 ,,argyll%ire4 ,! gild$1 almond-%ap$ glory inclos+ ! figure ( ! ,virg9 & ( ,*ri/ 9 ,go?ic pa9t+ & sculpture seems to be ano!r =m ( ! same emblem1 & a simil> =m is common 9 all ,p]sian & ,ea/]n ornam5t design4 ,x g5]ally appe>s z a k9d ( fruit or _m-petal$ fl[]1 or fl[] & fruit comb9$4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x may h orig9ally _h a religi\s significance associat$ ) fire or life1#i :ile its beauty ( cont\r & adaptability 9 decoration ( all k9ds 7 suffici5t to p]petuate x ev5 if ! orig9al mean+ 7 lo/4 ,if ! ,p]sians inv5t$ x1 x might h _h "s ref]5ce to _! own primitive fire-wor%ip1 :ile ) ! ,arabs1 & :]ev] ! fai? ( ,mohamm$ spread1 x w\ld /ill be significant ( ! prophetic fire1 & x is c]ta9ly univ]sally f\nd 9 ! ornam5t ( ,mohamm$an c\ntries4 ,we might trace x back to its primitive =m 9 ! ,assyrian tree ( life1 & ?is on ! face ( x seems its mo/ likely s\rce2 & we f9d x 9 ,p]sian "w def9itely tak+ ! pomegranate =m )9 ! ray$ leaves4 ,! ray$ fl[] or leaf =m curi\sly reappe>s 9 a late ,celtic cross 9 ,argyll%ire1 9 association ) ! *>act]i/ic knott$ "w1 a k9d ( tree =m1 & fill+ ( patt]n c>v$ 9 ! /one & culm9at+ 9 ! cross4 #i ,pr(4 ,fis*ba*1 inde$1 traces ! relation%ip ( a :ole s]ies ( patt]ns to ! influ5ce ( fire wor%ip & its symbolism4 ,:atev] race may really claim its inv5tion or fir/ effective use1 x appeals n[ univ]sally to ! ornam5tal s5se1 & has become ! common prop]ty ( design]s1 :o d n usually di/urb !mselves ) ! "q :e!r !y h /ol5 a fruit f ! tree ( life1 or sacr$ fire f an unkn[n he>?1 s long z !y c fill a space effectively or make an attractive & adaptable design4 ,ano!r =m1 n[ no less univ]sal1 is probably ,p]sian 9 orig91 al?\gh x has f\nd a settl$ home 9 ,india--,i mean :at is kn[n z ! ,indian palmette1 s famili> to design]s = ,man*e/] calico pr9ts4 ,i am told by ,mr4 ,purdon ,cl>ke t ?is palm %ape d5otes b5ison or bless+1 or a message ( goodwill ( "s k9d4 ,?is answ]s to ! symbolical mean+ ( ! palm 9 ! ,bible1 z c>ri$ by b5ign & holy p]sons & angels4 ,"h w\ld be a symbolical reason = its longevity 9 ornam5t1 z x w\ld naturally comm5d itself to an ea/]n race 9 a sun-burnt l&1 to :om ! sugge/ion ( %ady palms w\ld always be grateful4 ,b "h1 aga91 ! beauty ( its cont\r appeals to ! ornam5ti/ on indep5d5t gr\nds4 ,he values x = its graceful mass 9 a patt]n1 = its bold & sweep+ curves1 = its value z an inclos+ =m = small floral fitt+s4 ,to ! ,p]sian & ,h9du design]s1 ) _! exquisite & subtle s5se ( ornam5t1 ) _! passion = elaborate intricacy1 su* a =m z ?is is utiliz$ to its utmo/ capacity1 bo? 9 c\nt]-balanc+ & sup]impos$ masses ^u fl[]y fields1 & z inclosures = small] fields ( patt]n2 :ile ! abundant flora ( _! spr+-"t blossoms 9 a new & translat$ exi/5ce 9 _! ri*ly patt]n$ pr9t$ & wov5 textiles1 & 9 ! c>v$ ornam5t ( _! build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,ornam5tal ,,=ms ,,9 ,,p]sian1 ,,indian1 ,,& ,,*9ese ,,designs4 ,! influ5ce 9 ,arabic ornam5t ( ! ,mohamm$an fai?1 too1 9 =bidd+ ! repres5tation ( liv+ =ms1 turn$ ! +5uity & inv5tion ( ! ,arabic & ,ea/]n design] 9 a purely ornam5tal direction1 & z a result we get extremely elaborate patt]ns1 ei!r purely geometric1 or fill+ ! int]/ices ( a geometric framework 9 inlays & c>v$ & pi]c$ "w4 ,^! patt]ns f ! pulpit ( a mosque at ,cairo1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 "w ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 %[ h[ f9e & delicate ,arabic ornam5t became4 ,we may note ! />-%ape =m$ by ! int]section ( ! l9es4 ,! /> is an emblem ( ! ,deity 7,allah74 ,! plateaus & slopes ( ! ,himalayas1 :i* are ! nor!rn m\nta9\s b\nd>y ( ,india1 7 suppos$ to be ! cradle ( t great w&]+1 coloniz+1 adaptive1 speculative1 & organiz+ race1 ! ,aryans1 f :i* we ,we/]n p1 accord+ to "o !ory1 h sprung1 disp]s+ ov] ! _w1 & settl+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries & climates4 ,! race has greatly diff]5tiat$ 9 spee*1 cu/oms1 & =ms ( art2 & yet ?r\gh !m all x is r diff]5ces 9 simil>ities1 or simil>ities 9 diff]5ces1 t we trace4 ,lat91 ,teutonic1 ,celtic1 sugge/ great div]g5ces bo? 9 _s & =m1 yet p]haps ! correspond5ces are m frequ5t ?an ! div]g5ces4 ,:5 we see h[ greatly memb]s ( ! same family diff] f "o ano!r 9 ta/es & habits1 c we wond] t memb]s ( ! great] human family %\ld be s diff]5t 9 ta/es & habits1 "u diff]5t skies & conditions ( life8 ,illu/ration3 ,,arabian ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,,c>v$ ,,& ,,inlaid ,,pulpit1 ,,cairo 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,cleobury74 ,:5 we turn fur!r ea/ ! diff]5ce seems great]1 ! gaps l>g]4 ,! ,mongolian race seems fur!r ap>t & sugge/s a remot] antiquity4 ,_! geographical remot5ess & _! p]si/5t adhesion to _! anci5t cu/oms seem to h fix$ m or less ( a gulf betwe5 !m & ! we/]n peoples1 & !re is a correspond+ contra/ 9 ! =ms ( _! art4 ,x is famili>1 & yet rema9s /range2 x has be5 con/antly import$ among/ u1 & has m ?an once influ5c$ ,european fa%ions 9 decorative design1 z 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ?r\gh ! ,dut*1 & 9 ! la/ c5tury 9 ,engl& 9 ,*ipp5dale furniture & porcela91 :ile ,*9a has giv5 its "n to ! f9] w>e ( ! mod]n pott]1 ( :i* x taught him ! secret4 ,to ?is day ! will[ patt]n 9 blue ^u plates & di%es1 ) its ,*9ese leg5d1 sc5]y1 & p]sonages1 rema9s a popul> patt]n1 wond]fully little *ang$ by its ,engli% translator4 ,all ! typical *>act]i/ics are f\nd 9 its details1 ! typical ,*9ese h\se rais$ ^u its fir/ /ory ( /one--) its bamboo trellises & qua9tly curv$ til$ ro(4 ,! ,*9ese dragon rema9s a di/9ct bre$1 influ5c+ "h & !re ! =m ( ! my?ical bea/s 9 design ( o!r races1 su* z ! ,p]sian & ,indian1 b rema9+ z *>act]i/ically ,*9ese itself z ! ,pagoda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arabian ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,,c>v$ ,,& ,,inlaid ,,pulpit1 ,,cairo 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,cleobury74 ,! love ( trellis-l backgr\nds & diagonal diap]s = floral designs is a v m>k$ feature ) ! ,*9ese design]1 & x sugge/s ! native fanta/ic & +5i\s bamboo con/ructions us$ 9 ! fram+ & panell+ ( _! dwell+s & temples1 dom9at$ by t di/9ct love ( qua9tness & que]ness :i* seems a "p ( ! arti/ic s5se 9 ! yell[ race1 & is z m>k$ z _! love ( bright col\r & emphatic patt]n4 ,_! =midable neighb\rs1 relations1 & rivals1 ! ,japanese1 exhibit 9 ! art up to a c]ta9 /age mu* ! same qualities & influ5ces1 _! art indicat+ a gradual trans=mation 9 /yle f ! primitive my?ical & religi\s & symbolical t[>ds ! m dome/ic1 famili>1 & naturali/ic4 ,b be=e com+ into contact ) ,european =ms ( art !y began to develop a naturali/ic feel+ 9 _! art :i* 9 ! pres5t c5tury has become ! dom9ant note1 &1 jo9$ ) a c]ta9 inv5tive qua9tness & ornam5tal res]ve1 has _h s trem5d\s an influ5ce ^u ! art ( ,europe1 m especially mod]n ,fr5* art4 ,only ab\t =ty or fifty ye>s ago ,japan 0 practically 9 a m$ival condition1 its arts & h&icrafts 9 a mo/ f]tile & fl\ri%+ condition ( liv+ traditions2 b t v quickness & al]tness1 t receptivity & arti/ic impressionabl5ess :i* has enabl$ !m to produce su* a mass ( wond]ful "w 9 s _m bran*es ( cunn+ craftsman%ip1 h expos$ !m to ! mod]n ,european influ5ces1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may h1 9 ! process ( rapid assimilation1 contribut$ to _! mat]ial p[] z a nation 9 ! mod]n capitali/ic & indu/rial s5se1 h _h mo/ disa/r\s comm]cializ+ & det]iorat+ effects ^u ,japanese art & h&icraft1 lead+ to ha/y "w & *eap & gaudy production--m]ely to cat* ! dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panel ,,9 ,,c>v$ ,,& ,,inlaid ,,wood ,,f ,,! ,,mosque ,,( ,,tooloon ,,9 ,,cairo4 ,,f\rte5? ,,or ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,s>ac5ic4 ,arti/ic & racial traditions1 h[ev]1 die h>d4 ,ev5 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 9 con/ant int]c\rse & int]communication z we n[ are1 & :ile int]national influ5ce t5ds to s(t5 & bl5d racial diff]5ces1 & social relations to mix !m1 elem5ts :i* diff]5tiate ! ,teuton f ! ,lat91 ! ,celt f ! ,saxon1 /ill survive4 ,9 ! process ( ! adoption ( ev5 ! same ideas ea* race1 ea* nation1 gives a diff]5t int]pretation to !m1 j z diff]5t individuals w give a diff]5t int]pretation 9 draw+ f ! same model4 ,! "* is n *ang$ by ! new dress1 & ! dress becomes influ5c$ by ! we>]4 ,?us1 9 adopt+ ideas & =ms ( art1 a new direction or "* is develop$ ow+ to ! racial in/9cts ( ! p adopt+ !m4 ,g]man ,r5asc5ce "w1 = in/ance1 may be full ( details1 ! =ms ( :i* come f ,italy or ,greece1 b ! comb9ation & treatm5t1 ! application ( !m1 become *>act]i/ically ,g]man--*>act]i/ically full ( detail1 & fanta/ic1 ) a t5d5cy to be ov]load$ & re/less1 l _! ,go?ic "w4 ,su* v>iations ( ! same type among diff]5t peoples may be lik5$ to ! v>iations ( language 9 ! same c\ntry1 :]e ! same language is spok51 b ) a diff]5t acc5t4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce ( acc5t n[1 "u our complex mod]n life1 :i* makes ! *ief diff]5ce 9 =ms ( art1 & :i* betrays racial influ5ce4 ,! actual sy/ems ( build+ patt]n1 ( patt]n =ms1 me?ods ( draw+ & modell+ figures1 & ! v>i\s h&icrafts h all be5 discov]$ long ago1 b x is 9 _! recomb9ation & adaptation--our int]pretation & use ( !m1 & 9 ! p[] ( v>iation & expression1 t mod]n inv5tion & pr$ilection tell4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to endeav\r to symbolize ! fundam5tal racial *>act]i/ics & pref]5ces by c]ta9 typical =ms & col\rs 9 procession4 ,! races inhabit+ ! w>m c\ntries1 s\!rn & ea/]n1 w\ld be di/+ui%$ by emphatic contra/+ col\rs & patt]ns4 ,j z ! tig] owes 8 b>r$ coat to 8 habit ( hid+ 9 cov]ts & jungles1 :]e ! bright sunlight falls ?r\gh ! tall grasses & palms 9 /ripes2 s :]e ! contra/ ( light & %ade is s %>p z 9 ,africa1 !re appe>s to be a deeply-root$ pref]5ce = b>r$ col\rs & /rip$ patt]ns among ! d>k race1 :i* !y h c>ri$ ) !m to ,am]ica1 & :i* curi\sly reappe>s z a necess>y "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! %am ,e?iopian s]5ad] 9 our /reets4 ,! black & :ite or r$ & :ite b>r$ c\rses *>act]i/ic ( ,arabian & ,moori% ar*itecture h be5 allud$ to be=e1 &1 ?\gh !y h be5 us$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 !y always sugge/ ! c\ntry :i* seems to h giv5 !m bir?4 ,suppos+1 !n1 we want$ to express 9 a typical symbolical way ! racial pref]5ces & *>act]i/ics 9 ornam5tal art1 a black & :ite b>r$ %ield & a palm might be appropriate patt]n emblems = ! ,african or ! ,moor2 :ile ! ,egyptian w\ld naturally be> a lotus & a sc>abu1 ) a w+$ globe = a /&>d2 ! ,assyrian a tree ( life2 ! ,p]sian w\ld be> ! flame-%ap$ fl[]1 & ! device ( ,ormuzd & ,ahrimanes cont5d+ = ! ma/]y2 ! ,indian w\ld c>ry ! palmette & a peacock1 & w\ld %>e ) ! ,arab ! geometric />-=m & ri*ly floriat$ robes2 ! ,*9ese w\ld %[ ! dragon blazon1 & c>ry ! peony2 ! ,japanese ! r$ disk ( ! ris+ sun1 & a b\gh ( plum blossom2 ! ,turanian ! cresc5t & ! />2 ! ,greek ! an!mion1 & ! figure ( ,pallas ,a!ne2 ! ,roman an eagle /&>d1 & an image ( ,m>s2 ! ,sc&9avian a rav51 & a runic knot4 ,^! might repres5t ! anci5t _w ( art4 ,! mod]n & we/]n races x w\ld be m difficult to symbolize 9 s primitive & typical a mann]1 s9ce all ( !m h borr[$ s l>gely f ! anci5t s\rces1 & are !mselves compos$ ( su* mix$ & complex elem5ts4 ,italian art c\ld only be repres5t$ by a fusion ( mo/ ( ! =ego+ elem5ts & types1 & w\ld require a cr[d ( di/+ui%$ reta9]s 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & all ! arts ( design2 b p]haps %e might be> a typical classical scroll = a /&>d1 z ! typical design] ( t =m ( ornam5t 9 s _m v>ieties1 f ,roman times d[nw>ds1 t ,italy may be said to h made ! scroll =m ess5tially h] own4 ,g]many might foll[1 great 9 bold & brave h]aldry1 or ) a ,go?ic acc5t 9 ri*ly-scroll$ mantl+1 & a r$undant display ( ,r5asc5ce ornam5t4 ,france1 z a m volatile ,pallas ,a!ne1 might1 p]haps1 be> ! wav]+ lamp ( executive & imitative skill1 & dramatic in/9ct 9 design4 ,spa9 w\ld look coquetti%ly "u a fan1 wrapp$ 9 fad$ embroid]y1 be>+ ! ,alhambra1 l a p5d5t jewel3 :ile = ,engl&1 :at arti/ic emblems are left8 ,well1 we h be5 describ$ z invet]ate coloni/s1 ev5 9 art4 ,we c only make up 9 a fancy co/ume ( hi/oric pat*work1 beg9n+ ) fragm5ts ( ,roman mosaic pavem5t1 by way ( s&als1 ,saxon & ,norman hose1 ,go?ic surcoat & body arm\r1 a classical cloak1 & a ,victorian ,que5 ,anne gable by way ( headge>1 & p]haps a bann] ( eclectic wall-pap] or pr9t$ cotton4 ,= all t1 & p]haps because ( x 9 "s measure--did we take art s]i\sly z a nation1 & make x really a natural & ess5tial "p ( our life1 z x is its f9al expression2 %\ld we det]m9e to set our h\se 9 ord]1 & make ,engl& aga9 m]rie1 /rong 9 h] own bord]s1 self-support+1 & self-reliant1 n suff]+ ! natural beauty ( our l& or our hi/oric monum5ts to be ru?lessly defac$1 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( trade2 putt+ our tru/ 9 ! capacity ( ! p1 r ?an 9 ! multiplication ( ma*9es2 unit+ h& & bra9 9 our "w1 ?9k+ m ( ! ends ( life & less ( ! means1 :5 ! means ( an ample1 simple life %all be )9 ! rea* ( e citiz51 !n1 well--!n we might fairly expect to w9 ! palm ( life1 z ( art1 )\t despoil+ ! ,african4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,( ,,! ,,symbolic ,,influ5ce1 ,,or ,,emblematic ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,design ,,! desire to express & to communicate ideas seems to h impell$ man f ! e>lie/1 & lies at ! root ( all art4 ,:ile mu* e>ly ornam5t1 z we h se51 is traceable to a con/ructive orig91 ano!r k9d1 or ano!r bran* ( ! tree ( design is traceable to a symbolic orig91 & spr+s f ! endeav\r to express ?\ght--to f9d a succ9ct language 9 :i* to express "s s5se ( ! great p[]s ( nature1 & _! influ5ce ^u ! daily life ( man--to embody ev5 9 a pictorial emblem1 symbol1 or allegory 8 primitive conceptions ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se itself4 ,! my/]y & wond]s ( nature absorb$ ! ?\ghts & t\*$ ! imag9ation ( e>ly z ( lat] man1 & primitive symbolic =ms1 or signs1 con/antly be> ^u su* ideas4 ,!re is a symbolic sign 7kn[n to ar*ologi/s z ! fylfot or sauva/ika7 ( v simple =m1 :i* is f\nd v widely scatt]$ among ! relics ( _m diff]5t races & e>ly peoples4 ,x is f\nd1 says ,dr4 ,m>* 7( ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,ar*ological ,society1 :o has writt5 v sugge/ively & le>n$ly on ! subject71 on ar*aic ,greek pott]y1 on ! /amp$ clay ( ,swiss lake dwell+s1 adorn+ ,lat9 inscriptions on ,roman alt>s2 is common 9 ,india & ,asia2 is met ) 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,icel&1 ,%etl&1 & ,scotl&2 9 ,celtic ,irel&1 9 ,saxon ,engl&1 z well z 9 ,g]many4 ,! sign 0 adopt$ by ,*ri/ians1 is f\nd 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome1 9 ! ca!drals ( ,w9*e/] & ,exet]1 on a %ield 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 & on ,engli% m$ival brasses4 ,x also occurs on a bell at ,ha!rsage ,*ur* 9 ,d]by%ire1 dat$ #afag4 ,?is sign appe>s to h orig9ally signifi$ ! supreme god ( ! ,aryans1 & became ! emblem ( ! div9ity f :om emanates ! "o movem5t ( ! univ]se2 lat]1 x may h m]ely indicat$ ! axial rotation ( ! heav5s r\nd ! ,pole ,/>1 & /ill lat] x 0 us$ simply z a b5$ictory sign or m>k ( good luck4 ,:5 ! feet 7 turn$ to ! left ! nocturnal movem5t ( ! />s 0 sugge/$1 & :5 ! feet turn$ to ! "r ! diurnal movem5t ( ! sun 0 suppos$ to be indicat$4 ,! sign is frequ5tly plac$ 9 a circle4 ,a v few ( its /ages w suffice to %[ its trans=mation into ornam5t4 ,we may ?us see h[ a sign purely symbolical1 us$ z we %\ld use writ+1 becomes 9 c\rse ( "t a decorative unit1 & is incorporat$ into ornam5t4 ,a k9dr$ =m is compos$ ( ?ree cresc5ts1 :i* has its h]aldic desc5dant 9 ! ?ree arm\r$ legs ( ! be>+s ( ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,"h we seem to see ! idea ( rotation v emphatically convey$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! primitive symbols = fire & wat] f\nd 7z on ! ,dani% bracteate7 9 association ) ! fylfot sign %[n above1 =m l9e> patt]ns 9 !mselves1 & frequ5tly recur 9 con/ructive & surface ornam5t2 ! =m] sugge/+ ! me?od ( sett+ ! ,roman bricks1 call$ h]r+ bone1 :i* con/antly occurs 9 mod]n "w 9 brick pav+ & wood p>quet1 =m+ "o ( ! simple/ & mo/ satisfactory plans = floors & pav+s 9 su* mat]ials4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,polynesian ,,ornam5t ,,f ,,h]vey ,,isl& ,,paddle4 ,! zigzag1 z an ornam5t incis$ on clay vessels pa9t$ 9 patt]ns1 or c>v$ 9 masonry1 has be5 a v fav\rite =m f ! anci5t ,egyptian decorators 7to :om x possess$ its orig9al significance z wat]7 onw>ds1 becom+ 9 lat] times m p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,sc&9avian ornam5t & ,romanesque ar*itecture4 ,! zigzag1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h an indep5d5t s\rce & mean+ 9 ! evolution ( ,polynesian ornam5t4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,paddles1 decorat$ ) c>v$ patt]ns :i* are n[ consid]$ to be really tables ( desc5t1 we may see r[s ( human figures arrang$ =mally1 ! legs & arms b5t4 ,! angles ?us =m$1 9 ! c\rse ( repetition & abbreviation1 become simple l9es ( zigzag patt]n4 ,! circle1 a univ]sal & important elem5t 9 ornam5tal design ( all times & k9ds1 appe>s e>ly z a symbol = ! sun4 ,we might trace x f its primitive cross & disk & ray$ ornam5t common to all primitive art to ! spl5did ,greek conception ( ,phbus ,apollo 9 8 *>iot drawn by fi]y horses1 :i* figures s con/antly 9 ,greek design1 ! circul> flam+ disk be+ repres5t$ 9 ! :eel1 ?\gh 9 an e>ly relief discov]$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann ! head ( ,apollo is surr\nd$ by rays1 :i* gives ! type g5]ally us$ by ,go?ic & mod]n design]s 9 symbolic repres5tations ( ! sun--simply a face 9 ! circle surr\nd$ by rays4 ,ano!r means ( symbolical expression by ! use ( ! circle is to be f\nd 9 a type ( ,sc&9avian ornam5t compos$ ( ?ree circles1 "o )9 ! o!r1 :i* ) ! ray$ sun frequ5tly occurs ei!r s+ly1 z 9 ! =m ( a metal %ield boss or a fibula1 or z ! unit ( a repeat+ textile patt]n1 or z a bord]4 ,an ,anglo-,saxon lady 9 a ,b5$ictional execut$ = ,/4 ,e!lwold at ,w9*e/] 9 ! t5? c5tury 7#ifc-ihd7 we>s a dress s decorat$4 ,! orig9al symbolic mean+ ( ?is ornam5t is suppos$ to be> ^u ! ,norsem5's conception ( ! univ]se1 ! inn] circle1 repres5t+ ! midg>d1 or ! e>?2 ! second1 ! osg>d1 or asg>d1 ! abode ( ! gods2 & ! utg>d1 ! _w beyond1 inhabit$ by giants & spirits ( evil4 ,beyond ! out] circle is a circle ( dots signify+ />s4 7,see fig4 on p4 #bbd47 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,polynesian ,,ornam5t4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,zigzag4 ,! old ,norse sagas & ! songs ( ,edda give ! :ole ,norse s*eme ( ! univ]se4 ,igdrasil1 ! great a% tree ( ! univ]se ( "t & ( life4 ,! b\ghs /ret*$ out into heav51 its highe/ po9t1 & ov]%ad[$ ,walhalla1 ! hall ( ! h]oes4 ,its ?ree roots rea*$ d[n to d>k ,hel1 to ,jtunheim1 ! l& ( ! ,hrim?urses1 & to ,midg>d1 ! dwell+-place ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,! _w-tree 0 ev] gre51 = ! fateful ,norns spr9kl$ x daily ) ! wat] ( life f ! f\nta9 ( ,urd1 :i* fl[$ 9 ,midg>d4 ,b ! goat ,heidrun1 f :om 0 obta9$ ! mead t n\ri%$ ! h]oes1 & ! /ag ,eik?yrnir br[s$ ^u ! leaf-buds1 & ^u ! b>k ( ! tree1 :ile ! roots d[n bel[ are gnaw$ by ! dragon ,nidhgg & innum]able worms3 /ill ! a% c\ld n )] until ! la/ battle %\ld be f\ght1 :]e life1 "t & ! _w 7 all to pass away4 ,s ! eagle sang its song ( creation & de/ruction on ! highe/ bran* ( ! tree4#aj #aj ,asg>d & ! ,gods4--,,dr4 ,,wagn]4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e su* a conception ) ! anci5t ,h9du idea ( ! _w1 :i* inde$ may h be5 its orig9al =m z ! e>li] ,aryan conception4 ,!re is no tree1 b ! great snake ( "t compasses all2 ! s]p5t ) its tail 9 its m\?1 an emblem ( cont9u\s "t :i* /ill survives4 ,^u ?is re/s ! tortoise1 :i* seems to correspond ) ! ,norsem5's dragon1 ?\gh "h x may s]ve z ! solid basis ( ! _w4 ,! _w appe>s z a sort ( dome 9 ?ree ti]s1 rem9d+ u ( ! ,norsem5's ?ree circles4 ,?is is support$ ^u ! backs ( ?ree elephants1 :i* seem "h to fill ! position ( ! ,norns or ! ,fates4 ,! a% tree ,igdrasil1 ! su/a9] ( ! ,norse univ]se1 rem9ds "o ( ! ea/]n tree ( life--! tree ( life ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ! f\nta9 ( ! riv]s ( ! ,asiatic p>adise :i*1 ) ! figures ( ,adam & ,eve1 ! typical fa!r & "m ( ! :ole human race1 h s con/antly figur$ 9 art ( all k9ds1 bo? ea/]n & we/]n1 & cont9ue to /& 9 ! mid/ ( ! g>d5 9 endless designs & pictures1 surr\nd$ by ! birds & bea/s1 z ! type & emblem ( ! orig9 ( ! _w 9 ! ,*ri/ian cosmos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h9du ,,symbol ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 ^: art 0 almo/ entirely 9 ! nature ( a symbolic language1 :5 !y wi%$ to express ! div9e creative p[] :i* su/a9s ! univ]se1 design$ a w+$ globe encircl$ or upborne by two s]p5ts--"h we get1 p]haps1 ! snake ( "t aga94 ,sometimes ! sc>abu1 or sacr$ beetle1 emblem ( trans=mation & immortality1 is repres5t$ cov]+ an egg & support+ ! sun1 & !y are ! w+s ( ! sc>abu :i* are giv5 to ! globe4 ,?is emblem is frequ5tly c>v$ ov] ! gateways to _! temples4 ,!n ! ,egyptians _h an elaborate symbolism connect$ ) dea? & ! passage ( ! s\l4 ,! c(f9s & mummy cases are pa9t$ all ov] ) symbolic devices1 figures1 birds1 & animals hav+ a sacr$ significance4 ,! s\l is commonly repres5t$ z be+ borne 9 a boat1 or b>ge1 ) curv$ /em & /]n1 t]m9at+ 9 lotus fl[]s4 7,! lotus symboliz$ new bir? & resurrection47 ,! food = ! j\rney is %[n 9 ! urns plac$ und]nea? ! c\*4 ,two m\rn]s or wat*]s accompany x4 ,!re is a copy ( a l>ge pa9t+ f ,!bes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[+ ! judgm5t ( ! s\l2 ! ,dev\r]1 a mon/] "p crocodile "p hippopotamus1 /&+ ready to dev\r ! s\l if ! v]dict is unfav\rable4 ,fur!r on ! accept$ s\l appe>s be=e ,osiris4 ,! goddess ,nut 7! heav5s7 is frequ5tly pa9t$ ^u ! s>cophagi & mummy cases 9 ! =m ( a seat$ or kneel+ figure ( a woman ) v l>ge w+s outspread & curv+ upw>ds2 %e holds 9 h] h&s ! fea!r--! symbol ( p[] or dom9ation4 7,we /ill speak ( ! fea!r 9 ! cap47 ,%e be>s ! disk ( ! sun ^u h] head4 ,to ! ,egyptians1 inde$1 we owe ! v embodim5t ( ! my/]y ( exi/5ce itself--! sph9x :o cont9ues to prop\nd h] riddle afre% to e age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,examples ,,( ,,egyptian ,,symbolism4 ,greek my?ology aga91 z exemplifi$ 9 ,greek art1 expresses itself symbolically1 & %[s a gradual developm5t f ! primitive1 rud]1 & (t5 savage p]sonification ( ! p[]s ( nature1 m alli$ to ! conceptions ( ! ,nor?m51 to ! idealiz$1 ref9$1 poetic & beautiful p]sonifications ( _! lat] vase pa9t+ & ,phidian sculpture4 ,! symbolic int5tion & ! p]sonify+ me?od 0 c>ri$ on & embodi$ 9 free & natural =ms1 ?\gh always gov]n$ by ! ornam5tal feel+ & necessities ( h>moni\s relation to ar*itectural & decorative conditions4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! heav5s1 ! primitive h]dsman1 hunt]1 ! fi%]man & ! %eph]d1 h left _! symbolic h]aldry 9 ! v />s above our heads2 & ,*>les's or ceorls' wa9 & ! signs ( ! zodiac /ill rem9d u ( ! primitive life ( a pa/oral & agricultural p4 ,! p$im5ts ( ! ,p>!non1 = in/ance1 are great pieces ( symbolical art1 & at ! same "t mo/ beautiful z figure design & sculpture4 ,x is di/ress+ to ?9k t s late z #afhg ! ,p>!non 0 practically complete z f> z its sculpture & ar*itecture4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ z a ,greek ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & !n1 fall+ into ! h&s ( ! ,turks1 became a mosque2 :5 ! ,v5etians bomb>d$ ,a!ns 9 #afhg a %ell dropp$ into ! ,p>!non1 :]e ! ,turks _h /or$ _! p[d]1 & blew out ! :ole c5tre ( ! build+4 ,ev5 9 ! brok5 & imp]fect /ate 9 :i* we are n[ only able to see !m1 f ! m or less complete figures & gr\ps :i* compose its p>ts1 we c ga!r an idea ( ! h>mony & unity ( ! :ole1 & ! complete union ( ! symbolism ) ! arti/ic treatm5t4 ,! :ole conception /rongly appeal$ to ! s5tim5t ( ! ,a!nian citiz51 s9ce ! two p$im5ts repres5t$ ! conte/ ( ,a!ne & ,poseidon = ! patronage ( ,a!ns1 arts & laws1 or ! rule ( ! sea4 ,we all "k t ! arts & laws won1 & t ,a!ns is immortal by reason ( h] art & poetry & philosophy1 n by h] comm& ( ! sea4 ,we mod]n ,engli%1 p]haps1 might d well to apply ! lesson1 & consid] t aft] all x is n 9 m]e appropriation ( ri*es1 ext5sion ( empire1 mat]ial prosp]ity1 or 9 our volume ( trade1 t ! true greatness ( a c\ntry consi/s1 b 9 ! capacity & h]oism ( h] p4 ,9 ! ea/]n p$im5t ! c5tre gr\p express$ ! bir? ( ,a!ne h]self1 or r h] fir/ appe>ance among/ ! ,olympians--! div9e virg9 deity & protectress ( ! city :i* bore h] "n1 & ^: colossal /atue 9 ivory & gold /ood on ! ,acropolis 9 front ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! o!r deities are gr\p$ ar\nd1 & on "o side we h ! ,p>c1 ! ?ree fates controll+ ! life ( man 7:i* ! ,nor?m5 embodi$ 9 ! ,norns72 !n1 recl9+ at "o side :]e ! p$im5t n>r[s1 ! figure ( ! great ,a!nian h]o1 ,!seus2 & 9 ! extreme angle ! sun-god1 ,helios1 ) out/ret*$ arms is se5 guid+ 8 horses1 :i* em]ge f ! sea--be+ balanc$ at ! correspond+ angle by ,sel5e1 ! moon1 desc5d+ ) h] horses into ! sea4 ,?us1 we h a s]ies ( ideas express$ symbolically 9 h]oic figures ( deep import to ! ,a!nians1 & hav+ also 9 ! sugge/ion ( ! fateful control ( human life1 & ! cont9u\s ord] ( nature 9 ! ris+ sun & sett+ moon1 a wide & la/+ significance ap>t f ! beautiful =m & consummate art by :i* !y are embodi$4 ,! ,p>!non /&s high ^u a rocky em95ce1 & f its we/]n door y c see ! blue gean ,sea1 ! isl& ( ,salamis1 & ! h>b\r ( ,a!ns1 ! ,piru4 ,accord+ly ! sea-god ,poseidon is sculptur$ ^u ! we/]n p$im5t1 ) ,cecrops1 ! fir/ k+ & f\nd] ( ,a!ns1 ) ! que54 ,ano!r conspicu\s figure !re is ! recl9+ figure ( ,ilissus1 :o repres5ts ! /ream t fl[s ar\nd ! we/]n side ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans :o borr[$ f !m1 always symboliz$ a /ream or a f\nta9 by a recl9+ figure1 half turn$ ^u its side1 & v frequ5tly lean+ ^u an urn plac$ horizontally1 f ! m\? ( :i* fl[s ! wavy l9es ( wat]4 ,!re is 9 ! ,vatican a ,roman repres5tation ( ! ,riv] ,nile z a colossal recl9+ figure ) long fl[+ hair & be>d1 l ,zeus or ,poseidon1 hold+ a paddle4 ,8 tribut>ies be+ repres5t$ by a numb] ( small ,cupid-l boys1 :o clamb] & play ab\t him1 or ne/le at 8 side4 ,! l& ( ,egypt is typifi$ by ! sph9x ^u :i* ! figure leans4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,il ,,nilo 7,,vatican1 ,,rome74 ,fa!r ,?ames has (t5 figur$ 9 ,pun* depict$ by ,john ,t5niel z an old man ) long hair & be>d1 n unlike 8 prototype1 b some:at degrad$ & worse = we>4 ,! ,greek gods1 too1 & _! ,roman repres5tatives 7 ea* di/+ui%$ by _! prop] & appropriate emblems1 z well z by m>k$ diff]5ces ( "* & physical type4 ,*ronos1 or ,"t1 aft]w>ds ,saturn1 is always kn[n by 8 scy!2 ,zeus or ,jupit]1 ! ,?und]]1 by 8 ?und]bolt2 ,poseidon or ,neptune by 8 trid5t2 ,helios by 8 horses1 & ,apollo by 8 b[2 ,aphrodite or ,v5us by ! gold5 apple won by ! mo/ beautiful2 ,pallas ,a!ne1 or ! ,roman ,m9]va1 z goddess ( ! arts1 by h] s]p5t1 h] lamp1 & h] owl ( wisdom2 ,artemis or ,diana by ! cresc5t moon2 ,h]mes or ,m]cury by 8 caduceus--! s]p5t-tw9$ /aff1 :i* has 9 mod]n times become an emblem ( comm]ce--s9ce ,m]cury 0 ! mess5g]1 ! fet*] & c>ri] ( ! anci5ts1 quick-witt$ & ke51 &1 accord+ to "s leg5ds1 n ov] scrupul\s4 ,8 rod & s]p5ts h ref]5ce to ! /ory ( 8 p>t+ two snakes 9 combat1 9 :i* might be read a mod]n mean+ ( ! individual ga9+ =tune ?r\gh comm]cial competition1 ?\gh t is n its usual signification4 ,i only (f] x z an example ( read+ a new mean+ into an anci5t symbol4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ,h]acles or ,h]cules be>s ! apples ( ! ,hesp]ides1 or ! ,nemean lion's sk9 & 8 club4 ,9 ! ,hesp]ides /ory ( ! dragon-gu>d$ tree ( gold5 apples1 & its ?ree gu>dian si/]s1 we seem to h ano!r =m ( ! tree ( life & ! fates4 ,an int]e/+ ,greek relievo 9 m>ble1 enri*$ ) mosaic 9 p>ts1 at ,wilton ,h\se1 %[s ! ,hesp]idean tree ) ! apples1 & tw9$ ) ! gu>dian s]p5t1 ) ,p>is seat$ & ,aphrodite approa*+ z if ask+ = ! apple--! prize ( ! mo/ fair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us ,,& ,,p>is4 ,,! ,,apples ,,( ,,! ,,hesp]ides4 ,,f ,a ,,relief ,,at ,,wilton ,,h\se4 ,9 ! anci5t ,greek /ory ( ,p&ora & h] box--s sugge/ive a subject to arti/s1 & fruitful 9 art--we h ! classical v]sion ( ! fall ( man & orig9 ( evil4 ,9 ! no less picturesque & poetical /ory ( ,p]sephone 7or ,pros]p9a71 ! daught] ( ,c]es1 c>ri$ away by ,pluto1 ! k+ ( ! und]world1 d>kness1 & dea?1 we h a beautiful allegory ( ! spr+ & ! w9t]1 s9ce ,p]sephone 0 all[$ to return e ye> to ! e>? = a season1 aft] %e _h eat5 ( ! fatal pomegranate tree :i* grew 9 ,pluto's g>d54 ,"o might multiply in/ances ( ! symbolic "* ( classical /ory & its symbolic embodim5t 9 ,greek & ,roman art1 b we mu/ pass on to t\* ^u o!r s\rces & aspects ( symbolism & emblem 9 art4 ,we "k t _m ( our old fairy tales h a symbolical orig9 9 anci5t my?ology1 & h tak5 new & v>i$ =ms & local col\rs z !y h travell$ f _! s\!rn & ea/]n homes1 & become naturaliz$ 9 ! art & lit]atures ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 su* tales z ,jack & ! ,bean/alk & ,! ,sleep+ ,beauty 9 ! ,wood1 ! climb+ h]o asc5d+ ! heav5s to de/roy ! giant ( d>kness1 9 ! fir/1 ! h]o p5etrat+ ! d>kness & awak5+ 8 de/9$ bride f h] en*ant$ sleep1 9 ! second1 = in/ance1 ! old sol> my?ology has be5 trac$1 & if we c\ld trace ! old folk tales back to _! s\rces we might f9d !m all relat$ to primitive my?ology or h]o & ance/or wor%ip4 ,?us d ! spirits ( ! remote pa/ sit at our firesides /ill1 & k9dle ! imag9ation ( our little folks3 & 9 ! ri* tape/ry ( /ory & picture :i* ea* age weaves ar\nd x1 elem5ts f _m diff]5t s\rces are cont9ually & almo/ inextricably int]wov51 z if ! w>p ( human wond] & imag9ation 0 cross$ ) _m col\r$ ?reads ( my?ological lore1 hi/ory & allegory1 symbolism & romance4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 no less ?an ! pagans1 felt ! necessity = symbols ( _! fai?2 & :ile at fir/ borr[+ consid]ably1 & incorporat+ 9 _! art =ms belong+ to ! o!r fai? !y 7 supplant+1 gradually1 ) ! rise ( p[] & influ5ce1 emblems m peculi>ly belong+ to an expression ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal 7 adopt$1 or und]w5t consid]able trans=mation4 ,! design met ) 9 ! mosaics ( ! six? c5tury at ,rav5na1 ! mausoleum ( ,galla ,placidia1 ( ! two /ags dr9k+ f a f\nta91 embody+ ! ,psalmi/'s v]se beg9n+1 ,z ! h>t pante? = ! wat] brooks1 al?\gh f ! imag]y ( ! old] ,scriptures1 became an emblem ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! peacock appe>s1 too1 9 ,byzant9e art1 c>v$ ^u /one s>cophagi z an emblem ( immortal life1 ei!r f ! _m eyes its fea!rs always op51 or m probably because ! eye fea!rs are %$ & r5ew !mselves e ye>4 ,! v9e1 too1 appe>s con/antly z a ,*ri/ian emblem1 al?\gh ) ! ,greeks x 0 sacr$ to ,dionysos1 & repres5t$ to !m ! div9e1 life-giv+ e>?-_s cont9ually r5ew+ itself1 & br++ joy to m54 ,al?\gh ! symbolic use no less ?an ! decorative beauty ( w+$ figures _h long ago be5 recogniz$1 z ,asiatic1 ,egyptian1 & ,greek art %[1 yet ! ,*ri/ian angel1 bo? 9 its ref9$1 half-classical =m1 z develop$ by ! e>ly ,italian pa9t]s & sculptors f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>ds1 & 9 nor!rn ,go?ic "w1 became a di/9ct & beautiful type 9 art4 ,9 ! "w ( ,fra ,angelico & ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli ! angel figures are especially lovely4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,*ri/ian ,,emblem4 ,,/ags ,,dr9k+ 7,,mausoleo ,,di ,,galla ,,placidia1 ,,rav5na74 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,*ri/ian ,,emblem4 ,,peacocks ,,& ,,v9e4 ,,s>cophagus 7,,/4 ,,apoll9>e ,,9 ,,classe1 ,,rav5na74 ,illu/ration3 ,brogi ,photo4 ,,fra ,,angelico4 ,,angel 7,,uffizi1 ,,flor5ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,brogi ,photo4 ,,fra ,,angelico4 ,,angel 7,,uffizi1 ,,flor5ce74 ,no less di/9ct 9 its grotesqu5ess 0 ! m$ival devil1 al?\gh its orig9 0 v probably ! satyr ( anci5t classical art4 ,! ,roman satyr1 ) goat-legs & ho(s1 be>d$ head1 horns1 & tail1 furni%es1 9 fact1 a v close prototype2 &1 be+ bann$ long ago z pagan :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 9 h&-to-h& conflict ) paganism1 w\ld be suffici5t to associate su* a =m ) evil4 ,!re are "s fi5ds repres5t$ 9 ,orcagna's fresco1 ,! ,triumph ( ,dea?1 :i* are q satyr-l1 despite talons & bats' w+s4 ,al?\gh ) ! ,greeks ! great god ,pan is a mild & g5tle deity en\gh1 & ?\gh ( ! e>? e>?y1 9 a s5se1 yet z symbolical ( spontane\s nature1 & simple animal exi/5ce1 pip+ on 8 re$s by ! riv]side1 he always rema9s a fav\rite ) ! poet & ! arti/4 ,signorelli1 = in/ance1 9 a beautiful picture 7:i* our ,national ,gall]y someh[ miss$ ! opportunity ( acquir+71 gives a f9e pres5tm5t ( him4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! m$ival embodim5ts ( evil ) ! anci5t ,p]sian symbolical repres5tation ( a combat ( a k+ ) a griff91 :i* may repres5t ! conflict ( ,ormuzd & ,ahrimanes z ! typical pr9ciples or embodi$ p[]s ( good & ( evil4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,orcagna4 ,,fi5ds ,,f ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,dea? 7,,fresco4 ,,campo ,,santo1 ,,pisa74 ,! creature 7repres5t+ evil7 is w+$1 & has birds' claws = its h9d feet 7l ,orcagna's fi5ds71 & lions' paws = its =e feet1 ! body ( an ox or horse1 ! beak ( an eagle or griff91 9 "s in/ances1 9 o!rs x appe>s ) a bull's head1 & is c]ta9ly sugge/ive ( p[] & t]ror4 ,! fav\rite ,greek conception ( ! c5taur1 too1 is an expressive symbolic embodim5t ( animal =ce1 & ! my?ical sculptural combat 9 ! metopes ( ! ,p>!non is aga9 sugge/ive ( ! conflict betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] elem5ts ( human nature4 ,return+ aga9 to ,*ri/ian art1 we f9d ! image ( ! lamb1 ) ! bann] ( ! cross1 0 ! badge ( ! ,templ>2 & we f9d abundant symbolism 9 ! v>i\s emblems & attributes ( ! apo/les1 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs1 di/+ui%$ by ! v>i\s emblems ( _! evangel1 conv]sion1 or m>tyrdom4 ,! my/ic symbols ( ! f\r evangeli/s are well kn[n to e ecclesia/ical design]--! angel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! lion ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ! bull ( ,/4 ,luke1 ! eagle ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! w+$ lion ( ,/4 ,m>k has become ! di/+ui%+ badge ( ! city ( ,v5ice1 s9ce ! evangeli/ 0 suppos$ to be buri$ 9 ! great *ur* d$icat$ to 8 "n4 ,its image 9 bronze ^u ! column 9 ! ,piazza impresses itself ^u ! eye & imag9ation ( e visitor1 :ile ^u ! companion columns we see ! patron sa9t ( ! anci5t republic--,/4 ,isidore1 ) ! crocodile4 ,plac$ !re 9 #acbi1 ! /atue recalls ! e>ly days ( ,v5ice1 & sugge/s its connection ) ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,combat ,,( ,,k+ ,,) ,,griff9 ,,anci5t ,,p]sian ,,sculpture ,,p]sepolis4 ,f ,p]rot ,*ipiez ,hi/ ( ,anci5t ,art 9 ,p]sia aft] ,fl&r9 ,co/e4 ,n[ national h]aldry is (t5 d]iv$ f ! be>+s ( families or *iefs4 ,( su* is our royal /&>d ) its ,plantag5et leop>ds & r$ lion ( ! ,scotti% k+s4 ,?\gh 9 ! ,iri% h>p we seem to get a purely national emblem1 /rictly speak+ x is ! h]aldic be>+ ( "o ( ! f\r prov9ces--,le9/]4 ,^! h]aldic be>+s & badges _h _! orig9 9 v remote times1 & take u back to e>lie/ =ms ( human society1 to ! g5s1 & ! tribe1 :o nam$ !mselves aft] "s animal or plant1 & adopt$ x z ! di/+ui%+ m>k & ensign ( ! family to :i* !y belong$1 or to su* primitive times z we read ( 9 ,mr4 ,william ,morris's ,roots ( ! ,m\nta9s & ,h\se ( ! ,wolf+s1 :]e he speaks ( ,! ,h\se ( ! ,/e] & ,! ,h\se ( ! ,rav54 ,! di/+ui%+ badges w\ld be c>v$ or pa9t$ ov] ! por*1 & borne ^u ! %ield ( ! *ief & ! bann] 9 battle4 ,9 feudal times ! practice 0 cont9u$ until family h]aldry1 ow+ to int]m>riage1 became v complicat$1 & family %ields mu* qu>t]$4 ,di/9ctness & def9ite *>act]ization ( =m 7 highly necess>y1 s9ce 9 battle x 0 important to di/+ui% y\r enemies f y\r fri5ds1 & ! bann] ( ! *iefta91 ! knight1 or k+1 w\ld be ! rally+ po9t = _! foll[]s & reta9]s4 ,h]aldry became regulat$ by /rict rules1 & is n[ call$ a sci5ce1 ?\gh its vitality & mean+ h dep>t$1 except 9 an antiqu>ian & ar*ological s5se4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 decorative value to ! design]1 z illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( c\nt]*ange ( col\rs1 & f ! h]aldry ( ! m$ival p]iod mu* may be le>n$ 9 po9t ( decorative treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,=ms ,,( ,,%ields3 ,norman ,%ield4 ,f a ,,ms4 ( ! #ab? ,c5tury 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,anci5t ,roman ,%ield 7,scutum7 ,trajan's ,column4 ,anci5t ,greek ,%ield1 ,cylix ,p9aco!ca4 ,muni*4 ,go?ic4 ,%ield ( ,john de ,he]e1 #accb1 f a brass at ,brussels4 ,%ield ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 #acgf4 ,duke ( ,saxony1 #aejj4 ,,sidonia ( ,saxony1 #aeaj4 ,,brass1 ,de ,rivis1 #aefg1 ,brussels4 ,r5asc5ce ,%ield1 ) helmet mantl+ ,pa9t$ glass4 ,li*field ,ca!dral4 ,! %ield itself v>ies consid]ably 9 =m4 ,!re is ! r\nd %ield ( ! anci5ts us$ bo? by ,greeks & ,norsem54 ,?is ) ! ,greeks _h pieces cut out at ! sides sometimes4 ,!re 0 also a moon-%ap$ %ield1 simil> 9 =m to ! %ield us$ by our old invad]s ! ,danes4 ,!n we get ! p>allelogram1 kite-%ap$ & oval %ields ( ! ,romans2 ! kite-%ap$ %ield ( ! ,normans2 ! lancet po9t$ %ield1 cut squ>e at ! top1 ( ! fir/ crusades4 ,! ,go?ic %ield becomes m v>i\sly holl[$ & %ap$ ) ! developm5t ( plate arm\r1 & 9 ! fifte5? c5tury frequ5tly has a space cut out on ! out] edge to all[ ( ! tilt+ lance ( ! knight pass+ ?r\gh )\t int]f]+ ) ! gu>d4 ,9 ,r5asc5ce times !re 0 a revival ( classical & fanciful =ms 9 %ields1 & a return to its orig9al =m 9 ! escut*eon1 ! t]m be+ d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 7cutis7 ^w = sk9 or hide1 :i* cov]$ ! anci5t %ields3 b ) ! use ( fire-arms %ields decl9$1 until ! small /eel buckl] = ! %ort-sword became its la/ work+ repres5tative4 ,! "* & ! art ( h]aldic devices v>ies v mu* accord+ to ^! *anges 9 me?ods ( w>f>e1 & 0 also affect$ by ! /ate ( ! arts g5]ally4 ,we h only to comp>e ! bold & frank h]aldry ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ) ! coa*-pa9t]'s h]aldry ( ! pres5t to realize ! great *ange 9 feel+4 ,comp>e a ,plantag5et lion ) a ,victorian "o1 a m$ival griff9 ) a n9ete5? c5tury specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,,sicilian ,,silk ,,tissue4 ,,twelf? ,,c5tury 7,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum74 ,! ,go?ic h]aldic design] felt he mu/ be simple & bold = ! sake bo? ( di/9ctness & ornam5tal effect4 ,he emphasiz$ c]ta9 features ( 8 animals3 he insi/$ v mu*1 = in/ance1 ^u ! claws ( ! lion1 its mane & tail1 its op5 m\? & tongue2 9 %ort1 he felt x 0 8 fir/ bus9ess to make a bold & /rik+ patt]n1 & :atev] ! =ms ( 8 h]aldry1 !y 7 controll$ by ?is feel+4 ,h]aldic devices =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! ornam5tal design ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 all k9ds ( mat]ials4 ,!y 7 abundantly us$ 9 dress patt]ns & 9 hang+s & textiles ( all k9ds4 ,9 ! beautiful ,sicilian silk /uffs1 = in/ance1 a lead+ feature ( ! repeat (t5 consi/s ( an emblematic or h]aldic device ( animals or birds1 :i* give "* & agreeable massiv5ess to ! patt]n4 ,m$ival brasses af=d _m beautiful examples ( h]aldic treatm5t4 ,inde$1 = ornam5tal feel+1 express$ by v simple means & "u v limit$ conditions1 ^? ( ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies af=d beautiful in/ances1 :i* may be mo/ pr(itably /udi$ by design]s ( all k9ds4 ,mr4 ,cre5y's book on ! ,cont95tal brasses may be recomm5d$ z conta9+ _m v beautiful examples f 8 own rubb+s1 notably f ,belgium4 ,two specim5s are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ex ,,bello ,,pax4 7,f ,alciati's ,emblems1 #aebb47 ,b ! love ( symbol & emblem did n expire ) ! vig\r ( h]aldic design4 ,inde$1 a c]ta9 impetus 0 giv5 to x by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 :i*1 div]t+ x into ano!r *annel1 seem$ to give x fre% life 9 association ) lit]ature4 ,! sixte5? c5tury 0 rem>kable = its love ( allegory & emblem1 :i* 0 no d\bt /imulat$ by ! op5+ up ( ! /ores ( classical lore at ! ,r5asc5ce1 & by ! g5]al /ir & activity ( ?\ght ( a "t ( transition1 :5 new & old ideas 7 9 conflict or 9 process ( fusion4 ,life 0 full ( v>iety1 contra/1 hope1 fe>1 /rife1 love1 art1 romance & poetry1 le>n+ & ! beg9n+s ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,out ( ! see?+s ( su* elem5ts1 jo9$ ) ! relics ( m$ival navet & qua9tness1 came into exi/5ce ! emblem book1 :i* (f]$ compact pictorial epigrams1 by means ( ! woodcut & ! pr9t+ press1 to fit e phase ( human life1 ?\ght1 & vicissitude4 ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea? 0 really a book ( emblems1 & ! subject 0 a fav\rite "o ) ! ,g]man sixte5? c5tury design]s4 ,v anci5t ideas reappe>$ 9 ^! books1 une>!d by s*ol>s1 f all sorts ( s\rces1 f ! anci5t ,egyptians onw>ds4 ,su* designs z ^? ( ! pelican fe$+ its "y f its own brea/1 & ! /ork c>ry+ its p>5t on its back1 con/antly reappe>2 & also ! bees mak+ _! hive 9 a helmet1 ) ! motto ,ex bello pax1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ,samson's riddle ( sweetness & /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=tune1 7,f ,alciati's ,emblems1 #aebb47 ,! device ( ! crab1 too1 ) a butt]fly betwe5 its claws1 & ! motto ,fe/9a l5te--ha/5 sl[ly--is a fav\rite4 ,! phnix1 also1 borr[$ f anci5t ,egypt1 b n[adays g5]ally associat$ ) life insurance4 ,=tune1 ) ! sail ( a %ip /&+ on a globe1 & sometimes a :eel1 float+ 9 a tempe/u\s sea1 to express h] fickl5ess & unc]ta9ty1 (t5 appe>s4 ,! fate ( ,ambition1 9 ! fable ( ,phaeton fall+ f ,apollo's c>2 ! snake 9 ! grass--,latet anguis 9 h]ba2 lab\r 9 va91 a man p\r+ wat] into a sieve1 ! sieve held by bl9dfold ,love1 also figures2 ! ass load$ ) da9ties & ri* food1 b /oop+ to eat ! ?i/le by ! wayside1 appe>s z a symbol ( ,av>ice4 sop's fables 7 utiliz$1 & classical my?ology1 9 fact all 0 fi% to ! moral net ( ! emblem design]1 & ! multiplication ( su* collections 9 pr9t$ books is evid5ce ( ! moraliz+1 philosophiz+ t5d5cy ( ! times1 & ! love ( p]sonify+ & imag+ ideas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ambition1 7,f ,alciati's ,emblems1 #aebb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,av>ice1 7,f ,alciati's ,emblems1 #aebb47 ,elaborate designs1 su* z "o ( ,romeyn de ,hooghe 7#afgj7--;foll[+ ! tablet ( ,cebes1 ,b4,c4 #cij1 or ! ,lat9 v]sion ( #aejg--;allegoriz+ human life z a :ole1 f bir? to dea?1 "u ! device ( a labyr9? or maze1 ) figures w&]+ ab\t 9 its walks1 "u diff]5t influ5ces1 d[n to simple devices l ! mo? & ! c&le1 are compreh5d$ 9 ^! emblem books2 b x is only r$uc+ to small compass & to compact1 portable1 & popul> =m ! same _s ( qua9t inv5tion :i* cov]$ ! walls & ceil+s ( great h\ses & public halls & tape/ries ) p]sonifications1 l ! spl5did s]ies ( ! ,triumphs ( ,petr>*1 ,love1 ,"t1 ,dea?1 & ,*a/ity 9 our ,national ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 z well z endless embodim5ts ( ! seasons1 ! s5ses1 ! virtues1 & ! vices4 ,emblematic art1 h[ev]1 l h]aldry1 became ov]laid ) p$antry1 & its arti/ic int]e/ di$ :5 its =m became prescrib$1 & prec$5t & rule took ! place ( orig9al inv5tion4 ,! *ief scope = symbol & emblem 9 our "t lies 9 ! prov9ce ( decorative design1 :i* 9 its highe/ =ms may be reg>d$ z ! metre or poetry ( art4 ,! design]1 l ! poet1 rejoices 9 c]ta9 limitations1 :i*1 :ile !y fix & control 8 =m & treatm5t1 leave him extraord9>y fre$om 9 deal+ sugge/ively ) !mes difficult or impossible to be approa*$ 9 purely naturali/ic =m4 ,x is true we f9d emblematic art 9 v /iff & degrad$ =ms1 & appli$ to q humdrum purposes4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 comm]ce1 = in/ance1 & "o may f9d classical fable & symbolism r$uc$ to a trade m>k or a po/]4 ,/ill trade m>ks1 aft] all1 fill ! place1 9 our mod]n comm]cial w>1 ( ! old knightly h]aldry--%orn ( its spl5d\r & romance1 c]ta9ly--& giv5 trade m>ks & po/]s !y might z well be design$1 & w\ld s]ve _! purpose m effectively if !y 7 treat$ m accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( m$ival h]aldry1 s9ce !y w\ld ga9 at once "*1 di/9ctness1 & decorative effect4 ,allegorical art has1 too1 a mod]n popul> =m 9 ! region ( political satire & c>icature1 (t5 pot5t to /ir or to conc5trate political feel+4 ,?is is almo/ a di/9ct prov9ce1 to :i* _m able & vigor\s arti/s devote _! lives & %[ _! inv5tion 9 ! effective way 9 :i* ! political situation is put into "s piece ( famili> symbolism :i* all c recognize & rememb]4 ,9 ! region ( poetic design symbolism mu/ always hold its place4 ,:5 ! arti/ desires to so> a little above ! pass+ mom5t to sugge/ ! pa/1 to pe] into ! future2 :5 he looks at human life z a complete :ole1 & ! life ( ! race z an unbrok5 *a92 :5 he w\ld deal ) ?\ghts ( mans orig9 & de/9y1 ( ! p[]s & passions t sway him1 ( love1 ( hope & fe>1 ( ! my/]y ( life & nature1 ! drama ( ! seasons1 he mu/ use figurative language1 & seek ! beautiful & p]man5t images ( emblematic design4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,( ,,! ,,graphic ,,influ5ce1 ,,or ,,naturalism ,,9 ,,design ,,! graphic influ5ce6 my read]s may exclaim1 :at exi/5ce has design ap>t f ?is1 s9ce ! depict+ p[] ) :atev] p5cil1 bru%1 modell+ tool1 *isel1 p5 is by its v nature b\nd up ) x8 ,t is q true1 yet = all t !re is disc]nible a v di/9ct l9e ( cleavage 9 art1 a di/9ction ( _s & aim :i* seems to h divid$ or *>act]iz$ arti/s & epo*s f ! v e>lie/4 ,i h (t5 allud$ to ! draw+s ( ! prehi/oric cave m54 ,^! graphic outl9es ( animals1 al?\gh g5]ally incis$ ^u ! h&les ( weapons1 always appe> to me to indicate ! purely naturali/ic aim z di/9ct f ! ornam5tal s5se1 z if ! fir/ object ( ! primitive arti/ _h be5 to get z exact a pr(ile z possible ( ! animals he knew2 j z a mod]n arti/1 ) sup]ior facilities ( p5cil & pap]1 might make sket*es at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s )\t any idea ( mak+ !m p>ts ( a decorative design4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce seems to be t 9 purely graphic or naturali/ic draw+ individual *>act]i/ics or diff]5ces are s\ght =1 :ile 9 ornam5tal or decorative draw+ typical =ms or correspond5ces are s\ght =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prehi/oric ,,graphic ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,cave ,,m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,prehi/oric ,,graphic ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,cave ,,m54 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( hi/oric art 9 diff]5t c\ntries & among diff]5t peoples1 "u diff]5t social & political sy/ems1 we may yet disc]n a k9d ( /rife = asc5d5cy betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples1 :i* /ill divide ! _w ( art2 & ?\gh 9 ! mo/ p]fect art ! two are f\nd reconcil$ & h>moniz$1 z be+ really two sides ( ! same "q1 ! g5]al feel+ = art seems to sw+ f "o side to ! o!r1 l ! tides 9 ebb & fl[4 ,at "o "t human feel+ 9 art seeks to p]petuate types1 symbols1 & emblems ( ! wond] ( life & ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 z 9 ! art ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,at ano!r its int]e/ is absorb$ 9 ! repres5tation ( individual *>act]i/ics & v>ieties1 /riv+ to foll[ nature ?r\gh h] endless subtleties & trans=mations1 z 9 our own day2 :5 ! diff]5t aims inspir+ our arti/s might be set d[n z-- 7#a7 ,! desire to realize1 or to repres5t ?+s z !y are4 7#b7 ,! desire to realize1 or to repres5t ?+s z !y appe> to be4 ,"u :atev] diff]5ces ( me?od or mat]ial1 ,i believe x w be f\nd t ?is real diff]5ce ( m5tal attitude beh9d !m acc\nts = ! v>ieties we see1 t is to say1 9 any g5u9e & ?\ghtful "w4 ,e s9c]e arti/ naturally desires to realize 8 conception to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 9 ! mo/ h>moni\s & =ceful way2 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( a "w ( art ( any k9d !re are problems to be solv$ at e turn4 ,is x a piece ( repeat+ surface ornam5t we are design+8 ,we feel we mu/ subord9ate p>ts to ! :ole1 we mu/ see t our lead+ /ructural l9es are h>moni\s1 we _c emphasize a bit ( detail )\t ref]5ce to ! total effect4 ,we may f9d ! design wants simplify+1 & h to /rike out ev5 "s elem5t ( beauty4 ,su* sacrifices are frequ5tly necess>y4 ,our love ( naturalism may induce u to "w up our details1 our leaves & fl[]s1 to vie ) natural appe>ance 9 full light & relief1 until we f9d we are los+ ! repose & s5se ( quiet planes ess5tial to patt]n "w1 & gett+ beyond ! capacities ( our mat]ial1 s t we may realize t ev5 skill & graphic p[] may be in>ti/ic if wrongly appli$ or wa/$ 9 inappropriate places4 ,is x a l&scape we desire to transcribe or express ^u pap] or canvas8 ,sun & %ad[ flit across x1 *ang+ e mom5t d>k to light & light to d>k1 s t ! g5]al emphasis & expression ( ! sc5e con/antly v>y1 l ! expression ( a human face1 z we wat* x4 ,:i* %all we *oose8 ,:i* seems ! mo/ expressive1 ! mo/ beautiful8 ,aga91 %all we cont5t ourselves ) a g5]al sup]ficial impression1 leav+ details vague8 ,%all we aim at tru? ( tone1 or tru? ( local col\r8 ,%all we dwell on ! l9es ( ! composition8 ,%all we sp5d all our c>e ^u gett+ ! planes "r1 or rely = our ma9 int]e/ ^u light & %ade & delicate def9ition ( detail8 ,all ^! diff]5t problems belong to graphic repres5tation ( nature1 to graphic me?ods ( draw+ & design1 & ! "w ( diff]5t arti/s is di/+ui%$ usually by ! way 9 :i* !y seem to feel--! p>ticul> aspect or tru? on :i* !y mo/ly dwell 9 _! "w4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract symbolic or ornam5tal draw+ 9 pure outl9e mu/ h "s graphic quality1 ?\gh int5tionally limit$ to ! expression ( few facts4 ,! me?od by :i* an anci5t ,egyptian pa9t] or hi]oglyphic c>v] block$ out a vulture or a hawk1 rely+ ei!r solely on tru? ( mass or silh\ette1 or on outl9e & emphatic m>k+ ( ! masses ( ! plumage1 or ! sali5t *>act]i/ics1 su* z claws & beak1 al?\gh extremely ab/ract1 0 full ( natural tru? & fact z f> z x w5t1 & left no d\bt z to ! birds depict$4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,treatm5t ( ,birds 7f pa9t$ ,mummy ,cases1 ,briti% ,museum7 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d ( quality is f\nd 9 ,japanese draw+s ( birds1 ) less sev]ity & monum5tal feel+4 ,! graphic or naturali/ic feel+ is /ronge/ & ! individual accid5ts are dwelt ^u4 ,9 mod]n ,european natural hi/ory draw+s ( birds & animals1 we (t5 lose ?is bold graphic s5se ( "* 9 ! g5]al aspect1 :ile small sup]ficial details ( plumage & textures are c>efully att5d$ to4 ,!re is (t5 less life ?\gh actually m lik5ess4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 9 ! developm5t ( ! art ( a p seems to h be5 f ! =mal1 monum5tal1 & symbolic type ( repres5tation & design 9 /rict relation to ar*itectural /ructure & decoration1 t[>ds fre] naturalism1 individual portraiture1 & a loos] graphic /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,f[l]4 ,,wall ,,pa9t+4 ,,n9ete5? ,,dyna/y 7,,briti% ,,museum74 ,we may trace ?is t5d5cy ev5 9 ! /rictly monum5tal & /]eotyp$ art ( anci5t ,egypt1 :i* notably 9 ! portrait sculpture ev5 ( ! anci5t empire is rem>kable = extraord9>y realism2 & 9 ! wall pa9t+s ( ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,!ban empire 7z 9 ! tomb ( ,b5i ,hasan71 :i* %[ consid]able fre$om & vitality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,graphic ,,art4 ,,f ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,birds ,,( ,,b>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,graphic ,,art4 ,,f ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,birds ,,( ,,b>i4 ,a mo/ notable example ( realism is ! fam\s ,scribe 9 ! ,l\vre1 a col\r$ /atuette1 believ$ to date f ! fif? or six? dyna/y1 ( extraord9>y vitality4 ,! eyes consi/ ( an iris ( rock cry/al1 surm\nt+ a metal pupil1 & set 9 an eyeball ( opaque :ite qu>tz4 ,greek sculpture1 aga91 %[s a gradual developm5t f ! ar*aic p]iod1 9 :i* x resembles e>ly ,asiatic art1 up to ! ref9em5t1 fre$om1 & beauty ( design ( ! ,phidian p]iod1 :5 ! balance betwe5 naturali/ic feel+ & monum5tal feel+ appe>s to h be5 p]fect4 ,!n lat]1 z ! result ( a desire = m obvi\s naturalism & dramatic expression1 we get q a diff]5t feel+ 9 ! sculptures ( ! frieze ( ! great alt> at ,p]gamos1 :i* repres5ts ! /rife ( ! gods & ! ,titans--a trem5d\s subject1 work$ out ) extraord9>y p[]1 skill1 & le>n+ 9 alto relievo2 b despite ! en]gy & dramatic movem5t1 aft] ! delicacy & reposeful beauty ( ! ,p>!non sculptures1 we feel t ^! qualities h be5 ga9$ at a consid]able co/ & loss2 b x is int]e/+ z repres5t+ ! m reali/ic & dramatic side ( ,greek art4#aa #aa ,! orig9al slabs are 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 b ca/s ( "s may be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,scribe4 ,,portrait ,,/atuette4 ,,fif? ,,( ,,six? ,,dyna/y 7,,l\vre74 ,b ! grace & *>m ( ,greek art nev] seem$ really to die out4 ,all ! be/ ,roman art 0 inspir$ by x1 if n actually c>ri$ out by ,greek arti/s2 &1 ow+ to ,greek colonies1 ,greek traditions _h long be5 naturaliz$ 9 ,italy1 :]e !y f\nd a cong5ial soil4 ,f9e portrait sculpture 0 done 9 ! imp]ial p]iod--z ! ,augu/us & ! head ( ,julius ,cs> & _m o!r well-kn[n bu/s te/ify4 ,also ! tru? & beauty ( "s ( _! animal sculpture we may see 9 ! f9e /yle ( ! frieze ( sacrificial animals discov]$ 9 #ahgb 9 ! ,=um4 ,we seem to see ! ,greek _s 9 ! decorative spl5d\r ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 & aga91 9 ,italian dress1 inspir+ ! pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! e>ly ,r5asc5ce1 9 ! "w ( ,giotto1 ,ghib]ti1 & ,donatello = in/ance4 ,) ! developm5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury a new & di/9ct feel+ = naturalism arose1 :i* influ5c$ ?r\gh ar*itecture all ! arts ( design4 ,9 fact1 all ?r\gh ! ,go?ic p]iod design seems to h _h m ! "* ( a vital organic gr[?1 controll$ by a c]ta9 tradition & ! influ5ce ( ar*itectural /yle1 yet )9 ^! limits & ^? ( ! mat]ial ( its expression develop+ an extraord9>y fre$om bo? ( inv5tion & graphic p[]1 :i* culm9at$ at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 or 0 p]haps absorb$ by ! classicism ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,?irte5? c5tury ,go?ic sculpture at its be/1 z we f9d x 9 ,france1 has almo/ ! simplicity1 grace1 & natural feel+ ( ,greek "w4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! figures f ! we/ front ( ,aux]re ,ca!dral1 & also 9 ! por* ( ,ami5s2 & 9 ! portrait effigies ( ?is p]iod & onw>ds ?r\gh ! ?ree c5turies 9 ^? ( our own ca!drals & *ur*es we f9d abundant evid5ce ( graphic p[] 9 c>eful & *>act]i/ic portraiture1 unit$ ) beauty ( design 9 detail & decorative effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$ ,,frieze ,,discov]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,=um1 #ahgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sculpture ,,f ,,aux]re ,,ca!dral4 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sculpture ,,f ,,ami5s ,,ca!dral4 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,:at we %\ld call realism comes out wond]fully 9 ! treatm5t ( ! /atue ( ,/4 ,m>?a at ,/4 ,urba91 ,troyes1 a "w ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,go?ic art1 too1 0 a famili> art1 intimate & sympa!tic ) human life 9 all its v>ieties4 ,9 ! beautiful illum9at$ ,psalt]s1 ,missals1 ,books ( ,h\rs1 & *ronicles ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! life ( ^? days is pres5t$ 9 bright & vivid col\rs4 ,we see ! lab\r]s at "w 9 ! fields1 pl\gh+1 s[+1 reap+1 ?re%+1 tread+ ! w9e-press4 ,we see ! huntsman1 ! fi%]man1 & ! %eph]d2 ! scribe at 8 "w1 ! sa9t at 8 pray]s1 ! knight at arms4 ,! spl5d\r & pomp ( j\/s & t\rnam5ts1 ) all _! bright col\r & qua9t h]aldry2 we see ! k+ 9 8 erm9e1 & ! begg> 9 8 rags1 ! monk 9 8 cell1 ! gallant ) 8 lute--delicate m9iatures (t5 set 9 burni%$ gold1 & adorn$ ) op5 fret-"w or bord]s ( fl[]s & leaves4 ,^! bord]s 9 c\rse ( "t f a purely fanciful ornam5tal "* become real leaves1 fl[]s or fruit1 z 9 ! ,grimani ,brevi>y1 attribut$ to ,meml+1 ! fam\s ,flemi% pa9t]1 :]e ! bord]s are 9 "s pages naturali/ic pa9t+s ( leaves & b]ries1 birds & butt]flies1 on gold gr\nds ) ca/ %ad[s4 ,"h we get ! naturali/ic feel+ dom9at+ aga9 & ! pictorial skill ( ! m9iaturi/ triumph+1 b ! effect is /ill ri* & ornam5tal4 ,:5 ! pr9t+ press 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury began to rival ! scribe ) 8 manuscript1 x (f]$ 9 ! woodcut a new me?od to ! arti/1 :i* l$ to a new developm5t ( graphic p[] & design by means ( l9e & black & :ite1 ?\gh at fir/ int5d$ m]ely z a me?od ( furni%+ ! illum9ator ) outl9$ designs z book illu/rations & ornam5ts to be fill$ 9 ) col\r & gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,m>?a 7,,/4 ,,urba91 ,,troyes74 ,illu/ration3 ,,meml+4 ,,deliv]ance ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet] 7,,grimani ,,brevi>y74 ,illu/ration3 ,,meml+4 ,,david ,,plac+ ,,! ,,ark ,,9 ,,! ,,tab]nacle 7,,grimani ,,brevi>y74 ,! black & :ite effect1 h[ev]1 grew to be lik$ = its own sake3 n only 0 x f\nd to af=d a consid]able range ( decorative effect by diff]5t treatm5t ( l9e & solid black1 b ! graphic design] f\nd 9 ! ri* vigor\s woodcut l9e a sugge/ive & emphatic means ( expression4 ,! be/ arti/s ( ! "t gave !mselves to ! "w1 & notably 9 ,g]many1 ! home ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ itself4 ,cologne1 ,ma9z1 ,augsburg1 ,ulm1 ,nuremb]g 7 all fam\s c5tres ( activity 9 ! pr9t]'s art1 z well z ,v5ice & ,flor5ce1 ,basle & ,p>is4 ,up to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,go?ic & ornam5tal feel+ is /ill dom9ant 9 ! treatm5t ( ! design ( woodcuts 9 books1 & mo/ in/ructive & sugge/ive !y are 9 simplicity ( me?od & l9e1 & directness ( expression4 ,*>act]i/ic ,g]man "w ( ,go?ic feel+ & consid]able graphic =ce is se5 9 ! woodcuts ( ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle 7#adic7 design$ by ,mi*ael ,wolgemu?1 ! ma/] ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,9 ^! vigor\s cuts we may pla9ly see ! tradition ( t ,go?ic feel+ & /yle ( graphic design aft]w>ds develop$ 9 ! "w ( ! great ,g]man design]4 ,! spl5did woodcuts ( ,dr]'s ,apocalypse1 & ( ! ,little ,passion1 & ! design call$ ,! ,cannon 7#aeah71 give u fur!r insight into 8 me?od ( draw+ & 8 graphic p[]2 & "o c h>dly g to /rong] or bett] examples = ! /udy ( expression by means ( bold l9e "w1 a comm& ( :i* is mo/ valuable to design]s 9 all mat]ials1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 especially s to ^? :o desire to make black & :ite draw+ _! pr9cipal pursuit4 ,= ,dr]'s f9] l9e treatm5t on copp] !re is no bett] example ?an ! portrait ( ,erasmus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,,! ,,apocalypse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,erasmus1 #aebf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,,! ,,cannon1 #aeac4 ,! /yle ( draw+ %[n 9 ^! woodcuts 0 no d\bt to a great ext5t det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! me?od ( cutt+ ! block4 ,! draw+ on ! smoo? plank--n on ! cross section ( ! tree1 z 9 mod]n wood-engrav+--0 actually cut ) a knife1 n a grav]4 ,ea* l9e _h to be excavat$1 z x 71 f ! surface1 ! gr\nd or :ite "p sunk ea* side1 s z to make x take ! ink & pr9t ! impression ( its surface %>ply ^u ! pap] 9 ! press4 ,^! conditions w\ld necess>ily lead to a c]ta9 economy ( l9e bo? z to quantity & direction1 & w\ld fav\r ! use ( bold outl9e & l9es expressive ( relief surfaces or %ad[ arrang$ 9 a comp>atively simple way1 & (t5 runn+ into solid black1 z 9 small folds ( drap]y & details4 ,! draw+ 0 probably done ) a re$ or quill p51 :i* latt] /ill rema9s p]haps ! be/ tool = emphatic1 graphic draw+ on ! scale ( book designs1 s9ce x (f]s ! maximum possibility ( effect ) ! m9imum ( simplicity & economy ( means4 ,its only rival 7?\gh x may also be reg>d$ z a useful auxili>y to ! p57 is ! n>r[ flexible bru% po9t1 & ?is has ! advantage ( spread+ m easily into solid blacks1 ?\gh m likely to lead "o into loos5ess ( /yle ow+ to its v facility4 ,f9e & firm graphic draughtsman%ip & ri* design1 ) a f9e s5se ( ! decorative value ( armorial be>+s & processional gr\p+1 may be se5 9 ! fam\s s]ies ( woodcuts call$ ,! ,triumphs ( ,maximilian1 9 :i* ,alb]t ,dr] & ,hans ,burgmair co-op]at$4 ,t is to say ea* did a l>ge proportion ( ! designs4 ,x 0 a v va/ "w = wood-engrav+4 ,! s*eme 0 9 two p>ts1 "o consi/+ ( a design ( a triumphal ar*1 9 g5]al idea 9 emulation ( ! old ,roman imp]ial triumphal ar*es4 ,?is "p ( ! "w consi/$ ( n9ety-two blocks :i*1 :5 put toge!r1 =m "o woodcut #aj feet high by #i feet wide4 ,?is "p 0 all design$ & drawn ^u ! blocks by ,alb]t ,dr]1 & engrav$ by ,hi]onymus ,&re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,,little ,,passion4 ,,! ,,tak+ ,,d[n ,,f ,,! ,,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hans ,,burgmair4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,knights ,,f ,,! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,maximilian4 ,! second "p consi/$ ( ! triumphal procession & ! triumphal c> ( ,maximilian & 8 ,que5s1 design$ by ,dr]1 z well z o!r allegorical & h]aldic c>s & w>like ma*9es1 & c>s ) (fic]s ( ! c\rt1 gr\ps ( knights 9 arm\r1 m5-at-arms ( all k9ds1 c\ntry p1 & ev5 gr\ps ( ,african savages4 ,sixty-six ( ! designs ( ! procession are due to ,hans ,burgmair4 ,x is notewor?y t ! g5]al s*eme = ?is triumph 0 fir/ pa9t$ on l>ge %eets ( p>*m5t1 :i* /ill exi/ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na2 & ! woodcuts foll[$ ?is m or less 9 design1 ,dr]'s draw+s be+ a fre] r5d]+1 :ile ,burgmair's are suppos$ to keep m closely to ! pa9t$ s*eme ( ! m9iaturi/s1 ?\gh x is q possible !y may bo? h furni%$ sket*es = ! m9iaturi/s' v]sion also4 ,?is great und]tak+1 h[ev]1 0 nev] f9i%$1 & its progress came to an end ) ! dea? ( ! emp]or 9 ,janu>y1 #aeai4 ,! "w 0 suppos$ to h be5 comm5c$ 9 #aeab4 ,= m purely ornam5tal effect 9 black & :ite ! ri*1 bold1 yet s5sitive outl9e ( ! ,v5etian & ,flor5t9e woodcuts %\ld be /udi$1 & _! use ( solid black4 ,! am\nt ( graphic expression & ev5 ( /atem5t ( natural fact :i* c be put into pure outl9e alone is1 ( c\rse1 enorm\s4 ,! value ( ! graphic illu/rative capacity ( ! woodcut 0 soon discov]$ & utiliz$ by ! writ]s ( natural hi/ories & compil]s ( ,h]bals ( ! e>ly days ( pr9t+ onw>ds4 ,!re is a beautiful ,h]bal writt5 by ,dr4 ,fus*ius 7^: "n we seem to h p]petuat$ 9 ! ,fu*sia74 ,x 0 pr9t$ at ,basle 9 #aedb1 & ! draw+s are f9e examples ( :at outl9e c d1 & rem>kable = a comb9ation ( beautiful /yle unit$ ) natural tru? & decorative feel+4 ,"o ( ! horn$ poppy is "h giv54 ,! book is also int]e/+ 9 ! portraits ( ! draughtsm5 & wood-engrav]1 or =ms*neid]1 giv5 at ! end4 ,! woodcuts ( ! plants giv5 9 ! ,h]bal ( ,mat?iolus1 :]e m l9es ( surface & %ad[ are introduc$1 are vigor\s & good1 full ( /yle & "*1 & expressive ( ! sali5t facts ( gr[?4 ,! same may be said ( ^? 9 our own ,g]>d's ,h]bal1 ?\gh ! impressions are n g5]ally s bright or good2 b !n x 0 produc$ dur+ ! decl9e ( ! pr9t]'s art1 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?\gh us$ = purely illu/rative purposes1 mu* z ! cuts put into mod]n diction>ies to make c]ta9 facts cle> to ! m9d1 ^! woodcuts h always1 ov] & above fidelity to ! ma9 facts ( gr[? & "*1 a s5se ( design4 ,!y are n m]ely draw+s ( plants1 b !y are well put toge!r z panels or spaces ( design1 & effectively ?\gh unobtrusively ornam5t ! page4 ,= expressive & s5sitive l9e & t\* 9 ! r5d]+ ( fl[]s1 ! ,japanese arti/s are rem>kable1 & _! books1 pr9t$ f wood-blocks cut on ! plank 9 ! old ,european way1 are full ( _s & sugge/iv5ess4 ,drawn on ! wood ) a po9t$ bru%1 :i* is occasionally spread to yield solid black1 or turn$ sideways1 or dragg$1 to v>y ! quality ( ! l9e1 !y %[ t extreme ease & facility 9 ! expression ( =m by simple means :i* only long practice1 direct "w1 & intimate k & close obs]vation ( nature c\ld produce4 ,! add$ flat & delicate t9ts ( col\r enhance ! effect & give !m a decorative beauty entirely _! own1 ?\gh plann$ 9 ! spaces !y occupy 9 a totally diff]5t _s f ! old ,h]bal woodcuts we h be5 consid]+4 ,!y belong 9 ! ma9 r to ! second po9t ( view or arti/ic impulse 9 art1 :i* ,i *>act]iz$ at ! beg9n+ z ! desire to repres5t )\t prepossession ! appe>ances ( ?+s2 :i* delights 9 accid5ts1 9 unexpect$ness1 & sometimes1 x mu/ be confess$1 9 d[nright ugl9ess & awkw>dness1 x seems to me--:at 9 %ort is sometimes call$ impressionism1 :i* has be5 l>gely influ5c$ by ,japanese art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horn$ ,,poppy4 ,,f ,,fu*sius' ,,de ,,hi/oria ,,/irpium1 #aedb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,plant ,,draw+4 ,,woodcut ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,plant ,,draw+4 ,,woodcut ,,f ,a ,,botanical ,,"w4 ,m$ival brasses are (t5 v f9e 9 ! quality & use ( outl9e1 & %[ a wond]ful am\nt ( exact *>act]ization 9 portraiture1 z well z beauty ( ornam5tal effect 9 ! use ( pla9 surfaces reliev$ ^u ri* patt]n "w1 & good disposition ( drap]ies4 ,^? ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 m especially ! ,belgian examples1 are v useful to /udy = ^! ?+s1 z well z = ! f9e ta/e1 ! simplicity1 & ! broad arti/ic feel+ %[n "u ! /rict limitation ( ! mat]ial1 :ile !y are rem>kable = extraord9>y del9eation ( "* by v simple means--! l9es & sunk p>ts be+ incis$ 9 ! smoo? brass plate & fill$ 9 ) black encau/ic sub/ance1 :ile ! col\rs ( ! h]aldry are frequ5tly enamell$4 ,note ! beautiful l9es ( ! drap]y 9 ! example giv5 f ,bruges1 & ! f9e relief ( ! figures ^u ! ri* diap]$ gr\nd4 ,9 ,engl& ! figures & bord]s 7 cut out 9 ! brass & ins]t$ 9 ! /one slab1 :i* =m$ ! backgr\nd2 b ! ,flemi% brasses %[ a diff]5t treatm5t1 ! figures be+ reliev$ ^u a ri* diap]$ gr\nd1 also incis$ ^u ! brass1 :i* takes ! =m ( a complete panel or plate cov]+ ! /one slab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brass ,,( ,,joris ,,de ,,munt] ,,& ,,wife 7,,bruges1 #adci74 ,,f ,,cre5y',s ,,monum5tal ,,brasses4 ,"o may trace 9 ! lat] brasses ! ef=ts ( ! design] to ga9 m relief & graphic emphasis 9 8 figures by introduc+ l9es ( %ad+ & cross l9es & great] complexity g5]ally1 z well z a t5d5cy to escape ! limits ( ! panel1 no d\bt "u ! influ5ce ( ! ris+ p[] ( pictorial art1 :i* f ! ,r5asc5ce onw>ds seems to h dom9at$ by its influ5ce all ! o!r arts4 ,b 9 ! case ( brasses ! beauty ( design1 ! *>m & simplicity ( ! e>li] treatm5t1 z well z ! ri* decorative effect1 disappe> ) ! attempt to r5d] complexities ( effect & qualities ( draw+ = :i* ! mat]ial & purpose 7 unsuit$4 ,! same *ange ( feel+ left its m>k ^u ! sculptor's "w 9 sepul*ral monum5ts & effigies1 :i*1 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod up to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 are frequ5tly ref9$ & beautiful pieces ( delicate portraiture1 wr\ght ) extreme c>e & elaboration1 ) a /rong yet re/ra9$ s5se ( ! ornam5tal value ( ! detail2 b :i*1 "u ! pictorial influ5ce & ! se>* = m obvi\s & sup]ficial naturalism1 became m or less =c$ 9 effect & vulg>iz$ 9 s5tim5t z well z execution1 & f9ally lo/ 9 classical artificiality & !atric pomp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,eric ,,m5v$ ,,& ,,que5 ,,+eborg ,,( ,,d5m>k 7,,r+/ead1 #acai74 ,,f ,,cre5y',s ,,monum5tal ,,brasses4 ,9 simple draughtsman%ip & purely graphic design1 too1 x is noticeable t1 ) ! introduction ( ! copp]-plate & ! attempt to get 9 book illu/rations some?+ l pictorial values & *i>oscuro1 h[1 by degrees1 vig\r ( design & feel+ = good l9e "w 0 lo/4 ,! revival ( ! woodcut ev5 "u ,bewick did little to help l9e design--its =m] close companion4 ,bewick & 8 s*ool develop$ ! woodcut f ! pictorial po9t ( view1 & ) ! object ( demon/rat+ ! capacity ( ! wood = r5d]+ c]ta9 f9e textures & tones z aga9/ /eel & copp]4 ,_! great pr9ciple 0 ! use ( :ite l9e1 n unhe>d ( ev5 9 ! e>ly pr9t+ days1 z a frontispiece to a ,g]man book 7,pom]ium de ,tempore1 ,augsburg1 #aejb7 ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury te/ifies4 ,bewick's birds1 :i* are rem>kable = ! delicate1 tru?ful way 9 :i* ! plumage is r5d]$1 are z mu* ! "w ( a naturali/ z ( an arti/1 & !y %[ b little design or feel+ ap>t f ?is4 ,al?\gh ,william ,blake & ,edw>d ,calv]t made notable use ( ! woodcut1 x 0 n really until ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury t any s]i\s attempt 0 made 9 ! direction ( ! revival ( l9e & p5 draw+ = ! sake ( its expressive vig\r1 ornam5tal possibilities1 & autographic value4 ,probably x really began ) ,g]man arti/s l ,s*norr 7:o did a s]ies ( ,bible pictures m or less aft] ! mann] ( ,holbe971 ,alfr$ ,re!l1 & ,moritz ,s*w9d4 ,re!l's two l>ge woodcuts1 ,dea? ! ,fri5d & ,dea? ! ,enemy1 are tol]ably well kn[n & %[ /rong draughtsman%ip & tragic =ce1 recall+ 9 _! int5sity & vig\r ! "w ( ,dr] & ! old ,g]man ma/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ke5e4 ,,r$uc$ ,,f ,a ,,half-,,page ,,design ,,9 ,,pun*4 ,9 ,engl& ! revival ( l9e design arose out ( ! ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t 7a movem5t c]ta9ly influ5c$ by ! /udy ( e>ly ,italian z well z ,g]man & ,flemi% art71 & 0 illu/rat$ by ! "w ( "s ( ! lead]s ( t movem5t !mselves4 ,! draw+s 7engrav$ on wood by ! bro!rs ,dalziel7 by ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,holman ,hunt1 & ,millais1 :i* illu/rate ! edition ( ,t5nyson's poems publi%$ 9 #aheg1 %[ p]haps ! fir/ def9ite exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! pages ( ! j\rnal ,once a ,week1 />t$ 9 #ahei1 7 ! means ( ! introduction ( new & p[]ful design]s 9 l9e1 su* z ,fr$]ick ,s&ys1 ,*>les ,ke5e1 ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt]1 & ,fr$]ick ,walk]4 ,! fir/ ?ree %[$ unmi/akable evid5ce ( a /udy ( ! mann] ( ,g]man ,r5asc5ce woodcuts1 b x 0 alli$ to ! matt] ( mod]n ?\ght & naturalism4 ,) a fre] graphic naturalism ( a diff]5t ord]1 ,walk] unit$ a c]ta9 grace & s5tim5t d]iv$ f classic sculpture1 curi\sly mix$ ) a ,dut*-l dome/ic feel+4 ,9 8 black & :ite draw+ he %[s1 too1 ,i ?9k1 to "s degree ! influ5ces ( ! photograph1 :i* s9ce ^? days has _h s obvi\s an effect ^u art & arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9ley ,,samb\rne4 ,,r$uc$ ,,f ,a ,,full-,,page ,,design ,,9 ,,pun*4 ,once a ,week1 :i* introduc$ ^! ) o!r arti/s to ! public1 0 />t$ by ! proprietors ( ,pun*1 :i* _h long ma9ta9$ & /ill ma9ta9s an effective & legitimate field = graphic draw+ 9 l9e r5d]$ by ! facsimile wood-block4 ,! "w ( ,john ,lee* & ,ri*>d ,doyle is well kn[n1 ! =m]1 ) a light & some:at loose t\* regi/]+ ! fa%ions & foibles ( ,engli% life f week to week1 ) extraord9>y _s1 hum\r1 & "*1 (t5 convey$ by v slight means4 ,sir ,john ,t5niel1 ) 8 m s]i\s & heavi] /yle1 cont9u$ until rec5tly to give 8 famili> allegories ( ! political situation2 ?is /yle aga9 has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 influ5c$ by ,g]man "w4 ,!n ,*>les ,ke5e br\ght 9 a k9d ( impressioni/ic naturalism1 express$ by a me?od ( 8 own1 hav+ a look ( great fre%ness & directness1 l crisp sket*es f nature4 ,du ,mauri] develop$ a diff]5t /yle1 less vigor\s b m graceful 9 draw+1 & ) c]ta9 lean+s at "o "t to ! romantic ,pre-,raphaelitism he us$ 8 p5cil occasionally to c>icature4 ,9 ,mr4 ,l9ley ,samb\rne we see a design] & draughtsman ( consid]able p[]4 ,8 p5-l9e is vigor\s & 8 draw+ solid & graphic1 ) consid]able feel+ = /yle1 b %[+1 ,i ?9k1 ! influ5ce ( ! photograph 9 ! r5d]+ ( light & %ade4 ,9 quality ( l9e !re is a c]ta9 k9%ip ) ! "w ( ,mr4 ,phil ,may1 a lat] addition to ! /aff1 ?\gh 8 treatm5t is v diff]5t4 ,he repres5ts1 inde$1 r ! mod]n impressioni/ feel+ 9 l9e draw+ influ5c$ by ! ,japanese2 8 outl9es are (t5 extraord9>ily graphic1 & convey a great am\nt ( "* ) v slight v>iation1 & v little detail2 b !re is r a noticeable t5d5cy t[>ds awkw>d composition & ugly or repulsive types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phil ,,may4 ,,f ,,pun*4 ,z a "w giv+ "s ( ! m s]i\s & c>efully /udi$ designs 9 l9e & black & :ite ( mod]n arti/s1 engrav$ on wood1 might be m5tion$ ! ,bible project$ by ! bro!rs ,dalziel1 a portion only ( :i* 0 complet$1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( f9e draw+s by ,holman ,hunt1 ,madox ,br[n1 ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt]1 ,fr$]ic ,leighton1 & o!rs4 ,!y are m p]haps 9 ! nature ( isolat$ pictures ?an book illu/rations1 b !y are full ( good & c>eful "w4 ,! e>li] et*+s ( ,mr4 ,:i/l] are full ( delicate draw+ ( ! picturesque detail ( old wat]side h\ses1 z 9 ! fam\s ,wapp+1 :i* ev5 surviv$ translation into a process block 9 ! ,daily ,*ronicle4 ,we h n[ a va/ public app>5tly int]e/$ 91 & accu/om$ to1 graphic repres5tation 9 black & :ite1 ?r\gh ! cont9ual multiplication ( *eap illu/rat$ newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & books1 & ! cont9ual inv5tion & adaptation to ! press ( *eap photographic & automatic means ( reproduction1 :i* h almo/ entirely displac$ ! woodcut z a popul> m$ium = ! int]pretation ( graphic art4 ,9 ^! *eap =ms ( pictorial art ! photograph cont9ues to ga9 asc5d5cy n only z a m$ium = reproduction1 b z a sub/itute = orig9al arti/ic inv5tion & design4 ,n[ :ile 9 ! =m] prov9ce x is ( enorm\s practical value1 9 ! latt]1 ,i ?9k1 x bids fair to be extremely s$uctive & injuri\s to ! gr[? ( heal?y arti/ic ta/e & capacity4 ,mod]n pa9t+ & draughtsman%ip h = a long "t %[n ! influ5ce ( ! photograph 7:i* = c]ta9 illusory qualities ( light+ & relief _c be approa*$71 & s1 no d\bt1 arti/s !mselves h prep>$ ! way = its popul>ity1 & p]haps ev5 usurpation ( ! dom9ion ( popul> art4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z photographic effect is pref]r$1 & ! me*anical tone-block is pref]r$ to ! p5-draw+ & woodcut1 x means ! loss ( "*1 ( ! p]sonal elem5t1 ( di/9ctive arti/ic /yle4 ,x means1 9 %ort1 ! sub/itution ( sci5tific inv5tion & me*anical me?od = arti/ic imag9ation1 obs]vation1 & v>iety--surely ?is w\ld be a mo/ un=tunate ex*ange4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,design ,,we commonly speak ( anci5t art1 b ( mod]n arti/s4 ,/raws indicate :i* way ! w9d bl[s1 & sup]ficial habits may indicate *anges ( ?\ght & feel+ :i* lie f> deep]4 ,int]e/ has n[ become c5tr$ 9 ! developm5t ( individual v>ieties r ?an typical =ms1 :]eas1 z we h se51 x is ! latt] "* t di/+ui%es ! art ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 ! great monum5tal works ( ! ,asiatic nations ( antiquity names ( individual arti/s are lo/1 & 9 ! art ( ,egypt & ,assyria & ,p]sia !y are ( little consequ5ce1 s9ce c]ta9 prevail+ types & me?ods 7 adh]$ to2 & mo/ ( _! "w1 z 9 _! mural sculptures1 :ile di/9ct 9 racial "*1 might almo/ h be5 execut$ by ! same h&--,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 or ,p]sian1 z ! case may be4 ,t5nyson's l9es reg>d+ nature might be "h appli$ to art2 ,s c>eful ( ! type %e seems1 ,s c>eless ( ! s+le life4 ,) ! intellectual activity ( ,greece & ! developm5t ( h] p[] z a /ate1 ! ar*aic & purely typical p]iod 9 h] arts1 :ile possess+ wond]ful h>mony & unity1 l$ to individual developm5t ( arti/s1 &1 assi/$ no d\bt by ! increase ( writ+ & record1 fam\s names are h&$ d[n3 su* z ,ict9us1 ! ar*itect ( ! ,p>!non1 & ,phidias1 its sculptor1 ^: "n *>act]izes ! f9e/ p]iod ( ,greek art4 ,! anci5t my? ( ,ddalus seems to %[ t art 0 always a p[] among ! anci5t ,greeks1 & ,ddalus1 :o seems to occupy an analog\s position 9 s\!rn my?ology to t ( ,wayl& ,smi? 9 ! nor?1 may h repres5t$1 or 8 "n & fame cov]$1 :ole g5]ations ( arti/s & cunn+ craftsm52 foll[+ ! t5d5cy1 /ill noticeable1 by :i* great reputations absorb small] ones1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t h attribut$ to !m works n really belong+ to !m at all4 ,! "n becomes a conv5i5t symbol = a :ole p]iod1 s*ool1 or gr\p ( workm54 ,"o c und]/& 9 primitive times h[ important ! arti/-craftsm5 mu/ h be53 ! fa%ion] ( weapons1 ! "o le>n$ 9 ! my/]ies ( smelt+ metal1 ( work+ iron1 bronze1 brass & copp]1 gold & silv]1 & hav+ ! p[] ( mak+ ?+s ( beauty out ( ^!1 :i* became ! rev]$ or covet$ treasures ( temples & k+s' h\ses4 ,! old /ories ( ! e>ly ,greek pa9t]s ,apelles & ,protog5es %[1 too1 at once ! t5d5cy t[>ds my?-mak+1 & ! old love ( talk ab\t art1 z well z ! old & de>ly-clung-to popul> !ory t ! beauty ( pa9t+ is measur$ by its illusive p[]2 s t ! reali/ic grapes ( ,apelles1 :i* only deceiv$ ! birds1 7 suppos$ to be outdone by ! naturali/ic curta9 ( ,protog5es1 :i* took 9 ! critics4 ,?is tradition seems /ill to l+] 9 ! m9ds ( our sc5e-pa9t]s :5 !y pres5t u ) ^? wond]ful 7& sometimes fe>ful7 drop curta9s ( sat91 fe/oon$ ) tassels & cords ( undream$-( sumptu\sness & my/]i\s me*anism4 ,! names & works ( ,praxiteles & ( ,myron are well kn[n to /ud5ts ( antique sculpture1 & ^! are b />s ( great] magnitude among a ho/ ( o!rs less di/+ui%$1 or less c5traliz$ 9 univ]sal fame4 ,yet we only "k ! ,v5us ( ,melos f ! isl& :]e %e 0 discov]$4 ,we "k t ! ,greek vase pa9t]s frequ5tly sign$ _! designs1 & ?is has consid]ably help$ ! hi/oric criticism & classification ( t int]e/+ & beautiful prov9ce ( ,greek design1 su* z has be5 s ably done 9 ! works ( ,miss ,jane ,e4 ,h>rison4 ,9 ! ,byzant9e & e>ly m$ival p]iod we aga9 see a great developm5t ( typical symbolical & pr(\ndly impressive art 9 ar*itecture & decoration1 b aga9 names & individual arti/s are l>gely lo/4 ,we d n "k1 = in/ance1 :o 7 ! design]s ( ! spl5did mosaics at ,rav5na4 ,) ! dawn ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 h[ev]1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury arose a p]sonal & individualiz$ type ( art 9 :i* names became ( imm5se int]e/4 ,?is 0 no d\bt fo/]$ by ! rivalry ( ! cities1 ea* indep5d5t1 "u its own gov]nm5t2 ea* municipality pr\d & anxi\s to vie 9 ! spl5d\r & beauty ( art ) its neighb\r+ municipality4 ,?is l$ to a :olesome emulation among arti/s & v f9e results1 s9ce !re 7 abundant opportunities 9 ! great public monum5ts1 c\ncil *amb]s1 & *ur*es = ! highe/ ex]cise ( ! ar*itect1 ! pa9t]1 & craftsman's art4 ,! anci5t sy/em ( ! ma/] craftsman work+ ) 8 pupils 9 8 %op or /udio prevail$4 ,a man might le>n ! craft ( pa9t+ f ! beg9n+1 ! gr9d+ ( col\rs1 ! lay+ ( gr\nds1 ! mix+ ( t9ts1 draw+ out c>toons1 enl>g+ designs = wall-pa9t+1 ! pa9t+ ( ornam5tal framework1 & decorative detail1 & gesso "w enri*m5t1 & gild+1 m9iature pa9t+ & ! decoration ( books1 alt>-pieces1 signs & %r9es2 p]haps embroid]y & textile patt]ns1 bann]s1 ! furniture ( %[s & pageants--all ^! might be c>ri$ on1 p]haps "u "o ma/]4 ,! t]m pa9t] 0 n !n specializ$ to mean ei!r h\se-pa9t] or easel-picture pa9t]4 ,an appr5tice might ?or\ghly & practically le>n 8 trade 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b x w\ld dep5d ^u 8 p]sonal capacity & quality :e!r he w\ld become a ma/]1 :e!r 8 "n w\ld be inscrib$ on ! scroll ( fame to be a l&m>k = future hi/orians ( art4 ,! romantic tales & episodes 9 ! lives ( pa9t]s :i* h come d[n to u are always int]e/+1 & 9 ,italy1 be+ ! c5tre ( arti/ic life f ! f\rte5? to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 we f9d abundant lore ( ?is sort4 ,t picturesque leg5d ( ,cimabue ( ,flor5ce1 fir/ told by ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti 7:o 0 born 9 #acgh71 = in/ance1 f9d+ ! y\?ful ,giotto z a %eph]d boy1 :ile rid+ 9 ! valley ( ,vespignano1 ab\t f\rte5 miles f ,flor5ce1 sket*+ ! image ( "o ( 8 flock ^u a smoo? fragm5t ( slate ) a po9t$ /one1 & tak+ him to ,flor5ce z 8 pupil4 ,cimabue is commonly suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ to %[ a new dep>ture 9 ! direction ( great] fre$om & naturalness ( treatm5t1 ! fir/ ^: "w %[s mu* individuality1 & em]ges f ! some:at set & prescrib$ traditions ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool :i* *>act]izes ! e>lie/ ,italian pa9t+ ( ! ,*ri/ian p]iod really influ5c$ by ! ,greek *ur* mosaic design1 :i* may be consid]$ almo/ z ! swa?+ clo!s ( m$ival pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,8 alt>-piece = ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella 0 c>ri$ 9 procession ?r\gh ,flor5ce to ! *ur*--a subject :i* has furni%$ a !me = ,"l ,leighton's well-kn[n & f9e decorative e>ly "w1 too seldom se54 ,cimabue's portrait 9 ! :ite embroid]$ co/ume ) a hood1 appe>s 9 a gr\p ) ,giotto & o!r fam\s contempor>ies1 includ+ ,petr>* & ,laura1 9 a fresco by ,simone ,memmi1 a contempor>y pa9t]1 on ! wall ( ! *apel ( ! ,cappella degli ,spagnoli at ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella4 ,b ,giotto m>ks ! real po9t ( dep>ture4 ,com+ /raight f outdoor life1 f ! simple c\ntry pursuits ( a %eph]d boy1 x 0 significant t he %\ld be ! fir/ to introduce a new _s into art4 ,natural simplicity & directness1 p[] ( dramatic n>rative pa9t+1 dignity & simplicity ( /yle1 & decorative beauty--^! 7 "s ( ! qualities ) :i* ,giotto enri*$ ! field ( e>ly ,italian art4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,simone ,,memmi4 ,,fresco ,,conta9+ ,,portraits ,,( ,,cimabue1 ,,giotto1 ,,& ,,contempor>ies4 7,,flor5ce4 ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,s4 ,m4 ,,novella47 ,he became ! fri5d ( ,dante1 :o pays him a tribute 9 ! well-kn[n l9es 9 8 poem ,il ,purgatorio1 ---- ,cimabue ?\ght ,to "l x ov] pa9t+'s field2 & n[ ,! cry is ,giotto1 & 8 "n's eclips'd4 ,,c>y',s ,dante4 ,& ,giotto has left u an int]e/+ portrait ( ! poet1 on ! wall ( ! ,pode/a1 or c\ncil *amb] ( ,flor5ce1 8 fir/ record$ "w4 ,giotto 01 9 fact1 a fell[ pupil ) ,dante "u ! same ma/]1 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 s9ce ,cimabue gave him all ! cultivation ( 8 "t 9 books z well z art4 ,! fame ( ,giotto z a pa9t] spread all ov] ,italy1 & 8 s]vices 7 requir$ by ! ,*ur*1 & by ri* & great p]sons4 ,!re is a well-kn[n /ory1 :i* ?r[s light ^u 8 skill & c]ta9ty ( h&1 t once1 :5 an emiss>y f ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 came to him = a specim5 ( 8 h&iwork to %[ to 8 ma/]1 ,giotto took a piece ( pap] & drew a circle 9 "o /roke1 )\t compasses4 ,! pope's emiss>y 0 disappo9t$ at n gett+ a pretti] picture1 b x prov$ conv9c+1 & ! leg5d pass$ into a prov]b :i* runs3 ,r\nd] ?an ! ,o ( ,giotto--,pi tondo *e l' ,o di ,giotto4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,giotto4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,dante4 7,,flor5ce1 ,,pretorian ,,palace47 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,naya ,photo4 ,,giotto4 ,,fresco 7,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua74 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,naya ,photo4 ,,giotto4 ,,fresco 7,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua74 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,giotto4 ,,*a/ity 7,,assisi74 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,giotto4 ,,ob$i5ce 7,,assisi74 ,! frescoes ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua1 repres5t+ ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 9 fifty squ>e comp>tm5ts1 rema9 among ,giotto's mo/ fam\s works4 ,! frescoes ( ! vault$ ro( ( ! l[] *ur* at ,assisi are also v f9e4 ,"h1 says ,mrs4 ,jameson1 9 ,e>ly ,italian ,pa9t]s1 ov] ! tomb ( ,s4 ,francis1 ! pa9t] repres5t$ ! ?ree v[s ( ! ord]--,pov]ty1 ,*a/ity1 & ,ob$i5ce3 & 9 ! f\r? comp>tm5t1 ! sa9t en?ron$ & glorifi$ amid/ ! ho/ ( ,heav54 ,! inv5tion ( ! allegories "u :i* ,giotto has repres5t$ ! v[s ( ! sa9t--8 m>riage ) ,pov]ty--,*a/ity seat$ 9 h] rocky =tress--& ,ob$i5ce ) ! curb & yoke--is ascrib$ by tradition to ,dante4 ,he 0 ar*itect & sculptor z well z pa9t]1 & ! design ( ! beautiful ,campanile ( ! ,duomo at ,flor5ce is due to him4 ,cimabue & ,giotto's contempor>y1 ! sculptor ,niccolo ,pisano1 0 ano!r di/+ui%$ arti/ ( ! e>ly ,italian revival4 ,he is said to h be5 inspir$ by ! /udy ( antique sculpture4 ,a c]ta9 s>cophagus 7,phdra & ,hippolytus7 by its life & movem5t is suppos$ to h sugge/$ ! "* :i* he s\ght 9 8 "w4 ,! dramatic vitality :i* he infus$ into 8 figures 0 c]ta9ly extraord9>y1 z 8 fam\s pulpit at ,pisa demon/rates4 ,!re 0 "s dang] ( los+ monum5tal dignity & repose1 b x meant a return to nature & life aft] a long p]iod ( re/ra9t & conv5tion :i* _h become dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,niccolo ,,pisano4 ,,pulpit 7,,pisa ,,bapti/]y74 ,! revival1 !re=e1 0 bo? salut>y & necess>y1 ?\gh x is n unnatural t pa9t]s %\ld h pr(it$ mo/ by its effects1 & t pa9t+ %\ld h become ! lead+ & popul> art1 because mo/ imm$iate & famili> 9 its appeal & ! wid? ( its sympa?y & range4 ,= vivid dramatic int5sity ( conception & e>ne/ness ( purpose ! "w ( ,orcagna /&s out among ! e>ly pa9t]s ( ,flor5ce4 ,&rea ,orcagna 0 ! son ( a goldsmi? ( ,flor5ce4 ,! goldsmi?s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7 9 g5]al excell5t design]s1 & n unfrequ5tly became pa9t]s1 z 9 ! in/ances ( ,francia1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,x 0 9 8 fa!r's work%op t ,&rea ,orcagna fir/ le>n$ 8 art4 ,he 0 born be=e #acaj1 & he pa9t$ at ! ,campo ,santo 9 #accb4 ,8 fam\s "w 0 ! fresco /ill to be se5 on ! wall ( ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa--,! ,triumph ( ,dea?4 ,x pres5ts u ) c]ta9 contra/s ( life & dea?1 ( pleasure & pa91 ( pomp & pride & pov]ty1 ! sev]e life ( ! holy man1 ! gay life ( ! pleasure seek]4 ,!re is a /rik+ gr\p ( huntsm5 re9+ 9 _! horses at ! sight ( c]ta9 grim c(f9s conta9+ great & pomp\s p]sonages 9 v>i\s /ages ( decay4 ,grotesque fi5ds1 too1 are se5 hu/l+ wick$ ones into a fi]y pit4 ,?us does ! e>ly pa9t] en=ce ! old moral4 ,?us does he pa9t ! %>p contra/s ( life & dea?1 ! %ort life & ! m]ry "o2 ! c>eless worldl+ & ! ri* & p[]ful f9ally levell$ by dea?2 :ile ! high] spiritual life & ! virtues ( self-d5ial & sacrifice are sugge/$ by ! pi\s & primitive life ( ! monks4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,orcagna4 ,,triumph ,,( ,,dea?4 ,,fresco 7,,campo ,,santo1 ,,pisa74 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,b5ozzo ,,gozzoli4 ,,detail ,,f ,,fresco 7,,ricc>di ,,*apel1 ,,flor5ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,b5ozzo ,,gozzoli4 ,,j\rney ,,( ,,! ,,magi4 ,,fresco 7,,ricc>di ,,*apel1 ,,flor5ce74 ,su* subjects 7 fav\rites all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & x may be rememb]$ t ,petr>* ab\t ?is "t wrote 8 ,triumphs1 "o ( :i* is nam$ ,! ,triumph ( ,dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,brogi ,photo4 ,,b5ozzo ,,gozzoli4 ,,detail ,,( ,,fresco 7,,ricc>di ,,*apel1 ,,flor5ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,brogi ,photo4 ,,b5ozzo ,,gozzoli4 ,,detail ,,( ,,fresco 7,,ricc>di ,,*apel1 ,,flor5ce74 ,a g5tl] _s is se5 9 ! art ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli 7born circa #adbd71 a pupil ( ,fra ,angelico1 full ( a love = nature1 ( trees & fl[]s & animals1 & ( decorative beauty1 a delight 9 beautiful wall$ cities1 9 ornate dresses1 9 fair fre% faces ( y\?s & maid5s4 ,x is ! joy ( life )\t ! %ad[ ( dea?1 z ( ! visions ( a s]5e _s t jo9s ! h&s ( ! old pagan life & ! new ,*ri/ian ideals & reconciles !m 9 a _w ( beauty4 ,9 ! frescoes ( ! ,ricc>di ,*apel at ,flor5ce1 ,b5ozzo pictures1 ) lov+ fai?fulness1 ! ,m$ici pr9ces rid+ out to ! hunt 9 spl5did equipm5t1 9 a high upl& & wood$ c\ntry su* z "o may f9d ar\nd ,flor5ce4 ,! subject 0 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 repres5t$ ^u ! side walls1 ,! ,nativity be+ pa9t$ ov] ! alt>4 ,! procession ( ! k+s ) gifts is se5 w9d+ ov] ! hills ( ! ri* & v>i$ l&scape1 int]sp]s$ ) gr\ps l ! pr9ces1 9 :i* ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t appe>s1 & portraits ( ! pa9t]1 8 fri5ds1 & contempor>ies4 ,! fre% y\?ful faces are full ( ! ze/ & pleasure ( life4 ,! horses curvet & prance 9 _! pr\d trapp+s1 & ! h\nds pursue ! fly+ de]1 z if = pleasant pa/ime4 ,he gives u ^? *>m+ gr\ps ( kneel+ angels also 9 ! same *apel4 ,or he tells ! /ory ( ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 or ( ,noah1 at ,pisa1 or ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 at ,san ,gimignano1 ) ! same s]5ity & delight 9 subsidi>y incid5t & ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,brogi ,photo4 ,,s&ro ,,botticelli4 ,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi 7,,flor5ce1 ,,uffizi ,,gall]y74 ,ano!r v di/9ct individuality 9 pa9t+1 reflect+ ! _s ( 8 "t halfway betwe5 m$ival feel+ & ! reviv$ paganism & humanism ( ! classical ,r5asc5ce1 0 ,botticelli4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ! pa9t]-monk ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 & work$ at ,flor5ce ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 "o ( ! pa9t]s summon$ to ,rome 9 #adga by ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 to pa9t ! walls ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,he is spok5 ( z our fri5d ,botticelli 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's treatise on pa9t+2 b until comp>atively rec5tly1 z comp>$ ) m (t5 s\nd$ names 9 ! trumpet ( fame1 ! beauty ( 8 "w has be5 s+ul>ly neglect$4 ,t n[ g5]ally admir$ & mo/ poetic & beautiful "w1 ,an ,allegory ( ,spr+1 9 ! ,accademia at ,flor5ce1 01 ab\t five & tw5ty ye>s ago1 hung 9 an obscure position2 b ( late1 & probably l>gely ow+ to ,engli% ta/e & criticism1 x is n[ br\ght prom95tly =w>d & is con/antly copi$4 ,! lady :o is suppos$ to witness ! masque /&s 9 ! c5tre 9 a grove ( orange trees1 ! gr\nd cov]$ ) fl[]s1 among :i* is se5 ! fleur-de-luce ( ,flor5ce2 ,zephyrus is clasp+ ! e>?1 & f h] m\? fall fl[]s2 next to h] ,flora1 or ,spr+1 ) a beautiful robe embroid]$ ) fl[]s1 be>s roses 9 h] lap & scatt]s !m4 ,!n !re is a gr\p ( ! ,?ree ,graces danc+1 :ile ,h]mes1 z ! h]ald ( ,spr+1 leads ! procession4 ,! picture is suppos$ to h =m$ "o ( a set ( f\r4 ,! second panel call$ ,summ]1 & %[+ ,v5us ris+ 9 h] %ell f ! sea1 ) a drap$ figure ab\t to ?r[ a robe ov] h] z %e rea*es ! grassy %ore1 is 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,!re is also a rem>kable allegory1 ,calumny1 9 ! same gall]y1 :ile our own ,national ,gall]y conta9s a *>act]i/ic ,madonna & ,*ild ) angels4 ,botticelli's ,madonnas are always di/+ui%$ by a peculi> expression ( wi/ful pa?os & a feel+ unlike ^? ( any o!r pa9t]4 ,!re is also a *>m+ small ,nativity ) a r+ ( angels1 besides ! v spl5did vision ( heav54 ,botticelli also made illu/rations to ,dante4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,botticelli4 ,,la ,,prima ,,v]a4 ,,an ,,allegory ,,( ,,spr+ 7,,flor5ce ,,academy74 ,a sev]] & m di/9ctly classically inspir$ g5ius1 yet ) a c]ta9 nor!rn h>dness1 we f9d 9 ,mantegna1 :o 0 born ne> ,padua1 9 #adca4 ,he came1 x is said1 ( v poor & obscure p>5ts1 &1 l 8 great pr$ecessor ,giotto1 ,mantegna 0 employ$ 9 keep+ %eep4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 e>ly life1 b he is f\nd lat] z "o ( ! pupils ( ,francesco ,squ>cione1 a pa9t] ( ,padua1 b m fam\s = 8 tea*+1 8 s*ool be+ at t "t ! mo/ r5[n$ 9 all ,italy1 8 pupils numb]+ "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev54 ,he 0 a great /ud5t ( ! antique1 & travell$ ov] ,italy & ,greece 9 se>* ( rema9s ( anci5t art1 obta9+ ca/s or copies ( su* sculptures he c\ld n pur*ase or remove1 s t ,mantegna _h no d\bt exceptional facilities = ! /udy ( classical sculpture1 :i* _h s m>k$ an influ5ce ^u 8 design4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,naya ,photo4 ,,mantegna4 ,,f ,,! ,,bronze ,,monum5t ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,s4 ,,&rea ,,at ,,mantua4 ,he seems1 too1 to h be5 an indefatigable work]1 & drew ) great dilig5ce f ! /atues1 bu/s1 bas-reliefs1 & ar*itectural ornam5ts he f\nd 9 ! s*ool ( ,squ>cione4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 ,&rea pa9t$ 8 fir/ great picture = ! *ur* ( ,santa ,s(ia 9 ,padua 7n[ lo/71 & at ! age ( n9ete5 assi/$ 9 pa9t+ ! *apel ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 9 ! ,eremitani--repres5t+ on ! vault ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,he is said to h giv5 to ^! sacr$ p]sonages ! air & attitude ( ,greek or ,roman philosoph]s1 ! type 9 fact confirm$ by ,raphael & aft]w>ds g5]ally adopt$ by ,r5asc5ce arti/s4 ,a curi\s *ange or bl5d+ ( o!r elem5ts & a diff]5t feel+ 9 ,mantegna's "w1 s(t5+ ! some:at cold & rigid classicism1 seems to h be5 br\ght ab\t by 8 association ) ! ,v5etian pa9t] ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ! fa!r ( ! two great] ,bell9is 7,giovanni & ,g5tile71 ^: daught] ,nicolosia he m>ri$ ab\t ?is "t 7#adej74 ,?is m>riage ) ! daught] ( ,squ>cione's rival1 z ,bell9i 0 consid]$1 & ,mantegna's fri5d%ip ) him1 seems to h (f5d$ ,squ>cione & caus$ an e/rangem5t1 & ev5 ! active enmity ( 8 fir/ ma/]1 & ev5tually l$ to 8 quitt+ ,padua4 ,he pa9t$ "s frescoes at ,v]ona1 & 0 invit$ to ,mantua by ,ludovico ,gonzaga1 & f9ally he ent]$ ! s]vice ( t pr9ce4 ,he 0 invit$ to ,rome by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii4 to pa9t a *apel 9 ! ,belv$]e ( ! ,vatican1 :i* 0 actually de/roy$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by ,pius ,,vi4 to make room = 8 new museum4 ,?is 0 aft] ! ru?less way ( ! popes1 prodigal ( pa9t$ walls1 z :5 ! beautiful e>ly ,r5asc5ce frescoes ( ,melozzo da ,=li 7 remov$ to make room = ,raphael's & ,giulio ,romano's frescoes 9 ! ,/anzi4 ,!re is a /ory ( ! discretion ( ,mantegna1 :i*1 ) a natural c\rtesy1 seems to h di/+ui%$ him p]sonally4 ,:ile work+ = ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii4 x happ5$ t ! paym5ts = ! "w 7 n made ) desirable regul>ity2 ! pope1 visit+ ! arti/ at 8 "w "o day1 ask$ him ! mean+ ( a c]ta9 female figure :i* he _h introduc$4 ,&rea repli$ t he 0 try+ to repres5t ,+ratitude4 ,! pope1 und]/&+ him at once1 repli$3 ,if y w\ld place ,+ratitude 9 fitt+ company1 y %\ld place ,pati5ce at h] side4 ,&rea took ! h9t & said no m4 ,x is satisfactory to "k t 9 ! end ! pope n only paid up1 b 0 munific5t besides4 ,f9ally1 ,mantegna return$ to ,mantua1 :]e he built himself a magnific5t h\se pa9t$ inside & out by 8 own h&1 & 9 :i* he liv$ 9 great e/eem & hon\r until 8 dea? 9 #aejf4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( 8 patron ,/4 ,&rew1 :]e 8 monum5t 9 bronze & sev]al ( 8 pictures are /ill to be se54 ,! fam\s frieze ( ,! ,triumph ( ,julius ,cs>--:i* is n[ 9 ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 hav+ be5 b\ght by ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 f ! ,duke ( ,mantua--0 fir/ design$ by ,mantegna = ! hall ( ! palace ( ,san ,seba/iano at ,mantua1 & comm5c$ 9 #adhh1 be=e he w5t to ,rome1 he f9i%+ x aft] 8 return 9 #adib4 ,!re are n9e panels or comp>tm5ts 9 ?is frieze3 ,!y are pa9t$ 9 di/emp] on twill$ l951 :i* has be5 /ret*$ on frames1 & orig9ally plac$ aga9/ ! wall ) arabesque pila/]s divid+ ! comp>tm5ts4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m>ks issu$ a set ( photographs "s ye>s ago1 b !y are n v cle>1 ,!re is a good set ( ,italian woodcuts 9 *i>oscuro ( ! designs1 by ,&rea ,&reani1 done :ile ! frieze 0 9 ! palace at ,mantua1 :i* h be5 engrav$ 9 v>i\s ways at diff]5t times ) v v>i\s results4 ,! :ole design is extremely ri* & sumptu\s1 & full ( ! extraord9>y design+ p[] & comm& ( inv5tive detail s *>act]i/ic ( ,mantegna4 ,9 ! fir/ comp>tm5t we h ! op5+ ( ! procession3 trumpets1 inc5se burn+1 /&>ds borne al(t by ! victori\s soldi]s4 ,9 ! second1 ! /atues ( ! gods c>ri$ (f f ! temples ( ! enemy2 batt]+ rams1 implem5ts ( w>1 heaps ( glitt]+ arm\r c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s1 or borne al(t 9 *>iots4 ,9 ! ?ird comp>tm5t1 m spl5did trophies ( a simil> k9d2 huge vases fill$ ) gold co91 tripods1 etc4 ,9 ! f\r?1 m su* trophies1 ) ! ox5 cr[n$ ) g>l&s = ! sacrifice4 ,9 ! fif? are f\r elephants adorn$ ) ri* g>l&s ( fruits & fl[]s1 be>+ on _! backs magnific5t c&elabra1 & att5d$ by beautiful y\?s4 ,9 ! six? are figures be>+ vases1 & o!rs display+ ! arms ( ! vanqui%$4 ,! sev5? %[s u ! unhappy captives1 :o1 accord+ to ! b>b>\s ,roman cu/om1 7 exhibit$ on ^! occasions to ! sc(f+ & exult+ populace4 ,!re is "h a gr\p ( female captives ( all ages1 among !m a deject$ bride-l figure1 a woman c>ry+ h] infant *ildr51 & a "m h] little boy1 :o lifts up 8 foot z if he _h hurt x4 ,9 ! eigh? we h a gr\p ( s+]s & musicians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,&rea ,,mantegna4 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,julius ,c,,s> 7,,f ,,! ,,woodcut ,,by ,,&rea ,,&reani74 ,9 ! n9?1 & la/1 appe>s ! ,conqu]or1 ,julius ,cs>1 9 a sumptu\s *>iot ri*ly adorn$ ) sculptures2 he is surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( figures1 & among !m is se5 a y\? be>+ al(t a /&>d on :i* is inscrib$ ! boa/ful words3 ',v5i1 vidi1 vici'--',i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$4'#ab #ab ,e>ly ,italian ,pa9t]s4--,,mrs4 ,,jameson4 ,! c>e & sci5ce ( ! draughtsman%ip is z noticeable z ! ri*ness ( ! design4 ,! p]spective be+ c>efully giv5 z ( figures actually se5 above ! eye-l9e1 & ) all ! sumptu\sness & ! mix$ elem5ts ( ! design !re is a c]ta9 re/ra9t & monum5tal sev]ity :i* pres]ves its dignity4 ,rub5s1 :5 at ,mantua 9 #afjf1 0 /ruck by ! spl5d\r ( ! "w1 & gave a ,rub5sesque r5d]+ ( "o ( ! comp>tm5ts1 :i* is 9 ! ,national ,gall]y2 b x loses ! peculi> dignity1 s]5ity1 & decorative "* ( ,mantegna's "w 9 ! some:at florid & bumpti\s /yle ( ! late ,flemi% ma/]2 b !re is no d\bt t ,rub5s ent]ta9$ a real admiration = ! "w1 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 gett+ ,*>les ,i4 to pur*ase x4 ,among ,mantegna's *ief works may be nam$ ,la ,madonna della ,vittoria1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 pa9t$ z an alt>-piece = ! *ur* built by ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 to commemorate 8 victory on ! retreat ( ,*>les ,,viii4 f ,italy2 ! ,crucifixion1 also 9 ! ,l\vre1 conta9+ ! arti/'s own portrait 9 ! half-l5g? figure ( ! soldi] se5 9 front2 ! f9e allegory ( ! ,vices fly+ be=e ,wisdom1 ,*a/ity1 & ,philosophy2 & ! beautiful ,p>nassus1 :i* 7 pa9t$ = ,isabella d',e/e1 & fill$ panels 9 a room 9 h] palace at ,mantua1 z has rec5tly be5 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,arm/rong has _h a f9e l>ge scale model ( "o side ( ?is room set up 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 to %[ ! effect ( ! decorations complete ( ,mantegna's allegories 7repres5t$ by copies74 ,"o mu/ n =get ei!r ! wond]ful ,circumcision1 at ,flor5ce1 or1 9 our own ,national ,gall]y1 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild en?ron$4 ,besides 8 pa9t+s !re exi/s a multitude ( draw+s1 designs1 & plates ( 8 own engrav+ 7an art :i* he took up :5 he 0 sixty ye>s old74 ,^! include ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? comp>tm5ts ( 8 own ,triumph ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,p]haps ! greate/ individual m9d ( ! ,italian ,r5asc5ce 0 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o 0 s di/+ui%$ 9 s _m diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght & art2 & :ile he summ$ up & pass$ beyond ! philosophical & sci5tific k ( 8 age1 & exp]im5t$ 9 ne>ly all directions1 & 0 at once ar*itect1 *emi/1 eng9e]1 musician1 poet1 8 fame /ill re/s ^u 8 a*ievem5ts 9 pa9t+1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by a peculi> ref9em5t1 extreme f9i%1 & intellectual & poetic quality4 ,he 0 born at ,v9ci1 f :i* he takes 8 "n1 ne> ,flor5ce--t ,a!ns ( ! ,middle ,ages--9 ! l[] ,val d',arno1 on ! bord]s ( ! t]ritory ( ,pi/oia4 ,8 fa!r 0 an advocate1 n ri*1 b able to give 8 son ! advantage ( ! be/ in/ructors 9 ! sci5ce & art ( t p]iod4 ,he /udi$ "u ,&rea ,v]roc*io 7fam\s = 8 sup]b bronze eque/rian /atue ( ! ,coleoni at ,v5ice71 himself unit+ ! arts ( sculptor1 *as] 9 metal1 & pa9t]4 ,!re is a /ory t ,leon>do z a y\? 0 set to pa9t an angel 9 a picture ( ,v]roc*io1 & s outdid 8 ma/] t ! latt] nev] t\*$ pa9t+ aga94 ,a weird fanta/ic ve9 :i* appe>s 9 ,leon>do's "w1 especially 9 8 love = inv5t+ grotesques1 comes out 9 ! tale ( ! fig tree4 ,a peasant on 8 fa!r's e/ate cut d[n an old fig tree & br\ght a section ( ! trunk to h some?+ pa9t$ ^u x = 8 cottage4 ,leon>do det]m9$ to d some?+ t]rible & /rik+--a beautiful horror :i* %\ld rival ! my?ical ,m$usa's head 7:i* he aft]w>ds pa9t$71 &1 aid$ by 8 natural hi/ory /udies & ! reptiles he collect$1 he produc$ a sort ( mon/] or *im]a :i* fright5$ 8 fa!r into fits & 0 !re=e consid]$ too good = ! peasant's cottage1 & aft]w>ds sold = mu*4 ,! peasant 0 p]suad$ to give up 8 fig tree & put (f ) a wood5 %ield pa9t$ ) a device ( a h>t transfix$ ) an arr[4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,duke ( ,milan1 :o _h invit$ him to 8 c\rt1 he ?us recites 8 qualifications z an arti/3 ,i und]/& ! diff]5t modes ( sculpture 9 m>ble1 bronze1 & t]ra-cotta4 ,9 pa9t+1 also1 ,i may e/eem myself equal to anyone1 let him be :o he may4 ,( 8 pa9t+s ! wide/-kn[n1 ?r\gh engrav+s1 is ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* 0 pa9t$ on ! wall ( ! refectory ( ! ,dom9ican ,conv5t ( ! ,madonna delle ,grazie at ,milan1 occupy+ two ye>s1 f #adif to #adih--;b ! fresco has suff]$ by "t & re/oration1 & b little ( x is n[ left4 ,!re is a f9e /udy ( ! head ( ,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,brogi ,photo4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,,fresco ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]4 ,! picture ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks & ! portrait1 ,madonna ,lisa del ,gioconde1 9 ! ,l\vre1 %[ ! quality ( 8 pa9t+--! *>act]i/ic subtlety ( expression1 my/]i\sness1 & v elaborate f9i%4 ,aft] 8 return to ,flor5ce began 8 rivalry ) ano!r gigantic arti/ic p]sonality ( t "t ( wond]s--,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o 0 !n1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s y\ng]4 ,! /rong b jeal\s individuality ( bo?1 9 spite ( admiration = ea* o!r's g5ius1 un=tunately /ood 9 ! way ( fri5d%ip & co-op]ation4 ,!y rema9$ rivals & competitors4 ,!y cont5d$ = ! pa9t+ ( ! great ,c\ncil ,hall 9 ! ,palazzo ,vec*io at ,flor5ce1 & bo? prep>$ c>toons4 ,leon>do *ose = 8 subject ! defeat ( ! ,milanese by ! ,flor5t9e army 9 #addj2 ,mi*ael ,angelo a p>ty ( ,flor5t9e soldi]s surpris$ :ile ba?+ 9 ! ,arno4 ,leon>do's design 0 *os51 b he sp5t s mu* "t 9 exp]im5t+ & 9 prep>+ ! wall to receive oil-pa9t+1 :i* he pref]r$ to fresco1 t1 *anges ( gov]nm5t happ5+1 ! s*eme 0 f9ally ab&on$1 & bo? c>toons1 ?\gh %[n = sev]al ye>s1 7 f9ally lo/1 only a copy ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's rema9+1 & an engrav+ f x4 ,! exp]im5tal nature ( ,leon>do seems to h prev5t$ 8 complet+ _m works1 :ile he 0 full ( projects ( all k9ds1 too _m ( :i* 7 nev] realiz$4 ,! f9e c>toon ( ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,anna 0 nev] pa9t$4 ,?is c>toon1 or a good copy1 is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,9 #aead ,leon>do 01 l s _m great ,italian arti/s1 invit$ to ,rome by ! pope 7!n ,leo ,x471 b m 9 8 "* ( philosoph]1 me*anic1 & al*emi/ ?an z a pa9t]4 ,!re he met ,raphael1 !n at ! height ( 8 fame1 engag$ 9 pa9t+ ! ,/anzi ( ! ,vatican4 ,b ,leon>do 0 ill-pleas$ on ! :ole ) 8 ,roman visit4 ,! pope 0 said to h become dissatisfi$ ) 8 speculative & dilatory habits4 ,8 old rival1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 0 !re1 & f9ally he left & set out = ,pavia1 :]e ,francis ,i4 ( ,france !n held 8 ,c\rt4 ,by him ,leon>do 0 receiv$ ) hon\r & fav\r1 & w5t ) him to ,france z pr9cipal ,c\rt pa9t]1 only1 h[ev]1 z x prov$1 to die !re on ,may #bnd1 #aeaf4 ,9 ! "w ( ,leon>do's great rival1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! art ( ! ,italian ,r5asc5ce may be said to h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t1 & aft] him decl9e sets 94 ,x is z if ! wond]ful /ructure ( inv5tive arti/ic g5ius _h be5 pil$ by ! life lab\rs ( g5]ations to an ambiti\s & dang]\s height1 & at la/ _h giv5 way "u ! /ra91 or p]haps1 l ! sun-fl[]1 ! same =ce :i* raises ! spl5did ray$ head & enables x to outface ! sun1 at la/ =ces x e>?w>ds aga94 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>otti 0 born at ,settignano1 ne> ,flor5ce1 9 ! ye> #adgd4 ,8 ambition1 p]sonal pride1 & ma/]fulness ( temp] possibly may be trac$ to 8 prog5itors--a once noble family4 ,x 01 too1 aga9/ ! prejudice ( 8 fa!r t he f9ally decid$ 8 c>e]1 becom+ ! appr5tice ( ,ghirl&ajo1 ,x 0 9 ! days :5 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t rul$ ov] ,flor5ce1 & ! "y ,mi*ael ,angelo became a /ud5t 9 ! ,academy1 f\nd$ ^u ! /r5g? ( a collection ( antique m>bles1 bu/s1 /atues1 fragm5ts 9 ! palace & g>d5s ( t pr9ce4 ,?is alone w\ld be suffici5t to give a /rong classical bias to 8 /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,bu/ ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,buon>otti 7,s4 ,,croce1 ,,flor5ce74 ,!re is a /ory ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's fir/ attempt 9 m>ble :5 he 0 ab\t fifte5--a copy ( an antique mask ( an old laugh+ faun3 he treat$ ?is ) a _s & vivacity ( 8 own1 & ,lor5zo de ,m$ici 0 /ruck by its clev]ness2 b he said1 ,?\ %\ld/ h rememb]$ t old folks d n reta9 all _! tee?3 "s ( !m are always want+4 ,! "y sculptor at once /ruck "o or two out1 giv+ ! mask a m grotesque expression4 ,on ?is evid5ce ( clev]ness ,lor5zo took entire *>ge ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,) ! m>ks ( pr9cely fav\r1 h[ev]1 he 0 de/9$ to c>ry ano!r m>k1 n s agreeable1 ev] aft]1 ow+ to1 z "s say1 ! jeal\sy ( ,torregiano1 a fell[ pupil1 :o 9 a qu>rel /ruck him1 "s acc\nts say ) 8 fi/1 "s ) a mallet1 & s gave him ! brok5 nose :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! portraits ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,torregiano 9 consequ5ce suff]$ bani%m5t f ,flor5ce4 ,9 8 own acc\nt ( ! affray to ,b5v5uto ,cell9i he decl>es ! provocation came f ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,! fav\r & protection ( ,lor5zo did n la/ long1 z 9 8 eighte5? ye> ,mi*ael ,angelo lo/ 8 patron by dea?4 ,x 0 ,lor5zo's son ,pi]o :o set him "o w9try day to make a /atue out ( ! sn[--r a wa/eful proce$+ = a ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ?\gh1 z ! late ,mr4 ,walt] ,pat] has said1 !re is a c]ta9 rem9isc5ce ( ! feel+ ( ! sn[ /atue 9 ! sugge/ive & half-f9i%$ figures ( ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,braun ,co4 ,photo4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,man 7,,ceil+1 ,,si/9e ,,*apel74 ,) ! fall ( ! ,m$ici family & _! exile f ,flor5ce1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 z "o ( _! reta9]s1 _h to fly also1 & took refuge 9 ,bologna1 :]e he pursu$ 8 "w z a sculptor4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two he produc$ ! ,piet 9 m>ble1 n[ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,9 #aejb he 0 aga9 recall$ to ,flor5ce4 ,9 #aejd took place ! competition ) ,leon>do ( ! c>toons = ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 already spok5 (4 ,9 #aejf ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 call$ to ,rome by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,! pope employ$ him to design ! sumptu\s sculptural monum5t de/9$ = 8 own tomb1 = :i* ! fam\s colossal ,moses 0 execut$1 & ! slaves or prison]s1 b ^!1 l ! tomb1 nev] 7 f9i%$4 ,b 8 great "w 9 ,rome1 ! great "w ( 8 life1 0 ! decoration ( ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ! walls ( :i* _h be5 pa9t$ by e>li] arti/s ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool3 ,signorelli1 ,cosimo ,rosselli1 ,p]ug9o1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,botticelli4 ,! ceil+ rema9$ unadorn$1 & n[ ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 call$ ^u to design 8 great sacr$ epic ( pa9t+1 hav+ to deal ) a space #aej feet 9 l5g? by #ej feet 9 bread?1 ^u ! concave surface ( a r\nd vault1 )\t any ar*itectural or /ructural enri*m5t or division save ! w9d[s4 ,! !me 0 ! fall & r$emption ( mank9d accord+ to ! ,bible hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,,ceil+ ,,( ,,! ,,si/9e ,,*apel4 ,at fir/ x appe>s t ,mi*ael ,angelo1 z x is said1 d\btful ( 8 own skill 9 fresco1 call$ 9 ! aid ( pa9t]s f ,flor5ce to aid him 9 c>ry+ out 8 design1 b 0 s disappo9t$ ) _! "w t he effac$ x & dismiss$ !m4 ,he !n %ut himself up & proce$$ to devote himself to ! gigantic "w alone1 prep>+ ! col\rs ) 8 own h&s1 %[+ h[ ?or\gh an individuali/ he mu/ h be51 contr>y to ! practice ( 8 own "t1 :i* 0 to "w ) pupils & assi/ants4 ,he began ) ! end t[>ds ! door1 & 9 two comp>tm5ts fir/ pa9t$ ,! ,deluge & ,! ,v9ey>d ( ,noah2 ! figures are on a small] scale1 :i* he aft]w>ds ab&on$ = a l>g]1 bold] treatm5t4 ,he sp5t tw5ty-two mon?s 9 pa9t+ ! ceil+1 exclusive ( ! "t sp5t 9 prep>+ ! c>toons4 ,! "w 0 uncov]$ to ! public view on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 #aeab4 ,! sculpturesque & ar*itectural feel+ :i*1 really /rong] 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's "w ?an t ( ! pa9t]1 is v decid$ly manife/$ bo? 9 ! g5]al plan ( ! design & 9 individual figures & details4 ,9 ord] to br+ s great a s*eme into compreh5sive =m x 0 necess>y to divide & subdivide ! blank ceil+ ) pa9t$ ar*itectural m\ld+s & ribs into spaces & panels4 ,! titanic y\?ful figures plac$ betwe51 ^u ! l$ges & brackets ( ! framework ( ! subjects1 are v f9e & *>act]i/ic 9 /yle1 & ess5tially sculptors' designs2 ea* w\ld "w out z a sep>ate /atue1 ?\gh = all t ea* s+le figure1 z ea* figure ( e gr\p1 be>s a c]ta9 relation to ! re/ & fills a h>moni\s & necess>y place 9 ! s*eme4 ,! col\r is subdu$ & quiet4 ,x has a gray1 cool effect 9 ! *apel1 gray blues1 pale gre5s & :ites be+ mu* us$ 9 ! drap]ies1 & ! *ief decorative effect be+ ga9$ by ! opposition ( br[n fle% tones to ! broad1 light m>ble-l framework1 or ! l&scape & sky backgr\nds ( ! subject panels4 ,?is great "w 0 complet$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 8 ?irty-n9? ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,,! ,,delphic ,,sibyl 7,,si/9e ,,*apel74 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,giuliano ,,de ,,m$ici4 ,,flor5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,al9>i ,photo4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,lor5zo ,,de ,,m$ici4 ,,flor5ce4 ,ano!r great monum5tal "w 9 :i* 8 ar*itectural & sculptural g5ius come out are ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,! seat$ figures ( ,lor5zo & ,giuliano de ,m$ici are plac$ 9 ! recesses ( a ,r5asc5ce arcade1 9 front ( :i* are m>ble s>cophagi1 & ^u ! lids recl9e figures ( ,night & ,morn+1 & ( ,dawn & ,twilight respectively4 ,!y are v bold & p[]ful 9 design1 & extremely *>act]i/ic 9 /yle & treatm5t1 hav+ a c]ta9 titanic en]gy & tragic unre/1 z well z p5sive my/]y1 ab\t !m1 :i* belong to ! /rong p]sonality ( _! design]4 ,poet1 z well z pa9t]1 ar*itect1 & sculptor1 we see him mov+ amid ! political tr\bles & vicissitudes ( 8 "t1 a pr\d & /ormy _s1 a man ( extraord9>y en]gy1 :i* impresses itself ^u all 8 works4 ,! design] ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! pa9t] ( ! ,si/9e1 & anon z eng9e] call$ to =tify ,flor5ce2 au/]e & ab/emi\s ( habit1 pr\d & imp]i\s1 & yet t5d]ly solicit\s = 8 ag$ fa!r1 & devot$ to 8 old s]vant ,urb9o1 :om he t5d]ly nurs$ 9 8 la/ illness4 ,! great arti/ liv$ till eighty-n9e1 & di$ 9 ,rome1 ! sc5e ( 8 monum5tal lab\rs1 on ,febru>y #ah?1 #aefd4 ,z %[+ ! al]tness & activity ( 8 m9d 9 old age1 he is said to h made a draw+ ( himself z an ag$ man 9 a g-c>t1 ) ! motto1 ,ancora imp>a 7/ill le>n+71 a true emblem = a great man :o1 9 spite ( 8 k1 feels t 9 view ( ! unkn[n he kn[s no?+4 ,^! are a few1 a v few1 individualities out ( ! drama ( ,italian art1 briefly sket*$1 b di/9ct z !y are1 !y are n deta*$ l isolat$ /atues ^u p$e/als f ! *>act]i/ics ( _! age4 ,!y are great because !y embody ^? *>act]i/ics2 !y are l ri* jewels /rung ^u a gold5 *a9--! gold5 *a9 ( inv5tive tradition :i* unites !m--:i*1 :ile leav+ ea* arti/ free 9 8 own sph]e1 br+s 8 "w into relation & h>mony ) t ( 8 contempor>ies1 8 pr$ecessors1 & 8 successors4 ,"s may pref] to take ! jewels sep>ately & admire !m )\t ref]5ce to ! *a92 b1 ,i ?9k1 to fully und]/& & appreciate ! g5ius ( individual arti/s "o mu/ nev] leave out ( acc\nt _! relation to _! "t1 & its influ5ces1 ! relation ( _! p>ticul> art to ! /ate ( ! arts g5]ally2 = among ^! are ! factors :i* h contribut$ to make !m :at we f9d !m 9 _! works2 j z ! col\r & relief ( a figure or a head dep5ds l>gely ^u its backgr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,,( ,,! ,,collective ,,influ5ce ,,9 my la/ *apt] ,i comp>$ tradition 9 art to a gold5 *a91 & ! /rik+ individualities :i* arise f "t to "t z ! jewels ^u su* a *a94 ,! hi/ory ( art & ! evolution ( design may be reg>d$ ei!r f ! po9t ( view ( ! jewels or f ! po9t ( view ( ! ord9>y l9ks2 & if we wi% to take a j & compreh5sive view ,i ?9k we mu/ n only consid] ! lum9\s po9ts1 b ! sy/em--! l9ks--by :i* !y are connect$ & relat$4 ,look+ out into ! cle> night we see a va/ mass ( brilliant />s ( all degrees ( magnitude app>5tly flung into space )\t ord] or relation1 b ! /udies ( a/ronom]s h reveal$ t !y are ! c5tral suns ( sy/ems ar\nd :i* revolve planets invisible to u2 b ^! />-suns !mselves become lo/1 & m]g$ 9 ! c\ntless myriads t =m ! silv]y cl\d we call ! milky way4 ,s x is 9 ! hi/ory ( art & ! evolution ( design4 ,at fir/ we are attract$ by ! brilliant p]sonalities1 surr\nd$ by satellites1 t seem to sum up 9 _! "w :ole epo*s1 & rema9 typical & c5tral po9ts 9 ! wide spaces ( "t2 b fur!r rese>* reveals _! relation to o!r p]sonalities n s di/9ct1 on :om ! full light ( popul> fav\r has n fla%$1 & pres5tly we get beyond p]sonalities altoge!r1 & 9 ! "w ( remote antiquity see only ! results ( ! lab\rs ( g5]ations1 purely typical =ms ( art1 ! monum5tal record ( races1 ( nations1 ( dyna/ies1 ! "w1 n ( individual m51 b ( collective man4 ,( su* we may f9d examples 9 ! art ( anci5t ,egypt1 ( ,assyria1 ( ,p]sia1 & 9 ! ar*aic & primitive art ( all k9ds1 f ! fragm5ts ( pott]y f ! pla9 ( ,troy to ! c>v$ paddles ( ! ,polynesian isl&]s4 ,! art & craft ( build+--ar*itecture1 ! fundam5tal art1 c only be trac$ back to its primitive =ms 9 diff]5t c\ntries z practis$ among diff]5t races & peoples4 ,! orig9 ( its di/9ctive /yles1 & its pr9cipal con/ructive features1 7 det]m9$ long ago "u ! influ5ce ( climate & local mat]ials1 by ! collective ?\ght & co-op]ative lab\r ( mank9d s*ool$ by necessity & exp]i5ce4 ,yes1 x is a hi/ory ( con/ant adaptation to conditions & unit$ lab\r & inv5tion f our primitive ance/or1 :o improv$ ^u ! natural %elt] ( ! tree by int]lac+ its p5d5t bran*es ) o!r bran*es & /akes fix$ 9 ! gr\nd2 :o burn$ ! ends ( _! timb]s1 s t z piles !y c\ld be driv5 m easily into ! mud to support ! plat=ms ( ! wattl$ lake dwell+s1 :5 !re 7 no /eel axes4 ,f ! e>ly coloni/s ( our race1 ! ,aryan wagon]s1 :o p]haps took ! idea ( ! primitive gable & ro( timb]s f ! tilt ( ! wagon1 or ! supports ( ! t5t-cov]+s2 f ! +5uity ( ! ,mongolian settl]s by ! riv]side1 mak+ ! fram+ ( _! h\ses & support+ _! ro(s by ! bamboo1 utiliz+ ! holl[ canes = ! jo9t+ & bracket+ ( ! supports1 & t]m9at+ ! ends ornam5tally by ins]t+ grotesquely c>v$ heads4 ,! *a9 ( inv5tion is unbrok5 up to mod]n sci5tific eng9e]+ & calculat$ pr9ciples ( build+ con/ruction1 :i* b sums up & sy/ematizes ! collective exp]i5ce ( ages4 ,we see1 too1 ! collective h& ( tradition & ! adh]5ce to accu/om$ =ms 9 ! adoption or imitation ( features ( timb] con/ruction 9 /one con/ruction & ornam5t by ! anci5ts2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! =m ( ! ,p]sian capital f ,p]sepolis1 & 9 ! d5til ornam5t ( classical ar*itecture m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,out ( necessity spr+s con/ruction2 out ( con/ruction spr+s ornam5t4 ,we _c f9d ! individual 9 ei!r1 bo? be+ ! result ( sl[ & gradual evolution1 requir+ long p]iods ( "t & cont9uity ( cu/om1 life1 & habit1 & ! cont9u\s associat$ lab\r ( communities1 :]e9 ! individual is ( less importance ?an ! ma9t5ance ( ! social organism4 ,at fir/ ! pres]vation ( ! g5s1 ! tribe1 ! protection & s]vice ( ! village community1 ! h&+ on ( tradition & folk-lore1 until1 ) conque/ & ext5sion & consolidation into a nation1 settl$ indu/ries1 & religi\s fai? & ritual1 ! desire arises to clo! ! my?ical & spiritual ideas ( a p 9 p]man5t monum5tal =m & col\r4 ,a ca!dral repres5ts ! collective art1 "w1 & ?\ght ( c5turies4 ,! names ( its build]s1 its masons1 its c>v]s1 its glazi]s1 are lo/2 ! heads & h&s t c>ri$ out ! "w1 ^: inv5tion & feel+1 ^: v life h be5 wr\ght into ! /one & ! wood & ! glass1 h left no o!r record4 ,an abbot's or a bi%op's "n may be giv5 z hav+ plann$ or rais$ ! money = ?is *oir or t por* at diff]5t times1 b ! arti/s & craftsm5 :o did ! "w g5]ally rema9 unkn[n4 ,!y work$ 9 _! craft 9 h>mony ) ! work]s 9 k9dr$ crafts1 & z bro!r memb]s ( _! guild1 & in/ead ( build+ up m]ely p]sonal reputations really evolv$ collectively ! di/9ctive ar*itectural /yle & decorative types ( _! age4 ,?is is "o reason :y a ,go?ic ca!dral is s impressive4 ,we see ! gr[? ( an organic /yle1 />t+1 p]haps1 ) ! r\nd ar* & massive ,norman pi]1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! transition to ! lancet ar* ( ! e>ly po9t$ to ! m\ld$ ar* & ! clu/]$ %aft & foliat$ capital1 ) ! ribb$1 vault$ ro( cov]+ ! long nave ) a network ( recurr+ con/ructive l9es1 & meet+ ov]head 9 c>v$ bosses1 or spread+ into ,tudor fans4 ,or we may m>k ! gradual evolution ( ! w9d[ f ! r\nd head$1 deep-set loop-hole ( ! ,byzant9e & ,norman p]iod into ! long lancet-po9t$ panel ( geometric glass2 & see !n h[ by degrees ! light1 fir/ divid$ into two by a %aft1 sugge/$ ! clu/]+ ( _m lights toge!r1 z 9 great we/]n or ea/]n w9d[s1 divid+ !m by mullions break+ into geometric trac]y 9 ! po9t$ heads2 & ?us rais+ a beautiful pi]c$ scre5 ( /one to hold ! col\r$ glass & reveal its spl5d\r aga9/ ! full light ( ! sky4 ,c we "n ! inv5tors ( ^! *anges1 ! evolv]s ( ^! beauties ( our con/ructive art8 ,d we n feel t by _! v nature !y c\ld n h be5 claim$ by any individual m9d alone or h rea*$ p]fection 9 a s+le lifetime8 ,!y are ! natural result ( a free & vital condition 9 art1 mov$ by ! unity ( fai? & feel+1 :]e9 m5 "w toge!r z bro!rs 9 unity1 ea* free 9 8 own sph]e1 b nev] isolat$1 & nev] los+ 8 s5se ( relation to ! re/4 ,?us we get ! h>moni\s effect ( a great or*e/ra1 :]e1 ?\gh e v>iety ( in/rum5t may be play$1 all are subord9at$1 or co-ord9at$1 to ! musical s*eme1 & produce t impression ( p[] & sweetness by cad5ces t may be n[ s(t z ! :isp]s ( ! summ] w9ds ov] a field ( :eat1 & anon sweep l a tempe/ ) ! fury ( ?und]+ waves ^u ! utmo/ %ores ( s\nd4 ,! emotions produc$ by su* =ms ( collective art lift ! m9d out ( ! p]sonal region altoge!r2 !y are ak91 inde$1 to ! feel+s awak5$ 9 ! pres5ce ( wild nature4 ,we seem to he> ! voice ( ,"t himself out ( ! cav]ns ( ! pa/1 ! song ( life1 l t ( a *ild 9 ! sunlight1 & ! half-articulate1 pa!tic murmur ( ! voices ( birds & bea/s2 ! hu% ( ! wood at noon-tide1 ! transfiguration ( ! aft]gl[1 & ! my/]y ( night4 ,9 ! primitive ornam5t ( all peoples we f9d ! same or simil> typical =ms con/antly recurr+1 ! g]ms ( patt]n design aft]w>ds develop$1 complicat$1 & ref9$ ^u3 ! *equ]1 ! zigzag1 ! fret1 ! circle1 ! spiral volute1 ! twi/+ scroll--c we ascribe _! inv5tion to any individual m9d or h&8 ,c ! me*anician tell u :o 7 ! inv5tors ( ! :eel1 ! lev]1 ! mode ( produc+ fire1 ! canoe1 ! paddle1 ! spade1 ! pl\gh1 ! vessel ( clay1 ! axe1 ! hamm]1 ! ne$le1 or ev5 sp9n+ & weav+8 ,yet !y are inv5tions ( incalculable importance to human life1 :i* )\t !m c\ld n ma9ta9 itself1 mu* less build ^u !m1 z x 71 ! va/ & complex /ructure ( mod]n inv5tion1 ( sci5ce1 & ( art4 ,a =m 9 ornam5t once f\nd1 h[ev]1 is repeat$4 ,! eye gr[s accu/om$ to x1 takes delight 9 x1 & expects its recurr5ce4 ,x becomes e/abli%$ by use & wont1 & is (t5 associat$ ) fundam5tal ideas ( life & ! univ]se itself4 ,?us we get traditional ornam5t1 h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation1 its orig9 & mean+ p]haps lo/--l ! pictorial significance ( ! individual lett]s ( our alphabet1 :i* ev]ybody uses1 b :i* require a special k9d ( /udy & rese>* to expla9 _! real mean+ & orig9al =ms4 ,side by side ) ?is lik+ = ! accu/om$1 ?is dem& = ! expect$1 appe>s to h gr[n up ano!r feel+1 a love ( *ange & v>iety equally natural & human4 ,illu/ration3 ,,natural ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,repetition ,,( ,,ornam5tal ,,=ms4 ,,prim>y ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,,draw+ ,,on ,,! ,,blackbo>d1 ,,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,natural ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,repetition ,,( ,,ornam5tal ,,=ms4 ,,prim>y ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,,draw+ ,,on ,,! ,,blackbo>d1 ,,philadelphia4 ,9 ornam5t v>iation may at fir/ be unconsci\s1 & might h aris5 f ! natural t5d5cy ( ! h& to v>y a =m 9 repeat+ x 7z our own exp]i5ce w tell u71 :ile x requires an ef=t to reproduce its exact c\nt]p>t4 ,?is t5d5cy to v>y ! same =m1 9 repeat+ x1 by diff]5t individuals is illu/rat$ by ! little ,am]ican *ildr5 cultivat+ _! facility ( h& by draw+ on ! blackbo>d4 ,?is natural v>iation1 hav+ a ri* & pleasant effect1 is enc\rag$ until consci\s & /udi$ inv5tion & +5uity ( individual arti/s 9 ! v>y+ ( designs take its place4 ,tradition 9 design may no d\bt be l>gely attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! work%op1 or :at we %\ld n[ call te*nical necessities1 ! use ( c]ta9 tools & mat]ials giv+ a c]ta9 "* ( _! own 9 ! r5d]+ ( =m1 z "o may see ev5 9 ! case ( su* a matt] z quality ( outl9e 7important en\gh 9 all design7 if we comp>e ! diff]5ces betwe5 a =m drawn ) ! p5cil1 ! p51 ) ! bru%1 or ) *>coal4 ,a c]ta9 typical treatm5t becomes naturally evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( practice :i* seems prop] to ea* me?od1 :ile ! treatm5t is sure to be slightly v>i$ 9 ! h&s ( e individual4 ,( c\rse a /rong arti/ic p]sonality may greatly modify tradition 9 any art1 ?\gh su* an "o is seldom entirely free f its influ5ce2 & ! greate/ arti/s 9 pa/ times h g5]ally built ^u x1 & h become :at !y are r because ( an exi/+ vital tradition admitt+ ( individual v>iation4 ,?is 0 l>gely ! case1 ,i ?9k1 ) ! great ma/]s ( ! ,italian ,r5asc5ce1 "s ( :om ,i spoke ( 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,! g5]al /&>d ( excell5ce 0 ma9ta9$ by _! contempor>ies4 ,a great individual arti/ arises & only by degrees di/+ui%es himself by 8 p]sonal *oice & treatm5t1 8 v>iation ( practice or me?od1 graft+ on to ! /em p]haps "s new r>e fl[]4 ,he raises ! /&>d high]1 he imports new elem5ts1 he influ5ces tradition1 & ! lamp is h&$ on4 ,giotto's art w\ld n h be5 :at x 0 b = ! ,byzant9e influ5ce "u :i* he 0 tra9$4 ,)\t los+ c]ta9 f9e qualities ( ! dignity & s]5ity ( ! e>li] art1 he infus$ fre% life & prep>$ ! way = ! great] fre$om & naturalism ( 8 successors4 ,! v>i\s s*ools ( pa9t+ are closely l9k$1 & if ! l9ks 7 complete we %\ld p]haps be m /ruck ) ! resemblances1 ! simil>ities1 ?an ! diff]5ces4 ,! great /ructure ( /yle is rais$ /one by /one3 ! lab\r ( g5]ations ( arti/s gradually advances ! /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,n[ & !n a great] m9d appe>s1 & by "s new ?\ght or me?od1 fre% s5tim5t or po9t ( view1 raises ! /&>d high]1 & s an epo* is m>k$ 9 art4 ,great cleavages f "t to "t occur :i* di/urb ! ord]ly progression & connection1 l cataclysms 9 nature--e>?quakes & upheavals :i* break ! cont9uity ( ! geologic b$s & ?r[ !m ^u diff]5t levels2 b ! /rong social & collective t5d5cy 9 man is always to repair & re=m1 to re-unite scatt]$ fragm5ts & to =m new traditions bo? 9 life & art4 ,9 an age :i* has se5 ! developm5t ( an organiz$ indu/rial sy/em ( extraord9>y & m9ute division ( lab\r "u ! factory sy/em1 & has n[ ent]$ an epo* ( fur!r specialization ( lab\r ) ! inv5tion & use ( complicat$ ma*9]y driv5 by /eam & electric p[]1 9 association ) :i* lab\r becomes n only specializ$ b almo/ automatic1 we p]haps h>dly ne$ rem9d+ ( ! collective influ5ce1 s9ce = ! effective supply ( ! big _w-m>ket all products are ! result ( collective human lab\r4 ,su* an organization ( ma*9e production z e effective factory displays1 ( collective lab\r1 ?\gh n organiz$ = ! collective b5efit1 b r wa/efully cont5d+ ) o!r factories = private pr(it-mak+ 9 a fi]ce & unscrupul\s w>f>e ( comm]cial competition--su* organizations c h>dly be fav\rable to ! production ( f9e & beautiful art4 ,! art1 ! wond]1 ! inv5tion1 if any:]e1 mu/ really be s\ght 9 ! means r ?an ! ends4 ,! ma*9es :i* produce our w>es are m>vels ( +5uity1 ( me*anical adaptation1 ( economy ( =ce1 b ! f9i%$ product is (t5 mo/ depress+4 ,"o may see 9 pr9t works1 = in/ance1 ^? wond]ful col\r pr9t+ ma*9es capable ( pr9t+ sev51 & ev5 twelve1 col\rs f ! roll]s 9 succession ^u ! clo? z x passes ?r\gh1 (t5 turn+ out extremely tame & commonplace patt]ns on *eap mat]ial1 :i* look mu* m int]e/+ z engrav$ ^u ! poli%$ copp] roll] ?an !y ev] d on ! clo?4 ,well1 x may be said1 ! rem$y is ) u--) ! design]s4 ,we h only to use our inv5tion 9 produc+ good & attractive designs1 adapt$ to ! process & mat]ial1 & ! factory & ! ma*9e w d ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,axm9/] ,,c>pet ,,weav+4 ,x is conceivable1 c]ta9ly1 t :]e ! object is solely to produce some?+ at once beautiful & s]viceable1 by a *a9 ( associat$ & intellig5t lab\r1 ) ! mo/ +5i\s ma*9es at ! comm& ( ! design]s1 wond]ful ?+s might be done2 b x is a "q :e!r1 if a design be ev] s good1 we %\ld n gr[ tir$ ( x if we saw x produc$ 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,yet t1 aft] all1 is ! object ( our factories1 ( our improv$ ma*9]y1 to produce 9 enorm\s quantities--n prim>ily to supply ! _w's ne$s ei!r1 b 9 ord] to sell at a pr(it4 ,art1 h[ev]1 is only conc]n$ ) quality--to make ev]y?+ z good ( its k9d z possible1 to seek v>iety1 beauty1 appropriat5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tape/ry ,,c>pet ,,weav+4 ,we h yet to see :e!r indu/rial production1 organiz$ on ! mod]n sy/em1 is equal to ! old h&icraftsman ) 8 simple me?ods1 z f> z arti/ic results are conc]n$4 ,s f> ! ,indian1 ) 8 h&-block pr9t+ 8 patt]n on 8 /rip ( musl9 or cotton1 or dipp+ 8 ti$ clo? into ! dye1 produces m arti/ic results ?an all our wond]ful ma*9]y4 ,me*anical p]fection is "o ?+1 & arti/ic feel+ q ano!r1 & ! m z an end a p seeks aft] ! fir/ ! less x is likely to c>e = or und]/& ! o!r4 ,! *a9 ( production1 too1 may be me*anically complete1 z 9 our be/ factories x may be said to be z f> z organization goes1 yet we may be /ill f> f ! f9] sympa!tic *a9 ( arti/ic association by means ( :i* ! be/ "w is produc$4 ,9 ?is we mu/ include ! /imulus ( ext]nal beauty & h>moni\s surr\nd+s1 z well z individual fre$om4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s might h be5 f\nd 9 any craft's-guild1 & se5 9 full work+ ord] 9 any work%op ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,su* an int]ior z is pictur$ by ,eti5ne ,delaune1 a celebrat$ goldsmi? ( ,p>is1 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( 8 own ateli]1 engrav$ by himself1 %[s u a gr\p ( arti/ craftsm5 work+ toge!r ) all ! tools & implem5ts ( _! art ar\nd !m4 ,( ! ?ree seat$ at ! b5* "o is engrav+ or *as+2 ano!r at "w ^u a wat*1 drill+ app>5tly2 :ile ! ?ird is do+ "s f9e rep\ss "w4 ,! "y man at ! furnace is probably enamell+1 & a boy at ! :eel appe>s to be wire-draw+4 ,a great v>iety ( tools are plac$ 9 exempl>y ord] ^u ! walls--p9c]s1 pli]s1 files1 %e>s1 hamm]s1 pun*es1 a small anvil1 crucibles1 & a pair ( bell[s = ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,ateli] ,,( ,,eti5ne ,,delaune1 ,,p>is1 #aegf4 ,!re are /ill "s crafts :i* are work$ 9 ?is simple arti/ic co-op]ative way1 & h und]gone b little *anges ( me?od s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,inde$1 "o might say all ! f9] arti/ic h&icrafts2 & x is notewor?y t ! tools us$ are ( ! same type--! sculptor's mallet & *isel1 ! pa9t]'s palette & bru%es1 = in/ance1 h rema9$ practically un*ang$ 9 =m f "t immemorial4 ,^? :o h se5 glass bl[+ & ! =mation ( glass vessels mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! skill & cel]ity display$ by ! craftsm5 at ! furnace m\?1 "u v try+ conditions1 & also by ! necessity ( effective help at c]ta9 movem5ts1 :5 ! molt5 glass is made to revolve ^u ! b> by "o man1 :ile ! %ape is giv5 to x by ano!r4 ,! ma/] craftsman g5]ally seems to h two assi/ants1 b ! am\nt ( co-op]ation necess>y 9 =m+ ! vessels dep5ds mu* ^u _! size1 small pieces be+ complet$ by "o alone4 ,!re are glass works /ill work+1 su* z ^? at ,:itefri>s1 :i* h be5 !re s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! circle ( furnace m\?s1 ! ruddy gl[ fall+ ^u ! faces & figures ( ! work]s1 =m a /rik+ sc5e4 ,by a skill ( manipulation t might well appe> magical se5 = ! fir/ "t1 ! craftsm5 produce vessels ( any v>iety ( %ape1 con/antly return+ ! "w z x progresses to ! fire4 ,?\gh ! "w seems to l5d itself to ! v>y+ inv5tion ( ! design]1 !y c reproduce ! section sket*$ 9 *alk on a black panel at ! side ( ! furnace 9 a complet$ =m to exact measurem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass ,,bl[+4 ,! art ( ! pr9t] ( books1 to :i* s mu* int]e/ has ( late be5 drawn1 & :i* has be5 reviv$ z an art by ,mr4 ,william ,morris at 8 ,kelmscott ,press1 af=ds ano!r in/ance ( ! necessity ( intellig5t & arti/ic co-op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury 7,,f ,,jo/ ,,amman74 ,to beg9 )1 !re is ! pap]2 a good t\gh h&made pap]1 l draw+ pap]1 is want$ = ri* & bright impressions ( type or woodcuts4 ,?is mu/ be made f ! be/ l95 rags1 & ea* %eet is manipulat$ by ! h&s1 by means ( a wir$ frame ( wood dipp$ into ! pulp & cunn+ly %ak5 s t x 7! pulp7 %all spread ov] ! wires ev5ly to =m1 :5 dry1 ! %eet ( pap]4 ,!n ! type-f\nd+ mu/ be look$ aft]4 ,lett]+ ( good =m mu/ be design$1 & s design$ t ea* lett] mu/ be sep>ate & yet capable ( =m+ words )\t undue gaps1 & also legible pages ( agreeable type1 good 9 ! mass & good 9 ! s+le lett]s & words4 ,! type-f\nd] & design] mu/ !re=e be a man ( ta/e & cultivation1 he mu/ h a k ( alphabets1 ( e>ly pr9t+ & ( hi/oric ,,mss4 & calligraphy1 & he mu/ be a capable design]1 able to appreciate ! niceties ( l9e1 ! value ( a curve1 ( balance & mass1 proportion & appropriate scale4 ,mr4 ,morris _h sev]al typical anci5t types photograph$ ^u a l>ge scale s z to m easily comp>e _! design & /ructure1 & f\nd$ 8 own designs = 8 ,kelmscott f\nts m or less ^u !m1 giv+ !m1 :e!r ,roman or ,go?ic1 a di/9ctive "* ( _! own4 ,?is is ab\t z ne> z "o c get 9 our consci\s1 selective way to old me?ods1 9 :i* individuals f "t to "t introduc$ small v>iations1 :ile adh]+ to ! g5]al /yle & =m1 s t ! collective traditional influ5ce & hi/oric cont9uity is pres]v$ ) ! cumulative advantages ( individual inv5tion4 ,( ! plac+ ( ! type-page ^u ! pap]1 reg>d+ ! d\ble page ( ! op5 book z ! true unit1 ,i h be=e spok51 & a great deal ( art comes into ! sett+ ( ! type1 s z to disp]se x )\t leav+ riv]s or gaps--mu* z a design] ( a repeat+ patt]n w\ld seek to avoid runn+ into awkw>d accid5tal l9es4 ,con/ructive pr9ciple w\ld "h come 91 & %\ld be s]viceable to ! pr9t] 9 enabl+ him to pres]ve a pleasant & h>moni\s ornam5tal effect 9 8 page4 ,! design] ( pr9t]s' ornam5ts & book illu/rations1 too1 if he wi%es to make 8 "w an ess5tial & h>moni\s "p ( ! book is1 :ile free 9 8 own sph]e1 b\nd to rememb] ! conditions "u :i* 8 "w w be produc$ & se52 &1 s f> f reg>d+ ^! conditions z re/ra9ts1 %\ld r reg>d !m z s\rces ( sugge/ion 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 designs1 mak+ 8 initial lett]s & decorative bord]s & head+s natural l9ks to unite ! =mal ornam5tal elem5t ( ! type-page ) ! in=mal inclos$ panel ( figure design :i*1 9 its treatm5t ( l9e or black & :ite mass1 may be b an ext5sion ( ! same pr9ciples f\nd 9 any individual lett] ( ! type-mass4 ,! me*anical reason = ?is is1 ( c\rse1 t x simplifies ! process ( pr9t+1 type & woodcut be+ subject to ! same pressure4 ,) good pap] & ink1 ) good1 well-cut type & woodcut ornam5ts & illu/rations1 ! success ( ! book n[ dep5ds ^u ! actual pr9t]1 z defective pr9t+1 poor impressions1 ! blocks n up to full /r5g?1 ! impressions blurr$1 w\ld spoil ! effect ( ! be/ "w4 ,bright1 clean impressions are want$1 & mu* c>e & skill are requir$ to secure su*1 z well z "t to all[ ! %eets to dry well be=e be+ made up into book =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold-,,tool$ ,,book ,,cov]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,t4 ,j4 ,,cobd5-,,s&]son4 ,f9ally ! b9d] takes up ! tale ( collective skill necess>y to ! production ( t "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( beautiful ?+s--a beautiful book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold-,,tool$ ,,book ,,cov]4 ,,design$ ,,by ,t4 ,j4 ,,cobd5-,,s&]son4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 an imm5se am\nt ( art may be call$ 9 ov] & above neat & c>eful craftsman%ip 9 ! prelim9>y b mo/ necess>y /ages ( =w>d+1 z ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son has told u4 ,beautiful b9d+1 inde$1 may display "s ( ! mo/ ref9$ qualities ( decorative art 9 disposition ( l9e & patt]n1 :ile x af=ds 9 gold tool+ ano!r in/ance ( /rict limitation ( me?od l5d+ itself to free inv5tion & fancy4 ,! arti/ is "u ! necessity ( build+ up 8 l9es & con/ruct+ 8 =ms by ! repetition ( ! impress ( c]ta9 tools1 ! mo/ res\rceful design] be+ %[n by ! decorative use he is able to make ( few & simple =ms4 ,an exam9ation ( ! designs by ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 giv5 "h1 w %[ t !y are built up ( v few units4 ,a fl[]1 a leaf1 a /em1 & /raight l9es ( bord]s ) ! lett]+1 :i* is also an important ornam5tal unit4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! ta/e & skill ) :i* !y are us$4 ,f ! s+le example ( ! *a9 ( associat$ lab\r necess>y to ! production ( a book1 we may see !n h[ mu* dep5ds ^u intellig5t & h>moni\s co-op]ation 9 collective "w4 ,:]e ea* process is s important1 :]e ! skill & ta/e ( ea* work] is s necess>y to ! complete result1 "o c h>dly say t "o is m important ?an ano!r--c]ta9ly n less ess5tial4 ,we see1 too1 h[ int]-dep5d5t ! "w ( ea* is4 ,ea* /one 9 ! /ructure mu/ be well & truly laid1 or s\nd progress & satisfactory completion are impossible4 ,art 9 all its manifold developm5ts always tea*es u ?is4 ,fault or failure at "o /age may ru9 ! :ole "w4 ,are ! f\ndations less important ?an ! wall2 is ! wall less important ?an ! w9d[2 is ! ro( less ess5tial to ! h\se ?an ! c>v+ ( its por*1 or ! pa9t+ ( its int]ior8 ,if we realize ! close & necess>y l9ks t unite all work]s1 t are ess5tial to ! production ( ?+s useful or beautiful1 or bo?1 %\ld n we d well to /rive to make ! association clos] & m complete ?an x is1 & ?us h& on ! lamp ( good tradition 9 design & workman%ip1 h[ev] f> we mu/ look =w>d to ! enl>gem5t ( our horizon & ! h>moniz+ ( human life1 & its fre$om f ! s9i/] p[]s & false ideals t n[ oppress & deceive x8 ,& if we accept ! tru? t art is unity1 & t :at ! unit is ! mass may become1 %\ld we n /rive1 ea* 9 8 sph]e1 :atev] our ma9 "w may be1 to d x wor?ily & well8 rememb]+ t x is bett] to d a small ?+ well ?an a big ?+ badly1 & t x is ! _s 9 :i* our "w is done1 n ! place x may accid5tally occupy1 or ! class to :i* x may belong1 or ! rew>d x may receive 9 ! ord9>y e/imation1 t makes x great or little4 ,,index ,ahm$abad1 c>v$ /one lattice w9d[ at1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,alciati's ,emblems1 #bec-bef4 ,alhambra1 !1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,ami5s1 sculpture at1 #bgj1 #bgc4 ,amman1 ,jo/1 #cfg4 ,amphora1 ,greek1 #hj1 #ha4 ,angels1 ,*ri/ian1 #bdd4 ,&re1 ,hi]onymus1 #bhd4 ,&reani1 ,&rea1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,an!mion ornam5t1 ,greek1 #di1 #eb4 ,apelles1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,arabian invasion ( ,p]sia1 #age1 #agi2 casem5t1 #ahj2 c>v$ pulpit1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae4 ,ar*1 r\nd1 #e1 #af2 po9t$1 #e1 #bf4 ,ar*es1 typical =ms (1 #cj4 ,ar*itecture1 ! orig9al basis ( design1 #c2 typical con/ructive =ms 91 #e2 ,greek1 #f-af2 ,roman1 #af-bj2 ,byzant9e1 #bj-be2 ,norman1 #bf-bh2 ,go?ic1 #bh-df2 relation%ip betwe51 & ! art ( design g5]ally1 #df1 #dg4 ,ardebil1 ,holy ,c>pet ( ! mosque at1 #age-agg4 ,assyrian bord]1 #di1 #ej2 enamell$ tile1 #di1 #ea2 sculpture1 #aib1 #bjc1 #bjd2 treatm5t ( natural =ms1 #aih-bjb4 ,aux]re1 sculpture at1 #bgj1 #bgb4 ,axm\? ,*ur*1 t[] (1 #fd4 ,bac*us1 visit (1 to ,ic>ius1 #ah1 #bja4 ,b>ge-bo>d1 use ( !1 #fa4 ,bates1 ,h>ry1 #ajj4 ,bell9i1 ,jacopo1 #cbh4 ,b5i ,hasan1 tomb (1 #aie1 #bfe4 ,b5son1 ,w4 ,a4 ,s41 #gj4 ,bewick1 ,?omas1 revival ( ! woodcut "u1 #aai1 #bid4 ,birds1 ,egyptian treatm5t (1 #bfd2 ,japanese treatm5t (1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfg2 ,bewick's treatm5t (1 #bid4 ,blake1 ,william1 #aai1 #abj1 #bid4 ,bohemia1 old t[ns (1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,book-b9d+1 #cgj-cgb4 ,books1 decoration (1 #aag-aba1 #acc-ada4 ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 #cbc-cbf4 ,b\*>don1 /atue ( ,l\is ,,xv4 by1 #ii1 #aja4 ,brasses1 h]aldry 91 #beb2 *>act]i/ics ( design 91 #bij-bic4 ,bronze ca/+1 #ih-aja4 ,br[n1 ,=d ,madox1 c>toons = glass by1 #aeb1 #aec2 draw+s by1 #cjj4 ,bruges1 ! ,belfry (1 #fb2 grate back f1 #fg1 #fh2 iron-"w at1 #ajc2 brass at1 #bia1 #bib4 ,bu* von d5 ,sieb5 ,todsnd51 #aag4 ,burgmair1 ,hans1 #bhd4 ,burne-,jones1 ,sir ,edw>d1 /udies by1 #abf4 ,byzant9e art1 #bj-be1 #ada1 #bci4 ,cairo1 casem5t f1 #aha2 pulpit f1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae2 c>v$ & inlaid panel f1 #bag4 ,calv]t1 ,edw>d1 #bid4 ,cambridge1 ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 #cb4 ,c&elabra1 brass1 #gc-ge4 ,c&le/icks1 #fi1 #ga1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg4 ,canopi$ tombs1 #ch1 #ci2 seat & sidebo>d1 #da4 ,cant]bury1 ,anselm's ,t[]1 #bf1 #bg2 transitional arcade1 #bi2 s\? side ( *oir1 #dc1 #de2 fire-dog f ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,hospital1 #fg4 ,cave m51 art ( !1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,ceil+ decoration1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca4 ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #ajj4 ,celtic cross1 #bji4 ,c]a p]duta1 #ih1 #ii4 ,*equ] patt]n1 !1 #dh1 #di4 ,*imneys1 importance (1 9 design1 #fc-fe4 ,*9ese porcela91 #hf1 #agd1 #bad2 embroid]y1 #aae1 #baa2 design1 features (1 #bad1 #baf1 #bbj4 ,*ri/*ur*1 ,norman h\se at1 #fc4 ,*ri/ian symbols1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,cimabue1 #cjf4 ,circle1 !1 #bbf4 ,cl>ke1 ,purdon1 #baj4 ,clay1 modell+ 91 #ic-if4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 ,t4 ,j41 #cgj-cgb4 ,colosseum1 !1 #af1 #ag4 ,con/ant9e1 ar* (1 #ai4 ,copp]-plate engrav+1 #aai1 #bid4 ,cotton pr9t+1 #aaa4 ,crane1 ,walt]1 book decoration1 #aci1 #adj2 wall-pap] designs1 #abd-acd2 floor motive1 #acj4 ,crane1 wr\ght iron1 #fi4 ,cre5y's ,monum5tal ,brasses1 #beb1 #bia1 #bic4 ,dalziel1 ! 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primitive1 #dh1 #di1 #ej4 ,mat?iolus1 ,h]bal (1 #bhf4 ,may1 ,phil1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,m$ici1 ,giuliano de1 tomb (1 #cdf1 #cdh4 ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de1 #cci1 #cdj2 tomb (1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,meml+1 #db1 #dc1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgg4 ,memmi1 ,simone1 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ccf1 #cch-cdh4 ,millais1 ,sir ,j4 ,e41 #bif4 ,modell+ 9 clay1 #ic2 9 wax1 #ig4 ,morris1 ,william1 #aba1 #acf1 #bdh1 #cfh4 ,mosaics at ,rav5na1 #ba-be1 #bci-bda4 ,m\ld+s 9 ar*itecture1 orig9 (1 #ei4 ,multan1 tomb at1 #ahb4 ,myc51 gate ( ! lions at1 #f1 #aj4 ,nile1 ! 7sculptur$ gr\p71 #bcd1 #bce4 ,norman ar*itecture1 #bf1 #bg4 ,norse sagas1 #bbg4 ,nuremb]g1 iron-"w at1 #ajc1 #ajf4 ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 !1 #bgh4 ,om> ,khayym1 #agh4 ,once a ,week1 #bih4 ,orcagna1 ,&rea1 #bdd1 #bde1 #caf-cai4 ,ox51 heads (1 #ee1 #ef4 ,ox=d1 ,magdal5 ,t[]1 #fb4 ,palmette1 !1 #baj1 #baa4 ,pan1 #bdd4 ,p&ora1 /ory (1 #bcg4 ,pap] mak+1 #cfh4 ,p>is1 ,sa9te ,*apelle1 glass f1 #ada-adc1 #ade4 ,p>!non1 !1 #g-ad1 #bfh2 symbolism ( !1 #bcb-bcd1 #bdf4 ,peacock1 !1 9 ,byzant9e art1 #bci4 ,p5%ur/ ,place1 #fc4 ,p]gamos1 alt> (1 #bfh4 ,p]sephone1 /ory (1 #bch4 ,p]sepolis1 #agb1 #bdg4 ,p]sian pott]y1 #hf2 types ( design1 #aga1 #baa1 #bai2 glaz$ bricks1 #aga-agc2 c>pets1 #aji1 #aaj1 #agd1 #age1 #agg2 art1 #agf-ahj2 embroid]y1 #aad1 #baa2 pomegranates1 #bjh1 #bji2 griff91 #bdd1 #bdg4 ,petr>*1 #cai4 ,phidias1 #cjc4 ,phil1 lotus capital at1 #aga4 ,photography1 influ5ce (1 on design1 #aai1 #ach1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,pisano1 ,niccolo1 #cad1 #cae4 ,pi/oia1 ,ca!dral at1 #afd1 #afe4 ,pit*]1 design ( a1 #gi4 ,plate decoration1 #he1 #hg4 ,polynesian ornam5t1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,pom]ium de ,tempore 7,augsburg1 #aejb71 #bid4 ,pott]'s :eel1 !1 #id4 ,pott]y1 #gi1 #id-if4 ,p\rbus1 #fb4 ,poynt]1 ,sir ,e4 ,j41 #bif1 #cjj4 ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t1 !1 #bif4 ,pr9t+1 ! art (1 #cff-cgj4 ,pr9t$ fabrics1 design+ =1 #aaa-aac4 ,pr9t$ page1 proportions ( !1 #ace1 #acg2 decoration ( !1 #ace-ada1 #cfi4 ,protog5es1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,pun*1 #bie-cjj4 ,raphael1 #cbh1 #cch4 ,rav5na1 mosaics at1 #ba-be1 #bci-bda4 ,recurr+ l9es1 pr9ciple (1 #ab1 #bh4 ,re!l1 ,alfr$1 #bif4 ,roman ar*itecture1 #af-ba2 wat]-vessel1 #hj2 gods1 #bcf4 ,ro(1 pit* ( !1 #ef4 ,rossetti1 ,d4 ,g41 #bif4 ,ro!nburg1 pit*] f1 #hg1 #if2 iron balu/rade f1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,rub5s1 ,pet] ,paul1 #ccb4 ,salisbury1 ,/4 ,?omas's1 scre5 at1 #ajd1 #ajf4 ,salisbury ,ca!dral1 ,*apt] ,h\se 91 #cb2 glass grisaille 91 #aea4 ,samb\rne1 ,l9ley1 #big1 #bih4 ,s&ys1 ,fr$]ick1 #bif4 ,san ,gimignano1 t[]s (1 #fa4 ,sauva/ika1 !1 #bbb1 #bbd4 ,scale 9 design1 #acc4 ,sc&9avian clay vessel1 #ie2 ornam5t1 #bbf4 ,sc>abu1 !1 #bcj4 ,%ields1 typical =ms (1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,sicilian silk tissue1 #bea1 #beb4 ,signorelli1 #bdd4 ,simonds1 ,george1 #ajj4 ,si/9e ,*apel1 ceil+ ( !1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,sleep+ ,beauty1 #bch4 ,snake ( "t1 !1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,snuff]s1 #gf1 #gg4 ,s\l1 ,egyptian symbolism ( !1 #bcj4 ,sp>r[1 ,j4 ,s41 mod]n glass by1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,sph9x1 !1 #bcb4 ,/ags dr9k+1 a ,*ri/ian emblem1 #bci1 #bdj4 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral1 timb] ro(1 #dc1 #dd2 mis]]es 91 #ic1 #id4 ,/4 ,e!lwold1 ,b5$ictional (1 #bbg4 ,/ev5s1 ,alfr$1 #fg1 #bjd4 ,/4 ,m>k1 w+$ lion (1 #bdf4 ,/4 ,m>?a1 at ,troyes1 #bgc1 #bge4 ,/one-c>v+1 #ia-ic4 ,/oneh5ge1 #f4 ,sunlight1 influ5ce (1 on art1 #af1 #afa et seq41 #ahb1 #ahd4 ,susa1 glaz$ bricks at1 #aga-agd4 ,t5niel1 ,sir ,john1 #bcf1 #bih4 ,t5nyson's poems 7#aheg71 #bif4 ,textiles1 design+ =1 #hf1 #ajf-aac1 #aca4 ,?ames1 ,fa!r1 #bcf4 ,!bes1 mural pa9t+ f1 #aif4 ,!odora1 ! 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