,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a ,,books ,,= ,,collectors ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispieces & _m ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,*9a4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pr9ts4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,co/ume4 ,by ,g4 ,,woolliscr(t ,,rhead4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,lace ,,& ,,ne$lework4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,l[es4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,black]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,fo/]4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,illu/ration3 ,,description ,,( ,,vase4 ,high-neck$ vase ) melon-%ap$ body & d\ble protub]ance above4 ,"o ( a pair4 ,=mal h&les on ! neck 9 imitation ( bamboo-"w4 ,! body & protub]ances decorat$ ) bamboo /ems hav+ yell[ & gre5 res]ves decorat$ ) fl[]s & plants4 ,! neck decorat$ ) diap] patt]n1 yell[ on gre54 ,! flatt5$ top ornam5t$ ) black & gre5 triangle-"w4 ,p]iod1 7,kang-he7 #affb-agbb4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,black] ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,a ,b ,c ,,( ,,collect+ ,,old ,,*9a1 ,,etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,london ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,adelphi ,,t]race ,,mcmviii 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,preface ,if !re is "o regret t accompanies ! issue ( ^! ,*ats on ,ori5tal ,*9a x is t ! illu/rations c\ld n be giv5 9 all ! beauty ( _! magnific5t col\r+4 ,9 a photograph1 h[ev] f9e x may be1 x is obvi\s t only ! %ape & ! decoration c be giv54 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! illu/rations repres5t 9 its ,m+ & ,kang-he specim5s ab\t #ajj1jjj 9 value4 ,! pieces repres5t$ are ! mo/ admirable & ! r>e/4 ,! read] is advis$ to be/[ mu* att5tion on ! read+ ( ! descriptions accompany+ ea* picture4 ,!re is no =m ( in/ruction m valuable ?an ?is analysis1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ! sale catalogues ( ! mo/ re*]* collections4 ,! collector :o ma/]s ?is book may betake himself to ! museums ) consid]able confid5ce t he w be 9 a position to und]/&2 9 fact1 to read ! pieces :i* he wi%es to /udy4 ,take = example1 ! unique ,salt+ ,collection at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,to ! ord9>y visitor int]e/$ 9 porcela9 ! specim5s pres5t an exquisite1 if emb>rass+1 assembly ( *oice pieces ^: col\r1 decoration1 & age _c be grasp$1 !y c only be admir$4 ,! eye may be tra9$1 b ! und]/&+ nev]4 ,! abs5ce ( a catalogue h&icaps & inde$ baffles ! amateur4 ,b if ! k previ\sly obta9$ is suffici5t to enable him to ma/] ! subject1 ! /yle1 =m1 & col\r1 no?+ c give m pleasure ?an ! inve/igation ( su* a collection :i* has be5 br\ght toge!r at a va/ exp5se ( "t1 money1 & k4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum ! descriptive labels are helpful4 ,9 ?is book ! read] w f9d "s /atem5ts repeat$ p]haps ov] & ov] aga94 ,:5 we *at ab\t any?+ we d repeat ! po9ts on :i* we want in=mation1 or 9 :i* we may be specially int]e/$4 ,! in=mation is concise1 s t1 section by section1 ! range ( ,ori5tal porcela9 w pass be=e ! /ud5t1 ! *ief consid]ation :i* regulates ! lett]press be+ ! space at our disposal4 ,naturally ! lab\r be/[$ on repression is consid]able4 ,:5 we consid] ! ,national ,collections ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many alone we f9d mat]ial = _m volumes4 ,p]haps ( all ! museums t ( ,limoges1 :]e ! ,jacquem>t & ,gasnault collections are s well c>$ =1 is "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 & ! lov] ( old ,ori5tal c\ld n d bett] ?an sp5d a holiday at ?is delightful old ,fr5* t[n ) ! object ( really le>n+ :at ^! two fri5ds tea*4 ,) reg>d to books ( ref]5ce1 all ( ! recognis$ au?orities h be5 /udi$1 especially ! ,jacquem>t & ,gasnault catalogues & descriptions1 & ! ,petit ,guide ,illu/re au ,muse ,guimet4 ,! visitor to ,p>is %\ld make a po9t ( visit+ ?is museum1 s little kn[n1 s int5sely int]e/+1 at ! junction ( ! ,rue ,boissire & ! ,av5ue d',i5a4 ,its aim is to propagate a k ( ! civilisation ( ! ,ea/1 to facilitate ! /udy ( anci5t hi/orical religions l>gely by means ( images1 /atuettes1 or figures4 ,!re we see classifi$ me?odically1 9 *ronological ord]1 repres5tations ( ! v>i\s div9ities 9 :i* =m & attitude bo? h a mean+4 ,! specim5s are old & r>e4 ,! catalogue ( ! ,franks ,collection is ref]r$ to 9 ! v>i\s *apt]s4 ,=m]ly exhibit$ at ! ,be?nal ,gre5 ,museum1 ! collection is n[ di/ribut$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ! pieces may be recognis$ z hav+ a pr9t$ description4 ,! two volumes by ! late ,w4 ,g4 ,gull& are delightful & v helpful1 & x 0 ! privilege ( ! writ] to h sp5t "s h\rs 9 8 company %ortly be=e 8 lam5t$ decease4 ,i owe s9c]e ?anks to ,mr4 ,edg> ,gor]1 ( ,s4 ,gor] & ,son1 ,bond ,/reet1 = 8 con/ant c\rtesy & 8 k9dness 9 supply+ mo/ ( ! f9e illu/rations 9 ! book1 & = secur+ p]mission f o!r collectors to use _! photographs4 ,& m ?an ?is1 8 practical k has be5 put at my disposal 9 e way1 & specially 9 read+ ! pro(s4 ,to ,messrs4 ,duve5 ,bro!rs1 ( ,bond ,/reet1 ,i am indebt$ = specim5s specially not$4 ,to o!r fri5ds :o h help$ recognition is due1 especially to ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,mc,queen1 ^: k ( ,*9ese porcela9 has be5 altoge!r at my disposal4 ,! m>ks are ^? giv5 9 ! ,franks catalogue1 9 ,mr4 ,gull&'s books1 & 9 ! ,guimet ,museum guide4 ,! va/ness ( ! subject "h %ortly treat$ may br+ _m collectors into t\* ) "o ano!r1 & ! au?or hopes t !y w avail !mselves ( ! opportunity ( us+ him z ! m$ium = ?is int]communication4 ,f9ally1 ) reg>d to ! illu/rations & ! lessons !y tea*1 ! read] w note t vases h be5 select$ :]ev] ?is has be5 possible4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! vase1 be+ an ornam5tal & purely decorative object1 has receiv$ f ! ,*9ese pott] t arti/ic--"o is almo/ tempt$ to say t rev]5tial--treatm5t :i* embodies all t is be/ 9 8 c]amic art4 ,= ! re/1 x may be t ! my?ological aspects ( ! ,ori5tal decoration1 its div9ities & _! attributes1 h receiv$ unusual att5tion4 ,! ,buddhi/ fai?1 "h feebly expos$1 embodies ! highe/ tru?s1 & ,taoism1 ! m popul> religion1 _c be neglect$ by any /ud5t ( ,ori5tal porcela94 ,! ,japanese section is n illu/rat$4 ,japanese collectors are ke5 9 collect+ old ,*9ese specim5s4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #e ,,section ,i ,,*9ese ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory #ba ,,ii4 ,,h>d ,,pa/e #bi ,,iii4 ,,religion ,,& ,,my?ology #ce ,,iv4 ,a ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,porcela9 ,,class$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,col\rs ,,& ,,glazes #dc ,v4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,*ief ,,fabul\s ,,animals ,,& ,,two ,,goddesses #ea ,,vi4 ,a ,,%ort ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,porcela9 #hi ,,vii4 ,,! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y ,,& ,,its ,,products #ie ,,viii4 ,,! ,,ts+ ,,dyna/y1 ,,kang-,,he ,,p]iod #ajc ,,ix4 ,,! ,,yung-,,*+ ,,p]iod #aji ,x4 ,,! ,,ke5-,,lung ,,p]iod #aai ,,xi4 ,,m&>9 ,,porcela91 ,,yung-,,*+ ,,p]iod ,,& ,,lat] #aca ,,xii4 ,,kea-,,k+1 ,,ta\-,,kwang1 ,,& ,,! ,,lat] ,,emp]ors #aci ,,xiii4 ,,*9ese ,,:ite ,,porcela9 #adg ,,xiv4 ,,s+le ,,or ,,self-,,col\r ,,glazes #aec ,,xv4 ,,*9ese ,,crackle #age ,,xvi4 ,,blue ,,& ,,o!r ,,col\rs ,,"u ,,! ,,glaze #aha ,,xvii4 ,,clobb] ,,w>e ,,or ,,r$ecorat$ ,,porcela9 #bja ,,xviii4 ,,reticulat$ ,,porcela9 #bjc ,,xix4 ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,enamels #baa ,a4 ,,! ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noire ,b4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te ,c4 ,,p[d]$ ,,& ,,maz>9e ,,blue ,,) ,,enamel ,,col\rs ,d4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,& ,,yell[ ,,family--,,famille ,,jaune ,e4 ,,coral ,,r$ ,,gr\nd--,,r\ge ,,de ,,f] ,f4 ,,! ,,rose ,,family--,,famille ,,rose ,g4 ,,o!r ,,enamel ,,col\rs ,,xx4 ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company #bhe ,,xxi4 ,,imitations ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,porcela9 #bia ,,xxii4 ,,symbolical ,,designs #big ,a4 ,,emblems ,,9 ,,animals ,b4 ,,emblems ,,9 ,,trees ,c4 ,,emblems ,,9 ,,fl[]s ,,xxiii4 ,,date ,,m>ks ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,porcela9 #cjg ,,xxiv4 ,,symbolical ,,m>ks ,,& ,,ornam5ts #cbc ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,immortals ,,or ,,*5s #ccg ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,dresd5 ,,collection #cde ,,section ,,ii ,,japanese ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y ,,*apt] ,,page ,,xxvii4 ,,japanese ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y #cdi ,,im>i1 ,,arita1 ,,or ,,hiz5 ,,hirado ,,nabe%ima ,,xxviii4 ,,satsuma #ceg ,,kyoto ,,awata ,,m>ks1 ,,fir/ ,,set ,,xxix4 ,,biz5 ,,or ,,imbe #cfg ,,kutani ,,k5zan ,,w>e ,,yeiraku ,,w>e ,,xxx4 ,,ki%u #cge ,,banko ,,soma ,,s&a ,,%eba ,,v>i\s ,,m>ks1 ,,second ,,set ,,section ,,iii ,,xxxi4 ,,sale ,,prices #che ,,index #djc ,,illu/rations ,,vase1 ,,9 ,,prop] ,,col\rs1 ,,kang-,,he ,frontispiece ,,page ,,pa-,,yueh-,,k\ang ,,& ,,ti5-,,kong #dj ,,! ,,dragon #ed ,,! ,,true ,,kyl9 #ee ,,! ,,corean ,,lion #ef ,,! ,,ho-,,ho ,,or ,,ph,,nix #eg ,,kwan-,,y91 ,,m+ #fj ,,ano!r ,,kwan-,,y91 ,,m+ #fc ,,kwan-,,y91 ,,) ,,att5dants #fd ,,si-,,wang-,,mu #fg ,,od-,d,,pag-,,m$ ,,amit,,bha ,,or ,,amida #fh ,,wan ,,*ong1 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,! ,,le>n$ #ga ,,kuan-,,ti1 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,w> #gb ,,w5-,,t*ang1 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,wisdom #ge ,,piu-,,hwo1 ,,taoi/ ,,god #gf ,,han ,,seang-,,tse 7#b7 ,,& ,,*ang ,,ko-,,la\ #gi ,,buddhi/ ,,div9ities 7#b7 ,,& ,,han ,,*ung-,,le #hj ,,! ,,taoi/ ,,immortals 7#h7 #hc ,,! ,,dog ,,( ,,buddha ,,or ,,corean ,,lion #hd ,,emblems ,,9 ,,birds1 ,,pheasants #hg ,,:ite ,,porcela91 ,,kwan-,,y9 #aea ,,sang ,,de ,b,,uf1 ,,self-,,col\r #aeg ,,claire ,,de ,,lune ,,crackle1 ,,self-,,col\r #afc ,,tig] ,,spott$ ,,or ,,spla%$ ,,glaze #afg ,,pea* ,,bl[1 ,,) ,,:ite ,,& ,,celadon #aga ,,crackle ,,vases1 ,c41 ,,m\nt$ ,,9 ,,ormolu #agh ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,beak]s2 ,,di%es ,,& ,,cov]s #ahf ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,vase2 ,,wat] ,,ew] ,,& ,,cov] #ahi ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,vases1 ,,) ,,lange-,,lys5 #aij ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,g+] ,,j>1 ,,or ,,ovi=m ,,vase #aic ,,blue ,,& ,,r$ ,,"u-,,glaze1 ,,conical ,,vase #aid ,,r$ ,,"u-,,glaze1 ,,enamels ,,ov]-,,glaze1 ,,cyl9drical ,,vase #aig ,,reticulat$ ,,inc5se ,,burn] #bjg ,,reticulat$ ,,vase #bjh ,,black ,,family1 ,,famille ,,noire1 ,,teapots #bah ,,black ,,family1 ,,b[l #bba ,,black ,,family1 ,,vases1 ,,tap]+ ,,squ>e #bbb ,,black ,,family1 ,,vases1 ,,pe>-,,%ap$ #bbe ,,black ,,family1 ,,vases1 ,,two #bbf ,,gre5 ,,family1 ,,famille ,,v]te1 ,,vase1 ,,ovi=m #bcj ,,gre5 ,,family1 ,,lant]n1 ,,egg-,,%ell #bcc ,,gre5 ,,family1 ,,vases 7#c71 ,,squ>e-,,%ap$ #bcd ,,gre5 ,,family1 ,,vase1 ,,beak]-,,%ap$ #bcg ,,gre5 ,,family1 ,,hexagonal1 ,,arr[-,,/& #bch ,,gre5 ,,family1 ,,vase1 ,,g\rd-,,%ap$ #bda ,,p[d]$-,,blue1 ,,) ,,famille ,,v]te1 ,,& ,,blue #bdf ,,decoration ,,p[d]$-,,blue1 ,,) ,,famille ,,v]te1 ,,decoration1 ,,plates #bdi ,,maz>9e-,,blue1 ,,) ,,famille ,,rose1 ,,decoration1 ,,vases #bej ,,gre5 ,,& ,,yell[ ,,family1 ,,famille ,,jaune1 ,,vase1 #bed ,,squ>e-,,%ap$ ,,gre5 ,,& ,,yell[ ,,family1 ,,famille ,,jaune1 ,,j>d9i,,re #beg ,,coral ,,r$1 ,,r\ge ,,de ,,f]1 ,,vase1 ,,cyl9drical #bfa ,,coral ,,r$1 ,,vase1 ,,cyl9drical #bfb ,,rose ,,family1 ,,famille ,,rose1 ,,ruby-,,back ,,plates1 ,c4 #bff ,,egg-,,%ell1 ,,rose ,,v]te1 ,,vase #bfi ,,apple-,,gre5 ,,gr\nd1 ,,m+ ,,biscuit1 ,,teapots #bgc ,,apple-,,gre5 ,,gr\nd1 ,,lang-,,yao1 ,,vases #bgd ,,delicate ,,gre5 ,,gr\nd1 ,,vase1 ,,g\rd-,,%ap$ #bgg ,,delicate ,,gre5 ,,gr\nd1 ,,vases1 ,,kea-,,k+ #bgh ,,aub]g9e ,,gr\nd1 ,,vases1 ,,flat-,,%ap$ #bha ,,m&>9 ,,*9a1 ,,vases1 ,,conical1 ,,egg-,,%ell #bhb ,,! ,,immortals3 ,,han ,,*ung-,,le2 ,,leu ,,tung-,,p9 #cdj ,,le ,,tee-,,kwae2 ,,tsa\ ,,kwo-,,kiu #cda ,,lan ,,tsae-,,ho2 ,,*ang ,,ko-,,la\ #cdb ,,han ,,seang-,,tsze2 ,,ho ,,se5-,,koo #cdc ,,five ,,claws2 ,,ho-,,ho ,,bird #ced ,,dog ,,( ,f2 ,,! ,,kyl9 #cee ,,bibliography ,,& ,,gloss>y ,,bibliography ,! *ief books ref]r$ to 9 ?is volume are3-- ,,franks1 ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,be?nal ,gre5 ,collection4 ,catalogue ( ,orig9al ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,,gull&1 ,w4 ,g4 ,*9ese ,porcela94 #b vols4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,! small ,guide to ! ,muse ,guimet4 ,p>is4 ,,gloss>y ,base4 ,! solid support or bottom ( any vessel ei!r simple or ornam5tally %ap$4 ,beak]4 ,! ,*9ese beak] is a trumpet-%ap$ vase1 hav+ nei!r h&le nor sp\t nor beak4 ,biscuit4 ,porcela9 unglaz$1 hav+ no gloss4 ,body4 ,! "p ( a vase :i* corresponds ) ! body 9 ! human figure4 ,! %ape may be simple1 or two or m =ms comb9$4 ,bottle4 ,a vase ) sph]oidal body1 long neck & n>r[ m\?4 ,! g\rd-%ap$ ,ori5tal bottle may be d\ble1 hav+ ?ree bodies dim9i%+ f ! bottom upw>ds4 ,burnt-94 ,a t]m us$ to di/+ui% ! pa9t$ f ! enamell$ porcela91 ! fir/ be+ burnt 9 ) ! glaze1 ! second hav+ ! col\rs laid ov] ! glaze4 ,celadon4 ,! s(t gre5 col\r ^u pieces ( old ,ori5tal4 ,see fur!r 9 ! section deal+ ) col\rs mix$ ) ! glaze & burnt 9 at ! fir/ fir+4 ,european glaze is ne>ly always transp>5t & col\rless4 ,*9a or ,porcela9 ,pa/e is translucid1 9 pott]y x is opaque4 ,col\rs4 ,five col\rs3--gre51 yell[1 aub]g9e1 blue1 & r$4 ,?ree col\rs3--gre51 a curi\s %ade2 yell[1 v>y+ f pale to bright2 aub]g9e1 also v>y+ 9 tone4 ,egg-%ell ,*9a fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,yung-lo p]iod1 & lat] x 0 z ?9 z bamboo pap]4 ,"u ! ,lung-k+ & ,wan-leih emp]ors pure :ite porcela9 ( ?is k9d 0 call$ egg-%ell4 ,9 _m pieces ! pa/e is s ?9 z to appe> to be only two lay]s ( glaze4 ,enamel4 ,mix$ ) a glassy composition 7 c]ta9 transp>5t or opaque col\rs :i* 7 us$ 9 ov] ! glaze decoration4 ,9 pott]y !y are us$ 9 ! glaze4 ,f5-t+4 ,s(t pa/e1 or m correctly1 s(t glaze porcela94 ,figures1 ,figur9es1 ,magots1 ,/atuettes1 are s+le1 gr\p$1 or atta*$ z ornam5ts to a piece2 su* z ! eight immortals1 etc4 ,=ms4 ,^! are div]sifi$4 ,cyl9drical1 globul> or sph]oidal1 egg-%ap$ or ovoid2 apple-%ap$ or pomi=m1 pe>-%ap$ or pyri=m2 cubical1 hexagonal1 etc4 ,glaze4 ,! composition us$ = coat+ porcela9 or pott]y4 ,x lit]ally means cov]+ ) glass or any vitrifiable sub/ance hav+ simil> prop]ties4 ,gr& ,feu4 ,! kiln at its greate/ heat 9 :i* ! clays 7 act$ ^u s z to produce porcela9 or pott]y4 ,! decoration 0 (t5 fix$ 9 ! petit feu1 or muffle kiln4 ,! h>d fir+1 :5 less ?an ! maximum heat 0 requir$1 0 done 9 ! demi-gr& feu4 ,graviata4 ,?is "n is giv5 to patt]ns trac$ or cut on ! porcela9 or on ! enamel4 ,hundr$ ,antiques4 ,a =m ( decoration1 consi/+ ( ut5sils1 symbols1 vases1 c41 call$ po-ku4 ,kaol94 ,porcela9 or *9a clay1 d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( granite rocks4 ,kiln4 ,gr& feu fir/ bak+1 temp]ature ab\t #dgag ,fahr5heit4 ,demi-gr& feu = fix+ col\rs :i* c\ld be> int5se heat :i* 7 appli$ be=e glaz+4 ,m delicate enamel col\rs 7 appli$ = fir+ 9 ! petit feu or muffle kiln4 ,m&>94 ,a t]m appli$ to ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ ) a c]ta9 class ( figure subjects4 ,mice ,*9a has ornam5t1 9 high relief1 ( ! bran*es1 leaves1 & fruit ( ! v9e1 ) squirrels or foxes1 s-call$ mice1 also 9 relief4 ,x is ,m&>9 eighte5? c5tury z a rule4 ,m\lds4 ,^! are us$ = figures & = ! v>i\s ornam5ts :i* are fix$ ^u ! piece4 ,naga4 ,?is ^w translat$ means ,dragon1 :i* is dealt ) "u t "n4 ,neck4 ,9 ! bottle1 flagon1 & flask1 ! neck is ( diff]5t l5g? & =m4 ,! ?roat may be n>r[ or wide1 incl9+ inw>ds or outw>ds1 or ev5 p]p5dicul>4 ,ornam5ts4 ,^! are v v>i$4 ,!y may be 9 relief1 reticulat$1 impress$1 engrav$ 9 ! pa/e2 or !y may be arabesque1 grotesque2 or !y may be l9es 9 angles1 loz5ges1 zigzags1 ribbons1 & pa9t+s ( e k9d4 ,pa/e4 ,! body ( :i* porcela9 or pott]y vessels is made4 ,h>d pa/e _c be scrat*$ or fil$ & resi/s ! action ( great heat4 ,s(t pa/e is easily scrat*$ & is melt$ by int5se heat4 ,pek9 ,w>e is graviata ( ! ,ta\-kwang p]iod4 ,x 0 nev] made 9 ,pek91 b ! "n is /ill us$4 ,petuntze4 ,pulv]is$ *9a rock =m+ a :ite pa/e 7pe-tun7 made into bricks 7petuntze74 ,x melts 9 ! heat ( a porcela9 furnace into a milky glass4 ,p9-po9ts are t9y holes f\nd on ! bottom ( e>ly ,*9ese porcela94 ,porcela94 ,a comp\nd ( kaol9 & petuntze4 ,! kaol9 is n fusible1 ! petuntze vitrifies & envelopes ! kaol91 produc+ a smoo? compact body :i* is transluc5t4 ,pott]y4 ,?is is =m$ ( a mixture ( clays4 ,ord9>y pott]'s-clay is us$ = common e>!nw>e1 & a blue clay1 ( a greyi% col\r1 is mu* us$ 9 mak+ fl9t-w>e4 ,sauc]4 ,! old ,*9ese =m ( ! plate is always sauc]-%ap$4 ,! flatt5+ ( ! rim produc$ ! di% & plate4 ,rais+ ! sides gave ! b[l1 bas91 & cup4 ,by add+ a h&le we h ! tea-cup4 ,segg>4 ,?is is ! protective vessel or case 9 :i* ! pieces ( porcela9 or pott]y are burnt 9 ! kiln4 ,slip4 ,! liquid clay :i* is appli$ to ! piece1 "u or ov] ! glaze1 ei!r by p\r+ or pa9t+4 ,/onew>e4 ,h>d pott]y :i* =ms ! l9k betwe5 porcela9 & e>!nw>e4 ,9 ,*9ese products /onew>e is us$ ) self-col\rs appli$ 9 ! glaze4 ,vases4 ,all vessels us$ = dr9k+ cups & goblets1 = o9tm5ts or p]fumes1 = hold+1 c>ry+1 or p\r+ w9e1 oil1 or wat]2 & simil> or v>i$ =ms us$ solely = ornam5t4 ,will[ ,patt]n4 ,a popul> decoration ( ,nank9 blue s]vices4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 b all h ! weep+ will[4 ,yao-pi54 ,! ,*9ese "n = spla%$1 %ot silk1 or v>iegat$ glazes4 ,i ,,section ,i ,,introductory ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,?is book does n pret5d to d m ?an to indicate to ! collector ! l9es on :i* collections c\ld or %\ld be made1 = ,*ats on old ,ori5tal ,*9a sc>cely imply a sci5tific treatise4 ,incid5tally "o po9t w lead on to ano!r1 b ) always ?is object 9 view1 to s5d ! collector to ! museums to tra9 8 eye z well z 8 und]/&+ & to br+ him 9 t\* ) all t makes = beauty 9 ,ori5tal porcela91 a porcela9 team+ ) my?ology1 hav+ decorations saturat$ ) t my?ology1 full ( emblems ( all t conc]ns ! be/ & highe/ life ( ! ,*9ese1 po9t+1 we may say1 to a religion :i*1 al?\gh feebly und]/ood 9 ,europe1 has be5 = c5turies a real mov+ factor 9 ! national life ( ! ,ori5tal peoples4 ,h5ce1 :5 we f9d ! e>lie/ ,european copies fram$ on ,*9ese my?ology1 & birds & fl[]s & bea/s all unkn[n to ! ,occid5tal m9d figur+ ^u vases at ,dresd51 at ,*elsea1 or at ,svres we are /ruck ) ! incongruity ( ! association4 ,all ,european factories1 at ! fir/1 /rove to imitate t porcela9 :i* _h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ,*9a long be=e hi/ory 9 ,europe _h begun its accurate *ronology4 ,!re are collectors ( ! ,european productions :o revel 9 ! delights ( f9e ,dresd5 gr\ps1 ( m>vell\s ,*elsea or ,worce/] vases1 ( ,bri/ol figures & ! o!r magnific5t productions ( ! ,european factories 9 e>!nw>e & porcela91 b we may safely say t ! collector :o takes up ! /udy ( ,ori5tal porcela9 relegates all ^! ,european productions into oblivion1 & has only "o desire1 to secure ! be/ possible specim5s f ! l& ( f> ,ca?ay4 ,! collection ( ,ori5tal porcela9 is n easy1 especially ) reg>d to ! f9] productions4 ,! old figures1 vases & di%es made hundr$s ( ye>s ago1 decorat$ ) ta/e & skill beyond all comp>ison1 ^! c be pur*as$ only by ! few4 ,b !re are _m g5u9e old pieces /ill unrecognis$1 b valuable1 ea* tell+ its own /ory1 & t /ory "o t c be le>nt4 ,we said t !re 7 dang]s to ! collector1 & ?is is true2 = c5turies ! ,*9ese & ,japanese h reproduc$ ) m9ute accuracy ! e>ly productions--! ,m+ & ! ,kang-he--& ! ,european factories h1 9 ^! lat] times1 p\r$ out ^u ! m>ket _m m>vell\s =g]ies :i* w\ld deceive1 possibly1 ! v exp]t4 ,! ,g]man imitations are passable1 b ^? produc$ 9 ,france1 especially 9 ,p>is1 are s excell5t t x w\ld be well = buy]s to judge ( !m1 by daylight only--9 fact1 9 buy+ any f9e porcela9 ?is rule %\ld be adh]$ to4 ,rememb] ?is1 !re is no =g]y exi/+ :i* w\ld deceive an exp]t wor?y ( ! "n1 z !re is1 )\t exception1 always a failure 9 "s po9t1 ei!r 9 ! col\r+1 glaz+1 pa/e1 or draw+1 :i* betrays ! copy to a ?or\gh /ud5t ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,! be/ imitations are ^? made 9 ,hung>y ab\t =ty to fifty ye>s ago2 ! ,g]man copies by comp>ison are v inf]ior & weak4 ,nev] buy by artificial light1 = col\rs se5 by c&le-light d n look ! same by day4 ,m>ks on porcela9 %\ld always be ignor$1 except :5 ! piece be>+ ! said m>k is beyond d\bt2 x is an add$ int]e/ to h a m>k ( ! prop] p]iod4 ,n alone are patt]ns =g$1 b m>ks are =g$2 h5ce :5 patt]n & m>k bo? agree ) ! old example1 some?+ m is requir$ ?an a m]e sup]ficial k ( patt]n & m>k--t is1 ! pa/e or body has to be kn[n1 & m1 ! eye has to be tra9$ s z to di/+ui% ! special "* ( ! piece--9 fact1 x is ! t\t ensemble :i* to ! f9e/ judges is ! sure/ guide4 ,!y _c tell :y !y "k1 b by a look !y d "k4 ,x may be t ! atmosph]ic influ5ces ext5d+ ov] long ye>s has s(t5$ & modifi$ ! col\rs & tak5 f !m _! boldness1 s t :5 pa/e & glaze & col\r all please ! tra9$ eye ! pur*ase may be made 9 safety4 ,& "h we %\ld advise our read]s r to buy f a respectable deal] ?an at auction sales4 ,9 ! excitem5t ( auction sales high] prices may be paid ?an w\ld be prud5t1 or1 inde$1 x may be t ! quality ( ! specim5 bid = is n exactly t :i* ! buy] requires1 & ! difficulty ( *ang+ x is acc5tuat$ :5 ! pur*as] buys at an auction4 ,9 fact1 to a beg9n] ) money to sp5d1 no advice c be bett] ?an t he %\ld put himself 9 ! h&s ( a respectable deal]1 in=m+ him ( 8 wants1 tell+ him ! price he is prep>$ to pay1 & leav+ him to deal squ>ely & fairly4 ,n only is !re dang] ( ! m>ks be+ =g$ & ! patt]n copi$1 b really old pieces ( ,ori5tal porcela9 are (t5 r$ecorat$1 s t ^u an old piece is f\nd ! mo/ elaborate decoration4 ,?is to ! collector is mo/ puzzl+4 ,he sees ! porcela9 is r>e1 &1 z we h said1 really old1 & t ! patt]n & col\r ( ! decoration is :at he has be5 accu/om$ to ei!r at ,exhibitions1 su* z ^? 9 ! ,national ,museums1 or 9 illu/rations z giv5 9 ! be/ books1 yet ! specim5 is n "r & x c be te/$4 ,! enamel decoration on a re-decorat$ piece produces a diff]5t effect f t ^u an old piece4 ,9 ! latt] ! enamel col\rs d n /& out l mod]n oil pa9t+1 b !y lie flat & agree 9 g5]al "* & tone ) ! porcela9 itself4 ,sometimes1 9 ^! re-decorat$ pieces1 traces ( ! old decorations1 cov]$ up "u ! mod]n enamel decorations1 may be f\nd4 ,among/ o!r h9ts to ! collector ( old ,ori5tal porcela9 mu/ be "o ) reg>d to crack$ & m5d$ porcela94 ,by ?is we mean n alone ^? pieces :i* are built up z f> z "s p>ticul> "p is conc]n$1 & :i* c be te/$ by /rik+ ! v>i\s p>ts ) a co91 :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! r+ ( ! orig9al "p & ! dull s\nd f ! composition us$ 9 m5d+ may be easily detect$4 ,fur!r1 ! s5se ( smell may be br\ght into play4 ,g5]ally1 ! composition us$ 9 m5d+ old porcela9 9 ?is way smells ( oil or turp5t9e4 ,! ?ird te/ may be appli$ by means ( a magnify+-glass :i* w at once reveal ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! smoo? orig9al glaze & ! v>ni% glaze add$ to cov] ! m5d4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,"s m5d+ is done at ! factories1 :]e a piece ( porcela9 ( ! same tone & col\r1 ) ! same decoration1 is built & fix$ on to ! s\nd piece 9 su* a way z to leave no trace t c be detect$ by s\nd1 sight1 or smell4 ,9 ?is case x really matt]s v little1 z ! "* ( ! old porcela9 is s well pres]v$ t ! piece may be reg>d$ z be+ p]fect4 ,a v simple te/ = detect+ a repair 9 porcela9 is to pass ! po9t ( a p91 n too heavily1 ov] ! suspect$ "p1 :5 if ! orig9al has be5 at all int]f]$ )1 scrat*es & m>ks ( ! p9 w be easily se54 ,,ii ,,h>d ,,pa/e ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h>d ,,pa/e ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ,ori5tal porcela9 is h>d pa/e4 ,by ?is we mean x _c be cut ) a file4 ,bo? pa/e & glaze are h>d1 & al?\gh "s p speak ( s(t-pa/e ,ori5tal porcela9 our obs]vation tea*es u t x is s r>e t x may be neglect$ by ! ord9>y collector1 :o1 if he %\ld accid5tally f9d a piece1 w rememb] t ?is s(t pa/e is ( a v :ite col\r ) an opaque look1 & = pa9t+ "u ! glaze seem$ to h ! disadvantage t ! col\rs 7 m liable to run ?an on ! ord9>y description1 :i* is j l :at has be5 f\nd on e>ly ,engli% s(t-pa/e porcela91 :]e ! col\rs are liable to run ^u ! pa/e4 ,9 ! ,*9ese s(t pa/e bett] effect 0 produc$ by ! hat*+ & /ippl+ /yle ( decoration :i* 0 adopt$ 9 lat] times & sup]s$$ ! broad wa%es adopt$ 9 ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,porcela9 9 ,*9a 0 usually =m$ ( two mat]ials1 ( :i* "o--,pe-tun-tze--resembles our ,*9a /one4 ,x is a :ite fusible mat]ial1 a mixture ( felsp> & qu>tz1 obta9$ f p\nd$ rock & =m$ into cakes or bricks1 h5ce its ,*9ese "n4 ,! o!r mat]ial is nam$ ,kaol91 or ,*9a clay4 ,x is infusible1 & is d]iv$ f ! decompos$ felsp> ( granite4 ,?is is also =m$ into cakes4 ,:5 ^! two mat]ials1 ,*9a rock & ,*9a clay1 h be5 ?or\ghly gr\nd1 cleans$1 sift$ & ref9$ into an impalpable p[d]1 !y are knead$ toge!r 9 v>y+ proportions to =m a clay ready = ! pott]4 ,! wet clay is turn$ on ! pott]'s :eel or table1 !n is pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( v>i\s workm5 :o add h&les & o!r decorations made 9 m\lds1 :o smoo? ! surface & s "w ^u x t ! next process--! dry+ process--is prep>atory to ! "u-glaze decoration4 ,9 ?is semi-s(t /ate ! foot rema9s a solid mass4 ,any decorations 9 blue or r$ or o!r col\rs :i* c be appli$ "u ! glaze are !n us$ = pa9t+ ! "u-glaze decoration4 ,! glaze is next appli$ 9 v>i\s ways by dipp+1 by bl[+ on ) a tube1 by spr9kl+1 & s on4 ,:5 ^! processes h be5 complet$ x only rema9s = ! pott] to fa%ion ! foot ^u ! :eel & to inscribe any m>k :i* may be adopt$4 ,^! be+ !n coat$ ) glaze1 ! piece is ready = ! furnace4 ,porcela9 plac$ 9 ! kiln to be fir$ has to be protect$ 9 /rong clay vessels call$ segg>s1 :i* admit ! heat b protect x f injury4 ,e piece is plac$ 9 ! kiln accord+ to ! temp]ature :i* is necess>y = its complete fir+4 ,"s pieces w\ld be plac$ at ! top ( ! kiln1 o!r pieces at ! tip-top ( ! kiln1 v mu* 9 accordance ) ! practice 9 our ,engli% pott]ies at ! pres5t "t4 ,! furnace :5 full is entirely brick$ up & ! :ole cont5ts ( ! kiln are kept at a great heat1 usually = a night & a day1 aft] :i* ! kiln is all[$ to cool (f1 & 9 due "t ! porcela9 is remov$4 ,9 speak+ ( :ite porcela91 or porcela9 decorat$ "u ! glaze1 ! process is n[ complete1 b if enamel col\rs are us$ fur!r burn+s 9 a kiln take place4 ,aft] ! enamel decoration has be5 appli$ ov] ! glaze--& ! pa9t]s :o use ! enamel col\rs may take long weeks or mon?s 9 decorat+ a s+le piece--& until ! :ole is f9i%$1 ! piece is fir$ aga9 & aga9 9 a kiln at a mu* l[] temp]ature1 ! process be+ q simil> to ! previ\s "o1 al?\gh ! heat is mu* less4 ,col\rs :i* are appli$ ) ! glaze1 z we %all see lat]--self-col\rs1 su* z ! ,celadons--pass only ?r\gh ! fir/ process & ne$ no second fir+4 ,9 ,*9ese porcela9 x is well to note t no di/9ction is made betwe5 pott]y & porcela92 ! ,european di/9ction is t :]eas pott]y is opaque1 porcela9 is transluc5t4 ,x is (t5 difficult to say :5 heavy ,celadon col\rs are appli$ to pieces ( ,ori5tal manufacture :e!r ! body is porcela9 or pott]y4 ,! pieces decorat$ ) heavy ,celadon col\rs are v (t5 on a porcellane\s /one w>e1 :i* is g5]ally accept$ z m>k+ ! evolution p]iod betwe5 pott]y & ! h>d porcela94 ,!re are _m examples ( f9e pott]y--/one w>e--dat+ f ! ,m+ p]iod :i* are unmi/akable4 ,,iii ,,religion ,,& ,,my?ology ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,religion ,,& ,,my?ology ,we h not$ previ\sly t ! decoration ( ,ori5tal porcela9 is l>gely b\nd up 9 my?ology1 nay1 m1 x is l>gely connect$ ) religion4 ,! religions ( ,*9a mu/ !re=e receive "s att5tion f ^? :o w\ld really und]/& ! beauty ( ! decorations us$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,*9a possesses ?ree pr9cipal religions1 ( :i* two are national--,confucianism & ,taoism--"o import$ f ,india--,buddhism4 ,al?\gh ,confucianism may be said to be ! (ficial religion ( ! ,c\rt1 ( ! function>ies1 & ( ! le>n$1 x is n a religion 9 ! s5se :i* we atta* to ! ^w4 ,confucius 0 ! re=m] ( ! anci5t national religion1 :i* 0 really feti%ism4 ,x is a code ( practical morality bas$ ^u ! duties & obligations ( mank9d1 & respect = bo? ance/ors & antiquity4 ,idols su* z images ( gods & spirits are put on "o side4 ,confucius recognis$ implicitly ! exi/5ce ( a ,god creator ( ! _w--,*ang-ti1 ! ,emp]or ,supreme1 or ,?i51 ! ,heav52 ! ,emp]or alone z ,son ( ,heav5 01 z x 71 ! prie/1 act+ 9 ! "n ( all 8 p1 address+ to ! ,creator ( ! _w pray]s & ?anksgiv+s1 at ! w9t] & summ] sol/ices & at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,n alone does ! ,god ( ,heav5 p>take ( ^! c]emonies 9 ! ,imp]ial wor%ip1 b ! goddesses ( ! e>?1 & ! v>i\s g5ii ( ! wat]s1 ( ! m\nta9s1 & />s1 & ! ,imp]ial ance/ors4 ,no images are made ( ^!1 & !y are only repres5t$ on ! alt>s by tablets on :i* are _! names4 ,confucianism ord]s respect & v5]ation = ance/ors1 :o ought to be *]i%$ & treat$ z if !y 7 liv+1 s t ! ance/ral wor%ip 0 an incessant witness ( gratitude & ?anks1 :i* has become ! only real religion ( ! foll[]s ( ,confucius 9 ,*9a4 ,confucius 0 born 9 #eea ,b4,c4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! gratitude ( ! sov]eigns & ! admiration ( ! peoples gave him a rank almo/ div9e4 ,e city built temples to him1 n z a god :om !y wor%ipp$1 b z a man :om !y v5]at$ z a b5efactor1 & z ! ma/] respect$ by ! nation z a great sa9t 9 civil life4 ,!re are n to be f\nd _m images or pictures on ,ori5tal porcela9 ( ,confucius or 8 foll[]s1 = ! reason /at$ t ,confucius simply settl$ a sy/em ( morality4 ,,taoism4 ,taoism diff]s f ! doctr9es ( ,confucius 9 t x is a gross religion made ( sup]/iti\s local beliefs 9 feti%es & demons curi\sly amalgamat$ ) ! high] metaphysical doctr9es ( ! philosoph] ,lao-tseu1 :o 0 born #fjd ,b4,c4 ,he includ$ ne>ly all ( ! old ,*9ese religions1 :i* ,confucius _h re=m$ by tak+ away its sup]/itions4 ,?is he did 9 ord] to fight m advantage\sly aga9/ ! re=ms ( ,confucius4 ,9 reality1 ?is religion agrees ) o!rs2 we may say t all ! doctr9es ( all ! religions make a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! beliefs ( ! common p & ^? ( philosoph]s & ( le>n$ m51 = 9 ! high] s5se ! doctr9es ( ,lao-tseu & 8 em95t disciples 7 able to be ma9ta9$ )\t dang] ( comp>ison aga9/ ^? ( ,confucius or ! mo/ illu/ri\s ?9k]s ( anci5t ,india4 ,taoism 9 its popul> =m recognis$ a supreme ,god creator ( ! _w1 simil>ly nam$ to ! ,god recognis$ by ,confucianism1 ,?i51 ,heav51 or ,ti5-kong1 ,god ( ,heav51 b above him he places a ,tr9ity call$ ! ,?ree ,pures1 really ! ,?ree ,pure ,ones1 ( :om ,lao-tseu 0 "o1 repres5t+ ! _s ( k or ( wisdom4 ,bel[ ?is ,tr9ity is f\nd a multitude ( gods1 g5ii1 demons1 spirits ( ,heav51 ( ! e>?1 ( ! sea1 ( ! wat]s1 ( ! m\nta9s1 ( ! riv]s1 ( ! prov9ces1 ( ! cities1 ( ! villages1 c41 all designat$ "u ! collective "n ( ,*5s1 spirits4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! are anci5t h]oes1 lit]>y m5 or philosoph]s deifi$2 h5ce ! gods1 su* z ! eight immortals1 are (t5 f\nd z images1 or us$ z decorations1 ^u vases & o!r pieces ( ,ori5tal porcela94 ,we give two figures z illu/rations4 ,,buddhism4 ,! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ,buddha is an acc\nt ( 8 dea? writt5 9 ! ,pali language1 f\r c5turies ,b4,c4 ,nei!r ?is1 nor any ( ! o!r hi/ories rang+ ?r\gh ! ages to our own times is an au!ntic /ory ( 8 life & "w--x is simply a leg5d m or less embelli%$4 ,! my?ology is z foll[s3 ,gautama1 nam$ ,siddhr?a1 ! highly gift$ son ( a ,?kur1 or noble ( ! ,rajput tribe1 quitt$ 8 fa!r's h\se 9 ord] to m$itate ^u ! evil 9 ! _w--^u its orig9 & its extirpation4 ,he w5t to ask ! advice ( two ,brahm9s :o 7 r5[n$ = _! piety1 b !y 7 unable to satisfy 8 ye>n+s = a high] life4 ,he re/$1 x is true1 fai?ful to _! doctr9es--! fundam5tal tru?s :i* !y taught--transmigration ( s\ls ) a f9al emancipation1 b he saw t _! asceticism l$ only to ! enfeebl+ ( ! high] p[]s ( ! m9d1 s he decid$ to f9d "s place :]e he might f9d peace 9 m$itation4 ,aft] a long p]iod sp5t 9 reflection1 he decid$ to quit 8 refuge & prea* 8 fai?4 ,he f\nd 9 ,b5>es1 9 ! ,woods ( ! ,gazelles1 8 fir/ disciples1 & accompani$ by !m he j\rney$ ?r\gh ,we/]n ,b5gal1 dur+ =ty-five ye>s1 hon\r$ by pr9ces1 lov$ by ! p1 9 ^: language he prea*$1 till he di$ ( old age probably ab\t #dgg ,b4,c4 ,y w note1 lat]1 ! mille c]fs decoration ( ,*9ese porcela9 made 9 remembrance ( ?is beg9n+ ( ,buddhism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,pott]y1 ,,enamell$ ,,9 ,,col\rs4 ,pa-yueh-k\ang1 ,goddess ( ! ,moon4 ,ti5-kong1 ,god ( ! ,sun4 ,buddha taught f\r tru?s4 ,fir/1 ( evil4 ,bir?1 sickness1 & dea? produce pa91 s does ! sep>ation f ^? we love & ! desire to secure :at we _c obta94 ,^! jo9$ to ! k ( exi/5ce are ! causes ( evil4 ,second1 ( ! orig9 ( evil4 ,! influ5ce ( ! outside _w--sugge/ion f outside--leads to covet\sness & all t s5suality br+s4 ,?ird1 ( ! end ( evil4 ,?is is only accompli%$ by ! complete suppression ( ard5t desires--self-abnegation4 ,f\r?1 ( ! me?od ( suppression4 ,ab/5tion f humiliat+ & unpr(itable self-indulg5ce 9 any =m on ! "o side1 & ! r5unciation ( any belief 9 torture :i* is ru9\s & va9 z a means ( spiritual gr[?4 ,e be+ is subject to evil1 nature 9 ea* is ess5tially ! same4 ,gods1 demons1 m51 & animals are only diff]5t degrees ( exi/5ce4 ,humanity is ! be/ condition1 = only man c atta9 salvation1 he only c obta9 deliv]ance4 ,reg5]ation op]ates only aft] dea? & is regulat$ by ! actions done dur+ life4 ,! process is secret1 & only /ep by /ep1 high] & high]1 does k ( tru? lead onw>ds ?r\gh ! pa? ( salvation to ! place et]nal--! ,nirvana4 ,only 9 ?is bless$ abode does ! s\l re/ free f ! obligation ( be+ born aga91 ( suff]+ )\t cessation ! mis]ies ( life4 ,buddhism fl\ri%$ 9 ,india dur+ _m c5turies1 especially 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 9 ! reign ( k+ ,aoka1 x became mission>y1 b ab\t #aajj ,a4,d4 x 0 bani%$ f t c\ntry & spread ?r\gh ,ea/]n ,asia1 :]e x has at ! pres5t "t m ?an f\r hundr$ millions ( believ]s4 ,9 ,*9a !re are eighte5 pr9cipal sects ( ?is religion1 s t x is n surpris+ t ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s %\ld commemorate ^u _! porcela9 gods1 goddesses1 & religi\s c]emonies ( v>i\s types1 especially z x adopt$ local sup]/itions & leg5ds1 & l5t pomp & clat to ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,its pliancy & activity are /ill m>vell\s4 ,,iv ,,porcela9 ,,class$ ,,*apt] ,,iv ,a ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,porcela9 ,,class$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,col\rs ,,& ,,glazes ,our fir/ task w be to classify ! porcela9 accord+ to ! ord] ( its discov]y1 & 9 ?is relation we %all be l>gely guid$ by =m & col\r1 :i* 9 ! olde/ pieces is naturally less div]sifi$ ?an 9 ! lat]4 ,p]haps ! olde/ pott]y is t improp]ly call$ bocc>o1 ow+ to its resemblance to ! pott]y :i*1 9 ,portugal1 bore ?is "n1 & z we %all see pres5tly ! ,portuguese 7 ! fir/ to visit ! l& ( f> ,ca?ay4 ,! col\rs on bocc>o w>e are v v>i$--& "s imitate bronze4 ,_m col\r$ enamels cov] o!r pieces ) a d5se glaze :i* completely hides ! %ape or body4 ,^! pieces are usually m\ld$1 b examples h be5 f\nd :]e ! decoration has be5 cut ) a tool 9 ! pa/e :5 wet4 ,o!r specim5s h be5 c>v$ 9 ! pa/e aft] x _h be5 dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,! second class 9 ord] ( age w\ld be :ite porcela9 made ( kaol9s f diff]5t di/ricts1 :i* gave diff]5t t9ts to ! :ite1 & unequal d5sities to ! w>e1 "s be+ heavy & "s light4 ,possibly ! light w>e ( ?is p]iod gave rise to ! idea ( s(t pa/e4 ,! :ite itself v>ies 9 t9t f a f9e creamy glaze1 :i* is v beautiful1 call$ blanc de *9e4 ,!n !re is a blui% :ite call$ :ite ( sn[1 & a pla9 :ite call$ :ite ( fl\r4 ,! creamy :ite is valu$ v highly by ! ,*9ese !mselves1 & ,franks m5tions an in/ance :]e a ,hong ,kong m]*ant1 aft] mak+ _m magnific5t pres5ts to an ,engli% g5tleman1 gave him z an object ( great value a :ite cup ( ?is k9d enclos$ 9 a case l9$ ) silk4 ,?is blanc de *9e 0 highly e/eem$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 especially 9 ,france & ,spa94 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ?is k9d ( :ite w>e 0 imitat$ by ! e>ly mak]s ( ,european porcela9 at ,/4 ,cl\d & ,*elsea1 & _m ( ^! specim5s ( :ite h>d pa/e h be5 ascrib$ to ,plym\?1 :i*1 ) ,bri/ol1 0 ! only factory to make h>d pa/e 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,*elsea imitation ( an ,ori5tal teapot ) rais$ fl[]s is ! "o :i* has ! not$ m>k ( ! rais$ an*or on a tablet4 ,) reg>d to col\r appli$ "u ! glaze1 blue 0 ! fir/ to be s employ$4 ,cobalt _h a facility = coh]+ ) ! body itself1 !re=e x 0 utilis$ = decoration be=e ! glaze 0 appli$4 ,sometimes ! transp>5t :ite glaze 0 replac$ by a blue t9t$ glaze4 ,9 t case1 ! blue decoration1 appli$ "u ! glaze by pa9t+ on ! body ( ! w>e itself1 c\ld be easily se5 ?r\gh ! blue glaze4 ,r$1 d]iv$ f copp]1#a 0 appli$ "u ! glaze1 sometimes alone1 sometimes ) blue1 =m+ ! decoration ( two col\rs "u ! glaze4 ,) ^! col\rs us$ "u ! glaze1 z ) ! blue alone1 ! blue t9t$ glaze 0 frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! transp>5t glaze4 ,?is r$ 0 ! r$ d]iv$ f copp]4 ,at ab\t ! same p]iod ! r$s1 d]iv$ f iron & gold1 7 appli$ z enamel col\rs ^u ! glaze at a l[] temp]ature ?an t us$ 9 ! ma9 kiln4 ,! second kiln 0 call$ a muffle kiln4 ,! glaze & ! enamel col\rs 7 bo? melt$ by ! heat 9 ! muffle kiln1 b ! body 0 n affect$4 ,direct heat 0 n requir$1 b ! melt+ process 0 suffici5t to unite ! glaze itself & ! enamel col\rs s firmly t 9 "s cases ! col\r$ enamel might be tak5 = ! glaze4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ^! enamel col\rs project f> en\gh f ! cov]+ glaze z to be easily felt by ! f+]4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is copp]-r$ is v brilliant1 & has an iridesc5t effect :5 exam9$ by reflect$ light4 ,next foll[$ ! use ( gold appli$ to decorations on ! black--famille noire--& gre5 families or on o!r enamels4 ,among/ ! mo/ beautiful ( ^! enamels 0 ! gre51 :i* 0 appli$ ^u ! glaze by ! fire ( ! muffle furnace4 ,?is col\r 0 d]iv$ f copp]1 & is call$ v]t de cuivre4 ,x soon held a high place 9 ! s*eme ( decoration ( vases1 plates1 & di%es1 z well z figures ( ! highe/ quality1 & is recognis$ z a di/9ct family1 la famille v]te4 ,b :il/ ! r$s & ! gre5s 7 enamell$ on ! glaze1 blue 0 /ill employ$ = decoration "u ! glaze4 ,^! familles are sep>ately dealt ) & illu/rat$4 ,9 ord] ( ! discov]y ( ! col\rs next comes violet f manganese1 & ! yell[s f cadmium & iron1 creat+ a new s]ies1 :i* is t]m$ ! yell[ family1 la famille jaune4 ,all ^! yell[s 7 enamel col\rs1 b !y 7 n (t5 us$ alone4 ,sometimes !re is a comb9ation ( two gr\ps1 z gre5 & yell[ or gre5 & r$4 ,^! h be5 classifi$ z jaune v]te & rose v]te4 ,we simply ref] to ^! names 9 case any ( our read]s %\ld come across !m 9 ! descriptive catalogue or 9 books deal+ ) ,ori5tal porcela94 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! enamel col\rs appli$ to ,ori5tal porcela9 is ! rose1 a r$ d]iv$ f gold4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t we are r\ghly trac+ ! age ( ! col\rs1 t is1 ! p]iod ( _! application1 ?is rose r$ w\ld br+ u to ! ,yung-*+ & ,ke5-lung p]iods4 ,enri*$ z ! ,*9ese pott]s 7 by ?is sup]b t9t1 !y simply revell$ 9 dom9at+ _! productions ) x4 ,x is classifi$ z ! rose family1 la famille rose4 ,to ^! p]iods belong ! beautiful class ( p9k back plates1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,onw>d f ?is "t1 ! trad+ relations betwe5 ,europe & ,*9a becom+ m & m intimate1 =eign influ5ces began to make !mselves felt 9 ! ,*9ese pott]ies2 9 fact1 ! ,europeans dem&$ & paid = ,european %apes & ,european designs1 s t ,european subjects 7 reproduc$ ) m or less fidelity1 & armorial porcela91 on :i* ! arms or cre/s ( ,european families 7 pa9t$ 9 enamel on vases1 table s]vices1 & decorative pieces ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,at ?is p]iod1 too1 we f9d evid5ces ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies 9 ,*9a1 z %[n by ! religi\s subjects enamell$ or pa9t$ on plates1 su* subjects1 = in/ance1 z ,! ,crucifixion & o!r sc5es ( biblical hi/ory4 ,we h /at$ t ! decoration 0 modifi$ to meet ! wants ( ! ,european m>ket1 & we note also t ! v>i\s %apes 7 also modifi$ to suit t m>ket4 ,! ,*9ese us$ sauc]-%ap$ di%es1 b ^! 7 l>gely replac$1 = exportation only1 by di%es & plates ) rims1 s t we f9ally rea* ! la/ class1 ! porcela9 call$ ,ea/ ,india ,company *9a1 decorat$ ) subjects n armorial1 nor scriptural1 b ,european4 ,! ,*9ese !mselves 7 fai?ful copyi/s1 imitat+ exactly ! patt]n f :i* !y _h to "w4 ,we %all deal ) ?is subject m fully 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,v ,,fabul\s ,,animals ,,& ,,two ,,goddesses ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,*ief ,,( ,,! ,,fabul\s ,,animals ,,& ,,two ,,goddesses ,we h dealt %ortly ) ! religions ( ,*9a1 & x is necess>y to note 9 ?is connection h[ ! emblems ( ! v>i\s religions became embodi$ z "p ( ! decoration ( porcela92 9 fact1 figures ( ! gods & goddesses 7 made associat$ ) ! symbols :i* seem$ to indicate _! "w1 & ^! compris$ ! dragon1 ! kyl91 ! lion1 & ! ,fung-,hwang1 ,fwang-,hwang1 ,fong-,hoang or ,ho-,ho ,bird4 ,n4,b4--,v>i\sly spelt4 ,,! ,,dragon4 ,! dragon is a famili> object on ,*9ese porcela91 & be+ ! ,imp]ial arms x typifies all t is p[]ful & inde$ t]rible4 ,especially sacr$ is ! dragon ( heav5--lung2 b li1 ! dragon ( ! sea1 & kiau1 ! dragon ( m\nta9s & m>%es1 are also wor%ipp$ & fe>$4 ,! dragons are ei!r scaly1 w+$1 horn$1 hornless1 or roll$ up be=e ris+ to ! sky 9 spr+1 or plung+ into ! wat] 9 autumn4 ,! ,imp]ial dragon is arm$ ) five claws on ea* ( its f\r memb]s1 & is us$ z an emblem by ! ,emp]or's family1 & by pr9ces ( ! highe/ two ranks4 ,! f\r-claw$ dragon is us$ by pr9ces ( ! ?ird or f\r? class4 ,m&>9s & pr9ces ( ! fif? rank h1 z an emblem1 ! f\r-claw$ s]p5t4 ,! ?ree-claw$ dragon--! ,imp]ial dragon ( ,japan--is1 9 ,*9a1 ! "o commonly us$ = decoration4 ,! sacr$ pe>l1 adorn$ ) ! ,yang & ! ,y91 repres5t+ ! male & female elem5ts 9 nature1 always appe>s to be attract+ ! dragon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dragon4 ,,! ,,unicorn1 ,,kyl91 ,,or ,,kil94 ,! kyl91 or k'i-l91 0 an animal symbolis+ longevity & good gov]nm5t4 ,x is (t5 f\nd ^u porcela9 z a "p ( ! decoration4 ,its =m is m l a de] ?an any?+ else1 ?\gh x has ! ho(s ( a horse & ! tail ( an ox4 ,its head is l t ( ! dragon1 & ! body may or may n be cov]$ ) scales4 ,9 its m\? a bundle ( scrolls or "s symbol may (t5 be f\nd4 ,o!r mon/]s1 notably ! ,corean lion1 also call$ ! ,dog ( ,buddha or ! ,dog ( ,f1 are call$ kyl9s1 b ! true kyl9 is z describ$ above4 ,?\gh hide\s 9 aspect1 x %[s ! k9de/ disposition1 & is s g5tle t x w\ld n /ep ^u a worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,true ,,kyl94 ,,! ,,corean ,,lion4 ,?is animal1 (t5 miscall$ kyl91 is ! habitual def5d] ( ,buddhi/ alt>s & temples1 h5ce its "n1 ! ,dog ( ,buddha or ! ,dog ( ,f4 ,its appe>ance is almo/ always m5ac+ ) its %>p1 p[]ful tee? & claws4 ,9 reality x is a sort ( lion trans=m$4 ,x has a bu%y1 (t5 a bri/l+1 mane & a tuft$ tail4 ,x is f\nd pa9t$ on vases1 or modell$ 9 relief on ! top ( ! cov]s = vases4 ,:5 f\nd z a figure ! lion is usually play+ ) a ball1 ! lioness ) a cub4 ,he is "o ( f\r animals repres5t+ p[] & en]gy4 ,! o!rs are ! elephant1 leop>d1 & tig]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corean ,,lion ,,or ,,dog ,,( ,f4 ,,! ,,fung-,,hwang1 ,,or ,,ph,,nix ,,or ,,ho-,,ho ,,bird4 ,?is bird1 pre-em95t = elegance & b5evol5ce1 seems to h be5 a k9d ( pheasant1 or "s say a bird ( p>adise4 ,x w\ld nei!r injure liv+ insects nor gr[+ h]bs1 b liv$ 9 ! highe/ regions ( ! air1 & only desc5d$ to e>? z ! h>b+] ( good tid+s--happy ev5ts to individuals1 prosp]\s reigns to emp]ors4 ,on ,*9ese porcela9 ei!r "o or two birds are us$ ) a decoration ( rocks1 trees1 & fl[]s1 & 9 su* decorations x is kn[n z ! ,fong-,hoang1 or ,ho-,ho bird4 ,x is frequ5tly repres5t$ c>ry+ a scroll4 ,9 ! illu/ration ?is scroll has fillets ar\nd x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ph,,nix4 ,among/ ! goddesses 7 two :o 7 especially e/eem$4 ,si-,wang-,mu1 ! goddess ( ! ,ku5-lung m\nta9s1 0 a be+ ( ! female sex1 ! head ( tr\ps ( g5ii :o held f "t to "t int]c\rse ) fav\rite disciples among/ ! emp]ors4 ,%e is usually repres5t$ z rid+ ^u ! ,ho-,ho among/ ! cl\ds ) h] att5dants1 or %e re/s by ! bord]s ( ! ,lake ( ,gems1 :]e gr[s ! pea*-tree ( ! g5ii1 ^: fruit conf]s ! gift ( immortality :i* ,si-,wang-,mu be/[s ^u ^? fav\rite be+s :o = self-abnegation & devotion to ! ne$s ( o!rs h des]v$ to be admitt$ into h] pres5ce4 ,f ?is ,lake ( ,gems1 too1 %e s5t out w+$ birds ) azure blue fea!rs :o s]v$ z h] att5dants & mess5g]s4 ,p]haps ev5 m popul> ?an ,si-,wang-,mu 0 ,kwan-,y91 to :om full ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,bo? ,si-,wang-,mu & ,kwan-,y9 are f\nd z decorations ^u ,ori5tal porcela9 & also z figures1 "s ( ! f9e/ ( :i*1 %[n 9 our illu/rations1 date f ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,! eight ,immortals w also be spok5 ( lat]4 ,^! are f\nd 9 sets ( figures or 9 a gr\p ( eight or n9e4 ,9 ! gr\p ( n9e1 ,lao-tseu1 ! f\nd] ( ,taoism1 is ! n9? figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kwan-,,y94 ,,m+4 ,?is example is v r>e1 inasmu* z ! two att5dants =m a "p ( ! actual figure1 & ?is1 if n unique1 is exceptionally r>e4 ,! robe 9 ?is in/ance is decorat$ ) ! #ajj ,%[s or ,*e\s 7emblems ( longevity7 9 black on an apple-gre5 gr\nd2 ! cape has a small floral design 9 black on aub]g9e ) gre5 bord]2 ! head-dress is ( brilliant gre5 ) lotus fl[]s 9 aub]g9e1 yell[1 blue1 & black2 ! head1 neck1 & h&s 9 biscuit4 ,! small figure on ! knee is 9 a yell[ robe1 reliev$ ) a small design 9 black2 ! att5dant on ! "r ( ! figure has an aub]g9e robe ) a coll> 9 blue2 ! head-dress & pea* :i* %e c>ries 9 h] h& are 9 black2 ! att5dant on ! left has g>m5ts ) a small black design on a gre5 gr\nd2 ! upp] portion ( ! body is 9 biscuit1 except ! hair1 :i* is fa%ion$ 9 a knob at ! back & is enamell$ black4 ,! p$e/al has 9 ! c5tre panel a res]ve conta9+ a sacr$ c>p aris+ f ! waves2 ?is is enamell$ 9 black1 yell[1 aub]g9e1 & gre51 on a :ite gr\nd1 & is surr\nd$ ) a m>g9 ( blue4 ,! front side panels h ,joo-e-heads1 f :i* ribbons are dep5d+1 9 gre51 black1 & yell[1 on :ite gr\nd4 ,! two back panels h *rysan!mums & leaves 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 & black1 on a :ite gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,kwan-,,y94 ,,m+4 ,s _m ref]5ces are made to ! goddess ,kwan-,y91 & %e is repres5t$ 9 su* a numb] ( /atuettes1 t no collection ( ,*9ese porcela9 w\ld be complete )\t h]4 ,sometimes %e is seat$1 at o!rs %e is /&+4 ,(t5 %e is f\nd 9 :ite ( v>i\s t9ts1 b ! f9e/ specim5s are pa9t$ ) col\r$ enamels4 ,"h we h a mo/ beautiful & valuable example 9 enamel col\rs ( a seat$ figure ( ,kwan-,y94 ,! robe is ( pale gre5 reliev$ ) a =mal floral design 9 aub]g9e1 yell[1 & black4 ,! neck is adorn$ ) a necklet ( beads 9 yell[ enamel4 ,! head-dress is ( ri* apple-gre5 decorat$ ) a swa/ika 9 yell[ & ) ,*e\ *>act]s 9 black4 ,!re are also m$allions1 ea* conta9+ a haw?orn leaf 9 gre5 on an aub]g9e & black gr\nd4 ,! hair is ( black enamel2 face1 neck1 h&s1 & sceptre 9 biscuit4 ,! figure is support$ on an oblong p$e/al1 :i* is surm\nt$ by an upturn$ lotus fl[]2 ! leaves ( ?is are 9 pale gre5 & aub]g9e4 ,! front is repres5t$ z a sunk panel1 on :i* is a v e>ly diap] design 9 yell[1 gre51 aub]g9e1 & black4 ,! f\r corn]s are incis$4 ,! sides ( ! p$e/al are decorat$ ) bran*es ( haw?orn blossoms 9 gre51 black1 & aub]g9e1 on a :ite gr\nd1 :il/ on ! back is a riv] sc5e ) junk1 rock1 trees1 c41 9 yell[1 gre51 & black1 unglaz$ on a :ite gr\nd4 ,m+ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kwan-,,y94 ,! ?ird illu/ration ( ?is goddess--! que5 ( heav5--%[s h] aga9 9 connection ) ! lotus1 ! emblem ( purity1 also ! symbol ( creative p[]4 ,! fi%1 too1 is (t5 associat$ ) h] & ) ! gods4 ,!re 0 a not$ c>p :i* liv$ at ! bottom ( ,buddha's lotus pond1 b g5]ally ! c>p is an emblem ( longevity1 & figures ( fi% are among/ ! *>ms :i* fright5 away bad demons4 ,! fl[]s :i* rise f beh9d ! nimbus or halo r\nd ! head ( ! goddess is ! magnolia1 ! emblem ( sweetness & beauty1 :i*1 l ! prunus1 %[s its full blossom be=e ! leaves appe>4 ,! illu/ration is ! model ( a %r9e1 ! back repres5t+ a rock 9 ri* aub]g9e2 ?is is reliev$ ) bamboo plants 9 gre54 ,9 ! c5tre1 on an upturn$ lotus fl[]1 is a seat$ figure ( ,kwan-,y9 9 robes ( gre5 & yell[2 ! o!r portions ( h] body 9 biscuit1 z are also ! leaves ( ! lotus fl[]2 "u ^! is a giant leaf support+ ! :ole2 on ei!r side ( ! ,kwan-,y9 are two male att5dants1 ! "o /&+ on a lotus fl[]1 ! o!r on a leaf2 ^! figures are 9 biscuit reliev$ ) gre5 enamel4 ,"u ! figure ( ! goddess is a c>p 9 yell[ enamel ris+ f ! waves1 :i* are 9 gre51 & imm$iately 9 front is a sacr$ vessel 9 gre5 enamel on an aub]g9e base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,si-,,wang-,,mu4 ,?is fabul\s be+ ( ! female sex1 dwell+ at ! head ( ! g5ii1 is (t5 repres5t$ 9 ! decoration ( ,*9ese porcela91 att5d$ by two or f\r "y girls1 ei!r float+ 9 ! cl\ds or rid+ on a fong-hoang1 or phnix4 ,! illu/ration gives an important figure ( ,si-,wang-,mu4 ,! fl[+ robes are decorat$ ) ! #ajj ,*e\s 9 black1 & panels ( fl[]s 9 r\ge de f]1 yell[1 & bright gre54 ,! :ole ( ! backgr\nd is ( brilliant gre5 enamel1 ! res]ves hav+ a p5cill$ design 9 black on a pale blue gr\nd4 ,! ve/ has :ite haw?orn blossoms on black & gre54 ,! "u-g>m5t1 :i* rea*es to ! feet1 has a =mal floral design 9 gre5 & r\ge de f] on a brilliant yell[ gr\nd4 ,! l9+ ( ! sleeves is also 9 brilliant yell[4 ,ar\nd ! %\ld]s1 & rea*+ to ! gr\nd on ei!r side1 are lotus /ems 9 ri* aub]g9e4 ,! hair is enamell$ black1 ) yell[ & aub]g9e ornam5ts4 ,! face1 h&s1 & feet are 9 a ri* :ite glaze4 ,! base fa%ion$ to repres5t waves 9 black & :ite on pale gre52 on "o side ( ?is is a lotus bud1 & on ! o!r a l>ge leaf4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! back ( ! figure is "o ( ! ,buddhi/ic emblems 9 gre5 & black on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! figure is cov]$ ?r\gh\t ) l>ge ,crackle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buddhi/ ,,div9ity4 ,od-dpag-m$1 ,amitbha or ,amida4 ,amida 9 ! attitude ( be>+ witness & hold+ ! ptra or b[l to receive alms4 ,! position ( ! h&s designates ! functions :i* are be+ c>ri$ on by ,buddha or by 8 foll[]s at any giv5 "t4 ,^! ge/ures are ea* illu/rative ( "s idea1 & are classifi$ "u ! "n mudrs4 ,= in/ance1 ! h&s plac$ ov] "o ano!r or repos+ wrapp$ up 9 ! lap indicate m$itation2 ! "r h& rais$1 left h& ext5d$ d[nw>ds1 bo? ) palms outw>ds1 imply tea*+ & *>ity2 ! same ) ! index f+]s only ext5d$ is a sign ( ! possession ( ! _w2 "r h& ext5d$ & palm outw>d signifies *>ity2 f+]s clasp$ ) tips toge!r is ! _w-wide expression ( adoration or ( pray] = m]cy2 "r palm on ! leg ( sitt+ ,buddha ) left palm held upw>ds & outw>ds is ! position = be>+ witness2 ! "r h& rais$ palm outw>ds ) f+]s ext5d$ is ! attitude ( bless+2 ! "r h& clasp+ ! index ( ! left is ! habitual attitude ( ! ,buddha supreme & et]nal2 ! head re/+ on ! "r palm turn$ upw>d signifies m$itation on ! means ( sav+ mank9d4 ,o!r magical or my/ical positions are3 ,palms upw>ds1 tips ( ! ?umbs & f+]s ( ea* h& t\*+ ea* o!r1 indicat+ tea*+ & direction2 "r h& ext5d$ d[nw>ds palm outw>ds1 left h& clos$1 signify+ p]fection ( conduct2 "r h& elevat$ & left clos$1 z 9 ! la/ attitude1 %[+ love to o!rs 9 active *>ity4 ,! /udy ( ! mudrs is q int]e/+ ?\gh unfamili>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,! ,,le>n$4 ,among/ ! figures ( ! gods1 9 a c\ntry :]e lit]ature is ! sole passport to success1 :]e exam9ations on ! k ( t lit]ature la/$ = days1 & :]e ! results ( ! exam9ations meant s mu*1 x w\ld be q natural t a high place %\ld be giv5 to ! god ( lit]ature4 ,"h we h a magnific5t specim51 possibly wor? ab\t #d1jjj4 ,x is a figure1 ( extraord9>y size1 ( ,wan ,*ong 7,god ( ,lit]ature74 ,! robe1 ( exceptionally brilliant gre5 enamel1 is decorat$ ) cl\ds 9 aub]g9e1 :ite1 yell[1 & black2 ! c5tre hav+ a l>ge panel conta9+ a fly+ /ork & cl\ds 9 r\ge de f]1 yell[1 gre51 & aub]g9e1 on a :ite gr\nd1 ! :ole ( ?is surr\nd$ by a n>r[ m>g9 ( aub]g9e & black4 ,above ?is panel1 & go+ r\nd ! wai/1 is a girdle 9 high relief2 ?is is decorat$ ) small haw?orn blossoms ( r\ge de f]1 rais$ f a gr\nd ( ri* aub]g9e2 ! bord]s ( ! g>m5t conta9 haw?orn blossoms 9 aub]g9e1 yell[1 blue1 & black1 on a deep gre5 gr\nd4 ,! expos$ h&1 :i* is movable1 is ( :ite biscuit1 :il/ ! face is glaz$ 9 :ite1 & ! head-dress & feet are ( brilliant black enamel4 ,att5tion may be call$ to ! sublime expression & modell+ ( ! features 9 ?is figure1 :i* c )\t d\bt rank z "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ important pieces ( ! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,taoi/ ,,div9ities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! div9ities is ,la-tse1 ! f\nd] ( ,taoism4 ,he is usually repres5t$ hold+ a book :il/ seat$ on a buffalo4 ,he liv$ to a great age 9 a h]mitage situat$ on a m\nta9 side1 :5 "o day a buffalo1 ready h>ness$1 came :]e he 01 & :5 he _h m\nt$ x he 0 c>ri$ away to ! we/4 ,*ang-,ti1 ! god ( heav51 is repres5t$ seat$ ^u a horse & hold+ a tablet4 ,hou ,t\1 goddess ( ! e>?1 appe>s 9 ! dress ( an empress4 ,! gods ( ! />s h v>i\s names1 b !y may be f\nd z images1 & we give "s ( !m4 ,s\ ,s+1 god ( ! ,pole ,/> & ( ! ,nor?1 is usually seat$ on a /ool2 be=e him lies a tortoise envelop$ 9 ! coils ( a s]p5t4 ,ko ,s+1 ! god ( ! ,great ,be>1 c>ries ! writ+ p5cil1 or bru%1 & an +ot ( silv]1 symbol ( ! =tune :i* is secur$ by k4 ,he also c>ries a bu%el measure4 ,nan ,kiun ,lao1 or ,*1 is ! inc>nation ( ,la-tse & ! god ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,he holds a sceptre & rides ^u a mule4 ,among/ ! v old /atuettes may be f\nd "s t are v anci5t1 dat+ f ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi74 ,^! are ( violet & blue ,celadon4 ,f\ ,hi1 ! fir/ ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 is a specim5 ( ^! figures 9 ! ,muse ,guimet at ,p>is4 ,to him is ascrib$ ! inv5tion ( agriculture & writ+4 ,*5 ,n\ng1 ! inv5tor ( m$ic9e2 ,f1 ,l1 & ,*1 ! ?ree gods ( happ9ess1 & _m o!rs4 ,! illu/ration is an exceptionally f9e & r>e figure ( ,k\an-ti1 ! god ( w>1 seat$ on a horse4 ,! arm\r is 9 gre5 ) yell[ edg+s1 belt1 c42 ! "u-g>m5ts 9 aub]g9e1 & black boots4 ,! head-dress is gre54 ,! horse aub]g9e & black4 ,all ! trapp+s1 includ+ saddle & saddle-clo?1 9 gre5 & aub]g9e4 ,p]iod1 ,m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w5-,,t*ang4 ,,*ief ,,( ,,! ,,five ,,gods ,,( ,,lett]s4 ,a figure ( ! god ( ,wisdom2 ! robe decorat$ ) cl\ds 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 & :ite1 on a brilliant yell[ gr\nd2 ! cape on ! %\ld]s has a gold trac]y design on deep r\ge de f]1 :il/ at ! back ! ornam5tation is c>ri$ out 9 =mal fl[]s 9 gre5 & aub]g9e on a :ite gr\nd2 on ei!r side ( ! robe are two sacr$ dragons1 f9ely drawn & enamell$ 9 gre51 aub]g9e1 & blue2 ! "u-g>m5t1 :i* rea*es to ! feet1 is decorat$ ) fly+ /orks 9 black & :ite1 & pea*es 9 r\ge de f] & gre51 on a pla9 apple-gre5 gr\nd1 & ! bord] has a light p5cill$ design on deep gre54 ,above ! fold$ arms is "p ( ano!r g>m5t1 decorat$ 9 ! c5tre ) a *e\ 9 gold on a p9k gr\nd2 ! rema9d] ( ?is has small yell[ fl[]s on /ippl$ gre52 ! left h&1 :i* is hidd5 "u ! folds ( ! g>m5t1 conta9s a ,joo-e 9 gold2 ! head is ( :ite glaz$ porcela91 ! cr[n 9 biscuit1 :il/ ! hair1 eyebr[s1 :isk]s1 be>d1 & m\/a*e are 9 brilliant black enamel4 ,! ?ird eye1 :i* is se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! =ehead1 is suppos$ to repres5t ! faculty possess$ by ?is deity ( see+ m ?an any o!r p]son or god1 = ) ! aid ( ?is ?ird eye he 0 able to see n only :at took place ext]nally1 b to read into ! inn]mo/ dep?s ( a man's s\l1 z well z ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,! figure is support$ on a rectangul> /&1 ! front ( :i* is decorat$ ) a bold diap] design 9 aub]g9e1 yell[1 & black1 on a pale gre5 gr\nd1 :il/ 9 ! corn]s are ,joo-e heads 9 yell[1 gre51 & aub]g9e4 ,! panels at ! sides h 9 ea* a l>ge fl[] 9 yell[ & aub]g9e1 ) gre5 lotus leaves on a :ite gr\nd2 9 ! back panel ( ! upp] portion ( ?is p$e/al is a l>ge draw+ ( a runn+ dragon1 :i* has a yell[ head1 aub]g9e tail & mane1 & a gre5 & black body2 ! f\r rema9+ panels h fl[]s & leaves 9 gre51 aub]g9e1 & yell[1 on a biscuit gr\nd4 ,m+ p]iod4 ,possibly ano!r =m ( ,wan ,*ong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,taoi/ ,,god4 ,a figure ( ,piu-hwo c>ry+ 8 fly-:isk1 ) :i* he 0 suppos$ to h ! p[] to revive ! dead4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 a fl[+ robe ( a brilliant br[ni%-black enamel4 ,! head1 fly-:isk1 h&1 feet1 & base 9 unglaz$ biscuit2 ! features & expression rem>kably well portray$4 ,! ,taoi/ div9ities are ! *ief objects ( att5tion among/ ,*9ese figure-mak]s1 :o 9 beautiful bronze & no less beautiful porcela9 commemorat$ ! traditions ( pa/ ages4 ,kwan-,y91 ,amitbha1 or ,amida1 & "s o!rs are ,buddhi/s bo? 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 b ! great ,taoi/ div9ities1 head$ by ,la-,tse1 ! f\nd] ( ,taoism1 seem to be specially hon\r$ by ! pott]s4 ,! deities ( heav5 & e>?1 ! sid]eal gods ( ! con/ellations1 ! second>y div9ities1 su* z ,f1 ,l1 & ,*1 ! ?ree gods ( happ9ess1 & ! gods ( =tune & lett]s are all to be f\nd 9 porcela94 ,! eight immortals belong to ! inf]ior rank ( ,*5s or ,esprits4 ,!y are describ$ 9 a special *apt] else:]e1 /ill1 we mu/ rem>k t 9 blue & col\r$ decoration on vases1 di%es1 c41 !y are con/antly met )1 s t x is well to be famili> ) _! appe>ance & ) _! symbols4 ,han ,*ung-le1 ! presid5t ( ! p*5s1 & ,tsa\ ,kwo-kiu c>ry fly-:isks beside _! prop] symbols1 & s d ! o!rs occasionally4 ,!re /ill rema9 ! div9ities ( ! e>?1 ( :om ,si-,wang-,mu 0 ! *ief4 ,! gods ( ! seasons1 ! cities1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! sea1 all _h _! functions duly recognis$4 ,"o ^w ( advice is "h necess>y4 ,! old ,m+ figures are valuable1 & =g]ies are num]\s4 ,s are ! e>ly ,kang-he figures su* z ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,immortals4 ,^! ,pa ,si5 are eight 9 numb]4 ,!y atta9$ immortality 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! eat+ ( ! pea*1 :i* is c>ri$ z an emblem by ,han ,*ung-le1 ! god ( longevity1 & ^: fruit conf]s ! gift ( immortality1 seems to h be5 indisp5sable4 ,! illu/rations %[ ?ree figures ( two ( ^! gods be>+ _! emblems4 ,on ! "r is a figure ( ,han ,seang-tsze4 ,?is p]sonage 0 a nephew ( ! great philosoph]1 ,han-,yu1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! robe is ( ri* gre5 enamel reliev$ ) m$allions1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a fabul\s animal 9 aub]g9e1 yell[1 & :ite1 on v pale gre5 gr\nd2 ! coll> is ( aub]g9e ) black trac]y design2 ! "u-g>m5t1 ! skirt ( :i* rea*es to ! feet1 is ( yell[ ) a small design 9 black4 ,9 8 "r h& he c>ries 8 flute 7,tieh72 ?is1 z well z ! h& & head1 9 biscuit4 ,ano!r figure ( ! same god 9 q a diff]5t /yle ( decoration4 ,note ! flute emblem4 ,x belongs to ! same set z ! next4 ,9 ! c5tre is a figure ( ,*ang ,ko-la\1 :o is suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,8 robe is ( aub]g9e1 decorat$ ) fl[]s & fly+ birds 9 pale blue1 yell[1 :ite1 & black2 ! und]g>m5t1 :i* rea*es to ! feet1 is /ippl$ gre5 gr\nd1 ) a =mal design 9 black4 ,! head-dress is a brilliant black enamel1 z are also ! bamboo tubes & rod :i* he c>ries 9 8 "r h&2 ! latt] & ! face are 9 biscuit1 & ! be>d is aub]g9e4 ,all ( ^! are ,m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buddhi/ ,,div9ities ,,& ,,han ,,*ung-,,le4 ,images 9 porcela9 ( ,buddhi/ div9ities are exce$+ly r>e4 ,gautama ,buddha may be f\nd 9 pictures surr\nd$ by sixte5 ,arhats & f\r gu>dians ( ! _w4 ,^! ,arhats are five hundr$ 9 numb]1 & ! sixte5 occupy a rank sup]ior to ! o!rs1 "u ! "n ( ,/haviras1 or ! s5iors4 ,un=tunately1 ! details ( _! lives are little kn[n4 ,9 ,mr4 ,salt+'s ,collection !re are a numb] ( ,arhats1 :i* %\ld be se54 ,a pair ( seat$ figures ( ,buddhi/ic deities4 ,! robe ( "o has an aub]g9e skirt1 & ! o!r bright gre52 ! body is ornam5t$ ) sacr$ jewels 9 biscuit1 z are ! head1 h&s1 & feet2 "o has ! ,buddhi/ic cr[n & coronet 9 gre5 & yell[1 :il/ ! o!r has only a cr[n4 ,support$ on p$e/als fa%ion$ z tree trunks1 on :i* !re is a vase 9 aub]g9e & a bird 9 gre5 & :ite4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* panel ( ! base1 :i* is ( bright gre5 enamel1 are ,kyl9 heads1 yell[ 9 "o in/ance & aub]g9e 9 ! o!r4 ,^! are e>ly ,m+4 ,9 ! middle is a figure ( ,han ,*ung-le1 ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,taoi/ immortals1 :o is suppos$ to h f\nd ! ,elixir ( ,life1 & liv$ to atta9 ! great age ( #abg ye>s4 ,! robe is ( brilliant gre5 enamel1 decorat$ ) fly+ /orks & cl\ds 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 yell[1 :ite1 & black2 ! head & h&s are 9 biscuit1 ! fl[+ be>d is 9 black1 z is also ! fan ) :i* he reviv$ ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,m+ ( a lat] type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,taoi/ ,,immortals4 ,a l>ge arb\r or %r9e 9 brilliant gre5 & yell[ enamels4 ,9 ! v>i\s sections are ! figures ( ! eight immortals1 we>+ gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e robes2 on ! "r-h& upp] portion is a small figure ( a dove 9 biscuit4 ,at ! base1 ris+ f ! waves1 is a c>p1 & also a frog4 ,al?\gh ! ,*9ese pott]s _h at _! comm& an endless li/ ( gods1 goddesses1 sa9ts1 & devils 9 _! my?ology1 !y appe> to h lov$ to draw & to model ! eight immortals1 ,kwan-,y91 ,si-,wang-,mu1 & o!r ,taoi/ div9ities1 to ! exclusion ( all except a few ,buddhi/ gods4 ,?is seems to be due to _! int5se desire = a long life z ! highe/ good4 ,con/ant use is f\nd = ! "* ,%[1 :i* is writt5 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways1 z %[n 9 ! robes ( ,kwan-,y9 & ,si-,wang-,mu 9 ! illu/rations ( ^? goddesses4 ,su* pieces z ^? giv5 "h are r>e1 al?\gh ^! div9ities & ! eight immortals are v (t5 depict$ on pieces 9 blue & :ite1 & on _m specim5s 9 col\r$ enamels4 ,x is curi\s to notice h[1 :5 !y are 9 ! heav5s1 !y are c>ri$ ^u ! cl\ds2 :5 ^u e>? ,han ,*ung-le & ,han ,seang-tse ride ^u a fan2 ,tsa\ ,kwo-kiu on a log2 ,*ang ,ko-la\ /&s on a frog2 ,lan ,tsae-ho on h] basket1 & c>ries h] symbol1 ! lotus2 ,leu ,tung-p9 /&s on 8 sword2 ,ho ,se5-koo on a will[-bran*1 & ,le ,tee-kwae sits on 8 g\rd4 ,m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fabul\s ,,animals4 ,,! ,,dog ,,( ,,buddha1 ,,! ,,dog ,,( ,f1 ,,or ,,! ,,corean ,,lion4 ,! fabul\s animals & birds are few2 mo/ ( !m are1 h[ev]1 met ) s frequ5tly on porcela9 t x is necess>y to be q famili> ) ^! fanta/ic creatures 9 ord] to grasp ! mean+ ( ! ,*9ese decoration4 ,! fong-hoang1 a s+ul> & immortal bird1 is dealt ) else:]e4 ,! animals are f\r 9 numb]--! dragon1 ! kyl91 ! dog ( ,f1 & ! tortoise ) a hairy tail4 ,! la/ 0 an emblem ( longevity1 & is usually an att5dant on ! god ( longevity4 ,ano!r p[] 0 its ability to assume v>i\s trans=mations1 & /ill a ?ird 0 its enorm\s /r5g?4 ,we %all only emphasise "h ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! kyl9 & ! dog ( ,f1 to :i* ! "n kyl9 is s (t5 errone\sly appli$4 ,! kyl9 resembles a /ag 9 its body1 :il/ ! dog ( ,f is mu* m l a lion2 9 fact1 ) its head1 face1 mane1 tee?1 & claws1 x does n require a vivid imag9ation to take x = a lion4 ,! lion & ! unicorn may fairly indicate ! dog ( ,f & ! kyl94 ,we %[ a pair ( s-call$ kyl9s1 ! "o play+ ) a cub & ! o!r hold+ a sacr$ ball2 ! bodies ( brilliant gre5 enamel1 ) decorations ( aub]g9e1 yell[1 & black2 support$ on squ>e p$e/als1 ! fronts hav+ a bold diap] design1 ! sides decorat$ ) butt]flies & fl[]s 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 yell[1 & black1 on a pale apple-gre5 gr\nd2 on ! back ( ea* p$e/al are f\r sacr$ emblems 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 & yell[1 on biscuit4 ,m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,emblems ,,9 ,,birds4 ,among/ ! symbols us$ 9 decoration a bird on a p]* is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,! mean+ ( ! symbol dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( bird4 ,! p>rot--! speak+ bird--w>ns wom5 to be fai?ful to _! husb&s4 ,! /ork & crane are emblems ( longevity1 ducks & geese are types ( conjugal affection1 & z su* !y are c>ri$ 9 w$d+ processions4 ,quails 7 valu$ because ( _! fi]c5ess 9 fight+4 ,! magpie 0 a bird ( good augury1 :i* is reg>d$ z sacr$ by ! pres5t reign+ family1 :il/ ! cr[ 0 a =etell] ( evil4 ,! peacock is l>gely valu$ = ! tail fea!rs1 :i* designate (ficial rank4 ,a piece ( coral & two fea!rs indicate ! promotion ( a m&>9 ?ree /eps at a "t1 a simil> coral & f\r fea!rs means five /eps at a "t4 ,! pheasant is an emblem ( beauty1 x is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! phnix or fong-hoang4 ,among/ ! ,*9ese1 gold & silv] pheasants ( extraord9>y beauty give ! motif = ! ri* decoration ( pheasant plates1 & ! v>ieties ( ! col\rs rem9d !m ( ! duty ( practis+ ! v>i\s virtues4 ,"h are a pair ( pheasants1 ! plumage 9 yell[1 black1 br[n1 & gre51 ! bodies ( pale apple-gre54 ,ea* bird is seat$ ^u a tall rock enamell$ 9 ri* olive gre52 ?is is cov]$ ) fl[]+ bran*es 9 high relief1 or decorat$ 9 v>i$ col\r enamels4 ,support$ on ormolu bases1 ,l\is ,,xvi4 p]iod4 ,o!r birds1 su* z eagles1 falcons1 & hawks1 may be f\nd 9 figures or gr\ps4 ,e>ly ,kang-he4 ,,vi ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,a ,,%ort ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,porcela9 ,p]haps :at we h said w inspire our read]s ) ! desire to "k some?+ ( ! orig9 ( ! pott]'s art 9 ,*9a4 ,?is _c be def9itely fix$4 ,x is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,f> back1 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 possibly :5 ,egyptian civilisation 0 at its height1 leg5d>y hi/ory ref]s to ! inv5tion ( pott]y &1 inde$1 places ! inv5tion ( pott]y ?\s&s ( ye>s ,b4,c4 ,we h no def9ite in=mation z to :at 0 made1 b we may fairly assume t 9 ^? remote times ! vessels made 7 only c\rse clay1 rude 9 =m1 sun-dri$ or badly bak$ 9 an op5 fire4 ,!n1 possibly1 ! fir/ ef=ts at glaz+ 7 produc$ & ornam5t$1 ! surface 0 decorat$ by draw+s ) a /ick 9 transv]se scrat*es or conc5tric r+s1 & simple bits ( clay /uck on to ! s(t surface =m$ ! fir/ appli$ ornam5t1 gradually develop+1 & ev] f> 9 advance ( ,we/]n b>b>ism4 ,! manufacture rea*es ! p]iod :]e actual records 7 available dur+ ! ,wei dyna/y1 #bbj ,a4,d41 :5 two pott]ies 7 record$ z mak+ porcela9 = ,imp]ial use4 ,! /r+ ( dyna/ies :i* foll[s h b slight int]e/ = ! collector4 ,! m>ks we give 7see ,m>ks7 range f ! ,sung dyna/y1 #ifj ,a4,d41 to ! ,ts+ dyna/y1 :i* came into p[] 9 #afdd & cont9ues to ! pres5t day4 ,?\gh we read ( porcela9 blue z ! sky1 %9+ z ! look+-glass1 ?9 z pap]1 giv+ a s\nd l a musical /one1 we c\ld sc>cely hope to f9d a specim5 aft] ! lapse ( s _m hundr$ ye>s4 ,besides1 if we did1 ! piece w\ld be unique & ev5 ! exp]ts w\ld d\bt its id5tity4 ,/ill1 ! t9y fragm5ts ( ?is preci\s w>e are recognis$ 9 ,*9a1 & are s valuable t ! ,*9ese h !m m\nt$ z p]sonal ornam5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ! dyna/ies %[n 9 our li/ has a real claim = consid]ation1 t is1 ! ,sung dyna/y1 :i* la/$ f #ifj to #abgi ,a4,d4 ,! ,emp]or ,*9-tsung1 :o reign$ f #ied to #ajjg ,a4,d41 adopt$ z 8 title "n1 or ni5 hao1 on com+ to ! ?rone1 ,k+-te1 & he f\nd$ ! royal manufactory at ,*ang-nan-,*91 h5ce=w>d kn[n z ,k+-te-*94 ,?is city rema9$ = _m c5turies ! greate/ manufactory ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,"h1 !n1 we h def9ite hi/ory ( a city 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ces ( ,kiang-si1 ) a pres5t population ( #ejj1jjj1 9 :i* porcela9 has be5 manufactur$ = c5turies1 & :]e ! manufactur+ is /ill c>ri$ on1 al?\gh1 ?r\gh w>s & insurrections1 ! "w has n[ & !n be5 susp5d$ = v>y+ p]iods4 ,!re 7 num]\s o!r factories 9 ?irte5 o!r prov9ces1 notably 9 ,ho-nan1 :i* _h no less ?an ?irte54 ,hi/orical incid5ts occur :i* %[ t ,ori5tal porcela9 0 by sl[ degrees mak+ its way ,we/w>ds4 ,salad9 7#aacg to #aaic71 ,sultan ( ,egypt & ,syria1 :o def5d$ ,acre = two ye>s aga9/ ! ,crusad]s1 s5t =ty pieces ( f9e/ porcela9 to ,nur-ed-d9 ,mahmud1 :o recov]$ ,syria f ! ,crusad]s4 ,t celebrat$ ,v5etian travell] & au?or1 ,m>co ,polo1 writ+ 9 #abhj1 describ$ a visit to a ,*9ese factory1 & /at$ t ! porcela9 0 export$ all ov] ! _w4 ,! ,yu5 dyna/y 7#abgi-acfg7 saw ! adv5t ( ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies & ,flor5t9e trad]s4 ,!y came to ,pek9 & ,hang-*[2 & f> (f ,ca?ay1 ! l& ( my/]y1 romance1 & poetry1 fir/ made acqua9tance ) ! ,we/]n b>b>ians4 ,we read ( porcela9 ( ?is p]iod hav+ be5 m\ld$1 modell$1 & pa9t$ ) fl[]s4 ,! mo/ not$ pott]1 ,pung1 0 n fam\s = 8 own individual "w ( design+ new =ms or inv5t+ new col\rs1 b = copy+ ! old] w>es1 & we %all nev] h an opportunity ( see+ 8 "w1 :i*1 ?\gh beautiful1 0 v ?9 & brittle4 ,,vii ,,! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y 7#acfh-afdd7 ,,& ,,its ,,products ,! /ory ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,mongol dyna/y by a rebellion head$ by a native nam$ ,hung-woo1 ! son ( a lab\r+ man1 introduces ! great ,m+ dyna/y4 ,?is man1 a =m] ,buddhi/ prie/1 captur$ ,nank9 9 #acee1 & ?irte5 ye>s lat] he took ! title ( ,emp]or4 ,dur+ ?is dyna/y1 :i* la/$ till #afdd1 ! progress ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 v m>k$2 inde$1 ! ,*9ese !mselves are ke5 collectors ( ! ,m+ products1 consid]+ !m to be ! f9e/ ev] made4 ,!y sc>cely exi/ outside ! treasures ( ! cab9ets ( pr9ces or ( ! collections ( m&>9s4 ,:e!r ?is is due to ! extreme devotion ( ! nation to pa/ hi/ory & to _! love ( anci5t relics m ?an _! appreciation ( :at we consid] beautiful1 ! fact rema9s t1 9 ! e>ly times1 ,m+ porcela9 0 r>ely export$1 s t we h v little to guide u 9 det]m9+ :at is or is n porcela9 ( ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,true1 !re are ! m>ks1 b ! m>ks 7 copi$ j z mu* z ! =ms & decorations 74 ,! be/ p]iods ( ,m+ porcela9 arrang$ 9 ord] ( m]it1 & n 9 ord] ( date1 7 ,su5-tih 7#adbf-adcf71 ,*+-hwa 7#adfe-adhh71 ,yung-lo 7#adjc-adbe71 ,kea-ts+ 7#aebb-aefg74 ,*+-hwa is ! fir/ 9 ord] ( reproduction2 8 m>k is mo/ frequ5tly copi$4 ,at ab\t ! p]iod ( ,*+-hwa1 ,europeans 7 mak+ ef=ts to rea* ! ,ea/ by sea1 & 9 #adih ,vasco de ,gama sail$ r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ?us made an op5+1 by :i* ev5tually trade 0 c>ri$ on by sea to ,*9a4 ,! ,portuguese 7 ! fir/ to settle 9 ,*9a 9 #aeaf4 ,f _! factory or settlem5t 9 ,macco1 or ,macao1 at ! entrance to ! ,canton riv]1 ! fir/ sea-borne pieces ( ,ori5tal porcela9 7 s5t to ,europe by way ( ! ,cape4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 mu/ be1 9 view ( ^! dates1 t ! e>lie/ pieces f\nd 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t 7 c>ri$ ov]l&1 by camels1 ?\s&s ( miles ov] m\nta9s & ?r\gh des]ts1 till at la/ !y rea*$ _! ,european own]s4 ,! e>lie/ porcela9 f\nd 9 ,engl&--t is1 a ,celadon b[l pres5t$ to ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 by ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham1 & ! b[ls ( ,ori5tal *9a giv5 9 #aejf by ,philip ( ,au/ria to ,sir ,?omas ,tr5*>d--came by l&4 ,! ,portuguese vessels 7 n cont5t to sail only to ,*9a & to ex*ange its products = ^? ( ,europe1 = 9 #aedb !y appe>$ 9 ,japan4 ,f]nam ,m5dez ,p9to 9 8 ,travels1 publi%$ 9 #aede1 /ates t he & 8 companions 7 cordially receiv$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,japan4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 at ! "t :5 ,que5 ,elizabe? 0 reign+ 9 ,engl& ! ,portuguese 7 pu%+ _! trade 9 ! ,ea/ z ! ,spani>ds 7 9 ! ,we/1 &1 z we h se51 ! ,portuguese1 among/ o!r commodities1 s5t ,ori5tal porcela9 home1 & br\ght ,european products back4 ,!y br\ght ! ,jesuits too4 ,*ri/ian tea*]s _h be5 at "w 9 ,*9a = long ye>s be=e ! ,jesuits came1 b ! activity & k ( ^! gave !m great influ5ce among/ ! reign+ class practically f ! close ( ! sixte5? to ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is said t !y _h mu* to d ) ! evolution ( ! beautiful enamel col\rs ( ! next dyna/y1 ! ,ts+1 ?\gh ! evid5ce ( ?is is ( ! slighte/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! developm5t appe>s to h _h purely a native orig92 an unusual /ep1 x is true1 to be tak5 by a nation :i* seem$ all along ! l9e to be reproduc+ e>li] =ms & e>li] decoration4 ,f ! p]iod :5 ! vases ( ! ,yung-lo p]iod 7 9 dem&1 pa9t$ z !y 7 ) lions roll+ a ball1 ) birds or ) d>k blue or r$ fl[]s1 we f9d progress be+ cont9ually made4 ,su5-tih1 ^: reign is ! mo/ celebrat$ = ! production ( ,m+ porcela91 produc$ v f9e examples1 ) fl[]s 9 pale blue1 hav+ r$ fi% m\ld$ z h&les4 ,!n comes ! f9e col\r pa9t+s ( ,*+-hwa1 ?r\gh :i* we rea* ! p]fection ( ! ,kang-he 9 ! ,ts+ dyna/y4 ,x is rem>kable t only a few ,m+ specim5s seem to h be5 id5tifi$ ) enamel col\r decoration1 ?\gh 9 rec5t1 inde$1 q late times1 au?orities are ascrib+ _m pieces ) gre5 & yell[ enamel set 9 black outl9e to ,m+1 r ?an to ,kang-he4 ,:ite1 gre51 & crackle pieces are (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! hi/orical records4 ,we read t ,"l ,treasur] ,burleigh1 ,william ,cecil1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ne>ly =ty ye>s to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 (f]$ z a ,new ,ye>'s gift1 9 #aehh1 to 8 royal mi/ress "o porr+] ( :ite porselyn g>ni%$ ) gold1 & ano!r gift ( a simil> k9d 0 made to ! ,que5 by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,cecil1 a cup ( gr5e pursselyne4 ,lat]1 we read t among/ ! effects ( ,lady ,doro?y ,%irley 7 pursl9 /uffe1 ,*9ese /uffe1 two doz5 ( pursl9 di%es4 ,x w be not$ t x 0 only ) ! adv5t ( ,%akespe>e & ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible t our ,engli% spell+ took any?+ l uni=mity4 ,! la/ note reg>d+ ,lady ,%irley's possessions 0 made 9 #afbj4 ,9 ! "t :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 ^! records mu* _h occurr$ 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,! ,dut*1 9 #aeie1 s5t out _! fir/ exp$ition to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ,que5 ,elizabe?1 n to be outdone1 despat*$ ?ree ,engli% %ips to ,*9a 9 #aeif4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 f\nd$1 a company :i* at fir/ c\ld n trade 9 ,india or ,*9a ow+ to ! fi]ce opposition ( ! ,portuguese & ,dut*4 ,!y !re=e made _! headqu>t]s at ,gombron 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! *9a w>e 0 br\ght ov]l& or by coa/+ vessels to ,gombron1 :i* gave ! e>ly "n ,gombron w>e to porcela9 :i* 0 univ]sally us$ be=e ! adoption ( ! "n *9a4 ,dur+ ! ,m+ dyna/y ! practice ( plac+ m>ks ^u ! porcela9 0 fir/ adopt$1 ?\gh ! rule seems to h be5 to m>k only "o piece 9 a set1 yet ! me?od ( m>k+ porcela9 0 f> f be+ univ]sal or me?odical4 ,9 acquir+ ,m+ porcela9 ! buy] mu/ be especially c>eful4 ,= _m c5turies ! old =ms 7 copi$1 & 9 c\nt]feit+ ! porcela9 & decoration x 0 q easy to imitate ! m>k4 ,"h1 !n1 we mu/ once m advise ! collector to rely ^u sight & t\*4 ,we h /at$ t x is ! inspiration ( ! educat$ eye reg>d+ ! t\t ensemble :i* 0 l>gely to be tru/$4 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld n be well to disp5se ) ! necessity = actually h&l+ ! piece ) ! view to detect+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! old & ! new "w4 ,9 deal+ ) f9e pieces !re is "o advantage3 !y are submitt$ to exp]t aft] exp]t1 ^: op9ions may v>y1 b tru? is great & w prevail4 ,! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 0 rapidly approa*+4 ,! ,t>t>s1 ) %av5 head & pigtail1 7 z ! /orm cl\ds :i* _h be5 collect+ = "s "t1 & at l5g? !y bur/ ov] ! ,empire4 ,! space ( "t betwe5 ! ye>s #afaf & #afdd1 :5 ! /ruggle = supremacy betwe5 ! ,m+ & ,ts+ dyna/ies 0 at its height1 leaves ! id5tification ( porcela9 made dur+ t p]iod a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,9 a national /ruggle1 art manufactures are ! fir/ to suff]1 s t x is q probable t only a small output ( porcela9 took place dur+ ^? tr\bl\s ye>s4 ,9 revis+ ! ,m+ p]iod note %\ld be made t ,hung-woo pref]r$ black1 blue1 & :ite ornam5ts2 & t gold us$ z ! decoration = a d>k-blue gr\nd 0 fir/ employ$4 ,9 ,yung-lo's "t int5se pat*es ( col\r 7 us$1 & !re 0 a developm5t ) reg>d to ! r$s2 a d>k r$ 0 widely adopt$4 ,! pa9t+s ( fl[]s & ( birds & bea/s1 ma9ly us$ figuratively z emblems1 became f> m delicate4 ,! ,*+-hwa pott]s seem to h adopt$ a delicacy & a ma/]y ov] ! art ( porcela9 decoration sc>cely ev] met ) 9 hi/ory4 ,x is true t ! supply ( blue fail$1 ! cobalt 0 ( an inf]ior quality1 b ! col\r$ pa9t+ rea*$ high p]fection4 ,! m>ks & designs ( ! ,*+-hwa p]iod furni%$ unexampl$ opportunities = copy+1 = al?\gh ! lat] ,kang-he %[$1 )\t d\bt1 ! f9e/ blue & :ite ) reg>d to col\r t 0 ev] made1 ! patt]n g5]ally adopt$ c be di/9ctly trac$ to ,*+-hwa4 ,kea-ts+ 0 not$ = ! use ( enamel col\rs ( a beautiful dep? & quality4 ,ab\t ?is "t pure :ite cups 7 made imitat+ :ite jade1 b ! quality ( ! porcela9 is inf]ior to _m ( ! o!r p]iods because "o ( ! s\rces ( supply ( porcela9 e>? fail$4 ,,viii ,,! ,,ts+ ,,dyna/y ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,ts+ ,,dyna/y4 ,,kang-,,he ,,p]iod 7#affa-agbb7 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,m+s & ! ,t>t>s1 :i* la/$1 z we h se51 f #afaf to #afdd1 we may take ,%un-*e 7#afdd-affa7 z ! fir/ real ,ts+ ,emp]or4 ,prop]ly1 ! title ( ! dyna/y1 :i* has exi/$ to our own times1 w\ld be ! ,man*u1 ,man*oo1 or ,tae-ts+ or ,ta ,ts+ dyna/y1 :i* is ! tw5ty-second ,imp]ial dyna/y4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,emp]or 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 ! second1 nam$ ,kang-he1 :o _h a long & peaceful reign f #affa to #agbb2 9 fact1 he is ! only ,emp]or :o reign$ = a complete ,*9ese cycle ( sixty ye>s1 & we %all f9d among/ our m>ks t ! sixty-fir/ ye> is di/+ui%$ by a cycle m>k & n by ! ni5-hao1 or "n m>k4 ,note ,fig4 #a 9 ! m>ks4 ,"u ,kang-he's guidance ! porcela9 manufacture receiv$ an imm5se impetus4 ,_m improvem5ts 7 adopt$ & new col\rs introduc$1 especially ! enamel col\rs4 ,among/ ! not$ pott]s liv+ long be=e 8 reign 7 two ^: names h come d[n to u1 al?\gh id5tification ( _! "w is impossible4 ,! fam\s ,pung1 z be=e not$1 0 an excell5t pott]1 b he 0 only copyi/ ( old =ms4 ,*[ 0 a lat] pott] :o1 ne> ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 also excell$ 9 imitat+ anci5t vases4 ,! "w ( ^! two old pott]s 7 copi$ at fir/ by pott]s ( ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,franks says3 ,x is probably to ?is reign t we mu/ ref] mo/ ( ! old specim5s ( ,*9ese porcela9 t are to be se5 9 collections1 ev5 :5 !y be> e>li] dates4 ,:at g5]ally 7 ! qualifications & *>act]i/ics ( ! productions ( ,k+-te-*9 9 ?is reign8 ,our illu/rations1 :i* %\ld be read c>efully1 w give guidance to ! c>eful /ud5t reg>d+ ! ,*9ese porcela9 t 0 !n produc$4 ,!re seems to h be5 little d\bt t ! ?ree-col\r$ pieces1 decorat$ ) yell[1 gre51 & aub]g9e1 7 direct copies ( ! ,m+ products4 ,aub]g9e is a puzzl+ ^w & requires explanation4 ,x is a transp>5t enamel resembl+ ! egg plant 9 ! v>iation & gradation ( its col\rs1 f grey to purple or hav+ v>i\s %ades up to a ri* br[n4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! trees1 /ems1 & bran*es1 =m+ a pr9cipal "p ( ! s*eme ( col\r decoration4 ,! black family--famille noire--is ( ! same p]iod4 ,! black may be compos$ ( o!r col\rs1 b x is usually coat$ ) a transp>5t gre5 enamel4 ,notice t !re is a dull black1 a mirror black1 & ?is black cov]$ ) gre5 enamel4 ,kang-he black w receive due att5tion 9 ! illu/rations4 ,x is r>e & v valuable4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ porcela9 produc$ dur+ ! ,kang-he p]iod 0 ! gre5 family1 sometimes us$ ) blue "u ! glaze4 ,wan-leih1 ! ,m+ ,emp]or1 is sometimes cr$it$ ) introduc+ ?is gre5 enamel4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems v improbable1 = twice 9 8 reign ! ,japanese invad$ ,korea1 & ! ,t>t>s 7 always 9 rebellion4 ,on ! :ole ! balance ( evid5ce po9ts to ! gre5 family z be+ a g5u9e product ( ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,ano!r product ( ! same p]iod 0 ! gre5 enamel us$ ) blue enamel ov] ! glaze1 s t x is well to note t ! f9e gre5s :i* are classifi$ z famille v]te are usually ascrib$ to ?is p]iod4 ,! blue & :ite ( ! ,kang-he p]iod has be5 not$ be=e4 ,! mo/ lovely quality ( ?is decoration mu/ be always ref]r$ to ?is p]iod4 ,:e!r we consid] ! cobalt blue z a col\r1 z 9 ! celebrat$ g+] j> ) prunus fl[]s sold at ,*ri/ie's = #e1ijj gu9eas1 or su* pieces z we %[ 9 our illu/ration f ,mr4 ,duve5's collection1 wor? #b1jjj ea*1 f #agbj "r d[n to our own times ?is w>e has be5 copi$ & ev] recopi$1 b !re is some?+ 9 ! blue us$ = decoration1 some?+1 too1 9 ! quality ( ! :ite porcela9 itself1 & aga9 some?+ 9 ! glaze1 an int5se brilliancy4 ,^! furni% a comb9ation :i* has nev] be5 rivall$4 ,! ,kang-he p]iod 0 not$ = a v r>e biscuit ,celadon1 9 :i* ! surface ( ! panels 9 relief is unglaz$1 ?\gh ! rema9d] ( ! decoration is blue "u ! glaze4 ,ano!r f9e quality ( porcela9 0 t ) ar*aic decoration hav+ conv5tional fl[]s & b&s 9 black & gre54 ,! m>ks ( ! ,kang-he p]iod v>y4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 reign ! d\ble blue circle & ! ,kang-he ni5-hao are frequ5t1 b collectors mu/ note t _m specim5s ( ?is p]iod h no date m>k at all4 ,if ! two blue r+s are us$ !re are no lett]s inside4 ,! reason ( ?is is r curi\s4 ,9 #afgg ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! works gave an ord] to ! factories at ,k+-te-*91 9 :i* he =bade ! inscription ( ! ,emp]or's "n or ! *>act]s :i* gave ! hi/ory ( _! sacr$ great m54 ,?is ord] 0 giv5 because x 0 ?\ght t if ! porcela9 0 brok5 x w\ld be reflect+ ^u ! hon\r ( ! ,emp]or or ( ^! sanctifi$ p]sons :o 7 repres5t$ n alone by inscriptions1 b by pa9t+s us$ 9 ! decoration4 ,h[ev]1 ?is law did n rema9 9 =ce = a v long p]iod4 ,:5 a piece is f\nd ) empty r+s or ) ! symbol m>ks ( ! fungus leaf1 c41 x c be assign$ to a few ye>s lat] ?an #afgg4 ,! importation to ,europe _h rea*$ consid]able dim5sions be=e ?is4 ,we read t 9 #affd ne>ly #ej1jjj pieces ( r>e ,japanese *9a 7 import$ into ,holl& & ab\t #ag1jjj m ( v>i\s k9ds f ,batavia by ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,9 ?is connection ! rivalry betwe5 ! ,dut* & ! ,portuguese mu/ be not$1 because x affect$ ! ,ori5tal trade 9 porcela9 v consid]ably4 ,/irr$ up by ! ,dut*1 ! ,japanese1 9 #afdj1 excit$ by _! fe>s ( ! ultimate designs ( ! ,portuguese & ! ,spani>ds1 :o _h lat] appe>$ ^u ! sc5e1 bani%$ !m 9 fav\r ( ! ,dut*4 ,"s ?\s&s ( ,*ri/ian conv]ts 7 massacr$1 & ! ,dut* 7 fully e/abli%$ at ,nagasaki1 :]e !y laid ! f\ndation ( t progress t[>ds ,we/]n civilisation to :i* ! _w1 & especially ,japan1 owes s mu*4 ,,ix ,,! ,,yung-,,*+ ,,p]iod ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,yung-,,*+ ,,p]iod 7#agbc-agcf7 ,! ,yung-,*+ p]iod 7#agbc-agcf71 ?\gh only ?irte5 %ort ye>s1 0 peculi>ly notewor?y1 because ! ,emp]or himself took a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! ,imp]ial factories at ,k+-te-*91 & also 9 ! head ( ! e/abli%m5t1 ,hi5-,hsi-yao1 :o1 9 #agbg1 0 entru/$ ) ! managem5t4 ,9 porcela9 mu* dep5ds ^u ! pott+1 & 9 ! actual pott+ ! products ( ,yung-,*+ 7 f> sup]ior to any t _h be=e appe>$4 ,! draw+1 too1 0 9 e way bett]1 ! col\rs1 ?\gh n s brilliant1 %[$ su* c>e & ta/e 9 bl5d+ t ev5 ! f9e famille v]te suff]s by comp>ison4 ,z a rule1 ! decoration 0 s appli$ t ! porcela9 c\ld be admir$--t is1 ! :ole surface 0 n cov]$ by ! ornam5tation4 ,9 "s ( ! small] pieces ! result ( ?is plan is beyond all praise4 ,only "o product suff]$4 ,! blue 0 f> inf]ior to t ( ,kang-he4 ,we h already prais$ ! quality ( ! cobalt appli$ z decoration to vases1 g+] j>s1 c41 ( ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,z if to balance ?is default ! rose col\r f gold 0 discov]$1 :i* gave bir? to ! rose family1 famille rose4 ,o!r products :i* _h _! beg9n+s 9 ?is reign are wor?y ( notice4 ,fir/ !re 0 a black decorat$ ) col\r1 ma9ly ) arabesques or curl "w4 ,! porcela9 0 ( f9e quality & ! s*eme ( col\r s subdu$ z to be entirely pleas+ to ! eye1 ! black be+ reliev$ by patt]n 9 fa9t gre5 & fur!r decorat$ 9 :ite1 pale yell[1 & aub]g9e ( su* an admirable "* t "o wond]s :y ,yung-*+ porcela9 is n m appreciat$4 ,/ill ! rose decoration begun s successfully 9 ?is p]iod1 "u ! succe$+ ,emp]or1 receiv$ su* att5tion z plac$ x 9 ! front rank ( ,ori5tal porcela9 ,9 fact1 we may say m4 ,collectors ( ! rose family c>e no?+ = ,m+ ) its gre5s & yell[s1 no?+ = ,kang-he ) its famille v]te & black1 b !y e/eem & value above all ! famille rose1 ! ,yung-*+ *ef d'uvre1 :i* we %all deal ) lat] :5 we come to ,ke5-lung4 ,! pieces ( ! ,yung-*+ p]iod1 decorat$ ) blue "u ! glaze ) enamel 9 col\r ov] ! glaze1 exhibit$ ! same di/9ctive features :i* typical *9a ( ?is p]iod %[$--t is1 excell5t pott+ & a skilful bl5d+ ( ! "u-glaze blue ) ! enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze4 ,!re is ?is notewor?y di/9ction1 too1 ! decoration on ! backs ( b[ls & di%es is almo/ equal to t on ! front4 ,?is is a helpful h9t1 to :i* c>eful note %\ld be giv54 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ & at ! same "t int]e/+ =ms ( decoration 0 ! blue us$ 9 conjunction ) pea* bloom4 ,^! specim5s 7 ornam5t$ ) comb9ations ( ?ree l9es ei!r long or bissect$1 call$ ! ,pa-kwa1 ! s+le m>k =m+ a trigram ess5tially male if ! long l9es 7 9 ! asc5dant1 & female :5 ! half l9es 7 mo/ num]\s4 ,! lat] m>ks or symbolical devices w deal m fully ) ! ,pa-kwa4 ,pea*-bloom 0 und\bt$ly fir/ introduc$ 9 ! reign ( ,kang-he1 & ! really valuable & f9e examples belong to ?is p]iod only4 ,x is altoge!r a mislead+ t]m to ^? :o are n exp]ts1 :o expect to f9d ! delicate p9k ( ! pea* blossom or fl[]4 ,pea* bloom is no?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,imag9e a d>k r$di% br[n ( unusual b beautiful tone pi]c$ ?r\gh its surface 9 flecks ( d>k gre5 & spots ( p9k su* z ! fl[] w\ld be :5 ! fir/ t\* ( spr+ coax$ x f ! d>k-col\r$ sepal ) flecks ( gre5 & a t\* ( p9k4 ,x is ! col\r ( ! bud :5 ! pea* beg9s to bloom1 n ! p9k ( ! pea* blossom s prettily t9t$ ) yell[4 ,pea* bloom & clair de lune are ! two v f9e/ self-col\rs :i* take prec$5ce ev5 ( sang de buf4 ,we %all h occasion to occur to ?is aga9 9 ! *apt] on self-col\rs4 ,! next class is black ) coral r$ "u ! glaze2 9 fact1 two col\rs are f\nd "u ! glaze 9 ! ,yung-*+ p]iod1 blue & r$4 ,! r$ is ( a brilliant tone1 n s /rik+ z ! r$ f gold1 b /ill v lovely 9 its comb9ation ) blue4 ,sometimes ^! two are us$ toge!r ) add$ enamel col\rs1 b frequ5tly 9 "u-glaze decoration t fav\rite ornam5t1 ! five-claw$ dragon 9 pursuit ( ! cry/al ball or pe>l1 may be f\nd4 ,! circul> device ball or pe>l %[+ ! ,yang & ! ,y91 signs = ! male & ! female elem5ts 9 nature1 7 at ?is p]iod rais$ on ! surface1 & 9 ov]-glaze enamels bo? ! waves & ! cl\ds 7 t9t$ ) v>i\s %ades ( gre5 & purple & aub]g9e edg$ ) black4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! rose family1 9 :i* ! enamel decoration 0 mo/ c>efully & arti/ically c>ri$ out 9 all its detail4 ,! prepond]at+ influ5ce 0 a brilliant rose col\r accompani$ by gre51 yell[1 & blue1 all 9 enamel col\rs1 :i* 7 n less /rik+ because /ill subord9ate to ! beautiful p9k4 ,:5 waves 7 us$ 9 ! decoration !y 7 ( a *>m+ sea-gre5 ,celadon enamel4 ,! blue pa9t$ "u ! glaze has already be5 ref]r$ to z be+ inf]ior 9 quality1 9 col\r & brilliance to ! products ( ,kang-he4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ repeat t no blue & :ite 0 ev] equal to ! ,kang-he g+] j>s & vases decorat$ ) ! prunus patt]n1 usually call$ ! haw?orn1 ) ! lip unglaz$ on ! outside & p>tly glaz$ on ! inside4 ,pres5t day pott]s produce blue & :ite g+] j>s1 b ! blue ( ,kang-he is unapproa*able1 ! pa/e is exquisite1 & ! glaze is incomp>able4 ,! ,yung-*+ pott]s did well 9 blue & :ite1 & ! blues1 ?\gh less brilliant1 7 v bright & pleas+4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! p]iod is t ! bord]s ( ! vases 7 incis$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,m+ blue & :ite1 a patt]n :i* appe>s at no o!r p]iods4 ,let u try to expla9 ?is4 ,ab\t an in* f ! top ( ! vases !re is an incis$ patt]n1 a patt]n cut 9 d\ble incis$ l9es1 altoge!r =m+ a b& ab\t half an in* wide4 ,a simil> incis$ b& is f\nd r\nd ! base4 ,yung-*+ blue1 & :ite (t5 has a decoration ( rocks1 waves & curi\s conv5tional gr\nd 9 blue ( a c>efully pa9t$ pea*-tree spr++ f ! rocks1 pa9t$ blossoms ( a ri* r$ tone ) r$di% or yell[i% br[n spots di/ribut$ ov] ! :ite z if to emphasise ! =m ( ! decoration4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! delicacy ( ! detail is /rik+ :5 comp>$ ) ! broad treatm5t ( ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,on ! "o h& !re is f9e /ipple "w4 ,?is is ,yung-*+4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a broad1 bold wa% ( col\r4 ,?is is ,kang-he4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective =ms ( decoration is :at is widely kn[n z p[d] or p[d]$ blue1 9 :i* ! cobalt 0 spray$ ?r\gh gauze or dabb$ ei!r ^u ! :ole surface1 or ^u all ( ! surface except t :i* by me*anical means 0 res]v$4 ,/ud5ts ( ,ori5tal *9a w (t5 come across ! expression pa9t$ 9 res]ves or comp>tm5ts4 ,by ?is is meant t ! s*eme ( decoration ( ! :ole surface has be5 s f> modifi$ t c]ta9 panels h be5 left 9 :ite = fur!r decoration4 ,h5ce we get res]ves ( v>i\s %apes ) v>y+ decorations--p[d] blue vases ) res]ves decorat$ 9 blue2 p[d] blue vases ) res]ves decorat$ 9 famille v]te1 & s on4 ,! app>5tly granulat$ surface ( ! p[d] blue is due to ! col\r hav+ be5 bl[n ?r\gh ! f9e gauze or dabb$ on ! :ole portion t 0 n res]v$4 ,celadon 0 br\ght to great p]fection 9 ?is reign4 ,n only ! v>i\s t9ts ( gre5 usually kn[n by t "n1 & n only ! brilliant :ite ,celadon glaze ) rais$ decoration 9 :i* a ,celadon gre5 is effectively employ$1 b v>i\s glazes 9 :i* ! col\r1 be+ appli$ 9 ! glaze1 0 includ$ 9 ! same t]m ,celadon4 ,! decoration1 (t5 floral1 0 not$ = its subdu$ tones ( p9k1 mauve1 r$1 & orange4 ,vases ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 especially ! ,su5-tih & ,*+-hwa p]iods1 7 copi$ & recopi$ 9 e detail4 ,beautiful b[ls 7 l>gely made ) ,celadon or coral gr\nds1 ) figures or o!r ornam5ts 9 col\r$ enamel2 sometimes res]ves or comp>tm5ts 9 :ite _h special treatm5t ( figure decoration4 ,o!r specim5s imitat$ jade or agate or cornelian or "s o!r /one4 ,! well-kn[n pale gre5 ,celadon is ! only "o kn[n to ! trade by ! "n ,celadon4 ,r$ or blue ,celadons w\ld be class$ "u self-col\rs4 ,we h not$ ! gre5 family1 famille v]te1 ( ,kang-he4 ,! ,yung-*+ products ( ! same class diff] f x 9 ! quality ( ! col\rs us$4 ,! gre5 enamel itself 0 mu* ?9n] & n s brilliant2 x (t5 _h a blue %ade1 b x too 0 appli$ z an enamel 9 conjunction ) ! "u-glaze blue decoration4 ,in/ead ( ! r$s f copp] ! r$s f iron 7 effectively us$4 ,a col\r+ l ! r$ ( ru/y iron 0 us$ 9 sev]al %ades1 rang+ f an orange r$ to a bright orange1 or ev5 to a salmon p9k4 ,o!r col\rs 9 s(t tones 7 us$1 b a *ief po9t to rememb] is t :il/ ! design 0 usually drawn 9 blue "u ! glaze1 all ! enamel col\rs 7 appli$ ov] ! glaze1 s t a blue t+e is conspicu\s1 & x is a help to id5tification4 ,a ref]5ce 0 made e>li] to ! rose family4 ,?is 0 a r$ f gold1 & p]haps its highe/ developm5t is se5 9 ! brilliant ruby-back plates ( ! ,yung-*+ & ,ke5-lung p]iods4 ,?is col\r _h its orig9 9 ,yung-*+'s %ort reign1 & ! %ades ( x v>y f p9k to purple4 ,z enamel1 ! rose col\r is mo/ wond]fully appli$ to fl[]s1 drap]y1 c41 & really x is f> m decorative ?an ! gre51 ! p[d] blue1 or inde$ any o!r col\r4 ,x has _! arti/ic m]it1 & ! additional "o ( be+ a s(t & mo/ attractive t9t1 if gre5 repres5ts ! leaves1 rose pictures ! fl[]s2 & p]haps ! mo/ lovely comb9ation is rose v]te1 :]e bo? ( ^! are us$ 9 h>mony4 ,x ,,! ,,ke5-,,lung ,,p]iod ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,ke5-,,lung ,,p]iod 7#agcf-agie7 ,dur+ ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( ! reign ( ?is ,emp]or !re 0 b little v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! porcela9 manufacture at ,k+-te-*94 ,9 #agdc1 h[ev]1 a new director 0 appo9t$ to ! works--,?ang-+--:o cont9u$ ! high quality ( ! manufacture ( ! two previ\s reigns1 & br\ght ! rose family to ! mo/ p]fect /ate4 ,inde$1 ?\gh ! ,european influ5ce ex]t$ by ! ,jesuits may possibly h be5 m p[]ful ?an be=e1 yet no ,european *9a q rea*es ! gl[+ brilliance ( ^! ,*9ese vases & di%es4 ,imitation is ! s9c]e/ =m ( flatt]y1 & ,*elsea tri$ to copy ! rose col\r1 ! result be+ ! f9e cl>et col\r ( ! ,*elsea *9a4 ,svres came ne>e/ ) ! ,rose du ,b>ri1 b1 aft] all1 ! lov] ( old ,ori5tal porcela9 devotes all 8 en]gies to ! acquisition ( specim5s made & decorat$ 9 ! old times1 imitations p]haps ( v e>ly ,*9ese products1 b p]fectly ,*9ese 9 in/9ct & impression4 ,x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to sep>ate ,ke5-lung *9a f ,yung-*+ 9 unm>k$ pieces be=e ! full developem5t ( ! rose famille1 b ! reign ( ,ke5-lung 0 s mu* long] comp>atively1 & dur+ ! p]iod ! porcela9 manufacture 0 s active1 t x w be safe to ascribe ! f9e specim5s ( ?is rose family to x z well z to ,yung-*+1 :5 ! inv5tion ( ! rose enamel took place4 ,9 ! la/ reign we consid]$1 b only %ortly1 ?is famille rose4 ,! exquisite delicacy ( ^! specim5s lies 9 ! comb9ation ( an elaborate1 b ref9$1 /yle ( decoration 9 :i* ! pa9t+ 0 mo/ arti/ic1 ) ! graceful %apes ( ! pieces !mselves4 ,!re are o!r types1 bold] 9 col\r1 broad] 9 execution1 &1 x may be1 equally beautiful4 ,take1 = example1 a vase2 its body w\ld be cov]$ ) l>ge sprays ( fl[]s 9 rose1 yell[1 & o!r enamels1 b ! rose pr$om9ates & gives an effect :i* is v ri* & /rik+4 ,*rysan!mums1 peonies1 irises or flags1 anemones1 pumpk9 v9es ) fl[]s & fruit--all ^! 7 9 common use ) birds & butt]flies1 fi%es & insects no less f9ely col\r$1 &1 z x 71 ?r[n up into relief by ! use ( black ) t transp>5t gre5 enamel :i* we h be=e describ$1 & "h & !re a black spot is appli$ = ! same purpose ( enhanc+ ! value ( ! col\r$ enamels4 ,! porcela9 body ( ! ,ke5-lung p]iod is v f9e & :ite1 _m ( ! specim5s hav+ a /yle ( pa9t+ peculi> to ! ,*9ese arti/s ( ?is p]iod4 ,fl[]s su* z ^? we h m5tion$--! *rysan!mum1 peony1 & rose--seem to be ribb$1 z if :5 ! enamel 0 n q dry a tool 0 us$ = ! purpose ( break+ up ! enamel & 9 ?is way gett+ f9] effects f reflect$ light4 ,! porcela9 itself sometimes assum$ a wavy appe>ance1 su* z w\ld be left by ! pott]'s f+]s :5 ! piece 0 turn$ on ! :eel4 ,a simil> wavy appe>ance is f\nd on *>act]i/ic pieces on ,bri/ol h>d pa/e porcela9 :5 turn$ ^u ! :eel4 ,among/ ! r>e/ decoration ( ?is class ( porcela9 9 ?is p]iod is :at is call$ mille fleurs4 ,9 ?is class ! :ole surface is cov]$ ) a ?\s& fl[]s 9 v>iety pa9t$ exquisitely 9 enamel col\rs ( e conceivable hue4 ,yet ?\gh ! col\rs are s v>i$ !re is no?+ b ! mo/ pleas+ & h>moni\s effect4 ,pale lilac1 r$s & yell[s1 alt]nate ) delicate %ades ( greys & blues4 ,:5 ! panels are left 9 res]ves1 a figure decoration is freely appli$ to !m1 & ! figures depict$ repres5t ! spirits ( ! fl[]s4 ,on ! bases1 :i* are cov]$ ) pale sea-gre5 enamel1 are f\nd ! squ>e seal m>ks ( ! ,emp]or ,ke5-lung4 ,x is sc>cely possible to h ! privilege ( see+ su* p]fect "w ( ,c]amic art1 b ! collection ( ! late ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gull&1 ( ,brunswick ,t]race1 ,hove1 0 especially ri* 9 mille fleurs pieces4 ,! class alli$ to ?is1 b probably lat] 9 date1 is mille c]fs--t is1 a decoration consi/+ ( numb]less de] rang+ 9 a =e/4 ,! col\r is n ne>ly z brilliant z 9 ! mille fleurs class1 ?\gh ! same wavy porcela9 is to be not$4 ,! gre51 blui% 9 tone1 l ! gre5s ( ! ,yung-*+ p]iod1 are h>monis$ ) br[ns2 9 fact1 ! aub]g9es m]ge into sepia or br[n4 ,! hills are gre5 & br[n ) "s hilltops 9 blue enamel4 ,! birds are pa9t$ q ?9ly 9 r dull r$s4 ,?is glaze c\ld be fairly describ$ z late famille v]te4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! ,celadons %[ consid]able advance4 ,celadons 7 produc$ late 9 ! ,m+ & e>ly ,kang-he p]iods1 & cov] a range ( t9ts :i* are difficult to describe1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( pea* bloom & clair de lune4 ,! sang de buf is also difficult to describe1 s t a pilgrimage %\ld be made to any ,museum :i* has a g5u9e specim54 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,ori5tal ,section1 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge cab9et1 !re is a small bottle-%ap$ vase :i* is a real sang de buf1 a glaze ( a brilliant col\r %ad$ t[>ds a deep] cl>et & ! base %ad+ away into a pale yell[1 p9k t[>ds ! lip1 :i* reta9s ! s(t1 natural tone ( ! body or pa/e4 ,!n j bel[ ! neck ! sang de buf seems to gl[ ) ! int5sity ( ! ruby1 j be=e x falls f ! %\ld] ( ! piece t[>ds ! base4 ,o!r col\rs ( ?is p]iod are kn[n z pigeon's blood & *ick5's blood1 crimson1 cru%$ /rawb]ry1 & s on4 ,to ne>ly all ( ^! col\rs ! rem>ks :i* apply to ! %ad+ ( ! sang de buf c be notic$ ^u ! specim5s !mselves4 ,"h ! glaze />ts at ! top ( ! vase or vessel2 !re is a yell[i% t+e1 & ! col\r has sev]al gradations until x ends at ! base4 ,^! r$s orig9at$ 9 ! late ,m+ p]iod1 rea*$ high excell5ce "u ,kang-he1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh ,yung-*+'s reign1 & "u ,ke5-lung ma9ta9$ _! high p]fection4 ,! ,ke5-lung r$ ,celadon has a some:at blue %ade :5 ! light is reflect$ at an angle4 ,x is well to rememb] t all ^? col\rs :i* are call$ ,celadon1 or self-col\r$1 h ! t9ts mix$ 9 ! glaze4 ,besides ! r$s1 !re are blues ( _m %ades1 violets1 mauves1 c4--9 fact1 any col\r t c\ld be appli$ 9 ! glaze 0 us$ z ! sole decoration ( f9e porcela94 ,x is true t 9 _m ( ! f9e vases ! body is m\ld$ ) fl[]s or dragons or o!r patt]ns1 yet ! glaze 0 a :ole glaze & !re=e ,celadon4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! ,celadon surface 0 itself frequ5tly decorat$ by designs 9 enamel col\rs outl9$ 9 black4 ,z we h be=e %[n1 x is easy to "k :e!r a piece is decorat$ ) ,celadon or ) enamel1 because all enamel col\rs /& out f ! glaz$ surface to :i* x is appli$1 & by pass+ ! f+]s ov] ! decoration ! enamel c be felt4 ,?is br+s u to c]ta9 facts t mu/ be rememb]$4 ,enamels1 l ,celadons1 may be ( any col\r4 ,!y are always burnt 9 s z to amalgamate ) ! cov] glaze1 ev5 if t cov] glaze be itself col\r$ & !re=e ,celadon4 ,also !re are b a few col\rs :i* c be appli$ be=e glaz+1 t is1 ^u ! pa/e or body directly4 ,we h se5 t blue & r$ 7 s appli$4 ,?is br+s u to ! o!r developm5t4 ,! ,ke5-lung class ( blue & r$ "u ! glaze 0 d]iv$ f t discov]$ 9 ! ,yung-*+ p]iod4 ,its application 0 develop$ ) surpris+ skill by ! f9e/ workm51 s t ! application ( copp] r$ "u ! glaze1 9 comb9ation ) blue1 gave spl5did opportunities = ^! arti/s to display _! pre-em95t skill = freeh& draw+ 9 apply+ designs ^u ! biscuit porcela9 be=e ! glaz+ took place4 ,if1 = example1 y pass y\r h& ov] a piece decorat$ "u ! glaze1 y w f9d a surface p]fectly smoo?1 ! col\r has sunk into ! pa/e4 ,! next note is wor? rememb]+1 because x may be appli$ z a practical te/ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! old & ! mod]n blue "u ! glaze4 ,?is te/ ( mod]n blue is to be f\nd ) ! f9e/ /rokes1 :]eas 9 ! old "w ea* /roke is p]fectly smoo? or uni=m 9 its outl9e1 nev] lab\r$1 nev] hat*$1 b simple /rokes :i* pla9ly foll[ ! ,am]ican plan ( nev] tak+ ?ree /rokes :5 "o /roke w d4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n "w reveals a t9y blue dot at ! pull-(f ( ! f9e hair bru% or p5cil4 ,! draw+ & writ+ ( ! ,*9ese 0 always done by means ( a p5cil held p]fectly upright by ! f+]s1 s t by exam9ation ( ! p5cil m>ks x is q easy to see :e!r ! blue l9es h inequality1 especially at ! po9t :]e ! bru% is remov$1 & our read]s may detect =g]ies ( ! old m>ks z well z ! old draw+s by notic+ ?is blue dot at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,x is nev] f\nd ^u an old piece4 ,! coral r$ family1 :i* belongs peculi>ly to ?is p]iod1 is extremely pleas+1 & a v f9e result is secur$ :5 us$ ) blue "u ! glaze1 leav+ ! design outl9$ 9 r$1 s t ! r$1 :ite1 & blue h>monise p]fectly4 ,b ! coral r$ 0 also us$ "u ! glaze z a gr\nd col\r4 ,!n x 0 ?ickly p[d]$ ) :ite *rysan!mum leaves & fl[]s1 & x _h :ite res]ves (t5 decorat$ ) sprays ( conv5tional :ite lotus1 *rysan!mums1 & magnolia4 ,! ,*9ese v>i$ ! col\rs 9 _! decoration ) wond]ful effect4 ,blue "u ! glaze 01 z we h se51 associat$ ) r$s "u ! glaze1 b x 0 q effective ) enamels ov] ! glaze1 & we may take ?is z ! next class ( ! p]iod4 ,! design1 or any "p ( x1 0 appli$ to ! pa/e1 !n ! piece 0 glaz$ & fir$ s t on com+ f ! kiln x 0 simply a :ite porcela9 piece hav+ blue1 or r$ & blue1 decoration "u ! glaze4 ,!n enamel col\rs 7 us$ to complete ! design1 su* z gre5 enamels ) ! blue designs %[+ ?r\gh !m & ?9 dull r$s "u ! glaze1 z be=e not$1 :il/ ! re/ ( ! piece 0 coat$ ) decoration 9 yell[1 blue1 or ev5 :ite enamel col\rs4 ,p]haps ! mo/--& "h adjectives fail3 *>m+1 lovely1 fam\s are words :i* arise 9 ! m9d--ruby1 p9k1 rose egg%ell plates really %\ld be se5 r ?an describ$4 ,^! all belong to ! famille rose4 ,b egg%ell 0 n conf9$ to ?is family4 ,dat$ specim5s seem to indicate t ! two e>li] reigns _h se5 ! orig9 & progress ( ?is beautiful ruby porcela91 b !re is no d\bt t _m ( ! f9e/ ( ! m>k$ pieces belong$ to ! ,ke5-lung p]iod1 ?\gh ,yung-*+ produc$ excell5t specim5s4 ,let u give a few examples f ! sale-rooms4 ,b fir/ we c\ld wi% t all :o w read ?is *apt] c\ld betake !mselves to ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 to ! ,briti% ,museum1 to ,duve5's or ,gor]'s 9 ,bond ,/reet1 & see = !mselves :at ,*9ese egg%ell plates really are4 ,! ,salt+ ,collection 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton has v f9e specim5s1 & ! ,briti% ,museum has simil> specim5s 9 two flat cases1 :i*1 un=tunately1 d n all[ ! full value ( ! ruby back to be appreciat$4 ,at ,duve5's !re are two cases fill$ ) ! lovelie/ specim5s rang$ be=e a look+-glass1 :i* enables ! visitor to see bo? ! design on ! front ( ! plate & ! lovely col\r at ! back4 ,x is surpris+1 & yet n a/oni%+ f ! po9t ( view ( ! collector :o w h ! be/1 to notice ! prices :i* h be5 paid = ^! plates1 :i* are q small1 rang+ f #g 94 to #h 94 diamet]4 ,a few examples w help 9 enabl+ u to e/imate _! value4 ,"o egg%ell plate1 enamell$ ) *rysan!mums & a sp>r[1 & ) sprays ( peonies r\nd ! bord]1 on p9k diap]-patt]n gr\nd1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 sold at ! sale ( ,l\is ,hu?'s ,collection = #aje4 ,! o!r prices realis$ at ! same sale are no less /rik+4 ,sauc] di%es1 pair1 egg%ell1 ) ruby backs1 enamell$ ) bran*es ( *rysan!mums & peonies on a :ite gr\nd1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 sold = #hj1 b a bett] pair1 enamell$ ) cocks & peonies 9 ! c5tre on :ite gr\nd1 ) pale gre5 trellis bord]1 #g 94 9 diamet]1 realis$ #djj4 ,"o sauc] di%1 enamell$ ) a pheasant1 quail & peonies 9 ! c5tre1 & a pale gre5 m>ble bord] ) p9k prunus blossom1 & ?ree panels conta9+ fl[]s1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 br\ght #ace4 ,! fir/ & la/ ( ^! 7 n p9k-back$1 b !y 7 c]ta9ly beautiful4 ,o!r egg%ell plates at ! same sale ) ruby backs1 :i* we w describe %ortly1 ev5 at ! risk ( appe>+ monoton\s1 73 "o enamell$ ) ladies & *ildr5 9 ! c5tre1 diap] bord]1 ) ?ree panels ( fl[]s1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 :i* realis$ #aej2 ano!r1 enamell$ ) quails & *rysan!mums 9 ! c5tre1 ) p9k & gre5 diap] bord]s & ?ree panels ( fl[]s1 #aee2 ano!r1 enamell$ ) a lady & two *ildr5 by a table1 9 a leaf-%ap$ panel1 on gold gr\nd1 ) bord] ( v>i\s col\r$ diap]s1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 #bjj4 ,two sauc] di%es1 enamell$ ) peonies & p]simmon fruit 9 ! c5tre1 & %ap$ bord] ( diap] gr\nd1 ! bord] on gre5 gr\nd1 ) pale p9k trellis edge1 #g 94 9 diamet]1 #caj4 ,a simil> pair1 b enamell$ ) ladies & *ildr5 & vases 9 ! c5tre1 on a :ite gr\nd1 ) pale gre5 trellis patt]n bord]1 & ?ree panels ( black1 #g 94 9 diamet]1 fet*$ ! same price1 #caj4 ,! gem ( ! :ole collection 0 a plate1 f9ely enamell$ ) a gr\p ( ladies & *ildr51 vases & ut5sils 9 ! c5tre1 ) sev5 bord]s ( v>i\s diap]s & small panel ( fl[]s1 #h 94 9 diamet]1 #bhj4 ,! plate ) ! sev5 bord]s is ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! egg%ell ruby-back plates4 ,! c5tre panel or res]ve is leaf-%ap$1 hav+ 9 enamel col\rs1 v delicately pa9t$1 a lady seat$ ) two boys2 ne> h] is a table on :i* are books2 vases beh9d h] & two vases on h] left4 ,?is panel is surr\nd$ by six diap] bord]s ( v>i\s wid?s1 ( :i* ! two *ief are a deep ruby1 int]rupt$ by f\r res]ves 9 blue enamel1 & ! o!r a pale lilac ) f\r res]ves enclos+ fl[]s4 ,betwe5 res]ves are f\r dragons 9 :ite4 ,! diap] ar\nd ! leaf is ! sev5? bord]4 ,!re are o!r diap] patt]ns 9 ! five & f\r bord] plates :i* h 9 ! leaf-%ap$ c5tral panel a decoration :i* is v simil>4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ( ^! egg%ell plates h no diap] "w1 ! sole decoration consi/+ ( two cocks1 beautifully enamell$1 ne> rocks & foliage4 ,inde$1 ^! birds are (t5 f\nd 9 plates ) bord]s4 ,simil> egg%ell plates may h l&scapes or fl[]s z ! c5tral decoration ) or )\t diap] bord]s4 ,! "n ruby back is giv5 to ^! plates because ! :ole ( ! back1 except+ ! c5tre inside ! rim1 is enamel ) a beautiful ruby t9t4 ,inde$1 we may say t ^! plates are among/ ! v f9e/ creations ( ! ,yung-*+ & ,ke5-lung p]iods4 ,to ! egg%ell *9a belong ! delicate ,m&>9 vases :i*1 probably1 7 made = exportation4 ,,xi ,,m&>9 ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,m&>9 ,,porcela9--,,ke5-,,lung ,,p]iod 7#agcf-agie7 ,,& ,,lat] ,a m&>9 is a ,*9ese (ficial1 ei!r civil or milit>y1 b ! ^w itself is n ,*9ese4 ,x is a "n giv5 indiscrim9ately by =eign]s to designate any ,*9ese (ficial ( :atev] rank4 ,! recognis$ (ficial grades ( m&>9s are n9e1 ea* di/+ui%$ by its dress4 ,! s-call$ button on ! hat--! m&>9 button--is conspicu\s4 ,x is really a v valuable jewel1 &1 l ! re/ ( ! dress1 is worn "u precise regulations4 ,x w be int]e/+ to notice h[ ! m&>9's rank is %[n by ! dress4 ,! coats 7 always embroid]$ ) gold & 7 ( col\r$ silk4 ,9 ! fir/ ord]1 ! button on ! hat 0 a bead & above t an oblong button ( transp>5t ruby r$--transp>5t r$4 ,! coat 0 violet1 ) a squ>e plaque on ! brea/ & back decorat$1 9 ! civil class ) a pelican1 9 ! milit>y class ) a kyl91 :il/ ! belt 0 ornam5t$ ) f\r agate /ones set 9 rubies4 ,9 ! second class1 ! button 0 a r$ coral button re/+ on ! ruby bead--r$ opaque4 ,! coat _h embroid]$ plaques decorat$ ) a h5 = ! civil class1 & a lion = ! milit>y class4 ,! belt 0 ornam5t$ ) f\r embroid]$ plaques ) rubies4 ,! ?ird class _h a sapphire button--blue transp>5t4 ,! coat _h embroid]$ plaques decorat$ ) peacock's plumes1 ea* fea!r hav+ only "o eye4 ,! symbolical peacock repres5t$ ! civil class1 & ! pan!r ! milit>y class4 ,! belt 0 ornam5t$ ) f\r plaques ( work$ gold4 ,9 ! f\r? class an azure-col\r$ button ( lapis lazuli--blue opaque--re/$ ^u a small sapphire bead4 ,! coat _h embroid]$ plaques decorat$ ) ! crane = ! civil1 & ! tig] = ! milit>y m&>9s4 ,! belt 0 ornam5t$ ) f\r plaques & a silv] button4 ,! fif? class _h a rock cry/al button--:ite transp>5t--re/+ on ! small sapphire bead2 ! embroid]$ plaques 7 decorat$ ) ! :ite pheasant = ! civil1 & ! be> z ! symbolical emblems4 ,! belt 0 simil> to ! la/ class4 ,! six? class _h a button ( :ite poli%$ opalesc5t %ell--:ite opaque--) a blue fea!r4 ,on ! embroid]$ plaques ( ! coat 7 ! emblems ( a /ork = ! civil1 & a little tig] = ! milit>y divisions4 ,f\r tortoise-%ell plaques & a silv] button ornam5t$ ! belt4 ,! sev5? class _h a button ( pla9 gold--yell[ brilliant--on a cry/al bead4 ,! embroid]$ coat _h a p>tridge = ! decoration ( ! civil division1 & a rh9oc]os = ! milit>y4 ,! belt 0 ornam5t$ ) f\r r\nd silv] plaques4 ,! eigh? class _h two buttons1 "o ^u ! o!r1 ( work$ gold--yell[ opaque4 ,! embroid]$ plaque ( ! coat bore ! quail z ! symbol ( ! civil division1 & ! /ork z ! symbol ( ! milit>y division4 ,! belt _h f\r ram's head plaques & a silv] button4 ,! n9? or la/ class _h ! second button ( work$ silv]--blank opaque4 ,! embroid]$ coat %[$ ! sp>r[ z ! emblem ( ! civil m&>9s1 & ! sea-horse z ! emblem ( ! milit>y4 ,f\r black horn plaques & a silv] button decorat$ ! belt4 ,x w be se5 t ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ ) figures su* z ^! dress$ 9 _! robes receiv$ ! "n ( ,m&>9 *9a4 ,! actual ^w comes f ! ,portuguese ,m&>1 to comm&4 ,mu* c\ld be said ^u ! subject ( ,*9ese dress1 z appli$ to porcela9 9 decoration1 b x is only necess>y to contra/ ! /yle ( ! ,m+ & ! ,t>t> dresses4 ,! ,m+ long1 fl[+ robes are held up ) sa%es1 & ! hair1 turn$ up ov] ! head1 is ei!r cov]$ ) a s(t head-dress or ) ! ,c\rt c]emonial head-dress4 ,! ,m&>9 dress ( ! ,t>t> %[s ! robe pr9cipally1 b !re are besides ! pantaloons & ! high boots ) ?ick soles4 ,! hair is dress$ 9 pigtail fa%ion1 = f _! e>lie/ y\? ! ,*9ese *ildr5 are %av$4 ,! boys are %av$ all ov] ! head except at ! top1 & 9 ! case ( girls two tufts are left1 "o ov] ea* e>4 ,^! facts1 :ile furni%+ no actual clue to ! age ( ,m&>9 *9a1 %[$ t at lea/ x c\ld n h be5 manufactur$ be=e ! ,t>t>s came into p[] 9 #afdd4 ,probably ! date ( its manufacture is lat]4 ,we c und]/& t ^! ,t>t>s1 :o _h en=c$ _! own dress ^u ! conqu]$ p1 b :o _h at ! same "t adopt$ _! religion1 w\ld cont9ue copy+ ! holy p]sons su* z ! eight immortals1 ! g5ii1 c41 9 ! same dresses :i* _h be5 9 use = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,m ?an ?is1 !re seems to be a /rong elem5t ( tru? 9 ! /atem5t t ! ,m&>9 decoration 0 due to ! desire ( ! ,european trad]s to c>ry home porcela9 :i* %\ld illu/rate ! p1 & ! /yle & ! col\r ( _! clo!s4 ,if ?is is s1 !n ! ,yung-*+ p]iod w\ld be ! fir/ 9 :i* ,m&>9 *9a 0 produc$4 ,at any rate we d "k t mo/ ( x 0 made 9 ,ke5-lung's reign1 & t ! pott]s ( ! lat] ,emp]ors1 to our own times1 h be5 manufactur+ l>ge quantities = comm]cial purposes4 ,9 ,m&>9 *9a ! figures v>y 9 boldness & 9 g5]al "*1 b ! col\r+ is ( "o class--p9ks1 r$s1 yell[s1 blues1 & gre5s1 s di/9ct 9 tone z to receive ! "n ( ,m&>9 col\rs4 ,! decoration ( ?is k9d ( *9a includes boys & m5 at games1 su* z kite-fly+2 w>riors fight+1 m>*+1 or re/+2 m5 & *ildr5 9 masks2 figures walk+1 rid+ on horses or on vehicles2 lant]n %[s ) scores ( p1 besides _m o!r designs4 ,?is ,m&>9 decoration is associat$ ) great v>ieties 9 ! gr\nd col\rs & patt]ns4 ,su* are ! swa/ika gr\nd1 ! r$ gr\nd1 ! blue gr\nd mottl$ ov] ! glaze1 & ! scroll gr\nd4 ,!re are also _m diap] patt]ns & a v>iety ( bord]s ( fl[]s1 butt]flies1 dragons1 sometimes 9 l[ relief1 :il/ (t5 examples are met ) 9 :i* ! vases are recess$ s z to furni% a flat surface 9 :i* ! decorative pa9t+ ( figures1 fl[]s1 & birds lies flat 9 a %ap$ comp>tm5t or res]ve1 :i* may be joo-e-%ap$1 leaf-%ap$1 kakemono-%ap$1 or makemono-%ap$4 ,9 /udy+ ! vases giv5 z illu/rations ^! v>ieties ( %ap$ panels %\ld be not$1 z !y are con/antly us$ 9 catalogue descriptions ( ! decoration4 ,among/ ! mo/ beautiful vases ( ?is p]iod are ! conical-%ap$ egg%ell vases ) %ort necks1 cov]$ ) ! mo/ delicate scroll "w 9 gilt1 hav+ l>ge res]ves decorat$ ) ,m&>9 figures pa9t$ ) ! utmo/ delicacy1 & ! small res]ves ) rose & o!r fl[]s mo/ c>efully drawn4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :e!r transf] pr9t+ z a me*anical process 0 ev] appli$ to ,ori5tal porcela94 ,9 ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,wall1 ( ,worce/]1 is said to h inv5t$ transf] pr9t+ z e>ly z #agea1 & ,sadl] & ,gre51 ( ,liv]pool1 lay claim to ! hon\r ( its discov]y at ab\t ! same "t1 :il/ on ! ,cont95t a simil> hon\r is claim$ = ! factory at ,m>ieb]g 9 #agfj4 ,!re is no pro( t any blue & :ite ,ori5tal *9a1 except dur+ ! mo/ rec5t times1 0 ev] decorat$ on a transf]-pr9t$ gr\nd4 ,all ( ! blue & :ite ,nank9 & ,canton w>e 0 pa9t$ by h& "u ! glaze4 ,:5 we consid] ! imm5se am\nt ( lab\r necess>y to keep up ! supply ( porcela9 to ,europe1 & also to ! ,unit$ ,/ates e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x is a/oni%+ t no process "w %[+ transf] pr9t+ c be discov]$1 al?\gh ! inv5tion mu/ h spread to ,*9a be=e #agif :5 ,ke5-lung di$4 ,we %all treat ( blanc de *9e lat]1 :5 we discuss ! col\rs ( ,ori5tal *9a1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! ,*9ese w>e ( ?is type 0 made dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,su* 7 ! /atuettes ( ,kwan-,y9 & _m o!r gods & goddesses4 ,?is cream-:ite porcela9 may date f any p]iod ev5 be=e ,kang-he4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s are di/+ui%$ by be+ transp>5t1 al?\gh ?ick1 & by ! creamy smoo?ness ( _! glaze4 ,"s au?ors1 h[ev]1 ascribe ! orig9 ( ?is w>e to ! ,ke5-lung p]iod4 ,,xii ,,kea-,,k+1 ,,ta\-,,kwang1 ,,& ,,! ,,lat] ,,emp]ors ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,kea-,,k+1 ,,ta\-,,kwang1 ,,& ,,! ,,lat] ,,emp]ors ,,kea-,,k+ 7#agif-ahba74 ,:5 any c\ntry is di/urb$ by int]nal divisions or by ext]nal invasion1 ! inhabitants pay less & less devotion to art4 ,! reign ( ?is k+ 0 c]ta9ly di/urb$4 ,! p suff]$ f misrule1 & ?\gh ! traditions ( ! ,*9ese pott]s did /ill keep up1 9 a measure1 ! high /&>d ( ! previ\s reign1 ! neglect ( ! gov]n+ bodies1 ( ! ,emp]or & ,c\rt1 took away mu* ( _! devotion to ! developm5t ( ! porcela9 s conspicu\s 9 ,ke5-lung's reign4 ,! porcela91 h[ev]1 rema9$ good 9 ! quality ( its pa/e1 & n[ & !n x rea*$ excell5ce ) reg>d to ! decoration1 :i* became *>act]is$ by conv5tional designs4 ,col\r$ enamels & gold 7 l>gely us$ = ornam5tation1 ! turquoise blue1 famille rose1 & a good blue-gre5 7 conspicu\s4 ,m&>9 *9a /ill cont9u$ to be made1 ?\gh ! modell+ 0 comp>atively clumsy & ! pa/e ?ick1 /ill1 h[ev]1 hav+ ! wavy surface always noticeable 9 ,m&>9 *9a1 :i* 01 z we h said1 l>gely made = ! ,european m>ket4 ,! influ5ce ( ,we/]n art made itself felt 9 ! decoration4 ,_m sc5es 7 pa9t$ ) ,european subjects1 especially 9 ! small res]ves or vignettes4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ =ms1 too1 ( ! e>ly ,svres & e>ly ,w$gwood & ,adams' /yles 7 copi$ & decorat$ ) fe/oons ( rais$ husks ) a l&scape 9 a m$allion4 ,?is wavy porcela9 seems to be specially connect$ ) a comp>atively ?ick blue enamel & a /yle ( decoration usually call$ ,l[e/(t4 ,( c\rse x is n ,l[e/(t4 ,l[e/(t 0 a s(t pa/e porcela9 imitat+ e>ly ,b[ & ,worce/]4 ,! porcela9 ( ! ,ke5-lung p]iod1 !n1 might be nam$ ! porcela9 ( comm]ce4 ,european =ms ( pieces n us$ by ! ,*9ese !mselves are (t5 f\nd4 ,! process seem$ to h be5 some?+ l ?is4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 all ! capta9s & (fic]s ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's %ips1 :5 visit+ ,*9a took ) !m ord]s = s]vices to be decorat$ ) cre/s or armorial be>+s1 ) ,engli% l&scapes1 or ) sport+ or religi\s subjects4 ,blue & :ite 0 made 9 va/ quantities ow+ to ! dem& f ,europe4 ,x ne$s b "o s5t5ce ( description4 ,x 0 poor4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,*9ese pott]s copi$ ! ,japanese4 ,im>i w>e1 ) its fl[]s 9 conv5tional =ms1 v>i\s ,celadons 9 blue1 lilac1 grey-:ite on good f9e porcela91 are trac$ to ?is reign4 ,p]haps x 0 mo/ celebrat$ = ! reproductions ( ! porcela9 ( e>li] p]iods 9 :i* bo? patt]n & m>k 7 con/antly recopi$4 ,,ta\-,,kwang 7#ahba-ahea74 ,9 ?is p]iod !re 0 a special developm5t ( ! enamell$ rice b[l1 al?\gh beautiful vases s decorat$ ) enamel z to cov] ! :ole surface are n uncommon4 ,! use ( two %ades ( gre5 produces a v pleas+ & comp>atively new effect4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,*9ese pott]ies1 z 9 ! previ\s reign1 seem$ to h devot$ mu* ( _! "t to reproductions4 ,! rice b[ls 7 (t5 decorat$ 9 graviata1 graffito1 or sgraffito patt]ns1 9 :i* ! enamel 0 scrat*$ ) a po9t into a v>iety ( twi/s & turns1 =m+ beautiful v>iations f ! ord9>y pla9 enamel surface4 ,?is surface 0 also pa9t$ ) fl[]s & figures4 ,! process seems to h be5 fir/ adopt$ by ,ke5-lung1 & _m pieces h ! ,ke5-lung m>k4 ,9 a set ( f\r v f9e examples :i* came "u our notice ?ree _h ! ,ke5-lung m>k1 & ! f\r? t ( ,ta\-kwang4 ,9 all probability ! majority ( !m 7 made 9 ! lat] reign & ! e>li] m>k 0 copi$4 ,! copy+ dur+ ?is reign includ$ all ! old] =ms f ! ,kang-he p]iod1 & x excell$ 9 reproduc+ ! famille v]te & ! famille rose4 ,p]haps ! ,yung-*+ gre5 enamel receiv$ ! mo/ special att5tion1 = ! outl9e ( ! design is (t5 f\nd fir/ pa9t$ 9 blue "u ! glaze1 s t ! blue %[s ?r\gh ! transp>5t surface enamels & gives a blui% t9t to ! decoration g5]ally1 :i* 0 q ! effect produc$ by a simil> decoration 9 ,yung-*+'s reign4 ,to ! same class ( rice b[ls belong ! pi]c$ porcela9s ) patt]ns fill$ ) glaze4 ,"h ! rice patt]n is cut ?r\gh ! pa/e :ile ! pa/e 0 s(t4 ,!n z usual ! blue decoration 0 appli$ pa9t$ on by h&1 & c]ta9 p>ts receiv$ a coat+ ( :ite enamel be=e ! :ole 0 c>efully glaz$4 ,! skilful glaz+ is %[n by ! ev5ness ) :i* ! patt]n1 9 glaze1 mat*es ! g5]al surface ( ! piece itself4 ,! rice or /> patt]n is ! mo/ common ( all ^! pi]c$ porcela9s4 ,"s specim5s h1 h[ev]1 a diap] patt]n1 & m r>ely a dragon design ) fl[]s & leaves1 s cut t portions only are fill$ ) glaze1 :i* gives a v unusual & /rik+ effect4 ,^! pi]c$ specim5s are n suppos$ to be e>li] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ( c\rse !y may be v mu* lat]4 ,,he5-,,fung 7#ahea-ahfb74 ,v little porcela9 0 made dur+ ?is reign1 ow+ to ! ,tai-p+ rebellion1 dur+ :i* ,k+-te-*9 0 de/roy$4 ,! fir/ ,*9ese w> ) ,engl& took place 9 #ahfj4 ,! rebellion end$ 9 ! next reign4 ,,tung-,,*e 7#ahfb-ahge74 ,) peace aft] ! w>s ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 resum$4 ,g5]ally1 ! be/ pieces 7 copi$ f ! antique1 ?\gh a pale turquoise gr\nd ) decoration ( fl[]s & butt]flies 0 made = exportation4 ,sepia draw+s %[$ "s di/9ction1 b !re 0 no new dep>ture ( importance4 ,?is p]iod is mod]n1 & ^! lat] ,emp]ors are only m5tion$ 9 ord] to br+ ! hi/ory up to date1 & to call att5tion to ! m>ks bo? on ord9>y & seal "*4 ,,kwang-,,%iu 7#ahge- 74 ,9 ! pres5t reign mu* m importance has be5 giv5 to ! improvem5t ( porcela91 :i* is l>gely made = export1 high prices be+ obta9$ = imitations :i* are sold z antiques4 ,! l>ge/ cu/om] is ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! int5se cons]vatism ( ! ,*9ese has be5 l>gely brok5 d[n by ! influ5ce ( outside pressure4 ,! almighty doll> holds ! field4 ,yet1 if x is /ill true t = ways t are d>k & tricks t are va91 ! hea!n ,*9ee is peculi>1 he holds no monopoly ( su* qualities4 ,we/]n civilisation runs him close4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hon\r ( a ,*9ese 9 trade is g5]ally ( a high /&>d1 & ! p h a natural in/9ct = arti/ic decoration1 :i* has come to !m z ! legacy ( ages pa/4 ,& ) ?is p[] !y h1 too1 an unlimit$ supply ( ! v f9e/ kaol94 ,let u hope t happi] times w br+ back ! glories ( ! pa/4 ,,xiii ,,*9ese ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,*9ese ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,m4 ,gasnault1 ! fri5d & pupil ( ,m4 ,jacquem>t1 has put on record ! results ( _! unit$ "w 9 ! ,museum at ,limoges4 ,! collector is able to see h[ he has tri$ to reconcile & comb9e ! elem5ts ( a complete hi/ory ( ,ori5tal *9a1 h[ he has collect$ specim5s ( all ! manufactures1 ev5 ! smalle/1 h[ ,ori5tal porcela9 holds ! fir/ place 9 ! collection1 be+ repres5t$ by mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( indu/ry :i* 9 ! ,cele/ial ,empire to-day is on ! decl9e1 aft] hav+ _h a brilliant c>e] ?r\gh s _m ages1 t x seem$ z if no?+ c\ld h l$ to its failure4 ,if ! ,*9ese h n yet return$ to t /ate :]e !y h =gott5 entirely ! art ( mak+ porcela91 at lea/ !y h lo/ ! secret ( ^? admirable productions--! =ms s pure1 ! glazes s m>vell\s1 ! enamels s sp>kl+1 ! decoration s div]sifi$1 & ! pa9t+s s exquisite--:i* rema9$ ) u z monum5ts ( an age :5 !re mu/ h be5 su* art 9 ! ,c]amic _w z has nev] be5 se5 s9ce4 ,x w be advantage\s to say some?+ ab\t ! collections at ,limoges & ! lessons we may le>n f !m4 ,! fir/ place 9 ! collection is giv5 to ! :ite *9a kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w z blanc de *9e4 ,?is k9d ( porcela9 0 highly e/eem$ 9 ,france1 & ! ,ori5tal arti/s & pott]s f a mat]ial :i* seem$ to (f] b little res\rce proce$$ to "w wond]s4 ,by ! side ( ! small sacrificial cups de/9$ = religi\s uses ) ! glassy glaze & a tone :i* recalls t ( wax or ivory1 9 ! =m ( ! horn ( ! rh9oc]os or ( ! fl[]s ( ! lotus1 :i* 0 ! plant pre-em95tly sacr$1 "o is able to admire examples p]fect 9 execution ( :i* ! texture is s ?9 & f9e t x seems dang]\s ev5 to t\* !m4 ,! great] "p is decorat$ ) ornam5ts 9 :ite or 9 :ite slip1 :i* by a few simple /rokes1 or by a delicate trac]y1 almo/ inconceivably beautifies ! limit$ surface4 ,g>l&s & deta*$ b\quets ( fl[]s h be5 engrav$ ^u ! wet or ! dry clay s f9ely--inde$1 s exquisitely1 t !y _c be se5 unless held up to ! light4 ,"h ! sacr$ dragon w9ds r\nd ! cup z if he wi%$ to def5d x f pr(ane h&s1 & a ,buddhi/ god only appe>s :5 a col\r$ liquid is p\r$ into ! cup1 :i* !n %[s up ! l9es1 be=e invisible1 engrav$ 9 ! pa/e4 ,aga91 we f9d little bottles decorat$ ) dragons & symbolical dogs ( ,f or ,buddha cut deeply into ! pa/e ) a pati5ce & an art unequall$ 9 ! productions ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,! /atuettes ( ! gods & goddesses are also made 9 ?is :ite porcela91 among/ :om is "o to :om we h be=e ref]r$1 ,kwan-,y91 a my/]i\s be+1 ! p]sonification ( m]cy & goodness1 :o protects ! sailors & saves !m f %ipwreck1 :o takes pity on ^? :o suff] 9 hell & int]c$es = !m4 ,%e also gives *ildr5 to ^? :o are /]ile4 ,kwan-,y9 has _m attributes & emblems4 ,sometimes %e has a diadem on h] head ornam5t$ ) images ( ,buddha1 or %e re/s seat$ on a ?rone ( lotus 9 memory ( ! miracul\s bridge :i* ! gods con/ruct$ to enable h] to cross ! sea4 ,! god ( ri*es is (t5 f\nd z a :ite /atuette1 s is ,p\tai1 ! god ( cont5tm5t1 ) a broad smile & r\nd1 uncov]$ /oma*2 ,*e\1 or ,*[1 ! god ( longevity1 ) an enorm\s bald head4 ,o!r figures ( emp]ors & empresses are all ( ! same type1 ) ! accompany+ ,ho-,ho birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kwan-,,y94 ,,:ite ,,porcela94 ,among/ ! f9e/ :ite porcela9 is "o k9d hav+ a h>d & compact pa/e :i* l5ds itself easily to ! m\ld1 b is n suitable to ! turn+ :eel4 ,ne>ly all ! pieces ( ?is w>e are m\ld$ into figures1 inc5se burn]s1 c41 & on look+ into ! int]ior ! r\ghness & unev5ness ( ! pa/e c be easily se51 ev5 ! m>ks left by ! f+]s ( ! workm5 are q pla91 :il/ ! bottom always pres]ves ! impr9t ( ! canvas on :i* ^! pieces are plac$ aft] hav+ be5 m\ld$4 ,!n !re is a :ite biscuit class1 v r>e1 (t5 hav+ two walls or divisions1 ( :i* ! out] "o only is biscuit1 reticulat$ or pi]c$ ) a f9e network or trellis ( v>i\s patt]ns1 ?r\gh :i* ! int]ior wall c be se54 ,among/ ! trellis _m ,*9ese *>act]s are to be f\nd1 su* z ! emblem ( longevity1 ! m>k call$ ,*e\1 ,*[1 or ,%[4 ,we %all h m to say ( reticulat$ porcela9 lat] on1 b "h we may m5tion t ! reticulation on ! out] wall is (t5 elaborate1 & ! cov] glazes give a v>iety ( col\rs equal to t f\nd ^u ord9>y *9a4 ,! :ole :ite porcela9 family1 :e!r we consid] ! beautiful creamy ivory w>e1 or ! dead :ite1 or ! blue t+$ :ite1 is r>ely m>k$1 & :5 a m>k is us$ g5]ally x is a seal "* m\ld$ or cut 9 ! pa/e4 ,a v r>e =m ( decoration is met ) 9 :ite1 b only occasionally4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) m9ute :ite po9ts l ! po9ts %[n 9 %agre51 only x is n gre51 b :ite4 ,su* *9a has be5 t]m$ *air de p\le1 or *ick5 sk94 ,x may be notic$ t ^! po9ts are n enamell$1 ei!r because !y 7 appli$ ^u ! glaze or because ! enamel ran (f !m 9 ! fir+4 ,,xiv ,,s+le ,,or ,,self-,,col\r ,,glazes ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,s+le ,,or ,,self-,,col\r ,,glazes ,foll[+ ! :ite 9 ord] is ! rem>kable s]ies ( s+le col\r glazes ( v>i\s hues1 beg9n+ ) ! sea-gre5 or ,celadon1 :i* is a pale gre51 or ev5 a greyi% gre52 & ! yell[1 especially ! ,imp]ial yell[1 :i* is res]v$ = ! ,emp]ors ( ! ,ts+ dyna/y2 camellia-gre5 l ! leaves ( t plant1 pa9t$ 9 prop] col\rs2 light br[n1 a bright col\r ) q a metallic lu/re1 0 kn[n z feuille morte1 or dead leaf col\r4 ,s copp]-r$s give v>i\s self-col\rs su* z h>icot1 v>i\s flambs1 & ?r\gh a long range x rea*es ev5tually a pure black4 ,!n !re are ! blues1 cov]+ a range no less v>i$ & int]e/+4 ,turquoise-blue1 a t9t :i* c only be obta9$ by apply+ x ^u ! biscuit *9a :i* has already pass$ ?r\gh ! kiln2 ! o!r blues1 f\ett1 s\ffl1 tremp1 are bru%$ on1 bl[n on1 or dipp$ accord+ to ! me?od us$ 9 apply+ ! col\r glaze4 ,ano!r way ( apply+ ! glaze 0 by its be+ p[d]$ on ?r\gh a f9e gauze or dabb$ on by means ( a wet swab dipp$ 9 ! col\r :i* 0 to be us$ z ! s+le col\r glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sang ,,de ,b,,uf4 ,,self-,,col\r4 ,a tall sang de buf fungus-gr[?1 wond]fully true to nature4 ,yung ,*+ p]iod4 ,?is example be>s on ! base ! m>k ( ,*+-hwa 7#adfe-adhh74 ,r\nd ! base & "u ! feet x is lacqu]$4 ,! fungus1 :i* gr[s at ! root ( trees1 :5 dri$1 0 s durable t x became ! symbol ( longevity & immortality4 ,h5ce l>ge specim5s are pres]v$ 9 ! temples1 & x is bo? pa9t$ & modell$ ) figures ( ! immortals4 ,x may also be f\nd 9 ! m\? ( ! de]1 ano!r emblem ( longevity4 ,! example giv5 is 9 ! f9e/ sang de buf ) all ! *>act]i/ics ( t lovely ,celadon col\r4 ,?is brilliant r$ 0 a ,kang-he discov]y4 ,x is includ$ 9 ! ,lang-yao class1 be+ s call$ aft] ,lang ,t+-tso1 sup]9t5d5t ( ,k+-te-*94 ,! special po9t to :i* att5tion %\ld be giv5 is ! lacqu]$ patt]n r\nd ! base1 :i* is inlaid ) pe>l %ells1 9 ! /yle kn[n z ,lac burgaut4 ,9 ,*9ese porcela9 ?is process is uncommon1 b 9 ,japanese porcela9 & pott]y cloisonn enamel is frequ5t1 appli$ ei!r ) or )\t ! metal cloisons4 ,lacqu]1 too1 may be frequ5tly f\nd z a coat+--black ) fl[]s 9 gold & silv]2 black ) ,ho-,ho birds & fl[]s2 a ri* r$2 br[n2 gre52 gold1 c4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! pieces are comp>atively mod]n ,japanese w>e1 be+ made l>gely at ,kioto1 ,seto1 ,ya%ima1 ,yamato1 & o!r factories 9 ,japan4 ,to ?is class1 :i* includes porcela9 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 mu/ be ascrib$ ^? delicate ,japanese1 egg-%ell1 cov]$ cups & sauc]s1 pa9t$ ) fl[]s 9 col\rs1 & hav+ an outside cov]+ ( ! f9e/ basket-"w4 ,^! are made *iefly at ,yamato4 ,illu/ration ,! purples z glazes are no less ri* 9 v>iations1 & 9 ^! t9ts ! ,*9ese h nev] be5 rivall$4 ,^! self-col\r pieces are decorat$ ) symbolical figures or sacr$ animals1 :il/ fl[]s & inscriptions f ! sacr$ books are f\nd z a decoration 9 gold1 :i* un=tunately lies ^u ! glaze & is m or less easily remov$ by h>d we>4 ,aga91 simil> designs are engrav$ 9 ! pa/e1 or modell$ 9 relief & pa9t$ ) su* col\rs z are able to resi/ ! temp]ature ( ! furnace4 ,_m pieces h spaces res]v$ 9 :ite = fur!r decoration1 & sometimes ! decoration is execut$ 9 :ite slip on ! pa/e itself aft] its fir/ fir+ has br\ght x to ! biscuit /ate4 ,^! lovely s+le col\r glazes are c]ta9ly among/ ! f9e/ ,ori5tal specim5s ( porcela9 :i* are wor?y ( ! collector's att5tion2 _! s(tness1 _! brilliancy1 _! range ( col\r alike entitle !m to a high place 9 any s*eme ( decorative treatm5t ei!r 9 ! home or on ! collector's %elves4 ,we call !m *9a or porcela9 vases1 c41 & 9 t we are only foll[+ ! ,*9ese usage1 ?\gh ! col\r glaze is (t5 s ?ick z to hide ! mat]ial or body ( ! pa/e altoge!r4 ,! ?ickness prev5ts any transmission ( light2 !y h an opaque m or less co>se clay :ite or r$ body1 & among/ our ,engli% products w\ld be classifi$ z /onew>e4 ,b ! col\r is ! ?+1 & "h we %all repeat ourselves a little1 because x is necess>y to really und]/& n alone :at ! col\rs are1 b g5]ally ! ord] ( _! inv5tion4 ,! olde/ col\r 01 z we h said1 ,celadon1 or sea-gre51 :i* rea*$ a high /ate ( p]fection ab\t #aejj4 ,no d\bt !re are _m ,celadon pieces ( great antiquity /ill await+ id5tification4 ,x 0 9 ! ,seu5-tih p]iod ( ! ,m+ dyna/y t ?is ,celadon became a fam\s product4 ,! porcela9 is v ?ick1 & to ?is ?ickness x owes its pres]vation4 ,l ! ,engli% iron/one *9a1 x /&s h>d we>4 ,all ! ,p]sians & ! ,turks value ,celadon n = its intr9sic beauty1 b because !y ?\ght x to be infallible z a te/ = poison 9 _! food4 ,! yell[ glaze is ! col\r adopt$ by ! pres5t ,ts+ dyna/y z ! ,imp]ial col\r4 ,f9e specim5s cov]$ ) yell[ may !n be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 de/9$ pr9cipally = ! use ( ! ,emp]ors1 b x does n foll[ t ! use ( ?is col\r 0 proscrib$ 9 ! decoration1 ei!r z a yell[ or z a p>tial t9t4 ,blue 0 "o ( ! highly e/eem$ col\rs z well z "o ( ! e>lie/4 ,we h dealt ) blue z an "u-glaze decoration4 ,x 0 n alone us$ = decorative purposes 9 draw+s ( figures1 birds1 animals1 foliage1 & l&scape1 b x 0 us$ 9 v>i\s =ms z a body col\r ei!r on ! biscuit itself1 be=e glaz+1 = ) ! glaze z a self-col\r1 z a ,celadon1 9 fact--t is1 ! blue 0 appli$ 9 ! glaze or 9 ! enamel4 ,we read t 9 #ied ,a4,d4 ! ,emp]or ,*9-,tsung ord]$ "s vases to be made :i* %\ld be blue z ! sky aft] ra9 :5 se5 betwe5 ! cl\ds1 & x is said t 8 celebrat$ porcela9 0 ( ?is blue1 f9e l a look+-glass1 ?9 z pap]1 & giv+ a s\nd l a musical /one1 ! only defect be+ t ! feet ( ! pieces 7 ( a co>se yell[ clay4 ,alas = ! romantic /ory6 ,! mo/ rec5t catalogue ( ! ,muse ,guimet at ,p>is1 drawn up by ! national exp]ts ) ! assi/ance ( su* ,*9ese exp]ts z 7 available1 /ates t ! /ory is all a mi/ake4 ,! ^w :i* 0 translat$ blue %\ld h be5 translat$ gre51 :i* br+s u back aga9 to ,celadon4 ,dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi ,a4,d47 x appe>s t a f9e r$ 0 discov]$ f :i* porcela9 0 made resembl+ *isell$ r$ jade4 ,?is may be ! celebrat$ sang de buf1 :i* is r$1 b1 z we h se51 r$ ) qualifications4 ,! purple or lilac glaze be=e ref]r$ to seems to h be5 made q z e>ly z ! ,sung dyna/y1 b ) ?is1 z ) all ! o!r glazes1 col\r alone is no indication ( age4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afjj !re liv$ t fam\s pott] call$ ,*[1 ^: fame 0 obta9$ by 8 excell5ce 9 skilfully imitat+ anci5t vases4 ,all ! records t h come to u %[ v cle>ly t f ! e>lie/ times ! pott]s 7 9 ! habit ( copy+ ! works ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,s well 0 ?is cont9ually done t !y 7 able to impose ^u ! be/ exp]ts ( _! own c\ntry4 ,! br[n glazes1 accord+ to ,pre d',entrecolles 9 a lett] dat$ #agab1 7 at t "t q rec5t inv5tions1 & he appli$ ! same rem>ks to ! c(fee-col\r glazes4 ,! black glaze has be5 not$4 ,x has sev]al v>ieties--! dull black itself1 ! dull black glaz$ ov] ) gre5 s z to make a bright black giv+ a gre5 t+e only at ! edges1 & ! ,ts+ black1 :i* is an uncommon brilliant black famili>ly kn[n z mirror black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claire ,,de ,,lune ,,self ,,col\r4 ,,crackle ,,porcela94 ,ano!r production ( ! ,*9ese :i* has nev] be5 successfully produc$ 9 ,europe is ?is crackl$ or crackle w>e4 ,!y 7 v pr(ici5t 9 produc+ regulat$ crackles1 l>ge1 small1 or m$ium1 & t :i* 0 no d\bt at fir/ accid5tal became "o ( ! mo/ important & successful means ( decoration4 ,"s pieces1 inde$1 are really m>vell\s1 %[+ successive b&s ( crackle ornam5t1 col\r$ decoration1 self-col\r1 & :ite1 o!rs h a d\ble network--d\ble rseau--) ! crackle col\r$ simultane\sly 9 two tones4 ,hi/orically ?is w>e is ( great antiquity1 be+ not$ dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgj74 ,z a rule1 ! clay employ$ is v co>se1 ( a buff or a pale r$ col\r m]g+ into :ite4 ,x comes "u ! designation ( porcela9 because ! ,*9ese d n diff]5tiate betwe5 t :i* is opaque & transluc5t4 ,! illu/ration1 un=tunately1 does n %[ ! col\r1 ! beautiful claire de lune1 :i* is s r>e & s indescribable4 ,! specim5 ( sang de buf giv5 "u ,self-col\rs is1 l ?is1 a fungus ( ! g5us ,ag>icus1 ! emblem ( longevity1 because x 0 practically inde/ructible4 ,x 0 also emblematical ( f]tility4 ,em]son wrote1 ,nobody c>es = plant+ ! poor fungus2 s ,nature %akes d[n f ! gills ( "o poor ag>ic c\ntless spores4 ,! fungus is us$ z a m>k1 z decoration1 &1 z we h %[n1 9 vase =m4 ,probably its %ape & symbolism gave rise to ! ,joo-e sceptre & to ! wide adoption ( ! ,joo-e-head =m 9 ornam5t4 ,note t r$-col\r$ crackle glazes are r>ely f\nd1 & t apple-gre51 turquoise-blue1 & clair de lune are ! mo/ desirable col\rs 9 crackle4 ,fe5-lung4 ,illu/ration ,!re are _m o!r self-col\rs or s+le glazes to :i* fanciful names are giv54 ,we h ref]r$ to clair de lune & ! pea* bloom4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r !re is any real value 9 ! names !mselves1 s we advise our read]s to exam9e specim5s 9 ! ,museums1 :5 su* col\rs z liv] col\r1 pigeon's blood1 cru%$ /rawb]ry1 c41 w be f\nd to be purely arbitr>y4 ,p]haps ! wide/ t]m appli$ to ^! v>iegat$ self-col\rs ) a s+le glaze is spla%$ or %ot silk4 ,^! v>i\s mottl$ or spla%$ glazes are nam$ by ! ,*9ese ,yao-pi51 by ! ,fr5* flamm or flamb4 ,!y h curi\s yet v beautiful ve9+s l flames ( a fire1 h5ce ! "n giv5 to !m by ! ,fr5*4 ,"o col\r runs into ! o!r 9 ! mo/ caprici\s & yet 9 ! mo/ *>m+ mann]4 ,! fir/ results 7 no d\bt accid5tal1 b soon exp]i5ce gave c]ta9ty to ! ma/] m9d ( ! pott]1 :o 0 able to def9e & measure ! comb9ation ( ! v>i\s metallic oxides :i* w\ld give him exactly ! col\ration he desir$4 ,! glaze ( ^! pieces 0 usually appli$ ^u ! dri$ vessel by dipp+ or bru%+ or p[d]+1 or1 z "s say1 by bl[+ on ) a tube4 ,or1 aga91 x may h be5 a comb9ation ( ^! processes4 ,! pott] n[ _h ! means ( produc+ an endless v>iety ( spla%+ by ! prop] application ( ! prep>$ glazes3 ( violet & blue2 ( turquoise pass+ into gre52 ( sea-gre51 br[n1 & blue2 ( m>oon1 gre51 & :ite2 (1 9 fact1 any col\rs )9 ! range ( 8 k4 ,he only _h to be sure ( ! furnace4 ,he _h to "k h[ 8 metallic oxides w\ld comb9e "u ! action ( heat4 ,! glaze ^u vessels hav+ intricate designs 9 relief 0 appli$ only aft] ! pott] 0 sure t ! pot 9 its biscuit /ate 0 suitable & correct 9 =m4 ,) mo/ ornam5ts ! dang] ( damage 0 ?us consid]ably r$uc$4 ,:5 ! biscuit 0 )drawn f ! kiln ! col\r$ glaze c\ld be easily appli$ be=e ! second fir+ took place4 ,we h notic$ t a mu* l[] temp]ature 0 ne$$ 9 ! second fir+ & t ! heat ( a muffle-kiln w\ld suffice4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! s+le glazes1 a numb] ( fanciful names h be5 appli$ to ! w>e1 su* z tig]-sk91 iron ru/1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,celadon ,,glazes4 ,,s+le ,,col\rs ,,& ,,spla%$4 ,! col\r$ glazes 9 ! pieces ( "o col\r :i* we h describ$ are call$ self or :ole col\r1 & !y 7 appli$ directly on ! dry pa/e or body s t ! :ole 0 fir$ at "o "t4 ,! great heat requir$ = ?is process caus$ v>iations 9 ! t9ts1 :i* 7 p>tly due to ! runn+ ( ! glaze itself4 ,:]e ! glaze lay ?icke/1 ! col\r w\ld be deepe/4 ,practice l$ to p]fection1 s t ! ,*9ese pott]s acquir$ skill 9 us+ ! col\r ) precision &1 fur!r1 !y 7 able to ext5d ! range ( _! op]ations by us+ sev]al col\rs on "o piece4 ,gre5s ( _m hues1 blues 9 v>i\s %ades1 all k9ds ( r$s & yell[s1 purples & br[ns gave to ?is class great v>iety & brilliancy4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! col\r$ glazes 7 also appli$ to biscuit porcela91 t is1 to :ite porcela91 )\t any glaze1 :i* _h be5 fir$ 9 ! kiln = ! purpose ( fix+ ! %ape4 ,9 ?is division ! pa/e is g5]ally mu* ?9n] ?an 9 ord9>y pieces ( ,celadon1 & mu* m elaboration 0 giv5 to engrav$ & emboss$ patt]ns & to reticulat$ or pi]c$ "w4 ,moreov]1 x1 0 easy to leave "s p>ts ( ! design 9 unt\*$ biscuit4 ,our illu/ration %[s a set ( ?ree spla%$ ,vases 7two flat-%ap$ & "o hexagonal7 pa9t$ ) enamels ( gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e1 9 blot*es on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! h&les1 :i* are mon/]s1 are 9 apple-gre54 ,?is /yle ( decoration is kn[n z tig]-spott$ or spla%$4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,! process ( decoration by bl[+ is said to produce a curi\s col\r+4 ,take1 = in/ance1 r$ bl[n on blue4 ,pieces s decorat$ appe> to be cov]$ ) a s(t violet glaze1 b on exam9ation x w be f\nd t ! opaque blue is s[n all ov] ) m9ute r$ r+s =m$ z a network resembl+ ! f9e/ lace4 ,by ! use ( a simple magnify+-glass ^! r+s c be easily trac$4 ,x seems difficult to produce su* a m>vell\s decoration1 & yet x is q simple4 ,! col\r bl[n on t is ! r$1 :i* is driv5 ) =ce suffici5t to =m m9ute bubbles1 :i* bur/ by ! heat ( ! kiln1 & by _! bur/+ =m little r+s v>y+ f ! size ( a p9's head to t ( a pea4 ,x w be well to give j a little "t to a summ>y ( ! col\rs :i* are us$ on ,ori5tal porcela9 ( all k9ds1 fir/ 9 ! "u-glaze blue & r$1 second 9 ! s+le col\r glazes1 includ+ all ^? :i* are kn[n by ! t]ms spla%$1 v>iegat$1 transmut$1 or flamm or flamb4 ,pres]v+ ! same ord] set out 9 ! col\r enamels :i* are us$ 9 ov]-glaze decorations1 we f9d t ! blacks1 z be=e /at$1 7 ?ree 9 numb]--a common dull black1 a mirror or metallic black1 & ! fir/ ( ^! cov]$ by a ?9 transp>5t gre5 glaze1 s z to make a %9+ black4 ,! dull black 0 produc$ f manganese :i* _h "s impurities 9 x1 :il/ ! mirror black 0 made ( manganese hav+ cobalt 9 x mix$ ) :ite glaze & an e>? conta9+ iron4 ,! v>i\s gre5s1 su* z ! d>k gre5 or gros v]t1 sea-gre5 or ,celadon1 apple-gre51 em]ald-gre51 pea-gre51 cucumb]1 & snake-sk9 7 all d]iv$ f iron1 copp]1 & a little cobalt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pea*-,,bloom1 ,,or ,,pea*-,,bl[4 ,! "u-glaze r$s belong+ to ! ,celadon class diff] f ! "u-glaze pa9t$ r$s4 ,! ,celadon col\rs are appli$ 9 & ) ! glaze1 & ! o!r class is1 l "u-glaze blue1 pa9t$ on ! biscuit *9a & !n glaz$4 ,! range ( ,celadon r$s is v great1 f ,pea*-bl[1 commonly t]m$ ,pea*-bloom1 to sang de buf4 ,ab\t sixte5 ( ^! beautiful %ades are )9 ?is range4 ,pea*-bl[ is us$ z a self-col\r glaze1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! piece1 b1 l all o!r col\rs1 x is employ$ also ) o!r col\r$ glazes 9 ! decoration ( porcela9--:ite or ,celadon4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell describes pea*-bl[ z a pale r$1 becom+ p9k 9 "s p>ts2 9 o!rs1 mottl$ ) russet spots display$ ^u a backgr\nd ( light gre5 ,celadon t9t4 ,?is & _m o!r col\rs 7 inv5t$ by ,ts'ang ,y5g-hsan1 ! director ( ! ,imp]ial works t[>ds ! end ( ,kang-he's reign4 ,ar\nd ! feet ( _m f9e vases ( ! ,yung-,*+ p]iod !re are waves 9 ?is d>ki% r$1 ) occasional flecks ( gre54 ,9 ^! cases ! body ( ! vases is :ite4 ,examples occur :]e pea*-bl[ is us$ z a ,celadon col\r 9 pieces decorat$ ) blue "u ! glaze4 ,on ! left is a ,vase ) l>ge bulg+ body & %ort exp&+ neck ( a cle> :ite glaze1 on :i* are blossoms pa9t$ 9 pea*-bloom1 ) leaves & bran*es 9 blue4 ,kang-he p]iod 7#affa-agbb74 ,height ) /&1 #aj 94 ,a circul> %ap$ ,vase ) tap]+ neck1 exp&+ m\?1 & a bulb\s body4 ,?is is decorat$ ) pomegranate fruits 9 pea*-bloom2 ! leaves & /alks 9 ri* blue2 ! :ole on a ,celadon gr\nd4 ,kang-he4 ,! _m %ades ( blue-d>k blue & t peculi> t9t kn[n z maz>9e1 p[d]-blue1 sapphire-blue1 sky-blue1 turquoise-blue1 peacock-blue1 clair de lune1 & k+fi%]-blue--7 all secur$ f cobalt & copp] mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,9 deal+ ) ! important r$ family we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ! r$s d]iv$ f copp] & ^? d]iv$ f iron & f gold4 ,! range ( t9ts is v ext5sive4 ,^? d]iv$ f copp] give ! m or less fanciful names ( sang-de-buf1 sang de p\let1 sang de pigeon1 crimson1 cru%$ /rawb]ry1 m>oon1 liv] col\r1 & t curi\s t9t kn[n z pea* bloom or pea* bl[4 ,! r$s secur$ f iron are v]million1 ! well-kn[n coral & ! tomato t9ts4 ,f gold1 ^? beautiful %ades ( col\r to :i* we h ref]r$ z be+ cr[n+ triumphs ( ! ,yung-*+ & ,ke5-lung p]iods 7 procur$4 ,^!1 kn[n z ruby1 rose1 & p9k1 7 really cov]+ a l>ge range ( col\rs f a v fa9t p9k to a r$ purple4 ,! yell[s h a no less ext5d$ range4 ,at ! head ( ! li/ we f9d ,imp]ial yell[1 !n citron or lemon-yell[1 eel-sk9 yell[1 /raw1 can>y1 mu/>d1 orange1 & sulphur-yell[4 ,?us we see ! yell[s v>y f a fa9t t+e ( t col\r to a /rong %ade :i* seems to include a little r$4 ,all ^! yell[s 7 d]iv$ f antimony1 & ! v>iation 0 l>gely secur$ by ! addition ( iron4 ,! next class1 ! br[n col\r1 0 d]iv$ f iron or f clay 9 :i* iron 9 v>i\s proportions 0 pres5t4 ,^! br[ns include v>i\s %ades su* z bronze1 *e/nut1 *amois1 *ocolate1 c(fee1 caf-au-lait1 dead leaf--morte feuille--old gold4 ,! col\rs on ,engli% *9a = ! purposes ( contra/ are giv5 next4 ,!y 7 d]iv$ f oxides ( v>i\s metals 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,! blacks are secur$ f cobalt1 nickel1 manganese1 iron1 & *romium4 ,! gre5s are v>i\sly d]iv$2 ! yell[-gre5 & ! em]ald-gre5 are secur$ f *romium & sodium2 ! blue-gre5 or cele/ f *romium1 cobalt1 silicon1 & z9c2 :il/ o!r gre5s are d]iv$ f copp] & *romium4 ,blues come f cobalt & silicon1 except ! mat blue1 :i* 0 procur$ f cobalt1 lime1 & z9c4 ,! r$s 7 made f gold & iron1 :i* secur$ _m %ades ( ^? col\rs4 ,! blacks 7 d]iv$ f *romium1 iron1 & manganese4 ,ano!r class ( ,european col\rs--! purples--came f cobalt1 *romium1 t91 & calcium4 ,,xv ,,*9ese ,,crackle ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,*9ese ,,crackle ,! crackle porcela9 is a di/9ct class1 ?\gh x w be f\nd t _m ( ! pieces hav+ a s+le glaze are also crackl$4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a clay or enamel :i* hav+ be5 burnt 9 ! kiln is tak5 out & subject$ to ! action ( a curr5t ( cold air1 or !y are dipp$ 9 cold wat]1 s t by unequal contraction cracks are =m$ ) a regul>ity :i*1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ place accid5tal1 became1 9 ! skilful h&s ( ! ,*9ese1 sci5ce4 ,small crackles l ! h]r+'s roe1 & l>ge crackles l ! ice cracks1 c\ld be produc$ by ! pott] z he *ose4 ,! cracks 7 fill$ ) ,indian ink1 r$ or black1 :i* made !m /& out cle>ly4 ,by fur!r burn+1 possibly at a l[] temp]ature1 ! entire surface seems to be cov]$ ) a cle> glaze q transp>5t1 :i* to ! t\* (f]s no unequalities ( surface4 ,^! wond]ful pott]s h s f> pu%$ ?is unique =m ( decoration1 nev] successfully imitat$ 9 ,europe1 t x became "o ( ! mo/ important & /rik+ means ( decoration4 ,"s ( _! "w 9 ?is direction is m>vell\s & %[s successive b&s ( enamel or glaze1 crackl$1 self-col\r & :ite all 9 "o piece4 ,o!r pieces %[ a crackl$ network ( two t9ts4 ,"s ( our ,engli% pott]s are mak+ good attempts to imitate ! f9e old ,*9ese famille v]te1 & surely = crackl$ porcela9 !re is /ill inspiration to be drawn f ! ,ea/4 ,! glaze 0 ( :ite or col\r$2 ! body 0 some:at co>se 9 pa/e1 resembl+ r$ or :ite /onew>e4 ,hi/ory takes u back to ! ,sung dyna/y1 :5 ?is k9d ( w>e 0 fir/ kn[n1 & ! accid5tal discov]y 0 conv]t$ into an exact me?od ( work+4 ,a pretty =m ( crackle resembles ! scales ( a tr\t1 & is by ! ,fr5* call$ truit4 ,all ! col\rs t 7 employ$ z s+le glazes 9 t class seem to h be5 simil>ly employ$ z crackle glazes1 ) ! possible exception ( r$1 :i* did n l5d itself to ?is process2 all ! ,celadon %ades & ! blues1 includ+ turquoise-blue4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ crackle is t kn[n z apple-gre5 crackle4 ,?is w>e has1 9 addition to ! beautiful effect ( ! crackl+1 a lovely s(t t9t ( gre51 :i* 0 appli$ z ! glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vases ,,m\nt$ ,,9 ,,ormolu4 ,,jones ,,collection1 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum4 ,,two ,,crackle ,,vases ,,& ,,"o ,,9 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels4 ,,xvi ,,blue ,,"u ,,! ,,glaze ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,blue ,,"u ,,! ,,glaze4 ,,nank9 ,,blue ,_m collectors are imm5sely attract$ by :at is kn[n z ! old blue & :ite4 ,x is su* a widely di/ribut$ product1 ext5d+ ov] a long s]ies ( reigns4 ,we not$ be=e t x rea*$ its highe/ excell5ce 9 ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,x 0 at fir/ res]v$ = ! ,c\rt1 = ,emp]ors & high dignit>ies1 b s9ce ,kang-he's reign blue & :ite may be said to belong to all dates1 & ! blue & :ite g+] j>s ( ! pres5t "t :i* may be b\ght = "o or two gu9eas %[ h[ ! dem& has be5 a con/ant "o ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! "t4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod aft] ! ,dut* _h import$ ?is blue & :ite f ,*9a _! pott]s set ab\t imitat+ x & produc$ ! f9e old blue & :ite delft :i* is n[ valuable1 b !re is no specim5 ( delft :i* rea*es any?+ l ! price ( ! old ,*9ese blue & :ite f :i* x 0 copi$4 ,! honorific inscriptions1 ! sacr$ emblems1 ! immortals & _! att5dants 7 q mean+less to ! m9d ( ! ,dut* pott]1 j z !y 7 to ! ,italian1 :o 0 also an ,ori5tal copyi/4 ,to ! ,ori5tal ! decoration ( ea* piece meant some?+1 some?+ x may be ( _! hi/ory or ( _! religion4 ,high ?\ghts 7 set out z inscriptions1 & inspirations 7 giv5 by ! /ory on ! vase or di%1 :i* :5 repres5t$ on a ,european copy became only a s*eme ( decoration1 or at its be/ a g]m f :i* an orig9al s*eme ( native "w might h its bir?4 ,s ! ,dut*1 ?\gh !y at fir/ made delft w>e 9 s]vile imitation ( ,*9ese patt]ns1 soon saw _! way to utilise purely ,dut* designs & ) ^! to produce "w z f9e z t :i* !y _h made "u ! inspiration ( ! ,*9ese model4 ,at ,k+-te-*91 ! classical home ( porcela91 a city ) #c1jjj kilns1 ! be/ ( ! blue & :ite 0 made2 & al?\gh !re is a l>ge class call$ ,nank9 blue :i* mu/ n be neglect$1 ! latt]1 9 decoration1 is imm5sely inf]ior to ! products ( ! ,imp]ial factories4 ,x is q c]ta9 t !re 7 _m o!r factories besides ^? at ,k+-te-*9 :i* produc$ porcela91 b hi/ory leaves few records ( !m1 s t x w\ld be q fair to include ,nank9 blue z a product ( ,k+-te-*9 p]haps decorat$ at ,nank94 ,x is q int]e/+ to note h[ at fir/ ?is blue & :ite1 n[ s valu$1 0 n e/eem$ by ,europeans ) ! exception ( ! ,dut*4 ,mu* ( x 0 r$ecorat$ on ! glaze & ! patt]n burnt 9 s z to hide ! decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite4 7a7 ,a pair ( tall blue & :ite trumpet-%ap$ ,beak]s4 ,"u ! neck are f\r %ield-%ap$ panels connect$ ) an arabesque design2 bel[ ?is is a broad b& ornam5t$ ) conv5tional fl[]s runn+ r\nd ! body4 ,t[>ds ! feet are ! /iff leaves ( ! sweet-flag runn+ d[n to ! base4 ,! :ole done 9 a liquid1 transluc5t blue on a mo/ beautiful :ite gr\nd4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,! sweet-flag is (t5 us$ = ! decoration ( porcela9 vases1 c41 & because its leaves are long & sl5d] & come to a po9t ! ,*9ese use !m to repres5t swords1 :i*1 inde$1 !y resemble 9 g5]al %ape4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! fif? mon? e family nails up a few leaves ( ?is plant on ea* side ( ! doors & w9d[s ( ! h\se1 s t :5 ! evil spirits come ne>1 !y see ! leaves1 :i* !y mi/ake = swords1 & are ?us fright5$ (f4 ,! sup]/itions ( ! p z well z _! religion are put "u obligation to furni% designs = ! pott]1 9 :i* ! same idea is repres5t$ 9 a p]man5t =m4 ,9 fact1 only :5 we are fully cognisant ( ,*9ese my?ology %all we fully appreciate ! wond]ful /ories set out 9 _! porcela94 ,:5 w ! ,*9ese connoisseur place be=e u 8 /ores ( k8 7b7 ,a pair ( ,butt] ,di%es & ,cov]s 9 f9e quality blue & :ite4 ,! di%es & lids h ! f\r seasons design1 :i* are sep>at$ ) a trellis-"w diap] patt]n4 ,note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two diap] patt]ns4 ,! h&les are com+ f ! m\? ( a mon/]4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite4 7a7 ,a f9e quality blue & :ite ,beak] vase ) exp&+ neck & bulg+ body4 ,! neck is ornam5t$ ) blue b&s & fl[]s2 ! body divid$ into f\r panels & fill$ 9 alt]nately ) dome/ic ut5sils1 fl[]s1 & foliage4 ,kang-he4 7b7 ,a blue & :ite ,wat]-ew] & ,cov]1 ( f9e quality & elegant %ape1 decorat$ ) ,lange-,lys51 dome/ic ut5sils1 & l&scapes4 ,seal m>k1 ,*+-,hwa4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,blue 0 employ$ = "u-glaze decoration among/ ! ,*9ese f "t immemorial1 ?\gh sc>cely a specim5 e>li] ?an ! ,m+ p]iod c be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty1 ow+ to ! copy+ & recopy+ t has be5 cont9ually practis$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,true1 we (t5 see ! ,m+ m>ks1 say ( ,*+-hwa or ,kea-ts+1 b probably ! be/ ( !m are ( ,kang-he orig94 ,ev5 if ! pieces are really old !y w be (t5 f\nd re-decorat$ ) mod]n col\rs4 ,p]haps among/ ! blue & :ite ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 ^? pieces decorat$ ) ! s(t b ri* ,mohamm$an blue1 z x is call$1 are ! be/4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! col\r is nev] flat or dead1 !re are c]ta9 qualities miss+ :i* are q *>m+ 9 ! lat] ,kang-he4 ,! gradation & modulation ( ! blue1 inde$1 ev5 ! quality ( ! blue itself1 are all bett] 9 ! lat] pieces4 ,:e!r1 aga91 ! f9e ,kang-he blue 0 made e>ly or late 9 ! p]iod1 la/+ f #affb-agbb1 is a fur!r matt] ( d\bt4 ,our read]s w rememb] t 9 #afgg & = "s ye>s aft] no date m>ks 7 all[$ to be inscrib$1 s t only pati5t /udy & c>eful obs]vation w enable any "o to place ! old blue & :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite4 ,^! specim5s ( blue & :ite ,vases answ] ! te/s :i* are appli$ to ! be/ porcela9 decorat$ ) diff]5t designs ( fl[]s1 trees1 birds1 c41 9 blue1 pa9t$ "u ! glaze4 ,:at are ! te/s8 ,fir/1 ! mat]ial =m+ ! pa/e or body mu/ be s f9e z to give a p]fect surface4 ,! surface mu/ be a brilliant :ite :5 cov]$ by ! glaze4 ,! draw+ & pa9t+ %\ld reveal ! be/ qualities ( cobalt blue4 ,! %ape ( ! piece mu/ leave no?+ to be requir$4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t blue & :ite 01 & is1 ! mo/ common ( all ,ori5tal porcela91 & mod]n "w is good1 s t x becomes q easy to make mi/akes2 9 fact1 x w\ld n be too mu* to say t old blue & :ite is mo/ difficult to judge4 ,?\gh ! glaze is s mu* a "p ( ! pa/e t x la/s practically = ev]1 yet x does get slightly dull$2 ! extreme brilliancy ( ! new pieces contra/s ) ! s(t] & m beautiful old porcela94 ,! glaze %\ld n be too ?ick1 = ! f9e1 ev5 quality ( ! pa/e is j z mu* an elem5t z ! glaze 9 giv+ ! old lu/re4 ,! blue decoration "u ! glaze %[s a p]fect comm& ( outl9e z well z col\r4 ,!re is no soak+ 9 ( ! col\r1 b ! outl9e is appli$ by ! bru% ) absolute equality4 ,! two specim5 vases %[ ,lange-,lys5 or ,long ,elizas & fl[]s 9 flut$ lotus-%ap$ m$allions cov]+ ! :ole surface1 except "u ! lip & neck1 :]e !re are two b&s ( triangle-"w diap] patt]n4 ,! m\nts are 9 ,fr5* ormolu1 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite4 ,,g+] ,,j>s4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( prunus 7s-call$ haw?orn7 blossom 9 ! well-kn[n blue & :ite g+] j>s4 ,! "o giv5 9 ! illu/ration has ! patt]n kn[n z ! asc5d+ /em haw?orn4 ,!n !re is a desc5d+ /em1 & a ?ird patt]n %[+ ! head or c5tre ( ! blooms arrang$ 9 gr\ps4 ,?is is blob haw?orn1 & may consi/ ( ?ree small blooms ar\nd a c5tral l>g] "o1 =m+1 r\ghly1 a triangul> gr\p2 or f\r blooms aga9 ar\nd a c5tral "o1 =m+ a cross-%ap$ gr\p4 ,?is patt]n is also kn[n z spray haw?orn4 ,! gr\nd is a brilliant cobalt1 9 :i* ! col\r is laid on v mu* z if x _h be5 rubb$ on by ! ?umb1 or /ill m1 z if ! col\r1 :5 wet1 _h be5 s rubb$4 ,aft]w>ds a network ( blue l9es 0 add$ on ! blue gr\nd4 ,! sugge/ion is t ! blob patt]n imitates ! fall5 prunus blossoms re/+ ^u ! crackl$ ice 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,our illu/ration %[s a ,g+] ,j> ) dome cov]4 ,! body decorat$ ) l>ge & small sprays ( :ite prunus1 ris+ f ! base & fall+ f ! %\ld]4 ,v brilliant crackl$ ice gr\nd ( deep cobalt2 a n>r[ b& ( :ite encircl+ ! m\?1 ) a l9e ( blue )91 ! space betwe5 decorat$ ) a =mal ornam5t4 ,! lid ) simil> decoration to t on ! j>1 ! top encircl$ ) a r+ ( :ite4 ,height1 #aj 94 ,p]iod ,kang-he4 ,value1 ab\t #b1jjj4 ,record price1 #e1ijj gu9eas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blue ,,& ,,o!r ,,col\rs1 ,,"u-,,glaze4 ,! f9e/ quality ( blue & r$ pa9t$ "u ! glaze 7 made dur+ ! ,ts+ dyna/y1 ?\gh dur+ ! ,*+-hwa p]iod 7#adfe-adhh7 ( ! ,m+ dyna/y _m good pieces hav+ ?is decoration mu/ h be5 manufactur$1 z ! m>k ( t reign is frequ5tly f\nd 9 reproductions4 ,ev5 ,kang-he & ,yung-*+ copies h ! ,*+-hwa m>k4 ,! illu/ration--a conical ,vase ) %ort neck--%[s ! f\r-claw dragons ( ! sky4 ,^! are drawn 9 blue1 z f> z ! head & body are conc]n$2 ! scales are 9 a s(t r$4 ,! curi\s =ms meant to indicate cl\ds are 9 blue1 :il/ ! fireballs are 9 r$4 ,v>iations occur :]e ! nebul are 9 r$1 or ev5 ! :ole "u-glaze may be cov]$ ) a bright coral-col\r$ gr\nd1 ) ! decoration 9 blue4 ,:5 ?is is s ! pieces are classifi$ z coral-r$4 ,aga91 among/ ! v>i\s %ades ( r$ & br[n "u ! glaze "s are f\nd 9 pea*-col\r$ r$4 ,^! =m a class ( pea* w>e4 ,notice ! c>e ) :i* ! scales on ! dragons are drawn1 & ev5 f ! photograph ! :ite seems wond]fully pure4 ,yung-*+ p]iod4 ,! dragon decoration sometimes repres5ts ! li or dragon ( ! sea swimm+ 9 ! wat] or ris+ f ! waves4 ,x 0 f su* a dragon t ,fuh-hi 7#bheb-bgch ,b4,c47 le>nt & develop$ ! eight diagrams or symbols call$ ! ,pa-kwa1 :i* see "u ,symbols4 ,! ,pa-kwa is us$ = decoration1 usually z a rais$ design1 seldom z a m>k4 ,! dragon is nev] us$ z a m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,"u ,,! ,,glaze4 ,?is magnific5t1 tall1 cyl9drical ,vase is an example ( r$--r\ge de f]--"u ! glaze1 ) enamel col\rs 9 exquisite h>mony appli$ ov] ! glaze4 ,! m]e/ glance w reveal h[ arti/ically ! decorator appli$ 8 design to ! surface at 8 disposal4 ,ea* bran*1 ea* leaf1 has its value 9 ! s*eme ( ornam5tation4 ,! surface is well cov]$1 b !re is no ov]cr[d+4 ,! ,vase is ( exquisite proportions1 decorat$ on pure :ite glaze ) a bold design ( ,ho-,ho birds1 ! plumage ( r\ge de f]1 gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e2 "o bird is p>tly hidd5 by rocks drawn 9 v>i\s gre5s1 aub]g9e1 & blue1 :il/ spr++ f ! back are l>ge fl[]+ bran*es ( ! peony fl[]s & blossoms4 ,! draw+ ?r\gh\t is ( ! highe/ m]it4 ,! fl[]s & b\ghs are %[n 9 yell[1 blue1 aub]g9e1 creamy :ite1 & black4 ,und]nea? ! rocks & on ! left ( ! l>ge bird is a l>ge peony 9 r\ge de f] & foliage 9 v>i\s gre5s1 :il/ on ! "r are two o!r fl[]s1 "o ( r\ge de f] & ! o!r ( f9e /ippl$ yell[ ) an aub]g9e c5tre4 ,! re/ ( ! vase is decorat$ ) a bold design ( fl[]+ pea*-bloom bran*es & o!r l>ge fl[]s 9 deep r\ge de f]1 aub]g9e1 gre51 & yell[2 ! neck1 :i* is divid$ f ! body ( ! vase by a n>r[ black b&1 conta9s peonies & o!r fl[]s decorat$ 9 col\rs simil> to ! rema9d] ( ! vase4 ,p]iod1 ,kang-he4 ,,xvii ,,clobb] ,,w>e1 ,,or ,,r$ecorat$ ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,clobb] ,,w>e1 ,,or ,,r$ecorat$ ,,porcela9 ,_m lovely specim5s ( blue & :ite ) ! ,kang-he m>ks1 ) ! d\ble r+s or ) ! leaf symbol inside ! d\ble r+s "u ! glaze1 g5u9e specim5s ( old ,kang-he1 h be5 irretrievably spoilt by be+ pla/]$ ov] ) ?ick enamels ( r$1 gre51 blue1 c4 ,! old ,engli% ^w clobb] means a pa/e to conceal cracks 9 %oes1 & ! pity ( ! clobb] decoration 0 t ! enamels1 hav+ be5 burnt 91 are to all int5ts & purposes irremovable4 ,be=e me1 z ,i write1 is a ,kang-he vase ) a leaf symbol )9 ! d\ble circle1 %[+ a real old ,kang-he blue & :ite production1 b un=tunately ! clobb]] has pla/]$ col\r$ enamel ov] ! blue decoration1 n[ fa9tly visible1 & only :]e a transp>5t gre5 or p9k glaze has be5 appli$2 ! re/ is absolutely hidd5 by opaque glazes ( rose & yell[1 :ite1 lilac1 & blue1 until ! "* ( ! ,ori5tal piece has be5 entirely de/roy$4 ,! numb] ( pieces s spoil$ seem$ to indicate t !re 0 a dem& = clobb] w>e1 or t1 z we not$1 blue & :ite 0 n popul>1 or t x 0 import$ = r$ecoration 9 ! abs5ce ( :ite w>e :i* c\ld be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,*9ese porcela9 9 its :ite /ate 0 freely import$ into ,europe & decorat$ 9 ! factories ( ,holl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 z well z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,e "o :o collects *9a is famili> ) ! s-call$ ,l[e/(t decoration1 n a ?\s&? "p ( :i* ev] saw ,l[e/(t2 9 fact1 t rese>*es :i* h be5 made at ,l[e/(t indicate t ! manufacture 0 s(t pa/e resembl+ e>ly ,b[ & ,worce/]4 ,( c\rse1 "s :ite ,ori5tal *9a may h be5 decorat$ !re1 ?\gh no traces ( brok5 h>d pa/e seem to h be5 f\nd 9 ! excavations4 ,x may be t ,b[1 ,*elsea1 & ,worce/] did decorate :ite ,ori5tal *9a1 b ! in=mation we h on ?is po9t is s+ul>ly weak & inconclusive4 ,! clobb] decoration is n alone 9 enamel col\rs or gold1 b ev5 lacqu] is us$ = ! same purpose4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! *ange is nev] to ! advantage ( ! piece1 & (t5 ! "u-glaze blue may be se5 peep+1 z x 71 reproa*fully f b5ea? ! ov]ly+ transp>5t enamel4 ,ano!r1 b simil> "n1 is sometimes appli$ to ?is /yle ( decoration4 ,x is said t an enamell] nam$ ,globb]--h5ce ,globb] w>e--r$ecorat$ :ite & blue porcela9 ) enamels at ,soho dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,xviii ,,reticulat$ ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,reticulat$ ,,porcela9 ,! porcela9 call$ reticules comes into ! category ( blue & :ite because "s ( x 0 decorat$ ) blue "u ! glaze4 ,! pieces h d\ble walls1 ( :i* ! outside "o is pi]c$ ) a patt]n1 (t5 a network ( exce$+ f95ess1 a lace-"w 9 porcela9 ?r\gh :i* may be se5 ! exquisite blue design ^u ! int]nal wall4 ,x seems j z if ! pott] _h two pieces made to fit at ! top & bottom only4 ,on ! f\ndation piece--! int]nal wall--he exp5d$ ! art ( decoration 9 blue4 ,on ! o!r piece1 ev5 m c>e mu/ h be5 %[n 9 cutt+ ! clay into delicate trac]y1 s m9ute z to be m>vell\s4 ,!n ! fitt+ ( ! two walls toge!r 0 complet$1 & f9ally ! fir+ process took place4 ,su* pieces are pre-em95t 9 curiosity1 9 int]e/ & 9 skill1 & _! v>iations are wond]ful4 ,"s are only blue & :ite1 "s are blue & :ite ) res]ves 9 biscuit4 ,all _h ! outside wall pi]c$ ) a patt]n4 ,we are giv+ z illu/rations two magnific5t pieces ( reticulat$ porcela91 b ^! are col\r$ ) enamel col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reticulat$ ,,inc5se ,,burn]4 ,( ,v ,f9e ,quality4 ,specially int]e/+ & exce$+ly valuable1 ?is vase des]ves c>eful /udy4 ,x is a pity t x _c be giv5 9 all ! beauty ( its col\r+4 ,at ! top is a l>ge panel conta9+ ! figure ( a man (f]+ ! ,fruit ( ,life to "o ( ! immortals1 at ^: side is a de]2 ! rema9d] ( ?is has rocks1 foliage1 a tree1 & cl\ds1 ri*ly enamell$ 9 gre51 aub]g9e1 blue1 & r\ge de f]2 ! :ole surr\nd$ by a bord] ( =mal design 9 r\ge de f]4 ,! rema9d] conta9s sixte5 panels4 ,ea* ( ! top eight conta9s a figure ( ! eight immortals ) _! v>i\s insignia2 ! robes ( ! figures are enamell$ 9 r\ge de f]1 aub]g9e1 blue1 black1 yell[1 & v>i\s gre5s2 :il/ ! l[] portion has figures ( boys play+ v>i\s games1 simil>ly enamell$4 ,divid+ ea* panel is a broad b& conta9+ =mal fl[]s & leaves 9 blue1 gre51 & black1 on bright yell[1 :il/ at ! top ( ! base & bottom ( ! cov] are aub]g9e b&s ) black trac]y design & =mal fl[]s 9 r\ge de f]1 blue1 & yell[4 ,! :ole ( ! reticulat$ "w is ( brilliant yell[ enamel4 ,at ! base is a broad pla9 black b&1 above :i* is a design ( ,joo-e-heads 9 apple-gre54 ,,note4--,?is example is believ$ to be ! l>ge/ specim5 ( reticulat$ "w ( ! ,m+ p]iod kn[n to exi/1 & is equally rem>kable = ! high quality ( its arti/ic "w4 ,f ! ,collection ( ,g4 ,r4 ,davies1 ,esq4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vase4 ,,reticulat$ ,,porcela94 ,a v r>e & f9e quality reticulat$ bulb\s-%ap$ ,vase ) %ort neck4 ,! body is decorat$ ) figures1 trees1 c41 9 a bold design4 ,! %\ld]1 :i* is support$ f ! top by a b& ( blue1 is decorat$ ) v>i\s fl[]s & leaves4 ,! base1 :i* is a conv5tional design1 is also support$ f ! c5tre by d>k & light blue b&s4 ,! :ole vase is brilliantly enamell$ 9 aub]g9e1 blue1 yell[1 c4 ,m+ p]iod4 ,?is piece is a specim5 ( ! col\r$ glazes on biscuit 9 :i*1 aft] ! pi]c+ ( ! patt]n on ! air-dri$ clay has be5 c>ri$ out1 x is fir$ 9 ! kiln be=e be+ glaz$4 ,9 classification ?is w\ld be 9 ! ,celadon biscuit class4 ,! reticulation 9 ?is specim51 ?\gh n s f9e z 9 ! o!r example :i* we h giv51 is v wond]ful4 ,h[ skilful ! pott] mu/ h be5 to c>ve su* an intricate patt]n f a sun-dri$ vase6 ,h[ ea* /roke ( ! tool mu/ h _h c>eful att5tion1 s t1 :il/ aim+ at a lace-l effect1 ! body ( ! vase %\ld /ill be /rong en\gh to be> ! biscuit fir+ )\t break+6 ,( c\rse c>e _h to be ex]cis$ 9 ! pa9t+1 :i* 0 r>ely 9 mono*rome2 g5]ally1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 m>oon1 & aub]g9e 7 employ$4 ,!n ! second fir+ took place4 ,9 ne>ly all biscuit ,celadon ! pa/e or body is ?9n] ?an 9 ord9>y ,celadon1 because ! patt]n _h to be cut into & ?r\gh x4 ,to ?is class belongs ! ,m+ ,celadon1 hav+ ! figures & o!r ornam5t 9 relief4 ,,xix ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,enamels ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,enamels ,! section ( porcela9 :i* deals ) decoration 9 col\rs is a revelation ( ! +5uity1 art1 & indu/ry ( ! ,*9ese pott]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*9ese productions & ,european *9a are /rik+2 9 fact1 !y _c be comp>$4 ,) ! ,*9ese1 ! porcela9 manufacture 0 a matt] ( cu/om1 almo/ ( religion4 ,! gift ( a piece ( porcela9 m>k$ e solemn c]emony--! new ye>1 ! bir?day1 ! m>riage nev] pass$ )\t ! pres5tation ( a cup or vase :i* bore an inscription or a symbol ( good wi%es1 or a "* mean+ ei!r longevity or e>?ly happ9ess4 ,inde$1 ! visitor to ! ,*9ese home c\ld see n only cups & vases1 b teapots1 di%es1 & plates ) v>i$ decoration & brilliant col\r+1 ea* tell+ its own /ory4 ,sometimes ! teapots 7 made 9 ! =m ( ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,on "s pieces 7 ! famili> sc5es ( ! home life or ( ! public life :i* give u glimpses ( ! mann]s ( a p1 /ill imp]fectly kn[n & less und]/ood1 :o = c5turies oppos$ ! /ronge/ b>ri]s to ! curiosity ( ,europeans4 ,on o!r pieces 7 depict$ subjects drawn f ! sacr$ leg5ds or f ! pr9cipal sc5es ( well-kn[n w>s4 ,!n ! birds & animals ea* ) its mean+1 ea* a symbol6 ,! pea* blossom1 ! lotus1 ! dragon ( ! ,emp]ors or ( ! pr9ces appe> side by side ) ! kyl91 ! ,korean lion or dog ( ,f1 ! sacr$ ,ho-,ho birds1 or ,fong-,hoang1 c4 ,on ! plates & di%es specim5s ( ! ,ori5tal fl[]s 7 spread out 9 all ! glory ( vivid col\r--peonies & *rysan!mums1 lotus & azalea1 ) insects & butt]flies no less gorge\s & c]ta9ly no less emblematical4 ,o!r specim5s _h = decoration rocks & trees ) birds ( ri* plumage1 & fi%es ) scales ( gold5 hue4 ,among/ ^! dazzl+ enamel col\rs f\r are mo/ attractive & seem to dom9ate ov] all ! o!rs4 ,arrang+ !m 9 families & plac+ !m 9 ord] ( age1 we %\ld take ! black family1 ! gre5 family1 ! yell[ family1 & ! rose family4 ,^! all %[ ! brilliant tones ( a p]fect$ production1 & s+ul>ly en\gh !y 71 ) "o exception1 ascrib$ to ! ,ts+ dyna/y2 !y began to be made 9 ! ,kang-he p]iod ( t dyna/y4 ,su* 0 ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion4 ,fur!r inve/igation has %[n t1 ) ! exception ( ! famille rose1 mo/ ( ^! 7 made dur+ ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & att5tion is be+ drawn to ?is fact m & m z "t reveals _m und\bt$ly f9e pieces ( ! old] dyna/y4 ,x may be object$ t ^! f9e pieces are lat] ,*9ese copies ) ! old dates1 & ! objection has c]ta9ly "s gr\nds1 b we mu/ rememb] t ! inv5tion ( translucid porcela9 & its decoration 0 q fabul\s ) reg>d to its antiquity1 & we mu/ fur!r be> 9 m9d t ! regulations ( ! social & political life ( ! ,*9ese1 ! organisation ( ! family1 :i* sc>cely p]mitt$ ! son to foll[ any o!r pr(ession ?an t ( 8 fa!r1 p]petuat$ ! trades ( a call+ or trade4 ,! r\t9e practice1 if ?is expresses ! idea bett]1 =bade all initiative 9 ! m]e work]4 ,inspiration creat+ new =ms & col\rs dep5d$ ^u ! g5ius :o presid$ ov] ! ,imp]ial manufactories4 ,^! & o!r causes br\ght ?is result1 t art & indu/ry re/$ almo/ /ation>y1 reproduc+ ! same types1 ! same =ms1 ! same decoration1 :i* respond$ to ! dem&s1 habits & cu/oms ( a p ^: ne$s sc>cely v>i$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 :i* furni% food = reflection1 :5 we inquire1 ,is ?is old *9a or n8 we mu/ note t ! m]e inspection ( h>d porcela9 made ( kaol91 :i* is almo/ unalt]able ) "t1 w nev] reveal to ! mo/ exp]t ! date ( its creation4 ,x is true t c]ta9 pieces be> an inscription indicat+ ?is or t date1 b ! numb] ( ^! is v limit$1 = ! use ( date m>ks does n appe> to h be5 adopt$ by ! ,*9ese be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh x may be object$ t ^! m>k$ specim5s are lat] ,*9ese copies1 & t simil>ly decorat$ specim5s h simply ! old dates recopi$1 x is q possible t _m ( !m :i* are ?\ght to h be5 imitations may be really old4 ,x w be difficult ev5 = ! exp]t to be c]ta9 9 8 diff]5tiation betwe5 f9e old ,m+ & ,kang-he4 ,com+ 9 ! same p]iod z ! ?ree ,kang-he enamel col\rs are ! two und]gr\nd glaze gr\nds p[d]-blue & coral-r$4 ,true p[d]-blue is ,kang-he1 b x has be5 copi$1 & badly1 "r on to our own times1 :il/ 9 coral r$--r\ge de f]--! lat] ,ke5-lung specim5s c fairly be said to rival ^? ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is rivalry w\ld apply to any o!r class ( porcela94 ,a4--,,! ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noir4 ,?is magnific5t production1 ( :i* we give examples 9 our illu/rations1 is usually ascrib$ to ,kang-he1 possibly x may be e>li]4 ,its *>act]i/ic quality 0 a black gr\nd cov]$ ) almo/ invisible gre5 glaze4 ,! body ( ^! pieces 0 decorat$ ) fl[]s 9 yell[1 gre51 & :ite1 & ) butt]flies4 ,a common =m ( decoration--if any c be call$ common 9 deal+ ) su* a r>e product--0 t ! panels 7 decorat$ ) emblems ( ! seasons4 ,a tree ( peony ) gre51 :ite1 & grey blossoms appe>s to u to be fanta/ic1 b ! peony 9 ,*9a grew to ! height ( #ab ft4 ,! *rysan!mum ) fl[]s ( simil> col\rs =m$ a second panel1 ! gueld] rose ) gre5 & :ite blossoms made ! ?ird1 :il/ ! f\r? _h ! lotus fl[] ) tall gre5 & grey fl[]s gr[+ at ! foot ( gre5 rocks at ! edge ( a gre5 lake4 ,! prunus blossom 9 :ite or pale gre5 0 (t5 us$ = floral decoration1 & yell[ f9*es ) gre5 w+s1 :ite /orks1 :ite butt]flies & bees are (t5 f\nd4 ,s1 too1 is a gre5-fac$ dragon ) a long brilliant gre5 body 9 coils1 sport+ itself 9 mid-air4 ,ref]5ce to our illu/rations w br+ out o!r =ms ( decoration treat$ at "s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noire4 ,?is r>e class1 :i* is well exemplifi$ by ! f9e specim5s 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 seems to h _h ! decoration appli$ 9 outl9e or 9 col\r to :ite porcela91 & !n ! black gr\nd 0 fill$ 94 ,! black is ?9 & ! t9t is n int5se4 ,! decoration may be left :ite1 or famille v]te or famille rose1 c4 ,9 ^! respects x diff]s f ! mod]n w>e1 9 :i* ! enamel is ?ick1 & ! pa9t+ ( ! fl[]s & insects is f> f be+ brilliant4 ,su* pieces h no value4 ,! illu/ration %[s a r>e pair ( hexagonal ,teapots1 divid$ into six pi]c$ panels1 :i* are decorat$ ) haw?orn blossom1 bamboo plant1 & ! pea*-tree1 on ea* side2 ! gr\nd ( brilliant black enamel4 ,spr++ f ! base are acan?a leaves1 decorat$ 9 r\ge de f]1 9 high relief2 ! base decorat$ ) a light trac]y design on apple-gre52 ! necks divid$ into six panels 9 apple-gre51 bright gre51 & yell[1 on :i* are ,joo-e-heads 9 aub]g9e on v>i\s %ades ( gre54 ,! cov]s reticulat$ ) design ( haw?orn & bran*es2 ! /ems 9 aub]g9e on gre5 & r\ge de f]4 ,! h&les are =m$ z dolph9s2 ! head ( ea* is 9 aub]g9e1 ! back 9 r\ge de f]1 & ! body 9 yell[4 ,! sp\ts are se5 issu+ f mon/] heads1 ! latt] 9 aub]g9e1 ! =m] 9 brilliant yell[4 ,kang-he4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noire4 ,a v arti/ic octagonal-%ap$ ,b[l1 divid$ into f\r panels1 on :i* are repres5t$ ! fl[]s ( ! f\r seasons1 decorat$ 9 gre51 :ite1 & aub]g9e1 on a brilliant black backgr\nd4 ,divid+ ! panels are f\r sections ( a diamond diap] design 9 gre5 & yell[2 at ! base ( ea* ( ^! is a ,joo-e-head 9 gre5 & black4 ,surr\nd+ ! :ole ( ! panels at ! base is a light trac]y design 9 black on yell[ gr\nd4 ,at ! bottom ( ! int]ior is an octagonal panel1 decorat$ ) rocks1 fl[]s1 & foliage 9 gre51 aub]g9e1 & yell[1 on black gr\nd4 ,inside ! rim is decorat$ ) f\r panels ( diap] design 9 gre5 & yell[1 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( :i* !re is a small res]ve conta9+ fl[]s 9 v>i\s col\rs on black gr\nd1 ! out] portion ( ea* hav+ an aub]g9e bord]4 ,divid+ ^! f\r panels are f\r small res]ves1 conta9+ fl[]s 9 v>i\s col\rs on a se$$ yell[ gr\nd4 ,support$ on a c>v$ wood /&4 ,9 ?is piece ! diap] decoration1 9 gre5 & yell[1 :i* di/+ui%es e>ly ,m+ & ,kang-he1 is aga9 prom95t4 ,^! diap]s are l>gely us$ 9 bord]s too4 ,_m ( !m c be trac$ 9 our illu/rations1 su* z ! key patt]n1 ! ,t1 ! swa/ika1 ,joo-e-head1 trellis1 triangle1 h]r+-bone1 honeycomb1 r+1 diamond1 z "h1 pla91 sometimes x is fl[]$2 loz5ge1 co91 scroll1 fi%-roe1 octagons & squ>es1 net-"w1 petal-"w1 speckl$-"w to imitate fi%-sk91 scale1 curl1 ,y-"w4 ,!y %\ld be /udi$4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noire4 ,! pair ( squ>e-%ap$ tap]+ ,vases ( brilliant black enamel4 ,?ree ( ! f\r seasons are %[n1 9 :i* are depict$ ! fl[]s ( ! seasons 9 gre51 yell[1 :ite1 & aub]g9e4 ,on ! %\ld]s !re are fl[]s 9 simil> col\rs1 :il/ ea* neck is decorat$ ) peonies 9 gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e1 all hav+ ! same brilliant black gr\nd4 ,on ! vase %[+ a s+le face !re is ! spr+ sc5e ( pea*-trees ) fl[]s & birds4 ,! rocks are conv5tional 9 =m1 :il/ ! bran*es & trunks ( ! trees 9 aub]g9e %[ ! d>k] m>k+s 9 sepia4 ,to ! left ( ! o!r vase we f9d ! summ] fl[]1 ! lotus1 9 full bloom1 ) /orks wad+ 9 ! wat]2 to ! "r ! autumn fl[]1 ! *rysan!mum1 be>s a gorge\s display ( bloom4 ,9 ! top left corn]1 a butt]fly--emblem ( conjugal felicity--is flitt+ r\nd ! fl[]s4 ,! f\r? season--! plum & e>ly rose--is n %[n4 ,! black glaze us$ "h mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) t :i* 0 inv5t$ 9 ! ,ke5-lung p]iod1 because ! ,ke5-lung glaze 0 appli$ 9 "o process4 ,! ,kang-he black 0 a dull black glaz$ ov] ) gre54 ,! pa9t+ ( ! fl[]s1 c41 0 fir/ c>ri$ out 9 prop] col\rs1 !n ! black 0 appli$ to block out ! design1 & f9ally ! ?9 b brilliant gre5 0 pa9t$ ov] ! black4 ,v>iations 9 ! col\r s*eme may be f\nd4 ,"s h ! fl[]s1 c41 left 9 :ite ^u ! black gr\nd4 ,o!rs h simil> draw+ :ite ) black gr\nd1 only ! gre5 glaze 0 c>ri$ all ov] ! piece1 s t :il/ ! gr\nd rema9$ black ! decoration 0 all col\r$ gre54 ,! examples are ( ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noire4 ,a pair ( l>ge-siz$ pe>-%ap$ ,beak] ,vases4 ,?is quality ( old ,*9ese porcela9 is v r>e & valuable4 ,! two vases are s %[n z to exhibit ! usual me?od adopt$ by ! ,*9ese 9 decorat+ two objects simil> 9 %ape4 ,! ,european /yle is to decorate ! two objects mak+ a pair 9 precisely ! same way4 ,! ,ori5tals rev]s$ ! patt]ns s z to give a "r & a left view ( !m4 ,9 ^! vases ! tree trunk & ! floral patt]n on ! "o vase takes an opposite direction 9 ! o!r1 s t :5 !y are plac$ side by side1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 !y make a balanc$ design4 ,^! are mo/ extraord9>y examples ( ! r>e famille noire porcela91 & ( _! k9d are und\bt$ly ! f9e/ kn[n specim5s4 ,! backgr\nd is ( a brilliant black1 decorat$ ) rocks 9 bright gre51 & two birds 9 v>i\s brilliant col\rs4 ,com+ f ! back ( ! rock is a peony1 exquisitely drawn & brilliantly enamell$ 9 yell[4 ,! fl[]s on ! correspond+ side to ?is are bright gre5 ) :ite /alks4 ,! rev]se has peonies4 ,! base & ! upp] "p is almo/ cov]$ ) :ite haw?orn 9 a brilliant vitre\s :ite2 ! neck decorat$ ) sprays ( fl[]s & haw?orn 9 :ite & brilliant col\r$ enamels4 ,a great feature ( ! body ( ! vase is ! bran*es ( trees on ei!r side1 c>ri$ out 9 aub]g9e 9 ! mo/ p]fect gradation ( col\r4 ,! designs are opposite 9 ea* vase1 & ?us =m a complete pair4 ,! vases are 9 p]fect condition1 & ( ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,extreme height1 #bg in*es2 height ( /&1 #c in*es4 ,value1 #aj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,family--,,famille ,,noire4 7a7 ,a small ovi=m bottle-%ap$ ,vase1 ) exp&+ neck1 decorat$ ) rocks1 prunus blossom1 & bran*es1 9 v>i\s gre5s1 :ite1 aub]g9e1 & yell[1 on a brilliant black enamel gr\nd4 7b7 ,an ovi=m beak]-%ap$ ,vase decorat$ ) prunus blossom & bran*es1 simil> to ! above 9 col\r4 ,birds 9 brilliant col\rs4 ,black gr\nd4 ,nei!r ,m4 ,jacquem>t nor ,franks nor ,gull& give v mu* in=mation ab\t ?is class ( porcela9--black gr\nd cov]$ ) an almo/ invisible gre5 glaze4 ,z 9 ! blue & :ite class1 !re are f\nd sprays or bran*es ( :ite prunus ) ! asc5d+ & ! desc5d+ /em 9 :at has be5 s long miscall$ ! haw?orn patt]n4 ,! diff]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( gr\nd col\r4 ,! blue 9 ! "o is "u ! glaze1 & 9 ! o!r ! black is pa9t$ on ! :ite *9a 9 its biscuit /ate :5 ! o!r decoration has fir/ be5 burnt 94 ,! process appe>s to be ?is4 ,fir/ ! :ite or col\r$ patt]n is burnt 91 9 ! fir/ fir+ 9 ! kiln1 leav+ ! gr\nd :ite4 ,to ?is ! black gr\nd is appli$ & aga9 burnt 94 ,ov] ?is black gr\nd ! gre5 wa% is pa9t$1 & at ! same "t col\r$ decoration add$ :]e necess>y1 caus+ ano!r visit to ! kiln4 ,f9ally ! :ole is cov]$ ) a f9e transp>5t glaze & receives its f9al fir+4 ,x seems t unless a process simil> to ?is 7 adopt$ ! smoo?ness & beauty ( ! magnific5t decoration c\ld nev] be atta9$4 ,note 9 "o illu/ration ! asc5d+ /em & 9 ! o!r ! /em is desc5d+ ov] ! body & asc5d+ 9 ! neck4 ,bo? pieces are ,kang-he4 ,b4--,,! ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,! gre5 family 9 its f9e/ =m is und\bt$ly a ,kang-he production1 b all ( ! decoration 0 n 9 gre54 ,brilliant enamel col\rs 7 comb9$ ) gild+1 & fl[]s su* z ! :ite *rysan!mum1 ! lotus1 ! prunus are frequ5tly f\nd 9 conjunction ) black speckl$ diap]s & l>ge panels decorat$ ) v>i\s subjects ) small res]ves decorat$ ) fi%es1 crabs1 & prawns4 ,figure pa9t+ 9 ! gre5 family is n uncommon4 ,si-,wang-,mu on ! bord]s ( ! ,lake ( ,gems1 m\nt$ w>riors 9 a battle sc5e or simply m>*+1 & v>i\s o!r milit>y subjects are n uncommon4 ,! anci5t p9e-tree & ! peony are frequ5tly met )1 b x is ! gre51 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful enamel col\rs ev] us$1 :i* con/itutes ! attraction 9 ?is famille v]te class1 to :i* family belong _m ( ! figures n[ kn[n z ,m+ figures1 su* z ! dog ( ,f1 hav+ a :ite body ) yell[1 gre5 & gold protub]ances1 gre5 head & gre51 grey1 & r$ mane & tail4 ,! bases ( su* figures are usually 9 diamond or o!r diap]s1 :i* may be fur!r decorat$ ) a s+le r$ pea* blossom4 ,! e>li] ,m+ figures z a rule h ! fle%1 face1 arms1 & h&s unglaz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,a r>e & v beautiful ovi=m ,vase1 conta9+ on ! body two l>ge panels1 "o ) a bird on ! bran* ( a plum-tree1 ! o!r ) a peony on ! bran* ( a tree "u :i* is a l>ge *rysan!mum & foliage4 ,on ea* side !re are two o!r panels1 "o circul>1 ! o!r leaf %ape2 ^! conta9 z to ! =m]1 insects1 & ! latt]1 cocks4 ,all ! panels are surr\nd$ ) a n>r[ bord] ( yell[1 black1 & aub]g9e2 ! body ( ! vase ri*ly enamell$ ) fl[]s & foliage 9 blue1 gre51 & aub]g9e1 on a bright black gr\nd4 ,at ! base is a broad b& ( =mal design 9 aub]g9e1 yell[1 & r\ge de f]1 on apple-gre54 ,at ! bottom ( ! neck is a broad b& ) fl[]s 9 r\ge de f]1 gre51 blue1 & aub]g9e1 on a /ippl$ black gr\nd2 ?is is divid$ by f\r res]ves conta9+ c>p & o!r fi%es 9 r\ge de f]1 gre51 & black1 on :ite1 ! bord]+s ( gre5 & yell[2 "u ?is is a b& ( ,joo-e-heads 9 aub]g9e1 blue1 & gre51 alt]nately1 dep5d+ f a n>r[ m>g9 conta9+ a =mal design 9 r\ge de f] & gre5 on a black gr\nd4 ,! neck has two leaf-%ap$ panels conta9+ riv] sc5es2 ! rema9d] decorat$ 9 uni=mity to ! vase4 ,at ! top ( ! neck is a key design 9 black on gre52 dep5d+ f ?is a wave patt]n bord] 9 aub]g9e1 black1 & gre52 ?is is repeat$ at ! base ( ! neck1 hav+ "u x a n>r[ b& conta9+ *rysan!mums & foliage 9 r\ge de f]1 aub]g9e1 gre51 & yell[ on /ippl$ gre5 gr\nd4 ,! :ole ( ! panels 9 ri* famille v]te col\rs4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,,note4--,! connoisseur w at once detect 9 ?is vase qualities h>dly ev] met ) 9 ,*9ese porcela94 ,! te*nique leaves no?+ to be desir$1 & ! quality ( ! enamels & porcela9 is ( ! v highe/4 ,f ! ,collection ( ,g4 ,r4 ,davies1 ,esq4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,! long1 slim ladies' figures s (t5 f\nd 9 ! decoration ( v f9e ,kang-,he blue & :ite repres5t :at 7 kn[n to ! ,dut*m5 z ,lange ,lijs51 ,lange ,lys51 or sl5d] damsels4 ,?is "n is famili> 9 its ,engli% =m ( ,long ,elizas4 ,! old] pieces gave ^! figures v l>ge heads1 :i* lat] 7 drawn small]4 ,! /yle ( hairdress+ is also diff]5t4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t imitations cont9u$ "r d[n ?r\gh ! dyna/ies1 draw+ alone _c be reli$ on z an indication ( age4 ,our illu/ration is an egg-%ell ,lant]n1 "o ( a pair1 9 ! f9e/ quality famille v]te on :ite4 ,x %[s a c\rt lady & g5tleman play+ ,g1 seat$ ^u a t]race4 ,at ! table is also seat$ a nobleman ( high rank1 five o!r female figures be+ att5dants4 ,! rema9d] ( ! decoration is ( trees ) fl[]+ bran*es1 cl\ds1 rocks1 c4 ,surr\nd+ ! neck is a diap] design 9 aub]g9e & black on a bright gre5 gr\nd1 ?is b& be+ int]sect$ ) f\r small res]ves conta9+ fl[]s 9 gre5 & yell[ on a :ite gr\nd2 ! neck has trellis design 9 r\ge de f] on a :ite gr\nd1 reliev$ ) f\r fl[]s 9 gre5 & black2 ! base is simil>ly treat$1 & above ?is is a broad b& ( brilliant gre5 enamel decorat$ ) a p5cill$ ,grecian key design 9 black4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,! illu/ration is a set ( ?ree ,vases ( ! highe/ quality famille v]te1 squ>e-%ap$1 tap]+ t[>ds ! base1 decorat$ ) enamel col\rs 9 :i* gre5 pr$om9ates1 b ) f9e blues1 s(t yell[s1 & black4 ,! middle vase repres5ts two views4 ,on ! left is a m\nta9 /ream runn+ ?r\gh a deep gorge ) rocks & m\nta9 peaks ris+ 9 ! middle & f> di/ance4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is "o man rid+ & ano!r walk+ across ! bridge ov] ! /ream4 ,on ! "r is a simil> backgr\nd ( m\nta9s4 ,d[n ! /ream is a boatman /e]+ 8 lad5 boat by ! aid ( a pole4 ,ne>] is a h\se ) a lady look+ out at ! door4 ,bel[ is a man fi%+4 ,on ! left vase !re are two sc5es f ev]yday life4 ,"o repres5ts a man play+ ! ,k91 or ,*9ese lute2 bel[ a man is talk+ to a boy2 a horse /&s beh9d !m4 ,! o!r %[s two m5 play+ g bang :il/ a lady looks on2 ne> !m1 on ! o!r side ( ! h$ge1 two m5 are conv]s+ dur+ a walk4 ,on ! neck ( ! vase is a *e\ or %[ "*1 mean+ longevity4 ,on ! "r vase1 left side1 is a h\se 9 ! =egr\nd ) a m\nta9 sc5e /ret*+ away 9 ! di/ance4 ,f ! w9d[ ( ! h\se a ,taoi/ is speak+ ) ,leu ,tung-p91 "o ( ! eight immortals1 ^: feet are on ! cl\ds1 :il/ 8 sword is z usual slung across 8 back4 ,on ! o!r side1 high up among/ ! hills1 are ,lange ,lyz51 "o ( :om is danc+4 ,bel[ are two dignit>ies 9 conv]sation ) a s]vant /&+ ne>4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( bo? sides are trees 9 a l&scape4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,?is example %[s h[ fai?fully ! ,*9ese c\ld utilise ! sc5es ( _! daily life = illu/ration4 ,9 ?is respect x is well wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,x belongs to ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,a l>ge beak]-%ap$ ,vase ( ! highe/ quality famille v]te1 f9ely drawn1 & decorat$ ) subjects illu/rat+ ! rice indu/ry4 ,ne> ! base is ! figure ( a man pl\gh+ ! rice field1 ) a wat] buffalo1 9 aub]g9e & yell[4 ,j above1 inside a build+1 :i* is ( aub]g9e & gre51 is a man sort+ ! rice4 ,aga91 above ?is1 on ! left1 are two girls1 "o 9 a yell[ robe1 ! o!r 9 blue1 prep>+ ! tw9e necess>y = lay+ out ! field4 ,on ! o!r side are *ildr5 & wom5 9 gre51 yell[1 & blue robes1 ga!r+ ! rice2 :il/ und]nea? ^! are two m5 %[+ ! process ( weigh+4 ,9 ! c5tre1 above ?is1 are ?ree o!r figures1 "o c>ry+ ! rice 9 a tray1 & ! o!rs %[+ ! process ( w9n[+4 ,! rema9d] ( ! body ( ! vase has f9ely drawn trees ) fl[]+ bran*es ?ickly enamell$1 :il/ at ! top is a broad diap]-patt]n b& ) yell[ fl[]s on a gre5 gr\nd2 ?is b& has at top & bottom a n>r[ m>g9 ( aub]g9e1 & is int]sect$ ) f\r small res]ves conta9+ ut5sils 9 gre51 yell[1 aub]g9e1 & black1 on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! neck is simil>ly enamell$1 & %[s on "o side m5 s[+ ! rice1 & on ! o!r a lady is recl9+1 :il/ 9 front ( h] are two att5dants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,l>ge hexagonal ,arr[ ,/&4 ,al?\gh ! ,*9ese ?9k v highly ( a life free f worldly turmoil1 yet !y 7 w>riors too4 ,"h we h a f9e example ( a porcela9 arr[ /&1 decorat$ ) rais$ ornam5t1 ) pi]c$ ornam5t1 & ) f9e enamel col\r+4 ,we note ! pea* bran*--emblem ( m>riage & long life--to :i* magic virtues 7 attribut$4 ,possibly ?is emblem indicat$ ! rew>d ( ! w>rior1 :5 8 "w z a soldi] 0 f9i%$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! immortals1 aga91 0 ! expression ( ! univ]sal desire = long life :i* has always exi/$ 9 ,*9a1 & ! immortals1 :o _h eat5 ! pea*--! fruit ( immortality--repres5t ?is ev]-to-be-covet$ object4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 ! arr[ /& is decorat$ 9 high relief1 ) pea*es on bran*es 9 aub]g9e1 r\ge de f]1 gre51 & yell[1 on a :ite gr\nd4 ,at ! top is a broad b& ri*ly enamell$ 9 famille v]te col\rs ) fl[]s & foliage on a /ippl$ gr\nd bord]$ ) ! key design 9 black on bright gre54 ,sep>at+ a b& ( ,joo-e-heads1 enamell$ 9 yell[1 blue1 gre51 & black1 is a n>r[ m>g9 9 pla9 apple-gre54 ,at ! base are six recl9+ figures ( immortals 9 famille v]te col\rs1 :il/ above ^! is a b& simil> to t at ! top4 ,?is is support$ on a hexagonal base ri*ly enamell$ ) fl[]s 9 famille v]te col\rs4 ,p]iod1 ,kang-he4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,family--,,famille ,,v]te4 ,! ,vase giv5 z an illu/ration belongs to ! famille v]te class1 & des]ves c>eful att5tion f ! fact t x is useful to be able to read (f ! po9ts 9 any giv5 piece4 ,take ! %ape fir/4 ,x is a g\rd-%ap$ bottle ) spread+ m\?4 ,on x are se5 ?ree circul> panels1 call$ also res]ves or comp>tm5ts4 ,! bottom "o1 z may be easily se51 conta9s a basket ( fl[]s ) a ribbon on ! top4 ,! "o on ! left is fill$ ) ut5sils--a ^w us$ = ?is k9d ( decoration4 ,note ! vases ) fl[]s1 ! books b\nd ) a filet & ! leaf symbol4 ,! o!r r\nd panel %[s a bird on a bran* ( ! peony 9 fl[]4 ,butt]flies1 c41 are also %[n4 ,! gr\ndwork ( ! two bulg+ bodies is a diap] patt]n ( ! mo/ elaborate curl-"w1 ?r\gh :i* runs a conv5tional patt]n ( /ems1 leaves1 & fl[]s ( ! peony4 ,n[ beg9 at ! spread+ m\? & trace ! diap]s d[nw>ds4 ,! fir/ patt]n is ! fl[]$ honeycomb1 !n a small rectangul> diap]4 ,pass+ to ! base ( ! fir/ bulge1 we f9d a n>r[ ,joo-e-head b&1 bel[ t fl[]$ octagons & squ>es1 !n fl[]$ triangle-"w 9 ano!r b&4 ,/ill m fl[]$ octagons & squ>es foll[1 hav+ next bel[ a diap] ( treble scale patt]n4 ,la/ ( all comes alt]nately a light & d>k rectangul> patt]n4 ,x w be not$ t ! diap]s are brok5 by small ,joo-e-head res]ves pa9t$ ) ut5sils1 fl[]s1 & views4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,decoration ( ! res]ves 9 famille v]te4 ,c4--,,! ,,p[d]$ ,,blue1 ,,) ,,enamel ,,col\rs4 ,! p[d] or p[d]$ blue family has be5 ref]r$ to already & ! mann] 9 :i* ! blue is appli$ has be5 expla9$4 ,?\gh ?is col\r1 l ! o!rs1 _h p]haps its rise1 & its greate/ p]fection1 9 ! ,kang-he p]iod1 yet _m specim5s ( extremely f9e quality are ascrib$ to ,yung-*+ & ,ke5-lung4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no specim5s ( true p[d]-blue t belong to any o!r ?an ! ,kang-he p]iod4 ,! art 0 evid5tly lo/1 & :5 x 0 attempt$1 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,ke5-lung1 ! ne>e/ approa* 0 :at is kn[n z maz>9e blue1 :i* is entirely diff]5t1 be+ mu* heavi] 9 tone & n p[d]$1 & x is ^! pieces :i* h famille-rose decoration1 & ?is places beyond all d\bt ! p]iod to :i* !y belong4 ,:]e ! p[d]-blue has res]ves1 z is almo/ always ! case1 !y may be fill$ ) decoration 9 blue "u ! glaze1 or ) famille v]te appli$ ov] ! glaze4 ,or aga91 & 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,yung-*+ & ,ke5-lung1 ! v>i\s %ap$ :ite res]ves may h famille rose decoration4 ,simil> fl[]s 7 us$ 9 decorat+ ^! pieces 9 res]ves1 z we h m5tion$ be=e4 ,a g5]al te/ ( ! old] pieces is ! pres5ce ( ! joo-e head1 :i* ei!r ornam5ts ! rims 9 small panels or is ! %ape adopt$ = ! l>ge panels4 ,^! are decorat$ ) g>d5 l&scapes ) figures1 & (ficial emblems 9 v>i\s col\rs su* z gre51 yell[1 grey1 r$1 & ev5 o!r blue enamel col\rs4 ,o!r sc5es repres5t ! god ( longevity pres5t+ ! r$ pea* ( long life to a *ild held by a p]son ( rank4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! subjects us$ h decorations v>y+ comp>atively little1 al?\gh ! treatm5t ( ^! subjects diff]s consid]ably 9 ! col\r s*eme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p[d]-,,blue ,,) ,,famille ,,v]te ,,& ,,) ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,decoration4 7a7 ,a p[d]-blue ,pot & ,cov]4 ,! body has two l>ge squ>e-%ap$ panels decorat$ ) fl[]s1 birds1 c41 9 famille v]te2 x also has two panels =m ( pomegranate fruit decorat$ 9 gre5s & r$1 & two fan-%ap$ panels ) fl[]s 9 black on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,! lid has two panels =m ( pea* fruit 9 gre5s & r$1 & two fan-%ap$ panels ) fl[]s1 c41 9 famille v]te ,v unusual specim54 ,kang-he4 ,a pair ( p[d]-blue teapots reliev$ ) panels decorat$ ) fl[]s 9 famille v]te4 ,! lids are surm\nt$ ) s-call$ kyl9s1 dogs ( ,f1 or ,corean lions4 ,kang-he4 7b7 ,an elegant-%ap$ p[d]-blue ,vase1 reliev$ ) v>i\s ,joo-e-head panels1 decorat$ ) fl[]s1 c41 beautifully enamell$ 9 famille v]te1 ) gold p5cill+ betwe5 panels4 ,m\nt$ ) a rim ( ormolu4 ,kang-he4 ,a pair ( p[d]-blue bottle-%ap$ ,vases ) ?ree ,joo-e-head-%ap$ panels on ! body1 decorat$ ) vases1 ut5sils1 c41 9 blue & :ite1 & ?ree leaf-%ap$ panels decorat$ ) fl[]s1 butt]flies1 c41 on ! neck1 also 9 blue & :ite4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,! panels ( vases1 c41 are (t5 decorat$ ) emblems ( ! seasons by means ( fl[]s & l&scapes4 ,?us1 spr+ may be %[n by a m\nta9 sc5e ) ! prunus or pea* 9 bloom be=e its leaves appe>1 or by ano!r ) two ladies "u ! will[4 ,spr+ fl[]s are ! l>ge :ite magnolia or ! yulan ) ! peony4 ,! yulan magnolia is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! gueld]-rose1 ?\gh ! =m]1 l ! pea*1 blossoms be=e its leaves appe>4 ,x is a magnolia1 "o ( eighty-five species4 ,summ] is pictur$ by p9es1 popl>s1 re$s1 lotus1 hydrangea1 p9ks1 & flags2 autumn by *rysan!mums1 birds1 butt]flies1 russet leaves ( ! oak & its acorns1 by sc5es ( ladies ga!r+ fruit1 & ( swoll5 riv]s & autumn t9ts g5]ally4 ,w9t] is indicat$ by ! prunus or plum1 by e>ly roses or w9t] sc5es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p[d]-,,blue ,,) ,,famille ,,v]te ,,decoration4 ,a pair ( v f9e quality1 l>ge size1 p[d]-blue ,plates ) ,joo-e-%ap$ panels 9 ! c5tre1 & eight small panels or res]ves r\nd ! bord]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! patt]ns ( ! decoration on ! two plates is n ! same4 ,! c5tral panel on ! left has a f9e l&scape ) figures 9 conv]sation4 ,! small] panels are alt]nately decorat$ ) a small l&scape1 & ) fl[]s4 ,! gilt patt]n1 too1 s (t5 us$ ) p[d]-blue1 & s quickly lo/1 is cle>ly %[n on ! blue gr\nd1 giv+ a fur!r decoration ( fl[]s n alone 9 comp>tm5ts1 b also ov] all ! blue surface4 ,! o!r plate has ! c5tral panel decorat$ ) a l&scape & "s /rik+ cl\d =ms4 ,! small panels are all decorat$ ) fl[]s4 ,!re are only traces ( ! =mal gold5 *rysan!mum patt]n1 :i*1 besides1 is aga9 diff]5t to t on ! o!r plate4 ,bo? h a m\nta9\s coa/ sc5e 9 ! di/ance ) a pagoda & trees4 ,bo?1 too1 9 middle di/ance a h\se & a weep+ will[4 ,besides ?is class ( p[d]-blue ) gre5 family decoration1 x is also v effective1 ?\gh n s brilliant1 ) blue "u-glaze l&scapes1 figures1 & fl[]s 9 simil> panels to ^? we h describ$-t is1 ! ,joo-e-head panel4 ,special att5tion %\ld be paid to ! v>iation ( ! ,joo-e outl9e4 ,! ,joo-e-head itself is giv5 among/ ! symbolical m>ks4 ,! catalogue description is sometimes l ?is1 ,joo-e head-%ap$ res]ves1 or aga9 ,joo-e-head-%ap$ ,y diap]4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,maz>9e ,,blue4 ,a pair ( maz>9e blue ,j>s & ,cov]s1 hav+ two leaf-%ap$ panels4 ,^! are f a set ( five1 ?ree vases & two beak]s4 ,^! are f9ely decorat$ ) /orks & o!r birds & fl[]s 9 famille rose enamel4 ,v>i\s small panels z on ! cov]s are simil>ly decorat$ ) fl[]s4 ,! cov]s !mselves are surm\nt$ by dogs ( ,f or ,corean lions4 ,^! are ascrib$ to ,ke5-lung1 & may be tak5 z an attempt to copy ,kang-he p[d]-blue4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a ri* blue enamel nam$ maz>9e1 aft] ! c>d9al ( t "n4 ,?is is opaque & g5]ally d>k] 9 col\r ?an ! p[d]-blue4 ,"o is appli$ z a col\r enamel--t is maz>9e2 ! o!r is col\r p[d]$ or dabb$ on--t is p[d]-blue4 ,! maz>9e blue comes really "u ! ,celadon class z a self col\r4 ,! leaf-%ap$ panels or res]ves are 9 :ite surr\nd$ by a fa9t dull r$ outl9e ( ! leaf4 ,! blue enamel is n alone us$ ) famille rose decoration z 9 ! illu/ration1 b x is also comb9$ ) famille v]te ei!r ) or )\t r$ scroll-"w z a gr\nd diap]4 ,! vases made 9 pairs h usually a "r & a left--t is1 ! patt]n is rev]s$4 ,"h we h an example ( ! contr>y1 ! two specim5s are id5tical4 ,! leaf-panel runs d[n f ! top to ! po9t at ! bottom on ! "r 9 bo?1 & birds1 fl[]s1 & trees are z ne>ly alike z possibly c\ld be expect$4 ,,note4--,! decoration 9 blue enamel col\r 0 an addition ( ! e>ly "p ( ! ,ts+ dyna/y2 no ,m+ specim5 has be5 id5tifi$ hav+ ! blue ov] ! glaze4 ,d4--,,gre5 ,,& ,,yell[ ,,family--,,famille ,,jaune4 ,an elegant comb9ation is f\nd 9 ?is e>ly product1 :]e ! two prom95t col\rs are gre5 & yell[4 ,sometimes ! body may h a black gr\nd cov]$ ) almo/ invisible gre5 glaze1 b ! ma9 decoration is gre51 aub]g9e1 & yell[1 al?\gh o!r col\rs su* z r$1 especially r$ triangle "w1 is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,^! pieces probably orig9at$ 9 ! ,m+ p]iod1 b 7 recopi$ lat]4 ,!y h res]ves su* z ^? m5tion$ be=e1 decorat$ ) ,buddhi/ emblems or ) subjects su* z a pr9ce & pr9cess ( ! ,imp]ial h\se walk+ 9 a g>d5 ) two ,ho-,ho birds1 & a l&scape :]e ladies are conv]s+ & m5 are 9 att5dance4 ,among/ ! symbols are to be f\nd ! (ficial "o ( ! bran* ( coral ) ! peacock's fea!rs4 ,! diap]s are v v>i$ & ! joo-e-head decoration is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,! frontispiece gives a good idea ( ?is =m ( decoration1 & its description %\ld be not$4 ,9 speak+ ( ! r>e examples1 yell[-gr\nd1 z well z black & gre51 c\ld be rank$ q 9 ! fir/ ord]2 9 fact1 !y are almo/ ! r>e/ k9d4 ,specim5s ( ^! families 7 made at ! end ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 & x is a v moot po9t to-day :e!r ! f9e examples1 :i* we "k1 belong to ! end ( ! ,m+ or ! beg9n+ ( ! ,kang-he4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,yell[ ,,family--,,famille ,,jaune4 ,a tall squ>e tap]-%ape ,vase1 decorat$ ) a bold design ( lotus fl[]s1 foliage1 & birds1 9 v>i\s gre5s1 aub]g9e1 & black on brilliant yell[2 on ! %\ld]s 9 ea* corn] is a ,joo-e-head design 9 aub]g9e & gre52 ! edg+s 9 :ite biscuit ) black bord]+s4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ decoration4 ,! surface ( ! wat] is repres5t$ by ! num]\s %ort horizontal l9es4 ,9 ! wat]1 ! lotus1 ! sweet-flag1 & o!r wat]-lov+ plants are gr[+1 j z if ! arti/ _h made 8 draw+ f ! banks ( an actual pond 9 ! op5 air4 ,besides be+ beautiful1 ! lotus is ! sacr$ fl[] ( ,buddha4 ,its l>ge tulip-l fl[]s may be :ite or t9t$ p9k1 blue or yell[1 & !y hang ov] broad leaves1 9 %ape l ! na/urtium leaf4 ,x does n lie ^u ! wat] l ! wat]-lily1 b /&s up f x ^u a /rong /em4 ,! draw+ %[s bud1 fl[]1 & se$-pod4 ,x is ! la/ :i* is usually c>ri$ z an emblem by ! goddess1 ,ho ,se5-koo1 ?\gh x may be a bud or a full-bl[n fl[]4 ,! lotus belongs to ! wat]-lily family1 & ! sacr$ lotus 0 anci5tly us$ 9 religi\s rites 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 :il/ ! ,greeks d$icat$ x to ! nymphs4 ,its con/ant use z an emblem seems to come f its :eel-l =m4 ,l ! ,*akra1 or ,:eel ( ! ,law1 x typifies ! doctr9e ( p]petual cycles ( exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! spokes ( ! ,*akra are (t5 lotus-%ap$4 ,kang-he p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,yell[ ,,family--,,famille ,,jaune4 ,an oval-%ap$ ,j>d9ire1 decorat$ ) a diap] design 9 brilliant gre5 & yell[ enamels4 ,! body is divid$ into f\r quatrefoil-%ap$ panels conta9+ alt> ut5sils & vases1 :i* are mo/ arti/ically drawn & enamell$ 9 v>i\s gre5s1 yell[s1 aub]g9e1 & black1 on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! diap] patt]n :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork is ! diamond design1 b ! d\ble l9es cutt+ ! diamond are s arrang$ to =m ! swa/ika4 ,! swa/ika--! t5 ?\s& ?+s--is sometimes f\nd z a m>k ^u blue & :ite or pa9t$ ,*9ese porcela9 ( f9e quality4 ,x may occur alone1 or ) a bord] ( two oblongs l a seal %ape1 or f\r swa/ikas may be f\nd 9 a simil> bord]4 ,9 ! front ( ! quatrefoil-%ap$ panel on ! vases is ano!r symbol1 "o ( ! hundr$ ,*e\s or ,%[s1 ! emblem ( longevity4 ,! curi\s in/rum5t ly+ beh9d ! vases is ! lute wrapp$ 9 its cov]4 ,?is /r+$ in/rum5t consi/s ( a bo>d f\r feet long eighte5 in*es wide1 convex above & flat bel[1 :]e two holes op5 into holl[s4 ,!re are sev5 /r+s4 ,x is v anci5t & con/itutes an emblem ( h>mony4 ,z ,confucius writes3 ,happy union ) wife & *ildr5 is l ! music ( lutes & h>ps4 ,! o!r in/rum5t repres5ts a guit>1 :i* 0 made 9 _m =ms1 f ! bamboo /ick ?ru/ into a cyl9d] ( ! same mat]ial1 hav+ only two /r+s1 to ! pipa1 hav+ f\r /r+s1 l ^? ( ! viol94 ,kang-he4 ,e4--,,coral ,,r$ ,,gr\nd4 ,if !re is ano!r class :i* des]ves m5tion x is t hav+ a coral r$ gr\nd ?ickly p[d]$ x may be ) :ite *rysan!mum leaves & fl[]s1 decorat$ ) joo-e-head ornam5ts or ornam5t$ ) deep rose1 grey & :ite1 yell[ & :ite1 pale blue & :ite1 prunus blossom p[d]$ ^u a gold5 ic$ diap]1 ! emblem ( ! com+ spr+4 ,?is coral r$ gr\nd--r\ge de f]--diff]s f all ! o!rs 9 ?is class because x is an "u-glaze decoration4 ,x is ess5tially a ,kang-he production1 al?\gh "s v f9e specim5s h ! ,ke5-lung m>k4 ,! read] has no d\bt notic$ ! rivalry betwe5 ^! p]iods1 & ! values ( coral r$ specim5s are m affect$ by quality ?an p]haps by age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coral ,,r$ ,,gr\nd--,,r\ge ,,de ,,f]4 ,! piece ( coral 0 an emblem ( ! (ficial class1 & ?is coral-r$ gr\nd is1 z its "n implies1 an imitation ( ?is4 ,x is an "u-glaze gr\nd1 9 :i* ! col\r 0 d]iv$ f iron4 ,ov]-glaze enamels 7 us$ = decoration ) f9e effect1 su* z ! gre5s1 ! yell[s1 & ! r$s f gold4 ,blue ov] ! glaze dates f ,kang-,he1 & x is e>ly4 ,our illu/ration %[s a v f9e cyl9drical ,j>1 ) rec$+ neck & spread+ lid ) knob4 ,! body decorat$ ) =mal scroll & leaf patt]n1 ) a d\ble b& ( conv5tional :ite lotus4 ,! %\ld] & base decorat$ ) a broad b& ( ,joo-e-%ap$ res]ves1 bord]$ alt]nately ) n>r[ b&s ( blue & grey edg$ ) gre52 ! small] space betwe5 edg$ ) a pal] gre54 ,r$ res]ves1 s =m$1 decorat$ ) conv5tional *rysan!mums ) brilliant gre5 leaves4 ,on ! %\ld] above1 f\r circul>1 gre5-edg$1 :ite m$allions1 & f\r oval1 gre5-edg$1 r$ spaces ornam5t$ ) *rysan!mum fl[]s4 ,at ! base a n>r[ b& ( gre5 & r$ diamond rice diap] on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! neck decorat$ ) two %ap$ oval r$ m$allions1 edg$ ) grey on a speckl$ gre5 gr\nd p[d]$ ) r$ *rysan!mum4 ,! res]ve decorat$ ) coil$ :ite fire dragons 7mang7 among :ite fire-=ms on a coral-r$ gr\nd4 ,above & bel[ ?is decoration1 n>r[ b&s ( scroll & fl[] diap] patt]ns4 ,lid ) a slightly decorat$ :ite knob1 ornam5t$ ) simil> patt]n to t on ! %\ld] ( ! vase4 ,height1 #ba 94 ,p]iod1 ,kang-he4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coral ,,r$ ,,gr\nd--,,r\ge ,,de ,,f]4 ,! dragon is ! ,emp]or's emblem1 z ! phnix or ,fong-,hoang is t ( ! ,empress4 ,we f9d ! lung or long dragon ( ! sky1 ! li dragon ( ! sea1 & ! kiau dragon ( ! m>%es4 ,!re are scaly dragons1 & o!rs w+$1 horn$1 hornless1 & roll$4 ,! f\r highe/ ranks ( pr9ces are p]mitt$ to use ! five-claw$ dragon1 b ! fif? rank ( ! pr9ces & ! m&>9s use a dragon or s]p5t ) f\r claws4 ,?is1 treat$ conv5tionally1 is ! well-kn[n mang :i* is %[n 9 ! body & necks ( ! vase us$ z an illu/ration4 ,! expressions1 dragon's seat1 dragon's b$1 dragon's face1 dragon's head1 c41 are easily und]/ood :5 emp]or is sub/itut$ = dragon4 ,a tall1 r\leau-%ap$ ,vase1 conta9+ six circul> panels ) =mal floral design 9 r\ge de f]1 blue1 & :ite1 on apple-gre52 ! body ( ! vase ) dragons & =mal fl[]s 9 yell[1 blue1 gre51 :ite1 & aub]g9e1 on deep r\ge de f]4 ,at ! base is a n>r[ b& ( diap] design ) black l9es on gre5 gr\nd2 ?is conta9s f\r small res]ves ) a fl[] & foliage 9 r\ge de f] & gre5 on a :ite gr\nd1 ! bord]+ ( yell[ & blue4 ,! b& sep>at+ ! neck has a runn+ dragon & cl\ds 9 blue2 yell[1 r\ge de f]1 & :ite1 on apple-gre52 :il/ ! neck is treat$ uni=mly ) ! body ( ! vase1 except+ t at ! top !re is a n>r[ b& ( diap] patt]n 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 & black1 ) f\r small res]ves conta9+ fruit & foliage 9 r\ge de f] & gre5 on :ite gr\nd4 ,p]iod1 ,kang-he4 ,f4--,,! ,,rose ,,family--,,famille ,,rose4 ,we not$ t ! rose enamel 0 us$ 9 decoration by ,yung-*+4 ,! same rose decoration 0 cont9u$ by ,ke5-lung1 :i* _h an especial =m ( decoration consi/+ ( ! rose & :ite peony ) ! prunus--! s-call$ haw?orn4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 !re is a swa/ika trellis4 ,we h dealt some:at fully ) ! ruby-back plates z a bran* ( ! rose family4 ,?is ruby & pea* blossom rose gr\nd 0 appli$ to vases ) v tell+ effect4 ,z1 9 ! black family1 ! gr\nd 0 a black cov]$ ) an almo/ invisible gre5 glaze1 s 9 ?is family we get a pea* blossom rose gr\nd (t5 p[d]$ ) pale blue1 yell[1 grey & :ite *rysan!mum blossoms4 ,! res]ves are (t5 fan-%ap$1 & ! decoration 9 ^! res]ves consi/s ( ! usual subjects or emblems 9 brilliant enamel col\rs4 ,simil> fl[]s to ^? not$ be=e z ! emblems ( ! seasons are frequ5tly f\nd4 ,^! include pale rose & blue & :ite peony1 pale rose & :ite rose1 pea* blossom1 *rysan!mums1 ! ole&] ) s+le rose & :ite prunus blossom4 ,^! rose pieces are extremely elegant & v r>e4 ,!y date f ! ,yung-*+ p]iod1 9 :i* !y rea*$ _! highe/ p]fection1 "u ,ke5-lung ! /&>d ( excell5ce 0 ne>ly z high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rose ,,family--,,famille ,,rose4 ,egg-,%ell ,porcela94 ,ruby-,back ,plates4 ,! c5tral ,plate has ! rim decorat$ ) ! not$ octagon & squ>e diap] patt]n s (t5 f\nd on egg-%ell pieces1 & us$ on e piece %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,?is patt]n is (t5 int]cept$ by res]ves4 ,! plate has ?ree leaf-%ap$ res]ves decorat$ ) :ite peony1 ruby pea*1 & yell[ p]simmon4 ,!re are ?ree o!r res]ves hav+ =mal gold5 fl[]s ) gre5 leaves4 ,! :ole c5tre ( ! plate repres5ts a dome/ic sc5e :]e a lady ( high rank1 seat$1 is giv+ in/ructions to two *ildr54 ,9 ! backgr\nd are vases & a table on :i* is a plant4 ,! back ( ! rim is ruby col\r$4 ,diamet]1 #h in*es4 ,p]iod1 ,ke5-lung4 ,! two o!r plates are also ruby-back$4 ,!y h on ! rim ?ree ,joo-e-head res]ves conta9+ fruit & fl[]s 9 brilliant col\rs4 ,! c5tral decoration consi/s ( vases ( fl[]s 9 enamels ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,! octagon & squ>e diap] patt]n is blue on ! inn] rim & p9k on ! broad b& =m+ ! out] rim4 ,! cups & sauc]s are no less beautiful4 ,! bord] is reliev$ ) res]ves1 & ! inn] rim ( octagon & squ>e diap] surr\nds a hexagonal c5tral res]ve ( ,joo-e-head design4 ,9 ?is res]ve !re are baskets ( fl[]s & b\quets 9 brilliant col\rs enamell$ on a :ite gr\nd4 ,?is gr\p %[s _m ( ! peculi>ities ( ! rose family decoration ) reg>d to diap] patt]n1 %ape ( ! res]ves1 & ! g5]al "* ( ! ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egg-,,%ell ,,porcela94 ,an ovi=m egg-%ell ,vase1 beautifully pa9t$1 ) ladies 9 ! l&scape c>ry+ vases4 ,! :ole 9 ri* enamel col\rs4 ,yung-*+ p]iod4 ,height1 #ai 94 )\t /&4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ kn[n examples ( egg-%ell porcela94 ,?is vase is pa9t$ 9 ! mo/ elaborate & beautiful /yle1 :i* 0 br\ght to great p]fection "u ,ke5-lung4 ,"s collectors are incl9$ to attribute su* egg-%ell ) delicate p5cill+s to ! ,yung-*+ era1 ?\gh specim5s :i* h be5 f\nd ) m>ks h be5 ,ke5-lung1 & z "t passes on ,yung-*+ w secure m & m support4 ,! lady c>ry+ ! vase is look+ to h] companion4 ,betwe5 !m is an animal1 ei!r a de] or a kyl94 ,! vase conta9s a bran* ( coral & two peacock's fea!rs1 indicat+ a m&>9 :o has ris5 ?ree /eps at a "t1 z ! coral & f\r fea!rs indicate a rise ( five /eps4 ,! pa9t+s ( ! figures & ! vegetation are mo/ m9utely execut$1 & ! ri* enamels are delicately %ad$ ) v]te1 rose1 & o!r t9ts1 %[+ tree-/ems & rocks 9 _! natural col\rs4 ,z 9 all classes1 "s specim5s are bett] ?an o!rs1 b ?is piece is "o ( unsurpass$ excell5ce4 ,to ?is egg-%ell class belong ! ruby-back plates1 :i* are among/ ! mo/ desirable specim5s ( ,*9ese art4 ,! same delicate h&l+ 9 pa9t+ & col\r+ di/+ui%es !m all4 ,figures are enamell$ 9 pale gre51 p9k1 yell[1 c42 trees ) gre5 foliage h _! trunks & bran*es ) sepia on a pale lav5d] gr\nd1 :il/ ! cl\d =ms1 slightly def9$1 fade away into ! di/ance4 ,g4--,,o!r ,,enamel ,,col\rs4 ,! decorations ( ! gre5 family are r sev]e 9 "*4 ,!y might be t]m$ ,*9ese classical1 because !y are s l>gely influ5c$ by religion4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! black family4 ,! rose family1 on ! contr>y1 ) its lovely bord]s & v>i$ designs1 g5]ally repres5ts famili> ,*9ese subjects & sc5es f social life4 ,! enamel col\rs :i* foll[ are among/ ! r>e/ & mo/ beautiful products ( ,*9a1 tak+ rank ) ^? pieces :i* are nev] de>1 ?\gh ! prices at :i* !y are sold may be a/oni%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apple-,,gre5 ,,gr\nd4 ,! col\r$ glazes are v num]\s1 b ! apple-gre5 gr\nd is r>e & consequ5tly v mu* valu$4 ,besides ! pa9t+1 ^! pieces1 hav+ col\r$ gr\nds1 are fur!r decorat$ by ornam5t rais$ 9 relief1 or pi]c$1 :5 ! pa/e is s(t1 ) reticulations4 ,! ,*9ese made puzzle cups ) a small figure ( a man inside1 :i* w\ld hold a liquid till x rea*$ 8 %\ld]1 :5 ! :ole ( ! cont5ts 7 syphon$ out ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! cup4 ,!y also made puzzle vases or jugs1 hav+ a rais$ holl[ coil r\nd ! neck1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! h&le1 0 connect$ ) ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,! old ,engli% puzzle jug _h a simil> device1 9 :i* ! difficulty 0 to dr9k ! cont5ts )\t spill+ !m4 ,"h is a ,puzzle ,teapot or ,w9e-pot 9 ! =m ( a pea*1 ! ,fruit ( ,life2 ! gr\ndwork ( pale apple-gre5 decorat$ ) fl[]s 9 yell[1 aub]g9e1 gre51 & black4 ,9 ! c5tre on ei!r side is a l>ge :ite panel conta9+ 9 ! "o a g5tleman ( rank ) an att5dant br++ him tea2 ?is is decorat$ 9 v>i\s gre5s1 yell[1 & aub]g9e4 ,on ! o!r side is a h\se t[>ds :i* is com+ a fly+ /ork2 ?is is enamell$ 9 simil> col\rs1 & bo? panels are surr\nd$ by a cl\d design 9 yell[1 gre51 aub]g9e1 & black4 ,! base1 sp\t1 & h&le h black pat*es on aub]g9e gr\nd2 :ile bo? ! latt] are held to ! body by bran*es ( leaves :i* are 9 high relief & enamell$ 9 brilliant gre54 ,m+ biscuit1 s-call$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apple-,,gre5 ,,gr\nd4 ,,lang-,,yao4 ,an unusual =m ( decoration is %[n 9 ?is illu/ration4 ,9 ,*9a ! c>p & p]* are (t5 f\nd 9 ! decoration ( small res]ves4 ,inde$1 ! immortals are (t5 drawn /&+ ^u a fi%1 & modell$ z figures /&+ on fi%es1 crabs1 or crawfi%4 ,! effects ( fi% culture z c>ri$ on by ! ,*9ese is v m>k$ 9 ! case ( ! c>p1 :i* are (t5 se5 ) mon/]-l project+ eyes & tuft$ or lob$ tails4 ,!y are kept 9 g>d5 ponds or 9 l>ge j>s 9 :i* are plac$ rocks cov]$ ) moss & wat]-plants1 :i* furni% ! decoration 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! wond]ful draw+ ( ! fi% 9 all sorts ( positions is to be not$4 ,s1 too1 is ! m>vell\s arrangem5t ( ! wat]-plants1 :i* fall gracefully into ! s*eme ( decoration4 ,all is /ill 9 ! deep wat]1 b on ! %\ld]s are ! wat]-lilies1 & above !m are ! waves seem+ly agitat$ by ! r\gh w9d4 ,to recapitulate & to give ! col\rs we specially call att5tion to ?is f9e pair ( squ>e tap]-%ap$ vases :i* are 9 all probability unique z a pair1 decorat$ ) fi%es & aquatic plants 9 aub]g9e1 gre51 yell[1 black1 & :ite1 on a pale apple-gre5 gr\nd2 ! edges & bord]+s ( yell[ enamel4 ,at ! %\ld]s ov] ea* corn] is a wat]-lily ) foliage 9 gre51 yell[1 & black2 ! necks decorat$ ) horses 9 yell[ & aub]g9e1 go+ ?r\gh waves ( gre5 & :ite enamel2 ! upp] portion ( pale apple-gre54 ,call$ ,lang-yao to indicate t x 0 discov]$ by ,lang ,t+-tso1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,imp]ial works at ,k+-te-*94 ,?is piece is ,kang-he4 ,illu/ration3 ,,delicate ,,gre5 ,,gr\nd4 ,a d\ble g\rd-%ap$ ,vase1 ( noble proportions1 "o ( a pair1 decorat$ ) an impos+ ,v&yke design1 conta9+ peonies & a =mal floral design 9 ri* yell[ & black enamels on a pale gre5 gr\nd4 ,ea* section is surr\nd$ by a broad b& ( r\ge de f] conta9+ =mal fl[]s 9 :ite4 ,! top ( ! l[] portion ( ! vase has a broad b& ( diap] design conta9+ =mal fl[]s on v>i\s col\r gr\nds2 ?is b& is divid$ ) f\r res]ves1 ea* conta9+ a =mal design 9 gre5 & r\ge de f] on bright yell[ gr\nd4 ,! wai/ ( ! vase has a half-section diap] design 9 gre5 & r\ge de f]4 ,ar\nd ! neck is a deep b& ( a bold trellis design 9 r\ge de f]1 blue1 yell[1 & black4 ,!y are support$ on f9ely *as$ ormolu bases ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 p]iod2 ! m\nts = ! lips en suite4 ,p]iod1 ,kang-he4 ,"h1 aga91 we note diap] designs4 ,on ! top ( ! neck is a honey-comb diap] cut ) sectors ( a circle =m+ a geometrical fl[] patt]n1 :i* is fur!r decorat$ by :ite & col\r$ =mal fl[]s ) six petals4 ,! top ( ! l[] portion has ! honey-comb & squ>e patt]n decorat$ ) geometrical fl[]s1 :il/ ! l[] "p ( ! upp] section has ! honey-comb diap] ) l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre s z to give a =mal fl[] design4 ,f9e pieces ( old ,*9ese porcela9 are (t5 f\nd m\nt$ 9 ,fr5* ormolu4 ,! examples f ! ,jones ,collection1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 are f9e pieces ( old ,crackle porcela9 ) f9ely *as$ ormolu m\nts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,delicate ,,gre5 ,,gr\nd4 ,a pair ( ,imp]ial h$ge-sp>r[ egg t9t & :ite ,vases ) a v beautiful cle> glaze4 ,! :ite is a s]ies ( scrolls & fl[]s1 & geometrical designs ov] ! :ole ( ! body & neck4 ,m>k$ on base ,kea-k+4 ,p]iod1 #agif-ahba4 ,9 ^! two vases may be se5 "s ( ! mo/ delicate & beautiful "w ( ! lat] p]iod4 ,9 pa/e1 col\r1 & decoration !y are exquisite4 ,! gre5 class includes apple-gre51 camellia-gre51 ,celadon1 pea-gre51 sea-gre51 & turquoise-gre54 ,! delicate gre51 indicat$ by ! t]m h$ge-sp>r[ egg t9t1 is j a %ade diff]5t f all ( ! o!rs1 & ! application ( ! :ite enamel decoration ov] ! gre5 is mo/ arti/ic & delicate4 ,! conv5tional design is bas$ ^u a fl[] & its leaves1 ?\gh ! ,joo-e-head & swa/ika are easily se51 ! =m] bel[ ! c5tral fl[]1 & two swa/ikas1 "o on ea* side4 ,at ! top ( ! neck bel[ ! lip is a diap] ( ,joo-e-heads4 ,! bottom ( ! neck has a ,greek key patt]n1 s has ! bottom rim4 ,on ! %\ld] is a bord] ( ,joo-e-heads & conv5tional bats4 ,! swa/ika is a my/ical sign1 ) :i* is associat$ a hidd5 mean+ ( a religi\s k9d4 ,x is reg>d$ z ! emblem ( ! he>t ( ,buddha--t is1 8 inn] true tea*+4 ,x has also a fur!r signification3 x indicates t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,! bat & ! ,joo-e-head are treat$ 9 ! section on ,symbols1 b we may say t ! bat is an emblem ( felicity1 & ! ,joo-e ( amity & goodwill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aub]g9e ,,enamel ,,gr\nd4 ,a v rem>kable pair ( aub]g9e flat-%ap$ ,vases ) lion-head r+ h&les2 ! decoration is a spray ( *rysan!mums 9 blue1 gre51 & :ite1 on ! "o side2 & a spray ( haw?orn 9 :ite1 aub]g9e1 gre51 & blue1 on ! rev]se1 9 brilliant enamels 9 sunk relief4 ,support$ on c>v$ wood /&s4 ,extreme height1 includ+ /&1 #ab in*es4 ,m+4 ,aub]g9e is a v difficult col\r to describe4 ,x is ! col\r ( ! fruit ( ! egg-plant1 f :i* ! "n is d]iv$4 ,x has a rem>kable range ( t9ts1 b ! pr$om9ant "o is purple1 on ! "o side x becomes almo/ sepia & on ! o!r almo/ orange4 ,x is r>ely us$ z a gr\nd col\r z x is 9 ?is case1 b x is a delightful ?9 wa% appli$ :5 ?ick enamels _c be us$1 & x is s transp>5t t a d>k] col\r c be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,h5ce its frequ5t use 9 ! trunks ( trees & 9 bran*es ( fl[]s :]e ! m>k+s ( ! b>k may be made visible4 ,aga91 x is frequ5tly employ$ 9 pa9t+ ! ro(s ( h\ses :]e a wide wa% gives a bold & highly decorative effect1 ! purple %ade be+ transp>5t all[s ! black1 9 :i* ! design is sket*$1 to %[ ?r\gh4 ,9 ! example giv5 n alone is ! gr\nd ( aub]g9e1 b o!r %ades ( ! same col\r are us$ 9 ! decoration1 :i* has ?is unusual feature1 x is n rais$1 b depress$ or sunk 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,m&>9 ,,*9a4 ,pa9t$ 9 col\rs ov] ! glaze1 ) gilt scroll-"w4 ,?is pair ( conical egg-%ell ,vases ) %ort necks is #ah 94 high4 ,!re is no m>k4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t divides ! ,m&>9 class into sev5 sections1 :i* he di/+ui%es by ! decoration3-- 7#a7 ,pieces hav+ pa9t$ 9 comp>tm5ts ) ,indian ink backgr\nds & gold bord]s4 7#b7 ,:]e ! spaces betwe5 ! res]ves or comp>tm5ts are cov]$ ) gilt scroll-"w diap] or patt]n z 9 ! illu/ration4 7#c7 ,) black bord]s & key patt]n 9 gilt1 usually hav+ iron-r$ gr\nds4 7#d7 ,) v>iegat$ gr\nds1 designs 9 iron-r$ & black1 p9k & o!r col\r filagree-"w4 7#e7 ,) spaces betwe5 ! res]ves cov]$ ) r\nd dots or po9ts resembl+ %agre5 ei!r gre5 or :ite4 ,:5 ! dots & gr\nd are :ite ! ,*9ese "n x *ick5's fle%4 7#f7 ,) ind5t$ wrea?s or fl[]s trac$ 9 ! pa/e & decoration 9 "u-glaze blue & ov]-glaze enamell$ m$allions4 7#g7 ,9 camaieu or 9 a s+le col\r "u or ov] ! glaze1 usually m&>91 blue & :ite4 ,! egg-%ell ,m&>9 is ! be/ ( ?is class4 ,g5]ally ! porcela9 is r ?ick ?an ?94 ,(t5 x has ! wavy surface :i* %[s t x has be5 ca/ & m\ld$4 ,!n1 too1 ! decoration is usually pa9t$1 n enamell$4 ,?is process *anges ! tone ( ! col\r+4 ,! rose t9ts d]iv$ f gold become purpli%2 lilac1 wat]-gre51 bright iron-r$1 & a curi\s ru/-col\r call$ *amois are common4 ,/ippl+ & hat*+ are appli$ to ! fle% & to ! folds ( ! drap]ies4 ,(t5 ! gr\nd-"w ) its dott$ surface is cov]$ ) turquoise-gre5 or turquoise-blue4 ,! pa9t+s on ! res]ves ( ! examples giv5 w %[ ! m9iature-l "* ( ! decoration4 ,! examples giv5 are ,ke5-lung4 ,,xx ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company ,aft] hav+ pass$ 9 review ! diff]5t products ( purely ,*9ese ta/e 9 :i* ! %apes1 ! /yle ( decoration1 & ! pa9t+ 7 all local & national1 we w exam9e ano!r class ( porcela9 hold+ = u consid]able int]e/1 because x includes a :ole s]ies ( pieces made 9 va/ quantities = ! ,european m>ket4 ,x is usually kn[n "u ! "n ( ! porcela9 ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,companies4 ,by :at ab]ration ( ta/e or by :at comm]cial necessity _h ! repres5tatives ( ! fam\s ,ea/ ,india ,companies--,engli% & ,dut*--s\ght to impose new models ^u ,*9ese pott]s8 ,"h 0 a p ) ! highe/ te*nical skill 9 pott+1 end[$ ) a s5se ( decoration equally pure & develop$1 set to imitate examples :i* 7 consid]ably outside ! sph]e ( _! prop] "w4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury = noble families & _! imitators to possess a s]vice ( porcela9 made 9 ,*9a or ,japan1 ! decoration ( :i* consi/$ ( coats ( arms or cre/s4 ,o!r reproductions ( ! p]iod includ$ copies ( engrav+s by m5 :o ?rew away treasures ( pati5ce & ability )\t und]/&+ :at !y _h to execute4 ,!y simply imitat$1 & !re=e nev] produc$ real arti/ic "w except :51 z sometimes happ5$1 !y pa9t$ grotesque figures in/ead ( ! p]sons :om !y 7 suppos$ to copy on _! porcela94 ,/ill1 ap>t f ?is criticism1 !re are _m int]e/+ pieces among/ ^! copies4 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,holl& 7 all eag] = su* ,*9ese specim5s4 ,ev5 ! figures su* z ,! ,dut* ,skipp] & ! ,*9ese ,lady 7 exce$+ly int]e/+ if some:at uncommon4 ,!n !re is a set ( five small /atuettes repres5t+ ,l\is ,,xiv4 7#afdc-agae7 & f\r memb]s ( 8 family4 ,! ,*9ese arti/ _h probably only an engrav+ to guide him1 f :i* he _h to produce a portrait figure ( a great mon>*4 ,9 8 ignorance he translates ! ,m>%al's baton into ! sacr$ rle ( ! ,buddhi/ div9ities4 ,grotesque z ^! figures are1 !y are none ! less rem>kable because ( ! ri*ness ( ! co/umes1 ?\gh ! ugly little heads & ! g5]al wide-awake air seem some:at ridicul\s4 ,! ,dauph91 = in/ance1 ) 8 m\? wide op51 has c]ta9ly an uncommon mann]1 yet "o feels a pleasure t ^! five little good-temp]$ m5 7 able to /& ^u _! legs1 ev5 if x 0 ) difficulty4 ,su* /atuettes are r>e4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! ,ea/ ,india porcela9 is decorat$ ) coats ( arms1 cre/s1 figure subjects1 or monograms surr\nd$ by roses4 ,on ! plates & di%es 7 reproduc$ ,! fables ( ,la ,fonta9e1 :i* are f\nd side by side ) sc5es f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 su* z ! ,nativity & ! ,crucifixion4 ,!n !re are decorations tak5 f my?ology1 allegories1 celebrat$ p]sonages1 ftes galantes1 c4 ,?\gh sometimes fail+ 9 col\r1 ! great majority ( ! decoration be+ drawn 9 ,indian or ,*9ese ink ) v indiff]5t hat*+s = ! %ad+1 ^! plates & di%es %[ ! c>efulness ( ! ,*9ese decorator4 ,ev5 9 unfamili> surr\nd+s1 ! figures may be1 & are1 deplorable1 & h[ !y suff] by contra/ ) ! bord]s & ! ornam5ts :i* surr\nd !m1 :i* h all ! p]fect ta/e1 admirable composition1 & brilliant execution :i* di/+ui% ! native "w6 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,companies br\ght to ,europe mu* porcela9 9 :ite1 :i* 0 meant to be decorat$ notably at ,v5ice1 ,delft1 & p]haps at ,*elsea4 ,su* decoration _h !n no?+ ,ori5tal ab\t x4 ,?is expla9s :y "s specim5s ) ,*elsea decoration h a h>d pa/e4 ,! decoration only is ,*elsea1 q typical ( t factory1 b ! =m & body are ,ori5tal4 ,ano!r me?od ( ornam5t+ ,*9ese porcela9 0 practis$ at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ma9ly 9 ,holl&1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! removal ( ! glaze 9 p>ts1 z 9 engrav+ ^u glass1 s z to design elegant arabesques & g>l&s 9 :i* ! :ite ( ! *9a or body itself appe>$ ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! col\r glaze1 ! :ite be+ t9t$ m or less accord+ to ! dep? ( ! cutt+4 ,,xxi ,,imitations ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,imitations ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,porcela9 ,*9ese pott]s imitat$ ,*9ese pott]s & _! productions = hundr$s ( ye>s1 b x has rema9$ = lat] times to produce su* imitations 9 h>d pa/e z to be almo/ beyond detection1 except by ! exp]t4 ,closely /udi$1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces--a peculi>ity ( ! t9t ( ! pa/e1 a loss ( brilliance 9 ! col\r--:i* reveal ! ,european orig94 ,m4 ,sampson1 ( ,p>is1 has be5 responsible = deceiv+ m beg9n]s ?an p]haps any o!r mak] by 8 wond]ful imitations ( ,ori5tal enamel porcela94 ,9 our own e>ly ,engli% factories we (t5 met ) imitations ( ,*9ese porcela9 ) reg>d to decoration4 ,= in/ance1 ! e>ly blue & :ite ,worce/]1 ! r$ & blue "u ! glaze ,worce/]1 & _m o!r patt]ns 7 direct imitations f ! ,*9ese2 9 fact1 ! squ>e m>k us$ ^u ,worce/] *9a 0 only a copy ( a m&>9's seal1 & o!r ,ori5tal *>act]s are to be f\nd z m>ks ^u ,worce/] *9a1 su* z ! disguis$ num]als1 :i*1 m rec5tly1 h be5 ascrib$ to ,caughley4 ,( c\rse1 ! s(t pa/e ( ,worce/] makes ! imitation v easy to detect4 ,! ,dresd5 factory1 :i* br\ght ,*9ese /yle into prom95ce 9 ,europe1 9 its olde/ specim5s1 produc$ a h>d pa/e ) purely ,ori5tal decoration1 & copi$ ev5 ! intricate bord]s & m$allions 9 ,*9ese /yle4 ,"u ! patronage ( ,augu/us ,rex1 o!rwise ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 ,elector ( ,saxony1 ,dresd5 *9a became celebrat$4 ,com+ aga9 to lat] times1 we f9d t at ,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y1 a manufactur] nam$ ,fis*]1 at ab\t #ahci1 made a special feature ( ! imitation ( ,ori5tal porcela91 & 8 f9e/ specim5s are mo/ deceptive4 ,x is a great %ame t pieces f ?is factory are s frequ5tly us$ fraudul5tly by unscrupul\s deal]s4 ,aga91 at ,talav]a1 ne> ,tol$o1 9 ! lat] eighte5? c5tury1 p]fect imitations ( ,ori5tal *9a 7 made1 :i*1 ev5 z imitations1 are valu$ ev]y:]e = ! beauty ( ! glaze & brilliance ( ! col\r4 ,x is ! slavi% att5tion & too fai?fully c>ry+ out ! detail t reveals ! =g]y to ! exp]t4 ,on ?is po9t "o might almo/ say t ! v skilful =g]y ( a five p\nd ,bank ( ,engl& note w\ld deceive an exp]t1 b !re is always "s app>5tly trivial po9t & detail1 ei!r omitt$ or add$1 :i* makes ! =g]y cle> to ^? :o really "k4 ,al?\gh v>i\s m>ks 7 copi$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies f porcela9 belong+ to e>li] p]iods1 x 0 n done ) ! idea ( =g]y or deception1 b z a m>k ( rev]5ce & appreciation ( =m] ma/]s4 ,! m>k mo/ copi$ 0 9 ! reign ( ,yung-*+1 :5 ! ,*+-hwa m>k 0 (t5 introduc$ into self-col\r pieces4 ,x may fur!r int]e/ /ud5ts to le>n t _m examples ( ! old porcela91 :i* are brok5 & yet put toge!r )\t any ( ! portions be+ lo/1 are ! result ( ! duty :i* 0 levi$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury on porcela9 import$ into ,engl&4 ,p]fect specim5s 7 liable to heavy *>ges1 damag$ ones came 9 free1 & z at t "t ! values 7 9 all probability :at is paid to-day = a good mod]n plate or vase1 or ev5 less1 pieces want$ = decoration 7 brok5 )\t any compunction1 ! pieces sav$1 & aft]w>ds /uck toge!r4 ,su* examples are well wor? acquir+1 & ! fact ( ! damage r$uces ! price1 b s long z !re are no portions miss+1 or ! orig9al beauty ( ! decoration impair$1 ! collector w be well advis$ n to pass su* articles by on acc\nt ( ! break z !re are _m v f9e examples :i* 7 ?us ru?lessly treat$4 ,,xxii ,,symbolical ,,designs ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,symbolical ,,designs ,a4--,,emblems ,,9 ,,animals4 ,we h already rem>k$ h[ ! ,*9ese employ$ ornam5t to _! works 9 porcela91 n alone to please ! eye1 b to elevate ! m9d at ! same "t4 ,x is evid5t t ! realisation ( ^! two aims mu/ h be5 dep5d5t n alone ^u ! highe/ te*nical skill1 b ^u ! religi\s k ei!r possess$ by ! arti/ or h&$ d[n 9 traditional =m f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,h5ce ! "* ( _! "w 0 det]m9$ & imbu$ by religi\s influ5ces4 ,9 e age pott]y has be5 a vehicle = ! display ( art1 & ! wond]ful productions ( ! ,ea/ embody 9 symbolis$ =m ! highe/ aspirations ( religions ) :i* we are b imp]fectly acqua9t$4 ,! de] 7,*9ese luh1 ,japanese roku7 is also an emblem ( longevity4 ,a :ite /ag frequ5tly accompanies ! god ( longevity4 ,x sometimes c>ries 9 its m\? ano!r emblem1 ! fungus4 ,a de]1 h[ev]1 is also us$ z a symbol ( (ficial emolum5t or prosp]ity1 hav+ ! same s\nd z ! ^w = ! latt] 7luh74 ,x is probably = ?is reason t we f9d a fawn accompany+ ! ,japanese god ( tal5t1 ,to%itoku4 ,! fox 7,*9ese hu1 ,japanese kitsu-ne7 is consid]$1 especially 9 ,japan1 z a v my/]i\s animal4 ,!re are sev]al wond]ful leg5ds conc]n+ x 9 ,mit=d's ,tales ( ,old ,japan4 ,x is said to atta9 ! same age z ! h>e1 :5 x is admitt$ to ! heav5s & becomes ! cele/ial fox4 ,x controls ! (ficial seals ( high (ficials4 ,! h>e 7,*9ese tu1 ,japanese usagi7 is sacr$ to ! moon1 :]e ! ,taoi/s believe x to live1 p\nd+ ! drugs t =m ! elixir ( life4 ,x is /at$ to live "o ?\s& ye>s1 & to become :ite :5 x has rea*$ ! fir/ five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! h>e1 (t5 miscall$ a rabbit1 occurs on porcela91 bo? z a decoration & z a m>k4 ,! /ork 7,*9ese ho1 ,japanese tsuru7 is "o ( ! commone/ emblems ( longevity4 ,x is said to rea* a fabul\s age1 & :5 six hundr$ ye>s old to dr9k1 b no long] eat2 aft] two ?\s& ye>s to turn black4 ,x occurs z a m>k4 ,! tortoise 7,*9ese kwei1 ,japanese ki or kame7 0 also a sup]natural animal1 & its %ell 0 us$ 9 div9ation4 ,! tortoise ) a hairy tail is depict$ 9 ,japan z an att5dant on ! god ( old age1 & is us$ z an emblem ( longevity4 ,a ,*9ese phrase1 ,kwei-ho-tung-*un1 signifies ,may y\r days be z long z ! tortoise & /ork4 ,b4--,,emblems ,,9 ,,trees4 ,among plants are ?ree trees1 :i*1 ?\gh n all1 /rictly speak+1 emblems ( longevity1 are closely connect$ ) x2 ^! are ! p9e-tree1 bamboo1 & plum4 ,^! ?ree trees are t]m$ by ! ,japanese 9 comb9ation ,%o-*iku-bai4 ,! ,*9ese say ! p9e1 bamboo1 & plum are l ?ree fri5ds1 because !y keep gre5 9 cold wea!r4 ,! bamboo 7,*9ese *uh1 ,japanese take7 is ano!r emblem1 ow+ probably to its durability4 ,its elegant =m causes x frequ5tly to be depict$ on works ( art1 bo? 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! g\rd 7,*9ese hu-lu1 ,japanese hiotan or fuku be7 is also an emblem ( longevity1 especially 9 ,japan1 ow+ p]haps to its durability :5 dri$4 ,! pea* 7,*9ese tao1 ,japanese momo7 is a symbol ( m>riage1 b also ( longevity4 ,great virtues 7 attribut$ to ! pea*1 especially t :i* grew ne> ! palace ( ,si-,wang-,mu1 ,que5 ( ! ,g5ii1 on :i* ! fruit rip5$ b once 9 ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is repres5t$ ) a bat z a m>k4 ,! p9e-tree 7,*9ese sung1 ,japanese matsu7 is a v common emblem1 & to be f\nd on _m specim5s4 ,its sap 0 said to turn into amb] :5 ! tree 0 "o ?\s& ye>s old4 ,! plum-tree or prunus 7,*9ese mei1 ,japanese mume71 ?\gh n prop]ly an emblem ( longevity1 is indirectly connect$ ) x1 z ! philosoph]1 ,lao ,tsze1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,taoi/ sect1 is said to h be5 born "u a plum-tree4 ,x =ms ! decoration ( ! porcela9 errone\sly t]m$ may fl[] or haw?orn patt]n4 ,c4--,,emblems ,,9 ,,fl[]s4 ,artemesia4--,! artemesia 0 us$ by ! ,*9ese ) ! sweet flag to allay pa9 & to drive away demons4 ,azalea4--,! azalea1 )\t hav+ any special symbolical signification1 0 em95tly useful = decorative purposes1 because1 z a common fl[] on ! hills ( ! nor?-ea/ prov9ces1 x gave brightness to a sc5e ( surpass+ beauty 9 ! c5tral fl[]y l&4 ,camellia4--,! camellia be>s ! same "n z ! tea plant1 & ! t]m *a is us$ to d5ote any infusion1 j z ! ^w tea is ) u1 z :5 we speak ( beef-tea1 camomile-tea1 & s on4 ,*rysan!mum4--,*rysan!mums1 l ! a/]s1 7 re>$ = _! beauty4 ,!y are1 p]haps1 ! commone/ =m ( fl[] decoration on ,ori5tal *9a1 & we _c be surpris$ at ?is :5 we consid] ! v>iety & ! ri*ness ( ! col\r ( ?is beautiful plant4 ,x 0 an emblem ( mid-autumn--m ?an t1 x 0 a symbol ( pleasurable enjoym5t--h5ce its pres5ce on a piece ( porcela9 giv5 z a tok5 ( e/eem1 also a wi% t all %\ld be well ) ! recipi5t4 ,cockscomb4--,! cockscomb 0 v mu* admir$ by ! ,*9ese1 & 0 n alone us$ z a decoration = porcela91 b = _m ( ^? int]e/+ pictures on glass :i* portray birds & fl[]s1 & :i*1 ?\gh pa9t$ 9 a simil> way to ! e>ly pa9t+s on glass kn[n to ,we/]n nations1 exce$$ !m by ! brilliancy ( _! col\rs & by _! exact resemblance to nature4 ,convolvulus4--,! convolvulus 0 pa9t$ ar\nd ! edges ( tanks & pools1 n alone = decoration1 b because ! leaves ( "s v>ieties made a v succul5t gre5 food4 ,flag1 or ,iris4--,! flag1 or iris1 kn[n z ! sweet flag1 0 plac$ at ! doors ( h\ses to prev5t all mann] ( evil f ent]+1 b x _h a mat]ial use z a m$ic9e mu* us$ = its spicy w>m?4 ,fungus4--,! fungus :5 dri$ 0 v durable4 ,x grew at ! roots ( trees1 & _m imitations ( x 9 gilt wood1 or ev5 dri$ specim5s ( ! fungus itself1 7 frequ5tly us$ z decoration 9 ! temples4 ,9 pictures ( ,lao-tsze & ! ,immortals x is us$ z a symbol ( longevity or immortality1 h5ce x is f\nd c>ri$ 9 ! m\? ( ! :ite /ag1 :i* is also an emblem ( immortality4 ,occasionally x is us$ z a m>k on ! bases ( specim5s ( old ,kang-he blue1 9 :i* case x (t5 has l9es ar\nd its base to repres5t ! grass ?r\gh :i* x gr[s4 ,jasm9e4--,! jasm9e1 a sweet-smell+ :ite fl[]1 is l>gely gr[n = its sc5t1 b /ill m z a fav\rite fl[] among/ ! ,*9ese wom5 = p]sonal ornam5t1 its twigs & clu/]s or blossoms be+ w\nd 9 ! hair1 & x 0 plant$ 9 ! pots 9 ! h\ses4 ,lotus1 or ,nelumbium4--,! lotus1 or nelumbium1 0 a sacr$ fl[] repres5t+ ! creative p[] 9 ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,repres5tations ( x frequ5tly occurr$ n alone 9 connection ) ,buddhism1 b also ) ,taoism4 ,kwan-,y9 is (t5 %[n seat$ ^u ! lotus4 ,ho ,se5-koo has ! lotus z h] emblem2 &1 g5]ally1 :e!r consid]$ ) reg>d to its utility or to its beauty ! sacr$ lotus 0 plac$ by ! ,*9ese at ! head ( ! cultivat$ fl[]s4 ,x has a v close resemblance to our ,engli% wat] lily1 hav+ ! /ock ins]t$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! leaf4 ,bo? se$s & root are articles ( food1 &1 :5 cultivat$ = t purpose r ?an = ornam5t1 cov]s l>ge areas ( lakes & m>%es4 ,n>cissus4--,! n>cissus is an emblem ( good luck = ! com+ ye>4 ,j z ) u 9 ,engl& ! n>cissus is a h>b+] ( spr+1 s 9 ! new ye> at ,canton ! budd+ fl[]s ( ! n>cissus1 almond1 plum1 pea*1 & bellfl[]1 all are emblematic1 all express a wi% = com+ prosp]ity4 ,magnolia4--,! magnolia has imm5se fl[]s & has be5 select$ z ! emblem ( sweetness & beauty4 ,! "n 9 ,*9ese means secretly smil+1 & to ! ,*9ese x sugge/s ! lovely smile ( a sweet maid54 ,:]e 9 designs on porcela9 beautiful wom5 are drawn ?is fl[] usually accompanies !m4 ,*9a furni%es sev]al species ( ?is lovely fl[]+ plant4 ,its m$ic9al use is secur$ f ! b>k employ$ z a febrifuge4 ,myrtle4--,! myrtle gr[s z a wild plant ) lovely rose-col\r$ fl[]s1 "o species ( x produces clu/]s ( b]ries1 :i* are eat5 z fruit4 ,ole&]4--,?is fl[] is priz$ because ( its beauty & fragrance4 ,! t5d] rose p9k l5ds itself easily to s*emes ( porcela9 decoration4 ,memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 less attractive1 b /ill pretty1 are ! yell[ milk-we$ & ! r$ p]iw9kle4 ,olive4--,! olive is not$ = ! fragrance ( ! clu/]s ( m9ute fl[]s ( :ite & yell[4 ,?is plant fl[]s ?r\gh a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,a bran* ( sweet-smell+ olive 0 a rew>d ( lit]>y m]it4 ,x 0 also symbolical ( /udi\s pursuits1 & ( sweetness g5]ally4 ,pea*4--,! pea* blossoms 7 plac$ 9 doorways at ! ,new ,ye> z ! pea* *>m4 ,a bran* ( ! tree1 cov]$ ) blossoms1 0 suppos$ to prev5t ! entry ( evil demons into ! home4 ,peony4--,next to ! *rysan!mum ! peony 0 effective 9 ! decoration ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,x 0 a tree 9 t l&1 valu$ = its f9e & v>iegat$ fl[]s4 ,x 0 emblematical ( good =tune1 b if ! plant did n supply beautiful fl[]s & gre5 leaves1 if ! leaves fell (f & its fl[]s sudd5ly fad$1 su* a *ange =e%ad[$ pov]ty or "s ov]:elm+ disa/]4 ,x 0 also an emblem ( love & affection1 & !re=e em95tly appropriate = use on pres5tation pieces ( porcela94 ,poppy4--,! poppy 0 n alone gr[n = ! production ( opium1 b = its beautiful fl[]s4 ,rose4--,?is fl[] 0 z great a fav\rite ) ! ,*9ese z ) all o!r nations4 ,_m species & v>ieties 7 natives ( ?is c\ntry4 ,l ! jasm9e1 x 0 us$ by ! wom5 = p]sonal adornm5t4 ,tobacco4--,?is plant 0 gr[n almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,*9a1 b its /r5g? v>i$ accord+ to soil & climate4 ,9 ! nor? x 0 ( a pale col\r1 :ile fur!r s\? x is said to owe its r$di% col\r to be+ /eep$ 9 a solution ( opium4 ,,xxiii ,,date ,,m>ks ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,date ,,m>ks ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,porcela9 ,!re 0 no regul> me?od employ$ 9 ei!r ,*9a or ,japan = indicat+ ei!r ! "t or place at :i* ! porcela9 0 made4 ,nei!r 0 !re any m>k by :i* ! workman or arti/ c\ld be id5tifi$4 ,:]e m>ks are us$ !y indicate ! p]iod 9 a dyna/y2 /ill x mu/ be con/antly borne 9 m9d t ! old m>ks 7 cont9ually copi$ 9 reproductions ( a lat] p]iod made by ! ,*9ese !mselves1 & o!r reproductions produc$ ) mu* fidelity 9 ,p>is & else:]e4 ,s t ! collector has to be v c>eful1 especially 9 buy+ f9e specim5s4 ,!re seems to be sc>cely no?+ wor? copy+ t has n receiv$ full att5tion at ! h&s ( ! =g]4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ^! copies are simply (f]$ z reproductions ( old pieces1 ! pur*as]1 ev5 if he pays a l>ge price1 has n mu* to compla9 (1 b ! tr\ble arises :5 !y are foi/$ on ! public z g5u9e4 ,! "w is s clev]ly done1 ! imitation is s accurate t only ! speciali/ is able to detect ! fraud4 ,! texture ( ! porcela9 is closely imitat$1 & e c>e is tak5 to reproduce ! scrat*es & ev5 ! dirt4 ,m ?an t1 old pieces t h be5 damag$ are re/or$ s z to appe> p]fectly g5u9e ?r\gh\t1 :il/ real old pieces1 t 7 orig9ally pla91 h be5 enamell$ ) ! f9e/ famille v]te or famille rose decoration s z to deceive all b ! mo/ skilful exp]t4 ,su* a case occurr$ )9 ! au?or's own exp]i5ce4 ,an old di%1 e>ly ,ke5-lung1 0 s decorat$ ) ! f9e/ rose decoration1 & only ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation reveal$ ! fact t bo? decoration & glaze _h be5 appli$ 9 comp>atively rec5t times--9 fact1 )9 a v few ye>s4 ,! own] 0 indignant :5 he 0 in=m$ ( ?is4 ,h[ev]1 he aft]w>ds came back ) ! in=mation t he _h sold ! di% = #bj1 b he =got t if ! di% _h be5 really old x w\ld h be5 wor? n #bj b #abj6 ,too mu* dep5d5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ n be plac$ ^u ! m>ks or ^u ! decoration2 x is ^u ! education ( ! eye1 ! t\t ensemble1 really ^u ! m]its ( ! specim5s !mselves1 t deal]s & collectors mu/ rely4 ,no tra9+ is z good z ! h&l+ ( f9e old pieces1 9 :i* ! gra9 ( ! porcela91 ! col\rs ( bo? ! porcela9 & ! decoration c be /udi$1 & ! k ?us ga9$ becomes ! exp]i5ce :i* is1 above ev]y?+ else1 ! necess>y equipm5t to any "o :o collects old *9a4 ,! ,*9ese write 9 *>act]s1 ea* repres5ts a ^w1 & ! comm5cem5t is made f ! top ( ! "r-h& side4 ,! columns are read d[nw>ds1 b :5 ! *>act]s are 9 a l9e !y are read f "r to left4 ,! m>ks may be 9 ! seal *>act]s1 9 pla9 *>act]s z employ$ 9 books1 or 9 grass-text z us$ = rapid writ+2 b all are read 9 ! same way1 ?\gh ! la/ are v difficult to read4 ,z !re are _m v>iations 9 ,engli% h&writ+1 s ! ,*9ese *>act]s w be f\nd to v>y1 yet ! ^w w\ld be ! same4 ,x is 9 ! =g]ies t we not$ ! mo/ slavi% att5tion to accuracy & ! mo/ inf9ite pa9s tak5 to reproduce ! old m>ks giv5 9 ! books4 ,! m>ks !mselves are ei!r pa9t$ on ! bases1 usually 9 blue1 ?\gh on "s late pieces x is f\nd 9 r$1 or !y may be engrav$ or emboss$4 ,! ,*9ese h no c5turies = measur+ "t1 !y use in/ead a cycle ( sixty ye>s1 & ! precise date z indicat$ by ! cycle is s seldom us$ on porcela9 t x may be disreg>d$1 z only f\r or five examples ( ! cyclical dates h ev] be5 f\nd4 ,! m>ks on porcela9 indicate only ! reign ( ! emp]or1 :o :5 he comes to ! ?rone adopts two words z 8 title or ,ni5-hao4 ,be=e ! com+ ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 9 #acfh1 ^! titles 7 *ang$ 9 ord] to commemorate any /rik+ ev5t1 b s9ce !n only "o ,emp]or1 :o lo/ 8 ?rone 9 #adej & rega9$ x aft] sev5 ye>s1 has *ang$ 8 ,ni5-hao1 & only "o ,emp]or1 ,kang-he1 reign$ a :ole sixty ye>s1 & a cyclical date may h be5 us$ :5 ! ?irty-eigh? ye> ( ! sixty-eigh? cycle recurr$4 ,see ,m>k #a 9 date m>ks4 ,! ,ni5-hao 0 ! honorific designation ( ! ,emp]or2 ,ta\-kwang 7#ahba-ahea7 0 reason's lu/re1 & ,kwang-hsiu 7#ahge7 means inh]it$ lu/re4 ,foll[+ ! seal m>ks1 :i* are read 9 ! same way1 note t ! li/ gives a numb] ( m>ks hav+ six *>act]s4 ,read+ ^! x w be not$ t ! "o 9 ! top "r h& & ! next "o bel[ x1 m>k$ 7#a7 & 7#b71 are always ! same = ! same dyna/y--,ta ,m+ or ,ta ,ts+ %[ ! great ,m+ or great ,ts+ dyna/y4 ,! bottom sign ( ! fir/ column 7#c7 & ! top sign ( ! second column 7#d7 give ! ,emp]or's title or ,ni5-hao1 :il/ ! two rema9+ signify 9 desc5d+ ord] ye> or p]iod 7#e71 made 7#f74 ,9 six-m>k *>act]s1 arrang$ 9 two l9es1 ! read+ is simil>1 z m>k$ by ! figures 7#a71 7#b71 c4 ,9 f\r-m>k "* ! signs = ! dyna/y--t is1 ,ta ,m+ or ,ta ,ts+--are left out1 & ! fir/ two m>ks %[ ! p]iod4 ,z be=e rem>k$1 ! =g]ies & imitations h be5 s num]\s t ! date m>ks _c be accept$ z pro( ( age4 ,! old blue porcela9--,nank9 w>e s call$--0 m>k$ ) six *>act]s until #afgg1 z m5tion$ else:]e4 ,aft] t we h ! d\ble circle 9 blue1 ei!r empty or hav+ a symbol 9 ! middle4 ,! ,m+ productions h n yet receiv$ due recognition ) reg>d to _! beauty ( %ape & decoration1 b ! two p]iods :i* are mo/ repres5t$ by ! m>ks are ,seu5-,tih 7#adbf-adcf7 & ,*+-hwa 7#adfe-adhh74 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are two ,celadon b[ls ) ! ,seu5-tih m>k1 ) deep m\ld+s2 to ^! is affix$ on ! label probably ,kang-he4 ,!n1 aga91 imm5se quantities ( *9a appe> to h be5 br\ght to ,europe dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 mu* ( :i* 0 m>k$ ,*+-hwa4 ,:e!r dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury su* porcela9 c\ld be collect$ 9 ,*9a = c>go purposes is a matt] ( d\bt4 ,if n1 ?is is an illu/ration ( ! fact t f an e>ly p]iod ! ,*9ese copi$ old =ms1 decoration1 & m>ks4 ,,honorific ,,m>ks4 ,! ^w tang (t5 occurs 9 inscrib$ m>ks1 :i* seem to indicate a place ( orig94 ,9 ! li/ giv5 x is m>k$ ,tang or ,hall ,m>ks4 ,^! m>ks are f\nd on pieces diff]+ consid]ably 9 "*1 age1 & quality4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t ! ,hall nam$ is ! title ( ! resid5ce ( ! ,tao-tai1 or sup]9t5d5t ( ! porcela9 works belong+ to ! ,emp]or4 ,o!r inscrib$ m>ks simply set out praises ( ! porcela9 itself1 /at+ t x is a gem among preci\s vessels ( r>e jade1 a gem r>e z jade1 an elegant r>ity1 f9e vase = ! ri* & hon\rable1 & s on4 ,"s pieces are f\nd ) a seal "* embody+ a wi%1 z happ9ess1 prosp]ity1 longevity1 & h>moni\s prosp]ity4 ,see ! li/ ( specim5 ,hall ,m>ks1 c41 & two o!rs1 la/ on ! bottom l9e1 prais+ ! porcela94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a4,d4 #agba4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,yu5-,,fung4 #ajgh-ajhf4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,hung-,,woo4 #acfh-acii4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,yung-,,lo4 #adjc-adbe4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,seu5-,,tih4 #adbf-adcf4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,*+-,,hwa4 #adfe-adhh4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,*+-,,hwa4 #adfe-adhh4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,hung-,,*e4 #adhh-aejf4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,*+-,,tih4 #aejf-aebb4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,kea-,,ts+4 #aebb-aefg4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,lung-,,k+4 #aefg-aegc4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,wan-,,leih4 #aegc-afbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,%un-,,*e4 #afdd-affa4 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,kang-,,he4 #affa-agbb4 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,yung-,,*+4 #agbc-agcf4 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,ke5-,,lung4 #agcf-agie4 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,kea-,,k+4 #agif-ahba4 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,ta\-,,kwang4 #ahba-ahea4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,he5-,,fung4 #ahea-ahfb4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,tung-,,*e4 #ahfb-ahge4 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,kwang-,,%iu4 #ahge4 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,k+-,,te4 #ajjd-ajjg4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,yung-,,lo4 #adjc-adbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,seu5-,,tih4 #adbf-adcf4 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,yung-,,*+4 #agbc-agcf4 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,ke5-,,lung4 #agcf-agie4 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,ke5-,,lung4 #agcf-agie4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,kea-,,k+4 #agif-ahba4 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,ta\-,,kwang4 #ahba-ahea4 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,he5-,,fung4 #ahea-ahfb4 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,tung-,,*e4 #ahfb-ahge4 ,,m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m+ ,,date ,,m>ks4 ,fig #a ,hung-woo1 #acfh-acii4 ,fig4 #b ,yung-lo1 #adjc-adbe4 ,fig4#c ,seu5-tih1 #adbf-adcf4 ,fig4#d ,*+-hwa1 #adfe-adhh4 ,fig4#e ,hung-*e1 #adhh-aejf4 ,fig4#f ,*+-tih1 #aejf-aebb4 ,fig4#g ,kea-ts+1 #aebb-aefg4 ,fig4 #h ,lung-k+1 #aefg-aegc4 ,fig4 #i ,wan-leih1 #aegc-afbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ts+ ,,date ,,m>ks4 ,fig4 #a ,%un-*e1 #afdd-affa4 ,fig4 #b ,kang-he1 #affa-agbb4 ,fig4 #c ,yung-*+1 #agbc-agcf4 ,fig4 #d ,ke5-lung1 #agcf-agie4 ,fig4 #e ,kea-k+1 #agif-ahba4 ,fig4 #f ,ta\-kwang1 #ahba-ahea4 ,fig4 #g ,he5-fung1 #ahea-ahfa4 ,fig4 #h ,tung-*e1 #ahfb-ahge4 ,fig4 #i ,kwang-%iu1 #ahge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,date ,,m>ks4 ,fig4 #a ,%un-*e1 #afdd-affb4 ,fig4 #b ,kang-he1 #affa-agbb4 ,fig4 #c ,yung-*+1 #agbc-agcf4 ,fig4#d ,ke5-lung1 #agcf-agie4 ,fig4 #e ,kea-k+1 #agif-ahba4 ,fig4#f ,ta\-kwang1 #ahba-ahea4 ,fig4 #g ,he5-fung1 #ahea-ahfb4 ,fig4 #h ,tung-*e1 #ahfb-ahge4 ,fig4 #i ,kwang-%iu1 #ahge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,made at ! ,! ,luh-i ,antique made at ,tseu-%un ,hall1 or wav+ ! ,%un-tih1 or ( beautiful jade4 bamboo ,hall4 cultivation ( v]tue ,hall4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,made at ! ,made at ! ,made at ! ,%un-tih1 or ,tsai-jun or ,i-yew1 or cultivation ,hall4 brilliant advantage ,hall4 col\rs ,hall4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,made at ! ,made at ! ,made at ! ,ta-%u1 or ,ki-yuh1 or ,l9-yuh1 or great tree ,hall4 r>e jade ,hall4 abundant jade ,hall4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,imitations ( ,a gem among ,a gem among antiques made at preci\s vessels1 preci\s vessels1 ! ,k+-li5 ( r>e jade4 ( r>e /one4 ,hall4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,xxiv ,,symbolical ,,m>ks ,,& ,,ornam5ts ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,symbolical ,,m>ks ,,& ,,ornam5ts ,e picture tells its /ory is true :5 appli$ to ,ori5tal decoration :]e hi/ory & my?ology furni% _m ( ! designs1 & almo/ e fl[] & col\r has its own mean+4 ,on ! porcela9 _m ( ^! devices are us$ ei!r z m>ks or ornam5ts2 sometimes !y h ribbons or fillets entw9$ ar\nd !m1 & !y v>y consid]ably 9 /yle & %ape4 ,^? giv5 are f ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks's book1 ,! ,catalogue ( ! ,franks' ,collection ( ,ori5tal ,porcela9 & ,pott]y1 exhibit$ at ! ,be?nal ,gre5 ,museum4 ,! symbols set out are f\nd on blue & :ite porcela9 z well z on pieces ( famille v]te1 p[d]$ blue1 & old specim5s decorat$ ) col\r$ enamels g5]ally ( a v good quality4 ,a4 ,no4 #a4 ,! pe>l1 :i* z an ornam5t is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! air ) dragons4 ,no4 #b4 ,! con* %ell1 a well-kn[n ,buddhi/ emblem :i* signifies a prosp]\s j\rney4 ,no4 #c4 ,a musical in/rum5t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,gull&1 :o se>*$ ,mr4 ,salt+'s ,collection at ! ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #ah pieces1 mo/ly blue & :ite1 h ?is m>k4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,?ree ( ! v>ieties ( a loz5ge %ape2 sometimes x has ! swa/ika 9 ! c5tre4 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,v>i\s fi% symbols4 ,sometimes a pair ( fi%es is f\nd 9 a vase =m1 b ?is ,buddhi/ symbol is an emblem ( dome/ic happ9ess4 ,no4 #aj4 ,a gr\p compris+ a p5cil1 cake ( ink1 & sceptre ( longevity1 ! :ole express+ ! wi%1 ,may ?+s be fix$ z y wi%4 ,no4 #aa4 ,! h>e1 an emblem ( longevity4 ,! h>e is connect$ by leg5d ) ! moon1 & ! m>k is f\nd on pieces col\r$ black & yell[1 & on blue & :ite ( good quality4 ,no4 #ab4 ,a pair ( rh9oc]os horns us$ z a m>k & 9 o!r =ms z a symbol4 ,mr4 ,gull&'s exam9ation gave a r /rik+ result4 ,ab\t #ifj pieces are 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection1 p]haps ! f9e/ ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,( ^! #acj pieces _h date m>ks1 #eb be+ on col\r$ pieces & #gh on blue & :ite4 ,! o!r m>ks1 mo/ly symbol m>ks1 7 f\nd on #afi pieces1 ( :i* #gg 7 col\r$ & #ib blue & :ite4 ,?is gives a total ( #bii m>k$ pieces4 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,v>ieties ( leaves4 ,sometimes ! leaves are fillet$4 ,9 ! ,salt+ ,collection #de pieces _h ! leaf m>k1 :i* is *iefly f\nd on blue & :ite4 ,nos4 #ag1 #ah4 ,! lotus fl[]1 )\t fillets1 ! specim5s 9 ! same collection 7 col\r$4 ,nos4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,*e plant mo/ly f\nd on blue & :ite1 a k9d ( fungus us$ z an emblem ( longevity & occasionally f\nd 9 vase =m1 ( natural %ape1 9 self-col\r1 su* z sang-de-buf4 ,no4 #bc4 ,! pea* & conv5tional bat4 ,! pea* signifies longevity1 & ! bat happ9ess4 ,! two toge!r embody ! wi% = ,a two-fold p]petuation ( happ9ess & long life4 ,no4 #bd4 ,f\r-leav$ fl[]1 on blue & :ite4 ,no4 #be4 ,fl[] ) eight or sixte5 leaves4 ,no4 #bf4 ,five-leav$ fl[]1 on blue & :ite4 ,a six-leav$ fl[] is also f\nd on blue & :ite4 ,no4 #bg4 ,joo-e-head4 ,!re is no =m s univ]sal = decorative purposes z ! ,joo-e1 "h giv5 z a m>k on blue & :ite4 ,panels & bord]s h modifications ( ?is =m 9 endless v>iety4 ,! fungus z emblem ( longevity 0 adopt$ 9 ?is =m z ! head ( ! sceptre ( longevity1 & ! ,joo-e has rema9$ a classical patt]n4 ,no4 #bh4 ,five circles ) fillets1 f\nd on old col\r$ specim5s4 ,no4 #bi4 ,a knot 7*ang7 said to signify longevity1 f\nd on blue & :ite4 ,no4 #cj4 ,an insect1 f\nd on blue & :ite4 ,no4 #ca4 ,/ork or h]on )\t a tail4 ,note ! ,dresd5 engrav$ numb] bel[4 ,nos4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce4 ,v>ieties ( inc5se burn]s 7t+s71 f\nd on blue & :ite4 ,sev]al o!r m>ks are to be f\nd1 notably on porcela9 ( good quality4 ,b4 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,symbols4 ,^! symbols are sometimes1 z we h se51 us$ z m>ks4 ,b !y are also us$ 9 decoration1 be+ col\r$ 9 enamel col\rs & (t5 plac$ 9 %ap$ res]ves4 ,! numb] eight seems to h an attraction = ! ,*9ese4 ,"h we h :at are t]m$ ! eight preci\s ?+s1 &1 lat]1 ! ,buddhi/ emblems1 ! eight lucky emblems1 are giv54 ,x is n necess>y to d m ?an "n ^! ord9>y symbols3-- ,no4 #a4 ,a pe>l4 ,no4 #b4 ,a co91 symbol ( ri*es1 (t5 =ms a bord] to plates & di%es4 ,no4 #c4 ,loz5ge ) op5 frame4 ,two loz5ges ) ov]lapp+ ends are us$ to express ! dual symbol4 ,no4 #d4 ,a mirror4 ,no4 #e4 ,a s\nd+-plate us$ z a bell4 ,no4 #f4 ,books plac$ close toge!r1 probably ano!r dual symbol4 ,no4 #g4 ,rh9oc]os horns--conv5tional =m4 ,no4 #h4 ,a leaf4 ,"s or all ( ^! objects may frequ5tly be se5 c>ri$ 9 processions or on pictures ( su* processions4 ,c4 ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,symbols4 ,"h1 aga91 we h "s =ms :i* h be5 dealt ) z m>ks4 ,no4 #a4 ,a bell4 ,9 place ( ?is1 ! :eel ( ! law is frequ5tly us$4 ,no4 #b4 ,! con* %ell1 ! *ank %ell ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,no4 #c4 ,a /ate umbrella4 ,no4 #d4 ,a canopy4 ,no4 #e4 ,! lotus fl[] aga94 ,no4 #f4 ,a vase ) cov]4 ,no4 #g4 ,two fi%es4 ,connubial felicity4 ,no4 #h4 ,a knot said to repres5t ! inte/9es & to be an emblem ( longevity4 ,,o!r ,,symbols4 ,a silv] +ot1 a cake ( ink or a bran* ( coral may be f\nd z emblems ( ri*es1 s*ol>%ip1 or p[]1 b !re rema9 ?ree devices :i* des]ve a few words4 ,! fir/ is ! ,pa-kwa1 consi/+ ( eight diagrams ( entire & brok5 l9es4 ,! entire l9es repres5t ! male1 /rong or cele/ial elem5t 9 nature2 & ! brok5 ones ! female weak1 t]re/rial elem5t4 ,an entire sy/em ( ,*9ese philosophy is built ^u ?is comb9ation1 & n only s1 b !y furni% a clue to ! secrets ( nature & ( be+4 ,! trigrams are (t5 repres5t$ ^u specim5s ( porcela91 especially on rais$ decorations1 ) or )\t a c5tral circul> device1 ! ,yang & ! ,y91 ano!r repres5tation ( ! male & female elem5ts 9 nature4 ,! second device is ! bat4 ,! ^w 9 ,*9ese has exactly ! same s\nd z ! ^w mean+ happ9ess1 s t ! bat has come to be reg>d$ z a symbol ( happ9ess4 ,! figure ( a bat is sometimes us$ alone2 *iefly1 h[ev]1 we f9d f\r or five bats surr\nd+ ! seal "* = longevity4 ,?is is ! ?ird ( ! devices4 ,! "* = longevity 7%[ 9 ,*9ese7 is reg>d$ z v auspici\s1 & x is writt5 9 no less ?an a hundr$ diff]5t ways4 ,:5 us$ ) ! five bats surr\nd+ x1 ! five great bless+s are symbolis$--longevity1 ri*es1 peacefulness1 love ( virtue1 & a happy dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,illu/ration3 ,b ,illu/ration3 ,c ,,xxv ,,! ,,immortals1 ,,or ,,*5s ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,immortals1 ,,or ,,*5s ,! ,pa ,si51 or eight ,immortals1 7 foll[]s ( ! ,taoi/ religion f\nd$ by ,lao ,tsze1 :o liv$ ab\t ! "t ( ,confucius4 ,!y seem$ to be not$ = a comb9ation ( pure ,taoism1 :i* taught contempt = ri*es & worldly p[]1 & advocat$ complete subjugation ( all bodily passions1 & su* practice ( magic & al*emy z gave !m ! p[] !y affect$ to despise4 ,^! eight liv$ at v>i\s times & atta9$ immortality ?r\gh ! my/]i\s elixir ( immortality4 #a4 ,han ,*ung-le1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,*[ dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #aabb-bdi71 is repres5t$ z a fat man1 ei!r ) b>e /oma* or fully clo!d4 ,8 emblem is a fan ) :i* he revives ! spirits ( ! dead4 #b4 ,leu ,tung-p9 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #gee74 ,he le>nt ! my/]ies f ,han ,*ung-le :il/ w&]+ 9 ! m\nta9 gorges4 ,tempt$ t5 times1 he ov]came ! temptations1 & ) a sword1 :i* is 8 emblem1 he slew evil mon/]s & rid ! e>? ( !m = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s4 #c4 ,le ,tee-kwae 7p]iod unkn[n7 0 a s*ol> ( ,han ,*ung-le 9 ! cele/ial regions :i* he visit$ 9 _s1 leav+ 8 body "u *>ge ( a disciple on ! e>? bel[4 ,on return+ f "o visit1 he f\nd 8 body 0 gone1 & ! only way 9 :i* he c\ld cont9ue 8 exi/5ce 0 by tak+ refuge 9 ! body ( a lame begg>1 ^: crut* & g\rd are 8 symbols4 #d4 ,tsa\ ,kwo-kiu 7circa ,a4,d4 #iii7 is g5]ally repres5t$ ) a c\rt head-dress1 be+ connect$ by bir? ) ! ,emp]or4 ,8 symbol is a pair ( flapp]s or ca/anets1 :i* he c>ries 9 "o h&4 #e4 ,lan ,tsae-ho is r a my? ( my?s1 = nei!r ! sex nor p]iod is giv54 ,! figure is repres5t$ be>+ a fl[]-basket or w9e-pot1 ei!r ( :i* is ! emblem4 #f4 ,*ang ,ko-la\ 7close ( sev5? to middle ( eigh? c5turies7 0 a great magician1 ^: :ite mule c>ri$ him imm5se di/ances1 & :5 n 9 use 0 fold$ up & put away4 ,8 symbol is a bamboo tube drum1 c>ri$ on ei!r arm1 ) two rods1 ! ends ( :i* are usually project+ f ! upp] op5+ ( ! drum 9 :i* !y are plac$4 #g4 ,han ,seang-tsze 7ab\t ! same p]iod z ! la/7 0 a pupil ( ,leu ,tung-p94 ,8 symbol is a flute c>ri$ 9 ei!r h&1 usually end upw>ds4 ,! /ory says t 8 ma/] c>ri$ him to ! fam\s pea*-tree ( ! g5ii f :i* he fell4 #h4 ,ho ,se5-koo 7,a4,d4 #fij-gje7 0 an example ( filial piety4 ,! leg5d tells h[ va/ 7 ! di/ances %e travell$ to get da9ty bamboo %oots = h] sick "m1 h[ %e conqu]$ ! desire = mortal food1 su/a9+ h]self ) ! p[d] ( "m-(-pe>l1 & h[ f9ally %e disappe>$ ) ! promise ( com+ back aga94 ,?is %e did1 on occasion :5 a good g5ius 0 necess>y1 appe>+ 9 ! cl\ds & br++ bless+s4 ,h]s is ! fl[] symbol--! lotus4 ,"h1 be=e me1 are two vases on ea* ( :i* is depict$ a fea/ ( ! immortals 9 ! cele/ial regions4 ,"u ! spread+ p9e-tree1 emblem ( longevity1 sits ,han ,*ung-le1 li/5+ to ! music ( ! flute4 ,ar\nd him are ! o!rs ) w9e-cups set on a rock table4 ,lan ,tsae-ho is be>+ ! w9e-pot1 :il/ 9 ! cl\ds1 ov] ! p9e-tree1 ! graci\s ,ho ,se5-koo gazes d[n ^u ! sc5e4 ,n only 9 decoration1 on vases1 & o!r pieces1 are ^! gods depict$ ei!r s+ly1 9 pairs1 or all 9 "o gr\p1 b also 9 s+le figures & z a gr\p ( figures4 ,sometimes eight1 & sometimes n9e are f\nd 9 "o gr\p1 ! n9? be+ ,lao ,tsze himself1 ! f\nd] ( ,taoism4 ,_m ( ^! figures1 z 9 ! illu/rations1 are v beautiful 9 col\r1 & s entirely qua9t & curi\s 9 modell+1 (t5 ) faces & h&s1 9 :ite biscuit1 & s r>e4 ,old ,m+ figures1 e>ly ,celadon figures1 lat] enamell$ figures1 9 sets ( eight1 /&+ or sitt+1 are (t5 wor? a knight's ransom4 ,,xxvi ,,! ,,dresd5 ,,collection ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,dresd5 ,,collection ,! ,dresd5 ,collection ( porcela9 is probably ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,europe z f> z ! ,ori5tal portion is conc]n$4 ,accord+ to its le>n$ ,director1 ,dr4 ,!odore ,graesse1 x 0 *iefly br\ght toge!r by ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 ,k+ ( ,pol& & ,elector ( ,saxony1 betwe5 ! ye>s #afid-agje4 ,^! specim5s 7 aft]w>ds made use ( to decorate ! ,dut*1 or1 z x 0 subsequ5tly call$1 ! ,japanese1 ,palace4 ,aft] be+ = _m ye>s /or$ away 9 ! vaults ( ! ,palace1 !y h n[ be5 set out 9 ! ,johanneum ,palace1 :]e !y are well se54 ,9 ord]1 x is said1 to prev5t ! c\rti]s f mak+ away ) ! royal prop]ty1 e specim5 9 ! old collection 0 m>k$ ) numb]s1 accompani$ by v>i\s signs1 engrav$ ?r\gh ! glaze on ! la!1 & !re=e indelible4 ,to avoid high numb]s & to facilitate classification1 a p>ticul> sign 0 us$ = ea* k9d ( porcela94 ,^! m>ks mu/ h be5 put on at an e>ly date1 z !y are only to be f\nd on ! m anci5t specim5s ( ,meiss5 porcela9 9 ! collection at ,dresd54 ,! classes & m>ks 7 z foll[s3-- ,japanese porcela91 di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( a cross to ! numb]4 ,gre5 ,*9ese porcela9 7t is1 pr9cipally pa9t$ 9 gre5 enamel71 m>k$ by an ,i4 ,:ite ,*9ese porcela91 m>k$ ) a triangle4 ,r$ ,*9ese porcela9 7t is1 pr9cipally decorat$ 9 r$71 m>k$ ) an arr[4 ,blue & :ite ,indian porcela9 7*iefly ,*9ese blue & :ite71 includ+ crackle1 m>k$ ) a zig-zag l9e4 ,see symbolical m>k #ca4 ,old ,indian porcela91 m>k$ ) a p>allelogram4 ,indian & ,saxon black porcela91 m>k$ ) a ,p4 ,! cross m>k is ( value z %[+ ! op9ion ent]ta9$ 9 ,europe at s e>ly a "t z to :at 0 ,japanese1 b mu/ ( c\rse be accept$ ) "s res]ve4 ,x may be add$ t ne>ly all ! ,japanese specim5s are :at we "k z ,old ,japan1 made 9 ,im>i = exportation4 ,! triangle is useful to help u 9 di/+ui%+ :ite ,ori5tal f e>ly ,dresd51 ,fulham1 or ,plym\? porcela91 :i* 7 close copies ( ! fir/4 ,! mo/ curi\s specim5s are ^? m>k$ ) a p>allelogram1 & are call$ ,old ,indian4 ,_m ( ^! appe> to be ,ori5tal porcela91 orig9ally :ite1 & decorat$ 9 ,europe1 probably 9 ,holl&4 ,! same /yle ( pa9t+ is to be f\nd on five vases be>+ ! arms & initials ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 said to h be5 ord]$ = ! ,k+ by ! ,dut* 9 #agjc1 b probably execut$ 9 ,holl&4 ,^! vases seem to be ,*9ese porcela9 ) ornam5ts 9 v l[ relief1 ov] :i* ! arms h be5 pa9t$1 toge!r ) a decoration 9 ! ,japanese /yle4 ,,xxvii ,,section ,,ii ,,japanese ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y ,,section ,,ii ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,a ,,%ort ,,sket* ,,& ,,m>ks ,,( ,,japanese ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y ,al?\gh we d n possess any complete docum5t>y evid5ce on ,c]amics 9 ,japan1 & al?\gh mu* ( :at we d "k has be5 obta9$ by ,engli%m5 9 t c\ntry1 !re is no d\bt t ?is art _h its orig9 9 remote antiquity1 & t ! ,japanese seem always to h possess$ 9 a high degree a v vivid s5tim5t ( decoration1 happily comb9$ ) an extraord9>y facility ( execution4 ,! mak+ ( porcela9 only dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,%onsui1 return+ f ,*9a1 :]e he _h le>n$ ! secrets ( ! trade1 con/ruct$ sev]al furnaces 9 localities :]e he f\nd ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,he settl$ at ,arita1 9 ,hiz51 ! ne>e/ port to :i* is ,im>i1 a "n famili> to all collectors z a common "n = all ,japanese porcela94 ,b ?is old ,im>i is always :ite ) designs pa9t$ 9 blue "u ! glaze4 ,a hundr$ ye>s aft] an ,im>i pott] le>nt1 "u ! direction ( a ,*9ese e/abli%$ at ,nagasaki1 ! art ( pa9t+ & decorat+ 9 v>i\s col\rs ! porcela9 :i* he sold to ,*9ese m]*ants4 ,!y 9 _! turn export$ x to ,europe ?r\gh ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 s t consid]able quantities arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is f\nd to-day 9 a l>ge numb] ( families :i* h pres]v$ ! ta/es ( _! =efa!rs4 ,arita or ,im>i 7 names indiff]5tly appli$ to ?is porcela94 ,among/ ! o!r num]\s works :]e pott]y & porcela9 7 made ! foll[+ li/ comprises ! *ief3 ,awata1 ,banko or ,imbe1 ,kaga or ,kutani1 ) beautiful r$ & gold decoration2 ,kioto1 ,ki%u1 ,nabe%ima1 ,satsuma1 ,soma1 ,s&a1 ,sto 79 ! prov9ce ( ,ow>i1 to-day "o ( ! l>ge/ c5tres ( production71 & ,tokio4 ,japanese porcela9 is di/+ui%$ f ,*9ese by a clos] imitation f nature 9 ! fl[]s & birds1 &1 above all1 by mu* m correct design1 m *a/e & elegant 9 ! repres5tation ( ! human figure4 ,! m>ks are (t5 impress$ or /amp$ 9 a circle1 oblong or oval1 & frequ5tly1 too1 ,*9ese m>ks are imitat$4 ,x w be useful to indicate "s *>act]i/ics ( ! *ief ( ! factories m5tion$ above4 ,,im>i1 ,,arita1 ,,or ,,hiz5 ,,porcela94 ,! olde/ ,im>i has be5 ref]r$ to be=e4 ,! p]iod ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is not$ = decoration ) enamels ov] ! glaze4 ,! pa/e or body 0 f9e & pure1 ! glaze milk-:ite1 s(t1 yet n want+ 9 brilliancy1 =m+ a gr\nd h>monis+ ) ! sev]ely simple decoration4 ,! enamel col\rs 7 few1 b cle> & ri* 9 tone1 *iefly a dull r$1 a grass-gre51 & a lilac-blue4 ,! decorative subjects 71 mo/ commonly1 floral m$allions2 b ! dragon1 ,phnix1 bamboo plum 7prunus fl[]71 birds flutt]+ ov] a %eaf ( corn1 & v>i\s diap] patt]ns 7 con/antly us$4 ,! designs1 sp>sely scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 give ea* z wide a m>g9 z possible4 ,! ,im>i w>e1 old ,japan w>e export$ 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 0 a di/9ct type1 made to please ,european ta/e4 ,! decoration is usually violet1 r$1 & gold add$ to a pla9 :ite glaze or to ! blue & :ite4 ,,hirado ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela94 ,?is is said to m>k ! highe/ degree ( p]fection & beauty ev] atta9$4 ,! pa/e is f9e1 pure1 & :ite1 free f ! d>k gritty p>ticles f\nd ne>ly always 9 ,im>i w>e4 ,! blue--! only col\r employ$1 ) r>e exceptions--is exquisitely s(t & cle> & seems to float 9 ! milk-:ite1 velvet-l glaze4 ,! designs are ( _m subjects1 et*$ ) wond]ful skill4 ,only )9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 ,europe did ! passion = blue & :ite induce ,japanese own]s to sell1 & ! supply 0 soon exhau/$4 ,x is well to note t mod]n imitations are n pure :ite1 b gre5i%1 & !y are less p]fectly pott$4 ,x 0 f ,hirado porcela9 t ,b[ & ,plym\? modell$ _! pieces ) rais$ %ells & seawe$1 & ,dresd51 too1 copi$ ! figures1 birds1 & fl[]s 9 relief4 ,hirado 0 a private kiln :]e ! workm5 7 =bidd5 to sell )\t p]mission4 ,,nabe%ima ,,w>e4 ,! feudal *ief ( ,hiz5 at 8 private kilns produc$ blue & :ite porcela9 ( f9e pa/e & col\r1 & g5]ally ) a *>act]i/ic comb9ation ( r$4 ,! pott]s did n1 z a rule1 use m>ks1 b !y copi$ ,*9ese m>ks on pieces :i* 7 reproductions ( ,*9ese patt]ns4 ,l ,hirado1 ,nabe%ima _h no occasion to m>k z ?\gh ! porcela9 0 int5d$ = sale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,five ,,claws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,ho-,,ho ,,bird4 ,! designs & symbolical m>ks copi$ f ,*9a h ! same mean+ to ! ,japanese4 ,! dragon is (t5 f\nd z a design1 9 v>i\s col\rs & 9 gold4 ,! place ( dragons 9 ,buddhism expla9s _! frequ5t appe>ance--inde$1 !y are ! ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,if !y are (f5d$ !y puni% m5 ) plague1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e4 ,h5ce !y mu/ be propitiat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,dog ,,( ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,kyl94 ,fig4 #a %[s ! five claws ( ! be/ k9d ( dragon-decorat$ ,ori5tal1 said to be made = ,imp]ial use4 ,fig4 #b is ! ,fong-,hoang1 sometimes call$ ! ,ho-,ho bird4 ,?is 0 ! symbol ( ! sov]eigns ( ,*9a be=e ! five-claw$ dragon4 ,draw+s ( ?is bird v>y v mu*2 :5 repres5t$ 9 ! air ! feet are ?r[n back4 ,fig4 #c is ! dog ( ,f1 or ,buddha1 (t5 call$ ! ,korean lion1 /ill m (t51 & wrongly1 ! kyl94 ,! "o is ! lion trans=m$1 & ,fig4 #d1 ! kyl91 is m l ! unicorn4 ,its head resembles t ( a dragon4 ,(t5 its body is cov]$ ) scales1 & its ho(s are clov54 ,,xxviii ,,satsuma ,,pott]y1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,satsuma ,,pott]y ,:il/ 9 porcela9 ,japan copi$ ,*9ese patt]ns1 9 pott]y native tal5t _h full scope = its orig9al & p]sonal "*1 s ably %[n bo? 9 %ape & decoration4 ,among/ all ! pott]y ,satsuma takes ! fir/ place2 inde$1 no collection is complete unless x has a specim51 al?\gh f9e pieces are v r>e4 ,mu* ( :at is call$ old ,satsuma has be5 produc$ at ,kyoto & ,yokohama = export1 & has v little 9 common ) ! w>e s highly priz$ by collectors 9 ,japan4 ,%[y1 brilliant1 & decorative reproductions are met ) frequ5tly1 b nei!r 9 pa/e or pa9t+ are !y comp>able4 ,real old ,satsuma1 at fir/ sight1 looks l ivory1 & ! designs display inf9ite c>e1 ! col\rs be+ l[ 9 tone1 :il/ ! gold is p5cill$ ) su* a multitude ( m9ute l9es z to be truly wond]ful4 ,! glazes are (t5 enamell$2 yell[ & black1 bo? rem>kable1 b exce$+ly r>e1 are mono*romes2 s1 too1 is olive-gre51 :i* is seldom us$ alone1 b 9 conjunction ) a d>k yell[ or d>k br[n4 ,v>i\s articles1 su* z tea j>s1 teapots1 & inc5se boxes1 h usually ^! glazes4 ,ano!r glaze1 call$ ,flambes1 or ,flammes1 is l %ot-silk1 e4g41 r$ jasp] & violet1 & violet & blue4 ,! col\ration1 no d\bt at fir/ accid5tal1 0 lat] obta9$ by ! comb9ation ( metals ) ! oxyg5 9 ! air & dur+ ! fir+1 s t ! results 7 def9$ & c]ta94 ,! old pott]s conf9$ _! decorations to diap]s1 floral subjects1 l&scapes1 & ! ,*9ese subjects--! ,ho-,ho birds1 ! my?ical lion1 ! dragon1 & ! kyl94 ,two k9ds ( pott]y 7 made at ,satsuma1 & ! self-glazes1 ei!r mono*rome or flambe1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 appli$ to ! r$1 & n to ! :ite k9d4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pa/e or body ( ! piece is r$1 & by comp>+ a few specim5s ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! :ite c soon be det]m9$4 ,:5 ! pott] cuts ! turn$ piece f ! clay on ! :eel he uses a /r+2 & 9 ,satsuma w>e ! /r+-m>k c be detect$ on ! bottom ( ! piece4 ,aga91 ! ,satsuma pott] turn$ ! ?r[+-:eel ) ! left foot1 b o!r pott]s us$ ! "r2 h5ce ! spiral 9 ! pa/e is f left to "r 9 ,satsuma1 f "r to left 9 o!r factories4 ,pure :ite faence1 clev]ly m\ld$ & reticulat$1 0 a celebrat$ & fav\rite product ( ! anci5t pott]s4 ,spuri\s ,satsuma is "o ( ! mo/ common & disfigur+ features ( bo? public & private collections4 ,,kyoto ,,pott]y4 ,mu* ( ! lat] pott]y f ,kyoto 0 made 9 imitation ( ,satsuma4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahgh1 su* imitations ( pieces decorat$ 9 relief _h a great success4 ,b ,kyoto has "o "n :i* /amps ! sev5te5? c5tury productions z m>k+ ! adoption ( ! repres5tative ,japan /yle4 ,!re 0 ,n9sei1 :o %ook himself free f ! influ5ce ( ,*9a & ,korea1 &1 hav+ acquir$ ! secrets ( decoration ) enamels1 he set to "w to practice & imp>t !m 9 ! v>i\s factories at ,kyoto :]e he work$4 ,he introduc$ a crackle1 :i* ( itself is a te/ betwe5 old & mod]n w>e4 ,! glaze 0 ( a light buff or cream col\r1 & ! crackle 0 ne>ly circul> & v f9e1 & is be/ describ$ z fi%-roe crackle4 ,! pa/e ( 8 pieces v>i$ f h>d1 close brick-r$ clay to a f9e-textur$ yell[i% grey4 ,! col\r$ glazes--blue1 gre51 r$1 black1 & gold--7 also introduc$ by him to ! ,kyoto kilns4 ,! black glaze 0 run ov] a grass-gre5 "o1 s z to give brilliancy ( effect1 :il/ panels ( cream crackle on ! surface 7 pa9t$ 9 diap] patt]ns or ) floral designs 9 gold1 silv]1 or col\r$ enamels4 ,ano!r glaze1 s9ce imitat$ successfully1 0 a pe>l :ite ) a k9d ( p9k blu% spread+ ?r\gh x4 ,z a rule ,n9sei m>k$ 8 pieces2 ! m>k is giv54 ,two or ?ree hundr$ doll>s are readily paid 9 ,japan = a small b[l ( ! be/ type1 s g5u9e specim5s are exce$+ly r>e 9 ,europe4 ,x is well to reit]ate two te/s :i* may be easily appli$ to ,n9sei pieces--! pa/e is h>d & brick-r$ or yell[i% grey 9 col\r1 & ! crackles are equal & circul> 9 %ape4 ,,awata ,,w>e4 ,"h1 too1 ,satsuma w>e has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 l>gely imitat$4 ,at ! ,am/]dam ,exhibition a f9e collection 0 on view4 ,b ,awata _h kilns z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & a clev] workman1 ,k9kzan1 ab\t a c5tury lat]1 did mu* to br+ back ! reputation lo/ aft] ,n9sei's influ5ce _h pass$ away4 ,! glaze "u 8 treatm5t 0 creamy & lu/r\s4 ,! enamels1 :i* h>monis$ s well ) ! glaze1 7 grass-gre51 ultram>9e1 & r$4 ,gold 0 almo/ inv>iably us$ 9 decoration4 ,silv]1 purple1 & yell[ are mo/ uncommon4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! majority ( ! ,awata pieces 7 unm>k$4 ,g5]ally1 ?ree rules are equally valuable 9 judg+ ! age ( all ,kyoto w>es1 includ+ ,awata & o!r places close by4 ,fir/1 ! pa/e ( ! old pieces is close-gra9$ & h>d2 second1 ! glaze has a lu/re1 :i* may be due to atmosph]ic influ5ce long cont9u$2 ?ird1 ! enamel col\rs are c>efully pa9t$1 & are v bright & cle>4 ,m>ks3-- 7#a7 ,! *rysan!mum1 arms or cre/ ( ! ,mikado4 7#b7 ,! kiri1 said to be /amp$ on articles = royal use exclusively4 7#c77d77e7 ,satsuma m>ks4 7#f7 ,! m>%mall[1 cre/ ( ,tok\gava ,satsuma w>e4 7#g7 ,n9sei's "n2 /amp$ ) sunk lett]s1 ,kyoto4 7#h7 ,%imizu1 a mak]'s "n1 9 a long oval4 ,kyoto4 7#i7 ,taizan1 a pott] ( ,kyoto4 7#aj77aa7 ,us$ at ,kyoto by ,yeiraku4 7#ab7 ,awata w>e1 also us$ 9 a small size4 7#ac7 ,awata1 m>k ( ano!r factory4 7#ad7 ,on pott]y made 9 imitation ( ,satsuma4 7#ae7 ,awata4 ,k9kzan's m>k /amp$4 7#af7 ,seal "*1 ,prosp]ity4 7#ag7 ,seal "*1 ,gold4 7#ah7 ,seal "*1 ,felicity4 7#ai7 ,%ig51 a mak]'s "n1 probably ,kyoto4 7#bj7 ,seal "*1 ,happ9ess4 7#ba7 ,seal "*1 ,preci\s4 7#bb7 ,inscrib$ m>k1 ,an et]nal spr+ ( ri*es & hon\rs4 7,a7 ,cre/ ( ,%imadz\1 ,pr9ce ( ,satsuma4 7,b7 ,cre/ ( ,ik$a1 ,pr9ce ( ,biz54 ,o!r blasons ( ,japanese pr9ces4 ,! sale prices ( ,old ,japanese w1 = a little1 v>y ! subject "u consid]ation4 ,! dem& is great1 ! supply limit$2 s prices w rise high] yet4 ,old ,im>i di%1 pa9t$ ) vase ( fl[]s1 hav+ %ap$ panels on d>k blue & gold gr\nd1 #g #gs4 ,set ( ?ree octagonal vases--old ,im>i--simil> decoration1 ) fe/oons & tassels on ! %\ld]s1 #cf #es4 ,a pair octagonal vases--old ,im>i--simil> decoration1 #fe #bs4 ,ano!r di%1 old ,im>i1 vase ( fl[]s 9 c5tre1 ,ho-,ho birds r\nd ! bord]1 ) fl[]s4 ,col\rs3 r$1 blue1 & gold4 #ab #abs4 ,f ! ,haya%i ,collection4--,hirado cat1 life-size1 c\*+4 #bj #hs4 7,,note4--,hirado1 ,hirato1 or ,h>ito are us$ indiff]5tly47 ,at ! same sale4--,two ,arita porcela9 cups1 #e2 two sc5t or inc5se burn]s1 #d #ds4 ,o!r sales4--,b[l1 9 ,n9sei pott]y1 #bf2 sc5t burn]1 ,satsuma1 #bh #afs42 vase1 ,biz5 w>e1 #bf2 blue1 r$1 & gold gr\nd1 probably ,im>i1 #aj2 ano!r vase1 decorat$ ) ,ho-,ho birds1 same col\rs z ! la/1 ,htel ,dr\ot1 ,p>is1 #ajj2 bottles1 pair ( old ,im>i1 flut$ & pa9t$ 9 r$1 blue1 & gold1 #bg #fs42 vases & cov]s1 pair1 old ,hiz51 decorat$ ) birds1 fl[]s1 :eels1 & scrolls 9 ri* col\rs & gold1 #ce #ads4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! f9e/ ,japanese1 copi$ f ,*9ese models1 is sold frequ5tly z ,*9ese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nab,,%ima1 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,hiz54 ,illu/ration3 ,,hossokawa1 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,higo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mats\-,,oura1 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,hirado4 ,illu/ration3 ,,malda1 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,kaga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mo,,ri1 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,nagato4 ,,xxix ,,biz5 ,,or ,,imbe1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,biz5 ,,or ,,imbe ,! *ief objects made at ,biz5 7 vases1 inc5se-burn]s1 & num]\s figures ( animals & p]sons4 ,among/ ! la/ are f\nd a numb] ( my?ical div9ities illu/rat+ ! two religions ( ,japan1 ,%9toism & ,buddhism1 especially ! latt]4 ,be=e me1 z ,i write1 is a good specim5 ( old ,biz54 ,x is ! figure ( ,hotei1 ! god ( ,cont5tm5t4 ,br[n glaz$ w>e ) a pa/e ( f9e1 h>d r$ clay4 ,he is /&+ on a w9d-bag ) 8 dress op5 to 8 wai/1 & 8 laugh is typical ( ! wond]ful facial expression (t5 to be f\nd 9 ,ori5tal figures4 ,! pott]y ( ,biz5 0 made at a v e>ly date1 b ! e>ly specim5s 7 ( a co>se1 gritty r$ pa/e ) no glaze1 & only common articles 7 made4 ,!n1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 m att5tion 0 paid to ! prep>ation ( ! clay1 & ,*9ese copies 7 imitat$4 ,! mo/ valu$ pieces ( ?is old ,biz5 are ^? /amp$ ) a new moon or a *]ry blossom4 ,a c5tury lat] a :ite-br[n pa/e1 f9e & ne>ly z h>d z porcela91 0 us$ l>gely = figures4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! use ( ! r$ clay4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice ! glaze appli$ to ?is k9d ( ,biz54 ,! figure ( ,hotei illu/rates ?is unique bronz+1 z x 74 ,! col\r & metallic lu/re are s good t ! figure has (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = bronze4 ,*oice specim5s are to be f\nd ) salt glazes1 br[n1 grey1 & :ite1 & ( ^! ! la/ is r>e/4 ,"o o!r peculi>ity ( all ,biz5 is t ! glaze is absorb$ into ! pa/e2 ?is is said to be due to cont9u$ fir+4 ,:5 /ruck ! pieces r+ v cle>ly1 :il/ ! mod]n production has a dead1 dull s\nd4 ,! ,biz5 pott]y ( our own "t is deg5]ate4 ,! mon/rosities to be f\nd 9 curiosity %ops are nei!r arti/ic nor int]e/+4 ,,kutani ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y4 ,kutani1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kaga1 produc$ pott]y ( d>k clay ) a light *ocolate glaze ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,lat]1 "o ( ! pott]s1 :o 0 s5t to ,hiz5 = ! purpose1 br\ght back in=mation :i* l$ to great improvem5t4 ,at ! end ( t c5tury1 & e>ly 9 ! next1 two w>es 7 produc$4 ,"o is m>k$ by a deep gre5 glaze1 :i* =m$ an effective & /rik+ decoration1 b o!r glazes 7 also us$ on ^! o!r w>es1 notably deep purple1 yell[1 & a s(t blue4 ,! o!r class 0 an imitation ( ,hiz5 w>e1 ) ! diff]5ce t blue "u ! glaze 0 n associat$ ) enamel col\rs ov] ! glaze4 ,9 addition to ! col\rs m5tion$ a beautiful r$ 0 introduc$ & gold 0 add$4 ,! arti/ic designs 7 purely ,japanese bits ( nature-pa9t+1 t9y l&scapes1 birds on plum bran*es1 & o!r simple b /rik+ subjects ( ?is k9d4 ,! contra/ to ! ,im>i w>e1 ) its bold masses ( blossoms & col\rs1 is z great z x is ) mod]n ,kutani4 ,! latt] (t5 has peacocks1 gr\ps ( brilliant peonies & *rysan!mums1 brightly dress$ wom5 & wond]ful old m51 cocks ^u b>rels1 & o!r well-kn[n subjects4 ,! only figures on old ,kutani are *ildr5 play+4 ,! pa/e is ( a bad col\r1 a k9d ( dirty :ite4 ,x passes f /onew>e to porcela91 accord+ to ! nature ( ! clay1 mu* ( :i* 0 import$1 & :i* 0 sometimes mix$ ) ! clay f\nd at ,kutani4 ,! o!r mak]s ( porcela9 frequ5tly s5t _! pieces 9 a :ite /ate to be decorat$ "h1 & ?is 0 done especially f ,arita4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! ,kutani m>k appe>s on porcela9 v>y+ 9 composition4 ,?us !re are /onew>e & excell5t porcela94 ,"s ( x w be> comp>ison ) ! be/ ,hiz5 egg-%ell4 ,:at te/s %\ld be appli$ to f9d out :e!r ! specim5 submitt$ is old ,kutani or n8 ,"o has be5 giv5--x is ?is3 blue "u ! glaze is n employ$ 9 conjunction ) enamel decoration4 ,!n !re is ! tone ( ! blue4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! ri* blue ( ,im>i1 ! exquisite s(t & cle> blue ( ,hirado1 b ! ,kutani blue is1 l ! pa/e (t5 is1 inf]ior 9 quality4 ,! glaze1 h[ev]1 has a wax-l surface :i* is di/9ctive4 ,9 ! col\r$ specim5s ! sev]e nature ( ! decoration & ! beauty & lu/re ( ! enamels are *>act]i/ic features4 ,b ,kutani copi$ ,*9ese orig9als 9 ! be/ /yle1 s t if su* specim5s 7 b\ght 9 ,*9a !y w\ld pass = good examples ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,b 9 ,japan1 z 9 ,*9a1 porcela9 is made ( two e>?s1 "o fusible1 ! o!r infusible1 & ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! matt] ( fir+1 mo/ ,japanese porcela9 has spur-m>ks or small projections on ! bottom1 produc$ by ! supports us$ 9 ! process ( fir+4 ,o!rwise1 ! same means are employ$ 9 mak+ & decorat+ porcela9 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,,k5zan ,,w>e4 ,n9sei & ,k9kozan h be5 m5tion$ z celebrat$ pott]s1 ,k5zan & ,yeiraku mu/ be add$ to !m4 ,k5zan at fir/ imitat$ ! ,n9sei w>e ( ,kyoto1 b1 be+ himself an arti/ & a bro!r ( ! celebrat$ pa9t] ,ogato ,kor91 he soon develop$ an orig9al & g5u9e ,japanese /yle 9 :i* /rik+ results 7 produc$ ) a seem+ abs5ce ( lab\r$ detail4 ,! simplicity ( a bran* ( prunus blossoms1 a few nodd+ re$s or grasses1 a little gr\p ( birds amid/ ! foliage1 ! di/ant hill se5 ?r\gh ! mid/1 suit$ ! space available = decoration4 ,he us$ black1 br[n1 gre51 blue1 & purple 9 pla9 col\rs1 & enamels z well z gold4 ,8 e>ly "w 0 done on ,awata pott]y1 b 8 /yle is unmi/akable1 & he m>k$ all 8 pieces ) 8 "n ,k5zan4 ,o!r specim5s ( 8 bold outl9e sket*es are f\nd on a co>se w>e ) a gritty pa/e4 ,at a lat] p]iod he w5t to ,iriya1 9 ,tokio1 b ow+ to unsatisfactory mat]ials = ! mak+ ( pott]y no?+ v great 0 accompli%$4 ,8 productions are exce$+ly r>e & proportionately valuable4 ,8 family /ill h a kiln ne> ,kyoto1 & 8 son & gr&son imitat$ 8 /yle1 includ+ ! m>k1 ) "s success4 ,,yeiraku ,,w>e4 ,!re is an anci5t pott]y at ,kyoto1 f\nd$ by a family nam$ ,soz5 & lat] ,yeiraku1 a title be/[$ ^u !m by ! ,pr9ce ( ,k or ,ki%u4 ,! pres5t pott] is ( ! same "n & he /ill makes e>!nw>e & porcela94 ,x 0 ab\t #afjj :5 ,yeiraku--!n ,z5goro-,hoz5--began to make unglaz$ tea urns z 8 ance/ors _h done4 ,z a recreation he tri$ exp]im5ts ) pa/es & glazes1 :i* attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & secur$ = him an invitation f ! ,pr9ce ( ,ki%u to come to 8 prov9ce4 ,"h ,yeiraku w>e 0 made1 s call$ f ! /amp x be>s4 ,z5goro made glazes 8 special /udy1 & produc$ ri* comb9ations ( turquoise1 blue1 purple1 & yell[1 b m ?an ^! 0 8 successful coral-r$ glaze1 made 9 imitation ( ! old ,*9ese vivid r$ ( ! ,yung-lo p]iod4 ,?is la/ a*ievem5t ga9$ = him ! gift ( a gold5 /amp1 ,yeiraku1 & ! "n :i* ! family has borne = s _m ye>s4 ,yeiraku's skill 0 (t5 te/$ by ord]s to copy all sorts ( ,*9ese1 ,korean1 & ev5 ,dut* pieces1 :i* he did s well t ! orig9al & its imitation c\ld n be di/+ui%$4 ,yeiraku 0 weal?y n[1 & c\ld h gone into easy retirem5t4 ,yet su* 0 8 love ( 8 art t he work$ on4 ,he _h produc$ ! purple1 yell[1 turquoise1 gre51 & ! blue & :ite1 also ! coral r$ & enamell$ porcela9s ( ,*9a1 b he tri$ fruitlessly to get ! t9 glaze ( ,delft & ! v>i\s glazes ( lakes ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! illu/rations giv5 ( ! goddess ,kuwanon1 9 ,*9ese ,k\any9 or ,kwan ,y91 %[ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ,buddhi/ deities4 ,%e 0 re9c>nat$ at lea/ ?irty-?ree times1 z a man1 a woman1 a demon1 & s on1 = ! greate/ good ( humanity4 ,/ill1 x is 9 ! fem99e =m t h] figure is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,japanese porcela9 & pott]y1 z well z 9 ,*9ese4 ,h] hair is 9 ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 %e we>s a necklace be>+ an ornam5t 9 ! =m ( a cross1 &1 be+ ! giv] ( *ildr51 %e is hold+ a little *ild1 :il/ ,l\ng-n\ & ,hoang-t*5-sai1 h] two s]vants1 /& at h] "r & left4 ,p]haps ! r>e/ ( ^! figures is 9 ! cream-:ite porcela9 ( ,nank94 ,a figure ( ?is goddess 0 rec5tly sold = #de4 ,,xxx ,,ki%u ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,ki%u ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,pott]y1 ,,etc4 ,bo? porcela9 & pott]y 7 made at ,wakayama1 & are kn[n z ,ki%u w>e4 ,! ornam5tation consi/$ ( =mal patt]ns 9 l[ relief1 ! int]v5+ spaces be+ fill$ ) col\r$ glazes1 *iefly blue1 deep purple1 & yell[1 ?\gh gre5 & :ite 7 n unfrequ5tly us$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common 0 a gr\nd ( purple1 ) ! scroll-"w 9 relief & "s p>ts ( x cov]$ ) turquoise-blue4 ,"s v f9e pieces _h a ri* gre5 glaze m>bl$ ) purple ) m$allions 9 o!r col\rs4 ,^! glazes are among/ ! f9e/ produc$ 9 ,japan4 ,! pa/e v>i$ f porcela9 to /onew>e1 &1 l _m factories1 0 sometimes :ite1 sometimes a r$ grey4 ,x 0 f9e 9 texture1 & h>d4 ,yeiraku's "w 0 l>gely done 9 ?is private kiln1 & _m ( ! pieces be> 8 /amp4 ,x is said t he made f five to t5 specim5s ( any object he und]took to produce1 t ! be/ 0 *os5 & ! re/ de/roy$4 ,,banko ,,pott]y4 ,z e>ly z #afhj a factory 0 e/abli%$ at a village ne> ,tokio1 & produc$ articles :i* resembl$ "s ( ! ,kutani w>es1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a ri* amateur1 ,gozayemon1 :o _h previ\sly acquir$ a great reputation z a copyi/1 0 induc$ by ! !n ,%ogun to leave ,is & to cont9ue 8 "w 9 ,tokio1 :]e 8 productions became ! fa%ion1 p>tly because ( _! m]its1 p>tly ow+ to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ !m4 ,he n[ adopt$ ! purely ,japanese /yle1 & comb9$ ) x ! beauty ( ! ,*9ese glazes 9 diff]5t col\rs1 & x 0 :5 he ceas$ to be an imitator & became an orig9ator t he became an arti/4 ,he imitat$ e k9d ( w>e1 f co>se ,korean pott]y & ! brilliant col\rs ( ,*9a to ! sev]e /yles ( ,n9sei & ,k5zam4 ,8 pieces 7 g5]ally m>k$4 ,he also made _m imitations ( ,dut* delft4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! son ( a deal] ( ,is1 into ^: h&s ! =mula ( ,gozayemon _h fall51 assum$ ! "n ( ,banko1 aft] hav+ b\ght ! /amp f 8 gr&son4 ,he made a peculi> k9d ( /onew>e1 unglaz$1 9 :i* ! m\ld1 made up ( sev]al sections1 0 plac$ inside ! clay to be modell$4 ,h5ce1 on ! outside1 ! l9es ( ! sk9 ( ! h& are %[n1 & ! designs are z %>p1 if n %>p]1 inside z outside ! pott]y1 :i* f ?is me?od ( work+ _h to be v ?94 ,he also decorat$ pieces ) /orks1 dragons1 c41 9 relief & o!r pieces1 ) clev] designs 9 col\r$ slips on a gre5 or deep br[n gr\nd4 ,?is ,is ,banko w>e is ne>ly always /amp$4 ,,soma ,,w>e4 ,?is is a mo/ peculi> w>e1 :i* consi/$ *iefly ( small teacups or b[ls1 hav+ a r\gh ind5t$ surface on ! outside1 b rem>kably smoo? to ! lips1 ) a horse 9 relief or pa9t$1 sometimes ti$ to a /ake4 ,! "n ( ! w>e & ! badge 7 d]iv$ f ! ,pr9ce ( ! t]ritory4 ,! c]emony ( tea-dr9k+ among/ ! ,japanese 0 almo/ a cult4 ,! rites 7 foll[$ "u ! direction ( a ,t*adj91 or ma/] ( ! c]emonies1 &1 among/ o!r usages1 ! %ape & decoration ( ! cups v>i$ ) ! season4 ,"s 7 made by h& in/ead ( by ! aid ( a :eel1 & mo/ ( ! factories tri$ to satisfy ! native connoisseur4 ,,s&a ,,w>e4 ,9 #afij a kiln 0 erect$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ! prov9ce ( ,setsu to imitate ,*9ese ,celadon4 ,at fir/ pott]y 0 made1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury porcela9 me?ods 7 br\ght f ,arita ) su* successful results t ! excell5t sea-gre5 ,celadon ( ,s&a atta9$ great celebrity1 9 "s degree ow+ to ! consid]able quantity ( x :i* 0 made4 ,9 col\r ,s&a ,celadon is bright gre51 less w>m ?an t ( ,*9a & less delicate ?an ! ,nabe%ima w>e4 ,,%eba ,,w>e4 ,! egg%ell porcela9 ( ,japan is n anci5t1 b ne> ,tokio a factory produces saki cups :i* are exce$+ly pretty1 be+ elegant 9 %ape & decoration & hav+ a ?9 delicate pa/e4 ,sometimes !y are cov]$ outside ) basket-"w1 v f9ely wov54 ,,notes ,,on ,,o!r ,,w>es4 ,at ,seto1 9 ,ow>i prov9ce1 bo? porcela9 & pott]y 7 made2 ! =m] 0 an importation f ,arita1 :i* has n[ become s important t porcela9 9 ,japan is kn[n z ,seto-mono or ,seto w>e4 ,"h1 too1 0 made a k9d ( /onew>e mu* e/eem$ by ! tea clubs4 ,at ,inuyama1 also 9 ,ow>i1 imitations ( ,*9ese porcela9 7 made1 & call$ ,agaye4 ,_m kilns are /ill at "w "h4 ,at ,k>atsu1 9 ,hiz51 0 an anci5t factory1 n[ clos$1 :i* _h a great reputation = ! manufacture ( ! ut5sils requir$ by ! tea clubs4 ,at ,nagano-mura1 a pott]y produc$ w>e ) a /reaky glaze1 b n pa9t$4 ,close by1 ,iga made a s+ul>ly r\gh w>e4 ,at ,sob>a-mura1 ,takatori w>e1 *iefly vases to hold inc5se1 ( a ri* br[n glaz$ /onew>e1 0 manufactur$4 ,_m mak]s 9 v>i\s kilns made ! b[ls = dr9k+ tea1 :i* 0 ! f9e/ gre5 tea1 gr\nd to p[d]1 fro!d up ) a bru%1 & pass$ 9 a b[l f h& to h&4 ,raku w>e1 s call$ f ! inscrib$ m>k ,raku 7happ9ess71 consi/$ *iefly ( tea-b[ls4 ,no?+ ne$ be said ( ! mod]n ,japanese pott]s4 ,! great] "p ( ! mod]n imports is too bad = words1 & none ne$ be wa/$ on x4 ,yet1 amid/ mu* t is ?or\ghly bad1 !re are /ill "s ma/] pott]s 9 ,kyoto1 ,tokio1 ,yokohama1 ,seyf\1 & else:]e1 ^: "w is well wor? buy+4 ,x w be well to rememb] t old ,japanese has two classes1 "o ) a :ite1 semi-transp>5t pa/e ) v simple designs--a plum-tree & two quails1 ! tortoise ) ! hairy tail1 ! phnix1 a few /orks1 or m r>ely a ,japanese lady 9 full dress4 ,! col\rs us$ 7 r$1 a pale b bright blue1 an apple-gre51 & an unusual lilac (t5 ) ! butt]fly m>k4 ,dresd51 ,*elsea1 ,/4 ,cl\d1 & o!r works imitat$ ?is class4 ,! second class1 also imitat$ 9 ,europe1 z at ,d]by1 = example1 _h ! *rysan!mum & peony decoration2 ! ornam5ts are 9 comp>tm5ts or panels1 enclos+ my?ical animals4 ,specim5s be=e me are decorat$ ) a deep blue & gold4 ,! o!r col\rs *iefly us$ are a deep r$ & a bright black & gre54 ,! kiri or kiku fl[]1 ) sev5te5 blossoms & ?ree leaves1 is frequ5tly us$4 ,x is ! ,imp]ial badge4 ,! cov]s ( ! vases & j>s h figures 9 ,japanese dress or ,korean lions on ! top4 ,mo/ ( ! beautifully decorat$ specim5s 7 made = export1 ! ,japanese value ! r\gh1 arti/ic1 b *>act]i/ic "w4 ,,m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ks 7#a7 ,kutani1 or ,kaga1 (t5 ) o!r m>ks4 ,?is is ! ,pr9ce's m>k4 7#b-e7 ,kutani w>e2 r$1 blue1 & gold4 7#f-g7 ,kutani porcela91 usually v f9e4 7#h7 ,made at ,kutani 9 ,great ,japan4 7#i7 ,ohi ,w>e ,kaga4 7#aj7 ,ohi w>e1 ,kaga4 7#aa7 ,happ9ess1 ,kaga4 ,! op5 w9d[ m>k4 7#ab-ac7 ,k5zan1 inscrib$ m>ks4 7#ad7 ,k5zan1 /amp$1 lett]s sunk4 7#ae7 ,k5zan pa9t$ 9 br[n4 7#af-ah7 ,yeiraku4 ,! ,nagano-mura is an (f%oot 9 ,awaji1 same m>k4 7#ai7 ,made by ,yeiraku 9 ,great ,japan4 7#bj-ba7 ,ki%u4 ,bo? m>ks /amp$ 9 ! pa/e4 7#bb7 ,banko4 ,two /amp$ m>ks4 ,on ?9 teapots1 greyi% br[n w>e4 7#bc7 ,banko4 ,two /amp$ m>ks4 7#bd7 ,ni%9a1 a family "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ks 7#be1 #bf1 #bg7 ,soma4 ,/amp$ 9 oblong or oval panel1 ! oval be+ ! old]4 ,on ! outside ( "s pieces ) ^! m>ks ! cre/ ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,soma 7,a7 is f\nd ) a pranc+ horse ti$ betwe5 two /akes4 ,,m>ks ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,symbols4 ,?is is a common =m ( m>k+ ,*9ese porcela9 & ,*9ese symbolical ornam5ts1 & 7 (t5 copi$4 ,! five examples giv5 7,b to ,f7 are frequ5tly f\nd on ,japanese porcela93 7,b7 ,a swa/ika1 ,buddhi/ symbol1 also a family cre/4 7,c7 ,a fl[] ) five leaves1 9 r$4 7,d & ,e7 ,two v>ieties ( a plant4 7,f7 ,a leaf1 9 blue outl9$ 9 gold4 ,,xxxi ,,section ,,iii ,,sale ,,prices ,,( ,,! ,,l\is ,,hu? ,,collection ,,section ,,iii ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,sale ,,prices ,,( ,,! ,,l\is ,,hu? ,,collection 7,publi%$ by k9d p]mission ( ! ,editor ( ,! ,connoisseur47 ,,old ,,nank9 ,,porcela94 s4 d4 ,vase & cov]1 ovi=m1 pa9t$ ) ladies 9 a g>d51 #aa 94 high #fc #j #j ,bottles1 pair1 ) long necks1 pa9t$ ) dragons & flames1 #aj 94 high #hh #d #j ,bottles1 pair1 ) ovi=m bodies & long sl5d] necks1 entirely pa9t$ ) =mal fl[]s & arabesque foliage1 & ) d>k blue b&s r\nd ! %\ld]s1 conta9+ scrolls & blossom res]v$ 9 :ite1 #g 94 high #bfb #aj #j ,vase & cov]1 tall ovi=m1 pa9t$ ) ladies & boys 9 a g>d51 #aa 94 high #ef #ad #j ,cani/]s & cov]s1 set ( ?ree diamond-%ap$1 pa9t$ ) audi5ces1 gr\ps ( w>riors1 & an execution sc5e1 #ab 94 high #eb #aj #j ,spr9kl]s1 pair1 ) a b& ( mirror-%ap$ d>k-blue panels r\nd ! c5tre1 & v&yke bord]s1 conta9+ =mal fl[]s & foliage res]v$ 9 :ite1 ! necks delicately p5cill$ ) a m>bl$ design1 #g 94 high #afe #j #j ,vases & cov]s1 set ( ?ree ovi=m1 & two cyl9drical beak]s & cov]s1 entirely pa9t$ ) tig]-lily ornam5t & conv5tional blossoms1 #e1 #f1 & #g 94 high #cdf #aj #j ,vases1 pair1 cyl9drical1 pa9t$ ) b&s ( =mal arabesque foliage1 & ) alt]nate blue b&s1 ) dragons & scrolls res]v$ 9 :ite1 #aa 94 high #bbj #aj #j ,vases1 pair1 cyl9drical1 p[d]$-blue1 pa9t$ ) fi%]m51 ,sages1 fl[]s1 c41 9 upright & circul> panels1 #aj 94 high #aej #j #j ,beak]1 pa9t$ ) bran*es ( fl[]+ prunus1 ! backgr\nd p5cill$ ) blue1 #ah 94 high #adj #j #j ,vases & cov]s1 pair1 ovi=m1 pa9t$ ) peonies1 *]ry-trees1 sp>r[s & rocks1 9 %ap$ panels divid$ by trellis-patt]n b&s1 #af 94 high #bbj #j #j ,vases & cov]s1 set ( ?ree ovi=m1 & a pair ( beak]s1 pa9t$ ) audi5ces1 planta9 & vases ( fl[]s1 #af 94 & #ah 94 high #a1eej #j #j ,vase & cov]1 ovi=m prunus-patt]n1 ( ! highe/ quality1 f9ely pa9t$ ) bran*es ( fl[]+ prunus on m>bl$-blue gr\nd1 #aj 94 high #f1aie #j #j ,bottles1 pair1 pe>-%ap$1 ) blue panels conta9+ fl[]s & leafage res]v$ 9 :ite1 ! necks p5cill$ ) m>bl$ patt]n 9 blue1 #g 94 high #ge #ab #j ,ew]1 ) p5cill$ m>bl$ gr\ndwork & d>k-blue he>t-%ap$ panels1 conta9+ scrolls res]v$ 9 :ite1 #f 94 high4 #ef #ad #j ,bottles1 pair1 ) long necks1 pa9t$ ) p5dant lant]ns & kors1 palm-leaves on ! necks1 #i 94 high #eb #aj #j ,vases & cov]s1 pair1 two-h&l$1 pa9t$ ) fans & ut5sils 9 mirror-%ap$ panels & sprays ( fl[]s1 #aa 94 high #fe #b #j ,di%es1 pair1 ) blue gr\nd1 decorat$ ) se$+ peonies & foliage res]v$ 9 :ite1 & pa9t$ ) fl[]-bran*es r\nd ! well1 #ah 94 diamet] #ed #ab #j ,bottle1 ) compress$ body & ne>ly cyl9drical neck1 pa9t$ ) se$+ peonies & foliage1 & palm-leaves r\nd ! neck1 #ah 94 high #bid #j #j ,b[ls & cov]s1 pair1 cyl9drical1 ) m>bl$-blue gr\nd & prunus-blossom 9 :ite1 pa9t$ ) fl[]+ plants & birds 9 mirror & fan-%ap$ panels1 #g 94 high #bca #j #j ,vase & cov]1 ovi=m1 pa9t$ ) panels ( prunus-bran*es & birds on a trellis gr\ndwork1 & ) lambrequ9-%ap$ panels r\nd ! %\ld] & foot1 conta9+ =mal fl[]s res]v$ 9 :ite on blue gr\nd1 #bd 94 high #acf #aj #j ,vase & cov]1 ovi=m1 pa9t$ ) rocky l&scapes & baskets ( fl[]s1 & ) lambrequ9-%ap$ panels r\nd ! %\ld]s & foot1 ) scroll foliage res]v$ 9 :ite on blue gr\nd1 ! cov] surm\nt$ by a small figure ( a kyl91 #bc 94 high #gh #ae #j ,bottles1 pair1 p[d]$-blue1 pa9t$ ) vases ( fl[]s & ut5sils 9 mirror-%ap$ panels1 #aa 94 high #bda #aj #j ,vases & cov]s1 pair1 p[d]$-blue1 pa9t$ ) riv] sc5es1 fl[]+ plants & ut5sils 9 v>i\sly %ap$ panels1 #ai 94 high #gef #j #j ,bottles1 pair1 p[d]$-blue1 ) bulb\s necks1 pa9t$ ) riv] sc5es1 fl[]s & ut5sils 9 v>i\sly %ap$ panels1 #ah 94 high #dbj #j #j ,j>s & cov]s1 pair1 m&>91 pa9t$ ) b&s ( arabesques & alt]nate blue b&s decorat$ ) dragons1 flames1 & leafage res]v$ 9 :ite1 #db 94 high #a1idb #aj #j ,ci/]ns1 pair1 circul>1 entirely pa9t$ ) =mal fl[]s & foliage1 & ) a b& ( bead$ ornam5t r\nd ! top1 #bg 94 diamet] #baj #j #j ,b[l1 pa9t$ ) gr\ps ( v>i\s fl[]s1 locu/s & o!r insects1 #e 94 diamet]2 & a b[l1 ) fl[]s1 insects & reptiles1 #e 94 diamet] #hi #e #j ,b[l & cov]1 small cyl9drical1 pa9t$ ) mirror-%ap$ panels ( fl[]s on m>bl$-blue gr\nd1 ) prunus-blossom res]v$ 9 :ite1 #e 94 high #ha #ah #j ,vase1 cyl9drical1 pa9t$ ) arabesque foliage1 & ) a blue b& r\nd ! c5tre decorat$ ) dragons res]v$ 9 :ite1 #aa 94 high #hf #b #j ,ano!r vase1 ne>ly simil>1 #aj 94 high #ij #f #j ,bottles1 pair1 pe>-%ap$1 pa9t$ ) p5dant lant]ns & o!r ornam5t1 & ) bran*es ( fl[]s r\nd ! necks1 #aa 94 high #ed #ab #j ,b[ls & cov]s1 pair1 cyl9drical p[d]$-blue1 pa9t$ ) riv] sc5es1 fl[]s & ut5sils 9 circul> m$allions1 #f 94 high #aii #aj #j ,j>d9ires1 pair1 ) prunus-blossom res]v$ 9 :ite on m>bl$-blue gr\nd1 m\nt$ ) ,l\is ,,xvi4 ormolu h&les *as$ ) foliage & %ells1 & gadroon$ bord]s1 #h 94 diamet] #ij #f #j ,bottle1 ) long neck1 pa9t$ ) kyl9s play+ ) balls1 & a dragon on ! neck1 #ah 94 high #ej #h #j ,vase1 pa9t$ ) an audi5ce & figures on a t]race1 #ba 94 high #eb #aj #j ,vase1 pa9t$ ) a procession 9 a rocky l&scape1 #af 94 high #fc #j #j ,vases & cov]s1 set ( ?ree1 pa9t$ ) l&scapes1 cranes1 de] & o!r animals 9 panels ) key-patt]n bord]s1 #ai 941 #bj 941 & #bj 94 high #ed #ab #j ,di%es1 pair1 l>ge1 pa9t$ ) fl[]+ plants 9 ! c5tre 9 petal panels on trellis-patt]n gr\nd1 ! bord] compos$ ( arabesque foliage1 among :i* are figures ( peacocks & baskets ( fruit 9 f\r panels1 #ba 94 diamet] #aae #aj #j ,pair ( ditto1 simil> #aae #aj #j ,ci/]n1 octagonal1 pa9t$ ) m$allions ( arabesque foliage1 *>act]s 9 ! c5tre1 & a b& ( palm-leaves r\nd ! %\ld]1 #be 94 diamet] #eb #aj #j ,bottle1 d\ble g\rd-%ap$1 pa9t$ ) g\rds & foliage1 & a b& ( key-patt]n r\nd ! c5tre1 #bf 94 high #aae #aj #j ,ci/]ns1 pair1 circul>1 pa9t$ ) riv] sc5es 9 ! int]ior1 *rysan!mums & lotus outside1 #be 94 diamet]1 on walnut-wood /&s #dd #b #j ,,*9ese ,,enamell$ ,,porcela94 ,tea s]vice1 ) ruby gr\nd1 p5cill$ ) fl[]s 9 grisaille 9 %ap$ panels1 consi/+ ( tea-pot1 cov] & /&1 a cream-jug & cov]1 two cups & sauc]s1 & two small sauc]-di%es #bdj #j #j ,vase1 squ>e-%ap$1 enamell$ ) quails & fl[]+ trees on :ite gr\nd1 ! h&les coral-col\r & gold1 #aj 94 high #acf #j #j ,bottles1 pair1 pe>-%ap$1 ) bulb\s necks1 ) spiral p9k & :ite b&s1 & enamell$ ) figures & bran*es ( fl[]s 9 col\rs1 #aj 94 high #eh #af #j ,/&1 oblong1 enamell$ ) dragons ) ! ,sacr$ ,jewel1 9 gre51 mauve & yell[1 #aa 94 wide #eb #aj #j ,b[l1 ruby-col\r$1 enamell$ ) a kakmono & bran*es ( fl[]+ prunus1 #g 94 high #ajj #j #j ,vases1 pair1 famille v]te flut$1 =m$ z bamboo canes1 enamell$ ) small sprays ( fl[]s & grasses on gre5 & yell[ gr\nd1 on octagonal op5 /&s1 enamell$ gre51 #h 94 high #cbj #j #j ,vase1 ovi=m1 ) bright gre5 gr\nd1 enamell$ ) dragons & =mal fl[]s 9 mauve1 ) arabesque foliage res]v$ 9 :ite1 & ) unglaz$ kyl9s'-mask h&les1 #ab 94 high #djj #j #j ,bottle1 p[d]$-blue1 ( triple g\rd-%ape1 enamell$ ) peonies1 o!r fl[]s & grasses1 9 famille v]te1 9 mirror & fan-%ap$ panels1 #aj 94 high #ceg #j #j ,beak]s1 pair1 ) bulb\s c5tres2 ! necks are f9ely enamell$ ) a bright gre5 gr\nd1 ^u :i* is =mally arrang$ a design ( fl[]s & foliage1 enamell$ mauve1 ! c5tre "p simil>ly decorat$1 b ) conv5tional fl[]s 9 gre5 on yell[ gr\nd1 & ) a b& ( gre5 v&yke panels bel[2 ! l[] half ( ! beak]s is p[d]$-blue1 #aj 94 high #b1gjj #j #j ,vase & cov]1 ovi=m1 ( some:at simil> design to ! prec$+1 ! l[] "p p[d]$-blue1 & ! upp] portion & ! cov] enamell$ ) =mal fl[]s & foliage 9 gre5 on yell[ gr\nd1 #ab 94 high ,bottles1 pair1 triple g\rd-%ap$1 ! l[] "p decorat$ ) m$allions ( masks1 ut5sils & emblems1 on a floral gr\ndwork1 9 black & gold1 ! c5tre "p p5cill$ ) kyl9s & flames1 9 r\ge-de-f] & gold1 on :ite gr\nd1 ! necks p[d]$-blue1 ) ,ho-,ho birds 9 gold1 #ba 94 high #dhj #j #j ,bottles1 pair1 small g\rd-%ap$1 ) engrav$ yell[ gr\nd1 enamell$ ) sprays ( fl[]s 9 col\rs1 #g 94 high #aae #aj #j ,vase1 inv]t$ pe>-%ap$1 ) engrav$ yell[ gr\nd1 enamell$ ) bran*es ( fl[]s1 #aj 94 high #ff #c #j ,vases1 pair1 ovi=m egg-%ell1 enamell$ ) h\ses by a riv]1 a bridge1 & figures 9 a summ]-h\se1 & ) gilt necks & feet1 #aj 94 high #cjd #aj #j ,vases1 set1 ?ree ovi=m1 ! gr\ndwork encru/$ ) bran*es ( fl[]s1 & ) upright panels enamell$ ) ,sages & o!r figures 9 l&scapes1 #g 94 & #h 94 high #ahi #j #j ,figures ( p>rots1 pair1 enamell$ turquoise & d>k blue1 & m\nt$ on ,l\is ,,xv4 ormolu scroll pl9?s1 #i 94 high #bbj #aj #j ,"p ( a tea-s]vice1 ) pale yell[ & black trellis-gr\nd decorat$ ) plume ornam5t 9 mauve1 consi/+ ( cream-jug & cov]1 cani/] & cov]1 two /&s1 & f\r cups & sauc]s #aca #e #j ,b[ls & cov]s1 set1 ?ree1 enamell$ ) *rysan!mums1 bran*es ( begonia1 & sp>r[s1 & ) p9k diap]-patt]n bord]1 #f 94 diamet] #aje #j #j ,tea-s]vice1 lotus-patt]n1 consi/+ ( tea-pot1 milk-jug1 cani/]1 b[l & cov]s1 & f\r cups & ?ree sauc]s2 & two small plates1 enamell$ 9 p9k & gre51 & ) bran* h&les #id #aj #j ,bas91 ) br[n & p9k ext]ior1 p5cill$ ) tig]-lilies & o!r fl[]s 9 gold1 ! int]ior enamell$ ) a magician1 #d 94 diamet] #ed #ab #j ,bas91 ) apple-gre5 gr\nd1 p5cill$ ) fl[]s & grasses 9 gold1 #d 94 diamet] #gi #af #j ,ew] & cov]1 p[d]$-blue ovi=m1 enamell$ ) a /ream1 lotus plants & prunus-tree1 ) birds 9 famille v]te 9 %ap$ panels1 ! gr\nd p5cill$ ) gold1 #h 94 high #cgh #j #j ,di%es1 pair1 p[d]$-blue1 enamell$ ) kyl9s1 ,ho-,ho birds & ut5sils 9 famille v]te1 9 mirror-%ap$ panels1 #af 94 diamet] #cgh #j #j ,vase1 famille v]te1 ( ne>ly cyl9drical =m1 ) crimson gr\nd1 f9ely enamell$ ) bran*es ( se$+ peonies1 arabesque foliage & dragons1 & ) pale gre5 & yell[ lambrequ9-%ap$ panels r\nd ! bord]s conta9+ =mal fl[]s1 m\nt$ ) ormolu rim & pl9?1 ) ,sph9x supports1 #ba 94 high #fjj #j #j ,lant]n1 ovi=m egg-%ell1 ) f9ely /ippl$ gre5 gr\nd1 enamell$ ) an audi5ce & ladies on a t]race1 9 famille v]te 9 two oblong panels on a gr\ndwork ( fl[]s & butt]flies #daj #j #j ,b[l1 enamell$ ) cranes 9 black & :ite & waves 9 gre5 on yell[ gr\nd1 #aj 94 diamet]2 & a di%1 ) cranes 9 black & :ite on pale yell[ gr\nd1 #aa 94 diamet] #gi #af #j ,bas9s & /&s1 pair1 small1 enamell$ ) peonies1 & ) p9k ext]iors #ga #h #j ,b[ls & cov]s1 pair1 basket-patt]n1 ) panels ( pi]c$ honey-comb patt]n1 enamell$ ) *rysan!mums #ahi #j #j ,di%1 circul>1 op5-"w bord] enamell$ ) vases & ut5sils on col\r$ diap] gr\nd1 #i 94 diamet] #bgc #j #j ,plates1 pair1 octagonal1 enamell$ ) ladies & *ildr5 by a /ream1 9 br[n bord] ) gre5 trellis edge1 #g 9 diamet] #gh #ae #j ,b[l1 ) bran*es ( fl[]s 9 ! int]ior1 & m$allions ( fl[]s outside on an incis$ gre5 & :ite gr\nd1 #aj 94 diamet] #eh #af #j ,j>1 cyl9drical1 ) pale gre5 gr\nd1 decorat$ ) fly+ cranes 9 black & :ite1 #g 94 high #bfj #j #j ,vase1 ovi=m egg-%ell1 enamell$ ) ladies 9 a l&scape1 c>ry+ vases1 #ai 94 high #ii #ae #j ,vase1 ovi=m1 ) m>bl$-gre5 gr\nd1 enamell$ ) peonies1 a tree1 & birds1 #ai 94 high #aje #j #j ,di%es1 pair1 l>ge1 9 ! ,im>i ta/e1 enamell$ ) vases ( fl[]s & a f5ce 9 ! c5tre1 & ) scroll-%ap$ panels ( fl[]s & birds on ! bord] on blue gr\nd ) *rysan!mums 9 r$ & gold1 #ba 94 diamet] #agc #e #j ,vase1 cyl9drical1 ) p5cill$ blue scale-patt]n gr\nd1 enamell$ ) lotos1 begonias1 & o!r fl[]s 9 panels1 9 famille v]te1 #aj 94 high #hi #e #j ,di%1 egg-%ell1 enamell$ ) a peacock & peonies 9 ! c5tre1 f\r panels ( p9k diap] ornam5t on ! bord] on blue gr\nd1 #g 94 diamet] #ajj #j #j ,sauc]-di%1 ) ruby back enamell$ ) a kakmono & fl[]s 9 ! c5tre & ) pale blue m>bl$ bord] ) blossom 9 :ite1 #h 94 diamet] #aae #aj #j ,plates1 pair1 octagonal1 enamell$ ) fl[]-sprays 9 ! c5tre & ) ruby panels on ! bord] on blue gr\nd1 enamell$ ) peonies1 #g 94 diamet] #acf #aj #j ,b[ls1 pair1 small :ite1 ) pi]c$ trellis-patt]n sides1 decorat$ ) small m$allions ( figures modell$ 9 high relief & gilt1 #c 94 high #fj #j #j ,box & cov]1 famille v]te squ>e1 enamell$ ) a crane & emblems1 on gre5 & yell[ trellis-patt]n gr\ndwork1 #d 94 squ>e #gj #j #j ,cup1 famille v]te1 octagonal1 on foot1 enamell$ ) *rysan!mums1 iris1 & o!r fl[]s1 & insects 9 comp>tm5ts1 #d 94 high #ed #ab #j ,b[l1 ) d>k gre5 wave-patt]n gr\nd1 decorat$ inside & out ) horses1 waves1 %ells1 & blossom res]v$ 9 :ite & p>tly enamell$ mauve1 #h 94 diamet] #cej #j #j ,b[l1 ) apple-gre5 gr\nd1 decorat$ ) a fl[]+ prunus-tree res]v$ 9 :ite1 height5$ ) mauve enamel1 #g 94 diamet] #cgj #j #j ,sauc]-di%1 black gr\nd1 enamell$ ) *rysan!mums1 rocks1 & fl[]+ prunus-tree1 #g 94 diam4 #ade #j #j ,milk-jug & cov]1 curi\sly enamell$ ) trumpet]s1 9 col\rs on black enamell$ gr\nd #dj #j #j ,cups & sauc]s1 pair ( egg-%ell1 simil> #ee #j #j ,bas91 simil>1 #e 94 diamet] #ej #j #j ,cups & sauc]s1 pair1 ) black gr\nd1 enamell$ ) prunus & panels ( fl[]s1 9 gre51 mauve & buff1 ! int]iors decorat$ ) sprays ( fl[]s 9 r$1 blue1 & gre5 #abj #ae #j ,jug & cov]1 b>rel-%ap$1 ) gre5 enamell$ gr\nd1 entirely decorat$ ) =mal fl[]s & leafage res]v$ 9 :ite1 m\nt$ ) old ,engli% silv] bord]s & billet1 #g 94 high #cgj #j #j ,vase1 ) yell[ gr\nd1 enamell$ ) a pheasant1 peony1 & rocks 9 gre5 & mauve1 & ) palm-leaves r\nd ! neck1 #aj 94 high #ijj #j #j ,bottles1 pair1 ) sph]ical bodies & long cyl9drical necks1 entirely enamell$ ) =mal fl[]s & foliage 9 famille v]te1 #h 94 high #dej #j #j ,vases1 pair1 ovi=m coral-col\r$1 entirely decorat$ ) =mal fl[]s & arabesque foliage res]v$ 9 :ite1 #g 94 high #aaj #j #j ,bottle1 g\rd-%ap$1 ( ne>ly simil> design1 #ab 94 high #cjj #j #j ,vase1 ovi=m egg-%ell1 enamell$ ) a lady seat$ at a table1 & ) vases at ! side1 #h 94 high #ahj #j #j ,ano!r1 enamell$ ) ,sages & o!r figures 9 a m\nta9\s l&scape1 #h 94 high #gj #j #j ,vases1 pair1 egg-%ell1 ) turquoise gr\nd1 enamell$ ) coa/ sc5es & figures 9 ! ,european ta/e1 #h 94 high #eb #aj #j ,bottle1 pe>-%ap$1 ) black gr\nd1 entirely decorat$ ) =mal fl[]s & small scroll foliage res]v$ 9 :ite1 #af 94 high #fea #j #j ,ci/]n1 oval1 enamell$ ) fe/oons ( fl[]s 9 ! ,european ta/e1 & panels ( figures 9 ! int]ior1 ! outside enamell$ ) p9k & gre5 *equ]-patt]n1 m\nt$ on ,l\is ,,xvi4 ormolu pl9?1 ) gadroon & rib& bord]1 #ah 94 wide #efg #j #j ,bottle1 ( triple-g\rd %ape1 enamell$ ) bright gre5 gr\nd1 decorat$ ) =mal fl[]s & arabesque foliage res]v$ 9 :ite1 #aa 94 high #fjj #j #j ,lant]ns1 pair1 egg-%ell1 ( ovi=m %ape1 f9ely enamell$ ) an audi5ce & figures on a t]race1 #h 94 high #a1bjj #j #j ,b[ls & cov]s1 pair1 enamell$ ) vases ( fl[]s1 ut5sils & emblems 9 col\rs1 m\nt$ ) ,l\is ,,xvi4 ormolu bord]s *as$ ) rosettes & rib&s1 lions'-mask & r+ h&les1 & lions'-claw /&s ( ! same1 ! cov]s surm\nt$ by cone ornam5ts1 #ae 94 high #ccf #j #j ,,index ,a ,amida1 #fi ,animals1 emblems 91 #ea1 #bii ,animals1 fabul\s1 #ea ,apple-gre51 #agi1 #bgb ,arita w>e1 #ceb ,armorial *9a1 #dh ,artemesia1 #cja ,aub]g9e1 #ajf1 #bhj ,awata w>e1 #cfa ,azalea1 #cjb ,b ,bamboo1 #cja ,bamboo drum1 an emblem1 #cda ,banko w>e1 #cgg ,base1 #ag ,bat1 #cbg1 #cbi ,beak]1 #ag ,biscuit1 #ag1 #bji ,biz5 w>e1 #cfg ,black-mirror1 #ajf1 #afi ,black "u gre51 #ajf1 #baf ,blanc de *9e1 #df1 #acg1 #aej ,blue1 #ajg1 #aad1 #afj1 #afi1 #ahc1 #bea ,blue & r$1 #abe1 #aid ,blue & :ite1 #ajg1 #aad1 #acg1 #ahc ,blue1 maz>9e1 #bea ,blue1 p[d]$1 #aae1 #bae1 #bdc ,body or pa/e1 #ag ,bord]s1 #bbj ,bottle1 #ag ,br[n glaze1 #afa1 #agc ,buddha1 #ci ,buddhism1 #ci ,buddhi/ div9ities1 #fh1 #ha ,burnt-91 #ag ,c ,caf-au-lait1 #agc ,c>p1 #bge ,celadon1 #ag1 #cc1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aae1 #abd1 #aei1 #aff ,*air de p\le1 #aeb ,*akra1 #bee ,*e\ or ,*[1 #fa1 #hb1 #aea1 #cbi ,*9ese *>act]s1 pla91 text & seal1 #caj1 #cad ,*+-hwa1 #ih1 #aja ,*ri/ians 9 ,*9a1 #ic1 #ih ,*rysan!mum1 #cjb ,clair-de-lune1 #aac1 #abc1 #afb ,clobb]$ w>e1 #bja ,c(fee-col\r glaze1 #afa ,col\rs1 glazes1 c41 #ah1 #aee1 #afi1 #bac ,col\rs1 ord] ( discov]y1 #de ,col\rs1 ?ree1 five1 #ah ,con* %ell1 #cbe ,confucianism1 #cg1 #bef ,copp]-r$1 v]t de cuivre1 #df ,coral r$ gr\nd1 #aac1 #abf1 #bei ,corean lion1 #ee1 #he ,crackle1 #afc1 #agg ,d ,date m>ks1 #cji1 #cad ,date m>ks1 h[ to read1 #caa ,de]1 #abc1 #bii ,de]1 mille c]fs1 #abc ,diap]s1 #abi ,dog ( ,f1 ,corean lion1 #ee1 #he1 #aej1 #cee ,d\ble circle or r+s1 #ajh ,dragons1 #ec1 #bfc1 #cee ,dresd5 ,collection1 #cdg ,dyna/ies1 e>ly1 #ia1 #ig1 #aje ,dyna/y1 ,m+1 #ie ,dyna/y1 ,ts+1 #ajc ,e ,ea/ ,india ,company1 #bhg ,egg-%ell1 #ah1 #abg1 #bcb1 #bfg1 #bfh ,eight immortals1 #gh1 #hb1 #cci ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #ajj ,emblematic designs1 #bii1 #cbe ,emblematic ge/ures1 #fi ,emblems 9 animals1 #bii ,emblems 9 birds1 #hf ,emblems 9 fl[]s1 #cjj ,emblems 9 trees1 #cja ,enamel1 #ah1 #cc ,enamels1 col\r$1 #ada1 #adc1 #bac1 #bga ,f ,familles 7,families7-- ,jaune--,yell[1 #dg1 #beb ,noire--,black1 #dg1 #ajf1 #afi1 #baf ,rose--,rose1 #dh1 #aaa1 #abb1 #abg1 #adc1 #bdc1 #bfd ,v]te--,gre51 #dg1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #adc1 #bbh ,feuille morte1 #aee1 #agc ,fong ,hoang1 #ef1 #cee ,fox1 #cjj ,f5t+1 s(t pa/e1 #ah1 #ca ,figures1 #ah ,fir or p9e1 #cja ,fi%1 #cbf ,five-col\r1 #ah1 #gh1 ,flamb1 #aee1 #afe1 #afi ,flute-emblem1 #cda ,=g]ies1 #bd1 #abf1 #caa ,=ms1 #ah ,fungus1 #cjc1 #cbf ,g ,gasnault1 ,m41 #adi ,g+] j>1 ovi=m vase1 #aic ,glaze1 #ah1 #cb ,glazes1 self-col\r1 #cc1 #aec ,glazes1 simple1 #aec ,glazes1 v>iegat$1 #aee ,globb]1 #bjb ,gold1 r$s f1 #aaf1 #bfd ,gombron w>e1 #ajj ,g\rd1 #cja ,gr& feu1 #ah ,graviata1 #ah1 #adc ,gre51 delicate1 #bgf ,gre5 family--,famille v]te1 #dg1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #adc1 #bbh ,gre51 ,m+1 #bgb ,h ,h>d pa/e1 #bi ,h>e1 #cjj1 #cbf ,haw?orn patt]n1 #add1 #aib1 #bbg1 #cja ,he5-fung1 #add ,hirado w>e1 #cec ,hi/ory ( porcela91 #hi ,hiz5 w>e1 #ceb ,ho-,ho bird1 #ef1 #ced ,honorific m>ks1 #cab ,hundr$ antiques1 #ah ,hung-woo1 #ig1 #ajj ,hu? ,collection1 sale prices1 #che ,i ,im>i w>e1 #adb1 #ceb ,imbe w>e1 #cfi ,imitations ( ,ori5tal porcela91 #bic ,immortals1 #gh1 #hb1 #cci ,iron-r$1 r\ge de f]1 #aaf1 #aif1 #bae ,j ,jacquem>t1 ,m41 #adi ,jade1 #ajb1 #afa ,japanese m>ks1 #cfb1 #cfe1 #cha-chc ,japanese porcela9 & pott]y1 #cea ,jesuits 9 ,*9a1 #ih ,joo-e-head decoration1 #fa1 #acf1 #bdj1 #bdg ,joo-e-head1 symbol1 #cbg ,k ,kang-he1 #ajc1 #ahc1 #bad ,kaol91 #ah1 #cb ,kea-k+1 #aci ,kea-ts+1 #ajb ,ke5-lung1 #aai1 #bfd ,k5zan w>e1 #cgb ,kiau1 dragon1 #bfc ,kiln1 #ah1 #cb1 #dg ,k+-te-*91 #ib1 #aba1 #add1 #ahd ,ki%u w>e1 #cge ,korea1 lion (1 #ee1 #he ,k\an-ti1 #gc ,kutani w>e1 #cgj ,kwang-%iu1 #add ,kwan-,y91 #eh1 #fa1 #fb1 #fe1 #aej1 #cgc ,kyl91 #ed1 #he1 #cee ,kyoto w>e1 #cfj ,l ,lange-,lys51 #aij1 #bcb ,lang-yao1 #aef1 #bge ,lao-tseu1 #ci1 #eh1 #gc1 #gg1 #cja1 #cci ,leaf m>k1 #cbf ,li1 dragon1 #aie1 #bfc ,long ,elizas1 #aia1 #bcb ,longevity1 god (1 #aea ,lotus1 #bee1 #cjc1 #cbf ,l[e/(t1 #bjb ,lung1 dragon1 #bfc ,m ,magnolia1 #cjd ,m&>91 #ah1 #abi1 #acc1 #bhc ,m&>9 *9a1 #acf1 #bhc ,m>ks-- ,date1 #cad ,grass1 #caj ,hall1 #cba ,h[ to read1 #caa1 #cag-cai ,seal1 #caj1 #cae1 #cai ,text1 #caj ,maz>9e blue1 #afi1 #bdc1 #bea ,mice *9a1 #ah ,mille c]fs1 #da1 #abc ,mille fleurs1 #abc ,m+1 #fa1 #ie1 #bad1 #bgc1 #cab ,mirror black1 #ajf1 #afa1 #afi ,morte feuille1 #aee1 #agc ,m\lds1 #ah ,mudrs1 h& ge/ures1 #fi ,my?ical deities1 #fa1 #gh1 #hb1 #ccg ,n ,nabe%ima w>e1 #cec ,naga1 #ah ,nank9 blue1 #ahc1 #cab ,neck1 #ai ,ni5-hao1 #ib1 #aje1 #ajg1 #caa ,o ,ornam5ts1 #ai ,ov]glaze enamels1 #ah1 #cc1 #adc1 #bac1 #bga ,ovi=m1 #bca ,oxides1 #afe ,p ,pa-,kwa1 #aab1 #aie1 #cbi ,pa-si5 or ,pa-*51 #gh1 #hb1 #cci ,pa/e or ,body1 #ai ,pea*1 #cja1 #cjd1 #cbg ,pea* bloom or pea* bl[1 #aab1 #agj ,pea*-tree1 #cja ,pe>l1 #cbe ,pek9 w>e1 #ai ,peony1 #cje ,pe-tun-tze1 #ai1 #ca ,pheasant1 #hf ,phnix1 #ef ,pi]c$ or reticulat$ porcela91 #aeb1 #bje1 #bjg ,pi]c$ patt]ns1 #adc1 #bji ,p9 po9ts1 #ai ,piu-hwo1 ,taoi/ god1 #gg ,p\tai1 #aea ,p[d] or p[d]$ blue1 #aae1 #aee1 #bae1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdi ,prunus blossom1 #aib1 #bbg1 #cja ,q ,que5 ,elizabe?1 #ajj ,que5 ( heav51 ,si-,wang-,mu1 #eg1 #ff ,r ,rabbit1 #cjj ,r$1 #dh1 #afa1 #agc ,r$1 und]glaze ) blue1 #abf1 #aid ,religion & ,my?ology1 #ce ,res]ves or comp>tm5ts1 #aae1 #bbj ,reticulat$ porcela91 #aeb1 #bje1 #bjg ,rice b[ls1 #adb ,rose1 #aaf1 #bfd ,rose family--,famille rose1 #dh1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #abb1 #bfd ,r\ge de f]1 iron r$1 #aaf1 #aif1 #bae1 #bca1 #bei1 #bfa ,ruby-back$ plates1 #aaf1 #abg1 #bfg ,ruby-back$ plates1 sale prices1 #abg ,s ,sale ,prices--,hu? ,collection1 #chg ,japanese1 #cfd ,s&a ,w>e1 #cgi ,sang de buf1 #aac1 #abd1 #aef ,satsuma w>e1 #ceg ,seal1 #caj1 #caf1 #cai ,sev5 bord]s1 #abi ,%eba w>e1 #cgi ,%ell1 con*1 #cbe ,%[1 or ,*e\1 #fa1 #hb1 #aea1 #cbi ,s+le or self-col\r glazes1 #aec1 #afa ,si-,wang-,mu1 #eg1 #ff1 #cja ,slip1 #ai ,s(t pa/e1 ,f5t+1 #ah1 #ca ,soma w>e1 #cgh ,spla%$1 tig]1 #aff ,/atuettes1 #ah1 #cdc ,/ork1 #cjj1 #cbg ,su5-tih1 #ig1 #ii1 #aei ,sung dyna/y1 #ib1 #afa1 #agi ,swa/ika1 #acf1 #bef1 #bgi1 #cbf ,symbolical m>ks1 #cbe1 #chd ,symbols or emblems1 #bii1 #cbe1 #cbg ,t ,taoism1 #ch ,taoi/ immortals1 #gf1 #gh1 #hb1 #cci ,ta\-kwang1 #adb ,te/s1 #aia1 #cga ,?ree-col\r1 #ah1 #ajf ,tig] spla%$1 #afg ,tortoise1 #cjj ,transf] pr9t+1 #acg ,truit1 #agi ,ts+ dyna/y1 #ajc ,tung-*e1 #add ,u ,"u-glaze blue1 #ajg1 #aad1 #ahc ,"u-glaze r$1 #abf ,unicorn1 or kyl91 #ed1 #he ,v ,vases1 #ai ,vitre\s enamels1 #ah ,w ,wan ,*ong1 #gj ,wan leih1 #ah1 #ajf ,w>ham1 ,ar*bi%op1 #ih ,w5-t*ang1 ,god ( ,wisdom1 #gd ,:ite1 #de1 #adg ,will[ patt]n1 #ai ,y ,yang & ,y91 #aac1 #cbi ,yao-pi51 #ai1 #afe ,yeiraku w>e1 #cgb ,yell[ ,family--,famille jaune1 #dg1 #beb ,yell[ glaze1 #afj1 #agc ,yulan1 #bdg ,yung-*+1 #aji ,yung-lo1 #ah1 #ih1 #aja ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,! ,,gre%am ,,press1 ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes #a4 ,*>act]s 9 small caps h be5 replac$ by all caps4 #b4 ,9 ?is file1 und]scores h be5 us$ to repres5t italic text & equal signs = bold text4 #c4 ,illu/ration ,table page numb] #gi_/ig has be5 correct$1 incorrect 9 book4 #d4 ,:]e ! description ( an image prec$es ! image1 x has be5 mov$ to ,,aft] ! image1 s z to avoid confusion4