,transcrib]'s notes3 ,9 ?is transcription1 pair$ und]scores d5ote italicis$ text4 ,a s+le und]score prec$+ curly brackets indicates t ! bracket$ "* is subscript$ 7mo/ly 9 *emical =mulae1 e4g4 ,,co#b74 ,footnotes h be5 position$ bel[ ! relevant p>agraphs4 ,punctuation inconsi/5cies h be5 correct$ sil5tly1 except = ^? occurr+ 9 footnote ref]5ce s\rces1 :i* rema9 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,inconsi/5cies ( hyph5ation1 use ( italics1 & spac+ ( abbreviations 7su* z i4e4 & c4c47 h n be5 *ang$4 ,9 a l>ge table foll[+ page #ca1 app>5t inconsi/5cies ( ! au?ors ( ref]5c$ s\rces are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,"s ( ! figures 9 ?is table are indi/9ct4 ,passages ( ,g]man text conta9 possible typographic errors t h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,spell+ inconsi/5cies h n be5 alt]$1 e4g4 album9_/ album5_/album9e_/albumid1 b ! foll[+ ov]t spell+ errors 7 correct$3 synonom\s -- synonym\s an ,m$ndel -- & ,m5del akal9e -- alkal9e ,wo*5scrift -- ,wo*5s*rift by -- bei transf]r5ce -- transf]5ce quantitity -- quantity recticul9 -- reticul9 sy!tical -- syn!tical ,elaat9 -- ,ela/9 hiaton -- hi/on ,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,,c>twright ,,lectures #ahid ,,on ,,dige/ive ,,proteolysis ,,be+ ,,! ,,c>twright ,,lectures ,,= #ahid ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,alumni ,,association ,,( ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,physicians ,,& ,,surgeons ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,*itt5d51 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry 9 ,yale ,univ]sity ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn43 ,,tuttle1 ,,moreh\se ,,taylor1 ,,publi%]s4 #ahie ,,! ,,tuttle1 ,,moreh\se ,,taylor ,,press1 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,,preface ,! pres5t volume1 z expla9$ by ! title1 consi/s ma9ly ( a repr9t ( ! ,c>twright ,lectures = #ahid4 ,^! lectures 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 ! curr5t numb]s ( ! ,m$ical ,record1 b s _m reque/s h be5 made = _! publication 9 a m conv5i5t & accessible =m t !y are n[ re-issu$1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! publi%]s ( ! ,record1 9 book-=m4 ,x is hop$ t ^! lectures may prove ( value n only 9 call+ att5tion to "s ( ! fundam5tal *emico-physiological facts ( dige/ion1 b 9 /imulat+ clos] inve/igation ( ! _m que/ions :i* are s intimately associat$ ) a prop] und]/&+ ( ! processes conc]n$ 9 ! dige/ion & utilization ( ! proteid food-/uffs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,*itt5d54 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,! g5]al nature ( ,proteolytic ,enzymes & ( ,proteids4 ,introductory obs]vations1 #a ,e>ly hi/ory ( ga/ric dige/ion1 #c ,! proteolytic p[] ( ! pancreatic juice1 #g ,! g5]al nature ( proteolytic enzymes1 #h ,orig9 ( proteolytic enzymes1 #h ,prep>ation ( peps91 #aj ,reactions & composition ( proteolytic enzymes1 #ac ,! proteid nature ( enzymes1 #ae ,conditions modify+ ! action ( enzymes1 #ag ,! influ5ce ( temp]ature on proteolytic action1 #ah ,! influ5ce ( acids1 alkalies1 & o!r sub/ances on ! activity ( enzymes1 #bj ,action ( *lor(orm on peps91 #ba ,!ories ( enzyme action ) special ref]5ce to catalysis1 #bb ,! g5]al nature ( ,proteids1 #bg ,classification ( proteids1 #bi ,*emical composition ( "s ( ! m prom95t proteids occurr+ 9 nature1 #ca ,*emical con/itution ( proteids1 #cc ,! pres5ce ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps 9 all typical proteids1 #cd ,cleavage ( ! album9-molecule ) dilute sulphuric acid1 #cd ,hydration & cleavage ( album9 by ! action ( sup]heat$ wat]1 ) =mation ( atmid-albumoses1 etc41 #cg ,action ( p[]ful hydrolytic ag5ts on proteid matt]1 #ci ,initial action ( peps9-acid on proteids1 #dj ,s*eme ( ! g5]al l9e ( proteolysis z x occurs 9 peps9-dige/ion1 ) a view to ! /ructure ( ! album9-molecule1 #da ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,proteolysis by peps9-hydro*loric acid1 ) a consid]ation ( ! g5]al nature ( proteoses & peptones4 ,proteolysis by peps9-acid1 #dd ,=mation ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! ga/ric gl&s1 #de ,lieb]mann's !ory reg>d+ ! =mation ( ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 #df ,diff]5ces 9 ! action ( free & comb9$ acid1 #dg ,proteolysis 9 ! pres5ce ( comb9$ acid1 #di ,! comb9+ p[] ( v>i\s =ms ( proteid matt] ) hydro*loric acid1 #ea ,quantitative e/imation ( ! aff9ity ( ! products ( dige/ion = acid1 #ec ,ri*et's !ory reg>d+ ! conjugate "* ( ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 #ed ,proteolysis 9 ! pres5ce ( amido-acids1 #ee ,necessity = kn[+ ! am\nt ( comb9$ acid 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts1 #eg ,antiseptic action ( ! hydro*loric acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 #eh ,! maximum action ( peps9 ex]t$ only 9 ! pres5ce ( free hydro*loric acid1 #ei ,division ( ! products ( peps9-proteolysis into ?ree ma9 gr\ps1 #fj ,detection ( ! products ( dige/ion1 #fa ,sep>ation ( proteoses & peptones f a dige/ive mixture or f ! /oma*-cont5ts1 #fb ,"s ( ! *emical prop]ties ( peptones1 #fd ,! s-call$ propeptone a mixture ( proteoses1 #fe ,peps9-proteolysis synonym\s ) a s]ies ( progressive hydrolytic *anges1 #ff ,*emical composition ( proteoses & peptones1 #fg ,peps9-proteolysis a true hydrolytic & cleavage process1 #ga ,s*tz5b]g]'s results on ! =mation ( fibr9-peptone1 #gb ,amphopeptones ! f9al products ( ga/ric dige/ion1 b proteolysis nev] results 9 complete peptonization1 #gc ,solution ( a proteid by peps9-acid n synonym\s ) peptonization1 #ge ,influ5ce ( ! removal ( ! products ( dige/ion on ! activity ( ! f]m5t1 #ge ,lack ( complete peptonization by peps9-acid n due to accumulation ( ! products ( dige/ion1 #gf ,! diffusibility ( proteoses & peptones1 #gg ,absorption ( peptones f ! liv+ /oma*1 #gi ,diff]5ces betwe5 natural dige/ion 9 ! /oma* & artificial proteolysis1 #hj ,relative =mation ( proteoses & peptones 9 ! liv+ /oma*1 #ha ,ga/ric dige/ion m]ely a prelim9>y /ep 9 proteolysis1 #ha ,inte/9al dige/ion alone capable ( accompli%+ all t is necess>y = ! complete n\ri%m5t ( an animal1 #hb ,"s physiological prop]ties ( proteoses & peptones1 #hc ,! exp]im5ts ( ,s*midt-,mlheim & ,fano on ! action ( peptones :5 inject$ into ! blood1 #hd ,physiological action ( albumoses1 #he ,introduction ( albumoses into ! blood1 #hg ,proteose-l nature ( ! poisons produc$ by bact]ia1 #hi ,! acrooalbumoses =m$ by ! tub]cle-bacillus1 #ij ,toxic nature ( proteoses & peptones1 #ia ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,proteolysis by tryps9--,absorption ( ! ma9 products ( proteolysis4 ,proteolysis by tryps91 #ic ,comp>ison ( peps9 & tryps91 #id ,tryps9 especially a peptone-=m+ f]m5t1 #ie ,! prim>y products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 #ie ,s*eme ( tryps9-dige/ion1 %[+ ! relation%ip ( ! products =m$1 #if ,! fate ( hemi-gr\ps 9 tryps9-proteolysis1 #ig ,! prim>y products ( tryps9-dige/ion ma9ly antibodies1 #ih ,"* & composition ( antipeptones1 #ii ,antialbumid z a product ( pancreatic dige/ion1 #ajj ,! peculi> action ( tryps9 9 ! =mation ( amido-acids1 etc41 #aja ,=mation ( lys9 & lysat9 9 pancreatic dige/ion1 #ajc ,! relation%ip ( lysat9 to urea1 #aje ,=mation ( tryptophan or prote9o*romog5 by tryps91 #aje ,appe>ance ( ammonia 9 tryps9-proteolysis1 #ajg ,relation%ip betwe5 artificial pancreatic dige/ion & proteolysis 9 ! liv+ inte/9e1 #aji ,leuc9 & tyros9 products ( ! natural pancreatic dige/ion 9 ! inte/9e1 #aab ,! physiological significance ( leuc9 & tyros91 #aac ,absorption ( ! ma9 products ( proteolysis1 #aaf ,absorption ( acid-album91 alkali-album9ate1 etc4 #aag ,absorption limit$ ma9ly to ! inte/9e1 v little absorption f ! /oma*1 #aai ,! *ange :i* ! prim>y products ( proteolysis und]go 9 ! process ( absorption1 #abj ,peptones n pres5t 9 ! circulat+ blood1 #aba ,! *ange :i* peptones & proteoses und]go by contact ) ! liv+ muc\s membrane ( ! small inte/9e1 #abb ,retrogression ( peptones by contact ) o!r liv+ cells1 etc41 #abe ,functional activity ( leucocytes 9 absorption1 #abh ,dige/ive leucocytosis incit$ by nucle91 #aca ,%ore's exp]im5ts on ! ability ( lymph-cells to assimilate ei!r proteoses or peptones1 #acc ,lymph a true secretion f ! blood-vessels1 #acd ,direct excitatory effect ( peptones :5 pres5t 9 ! blood on ! endo!lial cells1 #acf ,selective activity ( endo!lial cells1 #acg ,,dige/ive ,,proteolysis ,,lecture ,i4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,proteolytic ,,enzymes ,,& ,,( ,,proteids4 ,,introductory4 ,9 dige/ive proteolysis we h a bran* ( physiological /udy :i* ( late ye>s has made mu* progress4 ,*emi/ry has come to ! aid ( physiology & by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! two our k ( ! dige/ive processes ( ! alim5t>y tract has be5 gradually broad5$ & deep5$4 ,t :i* at "o "t appe>$ simple has become complex1 b increas+ k has br\ght n only recognition ( exi/+ complexity1 b has enabl$ u1 9 "p at lea/1 to unravel x4 ,by dige/ive proteolysis is to be und]/ood ! trans=mation ( ! proteid food-/uffs into m or less soluble & diffusible products ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! dige/ive juices1 or m especially ?r\gh ! activity ( ! s-call$ proteolytic f]m5ts or enzymes conta9$ !re92 *anges :i* pla9ly h = _! object a readi] & m complete utilization ( ! proteid foods by ! sy/em4 ,9 select+ ?is topic z ! subject = ?is s]ies ( ,c>twright ,lectures ,i h be5 influ5c$ especially by ! op9ion t bo? = ! physiologi/ & ! physician !re are few processes go+ on 9 ! animal body ( great] importance ?an ^? class$ "u ! head ( dige/ion4 ,fur!r1 few processes are less und]/ood ?an ^? conc]n$ 9 ?is broad "q ( dige/ive proteolysis1 especially ^? :i* relate specifically to ! dige/ion ( ! v>i\s classes ( proteid food-/uffs1 & to ! absorption & utilization ( ! sev]al products =m$4 ,moreov]1 ! subject has ev] _h = me a /rong attraction z pres5t+ a field ( inve/igation :]e *emical "w c advantage\sly aid 9 ! advance ( s\nd physiological k2 & c]ta9ly e l9e ( advance 9 our und]/&+ ( ! normal processes ( ! body paves ! way = a bett] & cle>] compreh5sion ( ! pa?ological or abnormal processes to :i* ! human body is subject4 ,y w p>don me if ,i specially emphasize 9 ?is connection ! fact t advance along ! pres5t l9es 0 n rapid until physiologi/s began to appreciate ! importance ( inve/igat+ ! *emico-physiological problems ( dige/ion by accurate *emical me?ods4 ,some?+ m ?an simple te/-tube /udy1 or ev5 exp]im5tal "w on animals1 is requir$ 9 deal+ ) ! *anges :i* complex proteids und]go 9 ga/ric & pancreatic dige/ion4 ,! nature & *emical composition ( ! proteids und]go+ dige/ion1 z well z ( ! resultant products1 are necess>y prelim9>ies to any rightful int]pretation ( ! *anges accompany+ dige/ive proteolysis2 b physiology has be5 sl[ to appreciate ! significance ( ?is fact1 &1 until rec5tly1 has done v little to rem$y ! noticeable lack ( accurate k reg>d+ ! composition & nature ( ! proteid & album9oid sub/ances :i* play su* an important "p 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! human organism1 ei!r z food or z vital con/itu5ts ( ! physiologically active & inactive tissues4 ,?is is to be greatly deprecat$1 s9ce our und]/&+ ( ! nature ( proteolysis1 ( ! mode ( action ( ! enzymes or f]m5ts involv$1 & ( ! relation%ips ( ! products =m$1 is dep5d5t ma9ly ^u an accurate det]m9ation ( ! exact *anges 9 *emical composition :i* accompany ea* /ep 9 ! proteolytic process4 ,h[ o!rwise c we hope to atta9 a prop] appreciation ( ! real po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 bodies s closely relat$ z ^? compos+ ! l>ge gr\p ( proteids & album9oids8 ,surely1 9 no o!r way c we measure ! nature or ext5t ( ! *anges involv$ 9 ! v>i\s phases ( proteolysis ?an by a ?or\gh /udy ( *emical composition & con/itution1 z well z ( *emical reactions & g5]al prop]ties4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( physiology !re 01 q naturally1 little or no ?\ght giv5 to ! nature ( proteolytic *anges4 ,! ga/ric juice1 z "o ( ! fir/ dige/ive fluids to be /udi$1 0 recogniz$ z a k9d ( univ]sal solv5t = all v>ieties ( food-/uffs1 & ?is ev5 long be=e any?+ 0 kn[n reg>d+ its composition1 b beyond ?is po9t k did n ext5d4 ,active /udy ( ! ga/ric juice1 z y well "k1 dates f #aghc1 :5 ! brilliant ,italian inve/igator ,spallanzani comm5c$ 8 "w on dige/ion4 ,! names ( ,c>m9ati1 ,w]n] & ,montgre#a are also associat$ ) v>i\s phases ( "w & speculation 9 ?is e>ly hi/ory ( ! subject1 especially ^? :i* p]ta9$ to ! possible pres5ce ( acid 9 ! /oma* juices4 ,9 #ahbd1 h[ev]1 ,pr\t %[$ conclusively t ga/ric juice 0 truly acid1 &1 moreov]1 t ! acidity 0 due to ! pres5ce ( free hydro*loric acid1 & n to an organic acid4 ,/ill1 _m obs]vations fail$ to %[ ! pres5ce ( an acid fluid 9 ! /oma*1 & x 0 n until ,ti$emann & ,gmel9's#b ma/]ly rese>*es 7 publi%$ t ! cause ( ?is discrepancy 0 made cle>4 ,x 0 !n se5 t ! secretion ( an acid ga/ric juice 0 dep5d5t ^u /imulation or irritation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 & t s long z ! /oma* 0 free f food or o!r matt] capable ( /imulat+ ! mucosa1 x conta9$ v little fluid1 & t neutral or v slightly acid 9 reaction4 ,^! e>ly obs]v]s also record$ ! fact t ! am\nt or /r5g? ( acid increas$ ) ! outp\r+ ( ! secretion1 incid5tal to natural or artificial /imulation1 ?us giv+ a h9t ( ! n[ well-kn[n fact t any & e secretion may %[ v>iations 9 composition incid5tal to ! "* & ext5t ( ! /imulation :i* calls x =?4 #a ,see ,b]zelius's ,lehrbu* d] ,*emie1 ,b& #i1 p4 #bje1 #dte ,auflage1 = an acc\nt ( ^! e>ly discov]ies4 #b ,ti$emann und ,gmel93 ,die ,v]dauung na* ,v]su*54 ,heidelb]g und ,leipzig4 #ahbf4 ,! p]iod betwe5 #ahbe & #ahcc 0 *>act]iz$ especially by ! pres5tation ( ! _m results be>+ on ga/ric dige/ion obta9$ by ,dr4 ,beaumont on ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 foll[$ a little lat]1 9 #ahdb1 by a long p]iod ( exp]im5tation by _m physiologi/s1 z ,blondlot1#c ,bass[1#d ,b>deleb51#e ,b]n>d1#f ,bidd] & ,s*midt1#g & _m o!rs on me?ods ( e/abli%+ ga/ric fi/ul on animals1 by :i* _m int]e/+ results 7 accumulat$ reg>d+ ! physiology ( ga/ric dige/ion4 ,up to #ahcd1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no adequate explanation (f]$ ( ! solv5t p[] ( ! /oma* juice2 aside f ! pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid1 no?+ c\ld be discov]$ by ! e>li] *emi/s to acc\nt = ! rem>kable dige/ive action4 ,eb]le1#h h[ev]1 attribut$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* a catalytic action1 & claim$ t x only ne$$ ! pres5ce ( a small piece ( ! /oma* mucosa ) weak hydro*loric acid = ! manife/ation ( solv5t or dige/ive p[]4 ,x rema9$ = ,s*wann1#i to %[ ! true explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 & al?\gh he 0 unable to make a complete sep>ation ( ! active pr9ciple :i* he pla9ly believ$ exi/$1 he gave to x ! "n ( peps94 ,wassmann1 ,papp5heim1#aj ,val5t91 & lat] ,elsss]1#aa all endeavor$ to obta9 ! sub/ance 9 a pure =m1 & ,wassmann1#ab 9 #ahci1 surely succe$$ 9 obta9+ a v active prep>ation ( ! f]m5t--"o capable ( ex]t+ m>k$ dige/ive action :5 mix$ ) a little dilute acid4 ,?us1 a true und]/&+ ( ! g5]al nature ( ga/ric juice 0 f9ally arriv$ at1 & ! cause ( its dige/ive p[] 0 rightfully attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( ! f]m5t peps9 & ! dilute acid4 ,fur!r1 ! analysis ( human ga/ric juice made by ,b]zelius1#ac 9 #ahcd1 %[$ t ! secretion conta9s v little solid matt] 7#a4bf p] c5t471 ?us call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! dige/ive p[] ( ?is fluid is out ( all proportion to ! am\nt ( peps91 or ev5 to ! am\nt ( total solid matt] pres5t1 & consequ5tly pav+ ! way = a g5]al appreciation ( ! peculi> nature ( ! dom9ant body1 i4e41 ! peps94 #c ,trait analytique de la ,dige/ion4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 #d ,bullet9 de la ,socit des ,naturali/es de ,mosc\1 vol4 #af4 #ahdb4 #e ,ar*iv fr physiol4 ,heilkunde1 vol4 #h4 #ahdi4 #f ,lecons de ,physiologie de la ,dige/ion4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 #g ,die ,v]dauungssfte4 #h ,physiologie d] ,v]dauung4 ,wrzburg1 #ahcd4 #i ,ueb] das ,wes5 d] ,v]dauungsprocesse4 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahcf1 p4 #ij4 #aj ,zur ,k5ntniss d4 ,v]danuung4 ,breslau1 #ahci4 #aa ,mag5]wei*ung d] ,sugl+e4 ,/uttg>t und ,tb+51 #ahdf4 #ab ,lehmann's ,lehrbu* d4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #b1 p4 #da1 #bte ,auflage4 #ac ,lehrbu* d] ,*emie1 ,b& #i1 p4 #bji4 ,! orig9al conception reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* ga/ric juice ex]ts its solv5t p[] on proteid foods 0 app>5tly limit$ to simple solution2 *emical solution if y *oose1 br\ght ab\t by catalytic action1 b )\t any h9t z to ! possible nature ( ! soluble products =m$4 ,mialhe1#ad h[ev]1 recogniz$ ! fact t ?is trans=mation1 by :i* insoluble & non-diffusible proteid matt] 0 conv]t$ into a soluble & diffusible product1 0 a =m ( hydration1 comp>able to ! *ange ( insoluble />* into soluble sug>1 & he nam$ ! hypo!tical product album9ose4 ,mialhe's /udy ( ! matt] 9 #ahdf 0 foll[$ by ,lehmann's#ae inve/igation ( ! subject1 & ! co9+ ( ! ^w peptones z an appropriate "n = ! soluble products ( ga/ric dige/ion4 ,! peptones isolat$ by ,lehmann 7 describ$ z amorph\s1 ta/eless sub/ances1 soluble 9 wat] 9 all proportions & insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,!y 7 likewise precipitat$ by tannic acid1 m]curic *loride1 & lead acetate1 & 7 consid]$ z weak acid bodies1 hav+ ! p[] ( comb9+ ) bases to =m salts ( a m or less indef9ite "*4 ,twelve ye>s lat]1 9 #aheh1 ,muld]#af gave a m complete description ( peptones1 b 8 /udy ( ! subject fail$ to advance mat]ially our k ( ! broad] que/ions reg>d+ ! nature ( ! process1 or processes1 by :i* ! s-call$ peptones 7 =m$4 ,a ye> lat]1 9 #ahei1 ,meissn]#ag br\ght =w>d ! fir/ ( 8 contributions1 & dur+ ! foll[+ ?ree or f\r ye>s sev]al communications 7 made repres5t+ ! "w ( himself & pupils ^u ! "q ( ga/ric dige/ion1 or m especially ^u ! "* ( ! products result+ f ! dige/ive action ( peps9-hydro*loric acid4 #ad ,can/att's ,jahresb]i*t d4 ,ph>m41 #ahdf1 p4 #afc4 #ae ,lehmann's ,physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #b1 p4 #cah4 #af ,ar*iv f4 d4 ,hollnd4 ,beitr41 #b1 #aheh4 #ag ,zeits*r4 f4 rat4 ,m$41 ,b& #g1 #h1 #aj und #ad4 ,! g5]al t5or ( ,meissn]'s results is %[n 9 ! description ( a r[ ( products z *>act]i/ic ( ! proteolytic action ( peps9-acid on proteid matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 a cle> recognition ( ! fact t proteid dige/ion 9 ! /oma*1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! f]m5t peps91 is some?+ m ?an a simple conv]sion ( ! proteid into "o or two soluble products4 ,! sev]al bodies !n isolat$ 7 nam$ p>apeptone1 metapeptone1 dyspeptone1 1 1 & peptone2 names n[ seldom us$1 b significant z %[+ t at ?is e>ly date !re 0 a full appreciation ( ! fact t dige/ive proteolysis z accompli%$ by ! f]m5t peps9 is an intricate process1 accompani$ by ! =mation ( a s]ies ( products :i* v>y m or less ) ! conditions "u :i* ! dige/ion is conduct$4 ,?is 0 ! comm5cem5t ( our m mod]n ideas reg>d+ dige/ive proteolysis1 b only ! comm5cem5t1 = x u%]$ 9 an era ( unp>allel$ activity1 9 :i* ,brcke1 ,s*tz5b]g]1 & ,khne ea* contribut$ a l>ge %>e t[>d ! successful int]pretation ( ! results obta9$4 ,fur!r1 k reg>d+ ! proteid-dige/+ p[] ( ! pancreatic juice 0 rapidly accumulat+1 ?us broad5+ our ideas reg>d+ dige/ive proteolysis 9 g5]al4 ,corvis>t#ah _h call$ att5tion to ! proteolytic p[] ( ! pancreatic juice 9 #aheg1 & al?\gh 8 obs]vations 7 m or less g5]ally discr$it$ = a "t1 !y 7 ev5tually confirm$ by ,meissn]1#ai ,s*iff1 ,danilewsky1#bj & ,khne1#ba ! latt] p>ticul>ly contribut+ greatly to ! developm5t ( our k conc]n+ ?is phase ( dige/ive proteolysis4 ,! proteolytic p[] 0 prov$ to be due to a specific f]m5t or enzyme1 n[ univ]sally call$ tryps91 :i* dige/s proteid foods to ! be/ advantage 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium c>bonate4 ,dige/ive proteolysis 9 ! human body 0 ?us %[n to be due ma9ly to ! pres5ce ( two di/9ct enzymes1 ! "o active 9 an acid fluid1 ! ga/ric juice1 ! o!r 9 an alkal9e-react+ fluid1 ! pancreatic juice1 b bo? end[$ ) ! p[] ( dige/+ all v>ieties ( proteid foods1 ) ! =mation ( a l>ge numb] ( m or less closely relat$ products4 #ah ,sur une ,fonction peu connue du ,pancrz3 ,la dige/ion des alim5ts azots4 ,p>is1 #aheg-eh4 #ai ,v]dauung d] ,eiweisskrp] dur* d5 pankreatis*5 ,saft4 ,zeits*r4 f4 rat4 ,m$41 #c;d s]41 ,b& #g1 p4 #ag4 #ahei4 #bj ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #be1 p4 #bfg4 #ahfb4 #ba ,ibid41 ,b& #ci1 p4 #acj4 #ahfg4 ,s mu* = ! e>ly hi/ory ( our subject1 & n[1 )\t attempt+ any exhau/ive sket* ( its gradual developm5t dur+ ! la/ decade & a half1 all[ me to pres5t to y dige/ive proteolysis z x /&s to-day1 develop$ some:at1 ,i tru/1 by ! results ,i h be5 able to contribute to x dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,proteolytic ,,enzymes4 ,^! peculi> bodies owe _! orig9 to ! con/ructive p[] ( ! gl&-cells f :i* ! respective secretions are d]iv$4 ,dur+ fa/+1 ! epi!lial cells ( ! ga/ric gl&s & ( ! pancreas manufacture f ! cell-protoplasm a specific zymog5 or f]m5t-antec$5t1 :i* is /or$ up 9 ! cell 9 ! =m ( granules4 ,^! granules ( ei!r peps9og5 or tryps9og51 z ! case may be1 are dur+ secretion app>5tly drawn ^u = ! production ( ! f]m5t1 & x is an easy matt] to v]ify ,langley's#bb obs]vation t ! am\nt ( peps91 = example1 obta9able f a def9ite weight ( ! gl&-be>+ muc\s membrane is proportionate to ! numb] ( granules conta9$ 9 ! gl&-cells4 ,dur+ ord9>y secretion1 h[ev]1 ^! granules ( zymog5 d n entirely disappe> f ! cell4 ,:5 secretion comm5ces & ! granules are drawn ^u = ! production ( f]m5t1 fre% granules are =m$1 & inasmu* z ^! latt] are produc$ ?r\gh ! katabolism ( ! cell-protoplasm x foll[s t anabolic processes mu/ be simultane\sly go+ on 9 ! cell1 by :i* new cell-protoplasm is con/ruct$4 ,h5ce1 z ,heid5ha91 ,langley1 & o!rs h po9t$ out1 dur+ dige/ion !re are at lea/ ?ree di/9ct processes go+ on side by side 9 ! gl&-cell1 viz41 ! conv]sion ( ! zymog5 /or$ up 9 ! cell into ! active f]m5t1 or o!r secretory products1 ! gr[? ( new cell-protoplasm1 & ! att5dant =mation ( fre% zymog5 to replace1 or p>tially replace1 t us$ up 9 ! production ( ! f]m5t4 ,consequ5tly1 we are to und]/& t 9 ! liv+ muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* !re is little or no pre=m$ peps9 pres5t4 ,simil>ly1 ! cells ( ! pancreatic gl& are practically free f ! f]m5t tryps94 ,9 bo? cases ! cell-protoplasm /ores up zymog5 & n ! active f]m5t1 b at ! mom5t ( secretion ! zymog5 is trans=m$ into f]m5t & possibly o!r organic sub/ances *>act]i/ic ( ! fluid secret$4 ,absorption ( ! products ( dige/ion t5ds to increase ! activity ( ! secret+ cells1 b we h no tangible pro( t any p>ticul> k9ds ( food are directly peptog5\s1 i4e41 t !y lead to a /or+ up 9 ! ga/ric cells1 = example1 ( peps9og51 al?\gh x may be t ! s-call$ peptog5\s foods give rise to a m active conv]sion ( peps9og5 into peps94#bc ,z already /at$1 ! zymog5 is manufactur$ directly f ! cell-protoplasm1 & ! con/ructive p[] is c]ta9ly n directly controll$ by ! "* ( ! food +e/$4 #bb ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 #cb1 p4 #bj2 ,on ! ,hi/ology & ,physiology ( ! ,peps9-=m+ ,gl&s4 #bc ,langley & ,edk9s3 ,peps9og5 & ,peps94 ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 #g1 p4 #cid4 ,all ?is 9 "o s5se is to-day anci5t hi/ory1 b ,i recall x to y\r m9ds 9 ord] to emphasize ! fact t ^! two en]getic f]m5ts or enzymes /& 9 close relation to ! protoplasm ( ! cell f :i* !y orig9ate4 ,s f> z we c measure ! trans=mations involv$1 !re are only two di/9ct /eps 9 ! process1 viz41 ! =mation ( ! inactive zymog5 /or$ up 9 ! cell1 & ! conv]sion ( ! antec$5t body into ! soluble & active f]m5t4 ,9 ?is connection ,pod-wyssozki#bd has report$ t ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* expos$ to ! action ( oxyg5 gas %[s a m>k$ increase 9 ! am\nt ( peps91 f :i* he inf]s t ! natural conv]sion ( peps9og5 into peps9 is an oxidation process4 ,fur!r1 he claims ! exi/5ce ( at lea/ two =ms ( peps9og5 9 ! /oma* mucosa1 "o closely ak9 to ! f]m5t itself & v easily soluble 9 glyc]91 :ile ! o!r is m insoluble 9 ?is m5/ruum4 ,langley & ,edk9s1#be h[ev]1 f9d t oxyg5 has no effect :atev] on ! peps9og5 ( ! frog's muc\s membrane1 ?us ?r[+ d\bt on ! above conclusion4 ,/ill1 ,podol9ski#bf claims t tryps9 orig9ates f its p>ticul> zymog5 ?r\gh a process ( oxidation1 & ,h]z5#bg has prov$ t ! f]m5t c be reconv]t$ into tryps9og5 "u ! influ5ce ( c>bon-monoxide & aga9 trans=m$ into ! f]m5t by contact ) oxyg5 gas4 ,?is latt] obs]v]#bh has also notic$ a connection betwe5 ! am\nt ( tryps9 obta9able f ! pancreas & ! dilatation ( ! sple51 f :i* he 0 ev5tually l$ to conclude t ! sple5 dur+ its dilatation gives bir? to a zymog5-trans=m+ f]m5t :i* ?us leads to ! production ( tryps91 presumably f ! already manufactur$ zymog54 ,9 any ev5t1 _! peculi> orig9 l5ds favor to ! view t ^! two enzymes are closely alli$ to proteid bodies1 & t !y are directly d]iv$ f ! album9\s portion ( ! cell-protoplasm4 ,analysis %[s t !y always conta9 nitrog5 9 fairly l>ge am\nt1 al?\gh ! p]c5tage is sometimes less ?an t f\nd 9 a typical proteid body4 #bd ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #ci1 p4 #fh4 #be ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #g1 p4 #djj4 #bf ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #ac1 p4 #dbb4 #bg ,ueb] d5 ,rcks*lag des ,tryps9s zu ,zymog5 unt] dem ,e9fluss d] ,kohl5oxydv]giftung54 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #cj1 p4 #cjh4 #bh ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,milz auf die ,bildung des ,tryps9s4 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #cj1 p4 #bie4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 spite ( (t-repeat$ attempts to obta9 m def9ite k reg>d+ ! composition ( ^! proteolytic enzymes our ef=ts h be5 m or less baffl$4 ,we are confront$ at ! outset ) ! fact t no crit]ion ( *emical purity exi/s1 ei!r 9 ! way ( *emical composition or ( *emical reactions4 ,! only /&>d ( purity available is ! int5sity ( proteolytic action1 b ?is is s dep5d5t ^u att5dant circum/ances t x is only p>tially helpful 9 =m+ an e/imate ( *emical purity4 ,my own exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 & !y h be5 q num]\s1 h conv9c$ me t x is practically impossible to obta9 a prep>ation ( ei!r peps9 or tryps9 at all active :i* does n %[ at lea/ "s proteid reactions4 ,fur!rmore1 su* samples ( ^! two enzymes z ,i h analyz$ h %[n a composition closely ak9 to t ( proteid bodies4 ,i w n take "t to g into all ! details ( my "w 9 ?is direction1 cont5t+ myself "h ) ! /atem5t t ! pure/ specim5s ( peps9 & tryps9 ,i h be5 able to prep>e h always %[n _! relation%ip to ! proteid bodies by respond+ to _m ( ! typical proteid reactions1 & _! composition1 ?\gh some:at v>iable1 has 9 ! ma9 sub/antiat$ ?is evid5t relation%ip4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ,i h f\nd = obta9+ a comp>atively pure prep>ation ( peps91 & "o at ! same "t /rongly active1 is a modification ( ! me?od publi%$ "s ye>s ago by ,khne & myself4#bi ,! muc\s membrane f ! c>diac portion ( a pig's /oma* is dissect$ (f & wa%$ ) wat]4 ,! upp] surface ( ! mucosa is !n scrap$ ) a knife until at lea/ half ( ! membrane is remov$4 ,^! scrap+s1 conta9+ ! fragm5ts ( ! peptic gl&s1 are w>m$ at #dj ,c4 ) an abundance ( #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid = t5 to twelve days 9 ord] to trans=m all ( ! conv]tible album9\s matt] into peptone4 ,! solution is !n fre$ f insoluble matt] by filtration & imm$iately saturat$ ) ammonium sulphate1 by :i* ! peps91 ) "s albumose1 is precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( a m or less gummy1 or semi-adh]5t mass4 ,?is is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) a saturat$ solution ( ammonium sulphate & !n dissolv$ 9 #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid4 ,! resultant solution is next dialyz$ 9 runn+ wat] until ! ammonium salt is entirely remov$1 ?ymol be+ add$ to prev5t putrefaction1 aft] :i* ! fluid is mix$ ) an equal volume ( #j4d p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid & aga9 w>m$ at #dj ,c4 = sev]al days4 ,! f]m5t is !n once m precipitat$ by saturation ( ! fluid ) ammonium sulphate1 ! precipitate /ra9$ (f1 dissolv$ 9 #j4b p] c5t4 acid & aga9 dialyz$ 9 runn+ wat] until ! solution is entirely free f sulphate4 ,! cle> solution ( ! f]m5t obta9$ 9 ?is mann] c !n be conc5trat$ at #dj ,c4 9 %all[ di%es1 & if desir$ ! f]m5t obta9$ z a scaly residue4 ,s prep>$1 ! peps9 is c]ta9ly q pure1 t is comp>atively1 & al?\gh x may conta9 "s albumose1 ! latt] mu/ be v resi/ant to ! action ( ! f]m5t2 inde$1 peps9 is 9 _m respects an albumose-l body itself4 #bi ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bb1 p4 #dbh4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! enzyme prep>$ 9 ?is mann] %[s decid$ proteid reactions1 & conta9s nitrog5 correspond+ m or less closely to ! recogniz$ composition ( an albumose4 ,my own belief1 !re=e1 is t ^! enzymes1 bo? peps9 & tryps91 are proteid bodies closely relat$ to ! albumoses4 ,!y are soluble 9 wat] & m or less soluble 9 glyc]92 at lea/ glyc]9 w dissolve !m f moi/ tissues1 or f moi/ precipitates conta9+ !m4 ,langley1#cj h[ev]1 /ates1 & p]haps ju/ly1 t we h no positive pro( t ei!r f]m5ts or zymog5s are soluble 9 pure /rong glyc]91 & t if !y are soluble1 x is extremely sl[ly4 ,9 dilute glyc]91 h[ev]1 ^! f]m5ts dissolve readily1 z we v well "k4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are practically non-diffusible1 &1 l _m albumoses1 are precipitat$ 9 "p by saturation ) sodium *loride & completely on saturation ) ammonium sulphate4 #cj ,gamgee's ,physiological ,*emi/ry ( ! ,animal ,body1 vol4 #b1 p4 #d4 #ahic4 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 wat] & heat$ above #hj ,c41 ^! enzymes are decompos$ to su* an ext5t t _! proteolytic p[] is totally de/roy$4 ,! am\nt ( coagulum produc$ by heat1 h[ev]1 is comp>atively small1 ?\gh v>iable ) diff]5t prep>ations4 ,?us ) tryps91 ,khne orig9ally consid]$ t boil+ an aque\s solution ( ! f]m5t w\ld give rise to ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 ( coagulat$ proteid & eighty p] c5t4 ( peptone-l matt]4 ,) ! pur] prep>ations n[ obta9able !re is app>5tly less coagulable matt] pres5t1 & ,loew#ca has succe$$ 9 prep>+ f ! pancreas ( ! ox a sample ( tryps9 conta9+ #eb4ge p] c5t4 ( c>bon & #af4ee p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & yield+ only a small coagulum by heat4 ,loew consid]$ ! f]m5t to be a true peptone1 b 9 view ( our pres5t k reg>d+ ! albumoses1 ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ x to be an albumose-l body r ?an a true peptone4 ,at ! same "t x may be well to aga9 emphasize ! fact t our only 8means ( det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( an enzyme is t ( asc]ta9+ ! *ange :i* x is able to br+ ab\t 9 o!r sub/ances1 & s9ce ! activity ( ! enzymes is extraord9>ily great1 a m9ute trace suffices to produce a m>k$ effect4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! purifi$ enzymes :i* give di/9ct proteid reactions might m]ely consi/ ( v small quantities ( a true non-proteid enzyme1 adh]5t to or mix$ ) a residue ( in]t proteid mat]ial40#cb ,?is quotation gives expression to a possibility :i* we c]ta9ly _c ignore1 b my own exp]im5ts lead me to believe firmly 9 ! proteid nature ( ^! two enzymes4 ,fur!r1 we f9d p>tial sub/antiation ( ?is view 9 ! results obta9$ by ,wurtz#cc 9 8 /udy ( ! vegetable proteolytic f]m5t papa91 & 9 my own results f ! /udy ( ! proteolytic f]m5t ( p9eapple juice4#cd ,?us1 ,wurtz prep>$ f ! juice ( ,c>ica papaya an active sample ( papa91 & f\nd x to conta9 on analysis ab\t #af4g p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 & #eb4e p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 :ile ! reactions ( ! product likewise te/ifi$ to ! proteid nature ( ! enzyme4 ,m>t91 too1 has conclud$ f 8 /udy ( papa9 t ! f]m5t is at lea/ associat$ ) an albumose4#ce #ca ,ueb] die *emis*e ,natur d] unge=mt5 ,f]m5te4 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #bg1 p4 #bjc4 #cb ,%]idan ,lea3 ,*emical ,basis ( ! ,animal ,body1 p4 #ee4 #cc ,sur la papa9e3 ,contribution l'hi/oire des f]m5ts solubles1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,tome #ij1 p4 #acgi4 ,ibid41 ,tome #ia1 p4 #ghg4 #cd ,on ! ,proteolytic ,action ( ,bromel91 ! ,f]m5t ( ,p9eapple ,juice4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #bdi4 #ce ,! ,nature ( ,papa91 etc4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #f1 p4 #ccf4 ,) ! proteolytic f]m5t ( p9eapple juice my obs]vations h l$ me to ! foll[+ conclusions1 viz41 t ! f]m5t is at lea/ associat$ ) a proteid body1 m or less completely precipitable f a neutral solution by saturation ) ammonium sulphate1 sodium *loride1 & magnesium sulphate4 ,?is body is soluble 9 wat]1 & consequ5tly is n precipitat$ by dialysis4 ,x is fur!r non-coagulable by long contact ) /rong alcohol1 & its aque\s solution is v incompletely precipitat$ by heat4 ,plac+ x 9 l9e ) ! kn[n =ms ( album9\s bodies x is n f> remov$ f protoalbumose or het]oalbumose1 diff]+1 h[ev]1 f ! latt] 9 t x is soluble 9 wat] )\t ! addition ( sodium *loride4 ,at ! same "t1 x fails to %[ "s ( ! typical albumose reactions1 & v]ges t[>d ! gr\p ( globul9s4 ,9 any ev5t1 x %[s _m *>act]i/ic proteid reactions1 & conta9s consid]able nitrog51 viz41 #aj4df p] c5t41 ) #ej4g p] c5t1 ( c>bon4 ,consequ5tly1 we may conclude t ! *emical reactions & composition ( ! m typical proteolytic enzymes1 bo? ( animal & vegetable orig91 all favor ! view t !y are proteid bodies n f> remov$ f ! album9\s matt] ( ! cell-protoplasm4 ,fur!r1 ! v nature ( ^! sub/ances & _! mode ( action /r5g!n ! idea t !y are n only d]iv$ f ! album9 ( ! cell-protoplasm1 b t !y are closely relat$ to x4 ,"o _c fail to be impress$ ) ! resemblance 9 functional p[] betwe5 ! un=m$ f]m5ts z a class & cell-protoplasm4 ,to :at c we ascribe ! p>ticul> functional p[] ( ea* individual f]m5t8 ,:y1 = example1 does peps9 act on proteid matt] only 9 ! pres5ce ( acid1 & tryps9 to advantage only 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalies8 ,:y does peps9 act only on proteid matt]1 & ptyal9 only on />* & dextr9s8 ,:y does tryps9 produce a diff]5t set ( soluble products 9 ! dige/ion ( album9 ?an peps9 does8 ,simil>ly1 :y is x t ! cell-protoplasm ( "o class ( cells gives rise to "o v>iety ( katabolic products1 :ile ! protoplasm ( ano!r class ( cells1 z 9 a diff]5t tissue or organ1 manife/s its activity along totally diff]5t l9es8 ,! answ] to bo? sets ( que/ions is1 ,i ?9k1 to be f\nd 9 ! *emical con/itution ( ! cell-protoplasm on ! "o h&1 & 9 ! con/itution ( ! individual enzymes on ! o!r4 ,! v>i$ functional p[] ( ! f]m5t is a h]itage f ! cell-protoplasm1 &1 z ,i h said1 is sugge/ive ( a close relation%ip betwe5 ! enzymes & ! liv+ protoplasm f :i* !y orig9ate4 ,we might1 on purely !oretical gr\nds1 consid] t ^! un=m$ f]m5ts are isom]ic bodies all d]iv$ f diff]5t modifications ( album9 & ) a common g5]al /ructure1 b ) individual diff]5ces due to ! ext5t ( ! hypo!tical polym]ization :i* att5ds _! =mation4 ,:5ev]1 ow+ to any cause1 ! activity ( ! f]m5t is de/roy$1 z :5 x is alt]$ by heat1 /rong acids1 or alkalies1 !n ! dea? ( ! f]m5t is to be attribut$ to a *ange 9 its con/itution2 ! atoms 9 ! molecule are re>rang$1 & z a result ! peculi> f]m5t p[] is lo/ =ev]4 ,! proteolytic p[] ( ^! enzymes is !re=e b\nd up 9 ! *emical con/itution ( ! bodies1 & any?+ :i* t5ds to alt] ! latt] imm$iately int]f]es ) _! proteolytic action4 ,b h[ %all we expla9 ! normal action ( ^! peculi> bodies8 ,int5sely active1 capable 9 !mselves ( produc+ *anges 9 l>ge quantities ( mat]ial )\t be+ de/roy$1 _! m]e pres5ce "u suitable conditions be+ all p[]ful to produce pr(\nd alt]ations1 ^! enzymes play a peculi> "p4 ,pres5t 9 m]e traces1 !y are able to trans=m _m ?\s& times _! weight ( proteid matt] into soluble & diffusible products4 ,all t is ess5tial is _! m]e pres5ce "u suitable conditions1 & /rangely en\gh ! causative ag5t itself appe>s to suff] no m>k$ *ange f ! reactions set up betwe5 ! o!r sub/ances4 ,!re are _m !ories extant to expla9 ?is peculi> me?od ( *emical *ange1 b few ( !m help u to any real und]/&+ ( ! matt]4 ,^! enzymes are typical catalytic or contact ag5ts1 & by _! pres5ce r5d] possible m>k$ *anges 9 ! "* ( ! proteid or album9oid matt] ) :i* !y happ5 to be 9 contact4 ,b ! conditions "u :i* ! contact takes place ex]cise an important control ov] ! activity ( ! f]m5t4 ,temp]ature1 reaction1 conc5tration ( ! fluid1 pres5ce or abs5ce ( v>i\s =eign sub/ances1 etc41 all play a v important "p 9 regulat+ & controll+ ! activity ( ^! two proteolytic enzymes4 ,9 fact1 z "o looks ov] ! l>ge numb] ( data :i* h gradually accumulat$ be>+ ^u ?is po9t1 "o is impress$ ) ! great s5sitiv5ess ( ^! f]m5ts t[>d ev5 s-call$ indiff]5t sub/ances4 ,_! specific activity appe>s to h+e prim>ily ^u ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 special environm5t1 alt]ations ( :i* may be att5d$ ) an utt] loss ( proteolytic p[]1 or1 9 "s less common cases1 ) a decid$ increase 9 ! rate ( dige/ive action4 ,?is con/itutes "o ( ! peculi> features ( ^! proteolytic enzymes2 p[]ful to produce great *anges1 !y are nev]!less subject to ! influ5ce ( _! surr\nd+s 9 a way :i* te/ifies to _! utt] lack ( /ability4 ,fur!rmore1 z y well "k1 conditions favorable = ! action ( ! "o f]m5t are absolutely unfavorable = ! activity ( ! o!r1 & inde$ may ev5 lead to its de/ruction4 ,?us1 :ile peps9 requires = its activity ! pres5ce ( an acid1 z #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl1 tryps9 is completely de/roy$ 9 su* a m$ium4 ,aga91 tryps9 exhibits its peculi> proteolytic p[] 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium c>bonate1 a salt :i* has an imm$iate de/ructive action ^u peps94 ,h5ce1 a m$ium :i* is favorable = ! action ( ! "o f]m5t may be directly antagoni/ic to ! action ( ! o!r4 ,ano!r factor ( great mom5t 9 det]m9+ ! activity ( ^! two enzymes is temp]ature4 ,t :i* is mo/ favorable = _! action is #ch to #dj ,c41 & any m>k$ deviation f ?is temp]ature is att5d$ by an imm$iate effect ^u ! proteolysis4 ,exposure to a l[ temp]ature simply ret>ds proteolytic action1 d\btless 9 ! same mann] t cold *ecks or ret>ds o!r *emical *anges4 ,!re is no de/ruction ( ! f]m5t1 ev5 on exposure to extreme cold1 ! enzyme be+ simply inactive = ! "t be+4 ,exposure ( ei!r peps9 or tryps9 to a high temp]ature1 say #hj ,c41 is quickly foll[$ by a complete loss ( proteolytic p[]1 i4e41 ! f]m5t is de/roy$4 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! de/ructive action ( heat is greatly modifi$ by ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,?us1 fairly pure tryps91 dissolv$ 9 #j4c p] c5t4 sodium c>bonate1 is completely de/roy$ on exposure to a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 = five to six m9utes1 :ile a neutral or slightly acid solution ( ! pure enzyme is de/roy$ 9 five m9utes by exposure to a temp]ature ( #de ,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( inorganic salts & ! products ( dige/ion1 su* z albumoses1 amphopeptone1 & antipeptone1 all t5d to protect ! tryps9 some:at f ! de/ructive effects ( high temp]atures1 s t 9 _! pres5ce ! enzyme may be w>m$ to #fj ,c4 be=e x %[s any dim9ution 9 proteolytic p[]4 ,alkal9e reaction1 comb9$ ) ! pres5ce ( salts & proteid1 viz41 j ! conditions exi/5t 9 ! natural pancreatic secretion1 con/itute ! be/ safegu>d aga9/ ! de/ructive action ( heat1 & "u su* conditions tryps9 may be w>m$ to ab\t #fj ,c4 be=e x beg9s to suff] h>m4 ,b all ?is te/ifies 9 no unc]ta9 way to ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! f]m5t to *anges 9 temp]ature2 a s5sitiv5ess :i* manife/s itself n only 9 dim9i%$ or ret>d$ proteolytic action1 b t]m9ates 9 de/ruction ( ! f]m5t :5 ! temp]ature rises beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,simil>ly1 peps9 dissolv$ 9 #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid feels ! de/ructive effect ( heat :5 a temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 is rea*$4 ,9 a neutral solution1 on ! o!r h&1 de/ruction ( ! f]m5t may be complete at #ee ,c4 ,"h1 too1 peptone ret>ds v noticeably ! de/ructive action ( heat1 especially 9 an acid solution ( peps91 s t "u su* circum/ances ! f]m5t may n be affect$ until ! temp]ature rea*es #gj ,c4 ,i h tri$ _m exp]im5ts along ?is l9e1 n only ) peps9 & tryps91 b also ) _m o!r f]m5ts4 ,we may briefly summ>ize1 h[ev]1 all t is necess>y = u to consid] "h 9 ! /atem5t t ! pure isolat$ f]m5ts are f> m s5sitive to ! de/ructive action ( heat ?an :5 !y are pres5t 9 _! natural secretions4 ,?is1 z /at$1 is due n only to ! reaction ( ! respective fluids b also to ! protective or inhibitory action ( ! inorganic salts & v>i\s proteids naturally pres5t4 ,we may ?us say ) ,bi]nacki#cf t ! pur] ! f]m5t ! less resi/ant x is to ! effects ( heat4 #cf ,das ,v]halt5 d] ,v]dauungs5zyme bei ,temp]atur]hhung54 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bh1 p4 #di4 ,x is ?us pla9 t ^! enzymes1 capable ?\gh !y are ( accompli%+ great tasks1 are nev]!less exce$+ly un/able & prone to lose _! proteolytic p[] "u ! slighte/ provocation4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y are surr\nd$ by _! natural environm5t1 ! acid or alkali ( ! respective secretion1 toge!r ) salts & proteids1 !y !n appe> m /able2 _! natural lability becomes = ! "t be+ trans=m$ into semi-/ability1 & ! temp]ature1 = example1 at :i* !y lose _! peculi> p[]1 is rais$ t5 degrees or m4 ,i h also f\nd ! same to be true ( ! vegetable proteolytic f]m5ts1 & also ( ! amylolytic f]m5t ( saliva4 ,! above facts furni% u1 ,i ?9k1 a good illu/ration ( h[ dep5d5t ^! proteolytic enzymes are ^u ! prop] conditions ( temp]ature1 to say no?+ ( o!r conditions1 = ! full ex]cise ( _! peculi> p[]4 ,t[>d acids1 alkalies1 metallic salts1 & _m o!r comp\nds !y are ev5 m s5sitive ?an t[>d heat1 & mu* might be said reg>d+ ! effects1 inhibitory or o!rwise1 produc$ by a l>ge numb] ( common drugs or m$ic9al ag5ts on ^! two f]m5ts4 ,any l5g?y discussion ( ?is matt]1 h[ev]1 w\ld be =eign to our subject1 & ,i w only call y\r att5tion 9 pass+ to "o or two po9ts :i* h a special be>+ ^u ! g5]al nature ( ! enzymes4 ,take1 = example1 ! influ5ce ( su* sub/ances z ure?an1 p>aldehyde1 & ?all9 sulphate on ! proteolytic action ( peps9-hydro*loric acid#cg & we f9d t small quantities1 #j4a to #j4c p] c5t4 t5d to increase ! rate ( proteolysis1 :ile l>g] am\nts1 say "o p] c5t41 decid$ly *eck proteolysis4 ,simil>ly1 among inorganic comp\nds1 ars5i\s oxide1 ars5ic oxide1 boracic acid1 & potassium bromide#ch 9 small am\nts increase ! proteolytic p[] ( peps9 9 hydro*loric acid solution1 :ile l>g] quantities *eck ! action ( ! f]m5t 9 proportion to ! am\nts add$4 ,aga91 ) ! enzyme tryps91 simil> results ) su* salts z potassium cyanide1 sodium tetraborate1 potassium bromide & iodide#ci may be quot$ z %[+ n only ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! f]m5t t[>d =eign sub/ances1 b likewise its peculi> behavior1 viz41 /imulation 9 ! pres5ce ( small am\nts & inhibition 9 ! pres5ce ( l>g] quantities4 #cg ,*itt5d5 & ,/ew>t3 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #fd4 #ch ,*itt5d5 & ,all51 ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #gf4 #ci ,*itt5d5 & ,cumm9s1 ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #aab4 ,fur!rmore1 we h f\nd t ev5 gases1 z c>bonic acid & hydrog5 sulphide1 ex]t a m>k$ ret>d+ influ5ce on ! proteid-dige/+ p[] ( tryps94 ,moreov]1 :ile x is g5]ally /at$ t proteolytic & o!r enzymes are practically indiff]5t to ! pres5ce ( *lor(orm1 ?ymol1 & o!r l sub/ances t quickly int]f]e ) ! processes ( ! s-call$ organiz$ f]m5ts1 peps9 & tryps9 c]ta9ly d %[ a c]ta9 degree ( s5sitiv5ess to *lor(orm1 & inde$ ev5 to a curr5t ( air pass$ ?r\gh _! solutions4 ,?us1 v rec5tly1 ,b]tels#dj & ,dubs#da1 work+ "u ,salk[ski's direction1 h call$ att5tion to ! peculi> behavior ( peps9 to *lor(orm2 _! results %[+1 fir/1 t small am\nts ( ?is ag5t t5d to increase ! proteolytic p[] ( ! enzyme1 :ile l>g] am\nts decrease its dige/ive p[]4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t br\ght out especially by ,dub's exp]im5ts is ! fact t an impure solution ( ! f]m5t1 viz41 an acid extract1 = example1 ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* conta9+ m or less album9\s matt]1 is f> less s5sitive to *lor(orm ?an an acid solution ( ! purifi$ f]m5t1 ?us %[+ aga9 ! protective influ5ce ( proteids & o!r extrane\s matt]s2 ! latt] gu>d+ ! enzyme to a c]ta9 ext5t f bo? ! /imulat+ & inhibitory action ( v>i\s ag5ts4 #dj ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss des ,*lor(orms auf die ,peps9v]dauung1 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #acj1 p4 #dig4 #da ,d] ,e9fluss des ,*lor(orms auf die kn/li*e ,peps9v]dauung1 ,ibid41 ,b& #acd1 p4 #eai4 ,ano!r po9t to be emphasiz$ j "h is t any *emical sub/ance1 su* z a metallic salt1 hav+ a specific action ^u proteid matt]1 w almo/ inv>iably int]f]e m or less ) ! proteolytic action ( ^! enzymes1 bo? ?r\gh a direct action ^u ! soluble f]m5t itself1 & also ?r\gh an indirect action 9 modify+ or inhibit+ ! dige/ibility ( ! proteid expos$ to proteolysis4 ,all ( ^! facts emphasize m or less ! proteid-l nature ( ! enzymes1 or at lea/ ! c>ri]s ( ! f]m5ts4 ,x is fur!r v sugge/ive t ! de/ruction ( ^! enzymes by heat happ5s to occur at approximately ^? temp]atures :i* are g5]ally recogniz$ z ! coagulation po9ts ( ord9>y proteids4 ,moreov]1 ! app>5t lack ( /ability s *>act]i/ic ( ^! f]m5ts1 _! inh]5t pron5ess to alt]ation1 _! m>k$ susceptibility to e *ange 9 environm5t1 all po9t to l>ge complex molecules1 su* z we h 9 proteids & are famili> ) 9 liv+ protoplasm4 ,:atev] ! exact nature ( ^! proteolytic enzymes1 !y are c]ta9ly end[$ ) ! p[] ( trans=m+ relatively l>ge am\nts ( proteid matt] into soluble products1 ev5 ?\gh !y !mselves are pres5t 9 v small quantity4 ,!y are d]iv$1 z we h se51 f liv+ protoplasmic cells1 & we might p]haps1 ) v4 ,ngeli#db & ,may]1#dc consid] !m z reta9+ a portion ( t molecul> motion s *>act]i/ic ( liv+ protoplasm1 by :i* ! equilibrium ( ! dead food-proteid may be di/urb$ & ?us *anges />t$ :i* result 9 :at we call proteolysis4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we mu/ look to "s phase ( catalytic or contact action z ! true explanation ( ?is p[] ( proteolysis4 ,at fir/ glance1 any explanation or !ory involv+ ! use ( catalysis seems exce$+ly vague & indef9ite1 & yet _m illu/rations c be giv5 ( *emical reactions :]e ! dom9at+ ag5t evid5tly acts 9 ?is mann]4 8,we call a =ce catalytic10 says ! philosoph] ( ,heilbron1 8:5 x holds no communicable proportion to ! assum$ results ( its action4 ,an avalan*e is hurl$ into ! valley4444 ,a puff ( w9d or ! flutt]+ ( a bird's w+ is ! catalytic =ce :i* has giv5 ! signal =1 & :i* is ! cause ( ! wide-spread disa/]40#dd ,9 ! old] !ories ( catalytic action1 ! catalytic ag5t 0 suppos$ to rema9 passive1 b n s 9 ! m mod]n conception ( catalysis4 ,! f]m5t by its pres5ce makes possible c]ta9 *anges & comb9ations :i* c\ld n occur 9 its abs5ce1 at lea/ "u ! exi/+ circum/ances1 al?\gh all ! o!r conditions might be favorable4 ,! proteids1 = example1 h a natural t5d5cy to und]go hydration2 ?us1 simple boil+ ) dilute acid or exposure to ! action ( sup]heat$ wat] alone1#de w produce _m if n all ( ! products =m$ 9 natural dige/ive proteolysis4 ,to be sure1 !y are n =m$ z readily z 9 artificial or natural dige/ion1 & !re may be "s m9or po9ts ( diff]5ce1 b /ill proteolysis c be imitat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! proteolytic enzymes simply help on ?is natural t5d5cy ( proteid bodies to und]go hydration1 & by _! pres5ce & action enable x to occur at l[] temp]atures ?an x o!rwise c\ld1 & at ! same "t r5d] x m rapid & complete4 ,?is is n accompli%$1 h[ev]1 by simple contact4 ,! enzymes1 we may assume1 comb9e 9 "s mann] ) ! proteid und]go+ dige/ion1 />t+ !reby a tra9 ( reactions 9 :i* ! proteid & ! wat] pres5t are ! ma9 actors1 !y be+1 h[ev]1 p]fectly passive 9 ! abs5ce ( ! incit+ ag5t1 ! enzyme4 ,z express$ by ,gang]1 8! f]m5t ph5om5a resemble ^? 9 :i* !re is app>5tly a p]iodic syn!sis & dissociation ( ! catalyz+ ag5t1 :i* acts 9 a simil> mann] to ! ag5t :i* explodes a tra9 ( gunp[d]40 #db ,!orie d] ,ghrung4 ,mn*51 #ahgi4 #dc ,die ,lehre von d5 *em4 ,f]m5t54 ,heidelb]g1 #ahhb4 #dd ,quot$ f ,gamgee's ,physiological ,*emi/ry ( ! ,animal ,body1 vol4 #b1 p4 #g4 #de ,*itt5d5 & ,me>a4 ,a /udy ( ! prim>y products result+ f ! action ( sup]heat$ wat] on coagulat$ egg-album94 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #eja4 ,we c f9d _m illu/rations among *emical ph5om5a :]e "o body1 ev5 ?\gh pres5t 9 small quantity1 acts z a g-betwe5 & makes possible an almo/ indef9ite ex*ange ( matt] & en]gy4 ,take z an illu/ration1 ! "p play$ by wat] 9 det]m9+ ! explosion ( oxyg5 & c>bon-monoxide gas4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,dixon#df call$ att5tion to ! fact t a mixture ( ^! two gases :5 p]fectly dry w\ld n explode ev5 by contact ) r$ hot plat9um wire4 ,! pres5ce1 h[ev]1 ( a small am\nt ( aque\s vapor w\ld at once cause an explosion to occur4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is obs]vation1 ,traube#dg has report$ t a flame ( c>bon-monoxide gas introduc$ into a p]fectly dry atmosph]e is at once ext+ui%$4 ,9 a moi/ atmosph]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! flame w cont9ue to burn indef9itely1 t is z long z ! ,,co gas is suppli$4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! wat]1 :i* is s necess>y = ! appe>ance ( ! reaction1 & :i* furni%es a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! action ( a contact or catalytic sub/ance is n purely passive4 ,to be sure1 only a m9imal am\nt is necess>y = ! combu/ion ( an indef9ite am\nt ( c>bonic oxide1 b ! wat] ent]s into ! reaction itself4 ,x is to be notic$ t c>bonic oxide & wat] alone1 ev5 at high temp]atures1 w n react1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 ! wat] is decompos$ ) =mation ( hydrog5-p]oxide1 ?us3 ,,co #b ,h#b,o ,o#b ,,co7,,oh7#b ,h#b,o#b4 #df ,*emical ,news1 vol4 #df1 p4 #aea4 #dg ,b]i*t4 d4 ,deuts*4 *em4 ,gesells*41 ,b& #ah1 p4 #ahij4 ,! hydrog5-p]oxide ?us =m$ comb9es ) c>bonic oxide to =m c>bonic acid1 :i* 9 turn is decompos$ into ! anhydride ,,co#b1 ) reg5]ation ( wat]1 ! latt] be+ available = fur!r action ( ! same ord]3 ,h#b,o#b ,,co ,,co7,,oh7#b #b ,,co7,,oh7#b #b ,,co#b #b ,h#b,o4 ,inde$1 z c be readily se5 f ! equations1 ?is may be kept up indef9itely1 a small am\nt ( wat]1 i4e41 ! g-betwe51 ! catalytic ag5t1 suffic+ to accompli% ! trans=mation ( almo/ any am\nt ( c>bon-monoxide4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 furni%es an excell5t illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* catalytic ag5ts1 su* z ! proteolytic enzymes1 may be suppos$ to act4 ,x is truly contact action1 b ! ag5t is n purely passive2 ! enzyme comb9es ) ! sub/ance und]go+ proteolysis1 & ! resultant comp\nd ?us =m$ is enabl$ n[ to comb9e ) wat] & und]go hydrolysis1 some?+ :i* c\ld n be accompli%$ by ! proteid & wat] alone1 t is at body temp]ature4 ,?is new & m complex comp\nd is naturally less /able & soon und]goes dissociation or cleavage ) a splitt+ (f ( ! orig9al enzyme = "o product1 :i* is ?us available = fur!r action ( ! same ord]2 :ile1 z o!r products1 we f9d ! hydrat$ & o!rwise alt]$ sub/ances com+ f ! proteid1 & ^: =mation is ! ultimate object ( ! :ole process4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 ?is hypo!tical action ( ! proteolytic enzymes & ! kn[n reactions 9 ! above combu/ion ( c>bonic oxide is c]ta9ly v close1 & leaves little d\bt t ?is explanation ( enzyme action is1 9 a g5]al way at lea/1 correct4 ,?us ! c>bonic oxide1 ,,co1 br\ght 9 contact ) pure1 dry oxyg5 gas 7app>5tly all t is necess>y = its direct oxidation into c>bonic acid1 ,,co#b71 und]goes no *ange2 ! burn+ ,,co gas is at once ext+ui%$4 ,evid5tly1 some?+ m is necess>y 9 ord] to />t ! process ( oxidation4 ,s1 too1 9 proteolysis2 ! process1 z we %all see lat] on1 is ess5tially "o ( hydration1 b br+ ! proteid & ! wat]1 or acid-wat]1 toge!r & al?\gh all ! conditions are app>5tly favorable = hydration !re is1 z y "k1 little or no *ange4 ,b introduce ! catalytic ag5t & imm$iately ! reaction comm5ces4 ,9 ! case ( ! burn+ ,,co gas 9 contact ) oxyg51 ! wat] act+ z contact ag5t makes oxidation possible1 enabl+ ! ma9 actors 9 ! trans=mation to react ^u ea* o!r4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! contact ag5t is some?+ m ?an a m]e look]-on1 x becomes = ! "t be+ an integral "p ( ! molecule1 und]go+ *ange1 comb9+ ) x & ?us mak+ possible ! subsequ5t alt]ations *>act]i/ic ( ! specific trans=mation1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! reg5]ation ( ! contact ag5t is a prom95t feature4 ,s1 too1 ) ! proteolytic enzymes1 peps9 & tryps91 !y are ! g-betwe5s1 mak+ possible ! union ( ! proteids ) wat] by comb9+ ) ! proteid molecule & ?us pav+ ! way = bo? hydration & cleavage4 ,9 ! cleavage ( ! complex molecule1 we h ! reg5]ation ( ! f]m5t z a prom95t feature1 & 9 proteolysis we und]/& t ! reg5]at$ f]m5t may act n only ^u m ( ! orig9al proteid1 b likewise ^u ! prim>y products ( its action1 ?us giv+ rise ev5tually to a r[ ( m or less closely relat$ cleavage products4 ,f9ally1 we c conceive t ! enzyme may gradually be affect$ by ! process1 t its reg5]ation may become less complete1 & ?us dige/ive p[] be ev5tually dim9i%$4 ,mu* m might be said 9 support ( ! above hypo!sis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s objections might be rais$ aga9/ x1 b ,i "k ( no m reasonable explanation ( enzyme action ?an t "h pres5t$1 or "o :i* s well accords ) all ( ! kn[n facts conc]n+ ! conditions :i* modify proteolytic action4#dh ,?us1 ! influ5ce ( heat1 ( ! products ( proteolysis1 ( acids1 alkalies1 & v>i\s organic & inorganic salts on ! action ( ^! dige/ive enzymes is su* z l5ds favor to ! above view r ?an opposes x4 #dh ,comp>e ,l4 de ,jag]1 ,erklrungsv]su* b] die ,wirkungs>t d] unge=mt5 ,f]m5te1 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #aba1 p4 #ahb4 ,also ,*&elon3 ,bullet9 de l',academie ,royale de ,md4 de ,belgique1 #ahhg1 #a1 p4 #bhi4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,proteids4 ,proteids are confess$ly among ! mo/ complex bodies ! physiologi/ has to deal )1 :ile at ! same "t !y are p]haps ! mo/ important1 n only 9 view ( _! wide-spread di/ribution ?r\gh animal & vegetable tissues1 b because ( ! prom95t "p !y take 9 ! nutrition ( ! body4 ,! m our k is broad5$ conc]n+ ^! v>i$ sub/ances1 ! m we are impress$ ) _! complexity1 & at ! same "t ) ! necessity = a m accurate /udy ( bo? _! composition & con/itution4 ,conc]n+ ! latt]1 full fruition ( our hopes is probably 9 ! di/ant future1 b e /ep ( advance 9 ?is direction adds greatly to our res\rces 9 ! int]pretation ( ! v>i$ & complex *anges *>act]i/ic ( proteid metabolism4 ,e /udy ( proteid decomposition adds some?+ to our /ore ( k1 & gives p]haps an add$ fact available = broad5+ our d$uctions4#di ,moreov]1 ! composition & g5]al reactions ( ! proteids may be inve/igat$ ) full confid5ce ( obta9+ _m useful results1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be an aid 9 int]pret+ ! *anges accompany+ dige/ive proteolysis4 #di ,see ,dre*sel3 ,d] ,abbau d] ,eiweis/(fe4 ,du ,bois ,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahia1 p4 #bdh4 ,take1 = example1 ! s+le "q ( peptonization by ga/ric dige/ion4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! process8 ,is ! proteid trans=m$ into a soluble & diffusible peptone z a result ( hydration & cleavage1 or is x a trans=mation :i* results f a simple depolym]ization ( ! proteid molecule1 i4e41 are we to consid] album9 & peptone z isom]ic bodies8 ,^! que/ions1 on :i* physiologi/s seem loa? to agree1 c c]ta9ly be answ]$ def9itely2 n1 h[ev]1 by argum5ts b by c>eful exp]im5tation1 9 :i* ! composition ( ! proteid und]go+ dige/ion mu/ be a necess>y prelim9>y factor1 & ! composition ( ! resultant product1 or products1 a second>y factor ( equal importance4 ,fur!r1 ! "q ne$s to be answ]$ n ) ref]5ce to "o proteid m]ely1 b ) ref]5ce to e proteid capable ( dige/ion by ei!r ga/ric or pancreatic juice4 ,:5 ^! que/ions h be5 fully answ]$ 9 ?is mann]1 we %all h positive data to deal )1 & our conclusions w re/ ^u a f\ndation ( fact n easily set aside4 ,?is is "o ( ! problems ^u :i* ,i h be5 at "w = "s ye>s1 & al?\gh progress may 9 "o s5se be sl[1 yet x is sure & gives results ( no unc]ta9 "*4 ,fir/1 !n1 let u consid] briefly ! nature ( ! proteids ^: proteolysis we may be int]e/$ 92 rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t 9 s do+ we c m]ely t\* ^u ! po9ts ess5tial = our purpose4 ,all[ me to say 9 p>5!sis t !re is be+ publi%$ 9 ,mosc[ a "w on proteids alone ( five volumes1 #ijj pages ea*1 :i* x is suppos$ w con/itute an exhau/ive treatise ( ! subject4#ej #ej ,die ,e9heit d] ,prote9/(fe4 ,hi/oris*e u4 exp]im5telle ,unt]su*ung51 by ,l4 ,morokh[etz4 ,if we attempt to classify all ( ! proteid bodies hi!rto discov]$ & /udi$ we are at once confront$ ) a problem ( no small proportions4 ,s v>i$ are !y 9 _! reactions1 solubilities1 & behavior t[>d g5]al reag5ts1 s incl9$ to m]ge into ea* o!r by almo/ ins5sible gradations t x becomes an extremely difficult matt] to make an arrangem5t t w satisfy all ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,i h to sugge/1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ classification1 :i* is m]ely a modification ( sev]al exi/+ ones1 bas$ prim>ily ^u *emical composition1 & solubility 9 ! m common m5/ruums4 ,proteids may fir/ be divid$ into ?ree ma9 gr\ps z foll[s3 ,i4 ,simple ,proteids4--,compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 sulphur1 & oxyg51 & yield+ by decomposition aromatic bodies su* z tyros91 ph5ol1 indol1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,comp\nd ,proteids4--,compos$ ( a simple proteid unit$ to "s non-proteid body4 ,,iii4 ,album9oids4--,a class ( nitrog5\s bodies relat$ to & d]iv$ f proteids1 b diff]+ especially f ! latt] by great resi/ance to ! ord9>y solv5ts ( true proteids4 ,! individual memb]s ( ^! ?ree gr\ps may be arrang$ z foll[s on ! basis ( solubility1 coagulability1 etc43 ,i4 ,,simple ,,proteids4--,a4 ,soluble 9 wat]4--a4 ,coagulable by heat1 & by long contact ) alcohol4 ,album9s3 s]um-album91 egg-album91 lacto-album91 myo-album91 vegetable album9s4 b4 ,non-coagulable by heat & by long contact ) alcohol4 ,proteoses3#ea protoproteoses1 deut]oproteoses4 ,peptones3#ea amphopeptones1 antipeptones1 hemipeptones4 #ea ,us$ 9 ! g5]ic s5se2 ! proteoses includ+ albumoses1 globuloses1 myos9oses1 ela/oses1 etc41 & ! peptones ! peptone-products =m$ 9 ! dige/ion ( any or all proteids4 ,b4 ,insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 salt solutions4--a4 ,m or less coagulable by heat4 ,globul9s4 #a4 ,soluble 9 dilute & saturat$ ,na,cl solutions4 ,vitell9s4 #b4 ,soluble 9 dilute ,na,cl solutions1 b precipitat$ by saturation ) ,na,cl4 ,myos9s1 p>aglobul9#eb or s]um-globul91 fibr9og51 myo-globul91 p>amyos9og51 cell-globul9s4 b4 ,non-coagulable by heat1 soluble 9 dilute ,na,cl solution & precipitat$ by saturation ) ,na,cl4 ,het]oproteoses4 #eb ,n completely insoluble 9 saturat$ ,na,cl solution4 ,c4 ,insoluble 9 wat] & salt solutions1 soluble 9 dilute alcohol--,ze91 gliad9s4 ,d4 ,insoluble 9 wat]1 salt solutions & alcohol2 soluble 9 dilute acids or alkalies4--a4 ,coagulable by heat :5 susp5d$ 9 a neutral fluid4 ,acid-album9s1 alkali-album9s or album9ates4 b4 ,non-coagulable by heat :5 susp5d$ 9 a neutral fluid4 ,antialbumids1 dysproteoses1 glut59s4 ,e4 ,insoluble 9 wat]1 salt solutions1 alcohol1 dilute acids & alkalies2 soluble 9 /rong acids1 alkalies1 & 9 peps9-hydro*loric acid & alkal9e solutions ( tryps94--,coagulat$ proteids1 fibr94#ec #ec ,9 blood-fibr9 we h a good illu/ration ( ! fact t ^! divisions are n absolutely exact1 s9ce ?is =m ( proteid matt]1 = example1 is some:at soluble 9 dilute acids & 9 salt solutions1 al?\gh requir+ a long "t = m>k$ solution4 ,,ii4 ,,comp\nd ,,proteids4--,a4 ,comp\nds ( a proteid 7globul97 ) an iron-conta9+ pigm5t1 soluble 9 wat] & coagulable by heat & alcohol4 ,hmoglob91 oxyhmoglob91 me?moglob91 etc4 ,b4 ,comp\nds ( proteids ) memb]s ( ! c>bohydrate gr\p4 ,insoluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 v weak alkalies4--a4 ,true muc9s4 b4 ,mucoids or muc9oids4 ,c4 ,comp\nds ( proteids ) nucleic acid4 ,phosphoriz$ bodies yield+ by decomposition metaphosphoric acid4 ,insoluble 9 wat] & 9 peps9-hydro*loric acid1 b m or less soluble 9 alkalies4--,nucle9s4 ,d4 ,comp\nds ( proteids ) nucle9s4 ,v soluble 9 dilute alkalies4--,nucleoalbum9s1 z case9 ( milk1 & nucleoalbum9s ( cell-protoplasm & cell-nuclei1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,,album9oids4--,a4 ,soluble 9 boil+ wat] ) =mation ( gelat9 & yield+ by decomposition leuc9 & glycocoll4--,collag5 7gelat974 ,b4 ,insoluble 9 boil+ wat]1 & yield+ by decomposition mu* leuc9 & "s tyros91 toge!r ) glycocoll & lysat94 ,sl[ly hydrat$ by boil+ dilute acids & by treatm5t ) peps9-hydro*loric acid4--,ela/94 ,c4 ,insoluble 9 wat]1 dilute acids & alkalies1 also 9 ga/ric & pancreatic juice4 ,yield leuc9 & tyros9 by decomposition4--,k]at91 neurok]at94 ,we may n[ advantage\sly consid] ! composition ( a few ( ! m prom95t repres5tatives ( ! individual gr\ps1 tak+ = illu/ration ^? bodies :i* h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly /udi$1 & :i* we may h occasion to ref] to 9 our discussion ( proteolysis4 ,i h n includ$ 9 ! table any ( ! alt]ation-products ( ! proteids =m$ by ! action ( peps9-acid1 tryps91 or boil+ dilute acids1 conf9+ myself "h simply to ^? bodies :i* occur ready-=m$ 9 nature4 ,,composition ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,prom95t ,,proteids ,,occurr+ ,,9 ,,nature4,a ,sub/ance4 ,c ,h ,n ,s ,o ,p ,a%4 ,orig94 ,au?or4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,s]um- #ec4jef4heaf4jda4ggbb4bi #j4eg,s]um f ,hamm>/54#ed album9 -- horse blood ,s]um- #eb4bef4feae4hhb4bgbb4ie #a4hd,pleural ,hamm>/54#ed album9 exudation ,egg-album9 #eb4bef4ijae4bea4icbc4fg ,non- ,hamm>/54#ed coagulat$ ,egg-album9 #eb4ccf4ihae4hia4hcbb4ig #a4aa,non- ,*itt5d5 & coagulat$ ,bolton4#ee ,lacto- #eb4aig4ahae4gga4gcbc4ac ,c['s milk ,sebeli54#ef album9 ,vegetable- #eb4bef4gfaf4jga4dhbc4dd #j4gj;,corn ,*itt5d5 & album9 or maize ,osborne4#eg ,vegetable- #ec4jbf4hdaf4hja4bhbb4jf #j4hb,:eat ,osborne & album9 ,voorhees4#eh ,proteose1 #eb4acf4hcaf4eea4jibc4dj #j4gi;,hemialbu- ,khne & animal mose1 ur9e,*itt5d54#ei ,proteose1 #ej4fjf4fhaf4cca4fbbd4gg #b4ii;,corn ,*itt5d5 & vegetable or maize ,osborne4#eg ,proteose1 #ea4hff4hbag4cb #j4be,:eat ,osborne & vegetable ,voorhees4#eh ,proteose1 #di4ihf4ieah4gh #a4hj;,flax-se$ ,osborne4#fj vegetable ,proteose1 #df4ebf4djah4be #b4bj;,cocoanut ,*itt5d5 & vegetable meat ,set*ell4#fa ,vitell91 #ea4gaf4hdah4abj4hebb4dh #a4bj;,corn ,*itt5d5 & sph]oidal or maize ,osborne4#eg ,vitell91 #ea4fjf4igah4hja4jaba4fb #j4cj,squa%-se$,*itt5d5 & cry/all9e ,h>twell4#fb ,vitell91 #ea4haf4idah4gaa4jaba4ec #j ,squa%-se$,*itt5d5 & amorph\s ,h>twell4#fa ,vitell91 #ea4dhf4idah4fjj4habb4ag #j4ed;,flax-se$ ,osborne4#fj cry/all9e ,vitell91 #ea4jcf4heah4cij4fibc4jd #j4di,:eat ,osborne & sph]oids ,voorhees4#eh ,vitell91 #ea4fcf4ijah4ghj4ijba4gi #j4ef;,hemp-se$ ,*itt5d5 & cry/all9e ,m5del4#fa ,vitell91 #ea4caf4igah4gej4gfbb4ba #j4jc;,ca/or bean,osborne4#fc cry/all9e ,vitell91 #eb4ahf4ibah4cja4jfba4ed #j4bj;,brazil nut ,osborne4#fc cry/all9e ,vitell91 #ea4bcf4ijah4dja4jfbb4da #j4be;,cocoanut ,*itt5d5 & semi- meat ,set*ell4#fb cry/all9e ,myos91 #ac #eb4hbg4aaaf4gga4bgba4ij #a4de,muscle- ,*itt5d5 & diff]5t tissue ,cumm9s4#fd samples ,myos91 #eb4fhg4jbaf4gha4cjbb4bb #j4fc;,corn or ,*itt5d5 & vegetable maize ,osborne4#eg ,myos91 #eb4ahg4jeag4ijj4ecbb4cd #j4aj,oats ,osborne4#fe vegetable1 cry/all9e ,p>aglobul9#eb4gag4jaae4hea4aabc4bd #j4cj;,blood ,hamm>/54#ff ( horse ,fibr9og5 #eb4icf4ijaf4ffa4bebb4bf #a4ge;,blood ,hamm>/54#fg ( horse ,ze9 #ee4bcg4bfaf4acj4fjbj4gh #j4dc;,corn or ,*itt5d5 & maize ,osborne4#eg ,gliad9 #eb4gbf4hfag4ffa4adba4fb #j4ea,:eat ,osborne & ,voorhees4#eh ,gliad9 #ec4jaf4iaaf4dcb4bfba4ci ,oats ,osborne4#fc ,glut59 #eb4cdf4hcag4dia4jhbb4be ,:eat ,osborne & ,voorhees4#eh ,coagulat$ #eb4ccf4ihae4hda4habc4jd #j4bg;,egg-album9,*itt5d5 proteid & ,bolton4#ee ,coagulat$ #ea4ehf4hhah4hja4jiba4fe #j4be,vitell91 ,*itt5d5 proteid hemp-se$ & ,m5del4#fa ,fibr9 #eb4fhf4hcaf4iaa4ajbb4dh #j4ef;,blood ,hamm>/54#fg ( horse ,oxyhmo- #ec4heg4cbaf4agj4ciba4hd #j4dc;,blood ( ,hoppe- glob9 ,fe4dog ,seyl]4#fh ,oxyhmo- #ed4gag4chag4dcj4dhai4fj #j4ci;,blood ( ,htn]4#fi glob9 ,fe4pig ,muc9 #ej4cjf4hdac4fba4gabg4ec #j4cc;,f snail ,hamm>/54#gj ,muc9 #dh4hdf4hjab4cbj4hdca4bj #j4ce,submaxil- ,hamm>/54#ga li>y gl& ,*ondro- #dg4cjf4dbab4ehb4dbca4bh ,c>tilage ,mrn]4#gb mucoid ,nucle9 #ej4fjg4fjac4ah #a4hi ,human bra9,v4 ,jaks*4#gc ,nucle9 #di4ehg4ajae4jb #b4bh ,pus ,hoppe- ,seyl]4#gd ,case9 #eb4ifg4jeae4fej4gabb4ghj4hd ,c['s milk ,hamm>/54#ge ,case9 #ec4cjg4jgae4iaj4hbbb4jcj4hg #j4ih;,c['s milk ,*itt5d5 & ,pa9t]4#gf ,nucleo- #dh4dag4baaf4hej4gjbd4dab4db ,leucocytes ,lili5feld4#gg hi/on or leuco- nucle9 ,gelat9 #di4chf4haag4igj4gabe4ac #a4bf;,connective ,*itt5d5 & tissue ,solley4#gh ,ela/9 #ed4bdg4bgaf4gjj4cjba4gi #j4ij,neck-b& ,*itt5d5 & ,h>t4#gi ,ela/9 #ec4ieg4jcaf4fgj4chba4ig #j4gb;,aorta ,s*w>z4#hj ,k]at9 #di4def4ebaf4had4jbbc4bj #a4ja,:ite ,khne & rabbit's ,*itt5d54#ha hair ,neurok]at9#ef4iig4ecac4aea4hgbj4df #a4ce;,human bra9,khne & ,*itt5d54#hb ,reticul9 #eb4hhf4igae4fca4hhbb4cjj4cd #b4bg,reticul> ,siegfri$4#hc tissue ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a ,_m ( ^! results repres5t ! av]age ( a l>ge numb] ( individual analyses4 #ed ,jahresb]i*t f4 ,?i]*emie1 ,b& #aa1 p4 #ai4 #ee ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*emi/ry1 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 #b1 p4 #abf4 #ef ,zeits*r4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #i1 p4 #dfc4 #eg ,am]4 ,*emical ,j\rnal1 vols4 #ac & #ad4 #eh ,ibid41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #cgi4 #ei ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #ai1 p4 #aih4 #fj ,am]4 ,*emical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #fbi4 #fa ,n hi!rto publi%$4 #fb ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #dce4 #fc ,am]4 ,*emical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ffb4 #fd ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*emi/ry1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 #c1 p4 #aae4 #fe ,f\rte5? ,annual ,report ,conn4 ,ag4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #ahij2 #b;d pap]1 ,am]4 ,*emical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #bab4 #ff ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #bb1 p4 #dhi4 #fg ,ibid41 ,b& #bb1 p4 #dgi4 #fh ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,m$4 ,*em4 ,unt]su*1 p4 #ahi4 #fi ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,*em4 ,analyse1 #f? auflage1 p4 #bge4 #gj ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #cf4 p4 #cib4 #ga ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ab4 p4 #ahe4 #gb ,jahresb]i*t f4 ,?i]*emie1 ,b& #ah1 p4 #bai4 #gc ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #ac1 p4 #dfi4 #gd ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,m$4 ,*em4 ,unt]su*1 p4 #dhi4 #ge ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #g1 p4 #bfi4 #gf ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*emi/ry1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 #b1 p4 #agb4 #gg ,du ,bois ,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahib1 p4 #agj4 #gh ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 #ab4 p4 #bc4 #gi ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*emi/ry1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ai2 also ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #be1 p4 #cfh4 #hj ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ah1 p4 #dia4 #ha ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bf1 p4 #cjd4 #hb ,ibid41 p4 #cja4 #hc ,jahresb]i*t f4 ,?i]*emie1 ,b& #bb1 p4 #ae4 ,9 consid]+ ! results tabulat$ above1 x is to be rememb]$ t all ( ^! bodies1 ) ! exception ( k]at91 neurok]at91 & reticul91 are m or less dige/ible 9 ei!r ga/ric or pancreatic juice1 or inde$ 9 bo? fluids4 ,i w n take "t "h to po9t out ! obvi\s g5etic relation%ips & diff]5ces 9 composition %[n by ! above data1 b w imm$iately call y\r att5tion to ! fact t !re are o!r & m important po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 _m ( ^! proteids :i* are hidd5 b5ea? ! surface1 & :i* a simple det]m9ation ( composition w n br+ to light4 ,i ref] to ! *emical con/itution ( ! bodies1 to ! way 9 :i* ! individual atoms are arrang$ 9 ! molecule1 on :i* h+es m or less ! g5]al prop]ties ( ! bodies & :i* 9 "p det]m9es _! behavior t[>d ! dige/ive enzymes1 z well z t[>d o!r hydrolytic ag5ts4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 inn] /ructure c only be asc]ta9$ by a /udy ( ! decomposition products ( ! proteids1 & ( ! way 9 :i* ! complex molecules break d[n into simpl]4 ,! nature ( ! fragm5ts result+ f ! decomposition ( a complex proteid molecule1 gives at once some?+ ( an insight into ! "* ( ! molecule4 ,?us1 egg-album9 expos$ to ! action ( boil+ dilute sulphuric acid yields1 among o!r fragm5ts1 l>ge quantities ( leuc9 & tyros91 ! latt] belong+ to ! aromatic gr\p & conta9+ ! ph5yl radical4 ,collag51 or gelat91 on ! o!r h&1 by simil> treatm5t fails to yield any tyros9 or relat$ aromatic body1 b gives in/ead glycocoll or amido-acetic acid1 9 addition to leuc91 lys91 & o!r products common to album94 ,its con/itution1 !re=e1 is evid5tly q diff]5t f t ( album91 b ! composition ( ! body reveals no sign ( x4 ,fur!r1 we h physiological evid5ce ( ?is diff]5ce 9 con/itution 9 t gelat91 ?\gh conta9+ ev5 m nitrog5 ?an album91 is n able to take ! place ( ! latt] 9 supply+ ! physiological ne$s ( ! body2 its food-value is ( q a diff]5t ord] f t ( album94 ,b :ile all ( ! individual proteids %[ _m po9ts ( diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 composition1 con/itution1 reactions1 or o!rwise1 !y are ne>ly all alike 9 _! t5d5cy to und]go hydrolytic decomposition "u prop] conditions2 ! ext5t ( ! hydrolysis & accompany+ cleavage be+ dep5d5t simply ^u ! vigor or duration ( ! hydrolytic process4 ,fur!rmore1 all ( ! simple proteids1 at lea/1 give evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( two di/9ct gr\ps or radicals1 :i* give rise by decomposition or cleavage to two di/9ct classes ( products4 ,^! two gr\ps1 :i* we may assume to be *>act]i/ic ( e typical proteid1 ,khne has nam$ ! anti- & hemi-gr\p respectively4 ,?is conception ( ! proteid molecule is "o ( ! f\ndation-/ones on :i* re/ "s ( our pres5t !ories reg>d+ ! hydrolytic decomposition ( proteids1 especially by ! proteolytic enzymes4 ,moreov]1 x is n a m]e conception1 = x has be5 te/$ s _m times by exp]im5t t x has seem+ly become a fact4 ,! two gr\ps1 or _! repres5tatives1 c be sep>at$1 9 "p1 at lea/1 by ! action ( dilute sulphuric acid 7?ree p] c5t47 at #ajj ,c4 ,?us1 aft] a few h\rs' treatm5t ( coagulat$ egg-album91 ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ( ! proteid passes into solution1 :ile !re rema9s a homog5e\s mass1 some?+ l silica 9 appe>ance1 insoluble 9 dilute acid1 b readily soluble 9 dilute solutions ( sodium c>bonate4 ,?is latt] is ! repres5tative ( ! anti-gr\p1 orig9ally nam$ by ,s*tz5b]g]#hd hemiprote91 b n[ call$ antialbumid4#he ,x is only slightly dige/ible 9 ga/ric juice1 b is readily attack$ by alkal9e solutions ( tryps91 be+ conv]t$ !reby into a soluble peptone kn[n z antipeptone4 ,9 ! sulphuric acid solution1 on ! o!r h&1 are f\nd ! repres5tatives ( ! hemi-gr\p2 viz41 albumoses1 orig9ally kn[n z "o body1 hemialbumose1#hf toge!r ) m or less hemipeptone1 leuc91 tyros91 etc4 #hd ,re*]*es sur l'album9e et les matires album9oides4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique de ,p>is1 vols4 #bc & #bd4 #he ,khne3 ,weit]e ,mit!ilung5 b] ,v]dauungs5zyme und die ,v]dauung d] ,album9e4 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,naturhi/4 ,m$4 ,v]4 zu ,heidelb]g1 ,b& #a1 p4 #bcf4 #hf ,khne und ,*itt5d53 ,ueb] die n*/5 ,spaltungsproducte d] ,eiweisskrp]4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #ai1 p4 #aei4 ,! fact t we h s _m repres5tatives ( ! hemi-gr\p 9 ?is decomposition is significant ( ! read9ess ) :i* ! s-call$ hemi-gr\p und]goes *ange4 ,all ( its memb]s are prone to suff] hydration & cleavage1 pass+ ?r\gh successive /ages until leuc91 tyros91 & o!r simple bodies are rea*$4 ,^!1 & o!r simil> cry/all9e bodies1 are likewise ! typical end-products ( proteolysis by tryps91 & presumably come directly f ! break+-d[n ( hemipeptone4 ,antipeptone1 on ! o!r h&1 is incapable ( fur!r *ange by ! proteolytic f]m5t tryps94 ,h5ce1 ! hemi-gr\p c be id5tifi$ by ! behavior ( ! body conta9+ x t[>d tryps92 i4e41 x w ultimately yield leuc91 tyros91 & o!r bodies ( simple con/itution to be spok5 ( lat] on4 ,! anti-gr\p1 h[ev]1 w %[ its pres5ce by a c]ta9 degree ( resi/ance to ! action ( tryps91 antipeptone be+ ! f9al product ( its trans=mation by ?is ag5t2 i4e41 leuc91 tyros91 etc41 w n result4 ,9 ?is hydrolytic cleavage ( proteids ! anti-gr\p does n always appe> z antialbumid4 ,x may make its appe>ance 9 ! =m ( "s relat$ body1 ! exact "* ( ! product be+ dep5d5t 9 great "p ^u ! nature ( ! hydrolytic ag5t1 b 9 e case ! *>act]i/ics ( ! anti-gr\p w come to ! surface :5 ! body is subject$ to ! action ( tryps94 ,! above-describ$ treatm5t ( a coagulat$ proteid ) wat] conta9+ sulphuric acid evid5tly induces pr(\nd *anges 9 ! proteid molecule4 ,! conditions are c]ta9ly su* z favor hydration1 & 9 ! case ( complex molecules1 l ! proteids1 cleavage might naturally be expect$ to foll[4 ,analysis ( antialbumid f v>i\s s\rces pla9ly %[s t its =mation is accompani$ by m>k$ *emical *anges4 ,?us1 ! foll[+ data1 %[+ ! composition ( antialbumid =m$ f egg-album9 & s]um-album9 by ! action ( dilute sulphuric acid at #ajj ,c41 gives tangible expression to ! ext5t ( ?is *ange3 ,antialbumid#hg ,antialbumid#hg ,egg- f ,s]um- f album94 egg-album94 album94 s]um-album94 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,c4444444 #eb4cc #ec4gi #ec4je #ed4ea ,h4444444 #f4ih #g4jh #f4he #g4bg ,n4444444 #ae4hd #ad4ee #af4jd #ad4ca ---------------------------------------- --------------- #hg ,khne und ,*itt5d53 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #ai1 pp4 #afg & #agh4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a noticeable decrease 9 nitrog51 & a correspond+ increase 9 ! cont5t ( c>bon4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ?is cleavage ( ! album9-molecule into ! anti-gr\p on ! "o h&1 & into bodies ( ! hemi-gr\p on ! o!r1 is accompani$ by *emical *anges ( su* magnitude t _! impr9t is pla9ly visible ^u ! resultant products2 *anges :i* c]ta9ly are f> remov$ f ^? common to polym]ization4 ,?is pron5ess ( proteid matt] to und]go hydration & subsequ5t cleavage is fur!r te/ifi$ to by ! read9ess ) :i* ev5 su* a resi/ant body z coagulat$ egg-album9 breaks d[n "u ! simple influ5ce ( sup]heat$ wat] at #acj to #aej ,c4 ,_m obs]vations are record$ be>+ on ?is t5d5cy ( proteid matt]1 b few obs]v]s h c>ri$ _! exp]im5ts to a satisfactory conclusion4 ,a rec5t /udy ( ?is "q 9 my own laboratory1 has giv5 "s v int]e/+ results4#hh ,?us1 coagulat$ egg-album9 plac$ 9 seal$ tubes ) a little di/ill$ wat] & expos$ to a temp]ature ( #aej ,c4 = ?ree to f\r h\rs1 rapidly dissolves1 leav+1 h[ev]1 an appreciable residue4 ,! solution reacts alkal9e1 !re is a sep>ation ( sulphur1 & 9 ! fluid is to be f\nd n album91 b two di/9ct albumose-l bodies1 toge!r ) "s true peptone1 & a small am\nt ( leuc91 tyros91 & presumably o!r bodies4#hi ,! albumose-l bodies are 9 _m ways q peculi>4 ,9 "s respects !y resemble ! albumoses =m$ 9 ord9>y dige/ion2 b 9 o!rs !y %[ peculi>ities :i* r5d] !m q unique1 s t !y m]it ! specific "n ( atmidalbumoses1 z sugge/$ by ,neumei/]4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to call att5tion to "h is ! composition ( ^! albumoses4 ,prep>$ f coagulat$ egg-album9 by ! simple action ( heat & wat]1 !y %[ a deviation f ! composition ( ! "m-proteid1 :i* pla9ly implies *anges ( no slight degree4 ,?is is cle>ly app>5t f ! foll[+ table3 ,coagulat$,atmidalbumose ,atmidalbumose ,deut]o- egg- precipitat$precipitat$ by atmid- ,antialbumid4 album94 by ,na,cl4 ,na,cl acid4 albumose4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,c #eb4cc #ee4ac #ee4jd #ea4ii #ec4gi ,h #f4ih #f4ic #f4hi #f4fj #g4jh ,n #ae4hd #ad4bh #ad4ag #ac4be #ad4ee ,s #a4ha #a4ff --- #j4ih --- ,o #bc4jd #bb4jj --- #bg4ah --- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #hh ,*itt5d5 & ,me>a3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,prim>y ,products ,result+ f ! ,action ( ,sup]heat$ ,wat] on ,coagulat$ ,egg-album94 ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 #ae1 p4 #eja4 #hi ,comp>e ,neumei/]'s exp]im5ts on blood-fibr94 ,ueb] die n*/e ,e9wirkung gespannte ,wass]dmpfe auf ,prote9e und b] e9e ,gruppe eig5?mli*] ,eiweisskrp] und ,albumos54 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bf1 p4 #eg4 ,"h we see t two ( ^! prim>y albumoses =m$ by ! action ( sup]heat$ wat]1 l ! previ\sly describ$ antialbumid1 %[ a loss ( nitrog5 ) a m>k$ increase 9 ! cont5t ( c>bon4 ,evid5tly1 !y are relat$ to ! antialbumid =m$ by ! action ( dilute acid4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 soluble 9 wat]1 & 9 _m ways diff] f true antialbumid1 b !re is evid5tly an inn] relation%ip4 ,! s-call$ deut]oatmidalbumose %[s a /ill m noticeable fall+ (f 9 nitrog5 & sulphur1 :ile ! cont5t ( c>bon is m closely alli$ to t ( ! "m-proteid4 ,! albumose precipitable by sodium *loride1 al?\gh diff]5t f an albumid1 evid5tly comes f ! anti-gr\p & is a cleavage product :i* 9 turn may und]go fur!r hydration & splitt+ by cont9u$ treatm5t4 ,! s-call$ deut]o-body1 on ! o!r h&1 may well be a repres5tative ( ! hemi-gr\p4#ij #ij ,comp>e ,kruk5b]g1 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,j5ais*5 ,gesells*aft fr ,m$ic91 etc4 #ahhf4 ,x is n my purpose "h to ent] into details connect$ ) ! action ( sup]heat$ wat] on proteids4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld take u too f> f our pres5t subject1 b ,i d wi% to emphasize ! fact t ev5 ! mo/ resi/ant ( proteids has an innate t5d5cy to und]go hydration & cleavage1 & t ev5 simple heat+ ) wat] alone1 at a temp]ature slightly above #ajj ,c41 is suffici5t to induce at lea/ p>tial solution ( ! proteid4 ,fur!r1 ?is solv5t action 9 ! case ( wat] & dilute acids1 at lea/1 is c]ta9ly associat$ ) m>k$ *emical *anges4 ,x is n m]e solution1 x is n simply ! =mation ( "o soluble body1 b solution ( ! proteid is accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( a r[ ( new products1 9 :i* ! t]m9al bodies are cry/all9e sub/ances ( simple composition4 ,fur!r1 ?is conclusion does n re/ ^u ! results obta9$ f a s+le proteid1 = ,i h at v>i\s times /udi$ also ! prim>y products =m$ 9 ! cleavage ( case91 ela/91 ze91 & o!r proteids by ! action ( hot dilute acid1 & 9 all cases h obta9$ evid5ce ( ! =mation ( sev]al proteose-l bodies1 z well z ( true peptones4 ,by ! action ( m p[]ful hydrolytic ag5ts1 su* z boil+ hydro*loric acid to :i* a little /ann\s *loride has be5 add$ to prev5t oxidation1 ! proteid molecule may be completely brok5 d[n into simple decomposition products1 ( :i* leuc91 tyros91 asp>tic acid1 glutamic acid1 glucoprote91 lys91 & lysat99 are typical examples4#ia ,9 o!r words1 by ?is & o!r me?ods ( treatm5t1 :i* we _c take "t to consid]1 we c easily break d[n ! album9-molecule completely into bodies :i*1 z we %all see lat] on1 are typical end-products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 & :i* are f> remov$ f ! orig9al proteid4 ,b1 z we h se51 ev5 ! prim>y bodies =m$ 9 ! less pr(\nd hydrolysis induc$ by sup]heat$ wat]1 d n %[ ! composition ( ! "m-proteid4 ,hydration & cleavage leave _! m>ks ^u ! products1 & !reby we "k t solution ( ! proteid is ! result ( some?+ m ?an a m]e re>rangem5t ( ! atoms 9 ! molecule4 #ia ,hlasiwetz und ,hab]mann1 ,ann4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,b& #afi1 p4 #aej4 ,also ,dre*sel1 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahia1 p4 #bee4 ,fur!r1 we are to rememb] t boil+ dilute acid & sup]heat$ wat] t5d to produce a cleavage along specific l9es2 viz41 a cleavage into ! anti- & hemi-gr\ps ( ! molecule1 & z repres5tatives ( ^! gr\ps we may1 9 ! hydration ( e native proteid1 look = two di/9ct r[s ( closely relat$ sub/ances4 ,9 dige/ive proteolysis x w be our purpose to %[ t cleavage ( mu* ! same ord] occurs1 n necess>ily result+1 h[ev]1 9 ! =mation ( id5tically ! same products1 b c]ta9ly accompani$ ) ! production ( bodies belong+ to ! hemi- & anti-gr\ps1 al?\gh !y may be less %>ply sep>at$ f ea* o!r ?an 9 ! cleavage ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! body orig9ally describ$ z hemialbumose1 & id5tifi$ z a product ( e ga/ric dige/ion1 is n[ kn[n to be a mixture ( closely relat$ sub/ances ord9>ily spok5 ( z albumoses1#ib or g5]ically z proteoses4 ,^! are prim>y products 9 ! dige/ion ( e =m ( proteid matt]1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! "m-proteid & ! peptone :i* results f ! fur!r action ( ! proteolytic enzymes4 ,associat$ ) ! hemialbumoses are correspond+ antialbumoses1 com+ f ! anti-half ( ! proteid molecule1 & diff]+ f _! neighbors1 ! hemi-bodies1 ma9ly 9 _! behavior t[>d ! f]m5t tryps94 ,?us1 we h ! c\nt]p>t ( ! _m bodies describ$ by ,meissn]1 al?\gh n[ arrang$ sy/ematically & on ! basis ( /ructural & o!r diff]5ces n ?\ght ( 9 8 day4 #ib ,khne und ,*itt5d53 ,ueb] ,albumos51 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bj1 p4 #aa4 ,by ! initial action ( peps9-acid1 proteids are fir/ trans=m$ into acid-album9 or synton91 !n1 by ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t1 ?is body is *ang$ into ! prim>y proteoses1 proto & het]oproteose1 ( ea* ( :i* !re mu/ be two v>ieties1 a hemi & an anti4 ,^! may !n und]go fur!r trans=mation into :at is kn[n z a second>y proteose1 viz41 deut]oproteose1 ( :i* !re mu/ likewise be two v>ieties1 correspond+ to ! hemi- & anti-gr\ps respectively4 ,by cont9u$ proteolytic action !re results z ! f9al product ( ga/ric dige/ion peptones2 approximately1 an equal mixture ( s-call$ hemipeptone & antipeptone1 g5]ally kn[n z amphopeptone4 ,su* a peptone expos$ to ! proteolytic action ( tryps9 %\ld obvi\sly break d[n 9 "p into simple cry/all9e bodies1 leav+ a residue ( true antipeptone4 ,9 tru?1 ?is is exactly :at does happ5 :5 ! peptone result+ f ga/ric dige/ion is w>m$ ) an alkal9e solution ( tryps94 ,! s-call$ hemipeptone quickly responds to ! action ( ! pancreatic f]m5t1 & is conv]t$ into o!r products1 :ile ! s-call$ antipeptone resi/s its action completely1 ?us giv+ results 9 h>mony ) our g5]al conception ( ! proteid molecule4 ,,album9 ,,molecule4 7,hemi-gr\ps4 ,anti-gr\ps47 ,protoalbumose ,het]oalbumose ,antialbumid 7amphoalbumose7 7amphoalbumose7 ,deut]oalbumose ,deut]oalbumose ,deut]oalbumose 7amphoalbumose7 7amphoalbumose7 7antialbumose7 ,amphopeptone ,amphopeptone ,antipeptone ,on ! basis ( ^! facts1 & o!rs n yet m5tion$1 we may accept provisionally1 at lea/1 ! above s*ematic view1 sugge/$ 9 "p by ,neumei/]1#ic ( ! g5]al l9e ( proteolysis z x occurs 9 peps9-dige/ion2 a view :i* cle>ly expresses ! significant relation%ip ( ! hemi- & anti-gr\ps 9 ! proteid molecule4 #ic ,zur ,k5tniss d] ,albumos51 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bc1 p4 #cia4 ,! d>k & light l9es 9 ?is s*eme are int5d$ to repres5t ! relative %>e :i* ! hemi- & anti-gr\ps take 9 ! =mation ( ! individual bodies4 ,?us1 we see t protoproteoses h _! orig9 ma9ly 9 ! hemi-gr\ps ( ! molecule1 al?\gh1 z ! f9e l9e indicates1 anti-gr\ps are some:at conc]n$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,het]oproteoses1 on ! o!r h&1 come ma9ly f ! anti-gr\ps1 b /ill "s hemi-gr\ps h a "p 9 _! /ructure4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ^! two prim>y proteoses by fur!r hydrolytic action may be trans=m$ into second>y products2 viz41 into deut]oproteoses1 b1 z ! above s*eme indicates1 ! two deut]o bodies w be m or less unlike 9 _! inn] nature4 ,9 "o s5se1 !y are bo? amphodeut]oproteoses1 b !y necess>ily diff] 9 ! proportion ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps !y conta94 ,by ! /ill fur!r action ( peps9-acid1 ! deut]o bodies may be *ang$1 9 "p at lea/1 into peptone1 i4 e41 into amphopeptone1 al?\gh1 z ,neumei/] has po9t$ out1 protoproteose t5ds to yield an amphopeptone 9 :i* ! hemi-gr\ps pr$om9ate1 :ile ! peptone com+ f het]oproteose conta9s an excess ( anti-gr\ps4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ga/ric dige/ion ( any simple proteid a c]ta9 numb] ( anti-gr\ps are split (f 9 ! =m ( antialbumid1 a body :i* is only sl[ly dige/ible 9 peps9-acid4 ,by ! v p[]ful proteolytic action ( a /rong ga/ric juice1 h[ev]1 antialbumid may be some:at dige/$1 & is !n trans=m$ into antideut]oalbumose1 :i* 9 turn may be ev5tually *ang$ into antipeptone4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x is evid5t t a giv5 proteid expos$ to peps9-proteolysis may give rise to a l>ge numb] ( products2 9 fact1 to a f> l>g] numb] ?an is impli$ by ! names 9 ! above s*eme4 ,?us1 at fir/ glance y w\ld be incl9$ to say !re c be only ?ree deut]oalbumoses1 = example2 "o1 a pure antibody1 ! o!r two1 amphoalbumoses1 diff]+ f ea* o!r simply 9 _! cont5t ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! inn] con/itution ( ^! bodies1 z impli$ by ! relative proportion ( ! above gr\ps1 may v>y to almo/ any ext5t4 ,?us1 e v>iation 9 ! numb] ( anti-gr\ps split (f f ! orig9al album9 molecule to =m antialbumid means j s mu* ( a *ange 9 ! relative proportion ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps ent]+ into ! /ructure ( bo? prim>y & second>y albumoses4 ,h5ce1 z y c see1 dige/ive proteolysis1 ev5 9 ga/ric dige/ion1 is a some:at complex process4 ,we h to deal n only ) a numb] ( bodies sup]ficially unlike1 z ! prim>y & second>y proteoses & peptones1 b ^! bodies may %[ m>k$ v>iations 9 /ructure dep5d5t ^u ! exact conditions att5d+ _! =mation4 ,evid5tly1 ! complexities att5d+ dige/ive proteolysis are connect$ prim>ily ) ! complex nature ( ! proteids !mselves1 :ile proteolysis1 z a process1 is made possible ?r\gh ! natural t5d5cy ( ! proteids to und]go hydration & cleavage4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,proteolysis ,,by ,,peps9-,,hydro*loric ,,acid1 ,,) ,a ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,proteoses ,,& ,,peptones4 ,,proteolysis ,,by ,,peps9-,,acid4 ,ga/ric dige/ion is ess5tially an acid dige/ion4 ,z a proteolytic ag5t1 peps9 c act only 9 ! pres5ce ( acid1 & we h e reason = believ+ t ! enzyme & ! acid =m a comp\nd1 :i* 9 turn comb9es ) ! proteid und]go+ dige/ion2 or1 :at am\nts to mu* ! same ?+1 t ! acid p]haps =ms fir/ a comp\nd ) ! proteid1 to :i* ! peps9 c !n unite to =m a /ill m complex comp\nd capable ( und]go+ hydration & cleavage4 ,peps9-proteolysis1 !re=e1 is /rictly ! proteolysis produc$ by peps9-acid4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1 we may well give a mom5t's ?\ght to ! nature & orig9 ( ?is acid4 ,)\t attempt+ any /atem5t ( ! gradual developm5t ( our k reg>d+ ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 we may accept ! n[ well-e/abli%$ fact t ! acid is hydro*loric acid1 & t x has its orig9 9 ! p>ietal1 or s-call$ bord]-cells ( ! ga/ric gl&s4 ,t ! acid is d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( *lorides is practically self-evid5t1 b ,cahn#id has add$ exp]im5tal pro( :i* removes all %ad[ ( d\bt1 ?r\gh 8 /udy ( ! ga/ric secretion 9 animals depriv$ = _m days ( salt2 ! ga/ric juice 9 su* cases be+ p]fectly neutral 9 reaction1 b normal z reg>ds its cont5t ( peps94 #id ,die ,mag5v]dauung im *lorhung]4 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #aj1 p4 #ebb4 ,! way 9 :i* ! specific gl&-cells manufacture free hydro*loric acid out ( mat]ial conta9$ 9 an alkal9e m$ium is some:at d\btful4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 at ! pres5t day two !ories wor?y ( special notice4 ,! fir/ is bas$ ^u obs]vations made by ,maly#ie _m ye>s ago1 :i* t5d to %[ t c]ta9 m9]al salts pres5t 9 ! blood are capable ( react+ ^u ea* o!r ) =mation ( hydro*loric acid4 ,?us1 :ile ! blood is an alkal9e fluid1 x really owes its alkal9ity to ! pres5ce ( two acid salts1 viz41 sodium bic>bonate 7,h,na,c,o#c7 & disodium hydrog5 phosphate 7,h,na#b,,po#d74 ,?is latt] comp\nd1 act$ ^u by ! c>bonic acid ( ! blood1 is trans=m$ into a dihydrog5 sodium phosphate ) simultane\s =mation ( acid sodium c>bonate1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ equation3 ,na#b;,,hpo#d ,,co#b ,h#b,o ,na,h#b,,po#d ,h,na,c,o#c4 #ie ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,quelle d] ,mag5saftsure4 ,annal5 d4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,b& #agc1 p4 #bbg4 ,?is acid sodium phosphate dissolv$ 9 a fluid conta9+ sodium *loride1 gives rise to free hydro*loric acid by a v simple reaction3 ,na,h#b,,po#d ,na,cl ,na#b;,,hpo#d ,h,cl4 ,x is also to be not$ t ! disodium hydrog5 phosphate1 may1 likewise1 give rise to hydro*loric acid ?r\gh its action on calcium *loride1 z indicat$ by ! foll[+ equation3 #b,na#b;,,hpo#d #c;,ca,cl#b ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #d,na,cl #b;,h,cl4 ,x is ?us evid5t t hydro*loric acid may orig9ate 9 ! int]-reaction ( ^! sev]al salts :i* are kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! blood2 b obvi\sly1 ! above reactions _c take place 9 ! blood itself1 & we mu/ look to ! selective p[] ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! ga/ric gl&s1 z sugge/$ by ,gamgee1#if = ! )drawal ( ! ne$$ salts f ! blood4 ,once pres5t 9 ! acid-=m+ cells1 & p]haps aid$ by ! inh]5t qualities ( ! protoplasm1 ! necess>y *emical reactions may be assum$ to take place1 aft] :i* ! newly =m$ acid may pass f ! gl&-cells into ! secretion ( ! gl&4 #if ,physiological ,*emi/ry ( ! ,animal ,body1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aac4 ,a lat] !ory reg>d+ ! =mation ( ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice emanates f ,lieb]mann4#ig ,?is inve/igator claims ! exi/5ce 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* ( an acid-react+1 nucle9-l body1 :i* is app>5tly a comb9ation ( ! phosphoriz$ sub/ance leci?9 ) a proteid4 ,to ?is comp\nd body ,lieb]mann gives ! "n ( leci?album94 ,x is app>5tly locat$ 9 ! nuclei ( ! ga/ric cells1 is /rongly acid 9 reaction1 &1 accord+ to ,lieb]mann1 is an important ag5t 9 ! production ( ! free hydro*loric acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 al?\gh its action is some:at indirect4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! free acid is =m$ 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* f sodium *loride1 ?r\gh ! dissociat+ action ( ! c>bonic acid com+ f normal oxidation4 ,! ?us-=m$ acid !n diffuses 9 bo? directions1 viz41 ?r\gh ! lum5 ( ! gl& into ! /oma*-cavity1 & 9 "p 9 ! opposite direction into ! ve9s & lymphatics4 ,x is ! assum$ function ( ! leci?album9 to react ) ! alkal9e sodium c>bonate1 produc$ simultane\sly ) ! hydro*loric acid4 ,?is naturally gives rise to ! lib]ation ( c>bonic acid & to ! =mation ( a non-diffusible sodium-leci?album9 comp\nd1 :i* is reta9$ = ! "t be+ 9 ! body ( ! cell4 ,:5 ! circulation ( ! blood1 accel]at$ by ! dige/ive process1 returns to its ord9>y pace1 ?is latt] comp\nd is sl[ly decompos$ by ! c>bonic acid ) =mation ( ! readily diffusible sodium c>bonate1 :i* passes into ! blood-curr5t4 ,! rate ( ?is latt] reaction is imp$$1 or1 p]haps regulat$1 by ! swell+ up ( ! leci?album9-conta9+ cells1 ?us r5d]+ ! imbibition ( ! c>bonic acid a sl[ process4 ,! rate ( production ( ! hydro*loric acid by ?is hypo!tical process dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! blood supply1 & ! oxidative *anges by :i* c>bonic acid is =m$4 #ig ,/udi5 b] *emis*e ,processe 9 d] ,mag5s*leimhaut4 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #ej1 p4 #be4 ,neue ,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,leci?album94 ,lieb]mann1 ,ibid41 ,b& #ed1 p4 #egc4 ,!re is mu* t might be said = & aga9/ ?is !ory1#ih b we _c /op to discuss x "h4 ,l ! previ\s !ory1 x implies ! production ( hydro*loric acid f a *loride or *lorides1 ?r\gh *emical processes tak+ place 9 ! /oma*-mucosa1 & presumably 9 ! l>ge bord]-cells ( ! peptic gl&s4 ,?is hydro*loric acid1 z y "k1 9 ! act ( secretion1 reacts ^u ! peps9og5 ) :i* x may come 9 contact1 trans=m+ x into peps94 ,x also has ! p[] ( comb9+ ) all =ms ( proteid matt]1 n except+ ! products ( proteolytic action1 to =m acid comp\nds 9 :i* ! s-comb9$ acid1 al?\gh equal quantitatively to ! orig9al am\nt ( free acid1 is less active 9 _m ways4 ,?us1 x does n possess 9 ! same degree a de/ructive action on ! amylolytic f]m5ts2#ii x does n play ! same "p 9 aid+ ! proteolytic action ( peps91 & its antiseptic p[] is f> f equal to t ( a l am\nt ( free acid4#ajj #ih ,see discussion by ,plsz & ,lieb]mann 9 ,jahresb]i*t fr ,?i]*emie1 ,b& #bb1 p4 #bfj4 #ii ,*itt5d5 & ,h4 ,e4 ,smi?3 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 i41 p4 #ah4 #ajj ,comp>e ,f4 ,o4 ,cohn3 ,ueb] die ,e9wirkung des kn/li*5 ,mag5saftes auf ,essigsure-und ,mil*sureghrung4 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ad1 p4 #gd4 ,) relatively l>ge am\nts ( proteid1 we may h half or ev5 qu>t] saturat$ proteid molecules1 9 :i* ! weakness ( ! comb9$ acid is f> m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! fully saturat$ molecule4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s mu/ obvi\sly exi/ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ga/ric dige/ion4 ,) an excess ( proteid matt] 9 ! /oma*1 "s "t mu/ elapse be=e ! secretion ( hydro*loric acid w be suffici5t to furni% acid = all ( ! proteid matt] pres5t1 yet peps9-proteolysis does n wait ! appe>ance ( free acid4 ,inde$1 ! proteid matt] may n h comb9$ ) m ?an half its complem5t ( hydro*loric acid be=e dige/ive proteolysis is well "u way4 ,i h made _m analyses ( ! /oma*-cont5ts aft] te/ meals1 & "u o!r conditions1 :]e no free acid c\ld be detect$ by ! tropaeol9 te/1 or bett]1 by ,gnzburg's reag5t 7phlorogluc9-vanill971 al?\gh ph5olph?ale9 z well z litmus %[$ /rong acid reaction1 & yet n only c\ld acid-album9 be detect$ 9 ! filt]$ fluid1 b likewise proteoses & peptones4 ,9 o!r words1 peps9-proteolysis c proce$ 9 ! abs5ce ( free hydro*loric acid1 al?\gh n at ! same pace4 ,h5ce1 proteoses & ev5 peptones may make _! appe>ance 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts at a v e>ly p]iod ( dige/ion1 i4 e41 ! f9al products ( proteolysis may be f\nd 9 a mixture conta9+ ev5 a l>ge proportion ( :olly unalt]$ proteid1 & obvi\sly at an e>ly /age 9 ! process4 ,express$ 9 o!r language1 a portion ( ! fir/ =m$ acid-album9 or synton9 may be c>ri$ =w>d by ! dige/ive process to ! second>y proteose & peptone /age1 be=e ! l>g] portion ( ! +e/$ proteid food has ev5 comb9$ ) suffici5t acid to insure ! complete =mation ( acid-album94 ,?is introduces ano!r factor1 to be ref]r$ to lat] on1 viz41 ! relative comb9+ p[] ( diff]5t =ms ( proteid matt]1 especially ! proteoses & peptones1 z contra/$ ) native proteids4 ,9 pro( ( ! /atem5t t peps9-proteolysis c proce$ 9 ! abs5ce ( free hydro*loric acid1 provid$ comb9$ acid be pres5t1 all[ me to cite "o or two exp]im5ts be>+ on ?is po9t4 ,a p]fectly neutral solution ( egg-album51 conta9+ #j4hafi gramme ( a%-free album9 p] #aj c4c4 ( fluid1 0 employ$ z ! proteid mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to completely saturate ! proteid conta9$ 9 #bj c4c4 ( ?is neutral album5 solution1 #ej c4c4 ( #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl 7 requir$4 ,two mixtures 7 !n prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! neutral album5 solution #ej c4c4 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl #cj c4c4 ( a weak aque\s solution ( peps91 p]fectly neutral to litmus4 ,?is mixture gave only ! fa9te/ t+e ( a reaction = free acid :5 te/$ by ,gnzburg's reag5t4 ,b4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! neutral album5 solution #be c4c4 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl #cj c4c4 ( ! neutral peps9 solution4 ,9 ?is mixture1 ! proteid matt] 0 obvi\sly only half saturat$ ) acid4 ,! two solutions 7 plac$ 9 a ba? at #dj ,c41 :]e !y 7 all[$ to rema9 = =ty-f\r h\rs1 a little ?ymol be+ add$ to gu>d aga9/ any possible putrefactive *anges4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! am\nt ( undige/$ album9 0 accurately det]m9$4 ,! #bj c4c4 ( orig9al album5 solution conta9$ #a4fcch grammes ( dry coagulable album94 ,at ! end ( ! =ty-f\r h\rs1 ,a conta9$ only #j4edcj gramme ( unalt]$ album91 or acid-album91 :ile ,b conta9$ #a4bbbe grammes4 ,t is to say1 9 ! mixture ,a1 :]e ! acid exi/$ :olly 9 ! =m ( comb9$ acid1 b ) ! album9 completely saturat$1 #a4jijh grammes ( ! proteid 7 conv]t$ into soluble albumoses & peptones4 ,9 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! album9 0 only half saturat$ ) acid1 #j4daac gramme ( ! proteid 0 conv]t$ into soluble products4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 action is made m /rik+ by ! /atem5t t :]e ! proteid 0 only half saturat$ ) acid1 #be4a p] c5t4 ( ! album9 0 dige/$2 :ile ) a complete saturation ( ! proteid1 #ff4g p] c5t4 ( ! album9 0 dige/$4 ,to give emphasis to ?is matt]1 a second exp]im5t may be quot$ z foll[s3 ,! proteid us$ 0 ! same neutral solution ( egg-album5 conta9+ #j4hafi gramme ( album9 p] #aj c4c4 ,two mixtures 7 prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a4 ,t5 c4c4 ( ! neutral album5 solution #ba4g c4c4 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl1 ! am\nt ne$$ to completely saturate ! proteid1 #dj c4c4 ( a weak solution ( peps91 p]fectly neutral4 ,b4 ,t5 c4c4 ( ! album5 solution #aj4i c4c4 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl #dj c4c4 ( ! peps9 solution1 mak+ a mixture half saturat$ ) acid4 ,^! two solutions 7 w>m$ at #dj ,c4 = sev5te5 h\rs4 ,! ext5t ( dige/ive action 0 !n det]m9$1 :5 x 0 f\nd t 9 ,a only #j4afch gramme ( ! proteid 0 undige/$1 :ile 9 ,b1 #j4fjhh gramme rema9$ unalt]$4 ,9 o!r words1 :]e ! proteid 0 completely saturat$ ) acid1 b ) an utt] lack ( free acid1 #gi4i p] c5t4 ( ! album9 0 conv]t$ into albumoses & peptone1 :ile 9 ! mixture half saturat$ ) acid only #be4d p] c5t4 0 dige/$4 ,^! two exp]im5ts ?us give /rik+ pro( t free acid is n absolutely ess5tial = peps9-proteolysis4 ,dige/ion is1 to be sure1 m rapid & complete :5 free hydro*loric acid is pres5t1 b proteolysis is /ill possible1 & ev5 vigor\s1 :5 !re is a m>k$ defici5cy ( free acid4 ,fur!r1 z we h se51 proteolysis may proce$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 ?\gh ! am\nt ( acid available is n suffici5t to comb9e ) m ?an half ! proteid matt] pres5t4 ,^! facts at once raise ! "q :e!r ! products ( proteolysis may n h a /rong] aff9ity = acid ?an ! native proteids2 an aff9ity s /rong t !y may be able to )draw acid f ! acid-album9 fir/ =m$4 ,"o ( our conceptions reg>d+ peps9-proteolysis is t acid is necess>y = e /ep 9 ! proteolytic process4 ,a prim>y albumose1 = example1 _c be fur!r *ang$ by peps91 unless !re is acid pres5t = x to comb9e )4 ,?is be+ true1 x is cle>1 9 view ( ! fact t ev5 peptones may appe> 9 a dige/ive mixture conta9+ an am\nt ( acid insuffici5t to comb9e ev5 ) ! album9 pres5t1 t ! products ( proteolysis mu/ )draw acid f ! acid-album9 fir/ =m$4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 my own exp]im5ts c]ta9ly t5d to %[ t ! products ( ga/ric dige/ion d comb9e ) l>g] am\nts ( hydro*loric acid ?an undige/$ proteids2 & fur!r1 t ( ! sev]al products ( proteolysis1 ! second>y proteoses comb9e ) a l>g] p]c5tage ( acid ?an ! prim>y proteoses1 :ile true peptones comb9e ) /ill l>g] am\nts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! simpl] & m soluble ! proteid1 ! l>g] ! am\nt ( acid x is capable ( comb9+ )2 a /atem5t :i* accords ) results obta9$ by o!r work]s#aja 9 ?is direction4 ,fur!r1 ano!r factor ( consid]able importance 9 connection ) ! natural dige/ive process is t a dissolv$ proteid1 su* z protoalbumose = example1 w comb9e m readily ) free acid ?an an insoluble proteid2 f :i* ,gillespie#ajb is l$ to inf] t 9 peps9-proteolysis :]e !re is no free acid pres5t1 only acid-album91 proteoses may be =m$ to a limit$ ext5t at ! exp5se ( "s ( ! acid ( ! acid-album91 a portion ( ! latt] be+ p]haps reconv]t$ into album94 ,! ability ( ! proteoses1 h[ev]1 to )draw acid f its comb9ation ) a native proteid is p]haps be/ indicat$ by ,kossl]'s#ajc exp]im5ts1 :i* %[ t a solution ( acid-album9 conta9+ only en\gh hydro*loric acid to hold ! album9 dissolv$1 on be+ w>m$ at #dj ,c4 = "s h\rs ) addition ( a neutral solution ( peps91 may und]go p>tial conv]sion into albumose or peptone4 #aja ,see especially ,gillespie3 ,ga/ric ,dige/ion ( ,proteids4 ,j\rnal ( ,anat4 & ,physiol41 vol4 #bg1 p4 #bjg4 #ajb ,loc4 cit4 #ajc ,beitrge zur ,me?odik d] quantitativ5 ,salzsurebe/immung im ,mag59halt4 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ag1 p4 #ic4 ,9 spite ( ^! facts1 !re is "s evid5ce t :ile proteoses & peptones h ! p[] ( comb9+ ) m acid ?an a l weight ( native proteid1 ! latt]1 leav+ out all action ( ! peps91 has a /rong] aff9ity = ! acid2 9 fact1 ! firmness or /r5g? ( ! union appe>s to dim9i% z ! products become simpl]4#ajd ,h5ce1 a peptone sep>at$ f a dige/ive mixture1 w "p ) its comb9$ acid some:at m readily ?an acid-album9 = example1 al?\gh on ?is po9t !re is n complete unanimity ( op9ion4#aje ,9 dige/ive proteolysis1 h[ev]1 :]e ! peps9 is accompani$ by a m9imal am\nt ( hydro*loric acid1 insuffici5t p]haps to ev5 half saturate ! proteid pres5t1 ! =mation ( proteoses & peptones mu/ be accompani$ by a )drawal ( acid f its comb9ation ) ! native proteid4 #ajd ,comp>e ,blum3 ,ueb] die ,salzsureb9dung bei kn/li*] ,v]dauung4 ,zeits*r4 f4 kl94 ,m$ic91 ,b& #ba1 p4 #eeh4 #aje ,see ,sansoni3 ,beitrag zur k5ntniss des ,v]halt5s d] ,salzsure zu d5 ,eiweisskrp]n 9 ,bezug auf die ,*emis*e ,unt]su*ung des ,mag5saftes4 ,b]l9] kl94 ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahic1 ,nos4 #db & #dc4 ,9 illu/ration ( "s ( ^! po9ts1 & especially ( ! /atem5t t ! products ( ga/ric dige/ion h ! p[] ( comb9+ ) m hydro*loric acid ?an ! orig9al proteid1 all[ me to cite ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 #aj c4c4 ( a neutral solution ( egg-album5 conta9+ ab\t #j4hb gramme ( pure dry album91 free f m9]al salts1 requir$ #bc4h c4c4 ( #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid to completely saturate ! proteid matt]4 ,a mixture 0 !n prep>$ z foll[s3 #aj c4c4 ( ! album5 #bd c4c4 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl #cj c4c4 ( a neutral peps9 solution1 ! mixture %[+ a fa9t trace ( free acid :5 te/$ by ,gnzburg's reag5t4 ,?is solution 0 plac$ 9 a !rmo/at at #ch ,c41 & f "t to "t a drop ( ! fluid 0 remov$ & te/$ = free acid4 ,if no reaction c\ld be obta9$1 #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid 0 add$ to ! mixture1 until ,gnzburg's reag5t %[$ free acid to be aga9 pres5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! rate ( disappe>ance ( free acid1 & ! am\nts ( #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl requir$ to make good ! defici5cy4 ,! mixture 0 plac$ at #ch ,c4 on ,febru>y #f?1 at #aa4cj ,a4,m41 &1 z /at$1 conta9$ a trace ( free acid1 #bd c4c4 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl hav+ be5 add$ to accompli% ?is result4 ,"t4 ,acid add$ to %[ trace ( free acid4 ,febru>y #f1 #aa4cj ,a4,m4 #b4ae ,p4,m4 #d4e c4c41 #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl4 #e4jj ,p4,m4 #a4j ,febru>y #g1 #h4de ,a4,m4 #c4j #b4jj ,p4,m4 #a4j #e4jj ,p4,m4 #a4e ,febru>y #h1 #h4cj ,a4,m4 #a4j #b4cj ,p4,m4 #j4j ,febru>y #i1 #h4cj ,a4,m4 #c4j ,febru>y #aj1 #i4cj ,a4,m4 #b4j ---- #ag4j ,f ^! results sev]al int]e/+ conclusions may be drawn1 9 con=mity ) ! /atem5ts already made4 ,?us1 z soon z proteolysis comm5ces1 ! products =m$ beg9 to %[ _! great] aff9ity = acid by )draw+ acid f its comb9ation ) ! native proteid1 a supposition :i* is necess>y to acc\nt = ev5 ! />t+ ( ! proteolytic process4 ,fur!r1 x is evid5t t proteoses & peptones comb9e ) a f> l>g] equival5t ( acid ?an ! native album9 is capable (2 #ag c4c4 ( #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl be+ requir$ 9 ! above exp]im5t to satisfy ! great] comb9+ p[] ( ! newly =m$ products4 ,?is d\btless dep5ds ^u ! cleavage ( ! l>ge proteid molecule into a numb] ( small] or simpl] molecules1 ea* ( ! latt]1 p]haps1 comb9+ ) a l numb] ( ,h,cl molecules4 ,?is view ( ! relation%ip ( ! individual proteoses & peptones is "o m or less g5]ally held1 & is support$ by _m facts4#ajf ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is evid5t t ! products ( peps9-proteolysis comb9e ) a l>g] am\nt ( hydro*loric acid ?an ! "m-proteid1 & t ! trans=mation ( ! latt]1 at lea/ "u ! conditions ( ?is exp]im5t1 is a sl[ & gradual process4 ,9 ! liv+ /oma*1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! secretion ( acid is progress+ ) ev]-increas+ rapidity1 x is easy to see t ! process ( proteolysis w\ld naturally be mu* m rapid4 #ajf ,see ,gillespie3 ,on ! ,ga/ric ,dige/ion ( ,proteids4 ,j\rnal ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #bji4 ,j "h we may recall ! !ory advanc$ by ,ri*et#ajg q a numb] ( ye>s ago t ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice is a conjugate acid1 compos$ ( leuc9 & hydro*loric acid1 a !ory :i* has f\nd little acceptance4 ,klemp]]1#ajh h[ev]1 assum$ t solutions ( leuc9 hydro*loride ) peps9 w\ld n dige/ album91 b ,salk[ski & ,kumagawa#aji h %[n by exp]im5ts t leuc9 & o!r amido-acids1 z glycocoll1 may be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid 9 su* proportion t ! solution is practically compos$ ( leuc9 hydro*loride1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! dige/ive action ( peps9-acid on blood-fibr92 ! solution be+ physiologically active1 al?\gh ,gnzburg's reag5t %[s an entirely negative result = free acid4 ,if ! matt] is /udi$ quantitatively1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t ! amido-acids comb9+ 9 ?is mann] ) ! hydro*loric acid ( ! ga/ric juice d give rise to "s di/urbance ( proteolytic action2#aaj i4 e41 dige/ion may be less rapid1 especially on egg-album91 a conclusion :i* ,salk[ski#aaa has lately confirm$4 ,/ill1 "u su* circum/ances1 dige/ion does g on & at a fairly rapid rate2 h5ce1 if !re is a comb9ation betwe5 ! acid & ^! organic bodies1 z is indicat$ by ,gnzburg's reag5t1 ! acid is /ill active physiologically1 ev5 m s ?an 9 ! comp\nd =m$ by ! int]action ( proteid & acid4 ,9 o!r words1 _m ( ^! neutral organic bodies t may orig9ate 9 ! /oma* ?r\gh f]m5tative processes1 or o!rwise1 & :i* t5d to comb9e ) ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 d n1 z a rule1 imp$e peps9-proteolysis to ! same ext5t t an excess ( proteid matt] may4 ,9 fact1 9 artificial dige/ions long cont9u$1 peps9-acid solutions conta9+ consid]able leuc91 = example1 may accompli% z mu* 9 ! way ( dige/+ proteid matt] z ! same am\nt ( peps9-acid )\t leuc92 b ! inhibitory action ( ! amido-acid is !re1 & may be %[n dur+ ! fir/ few h\rs ( ! exp]im5t1 :5 less proteoses & peptones are =m$ ?an 9 ! control exp]im5t )\t leuc94 #ajg ,le suc ga/rique *ez l'homme et les animaux1 ses proprits *imiques et biologiques4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #ajh ,zeits*r4 f4 kl94 ,m$ic91 ,b& #ad1 ,heft #a & #b4 #aji ,ueb] d5 ,begriff d] frei5 und gebund55 ,salzsure im ,mag5saft4 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #abb1 p4 #bce4 #aaj ,ros5heim3 ,c5tralbl4 f4 kl94 ,m$ic91 #ahia1 ,no4 #ci4 ,f4 ,a4 ,h(man1 ibid41 ,no4 #db4 #aaa ,ueb] die ,b9dung d] ,salzsure dur* ,amidosur54 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #abg1 p4 #eja4 ,x is =eign to our subject to discuss "h me?ods = ! detection ( s-call$ free & comb9$ hydro*loric acid 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts1 or ! special significance ( su* f9d+s 9 heal? & disease4 ,i _c refra91 h[ev]1 9 connection ) :at has be5 said above conc]n+ ! proteolytic action ( peps9 9 ! pres5ce ( comb9$ acid1 f say+ a ^w conc]n+ ! usual d$uctions drawn f ! abs5ce ( free acid 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts4 ,z ,lang]mann#aab has rec5tly express$ x1 we h me?ods = discrim9at+ betwe5 free & comb9$ acid2 we c1 moreov]1 det]m9e ! am\nt ( free acid1 b is x n equally important to be able to say some?+ def9ite conc]n+ ! am\nt ( comb9$ acid 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts8 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( free hydro*loric acid !re may be a suffici5t am\nt ( ,h,cl secret$ to answ] all ! purposes ( dige/ion1 & yet at no "t may !re be any free acid pres5t to be detect$ by ! v>i\s color-te/s ord9>ily made use (4 ,i am aw>e t 9 ord9>y exam9ations ( ! /oma*-cont5ts aft] a te/ meal ! results are ess5tially comp>ative1 & possibly all t are necess>y = cl9ical purposes4 ,:at ,i wi% to emphasize1 h[ev]1 is t 9 ord] to pass conclusively ^u tsuffici5cy or insuffici5cy ( ! ga/ric secretion1 x is wise to "k n only ! total acidity ( ! /oma* cont5ts & :e!r !re is free acid or n1 b to "k m ab\t ! am\nt ( comb9$ acid pres5t4 ,?us1 !re is a natural t5d5cy to divide ! fluids )drawn f ! /oma* into ?ree gr\ps1 viz41 ^? :i* conta9 free acid 9 mod]ate am\nt1 ^? :i* conta9 free acid 9 excess1 & ^? 9 :i* free acid is entirely abs5t2 b 9 ! latt] gr\p1 !re may be v m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( acid comb9$ ) ! proteid & o!r mat]ial pres5t4 ,x appe>s to me t "o ( ! que/ions to be answ]$ is :e!r !re is suffici5t comb9$ ,h,cl pres5t to meet all ! requirem5ts = dige/ion4 ,if !re is1 t ga/ric juice may be j z normal z ! "o conta9+ free m9]al acid1 & yet1 accord+ to our pres5t t5d5cies1 we %\ld be incl9$ to call ! juice conta9+ no free acid abnormal1 al?\gh !re may be suffici5t comb9$ acid pres5t to meet all ! requirem5ts = dige/ion4 ,h5ce1 9 exam9ation ( ! /oma*-cont5ts1 x is well to consid] ! use ( ^? me?ods :i* t5d to ?r[ light ^u ! am\nt ( comb9$ acid pres5t1 = 9 my op9ion x is only by a det]m9ation ( ! total am\nt ( comb9$ acid t we c arrive at a true e/imate ( ! ext5t ( ! ,h,cl defici5cy4 ,obvi\sly1 9 simple cl9ical exam9ations ( ! /oma*-cont5ts aft] a te/ meal1 :]e proteid matt] is n pres5t 9 l>ge am\nt1 free acid may reasonably be expect$ to appe> aft] a def9ite p]iod2 b 9 any ev5t1 x is well to rememb] t free hydro*loric acid is n absolutely indisp5sable = fairly vigor\s proteolytic action1 & t 9 ! pres5ce ( mod]ate am\nts ( proteid matt] a l>ge quantity ( acid is requir$ to ev5 saturate ! album9\s mat]ial4 #aab ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #abh1 p4 #djh4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! am\nt ( acid a giv5 weight ( proteid w comb9e )1 be=e a reaction = free acid c be obta9$4 ,?us1 ,blum#aac has /at$ t #ajj grammes ( dry fibr9 w require #i4a litres ( #j4a p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid to completely saturate x4 ,h5ce1 ) a daily consumption ( #ajj grammes ( proteid1 !re w\ld be ne$$ = ga/ric dige/ion #d4e litres ( #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid daily1 & ev5 ?is w\ld n suffice to give any free acid1 assum+ t none ( ! acid is us$ ov] aga94 ,! results ,i h already giv5 = egg-album9 t5d to %[ t #a gramme ( pure album91 free f inorganic salts1 :5 dissolv$ 9 a mod]ate am\nt ( wat] w comb9e ) ab\t #cj c4c4 ( #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid4 ,consequ5tly1 on ?is basis1 #ajj grammes ( dry egg-album9 w comb9e ) #c litres ( #j4b p] c5t4 ,h,cl1 & n until ?is am\nt ( acid has be5 add$ to su* a mixture w reaction = free acid be obta9$ ) ,gnzburg's reag5t4 ,h5ce we c easily see1 9 view ( ^! figures1 t ! production ( hydro*loric acid by ! ga/ric gl&s may at times be v ext5sive1 )\t ! /oma*-cont5ts necess>ily conta9+ free acid4 #aac ,zeits*r4 f4 kl94 ,m$ic91 ,b& #ba1 p4 #eeh4 ,:ile ,i am by no means will+ to agree ) ,bunge#aad t ! *ief importance ( ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice is its action z an antiseptic1 ,i am decid$ly ( ! op9ion t ! lack ( free hydro*loric acid 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts is m liable to cause di/urbance ?r\gh ! consequ5t un*eck$ developm5t ( bact]ia ?an ?r\gh lack ( proteolytic action1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5ce ( a reasonable am\nt ( comb9$ ,h,cl4 ,! hydro*loric acid ( ! ga/ric juice unque/ionably plays a v important "p 9 *eck+ ! gr[? & developm5t ( _m pa?og5ic bact]ia1 z well z ( less poison\s organisms1 :i* are tak5 into ! m\? ) ! food4 ,on all1 or at lea/ on ne>ly all ( ^! organisms1 hydro*loric acid ex]ts a f> great] de/ructive action :5 free ?an :5 comb9$ ) proteid matt]4 ,z ,cohn#aae has pla9ly %[n1 bo? hydro*loric acid & peps9-hydro*loric acid quickly h9d] acetic- & lactic-acid f]m5tation1 b :5 ! acid is comb9$ ) peptone1 = example1 x is no long] able to ex]cise ! same inhibitory influ5ce4 ,x is also important to note t ! lactic-acid f]m5t is n s s5sitive to hydro*loric acid z ! acetic-acid f]m5t4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 lactic-acid f]m5tation is once develop$ a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( ,h,cl is requir$ to arre/ x4 ,h5ce1 z we all "k1 a dim9i%$ secretion ( hydro*loric acid r5d]s possible acid f]m5tation ( ! /oma*-cont5ts1 z well z putrefactive *anges :i* w\ld n occur 9 ! pres5ce ( free ,h,cl1 & :i* are v incompletely *eck$ :5 ! acid is ov]-saturat$ ) proteid matt]4 #aad ,physiologis*e und ,pa?ologis*e ,*emie1 p4 #aec4 #aae ,ueb] die ,e9wirkung des kn/li*5 ,mag5saftes auf ,essigsure-und ,mil*sure ghrung4 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 ,b& #ad1 p4 #ge4 ,see also ,hirs*feld3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #dg1 p4 #eaj4 ,peps9-proteolysis1 h[ev]1 may proce$1 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 ev5 ?\gh a small am\nt only ( comb9$ acid is pres5t4 ,! comb9$ acid1 h[ev]1 mu/ be hydro*loric acid1 if proteolysis is to be at all m>k$4 ,to be sure1 peps9 w act 9 ! pres5ce ( lactic acid1 z well z 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r organic acids1 & inorganic acids1 likewise1 b su* action at ! be/ is consid]ably weak] ?an ! action ( peps9-hydro*loric acid4#aaf #aaf ,*itt5d5 & ,all53 ,influ5ce ( ,v>i\s ,inorganic & ,alkaloidal ,salts on ! ,proteolytic ,action ( ,peps9-,hydro*loric ,acid4 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ia1 #id4 ,! f]m5t peps9 c ex]t its maximum action only 9 ! pres5ce ( free hydro*loric acid4 ,!re mu/ be suffici5t ,h,cl to comb9e ) all ( ! proteid matt] pres5t1 & ! products ( proteolysis z fa/ z !y are =m$1 if dige/ion is to be rapid & att5d$ ) ! =mation ( a l>ge proportion ( ! f9al products ( proteolysis4 ,x is "u su* conditions t our /udy ( peps9-proteolysis is usually conduct$4 ,fur!r1 x is to be rememb]$ t our k ( ! products ( su* proteolytic action dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u data accumulat$ by artificial dige/ive exp]im5ts4 ,9 no o!r way c we be absolutely c]ta9 ( ! conditions "u :i* ! proteolysis is accompli%$1 = x is a significant fact1 p]haps pla9ly evid5t f :at has already be5 said 9 ! prec$+ lecture1 t ! "* ( ! products result+ f ord9>y proteolysis is dep5d5t 9 great "p ^u ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,?us1 ) a relatively small am\nt ( acid1 & p]haps also ( peps91 ! initial products ( proteolysis are especially prom95t1 :ile ) an abundance ( bo? peps9 & free acid1 c\pl$ ) long-cont9u$ action1 ! f9al products pr$om9ate4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes !re are _m possible v>iations1 z 01 ,i ?9k1 made cle> 9 ! previ\s lecture4 ,at ! same "t1 x is to be notic$ t ^! diff]5ces are ma9ly diff]5ces 9 ! proportion ( ! sev]al products1 r ?an 9 ! nature ( ! resultant bodies4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! products ( peps9-proteolysis may be divid$ into ?ree ma9 gr\ps1 viz41 bodies precipitat$ by neutralization & repres5t$ ma9ly by ! s-call$ synton9 or acid-album92 bodies precipitat$ by saturation ( ! neutraliz$ fluid ) ammonium sulphate & repres5t$ by proteoses2 bodies non-precipitable by saturation ) ammonium sulphate & repres5t$ by amphopeptones4 ,! relation%ip ( ! individual products may be cle>ly se5 f ! foll[+ s*eme1 arrang$ aft] ! plan sugge/$ by ,neumei/]4 ,,native ,,proteid4 ,synton94 ,protoproteose4 ,het]oproteose4 7dysproteose74 ,deut]oproteose4 ,deut]oproteose4 ,peptone4 ,peptone4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t ?is is n int5d$ to repres5t any?+ m ?an ! ord] ( =mation ( ! sev]al bodies1 no att5tion be+ paid "h to ! hemi- or anti-"* ( ! sev]al products1 or classes ( products4 ,?us1 proto & het]oproteose are prim>y bodies =m$ directly f ! initial product synton9 by ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t4 ,9 ! same s5se1 deut]oproteose is a second>y proteose1 be+ =m$ by ! fur!r hydration ( ! prim>y body4 ,la/ly1 peptones1 ! f9al products ( peps9-proteolysis1 are ! result ( ! hydration & possible cleavage ( deut]oproteoses4 ,fur!r1 9 almo/ e ga/ric dige/ion !re is also =m$ a small am\nt ( antialbumid1 a product insoluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid & :i* consequ5tly appe>s z an insoluble residue4 ,?is body is v resi/ant to ! action ( peps9-acid :5 once =m$1 b may be sl[ly conv]t$1 9 "p at lea/1 into a soluble antialbumose & !nce into antipeptone4 ,all ( ^! bodies c be readily id5tifi$ 9 any dige/ive mixture conta9+ !m by a few simple reactions4 ,?us1 aft] hav+ remov$ any acid-album9 or synton9 pres5t by neutralization1 ! conc5trat$ fluid c be te/$ at once4 ,if prim>y proteoses are pres5t1 ! neutral fluid w yield a m or less heavy precipitate on addition ( cry/als ( rock-salt1 precipitation be+ complete only :5 ! fluid is saturat$ ) ! salt4 ,fur!r1 if ! proteoses are pres5t 9 n too small quantity1 nitric acid add$ drop by drop to ! neutraliz$ fluid w produce a :ite precipitate1 readily soluble on application ( heat b reappe>+ z ! solution cools4 ,if prim>y proteoses are :olly want+1 !n no precipitate w be obta9$ by acid unless ! fluid is saturat$ ) salt1 9 :i* case a portion ( ! deut]oproteose w be precipitat$4 ,! two prim>y proteoses diff] f ea* o!r especially 9 solubility2 protoproteose be+ readily soluble 9 wat] alone1 :ile het]oproteose is soluble only 9 salt solutions1 dilute acids1 & alkalies4 ,h5ce1 :5 ^! two bodies are precipitat$ toge!r by saturation ) salt1 !y may be readily sep>at$ by dissolv+ !m 9 a little dilute salt solution1 & dialyz+ ! fluid 9 runn+ wat] until ! salt is entirely remov$2 het]oproteose w !n be precipitat$1 :ile ! proto-body rema9s 9 solution4 ,by long contact ) wat]1 & ev5 ) conc5trat$ salt solutions1 het]oproteose t5ds to und]go *ange into a semi-coagulat$ =m1 nam$ dysproteose1 insoluble 9 dilute sodium-*loride solutions4 ,?is body c be reconv]t$ into het]oproteose1 9 "p at lea/1 by solution 9 dilute acid1 or alkali1 & reprecipitation by neutralization4 ,z a class1 ! proteoses are *>act]iz$ by f> readi] solubility 9 wat] ?an native proteids1 by a f> great] degree ( diffusibility1 by non-coagulability by heat & by alcohol1 al?\gh precipitable by ! latt] ag5t4 ,fur!r1 ne>ly all proteose precipitates are exce$+ly s5sitive t[>d heat1 t5d+ to dissolve z ! fluid is w>m$ & reappe>+ z ! solution cools4 ,9 fact1 ?is peculi>ity (t5 s]ves z a means ( id5tification4 ,potassium f]rocyanide & acetic acid1 picric acid 9 excess1 & likewise cupric sulphate1 all precipitate ! prim>y proteoses1 :ile deut]oproteose is only slightly affect$ by ^! reag5ts1 or inde$ n at all4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! second>y proteose f ! prim>y bodies 9 ! abs5ce ( peptones1 ! fluid is neutraliz$ z ne>ly z possible1 & !n1 aft] suitable conc5tration1 is saturat$ ) sodium *loride = ! p>tial precipitation ( ! prim>y proteoses4 ,to ! cle> filtrate1 acetic acid#aag is add$ drop by drop z long z a precipitate results1 ! latt] be+ compos$ ( a mixture ( protoproteose & deut]oproteose4 ,t is to say1 protoproteoses are n completely precipitat$ f neutral solutions by saturation ) salt alone2 a little acid is requir$ to complete x1 b ?is t5ds to br+ d[n a c]ta9 am\nt ( deut]oproteose4 ,f ?is filtrate1 h[ev]1 ! deut]o-body c be sep>at$ 9 a pure =m by dialyz+ away ! salt & acid1 & !n conc5trat+ ! fluid & precipitat+ ) alcohol4 ,:5 ! proteoses are mix$ ) peptones1 ! =m] mu/ fir/ be sep>at$ collectively by saturation ( ! fluid ) ammonium sulphate4 #aag ,saturat$ ) sodium *loride4 ,peptones are especially *>act]iz$ by non-precipitation ) ! ord9>y precipitants = proteid bodies1 & especially by ! fact t !y are :olly indiff]5t to saturation ) ammonium sulphate ei!r 9 neutral1 acid1 or alkal9e fluids4 ,?is reaction1 :i* con/itutes ! ma91 & p]haps ! only absolute me?od ( sep>at+ peptones f proteoses mu/ be c>ri$ out ) great ?or\ghness 9 ord] to insure a complete precipitation ( deut]oproteose4 ,! latt] /&s midway betwe5 prim>y proteoses & peptones 9 _m respects1 & seems to %>e ) peptones some?+ ( a t5d5cy to resi/ precipitation by ! ammonium salt4 ,inde$1 z ,khne#aah has rec5tly po9t$ out1 ! la/ traces ( deut]oproteose c be precipitat$ f ! fluid only by long cont9u$ boil+ ( ! ammonium sulphate-saturat$ fluid1 & ev5 !n x is seldom complete unless ! reaction ( ! fluid is alt]nately made neutral1 acid1 & alkal9e1 & ! heat+ cont9u$ = "s "t aft] ea* *ange 9 reaction4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! la/ portions ( deut]oproteose sep>ate f ! salt-saturat$ fluid & float on ! surface 9 ! =m ( an oily or gummy mass1 :ile ! true peptone rema9s 9 ! fluid absolutely non-precipitable by ! salt4 #aah ,erfahrung5 b] ,albumos5 und ,peptone4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bi1 p4 #b4 ,9 ?is filtrate1 peptone c be detect$ by add+ to a small portion ( ! fluid a v l>ge excess ( a /rong solution ( potassium hydroxide1 foll[$ by ! addition ( a few drops ( a v dilute solution ( cupric sulphate4 ,if peptone is pres5t a bright r$ color w appe>1 ! int5sity ( :i*1 ) ! prop] am\nt ( cupric sulphate1 w be proportional to ! am\nt ( peptone pres5t4 ,if x is desir$ to sep>ate ! peptone f ! ammonium-sulphate-saturat$ fluid1 !re are sev]al me?ods available1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory3 ,! fluid is conc5trat$ some:at1 & set aside 9 a cool place = cry/allization ( a portion ( ! ammonium salt4 ,! fluid is !n mix$ ) ab\t "o-fif? its volume ( alcohol1 & all[$ to /& = "s "t1 :5 x sep>ates into two lay]s--an upp] "o1 ri* 9 alcohol1 & a l[] "o1 ri* 9 salts4 ,! latt] is aga9 treat$ ) alcohol1 by :i* ano!r sep>ation ( ! same ord] is accompli%$4 ,f9ally1 ! light] alcoholic lay]s conta9+ ! peptone are unit$1 & expos$ to a l[ temp]ature until consid]able ( ! conta9$ salt cry/allizes out4 ,! fluid is !n conc5trat$1 & aft] addition ( a little wat] is boil$ ) b>ium c>bonate until ! fluid is entirely free f ammonium sulphate4 ,any excess ( b>yta 9 ! filtrate is remov$ by cauti\s addition ( dilute sulphuric acid1 aft] :i* ! conc5trat$ fluid1 r$uc$ almo/ to a sirupy mass1 is p\r$ into absolute alcohol = precipitation ( ! peptone4 ,s sep>at$1 ! peptone =m$ 9 ga/ric dige/ion is exce$+ly gummy1 b c be trans=m$ into a yell[i% p[d]1 v hygroscopic1 ( m or less bitt] ta/e1 &1 :5 ?or\ghly dry1 dissolv+ 9 wat] ) a hiss+ s\nd & ) consid]able developm5t ( heat1 l phosphoric anhydride4#aai #aai ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,peptones4 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ad4 ,i h introduc$ ^! dry *emical facts1 none ( :i* are especially new1 because ,i deem !m ( consid]able importance & because !y are n v g5]ally kn[n4 ,9 fact1 !re seems to be a t5d5cy on ! "p ( "s :o are m or less famili> ) ! advances made 9 our k ( ! products ( peps9-proteolysis to "q ! exi/5ce ( ^! diff]5t bodies1 or to %[ at lea/ a _s ( indiff]5ce t[>d ^! rec5t facts :i* h be5 gradually accumulat$1 & ,i may say accumulat$ at ! exp5se ( consid]able labor4 ,! "t is pa/ = call+ ! products ( ga/ric dige/ion peptones2 x is "t = a full recognition ( ! fact t peps9-proteolysis is synonym\s ) ! production ( a r[ ( bodies1 *emically & physiologically di/9ct f ea* o!r1 ea* end[$ ) individuality en\gh to admit ( c]ta9 detection1 & all be>+ a c]ta9 specific & h>moni\s relation%ip to _! neighbors1 ! o!r memb]s ( ! s]ies4 ,fur!r1 x is n en\gh to admit ! =mation ( a s+le int]m$iate body1 midway betwe5 synton9 & peptone4 ,! s-call$ propeptone ( ! pa/ is simply a mixture ( proteoses1 ( ev] *ang+ composition1 v>y+ ) ea* *ange 9 ! proportion ( ! compon5t proteoses4 ,ea* ( ^! proteoses c be detect$1 "u suitable conditions1 9 ! products ( e artificial dige/ion z well z 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts1 & no bett] measure ( ! proteolytic p[] ( ! natural /oma*-secretion c be devis$ ?an a /udy ( ! "* ( ! individual bodies pres5t 9 ! /oma*-cont5ts aft] a suitable te/ meal4 ,! prop] te/s & sep>ations c be made ) a small am\nt ( ! filt]$ fluid1 & mu* light ?r[n ^u ! dige/ive p[] ( ! secretion by ev5 a r\gh e/imate ( ! proportion ( prim>y & second>y proteoses & peptones =m$ 9 a giv5 "t1 aft] ! +e/ion ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( proteid food4 ,9 peps9-proteolysis we h to deal1 9 my op9ion1 ) a s]ies ( progressive hydrolytic *anges 9 :i* peptones are ! f9al products ( ! trans=mation4 ,comm5c+ ) ! =mation ( acid-album9 or synton91 hydrolysis & cleavage proce$ h& 9 h&1 "u ! guid+ influ5ce ( ! proteolytic enzyme1 & ea* onw>d /ep 9 ! process is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( a new body correspond+ to ! ext5t ( ! hydrolysis2 ea* body1 p]haps1 be+ repres5t$ by a r[ or s]ies ( isom]s1 all ext]nally alike1 b diff]5t 9 _! inn] /ructure1 accord+ to ! proportion ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps conta9$ 9 ! molecule4 ,z oppos$ to ?is !ory1 we h ! old] views ( ,maly1#abj ,h]?1#aba ,h5n+]#abb & o!rs1 bas$ ^u obs]vations :i* t5d to %[ t peptones d n diff] 9 *emical composition f ! proteids :i* yield !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! products !n analyz$ 7 n peptones at all2 !y 7 m]ely ! prim>y products ( peps9-proteolysis1 i4 e41 :at we n[ t]m prim>y proteoses1 & x is "t we /opp$ us+ su* data to en=ce ! !ory t peptones are polym]s ( ! proteids f :i* !y are d]iv$4 #abj ,ueb] die *emis*e ,zusamm5setzung und physiologis*e ,b$eutung d] ,peptone4 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #i1 p4 #ehe4 #aba ,ueb] die *emis*e ,natur des ,peptones und se9 ,v]hltniss zum ,eiweiss4 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 *em41 ,b& #a1 p4 #bgg4 #abb ,de la ,nature et du rle physiologique des peptones4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,9 #ahhf1 ! writ]1 9 conjunction ) ,pr(essor ,khne1 comm5c$ a /udy ( ! v>i\s cleavage products#abc =m$ by ! action ( peps9-hydro*loric acid f ! bett] *>act]iz$ & pur] proteids1 ?is be+ a cont9uation ( our e>li] "w on ! proteoses & peptones =m$ f blood-fibr91 s]um-album91 etc4 ,?is "w ,i h cont9u$ 9 my laboratory up to ! pres5t "t1 ) _m co-work]s1 & z a result we h to-day a s]ies ( obs]vations gradually accumulat$ dur+ ^! la/ sev5 ye>s1 "s ! results ( "w c>ri$ on ?is la/ ye>1 :i* speak 9 no unc]ta9 way ( ! "* ( bo? ! prim>y & second>y products ( peps9-proteolysis4 ,fur!rmore1 9 attempt+ to settle ?is "q once = all1 ,i h select$ = /udy examples f ! v>i\s classes ( bo? animal & vegetable proteids2 & z repres5tatives ( ! latt] h _h c>ri$ out two l5g?y s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! cry/alliz$ proteids :i* occur s abundantly 9 "s se$s1 on ! assumption t ^! cry/all9e bodies w\ld furni% a c]ta9 gu>antee ( purity :i* might naturally be lack+ 9 ! amorph\s proteids ( animal orig94 ,"s ( ^! results are n[ plac$ toge!r 9 ! foll[+ tables1 a /udy ( :i* reveals "s v int]e/+ facts3 #abc ,globul9 & ,globuloses4 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em4 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 ii41 p4 #a4 ,,composition ,,( ,,proteolytic ,,products ,,=m$ ,,by ,,peps9-,,hydro*loric ,,acid4 ,proteolysis ( ,blood-fibr94 ,"m ,proto- ,het]o- ,deut]o- ,ampho- ,proteid4fibr9ose4fibr9ose4fibr9ose4pept one4 #abd #abd #abd #abe ---------------------------------------- -------- ,c #eb4fh #ea4ej #ej4gd #ej4dg #dh4ge ,h #f4hc #f4hj #f4gb #f4ha #g4ba ,n #af4ia #ag4ac #ag4ad #ag4bj #af4bf ,s #a4aj #j4id #a4af #j4hg #j4gg ,o #bb4dh #bc4fc #bd4bd #bd4fe #bg4ja ---------------------------------------- -------- #abd ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bj1 p4 #dj4 #abe ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 ii41 p4 #dj4 ,proteolysis ( ,p>aglobul94#abf ,"m ,proto- ,het]o- ,deut]o- ,proteid4globulose4globulose4globulose4 ---------------------------------------- ,c #eb4ga #ea4eg #eb4aj #ea4eb ,h #g4ja #f4ih #f4ih #f4ie ,n #ae4he #af4ji #af4jh #ae4id ,s #a4aa ,o #bc4bd #be4cf #bd4hd #be4ei ---------------------------------------- #abf ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 ii1 p4 #ab4 ,proteolysis ( ,coagulat$ ,egg-album94 ,"m ,proto- ,het]o- ,deut]o- ,hemi- ,proteid4albumose4albumose4albumose4pept one4 #abg #abg #abg #abh ---------------------------------------- ----- ,c #eb4cc #ea4dd #eb4jf #ea4ai #di4ch ,h #f4ih #g4aj #f4ie #f4id #f4ha ,n #ae4hd #af4ah #ae4ee #ae4gg #ae4jg ,s #a4ha #b4jj #a4fc #b4jb #a4aj ,o #bc4jd #bc4bh #bc4ha #bd4jh #bg4fd ---------------------------------------- ----- #abg ,*itt5d5 & ,bolton3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii1 p4 #aec4 #abh ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #ai1 p4 #bja4 ,proteolysis ( ,case9 f ,milk4 ,"m ,proto- ,het]o- ,deut]o- ,deut]o- ,proteid4caseose4caseose4 caseose4 caseose4 #abi #acj #abi #abi ---------------------------------------- ------ ,c #ec4cj #ed4eh #ec4hh #eb4aj #dg4gb ,h #g4jg #g4aj #g4bg #f4ic #f4gc ,n #ae4ia #ae4hj #ae4fg #ae4ea #ae4ig ,s #j4hb ,o #bb4jc #bb4eb #bc4ah #be4df #bi4eh ---------------------------------------- ------ #abi ,*itt5d53 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 iii41 p4 #hj4 #acj ,*itt5d5 & ,pa9t]3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii41 p4 #aie4 ,proteolysis ( ,myos9 f ,muscle4#aca ,"m ,proteid4,protomyos9ose4,deut]omyos9ose4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,c #eb4hb #eb4dc #ej4ig ,h #g4aa #g4ag #g4db ,n #af4gg #af4ib #ag4jj ,s #a4bg #a4cb #a4bb ,o #ba4ij #bb4af #bc4ci ---------------------------------------- --------- #aca ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,ibid41 vol4 iii1 p4 #adg4 ,proteolysis ( ,ela/94#acb ,"m ,proteid4,protoela/ose4,deut]oela/ose4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,c #ed4bd #ed4eb #ec4aa ,h #g4bg #g4ja #g4jh ,n #af4gj #af4if #af4he ,s ,o #ba4gi #ba4ea #bb4if ---------------------------------------- ------- #acb ,*itt5d5 & ,h>t3 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 iii1 p4 #cg4 ,proteolysis ( ,gelat94#acc ,"m ,proteid4,protogelatose4,deut]ogelatose4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,c #di4ch #di4ih #di4bc ,h #f4ha #f4gh #f4hd ,n #ag4ig #ag4hf #ag4dj ,s #j4ga #j4eb #j4ea ,o #be4ac #bd4hf #bf4jb ---------------------------------------- ------- #acc ,*itt5d5 & ,solley3 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xii1 p4 #cc4 ,proteolysis ( ,phytovitell9#acd 7,cry/alliz$7 f ,squa% ,se$4 ,"m ,proteid4,protovitellose4,deut]ovitellos e4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,c #ea4fj #ea4eb #di4bg ,h #f4ig #f4ih #f4gj ,n #ah4hj #ah4fg #ah4gh ,s #a4ja ,o #ba4fb #bb4hc #be4be ---------------------------------------- --------- #acd ,*itt5d5 & ,h>twell3 ,ibid41 vol4 xi1 p4 #dda4 ,proteolysis ( ,phytovitell9#ace 7,cry/alliz$7 f ,hemp ,se$4 ,"m ,proteid4,protovitellose4,deut]ovitellos e4,peptone4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,c #ea4fc #ea4ee #di4gh #di4dj ,h #f4ij #f4gc #f4gc #f4gg ,n #ah4gh #ah4ij #ag4ig #ah4dj ,s #j4ij #a4ji #a4jh #j4di ,o #ba4gi #ba4gc #bd4dd #bd4id ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ace ,*itt5d5 & ,m5del3 ,ibid41 vol4 xvii1 p4 #dh4 ,proteolysis ( ,glut59#acf f ,:eat4 ,"m ,proto- ,het]o- ,deut]o- ,proteid4glut5ose4glut5ose4glut5ose4 ---------------------------------------- ,c #eb4cd #ea4db #ea4hb #di4he ,h #f4hc #f4gj #f4gi #f4fi ,n #ag4di #ag4ef #ag4dc #ag4eg ,s #a4jh #a4cd #a4ei #j4hj ,o #bb4bf #bb4ih #bb4cg #be4ji ---------------------------------------- #acf ,=m]ly call$ glut5-case91 & ! products glut5-caseoses4 ,*itt5d5 & ,e4 ,e4 ,smi?3 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xi1 p4 #dbj4 ,proteolysis ( ,ze94#acg ,"m ,proteid4,protozeose4,deut]ozeose4 ---------------------------------------- - ,c #ee4bc #ec4bi #ea4ca ,h #g4bf #f4hg #f4hh ,n #af4ac #af4aj #af4bg ,s #j4fj #a4ed #a4jh ,o #bj4gh #bb4bj #bd4df ---------------------------------------- - #acg ,*itt5d5 & ,williams3 ,n h]et(ore publi%$4 ,9 consid]+ ^! results1 x is to be notic$ t !re is a g5]al unanimity ( agreem5t except 9 ! case ( ! album9oid gelat94 ,9 ! proteolysis ( ?is body1 = "s reason n expla9able1 ! dige/ive products %[ no m>k$ deviation f ! composition ( ! "m-proteid1 b 9 e o!r in/ance !re is to be trac$ a di/9ct t5d5cy t[>d dim9ution 9 ! cont5t ( c>bon1 proportional to ! ext5t ( proteolysis4 ,9 ! prim>y bodies1 proto & het]oproteoses1 ! p]c5tage ( c>bon is only slightly l[]$2 inde$1 9 "s few cases1 notably 9 ela/9 & case91 ! prim>y products %[ a slight increase 9 _! cont5t ( c>bon1 b 9 mo/ in/ances !re is a slight fall+ (f 9 ! p]c5tage ( ?is elem5t4 ,9 ! deut]oproteoses1 h[ev]1 ! loss ( c>bon is v m>k$4 ,! p]c5tage loss1 to be sure1 v>ies ) ! diff]5t proteids1 d\btless dep5d5t 9 "p ^u ! nature ( ! proteid itself1 & also1 ,i ?9k1 ^u ! /r5g? ( ! proteolytic ag5t employ$ & ! duration ( ! proteolysis4 ,x is to be fur!r notic$ t peptones1 :5ev] analyz$1 %[ a /ill fur!r loss ( c>bon & also a m>k$ loss ( sulphur4 ,9 nitrog5 !re is no con/ant diff]5ce4 ,on ! assumption t ^! v>i\s products ( proteolysis are =m$ by a s]ies ( hydrolytic *anges1 accompani$ by cleavage ( ! molecule1 we might at fir/ glance look = a m>k$ increase 9 ! cont5t ( hydrog54 ,b :5 we consid] ! size ( ! proteid molecule1 ) ! small proportion ( hydrog5 conta9$ !re9 & ! l>ge am\nt ( c>bon1 x is pla9 t hydrolytic cleavage might naturally leave its m>k on ! p]c5tage ( c>bon1 r ?an on ! p]c5tage ( hydrog5 ( ! resultant products4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 ! above results %[ no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! !ory t peps9-proteolysis1 z a rule1 is accompani$ by a s]ies ( progressive hydrolytic cleavages 9 :i* ! prim>y proteoses are ! result ( a slight hydration1 ^! bodies by cont9u$ proteolysis be+ fur!r hydrat$ ) =mation ( second>y proteoses1 :i* 9 turn und]go f9al hydration & cleavage into true peptones4 ,9 accord ) ?is !ory1 true peptones always %[ a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 composition f t ( ! "m-proteid1 ! mo/ /rik+ feature be+ ! greatly dim9i%$ cont5t ( c>bon1 :i* may be tak5 z a measure1 9 "p at lea/1 ( ! ext5t ( ! hydrolytic *ange4 ,& x is to be notic$ t ! cry/alliz$ phytovitell9s are no exception to ! g5]al rule2 ! second>y vitelloses & peptones result+ f proteolysis be> ess5tially ! same relation%ip to ! "m-proteids t ! albumoses f egg-album9 d4 ,moreov]1 ! alcohol-soluble proteids1 ( :i* ! ze9 ( cornmeal is a good example1 %[ ! same g5]al t5d5cy1 & x is an int]e/+ fact t ! proteoses1 or m specifically ! zeoses1 =m$ f ?is peculi> proteid1 are readily soluble 9 wat] & %[ ! g5]al proteose reactions4 ,x may also be m5tion$ t ^! zeoses1 z well z ! ela/oses1 are v resi/ant to fur!r hydrolysis by peps9-acid1 & yield only comp>atively small am\nts ( true peptones4 ,9 connection ) ?is "q ( ! composition ( proteoses & peptones z =m$ by peps9-proteolysis1 x is int]e/+ to note a rec5t obs]vation record$ by ,s*tz5b]g]4#ach ,?is exp]im5t] took #cej grammes ( moi/ blood-fibr91 correspond+ to #ge4e grammes ( dry sub/ance1 & subject$ x to proteolysis ) #b4e litres ( a v /rong peps9-hydro*loric acid solution = five days4 ,! resultant fluid 0 !n fre$ f acid by treatm5t ) silv] oxide1 aft] :i* ! solution 0 evaporat$ to dryness on a wat]-ba? & ! residue dri$ 9 vacuo4 ,?is residue1 t]m$ by ,s*tz5b]g] fibr9-peptone1 0 f\nd on analysis to conta9 #di4ah p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #g4ji p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 & #af4cc p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 ?us agree+ v closely ) true fibr9-peptone z analyz$ by ,khne & myself4 ,fur!r1 ,s*tz5b]g] %[$ t ! fibr9 9 und]go+ ?is trans=mation _h tak5 on #c4ig p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,b to my m9d1 ! mo/ significant fact connect$ ) ?is exp]im5t is ! positive evid5ce x af=ds1 n only ( hydration z a feature ( peptonization by peps9-acid1 b t ?is greatly dim9i%$ cont5t ( c>bon1 s *>act]i/ic ( peptones1 & to a less ext5t ( deut]oproteoses1 is :olly indep5d5t ( ! me?ods ( sep>ation & purification ord9>ily made use (4 ,?us1 ,s*tz5b]g]1 9 ! above exp]im5t1 did n attempt any sep>ation ( individual bodies4 ,proteolysis 0 c>ri$ out "u conditions favor+ maximum conv]sion into peptone1 & ! resultant product1 or products1 0 analyz$ directly )\t rec\rse to any me?ods ( precipitation or purification4 ,to be sure1 ! sub/ance analyz$ c\ld n h be5 peptone entirely free f proteose1 b 9 any ev5t x repres5t$ ! t]m9al products ( peps9-proteolysis1 & l true amphopeptone conta9$ #c4e p] c5t4 less c>bon ?an ! orig9al fibr94 ,h5ce1 we may conclude1 )\t fur!r argum5t1 t peptonization 9 ga/ric dige/ion is ! result ( di/9ct hydrolytic action1 9 :i* ! orig9al proteid molecule is gradually brok5 d[n1 or split ap>t1 into a numb] ( simpl] molecules1 ! proteoses & peptones4 #ach ,re*]*es sur la con/itution *imique des peptones4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 vol4 #aae1 p4 #bjh4 ,peptones1 i4 e41 amphopeptones1 are ! f9al products ( ga/ric dige/ion2 b to h[ great an ext5t is actual peptonization c>ri$ on 9 peps9-proteolysis8 ,z we h se51 synton91 prim>y proteoses1 second>y proteoses1 & peptones are all products ( peps9-dige/ion1 & x might p]haps be assum$ t ultimately all ( a giv5 proteid und]go+ peps9-proteolysis w\ld be conv]t$ into amphopeptone4 ,exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[s t su* is n ! case1 at lea/ 9 artificial dige/ive exp]im5ts4 ,peptones are truly =m$1 & _m times 9 l>ge am\nt1 b nev] "u any circum/ances h ,i be5 able to effect a complete trans=mation ( any proteid into true peptone by peps9-proteolysis2 !re is always f\nd a c]ta9 am\nt ( proteoses m or less resi/ant to ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t4 ,obvi\sly1 ! nature & proportion ( ! individual products =m$ 9 any dige/ive exp]im5t are dep5d5t greatly ^u ! att5dant conditions2 b ev5 ) a l>ge am\nt ( active f]m5t1 an abundance ( free hydro*loric acid1 a prop] temp]ature1 & a long-cont9u$ p]iod ( dige/ion1 ev5 five & six days1 !re is nev] f\nd a complete conv]sion into peptone4 ,inde$1 ! l>ge/ yield ( peptone ,i h ev] obta9$ 9 an artificial dige/ion is sixty p] c5t41 :ile ! av]age ( a l>ge numb] ( results "u mo/ favorable circum/ances is some:at less ?an fifty p] c5t4#aci #aci ,*itt5d5 & ,h>twell3 ,! ,relative ,=mation ( ,proteoses & ,peptones 9 ,ga/ric ,dige/ion4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xii1 p4 #ab4 ,we und]/& t peptones are ! products ( ! hydration & cleavage ( previ\sly =m$ proteoses4 ,! prim>y proteoses pass into second>y proteoses & ^! into peptones1 b = "s reason ?is trans=mation aft] a "t becomes a sl[ & gradual process4 ,at fir/ !re is a m>k$ & rapid progression2 ! proteid und]go+ proteolysis is rapidly dissolv$1 & bo? proteoses & peptones may be detect$ 9 abundance4 ,b if we cont9ue to wat* ! *ang+ relations ( prim>y & second>y proteoses & peptones1 we f9d t progression soon ceases to be rapid1 & ev5tually travels onw>d at a snail's pace4 ,?us1 9 "o exp]im5t ) coagulat$ egg-album91 !re 0 f\nd at ! end ( =ty-eight h\rs' dige/ion ) peps9-hydro*loric acid1 only ?irty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( peptones ) fifty-eight p] c5t4 ( proteoses1 & yet dige/ion _h be5 suffici5tly vigor\s to all[ ( a complete solution ( ! proteid 9 two h\rs4 ,at ! end ( sev5ty-two h\rs ! am\nt ( peptones _h increas$ to ab\t =ty-two p] c5t41 ! proteoses hav+ correspond+ly dim9i%$2 b ev5 at ! end ( sev5te5 days only fifty-f\r p] c5t4 ( peptones 7 to be f\nd1 ?us af=d+ /rik+ evid5ce ( ! sl[ conv]sion ( ! fir/-=m$ products into peptones4 ,naturally1 ! individual proteoses %[ m>k$ diff]5ces 9 _! rate ( conv]sion into second>y or f9al products4 ,take z an illu/ration "s results#adj obta9$ ) caseoses =m$ 9 ! dige/ion ( ! case9 ( milk4 ,?us1 het]ocaseose1 a prim>y product1 yield$ only fifte5 p] c5t4 ( peptone aft] n9ety-f\r h\rs at #dj ,c4 ) a /rong peps9-acid solution4 ,protocaseose1 h[ev]1 conta9+ "s deut]ocaseose1 "u l conditions1 yield$ ?irty-two p] c5t4 ( peptone 9 "o hundr$ & n9ete5 h\rs1 :ile pure deut]ocaseose gave sixty-six p] c5t4 ( peptone 9 "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 h\rs4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! fir/-=m$ soluble products ( ga/ric dige/ion1 i4 e41 ! prim>y proteoses1 are only sl[ly conv]t$ into peptone1 s9ce !y mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( deut]oproteose1 :i* is pla9ly n a rapid process4 ,! deut]o-body1 on ! o!r h&1 once =m$ is m rapidly conv]t$ into peptone1 b ev5 ?is is 9 no s5se a rapid process4 ,h5ce1 9 ! artificial dige/ion ( proteids ) peps9-hydro*loric acid1 solubility ( ! proteids may be q rapid1 & ev5 complete 9 a v %ort "t1 b ! resultant products w be ma9ly proteoses & n peptones4 ,! latt] are truly =m$ & 9 consid]able am\nt1 b proteoses1 ei!r z prim>y or second>y bodies1 are inv>iably pres5t & usually 9 excess ( ! peptones4 #adj ,*itt5d5 & ,h>twell1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bb4 ,9 ?is connection ! "q naturally arises h[ f> we are to tru/ ^! results 9 _! be>+ on ! natural process ( dige/ion z x occurs 9 ! liv+ /oma*4 ,obvi\sly1 ! conditions are q diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,9 artificial dige/ions1 we h especially ! influ5ce ( an ev]-increas+ p]c5tage ( soluble products on ! activity ( ! f]m5t1 a condition ( ?+s g5]ally consid]$ z m or less inhibitory to enzyme action4 ,we h attempt$ to measure ! real value ( ?is influ5ce by exp]im5ts#ada conduct$ 9 p>*m5t dialyz+ tubes1 9 :i* ! conditions are made favorable = ! removal ( at lea/ "s ( ! products ( dige/ion z fa/ z !y are =m$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! dialyz] tubes conta9+ ! proteid & peps9-acid 7 imm]s$ 9 a l>ge volume ( #j4b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid 7ab\t ?ree litres71 :i* 0 gradually *ang$ f "t to "t1 ! :ole mixture be+ kept at #dj ,c4 dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! ext5t ( peptonization 0 !n asc]ta9$ by analysis ( bo? ! cont5ts ( ! dialyz] tubes & ( ! surr\nd+ acid1 ! results be+ comp>$ ) ^? obta9$ f control exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 flasks4 ,)\t consid]+ ! results 9 detail1 x may be m5tion$ t ! sl[ & incomplete peptonization s *>act]i/ic ( artificial ga/ric dige/ion is n mat]ially modifi$ by ?is clos] approa* to ! natural process4 ,! sev]al dige/ions c>ri$ on 9 ! dialyz] tubes 7 c]ta9ly accompani$ by a fairly rapid )drawal ( ! diffusible products ( dige/ion1 yet no noticeable increase 9 ! am\nt ( peptone =m$ 0 obs]v$4 ,! results c]ta9ly favor ! view t ! conv]sion ( ! prim>y products ( ga/ric dige/ion into true peptone is a sl[ & gradual process1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 & t ?is lack ( complete peptonization is n due to accumulation ( ! products ( dige/ion1 b is r an inh]5t quality ( peps9-proteolysis "u all circum/ances4 #ada ,*itt5d5 & ,am]man3 ,a ,comp>ison ( ,artificial & ,natural ,ga/ric ,dige/ion1 toge!r ) a ,/udy ( ! ,diffusibility ( ,proteoses & ,peptones4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xiv1 p4 #dhc4 ,9 ^! dialyz] exp]im5ts x 0 obs]v$ t n only did peptones diffuse1 b also ! proteoses4 ,9 fact1 x 0 f\nd t six to eight p] c5t4 ( ! proteoses =m$ pass$ ?r\gh ! p>*m5t walls ( ! dialyz] tubes into ! surr\nd+ acid 9 ! n9e h\rs' dige/ion4 ,?is l$ to a /udy ( ! diffusibility ( proteoses 9 g5]al1 f :i* we 7 l$ to conclude t ^! bodies possess ?is p[] to a great] degree ?an _h hi!rto be5 suppos$4 ,z might be expect$1 x 0 also f\nd t ! att5dant conditions modify mat]ially ! rate ( diffusibility2 ! two factors especially prom95t be+ temp]ature & ! volume ( ! surr\nd+ fluid4 ,?us1 #a4i grammes ( protoalbumose dissolv$ 9 #bjj c4c4 ( wat] & susp5d$ 9 #d4e litres ( wat] heat$ to #ch ,c41 diffus$ ?r\gh ! p>*m5t tube to !-ext5t ( #e4ji p] c5t41 :ile at #aj ,c4 diffusion am\nt$ to only #b4eg p] c5t4 ,"u some:at simil> conditions1 pure peptone diffus$ to ! ext5t ( elev5 p] c5t4 9 six h\rs at #ch ,c4 ,some:at s+ul>1 h[ev]1 0 ! result obta9$ ) deut]oalbumose2 ?is proteose %[+ a diffusibility consid]ably less ?an t ( ! proto-body4 ,b z ,khne#adb has indep5d5tly obta9$ ess5tially ! same results1 ?is app>5t anomaly _c dep5d ^u any errors ( "w4 #adb ,erfahrung5 b] ,albumos5 und ,peptone4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bi1 p4 #bj4 ,x is ( c\rse to be und]/ood t diffusion exp]im5ts made ) dead p>*m5t membranes _c necess>ily be expect$ to ?r[ mu* light ^u ! rate ( absorption ( ^! bodies ?r\gh ! liv+ membranes ( ! /oma* & inte/9e1 :]e1 z ,waym\? ,reid#adc has well said1 we h to deal ) an absorptive =ce dep5d5t1 no d\bt1 ^u protoplasmic activity1 & comp>able1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! excretive =ce ( a gl&-cell4 ,fur!rmore1 9 consid]+ absorption z x occurs 9 ! liv+ /oma*1 we mu/ necess>ily give due weight to ! selective p[] ( ! epi!lial cells1 a p[] :i* may be f> m pot5t ev5 ?an we suppose4 ,h5ce1 )\t attempt+ at ?is po9t to draw any broad d$uctions f our exp]im5ts we may simply lay /ress ^u ! facts !mselves1 viz41 t ! prim>y products ( peps9-proteolysis are diffusible1 &1 l true peptones1 are capable ( pass+ ?r\gh animal & vegetable membranes1 al?\gh to a less ext5t4 ,we may fur!r emphasize ! fact t exp]im5ts ( ?is "* on diffusibility c1 at ! mo/1 only indicate g5]al t5d5cies1 s9ce e v>iation 9 ! att5dant conditions w ex]cise "s influ5ce ^u ! f9al result4 #adc ,osmosis ,exp]im5ts ) ,liv+ & ,dead ,membranes4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xi1 p4 #cab4 ,) ref]5ce to ! be>+ dige/ive exp]im5ts made 9 dialyz] tubes h ^u ! natural process z c>ri$ on 9 ! liv+ /oma*1 we mu/ necess>ily grant t ! conditions approximate only 9 ! crude/ way to ^? exi/5t 9 ! alim5t>y tract4 ,at ! same "t1 if complete peptonization is *>act]i/ic ( peps9-proteolysis 9 ! /oma*1 & failure to obta9 su* results 9 an artificial dige/ion is due to lack ( )drawal ( ! diffusible products =m$1 !n c]ta9ly ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 dialyz] tubes1 ) abundant opportunity = diffusion1 & ) a l>ge excess ( free hydro*loric acid1 %\ld %[ "s indications ( increas$ peptone-=mation4 ,b none 7 obta9$4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! rate ( absorption ( diffusible products f ! /oma* has be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,lea1#add = example1 assumes t1 8normally ! products ( dige/ion1 :e!r proteid or c>bohydrate1 are nev] met ) 9 ei!r ! /oma* or inte/9e 9 o!r ?an ! smalle/ am\nts1 frequ5tly to be describ$ z m]ely traces40 ,?is c]ta9ly implies a f> m rapid absorption ( proteoses & peptones f ! /oma* ?an results seem to ju/ify4 ,inde$1 rec5t facts obta9$ by ,br&l1#ade work+ "u ,tappe9]'s direction1 t5d to %[ t absorption f ! /oma* is1 "u "s circum/ances at lea/1 comp>atively sl[4 ,br&l's exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ on l>ge & vigor\s dogs ) ga/ric fi/ul1 ! /oma* be+ %ut (f f ! inte/9e by ! simple introduction ( a small rubb] balloon into ! pylorus1 :i* :5 dilat$ completely clos$ ! orifice4 ,by c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts1 x 0 %[n t pure peptone1 entirely free f proteose1 is absorb$ f ! empty /oma* 9 proportion to ! conc5tration ( ! peptone solution4 ,?us1 #g4e grammes ( peptone dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 su* proportion z to make a five p] c5t4 solution1 & all[$ to rema9 9 ! /oma* = two h\rs1 lo/ by absorption only #j4bh gramme1 equal to #b4fh p] c5t4 ( ! peptone introduc$4 ,"u simil> conditions1 a t5 p] c5t4 aque\s solution ( peptone lo/ only #d4e p] c5t4 by absorption4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 peptone 0 introduc$ 9 l>g] quantity1 viz41 9 a tw5ty p] c5t4 solution1 absorption am\nt$ to ?irte5 p] c5t4 9 two h\rs4 #add ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xi1 p4 #bdj4 #ade ,ueb] ,resorption und ,secretion im ,mag51 und d]5 ,bee9flussung dur* ,arzneimittel4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bi1 p4 #bgg4 ,x is ?us evid5t t pure peptones1 ev5 :5 tak5 into ! /oma* 9 fairly l>ge am\nts1 & "u conditions v favorable = rapid absorption1 pass into ! circulat+ blood v sl[ly4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t :5 dige/ion is "u way & ! volume ( blood consequ5tly increas$1 !re may be a correspond+ rise 9 ! rate ( absorption4 ,!re is p]haps a h9t ( ?is conclusion 9 ! influ5ce ( alcohol on ! absorption ( peptone z br\ght out by "s ( ,br&l's exp]im5ts4 ,?us1 x 0 f\nd t :5 alcohol 0 add$ 9 consid]able quantity to a t5 p] c5t4 solution ( peptone1 ! /oma*-mucosa 0 greatly r$d5$1 :ile 9 two h\rs ! absorption ( peptone am\nt$ to #aa4h p] c5t4 ,b 9 any ev5t1 ^! results c]ta9ly d n favor ! view t ! products ( ga/ric dige/ion are absorb$ z soon z !y are =m$4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 q diff]5t 9 ! inte/9e1 b 9 ! /oma*1 :]e peps9-proteolysis occurs1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 no gr\nds = assum+ t ei!r peptones or proteoses are rapidly absorb$4 ,h5ce1 x might p]haps be consid]$ t ! results ( peps9-proteolysis 9 ! liv+ /oma* are mu* ! same z ^? obta9$ 9 artificial dige/ion exp]im5ts4 ,/ill1 !re are o!r diff]5ces betwe5 natural dige/ion & artificial proteolysis ?an ^? connect$ ) ! possible absorption ( ! m diffusible products ( dige/ion4 ,?us1 9 ! liv+ /oma* !re is an ev]-increas+ secretion ( hydro*loric acid1 & p]haps also ( peps91 m or less proportional to ! ext5t ( proteolysis4 ,on ?is po9t ,br&l's exp]im5ts aga9 give u "s light4 ,?us1 x 0 f\nd t ! introduction ( an aque\s solution ( peptone into ! empty /oma* l$ to ! secretion ( an acid fluid conta9+ on an av]age #j4bd p] c5t4 ,h,cl1 :ile1 "u simil> conditions1 ! introduction ( sug> or potassium iodide 0 foll[$ by ! secretion ( a fluid conta9+ on an av]age only #j4ac p] c5t4 ,h,cl4 ,fur!r1 ! absolute am\nt ( acid f\nd aft] ! introduction ( peptone 0 f> great] ?an :5 sug> or iodide 0 introduc$1 s9ce peptone l$ to an increase ( at lea/ fifty p] c5t4 9 ! volume ( fluid secret$4 ,h5ce1 proteolysis 9 ! liv+ /oma* may give rise to su* an increas$ production & secretion ( hydro*loric acid t =mation ( ! t]m9al products ( ga/ric dige/ion may be greatly accel]at$4 ,t su* 9 fact is ! case1 ,i h no mann] ( d\bt1 b t x may result 9 ! complete conv]sion ( ! s-call$ prim>y & second>y proteoses into peptone ,i v mu* "q4 ,9 fact1 su* exam9ations z ,i h made ( ! /oma*-cont5ts aft] a suitable te/-meal h always result$ 9 ! f9d+ ( a relatively l>ge am\nt ( proteoses4 ,to be sure1 true peptone may be detect$ & 9 fairly l>ge am\nts1 b :5ev] a quantitative det]m9ation ( ! relative proportion ( ! two has be5 made1 ! proteoses h always be5 9 excess4 ,i h already report$ else:]e ! results ( "s exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction made on a heal?y "y man1 :]e ! /oma*-cont5ts 7 )drawn at v>y+ p]iods aft] ! +e/ion ( weigh$ am\nts ( coagulat$ egg-album94 ,?us1 9 "o exp]im5t#adf ! /oma* 0 ?or\ghly r9s$ ) wat]1 aft] :i* #ach grammes ( f9ely divid$ coagulat$-album91 equal to #af grammes ( dry album91 7 +e/$4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r !reaft]1 ! /oma*-cont5ts 7 )drawn by lavage & analyz$4 ,z a result1 #a4da grammes ( albumoses 7 sep>at$ & weigh$1 & #j4hd gramme ( peptones1 ! relative proportion be+ express$ by sixty-two p] c5t4 ( albumoses & ?irty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( peptones1 calculat$ on ! #b4be grammes ( soluble products recov]$4 ,?is expresses ! g5]al "* ( ! results obta9$ 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is nature1 & 9 my op9ion adds emphasis to ! /atem5t already made1 t complete peptonization is n a feature ( peps9-proteolysis1 ei!r 9 ! artificial or 9 ! natural process z x takes place 9 ! liv+ /oma*4 #adf ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #eja4 ,ga/ric dige/ion is to be consid]$ r z a prelim9>y /ep 9 proteolysis1 prep>atory to ! m pr(\nd *anges *>act]i/ic ( pancreatic dige/ion1 9 :i* ! f]m5t tryps9 is ! important factor4 ,we c ?us see h[1 z 9 ! case ( ,cz]ny's dogs1 an animal may be p]fectly n\ri%$ )\t a /oma*1 dige/ive proteolysis be+ c>ri$ on solely by ! pancreatic fluid4 ,y w rememb] t two ( ! dogs op]at$ on by ,cz]ny & 8 pupils liv$ betwe5 f\r & five ye>s aft] ! op]ation1 ) ! /oma* completely remov$1 & yet dur+ ?is p]iod !y 7 well n\ri%$ & ate all v>ieties ( food ) app>5tly a normal appetite4#adg ,evid5tly1 !n1 9 "s cases at lea/1 dige/ive proteolysis c be c>ri$ on )\t ?is prelim9>y action ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,ogata#adh arriv$ at ess5tially ! same conclusion by ! e/abli%m5t ( a duod5al fi/ula1 %utt+ (f ! /oma* f ! inte/9e by means ( a small rubb] ball :i* c\ld be inflat$ ) wat]4 ,on !n introduc+ coagulat$ egg-album9 & o!r =ms ( proteid matt] into ! duod5um1 he f\nd t dige/ion 0 at lea/ suffici5tly complete to satisfy all ! dem&s ( ! sy/em4 ,! only unsatisfactory result 0 ) collag5\s foods1 :i* pla9ly %[$ ! ne$ ( a prelim9>y acid dige/ion4 ,m rec5tly /ill1 ,cawallo & ,pa*on1#adi work+ 9 ,ri*et's laboratory1 h /udi$ ! dige/ibility ( diff]5t k9ds ( proteid foods 9 a dog1 ^u :i* !y _h p]=m$ a ga/rectomy2 ! entire fundus1 z well z ! pyloric portion1 ( ! /oma* hav+ be5 remov$4 ,9 an animal s op]at$ ^u1 aft] recov]y 0 complete1 solid food1 z meat1 0 completely dige/$ :5 tak5 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,raw meat1 h[ev]1 0 less completely utiliz$1 ! fces %[+ portions ( undige/$ fibres4 ,/ill1 x 0 app>5t t inte/9al dige/ion alone 0 capable ( accompli%+ all t 0 necess>y = ! complete n\ri%m5t ( ! animal1 :5 x _h once become accu/om$ to ! *ang$ condition ( its alim5t>y tract4 #adg ,bunge's ,physiologis*e und ,pa?ologis*e ,*emie1 p4 #aeb4 #adh ,ueb] die ,v]dauung na* d] ,auss*altung des ,mag5s4 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol1 #ahhc1 p4 #hi4 #adi ,une obs]vation de *i5 sans e/omac4 ,comptes ,r5dus hebd4 de la ,socit de ,biologie1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahic4 ,^! facts are cit$ n to belittle ! importance ( ga/ric dige/ion 9 ! nutrition ( ! body1 b r to emphasize ! probability t peps9-proteolysis is simply a prelim9>y /ep 9 dige/ion2 t its function is n 9 ! direction ( a complete peptonization ( ! proteid foods +e/$1 b t its action is especially direct$ to ! production ( soluble products1 proteoses1 :i* c be fur!r dige/$ 9 ! small inte/9e1 or p]haps directly absorb$ aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! pylorus1 or ev5 f ! /oma* itself to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,,"s ,,physiological ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,proteoses ,,& ,,peptones4 ,x is v evid5t f :at has be5 said t all =ms ( proteid matt]1 i4e41 all ! memb]s ( ! ?ree ma9 gr\ps spok5 ( 9 our classification ( ! proteids1 except+ only nucle91 reticul91 & ! k]at9s1 are capable ( und]go+ proteolysis ) peps9-hydro*loric acid4 ,fur!r1 9 e case ! ma9 products ( ! trans=mation are proteoses2 viz41 albumoses1 caseoses1 gelatoses1 vitelloses1 myos9oses1 etc41 accord+ to ! nature ( ! proteid und]go+ proteolysis2 true peptones be+ =m$ 9 less abundance4 ,correspond+ to ea* ( ^! gr\ps are prim>y & second>y proteoses1 all possess$ ( _m po9ts 9 common1 bo? *emical & physiological1 yet diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _m m9or respects4 ,^! are ! important products ( ga/ric dige/ion1 ( peps9-proteolysis1 & x may be well to consid] = a mom5t "s ( ! physiological prop]ties ( ! proteoses & ( peptones z well1 9 ord] t we may ! bett] compreh5d ! g5]al nature ( ^! sub/ances ) ref]5ce to _! possible action 9 ! economy4 ,z f> back z #ahhj1 ,s*midt-,mlheim#aej discov]$ t ! injection ( aque\s solutions ( peptone into ! blood-vessels ( liv+ dogs 0 att5d$ by a s]ies ( rem>kable ph5om5a4 ,?us1 ! animal pass$ at once into a condition ( n>cosis resembl+ t produc$ by *lor(orm1 accompani$ by a fall ( g5]al blood-pressure s great t ! animal 0 liable to die1 z f asphyxia4 ,fur!r1 !re 0 evid5ce ( "s m>k$ *ange 9 ! condition ( ! blood1 z indicat$ by loss ( ! p[] ( spontane\s coagulation1 :ile ! peptone itself evid5tly und]w5t "s alt]ation1 or else 0 rapidly elim9at$1 s9ce x c\ld n be detect$ 9 ! blood a %ort "t aft] its introduction4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 n conduct$ ) true peptone b ) ,witte's 8peptonum siccum10 :i* at t "t1 at lea/1 0 compos$ 9 great "p ( proteoses4 ,! g5]al "* ( ^! int]e/+ results 0 confirm$ by ,fano1#aea :o f\nd t ! injection ( s-call$ peptone 9 ! proportion ( #j4c gramme p] kilo4 ( body-weight 0 suffici5t to br+ ab\t complete n>cosis1 toge!r ) loss ( coagulability on ! "p ( ! blood4 ,v sugge/ive1 h[ev]1 0 ! fact t ,fano1 on try+ simil> exp]im5ts ) ! peptone =m$ by pancreatic dige/ion1 viz41 ) antipeptone1 :i* presumably conta9$ a f> small] proportion ( proteoses1 fail$ to obta9 l results2 ! tryptone1 s-call$1 be+ exce$+ly irregul> 9 its action1 9 _m cases produc+ no effect :atev]4 #aej ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss des ,peptons und se9] physiologis*5 ,b$eutung4 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahhj1 p4 #cc4 #aea ,das ,v]halt5 des ,peptons und ,tryptons geg5 ,blut und ,lymphe4 ,ibid41 #ahha1 p4 #bgg4 ,! discov]y at ?is date ( ! sev]al albumoses1 & _! pres5ce 9 l>ge am\nts 9 all s-call$ peptones1 l$ to a /udy ( _! physiological action ) special ref]5ce to ! obs]vations ( ,s*midt-,mlheim & ,fano4 ,politz]1#aeb work+ "u ,khne's guidance1 0 ! fir/ to exp]im5t 9 ?is direction1 & 8 results are full ( int]e/ z ?r[+ light on ! action ( ! individual albumoses4 ,?us proto1 het]o1 & deut]oalbumose are all active physiologically1 giv+ rise :5 inject$ into ! ve9s ( dogs & cats to /rong n>cotic action1 v>y+ some:at 9 int5sity 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,!re is also produc$ a m>k$ fall 9 blood-pressure1 due app>5tly to vaso-motor p>alysis1 ! action be+ manife/$ *iefly1 if n :olly1 on ! splan*nic region4 ,?us1 aft] an injection ( "o ( ^! albumoses1 ! mes5t]ic vessels are always /rongly conge/$1 accompani$ frequ5tly by ! appe>ance ( a bloody s]um 9 ! p]itoneal cavity4 ,n>cotic action is manife/$ only s long z ! blood-pressure rema9s sub-normal1 & is due presumably to ?is m>k$ accumulation ( blood 9 ! l>ge abdom9al ve9s1 ?us lead+ to anmia ( ! bra94 ,albumoses & peptones inject$ into ! jugul> ve9 likewise produce fev]1 presumably ?r\gh "s action on ! n]v\s sy/em by :i* ! equilibrium ( tissue-metamorphosis is int]f]$ )4#aec #aeb ,on ! ,physiological ,action ( ,peptones & ,albumoses4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #g1 p4 #bhc4 #aec ,ott & ,collm>3 ,pyrexial ,ag5ts1 ,albumose1 ,peptone1 & ,neur94 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #h1 p4 #bah4 ,fur!r1 ,politz] f\nd t all ( ! albumoses ei!r delay$ or prev5t$ altoge!r ! coagulation ( ! blood1 9 con=mity ) ! obs]vations ( ,s*midt-,mlheim & ,fano4 ,9 all ( ^! actions ! prim>y albumoses appe>$ mo/ effective1 deut]oalbumose lea/ s4 ,het]oalbumose1 h[ev]1 0 con/antly mo/ active1 especially 9 delay+ ! coagulation ( ! blood4 ,) amphopeptone1 !re 0 f> less n>cosis & less dim9ution ( blood-pressure1 :ile ! effect on ! coagulability ( ! blood 0 m or less v>iable1 frequ5tly be+ entirely negative4 ,antipeptone1 on ! o!r h&1 0 f\nd almo/ :olly want+ 9 any con/ant effects1 al?\gh 9 "o in/ance deep n>cosis 0 produc$4 ,?us1 f ,politz]'s exp]im5ts1 x 0 made cle> t ! albumoses1 :5 introduc$ directly into ! blood-curr5t1 possess a f> great] toxic action ?an ei!r amphopeptone or antipeptone4 ,albumoses1 9 suffici5tly l>ge doses1 7 inv>iably fatal1 :ile peptones nev] produc$ fatal results s long z ! kidneys ( ! animal rema9$ intact4 ,! extreme solubility & diffusibility ( peptones1 c\pl$ p]haps ) _! m>k$ diuretic action1 lead to rapid elim9ation ?r\gh ! kidneys1 & _! consequ5t removal f ! sy/em4 ,_m ( ^! obs]vations made ) ! albumoses ,i h repeat$ ) sev]al ( ! proteoses & peptones m rec5tly /udi$1 z protocaseose1 protoela/ose1 ! globuloses1 & o!rs4 ,! results may be tak5 z practically confirmatory ( ! old] obs]vations1 & ,i make m5tion ( !m 9 ?is g5]al way simply to emphasize ! fact t all ( ! proteoses1 ?\gh p]haps %[+ individual peculi>ities1 are possess$ ( m>k$ physiological prop]ties1 :i* pla9ly te/ify to _! toxic nature1 :5 introduc$ directly into ! blood-curr5t4 ,"y animals are p>ticul>ly s5sitive to ! injection ( proteoses into ! blood1 ev5 :5 ! introduction takes place v gradually4#aed ,?us1 a "y1 heal?y dog ( #b kilos4 body-weight1 eight weeks old1 di$ 9 "o h\r aft] ! injection into ! jugul> ve9 ( #a gramme ( protoalbumose 9 #bj c4c4 ( wat]1 ?us af=d+ a good illu/ration ( ! extreme toxicity ( ?is albumose :5 introduc$ directly into ! blood4 #aed ,neumei/]3 ,ueb] die ,e9fhrung d] ,albumos5 und ,peptone 9 d5 ,organismus4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bd1 p4 #bhd4 ,( great] int]e/1 physiologically1 are ! *anges ! individual proteoses und]go aft] _! injection into ! blood4 ,z already /at$1 peptone s inject$ may appe> 9 ! ur9e :olly unalt]$4 ,?us1 ,neumei/]#aee has made injections ( bo? amphopeptone & antipeptone 9 ! case ( dogs1 & 0 able to detect ! peptone v quickly 9 ! ur9e4 ,i h made l exp]im5ts ) o!r =ms ( peptone & obta9$ simil> results2 ?us1 a pure amphopeptone =m$ f case9 by peps9-proteolysis 7#b grammes 9 #ae c4c4 wat]7 0 inject$ into ! jugul> ve9 ( a dog weigh+ #e kilos4 ,! ur9e collect$ dur+ sev]al h\rs aft] ! injection 0 heat$ to boil+1 & saturat$ :ile hot ) ammonium sulphate4 ,! filtrate1 on be+ te/$ ) cupric sulphate & potassium hydroxide1 gave a fairly /rong biuret reaction = peptone4 ,ano!r simil> exp]im5t made ) antipeptone1 =m$ f ! myos9 ( muscle-tissue1 gave l results4 #aee ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bd1 p4 #bhg4 ,) proteoses1 h[ev]1 diff]5t results are obta9$1 z ,neumei/]#aef fir/ po9t$ out4 ,^! bodies introduc$ into ! blood und]go m or less ( a *ange prior to _! excretion 9 ! ur9e1 ! *ange p>tak+ ( ! "* ( a hydrolytic cleavage 9 :i* ! prim>y proteoses are trans=m$ into second>y proteoses1 :ile deut]oproteoses are *ang$ into peptones4 ,?is is n necess>ily to be int]pret$ z mean+ t ! full equival5t ( ! proteose inject$ appe>s 9 ! ur9e1 b t ! portion :i* is elim9at$ ?r\gh ! kidneys t5ds to und]go a trans=mation some:]e en r\te1 ak9 to ! *ange produc$ 9 peps9-proteolysis4 ,z to h[ common or complete ?is trans=mation is "u ! above circum/ances1 we h no positive k4 ,su* a hydrolytic *ange c]ta9ly occurs 9 ! case ( ! dog1 & ! exp]im5tal evid5ce is 9 favor ( ! view t ! trans=mation is effect$ 9 ! kidneys by ! peps9 secret$ ?r\gh ! ur9>y tubules1 :]e !re is mom5t>ily a =mation ( free acid4 ,9 ! rabbit1 on ! o!r h&1 no su* *ange occurs2 ! ur9e f ?is animal conta9s practically no peps91 & consequ5tly ! proteoses elim9at$ ?r\gh ! kidneys are excret$ unalt]$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,/adelmann#aeg & o!rs h %[n t ! ur9e ( all c>nivora1 & ( man z well1 conta9s a f]m5t :i*1 on ! addition ( a suitable am\nt ( hydro*loric acid1 w dige/ fibr9 ) =mation ( ! ord9>y products ( peps9-proteolysis1 x is to be presum$ t all proteoses pass+ ?r\gh ! kidneys w und]go at lea/ "s *ange prior to _! excretion 9 ! ur9e4 #aef ,ibid41 p4 #bhd4 #aeg ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,peps9-f]m5tgehalt des normal5 und pa?ologis*5 ,h>nes4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #be1 p4 #bjh4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is v evid5t t ! proteoses =m$ 9 ga/ric dige/ion _c be absorb$ z su* directly into ! blood-curr5t4 ,introduc$ into ! blood1 !y behave 9 su* a mann] z to w>rant ! conclusion t !y are truly =eign sub/ances1 & ! sy/em makes a brave endeavor to remove !m z spe$ily z possible4 ,! same may be said ( amphopeptones1 f :i* we may conclude t all ( ^! products ( peps9-proteolysis und]go "s trans=mation dur+ ! process ( absorption1 by :i* _! toxicity is de/roy$ & _! nutritive qualities r5d]$ fully available = ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,discussion ( ?is "q1 h[ev]1 w be left until ! next lecture4 ,9 view ( ^! pron\nc$ physiological prop]ties ( ! proteoses1 x is int]e/+ to recall ! n[ well-kn[n fact t _m ( ! *emical poisons produc$ by bact]ia are proteose-l bodies1 *emically1 at lea/1 closely ak9 to ! proteoses result+ f peps9-proteolysis4 ,?us1 ,wooldridge#aeh z e>ly z #ahhh po9t$ out t an alkal9e solution ( tissue-fibr9og5 expos$ to ! action ( an?rax-bacilli suff]$ "s *ange1 s t :5 introduc$ into ! blood x possess$ ! p[] ( produc+ immunity to an?rax4 ,?is obs]vation 0 v]ifi$ by ,hank91#aei :o fur!r %[$ t ! sub/ance =m$ by ! an?rax-bacilli 0 a v]itable albumose1 & t x truly possess$ ! p[] ( produc+ immunity4 ,sidney ,m>t9#afj c>ri$ ! matt] /ill fur!r1 & by gr[+ ! an?rax-bacilli 9 a pure solution ( alkali-album9ate prep>$ f blood-s]um1 prov$ ! =mation ( bo? prim>y & second>y albumoses1 z well z ( peptone1 leuc91 tyros91 & a peculi> alkaloidal sub/ance ( pron\nc$ toxic prop]ties4 ,m>t9 f9ds t ! albumoses are n z poison\s z ! alkaloid1 & surmises t ! alkaloid is conta9$ 9 ! albumose molecule 9 ! nasc5t /ate2 fur!r1 he sugge/s t ! albumoses 9 small doses may ex]t "s protective influ5ce1 :ile 9 l>g] doses !y act z vigor\s poisons4 ,h[ true ?is may be ,i _c say1 b my own exp]i5ce conv9ces me t ! an?rax-bacilli gr[n 9 a culture m$ium compos$ ( alkali-album9ate1 prep>$ f egg-album91 to :i* ! necess>y inorganic salts & "s glyc]9 h be5 add$1 d give rise to albumoses & peptones :i* are truly end[$ ) toxic prop]ties4 #aeh ,v]su*e b] ,s*utzimpfung auf *emis*em ,wege4 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahhh1 p4 #ebg4 #aei ,briti% ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #ahhi4 #afj ,proce$4 ,royal ,society1 #ahij1 vol4 #dh1 p4 #gh4 ,albumose-l bodies h also be5 obta9$ by ,brieg] & ,frnkel#afa ) ! bacillus ( diph!ria4 ,^!1 too1 7 end[$ ) p[]ful poison\s prop]ties1 & :5 introduc$ into ! tissues ( ! body gave rise to reactions resembl+ ^? produc$ by ! ,lffl] bacillus4 ,9 my own laboratory1 rec5t exp]im5ts made ) ! bacillus ( gl&]s h %[n t :5 gr[n 9 a slightly acid m$ium conta9+ alkali-album9ate1 albumoses1 peptones1 & cry/all9e bodies su* z leuc9 & tyros9 are =m$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,kresl+#afb has report$ simil> results4 ,) ! tub]cle-bacilli1 _m l results h be5 record$4 ,?us1 among o!rs1 ,crook%ank & ,h]r\n#afc h report$ ! f9d+ ( albumoses1 peptone1 & a ptoma9e :5 ! bacilli h be5 gr[n 9 glyc]9 ag>-ag>1 & also 9 fluid m$ia4 #afa ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,bact]i5gifte4 ,b]l91 kl94 ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahij1 p4 #bda & #bfh4 #afb ,ueb] die ,b]eitung des ,malle9s und se9e ,be/&!ile4 ,ab/ract 9 ,jahresb]i*t f4 ,?i]*emie1 ,b& #bb1 p4 #fcd4 #afc ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #i4 ,ko*#afd has made a special /udy ( ! albumose :i* he consid]s z ! specific toxic ag5t ( ! s-call$ tub]cul94 ,?is albumose 0 f\nd by ,brieg] & ,proskau]#afe to h a some:at peculi> composition1 inasmu* z x conta9s =ty-sev5 to =ty-eight p] c5t4 ( c>bon & only #ad4gc p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 agree+1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect v closely ) ! peptone =m$ f egg-album9 by ! action ( bromel94#aff ,/ill m rec5tly1 ,khne#afg has made a ?or\gh /udy ( ?is albumose1 z well z ( ! o!r products elaborat$ by ! gr[? ( ! tub]cle-bacillus4 ,he designates all ( ! peculi> albumoses =m$ by ^! bacilli z acrooalbumoses4 ,!y are end[$ ) m>k$ *emical & physiological prop]ties1 caus+ a rise ( temp]ature :5 inject$ into ! blood1 z well z o!r ph5om5a m or less pron\nc$4 ,x is ?us evid5t !re is ample gr\nd = ! /atem5t t all nutritive m$ia 9 :i* pa?og5ic bact]ia h be5 plant$ are liable to conta91 soon] or lat]1 toxic sub/ances1 _m ( :i* at lea/ are closely relat$ to1 if n id5tical )1 ! albumoses4 ,x is n my purpose1 h[ev]1 to consid] ^! po9ts 9 detail1 nor to quote ! _m results obta9$ by o!r work]s 9 ?is direction4 #afd ,deuts*e m$4 ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahia1 p4 #aahj4 #afe ,ibid4 #aff ,*itt5d53 ,on ! ,proteolytic ,action ( ,bromel91 ! ,f]m5t ( ,p9eapple ,juice4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #cjc4 #afg ,weit]e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,prote9e des ,tub]cul9s4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #cj1 p4 #bba4 ,i wi% m]ely to call att5tion to ! fact t ! proteoses1 & likewise ! peptones =m$ by peps9-proteolysis1 are m or less toxic :5 introduc$ directly into ! blood1 & t !y %>e ?is prop]ty ) ! proteoses =m$ by bact]ial organisms1 or by ! enzymes :i* !y give rise to4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! prim>y cleavage or alt]ation products ( ! proteid molecule1 h[ev] produc$1 are m or less poison\s1 & if introduc$ into ! blood-curr5t )\t und]go+ previ\s *ange may %[ m>k$ physiological action4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n to be und]/ood t ^! bodies are all alike4 ,!y are surely closely relat$ & possess _m po9ts 9 common1 especially s f> z _! *emical prop]ties are conc]n$1 b _! *emical con/itution & _! physiological action mu/ v>y m or less ) _! mode ( orig94 ,9 any ev5t1 x is v evid5t t ! proteoses & peptones =m$ 9 ! alim5t>y tract by peps9-proteolysis mu/ und]go "s trans=mation1 be=e rea*+ ! blood-curr5t1 by :i* _! peculi> physiological prop]ties are modifi$4 ,?is modification may be associat$ ) a conv]sion into ! s]um-album91 or globul9 ( ! blood4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact rema9s t ^! proteoses =m$ s abundantly dur+ dige/ion c be absorb$ & s]ve z nutrim5t = ! animal body1 b betwe5 _! =mation z a result ( proteolysis & _! passage into ! blood !y are expos$ to "s ag5cy1 or ag5cies1 d\btless 9 ! v act ( absorption1 by :i* a fur!r trans=mation is accompli%$4 ,) ?is po9t we %all be able to deal m 9 detail 9 ! next lecture4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,proteolysis ,,by ,,tryps9--,,absorption ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,products ,,( ,,proteolysis4 ,,proteolysis ,,by ,,tryps94 ,9 pancreatic dige/ion1 proteids are expos$ to ! action ( an enzyme ( mu* great] p[] ?an peps91 "o end[$ ) a f> great] range ( activity1 & consequ5tly proteolysis z x occurs 9 ! small inte/9e becomes a broad] & m complicat$ process4 ,z y well "k1 ! f]m5t tryps9 manife/s its p[] n only 9 a m rapid trans=mation ( insoluble proteids into soluble & diffusible products1 b !re is a div]sity 9 ! "* ( ! _m products =m$ :i* te/ifies to ! pr(\nd alt]ations ?is f]m5t is capable ( produc+4 ,! prim>y & second>y products ( peps9-proteolysis1 z well z unalt]$ proteids1 are alike subject to ^! *anges1 & bodies ( ! simple/ con/itution may result 9 bo? cases f ! s]ies ( hydrolytic *anges set 9 motion by ?is proteolytic enzyme4 ,! p[] ( ! f]m5t z a contact ag5t is a/oni%+1 = 9 ! case ( tryps9 no accessory body is necess>y to br+ out its lat5t p[]4 ,wat]1 proteid1 & ! enzyme at ! body-temp]ature are all t is necess>y to call =? prompt & en]getic hydrolytic action4 ,moreov]1 hydrolysis does n /op ) ! m]e production ( soluble proteoses & peptones1 b ! hemi-portion ( ! latt] is quickly brok5 d[n into cry/all9e bodies1 su* z leuc91 tyros91 lys91 lysat91 etc4 ,?is special *>act]i/ic ( ! f]m5t te/ifies 9 no unc]ta9 mann] to ! exi/5ce ( inh]5t qualities 9 ! inn] /ructure ( ! enzyme peculi> to ! body itself4 ,9 g5]al prop]ties & reactions1 peps9 & tryps9 may be closely relat$2 bo? are products ( ! katabolic action ( specific protoplasmic cells1 b ! inn] nature or /ructure ( ! two mu/ be q diff]5t4 ,peps91 z we h se51 is p[]less to produce any *ange 9 proteid bodies unless acids are pres5t to l5d _! aid4 ,fur!rmore1 peps9 is limit$ 9 its action to ! production ( proteoses & peptones1 :ile tryps9 gives rise to a s]ies ( hydrolytic cleavages :i* result 9 ! ultimate =mation ( comp>atively simple bodies4 ,tryps91 h[ev]1 9 its natural environm5t is dissolv$ 9 an alkal9e m$ium4 ,its proteolytic action is !re=e c>ri$ on1 "u normal circum/ances1 9 an alkal9e-react+ fluid conta9+ #j4e to #a p] c5t4 sodium c>bonate1 & ! proteolytic p[] ( ! f]m5t is unque/ionably manife/$ to ! be/ advantage 9 su* a m$ium4 ,at ! same "t1 x w act1 & act vigor\sly1 9 a neutral fluid1 & likewise 9 a fluid hav+ a weak acid reaction1 provid$ !re is little or no free acid pres5t4 ,?us1 9 exp]im5ts#afh on blood-fibr9 x 0 f\nd t1 :ile a solution ( tryps9 conta9+ #j4e p] c5t4 sodium c>bonate1 dige/$ or dissolv$ #hi p] c5t4 ( ! proteid 9 ?ree to f\r h\rs at #dj ,c41 a p]fectly neutral solution ( ! f]m5t1 o!rwise "u exactly ! same conditions1 dige/$ #gf p] c5t41 & a #j4a p] c5t4 salicylic acid-solution ( ! enzyme conv]t$ #dc p] c5t4 ( ! proteid into soluble products4 #afh ,*itt5d5 & ,cumm9s3 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]sity1 vol4 i41 p4 #ace4 ,) hydro*loric acid1 tryps9 is quickly de/roy$1 unless !re is a l>ge excess ( proteid matt] pres5t1#afi :i* obvi\sly means t ! acid 9 su* case exi/s :olly z comb9$ acid4 ,inde$1 exp]im5ts made 9 my laboratory h %[n t z soon z free acid1 especially hydro*loric acid1 is pres5t 9 a solution conta9+ tryps91 !n proteolytic action is at once /opp$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 acids1 especially organic acids1 are pres5t 9 a dige/ive mixture conta9+ an excess ( proteid matt]1 s t ! solution conta9s no free acid 7or bett]1 ) ! proteid matt] only p>tially saturat$ ) acid7 !n tryps9 w cont9ue to manife/ its peculi> proteolytic p[]1 al?\gh to a consid]ably less5$ ext5t4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t t ! f]m5t may ex]t its dige/ive p[] "u ! ?ree possible sets ( conditions :i*1 "u v>y+ circum/ances1 frequ5tly prevail 9 ! small inte/9e4 #afi ,mays3 ,unt]su*ung5 aus d4 physiol4 ,in/itute d4 ,univ]sitt ,heidelb]g1 ,b& iii41 p4 #cgh2 also ,langley3 ,on ! ,de/ruction ( ,f]m5ts 9 ! ,alim5t>y ,canal1 ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 iii41 p4 #bfc4 ,9 consid]+ ! g5]al ph5om5a ( proteolysis by tryps91 "o is especially impress$ by ! l>ge & rapid =mation ( peptone :i* almo/ inv>iably results f ! action ( a mod]ately /rong solution ( ! f]m5t1 on ne>ly e =m ( proteid matt]4 ,to be sure1 prim>y products are fir/ =m$1 b ^! are quickly conv]t$ into peptone1 & a little exp]i5ce 9 /udy+ ! action ( peps9 & tryps9 soon reveals ! fact t ! latt] is especially a peptone-=m+ f]m5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x is peculi>ly adapt$ to take up ! "w :]e x has be5 left by peps9 &1 if necess>y1 c>ry =w>d ! hydrolytic *ange ev5 to ! ext5t ( a conv]sion ( ! entire hemi-moiety into cry/all9e products4 ,! prim>y products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 h[ev]1 are n exactly id5tical ) ^? =m$ by peps94 ,?us1 protoproteoses & het]oproteoses seldom appe> 9 an alkal9e tryps9 dige/ion2 ! proteid matt] be+ 9 mo/ cases1 at lea/1 directly conv]t$ into soluble deut]oproteoses1#agj :i* are !n trans=m$ by ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t into peptones & o!r products4 ,h5ce1 we may express ! ord] ( ev5ts 9 ! tryps9 dige/ion ( a native proteid z foll[s3 ,native proteid4 ,amphodeut]oproteoses4 ,amphopeptones4 ,antipeptone4 ,hemipeptone4 ,leuc94 ,tyros94 ,asp>tic acid1 etc4 #agj ,r4 ,neumei/]3 zur ,k5ntniss d] ,albumos54 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol4 ,b& #bc1 p4 #cgh4 ,9 ! dige/ion ( fre% blood-fibr9 ) tryps91 !re is pla9ly a prelim9>y solution ( ! proteid )\t any m>k$ trans=mation or cleavage occurr+1 ! soluble product be+ app>5tly a globul91 coagulat+ at ab\t #ge ,c41#aga viz41 at approximately ! same temp]ature z s]um-globul94 ,?is body1 h[ev]1 quickly disappe>s1 giv+ place to true deut]oproteoses z ! f]m5t-action comm5ces2 = x is n probable t ?is globul9 is a product ( enzyme-action1 b r repres5ts a simple solution ( ! fibr9 by ! alkal9e fluid & salts4 ,9 any ev5t1 ?is globul9-l sub/ance is n =m$ 9 ! pancreatic dige/ion ( coagulat$-album91 s]um-album91 or vitell91 & h5ce _c be consid]$ z a true product ( tryps9-proteolysis4 #aga ,jac4 ,g4 ,otto3 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,umw&lung von ,eiweiss/(f5 dur* ,pancreas-f]m5t4 ,zeits*rift f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #h1 p4 #abi4 ,! fact t deut]oproteoses are ! prim>y products ( tryps9-dige/ion aga9 emphasizes ! natural adaptability ( ?is f]m5t to ! "p x has to play 9 ! dige/ive process4 ,its natural function is to take up ! "w :]e left by peps91 & c>ry x =w>d to ! necess>y po9t2 & h5ce1 :5 act+ ^u a native proteid ! prim>y products ( its action correspond to ! second>y products ( peps9-proteolysis4 ,tryps9 is ?us equally effici5t 9 ! dige/ion ( all native proteids1 b ! products ( su* action are always deut]oproteoses1 peptones1 & cry/all9e amido-acids4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 tryps9-proteolysis ! deut]oproteoses & ! amphopeptones mu/ necess>ily be repres5t$ by bodies 9 :i* !re is a prepond]ance ( anti-gr\ps4 ,9 peps9-proteolysis1 z we h se51 ! hemi- & anti-gr\ps ( ! proteid molecule rema9 m or less unit$1 b 9 pancreatic dige/ion1 ! =mation ( amphopeptone is quickly foll[$ by ! break+ d[n ( a portion ( ! hemipeptone into leuc91 tyros91 etc4 ?us leav+ a l>g] proportion ( ! anti-moiety 9 ! rema9+ amphopeptone4 ,!oretically1 at lea/1 9 !-case ( a vigor\s & long-cont9u$ pancreatic dige/ion1 all ( ! hemipeptone =m$ f any native proteid c be conv]t$ into cry/all9e & o!r products1 ?us leav+ a true antipeptone resi/ant to ! fur!r action ( tryps94 ,h5ce1 we are prone to speak ( ! peptone ( pancreatic dige/ion z antipeptone1 al?\gh1 z c be readily se51 ! exact nature ( ! peptone1 i4 e41 ! relative proportion ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps x conta9s1 w obvi\sly dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( ! dige/ion & ! /r5g? ( ! f]m5t4 ,aga91 x is possible1 z c]ta9 facts seem to sugge/1 t ! amido-acids :i* are s readily =m$ f hemipeptone may come 9 "p directly f ! hydration ( a portion ( ! hemideut]oproteose1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! prelim9>y /age ( hemipeptone4 ,if s1 we h ano!r s\rce ( v>iation 9 ! relative proportion ( hemi- & anti-moieties 9 ! deut]oproteoses & peptones ( pancreatic dige/ion4 ,/ill aga91 x is to be rememb]$ t 9 normal dige/ive proteolysis1 z x occurs 9 ! liv+ inte/9al tract1 ! proteid matt] to be act$ ^u has already pass$ ?r\gh c]ta9 prelim9>y /ages 91 its transit ?r\gh ! /oma*1 z a result ( :i* /ill fur!r v>iations 9 ! proportion ( hemi- & anti-gr\ps may be possible4 ,x is ?us pla9ly evid5t1 9 view ( ! ready cleavage ( ! hemi-gr\p into amido-acids1 t ! prim>y products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 ! proteoses & peptones1 mu/ necess>ily be compos$ 9 great "p ( ^? complex & semi-resi/ant atoms :i* we include "u ! head ( ! anti-gr\p4 ,h[ev] mu* "o may be skeptical ab\t ! real exi/5ce ( s-call$ hemi- & anti-gr\ps1 !re is no ga9say+ ! fact t a giv5 weight ( native proteid1 l egg-album9 or blood-fibr91 _c be conv]t$ :olly into cry/all9e or o!r simple products by tryps92 inde$1 x is q significant t at ! end ( a long-cont9u$ treatm5t ) an alkal9e solution ( ! pancreatic f]m5t1 !re is usually f\nd ab\t fifty p] c5t1 ( peptone1 :ile ! o!r fifty p] c5t4 ( ! proteid is repres5t$ ma9ly by m soluble products1 su* z ! amido-acids4 ,x is also significant t ! peptone obta9$ f an artificial pancreatic dige/ion1 :]e ! proteolytic action has be5 long-cont9u$ & vigor\s1 resi/s ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! s-call$ antipeptone4 ,9 l9e ) ?is result is ! fact t ! peptones =m$ 9 peps9-proteolysis1 :5 treat$ ) an alkal9e solution ( tryps91 are conv]t$ into amido-acids & o!r bodies ( simple con/itution to ! ext5t ( ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,?is is easily expla9able on ! gr\nd t ! hemi-portions ( ! above peptones are brok5 d[n into simple products1 :ile ! anti-portions rema9 un*ang$1 be+ resi/ant to ! f]m5t & ?us lead+ to a sep>ation ( ! two gr\ps1 or at lea/ to ! isolation ( ! anti-molecules4 ,!re is mu* t might be cit$ 9 fur!r support ( ^! views1 b d\btless ,i h said en\gh to make x pla9ly evid5t t 9 ! pancreatic dige/ion ( any native proteid1 n m ?an "o-half c at ! mo/ be trans=m$ into cry/all9e products1 :ile ! o!r half w be repres5t$ ma9ly by a peptone incapable ( fur!r *ange by tryps94 ,simil>ly1 ! products ( peps9-proteolysis expos$ to ! action ( tryps9 may und]go a l sep>ation1 ! hemi-gr\ps only break+ d[n into simple products4 ,h5ce1 ! :ole !ory ( ! hemi- & anti-moieties ( ! proteid molecule means simply t ( ! _m complex atoms compos+ ! molecule1 "o-half are easily decomposable by ! pancreatic f]m5t1 :ile ! o!r half are m resi/ant & make up ! s-call$ anti-gr\p4 ,9 any active pancreatic dige/ion ( ei!r a native proteid1 or ( ! products ( peps9-proteolysis1 ! anti-gr\p is repres5t$ ma9ly by antipeptone1 al?\gh !re is (t5 f\nd a small am\nt ( a peculi> antialbumid-l body1 insoluble 9 ! weak alkal9e fluid4 ,antipeptones1 ?us f> /udi$1 :5 entirely free f proteoses1 are *>act]iz$ by a l[ cont5t ( c>bon1 l ! amphopeptones f peps9-proteolysis4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( a few typical examples3 ,,composition ,,( ,,antipeptones4 ,f ,f ,f blood- blood- anti- ,f ,f fibr94 fibr94 albumose4 case94 myos94 #agb #agc #agd #age #agf ,c #dg4cj #di4ei #dh4id #di4id #di4bf ,h #f4gc #f4ib #f4fe #f4ea #f4hg ,n #af4hc #ae4gi #ae4hi #af4cj #af4fb ,s #j4gc --- --- #j4fh #a4af ,o #bh4da --- --- #bf4eg #bf4ji #agb ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em4 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 ii41 p4 #dj4 #agc ,j4 ,otto3 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #h1 p4 #adf4 #agd ,khne & ,*itt5d53 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #ai1 p4 #aif4 #age ,*itt5d53 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em4 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 iii41 p4 #aja4 #agf ,*itt5d5 & ,goodw93 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xii41 p4 #cd4 ,f ^! data x is evid5t t1 :ile ea* individual peptone may h a composition peculi> to itself1 !y are all alike 9 possess+ a relatively l[ cont5t ( c>bon4 ,! antialbumid1 h[ev]1 split (f 9 ^! hydrolytic *anges1 l ! antialbumid =m$ by ! action ( dilute acids at #ajj ,c41 is *>act]iz$ by a correspond+ly high cont5t ( c>bon & a l[ cont5t ( nitrog54 ,z an illu/ration1 may be m5tion$ ! myos9-antialbumid =m$ 9 ! dige/ion ( myos9 f muscle-tissue by an alkal9e tryps9-solution4 ,?is body conta9s #eg4dh p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #g4fg p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 #ac4id p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 #a4cb p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & #ai4ei p] c5t4 ( oxyg54#agg ,x is only necess>y to comp>e ^! figures ) ^? expressive ( ! composition ( myos9-antipeptone1 to appreciate h[ wide a gap !re is betwe5 ^! two products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 & bo? memb]s ( ! anti-gr\p4 ,antialbumid1 h[ev]1 is a peculi> product1 "o :i* is liable to crop out some:at unexpect$ly1 & ) v>y+ %ades ( resi/ance t[>d ! proteolytic f]m5ts4 ,z =m$ 9 peps9-proteolysis1 x is m or less readily soluble 9 sodium c>bonate1 & 9 "p readily conv]tible into antipeptone by tryps94 ,/ill1 ! same sub/ance1 or at lea/ a closely relat$ body1 makes its appe>ance 9 ! =m ( an insoluble residue :5ev] a native proteid is dige/$ by tryps94 ,at times1 ! am\nt ( ?is insoluble product may be q l>ge1 ev5 rea*+ to "o-f\r? ( ! total proteid matt]2#agh b :5 s =m$ 9 ! inte/9e x mu/ entail a heavy loss ( nutrim5t1 = :5ev] ! anti-gr\p is split (f aft] ?is fa%ion x becomes v resi/ant to ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t4 ,sep>at+ 9 ?is mann] f an artificial dige/ive mixture1 x may be dissolv$ 9 dilute cau/ic alkali1 reprecipitat$ by neutralization1 & !n once aga9 br\ght into solution ) dilute sodium c>bonate4 ,9 ?is =m1 x w yield "s antipeptone by ! fur!r action ( tryps91 al?\gh ev5 !n a l>ge am\nt ( ! antialbumid is prone to sep>ate out z a gelat9\s coagulum1 m or less resi/ant to ! fur!r action ( ! f]m5t4 #agg ,*itt5d5 & ,goodw93 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xii41 p4 #cf4 #agh ,khne und ,*itt5d53 ,ueb] die n*/5 ,spaltungsproducte d] ,eiweisskrp]4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #ai1 p4 #aif4 ,! peculi> action ( tryps91 h[ev]1 z a proteolytic enzyme is %[n 9 ! production ( a r[ ( cry/all9e nitrog5\s bodies ( simple con/itution :5ev] ! f]m5t is all[$ to cont9ue its action = any l5g? ( "t1 ei!r on native proteids or on proteolytic products conta9+ ! hemi-gr\p4 ,?is1 to be sure1 is a fact long kn[n1 b x ga9s add$ significance z ye> by ye> new bodies are discov]$ z products ( tryps9-proteolysis ) v>i\s =ms ( proteid matt]4 ,! v "* ( ! bodies orig9at+ 9 ?is mann] gives evid5ce ( ! f>-rea*+ decompositions involv$2 decompositions :i* are p]haps attributable z mu* to ! innate t5d5cies ( ! proteid mat]ial z to ! specific action ( ! f]m5t4 ,z repres5tatives ( ?is peculi> l9e ( cleavage1 we h fir/ ! well-kn[n bodies1 leuc9 & tyros92 leuc91 a body belong+ to ! fatty acid s]ies1 long kn[n z amido-caproic acid1 b n[ g5]ally consid]$ z amido-isobutylacetic acid1 7,,*#c7b ,,**#b ,,*7,,nh#b7 ,,cooh2 & tyros91 a body belong+ to ! aromatic gr\p1 hav+ ! =mula ,,oh ,c#f;,h#d ,,*#b ,,*7,,nh#b7 ,,cooh1 & kn[n z oxyph5yl-amido-propionic acid4 ,^! two bodies are !re=e repres5tatives ( two di/9ct gr\ps or radicals pres5t 9 ! hemi-portion ( ! proteid molecule2 ! fir/ belong+ to ! fatty acid s]ies1 ! second to ! aromatic gr\p f :i* come su* well-kn[n bodies z indol1 skatol1 b5zoic acid1 & o!r sub/ances prom95t 9 proteid metabolism4 ,moreov]1 ^! two hydrolytic products ( tryps9-proteolysis are =m$ 9 consid]able quantity1 at lea/ 9 an artificial dige/ion4 ,?us1 ,khne has report$ ! f9d+ ( #i4a p] c5t4 ( leuc9 & #c4h p] c5t4 ( tyros9 z ! result ( a typical dige/ion1 & ,i h tri$ _m simil> exp]im5ts ) l results4 ,fur!r1 we "k f obs]vations made by diff]5t inve/igators t bo? leuc9 & tyros9 may be =m$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 tryps9-proteolysis z x occurs 9 ! liv+ inte/9e4 ,b to ?is po9t we %all return lat] on4 ,besides leuc9 & tyros91 asp>tic acid & glutamic acid h long be5 kn[n z decomposition-products ( ! vegetable proteids4 ,?us1 bo? acids 7 discov]$ by ,rit?aus5 & ,kreusl]#agi 9 ! cleavage ( su* proteids by boil+ dilute acid4 ,hlasiwetz & ,hab]mann#ahj likewise obta9$ asp>tic acid 9 l>ge quantity by ! break+ d[n ( animal proteids "u ! influ5ce ( brom9e4 ,fur!r1 ,siegfri$#aha has rec5tly obta9$ glutamic acid z a product ( ! decomposition ( ! phosphorus-conta9+ proteid1 reticul91 f ad5oid tissue4 ,z products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 ,salk[ski & ,radziejewski#ahb f\nd asp>tic acid 9 ! dige/ion ( blood-fibr92 & v4 ,kni]iem#ahc likewise obta9$ x 9 ! dige/ion ( glut5 f :eat4 ,bo? ( ^! acids belong to ! fatty acid s]ies1 ! asp>tic acid be+ a dibasic acid1 ,,cooh4 ,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b74 ,,cooh1 or amido-succ9ic acid1 :ile glutamic acid1 ,,cooh4 ,c#c;,h#e7,,nh#b74 ,,cooh1 is likewise a dibasic acid1 kn[n z amido-pyrot>t>ic acid4 #agi ,v]breitung d] ,asp>ag9sure und ,glutam9sure unt] d5 ,z]setzungs-product5 d] ,prote9/(fe4 ,j\rnal f4 prakt4 ,*emie1 ,b& #c1 p4 #cad4 #ahj ,ueb] die ,prote9/(fe4 ,liebig's ,annal51 ,b& #aei1 p4 #cjd4 #aha ,ueb] die *emis*5 ,eig5s*aft5 des ,reticulirt5 ,gewebes4 ,habilitations*rift4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 #ahb ,bildung von ,asp>ag9sure bei d] ,pancreas-,v]dauung4 ,b]i*t4 d4 ,deuts*4 *em4 ,gesells*41 ,b& #g1 p4 #ajej4 #ahc ,asp>ag9sure1 e9 ,product d] kn/li*5 ,v]dauung von ,kleb] dur* die ,pancreas-,drse4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #aa1 p4 #aih4 ,( m int]e/ physiologically1 are ! rec5tly discov]$ nitrog5\s bases lys9 & lysat991 or lysat94 ,^! two bodies 7 fir/ id5tifi$ by ,dre*sel#ahd & 8 co-work]s z products ( ! decomposition ( v>i\s proteids1 :5 ! latt] are boil$ ) hydro*loric acid & /ann\s *loride4 ,!y 7 fir/ obta9$ by ,dre*sel z cleavage products ( case94#ahe ,lat]1 ,ern/ ,fis*]1#ahf work+ "u ,dre*sel's direction1 sep>at$ !m z decomposition-products ( gelat92 :ile ,siegfri$#ahg obta9$ !m z products ( ! cleavage ( conglut91 glut5-fibr91 hemiprote91 & egg-album91 by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid & /ann\s *loride4 ,9 all ( ^! cases x is obvi\s1 f ! me?od ( treatm5t pursu$1 t ! two bodies result f a simple hydrolytic cleavage ( ! proteid molecule4 ,h5ce1 x might be assum$ t ^! two bases w\ld likewise be =m$ 9 tryps9-proteolysis4 ,?is assumption1 ,h$91#ahh work+ 9 ,dre*sel's laboratory1 has prov$ to be correct1 & fur!rmore he has %[n t ! am\nt ( ^! bases =m$ 9 pancreatic dige/ion is n inconsid]able4 ,?us1 z products ( ! dige/ion ( ?ree kilos4 ( moi/ blood-fibr9 ) an alkal9e solution ( tryps91 #bh grammes ( pure plat9o-*loride ( lys9 7 obta9$1 & suffici5t lysat99 to e/abli% its id5tity4 #ahd ,d] ,abbau d] ,eiweiss/(fe4 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv4 f4 ,physiol41 p4 #bdh4 #ahia4 #ahe ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,spaltungsproducte des ,case9s4 ,ibid41 p4 #bed4 #ahia4 #ahf ,ueb] neue ,spaltungsproducte des ,leimes4 ,ibid41 p4 #bfe4 #ahia4 #ahg ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,spaltungsproducte d] ,eiweisskrp]4 ,ibid41 p4 #bgj4 #ahia4 #ahh ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,producte d] tryptis*5 ,v]dauung des ,fibr9s4 ,ibid41 p4 #bgc4 #ahia4 ,lys9 has ! composition ( ,c#f ,h#ad ,n#b ,o#b1 be+ a diamido-caproic acid1 a homologue ( diamido-val]ianic acid4 ,h5ce1 ?is body1 l leuc9 or amido-caproic acid1 is a repres5tative ( ! fatty acid gr\p1 ! *emical relation%ip betwe5 ! two bodies be+ pla9ly app>5t f _! con/itution4 ,! con/itution ( lysat99 is less def9itely settl$1 b app>5tly x has ! composition ( a creat91 its =mula be+ ,c#f;,h#ac,n#c,o#b1 9 :i* case x might be m appropriately t]m$ lysat94 ,! special po9t ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) ?is latt] body z a product ( tryps9-proteolysis is ! fact t by simple hydrolytic decomposition1 all *ance ( oxidation be+ exclud$1 x c break d[n into urea4#ahi ,= ye>s1 *emi/s h be5 seek+ to trace out ! l9e ( cleavage or decomposition by :i* urea results 9 proteid metabolism4 ,9 ! nutritional *anges ( ! body1 ne>ly all ! nitrog5 ( ! +e/$ proteid food is excret$ 9 ! =m ( urea1 b *emi/s work+ ) dead food-album9 h be5 h]et(ore unable to break d[n proteid matt] directly into urea4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,dre*sel has n[ succe$$ 9 do+1 & x is to be especially not$ t ! l9e ( decomposition or cleavage is simply "o ( hydration1 9 :i* ! proteid molecule1 ei!r ?r\gh ! action ( boil+ dilute acids1 or ?r\gh ! m subtle influ5ce ( ! hydrolytic enzyme1 tryps91 is gradually brok5 d[n into cleavage products1 f "o or m ( :i* comes lysat94 ,! v resemblance ( ?is body to creat9 sugge/$ t1 s9ce ! latt] breaks d[n into urea & s>cos9 :5 boil$ ) b>yta wat]1 lysat9 might possibly behave 9 a simil> mann]4 ,?is1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 0 f\nd to be ! case1 & ,dre*sel obta9$ f t5 grammes ( a d\ble salt ( lysat9 & silv] "o gramme ( urea nitrate1 by simple boil+ ) b>yta wat]4 #ahi ,dre*sel3 ,ueb] die ,bildung von ,h>n/(f aus ,eiweiss4 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 p4 #bfa4 #ahia4 ,x is ?us evid5t t a c]ta9 am\nt ( urea may come f ! m or less direct hydrolysis ( proteid matt] 9 ! inte/9al canal1 all b ! la/ /eps 9 ! process be+ ! result ( ! ord9>y cleavage processes incid5tal to tryps9-proteolysis4 ,?is fact af=ds additional evid5ce ( ! pr(\nd *anges set 9 motion by ?is proteolytic enzyme4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t all ! urea =m$ 9 ! body has its orig9 9 ?is mann]4 ,su* a me?od ( decomposition tak+ place 9 ! inte/9al tract w\ld be exce$+ly unphysiological & wa/eful1 b we c readily see h[ su* a l9e ( cleavage might result 9 ine/imable ga9 to ! economy 9 cases :]e excess ( proteid food has be5 +e/$4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 a portion ( ! surplus might be brok5 d[n directly 9 ! inte/9e into ?is urea-antec$5t1 & ?us quickly remov$ f ! sy/em ) a m9imum am\nt ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! economy4 ,dre*sel e/imates t ab\t "o-n9? ( ! urea daily excret$ may come f ! direct decomposition ( lysat91 ! latt] obvi\sly hav+ its orig9 9 tryps9-proteolysis4 ,ano!r product ( tryps9-proteolysis :i* has long be5 recogniz$1 al?\gh its real nature has n be5 kn[n1 is tryptophan or prote9o*romog54 ,?is body is n only a product ( ! pancreatic dige/ion ( proteids1 b x is also =m$ :5ev] native proteids are brok5 d[n ?r\gh any influ5ce :atev]1 ! sub/ance com+ presumably f ! hemi-moiety ( ! molecule4 ,x is especially *>act]iz$ by ! bright-color$ comp\nd x =ms ) ei!r *lor9e or brom9e1 s t = a long "t x w5t by ! my/ical "n ( ! 8brom9e body40 ,:5 br\ght 9 contact ) ei!r ( ^! ag5ts1 x imm$iately comb9es ) !m to =m a new comp\nd ( an int5se violet color1 t]m$ prote9o*rome4 ,?is con/itutes ! usual te/ = its pres5ce1 a little brom9e wat]1 = example1 quickly br++ out a violet color :5 add$ to a fluid conta9+ ! *romog54 ,! body is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 & h5ce c be easily sep>at$ f ! prim>y products ( tryps9-proteolysis1 su* z ! proteoses & peptones4 ,kruk5b]g consid]$ ! sub/ance n a true proteid1 b r a body belong+ to ! indigo-gr\p2 b ,/adelmann1 :o has giv5 ! matt] a v ?or\gh inve/igation1 comes to ! conclusion t x is truly a proteid body1 9 "p closely relat$ to peptone1 al?\gh 9 _m ways q diff]5t4 ,! foll[+ composition ( brom9e prote9o*rome1 z det]m9$ by ,/adelmann1#aij %[s ! g5]al nature ( ! comp\nd =m$ :5 brom9e comb9es ) ! *romog53 ,a ,d ,c #di4jj #dh4ab ,h #e4bh #e4ji ,n #aj4ii #aa4ib ,s #c4gg #c4aj ,o #aa4ja #ab4jj ,br #ai4ie #ai4gg #aij ,ueb] das beim tief5 ,z]fall d] ,eiweisskrp] ent/eh5de ,prote9o*romog51 d5 die ,bromreaction geb5d5 ,krp]4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bf1 p4 #eba4 ,f ! av]age ( ! sev]al results obta9$1 x w\ld appe> t ! prote9o*romog51 :i* c\ld n be isolat$ by itself 9 suffici5t purity = analysis1 mu/ conta9 approximately #fa4jb p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #f4hi p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 #ac4fh p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 #d4fi p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & #ac4ga p] c5t4 ( oxyg54 ,z a proteid-l body1 x is ?us especially *>act]iz$ by an exce$+ly high cont5t ( c>bon & a high cont5t ( sulphur4 ,z a product ( tryps9-proteolysis1 x mu/ presumably come f ! cleavage ( hemipeptone1 :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9s only #j4ge p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,b z we h se51 ?is latt] body breaks d[n by fur!r cleavage into sub/ances su* z leuc91 tyros91 lys91 etc41 :i* conta9 no sulphur :atev]1 & z !re is no elim9ation ( sulphur 9 ?is process ?r\gh =mation ( hydrog5 sulphide gas or o!rwise 7putrefaction be+ exclud$ by ! pres5ce ( ei!r *lor(orm or ?ymol71 x foll[s t ?is surplus sulphur mu/ accumulate some:]e4 ,! high cont5t ( c>bon1 h[ev]1 9 prote9o*romog5 is suffici5t evid5ce t ! sub/ance _c h its orig9 9 a simple cleavage ( hemipeptone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ po9ts to a syn!tical process1 9 :i* two or m cleavage products ( ! proteid molecule comb9e & =m a new body1 su* z prote9o*romog51 conta9+ all ! sulphur ca/ (f f ! hemipeptone 9 ! production ( ! cry/all9e bodies1 & hav+ 9 itself prop]ties common to peptone & to a body ( ! indigo-gr\p1 ! latt] obvi\sly com+ f "s aromatic antec$5t4 ,9 view ( ! app>5t complexity ( ! processes att5d+ tryps9-proteolysis1 x is n /range t ev5 simpl] sub/ances ?an ^? already describ$ %\ld make _! appe>ance4 ,?us1 :5 x 0 sugge/$ t ammonia1 ,,nh#c1 might be =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( tryps91 x 0 n consid]$ at all improbable1 = 9 ! hydrolytic decomposition ( proteids by boil+ dilute acid1 z well z by b>yta wat]1 x _h long be5 kn[n z a prom95t product4 ,obvi\sly1 9 tryps9-proteolysis1 ! "o ?+ to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 prov+ ! =mation ( ammonia is ! contam9at+ influ5ce ( bact]ia4 ,hirs*l]1#aia h[ev]1 ) a full recognition ( ?is dang]1 made dige/ions ( blood-fibr9 ) tryps9 ext5d+ only ?r\gh f\r h\rs & at a temp]ature ( #cb ,c41 & yet he obta9$ pla9 evid5ce ( ! =mation ( ammonia4 ,/adelmann1#aib ) /ill great] precautions to exclude all bact]ial ag5cies1 us+ boil$ fibr9 z ! mat]ial to be dige/$ & ?ymol to prev5t any possible infection ( ! dige/ive mixture1 prov$ conclusively t ammonia 0 =m$ z a result ( tryps9-proteolysis4 ,?us1 9 ! dige/ion ( #ce grammes ( boil$ blood-fibr9 ) #fj c4 c4 ( a pancreas infusion = ?ree days1 #bj4h milligrammes ( ,,nh#c 7 develop$1 presumably com+ f ! lib]ation ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( nitrog5 att5dant ^u ! =mation ( su* bodies z leuc9 & tyros91 :i* conta9 consid]ably less nitrog5 ?an _! direct antec$5t hemipeptone1 or ! orig9al proteid4 ,we ?us h /rik+ pro( ( ! ability ( ?is peculi> proteolytic enzyme to set 9 motion hydrolytic *anges :i* may ext5d ev5 to ! production ( su* simple sub/ances z ammonia1 ?us mak+ /ill m /rik+ ! p>allelism betwe5 tryps9-proteolysis on ! "o h&1 & ! artificial hydrolysis produc$ by boil+ dilute acids on ! o!r4 #aia ,bildung von ,ammoniak bei d] ,pancreasv]dauung von ,fibr94 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #aj1 p4 #cjb4 #aib ,bildung von ,ammoniak bei ,pancreasv]dauung von ,fibr94 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bd1 p4 #bfa4 ,9 view ( all ^! facts reg>d+ ! nature ( ! products obta9able by pancreatic proteolysis1 x is v evid5t t _m *emical *anges may take place side by side 9 a vigor\s pancreatic dige/ion ( proteid matt]4 ,we "k )\t a %ad[ ( d\bt t all ( ! bodies enum]at$ z products ( pancreatic dige/ion are ! results ( tryps9-proteolysis1 & n ! products ( putrefactive *anges4 ,bact]ia1 x is true1 are able to produce _m l products1 & 9 ! liv+ inte/9al tract ex]cise an important influ5ce1 especially 9 ! break+ d[n ( resi/ant =ms ( proteid matt]1 & 9 ! decomposition ( surplus mat]ial :i* has escap$ ! pancreatic f]m5t4 ,b all ! bodies describ$ above are readily obta9able by tryps9-proteolysis "u conditions :i* exclude all possibility ( bact]ial action4 ,grant+1 !n1 z we mu/1 t ^! v>i\s bodies are all products ( pancreatic proteolysis :5 ! process is c>ri$ on 9 beak]s or flasks1 we ne$ to consid] next h[ f> su* bodies appe> 9 ! natural process z x takes place 9 ! liv+ inte/9e4 ,we "k inde$ t ! natural & ! artificial processes are v mu* alike s f> z ! qualitative results are conc]n$1 b :at diff]5ces !re may be betwe5 ! quantitative relation%ips 9 ! two cases is less c]ta94 ,"o might naturally reason t1 ) ! facilities = rapid absorption t exi/ 9 ! small inte/9e1 tryps9-proteolysis w\ld r>ely proce$ beyond ! peptone /age1 yet we h ample evid5ce t1 "u "s circum/ances at lea/1 bo? leuc9 & tyros9 are =m$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! inte/9e4 ,x obvi\sly makes a v great diff]5ce to ! economy 9 :at =m ! proteid matt] +e/$ leaves ! inte/9e on its way into ! blood-curr5t4 ,x has be5 m or less g5]ally assum$ t1 "u ! ord9>y circum/ances exi/5t 9 ! inte/9al tract1 ! cry/all9e & o!r bodies com+ f ! m pr(\nd *anges incid5tal to tryps9-dige/ion are r>ely =m$1 ma9ly on ! gr\nd t su* trans=mations w\ld entail great loss ( nutritive mat]ial to ! blood4 ,ye>s ago1 ,s*midt-,mlheim#aic made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! *anges :i* proteid foods und]go 9 diff]5t portions ( ! alim5t>y tract1 f :i* he conclud$ t leuc9 & tyros9 are =m$ 9 su* small quantities 9 natural pancreatic dige/ion t !y repres5t only a v small "p ( ! nitrog5 absorb$ f ! inte/9e4 ,?is conclusion has be5 m or less g5]ally accept$1 especially z sev]al obs]v]s h report$ f9d+ only small am\nts ( ^! bodies 9 ! inte/9e "u :at might be assum$ to be favorable circum/ances = _! =mation4 ,9 artificial dige/ions1 on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 leuc9 & tyros91 toge!r ) ! o!r simple bodies describ$1 may appe> 9 l>ge quantities4 ,obvi\sly1 two sugge/ions pres5t !mselves z explanatory ( ?is diff]5ce2 ei!r !re is su* a rapid absorption ( ^! cry/all9e products f ! inte/9e t !y _c be detect$ o!r ?an z m]e traces1 or else ! natural process takes a diff]5t c\rse f ! artificial1 ow+ to ! rapid )drawal f ! inte/9e ( ! antec$5t ( ! leuc9 & tyros91 viz41 ! hemipeptone4 #aic ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,v]dauung d] ,eiweisskrp]4 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahgi1 p4 #ci4 ,conc]n+ ?is po9t1 ,lea#aid has rec5tly report$ "s exp]im5tal evid5ce obta9$ by a comp>ative /udy ( artificial pancreatic dige/ion z c>ri$ on 9 a flask1 ) simil> dige/ions c>ri$ on 9 p>*m5t dialyz] tubes1 ! latt] s arrang$ t ! diffusible products ( proteolysis c pass f ! tube into ! surr\nd+ fluid4 ,z ,lea ju/ly says1 ?is :ole "q ( ! =mation ( leuc9 by proteolysis is a v important "o1 s9ce x be>s closely ^u "o ( ! possible me?ods by :i* urea may be quickly =m$ f proteid food4 ,?us1 we h evid5ce t :5 leuc9 is adm9i/]$ to mammals a portion ( its nitrog51 at lea/1 quickly reappe>s z urea & uric acid 9 ! ur9e4#aie ,fur!r1 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( evid5ce t ?is trans=mation takes place 9 ! liv]1 viz41 9 ! organ :]e leuc9 absorb$ f ! inte/9e w\ld naturally be fir/ c>ri$4#aif #aid ,a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,artificial & ,natural ,dige/ions4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 xi1 p4 #bbf4 #aie ,e4 ,salk[ski3 ,weit]e ,beitrge zur ,!orie d] ,h>n/(fbildung4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #d1 pp4 #ee & #ajj4 #aif ,w4 ,salomon3 ,ueb] die ,v]!ilung d] ,ammoniaksalze im ?i]is*5 ,organismus und b] d5 ,ort d] ,h>n/(fbildung4 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #ig1 p4 #adi4 ,obvi\sly1 ! ma9 po9t to be ga9$ 9 a dialyz]-exp]im5t is ! removal ( ! soluble products ( dige/ion z soon z !y are =m$2 b peptones are n rapidly diffusible1 & ! process1 z not$ "u ! head ( ga/ric dige/ion1 _c be consid]$ 9 any s5se z yield+ ! same results z might be obta9$ 9 ! liv+ inte/9e4 ,/ill1 ! me?od (f]s a clos] approa* to ! natural process ?an :5 c>ri$ on 9 a flask1 & ! results are ( int]e/4 ,?us1 ,lea f9ds 9 ! fir/ place t 9 a dialyz]-dige/ion ! proteid is m quickly dissolv$1 & t !re is f> less t5d5cy = ! =mation ( an insoluble antialbumid ) its natural resi/ance to ! f]m5t4 ,/ill1 x is to be notic$ t ! am\nt ( ?is antialbumid-residue =m$ by tryps9-proteolysis 9 a flask is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! /r5g? ( ! f]m5t solution1 & ! "* ( ! proteid und]go+ dige/ion4 ,if ! latt] is 9 a fairly dige/ible =m1 & ! enzyme solution reasonably active1 !n ev5 ! flask-dige/ion may %[ almo/ no residue ( antialbumid4 ,yet !re is at lea/ a %ade ( diff]5ce 9 ! two cases1 :i* may be express$ by ! /atem5t t tryps9-proteolysis1 z c>ri$ on 9 a dialyz]-tube1 is prone to give less insoluble antialbumid ?an a correspond+ dige/ion 9 a flask4 ,fur!r1 ! am\nt ( leuc9 & tyros9 =m$ 9 a flask-dige/ion is always great] ?an 9 a dialyz]-dige/ion1 o!r conditions be+ equal4 ,naturally1 ^! results help u v little 9 draw+ any conclusions reg>d+ ! ext5t to :i* leuc9 & tyros9 may be =m$ 9 ! inte/9e4 ,!y m]ely emphasize ! fact t ! )drawal ( a c]ta9 quantity ( hemipeptone f ! dige/ive mixture t5ds to r$uce by s mu* ! yield ( leuc9 & tyros94 ,x is h>dly to be assum$1 h[ev]1 t ! rate ( )drawal ( peptone f ! inte/9e c keep pace ) its =mation1 especially :5 x is rememb]$ t ! proteid matt] com+ into ! small inte/9e1 ow+ to its prelim9>y treatm5t 9 ! /oma*1 is 9 a comp>atively dige/ible condition4 ,fur!r1 ! pancreatic juice is a rem>kably active fluid1 & proteolysis "u its influ5ce mu/ make rapid /rides4 ,i c easily conceive t proteolysis by tryps91 :5 c>ri$ on 9 a flask1 may lead to ! =mation ( mu* l>g] am\nts ( leuc9 & tyros91 & ( o!r bodies z well1 ?an occurs 9 ! natural process2 b !re is c]ta9ly no gr\nd = ! belief t leuc9 & tyros9 are :olly want+ 9 pancreatic proteolysis z x occurs 9 ! inte/9e4 ,) a view to obta9+ "s positive evid5ce on ?is po9t ,i h tri$ a few exp]im5ts on animals1 ! results ( :i* h conv9c$ me t1 9 ! case ( dogs1 at lea/1 bo? leuc9 & tyros9 may be =m$ 9 natural pancreatic dige/ion 9 consid]able quantities4 ,?us1 9 "o exp]im5t a good siz$ dog1 kept )\t food = two days1 0 f$ f\r hundr$ grammes ( *opp$ lean beef at #h ,a4,m4 ,at #b ,p4,m4 ! animal 0 kill$ & ! inte/9e ligatur$ close to ! pylorus4 ,! l[] end ( ! small inte/9e 0 likewise ligatur$4 ,! portion inclos$ betwe5 ! two ligatures 0 !n remov$ f ! body1 & ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9e press$ & r9s$ out ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 ! /oma*1 0 f\nd a small am\nt ( semi-dige/$ matt] weigh+ ab\t fifty grammes4 ,! mat]ial obta9$ f ! inte/9e 0 /ra9$ ?r\gh mull1 ! fluid r5d]$ fa9tly acid ) acetic acid1 & heat$ to boil+4 ,! cle> filtrate f ?is precipitate 0 conc5trat$ to a v small volume1 & :ile /ill hot precipitat$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( n9ety-five p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,a small gummy precipitate result$1 :i* 0 ?or\ghly extract$ ) boil+ alcohol & ! wa%+s add$ to ! alcoholic filtrate4 ,! precipitate conta9$ "s deut]oproteose & a small am\nt ( true peptone4 ,! alcoholic fluids 7 evaporat$ to a small volume & set aside 9 a cool place4 ,z a result1 q a sep>ation ( leuc9 & tyros9 occurr$ 9 ! *>act]i/ic cry/all9e =ms4 ,no attempt 0 made to effect a quantitative sep>ation ( ! two bodies1 b ! mix$ precipitate f9ally obta9$ weigh$1 aft] recry/allization1 ov] ?ree-f\r?s ( a gramme4 ,leuc9 0 pla9ly 9 excess1 b consid]able tyros9 mu/ h be5 left 9 ! alcoholic precipitate1 ow+ to its great] insolubility 9 ?is m5/ruum4 ,?is exp]im5t is almo/ a c\nt]p>t ( "o report$ by ,lea1#aig & l 8 indicates t bo? leuc9 & tyros9 may be =m$ 9 n inconsid]able quantities by pancreatic proteolysis z x occurs 9 ! inte/9e4 ,?is be+ s1 "o is naturally call$ on to expla9 8! physiological significance ( a process :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to result 9 a degradation ( ! pot5tial en]gy ( proteids1 "u conditions su* t ! en]gy set free c be ( little use to ! economy40#aih ,b x is q possible1 z ,lea has sugge/$1 t ^! amido-bodies h an important "p to play 9 "s ( ! syn!tical or o!r processes ( ! organism1 & t _! =mation is consequ5tly necess>y = ! well-be+ ( ! body4 ,:e!r ?is is s or n1 we may well consid] ! =mation ( ^! amido-acids 9 pancreatic proteolysis z a means ( quickly ridd+ ! body ( any excess ( +e/$ proteid food1 ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( en]gy on ! "p ( ! sy/em4 ,?is has always seem$ to me ! probable purpose ( ! pr(\nd *anges :i* ! pancreatic f]m5t is capable ( induc+4 #aig ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 xi1 p4 #bee4 #aih ,lea3 loc4 cit4 ,! prim>y object ( bo? ga/ric & pancreatic proteolysis is to r5d] ! proteid foods m easily available = ! ne$s ( ! economy1 viz41 to aid 9 _! absorption & consequ5t di/ribution to ! ma/] tissues & organs ( ! body4 ,?is is d\btless fully accompli%$ by ! =mation ( ! s-call$ prim>y & second>y products ( proteolysis1 i4 e41 ! proteoses & peptones :i* are1 comp>atively1 n f> remov$ f ! "m-proteid1 except 9 solubility & o!r m9or po9ts4 ,9 ! f]m5t tryps91 h[ev]1 we h a special ag5t end[$ ) ! p[] ( c>ry+ on ! hydrolytic cleavage to a po9t :]e exce$+ly simple bodies result1 & ?r\gh ^: ag5cy any excess ( proteid mat]ial 9 ! inte/9al canal may be quickly brok5 d[n into a r[ ( products easily remov$ f ! sy/em4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! v nature ( ! proteid molecule precludes ! possibility ( any?+ l a complete decomposition into cry/all9e or o!r simple products4 ,full fifty p] c5t4 ( ! peptone =m$ mu/ be antipeptone1 :i* _c be fur!r *ang$ by tryps9 "u any circum/ances1 s t1 :e!r ! am\nt ( proteid 9 ! inte/9e be l>ge or small1 or :e!r x is expos$ = a long] or %ort] p]iod to tryps9-proteolysis1 !re w always be a fairly l>ge am\nt = absorption4 ,?is may well be consid]$ z "o ( ! reasons = ! peculi> /ructure ( ! proteid molecule1 ! anti-gr\p be+ always available = ! direct nutrition ( ! body1 :ile ! repres5tatives ( ! hemi-gr\p1 especially :5 proteid is pres5t 9 excess1 c be quickly & readily brok5 d[n into simple products4 ,9 o!r words1 ! direct =mation ( ^! simple bodies 9 ! inte/9e furni%es a %ort pa? to urea1 ?us lead+ to ! rapid elim9ation ( any excess ( proteid mat]ial4 ,we may well attribute to ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9e ! p[]1 "u normal circum/ances1 ( regulat+ & controll+1 ev5 ?\gh indirectly1 ! ord] ( ev5ts 9 ! inte/9e4 ,j z ! s-call$ secret+ cells ( ! tubuli ur9if]i may lose = a "t _! p[] to pick out f ! blood mat]ial de/9$ = ! ur9e1 be+ clogg$ or exhau/$ by cont9u$ ef=t1 s ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9e1 :i* play su* an important "p 9 ! absorption ( proteid matt]s f ! alim5t>y tract1 may1 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( proteid matt]1 become tempor>ily exhau/$1 &1 refus+ passage to ! proteoses & peptone =m$ by proteolysis1 r5d] possible fur!r hydrolytic cleavage into leuc91 tyros91 lysat91 etc42 bodies :i*1 by "o me?od or ano!r1 c be readily trans=m$ into urea4 ,at ! same "t1 z already /at$1 x seems m ?an probable t "s =mation ( ^! amido-acids always occurs 9 ! inte/9e1 & t ^! bodies h "s specific "p to play 9 ! normal processes ( metabolism go+ on 9 ! body4 ,! m "o /udies ! processes ( nutrition 9 g5]al1 ! m "o is impress$ ) ! view t !re is a purpose 9 ev]y?+1 & t ! =mation ( ev5 su* bodies z leuc9 & tyros9 may be connect$ ) hidd5 processes1 ! key to :i* has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,we see an analog\s case1 p]haps1 9 ! action ( ! inorganic salts 9 nutrition1 "s ( :i*1 at lea/1 nei!r und]go *ange !mselves nor induce *anges 9 o!r sub/ances1 & yet we "k _! pres5ce is indisp5sable = keep+ up ! normal rhy?m ( ! nutritional processes ( ! body4 ,,absorption ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,products ,,( ,,proteolysis4 ,9 ord9>y proteolytic action1 bo? 9 ! /oma* & inte/9e1 x is v app>5t t ! prim>y products ( proteolysis1 ! proteoses & peptones1 are ! *ief products =m$1 & t "u normal circum/ances ! great] portion ( ! proteid food f9ds its way f ! alim5t>y canal into ! blood1 aft] trans=mation into "o or m ( ^! two classes ( products4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ev5 ! acid-album9 =m$ by peps9-hydro*loric acid may be absorb$ )\t und]go+ fur!r *ange4 ,! view once held1 t ! rate ( absorption f ! alim5t>y tract /&s 9 close relation to ! diffusibility ( ! products =m$1 & t non-diffusible sub/ances are incapable ( absorption1 is no long] t5able4 ,absorption f ! inte/9e is to be consid]$ r z a process involv+ ! vital activity ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane1 :]e *emical aff9ities & o!r l factors play an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! rate & ord] ( transf]5ce ?r\gh ! inte/9al walls into ! blood & lymph4 ,?us1 we h abundant evid5ce t native proteids :i* h n und]gone proteolysis may be absorb$ f ! inte/9e1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 provid$ !y h be5 dissolv$2 i4 e41 conv]t$ into acid-album91 or alkali-album9ate1 by ! ga/ric or pancreatic juice4 ,we h a practical demon/ration ( ?is possibility 9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts ( ,voit & ,bau]1#aii z well z 9 _m lat] ones t ne$ n be m5tion$ "h4 ,fur!r1 ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,hub]#bjj h giv5 u quantitative data on ! rate ( absorption ( fluid egg-album9 :5 introduc$ into ! l>ge inte/9e 9 ! =m ( a cly/]1 %[+ t ev5 fairly l>ge am\nts ( a natural proteid may be absorb$ )\t und]go+ proteolysis if mix$ ) a neutral salt1 l sodium *loride4 ,to be sure1 ! rate ( absorption is greatly increas$ :5 ! album9 has be5 peptoniz$1 b /ill absorption ( ! native proteid is possible )\t ! ag5cy ( proteolytic enzymes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 l>ge am\nts ( egg-album9 are introduc$ into ! inte/9e1 album9uria may result1 z y v well "k4 #aii ,ueb] die ,aufsaugung im ,dick und ,dnnd>m1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #e1 p4 #efb4 #bjj ,ueb] d5 ,nhrw]? d] ,ei]kly/i]e1 ,ar*4 f4 kl94 ,m$41 ,b& #dg1 p4 #die4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n t ! proteids ( muscle-tissue1 9 ! =m ( synton91 may be absorb$ f ! l>ge inte/9e )\t und]go+ fur!r hydration4 ,:5 introduc$ into ! rectum ( a hungry dog1 ! excretion ( urea may be at once increas$ & ! animal br\ght into a condition ( nitrog5\s equilibrium2 absorption tak+ place f a portion ( ! l>ge inte/9e1 :]e proteolysis is nev] kn[n to occur4#bja #bja ,ei*hor/3 ,ueb] die ,resorption d] ,album9ate im ,dickd>m1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #d1 p4 #egj4 ,aga91 ,neumei/]#bjb has %[n t ! direct introduction ( synton91 alkali-album9ate1 cry/all9e phytovitell91 z well z pure s]um-album91 into ! blood ( ! jugul> ve9 is n att5d$ ) ! appe>ance ( album9 9 ! ur9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! proteid matt] s introduc$ appe>s to be assimilat$ & utiliz$ = ! ne$s ( ! organism4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ^! sub/ances are n to be consid]$ z =eign bodies1 = if s ! kidneys w\ld und\bt$ly make "s ef=t to remove !m f ! circulation4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t all native proteids are n assimilat$ 9 ?is mann]1 z case91#bjc gelat91#bjd & especially egg-album94 ,?us1 ,j4 ,c4 ,lehman1#bje work+ "u ,khne's direction1 obs]v$ t ! injection ( a c>efully filt]$ solution ( egg-album9 into ! ve9s ( a dog 0 always accompani$ by album9uria1 :ile simil> injections ( ,lieb]khn's sodium album9ate1 or ( synton9 f frog's muscle1 fail$ to %[ any su* result4 #bjb ,zur ,physiologie d] ,eiweissresorption und zur ,lehre von d5 ,pepton51 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bg1 p4 #cji4 #bjc ,neumei/]3 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ,physik4 m$4 ,gesells*4 zu ,wrzburg1 #ahhi1 p4 #gc4 #bjd ,f4 ,klug3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #dh1 p4 #abb4 #bje ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #cj1 p4 #eic4 ,:ile ^! obs]vations t5d to %[ t "s native proteids may be absorb$ f ! alim5t>y tract )\t previ\sly und]go+ proteolysis1 x is n to be und]/ood t any consid]able quantity is s absorb$ "u normal circum/ances4 ,d\btless1 :5 small am\nts ( proteid food are tak51 its d5aturalization by ! prim>y action ( ! ga/ric or pancreatic juice1 viz41 its conv]sion into synton9 or alkali-album9ate1 may be suffici5t to insure its p>tial absorption1 b dige/ive proteolysis is unque/ionably a necess>y prelim9>y to any g5]al absorption1 & !re c be no mann] ( d\bt t ! great] portion ( ! proteid food is absorb$ z proteoses & peptone4 ,peptones1 z we h se51 are possess$ ( a high] endosmotic equival5t ?an ! proteoses1 b we ne$ to keep cont9ually 9 m9d ! possibility t ! selective p[] ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9al mucosa may lead to z rapid transf]5ce ( ! proteoses z ( ! m diffusible peptones4 ,x is n to be und]/ood by ?is1 h[ev]1 t diffusibility is ( no consequ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! rate ( absorption4 ,surely1 ev]y?+ else be+ equal1 ! m diffusible ! sub/ance ! m rapid w be its passage f ! inte/9e into ! blood-curr5t4 ,! m ! process ( absorption is /udi$1 h[ev]1 ! m cle>ly d we see its dep5d5ce ^u ! functional p[] ( ! liv+ epi!lial cells1 a fact :i* pla9ly emphasizes ! physiological nature ( ! process4 ,fur!r1 z already /at$1 absorption ( proteid food-/uffs1 or _! products1 f ! alim5t>y tract1 is1 "u ord9>y circum/ances at lea/1 limit$ to ! inte/9e2 f ! /oma* !re is comp>atively little absorb$1 & if necess>y we might advance ?is fact z an important argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( g5]al absorption ( proteids 9 ! =m ( acid-album94 ,ev5 su* indiff]5t fluids z wat]1 or physiological salt solution1 are absorb$ ) extreme sl[ness f ! /oma*2#bjf ?is organ %[+ v little ability to take up wat] ev5 :5 ! blood-vessels are dilat$1 z aft] ! +e/ion ( food4 #bjf ,j4 ,s4 ,edk9s3 ,! ,absorption ( ,wat] 9 ! ,alim5t>y ,canal4 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 #ac1 p4 #dde4 ,?is br+s u to a v important po9t 9 connection ) ! utilization by ! sy/em ( ! ord9>y products ( proteolysis4 ,! latt]1 z we h se51 are ma9ly proteoses & peptones1 & yet all ! evid5ce po9ts cle>ly to ! fact t ^! sub/ances are nev] pres5t1 at lea/ 9 any quantity1 9 ! blood or lymph1 ev5 :5 dige/ive proteolysis is at its height4 ,fur!r1 ! v nature ( ! proteoses & peptones1 _! m>k$ physiological action :5 !y are introduc$ directly into ! circulat+ blood1 _! rapid excretion1 ei!r z proteoses or peptones1 by ! kidneys :5 s introduc$1#bjg all indicate t !y are =eign sub/ances1 totally out ( _! natural environm5t :5 introduc$ into ! blood-curr5t4 ,& yet we v well "k t proteoses especially are possess$ ( high nutritive qualities2 !y are abundantly able to support animal life4 ,?us1 ,politz]#bjh f\nd by fe$+ exp]im5ts ) het]oalbumose1 dysalbumose1 & protoalbumose1 t ^! bodies tak5 into ! /oma* h ! same nutritive value z meat4 ,v>i\s fe$+ exp]im5ts ) proteoses f diff]5t s\rces1 c>ri$ out 9 my laboratory on "y dogs1 h %[n conclusively t = %ort p]iods ( "t1 at lea/1 ^! hydrolytic cleavage products are fully z capable ( su/a9+ ! nitrog5\s equilibrium ( ! body z ! proteids f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,9 fact1 ! results obta9$ favor ! view t ! proteoses1 weight = weight1 possess a high] nutritive value ?an fre% beef4#bji ,x may be que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r su* a result w\ld foll[ 9 exp]im5ts conduct$ ov] long] p]iods ( "t1 b ( ?is we may be c]ta91 t ! proteoses =m$ 9 ! alim5t>y tract c be absorb$ & utiliz$ by ! sy/em )\t _! ex]t+ any toxic action :atev]4 #bjg ,franz ,h(mei/]3 ,ueb] das ,s*icksal des ,peptons im ,blute1 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #e1 p4 #abe4 #bjh ,ueb] d5 ,nhrw]? e9ig] ,v]dauungsproducte des ,eiweisses1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #cg1 p4 #cja4 #bji ,comp>e ,hildebr&t1 ,zur ,frage na* dem ,nhrw]? d] ,albumos51 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ah1 p4 #abj4 ,consequ5tly1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t ^! prim>y products ( proteolysis1 s important 9 ! nutrition ( ! animal body1 mu/ und]go "s *ange dur+ ! process ( absorption1 by :i* !y are conv]t$ into new bodies1 less toxic 9 _! nature1 & bett] adapt$ = ! direct nutritional ne$s ( ! organism4 ,! same /atem5t applies likewise to peptones4 ,! fact t peptones are n discov]able 9 ! blood & lymph1 ev5 dur+ or aft] active dige/ion1 0 practically asc]ta9$ ye>s ago by su* well-kn[n work]s z ,maly1 ,adamkiewicz1 & o!rs4 ,! natural supposition foll[+ ?is obs]vation 0 t ! products ( proteolysis und]w5t "s *ange 9 ! hepatic cells2 b ?is view 0 soon %[n to be unt5able by exam9ation ( ! portal blood1 :i* 0 f\nd to be z free f peptone z ! blood ( ! hepatic ve94 ,neumei/]1#baj us+ ! m mod]n me?ods ( "w & ) ! wid] k ga9$ dur+ ^! latt] ye>s1 has %[n conclusively t proteoses & peptones are nev] pres5t 9 ! blood1 ev5 :5 ^! sub/ances are conta9$ 9 ! inte/9e 9 fairly l>ge am\nts4 ,i c corroborate ^! /atem5ts f ! results ( my own exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,?us1 ,i h tak5 a dog 9 full dige/ion1 f$ ) an abundance ( meat1 & collect+ ! blood f ! c>otid art]y h made a c>eful exam9ation = peptone1 by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,! blood 0 all[$ to fl[ directly into a dilute solution ( ammonium sulphate1 suffici5tly /rong to prev5t coagulation1 & !n %ak5 ) e!r to rupture ! r$ blood-corpuscles4 ,! solution1 fre$ f e!r1 0 next saturat$ ) cry/als ( ammonium sulphate1 by :i* ! proteid matt] 0 completely precipitat$4 ,! cle> filtrate 0 !n conc5trat$ some:at1 ! excess ( ! ammonium salt remov$ by filtration1 & ! filtrate c>efully te/$ = peptone by addition ( a l>ge volume ( a saturat$ solution ( potassium hydroxide & a few drops ( a dilute solution ( cupric sulphate4 ,! te/ 0 :olly negative1 al?\gh ! inte/9e ( ! animal %[$ ! pres5ce ( bo? peptone & proteoses4 ,?is result1 z ,i h said1 is simply confirmatory ( "w done by o!rs 9 ?is direction1 notably ,neumei/]1 & illu/rates ! /atem5t t peptones are n to be f\nd 9 ! circulat+ blood1 ev5 aft] a full proteid diet4 ,9 ?is connection x is to be rememb]$ t we h abundant pro( ( ! rapid disappe>ance ( bo? proteoses & peptones#baa f ! inte/9e1 ei!r by absorption or o!rwise4 ,!y c]ta9ly disappe>1 &1 z we h se51 are n to be f\nd 9 ! blood4 ,fur!r1 ,neumei/] has confirm$ ! orig9al obs]vation ( ,s*midt-,mulheim1#bab t bo? *yle & lymph are practically free f proteoses & peptone1 ?us aga9 =c+ u to ! conclusion t ! prim>y products ( proteolysis mu/ und]go *ange prior to _! passage into ! blood or lymph4 #baj ,ueb] die ,e9fhrhrung d] ,albumos5 und ,peptone 9 d5 ,organismus1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bd1 p4 #bgg4 #baa ,rohmann3 ,ueb] ,secretion und ,resorption im ,dnnd>m1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #da1 p4 #ddj4 #bab ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 p4 #cc1 #ahhj4 ,_m obs]vations l5d favor to ! view t a trans=mation ( "s k9d takes place 9 ! inte/9e itself1 n inde$ 9 ! lum5 ( ! tube1 b some:]e 9 ! walls1 ?r\gh :i* ! peptones mu/ pass be=e rea*+ ! blood4 ,?us1 peptones plac$ 9 contact ) pieces ( ! isolat$1 ?\gh /ill liv+1 inte/9e1 aft] a "t completely disappe> f view1#bac s completely t no reaction c be obta9$ ev5 by ! mo/ delicate ( te/s4 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t ,i may cite ! results ( sev]al ( my own exp]im5ts :i* c]ta9ly furni% evid5ce t true peptones und]go pr(\nd alt]ation by simple contact ) ! liv+ muc\s membrane ( ! small inte/9e4 ,! me?od employ$ 0 simil> to t made use ( "s ye>s ago 9 a /udy ( ! influ5ce ( peptone on ! po/-mortem =mation ( sug> 9 ! liv]4#bad ,a l>ge1 well-n\ri%$ rabbit 0 kill$ by sev]+ ! c>otid art]y & ! blood collect$ & defibr9at$4 ,( ?is1 #ej c4 c4 7 mix$ ) an equal volume ( #j4e p] c5t4 salt solution conta9+ #a4be grammes ( pure amphopeptone1 prep>$ f egg-album91 ! mixture obvi\sly conta9+ #a4be p] c5t4 ( peptone4 ,! fluid 0 transf]r$ to a l>ge1 roomy flask1 provid$ ) a /opp] hav+ two holes1 9 "o ( :i* 0 fitt$ a long glass tube rea*+ bel[ ! fluid4 ,! flask1 ) its cont5ts1 0 !n plac$ 9 a suitable wat]-ba? at a temp]ature ( #dj ,c4 #bac ,salvioli3 ,e9e neue ,me?ode fr die ,unt]su*ung d] ,function5 des ,dnnd>ms1 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahhj4 ,supplem5t ,b&1 p4 #aab4 ,neumei/]3 ,zur ,physiologie d] ,eiweissresorption und zur ,lehre von d5 ,pepton51 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bg1 p4 #cbd4 #bad ,*itt5d5 & ,lamb]t3 ,/udies 9 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,yale ,univ]41 vol4 i41 p4 #aga4 ,! small inte/9e ( ! rabbit 0 c>efully sep>at$ f ! mes5t]y & f ! pancreatic gl&1 & ! upp] portion cut op5 & quickly wa%$ free f any conta9$ matt] or adh]5t secretions1 by repeat$ imm]sion 9 #j4e p] c5t4 salt solution w>m$ at #dj ,c4 ,?is 0 repeat$ until ! tissue 0 q free f all impurities1 aft] :i* x 0 cut into small pieces & imm]s$ = a mom5t 9 a #j4e p] c5t4 solution ( sodium *loride conta9+ #a4be p] c5t4 ( peptone4 ,! tissue 0 !n c>efully collect$ on co>se musl91 all[$ to dra91 & !n quickly transf]r$ to ! flask conta9+ ! w>m blood & peptone4 ,?is mixture 0 kept at #dj ,c4 = two h\rs1 a sl[ curr5t ( air be+ bubbl$ ?r\gh ! fluid dur+ ! entire p]iod4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t ! fluid 0 sep>at$ f ! pieces ( tissue by nitration ?r\gh musl91 & !n saturat$ ) ammonium sulphate aft] ! usual me?od = ! sep>ation ( albumoses1 etc4 ,on n[ te/+ a portion ( ! cle> filtrate = peptone by ! biuret te/1 n a trace ( a reaction c\ld be obta9$4 ,! entire am\nt ( proteid matt] pres5t 0 precipitat$ by ! ammonium salt1 ?us %[+ t ! peptone orig9ally add$ _h be5 completely trans=m$ into some?+ precipitable by saturation ( ! fluid ) ammonium sulphate4 ,t ?is trans=mation ( ! peptone 0 accompli%$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! action ( ! inte/9e1 0 %[n by a p>allel exp]im5t1 9 :i* all ( ! above conditions 7 duplicat$1 omitt+ only ! pieces ( inte/9e4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 on te/+ ! filtrate f ! ammonium sulphate-precipitate1 a /rong biuret reaction 0 obta9$1 ?us prov+ ! pres5ce ( at lea/ "s unalt]$ peptone4 ,?is exp]im5t is almo/ a c\nt]p>t ( "o report$ by ,neumei/]1 & l 81 te/ifies to ! probability t ! peptones =m$ 9 ! alim5t>y tract1 z a result ( proteolysis1 und]go retrogression ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9al walls dur+ _! absorption4 ,i h tri$ simil> exp]im5ts ) deut]oproteose1 notably ) deut]ocaseose1 & h obta9$ correspond+ results4 ,! same me?od may be employ$ z t already outl9$1 al?\gh ( c\rse ! deut]ocaseose is 9 great "p precipitat$ by saturation ) ammonium sulphate4 ,/ill1 ?is =m ( deut]oproteose1 deut]ocaseose1 z ,i h else:]e not$1 is v sl[ly precipitat$ by ! ammonium salt4 ,consequ5tly1 x is an easy matt] to demon/rate t ?is proteose1 on treatm5t ) ! inte/9al mucosa 9 ! pres5ce ( blood at ! body-temp]ature1 is trans=m$ into some?+ completely & readily precipitable by ammonium sulphate2 ! filtrate f ! latt] fail+ to %[ any biuret reaction1 al?\gh ! correspond+ control exp]im5t )\t ! inte/9e gives a bright violet color ) cupric sulphate & potassium hydroxide4 ,h5ce1 we are c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t bo? peptones & proteoses und]go "s retrogression :5 9 contact ) ! walls ( ! inte/9e4 ,moreov]1 !re is "s evid5ce t ! proteoses1 be=e und]go+ su* a trans=mation1 are fir/ conv]t$ into peptone by ! action ( ! inte/9al walls1 a /atem5t :i* w app>5tly apply to bo? ! prim>y & second>y proteoses4 ,?is prim>y action ( ! inte/9al walls is n consid]$ z due to any adh]5t tryps91 or to possible traces ( succus ent]icus1 b r z a "p ( ! action ( ! liv+ epi!lial cells1 or p]haps z connect$ ) ! possible pres5ce ( l[] organisms n removable f ! inte/9al wall by ord9>y wa%+4 ,! trans=mation ( peptones by ! sub/ance ( ! inte/9e is app>5tly common to ! inte/9al tract ( _m animals1 & p]haps to all1 & inde$ c also be accompli%$ by ! liv]4#bae ,?is latt] fact is ( "s importance1 s9ce x adds weight to ! supposition t ?is peculi> action ( ! inte/9e _c be due to ! possible pres5ce ( tryps92 a view :i* is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t a glyc]9-extract ( ! inte/9e has no action on amphopeptone4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! latt] %[s no dim9ution 9 ! /r5g? ( ! biuret reaction aft] long contact at body temp]ature ) su* an extract4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 %[n t antipeptone1 :i* is n affect$ by ! pancreatic enzyme1 suff]s ! same *ange z amphopeptone by contact ) ! inte/9e4 ,f> m probable is x t retrogression or trans=mation ( peptone by ! sub/ance ( ! inte/9e1 is due to ! vital activity ( "s or all ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9al mucosa2 a *>act]i/ic possibly %>$ by "s or all ( ! hepatic cells ( ! liv]4 ,! kidney-cells c]ta9ly d n possess ?is p[]1 b we c see a special fitness 9 ! liv]-cells be+ end[$ ) ! ability to quickly break d[n1 or trans=m1 any peptone or proteose t might by *ance escape unalt]$ f ! inte/9al tract4 ,%ore1#baf h[ev]1 incl9es to ! view t ! hepatic cells d n possess ?is p[] to any great ext5t1 9 opposition to ! old] views ( ,plsz & ,gy]gai1#bag z well z ( ,seeg5#bah & ( ,neumei/]4 #bae ,neumei/]3 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #bg1 p4 #ccb4 #baf ,on ! ,fate ( ,peptone 9 ! ,lymphatic ,sy/em1 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xi41 p4 #ebh4 #bag ,ueb] ,peptone und ,ernhrung mit d5selb51 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #aj1 p4 #ecf4 #bah ,zur ,umw&lung des ,peptons dur* die ,leb]1 ,ibid41 ,b& #cg1 p4 #cbe4 ,) ref]5ce to ! action ( ! /oma*-mucosa on proteoses1 x has be5 %[n#bai t :5 relatively l>ge am\nts 7#e grammes7 are introduc$ into ! /oma* ( a rabbit1 ! pylorus be+ ligatur$1 bo? proteoses & peptones may appe> 9 ! ur9e1 ?us indicat+ t :ile !y may be absorb$ to "s ext5t "u ! above conditions1 ! proteoses are n readily trans=m$ into native proteids )\t exposure to ! inte/9e4 ,small] am\nts 7#b grammes71 h[ev]1 may1 "u ! above conditions1 be completely trans=m$2 at lea/ ,hildebr&t claims ?is to be ! case1 ma9ly on ! gr\nd t aft] ! introduction ( albumoses into ! /oma*1 ! pylorus be+ ligatur$1 no trace ( !m c be f\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,! same obs]v] also claims t blood-s]um1 9 ! case ( dogs1 is able to trans=m albumoses into ord9>y s]um-globul94 ,c]ta9ly1 aft] intra-v5\s injection1 proteoses disappe> f ! blood1 b1 z we %all see lat] on1 a c]ta9 am\nt1 at lea/1 may be transf]r$ to ! lymph4 ,x is also claim$ t :5 albumoses are inject$ subcutane\sly1 nei!r albumoses nor peptones are to be detect$ 9 ! ur9e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems h>dly probable 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said1 & especially 9 view ( ! fact t ,neumei/]'s exp]im5ts t5d to %[ t ev5 #j4a gramme ( albumoses introduc$ subcutane\sly may give rise to tempor>y album9uria4 #bai ,hildebr&t3 ,zur ,frage na* dem ,nhrw]? d] ,albumos51 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ah1 p4 #ahj4 ,assum+ = ! mom5t t ! *ief products ( proteolysis1 i4 e41 ! proteoses & peptones1 are1 dur+ ! act ( absorption1 trans=m$ ?r\gh ! vital processes ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9e into s]um-album91 or globul91 & absorb$ z su* into ! blood1 we may well consid] :e!r su* trans=mation1 i4 e41 a retrogression into a native proteid aga91 is inconsi/5t1 or out ( h>mony1 ) ! g5]al "* ( ! *anges kn[n to occur 9 ! body4 ,9 attempt+ to answ] ?is "q we ne$ n look f> to f9d a p]fectly analog\s case4 ,?us1 9 ! dige/ion ( />*y foods by ! amylolytic f]m5ts ( bo? ! saliva & ! pancreatic juice1 ! c>bohydrate mat]ial und]goes hydration ) =mation ( dextr9s & maltose1 ! latt]1 at lea/1 be+ quickly absorb$ into ! circulat+ blood4 ,b l>ge quantities ( sug> 9 ! blood are c]ta9ly inimical to ! well-be+ ( ! organism1 & we f9d 9 ! liv] a t5d5cy = ! sug> to und]go a trans=mation1 i4 e41 a retrogression into glycog51 ei!r ?r\gh simple dehydration or o!rwise4 ,fur!r1 ) ref]5ce to ! possible conv]sion ( proteoses into peptone by ! sub/ance ( ! inte/9e1 we h a p]fectly analog\s case 9 ! behavior ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane t[>d maltose1 ! f9al product ( amylolytic action4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! rec5t "w ( ,m4 ,c4 ,tebb1#bbj ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9e has ! p[] ( trans=m+ maltose into dextrose2 simple w>m+ at #dj ,c4 ( a solution ( maltose 9 #j4e p] c5t4 sodium c>bonate ) a few grammes ( ! dri$ muc\s membrane f ! inte/9e1 be+ suffici5t to insure a m>k$ conv]sion ( maltose into ! high]-r$uc+ sug>1 dextrose4 ,?is obs]vation1 ,i c confirm f exp]im5ts j complet$ 9 my own laboratory4 ,?is action is presumably due to a f]m5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ,tebb1 is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body1 be+ pres5t n only 9 ! inte/9e1 b also 9 ! liv]1 kidney1 sple51 /riat$ muscle-tissue1 &1 inde$1 9 ! blood-s]um2 s t x w\ld appe> t ne>ly all ! tissues ( ! body are end[$ ) ! p[] ( trans=m+ maltose into dextrose4 ,^! /atem5ts be+ correct1 x w\ld seem t1 :ile ! amylolytic f]m5ts ( ! sev]al dige/ive juices trans=m1 by hydrolytic action1 />*y foods into maltose1 ! latt] is expos$ dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! inte/9al wall1 z well z 9 ! blood itself1 to ano!r f]m5t :i* c>ries ! hydration /ill fur!r1 ) =mation ( dextrose2 & yet ! latt] product is de/9$1 9 "p at lea/1 to und]go retrogression into a />*-l body1 i4 e41 glycog51 be=e x is completely utiliz$ by ! sy/em4 ,?us1 ! analogy betwe5 ^! c>bohydrate bodies & ! products ( proteolysis is complete1 & we may well accept ! /atem5ts already made reg>d+ ! ultimate fate ( ! proteoses & peptones =m$ dur+ proteolysis1 z 9 no way inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al t5or ( ev5ts go+ on 9 ! body4 #bbj ,on ! ,trans=mation ( ,maltose to ,dextrose1 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xv1 p4 #dba4 ,:ile we are incl9$ to believe t ! *emical *anges att5d+ ! absorption ( proteoses & peptones occur ma9ly 9 ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9al mucosa1 & t !re is a direct transf]5ce ( ! alt]ation-products to ! blood1 !re are /ill o!r views t _c be :olly ignor$4 ,?us1 ! view orig9ally advanc$ by ,h(mei/]1#bba 9 :i* special /ress is laid ^u ! functional activity ( ! leucocytes ( ! ad5oid tissue surr\nd+ ! inte/9e1 dem&s "s consid]ation4 ,! !ory supposes t ^! cells n only h ! p[] ( tak+ up peptones1 b also ( assimilat+ & trans=m+ !m into ! cell-protoplasm4 ,?is view be+ correct1 x is pla9 t ! s-absorb$ proteid mu/ pass into ! circulat+ blood ?r\gh ! ?oracic duct1 & ,h(mei/] fur!r consid]s x probable t ! lymph-cells ( ! mes5t]ic gl&s c trans=m any absorb$ peptone t may escape ! leucocytes ( ! ad5oid tissue4 #bba ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #d4 ,9 app>5t h>mony ) ?is view is ! fact t ! leucocytes 9 ! ad5oid tissue ( ! inte/9e are greatly increas$ 9 numb] dur+ dige/ion4#bbb ,fur!rmore1 x is a well au!nticat$ fact t ! proteoses or peptones f\nd 9 pus are conta9$ 9 ! pus-cells !mselves1 & n 9 ! fluid 9 :i* ! corpuscles float4#bbc ,9 support ( ! fir/ /atem5t1 ,pohl1#bbd 9 8 rec5t /udy ( ! absorption & assimilation ( food-/uffs1 has emphasiz$ ! m>k$ increase 9 ! numb] ( :ite blood-corpuscles 9 ! circulat+ blood aft] ! +e/ion ( proteid foods1 especially su* z meat1 ,witte's peptone1 & gelat9-peptone4 ,x is to be not$ fur!r t ! increase is mo/ m>k$ at ab\t ! ?ird h\r aft] ! tak+ ( food1 viz41 at a "t :5 dige/ive proteolysis w\ld naturally be at its height4 ,moreov]1 ! maximal increase1 accord+ to ,pohl's data1 is a/\nd+1 am\nt+ z x does 9 _m cases to a hundr$ p] c5t4 ,?us1 9 "o in/ance1 9 ! case ( a dog1 ! numb] ( :ite blood-corpuscles p] cubic millimetre ( blood 0 #h1fhi2 yet two h\rs aft] ! fe$+ ( #ajj grammes ( meat ! numb] increas$ to #ag1bif p] cubic millimetre1 foll[$ six h\rs aft] by a return to ! orig9al figure4 #bbb ,ar*4 f4 ,exp4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,b& #bj & ,b& #bb4 #bbc ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #d1 p4 #bfh4 #bbd ,ar*4 f4 ,exp4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,b& #be1 p4 #ca4 ,?is indicates ! g5]al t5or ( ,pohl's results1 :i* h be5 tak51 by "s physiologi/s at lea/1 z confirmatory ( ,h(mei/]'s views2 ! int]pretation naturally be+ t dige/ive proteolysis 9 ! alim5t>y tract is accompani$ by a rapid production ( new leucocytes 9 ! lymph-spaces surr\nd+ ! inte/9e1 & foll[$ by a rapid transf]5ce ( ! corpuscles f _! po9t ( orig9 to ! circulat+ blood1 f :i* !y gradually disappe> z _! mat]ial is made use ( 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is view1 ,pohl f9ds t !re is a mu* l>g] numb] ( leucocytes 9 ! blood & lymph fl[+ f ! inte/9e ( an animal 9 full dige/ion1 ?an 9 ! art]ial blood com+ to ! inte/9al tract4 ,fur!r1 :5 due consid]ation is giv5 to all ! circum/ances att5d+ ! circulation ( ! blood ?r\gh ! abdom9al organs1 9 connection ) ! great increase 9 ! numb] ( leucocytes dur+ dige/ive proteolysis1 x seems n unreasonable to suppose t "s proteid matt] might be transf]r$ f ! inte/9e to ! blood dur+ ! dige/ive p]iod ( six or eight h\rs4 ,moreov]1 if ,pohl's views are correct1 we see t a portion1 at lea/1 ( ! proteid food-product may be trans=m$ into organiz$ mat]ial 9 ! body ( ! lymph-cell prior to its passage into ! blood1 ?us h>moniz+ ) ! /atem5t already made reg>d+ ! utt] lack ( proteoses & peptones 9 ! blood & lymph4 ,?is obvi\sly means an upbuild+ ( ! ord9>y products ( dige/ive proteolysis into ! liv+ protoplasm ( ! leucocytes 9 ! inte/9al walls1 imply+1 h[ev]1 t ! trans=mation is accompli%$ solely by ! leucocytes !mselves1 & n by ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9e4 ,i h giv5 ?is brief summ>y ( ,pohl's "w because x is s closely 9 h>mony ) ! orig9al views ( ,h(mei/]1 & because x (f]s an easy explanation ( "o possible way 9 :i* "s ( ! products ( dige/ion might p]haps pass f ! inte/9e into ! blood4 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 h[ev]1 t ! s-call$ dige/ive leucocytosis1 :i* unque/ionably does exi/1 is n a direct result ( dige/ive proteolysis 9 g5]al1 b r an indirect result1 com+ f ! /imulat+ action ( ! nucle91 conta9$ especially 9 animal cells4 ,?us1 x is a significant fact1 z ,pohl himself reports1 t :eat-bread1 ) its fairly l>ge am\nt ( proteid matt]1 & :i* is fully capable ( n\ri%+ ! animal body1 fails to ex]t any influ5ce on ! numb] ( leucocytes 9 ! blood4 ,yet we "k t ! glut5 & o!r proteids ( :eat-fl\r are conv]t$ by dige/ive proteolysis into proteoses & peptones1 ) ! same g5]al prop]ties z l products ( animal orig94 ,9 ?is connection we may note ! exp]im5ts ( ,horbaczewski1#bbe :i* %[ t nucle9 adm9i/]$ to a heal?y man w give rise to a v m>k$ increase 9 ! numb] ( leucocytes 9 ! blood4 ,?us1 a few grammes ( nucle9 may produce z /rik+ a condition ( leucocytosis z a l>ge am\nt ( proteid food1 due no d\bt to prolif]ation ( ! lymphoid elem5ts ( all ! lymphatic tissues ( ! body4 ,horbaczewski has report$ t ! m]e injection ( #j4be gramme ( nucle91 9 ! case ( rabbits1 w cause m>k$ enl>gem5t ( ! sple51 ) /rik+ k>yok9etic *anges4 ,h5ce1 x may be assum$ t :5ev] nucle9 is set free 9 ! body1 leucocytosis may result1 provid$ ! nucle9 passes into ! circulation & is n decompos$ imm$iately aft] its lib]ation4 #bbe ,monat%efte f4 ,*emie1 ,b& #ab1 p4 #bdf4 ,^! facts1 x appe>s to me1 (f] a m consi/5t l9e ( explanation ( dige/ive leucocytosis ?an t advanc$ by ,pohl4 ,all animal foods1 especially meat ( v>i\s k9ds & milk1 conta9 consid]able nucle9 or nucleo-album9s1 :i*1 by ! action ( ! ga/ric juice1 are lib]at$ & p>tially dige/$1 b ! nucle9 is c]ta9ly n dissolv$4 ,nucle9s1 h[ev]1 are soluble 9 weak alkal9e fluids1 & :5 expos$ to ! action ( ! alkal9e pancreatic juice 9 ! inte/9e1 are 9 great "p dissolv$4 ,?us1 ,pop(f#bbf has report$ t diff]5t v>ieties ( nucle9 behave some:at diff]5tly 9 ! inte/9e1 accord+ to _! orig94 ,9 "y & t5d] tissues1 solution ( ! conta9$ nucle9 ?r\gh ! alkal9e fluids ( ! inte/9al canal is fairly complete1 :ile ! old] products are some:at m resi/ant bo? to ! pancreatic juice & to ! putrefactive processes common to ! inte/9e4 ,h[ev]1 exp]im5ts %[ t ! great] portion ( ! nucle9 ( ord9>y proteid foods is dissolv$ 9 ! inte/9e1 & absorb$ z su* 9 a practically unalt]$ =m4 ,consequ5tly1 pass+ into ! ad5oid tissue surr\nd+ ! inte/9e1 x has a m>k$ /imulat+ action on ! lymphoid elem5ts1 accompani$ by a noticeable increase 9 ! numb] ( leucocytes1 :i* are p]haps produc$ at ! exp5se ( a portion ( ! proteoses & peptones =m$ dur+ proteolysis4 #bbf ,ueb] die ,e9wirkung von ,eiweissv]dau5d5 ,f]m5t5 auf die ,nucle9/(fe1 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 ,b& #ah1 p4 #ecc4 ,?us1 my int]pretation ( ^! results w\ld lead me simply to ! admission t1 possibly1 a portion ( ! products ( proteolysis might pass f ! inte/9e into ! blood-curr5t indirectly1 ?r\gh ! bodies ( ! leucocytes =m$ 9 ! ad5oid tissue ( ! inte/9e4 ,b ev5 admitt+ ?is1 we lack positive pro( ( any direct trans=mation ( proteoses & peptones into ! organiz$ mat]ial ( ! :ite blood-corpuscles1 = x may be t ! above products are fir/ trans=m$ ?r\gh o!r ag5cies into s]um-album91 or o!r l proteids4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m facts :i* are pla9ly oppos$ to any m>k$ absorption & trans=mation ( peptones by ! leucocytes ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,?us1 ,heid5ha9#bbg has sev]ely criticis$ ! !ory on ! gr\nd t !re is v little increase 9 ! fl[ ( lymph f ! ?oracic duct dur+ absorption1 & fur!r t ! small p]c5tage ( proteid matt] 9 ! *yle 7ab\t #b4j p] c5t47 _c acc\nt = ! l>ge am\nt ( proteid absorb$4 ,fur!r1 ! objection is made t ! leucocytes pres5t 9 ! inte/9al mucosa1 ?\gh num]\s1 are :olly inadequate to assimilate any l>ge proportion ( ! +e/$ proteid food4 #bbg ,beitrge zur ,hi/ologie und ,physiologie des ,dnnd>ms1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol1 ,b& #dc1 ,supplem5t ,heft4 ,/ill great] /ress1 h[ev]1 may be laid ^u ! fact t exp]im5tal evid5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t lymph-cells _c assimilate ei!r peptones or proteoses4 ,?us1 q rec5tly1 ,%ore#bbh has /udi$ ! results foll[+ ! introduction ( a mixture ( su* products into ! lymphatic sy/em by secretion1 by absorption1 & by direct injection into a lymphatic vessel4 ,prelim9>y exp]im5ts on dogs %[$ t :5 peptone is introduc$ into ! bile-duct x gradually appe>s 9 ! lymph ( ! ?oracic duct1 consequ5tly ?is me?od c be made use ( z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! fate ( peptone s absorb$ into ! lymphatic sy/em4 ,! results obta9$1 us+ ! ammonium sulphate me?od = ! isolation ( ! peptone1 %[$ t :5 peptone is inject$ into ! bile-duct ) suffici5t =ce to ov]come ! l[ pressure "u :i* bile is secret$1 !re is an increase 9 ! rate ( fl[ ( lymph f ! ?oracic duct4 ,fur!r1 :ile peptone is some:at sl[ 9 appe>+ 9 ! lymph x ev5tually makes its appe>ance !re1 9 f sixty to "o hundr$ & =ty m9utes aft] its injection into ! bile-duct4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( peptone naturally passes into ! blood1 b is !n rapidly excret$ ?r\gh ! ur9e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! r5al vessels are ligatur$1 peptone /ill rapidly disappe>s f ! blood1 b !n passes into ! lymph1 & "u su* circum/ances c be detect$ 9 ! lymph z e>ly z ?irty-eight m9utes aft] its injection into ! bile-duct4 ,^! results1 !re=e1 d n accord ) ! view t peptones suff] m>k$ trans=mation by contact ) lymph-cells1 = :5 only ?ree-f\r?s ( a gramme ( peptone is introduc$ into ! bile-duct1 unalt]$ peptone c be detect$ 9 ! lymph ( ! ?oracic duct sev5ty to n9ety m9utes aft] its injection4 #bbh ,on ! ,fate ( ,peptone 9 ! ,lymphatic ,sy/em1 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xi41 p4 #ebh4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fate ( peptone :5 x passes by secretion into ! lymphatic sy/em1 x w be rememb]$ t ,heid5ha9#bbi has %[n t ! injection ( peptone into ! blood may be foll[$ by a l>ge increase 9 ! rate ( fl[ ( lymph4 ,fur!r1 ! am\nt ( solids 9 ! lymph1 especially ( proteids1 is consid]ably increas$4 ,f ^! & o!r facts1 ,heid5ha9 is l$ to ! view t ! =mation ( lymph is a true secretion f ! blood-vessels4 ,%ore f9ds t :5 small am\nts ( peptone are sl[ly inject$ into ! blood1 !re is g5]ally only a slight accel]ation 9 ! fl[ ( lymph1 b ! clott+ p[] ( ! lymph is affect$ 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,?us1 ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! injection ! lymph loses entirely its p[] ( coagulat+4 ,?is cont9ues = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & !n1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! injection is be+ cont9u$1 ! lymph rapidly rega9s its p[] ( clott+1 & f9ally coagulates quick] & firm] ?an be=e4 ,?is peculi> action ( peptone on ! clott+ p[] ( lymph may frequ5tly be obs]v$1 ev5 :5 ! am\nt ( peptone pres5t is too small to be detect$ ) c]ta9ty by *emical me?ods4 ,?us1 :5 peptone 9 small quantity is inject$ v sl[ly into ! blood1 ! great] "p ( x escapes ?r\gh ! ur9e1 b a small fraction1 sometimes too small to actually detect1 passes into ! lymph & %[s its pres5ce by its peculi> influ5ce on ! clott+ ( ! fluid4 #bbi ,v]su*e und ,frag5 zur ,lehre von d] ,lymphbildung1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 ,b& #di1 p4 #beb4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 peptone is inject$ rapidly into ! blood1 #j4c to #j4f gramme p] kilo4 dur+ two to t5 m9utes1 x may disappe> completely f ! blood 9 five to t5 m9utes aft] ! end ( ! injection4 ,9 su* a case1 ! fall ( blood-pressure induc$ leads to m or less arre/ ( ! r5al secretion1 peptone appe>+ 9 l>ge am\nt 9 ! lymph2 b !re is no indication ( any alt]ation ( ! peptone by ! lymph1 or its conta9$ leucocytes4 ,?us1 :5 !re is no *ance = ! peptone to escape f ! body1 z on ligation ( ! r5al vessels1 ! peptone inject$ into ! blood is rapidly ?r[n into ! lymph1 & f ! lymph 9 ! tissues ( ! body x is gradually c>ri$ to ! ?oracic duct1 & !n aga9 passes into ! blood2 all ( :i* %[s t !re is little or no trans=mation ( ! peptone by ! leucocytes ( ! lymphatic sy/em4 ,fur!r1 by direct injection ( peptone into a lymphatic vessel1 ,%ore has %[n t ev5 s small an am\nt z #j4jdi gramme is n assimilat$ or trans=m$ by ! lymph 9 half an h\r4 ,consequ5tly1 we seem to h /rong evid5ce t peptones are n prone to direct alt]ation ( any k9d by ! leucocytes ( ! lymphatic sy/em4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld appe> t ! lymphoid cells ( ! sple5 are equally unable to assimilate small am\nts ( peptone inject$ into ! spl5ic art]y4 ,leucocytes1 !n1 c play no direct "p 9 ! absorption ( ! products ( proteolysis f ! inte/9e2 ! lymph is normally free f bo? proteoses & peptones1 & ! leucocytes pla9ly h no p[] to trans=m ^! bodies into o!r =ms4 ,!y c only utilize ! proteid mat]ial elaborat$ f ! products ( proteolysis by o!r ag5cies4 ,pla9ly1 proteoses & peptones 9 ! blood & lymph are =eign sub/ances4 ,:5 pres5t 9 ! circulation !y give rise1 z we h se51 to an increas$ fl[ ( lymph & to a *ange 9 ! coagulability ( ! blood4 ,fur!r1 n only is ! fl[ ( lymph augm5t$ b !re is likewise an increase 9 ! am\nt ( solid matt]1 :ile a correspond+ decrease is notic$ 9 ! solid matt] ( ! blood-plasma4 ,?is fact obvi\sly gives support to ! view t ! increas$ =mation ( lymph aft] ! injection ( peptone is due to an active process ( secretion by ! endo!lium cells ( ! capill>y walls4#bcj ,fur!r1 z we h se51 peptone disappe>s f ! blood m or less rapidly aft] its injection1 s t x is q possible t ! loss or alt]ation ( ! coagulability ( ! blood may n be due to ! peptone itself1 b r to an alt]$ condition ( ! blood induc$ by ! peptone4 ,moreov]1 ?is alt]$ condition ( ! blood may be ! real cause ( ! increas$ transudation1 or secretion ( lymph s conspicu\s aft] ! injection ( peptone4 ,/>l+1 h[ev]1 by c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts on dogs f9ds1 9 con=mity ) ,heid5ha9's views1 t peptone inject$ into ! blood ex]cises a direct excitatory effect on ! endo!lial cells1 caus+ !reby an increas$ fl[ ( lymph2 ! increas$ fl[ be+ 9 no way caus$ by ! *ange 9 ! blood t is simultane\sly produc$4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld appe>1 accord+ to ,/>l+'s views1 t ! *ange 9 ! coagulability ( ! blood is n due to ! effect ( ! peptone on ! endo!lial cells ( ! blood-vessels1 or at lea/ on _! lymph-produc+ functions4 ,?us1 ! injection ( peptone may result 9 an action on ! endo!lial cells ( ! blood-vessels1 !reby increas+ ! fl[ ( lymph1 or on ! blood itself ) a de/ruction or dim9ution ( ! clott+ p[] ( ! blood2 ! two results be+ m or less indep5d5t4 ,fur!r1 ! rapid transf]5ces ( peptone f ! blood to ! lymph is effect$ by ! selective activity ( ! endo!lial cells ( ! vessel-wall1 & accord+ to ,/>l+ x is probable t a prepond]at+ "p is play$ by ! endo!lial cells ( ! r5al capill>ies4 #bcj ,/>l+3 ,contributions to ! ,physiology ( ,lymph ,secretion1 ,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 vol4 xiv1 p4 #aca4 ,9 view ( all ^! /atem5ts1 x is v evid5t t proteoses & peptones once outside ! limits ( ! alim5t>y tract may be pass$ ab\t f organ to organ & f secretion to secretion1 induc+ *anges "h & !re 9 _! c\rse1 b suff]+ v little *ange !mselves4 ,! ma9 ef=ts ( ! sy/em are direct$ to ! removal ( ^! unwelcome /rang]s z spe$ily z possible1 = _! m>k$ physiological action r5d]s !m some:at dang]\s visitors4 ,z normal products ( dige/ive proteolysis1 !y are nev] f\nd beyond ! limits ( ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal1 b und]go retrogression 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9al wall1 be+ presumably conv]t$ !reby into s]um-album91#bca :i* c be directly utiliz$ = ! nutrition ( ! body2 a conv]sion :i* is pla9ly dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 inh]5t qualities ( ! liv+ epi!lial cells1 & is d\btless ( ! nature ( a dehydration4 #bca ,see ,kroneck] & ,pop(f3 ,ueb] die ,bildung von ,s]umalbum9 im ,d>mkanale1 ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,ar*iv f4 ,physiol41 #ahhg1 p4 #cde4 ,also ,nad9e ,pop(f1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biol41 ,b& #be1 p4 #dbg4