,transcriber ,note ,emphasized text displayed as3 ,italic and ,bold4 ,whole and fractional numbers as3 #a-a_/b ,,the ,,nursery-,,book ,a ,,complete ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,multiplication and ,pollination of ,plants ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,new ,york3 ,the ,rural ,publishing ,company #ahia ,by the ,same ,author4 ,horticulturist's ,rule-,book4 ,a ,compendium of ,useful ,information for ,fruit ,growers1 ,truck ,gardeners1 ,florists and others4 ,new edition1 completed to the close of #ahij4 ,pp4 #bej4 ,library edition1 cloth1 #a4 ,pocket edition1 paper1 #ej cents4 ,annals of ,horticulture ,,for ,,the ,,years #ahhi ,,and #ahij4 ,a ,witness of ,passing ,events1 and a ,record of ,progress4 ,being records of introductions during the year1 of new methods and discoveries in horticulture1 of yields and prices1 horticultural literature and work of the experiment stations1 necrology1 etc4 ,illustrated4 #b vols4 ,library edition1 cloth1 #a per vol4 ,pocket edition1 paper1 #ej cents per vol4 ,,copyrighted #ahia1 ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,electrotyped ,,and ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,,horace ,m',,farland1 ,,harrisburg1 ,,pa4 ,,preface4 ,this little handbook aims at nothing more than an account of the methods commonly employed in the propagation and crossing of plants1 and its province does not extend1 therefore1 to the discussion of any of the ultimate results or influences of these methods4 ,all such questions as those relating to the formation of buds1 the reciprocal influences of cion and stock1 comparative advantages of whole and piece roots1 and the results of pollination1 do not belong here4 ,in its preparation ,i have consulted freely all the best literature of the subject1 and ,i have been aided by many persons4 ,the entire volume has been read by skilled propagators1 so that even all such directions as are commonly recommended in other countries have also been sanctioned1 if admitted1 as best for this4 ,in the propagation of trees and shrubs and other hardy ornamentals1 ,i have had the advice of the head propagator of one of the largest nurseries in this country4 ,the whole volume has also passed through the hands of ,b4 ,m4 ,watson1 ,jr41 of the ,bussey ,institution of ,harvard ,university1 a teacher of unusual skill and experience in this direction1 and who has added greatly to the value of the book4 ,the articles upon orchids and upon most of the different genera of orchids in the ,nursery ,list1 have been contributed by ,w4 ,j4 ,bean1 of the ,royal ,gardens1 ,kew1 who is well known as an orchid specialist4 ,i have drawn freely upon the files of magazines1 both domestic and foreign1 and ,i have made particular use of ,nicholson's ,illustrated ,dictionary of ,gardening1 ,vilmorin's ,les ,fleurs de ,pleine ,terre1 ,le ,bon ,jardinier1 and ,rmpler's ,illustriertes ,gartenbau-,lexikon4 ,it is believed that the ,nursery ,list contains all the plants which are ordinarily grown by horticulturists in this country either for food or ornament4 ,but in order to give some clew to the propagation of any which are omitted1 an ordinal index has been added1 by which one can search out plants of a given natural order or family4 ,it cannot be hoped that the book is complete1 or that the directions are in every case best for all regions1 and any corrections or additions which will be useful in the preparation of a second edition are solicited4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #a1 #ahia4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,seedage #i-bd ,regulation of ,moisture #i ,requirements of ,temperature #ad ,preparatory ,treatment of ,seeds #ae ,sowing #ai ,miscellaneous ,matters #ba ,spores #bd ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,separation #be-ca ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,layerage #cb-ch ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,cuttage #ci-fb ,devices for ,regulating ,heat and ,moisture #ci ,soils and ,general ,methods #df ,particular ,methods--,kinds of ,cuttings #ea #a4 ,tuber ,cuttings #eb #b4 ,root ,cuttings #ec #c4 ,stem ,cuttings #ed #d4 ,leaf ,cuttings #fj ,,chapter ,v4 ,graftage #fc-if ,general ,considerations #fc ,particular ,methods #fg ,budding #fg ,grafting #gf ,grafting ,waxes #ib ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,nursery ,list #ig-bhe ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,pollination #bhf-bih ,general ,requirements #bhg ,methods #bia ,crossing of ,flowerless ,plants #big ,illustration ,,nursery4--,an establishment for the rearing of plants4 ,in ,america the word is commonly used in connection with the propagation of woody plants only1 as fruit-trees and ornamental trees and shrubs4 ,this is erroneous4 ,the word properly includes the propagation of all plants by whatever means1 and in this sense it is used in this book4 ,tabular ,statement of the ,ways in which ,plants are ,propagated4 ,a4 ,by ,seeds4--,seedage4 ,root-tips4 ,runners4 #a4 ,by ,layers proper3 undetached ,simple4 parts4-- ,serpentine4 ,layerage4 ,mound4 ,pot or ,chinese4 ,i4 ,on their #a4 ,by undivided parts4-- own roots4 ,separation 7,bulbs1 corms1 bulbels1 bulblets1 bulb-scales1 tubers1 etc74 #b4 ,by detached ,division4 parts4 #b4 ,by divided ,cuttings parts4-- proper3 ,cuttage4 ,of tubers4 ,b4 ,of roots4 ,by ,buds4 ,of stems4 ,of leaves4 ,i4 ,budding3 ,shield1 flute1 veneer1 ring1 annular1 whistle or tubular4 ,,ii4 ,grafting3 ,whip4 ,,ii4 ,on roots ,saddle4 of other #a4 ,by detached ,splice4 plants4-- scions4 ,veneer4 ,graftage4 ,cleft4 ,bark4 ,herbaceous4 ,seed4 ,double4 ,cutting4 #b4 ,by undetached scions4--,inarching4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,seedage4 ,seedage4--,the process or operation of propagating by seeds or spores1 or the state or condition of being propagated by seeds or spores4 ,there are three external requisites to the germination of seeds--moisture1 free oxygen1 and a definite temperature4 ,these requisites are demanded in different degrees and proportions by seeds of different species1 or even by seeds of the same species when differing widely in age or degree of maturity4 ,the supply of oxygen usually regulates itself4 ,it is only necessary that the seeds shall not be planted too deep1 that the soil is porous and not overloaded with water4 ,moisture and temperature1 however1 must be carefully regulated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,double ,seed-,pot4 ,regulation of ,moisture4--,moisture is the most important factor in seedage4 ,it is usually applied to the seeds by means of soil or some similar medium1 as moss or cocoanut fiber4 ,fresh and vigorous seeds endure heavy waterings1 but old and poor seeds must be treated sparingly4 ,if there is reason to suspect that the seeds are weak1 water should not be applied to them directly4 ,a favorite method of handling them is to sow them in a pot of loose and sandy loam which is set inside a larger pot1 the intermediate space being filled with moss1 to which1 alone1 the water is applied4 ,this device is illustrated in ,fig4 #a4 ,the water soaks through the walls of the inner pot and is supplied gradually and constantly to the soil4 ,even in this case it is necessary to prevent soaking the moss too thoroughly1 especially with very weak seeds4 ,when many pots are required1 they may be simply plunged in moss with the same effect4 ,the soil should be simply very slightly moist1 never wet4 ,moisture is sometimes supplied by setting the seed-pot in a shallow saucer of water1 or it may be sufficient to simply place it in the humid atmosphere of a propagating-box4 ,large seeds may be laid upon the surface of the soil in a half-filled pot1 covered with thin muslin1 and then covered with loose and damp loam4 ,every day the pot is inverted1 the covering taken off and fresh soil is added4 ,a modification of this plan for small seeds can be made by placing the seeds between two layers of thin muslin and inserting them in damp loam1 which is frequently renewed to avoid the extremes which would result from watering or from allowing the soil to become dry4 ,in these last operations1 no water is applied to the seeds and they constitute one of the most satisfactory methods of dealing with seeds of low vitality4 ,they are essentially the methods long ago used by ,knight1 who laid such seeds between two sods cut from an old and dry pasture4 ,even sound and strong seeds should be watered with care4 ,drenchings usually weaken or destroy them4 ,the earth should be kept simply damp4 ,to insure comparative dryness in in-door culture1 some loose material1 as pieces of broken pots or clinkers1 should be placed in the bottom of the pot or box to afford drainage4 ,it should be borne in mind1 however1 that the seed bed should be approximately equally moist throughout its depth4 ,the waterings should therefore be copious enough to moisten the soil throughout4 ,a wet or moist surface over a dry substratum should always be avoided4 ,error is common here4 ,it is usually best to apply water with a watering-pot1 as watering with a hose is apt to wash out the seeds and to pack the soil1 and the quantity of water is not so easily regulated4 ,at first thought1 it would appear that the apparently good results following soaking of seeds in many cases1 are a contradiction of these statements that seeds may be over-watered4 ,but soaking is usually beneficial only when practiced for a comparatively short time4 ,it is not good practice to soak delicate seeds before sowing1 and it is of doubtful utility in most other cases1 unless it is necessary to soften the integuments of hard-shelled species1 as discussed on page #ag4 ,the gain in rapidity of germination following soaked1 as compared with dry seeds1 is really fictitious1 inasmuch as germination actually begins in the soaked seeds before the dry samples are sown4 ,the soaked seeds are sown in water rather than in soil1 and as conditions are more uniform there1 a gain apparently due to soaking may result4 ,in the case of strong seeds which must be planted out-doors in cold or uncongenial soil1 a preliminary soaking of from #ab to #bd hours may be beneficial1 as it lessens the period which the seeds would otherwise pass in untoward conditions4 ,but soaked seeds1 unless of very hardy species1 should never be sown out-doors until the soil has become rather dry and warm4 ,to prevent too rapid drying out1 the soil should be firmly pressed about the seeds4 ,the pot or box should be given a shady place1 or some covering may be applied to check evaporation4 ,a pane of glass is often placed over the box1 being tilted a little at intervals to allow of ventilation and to prevent the soil from becoming soggy or sour4 ,a seed-case1 with a glass cover1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 is neat and handy in the treatment of small seeds4 ,a thin covering of fine moss is sometimes given1 or a newspaper may be thrown over the soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,seed-,case4 ,in out-door culture1 only a naturally dry and well-drained soil should be chosen for all ordinary seeds1 especially for such as are sown in the fall or remain in the ground a long time before germinating4 ,soils which contain a liberal amount of sand or gravel are especially valuable for this purpose4 ,to prevent drying in out-door culture1 it is important that the earth be well firmed over the seeds4 ,walking on the row1 placing one foot directly ahead of the other1 is usually the most expeditious and satisfactory operation1 at least with large seeds4 ,or the earth may be firmed with a hoe or the back of a spade1 or a board may be placed upon the row and then be thoroughly settled by walking over it4 ,in the sowing of celery and other small and slow seeds1 it is a frequent practice to leave the board on the row until the seeds appear in order to hold the moisture4 ,this is a doubtful expedient1 however1 for the young plants are apt to be quickly dispatched by the sun when the board is removed4 ,if the board is employed1 it should be raised an inch or two from the ground as soon as the plants begin to appear4 ,but the shade of the board is too dense and plants do not grow stocky under it4 ,it is better to use brush or lath screens if protection is desired2 or fine litter1 if free from weed seeds1 may be used4 ,in most cases1 however1 screens will not be needed by celery and similar seeds if the ground is in the proper condition and is well firmed at planting time4 ,it is always advisable1 nevertheless1 to place the beds for slow and small seeds where they can be watered occasionally4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,lath ,screen4 ,there are many kinds of screens in use to prevent the drying out of small seeds in out-door seedage and to protect the young seedlings4 ,these are used also in the shading of cuttings4 ,the common lath screen 7,fig4 #c7 is the most useful for general purposes4 ,it is simply a square frame made from common laths laid at right angles in a double series4 ,the interstices between the laths are equal in width to the laths themselves4 ,these screens are laid horizontally upon a light frame-work a few inches above the seeds4 ,the passage of the sun constantly moves the shadows over the bed1 and sufficient shade is afforded while thorough ventilation is allowed4 ,this and all other elevated screens are useful in shading and protecting the young plants as well1 but when used for this purpose they are usually raised a greater distance above the beds4 ,a brush screen consisting of a low frame covered with boughs1 is often used1 as shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,this is cheaper than the lath screens1 and is equally as good for most purposes4 ,the brush is often laid directly upon the ground1 especially in large beds4 ,this answers the purpose of shading1 but it does not allow of weeding and it must be taken off soon after the seeds germinate1 or slender plants will be injured in its removal4 ,brush screens are sometimes raised three or four feet to allow of weeding4 ,a screen for frames is shown in ,fig4 #e4 ,it is a simple covering of muslin stretched over the top and sides of a rough frame-work4 ,the cloth is usually omitted from the front side4 ,this style of screens is much used by nurserymen1 especially for cutting beds4 ,whitewashing the sashes also affords good shading4 ,a more elaborate and permanent screen is shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,it is built of slats1 usually #c-;inch stuff4 ,this shed screen is oftenest used for the protection of tender plants1 but it affords an exceedingly useful and convenient place for the storage of pots and boxes of slow-germinating seeds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,brush ,screen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,screen for ,frames4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,shed ,screen4 ,various frames and covers are employed for in-door seedage1 but they are designed to regulate atmospheric moisture and to control temperature4 ,they are more commonly employed in the growing of cuttings1 and are therefore described in ,chapter ,,iv4 ,requirements of ,temperature4--,variations in temperature exercise less influence upon seeds than variations in moisture4 ,yet it is important that the extremes of temperature should not be great1 especially in small1 delicate or weak seeds4 ,seeds will endure greater extremes of temperature when dry than when moist4 ,this indicates that germinating seeds must be kept in a comparatively uniform temperature4 ,for this reason it is poor practice to place seed-boxes in a window in full sunlight4 ,partial or complete shade serves the double purpose of preventing too great heat and too rapid evaporation4 ,various covered seed-boxes are used for the purpose of maintaining approximately the required temperature1 but as they are oftener used in bud-propagation1 they are discussed in that connection4 ,bottom heat is helpful to germination in most seeds1 but1 except in the case of certain tropical species1 it should not be strong4 ,it is a common practice to place the seed-boxes on moderately cool pipes under benches in a greenhouse4 ,seeds of hardy annuals and perennials do not require bottom heat1 although they may be benefitted by it4 ,if the soil in seed beds should become too cool1 watering with warm or tepid water will be found helpful4 ,it is impossible to give rules for the determination of the proper temperature for different kinds of seeds4 ,in general1 it may be said that seeds germinate most rapidly at a temperature a few degrees above that required for the best development of the plant itself4 ,hardy plants require a temperature of from #ej to #gj1 conservatory plants from #fj to #ge or #hj1 and tropical or stove plants from #ge to #ie4 ,the plantlets should be removed from these highest temperatures1 as a rule1 as soon as germination is completed4 ,in out-door culture1 depth of planting has a direct relation to temperature4 ,seeds may be planted deeper late in the season than early1 when the soil is cold and damp4 ,deep planting probably as often kills seeds because of the absence of sufficient heat as from the lack of oxygen or the great depth of earth through which the plantlet is unable to push4 ,preparatory ,treatment of ,seeds4--,many seeds demand some treatment preparatory to sowing4 ,nearly all hard and bony seeds fail to germinate1 or at least germinate very irregularly1 if their contents are allowed to become thoroughly dry and hard4 ,the shells must also be softened or broken in many cases before the embryo can grow4 ,nature treats such seeds by keeping them constantly moist under leaves or mold1 and by cracking them with frost4 ,this suggests the practice known to gardeners as stratification1 an operation which consists in mixing seeds with earth and exposing them to frost or to moisture for a considerable time4 ,stratification is practiced1 as a rule1 with all nuts1 the seeds of forest trees1 shrubs1 the pips of haws and often of roses1 and in many cases with the seeds of common fruits4 ,it should be performed as soon as possible after the seeds are mature4 ,small seeds are usually placed in thin layers in a box alternating with an inch or two of sand4 ,sometimes the seeds are mixed indiscriminately in the sand1 but unless they are large it is difficult to separate them out at sowing time4 ,the sand is often sown with the seeds1 however1 but it is difficult in such cases to distribute the seeds evenly1 and in sowing large quantities the handling of the sand entails a considerable burden and becomes an item of expense4 ,it is advisable to pass the sand through a sieve of finer mesh than the seeds1 and the seeds can then be sifted out at sowing time4 ,if the seeds are very small or very few in number they may be placed between folds of thin muslin1 which is then laid in the sand4 ,any shallow box1 like a gardener's flat1 is useful in making stratifications1 or with small lots of seeds pots may be used4 ,a flat four inches deep might contain two or three layers or strata of seeds the size of peas4 ,the disposition of the boxes when filled varies with different operators4 ,some prefer to bury them4 ,in this case a well-drained sandy slope is chosen4 ,the flats are placed in a trench from one to two feet deep1 covered with a single thickness of boards1 and the trench is then filled with earth4 ,the seeds usually freeze somewhat1 although freezing is not considered necessary unless in the case of nut-like seeds4 ,the object attained in burying is to keep the seeds moist and fresh1 inducing the rotting or softening of the coverings1 while they are buried so deep that they will not sprout4 ,seeds of most forest trees should be treated in this manner4 ,they are commonly left in the ground until the second spring1 when they are taken up and sown in drills in mellow ground4 ,if good loam to which has been added a little well-rotted manure is used1 the seeds or nuts of hardy trees and shrubs may be allowed to germinate and grow for one season in the flats4 ,at the end of the season or the next spring the plants can be transplanted without losing one4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the best way to handle rare and difficult subjects4 ,many growers place the boxes on the surface in some protected place1 as under trees or in a shed1 and cover them a foot deep with clean straw or leaves4 ,this is a good method for all seeds which are to be sown the following spring1 as those of many fruits4 ,if boxes are piled on top each other they should be mulched with moss1 else the under ones may become too dry4 ,or the boxes may be placed without covering in a shed1 but they must be examined occasionally to see that they do not become too dry4 ,precaution must also be taken to keep away mice1 squirrels1 blue-jays and other intruders4 ,large nut-like seeds or fruits1 like peach-pits1 walnuts and hickory-nuts1 are usually buried in sand or light loam where they will freeze4 ,or sometimes the large nuts are thrown into a pile with earth and allowed to remain on the surface4 ,freezing serves a useful purpose in aiding to crack the shells1 but it is not essential to subsequent germination1 as is commonly supposed4 ,all seeds1 so far as known1 can be grown without the agency of frost if properly handled4 ,fall sowing amounts to stratification1 but unless the soil is mellow and very thoroughly drained the practice is not advisable4 ,the seeds are liable to be heaved or washed out1 eaten by vermin1 and the soil is apt to bake over them4 ,under proper conditions1 however1 the seeds of fruits and many forest trees thrive well under fall sowing4 ,the seeds should be sown as soon as they are ripe1 even if in mid-summer2 or if the ground is not ready for them at that time1 they may be temporarily stratified to prevent too great hardening of the parts4 ,it is best1 however1 to allow all green or moist seeds to dry off a few days before they are stratified4 ,fall sown seeds should always be mulched4 ,some seeds rarely germinate until the second year after maturity1 even with the best of treatment4 ,the thorns1 mountain ash1 hollies1 viburnums1 some roses1 and many others belong to this category4 ,some growers sow them regularly as soon as they are ripe and allow the beds to remain until the seeds appear4 ,this is a waste of land and of labor in weeding1 and the best way is to stratify them and allow them to remain until the second spring before sowing4 ,partial substitutes for stratification are soaking and scalding the seeds4 ,soaking may be advantageously practiced in the case of slow and hard seeds1 which are not enclosed in bony shells1 and which have been allowed to become dry4 ,seeds of apple1 locust and others of similar character1 are sometimes treated in this manner4 ,they are soaked for #bd or #cf hours1 and it is commonly supposed that if they are exposed to a sharp frost in the meantime1 better results will follow4 ,while still wet the seeds are sown4 ,scalding water may be poured over locust and other seeds to soften their covering4 ,but seeds should not be boiled1 as sometimes recommended4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,bored ,seed4 ,the germination of bony seeds is often facilitated by filing or cutting away the shell very carefully near the germ1 or by boring them4 ,a bored nelumbium seed is shown in ,fig4 #g4 ,treatment with various chemicals has been recommended for the purpose of softening integuments1 and also for some power which strong oxidizing agents are supposed to exert in hastening germination itself1 but the advantages are mostly imaginary4 ,secret and patented germinator compounds had better be avoided4 ,pulpy and fleshy coverings should be removed from seeds before sowing4 ,soft fruits1 like berries1 are broken up or ground into a pulp and the seeds are then washed out4 ,this separation may be performed immediately in some cases1 but when the pulp adheres to the seed1 the whole mass is usually allowed to stand until fermentation and partial decay has liberated the seeds4 ,the pulp will then rise1 in most instances1 leaving the seeds at the bottom of the vessel4 ,seeds can be liberated quickly by adding a stick of caustic potash to each pail of water4 ,after the mass has stood an hour or so1 the seeds can be rubbed out easily4 ,even tomato seeds can be cleaned with safety in this manner4 ,seeds which have thin coverings1 as the viburnums and many haws1 can be prepared by rubbing them through the hands with sharp sand4 ,or the scant pulp of such seeds may be allowed to rot off in the stratification box4 ,fleshy coverings of hard and bony seeds may be removed by maceration4 ,allow them to stand in water at a temperature of about #ge for one to three weeks1 and then wash them out4 ,resinous coverings are sometimes removed by mixing the seeds with fresh ashes or lime1 or by treating them with lye4 ,hard1 thick-walled seeds are rarely injured by the decay of the pulpy covering1 but thin-walled seeds should be cleaned1 to avoid the possibility of damaging them4,a ,a ,an admirable paper upon the propagation of hardy trees and shrubs from seeds and the treatment of the young seedlings1 by ,jackson ,dawson1 may be found in ,trans4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 #ahhe1 part #a1 #ade1 and also in ,rep4 ,sec4 ,mass4 ,bd4 ,agr4 #ahhe1 #dfh4 ,sowing4--,the soil in which seeds are sown1 especially in in-door culture1 should be such as to allow of perfect drainage and at the same time to hold moisture4 ,good potting soil1 with a liberal allowance of sharp sand1 is the best for general purposes4 ,pure sand becomes too dense1 and leaf mold alone is usually too loose and open4 ,a proper combination of the two corrects both faults4 ,it is impossible to describe a good potting or seed-bed soil4 ,some experience is essential to the best results in preparing it4 ,it should be of such character that when a damp portion is firmly compressed in the hand it will fall apart when released4 ,it should never bake4 ,good old garden loam1 to which an equal quantity of sand has been added1 is usually a good soil for common in-door seedage4 ,there should be no manure in soil used for seeds which produce a delicate growth1 as rhododendrons and kalmias4 ,in all such cases1 rotted sod or leafy peat forms the best basis4 ,the soil should be sifted and thoroughly fined before seeds are put into it4 ,seeds usually require lighter soil than that in which the growing plant will flourish4 ,cocoanut fiber is sometimes used in place of the soil1 as it holds moisture1 allows of almost perfect drainage1 and does not become sour4 ,fine dead sphagnum moss may also be used4 ,orchid seeds are usually sown on the live moss in which the parent plant is growing2 or they may be sown on damp wood or cork4 7,see under ,orchids1 ,chap4 ,,vi47 ,small seeds1 like those of cineraria and calceolaria1 germinate well in very old cow-dung obtained from a pasture2 the unctuous matters have disappeared1 leaving a fibrous remainder4 ,but all things considered1 well-prepared soil is the most satisfactory medium which can be used4 ,seeds of aquatic plants which are to be sown in a pond may be placed in a ball of clay and dropped into the water4 ,shallow boxes or flats and earthen seed-pans and lily-pans are usually preferable to pots in which to grow seeds4 ,they give more surface in proportion to their contents and require less attention in drainage4 ,if pots are used1 the four to six inch sizes are best4 ,if delicate seeds are sown out-doors1 they should be given some protection1 if possible4 ,an ordinary hot-bed frame gives the best results4 ,in warm weather or a sunny exposure it will be found desirable to substitute a cloth screen for the sash4 ,a thin or medium water-proof plant cloth1 either commercial or home-made1 is excellent for this purpose4 ,it may be tacked upon a simple and light rectangular frame which is strengthened at the corners by iron carriage-corners4 ,these cloth-covered frames are handy for many purposes1 particularly for protecting and supplying some warmth to seed-pans and young seedlings4 ,it is essential that good drainage be given all in-door seed-pots or seed-beds4 ,a layer of broken pots or other coarse material is placed on the bottom4 ,many growers place a thin layer of fine dead sphagnum moss or of peat over this drainage material1 and it certainly makes a useful addition4 ,it is particularly useful in isolated pots or small boxes1 as it holds enough moisture to prevent too rapid drying out1 while all surplus water is quickly taken off by the coarse material beneath4 ,over the moss coarse siftings from the soil may be placed1 while on top only the finest and best soil should be used4 ,the smaller the seeds1 the more care must be exercised in the sowing4 ,the proper depth for sowing varies directly with the size of the seed4 ,the chief advantage of very fine soil for small seeds is the greater exactness of depth of covering which it allows4 ,very small seeds should be sown upon the surface1 which has previously been well firmed and levelled1 and then covered with a very thin layer of finely sifted soil or a little old and dead moss rubbed through a sieve4 ,this covering should be scarcely deeper than the thickness of the seeds2 that is1 the seeds should be barely covered4 ,many prefer pressing the seeds into the soil with a block4 ,or if one has a close propagating-box1 the seeds may remain upon the surface and sufficient moisture will be supplied from the atmosphere4 ,such fine seeds are rarely watered directly1 as even the most careful treatment would be likely to dislodge them4 ,the soil is usually well watered before the seeds are sown1 or moisture may be supplied by inserting the pot in water nearly to its rim for a few moments4 ,if water is applied from a hose1 a thin cloth should first be spread on the soil to hold it4 ,celery seeds1 in out-door beds1 are often sown upon a nicely prepared surface and are then pressed in by means of the feet or a board4 ,some cover to prevent evaporation should be given all small seeds4 ,this may be a board or a slate slab at first1 but as soon as the plants appear glass should be substituted to admit light4 7,see pp4 #aa to #ad47 ,large seeds demand much less care as to depth of covering1 as a rule4 ,one-fourth or one-half inch is a good depth for most coarse seeds in-doors4 ,if one wishes to gauge the depth accurately1 the drills may be made by a planting stick1 like that shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,its flange is made of the required thickness1 and it is pressed into the soil until the cap strikes the surface4 ,this is a useful implement in seed testing4 ,another device for regulating the depth of sowing1 particularly in seed testing1 is the ,tracy planter1 shown in ,fig4 #i4 ,it consists of two strips of heavy tin plate about three inches wide1 hung upon two wire pivots or hinges some two inches long4 ,at their upper edges and equidistant from either end1 the plates are joined by a firm spiral spring1 which serves to throw the upper edges apart1 and to cause the lower edges to join4 ,this trough is now filled with the required number of seeds1 and is then inserted into the earth to a given depth1 when the fingers push inward on the spring and the trough opens and delivers the seeds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,planting ,stick4 ,miscellaneous ,matters4--,the influence which light exerts upon germination is not definitely understood4 ,it is known1 however1 that seeds will often germinate in full sunlight1 if the proper conditions of moisture and temperature can be maintained4 ,seeds sown upon a moist surface and covered with a glass present an interesting study4 ,but it is well known1 on the other hand1 that some seeds will not germinate1 or will at least appear unevenly1 if subjected to sunlight4 ,at least some of the delphiniums1 papavers and adonises germinate very imperfectly1 if at all1 in direct light4 ,it is always advisable to keep germinating seeds in shade or partial darkness1 especially as there is nothing to be gained by exposing them4 ,of course the soil itself is sufficient protection if the seeds are covered4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,tracy ,planter4 ,it is a common statement that seeds can never revive if allowed to become thoroughly dry after they have begun to sprout4 ,this is an error4 ,wheat1 oats1 buckwheat1 maize1 pea1 onion1 radish and other seeds have been experimented upon in this direction1 and they are found to re-germinate readily1 even if allowed to become thoroughly dry and brittle after sprouting is well progressed4 ,they will even re-germinate several times4 ,wheat1 peas and other seeds have been carried through so many as seven germinations after the radicle had grown a half inch or more and the seeds had been sufficiently dried in each trial to render them fit for grinding4 ,damping-off is a common ailment of young seedlings and cuttings4 ,the stem becomes brown and constricted at or near the surface of the soil1 and it soon rots and falls over4 ,the top of the plant often remains alive and fresh for several days after it has fallen4 ,a fungus is supposed to cause damping-off4 ,the conditions which seem to particularly favor the development of this fungus are a moist and close atmosphere1 crowding and careless watering4 ,plants are particularly liable to damp-off if only sufficient water is applied to keep the surface moist while the under soil remains dry4 ,hot sand1 sifted over the plants1 will check it1 but there is no complete remedy4 ,attention to the above suggestions will serve as a preventive4 ,the transportation of certain kinds of seeds over long distances1 especially on sea voyages1 is often beset with difficulties4 ,thick-meated or soft seeds may become too dry if stored in a warm place or too moist if stored in a cool one4 ,the humid atmosphere of the ocean is fatal to some seeds unless they are well protected1 and the moist and hot climates of some tropical countries destroy many seeds of cooler regions before they can be planted4 ,thin-coated seeds demand dryness and air1 and bony seeds usually need moisture and a more confined atmosphere4 ,most seeds may be sent dry and loose in coarse paper packages under all ordinary circumstances2 but if they are to traverse very hot and moist climates1 they should be sealed in tin cases or very securely wrapped in oiled paper1 in which case the seeds should be thoroughly dried before being packed4 ,small seeds which are liable to become moldy may be packed in finely powdered charcoal4 ,apple and pear seeds are often imported in this manner4 ,the seeds or fruits of woody plants require more careful management4 ,they should generally be transported in some sort of stratification4 ,a favorite method is to place them in boxes or jars1 mixed with naturally moist sand or sawdust1 or slightly moist dead sphagnum moss4 ,some prefer to seal the packages hermetically1 but under ordinary conditions this is unnecessary4 ,in transit1 the packages should be stored in a medium and uniform temperature4 ,even acorns1 which are often difficult to transport over long voyages1 may be carried in this manner with safety4 ,it is important that the soil should not be wet4 ,natural soil from a dryish and loamy pasture is excellent4 ,in some cases it is better to sprout the seeds in the native country and ship the seedlings in a closed or ,wardian case4 ,it should be borne in mind that actual plantings rarely give so good results as seed tests1 from the fact that conditions are more variable4 ,there is often a variation of over fifty per cent4 even when the planting has been carefully done4 ,this is proof that liberal seeding should always be practiced4 ,spores4--,ferns1 lycopodiums and selaginellas are often grown from spores4 ,the general conditions adapted to the germination of seeds are also suitable for the germination of spores1 but extra care must be taken with the drainage4 ,if a pot is used1 it should be half or more filled with drainage material1 and the soil should be rendered loose by the addition of bits of brick1 charcoal1 cinders or other porous materials4 ,the surface soil should be fine and uniform4 ,some place a thin layer of brick dust upon the surface1 in which the spores are sown4 ,it is a frequent practice to bake the soil to destroy other spores which might cause troublesome growths4 ,the spores should be sprinkled upon the surface and should not be covered4 ,the pot should be set in a saucer of water and it should be covered by paper or a pane of glass if the sun strikes it4 ,better results are obtained if the pot or pan is placed inside a propagating-frame or under a bell-glass4 ,in place of earth1 a block or small cubes of firm peat or sandstone may be employed4 ,the block is placed in a saucer of water and the spores are sown upon its surface4 ,water should not be applied directly to the spores1 as it is apt to dislodge them4 ,the period of germination varies in different species1 but three to six weeks may be considered the ordinary limits4 ,while still very small1 the plantlets should be pricked out1 and for some time thereafter they should be subjected to the same conditions as before4 ,spores are so exceedingly small and light that the greatest care must be exercised in growing them4 ,in order to gather them1 the fronds may be cut as soon as the sori or fruit-dots turn brown1 and stored in close boxes or paper bags4 ,note4--,for tables of weights and longevities of seeds and quantities required for given areas1 consult ,horticulturist's ,rule-,book4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,separation4 ,separation4--,the act or process of multiplying plants by means of naturally detached asexual organs1 or the state or condition of being so multiplied4 ,separation is effected by means of bulbs1 bulbels1 bulb-scales1 bulblets1 corms1 tubers1 offsets1 crowns and sometimes by buds4 ,bulbs of all kinds are specialized buds4 ,they are made up of a short and rudimentary axis closely encased in transformed and thickened leaves or bulb-scales4 ,these thickened parts are stored with nutriment which is used during subsequent growth4 ,bulbs occur only in plants which are accustomed to a long period of inactivity4 ,many bulbous plants are peculiar to dry and arid regions1 where growth is impossible during long periods4 ,a bulb is1 therefore1 a more or less permanent and compact leaf-bud1 usually occupying the base of the stem underground and emitting roots from its lower portion4 ,bulbs are conveniently divided into two great classes--the scaly1 or those composed of narrow and mostly loose scales1 as in the lily1 and laminate or tunicate1 or those composed of more or less continuous and close-fitting layers or plates1 as in the onion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bulb of ,lilium candidum4 ,bulbs often break up or divide themselves into two or more nearly equal portions1 as in ,lilium candidum1 shown one-third natural size in ,fig4 #aj4 ,the parts may be separated and treated as complete bulbs for purposes of propagation4 ,this division or separation of bulbs proceeds in a different manner in nearly every species1 yet it is so obvious that the novice need not be perplexed by it4 ,almost any breaking apart of these loose bulbs1 if only a heart or central axis remains in each portion1 is successful for purposes of slow multiplication2 but when flowers are desired it is usually inadvisable4 ,bulbous plants multiply most easily by means of bulbels--often also called bulbules and offsets--or small bulbs which are borne about a large or mother bulb4 ,in some lilies1 as ,lilium candidum1 the bulbels form at the top or crown of the mother bulb1 and a circle of roots will be found between them and the bulb2 in others1 as ,l4 speciosum and ,l4 auratum1 they form on the lower part of the flower stalk4 ,in some species the bulbels are few and very large1 or even single1 and they bloom the following year4 ,in such cases the bulb undergoes a progressive movement from year to year after the manner of root-stocks1 the bulb of one year forming a more or less distinct one above and beyond it which continues the species1 while the old one becomes weak or dies4 ,this method of bulb formation is seen in the cut of ,lilium pardalinum1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,in the hyacinth the bulbels form at the base of the bulb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,bulb of ,lilium pardalinum4 ,bulbels vary greatly in size and frequency in different species4 ,sometimes they are no larger than a grain of wheat1 and in other plants they are as large as hickory-nuts4 ,in some species they are borne habitually underneath the scales of the mother bulb4 ,these bulbels are often removed when the mother bulbs are taken up1 and they are usually planted in essentially the same manner as the bulbs themselves1 although it is desirable to place them1 at least for the first year1 in a bed or border by themselves4 ,or if they are especially small and delicate they may be planted in pots or flats and be treated about the same as single eye cuttings4 ,in some lilies the bulbels are allowed to remain attached and the whole mass is planted in the fall in close drills4 ,sometimes the larger lily bulbels will produce flowers the following season1 but they usually require the whole of the season in which to complete their growth4 ,the second fall they are ready to be permanently planted4 ,bulbels of some plants require a longer time in which to mature into bulbs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,cut ,hyacinth ,bulb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,hollowed ,hyacinth ,bulb4 ,bulbels are often produced by an injury to the bulb4 ,growth of stem and leaves is prevented or checked and the energy is directed to the formation of minute buds1 or bulbs1 in the same manner as adventitious buds form upon a wounded stem4 ,advantage is taken of this fact to multiply some bulbous plants1 and in the case of the hyacinths1 at least1 the mutilation of bulbs for this purpose is practiced to a commercial extent4 ,hyacinth bulbs are cut in two1 or are slashed in various ways4 ,the favorite method is to make two or three deep transverse cuts into the base of the bulb4 ,the strongest bulbs should be chosen and the operation is performed in spring or early summer when the bulb is taken up4 ,the bulbs are sometimes hollowed out from the under side for half or more of their length4 ,this operation is sometimes performed later in the season than the other1 and precaution should be exercised that the bulbs do not become too moist1 else they will rot4 ,hollowed bulbs should be well dried before being planted4 ,both methods of preparing hyacinth bulbs are shown in ,figs4 #ab and #ac which are adapted from ,gardeners' ,chronicle4 ,fig4 #ad shows a portion of the base of a cross-cut bulb1 with the adventitious bulbels4 ,the mutilated bulbs are stored during summer1 and are planted in fall or spring4 ,the wounded bulbs produce very little foliage1 but at the end of the first season the bulbels will have formed4 ,the bulbels are then separated and planted by themselves in prepared beds4 ,several years are required for the bulbels to mature into flowering bulbs4 ,some of the strongest ones may produce flowering bulbs in three years1 but some of them1 especially those obtained from the hollowed bulbs1 will not mature short of six years4 ,this method of propagating hyacinths is confined almost entirely to ,holland4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,cross-,cut ,bulb4 ,the scales of bulbs are often employed to multiply scarce varieties4 ,from ten to thirty of the thicker scales may be removed from the outside of the bulb without serious injury to it4 ,these are treated in the same manner as single eye cuttings4 ,they are usually handled in flats or propagating-frames1 and are pressed perpendicularly into a light and loose soil--half sharp sand and half leaf-mould--for nearly or quite their entire length1 or are scattered in damp moss4 ,keep the soil simply moist1 and for hardy and half-hardy species keep the temperature rather low--from #de to #fj4 ,slight bottom heat may sometimes be given to advantage4 ,in from three to ten weeks a little bulbel1 or sometimes two or more1 will appear at the base of the scale1 as shown in ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,bulb-,scale4 ,these pots or flats may be plunged out-doors during summer if the planting was done in winter1 or the scales may be potted off or transferred to the open border as soon as rootlets have formed4 ,it is the common practice with most hardy species to allow the scales to remain in the original flats during summer and to cover them the next fall1 allowing them to remain out-doors over winter4 ,the succeeding spring they are shifted into a bed or border1 and by the next fall--having had two summers' growth--most species will be ready for permanent planting in the flower border4 ,a bulblet is a small bulb borne entirely above ground1 usually in the axil of a leaf or in the inflorescence4 ,familiar examples occur in the tiger lily and in top onions4 ,in the former instance the bulblets are direct transformations of buds1 while in the onion they are transformed flowers4 ,it is impossible to draw any line of separation between bulblets and buds4 ,in some plants1 certain buds detach themselves and fall to the ground to multiply the species4 ,sometimes these buds vegetate before they fall from the plants1 as in the case of various ferns4 ,for purposes of propagation1 bulblets are treated in the same way as bulbels1 and like them1 they reproduce the variety upon which they grow4 ,they will develop into full grown bulbs in from one to three years1 according to the species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,gladiolus ,corm4 ,a corm is a bulb-like organ which is solid throughout4 ,familiar examples occur in the gladiolus and crocus4 ,cormous plants are multiplied in essentially the same manner as bulbous species4 ,as a rule1 a new corm is produced each year above the old one1 and this commonly bears flowers the following season4 ,this renewal is well shown in the gladiolus1 ,fig4 #af4 ,the illustration shows a gladiolus bottom1 half size1 when taken up in ,november4 ,at the base are seen the withered remains of the corm which was planted in the spring1 and above it the new corm which will furnish bloom the following season4 ,a number of cormels or spawn have also appeared4 ,these may be planted out in a border or bed and will produce mature bulbs in one or two seasons4 ,the larger ones1 under good treatment1 will often produce bulbs an inch in diameter the first season4 ,some growers keep the cormels a year and a half before planting them out1 as they are thought to vegetate more evenly under such treatment2 in this case they should be placed in sand to prevent too great drying out4 ,adventitious cormels may be produced by various methods of wounding the mother corm1 and this practice of exciting them is often necessary1 as some varieties do not produce cormels freely4 ,each bud on the top or side of the corm may be made to produce a separate corm by cutting a deep ring around it1 so as to partly divide it4 ,or the corm may be directly cut into as many separate pieces as there are buds or eyes1 after the manner of cutting potatoes1 but these pieces are usually handled in flats where temperature and moisture can be controlled4 ,almost any injury to such vigorous corms as those of the gladiolus and crocus will result in the production of cormels1 if care is taken that the corms do not become so cold and wet that they will rot4 ,a tuber is a prominently thickened portion of a root or stem1 and it is usually subterranean4 ,the potato1 sweet potato and dahlia furnish good examples4 ,tuberiferous plants are multiplied by planting these tubers whole1 or the tubers may be cut into small portions as described in ,chapter ,,iv1 in the descriptions of cuttings4 ,in hardy species1 the tubers may be allowed to remain in the ground during winter1 but they are generally dug in the fall and stored in a dry and cold place1 but where they will not freeze4 ,an offset is a crown or rosette of leaves1 usually borne next the surface of the ground1 which detaches itself and forms an independent plant4 ,the best examples occur in the house-leeks1 plants which are more familiarly known as hen and chickens and man and wife4 ,these offsets take root readily1 and in propagating there is no other care necessary than to remove and plant them4 ,a crown is a detachable portion of a root-stock bearing roots and a prominent bud4 ,rhizomes or root-stocks multiply individuals and extend the distribution of the species by means of a progressive movement of the crowns4 ,the root-stock grows during summer1 and at the end of the season each branch develops a strong terminal bud which usually produces a flowering stem the following season4 ,the root-stock gradually dies away at its old extremity1 and in a few years a single individual gives rise to a considerable patch4 ,this is well shown by the common ,may-,apple or podophyllum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,lily of the ,valley ,crown4 ,in some species these crowns are removed in the autumn and are planted and handled in much the same manner as bulbs4 ,the crown or pip of the lily of the valley1 shown half size in ,fig4 #ag1 is obtained in this manner4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,layerage4 ,layerage4--,the operation or practice of making a layer1 or the state or condition of being layered4 ,layer4--,a shoot or root1 attached to the parent plant1 partially or wholly covered with earth with the intention that it shall take root and then be severed from the parent4 ,stolon4--,a decumbent shoot which1 without the aid of man1 takes root and forms an independent plant4 ,many plants habitually propagate by means of decumbent shoots and runners4 ,these shoots become more or less covered with earth or leaves1 and roots are emitted1 usually at the joints4 ,in many cases1 the old shoots die away and an entirely independent plant arises from each mass of roots4 ,in other plants1 the shoots remain attached to the parent1 at least for a number of years1 so that the plant comprises a colony of essentially distinct individuals4 ,great numbers of plants which do not propagate naturally by means of layers are readily increased by this means under the direction of the grower4 ,in most cases it is only necessary to lay down the branches1 cover them with earth1 and allow them to remain until roots are well formed1 when they can be severed from the parent4 ,layering is one of the simplest methods of propagation1 as the mother plants nurse the layer plants until they can sustain themselves4 ,it is a ready means of multiplying hard-wooded plants which do not grow well from cuttings4 ,all vines1 and all plants which have runners or long and slender shoots which fall to the ground1 may be multiplied readily by layerage4 ,among fruits1 the black-cap raspberry is a familiar example4 ,the canes of the current year bend over late in summer and the tips strike the earth4 ,if the tip is secured by a slight covering of earth1 or if it finds lodgment in a mellow soil1 roots are emitted and in the fall a strong bud or crown or eye is formed for next year's growth4 ,the parent cane is severed in the fall or spring1 some four or six inches above the ground1 and an independent plant1 known as a root-tip1 as shown in ,fig4 #ah1 is obtained4 ,in this instance1 as in most others1 it is immaterial at what point the parent stem is severed1 except that a short portion of it serves as a handle in carrying the plant1 and also marks the position of the plant when it is set4 ,the black raspberry propagates itself naturally by means of layers1 and it is only necessary1 in most cases1 to bring the soil into a mellow condition when the tips begin to touch the ground in order that they may find anchorage4 ,this layering by inserting the growing point has the advantage of producing very strong crowns or plants in autumn from shoots or canes of the same year1 and it should be more generally practised4 ,even currants1 gooseberries1 and many other plants can be handled in this way4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,raspberry tip4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,covered ,layer of ,viburnum4 ,in most cases of layerage it is necessary to lay down the branches and to cover them4 ,the covering may be continuous1 as in ,fig4 #ai1 or it may be applied only to the joints or restricted portions of the shoot1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #bj4 ,in either case1 the covering should be shallow1 not exceeding one to three inches4 ,if the shoot is stiff a stone or sod may be placed upon it to hold it down2 or a crotched stick may be thrust down over it1 as in the pegging down of propagators4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,layered ,shoots4 ,the strongest plants are usually obtained by securing only one plant from a shoot1 and for this purpose the earth should be applied only at one point1 preferably over a bud somewhere near the middle of the shoot4 ,if the buds are close together1 all but the strongest one may be cut out4 ,if more plants are desired1 however1 serpentine layering may be practiced1 as shown at ,a in ,fig4 #bj4 ,the shoot is bent in an undulating fashion1 and from every covered portion roots will form and a plant may be obtained4 ,the covered layer also possesses the advantage of giving more than one plant1 but the roots are apt to form so continuously that definite and strong plants are rarely obtained2 these rooted portions may be treated as cuttings1 however1 with good results4 ,the grape is sometimes propagated by serpentine layering4 ,stiff and hard-wooded plants do not often strike or root readily1 and in order to facilitate rooting the branch is wounded at the point where a new plant is desired4 ,this wounding serves to induce formation of adventitious buds at that point1 and to check the growth of the branch at the tip4 ,it is a common practice to cut the branch about half in two obliquely1 on the lower side4 ,this operation is known as tongueing4 ,ringing or girdling1 twisting1 notching1 and various other methods are employed1 none of which1 perhaps1 possess any peculiar advantages in general practice4 ,some propagators cut all the buds from the covered portion4 ,in this case the free and protruding end of the layer is expected to form the top of the new plant4 ,arching1 or very abrupt bending1 as in serpentine layering1 serves the same purpose and is the only attention necessary in most vines4 ,when large numbers of plants are desired1 as in commercial nurseries1 it is often necessary to cut back the parent plant to the ground1 or very nearly so1 for the purpose of securing many shoots fit for layering4 ,a plant which is cut back in the spring will produce shoots fit for layering the following spring2 or some species will produce them in abundance the same year if layers of green or immature wood are desired4 ,these parent or stock-plants are called stools by nurserymen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,mound ,layering of ,gooseberry4 ,in many species layerage is performed to best advantage by heaping earth over the stool and around the shoots4 ,this is known as mound or stool layering4 ,the shoots send out roots near the base and straight1 stocky plants are obtained4 ,the ,english gooseberries are almost exclusively propagated in this manner in this country4 ,fig4 #ba shows a row of mound-layered gooseberries4 ,the shoots are allowed to remain in layerage two years1 in the case of ,english gooseberries1 if the best plants are wanted1 but in many species the operation is completed in a single season4 ,quinces and ,paradise apple stocks are extensively mound-layered4 ,the practice is most useful in those low plants which produce short and rather stiff shoots4 ,as a rule1 the best season for making layers is in spring when the leaves are forming4 ,rooting progresses rapidly at that season4 ,many plants bleed if layered earlier in the season4 ,hardy shrubs may be layered in the fall1 either early or late1 and if an incision is made1 a callus will have formed by spring4 ,if rapid multiplication is desired1 the soft and growing shoots may be layered during the summer4 ,this operation is variously known as summer1 herbaceous1 green and soft layering4 ,comparatively feeble plants usually result from this practice1 and it is not in common favor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,pot layerage4 ,pot layering1 circumposition1 air layering and ,chinese layering are terms applied to the rooting of rigid stems by means of surrounding them1 while in their natural position1 by earth or moss1 or similar material4 ,the stem is wounded--commonly girdled--and a divided pot or box is placed about it and filled with earth 7,fig4 #bb74 ,the roots start from above the girdle1 and when they have filled the pot the stem is severed1 headed back1 and planted4 ,pot layering is practiced almost exclusively in greenhouses1 where it is possible to keep the earth uniformly moist4 ,but even there it is advisable to wrap the pot in moss to check evaporation from the soil4 ,some plants can be readily rooted by wrapping them with moss alone4 ,pot layering is employed not only for the purpose of multiplying plants1 but in order to lower the heads of leggy or scraggly specimens4 ,the pot is inserted at the required point upon the main stem1 and after roots have formed abundantly the top may be cut off and potted independently1 the old stump being discarded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,layering pot4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,layering cone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,layering cup4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,layering cup4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,compound layering pot4 ,the ,french have various handy devices for facilitating pot layering4 ,fig4 #bc shows a layering pot1 provided with a niche in the side to receive the stem1 and a flange behind for securing if to a support4 ,fig4 #bd represents a layering cone4 ,it is made of zinc or other metal1 usually four or five inches high1 and is composed of two semi-circular wings which are hinged on the back and are secured in front1 when the instrument is closed1 by means of a hinge-pin4 ,a cord is inserted in one side with which to hang it on a support4 ,a cup or pot with a removable side is also used4 ,this is shown open in ,fig4 #be and closed in ,fig4 #bf4 ,an ingenious compound layering pot is shown in ,fig4 #bg4 ,the main stem or trunk of the plant is carried through the large opening1 and the branches are taken through the smaller pots at the side4 ,kier's layering boxes or racks are shown in ,figs4 #bh and #bi4 ,the trays are filled with earth and the branches are laid in through the chinks in the border and are treated in the same manner as ordinary out-door layers4 ,these racks supply a neat and convenient means of increasing greenhouse plants which do not readily strike from cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,kier's layering rack4 ,it is well to bear in mind that when layers do not give strong plants1 they can be divided into portions and treated as ordinary cuttings4 ,this is an important operation in the case of rare varieties which are multiplied by means of soft or green layers1 as some of the large-flowered clematises and grapes4 ,the weak small plants are handled in a cool greenhouse or under frames1 usually in pots1 and they soon make strong individuals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,kier's circular layering rack4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,cuttage4 ,cuttage4--,the practice or process of multiplying plants by means of cuttings1 or the state or condition of being thus propagated4 ,cutting4--,a severed portion of a plant1 inserted in soil or water with the intention that it shall grow2 a slip4 ,cuttings1 particularly of growing parts1 demand a moist and uniform atmosphere1 a porous soil and sometimes bottom heat4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,hand-glass4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,small ,propagating-box4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,propagating-box4 ,devices for ,regulating ,moisture and ,heat4--,in order to secure a uniform and moist atmosphere1 various propagating-frames are devised4 ,whatever its construction1 the frame should be sufficiently tight to confine the air closely1 it should admit light1 and allow of ventilation4 ,the simplest form of propagating-frame is a pot or box covered with a pane of glass4 ,to admit of ventilation the glass is tilted at intervals1 or two panes may be used and a space be allowed to remain between them4 ,a common bell-glass or bell-jar 7cloche of the ,french7 makes one of the best and handiest propagating-frames because it admits light upon all sides and is convenient to handle4 ,these are in universal use for all difficult and rare subjects which are not propagated in large numbers4 ,a hand-glass or hand-light 7,fig4 #cj7 answers the same purpose and accommodates a larger number of plants4 ,a useful propagating-box for the window garden or amateur conservatory is shown in ,fig4 #ca4 ,a box two or three inches high is secured1 and inside this a zinc or galvanized iron tray1 a1 is set1 leaving sufficient space between it and the box to admit a pane of glass upon every side4 ,these panes form the four sides of the box1 and one or two panes are laid across the top4 ,the metal tray holds the soil and allows no water to drip upon the floor4 ,one of the best boxes for general purposes is made in the form of a simple board box without top or bottom1 and fifteen or eighteen inches high1 the top being covered with two sashes1 one of which raises upon a hinge 7,fig4 #cb74 ,four by three feet is a convenient size4 ,an ordinary light hot-bed frame is sometimes constructed upon the bench of a greenhouse and covered with common hot-bed sash4 ,propagating houses are sometimes built with permanent propagating-frames of this character throughout their length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,simple ,propagating-oven4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,propagating-oven4 ,in all the above appliances heat is obtained from the sun or from the bench-pipes or flues of a greenhouse4 ,there are various contrivances in which the heat is applied locally1 for the purpose of securing greater or more uniform heat4 ,one of the simplest and best of these is the propagating-oven shown in ,fig4 #cc4 ,it is a glass covered box about two feet deep1 with a tray of water beneath the soil1 and which is heated by a lamp4 ,a similar but somewhat complicated apparatus is illustrated in ,figs4 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,this is an old form of oven1 which has been variously modified by different operators4 ,fig4 #cd shows a sectional view of the complete apparatus4 ,the box1 ,a ,a1 is made of wood and is usually about three feet square4 ,l is a removable glass top4 ,b represents a zinc or galvanized iron tray which is filled with earth in which seeds are sown or pots are plunged4 ,c is a water tray to which the water is applied by means of a funnel extending through the box4 ,a lamp1 ,d1 supplies the heat4 ,a funnel of tin1 e e1 distributes the heat evenly4 ,holes should be provided about the bottom of the box to admit air to the flame4 ,a modified form of this device is shown in ,figs4 #ce and #cf4 ,the water tray1 ,g1 slides in upon ledges so that it can be removed1 and the heat funnel1 ,l ,d ,l1 slides in similarly and is made to surround the flame like a chimney4 ,the front side of the apparatus is removable1 and the top of the frame1 ,k1 is made of metal4 ,the cover for this apparatus is figured in ,fig4 #cf4 ,the ends1 a a1 are made of wood1 with openings1 indicated by the arrows1 to allow of ventilation4 ,the front and top1 g g1 are made of glass4 ,the frame-work1 c c c1 is made of metal4 ,the cover is hinged on1 or held with pegs1 ,i ,i1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,modified form of ,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,cover for ,fig #ce4 ,chauvire's propagating-frame1 an apparatus used by the ,french1 is shown in ,fig4 #cg4 ,it is essentially a miniature greenhouse4 ,the sashes are seen at c c1 and above them is a cloth or matting screen4 ,the sides below the sashes are enclosed1 preferably with glass4 ,the bottom or floor is moveable1 and it is sometimes divided into two or three sections to allow for the accommodation of plants of different sizes and requirements4 ,these sections are raised or lowered and are held by pegs4 ,at a is shown a section of floor elevated1 and at the left another section occupying a lower position4 ,heat is supplied usually by hot water in the tubes1 d d4 ,a very elaborate circular ,french device1 known as ,lecoq's propagating-oven1 is illustrated in ,fig4 #ch4 ,it is an interesting apparatus1 and is worth attention as showing the care which has been taken to control the conditions of vegetation and germination4 ,it is too elaborate for common purposes1 and yet for the growing of certain rare or difficult subjects it might find favor among those who like to experiment2 and it affords an accurate means of studying plant growth under control4 ,the apparatus is sold in ,france for about #f4 ,all the portion below the glass top1 ,p p1 is made of earthenware4 ,the base1 a a1 holds a lamp1 d2 e is a water reservoir to which water is supplied by means of the funnel1 j4 ,a vase or rim1 b b1 rests upon the base1 and upon it a plate or disc1 c c1 is fitted4 ,above this is a glass top1 ,p p4 ,air is admitted to the apparatus at i1 ,k ,k1 and between the vase and plate1 as at c on the right4 ,the plate contains two circular grooves1 g g and h h4 ,in these grooves the soil is placed or pots plunged4 ,the heat circulates in the valleys m and n n n n1 and supplies a uniform temperature to both sides of the plants4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,chauvire's ,propagating-oven4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,lecoq's ,propagating-oven4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,barnard's ,propagating-tank4 ,barnard's propagating-tank1 ,fig4 #ci1 is a practicable device for attachment to a common stove4 ,a similar apparatus may be attached to the pipes of a greenhouse4 ,the tank consists of a long wooden box made of matched boards1 and put together with paint between the joints to make the box water-tight4 ,the box should be about three feet wide and ten inches deep1 and may be from ten to thirty feet long1 according to the space required4 ,in the middle of the box is a partition1 extending nearly the whole length of the box1 and on the inside1 on each side1 is a ledge or piece of moulding to support slates to be laid over the entire surface of the box4 ,the slates are supported by the ledges and by the central partition1 and should be fastened down with cement to prevent the propagating sand from falling into the tank4 ,one slate is left out near the end1 next the fire1 to enable the operator to see the water and to keep it at the right level4 ,on the slates sand is spread1 in which the cuttings may be struck1 the sand nearly filling the box4 ,at one end of the box is placed a common cylinder stove1 with pipe to the chimney4 ,inside the stove is a lead or iron pipe 7iron is the best7 bent in a spiral4 ,this coil1 which is directly in the fire1 is connected by iron pipes with the tank1 one pipe leading to one side of the partition and the other to the opposite side1 as shown in the drawing4 ,if water is placed in the tank it will fill the pipes and form a continuous circulating system through the pipes and up one side of the box past the end of the partition1 and down the other side4 ,a fire in the stove causes the water to circulate through the tank and impart to the bed a genial warmth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,zinc ,propagating-tank4 ,there are various tanks designed to rest upon the pipes in a greenhouse4 ,the principle of their construction is essentially the same as of those described in previous pages--bottom heat1 a tray of water1 and a bed of soil4 ,earthenware tanks are commonly employed1 but a recent ,english device1 ,fig4 #dj1 is made of zinc4 ,it is about seven inches deep1 and holds an inch or two of water in the bottom4 ,a tray five inches deep sets into the tank4 ,the water is supplied through a funnel at the base4 ,cuttings usually strike better when they touch the side of the pot than when they are wholly surrounded by soil4 ,this is because the earthenware allows greater uniformity in moisture than the earth1 and supplies air and a mild bottom heat4 ,various devices are employed for the purpose of securing these advantages to the best effect4 ,these are usually double pots1 in one of which water is placed4 ,a good method is that represented in ,fig4 #da1 which shows a pot1 b1 plugged with plaster of ,paris at the bottom1 placed inside a larger one4 ,the earth is placed between the two1 drainage material occupying the bottom1 a1 and fine soil the top1 c4 ,water stands in the inner pot as high as the dotted line and feeds uniformly into the surrounding soil4 ,the positions of the water and soil are frequently reversed1 but in that case there is less space available for cuttings4 ,neumann's cutting-pot is shown in ,fig4 #db4 ,this contains an inverted pot in the center1 a1 designed to supply drainage and to admit heat into the center of the mass of soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,forsyth's ,cutting-pot4 ,some kind of protection1 commonly combined with bottom heat1 is always given cuttings made from the soft and growing parts4 ,in in-door work1 any of the devices named above may be employed1 but a box like that shown in ,fig4 #cb is one of the most useful for common operations4 ,or the greenhouse itself may afford sufficient protection1 especially if the cuttings are shaded when first set to check evaporation from the plant and soil1 and to prevent too great heat4 ,this shading is usually supplied by whitewashing the glass1 or a newspaper may be laid over the cutting bed for a few days4 ,a greenhouse table or bench prepared for the growing of cuttings is known as a cutting bench4 ,if the cuttings become too dry or too hot1 they will wilt or flag4 ,in out-door work soft cuttings are usually placed in an ordinary cold-frame1 and these frames must be shaded4 ,they may be placed under trees or on the shady side of a building1 or if they are numerous1 as in commercial establishments1 a cloth screen should be provided as shown in ,fig4 #e1 page #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,neumann's ,cutting-pot4 ,soils and ,general ,methods4--,soil for all cuttings should be well-drained4 ,it should not be so compact as to hold a great quantity of water1 nor should it be so loose as to dry out very quickly4 ,it should not bake or form a crust on its surface4 ,as a rule1 especially for cuttings made of growing parts1 the soil should not contain vegetable matter1 as such material holds too much water and it is often directly injurious to the cutting4 ,a coarse sharp1 clean sand is the best material for use in-doors4 ,very fine sand packs too hard1 and should not be used4 ,some propagators prefer to use fine gravel1 composed of particles from an eighth to a fourth of an inch in diameter1 and from which all fine material has been washed4 ,this answers well for green cuttings if a propagating-frame is used to check evaporation and attention is given to watering1 because drainage is so perfect and the material so quickly permeable that uniformity of treatment is secured4 ,damping-off is less liable to occur in such material than in denser soils4 ,the same advantages are to some extent present in sphagnum moss and cocoanut fibre1 both of which are sometimes used in place of earth4 ,the silver sand used by florists is a very clean and white sand which derives its particular advantages from the almost entire absence of any vegetable matter4 ,but it is not now considered so essential to successful propagation as it was formerly1 and fully as good material may often be found in a common sand-bank4 ,cuttings which strike strongly and vigorously may be placed in a soil made of light garden loam with twice its bulk of sand added to it4 ,all soils used for in-door cuttage should be sifted or screened before using to bring them to a uniform texture4 ,hard-wood cuttings are commonly planted out-doors in mellow and light loam1 well trenched4 ,only fine and well-rotted manure should be applied to the cutting bed1 and it should be well mixed with the soil4 ,in most cases1 a well-drained soil gives best results1 but some cuttings root and grow well in wet soils or even in standing water1 as poplars1 willows1 some of the dogwoods1 plane-tree and others4 ,bottom heat is always essential to the best success with cuttings4 ,in out-door work this is supplied by the natural heat of the soil in spring and summer1 and it is often intensified by burying hard-wooded cuttings bottom end up for a time before planting them4 ,this operation of inverting cuttings is often practiced with grapes1 particularly with the ,delaware and others which root with some difficulty4 ,the cuttings are tied in bundles and are buried in a sandy place1 with the tops down1 the butts being covered two or three inches with sand4 ,they may be put in this position in the fall and allowed to remain until the ground begins to freeze hard1 or they may be buried in spring and allowed to remain until ,may or ,june and then be regularly planted4 ,in out-door cuttage1 the cuttings which are of medium length1 from six to eight inches1 derive more bottom heat than the very long ones1 such as were formerly used for the propagation of the grape4 ,in in-door work bottom heat is obtained artificially4 ,cutting benches should have abundant piping beneath1 and in the case of many tropical and sub-tropical species the bottom heat may be intensified by enclosing the benches below so that no heat can escape into the house4 ,doors can be placed in the partition alongside the walk to serve as ventilators if the heat should become too intense4 ,in all cuttings1 bottom or root growth should precede top growth1 and this is aided by bottom heat4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,grape cutting4 ,as a rule1 roots arise most readily from a joint1 and it is therefore a common practice to cut off the base of the cutting just below a bud1 as shown in the grape cutting1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,sometimes the cutting is severed at its point of attachment to the parent branch1 and a small portion1 or heel1 of that branch is allowed to remain on the cutting4 ,this heel may be nothing more than the curved and hardened base of the cutting at its point of attachment1 as in the cornus cutting1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,sometimes an entire section of the parent branch is removed with the cutting1 as in the mallet cuttings of grapes1 ,fig4 #de4 ,of course1 comparatively few heel or mallet cuttings can be made from a plant1 as only one cutting is obtained from a branch1 and it is advisable1 therefore1 to cut to buds rather than cut to heels2 yet there are many plants which demand a heel1 if satisfactory results are to be obtained4 ,the requirements of the different species in this direction can be learned only by experience1 but it may be said that in general the hardest or closest wooded plants require a heel or a joint at the base4 ,willows1 currants1 basswoods1 and others with like soft wood1 emit roots readily between the buds1 yet even in these cases propagators quite usually cut to buds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,heel cutting of ,cornus4 ,wounds upon plants begin to heal by the formation of loose cellular matter which gives rise to a mass of tissue known as a callus4 ,this tissue eventually covers the entire wound1 if complete healing results4 ,as a rule1 the first apparent change in a cutting is the formation of a callus upon the lower end1 and it is commonly supposed that this process must be well progressed before roots can form4 ,but roots do not necessarily arise from the callus1 and in many plants they appear to bear no relation to it in position4 ,in willows1 for instance1 roots arise from the bark quite irregularly and at some distance from the callus4 ,yet1 as a matter of practice1 best results are obtained from callused cuttings1 particularly if the cuttings are made from mature wood1 but this is probably due quite as much to the fact that considerable time is required for the formation of the adventitious buds which give rise to the roots as from any connection between the callusing and rooting processes themselves4 ,hard-wood cuttings give better results when kept dormant for some time after they are cut4 ,they are usually made in the fall1 and stored during the winter in sand1 sawdust or moss in a cool cellar1 or buried in a sandy and well-drained place4 ,this1 at least1 is the practice with hard-wood cuttings of deciduous plants4 ,hard-wood evergreen cuttings1 when taken in the fall1 are usually set at once1 as their foliage will not allow them to be buried with safety2 but in this case1 the cuttings are kept quiet or dormant for a time1 to allow callusing to progress4 ,if cuttings are buried so deep that they cannot sprout1 callusing may be hastened by placing them in a mild temperature4 ,single-eye grape cuttings are sometimes packed between layers of sand in a barrel and the barrel is set under a forcing-house bench where the temperature is about #ej4 ,eight or ten inches of sand is usually placed over the top layer4 ,in this manner1 cuttings which have been obtained in winter or spring can be callused before planting time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,mallet cutting of grape4 ,it is a singular fact that the lower end of the cutting1 as it stood upon the parent plant1 produces roots and the upper end produces leaves and shoots1 even if the cutting is inverted4 ,and if the cutting is divided into several parts1 each part will still exhibit this same differentiation of function4 ,this is true even of root-cuttings1 and of other cuttings which possess no buds4 ,the reasons for this localization of function are not yet clearly understood1 although the phenomenon has lately been the subject of study4 ,upon this fact depends the hastening of the rooting process in inverted cuttings by the direct application of heat to the bottoms1 and it likewise indicates that care must be taken to plant cuttings in approximately their natural direction if straight and handsome plants are desired4 ,the particular method of making the cutting and the treatment to which it should be subjected1 must be determined for each species or genus4 ,some plants1 as many maples1 can be propagated from wood two or three years old1 but in most cases the wood of the previous or present season's growth is required4 ,nearly all soft and loose wooded plants grow readily from hard-wood cuttings1 while those with dense wood are often multiplied more easily from soft or growing wood4 ,some plants1 as oaks and hickories1 are propagated from cuttings of any description only with great difficulty4 ,it is probable1 however1 that all plants can be multiplied by cuttings if properly treated4 ,it often happens that one or two species of a closely defined genus will propagate readily from cuttings while the other species will not1 so that the propagator comes to learn by experience that different treatment is profitable for very closely related plants4 ,for instance1 most of the viburnums are propagated from layers in commercial establishments1 but ,v4 plicatum is grown extensively from cuttings4 ,particular ,methods--,kinds of ,cuttings4--,cuttings are made from all parts of the plant4 ,in its lowest terms1 cuttage is a division of the plant itself into two or more nearly equal parts1 as in the division of crowns of rhubarb1 dicentra1 and most other plants which tend to form broad masses or stools4 ,this species of cuttage is at times indistinguishable from separation1 as in the dividing of lily bulbs 7page #be71 and at other times it is essentially the same as layerage1 as in the dividing of stools which have arisen from suckers or layers4 ,this breaking or cutting up of the plants into two or more large parts which are already rooted is technically known as division4 ,it is only necessary1 in dividing plants1 to see that one or more buds or shoots remain upon the portions1 and these portions are then treated in the same manner as independent mature plants2 or sometimes1 when the divisions are small and weak1 they may be handled for a time in a frame or forcing-house in the same manner as ordinary cuttings4 ,cuttings proper may be divided into four general classes3 #a1 of tubers2 #b1 of roots and root-stocks2 #c1 of stems2 #d1 of leaves4 #a4 ,tuber ,cuttings4--,tubers are thickened portions of either roots or stems1 and tuber cuttings therefore fall logically under classes #b and #c2 but they are so unlike ordinary cuttings that a separate classification is desirable4 ,tubers are stored with starch1 which is designed to support or supply the plant in time of need4 ,tuber cuttings are therefore able to support themselves for a time if they are placed in conditions suited to their vegetation4 ,roots rarely arise from the tubers themselves1 but from the base of the young shoots which spring from them4 ,this fact is familiarly illustrated in the cuttings of ,irish and sweet potatoes4 ,the young sprouts can be removed and planted separately and others will arise from the tuber to take their places4 ,this practice is employed sometimes with new or scarce varieties of the ,irish potato1 and three or four crops of rooted sprouts can be obtained from one tuber4 ,the tuber is cut in two lengthwise and is then laid in damp moss or loose earth with the cut surface down1 and as soon as the sprouts throw out roots sufficient to maintain them they are severed and potted off4 ,sweet potatoes are nearly always propagated in this manner4 ,in making tuber cuttings1 at least one eye or bud is left to each piece1 if eyes are present2 but in root-tubers1 like the sweet potato1 there are no buds1 and it is only necessary to leave upon each portion a piece of the epidermis from which adventitious buds may develop4 ,the pseudo-bulbs of some orchids are treated in this manner1 or the whole bulb is sometimes planted4 ,a shoot1 usually termed an off-shoot1 arises from each pseudo-bulb or each piece of it1 and this is potted off as an independent plant4 7,see ,orchids1 in ,chapter ,,vi47 ,cuttings made from the ordinary stems of some tuberiferous plants will produce tubers instead of plants4 ,this is the case sometimes with the potato4 ,the cutting produces a small tuber near its lower extremity1 or sometimes in the axil of a leaf above ground1 and this tuber must be planted to secure a new plant4 ,leaf cuttings of some tuberiferous or bulbiferous plants produce little tubers or bulbs in the same way4 ,hyacinth leaves1 inserted in sand in a frame1 will soon produce little bulblets at their base1 and these can be removed and planted in the same manner as the bulbels described in ,chapter ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,root-cutting of ,blackberry4 ,many tubers or tuber-like portions1 which possess a very moist or soft interior and a hard or close covering1 vegetate more satisfactorily if allowed to dry for a time before planting4 ,the pseudo-bulbs of orchids1 crowns of pine-apples and cuttings of cactuses are examples4 ,portions of cactuses and pine-apples are sometimes allowed to lie in the sun from two to four weeks before planting4 ,this treatment dissipates the excessive moisture and induces the formation of adventitious buds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,root-cutting of ,dracna4 #b4 ,root ,cuttings4--,many plants can be multiplied with ease by means of short cuttings of the roots1 particularly all species which posses a natural tendency to sucker or send up sprouts from the root4 ,all root-stocks or underground stems can be made into cuttings4 ,true root cuttings possess no buds whatever2 the buds develop after the cutting is planted4 ,roots are cut into pieces from one to three inches long and are planted horizontally in soil or moss4 ,these cuttings thrive best with bottom heat1 but blackberries and some other plants1 grow readily with ordinary out-door treatment4 ,a root-cutting of the blackberry is shown in ,fig4 #df4 7,see ,blackberry1 in ,chapter ,,vi47 ,a growing dracna cutting is exhibited in ,fig4 #dg4 ,the cuttings of this plant are handled in a propagating-frame or on a cutting bench in a warm greenhouse4 ,the bouvardias and many other plants can be grown in the same manner4 ,many of the fruit-trees1 as peach1 cherry1 apple and pear1 can be grown readily from these short root-cuttings in a frame4 ,variegation cannot always be transmitted by root-cutting1 e4 g41 ,symphytum asperrimum1 variegatum4 ,among kitchen garden plants1 the horse-radish is the most familiar example of propagation by root-cuttings4 ,the small side roots1 a fourth inch or so in diameter1 are removed when the horse-radish is dug in fall or spring1 and are cut into four to six inch lengths1 as seen in ,fig4 #dh4 ,these cuttings are known as sets among gardeners4 7,see ,horse-radish1 ,chapter ,,vi47 ,when the crowns of horse-radish are cut and used for propagation1 the operation falls strictly under division1 from the fact that buds or eyes are present2 and the same remark applies to rhubarb1 which1 however1 is not propagated by true root-cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,horse-radish root-cuttings4 #c4 ,stem ,cuttings4--,cuttings of the stem divide themselves into two general classes3 those known as cutting of the ripe1 mature or hard wood1 and cuttings of the green1 immature or soft wood4 ,the two classes run into each other2 no hard and fast lines can be drawn4 ,hard-wood cuttings are made at any time from late summer to spring4 ,it is advisable to make them in the fall in order to allow them to callus before the planting season1 and to forestall injury which might result to the parent plant from a severe winter4 ,they may be taken as early as ,august1 or as soon as the wood is mature1 and be stripped of leaves4 ,callusing can then take place in time to allow of fall planting4 ,or the cuttings taken in early fall may be planted immediately and be allowed to callus where they stand4 ,all fall cutting beds should be mulched to prevent the heaving of the cuttings4 ,as a rule1 however1 hard-wood cuttings are buried on a sandy knoll or are stored in moss1 sand or sawdust in a cellar until spring4 7,see page #ej47 ,there is no general rule to govern the length of hard-wood cuttings4 ,most propagators prefer to make them six to ten inches long1 as this is a convenient length to handle4 ,two buds are always to be taken1 one bud or one pair at the top and also at the bottom1 but in short-jointed plants more are obtained4 ,sometimes all but the top buds are removed to prevent the appearance of too many shoots4 ,grape cuttings are now commonly cut to two or three buds 7,fig4 #dc71 two being the favorite number for most varieties4 7,see ,grape1 ,chapter ,,vi47 ,currant and gooseberry cuttings 7,fig4 #di7 usually bear from six to ten buds4 ,all long hard-wood cuttings are set perpendicularly1 or nearly so1 and only one or two buds are allowed to stand above the surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,currant cutting4 ,when the stock is rare1 cuttings are made of single eyes or buds4 ,this is particularly the case with the grape 7see ,chapter ,,vi71 and currants and many other plants are occasionally grown in the same manner4 ,fig4 #ej shows a single eye grape cutting4 ,these cuttings1 whatever the species1 are commonly started under glass with bottom heat1 either upon a cutting bench or in a hot-bed4 ,the soil should be kept uniformly moist1 and when the leaves appear the plants should be frequently sprinkled4 ,in from thirty to forty days the plants are ready to pot off4 ,single eye cuttings are usually started about three or four months before the season is fit for out-door planting1 or about ,february in the northern states4 ,the most advisable method of treatment varies with the season and locality as well as with the species or variety4 ,it is well known1 for instance1 that the ,delaware grape can be propagated more easily in some regions than in others4 ,a common style of single eye cutting is made with the eye close to the top end1 and a naked base of an inch or two4 ,this is inserted into the soil perpendicularly1 with the eye just above the surface4 ,it is much used for a variety of plants4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,single-eye ,grape cutting4 ,many coniferous plants are increased by cuttings on a large scale1 especially retinosporas1 arbor-vits1 and the like4 ,cuttings are made of the mature wood1 which is planted at once 7in autumn7 in sand under cover1 usually in a cool greenhouse4 ,most of the species root slowly and they often remain in the original flats or benches a year1 but their treatment is usually simple4 ,in some cases junipers1 yews and ,cryptomeria ,japonica will not make roots for nearly twelve months1 keeping in good foliage however1 and ultimately giving good plants4 7,for more explicit directions1 see ,thuya and ,retinospora in ,chapter ,,vi47 ,most remarkable instances of propagation by means of portions of stems are on record4 ,chips from a tree trunk have been known to produce plants1 and the olive is readily increased by knots or excrescences formed upon the trunks of old trees4 ,these excrescences occur in many plants and are known as knaurs4 ,they are often abundant about the base of large plane-trees4 ,but they are not often used for purposes of propagation4 ,whole trunks will sometimes grow after having been cut for many months1 especially of such plants as cactuses1 many euphorbias and yuccas4 ,and sections of these spongy trunks will grow1 also4 ,even saw-logs of our common trees1 as elm and ash1 will sprout while in the boom1 or water4 ,green-wood cuttings are more commonly employed than those from the mature wood1 as they strike more quickly1 they can be handled under glass in the winter1 and more species can be propagated by them than by hard-wood cuttings4 ,slips are green-wooded cuttings1 but the term is often restricted to designate those which are made by pulling or slipping off a small side shoot4 ,all soft-wooded plants and many ornamental shrubs are increased by green cuttings4 ,there are two general classes of green-wood cuttings3 those made from the soft and still growing wood1 and those made from the nearly ripened green-wood1 as in ,azalea ,indica1 oleander1 ficus1 etc4 ,house plants1 as geraniums1 coleuses1 carnations1 fuchsias1 and the like1 are grown from the soft young wood1 and many harder-wooded plants are grown in the same way4 ,sometimes truly hard wood is used1 as in camellia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,tough and brittle wood4 ,in making cuttings from soft and growing shoots1 the first thing to learn is the proper texture or age of shoot4 ,a very soft and flabby cutting does not grow readily1 or if it does it is particularly liable to damp-off1 and it usually makes a weak plant4 ,too old wood is slow to root1 makes a poor plant and is handled with difficulty in many species4 ,the ordinary test for beginners is the manner in which the shoot breaks4 ,if1 upon being bent1 the shoot snaps off squarely so as to hang together with only a bit of bark1 as in the upper break in ,fig4 #ea1 it is in the proper condition for cuttings2 but if it bends or simply crushes1 as in the lower portion of the figure1 it is either too old or too young for good results4 ,the tips of the shoots of soft-wooded plants are usually employed1 and all or a portion of the leaves are allowed to remain4 ,they are inserted in sharp sand to a sufficient depth to hold them in place1 and the atmosphere and soil must be kept moist to prevent wilting or flagging4 ,the cuttings should also be shaded for the first week or two4 ,a propagating-frame is often employed4 ,soft cuttings are commonly cut below a bud or cut to a heel1 but this is unnecessary in easily rooted plants like geranium1 coleus1 heliotrope1 etc4 ,fig4 #eb shows an oleander cutting at a1 a carnation at b1 and a geranium at c4 ,a coleus cutting is illustrated in ,fig4 #ec4 ,sometimes the growth is so short or the stock so scarce that the cutting cannot be made long enough to hold itself in the soil4 ,in such case a toothpick or splinter is tied to the cutting to hold it erect1 as in the cactus cutting1 ,fig4 #ed1 or the geranium cutting1 ,fig4 #ee4 ,in the window garden1 soft cuttings may be started in a deep plate which is filled half or two-thirds full of sand and is then filled to the brim with water1 and not shaded2 this method1 practiced on a larger scale1 is sometimes useful during the hot summer months4 ,if bottom heat is desired1 the plate may be set upon the back part of the kitchen stove4 ,oleanders usually root best when mature shoots are placed in bottles of water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,soft cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,coleus cutting4 ,cuttings from the nearly mature green-wood are employed for hard-wooded trees and shrubs1 as diervillas 7weigela71 roses1 hydrangeas1 lilacs1 etc4 ,they are cut in essentially the same manner as the hard-wood cuttings described on page #ee4 ,they are often taken in summer when the buds have developed and the wood has about attained its growth4 ,they are cut to two to four or five buds and are planted an inch or two deep in shaded frames4 ,they are kept close for some days after setting1 and the tops are sprinkled frequently4 ,care must be taken not to set them too deep2 they are rarely put in over an inch1 if the cutting is six or seven inches long4 ,june stock cuttings are sometimes advantageously made2 here the young shoots of hardy shrubs are taken1 when about two to three inches long1 the leaves partly removed1 and they are planted under glass1 precisely as the geranium is treated in the autumn4 ,several weeks are required for rooting1 but good plants are obtained which1 when wintered in a cold-frame1 can be planted out in beds the next spring4 ,great care must be given to shading and watering4 ,hydrangea paniculata var4 grandiflora1 and ,akebia quinata are examples2 or any deutzia or more easily handled plant of which stock is scarce may be cited4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,cactus cutting held by splinter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,cutting held by toothpick4 ,part of the leaves are removed1 as a rule1 before the cuttings are set1 as shown in the rose cutting1 ,fig4 #ef1 and the hydrangea cutting1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,this is not essential1 however1 but it lessens evaporation and the tendency to flag or wilt4 ,in most species the top can be cut off the cutting1 as seen in ,figs4 #dd and #eg1 but in other cases it seriously injures the cutting4 ,fig4 #eh shows a weigela cutting from which the top was clipped4 ,an unusually large callus formed at the bottom1 but the leaves shrivelled and the cutting is dead4 ,this frequently occurs in what some nurserymen call end growers1 among which may be mentioned weigelas 7properly diervillas71 the shrubby altheas1 ,cercis ,japonica1 and such spireas as ,s4 cratgifolia1 ,s4 rotundifolia var4 alba and ,s4 ,cantonensis 7,s4 ,reevesii of the trade7 var4 robusta4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,rose cutting4 ,these hardened cuttings1 about two inches long1 are often made in the winter from forced plants4 ,this is particularly the case with roses 7which see in ,chapter ,,vi74 ,cuttings taken in ,february1 in the north1 will be ready to transfer to borders or nursery beds when spring opens4 ,stout1 well-rooted stock-plants are used from which to obtain these cuttings1 and they are cut back when taken to the house in the fall in order to induce a good growth4 ,many hardy shrubs can be easily propagated in this way when the work is difficult in the open air1 e4 g41 ,spira ,cantonensis 7,s4 ,reevesii of the catalogues7 and ,s4 ,van ,houttii4 ,stock plants of the soft species1 like coleus1 lantanas and geraniums1 are obtained in like manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,hydrangea cutting4 #d4 ,leaf ,cuttings4--,many thick and heavy leaves may be used as cuttings4 ,leaf cuttings are most commonly employed in the showy-leaved begonias1 in succulents1 and in gloxinias1 but many plants can be propagated by them4 ,even the cabbage can be made to grow from leaf cuttings4 ,the whole leaf may be used1 as shown in ,fig4 #ei4 ,it is simply laid upon moist sand in a frame and held down by splinters thrust through the ribs4 ,the wound made by the peg induces the formation of roots and a young plant arises4 ,a half dozen or more plants can be obtained from one leaf4 ,some operators cut off the ribs1 instead of wounding them with a prick4 ,many gardeners prefer to divide the leaf into two nearly equal parts1 and then set each part1 or the better one1 upright in the soil1 the severed edge being covered4 ,this is shown in ,fig4 #fj4 ,fewer plants--often only one--are obtained in this manner1 but they are strong4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,clipped ,weigela cutting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,a upright ,begonia leaf cutting4 ,when stock is scarce the leaf may be cut into several fan-shaped pieces4 ,the whole leaf may be divided into as many triangular portions as can be obtained with a portion of the petiole1 a strong rib1 or vein at the base2 these inserted and treated like coleus cuttings will all root and make good plants within a reasonable time1 say six months4 ,this form of cutting should be two to three inches long by an inch or inch and one-half wide4 ,ordinarily1 in this style of leaf-cutting1 the petiole or stalk is cut off close to the leaf and the lower third or fourth of the leaf is then cut off by a nearly straight cut across the leaf4 ,this somewhat triangular base is then cut into as many wedge-shaped pieces as there are ribs in the leaf1 each rib forming the center of a cutting4 ,the point of each cutting should contain a portion of the petiole4 ,the points of these triangular portions are inserted in the soil a half inch or so1 the cutting standing erect or nearly so4 ,roots form at the base or point in the ordinary manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,begonia leaf cutting4 ,leaf cuttings are handled in the same manner as soft stem-cuttings so far as temperature and moisture are concerned4 ,there are comparatively few species in which they form the most available means of multiplication4 ,in some cases1 variegation will not be reproduced by the rooted leaf4 ,this is true in the ivy-leaved geranium ,l',elegante2 a good plant can be obtained1 but it reverts to the plain-leaved type4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,graftage4 ,graftage4--,the process or operation of grafting or budding1 or the state or condition of being grafted or budded4 ,grafting4--,the operation of inserting a bud or a cion in a stock4 ,it is commonly restricted to the operation of inserting cions of two or more buds1 in distinction from budding1 or the operation of inserting a single bud in the stock2 but there are no essential differences between the two operations4 ,stock4--,in graftage1 a plant or part of a plant upon which a cion or bud is set4 ,a free stock is a seedling1 in distinction from a grafted stock4 ,cion or ,scion4--,a portion of a plant which is mechanically inserted upon the same or another plant 7stock7 with the intention that it shall grow4 ,,general ,,considerations4--,graftage is rarely employed for the propagation of the species1 as seedage and cuttage are more expeditious and cheaper4 ,its chief use is to perpetuate a variety which does not reproduce itself from seeds and which cannot be economically grown from cuttings4 ,nearly all the named varieties of tree fruits and many of those of ornamental trees and shrubs are perpetuated by means of graftage4 ,in some species which present no marked varieties1 however1 propagation by seeds or cuttings is for various reasons so difficult or uncertain that recourse must be had to graftage4 ,this is particularly true in many of the firs and spruces which do not produce seeds to any extent in cultivation4 ,in other cases graftage is performed for the purpose of producing some radical change in the character or habit of the plants1 as in the dwarfing of pears by grafting them upon the quince1 the elevation of weeping tops by working them upon upright trunks1 and the acceleration of fruit-bearing by setting cions in old plants4 ,it is sometimes employed to aid the healing of wounds or to repair and fill out broken tops4 ,and it has been used to make infertile plants fertile1 by grafting in the missing sex in dicious trees1 or a variety with more potent pollen as practiced in some of the native plums4 ,all these uses of graftage fall under three heads3 #a4 ,to perpetuate a variety4 #b4 ,to increase ease and speed of multiplication4 #c4 ,to produce some radical change in nature or habit of cion or stock4 ,probably all exogenous plants--those which possess a distinct bark and pith--can be grafted4 ,plants must be more or less closely related to each other to allow of successful graftage of the one upon the other4 ,what the affinities are in any case can be known only by experiment4 ,as a rule1 plants of close botanical relationship1 especially those of the same genus1 graft upon each other with more or less ease2 yet this relationship is by no means a safe guide4 ,a plant will often thrive better upon a species of another genus than upon a congener4 ,the pear1 for instance1 does better upon many thorns than upon the apple4 ,sometimes plants of very distinct genera unite readily4 ,thus among cacti the leafless epiphyllum grows remarkably well upon the leaf-bearing pereskia4 ,it should be borne in mind that union of tissues is not a proof of affinity4 ,affinity can be measured only by the thrift1 healthfulness and longevity of the cion4 ,the bean has been known to make a union with the chrysanthemum1 but it almost immediately died4 ,soft tissues1 in particular1 often combine in plants which possess no affinity whatever1 as we commonly understand the term4 ,neither does affinity refer to relative sizes or rates of growth of stock and cion1 although the term is sometimes used in this sense4 ,it cannot be said that some varieties of pear lack affinity for the quince1 and yet the pear cion grows much larger than the stock4 ,in fact1 it is just this difference in size and rate of growth which constitutes the value of the quince root for dwarfing the pear4 ,when there is a marked difference in rate of growth between the stock and cion1 an enlargement will occur in the course of time1 either above or below the union4 ,if this occurs upon the stem1 it makes an unsightly tree4 ,if the cion greatly outgrows the stock a weak tree is the result4 ,graftage can be performed at almost any time of the year1 but the practice must be greatly varied to suit the season and other conditions4 ,the one essential point is to make sure that the cambium layers1 lying between the bark and wood1 meet as nearly as possible in the cion and stock4 ,this cambium is always present in live parts1 forming woody substance from its inner surface and bark from its outer surface4 ,during the season of greatest growth it usually occurs as a soft1 mucilaginous and more or less unorganized substance1 and in this stage it most readily repairs and unites wounded surfaces4 ,and for this reason the grafting and budding of old trees are usually performed in the spring4 ,later in the season1 the cambium becomes firmer and more differentiated1 and union of woody parts is more uncertain4 ,it is also necessary to cover the wounds in order to check evaporation from the tissues4 ,in out-door work wax is commonly used for all species of graftage which wound the wood itself1 but in budding1 the loosened bark1 bound down securely by a bandage1 affords sufficient protection4 ,it is commonly supposed that an ordinary cleft-graft cannot live if the bark of the stock immediately adjoining it is seriously wounded1 but the bark really serves little purpose beyond protection of the tissues beneath4 ,a cion will grow when the bark is entirely removed from the stub if some adequate protection can be given which will not interfere with the formation of new bark4 ,the cion must always possess at least one good bud4 ,in most cases1 only buds which are mature or nearly so are used1 but in the grafting of herbs very young buds may be employed4 ,these simple requirements can be satisfied in an almost innumerable variety of ways4 ,the cion or bud may be inserted in the root1 crown1 trunk or any of the branches2 it may be set under the bark simply or inserted into the wood itself in almost any fashion2 and the operation may be performed either upon growing or dormant plants at any season4 ,but in practice there are comparatively few methods which are sufficiently simple and expeditious to admit of general use4 ,graftage may be divided into three general divisions1 between which1 however1 there are no decisive lines of separation3 #a4 ,bud-grafting or budding1 in which a single bud is inserted upon the surface of the wood of the stock4 #b4 ,cion-grafting or grafting proper1 in which a detached twig bearing one or more buds is inserted into or upon the stock4 #c4 ,inarching or grafting by approach1 in which the cion remains attached to the parent plant until union takes place4 ,each of these divisions can be almost endlessly varied and sub-divided1 but in this discussion only the leading practices can be detailed4 ,the following enumeration1 after ,baltet1 will give a fair idea of the kinds of grafting which have been employed under distinct names3 #a4 ,bud-,grafting or ,budding4 #a4--;,grafting with shield-buds4 ,bud-grafting under the bark1 or by inoculation4 ordinary method4 with a cross-shaped incision4 the incision reversed4 by veneering4 ,bud-grafting1 the combined or double method4 #b4--;,flute-grafting4 common method4 with strips of bark4 #b4 ,cion-,grafting or ,grafting ,proper4 #a4--,side-grafting under the bark4 with a simple branch4 with a heeled branch4 in the alburnum4 with a straight cleft4 with an oblique cleft4 #b4--;,crown-grafting4 ,ordinary method4 ,improved method4 #c4--;,grafting de precision4 ,veneering1 common method4 in crown-grafting4 with strips of bark4 ,crown-grafting by inlaying4 ,side-grafting by inlaying4 #d4--;,cleft-grafting1 common single4 ,cleft-grafting1 common double4 oblique4 terminal4 woody4 herbaceous4 #e4--,whip-grafting1 simple4 complex4 ,saddle-grafting4 #f4--,mixed-grafting4 ,grafting with cuttings4 ,when the cion is a cutting4 ,when the stock is a cutting4 ,when both are cuttings4 ,root-grafting of a plant on its own root4 the roots of another plant4 ,grafting with fruit buds4 #c4 ,inarching or ,grafting by ,approach4 #a4--,method by veneering4 inlaying4 ,english method4 #b4--;,inarching with an eye4 a branch4 ,particular ,methods4--,budding4 ,budding is the operation of inserting a single bud1 bearing little or no wood1 upon the surface of the stock4 ,the bud is nearly always inserted under the bark of the stock1 but in flute-budding a piece of bark is entirely removed and the bud is used to cover the wound4 ,there is no general rule to determine what species of plants should be budded and which ones cion grafted4 ,in fact1 the same species is often multiplied by both operations4 ,plants with thin bark and an abundance of sap are likely to do best when grafted2 or if they are budded1 the buds should be inserted at a season when the sap is least abundant to prevent the strangulation or throwing out of the bud4 ,in such species the bark is not strong enough to hold the bud firmly until it unites2 and solid union does not take place until the flow of sap lessens4 ,budding is largely employed upon nearly all young fruit-trees1 and almost universally so upon the stone-fruits4 ,it is also used in roses1 and many ornamental trees4 ,budding is commonly performed during the growing season1 usually in late summer or early fall1 because mature buds can be procured at that time and young stocks are then large enough to be worked readily4 ,but budding can be done in early spring1 just as soon as the bark loosens2 in this case perfectly dormant buds must have been taken in winter4 ,budding is always best performed when the bark slips or peels easily4 ,it can be done when the bark is tight1 but the operation is then tedious and uncertain4 ,shield-budding4--,there is but one style of budding in general use in this country4 ,this is known as shield-budding1 from the shield-like shape of the portion of bark which is removed with the bud4 ,technically1 the entire severed portion1 comprising both bark and bud1 is called a bud4 ,a shield bud is shown natural size in ,fig4 #fa4 ,this is cut from a young twig of the present season's growth4 ,it is inserted underneath the bark of a young stock or branch1 and is then securely tied1 as shown in ,fig4 #fe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,shield-bud4 ,the minor details of shield-budding differ with nearly every operator4 ,in commercial practice1 it is performed in the north from early ,july until the middle of ,september4 ,in the southern states it usually begins in ,june4 ,as a rule1 apples and pears are budded before peaches4 ,this is due to the fact that peach-stocks are nearly always budded the same season the pits are planted1 and the operation must be delayed until the stocks are large enough to be worked4 ,most other fruit-stocks1 especially apples and pears1 are not budded until two years after the seeds are sown4 ,the plants grow for the first season in a seed-bed4 ,the next spring they are transplanted into nursery rows1 and budded when they become large enough1 which is usually the same year they are transplanted4 ,the nurseryman reckons the age of his stock from the time of transplanting1 and the age of the marketable tree from the time when the buds or grafts begin to grow4 ,the young stocks are dressed or trimmed before being set into the nursery4 ,this operation consists in cutting off a fourth or third of the top and the tap root4 ,this causes the roots to spread and induces a vigorous growth of top because it reduces the numbers of shoots2 and such stocks are more expeditiously handled than long and untrimmed ones4 ,stocks should be at least three-eighths inch in diameter to be budded with ease4 ,just before the buds are set1 the leaves are removed from the base of the stock so that they will not interfere with the operation4 ,they are usually rubbed off with the hand for a space of five or six inches above the ground4 ,they should not be removed more than two or three days in advance of budding1 else the growth of the parts will be checked and the bark will set2 any branches1 too1 as in the quince1 which might impede the work of the budder1 are to be cut off at the same time4 ,the bud is inserted an inch or two above the surface of the ground or as low down as the budder can work4 ,the advantage of setting the bud low is to bring the resulting crook or union where it will not be seen4 ,it is a common and good practice1 also1 to place the bud upon the north side of the stock to shield it from the sun4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,a stick of buds4 ,the buds are taken from strong and well-hardened shoots of the season's growth and of the desired variety4 ,usually the whole of the present growth is cut1 the leaves are removed1 but a part of the petiole or stalk of each leaf is left 7as in ,figs4 #fa and #fb7 to serve as a handle to the bud4 ,this trimmed shoot is then called a stick4 ,a stick may bear two dozen good buds when the growth has been strong1 but only ten or twelve buds are commonly secured4 ,the upper buds1 which are commonly not fully grown and which are borne on soft wood1 are usually discarded4 ,the buds are cut with a thin-bladed sharp knife4 ,various styles of budding knives are in use1 and the budder usually has decided preferences for some particular pattern4 ,the essentials of a good budding-knife are these3 the very best steel1 a thin blade which has a curved cutting end 7as shown in ,figs4 #fc and #ff71 and lightness4 ,the curved end of the blade is used for making the incisions in the stock4 ,the handle of the budding-knife usually runs into a thin bone scalpel at the end1 and this portion is designed for the lifting or loosening of the bark on the stock4 ,some budders1 however1 raise the bark with the blade4 ,a good form of blade1 but one seldom made1 has a rounded end1 the upper side of the curve being ground simply to a thin edge4 ,this blade may be used both for cutting the bark and loosening it1 thus overcoming the necessity of reversing the knife every time a bud is set4 ,if this form of blade were commonly known it would undoubtedly soon come into favor4 ,the blade of a common budding-knife can be ground to this shape4 ,the bud is usually cut about an inch long4 ,most budders cut from below upwards1 but some prefer to make a downward incision4 ,it does not matter just how the bud is cut1 if the surfaces are smooth and even and the bud is not too thick4 ,on a stick a fourth or three-eighths inch through1 the cut1 at its deepest point just under the bud1 is about one-fourth the diameter of the twig4 ,a bit of wood is therefore removed with the bud1 as shown in ,fig4 #fa4 ,there is some discussion as to whether this wood should be left upon the bud1 but no definite experiments have been made to show that it is injurious to the resulting tree4 ,some budders remove the wood with the point of the knife or by a deft twist as the bud is removed from the stick4 ,but buds appear to live equally well with wood attached or removed4 ,some propagators cut the buds as they go1 while others prefer to cut a whole stick before setting any1 letting each bud hang by a bit of bark at the top and which is cut off squarely when wanted1 as shown in ,fig4 #fb4 ,the wound or matrix which is to receive the bud is made by two incisions1 one vertical and one transverse 7,fig4 #fc74 ,these are light cuts1 extending only through the bark4 ,the vertical slit is usually made first and by the rounded end of the blade4 ,this is an inch or inch and a half long4 ,the transverse cut is made across the top of the vertical cut by one rocking motion of the blade towards the body4 ,the corners of the bark may be lifted a little by an outward motion of the blade so as to allow the bud to be pushed in1 but unless the bark slips very freely it will have to be loosened by the end of the blade or by the scalpel on the reverse end of the handle1 as previously described4 ,the bud is now inserted in the cleft of the bark4 ,it is pushed down part way by the fingers1 as in ,fig4 #fd1 but it is usually driven home by pushing down upon the leaf-stalk handle with the back of the knife-blade4 ,the entire bud should pass into the cleft2 or if a portion of it should project above it should be cut off4 ,if the bark peels freely1 the bud will slip in easily and will follow the cleft1 but if it sticks somewhat1 more care is necessary to prevent the bud from running out4 ,if the bark is very tight1 it may have to be loosened with the knife throughout the length of the cleft2 but budding should be performed1 if possible1 when such pains are not necessary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,preparing the stock4 ,the bud must now be tied4 ,the whole matrix should be closed and bound securely1 as represented in ,fig4 #fe4 ,the dotted lines parallel with the cleft show the extent to which the bud projects under the bark4 ,the string is usually started below the bud1 the end being held by lapping the second course over it1 and the upper end being secured by drawing a bow through under the upper course4 ,care should be taken not to bind the string over the bud itself4 ,the strings are previously cut the required length--about a foot--and the tying is performed very quickly4 ,any soft cord can be employed4 ,yarn and carpet warp are sometimes used4 ,the most common material1 at least until the last few years1 has been bass matting4 ,this is the inner bark of the bass-wood or linden4 ,the bark is stripped in early summer1 and the inner portion is macerated or rotted in water for four or five weeks4 ,it is then removed1 cut into the desired lengths1 and stripped into narrow bands--one-fourth to one-half inch wide--when it may be sorted and stored away for future use4 ,if it is stiff and harsh when it comes from the maceration1 it should be pounded lightly or rubbed through the hands until it becomes soft and pliable4 ,the best tying material which we now have is undoubtedly raffia4 ,it is an imported article1 coming from the eastern tropics 7the product of the palm ,raphia ,ruffia71 but it is so cheap that it will probably supersede even bass-bark4 ,it is strong and pliable1 and is an excellent material for tying up plants in the greenhouse1 or small ones out-doors4 ,the greatest disadvantage in its use in the budding field is its habit of rolling when it becomes dry4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,bud entering matrix4 ,in two or three weeks after the bud is set it will have stuck or united to the stock4 ,the bandage must then be removed or cut4 ,it is the common practice to draw a budding-knife over the strings1 on the side opposite the bud1 completely severing them and allowing them to fall off as they will4 ,if the strings are left on too long they will constrict the stem and often kill the bud1 and they also have a tendency to cause the bud to break or begin to grow4 ,the bud should remain perfectly dormant until spring1 for if it should begin to grow it will be injured and perhaps killed by the winter4 ,it should remain green and fresh2 if it shrivels and becomes brown1 even though it still adheres to the stock1 it is worthless4 ,advantage can be taken1 when cutting the tyings1 to rebud any stocks which have failed4 ,if the bud should begin to grow1 because of a warm and wet fall or other reasons1 there is little remedy except perhaps to head the shoot back if it should become long enough4 ,if the stocks are protected by snow during winter1 some of the buds at the base of the shoot may pass the cold in safety4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,the bud tied4 ,the next spring the stock should be cut off just above the bud 7,fig4 #ff71 in order to throw the entire force of the plant into the bud4 ,if the root is strong and the soil good1 the bud will grow two or three feet the first year2 or peaches and cherries will grow from two to three times that height4 ,all sprouts should be kept rubbed off the stock1 and the bud should be trained to a single stem4 ,in some weak and crooked growers1 the new shoot must be tied1 and some propagators in such cases cut off the stock five or six inches above the bud and let it serve as a stake to which to tie4 ,the stock1 of course1 must not be allowed to grow4 ,late in the season the stock is cut down close to the bud1 as in ,fig4 #ff4 ,peaches and some other fruits are sold after having made one season's growth from the bud1 but pears1 apples1 and most other trees are not often sold until the second or third year4 ,june budding is a term applied to the budding of stocks in early summer while they are yet growing rapidly4 ,it is employed mostly at the south where the stocks can be grown to sufficient size by the last of ,june or first of ,july4 ,small stocks are usually employed--those ranging from one-fourth to one-third inch being preferred4 ,a few strong leaves should be left on the stock below the bud1 and after the bud has stuck the whole top should not be cut off at once1 else the growing plant will receive a too severe check4 ,it is best to bend the top over to check its growth or remove the leaves gradually4 ,the bandages should not be left on longer than six to ten days if the stock is growing rapidly4 ,to prevent the constriction of the stem1 muslin bands are sometimes used instead of bass or raffia4 ,in hot and dry climates the bud should be set an inch or two higher in ,june budding than in the ordinary practice1 to escape the great heat of the soil4 ,june budding is used upon the peach more than any other tree1 although it can be employed for any species which will give large enough stocks from seed by the ,june following the sowing4 ,in peaches1 the bud will produce a shoot from three to five feet high the same season the buds are set1 so that marketable budded trees can be produced in one season from the seed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,cutting off the stock4 ,a different kind of early summer budding is sometimes performed upon apples and other fruit-trees4 ,in this case the stocks are one or two years old from the transplanting1 and dormant buds are used4 ,these buds are cut the previous fall or winter in the same manner as cions1 and when spring approaches they are put on ice--in sawdust1 sand or moss--and kept until the stocks are large enough to receive them4 ,the particular advantage of this method is the distributing of the labor of budding over a longer season1 thereby avoiding the rush which often occurs at the regular budding time4 ,budders usually carry a number of sticks with them when they enter the nursery4 ,these may be carried in the pocket1 or thrust into the boot-leg2 or some budders carry four or five sticks in the hand4 ,the budder follows a row throughout its length1 passing over those trees which are too small to work4 ,it is a common practice to rest upon one knee while budding1 as shown in ,fig4 #fg1 but some prefer to use a low stool4 ,the tying is usually done by a boy1 who should follow close behind the budder in order that the buds shall not dry out4 ,an expert budder will set from #a1jjj to #c1jjj buds a day1 in good stock1 and with a boy 7or two of them for the latter speed7 to tie4 ,peach stocks are more rapidly budded than most others1 as the bark is firm and slips easily1 and some remarkable records are made by skillful workmen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,budder at work4 ,budding is sometimes employed the same as top-grafting for changing over the top of an old tree from one variety to another4 ,the buds cannot be easily inserted in very old and stiff bark1 but in all smooth and fresh bark they work readily4 ,sometimes old trees are severely pruned the year before the budding is to be done1 in order to obtain young shoots in which to set the buds4 ,in fruit-trees six or seven years old or less1 budding is fully as advantageous as grafting4 ,new varieties are also budded into old branches in order to hasten bearing for the purpose of testing the variety4 ,here budding has a distinct advantage over grafting1 as it uses fewer buds1 and the wood of new sorts is often scarce4 ,flute-,budding4--,an occasional method of budding is that known under the general name of flute-budding4 ,in this method the bud is not covered by the bark of the stock as in shield-budding4 ,fig4 #fh illustrates it4 ,a portion of bark is removed entirely from the stock1 and a similar piece is fitted into its place4 ,when the wound extends only part way about the stem1 as in the illustration1 the operation is sometimes known as veneer-budding4 ,when it extends entirely around the stem it is called ring or annular-budding4 ,flute-budding is usually performed late in spring4 ,it is best adapted to plants with very thick and heavy bark4 ,the bud is tied and afterwards treated in essentially the same manner as in shield-budding4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,flute-budding4 ,a species of flute-budding in which a ring of bark is slipped down upon the tip of a shoot1 which has been girdled for the purpose1 is called whistle-budding or tubular-budding4 ,grafting4--,grafting is divided in various ways1 but chiefly with reference to the position of the union upon the plant and to the method in which the scion and stock are joined4 ,in reference to position1 there are four general classes3 #a4 ,root-grafting1 in which the stock is entirely a root4 #b4 ,crown-grafting1 which is performed upon the crown or collar of the plant just at the surface of the ground1 an operation which is often confounded with root-grafting4 #c4 ,stem-grafting1 in which the cion is set on the trunk or body of the tree below the limbs1 a method occasionally employed with young trees4 #d4 ,top-grafting1 or grafting in the branches of the tree4 ,any method of inserting the cion may be employed in these classes4 ,the best classification1 particularly for purposes of description1 is that which considers methods of making the union4 ,some of these kinds of grafting are catalogued on page #ff4 ,for our purposes1 we shall need to consider only the whip1 saddle1 splice1 veneer1 cleft and bark-grafting4 ,whip-,grafting4--,whip or tongue-grafting is employed only on small stocks1 usually upon those one or two years old4 ,both the cion and stock are cut across diagonally1 the cut surface extending from one to two inches according to the size of the part4 ,a vertical cleft is then made in both1 and the two are joined by shoving the tongue of the cion into the cleft of the stock4 ,the operation can be understood by reference to ,figs4 #fi1 #gj and #ga4 ,fig4 #fi shows the end of a cion1 cut natural size4 ,the stock is cut in the same manner1 and the two are joined in ,figs4 #gj and #ga4 ,the parts are held firmly by a bandage passed five or six times around them4 ,if the graft is to stand above ground1 the wound must be protected by applying wax over the bandage4 7,recipes for wax can be found at the end of this chapter47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,whip-graft4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,whip-graft in position4 ,root-grafting1 especially of fruit-stocks1 is performed almost entirely by the whip-graft4 ,this operation is performed in winter4 ,the stocks1 either one or two years old1 are dug and stored in the fall4 ,in ,january or ,february the grafting is begun4 ,in true root-grafting1 only pieces of roots are used1 but some prefer to use the whole root and graft at the crown4 ,in piece-root-grafting1 from two to four trees are made from a single root4 ,a piece of root from two to four inches long is used1 as shown in ,fig4 #ga4 ,the parts are usually held by winding with waxed string or waxed bands4 ,the string should be strong enough to hold the parts securely and yet weak enough to be broken without hurting the hands4 ,no4 #ah knitting cotton answers this purpose admirably4 ,it should be bought in balls1 which are allowed to stand for a few minutes in melted wax4 ,the wax soon saturates the ball4 ,waxed bands are made by spreading melted wax over thin muslin1 which is cut into narrow strips when dry4 ,the string is the more useful for rapid work4 ,the grafts are packed away in sand1 moss or sawdust in a cool cellar until spring1 when the two parts will be firmly callused together4 ,some propagators are now discarding all tying of root-grafts4 ,the grafts are packed away snugly1 and if the storage cellar is cool--not above #dj--they will knit together so that they can be planted without danger of breaking apart4 ,if the cellar is warm the grafts will start into growth and be lost4 ,cions are cut in fall or winter1 or any time before the buds swell in spring4 ,only the previous year's growth is used in all ordinary cases1 but in maples and some other trees older wood may be used4 ,in the grafting of peaches--which is very rarely done--the best cions are supposed to be those which bear a small portion of two-year-old at the lower end4 ,this portion of old wood probably serves no other purpose than a mechanical one1 as the recent wood is soft and pithy4 ,it is a common opinion that cions are worthless if cut during freezing weather1 but this is unfounded4 ,the cions are stored in sand1 moss or sawdust in a cool cellar1 or they may be buried in a sandy place4 ,or sometimes1 when a few are wanted for top-grafting1 they are thrust into the ground beside the tree into which they are to be set the following spring4 ,only well-formed and mature buds should be used4 ,sometimes flower-buds are inserted for the purpose of fruiting a new or rare variety the following year4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,root-graft4 ,in common root-grafting in the east and south1 the cion bears about three buds1 and the root is about the same length1 or perhaps shorter4 ,the variable and unknown character of these roots as regards hardiness1 renders it important in very severe climates that roots should be obtained from the same plant as the cion1 the hardiness of which is known4 ,it is1 therefore1 the practice in the prairie countries to use a very long cion--eight inches to a foot--and to set it in the ground to the top bud4 ,the piece of root serves as a temporary support1 and roots are emitted along the cion4 ,when the tree is ready for sale the old piece of root is often removed1 or sometimes it falls away of itself4 ,in this manner own-rooted trees are obtained1 and it is for this reason that root-grafting is more universally practiced west of the ,great ,lakes than budding4 ,even cions of ordinary length often emit roots1 as seen in ,fig4 #gb1 but the cions are not long enough to reach into uniformly moist soil4 ,some varieties of fruit-trees are found in practice to root more readily than others4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,growing ,root-graft4 ,there is much discussion as to the relative merits of budding and root-grafting fruit-stocks1 but the observations are usually so indefinite or irrelevant that safe conclusions cannot be drawn from them4 ,we have seen that root-grafting serves an indispensable purpose in the cold prairie regions by enabling nurserymen to secure own-rooted trees of known hardiness4 ,aside from this it may be said that root-grafting is cheaper than budding1 as it is performed when labor is cheap and two or more trees are made from one stock1 ,budded or crown-grafted trees possess a greater root and usually make a stronger growth1 at least the first year or two1 and it has been said that their roots are more numerous and more symmetrically disposed4 ,but there is not yet a sufficient knowledge of the subject in all its details to allow of dogmatic expressions upon it4 ,saddle-,grafting4--,saddle-grafting is a simple and useful method for the shoots of small1 growing plants4 ,the stock is cut to a wedge-shaped end by two cuts1 and the cion is split and set upon the wedge 7,fig4 #gc74 ,the union is then tied and waxed in the same way as exposed whip-grafts4 ,it is oftenest employed when a terminal bud is used1 as the wood in such cions is usually too weak to work well with a tongue4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,saddle-graft4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,splice-grafting4 ,splice-,grafting4--,the simplest form of grafting is that shown in ,fig4 #gd1 in which the two parts are simply cut across diagonally and laid together4 ,the parts are held only by the string1 which1 together with the wax1 is applied in the same way as upon the whip-graft4 ,splice-grafting is frequently used upon soft or tender wood which will not admit of splitting4 ,it is adapted only to small shoots4 ,veneer-,grafting4--,fig4 #ge shows a style of grafting which is much used1 particularly for ornamentals and for rare stocks which are grown in pots4 ,an incision is made upon the stock just through the bark and about an inch long 7,a1 ,fig4 #ge71 the bit of bark being removed by means of a downward sloping cut at its base4 ,the base of the cion is cut off obliquely1 and upon the longest side a portion of bark is removed1 corresponding to the portion taken from the stock4 ,the little tongue of bark on the stock covers the base of the cion1 when it is set4 ,the cion is tied tightly to the stock 7,b1 ,fig4 #ge71 usually with raffia4 ,this method of grafting makes no incision into the wood1 and all the wounded surfaces are completely covered by the matching of the cion and stock4 ,it is not necessary1 therefore1 to wax over the wounds1 as a rule4 ,the parts grow together quickly and uniformly1 making a solid and perfect union as shown at ,d1 ,fig4 #ge4 ,so far as the union of the parts is concerned1 this is probably the ideal method of grafting4 ,this method1 which is nothing but the side-graft of the ,english gardeners with the most important condition of the longer tongue on the stock1 is known by various names1 but it is oftenest called veneer-grafting in this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,veneer-grafting4 ,veneer-grafting is employed mostly from ,november to ,march upon potted plants4 ,stocks which are grown out-doors are potted in the early fall and carried in a cool house or pit4 ,the cion is applied an inch or two above the surface of the soil1 and the stock need not be headed back until the cion has united4 7,see ,fig4 #gf47 ,both dormant and growing cions are used4 ,all plants in full sap must be placed under a frame in the house1 in which they can be almost entirely buried with sphagnum1 not too wet1 and the house must be kept cool and rather moist until the cions are well established4 ,some species can be transferred to the open border or to nursery rows in the spring1 but most plants which are grafted in this way are handled in pots during the following season4 ,rhododendrons1 ,japanese maples and many conifers are some of the plants which are multiplied by veneer-grafting4 ,this method1 when used with hardy or tender plants1 gives a great advantage in much experimental work1 because the stock is not at all injured by a failure and can be used over again many times1 perhaps even in the same season2 the manipulation is simple and easily acquired by inexperienced hands4 ,cleft-,grafting4--,in cleft-grafting the stock is cut off squarely and split1 and into the split a cion with a wedge-shaped base is inserted4 ,it is particularly adapted to large stocks and is the method universally employed for top-grafting old trees4 ,fig4 #gg represents the operation4 ,the end of the stock1 technically called a stub1 is usually large enough to accommodate two cions1 one upon either side4 ,in fact1 it is better to use two cions1 not only because they double the chances of success but because they hasten the healing of the stub4 ,cleft-grafting is at best a harsh process1 especially upon large limbs1 and its evils should be mitigated as much as possible4 ,in common practice1 the cion 7,fig4 #gh7 contains three buds1 the lowest one standing just above the wedge portion4 ,this lowest bud is usually entirely covered with wax1 but it pushes through without difficulty4 ,in fact1 being nearest the source of food and most protected1 its chances of living are greater than those of the higher buds4 ,the sides of the cion must be cut smoothly and evenly4 ,a single draw cut on each side with a sharp blade is much better than two or three partial cuts4 ,a good grafter makes a cion by three strokes of the knife1 one to cut off the cion and two to shape it4 ,the outer edge of the wedge should be a little thicker than the inner one so that the stock will bind upon it and hold it firm at the point where the union first takes place4 ,these cions are taken in late fall or winter1 and kept in the same manner as directed for whip-grafting on pages #gg and #gh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,veneer-graft4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,cleft-grafting4 ,the stock or stub must be cut off squarely and smoothly with a sharp and preferably fine-toothed saw4 ,if one desires to be especially careful in the operation1 the end of the stub1 or at least two opposite sides of it1 may be dressed off with a knife so that the juncture between the bark and the wood may be more easily seen4 ,professional grafters rarely resort to this practice1 however4 ,the stub is then split to the depth of an inch and a half or two inches4 ,various styles of grafting-knife are used to split the stub4 ,the best one is that shown in ,fig4 #gi4 ,it is commonly made from an old file by a blacksmith4 ,the blade is curved so that the bark of the stub is drawn in when the knife is entering1 thereby lessening the danger of loosening the bark4 ,upon the end of the knife is a wedge1 about four or five inches long1 for opening the cleft4 ,the wedge is driven into the cleft and allowed to remain while the cions are being placed4 ,if the cleft does not open wide enough to allow the cions to enter1 the operator bears down on the handle of the knife4 ,the cions must be thrust down to the first bud1 or even deeper1 and it is imperative that they fit tightly4 ,the line of separation between the bark and wood in the cion should meet as nearly as possible the similar line in the stock4 ,the cions are usually set a trifle obliquely1 the tops projecting outwards1 to ensure the contact of the cambium layers4 ,writers usually state that it is imperative to success to have the exact lines between the bark and wood meet for at least the greater part of their length1 but this is an error4 ,the callus or connecting tissue spreads beyond its former limits when the wounds begin to heal4 ,the most essential points are rather to be sure that the cion fits tightly throughout its whole length1 and to protect the wound completely with an air-tight covering4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,cleft-graft cion4 ,the wounds must now be covered with wax4 ,fig4 #hj illustrates a stub after the covering has been applied4 ,if the grafting is done in early spring when the weather is cold1 the wax will have to be applied with a brush4 ,the wax is melted in a glue-pot1 which is carried into the tree4 ,but if the weather is warm enough to soften the wax1 it should be applied with the hands4 ,the hands are first greased to prevent the wax from sticking4 ,the two side or vertical portions are applied first4 ,the end of the mass of wax in the hand is flattened into a thin portion about a half inch wide4 ,this portion is then laid over the bud and held there by the thumb of the other hand1 while the wax is drawn downwards over the cleft1 being pressed down firmly upon the bark by the thumb of the first hand4 ,the wax gradually tails out until it breaks off just below the lowest point of the cleft4 ,the flattened upper part is then wrapped around the cion upon either side1 completely and tightly encircling it4 ,a simple deft wrapping of the wax about the cion makes a tighter joint than can be secured in twice the time by any method of pinching it into place4 ,another portion of wax is now flattened and applied over the end of the stub4 ,many grafters apply a bit of wax to the tops of the cion also4 ,all the wounds must be covered securely4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,a cleft grafting-knife4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,a waxed stub4 ,the top-grafting of large trees is an important operation1 and there are many men who make it a business4 ,these men usually charge by the stub and warrant1 the warrant meaning that one cion of the stub must be alive when the counting is done late in summer4 ,from two to three cents a stub is a common price4 ,a good grafter in good setting can graft from #djj to #hjj stubs a day and wax them himself4 ,much depends upon the size of the trees1 their shape1 and the amount of pruning which must be done before the grafter can work in them handily4 ,every man who owns an orchard of any extent should be able to do his own grafting4 ,the most important factor in the top-grafting of an old tree is the shaping of the top4 ,the old top is to be removed during three or four or five years and a new one is to be grown in its place4 ,if the tree is old1 the original plan or shape of the top will have to be followed in its general outlines4 ,the branches should be grafted1 as a rule1 where they do not exceed an inch and a half in diameter1 as cions do better in such branches1 the wounds heal quickly and the injury to the tree is less than when very large stubs are used4 ,the operator should endeavor to cut all the leading stubs at approximately equal distances from the center of the tree4 ,and then1 to prevent the occurrence of long and pole-like branches1 various minor side-branches should be grafted4 ,these will serve to fill out the new top and to afford footholds for pruners and pickers4 ,fig4 #ha is a good illustration of an old apple tree just top-grafted4 ,many stubs should be set1 and at least all the prominent branches should be grafted if the tree has been well-trained4 ,it is better to have too many stubs and to be obliged to cut out some of them in after years1 than to have too few4 ,in thick-topped trees1 care must be exercised not to cut out so much the first year that the inner branches will sunburn4 ,all large branches which must be sacrificed ought to be cut out when the grafting is done1 as they increase in diameter very rapidly after so much of the top is removed4 ,one horizontal branch lying directly over or under another should not be grafted1 for it is the habit of grafts to grow upright rather than horizontally in the direction of the branch4 ,it is well to split all stubs on such branches horizontally1 that one cion may not stand directly under another4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,top-grafted old tree4 ,top-grafting is performed in spring4 ,the best time is when the leaves are pushing out1 as wounds made then heal quickly and cions are most apt to live4 ,but when a large amount of grafting must be done1 it is necessary to begin a month or even two before the leaves start4 ,on the other hand1 the operation can be extended until a month or more after the leaves are full-grown1 but such late cions make a short growth1 which is likely to perish the following winter4 ,professional grafters usually divide their men into three gangs1 one to do the cutting of the stubs1 one to set the cions1 and one to apply the wax4 ,the cions are all whittled before the grafter enters the tree4 ,they are then usually moistened by dipping into a pail of water and are carried in a high side-pocket in the jacket4 ,the handiest mallet is a simple club or billy1 a foot and a half long1 hung over the wrist by a loose soft cord 7,fig #hb74 ,this is brought into the palm of the hand by a swinging motion of the forearm4 ,this mallet is always in place1 never drops from the tree1 and is not in the way4 ,the knife shown in ,fig4 #gi is commonly used4 ,a downward stroke of the mallet drives the knife into the tree and an upward motion immediately following strikes the knife on the outer end and removes it4 ,another downward motion drives in the wedge4 ,the sharpened nails and sticks commonly pictured as wedges in cleft-grafting are useless for any serious work4 ,and the common style of grafting-knife sold by seedsmen1 comprising a thin1 broad blade set in a heavy back piece1 is also worthless4 ,the blade is too thin to split the stub4 ,the various combined implements which have been devised to facilitate cleft-grafting are usually impracticable in serious operations4 ,a very good grafting-knife for small stocks or trees in nursery row is shown in ,fig4 #hc4 ,this is the ,thomas knife4 ,the larger arm is made entirely of wood4 ,at its upper end is a grooved portion into which the blade closes4 ,this blade can be made from the blade of a steel case-knife1 and it should be about two and a half inches long4 ,it is secured to an iron handle4 ,the essential feature of this implement is the draw cut which is secured by setting the blades and the pivot in just the positions shown in the figure4 ,the stock is cut off by the shears1 and the cleft is then made by turning the shears up and making a vertical cut4 ,the cleft is therefore cut instead of split1 insuring a tight fit of the cions4 ,this tool is particularly useful upon hard and crooked-grained stocks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,grafting-mallet4 ,cleft-grafting is often employed for other purposes than the top-grafting of old trees4 ,it is in common use on soft and fleshy stocks1 as cactuses1 and various fleshy roots4 ,fig4 #hd shows a cleft-graft on cactus4 ,the cion is held in place with a pin or cactus spine1 and it is then bound with raffia or other cord4 ,waxing is not necessary4 ,fig4 #he illustrates a cleft root-graft of peony4 ,the cleft in the thick root is cut with a knife1 and the stock is bound up securely1 usually with wire1 as cord1 unless waxed1 rots off too quickly4 ,wax is not used1 as the graft is buried to the top bud4 ,the peony is grafted in summer4 ,dahlias are often grafted after the same fashion1 although some operators prefer1 in such fleshy subjects1 to cut out a section from the side of the stock to receive the cion1 rather than to make a cleft4 ,hollyhocks1 ipomas1 gloxinias and other thick-rooted plants may be similarly treated4 ,bark-grafting4--,a style of grafting suited to large trees is shown in ,fig4 #hf4 ,the stock is not cleft1 but the cions are pushed down between the bark and wood4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,thomas' grafting-knife4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,cleft-graft of cactus4 ,the cion must be cut very thin so that they will not break the bark on the stock4 ,fig4 #hg represents a good style of cion4 ,it is cut to a shoulder upon either side4 ,several cions can be placed in a single stub1 and as no splitting is necessary1 it is a useful method for very large limbs4 ,it is especially useful in repairing trees when very large branches are broken off4 ,a dozen or more cions may be set about the broken portion1 after it is dressed off1 and a few of them may be allowed to remain after the wound has been healed4 ,bark-grafting can be performed to advantage only when the bark peels readily4 ,the cions should be held in place by a tight bandage1 as seen in ,fig4 #hf1 and then wax should be applied in essentially the same manner as for cleft-grafting4 7,see ,fig4 #hj47 ,this is sometimes called crown-grafting1 and is useful under certain conditions4 ,a special form of bark-grafting is sometimes employed for covering girdles about the base of an old tree1 made by mice1 gophers or rabbits4 ,the edges of the bark are trimmed1 and cions are cut a couple inches longer than the width of the girdle4 ,these are sharpened at both ends4 ,one end is inserted under the bark below the girdle and the other above it4 ,the cions are placed close together entirely around the tree4 ,this operation is said to be necessary to keep up the connection between the root and the top1 but this is in most cases an error4 ,a good dressing of cow-dung1 wax or clay1 held on with stout bandages1 is much better than the grafting4 ,this method of grafting is sometimes1 but erroneously1 called inarching4 ,a complete girdle made during the spring or early summer will usually heal over readily if it is well bandaged2 and in some cases even the bandage is not necessary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,peony root-graft4 ,herbaceous-grafting4--,in the preceding pages1 the discussions have had to do with cions which are dormant or at least well-hardened1 and with stocks which contain more or less hard woody substance4 ,but herbaceous shoots can be grafted with ease4 ,all such plants as geraniums1 begonias1 coleuses and chrysanthemums can be made to bear two or more varieties upon the same individual4 ,almost any style of grafting can be employed1 but the veneer1 cleft and saddle-grafts are preferred4 ,shoots should be chosen for stocks which are rather firm1 or in the condition for making good cuttings4 ,the cions should be in a similar condition1 and they may be taken from the tips of branches or made of a section of a branch4 ,the union should be bound snugly with raffia1 and the plant set in a propagating frame1 where it must be kept close for a few days4 ,it is not necessary1 in most cases1 to use wax1 and upon some tender stocks the wax is injurious4 ,moss may be bound about the graft1 but unless the union is first thoroughly covered by the bandage1 roots will start into the moss and the parts will fail to unite4 ,the growing shoots of shrubs and trees can also be grafted1 but the operation is rarely employed4 ,in various coniferous trees 7as pines and spruces7 the young shoots are sometimes cleft or saddle-grafted in ,may1 the parts being well bandaged with waxed muslin or raffia1 and shaded with paper bags4 ,the walnut and some other trees which do not work readily are sometimes treated in this manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,bark-grafting4 ,a little known species of herbaceous-grafting is the joining of parts of fruits4 ,it is easily performed upon all fleshy fruits like tomatoes1 apples1 squashes and cucumbers4 ,when the fruit is half or more grown1 one-half is cut away and a similar half from another fruit is applied4 ,better results follow if the severed side of the parent or stock fruit is hollowed out a little1 so as to let the foreign piece set into the cavity4 ,the edges of the epidermis of the stock are then tied up closely against the cion by means of bass or raffia4 ,the two parts are securely tied together1 but no wax is required4 ,this operation succeeds best under glass1 where conditions are uniform and winds do not blow the fruits about4 ,even leaves may be used as stocks or cions4 ,any such succulent and permanent leaves as those of the house-leeks1 crassula1 and the like may have young shoots worked upon them1 and leaves which are used as cuttings can often be made to grow on other plants4 ,seed-grafting4--,a novel kind of grafting has been described in ,france by ,pieron1 which consists in using a seed as a cion4 ,this has been used upon the grape4 ,a seed is dropped into a gimlet-hole made near the base of the vine while the sap is flowing in the spring4 ,the seed germinates1 and after a time the plantlet unites with the stock4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,cion for bark-grafting ,double-grafting4--,grafting upon a grafted tree is known as double-grafting or double-working4 ,it is employed for the purpose of growing a variety upon an uncongenial root or of securing a straight and vigorous stock for a weak and poor grower4 ,some sorts of pears do not unite well with the quince1 and if it is desired to secure dwarfs of these varieties1 some variety which unites readily with the quince must first be put upon it4 ,the ,angouleme takes well to the quince1 and upon ,angouleme dwarfs the ,seckel and some other varieties are often worked4 ,the last cion is usually set after the first one has grown one season1 although both may be set at the same time4 ,double-grafting for the purpose of securing a better growth is often practiced4 ,the ,canada ,red apple1 for instance1 is such a poor grower that it is often stem-worked or top-worked upon the ,northern ,spy or some other strong stock4 ,the ,winter ,nelis and the ,josephine de ,malines pears are often double-worked for the same reason4 ,cutting-grafting4--,cuttage and graftage are combined in various ways4 ,cuttings of plants which root with difficulty are sometimes grafted upon those which root easily4 ,when the plants are transplanted1 the following autumn or spring1 the nurse or stock can be removed1 the cion having taken root4 ,root-grafting with a long cion1 described on a previous page 7#gh71 is virtually a grafting of cuttings4 ,in other cases1 union with an uncongenial stock is facilitated by allowing the cion to project downwards beyond the point of union and to stand in the soil or moss or a dish of water4 ,fig4 #hh is a good illustration of the practice4 ,the cion extends into the soil nearly as far as the root itself4 ,after union has taken place1 the lower part of the cion is removed4 ,this method can be used for some magnolias1 mulberries1 birches1 and many other plants of which some kinds root with more or less difficulty4 ,bottle-grafting1 described in most of the books1 is essentially this method1 modified by letting the end of the cion drop into a bottle of water4 ,sometimes a portion of the bandage is allowed to hang in water1 to keep the cion fresh until the parts join4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,cutting-grafting4 ,inarching4--,inarching or grafting by approach is the process of grafting contiguous plants or branches while the parts are both attached to their own roots4 ,when the parts are united1 one of them is severed from its root4 ,fig4 #hi explains the operation4 ,in this case1 the larger plant is designed for the stock4 ,when the smaller plant has united1 it is cut off just below the union and it thenceforth grows upon the other plant4 ,limbs of contiguous trees are sometimes grafted in this way4 ,it is the process employed by nature in what is called natural grafting4 ,grape-vines are often inarched4 ,a thrifty young branch may be inarched into the stem of a fruit upon the same tree1 thus supplying the fruit with additional food and causing it to grow larger than it might if undisturbed4 ,to join the parts1 it is only necessary to remove the barks between the stock and cion and then tie the two together snugly4 ,if out-doors1 the junction should be waxed over2 and it is then necessary1 also1 to secure the branches in such manner that the wind cannot loosen them4 ,the parts are sometimes joined by a tongue1 after the manner of a whip-graft1 but this is rarely necessary4 ,oranges and camelias were often propagated by inarching in the old practice1 but this work is now much more easily done by the veneer-graft4 ,grafting-waxes4--,there are great numbers of recipes for waxes or mastics for protecting grafts and covering wounds upon trees4 ,in this country the resin and beeswax waxes are most used1 although some of the alcoholic waxes are popular in some regions4 ,in ,europe1 many clay and pitch waxes are in common use4 ,for most purposes1 the wax ,no4 #a in the following list will be found one of the best1 especially for applying by the hand4 ,in making the resin and beeswax waxes1 the materials are first broken up finely and melted together4 ,when thoroughly melted1 the liquid is poured into a pail or tub of cold water4 ,it soon becomes hard enough to handle1 and it is then pulled and worked over until it becomes tough or gets a grain1 at which stage it becomes the color of very light-colored manilla paper4 ,when wax is applied by hand1 the hands must be well greased4 ,hard tallow is the best material for this purpose4 ,in top-grafting large trees it is well to carry a supply of tallow when waxing by smearing the backs of the hands before entering the tree4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,inarching4 #a4 ,common ,resin and ,beeswax ,waxes4 #a4 ,resin1 #d parts by weight2 beeswax1 #b parts2 tallow1 #a part4 #b4 ,resin1 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 tallow1 #a lb4 #c4 ,resin1 #f lbs42 beeswax1 #b lbs42 linseed oil1 #a pt4 #d4 ,resin1 #f lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 linseed oil1 #a pt42 apply hot with a brush1 one-eighth of an inch thick over all the joints4 #e4 ,resin1 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 and from half to a pint of raw linseed oil2 melt all together gradually1 and turn into water and pull4 ,the linseed oil should be entirely free from cotton-seed oil4 ,for use in warm weather4 #f4 ,resin1 #f parts2 beeswax1 #a part2 tallow1 #a part4 ,to be used warm1 in the house4 #g4 ,resin1 #d or #e parts2 beeswax1 #a-a_/b to #b parts2 linseed oil1 #a to #a-a_/b parts4 ,for out-door work4 #b4 ,alcoholic ,waxes4 #h4 ,lefort's ,liquid ,grafting ,wax1 or ,alcoholic ,plastic4--,best white resin1 #a lb42 beef tallow1 #a oz42 remove from the fire and add #h ozs4 of alcohol4 ,keep in closed bottles or cans4 #i4 ,alcoholic ,plastic with ,beeswax4--,melt #f parts white resin with #a part beeswax2 remove from stove and partially cool by stirring1 then add gradually--with continued stirring--enough alcohol to make the mixture1 when cool1 of the consistency of porridge4 ,in the temperature of the grafting-room it will remain sufficiently plastic to permit applying to the cut surfaces with the finger4 #aj4 ,alcoholic ,plastic with ,turpentine4--,best white resin1 #a lb42 beef tallow1 #a oz42 turpentine1 #a teaspoonful2 add enough alcohol 7#ac to #ae fluid ozs4 of #ie per cent4 alcohol7 to make the wax of the consistency of honey4 ,or1 less alcohol may be added if the wax is to be used with the fingers4 #c4 ,french and ,pitch ,waxes4 #aa4 ,common ,french4--,pitch1 #a_/b lb42 beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 cow-dung1 #a lb4 ,boil together1 melt and apply with a brush4 #ab4 ,common ,french ,bandage ,wax4--,equal parts of beeswax1 turpentine and resin4 ,while warm spread on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper4 #ac4 ,grafting ,clay4--#a_/c cow-dung1 free from straw1 and #b_/c clay1 or clayey loam1 with a little hair1 like that used in plaster1 to prevent its cracking4 ,beat and temper it for two or three days until it is thoroughly incorporated4 ,when used it should be of such a consistency as to be easily put on and shaped with the hands4 #ad4 ,resin1 #b lbs4 #ab ozs42 ,burgundy pitch1 #a lb4 #aa ozs4 ,at the same time1 melt #i ozs4 of tallow2 pour the latter into the former1 while both are hot1 and stir the mixture thoroughly4 ,then add #ah ozs4 of red ochre1 dropping it in gradually and stirring the mixture at the same time4 #ae4 ,black pitch1 #bh parts2 ,burgundy pitch1 #bh parts2 beeswax1 #af parts2 grease1 #ad parts2 yellow ochre1 #ad parts4 #af4 ,black pitch1 #bh lbs42 ,burgundy pitch1 #bh lbs42 yellow wax1 #af lbs42 suet or tallow1 #ad lbs42 sifted ashes1 #ad lbs4 ,when used1 warm sufficiently to make it liquid1 without being so hot as to injure the texture of the branches4 #ag4 ,melt together #a-a_/d lb4 of clear resin and #c_/d lb4 of white pitch4 ,at the same time melt #a_/d lb4 of tallow4 ,pour the melted tallow into the first mixture1 and stir vigorously4 ,then before the stuff cools add1 slowly stirring meantime1 #a_/b lb4 of ,venetian red4 ,this may be used warm or cold4 #d4 ,waxed ,string and ,bandage4 #ah4 ,waxed ,string for ,root-grafting4--,into a kettle of melted wax place balls of ,no4 #ah knitting cotton4 ,turn the balls frequently1 and in five minutes they will be thoroughly saturated1 when they are dried and put away for future use4 ,this material is strong enough1 and at the same time breaks so easily as not to injure the hands4 ,any of the resin and beeswax waxes may be used4 ,when the string is used1 it should be warm enough to stick without tying4 #ai4 ,waxed ,cloth4--,old calico or thin muslin is rolled on a stick and placed in melted wax4 ,when saturated it is allowed to cool by being unrolled on a bench4 ,it is then cut in strips to suit4 ,or the wax may be spread upon the cloth with a brush4 #e4 ,waxes for ,wounds4 #bj4 ,any of the more adhesive grafting waxes are excellent for dressing wounds1 although most of them cleave off after the first year4 ,stiff and ochreous paints are also good4 #ba4 ,coal-tar4--,apply a coating of coal-tar to the wound1 which has first been pared and smoothed4 ,if the wound contains a hole1 plug it with seasoned wood4 #bb4 ,hoskins' ,wax4--,boil pine tar slowly for three or four hours2 add #a_/b lb4 of beeswax to a quart of the tar4 ,have ready some dry and finely sifted clay1 and when the mixture of tar and wax is partially cold1 stir into the above named quantity about #ab ozs4 of the clay2 continue the stirring until the mixture is so stiff1 and so nearly cool1 that the clay will not settle4 ,this is soft enough in mild weather to be easily applied with a knife or spatula4 #bc4 ,schfell's ,healing ,paint4--,boil linseed oil 7free from cotton-seed oil7 one hour1 with an oz4 of litharge to each pt4 of oil2 then stir in sifted wood ashes until the paint is of the proper consistency4 ,pare the bark until smooth4 ,paint the wound over in dry weather1 and if the wound is very large1 cover with a gunny-sack4 #bd4 ,tar for ,bleeding in ,vines4--,add to tar about #c or #d times its weight of powdered slate or some similar substance4 ,apply with an old knife or flat stick4 #be4 ,hot ,iron for ,bleeding in ,vines4--,apply a hot iron to the bare surface until it is charred1 and then rub into the charred surface a paste made of newly-burnt lime and grease4 #bf4 ,collodion for ,bleeding in ,vines4--,it may be applied with a feather or small brush4 ,in some extreme cases two or three coats will be needed1 in which case allow the collodion to form a film before applying another coat4 ,pharmaceutical collodion is better than photographic4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,nursery ,,list4 ,aaron's ,beard4 ,see ,hypericum4 ,aaron's ,rod4 ,see ,verbascum4 ,abelia4 ,caprifoliace4 ,in spring by layers under a frame1 and in summer by cuttings4 ,abies 7,fir1 ,spruce74 ,conifer4 ,propagated by seeds1 which are usually kept dry over winter and sown in spring in frames or in protected borders4 ,cones should be fully matured before being gathered4 ,if they hold the seeds tightly they should be placed in a dry place1 sometimes even in an oven1 until the scales spread4 ,in order to obtain stocky plants1 the seedlings should be transplanted the following spring4 ,the named varieties and the species which do not produce sufficient seed are winter-worked upon seedling stocks which are potted from the seed-beds in the fall4 ,one-year-old stocks are commonly used1 but in some cases the requisite size is not reached until the second year4 ,any of the common operations of grafting may be employed4 ,the conifers are not difficult to graft4 ,the ,european silver fir 7,abies pectinata7 may be used as a stock1 but the common ,norway spruce is now the most popular stock for species of both ,abies and ,picea4 ,abobra4 ,cucurbitace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or rarely by soft cuttings4 ,abroma4 ,sterculiace4 ,by seeds sown in ,march4 ,by cuttings made in spring from half-ripened wood1 and placed under a bell-glass4 ,abronia 7,sand ,verbena74 ,nyctaginace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in autumn or spring1 after the outer skin has been peeled off4 ,sow in pots of sandy soil1 and keep in a frame until the following spring2 then place in their flowering quarters4 ,by young cuttings1 set in spring1 in sandy soil4 ,abrus4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds raised in heat or by cuttings under a hand-glass1 in sand4 ,abuta4 ,menispermace4 ,propagated by cuttings planted in a pot of sand1 with a hand-glass placed over them1 in heat4 ,abutilon4 ,malvace4 ,sow seeds in pans1 with same soil and temperature as for cuttings4 ,by cuttings from young wood1 at almost any season2 the best time1 however1 is spring or fall4 ,insert in pots1 in a compost of equal parts peat1 leaf-mould1 loam and sand1 and place in a temperature of #fe to #ge4 ,acacia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagate by seeds sown as soon as ripe1 in sandy peat2 about one-fourth inch deep1 or a little more for large seeds4 ,soak in hot water #bd hours if seeds are not fresh4 ,keep temperature about #ee or #fj and pot off when large enough to handle4 ,by cuttings of the half-ripened wood1 put in with a heel1 in equal parts peat and sand1 covered with pure sand4 ,insert the cuttings as soon as made2 water1 and leave them in the shade till dry4 ,place under a bell-glass1 shade and water to prevent flagging4 ,pot off when rooted and keep in a close pit or house until the plants are thoroughly established4 ,a4 pubescens and some others strike readily from root-cuttings4 ,acna4 ,rosace4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions1 creeping rootlets and cuttings4 ,acalypha4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under a glass1 in stove heat1 during late winter or in spring4 ,acanthephippium4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs as soon as growth commences4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,acantholimon4 ,plantagine4 ,propagated by seeds sown carefully on a warm but rather shaded border2 by very carefully made divisions2 and by cuttings made in late summer and placed in frames to remain during the winter4 ,acanthophnix4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown in a moist bottom heat1 in a well decomposed compost of one part loam1 one of peat1 one of leaf-mould1 and one of sand4 ,acanthorhiza4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds in a moist hot-bed in spring4 ,acanthostachyum4 ,bromeliace4 ,propagated by suckers1 which strike readily in bottom heat4 ,acanthus 7,bear's ,breech74 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in gentle heat1 or by division of the root in autumn or early spring4 ,also by root-cuttings4 ,water carefully4 ,acer 7,maple74 ,sapindace4 ,stocks are grown from stratified seeds1 which should be sown an inch or two deep4 ,some species1 as ,a4 dasycarpum1 come readily if seeds are simply sown as soon as ripe4 ,varieties are often layered1 but better plants are obtained by grafting4 ,the ,japanese sorts are winter-worked on imported ,a4 polymorphum stocks1 either by whip or veneer grafting4 ,varieties of native species are worked upon common native stocks4 ,maples can also be budded in summer1 and they grow from cuttings of soft and ripe wood4 ,aceras4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by carefully made divisions of the tubers4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,aceratium4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by ripe cuttings1 which root readily in sand1 in heat1 under a hand-glass4 ,achania4 ,see ,malvaviscus4 ,achillea4 ,including ,ptarmica 7,milfoil71 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 root divisions and cuttings1 during spring4 ,achimenes1 including ,scheeria4 ,gesnerace4 ,propagated by seeds1 carefully sown in well-drained pans1 which are filled nearly to the rim1 levelled1 and well watered with a fine rose4 ,sow seed and cover lightly with sand1 and place in shady position4 ,keep moist and apply water very lightly4 ,place a sheet of glass over the seed-pan4 ,after large enough to be pricked off1 treat like rooted cuttings4 ,the best time for all modes of grafting is early spring4 ,by scales from the corms1 carefully rubbed off and sown like seeds1 in pots or pans of the same compost1 barely covered with sand1 and placed in bottom heat4 ,by leaves1 severed from the stems1 and pricked into pots of similar soil to the cuttings1 placing all the petiole below the surface1 and placed in bottom heat4 ,by cuttings from any portion of the stem2 insert in a soil of equal parts of peat and sand1 in well-drained pots1 and place in bottom heat4 ,achras4 ,see ,sapota4 ,achyranthes4 ,see ,iresine4 ,achyronia4 ,see ,priestleya4 ,aciphylla4 ,umbellifer4 ,propagated in spring by seeds or divisions4 ,acis4 ,see ,leucoium4 ,acisanthera4 ,melastomace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root freely in a mixture of loam1 sand and peat1 in stove temperature4 ,acmadenia4 ,rutace4 ,increased by cuttings pricked in a pot of very sandy soil1 covered with a bell-glass4 ,acmena4 ,myrtace4 ,propagated by placing half-ripened cuttings in sand under a glass without heat4 ,aconitum 7,aconite1 ,monk's ,hood1 ,wolf's ,bane74 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds should be sown as soon as ripe in a cold-frame or border2 also by division4 ,roots should not be left about1 for they are very poisonous4 ,acontias4 ,see ,xanthosoma4 ,acorns4 ,see ,quercus4 ,acorus4 ,aroide4 ,propagated during spring by divisions4 ,acradenia4 ,rutace4 ,propagated by seeds and cuttings under a bell-glass4 ,acridocarpus4 ,malpighiace4 ,propagated by imported seeds1 and by cuttings in bottom heat4 ,acrocomia4 ,palm4 ,propagated by suckers4 ,acronychia4 ,rutace4 ,propagated in ,july by cuttings inserted in sand1 under a bell-glass4 ,acrophyllum4 ,cunoniace4 ,increased by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots which strike freely in a soil of sand and peat2 cover with a hand-glass1 and place in a cool house4 ,the roots should be kept moist4 ,acrostichum4 ,see ,ferns4 ,acrotriche4 ,epacridace4 ,propagated by cuttings made of young shoots1 pricked in sand1 covered with a bell-glass1 and placed in a cool house2 afterwards treated like ,epacris4 ,acta 7,baneberry74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seed and by division of root during spring4 ,actinella1 ,picradenin4 ,composit4 ,propagated in spring by divisions4 ,actinidia4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,propagated by seeds1 layers or cuttings4 ,the cuttings should be put in sandy soil1 in autumn1 under a hand-light4 ,actinocarpus4 ,alismace4 ,propagated by seeds and divisions during spring4 ,actinomeris1 ,pterophyton4 ,composit4 ,increased in spring1 by seeds and division4 ,use a warm border1 with or without hand-lights1 or a cold-frame4 ,actinophyllum4 ,see ,sciadophyllum4 ,actinotus4 ,umbellifer4 ,increased by seeds sown on a hotbed in spring1 and in ,may the seedlings may be transplanted to the open border in a warm situation1 where they will flower and seed freely4 ,divisions of the roots grow readily4 ,acyntha4 ,see ,sanseviera4 ,ada4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by divisions as soon as the plant commences growth4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,adamia4 ,saxifrage4 ,increased by seeds2 by cuttings1 which will root readily in a compost of loam1 peat and sand1 under a hand-glass4 ,adamsia4 ,see ,puschkinia4 ,adam's ,needle4 ,see ,yucca4 ,adenandra4 ,rutace4 ,increased by cuttings made from the young tops1 before they begin to throw out their buds1 planted in a pot of sand1 with a bell-glass or frame placed over them4 ,adenanthera4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings taken off with a heel and planted in a pot of sand in heat1 placing a bell-glass over them4 ,adenanthos4 ,proteace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 in spring1 placed in sandy soil1 under a bell-glass1 with gentle bottom heat4 ,adenilenia4 ,see ,neillia4 ,adenium4 ,apocynace4 ,increased by half-ripened cuttings1 which strike root well in sand1 under a hand-glass4 ,adenocalymna4 ,bignoniace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which will root in sand1 under a bell-glass1 with bottom heat4 ,adenocarpus4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds may be sown in ,march1 the hardy species out-doors1 and the others in a cold house4 ,young cuttings root freely in sand1 covered with a hand-glass4 ,adenophora4 ,campanulace4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown as soon as ripe1 in pots placed in cold-frames4 ,also by suckers4 ,adenostoma4 ,rosace4 ,propagated by cuttings of the young shoots1 placed in sand1 under glass1 in spring or autumn4 ,adenotrichia4 ,see ,senecio4 ,adesmia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings should be placed in sand1 covered by a hand-glass1 in a gentle heat4 ,adhatoda4 ,see ,justicia4 ,adiantum4 ,see ,ferns4 ,adike4 ,see ,pilea4 ,adina4 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by cuttings placed in rich1 loamy soil1 under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,adlumia 7,mountain ,fringe74 ,fumariace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,the plant is a biennial1 blooming the second season only4 ,adonis4 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,the perennials may be divided at the root4 giphila4 ,verbenace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which will root in sand1 under a glass1 with bottom heat4 gle 7,bengal ,quince74 ,rutace4 ,propagated by ripe cuttings1 which will root in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat1 if not deprived of any of their leaves4 olanthus4 ,labiat4 ,increased by seeds4 onium4 ,see ,sempervivum4 rides4 ,orchide4 ,the only method of propagating this genus is by removing the upper portion and planting it separately4 ,it should always be severed low enough to include a few roots1 otherwise a large proportion of leaves will be lost4 ,a somewhat dense shade1 a moist atmosphere and careful watering are essential until the young plant is established4 ,the old stool will soon send out lateral growths1 which1 in time1 may be separated and treated similarly4 ,vanda1 ,saccolabium1 ,angrcum1 ,renanthera are increased in the same way4 7,see under ,orchids47 schynanthus4 ,gesnerace4 ,propagated by seeds1 which are very unsatisfactory4 ,by cuttings1 which root freely in a well-drained pot1 filled with a light compost1 and having a surface of pure white sand1 about one inch deep1 during spring4 ,the best are obtained from half-ripened wood1 cut into two or three inch lengths1 and all leaves1 with the exception of one or two at the top1 removed4 ,cover the cuttings with a bell-glass1 and place in moderate bottom heat4 ,when rooted1 transfer singly to small pots1 place under hand-glasses1 until thoroughly established1 then gradually harden off4 schynomene4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated seeds1 those of the herbaceous species requiring a good heat to start them into growth4 ,by cuttings1 placed in sand under a bell-glass1 in a brisk heat4 sculus 7,horse ,chestnut1 ,buckeye74 ,sapindace4 ,propagated by stratified seeds sown in single rows in spring1 and by layers made in the spring or fall2 or by grafting or budding on the common horse chestnut or native buckeyes1 usually under glass4 thionema4 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds sown in ,may1 and by cuttings planted in summer4 ,agalmyla4 ,gesnerace4 ,propagated by half-ripened cuttings1 in heat under glass4 ,aganisia4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs just before starting into new growth4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,aganosma4 ,apocynace4 ,propagated by cuttings in sand1 under glass1 with bottom heat4 ,agapanthus 7,african ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagated by offsets1 or by divisions of the old plants in early spring4 ,agapetes4 ,vacciniace4 ,increased by young hardened cuttings1 in sandy soil1 under a hand-glass1 in high temperature4 ,agaricus4 ,see ,mushroom4 ,agastachys4 ,proteace4 ,propagated by cuttings of ripened wood1 in sandy soil under a glass1 in a cool house4 ,agatha4 ,composit4 ,seeds and layers4 ,young cuttings root freely1 in a gentle heat1 at all times4 ,agathomeris4 ,see ,humea4 ,agathosma 7,bucco1 ,dichosma74 ,rutace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which1 when young1 root freely in a pot of sand1 under a bell-glass1 in a cool house4 ,they require to be shaded somewhat in the summer4 ,agathotes4 ,see ,swertia4 ,agati4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings1 which will root in a pot of sand with a hand-glass over them1 placed in heat4 ,agave4 ,amaryllide4 ,increased by seeds1 to secure the production of which the flowers should be pollinated4 ,usually by suckers which spring naturally from the old plant4 ,ageratum1 ,clestina4 ,composit4 ,sow the seeds in ,january1 in heat1 in sandy soil4 ,when large enough1 prick them off into thumb pots1 and keep in heat till they grow freely1 then place them in a cooler house4 ,cuttings are commonly used for propagation4 ,aglaia4 ,meliace4 ,propagated by cuttings ripened at the base1 and taken off at a joint4 ,they will root in sand under a hand-glass in heat4 ,agrimonia4 ,rosace4 ,propagated by root-division4 ,agrostemma 7,rose ,campion74 ,caryophylle4 ,propagated by seeds and by division4 ,agrostis 7,bent ,grass74 ,gramine4 ,increased easily by seeds1 sown in spring in the open border4 ,ailanthus 7,tree of ,heaven74 ,xanthoxylace4 ,propagated by suckers2 and by pieces of the roots and planted in a pot with their points above the ground1 and placed in a hot-bed4 ,also by stem-cuttings4 ,seeds are used when large quantities are desired4 ,ainsla4 ,composit4 ,propagated by divisions of the root4 ,aitonia4 ,meliace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which must not be put in very close together2 they will root in sand1 under a bell-glass1 with bottom heat4 ,aizoon4 ,portulacace4 ,propagated by seeds and cuttings4 ,ajax4 ,see ,narcissus4 ,ajuga 7,bugle74 ,labiat4 ,perennials propagated by seeds sown in the open border1 during spring or autumn2 by divisions4 ,annuals by seeds4 ,akebia1 ,rajania4 ,berberide4 ,seeds4 ,layers of young or ripe wood4 ,dormant cuttings in bottom heat1 and under glass in summer4 ,alangium4 ,alangiace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root readily if planted in a pot of sand1 with a hand-glass over them1 in heat4 ,albuca4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and by offsets 7bulbels7 from the old bulb4 ,alcanna4 ,see ,lawsonia4 ,alchemilla 7,lady's ,mantle74 ,rosace4 ,propagated by seeds or by divisions of the root4 ,aldea4 ,see ,phacelia4 ,aletris4 ,see ,tritonia ,aleurites4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagated by ripe cuttings in sand1 under a hand-glass4 ,do not remove leaves4 ,alexandrian ,laurel4 ,see ,ruscus4 ,algaroba ,bean4 ,see ,ceratonia4 ,alhagi 7,manna ,tree74 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds sown in a hot-bed2 and by cuttings rooted in sand1 with a bell-glass over them1 in heat4 ,alibertia4 ,cinchonace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root freely in a mixture of loam and peat1 under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,alisma1 ,actinocarpus 7,water ,plantain74 ,alismace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in a pot immersed in water and filled with loam1 peat and sand2 also by divisions1 which root well in a moist loamy soil4 ,allamanda4 ,apocynace4 ,layers4 ,root-cuttings will root well at any time of the year in a bottom heat from #gj to #hj4 ,the usual time is1 however1 in spring1 when the old plants are pruned back4 ,choose the tops of the shoots1 retaining two or three joints to each cutting4 ,place in a compost of sand1 and peat or leaf-mould in equal proportions1 singly1 in pots1 and plunge the pots in the propagating bed4 ,allium1 including ,porrum1 ,schnoprasum4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds sown thinly in light soil in early spring4 ,by bulbels1 planting them in autumn or spring one to four inches deep4 7,see ,onion47 ,allosorus4 ,see ,ferns4 ,almeidea4 ,rutace4 ,increased by partly ripened cuttings1 which will root in sand1 under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,almond 7,prunus communis74 ,rosace4 ,the almond is worked the same as the peach and apricot4 ,seedling almond stocks are best1 but the peach is often used4 ,apricot stocks are sometimes employed1 but they are not to be recommended4 ,alnus 7,alder ,tree74 ,cupulifer4 ,propagated usually by seeds1 which are gathered in the fall and well dried4 ,then they are sprinkled lightly on the ground and covered very thinly4 ,towards the end of the year the seedlings are planted in rows one and one-half feet apart1 and six inches from each other1 where they may remain for two years1 after which they can be placed where they are intended to stand4 ,planting is best done in ,october or ,april4 ,they are also increased1 but rarely1 by suckers1 by cuttings and by grafting4 ,alocasia4 ,aroide4 ,increased by seeds and divisions4 ,aloe4 ,liliace4 ,commonly propagated by suckers which spring from the base of the plant4 ,seeds are sometimes employed4 ,alomia4 ,composit4 ,propagated by cuttings4 ,alona4 ,nolanace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root freely in sandy loam1 with a very gentle bottom heat4 ,alonsoa4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown in spring2 also by cuttings in sandy soil1 in gentle heat4 ,the herbaceous species may be treated as out-door summer annuals1 and should be raised in little heat1 and planted out in ,may4 ,aloysia 7,sweet-scented ,verbena1 ,lemon ,verbena74 ,verbenace4 ,increased easily in spring by young wood4 ,they will root in about three weeks1 in sandy soil with gentle heat4 ,also by cuttings of ripened wood in autumn4 ,alpinia4 ,zingiberace4 ,increased by division after the young shoots have made an inch of growth in spring4 ,alsodeia4 ,violarie4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which root readily under a bell-glass1 if planted in sand1 in heat4 ,alsophila4 ,see ,ferns4 ,alstonia4 ,apocynace4 ,propagated by cuttings rooted in sand1 in heat4 ,alstrmeria4 ,amaryllide4 ,increased by seeds4 ,by a careful division of the fleshy roots1 during fall or spring4 ,alternanthera4 ,amarantace4 ,commonly raised from cuttings of growing wood4 ,for spring and summer bedding1 the plants are started in late winter4 ,the stock-plants1 from which cuttings are taken1 are procured from cuttings made late in summer4 ,seeds are little used4 ,altha 7,marsh-,mallow1 ,hollyhock74 ,malvace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by divisions4 ,the biennial species must be raised from seeds every year4 ,alum ,root4 ,see ,heuchera4 ,alyssum1 including ,psilonema1 ,ptilotrichum1 ,schivereckia 7,madwort74 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seed sown in the open border or in pans of sandy soil4 ,by divisions4 ,by layers4 ,by cuttings made from young shoots two to three inches in length1 placed in sandy loam1 early in the season1 in a shady place4 ,amaranthus4 ,amarantace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in hot-beds in spring1 and thinned out when about one-half inch high4 ,about the end of ,may1 they can be transplanted out-doors in their permanent situation1 or into pots4 ,amaryllis4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by seeds and offsets4 ,seedlings will bloom in from one to two years4 ,amber ,tree4 ,see ,anthospermum4 ,amblyanthera4 ,see ,mandevilla4 ,ambrosinia4 ,aroide4 ,increased by seeds sown as soon as ripe1 in a cool house3 and by divisions made just previous to new growth in spring4 ,amelanchier4 ,rosace4 ,seeds4 ,layers and cuttings in autumn4 ,by grafting1 in early spring1 on the ,mountain ,ash1 ,hawthorn or the ,quince1 or the weaker on the stronger-growing species4 ,see ,juneberry4 ,amellus4 ,composit4 ,increased by divisions2 or by cuttings under glass in spring4 ,amherstia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds2 also by cuttings of the half-ripened wood inserted in sand under a glass1 in bottom heat of about #hj4 ,amianthemum4 ,see ,zygadenus4 ,amicia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which will root in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,ammodendron4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds and layers4 ,ammyrsine4 ,see ,leiophyllum4 ,amomophyllum4 ,spathiphyllum4 ,amorpha 7,bastard ,indigo74 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds1 usually4 ,layers or cuttings1 taken off at the joint1 strike readily if placed in a sheltered situation early in autumn4 ,they should remain undisturbed till the following autumn4 ,amorphophallus4 ,aroide4 ,propagated by offsets1 or cormels1 and by seeds1 which1 however1 are usually sparingly produced in cultivation4 ,ampelopsis1 ,quinaria4 ,ampelide4 ,increased by seeds1 especially the one known as ,a4 ,veitchii4 ,layers or cuttings made in spring from the young soft wood1 root freely in gentle heat4 ,by cuttings having a good eye1 if taken in ,september and pricked under hand-lights in sandy soil on the open border1 or in pots4 ,hard wood cuttings are commonly employed in this country for ,a4 quinquefolia4 ,amphicarpa4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown in the open border1 in spring1 in a sunny place4 ,amphicome4 ,bignoniace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in early spring1 in pots of sandy soil placed in a greenhouse4 ,by young shoots inserted in sandy soil in gentle heat in spring4 ,amphilophium1 ,amphilobium4 ,bignoniace4 ,increased by cuttings from young shoots1 which root readily in sand1 under a hand-glass1 with bottom heat1 during the spring months4 ,amsonia4 ,apocynace4 ,propagated by seeds2 by divisions of the roots in spring2 or by cuttings during the summer months4 ,amygdalus4 ,see ,prunus4 ,amyris4 ,burserace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root readily in sand1 under a hand-glass with bottom heat1 during the spring months4 ,anacampseros4 ,portulacace4 ,increased by seeds2 by cuttings and leaves1 taken off close to the plant4 ,these should be laid to dry a few days before planting4 ,anacardium 7,cashew74 ,anacardiace4 ,ripened cuttings1 with their leaves left on1 root freely in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,anagallis 7,pimpernel74 ,primulace4 ,the annuals1 by seeds sown in a warm place in spring2 the perennials1 by cuttings from young shoots1 or by division1 at any time1 either under a hand-glass or in a closed frame4 ,keep in the shade1 and when thoroughly established harden off gradually4 ,anagyris4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings1 which should be planted in ,july in a pot of sand1 and placed under a hand-glass4 ,anamenia4 ,see ,knowltonia4 ,ananas4 ,see ,pine ,apple4 ,anantherix4 ,asclepiade4 ,increased by seeds1 which ripen in abundance1 or by division of the root4 ,anarrhinum4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by seeds sown outside in the spring1 or by growing cutting1 but they require protection during severe winters4 ,anastatica4 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seeds sown in the spring in heat1 and the plants afterwards potted off and plunged again in heat to hasten their growth4 ,anchietea1 ,lucina1 ,noisettia4 ,violarie4 ,propagated by young cuttings1 which root freely in sand1 under a bell-glass1 in a moderate heat4 ,anchomanes4 ,aroide4 ,propagated by seeds and offsets4 ,anchusa4 ,boragine4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown in early spring in pots of sandy soil2 they will germinate in three or four weeks4 ,also by divisions1 rarely by cuttings4 ,andersonia4 ,epacride4 ,propagated by cuttings from tips of young shoots4 ,these should be made in autumn1 winter or spring1 and planted in sand in a gentle heat1 with a bell-glass over them4 ,andreusia4 ,see ,myoporum4 ,androcymbium4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds and offsets4 ,andromeda4 ,ericace4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown thinly as soon as ripe1 in pots or pans1 in sandy peat soil4 ,place in a cool frame or greenhouse giving plenty of air4 ,the young plants should be planted out in spring1 if large enough1 or pricked into boxes if small4 ,by layers which1 if carefully pegged down during ,september1 will take twelve months to make sufficient roots to allow of their being separated2 layerage is a common method4 ,andropogon4 ,gramine4 ,increased by seeds or by division of the roots4 ,androsace1 including ,aretia4 ,primulace4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as possible1 and raised in a frame2 also by divisions and cuttings4 ,androsmum4 ,see ,hypericum4 ,androstephium4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and offsets4 ,the seeds should be sown as soon as ripe in a cold-frame4 ,andryala4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds and divisions in spring4 ,aneilema4 ,commelinace4 ,propagated by seeds and root divisions4 ,anemia4 ,see ,ferns4 ,anemone 7,wind ,flower74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds1 root divisions1 or root-cuttings in autumn or early spring2 the seeds are better sown as soon as ripe in pans1 in a cold-frame4 ,anemonopsis4 ,ranunculace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by divisions of the root-stock in spring4 ,angelica4 ,umbellifer4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in ,september or ,march in ordinary soil4 ,angelonia1 ,schelveria4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by seeds which should be planted in spring in hot-beds1 and transplanted in the open in ,may4 ,by cuttings of the young shoots in spring4 ,these root readily under a hand-glass1 or in a propagating bed if given plenty of air daily4 ,angophora4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by ripened cuttings1 which will root in a few weeks in sandy soil under a hand-glass1 in a cool house4 ,angrcum4 ,see rides4 ,anguloa4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs1 just before they commence to grow4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,anigozanthus1 ,schwgrichenia4 ,hmodorace4 ,propagated by dividing the roots in spring4 ,anisanthus4 ,see ,antholyza4 ,anise4 ,umbellifer4 ,increased by seeds sown in ordinary soil1 on a warm sunny border in ,may4 ,anisochilus4 ,labiat4 ,increased by seeds sown in ,february1 in heat2 or by cuttings1 which will root in sandy soil under a bell-glass1 in heat4 ,anisomeles4 ,labiat4 ,propagated by seeds1 which may be sown in spring1 in heat4 ,by cuttings made in spring and inserted in heat1 under a bell-glass4 ,anisopetalum4 ,see ,bulbophyllum4 ,anctochilus4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by cutting off the growing top just below the last new root1 dividing the remainder of the stem into lengths of two or three joints4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,anoma4 ,see ,moringa4 ,anomatheca4 ,iride4 ,increased sometimes by seeds sown very thinly in seed pans as soon as ripe4 ,also multiply very rapidly by cutting up the masses once a year4 ,offsets4 ,anona 7,custard ,apple74 ,anonace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in pots1 and plunged into a hot-bed4 ,by ripened cuttings1 which will root in sand under a hand-glass1 in a moist heat4 ,anoplophytum4 ,see ,tillandsia4 ,anopterus4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by half-ripened cuttings1 which root freely under a bell-glass in a cool house or frame in summer4 ,ansellia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by divisions of the bulbs just after flowering4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,antennaria4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown in spring in a cold-frame1 and by divisions of the roots in spring4 ,anthemis 7,camomile74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds and divisions4 ,anthericum1 ,phalangium4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds sown as early as possible after they are ripe1 in a cold-frame2 by division of the roots4 ,anthocercis4 ,solanace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which strike freely in sand under a bell-glass1 with a mild bottom heat4 ,antholoma4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by cuttings of the ripened wood1 which will strike root in sand1 under a hand-glass4 ,antholyza1 ,petamenes1 including ,anisanthus4 ,iride4 ,increased by seeds which should be sown as soon as ripe1 in light soil1 in a cool house4 ,here they will germinate the following spring1 and will be fit to plant out in the summer of the same year4 ,also by offsets4 ,anthospermum 7,amber ,tree74 ,rubiace4 ,increased by cuttings1 inserted in sand under a bell-glass4 ,anthurium4 ,aroide4 ,propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe in shallow well-drained pans or pots filled with a compost of peat1 loam1 moss1 broken crocks or charcoal and clean sand4 ,cover lightly and place in a close1 moist propagating case1 where a temperature of #ge to #he is maintained2 or the pots may be covered with bell-glasses4 ,keep the soil in a uniformly moist condition4 ,also increased by divisions1 which should be made in ,january4 ,anthyllis 7,kidney ,vetch74 ,leguminos4 ,herbaceous perennials increased by seeds or cuttings4 ,the cuttings of most species will root in a pot of sandy soil1 with a bell-glass over them1 in a cool house or frame4 ,seed of the annuals should be sown in a warm dry place in the open ground4 ,anticlea4 ,see ,zygadenus4 ,antirrhinum 7,snapdragon74 ,scrophularine4 ,increased by seeds sown in early spring or mid-summer2 by cuttings1 which should be taken in ,september when they will readily root in a cold-frame1 or under a hand-glass4 ,aotus4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds4 ,in ,april or ,september by cuttings of half-ripened wood1 inserted in sand under a bell-glass4 ,apeiba4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by well-ripened cuttings planted in sand in heat1 under a bell-glass1 which should be tilted occasionally to give air4 ,aphelandra4 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by cuttings from half-ripened wood taken off with a heel4 ,cut the base of each clean across2 insert an inch apart in pots of sandy soil1 and plunge in a brisk bottom heat4 ,aphelexis4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds4 ,also by cuttings made in spring or summer2 small half-ripened side shoots are the best2 and these will root in sandy soil1 under a bell-glass1 in a cool greenhouse4 ,aphyllanthes4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe in pots in a cool greenhouse4 ,divisions are also made4 ,apios4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by the tubers or divisions of them4 ,aplectrum 7,putty-,root74 ,orchide4 ,increased by the bulb-like subterranean tubers2 also by seeds4 ,a difficult plant to grow4 ,aplotaxis4 ,see ,saussurea4 ,apocynum 7,dog's ,bane74 ,apocynace4 ,propagated by seeds1 suckers and divisions4 ,the best time to divide is just as the plants are starting into growth in spring4 ,aponogeton4 ,naiadace4 ,increased rapidly by seeds and offsets4 ,the seeds should be sown as soon as ripe1 in pots buried in loam1 and covered with glass4 ,apple 7,pyrus ,malus74 ,rosace4 ,standard apple stocks are grown from seeds1 and dwarf stocks from layers4 ,apple seeds are either imported from ,france or are obtained from pomace4 ,the ,french seeds give what are technically known as crab stocks1 the word crab being used in the sense of a wild or inferior apple4 ,the yearling stocks themselves are imported from ,france in great numbers4 ,it has been supposed that ,french crab stocks are hardier and more vigorous than ours1 but this opinion is much less common than formerly1 and the foreign stocks are not so popular now as the domestic stocks4 ,the chief source of apple seeds at the present time is the pomace from cider mills4 ,the cheese of pomace is broken up1 and if the material is dry enough it may be run through a large sieve to remove the coarser parts4 ,the seeds are then removed by washing4 ,various devices are in use for washing them out4 ,they all proceed upon the fact that the pomace will rise in water and the seeds sink4 ,some use a tub or common tank1 which is tilted a little to allow the water to flow over the side4 ,others employ boxes some seven or eight feet long1 four feet wide and a foot deep1 the lower end of which is only eleven inches deep to allow the escape of the water4 ,this box is set upon benches1 and a good stream of water is carried into it at the upper end4 ,a bushel or two of pomace is emptied in at a time1 and it is broken and stirred with a fork or shovel4 ,when the seeds are liberated they fall to the bottom and the refuse runs over the lower end4 ,another box is provided with several cleats1 at intervals of about a foot1 and the ends are left open4 ,the box is set at an angle1 and the seeds are caught behind the cleats4 ,seeds must not stand long in the pomace pile1 or they will be seriously injured4 ,nurserymen like to secure the pomace as soon as it is taken from the press4 ,as soon as the seeds are collected1 they should be spread upon tables or boards1 and should be frequently turned until perfectly dry4 ,they may then be stored in boxes in slightly damp sand or sawdust1 or in powdered charcoal and kept in a cool and dry place until spring4 ,or if they are to be sown immediately they need not be dried1 but simply mixed with enough dry sand to absorb the water so as to make them easy to handle ,seeds should not be allowed to become hard and dry through long exposure to the air1 or they will germinate unevenly4 ,apple seeds procured at the seed stores are often worthless because of this neglect4 ,very dry seeds can sometimes be grown1 however1 by subjecting them to repeated soakings and then sprouting in a gentle hot-bed or mild forcing-house4 ,change the water on the seeds every day1 and at the end of a week or ten days mix with sand and place in a thin layer in the hot-bed4 ,stir frequently to prevent molding4 ,when the seeds begin to sprout1 sow them in the open ground4 ,this operation1 which is sometimes called pipping1 may be performed in a small way by the kitchen stove4 ,seeds are sometimes pipped between moist blankets4 7,see also page #ag47 ,when sowing is done in the fall1 the seeds may be sown in the pomace4 ,this entails extra labor in sowing1 but it saves the labor of washing4 ,this practice gives good results if the pomace is finely broken1 and it is now common among nurserymen4 ,in loose and well-drained soils1 sowing is undoubtedly best performed in the fall1 just as early as the seeds are ready4 ,but upon land which holds much water1 and which heaves with frost or contains much clay1 spring sowing is preferable4 ,in spring1 the seeds should be sown just as soon as the ground can be worked4 ,if the stocks are to be cultivated with a horse1 the rows should be three or three and a half feet apart4 ,some growers sow in narrow drills and some in broad ones4 ,the broad drills are usually six to ten inches wide4 ,the earth is removed to the depth of two or three inches1 if it is loose and in good condition1 the seed is scattered thinly on the surface and the earth hoed back over them4 ,if the ground is likely to bake1 the seeds should not be sown so deep2 and it is always well1 in such cases1 to apply some very light and clean mulch4 ,the plants should be well cultivated during the season1 and they should attain a height of six to twelve inches or more the first year4 ,if the plants come thickly1 they must be thinned out4 ,in the fall of the first year the seedlings should be large enough to be dug and sold to general nurserymen4 ,sometimes the poorest plants are allowed to stand another year1 but they are usually so scattering that they do not pay for the use of the land1 and they should be transplanted the same as the larger stock1 or the weakest ones may be thrown away4 ,the stocks are dug with a plow or tree-digger and heeled-in closely1 so that the leaves sweat and fall off4 ,the plants are then stored in sand1 moss or sawdust in a cellar4 ,before they are shipped the tops are cut off near the crown1 usually with a hatchet on a block4 ,the stocks are then graded into budding and grafting sizes4 ,the general nurserymen buy these stocks in fall or early winter4 ,those which are root-grafted are worked during late winter1 but those intended for budding1 or which must be grown another season before they attain sufficient size for working1 are dressed 7,see ,chapter ,v7 and heeled-in2 in the spring they are set in nursery rows1 from a foot to eighteen inches apart in the row4 ,the nurseryman reckons the age of his tree from the time the seedling is transplanted1 rather than from the time the seed was sown4 ,seedling raising is usually conducted by men who make it a business and who supply the general nurserymen of the country4 ,it is largely practiced at the west1 where the deep and strong soils produce a rapid growth4 ,the yearling trees are graded by the western growers into about four lots3 ,extras1 or those at least one-fourth inch in diameter at the crown and having twelve inches of both top and root2 these are used mostly as budding stocks the next season1 ,commons1 those between three-sixteenths and one-fourth inch at the crown and having eight inches of root2 these are used for immediate root-grafting4 ,second-class1 those from two to three-sixteenths inch at the crown1 and third-class1 or all those under two-sixteenths4 ,the last two classes must be grown in the field for one or two seasons before they can be worked4 ,dwarf stocks are mostly obtained from mound-layering4 ,the common stock for dwarfing is the ,paradise apple1 a dwarf variety of the common apple species 7,pyrus ,malus74 ,this variety rarely attains a height of more than four feet4 ,a larger or freer stock is the ,doucin1 also a variety of ,pyrus ,malus1 which will produce an engrafted tree intermediate in size between that given by the ,paradise and free or common stocks4 ,this is little used in this country4 ,to obtain stools for mound-layering1 the tree1 when well established1 is cut off within four or six inches of the ground in spring1 and during the summer several shoots or sprouts will arise4 ,the next year the stool is covered by a mound1 and by autumn the layers are ready to take off4 ,sometimes1 when stocks are rare1 mound-layering is performed during the first summer1 before the young shoots have hardened1 but good stocks are not obtained by this method4 ,common green layering is sometimes practiced the first year1 but it is not in favor4 ,the dwarf stocks1 in common with all apple stocks1 may be propagated by root-cuttings and by hard-wood cuttings4 ,apple stocks are either grafted or budded4 ,root-grafting is the most common1 especially at the west where long scions are used in order to secure own-rooted trees4 7,see ,chapter ,v47 ,budding is gaining in favor eastward and southward2 it is performed during ,august and early ,september in the northern states1 or it may be begun on strong stocks in ,july by using buds which have been kept on ice4 ,stocks should be strong enough to be budded the same year they are transplanted1 but the operation is sometimes deferred until the second summer4 ,stocks which cannot be worked until the second year are unprofitable1 especially on valuable land4 ,for root-grafting1 strong one-year-old roots are best1 but two-year-olds are often used4 ,in common practice1 the root is cut into two or three pieces of two to three inches each1 but stronger trees are obtained1 at least the first year or two1 by using the whole root and grafting upon the crown4 ,the lowest piece is usually small and weak and is generally discarded4 ,the apple is easily top-grafted and top-budded4 7,see ,chapter ,v47 ,apple ,berry4 ,see ,billardiera4 ,apricot 7,prunus ,armeniaca74 ,rosace4 ,the apricot thrives upon a variety of stocks4 ,apricot stocks are used in apricot-growing regions1 especially for deep and rich well-drained soils4 ,the pits grow readily if given the same treatment as that detailed for the peach 7which see74 ,the stocks are also handled in the same manner as peach-stocks4 ,apricots upon apricot roots are not largely grown outside of ,california1 in this country4 ,apricot stocks can be grown from root-cuttings the same as cherries and other stone-fruits4 ,the apricot does well upon the peach1 especially on light soils4 ,in the warmer parts of the country peach is much used4 ,plum stocks are commonly used at the north1 especially if the trees are to be planted in moist or heavy soils4 ,the common plum is generally used1 but some of the native plum stocks are now coming into favor1 especially in trying climates4 ,the ,russian apricots1 which are a hardy race of ,prunus ,armeniaca1 are grown in colder climates than the common varieties1 and they therefore demand hardy stocks4 ,any of the native plums make good stocks1 but the ,marianna is now coming into especial prominence4 ,the myrobolan plum can be used for all apricots1 but it is not popular1 particularly in severe climates4 ,the almond1 both hard and soft-shelled1 is sometimes used for the apricot1 but the union is likely to be imperfect and it is not recommended4 ,almond-rooted trees are best adapted to light soils4 ,varieties of apricots are usually budded1 in the same way as the peach1 although they may be side-grafted at the crown in the nursery row4 ,aquartia4 ,see ,solanum4 ,aquilegia 7,columbine74 ,ranunculace4 ,increased by seeds4 ,they must be sown very thinly1 soon after being ripe1 in a sandy soil or in pans in a cold-frame4 ,division of the root is the only way to perpetuate any particular variety with certainty4 ,arabis 7,wall ,cress1 ,rock ,cress74 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seeds sown in the border or in pans1 in spring4 ,by divisions of the root1 and by cuttings placed in a shady border during summer4 ,arachis 7,pea-,nut1 ,ground-,nut74 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in heat2 and1 when the plants have grown to a sufficient size1 they should be potted off singly4 ,see under ,pea-,nut4 ,arachnimorpha4 ,see ,rondeletia4 ,aralia4 ,araliace4 ,propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings2 also by stem cuttings1 in heat4 ,araucaria1 ,eutacta4 ,conifer4 ,increased by seeds sown in pans or boxes1 with but gentle heat4 ,by cuttings from the leading shoots1 placed firmly in a pot of sand2 they first require a cool place1 but afterwards may be subjected to a slight warmth4 ,when rooted1 pot off into fibrous loam1 mixed with leaf soil and sand4 ,arbor-vit4 ,see ,thuya4 ,arbutus 7,strawberry ,tree74 ,ericace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in sand during early spring1 and by grafting1 budding1 or inarching upon ,a4 ,unedo4 ,arctotheca4 ,composit4 ,propagated by divisions of the plant1 or by cuttings in spring4 ,arctotis4 ,composit4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which may be made at any time2 they should be pricked in pots of very sandy soil1 and placed in very gentle warmth4 ,they must be kept uncovered and moderately dry1 or they will rot4 ,ardisia4 ,myrsine4 ,propagated by seeds and cuttings4 ,areca 7,cabbage ,palm74 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in a compost of loam1 peat1 and leaf soil1 in equal parts1 with a liberal addition of sand1 and placed in a moist and gentle heat4 ,arenaria 7,sandwort74 ,caryophylle4 ,increased by seeds1 division or cuttings2 the last placed under a hand-glass will root freely4 ,seeds should be sown in spring in a cold-frame4 ,the best time to divide the plant is early spring1 or during ,july and ,august4 ,aretia4 ,see ,androsace4 ,argania4 ,sapotace4 ,increased by layers and cuttings4 ,the latter require a propagating-frame4 ,both should be made in autumn and spring1 and in a moderately heated greenhouse4 ,argemone4 ,papaverace4 ,increased by seeds1 which may be sown out-doors in spring2 those of the rarer species in a hot-bed4 ,argyreia 7,silver-weed74 ,convolvulace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which will do well in sand1 with a hand-glass over them1 in a little bottom heat4 ,argyrochta4 ,see ,parthenium4 ,argyroxyphium4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,arisarum4 ,aroide4 ,propagated in spring by seeds or divisions of the root4 ,aristea4 ,iride4 ,increased by seeds and divisions4 ,aristolochia 7,birthwort74 ,aristolochiace4 ,propagated by seeds and layers1 which are not very satisfactory4 ,cuttings root freely in sand1 under a bell-glass with bottom heat4 ,the seeds must be fresh4 ,aristotelia4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by layers1 or by ripened cuttings1 which root freely if placed under a hand-glass4 ,armeria 7,thrift1 ,sea ,pink74 ,plumbagine4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring1 in pots of sandy soil1 and placed in a cold-frame2 by division1 separate pieces being planted as cuttings under hand-glasses4 ,arnatto4 ,see ,bixa4 ,arnebia4 ,boragine4 ,increased by seeds4 ,cuttings of the strong shoots should be inserted in pots of sandy soil1 and placed in gentle heat4 ,arnica4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds sown in a cold-frame in spring1 and by divisions1 which should be made in spring4 ,aronicum4 ,see ,doronicum4 ,arracacha4 ,umbellifer4 ,increased by divisions of the roots4 ,arrow-root4 ,see ,calathea4 ,arrhostoxylum4 ,see ,ruellia4 ,artabotrys4 ,anonace4 ,propagated by seeds2 and by cuttings of ripened wood1 placed in early spring in sand under a frame1 with bottom heat4 ,artanema4 ,scrophulariace4 ,increased readily by seeds and cuttings4 ,artanthe4 ,see ,piper4 ,artemisia 7,mugwort1 ,southernwood1 ,wormwood74 ,composit4 ,the annuals by seeds2 the herbaceous ones1 by dividing at the root2 the shrubby kinds by cuttings4 ,arthropodium4 ,liliace4 ,increased freely by seeds and by divisions4 ,arthrostemma4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by cuttings of small firm side shoots1 which will root1 in ,april or ,august1 under a hand-glass in sandy soil4 ,artichoke 7,cynara ,scolymus74 ,composit4 ,usually grown from seeds4 ,although the plant is perennial1 a new stock should be started about every other year4 ,it may be increased also by suckers or divisions of the stools4 ,artichoke1 ,jerusalem 7,helianthus tuberosus74 ,composit4 ,commonly increased by means of the tubers1 which may be planted whole or cut into eyes1 after the manner of potatoes4 ,seeds are very rarely used4 ,artocarpus 7,bread ,fruit74 ,urticace4 ,propagation is difficult4 ,suckers may be utilized when procurable4 ,the young and slender lateral growths are used for cuttings4 ,arum4 ,aroide4 ,propagated by seeds1 but usually by division of the roots1 the best time being just as they begin their new growth1 securing as many roots as possible to each division4 ,any rootless pieces should be placed in heat shortly after removal2 this hastens the formation of roots and excites top growth4 ,arismas are treated in the same way4 ,arundinaria4 ,gramine4 ,increased by division of the root4 ,arundo 7,reed74 ,gramine4 ,propagated by seeds or divisions1 spring being the best time for either method4 ,in early autumn1 the canes can be cut into lengths of #ah to #bd inches and partly buried in sand in a gentle bottom heat1 laying them horizontally4 ,asarum4 ,aristolochiace4 ,propagated easily by divisions in spring4 ,ascaricida4 ,see ,vernonia4 ,ascium4 ,see ,norantea4 ,asclepias 7,milkweed1 ,swallow-wort74 ,asclepiade4 ,increased by seeds sown in pots in spring1 pricked out singly when large enough1 and treated like cuttings4 ,by cuttings1 which should be secured in spring1 struck in gentle heat1 under a bell-glass1 and as soon as they are well-rooted potted into small pots4 ,seeds of ,a4 tuberosa must be sown or stratified at once4 ,ascyrum4 ,hypericine4 ,increased by seeds and by careful divisions of the roots in spring4 ,ash4 ,see ,fraxinus4 ,asimina4 ,anonace4 ,propagated by seeds procured from their native country4 ,the seedlings should be raised in pots1 and sheltered carefully4 ,by layers made in autumn4 ,aspalathus4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by young cuttings of half-ripened wood1 placed in sand1 in spring1 under bell-glasses1 which must be wiped dry occasionally4 ,asparagus4 ,liliace4 ,the common kitchen garden asparagus is best propagated by means of seeds4 ,these are sown in spring as soon as the ground can be worked1 usually in rows a foot or two apart4 ,thin the young plants to two or three inches apart in the row and give good culture1 and the plants can be set in the field the following spring1 and they will give a fair crop after growing there two seasons4 ,small growers nearly always buy plants of nurserymen4 ,old asparagus crowns can be divided1 but seeds give better plants4 ,the ornamental species of asparagus are propagated by seeds when they are obtainable2 otherwise1 by division4 ,asperula4 ,rubiace4 ,increased by seeds and by divisions of the roots during spring and early summer4 ,asphodeline4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by division4 ,asphodelus 7,asphodel74 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and by division of the root in early spring4 ,aspidistra4 ,liliace4 ,aspidium4 ,see under ,ferns4 ,asplenium4 ,see under ,ferns4 ,propagated by suckers4 ,assonia4 ,sterculiace4 ,propagated by young cuttings1 which will root freely in sand with strong bottom heat1 if covered with a bell-glass4 ,astartea4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by young cuttings1 in sand1 in gentle heat1 under a bell-glass4 ,astelma4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds sown in pots of light1 open soil1 in gentle heat4 ,by half-ripened cuttings1 which will root readily in sandy soil with a hand-glass over them4 ,astephanus4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagated by divisions2 and by cuttings1 in sandy soil1 in moderate heat4 ,aster 7,aster1 ,michlmas ,daisy1 ,star-wort74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring1 or by root divisions made in autumn2 also by cuttings1 which root freely in sandy soil under a hand-glass1 with little heat4 ,asteracantha4 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in ,august2 and by divisions in spring4 ,asteriscus4 ,see ,odontospermum4 ,asterocephalus4 ,see ,scabiosa4 ,asteropterus4 ,see ,leyssera4 ,asterostigma4 ,see ,staurostigma4 ,astilbe4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by division in early spring1 and by seeds if they are produced4 ,astragalus 7,milk ,vetch74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds should be sown in pots of sandy soil placed in a cold-frame1 as soon as ripe1 or early in the spring1 as they may lie a long time before germinating4 ,the herbaceous perennials also increase by divisions1 and the shrubby kinds slowly by means of cuttings placed in a cold-frame4 ,astrantia4 ,umbellifer4 ,increased by seeds and root divisions in autumn or spring4 ,astrapa4 ,sterculiace4 ,propagated by cuttings of young wood made in spring1 placed in a compost of loam and peat1 or sand1 under a bell-glass1 in heat4 ,astrocaryum1 ,phnicophorum4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring in a hot-bed2 or by suckers1 if obtainable4 ,astroloma4 ,epacride4 ,propagated by young cuttings placed in sandy soil1 under a bell-glass1 in a cool house4 ,asystasia4 ,acanthace4 ,increased by cuttings of young shoots1 placed in sand1 under a bell-glass1 with a strong bottom heat1 in spring4 ,ataccia4 ,see ,tacca4 ,atalantia4 ,rutace4 ,propagated by ripened cuttings1 which will root freely in sandy soil under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,atamasco ,lily4 ,see ,amaryllis4 ,athamanta4 ,umbellifer4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring1 or by division4 ,athanasia4 ,composit4 ,propagated by means of cuttings taken from half-ripened wood in spring1 and placed in sand under a hand-glass4 ,atherosperma4 ,monimiace4 ,propagated readily by cuttings4 ,athlianthus4 ,see ,justicia4 ,athrixia4 ,composit4 ,propagated by cuttings of young wood1 under a bell-glass in sandy soil4 ,athrotaxis4 ,conifer4 ,increased by cuttings4 ,atragene4 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds should be stratified1 and sown in early spring1 in gentle heat4 ,by layering in autumn2 the layers should not be separated for about a year1 when they will be vigorous plants4 ,by cuttings1 which should be set in light soil and placed under a hand-glass4 ,atropa 7,belladonna74 ,solanace4 ,seeds4 ,aubletia4 ,see ,paliurus4 ,aubrietia4 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown in spring4 ,in early autumn carefully transplant to a cool shady border4 ,also by divisions4 ,where a stock of old plants exists1 layer their long slender branches any time after flowering1 and cover with a mixture of sand and leaf soil2 they will then root freely and establish themselves in time for spring blooming4 ,cuttings should be drawn or grown in a frame until they are soft1 before they are removed4 ,aucuba4 ,cornace4 ,readily increased by seeds1 sown as soon as ripe2 or by cuttings1 inserted in spring or autumn in sandy soil1 with or without a covering4 ,audouinia4 ,bruniace4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood1 in sand1 under a bell-glass1 in gentle heat4 ,aulax4 ,proteace4 ,increased by ripened cuttings1 taken off at a joint1 and inserted in pots of sandy soil4 ,these will root well under a hand-glass1 in a cool house4 ,auricula 7,primula ,auricula74 ,primulace4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown as soon as ripe or in spring1 in well-drained pots1 filled with sandy soil1 well watered previous to sowing4 ,cover lightly with coarse sand1 place a pane of glass over the pot1 and place the latter in a hand-glass4 ,by offsets1 which should be removed when top-dressed1 as they are more likely to root4 ,arrange about four offsets around the sides of well-drained three-inch pots1 filled with sandy soil1 place under a bell-glass or in a close hand-light1 water very sparingly so as to prevent them damping off4 ,after becoming established1 admit air1 and pot off singly4 ,australian ,feather-palm4 ,see ,ptychosperma4 ,australian ,mint-bush4 ,see ,prostanthera4 ,avens4 ,see ,geum4 ,averrhoa4 ,geraniace4 ,increased in spring by half-ripened cuttings1 which will root in sand1 under a hand-glass1 with bottom heat4 ,axillaria4 ,see ,polygonatum4 ,azalea4 ,ericace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown as soon as ripe1 or early the following spring1 in a large shallow frame containing from two to three inches of peat1 over which more peat must be spread by means of a fine sieve2 do not cover1 but water thoroughly4 ,when the seedlings begin to appear they should have air1 shade1 and a daily sprinkling of water2 transplant in autumn in boxes of peat and coarse sand1 water1 shade and keep close until growth commences4 ,grafting is largely practiced to increase the stock of named varieties or choice seedlings1 the stock most employed being ,a4 pontica for hardy sorts1 and some strong-growing variety of ,a4 ,indica1 like ,phnicia1 for tender ones4 ,layering in spring1 enclosing the part buried with moss1 is also practiced2 but the layer must be left two years before separating4 ,cuttings of the last year's wood two or three inches long1 taken with a heel1 root readily in sand2 about the end of summer is the best time4 ,when placed outside they should be covered with a hand-light for about two months1 and at the end of that time air should be given freely4 ,azara4 ,bixine4 ,propagated by cuttings4 ,babiana4 ,iride4 ,propagated quickly by seeds sown in pans1 placed in a gentle heat4 ,these will grow at almost any time4 ,the young plants will require to be carefully transplanted each season until they develop into blooming corms4 ,by offsets grown in boxes or planted out in light rich soil until large enough for flowering4 ,babingtonia4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of the young sterile shoots1 which may be planted in sand under a bell-glass1 and kept in a moderate heat until rooted1 when they should be placed singly in small pots1 in a compost of equal parts loam and peat1 with a little sand4 ,baccharis 7,ploughman's ,spikenard74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds and by cuttings4 ,backhousia4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by half-ripened cuttings1 in sand1 under a bell-glass1 in a cool house1 during spring4 ,bactris4 ,palm4 ,increased by suckers1 which are very easily produced4 ,badamea4 ,see ,terminalia4 ,ba1 ,dorcoceras4 ,gesnerace4 ,propagated easily by seeds4 ,bckea4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of young wood1 which will root freely if placed in a pot of sand1 with a bell-glass over them1 in a cool house4 ,bria4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring4 ,bahia1 ,phialis4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 or by divisions4 ,balbisia1 ,ledocarpum4 ,geraniace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings made from the half-ripened wood1 placed in sand1 under a hand-glass4 ,baldingera4 ,see ,premna4 ,balfouria4 ,see ,wrightia4 ,balm 7,melissa officinalis74 ,labiat4 ,seeds sown out-doors in spring4 ,division4 ,balsam 7,impatiens balsamina74 ,geraniace4 ,increased by seeds sown in early spring1 in pans of rich1 sandy soil1 and placed in a gentle bottom heat of about #fe4 ,or the seeds may be sown directly in the garden when the weather becomes warm4 ,varieties increased by layers in late summer1 under glass1 or by veneer grafting4 ,balsamodendron4 ,burserace4 ,increased by cuttings taken from the ripe young wood1 in spring1 and placed under a hand-glass1 in bottom heat4 ,balsam-tree4 ,see ,clusia4 ,bambusa 7,bamboo74 ,gramine4 ,propagated by careful division of well-developed plants1 in early spring1 just as new growth is commencing2 establish the divisions in pots4 ,if young shoots are layered1 leave only the end exposed4 ,banana and ,plantain 7,musa sapientum1 ,m4 paradisiaca and others74 ,scitamine4 ,edible bananas rarely produce seeds4 ,the young plants are obtained from suckers1 which spring from the main root-stock4 ,these suckers are transplanted when two or three feet high4 ,these plants themselves do not produce so good crops as the suckers which arise from them1 and are not transplanted4 ,two or three suckers are sufficient for a plant at a time2 what others arise should be transplanted or destroyed4 ,the suckers should be set deep1 as low as two feet for best results4 ,in fifteen or eighteen months the plants will bloom1 if they have had good care4 ,the stem bears fruit but once1 but new stems arise to take its place4 ,baneberry4 ,see ,acta4 ,banisteria4 ,malpighiace4 ,propagated by cuttings from ripened wood1 which will root freely in sandy soil1 under a hand-glass1 in stove heat4 ,banksia4 ,proteace4 ,seeds are very unsatisfactory4 ,propagated by well-ripened cuttings taken off at a joint1 and placed in pots of sand without shortening any of the leaves1 except on the part that is planted in the sand1 where they should be taken off quite close4 ,the less depth the better1 so long as they stand firm4 ,place them under hand-glasses in a propagating house1 but do not plunge them in heat4 ,baphia 7,camwood1 ,barwood74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which should not be deprived of any of their leaves4 ,place in sand under a hand-glass in heat4 ,baptisia4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in sand and leaf-mould in the open1 or in pots placed in a cold-frame4 ,by divisions4 ,barbadoes ,gooseberry4 ,see ,pereskia4 ,barbarea 7,winter ,cress1 ,american ,cress1 ,upland ,cress74 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seeds1 divisions1 suckers and cuttings4 ,barberry 7,berberis vulgaris74 ,berberide4 ,propagated by stratified seeds1 or by suckers1 layers and cuttings of mature wood4 ,layers are usually allowed to remain two years4 ,rare sorts are sometimes grafted on common stocks4 ,barbieria4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood1 which should be placed in sand1 under a glass1 in strong heat4 ,barkeria4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by divisions made just before new growth commences4 ,see under ,orchids4 ,barklya4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds2 also by half-ripened cuttings1 which should be placed in sandy soil1 under a bell-glass1 in a cool house4 ,barleria4 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by cuttings made of the young wood1 and placed in a compost of loam and peat with a little rotten dung1 under a bell-glass1 in stove temperature with bottom heat4 ,barnadesia4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in spring in heat4 ,by offsets4 ,by cuttings made of half-ripened wood in spring1 and placed in sand1 under a bell-glass4 ,barnardia4 ,see ,scilla4 ,barosma1 ,parapetalifera4 ,rutace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root readily if taken from ripened wood and placed in a pot of sand1 in a shady place in a cool house1 with a bell-glass over them4 ,barrenwort4 ,see ,epimedium4 ,barringtonia4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings taken from the lateral shoots1 at a joint1 when the wood is ripe2 place in sand and cover with a hand-glass4 ,the cuttings should not be stripped of any of their leaves4 ,bartonia4 ,loase4 ,increased by seeds in spring1 in gentle heat4 ,the seedlings should be potted singly into small1 well-drained pots4 ,in winter they should be placed on a dry shelf in a greenhouse or frame4 ,barwood4 ,see ,baphia4 ,basil 7,ocymum ,basilicum and ,o4 minimum74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 sown in a hot-bed or out-doors4 ,bassia4 ,sapotace4 ,increased by cuttings taken from ripened wood2 place in sand1 under a hand-glass1 in a strong1 moist heat4 ,basswood4 ,see ,tilia4 ,bastard ,balm4 ,see ,melittis4 ,bastard ,cedar4 ,see ,cedrela4 ,bastard ,indigo4 ,see ,amorpha4 ,batatas4 ,see ,ipoma and ,sweet ,potato4 ,batemannia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by divisions and offsets4 ,batschia4 ,see ,lithospermum4 ,bauera4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by cuttings placed in sandy soil under a glass4 ,bauhinia 7,mountain ,ebony74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which should be taken when the wood is neither very ripe nor very young4 ,the leaves must be dressed off1 and the cuttings planted in sand under a glass in moist heat4 ,also by seeds4 ,bayberry4 ,see ,myrica4 ,bean4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds2 sow only after the weather is thoroughly settled for out-door culture4 ,bean ,caper4 ,see ,zygophyllum4 ,bean1 ,sacred1 or ,water4 ,see ,nelumbium4 ,beard-tongue4 ,see ,pentstemon4 ,bear's ,breech4 ,see ,acanthus4 ,bear's ,grass4 ,see ,yucca4 ,beaucarnea4 ,liliace4 ,increased chiefly by seeds which have been imported from their native country4 ,by cuttings1 when obtainable4 ,beaufortia1 including ,schizopleura4 ,myrtace4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots2 place in a sandy soil under a glass1 with very little heat4 ,beaumontia4 ,apocynace4 ,increased by cuttings placed in sand in bottom heat4 ,bedfordia4 ,composit4 ,increased by cuttings1 which should be dried a little before inserting them in a light soil4 ,beech4 ,see ,fagus4 ,beefwood4 ,see ,casuarina4 ,beet 7,beta vulgaris74 ,chenopodiace4 ,seeds1 sown very early4 ,befaria1 ,bejaria4 ,ericace4 ,propagated by cuttings of young wood1 placed in sandy soil1 in gentle heat4 ,begonia4 ,begoniace4 ,increased by seeds1 well-ripened before they are gathered1 and kept very dry until sown4 ,for the successful raising of begonias1 it is necessary to sow the seed in pans or pots of well-drained1 light1 sandy soil1 which should be well watered before the seeds are sown4 ,the seeds should not be covered with soil1 or they will fail to germinate4 ,place a pane of glass over the pans1 and set in a warm house or frame1 where a temperature of about #fe can be maintained1 and shade from the sun4 ,as soon as the plants are large enough they should be pricked off into pans of light leaf-mould soil1 in which they may remain until large enough to be placed singly in pots4 ,by divisions of the rhizomes4 ,also increased by cuttings1 which strike freely in pots of sand and leaf-mould1 and placed on a bottom heat of about #gj4 ,where large quantities are required1 a bed of cocoanut fiber in a stove or propagating-frame may be used1 and in this the cuttings may be planted1 and remain until well-rooted4 ,leaf cuttings succeed best when laid on sand or cocoanut fiber1 and shaded from bright sunlight4 ,select old1 well-matured leaves1 and make an incision with a sharp knife across the principal nerves1 on the under side4 ,they should then be placed on the sand or fiber1 and held down by means of a few pieces of crock4 ,under this treatment bulbils will form on the lower ends of the nerves of each section of the leaf1 and these1 when large enough1 may be removed from the bed and potted4 ,fan-shaped pieces of leaves are often used4 ,leaf cuttings of begonia are described and figure in ,chapter ,,iv4 ,species like ,b4 diversifolia1 etc41 may be propagated by the bulblets which form in the axils of the leaves4 ,tuberous begonias are best propagated by seeds1 as described above1 but stem-cuttings can be used with fair success1 if they are cut just below a joint4 ,bejaria4 ,see ,befaria4 ,belenia4 ,see ,physochlaina4 ,bellardia4 ,see ,manettia4 ,bellevalia4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,by offsets4 ,bellflower4 ,see ,campanula4 ,bellidiastrum4 ,composit4 ,increased by divisions in early spring1 or directly after blooming4 ,bellis 7,daisy74 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in early spring4 ,by division after flowering1 each crown making a separate plant4 ,the soil must be pressed about them moderately firm4 ,bellwort4 ,see ,uvularia4 ,bellium4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds2 also by divisions made in spring4 ,beloperone1 ,dianthera4 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by young cuttings4 ,they should be taken in spring4 ,belvala4 ,see ,struthiola4 ,belvisia4 ,see ,napoleona4 ,bengal ,quince4 ,see gle4 ,bennetia4 ,see ,saussurea4 ,bent ,grass4 ,see ,agrostis4 ,benthamia4 ,cornace4 ,propagated by seeds sown when ripe in a cool house1 or layering in autumn4 ,by cuttings1 and by grafting on the dogwood4 ,benzoin 7,lindera ,benzoin7 ,laurine4 ,seed4 ,berardia4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring4 ,berberidopsis4 ,berberide4 ,propagated by seeds in spring1 by layering in autumn1 or by young cuttings in spring4 ,berberis4 ,see ,barberry4 ,berchemia4 ,rhamne4 ,propagated by layering the young shoots4 ,by ripened cuttings1 and slips of the root planted under a hand-glass4 ,bergera4 ,rutace4 ,increased by layers or by ripened cuttings1 which should be taken off at a joint and placed in sand under a hand-glass in bottom heat4 ,berkheya4 ,composit4 ,the herbaceous perennials usually by divisions of the plant in spring2 the other species by cuttings placed under a glass4 ,bertolonia4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by seeds and cuttings4 ,berzelia4 ,bruniace4 ,increased by young cuttings inserted in sand under a bell-glass1 in gentle heat4 ,besleria1 ,eriphia4 ,gesnerace4 ,increased by cuttings placed in heat4 ,bessera4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by offsets4 ,betonica4 ,see ,stachys4 ,betula 7,birch74 ,cupulifer4 ,increased by seeds1 which must be sown as soon as gathered1 or else stratified4 ,by grafting or budding upon seedling stocks of the common kinds2 the former should be done in spring or late winter1 and the latter in summer when the buds are ready4 ,bidens 7,bur ,marigold74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds or by divisions of the plant4 ,biebersteinia4 ,rutace4 ,increased by seeds sown in ,april in a slight hot-bed4 ,in early summer by cuttings1 placed under a hand-glass4 ,bigelovia4 ,composit4 ,propagated by cuttings4 ,bignonia 7,trumpet ,flower74 ,bignoniace4 ,increased by seeds or layering1 or1 in early spring1 by cuttings made from good strong shoots with two or three joints4 ,place cuttings of tender sorts in a well-drained pot of sandy soil1 under a bell-glass1 in bottom heat4 ,also by seeds4 ,b4 radicans propagates readily from root-cuttings4 ,billardiera 7,apple ,berry74 ,pittospore4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings placed in a pot of sandy soil1 under a bell-glass1 in gentle heat4 ,billbergia4 ,bromeliace4 ,propagated by suckers which are taken from the base of the plant after flowering1 when they have attained a good size4 ,the best method to adopt is as follows3 ,take the sucker in the hand and gently twist it off the stem2 next1 trim the base by the removal of a few of the lower leaves1 and then insert each sucker separately in a small pot1 in sharp soil4 ,a bottom heat of about #hj will greatly facilitate new root growth2 failing this1 they will root freely in the temperature of a stove1 if placed in a shaded position for two or three weeks1 after which they will bear increased light and sunshine during the latter part of the day4 ,bilberry4 ,see ,vaccinium4 ,bindweed4 ,see ,convolvulus4 ,biophytum4 ,geraniace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring on a hot-bed4 ,biota4 ,see ,thuya4 ,biotia4 ,see ,madia4 ,bird of ,paradise ,flower4 ,see ,strelitzia4 ,bird's-tongue ,flower4 ,see ,strelitzia4 ,birch4 ,see ,betula4 ,birthwort4 ,see ,aristolochia4 ,bitter ,sweet4 ,see ,celastrus and ,solanum4 ,bitter ,vetch4 ,see ,orobus4 ,bivona4 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in spring where the plants are intended to remain4 ,they should be thinned out to insure full growth4 ,bixa 7,arnatto74 ,bixine4 ,propagated by seeds sown when ripe1 in bottom heat1 or by cuttings put in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat2 the latter is the better method4 ,blackberry 7,rubus villosus and vars474 ,rosace4 ,new varieties are obtained from seeds1 which may be sown as soon as they are cleaned from the ripe fruit1 or which may be stratified until the next spring4 ,if the soil is in prime condition1 fall sowing is preferable4 ,varieties are multiplied by suckers and by root-cuttings4 ,the suckers spring up freely about the old plants1 especially if the roots are broken by the cultivator2 but they have few fibrous roots and are inferior4 ,the best plants are obtained from root-cuttings4 ,roots from one-fourth to three-eighths inch in diameter are selected for this purpose4 ,the roots are dug in the fall1 cut into pieces an inch or two long1 and stored until early spring4 ,they may be buried in boxes of sand after the manner of stratified seeds1 or stored in a cool cellar2 callusing proceeds most rapidly in a cellar4 ,the pieces are planted horizontally an inch or two deep1 in loose1 rich soil4 ,it is best to put them in a frame and give them slight bottom heat1 although they will grow if planted in the open in ,april or ,may1 but the plants will make much less growth the first season4 ,some varieties do not strike quickly without bottom heat4 ,when the variety is scarce1 shorter and slenderer pieces of root may be used1 but these demand bottom heat4 ,the heat in the frames is usually supplied by manure1 or the heat of the sun under the glass may be sufficient4 ,in these frames the cuttings can be started in the north late in ,march1 or some six or eight weeks before the plants can be set out-doors without protection4 ,when the weather has become somewhat settled1 the plants may be planted out1 and by fall they will be two to three feet high4 ,black ,boy4 ,see ,xanthorrha4 ,bladder-nut ,tree4 ,see ,staphylea4 ,bladder-pod or -seed4 ,see ,vesicaria4 ,bladder ,senna4 ,see ,colutea4 ,blakea4 ,melastomace4 ,increased by cuttings taken from shoots that are about ripe2 plant in a pot of sand1 and plunge in a moist heat1 under a hand-glass4 ,blandfordia4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and offsets1 or by division of the old plants1 which must be done when repotting4 ,blazing ,star4 ,see ,liatris4 ,bleeding ,heart4 ,see ,dicentra4 ,blephilia4 ,labiat4 ,increased by division of the roots in early spring4 ,bletia4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by divisions1 which should be made after the plants have finished flowering1 or previous to their starting into growth4 ,these are terrestrial1 and their flat1 roundish pseudo-bulbs are usually under ground4 ,they bear division well1 especially ,b4 hyacinthina1 which may be cut up into pieces consisting of a single pseudo-bulb4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,blood ,flower4 ,see ,hmanthus4 ,blood-root4 ,see ,sanguinaria and ,hmodorum4 ,blueberry4 ,see ,vaccinium4 ,blue-eyed ,grass4 ,see ,sisyrinchium4 ,blumenbachia4 ,loase4 ,propagated by seeds sown in pots in spring1 and placed in a gentle heat4 ,blumia4 ,see ,saurauja4 ,bobartia4 ,iride4 ,propagated by separating the offsets during autumn4 ,bocconia4 ,papaverace4 ,some species grow well from seed4 ,by young suckers1 taken from established plants during summer4 ,cuttings taken from the axils of the large leaves during early summer push freely1 so that they will have plenty of roots before winter sets in4 ,root-cuttings of ,b4 cordata strike freely4 ,bbera4 ,composit4 ,increased by cuttings made of young1 rather firm shoots1 and placed in sand1 under a glass4 ,bhmeria4 ,urticace4 ,increased by divisions4 ,boleum4 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds sown in a pot in spring1 placed in a frame or in the open border during summer4 ,boltonia4 ,composit4 ,increased by divisions of the root in ,march4 ,bomarea4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by seeds1 which may be sown in a warm house4 ,also increased by careful division of the underground stem4 ,in making a division it is necessary to observe that the part taken has some roots by which to live till new ones are formed4 ,bombax 7,silk ,cotton ,tree74 ,malvace4 ,plants raised from seeds brought from their native habitats make the best trees4 ,increased by cuttings1 which will root readily if not too ripe4 ,they should be taken off at a joint1 and placed in sand under a bell-glass1 in moist heat4 ,bonapartea4 ,see ,tillandsia4 ,bonjeania4 ,see ,dorycnium4 ,bonnaya4 ,scrophularine4 ,the annual species by seeds1 the others by divisions and cuttings4 ,bonnetia4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,increased by cuttings of firm1 young shoots inserted in sand1 under a hand-glass1 in a moderate heat4 ,borago4 ,boragine4 ,propagated by seeds sown from spring or autumn in any good garden soil4 ,also by divisions in spring1 or by striking cuttings in a cold-frame4 ,borassus4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds sown in a strong bottom heat4 ,borbonai4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by cuttings in spring4 ,they should be half-ripened1 and placed in a sandy soil under a bell-glass1 in a cool house4 ,boronia4 ,rutace4 ,increased by seed4 ,by young cuttings1 or those made from half-ripened wood4 ,place these in a thoroughly drained pot of sandy soil1 with one inch of sand on the surface1 and cover with a bell-glass2 remove frequently and wipe dry4 ,borreria4 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by cuttings4 ,those of the perennial kinds strike root readily in a light soil1 in heat4 ,the annual kinds require a similar treatment to other tender annuals4 ,bossia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds should be sown on a slight hot-bed in ,march4 ,also increased by half-ripened cuttings1 which should be placed in a pot of sand with a bell-glass over them1 in a cool house4 ,boswellia 7,olibanum ,tree74 ,burserace4 ,increased easily by cuttings in sand under a glass4 ,botrychium4 ,see ,fern4 ,botryanthus4 ,see ,muscari4 ,bouchea4 ,verbenace4 ,increased during spring by cuttings1 placed in sand under a glass and in a gentle heat4 ,bougainvillea4 ,nyctagine4 ,propagated by cuttings from the half-ripened wood4 ,place in sandy soil1 in a brisk heat4 ,also grown from root-cuttings4 ,bouncing ,bet4 ,see ,saponaria4 ,bourbon ,palm4 ,see ,latania4 ,boussingaultia4 ,chenopodiace4 ,increased by seeds1 and easily by means of the tubercles of the stem4 ,bouvardia4 ,rubiace4 ,the old plants should be cut back1 placed in heat in a stove or pit1 and freely syringed1 which will cause them to break freely and produce a good supply of cuttings4 ,they will root from any surface of the stem1 and should be about two inches long4 ,the cuttings should be dibbled pretty thickly into pots about five inches across4 ,a good watering must be given without wetting and thereby injuring the foliage4 ,plunge the pots in bottom heat of about #gj or #hj1 and cover with a bell-glass4 ,keep moist and shady during sunshine1 till rooted4 ,they are also readily and more easily increased by root-cuttings4 ,bowiea4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds or offsets4 ,bowstring ,hemp4 ,see ,sanseviera4 ,box ,elder4 ,see ,negundo4 ,box ,thorn4 ,see ,lycium4 ,box ,tree4 ,see ,buxus4 ,brachychiton4 ,sterculiace4 ,increased by young cuttings planted in sandy soil in gentle heat4 ,brachycome 7,swan ,river ,daisy74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds sown in early spring in a gentle hot-bed1 or they may be sown thinly out-doors1 late in spring4 ,brachylna4 ,composit4 ,propagated by cuttings from the half-ripened shoots1 placed in a well-drained pot of sandy soil1 under a bell-glass4 ,brachyrhynchos4 ,see ,senecio4 ,brachysema4 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds sown in spring in heat4 ,by layers4 ,in summer by cuttings from the half-ripened shoots1 placed in sandy soil under a bell-glass1 in a gentle bottom heat4 ,brachystelma4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagated by divisions of the root1 and by cuttings in a sandy soil1 in heat4 ,bradleia4 ,see ,phyllanthus4 ,brahea4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds in heat4 ,brassia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by dividing the plant when growth has commenced4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,bravoa4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe1 and by offsets in autumn4 ,bread ,fruit4 ,see ,artocarpus4 ,bread ,nut4 ,see ,brosimum4 ,breakstone4 ,see ,saxifraga4 ,bredia4 ,melastomace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings from the ripened shoots placed in sandy loam1 under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,brexia4 ,saxifrage4 ,increased by cuttings1 the leaves of which should not be shortened4 ,place in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat2 or a leaf taken off with a bud attached will grow4 ,briza 7,quaking ,grass74 ,gramine4 ,propagated by seeds1 which may be sown in spring or in autumn4 ,broccoli4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,brodia1 ,hookera4 ,liliace4 ,increased by offsets1 which should be left undisturbed with the parent bulbs till they reach a flowering state1 when they may be divided and planted in autumn4 ,bromelia4 ,bromeliace4 ,some are propagated by seeds4 ,all by cuttings inserted in sand1 in heat4 ,bromus4 ,gramine4 ,increased by seeds sown outside in late summer or in spring1 thinning out when necessary4 ,brongniartia4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings of the young shoots1 which1 if firm at the base1 will root in sand under a bell-glass1 in a cool house4 ,brosimum 7,bread ,nut74 ,urticace4 ,propagated by cuttings of ripe wood with their leaves on4 ,place in sand in moist heat4 ,broughtonia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by dividing the plant4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,broussonetia 7,paper ,mulberry74 ,urticace4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown when ripe or kept till the following spring2 and by suckers and cuttings of ripened wood1 inserted in autumn in a cool house4 ,browallia4 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds4 ,to have blooming plants by holidays they are propagated by seeds1 sown in spring or summer in pans or pots of light1 rich1 sandy soil1 and kept in a close frame or hand-light1 where they can be shaded till germination takes place4 ,brownea4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings from the ripened wood2 place in sand under a hand-glass1 in moist heat4 ,brownlowia4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by cuttings made from ripe shoots2 place in sand1 under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,brucea4 ,simarube4 ,increased by cuttings from ripened wood1 which will root freely in a pot of sand under a hand-glass1 in moderate heat4 ,brugmansia4 ,see ,datura4 ,brunfelsia1 ,franciscea4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by cuttings placed in sand under a bell-glass in moderate heat4 ,when rooted1 place in pots with a compost of loam1 leaf soil1 peat and sand4 ,brunia4 ,bruniace4 ,increased by cuttings of young shoots1 which root freely in sand under a hand-light in summer4 ,brunonia4 ,goodenovie4 ,propagated by divisions in early spring before repotting4 ,brussels ,sprouts4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,brunsvigia4 ,amaryllide4 ,increased by offsets of considerable size4 ,they should be potted carefully in a mixture of sandy loam and peat1 with good drainage1 and kept tolerably warm and close until established2 water sparingly until root action has commenced4 ,the best place for growing the offsets into a flowering size is on a shelf near the glass1 in a temperature of from #ej to #ee4 ,brya4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds or cuttings placed in a hot-bed4 ,bryonia4 ,cucurbitace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by divisions of the tuber4 ,bryophyllum4 ,crassulace4 ,propagated by cuttings2 or by simply laying the leaf on moist sand1 and at each indentation upon the margin a plantlet will appear4 ,bucco4 ,see ,agathosma4 ,buceras4 ,see ,terminalia4 ,bucida4 ,see ,terminalia4 ,buckbean4 ,see ,menyanthes4 ,buckeye4 ,see sculus4 ,bucklandia4 ,hamamelide4 ,increased by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sandy loam under a hand-glass1 in moderate heat4 ,water carefully1 for they are liable to rot off4 ,buckthorn4 ,see ,rhamnus4 ,buckwheat 7,fagopyrum esculentum and ,tartaricum74 ,polygonace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,buffalo ,berry4 ,see ,shepherdia4 ,bugle4 ,see ,ajuga4 ,bugle ,lily4 ,see ,watsonia4 ,bugwort4 ,see ,cimicifuga4 ,bulbine4 ,liliace4 ,increased--the bulbous-rooted species by offsets1 and the herbaceous sorts by suckers and divisions4 ,also by cuttings4 ,bulbocodium4 ,liliace4 ,increased by offsets in a rich1 sandy loam4 ,take up the bulbs1 divide and replant them every second year1 handling in autumn and renewing the soil or planting in new positions4 ,bulbophyllum1 ,anisopetalum1 ,bolbophyllum1 ,tribrachium4 ,orchide4 ,propagated by division of the pseudo-bulbs4 ,bulbospermum4 ,see ,peliosanthes4 ,bullrush4 ,see ,typha and ,juncus4 ,bumalda4 ,see ,staphylea4 ,bunchosia4 ,malpighiace4 ,propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots1 placed in sand under a bell-glass1 in moist bottom heat4 ,good drainage is essential4 ,buphthalmum 7,ox-eye74 ,composit4 ,propagated in spring or autumn by divisions4 ,bupleurum 7,hare's ,ear74 ,umbellifer4 ,the annuals by seeds sown in spring out-doors2 the herbaceous perennials may be increased by divisions made in autumn or spring1 and the greenhouse species by cuttings made in spring4 ,burchardia4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by offsets or divisions made just previous to potting in spring4 ,it is best to repot annually4 ,good drainage should be allowed1 and the plant must not be potted too firmly4 ,burchellia4 ,rubiace4 ,increased by cuttings1 not too ripe1 planted in sand and placed under a hand-glass1 in a gentle heat4 ,burgsdorffia4 ,see ,sideritis4 ,burlingtonia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by dividing the plant4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,burnet4 ,rosace4 ,propagated by seeds and division4 ,burning ,bush4 ,see ,euonymus4 ,bursaria4 ,pittospore4 ,increased by young cuttings put in sand under a bell-glass1 with a little bottom heat4 ,bursera4 ,burserace4 ,propagated by cuttings placed under a bell-glass1 with bottom heat4 ,burtonia4 ,leguminos4 ,some of the species produce seed in abundance1 and these form the best means of increase4 ,by young cuttings1 which root freely in sandy soil in a cool house1 with a bell-glass over them4 ,butcher's ,broom4 ,see ,ruscus4 ,butomus 7,flowering ,rush74 ,alismace4 ,increased by seeds1 or by divisions of the roots in spring4 ,buttercup4 ,see ,ranunculus4 ,butternut4 ,see ,juglans4 ,butterwort4 ,see ,pinguicula4 ,button-wood4 ,see ,platanus4 ,buxus 7,box ,tree74 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe1 in any light1 well-drained soil4 ,they can be increased by suckers and divisions2 by layers of young or old wood1 made in autumn or early spring2 by cuttings made of the young shoots1 from four to six inches in length1 in a sandy place in spring or fall4 ,the latter method is the better way in this country1 and in the north the cuttings should be handled under glass4 ,byrsonima4 ,malpighiace4 ,increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a hand-glass1 in moist bottom heat4 ,cabbage 7,brassica oleracea1 and vars474 ,crucifer4 ,seeds4 ,they may be sown in the open ground in spring1 or in the fall and the young plants wintered in a cold-frame1 or in a hot-bed or forcing-house in late winter and spring4 ,brussels sprouts1 broccoli and cauliflower are treated in the same manner4 ,cabbage ,palm4 ,see ,areca4 ,cabomba4 ,nymphace4 ,propagated by root divisions4 ,cacalia4 ,see ,senecio4 ,cacao4 ,see ,theobroma4 ,cactus4 ,cacte4 ,propagation by seeds is not often adopted1 as it is a very slow method4 ,the seeds should be sown in very sandy soil1 and placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences1 when they may be exposed and very carefully watered4 ,usually propagated by cuttings or offsets1 which should be made with a sharp cut1 and laid upon a sunny shelf or on dry sand until the wound is healed and roots emitted1 when they should be potted in sandy soil4 ,place with the others1 and keep syringed4 ,grafting is resorted to with weak kinds1 which will not grow freely except upon the stock of a stronger species2 and by this means1 also1 such kinds can be kept from the damp soil1 which frequently causes decay4 ,the stocks usually employed are those of ,cereus tortuosus1 ,c4 peruvianus1 ,pereskia aculeata1 etc41 according to the species intended for working2 they readily unite with each other4 ,if the scion and stock are both slender1 cleft-grafting should be adopted2 if both are broad it is best to make horizontal sections1 placing them together and securing in proper position by tying with matting1 but not too tightly1 or the surface may be injured4 ,csalpinia4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings1 which are somewhat difficult to root1 but may succeed if taken from the plant in a growing state and planted in sand with a hand-glass over them1 in heat4 ,cajanus4 ,leguminos4 ,plants are usually raised from seeds obtained from the ,west ,indian ,islands and ,india4 ,also grown from young cuttings1 put in sand with a hand-glass over them1 in heat4 ,cakile 7,sea ,rocket74 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring4 ,caladium4 ,aroide4 ,increased by tubers1 which have been kept dry or rested for some time4 ,place in small pots in a stove or pit1 where the night temperature is maintained from #fj to #fe1 and syringed daily once or twice at least4 ,large tubers1 if sound1 may be divided and the pieces potted4 ,some also by cuttings4 ,calamagrostis4 ,gramine4 ,increased by seeds sown in autumn or spring4 ,c4 arenaria 7now ,ammophila arundinacea71 used for holding sands along sea-shores1 is propagated by division and can probably be handled easily by root-cuttings4 ,calamintha4 ,labiat4 ,increased by seeds1 root divisions1 or cuttings in spring4 ,calamus4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds4 ,calandrinia4 ,portulacace4 ,increased by seeds sown in pots where they are intended to flower1 as transplantation1 unless performed with more than ordinary care1 will check their growth or result in loss4 ,calanthe4 ,orchide4 ,as a rule1 the natural annual increase in the number of pseudo-bulbs meets the requirements of most cultivators4 ,where a quick propagation is desired1 it may be performed by dividing the pseudo-bulbs transversely2 after allowing the raw surface to callus1 the upper part should be set on moist sand1 and several buds will form around the base4 ,the bottom portion may be used in the ordinary way4 ,another plan is to divide the pseudo-bulbs lengthwise into two or more pieces4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,calathea4 ,scitamine4 ,increased by division in summer or any time between that and the spring months4 ,when making divisions1 see that each crown is well furnished with roots4 ,calceolaria 7,slipperwort74 ,scrophularine4 ,herbaceous kinds increased by seeds sown from ,june to ,august on pans of light1 sandy soil1 which should be soaked with water before sowing4 ,care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level1 and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible4 ,it is better not to cover with soil1 but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan1 which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold-frame until the young plants show the first leaf4 ,the glass can then be gradually removed4 ,the shrubby kinds1 by seeds and by cuttings in ,august4 ,place in a cold-frame facing the north1 in sandy soil1 and when rooted1 pot off into #c-;inch pots4 ,place in a light1 sunny frame1 where they may remain until the middle of ,february4 ,caldcluvia4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots planted in sand under a hand-glass1 and placed in a very gentle bottom heat4 ,calectasia4 ,juncace4 ,propagated by divisions4 ,calendula 7,marigold74 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds and by cuttings1 which thrive well in a compost of loam and peat4 ,caliphruria4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by bulbels4 ,after flowering1 the plants should have a slight heat1 and when starting into new growth should be repotted4 ,calliandra4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings of rather firm young wood1 in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,calla4 ,see ,richardia4 ,callicarpa1 ,porphyra 7,french ,mulberry74 ,verbenace4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions or by cuttings of the young shoots1 with the same treatment as ,fuchsia4 ,callichroa4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring in a slight hot-bed1 and placed in the open border later2 or if sown out-doors it will still flower in the autumn4 ,callicoma4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by half-ripened cuttings1 placed in sandy soil under a hand-glass4 ,calligonum1 ,pallasia1 ,pterococcus4 ,polygonace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand-glass4 ,calliprora4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by offsets1 which should not be removed from the parent bulbs until they are of good size4 ,callipsyche4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by seeds and bulbels4 ,callirhoe 7,poppy-,mallow74 ,malvace4 ,perennials by seeds1 divisions of roots1 and cuttings2 the annuals by seeds only4 ,cuttings should be started in sandy soil in a frame4 ,calliopsis4 ,see ,coreopsis4 ,callistachys4 ,see ,oxylobium4 ,callistemon4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by ripened cuttings in sand under a glass4 ,callistephus1 ,callistemma 7,china ,aster74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown under cover in spring1 or seeds for late plants may be sown in the open4 ,callitris1 ,frenela4 ,conifer4 ,increased by seeds1 or by cuttings inserted under a hand-light in autumn1 and wintered in a cold pit4 ,calluna 7,heather74 ,ericace4 ,propagated by cuttings of the tender shoots inserted in pure sand under glass in a cool house in autumn4 ,calochortus 7,mariposa ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds1 offsets1 and by the tiny bulblets on the upper portion of the stem4 ,sow seeds as soon as ripe1 or early in the year1 thinly in pans1 so that the young plants may pass a second season in the seed pots on pans4 ,place in a cool house or frame1 and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages1 as they are very liable to damp off4 ,early the third season pot off and plant singly1 encouraging them to grow freely4 ,the offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state1 placed in pots or pans1 or planted out in pits or frames until they reach flowering size4 ,calodendron4 ,rutace4 ,increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood placed in sand under a glass1 in gentle bottom heat4 ,calophaca4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,may be grafted on the common laburnum4 ,calophanes4 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by division of the roots in spring or fall4 ,calophyllum4 ,guttifer4 ,increased by cuttings made from the half-ripened shoots1 which root freely in sand1 if placed under a glass in bottom heat4 ,calopogon4 ,orchide4 ,increased by offsets taken from the tuberous roots4 ,calothamnus4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of young wood1 firm at the base4 ,place in sand and cover with a hand-glass4 ,calotis4 ,composit4 ,increased by divisions of the root4 ,calotropis4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagated by young cuttings thinly dibbled in a pot of sand1 placed under a hand-glass in heat4 ,they must not receive too much moisture1 or they will rot4 ,caltha 7,marsh-,marigold74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe1 or by dividing the roots in early spring1 or in summer after flowering4 ,calycanthus 7,sweet-scented ,shrub ,allspice74 ,calycanthace4 ,increased by seeds sown in a cold-frame2 by divisions or offsets1 and by layers put down in summer4 ,calycophyllum4 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots1 which will root in sand1 if placed under a bell-glass1 in bottom heat4 ,calypso4 ,orchide4 ,increased by offsets4 ,calyptranthes4 ,myrtace4 ,propagated by layers1 or by cuttings placed in heat4 ,calystegia 7,hedge ,bindweed1 ,bearbind74 ,convolvulace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring1 or by dividing the plants4 ,calythrix4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of the young shoots placed in sand1 under a bell-glass in a cool house1 in late spring4 ,camassia1 ,sitocodium4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in a warm situation out-doors1 or in pots or boxes under glass4 ,the young plants should remain at least two years in the seed beds4 ,also increased by offsets1 which are produced very freely1 and should be removed either when in a dormant condition1 or just previously to starting into fresh growth1 and arranged in clumps or lines1 placing a little sand about them4 ,cambessedesia4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by half-ripened cuttings1 which root freely in a mixture of peat and sand1 if placed under a glass1 in heat4 ,camellia1 including ,thea 7,japanese ,rose74 ,ternstrmiace4 ,the single red camellia by either seeds1 layers or cuttings4 ,double and variegated camellias by layers1 but cuttings will succeed4 ,seeds give suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds4 ,the ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in ,august4 ,two or three of the lower leaves should be removed1 and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble4 ,the pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold-frame1 without being covered with glass1 but shaded during bright sunshine4 ,in the following spring1 such as have struck will begin to push1 when they need to be placed in a gentle heat4 ,inarching or grafting is done in early spring1 as soon as growth commences4 ,camnsia4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by cuttings1 which will root in sandy loam1 if placed under a bell-glass4 ,camomile4 ,see ,anthemis4 ,campanula 7,bellflower1 ,slipperwort74 ,campanulace4 ,increased by seeds4 ,the perennials are also propagated by dividing the roots1 or by young cuttings in spring4 ,campanuma4 ,campanulace4 ,propagated by seeds and divisions4 ,camphora 7,camphor-tree74 ,laurine4 ,increased by cuttings and seeds4 ,campion4 ,see ,silene4 ,camptopus4 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by cuttings in sandy loam under a glass1 in bottom heat4 ,canarina1 ,pernettya4 ,campanulace4 ,propagated by divisions when repotted or by young cuttings in a sandy soil1 in gentle warmth4 ,candollea4 ,dilleniace4 ,increased sometimes by seeds1 but usually by cuttings1 which will root if placed under a hand-glass in a compost of equal parts loam and peat1 with enough sand to render the whole porous4 ,candytuft4 ,see ,iberis4 ,canella4 ,canellace4 ,increased by well-ripened cuttings taken off at the joint4 ,they will root in sand under a hand-glass1 with bottom heat1 in spring2 but care should be taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves4 ,canna7,indian ,shot74 ,scitamine4 ,propagated by seeds sown in heat in late winter4 ,the seeds are very hard1 and germination will be materially stimulated if they are soaked in tepid water for twenty-four hours4 ,they should be sown thinly in pans 7a mixture of sand and leaf-loam is best for them71 and a covering of one and one-half or two inches of earth is not excessive4 ,it is a good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots4 ,also increased by divisions2 they form a root-stock1 each portion of which1 with bud and roots attached1 may be converted into an independent plant4 ,cannabis 7,hemp74 ,urticace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring4 ,cantua1 ,periphragmos4 ,polemoniace4 ,increased by cuttings placed in sand under glass4 ,capparis 7,caper-tree74 ,capparide4 ,propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots1 which will root in sand under glass1 in moist heat4 ,caprifolium4 ,see ,lonicera4 ,caragana 7,siberian ,pea-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings2 the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers4 ,caraganas are generally increased by grafting on ,c4 arborescens1 which is easily raised from seeds1 sown when ripe or in spring4 ,carapa4 ,meliace4 ,increased by ripe cuttings1 which will root in sand under glass1 in a moist heat4 ,cardamine1 including ,pteroneurum 7,lady's ,smock74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds4 ,propagated easily by division after flowering4 ,cardinal-flower4 ,see ,lobelia4 ,carduncellus4 ,composit4 ,seeds4 ,increased by divisions of the roots4 ,carex7,sedge74 ,cyperace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by divisions4 ,seeds often lie dormant the first year4 ,careya4 ,myrtace4 ,propagated by division1 or by ripened cuttings1 which root freely if planted in sand under a hand-glass1 and placed in moist bottom heat4 ,carica 7,papaw-tree74 ,passiflore4 ,propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots with their leaves on4 ,they root readily in a sandy soil1 and in a gentle bottom heat4 ,carissa4 ,apocynace4 ,increased by cuttings of ripe wood placed in sand under glass1 in bottom heat4 ,carlina4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring4 ,with difficulty by divisions4 ,carmichlia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in sand under a glass1 in a cool house in late spring4 ,carnation4 ,caryophylle4 ,by propagating by seed1 new and excellent varieties are raised4 ,sow the seeds in ,april or ,may1 and in a slight hot-bed or in a greenhouse4 ,also propagated by layering1 which should be done at the end of ,july or the beginning of ,august4 ,the shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves at the base of the young wood1 and a slit must be made from this point upwards1 extending through a joint of the bare stem1 so that a tongue is formed4 ,increased also by cuttings4 ,it is necessary to have a slight bottom heat1 and on it put four or five inches of light soil1 covered with clean sand4 ,the cuttings must be long enough to have a tolerably firm base1 and they must either be taken with a heel or cut off at a joint1 and firmly inserted in the soil4 ,this is the ordinary method4 ,see ,fig4 #eb1 b4 ,carob1 ,algaroba1 or ,st4 ,john's ,bread 7,ceratonia siliqua74 ,leguminos4 ,stocks are obtained by seeds4 ,the seeds are often treated to scalding water before sowing1 in the same manner as locust seeds4 ,varieties are grafted or budded on the seedlings1 or they may be multiplied by means of hard-wood cuttings in frames4 ,carpinus 7,hornbeam74 ,cupulifer4 ,increased by seeds1 which vegetate irregularly4 ,varieties propagated by budding or grafting4 ,carpodinus4 ,apocynace4 ,propagated easily from cuttings of half-ripened shoots4 ,carrion ,flower4 ,see ,stapelia4 ,carthamus 7,safflower74 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds sown in a gentle heat in spring4 ,carya4 ,see ,hicoria4 ,caryocar1 ,rhizobolus 7,butternut74 ,ternstrmiace4 ,increased by ripened cuttings1 which will root in sand in heat4 ,caryophyllus 7,clove-tree74 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of firm shoots with the leaves left on4 ,these will root if planted in sand in a moist heat4 ,caryopteris4 ,verbenace4 ,propagated by seeds1 by divisions1 or by cuttings4 ,caryota4 ,palm4 ,increased easily by seeds or by suckers4 ,cashew4 ,see ,anacardium4 ,casimiroa4 ,rutace4 ,increased readily by seeds4 ,cassandra 7,leather ,leaf74 ,ericace4 ,propagated by seeds very carefully sown1 or by layers4 ,cassava 7,manihot ,aipe74 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagated by cuttings of the stem and by suckers4 ,cut the large main stalks into pieces from four to six inches long and set them perpendicularly into the ground in the field4 ,the cuttings can be struck at various times1 but spring is usually preferred4 ,the stalks can be kept over winter by covering with sand on a dry knoll1 placing the stalks and sand in layers4 ,cover the whole with boards to shed the water4 ,suckers which appear during summer can be removed and planted or made into cuttings4 ,cassia4 ,leguminos4 ,annuals and biennials by seeds1 which must be sown in spring1 in a gentle heat4 ,the shrubby species by cuttings of half-ripened shoots1 which will root in heat at about the same time of the year4 ,c4 ,marylandica also by division4 ,cassine4 ,celastrine4 ,increased by ripened cuttings1 which will readily strike root if planted in a pot of sand with glass over them4 ,cassinia4 ,composit4 ,annuals by seeds4 ,the herbaceous and shrubby kinds are increased in spring by dividing the roots1 or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots placed in sand4 ,castalia4 ,see ,nympha4 ,castor ,bean4 ,see ,ricinus4 ,casuarina 7,beefwood74 ,casuarine4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings made of half-ripened shoots1 placed in sand under glass4 ,catalpa4 ,bignoniace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings made of the ripe wood4 ,the named varieties and ,c4 ,bungei are propagated by soft cuttings in ,june and ,july4 ,grafts are also used4 ,catananche4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in spring4 ,also by division4 ,catchfly4 ,see ,silene4 ,catesba 7,lily ,thorn74 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by cuttings planted in sand in spring1 and plunged in heat4 ,catmint4 ,see ,nepeta4 ,catnip or ,catmint 7,nepeta ,cataria74 ,labiat4 ,seeds4 ,division4 ,cat's ,tail4 ,see ,typha4 ,cattleya4 ,orchide4 ,increased by the pseudo-bulbs4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,cauliflower4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,caulophyllum4 ,berberide4 ,propagated by divisions of the roots1 made in early spring or after flowering4 ,also by seeds4 ,ceanothus4 ,rhamne4 ,increased by layers1 which is the readiest way of obtaining strong plants1 or by cuttings1 which should be inserted in a cold-frame4 ,cecropia 7,snake ,wood74 ,urticace4 ,propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots4 ,place in sandy peat in a moist bottom heat4 ,cedar4 ,see ,cedrus4 ,cedrela 7,bastard ,cedar74 ,miliace4 ,increased by large ripened cuttings1 placed in sand1 in heat4 ,cedronella4 ,labiat4 ,the herbaceous species by division of the roots or by cuttings of young wood4 ,c4 triphylla by cuttings4 ,cedrus 7,cedar74 ,conifer4 ,increased by seeds1 which are difficult to extract from the cones4 ,gather the cones in spring1 and sow the seeds immediately in pans4 ,varieties are propagated by veneer grafts4 ,celastrus 7,staff-tree1 ,bitter-sweet74 ,celastrine4 ,propagated by seeds and suckers1 also by layering the hardy species in autumn4 ,ripened cuttings will root freely in a compost of loam1 peat and sand4 ,celery 7,apium graveolens74 ,umbellifer4 ,by seeds1 as described on page #ab2 or1 for the early crop1 sow under glass1 as in a hot-bed4 ,celosia 7,cockscomb74 ,amarantace4 ,propagated by seed sown in spring1 in pans of well-drained1 rich1 sandy soil or in the open4 ,celsia4 ,scrophularine4 ,increased by seeds1 which may be sown in the open border and thinned out for flowering1 or raised in nursery beds and transplanted4 ,c4 ,arcturus should be increased by cuttings1 the young wood striking freely in a cool house or frame4 ,celtis 7,nettle-tree74 ,urticace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,by layers1 and by cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn4 ,centaurea4 ,composit4 ,annuals by seeds1 which may be sown in the open border4 ,to propagate ,c4 ,cineraria1 and some others sow seeds in ,august in slight heat1 or make cuttings about the beginning of ,september4 ,centranthus4 ,valeriane4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring4 ,centronia4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots1 which should be inserted in peat and sand1 under glass4 ,centropogon4 ,campanulace4 ,increased by seeds1 by divisions and by cuttings from any young shoots three or four inches long4 ,take off with a heel and place in sharp sandy soil1 close around the edge of the pot1 and then keep close under a propagating-box1 in a temperature ranging between #fj and #gj4 ,cephlis4 ,rubiace4 ,increased by cuttings of firm young shoots1 which will root well in sandy soil under a hand-glass1 in moist stove heat4 ,cephalanthus 7,button-wood74 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by layers or ripened cuttings in autumn4 ,cephalotus4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by divisions before new growth commences4 ,also by offsets4 ,cerastium4 ,caryophylle4 ,propagated by seeds and divisions1 or by cuttings inserted in the open ground in a shady place1 after flowering4 ,ceratiola4 ,empetrace4 ,increased by seeds and by cuttings1 which should be placed in sandy soil under glass4 ,ceratonia 7,algaroba ,bean1 ,carob ,tree74 ,leguminos4 ,increased by ripened cuttings1 which will root if planted in sand under a frame4 ,ceratozamia4 ,cycadace4 ,increased by seeds1 and sometimes by suckers and divisions2 but imported plants give most satisfaction4 ,cercidiphyllum4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by tender cuttings made during the summer1 and slightly wilted before placing in the frames4 ,cercis 7,judas-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown about the end of ,march on a bed of light soil1 in a gentle heat4 ,they may also be increased by layers1 but plants raised from seeds thrive best4 ,it is not necessary to stratify the seeds1 ,c4 ,japonica is grown from soft cuttings in early summer4 ,cereus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,ceropegia4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagated by cuttings of small side shoots made in spring1 which will root in sand1 in heat1 with or without a glass covering4 ,cestrum1 including ,habrothamnus4 ,solanace4 ,propagated by cuttings in ,august1 the same being potted off as frequently as the roots reach the sides of the pots4 ,chnostoma4 ,scrophularine4 ,increased by cuttings1 which may be made in autumn and placed in a greenhouse or cold pit during the winter4 ,chtogastra4 ,melastomace4 ,increased by seeds sown in ,march1 or the perennials by cuttings in sandy peat4 ,chambatia4 ,rosace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which should be struck in sand in a cold-frame4 ,chamcyparis4 ,conifer4 ,propagated by seeds freely1 also by layers1 but mainly by cuttings put in during ,october4 ,select young side shoots with a heel2 insert in well-drained pots of sandy soil1 and place in a close cold-frame1 keeping fairly moist through the winter4 ,in ,february they should be calloused1 and should be placed in gentle heat1 where they will root freely4 ,chamranthemum4 ,acanthace4 ,propagated by cuttings of young shoots1 which will root in spring if planted in sand and placed in heat4 ,chamrops1 including ,corypha1 ,taliera4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds1 or by suckers1 which generally appear in considerable quantities4 ,chard4 ,see ,beet4 ,cheilanthes4 ,see ,fern4 ,chelone 7,turtle ,head74 ,scrophularine4 ,they may be increased by means of seeds4 ,also by dividing the plant during fall4 ,young cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a cold-frame grow well4 ,cherry 7,prunus ,avium and ,p4 ,cerasus74 ,rosace4 ,cherry stocks are commonly grown from seeds4 ,if the ground is in readiness and is in proper condition1 the seeds may be planted in fall1 or even as soon as they are ripe4 ,if stored until spring1 they must be stratified and kept very cool to prevent germination1 and they should be sown at the earliest possible moment4 ,they do not need to be cracked by hand4 ,care must be taken that cherry pits do not become hard and dry4 ,this precaution is more important with cherries than with peaches and plums4 ,at the close of the first season the seedlings will be a foot or foot and a half high1 large enough to transplant into nursery rows after the manner of apples1 where they are budded the following season4 ,in warm climates the pits are sometimes cracked as soon as they are gathered1 and the meats planted immediately4 ,they will then make stocks fit for grafting the following winter1 or for transplanting and budding the following summer4 ,cherry seeds must never be allowed to become so dry that the meat is hard and brittle4 ,cherries1 in common with other stone fruits1 grow readily from root-cuttings1 in the same manner as blackberries4 ,they do better if started over a gentle heat4 ,the ,mazzard cherry is the stock upon which cherries are nearly always worked4 ,it is simply a hardy and vigorous variety1 with inferior fruit1 of the common sweet cherry 7,prunus ,avium74 ,seeds of this are readily procured in this country4 ,all varieties of cherries are worked readily upon it4 ,the ,mahaleb cherry is used as a stock for nearly all varieties when dwarf trees are desired4 ,this is a distinct species1 ,prunus ,mahaleb4 ,the seeds or stocks are usually imported4 ,this stock is adapted to heavy clay soils1 while the ,mazzard is not4 ,the ,mahaleb is not generally used in this country4 ,morello 7,prunus ,cerasus7 stocks will no doubt prove to be valuable in the northwest1 where great hardiness is demanded4 ,seedlings do not sprout or sucker badly1 but the natural suckers1 which are sometimes used for stocks1 are likely to be more troublesome in this respect4 ,if strong-growing tops are worked on ,morello stocks1 however1 there is usually little annoyance from suckering4 ,it is probable that some of the native ,american cherries can be used as stocks4 ,the common wild red1 pin or bird cherry 7,prunus ,pennsylvanica7 has already been used to some extent4 ,the sweet and sour cherries unite readily with it1 and bear very early4 ,it is yet to be determined how long the trees will persist1 but there are trees known which are sixteen or eighteen years old1 and which are still healthy and vigorous4 ,the dwarf or sand cherry 7,prunus pumila71 especially the western form of it1 gives promise as a dwarf stock4 ,cherry stocks are worked both by budding and grafting4 ,budding is the common method4 ,the stocks should be fit to work the season they are transplanted1 or in the second summer from seed4 ,such as are too small for working then may be allowed to stand until the following year4 ,in the west1 where great hardiness is required1 the varieties are crown-grafted upon ,mazzard stocks in winter4 ,yearling stocks are used1 and the cions are from six to ten inches long4 ,when planted1 only the top bud should be left above ground4 ,the cion strikes roots1 and own-rooted trees are obtained4 ,the ornamental cherries are worked upon the same stocks as the fruit-bearing sorts4 ,mazzard is commonly used for all species4 ,chervil 7,chrophyllum bulbosum and ,scandix ,cerefolium74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds1 sown much the same as celery seeds1 but the plants are usually allowed to stand where sown4 ,seed is often sown in autumn4 ,chestnut 7,castanea sativa and var4 ,americana1 and ,c4 ,japonica74 ,cupulifer4 ,chestnut stocks are grown from seeds4 ,difficulty is sometimes experienced in keeping the seeds1 as they lose their vitality if dried too hard1 and are likely to become mouldy if allowed to remain moist4 ,the surest way is to allow the nuts to become well dried off or seasoned in the fall1 and then stratify them in a box with three or four times as much sand as chestnuts1 and bury the box a foot or two deep in a warm soil until spring4 ,they do not always keep well if stored or stratified in a cellar4 ,fall planting exposes the nuts to squirrels and mice4 ,american stocks are probably better than ,european4 ,the stocks are worked by whip-grafting above ground1 the wound being well tied and protected by waxed cloth4 ,care should be taken to have the stock and cion about the same size1 in order to secure a good union4 ,crown-grafting1 root-grafting and budding have not been very successful in this country upon the chestnut4 ,the cions should be cut early1 before they begin to swell1 and kept dormant until the stock begins to push into leaf4 ,only vigorous stocks should be grafted4 ,the best results are obtained when the stocks have recovered from transplanting1 or when they are from three to five years old4 ,the working of chestnut stocks is far from satisfactory in a commercial way4 ,the union is imperfect in many varieties1 and usually no more than half the grafts take well4 ,chicory 7,cichorium ,intybus74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown in spring where the plants are to grow4 ,chilopsis 7,desert ,willow74 ,bignoniace4 ,increased by seeds1 or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a bell-glass1 in a gentle bottom heat4 ,chimonanthus4 ,calycanthace4 ,propagated by layering in the autumn4 ,china ,aster4 ,see ,callistephus4 ,chiococca 7,snowberry74 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which strike root freely in sand under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,chionanthus 7,fringe-tree74 ,oleace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be started in a cold-frame4 ,by layers and cuttings4 ,by grafting or budding it on the common ash1 it succeeds very well4 ,chionodoxa4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds1 which are produced freely4 ,they should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,by bulbels4 ,chironia4 ,gentiane4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings inserted in sandy soil1 and placed in a gentle heat in spring4 ,chives or ,cives 7,allium ,schnoprasum74 ,liliace4 ,division of the clumps4 ,chloanthes4 ,verbenace4 ,propagated by cuttings of young shoots1 which root freely in sandy soil under glass4 ,choisya4 ,rutace4 ,increased by ripened cuttings4 ,chrysanthemum4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds to obtain new varieties2 these should be sown in spring4 ,division may be made1 but this is not often practiced4 ,usually propagated by cuttings of firm1 healthy1 short-jointed shoots1 about three inches long4 ,they should be made in spring1 and placed near the glass of a rather close frame having a temperature of about #de4 ,no bottom heat should be given4 ,if inserted in pots1 only the lower leaf should be removed2 if in beds the remaining foliage should also be trimmed to admit air4 ,the soil should be made of equal parts of sand1 leaf-mould and loam1 spreading a layer of sand over the top4 ,insert about one-half of the cutting1 press the soil firmly1 and water4 ,leaf cuttings have been employed4 ,inarching and grafting may also be performed4 ,chrysobalanus 7,coco ,plum74 ,rosace4 ,increased by seeds when procurable4 ,large cuttings1 however1 taken off at a joint without shortening any of their leaves1 will root readily if planted thinly in a pot of sand1 and placed in moist heat with a bell-glass over them4 ,chrysocoma 7,goldy-locks74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots1 placed in sand under glass4 ,chrysogonum4 ,composit4 ,seeds4 ,increased by dividing the roots in spring4 ,chrysophyllum 7,star ,apple74 ,sapotace4 ,increased by seeds when procurable4 ,by cuttings of small well-ripened shoots1 plunged in strong1 moist heat4 ,chrysopsis4 ,composit4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by division in spring4 ,chrysosplenium 7,golden ,saxifrage74 ,saxifrage4 ,increased easily by division4 ,also occasionally by seeds4 ,cicca 7,otaheite ,gooseberry74 ,euphorbiace4 ,seeds4 ,by cuttings of ripe shoots1 which will root in sand1 if placed under a glass and in bottom heat4 ,cimicifuga 7,bugwort74 ,ranunculace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in a cold-frame or border as soon as ripe2 or by division of the roots in spring4 ,cinchona 7,peruvian ,bark74 ,rubiace4 ,imported seeds1 and cuttings taken off when ripe and planted in a pot of sand1 under glass1 in a moist heat4 ,cineraria4 ,composit4 ,seeds should be sown under glass2 those intended for autumn flowering in ,april and ,may1 those for spring in ,july and ,august4 ,light leaf-mould should be used1 and about an equal quantity of fresh sifted loam and sharp sand added1 the whole being well mixed4 ,old cow manure is a good medium in which to sow 7see page #ai72 then fill up with fine soil4 ,also by divisions and by cuttings4 ,cinquefoil4 ,see ,potentilla4 ,cipura4 ,iride4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown in a slight heat in spring2 or by bulbels1 which are abundantly produced4 ,circa 7,enchanter's ,nightshade74 ,onagrarie4 ,seeds2 also by the running roots4 ,cissampelos4 ,menispermace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which root readily in heat4 ,cissus4 ,ampelide4 ,propagated by cuttings in the spring4 ,choose the weakly shoots that are pruned just before the plants break into new growth1 or allow the young shoots to grow to a length of about two inches4 ,then cut them off1 with a small piece of the base branch adhering to the young wood2 or the shoots may be cut off with one or several of these young branchlets on them4 ,cut the old branch through at the base of each young one1 and insert the cutting with this heel of the old wood entire4 ,in this country1 usually grown from common green cuttings in summer4 ,cistus 7,rock-,rose74 ,cistine4 ,propagated by seeds1 by layers or cuttings under frames outside1 or inside with a gentle bottom heat2 but seedlings always make the best plants4 ,the seeds should be sown early in the spring in pans or boxes in a frame1 and lightly covered with sifted sandy mould4 ,cuttings should be made from three to four inches long4 ,they may be struck in spring or autumn1 in sandy peat under glass4 ,citron 7,citrus medica74 ,rutace4 ,seeds1 which usually reproduce the kind4 ,mature cuttings1 the same as lemon4 ,also budded on orange1 lemon or lime stocks4 ,citrus4 ,rutace4 ,increased by seeds1 layers1 cuttings1 inarching1 grafting and budding4 ,for particular methods1 see ,lemon1 ,lime1 ,orange and ,pomelo4 ,cladrastis 7,yellow-wood74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seed sown in the open air in spring1 or by cuttings of the roots4 ,clarkia4 ,onagrari4 ,increased by seeds1 which may be sown in spring or autumn out-doors4 ,clavija1 ,theophraste4 ,myrsine4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots4 ,these will root in sandy loam1 with a surface consisting wholly of sand1 if placed in bottom heat4 ,clematis 7,virgin's ,bower74 ,ranunculace4 ,clematis may be increased by seeds4 ,the seed vessels should be gathered before autumn1 and stored in some dry1 cool place till the following spring1 when the seeds they contain may be sown in light1 sandy soil1 and placed in gentle heat till they germinate4 ,by layers outside1 put in at any time4 ,all the varieties of clematis may also be readily increased by cuttings made of the young shoots1 which may be cut up to every eye and planted in gentle heat4 ,also by grafting any of the varieties on portions of clematis roots in winter4 ,good healthy pieces of root obtained from old plants answer the purpose well4 ,see also ,atragene4 ,cleome4 ,capparide4 ,increased by seeds sown in a frame in spring1 with slight warmth4 ,ripened cuttings root freely in moderate heat4 ,clerodendron1 ,ovieda1 ,siphonantha1 ,volkameria4 ,verbenace4 ,increased by seed1 which1 if sown when ripe or in the spring1 and grown on in heat1 may be converted into flowering plants the second season4 ,propagated also by cuttings of both green and mature wood2 also of roots4 ,suckers4 ,the climbing varieties do not root quite so readily from cuttings as the others1 but cuttings of the ripened wood do well4 ,clethra4 ,ericace4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions and layers4 ,cuttings taken from the half-ripened wood will root in gentle heat4 ,clianthus 7,glory ,pea1 ,parrot ,beak74 ,leguminos4 ,c4 ,dampieri is best raised from seeds1 which should be sown singly in good-sized pots1 when the necessity of first shifting will be obviated4 ,c4 puniceus and others from cuttings1 which strike easily in sand in bottom heat4 ,clintonia4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and by division of the root in spring4 ,clitoria4 ,leguminos4 ,the best method of increasing is by seeds4 ,increased also by cuttings of stubby side shoots1 which will root in sandy soil1 in heat4 ,cliva1 ,imantophyllum4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by seeds or divisions4 ,clove-tree4 ,see ,caryophyllus4 ,clusia 7,balsam-tree74 ,guttifer4 ,increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots1 which will strike in sand1 with bottom heat4 ,coba4 ,palemoniace4 ,readily raised from fresh seed in spring1 if a gentle bottom heat is supplied4 ,it is often said that the seeds must be placed on edge1 but this is a mistake4 ,from cuttings taken when young1 in spring1 and inserted in pots of sandy soil1 placed in gentle bottom heat4 ,coccocypselum4 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by dividing the creeping stems4 ,coccoloba 7,seaside ,grape74 ,polygonace4 ,propagated by seeds and by cuttings of the ripened wood1 with leaves entire1 and taken off at a joint4 ,these will root freely in sand under glass4 ,cocculus1 ,wendlandia4 ,menispermace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,by half-ripened cuttings of side shoots2 these will root easily in spring or summer1 if planted in sand and placed in bottom heat1 under glass4 ,cockscomb4 ,see ,celosia4 ,cocoanut 7,cocos nucifera74 ,palm4 ,the nuts are buried in nursery rows1 and the young trees are transplanted4 ,a more common practice is to remove the buried nuts1 when they begin to sprout1 to the place in which the tree is to stand4 ,a nut is then placed in a hole some two feet deep1 which is gradually filled in as the plant grows4 ,in from six to eight years the tree begins to bear4 ,codium1 ,croton4 ,euphorbiace4 ,new varieties are produced by seed4 ,increased by taking off the tops of any strong leading shoots1 and making them into cuttings4 ,they may be struck by placing singly in small pots and covering with bell-glasses1 in strong1 moist heat1 where they will soon emit roots1 without losing any of the leaves attached at the time they were inserted4 ,or they may placed in a bed of sand4 ,coffea 7,coffee-tree74 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,also by ripe cuttings1 which strike freely in sand under glass1 in moist heat2 and the young plants so raised produce flowers and fruit more readily than those grown from seed4 ,coffee-tree1 ,kentucky4 ,see ,gymnocladus4 ,colchicum 7,autumn ,crocus74 ,liliace4 ,seeds1 sown as soon as ripe in a protected place4 ,separation4 ,coleus4 ,labiat4 ,increased by seeds for new varieties4 ,by cuttings with the greatest freedom at almost any time of the year1 and1 with a good moist heat1 they will quickly form fine specimens4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,colletia4 ,rhamne4 ,increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood1 six to eight inches in length1 in a cool greenhouse4 ,collinsonia4 ,labiat4 ,increased readily by dividing roots in spring2 also seeds4 ,colocasia4 ,see ,caladium4 ,columbine4 ,see ,aquilegia4 ,colutea 7,bladder ,senna74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings1 placed in sandy soil in the autumn4 ,combretum4 ,combretace4 ,increased by cuttings of side shoots1 taken off with a heel1 planted in sand under glass1 and placed in heat4 ,comesperma4 ,polygale4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by young cuttings1 which root freely if planted in sand under glass4 ,comfrey4 ,see ,symphytum4 ,commelina4 ,commelinace4 ,increased by seeds4 ,by cuttings1 which will root in sand1 in a gentle hot-bed4 ,comocladia 7,maiden ,plum74 ,anacardiace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by ripened cuttings1 which will root in sand if placed under glass1 in heat4 ,comparettia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by division of the plants4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,comptonia 7,sweet ,fern74 ,myricace4 ,seeds2 by dividing the clumps1 and by layers1 which should be put down in autumn4 ,conocarpus 7,button-tree74 ,combretace4 ,seeds4 ,increased by cuttings of firm shoots1 taken in ,april1 in bottom heat4 ,convallaria 7,lily of the ,valley74 ,liliace4 ,increased by crowns or pips 7see ,fig4 #ag71 which are the separated growing points of the roots1 possessing a strong bud4 ,these crowns can be obtained from any well established bed in the fall1 but they are usually imported4 ,convolvulus 7,bindweed74 ,convolvulace4 ,seeds of the hardy annuals should be sown in spring in the open border4 ,the hardy perennials may be increased by seeds sown in spring1 by division of the roots1 and by young cuttings4 ,coprosma4 ,rubiace4 ,increased by layers and cuttings4 ,coptis4 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds and division of the roots4 ,cordia1 ,varronia4 ,boragine4 ,seeds4 ,increased by cuttings1 green or ripe1 which strike root readily in sand1 in heat4 ,corema 7,portugal ,crakeberry1 ,crowberry74 ,empetrace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by cuttings planted during summer4 ,coreopsis1 ,calliopsis4 ,composit4 ,the hardy annuals1 which are largely grown under the name of calliopsis for summer ornamentation1 by seed1 which should be sown in ,march in a gentle heat1 or outside later4 ,the perennials are propagated also by divisions of the root in autumn or spring1 or during the summer by young cuttings1 which will strike freely in a cold-frame4 ,coriander 7,coriandrum sativum74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds sown in fall or spring4 ,corn4 ,see ,maize4 ,corn ,salad 7,valerianella1 several species74 ,valeriane4 ,seeds sown in spring1 summer or autumn4 ,cornus 7,dogwood ,osier74 ,cornace4 ,increased by seed1 suckers of soft wood1 layers or cuttings4 ,the herbaceous species1 ,c4 ,canadensis and ,c4 ,suecica1 may be increased by division1 as also by seeds4 ,the willow-like cornuses grow from cuttings of ripe wood4 ,named varieties and some species are budded in many cases1 especially all the weak-growing sorts4 ,cornus ,mas1 raised from seed1 is the favorite stock4 ,shield-budding in late summer and veneer-grafting are most successful4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,coronilla4 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds sown as soon as ripe4 ,the hardy species by division4 ,cuttings strike freely if placed in cold-frames or a cool house under a hand-glass in spring1 and when calloused1 introduced to gentle bottom heat4 ,correa4 ,rutace4 ,seeds4 ,may be propagated by cuttings very readily4 ,varieties are usually grafted on ,c4 alba4 ,cortusa 7,bear's-ear ,sanicle74 ,primulace4 ,increased by seed sown as soon as ripe in a cold-frame2 also by carefully dividing the roots4 ,coryanthes4 ,see ,stanhopea4 ,corydalis4 ,fumarie4 ,increased by seeds1 or by dividing the plants directly after flowering4 ,the bulbous-rooted species by offsets4 ,corylus 7,hazel2 ,cob-nut74 ,cupulifer4 ,propagated by seeds1 suckers1 layers or cuttings4 ,grafting and budding are each practicable1 and are adopted when growing tall standards or scarce varieties4 ,the seed of all should be sown as soon as gathered1 or stored in sand till the following spring4 ,all superior varieties should be increased by suckers or layers4 ,stools kept for layering must be allowed to make more growth than those used for suckers4 ,free growth must be encouraged for a year or more1 and1 any suitable time in winter1 the shoots should be bent to the ground1 pegged firmly1 and covered to the depth of three inches with earth4 ,they will be well-rooted by the following autumn1 and may then be removed and planted out permanently4 ,corynostylis1 ,calyptrion4 ,violarie4 ,increased by seeds1 or by cuttings of the young wood1 placed in sand in bottom heat1 under glass4 ,cosmos4 ,composit4 ,seeds1 usually started under glass4 ,the tuberiferous species1 like ,dahlia1 which see4 ,costus4 ,scitamine4 ,increased by dividing the roots4 ,cotoneaster4 ,rosace4 ,propagated readily by seed1 which should be sown in spring2 by layers or cuttings in autumn1 or by grafting on ,c4 vulgaris1 the common quince1 or the hawthorn4 ,cotton 7,gossypium74 ,malvace4 ,seeds commonly4 ,grown as a curiosity under glass2 it may be increased by soft cuttings4 ,cotyledon 7,navelwort74 ,crassulace4 ,increased by seed1 offsets1 cuttings of the stem1 and by leaves4 ,the leaves should be pulled off in autumn1 laid on dry sand in pans on a shelf in a propagating or other warm house1 and not watered until small plants appear at the ends of the leaves4 ,cowslip4 ,see ,primula4 ,crambe4 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seeds1 by dividing the roots and by root-cuttings4 ,see ,sea-kale4 ,cranberry 7,vaccinium macrocarpon74 ,ericace4 ,the cultivated cranberry is propagated entirely by cuttings4 ,these are made from vigorous young runners1 from six to ten inches in length1 and they are thrust obliquely into the soil until only an inch or two of the tip projects4 ,some blunt instrument1 as a stick1 is commonly used to force them into the sand of cranberry bogs4 ,planting is done in the spring1 and the cuttings are taken just previous to the operation4 ,if cranberry seedlings are desired1 the seeds should be sown in flats of peaty earth1 which are stored until spring in some protected place1 in the manner of stratification boxes4 ,the seeds should be covered lightly1 preferably with fine moss4 ,the plants are allowed to grow the first year in the box4 ,crassula4 ,crassulace4 ,seeds2 also by cuttings1 which should be taken off and laid for two or three days in the sun to dry before planting4 ,cratgus 7,haw1 ,hawthorn74 ,rosace4 ,propagated by stratified seeds4 ,some growers spread the haws in shallow piles in the fall1 and allow them to decay1 so that most of the pulp is removed before they are stratified4 ,haws often come irregularly1 even from stratified seeds4 ,the varieties are grafted1 rarely budded1 on common stocks4 ,cress 7,lepidium sativum74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 sown at any time of year4 ,see ,water-,cress4 ,cress1 ,american4 ,see ,barbarea4 ,cress1 ,rock4 ,see ,arabis4 ,crinum4 ,amaryllide4 ,increased by seed1 sown singly as soon as ripe in three or four-inch pots1 in sandy loam and leaf-mould4 ,place in a temperature of from #gj to #hj1 and keep rather dry until the plants appear1 when more moisture should be applied4 ,also increased by offsets1 which should be removed when rather small and potted separately1 and grown as recommended for seedlings4 ,crithmum4 ,umbellifer4 ,propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe1 and by divisions4 ,crocosmia4 ,iride4 ,propagated by seeds sown in pans in a cold house as soon as possible after maturity4 ,also by offsets4 ,crocus4 ,iride4 ,propagated by seed1 sown as soon as ripe or early in spring1 the choicer strains in pots or boxes1 using a light1 sandy soil1 and afterwards placing them in a cold pit or frame2 the more common varieties may be placed in a warm position outside in a seed bed4 ,sow thinly1 so that the plants may grow two years in the seed pan or bed without lifting4 ,by the corms4 ,these may be lifted and replanted1 allowing each in its turn to develop new corms below4 ,the following year new corms1 or cormels1 are also formed by the side of the old corms4 ,these old corms die away annually4 ,some species increase much more rapidly than others4 ,crossandra1 ,harrachia4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by cuttings1 which root freely at almost any time of the year1 in bottom heat4 ,crotalaria 7,rattle-,box74 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds4 ,the shrubby kinds by young cuttings1 which root freely in sand1 under glass1 in a cool house4 ,croton4 ,see ,codium4 ,crowea4 ,rutace4 ,seeds4 ,usually by green cuttings in a frame4 ,crowfoot4 ,see ,ranunculus4 ,crucianella 7,crosswort74 ,rubiace4 ,propagated by seeds1 by divisions during spring or autumn1 and by cuttings4 ,cryptomeria 7,japan ,cedar74 ,conifer4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings of growing wood planted in sandy soil1 under glass4 ,cryptostemma4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown on a gentle hot-bed in early spring4 ,cubeba4 ,see ,piper4 ,cucumber 7,cucumis sativus74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds4 ,if sown out-doors1 the operation should be delayed until the weather is thoroughly settled4 ,cucumber-tree4 ,see ,magnolia4 ,cunninghamia 7,broad-leaved ,china ,fir74 ,conifer4 ,increased by seeds and cuttings of growing wood4 ,cuphea4 ,lythrarie4 ,increased easily by seed2 but cuttings of the perennial sorts strike freely in ,march or ,april1 in brisk bottom heat4 ,cupressus 7,cypress74 ,conifer4 ,seeds may be collected in early spring1 and should be sown in ,april in a warm1 friable soil4 ,cuttings of growing or mature wood1 much as for ,retinospora1 which see4 ,curculigo4 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds2 also by suckers1 which form at the base of the stem4 ,curcuma 7,tumeric74 ,scitamine4 ,increased by root division4 ,currant 7,ribes rubrum1 ,r4 nigrum and ,r4 aureum74 ,saxifrage4 ,new varieties are grown from seeds1 which may be sown in the fall or stratified until spring4 ,varieties are nearly always multiplied by hard-wood cuttings 7,fig4 #di74 ,the cuttings may be taken in spring and placed directly in the ground1 but better results are obtained by taking them in the fall or late summer4 ,many nurserymen prefer to take them in ,august1 strip off the leaves1 and bury them in bunches with the butts up4 ,they may remain in this condition or in a cellar all winter1 or they may be planted in the fall4 ,currant cuttings strike readily1 however1 under any method4 ,some growers cut out the buds which come below the surface of the ground to prevent suckering1 but this is not generally practiced2 the suckers are cut off when the cuttings are removed from the cutting bed1 either to be sold or to be transplanted into nursery rows4 ,green-layering is sometimes practiced with rare sorts1 or single eyes may be used1 as in grapes4 ,tip-layering1 as in the black raspberry1 may also be employed4 7,see page #cc47 ,weak or low sorts are sometimes grafted upon stronger ones1 in order to give them a tree form1 but such bushes are grown only as curiosities or as specimen plants4 ,cussonia4 ,araliace4 ,increased by cuttings1 which should be planted in sand1 under glass4 ,give slight bottom heat4 ,custard ,apple4 ,see ,anona4 ,cyananthus4 ,campanulace4 ,seeds4 ,strong roots may be carefully divided in spring1 but this is not desirable4 ,usually by cuttings1 which should be taken during spring or early summer1 and struck in sandy peat1 being kept moist4 ,cyanophyllum4 ,melastomace4 ,increased by seed4 ,by cuttings or eyes1 which should be placed in sand where a good bottom heat must be maintained1 and they should be shaded from the sun4 ,cyanotis4 ,commelinace4 ,seeds2 usually by young cuttings in sandy soil1 in brisk heat4 ,cycas4 ,cycadace4 ,increased by seed1 and oftener by suckers4 ,cyathea4 ,see ,ferns4 ,cyclamen 7,sowbread74 ,primulace4 ,propagated by seed1 sown when freshly gathered2 the hardy kinds in pots placed in a cool frame4 ,by divisions and leaf cuttings1 taken off with a heel2 but these methods are not very satisfactory4 ,cynoglossum4 ,boragine4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions and root-cuttings4 ,cypella4 ,iride4 ,propagated by seed1 sown as soon as ripe in a cool house1 and by offsets4 ,cyperus4 ,cyperace4 ,propagated either by seed1 sown in gentle heat1 or by divisions4 ,cyphia4 ,campanulace4 ,when the stems begin to push out from the root1 cut off as many of the shoots as are required1 and place them in small pots in an equal mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand in abundance4 ,the young plants should be kept dry until callused1 but not covered with glass4 ,they may also be increased by cuttings1 under a hand-glass in a cool house4 ,cyphomandra 7,tree ,tomato of ,jamaica74 ,solanace4 ,use seeds2 or cuttings may be placed under glass1 in bottom heat4 ,cypress4 ,see ,cupressus4 ,cypripedium 7,lady's ,slipper74 ,orchide4 ,by seeds sometimes4 ,usually by division4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,cyrilla4 ,ericace4 ,propagated by seeds and cuttings4 ,cyrtanthus4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by offsets4 ,cytisus 7,scotch ,broom74 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds and layers4 ,in spring1 cuttings of young wood may be taken when about three inches long 7with a heel preferred71 placed under a bell-glass in heat1 or in a close frame1 where they will root readily4 ,if gradually hardened1 potted and grown on1 small flowering specimens may by obtained the following spring4 ,c4 purpurea is usually grafted on the common laburnum4 ,dacrydium 7,tear ,tree74 ,conifer4 ,increased by fresh seed and ripened cuttings4 ,daffodil4 ,see ,narcissus4 ,dahlia4 ,composit4 ,single varieties1 and sometimes the doubles1 are grown from seeds4 ,the roots may be broken apart after the crowns have started in spring1 and each part grown separately4 ,the roots may be started into growth in heat late in winter1 and the young sprouts may be removed and handled as ordinary cuttings as fast as they form4 ,or rare sorts may be increased during summer by cuttings from the growing tips4 ,cions made of the growing tips may be grafted into the roots by a cleft or side graft4 ,this method is oftenest employed for the purpose of preserving over winter rare sorts which it is feared may be lost4 ,the grafts are kept growing slowly during winter1 and cuttings may be taken from them4 ,cuttings should always have a bud or buds at the base1 and in propagation by division there must be a piece of the crown attached to the root4 ,daisy4 ,see ,bellis4 ,dalbergia4 ,leguminos4 ,place cuttings of firm young shoots in sand under a glass1 in spring4 ,give a little bottom heat4 ,dampiera4 ,goodenovie4 ,divisions4 ,cuttings should be planted in a mixture of turfy loam1 peat and sand1 in heat4 ,dandelion 7,taraxacum officinale74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 in early spring4 ,daphne4 ,thymelace4 ,seeds4 ,for layers1 remove the soil in spring to a depth of two or three inches about the plant1 and fill with fine compost to within two inches of the tops of the shoots4 ,the next spring1 carefully wash away the compost1 and plant the small white buds in pots of fine soil4 ,place in a cool frame4 ,cuttings should be made of matured shoots or side growths in autumn2 insert thinly in well-drained pots of peaty soil1 and cover with a bell-glass4 ,if kept in a cool house in winter they will callus1 and may1 early in spring1 be introduced to gentle heat1 to encourage growth and the emission of roots4 ,pot the young plants singly1 and grow on in a close but not high temperature1 and afterwards harden and keep quite cool during the following autumn and winter1 in order to thoroughly ripen the wood4 ,grafted specimens may be treated in a similar way4 ,d4 odora is propagated by ripened cuttings in a cool house1 in sand4 ,sometimes the old wood can be used4 ,the time is determined by the fitness of the wood4 ,darlingtonia4 ,sarraceniace4 ,increased by seeds and by dividing the plants4 ,seeds may be sown on the surface of well-prepared fibrous soil1 and then covered with dead sphagnum moss1 rubbed through a sieve4 ,give shade4 ,darwinia4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of the young roots4 ,place in a cold-frame4 ,dasylirion4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 suckers and cuttings4 ,date 7,phnix dactylifera74 ,palm4 ,the seeds from commercial dates grow readily1 and without the intervention of stratification4 ,special varieties are propagated by a sort of cutting1 made by removing and rooting the sprouts which appear about the base of the tree4 ,these root readily if taken off green and liberally supplied with water4 ,they often begin to bear in five or six years4 ,date ,palm4 ,see ,phnix4 ,datisca4 ,datisce4 ,may be increased by seeds1 and by dividing well established plants4 ,datura1 including ,brugmansia1 ,ceratocaulis and ,stramonium4 ,solanace4 ,the annual species are propagated by seeds1 which are started under cover in the north4 ,the perennials are readily grown from cuttings in mild heat4 ,heeled shoots are usually preferred4 ,daubenya4 ,liliace4 ,increased by offsets4 ,davallia4 ,filices4 ,propagated largely by division4 ,see ,ferns4 ,daviesia4 ,leguminos4 ,seed may be sown in slight heat in spring4 ,cuttings may be made of firm young shoots1 and placed in sand under a frame4 ,day ,lily4 ,see ,hemerocallis4 ,deciduous ,cypress4 ,see ,taxodium4 ,decumaria4 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings may be made in summer1 and placed under a frame in a shady situation4 ,delphinium 7,larkspur74 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds may be sown out-doors in a warm border in spring1 or in pans1 to be placed either in frames or outside4 ,the old plants of perennial sorts may be cut down after flowering1 when young growths will proceed from the base1 and the whole may be lifted and carefully divided4 ,cuttings of the young shoots1 taken in autumn or spring1 will root freely if potted singly and placed in a cold-frame4 ,they will flower the following season at the same time as the divisions4 ,dendrobium4 ,orchide4 ,the methods of propagating these plants have already been mentioned4 ,where a rapid increase of a new or special variety is required1 the pseudo-bulbs that are more than one year old should be cut into lengths1 and fastened on orchid rafts1 with a layer of sphagnum beneath them4 ,suspend them in a hot1 moist house1 if possible1 over a water-tank4 ,the advantage of this method is that the young plants do not need shifting after they commence rooting on their own account4 ,the section to which ,d4 aggregatum1 ,d4 ,jenkinsii1 ,d4 densiflorum and ,d4 thyrsiflorum belong1 are best propagated by division4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,dentaria 7,toothwort74 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds or divisions4 ,deodar4 ,see ,cedrus4 ,desfontainea4 ,loganiace4 ,cuttings1 placed in a sandy loam1 in a gentle heat4 ,desmodium4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds1 or by cuttings placed under a frame1 in heat4 ,deutzia4 ,saxifrage4 ,commercially1 the species are mostly propagated by green hardened cuttings in summer1 under a frame4 ,hard-wooded cuttings may be taken in autumn1 and be treated in about the same manner as currant cuttings 7see page #eh74 ,the deutzias are also propagated by divisions and layers4 ,some of the dwarf sorts are sometimes forced1 to make cuttings for winter use4 ,dewberry 7,rubus ,canadensis and vars41 and ,rubus trivialis47 ,rosace4 ,seeds are handled in the same manner as blackberry seeds4 ,increased by layers and1 like the blackberry1 by root-cuttings4 ,layers are made by simply covering the decumbent canes at the joints4 ,this is the usual method of multiplication4 ,the tips1 too1 root freely1 as in the black-cap raspberries4 ,dianella4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in gentle heat during spring4 ,by divisions4 ,dianthera4 ,see ,justicia4 ,dianthus4 ,see ,carnation1 ,pink and ,sweet ,william4 ,dicentra1 ,capnorchis1 ,diclytra 7,bleeding ,heart74 ,papaverace4 ,the crowns may be divided in early spring1 or cuttings may be made of the fleshy roots in short lengths1 and placed in sand4 ,the roots should be placed in a compost of sandy loam1 in well-drained pots1 as soon as the foliage dies off1 and transferred to a cold-frame4 ,dichorisandra4 ,commelinace4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions and cuttings4 ,dichosma4 ,see ,agathosma4 ,dicksonia4 ,filices4 ,division mostly4 ,see ,ferns4 ,diclytra4 ,see ,dicentra4 ,dictamnus 7,dittany1 or ,fraxinella74 ,rutace4 ,seeds should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,division is used4 ,dictyosperma4 ,see ,areca4 ,dicyrta4 ,see ,achimenes4 ,didymocarpus4 ,gesnerace4 ,cuttings1 which are obtained from young shoots when commencing growth1 and placed in sandy soil1 in heat4 ,also by seeds4 ,didymosperma4 ,see ,areca4 ,dieffenbachia4 ,see ,caladium4 ,diervilla1 ,weigela4 ,caprifoliace4 ,suckers4 ,cuttings may be made in spring1 summer or autumn4 ,hardened green cuttings1 handled under a frame in summer1 are extensively used by nurserymen4 7,see page #eh47 ,they are sometimes grown from cuttings in winter from forced plants4 ,hard-wood cuttings1 made in winter and planted in spring like the grape1 succeed well4 ,digitalis 7,foxglove74 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds1 sown in spring1 either in-doors or in the open4 ,the common foxglove 7,d4 purpurea7 often self-sows itself4 ,dill 7,arethum graveolens74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds1 in early spring4 ,dillenia1 including ,colbertia4 ,dilleniace4 ,seeds1 which1 however1 are grown with much difficulty4 ,cuttings of half-ripened wood may be placed in sand1 under a frame1 in bottom heat4 ,dimorphotheca4 ,composit4 ,the seeds of the annual sorts should be sown in heat in spring4 ,the perennials are grown from green cuttings4 ,diona4 ,droserace4 ,propagated sometimes by seed2 usually by dividing the plants4 ,dion1 ,platyzamia4 ,cycadace4 ,propagated by seed4 ,dioscorea 7,yam74 ,dioscoreace4 ,the tubers may be divided in autumn or spring1 when not growing4 ,seeds are sometimes used1 so are the tubers which form in the axils by the leaves4 ,stove species can be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood4 ,diosma4 ,rutace4 ,cuttings in sandy peat1 and under a frame placed in very gentle heat1 will soon root4 ,diospyros 7,date ,plum1 ,persimmon74 ,ebenace4 ,seeds are used for the hardy species4 ,also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots4 ,those requiring stove heat strike best from ripened shoots1 placed in sand in a brisk bottom heat during spring4 ,see also ,persimmon4 ,dipcadi1 ,uropetalum4 ,liliace4 ,increased by offsets in spring4 ,diplacus4 ,see ,mimulus4 ,dipladenia4 ,apocynace4 ,in spring1 when the plants commence new growth1 cuttings from the young shoots are made4 ,these1 or single eyes1 should be placed in a mixture of sand and peat1 in good bottom heat4 ,diplazium4 ,see ,ferns4 ,diplothemium4 ,palm4 ,propagation is affected by seeds4 ,dipteracanthus4 ,see ,ruellia4 ,dirca4 ,thymelace4 ,increased by seeds or layers4 ,disa4 ,orchide4 ,d4 grandiflora and others of similar habit are propagated by offsets4 ,these are best taken off about ,december1 and treated like the old plants4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,disocactus4 ,see ,phyllocactus4 ,disporum1 including ,prosartes4 ,liliace4 ,seeds may be used2 or the plant may be divided in spring before active growth commences4 ,dodecatheon1 ,meadia 7,american ,cowslip74 ,primulace4 ,seeds4 ,the crowns may be divided either in spring or autumn4 ,cuttings of the whole root can be effectively used1 the root being torn off the crown1 planted upright1 and of course covered with the sandy soil commonly used in this form of propagation4 ,dog's ,bane4 ,see ,apocynum ,dog's-tooth ,violet4 ,see ,erythronium4 ,dogwood4 ,see ,cornus4 ,dolichos4 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds4 ,sometimes cuttage or layerage is resorted to4 ,dorcoceras4 ,see ,ba4 ,doronicum1 including ,aronicum 7,leopard's ,bane74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds and divisions4 ,dorstenia4 ,urticace4 ,seeds may be sown in a hot-bed in early spring4 ,before active growth commences the plants may be divided4 ,doryanthes4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by suckers placed in small pots4 ,dorycnium1 including ,boujeania4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds4 ,downingia1 ,clintonia4 ,campanulace4 ,seeds should be sown in mild heat in spring4 ,draba1 including ,petrocallis 7,whitlow ,grass74 ,crucifer4 ,the annuals or biennials propagated by seeds sown in spring in the open border4 ,the perennials may be propagated by dividing the crowns4 ,dracna 7,dragon-tree74 ,liliace4 ,rarely grown from seed4 ,layers do not succeed very well4 ,the stems of old plants may be cut up in pieces one or two inches long1 and placed at any season in cocoanut fiber or light soil1 in the bottom heat of a propagating house4 ,the tops of the plants will also strike as cuttings1 and the fleshy base of the stem is sometimes removed and used for propagation4 ,root-cuttings do well in a moderate heat4 7,see ,fig4 #dg47 ,dracocephalum 7,dragon's ,head74 ,labiat4 ,the annuals are grown from seeds1 sown in the open in spring4 ,perennials are increased by dividing the roots1 or by cuttings of the young shoots in spring4 ,dracontium4 ,see ,amorphophallus4 ,dragon's ,head4 ,see ,dracocephalum4 ,dragon-tree4 ,see ,dracna4 ,drimys1 ,wintera4 ,magnoliace4 ,cuttings made of half-ripened shoots should be inserted in a frame4 ,drosera 7,sundew74 ,droserace4 ,seeds1 sown as soon as possible after gathering4 ,d4 binata is increased by cutting roots from strong plants into pieces of one-half or one inch in length1 and placing them on the surface of shallow earthenware pans1 in sandy peat soil1 and covering about one-half inch deep with the same material4 ,they are then placed under a bell-glass1 and transferred to a damp1 warm propagating house4 ,drosophyllum4 ,droserace4 ,propagated by seed4 ,dutchman's ,pipe4 ,see ,aristolochia4 ,duvaua4 ,anacardiace4 ,insert cuttings made of the ripe wood under glass1 in gentle heat4 ,dyckia4 ,bromeliace4 ,propagated by seeds1 suckers and divisions4 ,eccremocarpus 7,calampelis74 ,bignoniace4 ,seeds1 sown in spring1 in a gentle heat4 ,cuttings may be used1 of green or ripe wood4 ,echeveria4 ,see ,cotyledon4 ,echinacea4 ,composit4 ,readily propagated by seeds and division4 ,echinocactus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,echinops1 ,echinanthus 7,globe ,thistle74 ,composit4 ,sow the seeds in spring for the propagation of the biennials1 and divide the perennials early4 ,also by root-cuttings4 ,echium 7,viper's ,bugloss74 ,boragine4 ,the herbaceous species are raised from seeds4 ,also increased by divisions4 ,the shrubby sorts are increased more readily by layers1 but also by cuttings1 placed in sandy soil under glass4 ,edelweiss4 ,see ,leontopodium4 ,edgeworthia4 ,thymelace4 ,cuttings should be inserted in sandy soil1 under glass in spring4 ,edwandria4 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds or cuttings of the young wood4 ,egg-,plant 7,solanum ,melongena74 ,solanace4 ,seeds in heat1 in late winter or spring4 ,cuttings rarely4 ,eglantine4 ,see ,rosa4 ,ehretia4 ,boragine4 ,place cuttings in sandy soil under glass in bottom heat1 in spring4 ,eichhornia4 ,pontederiace4 ,propagation is effected by division in spring2 seeds4 ,elagnus 7,oleaster1 ,wild ,olive1 ,goumi74 ,elagnace4 ,increased by seeds1 layers or cuttings4 ,the named varieties are often grafted on the most vigorous varieties obtainable4 ,imported seeds of some species are apt to be empty4 ,e4 longipes can readily be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood in ,june and ,july1 under glass4 ,elis 7,oil ,palm74 ,palm4 ,seeds are used for propagation4 ,elocarpus1 including ,monocera4 ,tiliace4 ,seeds may be sown in a hot-bed4 ,make cuttings of ripened shoots1 with leaves on1 and place them in sandy soil1 in bottom heat4 ,elder4 ,see ,sambucus4 ,elecampane 7,inula ,helenium74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds in open air in early spring4 ,elliottia4 ,ericace4 ,insert soft wood cuttings in sand under glass4 ,elm4 ,see ,ulmus4 ,elodea4 ,see ,hypericum4 ,empetrum 7,crowberry or ,crakeberry74 ,empetrace4 ,seeds4 ,in summer1 cuttings may be made1 and should be placed in sandy soil under glass4 ,encephalartos4 ,cycadace4 ,increased by seeds4 ,endive 7,cichorium ,endivia74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 either in the open where the plants are to stand1 or under glass4 ,enkianthus4 ,ericace4 ,cuttings made of the ripe wood should be placed under glass during the spring months1 without heat4 ,entelea4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 in sandy soil4 ,eomecon4 ,papaverace4 ,seeds2 also by division4 ,epacris4 ,epacride4 ,grown from tip cuttings in a frame in winter1 with bottom heat4 ,the cuttings root very slowly4 ,ephedra4 ,gnetace4 ,layers may be made from young shoots or branches4 ,epidendrum4 ,orchide4 ,the tall-stemmed section of this genus is increased by cuttings1 the section with short1 thick pseudo-bulbs by division4 ,the former also occasionally produce viviparous flower-scapes1 thus affording a ready means of increase4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,epiga4 ,ericace4 ,increased with great difficulty by careful divisions of established plants1 and by layers4 ,seeds1 when obtainable1 can be used1 but are slow to develop4 ,epilobium 7,willow-herb74 ,onagrarie4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions or root-cuttings4 ,epimedium 7,barrenwort74 ,berberide4 ,sometimes increased by seeds4 ,during ,july or ,august1 divisions of the roots can be made4 ,epiphyllum4 ,cacte4 ,readily grown from cuttings4 ,pieces of the branches four to six inches long are placed in sandy soil in gentle heat1 and kept moderately dry4 ,epiphyllums are often grafted on strong stocks of pereskia 7,pereskia aculeata is commonly used1 but ,p4 ,bleo is equally as good71 for the purpose of getting high or rafter plants4 ,a young shoot is cleft-grafted into any portion of the pereskia which has become hard1 and the cion is held in place by a cactus spine passed through it4 ,several cions may be inserted along the sides of the stock4 ,eranthemum4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings root readily in spring in peaty soil1 in a close frame where there is a bottom heat of about #gj4 ,eranthis 7,winter ,aconite74 ,ranunculace4 ,increased by seeds and division4 ,eremostachys4 ,labiat4 ,may be increased by seeds or division4 ,eremurus4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds and divisions4 ,erica 7,heath74 ,ericace4 ,will grow from seeds1 but these are used generally to secure new varieties4 ,commonly propagated by very short cuttings1 taken from the tips1 or made of the lower young growth4 ,carefully remove the leaves from the lower parts of the cutting1 which should be about one inch long1 and then insert rather closely in pots1 which should be filled two-thirds with crocks1 the remainder being fine sandy peat with a layer of clean1 compact sand on the surface4 ,cover with glass4 ,water well1 and place in a temperature of about #fj4 ,erigeron1 including ,phalacroloma1 ,polyactidium4 ,composit4 ,readily increased by seeds or divisions4 ,erinus4 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,after becoming established1 they propagate themselves by seed4 ,eriobotrya4 ,see ,photinia4 ,eriodendron4 ,malvace4 ,raised from seeds sown in sandy soil1 in heat4 ,eriogonum4 ,polygonace4 ,may be increased by seed or division4 ,eriosema4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds or cuttings4 ,eriostemon4 ,rutace4 ,cuttings1 in sandy peat in spring1 under glass1 and with gentle heat4 ,nurserymen propagate by grafting on small stocks of correa4 ,erodium 7,heron's ,bill74 ,geraniace4 ,propagation is effected by seeds or divisions4 ,erpetion 7,australian ,violet74 ,violarie4 ,propagated by seeds2 also by division and cuttings4 ,eryngium 7,eryngo74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds or carefully made divisions may be used for increasing the species4 ,erysimum 7,hedge ,mustard74 ,crucifer4 ,increased by seeds2 the perennials by seeds and divisions4 ,erythra1 ,gyrandra1 ,hippocentaurea 7,centaury74 ,gentiane4 ,propagated by seeds or divisions4 ,erythrina 7,coral-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds4 ,young shoots can be taken in spring or early summer with a heel1 and placed in sandy soil1 on a slight bottom heat4 ,erythronium 7,dog's-tooth ,violet74 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,offsets or bulbels are usually employed1 taken as soon as the leaves dry away after flowering1 inserting the bulbels about three inches deep4 ,erythroxylon1 including ,sethia4 ,line4 ,place cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a glass1 in heat4 ,escallonia4 ,saxifrage4 ,suckers1 layers4 ,cuttings of half-ripened wood strike in sand1 when covered with glass4 ,also by seeds4 ,escheria4 ,see ,gloxinia4 ,eschscholtzia1 ,chryseis 7,california ,poppy74 ,papaverace4 ,seeds may be sown in spring or autumn where the plants are to flower4 ,eucalyptus 7,gum-tree74 ,myrtace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown thinly in pans or pots of light1 sandy soil1 and placed in frames4 ,also by cuttings4 ,eucharis4 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in a warm house4 ,offsets or bulbels should be removed and potted off singly4 ,eucomis4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown as soon as ripe1 or by bulbels4 ,eucryphia4 ,rosace4 ,the cuttings of young shoots are planted in sand under glass4 ,eugenia4 ,see ,myrtus4 ,eulalia4 ,gramine4 ,freely increased by seed or division4 ,euonymus 7,burning-bush1 ,strawberry-tree1 ,wahoo74 ,celastrine4 ,grown from seeds1 cuttings and layers4 ,cuttings usually make better plants than layers4 ,the deciduous species are usually grown from hard-wood cuttings1 but the evergreen kinds are started under glass1 from cuttings of the growing or ripened wood4 ,the small and weak kinds are grafted on the stronger ones4 ,the evergreen species will grow upon the deciduous kinds4 ,eupatorium4 ,composit4 ,cuttings of the growing wood1 under glass in early spring1 is the common method of propagation4 ,seeds can also be used for some species4 ,euphorbia1 including ,poinsettia 7,spurge74 ,euphorbiace4 ,by seeds1 especially the annual species4 ,the perennial shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings in a strong heat4 ,some species are propagated by divisions4 ,eurya4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,propagated by soft cuttings1 inserted in sand under a glass in heat4 ,eurycles4 ,amaryllide4 ,offsets or bulbels1 in spring4 ,eurybia4 ,see ,olearia4 ,eustylis4 ,see ,nemastylis4 ,euterpe4 ,palm4 ,seeds in heat4 ,eutoca4 ,see ,phacelia4 ,evening ,primrose4 ,see nothera4 ,exacum4 ,gentiane4 ,seeds should be sown in spring1 in bottom heat4 ,exochorda4 ,rosace4 ,grown from seeds1 layers1 cuttings and suckers4 ,seeds are difficult to procure4 ,layering in ,june is a common practice4 ,various kinds of cuttings are employed1 but the best results follow short1 soft cuttings1 taken from forced plants and set deep in shallow flats of sand4 ,they require a very strong bottom heat1 a close frame1 and the water should be applied in a spray upon the foliage4 ,cuttings are sometimes grafted upon pieces of roots4 ,it is regarded as a difficult plant to propagate4 ,fabiana4 ,solanace4 ,readily increased by seeds and cuttings4 ,fagus 7,beech74 ,cupulifer4 ,commonly grown from the nuts1 which should be stratified and sown very early in spring4 ,they may be sown immediately after they are gathered1 if they can be protected from vermin4 ,the named varieties are grafted upon the ,european or ,american species4 ,fair ,maids of ,france4 ,see ,ranunculus4 ,fan-palm4 ,see ,livistona4 ,farfugium4 ,see ,senecio4 ,fedia4 ,see ,patrinia4 ,felicia4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil1 under a glass4 ,fennel 7,fniculum1 various species74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds1 usually in spring4 ,fennel ,flower4 ,see ,nigella4 ,fenugreek 7,trigonella ,fnum-,grcum74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,fenzlia4 ,see ,gilia4 ,ferns4 ,filices4 ,where division is possible1 it is the easiest and most economical method of propagation1 and should be practiced just before the plant starts into growth4 ,the spores can be sown in ,february and ,march1 or earlier1 under glass in a warm propagating pit4 ,partly fill a suitable sized pot or pan with coarse peat1 giving plenty of drainage2 make the surface level1 and on this place three-quarter inch cubes of well-seasoned peat which is rather dry1 watering the whole and scattering on the spores evenly4 ,cover with a pane of glass1 and place in a partial shade4 ,while the process which corresponds to germination is going on1 great care must be given to the water supply4 ,this is sometimes done by placing the pots or pans in a saucer1 from which they can suck the water up4 ,overhead watering may be used1 and often is1 but will sometimes introduce worms and the like4 ,the young plants should be pricked out when the true leaf appears1 and they are large enough to handle4 ,the same careful treatment should be continued until they are established in pots4 ,there is not much difficulty in getting the young plants1 if fresh spores are obtainable1 but there is a good deal of trouble in handling the seedlings1 and establishing them in their growing quarters4 ,most ferns are readily propagated by means of spores1 as directed above and on page #bd4 ,some species rarely produce spores in cultivation1 however1 and in other cases1 as in some tree ferns1 it is almost impossible to rear the young plants after the spores have germinated4 ,in all such cases1 recourse must be had to separation1 division or layerage4 ,there are some species1 as ,asplenium bulbiferum1 ,cystopteris bulbifera and others1 which bear small bulblets or detachable buds on their fronds4 ,these buds often vegetate while still attached to the frond4 ,they may be removed either before or after showing signs of vegetation1 and set in pots in a close propagating frame1 or under a bell-glass4 ,ferns which make broad crowns may be divided1 and this is the common mode with many species4 ,some species produce creeping root-stocks1 which emit roots if pegged down into a pot of soil or on a block of peat4 ,several plants can often be produced from such a layer4 ,all these operations are best performed in late winter1 before the new growth begins4 ,the tree ferns are rarely propagated to any extent in cultivation1 but young plants are imported from their native countries4 ,fern1 ,sweet4 ,see ,comptonia4 ,ferraria1 ,tigridia4 ,iride4 ,propagated by means of seeds and bulbels4 ,feverfew4 ,see ,chrysanthemum4 ,ficus4 ,urticace4 ,the greenhouse species are propagated by layers and cuttings4 ,the cuttings are handled in a close frame1 and a leaf or two is usually left on them4 ,for ,ficus ,carica1 see ,fig4 ,propagation by seeds is sometimes used in the edible figs1 but is not easy with the ornamental sorts4 ,f4 elastica1 ,f4 ,indica1 etc41 are increased by cuttings1 planted in sand or sandy soil1 and placed in good bottom heat1 in a frame under glass4 ,the large cuttings should be staked1 and care must be taken to remove the milky juice before planting4 ,any winter month is good1 before growth begins4 ,last season's wood should be used4 ,fig 7,ficus ,carica74 ,urticace4 ,figs grow readily from the plump seeds in the commercial fruit4 ,wash out the seeds1 and those that sink may be sown in a frame4 ,the young plants will appear in three or four weeks4 ,in from three to five years the plants will begin to bear4 ,new varieties are obtained in this way4 ,varieties of the fig are multiplied with ease by layers1 suckers and cuttings4 ,make cuttings of mature wood in autumn1 cutting just below a bud4 ,scarce varieties may be multiplied by single eye cuttings4 ,fig cuttings are handled in the same way as grape cuttings4 ,some prefer1 however1 to place the cuttings where the tree is to stand4 ,a well-grown plant will bear at two or three years of age4 ,the fig is readily budded and grafted1 but these methods are seldom employed1 because the plant is so easily multiplied by cuttings4 ,shield1 ring or tubular buddings are employed4 ,various methods of grafting are adapted to it1 and cleft-grafting is usually employed on old plants4 ,filbert44 ,see ,corylus4 ,fir4 ,see ,abies1 ,pinus and ,picea4 ,fire-pink4 ,see ,silene4 ,fittonia4 ,acanthace4 ,increased by division1 and by cuttings of half-ripened shoots1 planted in sandy loam1 in bottom heat4 ,fitzroya4 ,conifer4 ,seeds4 ,increased also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots ,flax4 ,see ,linum4 ,flower-de-,luce 7,fleur-de-,lis74 ,see ,iris4 ,fontanesia4 ,oleace4 ,layers are used2 also cuttings1 planted under a hand-glass in autumn4 ,or it may be grafted on the privet4 ,forget-me-not4 ,see ,myosotis4 ,forsythia 7,golden ,bell74 ,oleace4 ,propagated extensively by green cuttings in summer1 in a frame2 also grown from ripe cuttings taken in fall and winter1 and planted in the open air in early spring4 ,fothergilla4 ,hamamelide4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown in spring in a peaty soil2 by layers4 ,four-o'clock4 ,see ,mirabilis4 ,foxglove4 ,see ,digitalis4 ,fragaria4 ,see ,strawberry4 ,franciscea4 ,see ,brunfelsia4 ,francoa4 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds1 sown in early spring in a cool frame4 ,also by division4 ,frangula4 ,see ,rhamnus4 ,frankenia1 including ,beatsonia1 ,hypericopsis4 ,frankeniace4 ,increased by seeds and divisions4 ,fraxinella4 ,see ,dictamnus4 ,fraxinus 7,ash74 ,oleace4 ,propagated chiefly by seeds1 which should be stratified4 ,the named sorts are budded upon seedling stocks if the sorts are upright growers1 or top-grafted if they are weepers4 ,both the ,european and ,american species are used for stocks4 ,freesia4 ,iride4 ,increased readily by seed1 sown as soon as ripe in pots of light1 sandy soil1 and placed in a sunny position1 in a cool frame4 ,by bulbels4 ,fremontia4 ,malvace4 ,seeds may be used2 or cuttings1 in spring1 may be struck under a hand-glass4 ,french ,bean 7,varieties of ,phaseolus vulgaris and ,p4 nanus74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,freycinetia4 ,pandane4 ,increased by offsets4 ,fringe-tree4 ,see ,chionanthus4 ,fritillaria4 ,liliace4 ,seeds1 sown as soon as ripe where the plants are to stand the first year4 ,bulbels and division4 ,fuchsia 7,ladies' ,ear ,drop74 ,onagrari4 ,fuchsias grow readily from seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe1 and blooming plants ought to be obtained in eight or ten months4 ,cuttings of the young growth strike quickly and easily4 ,blooming plants of most sorts can be obtained in four or five months4 ,fumaria 7,fumitory74 ,papaverace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,funkia1 ,hosta 7,plantain ,lily1 ,white ,day ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagation is effected by dividing the stools during the early autumn1 or when they begin to start in spring4 ,only strong1 healthy clumps should be divided1 and each portion should contain several crowns4 ,furze4 ,see ,ulex4 ,gaillardia4 ,composit4 ,the annual sorts are propagated by seeds started under glass2 the perennial kinds by seeds1 cuttings or division4 ,sometimes root-cuttings are used4 ,galanthus 7,snowdrop74 ,amaryllide4 ,commonly by bulbels4 ,rarely by seeds4 ,galax1 ,erythrorhiza1 ,solonandra4 ,diapensiace4 ,propagated by divisions of strong clumps in autumn4 ,galega 7,goat's ,rue74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 in spring2 also by division4 ,galtonia4 ,liliace4 ,increased by bulbels or seeds4 ,garcinia1 ,cambogia1 ,mangostana1 ,oxycarpus4 ,guttifer4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of ripened shoots should be inserted in sand under a glass1 in strong bottom heat4 ,gardenia1 including ,rothmannia4 ,rubiace4 ,strong1 healthy cuttings may be taken with a heel1 early in the year being the best time1 but any season will do when suitable cuttings can be secured4 ,they should be placed in bottom heat of about #ge1 in a frame4 ,garlic 7,allium sativum74 ,liliace4 ,by cloves or divisions of the bulb4 ,in the north these are planted in the spring1 but in warm climates they may be planted in the fall4 ,garrya1 including ,fadyenia4 ,cornace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sandy loam in ,august1 and shaded until rooted4 ,also by budding on ,aucuba ,japonica at the crown4 ,plant sufficiently deep to cover the bud or graft4 ,gasteria4 ,see ,aloe4 ,gaultheria 7,boyberry1 ,wintergreen74 ,ericace4 ,increased by seeds1 divisions1 layers and cuttings under glass4 ,gaura4 ,onagrarie4 ,seeds should be sown in spring or fall in the open ground4 ,gaylussacia4 ,see ,vaccinium4 ,gazania1 ,mhnia1 ,mussinia4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds and divisions4 ,make cuttings in ,july or ,august1 from the side shoots near the base of the plant2 these should be placed in a sandy soil1 in a frame4 ,gelsemium1 ,leptopteris1 ,medicia4 ,loganiace4 ,propagated by cuttings under glass4 ,genista4 ,see ,cytisus4 ,gentiana 7,gentian74 ,gentiane4 ,seeds and division4 ,the seeds germinate slowly1 and often with difficulty4 ,they often lie dormant a year or more4 ,they should be sown in well-sifted light loam1 in pans or flats1 and kept cool and shaded4 ,division must be carefully done1 or the plants will suffer4 ,geonoma4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds and suckers4 ,geranium4 ,geraniace4 ,mostly by seeds and divisions4 ,for the conservatory plants known as geraniums1 see ,pelargonium4 ,gerardia4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated1 but often with difficulty1 by seeds1 sown in the open air or in a frame or cool house4 ,gesnera4 ,gesnerace4 ,seeds1 and cuttings of the shoots and leaves4 ,handled in essentially the same manner as ,gloxinia1 which see4 ,gethyllis4 ,amaryllide4 ,they may be increased by bulbels or seeds4 ,geum1 including ,sieversia 7,avens74 ,rosace4 ,gherkin4 ,see ,cucumber4 ,propagation is effected by seeds or division4 ,gilia1 including ,fenzlia4 ,polemoniace4 ,seeds should be sown in spring in the open ground or frame1 in a rather light soil4 ,gilibertia4 ,araliace4 ,cuttings1 inserted in sand in a gentle heat4 ,gillenia4 ,rosace4 ,increased readily by dividing the roots in spring2 also by seeds4 ,gilliesia4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by bulbels4 ,gilliflower4 ,see ,matthiola4 ,ginkgo1 ,salisburia 7,maidenhair-tree74 ,conifer4 ,seeds1 which are mostly imported1 and which should be stratified4 ,also by layers1 and by cuttings of either green or ripe wood4 ,the cuttings are handled under glass4 ,named varieties are grafted upon common stocks4 ,ginseng4 ,see ,aralia4 ,gladiolus4 ,iride4 ,seeds1 which are commonly sown in pans in spring1 in the house2 or they may be sown in the border4 ,seedlings flower in two or three years4 ,the common method of propagation is by means of cormels 7see page #bi1 and ,fig4 #af74 ,these are removed from the parent corm and planted in the open1 where some of them will flower the same season1 although most of them will require a season's independent growth before they flower4 ,if cormels are desired in abundance1 the large corms should not be allowed to flower4 ,some varieties do not produce cormels readily1 and these may be made to bear them by cutting or ringing 7page #cj74 ,a new corm is formed above the old one each year 7,fig4 #af74 ,glastonbury-thorn4 ,see ,cratgus4 ,gleditschia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds should be sown in spring about one inch deep4 ,they should be soaked in hot water before being sown4 ,varieties propagated by grafts upon seedling stock4 ,gleichenia4 ,see ,ferns4 ,globe ,flower4 ,see ,trollius4 ,globularia4 ,selagine4 ,propagated by seeds1 division or cuttings4 ,gloriosa1 ,clynostylis1 ,methonica4 ,liliace4 ,seeds should be inserted singly in small pots1 in a light sandy soil1 and plunged in bottom heat4 ,bulbels1 which should be carefully removed from the old bulbs when starting them in spring1 as the roots are very brittle4 ,gloxinia1 ,escheria1 ,salisia4 ,gesnerace4 ,seeds should be sown the latter part of winter1 in well-drained pots or small pans of finely sifted soil1 of peat1 leaf-mould and sand in about equal proportions4 ,the seeds should be sown thinly and covered slightly1 then carefully watered1 and placed in a temperature of about #gj and kept shaded4 ,cuttings of the shoots may be taken when the old tubers are starting in spring1 and placed in a close propagating frame4 ,leaf-cuttings1 with a small portion of the petiole attached1 give excellent results1 especially when the leaves are firm and nearly matured4 ,leaf cuttings are made in the various ways in which begonia leaf-cuttings are made 7see pp4 #fj-gb1 ,figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,also grafted 7see page #hh74 ,glycine4 ,see ,wistaria4 ,glycosmis4 ,rutace4 ,seeds4 ,increased by cuttings1 which are commonly inserted in sand under glass1 often in heat4 ,glycyrrhiza1 including ,liquiritia 7,liquorice74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by division and by seeds4 ,godetia4 ,see nothera4 ,golden ,rod4 ,see ,solidago4 ,goldfussia4 ,see ,strobilanthus4 ,gomphia 7,button ,flower74 ,ochnace4 ,cuttings of firm young shoots should be placed in sand under glass1 in heat4 ,gomphocarpus4 ,asclepiade4 ,seeds should be sown under glass in spring2 or cuttings may be made of small side shoots when the plant is commencing new growth1 and placed in sand under glass4 ,gompholobium4 ,leguminos4 ,cuttings1 which should be made of young shoots during spring1 and placed under glass4 ,gomphrena4 ,see ,celosia4 ,gonolobus4 ,asclepiade4 ,seeds1 divisions1 and cuttings under glass4 ,goodenia4 ,goodenovie4 ,seed4 ,during spring1 cuttings will root freely if placed under glass4 ,goodia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds may be used4 ,cuttings of young shoots may be made during spring1 and placed in a frame4 ,gooseberry 7,ribes ,grossularia and ,r4 oxyacanthoides74 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds1 for the raising of new varieties1 should be sown as soon as well cured1 in loamy or sandy soil1 or they may be stratified and sown together with the sand in the spring4 ,cuttings six to eight inches long of the mature wood1 inserted two-thirds their length1 usually grow readily1 especially if taken in ,august or ,september and stored during winter1 in the same way as currant cuttings4 ,single eye cuttings may be used for rare kinds4 ,stronger plants are usually obtained by layers1 and the ,english varieties are nearly always layered in this country4 ,mound-layering is usually employed1 the ,english varieties being allowed to remain in layerage two years1 but the ,american varieties only one 7,fig4 #ba74 ,layered plants are usually set in nursery rows for a year after removal from the stools4 ,green-layering during summer is sometimes practiced for new or rare varieties4 ,strong plants may also be procured by tip-layering1 as in the black raspberry 7see p4 #cc74 ,if it is desired to train the weaker gooseberries in tree form1 they may be grafted upon the stronger-growing varieties4 ,gordonia1 including ,polyspora4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,propagated by seeds or layers4 ,gorse4 ,see ,ulex4 ,goumi4 ,see ,elagnus4 ,gourds 7,cucurbita ,pepo1 ,lagenaria1 etc474 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 after the weather is settled and ground is warm4 ,grammanthes4 ,crassulace4 ,seeds1 sown in spring in a warm house4 ,granadilla 7,passiflora edulis1 etc474 ,passiflore4 ,propagated by seeds1 or1 less easily1 by cuttings4 ,grape 7,vitis1 several species74 ,vitace4 ,grape seedlings are very easily grown4 ,if the ground is fit and there is no danger from vermin1 the seeds may be sown in the fall1 but they are usually stratified and sown in spring4 ,they come readily if sown out-doors1 but some prefer to force them under glass with a mild bottom heat4 ,seedlings do not come true1 and they are therefore grown only for the purpose of obtaining new sorts4 ,the grape is very readily multiplied by layers1 either of the ripe or green-wood4 ,the ripe wood or canes may be layered either in fall or spring1 but spring is usually chosen4 ,the cane is simply covered up two or three inches deep1 and nearly every bud will produce a plant4 ,in ,august or ,september the layer should be lifted and cut up into plants4 ,better plants are obtained if only the strongest canes are used and only a part of the buds on each are allowed to grow4 ,the cane is usually cut back to four or five buds1 or if very strong plants are desired only one bud is left on each layer4 ,canes of the previous year1 those recently matured1 are preferred1 although wood two or three years old may be used1 but in this case it is usually necessary to cut or otherwise wound the joint in order to induce the formation of roots4 ,vines or stools grown for the production of layers should be cut back severely in fall or winter1 to induce a vigorous growth of canes the following season4 ,these canes are then layered the succeeding fall or spring4 ,only a part of the canes are layered from any stool1 a part being allowed to grow for cutting back the next fall in order to get another crop of canes4 ,in some varieties which do not strike readily from cuttings1 layering is considerably practiced by nurserymen4 ,the ,delaware is often grown in this way4 ,extra strong layers can be secured by layering in pots4 ,a large pot1 filled with rich soil1 is plunged beneath the layer4 ,in this manner a layer may be rooted and separated even while carrying fruit4 ,layering in pots is employed only in special cases4 ,green-layering is sometimes practiced upon new and scarce varieties1 but strong plants are not obtained unless they are well handled by forceful culture after they are separated4 ,the growing cane is layered in mid-summer1 usually by serpentine layering4 ,cuttings are usually employed by nurserymen to propagate the grape4 ,these are made in many fashions4 ,in all ordinary cases hard-wood cuttings are made from the ripened canes in autumn or winter when the vines are pruned4 ,it is advisable to take the cuttings before the canes have been exposed to great cold4 ,select only those canes which are well-matured1 solid and rather short-jointed4 ,in common practice1 the cuttings are cut into two-bud length1 the lower cut being made close to the bud4 ,the cuttings will range from six to ten inches in length4 ,some prefer three-bud cuttings 7,fig4 #dc71 but unless the cane is very short-jointed such cuttings are too long to be planted and handled economically4 ,three-bud cuttings usually give stronger plants the first season because roots start from both joints as a rule4 ,very strong plants are obtained from mallet cuttings 7,fig4 #de71 but as only one such cutting can be made from a cane1 unless the cane bears very strong branches1 they are not much used4 ,various methods of peeling1 slitting and slicing cuttings are recommended1 in order to extend the callusing process but they are not used in common or commercial practice4 ,the cuttings are tied in bundles of #ej or #ajj1 and stored in sand1 moss1 or sawdust in a cellar1 until spring1 when they are planted in rows in the open4 ,some varieties1 of which the ,delaware is an example1 do not strike readily from cuttings4 ,some growers start common cuttings of these under glass in spring4 ,others bury the bundles of cuttings in a warm exposure in the fall1 with the butt ends up and about level with the surface of the ground4 ,this affords bottom heat to the butts and induces callusing4 ,at the approach of cold weather the cuttings are removed to a cellar1 or are heavily mulched and allowed to remain where buried4 ,storing is safer4 ,some growers obtain the same results by burying upside down in a cellar4 ,these slow-rooting sorts often start well if they are simply kept in a warm cellar--but where the buds will not swell--all winter1 as the callusing is then hastened4 ,at the end of the first season the plants may be transplanted4 ,the plants are often sold at this age1 but buyers usually prefer two-year-old plants4 ,single bud or eye cuttings are largely used for the newer and rarer varieties4 ,these are cut from the canes in the fall1 the same as long cuttings1 and are stored in boxes of sand or moss4 ,a month before the weather becomes settled1 these boxes may be taken into a house or greenhouse1 or put in a mild hot-bed1 to induce the formation of the callus4 ,they may then be planted out-doors1 and a fair proportion of most varieties may be expected to grow4 ,the best and commonest way of handling eyes1 however1 is to start them under glass4 ,they are planted horizontally or nearly so and about an inch deep in sand or sandy earth in a cool greenhouse in late winter--in ,february in the northern states--and in about six weeks the plants will be large enough to pot off or to transplant into cold-frames or a cool house4 ,if only a few plants are to be grown they may be started in pots4 ,when the weather is thoroughly settled1 they are transferred to nursery rows1 and by fall they will make fine plants4 ,there are various ways recommended for the cutting of these eyes--as cutting the ends obliquely up or down1 shaving off the bark below the bud1 and so on--but the advantages of these fashions are imaginary4 ,a good eye-cutting is shown in ,fig4 #ej4 ,the foreign grapes are propagated by eyes in the north4 ,soft cuttings are sometimes used to multiply new kinds4 ,these may be taken in summer from the growing canes1 but the plants are usually forced during winter for the purpose of giving extra wood4 ,cuttings are taken off as fast as buds form during the winter1 and they are forced in close frames with a good bottom heat4 ,the cuttings may comprise two buds1 with the leaf at the upper one allowed to remain1 or they may bear but a single eye1 in which case the leaf1 or the most of it1 is left on4 ,this rapid multiplication from small1 soft wood usually gives poor plants2 but strong plants may be obtained by allowing the wood to become well hardened before it is used4 ,soft cuttings will root in two or three weeks under good treatment4 ,in order to secure extra strong plants from single buds1 the eyes may be saddle-grafted or whip-grafted upon a root two or three inches long4 ,the root-grafts are then treated in the same way as eye cuttings1 only that they are usually grown in pots from the start4 ,the vine may be grafted with ease by any method4 ,cleft-grafting is commonly employed upon old plants4 ,the cions are inserted on the crown of the plant1 three or four inches below the surface of the ground4 ,the cleft is bound with string and then covered with earth1 no wax being necessary4 ,young plants are usually whip-grafted at the crown1 either in-doors or out-doors4 ,grafting the vine is mostly confined to ,europe1 ,california1 and other countries where the ,european grape 7,vitis vinifera7 is grown1 as that species must be grafted upon some other stock in order to resist the phylloxera4 ,the common wild frost-grape 7,vitis riparia7 is the most popular stock4 ,the union in these cases must be two or three inches above the ground1 to prevent the cion from taking root4 ,the union is wound with waxed muslin1 and the earth is heaped about it until it has healed4 ,grafting may be done out-doors in winter or spring4 ,in the north1 winter grafts are likely to be heaved by frosts1 and late spring grafts1 made as the leaves are pushing1 are probably best4 ,the vine is frequently inarched1 and early in spring it can be budded by ordinary methods4 ,seed-grafting is a curious practice1 which may be applied to the grape 7see page #ij74 ,grape ,hyacinth4 ,see ,muscari4 ,graptophyllum1 ,earlia4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds4 ,increased by cuttings of rather firm young shoots placed in a frame with some heat4 ,gratiola1 ,sophronanthe 7,hedge ,hyssop74 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds4 ,propagated readily by dividing the roots in spring4 ,grevillea4 ,proteace4 ,propagated by seeds1 sown under glass in ,february2 also by cuttings of half-ripened wood4 ,grewia1 ,chadara1 ,mallococca4 ,tiliace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings may be struck in sand under glass1 with heat4 ,grindelia4 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown in the border or under a frame4 ,divisions4 ,cuttings4 ,ground-,cherry4 ,see ,physalis4 ,ground-,nut4 ,see ,apios2 also ,pea-nut4 ,groundsel4 ,see ,senecio4 ,guaiacum4 ,zygophylle4 ,ripened cuttings in spring1 under a hand-glass1 in heat4 ,guava 7,psidium1 several species74 ,myrtace4 ,the guavas grow readily from seeds1 and plants will often bloom when a year and a half old4 ,they may also be multiplied by layers1 and by cuttings either under glass or in the open4 ,guelder ,rose4 ,see ,viburnum4 ,guernsey ,lily4 ,see ,nerine4 ,gumbo4 ,see ,hibiscus4 ,gum1 ,sweet4 ,see ,liquidambar4 ,gum-tree4 ,see ,eucalyptus4 ,gunnera4 ,halorage4 ,propagated by division4 ,it is very difficult to raise from seed4 ,gustavia1 ,pirigara4 ,myrtace4 ,cuttings1 made of ripened shoots and handled in a frame4 ,gymnema4 ,asclepiade4 ,make cuttings of firm side shoots in spring1 and place in a frame4 ,gymnocladus 7,kentucky ,coffee-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,readily increased by seeds1 which start better if soaked for a few hours in hot water4 ,also by root-cuttings4 ,gymnogramme4 ,see ,ferns4 ,gymnyostachys4 ,aroide4 ,propagation is effected by suckers and divisions4 ,gynerium 7,pampas ,grass74 ,gramine4 ,seeds1 under glass in the north4 ,also increased by dividing the tufts4 ,gynura4 ,composit4 ,increased by cuttings and seeds4 ,gypsophila4 ,caryophylle4 ,propagated by seeds1 division or cuttings4 ,habranthus4 ,see ,zephyranthes4 ,habrothamnus4 ,see ,cestrum4 ,hackberry4 ,see ,celtis4 ,hmanthus 7,blood ,flower74 ,amaryllide4 ,bulbels1 which should be removed and potted when the plants are commencing new growth1 and be kept in a close pit or house till established4 ,seeds are rarely used4 ,hmodorum 7,australian ,blood-root74 ,hmodorace4 ,increased by dividing the roots in spring4 ,hakea1 ,conchium4 ,proteace4 ,well-ripened cuttings1 placed in sandy peat under glass1 in a cool house4 ,seeds1 when obtainable1 can be used4 ,halesia1 ,pterostyrax 7,silver-bell or ,snowdrop ,tree74 ,styracace4 ,seeds1 which rarely germinate till the second year4 ,they should be kept constantly moist4 ,propagation is also effected by layers1 or by cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn4 ,layers are commonly employed in this country4 ,halimodendron 7,salt-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,freely increased by seeds1 layers or cuttings4 ,may also be grafted on common laburnum4 ,hamamelis 7,witch-hazel74 ,hamamelide4 ,all grow from seeds or layers1 and the ,japan species succeed if grafted on ,american species in the greenhouse4 ,h4 ,virginica may be readily propagated by layers4 ,hamelia4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings which are nearly ripe will root during the early part of summer under glass1 with heat4 ,hamiltonia1 ,spermadictyon4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,half-ripened cuttings1 placed in sand under glass4 ,hardenbergia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds may be used2 also increased by divisions4 ,cuttings1 made of the firm young side shoots in spring1 will grow if inserted under a bell-glass1 and placed in a warm frame or pit1 without bottom heat4 ,hardwickia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by ripened cuttings in sand1 in a strong heat4 ,harebell4 ,see ,campanula4 ,hatchet ,cactus4 ,see ,pelecyphora4 ,haw1 ,hawthorn4 ,see ,cratgus4 ,hazel4 ,see ,corylus4 ,heartsease4 ,see ,viola4 ,heath4 ,see ,erica4 ,heather4 ,see ,calluna4 ,hedera 7,ivy74 ,araliace4 ,seeds4 ,layers4 ,the rooted portions of the vine may be severed and treated as independent plants4 ,cuttings may be made in autumn from any firm shoots1 and inserted in pots or in the open ground4 ,if they are placed in heat and kept shaded until roots are formed1 good plants are obtained much sooner than when placed in a cold-frame or in the open air4 ,named varieties are grafted on the stock of any common strong climbing form4 ,hedychium 7,indian ,garland ,flower74 ,scitamine4 ,seeds1 rarely4 ,increased by dividing the rhizomes in spring1 when the plants are repotted4 ,hedysarum4 ,leguminos4 ,propagation is effected by means of seeds and division4 ,helenium4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds or divisions4 ,helianthemum1 including ,fumana 7,rock-,rose1 ,sun-,rose74 ,cistine4 ,the annuals are raised from seeds4 ,the perennials may also be raised from seeds1 but it is better to trust to layers and to cuttings1 which will root freely in a sandy soil1 if kept shaded until established4 ,helianthus1 including ,harpalium 7,sunflower74 ,composit4 ,by seeds1 which may be sown in pots1 and the seedlings transferred1 or in the open ground in spring4 ,also divisions4 ,helichrysum1 ,elichrysum 7,everlastings74 ,composit4 ,the annual species and the varieties of ,h4 bracteatum may be raised from seed1 sown in a light heat in early spring1 and afterwards transplanted2 or sown in the open ground a little later4 ,the perennial species are increased by cuttings in spring1 in a close frame without heat4 ,heliconia4 ,scitamine4 ,may be increased by seeds1 but the best method is by division of the root stock in spring when growth commences4 ,separate pieces may be placed in pots1 and grown in a moist stove temperature1 repotting when necessary2 or they may be planted out in the stove1 if desired4 ,heliotropium 7,heliotrope74 ,boragine4 ,seeds4 ,the common practice is to use cuttings4 ,these can be taken at almost any season1 if good growing shoots are to be had4 ,they start readily in sand or soil on a cutting bench1 or under a frame4 ,plants for bedding are struck in late winter from stocks which are in a vigorous condition4 ,helipterum1 including ,astelma1 ,rhodanthe4 ,composit4 ,seeds may be sown in early spring1 under cover4 ,helleborus 7,black ,hellebore1 ,christmas ,rose74 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds may be sown as soon as ripe4 ,strong and healthy root divisions are also employed4 ,helonias4 ,liliace4 ,propagation is effected by seeds1 and slowly by root divisions4 ,hemerocallis 7,day ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,increased by divisions4 ,h4 ,middendorfii and some others by seed4 ,hemlock ,spruce4 ,see ,tsuga4 ,hemp4 ,see ,cannabis4 ,hepatica4 ,ranunculace4 ,can be propagated by division2 also by seeds4 ,heracleum 7,cow ,parsley1 ,cow ,parsnip74 ,umbellifer4 ,readily increased by seeds or divisions4 ,herbertia4 ,iride4 ,propagated by means of seeds or bulbels4 ,herb-,robert4 ,see ,geranium4 ,hesperis 7,dame's ,violet1 ,rocket74 ,crucifer4 ,the single sorts are increased by seeds2 the double forms by carefully dividing the roots1 or by cuttings4 ,heterocentron4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by cuttings4 ,heuchera 7,alum ,root74 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds4 ,readily increased by dividing the crowns during spring4 ,hevea1 ,micrandra1 ,siphonia4 ,euphorbiace4 ,cuttings should be made of half-ripened wood1 and inserted in sand under glass4 ,hibbertia1 including ,cyclandra1 ,pleurandra4 ,dilleniace4 ,cuttings1 in sandy peat under glass4 ,hibiscus4 ,malvace4 ,seeds sometimes4 ,also by divisions and layers4 ,cuttings of green-wood are commonly used1 made in summer for hardy species or in early spring for tender ones4 ,cuttings of ripened wood may be taken in fall1 and stored until spring in a rather dry place4 ,the variegated sorts do better if grafted upon strong stocks4 ,hicoria1 ,carya 7,hickory1 ,pecan1 etc474 ,juglande4 ,increased chiefly by seeds1 which should be stratified2 also by root-sprouts4 ,seeds are sometimes planted at intervals in the field where the trees are to stand2 but this practice is not to be recommended4 ,the hickory can be grafted4 ,best results are obtained by veneer or splice-grafting in winter1 on potted stocks4 ,cleft-grafting can be employed out-doors4 ,saddle-grafting upon young twigs is sometimes used4 ,see also ,pecan4 ,hippeastrum 7,equestrian ,star74 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pots or pans of sandy loam1 slightly covered1 and placed in a temperature of about #fe4 ,for increasing by divisions--which is the usual way--the old bulbs should be taken from the pots and carefully separated1 with the least possible injury to the roots4 ,this should be done when the plants are at rest1 and the offsets should be placed singly in pots4 ,keep the bulb about two-thirds above the level of the soil1 dispose the roots evenly1 and plunge in bottom heat1 in a position exposed to the light4 ,hippomane1 ,mancinella4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 placed in sand under glass4 ,hippopha 7,sallow ,thorn1 ,sea ,buckthorn74 ,elagnace4 ,may be increased by seeds1 suckers1 layers1 and cuttings of the roots4 ,hoffmannia1 ,higginsia4 ,rubiace4 ,insert cuttings in sandy soil under cover1 in bottom heat4 ,hog ,plum4 ,see ,spondias4 ,holbllia4 ,berberide4 ,in spring1 cuttings may be made of half-ripened shoots4 ,holly4 ,see ,ilex4 ,hollyhock 7,altha74 ,malvace4 ,seeds should be sown as soon as ripe--in summer--in pots or pans1 and placed in a slight bottom heat or in the open air4 ,in either case1 place the seedlings in #c-;inch pots1 and winter in a cold-frame4 ,dividing the roots1 after flowering is over1 by separating the crown1 so as to preserve one or more buds and as many roots as possible to each piece4 ,cuttings of young shoots three inches long1 taken off close to the old root at nearly the same time1 should be placed singly in small pots of light1 sandy soil and kept close1 and shaded in a cold-frame until rooted4 ,if cuttings are made during winter1 a gentle bottom heat must be given4 ,also grafted 7see page #hh74 ,see also ,altha4 ,honesty4 ,see ,lunaria4 ,honey-,locust4 ,see ,gleditschia4 ,honeysuckle4 ,see ,lonicera4 ,hop4 ,see ,humulus4 ,hop ,hornbeam4 ,see ,ostrya4 ,horehound 7,marrubium vulgare74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 in early spring4 ,division4 ,horkelia4 ,see ,potentilla4 ,hornbeam4 ,see ,carpinus4 ,horse ,chestnut4 ,see sculus4 ,horse ,mint4 ,see ,monarda4 ,horse-,radish 7,nasturtium ,armoracia74 ,crucifer4 ,root-cuttings 7sets74 ,these are made from the small side roots when the horse-radish is dug4 ,they may be anywhere from one-fourth to one inch in diameter1 and three to six inches long1 one end being cut slanting1 to mark it4 ,these are planted obliquely1 two to four inches deep1 in spring4 ,they may be buried during winter4 7,fig4 #dh74 ,the old crowns may be planted1 but they make poorer roots4 ,hottonia4 ,primulace4 ,propagation is effected by seeds and divisions in spring4 ,house-,leek4 ,see ,sempervivum4 ,houstonia4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,may also be increased by carefully made divisions in autumn or spring4 ,hovea1 ,poiretia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagation is best effected by seeds1 sown in well-drained pots of sandy peat soil in spring1 and placed in a gentle bottom heat4 ,cuttings are difficult to strike4 ,hovenia4 ,rhamne4 ,increased by seeds4 ,root-cuttings are also used4 ,ripened cuttings should be placed in sand1 under a hand-glass4 ,hoya 7,honey ,plant1 ,wax ,flower74 ,asclepiade4 ,for layering1 good-sized shoots should have a few of their leaves removed1 and should then be put in pots of soil until rooted4 ,the plants may afterwards be grown on1 and repotted according to their strength4 ,cuttings may be taken in spring or later in the year1 from shoots of the preceding summer's growth1 and placed in a compost of peat and sand1 and plunged in bottom heat in a frame4 ,a slight shade and careful watering will be necessary4 ,h4 bella does best when grafted on a stronger growing sort4 ,huckleberry4 ,see ,vaccinium4 ,humea1 ,agathomeris1 ,calomeria4 ,composit4 ,sow seeds in light1 finely sifted soil1 and place in a frame in early summer4 ,humulus 7,hop74 ,urticace4 ,it may be propagated by seeds1 or by divisions in spring4 ,ordinarily1 however1 the species is increased by hard-wood cuttings of two-bud lengths from the best old shoots1 and made in spring4 ,leave the top bud just above the ground4 ,hyacinthus 7,hyacinth74 ,liliace4 ,seeds are employed for the production of new varieties4 ,these are sown the same season they mature1 in light1 sandy soil1 and are covered not more than a half-inch deep4 ,in four or five years1 or sometimes even longer1 the bulbs will be large enough to flower4 ,varieties are perpetuated by means of the bulbels which form freely upon some varieties4 ,these are treated in much the same manner as mature bulbs1 or they may be handled in pans or flats4 ,they make flower bulbs in two or three years4 ,to increase the numbers of these bulbels1 the bulbs are variously cut by the ,dutch growers4 ,these practices are described and illustrated on pages #bg and #bh1 ,figs4 #ab-ad4 ,hyacinths can be propagated by leaf cuttings4 ,strong leaves should be taken in early spring and cut into two or three portions1 each portion being inserted about an inch in good sandy loam1 and given a temperature of about #ge4 ,in eight or ten weeks a bulblet will form at the base of the cutting 7see page #eb74 ,the lower leaves give better results than the upper ones4 ,these bulblets are then treated in the same manner as bulbels4 ,hydrangea1 ,hortensia4 ,saxifrage4 ,the hardy species are usually propagated by green cuttings in summer1 under glass 7see ,fig4 #eg74 ,the tender species are increased by cuttings taken at any time from vigorous young wood1 usually in late winter4 ,layers are occasionally employed1 and suckers can be separated from some species4 ,sometimes the hardy species are forced for purposes of propagation by cuttage4 ,h4 quercifolia is propagated by little suckers or root pips4 ,h4 paniculata1 grandiflora can easily be propagated from the young wood1 taken in ,june and planted under glass4 ,hymenocallis4 ,amaryllide4 ,treated the same as ,pancratium1 which see4 ,hypericum1 including ,androsmum4 ,hypericine4 ,easily increased by seeds1 cuttings1 or by strong pieces of the roots of creeping-rooted species4 ,hard-wooded cuttings taken in fall1 are commonly used4 ,hypoxis4 ,amaryllide4 ,propagation is effected by seeds and offsets4 ,hyssop 7,hyssopus officinalis74 ,labiat4 ,seeds4 ,division4 ,iberis 7,candytuft74 ,crucifer4 ,the annuals and biennials are increased by seeds sown in light sandy soil1 in spring or autumn4 ,the sub-shrubby sorts are also increased by seeds sown in spring1 but more often by divisions or by cuttings4 ,idesia4 ,bixine4 ,seeds may be sown in spring in gentle heat4 ,half-ripened cuttings may be made in spring or autumn1 and should be inserted in sandy loam1 and placed under a bell-glass1 in gentle heat4 ,also by root-cuttings4 ,ilex1 including ,prinos 7,holly74 ,ilicine4 ,seeds1 which should be stratified4 ,they are often cleaned of the pulpy coat by maceration4 ,the seeds rarely germinate until the second year4 ,varieties are perpetuated by graftage4 ,the veneer-graft1 upon potted plants1 is usually employed1 but other methods may be successful4 ,budding is sometimes performed4 ,illicium 7,aniseed-tree74 ,magnoliace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of young ripened shoots may be made during summer and should be placed in sandy soil1 under a glass4 ,imantophylium4 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds4 ,usually increased by division or by means of bulbels4 ,impatiens1 ,balsamina 7,balsam74 ,geraniace4 ,the common annuals may be raised from seeds1 in spring1 in any ordinary light soil4 ,the stove and greenhouse species may be increased by seeds1 or from cuttings1 which root freely in a close frame4 ,i4 ,sultani does best from seeds4 ,indian ,fig4 ,see ,opuntia4 ,indian ,shot4 ,see ,canna4 ,indigofera 7,indigo74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,cuttings of young shoots may be inserted in sandy or peaty soil under glass1 in slight heat4 ,inga4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,cuttings root with difficulty4 ,inula1 ,elecampane4 ,composit4 ,readily increased by seeds or by divisions4 ,ionidium1 ,solea4 ,violarie4 ,the herbaceous species are increased by seeds and by divisions4 ,the shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings which will root in sand1 in a frame4 ,ipoma1 including ,quamoclit 7,moon-flower1 ,morning ,glory74 ,convolvulace4 ,all the annual species are grown from seeds4 ,the perennials are also increased by seedage1 but they may be raised from cuttings struck in a forcing-house or a frame4 ,the moon-flowers often do better in the north from cuttings than from seeds4 ,i4 ,horsfalli is largely propagated by layers1 and other species may be treated in the same way4 ,division is sometimes employed4 ,i4 pandurata can be propagated by root-cuttings4 ,also grafted 7see page #hh74 ,ipomopsis4 ,see ,gilia4 ,iresine1 ,achyranthes4 ,amarantace4 ,seeds rarely4 ,increased readily by cuttings4 ,for summer bedding in the north1 cuttings should be started in ,february or ,march4 ,for use as window plants1 they should be taken in late summer4 ,iriartea1 ,deckeria4 ,palm4 ,propagation is effected by seeds4 ,iris1 including ,xiphion4 ,iride4 ,seeds grow readily and give good results1 and they are usually produced freely1 especially in the bulbous species4 ,sow as soon as ripe in light soil in some protected place4 ,the bulbous species produce bulbels1 which may be used for multiplication4 ,the rhizomatous species are propagated by dividing the rhizome into short rooted pieces4 ,or when the rhizomes lie on the surface of the ground and do not root readily1 they may be layered4 ,isonandra 7,gutta-,percha ,tree74 ,sapotace4 ,insert cuttings in sandy soil1 under glass1 in heat4 ,isoplexis1 ,callianassa4 ,scrophularine4 ,cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be made in spring under glass4 ,isopyram4 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds or by divisions1 in autumn or spring4 ,itea4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated by seeds or by suckers1 in spring2 and in autumn by layers4 ,ivy4 ,see ,hedera and ,ampelopsis4 ,ixia1 including ,morphixia4 ,iride4 ,seeds may be sown in pans of sandy soil in autumn1 and placed in a cool frame4 ,propagation by bulbels is a much quicker1 as it is the usual method4 ,ixiolirion1 ,kolpakowskia4 ,amaryllide4 ,increased by seeds2 and by bulbels4 ,ixora4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,usually increased by short-jointed green cuttings placed in a close frame with a strong bottom heat4 ,jaborosa4 ,solanace4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring1 and by divisions1 also by cuttings of young shoots1 placed under a frame4 ,jacaranda4 ,bignoniace4 ,cuttings of half-ripened shoots may be made in early summer and placed in sand over sandy peat1 in heat1 and kept shaded4 ,also seeds4 ,jacoban ,lily4 ,see ,amaryllis4 ,jacobinia4 ,see ,justicia4 ,jacquinia4 ,myrsine4 ,cuttings of ripened shoots1 usually made in summer1 placed in sand1 in a moist bottom heat4 ,jalapa4 ,see ,mirabilis4 ,jambosa4 ,see ,myrtus4 ,jasione 7,sheep's ,scabious74 ,campanulace4 ,seeds1 sown in spring or fall1 usually in the open4 ,the perennials may be divided4 ,jasminum 7,jasmine1 ,jessamine74 ,oleace4 ,sometimes by seeds1 but usually by cuttings of the nearly ripened wood1 under glass4 ,cuttings of ripe wood are also employed1 and layers are often used4 ,jatropha4 ,euphorbiace4 ,cuttings made of firm young shoots will strike in sandy soil in a strong bottom heat4 ,the cuttings1 if very fleshy1 may be dried a few days before setting them4 ,jeffersonia4 ,berberide4 ,seeds should be sown as soon as ripe1 or divisions may be made4 ,jerusalem ,artichoke 7,girasole74 ,see ,artichoke4 ,jessamine1 ,yellow4 ,see ,gelsemium4 ,jonquil4 ,see ,narcissus4 ,juba 7,coquito ,palm of ,chili74 ,palm4 ,propagation is effected by seeds4 ,judas-tree4 ,see ,cercis4 ,juglans 7,walnut and ,butternut74 ,juglande4 ,all the species are readily propagated by means of stratified nuts4 ,do not allow the nuts to become dry4 ,artificial cracking should not be done4 ,in stiff soils the seedlings are apt to produce a long tap-root which renders transplanting difficult after the first year or two4 ,the tap-root may be cut by a long knife while the tree is growing1 or the young seedling may be transplanted4 ,particular varieties are perpetuated by grafting or budding with any of the common methods4 ,in the north1 they are sometimes worked indoors in pots4 ,common shield-budding works well1 if the sap is flowing freely in the stock4 ,flute-budding is often employed4 ,the improved native sorts are root-grafted in winter4 ,old trees can be top-grafted like apple-trees 7see p4 #ij74 ,the ,english walnut 7,j4 regia7 is mostly grown direct from seed in this country1 and the different varieties usually come true4 ,in ,california1 the native walnut 7,j4 ,californica7 is often used as a stock for this species1 and flute-budding on branches a half-inch or more in diameter is often practiced4 ,twig-budding1 or the insertion of a short branchlet or bit of branch which is severed from the parent branch in the same manner as a shield bud1 is sometimes employed4 ,jujube 7,zizyphus ,jujube74 ,rhamne4 ,seeds and cuttings4 ,juncus 7,rush1 ,bulrush74 ,junce4 ,seeds4 ,the perennials may be increased by division4 ,juneberry 7,amelanchier ,canadensis1 var4 oblongifolia74 ,rosace4 ,increased by using the sprouts which form freely about the old plants2 also by seeds4 ,juniperus 7,juniper1 ,red ,cedar74 ,conifer4 ,increased readily by seeds1 which1 however1 often lie dormant until the second year4 ,they germinate more readily if the pulp is removed by maceration or by soaking with ashes for a few days4 ,green cuttings1 in sand under glass1 root easily2 or mature cuttings may be taken in fall and placed in a cold-frame1 in which they will need little protection during winter4 ,some varieties require a long time to root4 ,most of the named varieties may be grafted on imported ,irish stocks1 which are much used in some parts of the country4 ,they may be veneer-grafted and handled in a cool house4 ,jurinea4 ,composit4 ,increased in spring by seeds or by divisions4 ,jussia4 ,onagrarie4 ,seeds and divisions are used for propagating4 ,justicia1 including ,jacobinia and ,sericographis4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds occasionally4 ,the species strike readily from short green cuttings on a cutting bench or under a frame4 ,kadsura1 ,sarcocarpon4 ,magnoliace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 made of nearly ripened shoots1 which should be placed in sand under glass4 ,kaki4 ,see ,persimmon4 ,kalanchoe4 ,crassulace4 ,propagated by seeds1 but cuttings1 when obtainable1 are better4 ,kale 7,brassica oleracea1 vars474 ,crucifer4 ,by seeds1 sown in the open in spring in the north1 or in the fall in the south4 ,kalmia 7,mountain ,laurel1 ,calico-bush74 ,ericace4 ,may be increased by seeds1 which should be sown in shallow pans of sandy peat1 and kept in a cold-frame until the seedlings are large enough to transfer to the open air after being hardened off4 ,by cuttings of young shoots in sandy peat1 placed in a shady situation under a hand-glass4 ,also by layers4 ,usually obtained from the woods4 ,kennedya4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds may be sown in spring or summer1 or cuttings of rather firm side shoots may be made at the same time1 and placed in peaty soil1 in a close1 warm frame4 ,kentia4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds1 placed in light1 sandy soil1 with heat4 ,kentucky ,coffee-tree4 ,see ,gymnocladus4 ,kerria4 ,rosace4 ,propagated by divisions1 layers1 and by cuttings of young shoots1 inserted under a hand-light1 or by ripened cuttings4 ,in this country1 oftener increased by ripe wood in fall4 ,kitaibelia4 ,malvace4 ,seeds4 ,may be readily propagated by divisions4 ,kleinhovia4 ,sterculiace4 ,seeds4 ,make cuttings of the young ripened shoots1 and place in sand1 in heat1 under glass4 ,klugia4 ,gesnerace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated usually by cuttings4 ,knightia1 ,rymandra4 ,proteace4 ,make cuttings of ripened shoots with upper leaves on1 and place in sandy soil under glass1 in a very gentle bottom heat4 ,kniphofia1 ,tritoma4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 or by divisions of the crown in early spring4 ,knowltonia1 ,anamenia4 ,ranunculace4 ,increased by seeds and divisions4 ,kllikeria4 ,gesnerace4 ,seeds1 carefully sown4 ,may be propagated by dividing the tubers4 ,klreuteria4 ,sapindace4 ,propagated in spring by seed1 by layers in autumn1 and by cuttings of the young shoots in spring2 also by root-cuttings4 ,kniga4 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 in spring4 ,krameria4 ,polygale4 ,cuttings1 set in sand under glass1 in spring4 ,kreysigia1 ,tripladenia4 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated generally by divisions in spring4 ,kydia4 ,malvace4 ,seeds4 ,may be increased by cuttings of firm shoots1 which root in sand under glass4 ,laburnum4 ,leguminos4 ,the species may be increased by seeds4 ,layers and suckers are often used4 ,the varieties by grafting or budding on the common sorts4 ,lachenalia4 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,bulbels4 ,lachna4 ,thymelace4 ,cuttings of short young shoots may be made in spring1 and should be placed in sand1 under glass4 ,llia4 ,orchide4 ,increased by pseudo-bulbs1 as in cattleya4 ,see also under ,orchids4 ,lagerstrmia 7,crape ,myrtle74 ,lythrarie4 ,layers4 ,cuttings of firm1 small side shoots may be made in spring1 and placed in bottom heat4 ,lagetta 7,lace ,bark74 ,thymelace4 ,usually increased by cuttings of firm shoots1 placed in sand under glass1 in bottom heat4 ,lagunaria4 ,malvace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of half-ripened shoots1 placed under glass1 in a gentle heat4 ,lambertia4 ,proteace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in slight heat4 ,by cuttings1 made of young and rather firm shoots4 ,lantana4 ,verbenace4 ,seeds1 which give new varieties4 ,cuttings1 in fall or spring1 from good growing wood1 in sand in a warm house or frame4 ,lapageria1 ,capia1 ,phnocodon4 ,liliace4 ,sow seeds when ripe in a sandy peat soil1 and keep in a moderate heat4 ,increased by layers of firm1 strong shoots4 ,laportea4 ,urticace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by cuttings placed in sand1 in heat4 ,lardizibala4 ,berberide4 ,the cuttings1 made of half-ripened shoots1 should be inserted in sandy soil under glass4 ,larix 7,larch1 ,tamarack74 ,conifer4 ,seeds should be kept dry over winter and planted early in spring4 ,shade the young plants4 ,varieties1 as the weeping sorts1 are worked upon common stocks4 ,the grafting may be done by the whip method1 out-doors early in spring4 ,rare sorts are sometimes veneer-grafted under glass4 ,larkspur4 ,see ,delphinium4 ,lasiandra4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by cuttings of the growing wood under glass4 ,lasiopetalum4 ,sterculiace4 ,seeds4 ,make cuttings in spring of the half-ripened wood1 and insert in sand1 under glass4 ,latania4 ,see ,livistona4 ,lathyrus 7,sweet ,pea1 ,vetchling74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 sown very early in the open4 ,the perennials also by seeds1 sometimes by division4 ,lattice-leaf4 ,see ,ouvirandra4 ,latua4 ,solanace4 ,propagated by cuttings1 placed in sand under glass4 ,laurel1 ,mountain4 ,see ,kalmia4 ,laurus 7,laurel74 ,laurine4 ,increased by seeds1 layers1 and by cuttings1 placed under a hand-glass in sandy soil4 ,also propagated by root-cuttings4 ,laurustinus4 ,see ,viburnum4 ,lavandula 7,lavender74 ,labiat4 ,divisions4 ,when the flowers are fully expanded1 cuttings may be made4 ,these should be inserted in sandy soil1 under a frame4 ,lawsonia1 ,alcanna4 ,lythrarie4 ,increased by cuttings of ripened shoots1 placed in sand under a glass1 in heat4 ,laxmannia4 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,propagation is usually effected by divisions or bulbels4 ,layia4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in a hot-bed1 or in the open border in the south4 ,leaf-,beet or ,chard4 ,see ,beet4 ,ledum 7,labrador ,tea74 ,ericace4 ,propagated by seeds and divisions1 but principally by layers1 in sandy peat soil4 ,leek 7,allium ,porrum74 ,liliace4 ,seeds1 sown very early in the spring1 either out-doors or in a cold-frame4 ,leianthus4 ,gentiane4 ,seeds1 under cover2 or cuttings of young shoots may be made1 and inserted in sandy soil under glass4 ,leiophyllum 7,sand ,myrtle74 ,ericace4 ,may be freely increased by seeds1 sown in pans and placed in a frame4 ,by layers in autumn4 ,lemon 7,citrus ,limonum74 ,rutace4 ,the named sorts are budded upon either orange or lemon stocks4 ,orange stocks are probably most generally preferred1 as they are adapted to a great variety of soils1 and vigorous trees nearly always result4 ,the budding is performed in the same manner as upon the orange1 which see4 ,lemons are often grown from cuttings of the mature wood1 which are set in the open ground as soon as the spring becomes warm1 or in a frame4 ,stocks for budding upon are sometimes grown from cuttings in this way4 ,lentil 7,ervum1 various species74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 sown in early spring4 ,leonotis 7,lion's ,ear1 ,lion's ,tail74 ,labiat4 ,seeds4 ,increased by cuttings1 which root freely in a gentle bottom heat1 in early spring4 ,leontice4 ,berberide4 ,may be increased by seeds or by suckers4 ,leontopodium 7,edelweiss1 ,lion's ,foot74 ,composit4 ,may annually be raised from seeds1 or the old plants may be divided in spring4 ,the seeds must be kept in a dry place throughout the winter4 ,lepachys4 ,see ,rudbeckia4 ,leptosyne4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,leschenaultia4 ,goodenovie4 ,in spring or summer cuttings may be taken from the points of shoots that are rather firm1 and placed in sandy peat1 in a shaded frame4 ,lessertia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagation by seeds1 or by divisions in spring4 ,lettuce 7,lactuca sativa74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 which may be sown under glass or in the open4 ,in the middle and southern states1 the seeds may be sown in the fall1 and the plants protected during cold by a mulch2 or the plants may grow during winter in the warmer parts4 ,leucadendron 7,silver ,tree74 ,proteace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,leucoium 7,snowflake74 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds1 for producing new sorts4 ,propagation is commonly effected by bulbels1 which should be secured as soon as possible after the foliage ripens4 ,leucotho4 ,ericace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be covered very lightly4 ,by divisions of established plants in autumn or winter4 ,also by layers4 ,lewisia4 ,portulacace4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by divisions in spring4 ,leycesteria4 ,caprifoliace4 ,may be increased by seeds1 sown in spring4 ,by cuttings of the short young shoots1 made in spring2 by older ones made in autumn4 ,leyssera4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 and by firm cuttings1 placed in sandy soil during summer4 ,liatris 7,blazing ,star1 ,button ,snake-,root74 ,composit4 ,seeds are usually sown early in autumn4 ,divisions may be made in spring4 ,libonia4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds are rarely employed4 ,usually increased by short green cuttings in a frame4 ,licuala1 ,pericycla4 ,palm4 ,seeds may be sown in spring in a sandy soil1 and placed in a strong1 moist bottom heat4 ,lietzia4 ,gesnerace4 ,increased by seeds sown in early spring1 in heat2 by cuttings inserted in sand under a glass1 in bottom heat2 or by tubers1 which must be kept dry in winter and potted in early spring4 ,lightfootia4 ,campanulace4 ,the annuals1 by seeds sown in a warm frame in spring4 ,perennials also by cuttings made of young shoots placed in sand containing a little peat1 under glass4 ,ligularia4 ,composit4 ,increased by seeds1 or by divisions in spring and autumn4 ,ligustrum 7,privet1 ,prim74 ,oleace4 ,stratified seeds4 ,division4 ,the named varieties are grown from cuttings1 either of green or ripe wood4 ,lilac4 ,see ,syringa4 ,lilium 7,lily74 ,liliace4 ,seeds--giving new varieties in the variable species--should be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pans of sandy peat1 slightly covered with similar soil and a layer of moss1 and placed in a cool frame4 ,usually increased by bulbels1 which should be planted a few inches apart in prepared beds4 ,sometimes small bulblets form in the axils of the leaves1 and these are used in the same manner as bulbels4 ,bulb-scales are often employed for the multiplication of scarce kinds4 ,those which produce large and loose bulbs1 as ,l4 candidum1 may be increased by simple division4 ,these operations are described on pp4 #be to #bi4 ,lily of the ,valley4 ,see ,convallaria4 ,lime 7,citrus ,limetta74 ,rutace4 ,seeds1 which usually reproduce the variety4 ,some varieties are budded upon strong seedlings4 ,lime-tree4 ,see ,tilia4 ,limnanthes4 ,geraniace4 ,freely increased by seeds in any ordinary garden soil in spring or autumn4 ,limnocharis4 ,alismace4 ,increased by seeds1 by divisions1 and by runners4 ,linaria 7,toadflax74 ,scrophularine4 ,increased by seeds sown in light soil1 in early spring4 ,or by divisions made in spring or autumn4 ,the greenhouse species are ordinarily grown from seeds1 which should be carefully sown in finely pulverized soil4 ,cuttings may also be used4 ,linden4 ,see ,tilia4 ,lindleya4 ,rosace4 ,increased by ripened cuttings under glass in bottom heat2 or by grafting on the hawthorn4 ,linna4 ,caprifoliace4 ,naturally increased by layers or runners4 ,seeds are rarely employed4 ,linum 7,flax74 ,line4 ,propagated by seeds1 the hardy species sown out-doors and the tender ones under glass4 ,cuttings may be taken from firm shoots and inserted in a sandy position under glass4 ,the ordinary flax is sown directly in the field4 ,lippia1 including ,aloysia1 ,zapania4 ,verbenace4 ,seeds4 ,usually by cuttings of young shoots1 which will root freely in sandy soil in a close1 warm frame4 ,if it is not possible to secure the necessary heat1 cuttings of the hard wood can be used in autumn1 under glass4 ,liquidambar 7,sweet ,gum74 ,hammelide4 ,seeds1 which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe4 ,many of the seeds may lie dormant until the second year4 ,liquorice4 ,see ,glycyrrhiza4 ,liriodendron 7,tulip-tree1 ,white-wood74 ,magnoliace4 ,increased by stratified seeds4 ,named varieties are grafted on seedlings4 ,the seeds of the tulip-tree are apt to be hollow1 especially those grown along the eastern limits of the distribution of the species4 ,lisianthus4 ,gentiane4 ,the annuals may be increased by seeds1 those of a shrubby habit by cuttings4 ,litchi4 ,see ,nephelium4 ,lithospermum1 including ,batschia 7,gromwell74 ,boragine4 ,may be propagated by seeds1 by divisions1 or by cuttings4 ,livistona1 ,latania1 ,saribus 7,fan ,palm74 ,palm4 ,seeds1 sown in a sandy soil and placed in a gentle bottom heat4 ,lloydia4 ,liliace4 ,seeds rarely4 ,increased by bulbels1 or by the creeping shoots leaving a bulb at the extremity4 ,loasa1 including ,illairea4 ,loase4 ,all are easily increased by seeds sown in a light1 sandy soil1 usually under cover4 ,cuttings are rarely used4 ,lobelia4 ,campanulace4 ,ordinarily increased by seeds1 which are more certain if handled in pans or flats under glass4 ,cuttings from vigorous shoots may be employed1 and strong plants of some species may be divided4 ,the cardinal flower 7,l4 cardinalis7 is grown from seeds carefully sown in fine soil1 usually under cover4 ,locust-tree4 ,see ,robinia4 ,loddigesia4 ,leguminos4 ,increased in spring by cuttings placed under glass1 in sandy soil4 ,lselia1 ,hoitzia4 ,polemoniace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under glass4 ,logania1 ,euosma4 ,loganiace4 ,propagated by cuttings of firm side shoots inserted in sandy soil1 under glass4 ,loiseleurea4 ,ericace4 ,propagation by layers2 very rarely by seeds1 which are slow and uncertain4 ,lomatia1 ,tricondylus4 ,proteace4 ,increased by cuttings of well-ripened shoots placed in a gentle heat under glass4 ,lonchocarpus4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds4 ,propagated by growing cuttings placed in sand under glass1 in mild heat4 ,lonicera1 including ,caprifolium and ,xylosteum 7,honeysuckle74 ,caprifoliace4 ,seeds1 for new varieties4 ,sow as soon as ripe1 or stratify1 first removing them from the pulp4 ,the upright species are commonly grown from layers and from cuttings of dormant wood4 ,the creepers are mostly grown from dormant cuttings4 ,lopezia1 ,pisaura4 ,onagrarie4 ,seeds1 under cover in spring4 ,also increased by cuttings4 ,lophanthus 7,giant ,hyssop74 ,labiat4 ,propagation is effected by seeds and divisions4 ,lophospermum4 ,see ,maurandya4 ,loquat4 ,see ,photinia4 ,lotus4 ,leguminos4 ,the species may be raised annually from seeds4 ,increased also by cuttings4 ,lotus of the ,nile4 ,see ,nympha4 ,lovage 7,levisticum officinale74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds sown in the open ground1 and division4 ,lucern4 ,see ,medicago4 ,luculia4 ,rubiace4 ,sow seeds in sandy soil and place in a little heat4 ,cuttings of young shoots may be inserted in spring1 under glass1 in gentle bottom heat for the first two or three weeks4 ,insert immediately after cutting and water freely4 ,luffa 7,dish-cloth ,gourd74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 sown in the open1 or in the north better started in pots in early spring4 ,lunaria 7,honesty74 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds or by divisions4 ,lupinus 7,lupin74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds of annuals may be sown in the open border during early spring4 ,the perennials may be increased the same way1 or by dividing the stronger growing plants during very early spring4 ,lycaste4 ,orchide4 ,division and pseudo-bulbs4 7,see also under ,orchids74 ,lychnis1 including ,agrostemma1 ,viscaria4 ,caryophylle4 ,increased readily in spring by seeds1 divisions or cuttings4 ,lycium 7,matrimony ,vine1 ,box ,thorn74 ,solanace4 ,increased by seeds1 suckers1 layers2 and by cuttings made in autumn or spring4 ,lygodium 7,hartford ,fern1 ,climbing ,fern74 ,filices4 ,by spores and divisions of the root4 ,see ,ferns4 ,lyonia4 ,ericace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown very carefully in sandy peat soil4 ,also by layers4 ,lysimachia 7,loosestrife74 ,primulace4 ,propagation is easily effected by seeds2 by divisions in late autumn or early spring2 and by cuttings4 ,lythrum 7,loosestrife74 ,lythrarie4 ,seeds and divisions are the usual methods4 ,cuttings are employed for some species4 ,maclura 7,osage ,orange74 ,urticace4 ,sow seed in the spring4 ,soak in warm water a few days before sowing4 ,madia4 ,composit4 ,seeds4 ,magnolia4 ,magnoliace4 ,seeds are commonly used4 ,the coverings should be macerated from the very pulpy species4 ,the cucumber-trees and some others are sown directly in autumn4 ,the seeds of any species should not be allowed to become thoroughly dry4 ,magnolias strike well from green cuttings1 cut to a heel and handled under glass4 ,layers are often used4 ,named varieties are veneer- or side-grafted upon strong stocks4 ,the cucumber tree 7,m4 acuminata7 is used as a stock for all species4 ,the umbrella tree 7,m4 umbrella7 is also a good stock4 ,mahernia4 ,sterculiace4 ,propagated during summer by cuttings of young shoots1 one or two inches long1 inserted in sandy soil1 under glass4 ,mahonia4 ,see ,berberis4 ,maidenhair-tree4 ,see ,ginkgo4 ,maize7,zea ,mays74 ,gramine4 ,seeds 7properly fruits7 planted upon the approach of warm weather4 ,malcolmia4 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,mallow4 ,see ,malva4 ,malope4 ,malvace4 ,seeds may be sown either under glass in early spring1 or in the open border a month or two later4 ,malpighia4 ,malpighiace4 ,cuttings of nearly ripened shoots may be made in summer1 with leaves or under glass4 ,malva 7,mallow74 ,malvace4 ,the annuals by seeds only4 ,the perennials may be increased by seeds1 divisions or cuttings4 ,malvaviscus1 ,achania4 ,malvace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings of side shoots1 placed under glass1 in heat4 ,mammea 7,mammee ,apple1 ,st4 ,domingo ,apricot74 ,guttifer4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be taken with the leaves on and placed in a frame4 ,mammillaria4 ,see ,cactus4 ,mandevilla4 ,apocynace4 ,propagated by seeds1 layers1 or cuttings of half-ripened wood4 ,mandiocca4 ,see ,manihot4 ,mandragora 7,mandrake74 ,solanace4 ,propagated by seeds or by divisions4 ,mandrake4 ,see ,mandragora and ,podophyllum4 ,manettia4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds are sometimes employed4 ,usually increased by cuttings of young shoots4 ,root-cuttings are sometimes made4 ,mangifera4 ,see ,mango4 ,mango 7,mangifera ,indica74 ,anacardiace4 ,stocks are obtained by seeds4 ,the seeds usually have more than one embryo1 sometimes as many as ten4 ,each embryo will produce a distinct plant4 ,the embryos may be separated before planting1 but it is preferable to separate the young plantlets soon after germination1 before they grow together1 as they are apt to do4 ,the seeds germinate better if the hard shell is removed before planting4 ,seeds retain their vitality but a few days1 and if to be shipped for sowing they should be enclosed in wax4 ,seedlings begin to bear from the third to the sixth years4 ,varieties are inarched upon other stocks4 ,mangostana1 ,mangosteen4 ,see ,garcinia4 ,manicaria1 ,pilophora4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in a strong1 moist heat4 ,manihot1 ,janipha1 ,mandiocca4 ,euphorbiace4 ,propagation is effected by cuttings of young and rather firm shoots1 placed in sandy peat under glass1 in bottom heat4 ,for the propagation of ,m4 ,aipe1 see ,cassava4 ,mantisia4 ,scitamine4 ,propagated usually by divisions1 made just as growth commences4 ,maple4 ,see ,acer4 ,maranta4 ,scitamine4 ,propagated the same as ,calathea1 which see4 ,marguerite or ,paris ,daisy 7,chrysanthemum frutescens74 ,composit4 ,cuttings1 as described for ,chrysanthemum4 ,marica4 ,iride4 ,propagated by seeds1 and by division of the rhizomes1 placing each portion in sand1 in a high bottom heat4 ,marigold4 ,see ,tagetes4 ,mariposa ,lily4 ,see ,calochortus4 ,marsdenia4 ,asclepiade4 ,in spring1 cuttings may be made and inserted in sand1 under glass4 ,marsh-,mallow4 ,see ,altha4 ,marsh-,marigold4 ,see ,caltha4 ,martynia 7,unicorn ,plant74 ,pedaline4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to grow1 or started under glass in the north4 ,masdevallia4 ,orchide4 ,division4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,matthiola 7,stock1 ,gilliflower74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 sown either under cover or in the garden4 ,grows readily from cuttings4 ,maurandya1 including ,lophospermum4 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds1 sown in heat4 ,cuttings of young growth under glass4 ,mauritia1 including ,orophoma4 ,palm4 ,sow seeds in heat4 ,maxillaria4 ,orchide4 ,division of the plants1 and also of the pseudo-bulbs4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,may-,apple4 ,see ,podophyllum4 ,meadow-,rue4 ,see ,thalictrum4 ,meadow-,sweet4 ,see ,spira4 ,meconopsis4 ,papaverace4 ,seeds1 sown in early spring in a gentle heat4 ,also propagated by division4 ,medeola 7,indian ,cucumber74 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,may be increased by dividing the plants in spring4 ,medicago 7,lucerno1 ,medick74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds or divisions4 ,medinilla4 ,melastomace4 ,cuttings of young wood in strong1 close heat4 ,medlar 7,pyrus or ,mespilus ,germanica74 ,rosace4 ,stocks are grown from stratified medlar seeds1 and the plant may be worked upon these1 the thorn or quince4 ,megarrhiza4 ,cucurbitace4 ,propagation is effected by seeds1 sown in gentle heat in spring4 ,melittis 7,bastard ,balm74 ,labiat4 ,seeds and division4 ,melaleuca4 ,myrtace4 ,seeds4 ,in spring1 cuttings getting firm at the base may be made about three inches in length4 ,place in a compost of peat and sandy loam4 ,melastoma4 ,melastomace4 ,make cuttings during spring1 and place in sandy peat under glass in heat4 ,melia 7,bead-tree74 ,meliace4 ,seeds1 sown as soon as ripe4 ,cuttings of growing wood under glass4 ,melianthus 7,honey ,flower74 ,sapindace4 ,increased by seeds1 by root-sprouts1 or by cuttings1 which root freely under glass4 ,melichrus4 ,epacride4 ,cuttings of the shoots should be made1 about two inches long1 and inserted in sandy soil4 ,melicocca 7,ginep1 ,spanish ,lime74 ,sapindace4 ,seeds4 ,place ripened cuttings in sand under glass1 in heat4 ,melocactus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,melon 7,cucumis ,melo74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to stand4 ,in the north they are occasionally started under glass in pots or pieces of inverted sods1 by amateurs4 ,menispermum 7,moon-seed74 ,menispermace4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions or cuttings in spring4 ,menyanthes 7,buckbean74 ,gentiane4 ,increased by seeds2 by divisions of the roots4 ,menziesia4 ,ericace4 ,may be increased by dividing established tufts1 by layers or by cuttings4 ,mertensia1 ,lungwort4 ,boragine4 ,propagation is effected by sowing seeds as soon as ripe1 or by divisions in autumn4 ,mesembryanthemum 7,fig ,marigold1 ,ice ,plant74 ,ficoide4 ,may be easily propagated by seeds1 sown under glass2 by pieces1 pulled or cut off1 and laid in the sun on moist sand4 ,mespilus4 ,see ,medlar4 ,metrosideros4 ,myrtace4 ,propagated by seeds2 also by cuttings of the hardened wood in late autumn4 ,mezereum1 ,mezereon4 ,see ,daphne4 ,michlmas ,daisy4 ,see ,aster4 ,michauxia4 ,campanulace4 ,the seeds may be sown in the border in spring4 ,michelia4 ,magnoliace4 ,seeds4 ,make cuttings of growing wood in summer1 and place in sand under glass4 ,mignonette4 ,see ,reseda4 ,milfoil4 ,see ,achillea4 ,milkweed4 ,see ,asclepias4 ,milla4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 bulbels or divisions4 ,miltonia4 ,orchide4 ,dividing the pseudo-bulbs4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,mimosa 7,sensitive ,plant74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 sown in-doors4 ,cuttings of rather firm shoots1 and inserted in sandy soil1 in heat4 ,mimulus 7,monkey ,flower1 ,musk ,plant74 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be thinly sown and lightly covered4 ,also by divisions and cuttings4 ,mint4 ,see ,peppermint and ,spearmint4 ,mirabilis1 ,jalapa 7,marvel of ,peru1 ,four-o'clock74 ,nyctagine4 ,seeds1 sown in spring either under cover or out-doors4 ,mistletoe4 ,see ,viscum4 ,mock ,orange4 ,see ,philadelphus4 ,momordica4 ,cucurbitace4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in heat early in spring4 ,monarda 7,horse ,mint74 ,labiat4 ,seeds4 ,propagated also by dividing the roots4 ,monk's ,hood4 ,see ,aconitum4 ,monsonia4 ,geraniace4 ,propagation is effected by seeds1 sown in-doors in spring2 by division1 or by cuttings placed in sandy soil under a hand-light1 in spring or autumn4 ,monstera1 ,serangium1 ,tornelia4 ,aroide4 ,easily increased by seeds and by cuttings of the stem4 ,montbretia4 ,see ,tritonia4 ,montezuma4 ,malvace4 ,make cuttings of rather firm shoots1 and insert in sand under glass4 ,moon-seed4 ,see ,menispermum4 ,moon-flower4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,moricandia4 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seed1 sown in the open ground during spring4 ,moringa1 ,anoma4 ,moringe4 ,make cuttings of half-ripened shoots in spring1 and insert in sand under glass4 ,morning-glory4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,morus4 ,see ,mulberry4 ,mountain ,ash4 ,see ,pyrus4 ,mountain ,laurel4 ,see ,kalmia4 ,mourning ,bride4 ,see ,scabiosa4 ,mucuna4 ,leguminos4 ,propagation may be effected by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood1 under glass4 ,muehlenbeckia1 ,sarcogonum4 ,polygonace4 ,seeds4 ,increased usually by cuttings1 taken in early summer in a frame4 ,mulberry 7,mortis alba1 ,m4 nigra and ,m4 rubra74 ,urticace4 ,new sorts are grown by seeds1 which should be handled in the same manner as small fruit seeds4 ,named varieties are multiplied by cuttings of the root1 or of mature wood1 and sometimes by layers4 ,the tree may also be budded or grafted by ordinary methods4 ,the common white mulberry was formerly used as a stock for named varieties1 but ,russian mulberry seedlings are now much used4 ,the stocks may be top-worked out-doors1 or root-grafted in the house4 ,they are commonly crown-worked1 however1 in the house in winter1 the stocks being grown in pots or boxes for the purpose4 ,they are then kept under glass until the weather permits them out-doors4 ,by this method fine specimen trees are procured1 but they are readily handled by cheaper methods4 ,the weeping and other ornamental sorts are now worked upon the ,russian mulberry4 ,mulberry1 ,paper4 ,see ,broussonetia4 ,mullein4 ,see ,verbascum4 ,musa 7,banana1 or ,plantain-tree74 ,scitamine4 ,seeds may be sown in heat during spring4 ,suckers are used for those species which produce them4 ,many of the species do not produce seeds freely1 and suckers must be relied upon4 ,see ,banana4 ,muscari1 including ,botryanthus 7,grape ,hyacinth74 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by bulbels1 which are obtained by lifting the old bulbs early in the autumn1 about every second year4 ,mushroom 7,agaricus campestris74 ,break up the commercial spawn into pieces about as large as a hen's egg1 and plant it in drills or holes1 using from one-half pound to a pound of spawn to each square yard of bed4 ,the spawn is the mycelium of the fungus held in a mass or brick of earth and manure4 ,various methods are employed for making the spawn1 but the essentials of them all are that the body of the brick shall be composed of a porous and light material1 which can be compressed into a compact mass2 fresh mycelium must be communicated to this mass1 and then a mild heat must be applied1 until the whole mass is permeated by the mycelium4 ,the mass should be kept in heat until the whole of it assumes a somewhat cloudy look1 but not until the threads of the mycelium can be seen4 ,ordinarily1 fresh horse manure1 cow manure and good loam are mixed together in about equal proportions1 enough water being added to render the material of the consistency of mortar4 ,it is then spread upon the floor or in large vats1 until sufficiently dry to be cut into bricks4 ,when these are tolerably well dried1 mycelium from a mushroom bed or from other bricks is inserted in the side of each brick4 ,a bit of spawn about the size of a small walnut is thus inserted1 and the hole is plugged up4 ,the bricks are now placed in a mild covered hot-bed1 with a bottom heat of #ee to #fe1 and left there until the clouded appearance indicates that the mycelium has extended throughout the mass4 ,soil from a good mushroom bed is sometimes used to sow new beds1 in place of commercial spawn4 ,old clumps of mushrooms may be allowed to become dry1 and they may then be mixed into a bed4 ,the spores will then stock the soil and produce a new crop4 ,the full-grown mushroom may be laid upon white paper until the spores are discharged1 and these spores may then be mixed into the earth4 ,propagation by spores is little understood1 however4 7,see page #bd47 ,mustard 7,brassica or ,sinapis species74 ,propagated by seeds4 ,mutisia4 ,composit4 ,seeds4 ,layers and cuttings of growing wood1 those of the tender species in bottom heat4 ,mygindia1 ,rhacoma4 ,celastrine4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of firm shoots under glass4 ,myoporum4 ,myoporine4 ,seeds1 when obtainable4 ,usually by cuttings of young wood in heat4 ,myosotis 7,forget-me-not74 ,boragine4 ,propagated by seeds sown in spring in-doors or in the garden4 ,the perennials may also be increased by divisions1 in spring1 or by cuttings placed under a hand-glass in a shady spot1 in summer4 ,myrica 7,bayberry1 ,sweet ,gale1 ,wax ,myrtle1 ,candleberry74 ,myricace4 ,hardy species mostly by seeds1 from which the pulp has been removed4 ,sow as soon as ripe1 or stratify them4 ,layers and divisions may also be employed4 ,the greenhouse species are increased mostly by green cuttings4 ,myristica 7,nutmeg74 ,myristice4 ,may be increased by seeds2 or by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sand under glass1 in bottom heat4 ,myrobolan4 ,see ,prunus4 ,myrodia1 ,lexarsa4 ,sterculiace4 ,cuttings of firm shoots1 which should be placed in sand under glass1 in heat4 ,myroxylon 7,tolu ,balsam-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,propagation is effected during summer by cuttings of growing shoots placed in sand in a frame4 ,myrrhis 7,sweet ,cicely or ,myrrh74 ,umbellifer4 ,may be increased by divisions or by seeds4 ,myrsiphyllum4 ,liliace4 ,freely increased by seeds1 by divisions1 or by cuttings4 ,m4 asparagoides1 the ,smilax or ,boston-vine of greenhouses1 is increased by seeds1 which germinate readily4 ,myrtus1 including ,ugni 7,myrtle74 ,myrtace4 ,seeds1 when they can be obtained4 ,readily propagated by cuttings of firm or partially ripened shoots1 placed in a close frame2 those of the stove species require a warmer temperature than the half-hardy ones4 ,ngelia4 ,gesnerace4 ,seeds rarely4 ,propagation is effected by potting the runners in spring or summer in a compost of peat1 leaf soil and a little loam4 ,cuttings of young shoots1 as mature leaves1 will also root readily4 ,napoleona1 ,belvisia4 ,myrtace4 ,increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots two to four inches long1 in mild bottom heat4 ,narcissus 7,daffodil1 ,jonquil1 ,chinese ,sacred ,lily74 ,amaryllide4 ,new varieties are grown from seeds1 which give flowering bulbs in three or four years4 ,ordinarily increased by bulbels1 which usually flower the second year4 ,nasturtium4 ,see ,water-,cress and ,tropolum4 ,nauclea4 ,rubiace4 ,may be increased by cuttings of growing shoots1 in heat4 ,nectarine4 ,see ,peach4 ,negundo 7,box ,elder74 ,sapindace4 ,propagates with readiness by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,also by cuttings of mature wood1 handled like grape cuttings4 ,neillia4 ,handled the same as ,spira1 which see4 ,nelumbo1 ,nelumbium 7,water ,chinquapin1 ,lotus1 ,water ,bean74 ,nymphace4 ,seeds1 which may be sown in shallow pans of water in the garden1 or if sown in ponds they may be incorporated in a ball of clay and dropped into the water4 ,the seeds of some species are very hard1 and germination is facilitated if they are very carefully filed or bored 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,sections of the rhizomes may be used instead4 ,they should always be covered with water1 at least a foot or two deep1 if out-doors4 ,nemastylis1 ,nemostylis4 ,iride4 ,propagation is effected by seeds1 or by bulbels4 ,nematanthus4 ,gesnerace4 ,seeds rarely4 ,freely increased by cuttings1 inserted in sandy soil and kept rather dry4 ,nemopanthes 7,mountain ,holly74 ,ilicine4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe or else stratified2 also by division of old plants4 ,nemophila4 ,hydrophyllace4 ,seeds may be sown in late summer or any time during early spring4 ,nepenthes 7,pitcher ,plant74 ,nepenthace4 ,propagated by seeds and cuttings4 ,the seeds must have good drainage1 uniform conditions and strong heat 7#hj to #he74 ,sow upon a soil made of peat and fine sphagnum1 and keep in a moist and close frame4 ,cuttings are usually struck in moss in a frame having strong bottom heat4 ,a good plan is to fill a small pot with moss1 invert it1 and insert the cutting through the hole in the bottom4 ,the pot then keeps the moss uniform4 ,the pot is broken when the plant is removed4 ,when potting off1 use very coarse material4 ,nepeta1 ,glechoma 7,catmint1 ,catnip74 ,labiat4 ,propagated by sowing seed in spring1 or by divisions4 ,nephelium1 ,dimocarpus1 ,euphoria 7,litchi74 ,sapindace4 ,may be increased by seeds1 or by cuttings made of half-ripened wood4 ,nephrodium4 ,see ,ferns4 ,nephrolepis4 ,see ,ferns4 ,nerine4 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds1 for new varieties4 ,commonly increased by means of bulbels4 ,nerium 7,oleander74 ,apocynace4 ,layers4 ,cuttings should be made of matured leading shoots1 inserted in single pots and placed in a close1 warm frame2 or they may be rooted in bottles of water and afterwards potted in soil4 ,see ,fig4 #eb1 a4 ,nertera1 ,nerteria4 ,rubiace4 ,increased by seeds1 divisions1 or cuttings4 ,any small portion will grow freely1 especially if placed in a warm frame4 ,nesa1 including ,heimia4 ,lythrarie4 ,may be increased by means of seeds1 divisions1 or green cuttings4 ,nettle-tree4 ,see ,celtis4 ,new ,zealand ,flax4 ,see ,phormium4 ,nicandra1 ,calydermos4 ,solanace4 ,seeds1 sown in the open border1 or under glass in the north4 ,nicotiana 7,tobacco74 ,solanace4 ,propagated by seeds1 started under glass or in a carefully prepared seed-bed4 ,the ornamental species sometimes by cuttings4 ,nierembergia4 ,solanace4 ,grown from seeds1 under glass4 ,cuttings of firm shoots are also used4 ,nigella 7,fennel ,flower1 ,love-in-a-,mist74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds sown in early spring in the open4 ,nightshade4 ,see ,solanum4 ,nine-bark4 ,see ,spira4 ,nolana4 ,convolvulace4 ,seeds sown in the open border during spring4 ,norantea1 ,ascium1 ,schwartzia4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,ripened cuttings can be rooted in sand1 in heat4 ,norfolk ,island ,pine4 ,see ,araucaria4 ,norway ,spruce4 ,see ,picea4 ,notela1 ,rhysospermum4 ,oleace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of firm side shoots in spring1 usually without heat4 ,nuphar4 ,propagated same as ,nelumbo and ,nympha1 which see4 ,nutmeg4 ,see ,myristica4 ,nuttallia4 ,rosace4 ,may be propagated by seeds2 by divisions2 by means of suckers1 which spring from the roots4 ,nyctanthes4 ,oleace4 ,cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be set in spring1 in bottom heat4 ,nympha1 ,castalia 7,water ,lily1 ,lotus74 ,nymphace4 ,seeds1 which are rolled up in a ball of clay and dropped into a pond1 or sown in pots which are then submerged in shallow water1 either in-doors or out4 ,usually increased by portions of the root-stocks1 which are sunk in the pond and held by stones1 or the tender species placed inside1 in pans of water4 ,some species produce tubers on the root-stocks1 which are used for propagation4 ,nyssa 7,pepperidge1 ,sour ,gum1 ,tupelo-tree74 ,cornace4 ,increased by seeds and by layers4 ,the seeds should be sown as soon as ripe or else stratified4 ,they usually lie dormant the first year4 ,oak4 ,see ,quercus4 ,obeliscaria4 ,see ,rudbeckia4 ,ochna4 ,ochnace4 ,during summer1 cuttings may be made of growing shoots4 ,odontoglossum4 ,orchide4 ,division4 7,see also under ,orchids47 nocarpus4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds or by suckers4 nothera1 including ,godetia 7,evening ,primrose74 ,onagrame4 ,seeds may be sown in spring or summer4 ,divisions may be made4 ,cuttings of perennials should be placed in a cool frame in the early part of the season before flowering begins4 ,okra1 ,gumbo 7,hibiscus esculentus74 ,malvace4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to stand1 or started in pots often in the north4 ,olax4 ,olacine4 ,grown from cuttings of firm or mature shoots in heat4 ,olea4 ,oleace4 ,the ornamental species are grown from cuttings of ripened shoots1 either under frames or in the border1 and also by seeds4 ,for propagation of ,o4 ,europa1 see ,olive4 ,oleander4 ,see ,nerium4 ,olearia1 ,eurybia4 ,composit4 ,seeds4 ,readily increased by cuttings of growing shoots placed in a frame4 ,oleaster4 ,see ,elagnus4 ,olive 7,olea ,europa74 ,oleace4 ,the olive is grown in large quantities from seed1 especially in ,europe4 ,the pulp is removed by maceration or by treating with potash4 ,the pits should be cracked or else softened by soaking in strong lye1 otherwise they will lie dormant for one or two years4 ,cuttings of any kind will grow4 ,limbs1 either young or old1 an inch or two inches in diameter1 and from one to two feet long1 are often stuck into the ground where the trees are to grow1 or they are sometimes used in the nursery4 ,green cuttings1 with the leaves on1 are often used1 being handled in frames or in boxes of sand4 ,chips from old trunks1 if kept warm and moist1 will grow4 ,the olive is often propagated by truncheons of trunks4 ,a trunk two or three inches in diameter is cut into foot or two foot lengths1 and each length is split through the middle4 ,each half is planted horizontally1 bark up1 four or five inches deep1 in warm moist soil4 ,the sprouts which arise may be allowed to grow1 or they may be made into green cuttings4 ,knaurs 7see page #ef7 are sometimes used4 ,the olive can be budded or grafted in a variety of ways4 ,twig-budding and plate or flute-budding give admirable results4 ,twig-budding is the insertion of a small growing twig which is cut from the branch in just the manner in which shield-buds are cut4 ,omphalodes1 ,picotia4 ,boragine4 ,freely increased by means of seeds planted in spring1 or by divisions4 ,oncidium4 ,orchide4 ,division4 ,in some species detachable buds are produced in the inflorescence1 and these give young plants4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,oncosperma1 ,keppleria4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds or by suckers4 ,onion 7,allium ,cepa74 ,liliace4 ,onions are mostly grown from seeds1 which must be sown as early as possible in spring2 or in the south they may be sown in the fall4 ,they are also grown from tops1 which are bulblets borne in the flower cluster4 ,these are planted in the spring1 or in the fall in mild climates1 and they soon grow into large bulbs4 ,sets are also used4 ,these are very small onions1 and when planted they simply complete their growth into large bulbs4 ,sets are procured by sowing seeds very thickly in poor soil4 ,the bulbs soon crowd each other1 and growth is checked1 causing them to ripen prematurely4 ,good sets should not be more than a half inch in diameter4 ,very small onions which are selected from the general crop--called rare-ripes--are sometimes used as sets1 but they are usually too large to give good results4 ,some onions--the multiplier or potato onions--increase themselves by division of the bulb4 ,the small bulb1 which is planted in the spring1 splits up into several distinct portions1 each one of which will multiply itself in the same manner when planted the following year4 ,onobrychis 7,saintfoin74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 sown in spring where the plants are to remain4 ,onosma 7,golden ,drop74 ,boragine4 ,seeds1 sown in the open in spring4 ,perennial species by cuttings in summer4 ,opuntia 7,prickly ,pear1 ,indian ,fig74 ,cacte4 ,seeds grow readily1 sown as soon as ripe in ordinary sandy soil1 either in the house or out-doors4 ,the joints grow readily if laid on sand4 ,it is customary to allow these cuttings to dry several days before planting them4 ,see also ,cactus4 ,orach 7,atriplex hortensis74 ,chenopodiace4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to stand4 ,orange 7,citrus ,aurantium74 ,rutace4 ,orange stocks are grown from seeds1 which should be cleaned and stratified in sand or other material1 until sowing time4 ,the seeds should not be allowed to become hard and dry4 ,some prefer to let the seeds sprout in the sand and then sow them in the nursery1 but they must be carefully handled4 ,the seeds are usually sown in seed beds1 after the manner of apple seeds1 and the seedlings are transplanted the next fall or spring into nursery rows4 ,care must always be exercised in handling orange plants1 as they are often impatient of transplanting4 ,oranges grow readily from cuttings1 although cuttage is not often practiced4 ,green cuttings1 handled under a frame1 give good results4 ,mature wood1 either one or two years old1 can be treated after the manner of long grape cuttings4 ,they must have an abundance of moisture4 ,layers are sometimes made4 ,the named varieties are shield-budded upon other stocks4 ,grafting can be practiced1 but it is often unsatisfactory4 ,the nursery stocks are commonly budded in the spring1 after having grown in the rows one year1 which is two years from the sowing of the seed4 ,if thorn-bearing varieties are to be propagated1 a thorn with a bud in its axil is often cut with the bud1 to serve as a handle in place of the leaf stalk1 which is used in summer budding4 ,many stocks are used for the orange4 ,the leading ones are sweet or common orange1 sour orange 7,citrus ,aurantium1 var4 ,bigaradia71 pomelo 7var4 pomelana or decumana71 ,otaheite orange1 trifoliate orange 7,citrus trifoliata71 and various lemons1 as the ,french or ,florida ,rough and the ,chinese4 ,for general purposes1 the sweet and sour orange stocks are probably the best4 ,the sour stock is obtained from wild seeds1 this variety having extensively run wild in ,florida from early times4 ,the trifoliate and ,otaheite stocks are used for dwarfing or for small growing sorts1 as many of the ,japanese varieties4 ,the trifoliate orange is also one of the hardiest of the orange stocks1 and its use will probably increase upon the northern limit of the orange belt4 ,old orange trees can be top-budded with ease4 ,it is advisable to cut them back a year before the operation is performed1 in order to secure young shoots4 ,in ordinary greenhouse practice1 the seedlings of the pomelo make good stocks4 ,they can be established in three-inch pots the first season1 and veneer-grafted the next winter4 ,orchids4 ,orchide4 ,the method of propagating these plants must in each species be adapted to the habit and mode of growth4 ,the easiest and safest plan for the vast majority is by division1 but seeds1 cuttings1 layers1 offsets1 and very rarely roots1 are also utilized4 ,it is important that artificial means of increase should only be adopted where the individual plants are in robust health4 ,with many orchids the struggle of life under the unnatural conditions we supply1 is necessarily severe1 and any operation which transforms one weak plant into two or more weaker ones1 is to be deprecated4 ,in cases where the only method available necessitates disturbance at the roots1 consideration must be paid to the constitution of the species1 for some orchids1 even when perfectly healthy1 strongly resent interference4 ,seeds4 ,in no class of cultivated plants is propagation by seeds more difficult and tedious than it is with orchids4 ,in all cases1 fertilization must be performed by hand4 ,in ,england1 the length of time required for the capsules to ripen varies from three months to a year4 ,good seeds form a very small proportion of the whole1 and it occasionally happens that the contents of a capsule will not produce a single plant4 ,this1 however1 as well as the difficulty experienced in ,england in rearing plants to the flowering stage1 is primarily due to the deficiency of sunlight1 and in such a bright climate as that of the ,united ,states1 would not be likely to occur4 ,various methods of sowing are in vogue1 such as sprinkling over pieces of wood and cork or tree-fern stem1 and on the top of moss and peat1 in which established plants of the same or a nearly related species are growing4 ,the last is probably the best1 but it is always advisable to try several methods4 ,of course1 the material on which the seeds are scattered must always be kept moist and shaded4 ,the period between germination and the development of the first root is the most critical in the life of a seedling orchid4 ,after they are of sufficient size to handle they are potted off into tiny pots1 and as they gain strength1 are given treatment approximating that of adult plants4 ,division4 ,cypripediums may be taken as an example where this is readily done4 ,it is simply necessary to carefully shake off the soil from the roots1 and by the aid of a sharp knife1 sever the plant into as many pieces as are required4 ,it is always advisable to leave one or more leading growths to each portion4 ,this method may be practiced for the increase of phaius1 masdevallia1 sobralia1 ada1 the evergreen section of calanthe1 and all of similar habit4 ,in nearly all those kinds where the pseudo-bulbs are united by a procumbent rhizome1 such as occurs in cattleyas1 the process is slower4 ,it seems to be natural for these plants to continue year after year1 producing a single growth from the old pseudo-bulb4 ,to obtain additional leads1 the rhizomes should be cut through in early spring1 two or three pseudo-bulbs being reserved to each piece4 ,a bud will then push from the base of each pseudo-bulb nearest the division1 and a new lead is formed4 ,the pieces should not be separated until this is well established1 and three years may sometimes be required4 ,llia1 catasetum1 clogyne1 lycaste1 cymbidium1 zygopetalum1 odontoglossum1 oncidium1 miltonia1 etc41 are treated in this manner4 ,cuttings4--,this method is available for those kinds with long1 jointed stems1 like dendrobium and epidendrum4 ,just before the plants commence to grow1 say in ,february1 the old pseudo-bulbs are cut up into lengths1 and laid on a moist1 warm surface1 such as on a pan of moss in a propagating frame4 ,young offshoots will shortly appear at the nodes1 and when large enough are potted off with the old piece attached4 ,this plan may be used also for barkeria and microstylis4 ,it is well to remember that in any method of propagation where the pseudo-bulb is divided1 the vigor of the young plant is proportionate to the amount of reserve material supplied it4 ,however suitable the external conditions may be for growth1 it is for some time entirely dependent for sustenance on the old piece from which it springs4 ,dendrobium ,phalnopsis is a case in point4 ,if a pseudo-bulb is cut into say three pieces1 it will take at least two years for the young plants to reach flowering strength1 but frequently by using the entire pseudo-bulb1 we can get in a single year a growth quite as large as the old one4 ,the treatment of young orchids should be founded on what suits the parents4 ,as a rule1 however1 they require more careful nursing1 and some of the conditions must be modified4 ,drought1 intense light and cold draughts must be avoided4 ,for many orchids1 especially those from equatorial regions1 where the atmospheric conditions alternate between saturation and intense heat and dryness1 it is necessary1 in order to induce flowering1 that nature1 to some extent at least1 should be imitated4 ,with young plants1 by whatever method they may be obtained1 the supply of water must only be reduced in accordance with the weather and season1 and beyond that1 no attempt at resting made4 ,in cases1 however1 where plants have been divided or made into cuttings1 a very limited supply of water is needed at first2 but to prevent exhaustion1 the atmosphere should always be kept laden with moisture4 ,oreopanax4 ,araliace4 ,seeds1 and cuttings of the young shoots1 or division of well established plants4 ,ornithogalum 7,star of ,bethlehem74 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,commonly by bulbels1 and by division of the clumps4 ,ornus4 ,see ,fraxinus4 ,orobus 7,bitter ,vetch74 ,leguminos4 ,readily propagated by seeds1 or by dividing the tufts4 ,orontium4 ,aroide4 ,commonly increased by division1 but seeds may be used4 ,orpine4 ,see ,sedum4 ,osage ,orange4 ,see ,maclura4 ,osier4 ,see ,salix and ,cornus4 ,osmanthus 7,japan ,holly74 ,oleace4 ,propagated by cuttings under glass1 or by grafting on osmanthus stock1 or on privet4 ,osmunda 7,flowering ,fern74 ,filices4 ,mostly by division2 sometimes by spores4 ,see ,ferns4 ,ostrya 7,hop ,hornbeam1 ,ironwood74 ,cupulifer4 ,best grown from seeds4 ,also increased by layering2 or it can be grafted4 ,the ,european species is often grafted upon the hornbeam 7carpinus74 ,othonna1 ,aristotela1 including ,doria 7,ragwort74 ,composit4 ,very easily propagated by seeds and cuttings4 ,the leaves also take root4 ,ouvirandra 7,lattice-leaf74 ,naiadace4 ,the plants are divided1 or seeds are used when they can be obtained4 ,oxalis4 ,geraniace4 ,seeds1 divisions and cuttings4 ,the tuberiferous species are increased by the small tubers which form upon the roots4 ,oxycoccus4 ,see ,cranberry4 ,oxydendron 7,sorrel-tree74 ,ericace4 ,increased by seeds1 which must be handled carefully in light soil4 ,also by layers1 which1 however1 often root with difficulty4 ,oxylobium1 including ,callistachys1 ,podolobium4 ,leguminos4 ,increased by seeds and layers4 ,cuttings of rather firm side young shoots1 made during spring4 ,oyster ,plant4 ,see ,salsify4 ,oxytropis4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds should be sown where the plants are to stand2 also by dividing the plant in spring4 ,pachira1 ,carolinea4 ,malvace4 ,seeds4 ,large cuttings cut at a joint1 with the leaves on1 in heat4 ,pony 7,peony1 ,piney74 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds1 giving new varieties1 are sown as soon as ripe4 ,the seedlings seldom rise above the surface the first year1 all their energies being spent in the formation of roots4 ,the common herbaceous varieties are oftenest propagated by division of the clumps4 ,each portion should possess at least one bud upon the crown4 ,all woody species may be increased by layers and cuttings4 ,cuttings are taken late in summer1 cut to a heel1 and are handled in a frame or cool greenhouse4 ,during winter they should be kept from freezing4 ,the shrubby species and ,p4 ,moutan are often grafted1 and all species can be handled in this way4 ,the operation is performed in late summer or early autumn1 and the grafts are stored in sand or moss where they will not freeze4 ,the next spring they are planted out4 ,the cion is made from a strong short shoot1 destitute of flower-buds1 and is set upon a piece of root1 as described and figured on a previous page 7p4 #hh1 ,fig4 #he74 ,some prefer to cut a wedge-shaped portion from the side of the stock1 in which to set the cion1 rather than to split the stock2 but either practice is good4 ,strong roots of various varieties or species may be used4 ,the ,chinese pony 7,p4 ,moutan71 ,p4 officinalis and ,p4 albiflora are probably oftenest used4 ,painted-cup4 ,see ,castilleja4 ,palafoxia4 ,composit4 ,seeds1 commonly sown under glass1 or in mild climates sown in the open4 ,palicourea4 ,rubiace4 ,cuttings1 made in spring under glass4 ,paliurus1 ,aubletia 7,christ's ,thorn74 ,rhamne4 ,may be increased by seeds1 by layers or by cuttings of the roots4 ,palma-,christi4 ,see ,ricinus4 ,palms4 ,palm4 ,palms are mostly grown from imported seeds4 ,these should always be sown in a brisk bottom heat1 in a mixture of coarse loam and sand4 ,a hot-bed1 established upon the greenhouse bench1 is an excellent place in which to start palm seeds4 ,some species are increased by suckers1 which arise from the crown or roots4 ,for more explicit directions1 see the various genera4 ,pampas ,grass4 ,see ,gynerium4 ,panax 7,ginseng74 ,araliace4 ,cuttings of stems and roots4 ,stems of old plants may be cut into pieces an inch or two long and inserted in sand in heat4 ,or young plants can be obtained by cutting down the tops of strong plants and then separating the suckers which arise4 ,pancratium and ,hymenocallis4 ,amaryllide4 ,seeds1 sown in pans in heat1 are sometimes employed4 ,commonly increased by offsets1 which usually form freely4 ,pandanus 7,screw ,pine74 ,pandane4 ,seeds and suckers1 as in palms4 ,also by cuttings of the young growth in heat4 ,the seeds are really fruits1 and if in good condition several plants1 one to ten1 are obtainable from each2 they should be separated when well furnished with roots4 ,pansy4 ,see ,viola4 ,papaver 7,poppy74 ,papaverace4 ,seeds--usually sown out-doors--and divisions4 ,p4 orientalis and allied species are easily propagated by root-cuttings in sandy soil under glass in autumn4 ,papaw-tree4 ,see ,carica2 also ,asimina4 ,papyrus4 ,cyperace4 ,propagation is effected by seeds and by divisions1 chiefly the latter4 ,pardanthus4 ,iride4 ,seeds1 divisions1 and cuttings of young growth4 ,paris4 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds or by divisions4 ,paris ,daisy4 ,see ,marguerite4 ,parkinsonia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds mostly4 ,cuttings4 ,parnassia 7,grass of ,parnassus74 ,saxifrage4 ,may be propagated by seeds or by divisions4 ,parrotia4 ,hamamelide4 ,increased by seeds or by layers4 ,parrya4 ,crucifer4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,parsley 7,apium ,petroselinum74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds1 which are usually sown out-doors4 ,the roots may be taken up in fall to be forced under glass4 ,parsnip 7,pastinaca sativa74 ,umbellifer4 ,fresh seeds1 sown where the plants are to stand4 ,parthenium4 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown under glass1 or in the open4 ,pasque-flower4 ,see ,anemone4 ,passiflora 7,passion ,flower74 ,passiflore4 ,seeds1 sown under glass4 ,cuttings of the young growth root easily in sand in a frame4 ,varieties are sometimes veneer-grafted1 e4 g41 ,p4 coccinea4 ,paulownia4 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds1 sown in carefully prepared soil1 either in a seed-bed or in a cold-frame4 ,cuttings of ripe wood or of roots1 made in fall or spring4 ,pavonia4 ,malvace4 ,seeds1 and green cuttings in a frame4 ,pea 7,pisum sativum74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to stand4 ,the plants are hardy and seeds may be sown very early4 ,peach 7,prunus ,persica7 ,rosace4 ,the peach is perhaps the easiest to propagate of all northern fruit trees4 ,stocks are universally grown from seeds1 although root-cuttings will grow4 ,the seeds should be buried out-doors in the fall1 and shallow enough so that they will be fully exposed to frost4 ,some prefer to simply spread them upon the surface of the ground and cover them lightly with straw to prevent them from drying out4 ,the pits should be kept moist1 and by spring most of them will be cracked4 ,those which do not open should be cracked by hand1 for if planted they will not germinate until a year later than the others4 ,the meats or kernels are sorted out and planted early in drills4 ,or some prefer to sprout the seeds in the house1 in order to select the best for planting4 ,some growers upon a small scale pinch off the tip of the rootlet to make the root branch4 ,pits should be secured1 of course1 from strong and healthy trees1 but the opinion that natural seed1 or that from unbudded trees1 is necessarily best1 is unfounded4 ,the seeds should be planted in rich soil1 and the stocks will be large enough to bud the same year4 ,any which are not large enough to bud may be cut back to the ground the next spring1 and one shoot be allowed to grow for budding1 but such small stocks are usually destroyed1 as it does not pay to bestow the extra labor and use of land upon them4 ,when the buds have grown one season1 the trees are ready for sale--at one year from the bud and two years from the seed4 ,peach trees are always shield-budded1 and the operation is fully described on pages #fh to #ge4 ,grafting can be done1 but as budding is so easily performed1 there is no occasion for it4 ,the peach shoots are so pithy that1 in making cions1 it is well to leave a portion of the old wood upon the lower end--extending part way up the cut--to give the cion strength4 ,peaches are nearly always worked upon peaches in this country4 ,plums are occasionally employed for damp and strong soils4 ,myrobolan is sometimes used1 but it cannot be recommended4 ,all plums dwarf the peach more or less4 ,the hard-shell almond is a good stock for very light and dry soils4 ,the ,peen-to and similar peaches are worked upon common peach stocks4 ,the nectarine is propagated in exactly the same manner as the peach4 ,the ornamental peaches are budded upon common peach-stocks in the same manner as the fruit-bearing sorts4 ,for ,prunus ,simoni1 see ,plum4 ,pea-nut 7,arachis hypoga74 ,leguminos4 ,as a field crop1 the seeds should be planted where the plants are to stand4 ,for propagation in greenhouses1 see ,arachis4 ,pear1 ,alligator or ,avocado4 ,see ,persea4 ,pear 7,pyrus communis1 ,p4 sinensis74 ,rosace4 ,pear seedlings are grown in the same manner as those of the apple1 which see4 ,pear stocks are mostly imported from ,france1 however1 as the leaf-blight is so destructive to them here as to render their culture unprofitable4 ,this leaf-blight is a fungus 7,entomosporium maculatum71 and recent experiment has shown that it can be readily overcome by four or five thorough sprayings with ,bordeaux mixture1 so that there is reason to hope that the growing of pear stocks may yet become profitable in this country4 ,heretofore1 the only means of mitigating the ravages of this blight was the uncertain one of inducing a strong growth early in the season4 ,even when pear stocks are raised in this country1 they are grown from imported ,french seed4 ,aside from its cheapness1 however1 this foreign seed probably possesses no superiority over domestic seed4 ,but pear seed is so difficult to obtain in ,america that it is practically out of the market4 ,pear seedlings should be taken up and removed from the seed-bed the first fall4 ,the foreign stocks are imported when a year old from the seed4 ,the seedlings are trimmed or dressed 7see page #fi71 and are set into nursery rows the following spring4 ,the next season--that is1 the season in which the stocks are transplanted--shield-budding is performed1 as upon the apple4 ,the budding season usually begins late in ,july or early in ,august in the north4 ,if the stocks are small1 of second size1 they may stand over winter and be budded the second year4 ,pear trees are sold at two and three years from the bud4 ,pears do not succeed well when root-grafted1 except when a long cion is used1 for the purpose of securing own-rooted trees 7see page #gh74 ,dormant buds of the pear may be used upon large stocks in early spring1 the same as upon the apple1 and buds may be kept upon ice for use in early summer 7see page #gd74 ,pears are dwarfed by working them upon the quince4 ,the ,angers quince is the best stock4 ,the ordinary orange quince and its kin make weak and short-lived trees4 ,quince stocks are obtained from ordinary cuttings or from mound-layering1 the latter method giving much the better stocks 7see ,quince74 ,the layers should stand until late in autumn of the second season when they will be found to be well-rooted1 and may then be taken off1 trimmed up and fitted to plant as stocks the following spring1 and budded in ,august4 ,it is imperative to set the bud as low as possible in order to secure long-lived trees4 ,some varieties do not unite well with the quince1 and if it is desired to dwarf them1 they should be double-worked 7see page #ia74 ,the pear can also be grown upon the apple1 thorn and mountain ash4 ,upon the apple it is short-lived1 although pear cions1 set in the top of an old apple tree1 often bear large fruits for a few years4 ,when pear stocks cannot be had1 pears are sometimes worked upon apple roots4 ,if the cions are long they will emit roots1 and when the apple nurse fails the pear becomes own-rooted4 ,good dwarf trees are often secured upon the thorn1 and there is reason to believe that some of the thorns will be found to be preferable to quince stocks for severe climates and for special purposes4 ,the subject is little understood4 ,the mountain ash is sometimes used for the purpose of growing pears upon a sandy soil1 but its use appears to be of little consequence4 ,pears of the ,le ,conte and ,keiffer type are often grown from cuttings in the south4 ,cuttings are made of the recent mature growth1 about a foot in length1 and are planted in the open ground after the manner of long grape cuttings4 ,le ,conte1 ,garber1 ,smith1 and other very strong growers of the ,chinese type1 are probably best when grown from cuttings4 ,they soon overgrow ,french stocks1 as also apple stocks1 which have been used to some extent2 but if long cions are used1 own-rooted trees are soon obtained1 and the stock will have served a useful purpose in pushing the cion the first two or three years4 ,pecan 7,hicoria ,pecan74 ,juglande4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,these may be planted as soon as ripe1 or stratified until spring4 ,the ground should be well prepared and the nuts planted about #c inches deep4 ,by grafting on pecan or common hickory stock that is not over #b years old4 ,cions about #f inches long should be cut during the winter and put in a cool place to hold them back until the stocks have fairly started in the spring4 ,the stalks should then be cut off at the crown and the cion inserted4 ,the tongue-graft gives the best result4 ,bandage securely and bank with earth nearly to the top of the cion1 to keep it moist4 ,pelargonium 7,geranium1 ,stork's ,bill74 ,geraniace4 ,seeds1 sown in light soil with mild heat1 are sometimes employed4 ,commonly increased by cuttings of firm shoots1 which grow readily 7,figs4 #eb1 e1 and #ee74 ,the fancy or show geraniums are often grown from root-cuttings1 but sometimes will not come true4 ,geraniums can also be grafted4 7,see page #ci1 herbaceous grafting47 ,pelecyphora 7,hatchet ,cactus74 ,cacte4 ,propagated most freely by seeds in moderate heat1 and by cuttings made of any small shoots that arise from the base ,see also ,cactus4 ,peliosanthes4 ,hmodorace4 ,suckers4 ,peltandra4 ,aroide4 ,propagated by seeds when fresh1 or by division4 ,pennyroyal 7,mentha ,pulegium74 ,labiat4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,pentapetes4 ,sterculiace4 ,propagated by seeds2 by cuttings of half-ripened shoots4 ,pentas4 ,rubiace4 ,propagated1 with difficulty1 by seeds or cuttings of half-ripened wood4 ,pentstemon 7,beard-tongue74 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds1 sown in pans and placed under a frame2 or they are sometimes sown in the border where the plants are to stand4 ,also by division1 and rarely by cuttings in summer4 ,peperomia1 including ,micropiper4 ,piperace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of single joints of firm stems root easily in a peaty soil4 ,water sparingly4 ,pepper1 ,black4 ,see ,piper4 ,pepperidge4 ,see ,nyssa4 ,pepper-grass1 ,curled ,cress 7,lepidium sativum74 ,crucifer4 ,grown from seeds1 either under glass for early crops or in the open air4 ,peppermint 7,mentha piperita74 ,labiat4 ,divisions of the creeping and rooting stems are planted to multiply the plant1 and plantations are renewed every three or four years4 ,pepper1 ,red or ,cayenne 7,capsicum74 ,solanace4 ,seeds1 sown out-doors1 or in the north oftener started in the house4 ,pereskia 7,barbadoes ,gooseberry74 ,cacte4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 as described under ,cactus4 ,p4 aculeata is much used as a stock for epiphyllums4 ,p4 ,bleo is sometimes used for the same purpose1 as it is fully as good as the other species4 ,cuttings of ,p4 aculeata can be made a foot or more in length1 and of sufficient size for immediate use1 or1 indeed1 the graft may be inserted when the cutting is made4 ,perilla1 ,dentidia4 ,labiat4 ,sow the seeds in early spring in pans or boxes1 and place in a gentle heat4 ,or southwards1 seeds may be sown in the open4 ,periploca4 ,asclepiade4 ,seeds4 ,increased mostly by layers or cuttings under glass1 during summer or autumn4 ,root-cuttings succeed4 ,periwinkle4 ,see ,vinca4 ,pernettya4 ,see ,canarina4 ,persea 7,alligator or ,avocado ,pear74 ,laurine4 ,seeds4 ,layers of ripened shoots may be made in autumn1 or cuttings of firm shoots in spring1 under glass4 ,persimmon 7,diospyros ,kaki and ,d4 ,virginiana74 ,ebenace4 ,stocks are readily grown from seed1 and they usually attain sufficient size for budding the first year4 ,the native persimmon 7,dispyros ,virginiana7 is largely used as a stock for the ,japanese persimmon or kaki4 ,imported stocks are occasionally employed1 but the native is more vigorous1 as a rule1 and probably better4 ,persimmons are shield-budded the same as peaches1 and they may be root-grafted and top-grafted by ordinary methods4 ,persoonia1 ,linkia4 ,proteace4 ,propagated by cuttings of the ripened shoots1 under glass4 ,peruvian ,bark4 ,see ,cinchona4 ,petalostemon 7,prairie ,clover74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,petunia4 ,solanace4 ,seeds1 either in-doors or in the garden4 ,choice and double varieties are often increased by cuttings1 which grow readily4 ,phacelia1 ,eutoca1 ,whitlavia4 ,hydrophyllace4 ,the annuals are increased by seeds1 and the perennials by seeds and divisions4 ,phdranassa1 including ,leperiza 7,queen ,lily74 ,amaryllide4 ,propagated by seeds and bulbels4 ,phaius4 ,orchide4 ,division of the bulbs4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,phalnopsis4 ,orchide4 ,these are very slow and difficult to propagate4 ,in the majority of the species it can only be done where a lateral off-shoot is made from the main stem4 ,some species1 such as ,p4 ,luddemanniana1 and more rarely ,p4 amabilis1 ,p4 ,stuartiana and ,p4 ,schilleriana1 develop plantlets on the old flower scapes4 ,by pegging these down on a basket of moss they may be established and afterwards separated4 ,p4 ,stuartiana and ,p4 deliciosa have been known to produce plants on the roots4 ,other instances of root-proliferation are recorded in ,saccolabium micranthum and a species of cyrtopodium4 7,see under ,orchids47 ,phalaris4 ,gramine4 ,propagated by seeds1 but the sports by divisions4 ,phaleria1 ,drimyspermum4 ,thymelace4 ,increased by seeds sown in heat in spring2 or by cuttings of the young shoots1 which should be inserted in bottom heat4 ,pharbitis4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,phaseolus 7,bean1 ,kidney1 ,pole1 ,string2 ,french ,bean1 etc474 ,leguminos4 ,the ornamental greenhouse kinds are grown from seeds planted in light soil in a warm propagating house4 ,see ,bean4 ,phebalium4 ,rutace4 ,may be increased by cuttings of the young wood1 under a glass4 ,phellodendron 7,cork ,tree74 ,rutace4 ,increased by seeds1 layers and by root-cuttings4 ,philadelphus 7,mock ,orange1 ,syringa74 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds1 layers1 suckers and cuttings4 ,layers are most used4 ,cuttings of mature wood are sometimes employed4 ,some well-marked varieties1 like vars4 nana and aurea of ,p4 coronarius1 are grown from cuttings of soft wood in summer in frames4 ,phillyrea 7,jasmine ,box1 ,mock ,privet74 ,oleace4 ,seeds4 ,may be propagated by cuttings1 layers1 or by grafting on the privet4 ,philodendron4 ,aroide4 ,increased by seeds2 and by dividing the stems1 allowing two or three joints to each piece1 inserting them in pots in a brisk heat4 ,phlomis4 ,labiat4 ,all of the species may be increased by seeds2 the herbaceous kinds by divisions1 and the shrubby sorts also by cuttings4 ,phlox4 ,polemoniace4 ,the annuals are grown from seeds sown in the open4 ,the perennials are grown from seeds1 divisions1 cuttings of stems and roots4 ,cuttings made during summer1 and handled in a frame1 do well4 ,the roots are cut into short pieces1 and are then handled in pans or flats under cover4 ,phnix1 ,elate 7,date ,palm74 ,palm4 ,increased by imported seeds1 sown in a sandy soil1 in a mild hot-bed4 ,also by suckers4 ,see also ,date4 ,phormium 7,flax ,lily1 or ,new ,zealand ,flax74 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,also by division of the crowns before growth commences in spring4 ,photinia1 including ,eriobotrya4 ,rosace4 ,stratified seeds or half-ripened cuttings under glass4 ,the loquat1 ,p4 ,japonica1 is grown from layers or cuttings of ripe wood1 and it is worked upon seedling stocks or upon thorn or quince1 after the manner of pears4 ,phylica4 ,rhamne4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of growing shoots may be inserted in sandy soil1 in a warm house4 ,phyllanthus1 including ,xylophylla4 ,euphorbice4 ,increased by means of cuttings of hard shoots in heat4 ,phyllis4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds1 or cuttings under glass4 ,phyllocactus1 including ,phyllocereus and ,disocactus 7,leaf ,cactus74 ,cacte4 ,seeds germinate readily in sandy soil4 ,usually increased by cuttings of the stems1 five or six inches long1 placed in sandy soil1 which is kept only slightly moist4 ,see also ,cactus4 ,phyllocladus1 ,thalamia 7,celery-leaved ,pine-,tree74 ,conifer4 ,cuttings of the ripened shoots under glass1 in spring4 ,when the cuttings begin callusing1 give mild bottom heat4 ,physalis 7,ground or ,winter ,cherry1 ,strawberry ,tomato1 ,husk ,tomato74 ,solanace4 ,seeds1 sown out-doors or under cover4 ,perennials by division and growing cuttings4 ,physianthus1 ,schubertia4 ,asclepiade4 ,seeds1 usually started in heat4 ,cuttings of firm shoots usually side shoots1 under glass4 ,physochlaina4 ,solanace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of soft wood4 ,phyteuma1 ,rapunculus 7,horned ,rampion74 ,campanulace4 ,easily increased by seeds or by divisions1 in spring4 ,phytolacca 7,spoke1 ,skoke1 ,poke74 ,phytolaccace4 ,may be propagated by means of seeds1 or by divisions4 ,picea4 ,conifer4 ,propagated by seeds1 sometimes by layers1 or grafts4 ,p4 excelsa 7,norway spruce7 makes a good stock2 the veneer graft1 under glass1 in winter1 succeeds better than any method of out-door work practicable in our climate2 if the graft is inserted near the base in young plants1 it is quite possible to obtain them on their own roots after a few transplantings4 ,side-shoots can be used as cions1 and if started in time will furnish good leaders2 sometimes a leader is developed more rapidly by bending the plant over at nearly a right-angle1 when a stout bud may start from the stem4 ,see ,abies4 ,pickerel ,weed4 ,see ,pontederia4 ,picotee4 ,see ,dianthus and ,carnation4 ,pilea 7,artillery ,plant1 ,stingless ,nettle74 ,urticace4 ,may be increased by seeds1 divisions or cuttings4 ,pilocereus4 ,see ,cactus4 ,pimelea1 ,banksia4 ,thymelace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of growing shoots in moderate heat4 ,pimpernel4 ,see ,anagallis4 ,pinanga4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,pinckneya1 ,pinknea4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of the ripened shoots under glass4 ,pine-apple 7,ananas sativa74 ,bromeliace4 ,pine-apples very rarely produce seeds1 but when they are produced they are sown for the purpose of obtaining new varieties4 ,the pine-apple is usually increased by suckers and crowns4 ,if the root is left in the ground after the pine is removed1 suckers will start from it4 ,the root is then taken up and cut into as many pieces as there are suckers1 each piece being then permanently planted4 ,the crown of the fruit and the various offsets or crownlets1 which appear on the sides and base of the fruit1 may be removed and used as cuttings4 ,these offsets are commonly used in greenhouse propagation4 ,it is the usual practice to allow them to dry several days before they are planted1 and in pine-apple regions they are often exposed to the sun for several weeks4 ,this operation is unnecessary1 however1 although it is not objectionable4 ,a good way to start the offsets is to pull off the lowest leaves and insert the offsets in damp moss in shade--giving bottom heat for greenhouse work--and as soon as roots begin to form1 which will occur in from two to six weeks1 plant them out permanently4 ,in the tropics fruit can be obtained in #bj months after the offsets are transplanted2 but fruit-bearing is often delayed three or four years under poor treatment4 ,piney4 ,see ,pony4 ,pinguicula 7,butterwort74 ,lentibularie4 ,the hardy and greenhouse species are increased by seeds4 divisions1 or by leaf cuttings4 ,pink 7,dianthus1 various species74 ,caryophylle4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,best results are obtained by raising new plants from seed every two or three years4 ,seeds are usually sown where the plants are to remain2 or they may be sown in a cold-frame and transplanted4 ,pinus 7,pine74 ,conifer4 ,seeds1 which should be kept dry over winter1 are commonly employed4 ,these are often started in pots1 but for most species they are sown in well-prepared beds out-doors4 ,the seedlings must usually be shaded the first season4 ,varieties1 as also species which do not produce seed freely1 may be grafted upon stocks of white or ,austrian pine or other species4 ,this grafting may be done upon the tips of growing shoots early in the season 7page #ij71 but it is oftener performed upon potted plants by the veneer method4 ,piper1 ,cubeba 7,pepper1 ,cubeb74 ,piperace4 ,seeds4 ,all are increased by means of cuttings of the growing shoots1 inserted in sandy soil under glass4 ,piscidia 7,fish ,poison-tree1 ,jamaica ,dogwood74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of growing shoots under glass4 ,pistacia4 ,anacardiace4 ,seeds1 cuttings and layers4 ,the pistacio-nut or green almond 7,p4 vera7 is usually grown from seeds1 which are planted where the trees are to stand4 ,it is sometimes grafted upon ,p4 terebinthus1 to give it greater vigor4 ,pitcairnia4 ,see ,billbergia4 ,pitcher-plant4 ,see ,nepenthes and ,sarracenia4 ,pittosporum4 ,pittospore4 ,seeds1 and by cuttings of the growing or ripe wood1 under glass4 ,planera 7,planer-tree74 ,urticace4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be handled like elm seeds4 ,plane-tree4 ,see ,platanus4 ,plantago 7,plantain74 ,plantagine4 ,seeds4 ,the perennial species also by division4 ,plantain 7fruit74 ,see ,banana4 ,platanus 7,plane-tree1 ,button-wood2 ,sycamore1 improperly74 ,platanace4 ,usually propagated by seeds1 but layers and ripe wood cuttings may be employed4 ,platycerium 7,stag's-,horn ,fern74 ,filices4 ,chiefly by division4 ,see ,ferns4 ,platycodon1 ,wahlenbergia4 ,campanulace4 ,propagated by seeds and1 when old plants are obtainable1 by division4 ,plectocomia4 ,palm4 ,seeds4 ,may be increased by suckers4 ,pleroma1 ,lasiandra1 including ,melastoma4 ,melastomace4 ,seeds4 ,propagated mostly by cuttings of growing shoots in a close frame at any season4 ,plum 7,prunus1 many species74 ,rosace4 ,there are so many species of plums in cultivation1 and the varieties of the same species are often so different in constitution and habit1 that it is difficult to give advice concerning their propagation4 ,all the species grow readily from fresh1 well-ripened seeds4 ,the pits should be removed from the pulp and then stratified until spring4 ,if they are allowed to freeze1 the germination will be more uniform1 as the pits will be more easily opened by the swelling embryo4 ,plum pits are rarely cracked by hand4 ,the strong-growing species and varieties1 especially southwards1 will give stocks strong enough to bud the first season2 but the weaker ones must stand until the next season after the seeds are planted4 ,in all the northern states1 however1 plum pits are usually sown in seed-beds1 in the same manner as apple and pear seeds4 ,the seedlings are taken up in the fall1 and the following spring set out in nursery rows1 where they are budded in ,august4 ,plums are extensively grown from suckers1 which spring in great numbers from the roots of many species4 ,in ,france this method of propagation is largely used4 ,so long as graftage does not intervene1 the sprouts will reproduce the variety2 and even in grafted or budded trees this sometimes occurs1 but it is probably because the tree has become own-rooted from the rooting of the cion4 ,it is a common notion that trees grown from suckers sprout or sucker worse than those grown from seeds4 ,layers are also extensively employed for the propagation of the plum4 ,strong stools 7page #ce7 are grown1 and the long and strong shoots are covered in spring throughout their length--the tips only being exposed--and every bud will produce a plant4 ,strong shoots of vigorous sorts will give plants strong enough the first fall to be removed into nursery rows4 ,mound-layering is also employed with good results4 ,root-cuttings1 handled like those of blackberry1 grow readily1 but some growers suppose that they produce trees which sucker badly4 ,many plums grow readily from cuttings of the mature recent wood1 treated the same as long grape cuttings4 ,this is especially true of the ,marianna and its kin 7,p4 umbellata71 which are grown almost entirely from cuttings4 ,some sorts of the common garden plum 7,p4 domestica7 also grow from cuttings4 ,plums are worked in various ways1 but ordinary shield-budding is usually employed in late summer or early fall1 as for peaches and cherries4 ,root-grafting by the common whip method is sometimes employed1 especially when own-rooted trees are desired 7page #gh74 ,in the north and east1 the common plum 7,p4 domestica7 is commonly worked upon stocks of the same species4 ,these stocks1 if seedlings1 are apt to be very variable in size and habit1 and sometimes half or more of any batch1 even from selected seeds1 are practically worthless4 ,stocks from inferior or constant varieties are therefore essential4 ,such stocks are largely imported2 but there are some varieties which can be relied upon in this country4 ,one of the best of these domestic stocks is the ,horse plum1 a small and purple-fruited variety of ,prunus domestica1 which gives very uniform seedlings4 ,this is largely used in ,new ,york4 ,the ,french stocks which are in most common use are ,st4 ,julien and ,black ,damas4 ,the ,myrobolan 7,p4 cerasifera7 is much used in ,california for standards1 but in the east it makes dwarf trees4 ,the peach is often used as a plum stock1 and it is valuable in the south1 especially for light soils4 ,in the north plum stocks are better4 ,almond stocks1 especially for the ,french prune and for light soils1 are considerably used in ,california4 ,the apricot is sometimes employed1 but results appear to be poor or indifferent1 on the whole4 ,prunes thrive upon the above stocks also4 ,various stocks dwarf the plum4 ,the chief dwarf stock at present is the ,myrobolan4 ,this is usually imported4 ,it is easily grown1 either from seeds or cuttings4 ,the ,mirabelle1 a foreign stock1 is sometimes used4 ,the many species of native plums1 of the ,prunus ,americana and ,p4 angustifolia 7,chickasaw7 types1 are good stocks for dwarf or intermediate trees4 ,in most cases1 the bud or graft grows luxuriantly for two or three years1 and thereafter grows rather slowly4 ,it is best to bud or graft low upon these stocks4 ,the ,marianna is at present the most popular native stock4 ,the native or ,american plums are budded upon native seedlings1 or rarely upon ,prunus domestica seedlings2 or they are grown from cuttings1 as in the case of ,marianna4 ,the ,japanese plums are worked upon peach1 common plum or upon natives1 preferably ,marianna4 ,prunus ,simoni works upon peach1 common plum1 ,myrobolan and ,marianna4 ,the ornamental plums are worked upon the same stocks as the fruit-bearing sorts4 ,see ,prunus4 ,plum1 ,coco4 ,see ,chrysobalanus4 ,plumbago 7,leadwort74 ,plumbagine4 ,seeds1 divisions and cuttings4 ,cuttings are made from firm nearly mature wood1 and should be given mild bottom heat4 ,plumeria1 ,himatanthus4 ,apocynace4 ,seeds4 ,make cuttings of ripe shoots1 and place under glass4 ,podalyria4 ,leguminos ,readily increased by seeds4 ,divisions do not succeed well4 ,in spring1 cuttings may be made of strong side shoots1 and planted in sand under glass4 ,podocarpus ,conifer4 ,usually grown from cuttings of firm wood under cover4 ,podophyllum 7,may-,apple1 ,mandrake2 erroneously ,duck's ,foot7 ,berberide4 ,seeds and division4 ,poinciana4 ,leguminos4 ,propagation by seeds4 ,poinsettia1 ,euphorbia4 ,euphorbiace ,cuttings of growing shoots1 of two or three buds each1 handled upon a cutting bench or in a frame4 ,many propagators prefer to let the cuttings lie exposed two or three days before setting them4 ,cuttings of ripened wood can be used to good advantage where the heat is rather low4 ,see ,euphorbia4 ,polanisia4 ,capparide4 ,seeds1 in-doors or in the open4 ,polemonium4 ,polemoniace4 ,propagated by seeds and by division4 ,polianthes 7,tuberose74 ,amaryllide4 ,increased by bulbels4 ,remove these from the parent bulb in the fall1 and keep in a warm1 dry place until the following spring4 ,the soil should be light1 rich and moist throughout the summer4 ,before frost comes in the fall1 take the bulbs up1 and when dry1 cut off the leaves4 ,the bulbs should be kept as during the preceding winter1 and the culture during the following year is the same as during the first4 ,the bulbs usually flower the second or third summer4 ,polyanthus4 ,see ,primula4 ,polycarpa4 ,caryophylle4 ,the annuals are increased by seeds2 perennials by cuttings4 ,polygala 7,milkwort74 ,polygale4 ,seeds2 sometimes by division1 and by cuttings of young shoots under cover1 particularly for tropical species4 ,polygonatum 7,solomon's ,seal74 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seed and by divisions4 ,polygonum 7,knot-,grass or ,weed74 ,polygonace4 ,seeds4 ,the perennials are also increased by divisions of the root-stocks1 and by cuttings4 ,polypodium 7,polypody74 ,filices4 ,divisions usually4 ,see ,ferns4 ,pomegranate 7,punica granatum74 ,lythrrie4 ,largely by seeds1 and all varieties are increased by cuttings1 suckers1 layers1 and scarce sorts by grafting on a common sort4 ,pomelo1 ,shaddock 7,citrus ,aurantium1 var4 pomelana74 ,rutace4 ,usually grown from seeds1 but it may be budded upon pomelo or orange stocks1 as in the ,orange1 which see4 ,pontederia 7,pickerel ,weed74 ,pontederiace4 ,seeds rarely4 ,mostly by divisions4 ,poppy4 ,see ,papaver4 ,populus 7,poplar1 ,aspen1 ,cotton-wood74 ,salicine4 ,seeds1 sown as soon as ripe and raked in light soil4 ,suckers are also used4 ,most often increased by cuttings of ripe wood1 taken in fall and spring4 ,the weeping forms are stock-grafted upon upright sorts1 as ,p4 grandidentata4 ,portugal ,laurel4 ,see ,prunus4 ,portulaca 7,purslane1 ,rose ,moss74 ,portulace4 ,the annuals are raised from seed4 ,varieties are sometimes propagated by cuttings4 ,potato 7,solanum tuberosum74 ,solanace4 ,tubers1 either whole or variously divided4 ,also rarely stem cuttings4 7,see page #eb47 ,potentilla1 including ,horkelia1 ,sibbaldia 7,cinquefoil1 ,five-,finger74 ,rosace4 ,seeds1 layers1 divisions1 green cuttings4 ,poterium1 including ,sanguisorba 7,burnet74 ,rosace4 ,the herbaceous kinds are increased by seeds4 ,the shrubs are raised from soft cuttings1 under glass4 ,premna1 ,baldingera4 ,verbenace4 ,seeds and soft cuttings4 ,prickly ,ash4 ,see ,zanthoxylum4 ,prickly ,pear4 ,see ,opuntia4 ,pride of ,india4 ,see ,melia4 ,priestleya1 including ,achyronia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of very young wood1 under cover4 ,prim4 ,see ,ligustrum4 ,primula1 ,polyanthus 7,primrose1 ,cowslip74 ,primulace4 ,seeds1 sown carefully in very fine soil1 under glass4 ,some rare sorts are increased by division4 ,prinos4 ,see ,ilex4 ,pritchardia4 ,palm4 ,increased by seeds4 ,privet4 ,see ,ligustrum4 ,prostanthera 7,australian ,mint74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 divisions1 and cuttings of growing shoots1 usually by the last method4 ,protea1 ,erodendron4 ,proteace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of growing wood1 under cover4 ,prune4 ,see ,plum4 ,prunus1 ,amygdalus4 ,rosace4 ,the dwarf almonds 7,amygdalus7 are increased by seeds1 divisions1 cuttings1 and by budding upon seedling plum or peach stocks2 also by root-cuttings4 ,peach stocks give larger trees at first than plum stocks1 but the trees are not so long-lived4 ,perhaps ten years may be considered the average life of most ornamental almonds upon the peach1 while upon the plum they may persist twenty-five years or more4 ,the ornamental cherries1 peaches1 etc41 are propagated in essentially the same manner as the fruit-bearing varieties4 ,see ,almond1 ,apricot1 ,cherry1 ,peach1 ,plum4 ,p4 ,lauro-,cerasus and ,p4 ,lusitanica1 the cherry laurel and ,portugal laurel1 may be propagated by short cuttings of ripened wood1 in a cool greenhouse in autumn4 ,p4 ,pissardii is said to be easily propagated by cuttings of the soft wood4 ,this method succeeds well with many of the double-flowering plums and cherries1 if the wood is grown under glass4 ,pseudotsuga4 ,conifer4 ,propagated the same as ,abies1 which see4 ,psidium4 ,see ,guava4 ,psoralea4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 divisions and cuttings of growing shoots1 placed under glass4 ,the tubiferous species1 as the pomme blanche or ,indian potato 7,p4 esculenta7 are increased by tubers or divisions of them4 ,ptelea 7,hop-tree74 ,rutace4 ,increased by seeds1 sown in autumn or stratified1 or by layers4 ,the varieties may be grafted on the common forms4 ,pteris 7,brake1 ,bracken74 ,filices4 ,easily grown from spores4 ,see ,ferns4 ,pterocarya4 ,juglande4 ,increased by seeds1 suckers and layers4 ,ptychosperma1 ,seaforthia 7,australian ,feather-palm74 ,palm4 ,seeds4 ,pulmonaria4 ,see ,mertensia4 ,pumpkin 7,cucurbita1 three species74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 when the weather is settled4 ,punica4 ,see ,pomegranate4 ,puschkinia1 ,adamsia4 ,liliace4 ,increased by dividing the bulbs1 which should be done every two or three years4 ,pyrethrum4 ,see ,chrysanthemum4 ,pyrola 7,shin-leaf1 ,wintergreen74 ,ericace4 ,propagated by division2 very rarely from seeds4 ,pyrus4 ,rosace4 ,the ornamental species and varieties of apples and crabs are budded or grafted upon common apple stocks4 ,the mountain ashes are grown from stratified seeds1 which usually lie dormant until the second year1 or the varieties are budded or grafted upon stocks of the common species 7,p4 ,aucuparia74 ,layers and green cuttings are occasionally employed for various species and varieties of pyrus4 ,see also ,apple1 ,pear1 ,quince4 ,it is a good plan to obtain stocks as nearly related to the plant which is to be propagated as possible2 e4 g41 ,parkman's pyrus does better on ,p4 floribunda than on the common apple stock4 ,quamoclit4 ,see ,ipoma4 ,quassia4 ,simarube4 ,cuttings of ripe shoots under glass4 ,quercus 7,oak74 ,cupulifer4 ,stocks are grown readily from seeds1 which may be sown in the fall without stratification4 ,the evergreen species are sometimes grown from cuttings4 ,varieties are grafted on stocks grown from wild acorns4 ,the stocks are potted in the fall and the grafting is performed in ,january and ,february1 or sometimes in ,august4 ,quince 7,pyrus ,cydonia1 ,p4 ,japonica1 ,p4 ,cathayensis74 ,rosace4 ,all quinces can be grown from seeds1 the same as apples and pears2 but seeds are not common in the market1 and are therefore little used in this country4 ,the fruit-bearing quinces are propagated most cheaply by means of cuttings of mature wood4 ,the cuttings are taken in the fall1 and are stored in sand1 moss or sawdust until spring1 when they are planted out-doors4 ,long cuttings--#aj to #ab inches--are usually most successful1 as they reach into uniformly moist earth4 ,cuttings are usually made of the recent wood1 and preferably with a heel1 but wood two or three years old will usually grow4 ,with some varieties and upon some soils1 there is considerable uncertainty1 and layerage is therefore often employed4 ,mound-layering 7see page #ce7 is practiced where extra strong plants are required4 ,long root-cuttings1 treated like those of the blackberry and raspberry1 will also grow4 ,many nurserymen bud or root-graft the better varieties upon stocks of ,angers or other strong sorts4 ,these stocks are imported or grown from seeds or cuttings4 ,the ,chinese quince succeeds upon the common quince4 ,in order to secure extra strong plants and a uniform stand1 some growers graft quince cuttings upon pieces of apple or pear roots4 ,in such cases the plants should be taken up in the fall1 when the quince will be found to have sent out roots of its own2 the apple root should be removed1 and the quince replanted the following spring in the nursery row1 otherwise suckers frequently spring from the stock and interfere with the growth of the quince4 ,the union is sufficient to nurse the cion for two or three years4 ,the flowering or ,japanese quince is best propagated by short root-cuttings1 which are usually made in the fall1 and scattered in drills in frames or in a well-prepared border in spring4 ,cuttings of firm1 nearly mature wood1 handled in frames1 will grow1 but they are not often used4 ,the double varieties are root-grafted upon common stocks of ,p4 ,japonica in winter4 ,the plants are then grown on in pots4 ,common quince 7,p4 ,cydonia7 stocks are occasionally used1 but they are not in favor4 ,quisqualis4 ,combretace4 ,increased by heeled cuttings of young shoots in heat4 ,radish 7,raphanus sativus74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 usually sown where the plants are to grow4 ,ragged ,robin4 ,see ,lychnis4 ,ramondia1 ,myconia4 ,gesnerace4 ,propagated by seeds or division4 ,rampion 7,campanula ,rapunculus74 ,campanulace4 ,seeds1 where the plants are to stand4 ,ranunculus 7,buttercup1 ,crowfoot74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds and by divisions4 ,raphia4 ,palm4 ,seeds4 ,raphiolepis4 ,rosace4 ,increased by seeds1 and by cuttings of the growing shoots inserted under cover4 ,raspberry 7,rubus neglectus1 strigosus and occidentalis74 ,rosace4 ,new varieties are obtained from seeds1 which are washed from the pulp and sown immediately1 or stratified4 ,the black-cap varieties are grown mostly from root-tips 7,fig4 #ah7 as described on page #cb4 ,if the ground is loose and mellow1 the tips will commonly take root themselves1 but upon hard ground the tip may have to be held in place by a stone or clod4 ,some strong-growing varieties1 like the ,gregg1 especially in windy localities1 may have to be held down4 ,the red varieties increase rapidly by means of suckers which spring up from the roots4 ,better plants are obtained by means of root-cuttings1 however1 as described under ,blackberry 7see also ,fig4 #df74 ,black-caps may be increased by root-cuttings4 ,these cuttings are best handled in warm cold-frames or mild hot-beds1 being planted very early in spring4 ,by the time the weather is settled1 they will be large enough to plant in nursery rows4 ,red-bud4 ,see ,cercis4 ,red ,cedar4 ,see ,juniperus4 ,reinwardtia1 ,linum in part1 of gardeners4 ,line4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of strong shoots in heat4 ,renanthera4 ,see rides4 ,reseda 7,mignonette74 ,resedace4 ,seeds4 ,for winter flowering1 seeds are sown in ,july4 ,also grown from cuttings4 ,retinospora1 ,chamcyparis 7,japanese ,arbor-,vit74 ,conifer4 ,grown sometimes from seeds1 which should be denuded of pulp4 ,layers of tender branches are sometimes employed4 ,they are most commonly grown from cuttings4 ,these are made from tips of growing or ripened shoots1 and are two or three inches long1 with all the leaves left on4 ,they are usually1 from necessity1 variously branched4 ,the soft cuttings are usually taken from forced plants and are handled in a close frame or under a bell-glass1 with bottom heat4 ,in commercial establishments the cuttings of ripe wood are preferred4 ,the following is the practice of one of the largest nurseries in the country3 ,cuttings of the entire season's growth1 cut to a heel1 are taken in ,october and ,november1 and are placed in sand in boxes in gentle heat1 as in a propagating house4 ,by ,february the roots will be formed1 and the boxes are then placed in a cool house where the temperature is about #ej4 ,early in spring 7about ,april #ast7 the boxes are placed out-doors in cold-frames1 where they remain until ,may1 until frost is over4 ,the boxes are then removed from the frames and are set on boards in a shady place1 where they are left until fall4 ,in the fall--having been nearly a year in the boxes--the plants are shaken out and are heeled-in in a cellar4 ,the next spring they are planted out in beds1 and during the following summer and winter they are given some protection from sun and cold4 ,yews and arbor-vits are handled in the same way4 ,retinosporas are often grafted upon retinospora or common arbor-vit stocks4 ,this operation is usually performed upon potted plants in winter by the veneer method4 ,rhamnus1 including ,frangula 7,buckthorn74 ,rhamne4 ,the hardy kinds may be increased by means of seeds or by layers4 ,the stove and greenhouse species may be multiplied by cuttings of growing parts4 ,seeds should be stratified4 ,rhaphidophora4 ,aroide4 ,increased by seeds2 or by cuttings inserted in peaty soil with bottom heat4 ,rhaphiolepis 7,indian ,hawthorn74 ,rosace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of firm shoots in a frame4 ,rheum 7,rhubarb1 ,pie-plant1 ,wine-,plant74 ,polygonace4 ,increased by seeds and by divisions4 ,each division should contain at least one bud on the crown4 ,seeds may be sown where the plants are to stand1 but will not reproduce the varieties4 ,rhipsalis1 including ,lepismium1 ,pfeiffera4 ,cacte4 ,cuttings1 after having been dried for a few days1 should be inserted in coarse gravel or sand4 ,see ,cactus4 ,rhodanthe4 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,rhodochiton4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by seeds2 and cuttings of the growing wood ,rhododendron1 ,azalea 7,rose-,bay74 ,ericace4 ,seeds are largely employed1 but they are small and light and must be carefully handled4 ,they are sown in spring in pans or boxes in a soil of sandy peat1 care being taken to cover them very lightly and not to dislodge them when applying water4 ,they are handled in cold-frames or in a cool house1 and the young plants must be shaded4 ,the plants are commonly allowed to remain a year in the boxes4 ,low growing plants are often layered4 ,cuttings of growing wood1 cut to a heel1 are sometimes employed1 being made in summer and handled in a frame1 but the percentage of rooted plants will often be small4 ,rhododendrons are extensively grafted1 the veneer method being most used4 ,the operation is performed upon potted plants in late summer or early fall1 or sometimes in a cool house in early spring4 ,most of the leaves are allowed to remain upon the cion4 ,the plants are then placed in densely shaded cool frames1 and are nearly covered with sphagnum4 ,various stocks are employed1 but for severe climates the hardy species like ,r4 ,catawbiense and ,r4 maximum are probably best4 ,r4 ,ponticum is extensively used in ,europe1 but it is not hardy enough for the north4 ,rhodotypos4 ,see ,kerria4 ,rhubarb4 ,see ,rheum4 ,rhus 7,sumach74 ,anacardiace4 ,seeds1 layers1 suckers1 root-cuttings1 and cuttings of green or ripe wood4 ,suckers are oftenest used4 ,rhynchosia4 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds and division4 ,rhynchospermum4 ,see ,trachelospermum4 ,ribes 7,currant1 ,gooseberry74 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe1 or else stratified for new varieties4 ,commonly from ripe cuttings4 ,see ,currant and ,gooseberry4 ,richardia 7,calla7 ,aroide4 ,offsets1 which should be removed and potted off when the plants are at rest4 ,ricinus 7,castor ,bean74 ,euphorbiace4 ,seeds1 which in the north are started in-doors4 ,rivina1 ,piercea 7,hoop ,withy74 ,phytolaccace4 ,readily propagated by seeds2 also by cuttings1 inserted during spring in heat4 ,robinia 7,locust1 ,rose ,acacia74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 sown in fall or spring1 and which usually germinate better if soaked in hot water previous to sowing4 ,also grown from layers and root-cuttings4 ,named varieties are grafted or budded1 the common locust stock 7,r4 ,pseudacacia7 being preferred1 even for the rose acacia 7,r4 hispida74 ,rocambole 7,allium ,scorodoprasum74 ,liliace4 ,cloves1 or divisions of the bulb4 ,rocket1 ornamental sorts4 ,see ,hesperis4 ,rocket ,salad 7,eruca sativa74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to grow4 ,rock-,rose4 ,see ,cistus4 ,romneya4 ,papaverace4 ,propagated by seeds in spring4 ,romulea4 ,iride4 ,offsets4 ,rondeletia1 ,willdenovia1 ,rogiera4 ,rubiace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of half-ripened wood1 inserted in sand under glass1 in heat4 ,rosa 7,rose74 ,rosace4 ,new varieties and sometimes stocks are grown from seeds1 which are sown as soon as ripe1 or kept in the hips until spring4 ,the hardy kinds are usually sown in well-prepared beds out-doors4 ,roses are sometimes grown from layers1 and often from root-cuttings1 after the manner of blackberries4 ,the common way of propagating roses1 however1 is by means of short cuttings of firm or nearly mature wood1 handled under glass1 with a mild bottom heat 7of #fe or #gj74 ,they are commonly made in ,february or ,march from forced plants4 ,the cuttings are made in various fashions1 some allowing most of the leaves to remain1 and some preferring to cut most of them off1 as in ,fig4 #ef4 ,they are commonly cut to one-bud lengths4 ,long cuttings of ripened wood1 handled in a cool greenhouse or in frames1 may also be employed for the various perpetual and climbing roses4 ,most growers feel that the best plants are obtained from cuttings1 but most varieties do well when budded upon congenial and strong stocks4 ,budding by the common shield method is considerably employed1 and veneer-grafting is sometimes used4 ,the stocks are grown either from seeds or cuttings4 ,the commonest stock is the manetti 7,rosa canina71 which is a strong and hardy species4 ,the multiflora rose 7,r4 polyantha7 is also a good stock1 especially for early results4 ,a stock somewhat used about ,boston for some of the hybrid perpetuals1 with excellent results1 is ,rosa ,watsonia1 a ,japanese species4 ,worked roses are in greater favor in ,europe than in this country4 ,rosemary 7,rosmarinus officinalis74 ,labiat4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,rubus 7,bramble74 ,rosace4 ,seeds1 which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe4 ,root-cuttings and suckers are mostly employed4 ,the seeds of ,r4 deliciosus require two years for germination4 ,see ,blackberry1 ,dewberry1 ,raspberry4 ,rudbeckia1 including ,lepachys1 ,obeliscaria 7,cone ,flower74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds or divisions4 ,rue4 ,see ,ruta4 ,ruellia1 including ,dipteracanthus4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 inserted in a light rich soil1 under glass4 ,rulingia4 ,sterculiace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings under glass4 ,ruscus 7,butcher's1 ,alexandrian ,laurel74 ,liliace4 ,root suckers4 ,also seeds1 when obtainable4 ,rush4 ,see ,juncus4 ,russelia4 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds4 ,green cuttings under glass4 ,ruta4 ,haplophyllum 7,herb of ,grace1 ,rue74 ,rutace4 ,propagated by seeds1 divisions and cuttings4 ,meadow ,rue1 see ,thalictrum4 ,sabal4 ,palm4 ,propagated by seeds1 and by suckers1 which should be taken when about one foot long4 ,if they have no roots they must be carefully handled4 ,sabbatia 7,american ,centaury74 ,gentiane4 ,may be raised from seeds1 which should be sown thinly in pans1 or on a shady border4 ,saffron 7,carthamus tinctorius74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seeds1 in open air in spring4 ,saffron is also ,crocus sativus4 ,sage 7,salvia officinalis74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 sown in spring where the plants are to stand4 ,also by division1 but seeds give better plants4 ,sage plantations should be renewed every two or three years4 ,good plants are grown from cuttings4 ,sage ,palm4 ,see ,cycas4 ,saintfoin4 ,see ,onobrychis4 ,saint ,john's ,bread4 ,see ,carob4 ,salisburia4 ,see ,ginkgo4 ,salix 7,willow1 ,osier1 ,sallow74 ,salicine4 ,all the willows grow readily from cuttings of ripe wood of almost any age4 ,the low and weeping varieties are top-worked upon any common upright stocks4 ,sallow4 ,see ,salix4 ,salpiglossis4 ,scrophularine4 ,propagated by seeds in open air1 or they may be started under glass4 ,salsify 7,tragopogon porrifolius74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown in spring where the plants are to remain4 ,salvia1 including ,sclarea 7,sage74 ,labiat4 ,may be increased by seeds1 sown thinly and placed in a little warmth4 ,also by cuttings2 these will root readily in heat1 if they are quite soft and in a growing state4 ,sambucus 7,elder74 ,caprifoliace4 ,seeds1 handled like those of raspberries and blackberries4 ,named kinds are grown from cuttings of mature wood1 and by layers4 ,sandoricum 7,sandal-tree74 ,meliace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 in sand under glass1 in heat4 ,sanguinaria 7,blood-root1 ,red ,puccoon74 ,papaverace4 ,propagation is effected by means of seeds1 or by divisions4 ,sanguisorba4 ,see ,poterium4 ,sanseviera1 ,salmia 7,bowstring ,hemp74 ,hmodorace4 ,young plants are obtained from suckers4 ,sapodilla or ,sapodilla ,plum4 ,see ,sapota4 ,saponaria1 including ,vaccaria 7,bouncing ,bet1 ,fuller's ,herb1 ,soapwort74 ,caryophylle4 ,increased by seeds and by divisions4 ,the hardy annual and biennial kinds may be simply sown in the open border4 ,sapota1 ,achras4 ,sapotace4 ,seeds and cuttings4 ,in tropical countries the sapodilla 7,s4 ,achras7 is raised entirely from seeds4 ,sarracenia 7,indian ,cup1 ,pitcher ,plant1 ,side-saddle ,flower4 ,trumpet ,leaf74 ,sarraceniace4 ,increased by dividing the crowns4 ,sometimes by seeds1 sown in moss in a cool frame4 ,sassafras4 ,laurine4 ,increased by seeds1 and by suckers and root-cuttings4 ,satyrium4 ,orchide4 ,division of the plants1 as new growth is commencing4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,saurauja1 ,palava1 ,reinwardtia4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,seeds4 ,ripened cuttings should be inserted in sand1 under glass4 ,sauromatum4 ,aroide4 ,increased by offsets4 ,saussurea4 ,composit4 ,seeds2 division4 ,savin4 ,see ,juniperus4 ,savoy4 ,see ,cabbage4 ,savory 7,satureia hortensis1 ,s montana74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to remain2 or the winter savory 7,s4 montana71 which is a perennial1 by division4 ,saxifraga 7,saxifrage1 ,rockfoil74 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds1 divisions1 and in some species 7as ,s4 sarmentosa1 the strawberry geranium7 by runners4 ,scabiosa 7,pin-cushion ,flower74 ,dipsace4 ,seeds1 usually sown in the open1 and sometimes by division ,scvola4 ,goodenovie4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings should be inserted in a compost of peat and sand1 under glass4 ,scheeria4 ,see ,achimenes4 ,schelhammera1 ,parduyna4 ,liliace4 ,increased usually by divisions4 ,schinus4 ,anacardiace4 ,propagated by seeds4 ,schismatoglottis4 ,aroide4 ,increased by divisions4 ,schizandra1 including ,maximowiczia4 ,magnoliace4 ,seeds1 when procurable4 ,propagation is effected by layers2 by ripened cuttings1 which should be inserted in sand under glass4 ,schizanthus 7,butterfly or ,fringe ,flower74 ,solanace4 ,the half-hardy kinds are increased by seeds sown in a little heat in spring4 ,the seed of the hardy sorts may be sown in the open ground in early spring4 ,schizophragma4 ,saxifrage4 ,propagated easily by cuttings of the ripened wood in a cool house in autumn4 ,schizostylis4 ,iride4 ,propagated by seeds and by division4 ,sciadophyllum1 ,actinophyllum4 ,araliace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 in sand under glass1 in moderate heat4 ,sciadopitys 7,umbrella ,pine74 ,conifer4 ,slowly propagated by imported seeds4 ,but cuttings of the half-ripened shoots1 taken off in summer and inserted in sand1 in heat1 root readily4 ,scilla 7,squill1 ,wild ,hyacinth74 ,liliace4 ,slowly increased by seeds1 usually by bulbels ,scolopendrium4 ,see ,ferns4 ,scorzonera 7,black ,salsify74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown where the plants are to stand4 ,scotch ,broom4 ,see ,cytisus4 ,screw ,pine4 ,see ,pandanus4 ,scutellaria 7,skull-cap1 ,helmet ,flower74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 divisions and cuttings of growing shoots under cover4 ,seaforthia4 ,see ,ptychosperma4 ,sea-kale 7,crambe maritima74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 sown without being shelled1 usually in a seed-bed4 ,when the young plants have made three or four leaves1 they should be removed to permanent quarters4 ,seedlings should furnish crops in three years4 ,by root-cuttings1 four or five inches long1 taken from well established plants4 ,these should give plants strong enough for cutting in two years4 ,seaside ,grape4 ,see ,coccoloba4 ,sechium 7,choko74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds4 ,tubers4 ,sedge4 ,see ,carex4 ,sedum1 including ,rhodiola 7,orpine1 ,stonecrop74 ,crassulace4 ,propagation may be effected by seeds1 by divisions of the tufts1 by cuttings of stems or leaves in spring4 ,selaginella4 ,lycopodiace4 ,spores4 ,short cuttings1 inserted in very early spring1 in pots or pans4 ,sempervivum 7,house-,leek74 ,crassulace4 ,readily increased by seeds1 or by the young plants which appear around the old ones at the base4 ,senecio1 including ,cacalia1 ,cineraria1 ,farfugium1 ,jacobea ,kleina1 ,ligularia 7,groundsel1 ,ragweed74 ,composit4 ,the annuals are propagated by seeds4 ,others may be increased by seeds1 by divisions1 or by cuttings both of the roots and shoots4 ,sensitive ,plant4 ,see ,mimosa4 ,sequoia1 ,wellingtonia 7,redwood74 ,conifer4 ,seeds1 which must be handled in a frame or half-shady place4 ,layers1 and cuttings handled like those of retinospora and yew4 ,sericographis4 ,see ,justicia4 ,sesamum 7,bene74 ,pedaliace4 ,seeds1 sown under glass1 or in the south in the open border4 ,sesbania1 including ,agati 7,pea-tree74 ,leguminos4 ,seeds for annual species2 the shrubby kinds by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass1 in heat4 ,shad-bush4 ,see ,amelanchier4 ,shaddock4 ,see ,pomelo4 ,shallot 7,allium ,ascalonicum74 ,liliace4 ,grown from cloves1 which are formed by the breaking up of the main bulb4 ,shell-bark ,hickory 7,shag-bark74 ,see ,hicoria4 ,shepherdia 7,buffalo ,berry74 ,elagnace4 ,increased by seeds sown in the fall or stratified until spring4 ,sibbaldia4 ,see ,potentilla4 ,siberian ,pea-tree4 ,see ,caragana4 ,sideritis4 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 divisions1 cuttings4 ,side-saddle ,flower4 ,see ,sarracenia4 ,silene 7,campion1 ,catchfly74 ,caryophylle4 ,propagation is effected by seeds1 by divisions1 and by cuttings4 ,silk-,cotton ,tree4 ,see ,bombax4 ,silphium 7,rosin-plant1 ,compass-plant74 ,composit4 ,propagated by seed and by divisions4 ,silver ,bell4 ,see ,halesia4 ,sisyrinchium 7,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,pig ,root1 ,rush ,lily1 ,satin ,flower74 ,iride4 ,it may be increased in spring by seeds or by divisions4 ,skimmia4 ,rutace4 ,seeds1 in a frame4 ,also by layers and by firm cuttings in gentle heat4 ,skirret 7,sium ,sisarum74 ,umbellifer4 ,seeds1 offsets1 or divisions4 ,slipperwort4 ,see ,campanula and ,calceolaria4 ,smilacina 7,false ,solomon's ,seal74 ,liliace4 ,seeds4 ,division of roots4 ,smilax 7,green-,briar1 ,american ,china ,root74 ,liliace4 ,young plants are obtained by seeds and by layers and divisions of the root4 ,for the ,smilax or ,boston-vine of conservatories1 see ,myrsiphyllum4 ,snapdragon4 ,see ,antirrhinum4 ,snowball-tree4 ,see ,viburnum4 ,snowberry-tree4 ,see ,symphoricarpus4 ,snowdrop4 ,see ,galanthus4 ,snowflake4 ,see ,leucoium4 ,soapwort4 ,see ,saponaria4 ,solandra4 ,solanace4 ,increased by seeds sown in spring2 by cuttings1 inserted in mould or tan4 ,if small flowering plants are desired1 the cuttings should be taken from flowering shoots4 ,solanum1 including ,aquartia1 ,nycterium 7,nightshade74 ,solanace4 ,the annuals1 and most of the other species1 are raised from seeds4 ,the tuberous kinds may be increased by tubers or divisions of them4 ,the stove and greenhouse shrubby plants may be propagated by cuttings1 inserted when young in a warm frame4 ,soldanella4 ,primulace4 ,increased by seeds and by division4 ,solea4 ,see ,ionidium4 ,solidago 7,golden ,rod74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown in fall or spring1 and by divisions4 ,solomon's ,seal4 ,see ,polygonatum4 ,sonerila4 ,melastomace4 ,propagated by seeds2 or by cuttings which should be inserted singly in small pots during spring and placed in a frame in a propagating house4 ,sophora1 including ,edwardsia4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds1 layers and cuttings of either ripened or growing wood4 ,the named varieties are grafted upon common stocks4 ,sorghum4 ,gramine4 ,usually by seeds4 ,sometimes by cuttings as in ,sugar ,cane4 ,sorrel 7,rumex1 several species74 ,polygonace4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,sorrel-tree4 ,see ,oxydendron4 ,sour ,gum4 ,see ,nyssa4 ,sowbread4 ,see ,cyclamen4 ,spanish ,bayonet4 ,see ,yucca4 ,sparaxis4 ,iride4 ,seeds4 ,usually by offsets4 ,sparmannia4 ,tiliace4 ,propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring4 ,spathiphyllum1 including ,amomophyllum4 ,aroide4 ,propagated sometimes by seeds sown in heat1 or by divisions of the root-stocks4 ,spearmint 7,mentha viridis74 ,labiat4 ,commonly grown from cuttings of the creeping root-stocks4 ,speedwell4 ,see ,veronica4 ,sphralcea1 ,sphroma 7,globe ,mallow74 ,malvace4 ,seeds2 by cuttings of the young growth under glass1 and kept shaded until rooted4 ,spiderwort4 ,see ,tradescantia4 ,spinage 7,spinacia oleracea74 ,chenopodiace4 ,seeds1 sown usually where the crop is to stand1 either in fall or spring4 ,spira 7,spirea1 ,meadow-,sweet74 ,rosace4 ,seeds1 sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring4 ,commonly increased by cuttings1 either of mature or green wood4 ,green cuttings usually make the best plants4 ,these are made in summer and handled in frames4 ,some sorts1 as ,s4 arifolia1 ,s4 opulifolia and varieties 7,nine-bark1 now known as ,neillia or ,physocarpus opulifolia7 and ,s4 prunifolia1 are usually grown from layers put down in spring4 ,the herbaceous kinds are often increased by division4 ,spondias 7,hog ,plum1 ,otaheite ,apple or ,plum74 ,anacardiace4 ,seeds2 by large cuttings of growing wood1 which should be inserted in sand or mould1 in heat4 ,spruce4 ,see ,picea and ,abies4 ,squash 7,cucurbita1 three species74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 when the weather becomes warm4 ,squill4 ,see ,scilla4 ,stachys1 ,betonica1 ,galeopsis 7,hedge ,nettle1 ,woundwort74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 divisions1 or cuttings4 ,some species 7as the ,crosnes or ,s4 tuberifera of recent introduction7 are increased by subterranean tubers4 ,staff-tree4 ,see ,celastrus4 ,stanhopea4 ,orchide4 ,division of the old roots4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,stapelia 7,carrion ,flower74 ,asclepiade4 ,seeds2 commonly by cuttings in heat4 ,staphylea 7,bladder-nut74 ,sapindace4 ,seeds sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring4 ,by suckers1 layers1 and cuttings of roots or of mature wood4 ,star ,apple4 ,see ,chrysophyllum4 ,star of ,bethlehem4 ,see ,ornithogalum4 ,statice 7,sea ,lavender1 ,sea ,pink74 ,plumbagine4 ,the annuals and biennials may be increased by seeds sown in early spring1 in a frame4 ,the perennials by seeds1 or by carefully made divisions4 ,greenhouse species should be propagated by cuttings inserted in small single pots during early spring1 and placed under glass4 ,staurostigma4 ,aroide4 ,seeds sown in bottom heat2 or by division of the tubers4 ,stephanotis1 ,jasminanthes4 ,asclepiade4 ,propagated by seeds2 also by cuttings of the previous year's growth inserted singly in pots1 in spring1 and placed in a close frame with a temperature of #fj4 ,sterculia4 ,sterculiace4 ,seeds4 ,increased by ripened cuttings1 which should be taken with the leaves on1 and placed under glass4 ,those of the stove species should be placed in moist heat4 ,stevia4 ,composit4 ,may be increased by seeds1 by divisions and by cuttings4 ,stigmaphyllon4 ,malpighiace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of ripened wood1 inserted in sandy soil under glass1 in heat4 ,stillingia4 ,euphorbiace4 ,easily propagated by imported seeds4 ,stock4 ,see ,mathiola4 ,stokesia4 ,composit4 ,propagation by seeds and by division4 ,stonecrop4 ,see ,sedum4 ,strawberry 7,fragaria74 ,rosace4 ,new sorts are grown from seeds1 which are usually sown as soon as ripe2 or they may be kept until the following spring either dry or in stratification4 ,varieties are commonly increased by offsets1 or plants formed at the joints of runners4 ,these runners appear after the fruit is off4 ,if strong plants are desired1 the runner should be headed-in1 and only one plant allowed to form on each runner4 ,the ground should be soft and somewhat moist1 to enable the young plants to obtain a foothold4 ,plants strong enough for setting are obtained in ,august and ,september of the same year in which they start4 ,ordinarily1 the runners will take root without artificial aid2 but in hard soils1 or with new or scarce varieties1 the joints are sometimes held down with a pebble or bit of earth4 ,new varieties are often propagated throughout the season from plants which are highly fertilized1 and which are not allowed to fruit4 ,very strong plants are obtained by growing them in pots4 ,a #c-;inch pot is sunk below the runner1 and the joint is held upon it by a stone or clod4 ,the runner is then pinched off1 to prevent further growth1 and to throw all its energy into the one plant4 ,the pot should be filled with soft1 rich earth4 ,shouldered pots are best1 because they can be raised more easily than others1 by catching the spade or trowel under the shoulder4 ,the plants will fill the pots in three or four weeks1 if the weather is favorable4 ,old tin fruit cans1 which have been heated to remove the bottoms1 can also be used4 ,cuttings of the tips of runners are sometimes made and handled in a frame1 as an additional means of rapidly increasing new kinds4 ,these cuttings are really the cast-away tips left from the heading-in or checking of the runners4 ,strawberry ,geranium4 ,see ,saxifraga4 ,strawberry ,tree4 ,see ,arbutus4 ,strelitzia 7,bird of ,paradise ,flower1 ,bird's-tongue ,flower74 ,scitamine4 ,increased by seeds1 which should be sown in light soil1 and the pots plunged in moist bottom heat4 ,also increased by suckers and by division of the old plants4 ,streptocarpus 7,cape ,primrose74 ,gesnerace4 ,readily propagated by seeds or by divisions4 ,strobilanthes1 including ,goldfussia 7,cone ,head74 ,acanthace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 in any light soil under glass1 in heat4 ,struthiola4 ,thymelace4 ,seeds1 when obtainable4 ,cuttings in sand under a frame4 ,stuartia4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,may be increased by seeds and layers1 or by means of ripened cuttings1 inserted in sand under a hand-glass4 ,seeds are oftenest used1 where obtainable4 ,stylidium1 ,candollea4 ,stylidie4 ,grown from seeds1 or in a few cases1 from divisions of the roots4 ,the shrubby kinds may be increased by cuttings4 ,stypandra4 ,liliace4 ,propagated by divisions4 ,styrax 7,storax74 ,styrace4 ,seeds1 which must be stratified1 or else sown as soon as ripe4 ,they usually lie dormant the first year4 ,also by layers and cuttings of green-wood4 ,can be grafted upon other storaxes1 or upon ,halesia tetraptera4 ,sugar ,cane 7,saccharum officinarum74 ,gramine4 ,cuttings of the stems4 ,the cuttings should possess a nope or joint which bears one or more good buds4 ,these cuttings are planted directly in the field1 and the plants will reach maturity in two or three months4 ,propagation by seeds has been supposed to be impossible1 but recent experiments at ,kew indicate that it can be done4 ,sumach4 ,see ,rhus4 ,sundew4 ,see ,drosera4 ,sunflower4 ,see ,helianthus4 ,sun ,rose4 ,see ,helianthemum4 ,swainsona4 ,leguminos4 ,seeds4 ,green cuttings under cover4 ,swan ,river ,daisy4 ,see ,brachycome4 ,sweet ,brier4 ,see ,rosa4 ,sweet ,cicely4 ,see ,myrrhis4 ,sweet ,pea4 ,see ,lathyrus4 ,sweet ,potato 7,convolvulus ,batatas74 ,convolvulace4 ,sweet potato plants are grown in hot-beds1 cold-frames or forcing-houses1 from sound tubers of medium size4 ,the tuber is laid upon a sandy or other loose bed1 and is then covered with sand or sandy loam to a depth of one or two inches4 ,sometimes1 to guard against rot1 the tubers are not covered until the sprouts begin to appear4 ,the tubers may be laid thickly upon the bed1 but they are less apt to rot if they do not touch each other4 ,sometimes the tubers are cut in two lengthwise1 the cut surface being placed down1 in order to place all the plant-giving surface uppermost4 ,in four or five weeks the young plants--three to five inches high--are pulled off and planted1 and others soon arise to take their places4 ,one hand should be held firmly upon the soil over the tuber1 while the sprout is pulled off to keep it in place4 ,three or four crops of sprouts may be obtained from each tuber4 ,sweet ,william 7,dianthus barbatus74 ,caryophylle4 ,seeds1 sown in-doors or in the border4 ,division of the plants4 ,best results are obtained by starting new seedlings every other year4 ,swertia4 ,gertiane4 ,seeds1 usually started in heat4 ,sycamore4 ,see ,platanus4 ,symphoricarpus 7,waxberry1 ,st4 ,peter's ,wort1 ,snowberry-tree1 ,indian ,currant74 ,caprifoliace4 ,seeds1 handled like those of blackberries4 ,also by suckers and cuttings4 ,symphytum 7,comfrey74 ,boragine4 ,may be increased by seeds and by division4 ,also by root-cuttings4 ,symplocos1 including ,hopea4 ,styrace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 in sand under glass4 ,syngonium4 ,aroide4 ,increased by dividing the stems into lengths of about three joints1 and inserting them in pots in a brisk heat4 ,the tops of plants may be cut off and inserted as large cuttings4 ,syringa 7,lilac74 ,oleace4 ,new varieties and stocks are grown from seeds1 which are usually stratified until spring4 ,green cuttings1 handled in frames in summer1 are largely used4 ,cuttings of mature wood will grow2 also cuttings of the roots4 ,layers and suckers are often employed4 ,varieties are extensively grafted upon privet 7,ligustrum71 and common lilacs4 ,flute-budding is occasionally employed4 ,lilacs will grow for a time when worked upon the ash4 ,grafting succeeds well when performed in the open air4 ,tabernmontana4 ,apocynace4 ,increased by green cuttings1 under glass1 in moist heat4 ,tacca1 ,ataccia4 ,taccace4 ,seeds and division of the roots4 ,tacsonia4 ,see ,passiflora4 ,tagetes 7,marigold74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown either in-doors or out4 ,tamarack4 ,see ,larch4 ,tamarindus 7,tamarind74 ,leguminos4 ,young plants may be obtained from seeds sown on a hot-bed or out-doors in tropical countries4 ,cuttings1 in sand under glass in heat4 ,tamarix1 ,tamarisk4 ,tamariscine4 ,increased by ripe cuttings under glass1 the greenhouse kinds in heat4 ,tansy 7,tanacetum vulgare74 ,composit4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,taxodium1 ,glyptostrobus 7,bald ,cypress74 ,conifer4 ,seeds are usually employed4 ,layers4 ,cuttings of young wood in wet sand1 or even water1 under cover4 ,the varieties of glyptostrobus may be veneer-grafted in ,august or ,september on ,t4 distichum4 ,taxus 7,yew74 ,conifer4 ,seeds1 sown when gathered or else stratified4 ,layers4 ,cuttings of green-wood under glass in summer1 or of mature wood as recommended for retinospora4 ,the named varieties are veneer-grafted in ,august or early fall upon the upright kinds4 ,tecoma 7,trumpet-,creeper74 ,bignoniace4 ,seeds1 layers1 cuttings of firm shoots1 but most commonly by root-cuttings4 ,terminalia 7,tropical ,almond74 ,combretace4 ,seeds2 also by cuttings of green-wood under glass4 ,ternstrmia4 ,ternstrmiace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass1 in bottom heat4 ,testudinaria 7,elephant's ,foot74 ,dioscoreace4 ,grown from imported roots or seeds4 ,teucrium 7,germander74 ,labiat4 ,seeds1 divisions1 and the shrubby kinds by cuttings under cover4 ,thalictrum 7,meadow-,rue74 ,ranunculace4 ,propagated by seeds1 and divisions4 ,the varieties by cuttings4 ,thea4 ,see ,camellia4 ,theobroma 7,cacao1 ,chocolate-tree74 ,sterculiace4 ,propagated by ripened cuttings1 which should be placed in sand1 under glass1 in heat4 ,thermopsis4 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds and divisions4 ,thrift4 ,see ,armeria4 ,thrinax4 ,palm4 ,seeds4 ,thunbergia4 ,acanthace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of firm wood in a frame4 ,thunia4 ,orchide4 ,as the form of the pseudo-bulbs suggests1 this genus is easily propagated by cuttings4 ,these are made about six inches long and inserted in pots of sand4 ,after standing in an ordinary propagating-frame or moist stove for a short time young growths will appear at the nodes4 ,when large enough they are taken up and potted in ordinary compost4 ,two years at least are needed for them to attain to flowering size1 but this is the best method where a large number of plants are wanted4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,thuya1 including ,biota 7,arbor-,vit1 ,white ,cedar erroneously74 ,conifer4 ,seeds4 ,layers4 ,cuttings of green shoots in summer in a cool frame4 ,cuttings of ripe wood1 as recommended for retinospora4 ,the named varieties are often grafted on potted common stocks in winter or early fall4 ,thyme 7,thymus vulgaris74 ,labiat4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,thyrsacanthus1 ,odontonema 7,thyrse ,flower74 ,acanthace4 ,seeds2 cuttings made in spring1 and placed in a close1 warm frame4 ,tiarella4 ,saxifrage4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,tigridia 7,tiger ,flower74 ,iride4 ,may be increased by seeds1 or generally by offsets4 ,tilia 7,basswood1 ,linden1 ,lime-tree74 ,tiliace4 ,stocks are grown from stratified seeds4 ,layers may be made1 and cuttings may be employed1 but the named sorts are usually grafted on strong common stocks4 ,mound-layering is sometimes practiced4 ,tillandsia4 ,bromeliace4 ,may be increased by seeds1 and by suckers which should be allowed to grow large before being detached from the parent and should then be inserted singly in pots1 in a compost of loam1 peat1 and leaf-mould4 ,keep moderately moist and well shaded4 ,t4 usneoides is the ,spanish ,moss of the south2 rarely propagated1 but may be grown from seeds or divisions of the moss4 ,tobacco4 ,see ,nicotiana4 ,tolu ,balsam-tree4 ,see ,myroxylon4 ,tomato 7,lycopersicum esculentum74 ,solanace4 ,seeds1 usually started under glass4 ,cuttings of growing shoots4 ,torenia4 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings1 in a warm frame4 ,torreya4 ,conifer4 ,increased the same as ,thuya and ,retinospora4 ,trachelium 7,throatwort74 ,campanulace4 ,seeds and cuttings4 ,trachelospermum1 ,rhynchospermum4 ,apocynace4 ,seeds4 ,firm cuttings1 in a frame4 ,trachycarpus4 ,palm4 ,seeds and suckers4 ,tradescantia4 ,commelinace4 ,usually by cuttings2 also by seeds and divisions4 ,trapa 7,water ,caltrops74 ,onagrarie4 ,seeds4 ,tree of ,heaven4 ,see ,ailanthus4 ,trichilia4 ,meliace4 ,seeds4 ,cuttings of the ripened wood1 with leaves1 or under glass in heat4 ,trichopilia4 ,orchide4 ,divisions of the plants4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,trichosanthes 7,snake ,gourd74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 either in-doors or out4 ,tricyrtis4 ,liliace4 ,seeds rarely4 ,offsets and divisions4 ,trillium 7,american ,wood-,lily1 ,indian ,shamrock1 ,wake-,robin74 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and by divisions4 ,triteleia 7,triplet ,lily74 ,liliace4 ,propagated by seeds and by offsets4 ,tritoma4 ,see ,kniphofia4 ,tritonia1 ,aletris1 including ,montbretia4 ,iride4 ,young plants are raised from seeds2 but generally increased by divisions4 ,trollius 7,globe ,flower1 ,globe ,ranunculus74 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds4 ,divisions in early autumn or spring4 ,the seeds should be sown fresh or a long time will be required for germination4 ,tropolum 7,nasturtium1 ,canary-bird ,flower1 ,indian ,cress74 ,geraniace4 ,seeds1 started in-doors or in the garden4 ,tuberiferous species by tubers or divisions of roots4 ,perennials sometimes by cuttings in a frame4 ,trumpet ,creeper4 ,see ,tecoma4 ,tuberose4 ,see ,polianthes4 ,tulipa 7,tulip74 ,liliace4 ,seeds may be sown in boxes of light sandy soil1 in late winter1 and placed in a cold-frame4 ,the next season the young bulbs should be planted in a prepared bed outside4 ,bulbels may be detached from established bulbs when they are lifted1 and grown by themselves4 ,this is the usual method4 ,tulip-tree4 ,see ,liriodendron4 ,tupelo-tree4 ,see ,nyssa4 ,turnera4 ,turnerace4 ,seeds1 divisions and cuttings4 ,turnip 7,brassica74 ,crucifer4 ,seeds1 where the plants are to remain4 ,tyda4 ,see ,gesnera4 ,typha 7,bullrush1 ,cat's ,tail1 ,reed ,mace74 ,typhace4 ,propagation may be effected by seeds sown in a pot plunged in water nearly to the level of the soil2 or by divisions4 ,ulex 7,furze1 ,gorse1 ,whin74 ,leguminos4 ,propagated by seeds or by cuttings4 ,ulmus 7,elm74 ,urticace4 ,usually propagated by stratified seeds4 ,layers are sometimes made1 and suckers may be taken4 ,the varieties are grafted on common stocks4 ,unicorn ,plant4 ,see ,martynia4 ,uvularia1 including ,oakesia 7,bellwort74 ,liliace4 ,seeds2 usually by divisions4 ,vaccinium 7,swamp ,huckleberry1 ,whortleberry1 ,blueberry1 ,bilberry1 ,cranberry74 ,vacciniace4 ,seeds1 layers1 root-cuttings1 and divisions of the old plants4 ,some species by hard-wood cuttings1 for which see ,cranberry4 ,huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult to grow4 ,the seeds should be washed from the fruits and stored in sand in a cool place until late in winter4 ,they are then sown in pans or flats on the surface of a soil made of equal parts sand and loam4 ,cover with fine sphagnum and keep in a cool house or frame1 always keeping the seeds moist4 ,seeds treated in this way may be expected to germinate in a month or two1 although they may lie dormant a year4 ,transplant frequently and keep shaded until large enough to shift for themselves4 ,layers should be tongued4 ,cuttings1 two or three inches long1 of the best roots1 made in fall and placed in mild bottom heat in early spring1 often give fair satisfaction4 ,native plants can be obtained from the woods and fields which will give good satisfaction if small specimens are taken4 ,valeriana 7,valerian74 ,valeriane4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,vallota4 ,amaryllide4 ,bulbels1 which usually appear above the surface of the pot4 ,division of the bulbs4 ,vanda4 ,orchide4 ,the majority are propagated in the same way as described for arides1 but two species--,v4 teres and ,v4 ,hookeri--both tall and quick growing1 may be cut into lengths of a few inches4 ,the practice of the most successful cultivators is to start them every year as cuttings about a foot long4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,vanilla4 ,orchide4 ,division and cuttings4 ,the vanilla of commerce 7,v4 planifolia7 is propagated from cuttings which are planted at the base of trees1 upon which the plant climbs4 7,see also under ,orchids7 ,vegetable ,oyster4 ,see ,salsify4 ,veitchia4 ,palm4 ,seeds4 ,veltheimia4 ,liliace4 ,by fresh seeds or separation of the bulbs4 ,veratrum 7,false or ,white ,hellebore74 ,liliace4 ,young plants are obtained by seeds or by divisions4 ,verbascum 7,mullein74 ,scrophularine4 ,all are raised from seeds sown in any ordinary soil1 except ,v4 nigrum and ,v4 pinnatifidum1 which should be increased by divisions and cuttings respectively4 ,verbena 7,vervain74 ,verbenace4 ,seeds2 also by cuttings of vigorous shoots4 ,some species by divisions4 ,vernonia1 including ,ascaricida 7,ironweed74 ,composit4 ,may be raised from seeds1 divisions1 or cuttings1 depending on the character of the plant4 ,veronica 7,speedwell74 ,scrophularine4 ,seeds and divisions4 ,shrubby sorts often by cuttings4 ,vesicaria 7,bladder-pod74 ,crucifer4 ,annuals by seeds2 perennials by division4 ,vetch 7,vicia sativa74 ,leguminos4 ,by seeds in open air4 ,viburnum4 ,caprifoliace4 ,seeds1 which should be stratified4 ,they usually remain dormant the first year4 ,layers usually make the best plants4 ,green cuttings made in summer and handled in frames give excellent results4 ,v4 plicatum is propagated by cuttings4 ,ripe cuttings are sometimes used for the soft-wooded species4 ,the snowball or guelder-rose 7,v4 ,opulus7 is rapidly increased by layers4 ,it is also a good stock for closely related species4 ,v4 ,lantana and ,v4 dentata are good stocks on which varieties difficult to handle can be worked by the veneer-graft during winter4 ,victoria 7,royal ,water ,lily1 ,water ,platter74 ,nymphace4 ,the seeds should be kept in vessels of water until ready for sowing1 when they may be placed in loamy soil1 and the pot submerged a couple of inches in water1 the temperature of which should not be allowed to fall below #he4 ,the tank should be in a light position near the glass4 ,annual4 ,vinca 7,periwinkle74 ,apocynace4 ,increased by seeds and by divisions4 ,viola 7,violet1 ,heartsease1 ,pansy74 ,violarie4 ,the named violets are increased by cuttings made in a cool house from vigorous shoots4 ,common species by seeds1 runners and divisions of the plants4 ,pansies are usually grown from seeds1 but named varieties may be multiplied from cuttings taken late in the season1 or from layers4 ,virgilia4 ,see ,cladrastis4 ,virginia ,creeper4 ,see ,ampelopsis4 ,virgin's ,bower4 ,see ,clematis4 ,viscum 7,mistletoe74 ,loranthace4 ,raised from seed1 which should be inserted in a notch cut in the bark or under side of a branch of the host4 ,avoid crushing the seed1 and have the embryo directed towards the trunk4 ,to prevent birds from disturbing the seeds after being placed in position1 cover with light-colored cloth4 ,the seed may also be fastened to a smooth part of the tree by the sticky substance surrounding it1 but more seed is lost4 ,our native phoradendron can be handled in the same way4 ,vitex 7,chaste-tree74 ,verbenace4 ,seeds4 ,suckers4 ,layers4 ,cuttings of green or ripened wood4 ,vitis4 ,see ,grape4 ,vochysia1 ,curcullaria4 ,vochysiace4 ,seeds2 by ripened cuttings in sand under glass1 in heat4 ,waahoo4 ,see ,euonymus4 ,waldsteinia4 ,rosace4 ,may be multiplied by seeds or divisions4 ,wall-flower 7,cheiranthus ,cheiri74 ,crucifer4 ,propagated by seeds2 the plants1 however1 will not flower at the north until the second season2 protection of a frame is required4 ,wallichia1 ,wrightia4 ,palm4 ,may be increased by seeds2 or by suckers1 which should be gradually separated so as to allow them to make sufficient roots before they are quite detached4 ,walnut4 ,see ,juglans4 ,water-,cress 7,nasturtium officinale74 ,crucifer4 ,cuttings of the young stems1 which root in mud with great readiness4 ,seeds scattered in the water or mud4 ,water ,lily4 ,see ,nympha1 ,nelumbo and ,victoria4 ,water-,melon 7,citrullus vulgaris74 ,cucurbitace4 ,seeds1 usually sown where the plants are to remain1 after the weather is warm and settled4 ,watsonia 7,bugle ,lily74 ,iride4 ,the plants are multiplied by seeds or by offsets4 ,wax ,flower4 ,see ,hoya4 ,weigela4 ,see ,diervilla4 ,wellingtonia4 ,see ,sequoia4 ,whin4 ,see ,ulex and ,genista4 ,white ,cedars4 ,see ,chamcyparis and ,thuya4 ,white-wood4 ,see ,liriodendron and ,tilia4 ,whitlava4 ,see ,phacelia4 ,whortleberry1 ,huckleberry 7,gaylussacia resinosa74 ,ericace4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be stratified and otherwise carefully handled4 7,see also ,vaccinium47 ,willow4 ,see ,salix4 ,wind ,flower4 ,see ,anemone4 ,windsor1 ,broad or ,horn ,bean 7,vicia ,faba47 ,leguminos4 ,propagation by seeds in open air after the soil is fairly warm4 ,winter ,aconite4 ,see ,eranthis4 ,winter ,cress4 ,see ,barbarea4 ,wistaria4 ,leguminos4 ,readily grown from seeds4 ,sometimes by division4 ,layers4 ,cuttings of ripened wood1 usually handled under glass4 ,the common purple and white kinds are largely grown from root-cuttings1 an inch or two long1 placed in bottom heat1 when they will start in four or five weeks4 ,many of the fancy kinds1 especially when wood is scarce1 are root- or crown-grafted upon ,w4 ,sinensis4 ,witch-hazel4 ,see ,hamamelis4 ,woad-,waxen4 ,see ,genista4 ,woodbine4 ,a name properly belonging to climbing ,loniceras1 but often applied to ,ampelopsis1 both of which see4 ,wormwood1 ,southernwood 7,artemisia ,absinthium74 ,composit4 ,seeds and division4 ,wrightia1 ,balfouria 7,palay or ,ivory-tree74 ,apocynace4 ,seeds2 usually by cuttings1 which root readily in sand in heat4 ,xanthoceras4 ,sapindace4 ,usually multiplied by seeds2 root-cuttings are sometimes used4 ,xanthorhiza1 ,zanthorhiza4 ,ranunculace4 ,seeds and suckers4 ,xanthorrha 7,black ,boy1 ,grass-tree74 ,juncace4 ,seeds2 but usually by offsets4 ,xanthosoma1 including ,acontias4 ,aroide4 ,may be increased by cutting up the stem or root-stock into small pieces and planting these in light soil1 or cocoa fibre1 in bottom heat4 ,after a stem has been cut off1 a number of shoots are developed1 which can be treated as cuttings4 ,xerophyllum4 ,liliace4 ,may be propagated by seeds and by divisions4 ,xiphion4 ,see ,iris4 ,xylophylla4 ,see ,phyllanthus4 ,yam4 ,see ,discorea4 ,yellow-wood4 ,see ,cladrastis4 ,yew4 ,see ,taxus4 ,yucca 7,adam's ,needle1 ,bear's ,grass1 ,spanish ,bayonet74 ,liliace4 ,increased by seeds2 and by divisions1 which may be planted in the open ground1 or by pieces of thick1 fleshy roots1 cut into lengths1 and inserted in sandy soil1 in heat4 ,yulan4 ,see ,magnolia4 ,zamia4 ,cycadace4 ,division of the crowns when possible2 or by seeds and suckers4 ,the plants are oftenest imported directly from the tropics4 ,zanthorhiza4 ,see ,xanthorhiza4 ,zanthoxylum 7,prickly ,ash74 ,rutace4 ,seeds1 suckers1 but more often by root-cuttings4 ,zea4 ,see ,maize4 ,zephyranthes1 including ,habranthus 7,flower of the ,west ,wind1 ,zephyr ,flower74 ,amaryllide4 ,may be multiplied by seeds2 or by separating the bulbels4 ,zingiber1 including ,zerumbet 7,ginger74 ,scitamine4 ,propagated by division4 ,zinnia 7,youth-and-old-,age74 ,composit4 ,seeds1 sown either in-doors or out4 ,zizania 7,wild or ,indian ,rice74 ,gramin4 ,seeds1 sown along water courses or in bogs in fall or spring4 ,zizyphus4 ,see ,jujube4 ,zygadenus1 including ,amianthemum1 ,anticloa4 ,liliace4 ,readily multiplied by seeds or by divisions4 ,zygopetalum4 ,orchide4 ,division4 7,see also under ,orchids47 ,zygophyllum 7,bean ,caper74 ,zygophylle14 ,seeds1 when they can be had2 otherwise by cuttings in a frame4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,pollination ,pollination4--,the act of conveying the pollen from the anther to the stigma4 ,close-pollination--,self-pollination4-- ,the transfer of pollen to a stigma of the same flower4 ,cross-pollination4--,the conveyance of pollen to the stigma of another flower4 ,crossing4--,the operation or practice of cross-pollinating4 ,fertilization--,fecundation--,impregnat ion4--,the action of the pollen upon the ovules4 ,close-fertilization--,self-fertilizatio n4--,the action of pollen upon the ovules of the same flower4 ,cross-fertilization4--,the action of pollen upon the ovules of another flower of the same species4 ,individual-fertilization4--,fertilizati on between flowers upon the same plant4 ,hybridizing4--,the operation or practice of crossing between species4 ,hybridism--,hybridity4--,the state1 quality or condition of being a hybrid4 ,hybridization4--,the state or condition of being hybridized1 or the process or act of hybridizing4 ,cross4--,an offspring of any two flowers which have been cross-fertilized4 ,individual-,cross4--,an offspring of two flowers on the same plant4 ,cross-breed--,half-breed--,mongrel--,va riety-hybrid4--,a cross between varieties of the same species4 ,hybrid4--,an offspring of plants of different species4 ,half-hybrid4--,a product of a cross between a species and a variety of another species4 ,derivative or ,derivation-hybrid--,secondary-hybrid4-- ,a hybrid between hybrids1 or between a hybrid and one of its parents4 ,bigener--,bigeneric hybrid4--,a hybrid between species of different genera4 ,bigeneric half-breed4--,a product of a cross between varieties of species of different genera4 ,mule4--,a sterile 7seedless7 hybrid4 ,,general ,,requirements4--,in order to understand the methods of pollination1 the reader must be able to recognize the parts of the flower4 ,the fuchsia1 ,fig4 #ij1 shows the parts distinctly4 ,the open flower1 on the right1 contains four well-marked series of organs4 ,the first series is composed of four narrow and leaf-like parts or sepals1 collectively called the calyx4 ,borne upon these is the corolla1 made up of four blunt and variously colored petals4 ,the next series comprises eight slender stamens or male organs 7,s74 ,the thread-like portions or stalks of these are the filaments and upon them are borne the anthers4 ,the anthers contain the pollen4 ,the last and innermost series is a pistil or female organ 7,p74 ,the pistil is made up of three parts3 the ovary1 which develops into the seed-pod1 the style or slender portion1 and the stigma1 or enlargement at the end4 ,the ovary in this case is the oblong body borne at the base of the flower and upon which the other parts stand4 ,the style runs through the flower to the ovary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,parts of the ,flower4 ,the modifications of the flower are numberless1 both in form and number of parts1 but these four series of organs--the calyx1 corolla1 stamens and pistils--always comprise a complete flower and they are arranged in the order named4 ,a perfect flower is one which contains both stamens and pistils without any reference to the surrounding or leaf-like organs4 ,many flowers are imperfect or contain only one sex4 ,when the sexes are borne in different flowers upon the same plant1 the species is said to be moncious2 and when they are borne upon different plants the species is dicious4 ,sometimes the inflorescence is mixed1 some flowers being perfect1 some staminate and some pistillate1 all upon the same plant2 such species are polygamous4 ,most garden plants have perfect flowers4 ,many nut-bearing trees are moncious1 as walnuts1 butternut1 hickories1 chestnuts1 hazels and filbert and oaks4 ,some of the composite plants are also moncious1 the large head bearing staminate flowers in one part and pistillate in another4 ,pumpkins and squashes are moncious and so are most varieties of melons4 ,fig4 #ia shows a pistillate pumpkin flower with the ovary or young pumpkin below1 and ,fig4 #ib a staminate flower which lacks the enlargement below4 ,among dicious species may be mentioned the willows and poplars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,pistillate ,squash flower4 ,the ovary contains the ovules4 ,when these are acted upon or fertilized by the pollen they develop into seeds4 ,the pollen falls upon the stigma or upper extremity of the pistil1 and each grain germinates and sends a tube down through the style to an ovule4 ,the stigma is a slightly roughened soft surface1 and when it is ripe1 or ready to receive the pollen1 it becomes slightly moist or sticky4 ,in most plants the stigma is merely a circular expansion of tissue 7,fig4 #ig71 but sometimes it is divided into lobes and the lobes remain closed until it is ready for the pollen4 ,the fuchsia stigma is composed of four lobes1 which are closed in ,fig4 #ij4 ,fig4 #ic shows the two-lobed stigma of the trumpet-creeper or tecoma before the flower is ready for pollination4 ,fig4 #id shows the stigma open1 in condition to receive the pollen4 ,in these flowers the stamens are hidden in the tube of the corolla4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,staminate ,squash flower4 ,the pollen is nearly always in the form of very small grains1 which become dry when ripe4 ,in some plants1 notably in orchids1 the pollen is borne in large masses known as pollinia4 ,when the anther is ripe it assumes a yellow1 orange or brownish cast and the pollen is discharged through a split in the side1 a chink at the apex or other aperture4 ,the pollen may fall upon and fertilize the stigma of the same flower1 in which case the flower is said to be self-fertilized1 or oftener it is carried to another flower by insects1 winds or other agencies4 ,most plants possess some contrivance which renders self-fertilization difficult and cross-fertilization easy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,closed stigma of tecoma4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,open stigma of tecoma4 ,there are many degrees of cross-fertilization4 ,the cross may take place between two flowers in the same cluster or between two clusters upon the same plant2 or it may take place between distinct plants1 either of the same or of another species4 ,fertilization between flowers on the same plant is known as individual-fertilization4 ,the limits within which crossing is possible are not known1 but the closer the species are related the more readily1 as a rule1 will they cross4 ,one of the barriers which nature erects to prevent self or close-fertilization is a difference in time of maturing of the two sexes4 ,in any flower the two parts are rarely ready at the same time4 ,flowers in which the stamens mature first are said to be proterandrous1 and those in which the pistils mature first are proterogynous4 ,in crossing such species1 flowers of different ages can usually be found so that the parts can be brought together without difficulty4 ,but when one series of organs in all the flowers of any species perish before the other series is mature1 the pollen must be kept until the pistils are ready1 or one sex must be forced or retarded artificially to accommodate the other4 ,if the pollen matures first1 it is only necessary to keep it a few days until the pistil is ready2 but if the pistil matures first1 and the plants cannot be handled artificially1 the pollen must be kept over until the following season in order to effect any crosses4 ,the longevity of pollen is little understood4 ,that of some species will keep much longer than others4 ,it is supposed that1 as a rule1 it will not keep beyond a few days or weeks4 ,if the pollen is to be kept1 the anthers should be picked just before ready to burst and laid upon paper in a warm1 dry and shady place until they dry up and the pollen is all discharged4 ,the anthers must then be removed1 and the pollen is securely wrapped in dry paper4 ,if it is to be kept long it will probably be better to place it in small1 closely cork-stoppered vials4 ,it should be kept in a uniform temperature4 ,methods4--,all perfect flowers--those which contain both stamens and pistils--must be deprived of their anthers before the pollen is discharged1 to prevent self-fertilization4 ,this removal of the anthers is called emasculation4 ,it is performed before the flower opens1 and therefore before any foreign pollen could have reached the stigma4 ,in some flowers1 as in the tomato1 ,fig4 #ie1 the stigma protrudes even before the petals are fully grown and emasculation must be performed very early4 ,even if the stigma is not mature1 there is a chance that pollen will adhere to it and persist until conditions are fit for its growth4 ,the flower is generally emasculated by pulling out the anthers with pincers1 but some large anthers can be hooked out easily by a very small crochet-hook or by a pin bent to a minute hook upon the point4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,tomato-flower4 ,it is many times a tedious operation1 however1 to pull out the anthers without crushing them1 and thus distribute some of the pollen4 ,a surer and better plan with most flowers is to cut off the floral envelopes and the stamens near the base with a pair of small and sharp-pointed scissors which cut well at the point4 ,a in ,fig4 #ij shows the point at which this cut should be made in the fuchsia4 ,with a little practice1 one can cut off the parts quickly4 ,fig4 #if shows a tomato-flower after it has been emasculated in this fashion4 ,fig4 #ig represents two flowers of ,nicotiana affinis1 one of which has been cut4 ,one of the most important features of this method is the marking of the fruits which results in all species in which the calyx persists4 ,the calyx1 of course1 does not develop and the crossed fruit can be distinguished at once1 even though the label is lost4 ,the tomato fruit in ,fig4 #ih lacks entirely the long leaf-like calyx lobes at the base4 ,fig4 #ii shows upon the right a gooseberry fruit1 of which the flower was cut1 while that on the left illustrates an untreated fruit with the long persistent calyx4 ,this marking of the calyx is useful in all the pomaceous fruits1 like apples and pears1 and even in capsular fruits1 like phloxes and petunias1 in which the calyx lobes remain green4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,emasculated tomato-flower4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,nicotiana affinis4 ,as soon as the flower is emasculated it must be securely tied up with a bag1 to exclude pollen1 as seen in ,fig4 #ajj4 ,netting of any kind is not safe in ordinary practice1 for the pollen grains are small enough to pass through it4 ,it often happens that the flower-stem is not strong enough to hold the bag1 nor large enough to allow the bag to be puckered tightly about it4 ,in such cases1 all the remaining flowers in the cluster should be removed and the bag should be tied over a portion of the branch4 ,the branch will often need to be cut off to accommodate the bag4 ,if there are many large leaves about the flowers1 part of them will need to be cut off4 ,it is always a good practice to emasculate two or three flowers in the cluster--or all those of the same age--in order to multiply the chances of success4 ,if flowers of different ages are emasculated1 however1 the bag will have to be removed several times to apply the pollen as the stigmas mature1 and the chances of success will be lessened1 for the flowers should be handled as little as possible4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,crossed tomato4 ,various bags have been devised and recommended for covering the flowers1 but none of them yet introduced are equal to the ordinary grocers' manilla bags4 ,the only difficulty is that the smallest size--the fourth-pound--is too large for many small subjects1 but for these the bag can be cut off4 ,a soft string1 five or six inches long1 is passed through one of the folds of the bag about an inch from the open end1 as seen in ,fig4 #aja1 and is tied to hold it in place4 ,to make the bag pucker tightly about the stem1 it should be moistened just before it is used4 ,in some flowers which have long and thick tube-like corollas1 and in which the stigma matures quickly1 the end of the corolla itself may be tied up4 ,the flowers of squashes and pumpkins are particularly adapted to this treatment1 and one is shown in ,fig4 #ajb4 ,the flower is tied before it opens4 ,in squash-like plants the flowers usually open early in the morning and the flowers are tied up the preceding evening4 ,the corollas soon wilt and bags must be used after the pollen is applied2 and even if the corolla does not wilt and shrivel1 insects sometimes eat through it and interfere with the experiment4 ,all imperfect flowers of course need no emasculation1 but they must be tied up while yet in the bud to protect them from pollen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,crossed and uncrossed gooseberries4 ,as soon as the stigma matures--which will vary from one to six or seven days1 according to the species--the pollen must be applied4 ,the novice will be obliged to remove the bags occasionally1 to see if the stigmas are ready4 ,as soon as the shiny or glutinous appearance of the stigma is seen1 pollination should be performed4 ,the pollen is most easily secured by removing an anther when it is about to burst and breaking it open4 ,if the anther is allowed to break open naturally1 the pollen will be lost1 or at least difficult to secure4 ,there are various instruments recommended to aid in the transfer of the pollen4 ,a camel's hair brush is often advised1 but it is probably the poorest instrument which can be used4 ,it wastes the pollen and also mixes it by holding it among the hairs1 and it is often a difficult matter to apply pollen to the stigma evenly and in sufficient amount4 ,the point of a small knife-blade is a better instrument4 ,a still handier and better tool is made by flattening the point of a pin and then inserting the little scalpel in a handle1 as shown in ,fig4 #ajc4 ,with the point of this implement the pollen can be removed from the groove or opening in the side of the anther4 ,it is commonly better1 however1 to place the unopened anther upon the thumb nail and crush it with the scalpel1 when the pollen can be gathered up on the point and transferred to the stigma4 ,in some species the pollen can be removed only by opening the anther-valves dexterously4 ,such is the case with the tomato2 the point of the scalpel is inserted in a longitudinal groove or fold in the side of the anther1 and as it is carried upwards the pollen is secured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,flower tied up4 ,the stigma should receive an abundant supply of pollen4 ,no harm can come from supplying too much while if too little is applied1 some of the seeds will not mature or even the fruit may not set4 ,it is well known that in many plants1 at least1 the pollen stimulates the development of the fruit-walls1 as well as fertilizes the ovules1 and a greater amount of pollen than is sufficient to produce the seeds themselves may therefore exert an important influence4 ,sometimes it is not necessary to use an instrument to transfer the pollen4 ,if the pollen is copious and adheres to the anther after it is discharged1 the anther may be simply rubbed over the stigma4 ,an anther will ordinarily contain sufficient pollen to fertilize several stigmas4 ,the whole surface of the stigma should be covered until it is colored with the pollen4 ,sometimes it will be found advisable to cut off the corolla from large flowers1 if it was not done when the flower was emasculated1 to facilitate the labor of applying pollen4 ,the short stigmas of squashes1 for instance1 can be reached more easily if the corolla is removed1 as in ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,bag4 ,in order to prevent the mixing of pollen1 the flowers from which it is to be derived should be covered while in the bud1 the same as the flowers designed as the pistillate parents4 ,otherwise foreign pollen may be deposited upon the anthers by insects or winds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,squash flower tied up4 ,as soon as the pollen is applied to the stigma1 the flower should be tied up again the same as before4 ,the bag should remain three or four days or a week1 until the stigma has died and all danger of another pollination is removed4 ,if the fruit is likely to be destroyed by birds or insects1 it should be covered with netting bags as soon as the paper-bags are removed4 ,these bags also serve to mark the crossed fruits1 and to catch them if they should drop before the operator is aware4 ,of course all crosses should be labelled with the names of both parents and the date of the operation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,pin-scalpel4 ,for ordinary operations1 no especial outfit is necessary for the crossing of plants1 but those who experiment largely will find that the work will be greatly facilitated by the use of a portable box in which the various requisites can be carried4 ,if this box has a compartment for every article1 the operator will see at a glance if anything is lacking before he goes to the field4 ,figs4 #aje and #ajf illustrate a convenient pollinating kit4 ,this is made about #ab inches long1 #i inches wide and #c inches deep4 ,in the central portion is a compartment for bags and one for labels4 ,at the right end1 running crosswise1 is a narrow compartment for string1 and at its upper end is a small bottle of alcohol4 ,into this alcohol the scalpel and other tools are dipped whenever another kind of pollen is to be used1 in order to destroy whatever pollen grains may adhere to them4 ,in front is a compartment for a magnifying glass1 and a long one to hold scalpel1 brushes1 crochet-hook and pencil4 ,the note-book is held in the cover by a wire clasp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,treated squash flower4 ,it is rare that all the flowers which one pollinates will mature fruit4 ,if one-half are successful on the average1 the operator may be satisfied4 ,external conditions have much to do with the success of the operation4 ,some species do not set well during very dry weather and some are impatient of confinement4 ,but probably all plants which thrive under glass are more sure to give good results if pollinated under confinement1 because conditions are under control4 ,crossing of ,flowerless ,plants4--,ferns1 lycopodiums1 and their allies1 pass through two stages of development1 and fertilization takes place only in the first stage4 ,when spores germinate1 a small1 thin1 green tissue spreads over the soil4 ,this tissue is the prothallus 7or prothallium74 ,upon the prothallus1 or somewhat sunken in it1 the sexual organs appear4 ,they are minute aggregations of cells4 ,some of these aggregations develop into sperm or male organs and some into germ or female organs4 ,the sperm organ is known as an antheridium and the germ organ as an archegonium4 ,spermatozoids are formed in the antheridium1 and these enter the archegonium and fertilize the germ cell4 ,this fertilized germ cell then develops into the second stage of the species1 or into that part which we know as the fern or the lycopod4 ,during this second stage1 the plant bears leaf-like organs and it also produces numerous spores4 ,these spores will produce the prothallus again when sown4 ,ferns1 therefore1 are fertilized but once during their lifetime1 and the spores are not the direct result of fertilization as are the seeds of flowering plants4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,pollinating ,kit1 closed4 ,if ferns and other flowerless plants are to be crossed1 therefore1 the operation must be performed in the prothallic stage4 ,it was long a matter of doubt among botanists as to whether crossing is possible among these plants1 but it is now known that it does occur4 ,it has been brought about repeatedly in cultivation4 ,the sperm bodies are not transferred by hand1 but the spores of the species between which crosses are desired are sown together and the transfer is allowed to take place naturally4 ,the prothallia of ferns are nearly always dicious 7sexes borne on different plants71 so that crossing in such cases is not improbable4 ,many spores should be sown to increase the chances of success1 and care should be taken that the different kinds germinate simultaneously4 ,some species germinate quicker than others1 and the operator must determine by previous trial what these differences are4 7,for methods of sowing spores1 see page #bd47 ,only a small part of the plants will be likely to be crosses4 ,in one of ,lowe's experiments1 only five plants out of #a1jjj were undoubted crosses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,pollinating ,kit1 open4 ,,ordinal ,,index4 ,an ,index to the natural orders or families mentioned in the ,nursery ,list4 ,a number in parentheses indicates the number of references to the family upon a page1 if more than one occurs4 ,acanthace1 #ii1 #aae1 #abe 7#b71 #acj1 #acc1 #adi1 #aeh1 #agj1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aih1 #baj1 #baf1 #bfd1 #bgc1 #bgg 7#b7 ,alangie1 #ajf ,alismace1 #aja1 #ajg1 #add1 #bag ,amarantace1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aef1 #bjg ,amaryllide1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ach1 #adj1 #adb1 #adg1 #adh1 #afd1 #afi1 #aga1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahe 7#b71 #aij1 #aib1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjf 7#b71 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed1 #bhj1 #bhe ,ampelide 7,vitace71 #aaj1 #afb1 #aie ,anacardiace1 #aaa1 #aff1 #ahj1 #bbb1 #bea1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bga ,anonace1 #aac1 #abb1 #abc ,apocynace1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aae1 #acb1 #aeb1 #aec1 #agh1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bed1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #bhd ,araliace1 #abj1 #agb1 #aib1 #bja1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bfg ,aristolochiace1 #aba1 #abc ,aroide1 ,arace1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aba1 #abc1 #adf1 #aii1 #bbf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bff 7#b71 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bha ,asclepiade1 #aaa1 #abc1 #abd1 #adj1 #adi1 #aeg1 #aid1 #aii1 #bje1 #bbc1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bga1 #bgb ,begoniace1 #acb ,berberide1 #ajf1 #acj1 #acd1 #aee1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bac1 #bae1 #bed ,bignoniace1 #ajb1 #aaj 7#b71 #ace1 #aed1 #afj1 #ahj1 #bjh1 #bgf ,bixine1 #abh1 #acf1 #bjf ,boragine1 #aaa1 #abb1 #ach1 #afg1 #agb1 #aha 7#b71 #bja1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bcd 7#b71 #bge ,bromeliace1 #ii1 #ace1 #ada1 #ahj1 #bej1 #bgh ,bruniace1 #abf1 #acd1 #adb ,burserace1 #aaj1 #abi1 #aci1 #add ,cacte1 #ade1 #ahc1 #bcd1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bfa ,calycanthace1 #adi1 #afj ,campanulace1 #ajb1 #aea 7#c71 #aef1 #agb 7#b71 #agi1 #bji1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bei1 #bgh ,canellace1 #aea ,capparide1 #aeb1 #afa1 #bed ,caprifoliace1 #ig1 #agg1 #baf1 #bag1 #bai1 #bfe1 #bge1 #bha ,caryophylle1 #aje1 #aba1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aii1 #bbj1 #bej1 #bee1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bge ,casuarine1 #aed ,celastrine1 #aed1 #aee1 #ahe1 #bbh ,chenopodiace1 #acb1 #aci1 #bce1 #bga ,cinchonace1 #ajg ,cistine1 #afc1 #bja ,combretace1 #afb 7#b71 #bei1 #bgf ,commelinace1 #aab1 #aff1 #agb1 #agg1 #bgh ,composit1 #ii1 #aja 7#b71 #aje 7#b71 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab1 #aad 7#b71 #aae1 #abj 7#b71 #aba1 #abb 7#d71 #abd 7#b71 #abf 7#b71 #abh 7#c71 #acj1 #acb1 #acc 7#c71 #acd1 7#b71 #ace 7#b71 #ach 7#b71 #adj 7#b71 #adc1 #adg1 #adh 7#b71 #adi1 #aeb 7#b71 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #afj1 #afa 7#b71 #afb 7#c71 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj 7#b71 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aia1 #aih1 #aii1 #bja 7#c71 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bad1 #bae 7#c71 #baf 7#c71 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgb 7#b71 #bge1 #bgf1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bhe ,conifer1 #ig1 #abj1 #abf1 #adh1 #aee1 #aeh1 #agj1 #aga 7#b71 #agc1 #ahh1 #aib1 #baj1 #bac1 #bdi 7#b71 #bej1 #bed1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgf 7#b71 #bgg1 #bgh ,convolvulace1 #aba1 #afg1 #bjg1 #bcb1 #bgd ,coriarie ,cornace1 #abf1 #acd1 #afg1 #aia1 #bcb ,crassulace1 #adb1 #afi 7#b71 #aie1 #baa1 #bfg1 #bfh ,crucifer1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abf1 #acj1 #acf1 #ach1 #ade1 #adf1 #aeb1 #afi 7#b71 #agf1 #agi1 #ahd1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bab1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #bda1 #bde1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bfg1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc 7#b7 ,cucurbitace1 #ig1 #adb1 #aga1 #aie1 #bbj1 #bbd 7#b71 #bbf1 #beg1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bgh1 #bhc ,cunoniace1 #aja ,cupulifer1 #ajg1 #ace1 #aec1 #afj1 #afh1 #ahf1 #bch1 #beh ,cycadace1 #aeg1 #agb1 #agh1 #ahb1 #bhe ,cyperace1 #aeb1 #agb1 #bdj ,cyrille1 #agc ,cytinace ,datisce1 #age ,diapensiace1 #aij ,dilleniace1 #aea1 #agg1 #bjb ,dioscoreace1 #agh1 #bgf ,dipsace1 #bff ,dipterocarpe ,droserace1 #agh1 #ahj 7#b7 ,ebenace1 #agh1 #bdf ,elagnace1 #aha1 #bjc1 #bfh ,empetrace1 #aeg1 #afg1 #ahb ,epacride1 #aja1 #aaa1 #abe1 #ahb1 #bbd ,ericace1 #aab1 #abj1 #abg1 #acb1 #adh1 #aed1 #afd1 #afi1 #aha1 #ahb 7#b71 #ahc1 #aia1 #baa1 #bad 7#b71 #bae1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bci1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bhc ,euphorbiace1 #ih1 #ajf1 #ade1 #aed1 #afb1 #afe1 #ahe1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bbb1 #bdh1 #bed1 #bfb1 #bgb ,ficoide1 #bbe ,filices1 #age1 #agg1 #ahg1 #bbj1 #bch1 #bea1 #bee1 #beg ,frankeniace1 #ahi ,fumarie4 ,see ,papaverace4 ,gentiane1 #afa1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bad1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bfd1 #bge ,geraniace1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #ace1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bbf1 #bch1 #bdd1 #bgi ,gesnerace1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #abh1 #acd1 #agg1 #aib1 #aic1 #baa1 #bab1 #baf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bei1 #bgc ,gnetace1 #ahb ,goodenovie1 #adb1 #agd1 #aid1 #bae1 #bff ,gramine1 #aje1 #aab1 #abc 7#b71 #abi1 #ada 7#b71 #adf1 #ahe1 #aii1 #bba1 #bdg1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bhe ,guttifer1 #adi1 #afd1 #aij1 #bba ,hmodorace1 #aac1 #bjj1 #bde1 #bfe ,halorage1 #aii ,hamamelide1 #adc1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bah ,hydrophyllace1 #bcj1 #bdf ,hypericine1 #abc1 #bjf ,ilicine1 #bjf1 #bcj ,iride1 #aac1 #aad1 #aba1 #abh1 #acg1 #afb1 #agj 7#b71 #agb1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aib1 #bjb1 #bjh 7#b71 #bbc1 #bcj1 #bda1 #bfb1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhc ,juglande1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bdd1 #beg ,juncace1 #adg1 #baj1 #bhd ,labiat1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aac 7#b71 #abi1 #aca1 #acg1 #adf1 #aee 7#b71 #afe1 #aff1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bad1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bde 7#b71 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bef1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgf1 #bgg ,laurine1 #acd1 #aea1 #bad1 #bdf1 #bfe ,leguminos1 #ih 7#b71 #ajb 7#b71 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aji 7#c71 #aaj 7#b71 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae 7#b71 #abj1 #abc1 #abe1 #acj 7#d71 #aca1 #acb1 #aci 7#b71 #adj1 #ada1 #adb 7#b71 #add1 #adf 7#b71 #adg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb 7#b71 #aec1 #aed1 #aeg 7#c71 #afc1 #afd 7#b71 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agi 7#b71 #aha1 #ahd 7#b71 #ahf1 #aij 7#b71 #aic 7#b71 #aid 7#b71 #aii1 #bjj 7#c71 #bja1 #bjd1 #bjg 7#b71 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae 7#b71 #bah1 #bai 7#b71 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bci 7#b71 #bda 7#b71 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bea1 #bed 7#b71 #bef1 #beg1 #bfb 7#b71 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhd ,lentibularie1 #bej ,liliace1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aab 7#b71 #aad1 #aae1 #abb1 #abd 7#d71 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc 7#b71 #add1 #adh 7#b71 #aej1 #afa 7#b71 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi 7#b71 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aij 7#c71 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #bjb 7#b71 #bje1 #baa1 #bab 7#b71 #bac1 #bad 7#b71 #baf1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bee1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi 7#b71 #bgd1 #bgi 7#d71 #bhj1 #bha 7#b71 #bhd1 #bhe 7#b7 ,line1 #ahd1 #bag1 #bfj ,loase1 #aca1 #acg1 #bah ,loganiace1 #agf1 #aia1 #bai ,loranthace1 #bhb ,lycopodiace1 #bfh ,lythrarie1 #aga1 #bab1 #bad1 #bbj1 #bca1 #bee ,magnoliace1 #ahj1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bff ,malpighiace1 #aja1 #abi1 #adc1 #ade1 #bba1 #bgb ,malvace1 #ih1 #ajh1 #ach1 #adh1 #afh1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #bjc 7#b71 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bba 7#c71 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bci1 #bda1 #bga ,melastomace1 #ajj1 #abb1 #acd1 #acg1 #ada1 #aej1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agb1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bbd 7#b71 #beb1 #bgj ,meliace1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aeb1 #aee1 #bbd1 #bfe1 #bgh ,menispermace1 #ih1 #afb1 #afe1 #bbd ,monimiace1 #abf ,moringe1 #bbf ,myoporine1 #bbh ,myricace1 #aff1 #bbh ,myristice1 #bbi ,myrsine1 #abj1 #afc1 #bji ,myrtace1 #ajj1 #aac1 #abd1 #abh 7#c71 #aca1 #acb1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej 7#b71 #aeb1 #aec1 #agd1 #ahe1 #aii 7#b71 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbi 7#b7 ,naiadace1 #aae1 #bch ,nepenthace1 #bcj ,nolanace1 #ajh ,nyctagine1 #ig1 #aci1 #bbf ,nymphace1 #ade1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bhb ,ochnace1 #aid1 #bcb ,olacine1 #bcc ,oleace1 #afa1 #ahi 7#c71 #bji1 #baf1 #bcb 7#b71 #bcc 7#b71 #bch1 #bdh1 #bge ,onagrarie1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahb1 #aij1 #aia1 #baj1 #bai1 #bcc1 #bgh ,orchide1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aac 7#b71 #aad1 #aae1 #acj1 #aca1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adf1 #adi1 #aej1 #aee1 #aff1 #agc1 #age1 #agh1 #ahb1 #bab1 #bbj1 #bbc 7#b71 #bbe1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdg 7#b71 #bfe1 #bga1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhe ,palm1 #ii 7#b71 #aja1 #aba1 #abe1 #abh1 #ach1 #adj1 #adf1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afe1 #agd1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baa1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bef1 #beg1 #bei1 #bfd1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhc ,pandane1 #aij1 #bdj ,papaverace1 #ajc1 #aba1 #acg1 #afh1 #agf1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aij1 #bbc1 #bdj1 #bfb1 #bfe ,passiflore1 #aeb1 #aie1 #bda ,pedaline1 #bbc1 #bfh ,phytolaccace1 #bdi1 #bfb ,piperace1 #bde1 #bea ,pittospore1 #ace1 #add1 #bea ,plantagine1 #ih1 #bea ,platanace1 #bea ,plumbagine1 #aba1 #bed1 #bgb ,polemoniace1 #aea1 #afd1 #aib1 #bai1 #bdh1 #bed ,polygale1 #aff1 #bab1 #bee ,polygonace1 #adc1 #adh1 #afe1 #ahc1 #bbg1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bgj ,pontederiace1 #aha1 #bee ,portulacace1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #adf1 #baf ,primulace1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abg1 #afh1 #agb1 #agi1 #bjd1 #bbj1 #bef1 #bgj ,proteace1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #abg1 #abi1 #aih1 #bjj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bae1 #bai1 #bdf1 #bef ,ranunculace1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aab 7#b71 #abj1 #abf1 #adi1 #afb1 #afc1 #afg1 #age1 #ahc1 #bjb 7#b71 #bjh1 #bab1 #bca1 #bci1 #bei1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #bhd ,resedace1 #bfj ,rhamne1 #acd1 #aee1 #aff1 #bje1 #baj1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bfj ,rosace1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aai1 #acf1 #add1 #aeh 7#b71 #afa1 #afh1 #afi1 #agf1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aib 7#b71 #baj1 #baa1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdh1 #beb1 #bee1 #bef 7#b71 #beg1 #beh1 #bei 7#b71 #bfa1 #bfc 7#b71 #bga1 #bgb1 #bhc ,rubiace1 #ajc1 #aad1 #abd1 #aci 7#b71 #add1 #adi1 #aea1 #aee1 #aef 7#b71 #afj1 #afb1 #afe 7#b71 #afg1 #agj1 #aia1 #bjj 7#b71 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bej1 #bfc ,rutace1 #ajj 7#b71 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #abe1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #aci1 #adi1 #aed1 #afa1 #afc 7#b71 #afh1 #agj1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahd1 #aic1 #bad1 #bag1 #bce1 #bdg 7#b71 #bee1 #beg1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bhe ,salicine1 #bee1 #bfd ,sapindace1 #ii1 #ajd1 #bab1 #bbd 7#b71 #bcj1 #bca1 #bga1 #bhd ,sapotace1 #aba1 #aca1 #afb1 #bjh1 #bfe ,sarraceniace1 #agd1 #bfe ,saxifrage1 #ajb1 #aad1 #abe1 #aca1 #ada1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeg1 #afb1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aid1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bgg ,scitamine 7,zingiberace71 #ajh1 #abi1 #adg1 #aea1 #afh1 #aga1 #bja 7#b71 #bbb 7#b71 #bbg1 #bgc1 #bhe ,scrophularine1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #abb1 #ach1 #adb 7#b71 #adg1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agg1 #ahc1 #aib1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bda1 #bde1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bgh1 #bha 7#b7 ,selagine1 #aic ,simarube1 #adb1 #beh ,solanace #aad1 #abf1 #aeg1 #agc1 #age1 #aha1 #ahf1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bca 7#c71 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdi 7#b71 #bee1 #bff1 #bfi 7#b71 #bgh ,sterculiace1 #ig1 #abd1 #abe1 #adj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bde1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bgg ,stylidie1 #bgc ,styrace1 #bjj1 #bgd1 #bge ,taccace1 #bge ,tamariscine1 #bgf ,ternstrmiace1 #aja1 #ach1 #aej1 #aec1 #ahe1 #aie1 #bgc1 #bgf ,thymelace1 #agd1 #agh1 #aha1 #bab 7#b71 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bgc ,tiliace1 #ii1 #aad1 #aae1 #aba1 #adb1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aih1 #bgj1 #bgg ,turnerace1 #bgi ,typhace1 #bhj ,umbellifer1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aab1 #aac1 #abb1 #abe1 #abf1 #add1 #aef1 #afj1 #afg1 #agj1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #bjb1 #bai1 #bbi1 #bda 7#b71 #bfi ,urticace1 #abc1 #ach1 #ada 7#b71 #aea1 #aee1 #aef1 #agi1 #ahh 7#b71 #bje1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bhj ,vacciniace1 #ajd1 #bhj ,valeriane1 #aef1 #bhj ,verbenace1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aci1 #adg1 #aec1 #afa1 #afd1 #bac1 #bag1 #bef1 #bha1 #bhb ,violarie1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #afh1 #ahd1 #bjg1 #bhb ,vitace4 ,see ,ampelide ,vochysiace1 #bhb ,zanthoxyle1 #aje ,zingiberace4 ,see ,scitamine ,zygophylle1 #aih1 #bhe ,,general ,,index4 ,page4 ,annular budding1 #ge ,bark-grafting1 #hh ,bass1 #gb ,bell glass1 #ci ,bigeneric half-breed1 #bhf ,bigener1 definition of1 #bhf ,bigeneric hybrid1 definition of1 #bhf ,budding1 #fg ,budding1 kinds of1 #ff ,bulbel1 definition of1 #bf ,bulblet1 definition of1 #bi ,bulb-scales1 #bh ,bulbs1 definition of1 #be ,callus1 #di ,cions1 cutting1 #gg ,cion1 definition of1 #fc ,cleft-grafting1 #ha ,cloche1 #ci ,close-fertilization1 definition of1 #bhf ,close-pollination1 definition of1 #bhf ,corm1 definition of1 #bi ,cormel1 definition of1 #cj ,cross-breed1 definition of1 #bhf ,cross1 definition of1 #bhf ,cross-fertilization1 definition of1 #bhf ,crossing1 definition of1 #bhf ,cross-pollination1 definition of1 #bhf ,crown1 definition of1 #ca ,crown-grafting1 #gf ,cuttage1 definition of1 #ci ,cutting1 definition of1 #ci ,cutting-grafting1 #ia ,damping-off1 #bb1 #bg ,derivative-hybrid1 definition of1 #bhf ,division1 #ea ,double-grafting1 #ia ,dressing of stocks1 #fi ,emasculation1 #bia ,fecundation1 definition of1 #bhf ,fertilization1 definition of1 #bhf ,flowerless plants1 crossing of1 #big ,flowers1 dicious1 #bhh -- moncious1 #bhh -- perfect1 #bhg -- proterandrous1 #bij -- proterogynous1 #bij ,flute-budding1 #ge ,free stock1 #fc ,fruit-grafting1 #ij ,graftage1 definition of1 #fc ,grafting1 #gf ,grafting1 definition of1 #fc ,grafting1 kinds of1 #ff ,grafting-waxes1 #ib ,green-wood cuttings1 #ef ,half-breed1 definition of1 #bhf ,half-hybrid1 definition of1 #bhf ,hard-wood cuttings1 #ed ,heel cuttings1 #dh ,herbaceous-grafting1 #hi ,hybrid1 definition of1 #bhf ,hybridism1 definition of1 #bhf ,hybridity1 definition of1 #bhf ,hybridization1 definition of1 #bhf ,hybridizing1 definition of1 #bhf ,impregnation1 definition of1 #bhf ,inarching1 #ib ,individual-cross1 definition of1 #bhf ,individual-fertilization1 definition of1 #bhf ,june budding1 #gc ,knaurs1 #ef ,knives1 budding1 #fi ,knives1 grafting1 #hd ,layer1 definition of1 #cb ,layerage1 definition of1 #cb ,layering1 ,chinese1 #cf -- circumposition1 #cf -- mound1 #ce -- stool1 #ce -- pot1 #cf -- serpentine1 #cd ,leaf cuttings1 #fj ,mallet cuttings1 #dh ,mallet1 for grafting1 #hg ,mongrel1 definition of1 #bhf ,mule1 definition of1 #bhf ,offset1 definition of1 #cj ,plastic1 for grafting1 #ib ,pollination1 definition of1 #bhf ,propagating frame1 #ci ,prothallus1 #big ,raffia1 #gb ,regermination1 #bb ,ring-budding1 #ge ,root-cuttings1 #ec ,root-grafting1 #gf1 #gg ,root-tip1 #cc ,saddle-grafting1 #gi ,scales of bulbs1 #bh ,scions1 cutting1 #gg ,scion1 definition of1 #fc ,screens1 for seeds and cuttings1 #ab ,seedage1 definition of1 #i ,seed-grafting1 #ij ,seeds1 boring1 #ah -- depth for sowing1 #bj -- freezing1 #ag -- ,influence of light upon1 #ba -- soaking1 #ag -- sowing1 #ai -- ,transportation of1 #bc ,self-fertilization1 definition of1 #bhf ,self-pollination1 definition of1 #bhf ,separation1 definition of1 #be ,shield-budding1 #fh ,side-grafting1 #hj ,splice-grafting1 #hj ,spores1 sowing1 #bd ,stem cuttings1 #ed ,stem-grafting1 #gf ,stick1 of buds1 #fi ,stock1 definition of1 #fc ,stolon1 definition of1 #cb ,stratification1 #ae ,string for tying1 #ga ,tongue-grafting1 #gf ,top-grafting1 #gf1 #hd ,tuber cuttings1 #eb ,tuber1 definition of1 #cj ,tubular bedding1 #gf ,tying buds1 #ga ,variety-hybrid1 definition of1 #bhf ,veneer-budding1 #ge ,veneer-grafting1 #hj ,wax for grafting1 #ib ,whip-grafting1 #gf ,whistle-budding1 #gf 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,where two different spellings of plant names appear1 either the most used or the contemporary spelling was employed4 ,all paragraphs split by images were rejoined and the images moved above or below the paragraph4 ,definitions ,missing ,the ,ordinal ,index lists ,coriarie without a page reference and it does ,,not occur in the book's text4 ,below is a list of referenced entries in the ,ordinal ,index for which the targets are missing from the text3 ,castilleja ,odontospermum ,patrinia ,tsuga