,transcrib] ,note ,emphasiz$ text display$ z3 ,italic & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional numb]s z3 #a-a_/b ,,! ,,nurs]y-,,book ,a ,,complete ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,multiplication & ,poll9ation ( ,plants ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,new ,york3 ,! ,rural ,publi%+ ,company #ahia ,by ! ,same ,au?or4 ,horticulturi/'s ,rule-,book4 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,useful ,in=mation = ,fruit ,gr[]s1 ,truck ,g>d5]s1 ,flori/s & o!rs4 ,new edition1 complet$ to ! close ( #ahij4 ,pp4 #bej4 ,libr>y edition1 clo?1 #a4 ,pocket edition1 pap]1 #ej c5ts4 ,annals ( ,horticulture ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s #ahhi ,,& #ahij4 ,a ,witness ( ,pass+ ,ev5ts1 & a ,record ( ,progress4 ,be+ records ( introductions dur+ ! ye>1 ( new me?ods & discov]ies 9 horticulture1 ( yields & prices1 horticultural lit]ature & "w ( ! exp]im5t /ations1 necrology1 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 #b vols4 ,libr>y edition1 clo?1 #a p] vol4 ,pocket edition1 pap]1 #ej c5ts p] vol4 ,,copyright$ #ahia1 ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,electrotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,,horace ,m',,f>l&1 ,,h>risburg1 ,,pa4 ,,preface4 ,?is little h&book aims at no?+ m ?an an acc\nt ( ! me?ods commonly employ$ 9 ! propagation & cross+ ( plants1 & its prov9ce does n ext5d1 !re=e1 to ! discussion ( any ( ! ultimate results or influ5ces ( ^! me?ods4 ,all su* que/ions z ^? relat+ to ! =mation ( buds1 ! reciprocal influ5ces ( cion & /ock1 comp>ative advantages ( :ole & piece roots1 & ! results ( poll9ation1 d n belong "h4 ,9 its prep>ation ,i h consult$ freely all ! be/ lit]ature ( ! subject1 & ,i h be5 aid$ by _m p]sons4 ,! entire volume has be5 read by skill$ propagators1 s t ev5 all su* directions z are commonly recomm5d$ 9 o!r c\ntries h also be5 sanction$1 if admitt$1 z be/ = ?is4 ,9 ! propagation ( trees & %rubs & o!r h>dy ornam5tals1 ,i h _h ! advice ( ! head propagator ( "o ( ! l>ge/ nurs]ies 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! :ole volume has also pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,b4 ,m4 ,watson1 ,jr41 ( ! ,bussey ,in/itution ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 a tea*] ( unusual skill & exp]i5ce 9 ?is direction1 & :o has add$ greatly to ! value ( ! book4 ,! articles ^u or*ids & ^u mo/ ( ! diff]5t g5]a ( or*ids 9 ! ,nurs]y ,li/1 h be5 contribut$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,bean1 ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 :o is well kn[n z an or*id speciali/4 ,i h drawn freely ^u ! files ( magaz9es1 bo? dome/ic & =eign1 & ,i h made p>ticul> use ( ,ni*olson's ,illu/rat$ ,diction>y ( ,g>d5+1 ,vilmor9's ,les ,fleurs de ,ple9e ,t]re1 ,le ,bon ,j>d9i]1 & ,rmpl]'s ,illu/ri]tes ,g>t5bau-,lexikon4 ,x is believ$ t ! ,nurs]y ,li/ conta9s all ! plants :i* are ord9>ily gr[n by horticulturi/s 9 ?is c\ntry ei!r = food or ornam5t4 ,b 9 ord] to give "s clew to ! propagation ( any :i* are omitt$1 an ord9al index has be5 add$1 by :i* "o c se>* out plants ( a giv5 natural ord] or family4 ,x _c be hop$ t ! book is complete1 or t ! directions are 9 e case be/ = all regions1 & any corrections or additions :i* w be useful 9 ! prep>ation ( a second edition are solicit$4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #a1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,se$age #i-bd ,regulation ( ,moi/ure #i ,requirem5ts ( ,temp]ature #ad ,prep>atory ,treatm5t ( ,se$s #ae ,s[+ #ai ,miscellane\s ,matt]s #ba ,spores #bd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,sep>ation #be-ca ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,lay]age #cb-ch ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,cuttage #ci-fb ,devices = ,regulat+ ,heat & ,moi/ure #ci ,soils & ,g5]al ,me?ods #df ,p>ticul> ,me?ods--,k9ds ( ,cutt+s #ea #a4 ,tub] ,cutt+s #eb #b4 ,root ,cutt+s #ec #c4 ,/em ,cutt+s #ed #d4 ,leaf ,cutt+s #fj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,graftage #fc-if ,g5]al ,consid]ations #fc ,p>ticul> ,me?ods #fg ,budd+ #fg ,graft+ #gf ,graft+ ,waxes #ib ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,nurs]y ,li/ #ig-bhe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,poll9ation #bhf-bih ,g5]al ,requirem5ts #bhg ,me?ods #bia ,cross+ ( ,fl[]less ,plants #big ,illu/ration ,,nurs]y4--,an e/abli%m5t = ! re>+ ( plants4 ,9 ,am]ica ! ^w is commonly us$ 9 connection ) ! propagation ( woody plants only1 z fruit-trees & ornam5tal trees & %rubs4 ,?is is errone\s4 ,! ^w prop]ly includes ! propagation ( all plants by :atev] means1 & 9 ?is s5se x is us$ 9 ?is book4 ,tabul> ,/atem5t ( ! ,ways 9 :i* ,plants are ,propagat$4 ,a4 ,by ,se$s4--,se$age4 ,root-tips4 ,runn]s4 #a4 ,by ,lay]s prop]3 undeta*$ ,simple4 p>ts4-- ,s]p5t9e4 ,lay]age4 ,m\nd4 ,pot or ,*9ese4 ,i4 ,on _! #a4 ,by undivid$ p>ts4-- own roots4 ,sep>ation 7,bulbs1 corms1 bulbels1 bulblets1 bulb-scales1 tub]s1 etc74 #b4 ,by deta*$ ,division4 p>ts4 #b4 ,by divid$ ,cutt+s p>ts4-- prop]3 ,cuttage4 ,( tub]s4 ,b4 ,( roots4 ,by ,buds4 ,( /ems4 ,( leaves4 ,i4 ,budd+3 ,%ield1 flute1 v5e]1 r+1 annul>1 :i/le or tubul>4 ,,ii4 ,graft+3 ,:ip4 ,,ii4 ,on roots ,saddle4 ( o!r #a4 ,by deta*$ ,splice4 plants4-- scions4 ,v5e]4 ,graftage4 ,cleft4 ,b>k4 ,h]bace\s4 ,se$4 ,d\ble4 ,cutt+4 #b4 ,by undeta*$ scions4--,in>*+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,se$age4 ,se$age4--,! process or op]ation ( propagat+ by se$s or spores1 or ! /ate or condition ( be+ propagat$ by se$s or spores4 ,!re are ?ree ext]nal requisites to ! g]m9ation ( se$s--moi/ure1 free oxyg51 & a def9ite temp]ature4 ,^! requisites are dem&$ 9 diff]5t degrees & proportions by se$s ( diff]5t species1 or ev5 by se$s ( ! same species :5 diff]+ widely 9 age or degree ( maturity4 ,! supply ( oxyg5 usually regulates itself4 ,x is only necess>y t ! se$s %all n be plant$ too deep1 t ! soil is por\s & n ov]load$ ) wat]4 ,moi/ure & temp]ature1 h[ev]1 mu/ be c>efully regulat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,d\ble ,se$-,pot4 ,regulation ( ,moi/ure4--,moi/ure is ! mo/ important factor 9 se$age4 ,x is usually appli$ to ! se$s by means ( soil or "s simil> m$ium1 z moss or cocoanut fib]4 ,fre% & vigor\s se$s endure heavy wat]+s1 b old & poor se$s mu/ be treat$ sp>+ly4 ,if !re is reason to suspect t ! se$s are weak1 wat] %\ld n be appli$ to !m directly4 ,a favorite me?od ( h&l+ !m is to s[ !m 9 a pot ( loose & s&y loam :i* is set inside a l>g] pot1 ! int]m$iate space be+ fill$ ) moss1 to :i*1 alone1 ! wat] is appli$4 ,?is device is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! wat] soaks ?r\gh ! walls ( ! inn] pot & is suppli$ gradually & con/antly to ! soil4 ,ev5 9 ?is case x is necess>y to prev5t soak+ ! moss too ?or\ghly1 especially ) v weak se$s4 ,:5 _m pots are requir$1 !y may be simply plung$ 9 moss ) ! same effect4 ,! soil %\ld be simply v slightly moi/1 nev] wet4 ,moi/ure is sometimes suppli$ by sett+ ! se$-pot 9 a %all[ sauc] ( wat]1 or x may be suffici5t to simply place x 9 ! humid atmosph]e ( a propagat+-box4 ,l>ge se$s may be laid ^u ! surface ( ! soil 9 a half-fill$ pot1 cov]$ ) ?9 musl91 & !n cov]$ ) loose & damp loam4 ,e day ! pot is inv]t$1 ! cov]+ tak5 (f & fre% soil is add$4 ,a modification ( ?is plan = small se$s c be made by plac+ ! se$s betwe5 two lay]s ( ?9 musl9 & ins]t+ !m 9 damp loam1 :i* is frequ5tly r5ew$ to avoid ! extremes :i* w\ld result f wat]+ or f all[+ ! soil to become dry4 ,9 ^! la/ op]ations1 no wat] is appli$ to ! se$s & !y con/itute "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory me?ods ( deal+ ) se$s ( l[ vitality4 ,!y are ess5tially ! me?ods long ago us$ by ,knight1 :o laid su* se$s betwe5 two sods cut f an old & dry pa/ure4 ,ev5 s\nd & /rong se$s %\ld be wat]$ ) c>e4 ,dr5*+s usually weak5 or de/roy !m4 ,! e>? %\ld be kept simply damp4 ,to insure comp>ative dryness 9 9-door culture1 "s loose mat]ial1 z pieces ( brok5 pots or cl9k]s1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pot or box to af=d dra9age4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! se$ b$ %\ld be approximately equally moi/ ?r\gh\t its dep?4 ,! wat]+s %\ld !re=e be copi\s en\gh to moi/5 ! soil ?r\gh\t4 ,a wet or moi/ surface ov] a dry sub/ratum %\ld always be avoid$4 ,error is common "h4 ,x is usually be/ to apply wat] ) a wat]+-pot1 z wat]+ ) a hose is apt to wa% out ! se$s & to pack ! soil1 & ! quantity ( wat] is n s easily regulat$4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 x w\ld appe> t ! app>5tly good results foll[+ soak+ ( se$s 9 _m cases1 are a contradiction ( ^! /atem5ts t se$s may be ov]-wat]$4 ,b soak+ is usually b5eficial only :5 practic$ = a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,x is n good practice to soak delicate se$s be=e s[+1 & x is ( d\btful utility 9 mo/ o!r cases1 unless x is necess>y to s(t5 ! integum5ts ( h>d-%ell$ species1 z discuss$ on page #ag4 ,! ga9 9 rapidity ( g]m9ation foll[+ soak$1 z comp>$ ) dry se$s1 is really fictiti\s1 inasmu* z g]m9ation actually beg9s 9 ! soak$ se$s be=e ! dry samples are s[n4 ,! soak$ se$s are s[n 9 wat] r ?an 9 soil1 & z conditions are m uni=m !re1 a ga9 app>5tly due to soak+ may result4 ,9 ! case ( /rong se$s :i* mu/ be plant$ out-doors 9 cold or uncong5ial soil1 a prelim9>y soak+ ( f #ab to #bd h\rs may be b5eficial1 z x less5s ! p]iod :i* ! se$s w\ld o!rwise pass 9 unt[>d conditions4 ,b soak$ se$s1 unless ( v h>dy species1 %\ld nev] be s[n out-doors until ! soil has become r dry & w>m4 ,to prev5t too rapid dry+ out1 ! soil %\ld be firmly press$ ab\t ! se$s4 ,! pot or box %\ld be giv5 a %ady place1 or "s cov]+ may be appli$ to *eck evaporation4 ,a pane ( glass is (t5 plac$ ov] ! box1 be+ tilt$ a little at int]vals to all[ ( v5tilation & to prev5t ! soil f becom+ soggy or s\r4 ,a se$-case1 ) a glass cov]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 is neat & h&y 9 ! treatm5t ( small se$s4 ,a ?9 cov]+ ( f9e moss is sometimes giv51 or a newspap] may be ?r[n ov] ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,se$-,case4 ,9 out-door culture1 only a naturally dry & well-dra9$ soil %\ld be *os5 = all ord9>y se$s1 especially = su* z are s[n 9 ! fall or rema9 9 ! gr\nd a long "t be=e g]m9at+4 ,soils :i* conta9 a lib]al am\nt ( s& or gravel are especially valuable = ?is purpose4 ,to prev5t dry+ 9 out-door culture1 x is important t ! e>? be well firm$ ov] ! se$s4 ,walk+ on ! r[1 plac+ "o foot directly ahead ( ! o!r1 is usually ! mo/ exp$iti\s & satisfactory op]ation1 at lea/ ) l>ge se$s4 ,or ! e>? may be firm$ ) a hoe or ! back ( a spade1 or a bo>d may be plac$ ^u ! r[ & !n be ?or\ghly settl$ by walk+ ov] x4 ,9 ! s[+ ( cel]y & o!r small & sl[ se$s1 x is a frequ5t practice to leave ! bo>d on ! r[ until ! se$s appe> 9 ord] to hold ! moi/ure4 ,?is is a d\btful exp$i5t1 h[ev]1 = ! "y plants are apt to be quickly dispat*$ by ! sun :5 ! bo>d is remov$4 ,if ! bo>d is employ$1 x %\ld be rais$ an in* or two f ! gr\nd z soon z ! plants beg9 to appe>4 ,b ! %ade ( ! bo>d is too d5se & plants d n gr[ /ocky "u x4 ,x is bett] to use bru% or la? scre5s if protection is desir$2 or f9e litt]1 if free f we$ se$s1 may be us$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 scre5s w n be ne$$ by cel]y & simil> se$s if ! gr\nd is 9 ! prop] condition & is well firm$ at plant+ "t4 ,x is always advisable1 nev]!less1 to place ! b$s = sl[ & small se$s :]e !y c be wat]$ occasionally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,la? ,scre54 ,!re are _m k9ds ( scre5s 9 use to prev5t ! dry+ out ( small se$s 9 out-door se$age & to protect ! "y se$l+s4 ,^! are us$ also 9 ! %ad+ ( cutt+s4 ,! common la? scre5 7,fig4 #c7 is ! mo/ useful = g5]al purposes4 ,x is simply a squ>e frame made f common la?s laid at "r angles 9 a d\ble s]ies4 ,! int]/ices betwe5 ! la?s are equal 9 wid? to ! la?s !mselves4 ,^! scre5s are laid horizontally ^u a light frame-"w a few in*es above ! se$s4 ,! passage ( ! sun con/antly moves ! %ad[s ov] ! b$1 & suffici5t %ade is af=d$ :ile ?or\gh v5tilation is all[$4 ,?is & all o!r elevat$ scre5s are useful 9 %ad+ & protect+ ! "y plants z well1 b :5 us$ = ?is purpose !y are usually rais$ a great] di/ance above ! b$s4 ,a bru% scre5 consi/+ ( a l[ frame cov]$ ) b\ghs1 is (t5 us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,?is is *eap] ?an ! la? scre5s1 & is equally z good = mo/ purposes4 ,! bru% is (t5 laid directly ^u ! gr\nd1 especially 9 l>ge b$s4 ,?is answ]s ! purpose ( %ad+1 b x does n all[ ( we$+ & x mu/ be tak5 (f soon aft] ! se$s g]m9ate1 or sl5d] plants w be injur$ 9 its removal4 ,bru% scre5s are sometimes rais$ ?ree or f\r feet to all[ ( we$+4 ,a scre5 = frames is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is a simple cov]+ ( musl9 /ret*$ ov] ! top & sides ( a r\gh frame-"w4 ,! clo? is usually omitt$ f ! front side4 ,?is /yle ( scre5s is mu* us$ by nurs]ym51 especially = cutt+ b$s4 ,:itewa%+ ! sa%es also af=ds good %ad+4 ,a m elaborate & p]man5t scre5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,x is built ( slats1 usually #c-;in* /uff4 ,?is %$ scre5 is (t5e/ us$ = ! protection ( t5d] plants1 b x af=ds an exce$+ly useful & conv5i5t place = ! /orage ( pots & boxes ( sl[-g]m9at+ se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,bru% ,scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,scre5 = ,frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,%$ ,scre54 ,v>i\s frames & cov]s are employ$ = 9-door se$age1 b !y are design$ to regulate atmosph]ic moi/ure & to control temp]ature4 ,!y are m commonly employ$ 9 ! gr[+ ( cutt+s1 & are !re=e describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,requirem5ts ( ,temp]ature4--,v>iations 9 temp]ature ex]cise less influ5ce ^u se$s ?an v>iations 9 moi/ure4 ,yet x is important t ! extremes ( temp]ature %\ld n be great1 especially 9 small1 delicate or weak se$s4 ,se$s w endure great] extremes ( temp]ature :5 dry ?an :5 moi/4 ,?is indicates t g]m9at+ se$s mu/ be kept 9 a comp>atively uni=m temp]ature4 ,= ?is reason x is poor practice to place se$-boxes 9 a w9d[ 9 full sunlight4 ,p>tial or complete %ade s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( prev5t+ too great heat & too rapid evaporation4 ,v>i\s cov]$ se$-boxes are us$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ approximately ! requir$ temp]ature1 b z !y are (t5] us$ 9 bud-propagation1 !y are discuss$ 9 t connection4 ,bottom heat is helpful to g]m9ation 9 mo/ se$s1 b1 except 9 ! case ( c]ta9 tropical species1 x %\ld n be /rong4 ,x is a common practice to place ! se$-boxes on mod]ately cool pipes "u b5*es 9 a gre5h\se4 ,se$s ( h>dy annuals & p]5nials d n require bottom heat1 al?\gh !y may be b5efitt$ by x4 ,if ! soil 9 se$ b$s %\ld become too cool1 wat]+ ) w>m or tepid wat] w be f\nd helpful4 ,x is impossible to give rules = ! det]m9ation ( ! prop] temp]ature = diff]5t k9ds ( se$s4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t se$s g]m9ate mo/ rapidly at a temp]ature a few degrees above t requir$ = ! be/ developm5t ( ! plant itself4 ,h>dy plants require a temp]ature ( f #ej to #gj1 cons]vatory plants f #fj to #ge or #hj1 & tropical or /ove plants f #ge to #ie4 ,! plantlets %\ld be remov$ f ^! highe/ temp]atures1 z a rule1 z soon z g]m9ation is complet$4 ,9 out-door culture1 dep? ( plant+ has a direct relation to temp]ature4 ,se$s may be plant$ deep] late 9 ! season ?an e>ly1 :5 ! soil is cold & damp4 ,deep plant+ probably z (t5 kills se$s because ( ! abs5ce ( suffici5t heat z f ! lack ( oxyg5 or ! great dep? ( e>? ?r\gh :i* ! plantlet is unable to pu%4 ,prep>atory ,treatm5t ( ,se$s4--,_m se$s dem& "s treatm5t prep>atory to s[+4 ,ne>ly all h>d & bony se$s fail to g]m9ate1 or at lea/ g]m9ate v irregul>ly1 if _! cont5ts are all[$ to become ?or\ghly dry & h>d4 ,! %ells mu/ also be s(t5$ or brok5 9 _m cases be=e ! embryo c gr[4 ,nature treats su* se$s by keep+ !m con/antly moi/ "u leaves or mold1 & by crack+ !m ) fro/4 ,?is sugge/s ! practice kn[n to g>d5]s z /ratification1 an op]ation :i* consi/s 9 mix+ se$s ) e>? & expos+ !m to fro/ or to moi/ure = a consid]able "t4 ,/ratification is practic$1 z a rule1 ) all nuts1 ! se$s ( =e/ trees1 %rubs1 ! pips ( haws & (t5 ( roses1 & 9 _m cases ) ! se$s ( common fruits4 ,x %\ld be p]=m$ z soon z possible aft] ! se$s are mature4 ,small se$s are usually plac$ 9 ?9 lay]s 9 a box alt]nat+ ) an in* or two ( s&4 ,sometimes ! se$s are mix$ indiscrim9ately 9 ! s&1 b unless !y are l>ge x is difficult to sep>ate !m out at s[+ "t4 ,! s& is (t5 s[n ) ! se$s1 h[ev]1 b x is difficult 9 su* cases to di/ribute ! se$s ev5ly1 & 9 s[+ l>ge quantities ! h&l+ ( ! s& entails a consid]able burd5 & becomes an item ( exp5se4 ,x is advisable to pass ! s& ?r\gh a sieve ( f9] me% ?an ! se$s1 & ! se$s c !n be sift$ out at s[+ "t4 ,if ! se$s are v small or v few 9 numb] !y may be plac$ betwe5 folds ( ?9 musl91 :i* is !n laid 9 ! s&4 ,any %all[ box1 l a g>d5]'s flat1 is useful 9 mak+ /ratifications1 or ) small lots ( se$s pots may be us$4 ,a flat f\r in*es deep might conta9 two or ?ree lay]s or /rata ( se$s ! size ( peas4 ,! disposition ( ! boxes :5 fill$ v>ies ) diff]5t op]ators4 ,"s pref] to bury !m4 ,9 ?is case a well-dra9$ s&y slope is *os54 ,! flats are plac$ 9 a tr5* f "o to two feet deep1 cov]$ ) a s+le ?ickness ( bo>ds1 & ! tr5* is !n fill$ ) e>?4 ,! se$s usually freeze some:at1 al?\gh freez+ is n consid]$ necess>y unless 9 ! case ( nut-l se$s4 ,! object atta9$ 9 bury+ is to keep ! se$s moi/ & fre%1 induc+ ! rott+ or s(t5+ ( ! cov]+s1 :ile !y are buri$ s deep t !y w n spr\t4 ,se$s ( mo/ =e/ trees %\ld be treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,!y are commonly left 9 ! gr\nd until ! second spr+1 :5 !y are tak5 up & s[n 9 drills 9 mell[ gr\nd4 ,if good loam to :i* has be5 add$ a little well-rott$ manure is us$1 ! se$s or nuts ( h>dy trees & %rubs may be all[$ to g]m9ate & gr[ = "o season 9 ! flats4 ,at ! end ( ! season or ! next spr+ ! plants c be transplant$ )\t los+ "o4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! be/ way to h&le r>e & difficult subjects4 ,_m gr[]s place ! boxes on ! surface 9 "s protect$ place1 z "u trees or 9 a %$1 & cov] !m a foot deep ) clean /raw or leaves4 ,?is is a good me?od = all se$s :i* are to be s[n ! foll[+ spr+1 z ^? ( _m fruits4 ,if boxes are pil$ on top ea* o!r !y %\ld be mul*$ ) moss1 else ! "u ones may become too dry4 ,or ! boxes may be plac$ )\t cov]+ 9 a %$1 b !y mu/ be exam9$ occasionally to see t !y d n become too dry4 ,precaution mu/ also be tak5 to keep away mice1 squirrels1 blue-jays & o!r intrud]s4 ,l>ge nut-l se$s or fruits1 l pea*-pits1 walnuts & hickory-nuts1 are usually buri$ 9 s& or light loam :]e !y w freeze4 ,or sometimes ! l>ge nuts are ?r[n into a pile ) e>? & all[$ to rema9 on ! surface4 ,freez+ s]ves a useful purpose 9 aid+ to crack ! %ells1 b x is n ess5tial to subsequ5t g]m9ation1 z is commonly suppos$4 ,all se$s1 s f> z kn[n1 c be gr[n )\t ! ag5cy ( fro/ if prop]ly h&l$4 ,fall s[+ am\nts to /ratification1 b unless ! soil is mell[ & v ?or\ghly dra9$ ! practice is n advisable4 ,! se$s are liable to be heav$ or wa%$ out1 eat5 by v]m91 & ! soil is apt to bake ov] !m4 ,"u prop] conditions1 h[ev]1 ! se$s ( fruits & _m =e/ trees ?rive well "u fall s[+4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z !y are ripe1 ev5 if 9 mid-summ]2 or if ! gr\nd is n ready = !m at t "t1 !y may be tempor>ily /ratifi$ to prev5t too great h>d5+ ( ! p>ts4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to all[ all gre5 or moi/ se$s to dry (f a few days be=e !y are /ratifi$4 ,fall s[n se$s %\ld always be mul*$4 ,"s se$s r>ely g]m9ate until ! second ye> aft] maturity1 ev5 ) ! be/ ( treatm5t4 ,! ?orns1 m\nta9 a%1 hollies1 viburnums1 "s roses1 & _m o!rs belong to ?is category4 ,"s gr[]s s[ !m regul>ly z soon z !y are ripe & all[ ! b$s to rema9 until ! se$s appe>4 ,?is is a wa/e ( l& & ( labor 9 we$+1 & ! be/ way is to /ratify !m & all[ !m to rema9 until ! second spr+ be=e s[+4 ,p>tial sub/itutes = /ratification are soak+ & scald+ ! se$s4 ,soak+ may be advantage\sly practic$ 9 ! case ( sl[ & h>d se$s1 :i* are n enclos$ 9 bony %ells1 & :i* h be5 all[$ to become dry4 ,se$s ( apple1 locu/ & o!rs ( simil> "*1 are sometimes treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,!y are soak$ = #bd or #cf h\rs1 & x is commonly suppos$ t if !y are expos$ to a %>p fro/ 9 ! meantime1 bett] results w foll[4 ,:ile /ill wet ! se$s are s[n4 ,scald+ wat] may be p\r$ ov] locu/ & o!r se$s to s(t5 _! cov]+4 ,b se$s %\ld n be boil$1 z sometimes recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,bor$ ,se$4 ,! g]m9ation ( bony se$s is (t5 facilitat$ by fil+ or cutt+ away ! %ell v c>efully ne> ! g]m1 or by bor+ !m4 ,a bor$ nelumbium se$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,treatm5t ) v>i\s *emicals has be5 recomm5d$ = ! purpose ( s(t5+ integum5ts1 & also = "s p[] :i* /rong oxidiz+ ag5ts are suppos$ to ex]t 9 ha/5+ g]m9ation itself1 b ! advantages are mo/ly imag9>y4 ,secret & pat5t$ g]m9ator comp\nds _h bett] be avoid$4 ,pulpy & fle%y cov]+s %\ld be remov$ f se$s be=e s[+4 ,s(t fruits1 l b]ries1 are brok5 up or gr\nd into a pulp & ! se$s are !n wa%$ out4 ,?is sep>ation may be p]=m$ imm$iately 9 "s cases1 b :5 ! pulp adh]es to ! se$1 ! :ole mass is usually all[$ to /& until f]m5tation & p>tial decay has lib]at$ ! se$s4 ,! pulp w !n rise1 9 mo/ in/ances1 leav+ ! se$s at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,se$s c be lib]at$ quickly by add+ a /ick ( cau/ic pota% to ea* pail ( wat]4 ,aft] ! mass has /ood an h\r or s1 ! se$s c be rubb$ out easily4 ,ev5 tomato se$s c be clean$ ) safety 9 ?is mann]4 ,se$s :i* h ?9 cov]+s1 z ! viburnums & _m haws1 c be prep>$ by rubb+ !m ?r\gh ! h&s ) %>p s&4 ,or ! scant pulp ( su* se$s may be all[$ to rot (f 9 ! /ratification box4 ,fle%y cov]+s ( h>d & bony se$s may be remov$ by mac]ation4 ,all[ !m to /& 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ge = "o to ?ree weeks1 & !n wa% !m out4 ,res9\s cov]+s are sometimes remov$ by mix+ ! se$s ) fre% a%es or lime1 or by treat+ !m ) lye4 ,h>d1 ?ick-wall$ se$s are r>ely injur$ by ! decay ( ! pulpy cov]+1 b ?9-wall$ se$s %\ld be clean$1 to avoid ! possibility ( damag+ !m4,a ,a ,an admirable pap] ^u ! propagation ( h>dy trees & %rubs f se$s & ! treatm5t ( ! "y se$l+s1 by ,jackson ,dawson1 may be f\nd 9 ,trans4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 #ahhe1 "p #a1 #ade1 & also 9 ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4 ,bd4 ,agr4 #ahhe1 #dfh4 ,s[+4--,! soil 9 :i* se$s are s[n1 especially 9 9-door culture1 %\ld be su* z to all[ ( p]fect dra9age & at ! same "t to hold moi/ure4 ,good pott+ soil1 ) a lib]al all[ance ( %>p s&1 is ! be/ = g5]al purposes4 ,pure s& becomes too d5se1 & leaf mold alone is usually too loose & op54 ,a prop] comb9ation ( ! two corrects bo? faults4 ,x is impossible to describe a good pott+ or se$-b$ soil4 ,"s exp]i5ce is ess5tial to ! be/ results 9 prep>+ x4 ,x %\ld be ( su* "* t :5 a damp portion is firmly compress$ 9 ! h& x w fall ap>t :5 releas$4 ,x %\ld nev] bake4 ,good old g>d5 loam1 to :i* an equal quantity ( s& has be5 add$1 is usually a good soil = common 9-door se$age4 ,!re %\ld be no manure 9 soil us$ = se$s :i* produce a delicate gr[?1 z rhodod5drons & kalmias4 ,9 all su* cases1 rott$ sod or leafy peat =ms ! be/ basis4 ,! soil %\ld be sift$ & ?or\ghly f9$ be=e se$s are put into x4 ,se$s usually require light] soil ?an t 9 :i* ! gr[+ plant w fl\ri%4 ,cocoanut fib] is sometimes us$ 9 place ( ! soil1 z x holds moi/ure1 all[s ( almo/ p]fect dra9age1 & does n become s\r4 ,f9e dead sphagnum moss may also be us$4 ,or*id se$s are usually s[n on ! live moss 9 :i* ! p>5t plant is gr[+2 or !y may be s[n on damp wood or cork4 7,see "u ,or*ids1 ,*ap4 ,,vi47 ,small se$s1 l ^? ( c9]>ia & calceol>ia1 g]m9ate well 9 v old c[-dung obta9$ f a pa/ure2 ! unctu\s matt]s h disappe>$1 leav+ a fibr\s rema9d]4 ,b all ?+s consid]$1 well-prep>$ soil is ! mo/ satisfactory m$ium :i* c be us$4 ,se$s ( aquatic plants :i* are to be s[n 9 a pond may be plac$ 9 a ball ( clay & dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,%all[ boxes or flats & e>!n se$-pans & lily-pans are usually pref]able to pots 9 :i* to gr[ se$s4 ,!y give m surface 9 proportion to _! cont5ts & require less att5tion 9 dra9age4 ,if pots are us$1 ! f\r to six in* sizes are be/4 ,if delicate se$s are s[n out-doors1 !y %\ld be giv5 "s protection1 if possible4 ,an ord9>y hot-b$ frame gives ! be/ results4 ,9 w>m wea!r or a sunny exposure x w be f\nd desirable to sub/itute a clo? scre5 = ! sa%4 ,a ?9 or m$ium wat]-pro( plant clo?1 ei!r comm]cial or home-made1 is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,x may be tack$ ^u a simple & light rectangul> frame :i* is /r5g!n$ at ! corn]s by iron c>riage-corn]s4 ,^! clo?-cov]$ frames are h&y = _m purposes1 p>ticul>ly = protect+ & supply+ "s w>m? to se$-pans & "y se$l+s4 ,x is ess5tial t good dra9age be giv5 all 9-door se$-pots or se$-b$s4 ,a lay] ( brok5 pots or o!r co>se mat]ial is plac$ on ! bottom4 ,_m gr[]s place a ?9 lay] ( f9e dead sphagnum moss or ( peat ov] ?is dra9age mat]ial1 & x c]ta9ly makes a useful addition4 ,x is p>ticul>ly useful 9 isolat$ pots or small boxes1 z x holds en\gh moi/ure to prev5t too rapid dry+ out1 :ile all surplus wat] is quickly tak5 (f by ! co>se mat]ial b5ea?4 ,ov] ! moss co>se sift+s f ! soil may be plac$1 :ile on top only ! f9e/ & be/ soil %\ld be us$4 ,! small] ! se$s1 ! m c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! s[+4 ,! prop] dep? = s[+ v>ies directly ) ! size ( ! se$4 ,! *ief advantage ( v f9e soil = small se$s is ! great] exactness ( dep? ( cov]+ :i* x all[s4 ,v small se$s %\ld be s[n ^u ! surface1 :i* has previ\sly be5 well firm$ & levell$1 & !n cov]$ ) a v ?9 lay] ( f9ely sift$ soil or a little old & dead moss rubb$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,?is cov]+ %\ld be sc>cely deep] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! se$s2 t is1 ! se$s %\ld be b>ely cov]$4 ,_m pref] press+ ! se$s into ! soil ) a block4 ,or if "o has a close propagat+-box1 ! se$s may rema9 ^u ! surface & suffici5t moi/ure w be suppli$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,su* f9e se$s are r>ely wat]$ directly1 z ev5 ! mo/ c>eful treatm5t w\ld be likely to dislodge !m4 ,! soil is usually well wat]$ be=e ! se$s are s[n1 or moi/ure may be suppli$ by ins]t+ ! pot 9 wat] ne>ly to its rim = a few mom5ts4 ,if wat] is appli$ f a hose1 a ?9 clo? %\ld fir/ be spread on ! soil to hold x4 ,cel]y se$s1 9 out-door b$s1 are (t5 s[n ^u a nicely prep>$ surface & are !n press$ 9 by means ( ! feet or a bo>d4 ,"s cov] to prev5t evaporation %\ld be giv5 all small se$s4 ,?is may be a bo>d or a slate slab at fir/1 b z soon z ! plants appe> glass %\ld be sub/itut$ to admit light4 7,see pp4 #aa to #ad47 ,l>ge se$s dem& mu* less c>e z to dep? ( cov]+1 z a rule4 ,"o-f\r? or "o-half in* is a good dep? = mo/ co>se se$s 9-doors4 ,if "o wi%es to gauge ! dep? accurately1 ! drills may be made by a plant+ /ick1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,its flange is made ( ! requir$ ?ickness1 & x is press$ into ! soil until ! cap /rikes ! surface4 ,?is is a useful implem5t 9 se$ te/+4 ,ano!r device = regulat+ ! dep? ( s[+1 p>ticul>ly 9 se$ te/+1 is ! ,tracy plant]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,x consi/s ( two /rips ( heavy t9 plate ab\t ?ree in*es wide1 hung ^u two wire pivots or h+es "s two in*es long4 ,at _! upp] edges & equidi/ant f ei!r end1 ! plates are jo9$ by a firm spiral spr+1 :i* s]ves to ?r[ ! upp] edges ap>t1 & to cause ! l[] edges to jo94 ,?is tr\gh is n[ fill$ ) ! requir$ numb] ( se$s1 & is !n ins]t$ into ! e>? to a giv5 dep?1 :5 ! f+]s pu% inw>d on ! spr+ & ! tr\gh op5s & deliv]s ! se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,plant+ ,/ick4 ,miscellane\s ,matt]s4--,! influ5ce :i* light ex]ts ^u g]m9ation is n def9itely und]/ood4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t se$s w (t5 g]m9ate 9 full sunlight1 if ! prop] conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature c be ma9ta9$4 ,se$s s[n ^u a moi/ surface & cov]$ ) a glass pres5t an int]e/+ /udy4 ,b x is well kn[n1 on ! o!r h&1 t "s se$s w n g]m9ate1 or w at lea/ appe> unev5ly1 if subject$ to sunlight4 ,at lea/ "s ( ! delph9iums1 papav]s & adonises g]m9ate v imp]fectly1 if at all1 9 direct light4 ,x is always advisable to keep g]m9at+ se$s 9 %ade or p>tial d>kness1 especially z !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by expos+ !m4 ,( c\rse ! soil itself is suffici5t protection if ! se$s are cov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,tracy ,plant]4 ,x is a common /atem5t t se$s c nev] revive if all[$ to become ?or\ghly dry aft] !y h begun to spr\t4 ,?is is an error4 ,:eat1 oats1 buck:eat1 maize1 pea1 onion1 radi% & o!r se$s h be5 exp]im5t$ ^u 9 ?is direction1 & !y are f\nd to re-g]m9ate readily1 ev5 if all[$ to become ?or\ghly dry & brittle aft] spr\t+ is well progress$4 ,!y w ev5 re-g]m9ate sev]al times4 ,:eat1 peas & o!r se$s h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh s _m z sev5 g]m9ations aft] ! radicle _h gr[n a half in* or m & ! se$s _h be5 suffici5tly dri$ 9 ea* trial to r5d] !m fit = gr9d+4 ,damp+-(f is a common ailm5t ( "y se$l+s & cutt+s4 ,! /em becomes br[n & con/rict$ at or ne> ! surface ( ! soil1 & x soon rots & falls ov]4 ,! top ( ! plant (t5 rema9s alive & fre% = sev]al days aft] x has fall54 ,a fungus is suppos$ to cause damp+-(f4 ,! conditions :i* seem to p>ticul>ly favor ! developm5t ( ?is fungus are a moi/ & close atmosph]e1 cr[d+ & c>eless wat]+4 ,plants are p>ticul>ly liable to damp-(f if only suffici5t wat] is appli$ to keep ! surface moi/ :ile ! "u soil rema9s dry4 ,hot s&1 sift$ ov] ! plants1 w *eck x1 b !re is no complete rem$y4 ,att5tion to ! above sugge/ions w s]ve z a prev5tive4 ,! transportation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( se$s ov] long di/ances1 especially on sea voyages1 is (t5 beset ) difficulties4 ,?ick-meat$ or s(t se$s may become too dry if /or$ 9 a w>m place or too moi/ if /or$ 9 a cool "o4 ,! humid atmosph]e ( ! ocean is fatal to "s se$s unless !y are well protect$1 & ! moi/ & hot climates ( "s tropical c\ntries de/roy _m se$s ( cool] regions be=e !y c be plant$4 ,?9-coat$ se$s dem& dryness & air1 & bony se$s usually ne$ moi/ure & a m conf9$ atmosph]e4 ,mo/ se$s may be s5t dry & loose 9 co>se pap] packages "u all ord9>y circum/ances2 b if !y are to trav]se v hot & moi/ climates1 !y %\ld be seal$ 9 t9 cases or v securely wrapp$ 9 oil$ pap]1 9 :i* case ! se$s %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e be+ pack$4 ,small se$s :i* are liable to become moldy may be pack$ 9 f9ely p[d]$ *>coal4 ,apple & pe> se$s are (t5 import$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! se$s or fruits ( woody plants require m c>eful managem5t4 ,!y %\ld g5]ally be transport$ 9 "s sort ( /ratification4 ,a favorite me?od is to place !m 9 boxes or j>s1 mix$ ) naturally moi/ s& or sawdu/1 or slightly moi/ dead sphagnum moss4 ,"s pref] to seal ! packages h]metically1 b "u ord9>y conditions ?is is unnecess>y4 ,9 transit1 ! packages %\ld be /or$ 9 a m$ium & uni=m temp]ature4 ,ev5 acorns1 :i* are (t5 difficult to transport ov] long voyages1 may be c>ri$ 9 ?is mann] ) safety4 ,x is important t ! soil %\ld n be wet4 ,natural soil f a dryi% & loamy pa/ure is excell5t4 ,9 "s cases x is bett] to spr\t ! se$s 9 ! native c\ntry & %ip ! se$l+s 9 a clos$ or ,w>dian case4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t actual plant+s r>ely give s good results z se$ te/s1 f ! fact t conditions are m v>iable4 ,!re is (t5 a v>iation ( ov] fifty p] c5t4 ev5 :5 ! plant+ has be5 c>efully done4 ,?is is pro( t lib]al se$+ %\ld always be practic$4 ,spores4--,f]ns1 lycopodiums & selag9ellas are (t5 gr[n f spores4 ,! g5]al conditions adapt$ to ! g]m9ation ( se$s are also suitable = ! g]m9ation ( spores1 b extra c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ! dra9age4 ,if a pot is us$1 x %\ld be half or m fill$ ) dra9age mat]ial1 & ! soil %\ld be r5d]$ loose by ! addition ( bits ( brick1 *>coal1 c9d]s or o!r por\s mat]ials4 ,! surface soil %\ld be f9e & uni=m4 ,"s place a ?9 lay] ( brick du/ ^u ! surface1 9 :i* ! spores are s[n4 ,x is a frequ5t practice to bake ! soil to de/roy o!r spores :i* might cause tr\blesome gr[?s4 ,! spores %\ld be spr9kl$ ^u ! surface & %\ld n be cov]$4 ,! pot %\ld be set 9 a sauc] ( wat] & x %\ld be cov]$ by pap] or a pane ( glass if ! sun /rikes x4 ,bett] results are obta9$ if ! pot or pan is plac$ inside a propagat+-frame or "u a bell-glass4 ,9 place ( e>?1 a block or small cubes ( firm peat or s&/one may be employ$4 ,! block is plac$ 9 a sauc] ( wat] & ! spores are s[n ^u its surface4 ,wat] %\ld n be appli$ directly to ! spores1 z x is apt to dislodge !m4 ,! p]iod ( g]m9ation v>ies 9 diff]5t species1 b ?ree to six weeks may be consid]$ ! ord9>y limits4 ,:ile /ill v small1 ! plantlets %\ld be prick$ out1 & = "s "t !reaft] !y %\ld be subject$ to ! same conditions z be=e4 ,spores are s exce$+ly small & light t ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 gr[+ !m4 ,9 ord] to ga!r !m1 ! fronds may be cut z soon z ! sori or fruit-dots turn br[n1 & /or$ 9 close boxes or pap] bags4 ,note4--,= tables ( weights & longevities ( se$s & quantities requir$ = giv5 areas1 consult ,horticulturi/'s ,rule-,book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sep>ation4 ,sep>ation4--,! act or process ( multiply+ plants by means ( naturally deta*$ asexual organs1 or ! /ate or condition ( be+ s multipli$4 ,sep>ation is effect$ by means ( bulbs1 bulbels1 bulb-scales1 bulblets1 corms1 tub]s1 (fsets1 cr[ns & sometimes by buds4 ,bulbs ( all k9ds are specializ$ buds4 ,!y are made up ( a %ort & rudim5t>y axis closely encas$ 9 trans=m$ & ?ick5$ leaves or bulb-scales4 ,^! ?ick5$ p>ts are /or$ ) nutrim5t :i* is us$ dur+ subsequ5t gr[?4 ,bulbs occur only 9 plants :i* are accu/om$ to a long p]iod ( inactivity4 ,_m bulb\s plants are peculi> to dry & arid regions1 :]e gr[? is impossible dur+ long p]iods4 ,a bulb is1 !re=e1 a m or less p]man5t & compact leaf-bud1 usually occupy+ ! base ( ! /em und]gr\nd & emitt+ roots f its l[] portion4 ,bulbs are conv5i5tly divid$ into two great classes--! scaly1 or ^? compos$ ( n>r[ & mo/ly loose scales1 z 9 ! lily1 & lam9ate or tunicate1 or ^? compos$ ( m or less cont9u\s & close-fitt+ lay]s or plates1 z 9 ! onion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bulb ( ,lilium c&idum4 ,bulbs (t5 break up or divide !mselves into two or m ne>ly equal portions1 z 9 ,lilium c&idum1 %[n "o-?ird natural size 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! p>ts may be sep>at$ & treat$ z complete bulbs = purposes ( propagation4 ,?is division or sep>ation ( bulbs proce$s 9 a diff]5t mann] 9 ne>ly e species1 yet x is s obvi\s t ! novice ne$ n be p]plex$ by x4 ,almo/ any break+ ap>t ( ^! loose bulbs1 if only a he>t or c5tral axis rema9s 9 ea* portion1 is successful = purposes ( sl[ multiplication2 b :5 fl[]s are desir$ x is usually inadvisable4 ,bulb\s plants multiply mo/ easily by means ( bulbels--(t5 also call$ bulbules & (fsets--or small bulbs :i* are borne ab\t a l>ge or "m bulb4 ,9 "s lilies1 z ,lilium c&idum1 ! bulbels =m at ! top or cr[n ( ! "m bulb1 & a circle ( roots w be f\nd betwe5 !m & ! bulb2 9 o!rs1 z ,l4 speciosum & ,l4 auratum1 !y =m on ! l[] "p ( ! fl[] /alk4 ,9 "s species ! bulbels are few & v l>ge1 or ev5 s+le1 & !y bloom ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 su* cases ! bulb und]goes a progressive movem5t f ye> to ye> aft] ! mann] ( root-/ocks1 ! bulb ( "o ye> =m+ a m or less di/9ct "o above & beyond x :i* cont9ues ! species1 :ile ! old "o becomes weak or dies4 ,?is me?od ( bulb =mation is se5 9 ! cut ( ,lilium p>dal9um1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 ! hyac9? ! bulbels =m at ! base ( ! bulb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,bulb ( ,lilium p>dal9um4 ,bulbels v>y greatly 9 size & frequ5cy 9 diff]5t species4 ,sometimes !y are no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( :eat1 & 9 o!r plants !y are z l>ge z hickory-nuts4 ,9 "s species !y are borne habitually und]nea? ! scales ( ! "m bulb4 ,^! bulbels are (t5 remov$ :5 ! "m bulbs are tak5 up1 & !y are usually plant$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z ! bulbs !mselves1 al?\gh x is desirable to place !m1 at lea/ = ! fir/ ye>1 9 a b$ or bord] by !mselves4 ,or if !y are especially small & delicate !y may be plant$ 9 pots or flats & be treat$ ab\t ! same z s+le eye cutt+s4 ,9 "s lilies ! bulbels are all[$ to rema9 atta*$ & ! :ole mass is plant$ 9 ! fall 9 close drills4 ,sometimes ! l>g] lily bulbels w produce fl[]s ! foll[+ season1 b !y usually require ! :ole ( ! season 9 :i* to complete _! gr[?4 ,! second fall !y are ready to be p]man5tly plant$4 ,bulbels ( "s plants require a long] "t 9 :i* to mature into bulbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,cut ,hyac9? ,bulb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,holl[$ ,hyac9? ,bulb4 ,bulbels are (t5 produc$ by an injury to ! bulb4 ,gr[? ( /em & leaves is prev5t$ or *eck$ & ! en]gy is direct$ to ! =mation ( m9ute buds1 or bulbs1 9 ! same mann] z adv5titi\s buds =m ^u a w\nd$ /em4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is fact to multiply "s bulb\s plants1 & 9 ! case ( ! hyac9?s1 at lea/1 ! mutilation ( bulbs = ?is purpose is practic$ to a comm]cial ext5t4 ,hyac9? bulbs are cut 9 two1 or are sla%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! favorite me?od is to make two or ?ree deep transv]se cuts into ! base ( ! bulb4 ,! /ronge/ bulbs %\ld be *os5 & ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 spr+ or e>ly summ] :5 ! bulb is tak5 up4 ,! bulbs are sometimes holl[$ out f ! "u side = half or m ( _! l5g?4 ,?is op]ation is sometimes p]=m$ lat] 9 ! season ?an ! o!r1 & precaution %\ld be ex]cis$ t ! bulbs d n become too moi/1 else !y w rot4 ,holl[$ bulbs %\ld be well dri$ be=e be+ plant$4 ,bo? me?ods ( prep>+ hyac9? bulbs are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac :i* are adapt$ f ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a portion ( ! base ( a cross-cut bulb1 ) ! adv5titi\s bulbels4 ,! mutilat$ bulbs are /or$ dur+ summ]1 & are plant$ 9 fall or spr+4 ,! w\nd$ bulbs produce v little foliage1 b at ! end ( ! fir/ season ! bulbels w h =m$4 ,! bulbels are !n sep>at$ & plant$ by !mselves 9 prep>$ b$s4 ,sev]al ye>s are requir$ = ! bulbels to mature into fl[]+ bulbs4 ,"s ( ! /ronge/ ones may produce fl[]+ bulbs 9 ?ree ye>s1 b "s ( !m1 especially ^? obta9$ f ! holl[$ bulbs1 w n mature %ort ( six ye>s4 ,?is me?od ( propagat+ hyac9?s is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ,holl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,cross-,cut ,bulb4 ,! scales ( bulbs are (t5 employ$ to multiply sc>ce v>ieties4 ,f t5 to ?irty ( ! ?ick] scales may be remov$ f ! outside ( ! bulb )\t s]i\s injury to x4 ,^! are treat$ 9 ! same mann] z s+le eye cutt+s4 ,!y are usually h&l$ 9 flats or propagat+-frames1 & are press$ p]p5dicul>ly into a light & loose soil--half %>p s& & half leaf-m\ld--= ne>ly or q _! entire l5g?1 or are scatt]$ 9 damp moss4 ,keep ! soil simply moi/1 & = h>dy & half-h>dy species keep ! temp]ature r l[--f #de to #fj4 ,slight bottom heat may sometimes be giv5 to advantage4 ,9 f ?ree to t5 weeks a little bulbel1 or sometimes two or m1 w appe> at ! base ( ! scale1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,bulb-,scale4 ,^! pots or flats may be plung$ out-doors dur+ summ] if ! plant+ 0 done 9 w9t]1 or ! scales may be pott$ (f or transf]r$ to ! op5 bord] z soon z rootlets h =m$4 ,x is ! common practice ) mo/ h>dy species to all[ ! scales to rema9 9 ! orig9al flats dur+ summ] & to cov] !m ! next fall1 all[+ !m to rema9 out-doors ov] w9t]4 ,! succe$+ spr+ !y are %ift$ into a b$ or bord]1 & by ! next fall--hav+ _h two summ]s' gr[?--mo/ species w be ready = p]man5t plant+ 9 ! fl[] bord]4 ,a bulblet is a small bulb borne entirely above gr\nd1 usually 9 ! axil ( a leaf or 9 ! infloresc5ce4 ,famili> examples occur 9 ! tig] lily & 9 top onions4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance ! bulblets are direct trans=mations ( buds1 :ile 9 ! onion !y are trans=m$ fl[]s4 ,x is impossible to draw any l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 bulblets & buds4 ,9 "s plants1 c]ta9 buds deta* !mselves & fall to ! gr\nd to multiply ! species4 ,sometimes ^! buds vegetate be=e !y fall f ! plants1 z 9 ! case ( v>i\s f]ns4 ,= purposes ( propagation1 bulblets are treat$ 9 ! same way z bulbels1 & l !m1 !y reproduce ! v>iety ^u :i* !y gr[4 ,!y w develop into full gr[n bulbs 9 f "o to ?ree ye>s1 accord+ to ! species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,gladiolus ,corm4 ,a corm is a bulb-l organ :i* is solid ?r\gh\t4 ,famili> examples occur 9 ! gladiolus & crocus4 ,corm\s plants are multipli$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z bulb\s species4 ,z a rule1 a new corm is produc$ ea* ye> above ! old "o1 & ?is commonly be>s fl[]s ! foll[+ season4 ,?is r5ewal is well %[n 9 ! gladiolus1 ,fig4 #af4 ,! illu/ration %[s a gladiolus bottom1 half size1 :5 tak5 up 9 ,novemb]4 ,at ! base are se5 ! )]$ rema9s ( ! corm :i* 0 plant$ 9 ! spr+1 & above x ! new corm :i* w furni% bloom ! foll[+ season4 ,a numb] ( cormels or spawn h also appe>$4 ,^! may be plant$ out 9 a bord] or b$ & w produce mature bulbs 9 "o or two seasons4 ,! l>g] ones1 "u good treatm5t1 w (t5 produce bulbs an in* 9 diamet] ! fir/ season4 ,"s gr[]s keep ! cormels a ye> & a half be=e plant+ !m out1 z !y are ?\ght to vegetate m ev5ly "u su* treatm5t2 9 ?is case !y %\ld be plac$ 9 s& to prev5t too great dry+ out4 ,adv5titi\s cormels may be produc$ by v>i\s me?ods ( w\nd+ ! "m corm1 & ?is practice ( excit+ !m is (t5 necess>y1 z "s v>ieties d n produce cormels freely4 ,ea* bud on ! top or side ( ! corm may be made to produce a sep>ate corm by cutt+ a deep r+ ar\nd x1 s z to p>tly divide x4 ,or ! corm may be directly cut into z _m sep>ate pieces z !re are buds or eyes1 aft] ! mann] ( cutt+ potatoes1 b ^! pieces are usually h&l$ 9 flats :]e temp]ature & moi/ure c be controll$4 ,almo/ any injury to su* vigor\s corms z ^? ( ! gladiolus & crocus w result 9 ! production ( cormels1 if c>e is tak5 t ! corms d n become s cold & wet t !y w rot4 ,a tub] is a prom95tly ?ick5$ portion ( a root or /em1 & x is usually subt]ranean4 ,! potato1 sweet potato & dahlia furni% good examples4 ,tub]if]\s plants are multipli$ by plant+ ^! tub]s :ole1 or ! tub]s may be cut into small portions z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 9 ! descriptions ( cutt+s4 ,9 h>dy species1 ! tub]s may be all[$ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd dur+ w9t]1 b !y are g5]ally dug 9 ! fall & /or$ 9 a dry & cold place1 b :]e !y w n freeze4 ,an (fset is a cr[n or rosette ( leaves1 usually borne next ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :i* deta*es itself & =ms an indep5d5t plant4 ,! be/ examples occur 9 ! h\se-leeks1 plants :i* are m famili>ly kn[n z h5 & *ick5s & man & wife4 ,^! (fsets take root readily1 & 9 propagat+ !re is no o!r c>e necess>y ?an to remove & plant !m4 ,a cr[n is a deta*able portion ( a root-/ock be>+ roots & a prom95t bud4 ,rhizomes or root-/ocks multiply individuals & ext5d ! di/ribution ( ! species by means ( a progressive movem5t ( ! cr[ns4 ,! root-/ock gr[s dur+ summ]1 & at ! end ( ! season ea* bran* develops a /rong t]m9al bud :i* usually produces a fl[]+ /em ! foll[+ season4 ,! root-/ock gradually dies away at its old extremity1 & 9 a few ye>s a s+le individual gives rise to a consid]able pat*4 ,?is is well %[n by ! common ,may-,apple or podophyllum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,lily ( ! ,valley ,cr[n4 ,9 "s species ^! cr[ns are remov$ 9 ! autumn & are plant$ & h&l$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z bulbs4 ,! cr[n or pip ( ! lily ( ! valley1 %[n half size 9 ,fig4 #ag1 is obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,lay]age4 ,lay]age4--,! op]ation or practice ( mak+ a lay]1 or ! /ate or condition ( be+ lay]$4 ,lay]4--,a %oot or root1 atta*$ to ! p>5t plant1 p>tially or :olly cov]$ ) e>? ) ! int5tion t x %all take root & !n be sev]$ f ! p>5t4 ,/olon4--,a decumb5t %oot :i*1 )\t ! aid ( man1 takes root & =ms an indep5d5t plant4 ,_m plants habitually propagate by means ( decumb5t %oots & runn]s4 ,^! %oots become m or less cov]$ ) e>? or leaves1 & roots are emitt$1 usually at ! jo9ts4 ,9 _m cases1 ! old %oots die away & an entirely indep5d5t plant arises f ea* mass ( roots4 ,9 o!r plants1 ! %oots rema9 atta*$ to ! p>5t1 at lea/ = a numb] ( ye>s1 s t ! plant comprises a colony ( ess5tially di/9ct individuals4 ,great numb]s ( plants :i* d n propagate naturally by means ( lay]s are readily increas$ by ?is means "u ! direction ( ! gr[]4 ,9 mo/ cases x is only necess>y to lay d[n ! bran*es1 cov] !m ) e>?1 & all[ !m to rema9 until roots are well =m$1 :5 !y c be sev]$ f ! p>5t4 ,lay]+ is "o ( ! simple/ me?ods ( propagation1 z ! "m plants nurse ! lay] plants until !y c su/a9 !mselves4 ,x is a ready means ( multiply+ h>d-wood$ plants :i* d n gr[ well f cutt+s4 ,all v9es1 & all plants :i* h runn]s or long & sl5d] %oots :i* fall to ! gr\nd1 may be multipli$ readily by lay]age4 ,among fruits1 ! black-cap raspb]ry is a famili> example4 ,! canes ( ! curr5t ye> b5d ov] late 9 summ] & ! tips /rike ! e>?4 ,if ! tip is secur$ by a slight cov]+ ( e>?1 or if x f9ds lodgm5t 9 a mell[ soil1 roots are emitt$ & 9 ! fall a /rong bud or cr[n or eye is =m$ = next ye>'s gr[?4 ,! p>5t cane is sev]$ 9 ! fall or spr+1 "s f\r or six in*es above ! gr\nd1 & an indep5d5t plant1 kn[n z a root-tip1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 is obta9$4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 x is immat]ial at :at po9t ! p>5t /em is sev]$1 except t a %ort portion ( x s]ves z a h&le 9 c>ry+ ! plant1 & also m>ks ! position ( ! plant :5 x is set4 ,! black raspb]ry propagates itself naturally by means ( lay]s1 & x is only necess>y1 9 mo/ cases1 to br+ ! soil into a mell[ condition :5 ! tips beg9 to t\* ! gr\nd 9 ord] t !y may f9d an*orage4 ,?is lay]+ by ins]t+ ! gr[+ po9t has ! advantage ( produc+ v /rong cr[ns or plants 9 autumn f %oots or canes ( ! same ye>1 & x %\ld be m g5]ally practis$4 ,ev5 currants1 gooseb]ries1 & _m o!r plants c be h&l$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,raspb]ry tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,cov]$ ,lay] ( ,viburnum4 ,9 mo/ cases ( lay]age x is necess>y to lay d[n ! bran*es & to cov] !m4 ,! cov]+ may be cont9u\s1 z 9 ,fig4 #ai1 or x may be appli$ only to ! jo9ts or re/rict$ portions ( ! %oot1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! cov]+ %\ld be %all[1 n exce$+ "o to ?ree in*es4 ,if ! %oot is /iff a /one or sod may be plac$ ^u x to hold x d[n2 or a crot*$ /ick may be ?ru/ d[n ov] x1 z 9 ! pegg+ d[n ( propagators4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,lay]$ ,%oots4 ,! /ronge/ plants are usually obta9$ by secur+ only "o plant f a %oot1 & = ?is purpose ! e>? %\ld be appli$ only at "o po9t1 pref]ably ov] a bud some:]e ne> ! middle ( ! %oot4 ,if ! buds are close toge!r1 all b ! /ronge/ "o may be cut out4 ,if m plants are desir$1 h[ev]1 s]p5t9e lay]+ may be practic$1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! %oot is b5t 9 an undulat+ fa%ion1 & f e cov]$ portion roots w =m & a plant may be obta9$4 ,! cov]$ lay] also possesses ! advantage ( giv+ m ?an "o plant1 b ! roots are apt to =m s cont9u\sly t def9ite & /rong plants are r>ely obta9$2 ^! root$ portions may be treat$ z cutt+s1 h[ev]1 ) good results4 ,! grape is sometimes propagat$ by s]p5t9e lay]+4 ,/iff & h>d-wood$ plants d n (t5 /rike or root readily1 & 9 ord] to facilitate root+ ! bran* is w\nd$ at ! po9t :]e a new plant is desir$4 ,?is w\nd+ s]ves to induce =mation ( adv5titi\s buds at t po9t1 & to *eck ! gr[? ( ! bran* at ! tip4 ,x is a common practice to cut ! bran* ab\t half 9 two obliquely1 on ! l[] side4 ,?is op]ation is kn[n z tongue+4 ,r++ or girdl+1 twi/+1 not*+1 & v>i\s o!r me?ods are employ$1 none ( :i*1 p]haps1 possess any peculi> advantages 9 g5]al practice4 ,"s propagators cut all ! buds f ! cov]$ portion4 ,9 ?is case ! free & protrud+ end ( ! lay] is expect$ to =m ! top ( ! new plant4 ,ar*+1 or v abrupt b5d+1 z 9 s]p5t9e lay]+1 s]ves ! same purpose & is ! only att5tion necess>y 9 mo/ v9es4 ,:5 l>ge numb]s ( plants are desir$1 z 9 comm]cial nurs]ies1 x is (t5 necess>y to cut back ! p>5t plant to ! gr\nd1 or v ne>ly s1 = ! purpose ( secur+ _m %oots fit = lay]+4 ,a plant :i* is cut back 9 ! spr+ w produce %oots fit = lay]+ ! foll[+ spr+2 or "s species w produce !m 9 abundance ! same ye> if lay]s ( gre5 or immature wood are desir$4 ,^! p>5t or /ock-plants are call$ /ools by nurs]ym54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,m\nd ,lay]+ ( ,gooseb]ry4 ,9 _m species lay]age is p]=m$ to be/ advantage by heap+ e>? ov] ! /ool & ar\nd ! %oots4 ,?is is kn[n z m\nd or /ool lay]+4 ,! %oots s5d out roots ne> ! base & /raight1 /ocky plants are obta9$4 ,! ,engli% gooseb]ries are almo/ exclusively propagat$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,fig4 #ba %[s a r[ ( m\nd-lay]$ gooseb]ries4 ,! %oots are all[$ to rema9 9 lay]age two ye>s1 9 ! case ( ,engli% gooseb]ries1 if ! be/ plants are want$1 b 9 _m species ! op]ation is complet$ 9 a s+le season4 ,qu9ces & ,p>adise apple /ocks are ext5sively m\nd-lay]$4 ,! practice is mo/ useful 9 ^? l[ plants :i* produce %ort & r /iff %oots4 ,z a rule1 ! be/ season = mak+ lay]s is 9 spr+ :5 ! leaves are =m+4 ,root+ progresses rapidly at t season4 ,_m plants ble$ if lay]$ e>li] 9 ! season4 ,h>dy %rubs may be lay]$ 9 ! fall1 ei!r e>ly or late1 & if an incision is made1 a callus w h =m$ by spr+4 ,if rapid multiplication is desir$1 ! s(t & gr[+ %oots may be lay]$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,?is op]ation is v>i\sly kn[n z summ]1 h]bace\s1 gre5 & s(t lay]+4 ,comp>atively feeble plants usually result f ?is practice1 & x is n 9 common favor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,pot lay]age4 ,pot lay]+1 circumposition1 air lay]+ & ,*9ese lay]+ are t]ms appli$ to ! root+ ( rigid /ems by means ( surr\nd+ !m1 :ile 9 _! natural position1 by e>? or moss1 or simil> mat]ial4 ,! /em is w\nd$--commonly girdl$--& a divid$ pot or box is plac$ ab\t x & fill$ ) e>? 7,fig4 #bb74 ,! roots />t f above ! girdle1 & :5 !y h fill$ ! pot ! /em is sev]$1 head$ back1 & plant$4 ,pot lay]+ is practic$ almo/ exclusively 9 gre5h\ses1 :]e x is possible to keep ! e>? uni=mly moi/4 ,b ev5 !re x is advisable to wrap ! pot 9 moss to *eck evaporation f ! soil4 ,"s plants c be readily root$ by wrapp+ !m ) moss alone4 ,pot lay]+ is employ$ n only = ! purpose ( multiply+ plants1 b 9 ord] to l[] ! heads ( leggy or scraggly specim5s4 ,! pot is ins]t$ at ! requir$ po9t ^u ! ma9 /em1 & aft] roots h =m$ abundantly ! top may be cut (f & pott$ indep5d5tly1 ! old /ump be+ disc>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,lay]+ pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,lay]+ cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,lay]+ cup4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,lay]+ cup4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,comp\nd lay]+ pot4 ,! ,fr5* h v>i\s h&y devices = facilitat+ pot lay]+4 ,fig4 #bc %[s a lay]+ pot1 provid$ ) a ni*e 9 ! side to receive ! /em1 & a flange beh9d = secur+ if to a support4 ,fig4 #bd repres5ts a lay]+ cone4 ,x is made ( z9c or o!r metal1 usually f\r or five in*es high1 & is compos$ ( two semi-circul> w+s :i* are h+$ on ! back & are secur$ 9 front1 :5 ! in/rum5t is clos$1 by means ( a h+e-p94 ,a cord is ins]t$ 9 "o side ) :i* to hang x on a support4 ,a cup or pot ) a removable side is also us$4 ,?is is %[n op5 9 ,fig4 #be & clos$ 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,an +5i\s comp\nd lay]+ pot is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! ma9 /em or trunk ( ! plant is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! l>ge op5+1 & ! bran*es are tak5 ?r\gh ! small] pots at ! side4 ,ki]'s lay]+ boxes or racks are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bh & #bi4 ,! trays are fill$ ) e>? & ! bran*es are laid 9 ?r\gh ! *9ks 9 ! bord] & are treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ord9>y out-door lay]s4 ,^! racks supply a neat & conv5i5t means ( increas+ gre5h\se plants :i* d n readily /rike f cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,ki]'s lay]+ rack4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t :5 lay]s d n give /rong plants1 !y c be divid$ into portions & treat$ z ord9>y cutt+s4 ,?is is an important op]ation 9 ! case ( r>e v>ieties :i* are multipli$ by means ( s(t or gre5 lay]s1 z "s ( ! l>ge-fl[]$ clematises & grapes4 ,! weak small plants are h&l$ 9 a cool gre5h\se or "u frames1 usually 9 pots1 & !y soon make /rong individuals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,ki]'s circul> lay]+ rack4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,cuttage4 ,cuttage4--,! practice or process ( multiply+ plants by means ( cutt+s1 or ! /ate or condition ( be+ ?us propagat$4 ,cutt+4--,a sev]$ portion ( a plant1 ins]t$ 9 soil or wat] ) ! int5tion t x %all gr[2 a slip4 ,cutt+s1 p>ticul>ly ( gr[+ p>ts1 dem& a moi/ & uni=m atmosph]e1 a por\s soil & sometimes bottom heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,h&-glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,small ,propagat+-box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,propagat+-box4 ,devices = ,regulat+ ,moi/ure & ,heat4--,9 ord] to secure a uni=m & moi/ atmosph]e1 v>i\s propagat+-frames are devis$4 ,:atev] its con/ruction1 ! frame %\ld be suffici5tly tight to conf9e ! air closely1 x %\ld admit light1 & all[ ( v5tilation4 ,! simple/ =m ( propagat+-frame is a pot or box cov]$ ) a pane ( glass4 ,to admit ( v5tilation ! glass is tilt$ at int]vals1 or two panes may be us$ & a space be all[$ to rema9 betwe5 !m4 ,a common bell-glass or bell-j> 7clo*e ( ! ,fr5*7 makes "o ( ! be/ & h&ie/ propagat+-frames because x admits light ^u all sides & is conv5i5t to h&le4 ,^! are 9 univ]sal use = all difficult & r>e subjects :i* are n propagat$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,a h&-glass or h&-light 7,fig4 #cj7 answ]s ! same purpose & accommodates a l>g] numb] ( plants4 ,a useful propagat+-box = ! w9d[ g>d5 or amateur cons]vatory is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a box two or ?ree in*es high is secur$1 & inside ?is a z9c or galvaniz$ iron tray1 a1 is set1 leav+ suffici5t space betwe5 x & ! box to admit a pane ( glass ^u e side4 ,^! panes =m ! f\r sides ( ! box1 & "o or two panes are laid across ! top4 ,! metal tray holds ! soil & all[s no wat] to drip ^u ! floor4 ,"o ( ! be/ boxes = g5]al purposes is made 9 ! =m ( a simple bo>d box )\t top or bottom1 & fifte5 or eighte5 in*es high1 ! top be+ cov]$ ) two sa%es1 "o ( :i* raises ^u a h+e 7,fig4 #cb74 ,f\r by ?ree feet is a conv5i5t size4 ,an ord9>y light hot-b$ frame is sometimes con/ruct$ ^u ! b5* ( a gre5h\se & cov]$ ) common hot-b$ sa%4 ,propagat+ h\ses are sometimes built ) p]man5t propagat+-frames ( ?is "* ?r\gh\t _! l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,simple ,propagat+-ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,propagat+-ov54 ,9 all ! above appliances heat is obta9$ f ! sun or f ! b5*-pipes or flues ( a gre5h\se4 ,!re are v>i\s contrivances 9 :i* ! heat is appli$ locally1 = ! purpose ( secur+ great] or m uni=m heat4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & be/ ( ^! is ! propagat+-ov5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,x is a glass cov]$ box ab\t two feet deep1 ) a tray ( wat] b5ea? ! soil1 & :i* is heat$ by a lamp4 ,a simil> b some:at complicat$ app>atus is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,?is is an old =m ( ov51 :i* has be5 v>i\sly modifi$ by diff]5t op]ators4 ,fig4 #cd %[s a sectional view ( ! complete app>atus4 ,! box1 ,a ,a1 is made ( wood & is usually ab\t ?ree feet squ>e4 ,l is a removable glass top4 ,b repres5ts a z9c or galvaniz$ iron tray :i* is fill$ ) e>? 9 :i* se$s are s[n or pots are plung$4 ,c is a wat] tray to :i* ! wat] is appli$ by means ( a funnel ext5d+ ?r\gh ! box4 ,a lamp1 ,d1 supplies ! heat4 ,a funnel ( t91 e e1 di/ributes ! heat ev5ly4 ,holes %\ld be provid$ ab\t ! bottom ( ! box to admit air to ! flame4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ?is device is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ce & #cf4 ,! wat] tray1 ,g1 slides 9 ^u l$ges s t x c be remov$1 & ! heat funnel1 ,l ,d ,l1 slides 9 simil>ly & is made to surr\nd ! flame l a *imney4 ,! front side ( ! app>atus is removable1 & ! top ( ! frame1 ,k1 is made ( metal4 ,! cov] = ?is app>atus is figur$ 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! ends1 a a1 are made ( wood1 ) op5+s1 indicat$ by ! arr[s1 to all[ ( v5tilation4 ,! front & top1 g g1 are made ( glass4 ,! frame-"w1 c c c1 is made ( metal4 ,! cov] is h+$ on1 or held ) pegs1 ,i ,i1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,modifi$ =m ( ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,cov] = ,fig #ce4 ,*auvire's propagat+-frame1 an app>atus us$ by ! ,fr5*1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,x is ess5tially a m9iature gre5h\se4 ,! sa%es are se5 at c c1 & above !m is a clo? or matt+ scre54 ,! sides bel[ ! sa%es are enclos$1 pref]ably ) glass4 ,! bottom or floor is moveable1 & x is sometimes divid$ into two or ?ree sections to all[ = ! accommodation ( plants ( diff]5t sizes & requirem5ts4 ,^! sections are rais$ or l[]$ & are held by pegs4 ,at a is %[n a section ( floor elevat$1 & at ! left ano!r section occupy+ a l[] position4 ,heat is suppli$ usually by hot wat] 9 ! tubes1 d d4 ,a v elaborate circul> ,fr5* device1 kn[n z ,lecoq's propagat+-ov51 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,x is an int]e/+ app>atus1 & is wor? att5tion z %[+ ! c>e :i* has be5 tak5 to control ! conditions ( vegetation & g]m9ation4 ,x is too elaborate = common purposes1 & yet = ! gr[+ ( c]ta9 r>e or difficult subjects x might f9d favor among ^? :o l to exp]im5t2 & x af=ds an accurate means ( /udy+ plant gr[? "u control4 ,! app>atus is sold 9 ,france = ab\t #f4 ,all ! portion bel[ ! glass top1 ,p p1 is made ( e>!nw>e4 ,! base1 a a1 holds a lamp1 d2 e is a wat] res]voir to :i* wat] is suppli$ by means ( ! funnel1 j4 ,a vase or rim1 b b1 re/s ^u ! base1 & ^u x a plate or disc1 c c1 is fitt$4 ,above ?is is a glass top1 ,p p4 ,air is admitt$ to ! app>atus at i1 ,k ,k1 & betwe5 ! vase & plate1 z at c on ! "r4 ,! plate conta9s two circul> grooves1 g g & h h4 ,9 ^! grooves ! soil is plac$ or pots plung$4 ,! heat circulates 9 ! valleys m & n n n n1 & supplies a uni=m temp]ature to bo? sides ( ! plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,*auvire's ,propagat+-ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,lecoq's ,propagat+-ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,b>n>d's ,propagat+-tank4 ,b>n>d's propagat+-tank1 ,fig4 #ci1 is a practicable device = atta*m5t to a common /ove4 ,a simil> app>atus may be atta*$ to ! pipes ( a gre5h\se4 ,! tank consi/s ( a long wood5 box made ( mat*$ bo>ds1 & put toge!r ) pa9t betwe5 ! jo9ts to make ! box wat]-tight4 ,! box %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet wide & t5 in*es deep1 & may be f t5 to ?irty feet long1 accord+ to ! space requir$4 ,9 ! middle ( ! box is a p>tition1 ext5d+ ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! box1 & on ! inside1 on ea* side1 is a l$ge or piece ( m\ld+ to support slates to be laid ov] ! entire surface ( ! box4 ,! slates are support$ by ! l$ges & by ! c5tral p>tition1 & %\ld be fa/5$ d[n ) cem5t to prev5t ! propagat+ s& f fall+ into ! tank4 ,"o slate is left out ne> ! end1 next ! fire1 to enable ! op]ator to see ! wat] & to keep x at ! "r level4 ,on ! slates s& is spread1 9 :i* ! cutt+s may be /ruck1 ! s& ne>ly fill+ ! box4 ,at "o end ( ! box is plac$ a common cyl9d] /ove1 ) pipe to ! *imney4 ,inside ! /ove is a lead or iron pipe 7iron is ! be/7 b5t 9 a spiral4 ,?is coil1 :i* is directly 9 ! fire1 is connect$ by iron pipes ) ! tank1 "o pipe lead+ to "o side ( ! p>tition & ! o!r to ! opposite side1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,if wat] is plac$ 9 ! tank x w fill ! pipes & =m a cont9u\s circulat+ sy/em ?r\gh ! pipes & up "o side ( ! box pa/ ! end ( ! p>tition1 & d[n ! o!r side4 ,a fire 9 ! /ove causes ! wat] to circulate ?r\gh ! tank & imp>t to ! b$ a g5ial w>m?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,z9c ,propagat+-tank4 ,!re are v>i\s tanks design$ to re/ ^u ! pipes 9 a gre5h\se4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! con/ruction is ess5tially ! same z ( ^? describ$ 9 previ\s pages--bottom heat1 a tray ( wat]1 & a b$ ( soil4 ,e>!nw>e tanks are commonly employ$1 b a rec5t ,engli% device1 ,fig4 #dj1 is made ( z9c4 ,x is ab\t sev5 in*es deep1 & holds an in* or two ( wat] 9 ! bottom4 ,a tray five in*es deep sets into ! tank4 ,! wat] is suppli$ ?r\gh a funnel at ! base4 ,cutt+s usually /rike bett] :5 !y t\* ! side ( ! pot ?an :5 !y are :olly surr\nd$ by soil4 ,?is is because ! e>!nw>e all[s great] uni=mity 9 moi/ure ?an ! e>?1 & supplies air & a mild bottom heat4 ,v>i\s devices are employ$ = ! purpose ( secur+ ^! advantages to ! be/ effect4 ,^! are usually d\ble pots1 9 "o ( :i* wat] is plac$4 ,a good me?od is t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #da1 :i* %[s a pot1 b1 plugg$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is at ! bottom1 plac$ inside a l>g] "o4 ,! e>? is plac$ betwe5 ! two1 dra9age mat]ial occupy+ ! bottom1 a1 & f9e soil ! top1 c4 ,wat] /&s 9 ! inn] pot z high z ! dott$ l9e & fe$s uni=mly into ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,! positions ( ! wat] & soil are frequ5tly rev]s$1 b 9 t case !re is less space available = cutt+s4 ,neumann's cutt+-pot is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,?is conta9s an inv]t$ pot 9 ! c5t]1 a1 design$ to supply dra9age & to admit heat into ! c5t] ( ! mass ( soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,=sy?'s ,cutt+-pot4 ,"s k9d ( protection1 commonly comb9$ ) bottom heat1 is always giv5 cutt+s made f ! s(t & gr[+ p>ts4 ,9 9-door "w1 any ( ! devices nam$ above may be employ$1 b a box l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb is "o ( ! mo/ useful = common op]ations4 ,or ! gre5h\se itself may af=d suffici5t protection1 especially if ! cutt+s are %ad$ :5 fir/ set to *eck evaporation f ! plant & soil1 & to prev5t too great heat4 ,?is %ad+ is usually suppli$ by :itewa%+ ! glass1 or a newspap] may be laid ov] ! cutt+ b$ = a few days4 ,a gre5h\se table or b5* prep>$ = ! gr[+ ( cutt+s is kn[n z a cutt+ b5*4 ,if ! cutt+s become too dry or too hot1 !y w wilt or flag4 ,9 out-door "w s(t cutt+s are usually plac$ 9 an ord9>y cold-frame1 & ^! frames mu/ be %ad$4 ,!y may be plac$ "u trees or on ! %ady side ( a build+1 or if !y are num]\s1 z 9 comm]cial e/abli%m5ts1 a clo? scre5 %\ld be provid$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 page #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,neumann's ,cutt+-pot4 ,soils & ,g5]al ,me?ods4--,soil = all cutt+s %\ld be well-dra9$4 ,x %\ld n be s compact z to hold a great quantity ( wat]1 nor %\ld x be s loose z to dry out v quickly4 ,x %\ld n bake or =m a cru/ on its surface4 ,z a rule1 especially = cutt+s made ( gr[+ p>ts1 ! soil %\ld n conta9 vegetable matt]1 z su* mat]ial holds too mu* wat] & x is (t5 directly injuri\s to ! cutt+4 ,a co>se %>p1 clean s& is ! be/ mat]ial = use 9-doors4 ,v f9e s& packs too h>d1 & %\ld n be us$4 ,"s propagators pref] to use f9e gravel1 compos$ ( p>ticles f an eigh? to a f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f :i* all f9e mat]ial has be5 wa%$4 ,?is answ]s well = gre5 cutt+s if a propagat+-frame is us$ to *eck evaporation & att5tion is giv5 to wat]+1 because dra9age is s p]fect & ! mat]ial s quickly p]meable t uni=mity ( treatm5t is secur$4 ,damp+-(f is less liable to occur 9 su* mat]ial ?an 9 d5s] soils4 ,! same advantages are to "s ext5t pres5t 9 sphagnum moss & cocoanut fibre1 bo? ( :i* are sometimes us$ 9 place ( e>?4 ,! silv] s& us$ by flori/s is a v clean & :ite s& :i* d]ives its p>ticul> advantages f ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( any vegetable matt]4 ,b x is n n[ consid]$ s ess5tial to successful propagation z x 0 =m]ly1 & fully z good mat]ial may (t5 be f\nd 9 a common s&-bank4 ,cutt+s :i* /rike /rongly & vigor\sly may be plac$ 9 a soil made ( light g>d5 loam ) twice its bulk ( s& add$ to x4 ,all soils us$ = 9-door cuttage %\ld be sift$ or scre5$ be=e us+ to br+ !m to a uni=m texture4 ,h>d-wood cutt+s are commonly plant$ out-doors 9 mell[ & light loam1 well tr5*$4 ,only f9e & well-rott$ manure %\ld be appli$ to ! cutt+ b$1 & x %\ld be well mix$ ) ! soil4 ,9 mo/ cases1 a well-dra9$ soil gives be/ results1 b "s cutt+s root & gr[ well 9 wet soils or ev5 9 /&+ wat]1 z popl>s1 will[s1 "s ( ! dogwoods1 plane-tree & o!rs4 ,bottom heat is always ess5tial to ! be/ success ) cutt+s4 ,9 out-door "w ?is is suppli$ by ! natural heat ( ! soil 9 spr+ & summ]1 & x is (t5 int5sifi$ by bury+ h>d-wood$ cutt+s bottom end up = a "t be=e plant+ !m4 ,?is op]ation ( inv]t+ cutt+s is (t5 practic$ ) grapes1 p>ticul>ly ) ! ,delaw>e & o!rs :i* root ) "s difficulty4 ,! cutt+s are ti$ 9 bundles & are buri$ 9 a s&y place1 ) ! tops d[n1 ! butts be+ cov]$ two or ?ree in*es ) s&4 ,!y may be put 9 ?is position 9 ! fall & all[$ to rema9 until ! gr\nd beg9s to freeze h>d1 or !y may be buri$ 9 spr+ & all[$ to rema9 until ,may or ,june & !n be regul>ly plant$4 ,9 out-door cuttage1 ! cutt+s :i* are ( m$ium l5g?1 f six to eight in*es1 d]ive m bottom heat ?an ! v long ones1 su* z 7 =m]ly us$ = ! propagation ( ! grape4 ,9 9-door "w bottom heat is obta9$ artificially4 ,cutt+ b5*es %\ld h abundant pip+ b5ea?1 & 9 ! case ( _m tropical & sub-tropical species ! bottom heat may be int5sifi$ by enclos+ ! b5*es bel[ s t no heat c escape into ! h\se4 ,doors c be plac$ 9 ! p>tition alongside ! walk to s]ve z v5tilators if ! heat %\ld become too int5se4 ,9 all cutt+s1 bottom or root gr[? %\ld prec$e top gr[?1 & ?is is aid$ by bottom heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,grape cutt+4 ,z a rule1 roots arise mo/ readily f a jo9t1 & x is !re=e a common practice to cut (f ! base ( ! cutt+ j bel[ a bud1 z %[n 9 ! grape cutt+1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,sometimes ! cutt+ is sev]$ at its po9t ( atta*m5t to ! p>5t bran*1 & a small portion1 or heel1 ( t bran* is all[$ to rema9 on ! cutt+4 ,?is heel may be no?+ m ?an ! curv$ & h>d5$ base ( ! cutt+ at its po9t ( atta*m5t1 z 9 ! cornus cutt+1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,sometimes an entire section ( ! p>5t bran* is remov$ ) ! cutt+1 z 9 ! mallet cutt+s ( grapes1 ,fig4 #de4 ,( c\rse1 comp>atively few heel or mallet cutt+s c be made f a plant1 z only "o cutt+ is obta9$ f a bran*1 & x is advisable1 !re=e1 to cut to buds r ?an cut to heels2 yet !re are _m plants :i* dem& a heel1 if satisfactory results are to be obta9$4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t species 9 ?is direction c be le>n$ only by exp]i5ce1 b x may be said t 9 g5]al ! h>de/ or close/ wood$ plants require a heel or a jo9t at ! base4 ,will[s1 currants1 basswoods1 & o!rs ) l s(t wood1 emit roots readily betwe5 ! buds1 yet ev5 9 ^! cases propagators q usually cut to buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,heel cutt+ ( ,cornus4 ,w\nds ^u plants beg9 to heal by ! =mation ( loose cellul> matt] :i* gives rise to a mass ( tissue kn[n z a callus4 ,?is tissue ev5tually cov]s ! entire w\nd1 if complete heal+ results4 ,z a rule1 ! fir/ app>5t *ange 9 a cutt+ is ! =mation ( a callus ^u ! l[] end1 & x is commonly suppos$ t ?is process mu/ be well progress$ be=e roots c =m4 ,b roots d n necess>ily arise f ! callus1 & 9 _m plants !y appe> to be> no relation to x 9 position4 ,9 will[s1 = in/ance1 roots arise f ! b>k q irregul>ly & at "s di/ance f ! callus4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( practice1 be/ results are obta9$ f callus$ cutt+s1 p>ticul>ly if ! cutt+s are made f mature wood1 b ?is is probably due q z mu* to ! fact t consid]able "t is requir$ = ! =mation ( ! adv5titi\s buds :i* give rise to ! roots z f any connection betwe5 ! callus+ & root+ processes !mselves4 ,h>d-wood cutt+s give bett] results :5 kept dormant = "s "t aft] !y are cut4 ,!y are usually made 9 ! fall1 & /or$ dur+ ! w9t] 9 s&1 sawdu/ or moss 9 a cool cell>1 or buri$ 9 a s&y & well-dra9$ place4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! practice ) h>d-wood cutt+s ( decidu\s plants4 ,h>d-wood ev]gre5 cutt+s1 :5 tak5 9 ! fall1 are usually set at once1 z _! foliage w n all[ !m to be buri$ ) safety2 b 9 ?is case1 ! cutt+s are kept quiet or dormant = a "t1 to all[ callus+ to progress4 ,if cutt+s are buri$ s deep t !y _c spr\t1 callus+ may be ha/5$ by plac+ !m 9 a mild temp]ature4 ,s+le-eye grape cutt+s are sometimes pack$ betwe5 lay]s ( s& 9 a b>rel & ! b>rel is set "u a =c+-h\se b5* :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #ej4 ,eight or t5 in*es ( s& is usually plac$ ov] ! top lay]4 ,9 ?is mann]1 cutt+s :i* h be5 obta9$ 9 w9t] or spr+ c be callus$ be=e plant+ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,mallet cutt+ ( grape4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ! l[] end ( ! cutt+1 z x /ood ^u ! p>5t plant1 produces roots & ! upp] end produces leaves & %oots1 ev5 if ! cutt+ is inv]t$4 ,& if ! cutt+ is divid$ into sev]al p>ts1 ea* "p w /ill exhibit ?is same diff]5tiation ( function4 ,?is is true ev5 ( root-cutt+s1 & ( o!r cutt+s :i* possess no buds4 ,! reasons = ?is localization ( function are n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 al?\gh ! ph5om5on has lately be5 ! subject ( /udy4 ,^u ?is fact dep5ds ! ha/5+ ( ! root+ process 9 inv]t$ cutt+s by ! direct application ( heat to ! bottoms1 & x likewise indicates t c>e mu/ be tak5 to plant cutt+s 9 approximately _! natural direction if /raight & h&some plants are desir$4 ,! p>ticul> me?od ( mak+ ! cutt+ & ! treatm5t to :i* x %\ld be subject$1 mu/ be det]m9$ = ea* species or g5us4 ,"s plants1 z _m maples1 c be propagat$ f wood two or ?ree ye>s old1 b 9 mo/ cases ! wood ( ! previ\s or pres5t season's gr[? is requir$4 ,ne>ly all s(t & loose wood$ plants gr[ readily f h>d-wood cutt+s1 :ile ^? ) d5se wood are (t5 multipli$ m easily f s(t or gr[+ wood4 ,"s plants1 z oaks & hickories1 are propagat$ f cutt+s ( any description only ) great difficulty4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t all plants c be multipli$ by cutt+s if prop]ly treat$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o or two species ( a closely def9$ g5us w propagate readily f cutt+s :ile ! o!r species w n1 s t ! propagator comes to le>n by exp]i5ce t diff]5t treatm5t is pr(itable = v closely relat$ plants4 ,= in/ance1 mo/ ( ! viburnums are propagat$ f lay]s 9 comm]cial e/abli%m5ts1 b ,v4 plicatum is gr[n ext5sively f cutt+s4 ,p>ticul> ,me?ods--,k9ds ( ,cutt+s4--,cutt+s are made f all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,9 its l[e/ t]ms1 cuttage is a division ( ! plant itself into two or m ne>ly equal p>ts1 z 9 ! division ( cr[ns ( rhub>b1 dic5tra1 & mo/ o!r plants :i* t5d to =m broad masses or /ools4 ,?is species ( cuttage is at times indi/+ui%able f sep>ation1 z 9 ! divid+ ( lily bulbs 7page #be71 & at o!r times x is ess5tially ! same z lay]age1 z 9 ! divid+ ( /ools :i* h aris5 f suck]s or lay]s4 ,?is break+ or cutt+ up ( ! plants into two or m l>ge p>ts :i* are already root$ is te*nically kn[n z division4 ,x is only necess>y1 9 divid+ plants1 to see t "o or m buds or %oots rema9 ^u ! portions1 & ^! portions are !n treat$ 9 ! same mann] z indep5d5t mature plants2 or sometimes1 :5 ! divisions are small & weak1 !y may be h&l$ = a "t 9 a frame or =c+-h\se 9 ! same mann] z ord9>y cutt+s4 ,cutt+s prop] may be divid$ into f\r g5]al classes3 #a1 ( tub]s2 #b1 ( roots & root-/ocks2 #c1 ( /ems2 #d1 ( leaves4 #a4 ,tub] ,cutt+s4--,tub]s are ?ick5$ portions ( ei!r roots or /ems1 & tub] cutt+s !re=e fall logically "u classes #b & #c2 b !y are s unlike ord9>y cutt+s t a sep>ate classification is desirable4 ,tub]s are /or$ ) />*1 :i* is design$ to support or supply ! plant 9 "t ( ne$4 ,tub] cutt+s are !re=e able to support !mselves = a "t if !y are plac$ 9 conditions suit$ to _! vegetation4 ,roots r>ely arise f ! tub]s !mselves1 b f ! base ( ! "y %oots :i* spr+ f !m4 ,?is fact is famili>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! cutt+s ( ,iri% & sweet potatoes4 ,! "y spr\ts c be remov$ & plant$ sep>ately & o!rs w arise f ! tub] to take _! places4 ,?is practice is employ$ sometimes ) new or sc>ce v>ieties ( ! ,iri% potato1 & ?ree or f\r crops ( root$ spr\ts c be obta9$ f "o tub]4 ,! tub] is cut 9 two l5g?wise & is !n laid 9 damp moss or loose e>? ) ! cut surface d[n1 & z soon z ! spr\ts ?r[ out roots suffici5t to ma9ta9 !m !y are sev]$ & pott$ (f4 ,sweet potatoes are ne>ly always propagat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 mak+ tub] cutt+s1 at lea/ "o eye or bud is left to ea* piece1 if eyes are pres5t2 b 9 root-tub]s1 l ! sweet potato1 !re are no buds1 & x is only necess>y to leave ^u ea* portion a piece ( ! epid]mis f :i* adv5titi\s buds may develop4 ,! pseudo-bulbs ( "s or*ids are treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 or ! :ole bulb is sometimes plant$4 ,a %oot1 usually t]m$ an (f-%oot1 arises f ea* pseudo-bulb or ea* piece ( x1 & ?is is pott$ (f z an indep5d5t plant4 7,see ,or*ids1 9 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,cutt+s made f ! ord9>y /ems ( "s tub]if]\s plants w produce tub]s in/ead ( plants4 ,?is is ! case sometimes ) ! potato4 ,! cutt+ produces a small tub] ne> its l[] extremity1 or sometimes 9 ! axil ( a leaf above gr\nd1 & ?is tub] mu/ be plant$ to secure a new plant4 ,leaf cutt+s ( "s tub]if]\s or bulbif]\s plants produce little tub]s or bulbs 9 ! same way4 ,hyac9? leaves1 ins]t$ 9 s& 9 a frame1 w soon produce little bulblets at _! base1 & ^! c be remov$ & plant$ 9 ! same mann] z ! bulbels describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,root-cutt+ ( ,blackb]ry4 ,_m tub]s or tub]-l portions1 :i* possess a v moi/ or s(t int]ior & a h>d or close cov]+1 vegetate m satisfactorily if all[$ to dry = a "t be=e plant+4 ,! pseudo-bulbs ( or*ids1 cr[ns ( p9e-apples & cutt+s ( cactuses are examples4 ,portions ( cactuses & p9e-apples are sometimes all[$ to lie 9 ! sun f two to f\r weeks be=e plant+4 ,?is treatm5t dissipates ! excessive moi/ure & induces ! =mation ( adv5titi\s buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,root-cutt+ ( ,dracna4 #b4 ,root ,cutt+s4--,_m plants c be multipli$ ) ease by means ( %ort cutt+s ( ! roots1 p>ticul>ly all species :i* posses a natural t5d5cy to suck] or s5d up spr\ts f ! root4 ,all root-/ocks or und]gr\nd /ems c be made into cutt+s4 ,true root cutt+s possess no buds :atev]2 ! buds develop aft] ! cutt+ is plant$4 ,roots are cut into pieces f "o to ?ree in*es long & are plant$ horizontally 9 soil or moss4 ,^! cutt+s ?rive be/ ) bottom heat1 b blackb]ries & "s o!r plants1 gr[ readily ) ord9>y out-door treatm5t4 ,a root-cutt+ ( ! blackb]ry is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 7,see ,blackb]ry1 9 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,a gr[+ dracna cutt+ is exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! cutt+s ( ?is plant are h&l$ 9 a propagat+-frame or on a cutt+ b5* 9 a w>m gre5h\se4 ,! b\v>dias & _m o!r plants c be gr[n 9 ! same mann]4 ,_m ( ! fruit-trees1 z pea*1 *]ry1 apple & pe>1 c be gr[n readily f ^! %ort root-cutt+s 9 a frame4 ,v>iegation _c always be transmitt$ by root-cutt+1 e4 g41 ,symphytum asp]rimum1 v>iegatum4 ,among kit*5 g>d5 plants1 ! horse-radi% is ! mo/ famili> example ( propagation by root-cutt+s4 ,! small side roots1 a f\r? in* or s 9 diamet]1 are remov$ :5 ! horse-radi% is dug 9 fall or spr+1 & are cut into f\r to six in* l5g?s1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,^! cutt+s are kn[n z sets among g>d5]s4 7,see ,horse-radi%1 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,:5 ! cr[ns ( horse-radi% are cut & us$ = propagation1 ! op]ation falls /rictly "u division1 f ! fact t buds or eyes are pres5t2 & ! same rem>k applies to rhub>b1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n propagat$ by true root-cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,horse-radi% root-cutt+s4 #c4 ,/em ,cutt+s4--,cutt+s ( ! /em divide !mselves into two g5]al classes3 ^? kn[n z cutt+ ( ! ripe1 mature or h>d wood1 & cutt+s ( ! gre51 immature or s(t wood4 ,! two classes run into ea* o!r2 no h>d & fa/ l9es c be drawn4 ,h>d-wood cutt+s are made at any "t f late summ] to spr+4 ,x is advisable to make !m 9 ! fall 9 ord] to all[ !m to callus be=e ! plant+ season1 & to =e/all injury :i* might result to ! p>5t plant f a sev]e w9t]4 ,!y may be tak5 z e>ly z ,augu/1 or z soon z ! wood is mature1 & be /ripp$ ( leaves4 ,callus+ c !n take place 9 "t to all[ ( fall plant+4 ,or ! cutt+s tak5 9 e>ly fall may be plant$ imm$iately & be all[$ to callus :]e !y /&4 ,all fall cutt+ b$s %\ld be mul*$ to prev5t ! heav+ ( ! cutt+s4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 h>d-wood cutt+s are buri$ on a s&y knoll or are /or$ 9 moss1 s& or sawdu/ 9 a cell> until spr+4 7,see page #ej47 ,!re is no g5]al rule to gov]n ! l5g? ( h>d-wood cutt+s4 ,mo/ propagators pref] to make !m six to t5 in*es long1 z ?is is a conv5i5t l5g? to h&le4 ,two buds are always to be tak51 "o bud or "o pair at ! top & also at ! bottom1 b 9 %ort-jo9t$ plants m are obta9$4 ,sometimes all b ! top buds are remov$ to prev5t ! appe>ance ( too _m %oots4 ,grape cutt+s are n[ commonly cut to two or ?ree buds 7,fig4 #dc71 two be+ ! favorite numb] = mo/ v>ieties4 7,see ,grape1 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,currant & gooseb]ry cutt+s 7,fig4 #di7 usually be> f six to t5 buds4 ,all long h>d-wood cutt+s are set p]p5dicul>ly1 or ne>ly s1 & only "o or two buds are all[$ to /& above ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,currant cutt+4 ,:5 ! /ock is r>e1 cutt+s are made ( s+le eyes or buds4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! grape 7see ,*apt] ,,vi71 & currants & _m o!r plants are occasionally gr[n 9 ! same mann]4 ,fig4 #ej %[s a s+le eye grape cutt+4 ,^! cutt+s1 :atev] ! species1 are commonly />t$ "u glass ) bottom heat1 ei!r ^u a cutt+ b5* or 9 a hot-b$4 ,! soil %\ld be kept uni=mly moi/1 & :5 ! leaves appe> ! plants %\ld be frequ5tly spr9kl$4 ,9 f ?irty to =ty days ! plants are ready to pot (f4 ,s+le eye cutt+s are usually />t$ ab\t ?ree or f\r mon?s be=e ! season is fit = out-door plant+1 or ab\t ,febru>y 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,! mo/ advisable me?od ( treatm5t v>ies ) ! season & locality z well z ) ! species or v>iety4 ,x is well kn[n1 = in/ance1 t ! ,delaw>e grape c be propagat$ m easily 9 "s regions ?an 9 o!rs4 ,a common /yle ( s+le eye cutt+ is made ) ! eye close to ! top end1 & a nak$ base ( an in* or two4 ,?is is ins]t$ into ! soil p]p5dicul>ly1 ) ! eye j above ! surface4 ,x is mu* us$ = a v>iety ( plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,s+le-eye ,grape cutt+4 ,_m conif]\s plants are increas$ by cutt+s on a l>ge scale1 especially ret9osporas1 arbor-vits1 & ! l4 ,cutt+s are made ( ! mature wood1 :i* is plant$ at once 79 autumn7 9 s& "u cov]1 usually 9 a cool gre5h\se4 ,mo/ ( ! species root sl[ly & !y (t5 rema9 9 ! orig9al flats or b5*es a ye>1 b _! treatm5t is usually simple4 ,9 "s cases junip]s1 yews & ,cryptom]ia ,japonica w n make roots = ne>ly twelve mon?s1 keep+ 9 good foliage h[ev]1 & ultimately giv+ good plants4 7,= m explicit directions1 see ,?uya & ,ret9ospora 9 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( propagation by means ( portions ( /ems are on record4 ,*ips f a tree trunk h be5 kn[n to produce plants1 & ! olive is readily increas$ by knots or excresc5ces =m$ ^u ! trunks ( old trees4 ,^! excresc5ces occur 9 _m plants & are kn[n z knaurs4 ,!y are (t5 abundant ab\t ! base ( l>ge plane-trees4 ,b !y are n (t5 us$ = purposes ( propagation4 ,:ole trunks w sometimes gr[ aft] hav+ be5 cut = _m mon?s1 especially ( su* plants z cactuses1 _m euphorbias & yuccas4 ,& sections ( ^! spongy trunks w gr[1 also4 ,ev5 saw-logs ( our common trees1 z elm & a%1 w spr\t :ile 9 ! boom1 or wat]4 ,gre5-wood cutt+s are m commonly employ$ ?an ^? f ! mature wood1 z !y /rike m quickly1 !y c be h&l$ "u glass 9 ! w9t]1 & m species c be propagat$ by !m ?an by h>d-wood cutt+s4 ,slips are gre5-wood$ cutt+s1 b ! t]m is (t5 re/rict$ to designate ^? :i* are made by pull+ or slipp+ (f a small side %oot4 ,all s(t-wood$ plants & _m ornam5tal %rubs are increas$ by gre5 cutt+s4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( gre5-wood cutt+s3 ^? made f ! s(t & /ill gr[+ wood1 & ^? made f ! ne>ly rip5$ gre5-wood1 z 9 ,azalea ,indica1 ole&]1 ficus1 etc4 ,h\se plants1 z g]aniums1 coleuses1 c>nations1 fu*sias1 & ! l1 are gr[n f ! s(t "y wood1 & _m h>d]-wood$ plants are gr[n 9 ! same way4 ,sometimes truly h>d wood is us$1 z 9 camellia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,t\gh & brittle wood4 ,9 mak+ cutt+s f s(t & gr[+ %oots1 ! fir/ ?+ to le>n is ! prop] texture or age ( %oot4 ,a v s(t & flabby cutt+ does n gr[ readily1 or if x does x is p>ticul>ly liable to damp-(f1 & x usually makes a weak plant4 ,too old wood is sl[ to root1 makes a poor plant & is h&l$ ) difficulty 9 _m species4 ,! ord9>y te/ = beg9n]s is ! mann] 9 :i* ! %oot breaks4 ,if1 ^u be+ b5t1 ! %oot snaps (f squ>ely s z to hang toge!r ) only a bit ( b>k1 z 9 ! upp] break 9 ,fig4 #ea1 x is 9 ! prop] condition = cutt+s2 b if x b5ds or simply cru%es1 z 9 ! l[] portion ( ! figure1 x is ei!r too old or too "y = good results4 ,! tips ( ! %oots ( s(t-wood$ plants are usually employ$1 & all or a portion ( ! leaves are all[$ to rema94 ,!y are ins]t$ 9 %>p s& to a suffici5t dep? to hold !m 9 place1 & ! atmosph]e & soil mu/ be kept moi/ to prev5t wilt+ or flagg+4 ,! cutt+s %\ld also be %ad$ = ! fir/ week or two4 ,a propagat+-frame is (t5 employ$4 ,s(t cutt+s are commonly cut bel[ a bud or cut to a heel1 b ?is is unnecess>y 9 easily root$ plants l g]anium1 coleus1 heliotrope1 etc4 ,fig4 #eb %[s an ole&] cutt+ at a1 a c>nation at b1 & a g]anium at c4 ,a coleus cutt+ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,sometimes ! gr[? is s %ort or ! /ock s sc>ce t ! cutt+ _c be made long en\gh to hold itself 9 ! soil4 ,9 su* case a too?pick or spl9t] is ti$ to ! cutt+ to hold x erect1 z 9 ! cactus cutt+1 ,fig4 #ed1 or ! g]anium cutt+1 ,fig4 #ee4 ,9 ! w9d[ g>d51 s(t cutt+s may be />t$ 9 a deep plate :i* is fill$ half or two-?irds full ( s& & is !n fill$ to ! brim ) wat]1 & n %ad$2 ?is me?od1 practic$ on a l>g] scale1 is sometimes useful dur+ ! hot summ] mon?s4 ,if bottom heat is desir$1 ! plate may be set ^u ! back "p ( ! kit*5 /ove4 ,ole&]s usually root be/ :5 mature %oots are plac$ 9 bottles ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,s(t cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,coleus cutt+4 ,cutt+s f ! ne>ly mature gre5-wood are employ$ = h>d-wood$ trees & %rubs1 z di]villas 7weigela71 roses1 hydrangeas1 lilacs1 etc4 ,!y are cut 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z ! h>d-wood cutt+s describ$ on page #ee4 ,!y are (t5 tak5 9 summ] :5 ! buds h develop$ & ! wood has ab\t atta9$ its gr[?4 ,!y are cut to two to f\r or five buds & are plant$ an in* or two deep 9 %ad$ frames4 ,!y are kept close = "s days aft] sett+1 & ! tops are spr9kl$ frequ5tly4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to set !m too deep2 !y are r>ely put 9 ov] an in*1 if ! cutt+ is six or sev5 in*es long4 ,june /ock cutt+s are sometimes advantage\sly made2 "h ! "y %oots ( h>dy %rubs are tak51 :5 ab\t two to ?ree in*es long1 ! leaves p>tly remov$1 & !y are plant$ "u glass1 precisely z ! g]anium is treat$ 9 ! autumn4 ,sev]al weeks are requir$ = root+1 b good plants are obta9$ :i*1 :5 w9t]$ 9 a cold-frame1 c be plant$ out 9 b$s ! next spr+4 ,great c>e mu/ be giv5 to %ad+ & wat]+4 ,hydrangea paniculata v>4 gr&iflora1 & ,akebia qu9ata are examples2 or any deutzia or m easily h&l$ plant ( :i* /ock is sc>ce may be cit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,cactus cutt+ held by spl9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,cutt+ held by too?pick4 ,"p ( ! leaves are remov$1 z a rule1 be=e ! cutt+s are set1 z %[n 9 ! rose cutt+1 ,fig4 #ef1 & ! hydrangea cutt+1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,?is is n ess5tial1 h[ev]1 b x less5s evaporation & ! t5d5cy to flag or wilt4 ,9 mo/ species ! top c be cut (f ! cutt+1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #dd & #eg1 b 9 o!r cases x s]i\sly injures ! cutt+4 ,fig4 #eh %[s a weigela cutt+ f :i* ! top 0 clipp$4 ,an unusually l>ge callus =m$ at ! bottom1 b ! leaves %rivell$ & ! cutt+ is dead4 ,?is frequ5tly occurs 9 :at "s nurs]ym5 call end gr[]s1 among :i* may be m5tion$ weigelas 7prop]ly di]villas71 ! %rubby al!as1 ,c]cis ,japonica1 & su* spireas z ,s4 cratgifolia1 ,s4 rotundifolia v>4 alba & ,s4 ,canton5sis 7,s4 ,reevesii ( ! trade7 v>4 robu/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,rose cutt+4 ,^! h>d5$ cutt+s1 ab\t two in*es long1 are (t5 made 9 ! w9t] f =c$ plants4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) roses 7:i* see 9 ,*apt] ,,vi74 ,cutt+s tak5 9 ,febru>y1 9 ! nor?1 w be ready to transf] to bord]s or nurs]y b$s :5 spr+ op5s4 ,/\t1 well-root$ /ock-plants are us$ f :i* to obta9 ^! cutt+s1 & !y are cut back :5 tak5 to ! h\se 9 ! fall 9 ord] to induce a good gr[?4 ,_m h>dy %rubs c be easily propagat$ 9 ?is way :5 ! "w is difficult 9 ! op5 air1 e4 g41 ,spira ,canton5sis 7,s4 ,reevesii ( ! catalogues7 & ,s4 ,van ,h\ttii4 ,/ock plants ( ! s(t species1 l coleus1 lantanas & g]aniums1 are obta9$ 9 l mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,hydrangea cutt+4 #d4 ,leaf ,cutt+s4--,_m ?ick & heavy leaves may be us$ z cutt+s4 ,leaf cutt+s are mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ! %[y-leav$ begonias1 9 succul5ts1 & 9 glox9ias1 b _m plants c be propagat$ by !m4 ,ev5 ! cabbage c be made to gr[ f leaf cutt+s4 ,! :ole leaf may be us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,x is simply laid ^u moi/ s& 9 a frame & held d[n by spl9t]s ?ru/ ?r\gh ! ribs4 ,! w\nd made by ! peg induces ! =mation ( roots & a "y plant arises4 ,a half doz5 or m plants c be obta9$ f "o leaf4 ,"s op]ators cut (f ! ribs1 in/ead ( w\nd+ !m ) a prick4 ,_m g>d5]s pref] to divide ! leaf into two ne>ly equal p>ts1 & !n set ea* "p1 or ! bett] "o1 upright 9 ! soil1 ! sev]$ edge be+ cov]$4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,few] plants--(t5 only "o--are obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 b !y are /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,clipp$ ,weigela cutt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,a upright ,begonia leaf cutt+4 ,:5 /ock is sc>ce ! leaf may be cut into sev]al fan-%ap$ pieces4 ,! :ole leaf may be divid$ into z _m triangul> portions z c be obta9$ ) a portion ( ! petiole1 a /rong rib1 or ve9 at ! base2 ^! ins]t$ & treat$ l coleus cutt+s w all root & make good plants )9 a reasonable "t1 say six mon?s4 ,?is =m ( cutt+ %\ld be two to ?ree in*es long by an in* or in* & "o-half wide4 ,ord9>ily1 9 ?is /yle ( leaf-cutt+1 ! petiole or /alk is cut (f close to ! leaf & ! l[] ?ird or f\r? ( ! leaf is !n cut (f by a ne>ly /raight cut across ! leaf4 ,?is some:at triangul> base is !n cut into z _m w$ge-%ap$ pieces z !re are ribs 9 ! leaf1 ea* rib =m+ ! c5t] ( a cutt+4 ,! po9t ( ea* cutt+ %\ld conta9 a portion ( ! petiole4 ,! po9ts ( ^! triangul> portions are ins]t$ 9 ! soil a half in* or s1 ! cutt+ /&+ erect or ne>ly s4 ,roots =m at ! base or po9t 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,begonia leaf cutt+4 ,leaf cutt+s are h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z s(t /em-cutt+s s f> z temp]ature & moi/ure are conc]n$4 ,!re are comp>atively few species 9 :i* !y =m ! mo/ available means ( multiplication4 ,9 "s cases1 v>iegation w n be reproduc$ by ! root$ leaf4 ,?is is true 9 ! ivy-leav$ g]anium ,l',elegante2 a good plant c be obta9$1 b x rev]ts to ! pla9-leav$ type4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,graftage4 ,graftage4--,! process or op]ation ( graft+ or budd+1 or ! /ate or condition ( be+ graft$ or budd$4 ,graft+4--,! op]ation ( ins]t+ a bud or a cion 9 a /ock4 ,x is commonly re/rict$ to ! op]ation ( ins]t+ cions ( two or m buds1 9 di/9ction f budd+1 or ! op]ation ( ins]t+ a s+le bud 9 ! /ock2 b !re are no ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! two op]ations4 ,/ock4--,9 graftage1 a plant or "p ( a plant ^u :i* a cion or bud is set4 ,a free /ock is a se$l+1 9 di/9ction f a graft$ /ock4 ,cion or ,scion4--,a portion ( a plant :i* is me*anically ins]t$ ^u ! same or ano!r plant 7/ock7 ) ! int5tion t x %all gr[4 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4--,graftage is r>ely employ$ = ! propagation ( ! species1 z se$age & cuttage are m exp$iti\s & *eap]4 ,its *ief use is to p]petuate a v>iety :i* does n reproduce itself f se$s & :i* _c be economically gr[n f cutt+s4 ,ne>ly all ! nam$ v>ieties ( tree fruits & _m ( ^? ( ornam5tal trees & %rubs are p]petuat$ by means ( graftage4 ,9 "s species :i* pres5t no m>k$ v>ieties1 h[ev]1 propagation by se$s or cutt+s is = v>i\s reasons s difficult or unc]ta9 t rec\rse mu/ be _h to graftage4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 _m ( ! firs & spruces :i* d n produce se$s to any ext5t 9 cultivation4 ,9 o!r cases graftage is p]=m$ = ! purpose ( produc+ "s radical *ange 9 ! "* or habit ( ! plants1 z 9 ! dw>f+ ( pe>s by graft+ !m ^u ! qu9ce1 ! elevation ( weep+ tops by work+ !m ^u upright trunks1 & ! accel]ation ( fruit-be>+ by sett+ cions 9 old plants4 ,x is sometimes employ$ to aid ! heal+ ( w\nds or to repair & fill out brok5 tops4 ,& x has be5 us$ to make inf]tile plants f]tile1 by graft+ 9 ! miss+ sex 9 dici\s trees1 or a v>iety ) m pot5t poll5 z practic$ 9 "s ( ! native plums4 ,all ^! uses ( graftage fall "u ?ree heads3 #a4 ,to p]petuate a v>iety4 #b4 ,to increase ease & spe$ ( multiplication4 #c4 ,to produce "s radical *ange 9 nature or habit ( cion or /ock4 ,probably all exog5\s plants--^? :i* possess a di/9ct b>k & pi?--c be graft$4 ,plants mu/ be m or less closely relat$ to ea* o!r to all[ ( successful graftage ( ! "o ^u ! o!r4 ,:at ! aff9ities are 9 any case c be kn[n only by exp]im5t4 ,z a rule1 plants ( close botanical relation%ip1 especially ^? ( ! same g5us1 graft ^u ea* o!r ) m or less ease2 yet ?is relation%ip is by no means a safe guide4 ,a plant w (t5 ?rive bett] ^u a species ( ano!r g5us ?an ^u a cong5]4 ,! pe>1 = in/ance1 does bett] ^u _m ?orns ?an ^u ! apple4 ,sometimes plants ( v di/9ct g5]a unite readily4 ,?us among cacti ! leafless epiphyllum gr[s rem>kably well ^u ! leaf-be>+ p]eskia4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t union ( tissues is n a pro( ( aff9ity4 ,aff9ity c be measur$ only by ! ?rift1 heal?fulness & longevity ( ! cion4 ,! bean has be5 kn[n to make a union ) ! *rysan!mum1 b x almo/ imm$iately di$4 ,s(t tissues1 9 p>ticul>1 (t5 comb9e 9 plants :i* possess no aff9ity :atev]1 z we commonly und]/& ! t]m4 ,nei!r does aff9ity ref] to relative sizes or rates ( gr[? ( /ock & cion1 al?\gh ! t]m is sometimes us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,x _c be said t "s v>ieties ( pe> lack aff9ity = ! qu9ce1 & yet ! pe> cion gr[s mu* l>g] ?an ! /ock4 ,9 fact1 x is j ?is diff]5ce 9 size & rate ( gr[? :i* con/itutes ! value ( ! qu9ce root = dw>f+ ! pe>4 ,:5 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 rate ( gr[? betwe5 ! /ock & cion1 an enl>gem5t w occur 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ei!r above or bel[ ! union4 ,if ?is occurs ^u ! /em1 x makes an unsightly tree4 ,if ! cion greatly outgr[s ! /ock a weak tree is ! result4 ,graftage c be p]=m$ at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>1 b ! practice mu/ be greatly v>i$ to suit ! season & o!r conditions4 ,! "o ess5tial po9t is to make sure t ! cambium lay]s1 ly+ betwe5 ! b>k & wood1 meet z ne>ly z possible 9 ! cion & /ock4 ,?is cambium is always pres5t 9 live p>ts1 =m+ woody sub/ance f its inn] surface & b>k f its out] surface4 ,dur+ ! season ( greate/ gr[? x usually occurs z a s(t1 mucilag9\s & m or less unorganiz$ sub/ance1 & 9 ?is /age x mo/ readily repairs & unites w\nd$ surfaces4 ,& = ?is reason ! graft+ & budd+ ( old trees are usually p]=m$ 9 ! spr+4 ,lat] 9 ! season1 ! cambium becomes firm] & m diff]5tiat$1 & union ( woody p>ts is m unc]ta94 ,x is also necess>y to cov] ! w\nds 9 ord] to *eck evaporation f ! tissues4 ,9 out-door "w wax is commonly us$ = all species ( graftage :i* w\nd ! wood itself1 b 9 budd+1 ! loos5$ b>k1 b\nd d[n securely by a b&age1 af=ds suffici5t protection4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t an ord9>y cleft-graft _c live if ! b>k ( ! /ock imm$iately adjo9+ x is s]i\sly w\nd$1 b ! b>k really s]ves little purpose beyond protection ( ! tissues b5ea?4 ,a cion w gr[ :5 ! b>k is entirely remov$ f ! /ub if "s adequate protection c be giv5 :i* w n int]f]e ) ! =mation ( new b>k4 ,! cion mu/ always possess at lea/ "o good bud4 ,9 mo/ cases1 only buds :i* are mature or ne>ly s are us$1 b 9 ! graft+ ( h]bs v "y buds may be employ$4 ,^! simple requirem5ts c be satisfi$ 9 an almo/ innum]able v>iety ( ways4 ,! cion or bud may be ins]t$ 9 ! root1 cr[n1 trunk or any ( ! bran*es2 x may be set "u ! b>k simply or ins]t$ into ! wood itself 9 almo/ any fa%ion2 & ! op]ation may be p]=m$ ei!r ^u gr[+ or dormant plants at any season4 ,b 9 practice !re are comp>atively few me?ods :i* are suffici5tly simple & exp$iti\s to admit ( g5]al use4 ,graftage may be divid$ into ?ree g5]al divisions1 betwe5 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are no decisive l9es ( sep>ation3 #a4 ,bud-graft+ or budd+1 9 :i* a s+le bud is ins]t$ ^u ! surface ( ! wood ( ! /ock4 #b4 ,cion-graft+ or graft+ prop]1 9 :i* a deta*$ twig be>+ "o or m buds is ins]t$ into or ^u ! /ock4 #c4 ,in>*+ or graft+ by approa*1 9 :i* ! cion rema9s atta*$ to ! p>5t plant until union takes place4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions c be almo/ endlessly v>i$ & sub-divid$1 b 9 ?is discussion only ! lead+ practices c be detail$4 ,! foll[+ enum]ation1 aft] ,baltet1 w give a fair idea ( ! k9ds ( graft+ :i* h be5 employ$ "u di/9ct names3 #a4 ,bud-,graft+ or ,budd+4 #a4--;,graft+ ) %ield-buds4 ,bud-graft+ "u ! b>k1 or by inoculation4 ord9>y me?od4 ) a cross-%ap$ incision4 ! incision rev]s$4 by v5e]+4 ,bud-graft+1 ! comb9$ or d\ble me?od4 #b4--;,flute-graft+4 common me?od4 ) /rips ( b>k4 #b4 ,cion-,graft+ or ,graft+ ,prop]4 #a4--,side-graft+ "u ! b>k4 ) a simple bran*4 ) a heel$ bran*4 9 ! alburnum4 ) a /raight cleft4 ) an oblique cleft4 #b4--;,cr[n-graft+4 ,ord9>y me?od4 ,improv$ me?od4 #c4--;,graft+ de precision4 ,v5e]+1 common me?od4 9 cr[n-graft+4 ) /rips ( b>k4 ,cr[n-graft+ by inlay+4 ,side-graft+ by inlay+4 #d4--;,cleft-graft+1 common s+le4 ,cleft-graft+1 common d\ble4 oblique4 t]m9al4 woody4 h]bace\s4 #e4--,:ip-graft+1 simple4 complex4 ,saddle-graft+4 #f4--,mix$-graft+4 ,graft+ ) cutt+s4 ,:5 ! cion is a cutt+4 ,:5 ! /ock is a cutt+4 ,:5 bo? are cutt+s4 ,root-graft+ ( a plant on its own root4 ! roots ( ano!r plant4 ,graft+ ) fruit buds4 #c4 ,in>*+ or ,graft+ by ,approa*4 #a4--,me?od by v5e]+4 inlay+4 ,engli% me?od4 #b4--;,in>*+ ) an eye4 a bran*4 ,p>ticul> ,me?ods4--,budd+4 ,budd+ is ! op]ation ( ins]t+ a s+le bud1 be>+ little or no wood1 ^u ! surface ( ! /ock4 ,! bud is ne>ly always ins]t$ "u ! b>k ( ! /ock1 b 9 flute-budd+ a piece ( b>k is entirely remov$ & ! bud is us$ to cov] ! w\nd4 ,!re is no g5]al rule to det]m9e :at species ( plants %\ld be budd$ & :i* ones cion graft$4 ,9 fact1 ! same species is (t5 multipli$ by bo? op]ations4 ,plants ) ?9 b>k & an abundance ( sap are likely to d be/ :5 graft$2 or if !y are budd$1 ! buds %\ld be ins]t$ at a season :5 ! sap is lea/ abundant to prev5t ! /rangulation or ?r[+ out ( ! bud4 ,9 su* species ! b>k is n /rong en\gh to hold ! bud firmly until x unites2 & solid union does n take place until ! fl[ ( sap less5s4 ,budd+ is l>gely employ$ ^u ne>ly all "y fruit-trees1 & almo/ univ]sally s ^u ! /one-fruits4 ,x is also us$ 9 roses1 & _m ornam5tal trees4 ,budd+ is commonly p]=m$ dur+ ! gr[+ season1 usually 9 late summ] or e>ly fall1 because mature buds c be procur$ at t "t & "y /ocks are !n l>ge en\gh to be work$ readily4 ,b budd+ c be done 9 e>ly spr+1 j z soon z ! b>k loos5s2 9 ?is case p]fectly dormant buds mu/ h be5 tak5 9 w9t]4 ,budd+ is always be/ p]=m$ :5 ! b>k slips or peels easily4 ,x c be done :5 ! b>k is tight1 b ! op]ation is !n t$i\s & unc]ta94 ,%ield-budd+4--,!re is b "o /yle ( budd+ 9 g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is kn[n z %ield-budd+1 f ! %ield-l %ape ( ! portion ( b>k :i* is remov$ ) ! bud4 ,te*nically1 ! entire sev]$ portion1 compris+ bo? b>k & bud1 is call$ a bud4 ,a %ield bud is %[n natural size 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,?is is cut f a "y twig ( ! pres5t season's gr[?4 ,x is ins]t$ und]nea? ! b>k ( a "y /ock or bran*1 & is !n securely ti$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,%ield-bud4 ,! m9or details ( %ield-budd+ diff] ) ne>ly e op]ator4 ,9 comm]cial practice1 x is p]=m$ 9 ! nor? f e>ly ,july until ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates x usually beg9s 9 ,june4 ,z a rule1 apples & pe>s are budd$ be=e pea*es4 ,?is is due to ! fact t pea*-/ocks are ne>ly always budd$ ! same season ! pits are plant$1 & ! op]ation mu/ be delay$ until ! /ocks are l>ge en\gh to be work$4 ,mo/ o!r fruit-/ocks1 especially apples & pe>s1 are n budd$ until two ye>s aft] ! se$s are s[n4 ,! plants gr[ = ! fir/ season 9 a se$-b$4 ,! next spr+ !y are transplant$ into nurs]y r[s1 & budd$ :5 !y become l>ge en\gh1 :i* is usually ! same ye> !y are transplant$4 ,! nurs]yman reckons ! age ( 8 /ock f ! "t ( transplant+1 & ! age ( ! m>ketable tree f ! "t :5 ! buds or grafts beg9 to gr[4 ,! "y /ocks are dress$ or trimm$ be=e be+ set into ! nurs]y4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 cutt+ (f a f\r? or ?ird ( ! top & ! tap root4 ,?is causes ! roots to spread & induces a vigor\s gr[? ( top because x r$uces ! numb]s ( %oots2 & su* /ocks are m exp$iti\sly h&l$ ?an long & untrimm$ ones4 ,/ocks %\ld be at lea/ ?ree-eigh?s in* 9 diamet] to be budd$ ) ease4 ,j be=e ! buds are set1 ! leaves are remov$ f ! base ( ! /ock s t !y w n int]f]e ) ! op]ation4 ,!y are usually rubb$ (f ) ! h& = a space ( five or six in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,!y %\ld n be remov$ m ?an two or ?ree days 9 advance ( budd+1 else ! gr[? ( ! p>ts w be *eck$ & ! b>k w set2 any bran*es1 too1 z 9 ! qu9ce1 :i* might imp$e ! "w ( ! budd]1 are to be cut (f at ! same "t4 ,! bud is ins]t$ an in* or two above ! surface ( ! gr\nd or z l[ d[n z ! budd] c "w4 ,! advantage ( sett+ ! bud l[ is to br+ ! result+ crook or union :]e x w n be se54 ,x is a common & good practice1 also1 to place ! bud ^u ! nor? side ( ! /ock to %ield x f ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,a /ick ( buds4 ,! buds are tak5 f /rong & well-h>d5$ %oots ( ! season's gr[? & ( ! desir$ v>iety4 ,usually ! :ole ( ! pres5t gr[? is cut1 ! leaves are remov$1 b a "p ( ! petiole or /alk ( ea* leaf is left 7z 9 ,figs4 #fa & #fb7 to s]ve z a h&le to ! bud4 ,?is trimm$ %oot is !n call$ a /ick4 ,a /ick may be> two doz5 good buds :5 ! gr[? has be5 /rong1 b only t5 or twelve buds are commonly secur$4 ,! upp] buds1 :i* are commonly n fully gr[n & :i* are borne on s(t wood1 are usually disc>d$4 ,! buds are cut ) a ?9-blad$ %>p knife4 ,v>i\s /yles ( budd+ knives are 9 use1 & ! budd] usually has decid$ pref]5ces = "s p>ticul> patt]n4 ,! ess5tials ( a good budd+-knife are ^!3 ! v be/ /eel1 a ?9 blade :i* has a curv$ cutt+ end 7z %[n 9 ,figs4 #fc & #ff71 & lightness4 ,! curv$ end ( ! blade is us$ = mak+ ! incisions 9 ! /ock4 ,! h&le ( ! budd+-knife usually runs into a ?9 bone scalpel at ! end1 & ?is portion is design$ = ! lift+ or loos5+ ( ! b>k on ! /ock4 ,"s budd]s1 h[ev]1 raise ! b>k ) ! blade4 ,a good =m ( blade1 b "o seldom made1 has a r\nd$ end1 ! upp] side ( ! curve be+ gr\nd simply to a ?9 edge4 ,?is blade may be us$ bo? = cutt+ ! b>k & loos5+ x1 ?us ov]com+ ! necessity ( rev]s+ ! knife e "t a bud is set4 ,if ?is =m ( blade 7 commonly kn[n x w\ld und\bt$ly soon come into favor4 ,! blade ( a common budd+-knife c be gr\nd to ?is %ape4 ,! bud is usually cut ab\t an in* long4 ,mo/ budd]s cut f bel[ upw>ds1 b "s pref] to make a d[nw>d incision4 ,x does n matt] j h[ ! bud is cut1 if ! surfaces are smoo? & ev5 & ! bud is n too ?ick4 ,on a /ick a f\r? or ?ree-eigh?s in* ?r\gh1 ! cut1 at its deepe/ po9t j "u ! bud1 is ab\t "o-f\r? ! diamet] ( ! twig4 ,a bit ( wood is !re=e remov$ ) ! bud1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,!re is "s discussion z to :e!r ?is wood %\ld be left ^u ! bud1 b no def9ite exp]im5ts h be5 made to %[ t x is injuri\s to ! result+ tree4 ,"s budd]s remove ! wood ) ! po9t ( ! knife or by a deft twi/ z ! bud is remov$ f ! /ick4 ,b buds appe> to live equally well ) wood atta*$ or remov$4 ,"s propagators cut ! buds z !y g1 :ile o!rs pref] to cut a :ole /ick be=e sett+ any1 lett+ ea* bud hang by a bit ( b>k at ! top & :i* is cut (f squ>ely :5 want$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,! w\nd or matrix :i* is to receive ! bud is made by two incisions1 "o v]tical & "o transv]se 7,fig4 #fc74 ,^! are light cuts1 ext5d+ only ?r\gh ! b>k4 ,! v]tical slit is usually made fir/ & by ! r\nd$ end ( ! blade4 ,?is is an in* or in* & a half long4 ,! transv]se cut is made across ! top ( ! v]tical cut by "o rock+ motion ( ! blade t[>ds ! body4 ,! corn]s ( ! b>k may be lift$ a little by an outw>d motion ( ! blade s z to all[ ! bud to be pu%$ 91 b unless ! b>k slips v freely x w h to be loos5$ by ! end ( ! blade or by ! scalpel on ! rev]se end ( ! h&le1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! bud is n[ ins]t$ 9 ! cleft ( ! b>k4 ,x is pu%$ d[n "p way by ! f+]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #fd1 b x is usually driv5 home by pu%+ d[n ^u ! leaf-/alk h&le ) ! back ( ! knife-blade4 ,! entire bud %\ld pass into ! cleft2 or if a portion ( x %\ld project above x %\ld be cut (f4 ,if ! b>k peels freely1 ! bud w slip 9 easily & w foll[ ! cleft1 b if x /icks some:at1 m c>e is necess>y to prev5t ! bud f runn+ out4 ,if ! b>k is v tight1 x may h to be loos5$ ) ! knife ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! cleft2 b budd+ %\ld be p]=m$1 if possible1 :5 su* pa9s are n necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,prep>+ ! /ock4 ,! bud mu/ n[ be ti$4 ,! :ole matrix %\ld be clos$ & b\nd securely1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,! dott$ l9es p>allel ) ! cleft %[ ! ext5t to :i* ! bud projects "u ! b>k4 ,! /r+ is usually />t$ bel[ ! bud1 ! end be+ held by lapp+ ! second c\rse ov] x1 & ! upp] end be+ secur$ by draw+ a b[ ?r\gh "u ! upp] c\rse4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to b9d ! /r+ ov] ! bud itself4 ,! /r+s are previ\sly cut ! requir$ l5g?--ab\t a foot--& ! ty+ is p]=m$ v quickly4 ,any s(t cord c be employ$4 ,y>n & c>pet w>p are sometimes us$4 ,! mo/ common mat]ial1 at lea/ until ! la/ few ye>s1 has be5 bass matt+4 ,?is is ! inn] b>k ( ! bass-wood or l9d54 ,! b>k is /ripp$ 9 e>ly summ]1 & ! inn] portion is mac]at$ or rott$ 9 wat] = f\r or five weeks4 ,x is !n remov$1 cut into ! desir$ l5g?s1 & /ripp$ into n>r[ b&s--"o-f\r? to "o-half in* wide--:5 x may be sort$ & /or$ away = future use4 ,if x is /iff & h>% :5 x comes f ! mac]ation1 x %\ld be p\nd$ lightly or rubb$ ?r\gh ! h&s until x becomes s(t & pliable4 ,! be/ ty+ mat]ial :i* we n[ h is und\bt$ly raffia4 ,x is an import$ article1 com+ f ! ea/]n tropics 7! product ( ! palm ,raphia ,ruffia71 b x is s *eap t x w probably sup]s$e ev5 bass-b>k4 ,x is /rong & pliable1 & is an excell5t mat]ial = ty+ up plants 9 ! gre5h\se1 or small ones out-doors4 ,! greate/ disadvantage 9 its use 9 ! budd+ field is its habit ( roll+ :5 x becomes dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,bud ent]+ matrix4 ,9 two or ?ree weeks aft] ! bud is set x w h /uck or unit$ to ! /ock4 ,! b&age mu/ !n be remov$ or cut4 ,x is ! common practice to draw a budd+-knife ov] ! /r+s1 on ! side opposite ! bud1 completely sev]+ !m & all[+ !m to fall (f z !y w4 ,if ! /r+s are left on too long !y w con/rict ! /em & (t5 kill ! bud1 & !y also h a t5d5cy to cause ! bud to break or beg9 to gr[4 ,! bud %\ld rema9 p]fectly dormant until spr+1 = if x %\ld beg9 to gr[ x w be injur$ & p]haps kill$ by ! w9t]4 ,x %\ld rema9 gre5 & fre%2 if x %rivels & becomes br[n1 ev5 ?\gh x /ill adh]es to ! /ock1 x is wor?less4 ,advantage c be tak51 :5 cutt+ ! ty+s1 to rebud any /ocks :i* h fail$4 ,if ! bud %\ld beg9 to gr[1 because ( a w>m & wet fall or o!r reasons1 !re is little rem$y except p]haps to head ! %oot back if x %\ld become long en\gh4 ,if ! /ocks are protect$ by sn[ dur+ w9t]1 "s ( ! buds at ! base ( ! %oot may pass ! cold 9 safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,! bud ti$4 ,! next spr+ ! /ock %\ld be cut (f j above ! bud 7,fig4 #ff71 9 ord] to ?r[ ! entire =ce ( ! plant into ! bud4 ,if ! root is /rong & ! soil good1 ! bud w gr[ two or ?ree feet ! fir/ ye>2 or pea*es & *]ries w gr[ f two to ?ree times t height4 ,all spr\ts %\ld be kept rubb$ (f ! /ock1 & ! bud %\ld be tra9$ to a s+le /em4 ,9 "s weak & crook$ gr[]s1 ! new %oot mu/ be ti$1 & "s propagators 9 su* cases cut (f ! /ock five or six in*es above ! bud & let x s]ve z a /ake to :i* to tie4 ,! /ock1 ( c\rse1 mu/ n be all[$ to gr[4 ,late 9 ! season ! /ock is cut d[n close to ! bud1 z 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,pea*es & "s o!r fruits are sold aft] hav+ made "o season's gr[? f ! bud1 b pe>s1 apples1 & mo/ o!r trees are n (t5 sold until ! second or ?ird ye>4 ,june budd+ is a t]m appli$ to ! budd+ ( /ocks 9 e>ly summ] :ile !y are yet gr[+ rapidly4 ,x is employ$ mo/ly at ! s\? :]e ! /ocks c be gr[n to suffici5t size by ! la/ ( ,june or fir/ ( ,july4 ,small /ocks are usually employ$--^? rang+ f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird in* be+ pref]r$4 ,a few /rong leaves %\ld be left on ! /ock bel[ ! bud1 & aft] ! bud has /uck ! :ole top %\ld n be cut (f at once1 else ! gr[+ plant w receive a too sev]e *eck4 ,x is be/ to b5d ! top ov] to *eck its gr[? or remove ! leaves gradually4 ,! b&ages %\ld n be left on long] ?an six to t5 days if ! /ock is gr[+ rapidly4 ,to prev5t ! con/riction ( ! /em1 musl9 b&s are sometimes us$ in/ead ( bass or raffia4 ,9 hot & dry climates ! bud %\ld be set an in* or two high] 9 ,june budd+ ?an 9 ! ord9>y practice1 to escape ! great heat ( ! soil4 ,june budd+ is us$ ^u ! pea* m ?an any o!r tree1 al?\gh x c be employ$ = any species :i* w give l>ge en\gh /ocks f se$ by ! ,june foll[+ ! s[+4 ,9 pea*es1 ! bud w produce a %oot f ?ree to five feet high ! same season ! buds are set1 s t m>ketable budd$ trees c be produc$ 9 "o season f ! se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,cutt+ (f ! /ock4 ,a diff]5t k9d ( e>ly summ] budd+ is sometimes p]=m$ ^u apples & o!r fruit-trees4 ,9 ?is case ! /ocks are "o or two ye>s old f ! transplant+1 & dormant buds are us$4 ,^! buds are cut ! previ\s fall or w9t] 9 ! same mann] z cions1 & :5 spr+ approa*es !y are put on ice--9 sawdu/1 s& or moss--& kept until ! /ocks are l>ge en\gh to receive !m4 ,! p>ticul> advantage ( ?is me?od is ! di/ribut+ ( ! labor ( budd+ ov] a long] season1 !reby avoid+ ! ru% :i* (t5 occurs at ! regul> budd+ "t4 ,budd]s usually c>ry a numb] ( /icks ) !m :5 !y ent] ! nurs]y4 ,^! may be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 or ?ru/ into ! boot-leg2 or "s budd]s c>ry f\r or five /icks 9 ! h&4 ,! budd] foll[s a r[ ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 pass+ ov] ^? trees :i* are too small to "w4 ,x is a common practice to re/ ^u "o knee :ile budd+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg1 b "s pref] to use a l[ /ool4 ,! ty+ is usually done by a boy1 :o %\ld foll[ close beh9d ! budd] 9 ord] t ! buds %all n dry out4 ,an exp]t budd] w set f #a1jjj to #c1jjj buds a day1 9 good /ock1 & ) a boy 7or two ( !m = ! latt] spe$7 to tie4 ,pea* /ocks are m rapidly budd$ ?an mo/ o!rs1 z ! b>k is firm & slips easily1 & "s rem>kable records are made by skillful workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,budd] at "w4 ,budd+ is sometimes employ$ ! same z top-graft+ = *ang+ ov] ! top ( an old tree f "o v>iety to ano!r4 ,! buds _c be easily ins]t$ 9 v old & /iff b>k1 b 9 all smoo? & fre% b>k !y "w readily4 ,sometimes old trees are sev]ely prun$ ! ye> be=e ! budd+ is to be done1 9 ord] to obta9 "y %oots 9 :i* to set ! buds4 ,9 fruit-trees six or sev5 ye>s old or less1 budd+ is fully z advantage\s z graft+4 ,new v>ieties are also budd$ into old bran*es 9 ord] to ha/5 be>+ = ! purpose ( te/+ ! v>iety4 ,"h budd+ has a di/9ct advantage ov] graft+1 z x uses few] buds1 & ! wood ( new sorts is (t5 sc>ce4 ,flute-,budd+4--,an occasional me?od ( budd+ is t kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( flute-budd+4 ,9 ?is me?od ! bud is n cov]$ by ! b>k ( ! /ock z 9 %ield-budd+4 ,fig4 #fh illu/rates x4 ,a portion ( b>k is remov$ entirely f ! /ock1 & a simil> piece is fitt$ into its place4 ,:5 ! w\nd ext5ds only "p way ab\t ! /em1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 ! op]ation is sometimes kn[n z v5e]-budd+4 ,:5 x ext5ds entirely ar\nd ! /em x is call$ r+ or annul>-budd+4 ,flute-budd+ is usually p]=m$ late 9 spr+4 ,x is be/ adapt$ to plants ) v ?ick & heavy b>k4 ,! bud is ti$ & aft]w>ds treat$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z 9 %ield-budd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,flute-budd+4 ,a species ( flute-budd+ 9 :i* a r+ ( b>k is slipp$ d[n ^u ! tip ( a %oot1 :i* has be5 girdl$ = ! purpose1 is call$ :i/le-budd+ or tubul>-budd+4 ,graft+4--,graft+ is divid$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b *iefly ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! union ^u ! plant & to ! me?od 9 :i* ! scion & /ock are jo9$4 ,9 ref]5ce to position1 !re are f\r g5]al classes3 #a4 ,root-graft+1 9 :i* ! /ock is entirely a root4 #b4 ,cr[n-graft+1 :i* is p]=m$ ^u ! cr[n or coll> ( ! plant j at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 an op]ation :i* is (t5 conf\nd$ ) root-graft+4 #c4 ,/em-graft+1 9 :i* ! cion is set on ! trunk or body ( ! tree bel[ ! limbs1 a me?od occasionally employ$ ) "y trees4 #d4 ,top-graft+1 or graft+ 9 ! bran*es ( ! tree4 ,any me?od ( ins]t+ ! cion may be employ$ 9 ^! classes4 ,! be/ classification1 p>ticul>ly = purposes ( description1 is t :i* consid]s me?ods ( mak+ ! union4 ,"s ( ^! k9ds ( graft+ are catalogu$ on page #ff4 ,= our purposes1 we %all ne$ to consid] only ! :ip1 saddle1 splice1 v5e]1 cleft & b>k-graft+4 ,:ip-,graft+4--,:ip or tongue-graft+ is employ$ only on small /ocks1 usually ^u ^? "o or two ye>s old4 ,bo? ! cion & /ock are cut across diagonally1 ! cut surface ext5d+ f "o to two in*es accord+ to ! size ( ! "p4 ,a v]tical cleft is !n made 9 bo?1 & ! two are jo9$ by %ov+ ! tongue ( ! cion into ! cleft ( ! /ock4 ,! op]ation c be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,figs4 #fi1 #gj & #ga4 ,fig4 #fi %[s ! end ( a cion1 cut natural size4 ,! /ock is cut 9 ! same mann]1 & ! two are jo9$ 9 ,figs4 #gj & #ga4 ,! p>ts are held firmly by a b&age pass$ five or six times ar\nd !m4 ,if ! graft is to /& above gr\nd1 ! w\nd mu/ be protect$ by apply+ wax ov] ! b&age4 7,recipes = wax c be f\nd at ! end ( ?is *apt]47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,:ip-graft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,:ip-graft 9 position4 ,root-graft+1 especially ( fruit-/ocks1 is p]=m$ almo/ entirely by ! :ip-graft4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 w9t]4 ,! /ocks1 ei!r "o or two ye>s old1 are dug & /or$ 9 ! fall4 ,9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y ! graft+ is begun4 ,9 true root-graft+1 only pieces ( roots are us$1 b "s pref] to use ! :ole root & graft at ! cr[n4 ,9 piece-root-graft+1 f two to f\r trees are made f a s+le root4 ,a piece ( root f two to f\r in*es long is us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,! p>ts are usually held by w9d+ ) wax$ /r+ or wax$ b&s4 ,! /r+ %\ld be /rong en\gh to hold ! p>ts securely & yet weak en\gh to be brok5 )\t hurt+ ! h&s4 ,no4 #ah knitt+ cotton answ]s ?is purpose admirably4 ,x %\ld be b\ght 9 balls1 :i* are all[$ to /& = a few m9utes 9 melt$ wax4 ,! wax soon saturates ! ball4 ,wax$ b&s are made by spread+ melt$ wax ov] ?9 musl91 :i* is cut into n>r[ /rips :5 dry4 ,! /r+ is ! m useful = rapid "w4 ,! grafts are pack$ away 9 s&1 moss or sawdu/ 9 a cool cell> until spr+1 :5 ! two p>ts w be firmly callus$ toge!r4 ,"s propagators are n[ disc>d+ all ty+ ( root-grafts4 ,! grafts are pack$ away snugly1 & if ! /orage cell> is cool--n above #dj--!y w knit toge!r s t !y c be plant$ )\t dang] ( break+ ap>t4 ,if ! cell> is w>m ! grafts w />t into gr[? & be lo/4 ,cions are cut 9 fall or w9t]1 or any "t be=e ! buds swell 9 spr+4 ,only ! previ\s ye>'s gr[? is us$ 9 all ord9>y cases1 b 9 maples & "s o!r trees old] wood may be us$4 ,9 ! graft+ ( pea*es--:i* is v r>ely done--! be/ cions are suppos$ to be ^? :i* be> a small portion ( two-ye>-old at ! l[] end4 ,?is portion ( old wood probably s]ves no o!r purpose ?an a me*anical "o1 z ! rec5t wood is s(t & pi?y4 ,x is a common op9ion t cions are wor?less if cut dur+ freez+ wea!r1 b ?is is unf\nd$4 ,! cions are /or$ 9 s&1 moss or sawdu/ 9 a cool cell>1 or !y may be buri$ 9 a s&y place4 ,or sometimes1 :5 a few are want$ = top-graft+1 !y are ?ru/ into ! gr\nd beside ! tree into :i* !y are to be set ! foll[+ spr+4 ,only well-=m$ & mature buds %\ld be us$4 ,sometimes fl[]-buds are ins]t$ = ! purpose ( fruit+ a new or r>e v>iety ! foll[+ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,root-graft4 ,9 common root-graft+ 9 ! ea/ & s\?1 ! cion be>s ab\t ?ree buds1 & ! root is ab\t ! same l5g?1 or p]haps %ort]4 ,! v>iable & unkn[n "* ( ^! roots z reg>ds h>d9ess1 r5d]s x important 9 v sev]e climates t roots %\ld be obta9$ f ! same plant z ! cion1 ! h>d9ess ( :i* is kn[n4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! practice 9 ! prairie c\ntries to use a v long cion--eight in*es to a foot--& to set x 9 ! gr\nd to ! top bud4 ,! piece ( root s]ves z a tempor>y support1 & roots are emitt$ along ! cion4 ,:5 ! tree is ready = sale ! old piece ( root is (t5 remov$1 or sometimes x falls away ( itself4 ,9 ?is mann] own-root$ trees are obta9$1 & x is = ?is reason t root-graft+ is m univ]sally practic$ we/ ( ! ,great ,lakes ?an budd+4 ,ev5 cions ( ord9>y l5g? (t5 emit roots1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #gb1 b ! cions are n long en\gh to rea* into uni=mly moi/ soil4 ,"s v>ieties ( fruit-trees are f\nd 9 practice to root m readily ?an o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,gr[+ ,root-graft4 ,!re is mu* discussion z to ! relative m]its ( budd+ & root-graft+ fruit-/ocks1 b ! obs]vations are usually s indef9ite or irrelevant t safe conclusions _c be drawn f !m4 ,we h se5 t root-graft+ s]ves an indisp5sable purpose 9 ! cold prairie regions by enabl+ nurs]ym5 to secure own-root$ trees ( kn[n h>d9ess4 ,aside f ?is x may be said t root-graft+ is *eap] ?an budd+1 z x is p]=m$ :5 labor is *eap & two or m trees are made f "o /ock1 ,budd$ or cr[n-graft$ trees possess a great] root & usually make a /rong] gr[?1 at lea/ ! fir/ ye> or two1 & x has be5 said t _! roots are m num]\s & m symmetrically dispos$4 ,b !re is n yet a suffici5t k ( ! subject 9 all its details to all[ ( dogmatic expressions ^u x4 ,saddle-,graft+4--,saddle-graft+ is a simple & useful me?od = ! %oots ( small1 gr[+ plants4 ,! /ock is cut to a w$ge-%ap$ end by two cuts1 & ! cion is split & set ^u ! w$ge 7,fig4 #gc74 ,! union is !n ti$ & wax$ 9 ! same way z expos$ :ip-grafts4 ,x is (t5e/ employ$ :5 a t]m9al bud is us$1 z ! wood 9 su* cions is usually too weak to "w well ) a tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,saddle-graft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,splice-graft+4 ,splice-,graft+4--,! simple/ =m ( graft+ is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd1 9 :i* ! two p>ts are simply cut across diagonally & laid toge!r4 ,! p>ts are held only by ! /r+1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! wax1 is appli$ 9 ! same way z ^u ! :ip-graft4 ,splice-graft+ is frequ5tly us$ ^u s(t or t5d] wood :i* w n admit ( splitt+4 ,x is adapt$ only to small %oots4 ,v5e]-,graft+4--,fig4 #ge %[s a /yle ( graft+ :i* is mu* us$1 p>ticul>ly = ornam5tals & = r>e /ocks :i* are gr[n 9 pots4 ,an incision is made ^u ! /ock j ?r\gh ! b>k & ab\t an in* long 7,a1 ,fig4 #ge71 ! bit ( b>k be+ remov$ by means ( a d[nw>d slop+ cut at its base4 ,! base ( ! cion is cut (f obliquely1 & ^u ! longe/ side a portion ( b>k is remov$1 correspond+ to ! portion tak5 f ! /ock4 ,! little tongue ( b>k on ! /ock cov]s ! base ( ! cion1 :5 x is set4 ,! cion is ti$ tightly to ! /ock 7,b1 ,fig4 #ge71 usually ) raffia4 ,?is me?od ( graft+ makes no incision into ! wood1 & all ! w\nd$ surfaces are completely cov]$ by ! mat*+ ( ! cion & /ock4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 to wax ov] ! w\nds1 z a rule4 ,! p>ts gr[ toge!r quickly & uni=mly1 mak+ a solid & p]fect union z %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #ge4 ,s f> z ! union ( ! p>ts is conc]n$1 ?is is probably ! ideal me?od ( graft+4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is no?+ b ! side-graft ( ! ,engli% g>d5]s ) ! mo/ important condition ( ! long] tongue on ! /ock1 is kn[n by v>i\s names1 b x is (t5e/ call$ v5e]-graft+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,v5e]-graft+4 ,v5e]-graft+ is employ$ mo/ly f ,novemb] to ,m>* ^u pott$ plants4 ,/ocks :i* are gr[n out-doors are pott$ 9 ! e>ly fall & c>ri$ 9 a cool h\se or pit4 ,! cion is appli$ an in* or two above ! surface ( ! soil1 & ! /ock ne$ n be head$ back until ! cion has unit$4 7,see ,fig4 #gf47 ,bo? dormant & gr[+ cions are us$4 ,all plants 9 full sap mu/ be plac$ "u a frame 9 ! h\se1 9 :i* !y c be almo/ entirely buri$ ) sphagnum1 n too wet1 & ! h\se mu/ be kept cool & r moi/ until ! cions are well e/abli%$4 ,"s species c be transf]r$ to ! op5 bord] or to nurs]y r[s 9 ! spr+1 b mo/ plants :i* are graft$ 9 ?is way are h&l$ 9 pots dur+ ! foll[+ season4 ,rhodod5drons1 ,japanese maples & _m conif]s are "s ( ! plants :i* are multipli$ by v5e]-graft+4 ,?is me?od1 :5 us$ ) h>dy or t5d] plants1 gives a great advantage 9 mu* exp]im5tal "w1 because ! /ock is n at all injur$ by a failure & c be us$ ov] aga9 _m times1 p]haps ev5 9 ! same season2 ! manipulation is simple & easily acquir$ by inexp]i5c$ h&s4 ,cleft-,graft+4--,9 cleft-graft+ ! /ock is cut (f squ>ely & split1 & into ! split a cion ) a w$ge-%ap$ base is ins]t$4 ,x is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to l>ge /ocks & is ! me?od univ]sally employ$ = top-graft+ old trees4 ,fig4 #gg repres5ts ! op]ation4 ,! end ( ! /ock1 te*nically call$ a /ub1 is usually l>ge en\gh to accommodate two cions1 "o ^u ei!r side4 ,9 fact1 x is bett] to use two cions1 n only because !y d\ble ! *ances ( success b because !y ha/5 ! heal+ ( ! /ub4 ,cleft-graft+ is at be/ a h>% process1 especially ^u l>ge limbs1 & its evils %\ld be mitigat$ z mu* z possible4 ,9 common practice1 ! cion 7,fig4 #gh7 conta9s ?ree buds1 ! l[e/ "o /&+ j above ! w$ge portion4 ,?is l[e/ bud is usually entirely cov]$ ) wax1 b x pu%es ?r\gh )\t difficulty4 ,9 fact1 be+ ne>e/ ! s\rce ( food & mo/ protect$1 its *ances ( liv+ are great] ?an ^? ( ! high] buds4 ,! sides ( ! cion mu/ be cut smoo?ly & ev5ly4 ,a s+le draw cut on ea* side ) a %>p blade is mu* bett] ?an two or ?ree p>tial cuts4 ,a good graft] makes a cion by ?ree /rokes ( ! knife1 "o to cut (f ! cion & two to %ape x4 ,! out] edge ( ! w$ge %\ld be a little ?ick] ?an ! inn] "o s t ! /ock w b9d ^u x & hold x firm at ! po9t :]e ! union fir/ takes place4 ,^! cions are tak5 9 late fall or w9t]1 & kept 9 ! same mann] z direct$ = :ip-graft+ on pages #gg & #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,v5e]-graft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,cleft-graft+4 ,! /ock or /ub mu/ be cut (f squ>ely & smoo?ly ) a %>p & pref]ably f9e-too!d saw4 ,if "o desires to be especially c>eful 9 ! op]ation1 ! end ( ! /ub1 or at lea/ two opposite sides ( x1 may be dress$ (f ) a knife s t ! juncture betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood may be m easily se54 ,pr(essional graft]s r>ely resort to ?is practice1 h[ev]4 ,! /ub is !n split to ! dep? ( an in* & a half or two in*es4 ,v>i\s /yles ( graft+-knife are us$ to split ! /ub4 ,! be/ "o is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,x is commonly made f an old file by a blacksmi?4 ,! blade is curv$ s t ! b>k ( ! /ub is drawn 9 :5 ! knife is ent]+1 !reby less5+ ! dang] ( loos5+ ! b>k4 ,^u ! end ( ! knife is a w$ge1 ab\t f\r or five in*es long1 = op5+ ! cleft4 ,! w$ge is driv5 into ! cleft & all[$ to rema9 :ile ! cions are be+ plac$4 ,if ! cleft does n op5 wide en\gh to all[ ! cions to ent]1 ! op]ator be>s d[n on ! h&le ( ! knife4 ,! cions mu/ be ?ru/ d[n to ! fir/ bud1 or ev5 deep]1 & x is imp]ative t !y fit tightly4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! b>k & wood 9 ! cion %\ld meet z ne>ly z possible ! simil> l9e 9 ! /ock4 ,! cions are usually set a trifle obliquely1 ! tops project+ outw>ds1 to ensure ! contact ( ! cambium lay]s4 ,writ]s usually /ate t x is imp]ative to success to h ! exact l9es betwe5 ! b>k & wood meet = at lea/ ! great] "p ( _! l5g?1 b ?is is an error4 ,! callus or connect+ tissue spreads beyond its =m] limits :5 ! w\nds beg9 to heal4 ,! mo/ ess5tial po9ts are r to be sure t ! cion fits tightly ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 & to protect ! w\nd completely ) an air-tight cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,cleft-graft cion4 ,! w\nds mu/ n[ be cov]$ ) wax4 ,fig4 #hj illu/rates a /ub aft] ! cov]+ has be5 appli$4 ,if ! graft+ is done 9 e>ly spr+ :5 ! wea!r is cold1 ! wax w h to be appli$ ) a bru%4 ,! wax is melt$ 9 a glue-pot1 :i* is c>ri$ into ! tree4 ,b if ! wea!r is w>m en\gh to s(t5 ! wax1 x %\ld be appli$ ) ! h&s4 ,! h&s are fir/ greas$ to prev5t ! wax f /ick+4 ,! two side or v]tical portions are appli$ fir/4 ,! end ( ! mass ( wax 9 ! h& is flatt5$ into a ?9 portion ab\t a half in* wide4 ,?is portion is !n laid ov] ! bud & held !re by ! ?umb ( ! o!r h&1 :ile ! wax is drawn d[nw>ds ov] ! cleft1 be+ press$ d[n firmly ^u ! b>k by ! ?umb ( ! fir/ h&4 ,! wax gradually tails out until x breaks (f j bel[ ! l[e/ po9t ( ! cleft4 ,! flatt5$ upp] "p is !n wrapp$ ar\nd ! cion ^u ei!r side1 completely & tightly encircl+ x4 ,a simple deft wrapp+ ( ! wax ab\t ! cion makes a tight] jo9t ?an c be secur$ 9 twice ! "t by any me?od ( p9*+ x into place4 ,ano!r portion ( wax is n[ flatt5$ & appli$ ov] ! end ( ! /ub4 ,_m graft]s apply a bit ( wax to ! tops ( ! cion also4 ,all ! w\nds mu/ be cov]$ securely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,a cleft graft+-knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,a wax$ /ub4 ,! top-graft+ ( l>ge trees is an important op]ation1 & !re are _m m5 :o make x a bus9ess4 ,^! m5 usually *>ge by ! /ub & w>rant1 ! w>rant mean+ t "o cion ( ! /ub mu/ be alive :5 ! c\nt+ is done late 9 summ]4 ,f two to ?ree c5ts a /ub is a common price4 ,a good graft] 9 good sett+ c graft f #djj to #hjj /ubs a day & wax !m himself4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! trees1 _! %ape1 & ! am\nt ( prun+ :i* mu/ be done be=e ! graft] c "w 9 !m h&ily4 ,e man :o owns an or*>d ( any ext5t %\ld be able to d 8 own graft+4 ,! mo/ important factor 9 ! top-graft+ ( an old tree is ! %ap+ ( ! top4 ,! old top is to be remov$ dur+ ?ree or f\r or five ye>s & a new "o is to be gr[n 9 its place4 ,if ! tree is old1 ! orig9al plan or %ape ( ! top w h to be foll[$ 9 its g5]al outl9es4 ,! bran*es %\ld be graft$1 z a rule1 :]e !y d n exce$ an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 z cions d bett] 9 su* bran*es1 ! w\nds heal quickly & ! injury to ! tree is less ?an :5 v l>ge /ubs are us$4 ,! op]ator %\ld endeavor to cut all ! lead+ /ubs at approximately equal di/ances f ! c5t] ( ! tree4 ,& !n1 to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( long & pole-l bran*es1 v>i\s m9or side-bran*es %\ld be graft$4 ,^! w s]ve to fill out ! new top & to af=d foo?olds = prun]s & pick]s4 ,fig4 #ha is a good illu/ration ( an old apple tree j top-graft$4 ,_m /ubs %\ld be set1 & at lea/ all ! prom95t bran*es %\ld be graft$ if ! tree has be5 well-tra9$4 ,x is bett] to h too _m /ubs & to be oblig$ to cut out "s ( !m 9 aft] ye>s1 ?an to h too few4 ,9 ?ick-topp$ trees1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to cut out s mu* ! fir/ ye> t ! inn] bran*es w sunburn4 ,all l>ge bran*es :i* mu/ be sacrific$ ought to be cut out :5 ! graft+ is done1 z !y increase 9 diamet] v rapidly aft] s mu* ( ! top is remov$4 ,"o horizontal bran* ly+ directly ov] or "u ano!r %\ld n be graft$1 = x is ! habit ( grafts to gr[ upright r ?an horizontally 9 ! direction ( ! bran*4 ,x is well to split all /ubs on su* bran*es horizontally1 t "o cion may n /& directly "u ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,top-graft$ old tree4 ,top-graft+ is p]=m$ 9 spr+4 ,! be/ "t is :5 ! leaves are pu%+ out1 z w\nds made !n heal quickly & cions are mo/ apt to live4 ,b :5 a l>ge am\nt ( graft+ mu/ be done1 x is necess>y to beg9 a mon? or ev5 two be=e ! leaves />t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ation c be ext5d$ until a mon? or m aft] ! leaves are full-gr[n1 b su* late cions make a %ort gr[?1 :i* is likely to p]i% ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,pr(essional graft]s usually divide _! m5 into ?ree gangs1 "o to d ! cutt+ ( ! /ubs1 "o to set ! cions1 & "o to apply ! wax4 ,! cions are all :ittl$ be=e ! graft] ent]s ! tree4 ,!y are !n usually moi/5$ by dipp+ into a pail ( wat] & are c>ri$ 9 a high side-pocket 9 ! jacket4 ,! h&ie/ mallet is a simple club or billy1 a foot & a half long1 hung ov] ! wri/ by a loose s(t cord 7,fig #hb74 ,?is is br\ght into ! palm ( ! h& by a sw++ motion ( ! =e>m4 ,?is mallet is always 9 place1 nev] drops f ! tree1 & is n 9 ! way4 ,! knife %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi is commonly us$4 ,a d[nw>d /roke ( ! mallet drives ! knife into ! tree & an upw>d motion imm$iately foll[+ /rikes ! knife on ! out] end & removes x4 ,ano!r d[nw>d motion drives 9 ! w$ge4 ,! %>p5$ nails & /icks commonly pictur$ z w$ges 9 cleft-graft+ are useless = any s]i\s "w4 ,& ! common /yle ( graft+-knife sold by se$sm51 compris+ a ?91 broad blade set 9 a heavy back piece1 is also wor?less4 ,! blade is too ?9 to split ! /ub4 ,! v>i\s comb9$ implem5ts :i* h be5 devis$ to facilitate cleft-graft+ are usually impracticable 9 s]i\s op]ations4 ,a v good graft+-knife = small /ocks or trees 9 nurs]y r[ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,?is is ! ,?omas knife4 ,! l>g] arm is made entirely ( wood4 ,at its upp] end is a groov$ portion into :i* ! blade closes4 ,?is blade c be made f ! blade ( a /eel case-knife1 & x %\ld be ab\t two & a half in*es long4 ,x is secur$ to an iron h&le4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ?is implem5t is ! draw cut :i* is secur$ by sett+ ! blades & ! pivot 9 j ! positions %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! /ock is cut (f by ! %e>s1 & ! cleft is !n made by turn+ ! %e>s up & mak+ a v]tical cut4 ,! cleft is !re=e cut in/ead ( split1 insur+ a tight fit ( ! cions4 ,?is tool is p>ticul>ly useful ^u h>d & crook$-gra9$ /ocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,graft+-mallet4 ,cleft-graft+ is (t5 employ$ = o!r purposes ?an ! top-graft+ ( old trees4 ,x is 9 common use on s(t & fle%y /ocks1 z cactuses1 & v>i\s fle%y roots4 ,fig4 #hd %[s a cleft-graft on cactus4 ,! cion is held 9 place ) a p9 or cactus sp9e1 & x is !n b\nd ) raffia or o!r cord4 ,wax+ is n necess>y4 ,fig4 #he illu/rates a cleft root-graft ( peony4 ,! cleft 9 ! ?ick root is cut ) a knife1 & ! /ock is b\nd up securely1 usually ) wire1 z cord1 unless wax$1 rots (f too quickly4 ,wax is n us$1 z ! graft is buri$ to ! top bud4 ,! peony is graft$ 9 summ]4 ,dahlias are (t5 graft$ aft] ! same fa%ion1 al?\gh "s op]ators pref]1 9 su* fle%y subjects1 to cut out a section f ! side ( ! /ock to receive ! cion1 r ?an to make a cleft4 ,hollyhocks1 ipomz1 glox9ias & o!r ?ick-root$ plants may be simil>ly treat$4 ,b>k-graft+4--,a /yle ( graft+ suit$ to l>ge trees is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! /ock is n cleft1 b ! cions are pu%$ d[n betwe5 ! b>k & wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,?omas' graft+-knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,cleft-graft ( cactus4 ,! cion mu/ be cut v ?9 s t !y w n break ! b>k on ! /ock4 ,fig4 #hg repres5ts a good /yle ( cion4 ,x is cut to a %\ld] ^u ei!r side4 ,sev]al cions c be plac$ 9 a s+le /ub1 & z no splitt+ is necess>y1 x is a useful me?od = v l>ge limbs4 ,x is especially useful 9 repair+ trees :5 v l>ge bran*es are brok5 (f4 ,a doz5 or m cions may be set ab\t ! brok5 portion1 aft] x is dress$ (f1 & a few ( !m may be all[$ to rema9 aft] ! w\nd has be5 heal$4 ,b>k-graft+ c be p]=m$ to advantage only :5 ! b>k peels readily4 ,! cions %\ld be held 9 place by a tight b&age1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #hf1 & !n wax %\ld be appli$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z = cleft-graft+4 7,see ,fig4 #hj47 ,?is is sometimes call$ cr[n-graft+1 & is useful "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,a special =m ( b>k-graft+ is sometimes employ$ = cov]+ girdles ab\t ! base ( an old tree1 made by mice1 goph]s or rabbits4 ,! edges ( ! b>k are trimm$1 & cions are cut a c\ple in*es long] ?an ! wid? ( ! girdle4 ,^! are %>p5$ at bo? ends4 ,"o end is ins]t$ "u ! b>k bel[ ! girdle & ! o!r above x4 ,! cions are plac$ close toge!r entirely ar\nd ! tree4 ,?is op]ation is said to be necess>y to keep up ! connection betwe5 ! root & ! top1 b ?is is 9 mo/ cases an error4 ,a good dress+ ( c[-dung1 wax or clay1 held on ) /\t b&ages1 is mu* bett] ?an ! graft+4 ,?is me?od ( graft+ is sometimes1 b errone\sly1 call$ in>*+4 ,a complete girdle made dur+ ! spr+ or e>ly summ] w usually heal ov] readily if x is well b&ag$2 & 9 "s cases ev5 ! b&age is n necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,peony root-graft4 ,h]bace\s-graft+4--,9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! discussions h _h to d ) cions :i* are dormant or at lea/ well-h>d5$1 & ) /ocks :i* conta9 m or less h>d woody sub/ance4 ,b h]bace\s %oots c be graft$ ) ease4 ,all su* plants z g]aniums1 begonias1 coleuses & *rysan!mums c be made to be> two or m v>ieties ^u ! same individual4 ,almo/ any /yle ( graft+ c be employ$1 b ! v5e]1 cleft & saddle-grafts are pref]r$4 ,%oots %\ld be *os5 = /ocks :i* are r firm1 or 9 ! condition = mak+ good cutt+s4 ,! cions %\ld be 9 a simil> condition1 & !y may be tak5 f ! tips ( bran*es or made ( a section ( a bran*4 ,! union %\ld be b\nd snugly ) raffia1 & ! plant set 9 a propagat+ frame1 :]e x mu/ be kept close = a few days4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 mo/ cases1 to use wax1 & ^u "s t5d] /ocks ! wax is injuri\s4 ,moss may be b\nd ab\t ! graft1 b unless ! union is fir/ ?or\ghly cov]$ by ! b&age1 roots w />t into ! moss & ! p>ts w fail to unite4 ,! gr[+ %oots ( %rubs & trees c also be graft$1 b ! op]ation is r>ely employ$4 ,9 v>i\s conif]\s trees 7z p9es & spruces7 ! "y %oots are sometimes cleft or saddle-graft$ 9 ,may1 ! p>ts be+ well b&ag$ ) wax$ musl9 or raffia1 & %ad$ ) pap] bags4 ,! walnut & "s o!r trees :i* d n "w readily are sometimes treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,b>k-graft+4 ,a little kn[n species ( h]bace\s-graft+ is ! jo9+ ( p>ts ( fruits4 ,x is easily p]=m$ ^u all fle%y fruits l tomatoes1 apples1 squa%es & cucumb]s4 ,:5 ! fruit is half or m gr[n1 "o-half is cut away & a simil> half f ano!r fruit is appli$4 ,bett] results foll[ if ! sev]$ side ( ! p>5t or /ock fruit is holl[$ out a little1 s z to let ! =eign piece set into ! cavity4 ,! edges ( ! epid]mis ( ! /ock are !n ti$ up closely aga9/ ! cion by means ( bass or raffia4 ,! two p>ts are securely ti$ toge!r1 b no wax is requir$4 ,?is op]ation succe$s be/ "u glass1 :]e conditions are uni=m & w9ds d n bl[ ! fruits ab\t4 ,ev5 leaves may be us$ z /ocks or cions4 ,any su* succul5t & p]man5t leaves z ^? ( ! h\se-leeks1 crassula1 & ! l may h "y %oots work$ ^u !m1 & leaves :i* are us$ z cutt+s c (t5 be made to gr[ on o!r plants4 ,se$-graft+4--,a novel k9d ( graft+ has be5 describ$ 9 ,france by ,pi]on1 :i* consi/s 9 us+ a se$ z a cion4 ,?is has be5 us$ ^u ! grape4 ,a se$ is dropp$ into a gimlet-hole made ne> ! base ( ! v9e :ile ! sap is fl[+ 9 ! spr+4 ,! se$ g]m9ates1 & aft] a "t ! plantlet unites ) ! /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,cion = b>k-graft+ ,d\ble-graft+4--,graft+ ^u a graft$ tree is kn[n z d\ble-graft+ or d\ble-work+4 ,x is employ$ = ! purpose ( gr[+ a v>iety ^u an uncong5ial root or ( secur+ a /raight & vigor\s /ock = a weak & poor gr[]4 ,"s sorts ( pe>s d n unite well ) ! qu9ce1 & if x is desir$ to secure dw>fs ( ^! v>ieties1 "s v>iety :i* unites readily ) ! qu9ce mu/ fir/ be put ^u x4 ,! ,ang\leme takes well to ! qu9ce1 & ^u ,ang\leme dw>fs ! ,seckel & "s o!r v>ieties are (t5 work$4 ,! la/ cion is usually set aft] ! fir/ "o has gr[n "o season1 al?\gh bo? may be set at ! same "t4 ,d\ble-graft+ = ! purpose ( secur+ a bett] gr[? is (t5 practic$4 ,! ,canada ,r$ apple1 = in/ance1 is su* a poor gr[] t x is (t5 /em-work$ or top-work$ ^u ! ,nor!rn ,spy or "s o!r /rong /ock4 ,! ,w9t] ,nelis & ! ,joseph9e de ,mal9es pe>s are (t5 d\ble-work$ = ! same reason4 ,cutt+-graft+4--,cuttage & graftage are comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,cutt+s ( plants :i* root ) difficulty are sometimes graft$ ^u ^? :i* root easily4 ,:5 ! plants are transplant$1 ! foll[+ autumn or spr+1 ! nurse or /ock c be remov$1 ! cion hav+ tak5 root4 ,root-graft+ ) a long cion1 describ$ on a previ\s page 7#gh71 is virtually a graft+ ( cutt+s4 ,9 o!r cases1 union ) an uncong5ial /ock is facilitat$ by all[+ ! cion to project d[nw>ds beyond ! po9t ( union & to /& 9 ! soil or moss or a di% ( wat]4 ,fig4 #hh is a good illu/ration ( ! practice4 ,! cion ext5ds into ! soil ne>ly z f> z ! root itself4 ,aft] union has tak5 place1 ! l[] "p ( ! cion is remov$4 ,?is me?od c be us$ = "s magnolias1 mulb]ries1 bir*es1 & _m o!r plants ( :i* "s k9ds root ) m or less difficulty4 ,bottle-graft+1 describ$ 9 mo/ ( ! books1 is ess5tially ?is me?od1 modifi$ by lett+ ! end ( ! cion drop into a bottle ( wat]4 ,sometimes a portion ( ! b&age is all[$ to hang 9 wat]1 to keep ! cion fre% until ! p>ts jo94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,cutt+-graft+4 ,in>*+4--,in>*+ or graft+ by approa* is ! process ( graft+ contigu\s plants or bran*es :ile ! p>ts are bo? atta*$ to _! own roots4 ,:5 ! p>ts are unit$1 "o ( !m is sev]$ f its root4 ,fig4 #hi expla9s ! op]ation4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l>g] plant is design$ = ! /ock4 ,:5 ! small] plant has unit$1 x is cut (f j bel[ ! union & x !nce=? gr[s ^u ! o!r plant4 ,limbs ( contigu\s trees are sometimes graft$ 9 ?is way4 ,x is ! process employ$ by nature 9 :at is call$ natural graft+4 ,grape-v9es are (t5 in>*$4 ,a ?rifty "y bran* may be in>*$ into ! /em ( a fruit ^u ! same tree1 ?us supply+ ! fruit ) additional food & caus+ x to gr[ l>g] ?an x might if undi/urb$4 ,to jo9 ! p>ts1 x is only necess>y to remove ! b>ks betwe5 ! /ock & cion & !n tie ! two toge!r snugly4 ,if out-doors1 ! junction %\ld be wax$ ov]2 & x is !n necess>y1 also1 to secure ! bran*es 9 su* mann] t ! w9d _c loos5 !m4 ,! p>ts are sometimes jo9$ by a tongue1 aft] ! mann] ( a :ip-graft1 b ?is is r>ely necess>y4 ,oranges & camelias 7 (t5 propagat$ by in>*+ 9 ! old practice1 b ?is "w is n[ mu* m easily done by ! v5e]-graft4 ,graft+-waxes4--,!re are great numb]s ( recipes = waxes or ma/ics = protect+ grafts & cov]+ w\nds ^u trees4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! res9 & beeswax waxes are mo/ us$1 al?\gh "s ( ! alcoholic waxes are popul> 9 "s regions4 ,9 ,europe1 _m clay & pit* waxes are 9 common use4 ,= mo/ purposes1 ! wax ,no4 #a 9 ! foll[+ li/ w be f\nd "o ( ! be/1 especially = apply+ by ! h&4 ,9 mak+ ! res9 & beeswax waxes1 ! mat]ials are fir/ brok5 up f9ely & melt$ toge!r4 ,:5 ?or\ghly melt$1 ! liquid is p\r$ into a pail or tub ( cold wat]4 ,x soon becomes h>d en\gh to h&le1 & x is !n pull$ & work$ ov] until x becomes t\gh or gets a gra91 at :i* /age x becomes ! color ( v light-color$ manilla pap]4 ,:5 wax is appli$ by h&1 ! h&s mu/ be well greas$4 ,h>d tall[ is ! be/ mat]ial = ?is purpose4 ,9 top-graft+ l>ge trees x is well to c>ry a supply ( tall[ :5 wax+ by sme>+ ! backs ( ! h&s be=e ent]+ ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,in>*+4 #a4 ,common ,res9 & ,beeswax ,waxes4 #a4 ,res91 #d p>ts by weight2 beeswax1 #b p>ts2 tall[1 #a "p4 #b4 ,res91 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 tall[1 #a lb4 #c4 ,res91 #f lbs42 beeswax1 #b lbs42 l9se$ oil1 #a pt4 #d4 ,res91 #f lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 l9se$ oil1 #a pt42 apply hot ) a bru%1 "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick ov] all ! jo9ts4 #e4 ,res91 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 & f half to a p9t ( raw l9se$ oil2 melt all toge!r gradually1 & turn into wat] & pull4 ,! l9se$ oil %\ld be entirely free f cotton-se$ oil4 ,= use 9 w>m wea!r4 #f4 ,res91 #f p>ts2 beeswax1 #a "p2 tall[1 #a "p4 ,to be us$ w>m1 9 ! h\se4 #g4 ,res91 #d or #e p>ts2 beeswax1 #a-a_/b to #b p>ts2 l9se$ oil1 #a to #a-a_/b p>ts4 ,= out-door "w4 #b4 ,alcoholic ,waxes4 #h4 ,le=t's ,liquid ,graft+ ,wax1 or ,alcoholic ,pla/ic4--,be/ :ite res91 #a lb42 beef tall[1 #a oz42 remove f ! fire & add #h ozs4 ( alcohol4 ,keep 9 clos$ bottles or cans4 #i4 ,alcoholic ,pla/ic ) ,beeswax4--,melt #f p>ts :ite res9 ) #a "p beeswax2 remove f /ove & p>tially cool by /irr+1 !n add gradually--) cont9u$ /irr+--en\gh alcohol to make ! mixture1 :5 cool1 ( ! consi/5cy ( porridge4 ,9 ! temp]ature ( ! graft+-room x w rema9 suffici5tly pla/ic to p]mit apply+ to ! cut surfaces ) ! f+]4 #aj4 ,alcoholic ,pla/ic ) ,turp5t9e4--,be/ :ite res91 #a lb42 beef tall[1 #a oz42 turp5t9e1 #a teaspoonful2 add en\gh alcohol 7#ac to #ae fluid ozs4 ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol7 to make ! wax ( ! consi/5cy ( honey4 ,or1 less alcohol may be add$ if ! wax is to be us$ ) ! f+]s4 #c4 ,fr5* & ,pit* ,waxes4 #aa4 ,common ,fr5*4--,pit*1 #a_/b lb42 beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 c[-dung1 #a lb4 ,boil toge!r1 melt & apply ) a bru%4 #ab4 ,common ,fr5* ,b&age ,wax4--,equal p>ts ( beeswax1 turp5t9e & res94 ,:ile w>m spread on /rips ( co>se cotton or /rong pap]4 #ac4 ,graft+ ,clay4--#a_/c c[-dung1 free f /raw1 & #b_/c clay1 or clayey loam1 ) a little hair1 l t us$ 9 pla/]1 to prev5t its crack+4 ,beat & temp] x = two or ?ree days until x is ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,:5 us$ x %\ld be ( su* a consi/5cy z to be easily put on & %ap$ ) ! h&s4 #ad4 ,res91 #b lbs4 #ab ozs42 ,burgundy pit*1 #a lb4 #aa ozs4 ,at ! same "t1 melt #i ozs4 ( tall[2 p\r ! latt] into ! =m]1 :ile bo? are hot1 & /ir ! mixture ?or\ghly4 ,!n add #ah ozs4 ( r$ o*re1 dropp+ x 9 gradually & /irr+ ! mixture at ! same "t4 #ae4 ,black pit*1 #bh p>ts2 ,burgundy pit*1 #bh p>ts2 beeswax1 #af p>ts2 grease1 #ad p>ts2 yell[ o*re1 #ad p>ts4 #af4 ,black pit*1 #bh lbs42 ,burgundy pit*1 #bh lbs42 yell[ wax1 #af lbs42 suet or tall[1 #ad lbs42 sift$ a%es1 #ad lbs4 ,:5 us$1 w>m suffici5tly to make x liquid1 )\t be+ s hot z to injure ! texture ( ! bran*es4 #ag4 ,melt toge!r #a-a_/d lb4 ( cle> res9 & #c_/d lb4 ( :ite pit*4 ,at ! same "t melt #a_/d lb4 ( tall[4 ,p\r ! melt$ tall[ into ! fir/ mixture1 & /ir vigor\sly4 ,!n be=e ! /uff cools add1 sl[ly /irr+ meantime1 #a_/b lb4 ( ,v5etian r$4 ,?is may be us$ w>m or cold4 #d4 ,wax$ ,/r+ & ,b&age4 #ah4 ,wax$ ,/r+ = ,root-graft+4--,into a kettle ( melt$ wax place balls ( ,no4 #ah knitt+ cotton4 ,turn ! balls frequ5tly1 & 9 five m9utes !y w be ?or\ghly saturat$1 :5 !y are dri$ & put away = future use4 ,?is mat]ial is /rong en\gh1 & at ! same "t breaks s easily z n to injure ! h&s4 ,any ( ! res9 & beeswax waxes may be us$4 ,:5 ! /r+ is us$1 x %\ld be w>m en\gh to /ick )\t ty+4 #ai4 ,wax$ ,clo?4--,old calico or ?9 musl9 is roll$ on a /ick & plac$ 9 melt$ wax4 ,:5 saturat$ x is all[$ to cool by be+ unroll$ on a b5*4 ,x is !n cut 9 /rips to suit4 ,or ! wax may be spread ^u ! clo? ) a bru%4 #e4 ,waxes = ,w\nds4 #bj4 ,any ( ! m adhesive graft+ waxes are excell5t = dress+ w\nds1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m cleave (f aft] ! fir/ ye>4 ,/iff & o*re\s pa9ts are also good4 #ba4 ,coal-t>4--,apply a coat+ ( coal-t> to ! w\nd1 :i* has fir/ be5 p>$ & smoo!d4 ,if ! w\nd conta9s a hole1 plug x ) season$ wood4 #bb4 ,hosk9s' ,wax4--,boil p9e t> sl[ly = ?ree or f\r h\rs2 add #a_/b lb4 ( beeswax to a qu>t ( ! t>4 ,h ready "s dry & f9ely sift$ clay1 & :5 ! mixture ( t> & wax is p>tially cold1 /ir into ! above nam$ quantity ab\t #ab ozs4 ( ! clay2 cont9ue ! /irr+ until ! mixture is s /iff1 & s ne>ly cool1 t ! clay w n settle4 ,?is is s(t en\gh 9 mild wea!r to be easily appli$ ) a knife or spatula4 #bc4 ,s*fell's ,heal+ ,pa9t4--,boil l9se$ oil 7free f cotton-se$ oil7 "o h\r1 ) an oz4 ( li?>ge to ea* pt4 ( oil2 !n /ir 9 sift$ wood a%es until ! pa9t is ( ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,p>e ! b>k until smoo?4 ,pa9t ! w\nd ov] 9 dry wea!r1 & if ! w\nd is v l>ge1 cov] ) a gunny-sack4 #bd4 ,t> = ,ble$+ 9 ,v9es4--,add to t> ab\t #c or #d times its weight ( p[d]$ slate or "s simil> sub/ance4 ,apply ) an old knife or flat /ick4 #be4 ,hot ,iron = ,ble$+ 9 ,v9es4--,apply a hot iron to ! b>e surface until x is *>r$1 & !n rub into ! *>r$ surface a pa/e made ( newly-burnt lime & grease4 #bf4 ,collodion = ,ble$+ 9 ,v9es4--,x may be appli$ ) a fea!r or small bru%4 ,9 "s extreme cases two or ?ree coats w be ne$$1 9 :i* case all[ ! collodion to =m a film be=e apply+ ano!r coat4 ,ph>maceutical collodion is bett] ?an photographic4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,li/4 ,a>on's ,be>d4 ,see ,hyp]icum4 ,a>on's ,rod4 ,see ,v]bascum4 ,abelia4 ,caprifoliace4 ,9 spr+ by lay]s "u a frame1 & 9 summ] by cutt+s4 ,abies 7,fir1 ,spruce74 ,conif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* are usually kept dry ov] w9t] & s[n 9 spr+ 9 frames or 9 protect$ bord]s4 ,cones %\ld be fully matur$ be=e be+ ga!r$4 ,if !y hold ! se$s tightly !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a dry place1 sometimes ev5 9 an ov51 until ! scales spread4 ,9 ord] to obta9 /ocky plants1 ! se$l+s %\ld be transplant$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! nam$ v>ieties & ! species :i* d n produce suffici5t se$ are w9t]-work$ ^u se$l+ /ocks :i* are pott$ f ! se$-b$s 9 ! fall4 ,"o-ye>-old /ocks are commonly us$1 b 9 "s cases ! requisite size is n rea*$ until ! second ye>4 ,any ( ! common op]ations ( graft+ may be employ$4 ,! conif]s are n difficult to graft4 ,! ,european silv] fir 7,abies pect9ata7 may be us$ z a /ock1 b ! common ,norway spruce is n[ ! mo/ popul> /ock = species ( bo? ,abies & ,picea4 ,abobra4 ,cucurbitace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or r>ely by s(t cutt+s4 ,abroma4 ,/]culiace4 ,by se$s s[n 9 ,m>*4 ,by cutt+s made 9 spr+ f half-rip5$ wood1 & plac$ "u a bell-glass4 ,abronia 7,s& ,v]b5a74 ,nyctag9ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 autumn or spr+1 aft] ! out] sk9 has be5 peel$ (f4 ,s[ 9 pots ( s&y soil1 & keep 9 a frame until ! foll[+ spr+2 !n place 9 _! fl[]+ qu>t]s4 ,by "y cutt+s1 set 9 spr+1 9 s&y soil4 ,abrus4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s rais$ 9 heat or by cutt+s "u a h&-glass1 9 s&4 ,abuta4 ,m5isp]mace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plant$ 9 a pot ( s&1 ) a h&-glass plac$ ov] !m1 9 heat4 ,abutilon4 ,malvace4 ,s[ se$s 9 pans1 ) same soil & temp]ature z = cutt+s4 ,by cutt+s f "y wood1 at almo/ any season2 ! be/ "t1 h[ev]1 is spr+ or fall4 ,ins]t 9 pots1 9 a compo/ ( equal p>ts peat1 leaf-m\ld1 loam & s&1 & place 9 a temp]ature ( #fe to #ge4 ,acacia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagate by se$s s[n z soon z ripe1 9 s&y peat2 ab\t "o-f\r? in* deep1 or a little m = l>ge se$s4 ,soak 9 hot wat] #bd h\rs if se$s are n fre%4 ,keep temp]ature ab\t #ee or #fj & pot (f :5 l>ge en\gh to h&le4 ,by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ wood1 put 9 ) a heel1 9 equal p>ts peat & s&1 cov]$ ) pure s&4 ,ins]t ! cutt+s z soon z made2 wat]1 & leave !m 9 ! %ade till dry4 ,place "u a bell-glass1 %ade & wat] to prev5t flagg+4 ,pot (f :5 root$ & keep 9 a close pit or h\se until ! plants are ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,a4 pubesc5s & "s o!rs /rike readily f root-cutt+s4 ,acna4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions1 creep+ rootlets & cutt+s4 ,acalypha4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s 9 s&y soil "u a glass1 9 /ove heat1 dur+ late w9t] or 9 spr+4 ,acan!phippium4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by divid+ ! pseudo-bulbs z soon z gr[? comm5ces4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,acan?olimon4 ,plantag9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n c>efully on a w>m b r %ad$ bord]2 by v c>efully made divisions2 & by cutt+s made 9 late summ] & plac$ 9 frames to rema9 dur+ ! w9t]4 ,acan?ophnix4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n 9 a moi/ bottom heat1 9 a well decompos$ compo/ ( "o "p loam1 "o ( peat1 "o ( leaf-m\ld1 & "o ( s&4 ,acan?orhiza4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s 9 a moi/ hot-b$ 9 spr+4 ,acan?o/a*yum4 ,bromeliace4 ,propagat$ by suck]s1 :i* /rike readily 9 bottom heat4 ,acan?us 7,be>'s ,bree*74 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 g5tle heat1 or by division ( ! root 9 autumn or e>ly spr+4 ,also by root-cutt+s4 ,wat] c>efully4 ,ac] 7,maple74 ,sap9dace4 ,/ocks are gr[n f /ratifi$ se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n an in* or two deep4 ,"s species1 z ,a4 dasyc>pum1 come readily if se$s are simply s[n z soon z ripe4 ,v>ieties are (t5 lay]$1 b bett] plants are obta9$ by graft+4 ,! ,japanese sorts are w9t]-work$ on import$ ,a4 polymorphum /ocks1 ei!r by :ip or v5e] graft+4 ,v>ieties ( native species are work$ ^u common native /ocks4 ,maples c also be budd$ 9 summ]1 & !y gr[ f cutt+s ( s(t & ripe wood4 ,ac]as4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by c>efully made divisions ( ! tub]s4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,ac]atium4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by ripe cutt+s1 :i* root readily 9 s&1 9 heat1 "u a h&-glass4 ,a*ania4 ,see ,malvaviscus4 ,a*illea4 ,includ+ ,pt>mica 7,milfoil71 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 root divisions & cutt+s1 dur+ spr+4 ,a*im5es1 includ+ ,s*e]ia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 c>efully s[n 9 well-dra9$ pans1 :i* are fill$ ne>ly to ! rim1 levell$1 & well wat]$ ) a f9e rose4 ,s[ se$ & cov] lightly ) s&1 & place 9 %ady position4 ,keep moi/ & apply wat] v lightly4 ,place a %eet ( glass ov] ! se$-pan4 ,aft] l>ge en\gh to be prick$ (f1 treat l root$ cutt+s4 ,! be/ "t = all modes ( graft+ is e>ly spr+4 ,by scales f ! corms1 c>efully rubb$ (f & s[n l se$s1 9 pots or pans ( ! same compo/1 b>ely cov]$ ) s&1 & plac$ 9 bottom heat4 ,by leaves1 sev]$ f ! /ems1 & prick$ into pots ( simil> soil to ! cutt+s1 plac+ all ! petiole bel[ ! surface1 & plac$ 9 bottom heat4 ,by cutt+s f any portion ( ! /em2 ins]t 9 a soil ( equal p>ts ( peat & s&1 9 well-dra9$ pots1 & place 9 bottom heat4 ,a*ras4 ,see ,sapota4 ,a*yran!s4 ,see ,ires9e4 ,a*yronia4 ,see ,prie/leya4 ,aciphylla4 ,umbellif]4 ,propagat$ 9 spr+ by se$s or divisions4 ,acis4 ,see ,leucoium4 ,acisan!ra4 ,mela/omace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 a mixture ( loam1 s& & peat1 9 /ove temp]ature4 ,acmad5ia4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s prick$ 9 a pot ( v s&y soil1 cov]$ ) a bell-glass4 ,acm5a4 ,myrtace4 ,propagat$ by plac+ half-rip5$ cutt+s 9 s& "u a glass )\t heat4 ,aconitum 7,aconite1 ,monk's ,hood1 ,wolf's ,bane74 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe 9 a cold-frame or bord]2 also by division4 ,roots %\ld n be left ab\t1 = !y are v poison\s4 ,acontias4 ,see ,xan?osoma4 ,acorns4 ,see ,qu]cus4 ,acorus4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ dur+ spr+ by divisions4 ,acrad5ia4 ,rutace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s "u a bell-glass4 ,acridoc>pus4 ,malpighiace4 ,propagat$ by import$ se$s1 & by cutt+s 9 bottom heat4 ,acrocomia4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by suck]s4 ,acrony*ia4 ,rutace4 ,propagat$ 9 ,july by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass4 ,acrophyllum4 ,cunoniace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ %oots :i* /rike freely 9 a soil ( s& & peat2 cov] ) a h&-glass1 & place 9 a cool h\se4 ,! roots %\ld be kept moi/4 ,acro/i*um4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,acrotri*e4 ,epacridace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s made ( "y %oots1 prick$ 9 s&1 cov]$ ) a bell-glass1 & plac$ 9 a cool h\se2 aft]w>ds treat$ l ,epacris4 ,acta 7,baneb]ry74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$ & by division ( root dur+ spr+4 ,act9ella1 ,picrad594 ,composit4 ,propagat$ 9 spr+ by divisions4 ,act9idia4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 lay]s or cutt+s4 ,! cutt+s %\ld be put 9 s&y soil1 9 autumn1 "u a h&-light4 ,act9oc>pus4 ,alismace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & divisions dur+ spr+4 ,act9om]is1 ,pt]ophyton4 ,composit4 ,increas$ 9 spr+1 by se$s & division4 ,use a w>m bord]1 ) or )\t h&-lights1 or a cold-frame4 ,act9ophyllum4 ,see ,sciadophyllum4 ,act9otus4 ,umbellif]4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n on a hotb$ 9 spr+1 & 9 ,may ! se$l+s may be transplant$ to ! op5 bord] 9 a w>m situation1 :]e !y w fl[] & se$ freely4 ,divisions ( ! roots gr[ readily4 ,acyn?a4 ,see ,sansevi]a4 ,ada4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by divisions z soon z ! plant comm5ces gr[?4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,adamia4 ,saxifrage4 ,increas$ by se$s2 by cutt+s1 :i* w root readily 9 a compo/ ( loam1 peat & s&1 "u a h&-glass4 ,adamsia4 ,see ,pus*k9ia4 ,adam's ,ne$le4 ,see ,yucca4 ,ad5&ra4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s made f ! "y tops1 be=e !y beg9 to ?r[ out _! buds1 plant$ 9 a pot ( s&1 ) a bell-glass or frame plac$ ov] !m4 ,ad5an!ra4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s tak5 (f ) a heel & plant$ 9 a pot ( s& 9 heat1 plac+ a bell-glass ov] !m4 ,ad5an?os4 ,proteace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 9 spr+1 plac$ 9 s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass1 ) g5tle bottom heat4 ,ad5il5ia4 ,see ,neillia4 ,ad5ium4 ,apocynace4 ,increas$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* /rike root well 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass4 ,ad5ocalymna4 ,bignoniace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass1 ) bottom heat4 ,ad5oc>pus4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 ,m>*1 ! h>dy species out-doors1 & ! o!rs 9 a cold h\se4 ,"y cutt+s root freely 9 s&1 cov]$ ) a h&-glass4 ,ad5ophora4 ,campanulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe1 9 pots plac$ 9 cold-frames4 ,also by suck]s4 ,ad5o/oma4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots1 plac$ 9 s&1 "u glass1 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,ad5otri*ia4 ,see ,s5ecio4 ,adesmia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s %\ld be plac$ 9 s&1 cov]$ by a h&-glass1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,adhatoda4 ,see ,ju/icia4 ,adiantum4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,adike4 ,see ,pilea4 ,ad9a4 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plac$ 9 ri*1 loamy soil1 "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,adlumia 7,m\nta9 ,fr+e74 ,fum>iace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,! plant is a bi5nial1 bloom+ ! second season only4 ,adonis4 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,! p]5nials may be divid$ at ! root4 giphila4 ,v]b5ace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&1 "u a glass1 ) bottom heat4 gle 7,b5gal ,qu9ce74 ,rutace4 ,propagat$ by ripe cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat1 if n depriv$ ( any ( _! leaves4 olan?us4 ,labiat4 ,increas$ by se$s4 onium4 ,see ,semp]vivum4 rides4 ,or*ide4 ,! only me?od ( propagat+ ?is g5us is by remov+ ! upp] portion & plant+ x sep>ately4 ,x %\ld always be sev]$ l[ en\gh to include a few roots1 o!rwise a l>ge proportion ( leaves w be lo/4 ,a some:at d5se %ade1 a moi/ atmosph]e & c>eful wat]+ are ess5tial until ! "y plant is e/abli%$4 ,! old /ool w soon s5d out lat]al gr[?s1 :i*1 9 "t1 may be sep>at$ & treat$ simil>ly4 ,v&a1 ,saccolabium1 ,angrcum1 ,r5an!ra are increas$ 9 ! same way4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 s*ynan?us4 ,gesn]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* are v unsatisfactory4 ,by cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 a well-dra9$ pot1 fill$ ) a light compo/1 & hav+ a surface ( pure :ite s&1 ab\t "o in* deep1 dur+ spr+4 ,! be/ are obta9$ f half-rip5$ wood1 cut into two or ?ree in* l5g?s1 & all leaves1 ) ! exception ( "o or two at ! top1 remov$4 ,cov] ! cutt+s ) a bell-glass1 & place 9 mod]ate bottom heat4 ,:5 root$1 transf] s+ly to small pots1 place "u h&-glasses1 until ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 !n gradually h>d5 (f4 s*ynom5e4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ se$s1 ^? ( ! h]bace\s species requir+ a good heat to />t !m into gr[?4 ,by cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 9 a brisk heat4 sculus 7,horse ,*e/nut1 ,buckeye74 ,sap9dace4 ,propagat$ by /ratifi$ se$s s[n 9 s+le r[s 9 spr+1 & by lay]s made 9 ! spr+ or fall2 or by graft+ or budd+ on ! common horse *e/nut or native buckeyes1 usually "u glass4 ?ionema4 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 ,may1 & by cutt+s plant$ 9 summ]4 ,agalmyla4 ,gesn]ace4 ,propagat$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 9 heat "u glass4 ,aganisia4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by divid+ ! pseudo-bulbs j be=e />t+ into new gr[?4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,aganosma4 ,apocynace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s 9 s&1 "u glass1 ) bottom heat4 ,agapan?us 7,african ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by (fsets1 or by divisions ( ! old plants 9 e>ly spr+4 ,agapetes4 ,vacc9iace4 ,increas$ by "y h>d5$ cutt+s1 9 s&y soil1 "u a h&-glass1 9 high temp]ature4 ,ag>icus4 ,see ,mu%room4 ,aga/a*ys4 ,proteace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 9 s&y soil "u a glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,aga?a4 ,composit4 ,se$s & lay]s4 ,"y cutt+s root freely1 9 a g5tle heat1 at all times4 ,aga?om]is4 ,see ,humea4 ,aga?osma 7,bucco1 ,di*osma74 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i*1 :5 "y1 root freely 9 a pot ( s&1 "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,!y require to be %ad$ some:at 9 ! summ]4 ,aga?otes4 ,see ,sw]tia4 ,agati4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 a pot ( s& ) a h&-glass ov] !m1 plac$ 9 heat4 ,agave4 ,am>yllide4 ,increas$ by se$s1 to secure ! production ( :i* ! fl[]s %\ld be poll9at$4 ,usually by suck]s :i* spr+ naturally f ! old plant4 ,ag]atum1 ,cle/9a4 ,composit4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 ,janu>y1 9 heat1 9 s&y soil4 ,:5 l>ge en\gh1 prick !m (f into ?umb pots1 & keep 9 heat till !y gr[ freely1 !n place !m 9 a cool] h\se4 ,cutt+s are commonly us$ = propagation4 ,aglaia4 ,meliace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s rip5$ at ! base1 & tak5 (f at a jo9t4 ,!y w root 9 s& "u a h&-glass 9 heat4 ,agrimonia4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by root-division4 ,agro/emma 7,rose ,campion74 ,c>yophylle4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by division4 ,agro/is 7,b5t ,grass74 ,gram9e4 ,increas$ easily by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ 9 ! op5 bord]4 ,ailan?us 7,tree ( ,heav574 ,xan?oxylace4 ,propagat$ by suck]s2 & by pieces ( ! roots & plant$ 9 a pot ) _! po9ts above ! gr\nd1 & plac$ 9 a hot-b$4 ,also by /em-cutt+s4 ,se$s are us$ :5 l>ge quantities are desir$4 ,a9sla4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by divisions ( ! root4 ,aitonia4 ,meliace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* mu/ n be put 9 v close toge!r2 !y w root 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass1 ) bottom heat4 ,aizoon4 ,portulacace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,ajax4 ,see ,n>cissus4 ,ajuga 7,bugle74 ,labiat4 ,p]5nials propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 ! op5 bord]1 dur+ spr+ or autumn2 by divisions4 ,annuals by se$s4 ,akebia1 ,rajania4 ,b]b]ide4 ,se$s4 ,lay]s ( "y or ripe wood4 ,dormant cutt+s 9 bottom heat1 & "u glass 9 summ]4 ,alangium4 ,alangiace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root readily if plant$ 9 a pot ( s&1 ) a h&-glass ov] !m1 9 heat4 ,albuca4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by (fsets 7bulbels7 f ! old bulb4 ,alcanna4 ,see ,lawsonia4 ,al*emilla 7,lady's ,mantle74 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by divisions ( ! root4 ,aldea4 ,see ,phacelia4 ,aletris4 ,see ,tritonia ,aleurites4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagat$ by ripe cutt+s 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass4 ,d n remove leaves4 ,alex&rian ,laurel4 ,see ,ruscus4 ,alg>oba ,bean4 ,see ,c]atonia4 ,alhagi 7,manna ,tree74 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a hot-b$2 & by cutt+s root$ 9 s&1 ) a bell-glass ov] !m1 9 heat4 ,alib]tia4 ,c9*onace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 a mixture ( loam & peat1 "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,alisma1 ,act9oc>pus 7,wat] ,planta974 ,alismace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 a pot imm]s$ 9 wat] & fill$ ) loam1 peat & s&2 also by divisions1 :i* root well 9 a moi/ loamy soil4 ,allam&a4 ,apocynace4 ,lay]s4 ,root-cutt+s w root well at any "t ( ! ye> 9 a bottom heat f #gj to #hj4 ,! usual "t is1 h[ev]1 9 spr+1 :5 ! old plants are prun$ back4 ,*oose ! tops ( ! %oots1 reta9+ two or ?ree jo9ts to ea* cutt+4 ,place 9 a compo/ ( s&1 & peat or leaf-m\ld 9 equal proportions1 s+ly1 9 pots1 & plunge ! pots 9 ! propagat+ b$4 ,allium1 includ+ ,porrum1 ,s*noprasum4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n ?9ly 9 light soil 9 e>ly spr+4 ,by bulbels1 plant+ !m 9 autumn or spr+ "o to f\r in*es deep4 7,see ,onion47 ,allosorus4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,almeidea4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by p>tly rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,almond 7,prunus communis74 ,rosace4 ,! almond is work$ ! same z ! pea* & apricot4 ,se$l+ almond /ocks are be/1 b ! pea* is (t5 us$4 ,apricot /ocks are sometimes employ$1 b !y are n to be recomm5d$4 ,alnus 7,ald] ,tree74 ,cupulif]4 ,propagat$ usually by se$s1 :i* are ga!r$ 9 ! fall & well dri$4 ,!n !y are spr9kl$ lightly on ! gr\nd & cov]$ v ?9ly4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> ! se$l+s are plant$ 9 r[s "o & "o-half feet ap>t1 & six in*es f ea* o!r1 :]e !y may rema9 = two ye>s1 aft] :i* !y c be plac$ :]e !y are int5d$ to /&4 ,plant+ is be/ done 9 ,octob] or ,april4 ,!y are also increas$1 b r>ely1 by suck]s1 by cutt+s & by graft+4 ,alocasia4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions4 ,aloe4 ,liliace4 ,commonly propagat$ by suck]s :i* spr+ f ! base ( ! plant4 ,se$s are sometimes employ$4 ,alomia4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,alona4 ,nolanace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 s&y loam1 ) a v g5tle bottom heat4 ,alonsoa4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+2 also by cutt+s 9 s&y soil1 9 g5tle heat4 ,! h]bace\s species may be treat$ z out-door summ] annuals1 & %\ld be rais$ 9 little heat1 & plant$ out 9 ,may4 ,aloysia 7,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]b5a1 ,lemon ,v]b5a74 ,v]b5ace4 ,increas$ easily 9 spr+ by "y wood4 ,!y w root 9 ab\t ?ree weeks1 9 s&y soil ) g5tle heat4 ,also by cutt+s ( rip5$ wood 9 autumn4 ,alp9ia4 ,z+ib]ace4 ,increas$ by division aft] ! "y %oots h made an in* ( gr[? 9 spr+4 ,alsodeia4 ,viol>ie4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* root readily "u a bell-glass1 if plant$ 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,alsophila4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,al/onia4 ,apocynace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s root$ 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,al/rm]ia4 ,am>yllide4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,by a c>eful division ( ! fle%y roots1 dur+ fall or spr+4 ,alt]nan!ra4 ,am>antace4 ,commonly rais$ f cutt+s ( gr[+ wood4 ,= spr+ & summ] b$d+1 ! plants are />t$ 9 late w9t]4 ,! /ock-plants1 f :i* cutt+s are tak51 are procur$ f cutt+s made late 9 summ]4 ,se$s are little us$4 ,al?a 7,m>%-,mall[1 ,hollyhock74 ,malvace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by divisions4 ,! bi5nial species mu/ be rais$ f se$s e ye>4 ,alum ,root4 ,see ,heu*]a4 ,alyssum1 includ+ ,psilonema1 ,ptilotri*um1 ,s*iv]eckia 7,madwort74 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$ s[n 9 ! op5 bord] or 9 pans ( s&y soil4 ,by divisions4 ,by lay]s4 ,by cutt+s made f "y %oots two to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 plac$ 9 s&y loam1 e>ly 9 ! season1 9 a %ady place4 ,am>an?us4 ,am>antace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 hot-b$s 9 spr+1 & ?9n$ out :5 ab\t "o-half in* high4 ,ab\t ! end ( ,may1 !y c be transplant$ out-doors 9 _! p]man5t situation1 or into pots4 ,am>yllis4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by se$s & (fsets4 ,se$l+s w bloom 9 f "o to two ye>s4 ,amb] ,tree4 ,see ,an?osp]mum4 ,amblyan!ra4 ,see ,m&evilla4 ,ambros9ia4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n z soon z ripe1 9 a cool h\se3 & by divisions made j previ\s to new gr[? 9 spr+4 ,amelan*i]4 ,rosace4 ,se$s4 ,lay]s & cutt+s 9 autumn4 ,by graft+1 9 e>ly spr+1 on ! ,m\nta9 ,a%1 ,haw?orn or ! ,qu9ce1 or ! weak] on ! /rong]-gr[+ species4 ,see ,juneb]ry4 ,amellus4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by divisions2 or by cutt+s "u glass 9 spr+4 ,amh]/ia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 also by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ wood ins]t$ 9 s& "u a glass1 9 bottom heat ( ab\t #hj4 ,amian!mum4 ,see ,zygad5us4 ,amicia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,ammod5dron4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s & lay]s4 ,ammyrs9e4 ,see ,leiophyllum4 ,amomophyllum4 ,spa?iphyllum4 ,amorpha 7,ba/>d ,indigo74 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s1 usually4 ,lay]s or cutt+s1 tak5 (f at ! jo9t1 /rike readily if plac$ 9 a %elt]$ situation e>ly 9 autumn4 ,!y %\ld rema9 undi/urb$ till ! foll[+ autumn4 ,amorphophallus4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ by (fsets1 or cormels1 & by se$s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are usually sp>+ly produc$ 9 cultivation4 ,ampelopsis1 ,qu9>ia4 ,ampelide4 ,increas$ by se$s1 especially ! "o kn[n z ,a4 ,veit*ii4 ,lay]s or cutt+s made 9 spr+ f ! "y s(t wood1 root freely 9 g5tle heat4 ,by cutt+s hav+ a good eye1 if tak5 9 ,septemb] & prick$ "u h&-lights 9 s&y soil on ! op5 bord]1 or 9 pots4 ,h>d wood cutt+s are commonly employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ,a4 qu9quefolia4 ,amphic>pa4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 ! op5 bord]1 9 spr+1 9 a sunny place4 ,amphicome4 ,bignoniace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 9 pots ( s&y soil plac$ 9 a gre5h\se4 ,by "y %oots ins]t$ 9 s&y soil 9 g5tle heat 9 spr+4 ,amphilophium1 ,amphilobium4 ,bignoniace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s f "y %oots1 :i* root readily 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass1 ) bottom heat1 dur+ ! spr+ mon?s4 ,amsonia4 ,apocynace4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 by divisions ( ! roots 9 spr+2 or by cutt+s dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,amygdalus4 ,see ,prunus4 ,amyris4 ,burs]ace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root readily 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass ) bottom heat1 dur+ ! spr+ mon?s4 ,anacamps]os4 ,portulacace4 ,increas$ by se$s2 by cutt+s & leaves1 tak5 (f close to ! plant4 ,^! %\ld be laid to dry a few days be=e plant+4 ,anac>dium 7,ca%ew74 ,anac>diace4 ,rip5$ cutt+s1 ) _! leaves left on1 root freely 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,anagallis 7,pimp]nel74 ,primulace4 ,! annuals1 by se$s s[n 9 a w>m place 9 spr+2 ! p]5nials1 by cutt+s f "y %oots1 or by division1 at any "t1 ei!r "u a h&-glass or 9 a clos$ frame4 ,keep 9 ! %ade1 & :5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ h>d5 (f gradually4 ,anagyris4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be plant$ 9 ,july 9 a pot ( s&1 & plac$ "u a h&-glass4 ,anam5ia4 ,see ,kn[ltonia4 ,ananas4 ,see ,p9e ,apple4 ,anan!rix4 ,asclepiade4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* rip5 9 abundance1 or by division ( ! root4 ,an>rh9um4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n outside 9 ! spr+1 or by gr[+ cutt+1 b !y require protection dur+ sev]e w9t]s4 ,ana/atica4 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ! spr+ 9 heat1 & ! plants aft]w>ds pott$ (f & plung$ aga9 9 heat to ha/5 _! gr[?4 ,an*ietea1 ,luc9a1 ,noisettia4 ,viol>ie4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass1 9 a mod]ate heat4 ,an*omanes4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ by se$s & (fsets4 ,an*usa4 ,borag9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 e>ly spr+ 9 pots ( s&y soil2 !y w g]m9ate 9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,also by divisions1 r>ely by cutt+s4 ,&]sonia4 ,epacride4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s f tips ( "y %oots4 ,^! %\ld be made 9 autumn1 w9t] or spr+1 & plant$ 9 s& 9 a g5tle heat1 ) a bell-glass ov] !m4 ,&reusia4 ,see ,myoporum4 ,&rocymbium4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s & (fsets4 ,&rom$a4 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n ?9ly z soon z ripe1 9 pots or pans1 9 s&y peat soil4 ,place 9 a cool frame or gre5h\se giv+ pl5ty ( air4 ,! "y plants %\ld be plant$ out 9 spr+1 if l>ge en\gh1 or prick$ into boxes if small4 ,by lay]s :i*1 if c>efully pegg$ d[n dur+ ,septemb]1 w take twelve mon?s to make suffici5t roots to all[ ( _! be+ sep>at$2 lay]age is a common me?od4 ,&ropogon4 ,gram9e4 ,increas$ by se$s or by division ( ! roots4 ,&rosace1 includ+ ,aretia4 ,primulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z possible1 & rais$ 9 a frame2 also by divisions & cutt+s4 ,&rosmum4 ,see ,hyp]icum4 ,&ro/ephium4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & (fsets4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe 9 a cold-frame4 ,&ryala4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions 9 spr+4 ,aneilema4 ,commel9ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & root divisions4 ,anemia4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,anemone 7,w9d ,fl[]74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 root divisions1 or root-cutt+s 9 autumn or e>ly spr+2 ! se$s are bett] s[n z soon z ripe 9 pans1 9 a cold-frame4 ,anemonopsis4 ,ranunculace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by divisions ( ! root-/ock 9 spr+4 ,angelica4 ,umbellif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 ,septemb] or ,m>* 9 ord9>y soil4 ,angelonia1 ,s*elv]ia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s :i* %\ld be plant$ 9 spr+ 9 hot-b$s1 & transplant$ 9 ! op5 9 ,may4 ,by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots 9 spr+4 ,^! root readily "u a h&-glass1 or 9 a propagat+ b$ if giv5 pl5ty ( air daily4 ,angophora4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 a few weeks 9 s&y soil "u a h&-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,angrcum4 ,see rides4 ,anguloa4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by divid+ ! pseudo-bulbs1 j be=e !y comm5ce to gr[4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,anigozan?us1 ,s*wgri*5ia4 ,hmodorace4 ,propagat$ by divid+ ! roots 9 spr+4 ,anisan?us4 ,see ,an?olyza4 ,anise4 ,umbellif]4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ord9>y soil1 on a w>m sunny bord] 9 ,may4 ,aniso*ilus4 ,labiat4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ,febru>y1 9 heat2 or by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&y soil "u a bell-glass1 9 heat4 ,anisomeles4 ,labiat4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 spr+1 9 heat4 ,by cutt+s made 9 spr+ & ins]t$ 9 heat1 "u a bell-glass4 ,anisopetalum4 ,see ,bulbophyllum4 ,ancto*ilus4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by cutt+ (f ! gr[+ top j bel[ ! la/ new root1 divid+ ! rema9d] ( ! /em into l5g?s ( two or ?ree jo9ts4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,anoma4 ,see ,mor+a4 ,anoma!ca4 ,iride4 ,increas$ sometimes by se$s s[n v ?9ly 9 se$ pans z soon z ripe4 ,also multiply v rapidly by cutt+ up ! masses once a ye>4 ,(fsets4 ,anona 7,cu/>d ,apple74 ,anonace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 pots1 & plung$ into a hot-b$4 ,by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 a moi/ heat4 ,anoplophytum4 ,see ,till&sia4 ,anopt]us4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* root freely "u a bell-glass 9 a cool h\se or frame 9 summ]4 ,ansellia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by divisions ( ! bulbs j aft] fl[]+4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,ant5n>ia4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ 9 a cold-frame1 & by divisions ( ! roots 9 spr+4 ,an!mis 7,camomile74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s & divisions4 ,an!ricum1 ,phalangium4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n z e>ly z possible aft] !y are ripe1 9 a cold-frame2 by division ( ! roots4 ,an?oc]cis4 ,solanace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* /rike freely 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 ) a mild bottom heat4 ,an?oloma4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! rip5$ wood1 :i* w /rike root 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass4 ,an?olyza1 ,petam5es1 includ+ ,anisan?us4 ,iride4 ,increas$ by se$s :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe1 9 light soil1 9 a cool h\se4 ,"h !y w g]m9ate ! foll[+ spr+1 & w be fit to plant out 9 ! summ] ( ! same ye>4 ,also by (fsets4 ,an?osp]mum 7,amb] ,tree74 ,rubiace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass4 ,an?urium4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n z soon z ripe 9 %all[ well-dra9$ pans or pots fill$ ) a compo/ ( peat1 loam1 moss1 brok5 crocks or *>coal & clean s&4 ,cov] lightly & place 9 a close1 moi/ propagat+ case1 :]e a temp]ature ( #ge to #he is ma9ta9$2 or ! pots may be cov]$ ) bell-glasses4 ,keep ! soil 9 a uni=mly moi/ condition4 ,also increas$ by divisions1 :i* %\ld be made 9 ,janu>y4 ,an?yllis 7,kidney ,vet*74 ,legum9os4 ,h]bace\s p]5nials increas$ by se$s or cutt+s4 ,! cutt+s ( mo/ species w root 9 a pot ( s&y soil1 ) a bell-glass ov] !m1 9 a cool h\se or frame4 ,se$ ( ! annuals %\ld be s[n 9 a w>m dry place 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,anticlea4 ,see ,zygad5us4 ,antirrh9um 7,snapdragon74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 e>ly spr+ or mid-summ]2 by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 9 ,septemb] :5 !y w readily root 9 a cold-frame1 or "u a h&-glass4 ,aotus4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,9 ,april or ,septemb] by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood1 ins]t$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass4 ,apeiba4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by well-rip5$ cutt+s plant$ 9 s& 9 heat1 "u a bell-glass1 :i* %\ld be tilt$ occasionally to give air4 ,aphel&ra4 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s f half-rip5$ wood tak5 (f ) a heel4 ,cut ! base ( ea* clean across2 ins]t an in* ap>t 9 pots ( s&y soil1 & plunge 9 a brisk bottom heat4 ,aphelexis4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,also by cutt+s made 9 spr+ or summ]2 small half-rip5$ side %oots are ! be/2 & ^! w root 9 s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool gre5h\se4 ,aphyllan!s4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe 9 pots 9 a cool gre5h\se4 ,divisions are also made4 ,apios4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by ! tub]s or divisions ( !m4 ,aplectrum 7,putty-,root74 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by ! bulb-l subt]ranean tub]s2 also by se$s4 ,a difficult plant to gr[4 ,aplotaxis4 ,see ,saussurea4 ,apocynum 7,dog's ,bane74 ,apocynace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 suck]s & divisions4 ,! be/ "t to divide is j z ! plants are />t+ into gr[? 9 spr+4 ,aponogeton4 ,naiadace4 ,increas$ rapidly by se$s & (fsets4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe1 9 pots buri$ 9 loam1 & cov]$ ) glass4 ,apple 7,pyrus ,malus74 ,rosace4 ,/&>d apple /ocks are gr[n f se$s1 & dw>f /ocks f lay]s4 ,apple se$s are ei!r import$ f ,france or are obta9$ f pomace4 ,! ,fr5* se$s give :at are te*nically kn[n z crab /ocks1 ! ^w crab be+ us$ 9 ! s5se ( a wild or inf]ior apple4 ,! ye>l+ /ocks !mselves are import$ f ,france 9 great numb]s4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,fr5* crab /ocks are h>di] & m vigor\s ?an ours1 b ?is op9ion is mu* less common ?an =m]ly1 & ! =eign /ocks are n s popul> n[ z ! dome/ic /ocks4 ,! *ief s\rce ( apple se$s at ! pres5t "t is ! pomace f cid] mills4 ,! *eese ( pomace is brok5 up1 & if ! mat]ial is dry en\gh x may be run ?r\gh a l>ge sieve to remove ! co>s] p>ts4 ,! se$s are !n remov$ by wa%+4 ,v>i\s devices are 9 use = wa%+ !m out4 ,!y all proce$ ^u ! fact t ! pomace w rise 9 wat] & ! se$s s9k4 ,"s use a tub or common tank1 :i* is tilt$ a little to all[ ! wat] to fl[ ov] ! side4 ,o!rs employ boxes "s sev5 or eight feet long1 f\r feet wide & a foot deep1 ! l[] end ( :i* is only elev5 in*es deep to all[ ! escape ( ! wat]4 ,?is box is set ^u b5*es1 & a good /ream ( wat] is c>ri$ into x at ! upp] end4 ,a bu%el or two ( pomace is empti$ 9 at a "t1 & x is brok5 & /irr$ ) a =k or %ovel4 ,:5 ! se$s are lib]at$ !y fall to ! bottom & ! refuse runs ov] ! l[] end4 ,ano!r box is provid$ ) sev]al cleats1 at int]vals ( ab\t a foot1 & ! ends are left op54 ,! box is set at an angle1 & ! se$s are caught beh9d ! cleats4 ,se$s mu/ n /& long 9 ! pomace pile1 or !y w be s]i\sly injur$4 ,nurs]ym5 l to secure ! pomace z soon z x is tak5 f ! press4 ,z soon z ! se$s are collect$1 !y %\ld be spread ^u tables or bo>ds1 & %\ld be frequ5tly turn$ until p]fectly dry4 ,!y may !n be /or$ 9 boxes 9 slightly damp s& or sawdu/1 or 9 p[d]$ *>coal & kept 9 a cool & dry place until spr+4 ,or if !y are to be s[n imm$iately !y ne$ n be dri$1 b simply mix$ ) en\gh dry s& to absorb ! wat] s z to make !m easy to h&le ,se$s %\ld n be all[$ to become h>d & dry ?r\gh long exposure to ! air1 or !y w g]m9ate unev5ly4 ,apple se$s procur$ at ! se$ /ores are (t5 wor?less because ( ?is neglect4 ,v dry se$s c sometimes be gr[n1 h[ev]1 by subject+ !m to repeat$ soak+s & !n spr\t+ 9 a g5tle hot-b$ or mild =c+-h\se4 ,*ange ! wat] on ! se$s e day1 & at ! end ( a week or t5 days mix ) s& & place 9 a ?9 lay] 9 ! hot-b$4 ,/ir frequ5tly to prev5t mold+4 ,:5 ! se$s beg9 to spr\t1 s[ !m 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* is sometimes call$ pipp+1 may be p]=m$ 9 a small way by ! kit*5 /ove4 ,se$s are sometimes pipp$ betwe5 moi/ blankets4 7,see also page #ag47 ,:5 s[+ is done 9 ! fall1 ! se$s may be s[n 9 ! pomace4 ,?is entails extra labor 9 s[+1 b x saves ! labor ( wa%+4 ,?is practice gives good results if ! pomace is f9ely brok51 & x is n[ common among nurs]ym54 ,9 loose & well-dra9$ soils1 s[+ is und\bt$ly be/ p]=m$ 9 ! fall1 j z e>ly z ! se$s are ready4 ,b ^u l& :i* holds mu* wat]1 & :i* heaves ) fro/ or conta9s mu* clay1 spr+ s[+ is pref]able4 ,9 spr+1 ! se$s %\ld be s[n j z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,if ! /ocks are to be cultivat$ ) a horse1 ! r[s %\ld be ?ree or ?ree & a half feet ap>t4 ,"s gr[]s s[ 9 n>r[ drills & "s 9 broad ones4 ,! broad drills are usually six to t5 in*es wide4 ,! e>? is remov$ to ! dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 if x is loose & 9 good condition1 ! se$ is scatt]$ ?9ly on ! surface & ! e>? ho$ back ov] !m4 ,if ! gr\nd is likely to bake1 ! se$s %\ld n be s[n s deep2 & x is always well1 9 su* cases1 to apply "s v light & clean mul*4 ,! plants %\ld be well cultivat$ dur+ ! season1 & !y %\ld atta9 a height ( six to twelve in*es or m ! fir/ ye>4 ,if ! plants come ?ickly1 !y mu/ be ?9n$ out4 ,9 ! fall ( ! fir/ ye> ! se$l+s %\ld be l>ge en\gh to be dug & sold to g5]al nurs]ym54 ,sometimes ! poore/ plants are all[$ to /& ano!r ye>1 b !y are usually s scatt]+ t !y d n pay = ! use ( ! l&1 & !y %\ld be transplant$ ! same z ! l>g] /ock1 or ! weake/ ones may be ?r[n away4 ,! /ocks are dug ) a pl[ or tree-digg] & heel$-9 closely1 s t ! leaves sweat & fall (f4 ,! plants are !n /or$ 9 s&1 moss or sawdu/ 9 a cell>4 ,be=e !y are %ipp$ ! tops are cut (f ne> ! cr[n1 usually ) a hat*et on a block4 ,! /ocks are !n grad$ into budd+ & graft+ sizes4 ,! g5]al nurs]ym5 buy ^! /ocks 9 fall or e>ly w9t]4 ,^? :i* are root-graft$ are work$ dur+ late w9t]1 b ^? int5d$ = budd+1 or :i* mu/ be gr[n ano!r season be=e !y atta9 suffici5t size = work+1 are dress$ 7,see ,*apt] ,v7 & heel$-92 9 ! spr+ !y are set 9 nurs]y r[s1 f a foot to eighte5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! nurs]yman reckons ! age ( 8 tree f ! "t ! se$l+ is transplant$1 r ?an f ! "t ! se$ 0 s[n4 ,se$l+ rais+ is usually conduct$ by m5 :o make x a bus9ess & :o supply ! g5]al nurs]ym5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is l>gely practic$ at ! we/1 :]e ! deep & /rong soils produce a rapid gr[?4 ,! ye>l+ trees are grad$ by ! we/]n gr[]s into ab\t f\r lots3 ,extras1 or ^? at lea/ "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet] at ! cr[n & hav+ twelve in*es ( bo? top & root2 ^! are us$ mo/ly z budd+ /ocks ! next season1 ,commons1 ^? betwe5 ?ree-sixte5?s & "o-f\r? in* at ! cr[n & hav+ eight in*es ( root2 ^! are us$ = imm$iate root-graft+4 ,second-class1 ^? f two to ?ree-sixte5?s in* at ! cr[n1 & ?ird-class1 or all ^? "u two-sixte5?s4 ,! la/ two classes mu/ be gr[n 9 ! field = "o or two seasons be=e !y c be work$4 ,dw>f /ocks are mo/ly obta9$ f m\nd-lay]+4 ,! common /ock = dw>f+ is ! ,p>adise apple1 a dw>f v>iety ( ! common apple species 7,pyrus ,malus74 ,?is v>iety r>ely atta9s a height ( m ?an f\r feet4 ,a l>g] or fre] /ock is ! ,d\c91 also a v>iety ( ,pyrus ,malus1 :i* w produce an engraft$ tree int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 t giv5 by ! ,p>adise & free or common /ocks4 ,?is is little us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to obta9 /ools = m\nd-lay]+1 ! tree1 :5 well e/abli%$1 is cut (f )9 f\r or six in*es ( ! gr\nd 9 spr+1 & dur+ ! summ] sev]al %oots or spr\ts w arise4 ,! next ye> ! /ool is cov]$ by a m\nd1 & by autumn ! lay]s are ready to take (f4 ,sometimes1 :5 /ocks are r>e1 m\nd-lay]+ is p]=m$ dur+ ! fir/ summ]1 be=e ! "y %oots h h>d5$1 b good /ocks are n obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,common gre5 lay]+ is sometimes practic$ ! fir/ ye>1 b x is n 9 favor4 ,! dw>f /ocks1 9 common ) all apple /ocks1 may be propagat$ by root-cutt+s & by h>d-wood cutt+s4 ,apple /ocks are ei!r graft$ or budd$4 ,root-graft+ is ! mo/ common1 especially at ! we/ :]e long scions are us$ 9 ord] to secure own-root$ trees4 7,see ,*apt] ,v47 ,budd+ is ga9+ 9 favor ea/w>d & s\?w>d2 x is p]=m$ dur+ ,augu/ & e>ly ,septemb] 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 or x may be begun on /rong /ocks 9 ,july by us+ buds :i* h be5 kept on ice4 ,/ocks %\ld be /rong en\gh to be budd$ ! same ye> !y are transplant$1 b ! op]ation is sometimes def]r$ until ! second summ]4 ,/ocks :i* _c be work$ until ! second ye> are unpr(itable1 especially on valuable l&4 ,= root-graft+1 /rong "o-ye>-old roots are be/1 b two-ye>-olds are (t5 us$4 ,9 common practice1 ! root is cut into two or ?ree pieces ( two to ?ree in*es ea*1 b /rong] trees are obta9$1 at lea/ ! fir/ ye> or two1 by us+ ! :ole root & graft+ ^u ! cr[n4 ,! l[e/ piece is usually small & weak & is g5]ally disc>d$4 ,! apple is easily top-graft$ & top-budd$4 7,see ,*apt] ,v47 ,apple ,b]ry4 ,see ,bill>di]a4 ,apricot 7,prunus ,arm5iaca74 ,rosace4 ,! apricot ?rives ^u a v>iety ( /ocks4 ,apricot /ocks are us$ 9 apricot-gr[+ regions1 especially = deep & ri* well-dra9$ soils4 ,! pits gr[ readily if giv5 ! same treatm5t z t detail$ = ! pea* 7:i* see74 ,! /ocks are also h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z pea*-/ocks4 ,apricots ^u apricot roots are n l>gely gr[n outside ( ,cali=nia1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,apricot /ocks c be gr[n f root-cutt+s ! same z *]ries & o!r /one-fruits4 ,! apricot does well ^u ! pea*1 especially on light soils4 ,9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! c\ntry pea* is mu* us$4 ,plum /ocks are commonly us$ at ! nor?1 especially if ! trees are to be plant$ 9 moi/ or heavy soils4 ,! common plum is g5]ally us$1 b "s ( ! native plum /ocks are n[ com+ into favor1 especially 9 try+ climates4 ,! ,russian apricots1 :i* are a h>dy race ( ,prunus ,arm5iaca1 are gr[n 9 cold] climates ?an ! common v>ieties1 & !y !re=e dem& h>dy /ocks4 ,any ( ! native plums make good /ocks1 b ! ,m>ianna is n[ com+ into especial prom95ce4 ,! myrobolan plum c be us$ = all apricots1 b x is n popul>1 p>ticul>ly 9 sev]e climates4 ,! almond1 bo? h>d & s(t-%ell$1 is sometimes us$ = ! apricot1 b ! union is likely to be imp]fect & x is n recomm5d$4 ,almond-root$ trees are be/ adapt$ to light soils4 ,v>ieties ( apricots are usually budd$1 9 ! same way z ! pea*1 al?\gh !y may be side-graft$ at ! cr[n 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,aqu>tia4 ,see ,solanum4 ,aquilegia 7,columb9e74 ,ranunculace4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,!y mu/ be s[n v ?9ly1 soon aft] be+ ripe1 9 a s&y soil or 9 pans 9 a cold-frame4 ,division ( ! root is ! only way to p]petuate any p>ticul> v>iety ) c]ta9ty4 ,arabis 7,wall ,cress1 ,rock ,cress74 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ! bord] or 9 pans1 9 spr+4 ,by divisions ( ! root1 & by cutt+s plac$ 9 a %ady bord] dur+ summ]4 ,ara*is 7,pea-,nut1 ,gr\nd-,nut74 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 heat2 &1 :5 ! plants h gr[n to a suffici5t size1 !y %\ld be pott$ (f s+ly4 ,see "u ,pea-,nut4 ,ara*nimorpha4 ,see ,rondeletia4 ,aralia4 ,araliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by root-cutt+s2 also by /em cutt+s1 9 heat4 ,arauc>ia1 ,eutacta4 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 pans or boxes1 ) b g5tle heat4 ,by cutt+s f ! lead+ %oots1 plac$ firmly 9 a pot ( s&2 !y fir/ require a cool place1 b aft]w>ds may be subject$ to a slight w>m?4 ,:5 root$1 pot (f into fibr\s loam1 mix$ ) leaf soil & s&4 ,arbor-vit4 ,see ,?uya4 ,arbutus 7,/rawb]ry ,tree74 ,ericace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 s& dur+ e>ly spr+1 & by graft+1 budd+1 or in>*+ ^u ,a4 ,un$o4 ,arcto!ca4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by divisions ( ! plant1 or by cutt+s 9 spr+4 ,arctotis4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* may be made at any "t2 !y %\ld be prick$ 9 pots ( v s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 v g5tle w>m?4 ,!y mu/ be kept uncov]$ & mod]ately dry1 or !y w rot4 ,ardisia4 ,myrs9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,areca 7,cabbage ,palm74 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 a compo/ ( loam1 peat1 & leaf soil1 9 equal p>ts1 ) a lib]al addition ( s&1 & plac$ 9 a moi/ & g5tle heat4 ,ar5>ia 7,s&wort74 ,c>yophylle4 ,increas$ by se$s1 division or cutt+s2 ! la/ plac$ "u a h&-glass w root freely4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 spr+ 9 a cold-frame4 ,! be/ "t to divide ! plant is e>ly spr+1 or dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,aretia4 ,see ,&rosace4 ,argania4 ,sapotace4 ,increas$ by lay]s & cutt+s4 ,! latt] require a propagat+-frame4 ,bo? %\ld be made 9 autumn & spr+1 & 9 a mod]ately heat$ gre5h\se4 ,argemone4 ,papav]ace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* may be s[n out-doors 9 spr+2 ^? ( ! r>] species 9 a hot-b$4 ,argyreia 7,silv]-we$74 ,convolvulace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* w d well 9 s&1 ) a h&-glass ov] !m1 9 a little bottom heat4 ,argyro*ta4 ,see ,p>!nium4 ,argyroxyphium4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,aris>um4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ 9 spr+ by se$s or divisions ( ! root4 ,ari/ea4 ,iride4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions4 ,ari/olo*ia 7,bir?wort74 ,ari/olo*iace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & lay]s1 :i* are n v satisfactory4 ,cutt+s root freely 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass ) bottom heat4 ,! se$s mu/ be fre%4 ,ari/otelia4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by lay]s1 or by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* root freely if plac$ "u a h&-glass4 ,arm]ia 7,?rift1 ,sea ,p9k74 ,plumbag9e4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 9 pots ( s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 a cold-frame2 by division1 sep>ate pieces be+ plant$ z cutt+s "u h&-glasses4 ,arnatto4 ,see ,bixa4 ,arnebia4 ,borag9e4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,cutt+s ( ! /rong %oots %\ld be ins]t$ 9 pots ( s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 g5tle heat4 ,arnica4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 a cold-frame 9 spr+1 & by divisions1 :i* %\ld be made 9 spr+4 ,aronicum4 ,see ,doronicum4 ,arraca*a4 ,umbellif]4 ,increas$ by divisions ( ! roots4 ,arr[-root4 ,see ,cala!a4 ,arrho/oxylum4 ,see ,ruellia4 ,artabotrys4 ,anonace4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 & by cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 plac$ 9 e>ly spr+ 9 s& "u a frame1 ) bottom heat4 ,artanema4 ,scrophul>iace4 ,increas$ readily by se$s & cutt+s4 ,artan!4 ,see ,pip]4 ,artemisia 7,mugwort1 ,s\!rnwood1 ,wormwood74 ,composit4 ,! annuals by se$s2 ! h]bace\s ones1 by divid+ at ! root2 ! %rubby k9ds by cutt+s4 ,ar?ropodium4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ freely by se$s & by divisions4 ,ar?ro/emma4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( small firm side %oots1 :i* w root1 9 ,april or ,augu/1 "u a h&-glass 9 s&y soil4 ,arti*oke 7,cyn>a ,scolymus74 ,composit4 ,usually gr[n f se$s4 ,al?\gh ! plant is p]5nial1 a new /ock %\ld be />t$ ab\t e o!r ye>4 ,x may be increas$ also by suck]s or divisions ( ! /ools4 ,arti*oke1 ,j]usalem 7,helian?us tub]osus74 ,composit4 ,commonly increas$ by means ( ! tub]s1 :i* may be plant$ :ole or cut into eyes1 aft] ! mann] ( potatoes4 ,se$s are v r>ely us$4 ,artoc>pus 7,bread ,fruit74 ,urticace4 ,propagation is difficult4 ,suck]s may be utiliz$ :5 procurable4 ,! "y & sl5d] lat]al gr[?s are us$ = cutt+s4 ,arum4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 b usually by division ( ! roots1 ! be/ "t be+ j z !y beg9 _! new gr[?1 secur+ z _m roots z possible to ea* division4 ,any rootless pieces %\ld be plac$ 9 heat %ortly aft] removal2 ?is ha/5s ! =mation ( roots & excites top gr[?4 ,arismas are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,arund9>ia4 ,gram9e4 ,increas$ by division ( ! root4 ,arundo 7,re$74 ,gram9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s or divisions1 spr+ be+ ! be/ "t = ei!r me?od4 ,9 e>ly autumn1 ! canes c be cut into l5g?s ( #ah to #bd in*es & p>tly buri$ 9 s& 9 a g5tle bottom heat1 lay+ !m horizontally4 ,as>um4 ,ari/olo*iace4 ,propagat$ easily by divisions 9 spr+4 ,asc>icida4 ,see ,v]nonia4 ,ascium4 ,see ,norantea4 ,asclepias 7,milkwe$1 ,swall[-wort74 ,asclepiade4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 pots 9 spr+1 prick$ out s+ly :5 l>ge en\gh1 & treat$ l cutt+s4 ,by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be secur$ 9 spr+1 /ruck 9 g5tle heat1 "u a bell-glass1 & z soon z !y are well-root$ pott$ into small pots4 ,se$s ( ,a4 tub]osa mu/ be s[n or /ratifi$ at once4 ,ascyrum4 ,hyp]ic9e4 ,increas$ by se$s & by c>eful divisions ( ! roots 9 spr+4 ,a%4 ,see ,frax9us4 ,asim9a4 ,anonace4 ,propagat$ by se$s procur$ f _! native c\ntry4 ,! se$l+s %\ld be rais$ 9 pots1 & %elt]$ c>efully4 ,by lay]s made 9 autumn4 ,aspala?us4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood1 plac$ 9 s&1 9 spr+1 "u bell-glasses1 :i* mu/ be wip$ dry occasionally4 ,asp>agus4 ,liliace4 ,! common kit*5 g>d5 asp>agus is be/ propagat$ by means ( se$s4 ,^! are s[n 9 spr+ z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$1 usually 9 r[s a foot or two ap>t4 ,?9 ! "y plants to two or ?ree in*es ap>t 9 ! r[ & give good culture1 & ! plants c be set 9 ! field ! foll[+ spr+1 & !y w give a fair crop aft] gr[+ !re two seasons4 ,small gr[]s ne>ly always buy plants ( nurs]ym54 ,old asp>agus cr[ns c be divid$1 b se$s give bett] plants4 ,! ornam5tal species ( asp>agus are propagat$ by se$s :5 !y are obta9able2 o!rwise1 by division4 ,asp]ula4 ,rubiace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by divisions ( ! roots dur+ spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,asphodel9e4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by division4 ,asphodelus 7,asphodel74 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by division ( ! root 9 e>ly spr+4 ,aspidi/ra4 ,liliace4 ,aspidium4 ,see "u ,f]ns4 ,aspl5ium4 ,see "u ,f]ns4 ,propagat$ by suck]s4 ,assonia4 ,/]culiace4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s1 :i* w root freely 9 s& ) /rong bottom heat1 if cov]$ ) a bell-glass4 ,a/>tea4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by "y cutt+s1 9 s&1 9 g5tle heat1 "u a bell-glass4 ,a/elma4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 pots ( light1 op5 soil1 9 g5tle heat4 ,by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root readily 9 s&y soil ) a h&-glass ov] !m4 ,a/ephanus4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagat$ by divisions2 & by cutt+s1 9 s&y soil1 9 mod]ate heat4 ,a/] 7,a/]1 ,mi*lmas ,daisy1 ,/>-wort74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 or by root divisions made 9 autumn2 also by cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 s&y soil "u a h&-glass1 ) little heat4 ,a/]acan?a4 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 ,augu/2 & by divisions 9 spr+4 ,a/]iscus4 ,see ,odontosp]mum4 ,a/]ocephalus4 ,see ,scabiosa4 ,a/]opt]us4 ,see ,leyss]a4 ,a/]o/igma4 ,see ,/auro/igma4 ,a/ilbe4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by division 9 e>ly spr+1 & by se$s if !y are produc$4 ,a/ragalus 7,milk ,vet*74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 pots ( s&y soil plac$ 9 a cold-frame1 z soon z ripe1 or e>ly 9 ! spr+1 z !y may lie a long "t be=e g]m9at+4 ,! h]bace\s p]5nials also increase by divisions1 & ! %rubby k9ds sl[ly by means ( cutt+s plac$ 9 a cold-frame4 ,a/rantia4 ,umbellif]4 ,increas$ by se$s & root divisions 9 autumn or spr+4 ,a/rapa4 ,/]culiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( "y wood made 9 spr+1 plac$ 9 a compo/ ( loam & peat1 or s&1 "u a bell-glass1 9 heat4 ,a/roc>yum1 ,phnicophorum4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+ 9 a hot-b$2 or by suck]s1 if obta9able4 ,a/roloma4 ,epacride4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s plac$ 9 s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,asy/asia4 ,acan?ace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 plac$ 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass1 ) a /rong bottom heat1 9 spr+4 ,ataccia4 ,see ,tacca4 ,atalantia4 ,rutace4 ,propagat$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root freely 9 s&y soil "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,atamasco ,lily4 ,see ,am>yllis4 ,a?amanta4 ,umbellif]4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 or by division4 ,a?anasia4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by means ( cutt+s tak5 f half-rip5$ wood 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 s& "u a h&-glass4 ,a!rosp]ma4 ,monimiace4 ,propagat$ readily by cutt+s4 ,a?lian?us4 ,see ,ju/icia4 ,a?rixia4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( "y wood1 "u a bell-glass 9 s&y soil4 ,a?rotaxis4 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by cutt+s4 ,atrag5e4 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s %\ld be /ratifi$1 & s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 9 g5tle heat4 ,by lay]+ 9 autumn2 ! lay]s %\ld n be sep>at$ = ab\t a ye>1 :5 !y w be vigor\s plants4 ,by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be set 9 light soil & plac$ "u a h&-glass4 ,atropa 7,belladonna74 ,solanace4 ,se$s4 ,aubletia4 ,see ,paliurus4 ,aubrietia4 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 spr+4 ,9 e>ly autumn c>efully transplant to a cool %ady bord]4 ,also by divisions4 ,:]e a /ock ( old plants exi/s1 lay] _! long sl5d] bran*es any "t aft] fl[]+1 & cov] ) a mixture ( s& & leaf soil2 !y w !n root freely & e/abli% !mselves 9 "t = spr+ bloom+4 ,cutt+s %\ld be drawn or gr[n 9 a frame until !y are s(t1 be=e !y are remov$4 ,aucuba4 ,cornace4 ,readily increas$ by se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe2 or by cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 spr+ or autumn 9 s&y soil1 ) or )\t a cov]+4 ,aud\9ia4 ,bruniace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood1 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass1 9 g5tle heat4 ,aulax4 ,proteace4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 tak5 (f at a jo9t1 & ins]t$ 9 pots ( s&y soil4 ,^! w root well "u a h&-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,auricula 7,primula ,auricula74 ,primulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe or 9 spr+1 9 well-dra9$ pots1 fill$ ) s&y soil1 well wat]$ previ\s to s[+4 ,cov] lightly ) co>se s&1 place a pane ( glass ov] ! pot1 & place ! latt] 9 a h&-glass4 ,by (fsets1 :i* %\ld be remov$ :5 top-dress$1 z !y are m likely to root4 ,arrange ab\t f\r (fsets ar\nd ! sides ( well-dra9$ ?ree-in* pots1 fill$ ) s&y soil1 place "u a bell-glass or 9 a close h&-light1 wat] v sp>+ly s z to prev5t !m damp+ (f4 ,aft] becom+ e/abli%$1 admit air1 & pot (f s+ly4 ,au/ralian ,fea!r-palm4 ,see ,pty*osp]ma4 ,au/ralian ,m9t-bu%4 ,see ,pro/an!ra4 ,av5s4 ,see ,geum4 ,av]rhoa4 ,g]aniace4 ,increas$ 9 spr+ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass1 ) bottom heat4 ,axill>ia4 ,see ,polygonatum4 ,azalea4 ,ericace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe1 or e>ly ! foll[+ spr+1 9 a l>ge %all[ frame conta9+ f two to ?ree in*es ( peat1 ov] :i* m peat mu/ be spread by means ( a f9e sieve2 d n cov]1 b wat] ?or\ghly4 ,:5 ! se$l+s beg9 to appe> !y %\ld h air1 %ade1 & a daily spr9kl+ ( wat]2 transplant 9 autumn 9 boxes ( peat & co>se s&1 wat]1 %ade & keep close until gr[? comm5ces4 ,graft+ is l>gely practic$ to increase ! /ock ( nam$ v>ieties or *oice se$l+s1 ! /ock mo/ employ$ be+ ,a4 pontica = h>dy sorts1 & "s /rong-gr[+ v>iety ( ,a4 ,indica1 l ,phnicia1 = t5d] ones4 ,lay]+ 9 spr+1 enclos+ ! "p buri$ ) moss1 is also practic$2 b ! lay] mu/ be left two ye>s be=e sep>at+4 ,cutt+s ( ! la/ ye>'s wood two or ?ree in*es long1 tak5 ) a heel1 root readily 9 s&2 ab\t ! end ( summ] is ! be/ "t4 ,:5 plac$ outside !y %\ld be cov]$ ) a h&-light = ab\t two mon?s1 & at ! end ( t "t air %\ld be giv5 freely4 ,az>a4 ,bix9e4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,babiana4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ quickly by se$s s[n 9 pans1 plac$ 9 a g5tle heat4 ,^! w gr[ at almo/ any "t4 ,! "y plants w require to be c>efully transplant$ ea* season until !y develop into bloom+ corms4 ,by (fsets gr[n 9 boxes or plant$ out 9 light ri* soil until l>ge en\gh = fl[]+4 ,bab+tonia4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( ! "y /]ile %oots1 :i* may be plant$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 & kept 9 a mod]ate heat until root$1 :5 !y %\ld be plac$ s+ly 9 small pots1 9 a compo/ ( equal p>ts loam & peat1 ) a little s&4 ,bac*>is 7,pl\ghman's ,spik5>d74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by cutt+s4 ,backh\sia4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool h\se1 dur+ spr+4 ,bactris4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by suck]s1 :i* are v easily produc$4 ,badamea4 ,see ,t]m9alia4 ,ba1 ,dorcoc]as4 ,gesn]ace4 ,propagat$ easily by se$s4 ,bckea4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( "y wood1 :i* w root freely if plac$ 9 a pot ( s&1 ) a bell-glass ov] !m1 9 a cool h\se4 ,bria4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+4 ,bahia1 ,phialis4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by divisions4 ,balbisia1 ,l$oc>pum4 ,g]aniace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s made f ! half-rip5$ wood1 plac$ 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass4 ,bald+]a4 ,see ,premna4 ,balf\ria4 ,see ,wrightia4 ,balm 7,melissa (fic9alis74 ,labiat4 ,se$s s[n out-doors 9 spr+4 ,division4 ,balsam 7,impati5s balsam9a74 ,g]aniace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 9 pans ( ri*1 s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 a g5tle bottom heat ( ab\t #fe4 ,or ! se$s may be s[n directly 9 ! g>d5 :5 ! wea!r becomes w>m4 ,v>ieties increas$ by lay]s 9 late summ]1 "u glass1 or by v5e] graft+4 ,balsamod5dron4 ,burs]ace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s tak5 f ! ripe "y wood1 9 spr+1 & plac$ "u a h&-glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,balsam-tree4 ,see ,clusia4 ,bambusa 7,bamboo74 ,gram9e4 ,propagat$ by c>eful division ( well-develop$ plants1 9 e>ly spr+1 j z new gr[? is comm5c+2 e/abli% ! divisions 9 pots4 ,if "y %oots are lay]$1 leave only ! end expos$4 ,banana & ,planta9 7,musa sapi5tum1 ,m4 p>adisiaca & o!rs74 ,scitam9e4 ,edible bananas r>ely produce se$s4 ,! "y plants are obta9$ f suck]s1 :i* spr+ f ! ma9 root-/ock4 ,^! suck]s are transplant$ :5 two or ?ree feet high4 ,^! plants !mselves d n produce s good crops z ! suck]s :i* arise f !m1 & are n transplant$4 ,two or ?ree suck]s are suffici5t = a plant at a "t2 :at o!rs arise %\ld be transplant$ or de/roy$4 ,! suck]s %\ld be set deep1 z l[ z two feet = be/ results4 ,9 fifte5 or eighte5 mon?s ! plants w bloom1 if !y h _h good c>e4 ,! /em be>s fruit b once1 b new /ems arise to take its place4 ,baneb]ry4 ,see ,acta4 ,bani/]ia4 ,malpighiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s f rip5$ wood1 :i* w root freely 9 s&y soil1 "u a h&-glass1 9 /ove heat4 ,banksia4 ,proteace4 ,se$s are v unsatisfactory4 ,propagat$ by well-rip5$ cutt+s tak5 (f at a jo9t1 & plac$ 9 pots ( s& )\t %ort5+ any ( ! leaves1 except on ! "p t is plant$ 9 ! s&1 :]e !y %\ld be tak5 (f q close4 ,! less dep? ! bett]1 s long z !y /& firm4 ,place !m "u h&-glasses 9 a propagat+ h\se1 b d n plunge !m 9 heat4 ,baphia 7,camwood1 ,b>wood74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld n be depriv$ ( any ( _! leaves4 ,place 9 s& "u a h&-glass 9 heat4 ,baptisia4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 s& & leaf-m\ld 9 ! op51 or 9 pots plac$ 9 a cold-frame4 ,by divisions4 ,b>badoes ,gooseb]ry4 ,see ,p]eskia4 ,b>b>ea 7,w9t] ,cress1 ,am]ican ,cress1 ,upl& ,cress74 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 divisions1 suck]s & cutt+s4 ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is74 ,b]b]ide4 ,propagat$ by /ratifi$ se$s1 or by suck]s1 lay]s & cutt+s ( mature wood4 ,lay]s are usually all[$ to rema9 two ye>s4 ,r>e sorts are sometimes graft$ on common /ocks4 ,b>bi]ia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ wood1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s&1 "u a glass1 9 /rong heat4 ,b>k]ia4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by divisions made j be=e new gr[? comm5ces4 ,see "u ,or*ids4 ,b>klya4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s2 also by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,b>l]ia4 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s made ( ! "y wood1 & plac$ 9 a compo/ ( loam & peat ) a little rott5 dung1 "u a bell-glass1 9 /ove temp]ature ) bottom heat4 ,b>nadesia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ 9 heat4 ,by (fsets4 ,by cutt+s made ( half-rip5$ wood 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass4 ,b>n>dia4 ,see ,scilla4 ,b>osma1 ,p>apetalif]a4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root readily if tak5 f rip5$ wood & plac$ 9 a pot ( s&1 9 a %ady place 9 a cool h\se1 ) a bell-glass ov] !m4 ,b>r5wort4 ,see ,epim$ium4 ,b>r+tonia4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s tak5 f ! lat]al %oots1 at a jo9t1 :5 ! wood is ripe2 place 9 s& & cov] ) a h&-glass4 ,! cutt+s %\ld n be /ripp$ ( any ( _! leaves4 ,b>tonia4 ,loase4 ,increas$ by se$s 9 spr+1 9 g5tle heat4 ,! se$l+s %\ld be pott$ s+ly into small1 well-dra9$ pots4 ,9 w9t] !y %\ld be plac$ on a dry %elf 9 a gre5h\se or frame4 ,b>wood4 ,see ,baphia4 ,basil 7,ocymum ,basilicum & ,o4 m9imum74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 a hot-b$ or out-doors4 ,bassia4 ,sapotace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s tak5 f rip5$ wood2 place 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass1 9 a /rong1 moi/ heat4 ,basswood4 ,see ,tilia4 ,ba/>d ,balm4 ,see ,melittis4 ,ba/>d ,c$>4 ,see ,c$rela4 ,ba/>d ,indigo4 ,see ,amorpha4 ,batatas4 ,see ,ipoma & ,sweet ,potato4 ,batemannia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by divisions & (fsets4 ,bats*ia4 ,see ,li?osp]mum4 ,bau]a4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plac$ 9 s&y soil "u a glass4 ,bauh9ia 7,m\nta9 ,ebony74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 :5 ! wood is nei!r v ripe nor v "y4 ,! leaves mu/ be dress$ (f1 & ! cutt+s plant$ 9 s& "u a glass 9 moi/ heat4 ,also by se$s4 ,bayb]ry4 ,see ,myrica4 ,bean4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s2 s[ only aft] ! wea!r is ?or\ghly settl$ = out-door culture4 ,bean ,cap]4 ,see ,zygophyllum4 ,bean1 ,sacr$1 or ,wat]4 ,see ,nelumbium4 ,be>d-tongue4 ,see ,p5t/emon4 ,be>'s ,bree*4 ,see ,acan?us4 ,be>'s ,grass4 ,see ,yucca4 ,beauc>nea4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ *iefly by se$s :i* h be5 import$ f _! native c\ntry4 ,by cutt+s1 :5 obta9able4 ,beau=tia1 includ+ ,s*izopleura4 ,myrtace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots2 place 9 a s&y soil "u a glass1 ) v little heat4 ,beaumontia4 ,apocynace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s plac$ 9 s& 9 bottom heat4 ,b$=dia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be dri$ a little be=e ins]t+ !m 9 a light soil4 ,bee*4 ,see ,fagus4 ,beefwood4 ,see ,casu>9a4 ,beet 7,beta vulg>is74 ,*5opodiace4 ,se$s1 s[n v e>ly4 ,bef>ia1 ,bej>ia4 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( "y wood1 plac$ 9 s&y soil1 9 g5tle heat4 ,begonia4 ,begoniace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 well-rip5$ be=e !y are ga!r$1 & kept v dry until s[n4 ,= ! successful rais+ ( begonias1 x is necess>y to s[ ! se$ 9 pans or pots ( well-dra9$1 light1 s&y soil1 :i* %\ld be well wat]$ be=e ! se$s are s[n4 ,! se$s %\ld n be cov]$ ) soil1 or !y w fail to g]m9ate4 ,place a pane ( glass ov] ! pans1 & set 9 a w>m h\se or frame1 :]e a temp]ature ( ab\t #fe c be ma9ta9$1 & %ade f ! sun4 ,z soon z ! plants are l>ge en\gh !y %\ld be prick$ (f into pans ( light leaf-m\ld soil1 9 :i* !y may rema9 until l>ge en\gh to be plac$ s+ly 9 pots4 ,by divisions ( ! rhizomes4 ,also increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* /rike freely 9 pots ( s& & leaf-m\ld1 & plac$ on a bottom heat ( ab\t #gj4 ,:]e l>ge quantities are requir$1 a b$ ( cocoanut fib] 9 a /ove or propagat+-frame may be us$1 & 9 ?is ! cutt+s may be plant$1 & rema9 until well-root$4 ,leaf cutt+s succe$ be/ :5 laid on s& or cocoanut fib]1 & %ad$ f bright sunlight4 ,select old1 well-matur$ leaves1 & make an incision ) a %>p knife across ! pr9cipal n]ves1 on ! "u side4 ,!y %\ld !n be plac$ on ! s& or fib]1 & held d[n by means ( a few pieces ( crock4 ,"u ?is treatm5t bulbils w =m on ! l[] ends ( ! n]ves ( ea* section ( ! leaf1 & ^!1 :5 l>ge en\gh1 may be remov$ f ! b$ & pott$4 ,fan-%ap$ pieces ( leaves are (t5 us$4 ,leaf cutt+s ( begonia are describ$ & figure 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,species l ,b4 div]sifolia1 etc41 may be propagat$ by ! bulblets :i* =m 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,tub]\s begonias are be/ propagat$ by se$s1 z describ$ above1 b /em-cutt+s c be us$ ) fair success1 if !y are cut j bel[ a jo9t4 ,bej>ia4 ,see ,bef>ia4 ,bel5ia4 ,see ,physo*la9a4 ,bell>dia4 ,see ,manettia4 ,bellevalia4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe4 ,by (fsets4 ,bellfl[]4 ,see ,campanula4 ,bellidia/rum4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by divisions 9 e>ly spr+1 or directly aft] bloom+4 ,bellis 7,daisy74 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 e>ly spr+4 ,by division aft] fl[]+1 ea* cr[n mak+ a sep>ate plant4 ,! soil mu/ be press$ ab\t !m mod]ately firm4 ,bellwort4 ,see ,uvul>ia4 ,bellium4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s2 also by divisions made 9 spr+4 ,belop]one1 ,dian!ra4 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 9 spr+4 ,belvala4 ,see ,/ru?iola4 ,belvisia4 ,see ,napoleona4 ,b5gal ,qu9ce4 ,see gle4 ,b5netia4 ,see ,saussurea4 ,b5t ,grass4 ,see ,agro/is4 ,b5?amia4 ,cornace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n :5 ripe 9 a cool h\se1 or lay]+ 9 autumn4 ,by cutt+s1 & by graft+ on ! dogwood4 ,b5zo9 7,l9d]a ,b5zo97 ,laur9e4 ,se$4 ,b]>dia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+4 ,b]b]idopsis4 ,b]b]ide4 ,propagat$ by se$s 9 spr+1 by lay]+ 9 autumn1 or by "y cutt+s 9 spr+4 ,b]b]is4 ,see ,b>b]ry4 ,b]*emia4 ,rhamne4 ,propagat$ by lay]+ ! "y %oots4 ,by rip5$ cutt+s1 & slips ( ! root plant$ "u a h&-glass4 ,b]g]a4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by lay]s or by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 (f at a jo9t & plac$ 9 s& "u a h&-glass 9 bottom heat4 ,b]kheya4 ,composit4 ,! h]bace\s p]5nials usually by divisions ( ! plant 9 spr+2 ! o!r species by cutt+s plac$ "u a glass4 ,b]tolonia4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,b]zelia4 ,bruniace4 ,increas$ by "y cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 9 g5tle heat4 ,besl]ia1 ,eriphia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s plac$ 9 heat4 ,bess]a4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by (fsets4 ,betonica4 ,see ,/a*ys4 ,betula 7,bir*74 ,cupulif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* mu/ be s[n z soon z ga!r$1 or else /ratifi$4 ,by graft+ or budd+ ^u se$l+ /ocks ( ! common k9ds2 ! =m] %\ld be done 9 spr+ or late w9t]1 & ! latt] 9 summ] :5 ! buds are ready4 ,bid5s 7,bur ,m>igold74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by divisions ( ! plant4 ,bieb]/e9ia4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ,april 9 a slight hot-b$4 ,9 e>ly summ] by cutt+s1 plac$ "u a h&-glass4 ,bigelovia4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,bignonia 7,trumpet ,fl[]74 ,bignoniace4 ,increas$ by se$s or lay]+1 or1 9 e>ly spr+1 by cutt+s made f good /rong %oots ) two or ?ree jo9ts4 ,place cutt+s ( t5d] sorts 9 a well-dra9$ pot ( s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,also by se$s4 ,b4 radicans propagates readily f root-cutt+s4 ,bill>di]a 7,apple ,b]ry74 ,pittospore4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s plac$ 9 a pot ( s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass1 9 g5tle heat4 ,billb]gia4 ,bromeliace4 ,propagat$ by suck]s :i* are tak5 f ! base ( ! plant aft] fl[]+1 :5 !y h atta9$ a good size4 ,! be/ me?od to adopt is z foll[s3 ,take ! suck] 9 ! h& & g5tly twi/ x (f ! /em2 next1 trim ! base by ! removal ( a few ( ! l[] leaves1 & !n ins]t ea* suck] sep>ately 9 a small pot1 9 %>p soil4 ,a bottom heat ( ab\t #hj w greatly facilitate new root gr[?2 fail+ ?is1 !y w root freely 9 ! temp]ature ( a /ove1 if plac$ 9 a %ad$ position = two or ?ree weeks1 aft] :i* !y w be> increas$ light & sun%9e dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! day4 ,bilb]ry4 ,see ,vacc9ium4 ,b9dwe$4 ,see ,convolvulus4 ,biophytum4 ,g]aniace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+ on a hot-b$4 ,biota4 ,see ,?uya4 ,biotia4 ,see ,madia4 ,bird ( ,p>adise ,fl[]4 ,see ,/relitzia4 ,bird's-tongue ,fl[]4 ,see ,/relitzia4 ,bir*4 ,see ,betula4 ,bir?wort4 ,see ,ari/olo*ia4 ,bitt] ,sweet4 ,see ,cela/rus & ,solanum4 ,bitt] ,vet*4 ,see ,orobus4 ,bivona4 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 spr+ :]e ! plants are int5d$ to rema94 ,!y %\ld be ?9n$ out to insure full gr[?4 ,bixa 7,arnatto74 ,bix9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n :5 ripe1 9 bottom heat1 or by cutt+s put 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat2 ! latt] is ! bett] me?od4 ,blackb]ry 7,rubus villosus & v>s474 ,rosace4 ,new v>ieties are obta9$ f se$s1 :i* may be s[n z soon z !y are clean$ f ! ripe fruit1 or :i* may be /ratifi$ until ! next spr+4 ,if ! soil is 9 prime condition1 fall s[+ is pref]able4 ,v>ieties are multipli$ by suck]s & by root-cutt+s4 ,! suck]s spr+ up freely ab\t ! old plants1 especially if ! roots are brok5 by ! cultivator2 b !y h few fibr\s roots & are inf]ior4 ,! be/ plants are obta9$ f root-cutt+s4 ,roots f "o-f\r? to ?ree-eigh?s in* 9 diamet] are select$ = ?is purpose4 ,! roots are dug 9 ! fall1 cut into pieces an in* or two long1 & /or$ until e>ly spr+4 ,!y may be buri$ 9 boxes ( s& aft] ! mann] ( /ratifi$ se$s1 or /or$ 9 a cool cell>2 callus+ proce$s mo/ rapidly 9 a cell>4 ,! pieces are plant$ horizontally an in* or two deep1 9 loose1 ri* soil4 ,x is be/ to put !m 9 a frame & give !m slight bottom heat1 al?\gh !y w gr[ if plant$ 9 ! op5 9 ,april or ,may1 b ! plants w make mu* less gr[? ! fir/ season4 ,"s v>ieties d n /rike quickly )\t bottom heat4 ,:5 ! v>iety is sc>ce1 %ort] & sl5d]] pieces ( root may be us$1 b ^! dem& bottom heat4 ,! heat 9 ! frames is usually suppli$ by manure1 or ! heat ( ! sun "u ! glass may be suffici5t4 ,9 ^! frames ! cutt+s c be />t$ 9 ! nor? late 9 ,m>*1 or "s six or eight weeks be=e ! plants c be set out-doors )\t protection4 ,:5 ! wea!r has become some:at settl$1 ! plants may be plant$ out1 & by fall !y w be two to ?ree feet high4 ,black ,boy4 ,see ,xan?orrha4 ,bladd]-nut ,tree4 ,see ,/aphylea4 ,bladd]-pod or -se$4 ,see ,vesic>ia4 ,bladd] ,s5na4 ,see ,colutea4 ,blakea4 ,mela/omace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s tak5 f %oots t are ab\t ripe2 plant 9 a pot ( s&1 & plunge 9 a moi/ heat1 "u a h&-glass4 ,bl&=dia4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & (fsets1 or by division ( ! old plants1 :i* mu/ be done :5 repott+4 ,blaz+ ,/>4 ,see ,liatris4 ,ble$+ ,he>t4 ,see ,dic5tra4 ,blephilia4 ,labiat4 ,increas$ by division ( ! roots 9 e>ly spr+4 ,bletia4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by divisions1 :i* %\ld be made aft] ! plants h f9i%$ fl[]+1 or previ\s to _! />t+ into gr[?4 ,^! are t]re/rial1 & _! flat1 r\ndi% pseudo-bulbs are usually "u gr\nd4 ,!y be> division well1 especially ,b4 hyac9?9a1 :i* may be cut up into pieces consi/+ ( a s+le pseudo-bulb4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,blood ,fl[]4 ,see ,hman?us4 ,blood-root4 ,see ,sangu9>ia & ,hmodorum4 ,blueb]ry4 ,see ,vacc9ium4 ,blue-ey$ ,grass4 ,see ,sisyr9*ium4 ,blum5ba*ia4 ,loase4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 pots 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 a g5tle heat4 ,blumia4 ,see ,saurauja4 ,bob>tia4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by sep>at+ ! (fsets dur+ autumn4 ,bocconia4 ,papav]ace4 ,"s species gr[ well f se$4 ,by "y suck]s1 tak5 f e/abli%$ plants dur+ summ]4 ,cutt+s tak5 f ! axils ( ! l>ge leaves dur+ e>ly summ] pu% freely1 s t !y w h pl5ty ( roots be=e w9t] sets 94 ,root-cutt+s ( ,b4 cordata /rike freely4 ,bb]a4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by cutt+s made ( "y1 r firm %oots1 & plac$ 9 s&1 "u a glass4 ,bhm]ia4 ,urticace4 ,increas$ by divisions4 ,boleum4 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 a pot 9 spr+1 plac$ 9 a frame or 9 ! op5 bord] dur+ summ]4 ,boltonia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by divisions ( ! root 9 ,m>*4 ,bom>ea4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 a w>m h\se4 ,also increas$ by c>eful division ( ! und]gr\nd /em4 ,9 mak+ a division x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! "p tak5 has "s roots by :i* to live till new ones are =m$4 ,bombax 7,silk ,cotton ,tree74 ,malvace4 ,plants rais$ f se$s br\ght f _! native habitats make ! be/ trees4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root readily if n too ripe4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 (f at a jo9t1 & plac$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 9 moi/ heat4 ,bonap>tea4 ,see ,till&sia4 ,bonjeania4 ,see ,dorycnium4 ,bonnaya4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,! annual species by se$s1 ! o!rs by divisions & cutt+s4 ,bonnetia4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( firm1 "y %oots ins]t$ 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass1 9 a mod]ate heat4 ,borago4 ,borag9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n f spr+ or autumn 9 any good g>d5 soil4 ,also by divisions 9 spr+1 or by /rik+ cutt+s 9 a cold-frame4 ,borassus4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a /rong bottom heat4 ,borbonai4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s 9 spr+4 ,!y %\ld be half-rip5$1 & plac$ 9 a s&y soil "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,boronia4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by se$4 ,by "y cutt+s1 or ^? made f half-rip5$ wood4 ,place ^! 9 a ?or\ghly dra9$ pot ( s&y soil1 ) "o in* ( s& on ! surface1 & cov] ) a bell-glass2 remove frequ5tly & wipe dry4 ,borr]ia4 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,^? ( ! p]5nial k9ds /rike root readily 9 a light soil1 9 heat4 ,! annual k9ds require a simil> treatm5t to o!r t5d] annuals4 ,bossia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n on a slight hot-b$ 9 ,m>*4 ,also increas$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 a pot ( s& ) a bell-glass ov] !m1 9 a cool h\se4 ,boswellia 7,olibanum ,tree74 ,burs]ace4 ,increas$ easily by cutt+s 9 s& "u a glass4 ,botry*ium4 ,see ,f]n4 ,botryan?us4 ,see ,musc>i4 ,b\*ea4 ,v]b5ace4 ,increas$ dur+ spr+ by cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s& "u a glass & 9 a g5tle heat4 ,b\ga9villea4 ,nyctag9e4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s f ! half-rip5$ wood4 ,place 9 s&y soil1 9 a brisk heat4 ,also gr[n f root-cutt+s4 ,b\nc+ ,bet4 ,see ,sapon>ia4 ,b\rbon ,palm4 ,see ,latania4 ,b\ss+aultia4 ,*5opodiace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & easily by means ( ! tub]cles ( ! /em4 ,b\v>dia4 ,rubiace4 ,! old plants %\ld be cut back1 plac$ 9 heat 9 a /ove or pit1 & freely syr+$1 :i* w cause !m to break freely & produce a good supply ( cutt+s4 ,!y w root f any surface ( ! /em1 & %\ld be ab\t two in*es long4 ,! cutt+s %\ld be dibbl$ pretty ?ickly into pots ab\t five in*es across4 ,a good wat]+ mu/ be giv5 )\t wett+ & !reby injur+ ! foliage4 ,plunge ! pots 9 bottom heat ( ab\t #gj or #hj1 & cov] ) a bell-glass4 ,keep moi/ & %ady dur+ sun%9e1 till root$4 ,!y are also readily & m easily increas$ by root-cutt+s4 ,b[iea4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s or (fsets4 ,b[/r+ ,hemp4 ,see ,sansevi]a4 ,box ,eld]4 ,see ,negundo4 ,box ,?orn4 ,see ,lycium4 ,box ,tree4 ,see ,buxus4 ,bra*y*iton4 ,/]culiace4 ,increas$ by "y cutt+s plant$ 9 s&y soil 9 g5tle heat4 ,bra*ycome 7,swan ,riv] ,daisy74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 e>ly spr+ 9 a g5tle hot-b$1 or !y may be s[n ?9ly out-doors1 late 9 spr+4 ,bra*ylna4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s f ! half-rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 a well-dra9$ pot ( s&y soil1 "u a bell-glass4 ,bra*yrhyn*os4 ,see ,s5ecio4 ,bra*ysema4 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s s[n 9 spr+ 9 heat4 ,by lay]s4 ,9 summ] by cutt+s f ! half-rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 s&y soil "u a bell-glass1 9 a g5tle bottom heat4 ,bra*y/elma4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagat$ by divisions ( ! root1 & by cutt+s 9 a s&y soil1 9 heat4 ,bradleia4 ,see ,phyllan?us4 ,brahea4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s 9 heat4 ,brassia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! plant :5 gr[? has comm5c$4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,bravoa4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n z soon z ripe1 & by (fsets 9 autumn4 ,bread ,fruit4 ,see ,artoc>pus4 ,bread ,nut4 ,see ,brosimum4 ,break/one4 ,see ,saxifraga4 ,br$ia4 ,mela/omace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s f ! rip5$ %oots plac$ 9 s&y loam1 "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,brexia4 ,saxifrage4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 ! leaves ( :i* %\ld n be %ort5$4 ,place 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat2 or a leaf tak5 (f ) a bud atta*$ w gr[4 ,briza 7,quak+ ,grass74 ,gram9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 spr+ or 9 autumn4 ,broccoli4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,brodia1 ,hook]a4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by (fsets1 :i* %\ld be left undi/urb$ ) ! p>5t bulbs till !y rea* a fl[]+ /ate1 :5 !y may be divid$ & plant$ 9 autumn4 ,bromelia4 ,bromeliace4 ,"s are propagat$ by se$s4 ,all by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,bromus4 ,gram9e4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n outside 9 late summ] or 9 spr+1 ?9n+ out :5 necess>y4 ,brongni>tia4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots1 :i*1 if firm at ! base1 w root 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,brosimum 7,bread ,nut74 ,urticace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ripe wood ) _! leaves on4 ,place 9 s& 9 moi/ heat4 ,br\ghtonia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! plant4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,br\ssonetia 7,pap] ,mulb]ry74 ,urticace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n :5 ripe or kept till ! foll[+ spr+2 & by suck]s & cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 ins]t$ 9 autumn 9 a cool h\se4 ,br[allia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s4 ,to h bloom+ plants by holidays !y are propagat$ by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ or summ] 9 pans or pots ( light1 ri*1 s&y soil1 & kept 9 a close frame or h&-light1 :]e !y c be %ad$ till g]m9ation takes place4 ,br[nea4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s f ! rip5$ wood2 place 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 moi/ heat4 ,br[nl[ia4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s made f ripe %oots2 place 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,brucea4 ,sim>ube4 ,increas$ by cutt+s f rip5$ wood1 :i* w root freely 9 a pot ( s& "u a h&-glass1 9 mod]ate heat4 ,brugmansia4 ,see ,datura4 ,brunfelsia1 ,franciscea4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plac$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass 9 mod]ate heat4 ,:5 root$1 place 9 pots ) a compo/ ( loam1 leaf soil1 peat & s&4 ,brunia4 ,bruniace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 :i* root freely 9 s& "u a h&-light 9 summ]4 ,brunonia4 ,good5ovie4 ,propagat$ by divisions 9 e>ly spr+ be=e repott+4 ,brussels ,spr\ts4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,brunsvigia4 ,am>yllide4 ,increas$ by (fsets ( consid]able size4 ,!y %\ld be pott$ c>efully 9 a mixture ( s&y loam & peat1 ) good dra9age1 & kept tol]ably w>m & close until e/abli%$2 wat] sp>+ly until root action has comm5c$4 ,! be/ place = gr[+ ! (fsets into a fl[]+ size is on a %elf ne> ! glass1 9 a temp]ature ( f #ej to #ee4 ,brya4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s or cutt+s plac$ 9 a hot-b$4 ,bryonia4 ,cucurbitace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by divisions ( ! tub]4 ,bryophyllum4 ,crassulace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s2 or by simply lay+ ! leaf on moi/ s&1 & at ea* ind5tation ^u ! m>g9 a plantlet w appe>4 ,bucco4 ,see ,aga?osma4 ,buc]as4 ,see ,t]m9alia4 ,bucida4 ,see ,t]m9alia4 ,buckbean4 ,see ,m5yan!s4 ,buckeye4 ,see sculus4 ,buckl&ia4 ,hamamelide4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots plac$ 9 s&y loam "u a h&-glass1 9 mod]ate heat4 ,wat] c>efully1 = !y are liable to rot (f4 ,buck?orn4 ,see ,rhamnus4 ,buck:eat 7,fagopyrum escul5tum & ,t>t>icum74 ,polygonace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,buffalo ,b]ry4 ,see ,%eph]dia4 ,bugle4 ,see ,ajuga4 ,bugle ,lily4 ,see ,watsonia4 ,bugwort4 ,see ,cimicifuga4 ,bulb9e4 ,liliace4 ,increas$--! bulb\s-root$ species by (fsets1 & ! h]bace\s sorts by suck]s & divisions4 ,also by cutt+s4 ,bulbocodium4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by (fsets 9 a ri*1 s&y loam4 ,take up ! bulbs1 divide & replant !m e second ye>1 h&l+ 9 autumn & r5ew+ ! soil or plant+ 9 new positions4 ,bulbophyllum1 ,anisopetalum1 ,bolbophyllum1 ,tribra*ium4 ,or*ide4 ,propagat$ by division ( ! pseudo-bulbs4 ,bulbosp]mum4 ,see ,peliosan!s4 ,bullru%4 ,see ,typha & ,juncus4 ,bumalda4 ,see ,/aphylea4 ,bun*osia4 ,malpighiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 9 moi/ bottom heat4 ,good dra9age is ess5tial4 ,buph?almum 7,ox-eye74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ 9 spr+ or autumn by divisions4 ,bupleurum 7,h>e's ,e>74 ,umbellif]4 ,! annuals by se$s s[n 9 spr+ out-doors2 ! h]bace\s p]5nials may be increas$ by divisions made 9 autumn or spr+1 & ! gre5h\se species by cutt+s made 9 spr+4 ,bur*>dia4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by (fsets or divisions made j previ\s to pott+ 9 spr+4 ,x is be/ to repot annually4 ,good dra9age %\ld be all[$1 & ! plant mu/ n be pott$ too firmly4 ,bur*ellia4 ,rubiace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 n too ripe1 plant$ 9 s& & plac$ "u a h&-glass1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,burgsdorffia4 ,see ,sid]itis4 ,burl+tonia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! plant4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,burnet4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & division4 ,burn+ ,bu%4 ,see ,euonymus4 ,burs>ia4 ,pittospore4 ,increas$ by "y cutt+s put 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 ) a little bottom heat4 ,burs]a4 ,burs]ace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plac$ "u a bell-glass1 ) bottom heat4 ,burtonia4 ,legum9os4 ,"s ( ! species produce se$ 9 abundance1 & ^! =m ! be/ means ( increase4 ,by "y cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 s&y soil 9 a cool h\se1 ) a bell-glass ov] !m4 ,but*]'s ,broom4 ,see ,ruscus4 ,butomus 7,fl[]+ ,ru%74 ,alismace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by divisions ( ! roots 9 spr+4 ,butt]cup4 ,see ,ranunculus4 ,butt]nut4 ,see ,juglans4 ,butt]wort4 ,see ,p+uicula4 ,button-wood4 ,see ,platanus4 ,buxus 7,box ,tree74 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n z soon z ripe1 9 any light1 well-dra9$ soil4 ,!y c be increas$ by suck]s & divisions2 by lay]s ( "y or old wood1 made 9 autumn or e>ly spr+2 by cutt+s made ( ! "y %oots1 f f\r to six in*es 9 l5g?1 9 a s&y place 9 spr+ or fall4 ,! latt] me?od is ! bett] way 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ! nor? ! cutt+s %\ld be h&l$ "u glass4 ,byrsonima4 ,malpighiace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 moi/ bottom heat4 ,cabbage 7,brassica ol]acea1 & v>s474 ,crucif]4 ,se$s4 ,!y may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 spr+1 or 9 ! fall & ! "y plants w9t]$ 9 a cold-frame1 or 9 a hot-b$ or =c+-h\se 9 late w9t] & spr+4 ,brussels spr\ts1 broccoli & caulifl[] are treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,cabbage ,palm4 ,see ,areca4 ,cabomba4 ,nymphace4 ,propagat$ by root divisions4 ,cacalia4 ,see ,s5ecio4 ,cacao4 ,see ,!obroma4 ,cactus4 ,cacte4 ,propagation by se$s is n (t5 adopt$1 z x is a v sl[ me?od4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n 9 v s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 a semi-%ady position until g]m9ation comm5ces1 :5 !y may be expos$ & v c>efully wat]$4 ,usually propagat$ by cutt+s or (fsets1 :i* %\ld be made ) a %>p cut1 & laid ^u a sunny %elf or on dry s& until ! w\nd is heal$ & roots emitt$1 :5 !y %\ld be pott$ 9 s&y soil4 ,place ) ! o!rs1 & keep syr+$4 ,graft+ is resort$ to ) weak k9ds1 :i* w n gr[ freely except ^u ! /ock ( a /rong] species2 & by ?is means1 also1 su* k9ds c be kept f ! damp soil1 :i* frequ5tly causes decay4 ,! /ocks usually employ$ are ^? ( ,c]eus tortuosus1 ,c4 p]uvianus1 ,p]eskia aculeata1 etc41 accord+ to ! species int5d$ = work+2 !y readily unite ) ea* o!r4 ,if ! scion & /ock are bo? sl5d]1 cleft-graft+ %\ld be adopt$2 if bo? are broad x is be/ to make horizontal sections1 plac+ !m toge!r & secur+ 9 prop] position by ty+ ) matt+1 b n too tightly1 or ! surface may be injur$4 ,csalp9ia4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* are some:at difficult to root1 b may succe$ if tak5 f ! plant 9 a gr[+ /ate & plant$ 9 s& ) a h&-glass ov] !m1 9 heat4 ,cajanus4 ,legum9os4 ,plants are usually rais$ f se$s obta9$ f ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s & ,india4 ,also gr[n f "y cutt+s1 put 9 s& ) a h&-glass ov] !m1 9 heat4 ,cakile 7,sea ,rocket74 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+4 ,caladium4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by tub]s1 :i* h be5 kept dry or re/$ = "s "t4 ,place 9 small pots 9 a /ove or pit1 :]e ! night temp]ature is ma9ta9$ f #fj to #fe1 & syr+$ daily once or twice at lea/4 ,l>ge tub]s1 if s\nd1 may be divid$ & ! pieces pott$4 ,"s also by cutt+s4 ,calamagro/is4 ,gram9e4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 autumn or spr+4 ,c4 ar5>ia 7n[ ,ammophila arund9acea71 us$ = hold+ s&s along sea-%ores1 is propagat$ by division & c probably be h&l$ easily by root-cutt+s4 ,calam9?a4 ,labiat4 ,increas$ by se$s1 root divisions1 or cutt+s 9 spr+4 ,calamus4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,cal&r9ia4 ,portulacace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 pots :]e !y are int5d$ to fl[]1 z transplantation1 unless p]=m$ ) m ?an ord9>y c>e1 w *eck _! gr[? or result 9 loss4 ,calan!4 ,or*ide4 ,z a rule1 ! natural annual increase 9 ! numb] ( pseudo-bulbs meets ! requirem5ts ( mo/ cultivators4 ,:]e a quick propagation is desir$1 x may be p]=m$ by divid+ ! pseudo-bulbs transv]sely2 aft] all[+ ! raw surface to callus1 ! upp] "p %\ld be set on moi/ s&1 & sev]al buds w =m ar\nd ! base4 ,! bottom portion may be us$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,ano!r plan is to divide ! pseudo-bulbs l5g?wise into two or m pieces4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,cala!a4 ,scitam9e4 ,increas$ by division 9 summ] or any "t betwe5 t & ! spr+ mon?s4 ,:5 mak+ divisions1 see t ea* cr[n is well furni%$ ) roots4 ,calceol>ia 7,slipp]wort74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,h]bace\s k9ds increas$ by se$s s[n f ,june to ,augu/ on pans ( light1 s&y soil1 :i* %\ld be soak$ ) wat] be=e s[+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! surface ( ! soil level1 & also to s[ ! se$ z ev5ly z possible4 ,x is bett] n to cov] ) soil1 b a %eet ( glass %\ld be laid ov] ! pan1 :i* mu/ be plac$ 9 a %ady "p ( ! gre5h\se or cold-frame until ! "y plants %[ ! fir/ leaf4 ,! glass c !n be gradually remov$4 ,! %rubby k9ds1 by se$s & by cutt+s 9 ,augu/4 ,place 9 a cold-frame fac+ ! nor?1 9 s&y soil1 & :5 root$1 pot (f into #c-;in* pots4 ,place 9 a light1 sunny frame1 :]e !y may rema9 until ! middle ( ,febru>y4 ,caldcluvia4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ %oots plant$ 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 & plac$ 9 a v g5tle bottom heat4 ,calectasia4 ,juncace4 ,propagat$ by divisions4 ,cal5dula 7,m>igold74 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s & by cutt+s1 :i* ?rive well 9 a compo/ ( loam & peat4 ,caliphruria4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by bulbels4 ,aft] fl[]+1 ! plants %\ld h a slight heat1 & :5 />t+ into new gr[? %\ld be repott$4 ,calli&ra4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( r firm "y wood1 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,calla4 ,see ,ri*>dia4 ,callic>pa1 ,porphyra 7,fr5* ,mulb]ry74 ,v]b5ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions or by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots1 ) ! same treatm5t z ,fu*sia4 ,calli*roa4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+ 9 a slight hot-b$1 & plac$ 9 ! op5 bord] lat]2 or if s[n out-doors x w /ill fl[] 9 ! autumn4 ,callicoma4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s&y soil "u a h&-glass4 ,calligonum1 ,pallasia1 ,pt]ococcus4 ,polygonace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 spr+ or autumn if plac$ "u a h&-glass4 ,calliprora4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by (fsets1 :i* %\ld n be remov$ f ! p>5t bulbs until !y are ( good size4 ,callipsy*e4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by se$s & bulbels4 ,callirhoe 7,poppy-,mall[74 ,malvace4 ,p]5nials by se$s1 divisions ( roots1 & cutt+s2 ! annuals by se$s only4 ,cutt+s %\ld be />t$ 9 s&y soil 9 a frame4 ,calliopsis4 ,see ,coreopsis4 ,calli/a*ys4 ,see ,oxylobium4 ,calli/emon4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by rip5$ cutt+s 9 s& "u a glass4 ,calli/ephus1 ,calli/emma 7,*9a ,a/]74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n "u cov] 9 spr+1 or se$s = late plants may be s[n 9 ! op54 ,callitris1 ,fr5ela4 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s ins]t$ "u a h&-light 9 autumn1 & w9t]$ 9 a cold pit4 ,calluna 7,hea!r74 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! t5d] %oots ins]t$ 9 pure s& "u glass 9 a cool h\se 9 autumn4 ,calo*ortus 7,m>iposa ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 (fsets1 & by ! t9y bulblets on ! upp] portion ( ! /em4 ,s[ se$s z soon z ripe1 or e>ly 9 ! ye>1 ?9ly 9 pans1 s t ! "y plants may pass a second season 9 ! se$ pots on pans4 ,place 9 a cool h\se or frame1 & keep ! plants close to ! glass dur+ _! e>ly /ages1 z !y are v liable to damp (f4 ,e>ly ! ?ird season pot (f & plant s+ly1 enc\rag+ !m to gr[ freely4 ,! (fsets are be/ remov$ :5 ! plants are 9 a dormant /ate1 plac$ 9 pots or pans1 or plant$ out 9 pits or frames until !y rea* fl[]+ size4 ,calod5dron4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood plac$ 9 s& "u a glass1 9 g5tle bottom heat4 ,calophaca4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,may be graft$ on ! common laburnum4 ,calophanes4 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by division ( ! roots 9 spr+ or fall4 ,calophyllum4 ,guttif]4 ,increas$ by cutt+s made f ! half-rip5$ %oots1 :i* root freely 9 s&1 if plac$ "u a glass 9 bottom heat4 ,calopogon4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by (fsets tak5 f ! tub]\s roots4 ,calo?amnus4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( "y wood1 firm at ! base4 ,place 9 s& & cov] ) a h&-glass4 ,calotis4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by divisions ( ! root4 ,calotropis4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s ?9ly dibbl$ 9 a pot ( s&1 plac$ "u a h&-glass 9 heat4 ,!y mu/ n receive too mu* moi/ure1 or !y w rot4 ,cal?a 7,m>%-,m>igold74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n z soon z ripe1 or by divid+ ! roots 9 e>ly spr+1 or 9 summ] aft] fl[]+4 ,calycan?us 7,sweet-sc5t$ ,%rub ,allspice74 ,calycan?ace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a cold-frame2 by divisions or (fsets1 & by lay]s put d[n 9 summ]4 ,calycophyllum4 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-ripe %oots1 :i* w root 9 s&1 if plac$ "u a bell-glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,calypso4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by (fsets4 ,calyptran!s4 ,myrtace4 ,propagat$ by lay]s1 or by cutt+s plac$ 9 heat4 ,caly/egia 7,h$ge ,b9dwe$1 ,be>b9d74 ,convolvulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 or by divid+ ! plants4 ,caly?rix4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots plac$ 9 s&1 "u a bell-glass 9 a cool h\se1 9 late spr+4 ,camassia1 ,sitocodium4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 a w>m situation out-doors1 or 9 pots or boxes "u glass4 ,! "y plants %\ld rema9 at lea/ two ye>s 9 ! se$ b$s4 ,also increas$ by (fsets1 :i* are produc$ v freely1 & %\ld be remov$ ei!r :5 9 a dormant condition1 or j previ\sly to />t+ into fre% gr[?1 & arrang$ 9 clumps or l9es1 plac+ a little s& ab\t !m4 ,cambess$esia4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by half-rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 a mixture ( peat & s&1 if plac$ "u a glass1 9 heat4 ,camellia1 includ+ ,!a 7,japanese ,rose74 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,! s+le r$ camellia by ei!r se$s1 lay]s or cutt+s4 ,d\ble & v>iegat$ camellias by lay]s1 b cutt+s w succe$4 ,se$s give suitable /ocks on :i* to in>* or graft ! r>] k9ds4 ,! rip5$ %oots ( ! prec$+ summ] %\ld be tak5 (f 9 ,augu/4 ,two or ?ree ( ! l[] leaves %\ld be remov$1 & ! cutt+s plant$ firmly 9 ! soil ) a dibble4 ,! pans conta9+ ! cutt+s %\ld be kept 9 a plant or cold-frame1 )\t be+ cov]$ ) glass1 b %ad$ dur+ bright sun%9e4 ,9 ! foll[+ spr+1 su* z h /ruck w beg9 to pu%1 :5 !y ne$ to be plac$ 9 a g5tle heat4 ,in>*+ or graft+ is done 9 e>ly spr+1 z soon z gr[? comm5ces4 ,camnsia4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&y loam1 if plac$ "u a bell-glass4 ,camomile4 ,see ,an!mis4 ,campanula 7,bellfl[]1 ,slipp]wort74 ,campanulace4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,! p]5nials are also propagat$ by divid+ ! roots1 or by "y cutt+s 9 spr+4 ,campanuma4 ,campanulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & divisions4 ,camphora 7,camphor-tree74 ,laur9e4 ,increas$ by cutt+s & se$s4 ,campion4 ,see ,sil5e4 ,camptopus4 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s 9 s&y loam "u a glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,can>9a1 ,p]nettya4 ,campanulace4 ,propagat$ by divisions :5 repott$ or by "y cutt+s 9 a s&y soil1 9 g5tle w>m?4 ,c&ollea4 ,dill5iace4 ,increas$ sometimes by se$s1 b usually by cutt+s1 :i* w root if plac$ "u a h&-glass 9 a compo/ ( equal p>ts loam & peat1 ) en\gh s& to r5d] ! :ole por\s4 ,c&ytuft4 ,see ,ib]is4 ,canella4 ,canellace4 ,increas$ by well-rip5$ cutt+s tak5 (f at ! jo9t4 ,!y w root 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 ) bottom heat1 9 spr+2 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to deprive !m ( any ( _! leaves4 ,canna7,indian ,%ot74 ,scitam9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 heat 9 late w9t]4 ,! se$s are v h>d1 & g]m9ation w be mat]ially /imulat$ if !y are soak$ 9 tepid wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!y %\ld be s[n ?9ly 9 pans 7a mixture ( s& & leaf-loam is be/ = !m71 & a cov]+ ( "o & "o-half or two in*es ( e>? is n excessive4 ,x is a good plan to s[ ! se$ s+ly 9 small pots4 ,also increas$ by divisions2 !y =m a root-/ock1 ea* portion ( :i*1 ) bud & roots atta*$1 may be conv]t$ into an indep5d5t plant4 ,cannabis 7,hemp74 ,urticace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+4 ,cantua1 ,p]iphragmos4 ,polemoniace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,capp>is 7,cap]-tree74 ,capp>ide4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ripe %oots1 :i* w root 9 s& "u glass1 9 moi/ heat4 ,caprifolium4 ,see ,lonic]a4 ,c>agana 7,sib]ian ,pea-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by root-cutt+s2 ! l[-gr[+ %rubs by se$s & lay]s4 ,c>aganas are g5]ally increas$ by graft+ on ,c4 arboresc5s1 :i* is easily rais$ f se$s1 s[n :5 ripe or 9 spr+4 ,c>apa4 ,meliace4 ,increas$ by ripe cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s& "u glass1 9 a moi/ heat4 ,c>dam9e1 includ+ ,pt]oneurum 7,lady's ,smock74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ easily by division aft] fl[]+4 ,c>d9al-fl[]4 ,see ,lobelia4 ,c>duncellus4 ,composit4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by divisions ( ! roots4 ,c>ex7,s$ge74 ,cyp]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by divisions4 ,se$s (t5 lie dormant ! fir/ ye>4 ,c>eya4 ,myrtace4 ,propagat$ by division1 or by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* root freely if plant$ 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 & plac$ 9 moi/ bottom heat4 ,c>ica 7,papaw-tree74 ,passiflore4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ripe %oots ) _! leaves on4 ,!y root readily 9 a s&y soil1 & 9 a g5tle bottom heat4 ,c>issa4 ,apocynace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( ripe wood plac$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,c>l9a4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+4 ,) difficulty by divisions4 ,c>mi*lia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ side %oots 9 s& "u a glass1 9 a cool h\se 9 late spr+4 ,c>nation4 ,c>yophylle4 ,by propagat+ by se$1 new & excell5t v>ieties are rais$4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 ,april or ,may1 & 9 a slight hot-b$ or 9 a gre5h\se4 ,also propagat$ by lay]+1 :i* %\ld be done at ! end ( ,july or ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,! %oots select$ %\ld be d5ud$ ( a few ( _! leaves at ! base ( ! "y wood1 & a slit mu/ be made f ?is po9t upw>ds1 ext5d+ ?r\gh a jo9t ( ! b>e /em1 s t a tongue is =m$4 ,increas$ also by cutt+s4 ,x is necess>y to h a slight bottom heat1 & on x put f\r or five in*es ( light soil1 cov]$ ) clean s&4 ,! cutt+s mu/ be long en\gh to h a tol]ably firm base1 & !y mu/ ei!r be tak5 ) a heel or cut (f at a jo9t1 & firmly ins]t$ 9 ! soil4 ,?is is ! ord9>y me?od4 ,see ,fig4 #eb1 b4 ,c>ob1 ,alg>oba1 or ,/4 ,john's ,bread 7,c]atonia siliqua74 ,legum9os4 ,/ocks are obta9$ by se$s4 ,! se$s are (t5 treat$ to scald+ wat] be=e s[+1 9 ! same mann] z locu/ se$s4 ,v>ieties are graft$ or budd$ on ! se$l+s1 or !y may be multipli$ by means ( h>d-wood cutt+s 9 frames4 ,c>p9us 7,hornbeam74 ,cupulif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* vegetate irregul>ly4 ,v>ieties propagat$ by budd+ or graft+4 ,c>pod9us4 ,apocynace4 ,propagat$ easily f cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots4 ,c>rion ,fl[]4 ,see ,/apelia4 ,c>?amus 7,saffl[]74 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a g5tle heat 9 spr+4 ,c>ya4 ,see ,hicoria4 ,c>yoc>1 ,rhizobolus 7,butt]nut74 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s& 9 heat4 ,c>yophyllus 7,clove-tree74 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( firm %oots ) ! leaves left on4 ,^! w root if plant$ 9 s& 9 a moi/ heat4 ,c>yopt]is4 ,v]b5ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 by divisions1 or by cutt+s4 ,c>yota4 ,palm4 ,increas$ easily by se$s or by suck]s4 ,ca%ew4 ,see ,anac>dium4 ,casimiroa4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ readily by se$s4 ,cass&ra 7,lea!r ,leaf74 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by se$s v c>efully s[n1 or by lay]s4 ,cassava 7,manihot ,aipe74 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! /em & by suck]s4 ,cut ! l>ge ma9 /alks into pieces f f\r to six in*es long & set !m p]p5dicul>ly into ! gr\nd 9 ! field4 ,! cutt+s c be /ruck at v>i\s times1 b spr+ is usually pref]r$4 ,! /alks c be kept ov] w9t] by cov]+ ) s& on a dry knoll1 plac+ ! /alks & s& 9 lay]s4 ,cov] ! :ole ) bo>ds to %$ ! wat]4 ,suck]s :i* appe> dur+ summ] c be remov$ & plant$ or made into cutt+s4 ,cassia4 ,legum9os4 ,annuals & bi5nials by se$s1 :i* mu/ be s[n 9 spr+1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,! %rubby species by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots1 :i* w root 9 heat at ab\t ! same "t ( ! ye>4 ,c4 ,m>yl&ica also by division4 ,cass9e4 ,cela/r9e4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w readily /rike root if plant$ 9 a pot ( s& ) glass ov] !m4 ,cass9ia4 ,composit4 ,annuals by se$s4 ,! h]bace\s & %rubby k9ds are increas$ 9 spr+ by divid+ ! roots1 or by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots plac$ 9 s&4 ,ca/alia4 ,see ,nympha4 ,ca/or ,bean4 ,see ,ric9us4 ,casu>9a 7,beefwood74 ,casu>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s made ( half-rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,catalpa4 ,bignoniace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s made ( ! ripe wood4 ,! nam$ v>ieties & ,c4 ,bungei are propagat$ by s(t cutt+s 9 ,june & ,july4 ,grafts are also us$4 ,catanan*e4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 spr+4 ,also by division4 ,cat*fly4 ,see ,sil5e4 ,catesba 7,lily ,?orn74 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plant$ 9 s& 9 spr+1 & plung$ 9 heat4 ,catm9t4 ,see ,nepeta4 ,catnip or ,catm9t 7,nepeta ,cat>ia74 ,labiat4 ,se$s4 ,division4 ,cat's ,tail4 ,see ,typha4 ,cattleya4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by ! pseudo-bulbs4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,caulifl[]4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,caulophyllum4 ,b]b]ide4 ,propagat$ by divisions ( ! roots1 made 9 e>ly spr+ or aft] fl[]+4 ,also by se$s4 ,ceano?us4 ,rhamne4 ,increas$ by lay]s1 :i* is ! readie/ way ( obta9+ /rong plants1 or by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ 9 a cold-frame4 ,cecropia 7,snake ,wood74 ,urticace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots4 ,place 9 s&y peat 9 a moi/ bottom heat4 ,c$>4 ,see ,c$rus4 ,c$rela 7,ba/>d ,c$>74 ,miliace4 ,increas$ by l>ge rip5$ cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,c$ronella4 ,labiat4 ,! h]bace\s species by division ( ! roots or by cutt+s ( "y wood4 ,c4 triphylla by cutt+s4 ,c$rus 7,c$>74 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* are difficult to extract f ! cones4 ,ga!r ! cones 9 spr+1 & s[ ! se$s imm$iately 9 pans4 ,v>ieties are propagat$ by v5e] grafts4 ,cela/rus 7,/aff-tree1 ,bitt]-sweet74 ,cela/r9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s & suck]s1 also by lay]+ ! h>dy species 9 autumn4 ,rip5$ cutt+s w root freely 9 a compo/ ( loam1 peat & s&4 ,cel]y 7,apium graveol5s74 ,umbellif]4 ,by se$s1 z describ$ on page #ab2 or1 = ! e>ly crop1 s[ "u glass1 z 9 a hot-b$4 ,celosia 7,cockscomb74 ,am>antace4 ,propagat$ by se$ s[n 9 spr+1 9 pans ( well-dra9$1 ri*1 s&y soil or 9 ! op54 ,celsia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 ! op5 bord] & ?9n$ out = fl[]+1 or rais$ 9 nurs]y b$s & transplant$4 ,c4 ,arcturus %\ld be increas$ by cutt+s1 ! "y wood /rik+ freely 9 a cool h\se or frame4 ,celtis 7,nettle-tree74 ,urticace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe4 ,by lay]s1 & by cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots 9 autumn4 ,c5taurea4 ,composit4 ,annuals by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 ! op5 bord]4 ,to propagate ,c4 ,c9]>ia1 & "s o!rs s[ se$s 9 ,augu/ 9 slight heat1 or make cutt+s ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]4 ,c5tran?us4 ,val]iane4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+4 ,c5tronia4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ 9 peat & s&1 "u glass4 ,c5tropogon4 ,campanulace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 by divisions & by cutt+s f any "y %oots ?ree or f\r in*es long4 ,take (f ) a heel & place 9 %>p s&y soil1 close ar\nd ! edge ( ! pot1 & !n keep close "u a propagat+-box1 9 a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #fj & #gj4 ,cephlis4 ,rubiace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( firm "y %oots1 :i* w root well 9 s&y soil "u a h&-glass1 9 moi/ /ove heat4 ,cephalan?us 7,button-wood74 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by lay]s or rip5$ cutt+s 9 autumn4 ,cephalotus4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by divisions be=e new gr[? comm5ces4 ,also by (fsets4 ,c]a/ium4 ,c>yophylle4 ,propagat$ by se$s & divisions1 or by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 a %ady place1 aft] fl[]+4 ,c]atiola4 ,empetrace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,c]atonia 7,alg>oba ,bean1 ,c>ob ,tree74 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root if plant$ 9 s& "u a frame4 ,c]atozamia4 ,cycadace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & sometimes by suck]s & divisions2 b import$ plants give mo/ satisfaction4 ,c]cidiphyllum4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by t5d] cutt+s made dur+ ! summ]1 & slightly wilt$ be=e plac+ 9 ! frames4 ,c]cis 7,judas-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n ab\t ! end ( ,m>* on a b$ ( light soil1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,!y may also be increas$ by lay]s1 b plants rais$ f se$s ?rive be/4 ,x is n necess>y to /ratify ! se$s1 ,c4 ,japonica is gr[n f s(t cutt+s 9 e>ly summ]4 ,c]eus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,c]opegia4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( small side %oots made 9 spr+1 :i* w root 9 s&1 9 heat1 ) or )\t a glass cov]+4 ,ce/rum1 includ+ ,habro?amnus4 ,solanace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s 9 ,augu/1 ! same be+ pott$ (f z frequ5tly z ! roots rea* ! sides ( ! pots4 ,*no/oma4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* may be made 9 autumn & plac$ 9 a gre5h\se or cold pit dur+ ! w9t]4 ,*toga/ra4 ,mela/omace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ,m>*1 or ! p]5nials by cutt+s 9 s&y peat4 ,*ambatia4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be /ruck 9 s& 9 a cold-frame4 ,*amcyp>is4 ,conif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s freely1 also by lay]s1 b ma9ly by cutt+s put 9 dur+ ,octob]4 ,select "y side %oots ) a heel2 ins]t 9 well-dra9$ pots ( s&y soil1 & place 9 a close cold-frame1 keep+ fairly moi/ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,9 ,febru>y !y %\ld be call\s$1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 g5tle heat1 :]e !y w root freely4 ,*amran!mum4 ,acan?ace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 :i* w root 9 spr+ if plant$ 9 s& & plac$ 9 heat4 ,*amrops1 includ+ ,corypha1 ,tali]a4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by suck]s1 :i* g5]ally appe> 9 consid]able quantities4 ,*>d4 ,see ,beet4 ,*eilan!s4 ,see ,f]n4 ,*elone 7,turtle ,head74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,!y may be increas$ by means ( se$s4 ,also by divid+ ! plant dur+ fall4 ,"y cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s&y soil 9 a cold-frame gr[ well4 ,*]ry 7,prunus ,avium & ,p4 ,c]asus74 ,rosace4 ,*]ry /ocks are commonly gr[n f se$s4 ,if ! gr\nd is 9 read9ess & is 9 prop] condition1 ! se$s may be plant$ 9 fall1 or ev5 z soon z !y are ripe4 ,if /or$ until spr+1 !y mu/ be /ratifi$ & kept v cool to prev5t g]m9ation1 & !y %\ld be s[n at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t4 ,!y d n ne$ to be crack$ by h&4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t *]ry pits d n become h>d & dry4 ,?is precaution is m important ) *]ries ?an ) pea*es & plums4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ season ! se$l+s w be a foot or foot & a half high1 l>ge en\gh to transplant into nurs]y r[s aft] ! mann] ( apples1 :]e !y are budd$ ! foll[+ season4 ,9 w>m climates ! pits are sometimes crack$ z soon z !y are ga!r$1 & ! meats plant$ imm$iately4 ,!y w !n make /ocks fit = graft+ ! foll[+ w9t]1 or = transplant+ & budd+ ! foll[+ summ]4 ,*]ry se$s mu/ nev] be all[$ to become s dry t ! meat is h>d & brittle4 ,*]ries1 9 common ) o!r /one fruits1 gr[ readily f root-cutt+s1 9 ! same mann] z blackb]ries4 ,!y d bett] if />t$ ov] a g5tle heat4 ,! ,mazz>d *]ry is ! /ock ^u :i* *]ries are ne>ly always work$4 ,x is simply a h>dy & vigor\s v>iety1 ) inf]ior fruit1 ( ! common sweet *]ry 7,prunus ,avium74 ,se$s ( ?is are readily procur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,all v>ieties ( *]ries are work$ readily ^u x4 ,! ,mahaleb *]ry is us$ z a /ock = ne>ly all v>ieties :5 dw>f trees are desir$4 ,?is is a di/9ct species1 ,prunus ,mahaleb4 ,! se$s or /ocks are usually import$4 ,?is /ock is adapt$ to heavy clay soils1 :ile ! ,mazz>d is n4 ,! ,mahaleb is n g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,morello 7,prunus ,c]asus7 /ocks w no d\bt prove to be valuable 9 ! nor?we/1 :]e great h>d9ess is dem&$4 ,se$l+s d n spr\t or suck] badly1 b ! natural suck]s1 :i* are sometimes us$ = /ocks1 are likely to be m tr\blesome 9 ?is respect4 ,if /rong-gr[+ tops are work$ on ,morello /ocks1 h[ev]1 !re is usually little annoyance f suck]+4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! native ,am]ican *]ries c be us$ z /ocks4 ,! common wild r$1 p9 or bird *]ry 7,prunus ,p5nsylvanica7 has already be5 us$ to "s ext5t4 ,! sweet & s\r *]ries unite readily ) x1 & be> v e>ly4 ,x is yet to be det]m9$ h[ long ! trees w p]si/1 b !re are trees kn[n :i* are sixte5 or eighte5 ye>s old1 & :i* are /ill heal?y & vigor\s4 ,! dw>f or s& *]ry 7,prunus pumila71 especially ! we/]n =m ( x1 gives promise z a dw>f /ock4 ,*]ry /ocks are work$ bo? by budd+ & graft+4 ,budd+ is ! common me?od4 ,! /ocks %\ld be fit to "w ! season !y are transplant$1 or 9 ! second summ] f se$4 ,su* z are too small = work+ !n may be all[$ to /& until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 ! we/1 :]e great h>d9ess is requir$1 ! v>ieties are cr[n-graft$ ^u ,mazz>d /ocks 9 w9t]4 ,ye>l+ /ocks are us$1 & ! cions are f six to t5 in*es long4 ,:5 plant$1 only ! top bud %\ld be left above gr\nd4 ,! cion /rikes roots1 & own-root$ trees are obta9$4 ,! ornam5tal *]ries are work$ ^u ! same /ocks z ! fruit-be>+ sorts4 ,mazz>d is commonly us$ = all species4 ,*]vil 7,*rophyllum bulbosum & ,sc&ix ,c]efolium74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s1 s[n mu* ! same z cel]y se$s1 b ! plants are usually all[$ to /& :]e s[n4 ,se$ is (t5 s[n 9 autumn4 ,*e/nut 7,ca/anea sativa & v>4 ,am]icana1 & ,c4 ,japonica74 ,cupulif]4 ,*e/nut /ocks are gr[n f se$s4 ,difficulty is sometimes exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ! se$s1 z !y lose _! vitality if dri$ too h>d1 & are likely to become m\ldy if all[$ to rema9 moi/4 ,! sure/ way is to all[ ! nuts to become well dri$ (f or season$ 9 ! fall1 & !n /ratify !m 9 a box ) ?ree or f\r times z mu* s& z *e/nuts1 & bury ! box a foot or two deep 9 a w>m soil until spr+4 ,!y d n always keep well if /or$ or /ratifi$ 9 a cell>4 ,fall plant+ exposes ! nuts to squirrels & mice4 ,am]ican /ocks are probably bett] ?an ,european4 ,! /ocks are work$ by :ip-graft+ above gr\nd1 ! w\nd be+ well ti$ & protect$ by wax$ clo?4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! /ock & cion ab\t ! same size1 9 ord] to secure a good union4 ,cr[n-graft+1 root-graft+ & budd+ h n be5 v successful 9 ?is c\ntry ^u ! *e/nut4 ,! cions %\ld be cut e>ly1 be=e !y beg9 to swell1 & kept dormant until ! /ock beg9s to pu% into leaf4 ,only vigor\s /ocks %\ld be graft$4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ! /ocks h recov]$ f transplant+1 or :5 !y are f ?ree to five ye>s old4 ,! work+ ( *e/nut /ocks is f> f satisfactory 9 a comm]cial way4 ,! union is imp]fect 9 _m v>ieties1 & usually no m ?an half ! grafts take well4 ,*icory 7,ci*orium ,intybus74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ :]e ! plants are to gr[4 ,*ilopsis 7,des]t ,will[74 ,bignoniace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots 9 s& "u a bell-glass1 9 a g5tle bottom heat4 ,*imonan?us4 ,calycan?ace4 ,propagat$ by lay]+ 9 ! autumn4 ,*9a ,a/]4 ,see ,calli/ephus4 ,*iococca 7,sn[b]ry74 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* /rike root freely 9 s& "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,*ionan?us 7,fr+e-tree74 ,oleace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be />t$ 9 a cold-frame4 ,by lay]s & cutt+s4 ,by graft+ or budd+ x on ! common a%1 x succe$s v well4 ,*ionodoxa4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* are produc$ freely4 ,!y %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe4 ,by bulbels4 ,*ironia4 ,g5tiane4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 a g5tle heat 9 spr+4 ,*ives or ,cives 7,allium ,s*noprasum74 ,liliace4 ,division ( ! clumps4 ,*loan!s4 ,v]b5ace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 :i* root freely 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,*oisya4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s4 ,*rysan!mum4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s to obta9 new v>ieties2 ^! %\ld be s[n 9 spr+4 ,division may be made1 b ?is is n (t5 practic$4 ,usually propagat$ by cutt+s ( firm1 heal?y1 %ort-jo9t$ %oots1 ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,!y %\ld be made 9 spr+1 & plac$ ne> ! glass ( a r close frame hav+ a temp]ature ( ab\t #de4 ,no bottom heat %\ld be giv54 ,if ins]t$ 9 pots1 only ! l[] leaf %\ld be remov$2 if 9 b$s ! rema9+ foliage %\ld also be trimm$ to admit air4 ,! soil %\ld be made ( equal p>ts ( s&1 leaf-m\ld & loam1 spread+ a lay] ( s& ov] ! top4 ,ins]t ab\t "o-half ( ! cutt+1 press ! soil firmly1 & wat]4 ,leaf cutt+s h be5 employ$4 ,in>*+ & graft+ may also be p]=m$4 ,*rysobalanus 7,coco ,plum74 ,rosace4 ,increas$ by se$s :5 procurable4 ,l>ge cutt+s1 h[ev]1 tak5 (f at a jo9t )\t %ort5+ any ( _! leaves1 w root readily if plant$ ?9ly 9 a pot ( s&1 & plac$ 9 moi/ heat ) a bell-glass ov] !m4 ,*rysocoma 7,goldy-locks74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,*rysogonum4 ,composit4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! roots 9 spr+4 ,*rysophyllum 7,/> ,apple74 ,sapotace4 ,increas$ by se$s :5 procurable4 ,by cutt+s ( small well-rip5$ %oots1 plung$ 9 /rong1 moi/ heat4 ,*rysopsis4 ,composit4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by division 9 spr+4 ,*rysospl5ium 7,gold5 ,saxifrage74 ,saxifrage4 ,increas$ easily by division4 ,also occasionally by se$s4 ,cicca 7,otaheite ,gooseb]ry74 ,euphorbiace4 ,se$s4 ,by cutt+s ( ripe %oots1 :i* w root 9 s&1 if plac$ "u a glass & 9 bottom heat4 ,cimicifuga 7,bugwort74 ,ranunculace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 a cold-frame or bord] z soon z ripe2 or by division ( ! roots 9 spr+4 ,c9*ona 7,p]uvian ,b>k74 ,rubiace4 ,import$ se$s1 & cutt+s tak5 (f :5 ripe & plant$ 9 a pot ( s&1 "u glass1 9 a moi/ heat4 ,c9]>ia4 ,composit4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n "u glass2 ^? int5d$ = autumn fl[]+ 9 ,april & ,may1 ^? = spr+ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,light leaf-m\ld %\ld be us$1 & ab\t an equal quantity ( fre% sift$ loam & %>p s& add$1 ! :ole be+ well mix$4 ,old c[ manure is a good m$ium 9 :i* to s[ 7see page #ai72 !n fill up ) f9e soil4 ,also by divisions & by cutt+s4 ,c9quefoil4 ,see ,pot5tilla4 ,cipura4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 a slight heat 9 spr+2 or by bulbels1 :i* are abundantly produc$4 ,circa 7,en*ant]'s ,night%ade74 ,onagr>ie4 ,se$s2 also by ! runn+ roots4 ,cissampelos4 ,m5isp]mace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* root readily 9 heat4 ,cissus4 ,ampelide4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s 9 ! spr+4 ,*oose ! weakly %oots t are prun$ j be=e ! plants break into new gr[?1 or all[ ! "y %oots to gr[ to a l5g? ( ab\t two in*es4 ,!n cut !m (f1 ) a small piece ( ! base bran* adh]+ to ! "y wood2 or ! %oots may be cut (f ) "o or sev]al ( ^! "y bran*lets on !m4 ,cut ! old bran* ?r\gh at ! base ( ea* "y "o1 & ins]t ! cutt+ ) ?is heel ( ! old wood entire4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 usually gr[n f common gre5 cutt+s 9 summ]4 ,ci/us 7,rock-,rose74 ,ci/9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 by lay]s or cutt+s "u frames outside1 or inside ) a g5tle bottom heat2 b se$l+s always make ! be/ plants4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n e>ly 9 ! spr+ 9 pans or boxes 9 a frame1 & lightly cov]$ ) sift$ s&y m\ld4 ,cutt+s %\ld be made f ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,!y may be /ruck 9 spr+ or autumn1 9 s&y peat "u glass4 ,citron 7,citrus m$ica74 ,rutace4 ,se$s1 :i* usually reproduce ! k9d4 ,mature cutt+s1 ! same z lemon4 ,also budd$ on orange1 lemon or lime /ocks4 ,citrus4 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 lay]s1 cutt+s1 in>*+1 graft+ & budd+4 ,= p>ticul> me?ods1 see ,lemon1 ,lime1 ,orange & ,pomelo4 ,cladra/is 7,yell[-wood74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$ s[n 9 ! op5 air 9 spr+1 or by cutt+s ( ! roots4 ,cl>kia4 ,onagr>i4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 spr+ or autumn out-doors4 ,clavija1 ,!ophra/e4 ,myrs9e4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots4 ,^! w root 9 s&y loam1 ) a surface consi/+ :olly ( s&1 if plac$ 9 bottom heat4 ,clematis 7,virg9's ,b[]74 ,ranunculace4 ,clematis may be increas$ by se$s4 ,! se$ vessels %\ld be ga!r$ be=e autumn1 & /or$ 9 "s dry1 cool place till ! foll[+ spr+1 :5 ! se$s !y conta9 may be s[n 9 light1 s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 g5tle heat till !y g]m9ate4 ,by lay]s outside1 put 9 at any "t4 ,all ! v>ieties ( clematis may also be readily increas$ by cutt+s made ( ! "y %oots1 :i* may be cut up to e eye & plant$ 9 g5tle heat4 ,also by graft+ any ( ! v>ieties on portions ( clematis roots 9 w9t]4 ,good heal?y pieces ( root obta9$ f old plants answ] ! purpose well4 ,see also ,atrag5e4 ,cleome4 ,capp>ide4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a frame 9 spr+1 ) slight w>m?4 ,rip5$ cutt+s root freely 9 mod]ate heat4 ,cl]od5dron1 ,ovi$a1 ,siphonan?a1 ,volkam]ia4 ,v]b5ace4 ,increas$ by se$1 :i*1 if s[n :5 ripe or 9 ! spr+1 & gr[n on 9 heat1 may be conv]t$ into fl[]+ plants ! second season4 ,propagat$ also by cutt+s ( bo? gre5 & mature wood2 also ( roots4 ,suck]s4 ,! climb+ v>ieties d n root q s readily f cutt+s z ! o!rs1 b cutt+s ( ! rip5$ wood d well4 ,cle?ra4 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions & lay]s4 ,cutt+s tak5 f ! half-rip5$ wood w root 9 g5tle heat4 ,clian?us 7,glory ,pea1 ,p>rot ,beak74 ,legum9os4 ,c4 ,dampi]i is be/ rais$ f se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n s+ly 9 good-siz$ pots1 :5 ! necessity ( fir/ %ift+ w be obviat$4 ,c4 puniceus & o!rs f cutt+s1 :i* /rike easily 9 s& 9 bottom heat4 ,cl9tonia4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by division ( ! root 9 spr+4 ,clitoria4 ,legum9os4 ,! be/ me?od ( increas+ is by se$s4 ,increas$ also by cutt+s ( /ubby side %oots1 :i* w root 9 s&y soil1 9 heat4 ,cliva1 ,imantophyllum4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by se$s or divisions4 ,clove-tree4 ,see ,c>yophyllus4 ,clusia 7,balsam-tree74 ,guttif]4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots1 :i* w /rike 9 s&1 ) bottom heat4 ,coba4 ,palemoniace4 ,readily rais$ f fre% se$ 9 spr+1 if a g5tle bottom heat is suppli$4 ,x is (t5 said t ! se$s mu/ be plac$ on edge1 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,f cutt+s tak5 :5 "y1 9 spr+1 & ins]t$ 9 pots ( s&y soil1 plac$ 9 g5tle bottom heat4 ,coccocypselum4 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by divid+ ! creep+ /ems4 ,coccoloba 7,seaside ,grape74 ,polygonace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by cutt+s ( ! rip5$ wood1 ) leaves entire1 & tak5 (f at a jo9t4 ,^! w root freely 9 s& "u glass4 ,cocculus1 ,w5dl&ia4 ,m5isp]mace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,by half-rip5$ cutt+s ( side %oots2 ^! w root easily 9 spr+ or summ]1 if plant$ 9 s& & plac$ 9 bottom heat1 "u glass4 ,cockscomb4 ,see ,celosia4 ,cocoanut 7,cocos nucif]a74 ,palm4 ,! nuts are buri$ 9 nurs]y r[s1 & ! "y trees are transplant$4 ,a m common practice is to remove ! buri$ nuts1 :5 !y beg9 to spr\t1 to ! place 9 :i* ! tree is to /&4 ,a nut is !n plac$ 9 a hole "s two feet deep1 :i* is gradually fill$ 9 z ! plant gr[s4 ,9 f six to eight ye>s ! tree beg9s to be>4 ,codium1 ,croton4 ,euphorbiace4 ,new v>ieties are produc$ by se$4 ,increas$ by tak+ (f ! tops ( any /rong lead+ %oots1 & mak+ !m into cutt+s4 ,!y may be /ruck by plac+ s+ly 9 small pots & cov]+ ) bell-glasses1 9 /rong1 moi/ heat1 :]e !y w soon emit roots1 )\t los+ any ( ! leaves atta*$ at ! "t !y 7 ins]t$4 ,or !y may plac$ 9 a b$ ( s&4 ,c(fea 7,c(fee-tree74 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,also by ripe cutt+s1 :i* /rike freely 9 s& "u glass1 9 moi/ heat2 & ! "y plants s rais$ produce fl[]s & fruit m readily ?an ^? gr[n f se$4 ,c(fee-tree1 ,k5tucky4 ,see ,gymnocladus4 ,col*icum 7,autumn ,crocus74 ,liliace4 ,se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe 9 a protect$ place4 ,sep>ation4 ,coleus4 ,labiat4 ,increas$ by se$s = new v>ieties4 ,by cutt+s ) ! greate/ fre$om at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>1 &1 ) a good moi/ heat1 !y w quickly =m f9e specim5s4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,colletia4 ,rhamne4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood1 six to eight in*es 9 l5g?1 9 a cool gre5h\se4 ,coll9sonia4 ,labiat4 ,increas$ readily by divid+ roots 9 spr+2 also se$s4 ,colocasia4 ,see ,caladium4 ,columb9e4 ,see ,aquilegia4 ,colutea 7,bladd] ,s5na74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s&y soil 9 ! autumn4 ,combretum4 ,combretace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( side %oots1 tak5 (f ) a heel1 plant$ 9 s& "u glass1 & plac$ 9 heat4 ,comesp]ma4 ,polygale4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by "y cutt+s1 :i* root freely if plant$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,comfrey4 ,see ,symphytum4 ,commel9a4 ,commel9ace4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,by cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s&1 9 a g5tle hot-b$4 ,comocladia 7,maid5 ,plum74 ,anac>diace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* w root 9 s& if plac$ "u glass1 9 heat4 ,comp>ettia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by division ( ! plants4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,comptonia 7,sweet ,f]n74 ,myricace4 ,se$s2 by divid+ ! clumps1 & by lay]s1 :i* %\ld be put d[n 9 autumn4 ,conoc>pus 7,button-tree74 ,combretace4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( firm %oots1 tak5 9 ,april1 9 bottom heat4 ,convall>ia 7,lily ( ! ,valley74 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by cr[ns or pips 7see ,fig4 #ag71 :i* are ! sep>at$ gr[+ po9ts ( ! roots1 possess+ a /rong bud4 ,^! cr[ns c be obta9$ f any well e/abli%$ b$ 9 ! fall1 b !y are usually import$4 ,convolvulus 7,b9dwe$74 ,convolvulace4 ,se$s ( ! h>dy annuals %\ld be s[n 9 spr+ 9 ! op5 bord]4 ,! h>dy p]5nials may be increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 by division ( ! roots1 & by "y cutt+s4 ,coprosma4 ,rubiace4 ,increas$ by lay]s & cutt+s4 ,coptis4 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & division ( ! roots4 ,cordia1 ,v>ronia4 ,borag9e4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 gre5 or ripe1 :i* /rike root readily 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,corema 7,portugal ,crakeb]ry1 ,cr[b]ry74 ,empetrace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s plant$ dur+ summ]4 ,coreopsis1 ,calliopsis4 ,composit4 ,! h>dy annuals1 :i* are l>gely gr[n "u ! "n ( calliopsis = summ] ornam5tation1 by se$1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 ,m>* 9 a g5tle heat1 or outside lat]4 ,! p]5nials are propagat$ also by divisions ( ! root 9 autumn or spr+1 or dur+ ! summ] by "y cutt+s1 :i* w /rike freely 9 a cold-frame4 ,cori&] 7,cori&rum sativum74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s s[n 9 fall or spr+4 ,corn4 ,see ,maize4 ,corn ,salad 7,val]ianella1 sev]al species74 ,val]iane4 ,se$s s[n 9 spr+1 summ] or autumn4 ,cornus 7,dogwood ,osi]74 ,cornace4 ,increas$ by se$1 suck]s ( s(t wood1 lay]s or cutt+s4 ,! h]bace\s species1 ,c4 ,canad5sis & ,c4 ,suecica1 may be increas$ by division1 z also by se$s4 ,! will[-l cornuses gr[ f cutt+s ( ripe wood4 ,nam$ v>ieties & "s species are budd$ 9 _m cases1 especially all ! weak-gr[+ sorts4 ,cornus ,mas1 rais$ f se$1 is ! favorite /ock4 ,%ield-budd+ 9 late summ] & v5e]-graft+ are mo/ successful4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,coronilla4 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s s[n z soon z ripe4 ,! h>dy species by division4 ,cutt+s /rike freely if plac$ 9 cold-frames or a cool h\se "u a h&-glass 9 spr+1 & :5 call\s$1 introduc$ to g5tle bottom heat4 ,correa4 ,rutace4 ,se$s4 ,may be propagat$ by cutt+s v readily4 ,v>ieties are usually graft$ on ,c4 alba4 ,cortusa 7,be>'s-e> ,sanicle74 ,primulace4 ,increas$ by se$ s[n z soon z ripe 9 a cold-frame2 also by c>efully divid+ ! roots4 ,coryan!s4 ,see ,/anhopea4 ,corydalis4 ,fum>ie4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by divid+ ! plants directly aft] fl[]+4 ,! bulb\s-root$ species by (fsets4 ,corylus 7,hazel2 ,cob-nut74 ,cupulif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 suck]s1 lay]s or cutt+s4 ,graft+ & budd+ are ea* practicable1 & are adopt$ :5 gr[+ tall /&>ds or sc>ce v>ieties4 ,! se$ ( all %\ld be s[n z soon z ga!r$1 or /or$ 9 s& till ! foll[+ spr+4 ,all sup]ior v>ieties %\ld be increas$ by suck]s or lay]s4 ,/ools kept = lay]+ mu/ be all[$ to make m gr[? ?an ^? us$ = suck]s4 ,free gr[? mu/ be enc\rag$ = a ye> or m1 &1 any suitable "t 9 w9t]1 ! %oots %\ld be b5t to ! gr\nd1 pegg$ firmly1 & cov]$ to ! dep? ( ?ree in*es ) e>?4 ,!y w be well-root$ by ! foll[+ autumn1 & may !n be remov$ & plant$ out p]man5tly4 ,coryno/ylis1 ,calyptrion4 ,viol>ie4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s ( ! "y wood1 plac$ 9 s& 9 bottom heat1 "u glass4 ,cosmos4 ,composit4 ,se$s1 usually />t$ "u glass4 ,! tub]if]\s species1 l ,dahlia1 :i* see4 ,co/us4 ,scitam9e4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! roots4 ,cotonea/]4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ readily by se$1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 spr+2 by lay]s or cutt+s 9 autumn1 or by graft+ on ,c4 vulg>is1 ! common qu9ce1 or ! haw?orn4 ,cotton 7,gossypium74 ,malvace4 ,se$s commonly4 ,gr[n z a curiosity "u glass2 x may be increas$ by s(t cutt+s4 ,cotyl$on 7,navelwort74 ,crassulace4 ,increas$ by se$1 (fsets1 cutt+s ( ! /em1 & by leaves4 ,! leaves %\ld be pull$ (f 9 autumn1 laid on dry s& 9 pans on a %elf 9 a propagat+ or o!r w>m h\se1 & n wat]$ until small plants appe> at ! ends ( ! leaves4 ,c[slip4 ,see ,primula4 ,crambe4 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 by divid+ ! roots & by root-cutt+s4 ,see ,sea-kale4 ,cranb]ry 7,vacc9ium macroc>pon74 ,ericace4 ,! cultivat$ cranb]ry is propagat$ entirely by cutt+s4 ,^! are made f vigor\s "y runn]s1 f six to t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & !y are ?ru/ obliquely into ! soil until only an in* or two ( ! tip projects4 ,"s blunt in/rum5t1 z a /ick1 is commonly us$ to =ce !m into ! s& ( cranb]ry bogs4 ,plant+ is done 9 ! spr+1 & ! cutt+s are tak5 j previ\s to ! op]ation4 ,if cranb]ry se$l+s are desir$1 ! se$s %\ld be s[n 9 flats ( peaty e>?1 :i* are /or$ until spr+ 9 "s protect$ place1 9 ! mann] ( /ratification boxes4 ,! se$s %\ld be cov]$ lightly1 pref]ably ) f9e moss4 ,! plants are all[$ to gr[ ! fir/ ye> 9 ! box4 ,crassula4 ,crassulace4 ,se$s2 also by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 (f & laid = two or ?ree days 9 ! sun to dry be=e plant+4 ,cratgus 7,haw1 ,haw?orn74 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by /ratifi$ se$s4 ,"s gr[]s spread ! haws 9 %all[ piles 9 ! fall1 & all[ !m to decay1 s t mo/ ( ! pulp is remov$ be=e !y are /ratifi$4 ,haws (t5 come irregul>ly1 ev5 f /ratifi$ se$s4 ,! v>ieties are graft$1 r>ely budd$1 on common /ocks4 ,cress 7,lepidium sativum74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 s[n at any "t ( ye>4 ,see ,wat]-,cress4 ,cress1 ,am]ican4 ,see ,b>b>ea4 ,cress1 ,rock4 ,see ,arabis4 ,cr9um4 ,am>yllide4 ,increas$ by se$1 s[n s+ly z soon z ripe 9 ?ree or f\r-in* pots1 9 s&y loam & leaf-m\ld4 ,place 9 a temp]ature ( f #gj to #hj1 & keep r dry until ! plants appe>1 :5 m moi/ure %\ld be appli$4 ,also increas$ by (fsets1 :i* %\ld be remov$ :5 r small & pott$ sep>ately1 & gr[n z recomm5d$ = se$l+s4 ,cri?mum4 ,umbellif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n z soon z ripe1 & by divisions4 ,crocosmia4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 pans 9 a cold h\se z soon z possible aft] maturity4 ,also by (fsets4 ,crocus4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by se$1 s[n z soon z ripe or e>ly 9 spr+1 ! *oic] /ra9s 9 pots or boxes1 us+ a light1 s&y soil1 & aft]w>ds plac+ !m 9 a cold pit or frame2 ! m common v>ieties may be plac$ 9 a w>m position outside 9 a se$ b$4 ,s[ ?9ly1 s t ! plants may gr[ two ye>s 9 ! se$ pan or b$ )\t lift+4 ,by ! corms4 ,^! may be lift$ & replant$1 all[+ ea* 9 its turn to develop new corms bel[4 ,! foll[+ ye> new corms1 or cormels1 are also =m$ by ! side ( ! old corms4 ,^! old corms die away annually4 ,"s species increase mu* m rapidly ?an o!rs4 ,cross&ra1 ,h>ra*ia4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i* root freely at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>1 9 bottom heat4 ,crotal>ia 7,rattle-,box74 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,! %rubby k9ds by "y cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 s&1 "u glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,croton4 ,see ,codium4 ,cr[ea4 ,rutace4 ,se$s4 ,usually by gre5 cutt+s 9 a frame4 ,cr[foot4 ,see ,ranunculus4 ,crucianella 7,crosswort74 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 by divisions dur+ spr+ or autumn1 & by cutt+s4 ,cryptom]ia 7,japan ,c$>74 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s ( gr[+ wood plant$ 9 s&y soil1 "u glass4 ,crypto/emma4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n on a g5tle hot-b$ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,cubeba4 ,see ,pip]4 ,cucumb] 7,cucumis sativus74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s4 ,if s[n out-doors1 ! op]ation %\ld be delay$ until ! wea!r is ?or\ghly settl$4 ,cucumb]-tree4 ,see ,magnolia4 ,cunn+hamia 7,broad-leav$ ,*9a ,fir74 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by se$s & cutt+s ( gr[+ wood4 ,cuphea4 ,ly?r>ie4 ,increas$ easily by se$2 b cutt+s ( ! p]5nial sorts /rike freely 9 ,m>* or ,april1 9 brisk bottom heat4 ,cupressus 7,cypress74 ,conif]4 ,se$s may be collect$ 9 e>ly spr+1 & %\ld be s[n 9 ,april 9 a w>m1 friable soil4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ or mature wood1 mu* z = ,ret9ospora1 :i* see4 ,curculigo4 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s2 also by suck]s1 :i* =m at ! base ( ! /em4 ,curcuma 7,tum]ic74 ,scitam9e4 ,increas$ by root division4 ,currant 7,ribes rubrum1 ,r4 nigrum & ,r4 aureum74 ,saxifrage4 ,new v>ieties are gr[n f se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 ! fall or /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,v>ieties are ne>ly always multipli$ by h>d-wood cutt+s 7,fig4 #di74 ,! cutt+s may be tak5 9 spr+ & plac$ directly 9 ! gr\nd1 b bett] results are obta9$ by tak+ !m 9 ! fall or late summ]4 ,_m nurs]ym5 pref] to take !m 9 ,augu/1 /rip (f ! leaves1 & bury !m 9 bun*es ) ! butts up4 ,!y may rema9 9 ?is condition or 9 a cell> all w9t]1 or !y may be plant$ 9 ! fall4 ,currant cutt+s /rike readily1 h[ev]1 "u any me?od4 ,"s gr[]s cut out ! buds :i* come bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd to prev5t suck]+1 b ?is is n g5]ally practic$2 ! suck]s are cut (f :5 ! cutt+s are remov$ f ! cutt+ b$1 ei!r to be sold or to be transplant$ into nurs]y r[s4 ,gre5-lay]+ is sometimes practic$ ) r>e sorts1 or s+le eyes may be us$1 z 9 grapes4 ,tip-lay]+1 z 9 ! black raspb]ry1 may also be employ$4 7,see page #cc47 ,weak or l[ sorts are sometimes graft$ ^u /rong] ones1 9 ord] to give !m a tree =m1 b su* bu%es are gr[n only z curiosities or z specim5 plants4 ,cussonia4 ,araliace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be plant$ 9 s&1 "u glass4 ,give slight bottom heat4 ,cu/>d ,apple4 ,see ,anona4 ,cyanan?us4 ,campanulace4 ,se$s4 ,/rong roots may be c>efully divid$ 9 spr+1 b ?is is n desirable4 ,usually by cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 dur+ spr+ or e>ly summ]1 & /ruck 9 s&y peat1 be+ kept moi/4 ,cyanophyllum4 ,mela/omace4 ,increas$ by se$4 ,by cutt+s or eyes1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s& :]e a good bottom heat mu/ be ma9ta9$1 & !y %\ld be %ad$ f ! sun4 ,cyanotis4 ,commel9ace4 ,se$s2 usually by "y cutt+s 9 s&y soil1 9 brisk heat4 ,cycas4 ,cycadace4 ,increas$ by se$1 & (t5] by suck]s4 ,cya!a4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,cyclam5 7,s[bread74 ,primulace4 ,propagat$ by se$1 s[n :5 fre%ly ga!r$2 ! h>dy k9ds 9 pots plac$ 9 a cool frame4 ,by divisions & leaf cutt+s1 tak5 (f ) a heel2 b ^! me?ods are n v satisfactory4 ,cynoglossum4 ,borag9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions & root-cutt+s4 ,cypella4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by se$1 s[n z soon z ripe 9 a cool h\se1 & by (fsets4 ,cyp]us4 ,cyp]ace4 ,propagat$ ei!r by se$1 s[n 9 g5tle heat1 or by divisions4 ,cyphia4 ,campanulace4 ,:5 ! /ems beg9 to pu% out f ! root1 cut (f z _m ( ! %oots z are requir$1 & place !m 9 small pots 9 an equal mixture ( loam1 peat1 & s& 9 abundance4 ,! "y plants %\ld be kept dry until callus$1 b n cov]$ ) glass4 ,!y may also be increas$ by cutt+s1 "u a h&-glass 9 a cool h\se4 ,cyphom&ra 7,tree ,tomato ( ,jamaica74 ,solanace4 ,use se$s2 or cutt+s may be plac$ "u glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,cypress4 ,see ,cupressus4 ,cyprip$ium 7,lady's ,slipp]74 ,or*ide4 ,by se$s sometimes4 ,usually by division4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,cyrilla4 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,cyrtan?us4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by (fsets4 ,cytisus 7,scot* ,broom74 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s & lay]s4 ,9 spr+1 cutt+s ( "y wood may be tak5 :5 ab\t ?ree in*es long 7) a heel pref]r$71 plac$ "u a bell-glass 9 heat1 or 9 a close frame1 :]e !y w root readily4 ,if gradually h>d5$1 pott$ & gr[n on1 small fl[]+ specim5s may by obta9$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,c4 purpurea is usually graft$ on ! common laburnum4 ,dacrydium 7,te> ,tree74 ,conif]4 ,increas$ by fre% se$ & rip5$ cutt+s4 ,daffodil4 ,see ,n>cissus4 ,dahlia4 ,composit4 ,s+le v>ieties1 & sometimes ! d\bles1 are gr[n f se$s4 ,! roots may be brok5 ap>t aft] ! cr[ns h />t$ 9 spr+1 & ea* "p gr[n sep>ately4 ,! roots may be />t$ into gr[? 9 heat late 9 w9t]1 & ! "y spr\ts may be remov$ & h&l$ z ord9>y cutt+s z fa/ z !y =m4 ,or r>e sorts may be increas$ dur+ summ] by cutt+s f ! gr[+ tips4 ,cions made ( ! gr[+ tips may be graft$ into ! roots by a cleft or side graft4 ,?is me?od is (t5e/ employ$ = ! purpose ( pres]v+ ov] w9t] r>e sorts :i* x is fe>$ may be lo/4 ,! grafts are kept gr[+ sl[ly dur+ w9t]1 & cutt+s may be tak5 f !m4 ,cutt+s %\ld always h a bud or buds at ! base1 & 9 propagation by division !re mu/ be a piece ( ! cr[n atta*$ to ! root4 ,daisy4 ,see ,bellis4 ,dalb]gia4 ,legum9os4 ,place cutt+s ( firm "y %oots 9 s& "u a glass1 9 spr+4 ,give a little bottom heat4 ,dampi]a4 ,good5ovie4 ,divisions4 ,cutt+s %\ld be plant$ 9 a mixture ( turfy loam1 peat & s&1 9 heat4 ,d&elion 7,t>axacum (fic9ale74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 9 e>ly spr+4 ,daphne4 ,?ymelace4 ,se$s4 ,= lay]s1 remove ! soil 9 spr+ to a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es ab\t ! plant1 & fill ) f9e compo/ to )9 two in*es ( ! tops ( ! %oots4 ,! next spr+1 c>efully wa% away ! compo/1 & plant ! small :ite buds 9 pots ( f9e soil4 ,place 9 a cool frame4 ,cutt+s %\ld be made ( matur$ %oots or side gr[?s 9 autumn2 ins]t ?9ly 9 well-dra9$ pots ( peaty soil1 & cov] ) a bell-glass4 ,if kept 9 a cool h\se 9 w9t] !y w callus1 & may1 e>ly 9 spr+1 be introduc$ to g5tle heat1 to enc\rage gr[? & ! emission ( roots4 ,pot ! "y plants s+ly1 & gr[ on 9 a close b n high temp]ature1 & aft]w>ds h>d5 & keep q cool dur+ ! foll[+ autumn & w9t]1 9 ord] to ?or\ghly rip5 ! wood4 ,graft$ specim5s may be treat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,d4 odora is propagat$ by rip5$ cutt+s 9 a cool h\se1 9 s&4 ,sometimes ! old wood c be us$4 ,! "t is det]m9$ by ! fitness ( ! wood4 ,d>l+tonia4 ,s>rac5iace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by divid+ ! plants4 ,se$s may be s[n on ! surface ( well-prep>$ fibr\s soil1 & !n cov]$ ) dead sphagnum moss1 rubb$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,give %ade4 ,d>w9ia4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( ! "y roots4 ,place 9 a cold-frame4 ,dasylirion4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 suck]s & cutt+s4 ,date 7,phnix dactylif]a74 ,palm4 ,! se$s f comm]cial dates gr[ readily1 & )\t ! int]v5tion ( /ratification4 ,special v>ieties are propagat$ by a sort ( cutt+1 made by remov+ & root+ ! spr\ts :i* appe> ab\t ! base ( ! tree4 ,^! root readily if tak5 (f gre5 & lib]ally suppli$ ) wat]4 ,!y (t5 beg9 to be> 9 five or six ye>s4 ,date ,palm4 ,see ,phnix4 ,datisca4 ,datisce4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 & by divid+ well e/abli%$ plants4 ,datura1 includ+ ,brugmansia1 ,c]atocaulis & ,/ramonium4 ,solanace4 ,! annual species are propagat$ by se$s1 :i* are />t$ "u cov] 9 ! nor?4 ,! p]5nials are readily gr[n f cutt+s 9 mild heat4 ,heel$ %oots are usually pref]r$4 ,daub5ya4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by (fsets4 ,davallia4 ,filices4 ,propagat$ l>gely by division4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,daviesia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$ may be s[n 9 slight heat 9 spr+4 ,cutt+s may be made ( firm "y %oots1 & plac$ 9 s& "u a frame4 ,day ,lily4 ,see ,hem]ocallis4 ,decidu\s ,cypress4 ,see ,taxodium4 ,decum>ia4 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s may be made 9 summ]1 & plac$ "u a frame 9 a %ady situation4 ,delph9ium 7,l>kspur74 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s may be s[n out-doors 9 a w>m bord] 9 spr+1 or 9 pans1 to be plac$ ei!r 9 frames or outside4 ,! old plants ( p]5nial sorts may be cut d[n aft] fl[]+1 :5 "y gr[?s w proce$ f ! base1 & ! :ole may be lift$ & c>efully divid$4 ,cutt+s ( ! "y %oots1 tak5 9 autumn or spr+1 w root freely if pott$ s+ly & plac$ 9 a cold-frame4 ,!y w fl[] ! foll[+ season at ! same "t z ! divisions4 ,d5drobium4 ,or*ide4 ,! me?ods ( propagat+ ^! plants h already be5 m5tion$4 ,:]e a rapid increase ( a new or special v>iety is requir$1 ! pseudo-bulbs t are m ?an "o ye> old %\ld be cut into l5g?s1 & fa/5$ on or*id rafts1 ) a lay] ( sphagnum b5ea? !m4 ,susp5d !m 9 a hot1 moi/ h\se1 if possible1 ov] a wat]-tank4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od is t ! "y plants d n ne$ %ift+ aft] !y comm5ce root+ on _! own acc\nt4 ,! section to :i* ,d4 aggregatum1 ,d4 ,j5k9sii1 ,d4 d5siflorum & ,d4 ?yrsiflorum belong1 are be/ propagat$ by division4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,d5t>ia 7,too?wort74 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s or divisions4 ,deod>4 ,see ,c$rus4 ,desfonta9ea4 ,loganiace4 ,cutt+s1 plac$ 9 a s&y loam1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,desmodium4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s plac$ "u a frame1 9 heat4 ,deutzia4 ,saxifrage4 ,comm]cially1 ! species are mo/ly propagat$ by gre5 h>d5$ cutt+s 9 summ]1 "u a frame4 ,h>d-wood$ cutt+s may be tak5 9 autumn1 & be treat$ 9 ab\t ! same mann] z currant cutt+s 7see page #eh74 ,! deutzias are also propagat$ by divisions & lay]s4 ,"s ( ! dw>f sorts are sometimes =c$1 to make cutt+s = w9t] use4 ,dewb]ry 7,rubus ,canad5sis & v>s41 & ,rubus trivialis47 ,rosace4 ,se$s are h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z blackb]ry se$s4 ,increas$ by lay]s &1 l ! blackb]ry1 by root-cutt+s4 ,lay]s are made by simply cov]+ ! decumb5t canes at ! jo9ts4 ,?is is ! usual me?od ( multiplication4 ,! tips1 too1 root freely1 z 9 ! black-cap raspb]ries4 ,dianella4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 g5tle heat dur+ spr+4 ,by divisions4 ,dian!ra4 ,see ,ju/icia4 ,dian?us4 ,see ,c>nation1 ,p9k & ,sweet ,william4 ,dic5tra1 ,capnor*is1 ,diclytra 7,ble$+ ,he>t74 ,papav]ace4 ,! cr[ns may be divid$ 9 e>ly spr+1 or cutt+s may be made ( ! fle%y roots 9 %ort l5g?s1 & plac$ 9 s&4 ,! roots %\ld be plac$ 9 a compo/ ( s&y loam1 9 well-dra9$ pots1 z soon z ! foliage dies (f1 & transf]r$ to a cold-frame4 ,di*oris&ra4 ,commel9ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions & cutt+s4 ,di*osma4 ,see ,aga?osma4 ,dicksonia4 ,filices4 ,division mo/ly4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,diclytra4 ,see ,dic5tra4 ,dictamnus 7,dittany1 or ,frax9ella74 ,rutace4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe4 ,division is us$4 ,dictyosp]ma4 ,see ,areca4 ,dicyrta4 ,see ,a*im5es4 ,didymoc>pus4 ,gesn]ace4 ,cutt+s1 :i* are obta9$ f "y %oots :5 comm5c+ gr[?1 & plac$ 9 s&y soil1 9 heat4 ,also by se$s4 ,didymosp]ma4 ,see ,areca4 ,dieff5ba*ia4 ,see ,caladium4 ,di]villa1 ,weigela4 ,caprifoliace4 ,suck]s4 ,cutt+s may be made 9 spr+1 summ] or autumn4 ,h>d5$ gre5 cutt+s1 h&l$ "u a frame 9 summ]1 are ext5sively us$ by nurs]ym54 7,see page #eh47 ,!y are sometimes gr[n f cutt+s 9 w9t] f =c$ plants4 ,h>d-wood cutt+s1 made 9 w9t] & plant$ 9 spr+ l ! grape1 succe$ well4 ,digitalis 7,foxglove74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+1 ei!r 9-doors or 9 ! op54 ,! common foxglove 7,d4 purpurea7 (t5 self-s[s itself4 ,dill 7,are?um graveol5s74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s1 9 e>ly spr+4 ,dill5ia1 includ+ ,colb]tia4 ,dill5iace4 ,se$s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are gr[n ) mu* difficulty4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood may be plac$ 9 s&1 "u a frame1 9 bottom heat4 ,dimorpho!ca4 ,composit4 ,! se$s ( ! annual sorts %\ld be s[n 9 heat 9 spr+4 ,! p]5nials are gr[n f gre5 cutt+s4 ,diona4 ,dros]ace4 ,propagat$ sometimes by se$2 usually by divid+ ! plants4 ,dion1 ,platyzamia4 ,cycadace4 ,propagat$ by se$4 ,dioscorea 7,yam74 ,dioscoreace4 ,! tub]s may be divid$ 9 autumn or spr+1 :5 n gr[+4 ,se$s are sometimes us$1 s are ! tub]s :i* =m 9 ! axils by ! leaves4 ,/ove species c be propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ wood4 ,diosma4 ,rutace4 ,cutt+s 9 s&y peat1 & "u a frame plac$ 9 v g5tle heat1 w soon root4 ,diospyros 7,date ,plum1 ,p]simmon74 ,eb5ace4 ,se$s are us$ = ! h>dy species4 ,also by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots4 ,^? requir+ /ove heat /rike be/ f rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 s& 9 a brisk bottom heat dur+ spr+4 ,see also ,p]simmon4 ,dipcadi1 ,uropetalum4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by (fsets 9 spr+4 ,diplacus4 ,see ,mimulus4 ,diplad5ia4 ,apocynace4 ,9 spr+1 :5 ! plants comm5ce new gr[?1 cutt+s f ! "y %oots are made4 ,^!1 or s+le eyes1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a mixture ( s& & peat1 9 good bottom heat4 ,diplazium4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,diplo!mium4 ,palm4 ,propagation is affect$ by se$s4 ,dipt]acan?us4 ,see ,ruellia4 ,dirca4 ,?ymelace4 ,increas$ by se$s or lay]s4 ,disa4 ,or*ide4 ,d4 gr&iflora & o!rs ( simil> habit are propagat$ by (fsets4 ,^! are be/ tak5 (f ab\t ,decemb]1 & treat$ l ! old plants4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,disocactus4 ,see ,phyllocactus4 ,disporum1 includ+ ,pros>tes4 ,liliace4 ,se$s may be us$2 or ! plant may be divid$ 9 spr+ be=e active gr[? comm5ces4 ,dodeca!on1 ,meadia 7,am]ican ,c[slip74 ,primulace4 ,se$s4 ,! cr[ns may be divid$ ei!r 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,cutt+s ( ! :ole root c be effectively us$1 ! root be+ torn (f ! cr[n1 plant$ upright1 & ( c\rse cov]$ ) ! s&y soil commonly us$ 9 ?is =m ( propagation4 ,dog's ,bane4 ,see ,apocynum ,dog's-too? ,violet4 ,see ,ery?ronium4 ,dogwood4 ,see ,cornus4 ,doli*os4 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s4 ,sometimes cuttage or lay]age is resort$ to4 ,dorcoc]as4 ,see ,ba4 ,doronicum1 includ+ ,aronicum 7,leop>d's ,bane74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s & divisions4 ,dor/5ia4 ,urticace4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 a hot-b$ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,be=e active gr[? comm5ces ! plants may be divid$4 ,doryan!s4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by suck]s plac$ 9 small pots4 ,dorycnium1 includ+ ,b\jeania4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,d[n+ia1 ,cl9tonia4 ,campanulace4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 mild heat 9 spr+4 ,draba1 includ+ ,petrocallis 7,:itl[ ,grass74 ,crucif]4 ,! annuals or bi5nials propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+ 9 ! op5 bord]4 ,! p]5nials may be propagat$ by divid+ ! cr[ns4 ,dracna 7,dragon-tree74 ,liliace4 ,r>ely gr[n f se$4 ,lay]s d n succe$ v well4 ,! /ems ( old plants may be cut up 9 pieces "o or two in*es long1 & plac$ at any season 9 cocoanut fib] or light soil1 9 ! bottom heat ( a propagat+ h\se4 ,! tops ( ! plants w also /rike z cutt+s1 & ! fle%y base ( ! /em is sometimes remov$ & us$ = propagation4 ,root-cutt+s d well 9 a mod]ate heat4 7,see ,fig4 #dg47 ,dracocephalum 7,dragon's ,head74 ,labiat4 ,! annuals are gr[n f se$s1 s[n 9 ! op5 9 spr+4 ,p]5nials are increas$ by divid+ ! roots1 or by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots 9 spr+4 ,dracontium4 ,see ,amorphophallus4 ,dragon's ,head4 ,see ,dracocephalum4 ,dragon-tree4 ,see ,dracna4 ,drimys1 ,w9t]a4 ,magnoliace4 ,cutt+s made ( half-rip5$ %oots %\ld be ins]t$ 9 a frame4 ,dros]a 7,sundew74 ,dros]ace4 ,se$s1 s[n z soon z possible aft] ga!r+4 ,d4 b9ata is increas$ by cutt+ roots f /rong plants into pieces ( "o-half or "o in* 9 l5g?1 & plac+ !m on ! surface ( %all[ e>!nw>e pans1 9 s&y peat soil1 & cov]+ ab\t "o-half in* deep ) ! same mat]ial4 ,!y are !n plac$ "u a bell-glass1 & transf]r$ to a damp1 w>m propagat+ h\se4 ,drosophyllum4 ,dros]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$4 ,dut*man's ,pipe4 ,see ,ari/olo*ia4 ,duvaua4 ,anac>diace4 ,ins]t cutt+s made ( ! ripe wood "u glass1 9 g5tle heat4 ,dyckia4 ,bromeliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 suck]s & divisions4 ,eccremoc>pus 7,calampelis74 ,bignoniace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,cutt+s may be us$1 ( gre5 or ripe wood4 ,e*ev]ia4 ,see ,cotyl$on4 ,e*9acea4 ,composit4 ,readily propagat$ by se$s & division4 ,e*9ocactus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,e*9ops1 ,e*9an?us 7,globe ,?i/le74 ,composit4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 spr+ = ! propagation ( ! bi5nials1 & divide ! p]5nials e>ly4 ,also by root-cutt+s4 ,e*ium 7,vip]'s ,bugloss74 ,borag9e4 ,! h]bace\s species are rais$ f se$s4 ,also increas$ by divisions4 ,! %rubby sorts are increas$ m readily by lay]s1 b also by cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,edelweiss4 ,see ,leontopodium4 ,edgewor?ia4 ,?ymelace4 ,cutt+s %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 "u glass 9 spr+4 ,edw&ria4 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s or cutt+s ( ! "y wood4 ,egg-,plant 7,solanum ,melong5a74 ,solanace4 ,se$s 9 heat1 9 late w9t] or spr+4 ,cutt+s r>ely4 ,eglant9e4 ,see ,rosa4 ,ehretia4 ,borag9e4 ,place cutt+s 9 s&y soil "u glass 9 bottom heat1 9 spr+4 ,ei*hornia4 ,pont$]iace4 ,propagation is effect$ by division 9 spr+2 se$s4 ,elagnus 7,olea/]1 ,wild ,olive1 ,g\mi74 ,elagnace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 lay]s or cutt+s4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are (t5 graft$ on ! mo/ vigor\s v>ieties obta9able4 ,import$ se$s ( "s species are apt to be empty4 ,e4 longipes c readily be propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ wood 9 ,june & ,july1 "u glass4 ,elis 7,oil ,palm74 ,palm4 ,se$s are us$ = propagation4 ,eloc>pus1 includ+ ,monoc]a4 ,tiliace4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 a hot-b$4 ,make cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots1 ) leaves on1 & place !m 9 s&y soil1 9 bottom heat4 ,eld]4 ,see ,sambucus4 ,elecampane 7,inula ,hel5ium74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s 9 op5 air 9 e>ly spr+4 ,elliottia4 ,ericace4 ,ins]t s(t wood cutt+s 9 s& "u glass4 ,elm4 ,see ,ulmus4 ,elodea4 ,see ,hyp]icum4 ,empetrum 7,cr[b]ry or ,crakeb]ry74 ,empetrace4 ,se$s4 ,9 summ]1 cutt+s may be made1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,encephal>tos4 ,cycadace4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,endive 7,ci*orium ,endivia74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 ei!r 9 ! op5 :]e ! plants are to /&1 or "u glass4 ,enkian?us4 ,ericace4 ,cutt+s made ( ! ripe wood %\ld be plac$ "u glass dur+ ! spr+ mon?s1 )\t heat4 ,entelea4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 9 s&y soil4 ,eomecon4 ,papav]ace4 ,se$s2 also by division4 ,epacris4 ,epacride4 ,gr[n f tip cutt+s 9 a frame 9 w9t]1 ) bottom heat4 ,! cutt+s root v sl[ly4 ,eph$ra4 ,gnetace4 ,lay]s may be made f "y %oots or bran*es4 ,epid5drum4 ,or*ide4 ,! tall-/emm$ section ( ?is g5us is increas$ by cutt+s1 ! section ) %ort1 ?ick pseudo-bulbs by division4 ,! =m] also occasionally produce vivip>\s fl[]-scapes1 ?us af=d+ a ready means ( increase4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,epiga4 ,ericace4 ,increas$ ) great difficulty by c>eful divisions ( e/abli%$ plants1 & by lay]s4 ,se$s1 :5 obta9able1 c be us$1 b are sl[ to develop4 ,epilobium 7,will[-h]b74 ,onagr>ie4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions or root-cutt+s4 ,epim$ium 7,b>r5wort74 ,b]b]ide4 ,sometimes increas$ by se$s4 ,dur+ ,july or ,augu/1 divisions ( ! roots c be made4 ,epiphyllum4 ,cacte4 ,readily gr[n f cutt+s4 ,pieces ( ! bran*es f\r to six in*es long are plac$ 9 s&y soil 9 g5tle heat1 & kept mod]ately dry4 ,epiphyllums are (t5 graft$ on /rong /ocks ( p]eskia 7,p]eskia aculeata is commonly us$1 b ,p4 ,bleo is equally z good71 = ! purpose ( gett+ high or raft] plants4 ,a "y %oot is cleft-graft$ into any portion ( ! p]eskia :i* has become h>d1 & ! cion is held 9 place by a cactus sp9e pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,sev]al cions may be ins]t$ along ! sides ( ! /ock4 ,eran!mum4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s root readily 9 spr+ 9 peaty soil1 9 a close frame :]e !re is a bottom heat ( ab\t #gj4 ,eran?is 7,w9t] ,aconite74 ,ranunculace4 ,increas$ by se$s & division4 ,eremo/a*ys4 ,labiat4 ,may be increas$ by se$s or division4 ,eremurus4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions4 ,erica 7,hea?74 ,ericace4 ,w gr[ f se$s1 b ^! are us$ g5]ally to secure new v>ieties4 ,commonly propagat$ by v %ort cutt+s1 tak5 f ! tips1 or made ( ! l[] "y gr[?4 ,c>efully remove ! leaves f ! l[] p>ts ( ! cutt+1 :i* %\ld be ab\t "o in* long1 & !n ins]t r closely 9 pots1 :i* %\ld be fill$ two-?irds ) crocks1 ! rema9d] be+ f9e s&y peat ) a lay] ( clean1 compact s& on ! surface4 ,cov] ) glass4 ,wat] well1 & place 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj4 ,erig]on1 includ+ ,phalacroloma1 ,polyactidium4 ,composit4 ,readily increas$ by se$s or divisions4 ,er9us4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,aft] becom+ e/abli%$1 !y propagate !mselves by se$4 ,eriobotrya4 ,see ,phot9ia4 ,eriod5dron4 ,malvace4 ,rais$ f se$s s[n 9 s&y soil1 9 heat4 ,eriogonum4 ,polygonace4 ,may be increas$ by se$ or division4 ,eriosema4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s or cutt+s4 ,erio/emon4 ,rutace4 ,cutt+s1 9 s&y peat 9 spr+1 "u glass1 & ) g5tle heat4 ,nurs]ym5 propagate by graft+ on small /ocks ( correa4 ,erodium 7,h]on's ,bill74 ,g]aniace4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s or divisions4 ,erpetion 7,au/ralian ,violet74 ,viol>ie4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 also by division & cutt+s4 ,eryngium 7,eryngo74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s or c>efully made divisions may be us$ = increas+ ! species4 ,erysimum 7,h$ge ,mu/>d74 ,crucif]4 ,increas$ by se$s2 ! p]5nials by se$s & divisions4 ,ery?ra1 ,gyr&ra1 ,hippoc5taurea 7,c5taury74 ,g5tiane4 ,propagat$ by se$s or divisions4 ,ery?r9a 7,coral-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s4 ,"y %oots c be tak5 9 spr+ or e>ly summ] ) a heel1 & plac$ 9 s&y soil1 on a slight bottom heat4 ,ery?ronium 7,dog's-too? ,violet74 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,(fsets or bulbels are usually employ$1 tak5 z soon z ! leaves dry away aft] fl[]+1 ins]t+ ! bulbels ab\t ?ree in*es deep4 ,ery?roxylon1 includ+ ,se?ia4 ,l9e4 ,place cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots 9 s& "u a glass1 9 heat4 ,escallonia4 ,saxifrage4 ,suck]s1 lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood /rike 9 s&1 :5 cov]$ ) glass4 ,also by se$s4 ,es*]ia4 ,see ,glox9ia4 ,es*s*oltzia1 ,*ryseis 7,cali=nia ,poppy74 ,papav]ace4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 spr+ or autumn :]e ! plants are to fl[]4 ,eucalyptus 7,gum-tree74 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n ?9ly 9 pans or pots ( light1 s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 frames4 ,also by cutt+s4 ,eu*>is4 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s may be s[n z soon z ripe 9 a w>m h\se4 ,(fsets or bulbels %\ld be remov$ & pott$ (f s+ly4 ,eucomis4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe1 or by bulbels4 ,eucryphia4 ,rosace4 ,! cutt+s ( "y %oots are plant$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,eug5ia4 ,see ,myrtus4 ,eulalia4 ,gram9e4 ,freely increas$ by se$ or division4 ,euonymus 7,burn+-bu%1 ,/rawb]ry-tree1 ,wahoo74 ,cela/r9e4 ,gr[n f se$s1 cutt+s & lay]s4 ,cutt+s usually make bett] plants ?an lay]s4 ,! decidu\s species are usually gr[n f h>d-wood cutt+s1 b ! ev]gre5 k9ds are />t$ "u glass1 f cutt+s ( ! gr[+ or rip5$ wood4 ,! small & weak k9ds are graft$ on ! /rong] ones4 ,! ev]gre5 species w gr[ ^u ! decidu\s k9ds4 ,eupatorium4 ,composit4 ,cutt+s ( ! gr[+ wood1 "u glass 9 e>ly spr+1 is ! common me?od ( propagation4 ,se$s c also be us$ = "s species4 ,euphorbia1 includ+ ,po9settia 7,spurge74 ,euphorbiace4 ,by se$s1 especially ! annual species4 ,! p]5nial %rubby sorts are increas$ by cutt+s 9 a /rong heat4 ,"s species are propagat$ by divisions4 ,eurya4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,propagat$ by s(t cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 s& "u a glass 9 heat4 ,eurycles4 ,am>yllide4 ,(fsets or bulbels1 9 spr+4 ,eurybia4 ,see ,ole>ia4 ,eu/ylis4 ,see ,nema/ylis4 ,eut]pe4 ,palm4 ,se$s 9 heat4 ,eutoca4 ,see ,phacelia4 ,ev5+ ,primrose4 ,see no!ra4 ,exacum4 ,g5tiane4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 spr+1 9 bottom heat4 ,exo*orda4 ,rosace4 ,gr[n f se$s1 lay]s1 cutt+s & suck]s4 ,se$s are difficult to procure4 ,lay]+ 9 ,june is a common practice4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( cutt+s are employ$1 b ! be/ results foll[ %ort1 s(t cutt+s1 tak5 f =c$ plants & set deep 9 %all[ flats ( s&4 ,!y require a v /rong bottom heat1 a close frame1 & ! wat] %\ld be appli$ 9 a spray ^u ! foliage4 ,cutt+s are sometimes graft$ ^u pieces ( roots4 ,x is reg>d$ z a difficult plant to propagate4 ,fabiana4 ,solanace4 ,readily increas$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,fagus 7,bee*74 ,cupulif]4 ,commonly gr[n f ! nuts1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$ & s[n v e>ly 9 spr+4 ,!y may be s[n imm$iately aft] !y are ga!r$1 if !y c be protect$ f v]m94 ,! nam$ v>ieties are graft$ ^u ! ,european or ,am]ican species4 ,fair ,maids ( ,france4 ,see ,ranunculus4 ,fan-palm4 ,see ,livi/ona4 ,f>fugium4 ,see ,s5ecio4 ,f$ia4 ,see ,patr9ia4 ,felicia4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 "u a glass4 ,f5nel 7,fniculum1 v>i\s species74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s1 usually 9 spr+4 ,f5nel ,fl[]4 ,see ,nigella4 ,f5ugreek 7,trigonella ,fnum-,grcum74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,f5zlia4 ,see ,gilia4 ,f]ns4 ,filices4 ,:]e division is possible1 x is ! easie/ & mo/ economical me?od ( propagation1 & %\ld be practic$ j be=e ! plant />ts into gr[?4 ,! spores c be s[n 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 or e>li]1 "u glass 9 a w>m propagat+ pit4 ,p>tly fill a suitable siz$ pot or pan ) co>se peat1 giv+ pl5ty ( dra9age2 make ! surface level1 & on ?is place ?ree-qu>t] in* cubes ( well-season$ peat :i* is r dry1 wat]+ ! :ole & scatt]+ on ! spores ev5ly4 ,cov] ) a pane ( glass1 & place 9 a p>tial %ade4 ,:ile ! process :i* corresponds to g]m9ation is go+ on1 great c>e mu/ be giv5 to ! wat] supply4 ,?is is sometimes done by plac+ ! pots or pans 9 a sauc]1 f :i* !y c suck ! wat] up4 ,ov]head wat]+ may be us$1 & (t5 is1 b w sometimes introduce worms & ! l4 ,! "y plants %\ld be prick$ out :5 ! true leaf appe>s1 & !y are l>ge en\gh to h&le4 ,! same c>eful treatm5t %\ld be cont9u$ until !y are e/abli%$ 9 pots4 ,!re is n mu* difficulty 9 gett+ ! "y plants1 if fre% spores are obta9able1 b !re is a good deal ( tr\ble 9 h&l+ ! se$l+s1 & e/abli%+ !m 9 _! gr[+ qu>t]s4 ,mo/ f]ns are readily propagat$ by means ( spores1 z direct$ above & on page #bd4 ,"s species r>ely produce spores 9 cultivation1 h[ev]1 & 9 o!r cases1 z 9 "s tree f]ns1 x is almo/ impossible to re> ! "y plants aft] ! spores h g]m9at$4 ,9 all su* cases1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to sep>ation1 division or lay]age4 ,!re are "s species1 z ,aspl5ium bulbif]um1 ,cy/opt]is bulbif]a & o!rs1 :i* be> small bulblets or deta*able buds on _! fronds4 ,^! buds (t5 vegetate :ile /ill atta*$ to ! frond4 ,!y may be remov$ ei!r be=e or aft] %[+ signs ( vegetation1 & set 9 pots 9 a close propagat+ frame1 or "u a bell-glass4 ,f]ns :i* make broad cr[ns may be divid$1 & ?is is ! common mode ) _m species4 ,"s species produce creep+ root-/ocks1 :i* emit roots if pegg$ d[n into a pot ( soil or on a block ( peat4 ,sev]al plants c (t5 be produc$ f su* a lay]4 ,all ^! op]ations are be/ p]=m$ 9 late w9t]1 be=e ! new gr[? beg9s4 ,! tree f]ns are r>ely propagat$ to any ext5t 9 cultivation1 b "y plants are import$ f _! native c\ntries4 ,f]n1 ,sweet4 ,see ,comptonia4 ,f]r>ia1 ,tigridia4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by means ( se$s & bulbels4 ,fev]few4 ,see ,*rysan!mum4 ,ficus4 ,urticace4 ,! gre5h\se species are propagat$ by lay]s & cutt+s4 ,! cutt+s are h&l$ 9 a close frame1 & a leaf or two is usually left on !m4 ,= ,ficus ,c>ica1 see ,fig4 ,propagation by se$s is sometimes us$ 9 ! edible figs1 b is n easy ) ! ornam5tal sorts4 ,f4 ela/ica1 ,f4 ,indica1 etc41 are increas$ by cutt+s1 plant$ 9 s& or s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 good bottom heat1 9 a frame "u glass4 ,! l>ge cutt+s %\ld be /ak$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove ! milky juice be=e plant+4 ,any w9t] mon? is good1 be=e gr[? beg9s4 ,la/ season's wood %\ld be us$4 ,fig 7,ficus ,c>ica74 ,urticace4 ,figs gr[ readily f ! plump se$s 9 ! comm]cial fruit4 ,wa% out ! se$s1 & ^? t s9k may be s[n 9 a frame4 ,! "y plants w appe> 9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,9 f ?ree to five ye>s ! plants w beg9 to be>4 ,new v>ieties are obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,v>ieties ( ! fig are multipli$ ) ease by lay]s1 suck]s & cutt+s4 ,make cutt+s ( mature wood 9 autumn1 cutt+ j bel[ a bud4 ,sc>ce v>ieties may be multipli$ by s+le eye cutt+s4 ,fig cutt+s are h&l$ 9 ! same way z grape cutt+s4 ,"s pref]1 h[ev]1 to place ! cutt+s :]e ! tree is to /&4 ,a well-gr[n plant w be> at two or ?ree ye>s ( age4 ,! fig is readily budd$ & graft$1 b ^! me?ods are seldom employ$1 because ! plant is s easily multipli$ by cutt+s4 ,%ield1 r+ or tubul> budd+s are employ$4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( graft+ are adapt$ to x1 & cleft-graft+ is usually employ$ on old plants4 ,filb]t44 ,see ,corylus4 ,fir4 ,see ,abies1 ,p9us & ,picea4 ,fire-p9k4 ,see ,sil5e4 ,fittonia4 ,acan?ace4 ,increas$ by division1 & by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots1 plant$ 9 s&y loam1 9 bottom heat4 ,fitzroya4 ,conif]4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ also by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots ,flax4 ,see ,l9um4 ,fl[]-de-,luce 7,fleur-de-,lis74 ,see ,iris4 ,fontanesia4 ,oleace4 ,lay]s are us$2 also cutt+s1 plant$ "u a h&-glass 9 autumn4 ,or x may be graft$ on ! privet4 ,=get-me-n4 ,see ,myosotis4 ,=sy?ia 7,gold5 ,bell74 ,oleace4 ,propagat$ ext5sively by gre5 cutt+s 9 summ]1 9 a frame2 also gr[n f ripe cutt+s tak5 9 fall & w9t]1 & plant$ 9 ! op5 air 9 e>ly spr+4 ,fo!rgilla4 ,hamamelide4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ 9 a peaty soil2 by lay]s4 ,f\r-o'clock4 ,see ,mirabilis4 ,foxglove4 ,see ,digitalis4 ,frag>ia4 ,see ,/rawb]ry4 ,franciscea4 ,see ,brunfelsia4 ,francoa4 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 e>ly spr+ 9 a cool frame4 ,also by division4 ,frangula4 ,see ,rhamnus4 ,frank5ia1 includ+ ,beatsonia1 ,hyp]icopsis4 ,frank5iace4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions4 ,frax9ella4 ,see ,dictamnus4 ,frax9us 7,a%74 ,oleace4 ,propagat$ *iefly by se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$4 ,! nam$ sorts are budd$ ^u se$l+ /ocks if ! sorts are upright gr[]s1 or top-graft$ if !y are weep]s4 ,bo? ! ,european & ,am]ican species are us$ = /ocks4 ,freesia4 ,iride4 ,increas$ readily by se$1 s[n z soon z ripe 9 pots ( light1 s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 a sunny position1 9 a cool frame4 ,by bulbels4 ,fremontia4 ,malvace4 ,se$s may be us$2 or cutt+s1 9 spr+1 may be /ruck "u a h&-glass4 ,fr5* ,bean 7,v>ieties ( ,phaseolus vulg>is & ,p4 nanus74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,freyc9etia4 ,p&ane4 ,increas$ by (fsets4 ,fr+e-tree4 ,see ,*ionan?us4 ,fritill>ia4 ,liliace4 ,se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe :]e ! plants are to /& ! fir/ ye>4 ,bulbels & division4 ,fu*sia 7,ladies' ,e> ,drop74 ,onagr>i4 ,fu*sias gr[ readily f se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe1 & bloom+ plants ought to be obta9$ 9 eight or t5 mon?s4 ,cutt+s ( ! "y gr[? /rike quickly & easily4 ,bloom+ plants ( mo/ sorts c be obta9$ 9 f\r or five mon?s4 ,fum>ia 7,fumitory74 ,papav]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,funkia1 ,ho/a 7,planta9 ,lily1 ,:ite ,day ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagation is effect$ by divid+ ! /ools dur+ ! e>ly autumn1 or :5 !y beg9 to />t 9 spr+4 ,only /rong1 heal?y clumps %\ld be divid$1 & ea* portion %\ld conta9 sev]al cr[ns4 ,furze4 ,see ,ulex4 ,gaill>dia4 ,composit4 ,! annual sorts are propagat$ by se$s />t$ "u glass2 ! p]5nial k9ds by se$s1 cutt+s or division4 ,sometimes root-cutt+s are us$4 ,galan?us 7,sn[drop74 ,am>yllide4 ,commonly by bulbels4 ,r>ely by se$s4 ,galax1 ,ery?rorhiza1 ,solon&ra4 ,diap5siace4 ,propagat$ by divisions ( /rong clumps 9 autumn4 ,galega 7,goat's ,rue74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 9 spr+2 also by division4 ,galtonia4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by bulbels or se$s4 ,g>c9ia1 ,cambogia1 ,mango/ana1 ,oxyc>pus4 ,guttif]4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s& "u a glass1 9 /rong bottom heat4 ,g>d5ia1 includ+ ,ro?mannia4 ,rubiace4 ,/rong1 heal?y cutt+s may be tak5 ) a heel1 e>ly 9 ! ye> be+ ! be/ "t1 b any season w d :5 suitable cutt+s c be secur$4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ 9 bottom heat ( ab\t #ge1 9 a frame4 ,g>lic 7,allium sativum74 ,liliace4 ,by cloves or divisions ( ! bulb4 ,9 ! nor? ^! are plant$ 9 ! spr+1 b 9 w>m climates !y may be plant$ 9 ! fall4 ,g>rya1 includ+ ,fady5ia4 ,cornace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood 9 s&y loam 9 ,augu/1 & %ad$ until root$4 ,also by budd+ on ,aucuba ,japonica at ! cr[n4 ,plant suffici5tly deep to cov] ! bud or graft4 ,ga/]ia4 ,see ,aloe4 ,gaul!ria 7,boyb]ry1 ,w9t]gre574 ,ericace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 divisions1 lay]s & cutt+s "u glass4 ,gaura4 ,onagr>ie4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 spr+ or fall 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,gaylussacia4 ,see ,vacc9ium4 ,gazania1 ,mhnia1 ,muss9ia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions4 ,make cutt+s 9 ,july or ,augu/1 f ! side %oots ne> ! base ( ! plant2 ^! %\ld be plac$ 9 a s&y soil1 9 a frame4 ,gelsemium1 ,leptopt]is1 ,m$icia4 ,loganiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s "u glass4 ,g5i/a4 ,see ,cytisus4 ,g5tiana 7,g5tian74 ,g5tiane4 ,se$s & division4 ,! se$s g]m9ate sl[ly1 & (t5 ) difficulty4 ,!y (t5 lie dormant a ye> or m4 ,!y %\ld be s[n 9 well-sift$ light loam1 9 pans or flats1 & kept cool & %ad$4 ,division mu/ be c>efully done1 or ! plants w suff]4 ,geonoma4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s & suck]s4 ,g]anium4 ,g]aniace4 ,mo/ly by se$s & divisions4 ,= ! cons]vatory plants kn[n z g]aniums1 see ,pel>gonium4 ,g]>dia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$1 b (t5 ) difficulty1 by se$s1 s[n 9 ! op5 air or 9 a frame or cool h\se4 ,gesn]a4 ,gesn]ace4 ,se$s1 & cutt+s ( ! %oots & leaves4 ,h&l$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z ,glox9ia1 :i* see4 ,ge?yllis4 ,am>yllide4 ,!y may be increas$ by bulbels or se$s4 ,geum1 includ+ ,siev]sia 7,av5s74 ,rosace4 ,gh]k94 ,see ,cucumb]4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s or division4 ,gilia1 includ+ ,f5zlia4 ,polemoniace4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 spr+ 9 ! op5 gr\nd or frame1 9 a r light soil4 ,gilib]tia4 ,araliace4 ,cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 s& 9 a g5tle heat4 ,gill5ia4 ,rosace4 ,increas$ readily by divid+ ! roots 9 spr+2 also by se$s4 ,gilliesia4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by bulbels4 ,gillifl[]4 ,see ,mat?iola4 ,g9kgo1 ,salisburia 7,maid5hair-tree74 ,conif]4 ,se$s1 :i* are mo/ly import$1 & :i* %\ld be /ratifi$4 ,also by lay]s1 & by cutt+s ( ei!r gre5 or ripe wood4 ,! cutt+s are h&l$ "u glass4 ,nam$ v>ieties are graft$ ^u common /ocks4 ,g9s5g4 ,see ,aralia4 ,gladiolus4 ,iride4 ,se$s1 :i* are commonly s[n 9 pans 9 spr+1 9 ! h\se2 or !y may be s[n 9 ! bord]4 ,se$l+s fl[] 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! common me?od ( propagation is by means ( cormels 7see page #bi1 & ,fig4 #af74 ,^! are remov$ f ! p>5t corm & plant$ 9 ! op51 :]e "s ( !m w fl[] ! same season1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m w require a season's indep5d5t gr[? be=e !y fl[]4 ,if cormels are desir$ 9 abundance1 ! l>ge corms %\ld n be all[$ to fl[]4 ,"s v>ieties d n produce cormels readily1 & ^! may be made to be> !m by cutt+ or r++ 7page #cj74 ,a new corm is =m$ above ! old "o ea* ye> 7,fig4 #af74 ,gla/onbury-?orn4 ,see ,cratgus4 ,gl$its*ia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n 9 spr+ ab\t "o in* deep4 ,!y %\ld be soak$ 9 hot wat] be=e be+ s[n4 ,v>ieties propagat$ by grafts ^u se$l+ /ock4 ,glei*5ia4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,globe ,fl[]4 ,see ,trollius4 ,globul>ia4 ,selag9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 division or cutt+s4 ,gloriosa1 ,clyno/ylis1 ,me?onica4 ,liliace4 ,se$s %\ld be ins]t$ s+ly 9 small pots1 9 a light s&y soil1 & plung$ 9 bottom heat4 ,bulbels1 :i* %\ld be c>efully remov$ f ! old bulbs :5 />t+ !m 9 spr+1 z ! roots are v brittle4 ,glox9ia1 ,es*]ia1 ,salisia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n ! latt] "p ( w9t]1 9 well-dra9$ pots or small pans ( f9ely sift$ soil1 ( peat1 leaf-m\ld & s& 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n ?9ly & cov]$ slightly1 !n c>efully wat]$1 & plac$ 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj & kept %ad$4 ,cutt+s ( ! %oots may be tak5 :5 ! old tub]s are />t+ 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 a close propagat+ frame4 ,leaf-cutt+s1 ) a small portion ( ! petiole atta*$1 give excell5t results1 especially :5 ! leaves are firm & ne>ly matur$4 ,leaf cutt+s are made 9 ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* begonia leaf-cutt+s are made 7see pp4 #fj-gb1 ,figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,also graft$ 7see page #hh74 ,glyc9e4 ,see ,wi/>ia4 ,glycosmis4 ,rutace4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* are commonly ins]t$ 9 s& "u glass1 (t5 9 heat4 ,glycyrrhiza1 includ+ ,liquiritia 7,liquorice74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by division & by se$s4 ,godetia4 ,see no!ra4 ,gold5 ,rod4 ,see ,solidago4 ,goldfussia4 ,see ,/robilan?us4 ,gomphia 7,button ,fl[]74 ,o*nace4 ,cutt+s ( firm "y %oots %\ld be plac$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 heat4 ,gomphoc>pus4 ,asclepiade4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n "u glass 9 spr+2 or cutt+s may be made ( small side %oots :5 ! plant is comm5c+ new gr[?1 & plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,gompholobium4 ,legum9os4 ,cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be made ( "y %oots dur+ spr+1 & plac$ "u glass4 ,gomphr5a4 ,see ,celosia4 ,gonolobus4 ,asclepiade4 ,se$s1 divisions1 & cutt+s "u glass4 ,good5ia4 ,good5ovie4 ,se$4 ,dur+ spr+1 cutt+s w root freely if plac$ "u glass4 ,goodia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s may be us$4 ,cutt+s ( "y %oots may be made dur+ spr+1 & plac$ 9 a frame4 ,gooseb]ry 7,ribes ,grossul>ia & ,r4 oxyacan?oides74 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s1 = ! rais+ ( new v>ieties1 %\ld be s[n z soon z well cur$1 9 loamy or s&y soil1 or !y may be /ratifi$ & s[n toge!r ) ! s& 9 ! spr+4 ,cutt+s six to eight in*es long ( ! mature wood1 ins]t$ two-?irds _! l5g?1 usually gr[ readily1 especially if tak5 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] & /or$ dur+ w9t]1 9 ! same way z currant cutt+s4 ,s+le eye cutt+s may be us$ = r>e k9ds4 ,/rong] plants are usually obta9$ by lay]s1 & ! ,engli% v>ieties are ne>ly always lay]$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,m\nd-lay]+ is usually employ$1 ! ,engli% v>ieties be+ all[$ to rema9 9 lay]age two ye>s1 b ! ,am]ican v>ieties only "o 7,fig4 #ba74 ,lay]$ plants are usually set 9 nurs]y r[s = a ye> aft] removal f ! /ools4 ,gre5-lay]+ dur+ summ] is sometimes practic$ = new or r>e v>ieties4 ,/rong plants may also be procur$ by tip-lay]+1 z 9 ! black raspb]ry 7see p4 #cc74 ,if x is desir$ to tra9 ! weak] gooseb]ries 9 tree =m1 !y may be graft$ ^u ! /rong]-gr[+ v>ieties4 ,gordonia1 includ+ ,polyspora4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,propagat$ by se$s or lay]s4 ,gorse4 ,see ,ulex4 ,g\mi4 ,see ,elagnus4 ,g\rds 7,cucurbita ,pepo1 ,lag5>ia1 etc474 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 aft] ! wea!r is settl$ & gr\nd is w>m4 ,gramman!s4 ,crassulace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ 9 a w>m h\se4 ,granadilla 7,passiflora edulis1 etc474 ,passiflore4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or1 less easily1 by cutt+s4 ,grape 7,vitis1 sev]al species74 ,vitace4 ,grape se$l+s are v easily gr[n4 ,if ! gr\nd is fit & !re is no dang] f v]m91 ! se$s may be s[n 9 ! fall1 b !y are usually /ratifi$ & s[n 9 spr+4 ,!y come readily if s[n out-doors1 b "s pref] to =ce !m "u glass ) a mild bottom heat4 ,se$l+s d n come true1 & !y are !re=e gr[n only = ! purpose ( obta9+ new sorts4 ,! grape is v readily multipli$ by lay]s1 ei!r ( ! ripe or gre5-wood4 ,! ripe wood or canes may be lay]$ ei!r 9 fall or spr+1 b spr+ is usually *os54 ,! cane is simply cov]$ up two or ?ree in*es deep1 & ne>ly e bud w produce a plant4 ,9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] ! lay] %\ld be lift$ & cut up into plants4 ,bett] plants are obta9$ if only ! /ronge/ canes are us$ & only a "p ( ! buds on ea* are all[$ to gr[4 ,! cane is usually cut back to f\r or five buds1 or if v /rong plants are desir$ only "o bud is left on ea* lay]4 ,canes ( ! previ\s ye>1 ^? rec5tly matur$1 are pref]r$1 al?\gh wood two or ?ree ye>s old may be us$1 b 9 ?is case x is usually necess>y to cut or o!rwise w\nd ! jo9t 9 ord] to induce ! =mation ( roots4 ,v9es or /ools gr[n = ! production ( lay]s %\ld be cut back sev]ely 9 fall or w9t]1 to induce a vigor\s gr[? ( canes ! foll[+ season4 ,^! canes are !n lay]$ ! succe$+ fall or spr+4 ,only a "p ( ! canes are lay]$ f any /ool1 a "p be+ all[$ to gr[ = cutt+ back ! next fall 9 ord] to get ano!r crop ( canes4 ,9 "s v>ieties :i* d n /rike readily f cutt+s1 lay]+ is consid]ably practic$ by nurs]ym54 ,! ,delaw>e is (t5 gr[n 9 ?is way4 ,extra /rong lay]s c be secur$ by lay]+ 9 pots4 ,a l>ge pot1 fill$ ) ri* soil1 is plung$ b5ea? ! lay]4 ,9 ?is mann] a lay] may be root$ & sep>at$ ev5 :ile c>ry+ fruit4 ,lay]+ 9 pots is employ$ only 9 special cases4 ,gre5-lay]+ is sometimes practic$ ^u new & sc>ce v>ieties1 b /rong plants are n obta9$ unless !y are well h&l$ by =ceful culture aft] !y are sep>at$4 ,! gr[+ cane is lay]$ 9 mid-summ]1 usually by s]p5t9e lay]+4 ,cutt+s are usually employ$ by nurs]ym5 to propagate ! grape4 ,^! are made 9 _m fa%ions4 ,9 all ord9>y cases h>d-wood cutt+s are made f ! rip5$ canes 9 autumn or w9t] :5 ! v9es are prun$4 ,x is advisable to take ! cutt+s be=e ! canes h be5 expos$ to great cold4 ,select only ^? canes :i* are well-matur$1 solid & r %ort-jo9t$4 ,9 common practice1 ! cutt+s are cut into two-bud l5g?1 ! l[] cut be+ made close to ! bud4 ,! cutt+s w range f six to t5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"s pref] ?ree-bud cutt+s 7,fig4 #dc71 b unless ! cane is v %ort-jo9t$ su* cutt+s are too long to be plant$ & h&l$ economically4 ,?ree-bud cutt+s usually give /rong] plants ! fir/ season because roots />t f bo? jo9ts z a rule4 ,v /rong plants are obta9$ f mallet cutt+s 7,fig4 #de71 b z only "o su* cutt+ c be made f a cane1 unless ! cane be>s v /rong bran*es1 !y are n mu* us$4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( peel+1 slitt+ & slic+ cutt+s are recomm5d$1 9 ord] to ext5d ! callus+ process b !y are n us$ 9 common or comm]cial practice4 ,! cutt+s are ti$ 9 bundles ( #ej or #ajj1 & /or$ 9 s&1 moss1 or sawdu/ 9 a cell>1 until spr+1 :5 !y are plant$ 9 r[s 9 ! op54 ,"s v>ieties1 ( :i* ! ,delaw>e is an example1 d n /rike readily f cutt+s4 ,"s gr[]s />t common cutt+s ( ^! "u glass 9 spr+4 ,o!rs bury ! bundles ( cutt+s 9 a w>m exposure 9 ! fall1 ) ! butt ends up & ab\t level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is af=ds bottom heat to ! butts & induces callus+4 ,at ! approa* ( cold wea!r ! cutt+s are remov$ to a cell>1 or are heavily mul*$ & all[$ to rema9 :]e buri$4 ,/or+ is saf]4 ,"s gr[]s obta9 ! same results by bury+ upside d[n 9 a cell>4 ,^! sl[-root+ sorts (t5 />t well if !y are simply kept 9 a w>m cell>--b :]e ! buds w n swell--all w9t]1 z ! callus+ is !n ha/5$4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ season ! plants may be transplant$4 ,! plants are (t5 sold at ?is age1 b buy]s usually pref] two-ye>-old plants4 ,s+le bud or eye cutt+s are l>gely us$ = ! new] & r>] v>ieties4 ,^! are cut f ! canes 9 ! fall1 ! same z long cutt+s1 & are /or$ 9 boxes ( s& or moss4 ,a mon? be=e ! wea!r becomes settl$1 ^! boxes may be tak5 into a h\se or gre5h\se1 or put 9 a mild hot-b$1 to induce ! =mation ( ! callus4 ,!y may !n be plant$ out-doors1 & a fair proportion ( mo/ v>ieties may be expect$ to gr[4 ,! be/ & commone/ way ( h&l+ eyes1 h[ev]1 is to />t !m "u glass4 ,!y are plant$ horizontally or ne>ly s & ab\t an in* deep 9 s& or s&y e>? 9 a cool gre5h\se 9 late w9t]--9 ,febru>y 9 ! nor!rn /ates--& 9 ab\t six weeks ! plants w be l>ge en\gh to pot (f or to transplant into cold-frames or a cool h\se4 ,if only a few plants are to be gr[n !y may be />t$ 9 pots4 ,:5 ! wea!r is ?or\ghly settl$1 !y are transf]r$ to nurs]y r[s1 & by fall !y w make f9e plants4 ,!re are v>i\s ways recomm5d$ = ! cutt+ ( ^! eyes--z cutt+ ! ends obliquely up or d[n1 %av+ (f ! b>k bel[ ! bud1 & s on--b ! advantages ( ^! fa%ions are imag9>y4 ,a good eye-cutt+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! =eign grapes are propagat$ by eyes 9 ! nor?4 ,s(t cutt+s are sometimes us$ to multiply new k9ds4 ,^! may be tak5 9 summ] f ! gr[+ canes1 b ! plants are usually =c$ dur+ w9t] = ! purpose ( giv+ extra wood4 ,cutt+s are tak5 (f z fa/ z buds =m dur+ ! w9t]1 & !y are =c$ 9 close frames ) a good bottom heat4 ,! cutt+s may comprise two buds1 ) ! leaf at ! upp] "o all[$ to rema91 or !y may be> b a s+le eye1 9 :i* case ! leaf1 or ! mo/ ( x1 is left on4 ,?is rapid multiplication f small1 s(t wood usually gives poor plants2 b /rong plants may be obta9$ by all[+ ! wood to become well h>d5$ be=e x is us$4 ,s(t cutt+s w root 9 two or ?ree weeks "u good treatm5t4 ,9 ord] to secure extra /rong plants f s+le buds1 ! eyes may be saddle-graft$ or :ip-graft$ ^u a root two or ?ree in*es long4 ,! root-grafts are !n treat$ 9 ! same way z eye cutt+s1 only t !y are usually gr[n 9 pots f ! />t4 ,! v9e may be graft$ ) ease by any me?od4 ,cleft-graft+ is commonly employ$ ^u old plants4 ,! cions are ins]t$ on ! cr[n ( ! plant1 ?ree or f\r in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! cleft is b\nd ) /r+ & !n cov]$ ) e>?1 no wax be+ necess>y4 ,"y plants are usually :ip-graft$ at ! cr[n1 ei!r 9-doors or out-doors4 ,graft+ ! v9e is mo/ly conf9$ to ,europe1 ,cali=nia1 & o!r c\ntries :]e ! ,european grape 7,vitis v9if]a7 is gr[n1 z t species mu/ be graft$ ^u "s o!r /ock 9 ord] to resi/ ! phyllox]a4 ,! common wild fro/-grape 7,vitis rip>ia7 is ! mo/ popul> /ock4 ,! union 9 ^! cases mu/ be two or ?ree in*es above ! gr\nd1 to prev5t ! cion f tak+ root4 ,! union is w\nd ) wax$ musl91 & ! e>? is heap$ ab\t x until x has heal$4 ,graft+ may be done out-doors 9 w9t] or spr+4 ,9 ! nor?1 w9t] grafts are likely to be heav$ by fro/s1 & late spr+ grafts1 made z ! leaves are pu%+1 are probably be/4 ,! v9e is frequ5tly in>*$1 & e>ly 9 spr+ x c be budd$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,se$-graft+ is a curi\s practice1 :i* may be appli$ to ! grape 7see page #ij74 ,grape ,hyac9?4 ,see ,musc>i4 ,graptophyllum1 ,e>lia4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( r firm "y %oots plac$ 9 a frame ) "s heat4 ,gratiola1 ,sophronan! 7,h$ge ,hyssop74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ readily by divid+ ! roots 9 spr+4 ,grevillea4 ,proteace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 s[n "u glass 9 ,febru>y2 also by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood4 ,grewia1 ,*ad>a1 ,mallococca4 ,tiliace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s may be /ruck 9 s& "u glass1 ) heat4 ,gr9delia4 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 ! bord] or "u a frame4 ,divisions4 ,cutt+s4 ,gr\nd-,*]ry4 ,see ,physalis4 ,gr\nd-,nut4 ,see ,apios2 also ,pea-nut4 ,gr\ndsel4 ,see ,s5ecio4 ,guaiacum4 ,zygophylle4 ,rip5$ cutt+s 9 spr+1 "u a h&-glass1 9 heat4 ,guava 7,psidium1 sev]al species74 ,myrtace4 ,! guavas gr[ readily f se$s1 & plants w (t5 bloom :5 a ye> & a half old4 ,!y may also be multipli$ by lay]s1 & by cutt+s ei!r "u glass or 9 ! op54 ,gueld] ,rose4 ,see ,viburnum4 ,gu]nsey ,lily4 ,see ,n]9e4 ,gumbo4 ,see ,hibiscus4 ,gum1 ,sweet4 ,see ,liquidamb>4 ,gum-tree4 ,see ,eucalyptus4 ,gunn]a4 ,halorage4 ,propagat$ by division4 ,x is v difficult to raise f se$4 ,gu/avia1 ,pirig>a4 ,myrtace4 ,cutt+s1 made ( rip5$ %oots & h&l$ 9 a frame4 ,gymnema4 ,asclepiade4 ,make cutt+s ( firm side %oots 9 spr+1 & place 9 a frame4 ,gymnocladus 7,k5tucky ,c(fee-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,readily increas$ by se$s1 :i* />t bett] if soak$ = a few h\rs 9 hot wat]4 ,also by root-cutt+s4 ,gymnogramme4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,gymnyo/a*ys4 ,aroide4 ,propagation is effect$ by suck]s & divisions4 ,gyn]ium 7,pampas ,grass74 ,gram9e4 ,se$s1 "u glass 9 ! nor?4 ,also increas$ by divid+ ! tufts4 ,gynura4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by cutt+s & se$s4 ,gypsophila4 ,c>yophylle4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 division or cutt+s4 ,habran?us4 ,see ,zephyran!s4 ,habro?amnus4 ,see ,ce/rum4 ,hackb]ry4 ,see ,celtis4 ,hman?us 7,blood ,fl[]74 ,am>yllide4 ,bulbels1 :i* %\ld be remov$ & pott$ :5 ! plants are comm5c+ new gr[?1 & be kept 9 a close pit or h\se till e/abli%$4 ,se$s are r>ely us$4 ,hmodorum 7,au/ralian ,blood-root74 ,hmodorace4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! roots 9 spr+4 ,hakea1 ,con*ium4 ,proteace4 ,well-rip5$ cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s&y peat "u glass1 9 a cool h\se4 ,se$s1 :5 obta9able1 c be us$4 ,halesia1 ,pt]o/yrax 7,silv]-bell or ,sn[drop ,tree74 ,/yracace4 ,se$s1 :i* r>ely g]m9ate till ! second ye>4 ,!y %\ld be kept con/antly moi/4 ,propagation is also effect$ by lay]s1 or by cutt+s ( ! roots 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,lay]s are commonly employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,halimod5dron 7,salt-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,freely increas$ by se$s1 lay]s or cutt+s4 ,may also be graft$ on common laburnum4 ,hamamelis 7,wit*-hazel74 ,hamamelide4 ,all gr[ f se$s or lay]s1 & ! ,japan species succe$ if graft$ on ,am]ican species 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,h4 ,virg9ica may be readily propagat$ by lay]s4 ,hamelia4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s :i* are ne>ly ripe w root dur+ ! e>ly "p ( summ] "u glass1 ) heat4 ,hamiltonia1 ,sp]madictyon4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,half-rip5$ cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,h>d5b]gia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s may be us$2 also increas$ by divisions4 ,cutt+s1 made ( ! firm "y side %oots 9 spr+1 w gr[ if ins]t$ "u a bell-glass1 & plac$ 9 a w>m frame or pit1 )\t bottom heat4 ,h>dwickia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by rip5$ cutt+s 9 s&1 9 a /rong heat4 ,h>ebell4 ,see ,campanula4 ,hat*et ,cactus4 ,see ,pelecyphora4 ,haw1 ,haw?orn4 ,see ,cratgus4 ,hazel4 ,see ,corylus4 ,he>tsease4 ,see ,viola4 ,hea?4 ,see ,erica4 ,hea!r4 ,see ,calluna4 ,h$]a 7,ivy74 ,araliace4 ,se$s4 ,lay]s4 ,! root$ portions ( ! v9e may be sev]$ & treat$ z indep5d5t plants4 ,cutt+s may be made 9 autumn f any firm %oots1 & ins]t$ 9 pots or 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,if !y are plac$ 9 heat & kept %ad$ until roots are =m$1 good plants are obta9$ mu* soon] ?an :5 plac$ 9 a cold-frame or 9 ! op5 air4 ,nam$ v>ieties are graft$ on ! /ock ( any common /rong climb+ =m4 ,h$y*ium 7,indian ,g>l& ,fl[]74 ,scitam9e4 ,se$s1 r>ely4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! rhizomes 9 spr+1 :5 ! plants are repott$4 ,h$ys>um4 ,legum9os4 ,propagation is effect$ by means ( se$s & division4 ,hel5ium4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s or divisions4 ,helian!mum1 includ+ ,fumana 7,rock-,rose1 ,sun-,rose74 ,ci/9e4 ,! annuals are rais$ f se$s4 ,! p]5nials may also be rais$ f se$s1 b x is bett] to tru/ to lay]s & to cutt+s1 :i* w root freely 9 a s&y soil1 if kept %ad$ until e/abli%$4 ,helian?us1 includ+ ,h>palium 7,sunfl[]74 ,composit4 ,by se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 pots1 & ! se$l+s transf]r$1 or 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 spr+4 ,also divisions4 ,heli*rysum1 ,eli*rysum 7,ev]la/+s74 ,composit4 ,! annual species & ! v>ieties ( ,h4 bracteatum may be rais$ f se$1 s[n 9 a light heat 9 e>ly spr+1 & aft]w>ds transplant$2 or s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd a little lat]4 ,! p]5nial species are increas$ by cutt+s 9 spr+1 9 a close frame )\t heat4 ,heliconia4 ,scitam9e4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 b ! be/ me?od is by division ( ! root /ock 9 spr+ :5 gr[? comm5ces4 ,sep>ate pieces may be plac$ 9 pots1 & gr[n 9 a moi/ /ove temp]ature1 repott+ :5 necess>y2 or !y may be plant$ out 9 ! /ove1 if desir$4 ,heliotropium 7,heliotrope74 ,borag9e4 ,se$s4 ,! common practice is to use cutt+s4 ,^! c be tak5 at almo/ any season1 if good gr[+ %oots are to be _h4 ,!y />t readily 9 s& or soil on a cutt+ b5*1 or "u a frame4 ,plants = b$d+ are /ruck 9 late w9t] f /ocks :i* are 9 a vigor\s condition4 ,helipt]um1 includ+ ,a/elma1 ,rhodan!4 ,composit4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 "u cov]4 ,helleborus 7,black ,hellebore1 ,*ri/mas ,rose74 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s may be s[n z soon z ripe4 ,/rong & heal?y root divisions are also employ$4 ,helonias4 ,liliace4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s1 & sl[ly by root divisions4 ,hem]ocallis 7,day ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by divisions4 ,h4 ,midd5dorfii & "s o!rs by se$4 ,hemlock ,spruce4 ,see ,tsuga4 ,hemp4 ,see ,cannabis4 ,hepatica4 ,ranunculace4 ,c be propagat$ by division2 also by se$s4 ,h]acleum 7,c[ ,p>sley1 ,c[ ,p>snip74 ,umbellif]4 ,readily increas$ by se$s or divisions4 ,h]b]tia4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by means ( se$s or bulbels4 ,h]b-,rob]t4 ,see ,g]anium4 ,hesp]is 7,dame's ,violet1 ,rocket74 ,crucif]4 ,! s+le sorts are increas$ by se$s2 ! d\ble =ms by c>efully divid+ ! roots1 or by cutt+s4 ,het]oc5tron4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,heu*]a 7,alum ,root74 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s4 ,readily increas$ by divid+ ! cr[ns dur+ spr+4 ,hevea1 ,micr&ra1 ,siphonia4 ,euphorbiace4 ,cutt+s %\ld be made ( half-rip5$ wood1 & ins]t$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,hibb]tia1 includ+ ,cycl&ra1 ,pleur&ra4 ,dill5iace4 ,cutt+s1 9 s&y peat "u glass4 ,hibiscus4 ,malvace4 ,se$s sometimes4 ,also by divisions & lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( gre5-wood are commonly us$1 made 9 summ] = h>dy species or 9 e>ly spr+ = t5d] ones4 ,cutt+s ( rip5$ wood may be tak5 9 fall1 & /or$ until spr+ 9 a r dry place4 ,! v>iegat$ sorts d bett] if graft$ ^u /rong /ocks4 ,hicoria1 ,c>ya 7,hickory1 ,pecan1 etc474 ,jugl&e4 ,increas$ *iefly by se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$2 also by root-spr\ts4 ,se$s are sometimes plant$ at int]vals 9 ! field :]e ! trees are to /&2 b ?is practice is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! hickory c be graft$4 ,be/ results are obta9$ by v5e] or splice-graft+ 9 w9t]1 on pott$ /ocks4 ,cleft-graft+ c be employ$ out-doors4 ,saddle-graft+ ^u "y twigs is sometimes us$4 ,see also ,pecan4 ,hippea/rum 7,eque/rian ,/>74 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s may be s[n z soon z ripe 9 well-dra9$ pots or pans ( s&y loam1 slightly cov]$1 & plac$ 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #fe4 ,= increas+ by divisions--:i* is ! usual way--! old bulbs %\ld be tak5 f ! pots & c>efully sep>at$1 ) ! lea/ possible injury to ! roots4 ,?is %\ld be done :5 ! plants are at re/1 & ! (fsets %\ld be plac$ s+ly 9 pots4 ,keep ! bulb ab\t two-?irds above ! level ( ! soil1 dispose ! roots ev5ly1 & plunge 9 bottom heat1 9 a position expos$ to ! light4 ,hippomane1 ,manc9ella4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,hippopha 7,sall[ ,?orn1 ,sea ,buck?orn74 ,elagnace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 suck]s1 lay]s1 & cutt+s ( ! roots4 ,h(fmannia1 ,higg9sia4 ,rubiace4 ,ins]t cutt+s 9 s&y soil "u cov]1 9 bottom heat4 ,hog ,plum4 ,see ,spondias4 ,holbllia4 ,b]b]ide4 ,9 spr+1 cutt+s may be made ( half-rip5$ %oots4 ,holly4 ,see ,ilex4 ,hollyhock 7,al?a74 ,malvace4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe--9 summ]--9 pots or pans1 & plac$ 9 a slight bottom heat or 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 ei!r case1 place ! se$l+s 9 #c-;in* pots1 & w9t] 9 a cold-frame4 ,divid+ ! roots1 aft] fl[]+ is ov]1 by sep>at+ ! cr[n1 s z to pres]ve "o or m buds & z _m roots z possible to ea* piece4 ,cutt+s ( "y %oots ?ree in*es long1 tak5 (f close to ! old root at ne>ly ! same "t1 %\ld be plac$ s+ly 9 small pots ( light1 s&y soil & kept close1 & %ad$ 9 a cold-frame until root$4 ,if cutt+s are made dur+ w9t]1 a g5tle bottom heat mu/ be giv54 ,also graft$ 7see page #hh74 ,see also ,al?a4 ,hone/y4 ,see ,lun>ia4 ,honey-,locu/4 ,see ,gl$its*ia4 ,honeysuckle4 ,see ,lonic]a4 ,hop4 ,see ,humulus4 ,hop ,hornbeam4 ,see ,o/rya4 ,horeh\nd 7,m>rubium vulg>e74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 9 e>ly spr+4 ,division4 ,horkelia4 ,see ,pot5tilla4 ,hornbeam4 ,see ,c>p9us4 ,horse ,*e/nut4 ,see sculus4 ,horse ,m9t4 ,see ,mon>da4 ,horse-,radi% 7,na/urtium ,armoracia74 ,crucif]4 ,root-cutt+s 7sets74 ,^! are made f ! small side roots :5 ! horse-radi% is dug4 ,!y may be any:]e f "o-f\r? to "o in* 9 diamet]1 & ?ree to six in*es long1 "o end be+ cut slant+1 to m>k x4 ,^! are plant$ obliquely1 two to f\r in*es deep1 9 spr+4 ,!y may be buri$ dur+ w9t]4 7,fig4 #dh74 ,! old cr[ns may be plant$1 b !y make poor] roots4 ,hottonia4 ,primulace4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s & divisions 9 spr+4 ,h\se-,leek4 ,see ,semp]vivum4 ,h\/onia4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,may also be increas$ by c>efully made divisions 9 autumn or spr+4 ,hovea1 ,poiretia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagation is be/ effect$ by se$s1 s[n 9 well-dra9$ pots ( s&y peat soil 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 a g5tle bottom heat4 ,cutt+s are difficult to /rike4 ,hov5ia4 ,rhamne4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,root-cutt+s are also us$4 ,rip5$ cutt+s %\ld be plac$ 9 s&1 "u a h&-glass4 ,hoya 7,honey ,plant1 ,wax ,fl[]74 ,asclepiade4 ,= lay]+1 good-siz$ %oots %\ld h a few ( _! leaves remov$1 & %\ld !n be put 9 pots ( soil until root$4 ,! plants may aft]w>ds be gr[n on1 & repott$ accord+ to _! /r5g?4 ,cutt+s may be tak5 9 spr+ or lat] 9 ! ye>1 f %oots ( ! prec$+ summ]'s gr[?1 & plac$ 9 a compo/ ( peat & s&1 & plung$ 9 bottom heat 9 a frame4 ,a slight %ade & c>eful wat]+ w be necess>y4 ,h4 bella does be/ :5 graft$ on a /rong] gr[+ sort4 ,huckleb]ry4 ,see ,vacc9ium4 ,humea1 ,aga?om]is1 ,calom]ia4 ,composit4 ,s[ se$s 9 light1 f9ely sift$ soil1 & place 9 a frame 9 e>ly summ]4 ,humulus 7,hop74 ,urticace4 ,x may be propagat$ by se$s1 or by divisions 9 spr+4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ! species is increas$ by h>d-wood cutt+s ( two-bud l5g?s f ! be/ old %oots1 & made 9 spr+4 ,leave ! top bud j above ! gr\nd4 ,hyac9?us 7,hyac9?74 ,liliace4 ,se$s are employ$ = ! production ( new v>ieties4 ,^! are s[n ! same season !y mature1 9 light1 s&y soil1 & are cov]$ n m ?an a half-in* deep4 ,9 f\r or five ye>s1 or sometimes ev5 long]1 ! bulbs w be l>ge en\gh to fl[]4 ,v>ieties are p]petuat$ by means ( ! bulbels :i* =m freely ^u "s v>ieties4 ,^! are treat$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z mature bulbs1 or !y may be h&l$ 9 pans or flats4 ,!y make fl[] bulbs 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,to increase ! numb]s ( ^! bulbels1 ! bulbs are v>i\sly cut by ! ,dut* gr[]s4 ,^! practices are describ$ & illu/rat$ on pages #bg & #bh1 ,figs4 #ab-ad4 ,hyac9?s c be propagat$ by leaf cutt+s4 ,/rong leaves %\ld be tak5 9 e>ly spr+ & cut into two or ?ree portions1 ea* portion be+ ins]t$ ab\t an in* 9 good s&y loam1 & giv5 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ge4 ,9 eight or t5 weeks a bulblet w =m at ! base ( ! cutt+ 7see page #eb74 ,! l[] leaves give bett] results ?an ! upp] ones4 ,^! bulblets are !n treat$ 9 ! same mann] z bulbels4 ,hydrangea1 ,hort5sia4 ,saxifrage4 ,! h>dy species are usually propagat$ by gre5 cutt+s 9 summ]1 "u glass 7see ,fig4 #eg74 ,! t5d] species are increas$ by cutt+s tak5 at any "t f vigor\s "y wood1 usually 9 late w9t]4 ,lay]s are occasionally employ$1 & suck]s c be sep>at$ f "s species4 ,sometimes ! h>dy species are =c$ = purposes ( propagation by cuttage4 ,h4 qu]cifolia is propagat$ by little suck]s or root pips4 ,h4 paniculata1 gr&iflora c easily be propagat$ f ! "y wood1 tak5 9 ,june & plant$ "u glass4 ,hym5ocallis4 ,am>yllide4 ,treat$ ! same z ,pancratium1 :i* see4 ,hyp]icum1 includ+ ,&rosmum4 ,hyp]ic9e4 ,easily increas$ by se$s1 cutt+s1 or by /rong pieces ( ! roots ( creep+-root$ species4 ,h>d-wood$ cutt+s tak5 9 fall1 are commonly us$4 ,hypoxis4 ,am>yllide4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s & (fsets4 ,hyssop 7,hyssopus (fic9alis74 ,labiat4 ,se$s4 ,division4 ,ib]is 7,c&ytuft74 ,crucif]4 ,! annuals & bi5nials are increas$ by se$s s[n 9 light s&y soil1 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,! sub-%rubby sorts are also increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 b m (t5 by divisions or by cutt+s4 ,idesia4 ,bix9e4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 spr+ 9 g5tle heat4 ,half-rip5$ cutt+s may be made 9 spr+ or autumn1 & %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s&y loam1 & plac$ "u a bell-glass1 9 g5tle heat4 ,also by root-cutt+s4 ,ilex1 includ+ ,pr9os 7,holly74 ,ilic9e4 ,se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$4 ,!y are (t5 clean$ ( ! pulpy coat by mac]ation4 ,! se$s r>ely g]m9ate until ! second ye>4 ,v>ieties are p]petuat$ by graftage4 ,! v5e]-graft1 ^u pott$ plants1 is usually employ$1 b o!r me?ods may be successful4 ,budd+ is sometimes p]=m$4 ,illicium 7,anise$-tree74 ,magnoliace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( "y rip5$ %oots may be made dur+ summ] & %\ld be plac$ 9 s&y soil1 "u a glass4 ,imantophylium4 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s4 ,usually increas$ by division or by means ( bulbels4 ,impati5s1 ,balsam9a 7,balsam74 ,g]aniace4 ,! common annuals may be rais$ f se$s1 9 spr+1 9 any ord9>y light soil4 ,! /ove & gre5h\se species may be increas$ by se$s1 or f cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 a close frame4 ,i4 ,sultani does be/ f se$s4 ,indian ,fig4 ,see ,opuntia4 ,indian ,%ot4 ,see ,canna4 ,indig(]a 7,indigo74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,cutt+s ( "y %oots may be ins]t$ 9 s&y or peaty soil "u glass1 9 slight heat4 ,+a4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,cutt+s root ) difficulty4 ,inula1 ,elecampane4 ,composit4 ,readily increas$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,ionidium1 ,solea4 ,viol>ie4 ,! h]bace\s species are increas$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,! %rubby sorts are increas$ by cutt+s :i* w root 9 s&1 9 a frame4 ,ipoma1 includ+ ,quamoclit 7,moon-fl[]1 ,morn+ ,glory74 ,convolvulace4 ,all ! annual species are gr[n f se$s4 ,! p]5nials are also increas$ by se$age1 b !y may be rais$ f cutt+s /ruck 9 a =c+-h\se or a frame4 ,! moon-fl[]s (t5 d bett] 9 ! nor? f cutt+s ?an f se$s4 ,i4 ,horsfalli is l>gely propagat$ by lay]s1 & o!r species may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,division is sometimes employ$4 ,i4 p&urata c be propagat$ by root-cutt+s4 ,also graft$ 7see page #hh74 ,ipomopsis4 ,see ,gilia4 ,ires9e1 ,a*yran!s4 ,am>antace4 ,se$s r>ely4 ,increas$ readily by cutt+s4 ,= summ] b$d+ 9 ! nor?1 cutt+s %\ld be />t$ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,= use z w9d[ plants1 !y %\ld be tak5 9 late summ]4 ,iri>tea1 ,deck]ia4 ,palm4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s4 ,iris1 includ+ ,xiphion4 ,iride4 ,se$s gr[ readily & give good results1 & !y are usually produc$ freely1 especially 9 ! bulb\s species4 ,s[ z soon z ripe 9 light soil 9 "s protect$ place4 ,! bulb\s species produce bulbels1 :i* may be us$ = multiplication4 ,! rhizomat\s species are propagat$ by divid+ ! rhizome into %ort root$ pieces4 ,or :5 ! rhizomes lie on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & d n root readily1 !y may be lay]$4 ,ison&ra 7,gutta-,p]*a ,tree74 ,sapotace4 ,ins]t cutt+s 9 s&y soil1 "u glass1 9 heat4 ,isoplexis1 ,callianassa4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots %\ld be made 9 spr+ "u glass4 ,isopyram4 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by divisions1 9 autumn or spr+4 ,itea4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by suck]s1 9 spr+2 & 9 autumn by lay]s4 ,ivy4 ,see ,h$]a & ,ampelopsis4 ,ixia1 includ+ ,morphixia4 ,iride4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 pans ( s&y soil 9 autumn1 & plac$ 9 a cool frame4 ,propagation by bulbels is a mu* quick]1 z x is ! usual me?od4 ,ixiolirion1 ,kolpak[skia4 ,am>yllide4 ,increas$ by se$s2 & by bulbels4 ,ixora4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,usually increas$ by %ort-jo9t$ gre5 cutt+s plac$ 9 a close frame ) a /rong bottom heat4 ,jaborosa4 ,solanace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+1 & by divisions1 also by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 plac$ "u a frame4 ,jac>&a4 ,bignoniace4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots may be made 9 e>ly summ] & plac$ 9 s& ov] s&y peat1 9 heat1 & kept %ad$4 ,also se$s4 ,jacoban ,lily4 ,see ,am>yllis4 ,jacob9ia4 ,see ,ju/icia4 ,jacqu9ia4 ,myrs9e4 ,cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots1 usually made 9 summ]1 plac$ 9 s&1 9 a moi/ bottom heat4 ,jalapa4 ,see ,mirabilis4 ,jambosa4 ,see ,myrtus4 ,jasione 7,%eep's ,scabi\s74 ,campanulace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ or fall1 usually 9 ! op54 ,! p]5nials may be divid$4 ,jasm9um 7,jasm9e1 ,jessam9e74 ,oleace4 ,sometimes by se$s1 b usually by cutt+s ( ! ne>ly rip5$ wood1 "u glass4 ,cutt+s ( ripe wood are also employ$1 & lay]s are (t5 us$4 ,jatropha4 ,euphorbiace4 ,cutt+s made ( firm "y %oots w /rike 9 s&y soil 9 a /rong bottom heat4 ,! cutt+s1 if v fle%y1 may be dri$ a few days be=e sett+ !m4 ,jeff]sonia4 ,b]b]ide4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe1 or divisions may be made4 ,j]usalem ,arti*oke 7,girasole74 ,see ,arti*oke4 ,jessam9e1 ,yell[4 ,see ,gelsemium4 ,jonquil4 ,see ,n>cissus4 ,juba 7,coquito ,palm ( ,*ili74 ,palm4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s4 ,judas-tree4 ,see ,c]cis4 ,juglans 7,walnut & ,butt]nut74 ,jugl&e4 ,all ! species are readily propagat$ by means ( /ratifi$ nuts4 ,d n all[ ! nuts to become dry4 ,artificial crack+ %\ld n be done4 ,9 /iff soils ! se$l+s are apt to produce a long tap-root :i* r5d]s transplant+ difficult aft] ! fir/ ye> or two4 ,! tap-root may be cut by a long knife :ile ! tree is gr[+1 or ! "y se$l+ may be transplant$4 ,p>ticul> v>ieties are p]petuat$ by graft+ or budd+ ) any ( ! common me?ods4 ,9 ! nor?1 !y are sometimes work$ indoors 9 pots4 ,common %ield-budd+ works well1 if ! sap is fl[+ freely 9 ! /ock4 ,flute-budd+ is (t5 employ$4 ,! improv$ native sorts are root-graft$ 9 w9t]4 ,old trees c be top-graft$ l apple-trees 7see p4 #ij74 ,! ,engli% walnut 7,j4 regia7 is mo/ly gr[n direct f se$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! diff]5t v>ieties usually come true4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! native walnut 7,j4 ,cali=nica7 is (t5 us$ z a /ock = ?is species1 & flute-budd+ on bran*es a half-in* or m 9 diamet] is (t5 practic$4 ,twig-budd+1 or ! ins]tion ( a %ort bran*let or bit ( bran* :i* is sev]$ f ! p>5t bran* 9 ! same mann] z a %ield bud1 is sometimes employ$4 ,jujube 7,zizyphus ,jujube74 ,rhamne4 ,se$s & cutt+s4 ,juncus 7,ru%1 ,bulru%74 ,junce4 ,se$s4 ,! p]5nials may be increas$ by division4 ,juneb]ry 7,amelan*i] ,canad5sis1 v>4 oblongifolia74 ,rosace4 ,increas$ by us+ ! spr\ts :i* =m freely ab\t ! old plants2 also by se$s4 ,junip]us 7,junip]1 ,r$ ,c$>74 ,conif]4 ,increas$ readily by se$s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 (t5 lie dormant until ! second ye>4 ,!y g]m9ate m readily if ! pulp is remov$ by mac]ation or by soak+ ) a%es = a few days4 ,gre5 cutt+s1 9 s& "u glass1 root easily2 or mature cutt+s may be tak5 9 fall & plac$ 9 a cold-frame1 9 :i* !y w ne$ little protection dur+ w9t]4 ,"s v>ieties require a long "t to root4 ,mo/ ( ! nam$ v>ieties may be graft$ on import$ ,iri% /ocks1 :i* are mu* us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y may be v5e]-graft$ & h&l$ 9 a cool h\se4 ,jur9ea4 ,composit4 ,increas$ 9 spr+ by se$s or by divisions4 ,jussia4 ,onagr>ie4 ,se$s & divisions are us$ = propagat+4 ,ju/icia1 includ+ ,jacob9ia & ,s]icographis4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s occasionally4 ,! species /rike readily f %ort gre5 cutt+s on a cutt+ b5* or "u a frame4 ,kadsura1 ,s>coc>pon4 ,magnoliace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 made ( ne>ly rip5$ %oots1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,kaki4 ,see ,p]simmon4 ,kalan*oe4 ,crassulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 b cutt+s1 :5 obta9able1 are bett]4 ,kale 7,brassica ol]acea1 v>s474 ,crucif]4 ,by se$s1 s[n 9 ! op5 9 spr+ 9 ! nor?1 or 9 ! fall 9 ! s\?4 ,kalmia 7,m\nta9 ,laurel1 ,calico-bu%74 ,ericace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 %all[ pans ( s&y peat1 & kept 9 a cold-frame until ! se$l+s are l>ge en\gh to transf] to ! op5 air aft] be+ h>d5$ (f4 ,by cutt+s ( "y %oots 9 s&y peat1 plac$ 9 a %ady situation "u a h&-glass4 ,also by lay]s4 ,usually obta9$ f ! woods4 ,k5n$ya4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 spr+ or summ]1 or cutt+s ( r firm side %oots may be made at ! same "t1 & plac$ 9 peaty soil1 9 a close1 w>m frame4 ,k5tia4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s1 plac$ 9 light1 s&y soil1 ) heat4 ,k5tucky ,c(fee-tree4 ,see ,gymnocladus4 ,k]ria4 ,rosace4 ,propagat$ by divisions1 lay]s1 & by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 ins]t$ "u a h&-light1 or by rip5$ cutt+s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 (t5] increas$ by ripe wood 9 fall4 ,kitaibelia4 ,malvace4 ,se$s4 ,may be readily propagat$ by divisions4 ,kle9hovia4 ,/]culiace4 ,se$s4 ,make cutt+s ( ! "y rip5$ %oots1 & place 9 s&1 9 heat1 "u glass4 ,klugia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ usually by cutt+s4 ,knightia1 ,rym&ra4 ,proteace4 ,make cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots ) upp] leaves on1 & place 9 s&y soil "u glass1 9 a v g5tle bottom heat4 ,kniph(ia1 ,tritoma4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by divisions ( ! cr[n 9 e>ly spr+4 ,kn[ltonia1 ,anam5ia4 ,ranunculace4 ,increas$ by se$s & divisions4 ,kllik]ia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,se$s1 c>efully s[n4 ,may be propagat$ by divid+ ! tub]s4 ,klreut]ia4 ,sap9dace4 ,propagat$ 9 spr+ by se$1 by lay]s 9 autumn1 & by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots 9 spr+2 also by root-cutt+s4 ,kniga4 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 9 spr+4 ,kram]ia4 ,polygale4 ,cutt+s1 set 9 s& "u glass1 9 spr+4 ,kreysigia1 ,triplad5ia4 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ g5]ally by divisions 9 spr+4 ,kydia4 ,malvace4 ,se$s4 ,may be increas$ by cutt+s ( firm %oots1 :i* root 9 s& "u glass4 ,laburnum4 ,legum9os4 ,! species may be increas$ by se$s4 ,lay]s & suck]s are (t5 us$4 ,! v>ieties by graft+ or budd+ on ! common sorts4 ,la*5alia4 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,bulbels4 ,la*na4 ,?ymelace4 ,cutt+s ( %ort "y %oots may be made 9 spr+1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 s&1 "u glass4 ,llia4 ,or*ide4 ,increas$ by pseudo-bulbs1 z 9 cattleya4 ,see also "u ,or*ids4 ,lag]/rmia 7,crape ,myrtle74 ,ly?r>ie4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( firm1 small side %oots may be made 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 bottom heat4 ,lagetta 7,lace ,b>k74 ,?ymelace4 ,usually increas$ by cutt+s ( firm %oots1 plac$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,lagun>ia4 ,malvace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots1 plac$ "u glass1 9 a g5tle heat4 ,lamb]tia4 ,proteace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 slight heat4 ,by cutt+s1 made ( "y & r firm %oots4 ,lantana4 ,v]b5ace4 ,se$s1 :i* give new v>ieties4 ,cutt+s1 9 fall or spr+1 f good gr[+ wood1 9 s& 9 a w>m h\se or frame4 ,lapag]ia1 ,capia1 ,phnocodon4 ,liliace4 ,s[ se$s :5 ripe 9 a s&y peat soil1 & keep 9 a mod]ate heat4 ,increas$ by lay]s ( firm1 /rong %oots4 ,laportea4 ,urticace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s plac$ 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,l>dizibala4 ,b]b]ide4 ,! cutt+s1 made ( half-rip5$ %oots1 %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,l>ix 7,l>*1 ,tam>ack74 ,conif]4 ,se$s %\ld be kept dry ov] w9t] & plant$ e>ly 9 spr+4 ,%ade ! "y plants4 ,v>ieties1 z ! weep+ sorts1 are work$ ^u common /ocks4 ,! graft+ may be done by ! :ip me?od1 out-doors e>ly 9 spr+4 ,r>e sorts are sometimes v5e]-graft$ "u glass4 ,l>kspur4 ,see ,delph9ium4 ,lasi&ra4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! gr[+ wood "u glass4 ,lasiopetalum4 ,/]culiace4 ,se$s4 ,make cutt+s 9 spr+ ( ! half-rip5$ wood1 & ins]t 9 s&1 "u glass4 ,latania4 ,see ,livi/ona4 ,la?yrus 7,sweet ,pea1 ,vet*l+74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 s[n v e>ly 9 ! op54 ,! p]5nials also by se$s1 sometimes by division4 ,lattice-leaf4 ,see ,ouvir&ra4 ,latua4 ,solanace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,laurel1 ,m\nta94 ,see ,kalmia4 ,laurus 7,laurel74 ,laur9e4 ,increas$ by se$s1 lay]s1 & by cutt+s1 plac$ "u a h&-glass 9 s&y soil4 ,also propagat$ by root-cutt+s4 ,lauru/9us4 ,see ,viburnum4 ,lav&ula 7,lav5d]74 ,labiat4 ,divisions4 ,:5 ! fl[]s are fully exp&$1 cutt+s may be made4 ,^! %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 "u a frame4 ,lawsonia1 ,alcanna4 ,ly?r>ie4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 s& "u a glass1 9 heat4 ,laxmannia4 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,propagation is usually effect$ by divisions or bulbels4 ,layia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 a hot-b$1 or 9 ! op5 bord] 9 ! s\?4 ,leaf-,beet or ,*>d4 ,see ,beet4 ,l$um 7,labrador ,tea74 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & divisions1 b pr9cipally by lay]s1 9 s&y peat soil4 ,leek 7,allium ,porrum74 ,liliace4 ,se$s1 s[n v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ei!r out-doors or 9 a cold-frame4 ,leian?us4 ,g5tiane4 ,se$s1 "u cov]2 or cutt+s ( "y %oots may be made1 & ins]t$ 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,leiophyllum 7,s& ,myrtle74 ,ericace4 ,may be freely increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 pans & plac$ 9 a frame4 ,by lay]s 9 autumn4 ,lemon 7,citrus ,limonum74 ,rutace4 ,! nam$ sorts are budd$ ^u ei!r orange or lemon /ocks4 ,orange /ocks are probably mo/ g5]ally pref]r$1 z !y are adapt$ to a great v>iety ( soils1 & vigor\s trees ne>ly always result4 ,! budd+ is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ^u ! orange1 :i* see4 ,lemons are (t5 gr[n f cutt+s ( ! mature wood1 :i* are set 9 ! op5 gr\nd z soon z ! spr+ becomes w>m1 or 9 a frame4 ,/ocks = budd+ ^u are sometimes gr[n f cutt+s 9 ?is way4 ,l5til 7,ervum1 v>i\s species74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 e>ly spr+4 ,leonotis 7,lion's ,e>1 ,lion's ,tail74 ,labiat4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* root freely 9 a g5tle bottom heat1 9 e>ly spr+4 ,leontice4 ,b]b]ide4 ,may be increas$ by se$s or by suck]s4 ,leontopodium 7,edelweiss1 ,lion's ,foot74 ,composit4 ,may annually be rais$ f se$s1 or ! old plants may be divid$ 9 spr+4 ,! se$s mu/ be kept 9 a dry place ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,lepa*ys4 ,see ,rudbeckia4 ,leptosyne4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,les*5aultia4 ,good5ovie4 ,9 spr+ or summ] cutt+s may be tak5 f ! po9ts ( %oots t are r firm1 & plac$ 9 s&y peat1 9 a %ad$ frame4 ,less]tia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagation by se$s1 or by divisions 9 spr+4 ,lettuce 7,lactuca sativa74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 :i* may be s[n "u glass or 9 ! op54 ,9 ! middle & s\!rn /ates1 ! se$s may be s[n 9 ! fall1 & ! plants protect$ dur+ cold by a mul*2 or ! plants may gr[ dur+ w9t] 9 ! w>m] p>ts4 ,leucad5dron 7,silv] ,tree74 ,proteace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,leucoium 7,sn[flake74 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s1 = produc+ new sorts4 ,propagation is commonly effect$ by bulbels1 :i* %\ld be secur$ z soon z possible aft] ! foliage rip5s4 ,leuco?o4 ,ericace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be cov]$ v lightly4 ,by divisions ( e/abli%$ plants 9 autumn or w9t]4 ,also by lay]s4 ,lewisia4 ,portulacace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 or by divisions 9 spr+4 ,leyce/]ia4 ,caprifoliace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 spr+4 ,by cutt+s ( ! %ort "y %oots1 made 9 spr+2 by old] ones made 9 autumn4 ,leyss]a4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by firm cutt+s1 plac$ 9 s&y soil dur+ summ]4 ,liatris 7,blaz+ ,/>1 ,button ,snake-,root74 ,composit4 ,se$s are usually s[n e>ly 9 autumn4 ,divisions may be made 9 spr+4 ,libonia4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s are r>ely employ$4 ,usually increas$ by %ort gre5 cutt+s 9 a frame4 ,licuala1 ,p]icycla4 ,palm4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 spr+ 9 a s&y soil1 & plac$ 9 a /rong1 moi/ bottom heat4 ,lietzia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 9 heat2 by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 s& "u a glass1 9 bottom heat2 or by tub]s1 :i* mu/ be kept dry 9 w9t] & pott$ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,lightfootia4 ,campanulace4 ,! annuals1 by se$s s[n 9 a w>m frame 9 spr+4 ,p]5nials also by cutt+s made ( "y %oots plac$ 9 s& conta9+ a little peat1 "u glass4 ,ligul>ia4 ,composit4 ,increas$ by se$s1 or by divisions 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,ligu/rum 7,privet1 ,prim74 ,oleace4 ,/ratifi$ se$s4 ,division4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are gr[n f cutt+s1 ei!r ( gre5 or ripe wood4 ,lilac4 ,see ,syr+a4 ,lilium 7,lily74 ,liliace4 ,se$s--giv+ new v>ieties 9 ! v>iable species--%\ld be s[n z soon z ripe 9 well-dra9$ pans ( s&y peat1 slightly cov]$ ) simil> soil & a lay] ( moss1 & plac$ 9 a cool frame4 ,usually increas$ by bulbels1 :i* %\ld be plant$ a few in*es ap>t 9 prep>$ b$s4 ,sometimes small bulblets =m 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 & ^! are us$ 9 ! same mann] z bulbels4 ,bulb-scales are (t5 employ$ = ! multiplication ( sc>ce k9ds4 ,^? :i* produce l>ge & loose bulbs1 z ,l4 c&idum1 may be increas$ by simple division4 ,^! op]ations are describ$ on pp4 #be to #bi4 ,lily ( ! ,valley4 ,see ,convall>ia4 ,lime 7,citrus ,limetta74 ,rutace4 ,se$s1 :i* usually reproduce ! v>iety4 ,"s v>ieties are budd$ ^u /rong se$l+s4 ,lime-tree4 ,see ,tilia4 ,limnan!s4 ,g]aniace4 ,freely increas$ by se$s 9 any ord9>y g>d5 soil 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,limno*>is4 ,alismace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 by divisions1 & by runn]s4 ,l9>ia 7,toadflax74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 light soil1 9 e>ly spr+4 ,or by divisions made 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,! gre5h\se species are ord9>ily gr[n f se$s1 :i* %\ld be c>efully s[n 9 f9ely pulv]iz$ soil4 ,cutt+s may also be us$4 ,l9d54 ,see ,tilia4 ,l9dleya4 ,rosace4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s "u glass 9 bottom heat2 or by graft+ on ! haw?orn4 ,l9na4 ,caprifoliace4 ,naturally increas$ by lay]s or runn]s4 ,se$s are r>ely employ$4 ,l9um 7,flax74 ,l9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 ! h>dy species s[n out-doors & ! t5d] ones "u glass4 ,cutt+s may be tak5 f firm %oots & ins]t$ 9 a s&y position "u glass4 ,! ord9>y flax is s[n directly 9 ! field4 ,lippia1 includ+ ,aloysia1 ,zapania4 ,v]b5ace4 ,se$s4 ,usually by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 :i* w root freely 9 s&y soil 9 a close1 w>m frame4 ,if x is n possible to secure ! necess>y heat1 cutt+s ( ! h>d wood c be us$ 9 autumn1 "u glass4 ,liquidamb> 7,sweet ,gum74 ,hammelide4 ,se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$ or s[n z soon z ripe4 ,_m ( ! se$s may lie dormant until ! second ye>4 ,liquorice4 ,see ,glycyrrhiza4 ,liriod5dron 7,tulip-tree1 ,:ite-wood74 ,magnoliace4 ,increas$ by /ratifi$ se$s4 ,nam$ v>ieties are graft$ on se$l+s4 ,! se$s ( ! tulip-tree are apt to be holl[1 especially ^? gr[n along ! ea/]n limits ( ! di/ribution ( ! species4 ,lisian?us4 ,g5tiane4 ,! annuals may be increas$ by se$s1 ^? ( a %rubby habit by cutt+s4 ,lit*i4 ,see ,nephelium4 ,li?osp]mum1 includ+ ,bats*ia 7,gromwell74 ,borag9e4 ,may be propagat$ by se$s1 by divisions1 or by cutt+s4 ,livi/ona1 ,latania1 ,s>ibus 7,fan ,palm74 ,palm4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 a s&y soil & plac$ 9 a g5tle bottom heat4 ,lloydia4 ,liliace4 ,se$s r>ely4 ,increas$ by bulbels1 or by ! creep+ %oots leav+ a bulb at ! extremity4 ,loasa1 includ+ ,illairea4 ,loase4 ,all are easily increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a light1 s&y soil1 usually "u cov]4 ,cutt+s are r>ely us$4 ,lobelia4 ,campanulace4 ,ord9>ily increas$ by se$s1 :i* are m c]ta9 if h&l$ 9 pans or flats "u glass4 ,cutt+s f vigor\s %oots may be employ$1 & /rong plants ( "s species may be divid$4 ,! c>d9al fl[] 7,l4 c>d9alis7 is gr[n f se$s c>efully s[n 9 f9e soil1 usually "u cov]4 ,locu/-tree4 ,see ,rob9ia4 ,loddigesia4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ 9 spr+ by cutt+s plac$ "u glass1 9 s&y soil4 ,lselia1 ,hoitzia4 ,polemoniace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots 9 s& "u glass4 ,logania1 ,euosma4 ,loganiace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( firm side %oots ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 "u glass4 ,loiseleurea4 ,ericace4 ,propagation by lay]s2 v r>ely by se$s1 :i* are sl[ & unc]ta94 ,lomatia1 ,tricondylus4 ,proteace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( well-rip5$ %oots plac$ 9 a g5tle heat "u glass4 ,lon*oc>pus4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ by gr[+ cutt+s plac$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 mild heat4 ,lonic]a1 includ+ ,caprifolium & ,xylo/eum 7,honeysuckle74 ,caprifoliace4 ,se$s1 = new v>ieties4 ,s[ z soon z ripe1 or /ratify1 fir/ remov+ !m f ! pulp4 ,! upright species are commonly gr[n f lay]s & f cutt+s ( dormant wood4 ,! creep]s are mo/ly gr[n f dormant cutt+s4 ,lopezia1 ,pisaura4 ,onagr>ie4 ,se$s1 "u cov] 9 spr+4 ,also increas$ by cutt+s4 ,lophan?us 7,giant ,hyssop74 ,labiat4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s & divisions4 ,lophosp]mum4 ,see ,maur&ya4 ,loquat4 ,see ,phot9ia4 ,lotus4 ,legum9os4 ,! species may be rais$ annually f se$s4 ,increas$ also by cutt+s4 ,lotus ( ! ,nile4 ,see ,nympha4 ,lovage 7,levi/icum (fic9ale74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 & division4 ,luc]n4 ,see ,m$icago4 ,luculia4 ,rubiace4 ,s[ se$s 9 s&y soil & place 9 a little heat4 ,cutt+s ( "y %oots may be ins]t$ 9 spr+1 "u glass1 9 g5tle bottom heat = ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks4 ,ins]t imm$iately aft] cutt+ & wat] freely4 ,luffa 7,di%-clo? ,g\rd74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 ! op51 or 9 ! nor? bett] />t$ 9 pots 9 e>ly spr+4 ,lun>ia 7,hone/y74 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,lup9us 7,lup974 ,legum9os4 ,se$s ( annuals may be s[n 9 ! op5 bord] dur+ e>ly spr+4 ,! p]5nials may be increas$ ! same way1 or by divid+ ! /rong] gr[+ plants dur+ v e>ly spr+4 ,lyca/e4 ,or*ide4 ,division & pseudo-bulbs4 7,see also "u ,or*ids74 ,ly*nis1 includ+ ,agro/emma1 ,visc>ia4 ,c>yophylle4 ,increas$ readily 9 spr+ by se$s1 divisions or cutt+s4 ,lycium 7,matrimony ,v9e1 ,box ,?orn74 ,solanace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 suck]s1 lay]s2 & by cutt+s made 9 autumn or spr+4 ,lygodium 7,h>t=d ,f]n1 ,climb+ ,f]n74 ,filices4 ,by spores & divisions ( ! root4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,lyonia4 ,ericace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n v c>efully 9 s&y peat soil4 ,also by lay]s4 ,lysima*ia 7,loose/rife74 ,primulace4 ,propagation is easily effect$ by se$s2 by divisions 9 late autumn or e>ly spr+2 & by cutt+s4 ,ly?rum 7,loose/rife74 ,ly?r>ie4 ,se$s & divisions are ! usual me?ods4 ,cutt+s are employ$ = "s species4 ,maclura 7,osage ,orange74 ,urticace4 ,s[ se$ 9 ! spr+4 ,soak 9 w>m wat] a few days be=e s[+4 ,madia4 ,composit4 ,se$s4 ,magnolia4 ,magnoliace4 ,se$s are commonly us$4 ,! cov]+s %\ld be mac]at$ f ! v pulpy species4 ,! cucumb]-trees & "s o!rs are s[n directly 9 autumn4 ,! se$s ( any species %\ld n be all[$ to become ?or\ghly dry4 ,magnolias /rike well f gre5 cutt+s1 cut to a heel & h&l$ "u glass4 ,lay]s are (t5 us$4 ,nam$ v>ieties are v5e]- or side-graft$ ^u /rong /ocks4 ,! cucumb] tree 7,m4 acum9ata7 is us$ z a /ock = all species4 ,! umbrella tree 7,m4 umbrella7 is also a good /ock4 ,mah]nia4 ,/]culiace4 ,propagat$ dur+ summ] by cutt+s ( "y %oots1 "o or two in*es long1 ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 "u glass4 ,mahonia4 ,see ,b]b]is4 ,maid5hair-tree4 ,see ,g9kgo4 ,maize7,zea ,mays74 ,gram9e4 ,se$s 7prop]ly fruits7 plant$ ^u ! approa* ( w>m wea!r4 ,malcolmia4 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,mall[4 ,see ,malva4 ,malope4 ,malvace4 ,se$s may be s[n ei!r "u glass 9 e>ly spr+1 or 9 ! op5 bord] a mon? or two lat]4 ,malpighia4 ,malpighiace4 ,cutt+s ( ne>ly rip5$ %oots may be made 9 summ]1 ) leaves or "u glass4 ,malva 7,mall[74 ,malvace4 ,! annuals by se$s only4 ,! p]5nials may be increas$ by se$s1 divisions or cutt+s4 ,malvaviscus1 ,a*ania4 ,malvace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s ( side %oots1 plac$ "u glass1 9 heat4 ,mammea 7,mammee ,apple1 ,/4 ,dom+o ,apricot74 ,guttif]4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots %\ld be tak5 ) ! leaves on & plac$ 9 a frame4 ,mammill>ia4 ,see ,cactus4 ,m&evilla4 ,apocynace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 lay]s1 or cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood4 ,m&iocca4 ,see ,manihot4 ,m&ragora 7,m&rake74 ,solanace4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,m&rake4 ,see ,m&ragora & ,podophyllum4 ,manettia4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s are sometimes employ$4 ,usually increas$ by cutt+s ( "y %oots4 ,root-cutt+s are sometimes made4 ,mangif]a4 ,see ,mango4 ,mango 7,mangif]a ,indica74 ,anac>diace4 ,/ocks are obta9$ by se$s4 ,! se$s usually h m ?an "o embryo1 sometimes z _m z t54 ,ea* embryo w produce a di/9ct plant4 ,! embryos may be sep>at$ be=e plant+1 b x is pref]able to sep>ate ! "y plantlets soon aft] g]m9ation1 be=e !y gr[ toge!r1 z !y are apt to d4 ,! se$s g]m9ate bett] if ! h>d %ell is remov$ be=e plant+4 ,se$s reta9 _! vitality b a few days1 & if to be %ipp$ = s[+ !y %\ld be enclos$ 9 wax4 ,se$l+s beg9 to be> f ! ?ird to ! six? ye>s4 ,v>ieties are in>*$ ^u o!r /ocks4 ,mango/ana1 ,mango/e54 ,see ,g>c9ia4 ,manic>ia1 ,pilophora4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 a /rong1 moi/ heat4 ,manihot1 ,janipha1 ,m&iocca4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagation is effect$ by cutt+s ( "y & r firm %oots1 plac$ 9 s&y peat "u glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,= ! propagation ( ,m4 ,aipe1 see ,cassava4 ,mantisia4 ,scitam9e4 ,propagat$ usually by divisions1 made j z gr[? comm5ces4 ,maple4 ,see ,ac]4 ,m>anta4 ,scitam9e4 ,propagat$ ! same z ,cala!a1 :i* see4 ,m>gu]ite or ,p>is ,daisy 7,*rysan!mum frutesc5s74 ,composit4 ,cutt+s1 z describ$ = ,*rysan!mum4 ,m>ica4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 & by division ( ! rhizomes1 plac+ ea* portion 9 s&1 9 a high bottom heat4 ,m>igold4 ,see ,tagetes4 ,m>iposa ,lily4 ,see ,calo*ortus4 ,m>sd5ia4 ,asclepiade4 ,9 spr+1 cutt+s may be made & ins]t$ 9 s&1 "u glass4 ,m>%-,mall[4 ,see ,al?a4 ,m>%-,m>igold4 ,see ,cal?a4 ,m>tynia 7,unicorn ,plant74 ,p$al9e4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to gr[1 or />t$ "u glass 9 ! nor?4 ,masdevallia4 ,or*ide4 ,division4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,mat?iola 7,/ock1 ,gillifl[]74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 s[n ei!r "u cov] or 9 ! g>d54 ,gr[s readily f cutt+s4 ,maur&ya1 includ+ ,lophosp]mum4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 heat4 ,cutt+s ( "y gr[? "u glass4 ,mauritia1 includ+ ,orophoma4 ,palm4 ,s[ se$s 9 heat4 ,maxill>ia4 ,or*ide4 ,division ( ! plants1 & also ( ! pseudo-bulbs4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,may-,apple4 ,see ,podophyllum4 ,mead[-,rue4 ,see ,?alictrum4 ,mead[-,sweet4 ,see ,spira4 ,meconopsis4 ,papav]ace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 e>ly spr+ 9 a g5tle heat4 ,also propagat$ by division4 ,m$eola 7,indian ,cucumb]74 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,may be increas$ by divid+ ! plants 9 spr+4 ,m$icago 7,luc]no1 ,m$ick74 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s or divisions4 ,m$9illa4 ,mela/omace4 ,cutt+s ( "y wood 9 /rong1 close heat4 ,m$l> 7,pyrus or ,mespilus ,g]manica74 ,rosace4 ,/ocks are gr[n f /ratifi$ m$l> se$s1 & ! plant may be work$ ^u ^!1 ! ?orn or qu9ce4 ,meg>rhiza4 ,cucurbitace4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s1 s[n 9 g5tle heat 9 spr+4 ,melittis 7,ba/>d ,balm74 ,labiat4 ,se$s & division4 ,melaleuca4 ,myrtace4 ,se$s4 ,9 spr+1 cutt+s gett+ firm at ! base may be made ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,place 9 a compo/ ( peat & s&y loam4 ,mela/oma4 ,mela/omace4 ,make cutt+s dur+ spr+1 & place 9 s&y peat "u glass 9 heat4 ,melia 7,bead-tree74 ,meliace4 ,se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ wood "u glass4 ,melian?us 7,honey ,fl[]74 ,sap9dace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 by root-spr\ts1 or by cutt+s1 :i* root freely "u glass4 ,meli*rus4 ,epacride4 ,cutt+s ( ! %oots %\ld be made1 ab\t two in*es long1 & ins]t$ 9 s&y soil4 ,melicocca 7,g9ep1 ,spani% ,lime74 ,sap9dace4 ,se$s4 ,place rip5$ cutt+s 9 s& "u glass1 9 heat4 ,melocactus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,melon 7,cucumis ,melo74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,9 ! nor? !y are occasionally />t$ "u glass 9 pots or pieces ( inv]t$ sods1 by amateurs4 ,m5isp]mum 7,moon-se$74 ,m5isp]mace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions or cutt+s 9 spr+4 ,m5yan!s 7,buckbean74 ,g5tiane4 ,increas$ by se$s2 by divisions ( ! roots4 ,m5ziesia4 ,ericace4 ,may be increas$ by divid+ e/abli%$ tufts1 by lay]s or by cutt+s4 ,m]t5sia1 ,lungwort4 ,borag9e4 ,propagation is effect$ by s[+ se$s z soon z ripe1 or by divisions 9 autumn4 ,mesembryan!mum 7,fig ,m>igold1 ,ice ,plant74 ,ficoide4 ,may be easily propagat$ by se$s1 s[n "u glass2 by pieces1 pull$ or cut (f1 & laid 9 ! sun on moi/ s&4 ,mespilus4 ,see ,m$l>4 ,metrosid]os4 ,myrtace4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 also by cutt+s ( ! h>d5$ wood 9 late autumn4 ,mez]eum1 ,mez]eon4 ,see ,daphne4 ,mi*lmas ,daisy4 ,see ,a/]4 ,mi*auxia4 ,campanulace4 ,! se$s may be s[n 9 ! bord] 9 spr+4 ,mi*elia4 ,magnoliace4 ,se$s4 ,make cutt+s ( gr[+ wood 9 summ]1 & place 9 s& "u glass4 ,mignonette4 ,see ,res$a4 ,milfoil4 ,see ,a*illea4 ,milkwe$4 ,see ,asclepias4 ,milla4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 bulbels or divisions4 ,miltonia4 ,or*ide4 ,divid+ ! pseudo-bulbs4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,mimosa 7,s5sitive ,plant74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 s[n 9-doors4 ,cutt+s ( r firm %oots1 & ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 9 heat4 ,mimulus 7,monkey ,fl[]1 ,musk ,plant74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be ?9ly s[n & lightly cov]$4 ,also by divisions & cutt+s4 ,m9t4 ,see ,pepp]m9t & ,spe>m9t4 ,mirabilis1 ,jalapa 7,m>vel ( ,p]u1 ,f\r-o'clock74 ,nyctag9e4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ ei!r "u cov] or out-doors4 ,mi/letoe4 ,see ,viscum4 ,mock ,orange4 ,see ,philadelphus4 ,momordica4 ,cucurbitace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 heat e>ly 9 spr+4 ,mon>da 7,horse ,m9t74 ,labiat4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ also by divid+ ! roots4 ,monk's ,hood4 ,see ,aconitum4 ,monsonia4 ,g]aniace4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s1 s[n 9-doors 9 spr+2 by division1 or by cutt+s plac$ 9 s&y soil "u a h&-light1 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,mon/]a1 ,s]angium1 ,tornelia4 ,aroide4 ,easily increas$ by se$s & by cutt+s ( ! /em4 ,montbretia4 ,see ,tritonia4 ,montezuma4 ,malvace4 ,make cutt+s ( r firm %oots1 & ins]t 9 s& "u glass4 ,moon-se$4 ,see ,m5isp]mum4 ,moon-fl[]4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,moric&ia4 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$1 s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd dur+ spr+4 ,mor+a1 ,anoma4 ,mor+e4 ,make cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots 9 spr+1 & ins]t 9 s& "u glass4 ,morn+-glory4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,morus4 ,see ,mulb]ry4 ,m\nta9 ,a%4 ,see ,pyrus4 ,m\nta9 ,laurel4 ,see ,kalmia4 ,m\rn+ ,bride4 ,see ,scabiosa4 ,mucuna4 ,legum9os4 ,propagation may be effect$ by se$s or by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood1 "u glass4 ,muehl5beckia1 ,s>cogonum4 ,polygonace4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ usually by cutt+s1 tak5 9 e>ly summ] 9 a frame4 ,mulb]ry 7,mortis alba1 ,m4 nigra & ,m4 rubra74 ,urticace4 ,new sorts are gr[n by se$s1 :i* %\ld be h&l$ 9 ! same mann] z small fruit se$s4 ,nam$ v>ieties are multipli$ by cutt+s ( ! root1 or ( mature wood1 & sometimes by lay]s4 ,! tree may also be budd$ or graft$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,! common :ite mulb]ry 0 =m]ly us$ z a /ock = nam$ v>ieties1 b ,russian mulb]ry se$l+s are n[ mu* us$4 ,! /ocks may be top-work$ out-doors1 or root-graft$ 9 ! h\se4 ,!y are commonly cr[n-work$1 h[ev]1 9 ! h\se 9 w9t]1 ! /ocks be+ gr[n 9 pots or boxes = ! purpose4 ,!y are !n kept "u glass until ! wea!r p]mits !m out-doors4 ,by ?is me?od f9e specim5 trees are procur$1 b !y are readily h&l$ by *eap] me?ods4 ,! weep+ & o!r ornam5tal sorts are n[ work$ ^u ! ,russian mulb]ry4 ,mulb]ry1 ,pap]4 ,see ,br\ssonetia4 ,mulle94 ,see ,v]bascum4 ,musa 7,banana1 or ,planta9-tree74 ,scitam9e4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 heat dur+ spr+4 ,suck]s are us$ = ^? species :i* produce !m4 ,_m ( ! species d n produce se$s freely1 & suck]s mu/ be reli$ ^u4 ,see ,banana4 ,musc>i1 includ+ ,botryan?us 7,grape ,hyac9?74 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by bulbels1 :i* are obta9$ by lift+ ! old bulbs e>ly 9 ! autumn1 ab\t e second ye>4 ,mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris74 ,break up ! comm]cial spawn into pieces ab\t z l>ge z a h5's egg1 & plant x 9 drills or holes1 us+ f "o-half p\nd to a p\nd ( spawn to ea* squ>e y>d ( b$4 ,! spawn is ! mycelium ( ! fungus held 9 a mass or brick ( e>? & manure4 ,v>i\s me?ods are employ$ = mak+ ! spawn1 b ! ess5tials ( !m all are t ! body ( ! brick %all be compos$ ( a por\s & light mat]ial1 :i* c be compress$ into a compact mass2 fre% mycelium mu/ be communicat$ to ?is mass1 & !n a mild heat mu/ be appli$1 until ! :ole mass is p]meat$ by ! mycelium4 ,! mass %\ld be kept 9 heat until ! :ole ( x assumes a some:at cl\dy look1 b n until ! ?reads ( ! mycelium c be se54 ,ord9>ily1 fre% horse manure1 c[ manure & good loam are mix$ toge!r 9 ab\t equal proportions1 en\gh wat] be+ add$ to r5d] ! mat]ial ( ! consi/5cy ( mort>4 ,x is !n spread ^u ! floor or 9 l>ge vats1 until suffici5tly dry to be cut into bricks4 ,:5 ^! are tol]ably well dri$1 mycelium f a mu%room b$ or f o!r bricks is ins]t$ 9 ! side ( ea* brick4 ,a bit ( spawn ab\t ! size ( a small walnut is ?us ins]t$1 & ! hole is plugg$ up4 ,! bricks are n[ plac$ 9 a mild cov]$ hot-b$1 ) a bottom heat ( #ee to #fe1 & left !re until ! cl\d$ appe>ance indicates t ! mycelium has ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,soil f a good mu%room b$ is sometimes us$ to s[ new b$s1 9 place ( comm]cial spawn4 ,old clumps ( mu%rooms may be all[$ to become dry1 & !y may !n be mix$ into a b$4 ,! spores w !n /ock ! soil & produce a new crop4 ,! full-gr[n mu%room may be laid ^u :ite pap] until ! spores are dis*>g$1 & ^! spores may !n be mix$ into ! e>?4 ,propagation by spores is little und]/ood1 h[ev]4 7,see page #bd47 ,mu/>d 7,brassica or ,s9apis species74 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,mutisia4 ,composit4 ,se$s4 ,lay]s & cutt+s ( gr[+ wood1 ^? ( ! t5d] species 9 bottom heat4 ,myg9dia1 ,rhacoma4 ,cela/r9e4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( firm %oots "u glass4 ,myoporum4 ,myopor9e4 ,se$s1 :5 obta9able4 ,usually by cutt+s ( "y wood 9 heat4 ,myosotis 7,=get-me-n74 ,borag9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+ 9-doors or 9 ! g>d54 ,! p]5nials may also be increas$ by divisions1 9 spr+1 or by cutt+s plac$ "u a h&-glass 9 a %ady spot1 9 summ]4 ,myrica 7,bayb]ry1 ,sweet ,gale1 ,wax ,myrtle1 ,c&leb]ry74 ,myricace4 ,h>dy species mo/ly by se$s1 f :i* ! pulp has be5 remov$4 ,s[ z soon z ripe1 or /ratify !m4 ,lay]s & divisions may also be employ$4 ,! gre5h\se species are increas$ mo/ly by gre5 cutt+s4 ,myri/ica 7,nutmeg74 ,myri/ice4 ,may be increas$ by se$s2 or by cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots plac$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,myrobolan4 ,see ,prunus4 ,myrodia1 ,lex>sa4 ,/]culiace4 ,cutt+s ( firm %oots1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 heat4 ,myroxylon 7,tolu ,balsam-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,propagation is effect$ dur+ summ] by cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots plac$ 9 s& 9 a frame4 ,myrrhis 7,sweet ,cicely or ,myrrh74 ,umbellif]4 ,may be increas$ by divisions or by se$s4 ,myrsiphyllum4 ,liliace4 ,freely increas$ by se$s1 by divisions1 or by cutt+s4 ,m4 asp>agoides1 ! ,smilax or ,bo/on-v9e ( gre5h\ses1 is increas$ by se$s1 :i* g]m9ate readily4 ,myrtus1 includ+ ,ugni 7,myrtle74 ,myrtace4 ,se$s1 :5 !y c be obta9$4 ,readily propagat$ by cutt+s ( firm or p>tially rip5$ %oots1 plac$ 9 a close frame2 ^? ( ! /ove species require a w>m] temp]ature ?an ! half-h>dy ones4 ,ngelia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,se$s r>ely4 ,propagation is effect$ by pott+ ! runn]s 9 spr+ or summ] 9 a compo/ ( peat1 leaf soil & a little loam4 ,cutt+s ( "y %oots1 z mature leaves1 w also root readily4 ,napoleona1 ,belvisia4 ,myrtace4 ,increas$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots two to f\r in*es long1 9 mild bottom heat4 ,n>cissus 7,daffodil1 ,jonquil1 ,*9ese ,sacr$ ,lily74 ,am>yllide4 ,new v>ieties are gr[n f se$s1 :i* give fl[]+ bulbs 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,ord9>ily increas$ by bulbels1 :i* usually fl[] ! second ye>4 ,na/urtium4 ,see ,wat]-,cress & ,tropolum4 ,nauclea4 ,rubiace4 ,may be increas$ by cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots1 9 heat4 ,nect>9e4 ,see ,pea*4 ,negundo 7,box ,eld]74 ,sap9dace4 ,propagates ) read9ess by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe4 ,also by cutt+s ( mature wood1 h&l$ l grape cutt+s4 ,neillia4 ,h&l$ ! same z ,spira1 :i* see4 ,nelumbo1 ,nelumbium 7,wat] ,*9quap91 ,lotus1 ,wat] ,bean74 ,nymphace4 ,se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 %all[ pans ( wat] 9 ! g>d51 or if s[n 9 ponds !y may be incorporat$ 9 a ball ( clay & dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,! se$s ( "s species are v h>d1 & g]m9ation is facilitat$ if !y are v c>efully fil$ or bor$ 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,sections ( ! rhizomes may be us$ in/ead4 ,!y %\ld always be cov]$ ) wat]1 at lea/ a foot or two deep1 if out-doors4 ,nema/ylis1 ,nemo/ylis4 ,iride4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s1 or by bulbels4 ,nematan?us4 ,gesn]ace4 ,se$s r>ely4 ,freely increas$ by cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 s&y soil & kept r dry4 ,nemopan!s 7,m\nta9 ,holly74 ,ilic9e4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe or else /ratifi$2 also by division ( old plants4 ,nemophila4 ,hydrophyllace4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 late summ] or any "t dur+ e>ly spr+4 ,nep5!s 7,pit*] ,plant74 ,nep5?ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,! se$s mu/ h good dra9age1 uni=m conditions & /rong heat 7#hj to #he74 ,s[ ^u a soil made ( peat & f9e sphagnum1 & keep 9 a moi/ & close frame4 ,cutt+s are usually /ruck 9 moss 9 a frame hav+ /rong bottom heat4 ,a good plan is to fill a small pot ) moss1 inv]t x1 & ins]t ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bottom4 ,! pot !n keeps ! moss uni=m4 ,! pot is brok5 :5 ! plant is remov$4 ,:5 pott+ (f1 use v co>se mat]ial4 ,nepeta1 ,gle*oma 7,catm9t1 ,catnip74 ,labiat4 ,propagat$ by s[+ se$ 9 spr+1 or by divisions4 ,nephelium1 ,dimoc>pus1 ,euphoria 7,lit*i74 ,sap9dace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 or by cutt+s made ( half-rip5$ wood4 ,nephrodium4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,nephrolepis4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,n]9e4 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s1 = new v>ieties4 ,commonly increas$ by means ( bulbels4 ,n]ium 7,ole&]74 ,apocynace4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s %\ld be made ( matur$ lead+ %oots1 ins]t$ 9 s+le pots & plac$ 9 a close1 w>m frame2 or !y may be root$ 9 bottles ( wat] & aft]w>ds pott$ 9 soil4 ,see ,fig4 #eb1 a4 ,n]t]a1 ,n]t]ia4 ,rubiace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 divisions1 or cutt+s4 ,any small portion w gr[ freely1 especially if plac$ 9 a w>m frame4 ,nesa1 includ+ ,heimia4 ,ly?r>ie4 ,may be increas$ by means ( se$s1 divisions1 or gre5 cutt+s4 ,nettle-tree4 ,see ,celtis4 ,new ,zeal& ,flax4 ,see ,phormium4 ,nic&ra1 ,calyd]mos4 ,solanace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 ! op5 bord]1 or "u glass 9 ! nor?4 ,nicotiana 7,tobacco74 ,solanace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 />t$ "u glass or 9 a c>efully prep>$ se$-b$4 ,! ornam5tal species sometimes by cutt+s4 ,ni]emb]gia4 ,solanace4 ,gr[n f se$s1 "u glass4 ,cutt+s ( firm %oots are also us$4 ,nigella 7,f5nel ,fl[]1 ,love-9-a-,mi/74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s s[n 9 e>ly spr+ 9 ! op54 ,night%ade4 ,see ,solanum4 ,n9e-b>k4 ,see ,spira4 ,nolana4 ,convolvulace4 ,se$s s[n 9 ! op5 bord] dur+ spr+4 ,norantea1 ,ascium1 ,s*w>tzia4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,rip5$ cutt+s c be root$ 9 s&1 9 heat4 ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e4 ,see ,arauc>ia4 ,norway ,spruce4 ,see ,picea4 ,notela1 ,rhysosp]mum4 ,oleace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( firm side %oots 9 spr+1 usually )\t heat4 ,nuph>4 ,propagat$ same z ,nelumbo & ,nympha1 :i* see4 ,nutmeg4 ,see ,myri/ica4 ,nuttallia4 ,rosace4 ,may be propagat$ by se$s2 by divisions2 by means ( suck]s1 :i* spr+ f ! roots4 ,nyctan!s4 ,oleace4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots %\ld be set 9 spr+1 9 bottom heat4 ,nympha1 ,ca/alia 7,wat] ,lily1 ,lotus74 ,nymphace4 ,se$s1 :i* are roll$ up 9 a ball ( clay & dropp$ into a pond1 or s[n 9 pots :i* are !n subm]g$ 9 %all[ wat]1 ei!r 9-doors or out4 ,usually increas$ by portions ( ! root-/ocks1 :i* are sunk 9 ! pond & held by /ones1 or ! t5d] species plac$ inside1 9 pans ( wat]4 ,"s species produce tub]s on ! root-/ocks1 :i* are us$ = propagation4 ,nyssa 7,pepp]idge1 ,s\r ,gum1 ,tupelo-tree74 ,cornace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by lay]s4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe or else /ratifi$4 ,!y usually lie dormant ! fir/ ye>4 ,oak4 ,see ,qu]cus4 ,obelisc>ia4 ,see ,rudbeckia4 ,o*na4 ,o*nace4 ,dur+ summ]1 cutt+s may be made ( gr[+ %oots4 ,odontoglossum4 ,or*ide4 ,division4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 noc>pus4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by suck]s4 no!ra1 includ+ ,godetia 7,ev5+ ,primrose74 ,onagrame4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 spr+ or summ]4 ,divisions may be made4 ,cutt+s ( p]5nials %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool frame 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season be=e fl[]+ beg9s4 ,okra1 ,gumbo 7,hibiscus escul5tus74 ,malvace4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to /&1 or />t$ 9 pots (t5 9 ! nor?4 ,olax4 ,olac9e4 ,gr[n f cutt+s ( firm or mature %oots 9 heat4 ,olea4 ,oleace4 ,! ornam5tal species are gr[n f cutt+s ( rip5$ %oots1 ei!r "u frames or 9 ! bord]1 & also by se$s4 ,= propagation ( ,o4 ,europa1 see ,olive4 ,ole&]4 ,see ,n]ium4 ,ole>ia1 ,eurybia4 ,composit4 ,se$s4 ,readily increas$ by cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots plac$ 9 a frame4 ,olea/]4 ,see ,elagnus4 ,olive 7,olea ,europa74 ,oleace4 ,! olive is gr[n 9 l>ge quantities f se$1 especially 9 ,europe4 ,! pulp is remov$ by mac]ation or by treat+ ) pota%4 ,! pits %\ld be crack$ or else s(t5$ by soak+ 9 /rong lye1 o!rwise !y w lie dormant = "o or two ye>s4 ,cutt+s ( any k9d w gr[4 ,limbs1 ei!r "y or old1 an in* or two in*es 9 diamet]1 & f "o to two feet long1 are (t5 /uck into ! gr\nd :]e ! trees are to gr[1 or !y are sometimes us$ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,gre5 cutt+s1 ) ! leaves on1 are (t5 us$1 be+ h&l$ 9 frames or 9 boxes ( s&4 ,*ips f old trunks1 if kept w>m & moi/1 w gr[4 ,! olive is (t5 propagat$ by trun*eons ( trunks4 ,a trunk two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] is cut into foot or two foot l5g?s1 & ea* l5g? is split ?r\gh ! middle4 ,ea* half is plant$ horizontally1 b>k up1 f\r or five in*es deep1 9 w>m moi/ soil4 ,! spr\ts :i* arise may be all[$ to gr[1 or !y may be made into gre5 cutt+s4 ,knaurs 7see page #ef7 are sometimes us$4 ,! olive c be budd$ or graft$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,twig-budd+ & plate or flute-budd+ give admirable results4 ,twig-budd+ is ! ins]tion ( a small gr[+ twig :i* is cut f ! bran* 9 j ! mann] 9 :i* %ield-buds are cut4 ,omphalodes1 ,picotia4 ,borag9e4 ,freely increas$ by means ( se$s plant$ 9 spr+1 or by divisions4 ,oncidium4 ,or*ide4 ,division4 ,9 "s species deta*able buds are produc$ 9 ! infloresc5ce1 & ^! give "y plants4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,oncosp]ma1 ,keppl]ia4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by suck]s4 ,onion 7,allium ,cepa74 ,liliace4 ,onions are mo/ly gr[n f se$s1 :i* mu/ be s[n z e>ly z possible 9 spr+2 or 9 ! s\? !y may be s[n 9 ! fall4 ,!y are also gr[n f tops1 :i* are bulblets borne 9 ! fl[] clu/]4 ,^! are plant$ 9 ! spr+1 or 9 ! fall 9 mild climates1 & !y soon gr[ into l>ge bulbs4 ,sets are also us$4 ,^! are v small onions1 & :5 plant$ !y simply complete _! gr[? into l>ge bulbs4 ,sets are procur$ by s[+ se$s v ?ickly 9 poor soil4 ,! bulbs soon cr[d ea* o!r1 & gr[? is *eck$1 caus+ !m to rip5 prematurely4 ,good sets %\ld n be m ?an a half in* 9 diamet]4 ,v small onions :i* are select$ f ! g5]al crop--call$ r>e-ripes--are sometimes us$ z sets1 b !y are usually too l>ge to give good results4 ,"s onions--! multipli] or potato onions--increase !mselves by division ( ! bulb4 ,! small bulb1 :i* is plant$ 9 ! spr+1 splits up into sev]al di/9ct portions1 ea* "o ( :i* w multiply itself 9 ! same mann] :5 plant$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,onobry*is 7,sa9tfo974 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ :]e ! plants are to rema94 ,onosma 7,gold5 ,drop74 ,borag9e4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 ! op5 9 spr+4 ,p]5nial species by cutt+s 9 summ]4 ,opuntia 7,prickly ,pe>1 ,indian ,fig74 ,cacte4 ,se$s gr[ readily1 s[n z soon z ripe 9 ord9>y s&y soil1 ei!r 9 ! h\se or out-doors4 ,! jo9ts gr[ readily if laid on s&4 ,x is cu/om>y to all[ ^! cutt+s to dry sev]al days be=e plant+ !m4 ,see also ,cactus4 ,ora* 7,atriplex hort5sis74 ,*5opodiace4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,orange 7,citrus ,aurantium74 ,rutace4 ,orange /ocks are gr[n f se$s1 :i* %\ld be clean$ & /ratifi$ 9 s& or o!r mat]ial1 until s[+ "t4 ,! se$s %\ld n be all[$ to become h>d & dry4 ,"s pref] to let ! se$s spr\t 9 ! s& & !n s[ !m 9 ! nurs]y1 b !y mu/ be c>efully h&l$4 ,! se$s are usually s[n 9 se$ b$s1 aft] ! mann] ( apple se$s1 & ! se$l+s are transplant$ ! next fall or spr+ into nurs]y r[s4 ,c>e mu/ always be ex]cis$ 9 h&l+ orange plants1 z !y are (t5 impati5t ( transplant+4 ,oranges gr[ readily f cutt+s1 al?\gh cuttage is n (t5 practic$4 ,gre5 cutt+s1 h&l$ "u a frame1 give good results4 ,mature wood1 ei!r "o or two ye>s old1 c be treat$ aft] ! mann] ( long grape cutt+s4 ,!y mu/ h an abundance ( moi/ure4 ,lay]s are sometimes made4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are %ield-budd$ ^u o!r /ocks4 ,graft+ c be practic$1 b x is (t5 unsatisfactory4 ,! nurs]y /ocks are commonly budd$ 9 ! spr+1 aft] hav+ gr[n 9 ! r[s "o ye>1 :i* is two ye>s f ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,if ?orn-be>+ v>ieties are to be propagat$1 a ?orn ) a bud 9 its axil is (t5 cut ) ! bud1 to s]ve z a h&le 9 place ( ! leaf /alk1 :i* is us$ 9 summ] budd+4 ,_m /ocks are us$ = ! orange4 ,! lead+ ones are sweet or common orange1 s\r orange 7,citrus ,aurantium1 v>4 ,big>adia71 pomelo 7v>4 pomelana or decumana71 ,otaheite orange1 trifoliate orange 7,citrus trifoliata71 & v>i\s lemons1 z ! ,fr5* or ,florida ,r\gh & ! ,*9ese4 ,= g5]al purposes1 ! sweet & s\r orange /ocks are probably ! be/4 ,! s\r /ock is obta9$ f wild se$s1 ?is v>iety hav+ ext5sively run wild 9 ,florida f e>ly times4 ,! trifoliate & ,otaheite /ocks are us$ = dw>f+ or = small gr[+ sorts1 z _m ( ! ,japanese v>ieties4 ,! trifoliate orange is also "o ( ! h>die/ ( ! orange /ocks1 & its use w probably increase ^u ! nor!rn limit ( ! orange belt4 ,old orange trees c be top-budd$ ) ease4 ,x is advisable to cut !m back a ye> be=e ! op]ation is p]=m$1 9 ord] to secure "y %oots4 ,9 ord9>y gre5h\se practice1 ! se$l+s ( ! pomelo make good /ocks4 ,!y c be e/abli%$ 9 ?ree-in* pots ! fir/ season1 & v5e]-graft$ ! next w9t]4 ,or*ids4 ,or*ide4 ,! me?od ( propagat+ ^! plants mu/ 9 ea* species be adapt$ to ! habit & mode ( gr[?4 ,! easie/ & safe/ plan = ! va/ majority is by division1 b se$s1 cutt+s1 lay]s1 (fsets1 & v r>ely roots1 are also utiliz$4 ,x is important t artificial means ( increase %\ld only be adopt$ :]e ! individual plants are 9 robu/ heal?4 ,) _m or*ids ! /ruggle ( life "u ! unnatural conditions we supply1 is necess>ily sev]e1 & any op]ation :i* trans=ms "o weak plant into two or m weak] ones1 is to be deprecat$4 ,9 cases :]e ! only me?od available necessitates di/urbance at ! roots1 consid]ation mu/ be paid to ! con/itution ( ! species1 = "s or*ids1 ev5 :5 p]fectly heal?y1 /rongly res5t int]f]5ce4 ,se$s4 ,9 no class ( cultivat$ plants is propagation by se$s m difficult & t$i\s ?an x is ) or*ids4 ,9 all cases1 f]tilization mu/ be p]=m$ by h&4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! capsules to rip5 v>ies f ?ree mon?s to a ye>4 ,good se$s =m a v small proportion ( ! :ole1 & x occasionally happ5s t ! cont5ts ( a capsule w n produce a s+le plant4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z well z ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 ,engl& 9 re>+ plants to ! fl[]+ /age1 is prim>ily due to ! defici5cy ( sunlight1 & 9 su* a bright climate z t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld n be likely to occur4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( s[+ are 9 vogue1 su* z spr9kl+ ov] pieces ( wood & cork or tree-f]n /em1 & on ! top ( moss & peat1 9 :i* e/abli%$ plants ( ! same or a ne>ly relat$ species are gr[+4 ,! la/ is probably ! be/1 b x is always advisable to try sev]al me?ods4 ,( c\rse1 ! mat]ial on :i* ! se$s are scatt]$ mu/ always be kept moi/ & %ad$4 ,! p]iod betwe5 g]m9ation & ! developm5t ( ! fir/ root is ! mo/ critical 9 ! life ( a se$l+ or*id4 ,aft] !y are ( suffici5t size to h&le !y are pott$ (f into t9y pots1 & z !y ga9 /r5g?1 are giv5 treatm5t approximat+ t ( adult plants4 ,division4 ,cyprip$iums may be tak5 z an example :]e ?is is readily done4 ,x is simply necess>y to c>efully %ake (f ! soil f ! roots1 & by ! aid ( a %>p knife1 sev] ! plant into z _m pieces z are requir$4 ,x is always advisable to leave "o or m lead+ gr[?s to ea* portion4 ,?is me?od may be practic$ = ! increase ( phaius1 masdevallia1 sobralia1 ada1 ! ev]gre5 section ( calan!1 & all ( simil> habit4 ,9 ne>ly all ^? k9ds :]e ! pseudo-bulbs are unit$ by a procumb5t rhizome1 su* z occurs 9 cattleyas1 ! process is sl[]4 ,x seems to be natural = ^! plants to cont9ue ye> aft] ye>1 produc+ a s+le gr[? f ! old pseudo-bulb4 ,to obta9 additional leads1 ! rhizomes %\ld be cut ?r\gh 9 e>ly spr+1 two or ?ree pseudo-bulbs be+ res]v$ to ea* piece4 ,a bud w !n pu% f ! base ( ea* pseudo-bulb ne>e/ ! division1 & a new lead is =m$4 ,! pieces %\ld n be sep>at$ until ?is is well e/abli%$1 & ?ree ye>s may sometimes be requir$4 ,llia1 catasetum1 clogyne1 lyca/e1 cymbidium1 zygopetalum1 odontoglossum1 oncidium1 miltonia1 etc41 are treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,cutt+s4--,?is me?od is available = ^? k9ds ) long1 jo9t$ /ems1 l d5drobium & epid5drum4 ,j be=e ! plants comm5ce to gr[1 say 9 ,febru>y1 ! old pseudo-bulbs are cut up into l5g?s1 & laid on a moi/1 w>m surface1 su* z on a pan ( moss 9 a propagat+ frame4 ,"y (f%oots w %ortly appe> at ! nodes1 & :5 l>ge en\gh are pott$ (f ) ! old piece atta*$4 ,?is plan may be us$ also = b>k]ia & micro/ylis4 ,x is well to rememb] t 9 any me?od ( propagation :]e ! pseudo-bulb is divid$1 ! vigor ( ! "y plant is proportionate to ! am\nt ( res]ve mat]ial suppli$ x4 ,h[ev] suitable ! ext]nal conditions may be = gr[?1 x is = "s "t entirely dep5d5t = su/5ance on ! old piece f :i* x spr+s4 ,d5drobium ,phalnopsis is a case 9 po9t4 ,if a pseudo-bulb is cut into say ?ree pieces1 x w take at lea/ two ye>s = ! "y plants to rea* fl[]+ /r5g?1 b frequ5tly by us+ ! entire pseudo-bulb1 we c get 9 a s+le ye> a gr[? q z l>ge z ! old "o4 ,! treatm5t ( "y or*ids %\ld be f\nd$ on :at suits ! p>5ts4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y require m c>eful nurs+1 & "s ( ! conditions mu/ be modifi$4 ,dr\ght1 int5se light & cold draughts mu/ be avoid$4 ,= _m or*ids1 especially ^? f equatorial regions1 :]e ! atmosph]ic conditions alt]nate betwe5 saturation & int5se heat & dryness1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to induce fl[]+1 t nature1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 %\ld be imitat$4 ,) "y plants1 by :atev] me?od !y may be obta9$1 ! supply ( wat] mu/ only be r$uc$ 9 accordance ) ! wea!r & season1 & beyond t1 no attempt at re/+ made4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e plants h be5 divid$ or made into cutt+s1 a v limit$ supply ( wat] is ne$$ at fir/2 b to prev5t exhau/ion1 ! atmosph]e %\ld always be kept lad5 ) moi/ure4 ,oreopanax4 ,araliace4 ,se$s1 & cutt+s ( ! "y %oots1 or division ( well e/abli%$ plants4 ,orni?ogalum 7,/> ( ,be?lehem74 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,commonly by bulbels1 & by division ( ! clumps4 ,ornus4 ,see ,frax9us4 ,orobus 7,bitt] ,vet*74 ,legum9os4 ,readily propagat$ by se$s1 or by divid+ ! tufts4 ,orontium4 ,aroide4 ,commonly increas$ by division1 b se$s may be us$4 ,orp9e4 ,see ,s$um4 ,osage ,orange4 ,see ,maclura4 ,osi]4 ,see ,salix & ,cornus4 ,osman?us 7,japan ,holly74 ,oleace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s "u glass1 or by graft+ on osman?us /ock1 or on privet4 ,osmunda 7,fl[]+ ,f]n74 ,filices4 ,mo/ly by division2 sometimes by spores4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,o/rya 7,hop ,hornbeam1 ,ironwood74 ,cupulif]4 ,be/ gr[n f se$s4 ,also increas$ by lay]+2 or x c be graft$4 ,! ,european species is (t5 graft$ ^u ! hornbeam 7c>p9us74 ,o?onna1 ,ari/otela1 includ+ ,doria 7,ragwort74 ,composit4 ,v easily propagat$ by se$s & cutt+s4 ,! leaves also take root4 ,ouvir&ra 7,lattice-leaf74 ,naiadace4 ,! plants are divid$1 or se$s are us$ :5 !y c be obta9$4 ,oxalis4 ,g]aniace4 ,se$s1 divisions & cutt+s4 ,! tub]if]\s species are increas$ by ! small tub]s :i* =m ^u ! roots4 ,oxycoccus4 ,see ,cranb]ry4 ,oxyd5dron 7,sorrel-tree74 ,ericace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* mu/ be h&l$ c>efully 9 light soil4 ,also by lay]s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 (t5 root ) difficulty4 ,oxylobium1 includ+ ,calli/a*ys1 ,podolobium4 ,legum9os4 ,increas$ by se$s & lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( r firm side "y %oots1 made dur+ spr+4 ,oy/] ,plant4 ,see ,salsify4 ,oxytropis4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s %\ld be s[n :]e ! plants are to /&2 also by divid+ ! plant 9 spr+4 ,pa*ira1 ,c>ol9ea4 ,malvace4 ,se$s4 ,l>ge cutt+s cut at a jo9t1 ) ! leaves on1 9 heat4 ,pony 7,peony1 ,p9ey74 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s1 giv+ new v>ieties1 are s[n z soon z ripe4 ,! se$l+s seldom rise above ! surface ! fir/ ye>1 all _! en]gies be+ sp5t 9 ! =mation ( roots4 ,! common h]bace\s v>ieties are (t5e/ propagat$ by division ( ! clumps4 ,ea* portion %\ld possess at lea/ "o bud ^u ! cr[n4 ,all woody species may be increas$ by lay]s & cutt+s4 ,cutt+s are tak5 late 9 summ]1 cut to a heel1 & are h&l$ 9 a frame or cool gre5h\se4 ,dur+ w9t] !y %\ld be kept f freez+4 ,! %rubby species & ,p4 ,m\tan are (t5 graft$1 & all species c be h&l$ 9 ?is way4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 late summ] or e>ly autumn1 & ! grafts are /or$ 9 s& or moss :]e !y w n freeze4 ,! next spr+ !y are plant$ out4 ,! cion is made f a /rong %ort %oot1 de/itute ( fl[]-buds1 & is set ^u a piece ( root1 z describ$ & figur$ on a previ\s page 7p4 #hh1 ,fig4 #he74 ,"s pref] to cut a w$ge-%ap$ portion f ! side ( ! /ock1 9 :i* to set ! cion1 r ?an to split ! /ock2 b ei!r practice is good4 ,/rong roots ( v>i\s v>ieties or species may be us$4 ,! ,*9ese pony 7,p4 ,m\tan71 ,p4 (fic9alis & ,p4 albiflora are probably (t5e/ us$4 ,pa9t$-cup4 ,see ,ca/illeja4 ,palafoxia4 ,composit4 ,se$s1 commonly s[n "u glass1 or 9 mild climates s[n 9 ! op54 ,palic\rea4 ,rubiace4 ,cutt+s1 made 9 spr+ "u glass4 ,paliurus1 ,aubletia 7,*ri/'s ,?orn74 ,rhamne4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 by lay]s or by cutt+s ( ! roots4 ,palma-,*ri/i4 ,see ,ric9us4 ,palms4 ,palm4 ,palms are mo/ly gr[n f import$ se$s4 ,^! %\ld always be s[n 9 a brisk bottom heat1 9 a mixture ( co>se loam & s&4 ,a hot-b$1 e/abli%$ ^u ! gre5h\se b5*1 is an excell5t place 9 :i* to />t palm se$s4 ,"s species are increas$ by suck]s1 :i* arise f ! cr[n or roots4 ,= m explicit directions1 see ! v>i\s g5]a4 ,pampas ,grass4 ,see ,gyn]ium4 ,panax 7,g9s5g74 ,araliace4 ,cutt+s ( /ems & roots4 ,/ems ( old plants may be cut into pieces an in* or two long & ins]t$ 9 s& 9 heat4 ,or "y plants c be obta9$ by cutt+ d[n ! tops ( /rong plants & !n sep>at+ ! suck]s :i* arise4 ,pancratium & ,hym5ocallis4 ,am>yllide4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 pans 9 heat1 are sometimes employ$4 ,commonly increas$ by (fsets1 :i* usually =m freely4 ,p&anus 7,screw ,p9e74 ,p&ane4 ,se$s & suck]s1 z 9 palms4 ,also by cutt+s ( ! "y gr[? 9 heat4 ,! se$s are really fruits1 & if 9 good condition sev]al plants1 "o to t51 are obta9able f ea*2 !y %\ld be sep>at$ :5 well furni%$ ) roots4 ,pansy4 ,see ,viola4 ,papav] 7,poppy74 ,papav]ace4 ,se$s--usually s[n out-doors--& divisions4 ,p4 ori5talis & alli$ species are easily propagat$ by root-cutt+s 9 s&y soil "u glass 9 autumn4 ,papaw-tree4 ,see ,c>ica2 also ,asim9a4 ,papyrus4 ,cyp]ace4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s & by divisions1 *iefly ! latt]4 ,p>dan?us4 ,iride4 ,se$s1 divisions1 & cutt+s ( "y gr[?4 ,p>is4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,p>is ,daisy4 ,see ,m>gu]ite4 ,p>k9sonia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s mo/ly4 ,cutt+s4 ,p>nassia 7,grass ( ,p>nassus74 ,saxifrage4 ,may be propagat$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,p>rotia4 ,hamamelide4 ,increas$ by se$s or by lay]s4 ,p>rya4 ,crucif]4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,p>sley 7,apium ,petrosel9um74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s1 :i* are usually s[n out-doors4 ,! roots may be tak5 up 9 fall to be =c$ "u glass4 ,p>snip 7,pa/9aca sativa74 ,umbellif]4 ,fre% se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,p>!nium4 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n "u glass1 or 9 ! op54 ,pasque-fl[]4 ,see ,anemone4 ,passiflora 7,passion ,fl[]74 ,passiflore4 ,se$s1 s[n "u glass4 ,cutt+s ( ! "y gr[? root easily 9 s& 9 a frame4 ,v>ieties are sometimes v5e]-graft$1 e4 g41 ,p4 cocc9ea4 ,paul[nia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 c>efully prep>$ soil1 ei!r 9 a se$-b$ or 9 a cold-frame4 ,cutt+s ( ripe wood or ( roots1 made 9 fall or spr+4 ,pavonia4 ,malvace4 ,se$s1 & gre5 cutt+s 9 a frame4 ,pea 7,pisum sativum74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,! plants are h>dy & se$s may be s[n v e>ly4 ,pea* 7,prunus ,p]sica7 ,rosace4 ,! pea* is p]haps ! easie/ to propagate ( all nor!rn fruit trees4 ,/ocks are univ]sally gr[n f se$s1 al?\gh root-cutt+s w gr[4 ,! se$s %\ld be buri$ out-doors 9 ! fall1 & %all[ en\gh s t !y w be fully expos$ to fro/4 ,"s pref] to simply spread !m ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd & cov] !m lightly ) /raw to prev5t !m f dry+ out4 ,! pits %\ld be kept moi/1 & by spr+ mo/ ( !m w be crack$4 ,^? :i* d n op5 %\ld be crack$ by h&1 = if plant$ !y w n g]m9ate until a ye> lat] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! meats or k]nels are sort$ out & plant$ e>ly 9 drills4 ,or "s pref] to spr\t ! se$s 9 ! h\se1 9 ord] to select ! be/ = plant+4 ,"s gr[]s ^u a small scale p9* (f ! tip ( ! rootlet to make ! root bran*4 ,pits %\ld be secur$1 ( c\rse1 f /rong & heal?y trees1 b ! op9ion t natural se$1 or t f unbudd$ trees1 is necess>ily be/1 is unf\nd$4 ,! se$s %\ld be plant$ 9 ri* soil1 & ! /ocks w be l>ge en\gh to bud ! same ye>4 ,any :i* are n l>ge en\gh to bud may be cut back to ! gr\nd ! next spr+1 & "o %oot be all[$ to gr[ = budd+1 b su* small /ocks are usually de/roy$1 z x does n pay to be/[ ! extra labor & use ( l& ^u !m4 ,:5 ! buds h gr[n "o season1 ! trees are ready = sale--at "o ye> f ! bud & two ye>s f ! se$4 ,pea* trees are always %ield-budd$1 & ! op]ation is fully describ$ on pages #fh to #ge4 ,graft+ c be done1 b z budd+ is s easily p]=m$1 !re is no occasion = x4 ,! pea* %oots are s pi?y t1 9 mak+ cions1 x is well to leave a portion ( ! old wood ^u ! l[] end--ext5d+ "p way up ! cut--to give ! cion /r5g?4 ,pea*es are ne>ly always work$ ^u pea*es 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,plums are occasionally employ$ = damp & /rong soils4 ,myrobolan is sometimes us$1 b x _c be recomm5d$4 ,all plums dw>f ! pea* m or less4 ,! h>d-%ell almond is a good /ock = v light & dry soils4 ,! ,pe5-to & simil> pea*es are work$ ^u common pea* /ocks4 ,! nect>9e is propagat$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! pea*4 ,! ornam5tal pea*es are budd$ ^u common pea*-/ocks 9 ! same mann] z ! fruit-be>+ sorts4 ,= ,prunus ,simoni1 see ,plum4 ,pea-nut 7,ara*is hypoga74 ,legum9os4 ,z a field crop1 ! se$s %\ld be plant$ :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,= propagation 9 gre5h\ses1 see ,ara*is4 ,pe>1 ,alligator or ,avocado4 ,see ,p]sea4 ,pe> 7,pyrus communis1 ,p4 s95sis74 ,rosace4 ,pe> se$l+s are gr[n 9 ! same mann] z ^? ( ! apple1 :i* see4 ,pe> /ocks are mo/ly import$ f ,france1 h[ev]1 z ! leaf-blight is s de/ructive to !m "h z to r5d] _! culture unpr(itable4 ,?is leaf-blight is a fungus 7,entomosporium maculatum71 & rec5t exp]im5t has %[n t x c be readily ov]come by f\r or five ?or\gh spray+s ) ,bordeaux mixture1 s t !re is reason to hope t ! gr[+ ( pe> /ocks may yet become pr(itable 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h]et(ore1 ! only means ( mitigat+ ! ravages ( ?is blight 0 ! unc]ta9 "o ( induc+ a /rong gr[? e>ly 9 ! season4 ,ev5 :5 pe> /ocks are rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y are gr[n f import$ ,fr5* se$4 ,aside f its *eapness1 h[ev]1 ?is =eign se$ probably possesses no sup]iority ov] dome/ic se$4 ,b pe> se$ is s difficult to obta9 9 ,am]ica t x is practically out ( ! m>ket4 ,pe> se$l+s %\ld be tak5 up & remov$ f ! se$-b$ ! fir/ fall4 ,! =eign /ocks are import$ :5 a ye> old f ! se$4 ,! se$l+s are trimm$ or dress$ 7see page #fi71 & are set into nurs]y r[s ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! next season--t is1 ! season 9 :i* ! /ocks are transplant$--%ield-budd+ is p]=m$1 z ^u ! apple4 ,! budd+ season usually beg9s late 9 ,july or e>ly 9 ,augu/ 9 ! nor?4 ,if ! /ocks are small1 ( second size1 !y may /& ov] w9t] & be budd$ ! second ye>4 ,pe> trees are sold at two & ?ree ye>s f ! bud4 ,pe>s d n succe$ well :5 root-graft$1 except :5 a long cion is us$1 = ! purpose ( secur+ own-root$ trees 7see page #gh74 ,dormant buds ( ! pe> may be us$ ^u l>ge /ocks 9 e>ly spr+1 ! same z ^u ! apple1 & buds may be kept ^u ice = use 9 e>ly summ] 7see page #gd74 ,pe>s are dw>f$ by work+ !m ^u ! qu9ce4 ,! ,ang]s qu9ce is ! be/ /ock4 ,! ord9>y orange qu9ce & its k9 make weak & %ort-liv$ trees4 ,qu9ce /ocks are obta9$ f ord9>y cutt+s or f m\nd-lay]+1 ! latt] me?od giv+ mu* ! bett] /ocks 7see ,qu9ce74 ,! lay]s %\ld /& until late 9 autumn ( ! second season :5 !y w be f\nd to be well-root$1 & may !n be tak5 (f1 trimm$ up & fitt$ to plant z /ocks ! foll[+ spr+1 & budd$ 9 ,augu/4 ,x is imp]ative to set ! bud z l[ z possible 9 ord] to secure long-liv$ trees4 ,"s v>ieties d n unite well ) ! qu9ce1 & if x is desir$ to dw>f !m1 !y %\ld be d\ble-work$ 7see page #ia74 ,! pe> c also be gr[n ^u ! apple1 ?orn & m\nta9 a%4 ,^u ! apple x is %ort-liv$1 al?\gh pe> cions1 set 9 ! top ( an old apple tree1 (t5 be> l>ge fruits = a few ye>s4 ,:5 pe> /ocks _c be _h1 pe>s are sometimes work$ ^u apple roots4 ,if ! cions are long !y w emit roots1 & :5 ! apple nurse fails ! pe> becomes own-root$4 ,good dw>f trees are (t5 secur$ ^u ! ?orn1 & !re is reason to believe t "s ( ! ?orns w be f\nd to be pref]able to qu9ce /ocks = sev]e climates & = special purposes4 ,! subject is little und]/ood4 ,! m\nta9 a% is sometimes us$ = ! purpose ( gr[+ pe>s ^u a s&y soil1 b its use appe>s to be ( little consequ5ce4 ,pe>s ( ! ,le ,conte & ,keiff] type are (t5 gr[n f cutt+s 9 ! s\?4 ,cutt+s are made ( ! rec5t mature gr[?1 ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 & are plant$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd aft] ! mann] ( long grape cutt+s4 ,le ,conte1 ,g>b]1 ,smi?1 & o!r v /rong gr[]s ( ! ,*9ese type1 are probably be/ :5 gr[n f cutt+s4 ,!y soon ov]gr[ ,fr5* /ocks1 z also apple /ocks1 :i* h be5 us$ to "s ext5t2 b if long cions are us$1 own-root$ trees are soon obta9$1 & ! /ock w h s]v$ a useful purpose 9 pu%+ ! cion ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,pecan 7,hicoria ,pecan74 ,jugl&e4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,^! may be plant$ z soon z ripe1 or /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be well prep>$ & ! nuts plant$ ab\t #c in*es deep4 ,by graft+ on pecan or common hickory /ock t is n ov] #b ye>s old4 ,cions ab\t #f in*es long %\ld be cut dur+ ! w9t] & put 9 a cool place to hold !m back until ! /ocks h fairly />t$ 9 ! spr+4 ,! /alks %\ld !n be cut (f at ! cr[n & ! cion ins]t$4 ,! tongue-graft gives ! be/ result4 ,b&age securely & bank ) e>? ne>ly to ! top ( ! cion1 to keep x moi/4 ,pel>gonium 7,g]anium1 ,/ork's ,bill74 ,g]aniace4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 light soil ) mild heat1 are sometimes employ$4 ,commonly increas$ by cutt+s ( firm %oots1 :i* gr[ readily 7,figs4 #eb1 e1 & #ee74 ,! fancy or %[ g]aniums are (t5 gr[n f root-cutt+s1 b sometimes w n come true4 ,g]aniums c also be graft$4 7,see page #ci1 h]bace\s graft+47 ,pelecyphora 7,hat*et ,cactus74 ,cacte4 ,propagat$ mo/ freely by se$s 9 mod]ate heat1 & by cutt+s made ( any small %oots t arise f ! base ,see also ,cactus4 ,peliosan!s4 ,hmodorace4 ,suck]s4 ,pelt&ra4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ by se$s :5 fre%1 or by division4 ,p5nyroyal 7,m5?a ,pulegium74 ,labiat4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,p5tapetes4 ,/]culiace4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ %oots4 ,p5tas4 ,rubiace4 ,propagat$1 ) difficulty1 by se$s or cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood4 ,p5t/emon 7,be>d-tongue74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 pans & plac$ "u a frame2 or !y are sometimes s[n 9 ! bord] :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,also by division1 & r>ely by cutt+s 9 summ]4 ,pep]omia1 includ+ ,micropip]4 ,pip]ace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( s+le jo9ts ( firm /ems root easily 9 a peaty soil4 ,wat] sp>+ly4 ,pepp]1 ,black4 ,see ,pip]4 ,pepp]idge4 ,see ,nyssa4 ,pepp]-grass1 ,curl$ ,cress 7,lepidium sativum74 ,crucif]4 ,gr[n f se$s1 ei!r "u glass = e>ly crops or 9 ! op5 air4 ,pepp]m9t 7,m5?a pip]ita74 ,labiat4 ,divisions ( ! creep+ & root+ /ems are plant$ to multiply ! plant1 & plantations are r5ew$ e ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,pepp]1 ,r$ or ,cay5ne 7,capsicum74 ,solanace4 ,se$s1 s[n out-doors1 or 9 ! nor? (t5] />t$ 9 ! h\se4 ,p]eskia 7,b>badoes ,gooseb]ry74 ,cacte4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 z describ$ "u ,cactus4 ,p4 aculeata is mu* us$ z a /ock = epiphyllums4 ,p4 ,bleo is sometimes us$ = ! same purpose1 z x is fully z good z ! o!r species4 ,cutt+s ( ,p4 aculeata c be made a foot or m 9 l5g?1 & ( suffici5t size = imm$iate use1 or1 inde$1 ! graft may be ins]t$ :5 ! cutt+ is made4 ,p]illa1 ,d5tidia4 ,labiat4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 e>ly spr+ 9 pans or boxes1 & place 9 a g5tle heat4 ,or s\?w>ds1 se$s may be s[n 9 ! op54 ,p]iploca4 ,asclepiade4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ mo/ly by lay]s or cutt+s "u glass1 dur+ summ] or autumn4 ,root-cutt+s succe$4 ,p]iw9kle4 ,see ,v9ca4 ,p]nettya4 ,see ,can>9a4 ,p]sea 7,alligator or ,avocado ,pe>74 ,laur9e4 ,se$s4 ,lay]s ( rip5$ %oots may be made 9 autumn1 or cutt+s ( firm %oots 9 spr+1 "u glass4 ,p]simmon 7,diospyros ,kaki & ,d4 ,virg9iana74 ,eb5ace4 ,/ocks are readily gr[n f se$1 & !y usually atta9 suffici5t size = budd+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,! native p]simmon 7,dispyros ,virg9iana7 is l>gely us$ z a /ock = ! ,japanese p]simmon or kaki4 ,import$ /ocks are occasionally employ$1 b ! native is m vigor\s1 z a rule1 & probably bett]4 ,p]simmons are %ield-budd$ ! same z pea*es1 & !y may be root-graft$ & top-graft$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,p]soonia1 ,l9kia4 ,proteace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! rip5$ %oots1 "u glass4 ,p]uvian ,b>k4 ,see ,c9*ona4 ,petalo/emon 7,prairie ,clov]74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,petunia4 ,solanace4 ,se$s1 ei!r 9-doors or 9 ! g>d54 ,*oice & d\ble v>ieties are (t5 increas$ by cutt+s1 :i* gr[ readily4 ,phacelia1 ,eutoca1 ,:itlavia4 ,hydrophyllace4 ,! annuals are increas$ by se$s1 & ! p]5nials by se$s & divisions4 ,phdranassa1 includ+ ,lep]iza 7,que5 ,lily74 ,am>yllide4 ,propagat$ by se$s & bulbels4 ,phaius4 ,or*ide4 ,division ( ! bulbs4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,phalnopsis4 ,or*ide4 ,^! are v sl[ & difficult to propagate4 ,9 ! majority ( ! species x c only be done :]e a lat]al (f-%oot is made f ! ma9 /em4 ,"s species1 su* z ,p4 ,luddemanniana1 & m r>ely ,p4 amabilis1 ,p4 ,/u>tiana & ,p4 ,s*ill]iana1 develop plantlets on ! old fl[] scapes4 ,by pegg+ ^! d[n on a basket ( moss !y may be e/abli%$ & aft]w>ds sep>at$4 ,p4 ,/u>tiana & ,p4 deliciosa h be5 kn[n to produce plants on ! roots4 ,o!r in/ances ( root-prolif]ation are record$ 9 ,saccolabium micran?um & a species ( cyrtopodium4 7,see "u ,or*ids47 ,phal>is4 ,gram9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 b ! sports by divisions4 ,phal]ia1 ,drimysp]mum4 ,?ymelace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 heat 9 spr+2 or by cutt+s ( ! "y %oots1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ 9 bottom heat4 ,ph>bitis4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,phaseolus 7,bean1 ,kidney1 ,pole1 ,/r+2 ,fr5* ,bean1 etc474 ,legum9os4 ,! ornam5tal gre5h\se k9ds are gr[n f se$s plant$ 9 light soil 9 a w>m propagat+ h\se4 ,see ,bean4 ,phebalium4 ,rutace4 ,may be increas$ by cutt+s ( ! "y wood1 "u a glass4 ,phellod5dron 7,cork ,tree74 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 lay]s & by root-cutt+s4 ,philadelphus 7,mock ,orange1 ,syr+a74 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s1 lay]s1 suck]s & cutt+s4 ,lay]s are mo/ us$4 ,cutt+s ( mature wood are sometimes employ$4 ,"s well-m>k$ v>ieties1 l v>s4 nana & aurea ( ,p4 coron>ius1 are gr[n f cutt+s ( s(t wood 9 summ] 9 frames4 ,phillyrea 7,jasm9e ,box1 ,mock ,privet74 ,oleace4 ,se$s4 ,may be propagat$ by cutt+s1 lay]s1 or by graft+ on ! privet4 ,philod5dron4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by se$s2 & by divid+ ! /ems1 all[+ two or ?ree jo9ts to ea* piece1 ins]t+ !m 9 pots 9 a brisk heat4 ,phlomis4 ,labiat4 ,all ( ! species may be increas$ by se$s2 ! h]bace\s k9ds by divisions1 & ! %rubby sorts also by cutt+s4 ,phlox4 ,polemoniace4 ,! annuals are gr[n f se$s s[n 9 ! op54 ,! p]5nials are gr[n f se$s1 divisions1 cutt+s ( /ems & roots4 ,cutt+s made dur+ summ]1 & h&l$ 9 a frame1 d well4 ,! roots are cut into %ort pieces1 & are !n h&l$ 9 pans or flats "u cov]4 ,phnix1 ,elate 7,date ,palm74 ,palm4 ,increas$ by import$ se$s1 s[n 9 a s&y soil1 9 a mild hot-b$4 ,also by suck]s4 ,see also ,date4 ,phormium 7,flax ,lily1 or ,new ,zeal& ,flax74 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,also by division ( ! cr[ns be=e gr[? comm5ces 9 spr+4 ,phot9ia1 includ+ ,eriobotrya4 ,rosace4 ,/ratifi$ se$s or half-rip5$ cutt+s "u glass4 ,! loquat1 ,p4 ,japonica1 is gr[n f lay]s or cutt+s ( ripe wood1 & x is work$ ^u se$l+ /ocks or ^u ?orn or qu9ce1 aft] ! mann] ( pe>s4 ,phylica4 ,rhamne4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots may be ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 9 a w>m h\se4 ,phyllan?us1 includ+ ,xylophylla4 ,euphorbice4 ,increas$ by means ( cutt+s ( h>d %oots 9 heat4 ,phyllis4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s1 or cutt+s "u glass4 ,phyllocactus1 includ+ ,phylloc]eus & ,disocactus 7,leaf ,cactus74 ,cacte4 ,se$s g]m9ate readily 9 s&y soil4 ,usually increas$ by cutt+s ( ! /ems1 five or six in*es long1 plac$ 9 s&y soil1 :i* is kept only slightly moi/4 ,see also ,cactus4 ,phyllocladus1 ,?alamia 7,cel]y-leav$ ,p9e-,tree74 ,conif]4 ,cutt+s ( ! rip5$ %oots "u glass1 9 spr+4 ,:5 ! cutt+s beg9 callus+1 give mild bottom heat4 ,physalis 7,gr\nd or ,w9t] ,*]ry1 ,/rawb]ry ,tomato1 ,husk ,tomato74 ,solanace4 ,se$s1 s[n out-doors or "u cov]4 ,p]5nials by division & gr[+ cutt+s4 ,physian?us1 ,s*ub]tia4 ,asclepiade4 ,se$s1 usually />t$ 9 heat4 ,cutt+s ( firm %oots usually side %oots1 "u glass4 ,physo*la9a4 ,solanace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( s(t wood4 ,phyteuma1 ,rapunculus 7,horn$ ,rampion74 ,campanulace4 ,easily increas$ by se$s or by divisions1 9 spr+4 ,phytolacca 7,spoke1 ,skoke1 ,poke74 ,phytolaccace4 ,may be propagat$ by means ( se$s1 or by divisions4 ,picea4 ,conif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 sometimes by lay]s1 or grafts4 ,p4 excelsa 7,norway spruce7 makes a good /ock2 ! v5e] graft1 "u glass1 9 w9t]1 succe$s bett] ?an any me?od ( out-door "w practicable 9 our climate2 if ! graft is ins]t$ ne> ! base 9 "y plants1 x is q possible to obta9 !m on _! own roots aft] a few transplant+s4 ,side-%oots c be us$ z cions1 & if />t$ 9 "t w furni% good lead]s2 sometimes a lead] is develop$ m rapidly by b5d+ ! plant ov] at ne>ly a "r-angle1 :5 a /\t bud may />t f ! /em4 ,see ,abies4 ,pick]el ,we$4 ,see ,pont$]ia4 ,picotee4 ,see ,dian?us & ,c>nation4 ,pilea 7,artill]y ,plant1 ,/+less ,nettle74 ,urticace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 divisions or cutt+s4 ,piloc]eus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,pimelea1 ,banksia4 ,?ymelace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots 9 mod]ate heat4 ,pimp]nel4 ,see ,anagallis4 ,p9anga4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,p9ckneya1 ,p9knea4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( ! rip5$ %oots "u glass4 ,p9e-apple 7,ananas sativa74 ,bromeliace4 ,p9e-apples v r>ely produce se$s1 b :5 !y are produc$ !y are s[n = ! purpose ( obta9+ new v>ieties4 ,! p9e-apple is usually increas$ by suck]s & cr[ns4 ,if ! root is left 9 ! gr\nd aft] ! p9e is remov$1 suck]s w />t f x4 ,! root is !n tak5 up & cut into z _m pieces z !re are suck]s1 ea* piece be+ !n p]man5tly plant$4 ,! cr[n ( ! fruit & ! v>i\s (fsets or cr[nlets1 :i* appe> on ! sides & base ( ! fruit1 may be remov$ & us$ z cutt+s4 ,^! (fsets are commonly us$ 9 gre5h\se propagation4 ,x is ! usual practice to all[ !m to dry sev]al days be=e !y are plant$1 & 9 p9e-apple regions !y are (t5 expos$ to ! sun = sev]al weeks4 ,?is op]ation is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 al?\gh x is n objectionable4 ,a good way to />t ! (fsets is to pull (f ! l[e/ leaves & ins]t ! (fsets 9 damp moss 9 %ade--giv+ bottom heat = gre5h\se "w--& z soon z roots beg9 to =m1 :i* w occur 9 f two to six weeks1 plant !m out p]man5tly4 ,9 ! tropics fruit c be obta9$ 9 #bj mon?s aft] ! (fsets are transplant$2 b fruit-be>+ is (t5 delay$ ?ree or f\r ye>s "u poor treatm5t4 ,p9ey4 ,see ,pony4 ,p+uicula 7,butt]wort74 ,l5tibul>ie4 ,! h>dy & gre5h\se species are increas$ by se$s4 divisions1 or by leaf cutt+s4 ,p9k 7,dian?us1 v>i\s species74 ,c>yophylle4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,be/ results are obta9$ by rais+ new plants f se$ e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,se$s are usually s[n :]e ! plants are to rema92 or !y may be s[n 9 a cold-frame & transplant$4 ,p9us 7,p9e74 ,conif]4 ,se$s1 :i* %\ld be kept dry ov] w9t]1 are commonly employ$4 ,^! are (t5 />t$ 9 pots1 b = mo/ species !y are s[n 9 well-prep>$ b$s out-doors4 ,! se$l+s mu/ usually be %ad$ ! fir/ season4 ,v>ieties1 z also species :i* d n produce se$ freely1 may be graft$ ^u /ocks ( :ite or ,au/rian p9e or o!r species4 ,?is graft+ may be done ^u ! tips ( gr[+ %oots e>ly 9 ! season 7page #ij71 b x is (t5] p]=m$ ^u pott$ plants by ! v5e] me?od4 ,pip]1 ,cubeba 7,pepp]1 ,cubeb74 ,pip]ace4 ,se$s4 ,all are increas$ by means ( cutt+s ( ! gr[+ %oots1 ins]t$ 9 s&y soil "u glass4 ,piscidia 7,fi% ,poison-tree1 ,jamaica ,dogwood74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots "u glass4 ,pi/acia4 ,anac>diace4 ,se$s1 cutt+s & lay]s4 ,! pi/acio-nut or gre5 almond 7,p4 v]a7 is usually gr[n f se$s1 :i* are plant$ :]e ! trees are to /&4 ,x is sometimes graft$ ^u ,p4 t]eb9?us1 to give x great] vigor4 ,pitcairnia4 ,see ,billb]gia4 ,pit*]-plant4 ,see ,nep5!s & ,s>rac5ia4 ,pittosporum4 ,pittospore4 ,se$s1 & by cutt+s ( ! gr[+ or ripe wood1 "u glass4 ,plan]a 7,plan]-tree74 ,urticace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be h&l$ l elm se$s4 ,plane-tree4 ,see ,platanus4 ,plantago 7,planta974 ,plantag9e4 ,se$s4 ,! p]5nial species also by division4 ,planta9 7fruit74 ,see ,banana4 ,platanus 7,plane-tree1 ,button-wood2 ,sycamore1 improp]ly74 ,platanace4 ,usually propagat$ by se$s1 b lay]s & ripe wood cutt+s may be employ$4 ,platyc]ium 7,/ag's-,horn ,f]n74 ,filices4 ,*iefly by division4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,platycodon1 ,wahl5b]gia4 ,campanulace4 ,propagat$ by se$s &1 :5 old plants are obta9able1 by division4 ,plectocomia4 ,palm4 ,se$s4 ,may be increas$ by suck]s4 ,pl]oma1 ,lasi&ra1 includ+ ,mela/oma4 ,mela/omace4 ,se$s4 ,propagat$ mo/ly by cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots 9 a close frame at any season4 ,plum 7,prunus1 _m species74 ,rosace4 ,!re are s _m species ( plums 9 cultivation1 & ! v>ieties ( ! same species are (t5 s diff]5t 9 con/itution & habit1 t x is difficult to give advice conc]n+ _! propagation4 ,all ! species gr[ readily f fre%1 well-rip5$ se$s4 ,! pits %\ld be remov$ f ! pulp & !n /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,if !y are all[$ to freeze1 ! g]m9ation w be m uni=m1 z ! pits w be m easily op5$ by ! swell+ embryo4 ,plum pits are r>ely crack$ by h&4 ,! /rong-gr[+ species & v>ieties1 especially s\?w>ds1 w give /ocks /rong en\gh to bud ! fir/ season2 b ! weak] ones mu/ /& until ! next season aft] ! se$s are plant$4 ,9 all ! nor!rn /ates1 h[ev]1 plum pits are usually s[n 9 se$-b$s1 9 ! same mann] z apple & pe> se$s4 ,! se$l+s are tak5 up 9 ! fall1 & ! foll[+ spr+ set out 9 nurs]y r[s1 :]e !y are budd$ 9 ,augu/4 ,plums are ext5sively gr[n f suck]s1 :i* spr+ 9 great numb]s f ! roots ( _m species4 ,9 ,france ?is me?od ( propagation is l>gely us$4 ,s long z graftage does n int]v5e1 ! spr\ts w reproduce ! v>iety2 & ev5 9 graft$ or budd$ trees ?is sometimes occurs1 b x is probably because ! tree has become own-root$ f ! root+ ( ! cion4 ,x is a common notion t trees gr[n f suck]s spr\t or suck] worse ?an ^? gr[n f se$s4 ,lay]s are also ext5sively employ$ = ! propagation ( ! plum4 ,/rong /ools 7page #ce7 are gr[n1 & ! long & /rong %oots are cov]$ 9 spr+ ?r\gh\t _! l5g?--! tips only be+ expos$--& e bud w produce a plant4 ,/rong %oots ( vigor\s sorts w give plants /rong en\gh ! fir/ fall to be remov$ into nurs]y r[s4 ,m\nd-lay]+ is also employ$ ) good results4 ,root-cutt+s1 h&l$ l ^? ( blackb]ry1 gr[ readily1 b "s gr[]s suppose t !y produce trees :i* suck] badly4 ,_m plums gr[ readily f cutt+s ( ! mature rec5t wood1 treat$ ! same z long grape cutt+s4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ,m>ianna & its k9 7,p4 umbellata71 :i* are gr[n almo/ entirely f cutt+s4 ,"s sorts ( ! common g>d5 plum 7,p4 dome/ica7 also gr[ f cutt+s4 ,plums are work$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ord9>y %ield-budd+ is usually employ$ 9 late summ] or e>ly fall1 z = pea*es & *]ries4 ,root-graft+ by ! common :ip me?od is sometimes employ$1 especially :5 own-root$ trees are desir$ 7page #gh74 ,9 ! nor? & ea/1 ! common plum 7,p4 dome/ica7 is commonly work$ ^u /ocks ( ! same species4 ,^! /ocks1 if se$l+s1 are apt to be v v>iable 9 size & habit1 & sometimes half or m ( any bat*1 ev5 f select$ se$s1 are practically wor?less4 ,/ocks f inf]ior or con/ant v>ieties are !re=e ess5tial4 ,su* /ocks are l>gely import$2 b !re are "s v>ieties :i* c be reli$ ^u 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! dome/ic /ocks is ! ,horse plum1 a small & purple-fruit$ v>iety ( ,prunus dome/ica1 :i* gives v uni=m se$l+s4 ,?is is l>gely us$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,fr5* /ocks :i* are 9 mo/ common use are ,/4 ,juli5 & ,black ,damas4 ,! ,myrobolan 7,p4 c]asif]a7 is mu* us$ 9 ,cali=nia = /&>ds1 b 9 ! ea/ x makes dw>f trees4 ,! pea* is (t5 us$ z a plum /ock1 & x is valuable 9 ! s\?1 especially = light soils4 ,9 ! nor? plum /ocks are bett]4 ,almond /ocks1 especially = ! ,fr5* prune & = light soils1 are consid]ably us$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! apricot is sometimes employ$1 b results appe> to be poor or indiff]5t1 on ! :ole4 ,prunes ?rive ^u ! above /ocks also4 ,v>i\s /ocks dw>f ! plum4 ,! *ief dw>f /ock at pres5t is ! ,myrobolan4 ,?is is usually import$4 ,x is easily gr[n1 ei!r f se$s or cutt+s4 ,! ,mirabelle1 a =eign /ock1 is sometimes us$4 ,! _m species ( native plums1 ( ! ,prunus ,am]icana & ,p4 angu/ifolia 7,*ickasaw7 types1 are good /ocks = dw>f or int]m$iate trees4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! bud or graft gr[s luxuriantly = two or ?ree ye>s1 & !reaft] gr[s r sl[ly4 ,x is be/ to bud or graft l[ ^u ^! /ocks4 ,! ,m>ianna is at pres5t ! mo/ popul> native /ock4 ,! native or ,am]ican plums are budd$ ^u native se$l+s1 or r>ely ^u ,prunus dome/ica se$l+s2 or !y are gr[n f cutt+s1 z 9 ! case ( ,m>ianna4 ,! ,japanese plums are work$ ^u pea*1 common plum or ^u natives1 pref]ably ,m>ianna4 ,prunus ,simoni works ^u pea*1 common plum1 ,myrobolan & ,m>ianna4 ,! ornam5tal plums are work$ ^u ! same /ocks z ! fruit-be>+ sorts4 ,see ,prunus4 ,plum1 ,coco4 ,see ,*rysobalanus4 ,plumbago 7,leadwort74 ,plumbag9e4 ,se$s1 divisions & cutt+s4 ,cutt+s are made f firm ne>ly mature wood1 & %\ld be giv5 mild bottom heat4 ,plum]ia1 ,himatan?us4 ,apocynace4 ,se$s4 ,make cutt+s ( ripe %oots1 & place "u glass4 ,podalyria4 ,legum9os ,readily increas$ by se$s4 ,divisions d n succe$ well4 ,9 spr+1 cutt+s may be made ( /rong side %oots1 & plant$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,podoc>pus ,conif]4 ,usually gr[n f cutt+s ( firm wood "u cov]4 ,podophyllum 7,may-,apple1 ,m&rake2 errone\sly ,duck's ,foot7 ,b]b]ide4 ,se$s & division4 ,po9ciana4 ,legum9os4 ,propagation by se$s4 ,po9settia1 ,euphorbia4 ,euphorbiace ,cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots1 ( two or ?ree buds ea*1 h&l$ ^u a cutt+ b5* or 9 a frame4 ,_m propagators pref] to let ! cutt+s lie expos$ two or ?ree days be=e sett+ !m4 ,cutt+s ( rip5$ wood c be us$ to good advantage :]e ! heat is r l[4 ,see ,euphorbia4 ,polanisia4 ,capp>ide4 ,se$s1 9-doors or 9 ! op54 ,polemonium4 ,polemoniace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by division4 ,polian!s 7,tub]ose74 ,am>yllide4 ,increas$ by bulbels4 ,remove ^! f ! p>5t bulb 9 ! fall1 & keep 9 a w>m1 dry place until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! soil %\ld be light1 ri* & moi/ ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,be=e fro/ comes 9 ! fall1 take ! bulbs up1 & :5 dry1 cut (f ! leaves4 ,! bulbs %\ld be kept z dur+ ! prec$+ w9t]1 & ! culture dur+ ! foll[+ ye> is ! same z dur+ ! fir/4 ,! bulbs usually fl[] ! second or ?ird summ]4 ,polyan?us4 ,see ,primula4 ,polyc>pa4 ,c>yophylle4 ,! annuals are increas$ by se$s2 p]5nials by cutt+s4 ,polygala 7,milkwort74 ,polygale4 ,se$s2 sometimes by division1 & by cutt+s ( "y %oots "u cov]1 p>ticul>ly = tropical species4 ,polygonatum 7,solomon's ,seal74 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$ & by divisions4 ,polygonum 7,knot-,grass or ,we$74 ,polygonace4 ,se$s4 ,! p]5nials are also increas$ by divisions ( ! root-/ocks1 & by cutt+s4 ,polypodium 7,polypody74 ,filices4 ,divisions usually4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,pomegranate 7,punica granatum74 ,ly?rrie4 ,l>gely by se$s1 & all v>ieties are increas$ by cutt+s1 suck]s1 lay]s1 & sc>ce sorts by graft+ on a common sort4 ,pomelo1 ,%addock 7,citrus ,aurantium1 v>4 pomelana74 ,rutace4 ,usually gr[n f se$s1 b x may be budd$ ^u pomelo or orange /ocks1 z 9 ! ,orange1 :i* see4 ,pont$]ia 7,pick]el ,we$74 ,pont$]iace4 ,se$s r>ely4 ,mo/ly by divisions4 ,poppy4 ,see ,papav]4 ,populus 7,popl>1 ,asp51 ,cotton-wood74 ,salic9e4 ,se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe & rak$ 9 light soil4 ,suck]s are also us$4 ,mo/ (t5 increas$ by cutt+s ( ripe wood1 tak5 9 fall & spr+4 ,! weep+ =ms are /ock-graft$ ^u upright sorts1 z ,p4 gr&id5tata4 ,portugal ,laurel4 ,see ,prunus4 ,portulaca 7,purslane1 ,rose ,moss74 ,portulace4 ,! annuals are rais$ f se$4 ,v>ieties are sometimes propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum74 ,solanace4 ,tub]s1 ei!r :ole or v>i\sly divid$4 ,also r>ely /em cutt+s4 7,see page #eb47 ,pot5tilla1 includ+ ,horkelia1 ,sibbaldia 7,c9quefoil1 ,five-,f+]74 ,rosace4 ,se$s1 lay]s1 divisions1 gre5 cutt+s4 ,pot]ium1 includ+ ,sanguisorba 7,burnet74 ,rosace4 ,! h]bace\s k9ds are increas$ by se$s4 ,! %rubs are rais$ f s(t cutt+s1 "u glass4 ,premna1 ,bald+]a4 ,v]b5ace4 ,se$s & s(t cutt+s4 ,prickly ,a%4 ,see ,zan?oxylum4 ,prickly ,pe>4 ,see ,opuntia4 ,pride ( ,india4 ,see ,melia4 ,prie/leya1 includ+ ,a*yronia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( v "y wood1 "u cov]4 ,prim4 ,see ,ligu/rum4 ,primula1 ,polyan?us 7,primrose1 ,c[slip74 ,primulace4 ,se$s1 s[n c>efully 9 v f9e soil1 "u glass4 ,"s r>e sorts are increas$ by division4 ,pr9os4 ,see ,ilex4 ,prit*>dia4 ,palm4 ,increas$ by se$s4 ,privet4 ,see ,ligu/rum4 ,pro/an!ra 7,au/ralian ,m9t74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 divisions1 & cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots1 usually by ! la/ me?od4 ,protea1 ,erod5dron4 ,proteace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ wood1 "u cov]4 ,prune4 ,see ,plum4 ,prunus1 ,amygdalus4 ,rosace4 ,! dw>f almonds 7,amygdalus7 are increas$ by se$s1 divisions1 cutt+s1 & by budd+ ^u se$l+ plum or pea* /ocks2 also by root-cutt+s4 ,pea* /ocks give l>g] trees at fir/ ?an plum /ocks1 b ! trees are n s long-liv$4 ,p]haps t5 ye>s may be consid]$ ! av]age life ( mo/ ornam5tal almonds ^u ! pea*1 :ile ^u ! plum !y may p]si/ tw5ty-five ye>s or m4 ,! ornam5tal *]ries1 pea*es1 etc41 are propagat$ 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z ! fruit-be>+ v>ieties4 ,see ,almond1 ,apricot1 ,*]ry1 ,pea*1 ,plum4 ,p4 ,lauro-,c]asus & ,p4 ,lusitanica1 ! *]ry laurel & ,portugal laurel1 may be propagat$ by %ort cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 9 a cool gre5h\se 9 autumn4 ,p4 ,piss>dii is said to be easily propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! s(t wood4 ,?is me?od succe$s well ) _m ( ! d\ble-fl[]+ plums & *]ries1 if ! wood is gr[n "u glass4 ,pseudotsuga4 ,conif]4 ,propagat$ ! same z ,abies1 :i* see4 ,psidium4 ,see ,guava4 ,psoralea4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 divisions & cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots1 plac$ "u glass4 ,! tubif]\s species1 z ! pomme blan*e or ,indian potato 7,p4 escul5ta7 are increas$ by tub]s or divisions ( !m4 ,ptelea 7,hop-tree74 ,rutace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 s[n 9 autumn or /ratifi$1 or by lay]s4 ,! v>ieties may be graft$ on ! common =ms4 ,pt]is 7,brake1 ,brack574 ,filices4 ,easily gr[n f spores4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,pt]oc>ya4 ,jugl&e4 ,increas$ by se$s1 suck]s & lay]s4 ,pty*osp]ma1 ,sea=?ia 7,au/ralian ,fea!r-palm74 ,palm4 ,se$s4 ,pulmon>ia4 ,see ,m]t5sia4 ,pumpk9 7,cucurbita1 ?ree species74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 :5 ! wea!r is settl$4 ,punica4 ,see ,pomegranate4 ,pus*k9ia1 ,adamsia4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! bulbs1 :i* %\ld be done e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,pyre?rum4 ,see ,*rysan!mum4 ,pyrola 7,%9-leaf1 ,w9t]gre574 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by division2 v r>ely f se$s4 ,pyrus4 ,rosace4 ,! ornam5tal species & v>ieties ( apples & crabs are budd$ or graft$ ^u common apple /ocks4 ,! m\nta9 a%es are gr[n f /ratifi$ se$s1 :i* usually lie dormant until ! second ye>1 or ! v>ieties are budd$ or graft$ ^u /ocks ( ! common species 7,p4 ,aucup>ia74 ,lay]s & gre5 cutt+s are occasionally employ$ = v>i\s species & v>ieties ( pyrus4 ,see also ,apple1 ,pe>1 ,qu9ce4 ,x is a good plan to obta9 /ocks z ne>ly relat$ to ! plant :i* is to be propagat$ z possible2 e4 g41 ,p>kman's pyrus does bett] on ,p4 floribunda ?an on ! common apple /ock4 ,quamoclit4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,quassia4 ,sim>ube4 ,cutt+s ( ripe %oots "u glass4 ,qu]cus 7,oak74 ,cupulif]4 ,/ocks are gr[n readily f se$s1 :i* may be s[n 9 ! fall )\t /ratification4 ,! ev]gre5 species are sometimes gr[n f cutt+s4 ,v>ieties are graft$ on /ocks gr[n f wild acorns4 ,! /ocks are pott$ 9 ! fall & ! graft+ is p]=m$ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 or sometimes 9 ,augu/4 ,qu9ce 7,pyrus ,cydonia1 ,p4 ,japonica1 ,p4 ,ca?ay5sis74 ,rosace4 ,all qu9ces c be gr[n f se$s1 ! same z apples & pe>s2 b se$s are n common 9 ! m>ket1 & are !re=e little us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fruit-be>+ qu9ces are propagat$ mo/ *eaply by means ( cutt+s ( mature wood4 ,! cutt+s are tak5 9 ! fall1 & are /or$ 9 s&1 moss or sawdu/ until spr+1 :5 !y are plant$ out-doors4 ,long cutt+s--#aj to #ab in*es--are usually mo/ successful1 z !y rea* into uni=mly moi/ e>?4 ,cutt+s are usually made ( ! rec5t wood1 & pref]ably ) a heel1 b wood two or ?ree ye>s old w usually gr[4 ,) "s v>ieties & ^u "s soils1 !re is consid]able unc]ta9ty1 & lay]age is !re=e (t5 employ$4 ,m\nd-lay]+ 7see page #ce7 is practic$ :]e extra /rong plants are requir$4 ,long root-cutt+s1 treat$ l ^? ( ! blackb]ry & raspb]ry1 w also gr[4 ,_m nurs]ym5 bud or root-graft ! bett] v>ieties ^u /ocks ( ,ang]s or o!r /rong sorts4 ,^! /ocks are import$ or gr[n f se$s or cutt+s4 ,! ,*9ese qu9ce succe$s ^u ! common qu9ce4 ,9 ord] to secure extra /rong plants & a uni=m /&1 "s gr[]s graft qu9ce cutt+s ^u pieces ( apple or pe> roots4 ,9 su* cases ! plants %\ld be tak5 up 9 ! fall1 :5 ! qu9ce w be f\nd to h s5t out roots ( its own2 ! apple root %\ld be remov$1 & ! qu9ce replant$ ! foll[+ spr+ 9 ! nurs]y r[1 o!rwise suck]s frequ5tly spr+ f ! /ock & int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! qu9ce4 ,! union is suffici5t to nurse ! cion = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! fl[]+ or ,japanese qu9ce is be/ propagat$ by %ort root-cutt+s1 :i* are usually made 9 ! fall1 & scatt]$ 9 drills 9 frames or 9 a well-prep>$ bord] 9 spr+4 ,cutt+s ( firm1 ne>ly mature wood1 h&l$ 9 frames1 w gr[1 b !y are n (t5 us$4 ,! d\ble v>ieties are root-graft$ ^u common /ocks ( ,p4 ,japonica 9 w9t]4 ,! plants are !n gr[n on 9 pots4 ,common qu9ce 7,p4 ,cydonia7 /ocks are occasionally us$1 b !y are n 9 favor4 ,quisqualis4 ,combretace4 ,increas$ by heel$ cutt+s ( "y %oots 9 heat4 ,radi% 7,raphanus sativus74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 usually s[n :]e ! plants are to gr[4 ,ragg$ ,rob94 ,see ,ly*nis4 ,ramondia1 ,myconia4 ,gesn]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s or division4 ,rampion 7,campanula ,rapunculus74 ,campanulace4 ,se$s1 :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,ranunculus 7,butt]cup1 ,cr[foot74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,raphia4 ,palm4 ,se$s4 ,raphiolepis4 ,rosace4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by cutt+s ( ! gr[+ %oots ins]t$ "u cov]4 ,raspb]ry 7,rubus neglectus1 /rigosus & occid5talis74 ,rosace4 ,new v>ieties are obta9$ f se$s1 :i* are wa%$ f ! pulp & s[n imm$iately1 or /ratifi$4 ,! black-cap v>ieties are gr[n mo/ly f root-tips 7,fig4 #ah7 z describ$ on page #cb4 ,if ! gr\nd is loose & mell[1 ! tips w commonly take root !mselves1 b ^u h>d gr\nd ! tip may h to be held 9 place by a /one or clod4 ,"s /rong-gr[+ v>ieties1 l ! ,gregg1 especially 9 w9dy localities1 may h to be held d[n4 ,! r$ v>ieties increase rapidly by means ( suck]s :i* spr+ up f ! roots4 ,bett] plants are obta9$ by means ( root-cutt+s1 h[ev]1 z describ$ "u ,blackb]ry 7see also ,fig4 #df74 ,black-caps may be increas$ by root-cutt+s4 ,^! cutt+s are be/ h&l$ 9 w>m cold-frames or mild hot-b$s1 be+ plant$ v e>ly 9 spr+4 ,by ! "t ! wea!r is settl$1 !y w be l>ge en\gh to plant 9 nurs]y r[s4 ,r$-bud4 ,see ,c]cis4 ,r$ ,c$>4 ,see ,junip]us4 ,re9w>dtia1 ,l9um 9 "p1 ( g>d5]s4 ,l9e4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( /rong %oots 9 heat4 ,r5an!ra4 ,see rides4 ,res$a 7,mignonette74 ,res$ace4 ,se$s4 ,= w9t] fl[]+1 se$s are s[n 9 ,july4 ,also gr[n f cutt+s4 ,ret9ospora1 ,*amcyp>is 7,japanese ,arbor-,vit74 ,conif]4 ,gr[n sometimes f se$s1 :i* %\ld be d5ud$ ( pulp4 ,lay]s ( t5d] bran*es are sometimes employ$4 ,!y are mo/ commonly gr[n f cutt+s4 ,^! are made f tips ( gr[+ or rip5$ %oots1 & are two or ?ree in*es long1 ) all ! leaves left on4 ,!y are usually1 f necessity1 v>i\sly bran*$4 ,! s(t cutt+s are usually tak5 f =c$ plants & are h&l$ 9 a close frame or "u a bell-glass1 ) bottom heat4 ,9 comm]cial e/abli%m5ts ! cutt+s ( ripe wood are pref]r$4 ,! foll[+ is ! practice ( "o ( ! l>ge/ nurs]ies 9 ! c\ntry3 ,cutt+s ( ! entire season's gr[?1 cut to a heel1 are tak5 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 & are plac$ 9 s& 9 boxes 9 g5tle heat1 z 9 a propagat+ h\se4 ,by ,febru>y ! roots w be =m$1 & ! boxes are !n plac$ 9 a cool h\se :]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #ej4 ,e>ly 9 spr+ 7ab\t ,april #a/7 ! boxes are plac$ out-doors 9 cold-frames1 :]e !y rema9 until ,may1 until fro/ is ov]4 ,! boxes are !n remov$ f ! frames & are set on bo>ds 9 a %ady place1 :]e !y are left until fall4 ,9 ! fall--hav+ be5 ne>ly a ye> 9 ! boxes--! plants are %ak5 out & are heel$-9 9 a cell>4 ,! next spr+ !y are plant$ out 9 b$s1 & dur+ ! foll[+ summ] & w9t] !y are giv5 "s protection f sun & cold4 ,yews & arbor-vits are h&l$ 9 ! same way4 ,ret9osporas are (t5 graft$ ^u ret9ospora or common arbor-vit /ocks4 ,?is op]ation is usually p]=m$ ^u pott$ plants 9 w9t] by ! v5e] me?od4 ,rhamnus1 includ+ ,frangula 7,buck?orn74 ,rhamne4 ,! h>dy k9ds may be increas$ by means ( se$s or by lay]s4 ,! /ove & gre5h\se species may be multipli$ by cutt+s ( gr[+ p>ts4 ,se$s %\ld be /ratifi$4 ,rhaphidophora4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by se$s2 or by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 peaty soil ) bottom heat4 ,rhaphiolepis 7,indian ,haw?orn74 ,rosace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( firm %oots 9 a frame4 ,rheum 7,rhub>b1 ,pie-plant1 ,w9e-,plant74 ,polygonace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,ea* division %\ld conta9 at lea/ "o bud on ! cr[n4 ,se$s may be s[n :]e ! plants are to /&1 b w n reproduce ! v>ieties4 ,rhipsalis1 includ+ ,lepismium1 ,pfeiff]a4 ,cacte4 ,cutt+s1 aft] hav+ be5 dri$ = a few days1 %\ld be ins]t$ 9 co>se gravel or s&4 ,see ,cactus4 ,rhodan!4 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,rhodo*iton4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 & cutt+s ( ! gr[+ wood ,rhodod5dron1 ,azalea 7,rose-,bay74 ,ericace4 ,se$s are l>gely employ$1 b !y are small & light & mu/ be c>efully h&l$4 ,!y are s[n 9 spr+ 9 pans or boxes 9 a soil ( s&y peat1 c>e be+ tak5 to cov] !m v lightly & n to dislodge !m :5 apply+ wat]4 ,!y are h&l$ 9 cold-frames or 9 a cool h\se1 & ! "y plants mu/ be %ad$4 ,! plants are commonly all[$ to rema9 a ye> 9 ! boxes4 ,l[ gr[+ plants are (t5 lay]$4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ wood1 cut to a heel1 are sometimes employ$1 be+ made 9 summ] & h&l$ 9 a frame1 b ! p]c5tage ( root$ plants w (t5 be small4 ,rhodod5drons are ext5sively graft$1 ! v5e] me?od be+ mo/ us$4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ ^u pott$ plants 9 late summ] or e>ly fall1 or sometimes 9 a cool h\se 9 e>ly spr+4 ,mo/ ( ! leaves are all[$ to rema9 ^u ! cion4 ,! plants are !n plac$ 9 d5sely %ad$ cool frames1 & are ne>ly cov]$ ) sphagnum4 ,v>i\s /ocks are employ$1 b = sev]e climates ! h>dy species l ,r4 ,catawbi5se & ,r4 maximum are probably be/4 ,r4 ,ponticum is ext5sively us$ 9 ,europe1 b x is n h>dy en\gh = ! nor?4 ,rhodotypos4 ,see ,k]ria4 ,rhub>b4 ,see ,rheum4 ,rhus 7,suma*74 ,anac>diace4 ,se$s1 lay]s1 suck]s1 root-cutt+s1 & cutt+s ( gre5 or ripe wood4 ,suck]s are (t5e/ us$4 ,rhyn*osia4 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s & division4 ,rhyn*osp]mum4 ,see ,tra*elosp]mum4 ,ribes 7,currant1 ,gooseb]ry74 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe1 or else /ratifi$ = new v>ieties4 ,commonly f ripe cutt+s4 ,see ,currant & ,gooseb]ry4 ,ri*>dia 7,calla7 ,aroide4 ,(fsets1 :i* %\ld be remov$ & pott$ (f :5 ! plants are at re/4 ,ric9us 7,ca/or ,bean74 ,euphorbiace4 ,se$s1 :i* 9 ! nor? are />t$ 9-doors4 ,riv9a1 ,pi]cea 7,hoop ,)y74 ,phytolaccace4 ,readily propagat$ by se$s2 also by cutt+s1 ins]t$ dur+ spr+ 9 heat4 ,rob9ia 7,locu/1 ,rose ,acacia74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 fall or spr+1 & :i* usually g]m9ate bett] if soak$ 9 hot wat] previ\s to s[+4 ,also gr[n f lay]s & root-cutt+s4 ,nam$ v>ieties are graft$ or budd$1 ! common locu/ /ock 7,r4 ,pseudacacia7 be+ pref]r$1 ev5 = ! rose acacia 7,r4 hispida74 ,rocambole 7,allium ,scorodoprasum74 ,liliace4 ,cloves1 or divisions ( ! bulb4 ,rocket1 ornam5tal sorts4 ,see ,hesp]is4 ,rocket ,salad 7,eruca sativa74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to gr[4 ,rock-,rose4 ,see ,ci/us4 ,romneya4 ,papav]ace4 ,propagat$ by se$s 9 spr+4 ,romulea4 ,iride4 ,(fsets4 ,rondeletia1 ,willd5ovia1 ,rogi]a4 ,rubiace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood1 ins]t$ 9 s& "u glass1 9 heat4 ,rosa 7,rose74 ,rosace4 ,new v>ieties & sometimes /ocks are gr[n f se$s1 :i* are s[n z soon z ripe1 or kept 9 ! hips until spr+4 ,! h>dy k9ds are usually s[n 9 well-prep>$ b$s out-doors4 ,roses are sometimes gr[n f lay]s1 & (t5 f root-cutt+s1 aft] ! mann] ( blackb]ries4 ,! common way ( propagat+ roses1 h[ev]1 is by means ( %ort cutt+s ( firm or ne>ly mature wood1 h&l$ "u glass1 ) a mild bottom heat 7( #fe or #gj74 ,!y are commonly made 9 ,febru>y or ,m>* f =c$ plants4 ,! cutt+s are made 9 v>i\s fa%ions1 "s all[+ mo/ ( ! leaves to rema91 & "s pref]r+ to cut mo/ ( !m (f1 z 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,!y are commonly cut to "o-bud l5g?s4 ,long cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 h&l$ 9 a cool gre5h\se or 9 frames1 may also be employ$ = ! v>i\s p]petual & climb+ roses4 ,mo/ gr[]s feel t ! be/ plants are obta9$ f cutt+s1 b mo/ v>ieties d well :5 budd$ ^u cong5ial & /rong /ocks4 ,budd+ by ! common %ield me?od is consid]ably employ$1 & v5e]-graft+ is sometimes us$4 ,! /ocks are gr[n ei!r f se$s or cutt+s4 ,! commone/ /ock is ! manetti 7,rosa can9a71 :i* is a /rong & h>dy species4 ,! multiflora rose 7,r4 polyan?a7 is also a good /ock1 especially = e>ly results4 ,a /ock some:at us$ ab\t ,bo/on = "s ( ! hybrid p]petuals1 ) excell5t results1 is ,rosa ,watsonia1 a ,japanese species4 ,work$ roses are 9 great] favor 9 ,europe ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,rosem>y 7,rosm>9us (fic9alis74 ,labiat4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,rubus 7,bramble74 ,rosace4 ,se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$ or s[n z soon z ripe4 ,root-cutt+s & suck]s are mo/ly employ$4 ,! se$s ( ,r4 deliciosus require two ye>s = g]m9ation4 ,see ,blackb]ry1 ,dewb]ry1 ,raspb]ry4 ,rudbeckia1 includ+ ,lepa*ys1 ,obelisc>ia 7,cone ,fl[]74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s or divisions4 ,rue4 ,see ,ruta4 ,ruellia1 includ+ ,dipt]acan?us4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 a light ri* soil1 "u glass4 ,rul+ia4 ,/]culiace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s "u glass4 ,ruscus 7,but*]'s1 ,alex&rian ,laurel74 ,liliace4 ,root suck]s4 ,also se$s1 :5 obta9able4 ,ru%4 ,see ,juncus4 ,russelia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s4 ,gre5 cutt+s "u glass4 ,ruta4 ,haplophyllum 7,h]b ( ,grace1 ,rue74 ,rutace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 divisions & cutt+s4 ,mead[ ,rue1 see ,?alictrum4 ,sabal4 ,palm4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 & by suck]s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 :5 ab\t "o foot long4 ,if !y h no roots !y mu/ be c>efully h&l$4 ,sabbatia 7,am]ican ,c5taury74 ,g5tiane4 ,may be rais$ f se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n ?9ly 9 pans1 or on a %ady bord]4 ,saffron 7,c>?amus t9ctorius74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 9 op5 air 9 spr+4 ,saffron is also ,crocus sativus4 ,sage 7,salvia (fic9alis74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,also by division1 b se$s give bett] plants4 ,sage plantations %\ld be r5ew$ e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,good plants are gr[n f cutt+s4 ,sage ,palm4 ,see ,cycas4 ,sa9tfo94 ,see ,onobry*is4 ,sa9t ,john's ,bread4 ,see ,c>ob4 ,salisburia4 ,see ,g9kgo4 ,salix 7,will[1 ,osi]1 ,sall[74 ,salic9e4 ,all ! will[s gr[ readily f cutt+s ( ripe wood ( almo/ any age4 ,! l[ & weep+ v>ieties are top-work$ ^u any common upright /ocks4 ,sall[4 ,see ,salix4 ,salpiglossis4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,propagat$ by se$s 9 op5 air1 or !y may be />t$ "u glass4 ,salsify 7,tragopogon porrifolius74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 spr+ :]e ! plants are to rema94 ,salvia1 includ+ ,scl>ea 7,sage74 ,labiat4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 s[n ?9ly & plac$ 9 a little w>m?4 ,also by cutt+s2 ^! w root readily 9 heat1 if !y are q s(t & 9 a gr[+ /ate4 ,sambucus 7,eld]74 ,caprifoliace4 ,se$s1 h&l$ l ^? ( raspb]ries & blackb]ries4 ,nam$ k9ds are gr[n f cutt+s ( mature wood1 & by lay]s4 ,s&oricum 7,s&al-tree74 ,meliace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 9 s& "u glass1 9 heat4 ,sangu9>ia 7,blood-root1 ,r$ ,puccoon74 ,papav]ace4 ,propagation is effect$ by means ( se$s1 or by divisions4 ,sanguisorba4 ,see ,pot]ium4 ,sansevi]a1 ,salmia 7,b[/r+ ,hemp74 ,hmodorace4 ,"y plants are obta9$ f suck]s4 ,sapodilla or ,sapodilla ,plum4 ,see ,sapota4 ,sapon>ia1 includ+ ,vacc>ia 7,b\nc+ ,bet1 ,full]'s ,h]b1 ,soapwort74 ,c>yophylle4 ,increas$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,! h>dy annual & bi5nial k9ds may be simply s[n 9 ! op5 bord]4 ,sapota1 ,a*ras4 ,sapotace4 ,se$s & cutt+s4 ,9 tropical c\ntries ! sapodilla 7,s4 ,a*ras7 is rais$ entirely f se$s4 ,s>rac5ia 7,indian ,cup1 ,pit*] ,plant1 ,side-saddle ,fl[]4 ,trumpet ,leaf74 ,s>rac5iace4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! cr[ns4 ,sometimes by se$s1 s[n 9 moss 9 a cool frame4 ,sassafras4 ,laur9e4 ,increas$ by se$s1 & by suck]s & root-cutt+s4 ,satyrium4 ,or*ide4 ,division ( ! plants1 z new gr[? is comm5c+4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,saurauja1 ,palava1 ,re9w>dtia4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,se$s4 ,rip5$ cutt+s %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s&1 "u glass4 ,sauromatum4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by (fsets4 ,saussurea4 ,composit4 ,se$s2 division4 ,sav94 ,see ,junip]us4 ,savoy4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,savory 7,satureia hort5sis1 ,s montana74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to rema92 or ! w9t] savory 7,s4 montana71 :i* is a p]5nial1 by division4 ,saxifraga 7,saxifrage1 ,rockfoil74 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s1 divisions1 & 9 "s species 7z ,s4 s>m5tosa1 ! /rawb]ry g]anium7 by runn]s4 ,scabiosa 7,p9-cu%ion ,fl[]74 ,dipsace4 ,se$s1 usually s[n 9 ! op51 & sometimes by division ,scvola4 ,good5ovie4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s %\ld be ins]t$ 9 a compo/ ( peat & s&1 "u glass4 ,s*e]ia4 ,see ,a*im5es4 ,s*elhamm]a1 ,p>duyna4 ,liliace4 ,increas$ usually by divisions4 ,s*9us4 ,anac>diace4 ,propagat$ by se$s4 ,s*ismatoglottis4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by divisions4 ,s*iz&ra1 includ+ ,maxim[iczia4 ,magnoliace4 ,se$s1 :5 procurable4 ,propagation is effect$ by lay]s2 by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s& "u glass4 ,s*izan?us 7,butt]fly or ,fr+e ,fl[]74 ,solanace4 ,! half-h>dy k9ds are increas$ by se$s s[n 9 a little heat 9 spr+4 ,! se$ ( ! h>dy sorts may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 e>ly spr+4 ,s*izophragma4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagat$ easily by cutt+s ( ! rip5$ wood 9 a cool h\se 9 autumn4 ,s*izo/ylis4 ,iride4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by division4 ,sciadophyllum1 ,act9ophyllum4 ,araliace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 9 s& "u glass1 9 mod]ate heat4 ,sciadopitys 7,umbrella ,p9e74 ,conif]4 ,sl[ly propagat$ by import$ se$s4 ,b cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ %oots1 tak5 (f 9 summ] & ins]t$ 9 s&1 9 heat1 root readily4 ,scilla 7,squill1 ,wild ,hyac9?74 ,liliace4 ,sl[ly increas$ by se$s1 usually by bulbels ,scolop5drium4 ,see ,f]ns4 ,scorzon]a 7,black ,salsify74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,scot* ,broom4 ,see ,cytisus4 ,screw ,p9e4 ,see ,p&anus4 ,scutell>ia 7,skull-cap1 ,helmet ,fl[]74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 divisions & cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots "u cov]4 ,sea=?ia4 ,see ,pty*osp]ma4 ,sea-kale 7,crambe m>itima74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 s[n )\t be+ %ell$1 usually 9 a se$-b$4 ,:5 ! "y plants h made ?ree or f\r leaves1 !y %\ld be remov$ to p]man5t qu>t]s4 ,se$l+s %\ld furni% crops 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,by root-cutt+s1 f\r or five in*es long1 tak5 f well e/abli%$ plants4 ,^! %\ld give plants /rong en\gh = cutt+ 9 two ye>s4 ,seaside ,grape4 ,see ,coccoloba4 ,se*ium 7,*oko74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s4 ,tub]s4 ,s$ge4 ,see ,c>ex4 ,s$um1 includ+ ,rhodiola 7,orp9e1 ,/onecrop74 ,crassulace4 ,propagation may be effect$ by se$s1 by divisions ( ! tufts1 by cutt+s ( /ems or leaves 9 spr+4 ,selag9ella4 ,lycopodiace4 ,spores4 ,%ort cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 v e>ly spr+1 9 pots or pans4 ,semp]vivum 7,h\se-,leek74 ,crassulace4 ,readily increas$ by se$s1 or by ! "y plants :i* appe> ar\nd ! old ones at ! base4 ,s5ecio1 includ+ ,cacalia1 ,c9]>ia1 ,f>fugium1 ,jacobea ,kle9a1 ,ligul>ia 7,gr\ndsel1 ,ragwe$74 ,composit4 ,! annuals are propagat$ by se$s4 ,o!rs may be increas$ by se$s1 by divisions1 or by cutt+s bo? ( ! roots & %oots4 ,s5sitive ,plant4 ,see ,mimosa4 ,sequoia1 ,well+tonia 7,r$wood74 ,conif]4 ,se$s1 :i* mu/ be h&l$ 9 a frame or half-%ady place4 ,lay]s1 & cutt+s h&l$ l ^? ( ret9ospora & yew4 ,s]icographis4 ,see ,ju/icia4 ,sesamum 7,b5e74 ,p$aliace4 ,se$s1 s[n "u glass1 or 9 ! s\? 9 ! op5 bord]4 ,sesbania1 includ+ ,agati 7,pea-tree74 ,legum9os4 ,se$s = annual species2 ! %rubby k9ds by cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ %oots "u glass1 9 heat4 ,%ad-bu%4 ,see ,amelan*i]4 ,%addock4 ,see ,pomelo4 ,%allot 7,allium ,ascalonicum74 ,liliace4 ,gr[n f cloves1 :i* are =m$ by ! break+ up ( ! ma9 bulb4 ,%ell-b>k ,hickory 7,%ag-b>k74 ,see ,hicoria4 ,%eph]dia 7,buffalo ,b]ry74 ,elagnace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 ! fall or /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,sibbaldia4 ,see ,pot5tilla4 ,sib]ian ,pea-tree4 ,see ,c>agana4 ,sid]itis4 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 divisions1 cutt+s4 ,side-saddle ,fl[]4 ,see ,s>rac5ia4 ,sil5e 7,campion1 ,cat*fly74 ,c>yophylle4 ,propagation is effect$ by se$s1 by divisions1 & by cutt+s4 ,silk-,cotton ,tree4 ,see ,bombax4 ,silphium 7,ros9-plant1 ,compass-plant74 ,composit4 ,propagat$ by se$ & by divisions4 ,silv] ,bell4 ,see ,halesia4 ,sisyr9*ium 7,blue-ey$ ,grass1 ,pig ,root1 ,ru% ,lily1 ,sat9 ,fl[]74 ,iride4 ,x may be increas$ 9 spr+ by se$s or by divisions4 ,skimmia4 ,rutace4 ,se$s1 9 a frame4 ,also by lay]s & by firm cutt+s 9 g5tle heat4 ,skirret 7,sium ,sis>um74 ,umbellif]4 ,se$s1 (fsets1 or divisions4 ,slipp]wort4 ,see ,campanula & ,calceol>ia4 ,smilac9a 7,false ,solomon's ,seal74 ,liliace4 ,se$s4 ,division ( roots4 ,smilax 7,gre5-,bri>1 ,am]ican ,*9a ,root74 ,liliace4 ,"y plants are obta9$ by se$s & by lay]s & divisions ( ! root4 ,= ! ,smilax or ,bo/on-v9e ( cons]vatories1 see ,myrsiphyllum4 ,snapdragon4 ,see ,antirrh9um4 ,sn[ball-tree4 ,see ,viburnum4 ,sn[b]ry-tree4 ,see ,symphoric>pus4 ,sn[drop4 ,see ,galan?us4 ,sn[flake4 ,see ,leucoium4 ,soapwort4 ,see ,sapon>ia4 ,sol&ra4 ,solanace4 ,increas$ by se$s s[n 9 spr+2 by cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 m\ld or tan4 ,if small fl[]+ plants are desir$1 ! cutt+s %\ld be tak5 f fl[]+ %oots4 ,solanum1 includ+ ,aqu>tia1 ,nyct]ium 7,night%ade74 ,solanace4 ,! annuals1 & mo/ ( ! o!r species1 are rais$ f se$s4 ,! tub]\s k9ds may be increas$ by tub]s or divisions ( !m4 ,! /ove & gre5h\se %rubby plants may be propagat$ by cutt+s1 ins]t$ :5 "y 9 a w>m frame4 ,soldanella4 ,primulace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by division4 ,solea4 ,see ,ionidium4 ,solidago 7,gold5 ,rod74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n 9 fall or spr+1 & by divisions4 ,solomon's ,seal4 ,see ,polygonatum4 ,son]ila4 ,mela/omace4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 or by cutt+s :i* %\ld be ins]t$ s+ly 9 small pots dur+ spr+ & plac$ 9 a frame 9 a propagat+ h\se4 ,sophora1 includ+ ,edw>dsia4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s1 lay]s & cutt+s ( ei!r rip5$ or gr[+ wood4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are graft$ ^u common /ocks4 ,sorghum4 ,gram9e4 ,usually by se$s4 ,sometimes by cutt+s z 9 ,sug> ,cane4 ,sorrel 7,rumex1 sev]al species74 ,polygonace4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,sorrel-tree4 ,see ,oxyd5dron4 ,s\r ,gum4 ,see ,nyssa4 ,s[bread4 ,see ,cyclam54 ,spani% ,bayonet4 ,see ,yucca4 ,sp>axis4 ,iride4 ,se$s4 ,usually by (fsets4 ,sp>mannia4 ,tiliace4 ,propagat$ by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood 9 spr+4 ,spa?iphyllum1 includ+ ,amomophyllum4 ,aroide4 ,propagat$ sometimes by se$s s[n 9 heat1 or by divisions ( ! root-/ocks4 ,spe>m9t 7,m5?a viridis74 ,labiat4 ,commonly gr[n f cutt+s ( ! creep+ root-/ocks4 ,spe$well4 ,see ,v]onica4 ,sphralcea1 ,sphroma 7,globe ,mall[74 ,malvace4 ,se$s2 by cutt+s ( ! "y gr[? "u glass1 & kept %ad$ until root$4 ,spid]wort4 ,see ,tradescantia4 ,sp9age 7,sp9acia ol]acea74 ,*5opodiace4 ,se$s1 s[n usually :]e ! crop is to /&1 ei!r 9 fall or spr+4 ,spira 7,spirea1 ,mead[-,sweet74 ,rosace4 ,se$s1 s[n z soon z ripe or /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,commonly increas$ by cutt+s1 ei!r ( mature or gre5 wood4 ,gre5 cutt+s usually make ! be/ plants4 ,^! are made 9 summ] & h&l$ 9 frames4 ,"s sorts1 z ,s4 arifolia1 ,s4 opulifolia & v>ieties 7,n9e-b>k1 n[ kn[n z ,neillia or ,physoc>pus opulifolia7 & ,s4 prunifolia1 are usually gr[n f lay]s put d[n 9 spr+4 ,! h]bace\s k9ds are (t5 increas$ by division4 ,spondias 7,hog ,plum1 ,otaheite ,apple or ,plum74 ,anac>diace4 ,se$s2 by l>ge cutt+s ( gr[+ wood1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ 9 s& or m\ld1 9 heat4 ,spruce4 ,see ,picea & ,abies4 ,squa% 7,cucurbita1 ?ree species74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 :5 ! wea!r becomes w>m4 ,squill4 ,see ,scilla4 ,/a*ys1 ,betonica1 ,galeopsis 7,h$ge ,nettle1 ,w\ndwort74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 divisions1 or cutt+s4 ,"s species 7z ! ,crosnes or ,s4 tub]if]a ( rec5t introduction7 are increas$ by subt]ranean tub]s4 ,/aff-tree4 ,see ,cela/rus4 ,/anhopea4 ,or*ide4 ,division ( ! old roots4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,/apelia 7,c>rion ,fl[]74 ,asclepiade4 ,se$s2 commonly by cutt+s 9 heat4 ,/aphylea 7,bladd]-nut74 ,sap9dace4 ,se$s s[n z soon z ripe or /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,by suck]s1 lay]s1 & cutt+s ( roots or ( mature wood4 ,/> ,apple4 ,see ,*rysophyllum4 ,/> ( ,be?lehem4 ,see ,orni?ogalum4 ,/atice 7,sea ,lav5d]1 ,sea ,p9k74 ,plumbag9e4 ,! annuals & bi5nials may be increas$ by se$s s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 9 a frame4 ,! p]5nials by se$s1 or by c>efully made divisions4 ,gre5h\se species %\ld be propagat$ by cutt+s ins]t$ 9 small s+le pots dur+ e>ly spr+1 & plac$ "u glass4 ,/auro/igma4 ,aroide4 ,se$s s[n 9 bottom heat2 or by division ( ! tub]s4 ,/ephanotis1 ,jasm9an!s4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 also by cutt+s ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[? ins]t$ s+ly 9 pots1 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 a close frame ) a temp]ature ( #fj4 ,/]culia4 ,/]culiace4 ,se$s4 ,increas$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 ) ! leaves on1 & plac$ "u glass4 ,^? ( ! /ove species %\ld be plac$ 9 moi/ heat4 ,/evia4 ,composit4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 by divisions & by cutt+s4 ,/igmaphyllon4 ,malpighiace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 ins]t$ 9 s&y soil "u glass1 9 heat4 ,/ill+ia4 ,euphorbiace4 ,easily propagat$ by import$ se$s4 ,/ock4 ,see ,ma?iola4 ,/okesia4 ,composit4 ,propagation by se$s & by division4 ,/onecrop4 ,see ,s$um4 ,/rawb]ry 7,frag>ia74 ,rosace4 ,new sorts are gr[n f se$s1 :i* are usually s[n z soon z ripe2 or !y may be kept until ! foll[+ spr+ ei!r dry or 9 /ratification4 ,v>ieties are commonly increas$ by (fsets1 or plants =m$ at ! jo9ts ( runn]s4 ,^! runn]s appe> aft] ! fruit is (f4 ,if /rong plants are desir$1 ! runn] %\ld be head$-91 & only "o plant all[$ to =m on ea* runn]4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be s(t & some:at moi/1 to enable ! "y plants to obta9 a foo?old4 ,plants /rong en\gh = sett+ are obta9$ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] ( ! same ye> 9 :i* !y />t4 ,ord9>ily1 ! runn]s w take root )\t artificial aid2 b 9 h>d soils1 or ) new or sc>ce v>ieties1 ! jo9ts are sometimes held d[n ) a pebble or bit ( e>?4 ,new v>ieties are (t5 propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! season f plants :i* are highly f]tiliz$1 & :i* are n all[$ to fruit4 ,v /rong plants are obta9$ by gr[+ !m 9 pots4 ,a #c-;in* pot is sunk bel[ ! runn]1 & ! jo9t is held ^u x by a /one or clod4 ,! runn] is !n p9*$ (f1 to prev5t fur!r gr[?1 & to ?r[ all its en]gy into ! "o plant4 ,! pot %\ld be fill$ ) s(t1 ri* e>?4 ,%\ld]$ pots are be/1 because !y c be rais$ m easily ?an o!rs1 by cat*+ ! spade or tr[el "u ! %\ld]4 ,! plants w fill ! pots 9 ?ree or f\r weeks1 if ! wea!r is favorable4 ,old t9 fruit cans1 :i* h be5 heat$ to remove ! bottoms1 c also be us$4 ,cutt+s ( ! tips ( runn]s are sometimes made & h&l$ 9 a frame1 z an additional means ( rapidly increas+ new k9ds4 ,^! cutt+s are really ! ca/-away tips left f ! head+-9 or *eck+ ( ! runn]s4 ,/rawb]ry ,g]anium4 ,see ,saxifraga4 ,/rawb]ry ,tree4 ,see ,arbutus4 ,/relitzia 7,bird ( ,p>adise ,fl[]1 ,bird's-tongue ,fl[]74 ,scitam9e4 ,increas$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 light soil1 & ! pots plung$ 9 moi/ bottom heat4 ,also increas$ by suck]s & by division ( ! old plants4 ,/reptoc>pus 7,cape ,primrose74 ,gesn]ace4 ,readily propagat$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,/robilan!s1 includ+ ,goldfussia 7,cone ,head74 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 9 any light soil "u glass1 9 heat4 ,/ru?iola4 ,?ymelace4 ,se$s1 :5 obta9able4 ,cutt+s 9 s& "u a frame4 ,/u>tia4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s & lay]s1 or by means ( rip5$ cutt+s1 ins]t$ 9 s& "u a h&-glass4 ,se$s are (t5e/ us$1 :]e obta9able4 ,/ylidium1 ,c&ollea4 ,/ylidie4 ,gr[n f se$s1 or 9 a few cases1 f divisions ( ! roots4 ,! %rubby k9ds may be increas$ by cutt+s4 ,/yp&ra4 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by divisions4 ,/yrax 7,/orax74 ,/yrace4 ,se$s1 :i* mu/ be /ratifi$1 or else s[n z soon z ripe4 ,!y usually lie dormant ! fir/ ye>4 ,also by lay]s & cutt+s ( gre5-wood4 ,c be graft$ ^u o!r /oraxes1 or ^u ,halesia tetrapt]a4 ,sug> ,cane 7,sac*>um (fic9>um74 ,gram9e4 ,cutt+s ( ! /ems4 ,! cutt+s %\ld possess a nope or jo9t :i* be>s "o or m good buds4 ,^! cutt+s are plant$ directly 9 ! field1 & ! plants w rea* maturity 9 two or ?ree mon?s4 ,propagation by se$s has be5 suppos$ to be impossible1 b rec5t exp]im5ts at ,kew indicate t x c be done4 ,suma*4 ,see ,rhus4 ,sundew4 ,see ,dros]a4 ,sunfl[]4 ,see ,helian?us4 ,sun ,rose4 ,see ,helian!mum4 ,swa9sona4 ,legum9os4 ,se$s4 ,gre5 cutt+s "u cov]4 ,swan ,riv] ,daisy4 ,see ,bra*ycome4 ,sweet ,bri]4 ,see ,rosa4 ,sweet ,cicely4 ,see ,myrrhis4 ,sweet ,pea4 ,see ,la?yrus4 ,sweet ,potato 7,convolvulus ,batatas74 ,convolvulace4 ,sweet potato plants are gr[n 9 hot-b$s1 cold-frames or =c+-h\ses1 f s\nd tub]s ( m$ium size4 ,! tub] is laid ^u a s&y or o!r loose b$1 & is !n cov]$ ) s& or s&y loam to a dep? ( "o or two in*es4 ,sometimes1 to gu>d aga9/ rot1 ! tub]s are n cov]$ until ! spr\ts beg9 to appe>4 ,! tub]s may be laid ?ickly ^u ! b$1 b !y are less apt to rot if !y d n t\* ea* o!r4 ,sometimes ! tub]s are cut 9 two l5g?wise1 ! cut surface be+ plac$ d[n1 9 ord] to place all ! plant-giv+ surface upp]mo/4 ,9 f\r or five weeks ! "y plants--?ree to five in*es high--are pull$ (f & plant$1 & o!rs soon arise to take _! places4 ,"o h& %\ld be held firmly ^u ! soil ov] ! tub]1 :ile ! spr\t is pull$ (f to keep x 9 place4 ,?ree or f\r crops ( spr\ts may be obta9$ f ea* tub]4 ,sweet ,william 7,dian?us b>batus74 ,c>yophylle4 ,se$s1 s[n 9-doors or 9 ! bord]4 ,division ( ! plants4 ,be/ results are obta9$ by />t+ new se$l+s e o!r ye>4 ,sw]tia4 ,g]tiane4 ,se$s1 usually />t$ 9 heat4 ,sycamore4 ,see ,platanus4 ,symphoric>pus 7,waxb]ry1 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,wort1 ,sn[b]ry-tree1 ,indian ,currant74 ,caprifoliace4 ,se$s1 h&l$ l ^? ( blackb]ries4 ,also by suck]s & cutt+s4 ,symphytum 7,comfrey74 ,borag9e4 ,may be increas$ by se$s & by division4 ,also by root-cutt+s4 ,symplocos1 includ+ ,hopea4 ,/yrace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 9 s& "u glass4 ,syngonium4 ,aroide4 ,increas$ by divid+ ! /ems into l5g?s ( ab\t ?ree jo9ts1 & ins]t+ !m 9 pots 9 a brisk heat4 ,! tops ( plants may be cut (f & ins]t$ z l>ge cutt+s4 ,syr+a 7,lilac74 ,oleace4 ,new v>ieties & /ocks are gr[n f se$s1 :i* are usually /ratifi$ until spr+4 ,gre5 cutt+s1 h&l$ 9 frames 9 summ]1 are l>gely us$4 ,cutt+s ( mature wood w gr[2 also cutt+s ( ! roots4 ,lay]s & suck]s are (t5 employ$4 ,v>ieties are ext5sively graft$ ^u privet 7,ligu/rum71 & common lilacs4 ,flute-budd+ is occasionally employ$4 ,lilacs w gr[ = a "t :5 work$ ^u ! a%4 ,graft+ succe$s well :5 p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,tab]nmontana4 ,apocynace4 ,increas$ by gre5 cutt+s1 "u glass1 9 moi/ heat4 ,tacca1 ,ataccia4 ,taccace4 ,se$s & division ( ! roots4 ,tacsonia4 ,see ,passiflora4 ,tagetes 7,m>igold74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n ei!r 9-doors or out4 ,tam>ack4 ,see ,l>*4 ,tam>9dus 7,tam>9d74 ,legum9os4 ,"y plants may be obta9$ f se$s s[n on a hot-b$ or out-doors 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,cutt+s1 9 s& "u glass 9 heat4 ,tam>ix1 ,tam>isk4 ,tam>isc9e4 ,increas$ by ripe cutt+s "u glass1 ! gre5h\se k9ds 9 heat4 ,tansy 7,tanacetum vulg>e74 ,composit4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,taxodium1 ,glypto/robus 7,bald ,cypress74 ,conif]4 ,se$s are usually employ$4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( "y wood 9 wet s&1 or ev5 wat]1 "u cov]4 ,! v>ieties ( glypto/robus may be v5e]-graft$ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] on ,t4 di/i*um4 ,taxus 7,yew74 ,conif]4 ,se$s1 s[n :5 ga!r$ or else /ratifi$4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( gre5-wood "u glass 9 summ]1 or ( mature wood z recomm5d$ = ret9ospora4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are v5e]-graft$ 9 ,augu/ or e>ly fall ^u ! upright k9ds4 ,tecoma 7,trumpet-,creep]74 ,bignoniace4 ,se$s1 lay]s1 cutt+s ( firm %oots1 b mo/ commonly by root-cutt+s4 ,t]m9alia 7,tropical ,almond74 ,combretace4 ,se$s2 also by cutt+s ( gre5-wood "u glass4 ,t]n/rmia4 ,t]n/rmiace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( ! half-rip5$ %oots "u glass1 9 bottom heat4 ,te/ud9>ia 7,elephant's ,foot74 ,dioscoreace4 ,gr[n f import$ roots or se$s4 ,teucrium 7,g]m&]74 ,labiat4 ,se$s1 divisions1 & ! %rubby k9ds by cutt+s "u cov]4 ,?alictrum 7,mead[-,rue74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 & divisions4 ,! v>ieties by cutt+s4 ,!a4 ,see ,camellia4 ,!obroma 7,cacao1 ,*ocolate-tree74 ,/]culiace4 ,propagat$ by rip5$ cutt+s1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 s&1 "u glass1 9 heat4 ,!rmopsis4 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s & divisions4 ,?rift4 ,see ,arm]ia4 ,?r9ax4 ,palm4 ,se$s4 ,?unb]gia4 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( firm wood 9 a frame4 ,?unia4 ,or*ide4 ,z ! =m ( ! pseudo-bulbs sugge/s1 ?is g5us is easily propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,^! are made ab\t six in*es long & ins]t$ 9 pots ( s&4 ,aft] /&+ 9 an ord9>y propagat+-frame or moi/ /ove = a %ort "t "y gr[?s w appe> at ! nodes4 ,:5 l>ge en\gh !y are tak5 up & pott$ 9 ord9>y compo/4 ,two ye>s at lea/ are ne$$ = !m to atta9 to fl[]+ size1 b ?is is ! be/ me?od :]e a l>ge numb] ( plants are want$4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,?uya1 includ+ ,biota 7,arbor-,vit1 ,:ite ,c$> errone\sly74 ,conif]4 ,se$s4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( gre5 %oots 9 summ] 9 a cool frame4 ,cutt+s ( ripe wood1 z recomm5d$ = ret9ospora4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are (t5 graft$ on pott$ common /ocks 9 w9t] or e>ly fall4 ,?yme 7,?ymus vulg>is74 ,labiat4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,?yrsacan?us1 ,odontonema 7,?yrse ,fl[]74 ,acan?ace4 ,se$s2 cutt+s made 9 spr+1 & plac$ 9 a close1 w>m frame4 ,ti>ella4 ,saxifrage4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,tigridia 7,tig] ,fl[]74 ,iride4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 or g5]ally by (fsets4 ,tilia 7,basswood1 ,l9d51 ,lime-tree74 ,tiliace4 ,/ocks are gr[n f /ratifi$ se$s4 ,lay]s may be made1 & cutt+s may be employ$1 b ! nam$ sorts are usually graft$ on /rong common /ocks4 ,m\nd-lay]+ is sometimes practic$4 ,till&sia4 ,bromeliace4 ,may be increas$ by se$s1 & by suck]s :i* %\ld be all[$ to gr[ l>ge be=e be+ deta*$ f ! p>5t & %\ld !n be ins]t$ s+ly 9 pots1 9 a compo/ ( loam1 peat1 & leaf-m\ld4 ,keep mod]ately moi/ & well %ad$4 ,t4 usneoides is ! ,spani% ,moss ( ! s\?2 r>ely propagat$1 b may be gr[n f se$s or divisions ( ! moss4 ,tobacco4 ,see ,nicotiana4 ,tolu ,balsam-tree4 ,see ,myroxylon4 ,tomato 7,lycop]sicum escul5tum74 ,solanace4 ,se$s1 usually />t$ "u glass4 ,cutt+s ( gr[+ %oots4 ,tor5ia4 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s1 9 a w>m frame4 ,torreya4 ,conif]4 ,increas$ ! same z ,?uya & ,ret9ospora4 ,tra*elium 7,?roatwort74 ,campanulace4 ,se$s & cutt+s4 ,tra*elosp]mum1 ,rhyn*osp]mum4 ,apocynace4 ,se$s4 ,firm cutt+s1 9 a frame4 ,tra*yc>pus4 ,palm4 ,se$s & suck]s4 ,tradescantia4 ,commel9ace4 ,usually by cutt+s2 also by se$s & divisions4 ,trapa 7,wat] ,caltrops74 ,onagr>ie4 ,se$s4 ,tree ( ,heav54 ,see ,ailan?us4 ,tri*ilia4 ,meliace4 ,se$s4 ,cutt+s ( ! rip5$ wood1 ) leaves1 or "u glass 9 heat4 ,tri*opilia4 ,or*ide4 ,divisions ( ! plants4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,tri*osan!s 7,snake ,g\rd74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 ei!r 9-doors or out4 ,tricyrtis4 ,liliace4 ,se$s r>ely4 ,(fsets & divisions4 ,trillium 7,am]ican ,wood-,lily1 ,indian ,%amrock1 ,wake-,rob974 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,triteleia 7,triplet ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagat$ by se$s & by (fsets4 ,tritoma4 ,see ,kniph(ia4 ,tritonia1 ,aletris1 includ+ ,montbretia4 ,iride4 ,"y plants are rais$ f se$s2 b g5]ally increas$ by divisions4 ,trollius 7,globe ,fl[]1 ,globe ,ranunculus74 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s4 ,divisions 9 e>ly autumn or spr+4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n fre% or a long "t w be requir$ = g]m9ation4 ,tropolum 7,na/urtium1 ,can>y-bird ,fl[]1 ,indian ,cress74 ,g]aniace4 ,se$s1 />t$ 9-doors or 9 ! g>d54 ,tub]if]\s species by tub]s or divisions ( roots4 ,p]5nials sometimes by cutt+s 9 a frame4 ,trumpet ,creep]4 ,see ,tecoma4 ,tub]ose4 ,see ,polian!s4 ,tulipa 7,tulip74 ,liliace4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 boxes ( light s&y soil1 9 late w9t]1 & plac$ 9 a cold-frame4 ,! next season ! "y bulbs %\ld be plant$ 9 a prep>$ b$ outside4 ,bulbels may be deta*$ f e/abli%$ bulbs :5 !y are lift$1 & gr[n by !mselves4 ,?is is ! usual me?od4 ,tulip-tree4 ,see ,liriod5dron4 ,tupelo-tree4 ,see ,nyssa4 ,turn]a4 ,turn]ace4 ,se$s1 divisions & cutt+s4 ,turnip 7,brassica74 ,crucif]4 ,se$s1 :]e ! plants are to rema94 ,tyda4 ,see ,gesn]a4 ,typha 7,bullru%1 ,cat's ,tail1 ,re$ ,mace74 ,typhace4 ,propagation may be effect$ by se$s s[n 9 a pot plung$ 9 wat] ne>ly to ! level ( ! soil2 or by divisions4 ,ulex 7,furze1 ,gorse1 ,:974 ,legum9os4 ,propagat$ by se$s or by cutt+s4 ,ulmus 7,elm74 ,urticace4 ,usually propagat$ by /ratifi$ se$s4 ,lay]s are sometimes made1 & suck]s may be tak54 ,! v>ieties are graft$ on common /ocks4 ,unicorn ,plant4 ,see ,m>tynia4 ,uvul>ia1 includ+ ,oakesia 7,bellwort74 ,liliace4 ,se$s2 usually by divisions4 ,vacc9ium 7,swamp ,huckleb]ry1 ,:ortleb]ry1 ,blueb]ry1 ,bilb]ry1 ,cranb]ry74 ,vacc9iace4 ,se$s1 lay]s1 root-cutt+s1 & divisions ( ! old plants4 ,"s species by h>d-wood cutt+s1 = :i* see ,cranb]ry4 ,huckleb]ry se$s are small & some:at difficult to gr[4 ,! se$s %\ld be wa%$ f ! fruits & /or$ 9 s& 9 a cool place until late 9 w9t]4 ,!y are !n s[n 9 pans or flats on ! surface ( a soil made ( equal p>ts s& & loam4 ,cov] ) f9e sphagnum & keep 9 a cool h\se or frame1 always keep+ ! se$s moi/4 ,se$s treat$ 9 ?is way may be expect$ to g]m9ate 9 a mon? or two1 al?\gh !y may lie dormant a ye>4 ,transplant frequ5tly & keep %ad$ until l>ge en\gh to %ift = !mselves4 ,lay]s %\ld be tongu$4 ,cutt+s1 two or ?ree in*es long1 ( ! be/ roots1 made 9 fall & plac$ 9 mild bottom heat 9 e>ly spr+1 (t5 give fair satisfaction4 ,native plants c be obta9$ f ! woods & fields :i* w give good satisfaction if small specim5s are tak54 ,val]iana 7,val]ian74 ,val]iane4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,vallota4 ,am>yllide4 ,bulbels1 :i* usually appe> above ! surface ( ! pot4 ,division ( ! bulbs4 ,v&a4 ,or*ide4 ,! majority are propagat$ 9 ! same way z describ$ = arides1 b two species--,v4 t]es & ,v4 ,hook]i--bo? tall & quick gr[+1 may be cut into l5g?s ( a few in*es4 ,! practice ( ! mo/ successful cultivators is to />t !m e ye> z cutt+s ab\t a foot long4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,vanilla4 ,or*ide4 ,division & cutt+s4 ,! vanilla ( comm]ce 7,v4 planifolia7 is propagat$ f cutt+s :i* are plant$ at ! base ( trees1 ^u :i* ! plant climbs4 7,see also "u ,or*ids7 ,vegetable ,oy/]4 ,see ,salsify4 ,veit*ia4 ,palm4 ,se$s4 ,vel!imia4 ,liliace4 ,by fre% se$s or sep>ation ( ! bulbs4 ,v]atrum 7,false or ,:ite ,hellebore74 ,liliace4 ,"y plants are obta9$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,v]bascum 7,mulle974 ,scrophul>9e4 ,all are rais$ f se$s s[n 9 any ord9>y soil1 except ,v4 nigrum & ,v4 p9natifidum1 :i* %\ld be increas$ by divisions & cutt+s respectively4 ,v]b5a 7,v]va974 ,v]b5ace4 ,se$s2 also by cutt+s ( vigor\s %oots4 ,"s species by divisions4 ,v]nonia1 includ+ ,asc>icida 7,ironwe$74 ,composit4 ,may be rais$ f se$s1 divisions1 or cutt+s1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! plant4 ,v]onica 7,spe$well74 ,scrophul>9e4 ,se$s & divisions4 ,%rubby sorts (t5 by cutt+s4 ,vesic>ia 7,bladd]-pod74 ,crucif]4 ,annuals by se$s2 p]5nials by division4 ,vet* 7,vicia sativa74 ,legum9os4 ,by se$s 9 op5 air4 ,viburnum4 ,caprifoliace4 ,se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$4 ,!y usually rema9 dormant ! fir/ ye>4 ,lay]s usually make ! be/ plants4 ,gre5 cutt+s made 9 summ] & h&l$ 9 frames give excell5t results4 ,v4 plicatum is propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,ripe cutt+s are sometimes us$ = ! s(t-wood$ species4 ,! sn[ball or gueld]-rose 7,v4 ,opulus7 is rapidly increas$ by lay]s4 ,x is also a good /ock = closely relat$ species4 ,v4 ,lantana & ,v4 d5tata are good /ocks on :i* v>ieties difficult to h&le c be work$ by ! v5e]-graft dur+ w9t]4 ,victoria 7,royal ,wat] ,lily1 ,wat] ,platt]74 ,nymphace4 ,! se$s %\ld be kept 9 vessels ( wat] until ready = s[+1 :5 !y may be plac$ 9 loamy soil1 & ! pot subm]g$ a c\ple ( in*es 9 wat]1 ! temp]ature ( :i* %\ld n be all[$ to fall bel[ #he4 ,! tank %\ld be 9 a light position ne> ! glass4 ,annual4 ,v9ca 7,p]iw9kle74 ,apocynace4 ,increas$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,viola 7,violet1 ,he>tsease1 ,pansy74 ,viol>ie4 ,! nam$ violets are increas$ by cutt+s made 9 a cool h\se f vigor\s %oots4 ,common species by se$s1 runn]s & divisions ( ! plants4 ,pansies are usually gr[n f se$s1 b nam$ v>ieties may be multipli$ f cutt+s tak5 late 9 ! season1 or f lay]s4 ,virgilia4 ,see ,cladra/is4 ,virg9ia ,creep]4 ,see ,ampelopsis4 ,virg9's ,b[]4 ,see ,clematis4 ,viscum 7,mi/letoe74 ,loran?ace4 ,rais$ f se$1 :i* %\ld be ins]t$ 9 a not* cut 9 ! b>k or "u side ( a bran* ( ! ho/4 ,avoid cru%+ ! se$1 & h ! embryo direct$ t[>ds ! trunk4 ,to prev5t birds f di/urb+ ! se$s aft] be+ plac$ 9 position1 cov] ) light-color$ clo?4 ,! se$ may also be fa/5$ to a smoo? "p ( ! tree by ! /icky sub/ance surr\nd+ x1 b m se$ is lo/4 ,our native phorad5dron c be h&l$ 9 ! same way4 ,vitex 7,*a/e-tree74 ,v]b5ace4 ,se$s4 ,suck]s4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( gre5 or rip5$ wood4 ,vitis4 ,see ,grape4 ,vo*ysia1 ,curcull>ia4 ,vo*ysiace4 ,se$s2 by rip5$ cutt+s 9 s& "u glass1 9 heat4 ,waahoo4 ,see ,euonymus4 ,wald/e9ia4 ,rosace4 ,may be multipli$ by se$s or divisions4 ,wall-fl[] 7,*eiran?us ,*eiri74 ,crucif]4 ,propagat$ by se$s2 ! plants1 h[ev]1 w n fl[] at ! nor? until ! second season2 protection ( a frame is requir$4 ,walli*ia1 ,wrightia4 ,palm4 ,may be increas$ by se$s2 or by suck]s1 :i* %\ld be gradually sep>at$ s z to all[ !m to make suffici5t roots be=e !y are q deta*$4 ,walnut4 ,see ,juglans4 ,wat]-,cress 7,na/urtium (fic9ale74 ,crucif]4 ,cutt+s ( ! "y /ems1 :i* root 9 mud ) great read9ess4 ,se$s scatt]$ 9 ! wat] or mud4 ,wat] ,lily4 ,see ,nympha1 ,nelumbo & ,victoria4 ,wat]-,melon 7,citrullus vulg>is74 ,cucurbitace4 ,se$s1 usually s[n :]e ! plants are to rema91 aft] ! wea!r is w>m & settl$4 ,watsonia 7,bugle ,lily74 ,iride4 ,! plants are multipli$ by se$s or by (fsets4 ,wax ,fl[]4 ,see ,hoya4 ,weigela4 ,see ,di]villa4 ,well+tonia4 ,see ,sequoia4 ,:94 ,see ,ulex & ,g5i/a4 ,:ite ,c$>s4 ,see ,*amcyp>is & ,?uya4 ,:ite-wood4 ,see ,liriod5dron & ,tilia4 ,:itlava4 ,see ,phacelia4 ,:ortleb]ry1 ,huckleb]ry 7,gaylussacia res9osa74 ,ericace4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 :i* %\ld be /ratifi$ & o!rwise c>efully h&l$4 7,see also ,vacc9ium47 ,will[4 ,see ,salix4 ,w9d ,fl[]4 ,see ,anemone4 ,w9dsor1 ,broad or ,horn ,bean 7,vicia ,faba47 ,legum9os4 ,propagation by se$s 9 op5 air aft] ! soil is fairly w>m4 ,w9t] ,aconite4 ,see ,eran?is4 ,w9t] ,cress4 ,see ,b>b>ea4 ,wi/>ia4 ,legum9os4 ,readily gr[n f se$s4 ,sometimes by division4 ,lay]s4 ,cutt+s ( rip5$ wood1 usually h&l$ "u glass4 ,! common purple & :ite k9ds are l>gely gr[n f root-cutt+s1 an in* or two long1 plac$ 9 bottom heat1 :5 !y w />t 9 f\r or five weeks4 ,_m ( ! fancy k9ds1 especially :5 wood is sc>ce1 are root- or cr[n-graft$ ^u ,w4 ,s95sis4 ,wit*-hazel4 ,see ,hamamelis4 ,woad-,wax54 ,see ,g5i/a4 ,woodb9e4 ,a "n prop]ly belong+ to climb+ ,lonic]as1 b (t5 appli$ to ,ampelopsis1 bo? ( :i* see4 ,wormwood1 ,s\!rnwood 7,artemisia ,abs9?ium74 ,composit4 ,se$s & division4 ,wrightia1 ,balf\ria 7,palay or ,ivory-tree74 ,apocynace4 ,se$s2 usually by cutt+s1 :i* root readily 9 s& 9 heat4 ,xan?oc]as4 ,sap9dace4 ,usually multipli$ by se$s2 root-cutt+s are sometimes us$4 ,xan?orhiza1 ,zan?orhiza4 ,ranunculace4 ,se$s & suck]s4 ,xan?orrha 7,black ,boy1 ,grass-tree74 ,juncace4 ,se$s2 b usually by (fsets4 ,xan?osoma1 includ+ ,acontias4 ,aroide4 ,may be increas$ by cutt+ up ! /em or root-/ock into small pieces & plant+ ^! 9 light soil1 or cocoa fibre1 9 bottom heat4 ,aft] a /em has be5 cut (f1 a numb] ( %oots are develop$1 :i* c be treat$ z cutt+s4 ,x]ophyllum4 ,liliace4 ,may be propagat$ by se$s & by divisions4 ,xiphion4 ,see ,iris4 ,xylophylla4 ,see ,phyllan?us4 ,yam4 ,see ,discorea4 ,yell[-wood4 ,see ,cladra/is4 ,yew4 ,see ,taxus4 ,yucca 7,adam's ,ne$le1 ,be>'s ,grass1 ,spani% ,bayonet74 ,liliace4 ,increas$ by se$s2 & by divisions1 :i* may be plant$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 or by pieces ( ?ick1 fle%y roots1 cut into l5g?s1 & ins]t$ 9 s&y soil1 9 heat4 ,yulan4 ,see ,magnolia4 ,zamia4 ,cycadace4 ,division ( ! cr[ns :5 possible2 or by se$s & suck]s4 ,! plants are (t5e/ import$ directly f ! tropics4 ,zan?orhiza4 ,see ,xan?orhiza4 ,zan?oxylum 7,prickly ,a%74 ,rutace4 ,se$s1 suck]s1 b m (t5 by root-cutt+s4 ,zea4 ,see ,maize4 ,zephyran!s1 includ+ ,habran?us 7,fl[] ( ! ,we/ ,w9d1 ,zephyr ,fl[]74 ,am>yllide4 ,may be multipli$ by se$s2 or by sep>at+ ! bulbels4 ,z+ib]1 includ+ ,z]umbet 7,g+]74 ,scitam9e4 ,propagat$ by division4 ,z9nia 7,y\?-&-old-,age74 ,composit4 ,se$s1 s[n ei!r 9-doors or out4 ,zizania 7,wild or ,indian ,rice74 ,gram94 ,se$s1 s[n along wat] c\rses or 9 bogs 9 fall or spr+4 ,zizyphus4 ,see ,jujube4 ,zygad5us1 includ+ ,amian!mum1 ,anticloa4 ,liliace4 ,readily multipli$ by se$s or by divisions4 ,zygopetalum4 ,or*ide4 ,division4 7,see also "u ,or*ids47 ,zygophyllum 7,bean ,cap]74 ,zygophylle14 ,se$s1 :5 !y c be _h2 o!rwise by cutt+s 9 a frame4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,poll9ation ,poll9ation4--,! act ( convey+ ! poll5 f ! an!r to ! /igma4 ,close-poll9ation--,self-poll9ation4--,! transf] ( poll5 to a /igma ( ! same fl[]4 ,cross-poll9ation4--,! conveyance ( poll5 to ! /igma ( ano!r fl[]4 ,cross+4--,! op]ation or practice ( cross-poll9at+4 ,f]tilization--,fecundation--,impregnati on4--,! action ( ! poll5 ^u ! ovules4 ,close-f]tilization--,self-f]tilization4 --,! action ( poll5 ^u ! ovules ( ! same fl[]4 ,cross-f]tilization4--,! action ( poll5 ^u ! ovules ( ano!r fl[] ( ! same species4 ,individual-f]tilization4--,f]tilization betwe5 fl[]s ^u ! same plant4 ,hybridiz+4--,! op]ation or practice ( cross+ betwe5 species4 ,hybridism--,hybridity4--,! /ate1 quality or condition ( be+ a hybrid4 ,hybridization4--,! /ate or condition ( be+ hybridiz$1 or ! process or act ( hybridiz+4 ,cross4--,an (fspr+ ( any two fl[]s :i* h be5 cross-f]tiliz$4 ,individual-,cross4--,an (fspr+ ( two fl[]s on ! same plant4 ,cross-bre$--,half-bre$--,mongrel--,v>ie ty-hybrid4--,a cross betwe5 v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,hybrid4--,an (fspr+ ( plants ( diff]5t species4 ,half-hybrid4--,a product ( a cross betwe5 a species & a v>iety ( ano!r species4 ,d]ivative or ,d]ivation-hybrid--,second>y-hybrid4--,a hybrid betwe5 hybrids1 or betwe5 a hybrid & "o ( its p>5ts4 ,big5]--,big5]ic hybrid4--,a hybrid betwe5 species ( diff]5t g5]a4 ,big5]ic half-bre$4--,a product ( a cross betwe5 v>ieties ( species ( diff]5t g5]a4 ,mule4--,a /]ile 7se$less7 hybrid4 ,,g5]al ,,requirem5ts4--,9 ord] to und]/& ! me?ods ( poll9ation1 ! read] mu/ be able to recognize ! p>ts ( ! fl[]4 ,! fu*sia1 ,fig4 #ij1 %[s ! p>ts di/9ctly4 ,! op5 fl[]1 on ! "r1 conta9s f\r well-m>k$ s]ies ( organs4 ,! fir/ s]ies is compos$ ( f\r n>r[ & leaf-l p>ts or sepals1 collectively call$ ! calyx4 ,borne ^u ^! is ! corolla1 made up ( f\r blunt & v>i\sly color$ petals4 ,! next s]ies comprises eight sl5d] /am5s or male organs 7,s74 ,! ?read-l portions or /alks ( ^! are ! filam5ts & ^u !m are borne ! an!rs4 ,! an!rs conta9 ! poll54 ,! la/ & inn]mo/ s]ies is a pi/il or female organ 7,p74 ,! pi/il is made up ( ?ree p>ts3 ! ov>y1 :i* develops into ! se$-pod1 ! /yle or sl5d] portion1 & ! /igma1 or enl>gem5t at ! end4 ,! ov>y 9 ?is case is ! oblong body borne at ! base ( ! fl[] & ^u :i* ! o!r p>ts /&4 ,! /yle runs ?r\gh ! fl[] to ! ov>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,p>ts ( ! ,fl[]4 ,! modifications ( ! fl[] are numb]less1 bo? 9 =m & numb] ( p>ts1 b ^! f\r s]ies ( organs--! calyx1 corolla1 /am5s & pi/ils--always comprise a complete fl[] & !y are arrang$ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,a p]fect fl[] is "o :i* conta9s bo? /am5s & pi/ils )\t any ref]5ce to ! surr\nd+ or leaf-l organs4 ,_m fl[]s are imp]fect or conta9 only "o sex4 ,:5 ! sexes are borne 9 diff]5t fl[]s ^u ! same plant1 ! species is said to be monci\s2 & :5 !y are borne ^u diff]5t plants ! species is dici\s4 ,sometimes ! infloresc5ce is mix$1 "s fl[]s be+ p]fect1 "s /am9ate & "s pi/illate1 all ^u ! same plant2 su* species are polygam\s4 ,mo/ g>d5 plants h p]fect fl[]s4 ,_m nut-be>+ trees are monci\s1 z walnuts1 butt]nut1 hickories1 *e/nuts1 hazels & filb]t & oaks4 ,"s ( ! composite plants are also monci\s1 ! l>ge head be>+ /am9ate fl[]s 9 "o "p & pi/illate 9 ano!r4 ,pumpk9s & squa%es are monci\s & s are mo/ v>ieties ( melons4 ,fig4 #ia %[s a pi/illate pumpk9 fl[] ) ! ov>y or "y pumpk9 bel[1 & ,fig4 #ib a /am9ate fl[] :i* lacks ! enl>gem5t bel[4 ,among dici\s species may be m5tion$ ! will[s & popl>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,pi/illate ,squa% fl[]4 ,! ov>y conta9s ! ovules4 ,:5 ^! are act$ ^u or f]tiliz$ by ! poll5 !y develop into se$s4 ,! poll5 falls ^u ! /igma or upp] extremity ( ! pi/il1 & ea* gra9 g]m9ates & s5ds a tube d[n ?r\gh ! /yle to an ovule4 ,! /igma is a slightly r\gh5$ s(t surface1 & :5 x is ripe1 or ready to receive ! poll51 x becomes slightly moi/ or /icky4 ,9 mo/ plants ! /igma is m]ely a circul> expansion ( tissue 7,fig4 #ig71 b sometimes x is divid$ into lobes & ! lobes rema9 clos$ until x is ready = ! poll54 ,! fu*sia /igma is compos$ ( f\r lobes1 :i* are clos$ 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,fig4 #ic %[s ! two-lob$ /igma ( ! trumpet-creep] or tecoma be=e ! fl[] is ready = poll9ation4 ,fig4 #id %[s ! /igma op51 9 condition to receive ! poll54 ,9 ^! fl[]s ! /am5s are hidd5 9 ! tube ( ! corolla4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,/am9ate ,squa% fl[]4 ,! poll5 is ne>ly always 9 ! =m ( v small gra9s1 :i* become dry :5 ripe4 ,9 "s plants1 notably 9 or*ids1 ! poll5 is borne 9 l>ge masses kn[n z poll9ia4 ,:5 ! an!r is ripe x assumes a yell[1 orange or br[ni% ca/ & ! poll5 is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a split 9 ! side1 a *9k at ! apex or o!r ap]ture4 ,! poll5 may fall ^u & f]tilize ! /igma ( ! same fl[]1 9 :i* case ! fl[] is said to be self-f]tiliz$1 or (t5] x is c>ri$ to ano!r fl[] by insects1 w9ds or o!r ag5cies4 ,mo/ plants possess "s contrivance :i* r5d]s self-f]tilization difficult & cross-f]tilization easy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,clos$ /igma ( tecoma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,op5 /igma ( tecoma4 ,!re are _m degrees ( cross-f]tilization4 ,! cross may take place betwe5 two fl[]s 9 ! same clu/] or betwe5 two clu/]s ^u ! same plant2 or x may take place betwe5 di/9ct plants1 ei!r ( ! same or ( ano!r species4 ,f]tilization betwe5 fl[]s on ! same plant is kn[n z individual-f]tilization4 ,! limits )9 :i* cross+ is possible are n kn[n1 b ! clos] ! species are relat$ ! m readily1 z a rule1 w !y cross4 ,"o ( ! b>ri]s :i* nature erects to prev5t self or close-f]tilization is a diff]5ce 9 "t ( matur+ ( ! two sexes4 ,9 any fl[] ! two p>ts are r>ely ready at ! same "t4 ,fl[]s 9 :i* ! /am5s mature fir/ are said to be prot]&r\s1 & ^? 9 :i* ! pi/ils mature fir/ are prot]ogyn\s4 ,9 cross+ su* species1 fl[]s ( diff]5t ages c usually be f\nd s t ! p>ts c be br\ght toge!r )\t difficulty4 ,b :5 "o s]ies ( organs 9 all ! fl[]s ( any species p]i% be=e ! o!r s]ies is mature1 ! poll5 mu/ be kept until ! pi/ils are ready1 or "o sex mu/ be =c$ or ret>d$ artificially to accommodate ! o!r4 ,if ! poll5 matures fir/1 x is only necess>y to keep x a few days until ! pi/il is ready2 b if ! pi/il matures fir/1 & ! plants _c be h&l$ artificially1 ! poll5 mu/ be kept ov] until ! foll[+ season 9 ord] to effect any crosses4 ,! longevity ( poll5 is little und]/ood4 ,t ( "s species w keep mu* long] ?an o!rs4 ,x is suppos$ t1 z a rule1 x w n keep beyond a few days or weeks4 ,if ! poll5 is to be kept1 ! an!rs %\ld be pick$ j be=e ready to bur/ & laid ^u pap] 9 a w>m1 dry & %ady place until !y dry up & ! poll5 is all dis*>g$4 ,! an!rs mu/ !n be remov$1 & ! poll5 is securely wrapp$ 9 dry pap]4 ,if x is to be kept long x w probably be bett] to place x 9 small1 closely cork-/opp]$ vials4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 a uni=m temp]ature4 ,me?ods4--,all p]fect fl[]s--^? :i* conta9 bo? /am5s & pi/ils--mu/ be depriv$ ( _! an!rs be=e ! poll5 is dis*>g$1 to prev5t self-f]tilization4 ,?is removal ( ! an!rs is call$ emasculation4 ,x is p]=m$ be=e ! fl[] op5s1 & !re=e be=e any =eign poll5 c\ld h rea*$ ! /igma4 ,9 "s fl[]s1 z 9 ! tomato1 ,fig4 #ie1 ! /igma protrudes ev5 be=e ! petals are fully gr[n & emasculation mu/ be p]=m$ v e>ly4 ,ev5 if ! /igma is n mature1 !re is a *ance t poll5 w adh]e to x & p]si/ until conditions are fit = its gr[?4 ,! fl[] is g5]ally emasculat$ by pull+ out ! an!rs ) p9c]s1 b "s l>ge an!rs c be hook$ out easily by a v small cro*et-hook or by a p9 b5t to a m9ute hook ^u ! po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,tomato-fl[]4 ,x is _m times a t$i\s op]ation1 h[ev]1 to pull out ! an!rs )\t cru%+ !m1 & ?us di/ribute "s ( ! poll54 ,a sur] & bett] plan ) mo/ fl[]s is to cut (f ! floral envelopes & ! /am5s ne> ! base ) a pair ( small & %>p-po9t$ scissors :i* cut well at ! po9t4 ,a 9 ,fig4 #ij %[s ! po9t at :i* ?is cut %\ld be made 9 ! fu*sia4 ,) a little practice1 "o c cut (f ! p>ts quickly4 ,fig4 #if %[s a tomato-fl[] aft] x has be5 emasculat$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,fig4 #ig repres5ts two fl[]s ( ,nicotiana aff9is1 "o ( :i* has be5 cut4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important features ( ?is me?od is ! m>k+ ( ! fruits :i* results 9 all species 9 :i* ! calyx p]si/s4 ,! calyx1 ( c\rse1 does n develop & ! cross$ fruit c be di/+ui%$ at once1 ev5 ?\gh ! label is lo/4 ,! tomato fruit 9 ,fig4 #ih lacks entirely ! long leaf-l calyx lobes at ! base4 ,fig4 #ii %[s ^u ! "r a gooseb]ry fruit1 ( :i* ! fl[] 0 cut1 :ile t on ! left illu/rates an untreat$ fruit ) ! long p]si/5t calyx4 ,?is m>k+ ( ! calyx is useful 9 all ! pomace\s fruits1 l apples & pe>s1 & ev5 9 capsul> fruits1 l phloxes & petunias1 9 :i* ! calyx lobes rema9 gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,emasculat$ tomato-fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,nicotiana aff9is4 ,z soon z ! fl[] is emasculat$ x mu/ be securely ti$ up ) a bag1 to exclude poll51 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,nett+ ( any k9d is n safe 9 ord9>y practice1 = ! poll5 gra9s are small en\gh to pass ?r\gh x4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! fl[]-/em is n /rong en\gh to hold ! bag1 nor l>ge en\gh to all[ ! bag to be puck]$ tightly ab\t x4 ,9 su* cases1 all ! rema9+ fl[]s 9 ! clu/] %\ld be remov$ & ! bag %\ld be ti$ ov] a portion ( ! bran*4 ,! bran* w (t5 ne$ to be cut (f to accommodate ! bag4 ,if !re are _m l>ge leaves ab\t ! fl[]s1 "p ( !m w ne$ to be cut (f4 ,x is always a good practice to emasculate two or ?ree fl[]s 9 ! clu/]--or all ^? ( ! same age--9 ord] to multiply ! *ances ( success4 ,if fl[]s ( diff]5t ages are emasculat$1 h[ev]1 ! bag w h to be remov$ sev]al times to apply ! poll5 z ! /igmas mature1 & ! *ances ( success w be less5$1 = ! fl[]s %\ld be h&l$ z little z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,cross$ tomato4 ,v>i\s bags h be5 devis$ & recomm5d$ = cov]+ ! fl[]s1 b none ( !m yet introduc$ are equal to ! ord9>y groc]s' manilla bags4 ,! only difficulty is t ! smalle/ size--! f\r?-p\nd--is too l>ge = _m small subjects1 b = ^! ! bag c be cut (f4 ,a s(t /r+1 five or six in*es long1 is pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! folds ( ! bag ab\t an in* f ! op5 end1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aja1 & is ti$ to hold x 9 place4 ,to make ! bag puck] tightly ab\t ! /em1 x %\ld be moi/5$ j be=e x is us$4 ,9 "s fl[]s :i* h long & ?ick tube-l corollas1 & 9 :i* ! /igma matures quickly1 ! end ( ! corolla itself may be ti$ up4 ,! fl[]s ( squa%es & pumpk9s are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ?is treatm5t1 & "o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,! fl[] is ti$ be=e x op5s4 ,9 squa%-l plants ! fl[]s usually op5 e>ly 9 ! morn+ & ! fl[]s are ti$ up ! prec$+ ev5+4 ,! corollas soon wilt & bags mu/ be us$ aft] ! poll5 is appli$2 & ev5 if ! corolla does n wilt & %rivel1 insects sometimes eat ?r\gh x & int]f]e ) ! exp]im5t4 ,all imp]fect fl[]s ( c\rse ne$ no emasculation1 b !y mu/ be ti$ up :ile yet 9 ! bud to protect !m f poll54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,cross$ & uncross$ gooseb]ries4 ,z soon z ! /igma matures--:i* w v>y f "o to six or sev5 days1 accord+ to ! species--! poll5 mu/ be appli$4 ,! novice w be oblig$ to remove ! bags occasionally1 to see if ! /igmas are ready4 ,z soon z ! %9y or glut9\s appe>ance ( ! /igma is se51 poll9ation %\ld be p]=m$4 ,! poll5 is mo/ easily secur$ by remov+ an an!r :5 x is ab\t to bur/ & break+ x op54 ,if ! an!r is all[$ to break op5 naturally1 ! poll5 w be lo/1 or at lea/ difficult to secure4 ,!re are v>i\s in/rum5ts recomm5d$ to aid 9 ! transf] ( ! poll54 ,a camel's hair bru% is (t5 advis$1 b x is probably ! poore/ in/rum5t :i* c be us$4 ,x wa/es ! poll5 & also mixes x by hold+ x among ! hairs1 & x is (t5 a difficult matt] to apply poll5 to ! /igma ev5ly & 9 suffici5t am\nt4 ,! po9t ( a small knife-blade is a bett] in/rum5t4 ,a /ill h&i] & bett] tool is made by flatt5+ ! po9t ( a p9 & !n ins]t+ ! little scalpel 9 a h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,) ! po9t ( ?is implem5t ! poll5 c be remov$ f ! groove or op5+ 9 ! side ( ! an!r4 ,x is commonly bett]1 h[ev]1 to place ! unop5$ an!r ^u ! ?umb nail & cru% x ) ! scalpel1 :5 ! poll5 c be ga!r$ up on ! po9t & transf]r$ to ! /igma4 ,9 "s species ! poll5 c be remov$ only by op5+ ! an!r-valves dext]\sly4 ,su* is ! case ) ! tomato2 ! po9t ( ! scalpel is ins]t$ 9 a longitud9al groove or fold 9 ! side ( ! an!r1 & z x is c>ri$ upw>ds ! poll5 is secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,fl[] ti$ up4 ,! /igma %\ld receive an abundant supply ( poll54 ,no h>m c come f supply+ too mu* :ile if too little is appli$1 "s ( ! se$s w n mature or ev5 ! fruit may n set4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 _m plants1 at lea/1 ! poll5 /imulates ! developm5t ( ! fruit-walls1 z well z f]tilizes ! ovules1 & a great] am\nt ( poll5 ?an is suffici5t to produce ! se$s !mselves may !re=e ex]t an important influ5ce4 ,sometimes x is n necess>y to use an in/rum5t to transf] ! poll54 ,if ! poll5 is copi\s & adh]es to ! an!r aft] x is dis*>g$1 ! an!r may be simply rubb$ ov] ! /igma4 ,an an!r w ord9>ily conta9 suffici5t poll5 to f]tilize sev]al /igmas4 ,! :ole surface ( ! /igma %\ld be cov]$ until x is color$ ) ! poll54 ,sometimes x w be f\nd advisable to cut (f ! corolla f l>ge fl[]s1 if x 0 n done :5 ! fl[] 0 emasculat$1 to facilitate ! labor ( apply+ poll54 ,! %ort /igmas ( squa%es1 = in/ance1 c be rea*$ m easily if ! corolla is remov$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,bag4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! mix+ ( poll51 ! fl[]s f :i* x is to be d]iv$ %\ld be cov]$ :ile 9 ! bud1 ! same z ! fl[]s design$ z ! pi/illate p>5ts4 ,o!rwise =eign poll5 may be deposit$ ^u ! an!rs by insects or w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,squa% fl[] ti$ up4 ,z soon z ! poll5 is appli$ to ! /igma1 ! fl[] %\ld be ti$ up aga9 ! same z be=e4 ,! bag %\ld rema9 ?ree or f\r days or a week1 until ! /igma has di$ & all dang] ( ano!r poll9ation is remov$4 ,if ! fruit is likely to be de/roy$ by birds or insects1 x %\ld be cov]$ ) nett+ bags z soon z ! pap]-bags are remov$4 ,^! bags also s]ve to m>k ! cross$ fruits1 & to cat* !m if !y %\ld drop be=e ! op]ator is aw>e4 ,( c\rse all crosses %\ld be labell$ ) ! names ( bo? p>5ts & ! date ( ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,p9-scalpel4 ,= ord9>y op]ations1 no especial outfit is necess>y = ! cross+ ( plants1 b ^? :o exp]im5t l>gely w f9d t ! "w w be greatly facilitat$ by ! use ( a portable box 9 :i* ! v>i\s requisites c be c>ri$4 ,if ?is box has a comp>tm5t = e article1 ! op]ator w see at a glance if any?+ is lack+ be=e he goes to ! field4 ,figs4 #aje & #ajf illu/rate a conv5i5t poll9at+ kit4 ,?is is made ab\t #ab in*es long1 #i in*es wide & #c in*es deep4 ,9 ! c5tral portion is a comp>tm5t = bags & "o = labels4 ,at ! "r end1 runn+ crosswise1 is a n>r[ comp>tm5t = /r+1 & at its upp] end is a small bottle ( alcohol4 ,into ?is alcohol ! scalpel & o!r tools are dipp$ :5ev] ano!r k9d ( poll5 is to be us$1 9 ord] to de/roy :atev] poll5 gra9s may adh]e to !m4 ,9 front is a comp>tm5t = a magnify+ glass1 & a long "o to hold scalpel1 bru%es1 cro*et-hook & p5cil4 ,! note-book is held 9 ! cov] by a wire clasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,treat$ squa% fl[]4 ,x is r>e t all ! fl[]s :i* "o poll9ates w mature fruit4 ,if "o-half are successful on ! av]age1 ! op]ator may be satisfi$4 ,ext]nal conditions h mu* to d ) ! success ( ! op]ation4 ,"s species d n set well dur+ v dry wea!r & "s are impati5t ( conf9em5t4 ,b probably all plants :i* ?rive "u glass are m sure to give good results if poll9at$ "u conf9em5t1 because conditions are "u control4 ,cross+ ( ,fl[]less ,plants4--,f]ns1 lycopodiums1 & _! allies1 pass ?r\gh two /ages ( developm5t1 & f]tilization takes place only 9 ! fir/ /age4 ,:5 spores g]m9ate1 a small1 ?91 gre5 tissue spreads ov] ! soil4 ,?is tissue is ! pro?allus 7or pro?allium74 ,^u ! pro?allus1 or some:at sunk5 9 x1 ! sexual organs appe>4 ,!y are m9ute aggregations ( cells4 ,"s ( ^! aggregations develop into sp]m or male organs & "s into g]m or female organs4 ,! sp]m organ is kn[n z an an!ridium & ! g]m organ z an ar*egonium4 ,sp]matozoids are =m$ 9 ! an!ridium1 & ^! ent] ! ar*egonium & f]tilize ! g]m cell4 ,?is f]tiliz$ g]m cell !n develops into ! second /age ( ! species1 or into t "p :i* we "k z ! f]n or ! lycopod4 ,dur+ ?is second /age1 ! plant be>s leaf-l organs & x also produces num]\s spores4 ,^! spores w produce ! pro?allus aga9 :5 s[n4 ,f]ns1 !re=e1 are f]tiliz$ b once dur+ _! lifetime1 & ! spores are n ! direct result ( f]tilization z are ! se$s ( fl[]+ plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,poll9at+ ,kit1 clos$4 ,if f]ns & o!r fl[]less plants are to be cross$1 !re=e1 ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ 9 ! pro?allic /age4 ,x 0 long a matt] ( d\bt among botani/s z to :e!r cross+ is possible among ^! plants1 b x is n[ kn[n t x does occur4 ,x has be5 br\ght ab\t repeat$ly 9 cultivation4 ,! sp]m bodies are n transf]r$ by h&1 b ! spores ( ! species betwe5 :i* crosses are desir$ are s[n toge!r & ! transf] is all[$ to take place naturally4 ,! pro?allia ( f]ns are ne>ly always dici\s 7sexes borne on diff]5t plants71 s t cross+ 9 su* cases is n improbable4 ,_m spores %\ld be s[n to increase ! *ances ( success1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! diff]5t k9ds g]m9ate simultane\sly4 ,"s species g]m9ate quick] ?an o!rs1 & ! op]ator mu/ det]m9e by previ\s trial :at ^! diff]5ces are4 7,= me?ods ( s[+ spores1 see page #bd47 ,only a small "p ( ! plants w be likely to be crosses4 ,9 "o ( ,l[e's exp]im5ts1 only five plants out ( #a1jjj 7 und\bt$ crosses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,poll9at+ ,kit1 op54 ,,ord9al ,,index4 ,an ,index to ! natural ord]s or families m5tion$ 9 ! ,nurs]y ,li/4 ,a numb] 9 p>5!ses indicates ! numb] ( ref]5ces to ! family ^u a page1 if m ?an "o occurs4 ,acan?ace1 #ii1 #aae1 #abe 7#b71 #acj1 #acc1 #adi1 #aeh1 #agj1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aih1 #baj1 #baf1 #bfd1 #bgc1 #bgg 7#b7 ,alangie1 #ajf ,alismace1 #aja1 #ajg1 #add1 #bag ,am>antace1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aef1 #bjg ,am>yllide1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ach1 #adj1 #adb1 #adg1 #adh1 #afd1 #afi1 #aga1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahe 7#b71 #aij1 #aib1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjf 7#b71 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed1 #bhj1 #bhe ,ampelide 7,vitace71 #aaj1 #afb1 #aie ,anac>diace1 #aaa1 #aff1 #ahj1 #bbb1 #bea1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bga ,anonace1 #aac1 #abb1 #abc ,apocynace1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aae1 #acb1 #aeb1 #aec1 #agh1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bed1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #bhd ,araliace1 #abj1 #agb1 #aib1 #bja1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bfg ,ari/olo*iace1 #aba1 #abc ,aroide1 ,arace1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aba1 #abc1 #adf1 #aii1 #bbf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bff 7#b71 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bha ,asclepiade1 #aaa1 #abc1 #abd1 #adj1 #adi1 #aeg1 #aid1 #aii1 #bje1 #bbc1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bga1 #bgb ,begoniace1 #acb ,b]b]ide1 #ajf1 #acj1 #acd1 #aee1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bac1 #bae1 #bed ,bignoniace1 #ajb1 #aaj 7#b71 #ace1 #aed1 #afj1 #ahj1 #bjh1 #bgf ,bix9e1 #abh1 #acf1 #bjf ,borag9e1 #aaa1 #abb1 #ach1 #afg1 #agb1 #aha 7#b71 #bja1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bcd 7#b71 #bge ,bromeliace1 #ii1 #ace1 #ada1 #ahj1 #bej1 #bgh ,bruniace1 #abf1 #acd1 #adb ,burs]ace1 #aaj1 #abi1 #aci1 #add ,cacte1 #ade1 #ahc1 #bcd1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bfa ,calycan?ace1 #adi1 #afj ,campanulace1 #ajb1 #aea 7#c71 #aef1 #agb 7#b71 #agi1 #bji1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bei1 #bgh ,canellace1 #aea ,capp>ide1 #aeb1 #afa1 #bed ,caprifoliace1 #ig1 #agg1 #baf1 #bag1 #bai1 #bfe1 #bge1 #bha ,c>yophylle1 #aje1 #aba1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aii1 #bbj1 #bej1 #bee1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bge ,casu>9e1 #aed ,cela/r9e1 #aed1 #aee1 #ahe1 #bbh ,*5opodiace1 #acb1 #aci1 #bce1 #bga ,c9*onace1 #ajg ,ci/9e1 #afc1 #bja ,combretace1 #afb 7#b71 #bei1 #bgf ,commel9ace1 #aab1 #aff1 #agb1 #agg1 #bgh ,composit1 #ii1 #aja 7#b71 #aje 7#b71 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab1 #aad 7#b71 #aae1 #abj 7#b71 #aba1 #abb 7#d71 #abd 7#b71 #abf 7#b71 #abh 7#c71 #acj1 #acb1 #acc 7#c71 #acd1 7#b71 #ace 7#b71 #ach 7#b71 #adj 7#b71 #adc1 #adg1 #adh 7#b71 #adi1 #aeb 7#b71 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #afj1 #afa 7#b71 #afb 7#c71 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj 7#b71 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aia1 #aih1 #aii1 #bja 7#c71 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bad1 #bae 7#c71 #baf 7#c71 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgb 7#b71 #bge1 #bgf1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bhe ,conif]1 #ig1 #abj1 #abf1 #adh1 #aee1 #aeh1 #agj1 #aga 7#b71 #agc1 #ahh1 #aib1 #baj1 #bac1 #bdi 7#b71 #bej1 #bed1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgf 7#b71 #bgg1 #bgh ,convolvulace1 #aba1 #afg1 #bjg1 #bcb1 #bgd ,cori>ie ,cornace1 #abf1 #acd1 #afg1 #aia1 #bcb ,crassulace1 #adb1 #afi 7#b71 #aie1 #baa1 #bfg1 #bfh ,crucif]1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abf1 #acj1 #acf1 #ach1 #ade1 #adf1 #aeb1 #afi 7#b71 #agf1 #agi1 #ahd1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bab1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #bda1 #bde1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bfg1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc 7#b7 ,cucurbitace1 #ig1 #adb1 #aga1 #aie1 #bbj1 #bbd 7#b71 #bbf1 #beg1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bgh1 #bhc ,cunoniace1 #aja ,cupulif]1 #ajg1 #ace1 #aec1 #afj1 #afh1 #ahf1 #bch1 #beh ,cycadace1 #aeg1 #agb1 #agh1 #ahb1 #bhe ,cyp]ace1 #aeb1 #agb1 #bdj ,cyrille1 #agc ,cyt9ace ,datisce1 #age ,diap5siace1 #aij ,dill5iace1 #aea1 #agg1 #bjb ,dioscoreace1 #agh1 #bgf ,dipsace1 #bff ,dipt]oc>pe ,dros]ace1 #agh1 #ahj 7#b7 ,eb5ace1 #agh1 #bdf ,elagnace1 #aha1 #bjc1 #bfh ,empetrace1 #aeg1 #afg1 #ahb ,epacride1 #aja1 #aaa1 #abe1 #ahb1 #bbd ,ericace1 #aab1 #abj1 #abg1 #acb1 #adh1 #aed1 #afd1 #afi1 #aha1 #ahb 7#b71 #ahc1 #aia1 #baa1 #bad 7#b71 #bae1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bci1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bhc ,euphorbiace1 #ih1 #ajf1 #ade1 #aed1 #afb1 #afe1 #ahe1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bbb1 #bdh1 #bed1 #bfb1 #bgb ,ficoide1 #bbe ,filices1 #age1 #agg1 #ahg1 #bbj1 #bch1 #bea1 #bee1 #beg ,frank5iace1 #ahi ,fum>ie4 ,see ,papav]ace4 ,g5tiane1 #afa1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bad1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bfd1 #bge ,g]aniace1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #ace1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bbf1 #bch1 #bdd1 #bgi ,gesn]ace1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #abh1 #acd1 #agg1 #aib1 #aic1 #baa1 #bab1 #baf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bei1 #bgc ,gnetace1 #ahb ,good5ovie1 #adb1 #agd1 #aid1 #bae1 #bff ,gram9e1 #aje1 #aab1 #abc 7#b71 #abi1 #ada 7#b71 #adf1 #ahe1 #aii1 #bba1 #bdg1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bhe ,guttif]1 #adi1 #afd1 #aij1 #bba ,hmodorace1 #aac1 #bjj1 #bde1 #bfe ,halorage1 #aii ,hamamelide1 #adc1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bah ,hydrophyllace1 #bcj1 #bdf ,hyp]ic9e1 #abc1 #bjf ,ilic9e1 #bjf1 #bcj ,iride1 #aac1 #aad1 #aba1 #abh1 #acg1 #afb1 #agj 7#b71 #agb1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aib1 #bjb1 #bjh 7#b71 #bbc1 #bcj1 #bda1 #bfb1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhc ,jugl&e1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bdd1 #beg ,juncace1 #adg1 #baj1 #bhd ,labiat1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aac 7#b71 #abi1 #aca1 #acg1 #adf1 #aee 7#b71 #afe1 #aff1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bad1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bde 7#b71 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bef1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgf1 #bgg ,laur9e1 #acd1 #aea1 #bad1 #bdf1 #bfe ,legum9os1 #ih 7#b71 #ajb 7#b71 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aji 7#c71 #aaj 7#b71 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae 7#b71 #abj1 #abc1 #abe1 #acj 7#d71 #aca1 #acb1 #aci 7#b71 #adj1 #ada1 #adb 7#b71 #add1 #adf 7#b71 #adg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb 7#b71 #aec1 #aed1 #aeg 7#c71 #afc1 #afd 7#b71 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agi 7#b71 #aha1 #ahd 7#b71 #ahf1 #aij 7#b71 #aic 7#b71 #aid 7#b71 #aii1 #bjj 7#c71 #bja1 #bjd1 #bjg 7#b71 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae 7#b71 #bah1 #bai 7#b71 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bci 7#b71 #bda 7#b71 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bea1 #bed 7#b71 #bef1 #beg1 #bfb 7#b71 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhd ,l5tibul>ie1 #bej ,liliace1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aab 7#b71 #aad1 #aae1 #abb1 #abd 7#d71 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc 7#b71 #add1 #adh 7#b71 #aej1 #afa 7#b71 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi 7#b71 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aij 7#c71 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #bjb 7#b71 #bje1 #baa1 #bab 7#b71 #bac1 #bad 7#b71 #baf1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bee1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi 7#b71 #bgd1 #bgi 7#d71 #bhj1 #bha 7#b71 #bhd1 #bhe 7#b7 ,l9e1 #ahd1 #bag1 #bfj ,loase1 #aca1 #acg1 #bah ,loganiace1 #agf1 #aia1 #bai ,loran?ace1 #bhb ,lycopodiace1 #bfh ,ly?r>ie1 #aga1 #bab1 #bad1 #bbj1 #bca1 #bee ,magnoliace1 #ahj1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bff ,malpighiace1 #aja1 #abi1 #adc1 #ade1 #bba1 #bgb ,malvace1 #ih1 #ajh1 #ach1 #adh1 #afh1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #bjc 7#b71 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bba 7#c71 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bci1 #bda1 #bga ,mela/omace1 #ajj1 #abb1 #acd1 #acg1 #ada1 #aej1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agb1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bbd 7#b71 #beb1 #bgj ,meliace1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aeb1 #aee1 #bbd1 #bfe1 #bgh ,m5isp]mace1 #ih1 #afb1 #afe1 #bbd ,monimiace1 #abf ,mor+e1 #bbf ,myopor9e1 #bbh ,myricace1 #aff1 #bbh ,myri/ice1 #bbi ,myrs9e1 #abj1 #afc1 #bji ,myrtace1 #ajj1 #aac1 #abd1 #abh 7#c71 #aca1 #acb1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej 7#b71 #aeb1 #aec1 #agd1 #ahe1 #aii 7#b71 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbi 7#b7 ,naiadace1 #aae1 #bch ,nep5?ace1 #bcj ,nolanace1 #ajh ,nyctag9e1 #ig1 #aci1 #bbf ,nymphace1 #ade1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bhb ,o*nace1 #aid1 #bcb ,olac9e1 #bcc ,oleace1 #afa1 #ahi 7#c71 #bji1 #baf1 #bcb 7#b71 #bcc 7#b71 #bch1 #bdh1 #bge ,onagr>ie1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahb1 #aij1 #aia1 #baj1 #bai1 #bcc1 #bgh ,or*ide1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aac 7#b71 #aad1 #aae1 #acj1 #aca1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adf1 #adi1 #aej1 #aee1 #aff1 #agc1 #age1 #agh1 #ahb1 #bab1 #bbj1 #bbc 7#b71 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdg 7#b71 #bfe1 #bga1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhe ,palm1 #ii 7#b71 #aja1 #aba1 #abe1 #abh1 #ach1 #adj1 #adf1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afe1 #agd1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baa1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bef1 #beg1 #bei1 #bfd1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhc ,p&ane1 #aij1 #bdj ,papav]ace1 #ajc1 #aba1 #acg1 #afh1 #agf1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aij1 #bbc1 #bdj1 #bfb1 #bfe ,passiflore1 #aeb1 #aie1 #bda ,p$al9e1 #bbc1 #bfh ,phytolaccace1 #bdi1 #bfb ,pip]ace1 #bde1 #bea ,pittospore1 #ace1 #add1 #bea ,plantag9e1 #ih1 #bea ,platanace1 #bea ,plumbag9e1 #aba1 #bed1 #bgb ,polemoniace1 #aea1 #afd1 #aib1 #bai1 #bdh1 #bed ,polygale1 #aff1 #bab1 #bee ,polygonace1 #adc1 #adh1 #afe1 #ahc1 #bbg1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bgj ,pont$]iace1 #aha1 #bee ,portulacace1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #adf1 #baf ,primulace1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abg1 #afh1 #agb1 #agi1 #bjd1 #bbj1 #bef1 #bgj ,proteace1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #abg1 #abi1 #aih1 #bjj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bae1 #bai1 #bdf1 #bef ,ranunculace1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aab 7#b71 #abj1 #abf1 #adi1 #afb1 #afc1 #afg1 #age1 #ahc1 #bjb 7#b71 #bjh1 #bab1 #bca1 #bci1 #bei1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #bhd ,res$ace1 #bfj ,rhamne1 #acd1 #aee1 #aff1 #bje1 #baj1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bfj ,rosace1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aai1 #acf1 #add1 #aeh 7#b71 #afa1 #afh1 #afi1 #agf1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aib 7#b71 #baj1 #baa1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdh1 #beb1 #bee1 #bef 7#b71 #beg1 #beh1 #bei 7#b71 #bfa1 #bfc 7#b71 #bga1 #bgb1 #bhc ,rubiace1 #ajc1 #aad1 #abd1 #aci 7#b71 #add1 #adi1 #aea1 #aee1 #aef 7#b71 #afj1 #afb1 #afe 7#b71 #afg1 #agj1 #aia1 #bjj 7#b71 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bej1 #bfc ,rutace1 #ajj 7#b71 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #abe1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #aci1 #adi1 #aed1 #afa1 #afc 7#b71 #afh1 #agj1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahd1 #aic1 #bad1 #bag1 #bce1 #bdg 7#b71 #bee1 #beg1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bhe ,salic9e1 #bee1 #bfd ,sap9dace1 #ii1 #ajd1 #bab1 #bbd 7#b71 #bcj1 #bca1 #bga1 #bhd ,sapotace1 #aba1 #aca1 #afb1 #bjh1 #bfe ,s>rac5iace1 #agd1 #bfe ,saxifrage1 #ajb1 #aad1 #abe1 #aca1 #ada1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeg1 #afb1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aid1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bgg ,scitam9e 7,z+ib]ace71 #ajh1 #abi1 #adg1 #aea1 #afh1 #aga1 #bja 7#b71 #bbb 7#b71 #bbg1 #bgc1 #bhe ,scrophul>9e1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #abb1 #ach1 #adb 7#b71 #adg1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agg1 #ahc1 #aib1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bda1 #bde1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bgh1 #bha 7#b7 ,selag9e1 #aic ,sim>ube1 #adb1 #beh ,solanace #aad1 #abf1 #aeg1 #agc1 #age1 #aha1 #ahf1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bca 7#c71 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdi 7#b71 #bee1 #bff1 #bfi 7#b71 #bgh ,/]culiace1 #ig1 #abd1 #abe1 #adj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bde1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bgg ,/ylidie1 #bgc ,/yrace1 #bjj1 #bgd1 #bge ,taccace1 #bge ,tam>isc9e1 #bgf ,t]n/rmiace1 #aja1 #ach1 #aej1 #aec1 #ahe1 #aie1 #bgc1 #bgf ,?ymelace1 #agd1 #agh1 #aha1 #bab 7#b71 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bgc ,tiliace1 #ii1 #aad1 #aae1 #aba1 #adb1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aih1 #bgj1 #bgg ,turn]ace1 #bgi ,typhace1 #bhj ,umbellif]1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aab1 #aac1 #abb1 #abe1 #abf1 #add1 #aef1 #afj1 #afg1 #agj1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #bjb1 #bai1 #bbi1 #bda 7#b71 #bfi ,urticace1 #abc1 #ach1 #ada 7#b71 #aea1 #aee1 #aef1 #agi1 #ahh 7#b71 #bje1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bhj ,vacc9iace1 #ajd1 #bhj ,val]iane1 #aef1 #bhj ,v]b5ace1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aci1 #adg1 #aec1 #afa1 #afd1 #bac1 #bag1 #bef1 #bha1 #bhb ,viol>ie1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #afh1 #ahd1 #bjg1 #bhb ,vitace4 ,see ,ampelide ,vo*ysiace1 #bhb ,zan?oxyle1 #aje ,z+ib]ace4 ,see ,scitam9e ,zygophylle1 #aih1 #bhe ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,page4 ,annul> budd+1 #ge ,b>k-graft+1 #hh ,bass1 #gb ,bell glass1 #ci ,big5]ic half-bre$1 #bhf ,big5]1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,big5]ic hybrid1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,budd+1 #fg ,budd+1 k9ds (1 #ff ,bulbel1 def9ition (1 #bf ,bulblet1 def9ition (1 #bi ,bulb-scales1 #bh ,bulbs1 def9ition (1 #be ,callus1 #di ,cions1 cutt+1 #gg ,cion1 def9ition (1 #fc ,cleft-graft+1 #ha ,clo*e1 #ci ,close-f]tilization1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,close-poll9ation1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,corm1 def9ition (1 #bi ,cormel1 def9ition (1 #cj ,cross-bre$1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,cross1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,cross-f]tilization1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,cross+1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,cross-poll9ation1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,cr[n1 def9ition (1 #ca ,cr[n-graft+1 #gf ,cuttage1 def9ition (1 #ci ,cutt+1 def9ition (1 #ci ,cutt+-graft+1 #ia ,damp+-(f1 #bb1 #bg ,d]ivative-hybrid1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,division1 #ea ,d\ble-graft+1 #ia ,dress+ ( /ocks1 #fi ,emasculation1 #bia ,fecundation1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,f]tilization1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,fl[]less plants1 cross+ (1 #big ,fl[]s1 dici\s1 #bhh -- monci\s1 #bhh -- p]fect1 #bhg -- prot]&r\s1 #bij -- prot]ogyn\s1 #bij ,flute-budd+1 #ge ,free /ock1 #fc ,fruit-graft+1 #ij ,graftage1 def9ition (1 #fc ,graft+1 #gf ,graft+1 def9ition (1 #fc ,graft+1 k9ds (1 #ff ,graft+-waxes1 #ib ,gre5-wood cutt+s1 #ef ,half-bre$1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,half-hybrid1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,h>d-wood cutt+s1 #ed ,heel cutt+s1 #dh ,h]bace\s-graft+1 #hi ,hybrid1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,hybridism1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,hybridity1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,hybridization1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,hybridiz+1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,impregnation1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,in>*+1 #ib ,individual-cross1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,individual-f]tilization1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,june budd+1 #gc ,knaurs1 #ef ,knives1 budd+1 #fi ,knives1 graft+1 #hd ,lay]1 def9ition (1 #cb ,lay]age1 def9ition (1 #cb ,lay]+1 ,*9ese1 #cf -- circumposition1 #cf -- m\nd1 #ce -- /ool1 #ce -- pot1 #cf -- s]p5t9e1 #cd ,leaf cutt+s1 #fj ,mallet cutt+s1 #dh ,mallet1 = graft+1 #hg ,mongrel1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,mule1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,(fset1 def9ition (1 #cj ,pla/ic1 = graft+1 #ib ,poll9ation1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,propagat+ frame1 #ci ,pro?allus1 #big ,raffia1 #gb ,reg]m9ation1 #bb ,r+-budd+1 #ge ,root-cutt+s1 #ec ,root-graft+1 #gf1 #gg ,root-tip1 #cc ,saddle-graft+1 #gi ,scales ( bulbs1 #bh ,scions1 cutt+1 #gg ,scion1 def9ition (1 #fc ,scre5s1 = se$s & cutt+s1 #ab ,se$age1 def9ition (1 #i ,se$-graft+1 #ij ,se$s1 bor+1 #ah -- dep? = s[+1 #bj -- freez+1 #ag -- ,influ5ce ( light ^u1 #ba -- soak+1 #ag -- s[+1 #ai -- ,transportation (1 #bc ,self-f]tilization1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,self-poll9ation1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,sep>ation1 def9ition (1 #be ,%ield-budd+1 #fh ,side-graft+1 #hj ,splice-graft+1 #hj ,spores1 s[+1 #bd ,/em cutt+s1 #ed ,/em-graft+1 #gf ,/ick1 ( buds1 #fi ,/ock1 def9ition (1 #fc ,/olon1 def9ition (1 #cb ,/ratification1 #ae ,/r+ = ty+1 #ga ,tongue-graft+1 #gf ,top-graft+1 #gf1 #hd ,tub] cutt+s1 #eb ,tub]1 def9ition (1 #cj ,tubul> b$d+1 #gf ,ty+ buds1 #ga ,v>iety-hybrid1 def9ition (1 #bhf ,v5e]-budd+1 #ge ,v5e]-graft+1 #hj ,wax = graft+1 #ib ,:ip-graft+1 #gf ,:i/le-budd+1 #gf 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,:]e two diff]5t spell+s ( plant names appe>1 ei!r ! mo/ us$ or ! contempor>y spell+ 0 employ$4 ,all p>agraphs split by images 7 rejo9$ & ! images mov$ above or bel[ ! p>agraph4 ,def9itions ,miss+ ,! ,ord9al ,index li/s ,cori>ie )\t a page ref]5ce & x does ,,n occur 9 ! book's text4 ,bel[ is a li/ ( ref]5c$ entries 9 ! ,ord9al ,index = :i* ! t>gets are miss+ f ! text3 ,ca/illeja ,odontosp]mum ,patr9ia ,tsuga