,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,kim ,ku ,ha1 ,presid5t ( ,buddhi/ ,committee = #aiag ,page #ce ,,korean ,,buddhism ,,hi/ory--,,condition--,,art ,?ree ,lectures ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,/>r ,,bo/on ,,m>%all ,,jones ,,company #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,,m>%all ,,jones ,,company ,all rights res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,cambridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,?is ,,book ,,on ,,korean ,,buddhism ,,is ,d$icat$ ,,to ,,my ,,fri5d ,,& ,,fell[-,,/ud5t 8,,kug50--,,oguri ,,san ,,( ,,tokyo ,,introduction ,! au?or does n ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ?is little book3 x is no?+ m ?an its title claims4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree lectures giv5 to popul> audi5ces1 ) ! accompanim5t ( _m illu/rations4 ,x repres5ts1 h[ev]1 a consid]able am\nt ( "w 9 an almo/ virg9 field4 ,x has involv$ h>d j\rneys to remote m\nta9 mona/]ies1 & days & nights ( conv]sation & inquiry ) _m monks & prie/s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a pr(\nd /udy nor an exhau/ive pres5tation4 ,x b>ely t\*es _m a subject1 :i* w\ld alone furni% m mat]ial ?an c\ld be treat$ 9 ?ree su* lectures4 ,x b scrat*es ! surface4 ,! mat]ial :i* x pres5ts is h[ev] new4 ,outside ( ,mrs4 ,bi%op's acc\nt ( h] visit to ! ,diamond ,m\nta9 mona/]ies & scatt]$ ref]5ces 9 h] book to a few local temples1 !re is almo/ no?+ on ! subject ( ,korean ,buddhism accessible to ,engli% read]s4 ,a glance at our bibliography w %[ t n "o ( ! books or articles !re li/$ appe>$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,all 7 pr9t$ at ,se\l1 ,%anghai & ,tokyo & publications appe>+ at ^? c5t]s are little kn[n outside4 ,to aid s]i\s read]s1 :o may c>e to secure !m1 ! publi%]s' names are giv5 9 our li/4 ,! au?or has c>efully read all ! items li/$ & ackn[l$ges indebt$ness to all ! au?ors4 ,! actual am\nt ( mat]ial = ! full /udy ( ,korean ,buddhism is enorm\s4 ,!re are _m volum9\s works 9 ,*9ese & ,korean deal+ ) ,korean hi/ory2 :5 c>efully sift$1 ^! w yield _m important facts4 ,_m1 p]haps all1 ( ! mona/]ies h records ( _! hi/ory some:at aft] ! nature ( annals2 mo/ ( ^! are 9 manuscript1 b a few h be5 pr9t$1 presumably f wood-blocks cut at ! e/abli%m5t by ! monks4 ,!re is a ?ird s\rce ( in=mation1 z va/ 9 bulk z ei!r ( ! o!r two2 x is ! inscriptions on monum5ts1 :i* are scatt]$ 9 ?\s&s ov] ! p59sula4 ,! glean+ ( in=mation f ^! ?ree s\rces--= ! "w mu/ absolutely be ( ! nature ( glean+--w require _m ye>s1 b ! "w is wor? ! do+4 ,x is urg5t also4 ,e "o ( ^! ?ree s\rces is subject to de/ruction & ev5 n[ is ?reat5$4 ,old books 9 ,korea are be+ con/antly lo/ & de/roy$2 new editions ( !m are (t5 c>elessly & inaccurately reproduc$2 9 "s cases1 ! new editions are int5tionally mutilat$1 important passages be+ suppress$4 ,! mona/]y records are less secure ?an ev] be=e2 ) ! new life & en]gy 9 ^! old e/abli%m5ts1 r5ovation & cle>+ out ( nooks & corn]s & ov]haul+ ( accumulations ( pap]s1 places docum5ts1 ! value ( :i* is unkn[n or unappreciat$1 9 s]i\s jeop>dy4 ,z = ! monum5ts _m are disappe>+ & o!rs are becom+ undeciph]able ?r\gh wea!r+4 ,!re is press+ ne$ !n ( promptly secur+ ^! mat]ials & mak+ !m available = /udy4 ,! ,japanese are do+ mu* good "w4 ,!y are ga!r+ old books & records4 ,up to #aiae m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& books1 manuscript & pr9t$1 _h be5 ga!r$ by ! ,gov]nm5t-,g5]al4 ,among ^! 7 ! 8,annals ( ,yi0 numb]+ sixte5 hundr$ & ?irty-?ree volumes & ! 8,royal ,di>ies10 aggregat+ ?irty-"o hundr$ & n9ety-n9e volumes1 8all h&-writt5 ) ! bru%40 ,( ! 8,annals0 !re 7 f\r sets made "u ! ,korean gov]nm5t = ! f\r old royal libr>ies4 ,! 8,royal ,di>ies0 7 compil$ at ! k+'s ord]s2 !y dat$ f ,yi ,tajo himself1 b ^? up to ne> ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 burn$ by ! ,koreans at ! "t ( ! ,hideyo%i invasion2 ^? n[ exi/+ cov] ! p]iod f #afbc to #aijg4 ,japanese s*ol>s h organiz$ a society = repr9t+ old & r>e ,korean books & h gott5 out _m volumes4 ,!y are pil+ up direct obs]vations also4 ,f #aiji to #aiae1 !y conduct$ a p59sula-wide survey ( anci5t monum5ts & h pr9t$ ! results 9 f\r f9e volumes1 ) spl5did illu/rations1 "u ! title ,*os5 ko seki gafu4 ,!y h tak5 /eps t[>d ! pres]vation &1 :]e necess>y1 ! recon/ruction ( important monum5ts & notable build+s4 ,!y are copy+ ! mona/]y records & ultimately w h a complete set ( all t rema94 ,! orig9als ought to be left 9 possession ( ! mona/]ies !mselves1 ) ! obligation to gu>d & keep !m safely4 ,z to monum5tal inscriptions1 ! ,gov]nm5t-,g5]al has be5 equally indu/ri\s4 ,up to ,m>*1 #aiae1 !re _h be5 made ?irte5 hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 direct rubb+s f inscrib$ /ones1 ( :i* =ty-f\r repres5t$ ,sylla1 =ty-?ree ! p]iod ( ! ,koryu ,dyna/y & ?irte5 hundr$ & ?ree ! ,yi ,dyna/y4 ,x is =tunate t ?is pres]vation ( mat]ial is be+ und]tak54 ,! _w w pr(it by x1 ?\gh x may /ill be long lock$ up 9 ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,9 ?is book ! "w ( ,yi ,nung ,hwa is m5tion$4 ,8 ,buddhi/ magaz9e %\ld yield "s data ( value4 ,if 8 ,hi/ory ( ,korean ,buddhism is pr9t$ x ought to be ( high importance1 z he naturally has a mu* easi] task 9 consult+ ! orig9al s\rces ?an any =eign]4 ,if 8 "w is done ) c>e & critical judgm5t x %\ld be ! necess>y f\ndation = all future /udy4 ,all dep5ds ^u h[ he p]=ms 8 task4 ,read]s :o become int]e/$ 9 our lectures are advis$ to read ,bi%op ,trollope's admirable ,introduction4 ,x cle>s ! gr\nd & indicates ! direction ( fur!r /udies4 ,! au?or has hundr$s ( negatives illu/rat+ ,korean ,buddhism4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty pictures 7 us$ 9 ! orig9al lectures4 ,:5 cutt+ d[n to :at seem$ ! absolute limit1 9 select+ pictures = ! book1 he f\nd t he _h m ?an d\ble ! numb] p]mitt$ by ! necess>y conditions4 ,fur!r r$uction 0 difficult & _m pictures h be5 reject$1 :i* are m beautiful or int]e/+ ?an "s ( ^? t are includ$4 ,! f9al *oice 0 bas$ ^u ! desire to give z cle> an idea z possible ( actual conditions & to repres5t all ! important phases pres5t$ 9 ! lectures4 ,"o or two ( ! pictures 7 made by ,manuel ,gonzales 9 #aiaa2 all ! o!rs are ! "w ( ,maeba%i ,hambei1 :o accompani$ me1 9 my la/ ?ree exp$itions to ,korea1 z photograph]4 ,*icago1 ,july #ab1 #aiah4 ,,cont5ts ,korean ,buddhism3 ,,page ,hi/ory #a ,condition #cb ,art #ff ,bibliography #ig ,notes #ii ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,fac+ ,,page ,i ,kim ,ku ,ha4 ,presid5t ( ,buddhi/ ,committee = #aiag ,frontispiece ,,ii ,g5]al view3 ,pomo-sa #b ,,iii ,g5]al view3 ,yu*om-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s #d ,,iv ,s>i monum5ts3 ,yu*om-sa #f ,v ,ma9 ,temple3 ,kumsan-sa #aj ,,vi ,s>i monum5t pyramid1 ,kumsan-sa4 7,a relic ( ,buddha is suppos$ to be en%r9$ "h7 #af ,,vii ,geomantic ,ma/3 ,*ung-ju #ah ,,viii ,! ,buddha3 cave temple1 ,sukkul-am #bb ,,ix ,bodhisattva figure1 ,sukkul-am #bd ,x ,great ,miriok3 ,eunj94 ,g5]al view #bf ,,xi ,gr\p at ,fukoan1 bran* ( ,s9kei-sa2 ,diamond ,m\nta9s #bh ,,xii ,ha9-sa3 ,build+ = ! ,wood-blocks #cd ,,xiii ,ha9-sa3 ,build+ = ! ,wood-blocks1 int]ior #ch ,,xiv ,great ,buddha relief on rock face3 ,inn] ,kongo #dd ,,xv ,s>i monum5t to ,muhak3 ,hoiam-sa #dh ,,xvi ,head-prie/ & ,pagoda3 ,s9kei-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s #ej ,,xvii ,ma9 ,temple3 ,yu*om-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s #eb ,,xviii ,c>v$ ,door1 ,yu*om-sa #ed ,,xix ,brahmanic ,gu>dian ( ,buddhism3 ,songkwang-sa #ef ,,xx1 ,a1 ,b4 ,two ,deva ,k+s1 ,gu>dians ( ,_w ,qu>t]s3 ,sukwang-sa #eh ,,xxi ,gigantic ,deva ,k+4 ,gu>dian ( ,_w ,qu>t]3 ,pawp*u-sa4 ,! ,korean /&+ by is a m>ri$ man ( normal /ature #fj ,,xxii ,wall pa9t+3 ,! ,:ite ,tortoise ,sc5e ( ! ,sei-yeu-ki3 ,pongeum-sa #ff ,,xxiii ,wall pa9t+s on pla/]3 ,sukwang-sa #fh ,,xxiv ,great figures ( ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity1 seat$3 ,pawp*u-sa4 ,sakya1 ,monju1 ,fug5 #gj ,,xxv ,great figures ( ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity1 /&+3 ,kumsan-sa4 ,amida1 ,kwannon1 ,daisei%i4 7,?irty feet or s 9 height7 #gb ,,xxvi ,figures--a ,trio ( ,tr9ities3 ,sukwang-sa4 7,! figures are said to be ,kwannon1 ,amida1 ,daisei%i1 ,monju1 ,vairo%ana1 ,fug51 ,jihi1 ,sakyamuni ,teikak>a7 #gd ,,xxvii ,figure & pa9t+ ( ,kwannon3 ,pomo-sa #gf ,,xxviii ,hall ( ! ,t5 ,k+s ( ,hell3 ,yongju-sa4 7,notice comb9ation ( figures & pa9t+2 ! god ( hell ) two help]s1 five k+s ) small s]vants1 two o!r (fic]s1 & "o ( ! two ,brahmanic gu>dians7 #gh ,,xxix ,hall ( ,five ,hundr$ ,rakan3 ,sukwang-sa #hj ,,xxx ,extraord9>y comb9ations ( ,rakan figures3 ,hall ( ,five ,hundr$ ,rakan3 ,songkwang-sa #hb ,,xxxi ,pa9t+ ( ! ,sev5 ,/>s3 ,sukwang-sa #hd ,,xxxii ,gr\p pa9t+3 ,sukwang-sa #hf ,,xxxiii ,"o ( ! ,eight ,sc5es 9 ! ,life ( ,buddha3 ,sakya ga9s ,enlight5m5t3 ,pomo-sa #hh ,,xxxiv ,! ,god ( ! ,m\nta93 ,fuko-an1 bran* ( ,s9kei-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s #ij ,,xxxv ,portrait ( "o ( ! *iefs ( ! ,sixte5 ,kakan3 ,*ik*i-sa #ib ,,xxxvi ,great pa9t+3 ,pawp*u-sa #id ,,xxxvii ,great pa9t+ display$ at ,buddha's ,bir?day ,c]emony3 ,tongdo-sa #id ,,korean ,,buddhism ,,korean ,,buddhism3 ,,hi/ory ,s9ce #aiaa x has be5 my privilege to make f\r j\rneys into ,korea1 s long kn[n z 8,! ,h]mit ,k+dom40 ,to-day ,korea has ceas$ to be an indep5d5t nation2 %e has be5 completely absorb$ by ,japan & =ms "p ( ! ,japanese ,empire4 ,i f\nd mu* ( int]e/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i /udi$ ! p & _! daily life2 ,i visit$ _m ( ! fam\s po9ts ( int]e/ & beauty2 ,i h /udi$ some:at into ,korean hi/ory4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 has m int]e/$ me ?an ! /udy ( ,korean religions1 p>ticul>ly ,buddhism4 ,:5 ask$ to give "s public lectures ?is summ]1 ,i cons5t$ gladly to speak = ?ree ev5+s on ! subject ( ,korean ,buddhism4 ,my ?ree lectures w deal ) ,hi/ory--,condition--,art4 ,! hi/ory ( ,korea falls into ?ree %>ply m>k$ p]iods4 ,! fir/ is kn[n z ! era ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms--x end$ ) ! ye> #iah1 a ye> easy to rememb] because exactly "o ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! second is ! p]iod ( ! ,koryu ,dyna/y2 x began ) ! ye> #iah & end$ 9 #acib1 a date easy = u to rememb] because precisely a c5tury be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus4 ,! ?ird p]iod1 kn[n z ! p]iod ( ! ,yi ,dyna/y1 began ) #acib & cont9u$ until #aiaj1 :5 ! indep5d5t hi/ory ( ,korea end$ ) its absorption by ,japan4 ,! hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,korea is divid$ into ! same ?ree p]iods1 z ! ?+s :i* caus$ breaks 9 ! national hi/ory 7 relat$ to ! religion4 ,we %all !n speak ( ! ,buddhism ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms1 ( ! ,koryu ,dyna/y & ( ! ,yi ,dyna/y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,g5]al view3 ,pomo-sa ,page #ca ,! e>ly p]iod is call$ ! era ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms because at t "t ! p59sula 0 occupi$ by ?ree diff]5t nations4 ,! l>ge/1 9 ! nor?1 0 call$ ,koguryu4 ,japanese pron\nce ! "n z ,koma4 ,x occupi$ m ?an half ( ! p59sula4 ,its capital city 0 ,p'y5g-,yang1 /ill a city ( importance4 ,! second k+dom 0 small]2 9 ! s\?we/ ( ! p59sula1 x 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,pak*e1 :i* is pron\nc$ by ! ,japanese ,kud>a4 ,! ?ird k+dom occupi$ ! s\!a/]n section ( ! p59sula4 ,x 0 l>g] ?an ,pak*e1 b small] ?an ,koguryu1 & 0 call$ ,silla1 ,japanese1 ,%iragi4 ,su* !n1 7 ! ?ree k+doms :i* exi/$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,un=tunately all names 9 ,korea h sev]al pronunciations4 ,!y are usually spell$ ) ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,if a ,*9ese pron\nces ! "n1 he w pron\nce x 9 a c]ta9 way1 dep5d5t ^u :at "p ( ,*9a he comes f2 a ,korean w pron\nce ! same *>act]s q diff]5tly2 a ,japanese has /ill a diff]5t pronunciation4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,korean & ,japanese names ( ^! k+doms diff]2 ! same *>act]s are pron\nc$ ,koguryu by ! ,koreans & ,koma by ! ,japanese2 ,pak*e on ! ,korean tongue becomes ,kud>a ) ! ,japanese2 & :]e ! ,korean says ,silla1 ! ,japanese says ,%iragi4 ,su* !n 0 ! condition ( ! p59sula prec$+ #iah4 ,x 0 divid$ into ?ree k+doms1 ea* ) its own rul]4 ,buddhism1 a religion :i* began 9 ,india1 came to ,korea by way ( ,*9a4 ,x naturally fir/ rea*$ ! nor!rn k+dom4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 #cfi ,a4,d4 & its introduction 0 ! result ( =eign mission>y ef=t4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 an ,empire ( ,*9a1 b !re 7 also v>i\s small ,*9ese k+doms along ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,korean p59sula4 ,buddhism came to ,koguryu f "o ( ^! little ,*9ese k+doms1 ! k+ ( :i* s5t its message by ! h&s ( a prie/ nam$ ,sundo1 :o br\ght idols & sacr$ texts4 ,he 0 well receiv$ on 8 appe>ance 9 ,p'y5g-,yang4 ,! k+ ( ! c\ntry plac$ ! cr[n pr9ce 9 8 c>e = education4 ,9 a few ye>s ! new religion _h made great headway4 ,x _h br\ght ) x art & education1 & ! k+dom ( ,koguryu became a c5t] ( culture & advancem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,g5]al view3 ,yu*om-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s ,page #ce ,five ye>s lat]1 9 #cgd1 ano!r prie/ nam$ ,ado 0 s5t f ! same ,*9ese k+dom4 ,8 com+ add$ impetus to ! religion & two great mona/]ies 7 f\nd$ ne> ,p'y5g-,yang1 ov] "o ( :i* ,ado 0 plac$1 :ile ,sundo _h *>ge ( ! o!r4 ,^! two mona/]ies 7 n only c5t]s ( religion1 !y 7 full-fl$g$ univ]sities accord+ to ! ideas ( ! univ]sities 9 ^? days4 ,aft] !y 7 f\nd$ ,buddhism cont9u$ to spread rapidly s t 9 #cib x became ! (ficial religion ( ! k+dom4 ,we are told t 9 ! ye> #cgh1 z ! result ( ! com+ ( ^! =eign prie/s1 ! city ( ,p'y5g-,yang 0 laid out z a great %ip4 ,to u ?is s\nds /range4 ,x is n easy = u to realize t a city 0 really reg>d$ z a great %ip & t a ma/ 0 erect$ 9 its mid/1 app>5tly 9 ord] t ! sails ( prosp]ity might waft ! %ip to good =tune & success4 ,outside ! city 7 /one po/s to :i* ! %ip 0 to be ti$ up1 & = _m ye>s x 0 =bidd5 to dig wells 9 ! city because x 0 fe>$ t if a well 7 dug1 ! boat w\ld spr+ a leak & ! :ole place w\ld be f\nd]$4 ,su* 0 sci5ce 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x seems /range to u n[1 b ideas ( t k9d 7 rife 9 ^? days2 9 fact !y h n yet disappe>$ f popul> ?\ght 9 ,korea4 ,i am n sure :e!r su* ideas are connect$ ) ,buddhism1 or :e!r !y only =m a "p ( t old geomantic philosophy :i* has s greatly influ5c$ ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan ?r\gh c5turies4 ,we f9d geomantic survivals ( _m k9ds 9 _m places4 ,old ma/s are scatt]$ all ov] ,korea1 "h & !re1 sometimes 9 q inaccessible places2 built ( wood1 !y rise to a great height1 & are %ea!d ) metal1 :i* may be> an inscription & date4 ,_m o!r places ?an ,p'y5g-,yang 7 ?\ght ( z great %ips--temples1 cities1 entire valleys4 7,plate ,,vii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,s>i monum5ts3 ,yu*om-sa ,page #ee ,at ,tongdo-sa1 a great mona/]y 9 ! s\? ( ,korea1 my att5tion 0 call$ to an iron r+ fa/5$ to a rock ne> ! trail4 ,!y told me t x 0 = ! te!r+ ( a great ox1 t all ! m\nd ( e>? & rock ne> !re is consid]$ to be a great ox ly+ d[n2 a hole ab\t a foot 9 diamet] 9 ! rock1 close by ! trail1 is said to be ! no/ril ( ! creature1 & a knoll ( e>? ne> by =m$ its head1 :ile ! great body /ret*$ out f> beyond4 ,at ,riri my att5tion 0 call$ to a m\nta9 ridge & ,i 0 told t x 0 a runn+ horse2 two /one pill>s /ood on ! level gr\nd ne> by--!y 7 int5d$ to prev5t ! horse f damag+ ! fields4 ,x seems t _m ye>s ago x 0 realiz$ t a runn+ horse 0 likely to d damage to gr[+ crops2 ! wise m5 ( ! di/rict 7 call$ toge!r & consult$2 !y det]m9$ t !y w\ld de/roy ! dang] by erect+ ^! pill>s ( /one1 beyond :i* ! horse _c g4 ,p]haps ideas l ^! 7 taught 9 ^? old univ]sities 9 #cge ,a4,d4 ,p]haps !y 7 !n1 z n[1 individual & pr(essional k1 n to be le>n$ 9 s*ools4 ,! new religion next ent]$ ! little k+dom ( ,pak*e4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #chd4 ,?is "t x 0 n s5t unsolicit$ by "s little ,*9ese k+dom1 b came by reque/ f ,*9a prop]4 ,! p ( ,pak*e knew :at ,buddhism _h done = ,koguryu & !y ask$ ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a to s5d !m a fam\s prie/ nam$ ,m>an&a4 ,x seems t he 0 a ,h9du1 :o _h a great reputation = le>n+4 ,he br\ght ) him images & texts & all ! p>aph]nalia necess>y = ! gorge\s c]emonials ( 8 religion4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) great respect by ! k+ & 0 lodg$ 9 ! palace4 ,soon aft] t5 o!r prie/s came f ,*9a & ! religion made rapid headway ?r\gh ,pak*e4 ,x 0 f ,pak*e 9 ! ye> #eeb t ,buddhism 0 s5t = ! fir/ "t into ,japan4 ,! k+ ( ,pak*e s5t images & texts & a lett] to ! ,emp]or1 ,kimmei1 say+ t x 0 a good religion1 & t he hop$ ! ,japanese w\ld accept x4 ,la/ ( ! ?ree k+doms to receive ,buddhism 0 ,silla1 to :i* x came ab\t #dbd4 ,x is report$ to h come f ! capital city ( ,koguryu1 ,p'y5g-,yang1 & ! prie/ :o br\ght x 0 nam$ ,muko*a4 ,he appe>s to h gone d[n ! ,taidong ,riv] to ! sea & !n ar\nd ! p59sula & up ! ea/ coa/ 9 ord] to rea* ,silla4 ,he is always spok5 ( z a black man1 or negro2 p]haps he 0 actually an ,african4 ,!re seems to h be5 "s my/]y ab\t 8 arrival2 x may be t ! p did n l 8 color1 or 7 afraid ( 8 /range appe>ance4 ,he hir$ himself out z a pl[man to a f>m] nam$ ,morei4 ,8 employ] conceal$ him 9 a cave4 ,x is said t :5 he 0 hidd5 9 ?is cave x frequ5tly %one ) glory4 ,outside ! cave !re 0 a pea* tree1 :i* bur/ into bloom ) fl[]s ( five diff]5t colors1 & 9 ! w9t]1 :5 !re 0 sn[ on ! m\nta9s outside1 irises & o!r fl[]s ( wondr\s fragrance are said to h brok5 _! way up ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,! black monk is said to h worn a r$ cap & a crimson kesa4 ,x w\ld seem t ! :ole neighborhood mu/ h kn[n ab\t ^! wond]s4 ,ab\t ?is "t x is said t an ambassador f ,*9a came to ! k+ ( ,silla at 8 capital city ( ,kyong ,ju4 ,! mess5g] br\ght v>i\s gifts1 among !m a sub/ance :i* no "o knew2 x _h nev] be5 se5 be=e 9 ,silla4 ,x seems /range t ! ambassador %\ld n h kn[n :at he br\ght1 b x is ass]t$ t he 0 ignorant 9 ! matt]1 & s ! k+ s5t to ! cave--only t5 miles away--& ord]$ ! black monk to come to ,kyong ,ju to id5tify ! gift4 ,he _h no tr\ble 9 recogniz+ x1 because x 0 inc5se1 common en\gh 9 ,*9ese ,buddhism1 b be=e unse5 9 ,silla4 ,he told !m t :5 burn$ be=e an idol ) pray]s ( fai?1 ! god 0 sure to answ] petitions4 ,x happ5$ at ! mom5t t ! k+'s daught] 0 ill1 & he begg$ ! black monk to try ! efficacy ( inc5se & pray]4 ,sev5 days he sp5t 9 pray] be=e ! idol & a cure 0 wr\ght4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,muko*a begg$ ! k+ to s5d to ,*9a & ! ,we/ = arti/s to come & cut figures 9 ! rock walls ( 8 cave1 z he desir$ to make a *apel to ! gods4 ,! reque/ 0 s5t1 ! arti/s came1 & x is said t !y sp5t =ty ye>s 9 c>v+ ! wond]ful figures :i* to ?is day adorn ! walls ( ! little circul> *apel 9 ! m\nta9 cave4 ,x w\ld require a sep>ate lecture = me to tell y ( my visit to t rem>kable %r9e1 ) its g5u9e treasures ( art4 7,plates ,,viii1 ,,ix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,ma9 ,temple3 ,kumsan-sa ,page #gb ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 say some?+ ab\t ! old capital city ( ,kyong ,ju4 ,x _h its p]iod ( glory1 & its ru9s are /ill impressive4 ,almo/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! black monk br\ght 9 ! new religion4 ,to-day !re rema9s only a little t[n1 b all ! c\ntry ar\nd is spr9kl$ ) ! relics ( ! pa/4 ,"h is ! spl5did grave ( ,g5]al ,kim1 twelve hundr$ ye>s old4 ,x is fac$ ar\nd ) /one slabs1 set firmly 9 place1 twelve ( !m be+ c>v$ ) ! animals ( ! ,ea/]n ,zodiac4 ,"h are ! ru9s ( an ice-h\se1 p]haps n9e hundr$ ye>s old2 cunn+ly built ( /one1 "u a m\nd ( e>?1 ) true ar*-vault+1 x %elt]$ ice = ! *ill+ ( food & ! cool+ ( dr9k a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!re rema9s "h a portion ( a beautiful pagoda2 mu* ( x 0 de/roy$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,hideyo%i's army ( invasion came f ,japan & wr\ght havoc & de/ruction 9 ,korea2 built 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 x 0 a beautiful /ructure ( spl5did1 ?or\ghly-bak$ black bricks & /one2 /one doors bel[1 mov+ on /one pivots set 9 /one sockets 7 decorat$ ) c>v$ "w4 ,to-day only ! ?ree l[] /ories rema91 b !y s]ve to %[ t ! p 7 true arti/s4 ,"h1 too1 "o sees an a/ronomical obs]vatory1 built ( /one1 a sort ( t[] ( circul> =m1 sev5te5 feet ?r\gh2 x 0 int5d$ = ! obs]vation ( heav5ly bodies2 ne>ly ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s ( age1 x is p]haps ! olde/ exi/+ build+ con/ruct$ = su* purposes 9 ! _w4 ,9 ^? f9e days1 ,kyong ,ju 0 a c5t] ( trade & indu/ry4 ,*9ese1 ,koreans & ,japanese 7 !re2 we are c]ta9 t ,tibetans1 ,indians & ,p]sians came ?i!r1 & x is claim$ t m]*ants f ,arabia us$ to /& 9 its m>ket place4 ,( c\rse we all "k ( ! antiquity ( culture ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 we appreciate its a*ievem5ts1 & love to ?9k ( its glories2 b we are apt to ?9k ( ! ,f> ,ea/ z be+ et]nally /agnant & x surprises u to le>n ( a busy m>t ( trade 9 ,kyong ,ju1 ,silla4 ,& x _h its s*ol>s also4 ,!re 0 ,*'oe ,*u54 ,he 0 a poet & essayi/2 he 0 a skill$ calligraph]1 writ+ ! beautiful ,*9ese *>act]s fam\sly2 he 0 reckon$ z "o ( ! great sages & le>n$ m5 ( 8 day 9 ,*9a prop]1 ?an :i* !re 0 no high] honor4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms1 ,buddhism ?us p5etrat$ to e "p ( ! p59sula4 ,x prosp]$4 ,spl5did temples 7 built1 great mona/]ies con/ruct$1 magnific5t bells ca/1 beautiful pagodas erect$1 figures c>v$ by ?\s&s4 ,religions t prosp] too greatly become corrupt4 ,/ate religions t5d to become curses4 ,religi\s end[m5ts tie up money :i* ! p ne$4 ,! dead h& may hold "u re/ra9t prop]ty :i* %\ld be at "w1 help+ ! _w4 ,all ?is happ5$ ) ,buddhism 9 ,korea4 ,9 ! la/ days ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms ,korean ,buddhism 0 ref9$ & arti/ic1 impressive & beautiful1 b 0 corrupt & h>mful r ?an helpful4 ,we may1 p]haps1 take ! date #fhe ,a4,d4 z m>k+ ! greate/ glory ( ,silla4 ,at t "t %e 0 ga9+ p[] ov] ! neighbor+ k+doms & be=e h] glory end$ %e rul$ ! :ole p59sula4 ,9 #hgf ! k+ ( ,silla 0 nam$ ,*ung--also call$ ,hongang4 ,dur+ 8 rule ! c\ntry 0 rapidly decl9+4 ,he 0 foll[$ by 8 bro!r1 :o 9 turn 0 succe$$ by 8 si/]1 :o became que5 ( ,silla 9 #hhh4 ,h] "n 0 ,man4 ,! only reason :y we m5tion ^! ?ree rul]s is t we wi% to introduce ! man :o l$ up to ! second p]iod ( ,korean hi/ory4 ,8 "n 0 ,kun-ye4 ,he 0 ! son ( k+ ,*ung1 by a concub9e1 b nev] became k+ ( ,silla4 ,:5 8 aunt1 que5 ,man1 0 rul+1 he became a di/urb+ elem5t1 head+ an insurrection4 ,! glory ( ,silla 0 really pa/ & ! old k+dom 0 rapidly decl9+4 ,kun-ye 0 =tunate 9 hav+ an excell5t g5]al1 nam$ ,wang-on1 & made headway ) 8 rebellion2 f\nd+ a new k+dom 9 c5tral ,korea1 he gradually ext5d$ 8 rule1 ?r\gh ! skilful lead]%ip ( ,wang-on1 until mu* ( ! middle "p ( ! p59sula 0 "u 8 control4 ,b ! man 0 mad1 religi\sly mad4 ,he 0 n only a ,buddhi/2 he call$ himself a ,buddha4 ,"u ! cloak ( religion he did all k9ds ( wild & wick$ ?+s1 & indulg$ 9 ! mo/ absurd extravagances4 ,f9ally ! burd5 ( 8 tyranny & 8 religi\s claims became s heavy t 8 (ficials plott$ aga9/ him & begg$ 8 g5]al1 ,wang-on1 to de?rone him & seize ! p[]4 ,ultimately t v ?+ happ5$1 & 9 ! ye> #iah1 "o ?\s& ye>s ago1 ,wang-on became ! fir/ k+ ( a new dyna/y1 t ( ,koryu4 ,be=e we leave ! p]iod ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms1 h[ev]1 let u notice two int]e/+ matt]s4 ,y rememb] t ,buddhism 0 br\ght to ! ,?ree ,k+doms by ?ree prie/s--,sundo1 ,m>an&a1 ,muko*a4 ,sundo 0 a man f ,tibet2 ,i suppose he repres5t$ ! great ,mongolian race1 t he 0 a yell[ man2 ,m>an&a1 :o br\ght religion to ,pak*e 0 a ,h9du2 presumably he repres5t$ ! ,caucasic peoples2 he may h be5 d>k1 b our c\rts w\ld probably h to call him a :ite man2 ,muko*a 0 call$ a black man1 a negro1 & probably really repres5t$ ! ,e?iopian race4 ,is x n int]e/+ t ! p59sula ( ,korea %\ld h receiv$ its fir/ g5]ally spread religion ?r\gh repres5tatives ( ! ?ree great races ( ! _w1 ! yell[1 :ite & black8 ,buddhism1 ! fir/ univ]sal religion t ! _w ev] saw1 e>ly made an appeal to all m51 reg>dless ( color & ( race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,s>i monum5t pyramid1 ,kumsan-sa 7,a relic ( ,buddha is suppos$ to be en%r9$ "h7 ,page #gb ,two fam\s m51 ,*9ese1 liv$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,_! names 7 ,fa-hi5 & ,hi\5-,tsiang4 ,9 #cii ,a4,d4 ,fa-hi5 />t$ on foot f ,*9a1 to visit ,india1 to le>n ( ,buddhism & ,buddha 9 ! old home4 ,he travell$ _m ?\s&s ( miles ( we>y pilgrimage 9 ord] to br+ back ) him fre% idols & correct texts & new inspiration f ! cradle ( ! great religion4 ,x 0 m ?an two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 #fbi1 t ,hi\5-,tsiang made ! same j\rney4 ,?9k ( ! dang] ^! m5 pass$ ?r\gh6 ,!y cross$ des]ts1 :i* ev5 to-day are almo/ impassable2 !y climb$ difficult m\nta9s & cross$ broad riv]s2 !y j\rney$ ?r\gh c\ntries ( ho/ile peoples2 !y _h to travel )\t artificial means ( transportation ?r\gh di/ricts ( =eign spee*2 !y did all j to visit ! old home ( ! ,great ,tea*]1 & to get 8 religion at fir/ h&4 ,we h ! record ( _! travels4 ,_! simple di>ies h be5 translat$ into v>i\s languages ( ,asia & into ,engli%1 ,fr5* & o!r ,european tongues4 ,fa-hi5 0 fifte5 ye>s ^u 8 pilgrimage1 ,hi\5-,tsiang sixte5 ye>s4 ,bo? liv$ to come back to _! homes to ! great advantage ( _! co-religioni/s4 ,we h no di>ies writt5 by old ,korean pilgrims1 b we "k t dur+ ! gl[ ( e>ly conv]t%ip _m f ! p59sula made ! same j\rney to ! ,we/4#a ,betwe5 #fch ,a4,d4 & #fej sev5 at lea/ w5t f ,korea to ,india to /udy ! new religion 9 its old home4 ,mo/ ( !m di$ !re1 nev] return+ to _! native l&4 ,we n[ come to ! second division ( ,korean hi/ory & its ,buddhism1 t ( ! ,koryu ,dyna/y4 ,y rememb] t ,g5]al ,wang-on1 :5 8 royal ma/] w5t crazy & ! (ficials revolt$1 seiz$ ! k+ly p[]4 ,he remov$ ! capital to ,songdo4 ,silla quickly w5t to its f9al fall & ! new k+dom controll$ ! :ole p59sula4 ,wang-on realiz$ p]fectly t ! abuse ( ,buddhism _h be5 ! *ief tr\ble ) ,kung-ye4 ,8 com+ into p[] 0 l>gely due to an anti-,buddhi/ic movem5t4 ,/ill1 he himself 0 ,buddhi/ & :ile he did mu* to *eck ! abuses ( ! religion he cont9u$ to practise x on a m mode/ scale4 ,at 8 new capital he end$ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 rule1 #iah1 ) a fam\s fe/ival ( :i* we h a description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,geomantic ,ma/3 ,*ung-ju ,page #f ,!re 0 an enorm\s lant]n1 hung ab\t ) hundr$s ( o!rs "u a t5t made ( a network ( silk5 cords4 ,music 0 an important elem5t4 ,!re 7 also repres5tations ( dragons1 birds1 elephants1 horses1 c>ts & boats4 ,danc+ 0 prom95t & !re 7 9 all a hundr$ =ms ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,ea* (ficial wore ! long1 fl[+ sleeves1 & ea* c>ri$ ! ivory memor&um tablets4 ,! k+ sat on a high plat=m & wat*$ ! ent]ta9m5t4 7,hulb]t47 ,y see he 0 v f> f cutt+ loose f ,buddhism4 ,9 reality1 ! religion fl\ri%$ ov] ! :ole p59sula4 ,:5 ,wang-on di$ 9 #idb1 he left a writt5 message = 8 son & successor4 ,x conta9$ t5 rules ( conduct = 8 guidance z k+1 :i* 7 numb]$ f "o to t54 ,?ree _h to d ) religion1 &1 ( c\rse1 t religion 0 ,buddhism4 ,9 ! fir/ rule he advis$ 8 son to cont9ue to recognize ,buddhism z ! /ate religion4 ,! second rule 0 t he %\ld build no m mona/]ies4 ,:ile x 0 a good ?+ to cont9ue ,buddhism1 x 0 a bad ?+ to build m mona/]ies1 z too mu* money _h already be5 exp5d$ ^u !m4 ,! six? ( ! rules 0 = ! e/abli%m5t ( an annual ,buddhi/ fe/ival ( ! same nature z ! "o he _h celebrat$ at ! end ( 8 fir/ ye>4 ,s ,wang-on did n de/roy ,buddhism b cont9u$ x4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! old religion rega9$ mu* ( its h>mful & de/ructive influ5ce4 ,f hi/ory we may cull a few ev5ts t illu/rate its p[]4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury !re came f ,*9a a full] developm5t ( ,confucianism ?an _h be=e exi/$4 ,ab\t #ajbf ?is influ5ce became v /rong2 ! (ficial class1 z 0 natural1 0 ,confuciani/2 x organiz$ & direct$ gov]nm5tal action2 betwe5 ! (ficials1 ,confuciani/s1 & ! prie/s1 ,buddhi/s1 !re grew up a deadly conflict :i* la/$ on ?r\gh all ! c5turies4 ,9 #ajcf ! k+ 0 dev\tly ,buddhi/ic4 ,he 8decre$ t if a man _h f\r sons "o ( !m mu/ become a monk2 because ( ! ,buddhi/ canon aga9/ ! spill+ ( blood1 ! dea? p5alty 0 *ang$ to bani%m5t2 ano!r great annual fe/ival 0 in/itut$4 ,! k+ also enc\rag$ ! cu/om ( hav+ boys g ab\t ! /reets ) ,buddhi/ic books on _! backs f :i* ! monks read al\d z !y w5t along1 to secure bless+s = ! p40 7,hulb]t47 ,9 #ajdf x is said ! k+ f$ & lodg$ t5 ?\s& monks 9 8 palace4 ,9 #ajef or !reab\ts "o son out ( ?ree 0 compell$ to become a monk4 ,9 #aacf x is said t ?irty ?\s& monks 7 pres5t at a s+le c]emony4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 :at w\ld happ58 ,:5 a religion _h su* a hold on ! community--build+ spl5did mona/]ies1 erect+ great temples1 mak+ idols into ^: con/ruction gilt ( pure gold ent]$ 9 quantity1 mak+ bells ( metal t might h be5 bett] us$ = practical ends1 dra9+ ! p ( weal? by giv+ enorm\s prop]ties et]nally into ! possession ( religi\s e/abli%m5ts--a cra% 0 b\nd to come4 ,x came 9 ,korea4 ,! c\ntry _h be5 dra9$2 ! p _h be5 heavily burd5$2 ! m5 :o z monks & prie/s %\ld h l$ 9 in/ruction & good liv+ 7 notori\s examples ( pr(ligacy & corruption4 ,at la/1 9 #acib1 a man arose :o f\ght aga9/ ! k+4 ,! excuse = 8 fight+ 0 ! fact t ! gov]nm5t 0 giv5 ov] to a corrupt religion4 ,j z be=e x 0 ! successful g5]al :o became ! f\nd] ( a new dyna/y2 9 ?is case also he _h be5 loyal at fir/ to ! depos$ k+4 ,! man's "n 0 ,yi1 & 8 title ,tajo1 & he is commonly kn[n 9 ,korea z ,yi-,tajo4 ,he is rev]$ z ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y :i* has j end$4 ,9 #acib ! old k+dom ( ,korai disappe>$ & ) x ! dyna/y ( ,koryu1 & 9 _! place came ! mod]n ,*os5 & ! ,yi ,dyna/y4 ,se\l became ! new capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,! ,buddha3 cave temple1 ,sukkul-am ,page #aa ,be=e we leave ?is p]iod let me say some?+ ab\t miriok & pr9t+-blocks4 ,! ^w miriok has giv5 me consid]able tr\ble2 ,i _c le>n :e!r x is a ,korean or a ,japanese ^w1 or :at 0 its fir/ mean+1 or :e!r x has any?+ to d ) ! ^w ,miroku1 ! "n ( 8! com+ ,buddha40 ,anyway ! "n miriok is appli$ 9 ,korea to a /one t is wor%ipp$2 x is sometimes a natural /one & sometimes artificially %ap$ to m or less ( ! =m ( a ,buddha4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( !m 9 ,korea4 ,!re are big miriok & little4 ,my belief is t !y 7 at fir/ simple1 natural /ones1 ) some?+ ab\t _! %ape :i* 0 sugge/ive4 ,!y might be natural p9nacles1 or r\nd$ =ms4 ,probably ! old ,koreans1 long be=e ! days ( ,buddhism1 wor%ipp$ su* /ones & *iefly 9 ord] t ! family might be increas$4 ,x 0 probably b>r5 wom5 & *ildless m5 :o w5t to miriok & pray$ = *ildr54 ,!n came ,buddhism & took ov] ! /one-wor%ip ( ! old5 "t4 ,lat] ^? miriok :i* 7 artificially %ap$ to human =m--,buddha-l--came into be+4 ,7 !re "t1 we w\ld speak ( v>i\s ( ! l>g] miriok 9 ,korea1 l ! great pair at ,paju & ! c\ple at ,ansung4 ,( ! l>ge/1 h[ev]1 t at ,eunj91#b we w say some?+4 ,!re are _m /range /ories connect$ ) x4 ,x is app>5tly a natural p9nacle ( rock1 :i* has be5 c>v$ into ! %ape ( a ,buddha2 x is m ?an fifty feet high & c be se5 f a great di/ance2 x is m ?an n9e hundr$ ye>s old2 9 its pres5t =m x is ev5 to-day wor%ipp$ by ?\s&s ( p2 9 ! pa/ !re h be5 times :5 t5s ( ?\s&s ga!r$ at once to wor%ip x4 7,plate ,x47 ,x is said t ! /one sudd5ly appe>$1 pu%+ up f ! gr\nd & t x cri$ out ) ! voice ( a boy2 x 0 se5 by a woman :o 0 ga!r+ f]ns = eat+2 :5 %e report$ ! miracle x 0 confirm$ by an (ficial inspection aft] :i* ord]s 7 giv5 t x %\ld be c>v$ to its pres5t =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,bodhisattva figure1 ,sukkul-am ,page #aa ,no l& surpasses ,korea 9 its abundance ( local tales4 ,e hill1 valley1 conspicu\s rock1 /ream & pool ( wat] has its /ory4 ,e miriok ( prom95ce 9 ! c\ntry has traditions associat$ ) x4 ,! "o mo/ commonly told ( ?is great miriok runs z foll[s3 ,a c\ntry man :o _h be5 to ! capital1 return+ to 8 home pass$ ?is great /one figure4 ,he notic$ a pe> tree gr[+ f ! head1 :i* bore sev]al f9e pe>s4 ,! ?\ght occurr$ to him to c>ry "o ( ^! to 8 village z a pres5t = ! magi/rate4 ,) inf9ite difficulty he climb$ up ! smoo? surface ( ! figure1--! magnitude ( ! a*ievem5t w be evid5t f an inspection ( ! picture4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! face & climb$ ov] ! lips he hesitat$ z to :e!r to pass up ?r\gh ! no/ril1--a fooli% proc$ure z x 0 a bl9d passage1--or climb ar\nd ! nose4 ,he decid$ ^u ! =m] me?od & proce$$ to worm 8 way into ! op5+4 ,he exp]i5c$ a mighty %ock &1 :5 he came to himself1 f\nd t he 0 ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,8 pres5ce 9 ! no/ril _h irritat$ ! figure :i* _h sneez$1 ?us ?r[+ him to ! e>?4 ,ruefully rubb+ 8 bruises1 he look$ upw>d at ! figure regretful = 8 lo/ ef=t4 ,b he _h aft] all be5 =tunate & ! same sneeze :i* _h dislodg$ him _h %ak5 "o ( ! pe>s f ! tree & x _h fall5 on ! grass ne> by4 ,pick+ x up he ha/5$ on 8 way rejoic+4 ,! second item connect$ ) ?is p]iod to :i* ,i wi% to ref] is ! cutt+ ( wood-blocks = pr9t+ ! entire ,buddhi/ scriptures4 ,! set ( blocks is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! anci5t mona/]y ( ,ha9-sa4 ,!y 7 made dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,kojong & are sev5 hundr$ ye>s old4 ,!re are eighty-"o ?\s& ( ^! blocks & ea* ( !m pr9ts an entire page ( a ,buddhi/ text4 ,altoge!r !y pr9t six ?\s& eight hundr$ & five volumes1 "o ?\s& five hundr$ & elev5 diff]5t works4 ,a special build+ is devot$ to _! pres]vation & !y h be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,japanese gov]nm5t z ,national ,treasure4 7,plates ,,xii1 ,,xiii47 ,! blocks are said to repres5t ! "w ( monks ?r\gh fifte5 ye>s & ! set is reput$ ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,c\nt ,g5]al ,t]au*i ord]$ sev]al copies ( ! ,tripitaka pr9t$ f ^! blocks4 ,"o ( ^! copies 0 pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or & a second is pres]v$ 9 ! temple1 ,s5yu-ji1 ,kyoto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,great ,miriok3 ,eunj94 ,g5]al view ,page #bd ,yi-,tajo came to p[] ?r\gh an anti-,buddhi/ movem5t4 ,yet on ! :ole he dealt l5i5tly ) ! religion4 ,he crippl$ x b did n de/roy x4 ,?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! ,yi ,dyna/y1 h[ev]1 ,buddhism 0 at s]i\s disadvantage4 ,only = a %ort "t "u ! k+ ,seijo did x h a mom5t>y revival4 ,he rul$ f #adef to #adfh4 ,dur+ 8 reign a spl5did temple 0 built 9 ,se\l ( :i* we h an int]e/+ contempor>y description2#c no sign ( x rema9s to-day1 b ! beautiful pagoda erect$ at ! same "t1 & ! turtle-borne monum5tal /one record+ ! occasion ( its con/ruction are 9 exi/5ce 9 ,pagoda ,p>k at ! c5t] ( ! city4#d ,?is pi\s k+ 0 succe$$ 9 #adfi by 8 "y son1 ,*asan4 ,8 "m1 ! late k+'s wid[1 0 at fir/ 8 reg5t b 9 #adgb he took ! actual re9s ( p[] & almo/ 8 fir/ act 0 to drive ,buddhism out ( ,se\l4 ,he n only aboli%$ all ! mona/]ies & temples 9 ! capital city1 b 9 e city & t[n ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,! prie/s took refuge 9 ! m\nta9s & f t "t d[n until ^! latt] days !re h be5 no ,buddhi/ temples 9 ,korean cities4 ,!re h only be5 mona/]ies 9 ! m\nta9s1 (t5 9 inaccessible places4 ,^? 7 dra/ic measures & "u !m ,korean ,buddhism suff]$ & sank to l[e/ ebb4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh h>d times dur+ f\r hundr$ ye>s & m ( exile4 ,/ill ! religion 0 n dead1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ( te/ x ev5 %[$ "s signs ( wor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,gr\p at ,fukoan1 bran* ( ,s9kei-sa2 ,diamond ,m\nta9s ,page #dg ,9 #aeib1 ,hideyo%i s5t 8 great army f ,japan to conqu] ,korea4 ,x 0 "u two g5]als1 "o a ,*ri/ian & ! o!r a ,buddhi/4 ,! invad]s wr\ght great de/ruction 9 ! un=tunate p59sula4 ,_m ( ! temples & mona/]ies 9 ! m\nta9s 7 de/roy$1 alt>s 7 /ripp$ ( treasures1 monks & prie/s driv5 f _! sanctu>ies4 ,dur+ ?is invasion "s ( ! prie/s %[$ !mselves loyal1 ?us ,hulb]t tells u3 ,hyu-,*ung1 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,eight ,prov9ces z ! great tea*] ( ,sosan1 0 a man ( great natural ability z well z ( great le>n+4 ,8 pupils 7 numb]$ by ?\s&s & 7 f\nd 9 e prov9ce4 ,he call$ toge!r two ?\s& ( !m & appe>$ be=e ! k+ at ,euiju & said3 8,we are ( ! common p1 b we are all ! k+'s s]vants & two ?\s& ( u h come to die = ,y\r ,maje/y40 ,! k+ 0 mu* pleas$ by ?is demon/ration ( loyalty & made ,hyu-,*ung a ,prie/-,g5]al & told him to g into camp at ,pop-,heung ,mona/]y4 ,he did s1 & f t po9t s5t out a call to all ! mona/]ies 9 ! l&4 ,9 ,*ulla prov9ce 0 a w>rior-monk1 ,*'oe-,yung & at ,diamond ,m\nta9 ano!r nam$ ,yu-,*ung4 ,^! came ) ov] a ?\s& foll[]s & w5t into camp a few miles to ! ,ea/ ( ,p'y5g-,yang4 ,!y _h no int5tion ( engag+ 9 actual battle1 b !y act$ z spies1 took *>ge ( ! commiss>iat & made !mselves g5]ally useful4 ,dur+ battle !y /ood beh9d ! troops & %\t$ enc\ragem5t4 ,yu-,*ung1 tru/+ to 8 prie/ly g>b1 w5t into ,p'y5g-,yang to see ! ,japanese g5]als4 ,?us we see1 t not)/&+ ! condition ( pov]ty1 ignorance & unimportance to :i* ! ,buddhi/ monks _h sunk !re 7 /ill among !m tea*]s ( great le>n+ ) cr[ds ( /ud5ts1 :o 7 ready to s]ve _! k+ 9 8 h\r ( trial4 ,9 #affj a curi\s condition _h aris54 ,) ^! m\nta9 mona/]ies op5 to all :o came1 !y _h become a refuge = ! disaffect$4 ,suppose a man _h tr\ble ) 8 family1 he w\ld become religi\s & retire to a mona/]y z a monk2 if a man fail$ 9 bus9ess1 he might f9d refuge !re2 = "o reason or ano!r x 0 easy = a man :o 0 vici\s or a failure or unhappy to seek escape 9 ! m\nta9 mona/]ies4 ,?\s&s flock$ to !m until ! gov]nm5t became di/urb$ & ab\t #affj ! k+ issu$ an edict 8t no m m5 ) family ties %\ld des]t !m 9 ?is way & t all monks :o _h families liv+ %\ld d(f _! religi\s g>b & come back to ! _w & support _! families l hone/ m540 ,not)/&+ neglect1 pov]ty1 & limitations ! mona/]ies %[$ rem>kable recup]ative p[] aft] ! de/ruction wr\ght by ,hideyo%i's armies4 ,?us1 ,pawp*u-sa 0 practically de/roy$ & ! great mass ( f9e build+s n[ !re has be5 con/ruct$ s9ce4 ,"s ( ! great mona/]ies f>!r s\? also suff]$ sev]ely2 yet ! damage has be5 fully repair$4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,nor did s*ol>%ip completely disappe> 9 ^! lat] ye>s4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,legge translat$ ,fa-hi5's di>y into ,engli%1 he _h f\r editions ( ! "w at h&--two ,*9ese1 "o ,japanese & "o ,korean2 ! latt]1 :i* be>s ! date #agbf1 0 ! mo/ satisfactory & 0 sup]ior z a piece ( book-mak+4 ,,korean ,,buddhism3 ,,condition ,) ! exile ( ,buddhism to ! m\nta9s sev]al results ensu$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ea* mona/]y became a ?+ by itself2 !re 0 no unity1 no comb9ation1 no =ce 9 ! movem5t ( ,buddhism z su*1 ov] ! k+dom4 ,9 ! second place1 n be+ p]mitt$ to ent] ! cities1 ! ,buddhi/ prie/s came to be look$ ^u ) contempt by ! p2 !y 71 ( c\rse1 begg>s1 v[$ to pov]ty--!y _h always be5 t1 b !y _h _h respect2 ) _! seclusion 9 ! m\nta9 mona/]ies !y lo/ :at honor _h be5 attribut$ to !m2 !y became ignorant1 vici\s & deprav$4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,korea ,dr4 ,hulb]t says3 8,9 #aijb1 a v det]m9$ attempt to revive ! ,buddhi/ cult 0 made4 ,! ,emp]or cons5t$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a great c5tral mona/]y = ! :ole c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity ( ,se\l1 & 9 x a ,buddhi/ high prie/ :o 0 to control ! :ole *ur* 9 ! l&4 ,x 0 a ludicr\s attempt1 because ,buddhism 9 ,korea is dead40 ,rememb] at j :at po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nation ?is ef=t to re/ore ,buddhism took place4 ,japan's w> aga9/ ,*9a 0 decl>$ 9 #ahid2 x end$ 9 #ahie1 ) ! treaty ( ,%imonoseki2 x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important w>s ( rec5t times2 x 0 f\ght ov] ,korea--9 ord] to see :e!r ,korea ow$ allegiance to ,*9a or 0 an indep5d5t nation4 ,f #ahie on1 ,korea 0 a hot-b$ ( _w intrigue4 ,*9a1 ,russia1 ,japan1 all 7 /ruggl+ on ! p59sula = a cont9u$ foo?old4 ,ea* 0 try+ to ga9 advantage4 ,f ?is condition1 9 #aijd came ! great w> betwe5 ,japan & ,russia1 :i* 0 end$ by ! treaty ( ,portsm\?4 ,x too1 0 a w> on acc\nt ( ,korea4 ,x decid$ ! "q z to :e!r ,russian1 or ,*9ese1 or ,japanese influ5ce %\ld prepond]ate4 ,! ye> #aijb came "r betwe5 ^? two great w>s1 :i* 7 f\ght on acc\nt ( ,korea4 ,9 #aijb ! man :o _h be5 ,k+--! la/ real repres5tative ( ! ,yi ,dyna/y _h become ,emp]or4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! w> ( #ahid 0 to make ,korea an empire1 & h] k+ an emp]or4 ,! ef=t to re-e/abli% & revive ,buddhism 0 made !n dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! empire4 ,! passage quot$ f ,hulb]t 0 pr9t$ 9 #aije4 ,x ref]r$ to an attempt made 9 #aijb1 :i* he says fail$1 s9ce ,buddhism 0 dead4 ,to-day is #aiah4 ,i h be5 visit+ ,korea s9ce #aiaa & h se5 :at seems to be def9ite gr[? & revival ( ! old religion4 ,buddhism appe>s to-day to be v f> f dead 9 ,korea4 ,x %[s signs ( active life & !re may be prospects ( its future gr[? & l>ge developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,ha9-sa3 ,build+ = ! ,wood-blocks ,page #bg ,! mona/]ies ( ,korea are "u control ( ?irty head mona/]ies4#e ,"s ( ^! h only two or ?ree unimportant subord9ate mona/]ies1 b o!rs are ! heads ( really great gr\ps4 ,= in/ance1 ,yu*om-sa1 9 ! he>t ( ! ,diamond ,m\nta9s1 is ! head ( =ty mona/]ies 9 t rem>kable mass ( peaks 7,plates ,,iii1 ,,xvii72 ,pongeum-sa1 :i* is ne> ,se\l1 is said to be ! head ( eighty-six mona/]ies4 ,^! head mona/]ies 9 #aijb _h become greatly r$uc$ 9 prop]ty1 memb]%ip1 influ5ce & spl5dor4 ,!y 7 e/rang$ f ea* o!r4 ,!re 0 no feel+ ( unity among !m4 ,ea* mona/]y 0 a ?+ by itself & decay & corruption 7 ev]y:]e evid5t4 ,b ab\t six ye>s ago ! prie/s ( ^! ?irty head mona/]ies came toge!r2 !y held a great meet+ & discuss$ _! common int]e/s2 !y decid$ t union 0 necess>y & a =w>d movem5t1 a ?+ su* z 0 tri$ 9 #aijb & :i* fail$ !n4 ,x 0 tri$ aga9 & has n fail$4 ,!y elect$ a presid5t ( _! commission1 ) a t]m ( (fice ( "o ye>4 ,8 :ole "t is devot$ to ! int]e/s ( unit$ ,korean ,buddhism = t ye>4 7,plate ,i47 ,!y b\ght prop]ty 9 ! city ( ,se\l & erect$ a c5tral build+1 p>tly temple & p>tly (fice build+4 ,! exp5ses ( ?is head (fice are borne by ! ?irty temples 9 proportion to _! importance & weal?4 ,! mona/]ies are grad$ into five gr\ps & ea* contributes annually a set sum = ! advancem5t ( ,buddhism 9 ! p59sula4 ,:ile 9 ,se\l la/ ye>1 ,i visit$ a !ological sem9>y ( ,buddhism4 ,x has a good location 9 a desirable "p ( ! city2 x occupies a f9e old ,korean build+2 x has a corps ( tea*]s ( "s ability2 ,i f\nd sixty-five /ud5ts 9 att5dance4 ,! in/itution _h be5 runn+ = ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! /ud5ts 7 already connect$ ) "s ( ! m\nta9 mona/]ies2 !y _h come 9 = in=mation1 = improvem5t1 = fur!r /udy2 !y 7 look+ =w>d to return to _! temples ) new /r5g? & vigor = _! "w4 ,! "y m5 ) :om ,i talk$ seem$ to be e>ne/ly int]e/$ & anxi\s = improvem5t4 ,a def9ite c\rse ( ?ree ye>s in/ruction is (f]$ to !m4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts has gr[n /eadily & no d\bt ! "t w come :5 !re w be hundr$s ( /ud5ts 9 ?is in/itution4 ,!re is to-day a magaz9e conduct$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,korean ,buddhism4 ,x has be5 publi%$ = some?+ l six ye>s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! editor1 ,yi ,nung ,hwa1 is r int]e/+4#f ,8 fa!r is a pill> ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ,se\l1 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! mission *ur*es4 ,! "y man himself 0 educat$ 9 ,ca?olic s*ools 9 ,se\l2 8 education came f =eign]s1 & he is n[ (ficial int]pret] = ! ,belgian ,consul2 b he f9ds 8 pleasure & outside int]e/ 9 ?is magaz9e = ! advancem5t ( ,korean ,buddhism4 ,son ( a ,presbyt]ian ,eld]1 tra9$ 9 ,ca?olic s*ools1 speak+ ,fr5*1 ,korean1 ,*9ese & ,japanese1 pr(essionally engag$ 9 s]vice at a =eign consulate1 he is ! editor ( a magaz9e = ,buddhi/ propag&a6 ,mr4 ,yi is also ! au?or ( a hi/ory ( ,korean ,buddhism1 :i* _h n yet be5 pr9t$ :5 ,i saw him4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only hi/ory t has be5 writt5 cov]+ ! entire field ( ,korean ,buddhism4 ,ev]y?+ t is pr9t$ 9 ,korea mu/ pass "u ! eye ( ! ,japanese gov]nm5t1 & c be pr9t$ only ) its p]mission4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! mat]ial is secul> or religi\s1 social1 economic1 lit]>y or political4 ,at ! "t :5 we 7 speak+ ab\t 8 book x _h be5 s5t 9 to ! gov]nm5t = exam9ation4 ,x is to be hop$ t x 0 approv$ & t p]mission 0 giv5 = its publication4 ,a book ( t k9d w\ld h importance & no su* book exi/s1 9 any mod]n =m c]ta9ly1 = popul> read+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,ha9-sa3 ,build+ = ! ,wood-blocks1 int]ior ,page #bg ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s 9 connection ) ?is mod]n movem5t ( ,korean ,buddhism1 & "o :i* seems to %[ t x has real vitality1 is ! fact t ,buddhi/ books = common read+ are be+ pr9t$4 ,mo/ ,korean books are pr9t$ 9 ,*9ese *>act]s & are ?us seal$ to ! common p2 !y c be read only by s*ol>s or p ( consid]able education4 ,yet ,korea is said to h inv5t$ "o ( ! mo/ p]fect sy/ems ( writ+ t ! _w has se54 ,x is kn[n z ! on-mun & is compet5t to write ! language p]fectly & easily4 ,b s*ol>s 9 ,korea h nev] us$ ! on-mun2 x has be5 consid]$ suitable only = ! ignorant1 = wom5 & *ildr54 ,if a book is to rea* ! common p1 h[ev]1 & be widely read1 x %\ld be pr9t$ 9 on-mun4 ,! books issu$ by ! =eign mission>ies 9 _! propag&a h be5 pr9t$ 9 on-mun1 or 9 a mix$ script ( ,*9ese "* & on-mun4 ,! fact t sev]al ,buddhi/ books h rec5tly appe>$ pr9t$ 9 on-mun %[s t ,korean ,buddhism is rea*+ out aft] ! common p4 ,two ( ^! books des]ve special m5tion4 ,"o is call$ ! 8,eight ,sc5es f ! ,life ( ,buddha40 ,x foll[s q closely ! /ory ( ,buddha's life z told 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! book is widely (f]$ at book /ores & /reet /alls & is said to h consid]able sale4 ,m int]e/+ ?an x1 h[ev]1 is ! allegory call$ ,sei-yeu-ki4 ,y rememb] t 9 ! sev5? c5tury a ,*9ese pilgrim1 ,hi\5 ,tsiang1 w5t on foot f ,*9a to ,india1 & t he came back load$ ) books & images = use 9 religi\s wor%ip4 ,t pilgrim 0 really a hi/oric "*1 & he wrote an acc\nt ( 8 j\rney1 a simple & *>m+ di>y ( travel4 ,8 book 0 call$ ,sei-yeu-ki1 :i* 9 its ,engli% translation appe>s "u ! title ( 8,a ,report ( ,buddhi/ ,k+doms40 ,9 x he describ$ ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$1 ! mona/]ies & temples :i* he _h se51 & ! adv5tures he _h und]gone4 ,n[ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury a ,*9ese monk wrote a book ) almo/ ! same "n4 ,z pron\nc$ !re is sc>cely any diff]5ce2 :5 ! names are writt5 !y are easily di/+ui%$4 ,! writ] int5d$ to imitate ! "n ( ! di>y ( ! old pilgrim4 ,9 8 /ory1 he says t a c]ta9 man nam$ ,hi\5-,tsiang--he uses ! actual "n ( ! old pilgrim--goes on a j\rney to ! ,we/ = books1 idols & in=mation1 j z ! real pilgrim did2 b in/ead ( tell+ a true & simple /ory ?is man writes an allegory some?+ ( ! nature ( 8,pilgrim's ,progress40 ,x is full ( a/oni%+ adv5tures4 ,x seems t ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a di$ & came to life aga94 ,he det]m9$ to s5d ,hi\5-,tsiang1 8! ,ma/]10 to ! ,we/ = books1 idols & pictures4 ,! ,ma/] />t$ ^u 8 err& & z he travell$ pick$ up a /range gr\p ( comrades4 ,! ,emp]or _h giv5 him a :ite horse1 & ( c\rse he _h to h a boy to take c>e ( x2 9 addition he _h = companions & help]s a monkey & a pig4 ,! ma/] & 8 ?ree human companions 7 gone1 l ! real pilgrim1 ab\t fifte5 ye>s2 !y travell$1 ( c\rse1 ?r\gh ! same c\ntries1 b _h />tl+ adv5tures4 ,! ma/] 0 v pi\s1 b unpractical2 9 fact he 0 a weak subject = ! h]o ( a /ory4 ,b ! monkey 0 f9e1 & :5 !y got into tr\ble x 0 always ! monkey :o rescu$ !m4 ,:5 ! ma/]1 ?r\gh 8 lack ( k1 & practical exp]i5ce1 0 caught by ! mo/ palpable traps & tricks only ! monkey c\ld rescue him4 ,yet !y all abus$ ! poor creature4 ,all 7 jeal\s ( him & on ! slighte/ occasion pig or boy or horse urg$ ! ma/] to make ! magic hat equipp$ ) ?orns & p9s squeeze & hurt ! monkey's head 9 ord] 8t he %all n become pr\d40 ,x is really an int]e/+ & beautiful allegory4 ,x has rec5tly be5 translat$ into ,engli% by a mission>y 9 ,*9a & anyone :o wi%es may read x4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s x has be5 read 9 ! orig9al ,*9ese by ,*9ese1 ,koreans & ,japanese4 ,to-day ,koreans may read x 9 _! own language1 pr9t$ 9 on-mun4 ,all ^! signs ( life seem to %[ t ,korean ,buddhism is f> f dead4 ,x is com+ =? f its m\nta9 exile & bids fair to make itself felt 9 ! future4 ,let u exam9e = a mom5t ! organization ( an ord9>y mona/]y4 ,! mona/]ies are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s4 ,_m ( !m are 9 remote places & x is difficult to rea* !m4 ,"s are s f> back t x w\ld be impossible = !m to g f>!r4 ,i h no fe>s t ord9>y t\ri/s w spoil my delight 9 ,pawp*u-sa1 or ,ha9-sa1 or ,yu-*om-sa4 ,if "o desires to see !m he mu/ pay ! price4 ,take ,pawp*u-sa = in/ance4 ,to see x we dism\nt$ f ! railroad tra9 & took a ,=d c> across c\ntry t5 miles to a little di/rict capital2 ! next day1 by gov]nm5t automobile1 we w5t out ov] a road :i* _h j be5 put 9 good ord]--!re 0 only "o break 9 x t 0 s]i\s2 = =ty miles we travell$ ov] ?is m\nta9 road1 deep] & deep] among ! hills1 up & up into ! n>r[+ valley1 until ) m\nta9s on all sides ( u we rea*$ ! village ( ,p\n4 ,!re we ab&on$ ! automobile4 ,! p>ty w5t by horses1 b a *air _h be5 provid$ = my b5efit4 ,i hate *airs1 & w\ld h mu* pref]r$ a horse1 ?\gh ,korean horses are little creatures & disagreeable4 ,_! gait is z bad z any?+ "o c imag9e2 !re is no?+ l a saddle1 b only a broad cu%ion1 )\t /irrups1 & ! travell]'s legs hang d[n ov] ! front ( ! cu%ion1 "o foot on ea* side ( ! horse's neck & ! rid] has no control :atev] ov] ! horse2 nor has anyone else1 al?\gh ! mapu1 or 8boy10 runs along beside & hangs on to ! halt] or /rikes ! bea/ ) /ick or :ip4 ,i hate a ,korean horse1 b ,i hate a *air worse4 ,h[ev]1 we />t$1 ! re/ on horses4 ,:5 we _h gone ab\t half a mile ! *air c>ri]s1 ?\gh pr(essionals1 decl>$ !y c\ld g no f>!r2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 a m]e "q ( weight2 x 01 h[ev]1 a great relief to me4 ,promptly an ex*ange 0 made ) my little ,japanese photograph] & int]pret]1 :o took ! *air1 :ile ,i m\nt$ 8 horse--! smalle/ & weake/ ( ! outfit4 ,we travell$ on & on = miles2 we pass$ "o ridge beh9d ano!r & ano!r & ano!r1 until at la/ we rea*$ ,pawp*u-sa4 ,anyone :o really j\rneys to ,pawp*u-sa has my reg>d & bless+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,great ,buddha relief on rock face3 ,inn] ,kongo ,page #gj ,! trip to ,ha9-sa1 :]e ! woodblocks are pres]v$1 is a try+ "o4 ,we w5t by ba%a4 ,japanese ba%as are bad2 ! ,japanese !mselves ?9k !m f> sup]ior to ,korean1 b ,i pref] ! latt]4 ,a ba%a is made = six pass5g]s1 b usually c>ries eight4 ,! ,japanese ba%a has two b5*es runn+ l5g?wise at ! sides2 ?ree p]sons fill a b5*1 f\r ov]fill "o4 ,! driv] sits 9 front & a s+le horse moves ! conveyance4 ,su* is ! ,japanese ba%a4 ,! ,korean vehicle has no b5*es at ! sides l ! ,japanese affair2 ! pass5g]s sit ^u ! floor ) ?91 ru% mats "u !m1 probably to keep ! floor ( ! vehicle clean2 !re are no spr+s & ! roads are r\gh4 ,aft] travell+ sitt+ on ! spr+less floor = ?irty-two miles1 we ab&on$ ! ba%a1 z !re 0 no long] a c>t-road1 & rode ab\t sev5te5 miles on horses2 x 0 l travell+ ov] ,mexican trails4 ,?us we rea*$ ,ha9-sa4 ,i d n begrudge a visit to ,ha9-sa to any p]son2 ^? :o make ! j\rney des]ve to be treat$ z fri5ds & bro!rs4 ,ea* mona/]y has its (ficial corps4 ,fir/ comes ! head prie/4 ,he has a h>d "t ( x4 ,he has to deal ) ! outside _w & to ov]see ev]y?+2 he is bus9ess manag]2 he has little to d ) spiritual direction1 b has to settle all ! qu>rels & deal ) all ! problems t pres5t !mselves to ! mona/]y2 he gets all ! h>d "w & %\ld]s all ! blame4 ,he receives1 h[ev]1 "s extra rice & is entitl$ to an extraord9>y exhibition ( respect4 ,he has a c\ncillor to help him 9 problems ( a s]i\s nature4 ,next comes ! religi\s head1 :o leads ! s]vices & sees t !y are prop]ly obs]v$4 ,! fir/ religi\s s]vice ( ! day comes at ?ree o'clock ,a4,m4 ,at t h\r ! visitor he>s ! bells & gongs & ! dron+ ( songs & pray]s4 ,! p ( ! mona/]y all turn out to e>ly s]vice4 ,!re may be o!r s]vices ?r\gh\t ! day2 !re are also times ( m$itation1 & 9 special halls1 :]e no di/urbance is p]mitt$1 p]sons sp5d h\rs or entire days 9 sil5ce & pi\s ?\ght4 ,!re is always a /ew>d ^: bus9ess x is to att5d to ! food supply ( ! entire mona/]y4 ,9 a mona/]y ( a hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ p]sons 9 a remote m\nta9 di/rict1 ! /ew>d's "w is important & exact+4 ,at e mona/]y !re are1 ( c\rse1 "o or two cooks1 ^: bus9ess x is to prep>e ! food4 ,!re is regul>ly also1 a gr\p ( little fell[s1 boys f t5 to fifte5 ye>s ( age1 ^: bus9ess x is to help ^! o!rs on e occasion :5 help is ne$$4 ,^! boys h little 9 ! way ( religi\s duties1 b sweep+ & clean+1 err&s1 burd5 c>ry+ & h>d "w 9 g5]al falls on !m4 7,plate ,,xi47 ,! balance ( ! population 9 a mona/]y is devot$ to religi\s liv+4 ,^! include ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( p]sons--prie/s1 acolytes & orphans4 ,! mona/]ies h always be5 orphan asylums4 ,:5 a *ild 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd is left )\t p>5ts or o!r prop] gu>dians he is usually s5t to ! m\nta9 mona/]y2 unless ! unexpect$ happ5s he w gr[ up 9 ! way ( religion & become a prie/ or monk :5 ! "t arrives4 ,_m "y m5 come 9 f ! outside _w = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,!y look =w>d to becom+ monks1 b dur+ _! p]iod ( /udy !y let _! hair gr[ long1 dress z outsid]s & are reg>d$ z /ill belong+ to ! _w4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 c>ry out _! int5tion & rema9 p]man5tly 9 ! mona/]y4 ,?irdly1 !re are ! regul> monks & prie/s4 ,!y are dress$1 ( c\rse1 9 *>act]i/ic /yle1 & _! heads are %av$4 ,!y live on veget>ian food & are v[$ to celibacy4 ,at "s ( ! m important mona/]ies !re is a resid5t tea*]1 b mo/ ( !m dep5d ^u a tea*] s5t f ! head temple4 ,! greet+ giv5 him :5 he arrives is beautiful to see4 ,all "k :5 he is expect$1 & at ! h\r !y g 9 procession1 dress$ 9 _! be/ robes1 out to ! f>!/ gate to meet him4 ,:5 he arrives all b ! head prie/ pro/rate !mselves s t !y actually grovel 9 ! du/4 ,!n1 accompany+ him1 ) ! head prie/ walk+ be=e1 ! :ole company goes back to ! mona/]y & ! tea*+ almo/ imm$iately beg9s4 ,he b>ely takes a little refre%m5t & re/s a bit be=e he und]takes 8 duties4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 /ay ! tea*+ cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,"o class or gr\p comes 9 aft] ano!r2 ! tea*+ is sometimes f books1 sometimes f ! tea*]'s own exp]i5ce & k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,s>i monum5t to ,muhak3 ,hoiam-sa ,page #gc ,are ! mona/]ies really places ( great le>n+2 are !y c5t]s ( deep piety8 ,x is h>d to tell & mu* dep5ds on "o's def9ition4 ,we mu/ rememb] t !re are two va/ly diff]5t k9ds ( ,buddhism4 ,!y are almo/ opposite2 ! "o is c]ta9ly ! negation ( ! o!r4 ,! fir/ is ! ,buddhism :i* ! actual ,buddha taught4 ,y rememb] t he 0 an hi/oric "*1 :o liv$ at ab\t five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,an ,indian pr9ce1 he is kn[n "u v>i\s names z ,sakyamuni1 ,sidd>?a & ,gautama4 ,he pond]$ mu* ov] ! problems ( life & devot$ himself to ! solution ( my/]ies2 he tri$ asceticism & li/5$ to "o tea*] aft] ano!r2 he w&]$1 m$itat$1 fa/$2 he f9ally rea*$ enlight5m5t4 ,he decid$ t life 0 an illusion & a sn>e :i* "o w\ld gladly be rid (2 he discov]$ t ! *a9 t b\nd "o to ?is exi/5ce c\ld be brok54 ,release comes f c>eful conduct2 x comes ?r\gh "r liv+1 & "r ?9k+2 x comes 9 c\rse ( "t1 aft] _m _m exi/5ces2 ?r\gh "r liv+ 9 "o life man ga!rs k>ma :i* c>ries him to high] & high] /ages until at la/ he becomes a great s*ol>2 f9ally he becomes a ,bodhisattva1 :i* is b "o /ep f ,buddha-hood2 & f9ally1 f a ,bodhisattva1 ?r\gh enlight5m5t1 he becomes a true ,buddha & :5 8 e>?ly life ends1 passes out into oblivion1 blissful1 calm no?+ness4 ,buddha 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( _w tea*]s4 ,8 tea*+ 0 simple2 we may "w out release gradually f ! ?raldom into :i* we are born2 ?r\gh c>eful ?\ght & "r liv+ we may pass f /age to /age until at la/ we m]ge into inf9ity & lose our individuality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi ,head-prie/ & ,pagoda3 ,s9kei-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s ,page #gd ,buddha taught t we end 9 ,nirvana2 8 doctr9e 0 a revolt aga9/ ! idea ( an individual s\l t lives =ev]2 9 8 religion !re 7 no figures1 no idols1 no?+ = wor%ip4 ,buddhism prop] taught no?+ ab\t gods4 ,x simply taught m5 to /rive = enlight5m5t1 to become ,buddhas & to pass out into ,nirvana4 ,b ?is is n ! ,buddhism ( ,*9a1 ,korea or ,japan4 ,! ,buddhism ( ^! ?ree c\ntries recognizes an individual s\l t cont9ues4 ,x has scores ( gods & repres5ts !m by images or idols2 ! man :o lives to-day does n try to "w out salvation = himself ?r\gh /age aft] /age ( high] liv+4 ,on ! contr>y he seeks salvation ?r\gh ano!r & t o!r is ,amida ,buddha4 ,! ,koreans call him ,amida ,pul4 ,y may see !m any day /&+ outside ! temples repeat+ ov] & ov] aga9 ! =mula1 8,namu ,amida ,pul1 ,namu ,amida ,pul1 ,namu ,amida ,pul40 ,!y are !reby ga9+ salvation2 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,amida !y w rea* ! ,we/]n ,p>adise4 ,!re 0 no ,we/]n ,p>adise 9 ,buddha's tea*+2 !re 0 no cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! human s\l2 !re 0 no "o ?r\gh :om m5 might be sav$2 "o mu/ "w out 8 own salvation4 ,b 9 ?is second ,buddhism1 any p]son 9 a s+le mom5t may ga9 salvation4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a man has l$ a good or evil life1 dea?-b$ rep5tance may save him4 ,a man does no?+ = himself2 fai? only ?r\gh ! m]it ( ano!r w9s salvation--x s\nds l good ,presbyt]ian doctr9e4 ,x is evid5t t ^! two =ms ( ,buddhism c\ld n div]ge m widely ?an !y d4 ,! e>ly ,buddhism taught by ,sakyamuni is call$ ,h9ayana or ! 8,little ,vehicle40 ,! o!r =m is kn[n z ,mahayana ! 8,great ,vehicle40 ,korean ,buddhism is & = ! mo/ "p always has be5 ,mahayana1 yet 9 ! ,buddhi/ temples ( ! ,korean mona/]ies "o f9ds _m a figure ( ,sakyamuni & ! wor%ipp]s seem totally unconsci\s ( _! inconsi/5cy & ( ! fact t _! wor%ip ( ,sakya is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,ma9 ,temple3 ,yu*om-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s ,page #ce ,?is leads u to inquire reg>d+ sects4 ,japanese ,buddhism is divid$ into _m4 ,?us we may speak ( ,%+on1 ,jodo1 ,z51 or ,ni*ir5 ,buddhism !re4 ,ea* ( ^! names /&s = a def9ite sy/em ( doctr9al belief4 ,e /ud5t ( ,buddhism 9 ,japan kn[s ! fundam5tal diff]5ces ^u :i* ! doz5 or m ,japanese ,buddhi/ sects are bas$4 ,kn[+ some?+ ( ^! divisions 9 ,japan x 0 natural to ask on com+ into contact ) ,korean ,buddhism :at sects !y h4 ,! answ] 0 always imm$iate & glibly giv54 8,we h two sects--,sy5 & ,kyo40 ,?is 0 said ev]y:]e1 b ,i _c see t !re is any?+ 9 ,korean ,buddhism l ! sects ( ,japan4 ,9 ,%+on !re is a :ole s]ies ( doctr9es & beliefs & practices2 s 9 ,z51 s 9 e o!r sect4 ,e p]son belong+ to a giv5 sect holds ^? dogmas & practises ^? c]emonials *>act]i/ic ( 8 sect4 ,no man is at once ,%+on & ,z54 ,b 9 a ,korean mona/]y we f9d ,sy5 p m$itat+ & ,kyo p read+ & to-morr[ ! situation w be rev]s$1 & x seems z if ! t]ms apply m]ely to two modes ( discipl9e1 n to actually diff]5t sects4 ,at all ev5ts 9 ! same mona/]y we regul>ly f9d ,sy5 & ,kyo4 ,! texts ( ,mahayana ,buddhism 7 orig9ally 9 ,sanskrit4 ,!y h be5 translat$ into ,*9ese & x is 9 _! ,*9ese =m t !y are g5]ally /udi$ 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan4#g ,9 ,korean mona/]ies we n infrequ5tly f9d books t are pr9t$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 9 ,sanskrit *>act]s4 ,d ! ,korean monks "k ! ,sanskrit language8 ,f> f x4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re are a half-doz5 prie/s 9 all ,korea :o "k any?+ :atev] ( ! language4 ,at e temple "o may secure t>ani4 ,a t>ani is a %eet ( pap] ) some?+ pr9t$ on x 9 r$ f a wood-block4 ,! wood-blocks at ! diff]5t temples v>y & :ile mo/ ( ! *>act]s 9 ! pr9t+ are ,*9ese1 !re is a spr9kl+ ( ,sanskrit4 ,a t>ani is a sort ( passport to ! ,we/]n ,p>adise & x is suppli$ = burial ) ! dead4 ,:5 a man is burn$ or buri$ a t>ani is plac$ ) 8 body4 ,we secur$ !m f almo/ e mona/]y visit$4 ,p]haps no prie/ 9 ,korea c read !m4 ,we saw1 h[ev]1 at "o mona/]y1 an old book conc]n+ t>ani1 & x seems probable t ^! texts h be5 copi$ f su* books4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago !re seems to h be5 a special fancy = cutt+ ^! wood-blocks = pr9t+ t>ani & mo/ ( ^? we saw date f t "t4 ,int]e/+ are s>i monum5ts4 ,z we ne>$ ,yu*om-sa we pass$ t5 or twelve /one monum5ts ) a squ>e base1 a swell+ body & decorat$ tip4 ,we 7 told t ^! 7 s>i /ones & t 9 !m a s>i or 8jewel0 0 buri$4 ,^! s>i are curi\s ?+s4 ,x is said t :5 ! body ( a monk ( special piety is burn$ a little pebble w be f\nd among ! a%es4 ,x is irregul> 9 =m1 cle>ly %[s fusion1 & looks a little l a gem or cry/al4 ,x is believ$ t x has be5 =m$ f ! elem5ts ( ! dead body1 & !y say t only ab\t "o man out ( f\r hundr$ gives rise to "o ( ^! s>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,c>v$ ,door3 ,yu*om-sa ,page #hb ,i _h always _h my d\bts ab\t !m4 ,"o day at ,songkwang-sa1 :]e ! monks are exceptionally deprav$1 a policeman 0 ) u to see t no?+ happ5$4 ,com+ to "s s>i /ones we ask$ a monk ab\t !m4 ,he told u ! same /ory t we _h he>d be=e & we ask$ him if he really believ$ t x 0 true4 ,he answ]$1 8,o yes1 surely x is true40 ,! policeman1 h[ev]1 express$ vigor\s d\bt4 ,! monk repli$1 8,y don't believe x1 ,i w %[ y40 ,s we proce$$ to te> a s>i monum5t to pieces6 ,x seem$ a %ock+ ?+ to d4 ,we took (f ! top /one1 & laid x by1 & !n turn$ ! ma9 /one upside d[n4 ,at ! c5t] 0 a little cavity :i* 0 neatly cov]$ ) a ?9 %eet or disk ( e>!nw>e2 remov+ ?is we f\nd inside a hole fill$ ) pack+1 9 :i* 0 a small t9 capsule be>+ an inscription4 ,?is 0 said to be ! "n ( ! man :o _h honor$ ! dead prie/ by erect+ ! monum5t to him4 ,op5+ ! capsule x 0 f\nd to conta9 "s pack+ 9 ! mid/ ( :i* 0 ! little gem--all t rema9$ to repres5t ! wor?y dead man4 ,we put x back ) c>e1 replac$ ! pack+1 clos$ ! capsule1 repack$ x & recon/ruct$ ! monum5t z x _h be5 orig9ally4 ,no d\bt all ^! s>i /ones really conta9 "s su* relic4 ,t policeman _h 8 d\bts--,i /ill h d\bts z to j :at s>i are1 b x seems c]ta9 t all s>i /ones really h s>i 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,brahmanic ,gu>dian ( ,buddhism3 ,songkwang-sa ,page #gi ,!re is no "q t !re is mu* ignorance & ev5 vice among ! monks4 ,9 ?is mona/]y :]e we exam9$ ! matt] ( s>i /ones !re 7 only five m51 poor1 ignorant fell[s4 ,we e>ly notic$ t ! head prie/ !re lack$ a too?1 b only f\nd aft] we _h left ! place t ! mo/ dev\t ( ! five monks _h knock$ x out ! day be=e1 hav+ _h a fight ) 8 sup]ior4 ,! neighbors told u t t mona/]y 0 a place ( con/ant disord] & bad conduct4 ,at "o mona/]y we 7 ev5 mov$ to give a lesson 9 behavior4 ,"h we 7 accompani$ by a ,japanese policeman2 he 0 ) u to protect & give su* aid z possible1 b 0 absolutely ( no use4 ,! monks receiv$ u coldly1 answ]$ a few que/ions & !n disappe>$4 ,unaccu/om$ to su* treatm5t1 ,i compla9$ to ! policeman :o repli$1 8,?is mona/]y has a v bad "n 9 all ?is di/rict2 ! monks are av>ici\s2 !y are ?ieves2 !y always treat visitors badly2 !y d no?+ unless !y are well paid4 ,t is :y ,i came ) y40 ,i repli$1 8,:y don't y d some?+1 !n8 ,tell !m to come out & d _! duty40 ,he %ook 8 head sadly & said1 8,y d n "k ! reputation ( ?is temple h]eab\ts2 x has a v bad "n inde$40 ,s turn+ to my int]pret] ,i said1 8,we mu/ deal ) ?is problem "r "h40 ,call+ a prie/ ,i said to him1 8,i und]/& t 9 ?is mona/]y y h a bad "n2 !re is no "t to wa/e2 we want no delays2 call e monk & prie/ "h at once40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x,xa ,deva ,k+1 ,gu>dian ( ,_w ,qu>t]3 ,sukwang-sa ,page #gi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x,xb ,deva ,k+1 ,gu>dian ( ,_w ,qu>t]3 ,sukwang-sa ,page #gi ,he did s1 & :5 !y _h come ,i plac$ !m 9 a semicircle be=e me & spoke to !m4 8,y are ,buddhi/s2 y be> ! "n ( ,buddha1 a great tea*]2 he 0 k9d & good & c>$ no?+ = money2 he desir$ to help p & make !m bett]1 & p :o are ,buddhi/s %\ld be l him2 ,i am told t y are av>ici\s & :5 visitors come "h y treat !m ) unk9dness & disc\rtesy unless !y pay y well2 ,i %all pay y no?+1 b ,i want y to ?9k ( ! disgrace y br+ ^u y\r "n by su* conduct2 ,i am visit+ ! mona/]ies because ,i wi% to see :e!r ,buddhism is a liv+ =ce 9 ?is l&2 ,i wi% to see h[ y monks live & :at y\r conduct is1 & :at ! p say ab\t y2 g back to y\r rooms & ?9k ov] :at ,i h said2 z ,i g f place to place1 look+ at ?+s "h1 ,i expect to h !m op51 & ,i wi% y to treat me z a bro!r & a fri5d2 rememb] t o!rs :o may come aft] me des]ve equally good treatm5t2 x is a %ame to br+ disgrace ^u a cause40 ,well1 !re 0 an in/ant conv]sion4 ,poor1 ignorant fell[s1 liv+ 9 _! remote m\nta9 mona/]y1 h[ %\ld !y "k bett]8 ,!y gave me honey wat] & popp$ rice2 !y %[$ me _! build+s & _! treasure2 !y begg$ t ,i w\ld come aga9 & "s accompani$ me1 :5 ,i 0 leav+1 d[n to ! out] gate4 ,z = ignorance1 x is probable t v few ( !m c\ld pass exam9ation on any k9d ( ,buddhism1 :e!r ,h9ayana or ,mahayana4 ,:at m c\ld be expect$8 ,surely we c sc>cely ?r[ /ones4 ,:at d mo/ ( u "k ab\t ,*ri/ian doctr9e8 ,h[ wise religi\sly are ! common p 9 our *ur*es8 ,9 a rec5t newspap] x 0 /at$ t a man among u ask$ five pr(essional m5 ab\t ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,d y suppose he got mu* 9 ! way ( a satisfactory answ]8 ,9 reality he got no?+4 ,all ^! educat$ m5 _h o!r bus9ess ?an to "k ab\t ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!y 7 n well in=m$ 9 reg>d to ! religion 9 :i* !y _h be5 re>$2 & yet we expect ,buddhi/s1 :o h be5 exil$ 9 m\nta9 mona/]ies = f\r hundr$ ye>s to "k s mu*6 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,gigantic ,deva ,k+1 ,gu>dian ( ,_w ,qu>t]3 ,pawp*u-sa 7,! ,korean /&+ by is a man ( normal /ature7 ,page #hj ,h[ is ! population ( ! mona/]ies ma9ta9$8 ,:5ce d new memb]s come to-day8 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 always a supply ( orphan *ildr51 few ( :om ev] g back into ! _w aft] !y h be5 br\ght up 9 mona/]y surr\nd+s4 ,o!r p drift 9 = _m reasons4 ,m5 :o h lo/ _! fri5ds & relatives by dea? (t5 g to ! mona/]ies4 ,s d ^? :o fail 9 bus9ess1 or :o h be5 disappo9t$ 9 life ent]prises4 ,! head-prie/ ( "o small1 b v fam\s1 anci5t mona/]y1 only rec5tly became religi\s2 he _h be5 employ$ z a janitor or help] 9 a ,buddhi/ temple ( ,japanese 9 a ,korean city & became int]e/$ & attract$4 ,! head-prie/ ( "o ( my favorite mona/]ies 0 9 ! _w until he _h rea*$ ! age ( fifty ye>s or m2 he _h be5 9 milit>y s]vice & ,i believe1 _h ris5 to ! rank ( ,colonel2 gett+ on 9 ye>s1 h[ev]1 he began to ?9k s]i\sly ( religi\s matt]s & retreat$ to ! mona/]y4 ,) "o "y prie/ at ,yu*om-sa 9 ! ,diamond ,m\nta9s we talk$ = h\rs1 until midnight4 ,he 0 g5u9e2 he _h ! _s ( true religion2 he 0 a ?9k] & 0 9 ! mona/]y f pr9ciple4 ,!re are no d\bt _m l him4 ,we 7 at ,tongdo-sa on ,buddha's bir?day4 ,x is "o ( ! great mona/]ies ( ! ,s\?4 ,!y knew we 7 com+ & !re=e we f\nd a place to sleep4 ,:5 we 7 )9 ?ree or f\r miles ( x we f\nd ourselves 9 a cr[d ( p]sons go+ up to ! celebration4 ,! ne>e/ railway /ation is ab\t t5 miles away4 ,mo/ ( ! p1 h[ev]1 _h walk$ f _! homes4 ,x is a m\nta9 di/rict1 sp>sely settl$2 !re are surely only two or ?ree t[ns ( any size )9 fifte5 miles ( ! place4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! mona/]y we f\nd "o ( ! livelie/ sc5es we ev] witness$ 9 ,korea4 ,! head-prie/ told u t t5 ?\s& p slept on ! gr\nds ( ! temple t night4 ,! majority ( !m 7 wom54 ,( c\rse1 t w\ld h be5 true if x _h be5 a ,presbyt]ian ga!r+4 ,we 7 two nights !re4 ,on ! full day t we sp5t ) !m a wond]ful cr[d ( p 0 pres5t2 !re 7 a few ,japanese--a tea*] & "o or two (ficials--b ap>t f ^! ! multitude 0 ,korean4 ,probably fifte5 ?\s& p 7 !re t day4 ,we f\nd t "o ( ! ev5ts ( t ev5+ 0 a mov+-picture %[ 9 "o ( ! mona/]y build+s4 ,! life ( ,buddha 0 to be repres5t$ 9 mov+ pictures4 ,all ?is does n look mu* l dea?6 ,x is said t at ! o!r head mona/]ies !re 7 proportionately equal cr[ds4 ,we (t5 ask$ :at ef=ts 7 be+ made at mona/]ies = g5]al improvem5t & help+ ! outside _w4 ,! purpose ( a mona/]y1 ( c\rse1 is n relat$ to su* und]tak+s4 ,9 all religions1 at all times1 mona/]ies h be5 only = p]sons :o 7 seek+ individual improvem5t or salvation4 ,9 _! v ess5ce !y are n philan?ropic or re=m movem5ts4 ,/ill1 ) ! lack ( temples 9 ! cities & def9ite tea*+ ( ! p ?r\gh !m1 x might seem z if some?+ w\ld be und]tak5 by ! mona/]ies4 ,9 reality !re is mu* m 9 ?is direction ?an c\ld be expect$4 ,at sev]al ( ! mona/]ies !re is a s*ool = outside *ildr52 "s h und]tak5 a def9ite "w ( tea*+ & "s o!rs realize t !y h a g5u9e opportunity to aid 9 ! elevation ( ! c\ntry4 ,m & m ! mona/]ies seem to awake to ! exi/5ce ( ^! possibilities4 ,korean ,buddhism has1 p]haps1 a political "p to play4 ,:5 ! ,japanese took ov] ,korea1 ,buddhi/s came into ! c\ntry 9 great numb]s4 ,japanese prie/s & temples came ) ^! settl]s4 ,^! prie/s & temples are 9 ! cities & l>g] t[ns4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 fit ) ! ,koreans4 ,!re might be ?\s&s ( !m & !y w\ld /ill n make ,korean conv]ts--n because ! ,japanese are n ready to d mission "w1 b because ! ,koreans are n ready to accept x4 ,! ,korean ,buddhism ( to-day is actually ,korean1 n ,japanese4 ,i c imag9e no?+ t w\ld be m dang]\s to ,japanese control ?an a /rong & vital ,korean ,buddhism t 0 ho/ile to ,japan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i c ?9k ( no?+ t w\ld be a great] help to ,japan ?an a ,korean ,buddhism develop$ among ^? p by _! own prie/s & fri5dly to ,japan4 ,:at ,korean ,buddhism is to be 9 ! future dep5ds ^u its relation to ! gov]nm5t n[ !re4 ,if ,korean ,buddhism accepts & cop]ates ) ! ,japanese control1 x w become ! mightie/ factor t c be devis$ to make ,japan's hold on ! p59sula secure4 ,if ho/ile to ,japan1 :5 ! crisis comes1 z x surely w come1 :5 ,japan w be tri$ out aga9 & once = all on ,korean soil1 ,korean ,buddhism may be ! decisive elem5t 9 t mom5t ( te/4 ,,korean ,,buddhism3 ,,art ,to-night we are to consid] art 9 ,korean ,buddhism4 ,we %all exam9e x "u six diff]5t =ms--sc5]y1 sculpture 9 /one1 wood c>v+1 ar*itecture1 images or idols & pa9t+4 ,p]haps x sc>cely seems to y z if sc5]y--real l&scape1 n l&scape pa9t+--7 art4 ,9 ! ,ori5t1 h[ev]1 x is surely su*4 ,ea/]n peoples h = hundr$s ( ye>s be5 passionately fond ( ! beautiful 9 nature4 ,*9ese1 ,koreans1 ,japanese w travel on foot or by any possible conveyance _m miles to see a fam\s view4 ,!y locate _! h\ses 9 pretty places2 !y build temples & %r9es ^u comm&+ po9ts4 ,:5 ! ,korean monks1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 7 compell$ to take refuge 9 ! m\nta9s1 !y locat$ _! build+s 9 surr\nd+s h>moni\s to ! religion4 ,_! locations h be5 *os5 ) great c>e4 ,& !re is mu* m 9 sc5]y ?an ! c>eless spectator ?9ks2 = ! ,ori5tal sc5]y always conta9s some?+ ( ! esot]ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,wall ,pa9t+3 ! ,:ite ,tortoise ,sc5e ( ! ,sei-yeu-ki3 ,pongeum-sa ,page #hc ,= example1 ?9k ( ! ,diamond ,m\nta9s4 ,!y are a rem>kable tangle ( peaks & ridges2 measur+ only ?irty or =ty miles across1 ! area is m or less elliptical 9 =m2 x is call$ 8! twelve ?\s& peaks0 or summits4 ,! ,diamond ,m\nta9s h be5 fam\s = two ?\s& ye>s1 & fam\s n only 9 ,korea1 b 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,!y h be5 ! !me ( hundr$s ( poems & h furni%$ mat]ial = scores ( books1 "s ( !m hundr$s ( ye>s old4 ,arti/s h delight$ 9 depict+ _! beauties4 ,! ,diamond ,m\nta9s ) _! twelve ?\s& peaks are divid$ into two portions4 ,! "n ,diamond ,m\nta9s 9 itself is mo/ sugge/ive2 ! diamond is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s symbols 9 ,buddhism--indicat+ purity1 cle>ness1 brightness--& ,korean ,buddhism 0 a religion ( light & illum9ation4 ,! two divisions ( ! ,diamond ,m\nta9s are kn[n z ! ,inn] & ! ,out] ,kongo4 ,! travell] may visit ! out] region & realize b little ( ! true significance ( ,kongo-,san4 ,9 ! ,inn] ,kongo e out/&+ rock is significant4 ,e build+ has be5 plac$ ) ref]5ce to "s hidd5 mean+ ( ! l&scape1 & ) e /ep ! visitor goes deep] & deep] into my/]y4 ,let u approa* a m\nta9 mona/]y4 ,! trail is well m>k$ long be=e we see ! build+s4 ,once ^u ! gr\nds we come to "s ( ^? c>v$ po/s or pill>s1 devil po/s1 *angson1 :i* 7 illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ lecture1 & 7 no d\bt tak5 ov] f ! old-"t paganism4 ,we pass ?r\gh ! out] gate4 ,all ! gates be> names significant to ! ?\ghtful wor%ipp]4 ,we pass ?r\gh gate aft] gate l 8! gateway ( ,life10 8! gate ( ,all-p[]ful ,tru?10 8! gate ( ,illum9ation40 ,_m ( ^! gates are pavilions1 re/+-places1 :5ce "o may view ! sc5]y1 or visit ) companions1 or m$itate 9 prep>ation = wor%ip4 ,z we approa* ! build+s we may f9d ourselves 9 a n>r[+ valley1 or pass+ "s cascade4 ,all ! rock cliffs h be5 seiz$ & utiliz$ & be> inscriptions1 beautifully cut into ! /one mat]ial4 ,we see ! =mula1 con/antly on ! tongue ( ,korean ,buddhi/s1 ,namu ,amida ,pul1 n once or doz5s ( times1 b ev]y:]e1 repeat$ hundr$s ( times ov]4 ,! ,daimon1 or great gateway1 is ! la/2 x signifies ! gate ( dea? ?r\gh :i* we rea* ! heav5ly life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,wall ,pa9t+s on ,pla/]3 ,sukwang-sa ,page #he ,at la/ we come to ! mass ( mona/]y build+s4 ,e temple has its "n m>k$ cle>ly on x1 sometimes ! names !mselves are sugge/ive1 help+ ! wor%ipp] to cle>] ?\ght & s]i\s m$itation4 ,! second =m ( art is sculpture 9 /one4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! =mul & o!r inscriptions cut ^u ! cliffs4 ,to ! ,ori5tal eye !y are z beautiful & repres5t z mu* arti/ic skill z figures w\ld4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 also on ! natural rock faces1 designs & figures cut 9 l[ relief1 :i* we f9d 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places4 ,9 ! ,inn] ,kongo !re are _m great repres5tations ( ! ,buddhas cut ^u ! v]tical rock face4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 are ?ree figures1 tw5ty feet 9 height1 "o ( ! great ,buddhi/ tr9ities4 ,aga91 !re is a repres5tation ( ,monju1 ( ev5 great] size4 7,plate ,,xiv47 ,on ano!r face ( rocks are ! figures ( ! fam\s fifty-?ree ,buddhas :o came s long ago to live & die among ! ,diamond ,m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,great figures ( ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity1 seat$3 ,pawp*u-sa4 ,sakya1 ,monju1 ,fug5 ,page #hh ,9 a =m] lecture we ref]r$ to ! cave *apel ( ,sukkul-am4 ,x is full ( beauty4 ,excavat$ 9 ! slope ne> a great ridge summit1 x looks out ^u ! ,ea/]n ,sea4 ,9 ! old days x 0 approa*$ by a f9e flight ( /eps4 ,f its summit a passageway l$ to ! subt]ranean *amb]4 ,x 0 bord]$ on bo? sides by slabs c>v$ ) figures 9 high relief4 ,"h are ! two gu>dian demons1 ! f\r k+s ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 ! six g5]als4 ,pass+ betwe5 !m we rea* ! little circul> *apel1 ab\t ?irty feet across1 subt]rane\sly situat$ 9 ! hillside4 ,its l[1 vault$ ro( is an +5i\s & wond]ful con/ruction4 ,! surr\nd+ walls are fill$ ) slabs be>+ f9e c>v+s4 ,"h are ?ree spl5did figures ( ,bodhisattvas1 ) boat-%ap$ haloes1 ?ree o!r figures ( ,bodhisattvas ) r\nd haloes1 & di/ribut$ betwe5 !m ! t5 fir/ disciples ( ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,^! t5 figures pres5t m>vell\s detail ( feature2 n only p]sonal diff]5ces1 b race diff]5ces are %>ply br\ght out2 m ?an t ! figures 7 orig9ally color$1 & no d\bt1 diff]5t races are indicat$ by ! diff]5t t9ts4 ,!re is no "q t individuals ( diff]5t races 7 among ! fir/ disciples ( ! ,buddha4 ,& 9 ! c5t] ( all ?is beauty1 ?is fl[]+ ( anci5t art1 sits ! /one ,buddha1 on 8 lotus p$e/al4 ,x is a monoli?1 cut f a block ( /one ab\t elev5 feet 9 height4 ,x is beautiful 9 pose1 9 feature1 & 9 expression4 ,= almo/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s x has sat !re calmly look+ out ^u ! ,ea/]n ,sea4 ,e morn+ x is greet$ by ! ris+ sun4 ,besides figures cut 9 high relief1 ! old arti/s made full sculptures 9 ! r\nd4 ,su*1 ( c\rse1 0 ! ,buddha figure1 j describ$4 ,su* are ! great miriok1 sculptur$ f natural rock p9nacles1 l ! "o at ,eunj94 ,y may rememb] ! picture ( a giant lotus p$e/al1 ly+ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ,kumsan-sa 7,plates ,v1 ,,vi71 :i* we %[$ y 9 ! fir/ lecture2 x is at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s ( age4 ,9 ! same c\rty>d1 y rememb] t we saw a little t[] or pagoda ( /one1 ?irte5 /ories high1 b 9 reality no tall] ?an a man4 ,at ,pawp*u-sa !re is t spl5did b[l ( /one1 m ?an twelve hundr$ ye>s ( age1 :i* 9 its "t1 no d\bt1 0 fill$ ) pure wat] = ! cleans+ ( ! h&s & m\? ( wor%ipp]s4 ,sometimes we f9d /one lant]ns & occasionally ^! are support$ by animal figures 9 c>yatid =ms4 ,!n !re are ! s>i /ones & alt>s & turtle-borne monum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,great figures ( ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity1 /&+3 ,kumsan-sa4 ,amida1 ,kwannon1 ,daisei%i 7,?irty feet or s 9 height7 ,page #hi ,look at ?is s]ies ( pictures f ,hoiam-sa1 "o ( ! fir/ temples we visit$ 9 #aiag4 7,plate ,,xv47 ,to-day x is a place ( no significance1 b x 0 once a great religi\s c5t] & has be5 associat$ ) ?ree fam\s m54 ,x *anc$ ! day we visit$ x t ! ?ree monks :o live !re 7 ab\t to celebrate ! day sacr$ to ! memory ( ^! not$ tea*]s2 gifts & (f]+s & all ! p>aph]nalia = wor%ip 7 laid out1 ready4 ,^! ?ree m5 7 ,muhak1 ,*ikong & ,nanong4 ,*ikong 0 a native ( ,india1 :o sp5t 8 la/ days 9 ,korea4 ,nanong 0 *apla9 & preceptor ( ,k+ ,kong-,m9-,oang1 ! la/ k+ ( ! ,koryu dyna/y4 ,muhak 0 ! *apla9 & preceptor ( ,yi-tajo1 f\nd] ( ! ,yi ,dyna/y4 ,beh9d ! mona/]y build+ !re rises a rem>kable n>r[-back$ & slop+ ridge4 ,x be>s a l9e ( monum5ts re>$ to ! memory ( ^! ?ree m54 ,! /ones commemorat+ ,*ikong & ,nanong 7 erect$ by ,muhak 9 ! ye> #acic2 ! /ones 9 memory ( him 7 re>$ 9 #adja4 ,! monum5t to ea* ( ^! wor?ies consi/s ( f\r /one objects--a lant]n1 an alt>1 a s>i /one--:i* ,i suppose conta9s ! jewel t 0 left aft] ! burn+ ( ! man 9 ^: honor x 0 re>$--& a /one turtle figure f ^: back rises a slab be>+ a long inscription4 ,^! turtle-/ones ) inscrib$ slabs are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ,korea2 ! turtle is ! symbol ( longevity & its use 9 ?is connection brea!s ! wi% t ! memory ( ! ?+ record$ may endure t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,^! monum5ts are typical & good examples ( _! class4 ,! c>v+ on ,muhak's s>i /one is p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,9 connection ) /one "w we mu/ rem9d y aga9 ( ! t[]s or pagodas ( :i* y h se5 repeat$ illu/rations4 ,"h we %[ b "o to refre% y\r memory4 7,plate ,,xvi47 ,su* t[]s or pagodas rise 9 /ories1 numb]+ f ?ree to ?irte51 b always odd--?ree1 five1 sev51 ?irte54 ,!re are hundr$s ( !m scatt]$ ov] ! p59sula & at all ! old mona/]ies y w f9d !m4 ,"s ( ^? 9 ! mona/]ies ( ! ,diamond ,m\nta9s claim to be fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( age or m4 ,!y are symbolical1 v>i\sly2 !y may d5ote ! life ( ! individual1 po9t+ heav5w>d1 develop+ f "o /age ( p]fection to ano!r2 !y may mean ! body ( ! fai?ful1 or ! *ur*2 ! simple ?ree-/ory t[]s symbolize e>?1 sky & heav54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,figures--a ,trio ( ,tr9ities3 ,sukwang-sa 7,! figures are said to be ,kwannon1 ,amida1 ,daisei%i1 ,monju1 ,vairo%ana1 ,fug51 ,jihi1 ,sakyamuni1 ,teikak>a7 ,page #hi ,?irdly1 are ! wood5 figures & o!r c>v+s 9 wood4 ,& be=e we /udy ^! 9 detail let u rememb] t all religions are accu/om$ to borr[ f ^? t h prec$$ !m4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity we h quantities ( sup]/ition l+]+ on f our days ( paganism4 ,e religion t attempts a propag&a is compell$ to take ov] mu* f ! fai?s :i* x displaces4 ,india is a v]itable "m ( religions4 ,"o aft] ano!r great religi\s sy/ems h develop$ !re4 ,9 v anci5t days !re 0 ! simple nature wor%ip ( ! old ,aryans1 z %[n u 9 _! sacr$ hymns1 ! ,v$as4 ,among _! gods two ( ! greate/ 7 ,brahma & ,indra4 ,brahma 0 ! creator1 ,indra 0 a god ( heav51 an atmosph]ic deity :o wield$ ?und]bolts1 :o hurl$ lightn+ /rokes aga9/ ! foe4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! old ,aryans advanc$ 9 culture1 & _! anci5t wor%ip gave way to a sy/ematiz$ religion1 ,brahmanism1 ) _m gods1 hav+ def9ite names & qualities & attributes4 ,b old ,brahma & ,indra liv$ on f ! e>ly days into ,brahmanism4 ,9 t sy/em ,brahma 0 ! k+ ( all ! gods1 ,indra 0 ! k+ ( heav5--hav+ a special heav5 ( great beauty4 ,x is said t 8 heav5 0 situat$ betwe5 ! f\r peaks ( ,m]u & consi/$ ( ?irty-two cities ( ,devas1 eight on ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! m\nta94 ,indra's capital 0 at ! c5t] :]e he sat en?ron$1 ) a ?\s& eyes & f\r arms grasp+ ! ?und]bolt1 9 company ) 8 wife & elev5 ?\s& & n9e hundr$ concub9es4 ,!re he receiv$ mon?ly reports reg>d+ ! progress ( good & evil 9 ! _w f 8 f\r ,mah>ajas1 heav5ly k+s ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,! ^w ,deva 9 ,brahmanism is appli$ to ! gods 9 g5]al2 if a god is n specifically nam$ he is call$ a ,deva4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,figure & ,pa9t+ ( ,kwannon3 ,pomo-sa ,page #hi ,brahmanism 0 ! religion ( ,india :5 ,buddha came4 ,he devot$ 8 life to its ov]?r[1 & 8 tea*+ 0 ho/ile to its assumptions4 ,curi\sly1 h[ev]1 9 ! popul> traditional life ( ,buddha _m incid5ts are m5tion$ 9 :i* ! fri5dlie/ ( relations 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,buddha & ! ,devas ( ! old fai?4 ,?us x is said t ,brahma himself appe>$ to ,buddha & begg$ him to beg9 8 tea*+4 ,indra 9 ^! /ories repeat$ly %[s 8 fri5d%ip4 ,!re is "o spl5did occasion m5tion$ 9 :i* ,buddha _h be5 to ,indra's heav52 :5 he 0 ready to desc5d1 /airs appe>$ = him made ( ! *oice/ & mo/ beautiful mat]ials1 & z he came d[n ?is /airway1 ,brahma desc5d$ by a side /airway ( silv] & ,indra ^u a /airway ( purple gold ^u ! o!r side1 :ile ) !m came ?\s&s ( ,devas1 s++ ,buddha's praises4 ,! f\r ,mah>ajas1 heav5ly k+s ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 :o report$ to ,indra e mon?1 %[$ !mselves equally fri5dly4 ,on "o occasion ,buddha 0 )\t a begg+ b[l2 ! ,deva k+s came to him & ea* "o (f]$ a begg+ b[l ( em]ald2 ! ,buddha refus$ to take !m1 z !y 7 ( too preci\s mat]ial2 s !y (f]$ b[ls less f9e & ea* 0 /r5u\s t he %\ld accept 8 gift2 s ,buddha took ! f\r b[ls & plac+ !m toge!r1 lo1 !y became a s+le b[l1 b ) a rim %[+ h[ f\r _h m]g$1 s t none ( ! k9d ,devas 0 neglect$ or hurt 9 feel+1 & ! (f]+ ( all 0 accept$ by ! ,great ,tea*]2 x is said t ?is begg+ b[l 0 9 exi/5ce hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ,buddha's "t1 kept z a preci\s treasure 9 a temple4 ,we ne$ n !n1 be surpris$1 to f9d t a numb] ( ! old ,brahmanic gods 7 tak5 bodily ov] into ,buddhism4 ,brahma & ,indra are 9 fact to-day consid]$ 9 ,mahayana to be ! *ief patrons & protectors ( ,buddhism4 ,! f\r ,mah>ajas h also be5 tak5 ov] completely4 ,& ,yama1 ! v anci5t god ( hell1 to-day f9ds himself z com=table 9 ,buddhism z he ev] c\ld h be5 9 ,brahmanism1 or 9 ! e>li] ,aryan wor%ip ( ! ,v$as4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,hall ( ! ,t5 ,k+s ( ,hell3 ,yongju-sa 7,notice comb9ation ( figures & pa9t+2 ! god ( hell ) two help]s1 five k+s ) small s]vants1 two o!r (fic]s1 & "o ( ! two ,brahmanic gu>dians7 ,page #ia ,approa*+ any ,buddhi/ temple 9 ,japan or ,korea y are almo/ sure to f9d two gigantic figures /&+ at ! out] gate4 ,!y are ! old gods ,brahma & ,indra4 ,!y are repres5t$ z full-muscl$ m5 ( gigantic size1 wre/l+ aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil4 7,plate ,,xix47 ,at ano!r gate1 f>!r up ! trail1 "o is almo/ sure to f9d ! ,mah>ajas1 heav5ly k+s ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 "u %elt]1 ea* 9 a ni*e or alcove2 usually !re are two on ei!r side z "o passes ?r\gh ! gate4#h ,be+ relat$ to ! c>d9al po9ts1 !y are always arrang$ 9 ! same ord]1 & are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by hav+ diff]5t color$ faces1 ea* hav+ ! color prop] to ! di/rict ov] :i* he has control4 7,plate ,x,xa1 b47 ,ea* c>ries a *>act]i/ic object1 ?us "o be>s a pagoda or t[] on 8 h&1 ano!r c>ries a blaz+ jewel1 ! ?ird v>ies :at he c>ries1 b frequ5tly he plays ^u a lute1 ! f\r? "o has a sword2 ^! f\r great ,brahman deities are f\nd to-day 9 ,korea at e ,buddhi/ mona/]y1 at ! gate commonly call$ 8! gate ( ! f\r k+s02 !re !y wat*1 gu>d+ ! mona/]y aga9/ all h>m4 ,^! are almo/ always figures ( wood1 b r>ely "o may f9d pa9t+s on ! wood5 walls in/ead ( ! figures4 ,:ile ^! gu>dian k+s are always repres5t$ 9 h]oic size ! s]ies at ,pawp*u-sa are ( extraord9>y dim5sions1 probably ! l>ge/ 9 ,korea4 7,plate ,,xxi47 ,yama1 too1 0 tak5 ov] f ! old] fai?4 ,! god ( hell1 he 0 assi/$ by t5 help]s2 ea* ( ^! s]v$ z 8 repres5tative 9 a sep>ate hell1 or division ( t place ( torm5t4 ,yama judges s\ls & inflicts p5alties1 assigns duties1 & directs all ! details ( 8 realm4 ,9 mo/ ,korean mona/]ies !re w be a hall ( ! t5 k+s 9 :i* we see figures ( ,yama ) 8 assi/ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,hall ( ,five ,hundr$ ,rakan3 ,sukwang-sa ,page #ij ,next we may consid] ar*itecture4 ,we place x f\r? because we h pursu$ a logical ord] ( approa*4 ,com+ ?r\gh ! beautiful sc5]y1 we h pass$ ov] ! trail1 notic+ ! inscriptions on ! cliffs1 pass+ by ! gu>dians ( ! out] gate1 walk+ betwe5 ! f\r k+s on _! ceaseless gu>d1 b at la/ h come to ! mona/]y build+s prop] & see !m 9 _! age & beauty be=e u4 ,we h already se5 repres5tations ( _m ( ^! temples 9 ! prec$+ lectures4 ,y h notic$ t all 7 built ( wood2 y h obs]v$ ! curi\s mode ( timb]+2 y h /udi$ ! tangle ( project+ timb] ends "u ! ro(--! decorative features appli$ to !m1 ! c>v+ & pa9t+2 r$1 gre51 black1 :ite & blue1 ! gaudie/ ( colors are us$ ^u !m 9 a fa%ion :i* we c\ld n conceive1 & f :i* we w\ld expect di%>mony1 ?\gh ! real effect is *>m+4 ,y h exam9$ 9 detail ! c>v$ decoration ( ! doors1 sometimes foliage1 aga9 floral1 or ) figures m+l$ ) ! o!r designs4 7,plate ,,xviii47 ,:ile ! build+s !mselves are always ( wood !re is a curi\s use made ( /one at times 9 ! way ( supports4 ,y rememb] 9 a picture f ,sukwang-sa ?is 0 illu/rat$4 ,! build+ 0 9 ! nature ( a pavilion :]e tablets be>+ names 7 left by visitors2 ! pavilion 0 borne ^u upright columns ( /one1 highly *>act]i/ic ( ,korea1 b n common else:]e4 ,ano!r feature ( ! ar*itecture is wall-pa9t+ & "h we f9d two diff]5t k9ds4 ,pictures may be pa9t$ directly ^u ! woodwork ( ! wall4 ,x is m common1 h[ev]1 to panel ! timb]$ walls ) pla/]+ & !n to pa9t ^u ! pla/]4 ,let u exam9e examples ( bo? k9ds4 ,y rememb] t among ! ,buddhi/ books rec5tly pr9t$ 9 on-mun 0 an allegory by a ,*9ese monk4 ,! writ]'s "n 0 ,*iu-,*ang-,*un2 he 0 born 9 #abjh & di$ 9 #abhh4 ,8 book 0 nam$ ,sei-yeu-ki2 at ,pongeum-sa1 a sc5e tak5 f 8 book is pa9t$ on ! wood5 wall4 ,we pres5t x z an example ( ?is k9d ( decoration4 ,x repres5ts a sc5e f ! clos+ "p ( ! old /ory4 7,plate ,,xxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,extraord9>y comb9ations ( ,rakan figures3 ,hall ( ,five ,hundr$ ,rakan3 ,songkwang-sa ,page #ij ,! pilgrims _h almo/ f9i%$ _! j\rney & 7 return+ 9 /ate1 on *]ubim1 ) a great collection ( idols & sacr$ texts4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !y _h suff]$ only eighty trials1 & x seems t to be p]fect !y %\ld pass ?r\gh eighty-"o--n9e times n9e--s angels 7 s5t to ov]take ! eight *]ubim1 & tell !m privately t !y mu/ let ! monks suff] "o trial m4 ,?is ! angels did4 ,z a sample ( ! /ory1 & 9 explanation ( ! picture we quote f ,dr4 ,ri*>d's translation4 8,x 0 a /range s5sation to be on ! gr\nd aga94 ,!y _h come d[n ne> "s wat]4 ,! ma/] ask$1 #8,c anyone tell me :]e we are8' ,! monkey said1 #8,ma/]1 ?is is ! m\? ( ! ,milky ,way ,riv]4' ,! riv] 0 wide4 ,x 0 also a lonely place1 )\t h\ses or boats1 & !y 7 on ! we/]n side4 ,h[ c\ld !y get across8 ,two ( !m sugge/$ t s9ce ! ma/] _h left 8 mortal body beh9d !y c\ld cross ! riv] by magic1 b ! monkey said1 #8,no1 x _c be done4' ,he knew t !re 0 "o trial m to und]go1 & x 0 = ?is !y _h /opp$ on ! way4 ,!n !y he>d a cry1 #8,*9ese prie/1 come ?is way4' ,!y w5t & f\nd t x 0 ! :ite tortoise1 :o _h f]ri$ !m ov] z !y w5t ,we/1 at ! "t :5 !y _h sav$ ! family at ,*5 ,kia ,*wang4 ,! tortoise said he _h be5 wait+ = _! return = a long "t & 0 glad to see !m4 ,! practical monkey said1 #8,=m]ly we _h to tr\ble y4 ,n[ we meet aga94' ,at ?is ! f\r pilgrims 7 v rejoic$ to see ! tortoise4 ,he took !m & ! horse all on 8 back & swam across to ! o!r side4 ,z !y ne>$ ! ,ea/]n %ore & x 0 gett+ d>k1 ! tortoise said1 #8,ma/]1 :5 y w5t ,we/ ,i ask$ y to inquire ( ,buddha = me h[ ,i might return to my =m] /ate1 & :5 ,i might get a human body4 ,did y rememb] to ask8' ,b ! ma/] _h be5 s absorb$ 9 8 own affairs t he _h completely =gott5 ! tortoise & 8 reque/ & s he _h no?+ to say4 ,! tortoise1 f9d+ t he _h be5 =gott51 turn$ a som]sault1 & ?rew all & ev]y?+ into ! riv]4 ,happily ! mortal body ( ! ma/] _h be5 ex*ang$ = an immortal "o1 & !re=e he 0 safe 9 ! wat]4 ,! pig & ! monkey1 ! boy & ! horse1 7 also at home 9 ! wat]1 b ! books 7 all soak$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,pa9t+ ( ! ,sev5 ,/>s3 ,sukwang-sa ,page #ib ,! old allegory took a /rong hold ^u ,ea/]n ,asia & !re mu/ h be5 hundr$s ( pictures pa9t$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t repres5t+ its incid5ts4 ,z an example ( ! wall-pa9t+s on pla/] we may /udy a gr\p ( pa9t+s1 ea* repres5t+ an individual be+1 f "o ( ! ma9 temples at ,sukwang-sa4 ,none ( ^! figures is haphaz>d1 or )\t significance4 ,ea* w\ld be recogniz$ by ! well-in=m$ ,buddhi/4 7,plate ,,xxiii47 ,fif? are ! idols or images4 ,9 ! ,buddhism taught by ,sakya !re 0 no room = !m4 ,! ,great ,tea*] recogniz$ no gods1 & 8 foll[]s %\ld h no repres5tations ( deities4 ,9 ,amida ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 !re are _m gods1 & a multitude ( figures4 ,! ,buddhas1 !mselves are all repres5t$ among !m includ+ ,sakya4 ,:5 we exam9e ! figures wor%ipp$ 9 ,buddhi/ temples we f9d ?ree gr\ps1 7a7 ,buddhas1 7b7 ,bodhisattvas1 7c7 ,arhats or ,rakan4 ,sakya 0 n ! fir/ ,buddha2 9 fact he 0 ! tw5ty-f\r? or tw5ty-fif? 9 ! l9e ( ^? :o atta9$ enlight5m5t & ga9$ ,nirvana4 ,! ,indians reckon$ "t 9 long p]iods or kalpas2 mo/ ( ! ,buddhas 7 9 =m] kalpas1 b ev5 9 ! pres5t kalpa1 9 :i* we live1 ,buddha _h ?ree pr$ecessors2 & be=e our kalpa ends a successor w appe>1 ,maitreya1 or ,miroku1 ! com+ ,buddha4#i ,! two ,buddhas mo/ commonly repres5t$ by figures 9 ,korean ,buddhism are ,sakya & ,amida4 ,miroku1 too1 is frequ5tly to be se51 b ,miroku is n yet a ,buddha b only ,bodhisattva4 ,bodhisattvas 7 human be+s :o _h pil$ up k>ma & pass$ f /age to /age until !y /ood )9 a s+le /ep ( ,buddha-hood2 dur+ _! next exi/5ce !y c\ld hope = illum9ation1 enlight5m5t1 ,nirvana4 ,!re are _m ,bodhisattvas1 b ! ones mo/ commonly repres5t$ by ,korean figures are six 9 numb]4 ,_! ,korean names are ,miryek ,posal1 ,titsang ,posal1 ,kw&yeieun ,posal1 ,taisei*i ,posal1 ,m\ns\ ,posal1 & ,pohi5 ,posal4 ,^! ,bodhisattvas are mu* bett] kn[n to ! outside _w by _! ,japanese names1 & hav+ introduc$ !m 9 ,korean t]m9ology we %all ref] to !m z we h opportunity "u ! ,japanese =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,gr\p ,pa9t+3 ,sukwang-sa ,page #ie ,!y become1 !n1 ,maitreya or ,miroku1 ,jizo1 ,kwannon1 ,daisei%i1 ,monju1 ,fug54 ,curi\sly en\gh 9 ,korean iconography ,jizo1 a mo/ mild & g5tle god1 fond ( & lov$ by *ildr51 replaces ,yama (t5 z ! k+ ( hell4 ,kwannon1 god ( m]cy1 usually consid]$ female 9 ,japan1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 is usually male 9 ,korean repres5tation4 ,! ?ird type ( images ( figures wor%ipp$ 9 ,korean mona/]ies are ! ,arhats or ,rakan4 ,^! are m5 :o h made progress2 !y h m$itat$1 /udi$1 li/5$ & ?\ght2 "s ( !m are ! orig9al /ud5ts ( ,sakya2 all h ga9$ a /ore ( helpful k>ma1 & _m ( !m are wor%ipp$4 ,:5 made 9 figures !re are two gr\ps ( ,rakan4 ,"o kn[n z ! sixte5 ,rakan1 ! o!r z ! five hundr$4 ,! sixte5 ,rakan are all absolutely hi/orical p]sonages ( e>ly date1 fri5ds1 relatives1 & he>]s1 ( ,sakya4 ,9 figures & 9 pa9t+s !y are repres5t$ ) *>act]i/ic attributes1 readily recogniz$4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( figures are usually made ( wood1 pa9t$ & gild$2 sometimes ! gold leaf on !m repres5ts absolutely consid]able value4 ,! figures ( ! ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas are frequ5tly ( l>ge size1 & (t5 beautiful4 ,!y may be /&+ or seat$1 b 9 bo? cases ! position ( ! h&s & f+]s is important & significant4 7,plate ,,xxiv47 ,buddhism ev]y:]e recognizes a s]ies ( f+] symbols c>ry+ a message4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! ,buddha is usually includ$ 9 a tr9ity4 ,?is fact is among _m :i* h l$ "s writ]s l ,pr(essor ,lloyd1 ,doctor ,ri*>d1 & ,madame ,gordon to ?9k t ,mahayana ,buddhism is actually ,*ri/ianity work$ ov] & giv5 ! "n ( ,buddhism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,"o ( ! ,eight ,sc5es 9 ! ,life ( ,buddha3 ,sakya ga9s ,enlight5m5t3 ,pomo-sa ,page #ia ,tr9ities are conspicu\s ev]y:]e4 ,(t5 we f9d ! c5tral figure ( ! ?ree to be ,sakya1 :ile to 8 "r & left are ! ,bodhisattvas ,monju & ,fug54 ,! =m] sometimes sits ^u a dog or lion1 & ! latt] ^u a :ite elephant4 ,!n !y are easily recogniz$ by _! m\nt4 ,:5 n m\nt$ !y are n s easy ( recognition4 ,ev5 m common 9 ,korea is ! ,amida tr9ity4 ,amida is usually accompani$ by ,kwannon on "o side & ,daisei%i on ! o!r4 7,plate ,,xxv47 ,!re are o!r tr9ities to be se5 9 ,korean temples b ^! two are common4 7,plate ,,xxvi47 ,^! figures are g5]ally 9 curi\s relation ) pa9t+s4 ,9 mo/ temples :]e !re are figures on ! alt> !re are pa9t+s hung up on ! wall beh9d :i* usually repres5t ! same be+s z ! figures1 b accompani$ by _m m att5dants4 ,?is association ( pictures & figures repres5t+ ! same be+ is r>e1 if x occurs1 9 ,japanese ,buddhism4 7,plate ,,xxvii47 ,la/ly1 we come to pa9t+s4 ,:ile _m are relat$ to figures z j m5tion$1 _m m /& by !mselves & are display$ ^u ! walls ( halls & temples )\t figures4 ,if we desire to make a /udy ( ! pa9t+s ( a mona/]y we mu/ pass f hall to hall4 ,_m mona/]ies are absolute masses ( great build+s4 ,9 ! ma9 temple !re are usually figures ( a tr9ity ( ,buddhas or sometimes ev5 ?ree tr9ities ) pa9t+s hung beh9d4 ,9 ! ,rakan hall we may f9d ! sixte5 ,rakan 9 figures1 9 pa9t+s1 or 9 comb9ations4 ,9 halls ( ! five hundr$ ,rakan1 we usually f9d five hundr$ little figures set on %elves ?ickly ar\nd all ?ree sides2 no two are j alike1 & x is probable t y w be told ) glee t if y look long en\gh y w f9d y\r own fa!r repres5t$ among !m4 7,plates ,,xxix1 ,,xxx47 ,9 ! hall ( ! ,t5 ,k+s ( ,hell we sometimes f9d ! figures ( ,yama or ( ,jizo ) ! t5 help]s2 if s1 beh9d ! figures are frightful pa9t+s ( ! t5 hells1 a picture ( ea* "o beh9d its prop] k+4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !re are only pa9t+s 9 ?is hall4 7,plate ,,xxviii47 ,at "s temples !re is ! hall ( ! ,eight ,sc5es ( ! ,life ( ,buddha4#aj ,^! sc5es are def9ite & fix$ 9 e detail1 are traditional1 & h be5 pass$ d[n = c5turies4 ,! :ole build+ is occupi$ by ! eight great pa9t+s hung ^u ! wall4 ,ea* conta9s a mass ( detail1 & !re may be hundr$s ( individuals repres5t$ 9 a s+le sc5e4 7,plate ,,xxxiii47 ,occasionally !re is a hall ( portraits at a mona/]y2 su* a "o we saw at ! mona/]y :]e we rebuk$ ! prie/s = av>ice & impolit5ess2 ! build+ is devot$ to ! portraits :i* are said to be reliable repres5tations ( ! head prie/s ( ?is mona/]y = a p]iod ( almo/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,"o might1 h[ev]1 visit _m mona/]ies )\t f9d+ su* a hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,! ,god ( ! ,m\nta93 ,fuko-an1 bran* ( ,s9kei-sa1 ,diamond ,m\nta9s ,page #ic ,probably e mona/]y ( any consequ5ce has its hall ( ,sev5 ,/>s4 ,x is always a little build+ & on ! outskirts ( ! gr\p ( temples4 ,korea mu/ h wor%ipp$ ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,big ,dipp] or ! ,sev5 ,/>s1 long be=e ,buddhism came4 ,_m ,koreans /ill pay wor%ip to ! />s !mselves4 ,! fa!r ( a "y man :o 0 once my ,korean int]pret]1 nev] fails to pray to ! sev5 />s on any night :5 ! sky is cle> en\gh = !m to be se52 ! wor%ip is int]e/+ & des]ves att5tion4 ,x 0 probably tak5 ov] e>ly by ,buddhism4 ,! picture always %[n 9 ?is little hall is v curi\s4 ,!re is always a ,buddha figure ( "s k9d 9 x1 b above are ,buddha-l figures ( ! ,sev5 ,/>s1 heav5ly be+s1 ) pale faces2 bel[ !re are ! repres5tations ( sev5 e>?ly m9i/]s correspond+ to !m2 ! idea t heav5ly conditions are reproduc$ ^u ! e>? is "o common to _m religions4 7,plate ,,xxxi47 ,"o o!r build+ is c]ta9 to be f\nd at e mona/]y4 ,x is a wee /ructure1 sacr$ to ! ,god ( ! ,m\nta94 ,he is a my/]i\s be+4 ,he is usually repres5t$ ) a be>d & a be>d q diff]5t f ^? regul>ly se5 9 ,*9a1 ,korea or ,japan4 ,he is always accompani$ by a tig]1 p>ticul>ly noticeable = head & tail2 ! god ( ! m\nta9 v>ies m ?an any o!r repres5tation 9 ,korean art4 ,! features m5tion$1 h[ev]1 are always emphasiz$4 ,all agree t ! god ( ! m\nta9 is individual2 he is n ! god ( m\nta9s g5]ally1 nor a god ov]see+ m\nta9s ev]y:]e1 b ev] specifically ! god ( ! m\nta9 on :i* 8 %r9e is locat$4 7,plate ,,xxxiv47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv ,portrait ( "o ( ! *iefs ( ! ,sixte5 ,rakan3 ,*ik*i-sa ,page #ie ,sometimes !re is ano!r v little hall kn[n z ! hall ( ! ,lonely ,sa9t4 ,:5 x occurs x usually /&s at ! side ( ! hall ( ! god ( ! m\nta9 & is ( its size4 ,)9 !re is a hang+ picture ( ! ,lonely ,sa9t4 ,un=tunately we _c %[ a copy ( x4 ,we h plann$ repeat$ly to take x b some?+ has always happ5$ to prev5t4 ,trollope tells u t ! lonely sa9t 0 a hi/oric p]sonage1 ,*ikai1 :o liv$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! six? c5tury1 & 0 ! f\nd] ( ! v anci5t ,t5dai sect4 ,^! pa9t+s 9 ,korean temples are r>ely beautiful1 b !y surely des]ve c>eful /udy by compet5t art /ud5ts4 ,! colors us$ are bright & light4 ,faces ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas are usually yell[ or :ite4 ,^! high be+s are regul>ly repres5t$ ) aureoles1 ! boat-%ap$ aureole occurr+ commonly ) ,kwannon & ,miroku4 ,gods & human be+s occur 9 cr[ds 9 ^! pa9t+s1 b no matt] h[ cr[d$ ! composition ! individuals are usually def9ite & kn[n4 ,! arti/s are prie/s & x is common = ! few :o h fam\s skill to travel f temple to temple1 t\*+ up old pictures & pa9t+ new ones4 ,!y /ay = weeks or mon?s & !n pass on to new fields4 ,! designs are c]ta9ly traditional & v old1 b ! pa9t+s !mselves1 z we see !m 9 ! temple1 are _m ( !m ! "w ( v rec5t ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! monks & acolytes "k v little ( ! mean+ ( ! pictures1 b ^? :o pa9t !m1 & ^? :o are s]i\s /ud5ts c id5tify ! actors 9 ! sc5es depict$4 ,we reproduce a picture f ,sukwang-sa :i* illu/rates ! cr[d+ ( p]sons & ! att5tion giv5 to detail4 ,^u x !re are repres5t$ "o ,pul or ,buddha1 ) ?ree faces1 f\r ,posal or ,bodhisattvas1 ! tw5ty-eight heav5ly k+s 7ea* correspond+ to "o ( ! anci5t con/ellations71 & t5 times t5 gods 7!y are actually gr\p$ by t5s & !re are t5 ea* ( e>?1 fire1 wat]1 small wat] bodies1 air1 ! human body1 movem5t1 field "w & m\nta9 =tresses74 ,?is design is really a common "o1 & we h a photograph ( x also f ,pawp*u-sa4 ,comp>ison ( ! two pictures %[s absolute id5tity 9 ! numb] & plac+ ( ! individuals4 7,plate ,,xxxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,great pa9t+1 ,pawp*u-sa ,page #if ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,great pa9t+ display$ at ,buddha's ,bir?day ,c]emony3 ,tongdo-sa ,page #if ,we h already /at$ t !re is consid]able v>iation 9 ! picture ( ! god ( ! m\nta91 ?\gh he is always recognizable by c]ta9 features4 ,pictures ( individual ,rakan are common 9 temples & ^! pictures are always precise & def9ite1 giv+ 9 e in/ance ! *>act]i/ic features or attributes4 7,plate ,,xxxv47 ,occasionally--p]haps m commonly ?an we "k--! mona/]ies possess an enorm\s roll$ pa9t+ ( a s+le ,buddha4 ,we h se5 "o at ,pawp*u-sa & ano!r at ,tongdo-sa4 ,at ,pawp*u-sa !y br\ght x out f ! great temple & unroll$ x = u1 9 ! op51 t we might see its size4 ,at ,tongdo-sa x 0 already elevat$ = ! occasion ( ! celebration ( ,buddha's bir?day4 ,x t[]$ above ! highe/ build+1 & 0 wor%ipp$ by ! cr[d+ ?\s&s4 7,plates ,,xxxvi1 ,,xxxvii47 ,9 ?is brief /udy ( ,korean ,buddhism we h b sket*$ a subject :i* pres5ts a va/ mat]ial1 :i* z yet is almo/ unkn[n & practically unt\*$ by /ud5ts4 ,,bibliography ,gale4 ,! ,pagoda ( ,se\l4 ,transactions ( ! ,korea ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-bb4 ,se\l3 #aiae4 ,gordon4 ,"s ,rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ,korean ,temples & _! ,relation%ip to ,e>ly ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,trans4 ,k4 ,b4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,vol4 ,v1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,,pp4 #a-ci4 ,se\l3 #aiad4 ,gordon4 ,symbols ( 8! ,way0--,f> ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,tokyo3 #aiaf4 ,m>uz5 ,co4 ,hulb]t4 ,hi/ory ( ,korea4 ,se\l3 #aije4 #b vols4 ,me?odi/ ,publi%+ ,h\se4 ,jones4 ,colossal ,buddha at ,eunj94 ,trans4 ,k4 ,b4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ea-gj4 ,se\l3 #aija4 ,ri*>d4 ,a ,mission to ,heav5 4 4 4 by ,*'iu ,*'ang ,*'un4 ,%anghai3 #aiac4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature ,society's ,depot4 ,trollope4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,buddhism 9 ,corea4 ,trans4 ,k4 ,b4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #a-da4 ,se\l3 #aiag4 ,,notes #a;,aryav>man1 a man ( ,s9lo 7,corea71 left ,*ang'an ,a4,d4 #fch4 ,he set out ) a view to recov] ! true tea*+ & to adore ! sacr$ relics4 ,he dwelt 9 ! ,nal&a ,temple1 copy+ out _m ,sutras4 ,he _h left ! ea/]n bord]s ( ,corea & n[ ba!d 9 ! ,dragon pool ( ,nal&a4 ,"h he di$1 ag$ sev5ty odd ye>s4 ,hwui-nieh1 a ,corean1 set out = ,india #fch ,a4,d41 arriv$ at ! ,nal&a ,temple & !re /udi$ ! sacr$ books & rev]5c$ ! holy traces4 ,i-ts+ f\nd "s writ+ he _h left 9 ! temple1 :]e also he _h left 8 ,sanskrit ,,mss4 ,! prie/s said he di$ ! same ye>1 ab\t sixty ye>s ( age4 ,hiu5 ,ta'i1 a doctor ( ! law1 a ,corean1 call$ by ! ,sanskrit "n ( ,s>vajanadeva4 ,9 ! ye> ,yung-hwei 7#fej ,a4,d47 he w5t by ! ,tibetan road ?r\gh ,nepal to ,mid-,india2 he !re wor%ipp$ ! relics at ! ,bodhi ,tree4 ,aft]w>ds go+ to ! ,tukh>a c\ntry1 he met ,ta\-hi1 ) :om he return$ to ! ,tahsio ,temple 7,mahabodhi74 ,aft]w>ds he return$ to ,*9a1 & 0 n he>d ( aga94 ,hiu5-hau1 a doctor ( ! law1 a ,corean1 w5t ) ,hiu5-*iu1 9 ! middle ( ! ,*5gkwan p]iod1 to ,india1 & rea*+ ! ,tahsio ,temple1 he di$ !re4 ,two prie/s ( ,corea1 names unkn[n1 />t$ f ,*ang'an by ! s\!rn sea-r\te & came to ,sribhoja4 ,!y di$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,po-lu-sse1 to ! we/w>d 7! we/]n portion ( ,sumatra74 ,hwui ,lun1 a ,corean1 o!rwise call$ ,prajav>ma1 came by sea f 8 own c\ntry to ,fu*au1 & proce$$ !nce to ,*ang'an4 ,foll[+ aft] ! prie/ ,hiu5-*iu1 he rea*$ ! ,we/1 & dur+ t5 ye>s dwelt 9 ! ,amravat c\ntry & 9 ! ,s9-* ,temple 7nor? ( ! ,ganges74 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! ea/]n fronti]s1 & !nce proce$+ nor?w>d he came to ! ,tu-ho-lo 7,tukhra7 ,temple4 ,beal3 ,life ( ,hi\5-,tsiang1 pp4 xxix-xxx1 xxxvi4 #b;,jones 9 8 admirable discussion ( ! ,eunj9 miriok makes an int]e/+ sugge/ion reg>d+ its location3 ,b ! special int]e/ ^! facts h = u 9 connection ) ! great ,buddha lies 9 ! fact t x may h be5 "h t ,buddhism itself fir/ ent]$ ,pak*e4 ,buddhism 0 a =eign importation1 be+ s5t to ! p59sul> k+doms by ! ,ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y ( ,*9a 7,a4,d4 #cag-ai7 & effect+ an entrance almo/ simultane\sly at two po9ts--9 ! nor? into ,koguryu & 9 ! s\? into ,pak*e4 ,( ?is latt] ev5t ! native hi/orians tell u3--8,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #chd ! b>b>ian monk ,m>anant'a came f ,ts94 ,k+ ,*ip-yu accord$ him a mo/ c\rte\s & c]emoni\s reception & ,buddhism 0 e/abli%$ z ! national religion40 ,we d n "k at :at po9t ! monk-mission>y l&$1 b x is n s unlikely t he may h come to ?is well-kn[n port1 & t "o day among ! %ips mak+ up t inextricable mass ( ma/s & rudd]s at ,si-j9 !re may h come ! imp]ial junk ( ,ts9 be>+ 8! b>b>ian monk ,m>anant'a0 ) 8 images1 inc5se1 bells1 books & ve/m5ts to plant 9 ,korea t cult :i* 0 to dom9ate ! p = a ?\s& ye>s1 ?us l&+ close to ! place :]e 9 lat] ye>s ! greate/ monum5t t ,buddhism possesses 0 to /&4 ,& two hundr$ ye>s lat] 7,a4,d4 #eeb7 !re probably emb>k$ f ?is port t b& ( ,pak*e prie/s s5t by _! k+ to c>ry to ! mikado ( ,japan ! gold5 images ( ,buddha & ! triad ( preci\s ones1 ! sutras & sacr$ books1 & to give ! fai? ( ,buddhism to ! ,sun-rise ,empire4 ,& x is said t ^! relics exi/ to ?is day & are pres]v$ 9 ! city ( ,nagano 9 ,japan4 ,colossal ,buddha3 p4 #fb4 #c;,x occurs 9 ! inscription reg>d+ ! ,se\l pagoda & is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z a contempor>y description ( a temple ( rem>kable spl5dor4 ,reckon+ up ! numb] ( pill>s support+ ! build+ !y 7 f\nd to exce$ #cjj4 ,! ,hall ( ! ,buddha /ood up high 9 ! c5t]1 & ! inscription bo>d above 0 writt5 ,taikwang myung jun1 8,great light glori\s palace40 ,to ! left 0 ! ,sun ,tang or /udy hall1 :ile to ! "r 0 ! ,oon-*ip or assembly hall4 ,! gate 0 m>k$ ,*ak-kwang ,moon1 ,hidd5 ,light & ! out] gate 0 call$ ,panya or ,lik5ess gate4 ,beyond ?is aga9 0 ! ,hai-tal ,moon4 ,!re 0 a bell-pavilion also :i* 0 call$ ! ,pup-noi-kak1 ,kiosk ( ,buddha's ,?und]4 ,! kit*5 0 nam$ ,hyang-juk1 ,kit*5 ,h\se4 ,!re 0 a pond on ! ea/ side1 :]e lotus fl[]s 7 plant$2 & on ! we/ 0 a g>d5-p>k :]e fl[]s & trees grew4 ,beh9d ! ,*eung-jun palace ! sacr$ books 7 9 keep+1 & ?is h\se 0 call$ ,hai-,jang ,*un or ,sea ,cov]+ ,hall4 ,also a pagoda 0 built ( ?irte5 /ories call$ sul-to-pa1 ,buddhi/ pagoda4 ,)9 x 7 plac$ ! accumulat$ s>i & ! newly translat$ ,wun-gak sutra4 ,! palaces1 halls1 /udies1 gue/-rooms1 /ores1 kit*5s1 ou?\ses1 _h ea* _! p>ticul> place4 ,! :ole 0 magnific5t & well con/ruct$1 & ! ornam5ts 7 lavi%1 impos+1 beautiful1 all 9 keep+ & fair to see4 ,its equal 0 n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,also ! drums1 gongs1 etc41 necess>y = ! s]vice1 & o!r useful implem5ts 7 abundantly provid$ =4 ,gale3 ,pagoda1 p4 #aj4 #d;,gale f9ds t ! hi/ory ( ! erection ( ! ,se\l pagoda 0 orig9ally inscrib$ ^u ! turtle-borne slab t accompanies x4 ,( ! pagoda itself1 he says3 #a4 ,! ,pagoda 0 !re=e built 9 #adfd-adff ,a4,d4 #b4 ,! build] 0 ,k+ ,se-jo1 :o reign$ f #adef-adfh & all ! workm5 7 ,koreans4 #c4 ,! =m ( x 0 modell$ aft] ! ,pagoda 9 ,pung ,tuk ,c\nty1 :i* _h already be5 /&+ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 & _h be5 built by ,*9ese workm54 ,!re is no evid5ce t ?is pagoda _h ev] be5 br\ght f ,pek+ ?\gh x f9ds its f9al re/+ place n[ 9 ,tokyo4 #d4 ,x 0 built to commemorate ! excell5ce ( ! ,wungak ,sutra f :i* x takes its "n4 #e4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ ,buddhi/ monum5t 9 ,korea4 p4 #bb4 #e,! li/ ( ! ?irty head-temples foll[s3 ,yongju-sa ,pongeum-sa ,*ntung-sa ,pongsm-sa ,makok-sa ,pawp*u-sa ,songkwang-sa ,snam-sa ,thung-sa ,pkyang-sa ,uipong-sa ,posawk-sa ,tongdo-sa ,pomo-sa ,h9-sa ,tonghwa-sa ,*uim-sa ,unh-sa ,k\n-sa ,kumyong-sa ,peyak-sa ,sawngpul-sa ,yungmyung-sa ,pawphung-sa ,pohyun-sa ,knpong-sa ,yu*om-sa ,ual*ung-sa ,sawkwang-sa ,kui*u-sa #f,! magaz9e conduct$ by ,yi ,nung ,hwa has _h sev]al breaks 9 publication & aft] ea* ! "n has be5 *ang$4 ,z "h giv5 ! names are ,engli% translations ( ! orig9al3 ,mon?ly ,magaz9e ( ,*os5 ,buddhism4 ,n9ete5 issues1 f ,janu>y #be1 #aiaa to ,augu/ #be1 #aiac4 ,buddhi/ ,magaz9e ( ! ,ea/]n ,sea4 ,eight issues f ,novemb] #bj1 #aiac to ,june #bj1 #aiad4 ,mon?ly ,magaz9e ( ! ,association ( ,ris+ ,buddhism4 ,n9e issues f ,m>* #ae1 #aiae to ,decemb] #ae1 #aiae4 ,k+dom ( ,*os5 ,buddhism4 ,?ree issues f ,april #e1 #aiaf to ,june #e1 #aiaf4 ,g5]al ,magaz9e ( ,*os5 ,buddhism1 f ,m>* #bj1 #aiag4 ,?ree numb]s _h appe>$ :5 ,i receiv$ ?is note 9 ,may #aiag4 #g,! texts mo/ commonly read 9 ,korean mona/]ies are ! ,hokkekyo1 ,kegon1 ,ki%9lon1 ,fumonbon & ,amidakyo1 accord+ to ,madame ,gordon4 ,^! are ,japanese pronunciation4 #h,! ,japanese names ( ! f\r gu>dians are3 ,bi%amon3 ea/2 blue2 t[]4 ,komoku3 s\?2 r$2 jewel4 ,jikoku3 we/2 gre52 lute4 ,zo*o3 nor?2 fle%2 sword4 #i,?ree ,buddhas h prec$$ ,sakyamuni 9 ! pres5t kalpa & "o is /ill to come be=e ! kalpa ends4 ,! entire li/ is3 ,kraku*&a 7,pali1 ,kakus&a71 8:o solves d\bt40 ,kanakamuni 7,p4 ,konagamana7 8body radiant z gold40 ,kasyapa 7,p4 ,kassapa7 8swall[] ( light40 ,sakyamuni4 ,maitreya4 ,legge3 ,fa-hi51 p4 #ea4 #aj,! eight sc5es 9 ! ,life ( ,buddha are3 7a7 ,inc>nation4 7b7 ,bir?4 7c7 ,enc\nt] ) age1 sickness1 dea?4 7d7 ,escape--) aid ( ! f\r heav5ly k+s4 7e7 ,asceticism4 7f7 ,enlight5m5t4 7g7 ,prea*+--8turn+ ! :eel40 7h7 ,nirvana4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ ! copyright notice f ! pr9t$ edition 7al?\gh ?is book is 9 ! public doma947 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 delimit$ italiciz$ text 9 und]scores4