,) ! complim5ts ( ! ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,:eelwright ,,pap] ,,co41 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,f ,,pap]-,,mill ,,to ,,pressroom ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,! tools ( ! primitive pap]-mak] consi/$ ( a pulp vat = ! fib]-lad5 wat]1 a frame1 or mold across :i* 0 /ret*$ a me% ( closely-spac$ wires1 & a removable frame kn[n z ! deckle2 h5ce ! t]m 8deckle edg$40 ,! beat+ 0 done by iron %od hamm]s :i* 7 rais$ & releas$ by cams on a %aft turn$ by wat] p[]3 ?is ma*9e call$ a /amp] is %[n 9 ! =egr\nd ( ?is picture4 ,,f ,,pap]-,,mill ,,to ,,pressroom ,by ,,william ,,bond ,,:eelwright ,au?or ( 8,h[ ,pap] is ,made10 etc4 ,! ,collegiate ,press ,,george ,,banta ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,m5a%a1 ,,wiscons9 #aibj ,,copyright$ #aibj ,,by ,,william ,,bond ,,:eelwright ,,pr9t$ ,,& ,,b\nd ,,by ,,george ,,banta ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,manufactur+ ,,publi%]s ,,m5a%a1 ,,wiscons9 ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r ,,george ,,william ,,:eelwright ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,8 ,,fa!r ,,:o ,,ent]$ ,,! ,,pap] ,,bus9ess ,,9 #ahcd ,,^! ,,pages ,,are ,,respectfully ,,inscrib$ ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,,introduction ix ,i4 ,tradition & ,hi/ory ( ,pap]-,mak+ #a ,,ii4 ,raw ,mat]ials #aj ,,iii4 ,future ,fib] ,possibilities #ah ,,iv4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,pap] #bd ,v4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,pap] #cb ,,vi4 ,pap]-,mak+ #da ,,vii4 ,pap]-,mak+ #ea ,,viii4 ,! ,physical & ,*emical ,aspects ( ,pap] #fj ,,ix4 ,apprais+ & ,te/+ ,pap] #fg ,x4 ,pressroom ,difficulties #gf ,,xi4 ,! ,pap] ,trade #hi ,,xii4 ,importance ( a ,k ( ,pr9t+ #ig ,,index #aja ,,note--,?is book is pr9t$ on ,:eelwright's 8,b4,p4,f40 pap] #bex#ch-gj4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,anci5t ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,frontispiece ,,ragroom1 ,,pione] ,,mill1 ,,crane ,,co4 #bc ,,rag ,,boil] ,,room1 ,,crane ,,co4 #be ,,wood ,,gr9d] #cj ,,wet ,,ma*9es1 ,,! ,,br[n ,,co4 #cc ,,cyl9d] ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dry+ ,,pulp1 ,,! ,,br[n ,,co4 #ce ,,! ,,beat]-,,room1 ,,crane ,,co4 #cg ,,f\rdr9i] ,,ma*9es1 ,,crane ,,co4 #de ,,f\rdr9i] ,,ma*9e1 ,s4 ,d4 ,,w>r5 ,,co4 #ej ,,cyl9d] ,,vats1 ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,pusey ,,jones ,,co4 #ec ,,coat+ ,,room1 ,,appleton ,,coat$ ,,pap] ,,co4 #eg ,,f9i%+-,,room1 ,,crane ,,co4 #eh ,,sup]cal5d] ,,/acks1 ,,appleton ,,coat$ ,,pap] ,,co4 #ff ,,introduction ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h endeavor$ to pres5t a treatise on pap] free f confus+ te*nicalities1 yet suffici5tly intimate to be ( s]vice alike to ! manufactur]1 ! salesman1 & ! consum] ( pap] view+ ! subject 9 a broad way f ! pap] mill to ! pressroom4 ,! manufactur] & ! consum] may notice ! omission ( "s details1 z ,i h aim$ to t\* ma9ly on su* po9ts z are ess5tial to a good und]/&+ ( ! "w-a-day problems ( pap] aft] x rea*es ! pr9t]4 ,i am conv9c$ t 9 _m cases ! problems ( ! pressroom are too slightly und]/ood by ! 8pap]man10 :ile ! te*nicalities ( pap]-mak+ are only too vaguely compreh5d$ by ! pr9t]4 ,i also feel t bo? %\ld h at lea/ an acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory & progress ( pap]-mak+4 ,,william ,,bond ,,:eelwright4 ,appleton1 ,wiscons91 ,janu>y1 #aibj4 ,,*apt] ,,"o ,,! ,,tradition ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,x w\ld be difficult to s+le out among ! div]sifi$ objects ( human inve/igation10 wrote ,john ,murray 9 8 rem>ks on 8,mod]n ,pap]0 7publi%$ 9 #ahbi71 8a "q m curi\s or int]e/+ ?an ! m$ium :i* be>s ! symbols t regi/] ! circum/ances & ev5ts ( pa/ ages4444 ,x is ?r\gh su* wond]ful m$ia t we are introduc$ into ! multitud9\s ?rong ( a _w's t5antry1 & f _! inscription le>n :at !y ?\ght1 & said & did4444 ,9 deciph]+ ^! transcriptions ( ideas & memorials ( humanity we virtually conv]se ) m9ds long s9ce numb]$ ) ^? :o p ! _w ( spirits2 & ev5 ! mummy f 8 c]em5ts 9 8 sycamore c(f91 recov]$ f ! vaults ( et]nal pyramids1 talks ) u by virtue ( ! roll ( papyrus :i* he holds 9 8 h&40 ,f ?is sub/ance ( ,egyptian orig9 is d]iv$ ! "n ( its mod]n successor--pap]4 ,pap]1 :i* 9 conv5i5ce & v>i$ utility is z mu* 9 advance ( its =]unn] z papyrus 0 9 advance ( brick1 /one1 lead1 copp]1 brass1 leaves1 b>k1 wood & sk9s1 ! successive m$ia = ! transcription ( human ?\ght4 ,! exact date ( ! orig9 ( pap]-mak+ has probably yet to be discov]$1 ?\gh ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,aurel ,/e9 & o!rs h trac$ its antiquity back into ! second c5tury1 ,b4 ,c4 7see ,encyclopdia ,britannica74 ,accord+ to ,r4 ,w4 ,s9dall 78,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]10 #aijh71 ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! manufacture ( pap] is to be f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese ,encyclopdia1 :]e9 x is /at$ t ,ts'ai-,lun1 a native ( ,kuei-yang1 ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,emp]or ,ho-,ti 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ge1 &1 devot+ 8 leisure h\rs to /udy1 sugge/$ ! use ( silk & ink z a sub/itute = ! bamboo tablet & /ylus4 ,subsequ5tly he succe$$ 9 mak+ pap] f b>k1 t[1 old l95 & fi%-nets 7,a4 ,d4 #aje74 ,! art ?us orig9at$ & nurtur$ by ! ,*9ese rema9$ to be transmitt$ to ,europe by ! ,arabs aft] _! conque/ ( ,sam>k& 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gea4 ,! fir/ c5t]s ( ! indu/ry f\nd$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury 7 9 ,spa91 at ,tol$o1 ,val5cia & ,xativa4 ,f ,spa9 ! craftsm5 migrat$ to ,sicily1 ,italy1 ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,a mill 0 e/abli%$ at ,ha9ault1 ,france1 z e>ly z #aaij4 ,! olde/-kn[n docum5t on cotton pap] is a de$ ( ,k+ ,rog] ( ,sicily1 dat$ #aajb4 ,x is probable t ! fam\s mills ( ,fabriano sprang f ,sicilian s\rces2 _! e/abli%m5t 0 foll[$ 9 #acfj by a mill 9 ,padua1 & lat] 9 ,treviso1 ,bologna1 ,palma1 ,milan & ,v5ice1 :ile ! fir/ pap]-mill ( ,g]many 0 t ( ,ulman ,/rom] at ,ma9z 9 #acbj4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is p]iod ( pap]-mak+ is giv5 z foll[s by ,h>old ,bayley 9 8 volume1 8,a ,new ,light on ! ,r5aissance30 8,9 ! ,d>k ,ages !re exi/$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france a premature civilization f> 9 advance ( t ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,among ! arts & indu/ries t fl\ri%$ 9 ,prov5e & ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 pap]-mak+ 0 "o ( ! =emo/4 ,n only 0 ?is di/rict ! cradle ( ,european pap]-mak+1 b = _m c5turies x rema9$ ! c5t] ( ?is indu/ry4 8,! fre$om & prosp]ity ( ,prov5e attract$ l>ge numb]s ( p]secut$ ,jews & h]etics1 :o took refuge !re1 & by _! indu/ry & intellect augm5t$ ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,s deeply1 inde$1 did h]esy ent] into ! politics ( ,prov5e1 t 9 #abji ! ,*ur* ( ,rome consid]$ x necess>y to laun* a crusade aga9/ ! infect$ di/rict4 8,dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s ! h]etical inhabitants 7 ei!r extirpat$ or driv5 into p]petual exile4 ,^? :o escap$ c>ri$ ) !m a passionate affection = _! de/roy$ fa!rl&1 & an undy+ hatr$ aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 8,x w be %[n t f ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ wat]-m>k 9 #abhb ^! my/]i\s m>ks are1 speak+ broadly1 ! traditional emblems ( ,prov5e4 8,f ! fact t fundam5tally ! same designs 7 employ$ all ov] ,europe1 we c d$uce ! inf]5ce t ,prov5al refugees c>ri$ _! art ?r\gh\t ,europe1 j 9 ! same way z at a lat] p]iod & "u some:at simil> circum/ances ,hugu5ots c>ri$ new indu/ries into /range c\ntries4 ,x w also be %[n t ! same code :i* unlocks _m ( ! obscurities ( pap]-m>ks elucidates ! problems ( pr9t]s' m>ks1 & evid5ce w be br\ght =w>d t pap]-mak]s & pr9t]s 7 orig9ally 9 close t\* ) ea* o!r1 held simil> views1 & 7 associat$ 9 id5tical aims40 ,gradually ! secrets ( ! craft pursu$ _! nor?w>d trail into ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,sa>dam1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,holl&1 became 9 ! eighte5? c5tury an important c5t]1 employ+1 x is said1 "o ?\s& p]sons4 ,9 ,engl&1 :i* = _m ye>s import$ all its pap]1 ! fir/ mill 0 erect$ ab\t #adih1 z is atte/$ by an entry = t ye> 9 ! privy-purse exp5ses ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,fur!r corroboration is also to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ qua9t v]se f ,wynk5 de ,worde's edition ( 8,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um03 ,& ,john ,tate ! y\ng] ,joye mote he broke1 ,:i* late ha! 9 ,engl& doo make ?is pap] ?ynne ,t n[ 9 our ,engly%e ?is book is writt5 inne4 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 a*iev$ no reputation = f9e pap]s until ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fam\s ,james ,:atman1 9 #agfj4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! trade _h tak5 root 9 our own c\ntry :51 9 #afij1 ,william ,ritt5h\se />t$ ! fir/ ,am]ican mill on ! ,wissahickon riv] at ,roxbor\gh1 ne> ,philadelphia1 & ?irty ye>s lat] ,new ,engl&'s fir/ mill 0 e/abli%$ by ,david ,h9*man at ,milton1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! migratory *>act]i/ics ( ! trade 7 made possible by ! simplicity ( ! ma*9]y :i* 0 requir$ 9 ^! times4 ,pictures ( e>ly mills depict a mort> & pe/le 9 :i* to mac]ate ! rags to pulp1 a small vat = ! pap] /uff1 a mold on :i* ! pap] 0 =m$1 & a screw press ) :i* to squeeze out ! wat] f ! new-=m$ %eets4 ,me*anical improvem5ts came ) pa9ful sl[ness1 & no d\bt ea* small advance 0 a jeal\sly gu>d$ secret4 ,! mort> & pe/le 7 succe$$ by a ma*9e me*anically imitat+ ! h&work ( beat+ ! rags to pulp4 ,?is 0 call$ a /amp]4 ,! old mort> rema9$1 b ! beat+ 0 done by iron-%od hamm]s1 :i* 7 rais$ & releas$ by cams on a %aft turn$ by wat]-p[]4 ,note ! /amp] 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture ( ,anci5t ,pap]-mak+ on page ,,ii4 ,! ,dut* improv$ ^u ?is device by ! inv5tion ( ! ,holl& beat+ eng9e ab\t #aggj1 :i* 9 its ess5tials is practically ! same ?+ to-day on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,until ! ye> #agih !re _h be5 no fur!r advance 9 me*anical inv5tions = pap]-mak+1 b let u pause a mom5t = a consid]ation ( ! pap] itself4 ,! e>ly raw mat]ial consi/$ solely ( cotton & l95 rags1 & !re 0 v little v>iety ( output4 ,until #agej all ! pap] 0 made on molds1 ! seats ( :i* 7 made by f9e p>allel wires support$ by heavi] wires1 :i* ran at "r angles to !m4 ,consequ5tly all ! pap] 0 :at is call$ 8laid40 ,9 #agej1 at ! in/ance ( ! fam\s ,pr9t] ,bask]ville1 a mold 0 made ) a wov5-wire seat1 & ! fir/ 8wove0 pap] 0 us$ 9 8 fam\s ,edition ( ,virgil4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! e>li] pap] are well summ$ up by ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne 9 an article on woodcut pr9t+ :i* appe>$ 9 ,volume ,,xix1 ,no4 #f1 ( ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 a read+ ( :i* impresses "o ) ! limitations ( anci5t pap]-mak+ z contra/$ ) ! complexity ( mod]n pap]-mak+1 & all ! /udy :i* its v>iations impose ^u ! mod]n pr9t] :o seeks pr(ici5cy4 8,mu* ( ! pap] made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury10 he says1 80 unsuitable = woodcuts4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion 0 made ( l95 /ock1 h>d & r\gh z to surface1 laid1 or %[+ ! m>ks ( ! wires ^u :i* ! pulp _h be5 cru%$1 or ragg$ edges1 unsiz$ & v s5sitive to dampness1 unev5 9 ?ickness1 usually ?9 9 ! c5t] & ?ick at ! edges4444 8,! pap] select$ 01 9 mo/ cases1 too r\gh & h>d to be =cibly impress$ aga9/ ! delicate l9es ( f9e woodcuts4 ,x 0 ! usage ev]y:]e to s(t5 ! pap] by a c>eful damp5+4 8,:5 ! pap] 0 siz$ x 0 m weak5$ by ?is damp5+1 :i* really light5$ ! labor ( ! pressman4 ,b unsiz$ pap] 0 only ab\t half ! price ( siz$1 & ! inducem5t to use x 0 great4 ,! unsiz$ pap] 0 damp5$ ) difficulty1 x gre$ily suck$ up wat]1 & :5 fully wet became flabby & unmanageable4 ,"u se>*+ pressure ( ! wool5 blanket :i* 0 always put betwe5 ! pap] to be pr9t$ & ! pr9t+ surface1 ?is flabby pap] 0 =c$ ar\nd ! f9] l9es ( ! cut1 mak+ !m mu* ?ick] ?an 0 int5d$40 ,let ^? ^: %all[ness leads !m to reg>d mod]n pap]-mak+ z an abortion ( a once noble art take ?\ght6 ,! transition f ! old ways ( pap]-mak+ to mod]n processes 0 sudd54 ,! c5tury :i* gave !m to u /&s out 9 radiance aga9/ ! d>k ages ( heavy toil at ! vat & press4 ,fir/ came ! me*anic ^: g5ius caus$ tons to be produc$ 9 ! "t t p\nds 7 made ( yore4 ,next came ! *emi/ :o develop$ un?\ght-( raw mat]ials to supply ! ev]-gr[+ dem&s ( 8papivor\s0 civilization1 until x has be5 said ) s mu* tru? t ours is ! pap] age4 ,9 #agih an obscure ,fr5* workman1 ,l\is ,rob]t1 ( ,essonne1 ann\nc$ t he 8_h discov]$ a way to make1 ) "o man1 & )\t fire1 by means ( ma*9es1 %eets ( pap] ( a v l>ge size1 ev5 twelve feet wide & fifty feet long40 ,times 7 h>d on ! cont95t1 yet ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,france1 recogniz+ ! importance ( ! inv5tion1 aw>d$ ,rob]t eight ?\s& francs & a pat5t = fifte5 ye>s4 ,fur!rmore1 p]mission 0 giv5 to c>ry ov] ! small work+ model to ,engl&1 ) ! hope ( int]e/+ ,briti% capital4 ,a successful attempt to make pap] on ,rob]t's ma*9e hav+ be5 made 9 ! mill ( ,franois ,didot1 9 ,france1 ,leg] ,didot pur*as$ ! pat5t &1 accompani$ by an ,engli%man ( ! appropriate "n ( ,john ,gamble1 proce$$ to ,engl& & employ$ ,mr4 ,bryan ,donk9 to con/ruct a ma*9e4 ,be+ 9 ne$ ( funds1 !y int]e/$ two weal?y ,london /ation]s1 ,messrs4 ,h5ry & ,sealy ,f\rdr9i]1 9 _! proposition1 & 9 #ahjd ! fir/ successful ma*9e 0 />t$ at ,frogmore4 ,mu* cr$it is due ,mr4 ,donk91 by ^: +5uity ! me*anical difficulties 7 ma/]$1 b ! ,f\rdr9i]s1 = :om ! ma*9e 0 nam$1 are no less entitl$ to ! honor1 z _! p]si/5t fai? 9 ! ma*9e f9ally l$ !m into bankruptcy4 ,aft] hav+ exp5d$ sixty ?\s& p\nds & be+ r$uc$ to p5ury1 !y f9ally petition$ ,p>liam5t = comp5sation = _! losses4 ,_! labors 7 =tunately appreciat$1 & a sum ( sev5 ?\s& p\nds 0 vot$ !m4 ,surely all ^! e>ly pione]s des]ve a place 9 ! hall ( fame beside t ( ,gut5b]g4 ,9 #ahab ! type ( ma*9e kn[n z 8cyl9d]0 0 inv5t$ by ,john ,dick9son1 ^: "n is /ill associat$ ) pap]-mak+1 & s diff]5t is ! ma*9e 9 pr9ciple t ,dick9son's "n %\ld also be plac$ alongside ( ,rob]t's z a b5efactor to mank9d4 ,nei!r ( ^! ma*9es _h any means = dry+ pap]1 consequ5tly _! production 0 decid$ly limit$4 ,?is lack 0 suppli$ by ! inv5tion ( dri]s by ,t4 ,b4 ,crompton 9 #ahba1 :o lat] took out a pat5t = slitt]-knives4 ,suction boxes 7 contribut$ by ! +5uity ( ,m4 ,canson1 a ,fr5*man1 9 #ahbf4 ,john ,wilks1 an ,engli%man1 produc$ ! fir/ d&y roll 9 #ahcj1 :ile ,?omas ,b>ratt conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ wat]-m>ks by means ( ?is roll4 ,& s1 "o aft] ano!r1 v>i\s useful additions came into exi/5ce1 until we h ! mod]n pap]-ma*9e1 :i* diff]s ma9ly 9 wid?1 l5g? & productive p[] f ! ma*9es ( ! ?irties4 ,9 ! meantime1 rese>*es = new pap]-mak+ mat]ials _h be5 9 progress4 ,z e>ly z #agai1 ,reamur1 obs]v+ h[ wasps made _! ne/s f wood1 ?rew out ! h9t to pap]-mak]s1 b = ov] a c5tury !re 0 no important result4 ,9 #agbg1 ,dr4 ,brueckmann1 a ,g]man naturali/1 publi%$ a "w on /ones1 f\r copies ( :i* are said to h be5 pr9t$ on pap] made ) asbe/os4 ,9 #agea ,m4 ,guett>d 9 ,france publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts & %[$ samples ( pap] made f b>k1 leaves & wood2 :ile 9 #agfe ,jacob ,*ri/ian ,s*aff]s1 ( ,ratisbon1 publi%$ a volume1 a copy ( :i* exi/s 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,libr>y1 ^u ! diff]5t sorts ( pap] he c\ld make )\t rags4,a ,a ,a copy ( ! second edition ( ?is "w is 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan at ,ann ,arbor4 ,mat?ias ,koops 9 #ahja pr9t$ "s acc\nt ( 8 pat5ts = utiliz+ wa/e pap]s1 /raw & wood4 ,?is volume1 pr9t$ on /raw pap]1 ) "o signature on pap] claim$ to be made ( wood1 is well wor? read+1 & is to be f\nd bo? 9 ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y & 9 ! ,h>v>d ,college ,libr>y1 & q likely else:]e4 ,^! exp]im5ts are only int]e/+ z =]unn]s4 ,9 _! own "t !y came to naught4 ,n until #ahdj 0 gr\nd wood-pulp inv5t$ by ,kell]4 ,! production ( cellulose f /raw & esp>to by ! soda process 0 discov]$ by ,r\tl$ge1 an ,engli%man1 9 #ahfj1 :ile ! fir/ pat5ts = mak+ wood soda pulp 7 ^? ( ,watt & ,burgess 9 #ahed4 ,to an ,am]ican belongs ! cr$it = ! important inv5tion ( ! sulphite process1 ,b5jam9 ,c4 ,tilghmann1 ( ,manayunk1 ,p5nsylvania1 hav+ tak5 out ! fir/ pat5ts 9 #ahff4 ,al?\gh excell5t fib] 0 obta9$1 ! eng9e]+ difficulties prov$ s s]i\s t exp]im5ts 7 tempor>ily ab&on$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! process 0 aft]w>d put ^u a successful comm]cial basis by ,fry & ,ekman1 at ,b]zwik1 ,sw$51 9 #ahgj4 ,am]icans soon took up ! problem ) r5ew$ en]gy1 & ! late ,*>les ,s4 ,:eelwright1 ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 aft] a visit to ,sw$5 9 #ahhb on :i* he obta9$ ! rights to ! ,ekman pat5ts1 introduc$ ! process at ! plant ( ! ,ri*mond ,pap] ,company1 9 ,provid5ce1 & :ile a comm]cial success 0 n realiz$1 x 0 an important /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry1 & n _m ye>s pass$ be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ga9$ a lead+ position 9 ! production ( wood-pulps4,b ,b ,see ,little ,griff91 8,! ,*emi/ry ( ,pap]-mak+40 ,?us 9 less ?an n9ety ye>s1 f ,rob]t's inv5tion ( #agih to ! e>ly eighties1 ! _w witness$ a complete revolution ( ! pap] indu/ry1 :i* _h /ruggl$ along 9 ! same old rut = "s two ?\s& ye>s4 ,to-day ! ,unit$ ,/ates leads ! _w 9 ! production ( pap]4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiji1 we produc$ #d1baf1gjh tons1 valu$ at #bcb1gda1jdi1 an am\nt :i* exce$s 9 tonnage ! comb9$ production ( ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,au/ria & ,italy4 ,well may we be pr\d ( ?is great indu/ry1 :i* aft] all is l>gely ! reflection ( a nation's intellig5ce & culture1 & comm]cial activity4 ,,*apt] ,,two ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,pap] has be5 def9$ z 8an aque\s deposit ( cellulose10 & :ile ?is is incomplete z a catalogue ( ! mat]ials compos+ a %eet ( mod]n pap]1 x is an excell5t epitome ( ! f\ndation ( pap]-mak+4 ,m9ute cellulose fib]s1 d]ivatives ( v>i\s raw mat]ials1 are deposit$ ^u a wire clo? by ! passage ( a volume ( wat] 9 :i* !y h be5 susp5d$4 ,! pulpy film ?us =m$ becomes a %eet ( pap]1 aft] ! expulsion & evaporation ( ! wat] :i* s]v$ z a m$ium = _! deposit4 ,! m9ute fib]s compos+ ?is hypo!tical %eet ( pap] may h be5 isolat$ f "o ( sev]al s\rces ( raw mat]ials 9 pres5t comm]cial use1 or ! %eet may be compos$ ( a mixture ( diff]5t fib]s1 all m or less pure cellulose1 9 accordance ) ! prelim9>y treatm5t ea* has und]gone4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces f :i* ,am]ican pap] fib]s are d]iv$ are cotton & l95 rags1 hemp1 jute1 wood1 /raw2 & wa/e pap]s4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahdj1 ! s\rces 7 limit$ to rags4 ,^! are almo/ :olly compos$ ( pure cellulose fib]s1 :i* give up _! non-cellulose concomitants ) slight resi/ance4 ,! m sev]e *emical treatm5ts necess>y = ! isolation ( cellulose fib]s1 f wood1 = example1 half ( :i* is non-cellulose 9 /ructure1 7 unkn[n to e>ly pap]-mak]s1 & only became possible aft] ! discov]y ( blea*+-p[d] by ,t5nant1 & ! manufacture ( soda by ,le ,blanc4 ,al?\gh exp]im5ts 9 se>* ( suitable sub/itutes = rags began to be made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 ,kell]'s inv5tion ( gr\nd wood 9 #ahdj1 ,r\tl$ge's "w on esp>to grass & wood ) a soda process 9 #ahed1 & our own fell[ c\ntryman ,tilghmann's pat5t ( ! sulphite process 9 #ahff1 f :i* we may date ! beg9n+s ( ! n[ ext5sive use ( mat]ials o!r ?an cotton & l95 wa/es4 ,! accompany+ table1 tak5 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/ati/ics ( ,manufacture = #aiji1 gives an illum9at+ indication ( ! rapid gr[? ( our pap] indu/ry1 & also %[s ! rem>kable increase 9 ! use ( wood celluloses4 ,note4--,/ati/ics are tak5 f ,u4,s4 ,reports = #aiji4 ,subsequ5t reports are obta9able f ! ,director ( ! ,c5sus1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! p]c5tage ( increase 9 ! use ( wood-pulp ( all k9ds = ! decade #ahii-aiji 0 #aaa4f1 & ( rags1 #ej4 ,approximately f\r & "o-qu>t] millions tons ( pap] 7 produc$ 9 #aiji1 = :i* ! fib]s us$ figur$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,p] ,c5t4 ,wood-pulp #fa4f ,old & wa/e pap]s #ba4d ,rags #g4h ,/raw #f4f ,manila 7rope7 #b4f ,( ! total am\nt ( wood fib]s1 ! v>i\s proportions 7 approximately z foll[s3 ,p] ,c5t4 ,gr\nd wood #dg ,sulphite pulp #db ,soda pulp #aa ,a fur!r inve/igation z to ! species ( woods us$ %[s t1 :ile spruce is /ill ! mo/ important1 contribut+ ne>ly #fj p] c5t1 o!r woods are be+ increas+ly us$4 ,ano!r notewor?y fact is ! mighty increase 9 imports ( wood-pulps1 :i* jump$ f #cc1cai tons 9 #ahii to #cjg1abb tons 9 #aiji1 an am\nt equal to #ab p] c5t ( all t is us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aiji #aijd #ahii ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,mat]ials ,total co/ #afe1ddb1cda #aaa1bea1dgh #gj1ecj1bcf ,pulpwood1 co/ #cc1ggb1dge #bj1hjj1hga #i1hcg1eaf ,wood pulp1 pur*as$3 ,tons #a1bda1iad #hgg1gjb #fdd1jjf ,co/ #dc1hfa1ceg #bg1fcc1afd #ah1cfi1dfd ,gr\nd-- ,tons #deb1hdi #cag1bhf #bfa1ifb ,co/ #i1dhg1ejh #e1ged1bei #d1cfa1baa ,soda fib]-- ,tons #aed1fbf #abj1igh #id1jdb ,co/ #f1hfb1hfd #e1jdg1aje #c1dcj1hji ,sulphite fib]-- ,tons #fbf1jbi #dcc1afj #bgc1aid ,co/ #bg1ahd1gbf #af1efg1abb #aj1aab1ahi ,o!r *emical fib]-- ,tons #h1daj #f1bgh #ad1hjh ,co/ #cbf1bei #bfd1fgh #dfe1bee ,rags1 includ+ cotton1 flax wa/e & sweep+s3 ,tons #ceg1dgj #bid1eeb #bcd1ead ,co/ #aj1gba1eei #h1hfd1fjg #f1eie1dbg ,old & wa/e pap]3 ,tons #ihc1hhb #ehh1edc #cef1aic ,co/ #ac1fia1abj #g1dcj1cce #d1hfi1dji ,manila /ock1 includ+ jute bagg+1 rope1 wa/e1 ?reads1 etc43 ,tons #aag1jhj #ajg1jbi #ii1cja ,co/ #c1efj1jcc #b1ejb1ccb #b1dcg1bef ,/raw3 ,tons #cjc1acg #cjd1ehe #cfg1cje ,co/ #a1dfj1bhb #a1ejb1hhf #a1cie1fei ,all o!r mat]ials co/ #eh1cge1eae #db1eag1bhc #bg1jbe1eje ,,products ,total value #bfg1fef1ifd #ahh1gae1ahi #abg1cbf1afb ,newspap]3 ,9 rolls = pr9t+-- ,tons #a1jia1jag #hdj1hjb #ded1egb ,value #db1hjg1jfd #cb1ghc1cjh #ae1ged1iib ,9 %eets = pr9t+-- ,tons #hd1ecg #gb1jbj #aad1fdj ,value #d1jdh1dif #c1adc1aeb #d1ccf1hhb ,book pap]3 ,book-- ,tons #ege1faf #dcd1ejj #bhb1jic ,value #db1hdf1fgd #ca1aef1gbh #ai1dff1hjd ,coat$-- ,tons #ie1bac #b #b ,value #i1dac1ifa #b #b ,plate1 li?ograph1 map1 woodcut1 etc4-- ,tons #f1dih #ai1hcg #bb1cff ,value #eee1ceb #a1deh1cdc #b1jah1ieh ,cov]-- ,tons #ag1egh #bb1aej #ah1gdi ,value #a1ihb1hec #b1jbc1ihf #a1ffe1cgf ,c>dbo>d1 bri/ol bo>d1 c>d middles1 tickets1 etc4-- ,tons #ea1ddi #ci1jfj #bh1did ,value #c1ceb1aea #b1gfd1ddd #a1gai1hac ,f9e pap]3 ,writ+-- ,tons #afi1abe #aca1icd #ij1bjd ,value #bd1iff1ajb #ai1cba1jde #ab1bbb1hgj ,all o!r-- ,tons #bi1jhh #ad1hih #bb1ejc ,value #d1aaj1ecf #b1ibh1abe #c1fgc1ajd ,wrapp+ pap]3 ,manila 7rope1 jute1 tag1 etc47-- ,tons #gc1gca #hf1hbf #hi1dai ,value #f1ihi1dcf #f1acf1jhj #e1ibi1gfd ,heavy 7mill wrapp]s1 etc47-- ,tons #ajh1efa #if1iib #hb1hge ,value #d1chj1gid #d1jce1ehh #d1adc1bdj ,/raw-- ,tons #cb1ihh #ed1bcb #ia1gid ,value #hgj1dai #a1chi1cdh #b1jbg1eah ,bogus or wood manila1 all grades-- ,tons #cfg1icb #bbh1cga #bjc1hbf ,value #ai1ggg1gjg #aj1jii1ggb #i1adh1fgg ,all o!r-- ,tons #agi1hee #agg1hgj #fg1cch ,value #aj1bjb1jce #h1ggd1hjd #c1bic1agd ,bo>ds3 ,wood pulp-- ,tons #ga1jcf #fj1hfc #dd1ahg ,value #b1fci1dif #b1cdg1bej #a1djf1acj ,/raw-- ,tons #aga1ghi #afg1bgh #aeg1ecd ,value #c1gej1hea #d1cfg1efj #c1ahg1cdb ,news-- ,tons #gd1fjf #ch1efj #cb1aai ,value #b1bae1dfi #a1agd1baf #icj1eca ,all o!r-- ,tons #ead1bjh #bec1iej #aca1ggg ,value #ag1eci1gfh #i1jgj1eca #d1hbi1caf ,o!r pap] products3 ,tissues-- ,tons #gg1gde #dc1ibe #bh1djf ,value #h1eec1fed #e1jef1dch #c1dhf1feb ,blott+-- ,tons #i1egg #h1gjb #d1cea ,value #a1ahf1ahj #a1jdf1gij #ehj1gej ,build+ ro(+1 asbe/os1 & %ea?+-- ,tons #bbe1hbd #ade1jbd #if1iae ,value #i1bea1cfh #d1hde1fbh #c1jbe1ifg ,hang+-- ,tons #ib1aeh #fb1fjf #ed1ccj ,value #d1dca1ead #c1jac1dfd #b1bfe1cde ,miscellane\s-- ,tons #if1egg #ajf1bif #di1aja ,value #f1hfi1afi #f1gbi1hbj #b1gie1hda ,wood pulp made = sale or = consumption 9 mills o!r ?an :]e produc$3 ,gr\nd-- ,tons #caj1gdg #bgc1djj #bhj1jeb ,value #e1fdi1dff #d1cbc1die #d1dcc1fii ,soda fib]-- ,tons #aee1hdd #acj1cff #ii1jad ,value #f1egb1aeb #e1aei1fae #c1fab1fjb ,sulphite fib]-- ,tons #ddd1bee #cgf1idj #bga1ehe ,value #ag1iee1gdh #ac1ffa1dfd #aj1dea1djj ,all o!r products1 value #d1gch1edi #a1ibd1aie #iai1dae ,,wood ,,pulp ,quantity produc$ 7includ+ t us$ 9 mills :]e manufactur$71 total tons #b1die1ebc #a1iba1gfh #agi1ece ,gr\nd1 tons #a1agi1bff #ifh1igf #ehf1cgd ,soda fib]1 tons #bih1fbf #aif1ggj #agg1abd ,sulphite fib]1 tons #a1jag1fca #gef1jbb #daf1jcg ,,equipm5t ,pap] ma*9es3 ,total numb] #a1dhj #a1cfi #a1bcb ,capacity1 ye>ly1 tons #e1bic1cig #c1heg1ijc #b1ghb1bai ,f\rdr9i]-- ,numb] #hjd #geb #ffc ,capacity p] #bd h\rs1 tons #aj1ejh #h1efi #c ,cyl9d]-- ,numb] #fgf #fag #efi ,capacity p] #bd h\rs1 tons #f1caf #d1gdj #c ,pulp3 ,gr9d]s1 numb] #a1dce #a1cfb #a1afh ,dige/]s1 total numb] #edb #eag #dbf ,sulphite fib]1 numb] #cdh #cji #b ,soda fib]1 numb] #aid #bjh #b ,capacity1 ye>ly1 tons ( pulp #c1dje1fba #b1fdd1gec #a1ecf1dca ,gr\nd1 tons #a1hji1fhe #a1eae1jhh #b ,sulphite1 tons #a1bej1ihc #hhe1jib #b ,soda1 tons #cdd1iec #bdd1egc #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,table f ,unit$ ,/ates ,/ati/ics ( ,manufacture = #aiji1 ,%[+ ,rapid ,gr[? ( ,pap] ,indu/ry4 ,! comp>ative /atem5t foll[s3 ,,quantity1 ,,9 ,,cords1 ,,( ,,pulpwood ,,consum$ ,,k9d ,,( ,,wood4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #aiaa #aiaj #aiji #aijh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #d1cbh1jeb #d1jid1cjf #d1jja1fjg #c1cdf1iec ---------------------------------------- ----- ,spruce1 dome/ic #a1fab1cee #a1dgc1edb #a1fec1bdi #a1dhg1cef ,spruce1 import$ #ijc1cge #ijb1djg #gfh1ccb #fgb1dhc ,hemlock #faf1ffc #faj1dgh #eei1feg #efi1agc ,popl>1 dome/ic #ccc1ibi #cae1gag #cjb1hgf #bgi1efd ,popl>1 import$ #cd1bie #de1cei #be1fbb #bb1fec ,balsam fir #aia1ggi #acb1cfb #a #ie1cff #a #de1cji ,p9e #abd1jai #aje1hhb #ij1hhe #hd1ahi ,bee* #dd1cbj #dd1bfe #ca1cij #b ,maple #cf1igi #db1fba #b #b ,:ite fir #cf1dic #cj1hde #cg1agf #b ,cottonwood #be1jdc #ca1jii #cf1hih #de1fgi ,all o!r #hh1bfh #ig1jib #aea1agi #adj1edg ,slabwood1 etc1 #bhj1ecd #bfb1fcg #bdh1igg #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,balsam4 #b ,includ$ 9 8,all o!r40 #c ,includ$ ) o!r wood by species4 ,! high po9t ( importation ( *emical wood-pulp 0 rea*$ 9 #aiad1 :5 approximately #c1fjj1jjj tons came 9 f ,europe & #ib1jjj f ,canada4 ,9 ,janu>y #aiaf ow+ to ! w>1 imports = ! mon? f ,europe dropp$ f an av]age ( #cj1fid tons to #ab1ihe tons1 :ile ,canadian pulp increas$ f an av]age ( #g1fed to an actual importation = ! mon? ( #bh1hcc tons4 ,al?\gh ! use ( wood n[ s heavily ov]%ad[s t ( rags t x almo/ seems z ?\gh ! latt] 7 be+ sl[ly ab&on$1 ?is is ( c\rse only relatively true1 _! consumption be+ actually great] ?an ev]4 ,! m]e co/ ( ! rags 9 #aiji 0 slightly 9 excess ( ! total value ( all pap] products record$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus = #ahej1 a circum/ance :i* leads u to wond] at ! timely discov]ies :i* made wood cellulose available4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t to "s ext5t pap] hi/ory is already beg9n+ to repeat itself4 ,! visible supplies ( wood are m>k$ly less1 z evid5c$ by _! increas+ co/s1 & we are =c$ to a mu* m active attitude ?an "o ( m]e speculation z to :at new s\rces may become available to supply our dem& = pap]1 :i* has lately be5 increas+ 9 ! value ( ! annual products by almo/ #aa p] c5t4 ,9 ! decade f #ahii to #aiji %[n by gov]nm5t /ati/ics1 book-pap] advanc$ #ajd p] c5t 9 quantity1 b #abj p] c5t 9 value2 writ+-pap]1 #hh p] c5t 9 quantity1 b #ajd p] c5t 9 value2 wrapp+-pap]1 #dc p] c5t 9 quantity & #gb p] c5t 9 value4 ,x is true t ris+ wages acc\nt 9 "p = ^! *anges 9 value1 b above & beh9d all ?is /&s ! inexorable law ( supply & dem&4 ,! discrepancies betwe5 ! p]c5tages ( increase 9 production & value s]ve to emphasize ! increas+ difficulties 9 obta9+ raw mat]ial4 ,t sprucewood is be+ consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry fa/] ?an x is gr[n1 is indicat$ by ! rec\rse to less-favor$ species1 z well z by ! /eadily increas+ imports1 bo? ( pulpwood & wood-pulp4 ,?is situation emphasises ! great importance ( cons]v+ wa/e pap]s1 9 spite ( ! fact t #ba4d p] c5t ( ! fib] us$ 9 #aiji 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 d]iv$ f wa/e pap]s4 ,va/ quantities may readily be sav$ :i* n[ g to wa/e1 z 0 def9itely prov$ by ,engl&'s exp]i5ce dur+ ! w>1 :5 ! imports ( pulp 7 %ut (f & imm$iate sub/itutes _h to be f\nd4 ,?is is a matt] dem&+ ! att5tion n only ( pr9t]s1 b ( municipalities & nations4 ,x (f]s an imm$iate s\rce ( relief f ! dra9 on our =e/s & is h5ce a mo/ practical =m ( cons]vation4 ,fur!rmore z demon/rat$ by ! city ( ,clevel& ! rev5ue f collect+ wa/e pap]s assi/s sub/antially 9 (fsett+ ! co/ ( ! collection ( municipal wa/es4 ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,,future ,,fib] ,,possibilities ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 9 ,augu/1 #aiaa1 issu$ a treatise on 8,crop ,plants = ,pap]-,mak+10 9 :i* ! au?or1 ,*>les ,j4 ,br&1 conclud$3 8,!re is "s skepticism z to ! failure ( pulpwood supplies1 b ?is is c]ta9ly poorly gr\nd$4 8,dur+ #aiji ! quantity ( spruce us$ 0 less by #dj1jjj cords ?an 9 #aijg1 b ! co/ 0 #b1jjj1jjj great]4 ,pres5t ef=ts 9 connection ) re=e/ation ( spruce & popl> are n ext5sive en\gh to produce any notewor?y effect ^u ! available supply )9 a g5]ation4 8,at ! pres5t rate ( increase 9 consumption1 x w require betwe5 #ae1jjj1jjj & #bj1jjj1jjj cords ( wood = pulp & pap] fib] 9 #aiej4 ,x w c]ta9ly be impossible to furni% ?is f ! =e/s4 ,if e acre cut ov] ea* ye> 7 re=e/$1 x w\ld be tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s1 or possibly ev5 long]1 be=e ! trees c\ld obta9 suffici5t size to w>rant cutt+4 ,! =e/s c n recov] f ov]drafts cont9ually be+ made on !m4 ,h5ce x is only a "q ( a limit$ numb] ( ye>s until pap] fib] mu/ be gr[n z a crop1 z are practically all o!r plants mat]ials ent]+ into ! economy ( man4 ,:ile ! cons]vation ( only a few ( ! by-products ( ! f>ms yield+ pap] fib] c be accompli%$ pr(itably 9 ! ne> future1 & only a few ( ! plants promise to be money-mak]s imm$iately if gr[n solely = pap] production1 x seems v probable t raw products1 n[ sc>cely consid]$1 may 9 a few ye>s play an important "p 9 ! pap] & pulp indu/ry40 ,two l9es ( rese>* are n[ be+ foll[$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice is inve/igat+ a l>ge numb] ( conif]\s & broad-leav$ trees1 :i* h n hi!rto be5 us$ 9 pap]-mak+4 ,^! s\rces are likely to be ! fir/ :i* manufactures w turn to1 z ! processes involv$ are su* z !y are already famili> )1 & ! app>atus ) :i* !y are suppli$ is suitable4 ,! second l9e ( rese>* is be+ foll[$ by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 assi/$ by ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 & is conc]n$ ) plants o!r ?an trees4 ,private inve/igations are also be+ c>ri$ on4 ,! foll[+ five requirem5ts are giv5 by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,circul> ,no4 #hb1 z to ! availability ( crop plants3 #a4 ,!y mu/ exi/ 9 l>ge quantities4 #b4 ,!y mu/ be available ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 #c4 ,!y mu/ yield a relatively high p]c5tage ( cellulose4 #d4 ,! fib] cells or cellulose1 mu/ be ( a highly resi/ant "*1 & mu/ h l5g?1 /r5g? & good felt+ qualities4 #e4 ,& mu/ be ( su* a nature t ! co/ ( obta9+ ! fib] w n be prohibitive4 ,fib]s comply+ ) ^! conditions w come into comm]cial use :5ev] ! increas+ co/s ( wood-pulp rea* a figure approximately equal to co/ ( produc+ cellulose f any o!r available s\rce4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ?is has n be5 br\ght ab\t1 b ! /eady increase 9 ! co/ ( wood-pulp is approa*+ a level ) :i* crop pulps may soon compete4 ,a synopsis ( ! fib]s describ$ 9 ! circul> ref]r$ to is giv5 bel[4 ,,corn ,,/alks4--,on acc\nt ( ! enorm\s supply1 corn /alks 7 fir/ tak5 up by ! ,bureau4 ,! yield ( /alks p] acre is cons]vatively e/imat$ at "o ton1 & ! annual product is plac$ z at lea/ #ajj1jjj1jjj tons1 ( :i* n ov] "o-?ird is believ$ to be utiliz$ by ! f>m]s4 ,?ree products h be5 d]iv$ f ! /alks3 #a4 ,long fib] suitable = pap]-mak+1 compos+ #ab to #ah p] c5t ( ! bone-dry weight4 #b4 ,pi? pulp1 suitable = pap] specialties1 equal to #ae to #cj p] c5t bone-dry weight4 #c4 ,corn-/alk extract1 obta9$ by lixivaition1 & ( value z a cattle food1 a ton ( /alks yield+ #bjj to #cjj p\nds ( soluble solids4 ,x w\ld require an imm5se area to supply a mill ( mod]ate capacity1 & ! "q ( :e!r ! d]ivatives ( corn /alks c\ld be suffici5tly valuable to ov]come ! co/s ( h>ve/+ & haul+1 has nev] be5 answ]$ by any exp]im5t on a comm]cial scale4 ,,broom ,,corn4--,broom corn conta9s a high] p]c5tage ( fib]s ?an corn /alks4 ,9 laboratory & semi-comm]cial te/s1 fib] yields ( #cb to #dj p] c5t h be5 obta9$ ) a comp>atively l[ consumption ( *emicals4 ,! ,bureau claims t results 8indicate t ?is mat]ial is suitable = imm$iate use 9 pap]-mak+ on ! basis ( quality ( fib] produc$ & yield ( fib] secur$40 ,x is e/imat$ t #dej1jjj tons is ! approximate annual crop4 ,food extracts may also be obta9$ z well z ! fib]4 ,,rice ,,/raw4--,! ,*9ese & ,japanese h = ye>s us$ rice /raw 9 pap]-mak+1 & x is reg>d$ by ! ,gov]nm5t inve/igators z "o ( ! mo/ promis+ crop mat]ials1 ! annual crop approximat+ #a1ejj1jjj tons4 ,,cotton-,,hull ,,fib]4--,! l9t adh]+ to ! cotton hulls1 aft] ! long fib] has be5 remov$1 may be cons]v$ z a by-product ( ! cotton-se$ oil indu/ry1 & ?is fib] may be reckon$ among ! possibilities4 ,cotton /alks also h be5 ! subject ( exp]im5t4 ,! yield p] acre1 h[ev]1 is n e/imat$ at above #a1jjj p\nds1 s t imm5se tracts w\ld h to be cov]$ 9 accumulat+ any consid]able supply1 & aft] ! cotton crop has all be5 pick$1 negro help is v difficult to obta94 ,,bagasse4--,bagasse1 or ! refuse sug>-cane1 is giv5 r scant consid]ation 9 ! ,gov]nm5t report4 ,its individual fib]s are %ort1 & ! p]c5tage ( pi? is l>ge4 ,sev]al small plants h _h disc\rag+ exp]i5ces 9 attempt+ to put ?is mat]ial to comm]cial use4 ,nev]!less1 rec5t exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,fruit ,company1 "u ! ,simmons pat5ts1 po9t to a promis+ result4 ,"u ?is process ! cane is n treat$ 9 ! usual mann] ( cru%+ = ! extraction ( sug>4 ,in/ead1 x is %r$d$1 dri$1 & ! pi? sep>at$ f ! fib]4 ,! product is !n %ipp$ 9 bales to ref9]ies1 :]e ! sug> is extract$4 ,?is me?od is said to a*ieve an almo/ complete extraction ( ! sug>1 :]eas ! old me?od ( cru%+ loses ab\t tw5ty p] c5t ( ! sug> & injures ! fib]s4 ,! ,simmons process does no damage to ! fib]s1 :i* ?\gh %ort1 possess excell5t felt+ prop]ties4 ,! pi?1 be+ cellulose ( a non-fibr\s /ructure1 has a value = o!r indu/ries ?an pap]-mak+4 ,,flax ,,/raw4--,!re is an abundant annual crop ( flax /raw4 ,! av]age yield p] acre is ab\t "o ton1 & ! total annual production ab\t #c1jjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,gov]nm5t inve/igators1 x is a 8mo/ promis+0 mat]ial4 ,!re are practical pulp m5 :o deprecate ! f9d+s ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry4 ,m>t9 ,l4 ,griff91 *emi/ to ! ,ox=d ,pap] ,company1 ( ,rum=d1 ,ma9e1 9 an article appe>+ 9 ,volume ,,xi1 ,no4 #b1 ( ,pap] = ,m>*1 #aiac1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,!re is a popul> view1 :i* has be5 errone\sly fo/]$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 t !re are exhau/less res\rces ( wa/e fib] 9 our c\ntry1 suitable = pap]1 & a sub/itute = wood4 ,i once ?\ght s myself4 ,x is v natural to ?9k t ! disc>d$ /alks ( sug>-cane1 corn1 cotton1 rice1 flax1 & o!r plants1 :i* mature annually1 w\ld prove an abundant sub/itute = wood4 8,^! h all be5 exploit$ = tw5ty-five ye>s to my p]sonal k1 ) no visible results4 ,a plant has "o function to p]=m--x is to fl[]1 fruit or make /alk4 ,its o!r functions are subord9ate & produce only by-products4 ,! /alk is ! ma9 product ( ! =e/ tree4 ,no o!r fibr\s mat]ial is s ri* 9 cellulose2 no o!r :i* l5ds itself s easily to pap]-mill process+4 ,x has no seasons ( h>ve/2 does n require cur+2 does n easily decay2 requires no pack+1 & may be /or$ be/ 9 ! riv]s4 ,all ^! wa/e /alks are pi?y1 bulky & p]i%able1 & w\ld require mu* labor to ga!r1 pack & %ip4 ,^! are b a few reasons :y we may expect no practical results f ?is s\rce4 ,wood fills a place no o!r mat]ial c4 ,!re is no sub/itute = x40 ,9 ?is argum5t ,mr4 ,griff9 ignores ! fact t esp>to grass is a crop :i* gives a yield ( cellulose practically equal to wood1 & ( equal1 if n sup]ior1 quality4 ,al?\gh x is n available = ,am]ican mills1 x is wor? cit+ 9 contradiction to ! flat /atem5t t 8!re is no sub/itute = wood40 ,fur!rmore1 !re is no evid5ce t ! ,am]ican crops furni% an inf]ior fib]1 ?\gh ! cellulose yield is less4 ,x is q possible t ! l[ cellulose yield may be comp5sat$ = ?r\gh ! production ( by-products along ) ! pap]-mak+ mat]ial4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 ?is l[ yield & o!r consid]ations1 z exp5se ( h>ve/+ & pack+1 h be5 ! factors :i* h ret>d$ _! developm5t1 b ! increas+ sc>city ( wood1 & its consequ5t advance 9 co/1 is ha/5+ ! day :5 crop plants w become n only valuable1 b necess>y adjuncts to ! pap] indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ragroom1 ,,pione] ,,mill1 ,,crane ,,co4 ,! two girls 9 ! =egr\nd are sort+ %irt cutt+s4 ,^? beyond are cutt+ !m into suitable sizes prep>atory to boil+4 ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,,! ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,pap] ,! te*nique ( pap]-mak+ v>ies greatly 9 accordance ) ea* p>ticul> product4 ,9 fact1 s wide is ! range ( pap] products1 t ! diff]5t bran*es ( pap]-mak+ sev]ally require k s special t an artisan 9 "o bran* might be z useless 9 ano!r z if x 7 an entirely diff]5t indu/ry4 ,! coat+ ( pap]1 = example1 is an absolutely diff]5t trade f t ( pap]-mak+4 ,?is rem>kable div]sification is entirely ! developm5t ( a c5tury1 & pr9cipally ! evolution ( ! pa/ =ty ye>s consequ5t to ! discov]y ( wood cellulose4 ,to-day ! products ( ! pap]-mill are no long] conf9$ to ! use ( p5 or press4 ,we ride on c> :eels made 9 "p ( pap]2 sit 9 pap]-seat$ *airs2 dr9k f pap] cups2 eat f pap] plates2 use pap] napk9s2 wrap our food 9 p>*m5t pap]2 %ea? our build+s ) pap] )\t1 & wall pap] or wall bo>d )92 keep out ! ra9 ) ro(+ pap] if we please4 ,our %oes1 ev51 conta9 a pap] "p1 said to be m durable ?an lea!r4 ,millions ( packages1 mail+-tubes & boxes are made ( pap]4 ,x is ev5 spun into a k9d ( y>n & wov5 into imitation clo?1 :ile a surpris+ imitation silk necktie is produc$ f wood-pulp4 ,9 electrical eng9e]+1 pap] z an insulator is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,all ^! pap] commodities1 & m1 too num]\s to m5tion1 require special ma*9]y & treatm5t4 ,to give an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject w\ld require volumes1 b = ! purpose ( ?is book we are pr9cipally conc]n$ ) pr9t+ & writ+ pap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boil] ,,room1 ,,crane ,,co4 ,! cont5ts ( ! rot>y boil] h be5 empti$ ^u ! floor4 ,! next /ep is to wa% & blea*4 ,broadly speak+1 !re are five /eps 9 ! manufacture ( pap]3 #a4 ,! isolation ( ! pap]-mak+ fib] f ! raw mat]ial4 #b4 ,! conv]sion ( ! fib] into pulp4 #c4 ,! beat+ & ref9+ ( ! fib]1 & ! admixture ( non-fibr\s compon5ts4 #d4 ,! manufacture ( ! mixture into pap]4 #e4 ,! f9i%+ ( ! pap] & its prep>ation = ! m>ket4 ,cotton & l95 rags1 hemp1 woods & plants ea* require _! peculi> treatm5ts4 ,cotton & l951 be+ ! orig9al pap]-mak+ fib]s1 w be consid]$ fir/4 ,,rag ,,/ock4 ,rag pap]s may be made f all sorts & conditions ( rags1 s ! f95ess ( ! f9i%$ product dep5ds ^u ! newness & quality ( ! rags4 ,new :ite cutt+s f textile factories are ! be/1 z _! /r5g? is unimpair$ by previ\s use1 & !y may be prep>$ = manufacture ) a m9imum use ( *emicals4 ,f ?is high /&>d1 rags are grad$ d[n 9 accordance ) _! color1 cleanl9ess & condition4 ,! fir/ sort+s are made by /ock-deal]s1 & ! pap]-mak] ord]s :atev] grades are suitable to 8 purpose4 ,aft] _! receipt at ! mill1 ! bales ( rags are op5$1 du/$ by ma*9e & di/ribut$ to girls1 :o sort !m1 op5 up ! seams s z to release hidd5 dirt1 remove buttons & o!r =eign mat]ial4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ! highe/ grades1 ! new :ite rags are cut by h& into small pieces ( uni=m size1 b ord9>ily !y are f$ into a me*anical rag cutt]4 ,aft] ?is !y are pass$ ?r\gh a du/+ ma*9e to rid !m z f> z possible f dirt & =eign matt]1 :i* might o!rwise appe> z specks 9 ! pap]4 ,,boil+4--,dyes & greasy matt]s are associat$ ) ! fib]s1 & 9 ord] to obta9 ! pure cellulose fib] ! rags are cook$1 "u /eam pressure1 9 rot>y boil]s ) alkali4 ,?is saponifies & dissolves ! non-cellulose comp\nds1 & ! soda 9 comb9ation ) ^! soluble mat]ials is subsequ5tly wa%$ out4 ,! am\nt ( /eam pressure1 ! quantity ( *emicals1 & ! duration ( ! cook+1 are subject to v>iation "u diff]5t conditions4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! process ! manholes 9 ! boil]s are op5$1 & ! cont5ts are deposit$ on ! floor1 lat] to be transf]r$ to ! wa%] room4 ,,wa%+4--,a wa%+ eng9e consi/s ( an oval tub ab\t f\r feet high4 ,x is divid$ longitud9ally by a p>tition or 8mid-fea!r10 ) a passage left at ei!r end = ! circulation ( ! /ock4 ,on "o side is locat$ a l>ge roll1 hav+ a cont9u\s p>allel s]ies ( knives horizontally ins]t$ 9 its surface4 ,! floor ( ! eng9e slopes g5tly to a po9t "u ! roll1 :]e a b$ plate is set4 ,beh9d ! roll is a rais$ p>tition or dam1 ov] :i* ! /ock is ?r[n z x passes betwe5 ! beat] roll & ! b$ plate4 ,?is is kn[n z ! 8back-fall10 & assi/s 9 ! circulation4 ,! roll may be rais$ or l[]$ ov] ! b$ plate1 & by ?is means ! break+ ( ! /ock is regulat$4 ,affix$ to ! tub are "o or m wa%+ cyl9d]s1 s arrang$ t !y may be l[]$ into ! /ock4 ,^! are con/ruct$ 9 su* a way t dur+ ! process ( wa%+ ! wat] passes ?r\gh _! wire-cov]$ surfaces & is dra9$ into ! holl[ axle ( ! roll by an int]ior arrangem5t1 call$ buckets4 ,! axle1 be+ op5 at "o end1 p]mits ! wa% wat] to escape4 ,at fir/ ! eng9e is p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 !n ! rags are gradually ?r[n 9 until ! tub is full4 ,! revolv+ roll keeps ! mass 9 circulation1 :ile ! rags are brok5 & %r$d$ z !y pass b5ea? x4 ,a cont9u\s /ream ( fre% wat] runs into ! tub1 & 9 runn+ out ?r\gh ! revolv+ wa%] drums c>ries (f ! dirt1 b ! fib]s !mselves c n pass ?r\gh ! wire cov]+s1 s rema9 until cleans$4 ,necess>ily ! wat] us$ mu/ be free f s$im5t or m9]al impurities1 su* z iron1 o!rwise x w\ld fill ! /ock ) specks4 ,!re=e1 a filt] plant is usually ma9ta9$4 ,,blea*+4--,aft] ! wa%+ has be5 complet$ ! drums are rais$ cle> ( ! /ock & blea*+ liquor is introduc$4 ,?is is an important /ep1 & if n c>efully manag$ may impair ! /ock4 ,= in/ance1 if blea*+ is c>ri$ on at too high a temp]ature1 ! :ite color obta9$ w n be p]man5t1 & discoloration w occur aft] ! pap] is made4 ,mu* ( ! pap]1 :i* at fir/ displays a brilliant :ite color1 w aft]w>d take on a yell[i% t+e1 especially if x is expos$ to light4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! c5tury-old h&-made pap]s & mod]n 8f9e writ+s10 makes ! old pap]s appe> a 8natural0 %ade1 b place bo? = a few h\rs 9 ! sunlight & (t5 ! mod]n pap] w fade1 :]eas ! old sun-blea*$ pap]s rema9 unalt]$4 ,! high artificial blea*+ does n insure p]man5t results4 ,aft] ! blea* liquor has be5 ?or\ghly mix$ 91 ! /ock is dis*>g$ into dra9]s & all[$ to /& = a week or m1 until no traces ( *lor9e rema94 ,9 ?is /ate ! pulp is kn[n z 8half-/ock40 ,! treatm5t ( hemp is s simil> to t ( rags t a description "h ( ! process is sup]flu\s4 ,,wood-,,pulps4 ,wood-pulps are ( two classes1 me*anical & *emical4 ,9 ! lay m9d !re (t5 appe>s to be "s confusion betwe5 ! two1 lead+ to an unreasonable prejudice aga9/ pap]s made f ei!r class4 ,! fact is s g5]ally kn[n t news-pr9t1 "o ( ! *eape/ grades ( pap]1 is made f wood1 t ! p>tially in=m$ p]son is prone to ?9k t all wood pap]s are ( l[ quality1 :]eas pap] ( p]man5ce & excell5t quality may be made f ! high grades ( wood cellulose *emically prep>$4 ,,gr\nd ,,wood4--,! me*anical1 or gr\nd wood1 z its "n implies1 is made by gr9d+ logs f :i* ! b>k has be5 remov$4 ,! logs are %ipp$1 or float$ f ! lumb] camps to ! mills1 :]e !y are cut to conv5i5t l5g? & ! b>k is remov$4 ,next !y are tak5 to ! gr9d]s4 ,"o type ( gr9d] consi/s ( a v]tical gr9d/one encas$ 9 an iron jacket4 ,!re are ?ree pockets ov] its circumf]5ce into :i* ! logs are plac$4 ,!y are held by hydraulic pressure aga9/ ! revolv+ /one1 ov] :i* fl[s a /ream ( wat]1 & are rapidly r$uc$ to fib]s4 ,^! fib]s are c>ri$ by ! fl[+ wat] into a *amb] bel[ ! gr9d]s1 pass+ ?r\gh a scre5 :i* cat*es ! co>s] bits1 ! fib]s ( suitable size ?us be+ sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,?is pulp is /ill n suffici5tly f9e or uni=m1 s x is pump$ into scre5s & =c$ ?r\gh ! f9ely p]=at$ plates4 ,! fib]s are c>ri$ ?r\gh ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & are =m$ into ?ick %eets by means ( a s-call$ 8wet ma*9e40 ,,wet ,,ma*9e4--,! wet ma*9e consi/s ( a vat1 9 :i* a p>tially subm]g$ holl[ drum rotates4 ,! surface is cov]$ by a wire clo?1 & ! holl[ axle ( ! drum acts z a dra9 = ! fib]-lad5 wat]1 :i*1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! drum1 deposits a film ( fib]s ^u ! revolv+ surface4 ,?is s(t pulp film1 cont9u\sly =m+1 is remov$ f ! top ( ! drum by an endless felt runn+ tang5t to x1 & held 9 close contact ) x by a c\* roll1 ! pressure ( :i* causes ! web ( pulp to adh]e to ! felt4 ,! felt passes betwe5 two squeeze rolls1 & ! pulp adh]+ to ! upp] roll is w\nd up until a c]ta9 numb] ( lay]s h accumulat$1 :5 x is cut across by a knife & remov$ z a ?ick %eet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood ,,gr9d] ,! %eets1 fold$ to a conv5i5t size1 sep>at$ by alt]nate pieces ( sack+1 are put 9 a hydraulic press & squeez$ to remove ! wat]4 ,! pulp is tak5 f ! press ab\t fifty p] c5t moi/2 ! %eets are sep>at$ f ! sack+ & are n[ ready = use or = %ipm5t4 ,x is also q cu/om>y to %ip ! pulp )\t hav+ press$ x4 ,9 ?is case x conta9s ab\t #gj wat]1 due all[ance = :i* is made 9 bill+4 ,?is pulp conta9s practically all ! con/itu5ts ( ! orig9al wood1 has little /r5g?1 inf]ior felt+ prop]ties1 & is n ( p]man5t "*4 ,its utility results l>gely f its *eapness4 ,:5 made into pap] ) a suitable admixture ( sulphite pulp1 = /r5g?'s sake1 x proves to be admirably adapt$ = ! fa/-runn+ newspap] presses1 z ink dries ^u x almo/ in/antly4 ,x is also us$ 9 ! mak+ ( boxbo>ds1 *eap c>dbo>ds1 pie plates1 wall pap]s1 etc4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be /rictly exclud$ f all pap]s ( m ?an ephem]al purposes1 because ( its lack ( p]man5ce4 ,! appe>ance ( a pap] conta9+ mu* gr\nd wood is inf]ior1 z ! color is poor & small %ives ( wood may be disc]n$ on ! surface4 ,an easy & reliable way to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( gr\nd wood is to moi/5 ! pap] ) a drop ( /rong nitric acid1 :i* develops a d>k-br[n /a9 if gr\nd wood is pres5t4 ,ano!r good te/ is phlorogluc9e1 :i* turns gr\nd wood to a bright c>m9e %ade4 ,! quantity ( gr\nd wood is r\ghly indicat$ by ! int5sity ( ! /a94 ,,blea*$ ,,gr\nd ,,wood ,a quality ( pulp int]m$iate betwe5 *emically produc$ wood cellulose & gr\nd wood is obta9$ by blea*+ an especially f9ely gr\nd quality ( pulp wood4 ,?is product is excell5t z a fill] = m$ium grades ( pap]1 z x is opaque--f9e1 & ( fair color4 ,nev]!less1 x is op5 to ! same criticism z o!r gr\nd wood z to p]man5ce1 ?\gh 9 a less degree4 ,,*apt] ,,five ,,! ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,pap]--,cont9u$ ,,*emical ,,wood-,,pulps4--,*emical wood-pulps are obta9$ by a v>iety ( processes1 all ( :i* h z _! object ! isolation ( ! pure cellulose fib] by ! dissolution ( non-cellulose compon5ts4 ,! same pr9ciples are appli$ to ! treatm5t ( esp>to /raw or o!r plants4 ,! "* ( ! pulp dep5ds n only ^u ! nature ( ! wood1 b also ^u ! solv5ts us$ & ! duration & sev]ity ( ! cook+4 ,! prep>atory /eps to any process by :i* *emical wood-pulp is made are id5tical ) ! prep>ation ( trees = gr\nd wood1 only aft] ! logs h be5 8b>k$10 !y are r$uc$ to *ips by a me*anical 8*ipp]40 ,! ord9>y practice 9 ,am]ica is to sort out any knotty or imp]fect logs z !y pass on a conveyor f ! 8b>k]10 & if ! log x too faulty x is disc>d$4 ,z x is desirable to h a uni=m size ( *ips1 ! *ips are pass$ ?r\gh a scre5 = ?is purpose4 ,! *ips are /or$ 9 b9s conv5i5t to ! dige/]s4 ,! dige/]s are ( two types1 rot>y & /ation>y4 ,! rot>y type is horizontal & ! /ation>y is v]tical4 ,aft] ! dige/] has be5 load$ ) *ips1 ! *emicals are introduc$ & ! 8cook0 is c>ri$ on by means ( high /eam pressure4 ,! /r5g? ( ! *emicals1 pressure ( /eam1 & duration ( cook+1 are ! pr9cipal factors 9 det]m9+ ! result f any p>ticul> wood4 ,sl[ cook+ at l[ temp]atures yields ! be/ results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wet ,,ma*9es ,,:]e ,,! ,,pulp ,,is ,,cut ,,(f ,,9 ,,%eets1 ,,! ,,br[n ,,co4 ,to ! "r are ! hydraulic presses = remov+ moi/ure f ! pulp4 ,! pulp is %ipp$ ab\t sev5ty p] c5t moi/4 ,,soda ,,pulp4--,soda pulp takes its "n f ! cau/ic soda :i* is us$ z a solv5t4 ,rot>y dige/]s are employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! pr9cipal wood us$ = mak+ soda pulp is popl>1 ?\gh *e/nut & asp5 are also us$4 ,soda pulp is s(t 9 texture & ( no great /r5g?1 b 9 comb9ation ) h>d] /ocks x l5ds mell[ness to ! %eet4 ,x is almo/ "o-?ird *eap] ?an blea*$ sulphite pulp1 quotations = ,febru>y1 #aiae1 be+ #b4bj to #b4ce p] hundr$weight1 :]eas blea*$ sulphite 0 quot$ at #b4hj to #b4ie p] hundr$weight4 ,! prices s9ce ! w> h ris5 ov] #ajj & 7 quot$ 9 ,septemb] #aiai at #d4ge to #e4jj & #e4ge to #f4be1 respectively4 ,"o reason = ! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 soda & sulphite pulps1 is t ! soda is recov]$ f ! sp5t liquor1 :]eas 9 ! sulphite process ! liquors g to wa/e4 ,,sulphate ,,pulp4--,! solv5t us$ 9 mak+ sulphate pulp is a mixture ( cau/ic soda1 sulphide ( soda & sulphate ( soda4 ,sprucewood1 l>gely1 is us$ & ! pulp produc$ is exce$+ly /rong4 ,unblea*$ sulphate pulp is us$1 notably1 9 ! mak+ ( ,kraft wrapp+-pap]4 ,! soda is recov]$ f ! sp5t liquors4 ,,sulphite ,,pulp4--,sulphite pulp is produc$ by ! use ( bisulphite ( lime2 ?is1 be+ acid1 necessitates a special brick l9+ 9 ! dige/]s1 :i* are ( ! v]tical type4 ,sprucewood is ! be/ raw mat]ial & yields a /rong1 fairly long fib]1 capable ( be+ blea*$ to a good :ite color4 ,,mits*]li* ,,pulp4--,a special me?od = mak+ sulphite pulp 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many by ,pr(essor ,mits*]li*4 ,x v>ies f ! ord9>y process 9 t ! cook is cont9u$ ov] f\r times z long "u l[] /eam pressure1 & yields a fib] ( great] /r5g?4 ,! /eps subsequ5t to cook+ *emical pulps ( all k9ds are simil>4 ,aft] empty+ ! dige/]s1 ! s(t1 discolor$ mass ( fib]s is wa%$ & blea*$4 ,! yield ( cellulose fib] is close to fifty p] c5t ( ! air-dry weight ( ! wood4 ,! %ives & undige/$ p>ticles are remov$ by scre5+1 & ! pulp is ei!r run out l gr\nd wood on wet ma*9es1 or made up into rolls1 or %eets1 on a pap]-ma*9e4 ,! soda pulp is %ipp$ 9 rolls & ! sulphite 9 %eets1 z ?is is ! mo/ favorable =m 9 :i* to h&le !m at ! pap]-mill4 ,if ! pulp is to be us$ on ! premises1 x is made up into laps on ! wet ma*9e & is n artificially dri$4 ,! s-call$ 8air dry0 pulp conta9s ab\t #aj moi/ure1 & pulp conta9+ n ov] ?is am\nt ( moi/ure is bill$ at its actual weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyl9d] ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dry+ ,,pulp1 ,,! ,,br[n ,,co4 ,! web ( pulp is %[n z x passes f ! cyl9d] mold ov] ! c\* roll t[>d ! dri]s4 ,,esp>to ,,& ,,/raw4--,esp>to pulp is made by ! soda process f a grass obta9$ 9 ! circum-,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 & is us$ mo/ ext5sively 9 ,engl& & some:at on ! ,cont95t1 b freights h be5 prohibitive = ,am]ican manufactur]s4 ,/raw pulp is simil>ly made1 & :ile occasionally us$ on m$ium grades ( writ+-pap]s1 its pr9cipal use 9 ?is c\ntry is = /rawbo>d & *eap wrapp+s4 ,x is exp5sive to r$uce to a clean1 blea*$ pulp on acc\nt ( its knots1 & ! l>ge quantities ( silici\s matt] x conta9s4 ,,wa/e ,,pap]s4--,! next l>ge/ s\rce ( pap]-mak+ fib]s to wood is ! wa/e pap]1 su* z old books1 magaz9es1 newspap]s1 b9d]s' wa/e1 pap] %av+s & miscellane\s wa/e4 ,?is /ock is collect$ by regul> pack]s1 sort$1 & sold by grade to ! mills4 ,! poore/ grade consi/s ( a mixture ( miscellane\s pap]s ( all colors & description4 ,x is only us$ 9 ! production ( boxbo>ds1 %ea?+ pap]1 & o!r co>se v>ieties1 & )\t und]go+ any prelim9>y treatm5t x is %ovel$ "r into ! beat]s4 ,a high] grade consi/s only ( mix$ pap]s1 pr9t$ or unpr9t$4 ,next is a grade conta9+ no gr\nd wood or color$ pap]s1 & above ?is are grad$ old l$g] & writ+ pap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,beat]-,,room1 ,,crane ,,co4 ,! beat] at ! f> end ( ! room is equipp$ ) a wa%+ drum4 ,?is drum is l[]$ into ! tub dur+ ! process ( wa%+4 ,pap] trimm+s are divid$ into f\r classes1 :ite & mix$1 s(t & h>d 8%av+s10 & are especially available1 z !y may be us$ aft] sort+ & du/+ )\t und]go+ fur!r treatm5t1 b x is cu/om>y to mac]ate !m 9 "s sort ( a pulp] be=e plac+ ) o!r /ock 9 ! beat]s4 ,! pr9t$ wa/e mu/ be boil$ 9 a solution ( soda a%4 ,?is makes ! ink removable4 ,aft] ab\t six h\rs' boil+1 ! /ock is transf]r$ to wa%]s & treat$ l rags4 ,! ink & dirt hav+ fir/ be5 remov$1 blea*+ solution is introduc$1 & f9ally ! /ock is let d[n into dra9]s4 ,9 "s mills ! dra9+ is omitt$1 ! excess blea* is wa%$ out & an anti*lor add$2 !n ! /ock is pump$ ov] to a beat+ eng9e to be mix$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts prep>atory to manufacture4 ,?is process is less ?or\gh1 & !re is m dang] ( gett+ residues ( blea* into ! pap]1 z x is r a nice matt] to exactly neutralize ! blea* 9 ! wa%]1 & ! ma9t5ance ( a uni=m color is endang]$4 ,pr9t]s1 or o!rs1 :o accumulate l>ge quantities ( wa/e pap]s1 w f9d t x pays to keep ! v>i\s grades 9 sep>ate receptacles1 z a bett] price may be obta9$ = x 9 ?is way4 ,fur!rmore1 by means ( a bal+ press1 ! pap]s may be set aside 9 compact bales1 :i* occupy less room & are n s great a fire risk z loose accumulations4 ,! fact t #ba4d p] c5t ( ! pap]-mak+ fib]s1 accord+ to ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,report1 #aiji1 are d]iv$ f wa/e pap]s1 indicates _! importance z raw mat]ials1 :ile _! use less5s ! dra9 ^u our =e/s4 ,,! ,,non-,,fibr\s ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,pap]4 ,! non-fibr\s con/itu5ts ( pap] are ! m9]al fill]s1 ! +r$i5ts = siz+1 & ! color+ pigm5ts & dyes4 ,m9]al fill]s %\ld n be reg>d$ z adult]ants4 ,!y are us$1 n z a means = add+ weight1 b = ! sake ( c]ta9 effects :i* are requisite 9 _m pap]s4 ,no fill] is us$ on good writ+s or l$g]s1 z ! pr9t+ requirem5ts d n call = a closely fill$ surface or a mell[ texture4 ,9 book pap]s a v>y+ p]c5tage ( clay is us$1 z x improves ! pr9t+ quality by fill+ up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fib]s & increases opacity4 ,pap]s = half-tone pr9t+ require m fill+1 9 ord] to h smoo?1 level surfaces4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( fill] 9 common use4 ,! mo/ common is ,*9a clay1 ( :i* ! cleane/ & f9e/ grades are obta9$ pr9cipally 9 ,engl&4 ,no equally good deposit has yet be5 successfully develop$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,clay is a product ( ! natural dis9tegration ( feldsp>4 ,x is s(t1 pla/ic1 & non-cry/all9e4 ,agalite & talc1 :i* are silicates ( magnesia1 are also us$4 ,!y are *eap] & less desirable1 bo? on acc\nt ( color & _! cry/all9e nature1 :i* is m or less damag+ to cutt] knives & pr9t+-plates4 ,^! fill]s are us$ widely 9 ! *eap] book-pap]s1 & c (t5 be detect$ by hold+ a %eet aga9/ ! light1 z ! little1 transluc5t cry/all9e p>ticles !n appe> l p9holes4 ,sulphate ( lime1 comm]cially kn[n "u su* names z gypsum1 pe>l h>d5+1 sat9ite1 etc41 is a :ite1 cry/all9e sub/ance4 ,?is is us$ to "s ext5t 9 pap]-mak+1 b pr9cipally z a coat+4 ,b>ium sulphate1 prep>$ *emically1 & kn[n z blanc fixe1 is us$ l>gely = coat+ pap]s because ( its brilliancy & purity ( color4 ,,siz+ ,,mat]ials4--,/>* 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ mat]ials us$ = siz+ pap]1 & is us$ consid]ably 9 addition to o!r mat]ials1 z x adds a h>d1 t9ny "* desir$ by ! trade on c]ta9 grades4 ,silicate ( soda is also us$ to imp>t simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,gelat9e1 or animal size1 is obta9$ by boil+ d[n suitable animal tissues4 ,z a siz+ ag5t1 x is appli$ aft] ! pap] is made by pass+ ! web ( pap] ?r\gh a vat conta9+ ! hot liquid size4 ,case91 :i* is sometimes us$ z siz+1 is m important 9 its functions z an adhesive = ! mak+ ( coat$ pap]4 ,x is prep>$ by treat+ skim milk ) weak acid4 ,ros9 size1 ! mo/ widely us$ size1 is produc$ f ros9 by cook+ ) soda a%1 :i* produces a s(t soap4 ,! soap :5 mix$ ) wat] by agitation assumes a milky appe>ance4 ,9 ?is condition x is p\r$ into ! beat] aft] all o!r +r$i5ts h ent]$1 & is precipitat$ by ! addition ( alum z a res9ate ( alum9a4 ,,impurities ,,9 ,,pap]4--,impurities1 ei!r *emical or physical1 are sometimes f\nd 9 pap]1 ow+ to lax me?ods or inf]ior mat]ials4 ,free acid occasionally occurs1 & 9 "s cases w\ld be v delet]i\s4 ,9 pap]s t are to be bronz$1 = example1 ?is acid w\ld t>ni% ! bronze4 ,ne$le pap]s1 & pap] = wrapp+ /eelw>e1 mu/ be acid-free1 o!rwise !y w cause ru/+4 ,! pres5ce ( free acid may only be det]m9$ by an analy/4 ,sulphur1 :i* may give rise to ! =mation ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 exi/s sometimes z an impurity 9 pap]4 ,x causes a br[ni% halo to appe> ar\nd pr9t$ lett]s1 because ( its action on pr9t+-ink4 ,x w\ld also cause oxidization ( jewelry1 m\nt$ ^u c>dbo>d conta9+ sulphur residues4 ,free *lor9e1 or *lor9e comp\nds1 ! result ( inadequate dra9+ ( ! /ock1 may cause f9al dis9tegration 9 ! pap]4 ,x is ! duty ( manufactur]s to gu>d aga9/ ?is & ! o!r defici5cies not$4 ,m9]al impurities 9 pap] are n uncommon4 ,m9ute p>ticles ( iron worn (f ! ma*9]y1 or gett+ into ! /ock 9 ! %ape ( wire /it*+1 c (t5 be discov]$ by ! use ( a magnet te/4 ,9 photographic pap]s ?is mu/ positively be exclud$1 b 9 mo/ pap]s1 if ! p>ticles d n %[ z specks1 & are n l>ge en\gh to make tr\ble = ! pr9t]1 !y are n a s]i\s m5ace4 ,,*apt] ,,six ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,we h n[ review$ ! v>i\s /eps prep>atory to ! process ( beat+1 & ?is process is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all4 ,! output ( a mill dep5ds1 fir/1 ^u ! quality ( /ock :i* is furni%$ to ! beat]s1 & secondly1 on ! way ! /ock is h&l$ 9 ! beat]s4 ,a =mula1 bett] kn[n z a 8furni%10 is prep>$ by ! sup]9t5d5t & giv5 to ! beat] eng9e]4 ,?is tells him exactly h[ to bl5d 8 raw mat]ials4 ,v few pap]s are made f "o k9d ( mat]ial alone1 mo/ pap]s be+ a mixture ( diff]5t fib]s1 ) ! addition ( m9]al fill]1 siz+ & color+4 ,all ! +r$i5ts are put toge!r into ! beat+ eng9e ) a l>ge volume ( wat] simil> to a wa%]1 m9us ! wa%+ drums4 ,,beat+4 ,! process is call$ beat+ because x has displac$ ! orig9al me?od ( mac]ation by mallets & lat] by ! ma*9e describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i z a 8/amp]40 ,! ultimate *>act]i/ics ( ! pap] are dep5d5t ^u ! h&l+ ( ! beat] roll & ! "* ( ! knives4 ,= example1 a blott+-pap] is made by a quick beat+ ) %>p knives4 ,?is cuts ! fib]s clean & %ort & leaves !m 9 a mo/ absorptive condition4 ,! v same fib]s1 treat$ ) dull knives & sl[ly beat51 w\ld h an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,_! ends w\ld be teas$ out & ragg$1 & 9 ! process ( manufacture !y w\ld "p v sl[ly f ! wat] absorb$4 ,! pap] produc$ w\ld h ! *>act]i/ics ( a writ+-pap]1 h>d & /rong4 ,?is in/ance w af=d "s idea ( ! wide v>iation 9 results :i* may be br\ght ab\t by v>y+ ! treatm5t 9 ! beat]s4 ,s important is ?is /ep 9 manufactur+ t x has be5 said ) a good deal ( tru? t 8! pap] is made 9 ! beat]s40 ,aft] ! process has be5 cont9u$ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 ! /uff is empti$ into a *e/ call$ ! 8,jordan *e/10 because x acts z a res]voir = ano!r type ( ref9+ eng9e kn[n z ! 8,jordan40 ,?is eng9e is conical 9 %ape & ! inside is l9$ ) knives4 ,a cone-%ap$ plug1 also %od ) knives1 fits into ?is %ell1 & by ! turn ( a screw may ei!r be mov$ 9 or out1 ?us v>y+ ! space betwe5 ! two sets ( knives4 ,by ?is adju/m5t ! ref9+ ( ! pulp :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! eng9e is regulat$4 ,! /ock passes ?r\gh "o or m ( ^! 8,jordans0 into ! ma*9e *e/4 ,!nce x is pump$ to a level high] ?an ! ma*9e1 & fl[s ?r\gh 8s& settl]s0 to a scre54 ,! 8s& settl]0 is a long1 op5 tr\gh conta9+ a s]ies ( baffle bo>ds :i* collect any s$im5t1 prev5t+ x f gett+ into ! pap]4 ,scre5s are ( v>i\s types1 ! ma9 feature consi/+ ( bronze plates pi]c$ ) f9e slots ?r\gh :i* ! fib]s are =c$4 ,! object is to give uni=mity to ! /ock :i* rea*es ! ma*9e1 & to exclude any knots ( /ock1 /r+s or =eign sub/ances4 ,! wid? ( ! slots is v>i$ to suit diff]5t /ocks--"s slots be+ z f9e z #aj_/ajjj ( an in*4 ,we h n[ describ$ ! process ( pap]-mak+ up to ! po9t :]e ! /uff is =m$ into pap]1 & mu/ pause = a description ( ! pap]-ma*9e itself4 ,,pap]-,,ma*9e4 ,! pap]-ma*9e may be consid]$ 9 ?ree p>ts3 ,! wet end :]e ! pap] is =m$ & press$1 ! middle1 :]e x is dri$1 & ! dry end1 :]e x is cal5d]$1 slit & w\nd4 ,!re are two di/9ct types ( wet ends--! ,f\rdr9i] & ! cyl9d]4 ,bo? are me*anical reproductions 9 cont9u\s process ( ! /eps tak5 9 ! anci5t h& me?ods1 a brief consid]ation ( :i* impresses cle>ly on "o's m9d ! rationale ( ! ma*9e4 ,,h& ,,process4 ,! tools ( ! primitive pap]-mak] consi/$ ( a pulp vat = ! fib]-lad5 wat]1 a frame1 or mold1 across :i* 0 /ret*$ a me% ( closely wov5 wire1 & a removable frame1 kn[n z ! deckle1 :i* fitt$ ar\nd ! edge ( ! mold to keep ! moi/ pulp f ov]fl[+ & to help regulate ! ?ickness ( ! pap]4 ,grasp+ ! mold by two opposite sides1 ! vatman subm]g$ ! mold 9 ! wat]2 !n rais$ x out1 hold+ x level4 ,by ?is means a film ( pulp 0 caught up1 be+ deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! mold by ! passage ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! fib]s _h be5 susp5d$4 ,a lat]al %ak+ motion s]v$ to knit ! fib]s toge!r1 & to deposit !m z ev5ly =m$ z possible all ov] ! mold4 ,z ! wat] dra9$ ?r\gh1 ! film ( pulp solidifi$4 ,!n ! deckle frame 0 remov$1 & !re1 on ! top ( ! mold1 0 a %eet ( moi/ pulp4 ,! edges ( ?is %eet w\ld be ?9 & fea!r-l z a result ( ! pulp leak+ "u ! deckle4 ,h5ce ! t]m deckle edge4 ,x requir$ a great deal ( skill to remove ?is film1 :ile pres]v+ x intact4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by inv]t+ ! mold & press+ ! %eet ^u a moi/ felt clo?4 ,if ! act 0 skilfully p]=m$1 ! mold c\ld be lift$ away f ! %eet1 leav+ x unbrok5 ^u ! felt4 ,!n x 0 cov]$ by a second piece ( felt & ! process 0 repeat$ until a small pile _h accumulat$4 ,! pile 0 remov$ to a screw press1 :]e9 z mu* wat] z possible 0 squeez$ out ( ! pap]4 ,cellulose fib]s h a /rong aff9ity = wat]1 h[ev]1 & x is said t "u any pressure :i* su* a pile c\ld )/&1 )\t becom+ cru%$ & gruelly1 ! pap] w\ld reta9 wat] equal to "o-half its weight4 ,h5ce1 ! la/ ve/iges ( moi/ure1 except+ ( c\rse t am\nt normally reta9$ by air-dri$ pap]1 _h to be remov$ by evaporation4 ,9 ! old days1 ?is 0 accompli%$ by hang+ ! %eets ov] poles to dry4 ,aft] t1 if ! pap] requir$ siz+1 ! %eets 7 dipp$ "o by "o into a pot ( animal size1 !n dri$ once m4 ,la/ly !y 7 f9i%$ to ! desir$ surface by be+ plac$ betwe5 smoo? plates & press$4 ,,fib] ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,a few mom5ts' consid]ation ( ! *anges :i* ! fib]s und]go f _! condition ( isolation z !y exi/ mix$ 9 ! vat1 to _! /atus z compon5ts ( a %eet ( pap]1 w help to make cle> mu* t seems obscure ab\t ! behavior ( a %eet ( f9i%$ pap]1 z well z to expla9 ! reason = ! diff]5t processes execut$ on ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,! fib] is a holl[1 collaps$ tube1 ! ends bruis$ & fray$ by ! treatm5t 9 ! beat+ & ref9+ eng9es4 ,absorptive 9 nature to a m>k$ degree1 x swells ) ! wat] x takes up & is limp & flaccid4 ,z ! mold is rais$ horizontally out ( ! vat 9 ! process ( =m+ %eets1 all ! fib]s :i* _h be5 susp5d$ 9 ! wat] :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! mold are caught l s _m fi% 9 a net1 & lie spread 9 a limp1 impressionable mass ov] ! surface ( ! mold until !y are transf]r$ by ! 8c\*] man0 to ! felt4 ,little alt]ation c take place 9 ! g5]al position ( ! fib]s aft] !y h be5 8c\*$10 consequ5tly ! =mation ( ! %eet is ! mo/ important /age ( ! process4 ,z ! wat] is press$ out1 ea* fib] contracts to "s ext5t1 &1 f a consi/5cy l gruel1 ! =m$ %eet passes to a m /able /ate1 :]e9 x c be g5tly h&l$ )\t dis9tegrat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\rdr9i] ,,ma*9es1 ,,crane ,,co4 ,a good view ( ! surface-siz+ vat is obta9$ 9 ! ma*9e on ! "r h&4 ,! pap] is be+ slit j be=e its introduction into ! vat4 ,z ! dry+ proce$s !re is a m>k$ %r9kage 9 ! dim5sions ( ! %eet1 caus$ by ! %r9k+ ( ea* individual fib]1 until ! fib]s are ?or\ghly set1 enme%$ "o ) ! o!r4 ,! addition ( size glazes ov] ea* fib] & makes x less susceptible to moi/ure4 ,! addition ( clay p]meates ! /ructure1 fill+ up ! int]/ices4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ! clay does n mat]ially weak5 ! /ructure1 z a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( empty air space w\ld exi/ )\t x4 ,beyond t po9t ! clay w fill places t conceivably w\ld be fill$ by fib]s1 & hav+ no adhesive /r5g?1 ! /ructure ( a %eet ov]load$ ) clay is weak5$ 9 proportion to its ov]load4 ,:ile ! fib]s are m or less moi/1 !y are susceptible to alt]ation 9 /ructure1 & may 9 ?is /ate be flatt5$ by cal5d]+ to a smoo? surface1 & ! pres5ce ( clay helps to fill 9 ! microscopic valleys betwe5 ! fib]s s t ! surface becomes level to human vision4 ,,! ,,f\rdr9i] ,n[ to return to a sket* ( ! wet ends ( pap]-ma*9es4 ,! ,f\rdr9i] "p consi/s ( a head box1 :i* resembles ! case ( an upright piano4 ,:]e ! keybo>d might be1 is a broad portal = ! passage ( a /ream ( pulp1 ! wid? ( ! ma*9e1 onto a horizontal1 endless wire belt4 ,?is wire belt is susp5d$ 9 a frame "s ?irty feet long & held taut by be+ /ret*$ ov] a numb] ( rolls4 ,! l>ge roll ne> ! head box is kn[n z ! brea/ roll4 ,! /ill l>g] roll at ! o!r extreme ( ! frame is call$ ! l[] c\* roll1 on top ( :i* is a felt-jacket$ c\* roll4 ,! wire is kept level by a transv]se s]ies ( 8table rolls0 closely set1 & ! "u "p ( ! wire is held d[n by /ret* rolls4 ,directly "u ! top "p1 & cont9u+ f ! brea/ roll = ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! frame1 is a %all[ tray call$ a 8save-all10 z x cat*es all ! dripp+s :i* conta9 fill]1 & "s f9e fib]s :i* are return$ to ! scre5s by /uff-pumps1 ma9ta9+ a cont9u\s circulation s t no?+ goes to wa/e4 ,into ?is save-all wat] may be admitt$ to regulate ! consi/5cy ( ! /uff4 ,ne> ! c\* roll ! wire passes ov] two or ?ree suction boxes1 & on top ( ! wire1 betwe5 ! suction boxes1 turns a wire-cov]$ roll call$ a 8d&y40 ,on ei!r side ( ! ma*9e is a frame :i* may be contract$ or exp&$4 ,x c>ries a s]ies ( pulleys ov] :i* run rubb] deckle /raps1 ! "u p>ts ( :i* re/ on ! wire & keep ! wet pulp )9 b\nds4 ,by ?is means ! wid? ( ! web ( pap] is regulat$4 ,z a little pulp leaks "u ^! /raps ma*9e-made pap] has deckle edges on bo? sides ( ! web4 ,artificial deckle edges may also be produc$ by squirt+ a f9e /ream ( wat] ^u ! web ne> ! c\* roll1 b x is n possible to produce ?is effect across ! web4 ,except on special pap]s ! deckle edges are trimm$ (f by slitt]s at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,ne> ! fl[ box1 runn+ at "r angles across ! ma*9e1 are two s-call$ 8slices0 ab\t eight in*es ap>t4 ,^! may be adju/$ at v>i\s heights f ! wire1 9 ord] to regulate ! ?ickness ( ! pap]4 ,_! mo/ important function is to make ! ?ickness uni=m f "o side to ! o!r ( ! %eet1 & to create a pond :i* assi/s 9 =m+ ! pap]4 ,! frame ( ! ,f\rdr9i] has a jo9t ne> ! fir/ suction box1 & a me*anical arrangem5t call$ a 8%ake0 is locat$ ne> ! head box to imp>t a lat]al %ak+ motion to ! frame :ile ! wire runs /raight ahead1 ?us imitat+ ! %ak+ ( ! h& mold4 ,beyond ! c\* roll is a s]ies ( press rolls1 betwe5 :i* run endless felts to c>ry ! s(t1 moi/ pap]4 ,!n foll[s a l>ge s]ies ( /eam-heat$ cyl9d]s4 ,next a /ack ( iron cal5d] rolls1 & a set ( reels4 ,z soon z "o reel is full a new reel is />t$ & ! pap] f ! fir/ reel is slit by rot>y slitt]s & made up into rolls ( ! desir$ wid?s on ! w9d]4 ,,pap] ,,9 ,,process ,x is an almo/ dramatic mom5t :5 ! ma*9e is ready to />t4 ,! ma*9e t5d] op5s ! valves :i* admit ! /uff f ! fl[ box & a /ream spreads out onto ! wire4 ,at a giv5 signal ! back t5d] />ts ! wire1 & ! endless :ite /ream moves sm>tly =w>d4 ,!n ensues ! me*anical imitation ( mak+ pap] by h&1 only in/ead ( =m+ %eet by %eet1 ! =mation is a cont9u\s process 9 ! web4 ,! %ake ( ! ma*9e mixes ! position ( ! fib]s 9 ! 8pond0 beh9d ! slices2 ! wat] runs l a d[np\r ( ra9 ?r\gh ! mov+ wire into ! save-all1 leav+ beh9d its burd5 ( fib]1 or 8/uff10 z ! mixture is at t /age call$1 9 a :ite film4 ,! suction boxes accel]ate ! expulsion ( wat]1 & ! d&y roll closes ! fib]s toge!r z ! film passes b5ea? x4 ,!n ! web is c>ri$ betwe5 ! c\* rolls1 :5 ! wat] fairly p\rs out 9 ! squeeze4 ,z ! top roll is felt-jacket$1 ! film sometimes /icks to x1 z a slight suction is creat$ 9 ! pores ( ! felt4 ,! back t5d] /&s by ) a hose to wa% d[n ! pap] if x />ts to adh]e to ! jacket4 ,! pap] is prev5t$ f completely go+ ar\nd ?is top roll by a gu>d bo>d :i* is fix$ across ! top4 ,_m ma*9es are n[ equipp$ ) a 8suction c\* roll10 :i* does away ) ! ne$ = a top roll1 z ! wat] is suck$1 in/ead ( press$1 out ( ! pap]4 ,at a giv5 signal ! back t5d] />ts "o edge ( ! film =w>d1 by a skilful slap ( ! h&1 :i* picks up ! edge ( ! film & transf]s x to ! felt c>ri] betwe5 ! press rolls4 ,! rema9d] ( ! web is made to foll[ ! lead ( ! fir/ section1 till f9ally ! full wid? is transf]r$ to ! fir/ felt1 :i* c>ries x ?r\gh ! fir/ s]ies ( press rolls4 ,an arrangem5t simil> to ! gu>d bo>d1 call$ a 8doctor10 runs across ! top press roll1 s t ! pap] may be all[$ to roll up if desir$1 :ile ! ma*9e t5d] regulates ! fl[ ( wat] until ! consi/5cy ( ! /uff is "r4 ,! doctor also keeps ! press roll clean4 ,q (t5 ! long end ( pap] fir/ />t$ at ! c\* roll is pass$ "r along f ! fir/ felt to ! second1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! second set ( press rolls1 & ! ?ird1 if ?ree !re be1 to ! /eam dri]s1 & !nce ov] ! entire batt]y ( dri]s1 ?r\gh ! cal5d]s onto ! reel4 ,f ! press rolls x is l$ by ! back t5d]1 assi/$ by a ?ird h&1 & if all goes well ! pap] may be w9d+ up on ! reel inside ( t5 m9utes4 ,b !re is _m a *ance = mi%aps be=e ! wet end ( ! ma*9e is adju/$ & ! heat 9 ! dri]s is regulat$ to a nicety4 ,! weight ( ! pap] dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( /uff let onto ! ma*9e1 ! dilution ( ! /ock1 & ! spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e is run4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 volume1 ! fa/] ! wire runs ! ?9n] ! /uff is spread1 & vice v]sa4 ,be=e ?+s are settl$ d[n1 consid]able wor?less pap] may be turn$ (f4 ,! wid? ( ! web is controll$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! deckle /raps4 ,^! are adju/able1 b an all[ance ( t5 in*es or s mu/ be made = ! %r9kage ( ! web 9 dry+4 ,! prelim9>ies to a run ( pap] may be lik5$ to ! make-ready on a pr9t+-press1 ?\gh !y d n1 z a rule1 la/ ne>ly s long4 ,yet ?is is ! reason :y small odd sizes & odd %ades ( pap] are n popul> ) ! manufactur]1 unless he c get a suffici5t extra price to comp5sate = ! 8make-ready0 co/s4 ,,wat]-,,m>ks4,c--,! wat]-m>k 9 pap] is effect$ by rais$ l9es on ! d&y roll4 ,! design1 be+ impress$ 9 ! moi/ web1 displaces ! fib]s & leaves ?9 areas 9 ! pap]1 :i* consequ5tly %[ :5 ! %eet is held aga9/ ! light1 z !y are m transluc5t ?an ! adjo9+ areas4 ,c ,! /udy ( anci5t wat]-m>ks is q fasc9at+ 9 connection ) e>ly ,pr9t]s' m>ks4 ,see 8,a ,new ,light on ! ,r5aissance10 by ,h>old ,bailey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\rdr9i] ,,ma*9e1 ,s4 ,d4 ,,w>r5 ,,co4 ,view %[+ ! 8,f\rdr9i]0 "p ( a mod]n book pap]-ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,,pap]-,,mak+--,cont9u$ ,,te*nique4--,! importance ( ! =mation ( ! %eet on ! ma*9e wire is ! same z on ! h& mold1 z subsequ5t press+ & cal5d]+ c only modify faulty =mation4 ,! /uff %\ld be uni=m & ev5 9 texture4 ,! press rolls mu/ be gr\nd ) absolute accuracy1 & slightly cr[n$ to all[ = _! sagg+4 ,o!rwise wat] w\ld be unev5ly expell$ f ! web1 possibly caus+ a damp /reak ?r\gh\t ! entire run ( pap]1 :i* w\ld %[ 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,if a portion 7 press$ too h>d x w\ld conta9 less moi/ure z x rea*$ ! dri]s & become dry be=e adjac5t sections4 ,if ! pap] 7 cal5d]$1 ! moi/] p>ts w\ld take on a smoo!r surface ?an ! dri] p>ts4 ,ano!r feature to be closely wat*$ on p>ticul> pap]s is to elim9ate1 z f> z possible1 ! impress ( ! weave ( ! wire clo?1 :i* is left 9 ! "u side ( ! web4 ,?is c be accompli%$ to s f9e a degree1 by a skilful man1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sides ( ! pap] is sc>cely disc]nible4 ,! f95ess ( weave ( ! "o clo? also is an important be>+ 9 secur+ an ev5 sid$ %eet4 ,?us we see t x is well-nigh impossible to r$uce ! mak+ ( pap] to an exact sci5ce1 & a reasonable v>iation mu/ be expect$1 bo? 9 weight & f9i%4 ,! successful managem5t ( a pap]-ma*9e dep5ds1 f />t to f9i%1 on c>eful1 exp]i5c$ judgm5t & al]t att5tion4 ,if ! beat]-man dilutes "o bat* ( /uff m ?an ano!r1 ! v>iation w %[ ! m9ute ! alt]$ /uff appe>s on ! ma*9e1 & only an imm$iate readju/m5t at ! wet end c avoid consid]able v>iation 9 ! product4 ,!n1 f end to end1 ! long ma*9e mu/ be wat*$ c>efully1 s t ! press+1 dry+ & cal5d]+ may all be kept uni=m4 ,a bungl] %\ld f9d no place 9 ! ma*9e-room1 b x is desirable t consum]s h suffici5t appreciation ( human limitations1 z appli$ to pap]-mak+1 to admit prop] all[ances = normal v>iations4 ,,cyl9d] ,,ma*9e4--,! cyl9d] ma*9e1 inv5t$ by ,john ,dick9son ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! ,f\rdr9i]1 is mu* ! same z ! wet ma*9e describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ) ! addition ( press rolls1 dri]s & cal5d]s4 ,! s+le-cyl9d] ma*9e is us$ = mak+ light-weight tissues & o!r ?9 pap]s4 ,cyl9d] vats c also be arrang$ 9 s]ies1 z on bo>d ma*9es1 s t ! webs =m$ on ea* cyl9d] c be comb9$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by an arrangem5t ( felts :i* run tang5t to ! cyl9d]s1 pick+ (f ! =m$ pap] automatically f ea* successive mold4 ,! felt runs betwe5 squeeze rolls1 s t ! v>i\s plies ( pap] are press$ toge!r1 =m+ a s+le ?ickness4 ,ma*9es ( ?is type c make v ?ick %eets1 & are us$ = mak+ bri/ol bo>ds1 blanks1 boxbo>d1 /rawbo>d1 etc4 ,! numb] & arrangem5t ( dri]s on any ma*9e dep5ds on ! product to be d]iv$4 ,fa/-runn+ ma*9es1 su* z ! l>ge news mills are equipp$ )1 h necess>ily a l>ge numb] ( dri]s1 z !y turn (f fifty tons or s a day & require a great dry+ capacity4 ,sl[ runn+ ma*9es1 su* z are us$ 9 f9e writ+-pap] mills1 ne$ a mu* small] numb]1 z ! av]age f9e writ+-pap] ma*9e produces little ov] ?ree or f\r tons a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyl9d] ,,vats1 ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,pusey ,,jones ,,co4 ,! felts :i* convey ! pap] are omitt$ s z to get a cle>] view ( ! molds4 ,,h>p] ,,ma*9e4--,!re is a type ( ,f\rdr9i] call$ ! ,h>p] :i* diff]s f x 9 t x is turn$ end = end4 ,a long felt c>ries ! pap] f ! c\* rolls back ov] ! ,f\rdr9i] "p1 deliv]+ x to ! fir/ press4 ,?is is consid]$ advantage\s 9 mak+ v light pap]s :i* o!rwise are ) difficulty l$ f ! c\* to ! press rolls & are apt to break d[n 9 ! passage4 ,,yankee ,,ma*9e4--,!re is ev5 "o type ( ma*9e kn[n z ! 8,yankee0 :i* has b "o dri] ( v l>ge diamet]4 ,?is is us$ 9 mak+ ma*9e-glaz$ wrapp+ pap]s1 :i* are v smoo? on ! side ( ! %eet :i* comes 9 contact ) ! dri] & r\gh on ! o!r side4 ,! 8wet0 end ( ?is ma*9e is a ,f\rdr9i] type4 ,! arrangem5t & numb] ( smoo?+ & cal5d] rolls is also dep5d5t on ! class ( pap] to be made4 ,mo/ writ+-pap] ma*9es h no cal5d]s at all z ! surface is obta9$ on special ma*9]y su* z plat]s & %eet cal5d]s aft] ! pap] comes f ! dry+ l(t4 ,"o c easily appreciate t1 :ile ! g5]al pr9ciples ( all pap]-mak+ are id5tical1 !re is a call = a wide v>iety ( arrangem5ts1 su* z ^? cit$1 to meet ! v>y+ requirem5ts ( diff]5t classes ( pap]4 ,,surface ,,siz+4--,surface siz+1 or animal siz+1 necessitates a vat ) squeeze rolls4 ,! pap] is fir/ run ov] en\gh dri]s to dry x2 !n introduc$ into ! vat ( hot size4 ,on ! *eap] grades ! size is dri$ on ! ma*9e by a special skeleton dry+ app>atus1 b ! bett] grades are cut (f & pil$ up by ! 8lay-boy0 at ! end ( ! ma*9e1 !n transf]r$ to dry+ l(ts & hung up ov] poles to dry4 ,h5ce ! t]m 8l(t-dri$40 ,any special f9i% has !n to be appli$ %eet by %eet4 ,,f9i%+ ,,pap]4--,f9i%+ pap] is accompli%$ ei!r on ! pap]-ma*9e itself1 or aft] ! pap] is turn$ (f on ! ma*9e x may be treat$ by special app>atus4 ,,wove ,,& ,,laid ,,pap]s4--,a s-call$ wove pap] is made ) a pla9 d&y1 cov]$ ) f9e wire clo? ! same texture all ov]4 ,laid pap] is really a wat]-m>k$ pap]1 9 :i* ! :ole surface is m>k$ by a specially con/ruct$ d&y :i* impr9ts a m>k 9 imitation ( ! e>ly h& molds4 ,!re are heavy l9es runn+ ) ! gra9 ( ! pap] & light] l9es runn+ across4 ,,antique4--,an 8antique0 surface is obta9$ by skipp+ ! cal5d] rolls & leav+ ! pap] r\gh z x comes (f ! felt to ! dri]s4 ,a m$ium f9i% is obta9$ by a slight cal5d]+1 :ile ! highe/ ma*9e f9i%1 & ! s-call$ ,engli% f9i%1 is obta9$ by a heavy cal5d]+4 ,,wat] ,,f9i%4--,a common me?od ( obta9+ a high f9i% on heavy pap]s is by ! use ( 8wat] doctors10 :i* keeps two or m ( ! cal5d] rolls moi/1 damp5+ ! pap] :ile x is be+ cal5d]$4 ,! surface ?us imp>t$ is call$ a 8wat] f9i%40 ,,%eet ,,cal5d]s ,f9e writ+-pap]s may be f9i%$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,a pla91 smoo!d surface is obta9$ by pass+ ! %eets1 :i* are automatically f$1 by a sy/em ( tapes1 ?r\gh cal5d] /acks1 call$ %eet cal5d]s4 ,,plat+4--,plat+ 0 fir/ resort$ to z a means ( smoo?+ pap] 9 ! %eet1 b :5 a l951 or pebbl$1 or any o!r special f9i% is desir$1 x is also accompli%$ 9 a plat+ ma*9e4 ,?is consi/s ( two heavy rolls4 ,! %eets ( pap]1 ) a metal plate top & bottom1 are pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls "u heavy pressure4 ,if a l95 f9i% is desir$1 pieces ( l95 are plac$ betwe5 ! plates on bo? sides ( ! %eets s t ! l95 texture is emboss$ into ! pap]4 ,simil>ly any o!r sub/ance may be us$ = o!r effects4 ,,emboss+4--,emboss$ pap]s are usually f9i%$ f ! roll by runn+ betwe5 iron rolls ) emboss+ patt]ns engrav$ ^u !m4 ,an extra /r5g? is requir$ ( pap] = ?is purpose1 o!rwise ! patt]n w cut ?r\gh ! %eet4 ,,sup]cal5d]+4--,sup]cal5d]s are ma*9es1 ap>t f ! pap]-ma*9e itself1 = mak+ high-f9i%$ pap]4 ,! rolls v>y 9 numb]4 ,ea* alt]nate roll is made ( h>d pap]4 ,9 treat+ uncoat$ /ock !re are also "o or two /eam boxes to moi/5 ! pap] be=e x is cal5d]$4 ,?is s(t5s ! surface fib]s1 & !y c !n be roll$ flatt] & h5ce take a %9i] surface4 ,! alt]nate rolls 9 a /ack = cal5d]+ coat$ pap]s are made ( cotton1 & no /eam boxes c be us$1 because ! moi/ure w\ld injure ! coat+4 ,! pap] is run ?r\gh ! cal5d]s 9 ! web4 ,all smoo?1 or special1 f9i%es are ga9$ only at add$ co/4 ,:]e ! process takes place on ! ma*9e1 m breakage is occasion$ & m pap] has to be sort$ out1 z ! h>d-f9i%+ acc5tuates spots 9 ! pap]1 & little lumps ( fib]s1 :i* w\ld pass unnotic$ 9 an uncal5d]$ or antique pap]1 are squa%$ d[n & black5$ by cal5d]+4 ,h5ce ! high] co/ ( su* pap]s4 ,sup]cal5d]+ & plat+ br+ into play diff]5t workman1 s t ! labor co/ is increas$1 & any f9i%+1 %eet by %eet1 is necess>ily sl[ & m co/ly ?an t accompli%$ 9 a cont9u\s process f ! roll4 ,,comb9+4--,_m k9ds ( pap]s1 z photo-m\nts1 d\ble-?ick cov]s & c>dbo>ds1 are made by pa/+ two or m ?icknesses toge!r4 ,?is 0 =m]ly done 9 ! %eet1 b mo/ ( ! pa/+ is n[ effect$ 9 ! web4 ,! pap]s are run ov] a pa/e roll1 comb9$1 & pass$ ei!r ?r\gh a dry+ *amb] or ov] a batt]y ( dri]s l ^? ( ! pap] ma*9e4 ,! pa/$ pap] is la/ly made into rolls & tak5 to ! f9i%+ room to be %eet$4 ,,coat$ ,,pap]s4--,coat$ pap]s are made by cov]+ ! surface ( ord9>y pap] ) a v5e] ( clay1 mix$ ) "s adhesive1 z case9 or glue1 & suitably color$4 ,! process is done f ! roll2 ! pap] fir/ goes ?r\gh ! ma*9e :]e ! liquid coat+ is bru%$ onto ! surface1 pass+ directly 9 automatically =m$ fe/oons ?r\gh a long1 heat$ room to dry1 & f9ally is rew\nd4 ,! rolls are !n tak5 to ! sup]cal5d] room & ! pap] is giv5 ! desir$ f9i%4 ,dull-f9i% coat$ pap]s require a special k9d ( coat+ & receive v light cal5d]+ aft] be+ coat$4 ,high-f9i%$ coat$ pap]s ( ! be/ grades are d\ble-coat$ & run sev]al times ?r\gh ! cal5d]s4 ,ano!r me?od ( produc+ a high f9i% is kn[n z 8fl9t+40 ,9 ?is process ! pap] is me*anically poli%$ by smoo? fl9t /ones & ga9s a v high lu/]4 ,su* pap]s are mo/ widely us$ z box cov]+4 ,a simil> effect is obta9$ by friction cal5d]s1 :i* consi/ ( two *ill$ iron rolls ) an int]m$iate roll ( h>d pap]4 ,! top roll rotates at a high] spe$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coat+ ,,room1 ,,appleton ,,coat$ ,,pap] ,,co4 ,?is view ( ! 8wet end0 ( ! coat+ ma*9es %[s ! rolls go+ ?r\gh ! coat+ process1 ! web ( pap] travel+ along ! dry+ racks appe>s 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! coat+ may be dy$ to any color desir$1 s t coat$ & glaz$ pap]s are obta9able 9 a wide v>iety ( %ades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9i%+-,,room1 ,,crane ,,co4 ,! ma*9e on ! "r is a plat]4 ,,gumm$ ,,pap]s4--,gumm$ pap]s are made by pass+ ! web ?r\gh a ma*9e1 :i* coats x ) glue1 aft] :i* x passes ov] dry+ app>atus & is w\nd into rolls ready = f9i%+4 ,gumm$ pap] = labels is usually f9i%$ 9 %eets1 :ile = seal+ tape & box /ays x is ord9>ily made up into rolls4 ,,wax$ ,,pap]s4--,wax$ pap]s are made by apply+ a coat+ ( p>raf94 ,?is r5d]s ! /ock wat] pro(1 & x is us$ l>gely z a wrapp] = food products4 ,,glass9e ,,pap]4--,by a special treatm5t 9 ! beat]s & jordans cellulose fib] is s treat$ z to become hydrat$4 ,?is hydration makes ! pap] produc$ grease pro(1 & by heavy sup]cal5d]+ ! "* ( ! %eet is aga9 greatly alt]$1 x becom+ almo/ p]fectly transp>5t4 ,9 ?is /ate x makes a mo/ attractive & hygi5e wrapp]4 ,,*apt] ,,eight ,,! ,,physical ,,& ,,*emical ,,aspects ,,( ,,pap] ,! size & weight ( a %eet ( pap] ( any giv5 quality & f9i% are its mo/ obvi\s features1 & :5 we speak ( ! weight ( a %eet ( pap] we ref] n to ! "o %eet1 b to ! weight ( "o ream ( simil> %eets4 ,mo/ pap]s are ord]$ on a basis ( ream weight = a specifi$ size1 z1 = example1 #be by #ch1 #ej-p\nd4 ,blanks1 c>dbo>ds & cov]-pap]s1 especially ! fir/ two1 are m frequ5tly ord]$ on a basis ( bulk1 z two-ply1 ?ree-ply1 etc41 & ?ick or d\ble ?ick 9 ! case ( cov]s4 ,! ?9n] cov]s are usually designat$ by _! ream weight1 ?\gh frequ5tly quot$1 z are ! heavy-weight cov]s1 ! blanks & c>dbo>ds1 9 price by ! hundr$ %eets4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce is probably t su* /ocks are sold 9 comp>atively small lots1 s t x is simpl] to bill !m 9 accordance ) ! numb] ( %eets ?an to figure ! weight ( a small numb] ( %eets & multiply by ! p\nd price4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* facilitates ! sy/em is t ^! k9ds ( pap] are c>ri$ 9 /&>d /ock sizes1 z ! majority ( ord]s are too small to be made 9 special sizes4 ,! relation betwe5 ?ickness & weight ( a giv5 pap] is approximately a direct ratio4 ,= example1 giv5 a %eet ( ma*9e f9i% #be by #ch1 #ej-p\nd1 f\r %eets ( :i* bulk 4#jaa ( an in*1 ! bulk ( ! same f9i% & quality1 9 #be by #ch1 #fj-p\nd1 c be approximately asc]ta9$ by ! equation #ej 3 4#jaa 33 #fj 3 x1 ! answ] ( :i* is 4#jacb4 ,! diff]5ce 9 bulk betwe5 two pap]s ( ! same weight dep5ds on3 #a4 ,! f9i%4 #b4 ,! p]c5tage ( m9]al fill]4 #c4 ,! nature & treatm5t ( ! fib]4 ,= example1 on a bulk ( 4#jae ( an in* to f\r %eets a sup]cal5d]$ pap] w\ld weigh ab\t #fe p\nds1 a high ma*9e f9i% ab\t #fj p\nds1 a text or m$ium f9i% ab\t #ej p\nds1 an antique ab\t #dj p\nds4 ,9 o!r words1 ! d5sity ( any giv5 piece ( pap] is proportionate to ! am\nt ( cal5d]+ x receives4 ,naturally1 ! antique pap]1 lightly press$ & uncal5d]$1 is loose = texture & full ( m9ute air pockets1 s t x is light = bulk1 :ile ! sup]cal5d]$ pap] is squeez$ to a h>d1 d5se %eet conta9+ little air space4 ,if ! proportion ( m9]al fill] is great1 ! weight w be /ill great] 9 proportion to ! bulk1 z ! specific gravity ( ! m9]al is great] ?an t ( ! fib]1 & ! f9e p>ticles t5d to fill completely ! small int]/ices betwe5 ! fib]s1 s t ! air space is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,if1 9 addition1 a surface coat+ is add$1 we get a pap] ) ! highe/ possible p]c5tage ( fill]1 & consequ5tly a glaz$ coat$ pap] has less bulk 9 proportion to its weight ?an any o!r k9d4 ,su* pap] conta9s f #cj to #dj p]c5t ( m9]al4 ,! nature ( ! fib] br+s ab\t a diff]5ce1 9 t "s fib]s h ?ick] walls & small] canals ?an o!rs4 ,! treatm5t causes a v>iation1 9 t a quick beat+ ) %>p knives leaves ! fib]s m ne>ly 9 _! orig9al %ape ?an a prolong$ beat+ ) dull knives1 :i* breaks d[n ! /ructure ( ! fib]s & draws !m out into m9ute fabrill4 ,! /r5g? ( a pap] ( giv5 quality w also to a c]ta9 ext5t be proportionate to ! duration ( beat+1 z well z ! am\nt ( press+ & cal5d]+ receiv$4 ,! am\nt ( siz+ & ! dry+ also affect its /r5g?4 ,an antique pap]1 hav+ l>ge air spaces & loosely knit z x is1 has n ! t5sile /r5g? x w\ld possess if press$ & cal5d]$ to a great] d5sity4 ,! addition ( load+ adds to ! weight )\t increas+ ! /r5g?1 z x has no b9d+ prop]ties4 ,moreov]1 ! bulk1 9 proportion to ! weight1 is less5$ by ! introduction ( fill]4 ,consequ5tly x is axiomatic1 t ( two giv5 pap]s ( equal weight1 f9i% & quality ( fib]1 ! "o conta9+ ! less fill] w be ! /rong]1 z well z bulki]4 ,! addition ( fill]1 h[ev]1 increases ! opacity1 gives mell[ness1 & improves ! pr9t+ quality by equaliz+ ! texture ( ! surface4 ,! addition ( siz+ t5ds to increase ! /r5g? ( pap]1 ow+ to its adhesive prop]ties1 b if lib]ally us$ x detracts f ! mell[ness & gives ! %eet a t9ny 8"*40 ,! l5g? ( ! fib] also affects ! /r5g?1 z long fib]s give great] /r5g? & bett] fold+ quality ?an %ort4 ,x is n possible to get z close =mation ) long z ) %ort fib]s4 ,h5ce occasions frequ5tly arise :]e9 cu/om]s ask = *>act]i/ics :i* are some:at contradictory4 ,a desires a light1 bulky pap] ) a high f9i%1 b a bulky pap] ) high f9i% mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be heavy4 ,b desires a v /rong1 ?91 b opaque pap]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! /r5g? ( a ?91 opaque pap] c be b a relative factor1 :ile ?9ness & opacity are irreconcilable features4 ,c inquires = a closely =m$ %eet1 ) good fold+ qualities1 b ! fir/ *>act]i/ic is only to be ga9$ at ! exp5se ( ! latt]4 ,d wi%es to pr9t half-tones on an antique pap]4 ,9 ?is case mod]n pr9t+ inv5tions h bridg$ ov] "s ( ! ob/acles ( ! pa/1 & ! (fset press & extra-deep engrav+s h br\ght ?is la/ requirem5t )9 ! realms ( possibility1 b unless resort is _h to ^! new me?ods1 ! requirem5ts aga9 are irreconcilable to ea* o!r4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t only ?r\gh te*nical pap] in=mation c "o solve su* problems z necessitate a compromise capable ( giv+ ! maximum possible satisfaction4 ,! /ructure ( pap]1 ma*9e made1 results 9 ! great] proportion ( ! fib]s 9 ! =m$ %eet ly+ 9 ! direction ( ! fl[ ( ! /uff4 ,?is det]m9es :at is call$ ! 8gra90 ( ! pap]4 ,:5 pap] is 9 ! roll ! gra9 ( c\rse is l5g?wise ( ! web1 b 9 ! %eet ! cutt+ & slitt+ may be arrang$ s z to leave ! gra9 ei!r l5g?wise or crosswise ( ! %eet4 ,?is is an important consid]ation = a numb] ( reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is easi] to te> ! pap] ) ! gra9 ?an across1 z ! fib]s are p>t$ r ?an fractur$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is is a po9t :i* might be utiliz$ by pr9t]s :5 pr9t+ deta*able c\pons4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important consid]ation is ! great diff]5ce 9 fold+ qualities4 ,_m a pap] w fold v nicely ) ! gra9 & crack badly if fold$ ! o!r way4 ,aga91 a great diff]5ce is noticeable 9 ! flexibility ( books1 dep5d5t l>gely on :e!r ! gra9 runs p>allel or at "r angles to ! b9d+4 ,if flexibility is desir$1 ! gra9 %\ld run p>allel to ! back ( ! b9d+4 ,occasionally a wide-pag$ pamphlet1 especially ( light-weight pap]1 is improv$ by ! rigidity to be ga9$ f hav+ ! fib]s run at "r angles to ! b9d+4 ,x is also true t ?is increases ! /r5g? ( ! b9d+1 z ! sew+ or wire /it*+ passes ar\nd m fib]s ?an if ! gra9 ran up & d[n ! page4 ,n infrequ5tly does ! middle signature ( a pamphlet pull loose f ! b9d+4 ,usually 9 su* cases ! pap] is n /rong anyway1 b x c\ld h _h m resi/ance _h ! gra9 run at "r angles to ! b9d+4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( a /rip ( pap] is great] ) ! gra91 b its ela/icity is great] across ! gra94 ,a conv5i5t way to asc]ta9 ! direction ( ! gra9 9 pap]s t d n %[ x cle>ly by fold+ is to cut two n>r[ /rips a few in*es long1 hold !m by "o end s t !y co9cide4 ,:5 held horizontally1 if ! loose ends d n "p1 x indicates t ! l[] pap] has its gra9 9 ! long dim5sion4 ,if ! l[] pap] has its gra9 crosswise1 ! loose end w sag away f ! top /rip1 because1 z above rem>k$1 a pap] is m flexible across ! gra94 ,?is te/ may be appli$ ei!r to siz$ or unsiz$ pap]s4 ,ano!r te/ is to cut a small squ>e & moi/5 "o side2 ! pap] w curl into a little cyl9d] & ! gra9 runs p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is te/ _c be appli$ to an unsiz$ pap]4 ,?is leads u to a consid]ation ( ! effects ( moi/ure & humidity on pap]4 ,x w be recall$ f ! *apt] on ,pap]-,mak+ 7,no4 ,,vi7 h[ pla/ic pap] is 9 its moi/ /age1 & h[ t5aci\s ( wat] are ! cellulose fib]s4 ,x w also be recall$ t !re is consid]able %r9kage across ! web ( ! pap] f ! "t x leaves ! wire to ! mom5t x is reel$4 ,9 fact1 ! v ?+ :i* makes pap]-mak+ a possibility is ! %r9k+ ( ea* individual fib]1 occasion$ by ! expulsion & evaporation ( ! wat]1 :i* has s]v$ z a c>ri] f ! ma*9e *e/ to ! wet end ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is prop5sity ( ea* individual fib] does n cease :5 ! pap] is made1 b p]si/s =ev]4 ,a cellulose fib] w absorb moi/ure f ! air 9 proportion to ! relative humidity1 j z ! hair 9 a b>omet] is cont9ually %r9k+ or exp&+ z ! wea!r *anges4 ,a def9ite p]c5tage ( moi/ure is normal to a cellulose fib] 9 proportion to ! moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,! fib] swells z x absorbs1 & %r9ks z x gives (f wat]4 ,h]zb]g gives z ! results ( inve/igation ) a good writ+-pap] made ( rags1 siz$ ) ros91 ! foll[+ report ( ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure reta9$ "u v>i\s degrees ( relative humidity3 ,relative humidity ,moi/ure conta9$ ( ! air1 9 ! pap]1 p]c5tage p]c5tage #ajj #ba4e #ij #ac4e #hj #h4i #gj #h4d #fj #f4e #ej #e4f #dj #c4d #cj #b4c ,9 a %eet ( pap]1 :]e ?\s&s ( fib]s lie side by side1 ! comb9$ expansion is di/9ctly noticeable 9 ! *ang+ dim5sions ( ! %eet4 ,?is gives rise to difficulties 9 secur+ accurate regi/] 9 color-pr9t+1 ow+ to atmosph]ic *anges4 ,! manufactur] may m9imize ?is difficulty by a c>eful =mation ( ! pap] & ! regulation ( ! dry+1 s z to turn out ! pap] z ne>ly z possible conta9+ an av]age normal p]c5tage ( moi/ure4 ,! same conditions are responsible = wavy edges1 :i* occur pr9cipally along ! cross-gra9 dim5sion ( ! %eets4 ,! ends ( ! fib]s1 be+ expos$1 easily absorb moi/ure z pap] lies 9 a pile1 b ! moi/ure seldom p]meates m ?an a few in*es into ! pile4 ,!re=e1 ! l>g] "p ( ea* %eet is unaffect$1 b ! fib]s expos$ to ! air exp& :5 absorb+ moi/ure increas+ ! area ( ! expos$ end &1 consequ5tly1 caus+ x to assume a wavy =mation :i* is sugge/ive ( a ruffle4 ,:5 fe$+ su* %eets to a cyl9d] press1 mu* tr\ble may arise if ! waves occur along ! 8gripp] edge10 :i* is usually on ! long] dim5sion ( ! %eet4 ,9 "s in/ances ! difficulty may be avoid$ by ord]+ pap] ) ! gra9 runn+ ! long way ( ! %eet1 :i* also (f]s ano!r advantage 9 relation to secur+ close regi/]1 namely ?is3 ! area ( ! %eet 9 squ>e in*es w increase lea/ ?r\gh atmosph]ic expansion :i* occurs across ! gra9 if ! cross-gra9 dim5sion is ! less]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sup]cal5d] ,,/acks1 ,,appleton ,,coat$ ,,pap] ,,co4 ,= a description ( ! ,sup]cal5d]+ process1 see pages #ee & #ef4 ,,*apt] ,,n9e ,,apprais+ ,,& ,,te/+ ,,pap] ,! appraisal ( a specim5 ( pap] diff]s f te/+ 9 t an appraisal compreh5ds ! value ( an object 9 relation to its usefulness & m>ketability1 :]eas te/+ is m]ely an arbitr>y me?od ( express+ ! *emical or physical prop]ties ( ! object4 ,! knack ( apprais+ c be acquir$ only ?r\gh practical exp]i5ce2 & ! ability to make te/s is ga9$ only by c>eful te*nical tra9+4 ,9 ! majority ( cases a satisfactory appraisal may be giv5 )\t *emical or physical te/s1 b ^! are cases :5 ! sup]ficial *>act]i/ics1 su* z color1 f9i%1 feel1 etc41 are ! prime qualifications1 & su* consid]ations z fib] cont5ts1 fre$om f impurities1 exact t5sile /r5g? etc41 are ( negligible importance4 ,al?\gh exp]i5ce1 only1 leads to ! knack ( apprais+ pap]1 c]ta9 po9ts might be sugge/$ ) b5efit to ! beg9n] :i* w\ld assi/ him to an e>li] acquirem5t ( ! art4 ,,color4--,color be+ a purely relative t]m z appli$ to ! v>iations 9 s-call$ 8:ite0 pap]s1 x is necess>y to make comp>isons ) accept$ /&>ds ( ! v>i\s grades 9 ord] to arrive at conclusions4 ,9 common p>lance1 :ite pap]s may be describ$ z natural1 light natural1 :ite1 blue-:ite1 p9k-:ite4 ,natural pap]s are ^? 9 :i* a m9imum ( artificial color+ has be5 add$1 & ! brilliancy ( %ade dep5ds entirely ^u ! quality ( ! /ock4 ,almo/ all pap] is color$ to "s degree :ile ! /ock is 9 ! beat]1 & ! m9imum quantity ( ord] ( pap]1 :i* any mill w make on a special run is usually limit$ by ! cont5ts ( "o beat]1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! "t requir$ to wa% up1 ! co/ ( special colors is increas$4 ,rose-p9k & blue are ! colors us$ 9 modify+ ! natural color ( any beat] ( pulp to produce a :ite pap]4 ,! s-call$ 8:ite color0 ( ! *eap] grades ( pap]s is ord9>ily ga9$ by a comp>atively heavy use ( blue1 & by comp>ison ) a :ite pap] ( good quality ! blu5ess is decid$ly noticeable4 ,9 judg+ color1 x is well n only to look at ! surface1 b also to exam9e ! pap] :5 held up aga9/ ! light1 mak+ comp>ison ) "s acceptable /&>d1 also not+ ! cle>ness ( ! /ock1 z indicat$ by ! %>pness ( def9ition ( ! %ad[s ( ! f+]s :i* hold ! %eet4 ,?is comp>ison is affect$1 ( c\rse1 by ! bulk ( ! pap]1 b two pap]s ( ab\t equal bulk may be fairly comp>$ 9 ?is way4 ,any judgm5t z to %ade is1 9 "p1 only a "q ( ta/e4 ,p]man5cy ( color may easily be det]m9$ by expos+ a portion ( a %eet to sunlight = a few h\rs & not+ any alt]ation 9 color4 ,,=mation4--,:ile exam9+ a pap] = color & cle>ness1 ! =mation ( ! %eet %\ld also be obs]v$4 ,9 g5]al1 a close1 ev5 =mation is to be desir$4 ,fib]s ( ! same approximate l5g? may be loosely or ev5ly =m$1 accord+ to ! skill ( ! ma*9e-t5d]4 ,! long] ! fib]1 ! h>d] x is to get a close1 ev5 =mation1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! two qualifications are to a great] or less ext5t contradictory4 ,,f9i%4--,:atev] ! f9i% ( pap]1 ! two sides ( an ideal %eet w\ld look exactly ! same4 ,9 mo/ pap]s made on a ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e ! impress ( ! wire is disc]nible1 & !re is a p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 texture betwe5 ! 8wire10 or bottom1 side & ! 8felt10 or top1 side1 ! "o t5d+ to reproduce ! texture ( ! wire clo?1 & ! o!r ! weave ( ! felts4 ,"s manufactur]s h p]fect$ _! processes to a degree t r5d]s ^! diff]5ces imp]ceptible4 ,pap]s made on cyl9d] ma*9es ( m ?an "o vat are apt to be m ev5-sid$1 z ! contact ) ! wire ( ! molds is less protract$ & !re is consid]able press+ ( ! web betwe5 two felts z x is c>ri$ along4 ,! ev5ness ( ! f9i%1 & ! f95ess ( texture ov] all p>ts ( a %eet1 may be/ be judg$ by hold+ x aslant to ! light4 ,?is also discloses :e!r ! pap] is 8fuzzy0 or free f l9t4 ,fuzz1 or hair9ess1 usually occurs on ! wire side ( ! %eet4 ,?is is due p>tially to ! /ock1 soda pulp be+ especially likely to fuzz4 ,x is also due to ov]dry+1 & sometimes to ! action ( ! suction boxes1 :i* if work$ too h>d cause ! surface fib]s to /& on end4 8,hair9ess10 or fuzz is m apt to occur on antique & o!r light f9i%es1 b cal5d]+ w n entirely ov]come x1 & su* pap]s z w\ld be fuzzy uncal5d]$1 become fuzzy ) h&l+4 ,9 fact1 ! durability ( ! surface may well be te/$ by rubb+ ! pap] betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 "o judges ! 8feel10 :i* ( all qualities ( pap] is p]haps ! mo/ difficult to express1 b usually describ$ z h>d1 s(t1 mell[1 h>%1 r\gh1 smoo?4 ,9 highly cal5d]$ pap]s1 well clos$ & ev5ly f9i%$1 ! light w be reflect$ uni=mly1 z f a well-poli%$ table-top2 b if ! =mation is 8wild10 !re w be a blot*y look z ! small knots ( unev5ly di/ribut$ fib]s cause ?ick & ?9 areas1 & ! ?ick ones get h>d] squeez+ ?r\gh ! cal5d] rolls &1 consequ5tly1 a high] f9i%4 ,ano!r cause = unev5ness 9 f9i% is a v>iation 9 ! ?ickness ( ! pap] z x is made on ! ma*9e4 ,?is unev5ness runs l5g?wise 9 /reaks1 & may orig9ate on ! wet end ( ! ma*9e if ! pulp is n deposit$ uni=mly4 ,aga91 ! press+ may be faulty at ! press rolls1 caus+ a ?9 /reak4 ,naturally1 ! ?9 "p ( ! pap] dries m readily ?an ! ?ick1 & z ev5 surfac+ dep5ds p>tly ^u ev5 dissem9ation ( moi/ure 9 ! %eet1 a poorly press$ %eet w\ld h a faulty f9i%4 ,dirty felts also cause unev5 dry+1 z wat] c n be ev5ly squeez$ ?r\gh a felt ! pores ( :i* are p>tially *ok$4 ,la/ly ! unev5ness may be caus$ by ! cal5d] rolls !mselves be+ 9 poor condition4 ,x is easy to detect ?9 areas by exam9+ pap] 9 a pile1 z a pile ( pap]s ( uni=m ?ickness w be practically level on top4 ,pap]s = half-tone pr9t+1 :e!r coat$ or uncoat$1 %\ld be ev5 9 =mation1 ?ickness & surface1 o!rwise ! pr9t]'s 8make-ready10 :i* is design$ to (fset inequalities 9 ! plates1 w be disc\nt$ by inequalities 9 ! pap]4 ,!re are "s special pap]s 9 :i* unev5ness 9 =mation & f9i% are int5tional1 on acc\nt ( ! unusual effects ?us ga9$2 & o!r pap]s1 su* z wrapp+s1 :]e su* niceties ( ! pap]-mak]s' art are ( little importance4 ,,opacity4--,opacity may easily be judg$1 al?\gh x is difficult to express x 9 any accurate t]ms1 by plac+ ! pap]s to be comp>$ side by side ov] a pr9t$ page1 ! relative m]its 9 ?is respect may be imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,,siz+4--,siz+ may be approximately judg$ by moi/5+ ! /ock & not+ ! rapidity ( ! absorption1 or te/$ by draw+ l9es ) ink & wat*+ to see if !y spread aft]w>d4 ,absorb5cy 9 blott+-pap]s may be measur$ by subm]g+ two /rips equally & not+ h[ high ! ink is drawn up into ! /rips4 ,su* pap]s z are made )\t any siz+ & are ord9>ily call$ 8wat]-leaf40 ,! siz+ ( coat$ pap]s %\ld be neutral1 b is frequ5tly alkal9e or acid1 s9ce alkali is us$ to neutralize ! lactic acid ( ! case94 ,?is may be detect$ by ta/e4 ,! ret5tion ( a piece ( coat$ pap] 9 ! m\? = a few m9utes w reveal ?r\gh ! ta/e any t5d5cy ( ! coat+ to s\r4 ,,weight ,,& ,,bulk4--,weight & bulk may be closely approximat$ by a practic$ h&1 b !y mu/ also be consid]$ 9 relation to f9i%1 z po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,!re are _m conv5i5t =ms ( micromet] gauges = measur+ ! ?ickness ( pap] & any "o :o has mu* to d ) pap] %\ld be provid$ ) "o1 z x is unsafe to dep5d entirely ^u judgm5t :5 a ?\s&? "p ( an in* may acc\nt = t5 p\nds diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( a ream ( pap] or cause s]i\s v>iations 9 ! bulk ( a book4 ,,quality ,,& ,,/r5g?4--,quality & /r5g? may be approximately judg$ by te>+ ! pap] 9 bo? directions ( ! gra9 & obs]v+ ! fractur$ fib]s1 b ^! matt]s are to be m accurately e/imat$ by me*anical & *emical te/s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t cleanl9ess 9 pap]1 & mo/ ( ! =ego+ *>act]i/ics ( pap]1 d n l5d !mselves to me*anical te/s1 b are prop]ties :i* require ! judgm5t ( an exp]t4 ,,c>dbo>ds4--,9 judg+ ?ick pap]s1 su* z bri/ol bo>ds1 x is cu/om>y to see if !y are snappy4 ,an idea ( _! fibr\s /r5g? may be _h by fold+ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,pa/$ c>dbo>ds may be di/+ui%$ f unpa/$ by burn+1 = if pa/e has be5 us$ ! lay]s ( pap] w split ap>t z ! pap] burns4 ,?is burn+ w also give a slight idea ( ! am\nt ( fill] 9 ! /ock1 z ! a% w be great] z ! fill] is increas$4 ,,pap]-,,te/+4--,te/s applicable to pap] may be divid$ into ?ree classes--microscopical1 physical & *emical4 ,! purpose ( microscopical te/s is to det]m9e ! k9d & "* ( ! fib]s1 & ! proportion ( ea* k9d1 also to assi/ 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( m9]al fill] & ( impurities4 ,x is also us$ 9 e/imat+ ! p]c5tages ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( fib]4 ,*emi/s are able to e/imate ?is )9 five p] c5t4 ,a m9ute sample ( pap] is prep>$ by boil+ 9 a "o p] c5t solution ( sodium hydroxid1 9 ord] to remove ev]y?+ f ! fib]s !mselves4 ,! result+ mite ( pulp is plac$ on a slide ) a dissect+ ne$le1 ! excess moi/ure is remov$ & a /a9 is add$4 ,?is /a9 gives diff]5t *>act]i/ic hues to ! diff]5t k9ds ( fib]s4 ,! color & =m ( ! fib]s z obs]v$ ?r\gh ! microscope disclose _! "* to ! tra9$ eye4 ,by c\nt+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( fib]s "u obs]vation1 ! analy/ e/imates ! proportions 9 :i* !y exi/$ 9 ! sample ( pap]4 ,! physical te/s are m famili> to mo/ p]sons1 & include 7#a7 weight p] ream1 7#b7 ?ickness1 7#c7 bur/+ /r5g?1 7#d7 t5sile /r5g?1 7#e7 fold+ endurance1 7#f7 absorption1 7#g7 expansion4 #a4--,!re are two k9ds ( pap]-scales4 ,! mo/ common k9d gives1 directly1 ! ream weight f weigh+ a s+le %eet1 & is ( su* conv5i5ce t almo/ all pap]-us]s c\ld well af=d to h "o4 ,s5sitive pap]-scales = small samples1 #d by #d in*es 9 size1 are ( great assi/ance also1 & %\ld =m "p ( ! equipm5t ( e pap]-deal]4 #b4--,! ?ickness is det]m9$ by a micromet] gauge measur+ to "o-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,9 gaug+ ?9 pap]s x w prove m accurate to take f\r ?icknesses1 z ! error 9 read+ is ?us qu>t]$4 ,! foll[+ table ( bulks1 :i* %[s ! numb] ( pages p] in* f a gauge ( f\r %eets1 w be f\nd conv5i5t3 ,?ickness ( f\r ,numb] ( %eets 9 ?\s&?s pages to "o in*4 -------------------------------- #h #a1jjj #h #ida #i #hhi #i #hdb #aj #hjj #aj #gfb #aa #gbg #aa #fif #ab #ffg #ab #fdj #ac #fae #ac #eic #ad #ega #ad #eeb #ae #ecc #ae #eaf #af #ejj #af #dhe #ag #dga #ag #deg #ah #ddd #ah #dcb #ai #dba #ai #daj #bj #djj #bj #cij #ba #cha #ba #cgb #bb #cfd #bb #cef #bc #cdh #bc #cdj #bd #ccc #bd #cbf #be #cbj #be #cad #bf #cjh #bf #cjb #bg #bif #bg #bia #bh #bhf #bh #bha #bi #bgf #bi #bga #cj #bfg #cj #bfb -------------------------------- #c4--;,bur/+ /r5g? is det]m9$ by a v>iety ( te/+-ma*9es1 con/ruct$ s z to record ! pressure p] squ>e in* :i* may be ex]t$ be=e ruptur+ ! pap]4 ,9 a gov]nm5t bullet91 ,report ,no4 #hi1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! foll[+ criticisms ( ?is te/ are made3 8,?is pressure is g5]ally believ$ to repres5t ! mean /r5g? ( ! pap]--t is1 an av]age ( ! /r5g? across & ) ! %eet4 ,?is is n true h[ev]1 exp]i5ce indicat+ t /r5g? z ?us det]m9$ m ne>ly agrees ) ! /r5g? ( ! pap] 9 ! cross direction1 ) ! m9imum /r5g? r ?an ) ! av]age /r5g? ( ! pap]4 8,among o!r objections to te/]s ( ?is type1 is t to a c]ta9 ext5t ! op]ator c influ5ce ! results at w1 & ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e !re is q a wide diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t te/s ( ! same pap]40 #d4--,t5sile /r5g? is det]m9$ by clamp+ a /rip ( pap] ( /&>d dim5sions 9 a ma*9e :i* ex]ts a uni=m t5sion until ! /rip breaks4 ,! break+ /r5g? is %[n on ! record]1 & ! am\nt ( /ret* be=e break+ is also regi/]$1 ?us indicat+ ! ela/icity ( ! pap]4 ,! be/ kn[n in/rum5t ( ?is sort is ! 8,s*pp]10 b ! ma*9e is v co/ly1 h5ce is r>ely f\nd except 9 well-equipp$ laboratories4 #e4--;,fold+ endurance is det]m9$ on a ma*9e :i* folds a /rip ( pap] back & =? 9 a slot1 ! /rip be+ clamp$ at ei!r end to a spr+ device :i* ma9ta9s a uni=m t5sion4 ,! numb] ( d\ble folds :i* ! /rip )/&s is automatically regi/]$4 ,?is te/ is favorably reg>d$ z an indicator ( durability1 b ! app>atus is exp5sive & n easily available1 h5ce ?is te/ fails ( frequ5t use4 #f4--,! absorption te/s are appli$ pr9cipally to blott+-pap]1 & consi/ 9 susp5d+ equal wid?s ( pap] s _! ends are subm]g$ 9 a beak] ( color$ wat]4 ,! height ! wat] rises 9 a giv5 "t demon/rates ! capill>y attraction4 #g4--;,expansion is e/imat$ by tak+ /rips ( uni=m dim5sion1 dipp+ 9 wat] & measur+ ! expansion4 ,*emical te/s are = ! det]m9ation ( 7#a7 ! p]c5tage ( m9]al fill]2 7#b7 ! p]c5tage & nature ( siz+ mat]ials2 7#c7 qualitative te/ = />*1 acid1 sulphur1 *lor9e1 glue1 fill] mat]ial1 dyes1 gr\nd wood4 ,! am\nt ( fill] may be det]m9$ by inc9]at+ a piece ( pap] ( kn[n weight4 ,z ! fill] is non-combu/ible1 ! weight ( ! a% det]m9es ! p]c5tage ( fill]1 al?\gh all[ance mu/ be made = ! am\nt ( wat] ( cry/allization driv5 (f f ! m9]al4 ,te/s = acids are important 9 pap]s us$ = m\nt+ t>ni%able sub/ances1 su* z jewelry4 ,te/s = sulphur or *lor9e are important 9 det]m9+ ! *emical purity ( ! pap]1 s9ce su* residues militate aga9/ ! p]man5cy ( color & /r5g? ( pap]4 ,! pres5ce ( gr\nd wood is easily det]m9$ by a drop ( ei!r /rong nitric acid1 :i* turns ! pap] br[n1 or a drop ( phlorogluc9e1 :i* gives a r$di%-br[n t9t f contact ) gr\nd wood4 ,anil9e sulphate produces a yell[ t+e4 ,! pres5ce ( />* may be asc]ta9$ by us+ a dilute solution ( ,iod9e :i* leaves a black /a9 9 contact ) />*4 ,note4--,= m te*nical in=mation see 8,pap] ,te*nology0 by ,r4 ,w4 ,s9dall4 ,,*apt] ,,t5 ,,pressroom ,,difficulties ,te*nical difficulties ) pap] 9 ! pressroom arise f _m s\rces4 ,!y may be conv5i5tly classifi$ into ?ree gr\ps3 ,difficulties = :i* ! manufactur] is responsible2 difficulties = :i* ! pr9t] is responsible1 & difficulties due to atmosph]ic & o!r natural conditions n entirely )9 human control4 ,let u consid] "s ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,,uni=mity4--,probably ! mo/ frequ5t s\rce ( tr\ble is lack ( uni=mity1 ei!r 9 weight1 ?ickness or f9i%4 ,?is is *>geable to c>elessness on ! "p ( ! pap]-ma*9e t5d]4 ,a run ( pap] :i* v>ies 9 weight w naturally v>y 9 ?ickness1 &1 obvi\sly1 ?is c\ld acc\nt = unev5 color 9 presswork4 ,^! v>iations w\ld n necess>ily be accompani$ by a v>iation 9 f9i%4 ,to make pap] uni=m 9 all ?ree respects necessitates1 fir/ly1 uni=m consi/5cy ( ! pulp--or 8/uff10 z x is te*nically call$--at ! po9t :]e x fl[s onto ! ma*9e4 ,a uni=m volume ( /uff & uni=m spe$ ( ! ma*9e are also dem&$4 ,! spe$ ( ! ma*9e & ! volume ( /uff are q readily controll$1 b z ! am\nt ( wat] us$ by ! beat]-man 9 prep>+ ! /uff is usually judg$ by ! appe>ance ( ! pulp 9 ! beat]1 !re are always su* v>iations z are peculi> to ?is human factor4 ,! difficulties ( ! ma*9e-t5d] may (t5 be trac$ to ! beat]-man1 n only on acc\nt ( ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! mixture1 b also because ( ! irregul>ity 9 ! l5g? ( fib] f "o beat]ful to ano!r4 ,assum+ t ! /uff is "r & ! =mation on ! ma*9e is good1 ! press+ ( ! pap] next dem&s close att5tion4 ,x is obvi\s t any unev5ness ( pressure w result 9 ! wat] be+ expell$ unev5ly f ! web ( pap]1 ) a consequ5t v>iation 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ?is case !re w\ld also be a damp /reak 9 t "p ( ! web :]e ! press+ 0 too light4 ,! result is t su* pap] c n be dri$ ev5ly all ! way across ! ma*9e because ?is damp /reak w /ill h an excess ( moi/ure aft] ! adjac5t areas ( ! web h become prop]ly dri$4 ,,f9i%4--,9 runn+ ?r\gh ! cal5d]s ! damp] portion w take a high] f9i%4 ,x may ev5 be s damp z to cause a black5+ or cru%+ ( ! pap]2 :]eas1 if ! moi/ure is suffici5tly evaporat$ f ?is /reak1 ! re/ ( ! pap] may be s dry t x w n f9i% smoo?ly en\gh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are cases :]e ! press+ & dry+ may be p]fectly uni=m1 b ! :ole web vacillates f be+ too dry to be+ too moi/1 :ile betwe5 times ! manipulation is exactly "r4 ,! result1 obvi\sly1 w be a v>iation 9 f9i% ov] ! :ole wid? ( ! pap] in/ead ( ov] a portion4 ,moreov]1 too mu* dry+ makes ! pap] fuzzy & likely to become wavy1 besides weak5+ ! fib]s4 ,ano!r result ( unev5 press+ is to make ! pap] ?9n] :]e ! press+ is h>de/4 ,su* a defect is q obvi\s 9 a pile ( pap]1 z ! top w n be z level z x w\ld be 9 pap] t is uni=m 9 ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,assum+ t ! pap] is p]fect z x leaves ! dri]s !re is /ill a *ance t "o or m ( ! cal5d] rolls may get out ( true1 especially :5 />t+ a run aft] !y h be5 idle long en\gh to get cold4 ,"u su* conditions !y (t5 heat up & exp& unev5ly s t ! pressure is h>d] 9 "s sections ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! result is a ?9 /reak 9 ! pap]4 ,:e!r ! ?9ness be caus$ by poor press+ or cal5d]+1 x c easily be detect$ 9 a roll ( pap]1 z ! ?9 /reak makes a s(t spot 9 ! roll :i* c quickly be locat$ by tapp+ ! roll all ! way across4 ,a muffl$ r ?an a r++ s\nd discloses s(t places4 ,?is defect1 if bad1 may cause consid]able tr\ble on a web press1 z no am\nt ( manipulation w make ! pap] draw ev5ly z x runs into ! press if ! edge ( ! roll is slack4 ,occasionally1 segregat$ areas 9 pap] are f\nd to v>y 9 f9i%1 & :5 ^! d n run 9 cont9u\s /reaks !y may (t5 be caus$ by ! felts :i* c>ry ! pap] ?r\gh ! press rolls hav+ become clogg$ up 9 spots s t ! wat] c n pass out ev5ly f ! pap] ?r\gh ! felt4 ,?is mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ by occasionally /opp+ ! ma*9e & wa%+ ! felts1 or *ang+ !m1 z ! occasion dictates4 ,su* damp spots 9 ! pap] cru% 9 ! cal5d]+ & make black5$ areas 9 ! pap]4 ,unev5 dry+ may also h be5 occasion$ by slackness ( ! dri] felt :i* holds ! pap] aga9/ ! dri]s4 ,9 %eet+ ! *eap] grades ( book pap] x is cu/om>y to cut (f f a numb] ( rolls simultane\sly1 :i* (t5 acc\nts = a v>iation 9 f9i% or bulk 9 %eets f ! same case4 ,( c\rse1 :5 any ( ^! symptoms appe> x is ! duty ( ! m5 on ! ma*9es to correct !m1 & 9 ! cont9u\s c\rse ( pap]-mak+ x is inevitable t felts become fill$ up & require wa%+ or *ang+1 or t ! v>iations ( consi/5cy 9 ! /uff %\ld call = "s =m ( regulation4 ,/uff :i* runs too moi/ on ! wire w (t5 8cru%0 "u ! c\* roll1 produc+ a curdl$ appe>ance4 ,/uff run ) insuffici5t wat] w n =m ev5ly4 ,! skilful ma*9e-t5d] avoids ^! extremes4 ,,trade ,,cu/oms4--,9 recognition ( ! _m v>iable elem5ts 9 pap]-mak+1 trade cu/oms h be5 e/abli%$1 su* z all[ances = a normal v>iation 9 ! weight ( pap] above or bel[ ! nom9al ream-weight1 & reasonable all[ance %\ld be made = normal v>iations 9 o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,et]nal vigilance & al]t judgm5t are c]ta9ly requir$ = sett+ high /&>ds 9 ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t mills us+ practically ! same raw mat]ials v>y widely 9 _! reputation = uni=mity & excell5ce ( product4 ,! reason = ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! human elem5t4 ,,cal5d] ,,defects4--,a numb] ( difficulties may arise f mu* less excusable causes ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,= example1 ! pap] sometimes may run slack ?r\gh ! cal5d]s1 ) ! result t x wr9kles & cuts 9 diagonal jags call$ 8cal5d] cuts40 ,%eets conta9+ su* defects sometimes elude ! f9i%]s1 & on ! pr9t+-press su* a %eet may crack & g ar\nd "o ( ! ink roll]s4 ,on a web press ! tr\ble f su* a defect w\ld be ev5 worse1 caus+ breaks & necessitat+ delays on ! press4 ,x is m difficult to exclude cal5d] cuts f roll pap]1 z x is n always easy to see !m 9 ! fa/-runn+ pap]1 s t an occasional cut is n an un=givable s94 ,among o!r defects aris+ on ! cal5d]s are little sc>like depressions 9 ! pap]1 made by small scraps ( pap] :i* h become lodg$ on a cal5d] roll & are emboss$ into ! web at ea* revolution ( ! roll4 ,,holes1 ,,dirt1 ,,etc4--,9 v light pap]s1 holes are sometimes f\nd1 ! mo/ likely cause ( :i* may be pick+ "u ! d&y roll or grease spots on ! wire clo?4 ,( less frequ5t difficulty are ! s-call$ p9holes1 caus$ by s& or grit1 :ile slime spots1 or spots caus$ by slight bundles ( fib]s1 are also occasionally notic$4 ,dirt & specks orig9ate f c>eless h&l+ ( rags or pap] /ock1 & are also d]iv$ f %ives ( undige/$ wood 9 ! wood-pulp4 ,/reaks 9 ! pap] may orig9ate f a crease 9 ! wire1 & mottl$ effects d5ote "s fault 9 ! h&l+ ( ! pap] 9 ! wet /ages ( mak+4 ,aga9 !re are times :5 %eets are n cut q squ>e1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 inexcusably c>eless4 ,likewise1 ! pack+ ( pap] may be done 9 a c>eless mann]1 & cases too loosely pack$1 if set on end1 (t5 cause a wave 9 ! pap]1 :i* sags 9 ! case in/ead ( rema9+ tight & flat4 ,x is desirable t cases ( pap] be kept flat 9 /orage & n set on end4 ,cases %\ld be made f well-dri$ bo>ds1 & wat]pro( l9+-pap] %\ld be us$ to exclude all dampness4 ,:5 pap] is f9i%$ 9 rolls x is fair to dem& t ! rolls %\ld be w\nd ev5ly & h>d1 & all breaks %\ld be c>efully splic$ & flagg$4 ,,color4--,! =ego+ tr\bles are me*anical4 ,o!r difficulties may exi/1 ev5 :5 ! pap] is h&l$ well on ! ma*9e1 ow+ to errors 9 composition4 ,! color may v>y1 & ! t]m 8color0 includes ! v>i\s %ades call$ :ite1 z well z t9ts4 ,color is affect$ by wat] conditions4 ,9 ! case ( mills :i* dep5ds ^u riv] wat]1 ! wat] sometimes becomes s dirty t x sev]ely h&icaps ! pap]-mak]1 9 spite ( 8 filt]+ app>atus1 & at su* times x becomes difficult to get z bright & lively %ades z "u favorable conditions4 ,dye/uffs d n always "w uni=mly1 &1 !re=e1 absolute mat*es ( color f run to run are n to be expect$4 ,%ortcom+s ( ?is nature %\ld be reg>d$ ) "s l5i5ce4 ,9 ?is class ( difficulties1 discrepancies 9 siz+ are ! less p>donable & are m apt to be notic$ :5 h>d siz+ is requisite1 z 9 writ+-pap] or index bri/ol4 ,9 su* cases a lack ( suffici5t siz+ is an incurable fault1 = :i* ! manufactur] is responsible4 ,!re are occasions :5 excess ( siz+ w\ld be tr\blesome--= example1 9 a smoo?-f9i%$ book-pap] x w\ld be likely to cause (fsett+1 b ?is tr\ble may be alleviat$ by us+ less ink1 or1 if necess>y1 by slip-%eet+4 ,x w\ld be difficult to catalogue all possible s\rces ( tr\ble1 b we h at lea/ cov]$ ! pr9cipal defects ( uncoat$ pap]s4 ,,pack+4--,occasionally tr\bles may be *>g$ to faulty pack+--cases too loosely pack$ :5 /ood on end p]mit ! pap] to sag1 ?us caus+ a curl+ t5d5cy at "o end ( ! %eets4 ,! use ( unseason$ case lumb] or cases & inf]ior case l9+ give access to moi/ure1 ! effect ( :i* is discuss$ h]e9 at l5g?4 ,! susceptibility ( coat+ to pick+ may be det]m9$ by apply+ hot seal+ wax4 ,if ! wax aft] cool+ is pull$ (f ) only ! coat+ adh]+ x may be assum$ t a 8tacky0 ink w\ld "w ! same1 :]eas if ! pap] te>s out ) ! wax--x proves conclusively t ! coat+ is well siz$4 ,,coat$-,,pap] ,,tr\bles4--,coat$ pap]s h _! *>act]i/ic %ortcom+s4 ,! pick+ ( small p>ticles ( ! coat+ is p]haps ! mo/ common fault1 & is caus$ by insuffici5t adhesive elem5ts 9 ! coat+ mixture4 ,o!r tr\bles are traceable to "s ( ! defects ( ! body /ock4 ,irregul>ity ( ! f9i% is sure to come f faulty application ( ! coat+ or c>eless cal5d]+4 ,grit or bubbles 9 ! coat+ is likely to result 9 a por\s surface4 ,! s\r odor ( "s coat$ pap]s is due to decompos+ case9 or glue4 ,case9 us$ z an adhesive 9 mo/ coat$ pap]s is a product f skim milk4 ,x conta9s lactic acid :i* mu/ be neutraliz$ 9 prep>+ ! coat+ mixture4 ,= ?is purpose an alkali su* z soda or ammonia is us$1 & :5 prop]ly h&l$ ! coat+ %\ld be neutral4 ,an alkal9e coat+ w cause re-et*+ on li?ographic plates or /ones4 ,/>* coat+s or comb9ations ( />* & case9 are *eap] ?an full case9 & d n yield z high a f9i% & :5 improp]ly us$ h (t5 be5 ! cause ( pick+4 ,,! ,,pr9t]',s ,,responsibility4--,! second gr\p ( difficulties1 or ^? = :i* ! pr9t] is to blame1 may orig9ate ) ! improp] /orage ( ! pap]4 ,z po9t$ out1 ! /&+ ( cases on end is conducive to wavy pap]4 ,dampness is a prime cause ( tr\ble1 z w be suffici5tly %[n lat] on1 b x is elem5t>y to say t pap] %\ld nev] be expos$ to moi/ure4 ,,engrav+s4--,! tr\bles ( ignorant or ineffici5t pressm5 & =em5 are (t5 laid to ! pap]1 especially :]e half-tone pr9t+ is involv$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 too little att5tion is giv5 to secur+ prop] orig9als = ! half-tones4 ,ret\*+ is omitt$ 9 a fit ( false economy1 = at ?is v /age ( ! game x 0 nev] tru] t 8,an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? a p\nd ( cure40 ,too mu* c>e c h>dly be giv5 to secur+ good engrav+s4 ,secondly1 ! selection ( a prop] half-tone scre5 is frequ5tly ov]look$4 ,:ile no h>d-&-fa/ rules may be set1 ! be/ "o1 :5 9 d\bt1 is to include ) ! engrav]'s ord] a sample ( ! pap] on :i* ! cuts w be pr9t$4 ,he c judge1 tak+ into consid]ation ! subject & ! /ock1 :i* scre5 is advisable4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be affirm$ t #abj or #acc l9e scre5s are be/ = uncoat$ smoo?ly f9i%$ pap]s1 & #aej or #age l9e scre5s are mo/ satisfactory = coat$ /ock4 ,,inks4--,next comes ! suitability ( ! ink1 & !re aga9 ! ink manufactur]'s advice1 always available1 is (t5 neglect$2 b exp]i5ce proves t c]ta9 pap]s yield be/ results ) c]ta9 inks4 ,su* matt]s c only be det]m9$ by actual exp]i5ce1 b :5 9 d\bt consult ! ink-man4 ,,make-,,ready4--,f9ally1 ! make-ready %\ld be intellig5tly v>i$ accord+ to ! subject & ! pap]4 ,! be/ pr9t]s agree t diff]5t pap]s to "s ext5t require individual treatm5t4 ,a make-ready suitable = a coat$ pap] is n necess>ily equally satisfactory = an uncoat$ half-tone pap] or ev5 a dull-f9i%$ coat$ /ock4 ,b x is n )9 my prov9ce to g fur!r ?an to emphasize ^! w>n+s4 ,,gra94--,! "q ( ! gra9 9 pap] is c]ta9ly1 9 _m cases1 )9 ! control ( ! pr9t] :5 ord]+ 8 pap]1 b its importance is v frequ5tly ov]look$4 ,9 ma*9e-made pap]s !re is a di/9ct gra9 t is caus$ because a majority ( ! fib]s po9t 9 ! direction t ! /uff fl[s on ! ma*9e1 j l logs float+ 9 a riv]4 ,?is gra9 direction is noticeable 9 fold+1 ! crease be+ smoo!/ ) ! gra91 because fold+ across ! gra9 enc\nt]s ! mo/ resi/ance & breaks _m ( ! fib]s4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 fairly heavy book-pap]s1 9 bri/ol bo>ds & cov]-/ock1 all ( :i* %\ld be scor$ = fold+4 ,cut c>ds1 to h ! maximum /iffness1 %\ld be s trimm$ out ( ! %eet z to h ! gra9 run 9 ! long direction ( ! c>d4 ,ev5 9 book-pap]s1 :]e flexibility is desirable1 x is necess>y to h ! gra9 run up & d[n ! page4 ,!re are occasional cases :5 ! gra9 is delib]ately arrang$ to run across ! page to acquire m rigidity4 ,a wide page ( light-weight pap] might o!rwise be too limp4 ,moreov]1 ?is arrangem5t makes = /rong] b9d+s1 z ! /it*es or wires pass ar\nd ! bundles ( fib]s in/ead ( cutt+ betwe5 !m4 ,! ,engli% books are mo/ly made up 9 ?is way1 b !y d n op5 s easily z :5 ! gra9 runs p>allel to ! b9d+4 ,pap] is mat]ially weak] across ! gra9 & c )/& only ab\t half ! t5sile /ra9 t x c\ld be> ) ! gra91 al?\gh crosswise x is m ela/ic4 ,!re is "o v s]i\s objection to mak+ books or catalogues 8cross-gra9$40 ,?is is on acc\nt ( ! way fib]s are affect$ by moi/ure4 ,! cellulose fib] exp&s 9 diamet] on absorb+ moi/ure1 = :i* x has a great aff9ity4 ,inde$1 a cellulose fib] is only /able "u uni=m atmosph]ic conditions4 ,! expansion ( ea* fib] 9 diamet] makes pap] exp& mu* m across ?an ) ! gra94 ,obvi\sly1 ! total expansion ( a %eet equals ! am\nt ea* fib] exp&s times ! numb] ( fib]s t side by side g to make up ! %eet4 ,:5 ! glue is appli$ to a book 9 process ( b9d+1 x causes an expansion ( all ! moi/5$ fib]s4 ,if ! gra9 runs p>allel to ! %elf-back no h>m results1 z ! pap] is free to exp& t[>d ! side m>g91 b if ! gra9 is at "r angles x usually makes a cockle 9 ! b9d+ because ! moi/5$ edges ( ! leaves exp& :ile ! dry portion beyond :]e ! moi/ure p5etrates reta9s its %ape & resi/s ! elongation ( ! wet edges4 ,consequ5tly ! expansion ( ! fib]s expresses itself by cockl+4 ,,regi/]4--,9 all pr9t+1 :5 close regi/] is necess>y1 ! dang] ( poor regi/] f ! expansion ( pap] is m9imiz$ :5 ! dim5sion across ! gra9 is ! %ort]4 ,li?ograph]s inv>iably pref] to h ! gra9 run ! long way ( ! %eet on ?is acc\nt4 ,moreov]1 !y rack ! pap] be=e pr9t+ 9 ord] to get x ?or\ghly season$4 ,to protect x f atmosph]ic *anges t may occur dur+ ! pr9t+ process1 !y use slip-%eets ( consid]ably l>g] dim5sions1 s t !re is a g5]\s m>g9 ( slip-%eet ar\nd ea* pr9t$ %eet1 :i* helps to exclude ! air f ! edges ( ! pr9t$ pap]4 ,,moi/ure ,,9 ,,pap]4--,x is true t "s pap]s are m prone to exp& ?an o!rs1 especially if !y h be5 run too dry on ! ma*9e4 ,pap] is n naturally bone-dry4 ,"u av]age wea!r conditions1 x conta9s six or sev5 p] c5t ( moi/ure4,d ,:5 9 ! mak+ x is turn$ (f f> bel[ its normal moi/ness1 x seeks to obta9 ?is moi/ure f ! air at ! fir/ opportunity1 & 9 acquir+ x expansion takes place4 ,unless ! expansion p]vades ! entire %eet1 wavy edges w result4 ,simil>ly :5 ! air becomes dry expos$ edges ( pap] give (f "s moi/ure & %r9k accord+ly leav+ a boggy c5t] to ! %eets4 ,d ,see ,h]zb]g table1 page #fd4 ,,season+4--,?is process ( acquir+ normal moi/ure is usually call$ 8season+40 ,z pap] is probably nev] turn$ (f at its full normal moi/ure1 x is mo/ desirable t x %\ld be all[$ "t to season4 ,x is n unusual to h p speak ( new pap] be+ too 8gre540 ,?is may n h be5 an uncommon condition ( h&-made pap]s :i* 7 dri$ entirely naturally1 b1 s f> z ma*9e-dri$ pap] is conc]n$1 ,i d\bt if x is ev] too gre51 ?\gh x is frequ5tly made too dry4 ,,conditions ,,beyond ,,absolute ,,control4--,believ+ x to be impracticable to leave ! precise normal moi/ure 9 ma*9e-made pap]1 ,i h delib]ately refra9$ f classify+ ?is difficulty ) faults *>geable to manufacture1 & ! g5]al recognition ( ?is circum/ance indicates ! wisdom ( ord]+ pap] long en\gh 9 advance to p]mit ( a p]iod ( season+4 ,9 fact1 ?is ph5om5on ( expansion or contraction ( cellulose fib]s places difficulties orig9at+ f ?is s\rce 9 ! class ( conditions beyond absolute human control1 b a /udy & und]/&+ ( ! subject w enable "o to prev5t1 or at lea/ to m9imize1 su* tr\bles4 ,x consequ5tly becomes ! bus9ess ( ! pr9t] to in=m himself z ?or\ghly z possible on ! subject4 ,/atic electricity is an elem5t beyond absolute control & ! s\rce ( mu* tr\ble4 ,bo? ph5om5a c\ld be controll$ by prop] atmosph]ic conditions 9 /orage & press rooms1 b x is an exp5sive matt] to equip rooms & in/all ! necess>y app>atus4 ,! am\nt ( tr\ble aris+ f ^! elem5ts is (t5 suffici5tly co/ly 9 "t & mat]ial to w>rant inve/igation z to ! exp5se involv$4 ,! lea/ a pr9t] c d is to ma9ta9 hygromet]s 9 8 pressroom s z to keep track ( atmosph]ic v>iations1 & be guid$ accord+ly4 ,,/atic ,,electricity ,,9 ,,pap] ,among ! 8pap] tr\bles0 due to conditions = :i* nei!r ! pap]-mak] nor ! pr9t] is responsible1 none is m bo!rsome ?an ! pres5ce ( /atic electricity 9 pap]4 ,^! /atic *>ges1 :i* are creat$ by friction ei!r 9 ! mak+ or h&l+ ( pap]1 develop magnetic prop5sities 9 ! %eets1 caus+ !m to behave 9 ways :i* seem no?+ b freaki% until _! nature is und]/ood4 ,"s %eets /ick toge!r z if !y 7 glu$1 :ile o!rs appe> repell5t to "o ano!r4 ,likewise1 !y may act 9 ! same mann] t[>d ! fly-b>s ( ! press4 ,x is next to impossible to 8fe$0 %eets s *>g$1 & !re is e likelihood ( ! ink f "o %eet (fsett+ to ano!r4 ,e "o famili> ) ! magnet kn[s t !re are 9 magnetism two poles1 ! positive & ! negative2 t two sub/ances ( opposite pol>ity attract "o ano!r1 b t sub/ances ( ! same pol>ity repel ea* o!r4 ,/atic electricity--or frictional electricity1 z x is also call$--exi/s bo? 9 positive & negative *>ges1 & %eets ( pap] conta9+ /atic *>ges are gov]n$ accord+ly4 ,pap]1 :5 dry1 is an insulator to electricity1 b :5 moi/ x becomes an excell5t conductor4 ,consequ5tly1 too mu* dry+ 9 manufacture increases ! likelihood ( electrical tr\bles1 because x makes ! pap] m ret5tive ( electricity ) :i* x may become *>g$4 ,pure air is also an insulator ( electricity1 :i* f9ds its pa?s ?r\gh ! air by means ( ! du/ p>ticles 9 susp5sion4 ,moi/ure 9 ! air =ms a connection betwe5 ! du/ p>ticles ?r\gh :i* ! electricity easily passes into ! gr\nd1 b :5 ! air is dry ?is m$ium is lack+1 s t sub/ances conta9+ /atic *>ges are depriv$ ( ^! *annels ( conductivity4 ,cold air c n hold s mu* moi/ure z w>m air1 s t its insulat+ prop]ties are increas$4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 9 cold wea!r :5 ?is sort ( pap] tr\ble is at its wor/4 ,^! facts sugge/ ! fir/ /eps ( prev5tion to take aga9/ /atic electricity4 ,fir/ keep ! air 9 ! pressroom w>m1 &1 if necess>y1 increase its humidity4 ,x is also advisable to keep ! pap] 9 a w>m room1 = x has (t5 be5 notic$ t pap] com+ cold into a pressroom gives mu* tr\ble4 ,! entire virtue ( ! s-call$ electric annihilators = moi/5+ ! tympan ( a press comes f ! moi/ure !y conta94 ,ord9>y glyc]91 :i* is *eap]1 w answ] z well4 ,^! applications are undesirable because !y cause ! pack+ to swell1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 detract f ! adju/m5t ( ! ov]lays4 ,!re is a simple & n v exp5sive device on ! m>ket call$ ! ,?ompson electrical neutraliz] t has be5 f\nd helpful4 ,x is provid$ ) a t9sel cord su* z is us$ 9 decorat+ ,*ri/mas trees4 ,! cord is /ret*$ across ! press s t ! %eets are bru%$ by x z !y pass to ! deliv]y bo>d1 & are ?us (f]$ a connection :]eby ! /atic *>ges may escape into ! gr\nd4 ,a second device ( m]it consi/s 9 a gas pipe ) flames at frequ5t int]vals ov] :i* ! pr9t$ %eets pass 9 close proximity on _! way to ! deliv]y bo>d4 ,! mo/ successful neutraliz] ) :i* ! writ] is p]sonally famili> is ! ,*apman4 ,by means ( an alt]nat+ curr5t ( electricity1 x supplies ?r\gh a special app>atus alt]nat+ dis*>ges ( positive & negative electric curr5ts aga9/ ! %eets ( pap] z !y are c>ri$ along ! press4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* a curr5t ! *>ges on ! pap] become _! own de/roy]s1 z !y draw out ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t only ! k9d & quantity ( electricity :i* is suffici5t = _! complete neutralization4 ,!re h be5 q a numb] ( o!r inv5tions1 an acc\nt ( :i* ! writ] publi%$ 9 ,! ,pr9t+ ,art1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #a1 ,m>*1 #aiab4 ,all are bas$ on "o ( ! foll[+ pr9ciples3 #a4--,mak+ pap] a conductor by moi/5+4 #b4--,mak+ ! air a conductor by humidify+4 #c4--;,induc+ /atic *>ges out ( ! pap] by means ( gr\nd$ wires or gas flames4 #d4--,neutraliz+ ! /atic *>ges 9 ! %eet ) *>ges ( opposite pol>ity4 ,ano!r solution ( ?is problem1 z well z ( ! problem ( expansion ( pap] & consequ5t poor regi/]1 c\ld be rea*$ by ! con/ruction ( an insulat$ pressroom4 ,! air = ?is room %\ld be suppli$ ?r\gh an app>atus 9 :i* x c\ld be br\ght to any requir$ degree ( temp]ature & humidity4 ,! pap] w\ld naturally h to und]go suffici5t air+ 9 su* a room z to become acclimat$4 ,aft] t1 if ! conditions rema9$ con/ant1 !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 gett+ regi/]1 s f> z ! pap] 0 conc]n$1 & a prop] am\nt ( w>m? & moi/ure w\ld also dissipate all /atic electricity4 ,x is difficult to anticipate or to completely cov] all conceivable pap] tr\bles1 & :5 "s "o :i* may n be diagnos$ on ! basis ( ! g5]al pr9ciples enum]at$1 consultation ) "s pap] exp]t %\ld cle>ly be s\ght4 ,! au?or w be glad to communicate on su* subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,elev5 ,,! ,,pap] ,,trade ,! di/ribution ( pap] is c>$ = 9 "p by direct sales f ! mills to consum]s1 su* z l>ge publi%]s ( newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & books1 & manufactur]s ( pap] commodities1 su* z tags1 boxes1 /ation]y1 toilet accessories etc4 ,! sale is also conduct$ to "s ext5t by brok]s1 :o op]ate pr9cipally 9 a few ( ! l>g] cities1 especially ^? locat$ )9 easy %ipp+ di/ance f ! mills1 :]e ! h&icap ( n c>ry+ a l>ge w>eh\se /ock is at a m9imum4 ,! brok] c>ries no /ock z a rule1 ) ! exception ( a supply = regul> contracts4 ,occasionally ! mills w c>ry a /ock = ! brok]4 ,a few firms specializ+ on contract bus9ess h made di/9ct successes 9 ?is bran* ( ! pap] bus9ess1 b ! brok] is n an important figure 9 ! pap] trade1 tak+ ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,! mo/ important di/ribut+ factor to ! pr9t+ trade1 is ! pap] m]*ant1 :o ) 8 l>ge pur*as+ p[]1 accumulates ample & v>i$ /ocks1 at m9imum co/ 7hav+ ! advantage ( c>load prices & freight rates71 & /&s ready to di/ribute 9 l>ge or small quantities1 :atev] is requir$4 ,he also helps 9 a consid]able measure to f9ance 8 trade by ext5d+ cr$it4 ,!re is a di/9ct t5d5cy t[>d 8*a9 /ores0 "o ( ! m prom95t ( :i* n[ comprises eight w>eh\ses & sev5te5 bran* (fices1 cov]+ practically ! entire c\ntry4 ,^! l>ge factors frequ5tly control ! entire output ( sev]al mills1 & sell to ! small] jobb]s1 z well z to ! pr9t]s & consum]s4 ,/ati/ics on di/ribution are app>5tly lack+1 s9ce ! ,gov]nm5t has nev] regul>ly compil$ !m1 & ! ,national ,pap] ,trade ,association1 compos$ ( pap] m]*ants 0 unable to furni% any4 ,! only e/imate ! au?or has obta9$1 comes ?r\gh ! ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,pap] ,pulp ,association1 7,! ,manufactur]s' ,association71 :o wrote on ,jan4 #bbnd1 #aiad-- ,,! ,,pap] ,,trade 8,9 writ+ pap] ,i %\ld e/imate t #ie p] c5t is sold ?r\gh ! jobb]s4 ,9 book pap] ,i %\ld say n ov] #cc p] c5t is sold ?r\gh jobb]s4 ,9 news pap] probably n ov] #aj p] c5t is sold ?r\gh jobb]s4 ,9 wrapp+ pap] ,i %\ld say ab\t #ie p] c5t is sold ?r\gh jobb]s4 ,9 box bo>ds probably n ov] #be p] c5t is sold by jobb]s4 ,tissue pap]1 p]haps #be p] c5t is sold ?r\gh jobb]s4 7,! balance is sold direct to manufactur]s :o re-manufacture x1 l toilet pap] manufactur]s740 ,! indications !re=e are1 t ! v l>ge consum]s ( pr9t+ pap]s buy direct f ! mills1 z d _m ( ! l>ge manufactur]s ( commodities compos$ l>gely ( pap]4 ,! pr9t]s :o 9 ! aggregate consume l>ge quantities ( writ+1 catalog1 & miscellane\s pr9t+ pap]1 b ^: ord]s are compos$ pr9cipally ( _m small items1 buy almo/ :olly f ! pap] jobb]s4 ,9 localities f> remov$ f ! ,mills1 ! jobb] v naturally occupies a m conspicu\s position ?an else:]e1 & 8 sup]ior facilities = h&l+ ! bus9ess make him a /rong] factor ?an 9 ! m>kets adjac5t to ! mills1 & enable him to h&le mu* ( ! l>ge/ bus9ess to advantage4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,lett] issu$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiac1 by ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank ( ,bo/on1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ /atem5t 0 made 9 reg>d to pap]4 8,! ,pap] trade is ess5tially a h&-to-m\? trade 9 all bran*es except ! news pr9t dep>tm5t4 ,9 g5]al1 pur*ases are made only z requir$1 & fluctuations 9 price effect b slightly ! dem&4 ,9 %ort1 an analysis ( ! production ( ! ,pap] ,mills ( ! c\ntry1 tak+ into consid]ation /ocks on h&1 is specially significant z an index ( curr5t trade conditions4 ,! situation is %[n by ! foll[+ table :i* gives an idea ( ! pap] output1 ! /ocks on h&1 & ! numb] ( days' supply available = ,novemb]1 #aiab4 ,output & ,/ocks = ,novemb]1 #aiab1 ( ,am]ican ,pap] 79 tons7 ,normal ,output ,actual ,/k4 on ,no4 days supply p] ,output h& on h& ,output mon? ,nov41 ,nov4 #cj1 ---------------- ,nov41 #aiab #aiab ,normal ,actual #aiab ,basis ,basis ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all ,grades #cfg1aed #cdh1fdj #afc1eeg #ac #ac ,newspr9t #aac1eaf #ajf1gae #dc1ejd #aa #ab ,bo>d ,pap] #hc1agd #gh1bdc #aa1bdi #d #d ,book ,pap] #fc1dgd #fb1acd #ca1bjj #ae #ae ,wrapp+ ,pap] #ej1fgd #di1afh #bg1jfe #af #af ,writ+ ,pap] #af1aih #ad1jbd #bc1acg #dh #di ,coat$ ,book ,pap] #aj1hfh #i1ibb #aj1gej #cj #cb ,tissue ,pap] #e1fdb #e1dee #b1ahg #aa #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,x is noticeable f ?is table :at ! m]*ants' s]vice means to ! ,pr9t]1 = 9 ! l9es t are sold v l>gely1 direct on mak+ ord]s f ! mill to ! consum]1 ! numb] ( days' supply on h& is small1 :]eas among ! items mo/ (t5 us$ 9 ! av]age pr9t %op1 any:]e f two to sev5 weeks' supply is c>ri$ 9 /ock4 ,! ,jobb] unque/ionably occupies a p]man5t & important position z ! di/ributor ( pap]1 n only because he af=ds a c5tralization ( in=mation & /ocks1 :i* is m economical ?an if e manufactur] _h to ma9ta9 sep>ate *annels ( di/ribution1 b also because he relieves ! ,pr9t] ( ! necessity ( tie+ up a l>ge am\nt ( money 9 pap]4 ,9 e>li] times1 :5 !re 7 b few k9ds & a small consumption ( pap]1 ! situation 0 v diff]5t1 & !re 0 no ne$ = ! middle man4 ,today ! elim9ation ( ! m]*ant w\ld mean ! elim9ation ( ! majority ( ,pr9t]s1 = x is inconceivable t ! pr9t+ indu/ry1 9 :i* accord+ to ,gov]nm5t ,/ati/ics1 #hf ( ! e/abli%m5ts d a ye>ly bus9ess ( less ?an #bj1jjj1 & #eb less ?an #ejjj1 c\ld f9ance itself )\t ! aid ( well organiz$ ,jobb+ ,h\ses4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,pr9t]s are 9 ! total1 l>ge & important f ! m]*ants' viewpo9t1 b !re exi/s a /rong int]-dep5d5ce1 :i* bo? %\ld realize & recognize1 z a mo/ natural basis = cop]ation1 9 ! expansion & increase ( ! dem& = pr9t+4 ,,m]*&is+ ,hav+ consid]$ ! *annels ( trade we come to ! me?ods ( m]*&is+4 ,mills t sell _! products direct to consum]s necess>ily ma9ta9 a sales organization at _! ma9 (fices1 & z circum/ances may require local repres5tatives1 9 ! l>g] m>kets1 su* z ,new ,york & ,*icago1 ^! m5 keep 9 p]sonal t\* ) ! cu/om]s1 furni%+ samples1 mak+ contracts1 foll[+ up %ipm5ts & adju/+ claims4 ,kn[+ ! possible cu/om]s1 ?is direct me?od suffices )\t any accessory ef=t1 su* z adv]tis+4 ,_! bus9ess is z a rule1 /rictly a :olesale proposition4 ,x happ5s 9 "s in/ances t ! same mills :i* sell "s classes ( pap] direct1 manufacture o!r grades = di/ribution ?r\gh ! deal]4 ,:ile o!r mills rely entirely ^u ! m]*ant = _! di/ribution4 ,=m]ly ! pap] re-sold by ! m]*ant1 0 ) few exceptions h&l$ "u ! private br& ( ! m]*ant4 ,a grade ( pap] s h&l$ w\ld be call$ by z _m diff]5t names z !re 7 m]*ants sell+ x4 ,frequ5tly ! manufactur] conc$$ ! exclusive sale 9 giv5 t]ritory to "o m]*ant1 b 9 o!r cases ! same pap] has be5 h&l$ by two or m m]*ants 9 ! same ,city1 sold "u diff]5t names1 b n inv>iably at ! same price4 ,su* a condition is n unusual1 ev5 today1 b x obvi\sly works to p]petuate ! 8,caveat emptor0 !ory1 :i* /&>d adv]tis$ br&s 9 all bran*es ( m]*&is+ is /eadily elim9at+4 ,pap] sold 9 ?is way is usually adv]tis$ at ! entire exp5se ( ! jobb]4 ,if ! grade is a /ock article x is li/$ 9 ! price book & %[n 9 ! sample set4 ,! competition betwe5 m]*ants has ext5d$ to _! me?ods ( sampl+1 & no important deal] today is )\t a well arrang$ ,catalog & price li/1 giv+ complete data z to ! /&>d sizes1 weights1 & grades1 etc41 & also sub/antial sample cab9ets1 :i* are di/ribut$ to pap] buy]s4 ,a comp>atively rec5t developm5t 9 ! pap] bus9ess1 is ! exploitation ( 8mill br&s40 ,t is to say1 a mill manufactures & /ocks 9 ! mo/ m]*antable sizes1 a grade ( pap]4 ,?is is m>k$ ) ! mill br&4 ,ag5cies are e/abli%$ z f> z possible ) a desirable *a9 ( pap] m]*ants1 usually re/rict$ to "o = ea* ,city4 ,! mill prep>es sample books at its own exp5se1 :i* are ei!r mail$ direct or divid$ among ! appo9t$ ag5ts = di/ribution4 ,! ag5t li/s ! pap] 9 8 price li/s1 & gives 8 salesm5 ! necess>y in=mation ab\t x4 ,?is repres5ts ! simple/ =m ( m]*&is+ mill br&s4 ,x has be5 elaborat$ h[ev]1 until mo/ mills ) connections ( ?is sort1 d m or less adv]tis+ to assi/ 9 creat+ a dem& = _! br&s4 ,!y c af=d to d ?is on a scale :i* w\ld n be w>rantable = ! individual deal] ) a m re/rict$ m>ket4 ,h5ce x has come ab\t t _m h&some specim5 books1 f> m elaborate ?an any ! m]*ants _h usually issu$1 h be5 put out by ! mills4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! influ5ce on pr9t+ has be5 good1 & an appreciation & dem& = bett] pr9t+1 especially on ! "p ( adv]tis]s1 has result$4 ,a few mills h c>ri$ _! campaigns beyond ! field ( direct adv]tis+1 :i* includes ! mail+ ( samples & pr9t$ circul>s1 & ! dissem9ation ( pr9t$ samples 9 trade j\rnals1 su* z ,! ,pr9t+ ,art ,sugge/ion ,book1 ,! ,pacific ,pr9t] ,publi%]1 or ! direct mail+ ( fold]s or specim5 books4 ,!y also take adv]tis+ space 9 ! ,pr9t+ ,art1 ,inl& ,pr9t]1 ,! ,am]ican ,pr9t] & o!r pr9t+ trade j\rnals4 ,outside ( ^! has come ! use ( su* class magaz9es z ,sy/em1 ,pr9t]s' ,ink & ,adv]tis+ ,sell+1 & "s h ev5 ext5d$ _! appropriations to include national magaz9es1 notably ,! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,9 "o campaign a ,*icago newspap] 0 among ! m$ia select$2 b ! use ( newspap]s = pap] publicity is practically nil4 ,g5]al ,magaz9e adv]tis+ ( pap] has be5 pr9cipally devot$ to writ+ pap]4 ,?is is natural1 s9ce ( all pap] products ?is commodity has ! l>ge/ numb] ( buy]s1 & ! matt] ( ta/e is n s ov]-%ad[$ by te*nical consid]ations1 z 9 ! case ( pr9t+ pap]s4 ,! specifications = g5]al pr9t+1 involve m k ( pr9t+ processes ?an mo/ p possess1 h5ce ! f9al decision re/s 9 a majority ( cases on ! pr9t]'s judgm5t1 s t logically ! pr9t] is ! mo/ necess>y individual to conv]t4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 a m>k$ increase ( late 9 ! exploitation ( mill br&s1 !re is no indication ( ! disappe>ance ( jobb]s' br&s4 ,a consum] today may fill ne>ly e requirem5t at w f ei!r class1 & ?is condition w probably cont9ue indef9itely1 al?\gh ! tide seems to be sett+ = ! mom5t t[>d ! mill br&s4 ,?is condition is n conf9$ to ! pap] trade1 & is probably due l>gely to ! aggressive adv]tis+ ( manufactur]s4 ,su* promotion "w is /ill 9 its infancy1 & a cont9uation ( a gr[+ dem& = mill br&s may safely be pr$ict$ = sometime to come4 ,,trade ,,associations ,!re are two pr9cipal trade associations 9 ! pap] bus9ess1 "o compos$ ( manufactur]s & ! o!r ( jobb]s4 ,! ,am]ican ,pap] ,pulp ,association1 compos$ entirely ( manufactur]s 0 organiz$ 9 #ahgg4 ,its purposes 7 describ$ by its ,presid5t at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( #aiad1 z 8entirely educational40 ,x collects & di/ributes /ati/ics ( production1 & consumption1 among its memb]s1 aims to develop co/ sy/ems1 agrees ^u trades cu/oms1 & seeks to br+ ab\t uni=mity 9 ^! respects4 ,te*nical education has be5 ! subject ( mu* /udy by ! ,association1 & x is hop$ w lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( trade s*ools4 ,a labor bureau is ma9ta9$1 :i* helps manufactur]s to f9d help1 & labor]s to secure "w4 ,! ,association is sep>at$ into divisions2 ,news1 ,wrapp+1 ,bo>ds1 ,tissue1 & ,writ+4 ,a ,book division 0 =m]ly includ$1 b ! manufactur]s ( book pap] rec5tly =m$ a sep>ate organization solely conc]n$ ) _! special bran* ( ! indu/ry4 ,! ,association has also play$ a prom95t "p 9 repres5t+ ! indu/ry 9 t>iff matt]s4 ,! memb]%ip repres5t$ 9 #aiae--bdf mills4 ,! ,national ,pap] ,trade ,association 0 organiz$ 9 #aijc4 ,memb]%ip consi/s ( jobb]s & includes ! foll[+ subsidi>y associations2 ,baltimore ,s\!rn ,association1 ,c5tral ,/ates ,pap] ,deal]s' ,association1 ,empire ,/ate ,association1 ,new ,engl& ,pap] ,jobb]s' ,association1 ,nor?we/]n ,pap] ,deal]s' ,association1 ,pacific ,coa/ ,pap] ,association1 ,pap] ,association ( ,philadelphia1 ,pap] ,association ( ,new ,york ,city1 ,we/]n ,pap] ,deal]s' ,association4 ,! total memb]%ip 9 #aiaf 0 #bcf4 ,! "w ( ! ,association has includ$ cr$it organization = ! ex*ange ( in=mation z to cr$its2 ! /udy & in/allation ( co/ sy/ems2 consid]ation ( ! relations betwe5 jobb]s & manufactur]s4 ,!re are a numb] ( /&+ committees :i* h special details assign$ to !m4 ,!y make regul> reports at ! annual meet+4 ,! exi/5ce ( bo? associations is ( di/9ct b5efit to _! memb]s1 & to ! trade 9 g5]al4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( /&>d trade cu/oms ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry facilitates ! conduct ( bus9ess ^u an equitable basis4 ,copies ( ^! rules are to be f\nd 9 ! price li/ ( mo/ pap] jobb]s1 & z !y are subject to occasional *anges x seems inadvisable to repr9t !m "h4 ,a ?ird organization kn[n z ! ,pap] ,mak]s ,adv]tis+ ,club1 consi/+ ( #ae ,mills1 0 organiz$ 9 #aiad4 ,its purpose is to develop ! gr[? ( pr9t+ by dissem9at+ in=mation ab\t ! purpose & uses & plann+ ( 8direct-by-mail0 adv]tis+4 ,its memb]%ip is op5 to any pap] mill :i* sells its product 9 :ole or 9 "p "u its own br&s4 ,,*apt] ,,twelve ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,k ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,! /udy ( pr9t+ %\ld be m g5]al 9 all our s*ools--b n z x is taught s (t5--by tea*]s incompet5t to glimpse & grasp its wide/ possibilities--to make x live & ?rill ) all its lat5t p[]4 ,if its me*anical aspects are ov] emphasiz$ x mu/ fail to appeal to intellectual s*ol>s1 s9ce x _c suffici5tly /ir _! imag9ations to comm& int]e/4 ,! pr9t+ & publi%+ indu/ry /&s among ! six l>ge/ f ! po9t ( view ( annual value 9 doll>s--9 ?is c\ntry--& has1 ( c\rse1 b\ndless possibilities = good & evil4 ,no?+ is m ess5tial to civilization intellectually or comm]cially1 ?an pr9t+4 ,! alli$ indu/ries are also relatively important4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produces m pap] ?an any o!r five nations comb9$ & h5ce (f]s c\ntless opportunities = a good livlihood 9 ?is l9e4 ,six hundr$ million doll>s & m are annually exp5d$ = adv]tis+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & adv]tis+ inv>iably involves pr9t+ ( "s sort4 ,aside f ! positions t require a k ( pr9t+ m or less complete1 su* z pro(read+1 publi%+1 libr>ians' "w1 etc41 !re are jobs connect$ ) ! pap] indu/ry :]e ?is k1 :i* z a matt] ( fact is r>ely f\nd1 w\ld prove ( great advantage4 ,x is evid5t1 moreov]1 t "s practical k ( pr9t+ may prove useful if n ess5tial = practically all m5 :o engage 9 comm]ce or manufactur+4 ,!y are all buy]s ( pr9t+1 & x is a difficult commodity to pur*ase intellig5tly4 ,= au?ors or editors a k ( typesett+ is v valuable4 ,!y %\ld "k ! me*anics ( x1 = 8au?or's corrections0 are ! bugaboo ( mo/ pr9t]s & ! cause ( mu* unnecess>y exp5se & misund]/&+ ab\t ! co/ ( pr9t+1 because ! inexp]i5c$ au?or seldom realizes t ! *ange ( a ^w may involve ! resett+ ( an entire p>agraph4 ,:5 we h agre$ t a gr\nd+ 9 pr9t+ is desirable = prospective au?ors & bus9ess m51 we h includ$ a high proportion ( our population4 ,ev5 pr(essional m5 w f9d x b5eficial1 ?\gh possibly n 9 proportion to ! "t requir$ = its ma/]y4 ,f a purely educational po9t ( view1 ,i c emphatically /ate f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t no?+ ev] help$ me m 9 acquir+ conc5tration ( m9d ?an typesett+4 ,!re is a :olesome discipl9e 9 ! p]=mances involv$ 9 products ( ! press4 ,nor %\ld ! ae/hetic aspect be ignor$4 ,x seems a pity t cultur$ p]sons %\ld be s g5]ally ignorant ( :at con/itutes good pr9t+4 ,! same p :o w\ld n wi% to admit t !y c\ld n recognize a ,%]aton *air1 or a ,rub5s pa9t+1 h no s5se ( omission f _! educations because ( _! inability intellig5tly to appreciate a beautiful example ( pr9t+1 z m]e pr9t+4 ,a collection ( well-pr9t$ books is an indulg5ce )9 ! rea* ( mode/ incomes & ! s\rce ( mu* satisfaction4 ,consid]+ t ,pr9t+ is ! 8,art pres]vative ( all arts0 does x n seem l a subject :i* %\ld be g5]ally t\*$ ^u1 at lea/ collat]ally1 9 e in/itution ( high] education8 ,to sum up a bit3 ,pr9t+ is an indu/ry ( basic importance to civilization4 ,x means1 !re=e1 ! livlihood directly or indirectly ( _m p]sons4 ,! opportunities op5 to "y m5 well equipp$ ) a k ( pr9t+ are num]\s1 & ! "y man s prep>$ has an advantage ov] 8 competitors4 ,s mu* = ! comm]cial aspect4 ,ae/hetically1 pr9t+ has ris5 9 ! pa/1 & does /ill1 occasionally rise to high levels4 ,its enc\ragem5t z an art %\ld come f ! bett] educat$ p1 z well z f ! h>d head$ bus9ess m51 :o1 by produc+ beautiful catalogs1 h actually done mu* to enc\rage & br+ 9 an age ( bett] pr9t+4 ,educationally1 ,i w\ld l my own *ildr5 to und]go ?is tra9+ :i* possesses s mu* t is fasc9at+1 b is at once exact+ & discipl9>y to ! m9d1 ! eye & ! h&4 ,!re is no escape f ! consequ5ces ( "o's "w4 ,x rema9s prov$ 9 black & :ite1 or ev5 9 _m colors1 z a cr$it or o!rwise to "o's imag9ation1 conception & workman%ip4 ,x is my conviction t !re are l>ge educational advantages 9 ! /udy ( ,pr9t+ if x be taught by tra9$ en?usia/s 9 a way to make x live & vibrate ) all its f>-rea*+ & inexhau/ible p[]4 ,,index ,adv]tis+1 #ic ,agalite1 #ci ,am]ican ,pap] ,pulp ,assn41 #ie ,antique1 #ee ,atmosph]ic ,effects1 #fd ,bogasse1 #ba ,b>ium ,sulphate1 #ci ,b>ratt1 ,?omas1 ,wat] ,m>k+1 #g ,bask]ville--fir/ wove pap]1 #d ,blanks1 #eb ,blea*+1 #bh ,blea*+ ,p[d]1 discov]y (1 #aj ,blott+1 #da ,boxbo>d1 #eb ,brea/-roll1 #df ,bri/ol bo>ds1 #eb ,broom corn1 #bj ,brueckmann1 ,dr41 #g ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 #ai ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 #ai ,burgess & ,watt1 #h ,bur/+ /r5g?1 #gc ,cal5d] defects1 #gh ,cal5d]s1 %eet1 #ee1 #ef ,cal5d]s1 sup]1 #ee1 #ef ,canson1 ,m4 inv5tor ( suction boxes1 #g ,c>dbo>d1 #e1 #f1 #ga ,case91 #ha ,*apman neutraliz]1 #hg ,*emical ,texts1 #gc1 #gd ,*9a ,clay1 #ci ,coat$ ,pap]s1 #ef1 #eh1 #ha ,color1 ( ,pap]1 #fg1 #fh ,color1 #gi ,comb9+1 #ef ,corn ,/alks1 #ai ,cotton-hull fib]1 #bj ,c\*]-man1 #dd ,c\* roll1 #df1 #dg ,cov] pap]s1 #fj ,crompton1 ,t4 ,b41 inv5tor1 #g ,crop plants1 #ah ,cyl9d] ,ma*9e1 #g1 #dg1 #eb ,d&y ,roll1 #g1 #dg ,deckle ,/raps1 #dg ,deckle ,edges1 #dg ,de ,v9ne1 #e ,dick9son1 ,co41 #eb ,dick9son1 ,john1 #g ,didot1 ,franois1 #f ,di/ribution ( ,pap]1 #hi ,doctor1 #di ,donk51 ,bryan1 #f ,dry]s1 inv5tion (1 #f ,electricity1 ,/atic1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh ,ekman1 #h ,emboss+1 #ee ,esp>to1 #cf ,fib] ,*>act]i/ics1 #dd ,fill]s1 #ci ,f9i%1 #fh1 #gf1 #gg ,f9i%+1 #ed ,flax ,/raw1 #ba ,fl[ ,box1 #dg ,fold+ ,endurance1 #gd ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory1 #ah ,=mation1 #fh ,f\rdr9i]1 ,h5ry & ,sealy1 #f ,f\rdr9i] ,ma*9e1 #dc1 #df ,fry1 #h ,griff91 ,m>t9 ,l41 #ba1 #bb ,gr\nd ,wood1 #bi1 #ca ,gu>d-bo>d1 #di ,gumm$ ,pap]s1 #ei ,glass9e ,pap]1 #ei ,gra9 ( ,pap]1 #fc1 #fd1 #hc1 #hd ,h& ,process1 #dc ,h>p] ,ma*9e1 #eb ,head ,box1 #df ,h]tzb]g's ,table1 #fe ,h9*man1 ,david1 #d ,holl& ,beat+ ,eng9e1 #d ,impurities 9 ,pap]1 #dj ,inks1 #hb ,jordan ,eng9e1 #db ,kell]1 #h ,koops1 ,mat?ias1 #h ,laid ,pap]1 #ed ,make-,ready1 #hb ,m]*&is+1 #ib1 #id ,mill ,br&s1 #ic ,mits*]li*1 #cd ,moi/ure 9 ,pap]1 #hd1 #he ,murray1 ,john1 #a ,national ,pap] ,trade ,assn41 #hi1 #ie ,opacity1 #gj ,pack+1 #hj ,pap]-,mak+1 ,orig9 (1 #a ,pap] ,mak]'s ,adv]tis+ ,club1 #if ,pap] ,trade ,associations1 #if ,papyrus1 #a ,plat]s1 #ee ,press ,rolls1 #dg ,pr9t]s' ,responsibility1 #hb ,rag ,/ock1 ,prep>ation (1 #bf1 #bg ,reamur1 #g ,reels1 #dg ,regi/]1 #hd ,ri*mond ,pap] ,co41 #h ,ritt5h\se1 ,william1 #d ,rob]t1 ,l\is1 #f ,r\tl$ge1 #h ,sam>k&1 ,conque/ (1 #b ,s& ,settl]1 #db ,save-all1 #df1 #dg ,s*aeff]s1 ,jacob ,*ri/ian1 #g ,scre5s1 #db ,season+1 #he ,siz+ ,mat]ials1 #ci1 #gj ,slices1 #dg ,slitt]s1 #dh ,soda ,pulp1 #cb1 #cd ,/amp]1 #d ,/ati/ics ( ,manufacture1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae ,suction ,boxes1 #h ,/rawbo>d1 #eb ,/raw ,pulp1 #cf ,sulphate ,pulp1 #cd ,sulphite ,pulp1 #cd ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #ci ,sup]cal5d]+1 #ee1 #ef ,surface ,siz+1 #ed ,/>*1 #ci1 #ha ,talc1 #ci ,tate1 ,john1 #c ,t5nant1 #aj ,t5sile ,/r5g?1 #gc1 #gd ,te/+1 ,pap]1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd ,tilghman1 ,b5jam9 ,c41 #h1 #aa ,trade ,cu/oms1 #gh ,vatman1 #dc ,wa/e ,pap]s1 #af1 #ag1 #cf ,wat]m>ks1 #di ,wat] ,f9i%1 #ee ,watt & ,burgess1 #h ,wax$ ,pap]s1 #ei ,wet ,ma*9e1 #bi ,:atman1 ,james1 #c ,:eelwright1 ,*>les ,s41 #h ,wilks1 ,john1 #g ,wire1 #df ,wood ,pulps1 #bh1 #cb ,wood ,pulp ,importations1 #ae ,wove ,pap]1 #ed ,yankee ,ma*9e1 #ed ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,discov]$ typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,! non-trivial ones are not$ bel[4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,index n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 8livelihood0 0 consi/5tly spell$ z 8livlihood02 n *ang$ "h4 ,copyright page3 ,! spell+ ( ! au?or's "n has be5 *ang$ f 8,:eelright0 to 8,:eelwright0 to mat* ! spell+ us$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! book & ! cov]4 ,page #aa3 ,! 8,note0 orig9ally 0 at ! bottom ( ! fir/ page ( ! *apt]4 ,page #ae3 ,! attribution at ! end ( ! long table orig9ally 0 pr9t$ at ! bottom ( ea* ( ! pages conta9+ t table4 ,page #ei3 8p>raf90 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #ha3 8may be *>g$ to0 0 mispr9t$ z 8*ang$04 ,page #ha3 8case l9+ give access to moi/ure0 0 mispr9t$ z 8case l9n+ five access to moi/ure04 ,page #he3 8:5 ! air becomes dry expos$ edges0 0 mispr9t$ z 8:5 ! air becomes due expos$ edges04 ,page #ia3 ,no clos+ quotation m>k = ! p>agraph beg9n+1 8,! ,pap] trade is ess5tially04 ,page #ig3 8,,*apt] ,,twelve0 0 mispr9t$ z 8,,*apt] ,,?irte504