,,h[ ,,to ,,judge ,,ar*itecture ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,*ur*1 ,,rome1 ,,f ,,! ,,hills ,,nor?we/ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,h[ to ,judge ,ar*itecture ,a ,,popul> ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,appreciation ,,( ,,build+s ,by ,,russell ,,/urgis1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects1 ,memb] ( ,! ,ar*itectural ,league ( ,new ,york1 ,! ,national ,sculpture ,society1 ,! ,national ,society ( ,mural ,pa9t]s1 etc41 etc4 ,au?or ( 8,diction>y ( ,ar*itecture & ,build+10 8,european ,ar*itecture10 etc41 etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,co4 #cc-cg ,,ea/ ,,sev5te5? ,,/41 ,,union ,,sq41 ,,nor? ,copyright1 #aijc1 ,by ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,co4 ,publi%$1 ,septemb]1 #aijc ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,design #aa ,,ii4 ,,lat] ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,design #ce ,,iii4 ,,e>ly ,,m$i,,val ,,design #ff ,,iv4 ,,c5tral ,,m$i,,val ,,design #ic ,v4 ,,late ,,m$i,,val ,,design #aad ,,vi4 ,,reviv$ ,,classic ,,design #aca ,,vii4 ,,lat] ,,reviv$ ,,classic ,,design #adc ,,viii4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,design #aei ,,ix4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,,imitative ,,design #agf ,x4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,,orig9al ,,design #aib ,illu/rations ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,*ur*1 ,,rome ,frontispiece ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,hexa/yle ,doric ,temple1 ,p/um1 ,s\!rn ,italy ,fac+ #ad ,,ii4 ,p>!non1 ,a!ns 8 #ae ,p>!non1 ,a!ns 8 #ae ,,iii4 ,!seum 7,!seion71 ,a!ns 8 #bd ,curvature ( ,/ylobate ( ,p>!non 8 #bd ,,iv4 ,re/or$ ,model ( ! ,p>!non 8 #be ,v4 ,ere*!um 7,ere*!ion7 ,a!ns 8 #cf ,ere*!um1 ,a!ns 8 #cf ,,vi4 ,ere*!um1 ,portico ( ,c>yatides 8 #cg ,,vii4 ,ere*!um 8 #ch ,details ( ,entablature1 ,acropolis1 ,a!ns 8 #ch ,corn] ,capital1 ,acropolis1 ,a!ns 8 #ch ,,viii4 ,temple ( ,a!ne ,polias1 ,pri5e 8 #ci ,,ix4 ,re/or$ ,model ( ,pan!on 8 #dh ,! ,pan!on1 ,rome 8 #dh ,x4 ,ru9s ( ,temple ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,rome 8 #di ,ru9s ( ,temple ( ,m>s ,ultor1 ,rome 8 #di ,,xi4 ,basilica ( ,max5tius & ,con/ant9e1 ,rome 8 #ed ,,xii4 ,sculptur$ ,details ( ,temple ( ,vespasian1 ,rome 8 #ee ,ar* ( ,trajan1 at ,b5ev5to1 ,s\!rn ,italy 8 #ee ,,xiii4 ,j]a%1 ,syria 7,ru9s ( ,g]asa7 8 #fj ,anci5t ,city ,gates ( ,g]asa 8 #fj ,,xiv4 ,"p ( ! ,b\nd+ ,wall ( ! ,=um ( ,n]va1 ,rome 8 #fa ,,xv4 ,basilica ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 ,rome #gb ,,xvi4 ,int]ior ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,m9iato1 ne> ,flor5ce1 ,tuscany 8 #gc ,,xvii4 ,*ur* ( ,sant' ,ambrogio1 ,milan 8 #gf ,,xviii4 ,int]ior ( ,ca!dral ,t\rnai1 ,belgium 8 #gg ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 7d] ,gross ,s4 ,m>t97 at ,cologne1 ,rh5i% ,prussia 8 #gg ,,xix4 ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,apo/les1 ,cologne1 ,rh5i% ,prussia 8 #hj ,,xx4 ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ,ma9z 7,may5ce7 ,hesse1 ,g]many 8 #ha ,,xxi4 ,t[] ( ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,radegonde1 ,poiti]s1 7,vi5ne7 ,france 8 #hd ,,xxii4 ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame la ,gr&e1 at ,poiti]s 8 #he ,,xxiii4 ,int]ior ( ,*ur* ,hagia ,sophia1 ,con/ant9ople 8 #hh ,,xxiv4 ,ext]ior ( ,*ur* ,hagia ,sophia1 ,con/ant9ople 8 #hi ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,!odore1 ,a!ns 8 #hi ,,xxv4 ,mona/]y ( ,gelati ne> ,kutais 9 ! ,caucasus 8 #ij ,,xxvi4 ,*apel ( ,nancy1 ,france 8 #ia ,,xxvii4 ,int]ior ( ,ami5s ,ca!dral 8 #ih ,,xxviii4 ,ca!dral at ,reims 7,m>ne7 ,france1 ,*oir ,aisle 8 #ii ,ca!dral at ,reims 7,m>ne7 ,france1 ,*oir ,aisle1 ,diff]5t ,view 8 #ii ,,xxix4 ,ca!dral at ,ami5s 7,somme71 ,france4 ,ext]ior 8 #ajb ,,xxx4 ,ca!dral at ,*>tres 7,eure et ,loir7 8 #ajc ,,xxxi4 ,ca!dral at ,salisbury1 ,wilts1 ,engl& 8 #ajh ,,xxxii4 ,bell ,t[] ( ,ca!dral1 ,flor5ce1 ,tuscany 8 #aji ,,xxxiii4 ,ca!dral at ,gl\ce/]1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,engl& 8 #abj ,,xxxiv4 ,ca!dral at ,pet]boro'1 ,nor?ants1 ,engl& 8 #aba ,,xxxv4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,london 8 #abb ,,xxxvi4 ,*apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 7,willis draw+7 8 #abc ,,xxxvii4 ,*ur* ( ,br\1 at ,b\rg-en-,bresse 7,a971 ,france 8 #abd ,,xxxviii4 ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,wulfran1 ,abbeville 7,somme71 ,france 8 #abe ,,xxxix4 ,t[nhall ( ,aud5>de1 ,belgium 8 #abf ,,xl4 ,out] ,por*1 ,albi 7,t>n71 ,france 8 #abg ,,xli4 ,s\? ,por*1 ,albi 7,t>n71 ,france 8 #abh ,,xlii4 ,! ,loggia dei ,lanzi at ,flor5ce 8 #abi ,,xliii4 ,*apel ( ! ,pazzi1 ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 ,tuscany 8 #acd ,,xliv4 ,palazzo ,rucellai1 ,flor5ce 8 #ace ,,xlv4 ,palazzo ,/rozzi1 ,flor5ce1 ,tuscany 8 #ach ,palazzo ,ricc>di1 ,flor5ce 8 #ach ,,xlvi4 ,c\rty>d ( ! ,palazzo della ,cancell>ia1 ,rome 8 #aci ,,xlvii4 ,cloi/]1 ,santa ,m>ia della ,pace1 ,rome 8 #adj ,,xlviii4 ,c\rty>d ( ,palazzo di ,v5ezia1 ,rome 8 #ada ,,xlix4 ,c\rty>d ( ,palazzo ,borghese1 ,rome 8 #adb ,l4 ,*teau at ,blois 7,loir et ,*]71 ,france 8 #adh ,,li4 ,royal ,*teau at ,blois 7,loir et ,*]71 ,france 8 #adh ,,lii4 ,*teau ( c\5 7,se9e et ,oise71 ,france 8 #adi ,wollaton ,hall1 ,notts1 ,engl& 8 #adi ,,liii4 ,hall ( ,middle ,temple1 ,london 8 #aeb ,,liv4 ,*ur* ( ! ,!at9] ,monks at ,muni*1 ,bav>ia 8 #aec ,ducal ,palace1 ,g5oa1 ,italy 8 #aec ,,lv4 ,palazzo ,c>ignano1 ,tur91 ,pi$mont1 ,italy 8 #agb ,palazzo ,madama1 ,tur91 ,italy 8 #agb ,,lvi4 ,exhibitions ,build+ 7,kun/aus/ellungs-,gebude17 ,muni*1 ,bav>ia 8 #agc ,gateway ,build+ 7,propyla71 ,muni* 8 #agc ,,lvii4 ,int]ior ( ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 ,donca/]1 ,yorks1 ,engl& 8 #aij ,ext]ior ( ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,george1 ,donca/] 8 #aij ,,lviii4 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,bo/on1 ,mass 8 #aia ,,lix4 ,ca!dral at ,truro1 ,cornwall1 ,engl& 8 #aif ,,lx4 ,ap>tm5t ,h\se1 8,/4 ,alban's ,mansions10 ,london 8 #aig ,,lxi4 ,we/ ,ham ,in/itute1 ,sussex1 ,engl& 8 #bjd ,,lxii4 ,h\se & ,be]-%op 7zum ,spat57 ,b]l91 ,prussia 8 #bje ,,lxiii4 ,club-,h\se1 ,c]cle de la ,librairie1 ,p>is 8 #bjh ,,lxiv4 ,build+ ( ,n4 ,y4 ,life ,insurance ,co41 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 8 #bji ,h[ to ,judge ,ar*itecture ,,*apt] ,i ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,design ,9 try+ to tra9 ! m9d to judge ( works ( ar*itecture1 "o c nev] be too pati5t4 ,x is v easy to h9d] "o's gr[? 9 k by be+ too ready to decide4 ,! /ud5t ( art :o is mu* "u ! influ5ce ( "o tea*]1 "o writ]1 or "o body ( fell[-/ud5ts1 is hamp]$ by t influ5ce j s f> z x is exclusive4 ,& mo/ tea*]s1 mo/ writ]s1 mo/ gr\ps or classes ( /ud5ts are exclusive1 admir+ "o set ( pr9ciples or ! practice ( "o epo*1 to ! p>tial exclusion ( o!rs4 ,! read] mu/ feel assur$ t !re are no au?orities at all 9 ! matt] ( ar*itectural appreciation3 & t ! only op9ions1 or impressions1 or comp>ative appreciations t are wor? any?+ to him are ^? :i* he w =m gradually = himself4 ,he w =m !m sl[ly1 if he be wise3 inde$1 if he h ! gift ( arti/ic appreciation at all1 he w soon le>n to =m !m sl[ly4 ,he w1 moreov]1 hold !m lightly ev5 :5 =m$2 rememb]+ t 9 a subject on :i* op9ions diff] s v widely at any "o "t1 & h diff]$ s mu* m widely if "o epo* be comp>$ ) ano!r1 !re c be no su* ?+ z a f9al judgm5t4 ,! object ( ?is book is to help ! read] to acquire1 little by little1 su* an indep5d5t k ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( good build+s1 & also su* a s5se ( ! possible diff]5ces ( op9ion conc]n+ iness5tials1 t he w always enjoy ! sight1 ! memory1 or ! /udy ( a noble /ructure )\t undue anxiety z to :e!r he is "r or wrong4 ,rightness is relative3 to h a tra9$ obs]vation1 k ( pr9ciples1 & a s\nd judgm5t z to proprieties ( con/ruction & design is to be able to =m y\r op9ions = y\rself2 & to und]/& t y come ne>]1 mon? by mon?1 to a really complete k ( ! subject1 see+ cle>ly :at is good & ! causes ( its goodness1 & also ! n-s-good :i* is !re1 inevitably !re1 z a "p ( ! goodness itself4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to take = our fir/ /udy "s build+s ( t class ab\t :i* !re is ! smalle/ diff]5ce ( op9ion among mod]n lov]s ( art1 namely1 ! e>ly ,greek temples4 ,!re is no s]i\s dispute z to ! /&+ ( ! ,greek ar*itecture previ\s to ! ye> #cjj ,b4 ,c41 z ! mo/ p]fect ?+ t decorative art#a has produc$4 ,x is extremely simple3 a fact :i* makes x ! m fit = our pres5t purpose3 b ?is simplicity is to be tak5 z n hav+ l$ to b>5ess1 lack ( incid5t1 lack ( *>m3 x has m]ely s]v$ to give ! ,greek arti/ su* an easy control ov] ! diff]5t details & _! organization into a complete :ole1 t ! admiration ( all subsequ5t ages has be5 giv5 to 8 productions4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t no?+ ( ?is complete beauty is n[ to be se5 above gr\nd4 ,plate ,i %[s ! fam\s temple at ,p/um on ! we/ coa/ ( ,campania1 s\!a/ ( ,naples3 ! temple call$ t ( ,poseidon1 to :i* god 7call$ by ! ,romans1 ,neptune7 ! anci5t t[n :i* /ood on ?is site 0 d$icat$4 ,?is is ! mo/ ne>ly well pres]v$ ( ! ,doric#b temples1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! small build+ 9 ,a!ns call$ ! ,!seion1 or ,!seum1 see ,plate ,,iii1 & x is l>g] & m int]e/+ ?an t4 ,plate ,,ii gives ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns f ! nor?we/ ,illu/ration3 ,,hexa/yle ,,doric ,,temple1 ,,pae/um1 ,,s\!rn ,,italy1 ,,call$ 8,,temple ,,( ,,neptune40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>!non1 ,,a!ns1 ,,f ,,! ,,nor?we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>!non1 ,,a!ns1 ,,f ,,! ,,nor!a/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 & f ! nor!a/4 ,?is build+ by common agreem5t ( mod]n /ud5ts 0 ! mo/ p]fect 9 design & ! mo/ highly elaborat$ 9 detail ( all ! ,doric temples ( e>ly "t4 ,! ,p>!non z we see x n[ 9 its decay1 dom9at+ ! t[n ( ,a!ns f ! top ( its rock or look$ at close at h&1 light$ by ! ,grecian sun or by ! moon = ^? :o are romantically incl9$1 is unque/ionably a mo/ picturesque & *>m+ ru92 x is impos+ 9 its mass1 int]e/+ /ill 9 its details1 & inve/$1 ( c\rse1 ) an immeasurably great tradition1 hi/orical & poetic4 ,t fact mu/ n be =gott5 = a mom5t3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is admiration1 ?is en?usiasm1 is n giv5 to ! "w ( art4 ,x is n at all to produce su* a ru9 z we n[ see t ! ,grecian arti/ ?\ght & toil$4 ,admire ! ru9 to y\r he>t's cont5t3 b be c>eful t y d n all[ too mu* ( ?is romantic association to ent] into y\r love ( ! arti/ic entity1 ( ! lo/ ,p>!non1 :i* we h to create out ( ! air1 z x 74 ,& bew>e ( ! admiration ( ru9s z y w\ld ( ! 8tone0 giv5 to a picture by "t3 x is n t :i* ! arti/ propos$ to himself or ev5 ?\ght (1 & x is ! arti/'s purpose t y mu/ ask =1 always4 ,t is ! fir/ ?+4 ,until y are sure y "k t purpose1 fully1 x w n d to f9d fault ) ! "w ( art1 or ev5 to praise x too unres]v$ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is extremely important to consid] ! probable anci5t surr\nd+s ( ! build+ 9 "q4 ,! upp] figure ( ,plate ,,iii may %[1 n only ! int]e/+ build+ itself f a good po9t ( view & ) its peculi>ities /rongly acc5tuat$ 7z is po9t$ out bel[71 b also z %[+ h[1 except = its color+1 ! temple mu/ h be5 se5 by ! ,a!nians 9 ! days ( ,conon4 ,! mod]n h\ses are v l :at ! anci5t h\ses mu/ h be51 =1 al?\gh ! anci5t h\ses _h ev5 less door & w9d[-op5+ ^u ! /reet & m ^u a c\rt or y>d1 yet we may imag9e ourselves 9 su* a y>d ( antiquity1 & ! r$-til$ ro(s1 ! homemade *imney1 ! humble & unkempt aspect ( ! :ole may be assum$ to /& v well = ! humbl] qu>t]s ( ,a!ns 9 antiquity4 ,?is temple also is a ru93 b ! fact t1 z se5 9 ,plate ,,iii1 !re are /ill visible ! sculptures ( ! metopes1#c & ! fact t ! ro( ( ! pt]oma#d is /ill 9 place1 s t !re is no sun%9e com+ d[n beh9d ! columns :]e sun%9e 0 nev] meant to be--^! conditions g f> to give u a peep at ! build+ z x /ood 9 ^? great days4 ,no o!r photograph c give a bett] idea ( h[ ! columns are set clos] ne> ! corn]2 nor a bett] idea ( ! reasons = ?is peculi>ity2 = ! sky is se5 betwe5 ! columns at ! "r h&2 & ! d>k wall ( ! naos#e 9 ! same relative position on ! left h&1 & ! *ief cause = ! small] int]columniation at ! corn]s is obvi\s en\gh1 z %[n bel[ 9 connection ) ! model ,plate ,,iv4 ,look back at ,plate ,i1 & ,plate ,,iii1 upp] figure1 & note t ^! build+s h six columns on ! front in/ead ( eight &1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! g5]al proportions ( ,greek temples1 %\ld h a great] height relatively to wid? ?an ! ,p>!non1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,note1 f>!r1 t ! columns are v mu* high] & m sl5d] 9 ! octa/yle#f ,p>!non ?an 9 ! ,italian hexa/yle#g build+1 & ! relative height ( ! entablature#h great]1 or z "o to two & a half 9 ,p/um1 "o to ?ree 9 ,a!ns4 ,! ,doric ,ord]#i is capable ( j ab\t z mu* div]sity 9 relative heights & o!r dim5sions z is %[n "h4 ,! comp>atively %ort & ?ick columns ( ! ,italian temple are *>act]i/ic ( an e>li] & less develop$ /yle ?an t d5ot$ by ! high] & m sl5d] columns ( ! ,p>!non4 ,9 l mann] ! comp>atively great ?ickness ( ! sup]/ructure 9 ! ,p/um temple1 giv+ a v broad ar*itrave1#aj & a /ill broad] frieze#aa is also sugge/ive ( an e>li] date4 ,n[ x is agre$ t ! m l(ty & sl5d] proportions ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,p>!non mu/ h giv5 to ! orig9al build+ a *>m beyond t giv5 by ! /umpy proportions ( ! ,p/um temple3 b x is also und5iable t _m lov]s ( ar*itecture1 ( ?is z ( o!r epo*s & /yles1 love especially ! e>ly "w1 t :i* is commonly kn[n z ar*aic4 ,x is exactly l ! great en?usiasm excit$ 9 _m /ud5ts ( ,italian art by ! e>lie/ pa9t+s1 ^? ( ! primitifs3 9 ea* case ! v s+le-m9d$ & dilig5t "w ( ! e>ly m5 has a *>m peculi>ly its own4 ,al?\gh ! ,p>!non is1 z m5tion$ above1 a ru9 & no?+ else1 !re are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! %att]$ /ones ( t ru9 a c]ta9 "p ( t !oretical beauty1 t imag9$ glory ( ! de/roy$ "w ( art1 :i* we are gradually build+ up 9 our ?\ghts4 ,?us x is 9 ! exi/+ ru9s t !re h be5 discov]$ ^? curi\s curves :]e /raight l9es _h be5 suppos$ to exi/4 ,if y /& at "o end ( ! /ylobate#ab & look along x t[>ds ! o!r end1 y w see t x curves upw>d 9 ! middle ) a decid$ convex sweep4 7,see ,plate ,,iii47 ,if y raise y\rself on a scaffold+ & look along ! und]side ( ! ar*itrave y w f9d t t also rises 9 a curve1 n exactly p>allel or conc5tric to t ( ! /ylobate1 b ne>ly s4 ,fur!rmore y w notice1 if y walk ab\t ! temple & exam9e x closely1 t ! two out]-mo/ columns ( ! front are mu* ne>] toge!r ?an ! o!rs1 z not$ above 9 ,plate ,,iii3 or t1 9 o!r words1 ! ?ree columns :i* =m ! corn] are gr\p$ mu* m closely ?an are ! o!rs4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 discov]$ by m9ute measurem5ts t ^! columns slope inw>d a v little4 ,( c\rse1 x has always be5 kn[n t ! v visible dim9ution ( ! %aft 9 ?ickness f ! bottom to ! top is n accord+ to /raight l9es 7t is to say1 t ! %afts are n conical7 b is accord+ to a v sl[ & h>dly p]ceptible curve :i* we call ! entasis4 ,great folios ( c>efully drawn plates h be5 devot$ to ! exact curvature ( ! entasis & to ! m rec5tly discov]$ irregul>ities3 & a m9ute s]ies ( measurem5ts h be5 made1 by :i* ! :ole am\nt ( ! irregul>ity 9 any "o case is n[ easily asc]ta9able4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m elem5ts out ( :i* we h to make up our g5]al appreciation ( ! build+1 our appreciation ( ! exi/5ce & ! "* ( ^! slopes1 curves1 ris+s1 s9k+s1 slop+s3 all ( !m1 x is cle>1 plann$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful & elaborate way1 & z ! result ( _m previ\s exp]im5ts4 ,_! object is1 ( c\rse1 to add to ! *>m ( ! build+1 to give x 9 "o case ! effect ( be+ v broad 9 ! base & !re=e v secure & p]man5t--9 ano!r case1 to prev5t any possible appe>ance ( sagg+ or depression 9 ! middle ( ! long horizontal l9es2 9 ano!r case /ill1 to sub/itute ! subtile grace ( a slight & almo/ imp]ceptible curve = ! h>%ness ( a /raight l9e4 ,/ill ano!r ?+ is traceable 9 ^! ru9s3 ! unceas+ c>e ) :i* ! "w 0 done1 ! way 9 :i* ! sep>ate drums or solid blocks1 ( :i* ! %afts ( ! columns are made up1 7 gr\nd toge!r1 "o ^u ano!r1 until !y fitt$ ) b ! slighte/ visible or tangible sep>ation4 ,! *annel+ or groov+ ( ! %afts 0 evid5tly done aft] ! drums _h be5 put into place1 & x is highly probable t ! bells#ac ( ! capitals 7 also f9i%$1 or receiv$ _! f9al v delicate curvature1 aft] ! blocks out ( :i* !y _h be5 cut _h be5 set1 & inde$ aft] ! sup]9cumb5t block1 ! abacus1 _h be5 l[]$ ^u ea* "o ( !m4 ,ano!r feature 9 ?is rem>kable design is to be trac$ 9 ! ru9s1 & 0 mu* m pla9ly discov]able at an e>li]1 ?\gh /ill record$ & well-kn[n1 date3 namely1 ! orig9al pa9t$ adornm5t ( ! build+1 9 /rong prim>y colors4 ,9 ! temples built ( s(t & r\gh /one1 l t 9 ,plate ,i1 !re is kn[n to h be5 a ?9 coat ( f9e pla/]+ spread ov] ! :ole surface1 & ! f9al delicacy ( curve & %>pness ( edge mu/ h be5 wr\ght 9 t pla/] ev5 m accurately ?an 9 ! /one b5ea?4 ,b 9 ! ,p>!non1 built entirely ( f9e-gra9$ & h>d m>ble1 no su* coat+ 0 necess>y1 & ! pa9t 0 appli$ directly to ! cry/all9e surface itself4 ,?is pa9t+ cov]$ v l>ge p>ts ( ! ext]ior1 nor is x probable t any s+le foot ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,!seum 7,,!seion7 ,,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curvature ,,( ,,/ylobate ,,( ,,p>!non4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re/or$ ,,model ,,( ,,! ,,p>!non1 ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 m>ble 0 left 9 its orig9al :it5ess4 ,:]e ! solid coat+ ( r$ or blue pa9t 0 n appli$1 ! m>ble seems to h be5 t9t$ a dull yell[1 z by ! application ( wax to ! surface1 :i* wax1 if melt$ on ) hot irons1 w\ld act z a pres]vative = ! m>ble4 ,x appe>s !n t all mod]n dreams ab\t ! :it5ess & purity & ab/ract lovel9ess ( ! ,grecian temples are mi/ak54 ,br[n+'s ,artemis says t1 always except+ ,h]a1 %e is ! equal ( any goddess ( !m all-- 8 444 surpass$ ,by none ^: temples :it5 ?is ! _w40 ,! ,artemis ( any ,greek poet w\ld h us$ a diff]5t phrase3 to h]1 ! temples erect$ to ! gods ( ,olympus w\ld n h seem$ :ite objects--!y w\ld h be5 to h] ! prop]ly sacrificial & devotional embodim5t ( all t 0 spl5did & gorge\s 9 ! arts ( m5 at t "t3 sculptur$ m>ble & wr\ght metal inde$1 b also color & gold freely & ev5 lavi%ly appli$4 ,plate ,,iv is a photograph ( ! re/or$ model ( ! ,p>!non :i* belongs to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 ,new ,york1 ! re/oration ( :i*1 & ! :ole "w1 is due to ,*>les ,*ipiez1 a well-kn[n & v compet5t ar*ologi/ 9 ! direction ( classical ar*itecture4 ,b ?is re/oration is extremely res]v$ & quiet2 x assumes almo/ no?+2 x is re/ra9$ q beyond :at is to be expect$ ( a mod]n en?usia/ 9 ,greek art4 ,if1 in/ead ( ?is1 we 7 to /udy ! c>eful & consci5ti\s draw+s publi%$ by t ,fr5* /ud5t :o has made a special /udy ( ! build+s 9 ,epidauros 7,alphonse de ,frasse7 or 9 ,olympia 7,victor ,lal\x7 we %\ld f9d ! decoration by means ( pa9t+ & by ! application ( gold5 %ields or o!r memb]s 9 gilt metal1 assum$ z v mu* m elaborate & ri*4 ,?us ! re/or$ faade ( ! temple ( ,asclepios at ,epidauros & t ( ! temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia are %[n z hav+ be5 pa9t$ 9 ! mo/ elaborate way1 ) figure subjects ( conv5tionaliz$ =m & di/ribution on all ! l>g] flat surfaces1 & patt]ns ( leafage & scroll-"w on ! small ones4 ,x is kn[n t v ri* mosaic floors exi/$ 9 _m ( ^! cases & kn[n also t ! ceil+s1 su* z ^? above ! op5 gall]ies 7pt]oma7 beh9d ! great colonnades1 7 adorn$ v ri*ly1 sometimes ) pa9t$ & gild$ t]ra cotta4 ,!re is /ill to be consid]$ ! sculptur$ ornam5t1 pa9t$1 inde$1 9 vivid colors1 b also plann$ ) c>e1 & execut$ ) va/ k1 m9ute skill1 & :at seems to u faultless good ta/e4 ,9 ! ,doric temples !re 0 no leaf-sculpture1 no scroll-"w1 no c>v$ ornam5ts ( any sort3 we %all f9d a diff]5t condition ( ?+s 9 ! ,ionic /yle1 b ev5 9 ! elaborate & v co/ly ,p>!non !re 7 only ! human & animal =ms1 express$ 9 /atues & reliefs made z p]fect z 0 possible to ! arti/ ( ! "t4 ,"s temples _h none ( ?is3 o!rs _h ! metopes ( ! frieze 7see footnote1 ,entablature7 c>v$ ) high reliefs3 o!rs _h reliefs 9 ! great triangul> panel ( ! p$im5t3#ad o!rs aga9 _h ?is panel fill$ ) /atues1 /&+ & seat$1 =m+ a gr\p1 & express+ "s leg5d ( ,greek hi/orical & religi\s life4 ,f9ally1 !re are in/ances ( long unbrok5 b&s ( sculpture 9 v l[ relief4 ,! ,p>!non _h all ( ^!3 a horizontal b& along ! top ( ea* wall ( ! naos fill$ ) bas-reliefs2 high reliefs 9 ! metopes1 /atues 9 bo? p$im5ts4 ,if1 !n1 our op9ion ( anci5t ,greek ar*itecture is to be =m$1 & a relative judgm5t ( any two f9e specim5s ( x is to be rea*$1 we h to /udy ) "s c>e :at is kn[n ab\t _! appe>ance & "* :5 intact4 ,:at /atues did !y h8 ,:at high reliefs 9 squ>e panels1 or bas-reliefs 9 long & n>r[ /rips8 ,( :at value 7 ^! sculptures to ! g5]al effect ( ! /ructure8 ,:at seem to h be5 ! proportions ( ! build+8 ,if we c call up an image ( x be=e ! m9d1 is ?is an image ( p]fect proportion1 or is x cle> t great] height or o!r *ange 9 dim5sion w\ld h be5 an advantage8 ,x is true t we g5]ally accept ,greek build+s ( ! be/ "t z faultless3 b x is also true t !re 7 great diff]5ces among !m4 ,! hexa/yle temple is necess>ily m high & m n>r[ ?an ! octa/yle build+4 ,if we consid] t ! temple ) six columns at ea* end has only ?irte5 on ea* side 7t is1 elev5 )\t c\nt+ ! corn] columns :i* =m "p ( ! two fronts7 :ile ! wid] ,p>!non has sev5te5 columns on ea* side1 we f9d t ! comp>ative height ( ! temple ( ,poseidon at ,p/um1 or ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 or ( ,a!na at ,sunion1 is v mu* great] :5 se5 f "o corn]1 9 p]spective1 ?an t ( ! ,a!ns temple4 ,suppose t we trace f ,plate ,,iv s mu* ( ! colonnade z w leave out two ( ! end columns & f\r ( ^? on ! flank1 & !n put a correspond+ p$im5t & entablature1 :i* proportion %all we pref]8 ,:i* build+ is ne>] to p]fection8 ,! ,p>!non1 z ! v fl[] & glory ( ,greece8 ,if s1 :y 0 ! hexa/yle =m s v mu* m common8 ,!re are no o!r octa/yle ,doric temples kn[n to u3 &1 if x be said z an explanation1 t ( c\rse ! heights ( column & entablature w\ld be v>i$ = ! *ange f ! #h #ag p]i/yle to ! #f #ac type1 ! "q /ill rema9s = u--0 x practicable to make an octa/yle temple z p]fect 9 proportion z 7 num]\s hexa/yle examples1 l>ge & small1 scatt]$ ov] ,greece1 ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily8 ,^! d\bts are sugge/$ 9 ord] t ! read] may see 9 ?is comm5cem5t ( 8 /udies :at k9d ( unsettl$ & nev] to be settl$ que/ions w come be=e him at e /ep ( 8 inquiry4 ,he w be equally unc]ta9 :e!r he is to pref] ! ea/ end ( ,reims ca!dral or t ( ,b\rges1 or t ( ,p>is4 ,z ) ! important ,greek temples1 s ! ,go?ic ca!drals j nam$ are ! v fl[] ( _! epo* & repres5t 9 ! highe/ p]fection kn[n to u _! respective /yles4 ,s mu* ! /ud5t w be able to discov] )\t too great a m5tal ef=t3 & once sure ( ?is he w und]/& t no fur!r m5tal ef=t 9 ?is direction is ev5 desirable1 & t comp>ison among works ( v high excell5ce c nev] cease--c nev] be br\ght to an end by any au?ority or any outside decision :atsoev]1 & t "h ! /ud5t's own pref]5ces mu/ be p]=ce 8 only guide4 ,!re is /ill "o po9t ( view f :i* ! ,greek temples mu/ be reg>d$4 ,x is to _m p]sons ! mo/ important consid]ation ( all4 ,^? :o are reali/s 9 ar*itecture are always incl9$ to favor ! utilit>ian plan & ! logical /ructure & to hold ^! z ( ev5 great] value ?an ! ab/ract proportion or ! beauty ( detail4 ,on ! o!r h&1 writ]s l ,rusk9 nev] sugge/ ! importance ( ! de/9ation ( ! edifice1 nor its m]it z a piece ( intellig5t build+3 nor d ! /ud5ts ( proportion1 z 9 ,neo-classic#ae build+s1 ?9k mu* ( ?is matt]4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,greek temples ?is practical consid]ation c be /at$ 9 a v few words4 ,no l>ge ro($ hall 0 ev] desir$2 no int]ior effect1 z ( a great vault$ room1 0 ?\ght (2 no room = a congregation or an audi5ce )9 ! solid walls 0 ev] propos$4 ,! naos ( ! temple s]v$ only to h\se ! great image ( ! ,div9ity ) o!r m9or /atues ( ! same or ( k9dr$ significance toge!r ) ! gifts pres5t$ to ! %r9e4 ,! p ga!r$ 9 front ( ! great portico2 public sacrifices 7 p]=m$ !re2 ! temple itself1 l ! *oir#af ( a ,*ri/ian *ur* long aft]w>ds1 0 = ! prie/s alone4 ,moreov]1 ! build+s ( diff]5t "* left u by ! ,greeks1 ev5 9 ru9s1 are s v few t we are unable to e/abli% ) c]ta9ty _! "*2 & ^? :i*1 l ! fam\s ,meet+-hall 7,tele/]ion7 at ,eleusis1 mu/ h accommodat$ a numb] ( p]sons seat$ to li/5 to ! words ( speak]s1 7 obvi\sly ( extreme simplicity--involv+ no new pr9ciples ( plan or ( design4 ,next1 z to ! con/ruction3 t z ! photographs %[1 0 ( ! simple/ possible "*4 ,uprights ( /one c>ri$ horizontal beams ( /one1 & ^! aga9 cross-beams to span ! wid? ( ! portico1 :i* cross-beams might be ( /one1 or ( wood encas$ p]haps ) t]ra cotta slabs4 ,z = ! int]ior ( ! naos1 9 ! l>g] temples x 0 divid$ into a wid] middle hall & two n>r[] ones1 l ! nave & aisles ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es3 & all ro($ ) timb]1 9 simple fram+1 :i* c>ri$ a ro(+ ( tile3 b :e!r ! ro( 0 always complete & solid1 or :e!r1 z "s p]sons ?9k1 a "p ( ?is 0 (t5 omitt$ s z to all[ ! light ( day to ent] f above1 is unc]ta94 ,x appe>s !n t1 z sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ page ( ?is *apt]1 ! requirem5ts & ! /ructure ( ! ,grecian religi\s build+ 7 s v simple t no long exam9ation into ! matt] is ne$$ to %[ ! connection betwe5 ! plan & ! ext]ior effect1 or betwe5 ! /ructure & ! ext]ior effect4 ,we h no ,greek int]iors to /udy & ! ext]iors at once tell u h[ ! :ole /ructure 0 br\ght into be+1 & also t x c\ld n fail to s]ve its daily uses 9 a v p]fect mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lat] ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,design ,9 *apt] "o !re 0 discussion ( ! simple/ ,greek ar*itecture--t :i* we call ,doric--:i* rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t ab\t #dej ,b4 ,c4 ,consid]+ n[1 v briefly1 ! lat] & m elaborate ,greek build+s we f9d t !y 7 m g5]ally ( ! ,ionic#ag /yle1 t ! mo/ important ( !m 7 built along ! ,asiatic coa/ by ! ,greek coloni/s !re1 & f9ally1 t n "o ( ! l>g] monum5ts rema9s 9 any su* condition t x c be se5 ev5 z an attractive ru94 ,! only important ,ionic build+ :i* we c f9d impressive1 z x /&s1 is ! ,erec!ion at ,a!ns1 & ?is1 ?\gh a v small build+1 is admitt$ to conta9 ! mo/ exquisite details ( ! ,ionic /yle :i* are kn[n to u4 ,plate ,v gives two views ( ! ,erec!ion 9 its pres5t condition1 & ,plate ,,vi gives ! small portico ( c>yatides on ! s\? flank ( ! same build+4 ,! views giv5 "h %[s ! curi\s & entirely unexampl$ relation ( ^! diff]5t p>ts to "o ano!r4 ,! full significance ( ?is comb9ation ( small ap>tm5ts is n und]/ood4 ,z a g5]al ?+ ! ,ionic temples 7 n diff]5t 9 purpose f ! ,doric temples2 !y h !re=e ! same plan & ! same simple /ructure2 b !y h a mu* m elaborate decorative treatm5t4 ,?us1 we f9d "h ar*itectural sculpture1 prop]ly s call$1 introduc$ into ! build+4 ,plate ,,vii gives a numb] ( sep>ate details ( ,ionic build+s1 & x w be readily se5 t "h an influ5ce 0 at "w f> diff]5t f t :i* orda9$ ! absolutely unmodifi$ squ>e-edg$ & =mal ,doric build+ dep5d+ ^u proportion & ^u brilliant color2 & t "h ,illu/ration3 ,,ere*!um 7,,ere*!ion7 ,,a!ns1 ,,f ,,! ,,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ere*!um1 ,,a!ns1 ,,f ,,! ,,nor?1 ,,%[+ ,,nor? ,,portico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ere*!um2 ,,portico ,,( ,,c>yatides4 ,,f ,s4 ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 conv5tionaliz$ leafage1 indep5d5tly design$ curvatures & brok5 l9es1 & ! play ( surface giv5 by slight reliefs alt]nat+ cont9ually ) smoo? flat planes1 are all introduc$4 ,if1 f>!r1 we look back to ,plate ,,vi & note ! treatm5t ( t spl5did 8,portico ( ! ,maid5s10 we %all see :at ,greek ?\ght 0 capable ( 9 ! way ( ar*itectural sculpture4 ,n[ !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! beauty ( ! simple patt]ns1 ! an!mions1#ah ! egg-&-d>t#ai m\ld+s1 & ! l2 b ! v greate/ diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s ) reg>d to ! ess5tial propriety ( human figures us$ z ar*itectural memb]s ( su* great importance z ^!1 & especially :5 us$ z supports = a sup]9cumb5t weight4 ,! au?or ( ?is volume admires ?is portico z1 on ! :ole1 ! f9e/ ?+ left u by ,greek ar*itectural art1 comb9+ z x does ! exquisite design & faultless modell+ ( ea* sep>ate figure1 ! successful comb9+ into a gr\p ( ! f\r maid5s ( ! front1 or ( ! :ole six1 ) _! sup]9cumb5t weight ( m>ble1 & ! exquisite managem5t ( ! :ole /ructure s t x %all seem light & yet solid1 fanciful & yet dignifi$1 graceful & yet endur+ly noble4 ,viollet-le-,duc has po9t$ out 78,entreti5s10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #bic7 h[ successfully ! figures are pos$ & gr\p$ to express _! con/ructional function4 ,!re are excell5t judges :o ?9k diff]5tly & :o w\ld fa9 ignore ! ,p&rosion1#bj z x is sometimes call$1 or relegate x to ! position ( a mi/ake made by t race ( arti/s :o 7 ( all races ! lea/ likely to make mi/akes4 ,9 ?is ,illu/ration3 ,,ere*!um1 ,,head ,,( ,,doorway ,,"u ,,nor? ,,portico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,entablature1 ,,ionic ,,/yle1 ,,acropolis1 ,,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corn] ,,capital1 ,,ionic ,,/yle1 ,,f\nd ,,on ,,acropolis1 ,,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,( ,,a!ne ,,polias1 ,,pri5e1 ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or1 ,,s\? ,,( ,,ephesus4 7,f 8,antiquities ( ,ionia10 publi%$ by ! ,dilettanti ,society47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 connection x may be not$ t ! build+s ( ! ,ionic /yle (f] o!r & v curi\s exceptions to ! m usual treatm5t ( sculpture :5 appli$ to build+s4 ,?us 9 ! ,erec!ion itself1 ! pr9cipal frieze 0 ( d>k gray m>ble 9 smoo? slabs1 ^u :i* 7 fix$ figures 9 :ite m>ble 9 vigor\s action1 ! scale small1 & ! :ole composition mu* m ne>ly pictorial ?an any?+ 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,aga91 9 ! balu/rade built ab\t ! little temple ( ,victory on ! edge ( ! cliff at ! we/ ( ! ,acropolis1 reliefs ( mod]ate projection are treat$ ) s+ul> vivacity3 drap$ goddesses 9 active & easily und]/ood movem5t4 ,!re is also 9 ,greek ar*itecture ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cor9?ian#ba /yle1 ( :i* ! be/ example kn[n to mod]ns is ! totally ru9$ ,?olos#bb ne> ,epidauros 9 ! ,morea1 & ! mo/ famili>1 t little monum5t 9 ,a!ns1 call$ ! ,*oragic#bc ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates3 b = ?is /yle we mu/ ref] to ! ,roman build+s 9 :i* x rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,:5 we come to consid] m especially ! traditional repute ( ,grecian ar*itecture1 & ! influ5ce :i* x has _h 9 %ap+ ! op9ions ( :at we call ! ta/e ( sixty g5]ations ?r\gh\t all ! ,european l&s1 we are br\ght at once to ! "w ( ! ,roman imp]ial times4 ,all ! nationalities--all ! peoples--:i* take _! rec5t & exi/+ social =m & op9ions 9 art & lit]ature f ! same common s\rce1 ! all-embrac+ empire ( ,rome1 h tak5 up ,greek art z !y h tak5 up ,greek lit]ature1 z _! *ief & orig9al guide to ?\ght4 ,inde$ x has be5 %[n1 & is accept$ z true1 t ! *ief mission ( ! great ,roman empire 0 9 pres]v+ ,hell5ic ?\ght 9 art & lit]ature = ! future4 ,x is because ( ?is1 z has be5 truly said1 t ! works ( ,hom] & s*ylus & ( ! ,greek sculptors are plants gr[+ 9 our own g>d54 ,!y might h be51 & b = ! ,roman empire !y w\ld be1 z =eign to ! mod]n _w z are ! ?\ght & lit]ature ( ,p]sia & ,india4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to consid] :at ,greek ar*itecture 0 to ! five or six c5turies :i* foll[$ its greate/ epo*1 & aga9 :at x 0 to ! five or six c5turies :i* foll[$ ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ,europe4 ,f #dej ,b4 ,c4 to #djj ,a4 ,d41 & aga9 f #adjj ,a4 ,d4 to rec5t times1 ,greek ?\ght 9 ^! matt]s ( f9e art 0 ! c5tral ?+1 ! spr+ ( life4 ,to ! peoples ( antiquity ,greek ar*itecture 0 a guide & inspiration1 ev5 "u ! mu* alt]$ conditions ( a =eign & irresi/ible rule3 x 0 con/antly & uni=mly ! model4 ,to ! peoples :o h built & design$ s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,greek art has be5 ( weight g5]ally z act+ ?r\gh ! ,roman /yles ( design1 = x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! actual build+s ( ! ,greek peoples 9 ,greece1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,sicily1 came to be kn[n at all3 b x 0 ! ,greek "p 9 ,roman imp]ial art t int]e/$ ^? ,mod]ns4 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ explorations & discov]ies ( ,/u>t1 ,revett1 ,p5rose1 ,cock]ell1 ,p5ne?orne1 ,texi]1 ,r5an1 & ! o!r explor]s ( ! ye>s f #agfj to #ahej1 ! ,greek build+s 7 9 ru9s4 ,n "o s+le ro( rema9$ 9 place4 ,n "o s+le build+ 0 s f> pres]v$ t ! "q c\ld be def9itely answ]$ :e!r ! temples _h op5+s 9 ! ro(s = light 9 all or 9 any cases3 s t ! hyp?ral#bd !ory rema9s a !ory only1 & is app>5tly incapable ( v]ification4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! details1 n only ! m\ld+s & flut+s & *annel+s1 b also ! c>v+ 9 conv5tionaliz$ leafage1 7 pla9ly to be se5 & 7 capable ( excit+ ! mo/ en?usia/ic int]e/4 ,?us ,plate ,,viii %[s ! ord] & "s o!r details ( ! ,temple ( ,a!na ,polias at ,pri5e 9 ,asia ,m9or3 ! draw+s hav+ be5 made ab\t #agff "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,*&l] & ! ar*itect ,nicolas ,revett4 ,! g5]al plan rema9$ d\btful1 b z x 0 evid5t t ! build+s _h receiv$ ! mo/ c>eful ?\ght1 ) a view to _! arti/ic "*1 & z1 9 ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies1 proportion 9 ! l>g] di/ributions ( ! build+ 0 e/eem$ ! mo/ important elem5t ( ar*itectural greatness1 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t ! ,greek build+s w\ld be f\nd to h also su* excell5ce ( proportion2 & x 0 believ$ t ?is p>ticul> beauty c\ld be enjoy$ & judg$ by ^? :o 7 pati5t & %rewd en\gh to comb9e ! %att]$ ru9s & d$uce f !m ! orig9al =m ( ! build+s :i* !y repres5t4 ,:at "o temple w\ld n give1 ano!r suppli$4 ,:at "o temple _h lo/1 ano!r _h pres]v$4 ,! height ( ! columns c\ld be asc]ta9$ & ! diamet]s ( _! %afts at top & at bottom3 ! di/ance ap>t ( ^! columns c\ld be asc]ta9$3 ! %apes ( ! capitals 7 !re to be not$3 ! entablature c\ld be re/or$ by a m5tal process & drawn out ) almo/ p]fect c]ta9ty4 ,9 ?is way ! ,greek temples 7 put into %ape = ! mod]n /ud5t4 ,no su* /ud5t _h ev] se5 "o except 9 ! /ate ( app>5tly hopeless ru93 b no su* /ud5t c\ld fail to grasp ! evid5t significance ( ! orig9al build+ :5 pres5t$ to him z a "w ( pure =m1 :ite & colorless1 simple 9 con/ruction1 ref9$ 9 detail beyond any?+ t lat] times _h ev] a*iev$1 presumably faultless 9 proportion1 & inve/$ ) m9ute & delicate decoration 9 conv5tionaliz$ leaf =m & ! l4 ,we h !n to keep 9 m9d two diff]5t ways ( judg+ ( ! ,greek build+s2 fir/1 ! truly hi/orical & also truly critical way1 9 :i* we take !m z build+s once v real & really put to use1 made ri* by spl5did color & ab\nd+ v>iety ( detail1 mu* ( ?is detail be+ 9 pa9t or 9 gild+ alone )\t =m to repres5t x2 & ! o!r way1 ! mod]n traditional way1 by means ( :i* a small body ( writ]s & lectur]s sway$ ar*itectural op9ion = a c5tury & a half1 & until ! accurate exam9ation & close /udy1 giv5 to ! subject 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _h produc$ its effect4 ,9 ! lat] *apt]s ( ?is little book !re w be f\nd frequ5t ref]5ce to ?is pr(essional or te*nical view ( pure ,greek ar*itecture4 ,/ill1 :at has be5 ?\ght ab\t x s9ce its discov]y 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 is ( less importance to our inquiry ?an ! simil> assumptions ) reg>d to ! ar*itecture ( ,imp]ial ,rome2 = t ar*itecture influ5c$ ! peoples ( ,europe at all times dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & m especially at ! important p]iods ( revival or ( *ange 9 ! fif?1 ! elev5?1 & ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,! e>ly ar*itecture ( ,rome1 t is ( ! city & its neighborhood1 is n "u consid]ation2 x is v little kn[n ev5 to mod]n ar*ologi/s1 & x 0 n kn[n at all to ! p ( ! ,risorgim5to#be or _! successors1 ^u ^: "w ! mod]n traditions & feel+ ab\t ar*itecture h be5 bas$4 ,! build+s :i* directly influ5c$ ! _w ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & !n t lat] _w ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! "t ( ,italian imitation ( antiquity1 7 ^? ( ! e>ly ,emp]ors4 ,!re 01 z has be5 discov]$ )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 a special art introduc$ 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us1 a beautiful art made up ( sculpture n exclusively ,greek 9 "*2 &1 9 its ar*itectural =m1 ( an enl>g$ & m decorative h&l+ ( ! ,greek sy/em ( design4 ,9 bo? ( ^! innovations "s loss 9 ref9em5t comes ) ! ga9 9 spl5dor & 9 utility3 b we c see ?is ,augu/an ar*itecture to h be5 a spl5did decorative art4 ,x is also true t some:at m ( x ?an we n[ see rema9$ 9 place1 & ne>ly complete1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! great build+s :i* p>tly rema9 to u f ! ,imp]ial epo* are g5]ally lat] ?an ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! fam\s ,pan!on 7see ,plate ,,ix71 z we n[ h x1 ) its huge rotunda1 dates f ! "t ( ,hadrian 7#aag-ach ,a4 ,d473 ! magnific5t ,=um ( ,trajan ) its accessories1 a gr\p ( build+s inconceivably va/ & spl5did1 0 complet$ dur+ ! same adm9i/ration ( ,hadrian4 ,! be/ pres]v$ ,roman memorial ar*1 :i* is also =tunately v ri* 9 sculpture1 t ( ,b5ev5to 9 ,s\? ,italy1 0 also built aft] ,trajan's dea? & 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian3 ! be/ pres]v$ build+s ( ,palmyra & ( ! ,nor?-,african cities are ( ! "t ( ! ,anton9es1 ^? ( ,heliopolis 7,baalbec7 ( ! same epo* & lat]4 ,! temples on ! old ,=um--! ,=um ,romanum z di/+ui%$ f ! lat] or imp]ial ,=a--7 re/or$ & alt]$ _m times be=e ! f9al collapse ( ! imp]ial p[] 9 ,rome3 ! temple ( ,ca/or1 app>5tly "u ,tib]ius 7#ad-cg ,a4 ,d471 ! temple ( ,saturn1 ) ! ,/ate treasury 9 its basem5t1 p]haps n lat] ?an ! "t ( ,augu/us 7#cj ,b4 ,c4 to #ad ,a4 ,d471 ! temple ( ,vespasian1 mu* rebuilt1 "u ,sev]us & ,c>acalla1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,a4 ,d4 ,! build+s nam$ z be+ 9 ,rome itself1 toge!r ) ! ,temple ( ,anton9us ,pius1 t ( ,m>s ! ,av5g] 9 ! ,=um ( ,illu/ration3 ,,re/or$ ,,model ,,( ,,pan!on1 ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pan!on1 ,,rome1 ,,z ,,n[ ,,exi/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,temple ,,( ,,ca/or ,,& ,,pollux1 ,,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,temple ,,( ,,m>s ,,ultor1 ,,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,augu/us1 ! enclos+ wall ( ! ,=um ( ,n]va1 & o!r fragm5ts n[ :olly de/roy$1 7 ! pieces ( ar*itectural art :i* mo/ especially influ5c$ ! /udies ( ! m5 ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,plate ,x gives :at n[ rema9s ( ! ,temple ( ,ca/or1 & also :at rema9s ( ! ,temple ( ,m>s2 b z late z ! sixte5? c5tury !re 0 mu* m to be se5 & /udi$ ab\t ^! ru9s4 ,! build+ beh9d ! ,temple ( ,ca/or 9 ! ,=um1 n[ entirely /ripp$ ( its ar*itectural decorations1 reta9$ its int]ior ord] ( m>ble columns until ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ?is build+ also 0 ( great importance to ! e>li] re/or]s ( antique art3 x is ?\ght by mod]n ar*ologi/s to h be5 ! ,temple ( ,augu/us1 :i* is kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,! build+s nam$ above 7 g5]ally column> 9 "*4 ,! memorial ar* & ! ,pan!on are ! only two ( !m :i* 7 c]ta9ly vault$ /ructures4 ,n[1 ! memorial ar* requir$ only "o or ?ree simple b>rel vaults1 & ! example ( ! ,etruscans mu/ h made su* "w z t famili> to ! p ( ,rome1 b ! ,pan!on is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,?is1 z rebuilt "u ,hadrian1 ) ! rotunda :i* we "k1 mu/ h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,roman build+s 9 solid mort>-masonry4 ,its walls are v ?ick1 fac$ on bo? sides ) brick1 b built actually ( small /ones laid 9 /rong mort>1 & x is ro($ ) extremely massive vault+ ( ! same mat]ials4 ,o!r su* build+s ( :i* l>ge p>ts exi/ are1 9 ! city ( ,rome itself1 ! great ,halls ( ! ,!rm ( ,c>acalla 7probably built ab\t #bje-aj ,a4 ,d472 ^? ( ! ,!rm ( ,diocletian1 built a c5tury lat]1 & t ( ! basilica ( ,max5tius & ,con/ant9e on ! nor? side ( ! ,=um ,romanum1 built betwe5 #cab & ab\t #ccj ,a4 ,d4 ,9 ^! build+s a vault+ z massive z t ( ! ,pan!on b ( :olly diff]5t %ape 0 us$4 ,! ,pan!on1 a circul> build+1 is ro($ by a circul> cupola#bf :i* is kept 9 place by a pond]\s sup]/ructure c>ri$ up f ! haun*es ( ! vault1 s t ! ?ru/ ( ! cupola c\ld n1 h[ev] great x might be1 affect ! /ability ( ! /ructure4 ,9 ! great halls ( ! ,!rm & ! basilica above nam$1 ! conditions are v diff]5t1 = ! gro9$-vault+#bg ( ^! halls w\ld1 if built "u ord9>y conditions1 ex]t a =midable pressure outw>d ^u all its po9ts ( support4 ,9 ^! ,roman examples1 h[ev]1 !re 7 two influ5ces at "w to save ! build+s f possible injury3 ! skillful disposition ( walls & pi]s to take up or absorb ! ?ru/ f ea* po9t ( support1 & ! fact t ^! vaults 7 built 9 su* a fa%ion1 ) horizontal b$s ( /one laid 9 /rong cem5t mort>1 t !re c\ld n be mu* ?ru/ :5 once ! mort> 0 dry & ! vault consolidat$4 ,! vault c\ld n ?ru/ outw>d )\t break+3 & x 0 too homog5e\s to break4 ,build+s ^: actual con/ruction 0 c>ri$ out 9 ?is fa%ion exi/ ?r\gh\t ^? ,m$it]ranean l&s :i* once 7 includ$ 9 ! great empire4 ,?is sy/em ( build+ gave ! _w ^? great p]man5t int]iors :i* 7 ! fir/ 9 ! _w's hi/ory to be ( ar*itectural importance4 ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 ,greeks1 bo? ^? ( ,greece & ^? ( ! ,colonies--none ( ^! great build+ nations _h ev] conceiv$ ( int]iors prep>$ & design$ = _! own sake1 & z ! *ief "p ( ! build+4 ,! ,assyrian k+s 9 _! palaces came ne>] to und]/&+ ! possible effectiv5ess ( ! int]ior3 b ev5 !y 7 satisfi$ ) long & n>r[ halls %ap$ l :at we call corridors4 ,x 0 left = ! ,romans at once to develop _! sy/em ( vault+ & at ! same "t to improve ! con/ruction ( _! ro(s ( wood & metal1 s t halls fifty feet1 sixty feet1 ev5 eighty feet wide1 c\ld be built ) ro(s ( effective & beautiful =m high above ! floor4 ,"u ^! conditions ! mo/ spl5did possible int]ior effects 7 producible4 ,su* va/ column$ int]iors z t ( ! ,ulpian basilica & t ( ! ,septa ,julia mu/ h giv5 an effect ( /ately grace absolutely unkn[n to ! mod]n _w2 ! true evolution ( ,greek art 9 "o direction 0 assur$ly to be f\nd !re4 ,on ! o!r h& ! imp]ial dwell+s on ! ,palat9e ,hill 9 ,rome ) _! num]\s vault$ halls1 ! temples ( pure ,roman design1 l t ( ,v5us & t ( ! ,city ( ,rome1 built back to back1 ne> ! ,colosseum1 & ! great halls ( ! basilicas & ba?s1 z above sugge/$1 7 capable ( be+ adorn$ 9 a p]man5t & /rictly ar*itectural way z none ( ! build+s ( e>li] races _h be54 ,! basilica ( ,max5tius _h its middle division1 its nave1#bh ab\t eighty-?ree feet wide & ro($ ) a gro9$ vault1 al?\gh ! span ( t vault is less ?an ?is1 ab\t sev5ty-eight feet1 because c>ri$ by imm5se columns :i* /& free ( ! wall on ei!r side4 ,?is great hall 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet high to ! top ( ! vault3 & x 0 flank$ on ei!r side by an aisle#bi made up ( ?ree rooms1 ea* ab\t fifty-?ree feet squ>e1 op5+ into ! c5tral hall2 & ! b>rel-vaults#cj ev5 ( ^! six m9or divisions rose eighty feet f ! pavem5t4 7,see ,plate ,,xi47 ,?is build+ dates f ! decl9+ days ( ! ,empire & ( classical civilization1 :5 sculpture _h already become a feeble & b>b>\s ?+1 )\t "*1 & :5 :at we consid] ! ,byzant9e feel+ 9 matt]s ( decoration _h already obta9$ ! ma/]y ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,roman _w4 ,! /rong hold :i* ! sy/em ( build+ _h ^u ! eng9e]s ( ! empire c be judg$ f ?is fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,basilica ,,( ,,max5tius ,,& ,,con/ant9e1 ,,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$ ,,details ,,( ,,temple ,,( ,,vespasian1 ,,rome2 ,,re/or$ ,,model ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ar* ,,( ,,trajan1 ,,at ,,b5ev5to1 ,,s\!rn ,,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,t :i* we are und]tak+ "h is n a hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 b 9 a s5se a hi/ory ( ! mod]n way ( judg+ ( ar*itecture4 ,:at !n is ! orig9 ( ^? traditions & accept$ doctr9es ^u :i* are bas$ all our ways ( criticis+ a build+8 ,?is & ! previ\s *apt] are a p>tial answ] to t "q4 ,! contribution ( ! ,roman ,imp]ial _w to ?is tradition has be51 by mu*1 ! greate/ ( all4 ,x is ^u ! ,roman practice t all subsequ5t ,european sy/ems ( decorative build+ h be5 f\nd$1 except ! lighte/ & slighte/--! wood5-fram$ h\ses ( m$ival ,europe & ^? ( mod]n ,am]ica1 & _! l4 ,ap>t f =tification1 & f /ructures built by eng9e]s )\t arti/ic int5tion1 !re is n a s+le =m ( build+ 9 masonry s9ce ! fif? c5tury :i* has n be5 develop$ f ! practice ( ! ,imp]ial build]s4 ,n[ x appe>s t ^? build]s n only built 9 two diff]5t ways1 b t !y und]took ! curi\s tw(old task ( con/ruct+ _! build+s ) massive walls & vaults ( mort>-masonry 7!reby ab&on+ :olly ! example ( ! ,greeks :o nev] us$ mort> at all 9 ! build+s we admire1 & :o _h no ar*es nor w9d[s nor int]ior design+ ( any sort 9 our mod]n s5se71 & ( decorat+ ^! build+s )9 & )\t1 by means ( a borr[$ ,greek sy/em ( ! ,ord]s1 :i* _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! actual /ructure4 ,!y all[$ !mselves to take c]ta9 lib]ties ) ! ,greek ,ord]s4 ,!y rais$ ! column on a p$e/al1 !y made ! %aft ( co/ly & beautiful mat]ial1 ( porphyry or granite or pavonazzetto m>ble or cipoll9o2 & consequ5tly1 because ! mat]ial 0 preci\s & also h>d1 !y did n try to adorn ! %aft ) *annels or flutes4 ,!y made ! capital ( bronze1 ca/ holl[ & gild$ ri*ly1 & put su* capitals ar\nd ! top ( ! %aft z a m]e ornam5tal jacket1 conceal+ ! actual support+ memb]4 ,!y built ! horizontal ar*itrave ( w$ge-%ap$ /ones1 mak+ ( ea* span betwe5 two columns a flat ar* in/ead ( a simple l9tel ( "o block1 & !y protect$ ?is built-up l9tel by a second ar* above1 a dis*>g+ ar* to ?r[ ! weight ^u ! columns & relieve ! c5tre ( ! l9tel4 ,f9ally1 !y increas$ ! am\nt ( c>v$ ornam5t ^u all p>ts :i* seem$ capable ( receiv+ x4 ,?is !y did1 n only by mak+ ! sculpture ( any "o m\ld+ v elaborate & ri*1 b also by increas+ ! numb] ( sculptur$ m\ld+s4 ,?us 9 ,plate ,,xii1 !re is giv51 t x may be comp>$ ) ! c>v$ "w ( ,a!ns 7see ,plate ,,vii7 a "p ( ! entablature ( ! ,temple ( ,vespasian 9 ! ,roman ,=um4 ,& ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,greek & ,roman practice 9 ?is respect are n limit$ to ! am\nt ( sculpture 9 a giv5 m\ld+ or a giv5 monum5t3 !y affect also ! v nature ( ! ornam5t itself4 ,plate ,,xii gives "o side ( ! imp]ial ar* at ,b5ev5to2 a monum5t int5d$ prim>ily z a p$e/al = a great gr\p ( bronze figures2 ! reliefs on ! ar* %[+ ,trajan 9 w> & 9 peace1 sacrific+1 conqu]+ ,dacians & ,arm5ians4 ,x is evid5t t no su* use ( human subject 9 sculpture _h ev] sugge/$ itself to ! ,greek build]s ( ! temples4 ,x is hi/orical3 & x is also /rictly decorative1 & subord9ate to ! ar*itectural design4 ,= any simil> conception aris+ among ,greek peoples we mod]ns mu/ g to build+s :i* 7 utt]ly unkn[n to ! ,european arti/s :o built up ! neo-classic sy/em1 ! m5 ( ! fifte5? & subsequ5t c5turies4 ,su* a build+ z ! fam\s tomb ( ,mausolus at ,halic>nassos1 n[ ,budr\n1 on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 may inde$ h influ5c$ greatly ! ,roman ar*itects ( ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,t ,emp]or1 :o 0 a great travell]1 may h se5 ! ,mausoleum2 8 favorite ar*itect may h be5 a /ud5t ( x f *ildhood2 b any ideas :i* ! m5 :o br\ght classic art back to mod]n ,europe drew f t fam\s /ructure came to !m ?r\gh ! ,roman design]s4 ,h[ev] mu* !y might ab&on ! ,greek use1 t is to say1 ! rational & inevitable use ( ! ,ord]s1 ! ,roman ar*itects /ill employ$ ^? ,ord]s con/antly1 & 9 a way m spl5did ?an any?+ ! ,greeks _h attempt$4 ,! ,ea/]n notion ( adorn+ a t[n by a broad c5tral av5ue l9$ ) colonnades two or ?ree deep1 an idea develop+ itself rapidly 9 ! cities ( ,syria1 obta9$ ?r\gh\t ! empire dur+ its peaceful days4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! f\r? c5tury x 0 feasible to g afoot f almo/ any po9t 9 ! c5tral regions ( ,rome1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/ or we/1 = a mile or two1 :ile keep+ always "u cov]2 except inde$ z "o cross$ a /reet or av5ue1 ?\gh ev5 at su* cross+s !re 0 (t5 ! ,tetrapylon1 ! f\r-front$ gateway1 to c>ry ! %elt] on f portico to portico4 ,?is sy/em ( colonnad$ porticoes1 ro($ always & enclos$ v (t5 ) a solid wall on "o side at lea/1 0 develop$ 9 _m =ms4 ,a temple w\ld /& 9 a great c\rt surr\nd$ by j su* colonnades4 ,a =um ( a ,roman t[n l an agora ( a ,greek t[n w\ld be fac$ by colonnades on e side4 ,= ! purpose ( display1 great squ>es 7 op5$ up ess5tially = ! purpose ( surr\nd+ !m by j su* porticoes4 ,plate ,,xiii gives views ( ! ru9s at ,j]a% 9 ,syria1 ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 ! rema9s ( ! city ( ,g]asa1 ^: glory seems to h be5 ( ! "t ( ! ,anton9e emp]ors4 ,! l[] figure gives ! great triple ar*way s\? ( ! anci5t walls ( ,g]asa3 ! upp] figure a view ( ! great oval or semi-oval space1 ^: %ape is n det]m9$1 & :i* we may h>dly call ei!r a =um or an agora4 ,plate ,,xiv gives a detail ( ! ,=um ,transitorium ( ,n]va1 ,emp]or f ,a4 ,d4 #if to #ih4 ,! :ole enclosure 0 a massive wall ab\t n9ety feet high & built ( huge blocks ( lime/one1 ! decorative treatm5t & ! sculptures be+ on ! inside & fac+ ^u ! ,temple ( ,m9]va4 ,! figure ,illu/ration3 ,,j]a%1 ,,syria2 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,g]asa1 ,,g5]al ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,city ,,gate ,,( ,,g]asa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,b\nd+ ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,=um ,,( ,,n]va 7,,=um ,,transitorium7 ,,rome3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,level ,,at ,,lea/ ,,tw5ty ,,feet ,,above ,,anci5t ,,pavem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( t "p ( ,rome :i* conta9s ! ,imp]ial ,=a4 ,%ad$ p>ts are ^? cov]$ by mod]n build+s4 gives a tru/wor?y plan ( ! build+s call$ by ! "n ( ,trajan & built dur+ 8 reign & t ( 8 successor1 ,hadrian4 ,! mod]n build+s & /reets are %[n1 & x is se5 f ^! h[ ! actual plan c only be inf]r$ by t :i* has be5 discov]$ by digg+ "h & !re1 or by inve/igations 9 cell>s ( mod]n /ructures4 ,/ill ! g5]al type ( ! old design c be seiz$3 a great op5 squ>e1 #bgj by #cgj feet & ?is surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by a cov]$ portico fifty feet wide ) two r[s ( great columns 9 addition to ! wall outside1 :i* itself 0 pi]c$ by _m op5+s fill$ ) columns 9 antis4#ca ,across "o end ( ?is great squ>e1 /ret*$ ! ,ulpian basilica1 z long z ! :ole squ>e 0 wide1 includ+ its portico1 & half z wide z t3 9 o!r words1 ! op5 int]ior ( ! basilica 0 ab\t #ahj by ne>ly #djj feet & ! ro( ( all ?is 0 c>ri$ by two r[s ( columns on e side 9 addition to ! out] wall :i* aga9 0 9 p>ts op5$ up into a colonnade4 ,! basilica may or may n h be5 cov]$ 9 ! c5tral "p3 v>i\s conjectural re/orations h be5 made1 b no?+ is absolutely c]ta94 ,x is evid5t t x 0 v op5 to p]sons com+ & go+--t !y 7 all[$ to cross x almo/ z freely z "o crosses ?r\gh a great ca!dral 9 ,france or 9 ,italy1 go+ 9 at ! nor? door & out at ! s\? door1 almo/ at pleasure4 ,beyond x1 0 a c\rt :]e /ood ! ,column ( ,trajan1 /ill erect1 ?\gh )\t its accompany+ m9or build+s1 & beyond t aga9 & across :at may h be5 an entirely op5 /reet 0 ! temple erect$ to ! deifi$ ,trajan1 aft] 8 dea?1 by ! ,s5ate1 :i* temple 0 surr\nd$ by ano!r portico & cov]$ ne>ly z mu* gr\nd z ! great =um itself4 ,9 ?is way a cont9u\s space ( ne>ly a ?\s& feet 9 l5g? by a wid? ( f ?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ feet 0 ei!r cov]$ by ! ro(s ( porticoes or op5 to ! sky )9 belts ( ^! same porticoes4 ,to walk once ar\nd ! :ole1 foll[+ ! outside ambulatory ( ! porticoes w\ld be to walk ! be/ half ( a mile1 & ?is "o c\ld d )\t ev] pass+ out "u ! op5 sky1 except p]haps 9 cross+ to ! temple enclosure4 ,nor does ?is acc\nt ( ! :ole composition include 9 ! lea/ ! great semicircul> build+s project+ f ! =um & f ! basilica on ! nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,n[ z all ( ?is va/ cong]ies ( spl5did build+s mu/ be assum$ to h be5 entirely ( trabeat$#cb /ructure1 a m]e s]ies ( columns & horizontal l9tels re/+ ^u !m ) sup]/ructure1 x is evid5t t ! ,greek _s & ! ,greek ta/e controll$ all p>ts ( ?is va/ composition4 ,mile ^u mile ( colonnades1 z ,greek 9 ta/e z ! lat] age w\ld all[1 enclos$ & l$ up to sup]b int]iors ( a dignity & magnific5ce immeasurably beyond any?+ conceiv$ by ! ,greeks4 ,?is is ! ,roman signet1 z x 71 ! /amp :i* ! great ,empire put ^u ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,m$i,,val ,,design ,! unequall$ gr&eur ( ! ,empire z x endur$ f #ej ,b4 ,c4 to ab\t #cej ,a4 ,d4 is mo/ /rongly felt :5 we ?9k ( ! ,pax ,romana--t ,roman peace :i* =bade arm$ conflicts 9 ! ,m$it]ranean l&s 9 :i* w> _h be5 ! rule4 ,to ?is ,peace an alt> 0 erect$ 9 ,rome by ! ord]s ( ,augu/us4 ,f ! ,caspian ,sea to ! ,atlantic1 & f ! %ores ( ! ,baltic to ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s a consecutive & ord]ly gov]nm5t 0 ma9ta9$1 fully z b5efic5t z has ev] prevail$ 9 any s+le nation ( ! e>?1 except 9 v rec5t ye>s 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 & immeasurably sup]ior to :at has exi/$ 9 ^? same regions1 tak5 toge!r dur+ ! pa/ doz5 c5turies4 ,"o curi\sly complete diff]5ce exi/$1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! we/ & ea/ halves ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,roman dom9ation br\ght ) x a civilization s sup]ior to t kn[n 9 ^? l&s be=e ! conque/ t ,gaul & ,ib]ian mu/ h look$ ^u ! ,italian dom9ation z synonym\s ) all t makes = enlight5m5t & intellectual advance z well z good ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! peoples ( ! ,balkan ,p59sula1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,syria1 mu/ h felt t 9 yield+ to ! ,italian p[] !y 7 yield+ to a =ce1 :i*1 h[ev] b5eficial politically1 repres5t$ a l[] intellectual civilization ?an _! own4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,empire 01 z we n[ see x1 to develop & h& on to ! future1 ,hell5ic civilization4 ,! fir/ dawn ( ?is ext5d$ ,hell5ism mu/ h be5 to ! ,we/ a cle> intellectual ga93 b 9 ! ,ea/ x 0 n noticeable4 ,! hold]s ( ,greek traditions may h enjoy$ ! app>5t will+ness ( ! conqu]ors to def] to ! m5tal & moral sup]iority ( ! conqu]$3 b !y c\ld n h b[$ to ,rome z ! "o civiliz] kn[n1 z did ! p ( ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,& s x 0 t ! p ( ! ,ea/ took "o view ( ! ar*itectural problem :5 ! ,imp]ial sy/em _h fall51 :ile ! ,gallo-,romans1 ,britons & ,spani>ds took q ano!r view1 :i* !y impress$ at once ^u _! ,franki%1 ,visigo?ic & ,saxon conqu]ors4 ,! ,roman build]s left two great traditions1 ! adornm5t ( ! build+1 ! op5 squ>e1 ! city ) comb9ations ( ,greek-seem+ colonnades2 & ! huge int]ior1 arrang$ = int]ior effect1 vault$ :5 practicable1 flat ro($ ) massive trabeat$ con/ruction :5 ! light & op5 "* ( ! build+1 z ( a huge portico1 invit$ a pure ,greek mann] ( design4 ,! fir/-nam$ ( ^! traditions 0 de/9$ n to be v boldly or v g5]ally foll[$ until aft] ! ,middle ,ages4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii47 ,! o!r prevail$ at once3 ! ne$s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 7 s]v$ by x2 & ! ,we/]n]s foll[$ x 9 "o way1 ! ,ea/]n]s 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,! p ( ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,g]many & ,brita9 develop$ ,romanesque#cc ar*itecture1 ! p ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire--:i* held toge!r = c5turies ! ,greeks1 ,albanians1 ,mac$onians1 ,syrians1 ,phrygians--creat$ ,byzant9e#cd ar*itecture4 ,! ,romanesque is n ill-nam$3 x is inde$ quasi-,roman1 ,roman z ne> z ! poor & scatt]$ communities c\ld make x4 ,! ,byzant9e is a mixture ( ,p]sian & ,roman habits & rules1 & is ! v f9e/ ?+ t ev] came out ( su* an almo/ consci\s mix+ ( div]se elem5t4 ,x c\ld n h be5 creat$ b = ! ,roman ,peace1 :i* /ill held sway ov] ! ,ea/]n seas & l&s aft] ,italy & ! ,we/ _h gone back to pri/9e b>b>ism3 b "u t dom9ation x spread all ov] ! ,balkan ,p59sula ) ,greece1 ov] s\!rn & we/]n ,italy & ,sicily1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 & ! coa/ regions ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,n[ x s happ5s t bo? ( ^! great /yles 7 sup]s$$ 9 _! turn by o!r & v vigor\s /yles3 by ! ,go?ic 9 ,europe & ! ,s>ac5 or ,mohamm$an 9 ,asia3 & !re=e x is t we h only *ur*es1 & n _m ( !m1 f :i* to judge ,romanesque & ,byzant9e ar*itecture4 ,at lea/1 h[ev]1 ^! are erect & complete1 n too mu* alt]$1 ro($ & floor$ z ( old1 ) w9d[-op5+s & doorways1 por*es & apses 9 work+ ord]4 ,x is ) ! pres5t *apt]1 !n1 t we beg9 to /udy build+s :i* we c see complete4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! *ur* 0 mu* ! mo/ important /ructure ( ! "t4 ,"h & !re a ru9$ palace1 l ,b>b>ossa's at ,gelnhaus5 & ! ,hebdomon at ,con/ant9ople1 makes u regret :at we h lo/3 b ^! also prove ! tru? ( our assumption t x 0 ! ,*ur* ,build+ 9 :i* 0 det]m9$ ! gr[? ( ar*itecture4 ,inde$ t 0 to be ! m>* ( ev5ts until ! fifte5? c5tury3 only !n did ! resid5ce & ! h\se ( /ate come to ! front4 ,! e>lie/ we/]n *ur*es are ! ,basilicas1 build+s ( a =m & /yle d]iv$ p>tly f ! ,roman civic basilica#ce1 & p>tly f ! well kn[n p]i/yle or g>d5-l c\rt ( ! l>ge ,roman h\se1 ) its pill>s support+ ! ro(s ( op5 gall]ies on ?ree or f\r sides4 ,! build+s ( ?is "* built or adapt$ = ,*ri/ian uses 7 !mselves basilicas--,*ri/ian basilicas or po/-classic basilicas4 ,!y 7 flat ro($1 )\t vault+1 imitat+ 9 ?is ! majority ( ! old]1 classical basilicas4 ,a good example ( ^! build+s is se5 9 ! /ill exi/+ *ur* 9 ,rome1 ! ,lib]ian basilica call$ commonly ,/4 ,m>y ! ,great] 7,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore74 ,plate ,,xv gives ! int]ior ( ?is build+ z drawn by ,gut5sohn = ! great "w ( ,buns53 ! late alt]ation :i* spoils ! uni=mity ( ! colonnade on ei!r side be+ ignor$4 ,! columns ( ?is colonnade are entirely antique1 except+ repairs & slight alt]ations4 ,x is probable t 9 ?is z well z 9 _m simil> /ructures ! anci5t pill>s ( a great outdoor portico1 su* z are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 7 tak5 bodily = ! int]ior ( ! *ur*4 ,! cl]gy ( ! fif? c5tury c>$ mu* less = ! beauty & complet5ess ( ! city outside ?an =1 ea*1 8 own special dom9ion--! *ur* :i* he controll$2 & !re 0 no municipality to prev5t su* spoliation4 ,! plan ( ! *ur* is easy to und]/& f ! plate itself2 ap>t f ! num]\s ,illu/ration3 ,,basilica ,,( ,,santa ,,m>ia ,,maggiore1 ,,rome4 7,f ,gut5sohn1 ,die ,basilik5 des ,*ri/li*5 ,roms47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,san ,,m9iato1 ,,ne> ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 outside *apels & sacri/ies ( lat] "t1 a simple p>allelogram ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet long & fifty feet wide1 :i* wid? is divid$ into a broad nave & two mu* n>r[] aisles4 ,& !re=e a s+le glance reveals ! :ole /ructural "* & ! :ole ar*itectural design ( ! *ur*4 ,?ree p>allel halls divid$ by two r[s ( columns2 ! c5tral hall 7! nave7 ris+ mu* high] ?an ! ro(s on ei!r side1 & %[+1 !re=e1 a broad space ( wall t[>ds ! int]ior2 &1 t[>ds ! ext]ior1 a wall less high by ! v]tical height ( ! aisle-ro(4 ,?is great wall surface w be c]ta9 to h w9d[s 9 x1 because t is ! obvi\s way ( light+ ! nave3 !n ! ro(s ei!r f9i%$ )9 by a flat ceil+1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 or %[+ ! timb]s ( ! ro(1 ) only su* decoration z color & a little v simple c>v+ may supply4 ,?is type ( build+ endur$ ?r\gh ! :ole epo* ( :at we call ! ,middle ,ages1 & has nev] be5 :olly ab&on$ s9ce4 ,our l>g] *ur*es are close /udies ( x4 ,sub/itute a s]ies ( equal ar*es = ! /raight horizontal l9tels :i* /ret* f column to column & c>ry ! cle>/ory#cf wall1 & y h ! v root ( ! ,we/]n ,romanesque1 & ( its high] developm5t 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iv47 ,basilicas contemporane\s1 or ne>ly s1 ) ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore are (t5 s built1 ) r\nd ar*es sprung f column to column2 & if we take a *ur* ( a mu* lat] p]iod ( c5tral ,italy we f9d (t5 ! basilica type 9 its simplicity--develop$ & made m complex only 9 detail4 ,plate ,,xvi gives ! int]ior ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,m9iato al ,monte outside ! walls ( ,flor5ce4 ,! noticeable peculi>ity 9 ?is is ! *ange ( ! arcade1 support+ ! cle>/ory wall1 f a s+le uni=m l9e ( equal columns support+ equal ar*es1 to a m organiz$ /ructure ( two great pi]s ) two responds#cg & 9 ea* ( ! ?ree spaces s left1 two columns ) ?ree r\nd ar*es4 ,?is sy/em is f\nd 9 *ur*es z e>ly z ,santa ,agnese outside ! walls ( ,rome1 & 0 nev] ab&on$4 ,to satisfy 9 "s way ! in/9ctive desire ( ! build]s = a m complex plan ?an ! p]fectly unbrok5 nave & aisles1 !re 0 introduc$ ! wall support$ on a great r\nd ar*1 :i*1 z se5 9 ,plate ,,xvi1 spans ! nave at two po9ts 9 its l5g? & may be ?\ght to /iff5 ! o!rwise long & unbuttress$ cle>/ory wall4 ,! pa9t$ decoration ( ! timb]s ( ?is ro( ( ,san ,m9iato is v attractive1 ! color effect is m elaborate ?an ! photograph c %[3 x is really a v beautiful ?+3 & x is r>e 9 ,europe to f9d an op5 timb] ro( treat$ s frankly z a ?+ susceptible ( adornm5t4 ,9 o!r ways x is curi\s to see ! way 9 :i* ! pov]ty & lack ( skill ( ! t5? c5tury m5 alt] ! /yle ( design f ! huge ,roman way ( do+ ?+s4 ,lightness has to be sub/itut$ = pond]\s masses2 ! walls are z ?9 z w\ld /& alone & fairly /eady3 only ! columns1 tak5 f antique /ructures1 c be ?\ght capable ( be>+ m weight ?an is laid ^u !m2 ! decoration is by means ( a m>ble inlay ( l>ge & bold design on ! walls & ( m9ute patt]n 9 ! pulpit1 ! alt> rail & ! l1 &1 9 ! half dome ov] ! apse1#ch a mosaic picture ( sacr$ significance--,*ri/ ) ! emblems ( ! f\r evangeli/s & ) ! ,virg9 & ,san ,m9iato ! patron ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ^! mosaics & inlays !re is to be not$ a great int]e/ 9 ab/ract patt]ns2 a *>act]i/ic ( ,asiatic art1 b unfrequ5t 9 ,greek or 9 ,roman art z we "k x4 ,basilicas ( ! fif? c5tury & ( ! six? c5tury at ,rav5na 7,s4 ,apoll9>e ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,sant' ,,ambrogio1 ,,milan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,t\rnai1 ,,belgium1 ,,int]ior ,,look+ ,,nor?w>d ,,along ,,! ,,transept4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>t9 7,,d] ,,gross ,s4 ,,m>t97 ,,at ,,cologne1 ,,rh5i% ,,prussia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 9 ,classe & ,s4 ,apoll9>e ,nuovo71 ( ^? & lat] c5turies 9 ,rome1 ( ! eigh? c5tury at ,p>5zo 9 ,i/ria1 ( ! t5? c5tury at ,lucca 7,san ,fr$iano7 ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 ,pal]mo & ,monreale 9 ,sicily1 & o!rs1 /ill exi/ ) _! ma9 *>act]i/ics un*ang$4 ,!y reta9 ! simpl] plan ( r[s ( columns ( uni=m size & plac$ uni=mly4 ,ano!r :ole family ( *ur*es are ( ! ,san ,m9iato type3 ! l5g? ( ! nave divid$ into ?ree or f\r great] bays1#ci subdivid$ into m9or bays4 ,su* are ! fam\s *ur*es ( ,san ,z5o at ,v]ona1 & ( ,san ,mi*ele at ,pavia & ,sant' ,ambrogio 9 ,milan 7see ,plate ,,xvii73 b ^! two la/ nam$ *ur*es h vault$ ro(s ( /one4 ,plate ,,xviii gives ! ext]ior ( ,gross ,/4 ,m>t9 at ,cologne & ! int]ior ( ! ca!dral ( ,t\rnai 9 ,belgium1 int]e/+ 9 ! highe/ degree z %[+ pla9ly h[ ! ,nor!rn build]s 7 n cont5t ) ! simple programme ( ! ,italians--an int]ior ^u :i* all pa9s 7 lavi%$ :ile ! ext]ior 0 left to come z x might1 a m]e brick box ) ! r\nd-head$ w9d[s cut pla9ly ?r\gh ! wall4 ,^! build]s ( ,fr5* ,fl&]s 9 ! elev5? c5tury made ! ext]ior ( _! *ur* effective by ! process ( build+ f\r squ>e t[]s ( v simple design1 involv+ no sort ( complexity 9 _! con/ruction1 & gr\p+ ^! t[]s at ! f\r corn]s ( a l>g] & l[] c5tral mass also ( t[]-l aspect1 :ile to ! we/w>d /ret*$ ! long nave pi]c$ ) a s]ies ( precisely simil> r\nd ar*es1 above & bel[1 ) long ro(s ( uni=m section1 & all ?is br\ght %>ply up aga9/ ! great ris+ mass ( ! t[]s f :i* aga9 ?ree semicircul> apses w5t (f to ! ea/1 ! nor? & ! s\?4 ,9 ?is way an ext]nal ar*itectural effect 0 produc$ f> m elaborate ?an any?+ t ! ,italians ( t "t _h imag9$4 ,z ! *ur* ( ,t\rnai n[ /&s1 a late ,go?ic *ancel has replac$ ! old ea/]n apse3 x is easy1 h[ev]1 to re/ore m5tally ! orig9al ext]ior ( ! *ur*1 &1 if x 7 m difficult1 ! contemplation ( o!r ,romanesque *ur*es1 especially 9 ,g]many1 w\ld provide u ) ! mat]ial necess>y4 ,plate ,,xix %[s f ! ea/ end ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,apo/les at ,cologne1 & x is easy to imag9e ! ?ree apses ( some:at diff]5t design gr\p$ ab\t ! c5tral & dom9at+ mass ( ! ,flemi% *ur*4 ,?is *ur* at ,cologne has two ne>ly r\nd t[]s connect+ ! apses & seems to h _h f\r su* t[]s orig9ally1 or 9 ! fir/ design1 ) "o squ>e t[] 9 ! middle ( ! we/ front4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 9 ! same place 7p4 #gg2 ,plate ,,xviii7 diff]s f ^! & f mo/ ,romanesque *ur*es 9 hav+ a v noble c5tral t[]1 "o ( ! f9e/ productions ( ! ,nor!rn ,romanesque4 ,x is evid5t t ! admiration :i* we give to ev5 ! mo/ important ( ^! *ur*es is a diff]5t ?+ f t :i* ! great monum5ts ( antiquity compel4 ,! con/ruction ( ! m$ival *ur*es is z complex z t ( ! greate/ ,roman monum5ts2 ?is com+ f a necessity ( provid+ int]iors relatively l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,roman imp]ial epo*4 ,! build]s ev5 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ ne>ly well gov]n$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 _h b limit$ res\rces4 ,no k+1 no great noble controll+ a prov9ce1 no bi%op1 no conv5t1 h[ev] ri*1 c\ld dispose ( res\rces = "o in/ant comp>able to ^? ( a ,roman pro-consul 9 ev5 a small t[n ( ! empire4 ,! m$ival m5 _h to get z mu* build+ z !y c\ld = _! money4 ,if !y built _! walls ?ick1 z !y seem to ! mod]n travell]1 ?is 0 because !y 7 unable to get good masons4 ,a /one wall may be c>ri$ up =ty feet high ) a ?ickness ( only ?ree feet1 ev5 :5 pi]c$ ) w9d[s1 if y h good workm5 9 y\r employ & fairly good ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,apo/les1 ,,cologne1 ,,rh5i% ,,prussia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,sa9t ,,m>t91 ,,ma9z1 7,,may5ce7 ,,hesse1 ,,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 flat-b$d$ /one ) tol]able mort>2 b z y\r mat]ial is ! worse & z y\r masons are ! m unskill$1 y h to build ! ?ick]4 ,inde$ ! hi/ory ( ,romanesque ar*itecture is t ( a long-cont9u$ fight betwe5 ! problem & ! w\ld-be solv]s !re(4 ,x 0 desirable to ro( ) masonry1 p>tly z a safegu>d :51 z (t5 happ5$1 ! wood5 /ructure ( ! high ro( above ! walls caught fire & 0 de/roy$1 & also because ( ! comp>ative /atel9ess ( effect1 & because ea* bi%op ?\ght ( build+ n = 8 own brief "t only1 b = 8 successors4 ,& ?is v requirem5t1 t ea* "p ( ! build+ %\ld be clos$ at ! top ) masonry1 kept ! build]s ( ,we/]n ,europe busy f ! "t ( ,clovis on4 ,! hi/ory ( any "o great *ur* is a record ( cont9ual failure ( walls1 f\ndations or abutm5ts2 "s "p ( ! vault+ is =ev] crumbl+ & ?reat5+ to fall s t x has to be rebuilt2 & n[ & !n !re's a cra% & a cata/rophe4 ,! buttresses#dj h to be enl>g$2 iron ties h to be ins]t$2 ev5 ! plan ( ! vault+ has to be *ang$ e n[ & !n & a new exp]im5t tri$ ) a view to its great] p]man5ce 9 ano!r /yle ( "w4 ,h5ce x is t ! mod]n /ud5t ( su* build+s has at once t delight 9 !m :i* comes f _! v ar*aism m+l$ ) a k9d ( deprecatory pity3 we sympa?ize ) _! build]s' aims & regret _! feeble res\rces & _! small k3 we love _! build+s z we love ! /amm]+ spee* ( *ildhood4 ,!re is some?+ else1 no d\bt3 su* a spl5did t[]-gr\p z t at ,t\rnai1 su* a noble int]ior z t ( ,may5ce 7,ma9z7 ca!dral 7see ,plate ,,xx71 are individually1 & z works ( art1 p[]ful en\gh to comm& our s9c]e admiration3 b ^! are ! exceptions4 ,exceptions 9 ano!r way are f\nd 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,france4 ,! build+s !re are n s rem>kable = _! sup]iority 9 g5]al design z !y are = _! unp>allel$ ri*ness 9 sculptural adornm5t4 ,!y h at ! same "t _m l>g] features :i* are ( peculi> int]e/4 ,?us ! t[] ( ,/4 ,radegonde at ,poiti]s 7see ,plate ,,xxi71 squ>e bel[ & com+ to an octagon = ! belfry1 is a wond]fully spirit$ composition3 & close to x is t fam\s *ur* ( ,notre ,dame la ,gr&e1 ( :i* ! we/ front is %[n 9 ! next plate4 ,! build]s ( ?is latt] *ur* 7 lov]s ( sculpture & knew h[ to h&le x 9 ord] to produce a great result1 s !y compos$ boldly 9 gr\ps ( /atu>y1 floral sculpture1 or sculpture z ri* made up ( :olly conv5tional =ms4 ,plate ,,xxii gives ! wall above ! ?ree great portals ( ! we/ front ( ?is extraord9>y *ur*2 & :ile inf]ior 9 ta/eful h>mony to ! ca!dral at ,ang\lme ne> by1 or inde$ to _m a noble *ur* ( ! c5tre ( ,france1 ! ri*ness ( conception1 & ! easy way 9 :i* ! con/ructional p>ts ( ! build+ are load$ ) c>v$ adornm5t )\t injury to its massiv5ess & its dignity are surpris+ en\gh4 ,! sculpture is b>b>ic 9 its lack ( k1 b to be b>b>ic is n to be weak or insignificant4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury workm5 ( ,europe _h no su* p[] ( effective design4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 build+1 ! elev5? c5tury m5 7 surpass$ by ^? ( ! ye>s to foll[3 & b = t /ill great] ,go?ic art 7see ,*apt] ,,iv7 we %\ld h to g to ,romanesque ar*itecture = con/ant /imulus4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,ea/]n half ( ! ,empire 0 mu* less ne>ly ,roman 9 its plan4 ,basilicas !re 72 b at a v e>ly epo* ! type ( :at ! ,g]mans call ! ,c5tralbau prevail$4 ,! c5tr$ build+2 s we might designate ! plan & /ructure :i* presuppose a supremely important c5tral feature1 a hall1 h[ev] op5$ up on ?ree sides or f\r ,illu/ration3 ,,t[] ,,( ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,radegonde1 ,,poiti]s1 7,,vi5ne7 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,detail ,,( ,,we/ ,,front1 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,notre ,,dame ,,la ,,gr&e1 ,,at ,,poiti]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 sides to m9or divisions1 aisles1 por*es1 & apses4 ,see page #hf4 ,?is great hall might be cov]$ by a cupola1 or1 z (t5 is f\nd 9 ! small] *ur*es1 its v]tical walls are c>ri$ up into a drum or r\nd t[] ro($ 9 any "o ( sev]al ways4 ,! ess5ce ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ?is plan & ! ,we/]n plan is ! abs5ce ( ! 8long drawn aisle02 & ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole ar\nd a c5tral po9t f :i* ! /ructures ( ! *ur* may be said to radiate4 ,!re 71 z has be5 said1 /raight-l9$ *ur*es 9 ! ,ea/3 & 9 l mann] !re 7 radiat+ build+s 9 ! ,we/1 notably1 ! r\nd *ur*es ( ,san ,/efano 9 ,rome & ! ca!dral at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,/4 ,g]eon at ,cologne1 & ! r num]\s bapti/]ies1 z at ,flor5ce1 ,p>ma1 ,rav5na & ,pisa1 :i* 9 _! orig9al /ate ( be+1 7 n bapti/]ies only1 b became s aft] ! basilica *ur*es ) nave & aisle _h be5 built 9 ! same t[ns = ! ca!drals prop]4 ,/ill1 9 connection ) our imm$iate "q1 t ( ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople4 ,scale ab\t #ajj feet to "o in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,!odore1 ,a!ns4 ,scale ab\t #be feet to "o in*4 ! arti/ic appreciation ( a build+ ( any epo*1 x is bett] to /udy r\nd or radiat+ build+s 9 _! own home ( ! ,ea/]n prov9ces1 z we /udy ! basilica-%ap$ build+s 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,n[ ! peculi>ity ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*-build+1 t ( ! c5tral hall1 is g5]ally ! abs5ce ( any v impressive ext]ior4 ,?is 0 n necess>ily ! result ( ! plan adopt$4 ,"o does n see readily any suffici5t cause = ! g5]al neglect among ,ea/]n design]s ( ! appe>ance f outside2 unless x be ?is--t ! cities ( ! ,levant 7 !n z !y are n[ made up1 s f> z ! /rang] :o walks _! /reets c disc]n1 ( bl9d :itewa%$ walls ^u :i* op5 only ! doorways ( ! dwell+s1 & "h & !re1 9 ! gr\nd /ory1 a small un>*itectural & c>efully grat$ w9d[4 ,! /reet effects1 common to ! cities ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 ev5 z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury1 & well kn[n to u = _! picturesque & v>i$ "*1 are1 9 ! ,levant1 simply non-exi/5t1 except 9 ^? few cities :i* %[ /rong ext]nal m>ks ( comm]cial int]c\rse ) ,europe4 ,! int]ior is inde$ ! *ief ?+ 9 *ur* build+1 any:]e1 b 9 ! ,byzant9e art x is ev]y?+1 or s ! /ud5t ?9ks4 ,plate ,,xxiii %[s ! int]ior ( ! great *ur* ( ,santa ,sophia1 at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* seems to _m ! noble/ ar*itectural conception ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 9 any ( its p>ts4 ,plate ,,xxiv gives ! ext]ior ( ! same build+3 & x w be se5 at once h[ mu* !re ne$s to be tak5 f x t its true ,byzant9e "* may be judg$4 ,! tall r\nd m9>ets are mod]n ,turki% additions1 put !re = ! muezz9 :o calls to pray]1 ! enorm\s buttresses1 look+ l l(ty h\ses )\t w9d[s1 :i* rise "o on ei!r side ( ! great ar* 9 ! flank ( ! *ur*1 are additions result+ p>tly f ! fall ( ! orig9al cupola 9 ! six? c5tury & p>tly f mu* lat] rep>ations2 & all ! small cupolas ne>1 ) ! build+s :i* !y cov]1 are :olly mod]n1 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,hagia ,,sophia1 ,,con/ant9ople4 ,,int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,hagia ,,sophia1 ,,con/ant9ople4 ,,ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,s4 ,,!odore1 ,,a!ns1 ,,greece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 at lea/ 9 _! pres5t =m1 :atev] f\ndations ( fif? c5tury "w !re may be enclos$ )9 !m4 ,x appe>s !n t ! only /rik+ ext]nal feature ( ! orig9al build+ w\ld be ! sl[ rise & swell ( ! c5tral cupola1 l$ up to by ! simil> curves ( ! two half cupolas cov]+ ! semicircul> apses at ! nor!a/ & s\?we/1 & contra/+ boldly ) ! huge flat wall b5ea? ! ar*1 on ! nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,! magnific5t conception ( ?is int]ior is well kn[n to be unique among ! ,byzant9e *ur*es2 t is to say1 no "o ( !m has ?is same rem>kable sy/em ( con/ruction ) f\r v op5 ar*es 7"o hundr$ foot span7 support+ ?is l[-pit*$ cupola :i* is !n buttress$ 9 a way by ! half cupolas on two sides produc+ ! /rik+ int]ior =m q visible 9 ! ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 ?is great *ur* is r ! typical ,byzant9e *ur* ?an a build+ ap>t4 ,! o!r *ur*es are l x 9 con/ruction2 !y are l x 9 hav+ ! c5tral mass ne>ly circul>1 & ! m9or p>ts rang$ ar\nd x on e side2 !y are l x 9 hav+ drawn _! con/ructional "* f ! vault$ build+s ( ,p]sia & ! neighbor+ l&s4 ,?us ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,!odore at ,a!ns1 ( :i* ! plan is giv5 on page #hf1 ?\gh x has ?ree apses turn$ t[>ds ! ea/ & a n>!x at ! we/ end1 is /ill a build+ ) a dom9ant c5tral feature ar\nd :i* o!r p>ts are gr\p$4 ,plate ,,xxiv %[s ?is pla9ly1 = no?+ c be m remote f ! basilica type ?an ! gr\p "h %[n4 ,! cupola is evid5tly n complete--n a fully organiz$ design--x has be5 ro($ z *eaply z possible & at z l[ a level z ! w9d[s w\ld all[3 = ^! w9d[s replace ! great light-op5+s ( ! we/]n cle>/ory4 ,9 ,moldavia & 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,russia ^! cupolas are f\nd by hundr$s ) _! design fairly well work$ out4 ,plate ,,xxv %[s a mona/]y 9 ! region ( ! ,caucasus1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal *ur* ,illu/ration3 ,,mona/]y ,,( ,,gelati ,,ne> ,,kutais ,,9 ,,! ,,caucasus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*apel1 ,,n[ ,a ,,museum1 ,,at ,,nancy1 7,,meur! ,,et ,,moselle7 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 & ?ree small] *apels are all complet$ by ! c>ry+ up ( j su* cupolas above ^! c5tral divisions4 ,n[ ^! build+s are all v small4 ,! cupolas are tw5ty-five feet1 eighte5 feet1 sixte5 feet wide1 )93 ,/4 ,!odore's little %r9e w\ld n hold a hundr$ wor%ipp]s4 ,x is easy to see t ! ext]ior design ) ! high cupola 0 work$ out = ^! small build+s2 b x is easy to see also t ! g5]al plan is capable ( nobl] ext]ior treatm5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re %\ld ev] be an attempt made to build 9 mod]n ,europe 9 ! ,byzant9e /yle1 x w be modifi$1 inevitably1 by ?is possibility1 & by ! obvi\s necessity ( satisfy+ ! g5]al dem& = a spl5did outside4 ,! rec5tly built ca!dral 9 ,london1 spok5 ( bel[ 9 ,*apt] ,x1 is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,/ill1 ! glory ( ! ,byzant9e /yle mu/ be f\nd 9 its int]ior decoration4 ,! ,greek half ( ! ,empire took f ! ,roman ma/]s ( ! _w ! ta/e = spl5did mat]ial2 &1 :]ev] "s money c\ld be _h1 ! alaba/] & ! rosy & gray m>bles ( ,greek & ,asiatic qu>ries 7 br\ght to ! spot4 ,mosaic gave a m vivid color2 & ?is gave also ! opportunity = ! tell+ ( ! ,gospel /ory & ! leg5ds ( sa9ts 9 p]man5t pictures4 ,/4 ,m>k's *ur* at ,v5ice is ! type = ,europeans to /udy4 ,! s5se ( pure delight 9 gl[+ & h>moni\s color1 comb9$ ) s(t & fl[+ l9e1 is n[h]e s /rongly felt3 no build+1 until ,santa ,sophia c be cleans$ ( ,turki% :itewa%1 w affect ! lov] ( spl5did decoration s p[]fully4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,c5tral ,,m$i,,val ,,design ,go?ic ar*itecture is a natural developm5t ( ! ,romanesque ar*itecture ( nor!rn ,france4 ,x took its orig9 9 ! second half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 t orig9 be+ :olly con/ructional4 ,! ,romanesque build]s 7 extremely h>ass$ by _! problems ( masonry ro(+1 z m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & !re 0 tak5 up z a device to facilitate ?is vault+ ! plan ( an ar*$ rib ( c>efully-work$ h>d /one1 c>ri$ diagonally across ! op5 space :i* requir$ ! /one ro(3 !n ano!r simil> rib cross+ ! fir/ "o1 leav+ only triangles1 ea* ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! full size ( ! op5 space1 :i* triangles c\ld be vault$ ) great ease4 ,in/ead ( a squ>e or p>allelogram conta9+ a ?\s& squ>e feet horizontal & ne$+ to be cov]$ by a some:at complicat$ vault1 all t 0 requir$ 0 ! c>eful adju/+ ( two n>r[ ar*es 9 cut /one1 & !n ! v simple vault+ ( ea* "o ( ! f\r triangles1 ab\t two hundr$ squ>e feet ea*1 horizontal4 ,?is 0 a simple & r obvi\s device1 "o w\ld ?9k3 b x took ?irty ye>s to develop1 & once complete1 ! :ole great sy/em ( ,go?ic build+ & ! :ole ,go?ic /yle1 includ+ ev]y?+ f ! ca!dral ( ,reims to ! smalle/ *apel1 came f x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,if ! /ud5t desire a cle> notion ( ! nature & ! appe>ance ( ,go?ic rib-vault+ he may /udy ,plate ,,xxvi1 9 :i* ! /ructure c be se5 bett] ?an 9 ! high vaults ( a ca!dral4 ,ea* rib is a "p ( an indep5d5t ar* ( /one1 p]haps a foot wide & tw5ty in*es or two feet deep4 ,! ar*-solids 7v\ssoirs7 are v c>efully cut1 & ! ar* built ) all its company ( correspond+ ar*es to meet at top1 midway1 9 a boss ( cut /one4 ,?is done1 ! triangul> spaces are easy en\gh to build ) small] & r\gh] /ones1 & ! haun*es are load$ outside & above ) /ill rud] masonry4 ,! /yle 0 develop$ 9 t tract ( c\ntry :i* lies betwe5 ! ,loire on ! s\?1 ! ,somme on ! nor?1 ! ,meuse on ! ea/1 &1 on ! we/1 a l9e drawn nor? & s\? ?r\gh ! cities ( ,ca5 & ,ang]s--a di/rict ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty by two hundr$ & fifty miles1 equal to ,engl& & ,wales s\? ( ! ,tr5t & ! ,m]sey1 or1 say1 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! /yle 0 nev] q at its be/ except 9 :at is n[ ,france1 ?\gh ! b\nd>ies ( ! di/rict above nam$ 7 soon ov]pass$ by ! p]fect$ ,go?ic4 ,! mo/ ne>ly ,fr5*1 & !re=e mo/ normal & faultless1 examples out ( ,france are ^? ( ! ,rh9e & ( nor!rn ,spa9 :]e ,fr5* ma/]-masons seem to h work$4 ,! ,go?ic1 beg9n+ z e>ly z #abij 9 ,engl&1 is ( extreme beauty 9 a simple1 quasi-dome/ic1 less gr& & less p]fectly develop$ way ?an ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,go?ic ( ,g]many & ! ,au/rian dom9ions diff]$ f ! normal type 9 be+ some:at fanta/ical & irregul>1 b /ill m 9 a lack ( a ?or\ghly intellig5t proportion ( ! p>ts4 ,! s-call$ ,go?ic ( ,italy is nev] admirable z a /yle except 9 a few ,ci/]cian mona/ic *ur*es3 & ! magnific5t ca!drals su* z ,orvieto1 ,si5a1 ,monreale1 & ,flor5ce are rightly belov$ inde$ = _! magnific5t comb9ation ( ! decorative arts ( =m & color--_! mosaics1 _! delicate sculptures 9 m>ble1 _! wr\ght & highly develop$ por*es1 _! sup]b wall-tombs--b are ( m9or ar*itectural importance f ! v fact ( _! complete lack ( con/ructional significance4 ,let u consid] ! ca!dral ( ,ami5s 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,somme1 ab\t sixty miles nor? ( ,p>is4 ,?is we may take z be+ ! accept$ repres5tative ( ,fr5* ,go?ic *ur*es1 lack+ inde$ "s features :i* o!rs ( its own "t h reta9$1 b completely typical 9 its plan & /ructure4 ,plate ,,xxvii gives ! int]ior look+ we/w>d f ! *oir & %[s ! nave 9 /eep p]spective s t its sev5 bays are mu* =e%ort5$1 & ) ?is a "p ( ! nor? aisle & a "p ( ! *oir 9 :i* we /&4 ,! great height ( ! nave is %[n )\t t sometimes disagreeable appe>ance ( a n>r[ness disproportionate to ! height su* z is sometimes se5 9 photographs tak5 directly on ! axis ( s l(ty a *ur*4 ,! memb]s :i* g to make up ?is great height are also visible2 ! fir/ r[ ( nave ar*es repeat$ 9 ! *oir & 9 ! transept1 ! second /ory ( ar*$ op5+s :i* gives u ! tri=ium1#da & ! ?ird /ory :i* is call$ ! cle>/ory1 & :i* conta9s ! great w9d[s z well z ! vault+ :i* con/itutes ! inn] ro( ( ! *ur*4 ,! r\nd w9d[ 9 ! di/ance =ms an important "p ( ! we/ front4 ,close to ! spectator ! l(ty wall brok5 up into canopies & ar*es & cr[n$ ) a =e/ ( p9nacles is entirely ( c>v$ oak1 & includes an incr$ible numb] ( mo/ exquisite c>v+s1 :i* decorate all p>ts ( ! p>tition itself z well z ! /alls or ! seats = *ori/]s :i* are dimly se5 bel[4 ,! iron gates1 se5 z clos$1 give access to ?is enclosure :i* is ! liturgical *oir1 t is to say1 ! enclosure made )9 ! ar*itectural *oir1 & int5d$ to s]ve = ! cl]gy & _! assi/ants4 ,z to epo*s1 ! :ole /ructure ( ! *ur* is ( ! ?irte5? c5tury3 its vault+1 its ar*es & pi]s & w9d[s & its delicate sculpture2 & its orig9al plan1 ?\gh conceiv$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury1 _c be ?\ght to h be5 p]fect$ until ! /ructure rose ^u x4 ,! c>v$ "w ( ! *oir is v mu* lat]1 repres5t+ ! la/ developm5t ( ,go?ic art & belong+ m prop]ly to our ,*apt] ,v3 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,ami5s 7,,somme71 ,,france1 ,,! ,,*oir ,,& ,,nave1 ,,look+ ,,we/w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,reims 7,,m>ne71 ,,france1 ,,view ,,9 ,,*oir ,,aisle1 ,,look+ ,n4 ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,reims 7,,m>ne71 ,,france1 ,,view ,,9 ,,*oir ,,aisle1 ,,look+ ,,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 x is kn[n to h be5 execut$ betwe5 #aejh & #aebj4 ,a v few ye>s lat] 7 wr\ght ! spl5did sculptures 9 /one ( ! out] *oir scre5--! massive wall :i* encloses ?is graceful "w 9 c>v$ oak3 b ^! mu/ be ref]r$ to ,*apt] ,v4 ,! great iron gates1 beautiful ( _! k9d1 belong to ! eighte5? c5tury3 !y replace a noble jub or rood scre5 :i* once sep>at$ ! *oir f ! cross+1 :]e nave & transepts meet4 ,n[ x is cle> en\gh :at we h to admire & enjoy :5 we /& )9 su* a *ur* z ?is4 ,! lea/ att5tive behold] is /ruck by ! great height ( ! *ur*2 & ! ro(1 "o hundr$ & =ty feet above ! head1 is n invisible nor lo/ 9 d>kness1 b %[s its elaborate /ructure ( ela/ic ribs c>ry+ ?9 vaults :i* be> ^u ! ribs & ?ru/ 9 e direction1 s t ! g5]al "* ( ! con/ruction is readily grasp$4 ,! height is made manife/--x is 9 a mann] expla9$--by its division into ?ree /ories1 ea* ( :i* aga9 seems to be subdivid$ by ! sculptur$ capitals :i* m>k ! spr++ ( ! ar*es4 ,! cruci=m plan lead+ ! eye away into halls & passages1 n p]ceiv$ at fir/1 adds to ! ultimate effect ( gr&eur dep5d5t ^u space1 h[ev] mu* x may delay ! fullness ( t impression4 ,! abundant detail 9 m\ld+s & 9 floral sculpture z well z 9 con/ructional elem5ts probably increases ! effect ( size by means ( ! con/ant repetition ( its simil> gr\ps3 & x is 9 itself capable ( giv+ ! greate/ pleasure to ! /ud5t :o f9ds 9 x1 z x 71 a museum ( decorative sculpture arrang$ n 9 mean+less succession z :5 fragm5ts are arrang$ ^u a %elf1 b 9 highly significant ord] & 9 sequ5ces bo? horizontal & v]tical4 ,!re is /ill = ! /ud5t ( su* matt]s ! con/antly gr[+ respect = ! logical acum5 ( ! build]s1 :o ins]t no?+ = m]e ornam5tation b :o make _! con/ructional memb]s tell z decorative features4 ,"h are no slabs ( preci\s m>ble nor any bas-reliefs delicately wr\ght 9 /ucco1 z 9 ! build+s ( imp]ial ,rome1 nor1 at pres5t1 any *romatic effects :atev]1 except ^? ( ! great w9d[s2 = :atev] traces ( pa9t+ 7 left f ! ,middle ,ages h be5 de/roy$ long ago4 ,! build+ c nev] h affect$ surface decoration1 9 ! ,roman s5se3 a decoration cov]+ all p>ts ( its int]ior & conceal+ or ignor+ ! /ructure2 ! effective pa9t+s t !re 7 we "k to h be5 local 9 _! "*1 ne> ! eye1 & hav+ a def9ite message ( ecclesia/ical import4 ,! decorative in/9ct ( ! ,go?ic build]s 0 n !re b 9 ! treatm5t ( ! actual build+4 ,let u consid] ano!r great ca!dral1 t ( ,reims 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,m>ne4 ,plate ,,xxviii gives two views 9 ! int]ior1 bo? ne> ! ea/ end4 ,9 ! "o1 y look we/w>d f> d[n ! nor? aisle1 ab\t f\r hundr$ & tw5ty feet f :]e we /&1 to ! op5 door se5 9 ! we/ front4 ,9 ! o!r1 we look across ! *oir prop]1 t is ! liturgical enclosure1 f s\?we/ to nor!a/1 see+ ! beg9n+s ( ! curve ( ! *evet or r\nd$ apse4 ,9 ^! int]ior views are se5 9 a m intimate way ! *>act]i/ics ( a great ,go?ic *ur*4 ,! va/ness1 ! height1 ! so>+ gr&eur ( ! int]ior are = ! mom5t ignor$1 & we see ! l[] vaults & ! clu/]$ pill>s :i* support !m & ! high] vaults ( ! nave1 z well z ! delicate sculpture ( ! capitals4 ,! int]ior1 h[ev]1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! ?+ ( prim>y importance1 is n all t we h to /udy4 ,! outside ( ! ,go?ic ,*ur* is z closely relat$ to ! /ructure z is ! inside & =ms "o ) x4 ,plate ,,xxix gives ! ext]ior ( ,ami5s ca!dral4 ,! highe/ w9d[s are ^? ( ! cle>/ory1 :i* is ! upp] "p ( ! c5tral nave1 9 ?is case ! nave ( ! *oir4 ,bel[ ^! is ! ro( ( ! inn] aisle hidd5 "h by ! pyramidal ro(s ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,ami5s 7,,somme7 ,,france1 ,,*oir ,,& ,,s\? ,,transept ,,f ,,! ,s4 ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,*>tres 7,,eure ,,et ,,loire71 ,,france1 ,,f ,,! ,s4 ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 *apels1 built mu* lat]4 ,n[ z to ! =e/ ( fly+ buttresses1 ^? slop+ b>s ( /one c>ri$ on /one ar*es1 :i* surr\nd ! cle>/ory1 ! only purpose ( ^! is to receive & neutralize ! ?ru/ ( ! vaults )94 ,! high vault above ! cle>/ory pu%es aga9/ ! upp]mo/ fly+ buttresses4 ,! vault ( ! inn] aisle has its mu* less =midable ?ru/ tak5 up by ! vaults ( ! out] aisle z f> z ! l9es ( ! plan are /raight1 ea/ & we/1 & by ^? ( ! *apels z soon z ! curve ( ! *evet#db beg9s4 ,by means ( ! d\ble set ( fly+ buttresses1 ^? )9 & high] & ! out] & l[] ones1 ! ?ru/ ( ! high vaults is c>ri$ across ! :ole space occupi$ by ! two aisles1 & f9ally turn$ ov] to ! upright pi]s :i* !mselves s]ve also z buttresses = ! out] aisle4 ,or1 to approa* ! same set ( c\nt]act+ =ces f )\t1 we h z we walk along ei!r flank ( ! *ur*1 or ar\nd ! curve ( ! *evet1 a r[ ( heavy & solidly built /one pi]s ) mu* _! greate/ horizontal dim5sion 9 a direction across ! axis ( ! *ur*2 t is to say1 ea* "o ( !m is p]haps tw5ty feet 9 & out by ?ree feet or ?ree & a half or f\r feet 9 wid?1 measur$ ea/ & we/4 ,ea* "o ( ^! pi]s is built 9 ) ! l[ wall outside ! out] aisle1 or ( ! *apel1 z se5 9 ,plate ,,xxix1 & ! l[] "p ( ?is wall helps to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! ro(-vault+ ( t same aisle or *apel4 ,z ! pi] goes up1 x is soon left cle> ( all walls & ro(s1 & ! fly+ buttresses f ! vaults butt aga9/ x4 ,! ,go?ic build]s _h o!r ?\ghts ov] & above _! logical desire to %[ ev]y:]e ! true /ructure4 ,!y _h also ! ta/e = upw>d-po9t+ l9es3 a ta/e :i* seems to h gr[n ) ! developm5t ( ! /yle4 ,x 0 n ?is ta/e :i* 9 ! fir/ place made _! build+s high z comp>$ ) _! wid?3 t 0 a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce & ( obta9+ v l>ge w9d[s above ! aisle ro(s4 ,b ! po9t$ ar* itself1 & ! /eep ro( ne$$ to protect ! /one vaults f ra9 9 a ra9y climate1 l$ ^! build]s con/antly t[>ds ! /eep] pit*1 ! %>p] po9t1 ! m l(ty & so>+ design4 ,plate ,,xxx %[s ! ca!dral ( ,*>tres se5 ov] ! h\ses ( ! t[n1 f ! s\!a/4 ,! two great t[]s on ! left ( ! picture are ^? :i* flank ! we/ front3 "o ( !m1 ! simpl] "o1 se5 on ! extreme left & flank+ ! we/ front on ! s\? is ! mo/ fam\s t[] 9 ,france & ! mo/ important s+le piece ( "w 9 ! hi/ory ( ,go?ic t[]-build+1 because x %[s 9 a faultless way ! transition f ,romanesque to ,go?ic 9 ^? =ms :i* are imm$iately caus$ by ! necessity ( vault+ ! int]iors4 ,^! second>y p>ts 7= ! vault$ int]ior alone c be call$ a prim>y & ess5tial "p ( ! ,go?ic *ur*7 sympa?ize ) t vault$ int]ior 9 ! so>+ "* ( ! design1 z has be5 said above4 ,! o!r t[] 0 rebuilt at a mu* lat] p]iod & typifies p]fectly ! florid ,go?ic ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we are to imag9e1 !n1 two t[]s at ! we/ end1 ea* v l ! e>li] "o3 &1 z ! picture %[s1 two o!rs flank$ ! s\? transept4 ,9 ! ,plate1 "o ( !m is cov]$ by scaffold+1 "s repairs be+ 9 progress4 ,two simil> t[]s 7 int5d$ to flank ! nor? transept3 & a t[]1 und\bt$ly plann$ = a l>g] & high] mass ?an any "o ( ! flank+ t[]s j describ$1 0 to h ris5 f t "p ( ! *ur* :]e ! transept crosses ! great nave--! 8cross+0 z x is commonly call$4 ,look+ at ?is view ( ,*>tres ca!dral1 we are to imag9e x !n z n hav+ t high-%\ld]$ look caus$ by ! level l9e ( ! ridge ( ! *ur*1 because t ro( w\ld n be se5 except 9 small pat*es1 ! sev5 great spires ris+ high above x & ! sev5 squ>e t[]s :i* support !m conceal+ ! ro( except "h & !re z ! spectator moves ab\t ! *ur*4 ,n[ x is an unque/ion$ reproa* to ! ,go?ic /yle t no "o ( ^! great *ur*es 0 ev] complet$4 ,c]ta9 t[]s !re 7 :i* h be5 s %att]$ by ! burn+ ( ! ro(s t !y h be5 tak5 d[n4 ,spires h exi/$ :i* h n[ disappe>$1 b ! great] "p ( ! magnific5t t[]s conceiv$ by ! build]s ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury h rema9$ incomplete1 & ! *ur*es :i* 7 to h _h !m are only to be judg$ by an ef=t ( ! m9d ak9 to t ef=t we h to make 9 consid]+ ! build+s ( classical antiquity4 ,we are bett] (f ) ,go?ic art ?an ) ,greek art1 because we h ! details3 & also because we h t :i* no ,greek build+ c be said to h _h1 ! spl5did & impressive int]iors3 b n[h]e is !re a great ,go?ic *ur* complete 9 its int5d$ ext]ior effect4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to completion is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 ,engl&1 &1 = a *oice1 9 ! lovely ca!dral ( ,salisbury4 ,! ar*itecture is n ne>ly z spl5did z on ! ,cont95t2 x is m tranquil1 m unpret5d+2 x is less extraord9>y 9 scale1 surpass+ 9 a less =midable fa%ion ! build+s ( resid5ce & ( gov]nm5t3 & p>tly z a result ( ?is x has be5 easi] to build & easi] to ma9ta9 ^! build+s 9 _! int5d$ completion4 ,plate ,,xxxi %[s ?is ca!dral amid ! trees ( its close & well expla9s t peculi>ity ( position 9 :i* "s ,engli% ca!drals are s mu* diff]5tiat$ f ^? ( ! ,cont95t4 ,9 spite ( ! trees1 h[ev]1 ! great peculi>ity is se5 ( two transepts--"o cross+ ! nave at ! po9t :]e ! t[] rises1 z 0 ! int5tion 9 ! ,*>tres ca!dral1 ,plate ,,xxx3 ! o!r1 to ! ea/w>d ( t1 & flank+ ! *oir 9 a curi\s way1 )\t example on ! ,cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,salisbury1 ,,wilts1 ,,engl&1 ,,f ,,! ,s4 ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bell ,,t[] ,,( ,,ca!dral1 ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,n[ 9 judg+ su* build+1 & su* arti/ic int5tion z ?is1 x is evid5t t we _c use ! maxims :i* are conv5i5t to obs]ve 9 ! case ( a ,greek or a ,greco-,roman monum5t4 ,lightness takes ! place ( evid5t /ability3 t is ! fir/ ?+ to notice4 ,x is n s mu* t ! walls are ?91 z t !y h disappe>$3 !re are no walls--only a s]ies ( pi]s divid+ w9d[s1 ! op5+ fill$ ) glass be+ mu* great]1 if measur$ along a horizontal l9e runn+ ?r\gh ! w9d[s1 ?an is ! ext5t ( ! solid masonry4 ,y see at once :]e9 !re is an excuse = ! say+ 8a wall ( glass ) a ro( ( /one40 ,b !re is m ?an ?is3 ! prim>y object ( ! design] has be5 to treat 8 con/ruction z ! ma9 inspiration ( 8 design4 ,inside & out ev]y?+ is %[n z x really is1 ! exact duty done by e /one 9 ! /ructure is cle>ly visible to ev5 an unc>eful obs]v]4 ,?is may be ?\ght true ( e>ly ,greek "w z well3 b !n ! /ructure ( ! ,greek temple is ! simple/ conceivable1 a m]e c>ry+ ( /one beams ^u /one po/s--no ar*es to ?ru/1 no w9d[s to op5 9 ! wall1 mo/ ( all1 no attempt to ro( any?+ ) masonry except 9 s f> z a /one beam is /rong en\gh to span a small op5 space betwe5 two /rong pill>s4 ,moreov]1 ! ,greek temple 0 s cov]$ up ) pa9t+1 & :]e ! pa9t did n conceal ! :ole surface t surface 0 already s c>efully smoo!d & unifi$1 t x 0 h>d to di/+ui% /one f /one ev5 9 ! m>ble-built temples ( ,a!ns--:]eas ^? ( ! s(t /one regions1 coat$ ) /ucco1 7 9 ar*itectural effect absolutely monoli?s4 ,z = ! ,roman /ructure1 built ) unexampl$ massiv5ess1 & wond]fully impos+ 9 its mass & 9 ! great size & noble proportions ( its int]iors1 x 0 conceal$ f view by ! entirely contradictory pret5se at trabeat$ con/ruction 9 ! modifi$ ,greek ord]s ( columns & pila/]s3 & :]e ^! 7 n 9 use ! walls 7 v commonly conceal$ by m>ble 9 great %eets1 by til+ ( glass1 or by m\ld$ /ucco4 ,! ,go?ic build+ also 0 pa9t$3 nor 0 !re any hesitation on any "o's "p 9 putt+ up surfaces ( /ucco to pa9t ^u :]e an elaborate picture 0 want$3 b ?is conceal$ no?+ except ! jo9ts ( a few c\rses ( /one4 ,! ess5tial facts ( ! /ructure rema9$ visible outdoors & 91 & x 0 by a judici\s proportion+ ( ! p>ts ( ^! /ructures1 ea* to all ! o!rs1 t ! *ief ar*itectural effect 0 obta9$4 ,ano!r class ( f\rte5? c5tury build+s mu/ be nam$1 ! ,italian ,go?ic *ur*es4 ,plate ,,xxxii gives ! mo/ p]fect piece ( "w among !m1 ! t[] kn[n z ,giotto's ,campanile4 ,its ext]ior face is entirely %ea!d 9 m>ble1 ?9 slabs = ! mo/ "p1 :ite :i* has gr[n yell[1 r$ :i* has gr[n a w>m br[n1 & black or ne>ly black2 & to ! l>g] memb]s ( ! elaborate composition is add$ ! m9ute mosaic ( "o b& aft] ano!r all ! way up1 & ! /ill m delicate play ( light & %ade caus$ by slight & well modell$ reliefs ( ornam5tal "*4 ,d[n bel[1 unse5 9 ! photograph1 is a r[ ( /atues 9 ni*es1 & two horizontal b&s ( bas-reliefs ( sacr$ & leg5d>y subject4 ,! t[] is exceptional 9 its p]fect build+3 b !re is no?+ 9 ! s*eme ( con/ruction3 x is almo/ z simple z a ,greek temple4 ,& ?is is :]e ! great ca!dral by its side is simil> 9 "*4 ,n ,go?ic 9 proportion1 nor 9 any sy/em ( buttresses1 nor 9 ! disappe>+ ( walls 9 con/ructional pi]s1 nor 9 ! disposition ( ! sculpture2 x is ,go?ic only 9 its hav+ po9t$ ar*es1 & ribb$ vaults1 ?\gh ^! are s /ay$ up by massive masonry t ! ?+ is no m ela/ic ?an ! halls ( ,roman !rm4#dc ,b x is beautiful 9 detail1 encru/$ & emboss$1 & mo/ impos+ 9 mass )\t1 h[ev] ill-proportion$ 9 ! nave1 )92 & ev5 )9 x is a gr&iose nave up :i* y walk t[>ds ! culm9ation ( ! :ole 9 ! sanctu>y "u ! great cupola4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,late ,,m$i,,val ,,design ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv we h se5 h[ /rongly ! arti/ic effect ( ! ,go?ic *ur*es dep5ds ^u _! /ructure4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! /ructure dep5ds ^u & leads up to ! vault+2 ev]y?+ 9 decorative treatm5t dep5ds ^u ! /ructure4 ,t is true except 9 s f> z ! univ]sally felt ne$ ( ornam5t f\nd$ on ! /udy ( nature & ( ab/ract =m modifies design4 ,?us ! c>v+ 9 conv5tionaliz$ leafage ( a b&1 /raight or seem+ly b5t ar\nd a pi]1 & ! *oice ( colors 9 a decorative w9d[ or a pa9t$ panel ( wall b5ea? a w9d[1 are inde$ indep5d5t ( ! /ructure4 ,moreov]1 ! ,go?ic sculptors 7 z exceptionally en]getic & =cible z ! ,go?ic build]s1 & work$ ) !m 9 ! production ( great s*emes ( associat$ sculpture :i* 7 9 h>mony ) ! "w ( ^! v bold & skillful build]s4 ,n[1 :51 aft] ! f9al expulsion ( ! ,engli% k+ & 8 armies f ,france1 ! suppression ( ! dome/ic feuds betwe5 ho/ile p>ties1 & ! pacification ( ! c\ntry "u ,*>les ,,vii1 !re 0 a sudd5 recrudesc5ce ( build+ & ( decorative art1 ! half ru9$ *ur*es 7 repair$1 ^? de/roy$ 7 replac$4 ,betwe5 #adee & #aeae !re 0 a revival ( ar*itectural art comp>able to t ( ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,!re 7 n z _m great *ur*es und]tak51 because ne>ly e diocese _h its ca!dral1 & because ! exclusively ecclesia/ical po9t ( view 0 no long] held by ! p ( ! t[ns or by ! nobility3 b ?is 0 made good by ! great increase 9 ! numb] & spl5dor ( civic & private build+s4 ,!re is1 !n1 a new & v magnific5t ,go?ic art beg9n+ ab\t ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ,bordeaux & ,gascony1 :5 ! ,engli% armies 7 f9ally driv5 out ( ,france1 & end+ only ) ! complete e/abli%m5t ( ! classical revival "u ,francis ,i4 ,contemporane\s ) ?is1 or ne>ly s1 0 ! v spl5did art ( ,spa91 t curi\s & fanta/ic e>lie/ ,r5aissance m>k$ = u by su* monum5ts z ! ,casa ,lonja ( ,val5cia1 ! portal ( ! ,univ]sity at ,salamanca & t ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,paul at ,valladolid3 & 9 ,belgium1 ! epo* ( ! great t[n halls1 t ( ,l\va9 be+ ( ab\t #adfj3 t ( ,aud5>de at ! close ( ! epo* n[ "u consid]ation4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1 !re 0 ! beg9n+ ( a mo/ attractive civic ar*itecture3 & 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh ! civil w> ( ! ,yorki/s & ,lanca/rians po/pon$ any?+ l peaceful gr[? 9 art until ne> ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !re 0 e/abli%$1 beg9n+ ) ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 9 #adhe1 ! s-call$ ,tudor ar*itecture :i* 0 really a cont9uation & developm5t ( ! curi\s ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic art ) ! add$ feature ( fan-vault+--! mo/ orig9al & p]haps also ! mo/ spl5did arti/ic a*ievem5t ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,n[ 9 all ?is highly organiz$ & florid art !re 0 a g5]al ab&onm5t ( ! con/ructional pr9ciple :i* _h be5 ! root ( ! e>li] ,go?ic1 & !re 0 no new con/ructional device or sy/em inv5t$ to take its place4 ,! new art is an art ( conv5i5ce & spl5dor1 b x has no especial root 9 ! necessities ( build+4 ,! new ,go?ic build]s 7 v skillful & le>n$1 !y knew rib-vault+ by he>t1 & also !y und]/ood vault+ 9 ! solid %ell3 !y c\ld d any?+1--b !re 0 no special task to :i* !y _h set !mselves & !re=e !y play$ ) _! build+s4 ,nor 0 !re to be introduc$1 dur+ ! c5turies t 7 to foll[1 any new pr9ciple ( build+4 ,9 ,greek build+1 9 ,roman build+1 9 ,romanesque build+1 & especially 9 its culm9ation 9 ! ,go?ic sy/em1 we are to look to ! way 9 :i* ! build+s h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,plan1 t is to say ! arrangem5t ( p>ts = utility or int]nal effect1 has mu* to d ) our appreciation ( a build+3 b ! /ructure1 ! actual putt+ toge!r ( mat]ials1 is ( /ill great] importance4 ,y d n pret5d to judge ( a ,greek temple )\t be+ able almo/ to c\nt ! /ones ( :i* x is compos$ or )\t appreciat+ fully ! relative "p :i* !y play4 ,9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 assur$ly no p]son w\ld dream ( f9d+ any enjoym5t 9 a *ur* )\t hav+ fir/ secur$ a good work+ k ( h[ x came to be :at x is--h[ ! /one ro( is kept 9 place 9 ! wond]ful way t we see x & :at "p is play$ by pi] & fly+ buttress4 ,b ?is int]e/ 9 ! life ( ! /ructure becomes fa9t z we consid] ! build+s ( ! f\r c5turies beg9n+ ) ! ye> #adjj4 ,we h to consid] "s spl5did works ( art produc$ betwe5 t ye> & ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 b 9 none ( !m is !re any special call = /udy+ ! !ory or practice ( ! build]s4 ,!y may build well or !y may build c>elessly3 t is comp>atively indiff]5t "u ! new rgime1 = designs are made & c>ri$ out = _! own sake2 nor is ! ma/] ( con/ruction any long] ! ma/] ( design4 ,! read] w und]/& t 9 su* g5]al /atem5ts z ^! 9 matt]s ( f9e art !re are always _m drawbacks & qualifications4 ,! fifte5? c5tury _h /ill a deal ( ,go?ic vigor1 9 all ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,!re 7 great build]s aft]1 z be=e1 ! pivotal ye> #adjj4 ,?is discussion w ev5 include ! names ( m5 especially prais$ z be+ great con/ructors3 ! po9t is t _! sy/em ( con/ruction _h little to d ) _! design4 ,jacopo ,sansov9o & ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 7 great build]s1 b _! designs 7 n 9 any special way ! bett] = t4 ,_! "w is m>k$ ev]y:]e ) ! mod]n *>act]i/ic ( be+ design$ ab/ractly1 & z if int5d$ to be c>v$ out ( a s+le block1 & aft]w>ds put into t]ms ( mort>-masonry & cut /one1 because t 0 ! only way 9 :i* ! build]s ( ! "t c\ld proce$4 ,let u consid] ! fan-vault+ ( ,engl&4 ,its e>lie/ appe>ance is 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,gl\ce/] ca!dral1 built aft] #acge4 ,plate ,,xxxiii %[s ! ea/]n ambulatory ( ^! cloi/]s4 ,at ! fir/ glance ?is vault seems to be built ) ribs l t ( ,ami5s or t ( ,reims1 z %[n 9 ! plates ( ,*apt] ,,iv2 b ! network ( project+ ribs 9 ! ,gl\ce/] vault is a simulacrum only4 ,! vault is a solid /one %ell1 homog5e\s1 & built ( l>ge pieces4 ,plate ,,xxxiv %[s ! vault ( ! *oir-aisle ( ,pet]bor\gh ca!dral se5 z look$ at f bel[4 ,! jo9ts ( ! /ones c be made out3 !y h no relation to ! sy/em ( m\ld+s & panels4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ,go?ic vault+ sy/em _h nev] be5 z important a factor 9 art z x 0 on ! ,cont95t1 ?is new & unique sy/em ( vault+ 0 introduc$ z soon z ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses 7 ov]4 ,! ?ree great monum5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,gl\ce/]1 ,,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,,engl&1 ,,view ,,9 ,,cloi/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,pet]boro'1 ,,nor?ants1 ,,engl&1 ,,fan ,,vault+ ,,( ,,*oir ,,aisle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ( ?is 8fan-vault+0 are ,/4 ,george's ,*apel at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ! ,*apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 atta*$ to ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 ,london1 & *ief & noble/ ( all1 ,k+s ,college ,*apel at ,cambridge4 ,?is la/ may well be ?\ght ! f9e/ int]ior 9 ,engl&2 & ! o!r examples m5tion$ are inf]ior 9 *>m3 & yet1 s9ce ! ,cambridge ,*apel has be5 %[n 9 photography v (t51 x has seem$ bett] to consid] "h less-kn[n examples4 ,! vault is a p]fectly safe build+1 especially on a small scale1 b x is n rib-vault+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! great vault ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel at ,we/m9/] ,abbey 0 und]tak51 ab\t #aeae1 a diff]5t sy/em _h to be foll[$4 ,! span or cle> wid? ( ! nave is n v great & yet ! task ( support+ ! a/oni%+ /one ro(1 se5 9 ,plate ,,xxxv1 0 "o wor?y ( ! %rewde/ & mo/ d>+ build] ( ! "t4 ,! /one ribs :i* spr+ directly f ! uprights ) b ! slighte/ pret5se at vault+ %afts 9 little r\nd m\ld+s ) slightly m>k$ capitals1 are really ! ar*es :i* c>ry ! :ole /one /ructure ( ! ro(4 ,! great p5dants into :i* ^! ribs disappe>1 & :i* !mselves =m ! basis ( ! fan-vault+ sy/em1 are ( c\rse )\t con/ructional value4 ,! ro( is to be tak5 z an elaborate piece ( geometrical c>v+1 +5i\sly arrang$ 9 ! semblance ( a con/ructional "w2 its real con/ruction 7s\nd en\gh1 intellig5t en\gh1 or ! ro( w\ld n /&7 mask$ by ! extraord9>y composition 9 radiat+ l9es1 z if ! cloi/] ( ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral _h l5t its ro( to be rais$ high into ! air1 & complet$ on ! side t[>ds ! w9d[s by ! cont9u+ ( ea* circul> cone 9 t direction4 ,plate ,,xxxvi gives ! admirable draw+ made by ,rob]t ,willis ( ! con/ruction ( ?is vault & x is easy to see t :ile ! me*anical skill %[n 9 ! "w is great & peculi>1 !re is no?+ :atev] left ( ! sy/em ( ,go?ic vault+1 nor any dep5d5ce plac$ ,illu/ration3 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey1 ,,london1 ,,*apel ,,( ,,h5ry ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,ro(1 ,,*apel ,,( ,,h5ry ,,vii4 7,f ,draw+ by ,rob]t ,willis47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ^u ! num]\s radiat+ ribs :i* seem to be ! v framework ( ! /ructure4 ,!y are decorative m\ld+s work$ ^u ! surface ( a solid /one vault1 built 9 a s+le %ell :i* ext5ds f "o to ano!r ( ! great transv]se ar*es :i* span ! nave4 ,?is design m>ks ! culm9ation 9 ,engl& ( t florid ,go?ic 9 :i* e>ly pr9ciples h a subord9ate "p1 :ile newly requir$ elaboration & tricks ( deceptive brilliancy ( workman%ip come to ! front & absorb ! int]e/ ( ! behold]4 ,no "o c rema9 indiff]5t to ! fanta/ic & yet endur+ *>m ( su* a ro(4 ,! ro( ( ,k+s ,college ,*apel has already be5 m5tion$ z ( extraord9>y beauty & z =m+ ) ! v]tical memb]s :i* support x & ! w9d[s betwe5 !m a ,go?ic int]ior z spl5did z any?+ out ( ,france3 b its beauty is ( a /yle :i* _h already lo/ its reason = be+1 & its appe>ance ( con/ructional dignity is 9 a way deceptive4 ,! admiration we br+ to su* a monum5t is !n v diff]5t f t :i* we give to ! int]iors ( ! great ,go?ic *ur*es %[n 9 ! plates ( ,*apt] ,,iv1 or to ! _m o!r beautiful naves & *oirs ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many4 ,at ,ely & ,salisbury1 ,b\rges & ,laon1 ,burgos & ,g]ona1 ,cologne & ,vi5na1 ! /ud5t ent]s a great *ur*1 ^: vault 0 complet$ at any "t betwe5 #abjj & #adjj1 ) p]fect c]ta9ty t ! /ructure is z s9c]e & obvi\s z x is impressive2 nor does any d\bt ent] 8 m9d z to ! utility ( ! memb]s ( ! /ructure ar\nd him4 ,x is only ) ! beg9n+ ( ! florid ,go?ic t ?is :olesome frame ( m9d c no long] be reta9$4 ,let u consid] ! *ur* ( ,br\1 /&+ close to ! t[n ( ,b\rg-en-,bresse1 9 s\!rn ,burgundy4 ,x 0 n begun until ab\t #aeaj3 t is to say1 its con/ruction is contemporane\s ) ! e>li] ye>s ( ,h5ry ,,viii 9 ,engl&1 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,br\1 ,,at ,,b\rg-,,en-,,bresse 7,,a97 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,sa9t ,,wulfran1 ,,abbeville 7,,nord74 ,,france4 ,,detail ,,( ,,we/ ,,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 & ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella 9 ,spa92 &1 9 ar*itectural hi/ory1 x is contemporane\s ) s mu* ( ! build+ ( ! pres5t ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome z fix$ ! ar*itectural /yle ( t great *ur*4 ,plate ,,xxxvii is a view ( ! *ur* ( ,br\1 look+ we/w>d to ! great front ^: l>ge w9d[s fill ! nave ) dazzl+ daylight & make t we/ wall itself invisible4 ,! ,go?ic /ructure "h is complete--z logical & exact z 9 ! palmy days ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b ! decorative treatm5t is diff]5t inde$6 ,on ! "r is ! tomb ( ! ,du*ess ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 :o complet$ ! *ur* & set up h] own & h] husb&'s tomb ) ^? ( e>li] pr9ces ( ! l9e4 ,?is tomb is a /ructure :olly 9 keep+ ) ! *ur*1 z x 0 really ! cause ( its be+4 ,!re is no?+ m int]e/+ 9 su* "w ?an ! completely realiz$ naturali/ic "* ( ! /atu>y4 ,n[h]e has ! art ( ! sculptor be5 left s free z 9 ^! flamboyant ,go?ic build+s--s free to develop itself :ile /ill x rema9s 9 /rict accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ar*itectural design4 ,! spl5did *ur* ( ,s4 ,wulfran at ,abbeville1 9 ! f> nor? ( ,france1 helps u to see /ill m pla9ly1 ?is extraord9>y developm5t ( ar*itectural sculpture because ! scale is l>g] & ! arti/ic p[] manife/$ immeasurably m fit to cope ) great und]tak+s4 ,plate ,,xxxviii giv+ "p ( ! we/ portals ( t surpris+ *ur* w %[ h[ completely ! sculptor's art has *ang$ s9ce ! portals ( ,reims & ( ,*>tres 7 und]tak54 ,z = ! ar*itectural treatm5t x is /ill l t ( ! *ur* ( ,br\1 ,go?ic ) modifications4 ,! hold :i* ! ,go?ic sy/em ( vault+1 & ( build+ to support ! vaults1 _h ov] ! ,fr5* build]s is visible 9 ?is return to e>li] pr9ciples z soon z ! diss5sions ( ! c\ntry all[$4 ,! fam\s ,t[n ,halls ( ! ,ne!rl&s h pres]v$ = u ! mo/ p]fect1 because ! mo/ unm+l$1 traces ,illu/ration3 ,,t[nhall ,,( ,,aud5>de1 ,,belgium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,albi 7,,t>n71 ,,france1 ,,out] ,,gate ,,lead+ ,,to ,,s\? ,,por*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ( flamboyant ,go?ic 9 civic build+s4 ,! late/ ( all & ! smalle/ "o ( importance is t at ,aud5>de 9 ,belgium1 built betwe5 #aebe-cj4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxix1 l5d+ itself well to pictorial reproduction on a small scale because x dep5ds b little on ! sculptur$ details4 ,a s+le ,madonna ) ! ,*ild1 above ! loggia f :i* ! t[n au?orities w\ld speak to ! p 9 ! days ( municipal indep5d5ce1 is ! only repres5tative sculpture ( importance 9 all ?is front1 bel[ ! cornice4 ,! fanta/ic ,go?ic trac]y ) conv5tional c>v+ cov]s ! blank wall spaces ) a cont9u\s veil ( slight & n unpleasant r\gh5+2 & ! wall spaces are s small t ?is =mal k9d ( ornam5t is n disagreeable4 ,small /atues %\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! ni*es2 b ! build+ does n seem to suff] mu* f _! abs5ce4 ,we c judge ( x z be+ :at x is1 a mo/ simple & practical ,city ,hall1 built ) po9t$ ar*es1 ) a /eep ro( adorn$ by t[]1 dorm] w9d[ & p9nacle1 & ! :ole /ructure cov]$ by ?is ?9 veil ( m\ld$1 cusp$ & trac]i$ ornam5t1 *iefly because ! *ur* ar*itecture ( previ\s ye>s _h l$ up to t k9d ( design by natural evolution1 & because ! _s ( ! "t knew ( b "o ar*itectural treatm5t4 ,!re=e1 )\t vault+1 ) five /ories ( rooms replac+ ! great hall ( ! *ur*1 ) w9d[s made to op5 & %ut = ! conv5i5ce ( ! inhabitants ( small rooms1 ! build+ is yet closely 9 agreem5t ) ! *ur* build+ ( ! "t1 & is to be judg$ z a "p ( ! great & long supreme /yle out ( :i* x has gr[n4 ,9 ! fam\s s\? por* ( ! ca!dral at ,albi1 ?is florid ,go?ic has rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,plate ,,xl %[s ! out] por*2 t :i*1 :5 ! ca!dral 0 really a =tress ( "s importance1 gu>d$ ! fir/ approa* to ! long flight ( /airs1 ! out] p]ron4 ,no?+ is m attractive among ! m9or *>ms ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,albi 7,,t>n71 ,,france1 ,,s\? ,,por*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loggia ,,dei ,,lanzi1 ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ( spirit$ old ar*itecture ?an ^! mixtures ( florid & ev5 fanta/ical design ) ! grave solemnity ( =tress t[]s & ! h>% l9e ( battlem5ts int5d$ = ! s]vice ( w>4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ?is gateway :i* is pi]c$ 9 a =tress-wall m]ely & leads directly to no cov]$ ap>tm5t ( any sort1 ! visitor m\nts "s tw5ty-five /one /eps & rea*es ! por* %[n 9 ,plate ,,xli1 b he does n ent] x by ! l>g] ar*way2 t is ! s\? ar*way to :i* !re is meant to be access on ! level ( its own sill4 ,on ! "r & p>tly hidd5 by ! huge buttress-pi] is ! n>r[] ea/]n doorway1 to :i* access by ! /eps is _h1 f ! out] por*1 ,plate ,,xl4 ,! great inn] por* 7,plate ,,xli7 dates f ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs z x is "o ( ! v late/ productions ( t /range art :i* has ab&on$ ! ess5tial "* & basis ( ,go?ic ar*itecture )\t los+ its d]iv$ & second>y *>m1 :i* may be def9$ z ! *>m ( picturesque v>iety & %>p contra/--! v rev]se1 or s x seems1 ( ! calm h>mony ( ,greek design4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,reviv$ ,,classic ,,design ,ab\t ! ye> #adbj ,a4 ,d4 !re 0 a great *ange 9 ! ar*itectural outlook 9 c5tral ,italy4 ,! ,risorgim5to#dd 0 already 9 full vigor1 & ?is _h to d especially ) ! /udy ( ! lit]ature ( classical antiquity :i* _h be5 go+ on = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,lat9 au?ors 7 /udi$ afre%1 &1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,europe ,greek au?ors 7 inquir$ = & discuss$1 ?\gh ! "t _h n yet come = ! s]i\s /udy ( ! language4 ,!re 0 also a v m>k$ *ange 9 ! feel+s1 ! aspirations1 & ! p[] ( pa9t]s & sculptors4 ,giotto _h done 8 "w & _h be5 dead ne>ly a c5tury1 & ,simone ,m>t9i z long3 ,niccol ,pisano _h be5 dead s long t 8 influ5ce 0 felt *iefly 9 ! "w ( 8 son ,giovanni :o also _h di$ a c5tury be=e our pres5t enquiry beg9s3 ,orcagna1 ar*itect z well z pa9t] & sculptor1 _h oppos$ 9 ! _s ( ,italian tradition ! influ5ce ( ! ,nor!rn s*ool ( ,go?ic art1 & _h left beh9d him :5 he di$1 ab\t #achj1 ! admirable portico 9 ,flor5ce kn[n z t ( ! ,lanc]s4 7,see ,plate ,,xlii47 ,ea* ( ^! m5 _h done :at he c\ld to lead ! direction ( arti/s' ?\ght away f ! non-national ,go?ic /yle4 ,z sculptor & z pa9t]1 ea* ( ^! arti/s _h mu* to aid him 9 ! ru9s ( antiquity4 ,_h !re be5 only ! s>cophagi & o!r portable relief-sculptures !y w\ld h _h mat]ial en\gh to beg9 _! "w 9 ! direction ( a high] realism1 a m p]fect /udy ( ! human body1 a m ref9$ ca/+ ( drap]y1 a m sev]e /yle ( composition1 ?an previ\s c5turies _h all[$4 ,! classical feel+ _h tak5 possession ( ! pa9t]s & ! sculptors3 ,paolo ,ucelli1 ,ca/agno1 ,g5tile1 ,masol9o1 & mo/ ( all ! great ,masaccio1 7 at "w3 & z = sculpture1 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti 0 =ty ye>s old & ,donatello ?irty-f\r1 & ! mod]n arts ( =m _h tak5 %ape4 ,! sculptors & ! pa9t]s _h be5 enc\rag$ 9 _! ambitions by ! works ( ,greco-,roman art ab\t !m3 b monum5ts ( anci5t ar*itecture 7 s mu* defac$1 ev5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 t x requir$ a v diff]5t lesson be=e _! significance c\ld be le>n$1 & ?is lesson1 ?is /rong tea*+1 0 to be giv5 ?r\gh s*ol>%ip r ?an ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( ! arti/4 ,x 0 n until anci5t lit]ature _h be5 well /udi$ = half a c5tury t an en?usia/ic "y build]1 ,fillipo ,brunellesco1 und]took to /udy ! ,roman ways ( vault+ & w5t = t purpose to ,rome z ! place :]e ! great] numb] ( important classical build+s rema9$1 or p]haps z ! place :]e /ood ! always fam\s ,pan!on4 7,see ,*apt] ,,ii47 ,x 0 #adcj be=e ! fir/ build+ 0 begun 9 :i* an attempt 0 made to use ! classical ord]s 9 :olly new "w4 ,?is 0 ! ,*apel ( ! ,pazzi1 atta*$ to ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 9 ,flor5ce1 & ! ext]ior ( ?is is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xliii z f> z x is possible to obta9 an intelligible photograph ( its m important p>ts4 ,x is a small ?+2 b assur$ly x is m>vell\s to see1 because ( ! boldness requir$ on ! "p ( its design]4 ,if we try to imag9e ! habit ( m9d ( a man :o _h nev] se5 any?+ built 9 ,greco-,roman ord]s 9 any =m1 or design$ 9 ! ,greco-,roman _s1 :o knew build+s ( classical design only z fragm5t>y ru9s & :o himself _h c>ri$ out _m designs ( 8 own 9 a _s1 n ,go?ic inde$1 b assur$ly n classic1 & :o !n1 at ! age ( fifty-five1 9 a "t :5 life 0 %ort] & began e>li] ?an n[1 und]took & c>ri$ out su* a composition z ?is1 !re w inde$ seem cause = surpris$ admiration4 ,!re is a mod]n ,italian feel+ 9 ! little rondels :i* ,illu/ration3 ,,*apel ,,( ,,! ,,pazzi1 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,santa ,,croce1 ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,rucellai1 ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4 adorn ! frieze above ! columns3 b ^! rondels are fill$ ) *]ubs & ! :ole composition may be set d[n to ! ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ic feel+4 ,aga9 ! fifte5? c5tury _s is se5 9 ! sculpture ( ! c5tral ar*1 bo? on ! ar*ivolt#de & ! intrados3#df b he _h no antique example ( a decorat$ ar* & z an arti/ he felt ! ne$ ( "o4 ,!re is a mi/ak5 use ( anci5t =ms 9 ! c>v$ flut+s ( ! upp]mo/ frieze1 ! /rigil ornam5t tak5 f "s s>cophagus2 b ?is also may be condon$ 9 view ( ! fact t sculptor z he 0 he d>$ n und]take ar*itectural c>v+ ( w\ld-be classical int5t4 ,! c\pl$ pila/]s ( ! upp] /ory are h>dly classic2 9 fact ! pila/] 9 any =m is a r>ity 9 ext]nal ar*itecture1 s f> z we "k ! build+s ( ,imp]ial ,rome2 & ?is feature 0 de/9$ to be altoge!r *>act]i/ic ( ! ,neo-classic ar*itecture3 b 9 fir/ introduc+ x "h1 ,fillipo mu/ h seem$ to himself to be do+ only :at a ,roman design] ( ! second c5tury w\ld h done _h he und]tak5 s small & s ref9$ a design4 ,we are n to =get t x 0 huge monum5ts1 ! ,pan!on & ! ,colosseum & ! basilica ( ,con/ant9e1 :i* ! ,italian ma/]s _h to /udy :5 !re 0 "q ( g5]al dispositions4 ,!y _h inde$ some?+ :i* we h n 9 ! z yet unspoil$ int]iors ( c]ta9 /ructures on ! ,palat9e ,hill & ne> ! ,=um3 b !y c h>dly h _h _m examples ( design on a small scale--( ! be/ ar*itectural treatm5t appli$ to build+s ( v small size4 ,?is portico _c exce$ ?irty-five feet 9 total height & its l5g? is n mu* great]3 !re _c h be5 _m jewels ( ref9em5t l t left among ! anci5t ru9s ( ,italy1 ev5 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,s f>1 ! revival 9 ar*itecture 0 conduct$ along l9es ( common s5se1 & :5 ! s*ol> & humani/1 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 came to ! front z an indep5d5t design] ( ar*itectural compositions & creat$ ! front ( ! ,rucellai ,palace1 7,plate ,,xliv7 :i* 0 begun 9 #adea1 he add$ ! flat pila/] ( slight relief to a well-kn[n type ( h\se front4 ,! curi\s ?+ ab\t ?is introduction ( ! pila/]s is t no soon] 0 x se5 ?an x 0 dislik$1 at lea/ 9 ! front ( ! palazzo1 ) its r\nd-ar*$ w9d[-heads4 ,! ,palazzo ,pitti _h be5 begun by ,brunellesco himself & )\t any pila/]s at all2 !n came 8 rival's ,rucellai front1 & ?irty ye>s lat] we are back aga9 at ! old /&po9t1 & ! ,/rozzi ,palace 7see ,plate ,,xlv7 & ! ,m$ici ,palace 7aft]w>ds ,ricc>di7 are build+s )\t ^! seem+ly inappropriate additions4 ,x is surpris+ to see h[ mu* common s5se !re 0 among ^! e>ly lov]s ( ! antique gr&eur4 ,! use ( ! nor!rn /yle1 ! po9t$ ,go?ic1 ) its ribb$ vault & its picturesque treatm5t1 ceas$ altoge!r 9 ,italy ) ! fir/ examples ( reviv$ classical ar*itecture3 b n on t acc\nt did ! anci5t ,roman way ( build+ come into favor1 nor did ! ,roman me?ods ( design succe$ )\t a /ruggle4 ,plate ,,xlvi %[s ! c\rty>d ( ! ,cancell>ia 9 ,rome1 :i* c h>dly h be5 built be=e #adge2 & contemporane\s ) ?is are _m exquisite porticoes ( simil> design1 porticoes 9 :i* ! vault+ spr+s f ! capitals ( ! columns2 & ! out] ordonnance--! seemly ord]+ ( p>ts :i* _h become to ! ,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury z important1 relatively1 z x _h be5 to _! ance/ors elev5 c5turies be=e1 v unlike ! ordonnance ( ^? ance/ors4 ,only on ! r>e/ occasions did ! ,roman ar*itects ( ! classic p]iod build 9 ?is way1 ) ! ar*es spr++ f ! capitals directly4 ,! complete ,roman ,ord] is inde$ se5 side by side ) ?is mod]n type4 ,plate ,,xlviii %[s ! int]ior c\rt ( ! ,palazzo di ,v5ezia 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,/rozzi1 ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,ricc>di1 ,,flor5ce1 ,,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,della ,,cancell>ia1 ,,rome ,,c\rty>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,rome1 ! date ( :i* is always giv5 z #adfj1 & "h is ! ,roman ,ord] inde$6 ,"h is ! complete reproduction ( t mo/ s+ul> sy/em ( design accord+ to :i* ! engag$ column1 kn[n to be a m]e ornam5t or ) a con/ructional utility limit$ to ?is slight ?ick5+ ( ! pi] at t po9t1 is made to look l ! *ief support+ memb]2 :ile ! ar* :i* really does ! "w is treat$ z a subord9ate fill+ ( ! panel betwe54 ,?is curi\s device1 inv5t$ :5 ! ,romans ( ! ,empire wi%$ to build freely & yet to design z ! ,greeks design$1 br\ght up aga9 by _! imitators 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & nev] ab&on$ s9ce1 has s pass$ into our mod]n life t we nei!r "k nor see its inconsi/5cy4 ,a design] :o might h a /rong s5se = ! con/ructional 9 8 "w w\ld f9d x impossible to reproduce ?is motive3 on ! o!r h&1 ^? _m design]s :o are s9c]ely enamor$ ( ! traditions ( ! s*ools accept x z "o ( ! necess>y features ( great & dignifi$ classical ar*itecture4 ,x is curi\s to comp>e ) ! examples j giv5 t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xlvii1 9 :i* ! gr\nd /ory arcade is classical ,roman1 except t a v %all[ pila/] is sub/itut$ = ! engag$ column & 9 ?is way becomes a confess$ ornam5t1 :ile !re is no def9ite ar*ivolt furni%$ ! ar*es betwe51 s t ! pila/] rema9s ! s+le decoration ( ?is /ory2 :ile above1 ! mo/ reali/ic me?od possible has be5 foll[$4 ,except = t odd little d\bl+ ( ! consoles above ! l>g] pi]s1 ?is upp] /ory is z logical & obvi\s z if x _h be5 built 9 ,france 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! l9tel-c\rse1 re/+ alt]nately ^u ^! l>g] pi]s ) _! pila/]-l treatm5t1 & ^u ! small & sl5d] columns ( completely ,r5aissance design1 c>ries 9 its turn ! ro( timb]s & ! gutt] 9 front ( !m1 & t is all4 ,!re is absolutely no pret5se ab\t x2 no affectation ( be+ t :i* x is n2 & ! comb9ation ( ! two /ories has ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,santa ,,m>ia ,,della ,,pace1 ,,rome4 ,,cloi/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,di ,,v5ezia1 ,,rome4 ,,c\rty>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 result$ 9 "o ( ! lovelie/ pieces ( composition 9 ,italy4 ,! date ( ?is *>m+ design1 ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,pace1 may be set z ! fir/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fa%ions *ange ev5 9 neo-classic ar*itecture1 & :5 ! ,palazzo ,borghese 0 "u consid]ation 9 ! la/ ye>s ( t same great c5tury1 ! c\pl$ column 0 9 use z a favorite device4 ,long aft]w>ds x appe>$ 9 ,p>is1 adorn+ ! fam\s ea/]n front ( ! ,l\vre2 b "h1 z e>ly z ! days :5 ,que5 ,elizabe? & h] nobles 7 resi/+ ! ,spani% ,armada1 ! c\pl+ ( ! columns1 almo/ unkn[n 9 antiquity1 & nev] a device ( ! ,r9ascim5to1 f9ds itself 9 complete favor 9 t :i* we call ! ,classicismo4#dg ,inde$ ?is portico & loggia1 ,plate ,,xlix1 has little real classical feel+ ab\t x1 except ! c>e ) :i* ! simpl] ,ord]1 ,tuscan or modifi$ ,doric1 is kept 9 ! gr\nd /ory1 & ! ,ionic ,ord] above--! proportions ( ^? columns be+ also c>efully obs]v$4 ,! read] w h>dly ignore ! coldness ( ! design1 ! abs5ce ( flavor & fre%ness :i* m>ks x3 ! design] is s v sure ( 8 me?ods & s fix$ 9 advance z to 8 int5tions t !re is no long] any trace ( ! ,rebir? left4 ,if we cross ! ,alps1 we %all f9d 9 build+s ( ?is "t ! ,r5aissance 9 its full glory1 b ! ,r5aissance 9 ,france is ne>ly a c5tury beh9d ! ,r9ascim5to 9 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,borghese1 ,,rome4 ,,c\rty>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ateau ,,at ,,blois 7,,loir ,,et ,,*]71 ,,france1 ,,w+ ,,( ,,l\is ,,xii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lat] ,,reviv$ ,,classic ,,design ,9 ?is *apt] we mu/ consid] an epo* ( transition = nor!rn ,europe4 ,*apt] ,,vi dealt ) ! "t ( *ange 9 ,italy2 b !re 0 only a brief era ( transition !re1 s rapid & direct 0 ! *ange4 ,! ,italians 7 ready to accept an imitation ( classical ar*itecture1 9 ! hope t ! real classical ar*itecture w\ld foll[4 ,no matt] h[ poor ! imitation1 h[ inadequate ! /udy _h be51 to ! ,italians x 0 s natural t ar*itects %\ld /udy t :i* !y1 ! ,italians1 _h always consid]$ ! be/ ar*itecture1 t !y 7 will+ to =give mi/akes4 ,9 ! ,nor? ?+s 7 z diff]5t z possible4 ,! mighty ,go?ic s*ool 0 z vigor\s & full ( en]gy z x _h be5 at any "t s9ce ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t is to say1 s9ce ! day ( its fir/ brilliant culm9ation3 & e "o1 e mason1 e c>p5t]1 e bi%op or abbot1 e noble or great (fic]1 knew :at a build+ or a detail ought to be )\t ask+ ! op9ion ( any /ud5t ( ! ,roman pa/4 ,! ,nor?1 g5]ally1 0 z reluctant to admit ! importance ( any su* /udies z ! ,s\? 0 ready to insi/ ^u !m4 ,s x 0 t only ! bodily transportation ( ! c\rt = _m mon?s f ,france to c5tral ,italy1 & ?is at a "t :5 ! ,risorgim5to 9 ar*itecture 0 at its mo/ glori\s height1 c\ld suffice to turn ! nobles ( ! c\rt to c>e = ! /ately me?ods ( design introduc$ by ! mod]n /ud5ts ( antiquity4 ,x 0 9 #adid t ,*>les ,,viii />t$ = ,rome3 = five ye>s f t "t ! nobles ( 8 c\rt saw mu* m ( ,italy ?an !y did ( _! own c\ntry4 ,!y came back little by little1 aft] ! accession ( ,l\is ,,xii1 full ( ! glories t !y _h se54 ,to !m x 0 evid5t t ! ,italian palace ) its gr&iose /aircase1 its /ately ordonnance ( w9d[s on ! front1 its dignity1 its r cold res]ve1 0 m wor?y ( a pr9ce ?an ! m homely & natural build+s !y _h left beh9d !m 9 ,france--build+s :i* 7 ( ! same /yle & _s z ! village *ur*es1 & ( ! h\ses ev5 ( ! less weal?y citiz5s4 ,& yet !re is a liv+ pro( ( ! difficulty :i* ev5 at ?is late date ! classical /yles _h to e/abli% !mselves 9 ,france4 ,plate ,l %[s t w+ ( ! *teau at ,blois :i* 0 built ab\t #aejj & :i* is call$ ! w+ ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ,plate ,,li %[s ! adjo9+ /ret* ( build+1 t :i* 0 built ab\t #aebe & :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ,franois ,i4 ,9 ! e>li] w+ %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 al?\gh ! ,italian w> _h be5 go+ on = ye>s be=e a /one ( x 0 laid or cut1 !re are no signs ( any /udy :atev] ( classical details4 ,! build+ is :at x w\ld h be5 _h !re be5 no invasion ( ,italy by ! prec$+ k+--_h no ,fr5* nobleman dream$ ( br++ home ,italian workm5 & ,italian ideas4 ,! po9t$ ar* is pu%$ to "o side & replac$ by ! ?ree-c5tr$ ar* & by ! l9tel1 b altoge!r f reasons ( conv5i5ce1 & )\t ! slighte/ ?\ght ( pleas+ !reby ! /ud5ts ( antiquity4 ,! high & /eeply pit*$ ro( rema9s1 ! simple & obvi\s f5e/ration ) op5+s put :]e !y are ne$$1 & only a second>y ref]5ce to delicacies ( proportion2 ! unev5 l5g?s ( ! quo9s & *anes#dh ( ! w9d[ jambs1 ! trac]i$ p>apet & sunk5 panels1 & ev5 ! foliat$ sculpture1 all is ( ! middle ages2 nor is !re any:]e a pila/]1 a classical column1 or ! sugge/ion ( an entablature4 ,s 9 ! build+ ( ! next reign1 t ( ,francis ,i1 %[n 9 "p 9 ,plate ,,li1 ! progress ( /udy t[>ds antiquity is visible4 ,"h !re are pila/]s b su* z a ,roman ( ! empire w\ld h ?\ght v odd ones1 &1 9 a way1 !re is an entablature betwe5 ! second & ?ird r[ ( w9d[s2 & s ! capitals h a little t\* ( ! ,ionic /yle1 at lea/ 9 ! flat wall to ! "r ( ! great /aircase4 ,b 9 e respect1 9 ! high ro(1 ! huge & ri*ly ornam5t$ *imneys1 ! free treatm5t ( ! f5e/ration1 ! /ill m free & easy h&l+ ( ! /aircase1 ) its ramps & op5+s treat$ ) an obvi\s eye to spirit$ effect1 & ) b little c>e = classical gravity ( proportion1 all is /ill m$ival4 ,! read] w und]/& t ! ar*es on ! left ( ! /aircase1 ) ,roman engag$ columns betwe5 !m & ! entablature :i* !y c>ry1 7 an addition ( ! "t ( ,ga/on ( ,orleans1 ab\t #afdj3 all ?is has be5 swept away by ! re/oration "u ,duban3 = ! object ( t re/oration 0 ma9ly ! putt+ ( ^! two great divisions ( ! palace into ! /ate !y 7 9 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 = in/ance1 :5 ! ,/ates ,g5]al 7 held 9 "o ( its great halls1 namely1 ! "o ( :i* a small "p is se5 on ! left 9 ,plate ,l4 ,! /ud5t1 z he approa*es ei!r ( ^! int]e/+ build+s1 has to rememb] t ! /yle ( ! e>li] "o1 ,plate ,l1 0 compell$ to make room = ! new] /yle1 z t 9 its turn 0 soon out ( fa%ion & 0 replac$ by ! m sev]ely classical build+s :i* are m5tion$ bel[4 ,! evolution 0 n p]fect1 ! gr[? 0 n m]ely natural & inevitable1 ! /yle did n rip51 gr[+ sl[ly f po9t to po9t ( developm5t1 f simpl] to ri*]1 f less to great] pit* ( complication4 ,x 0 ! con/ant influx ( fre% appeals f ,italy & f ,italianiz$ travell]s1 sometimes nobles ( ! great c\rt1 l ! ,con/able ( ,montmor5cy1 sometimes pr9ces ( ! *ur*1 l ! two c>d9als ( ,amboise1 & sometimes s*ol>s only1 humble /ud5ts ( ,greek & ,lat91 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ateau ,,at ,,blois 7,,loir ,,et ,,*]71 ,,france1 ,,w+ ,,( ,,francois ,i4 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ateau ,,( ,,ec\5 7,,se9e ,,et ,,oise71 ,,france1 ,,c\rty>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wollaton ,,hall1 ,,notts1 ,,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii4 l ,rabelais & ,la ,botie4 ,! next /ep 0 tak5 by t v ,con/able ( ,montmor5cy1 :o1 be+ !n at ! height ( 8 weal? & influ5ce 9 ! ,/ate1 began ! new *teau ( c\51 aft] #aedj--;an e>ly date1 b ! "w 0 put into ! h&s ( an uncompromis+ classici/1 ,jean ,bullant4 ,plate ,,lii %[s a "p ( ?is *teau1 ! flank on ! "r h& z "o ent]s ! great c\rt by ! *ief gateway4 ,"h ! classical ord]s are m at home1 & al?\gh ! high ro(1 ! monum5tal *imneys1 & ! huge & t[]+ dorm]s are /ill ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance prop]1 ) b little direct ,italianate influ5ce1 x is easy to see h[ ev]y:]e 9 ! m\ld+s1 9 ! l>g] details1 ! classical feel+ ( ! ar*itect has _h its way4 ,ev5 8 dorm] w9d[s1 picturesque1 &1 9 a way1 m$ival z !y are 9 design1 h pila/]s & a ,doric frieze1 all approximat$ 9 _! proportion to ! classical /&>d4 ,z = ! ma9 wall1 x only ne$s a glance at ! portico ( columns 9 ! middle ( x1 to see h[ ! proportions ( ^? two ord]s h sway$ ! design f end to end4 ,?is front1 except ! two dorm]s 9 ! middle1 :i* are lat]1 is v ne>ly ( ! same date z t build+ :i* is %[n 9 ,plate ,,li4 ,b ! transition to neo-classic art is mu* f>!r advanc$4 ,! /ud5t w see 9 ^! discipl9$ details1 ?is sy/ematic spac+ & %ap+1 ! beg9n+ ( t tranquil & r sl[ evolution :i* is se5 aga9 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! g5]ally *ronological view :i* we are tak+ ( all ^! *ang+ /yles1 is a good help to memory1 & ?r\gh ?is1 to swift & almo/ in/9ctive comp>ison4 ,x helps ! /ud5t also 9 8 se>* = causes4 ,9 ?is way x becomes curi\s to note :at ! ,engli% 7 do+ at ! "t t ! classical ,r5aissance 0 ?us safely begun 9 ,france2 ) ,spa9 9 ! lead1 ,fl&]s 7influ5c$ by ,spa97 alongside1 ,g]many only a little beh9d4 ,! ,engli% 7 build+ ! ,tudor & ,elizabe?an c\ntry h\ses4 ,^? built ( timb] ) fill+ ( masonry betwe5 ! timb]s belong to an old sy/em ( con/ruction once z common 9 ! nor?we/]n p>ts ( ! ,cont95t z 9 ,engl&3 b ^? ( m pret5sion h g5]ally "s slight invasion ( =ms d]iv$ f ,italy m+l$ ) ! ,tudor or semi-,go?ic design4 ,?us ,wollaton ,hall1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal front is %[n 9 ,plate ,,lii1 dates f a "t lat] ?an c\51 b x is a long way f ! classic feel+ %[n 9 t /ately edifice4 ,we are n to comp>e x ) any classical /&>d2 we h to consid] x ab/ractly1 to note its m]its z an ext]ior1 express+ ! use ( ! build+ & its "* z a resid5ce1 & a c]ta9 ab/ract *>m1 z ( propriety1 :i* inve/s x4 ,! huge w9d[s are a m>k ( ! "t2 !y express ! joy :i* all ! m intellig5t classes 7 feel+ at ! new *eapness & accessibility ( glass3 & x is noticeable h[ well ! difficulty is met1 h[ mu* m useful are ! pila/]s "h ?an :5 we f\nd !m 9 ,flor5ce4 7,see ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,! great build+ is n left a m]e lant]n3 ! op5+ up ( ! walls is almo/ z successful z we f\nd x 9 ! ,go?ic *ur*es4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iv47 ,z not$ above1 ! ,engli% c>$ less = vault$ ro(s ?an did ! p ( ! ,cont95t4 ,!y develop$ a spl5did sy/em ( decorative timb]$ con/ruction1 ( :i* ! f9e/ m$ival example is ! ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an t spl5did ro( is ! almo/ equally f9e piece ( timb] "w :i* cov]s ,middle-,temple ,hall1 ,plate ,,liii4 ,?is ,hall %[s u also ! f9e/ possible scre5 ( ,jacobean ar*itecture4 ,^! scre5s 7 us$ :5 ! plans ( build+s 7 simple1 :5 ! great ,hall ( a c\ntry-h\se or a college or ! build+ ( a company ( m]*ants fill$ ! :ole ( ! pavilion devot$ to x1 occupy+ all ! space "u its ro( & )9 its f\r walls4 ,to make a ve/ibule ( entrance = protection aga9/ ! cold & aga9/ undue publicity1 ! scre5s 7 built a?w>t "o end ( ! int]ior space3 & _! ,illu/ration3 ,,hall ,,( ,,middle ,,temple1 ,,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,!at9] ,,monks ,,at ,,muni*1 ,,bav>ia4 ,,ducal ,,palace1 ,,g5oa1 ,,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liv4 upp] /ories =m$ gall]ies ( communication betwe5 ! small] build+s to left & "r4 ,we are to consid] ?is room !n z ! meet+-room & d9+-room ( a great numb] ( companions & associates ^: semi-privacy w\ld n be invad$ too s]i\sly by ! com+ & go+ beh9d ! scre54 ,s mu* = ! fitness ( ! build+ = its purposes3 z to o!r consid]ations1 ! vigor ( design1 bo? 9 con/ructive & purely decorative memb]s1 h>dly ne$s demon/ration4 ,9 ,italy1 ! *anges betwe5 #aeej & ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are to be f\nd g5]ally 9 ! way ( increas+ =mality & a decl9+ s5se ( ! beautiful & ! fit4 ,& yet ?r\gh\t ?is decl9e1 !re is se5 ! ,italian feel+ = composition4 ,! ,italians1 ?\gh nev] a great build+ p--nev] orig9ators 9 build+--h always1 s9ce antiquity1 kn[n h[ to make f9e designs--h[ to "w ) b little detail1 h[ to h&le t little ) good effect1 h[ to avoid solecism4 ,9 ?is connection x w be well to /udy ! ,frontispiece4 ,! great *ur* ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,vaticano 0 begun v e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 to replace a v e>ly basilica4 ,bramante 7,donato d',agnolo3 call$ also ,donato ,lazz>i2 d4 #aead7 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ar*itects1 made designs = x4 ,he work$ out ! plan aga9 & aga9 9 _m =ms2 & a*iev$ s mu* actual success t ! great pi]s int5d$ to c>ry ! cupola & ! p5d5tives above !m 7 ne>ly complet$1 & ! pr9cipal apse--t ( ! we/]n end 7= 9 ?is *ur* ! ori5tation is rev]s$7--0 vault$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,aft] t "t !re 7 seem+ly endless delays1 unceas+ controv]sy1 nev]-end+ *anges2 b ! model ( ! cupola 0 complet$ by ,mi*elangelo ,buon>roti1 & ! cupola itself c>ri$ up z f> z ! top ( ! great drum bel[ ! r\nd$ %ell be=e ! dea? ( t great arti/ 9 #aefd4 ,mi*elangelo1 !n1 mu/ h se5 ! *ur*1 9 8 imag9ation1 almo/ exactly z x is %[n 9 ! ,frontispiece4 ,to any "o :o approa*es ! *ur* f ! city1 cross+ ! bridge ( ,sant' ,angelo & walk+ up ! ,borgo to ! ,piazza ,san ,pietro1 ! aspect ( ! build+ is altoge!r diff]5t2 = ! late additions1 ! un=tunate entrance-front1 & ! /ill m un=tunate long nave1 m> ! effect2 ! fir/ by its absolute inf]iority z a design1 ! second by its concealm5t ( ! cupola :i*1 on t side1 c only be se5 :5 y are at lea/ a mile & a half di/ant & halfway up ! slopes ( ! ,p9cian ,hill4 ,x has seem$ wor? :ile to ins]t ?is little bit ( hi/ory1 because su* consid]ations ( *ance & *ange or su* balanc+ ( ! qualities ( diff]5t succe$+ designs & _! mak]s are inevitably "p ( e great & co/ly build+2 su* a build+ z /ra9s ! res\rces ( a nation or a *ur*--su* z takes1 & mu/ take1 ye>s 9 its completion4 ,/4 ,pet]'s _c be judg$ 9 a morn+ nor qualifi$ 9 a p>agraph4 ,!re is 9 x ! "w ( ! ma/]s ( ! ,risorgim5to 9 its v highe/ flight1 & !re is1 m visible1 ! "w ( ! arti/s ( ! ,decad5za--( ! bett] & ! worse m51 ( ! great] & ! m ignoble epo*s4 ,a build+ s va/ & ( su* prodigi\s v>iety c only be judg$ z a l&scape might be judg$2 its details tak+ %ape only aft] h\rs ( pati5t look+1 & t ) a practic$ eye4 ,x w g5]ally be admitt$ t ! *ur* z se5 9 ! ,frontispiece is f> m attractive ?an x is :5 se5 f ! ,ea/2 also t ! great ,ord] ( pila/]s1 #aab feet high1 re/+ ^u a basem5t ( eighte5 feet1 is too colossal ev5 = ! 8colossal ,ord]0--! sep>ate pila/]s %[+ too mu* l t[]s ( masonry & requir+ a diff]5t ar*itectural treatm5t f t :i* !y receiv$ z m]e subord9ate details2 t ! design suff]s f ! abs5ce ( ! complete gr\p ( m9or cupolas1 ( :i* only two out ( ! f\r h be5 erect$2 t ! great attic is too heavy ev5 = ! l[] ar*itectural /ory made up ( ! colossal ord]1 & ?is v l>gely because ( ! dw>f+ ( t l[] ar*itectural /ory by ! w9d[s ( ! actual /ories )9 giv+ ! lie to ! *ief ordonnance1 & cutt+ up t va/ & m\nta9\s ext]ior4 ,all ?is w be grant$ g5]ally by mo/ /ud5ts ( ,european ar*itecture z a :ole r ?an ( "o s*ool or "o epo*2 & ^? /ud5ts w also be ( "o m9d z to ! dignity ( ! :ole gr\p & z to ! beauty ( ! cupola1 drum & %ell toge!r1 effective )\t & extremely beautiful :5 se5 f )94 ,^? :o reg>d ) an especial love ! delicate ar*itectural sculpture ( ! fifte5? c5tury w f9d ! huge *ur* h>d & cold4 ,^? :o c>e = reason & = intellig5t gr[? ( design out ( build+ w c>e = x1 :ile admitt+ its lack ( *>m1 = x is ( ?or\ghgo+ masonry ?r\gh\t1 & :at x appe>s outw>dly to be t x really is4 ,z we get to "k x we f9d t ! colossal ord] & ! re/ ( ! clumsy adornm5t )9 & )\t are m]e excresc5ces1 h>dly affect+ ! massive pile4 ,! cupola is "o ( ! v few 9 ,europe :i* h no wood5 build+-out to a metal out] %ell3 l ! ,pan!on & ,flor5ce ca!dral & ! small] dome at ,con/ant9ople1 x is ( solid masonry )9 & )\t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,design ,9 r less ?an a c5tury f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,risorgim5to all play ( fancy or vivacity _h gone out ( ! designs ( ! ,italians4 ,z e>ly z #aeaj !re is little left except res]ve & a dignifi$ rejection ( all ext]ior ornam5t :i* c\ld be sp>$4 ,a v simil> result is se5 9 ! ,nor? z well2 & "h also x comes )9 less ?an a c5tury ( ! complete e/abli%m5t ( ! classical ,r5aissance 9 ,france1 ,g]many or ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,x began 9 ! ,nor?1 ?is classical r5asc5ce1 ab\t #aeaj1 & 0 well e/abli%$ by #aebe4 ,accord+ly1 z e>ly z #afjj1 ! indep5d5t & vigor\s life has gone out & x becomes an ar*itecture ( ! decad5ce4 ,n[1 x is n to be assum$ t decad5ce is ! same ?+ z decay4 ,decad5ce 9 f9e art is a t]m appli$ to ! sl[1 & (t5 v int]e/+1 decl9e f ! highe/ pit* ( en?usia/ic "w & ( comb9$ en]gy & good ta/e4 ,def9$ 9 ?is way1 !re 0 a decad5ce ( ,roman imp]ial art f ! reign ( ,trajan2 or1 z "s w\ld h x1 f ! reign ( ,vespasian4 ,& yet :at noble ?+s 7 built ev5 m ?an two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! lat] ( ^? two dates6 ,s !re 0 a decad5ce 9 ,go?ic art dat+ f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 = ev]y:]e !re 0 a replac+ ( ! en]gy ( ! new /yle by =mality1 by regul>ity1 by ! con/ant repetition ( closely simil> p>ts3 & ! pride ( ! skillful build] c>ri$ x ov] ! ref9$ ta/e ( ! arti/4 ,& /ill we h to rememb] ) admiration & amazem5t su* wond]ful conceptions z ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,urba9 at ,troyes 7begun aft] #abfe71 su* ma/]ly comb9ations z ^? ( ,sa9t ,ou5 at ,r\5 7begun #acbj71 & all ! f9] build+s ( ! florid ,go?ic 9 ,france--( ! p]p5dicul> ar*itecture ) fan vault+ 9 ,engl&4 ,all ^! are works ( ! decad5ce1 & :at is ne$$ is ! sub/itution = ! t]m we are us+ ( ano!r t]m :i* %all n s\nd s mu* l our ,engli% ^w1 8decay40 ,9 l mann]1 !re is decad5ce 9 ! ,s\? f #aeaj1 or !reab\t1--9 ! ,nor? f a po9t ( "t eighty-five ye>s lat]1 & ?is decad5ce cont9u$ until ! :ole anci5t _w ( traditional art 0 de/roy$ 9 ! /ormy "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,s9ce !n1 !re has be5 nei!r decad5ce nor gr[?1 b a bewild]+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 none ( :i* h z yet br\ght ! _w into a /ate ( :olesome & natural progress 9 ! arts ( decorative design1 t is to say1 ( design bas$ ^u /ructure & utility4 ,decad5ce 9 ! ,s\?1 !n1 la/$ = two c5turies & ?ree qu>t]s3 9 ! ,nor? x la/$ ne>ly two c5turies4 ,x /&s to reason t dur+ su* long spaces ( "t !re 7 ups & d[ns1 p]iods ( m rapid decl9e1 p]iods ( attempt$ re/oration1 ( almo/ a new bir?4 ,?us1 !re are fanta/ical & b>oque designs z e>ly z #afbj 9 ! ,nor?1 & mu* e>li] 9 ! ,s\?3 :]eas1 9 ei!r case1 f9e1 pure1 /ately build+s 7 erect$ at a mu* lat] p]iod2 /ill1 ! g5]al t5d5cy is f ! m simple & m reasonable to ! m extravagant2 & ?is f ! natural desire ( ! design]s to try some?+ new & n to be fett]$ too closely by ! traditions ( neo-classic design4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 a reaction f t great] fre$om1 & ! boldness ( ! m5 ( #agbj & !reab\t 0 (f5sive to _! successors :o e/abli%$ ! late/ neo-classic ) its ,roman colonnades & a g5]al abs5ce ( o!r details ( int]e/4 ,"s "p ( ?is tw(old t5d5cy--( ?is revolution & c\nt]-revolution--?is drag t[>ds an unseemly lack ( dignity & quietness1 ) ! inevitable pull backw>d to a m tranquil me?od ( design--is to be se5 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,!at9] monks1 at ,muni*4 ,! local au?orities1 :i* seem to be tru/wor?y1 say t ?is *ur*1 :i* is d$icat$ to ,sa9t ,cajetan1 0 built 9 #afge1 except ! front & ! t[]s1 :i* are lat]--! date usually giv5 be+ a c5tury aft] ! completion ( ! *ur*1 ?\gh ?is c only apply to ! upp] /ories4 ,z long z ! l[ build+s1 ! ?ree-/ory h\ses ) n v l(ty ro(s1 rema9$ unalt]$1 ! view ( ?is *ur* f ! ,ludwig/rasse 7z 9 ,plate ,,liv7 or f ! ,squ>e 9 front ( ! !atre1 look+ ov] ! h\ses betwe51 is "o ( ! mo/ impressive to be _h any:]e :5 a s+le build+ is "u consid]ation4 ,! proportion betwe5 ! dome & ! two t[]s1 & second>ily1 betwe5 ! t[]s & ! front ( ! cle>/ory rais$ high betwe5 !m1 & betwe5 ?is1 ) its long nave ro(1 & ! cupola1 aga91 is uni=mly beautiful4 ,9 our ,am]ican cities we c only secure su* a result by build+ at great1 & g5]ally impossible1 co/1 on a free op5 plot ( gr\nd3 b = a t[n or a neighborhood 9 :i* ! height ( ! h\ses c\ld be gu>ante$ = a t]m ( ye>s1 no bett] type ( metropolitan *ur* c be imag9$4 ,y _c get away f its t[]+ masses2 f f> & f ne> !y are alike impressive4 ,:atev] reluctance !re has be5 to admit & insi/ ^u ! beauty ( ?is *ur* is caus$ by ! inf]iority ( its details4 ,let u1 !re=e1 consid] ^? details4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = ! cupola itself & ! drum :i* supports x !re w\ld be a g5]al acceptance ( x z suffici5tly ( ! grav] /yle to :i* x belongs1 t :i* ! ,g]mans call ! ,ho*-,r5aissance1 except = "s "p ( ! copp] lant]n at ! top :i* smacks ( a less pure /yle4 ,b :5 ! t[]s are consid]$1 !n !re w\ld be a g5]al rejection ( t treatm5t ( ! pila/]s :i* causes !m to appe> z memb]s1 only1 ( a cont9u\s gr\p ( v]tical m\ld+s1 emphasiz+ ! corn]s1 b also out ( keep+ z p>ts ( a recogniz$ neo-classic /yle4 ,su* pila/]s z ^! d n come into any ,ord] :i* y c reproduce f ! pages ( ,vignola2 nor w\ld ! curi\s entablatures =m+ ?ree horizontal /r+-c\rses on ea* t[]1 & two on ! *ur* front1 prop]1 be accept$ z =m+ "p ( any sy/ematiz$ & intelligible ord] ( ar*itecture4 ,! lik+ & dislik+ ( su* details is v l>gely a matt] ( fa%ion2 & ! difficulty is ) all su* que/ions conc]n+ ! m]e adornm5t ( ar*itecture )\t reg>d to its /ructural ess5ce--t :5 a /yle1 a detail1 a me?od ( adornm5t1 is out ( fa%ion1 x (t5 seems (f5sive to ^? :o are work+ 9 ! fa%ion2 ev5 z ! mo/ elegant coat or ! mo/ elegant ball-dress ( #ahdj is a mon/] ( ugl9ess to-day & w\ld be ?\ght to disfigure ! elegant man or woman :o might endue x4 ,!re is a l>ge build+ 9 ,new ,york1 ! butt ( endless ridicule1 :i* is nev]!less extremely s5sible 9 its dispositions1 well arrang$1 well light$1 well imag9$ = its purposes4 ,b ! unlucky adoption ( a /yle ( design n unlike ?is ( ! ,!at9] t[]s has prev5t$ x f receiv+ ev5 a mom5t's s]i\s consid]ation4 ,by #aibj x may be respect$1 & ev5 admir$ z ! premature attempt to introduce a /yle !n popul>4 ,! view to take ( su* a design is1 !n1 t :i* we w\ld take ( a "w ( art ^: epo* we did n pret5d to "k4 ,x is a good rule = collectors ( exp5sive works ( art ( ! portable k9d1 objts de la haute curiosit1 n to worry ab\t dates or mak]s unless ! ?+s belong to a well-kn[n & mu* /udi$ class4 ,if x conc]ns pr9ts f engrav+s by ,aldegrev] & ,paul ,pott]1 or sign$ enamels by ! sixte5? c5tury ma/]s1 or by ,petitot1 x may be wor? :ile to be sure ( y\r au!nticity2 b x is also delightful to decide to buy ! ,*9ese porcela91 ! unsign$ fifte5? c5tury draw+1 ! ,italian peasant pott]y ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & be=e1 )\t o!r v\*] ?an ! beauty ( ! piece4 ,he is ! safe/ 9 8 collect+ :o holds firmly to 8 own s5se ( :at is lovely & intellig5t 9 decorative art1 recogniz+ ?is m>k ( au!nticity z at lea/ equal to signatures & p]fectly asc]ta9$ dates ( fabrication4 ,s to a c]ta9 ext5t ) works ( ar*itecture4 ,x w nev] d to dismiss an attractive1 & p]haps ev5 an impressive1 build+ ) ! judgm5t easy to be ga!r$ f ! guidebooks1 t ?is is ( a late date1 or a corrupt /yle1 or 0 design$ by a ma/] ( ! b>oque 9 art4 ,t v ^w b>oque means orig9ally an irregul> pe>l1 a pe>l s remote 9 %ape f ! p]fect sph]e t no respectable jewell] w\ld set x 9 an e>r+ or pi]ce x = ! necklace ( a millionaire's wife2 b ! arti/ic jewell]s ( ! old times w\ld take ^? irregul> pe>ls & put heads & tails ( gold ) t\*es ( enamel to !m1 produc+ abnormal birds or indescribable mon/]s1 mo/ admirable = decorative jewelry4 ,if !re 7 an opportunity 9 ?is brief inquiry to consid] int]ior decoration1 we %\ld f9d t ! dome/ic build+s go+ up 9 ,france1 ev5 :ile ^! t[]s 7 9 ! way ( completion 9 s\!rn ,g]many1 7 admirably design$ )94 ,! beg9n+s ( ! ,rocaille#di are ( ?is "t2 & ! ,rocaille sy/em ( design is z attractive 9 its be/ examples1 9 ! delicate goldsmi?'s "w1 ivory "w1 & v>ni% pa9t+1 ( #agej1 z any c\rtly & magnific5t sy/em ( adornm5t ev] us$ among peoples ( ,european desc5t4 ,( c\rse ! ,european design] has a heavy t\* if y comp>e him to a ,japanese arti/ ( an equival5t rank3 ( c\rse an un9t]rupt$ developm5t 9 a c]ta9 l9e ( decoration at la/ leads to bad ta/e & viol5ce4 ,! po9t is ! simple "o t ev5 ^? /yles :i* are consid]$ fair game = ridicule & are h>dly treat$ ) grave consid]ation are *>m+ 9 _! m p]fect monum5ts4 ,x is only ! rational /yles bas$ on /ructure1 :i* 9 ar*itecture h any uni=m greatness4 ,x is only a real /yle l ! ,egyptian ( #cjjj ,b4 ,c41 or ! ,grecian-,doric1 or1 s f> z we c judge1 ! ,roman ( ,augu/us1 or ! ,go?ic ( ,c5tral ,france1 or any d]iv$ & self-consci\s /yles ( ! neo-classic ,r5aissance1 su* z are bas$ ^u a new sy/em ( plann+ l t ( ! sixte5? c5tury *ateaux1 or a new sy/em ( ro( build+ l ! fan vault$ int]iors ( ,engl& 7?ree or f\r ( !m only72 x is ^! alone :i* are always f9e & great2 all o!r /yles h n only _! ups & d[ns1 _! rise & fall1 !y h also _! normal &1 !re=e1 respectable1 b moreov] _! abnormal & fanta/ic compositions4 ,plate ,,lv %[s ! front ( a well-kn[n build+ 9 ,tur91 & "h ar*itectural detail has be5 s h&l$ t x is inde$ a disfigurem5t4 ,if ! read] w look pa/ ! a/oni%+ w9d[ cas+s & ! really hide\s fill+ ( panels l ^? 9 ! pila/]s ( ! basem5t1 he w see a well und]/ood front4 ,!re is a high ar*itectural basem5t1 conta9+ ! basem5t /ory prop] & a mezzan9e2 a gr& /ory ) ! ord]1 conta9+ ?ree /ories ( ! int]ior1 ! pila/]s well proportion$ & well plac$2 & above ?is1 a high entablature plann$ = ! :ole front ) a /ory ( rooms 9 x1 & ano!r /ory ( rooms %[+ 9 little dorm] w9d[s above ! cornice4 ,"h are six 8flats0 ( rooms1 all abundantly light$1 & yet ! front has be5 laid out 9 su* a way t x has all ! elem5ts ( a v impos+ & /ately /ructure4 ,ev5 ! s+ul> s(t r\nd+1 ) a plan made up ( sev]al curves1 ( ! project+ c5tral mass :i* includes ! por* ( entrance1 is capable ( p]fectly dignifi$1 & ev5 /ately1 treatm5t4 ,! appe>ance above ( ! great rotunda :i* holds ! /aircase1 completes ! composition ( ?is c5tral mass1 & leaves "o regrett+ t x might n be giv5 to "s mod]n design] ( good ta/e1 & a h>d h& on ! vag>ies ( 8 assi/ants1 to "w out ! problem ( ?is curi\s c5tral mass1 s manifold & s capable ( unity4 ,b1 n[1 if "o leaves = a mom5t t ab/ract way ( reg>d+ ! :ole front & all[s ^? w9d[ cas+s to secure 8 att5tion1 :y !n all is lo/1 ( c\rse3 "o _c be expect$ to /& v long 9 front ( su* a build+2 x is a mon/]1 b x is t m]ely because ( ! exceptionally ugly & :olly unreasonable gimcracks t are /uck all ov] x4 ,if y %\ld take ! ,h]mes ( ,olympia & dress him l ^? 8fanta/icals0 at an old-fa%ion$ ,p>is mask$ ball1 y w\ld no d\bt produce a v unsightly object & x w\ld take ! eye ( an exp]t 9 human =m1 a sculptor1 namely1 to discov] ! beauty ( ! figure )94 ,t ,tur9 build+ is ( ab\t #afij2 see n[ :at ! reaction br\ght =? & :at gravity ( design 0 possible to ! arti/s ( ?irty ye>s lat] 9 ! same city6 ,!re seems no d\bt t ?is front ( ! ,palazzo ,madama 7see ,plate ,,lv7 0 built by ,filippo ,juv>a ab\t #agae4 ,to look at x is a re/ inde$ aft] ! enormities ( ! ,palazzo ,c>ignano3 & yet ev5 "h "o f9ds himself wi%+ t ! wret*$ device ( c>v$ trophies ( arms1 z ! s+le motive ( ! ext]ior sculpture1 7 abs5t "h4 ,sculptur$ ornam5t 0 beyond ! /r5g? ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 :5 !y tri$ to introduce x1 !n ! result 0 a failure4 ,x is ) relief t "o looks at ! front1 ,plate ,,liv1 ( ! ,ducal ,palace at ,g5oa1 :i* front seems to h be5 built by ,cantoni1 a well-kn[n re=m] 9 ar*itectural /yle4 ,! t5d5cy has be5 ?r\gh ! :ole c5tury away f v>iety1 away f ! unexpect$ & ! surpris+1 away f all ext]nal ornam5tation1 :e!r 9 color or 9 sculpture3 ! :eel has come full circle & !re is no?+ n[ ent]ta9+ or attractive 9 ! details ( ! front1 except only ! neo-classic column ) its accompany+ entablature4 ,! columns may be arrang$ 9 a cont9u\s r[ or !y may be c\pl$1 z 9 ! case be=e u1 or !y ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,c>ignano1 ,,tur91 ,,pi$mont1 ,,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palazzo ,,madama1 ,,tur91 ,,pi$mont1 ,,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exhibitions ,,build+ 7,,kun/aus/ellungs-,,geb,,ude71 ,,muni*1 ,,bav>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gateway ,,build+ 7,,propylaea71 ,,muni*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4 may be gr\p$ 9 o!r ways ) a ne>] & a m di/ant plac+1 especially :5 !y are 8engag$0 or p>tly built into ! solid wall beh9d !m4 ,b h[ev] plac$ & h[ev] gr\p$1 !y1 ! columns1 are ! "o decorative feature1 ! entablature act+ 9 reality z _! re/ra9+ limit1 ! ne$$ l9k betwe5 !m & ! necess>y /ructure4 ,?is build+ is ( #aggg4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! clock ( ! c5turies m>k$ t mom5t ( "t :5 ar*itectural out-(-door gr[? 0 to /op & ar*itectural transplant+ & =c+ 7 to beg94 ,by t "t 9 ,p>is1 ! c5tre ( ! ar*itectural _w = ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y _h accumulat$ a numb] ( v wor?y build+s4 ,! fam\s cole ,militaire1 s\? ( ! ,*amps de ,m>s1 0 built ab\t #agfj1 & ! mo/ accessible front ( its pr9cipal mass has no arti/ic *>m except t obta9able f ! ev5 succession ( l>ge w9d[s1 ! well drill$1 ! exact1 ! highly organiz$ lay out ( a l>ge front4 ,! two admirable build+s on ! nor? side ( ! ,place de la ,concorde 7 built 9 #agfe-gj & ^! conta9 ! :ole /yle1 = !y h ! great free colonnades ( ! c5tre1 ! engag$ columns ( ! w+s1 ! high basem5t )\t any adornm5t beyond t feeble break+-up ( ! surface :i* we call ,ru/ication1 & !y h = all ext]nal sculpture ! feeble/ & mo/ insuffici5t little c>v$ frames ( :at look l r\nd mirrors hung "h & !re4 ,^! are ! two typical build+s ( ! "t & !y are typical too ( ! :ole t5d5cy ( neo-classic ar*itecture ?r\gh\t ! decad5ce1 a t5d5cy away f v>iety1 away f movem5t & *>m1 t[>ds gravity & dignity1 b also t[>ds cold uni=mity1 ) no?+ to break x except ! semi-,roman ,ord]1 m or less well und]/ood1 m or less graceful 9 itself b hav+ no real mission to fulfill & !re=e n =m+ "p ( ! organiz$ & p]fect :ole :i* we call /yle 9 ar*itecture4 ,x has "o fitness1 h[ev]1 = a hurri$ headlong mod]n civilization1 a civilization too busy ) its physical developm5t to sp5d mu* ?\ght or mu* en]gy on ! work+ ( pure intellig5ce4 ,?is advantage is t x is s easy to manage4 ,x is v easy to h&le = ^? :o c h&le x at all4 ,!re is ne$$ to make x sightly t good ta/e :i* controls ! fancy & ! memory1 & prev5ts ! design] f ev5 recall+ ^? well-kn[n details & ar*itectural effects :i* w n suit 8 purpose4 ,giv5 su* good ta/e1 & a c]ta9 mod]ate acqua9tance ) ! books1 & designs z good z ! be/ c be made ) great spe$ & ) p]fect satisfaction to all conc]n$3 nor does ! design] ne$ to g beyond ! walls ( 8 draught+-room to decide ^u all ?+s :i* are ( fir/-rate importance to 8 conception4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,,imitative ,,design ,s f> z ar*itectural hi/ory is kn[n to u !re has nev] be5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( civilization a condition ( art at all resembl+ t :i* surr\nd$ ! p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re h be5 epo*s ( delib]ate revival1 n only ! fam\s "o ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,italy1 & ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! ,nor?1 :i* we call especially ! ,new ,bir? 7see def9itions1 ,risorgim5to1 etc471 b also "s z important z t "o1 to ! p conc]n$4 ,!re w be always su* attempts 9 e epo* ( self-consci\s civilization4 ,"u ,hadrian1 9 ! second c5tury1 ,a4 ,d41 !re 0 a delib]ate attempt at reviv+ ! ,grecian purity ( /yle4 ,egyptologi/s "k t traces are pla9ly to be se5 ( simil> movem5ts #bjjj & #cjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ,byzant9e art !re has be5 mu* consci\s re/or+ ( ar*aic =ms & me?ods4 ,9 ,france1 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 !re 0 a delib]ate recall ( ! _w ( art back f ! too loose & irregul>1 too fanta/ical & viol5t /yle ( ! mid-eighte5? c5tury1 to a grav] &1 z x 71 purifi$ ta/e4 ,"o peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 m>ks all ( ^! reason$-out & delib]ate1 r ?an spontane\s1 movem5ts3 !y succe$$1 & ! ideas embodi$ 9 !m soon dom9at$ ! situation4 ,!re h be5 "s abortive attempts at re=m3 b ^? :i* we cite z rebir?s succe$$ altoge!r4 ,all ! t5d5cies ( ! day1 good1 & n s good1 w5t out t[>ds ! revival1 & ! *ange 0 accept$ by ! :ole _w ( design]s4 ,nor is x h>d to see suffici5t reasons = ?is uni=m t5d5cy1 = ?is simple developm5t ( a new /yle1 h[ev] introduc$3 ! design]s ( ! "t & _! m in/ruct$ critics1 ! connoisseurs or dilettanti ( ! day1 knew no?+ v positive nor _h ev5 any special idea ( any /yle ( ! pa/4 ,!re 7 no photographs & sc>cely any books ( hi/orical record--no su* books at all1 inde$1 if by hi/orical record is meant an accurate acc\nt ( ! ar*itecture ( e>li] times4 ,weal?y & influ5tial m5 ( ! lat] ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xv might h be5 divid$ into ^? :o r lik$ ! fanta/ical /yle ( ! rococo & ^? :o contemn$ x & w\ld fa9 h _h some?+ m ref9$4 ,! puri/s saw 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury reproductions ( ,roman ord]s a f9] ta/e ?an _! own4 ,t mu* help f ! pa/ !y may h got1 b ! "w !y did 9 ! c\rse ( _! re=matory movem5ts %[s t !y 7 pursu+ a p]fectly natural evolution ( art ) no m consci\s guidance f _! !ories ?an t :i* l$ !m t[>ds m & m sev]e l9es--m & m sl5d] p>ts--m & m con/ructional me?ods ( design4 ,& z ?is movem5t 0 s natural & easy we nev] ?9k ( x z a rebir?3 by t t]m we mean some?+ mu* m radical4 ,:51 aft] ! close ( ! ,napoleonic w>s1 m5 began to brea! free aga9 9 ,europe1 x became evid5t to ^? :o obs]v$ ! t5d5cies ( _! own "t t !re 0 no re/ra9t ( tradition left--at lea/ no re/ra9t :i* 0 recogniz$ by m ?an a small gr\p ( m51 :ile ano!r gr\p ( m5 equally intellig5t1 p]haps1 reject$ ^? traditions & set up _! own /&>d4 ,k+ ,ludwig ( ,bav>ia 7reign$ #ahbe-dh7 _h /udi$ & travell$ be=e 8 accession to ! cr[n2 he _h pur*as$ & br\ght to ,muni* ! ,greek sculptures f ! temple at g9a2 he _h se5 ! build+s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance & admir$ !m2 he 0 a comp>atively unprejudic$ dilettante ) a lik+ = _m /yles1 a sympa?y = _m =ms ( arti/ic ?\ght4 ,he & 8 ar*itects />t$ 9 8 capital1 ,muni*1 ! ,ludwigskir*e 7,*ur* ( ,/4 ,l\is7 only a doz5 ye>s aft] ,napoleon's f9al de?ronem5t1 & ! royal ,libr>y a few ye>s lat]--ea* ( ^! be+ 9 a k9d ( ,s\!rn ,romanesque /yle )\t column$ porticoes or o!r attempts at classicism4 ,! ,all]heilig5h(kir*e 7,c\rt ,*ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts7 is ( ! same "* ( design ) a some:at m frank obs]vance ( ,italian models4 ,! ,old ,p9ako!k 0 begun 9 #ahbf1 contemporane\sly ) ! ,ludwigskir*e1 or ne>ly s1 b ?is build+ is a c>eful /udy ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! s\!rn front ( ! ,royal ,palace1 ! ,knigsbau1 is aga9 ( ! same ye> z to its comm5cem5t1 & ?is also is /udi$ f ,flor5t9e fifte5? c5tury palazzi4 ,! nor? front ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 directly opposite ! ,knigsbau1 has a ,flor5t9e loggia ( ?irte5 ar*es--fifte5? c5tury /yle1 n badly c>ri$ out4 ,! ,glypto!k is ! e>lie/ ( all3 x 0 begun be=e ,ludwig's accession1 & almo/ imm$iately aft] ! re/oration ( peace to ,europe1 & ! outside ( ?is 0 meant to be z ,greek z x 0 possible = a mod]n design] to make a build+4 ,)91 x _h inde$ to resort to ! non-,greek device ( vault+1 to cov] its l>ge halls3 b x 0 /ill ( ,grecian ta/e 9 its details4 ,! ,valhalla1 by :i* t]m ! ,k+ designat$ a ,temple ( ,honor built on a noble hill by ! ,danube1 above ,ratisbon1 is ( ! same epo* & ( ! same delib]ately ,hell5ic "* ( design2 a really f9e ext]ior1 /udi$ closely f a ,doric ,temple ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,ano!r su* temple ( honor /&s at ! s\!a/]n edge ( ! new t[n ( ,muni*1 ! ,ruhme%alle 7,hall ( ,fame71 begun 9 #ahdc1 & z completely ,greek z ! two o!rs4 ,! basilica ( ,/4 ,boniface 0 begun 9 #ahce & is a mo/ fai?ful /udy ( ! lat] basilicas ( ! pure ,lat9 /yle1 t is to say1 a basilica ( ! six? or ! sev5? c5tury4 ,to complete ! circle ( ! /yles f ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 to ! sixte5? c5tury ,a4 ,d41 & to cov] all ! important /yles :i* m>k ! circuit ( ^? two ?\s& ye>s1 !re 0 built 9 ! ,au suburb a ,go?ic *ur* z completely 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury _s z ! intellig5ce ( ! build] w\ld enable him to make x4 ,roman imp]ial art 0 n repres5t$1 = ! s*ol>s _h h>dly begun to diff]5tiate x f ! pure ,greek3 & = "s su* reason1 probably because ! ,g]mans h always be5 incl9$ to use ! t]m 8,byzant9e0 = all r\nd-ar*$ m$ival "w1 ! ,k+'s advis]s made no attempt at a piece ( rugg$ nor!rn ,romanesque3 b all ! o!r epo*-mak+ /yles ( ,europe 7 includ$ 9 ! enl>g$ capital city4 ,all ( ^! imitations are z c>eful z possible4 ,if 9 any detail ! /yle imitat$ has be5 ab&on$1 ev5 = a mom5t1 x has be5 ) a feel+ ( 8ne$s mu/02 no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to keep close to ! anci5t _s4 ,! int]ior is :at is f9e 9 ! basilica ( ,/4 ,boniface & x is a favorable way ( reg>d+ ?is epo* ( copy+ to take ?is build+ z our example1 because ! con/ruction & ! sy/em ( design are s v simple1 s easy to grasp & to imitate1 t no?+ m ?an a delicate c>e = details & ! p[] ( reproduc+ !m is ne$$4 ,! mosaics & ! pa9t+s ( ! int]ior are inde$ n equal to ^? ( a great ,roman basilica1 ei!r 9 its orig9al /ate or z x has come d[n to u2 ! pa9t]s & design]s ( ! "t 7 n compet5t to reproduce ^?2 a critical judge w\ld say t ! c>v+ ( ! m>ble capitals lack$ some?+ ( initiative--some?+ ( en]gy2 ! g5]al effect ( color ( ! int]ior1 ?\gh f> f unpleas+1 ?\gh ev5 agreeable to ! visitor1 may be ?\ght mu* less noble ?an t ( a f9e ,italian *ur*4 ,& yet ?is is "o ( ! mo/ attractive int]iors 9 ,europe1 & "o may visit x _m times dur+ a season & l x bett] all ! "t4 ,x is to be he>tily enjoy$1 & yet :5 !re is a "q ( its arti/ic m]it z a design1 ! favorable comm5t is mu* less unres]v$4 ,= :at h we to admire8 ,only sympa?y 9 obs]v+1 & fidelity 9 reproduc+1 monum5ts ( ! pa/4 ,d we feel z we speak ! ^w 8only0 t su* sympa?y & su* fidelity are s r>e t !y des]ve v he>ty recognition8 ,t may be1 & yet ! praise giv5 to ! ar*itectural ef=t may be n great4 ,x is n by sympa?y & fidelity alone t great designs are made4 ,let x be admitt$ t if ! ar*itects ( all ,europe _h be5 s delight$ by ?is1 or by "s simil> und]tak+1 z to beg9 to "w1 altoge!r1 9 ! ,lat9 /yle--to build all _! *ur*es 9 t /yle & to /udy ! problem ( design+ civic build+s1 & dwell+s also1 to correspond--a new /yle & a wor?y "o might h orig9at$4 ,let t be admitt$3 ! failure ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* unanimity4 ,no great body ( ar*itects has ev] agre$ on :at 0 to be done4 ,!re has always be5 a compet+ s*ool1 a rival s*ool1 sometimes sev]al ( !m1 arm$ ) reason+ & en?usiasm z /rong z t ( ! s*ool 9 "q & prep>$ to beat d[n its feeble gr[?4 ,or let u take ! ,glypto!k1 a composition z completely ,greek z ! feel+ & ! p]ception ( ! day enabl$ ! ar*itect to make x2 are we to take ! %afts )\t flut+s1 :i* seem to be call$ =1 z s _m violations ( ,greek v]ity8 ,9 all ,grecian art1 moreov]1 !re are no r\nd-head$ ni*es1 t is to say1 ni*es cov]$ by semi-domes1 because !re are no ar*es !re94 ,!re are no frontispieces made up ( an entablature1 a p$im5t & two pila/]s1 us$ = m]e ornam5t & surr\nd+ a r\nd-topp$ op5+4 ,!re are no entablatures con/ruct$ ) flat ar*es :i* replace1 or1 z 9 ?is case1 relieve a flat l9tel compos+ ! epi/yle4 ,none ( ^? ?+s are ,greek3 & yet x is cle> t ,kl5ze meant to be z ,greek z ,ict9os4 ,let u comp>e ) t front ! faade :i* imm$iately confronts x f ! s\? side ( ! broad ,knigsplatz1 ! ,exhibition build+1 f9i%$ ab\t #ahdj4 7,see ,plate ,,lvi47 ,"h is a build+ :i* is m purely classic ?an ! ,glypto!k 9 almo/ e respect1 ,roman r ?an ,greek 9 its proportions1 9 ! free use ( ! ,cor9?ian column1 v elaborately work$1 9 ! free use ( pila/]s ) sculptur$ capitals1 9 ! employm5t ( c>v$ modillions3 & yet x is m truly ,greek 9 its m\ld+s1 :i* are /udi$ ) extreme c>e1 & 9 ! abs5ce f x ( su* violations ( ar*ological accuracy z ^? already m5tion$ ) reg>d to ! ,glypto!k4 ,x w\ld be ?\ght by _m to be a f9] design1 attract+ less att5tion m]ely because n ! home ( a v important collection ( classical sculpture1 & a m]e %elt] = tempor>y exhibitions ( mod]n art4 ,! ,propyla 7see ,plate ,,lvi71 also at ,muni*1 is ! mo/ ne>ly ,greek ( all1 = ev5 its use ( details n kn[n to u 9 anci5t "w1 is v c>eful & m>k$ by p]fect feel+ = ! /yle4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only a gateway ( honor3 & 9 t capacity x has be5 easy to treat4 ,! design]1 ,kl5ze1 des]ves cr$it = n hav+ copi$ "s "o ( ! anci5t gateways m closely1 s z to avoid responsibility4 ,x is impossible to escape f ?is me?od ( criticism4 ,y _c judge ( ^! n9ete5? c5tury build+s )\t ask+ :e!r !y are or are n fai?ful copies ( "s /ructure ( ! six? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d41 or ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 or ( :atev] epo* ( ! pa/4 ,^? :o deprecate ! unfavorable "* ( ! g5]al criticism :i* is bas$ ^u regret = ?is ceaseless copy+1 tell u con/antly t ! arti/s ( ! great times copi$ also1 t !y 7 always /udy+ ! build+s already erect$ & try+ to improve ^u !m4 ,t is true2 b ! build+s !y copi$1 ) alt]ations1 ) improvem5ts1 ) enl>gem5ts1 ) ref9em5ts1 ) natural /riv+ = gr[?1 7 ! build+s ( _! own "t1 call$ =? by ! same necessity :i* controll$ !m1 fitt$ = ! same community1 bas$ ^u ! same well und]/ood me?od ( con/ruction4 ,! famili> comp>ison & lesson drawn f ! mod]n art ( ! %ipbuild] 7= in/ance7 illu/rates ?is4 ,! skill$ %ipbuild] :ittles out 8 model ) an eye on ! pa/ & on ! pres5t1 & he proposes to modify ! l9es ( 8 own late/ p>tial success or ( 8 rival's endeavor 9 su* a way z to give 8 new hull m spe$1 m c>ry+ capacity1 m /iffness--:atev] may be 8 imm$iate object4 ,he nev] goes back to ! %ips ( ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ) a delib]ate int5tion ( build+ an ,elizabe?an hull & sp>r+ x & rigg+ x 9 an ,elizabe?an way4 ,no matt] n[ ab\t ! causes ( ?is diff]5ce2 ! fact rema9s1 & we are face to face ) ?is curi\s condition ( ?+s1 t :]eas e important *ange 9 build+1 9 ! pa/1 has be5 accompani$ by a *ange 9 ! me?ods ( design1 s t ev5 9 ! times ( av[$ revival !re 0 se5 no attempt to /ick to ! old way ( design+ :ile ! new me?od ( con/ruction 0 adopt$2 n[ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & 9 :at we h se5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury our great new sy/ems ( build+ h fl\ri%$ & develop$ !mselves )\t effect z yet ^u our me?ods ( design4 ,we /ill put a simulacrum ( a /one wall ) /one w9d[ cas+s & p$im5ts & cornices & great spr++ ar*es outside ( a /ructure ( ?91 light1 sci5tifically comb9$1 c>efully calculat$ metal--! appe>ance ( a solid t[] support$ by a reality ( sl5d] props & b>s4 ,! m$ival /yles1 t is to say1 ,romanesque 9 all its =ms & ,go?ic ( all epo*s1 h be5 copi$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ) an accuracy ev5 great] ?an t us$ = ! classical & neo-classic /yles4 ,9 all su* reproductions ! /&>d ( criticism mu/ be ! same4 ,plate ,,lvii %[s ! great *ur* at ,donca/] 9 ,york%ire1 a build+ erect$ ) s+ul> c>e & =e?\ght & at great exp5se1 ) ! delib]ate purpose ( imitat+ :at is (t5 call$ ! 8decorat$0 /yle ( ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,! ar*itect1 & 8 pr9cipal advis]1 a g5tlem5 :o _h giv5 mu* ?\ght & pa9s to ! /udy ( ,engli% ,go?ic1 agre$ t ! p]p5dicul> /yle1 ( ! ye>s f #acej on1 _h be5 all[$ too great an influ5ce 9 ! ,go?ic revival ( ! "t 7ab\t #ahfj7 & *ose ! "w ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury z _! prototype4 ,to ?is /yle !y 7 fai?ful4 ,x is ne>ly true to say t an imitation s close z to be deceptive w\ld h be5 ! greate/ success1 9 ! op9ion ( ! design] & 8 employ]s4 ,! ma9 exception to ?is /atem5t--! ma9 diff]5ce av[$ly pres]v$ betwe5 ! mod]n & an accurate transf] or ca/ ( an anci5t build+ is to be f\nd 9 ! sculpture ( ! capitals 9 :i* a mod]n reali/ic /udy ( natural plant =ms is evid5t2 & 9 l mann] ! design ( ! font 9 ! ne> =egr\nd :i* is n l any old ,engli% font1 b is an ab/ract design %[+ mu* /udy ( old ,engli% metal "w1 silv] alt> vessels & ! l4 ,plate ,,lvii also %[s ! ext]ior ( ?is int]e/+ build+ :i* is v l>ge = an ,engli% p>i% *ur*1 ! t[] be+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,george1 ,,donca/]1 ,,yorks1 ,,engl&1 ,,int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,george1 ,,donca/]1 ,,yorks1 ,,engl&1 ,,ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr9ity ,,*ur*1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lviii4 feet high & almo/ exactly equal to ! total l5g?4 ,z !re is no ar*itectural /yle peculi> to ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 any ( ! l&s occupi$ by ,europeans1 x is inevitable t ! great] numb] ( mod]n build+s %\ld be m or less completely sugge/$ by ! f9e art ( ! "t :5 !re 0 a /yle ( int]e/ & ( individual "*4 ,v few are ! n9ete5? c5tury build+s :i* are absolutely )\t su* sugge/ion4 ,at ! same "t !re are a c]ta9 numb] 9 :i* only a g5]al /udy ( anci5t art is visible1 & x is ( ^! t our t5? *apt] treats4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,,orig9al ,,design ,! "w ( ,h5ry ,hobson ,ri*>dson may be nam$ z a noticeably intellig5t attempt to rega9 ! lo/ excell5ce ( an anci5t /yle )\t copy+ x closely4 ,?is appreciation has to d only ) 8 build+s ( ! ye>s f #ahge to a %ort "t be=e 8 e>ly dea? 9 #ahhf4 ,he /udi$ delib]ately ! ,romanesque ar*itecture ( ! middle & s\? ( ,france1 & z ! elaborate sculpture ( human subject1 s common 9 ! *ur*es ( t /yle1 w\ld n h be5 practicable 9 ,am]ica 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 he develop$1 ) ! assi/ance ( c]ta9 ,am]ican sculptors1 a semi-,byzant9e sy/em ( foliat$ design :i* adapt$ itself well to 8 ar*$ porticoes & 8 elaborate int]ior compositions ( woodwork4 ,o!r l&s ?an ,france 7 visit$ & _! treasures put to use3 ?us1 ! c5tral t[] & ! g5]al gr\p+ ( ! masses 9 8 celebrat$ design1 ,tr9ity ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts 7see ,plate ,,lviii71 are evid5tly /udi$ f a ,spani% orig9al4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! illu/ration nam$1 :i* %[s ! *ur* z ,ri*>dson left x4 ,! t[] on ! extreme left has be5 replac$ by ! accessories ( ! new we/ por*4 ,n[ 9 su* a design z ?is we h to sep>ate t :i* is frankly copi$ & t :i* is ( indep5d5t design4 ,?us1 ! inlay ( diff]5t color$ /ones1 s m>k$ 9 ! apse1 & 9 a simpl] way 9 ! transept1 on ! left ( ! picture1 is tak5 directly f *ur*es ( ,auv]gne4 ,! "q1 !n1 w\ld be :e!r1 ! idea ( a mosaic on a l>ge scale be+ once adopt$1 ! design furni%$ is a good "o = ! place4 ,su* designs are almo/ common prop]ty3 !y float ar\nd ! _w & e design] has 8 m9d /or$ ) !m3 ! "q is n ( orig9ality 9 comb9+ a /> ) "s zigzags1 b r ( provid+ a patt]n ( j ! "r size & "* to fill ! giv5 spot1 z well z to h an indep5d5t beauty ( its own4 ,! great c5tral t[]1 /udi$ probably f ! ca!dral ( ,salamanca 9 ,spa91 is evid5tly op5 to "q z to :e!r x is suffici5tly massive 9 appe>ance4 ,!re is to _m p]sons an appe>ance z if ! /one "w 7 compos$ ( too _m & too slight colonnettes1 l9tels1 ar*es1 & ! re/1 involv+ ! use ( a great numb] ( small /ones1 laid up n 9 a massive wall b 9 a slight] & m expos$ fa%ion1 n a skeleton1 b sugge/+ ! idea ( some?+ v op5 to ! wea!r4 ,! ,spani% orig9als h some:at ! same effect b x is less m>k$ 9 ! old build+s & ) !m x is n comb9$ ) t mosaic ( diff]5t color$ /ones :i*1 al?\gh ! practic$ build] kn[s x to be sup]ficial m]ely1 yet gives to mo/ spectators a feel+ z if ! wall 7 n solidly laid up4 ,! build+ is c]ta9ly faulty 9 lack+ ! appe>ance ( pond]osity4 ,se5 ?r\gh a haze or by dim light x is a noble composition1 ! =ms exquisitely balanc$1 ! c5tral t[] p]fectly well m>k+ its place & its /ructure4 ,x is n until ! build+ is se5 9 a brilliant light & its detail$ effect beg9s to tell ^u its g5]al masses t any exception c be tak5 to its m]it z a g5]al c5tral t[]4 ,t ! lack ( solidity 9 appe>ance may be ! m cle>ly und]/ood1 x is well to comp>e ) ! *ur* itself ! por* :i* 0 built long aft] ,ri*>dson's dea?1 ?\gh av[$ly accord+ to 8 g5]al design4 ,?is por*1 ?\gh a small /ructure1 has a massiv5ess 9 all its p>ts1 :i* ! *ur* has be5 said to lack4 ,! sculpture is also especially notewor?y z be+ full ( t m$ival feel+ :i* =c$ ev5 ! c>efully modell$ human figure1 ) elaborate drap]y1 into ! s]vice ( ! ar*itectural design2 :ile /ill ! modell+ has t anatomical tru? :i* mod]n s*ool-taught g5]ations require4 ,! conclusion is1 ) reg>d to ?is *ur*1 t we are free to judge ( x z an indep5d5t design once we h cle>$ away "s few d\bts ( ar*ological accuracy3 once x is e/abli%$ t ! design] has felt at lib]ty to take a g5]al =m ( 8 c5tral t[] f impressions receiv$ 9 ,spa91 :ile _m ( ! details are tak5 almo/ bodily f ! he>t ( ,france1 ! re/ is to be accept$1 z also ! adaptation & work+-9 ( ! borr[$ details1 z a design well adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! build+1 to its place 9 an op5 & uncr[d$ site :]e ! build+ /&s free on e side1 & to its mat]ial1 a s&/one1 n v f9e nor v h>d4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ designs 9 ! picturesque fa%ion :i* mod]n times h se54 ,a simil> piece ( bold adaptation to an anci5t /yle is se5 9 ,truro ,ca!dral 7,plate ,,lix7 9 ,cornwall1 begun ab\t #ahhj4 ,no p]son :o has liv$ among ,engli% ca!drals c\ld ev] mi/ake ?is build+ = a design ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & yet ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,truro1 ,,cornwall1 ,,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ap>tm5t ,,h\se1 8,,/4 ,,alban',s ,,mansions10 ,,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx4 its "* z a ,go?ic /ructure is p]fectly ma9ta9$4 ,x is to be judg$1 !n1 z an anci5t ,go?ic build+ is to be judg$4 ,"o asks :e!r ! sy/em ( vault+ ) ribs1 & a fill+ or %ell ( light /one "w betwe5 ! ribs1 is support$ & resi/$ 9 ! be/ & mo/ economical way by ! sy/em ( buttress+1 & :e!r ?is sy/em ( buttress+ )\t1 & ! sy/em ( vault+ )91 are equally express$ 9 ! arti/ic design4 ,! fact t ! mod]n build+ _c be all[$ ! co/ ( mu* ar*itectural sculpture 9 its ext]ior1 ?\gh un=tunate1 _c be urg$ z a s]i\s defect1 9 view ( ! fact t ! ,engli% m$ival *ur*es h b little sculpture z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,cont95t1 _! adornm5t be+ conc5trat$ m g5]ally ^u ! ,we/ front1 or p>ts ( ! int]ior4 ,if n[ we try to call to m9d "s build+ inspir$1 on ! :ole1 by classical ta/e & ! classical _s ( design1 b %[+ also indep5d5ce & a /rictly mod]n conception1 we %all f9d t ! se>* is n a rew>d+ "o4 ,!re are few mod]n build+s 9 :i* ! classic ord]s are us$ at all1 or 9 :i* classic details h be5 c>efully /udi$1 )\t :at seems to be a /rict adh]5ce to recogniz$ types ( classic or neo-classic g5]al design4 ,! ,greek :o 0 build+ oblong temples1 v /rictly limit$ to a giv5 numb] ( columns & a giv5 slope ( ro(1 might /ill gr\p small %r9es z !y are gr\p$ 9 ! ,erec!um2 & he1 ! ,greek design]1 g5]ally c>eful ( 8 ,ord]s1 may sub/itute = 8 columns a r[ ( drap$ /atues ) p]fect success4 ,! design]s ( imp]ial ,rome1 deal+ ) dwell+ h\ses1 all on "o floor1 ) column$ c\rty>ds & cov]$ porticoes surr\nd+ g>d5s op5 to ! sky1 7 /ill capable ( build+ on ! side ( a cliff & 9 ! ,imp]ial ,city1 too1 & produc+ a h\se ?ree /ories high on "o side & "o /ory on ! o!r--h&l+ _! semi-,greek & semi-,italian details ) p]fect ease & ne>ly p]fect grace1 & inve/+ ! :ole ) a consi/5t s*eme ( ornam5t4 ,! mod]n design] 9 ! classical /yles w n d t v (t54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he w h /udi$ only ! gr&iose build+s ( antiquity1 ! great temples & porticoes ) _! m9utely accurate symmetry ( plan3 & 9 ! second place1 he w h conceiv$ ( ! mod]n use ( classic =ms z be+1 on ! :ole1 a simple ?+1 easy to ! naturally gift$ design]4 ,! "o ?+ :i* ! mod]n workman 9 classic /yles expects to get f 8 build+ is ref9em5t ( proportion1 rea*+ on ! "o side t[>ds dignity & on ! o!r side t[>ds grace4 ,n[1 to "o :o is naturally /rong 9 su* ?+s1 ! obta9+ ( ^! beauties ( proportion is an easy ?+3 x is a*iev$ or x is n a*iev$ 9 ! c\rse ( a v few h\rs ( prep>ation & /udy ( ! problem4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t a mod]n adept 9 ! classical sy/em ( design %\ld ?9k mu* ( detail except z to ! accurate copy+ ( sculpture & ( ! curvature ( m\ld+s f anci5t examples4 ,9 m$ival /yles1 we mod]ns /udy ! small t[n h\se1 ! humble p>i% *ur*1 ) its squat t[] & pla9 w9d[s )\t trac]y1 z well z ! great ca!dral1 typical ( ! /yle & embody+ its full "*4 ,( classical antiquity !re 7 no su* ?+s to /udy1 dur+ ! ye>s :5 ! mod]n feel+ = classical art took %ape2 nor h !re be5 until ! pres5t day _m opportunities = judg+ ( ! small] & simpl] designs4 ,& !re=e we take f classical art ma9ly its colonnades1 its /ately use ( ! ?ree great ,ord]s ( ,greco-,roman antiquity1 ) a v few ( _! slight] modifications4 ,^? build+s ( ! great days ( ! empire 9 :i* no column> adornm5t exi/$1 we h h>dly le>n$ to respect--we /ill look ^u !m z exceptions h>dly wor?y ( ! att5tion ( "o :o w\ld /udy ! great arts ( antiquity4 ,n[ x appe>s to "o :o w /udy ! pa/ closely & fe>lessly1 t ! ,romans !mselves 7 a little ov]aw$ by _! sy/em ( column> ar*itecture1 & 7 sl[ to ab&on or ev5 modify x dur+ ! long c5turies ( its con/ant application to ! div]se ne$s ( ! old ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,/ill m are we mod]ns ov]aw$ by ! columns & entablatures1 s t we d>e n play ) !m3 & yet1 h[ c y hope to design if y are afraid to play ) ! memb]s ( y\r composition8 ,! ta/e ( ! ,am]ican communities1 our great cities )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is m>k$ly = t k9d ( gravity :i* we associate ) ! classical /yles--) ! few l>ge op5+s1 ! horizontal cornices1 ! l[-pit*$ or invisible ro(s1 ! smoo? :ite1 or light color$1 surfaces ( unbrok5 simplicity1 ! c>efully /udi$ classical colonnade4 ,! ta/e ( simil> communities 9 ,engl& is z evid5tly bas$ ^u a long famili>ity ) ! picturesque =ms ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ! ,elizabe?an & e>li] ,jacobean /yles1 t is to say1 ( s mu* ( ! ,r5aissance z rea*$ ,engl& be=e ! f\ndation1 by ,inigo ,jones1 ( ! ,italian semi-classical /yle 9 t c\ntry4 ,simil> to ?is is ! feel+ 9 ,g]many3 = x is mo/ surpris+ to ,am]icans liv+1 z !y h done s9ce #ahhj1 9 a "t ( almo/ complete agreem5t among ! ar*itects z to ! unique & solit>y importance ( ,italian neo-classic me?ods ( design1 to see ! num]\s ,g]man publications teem ) /udies ( sixte5? c5tury half timb]$ fronts1 ( sev5te5? c5tury /epp$ gables & turrets cr[n$ ) 8ext+ui%]s10 & ( eighte5? c5tury florid modifications ( ! rococo /yle4 ,9 ,france !re is an or?odox /yle1 a recogniz$ /yle3 & yet x is 9 ,france t ! mo/ s]i\sly consid]$ dep>tures f t /yle h be5 made4 ,! difficulty ( express+ 9 words ?is complication ( ar*itectural ?\ght is v great4 ,! ,engli% design]s are 9 "o s5se ! mo/ orig9al ( all1 = !y foll[ less closely 9 ! g5]al arrangem5ts ( ! mass1 or ( ! /reet front1 ! example set by =m] ages4 ,9 ,g]many1 su* indiff]5ce to :at ! pa/ has taught is m seldom se51 & :5 se51 x takes1 mo/ g5]ally1 an ugly =m ( unre/ra9$ fancy1 guid$ nei!r by tradition nor by /rong ov]-rul+ good ta/e4 ,9 ,france1 good ta/e is r ! rule4 ,z 9 lit]ature1 s 9 all dep>tm5ts ( f9e art1 ! fault ( ! ,fr5* "w is 9 ! desire n to be ra% 9 ! way ( innovation1 & good ta/e is always ready to in/ruct its vot>ies to foll[ ! pa? m>k$ out by ! m5 :o h j pass$ by 9 ! human procession & :o _h ne$s to supply q l ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,x w be well to rehe>se ^! conclusions 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( special examples4 ,plate ,,lx is an ap>tm5t h\se 9 t region ( ,we/ ,london :i* is j nor?we/ ( ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s4 ,x is n a co/ly build+ 9 proportion to its size2 x is n adorn$ by sculpture except = an unimportant piece above ! l>ge ar*es ( ! entrance front & slight adornm5t ( ! frontons2 x is built ( brick ) /one mod]ately us$ = ! purpose ( color-contra/1 & its ar*itectural ordonnance is limit$ to ! m>%all+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( pila/]s support+ ! simulacra ( entablatures & ! reality ( v obvi\s p$im5ts--^!1 & a t[] well en\gh %ap$ & plac$ at ! angle4 ,& ! po9t t ! /ud5t %\ld make at once 9 look+ ^u su* a build+ is t x is s decid$ly remov$ f ! _w ( obvi\s copy+4 ,no?+ is copi$ except a detail "h & !re4 ,"o has ! pleasant conviction t n a squ>e y>d ( space has be5 sacrific$ nor a squ>e foot ( possible or desirable w9d[ space ab&on$ = ! purpose ( ar*ological v]ity or ! repute ( hav+ built some?+ beautiful 9 a recogniz$ /yle4 ,s 9 ! case ( ! build+ %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxi1 t plann$ = ! ,we/ ,ham ,in/itute & built ab\t #ahie 9 t suburban village :i* lies j nor? ( 8,woolwi* ,rea*0 on ! ,?ames4 ,! design is z indep5d5t ( ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,ham ,,in/itute--,,sussex1 ,,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h\se ,,& ,,be]-,,%op 7,,zum ,,spat57 ,,b]l91 ,,prussia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxii4 any pa/ /yle z 9 ! simpl] & m comm]cial build+4 ,!re is mu* sculpture1 r c>efully design$ & cut ) great brilliancy4 ,!re is a r free use ( pseudo-classic columns & colonnettes2 !re is a d>+ comb9ation ( l>g] ar*itectural details1 su* z gables ( cut /one ) r\nd$ outl9e1 capp$ ) bold drip m\lds1 p9nacle-t[]s wr\ght into ni*es ) /atu>y1 a por* ( entrance ) a v boldly project+ hood1 well h&l$1 ) c>yatid figures1 a /aircase t[] ) a cut /one attic ( great m]it1 & v5tilation t[]s comb9$ ) ! ro( /ructure & diff]5tiat$ f9ely f ! masonry-built =ms ne> !m4 ,x is a co/ly build+1 a ref9$ & ?\ght-out design2 & yet "o _c say t !re is any?+ ( ! pa/ 9 x m ?an ?is--t x is bas$ ^u ! _s & ta/e ( ! ,r5aissance r ?an ^u t ( ! classic epo*1 or ( ! m$ival epo*1 e>ly or late1 or ( ! ,po/-,r5aissance epo*1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,nor? ab\t #afej4 ,?is relative indep5d5ce is :at ! =eign] sees mo/ /rongly 9 mod]n ,engli% ar*itectural practice4 ,n[1 9 ,g]man l&s1 !re is a little less fre%ness ( arti/ic ?\ght2 ! arti/ is always 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great pa/1 9 su* a way t ev5 8 deviations f its _s are self-consci\s 9 a way2 & ?is feel+ x is :i* drives ! d>+ design]--! man :o w\ld be orig9al & :o asks u to sympa?ize ) 8 manly desire to build = ! n9ete5? c5tury :at ! n9ete5? c5tury ne$s1 n :at a =m] c5tury made = itself--to v /range vag>ies4 ,plate ,,lxii is "o ( ! be/ ( ^! da%+ attempts at novelty4 ,e "p ( ! wall-surface is occupi$ ) pa9t+ 9 neutral colors1 :i* pa9t+ is 9 "s cases re9=c$ by reliefs 9 pla/]4 ,x is n a poly*romatic design1 b a design 9 light & %ade wr\ght into emblematic1 armorial1 purely decorative1 & ev5 repres5tative =ms4 ,x is noticeable t ! realiz$ pa9t+ ( human figures & accessories1 s m>k$ a feature ( ! gr\nd /ory1 ) its spl5did ,k+ ,gambr9us at ! left1 & ! ,lady ,hopf5 at ! "r1 /ops ) ! sill-c\rse1 & t ! re/ ( ! pa9t+ is mu* m ab/ract & conv5tional4 ,ap>t f ! pa9t+1 ! design is some:at commonplace 9 its ma9 masses2 ?\gh t /atem5t is unfair z x /&s1 because x 0 n int5d$ to be se5 )\t ! pa9t+1 :ile ! details1 z ( ! w9d[ jambs & mullions1 are v c>efully wr\ght & v int]e/+4 ,x is only above ! eaves t ! design becomes commonplace1 & ev5 !re x is r$eem$ by ! v bold fire wall on ea* side brok5 into gable-/eps ( unusual design4 ,9 ?is inquiry we are tak+ small] build+s z m likely to express ! g5]al ?\ght ( ! community ?an are ^? exceptional monum5ts :i* =m l&m>ks 9 hi/ory4 ,we are compell$1 ( c\rse1 to select ! designs ( m5 :o are fam\s1 h[ev] unkn[n !y may h be5 :5 ! build+s we select 7 put into %ape3 b ev5 ! "w ( su* r5[n$ ar*itects z ,*>les ,g>ni] %[s & expla9s ! g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght1 especially :5 se5 9 _! e>li] tasks4 ,?us1 ! build+ %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxiii1 ! ,club-h\se ( ! ,c]cle de la ,librairie1 :i* 0 complet$ ab\t #ahhj1 %[s ! exceptional m]it 7exceptional 9 mod]n cities7 ( ! ,p>is fronts1 toge!r ) _! comp>ative lack ( significance1 at lea/ 9 detail4 ,! entrance on ! corn] & ! r\nd t[] =m+ a ve/ibule bel[ & an admirable c>d-room above1 are *>act]i/ic ( ,p>is /reets4 ,/raight f ?is doorway1 &1 !re=e1 diagonally to bo? ! fronts1 goes a passageway into a /aircase :i* =ms ano!r r\nd t[]-l /ructure4 ,9 ! upp] /ory1 ! l>ge room at ! left is a billi>d room1 t on ! "r1 a salon ( reception & ent]ta9m5t1 ! 8conv]sation room0 ( ! club4 ,all ?is is p]fectly well express$ 9 ! ext]nal design3 & t cr$it--! cr$it ( t sort ( realism always re/ra9$ & always ,illu/ration3 ,,club ,,h\se1 ,,c]cle ,,de ,,la ,,librairie1 ,,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,life ,,insurance ,,company1 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,m9nesota4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxiv4 guid$ by good ta/e1 is to be giv5 )\t res]ve to ! ,fr5* design]s ( ! long ye>s beg9n+ ) #ahfj4 ,good ta/e is visible ev]y:]e1 n 9 an exceptional measure 9 ?is build+2 on ! contr>y1 x is to be ?\ght by a c>eful /ud5t ( ! /reet fronts ( ,p>is t !re is a relative clums9ess :i* o!r & less noticeable build+s h escap$3 b !re is ev]y:]e ! visible pres5ce ( ?\ght--( matur$ /udy ( ! problem1 & t is a ?+ s r>e 9 ! mod]n ar*itecture ( o!r l&s t we are nev] br\ght face to face ) ! ,fr5* in/ances ( its active pres5ce )\t a new ?rill ( admiration4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "s ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful build+s h be5 ^? inspir$ by ! semi-,spani% /yle ( ! prov9ces torn f ,mexico 9 #ahdh2 ! missions ( ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico4 ,inspir$ by ^? bless+s ( a temp]ate region1 a /eady w>m?1 a brilliant sun1 !y are mo/ assur$ly3 & yet !re is orig9ality1 s mu* z to cause ! /ud5t almo/ to =get ! orig9 ( _! design 9 su* "w ( ! n v fam\s pa/4 ,su* build+s are ! hotels built 9 ,sa9t ,augu/9e ab\t #ahhe--! ,ponce de ,leon1 9 :i* ! ar*itecture ( old ,spa9 has be5 /udi$ m c>efully1 ! ,alcaz>1 :]e ! simpl] appliances ( ,we/]n ,am]ica are m 9 evid5ce4 ,"o ( ! be/ ?+s 9 mod]n orig9al design is ! build+ %[n 9 plate ,,lxiv4 ,its treatm5t is picturesque r ?an sev]e2 & a suffici5t reason = t treatm5t is ! recogniz$ difficulty ( apply+ ! classically simple me?od ( design to "o ( ! mod]n high & n>r[ build+s ( _m /ories & ( _m1 simil>1 w9d[-op5+s4 ,! walls ( ! side1 on ! by-/reet & on ! c\rt1 are dim9i%$ by ! adoption ( a ro( ( abnormally /eep pit* ) two /ories 9 x4 ,! two gable-walls are brok51 z a result ( ! same device1 by ! beg9n+ ( ! slope or /ep inw>d ( ! gable itself4 ,9 ?is way ! use ( a great _m w9d[s all ( ! same size is made practicable2 ! slight diff]5ces 9 design1 z :]e "o /ory has a r[ ( r\nd ar*es1 & ! l1 are p]haps ev5 m m>k$ ?an 0 ess5tial2 ! monoton\s repetition ( ^! op5+s is prev5t$ f hurt+ ! design by ! v picturesqu5ess ( t design1 :i* ov]comes _! monotony4 ,! treatm5t ( ! two gables !mselves is a rem>kable a*ievem5t1 secur+1 z x does1 a vivacity :i* we associate ) ! ,r5aissance ( ! ,nor?3 :ile x is /ill re/ra9$ 9 su* a way z n to cla% ) ! extreme ref9em5t ( ! por* ( entrance1 :i* 9 its g5]al design1 z 9 its sculptur$ details1 has ! delicate & subtile quality ( ! art ( ,italy a hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,?is is1 x appe>s1 ! way 9 :i* mod]n m5 might design2 & ?is is ! way 9 :i* !y might succe$ if !y 7 able1 m (t51 to give p]sonal ?\ght to ! matt] ( design4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is giv+ ( p]sonal ?\ght is exactly ! mo/ difficult ?+ :i* c be propos$ to a tw5tie? c5tury ar*itect4 ,he mu/ d ev]y?+ else fir/4 ,he mu/ see t ! heat+ app>atus1 ! v5tilat+ app>atus1 ! electrical light+1 ! v5tilat+ sy/em1 ! cook+ appliances1 :i* w come 9 some:]e1 ! plumb+1 :i* w come 9 ev]y:]e1 & ! endless modifications ( dra9age--he mu/ see t all t is faultless4 ,! own]1 or own]s1 really c>e ab\t ^? ?+s--!y d n c>e ab\t ! design4 ,!n he mu/ see to x t no "t is lo/4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! previ\s t5ants move out & te>+ d[n ( ! old /ructure has begun !re mu/ n elapse too _m weeks be=e ! new t5ants may move 94 ,t5 mon?s may be all[$2 :5 e consid]ation dem&s two ye>s & a half1 or ?irty mon?s4 ,& ?r\gh\t ! few weeks be=e & aft] ! beg9n+ ( t t5-mon?s' space1 ! ar*itect employ$ w h s v little opportunity to 8retire into himself0--to retire at lea/ into 8 /udy & lock ! door & ?9k out t design1 tak5 9 its arti/ic s5se1 t ! h\rs s giv5 are h>dly to be reckon$ )1 at all4 ,un9t]rupt$ ?\ght is n = ! busy ar*itect4 ,! altoge!r likely sequ5ce ( ?+s w be ?is--t ! design is sket*$ 9 a draw+-room c> & turn$ ov] next day to a high-paid subord9ate to "w out accord+ to ! well-kn[n (fice s*eme4 ,su* traditional ways ( do+ h prov$ good 9 ! great days ( art3 b ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 n1 & ! tw5tie? c5tury is n z yet c]ta9 to be a great day ( art 9 ! decorative or arti/ic s5se4 ,x becomes ! writ] on ar*itecture to treat ^? two adjectives z synonym\s1 = 9 ar*itecture !y are synonym\s2 & ! decorative1 or 9 o!r words1 ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( a build+ has gr[n to be s =eign to our habits1 &1 f ! nature ( ! case1 s difficult 7z urg$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph71 t no?+ b long-cont9u$ & en?usia/ic ?9k+ ov] ! s*eme w conduce to f9e design+4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ! build+ ( ! ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company at ,/4 ,paul has be5 %[n 9 our f9al plate4 ,!re seems to be evid5ce !re ( mu* & ( well appli$ arti/ic ?\ght4 ,if a simil> in/ance be s\ght 9 ! old] homes ( art1 & among m co/ly /ructures1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral ( ,london1 n[ approa*+ completion 9 ! di/rict s\? ( ,buck+ham ,palace1 may be *os5 z su* an in/ance4 ,a few su* build+s !re are2 a few works ( art :i* %[ t ! p[] ( ?\ghtfully work+ out a complex design is n :olly lo/ to ! _w4 ,index4 ,a4 ,abbeville3 ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,wulfrau1 #abf ,aisle 7def471 7note7 #ed g9a3 ,sculptures f ,greek ,temple1 at1 #agi ,aix-la-,*apelle3 ,ca!dral1 #he ,albi3 ,ca!dral1 #abh ,ami5s3 ,ca!dral1 ,ext]ior1 #ajb ,ami5s3 ,ca!dral1 ,int]ior1 #if ,ang\lme3 ,ca!dral1 #hc ,an!mion 7def471 7note7 #cg ,apse 7def471 7note7 #gf ,ar*1 dis*>g+1 #eg ,ar*1 flat1 replac+ l9tel1 #eg ,ar*itrave 7def471 7note7 #bj ,ar*ivolt 7def471 7note7 #ace ,arti/s ( ! classical revival1 7ff7 #aca ,a!ns3 ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 #dj ,a!ns3 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,!odore1 #hf1 #ij ,a!ns3 ,erec!um1 #ce1 #ci1 #aih ,a!ns3 ,p>!non1 #ad ,a!ns3 ,re/or$ model ( ,p>!non1 #bf ,a!ns3 ,sculptures ( ,p>!non1 #bh ,a!ns3 8,portico ( ! ,maid5s01 #cg ,a!ns3 ,temple ( ,victory1 #ci ,a!ns3 ,!seion1 #ad ,aud5>de3 ,t[n ,hall1 #abg ,augu/an ,roman ,art1 #dg ,b4 ,b>b>ic art n un9tellig5t1 #hd ,b>oque1 #afg ,b>rel-vault 7def471 7note7 #ed ,basilica 7def471 7note71 #ga1 #gd1 #gf ,bay 7def471 7note7 #gg ,bell 7def471 7note7 #bc ,b5ev5to3 ,ar* ( ,trajan1 #dh1 #eg ,b]l9 7,prussia7 decorative h\se front1 #bjf ,blois3 ,*teau1 ,w+ ( ,l\is ,,xii1 #ade ,blois3 ,*teau 7,w+ ( ,franois ,i471 #ade ,bo/on 7,mass473 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 #aic ,por* ( t ,*ur*1 #aie ,b\rg-en-,bresse3 ,*4 ( ,br\1 #abd ,b\rges3 ,ca!dral1 #ca ,budr\n 7,halic>nassos73 ,tomb ( ,mausolus1 #eh ,buttress 7def471 7note7 #hb ,byzant9e 7def471 7note7 #fi ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture1 #fi1 #hg ,c4 ,cambridge3 ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 #aba ,c5tralbau 7c5tr$ build+71 7ff7 #hd ,*ane 7def471 7note7 #adf ,*>tres3 ,ca!dral1 #aje ,*evet 7def471 7note7 #ajc ,*oir 7def471 7note7 #cb ,*oragic 7def471 7note7 #dj ,*ur* ,ar*itecture pr$om9ant1 7ff7 #gj ,classical ,ar*itecture1 only ! m /ately build+s /udi$ 9 mod]n times1 #aig-aii ,classical ,revival 9 ,italy1 #aca ! same affect+ ,ar*itecture1 7ff7 #acc1 7ff7 #adc ,classicismo 7def471 7note7 #ada ,cle>/ory 7def471 7note7 #gd ,cologne3 ,*4 ,gross ,/4 ,m>t91 #gg1 #gi ,cologne3 ,*ur* ( ,! ,holy ,apo/les1 #gi ,cologne3 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g]eon1 #he ,color1 ext]nal decoration 91 7ff7 #aic ,column> ar*itecture 9 ,roman int]iors1 #ec ov]awes design]1 #bjj ,con/ant9ople3 ,*ur* ( ,santa ,sophia1 ,ext]ior1 #hh ,con/ant9ople3 ,*ur* ( ,santa ,sophia1 ,int]ior1 #hh ,con/ant9ople3 ,! ,hebdomon palace1 #gj ,con/ructional orig9 ( design less m>k$ aft] #adjj ,a4,d41 #aah ,cor9?ian 7def471 7note7 #ci ,c\pl$ columns1 #ada1 #agb ,cupola 7def471 7note7 #ea ,curvature 9 ,greek horizontal l9es1 #ba ,d4 ,decad5ce 9 ,art2 its true nature1 7ff7 #aei ,decorative ,art 7def471 7note7 #ac ,design z sugge/$ by /ructure & purpose1 #ca1 #cd1 #ahg-ahh ,detail1 inf]ior1 injur+ a good mass1 #afd1 #afi1 #aga ,donca/] 7,york%ire71 ,*ur* (1 #ahi ,doric 7def471 7note7 #ad ,doric ,ord] 7def471 7note7 #ai ,e4 c\53 ,*teau1 #adi ,egg ,d>t 7def471 7note7 #cg ,eleusis3 ,! ,tele/]ion1 #cc ,engli% build+ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 #aej ,entablature 7def471 7note7 #ah ,entasis1 #bb ,epidaurus3 ,temple ( ,asclepios 7re/or$ faade71 #bf ,epidaurus3 ,! ,?olos1 #ci ,european ,art f\nd$ ^u ,roman1 #ee ,f4 ,fan vault+1 #aaf1 #abj ,fa%ion gov]ns ar*itecture except 9 ! great orig9al /yles1 #afe1 7ff7 #afh ,flor5ce3 ,bapti/]y1 #he ,flor5ce3 ,campanile1 #aaa ,flor5ce3 ,ca!dral1 #if ,flor5ce3 ,*ur* ( ,san ,m9iato al ,monte1 #gd ,flor5ce3 ,*apel ( ! ,pazzi 7,*4 ( ,santa ,croce71 #acd ,flor5ce3 ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 #acb ,flor5ce3 ,palazzo dei ,m$ici1 #acg ,flor5ce3 ,palazzo ,pitti1 #acg ,flor5ce3 ,palazzo ,rucellai1 #acg ,flor5ce3 ,palazzo ,/rozzi1 #acg ,florid ,go?ic a new /yle1 #aae its nature & epo*1 7ff7 #aaf its orig9 n con/ructional1 #aag 9 civic build+s1 #abg-ade ,fly+ ,buttress 7def471 7note7 #hb ,frieze 7def471 7note7 #bj ,g4 ,gelnhaus53 ,palace ( ,b>b>ossa1 #gj ,g5oa3 ,ducal ,palace1 #agb ,g]asa 7,j]a%71 ,syria1 #fj ,gl\ce/]3 ,cloi/]s ( ,ca!dral1 #abj ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 #gj ,go?ic ,ar*itecture analysis & dates z 9 ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 7ff7 #ih ,go?ic ,ar*itecture con/ructional 9 orig91 #ic1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aag1 #aah1 #abd ,go?ic ,ar*itecture ,details z 9 ,reims ,ca!dral1 7ff7 #aja ,go?ic ,ar*itecture3 ,engli% contra/$ ) ,fr5*1 #ajh ,go?ic ,ar*itecture3 ,ext]ior design z exemplifi$ 9 ,*>tres1 #aje ,go?ic ,ar*itecture3 ,geographical limitations (1 #ie-if ,go?ic ,ar*itecture n /rong 9 ,italy1 #if ,go?ic l>ge *ur*es g5]ally incomplete1 #ajg ,go?ic ,vault+1 #ic1 #id ,greek build+s3 ,_! simple plan1 #cb1 #ef ,greek build+s3 ,_! simple /ructure1 #cc1 #ef ,greek build+s3 ,mod]n op9ion (1 :5 fir/ discov]$ & lat]1 #dd-de ,gro9-vault+ 7def471 7note7 #ea ,h4 ,hall1 !1 ( a ,c\ntry ,h\se1 or ,college1 #aeb ,hell5ic civilization pres]v$ by ! ,roman ,empire1 #fg-fh ,hexa/yle 7def471 7note7 #ah ,hyp?ral 7def471 7note7 #db ,i4 ,imitative #ai? c5tury "w--accurate1 7ff7 #ahb --inaccurate1 7ff7 #ahb ,9 antis 7def471 7note7 #fb ,indep5d5t judgm5t ( art1 h[ =m$1 #aa-ab ,inlay ( ,m>ble1 #gf ,int]columniation1 :y v>i$1 #ag-ah1 #ba ,int]ior1 ar*itecture ( !1 orig9ates ) ! ,romans1 #eb ,intrados 7def471 7note7 #ace ,ionic 7def471 7note7 #ce ,l4 ,london3 ,middle-,temple ,hall1 #aeb ,london3 ,rec5t ,ap>tm5t ,h\se1 #bjc ,london3 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,*apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 #aba ,london3 ,we/m9/] ,hall 7ro(71 #aeb ,l\va93 ,t[n ,hall1 #aaf ,lucca3 ,*ur* ( ,san ,fr$iano1 #gg ,m4 ,masonry1 ,roman1 #ej ,masonry ) dry jo9ts1 *4 ,i1 ,,ii1 #ef ,masonry ) mort>1 #ej ,may5ce 7,ma9z73 ,ca!dral1 #hb ,metope 7def471 7note7 #ag ,milan3 ,*ur* ( ,sant' ,ambrogio1 #gg ,mod]n ,design3 ,engli% ! free/1 #bjb ,fr5* ! mo/ ta/eful1 #bjc1 #bjh ,g]man m>k$ by innovations1 #bjf ,h[ m>k$ by ?\ght 9 ,u4 ,s41 #bji1 #baj ,h[ m>k$ by ?\ght 9 ,engl&1 #bad :y made difficult1 #bab ,mod]n ,ta/e 9 ! ,u4 ,s4--9 ,engl&1 #bja 9 ,g]many1 9 ,france1 #bjb ,mohamm$an ,ar*itecture1 #gj ,monreale3 ,ca!dral1 #gg1 #if ,mosaic1 #gf ,muni*3 ,all]heilig5h(kir*e1 #ahj ,muni*3 ,au]-,kir*e 7,m>iahilf-,kir*e71 #aha ,muni*3 ,basilica ( ,/4 ,boniface1 #aha ,muni*3 ,*ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts 7see ,*4 ( ,all]heilig5h(kir*e74 ,muni*3 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,boniface 7,basilica71 #aha ,muni*3 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,l\is1 7see ,ludwigskir*e74 ,muni*3 ,*ur* ( ,! ,!at9] ,monks1 #afb ,muni*3 ,exhibition ,build+1 #ahe ,muni*3 ,glypto!k1 #ahj-ahe ,muni*3 ,knigsbau1 s\!rn front1 #ahj ,muni*3 ,ludwigskir*e1 #agi ,muni*3 ,p9ako!k1 ! old1 #ahj ,muni*3 ,po/ ,(fice1 nor? front1 #ahj ,muni*3 ,propyla1 #ahf ,muni*3 ,royal ,libr>y1 #ahj ,muni*3 ,royal ,palace 7see ,knigsbau74 ,muni*3 ,ruhme%alle1 #aha ,n4 ,naos 7def471 7note7 #ah ,nave 7def471 7note7 #ec ,neo-classic 7def471 7note7 #cb ,neo-classic ar*itecture beg9s to decl9e 9 less ?an a c5tury1 #aei ,o4 ,octa/yle 7def471 7note7 #ah ,olympia3 ,temple ( ,zeus1 #bf1 #bi ,ord]s ( column> ar*itecture1 ! ,roman use ( !m1 #ef ,orvieto3 ,ca!dral1 #id ,p4 ,p/um3 ,temple1 #ad1 #bd1 #bi ,pa9t+ ( ,greek build+s1 #bd ,palazzo1 !1 9 ,flor5ce1 #acg ,palazzo1 !1 9 ,rome1 #ach ,pal]mo3 ,ca!dral1 #gg ,p&rosion 7def471 7note7 #ch ,p>5zo 79 ,i/ria73 ,basilica 7#h? c5tury71 #gg ,p>is3 ,build+s on ,place de la ,concorde1 #agd ,p>is3 ,ca!dral1 #ca ,p>is3 ,c]cle de la ,librairie1 #bjh ,p>is2 cole ,militaire1 #agc ,p>is3 ,l\vre 7ea/ front71 #ada ,p>ma3 ,bapti/]y1 #he ,p>!non 7,a!ns71 #ad1 #bf1 #bh ,pavia3 ,*ur* ( ,san ,mi*aele1 #gg ,p$im5t 7def471 7note7 #bh ,pet]bor\gh3 ,vault ( ,*oir-aisle ( ,ca!dral1 #abj ,pila/] 9 anci5t & mod]n works1 #ace1 #acg ,pisa3 ,bapti/]y1 #he ,poiti]s3 ,t[] ( ,/4 ,radegonde1 #hc ,poiti]s3 ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame la ,gr&e1 #hc ,portico ( ! ,maid5s 7,c>yatides71 #cf-cg ,pri5e 79 ,asia ,m9or73 ,temple ( ,a!na ,polias1 #dc ,proportion v>i$ 9 ,greek art1 #ai-bj1 #bi-cj ,ca!dral1 7ff7 #ajb1 #aje ,pt]oma 7def471 7note7 #ag1 #bg ,purpose ( ! arti/1 ! important ?+1 #af ,r4 ,rav5na3 ,bapti/]y1 #hd ,rav5na3 ,basilica ( ,/4 ,apoll9>e ,nuovo1 #gg ,rav5na3 ,basilica ( ,/4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 #gg ,ref9em5ts ( ,design 7see ,curvature1 ,int]columniation1 ,slope74 ,reims3 ,ca!dral1 #ca1 #aja ,r5aissance 9 ,italy2 7see ,classical ,revival1 ,risorgim5to74 ,r5aissance 9 ! ,nor?1 cause & dates1 #add ,r5aissance 9 art at fir/ n classic1 7ff7 #ade ,r5aissance introduc$ gradually1 #adh ,r5aissance classical at c\51 #adi ,respond 7def471 7note7 #ge ,revivals 9 ar*itecture num]\s1 #agf ,revivals1 ^? only :i* succe$ are notable1 #agg ,revivals1 ^? ( ! #ai? c5tury did n succe$1 #agi1 #ahd ,risorgim5to 7def471 7note7 #df ,rocaille 7def471 7note7 #afh ,roman ,art ( ! ,empire1 #dg ,roman *anges 9 ,greek design1 #ef ,roman ,empire1 intellectual influ5ce1 #ff-fg ,roman ,empire1 its div]g5t influ5ce ,ea/ & ,we/1 #ff-fh ,romanesque 7def471 7note7 #fi ,romanesque ,ar*itecture1 7ff7 #fi1 #gd1 #gg ,roman ,ord]1 !1 #aci ,rome3 ,alt> ( ,peace 7,ar> ,pacis71 #ff ,rome3 ,basilica ( ,max5tius1 #ec ,rome3 ,basilica ( ,septa ,julia1 #ec ,rome3 ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore1 #gb ,rome3 ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,pace ,cloi/]1 #ada ,rome3 ,*ur* ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,vaticano1 #aed ,rome3 ,*ur* 7r\nd7 ,san ,/efano1 #he ,rome3 ,column ( ,trajan1 #fc ,rome3 ,c\rty>d ( ! ,cancell>ia1 #ach ,rome3 ,d\ble ,temple ( ,v5us & ,rome1 #ec ,rome3 ,=um ( ,n]va1 ,enclos+ ,wall1 #fj ,rome3 ,=um ( ,trajan1 #dg ,rome3 ,=um ,transitorium ( ,n]va1 #fj ,rome3 ,lib]ian ,basilica1 7see ,/4 ,m>ia ,maggiore74 ,rome3 ,palat9e ,hill1 ,dwell+s on1 #ec ,rome3 ,palazzo ,borghese1 #ada ,rome3 ,palazzo di ,v5ezia1 int]ior c\rt1 #ach ,rome3 ,temple ( ,anton9us ,pius1 #dh ,rome3 ,temple ( ,augu/us 7,ru9$71 #di ,rome3 ,temple ( ,ca/or1 #dh1 #di ,rome3 ,temple ( ,m>s1 #di ,rome3 ,temple ( ,m>s ! ,av5g] 79 ! ,=um ( ,augu/us71 #dh ,rome3 ,temple ( ,m9]va1 #fj ,rome3 ,temple ( ,saturn1 #dh ,rome3 ,temple ( ,trajan1 #fb ,rome3 ,temple ( ,vespasian1 #dh ,rome3 ,temple ( ,vespasian1 "p ( ,entablature1 #eg ,rome3 ,pan!on1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #acc ,rome3 ,ulpian ,basilica1 #ec1 #fb ,ru9s n to be judg$ z works ( art1 #ad1 #ae ,russia3 7,caucasus7 ,mona/]y ( ,gelati ne> ,kutais1 #ij ,s4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e 7,florida7 ,hotel ,alcaz>1 #baj ,sa9t ,augu/9e 7,florida7 ,hotel ,ponce de ,leon1 #baj ,/4 ,paul 7,m9nesota71 ,build+ ( ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,co41 #bad ,salamanca3 ,univ]sity portal1 #aaf ,salisbury3 ,ca!dral1 #ajh ,s>ac53 7see ,mohamm$an74 ,scre51 !1 ( a hall1 #aeb-c ,sculpture1 ar*itectural1 9 ,doric build+s1 #cf ,sculpture1 ar*itectural1 9 ,ionic build+s1 #cf ,sculpture1 ar*itectural1 9 ,roman build+s1 #eg ,sculpture1 ar*itectural1 feeble 9 #ah? c5tury1 7see ,romanesque ,go?ic71 #agb ,sculpture1 ar*itectural1 foliat$1 #ai? c5tury1 #aib ,sculpture1 ar*itectural1 ( ! figure1 #ai? c5tury1 #aie ,si5a3 ,ca!dral1 #if ,slope ( ,grecian columns1 #bb ,/&>d ( ,excell5ce h>d to fix1 #cj-ca ,/ylobate 7def471 7note7 #ba ,sunion3 ,temple ( ,a!na1 #bi ,t4 ,tetrapylon 7f\r front$ gateway71 #ei ,!rm 7def471 7note7 #aab ,?olos 7def471 7note7 #ci ,t\rnai3 ,ca!dral1 #gh ,t\rnai3 ,t[]-gr\p1 #hb ,trabeat$ 7def47 7note71 #fd ,tri=ium 7def47 7note71 #ig ,troyes3 ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,urba91 #afj ,truro1 7,cornwall1 ,engl&7 ,ca!dral1 #aif ,tur93 ,palazzo ,c>ignano1 #afi ,tur93 ,palazzo ,madama1 #aga ,v4 ,val5cia3 ,casa ,lonja1 #aaf ,valhalla1 ,!1 7ne> ,ratisbon1 ,bav>ia71 #aha ,valladolid3 ,portal ( ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aaf ,vault+1 #ej-ea ,vault+1 ,roman1 #ej ,v5ice3 ,*ur* ( ,san ,m>co1 #ib ,v]ona3 ,*ur* ( ,san ,z5o1 #gg ,w4 ,we/ ,ham 7,essex71 ,engl&1 ,we/ ,ham ,in/itute1 #bjd ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 #aba ,wollaton ,hall1 ,engl&1 #aea ,workman%ip ( ,greek build+s1 #bd 99 99 99 99 99 ,pictorial ,composition & ! ,critical ,judgm5t ( ,pictures ,,by ,,h5ry ,r4 ,,poore1 ,a4,n4,a4 ,a ,companion ,volume to 8,h[ to ,judge ,ar*itecture40 ,qu>to1 ,h&somely ,illu/rat$ ) #hj ,reproductions4 ,net #a4ej4 ,po/age #ad ,c5ts4 ,! book develops ! processes ( pictorial con/ruction1 sett+ =? ! pr9ciples :i*1 z a necess>y f\ndation1 und]lie ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,r4 ,,swa9 ,,gif=d1 ,n4,a41 ,director ( ! ,coop] ,union ,art ,s*ool1 ,new ,york 8nbsp2#8,fills ! bill' admirably & mu/ be ( great use n only to beg9n]s1 b to pr(essional arti/s4 ,i %all use x & ref] to x40 ,,irv+ ,r4 ,,wiles1 ,n4,a4 8,n only *>m+ly writt51 b rem>kably able & in/ructive4 ,i h read no?+ on ! subject t comp>es ) x 9 cle> explanations ( qualities 9 pa9t+ t are always mo/ my/]i\s to ! layman & frequ5tly s to ! pr(essional arti/40 ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company ,publi%]s #cc-cg ,e4 #ag,,? ,,/reet1 ,,union ,,sq4 ,,nor?1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,/urgis is ackn[l$g$ ! lead+ critic ( art & ar*itecture 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is book he has sket*$ ! hi/ory ( mod]n op9ion ( ar*itecture4 ,aid$ by pl5tiful illu/rations f ! e>ly ,grecian temples1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! great ,ca!drals to ! mod]n bus9ess blocks1 he has %[n ! influ5ces :i* h br\ght ab\t ! v>i\s /yles & d$uc$ simple rules = ! ar*itectural judgm5t ( ^! build+s4 ,no attempt is made to set up absolute /&>ds1 b ! read] is enabl$ to =m bases = 8 own op9ion1 & to le>n ! fundam5tals ( good & bad 9 build+s4 ,a read+ ( ! book w give ev5 ! common build+s :i* are pass$ e day a new int]e/ & a new mean+4 ,?is book is a companion to 8,pictorial ,composition & ! ,critical ,judgm5t ( ,pictures10 by ,h4 ,r4 ,poore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata4 7,correct$ 9 etext7 ,page #ad1 = 8,campagna10 read ,campania4 ,plate ,,ii1 = 8,s\!a/10 read ,nor!a/4 ,page #cf1 l9e #f1 = 8plan giv5 "h %[s10 read views giv5 "h %[4 ,page #gj1 la/ l9e1 = 8make10 read makes4 ,page #hi1 middle1 = 8,nor?1 we/10 read ,nor?we/4 ,page #ie1 middle1 = 8,m]cy10 read ,m]sey4 ,page #ajb1 middle1 delete comma aft] 8!m02 ins]t comma aft] 8nave40 ,page #abj1 ! plate opposite ?is page %\ld be lett]$ ,,xxxiii4 ,page #ade1 middle1 = 80 call$10 read is call$4 ,page #agb1 middle1 = 8,,lv10 read ,,liv4 ,plate ,,lv1 upp] figure1 = 8,madama10 read ,c>ignano4 ,plate ,,lvi1 = 8,gebaude10 read ,gebude4 ,page #agc1 #e? l9e f bottom1 delete comma4 ,page #aic1 middle1 = 8left ( ! *ur*10 read left ( ! picture4 ,page #bjf1 middle1 = 8--:at10 read n :at4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,decorative ,art3 ,f9e art :i* is appli$ to ! beautify+ ( t :i* has prim>ily a useful purpose4 ,ar*itecture is ! mo/ complex ( ! decorative arts1 & = ?is reason1 & because x is also c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale ) great possibilities ( noble effects1 ! mo/ important ( ! decorative arts4 #b ,doric3 ,belong+ to ! ,dorians1 a ,greek p4 ,! t]m1 ,doric /yle1 0 fir/ appli$ to ! v few ,roman build+s & p>ts ( build+s ( :i* ! basem5t /ory ( ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus & t ( ! ,colosseum at ,rome1 are good in/ances4 ,:5 ! ,grecian build+s ( ,a!ns1 ,girg5ti & ,p/um 7 /udi$1 ! t]m 0 ext5d$ to !m2 & ^! give u :at we call ,grecian-,doric4 #c ,metope3 ,! ^w means orig9ally ! space betwe5 two triglyphs 7see def9ition ( entablature72 b is g5]ally appli$ 9 ,engli% writ+ to ! slab or block ( /one :i* fills ?is space 9 ! ,doric temples kn[n to u4 ,x is evid5t t ! out] surface ( ?is block 0 sometimes pa9t$1 & x is kn[n t x 0 sometimes c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 z at ,sel9untum1 ( :i* temple sculptur$ slabs are pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,pal]mo2 :ile ^? ( ! ,!seion & ! ,p>!non 7 9 v high relief4 #d ,pt]oma3 ,! side or flank1 h5ce1 9 mod]n usage1 ! space cov]$ by ! ro( ( a portico1 & !re=e includ+ ! columns & int]columniations1 al?\gh 9 g5]al usage x applies only to ! passage betwe5 ! columns & ! wall beh9d4 #e ,naos3 ,call$ also cella3 ! enclos$ "p ( a ,greek temple1 t :i* has solid walls & may be divid$ into two or ?ree rooms3 also sometimes ! l>g] ( ^! subdivisions z di/+ui%$ f ! ,opi/hodomos1 or ,treasury4 #f ,octa/yle3 ,hav+ eight columns1 :5 said ( a portico2 hav+ eight columns 9 front1 :5 said ( a temple or simil> build+4 #g ,hexa/yle3 ,hav+ six columns2 z 9 ! case ( octa/yle = eight4 #h ,entablature3 ,9 a piece ( classic ar*itecture1 ! ?ree horizontal memb]s above ! columns :5 ^! ?ree are tak5 toge!r z =m+ "o "p ( ! ord]4 ,! entablature consi/s ( ar*itrave or epi/yle1 imm$iately above ! columns1 ! frieze1 & ! cornice1 ea* ( :i* may h sev]al decorative subdivisions4 ,?us 9 ! ,ionic ,ord] ! epi/yle may be divid$ horizontally into ?ree surfaces project+ slightly m & m f ! bottom upw>d4 ,! frieze 9 ! ,doric /yle 7,roman or ,greek7 is divid$ by triglyphs into metopes2 & 9 ! o!r ord]s has (t5 sculptur$ ornam5t4 ,! v>ieties ( =m 9 ! cornice are v consid]able4 ,a triglyph is "o ( ^? blocks cut ) v]tical *annels1 :i* seem to re/ ^u ! epi/yle & to support ! cornice4 ,! metopes are ! spaces betwe52 & also ! non-/ructural slabs or blocks :i* fill ^? spaces4 ,9 a v few in/ances ! entablature is irregul> 9 "s respect2 ?us ! portico ( ,c>yatides1 ,pl4 ,,vi1 may be said to h no frieze1 b epi/yle & cornice only4 ,9 ,roman "w ! :ole entablature is occasionally ar*$ up1 b5t to a curve1 z 9 a temple at ,baalbec1 & z 9 a palace at ,spalato4 #i ,doric ,ord]3 ,9 ,greek & ,roman ar*itecture1 & 9 ^? neo-classic /yles f\nd$ ^u antiquity1 ! ,ord] is ! unit ( design & consi/s ( "o complete column 7%aft & capital1 ) base1 if any1 & p$e/al1 if any7 & s mu* ( ! entablature z may be suffici5t to %[ its :ole "*4 ,! ,grecian ,doric ,ord] allud$ to 9 ! text1 is peculi> 9 ! %ape & numb] ( ! *annels ( ! %aft1 9 ! e*9os-%ap$ bell ( ! capital1 9 ! squ>e & unadorn$ abacus1 9 hav+ no base1 9 hav+ ! frieze brok5 up into %ort l5g?s by ! triglyphs1 & 9 ! m9or details dep5d+ ^u ! above4 #aj ,ar*itrave3 #aa ,frieze3 = ^! t]ms see footnote ,entablature above4 #ab ,/ylobate3 ,! flat1 cont9u\s surface ^u :i* ! columns /&1 z 9 a colonnade4 ,:5 ! :ole flat surface =m+ ! floor ( ! passageway 7see ,pt]oma7 is consid]$1 ! ^w /]eobate is employ$4 #ac ,bell3 ,t "p ( ! capital ( a column :i* is betwe5 ! neck+ bel[ & ! abacus above4 ,! t]m is appli$ also to ! imag9$ g5]al =m ( ! same memb] ap>t f ! ornam5tation2 ?us ! bell ( a ,cor9?ian capital is to be trac$ b5ea? ! acan?us leaves4 #ad ,p$im5t3 ,! triangul> wall at ! end ( ! l[ pit*$ ro(1 9 a ,greek or ,roman build+4 ,! sunk5 panel alone1 above ! horizontal cornice & b5ea? ! rak+ cornice1 is call$ ! ,tympanum1 or1 9 ,greek temples1 (t5 ! ,aetos 77 or ,eagle4 #ae ,neo-classic3 ,/udi$ f ,greco-,roman monum5ts2 said ( a "w ( art or ( a /yle4 ,! neo-classic ar*itecture ( ,europe beg9s ab\t #adbj 9 ,italy4 7,see ,risorgim5to & ,r5aissance47 #af ,*oir3 ,prop]ly1 ! space 9 a *ur* res]v$ = ! cl]gy & _! assi/ants1 especially ! s+]s3 h5ce1 by ext5sion ,i--,! enclosure itself :i* is sometimes v massive & elaborate1 a high /one wall sculptur$ or o!rwise ri*ly adorn$1 & ,,ii--,t "p ( a cruci=m *ur* :i* conta9s ?is enclosure1 namely1 ! f\r? arm ( ! cross1 t "o :i* ext5ds g5]ally t[>ds ! ea/ f ! meet+ ( ! nave & transept4 #ag ,ionic3 ,belong+ to ! ,ionian ,greeks2 ,ionic /yle1 t *>act]iz$ by capitals adorn$ ) volutes1 %afts mu* m sl5d] ?an 9 ! ,doric /yle & decorat$ by flutes in/ead ( *annels2 ^! flutes hav+ a ne>ly semicircul> section & be+ sep>at$ by n>r[ fillets or flat b&s in/ead ( meet+ at ! %>p arris4 #ah ,an!mion3 ,any floral ornam5t arrang$ l a b\quet2 an ab/ract decoration ( sprigs or bran*es ris+ f a common po9t & sep>at+ into a broad] head4 ,! ,greek an!mion1 (t5 call$ palmette1 or honeysuckle ornam5t1 seems to be compos$ ( sl5d] leaves2 :]eas ! an!mion 9 ,p]sian & o!r ,asiatic art is (t5 a gr\p ( fl[]s1 p]haps alt]nat+ ) leaves4 #ai ,egg-&-,d>t3 ,an ornam5t consi/+ ( an alt]nation ( flatt5$ balls or bosses ) %>p po9t$ memb]s l arr[ heads4 ,! m9or details v>y mu*2 b x is usual = ! flatt5$ eggs to be surr\nd$ by a deep cutt+ or a rais$ rim1 & = ! arr[ po9ts to be alt]nat$ ) ^!4 #bj ,p&rosion3 ,! %r9e temple or enclosure ( ! nymph ,p&rosos1 a daught] ( ,cecrops4 ,x is kn[n t ?is 0 situat$ close to ! temple ( ,erec!us1 & !re=e ! portico ( ,c>yatides on ! s\? flank ( ! ,erec!ion has be5 call$ by t "n4 #ba ,cor9?ian3 ,d]iv$ f ,cor9?2 ,cor9?ian ,ord]1 ! late/ to be introduc$ ( ! ?ree ,grecian ,ord]s & ! "o tak5 ov] mo/ readily by ! ,romans4 ,! details are v l ^? ( ! ,ionic ,ord] except ! capital :i* is ! fir/ in/ance 9 antiquity ( a g5]ally concave bell inve/$ ?ickly ) leafage4 #bb ,?olos3 ,a circul> build+2 us$ 9 ar*ological writ+ to describe "o ^: purpose is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 z ! ,?olos ( ,atreus at ,myk5ai1 g5]ally ?\ght to be a tomb2 t ne> ,epidauros ?\ght by "s to be ! spr+-h\se1 or ! sacr$ well ( ,asklepios4 #bc ,*oragic3 ,hav+ to d ) ! ,*oragos1 ! manag] ( ! sacr$ *orus 9 ,a!ns4 ,?is 0 an honor>y po/ involv+ mu* exp5se & labor to ! occupant4 #bd ,hyp?ral3 ,op5 to ! sky2 ,hyp?ral op5+1 a space uncov]$1 "p ( a ,greek temple1 p]haps entirely unro($1 p]haps only hav+ a ro( p>tly op5$ 9 sky-lights4 ,hyp?ral ,!ory3 any "o ( sev]al op9ions z to ! possible light+ ( ! int]ior ( a temple f above1 ei!r ?r\gh ! ro(1 or by ! p>tial omission ( a ro( s z to =m a c5tral op5 c\rt4 #be ,risorgim5to3 ,9 ,italian1 a new aris+2 ?is is ! common t]m = ! revival ( classical le>n+ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 c\pl$ ) ! advance 9 expressional pa9t+ & sculpture ( ! same epo*1 & develop+ lat] 9 ! revival ( classical design 9 ar*itecture4 ,! t]m ,r9ascim5to 7rebir?7 is us$ 9 ! same s5se1 b is app>5tly r a reflection ( ! prevail+ ,fr5* ^w ,r5aissance4 ,x w\ld be well if ,engli% writ]s w\ld employ ! t]m ,risorgim5to = ! ,italian movem5t ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & ,r5aissance = ! ,fr5* movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury ) its equival5ts 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,z = ,spa91 9 :i* ! classical revival foll[$ v closely ^u t ( ,italy1 ! t]m ,r5acimi5to seems to correspond v closely to ! ,italian ,risorgim5to & ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 #bf ,cupola3 ,a cup-%ap$ ro(1 ei!r built ( solid masonry & s really a vault1 or a m]e decorative %ell4 #bg ,gro9-vault+3 ,vault+ 9 :i* "o b>rel vault meets & int]sects ano!r1 s t ! project+ solid angles1 call$ gro9s1 are =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! holl[ r\nd$ surfaces4 #bh ,nave3 ,9 a build+ ) ?ree or m p>allel subdivisions1 =m+ toge!r "o great hall1 l a l>ge ,go?ic *ur*1 t "p :i* rises highe/1 & has g5]ally w9d[s above ! ro(s ( ! l[] aisles4 #bi ,aisle3 ,see ! def9ition ( nave4 #cj ,b>rel-vault3 ,a vault ^: cross-section is ev]y:]e ! same z if "p ( a tube4 #ca ,9 antis3 ,lat91 betwe5 ! ant4 ,! anta is ! end ( a wall treat$ s z to be an almo/ indep5d5t memb]1 l a squ>e pill> 9 :i* ! wall ends4 ,! portico made by two ( ^! set opposite "o ano!r & ) columns betwe51 is said to h two columns or f\r columns 9 antis4 #cb ,trabeat$3 ,built ) beams or l9tels 7said ( a build+1 or "p ( a build+7 or *>act]iz$ by ! use ( beams & l9tels to ! exclusion ( ar*es 7said ( a build+ or a /yle74 ,?us ! ,pan!on at ,rome ?\gh entirely vault$ 9 its ma9 /ructure has a trabeat$ portico1 & ! scre5s 9 front ( ! great ni*es )9 7see ,pl4 ,,ix7 are ( trabeat$ con/ruction z f> z !y g--t is !y consi/ ( an entablature support$ on columns4 ,! t]m 8arcuat$0 is us$ 9 direct contradi/9ction f trabeat$ & d5otes t :i* is con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! ar* or t :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! use4 #cc ,romanesque3 ,lit]ally1 semi-,roman1 or w\ld-be ,roman2 appli$ to any or all /yles ( art1 especially ar*itecture1 :i* 7 develop$ directly f ! ,roman imp]ial art ( ! ye>s be=e #dej4 ,9 ord9>y usage1 ! basilica /yle ( ,italy & ev5 ! simil> art 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,europe are call$ ,lat91 & ! /yle built up 9 ea/]n ,europe ) ,con/ant9ople = its c5tre1 is call$ ,byzant9e2 b ,romanesque may be consid]$ a t]m cov]+ all ^!1 & z includ+1 too1 all ,european art until ! complete e/abli%m5t ( ! ,go?ic art 9 ! nor?we/1 & 9 ! ,ea/ until ! e/abli%m5t ( ,s>ac5ic or ,mohamm$an art ab\t ! n9? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d4 #cd ,byzant9e3 ,! art ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire c5tr$ 9 ,byzantium or ,con/ant9ople4 ,mod]n developm5ts ( ?is art1 )\t radical *anges1 exi/ 9 ,moldavia & ! ,caucasian regions1 & its influ5ce is se5 9 ! native ar*itecture ( ,russia4 #ce ,basilica3 ,orig9ally1 "u ! ,roman imp]ial sy/em1 a build+ = v>i$ bus9ess1 public & private1 hav+ (t5 a c\rtroom connect$ ) ! op5 hall3 h5ce1 "u ! e>li] ,*ri/ian control1 a *ur* built l mo/ ( ! e>li] basilicas1 t is to say1 ) a nave & two or m aisles4 ,a special feature ( ! ,*ri/ian basilicas 0 ! transept1 a high & op5 hall built across ! upp] end ( ! nave & aisles3 & beyond ?is 7t is1 f>!r f ! entrance doorways7 0 (t5 ! apse1 a g5]ally semicircul> projection4 #cf ,cle>/ory3 ,t "p ( ! nave :i* rises above ! aisle ro(s1 & has w9d[s to light ! int]ior4 #cg ,respond3 ,! pila/]1 or engag$ column1 or pi] ( any %ape1 :i* =ms ! end ( an arcade or colonnade m>k+ ! place ( meet+ ) ! enclos+ wall4 #ch ,apse3 ,a project+ memb] ( a build+1 usually =m+ an enl>gem5t or addition to a l>ge hall1 z a ,roman basilica1 or especially1 a ,*ur*4 ,! plan is usually a semicircle1 or a semicircle ) an add$ p>allelogram to l5g!n x1 or a polygon approa*+ a half circle4 #ci ,bay3 ,"o division ( a long build+ ^: successive p>ts are alike1 or v simil>4 #dj ,buttress3 ,a mass ( mat]ial1 usually masonry1 int5d$ to resi/1 by its dead weight1 ! ?ru/ ( an ar*1 or vault1 or1 m r>ely1 ! spread ( a fram$ ro( or ! l4 ,fly+ buttress3 ,a slop+ b> ( /one1 support$ on an ar*$ /ructure :i* s]ves to c>ry ! ?ru/ ( an ar* or vault across a space to ! buttress beyond4 #da ,tri=ium3 ,prop]ly1 a gall]y m or less op51 built 9 ! wall opposite ! aisle ro(1 & !re=e above ! great ar*es ( ! nave & *oir & bel[ ! cle>/ory w9d[s4 ,(t51 a gall]y 9 ! wall bel[ ! cle>/ory b less accurately plac$4 #db ,*evet3 ,9 m$ival & especially ,go?ic ar*itecture ! r\nd$ end ( ! *oir includ+ ! aisles :i* pass ar\nd ! sanctu>y & ! *apels outside ( ! aisles4 ,! %ape may be curvil9e> or polygonal4 ,! orig9al t]m 9 ,fr5* is appli$ to squ>e ea/ ends also2 b ?is is h>dly accept$ 9 ! ,engli% usage4 #dc ,!rm3 ,9 ,lat9 an e/abli%m5t = w>m ba?s3 a plural n\n us$ = a s+le build+ or gr\p ( build+s4 ,! ,!rm ( ,c>acalla m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]1 occupi$ all ! space )9 a b\nd+ wall :i* =m$ a squ>e ( #a1ajj feet 7ab\t tw5ty-eight acres7 & )9 ?is 7 g>d5s1 runn+ gr\nds & ! l1 & among ^! ! massive c5tral build+ itself1 #djj #gej feet1 twice ! space occupi$ by ! capitol at ,wa%+ton1 :i* is also immeasurably less massive & p]man5t 9 /ructure4 #dd ,risorgim5to3 ,see note1 p4 #df4 #de ,ar*ivolt3 ! out] v]tical face ( an ar*2 &1 :]e !re are sev]al conc5tric ar*es1 ! g5]al out] face ( ! :ole gr\p2 t face :i* seems to =m "p ( ! wall 9 :i* ! ar* is built4 #df ,intrados3 ,! "u or concave face ( ! solid /ructure ( an ar*4 #dg ,classicismo3 ,! epo* ( close /udy ( antiquity1 #aebj to #aegj4 #dh ,*ane3 ,9 ,fr5*1 a sy/em usually v]tical ( l>g] & m p]fectly dress$ /ones 9 a wall ( light] or r\gh] mat]ial4 ,?us ! quo9s at ! corn] ( a build+ & ! alt]nately long & %ort /ones at a w9d[ op5+ or door op5+ are *anes1 b ! same device may be us$ to /iff5 a long & unbrok5 wall4 #di ,rocaille ,decoration3 ,t :i* _h orig9ally a r\gh imitation ( natural rock =ms m+l$ ) %ells2 a fa%ion pass+ rapidly into scroll-"w 9 relief1 giv+ v peculi> %apes to panels1 doors1 w9d[-casem5ts & ev5 to details ( masonry4 ,! rococo /yle is p>tly bas$ ^u rocaille decoration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,pace ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,pace pg #ada 7see ,*4 ( ,all]heilig5kir*e 7see ,*4 ( ,all]heilig5h(kir*e pg #bag