,,t\r+ ,,afoot                          
,,t\r+ ,,afoot                          
,,by                             ,,dr4  
,c4 ,p4 ,,=dyce                         
,illu/ration3 ,,out+                    
,,h&books                               
,,numb] #eb                             
,illu/ration3 colphon                   
,,new ,,york                            
,,out+ ,,publi%+ ,,company              
,,mcmxvi                                
,copyright1 #aiaf1 by                   
,,out+ ,,publi%+ ,,company              
,all rights res]v$          ,,cont5ts   
,,*apt]                                 
,,page    ,i ,,hitt+ ,,! ,,trail        
#i    ,,ii ,,go+ ,,9 8,,light0          
#ai    ,,iii ,,woods ,,walk+ ,,) ,a     
,,pack                    #bf    ,,iv   
,,map ,,read+                           
#cf    ,v ,,packs ,,& ,,pack+           
#dg    ,,vi ,,footwe>                   
#fc    ,,vii ,,effici5t ,,cruis+        
,,%elt]s                  #gf    ,,viii 
,,camp ,,mak+                           

#ib    ,,ix ,,! ,,outdoor ,,b$ ,,"q     
#ajj    ,x ,,*oos+ ,,! ,,light ,,weight 
,,mess ,,kit            #aaf    ,,xi ,,!
 ,,ration ,,li/                         
#abc    ,,xii ,,heal? ,,h9ts ,,= ,,hik]s
                     #aci    ,,xiii     
,,w9t] ,,travel ,,afoot                 
#aee    ,,app5dix                       
#afg                                    
,,t\r+ ,,afoot          ,,*apt] ,i      
,,hitt+ ,,! ,,trail      ,walk+ t\rs are
 popul>ly suppos$ to be feasible *iefly 
= ^? to  :om ?is me?od ( travel is      
incid5tal to _! occupation--timb]       
cruis]s1 l&look]s1 prospectors1 game    
w>d5s & trapp]s ( !  ,nor?--m5 :o daily 
mat* !mselves aga9/ ! =ces ( ,nature4   
,to  ! av]age city man r>ely does x     
occur t by sub/itut+ walk+1  our mo/    
natural means ( locomotion--ev5 if c>ri$
 no f>!r ?an  ! daily to & f bus9ess    
trip--= ! rapid transportation  p]fect$ 
9 our mod]n indu/rial life he c atta9   
bett] bus9ess  effici5cy & an increas$  
physical & m5tal well be+4    ,! av]age 

sportsman ( today is 9 mo/ cases a pla91
 unpret5ti\s  bus9ess man ( s$5t>y      
habits & ) a consequ5t physical         
condition a little bel[ ! normal1 b     
=tunately he reta9s a  primitive        
unsatiat$ love ( ! outdoors4 ,?is same  
bus9ess man ne$s1  z few o!rs d1 ex]cise
 to rega9 & reta9 heal? & effici5cy4    
,)\t ?is ex]cise 8 occupation :i* keeps 
him indoors results 9  physical         
inactivity r$uc+ 8 usefulness & happ9ess
 & m>k$ly  affect+ 8 t5ure ( life4 ,!   
av]age span ( life is betwe5 #de &  #fj 
ye>s4 ,! age limit %\ld ext5d f #hj to  
#ajj ye>s & ?is c  be made ! rule if we 
b g ab\t x rightly4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage (  
,am]ican bus9ess m5 h functional he>t   
disease because ( lack (  ex]cise4 ,!y  
c\ld well af=d to walk daily until tir$ 
out 9 ord]  to rid !mselves ( drawn     
faces1 sall[ *eeks1 & weak hesitat+     
/eps4 ,to !m p$e/rianism af=ds n only   
pr(it b real pleasure  9 gett+ away f ! 
r\t9e ( city & (fice irk & hie+ to  !   
glori\s out ( doors4    ,ye>s ago man 0 

a savage1 & 9 spite ( ! re/ra9+         
influ5ces  ( civilization :i* h act$ =  
c5turies ! _s ( ?is  primitive life is  
/ill /rong )94 ,!re is aft] all b "o    
class  ( m5 :o live 9 ! _w & !y inhabit 
! wild places--!  re/ ( u only exi/4 ,we
 d n ?rive 9 cities b simply adju/      
ourselves to _! unnatural & p]plex+     
conditions4 ,9 ! out (  doors %e]       
physical exi/5ce may af=d ! ri*e/       
pleasure4    ,x is commonly conc$$ z a  
well e/abli%$ hygi5ic fact t  unex]cis$ 
muscles become useless & ineffici5t1 a  
condition :i*  only prop]ly direct$     
physical ex]tion w re/ore to assi/ 9    
meet+ ! exig5cies ( our mod]n top-spe$  
life4 ,?is ex]cise mu/  be v>i$ to      
escape t$i\sness4 ,indoor gymna/ics is n
 en\gh3  outdoor games provide prop]    
lung a]ation b ^! are n feasible  = all3
 p$e/rianism is ! simple/1 safe/1 mo/   
spontane\s1 &  hygi5ic means ( ex]cise4 
,= mo/ p no o!r sport is su* an  unta/$ 
exp]i5ce1 yet none is s productive (    
heal?ful results or  s well adapt$ to ! 

means1 physique1 & temp]am5t ( ! masses4
  ,inde$ 9 ?is age ( me*anical          
transportation we h almo/ =gott5  t we 7
 end[$ ) a pair ( legs1 giv5 u = ! sole 
purpose  ( walk+--an ess5tial ex]cise 9 
! build+ up ( heal?y bodies  & m9ds4    
,a ?ree mile walk daily 9 ! fre% air is 
an ex]cise p> excell5ce  & is )9 ! rea* 
( all4 ,x may be t$i\s at fir/ b :5     
lat] x becomes a habit x af=ds real joy4
 ,! fir/ co/ is 9 !  adju/m5t ( bus9ess 
c>es & 9 select+ "t3 ! next involves    
physical ex]tion itself4 ,anyone :o has 
sp5t ! great] "p ( 8  pa/ life 9 a      
s$5t>y occupation c safely enjoy su*    
trips if he  uses common s5se at !      
outset & />ts1 say1 on a mile a day &   
gradually increases ! l5g? ( ! walk4    
,sy/ematically foll[$  p$e/rianism      
accompli%es a numb] ( ?+s--!re is bett] 
sleep1 an  increas$ circulation & new   
n]ve =ce3 all ! muscles are br\ght  into
 play z is prov5 by ! g5]al /iffness ( !
 beg9n] 7:i*  h[ev] disappe>s on h>d5+72
 extra fat & fle% are elim9at$ &  m9or  

ailm5ts are ov]come4 ,!re is a real joy 
9 liv+ = )  heal? ev]y?+ is a pleasure4 
,e "o ought to walk & ne>ly e "o :o     
walks ought to d m  ( x ?an he does4    
,%\ld p$e/rianism become univ]sal !     
pres5t  g5]ation w\ld be f> heal?i] &   
happi] & _! *ildr5 w\ld  be /urdi] & m  
beautiful4 ,! old ,engli% habit ( tak+ a
  con/itutional walk e day speaks 9 no  
small measure = mu* ( !  /r5g? &        
/ability ( ! ,briti% "*4 ,!re is a g5]al
  tr5d ( int]e/ 9 ,am]ica today t[>d    
p$e/rianism & _m  p]sons are eag] =     
in=mation z to :]e to g1 :at to take &  
h[ to take c>e ( oneself s z to d]ive ! 
greate/  b5efit--qu]ies = :i* we %\ld n[
 f9d answ]4    ,be+ m9dful ( ! unlimit$ 
possibilities :i* walk+ af=ds =  r5ew+  
y\? ! fir/ task is f\nd 9 ! revolution (
 habits (  liv+ & ! adju/m5t ( ! daily  
r\t9e to include say two h\rs  a day 9  
road tramp+4 ,if p]si/$ 9 a rem>kable   
*ange w  result--a notable cle>ness (   
m5tal p[]1 ke5ness ( appetite & a  ze/ =
 life's "w4 ,x won't be long until "o   

automatically increases  ! range &      
endurance4    ,tramp+ may be arbitr>ily 
divid$ into 7,a7 ,road ,tramp+ & 7,b7   
,=e/ ,cruis+4    ,,road ,,tramp+ or real
 p$e/rianism compreh5ds %ort walks z a  
tra9+ = physical well be+ :i*1 z "o     
becomes exp]i5c$1 may  be l5g!n$ to     
include an occasional all day c\ntry t\r
 z a wise  utilization ( holidays1 or1  
"o :o becomes an adept may ev5 plan to  
sp5d 8 annual two weeks' vacation p]iod 
9 a l5g?y walk+ trip  ^u "s ( ! bett]   
kn[n highways 9 any civiliz$ section (  
our  c\ntry or 9 our ,national ,p>ks or 
z a t\ri/ 9 =eign l&s4 ,road  tramp+ is 
= ^? to :om walk+ appeals yet :o d n c>e
 to  bo!r ) ! details incid5tal to      
camp+4 ,! trip %\ld be s  plann$ t !    
day's j\rney assures a com=table b$ &   
w>m meals  at hotels1 inns or at ran*   
homes4 ,?is broad5s "o's walk+          
opportunities up to ! po9t :]e          
civilization & wild nature t\*4    ,su* 
a trip is good recreation & a spl5did   
sport & 9 no o!r way  c "o bett]        

famili>ize himself ) ! c\ntry's         
topography & !  *>act]i/ics ( its p4 ,on
 ! long] trips a v simple kit  suffices 
8 ne$s--he we>s suitable walk+ clo!s1 & 
c>ries a  notebook1 "s few toilet       
articles1 a *ange ( und]we> & hose & a  
ra9-pro( ov] g>m5t--all pack$ 9 a       
rucksack ( "s sort4    ,! daily local   
walks tak5 by ! p$e/rian to secure heal?
 ) !  long] weekly jaunt1 indulg$ 9     
p]haps z a memb] ( "s walk+  club1 af=d 
an admirable prelim9>y prep>ation = m   
ardu\s  out+s su* z a week's ,,=e/      
,,cruise1 c>ry+ 9 a back pack !  %elt]1 
b$ & food & ?us equipp$ "o may break    
entirely away f  civilization & eat &   
sleep indep5d5t ( hotels or ran*es4     
,^? :o feel ! vim ( outdoor life1 ^?    
int]e/$ 9 any phase (  ,nature /udy1 ^? 
want+ to get away f ! city's humdrum    
exi/5ce1 9 %ort1 all :o want to recreate
 c plan no m repay+  or ze/ful days ?an 
^? sp5t ) a back pack outfit t\r+ !     
unkn[n wild]ness ne> home4 ,x may be =  
any "o ( a v>iety (  purposes--camp+1   

hunt+1 fi%+ or trapp+1 x matt]s n :at1  
! ma9 ?+ is t "o gets ne> to ,nature 9  
h] primitive /ate4  ,amateur exploration
 has ! int]e/+ elem5t ( my/]y :i* leads 
"o into all sorts ( c\ntry "r ar\nd home
 & :i* "o nev]  dream$ to be 9 exi/5ce4 
,!re are /ill great] opportunities if "o
  gets (f ! beat5 tracks & /e]s 8 c\rse 
f> into ! back  c\ntry4    ,"o returns f
 su* a trip ) r5ew$ & abundant vital    
res]ve &  ) a v]itable /oreh\se ( happy 
memories4 ,he has ta/$ !  woodsman's    
life 9 all its elem5tal qualities--its  
seclusion &  orig9ality2 he has le>n$ ! 
good !re is 9 simple1 he>ty ?+s  & !    
exhil>ation ( sp5d+ nights 9 ! m\nta9 l&
 or =e/  aisles "u snapp+ />s 9 a       
moonlit solitude4 ,he kn[s no great]    
pleasure ?an t af=d$ by exp]i5c+ ! *>m (
 wild]ness  adv5ture :i* enslaves him = 
life4 ,a walk+ trip !n becomes a  real  
hike :5 "o leaves ! highways1 b$s &     
meals ( civilization  & hits ! woods    
trails :i* lead him f> into ! wild]ness4
    ,on a recreation trip good          

companion%ip _c be ov]e/imat$4  ,fir/ly1
 on a light pack trip mo/ items ( outfit
 c be us$ z well  by two z by "o4 ,aga9 
if "o walks alone ! trail is apt to     
become  monoton\s & d\bly s aft] a half 
( a day's trip has be5  complet$4 ,good 
companion%ip /imulates a pleasant m5tal 
attitude &  gets "o away f ! monoton\s  
physical features ( ! walk itself4  ,!re
 may be also a pride 9 rivalry to spur  
"o on to m wor?y  ef=t2 o!rwise he is   
apt to ?9k only ( 8 arrival at          
de/9ation4  ,fur!rmore 9 ! solitude ( ! 
great =e/s ! e/abli%m5t (  ! little     
biv\ac home & ! fa?om+ ( ! _m secrets ( 
!  trail calls =? man's greg>i\s nature4
    ,look well to ! *oice ( y\r bunkie =
 n[h]e else d weak &  /rong *>act]i/ics 
come to ! surface s =cibly z :5 m5 are  
?r[n toge!r 9 camp4 ,z a matt] ( fact a 
wild]ness pal ( prop]  qualifications is
 really h>d to f9d4 ,he may be a jolly  
comrade 9 t[n  b t does n qualify him z 
a fir/ rate camp mate4 ,he mu/ d an     
equal %>e on ! trail & 9 camp1 he %\ld  

be physically fit1  g5]\s1 fair m9d$ &  
big en\gh to ov]look ! petty griefs     
incid5tal to r\gh trail life e :]e4     
,he :o adv5tures into ! big timb] mu/   
look also ) exactitude to  ! *oice ( an 
outfit1 = ! wild]ness tramp] mat*es     
himself  aga9/ ! =ces ( nature1 & he mu/
 h equipm5t z well z !  p]sonal         
qualifications to surm\nt ! difficulties
 successfully4 ,!  weight ( outfit mu/  
be nom9al s9ce ! pack] mu/ be> x alone  
f day to day1 (t5 ?r\gh almo/ impassable
 c\ntry :]e !  ef=t necess>y 9 go+ =w>d 
alone is q suffici5t a /ra9  )\t t (    
hav+ to c>ry a s+le unnecess>y ounce on 
8  %\ld]s4 ,a mi/ake 9 outfit may mean  
discom=t at lea/ & possibly  a spoil$   
trip4 ,life outdoors calls = a k (      
equipm5t &  me?ods :i* a l>ge numb] (   
p]sons1 because ( _! environm5t1  _c ga9
 except f trial1 or su* z is imp>t$ by  
"s "o m  =tunately exp]i5c$4    ,h5ce we
 d n speak to ! season$ campaign] or to 
him :o on !  %ort vacation c travel )   
full equipm5t & ) guides & :o  has      

abundant transportation facilities4 ,!  
beg9n] h[ev] ne$s  practical sugge/ions 
= go+ light into ! wild]ness alone & he 
welcomes simple h9ts = hitt+ ! trail "r4
          ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,go+ ,,9     
8,,light0      ,! attractiv5ess ( !     
outdoor life1 its heal? giv+ attributes 
&  its satisfy+ ( ! primitive 9 civiliz$
 man ye>ly draws ho/s (  en?usia/ic     
adv5tur]s into ! wild]ness4 ,if he is   
exp]i5c$ !  woodsman sets ab\t 9 a      
prosaic way to get pure enjoym5t out (  
ea*  day's r\t9e & he is able to d ?is  
because he kn[s h[4 ,! novice  h[ev] is 
apt to be influ5c$ by poetic dreams & 8 
ideas ( kits  & me?ods ( woodcraft      
likewise !oretical & ideali/ic & soon]  
or lat] he is to be rudely awak5$ to 8  
lack ( ! elem5tal1  ess5tial creature   
com=ts :i* are s necess>y to 8 welf>e & 
enjoym5t4    ,! wild]ness dwell]1 if he 
*ooses to be a true disciple ( ! ,r$    
,gods mu/ #8g light'4 ,9 travell+ light 
( c\rse "o mu/ necess>ily  d5y himself  
_m ?+s t "u ord9>y circum/ances are     

deem$  ess5tials1 yet x 9 no way ne$s to
 be a deprivation4 ,on a back pack  trip
 he mu/ put 8 outfit selection ?r\gh a  
rigid exclusion te/4  ,! equipm5t mu/ be
 re/rict$ to actual necessities su* z   
food1  requisites = cook+1 %elt] = !    
night & a good b$--all suit$  to ! me?od
 ( transportation4 ,9 camp & on ! trail 
"o w  a/oni% himself at ! make%ifts :i* 
he w inv5t to ov]come  camp+ discom=ts z
 !y arise4    ,! selection ( any outfit 
l5ds itself to dispute because ! *oos+  
( its compon5t p>ts is n an exact sci5ce
 b is m a "q (  temp]am5t4 ,! novice w  
suit himself z to :at he w take1 =  he  
naturally foll[s ! dictates ( p]sonal   
desires r ?an  absolute ne$s & usually  
he accumulates ab\t twice z mu* equipm5t
  z conditions dem&4 ,soon] or lat] 8   
exp]i5ce w guide him into  ! safe c\rse3
 he w le>n ! sci5ce ( smoo?+ x--( be+   
com=table--:5 he goes out to #8r\gh x4' 
,x goes unque/ion$ t ! less y c>ry on   
y\r back ! less w  be y\r fatigue at !  
day's end3 ! small] ! burd5 y c>ry 9    

y\r pack ! m mu/ be y\r k ( h[ to employ
 ! artifices  ( woodcraft 9 utiliz+     
nature's primitive /ores4    ,! weight &
 bulk mu/ be accommodat$ to ! means (   
transportation  at h&4 ,?us = a hike 9 !
 wild]ness ) full outfit c>ri$ on  !    
back y mu/ boil ! necess>ies d[n to t   
irr$ucible m9imum  consi/5t ) com=t     
:]eas 7 y travell+ by wagon or canoe  y 
c\ld be m indulg5t4 ,y w h 8boil$0 x d[n
 to !  ess5tials :5 y c>ry ! outfit f   
season to season )\t  add+ to or        
subtract+ f x4 ,?is !n is y\r ideal kit 
= x  has )/ood ! 8acid te/0 ( exp]i5ce4 
,:at "o man calls a  necessity ano!r    
calls a luxury1 yet ?is same luxury if !
 second man  wants x bad en\gh becomes  
=?) a necessity4    ,hav+ a prop]       
equipm5t & en\gh c\rage = ! und]tak+ x  
is  a/oni%+ to see ) :at confid5ce &    
indep5d5ce two heal?y m5  c cut loose f 
_! civiliz$ surr\nd+s & ) :at com=t  &  
happ9ess !y c live out ( doors dur+ a   
consid]able vacation  trip4             
,,p]sonal ,,equipm5t    ,9 *oos+ clo?+ =

 a wild]ness hike1 /yle plays no        
important  "p3 com=t & s]vice are ! ma9 
requirem5ts4 ,9 g5]al x is a  safe rule 
to adopt t k9d usually worn 9 ! locality
 :]e y g4    ,! coat is to be at once   
elim9at$4 ,"o nev] ne$s x3 x is         
cumb]some1 x imp$es ! sw+ ( ! arms & is 
no protection 9  inclem5t wea!r4 ,x     
readily soaks up wat] or if made (      
wat]pro(  /uff moi/ure is cond5s$       
inside4 ,a good wool sweat] is f>       
pref]able & %\ld be includ$ 9 e         
individual pack3 y won't  use x mu* m   
?an = a w>m] at ! ev5+ camp4    ,! be/  
headge> is an old felt hat ( m$ium brim 
s ! bru% won't  =ev] be snat*+ x (f4 ,x 
w /ay on ! head bett] if y get  ! hat a 
size too small & rip out ! l9+ s t !    
felt c  cl+ to ! hair4    ,we> a coat   
/yle %irt always ( wool or flannel & ( a
 gray or tan  color :i* won't %[ dirt s 
badly z ! popul> blue does nor is x  s  
conspicu\s4 ,to all[ = %r9kage get x a  
size too l>ge 9 !  beg9n+ & ( m$ium     
light weight because if too heavy x     

becomes  cumb]some 9 y\r "w3 two milit>y
 bell[s pockets ) buttons are  conv5i5t 
= small /[aways4    ,x is q advisable to
 wat]pro( all wool5 items 9 ! outfit    
aft]  ! foll[+ me?ods3 secure ?ree      
ounces ( anhydr\s wool fat &  dissolve 9
 *lor(orm4 ,?is is add$ to "o gallon (  
b5z9e & !  g>m5ts soak$ !re9 = ?ree     
m9utes & !n hung up to dry 9 a  draft4  
,! volatile b5z9e evaporates leav+ !    
fib]s ( ! wool  encas$ 9 ! natural oil4 
,?is is ( p>ticul> advantage to !       
outdoor man s9ce ! wool5 fib]s ?us      
treat$ d n soak up wat]  & swell b only 
all[ wat] to fill up ! air int]spaces ( 
!  fabric f :i* x c be readily expell$4 
,! tr\s]s w be subject to great we> &   
%\ld be *os5 =  s]vice r ?an = looks or 
w>m?1 :i* latt] w be tak5 c>e  ( by !   
wool und]suit4 ,khaki is light & cool b 
x notori\sly  displays dirt4 ,molesk9 or
 :ipcord )/&s ! h>de/ usage & is        
w9dpro( & w>m4 ,x is ! *oice ( !        
,hudson's ,bay m5 ^:  discrim9ation 9   
matt]s reg>d+ outfit is to be respect$4 

,! fit  ( ! tr\s]s is a mo/ important ?+
 if "o is to walk 9 com=t4  ,!y mu/ n   
draw at ! knees :i* w\ld mean spe$y     
fatigue on !  m>* & !y %\ld be (        
abundant l5g? ) pl5ty ( wid? f  ! knee  
to ! hip4 ,! knick]bock] /yle =m]ly     
evolv$ a smile (  ridicule f "s         
look]s-on b aft] try+ all sorts & k9ds  
"o  mu/ conc$e ! 8/agg$0 /yle ! be/ =   
woods walk+4 ,if y h  long tr\s]s cut !m
 (f half way up to ! knee1 slit !m ! re/
  ( ! way up & fold ov] to a snug fit   
ab\t ! calf & secure )  lac+ or buttons4
 ,! heavy wool socks %\ld be br\ght up  
ov] !  pant legs & ) ?is arrangem5t "o  
is able to travel ) m  com=t ?an ) !    
long tr\s]s4 ,susp5d ! pants f ! hips by
  a good lea!r belt4    ,! selection ( !
 und]suit requires m c>e ?an ! out]     
g>m5ts4 ,pref]ably x %\ld be a loosely  
fitt+ union suit ( pure  s(t wool       
reg>dless ( season4 ,wool absorbs       
p]spiration & prev5ts  *ill4 ,cotton on 
! o!r h& reta9s p]spiration & is a      
clammy  *ill produc] :5 ! body beg9s to 

cool (f4 ,nev] use ?ick  und]we> ev5 9  
w9t]3 bett] h an extra und]suit1 a size 
l>g]  ?an ! "o ord9>ily worn1 = d\bl+ up
 9 cold wea!r4 ,two ?9  suits worn      
toge!r are w>m] ?an a ?ick "o weigh+ z  
mu* z  bo?3 ?is is due to ! dead air    
int]space betwe5 ! two4    ,9 a pocket  
c>ry a good jack-knife ) two blades (   
fir/ class  /eel3 nev] take "o ( !      
_m-tool k9ds4 ,except on an ext5d$ trip 
y w n ne$ a %ea? knife4 ,"o ) a five-in*
 blade & h\s$  9 a lea!r %ea? ) belt    
loop is be/4 ,a good but*] knife makes  
an admirable implem5t = ! purpose4 ,!   
wat]pro( mat* box (  metal or rubb] %\ld
 always be c>ri$ on ! p]son & see to x  
t x is kept well fill$4 ,! supply = ?is 
pocket safe is to be  drawn f ! moi/ure 
tight mat* c c>ri$ 9 ! pack sack4 ,!    
usual blue b&anna h&k]*ief w occupy its 
place 9 ! hip pocket  & ! compass %\ld  
be worn 9 a %irtpocket & secur$ to a    
button  hole by a ra:ide ?ong4 ,or "o   
may use a compass :i* p9s on !  %irt    
front ?us be+ always 9 view & giv+ ! h&s

 fre$om =  use 9 o!r ways4              
,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,woods ,,walk+ ,,) ,a 
,,pack      ,!re is a c]ta9 trick 9     
le>n+ ! te*nique ( walk+ outdoors4      
,unless "o takes up p$e/rianism to make 
! mo/ ( x he is n apt  to p]fect himself
 9 an art univ]sally practis$ 9 a slip  
%od  fa%ion & yet :i* is "o ( ! simple/ 
functions ( ! human  body4 ,j ?is c>eful
 att5tion to details is :at di/+ui%es ! 
p$e/rian f ! m]e /roll]4 ,inde$ "o mu/  
walk ) ! head z  well z ) ! feet1 /udy+ 
to elim9ate ! faults ( gait4 ,!  secret 
is to f9d h[ to walk ) ! lea/ ef=t to   
relieve body  rigidity & ?us cons]ve    
vital =ce4    ,! gait ( ! av]age t[nsman
 is t ( a /roll]--a di/9ct up  & d[n    
action ) r rigid hips1 ! toes v likely  
po9t+  outw>d & ! heels /rik+ fir/ &    
di/urb+ ! balance4 ,!  c>riage may be   
erect en\gh & ! movem5ts spr+y &        
graceful ov]  firm level foot+ b x is an
 ill pois$ gait & exhau/+ %\ld  "o      
endeavor to l5g!n ! /ep or cov] ! gr\nd 
9 good "t4    ,ess5tially ! diff]5ce    

betwe5 ! above gait ( ! /roll] &  t ( ! 
p$e/rian is "o ( hip action1 jo9t       
loos5ess & mann]  ( foot implantation4  
,! novice w 9 all likelihood beg9 8     
practical walk+ on c\ntry roads & to him
 is n[ address$ ! ma9  features ( !     
prop] gait 9 p$e/rianism4 ,he w probably
 be  un5cumb]$ ) a pack & w h a firm1   
level surface = walk+  ) consequ5t      
fre$om to develop a gait ( def9ite 8=m40
    ,9 ! be/ regulation gait--! long    
sw++ /ride--! knee gives a  little z !  
weight ( ! body is plac$ on t leg b n s 
mu*  z to b5d ! knees4 ,x is midway     
betwe5 ! b5t knee /ride ( !  ,fr5* ,army
 & ! extreme conv5tional /iff kne$      
8goose /ep0 ( !  ,g]man ,army4 ,! foot  
is kick$ well =w>d & by ?is ! rate (    
spe$ is regulat$ r ?an by press+ ! foot 
aga9/ ! gr\nd  z x leaves x1 :i* is     
fatigu+4 ,! body is held erect1 *e/ up  
& %\ld]s back b n /ra9$ nor lift$4 ,!   
movem5ts are  graceful & spr+y z no jo9t
 is held 9 rigidity4 ,! eyes are fix$   
ab\t #ce feet ahead4    ,!re is         

consid]able ( a sw+ at ! hips1 9 fact a 
di/9ct  roll--! hips sway+ an in* or m  
to ! /epp+ side ) a  correspond+ long   
pace4 ,! leg is swung back & =? f ! hip1
  ! knee jo9t aid+ ?is motion by adapt+ 
! leg to !  irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd     
surface4 ,z employ$ by pr(essional      
long-di/ance walk]s ! hip action is     
some:at exagg]at$4 ,! hip  roll is      
regulat$ to "s ext5t by ! sw+ ( ! arms  
:i* %\ld  alt]nate ) ! leg action4 ,?is 
is a means ( in/ill+ a lot (  en]gy into
 ! gait4 ,! t5d5cy is to ov]do--to sw+  
too vigor\sly  & by ov]sway+ di/urb !   
body balance ) a resultant fatigue4 ,z  
an aid to ?is1 "s pr(essional walk]s use
 a two foot light walk+  /ick or rid+   
crop held 9 ! h&s4 ,! arms may be held  
any way  desirable b x is advisable to  
c>ry !m well up4    ,woods walk+ ) a    
pack diff]s greatly f common road t\r+4 
,9  8 primitive =e/ habitat ! woodsman c
 outwalk ! exp]i5c$  p$e/rian = he has !
 knack ( negotiat+ a /eady gait ov]     
unev5  & slipp]y gr\nd1 edg+ ?r\gh      

?ickets & worm+ 8 way amid  fall5 timb]1
 rocks1 bru%1 etc41 ) less fret &       
ex]tion ?an "o  :o is accu/om$ to smoo?1
 unob/ruct$ pa?s4 ,! woodsman besides   
hav+ ! h&icap ( travel+ ov] an unev5    
surface is m or less  encumb]$ by a pack
 :i* ev5 if made z light z possible     
gives !  hik] a ta/e ( real "w4 ,! long 
sw++ gait ( ! bu%man is  less tir+ ?an !
 /raight ahead /iff] /ride ( "o :o walks
 on  smoo? gr\nd z on city pavem5ts4    
,?is woods walk+ is acquir$ )  exp]i5ce 
z a result ( physical adaptation to     
repeat$ em]g5cy  foot+ exig5cies4    ,! 
poise ( an ,indian 9 ! act ( /epp+ w\ld 
be f\nd to be a  p]fect body balance on 
ea* foot4 ,?is all[s great control ov]  
movem5ts3 ! *>act]i/ic sil5t /eal? ( !  
r$man displays !  greate/ economy (     
vital =ce4 ,he cons]ves 8 /r5g? & makes 
e /ep c\nt1 (t5 go+ ar\nd _m places :i* 
o!rwise he  c\ld make ) a hop1 skip &   
jump--a desid]atum 9 prev5t+  fatigue 9 
woods walk+ :]e ! /eps mu/ be ( unequal 
l5g? &  ! foot+ s diff]5t4    ,!re is no

 d\bt t walk+ is unexcell$ z a %ort cut 
ex]cise to  ! atta9m5t ( physical       
fitness4 ,"o %\ld nev] try to accompli% 
too mu* at "o "t1 = ov]do+ disgu/s "o ) 
! pa/ime4  ,/>t 9 easy1 walk            
delib]ately1 adopt an easy1 natural gait
 &  ma9ta9 x4 ,%ort re/s are p]missible 
b if ov]done !y result 9  /iff muscles &
 *ill4    ,! "q ( ! numb] ( miles to    
attempt on a day's tramp is  temp]$ by !
 sev]al conditions ( roads1 trails1     
altitudes1 hills1  size ( pack1 if on   
su* a trip1 & physical capabilities4 ,"o
 records  !n v>iations 9 t\rs f !       
accompli%m5t ( b two miles a day  ) a   
back pack on a woods tramp ov] seem+ly  
impassable swamp to !  pr(essional      
a*ievem5t ( ! fam\s ,we/on :o betwe5 8  
sev5ty-fir/ & sev5ty-second bir?day     
walk$ f ,new ,york to  ,cali=nia & back 
at ! rate ( #df miles a day4    ,= !    
av]age bus9ess man a "o to five mile    
tramp ea* aft]noon is  an admirable &   
p]fectly feasible ex]cise3 9 fact ?is   
di/ance is  cov]$ by _m 9 _! daily      

activities4 ,take ! fir/ mile or two    
sl[ly to limb] up4 ,daily "o c increase 
! di/ance z !  p]fect+ ( ! /ride &      
endurance p]mits until he c cov] tw5ty  
to tw5ty-five miles a day 9 road walk+  
)\t injury--a feat n  difficult to      
attempt if "o is 9 good heal?4 ,tak5 z a
 once a week  culm9ation to ! daily     
sev]al mile walk ! tw5ty-five mile walk 
is  z mu* z ! inexp]i5c$ walk] %\ld take
 & n feel  inconv5i5c$4 ,= ! exp]i5c$ a 
trip ( ?is l5g? w\ld be  m]ely          
incid5tal4    ,?ree miles an h\r is     
com=table = a day's trip4 ,! infantry   
gait  is ?ree miles & is suffici5t = !  
amateur :o is out = 8  heal?4 ,x is n   
easy to walk f\r miles an h\r & keep x  
up & x  is c]ta9ly too mu* = ! novice to
 attempt4    ,9 e/imat+ ! rate ( travel 
measure y\r pace1 ! av]age is two  feet 
9 l5g?1 & "t y\rself = ! approximately  
#bejj paces p]  measur$ mile1 c\nt+ !   
#abej "r foot implantations1 & !n use   
"t = e/imat+ di/ance r ?an ! l9e>       
measure ( mileage  :i* latt] is         

impossible 9 ! unmapp$ wild]ness4 ,if y 
c>e to be  m exact ! p$omet] c be us$4  
,don't try to break ! record--x  is     
endurance n spe$ t c\nts4 ,be free to   
*oose y\r c\rse1 &  nev] hurry le/ self 
repreh5sion come ^u y4 ,x is ! travel]  
on  foot :o has ! "t to receive &       
reflect ^u 8 impressions & at  ! same "t
 pleasantly rejuv5ate 8 body & m9d4     
,= "o contemplat+ a long tw5ty-five mile
 or s hike x is well to  *oose a r\te   
:]e x is nev] necess>y to m>* v f> 9 a  
day  = lack ( int]v5+ accommodations4 ,9
 mo/ ( our c\ntry ?is is  easily        
accompli%$4 ,! annual vacation hike c be
 well sp5t 9 "o  ( our ,national ,p>ks1 
! walk]s' p>adise4 ,"h ! p$e/rian c  />t
 f "o ( ! _m not$ t\ri/ c5t]s & be c]ta9
 (  accommodations be=e ! next night's  
re/+ place3 he c obta9  vi/as ( fam\s   
sc5]y & ga9 a /oreh\se ( pleasant       
memories  :i* fully disc\nt any h>d%ip  
he may h exp]i5c$ on ! trail4    ,to    
accompli% a hike 9 ! mo/ approv$ =m !   
arrangem5t ( meals  & travel %\ld be    

v>i$ some:at f ! conv5tional cu/oms4 ,a 
fairly e>ly morn+ />t %\ld be made ) b  
two meals 9 view--a  t5 a4 m4 breakfa/ &
 a five p4 m4 supp] ) p]haps a brief    
midday  pause & a prep>$ lun*4 ,?is     
gives ! man :o cooks 8 own meals a  long
 /ret* ( "t = gett+ ov] ! gr\nd )\t !   
worry &  "t ( cook+ a noonday repa/4    
,a n9e to t5 h\r sleep is none too      
little = anyone enjoy+ !  heal?ful      
outdoor life1 9 fact ! increas$ am\nt ( 
sleep t "o  seems to require is "o ( !  
upbuild+ features ( su* a trip &  is n  
to be cut %ort = any reason4 ,! am\nt ( 
sleep ne$$ is (  c\rse subject to       
individual peculi>ities4    ,9 real hot 
wea!r />t at daybreak & y c get 9 a half
 day's  j\rney by ! "t ! sun is hot4    
,sl[ d[n at ! heat ( day &  hunt a %ady 
retreat4 ,on su* days dr9k b little wat]
 & h x  pure4 ,"o w p]spire freely1 :i* 
is good1 = ?is is ,nature's way  ( cool+
 ! body by evaporation3 if "o /ops      
sweat+ !re is real  dang] ( heat /roke4 
,9 wild]ness travel ! mo/ dep5dable     

guides are ! compass1  comb9+ ) ! ,nor? 
,/> by night or ! sun by day4 ,night    
travel  is bas$ on ! ,nor? or ,pol> ,/> 
z ! infallible guide4 ,x is  locat$ by  
means ( ! big dipp] :i* %\ld be kn[n to 
ev]yone4  ,! two />s f>!/ f ! h&le &    
l[e/ are ne>ly 9 l9e &  are call$ !     
8po9t]s40    ,( c\rse1 if ! sun is %9+ y
 w h a reliable guide to  direction1    
dep5d+ on ! "t ( day4    ,! season$     
woods travel] goes pr9cipally by        
direction & he has  develop$ to a high] 
or less] degree ! 8bump0 ( locality or  
in/9ct ( direction develop$ by 8 tra9$  
close obs]vation4 ,he  gets ! lay ( !   
l&1 not+ little ?+s :i* are unusual1 su*
  z rocks1 trees1 s\nds1 c\rse ( /ream  
fl[1 flora & fauna ( !  c\ntry & !n he  
travels nor?1 ea/1 s\? & we/ ( "s       
special  l&m>k1 z a riv]1 m\nta91 lake1 
etc4 ,! use ( ! compass1 ,nor?  ,/>1    
etc41 is mu* pref]able to travel by     
l&m>ks1 = nor? is  always nor? :]eas two
 l&m>ks may look alike & h5ce bewild]+4 
,if y expect to retrace y\r /eps y %\ld 

look frequ5tly backw>d  & impress !     
sali5t features ( ! l&scape on y\r      
memory su* z  a cliff "h1 a di/ort$ tree
 !re1 & ! l4    ,9 su* a region1 too1 "o
 %\ld blaze ! trail by *ipp+ ! b>k  (f  
trees at int]vals along ! way & on bo?  
sides ( ! tree if  "o is to retrace !   
r\te4 ,9 a c\ntry cov]$ by bu%es blaze !
  trail by b5d+ ov] a gre5 bu% 9 !      
direction 9 :i* y are  go+1 snapp+ ! /em
 or *opp+ x ) an axe3 ! top po9t+  away 
f ! trail4 ,! und]side ( ! leaves be+ ( 
light] %ade  ?an ! upp] m>ks su* a sign 
conspicu\sly 9 ! wild]ness4    ,if y    
int5d to hunt 9 unfamili> t]ritory :]e y
 mu/ dep5d on  y\r compass to get y out1
 a map %[+ ! topography ( ! l&  is (    
great b5efit4 ,^! quadrangles c be      
secur$ at ! ,/ate ,l&  ,(fice1 c\nty    
seat or at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,l& ,(fice1 !
 ,po/ ,(fice  ,dep>tm5t or ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton4   
,!y  are compil$ f ! field notes (      
surveyors & !y indicate !  location (   
/reams1 lakes1 roads1 m\nta9 ranges1    

swamps1 etc4          ,,*apt] ,,iv      
,,map ,,read+      ,a k ( ! rudim5ts (  
map read+ is ess5tial to ! camp]  :o has
 occasion to travel into wild]ness      
haunts4 ,he %\ld h a  cle> m5tal        
conception ( ! gr\nd to be cov]$ & ! map
  furni%es ?is--! correspond+ di/ances1 
! net "w ( /reams1  roads & trails1 & ! 
elevations & slopes4    ,! />t+ po9ts = 
all surveys are ! five pr9cipal m]idians
  :i* run nor? & s\?4 ,! range ( !      
t[n%ips are numb]$ on  ?is l9e ea/ & we/
 & all reliable maps h ! base l9es &    
m]idians indicat$4 ,! t[n%ips are fur!r 
divid$ into ?irty-six  sections ( six   
hundr$ & =ty acres ea* & ea* section    
measures  "o mile squ>e mak+ a total    
section measurem5t ( six miles squ>e4   
,! corn]s ( all sections are m>k$ 9 !   
field z foll[s3--,9 !  op5 c\ntry m\nds 
are plac$ by ! gov]nm5t surveyors &     
surr\nd$ by f\r pits--"o pit on ea*     
section ( l&4 ,)9 ?is  m\nd w be f\nd a 
/one ) z _m not*es cut on ! ea/ &  we/  
side z x is miles to ! t[n%ip l9e4 ,9   

timb]$ regions  in/ead ( a /one m>k] !  
int]sections ( ! section l9es are  m>k$ 
by a /ake & ! f\r sides fac+ ! sections 
are blaz$ &  ! data ( sections1 t[n%ip &
 range m>k$ & not*$ ! same z  on ! /one 
m>k]s4 ,midway betwe5 ! half section    
int]sections !  m>k]s w h b two pits--"o
 on ei!r side & repres5t+ !  qu>t]      
sections & m>k$ #a-d-,s-4    ,! ,unit$  
,/ates ,geological ,survey topographic  
atlas %eets are !  /&>d & are designat$ 
by ! "n ( ! pr9cipal t[n or ( "s        
prom95t natural feature )9 its b\nd>y4  
,! names ( !  adjo9+ publi%$ %eets are  
pr9t$ on ! m>g9s4 ,!y are ! base  maps  
on :i* ! geology & m9]al res\rces ( a   
quadrangle are  repres5t$4 ,( ^! ! hik] 
is likely n int]e/$ b ! map to  him is  
invaluable because ( ! foll[+3 x        
repres5ts to him3--    #a4 ,! di/ances  
:i* are %[n by a scale bas$ on a        
fractional  proportion betwe5 ! l& area 
& ! map area4 ,! scale mo/ us$  = ?ickly
 settl$ or indu/rially important p>ts ( 
! c\ntry is  "o l9e> mile to "o l9e>    

in*1 ! proportion ( :i* is #a3fc1cfj  & 
! map repres5ts a gr\nd area ( #ae (    
latitude by #a (  longitude4 ,! map us$ 
= ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry cov]s an  area 
( #cj ( latitude by #cj ( longitude ) a 
scale ( two miles to  ! in* or a        
proportion ( #a3abe1jjj4 ,9 ! des]t     
regions ( ! f>  we/ ! map cov]s m       
t]ritory h5ce ! proportion is great]1   
#a3bej1jjj4 ,x cov]s an area ( #a (     
latitude by #a ( longitude ) a  scale ( 
f\r miles to an in*4    #b4 ,on ! map w 
be f\nd br[n cont\r l9es :i* are        
arbitr>y  l9es pass+ ?r\gh po9ts ( l    
altitude1 ?us ea* repres5ts b  "o level1
 su* z ! %ore l9e at ! sea side1 & ! map
 pres5ts  all ! ecc5tric me&]+s ( !     
latt]4 ,e few feet 9 elevation  above   
sea level or depression bel[ sea level  
is repres5t$ by a  cont\r l9e & ! cont\r
 int]val or v]tical di/ance betwe5 l9es 
is /at$ at ! bottom ( ! map4 ,?is v>ies 
f five feet on  comp>atively level      
c\ntry to #bjj feet 9 ! m\nta9s4        
,usually on  ab\t e fif? l9e appe>s !   

exact elevation ( t po9t above  sea     
level4 ,cont\r l9es close toge!r        
indicate sudd5 rise or fall (  gr\nd &  
:5 ^! l9es are f> ap>t a m g5tle slope4 
,:]e  !y b5d abruptly inw>d !y repres5t 
a valley4    ,f ! cont\r l9es we get !  
relative height ( ! hills & dep?  (     
valleys1 & :e!r !y are concave or convex
 & ?us !y give  ! data ( ! relief or    
pr(ile ( ! l&--! m\nta9s1 hills &       
valleys4    #c4 ,aside f pres5t+ to u ! 
di/ances ( a region & ! relief  data    
repres5t$ by ! cont\rs :i* are pr9t$ 9  
br[n !  topographic map pictures ! wat] 
7sea1 lakes1 riv]s & /reams7  pr9t$ 9   
blue & ! cultural works ( man pr9t$ 9   
black4 ,!  features are all indicat$ by 
conv5tional signs1 a key to :i* usually 
is pr9t$ on ! back ( ! map4    ,9 read+ 
a map y fir/ direct ! upp] edge to !    
nor? by ! aid  ( ! compass or1 if ! sun 
%9es1 by ! aid ( a wat*4 ,next y  locate
 ! camp 9 relation to prom95t l&m>ks1   
trails1 roads1  /reams & cont\rs4 ,!n z 
y travel y note ! configuration (  !    

gr\nd1 ! g5]al direction1 & ! l&m>ks4   
,if ! g5]al  c\rse ( ! trail is s\? &   
we/ & y are to det\r nor? ( x  y w only 
h to run s\? to get back to y\r base l9e
 or camp4  ,if y\r c\rse v>ies to ! ea/ 
or nor? x w be necess>y to make  ! same 
di/ance we/ or s\? to get back to y\r   
/>t+ po9t4    ,aft] a little practice 9 
map read+ "o becomes pr(ici5t & he  w be
 able if 9 unsurvey$ t]ritory to make 8 
own map4 ,get !  compass directions f ! 
camp ( e prom95t l&m>k )  p>ticul>      
att5tion to /reams & ! ridges sep>at+   
!m4 ,if "o  is out explor+ x is a good  
idea to climb to ! summit ( "s b>e  fac$
 promontory & !re /udy ! topography ( ! 
c\ntry3--!  location ( ! lakes1 swamps1 
:i!r ! /reams run1 ! numb] &  direction 
( ! ridges1 etc4 ,! m5tal map ?us made w
 be va/ly  useful lat] on4    ,9 travel+
 ov] hilly or m\nta9\s c\ntry foll[ !   
c\rses at !  heights ( l&4 ,x %ort5s !  
way = if ! /reams are foll[$ "o  may h  
to cross _m tribut>ies & make long      
det\rs4      ,,! ,,compass ,,& ,,its    

,,uses    ,= ! av]age woods hik] a      
compass is a necessity 9 lay+ out !     
c\rse ( travel4 ,m5 ^: bus9ess keeps !m 
9 ! wild]ness seldom  c>ry ! in/rum5ts b
 9 !m is develop$ to a high degree !    
bump  ( locality--t in/9ct t po9ts !    
way--c\pl$ ) tra9$  obs]vation ( l&     
signs along ! trail4    ,consult !      
compass (t51 o!rwise y may sw+ s f> f   
y\r  c\rse 9 go+ only a %ort di/ance t y
 w be incl9$ to d\bt  its accuracy4 ,9  
*oos+ a compass "o ne$ n g beyond !     
price (  two doll>s = a s]viceable &    
accurate in/rum5t4 ,! size is n  s      
important1 a  to #a in* dial is l>ge    
en\gh = sportsm54 ,!  ne$le or po9t]    
%\ld h an agate be>+ or jewel firmly set
 9  ! brass cap & to be accurately      
balanc$ on ! f9e temp]$ or  po9t$ pivot4
 ,x is v important to h ! box wat]-pro($
 else  ! ne$le w /ick4    ,! pr9ciple 9 
use compreh5ds ! pres5ce ( a !oretical  
magnetic  ,nor? ,pole locat$ nor?we/ (  
,hudson's ,bay :i* attracts ! blue end  
( ! compass ne$le f all p>ts ( ! nor!rn 

hemisph]e caus+  x to po9t 9 t          
direction4 ,%\ld "o wi% to lay a fairly 
accurate  c\rse1 h bo? h&s at lib]ty1   
hold ! compass 9 bo? h&s at  half arm's 
l5g? f body ) elb[s re/+ aga9/ y\r sides
 s z  to br+ ! compass 9 direct l9e ) ! 
c5t] ( y\r body4 ,to  settle ! ne$le    
quickly tip ! compass until ! end ( !   
ne$le  t\*es ! glass to *eck !          
vibrations4 ,repeat ?is quickly two or  
?ree times z ne$le passes ! c5t] ( ! arc
 x is mak+4 ,!n  c>efully level ! box to
 /op ! ne$le f vibrat+4 ,:5 !  ne$le    
sw+s free & f9ally /ops ! compass c be  
easily turn$  until ! lett] ,n is "u !  
blue end ( ! ne$le & !n "o  has all p>ts
 ( direction4 ,x is well to rememb] t ! 
ne$le is  affect$ by proximity to iron &
 /eel4    ,rememb]1 :5 read+ y\r map t !
 m]idian m>k$ !reon is !  true nor?4    
,y\r compass1 z j expla9$1 po9ts to !   
magnetic  nor?4 ,!re=e1 y w h to apply a
 correction to y\r compass  read+1 !    
am\nt necess>y v>y+ z y g ea/ or we/ ( a
 l9e  :i* passes1 approximately1 f      

,mack9ac ,isl&1 9 ,lake ,mi*igan1 to    
,savannah1 ,georgia4 ,! fur!r ea/ y are 
( ?is l9e ! m !  nor? end ( y\r ne$le w 
po9t we/ ( nor?2 ! fur!r we/ y  are (   
?is l9e ! m y\r ne$le w po9t ea/ ( nor?1
 !  am\nt ( ! deviation am\nt+ to "o    
m9ute we/ = ea* mile ea/  ( ?is l9e 7or 
#a = ea* #fj miles7 & "o m9ute ea/ = ea*
 mile  we/ ( ?is l9e4      ,,:at ,,to   
,,d ,,:5 ,,lo/    ,! cata/rophe ( gett+ 
lo/ besets almo/ e lone woods travel]   
soon] or lat] & frequ5tly results 9 a   
panic z deadly z t  :i* dr[ns good      
swimm]s4 ,ev5 tra9$ woodsm5 sometimes   
get 8turn$  ar\nd0 b !y usually f9d _!  
be>+s soon because ( ! g5]al  k ( !     
c\ntry & ! ma9 l&m>ks1 %apes & heights (
  m\nta9s1 ! tr5d ( ! ridges1 ! prevail+
 w9ds1 ! g5]al  direction & ultimate    
outlet ( ! /reams1 etc4 ,! dang] ( gett+
  lo/ is fur!r (fset by a prop] k ( tak+
 "o's be>+s1  by range f9d+1 by ! knack 
( travel+ by direction & by correct     
compass read+4    ,p]haps ! greate/     
cause ( "o's be+ lo/ aft] sep>ation f   

p>ty is t dur+ ensemble travel ! lead]  
is ! only "o :o sees  ! l&m>ks4 ,^u     
leav+ ! camp place or headqu>t]'s po9t  
"o  %\ld note ! l&scape & "k absolutely 
! direction he is  tak+1 o!rwise 8      
compass w be ( little value ev5 ?\gh he 
c  see ! sun & kn[s t if1 he po9ts ! h\r
 h& ( 8 wat* to  x1 half way betwe5 t   
po9t & twelve o'clock he is direct$     
s\?4    ,a lo/ man has a t5d5cy to      
travel 9 a circle :i* is expla9$ by  "s 
z be+ due to ! fact t mo/ m5 /ep f>!r ) 
"o foot  ?an ) ! o!r4 ,x c be avoid$ by 
select+ "s di/ant object1  walk+ /raight
 to x1 pick+ out ano!r 9 ! same l9e (   
travel  & cont9u+ to d ?is until "o has 
arriv$ some:]e4 ,"o has !  satisfaction 
( kn[+ t he w n f9d himself at ! place  
he  />t$ f a %ort "t previ\sly4 ,!      
compass !n is invaluable &  its         
directions mu/ "u no circum/ances be    
que/ion$4    ,to fur!r prev5t !         
possibility ( los+ "o's self he %\ld    
blaze  ! trail z he tries to travel out 
& keep /raight ) ! compass  if !re is no

 sun1 moon or />s to act z guides4 ,"o  
_c dep5d  mu* on ,nature's signs su* z !
 prepond]ance ( tree limbs on !  s\?    
side1 moss on ! nor? side1 etc4 ,9 a    
c\ntry t has be5  lumb]$ ov] old trails 
& woods roads %\ld be foll[$ d[n hill z 
! l[l&s & wat] c\rses are ! inv>iable   
de/9ation ( logs  & ^! old trails & tote
 roads usually guide ! travel] to "s    
lumb] camp or cle>+ f :i* a well def9$  
road is apt to lead4  ,z a la/ resort   
/rike runn+ wat] & foll[ x t5aci\sly4 ,9
 x  & along its %ore ! w&]] may p]*ance 
f9d food1 he may  possibly laun* a raft 
^u x & he c]ta9ly w n die ( ?ir/4    ,if
 y f9d y\rself hopelessly lo/ ! fir/ ?+ 
to d is to keep  cool & avoid panic = ! 
greate/ dang] is fe> :i* robs "o (  8   
judgm5t4 ,if y are ne> a p>ty & h a gun 
%oot twice 9  succession repeat+ aft]   
long waits4#a ,smoke di/ress signals are
  made by />t+ two gre5 /uff fires ab\t 
fifty feet ap>t4 ,get on a  high po9t = 
a look\t4      #a ,! signal v>ies ) !   
locality4 ,9 "s sections x is    "o %ot1

 !n a pause1 & !n two %ots 9 quick      
succession2 9 o!r    localities x is two
 %ots 9 quick succession1 !n a pause1 & 
!n a    s+le %ot4 ,asc]ta9 :at ! di/ress
 signal 9 any locality is    be=e v5tur+
 into ! wild]ness4    ,! back pack man  
is 9 no imm$iate dang] s long z 8 outfit
 is  ) him b let x be sep>at$ f him by  
mi%ap 9 a /range c\ntry  & 8 woodcraft  
+5uity w be tax$4 ,if night draws close 
build a  little biv\ac fire & camp be=e 
d>k1 make y\rself com=table1 get  9     
pl5ty ( fre% wood to keep up ! fire all 
night1 build a w9d  scre5 on ?ree sides 
( fall5 logs1 bru% & br[se1 & if        
possible  lay some?+ on ! b>e gr\nd to  
keep y (f ! dirt4    ,"o %\ld make x a  
rule nev] to leave ! camp )\t tak+ a    
small em]g5cy bag along :i* w\ld greatly
 assi/ 9 case ( gett+  lo/4 ,x %\ld     
conta9 a compass1 maps1 ,fir/ ,aid      
packet1 mat* box1  fi% l9e & hooks1     
em]g5cy ration & a knife4               
,,*apt] ,v    ,,packs ,,& ,,pack+       
,back pack+ ( ! wild]ness adv5tur]'s    

outfit is "o ( !  necess>y evils to be  
endur$ = ! privilege ( enjoy+ ! fre$om  
( travel & ! peace & quietude ( *e]ful  
camps 9 ! untrack$  solitudes ( ! great 
outdoors4 ,truly its trials &           
tribulations are  _m1 yet :5 fully ma/]$
 & "o becomes an adept 9 cruis+  me?ods 
x spells absolute indep5d5ce ( ev]y?+   
except food  supplies4 ,pack+ at be/ is 
a h>d plod b x is to be rememb]$ t  !re 
is a c]ta9 pleasure 9 ev5 ! r\ghe/      
exp]i5ce & t 9  aft] ye>s only !        
pleasant ?+s rema9 9 rem9isc5ce4    ,mu*
 may be sp>$ 9 ! way ( tr\ble & discom=t
 9 woods travel  by ! selection ( a     
correctly design$ & prop]ly hung pack   
c>ri]4  ,next to be+ prop]ly %od !      
possession ( a suitable rig =  c>ry+ !  
outfit f place to place is ! mo/        
indisp5sable  requisite = ! hik]4 ,! mo/
 common & satisfactory article =  ?is   
use is to be f\nd among ! array ( tump  
l9es1 pack sacks or  baskets1 & pack    
h>nesses1 ea* design$ = a purpose good =
 use 9  its p>ticul> field & v little   

else:]e4    ,?is *oice 9 turn dep5ds    
l>gely ^u ! weight ( outfit to be  c>ri$
 :i* ( c\rse %\ld be kept d[n to        
absolutely ess5tial  limits & )9 !      
p]sonal physical capabilities (         
endurance4 ,tasks  )9 "o's /r5g? are    
pleas+ or at lea/ tol]able3 ^? beyond  t
 /r5g? are puni%m5t4    ,! tramp]'s     
pack1 inclusive ( a t5 days supply (    
provisions1 ne$  n weigh ov] ?irty-five 
p\nds4 7,! season$ woods travel] w  />t 
) eighty p\nds47 ,any additional weight 
( grub w be  directly proportional to ! 
"t "o is to be out4 ,x is always        
advisable = two p]sons to g toge!r on   
su* a trip = !y c  %>e ! %elt]1 use !   
same cook+ ut5sils & c]ta9 o!r          
nonconsumable items4    ,x is a fact    
unbelievable to ! t5d]foot1 yet readily 
atte/$ by !  exp]i5c$1 t at ! beg9n+ !  
c>ry+ ( a ?irty-five p\nd  pack is      
entirely feasible = ! av]age man & at ! 
end ( sev]al  weeks "o c c>ry _m m p\nds
 ) "s ease4 ,on a %ort portage  trip )  
canoe relief ahead a pack ( "o hundr$   

p\nds is  conv5i5tly transport$ on "o's 
back4 ,! footman1 h[ev]1 mu/ be  c>ry+  
all ! "t & ! beg9n] w f9d a ?irty-five  
p\nd  pack a suffici5tly heavy burd54   
,?is mu/ include %elt]1 mess kit1  b$ & 
a week's supply ( provisions4 ,x is well
 to keep 9 m9d t  ! pack light5s "s ea* 
day z ! provisions are us$ up4    ,!    
v>i\s pack c>ri]s are s arrang$ t !     
weight is susp5d$  ei!r f ! head ( !    
woodsman1 f 8 %\ld] or by a  comb9ation 
( ! two me?ods4 ,x is to _m a surpris+  
/atem5t  t a mu* heavi] load c be c>ri$ 
susp5d$ by /raps ov] !  head ?an f !    
%\ld]s4 ,?is is due to ! fact t "o is   
?us  enabl$ to utilize ! p[]ful muscles 
( ! neck4 ,^! muscles are  g5]ally      
poorly develop$ 9 ! novice & ?is1 toge!r
 ) !  mu* bett] kn[n me?od ( %\ld]      
susp5sion pack+1 is d\btless  ! excuse =
 ! latt]'s popul>ity among o!r ?an      
exp]i5c$  woods travel]s4    ,!         
,indian-tump l9e or head /rap is ! pack 
c>ri] p> excell5ce  = ! transportation (
 heavy loads4 ,su* a load hangs entirely

 f  ! head ( ! c>ri] & n f ! %\ld]s4 ,x 
consi/s ( a  head b& ( r /iff lea!r ab\t
 two & a half in*es 9 wid?  by two feet 
9 l5g?4 ,to ea* end ( ?is is atta*$ a   
/rap or ?ong  ( simil> k9d ( lea!r eight
 to t5 feet long b only an in* 9  wid?  
tap]+ to a /ill less] wid? at ! ends &  
fix$ to ! head  b& by buckles4    ,to   
make up ! tump l9e pack proce$ z        
foll[s3--! blanket or  %elt] clo? is    
spread out & ! ?ongs laid l5g?wise ab\t 
a foot  f ei!r edge--! blanket is !n    
fold$ inw>d & across !  ?ongs4 ,! items 
to be c>ri$ are !n laid on ! end ( !    
blanket  well up t[>d ! head piece4 ,!  
o!r end ( ! blanket1 f !  folds ( :i* ! 
?ong ends are protrud+1 is pull$ taut1  
ti$  toge!r & pass$ ar\nd ! middle ( !  
pack4 ,! knack (  com=table tump l9e    
c>ry+1 once ! neck muscles are develop$ 
&  h>d5$1 is 9 prop]ly balanc+ ! pack4  
,! load is lift$ to ! back1 ! /rap pass+
 across ! head high  up on ! =ehead & n 
on top ( ! head z might be suppos$4 ,!  
load mu/ prop]ly fall 9 position on !   

back or discom=t w  c]ta9ly result ) a  
correspond+ decrease ( c>ry+ ability4 ,x
  %\ld fit well 9 ! small ( ! back1 j   
above ! hips4 ,!  me?od is v tiresome to
 ! un9itiat$ because ( ! /ra9 on !  neck
 & head b "o soon becomes accu/om$ to x4
    ,! tump l9e or head /rap is ! "o to 
use if ! pack am\nts to  mu* above ?irty
 p\nds4 ,indians are ?us able to c>ry   
loads (  sev]al hundr$ p\nds on %ort    
portages b :5 ! outfit c be  arrang$    
into sev]al sev5ty p\nd packs ! woodsman
 pref]s to ?us  break x up & make sev]al
 trips4 ,) ! tump l9e "o c c>ry  goods (
 mo/ any bulk & %ape4 ,! /rap has _m o!r
 uses ab\t  camp4    ,! pack c>ri]s :i* 
are susp5d$ f ! %\ld]s are fitt$ )      
loops ?r\gh :i* ! arms are ?ru/ & :i*   
are connect$ beh9d  to ! load ) ei!r a  
set ( h>ness int5d$ to be buckl$ ar\nd  
any sort ( camp duffle or rivet$ & sewn 
to a sack or basket4 ,fifty  p\nds is   
ab\t ! limit ( ! pack :i* "o ) exp]i5ce 
c  com=tably c>ry susp5d$ f ! %\ld]s4   
,brea/ /raps are  requir$ = use ) all   

types ( %\ld] h>ness to fa/5 ! arm      
loops toge!r 9 front or !y promptly slip
 (f4 ,9 case ( accid5t  9 ! wat] !y are 
dis5gag$ ) difficulty4    ,illu/ration3 
,,pack ,,h>ness    ,"o caution is       
necess>y 9 select+ ?is type ( pack+     
app>atus4  ,! %\ld] /raps mu/ lead f a  
common c5t] ne> ! front &  top ( ! pack 
& !y may !n atta* z usual to ea* l[]    
corn]4  ,! advantage 9 ?is s+le po9t    
susp5sion is ?is--if ! /raps hug  close 
to ! neck ( ! pack] !re is n ! d[n drag 
or tire :i*  w\ld be ! case 7 ! /raps   
ne>] ! po9ts ( ! %\ld]s4    ,! pack     
h>ness is good = transport+ an outfit   
provid$ "o does  n h to op5 ! pack on ! 
trail mu*--a proc$ure tak+ up too  mu*  
"t4 ,9 mak+ up su* a pack ! blanket &   
%elt] are made  into a compact elongat$ 
bundle4 ,! loose articles ( camp duffle1
 mess  kit1 food bags1 & extras are %ov$
 into a specially made sack (  light    
wat]pro( /uff ( say twelve by ?irty-six 
in* dim5sions &  ) a tight-fitt+ top4 ,!
 two bundles are plac$ side by side &  !

 pack /raps secur$ ab\t !m4 ,! pack     
h>ness ) ! tump l9e  comb9ation is ! be/
 /yle to use if "o pref]s n to use "o ( 
! pack sacks4    ,! pack basket ( wick] 
c be at once elim9at$ z x is too clumsy 
& bulky = our purpose & fur!r x is n    
wat]pro(4 ,x h[ev]  fits v nicely into  
li?ographs ( suppos$ly ideal camp sc5es4
 ,be+  nonexp&able x limits ! bulk (    
outfit4 ,x is nev]!less popul>  ) a     
c]ta9 class ( ,new ,engl& outdoor m54   
,,! ,,belmore ,,br[ne ,,pack ,,/rap     
,an +5i\s pack+ app>atus has be5 p]fect$
 by ,belmore ,br[ne (  ! ,p>k]-,br[ne   
,mt4 ,mc,kinley ,exp$ition ( #aiaj4 ,x  
consi/s ( a  padd$ canvas yoke :i* fits 
ov] ! brea/ & %\ld]s ( !  we>] & ! yoke 
ends connect by small /\t ropes to !    
pack mu*  ! same z ) a regulation tump  
l9e4 ,! size ( ! pack regulates  ! l5g? 
( ! la% rope4    ,?is pack /rap is made 
v simply aft]    ,illu/ration3 ,,belmore
 ,,br[ne ,,pack ,,/rap    ,me?od ( us+  
pack /rap & tump  l9e    ,diagram ( /rap
    ! accompany+ diagram4 ,! l5g? ( !   

brea/ /rap dep5ds ^u  ! bread? ( ! *e/ (
 ! we>]4 ,x is compos$ ( a piece ( t5   
ounce canvas ( say twelve in* l5g? &    
eight in*es wide :i* is  fold$ l5g?wise 
mak+ x twelve by f\r in*es & is padd$ by
 felt  or cotton4 ,to ei!r end ( ?is is 
atta*$ ! %\ld] /raps  consi/+ ( d\ble   
?icknesses ( t5 ounce canvas ?irty-six  
by six  in*es & fold$ l5g?wise & cut to 
tap] f ! yoke end4 ,to its  small] end  
is atta*$ a small /\t rope ( ! l5g?     
desir$ = !  pack y w c>ry4 ,! fir/      
twelve in*es ( ! %\ld] /raps only  are  
padd$4 ,! rope is la%$ ab\t ! pack & !  
loose ends ,b & ,d  are secur$ 9 ! holes
 ,a & ,c ne> ! arm pits4    ,to enable  
"o to use ! neck muscles also 9 addition
 to ! %\ld]  /raps a head /rap is us$4  
,?is is simply a d\ble piece ( t5 ounce 
canvas two in*es by twelve in*es at ^:  
ends are ti$ ropes :i*  are atta*$ to ! 
pack4 ,br[ne has c>ri$ ) ?is rig #ajj   
p\nds  all day = sev]al days at a "t4   
,v>i\s /yles ( pack sacks are extant4 ,!
 =eign sportsman has :at  he calls a    

rucksack :i* means a 8back sack0 & :i*  
is a triangul>  %ap$ affair usually (   
wat]pro($ mat]ials :i* he hangs ov] 8   
back by two /raps pass+ up across !     
%\ld]s4 ,! top is !  puck]$ end ( ! sack
 & rea*es up close to ! neck1 ! fl>$    
out bottom hangs d[n to ab\t ! small ( !
 back4 ,x is sometimes  fitt$ ) pockets4
 ,x is v good = c\ntry road t\rs or =   
=eign sight-see+ trips :]e ! items c>ri$
 cov] "s su* li/  z a noon day lun*1 a  
ra9coat1 a *ange ( und]we>1 photo films1
  notebook & guide book1 b x is         
unsuitable = heavy weight "w on  !      
wild]ness cruise4    ,! hav]sack or     
knapsack slung by a /rap f "o %\ld] is  
out (  date & nev] measur$ up to !      
requirem5ts = use 9 heavy pack+4  ,x is 
h&y = lun*es or z a ditty or em]g5cy kit
 bag4 ,! be/  pack sack 0 orig9at$ & put
 out by "o ,poiri] ( ,dulu? "s          
tw5ty-five ye>s ago & 0 orig9ally really
 ! :iteman's  improvem5t ( ! ,indian    
tump l9e & pack clo?1 +5i\sly fold$  &  
ti$ s z to s]ve z a sack ) susp5sion    

h>ness4 ,z li/$  today by mo/ outfitt+  
firms x consi/s ( a sack ) %\ld]  /raps 
& head susp5sion4 ,x is a v desirable   
article f !  po9t ( view ( ! wild]ness  
voyageur z he is enabl$ to ease up      
diff]5t sets ( muscles :ile on ! hike & 
,illu/ration3 ,,dulu? ,,packsack        
,illu/rat+ head-b& & s+le po9t susp5sion
 = %\ld]       /raps4    ,illu/ration3  
,diagram = mak+ packsack at home4 ,fold 
along ! l9es4    9 h&l+ a heavy pack !  
comb9$ use ( ! neck & %\ld]  muscles are
 br\ght into play4    ,?is pack goes "u 
! "n ( ! ,dulu?1 ,poiri]1 ,woodsman or  
,nor?we/]n ,pack & ) slight             
modifications is li/$ "u o!r  names by  
v>i\s deal]s 9 camp supplies4 ,! g5u9e1 
h[ev]1  consi/s ( a simple flat bag (   
dim5sions tw5ty-eight by ?irty  in*es ) 
adju/able %\ld] & head /raps4 ,x has a  
l>ge top flap  ) ?ree long /raps to hold
 x d[n ?us enabl+ "o to adju/ x to  a   
l>ge or small pack4 ,! foll[+ features  
are to be insi/$  ^u--get ! /raps broad 
& s(t & see to x t ! connections  are   

bo? sew$ & rivet$4 ,! ,poiri] pack is   
mu* us$ on !  ,canadian bord] & is      
easily procurable or x c be made at     
home4    ,all ?+s consid]$ & especially 
9 view ( ! ignorance ( !  av]age man z  
to h[ to adju/ 8 pack /raps prop]ly !   
,woodsmans  or ,poiri] is ! be/4    ,9  
its position on ! back ! pack %\ld be   
c>ri$ l[ s ! bulge  fits ! holl[ ( !    
back4 ,if too high !re is too mu*       
backw>d  /ra9 on ! head & %\ld]s3 if x  
is too l[ x int]f]es )  ! gait4 ,"o c   
ease up ! impact ( a pack by lett+ !    
knees give  a little ) ea* /ep4 ,9 !    
case ( heavy loads or a weak neck !     
/ra9 c occasionally be reliev$ by clasp+
 ! h&s beh9d !  head or by slipp+ !     
/raps f ! =ehead to ! top ( ! head  &   
grasp+ x ) bo? h&s ab\t 8e> high0 s z to
 get a /raight  pull d[nw>d in/ead (    
backw>d4      ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,pack  
,) a prop]ly *os5 pack a man c com=tably
 c>ry on 8 back all  t is ne$$ = a two  
weeks' /ay 9 ! wild]ness1 inclusive (   
%elt]1 b$1 cook kit1 simple fir/ aid    

requisites & ! necess>y  provisions4    
,besides ^! ! pack mu/ c>ry miscellane\s
 items (  duffle z foll[s3    ,extra    
clo?+ may be v meag] inde$4 ,a gray all 
wool sweat] =  protection aga9/ cold1   
ma9ly at night or to be worn :5 wa%+ !  
%irt1 & two pairs ( heavy all wool socks
 are all t "o ne$s4 ,9  ! way ( toilet  
articles include a too? bru% & a tube ( 
pa/e &  two br[n cra% t[els = ! daily   
rub d[n4 ,a b> ( wool soap  suffices =  
toilet & laundry purposes4 ,! map m\nt$ 
on clo?  %\ld be encas$ 9 a wat]pro(    
envelope4    ,provide a repair kit      
consi/+ ( a few items = simple m5d+--a  
spool ( /\t l95 ?read ,no4 #ab1 )       
suitable ne$les1 a few rivets1  safety  
p9s1 "s wax$ h>ness ?read1 ne$les & a   
light awl4    ,a good axe is almo/      
indisp5sable4 ,al?\gh an exp]i5c$ camp] 
may  le>n to get along well no matt] :at
 is lack+1 )\t an axe he is  s]i\sly    
h&icapp$ = food1 w>m? & camp mak+ & (t5 
protection f bea/s & insects dep5d on ! 
axe & ! fire x  makes possible4 ,a gun  

may be disp5s$ ) b nev] ! axe4 ,don't   
try  to economize too mu* 9 its weight4 
,= av]age trips & mod]ately  cold nights
 a light belt axe ( say "o & "o-f\r?    
p\nd head is  ab\t "r4 ,x %\ld h a long 
helve & x w !n give great]  p[] ?an a   
heavy "o ) a %ort helve4 ,pocket axes   
are n  advisable4    ,if ! nights are   
cold & y h to keep up an all night fire 
9  front ( ! leanto1 an h\r's "w w      
enable y to sp5d ! night  fairly        
com=table4 ,y w ne$ a l>ge am\nt ( good 
dry wood4 ,to  secure ?is ! axe _h bett]
 be a well temp]$1 light regulation     
*opp+ axe ( say a two p\nd head & a     
?irty in* h&le4 ,nev]  take a poor axe  
into ! wild]ness :]e com=t & (ttimes    
life  dep5d on x4 ,s(t temp]$ edges b5d 
:]e ?9 & if temp]$ too  h>d !y w break 9
 froz5 wood or knots4    ,a small       
:et/one = %>p5+ mu/ be ) y4 ,!          
comb9ation  co>se & f9e c>borundum      
sportsman /one is h&y4 ,a lea!r %ea?  w 
help to protect ! axe edge f becom+     
dull$ & ! outfit  f be+ cut4 ,9 use keep

 ! axe cle> ( ov]head limbs or bru%  :i*
 might turn x4 ,hold x rigid & le>n to  
hit ! spot aim$ at4    ,! inclusion (   
fi%+ tackle dep5ds on ! nature ( !      
locality  y are to visit4 ,fi% make an  
agreeable *ange f a bacon1 biscuit  &   
tea diet4 ,take a few hooks1 a /\t l9e1 
flies & spoon hooks &  y c dep5d on     
improvis+ ! pole :]e us$4 ,= bait y may 
be  driv5 to bacon fat1 frogs1          
gras%opp]s or grubs f an old rott5  log4
 ,if ! prime object ( ! trip is = fi%+  
purposes ( c\rse a  m elaborate equipm5t
 is p]missible4 ,y really won't mu*     
notice  ! extra weight ( a fi% rod4     
,:5 e ounce & squ>e in* ( duffel h to be
 debat$ ov] 9  view ( ! all important "q
 ( food supply & transportation         
facilities ! addition ( a small film    
cam]a be>s few objectionable  features4 
,9 no o!r way c a tru?ful record (      
vacation sc5es be  pres]v$4 ,x tru?fully
 portrays wild life 9 native habitat &  
is a  great /imulus to p]sonal          
obs]vation4 ,almo/ any "o c pu% !       

button & run a good *ance ( gett+ a     
clean cut picture1 ! clev]  ?+ is to    
amplify ! cam]a's work+ ) "o's good s5se
 9  compos+ ! picture4 ,9 woodl& views  
:5 ! sun is l[ expose to  get ! long    
%ad[s4 ,9 wild animal "w get leew>d to !
 trails4 ,!  light+ ( y\r subjects %\ld 
always come f beh9d ! cam]a4  ,film mu/ 
be protect$ f moi/ure & y c insure ?is 9
 no way  bett] ?an by gett+ ! k9d :i* is
 h]metically seal$ z sold =  tropical   
use & obta9able f ! mak]s on special    
ord]4          ,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,footwe>
      ,! mo/ important requisite = !    
p$e/rian is mobility4 ,?is 9  turn      
dep5ds ^u prop]ly condition$ feet & a   
cov]+ p]mitt+  ! greate/ ease 9 action &
 fre$om f injury4 ,s important is  ?is  
physical item 9 ! case ( any "o :o walks
 t x may be tak5  z a crit]ion ( "o's   
ability to cov] gr\nd4 ,grant+ o!r ?+s  
equal1 ! successful army is ! "o :i*    
m>*es be/2 h5ce "o (  ! greate/ milit>y 
problems ( ! day is a /udy ( ! prop] c>e
  & h\s+ ( man's p$al extremities4 ,!   

measure ( effici5cy ( !  draft horse on 
icy pavem5ts1 ( nor!rn ,indian pack]s   
ov] unbrok5  woods portages1 & ( !      
amateur p$e/rian's initial hike ov]     
int]urban roads dep5ds ess5tially ^u be+
 prop]ly %od4    ,9 a /udy ( ! foot we  
f9d x compos$ mo/ly ( bones & t  _!     
movem5ts are manag$ by a complex        
arrangem5t ( muscles1 9  ne>ly e case by
 sev]al sets work+ 9 unison4 ,any       
me*anical  displacem5t ( "o bone ?r[s n 
only all bones out ( h>moni\s  work+    
ord] b also dis>ranges _! accompany+    
muscles & !  n]ves atta*$ to !m1 result+
 9 ineffici5t action & 9  radiat+ pa9s4 
,! fle%y p>ts ( ! foot are at ! sole1   
ball1 on  ! bottom ( ! heel & along !   
out] bord] & !y play ! "p  ( protection 
:]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,! bottom fle% =ms   
pads 9  walk+ & support+ ! body1 insur+ 
spr+9ess & less5+ !  j> :i* is incid5tal
 to locomotion4 ,%oes t d n fit ! fle%y 
p>ts ( ! foot prop]ly cause friction :5 
walk+ & concomitant  a*es & pa9s4       
,illu/ration3 ,x-,,ray ,,( ,,foot       

,prop]ly h\s$ 9 =m fitt+ %oes    ,nature
 int5d$ man to walk ) b>e feet b foll[+ 
! dictates (  necessity z 8 environm5t  
dem&$ foot protection & lat] ( an  all  
too dom9ant dictate ( fa%ion he took to 
we>+ foot cov]+4  ,s9ce ! feet d an     
imm5se am\nt ( "w ,nature has s         
con/ruct$  !m t !y w adapt !mselves to  
_m conditions4 ,x is our duty  to adju/ 
! foot cov]+ to assi/ ,nature 9 protect+
 ! foot4    ,commonly ! fitt+ ( %oes is 
influ5c$ by a consid]ation (  fa%ion &  
/yle & n com=t1 ) a result+ condition   
:i* mo/  p *e]fully accept1 ?9k+ t by s 
do+ _! feet w  appe> small & neat b     
really caus+ a cramp+ & n>r[+ ( !  ball 
& toes1 ) possible *af+1 bli/]+1 callus 
or  corns--conditions incompatible )    
walk+ effici5cy4    ,! physical effects 
( ill fitt+ %oes are un=tunately evid5t 
)  mo/ p today4 ,9 addition if "o is n  
prop]ly outfitt$ on a  walk+ trip !     
psy*ological effect is also bad1 result+
 9  discom=t1 r$uction ( buoyancy ( _s1 
m5tal irritability &  dim9i%$ travel+   

capacity4 ,he becomes an object ( pity1 
8  enjoym5t is turn$ to grief & 8 value 
z a p$e/rian is 9 a  c]ta9 measure      
de/roy$4    ,an entire rev]sion ( %oe   
fitt+ ideas %\ld be made & ! %oes  made 
to fit ! feet in/ead ( ! feet to fit !  
%oes4 ,! feet are  n to be c>elessly    
jamm$ into any sort ( a conta9]4 ,a good
 %oe  cov] mu/ protect ! foot1 x mu/    
give security & be com=table  & durable 
)\t *ang+ ! foot %ape 9 any way4 ,to    
secure ^!  ?+s ! fitt+ %\ld h prec$5ce  
ov] all o!r conditions4  ,prop]ly fitt$ 
! %oe all[s ! foot to take practically !
 %ape  x w\ld if x 7 n encas$ 9 a %oe4  
,! la/ %\ld be /raight  & f ! outset d n
 reg>d ! sole z too broad4 ,!re %\ld be 
suffici5t wid? at ! end to all[ ! toes  
to lay on ! inn] sole  ( ! %oe 9 a      
normal position1 = :5 ! weight ( ! body 
is  plac$ on ! foot ! toes spread ap>t a
 little4 ,nature ?us dem&s  toe room4 ,)
 ! full weight ( ! body on ! foot ! toes
 %\ld  be able to wriggle ab\t freely 9 
a %oe4 ,walk+ causes ! feet to  l5g!n   

"o-half in* & broad5 at ! toe "o-half   
in*4 ,provide =  ?is swell+ caus$ by !  
flatt5+ ( ! ar* & conge/ion (  blood 9 !
 ex]cis$ region4 ,! %oe %\ld be long    
en\gh to ext5d  well =w>d ( !           
toes--two-?irds ( an in* long] ?an !    
longe/  measurem5t ( ! nak$ foot2 ! inn]
 sole bord] %\ld be /raight1  broad     
across ! ball & = av]age "w on ! roads  
ne$ n be  heavy b above all ?+s x %\ld  
con=m to ! foot4 ,h ! heel  fit snugly b
 across ! ball or front ( ! foot ar* no 
compression  at all4    ,! t5d5cy is to 
ov]do foot cov]+1 gett+ ! %oes too      
heavy4  ,!re is no ne$ ( lugg+ ar\nd    
extra weight4 ,aim = ! m9imum 9  leg    
we>9ess4 ,?ick soles int]f]e ) ! lev]age
 action ( ! big  toe4 ,! tramp] cov]s   
t]ritory & mu/ look = ease1 flexibility 
& lightness if at a sacrifice ( !       
durability ( ! heavi] goods4    ,! prop]
 %oe %\ld con=m to ! foll[+             
specifications3--x  %\ld h a s(t upp]1  
mak+ ! total %oe height five in*es1  !re
 %\ld be no l9+ or box toe cap1 ! heels 

%\ld be broad &  welt$ & only ?ree lifts
 high1 ! sole ( "o ?ickness4 ,! %oe     
%\ld be loose en\gh = free wriggl+ ( !  
toes )9 & p]mit  ( ! ins]tion ( a cork  
inn]sole :i* s]ves z a k9d ( cu%ion  = !
 tread & c be remov$ at night to dry    
out4    ,! %oe is ! product (           
civilization & prop]ly *os5 is          
pref]able = p$e/rianism 9 ! city & on   
c\ntry roads4 ,also 9  m\nta9 "w :]e we>
 is excessive & "o mu/ use calks or hob 
nails = security ! heavy sol$ light     
upp]$ ankle-high %oe is  advisable4     
,hobs ( ! small conehead$ ,hung>ian     
v>iety are good on  r\gh rocky c\ntry or
 :]e !re is smoo? %ort grass & add      
imm5sely to ease & com=t & safety 9     
walk+ ov] m\nta9  trails4 ,use ^! hobs  
sp>+ly4 ,!y give bett] foot hold &      
greatly  save ! sole & heel f we>4 ,!y  
%\ld n ext5d ?r\gh !  sole4    ,=       
wild]ness tramp+ 9 g5]al ! adoption ( an
 entirely diff]5t  sort ( footwe> is    
advisable4 ,! real hik]s--! m5 :o make x
 a  bus9ess ( go+ on long trips ) back  

packs d n use %oes4 ,!y  we> ! lighte/1 
easie/ we>+ & mo/ flexible foot cov]+ !y
  c get--! moccas94 ,! moosehide moccas9
 is ! footwe> ( !  ,nor?we/]n ,indian :o
 is ! mo/ tireless p$e/rian 9 ! _w4     
,next to him is ! ,canadian voyageur ) 8
 oil tan %oe packs4 ,7  ! heavy sol$ %oe
 or boot ! m satisfactory !y w\ld use x 
9  pref]5ce4    ,! moccas9 is a bett]   
foot cov]+ ?an "o w\ld ?9k4 ,if y walk  
a few hundr$ miles 9 moccas9s1 on y\r   
return1 y w be surpris$  at y\r c>riage4
 ,y w /& easi] & n sag on y\r heels 9 ! 
clumsy attitude ( ! city man4 ,9 walk+ )
 moccas9s y walk )  all y\r feet1 y     
don't h a great foot weight to lift     
ar\nd & no  b9d+ heel or sole /iffness4 
,"o c walk noiselessly & is n  likely to
 slip on rocks or logs4 ,"s cont5d t !  
av]age city man  has no lic5se to tackle
 moccas9s at lea/ on ! fir/ week ( !    
hike4 ,!y are h>d on s(t foot$ p = a "t 
at lea/ b !  feet soon become accu/om$  
to ! *ange4    ,by ! use ( ?ick wool    
socks ! foot com=t is /ill fur!r        

assur$4 ,if "o desires he c get sol$    
moccas9s or ^? ) d\ble  bottom to prev5t
 seam leaks1 ! out] sew$ to ! welt & !  
welt  sew$ to ! sole4    ,! moccas9 is  
absolutely unequall$ = w>m?1 x is light 
&  p]fectly noiseless & has /ood ! te/ (
 ages by t race (  hunt]s1 ! ,am]ican   
,indians1 :o orig9at$ also ! camp1      
trail1  sn[-%oe & canoe4 ,"o is1 :5     
equipp$ ) !m1 m c]ta9 9  c>ry+ a pack1  
he is n s apt to turn ! ankle1 & ! :ole 
musculature ( ! foot is br\ght into play
 :i* is a great  desid]atum 9 prec>i\s  
climb+4    ,( mat]ials moosehide is     
popul>ly associat$ ) moccas9s4 ,x does  
n pret5d to be wat]pro( b x is v durable
 & provides !  s(te/1 lighte/1 & mo/    
com=table footwe> made4 ,a pair weighs b
  a few ounces & rolls up 9 a small     
compass1 s an extra pair c be  nicely   
tuck$ away 9 a corn] ( ! pack4 ,ev5 if a
 man we>s %oes  dur+ ! day a pair (     
moccas9s %\ld be tak5 along = a re/ful  
*ange ( we> ab\t ! ev5+ camp fire4      
,moosehide & elksk9 are at  pres5t h>d  

to procure h5ce ! names are ma9ly trade 
t]ms4  ,discrim9at+ sportsm5 c get !    
g5u9e moosehide cruis+ packs  f !       
,putnam ,company1 ,m9neapolis4 ,= our   
purpose ! oil tann$  pack ( c[hide is m 
easily procurable & sup]ior = g5]al use 
to ! moosehide article4 ,x c be kept    
pliable & a semblance to  be+ wat]pro(  
by ! application ( animal oils4    ,!   
%oe-pack is a boot %ap$ l a moccas9 b ) 
a high] top4  ,ei!r is pref]able to a   
%oe = tramp+ because ( _! lightness  &  
s(tness to ! feet4 ,! upp] %\ld be high 
en\gh to make !  total pack height ab\t 
t5 in*es4    ,no matt] :at footwe> y    
*oose y %\ld provide = ! we>+ (  "o or  
two pairs ( heavy wool socks into ^:    
tops are tuck$ !  pants leg1 ?us do+    
away ) legg+s4 ,?is may s\nd p>adoxical 
to  ! t5d]foot4 ,! idea ( h\s+ ! feet 9 
summ]time 9 heavy wool  socks6 ,! notion
 nev]!less is bas$ on exp]i5ce4 ,! ?ick 
are no  hott] on ! feet ?an ! ?94 ,x is 
! lea!r t keeps ! heat  94 ,wool        
equalizes ! moi/ure evaporation4 ,if y\r

 "w =ces y  into wet places ! temp]ature
 is modifi$4 ,"o c fi% /&+ 9  v cold    
wat] & n suff]4 ,a sportsman c sp5d     
sev]al weeks 9  an almo/ normal         
condition ( wet feet )\t suff]+1 ev5 9  
mild  fall wea!r1 s9ce 8 wool socks keep
 8 feet w>m 9 spite ( !  wet & cold4    
,:]e "o p]spires freely on dry tramp+ ! 
p]spiration is tak5 up f ! sk9 &        
transmitt$ by ! wool  fib]s to ! outside
 ( ! sock :]e x is m easily evaporat$4  
,9 ! colde/ wea!r ! feet are always w>m 
:5 cov]$ ) heavy  wool socks & moccas9s 
& x is ! only successful comb9ation =   
use 9 sn[%oes4 ,= common tramp+ !y are  
ideal1 = ! con/ant  exposure ( ! feet to
 ! wet is to be anticipat$ & ! ?ickness 
( ! wool s(t5s ! %ock & pressure ( foot 
"w on r\gh trails1  dim9i%+ ! dang] (   
friction & impact4 ,9 fitt+ %oes or     
moccas9s ov] y\r heavy wool socks all[ a
 half size l>g] 9 l5g?  & two lett]s 9  
wid? ov] y\r /reet %oe4 ,ev5 !n y\r foot
  cov]+ w be ab\t ?ree times ! bulk (   
y\r tight fa%ion-plate  t[n footwe>4    

,! life ( a good fitt+1 light weight    
wool sock worn ) a good  fitt+ %oe is   
ab\t #ge to #ajj road miles or ab\t a   
week's we> 9  con/ant m>*+ "u ord9>y    
conditions4 ,:5ev] ! s(tness (  wool is 
lo/ because ( frequ5t wa%+s disc>d !m4  
,we/on we>s a  natural gray wool sock   
undy$4    ,nev] />t on a long hike )    
unbrok5 %oes4 ,a quick way to break  !m 
9 r ?an subject ! t5d] feet to ! try+   
ordeal is to  foll[ ! plan ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,army z foll[s3 ,we>+ ! %oes  ov]
 wool socks /& 9 ?ree in*es ( w>m wat] =
 five m9utes  until ! lea!r is s(t &    
pliable1 !n walk on a level surface =   
an h\r or until ! %oes dry on ! feet1 to
 ! %ape ( :i* !  pressure ( ! body      
weight & muscul> action h =c$ ! lea!r1  
9 dry+1 to con=m4 ,!y w !n be z         
com=table z old %oes4    ,! "o feature (
 %oe selection :i* seems to appeal to ! 
av]age  sportsman is wat]pro(+4 ,he w   
all[ 8 sane ideas ( size1 %ape1  weight 
& durability to run riot if only !      
salesman c prove 8  ass]tions ( !       

wat]pro( qualities ( ! item at h&4 ,x   
happ5s  to be well nigh impossible to   
make lea!r really wat]pro(4 ,if "o      
succe$s 9 impregnat+ ! tann$ sk9 ) "s   
wat] repell+  application ! seams are   
apt to leak 9 worn %oes & ! lea!r       
treatm5t goes = naught4 ,9 fact wat]pro(
 footwe> is j !  condition ! tramp] does
 n want4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is a s9 to   
encase a p]spir+ foot 9 a %oe :i* reta9s
 all ! effete matt]  ( p]spiration :i* w
 s(t5 & weak5 ! sk94 ,!re may be        
conditions ( wet sn[ :]e absolute       
dryness ( ! feet is p>am\nt  b !n "o _h 
be/ get ! regul> rubb] ov]%oe4 ,all t we
  %\ld expect ( lea!r is t x w be       
imp]vi\s to wat]  suffici5tly s z n to  
soak x up l a sponge4 ,wet feet won't   
hurt  y b hot & sore feet always d2 an  
occasional wet foot is f>  bett] ?an a  
cont9ual sweaty damp foot4    ,moosehide
 at be/ is n wat] repell5t & is good =  
dry trails &  dry sn[ "w because ( its  
porosity4 ,oil tann$ calfsk9 %oes &     
moccas9s are ! be/4 ,!y %\ld be kept s(t

 & supple by ! use  ( "o ( ! v>i\s      
dress+s on ! m>ket or "o comp\nd$ at    
home4  ,p]haps no?+ beats pure neatsfoot
 oil = lea!r dress+4 ,x is a  natural   
animal oil free f acids & o!r sub/ances 
delet]i\s to  lea!r life4 ,x is ! *ief  
+r$i5t ( _m ( ! %oe greases &  waxes (  
comm]ce & is *eap & univ]sally          
procurable4 ,x %\ld be  appli$ ) ! f+]  
tips on ! dri$ w>m lea!r1 rubb+ x       
c>efully into seams1 /it* holes1 &      
?reads to prev5t _!  rott+4 ,! ,fr5*    
,army dress+ is compos$ ( neatsfoot oil 
#g p>ts1  & mutton tall[ #c p>ts4 ,^!   
heavi] dress+s int]f]e ) !  evaporation 
( ! p]spiration caus+ ! feet to sweat 9 
w>m  wea!r4    ,9 dry+ wet %oes nev]    
place ne> a fire = ?is w result 9 a     
h>d5+ ( ! lea!r4 ,x is bett] to heat    
oats or gravel & fill  ! %oes to absorb 
! dampness4 ,moccas9s c be /uff$ ) dry  
br[se ( any k9d or inv]t$ ov] /akes     
driv5 9 ! gr\nd n too  ne> ! camp fire4 
,! pack %\ld conta9 a ditty bag ) a     
simple footwe> repair  outfit4 ,= lea!r 

work+ take along a light weight awl1    
sail-mak]'s  ne$les & wax$ ?read )      
p]haps a repair pat* ( lea!r or  ra:ide4
 ,cu/om>ily aft] long use ( %oes or     
moccas9s ! ?reads  break or we> away    
leav+ seam leaks & "o mu/ be prep>$ to  
rem$y !m4 ,!y w be f\nd especially ar\nd
 ! vamp at ! toe  & ! 8,t0 heel jo9t4   
,clean out ! old /it* holes back to :]e 
!  tw9e is s\nd & />t y\r repair seam a 
c\ple ( /it*es back (  ?is4             
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,effici5t ,,cruis+    
,,%elt]s      ,at night ! novice wants  
to be h\s$ 9 & ! my/]ies ( d>kness  %ut 
out1 & z is becom+ ) prec$5t 9 outdoor  
liv+ he mu/  spread 8 blanket b5ea?     
clo?4 ,?is %elt] c be v simple inde$  & 
yet protect "o f ! elem5ts4 ,a t5t's    
suffici5cy to turn  wat] is n all t is  
necess>y4 ,^u means ( transportation &  
p]man5cy ( ! camp dep5d ! portability & 
lightness ( !  =e/ home4 ,:at w d 9 a   
p]man5t camp ) pl5ty (  transportation  
is a f> cry f ! t5t j suffic+ ! absolute
  ne$s ( ! "o-night] :o expects little m

 ?an m]e %elt] &  w>m?4    ,! %elt] mu/ 
be wat]pro( & on a hike trip be !       
extreme 9  lightness & compactness = !  
sake ( easy c>ry+4 ,light weight  t5ts (
 clev] design c n[ be secur$ f any      
outfitt]2 or t5t  mak+ at home is       
feasible & (f]s s mu* opportunity = !   
expression ( individual ideas t soon] or
 lat] ! outdoor man  w try a h& at      
fa%ion+ ! ideal %elt]4 ,exclusively = ! 
use  ( ! hik] ! simple/ ( t5t =ms w     
answ]4      ,,! ,,%elt] ,,clo?    ,a    
rectangul> piece ( %eet+ ( f9e texture1 
size #g by #i feet &  wat]pro($ by !    
p>aff9e process w s]ve v well z a ro(1  
pit*$ leanto /yle or /ret*$ ov] rope    
ridge or poles z a w$ge or  8,a0 t5t4   
,its ends may be clos$ by ?at*+ ) br[se 
& a cozy  fire built 9 front4 ,x makes !
 simple/ clo? %elt] kn[n & !  clo? has a
 v>iety ( uses su* z a pon*o1 pack clo?1
 floor clo? or  sleep+ bag cov]4 ,go+ a 
/ep f>!r 9 con/ruction "o c make  ! ends
 also ( clo? & !n "o has a regul> leanto
 ^:  pr9ciples ( con/ruction are z old z

 ! hills :5ce x orig9at$4  ,!re is no m 
effici5t clo? %elt] = all k9ds ( wea!r  
no  matt] h[ elaborately x may be       
con/ruct$4    ,"o mu/ n reg>d ! %elt]   
feature ( ! leanto z its *ief           
recomm5dation = its adaptability to     
p]fect heat+ puts x above any  o!r t5t4 
,! old fa%ion$ reflect+ bread bak] ( our
 =efa!rs  :i* 0 set up ne> ! op5 flames 
( ! fire place 0 an  effici5t appliance 
& "o :i* is aga9 com+ into popul>ity to 
replace ! ,dut* ov5 & a% cake me?ods (  
bak+4 ,! "w is done  by ! reflect+      
surfaces--! angles ( ! top & bottom ?r[+
  ! heat to ! middle4 ,?is same pr9ciple
 is employ$ 9 ! %elt]  t5t h[ev] ) only 
"o reflect+ surface 7! slant+ ro(7  ?r[+
 ! heat f ! front fire directly onto !  
b$4 ,o!r  advantages ( ! t5t are3--its  
lightness & its availability = use  z a 
g5]al pack clo? ab\t camp or on ! trail4
 ,x is ! be/ t5t  = sn[ "w & w9t]+ if "o
 is driv5 to a clo? contrivance at  all 
at ?is "t ( ! ye> )\t a /ove4    ,!     
%elt] clo? may be slung at any angle &  

be/ by means ( a rope  ridge ?us sav+   
pole cutt+4 ,! corn]s are /ak$ out1 us+ 
two-foot pegs :i* are po9t$ ) a %>p axe4
 ,) ! op5 side  pit*$ to leew>d "o gets 
p]fect v5tilation & w>m?4 ,a r\s+  fire 
is requir$ & "o = all night means h>d   
labor s9ce _m l>ge  logs are necess>y = 
use on a *illy night4 ,s9ce s mu* wood  
is  necess>y naturally ?is type is be/  
adapt$ to wood$ di/ricts4 ,9  ! woods   
dampness is ne>ly always pres5t ev5 9   
summ] days4 ,?is  probably does n always
 l[] ! temp]ature s mu* z x increases  !
 humidity ( ! air4 ,build ! fire ) !    
back log reflector1  plac+ x ab\t f\r to
 six feet f ! t5t op5+4 ,heat int5sity  
less5s1 ! great] ! di/ance betwe5 ! fire
 & ! t5t4    ,9 mosquito infe/$ di/ricts
 a loose *eeseclo? front c be atta*$  to
 ! op5 side & aga9 remov$ 9 cold wea!r  
to all[ heat to be  bett] reflect$ )9 & 
af=d+ a *e]ful view ( ! leap+  flames4  
,two leanto %elt]s may be at any "t jo9$
 ridge to ridge &  ?us us$ z a w$ge t5t4
 ,to close ! ridge ( su* a comb9ation "o

  mu/ h an eight in* drop clo? ext5d+   
along "o ridge to cov]  ! opposite ridge
 section4 ,!y c ?us be at any "t sep>at$
 &  us$ z leantos4    ,9 mak+ ! leanto  
at home ! lighte/ mat]ial %\ld be us$4  
,!  adv5t ( s-call$ balloon silk has    
revolutioniz$ t5t mak+ &  us+ x has made
 possible a bett] outdoor home :]e      
weight is !  ma9 consid]ation4 ,x may be
 dy$ an em]ald or ! popul> khaki color  
ei!r ( :i* is re/ful to ! eye & is      
inconspicu\s alike to  human & insect   
visitors4 ,aft] be+ made into ! desir$  
t5t =m  x c !n be wat]pro($ by          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagram =   
,ends    ,,clos$ ,,leanto ,,or ,,bak]   
,,t5t    ei!r ! alum & lead or ! p>aff9 
process4 ,! l9es ( /ress 9  a t5t lead f
 ! po9ts ( susp5sion & ^! %\ld be       
/r5g!n$ by tapes sew$ on4      ,,mak+   
,,! ,,clos$ ,,leanto ,,or ,,bak] ,,t5t  
,by atta*+ a flap along ! ridge ( !     
leanto ! %elt] may be  made into a clos$
 t5t or ext5d$ out 9 front at ! height (

 !  ridge furni%+ an admirable awn+4    
,fur!r by rev]s+ ! pit*+  s t ! ridge   
ext5ds f ,a to ,d ! flap s]ves z a      
floor4  ,wat]pro( balloon silk may be   
pur*as$ 9 ?irty-eight in* wid?s &  ( x  
"o w ne$ twelve y>ds to =m ! clos$      
leanto ^: l5g?  w be sev5 & "o-f\r?     
feet1 height f\r & "o-f\r? feet1 &  dep?
 f\r & "o-f\r? feet4 ,x w weigh ar\nd   
?ree &  "o-f\r? p\nds4    ,fir/ y sew a 
rectangle sev5 feet six in*es by t5 feet
 sev5  in*es4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,we h "h   
giv5 ov]size measurem5ts to all[  = an  
ov]lap ( "o-half in* or s at ! seams4   
,at ! ridge ,e-,b  re9=ce ) tape or clo?
 & use two in*es ( ! rectangle to sew   
ov] a rope ridge f ,b to ,e4 ,! ends1   
,fig4 #b1 are made f a squ>e  f\r feet  
six in*es by f\r feet six in*es & !n cut
 f !  corn] ,a to corn] ,b4 ,?us ,a-,b1 
,fig4 #b1 is sewn to ,a-,b1 ,fig4 #a &  
,d-,e1  ,fig4 #b to ,d-,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! 
edges ( ! :ole t5t are turn$ "u &       
re9=c$ by a "o-half in* :ite tape4 ,at  
suitable int]vals tie  tapes are sewn   

ar\nd ! t5t edges to facilitate an      
atta*m5t to  gr\nd pegs & 9 ! adju/m5t (
 ! flap4      ,,! ,,t>paul9 ,,t5t    ,a 
piece ( clo? eight by twelve feet w     
furni% a rem>kable v>iety  ( t5t =ms &  
%elt] devices f a leanto to ! clos$     
/yle4 ,x  is ! be/ biv\ac = ra9 &       
mosquitoes4 ,aside f its simplicity  9  
%ape & h&9ess 9 con/ruction1 x has1 if  
made f ! prop]  mat]ials1 an add$       
advantage ( lightness & is ideal = use z
 a  g5]al utility camp clo?4 ,no o!r    
/yle ( t5t w furni% s mu*  head & sleep+
 room = ! same weight & area ( clo?4    
,9 mak+ "o at home procure f\r y>ds (   
unblea*$ musl9 ( n9ety  in* wid? 7or    
twelve y>ds ( ! ?irty in* wid?71 dye x !
 %ade  ( color desir$1 & use x to make !
 t5t & !n wat]pro( x4  ,cut & sew !     
pieces into ! #h by #ab %eet & make     
,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,t>paul9   
,,t5t    ,illu/ration3 ,,t>paul9 ,,t5t  
,,erect$    ar\nd ! edge a  in* hem4    
,lay x flat & ) *alk or a p5cil  m>k !  
l9es z diagramm$4 ,= re9=cem5t sew on   

light tape f  ! po9ts a1 b1 h1 c & f z  
indicat$ & conv]g+ all at ,g :]e a      
semicircle ( ! t5t mat]ial is sew$ 9 & a
 /rong cord loop is  atta*$ to ! grommet
 9 ! peak4 ,?is susp5sion po9t w receive
  ! greate/ /ress :5 ! t5t is pit*$4 ,^u
 ?is tape  re9=cem5t dep5ds ! /r5g? m   
?an ! k9d ( clo? us$4  ,make peg loops  
at e1 d1 f1 a1 h1 b1 & c4 ,! back ( !   
t5t w  ext5d f a to b1 ! sides f to a & 
b1 to c & ! front e to d  ) ! apex at   
,g4 ,! holes are protect$ ) grommets    
procur$ f  ! t5t %op or h>dw>e /ore & ! 
clo? re9=c$ by #c by #c in*  squ>es sew$
 94    ,! t>paul9 us$ z a flat front    
t5t1 z a leanto or z an op5  %elt] t5t c
 be erect$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,to set up--!
 corn]s are  fir/ pegg$ d[n at ,a & ,b  
/ret*+ ! re> l9e snugly3 c>ry !  sides  
,b & ,c & ,f & ,a to ! po9t ,s at "r    
angles to ! re>  l9e & peg d[n4 ,?r[ !  
susp5sion rope 7#e y>ds ( braid$ w9d[   
sa% cord7 atta*$ to ! loop at ,g ov] a  
project+ limb or pole &  pull taut4 ,?is
 rope %\ld cont9ue ! angle ( ! ro( f ,h 

to ,g  & ! front e1 f1 g & c1 d1 g1 is  
p]p5dicul>4 ,a sod clo? may be  sew$    
ar\nd ! floor or a p]man5t floor clo?   
fitt$ 94 ,9 mosquito  season a loose    
*eese clo? door may be atta*$4 ,!       
dim5sions ( ?is  useful t5t :5 pit*$ are
 height #f feet1 dep? #e feet1 & wid? #g
  feet & :5 con/ruct$ ( balloon silk ne$
 n exce$ a weight (  six p\nds4    ,!   
t>paul9 t5t inh]its v>i\s sali5t        
features ( wor?y  =ebe>s--! teepee's    
peak1 ! ro( angle ( ! ,a t5t1 also !    
pyramid or m9]'s1 its front is a        
sugge/ion ( ! wall t5t1 :ile  ! op5 camp
 feature rem9ds u ( ! leanto ) its broad
 slop+  back wall :i* reflects heat on  
cold nights4    ,! t>paul9 us$ z an op5 
fac$ t5t is a compromise betwe5 a w$ge  
& a cone t5t4 ,x less5s ! height b gives
 m floor space4 ,peg  d[n a & b z usual1
 !n f & c some:at at a di/ance & at an  
obtuse angle to ! back & ! front flaps  
out f ! c5t]4    ,! t>paul9 us$ z a     
leanto t5t is easily erect$ by pegg+ d[n
  ! corn]s ,e & ,d & susp5d+ ! opposite 

edge at an angle ( #de  degrees z a     
ridge4 ,build y\r fire 9 front4 ,=      
additional protection  put poles1 bru%1 
etc41 at ! ends ( ! %elt]4    ,(        
mat]ials pref]able = use 9 light weight 
t5t-mak+ wat]pro($  balloon silk /&s 9 a
 class by itself4 ,sup]s$+ ! antiquat$  
duck or flimsy drill t5ts x is "o ( !   
items :i* has done mu* to  make tramp+  
trips feasible & wor? :ile4 ,x is 9     
reality n a  silk at all b a closely    
wov5 cotton clo? ) a weight ( b #c      
ounces p] squ>e y>d 7#ab ounce duck     
wat]pro($ tips ! scales at  ab\t #af    
ounces74 ,x is wat]pro(1 rot pro(1      
mildew pro( &  exce$+ly durable4 ,a     
leanto = ! biv\ack] c !n be kept d[n  to
 ?ree p\nds4    ,o!r colors ?an :ite are
 recomm5d$ = t5ts4 ,khaki is popul>     
because x bl5ds ) ! color s*eme ( !     
woods & pla9s & is  re/ful to ! eyes 9 !
 sun & cool on a hot day4 ,a khaki      
color$  wat]pro( silk is m>ket$ z       
,tantalite4 ,%\ld "o pref] a clo? (     
gre5 color he %\ld get ! s-call$        

,em]alite4 ,nei!r "o is s  conducive to 
! collection ( flies & o!r insects nor s
 noticeable  9 ! woods z :ite4 ,none (  
^! clo?s soak up wat]1 h5ce if  pack$   
away aft] a ra9y spell !y d n           
appreciably burd5 ! pack4  ,t5ts ( mo/  
any desir$ %ape c be secur$ ready made f
 any (  ! above mat]ials4    ,%\ld "o   
want to attempt t5t mak+ at home he %\ld
 get !  s-call$ ,egyptian sail clo? or  
,numb] ,,xxx musl9 & aft] mak+ x  up    
into ! desir$ t5t =m wat]pro( x by "o ( 
! me?ods  h]eaft] describ$4             
,,wat]pro(+ ,,me?ods    ,^u t\*+ a t5t  
ro( dur+ a ra9 x w 9 mo/ cases beg9 to  
leak4 ,process+ to make x wat]pro( w    
avail little if ! "r  clo? is n us$ 9 ! 
fir/ place4 ,say y are mak+ a s-call$   
silk t5t us+ musl94 ,!re are sev]al     
grades & weaves on !  m>ket "s be+      
loosely wov5 & !y soak up wat] l        
*eeseclo?4  ,s get x ( ! tighte/ weave &
 by impregnat+ ! fib]s ) a  wat]pro(+   
solution !y are envelop$ by ! wat]      
repell5t mixture  & ! int]/ices are n   

l>ge en\gh to let ! wat] ?r\gh4 ,!      
prop] closely wov5 musl9 _c be secur$ 9 
! av]age t[n /ore  b by p]sev]ance c be 
pur*as$ f ! city dep>tm5t /ores4        
,wat]pro(+ by p>aff9 is a mo/           
satisfactory process & ! "o  mo/ us$ by 
t5t manufactur]s4 ,true ! clo? is !reby 
/iff5$ 9  cold wea!r b x is absolutely  
wat]pro( & ! me?od (  application is    
easy4 ,simply put into a t9 vessel #c   
p\nds ( p>aff9  %av+s 7ord9>y p>aff9 ( !
 /ores7 & two gallons ( gasol5e  or     
turp5t9e4 ,! receptacle1 be/ ) a clos$  
top1 is set 9 ! sun  or 9 a tub ( boil+ 
wat] & nev] ne> a flame4 ,:5 a solution 
is  effect$ outdoors spread x on !      
/ret*$ clo? by means ( a bru%1  sponge  
or piece ( *eeseclo?4 ,! gasol5e        
evaporates leav+ a ?9  coat+ ( p>aff9 9 
! fib]s ( ! clo?4    ,su* color+ z y may
 desire to apply to ! clo? mu/ be done  
be=e ! wat]pro(+ process = !reaft] !    
fib]s w n take  up a dye solution4      
,to make x fire pro( & rot pro( z well z
 wat] repell5t ,i w\ld  treat ! clo?    

fir/ to an alum & sug> ( lead solution &
 !n  p>aff9 well z above4 ,firepro( clo?
 is ne>ly z desirable z  wat]pro(+4 ,_m 
camps h be5 burn$ by sp>ks fall+ on !   
t5t  ro( :i* 0 r5d]$ v dry by ! heat ( !
 ne>by camp fire4 ,a  sp>k fall+ on a   
prop]ly treat$ t5t ro( burns only a     
little r\nd  hole at ! wor/4    ,! alum 
& sug> ( lead solution is made ?us3--#d 
ounces ( alum &  #aj ounces ( lime are  
add$ to #aj qu>ts ( wat] & ! t5t imm]s$ 
ov]night4 ,9 ! morn+ x is r9s$ 9 lukew>m
 ra9wat] & dri$  9 ! sun4 ,! fib]s ( !  
clo? are fill$ ) an insoluble  solution 
( lead acetate & alum & is r5d]$        
effici5tly fire &  wat] pro(4      ,,!  
,,em]g5cy ,,biv\ac    ,no man kn[s :at  
he c d outdoors until he has tri$ x     
p]sonally4  ,! %ifty man caught homeless
 9 ! woods w make "s sort (  %elt] =    
himself out ( any?+ at h& z slats1      
bo>ds1 b>k1  b\ghs1 sod1 poles1 dirt or 
:atev] is available4 ,at no /age ( !    
camp]'s game c "o display 8 ability to  
utilize woodcraft z he c  9 build+ !    

em]g5cy biv\ac4    ,:]ev] "o goes       
mat*es1 knife1 & axe %\ld always        
accompany him4  ,) ^! he is ready =     
prep>+ a w9dpro( & z f> z possible  a   
wea!r pro( %elt] to secure necess>y w>m?
 no matt] :]e he  may be caught out4    
,a simple tree %elt] is provid$ by      
select+ a small ev]gre51  cutt+ p>tially
 ?r\gh ! trunk at a po9t #d to #e feet f
 !  gr\nd s t 9 fall+ ! butt rema9s     
atta*$ to ! /ump4 ,on !  gr\nd side cut 
away all limbs & bran*es = ?is is to be 
y\r  ro(4 ,! up/&+ limbs on ! outside   
may also be p>tly cut & s  b5t ov] z to 
fur!r enhance ! value ( ! ro(4 ,! br[se 
lay+  ab\t is !n collect$ & ?at*$ on !  
gr\nd = a b$4 ,! ends  may be enclos$ by
 ! addition ( o!r trees--poles1 br[se1  
etc41  r\ghly ?at*$ to s]ve z a w9d     
break4    ,a leanto ( poles1 cov]$ ) b>k
 or br[se1 makes a h&y %elt]  = a little
 em]g5cy camp4 ,select a big b\ld] & lay
 aga9/ x  f\r poles /ick+ ! po9t$ butt  
ends firmly 9 ! gr\nd4 ,if no  b\ld] is 
available fa/5 horizontally a pole      

betwe5 two trees to  lean ! slant+ ro(  
poles ^u or support x by two upright    
poles  ) =ks4 ,lean aga9/ ! cross pole  
en\gh o!r poles to =m a  r\gh ro( )     
prop] pit* :i* mu/ be /eep if ! wea!r is
 bad4  ,?at* ) br[se l %+les or simply  
lay on p9e or hemlock  bran*es4 ,^! fans
 always gr[ close to ! gr\nd on "y      
hemlocks  & ) an axe a big pile may be  
secur$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,a %elt]  clo? ( 
c\rse comes 9 h&y "h4 ,cov] ! floor )   
b\ghs4 ,!  ends may be clos$ simil>ly4  
,a good log is laid on ! out] edge (  ! 
b$4 ,9 w9t] su* a ?at*+ ,if cov]$ ) sn[ 
supplies a  w>m %elt]4 ,be=e ! op5 front
 build a reflector & a fire1 &  y c     
enjoy a cozy camp4          ,,*apt]     
,,viii    ,,camp ,,mak+      ,witness ! 
conduct ( ! season$ woods travel]4 ,8   
camp com=t is  ev] upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d &    
al?\gh ) meag] outfit he s employs  !   
artifices ( woodcraft t 8 nights are    
sp5t 9 pleasant  surr\nd+s & refre%+    
sleep4    ,aft] ! day's tramp he mu/ get
 a w>m meal & into com=table  repose z  

soon z possible4 ,h5ce t[>d ev5+ he     
*ooses a suitable  camp site ne> good   
dr9k+ wat]4 ,! latt] is (t5 (           
que/ionable  quality & yet ( consid]able
 importance f ! po9t ( view (  heal?4   
,if 9 d\bt ab\t its purity boil ! dr9k+ 
wat] = half an  h\r1 cool & /ra9 ?r\gh  
cotton or clo?4 ,mo/ m\nta9 /reams are  
pure4 ,caution is especially necess>y 9 
regions :]e /agnation &  g]m life are   
preval5t1 9 valleys :]e camp+ p>ties or 
inhabitants  h contam9at$ ! wat]%$ or   
:]e ! wat] has fl[$ ov]  poison\s m9]al 
deposits4    ,if on a fi%+ trip ! ne>] !
 camp] is to ! tr\t /ream !  bett]1 if  
on a %oot+ =ay 8 field = select+ a site 
is greatly  broad5$4 ,he mu/ look out to
 be ne> pl5ty ( firewood & leanto       
mat]ial4    ,! exact spot :]e "o's b$ is
 to re/ & %elt] erect$ %\ld be  on a    
slight elevation :]e ! gr\nd is dry &   
:i* falls away f  ! t5t on all sides1   
provid+ p]fect dra9age 9 possible wet   
wea!r4 ,a w9dbreak ( heavy tree gr[? is 
desirable b nev] get  ne> trees t may   

bl[ d[n 9 a /orm4    ,n[ g ab\t pit*+ ! 
t5t1 plac+ x s ! entrance w be to       
leew>d ( ! prevail+ w9ds2 avoid ^! by   
keep+ away f !  high hills4 ,select two 
trees t5 feet ap>t ) a flat place betwe5
  & proce$ to level ! t5t floor by      
remov+ br[se & rocks1  smoo?+ dirt      
m\nds1 etc4 ,n[ proce$ to make y\r %elt]
 :i* may  ( necessity be ! ,indian      
em]g5cy biv\ac or ! %elt] clo? camp4    
7,see *apt] #g 8,effici5t ,cruis+       
,%elt]s407    ,next cle> a liv+ space 9 
front ( ! t5t provid+ room = !  fire4 ,9
 no way does ! camp+ tyro proclaim 8    
gre5ness m ?an  :5 he attempts to make a
 fire4 ,! :ite man ne>ly always builds a
  fire ( a size t is out ( all          
proportion to 8 ne$s :ile an  ,indian   
usually builds a v small fire--a habit  
acquir$ possibly f  8 =m] necessity (   
conceal+ 8 :]eab\ts f possible enemies  
b probably because ( 8 good s5se 9      
woodcraft 9 do+ only ^?  ?+s :i* are    
really necess>y4 ,a good k ( fire build+
 is  always ess5tial = ! prep>ation (   

meals & = night heat+  purposes4 ,we mu/
 ma/]1 9 keep+ ) ! above ne$s1 ! mak+ ( 
! small cook+ fire & ! l>g] 8fri5d%ip0  
or night fire =  w>m?4      ,,! ,,cook+ 
,,fire    ,! cook+ fire %\ld be made q  
sy/ematically & q ap>t  f ! heat]4 ,if  
"o simply wi%es to boil a pot ( wat] or 
toa/ a  piece ( bacon ! fire may be made
 ( small mat]ial su* z dry %ort  twigs  
pick$ f a /&+ tree4 ,= ! regulation     
cook+ fire x  %\ld be kept s small t "o 
c approa* )\t hav+ 8  eyebr[s s+$4 ,!re 
is no ne$ to h a lot ( flames b repl5i% 
(t5 & keep x go+ /eadily1 ?us =m+ a good
 b$ ( coals to  s5d heat 9 all          
directions4    ,sev]al me?ods are us$ = 
support+ ! cook+ ut5sils ov] !          
fire3--7a7 dig an e>!n tr5* #f in*es    
deep & slightly n>r[]  ?an ! fry pan    
bottom4 ,along ei!r side lay a #c foot  
small gre5 pole  & build ! fire betwe54 
,! pan & kettle may re/ on ^! poles  or 
may be susp5d$ by hooks atta*$ to a d+le
 /ick ^: o!r  %>p5$ end is ?ru/ 9 !     
gr\nd at a slight di/ance & press$  to  

slant ov] ! fire4 ,aga9 !y may be atta*$
 by crot*$ /icks  f a cross pole :i*    
re/s 9 not*$ /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd at   
ei!r end & at a prop] height f ! fire1  
7b7 ,a c\ple ( small  gre5 logs1 hewn   
flat on top1 laid five in*es ap>t &     
pegg$ into  place to prev5t roll+1 are  
also s]viceable4 ,at "o end ! di/ance   
betwe5 logs may be wid5$ to accommodate 
! diff]5t siz$ ut5sils4  ,flat /ones may
 be us$ to build ! little fireplace4 ,if
 y\r fire does  n draw well y c raise "o
 end ( a log a little (f ! gr\nd by     
putt+ a small /ick !reund]4 ,wait until 
! fire ( cle> wood has  burn$ d[n to    
coals & !n cut (f y\r draft & cook ov] !
  coals1 us+ ! log supports z ?\gh !y 7 
a range4 ,y\r cook+  fire is little l>g]
 ?an y\r hat & ?r[s (f v little if any  
smoke4      ,,! ,,fri5d%ip ,,fire ,,=   
,,w>m?    ,?is is ! heat] = com=t z y   
:ile away ! ev5+ 9 *e]ful  rem9isc5ce ( 
! day's happ5+s1 z y wat* ! lurk+       
my/]ies  ( night approa*1 & :i* w w>m y 
be=e y roll 9 fluffy  blankets = !      

night's repose4    ,! fire = heat mu/   
ne$s be l>g] ?an ! cook+1 yet too big a 
ro>+ fire is :at y don't want4 ,some?+  
mod]ate :i* w be  safe 9 a *ange ( w9d &
 :i* w ?r[ heat into ! t5t w be  f\nd   
adequate4 ,to enhance its value "o %\ld 
build ! night fire  be=e a reflector :i*
 borr[s ! pr9ciples ( ! old fa%ion$     
fireplace = ?r[+ heat =w>d4 ,x is locat$
 ab\t six feet 9  front ( ! t5t's       
entrance & may be compos$ simply ( a big
  b\ld]1 a small flat fac$ cliff or a   
regul>ly made wall ( gre5  logs4    ,9  
mak+ ! log reflector cut two /\t /akes  
long en\gh to project  ?ree feet above !
 gr\nd aft] !y h be5 driv5 d[n          
suffici5tly to hold well1 plac+ !m "o   
y>d ap>t ) _!  protrud+ ends slant+ away
 f ! t5t4 ,n[ take a f\r foot gre5  log1
 say a foot ?ick1 & place on ! gr\nd    
aga9/ ! /akes4 ,pile  ^u ?is ?ree logs (
 less] diamet]1 ! diff]5ce 9 size w     
hold !m 9 place4 ,!n cut two %ort gre5  
logs to act z fire dogs  & place !m on !
 gr\nd end on aga9/ ! back log          

reflector4  ,across ^! lay sev]al dry   
logs = burn+1 put y\r small />t+  twigs 
or tra% /uff b5ea? & ignite4    ,9      
build+ a fire secure1 if possible1 =    
k9dl+ ! b>k ( !  bir* :i* is easily     
accessible if "o goes to ! ,nor? woods  
:]e  mo/ camp+ is done4 ,x is torn 9    
/rips & rubb$ dry to a fray4 ,9  o!r    
regions y w be driv5 to ! use ( dry     
grass or o!r highly  inflammable        
mat]ial4 ,ov] ?is put twigs or ! *opp+s 
f !  cores ( dead trees1 lay+ !m 9      
pyramidal %ape ) op5 air spaces  )94 ,n[
 t\* (f ! pile ) "o ( ! mat*es :i* y h  
be5 c>eful to pack 9 a wat]pro( mat*box4
 ,:5 well aflame put on  c>efully !     
bran*es ( successively l>g] siz$ /icks  
all[+  pl5ty ( air supply to ! flames4  
,9 wet wea!r ! task ( ! inexp]i5c$ fire 
mak] is m  difficult unless he is well  
suppli$ ) bir* b>k :i* has pl5ty (  oil 
9 x4 ,)\t ! b>k "o mu/ get en\gh f9e    
%av+s ( ! dry  insides ( decay+ logs &  
pile !m up & c>efully add small fuel  z 
ne$$4    ,= l>g] fires purely = heat+   

purposes />t a small fire & add  l>g]   
wood until y get ! big blaze :i* w !n   
likely consume  ev5 wet wood4 ,x is     
important to "k :at k9d ( wood to *oose 
=  fuel4 ,9 g5]al /&+ dead timb] is     
always dri] ?an d[n timb]4  ,y may be   
surpris$ at ! good wood "o c g>n] f dead
 /umps  :i* are decay$ on ! outside b h 
a s\nd core :i* splits  easily & burns  
to p]fection4 ,always use ^! woods 9    
pref]5ce to  a gr[+ tree4    ,"o unfail+
 sign ( ! good camp] is 8 use ( j z     
little wood  z is possible4 ,x %\ld be  
ga!r$ be=e night & plac$ ne> !  %elt]4  
,9 ! woods always be c>eful ab\t spread+
 fire1 a =e/ fire may  result & de/roy n
 only ! camp b y\r hunt+ & camp+  gr\nds
 & deprive o!rs ( _! rightful enjoym5ts 
& h]itage4  ,su* c>elessness is consid]$
 a crime among woodsm5 & 9 "s  /ates is 
a direct violation ( ! law4 ,be> 9 m9d  
sev]al simple  rules = fire             
prev5tion3--nev] ?r[ a mat* 9 dry       
leaves3 nev]  leave a fire burn+ :5 !re 
is no "o to wat* x1 = a gu/ (  w9d may  

/>t a bad fire f a b$ ( half dead emb]s4
 ,9 locat+  camp always build ! camp    
fire 9 ! op5 if possible or on s& or    
soil b nev] on =e/ loam4 ,note !        
direction ( ! w9d & try to  build ! fire
 j to w9dw>d ( a brook1 road or gre5    
grassy plat  :i* w\ld act z natural     
b>ri]s to a spread+ conflagration4 ,9   
fight+ fire1 p\r wat] on ! flames       
!mselves1 soak x1 dr[n x or  cov] ) e>?4
 ,if ! gr\nd is ( loam or peaty nature  
s\se x  also4 ,if x is spread+ use b\ghs
 dipp$ 9 wat] to beat flames )  or use a
 wet blanket or ev5 a %irt if necess>y r
 ?an let !  fire leap f y\r control4    
,hav+ prop]ly />t$ y\r cook+ fire y are 
n[ ready to unpack  ! grub bags4 ,! cook
 kit is to be r9s$ out well1 ! kettle   
fill$  ) wat] & put ov] ! fire2 fill !  
fry pan ) meat ration &  />t y\r batt] =
 cakes4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! meal clean 
up !  di%es at once s t ! h\rs (        
relaxation be=e sleep may be  unh>ass$  
by ! drug]y ( undone scullion's "w4 ,!  
di%es are  wip$ ) tufts ( grass1 wa%$ 9 

cle> wat] & ?or\ghly dri$  be=e ! fire4 
,,*apt] ,,ix    ,,! ,,outdoor ,,b$ ,,"q 
,to "o :o has nev] done any camp+ !     
*oice ( a b$ is "o t  nettles him & he w
 h d\bts ab\t be+ com=table ) !  outfits
 recomm5d$ by ^? ( exp]i5ce4 ,^u no     
article (  wild]ness equipm5t is !re s  
mu* div]sity ( op9ion express$ nor  ^u  
:i* m exp]im5tation is lavi%$ by !      
av]age en?usia/  ?an ! camp b$4 ,f !    
cumb]some b$/ead ( civilization to !    
necess>ily extremely portable b$ ( !    
movable camp is a f> cry4 ,9  spite (   
all exp]i5ces ! latt] is f\nd to be be/ 
patt]n$ aft]  pr9ciples ( ! =m]4 ,j !   
me?od ( adaptation is ! problem  t      
confronts u4    ,! t5d]foot /yles       
himself a woodsman by display+ will+ness
 to  sleep on a poorly prep>$ b$1 ev5   
boa/+ ( ! smallness &  lightness ( ?is  
"p ( 8 outfit4 ,he is out to 8r\gh x10 y
 "k4  ,! season$ campaign] on ! o!r h&  
prides himself on ! com=t  ( 8 nightly  
abode4 ,! native ,indian c & (t5 does   
sleep on a  h>d b$ & y c simulate him :5

 y are accu/om$ to x b  probably y w n h
 ! "t to get us$ to ?is on ! %ort       
vacation y w h4    ,a man may abuse 8   
physical p[]s by day 9 ! mo/ exhau/+ "w4
  ,he c g into ! wild]ness expect+ to   
pay small att5tion to a  com=table &    
rejuv5at+ night's re/ b he c n /& up "u 
x4 ,"o c make out = a few h\rs on mo/   
any k9d ( make%ift = a  b$ if 8 sleep is
 f exhau/ion b soon] or lat] he w be    
di/urb$ by ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s     
surface1 rocks1 /icks &  m\nds1 & :5    
awake 8 muscles w be /iff & sore1 8 p[]s
  unrefre%$ & he w soon g to pieces4    
,a good b$ is no disgrace4 ,! m5 :o are 
oblig$ to live out ( doors  all ! "t1 on
 ! range or =e/ trails are likely to be 
! v  ones mo/ p>ticul> ab\t _! b$s & to 
see "s ( !m at "w on  br[se bunk & rude 
%elt] "o w\ld believe !y 7 prep>+ to    
sp5d ! re/ ( _! days 9 t p>ticul> spot4 
,s no matt] h[  light y travel provide =
 a suitable night's re/4 ,%\ld y\r      
fa/idi\sness lead y to add any foible to
 ! already complet$ pack  let x be on   

?is ess5tial item ( wild]ness equipm5t4 
,by c>eful *oice ! b$ ne$ n be cumb]some
 to pack & yet be  ample to satisfy all 
ne$s4 ,x %\ld protect ! sleep] f ! cold 
:i* is greate/ ne> ! t5t's floor & f !  
w9ds ^:  greate/ =ce is sp5t :5 x       
cont5ds aga9/ ! prop]ly pit*$  %elt]    
ov]head4 ,provision mu/ be made = keep+ 
! b$d+ (f !  gr\nd & = all[+ an egress (
 moi/ure 9 ! summ] & a  ret5tion ( heat 
9 w9t]4 ,"o has a v>iety ( /yles to     
*oose f1  rang+ f sleep+ on ! w>m$ b>e  
gr\nd to luxuriat+ on !  late/ inv5tion 
= creature com=t :5 camp+--! comb9$     
pneumatic mattress & blanket bag4    ,9 
all likelihood y w dep5d = w>m? ^u      
blankets4 ,_! use is  s univ]sal t we   
ne$ no discussion o!r ?an 9 reg>d to _! 
quality & %ape4 ,z commonly us$ a       
blanket b$ ?r[s op5 easily2  !re is no  
cond5sation ( moi/ure & ! sleep] is able
 to wrap up  snugly1 reta9+ all ( !     
g5]at$ animal heat4 ,lambs' wool fib]s  
are peculi> 9 t !y h a natural repulsion
 = wat]4 ,!y h  ! attribute ( hold+ air 

9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fib]s1  ?us      
creat+ a dead air space :i* is a        
nonconductor ( heat4 ,on  acc\nt ( ^!   
?+s wool becomes ideal = body cov]+4    
,damp wool  w n *ill1 :i* condition !   
out] is (t5 up aga9/ _m times  a day4 ,9
 summ] ! evaporation ( surplus moi/ure &
 9 w9t] !  ret5tion ( animal heat is    
obta9$4 ,! ?ick] & loos] ! texture  (   
wool5 goods ! great] w be ! w>m?4       
,cotton is objectionable because x is n 
w>m & is 9 dang] ( be+  8fir$0 f /ray   
camp fire sp>ks4 ,! wool ( ! ,s\?       
,am]ican  llama is a new mat]ial us$ =  
out+ purposes & besides hav+ all  ! good
 attributes ( lamb's wool has an        
additional "o ( be+ v  mu* light] 9     
weight4 ,a llama blanket weighs ab\t six
 p\nds &  equals 9 w>m? ab\t fifte5     
p\nds ( ord9>y blanket4 ,! secret (  its
 w>m? is 9 ! great numb] ( air cells    
betwe5 ! loose texture  ( its fib]s :i* 
reta9 body heat4 ,at ! same "t x gets   
rid (  ! moi/ure :i* ! sleep] ?r[s (f 9 
great quantities z natural  body        

emanations4 ,its prohibitive co/ w      
prev5t its g5]al adoption4    ,eid]d[n 9
 no way equalizes temp]atures4 ,x simply
 reta9s moi/ure  & heat & is too w>m    
except on ! colde/ nights4 ,usually 9 ! 
=m ( a quilt ^: out] clo? cov]+ te>s    
easily ! fluffy d[n  is h>d to control4 
,x is ( little use b5ea? ! sleep]       
because !  pressure squeezes out !      
conf9$ air4    ,! blanket z well z !    
union suit !n _h be/ be all wool ( !    
dome/ic lamb v>iety4 ,9 buy+ blankets   
bew>e t _m ( ^?  (f]$ y may be humbug4  
,see to x t y get an article made up (  
curly wool fib]s & n 8adult]at$0 by !   
/raight cotton k9d--a  diff]5tiation    
easily det]m9$ by ! aid ( a small       
magnify+  glass4 ,also see to x t !     
weight is 9 ! ?ickness & n 9 !  size4 ,9
 ?is c\ntry ! regulation ,army blanket  
is to be dep5d$  ^u4 ,h[ev]1 if !y c be 
secur$1 a p]son w c]ta9ly make no       
mi/ake 9 gett+ a g5u9e ,hudson ,bay or  
,mack9aw4 ,! prop] weight  is ab\t five 
p\nds p] blanket & size sev5ty-two by   

sev5ty-eight  is ab\t "r4 ,if y get x   
too n>r[ y _c !n roll x up s  snugly =  
pack+ nor wrap x s closely ab\t ! body  
at night4    ,! numb] ( blankets ne$$   
dep5ds some:at ^u ! "t ( ye> &  !       
locality ( use & :e!r or n ! all night  
fire is to be  us$4 ,9 ord9>y summ]     
wea!r "o blanket is en\gh especially if 
comb9$ ) ! prop] br[se bag & w9d break &
 is en\gh ev5  = fro/y autumn           
temp]atures up to /ream freez+ "t1      
except+ 9  ! high] altitudes4 ,) !      
temp]ature "u ?irty-two degrees two     
,army blankets w be ne$$4    ,_m        
m\nta9e]s to :om /r5u\s p$e/rianism &   
cold nights ( !  high] altitudes        
necessitate ! lighte/ =m ( b$d+ pref]   
wool  quilts :i* are fold$ & sew$ on "o 
end & half up "o side 9 !  =m ( a sleep+
 bag :i* is protect$ f ! damp gr\nd by a
  wat]pro( balloon silk cov]4    ,:]e ! 
transportation is inadequate z on a hike
 trip1 ! we>+ (  an extra suit ( und]we>
 is z w>m z an extra blanket4 ,"o !n    
gets  ! dead air space betwe5 ! wool & !

 w>m? is !reby  int5sifi$ because !     
numb] ( lay]s ( cov]+ reta9s ! heat     
long] ?an "o ?ick lay] ( ! same weight4 
,9 ,arctic "w ! clo?+ & b$ cov] mu/ be  
*os5 ) "o  p>ticul> fact 9 m9d--t       
moi/ure cond5sation f ! body            
p]spiration or f accid5tal imm]sion 9   
wat] mu/ be elim9at$1  o!rwise ice w =m 
to ! detrim5t ( ! individual4 ,any wov5 
fabric w hold cond5sation :ile fur w n4 
,fur !n is !  clo?+ & b$ cov] ( *oice   
:]e "o is expos$ to extremes 9  cold4 ,!
 fur %\ld be worn ) ! hair outside !    
same way t !  animals we> x1 o!rwise x  
is too hot4 ,! be/ fur is c>ib\ sk9  & x
 is w>m] & light] ?an a blanket ( wool4 
,llama wool is next  be/4    ,v         
satisfactory fur robes may be made ( !  
rabbit or cat sk9 & if  made aft] !     
foll[+ me?od y w h ! w>me/ b$ fabric    
kn[n to man4 ,! sk9s are tann$ by soak+ 
! 8gre50 hides 9  runn+ wat] = "o to f\r
 h\rs4 ,!n ! fle% & fat is peel$  (f ) a
 dull knife & ! sk9 soak$ = two days 9 a
 tan liquor  ( sulphuric acid 7poison7  

"o ounce1 salt "o qu>t & wat] "o  gallon
 conta9$ 9 an e>!n j>4 ,r9se ! sk9 9    
cle> wat]1 dry  & :5 p>tly dri$ "w well 
9 ! h&s ?us break+ up ! fib]s  to keep x
 s(t4    ,! tann$ & s(t5$ sk9 is n[ cut 
into long /rips "o-f\r? (  an in* wide1 
:i* are ti$ or sew$ toge!r1 ea* /rip be+
 twi/$  s t ! fur /&s out all ar\nd !   
hide ?ong4 ,^! /rips are  !n int]braid$ 
into a loose web 9 a frame ! size y\r   
blanket is  to be4 ,! *ief objection to 
?is article is t x is heavy & !  fur %$s
 a good deal s x is be/ to cov] !       
blanket ) light  clo? :i* ( c\rse adds  
"s weight )\t giv+ any additional  w>m?4
 ,a full siz$ rabbit robe weighs t5     
p\nds & is w>m] ?an  _m blankets ( wool4
 ,! secret ( its w>m? is ! dead air     
int]spaces betwe5 ! fib]s4    ,!re is   
consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion among     
woodsm5 reg>d+ !  *oice betwe5 ! sleep+ 
bag & blanket b$4 ,!re are good         
argum5ts = & aga9/4 ,z usually made a   
sleep+ bag consi/s (  two p>ts3--7#a7 a 
cov] = protection f ra91 dampness1 &    

w9d1  & 7#b7 a w>m l9+ to reta9 body    
heat4 ,to its cr$it may be  enum]at$ ^! 
facts3 ,be+ sack-l ! sleep+ bag reta9s !
  heat )9 & keeps ! cold out4 ,x is easy
 to unroll1 keeps out dirt  & w9d & !   
cont5ts may rema9 dry & "o has full     
protection 9  any k9d ( wea!r4    ,!    
objectionable feature is t ! bag _c be  
drawn up closely to  ! body & ! result+ 
air space is difficult to w>m up4 ,x is 
h>d  to adju/ ! top to keep ! air f !   
sleep]'s %\ld]s & !  inevitable twi/+ & 
turn+ ( ! sleep] bun*es ! blanket up    
ar\nd ! limbs4    ,a sleep+ bag really  
is no sub/itute = a ro( ov]head on a    
ra9y  night z allur+ adv]tisem5ts w\ld  
lead y to believe4 ,its  wat]pro( cov]  
reta9s inside moi/ure f ! air & ! body  
exudations ( ! sleep] !reby add+        
appreciably to ! blanket's  weight4 ,?us
 a wat]pro( cov] is no m :olesome to    
sleep 9 ?an a  rubb] boot is :olesome = 
"o's foot4 ,9 ord9>y wea!r !  sleep+ bag
 is too hot & 9 *illy wea!r x is n z w>m
 z x is  suppos$ to be4 ,its n>r[ %ape  

makes x difficult to crawl into !  head 
end & x is v inconv5i5t %\ld "o ne$ to  
get up sev]al  times a night to fix a   
night fire4    ,x is an unpleasant trap 
to be 9 :5 a squall spr+s up sudd5ly at 
night or ! t5t cat*es fire4 ,no less    
fam\s an explor] ?an ,pe>y  disc>d$ !   
sleep+ bag = ! reason t1 aside f its be+
 a  weighty extra item ( outfit1 :5     
sleep+ 9 sn[ igloos he 0 9  con/ant     
dang] ( a break 9 ! icy floor f !       
=mation (  pressure ridges & if encumb]$
 9 ! bag he w\ld h extricat$  himself ) 
difficulty4 ,quot+ ,mr4 ,h>ry           
,:itney--8,on my w9t] ox  hunt ,i />t$  
into ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ) a bag ( c>ib\ &  
l9$  ) rabbit sk9--! v w>me/ robe       
possible1 b ,i ripp$ x op5  be=e ,i _h  
be5 on ! road ?ree days40    ,! *oice   
betwe5 a loose blanket b$ & ! sleep+ bag
 is a matt]  ( individual pref]5ce4 ,if 
! latt] is *os5 x %\ld be made to  air  
easily & be easy ( adju/m5t to v>y+     
temp]atures4 ,!  p]man5tly clos$ bag is 
out ( ! "q z x reta9s !  accumulat$     

cond5s$ body moi/ure4 ,! only k9d wor?  
consid]+ is  "o :i* c be easily op5$ &  
spread wide ap>t 9 ! sunlight or  be=e a
 fire e morn+4 ,! bag %\ld be clos$ on  
all sides z  f> up z ! brea/ ( ! sleep] 
& ! cont9uation ( ! bag 9  ! %ape ( a   
flap :i* c be nicely tuck$ ab\t !       
%\ld]s4    ,probably ! be/ l[ temp]ature
 sleep+ bag is ( c>ib\ sk9 )  ! hair    
inside4 ,"o l9$ ) llama wool duffle is  
next be/4 ,!  s-call$ ,arctic or ,fiala 
sleep+ bag is ! lighte/ "o available  f 
outfitt]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if "o     
pref]s ?is k9d ( a b$  ! tramp] c f9d   
no?+ s excell5t :]e ! greate/ am\nt (   
w>m? ) ! lighte/ possible weight is     
imp]ative4    ,made ( ! s(t body wool ( 
! ,s\? ,am]ican llama x is ab\t  twice z
 light z any o!r wool ( equal ?ickness4 
,z sold by _m  outfitt]s ! clo? cov] is 
wat]pro( b ?is %\ld n be4 ,to get  !    
greate/ w>m? x is necess>y to h n only !
 blanket por\s  b ! cov]+ z well s z to 
?r[ (f ! moi/ure :i* o!rwise  cond5ses &
 *ills ! occupant ( ! bag4 ,b ! sleep]  

mu/ be  insulat$ f ! gr\nd's cold1      
moi/ure1 & wet & h5ce !  wat]pro( br[se 
bag or ?at*$ balsam b$ us$ "u ! sleep+  
bag  is recomm5d$4 ,any blanket         
comb9ation c be made into a s]viceable  
sleep+ bag by fold+ l5g?wise & secur+ "o
 end &  ?ree-f\r?s ( "o side by blanket 
p9s or by sew+4    ,y w ( c\rse n c>ry a
 mattress ) y on ! hike yet x is  really
 necess>y t y h "s sort ( br[se ?at*+1  
wat]pro(  %eet or pad to insulate y f ! 
b>e gr\nd4 ,! b$ spr+s p>  excell5ce ( !
 woods are ( ?at*$ ev]gre5 b\ghs or     
balsam4  ,?is1 ! trapp]'s b\gh b$1 is   
l>gely poetical ) camp]s 9  sections ( !
 c\ntry :]e balsam1 hemlock or spruce   
are n  available4 ,x is difficult to    
make b :5 prop]ly con/ruct$  furni%es a 
mighty com=table place to lay tir$      
muscles at night4    ,collect a heap (  
b\ghs 8ab\t ! size ( a small h\se10     
accord+ to  ,moody1 /ripp+ (f ! fans ) !
 h&s1 us+ only ! light]  tips4 ,build on
 ! gr\nd a quadrangle ( poles some:at   
l>g] ?an !  int5d$ b$ & reta9 ?is 9     

place by gr\nd /akes4 ,beg9n+ at !  head
 lay y\r l>g] fans convex side up &     
butts t[>d ! foot mu*  z y w\ld %+le a  
h\se ) ! bu%y /ems ov]lapp+4 ,ov]  ^!   
lay a simil> cov] ( ! small] fans ) !   
butt ends b5ea?  ! lay] already plac$1  
leav+ ! fan ends curv+ up & d[n  t[>d ! 
foot ( ! b$4 ,:5 done place ov] all !   
floorclo? &  blankets4 ,z ! b\ghs get   
press$ d[n & ! b$ becomes h>d !y  mu/ be
 repl5i%$4    ,! gr\nd clo? is to a t5t 
:at a floor is to a h\se4 ,x keeps out  
dirt1 v]m91 dampness & w9d & 9 cold or  
wet wea!r1 besides  be+ an absolute     
heal? necessity1 x w add greatly to "o's
  com=t4    ,! gr\nd b5ea? besides be+  
wet & cold is h>d z a bo>d =  sleep+    
purposes1 h5ce "s sort ( pad is ne$$4   
,no?+ meets ?is  requirem5t s well z !  
s-call$ br[se bag or tick4 ,x is        
pref]ably made ( wat]pro( balloon silk  
or p>aff9$ musl9 7a  rubb] blanket or   
pon*o is too heavy7 size #b by #f feet &
 weight #a  p\nd4 ,x is op5 at ! foot   
end & at ea* camp is /uff$ ) hay1       

grass1 leaves or o!r br[se dry or wet4  
,! bag weighs b little1  takes up small 
compass :5 roll$ = ! pack & is useful 9 
pack+4 ,x is quickly made into an       
acceptable b$ mattress ea* night  &     
empti$ ea* morn+4    ,) ! fill$ br[se   
bag b5ea? y ! "u side is always dry &   
w>m & ! upp] side is att5d$ to by roll+ 
y\rself up 9 !  blanket4 ,= travel+     
?r\gh a r\gh swampy c\ntry & = m\nta9   
"w ?is is absolutely necess>y = a re/ful
 sleep4    ,! bag may be compos$ ( a #g 
by #h foot %eet ) grommets #c in*es     
ap>t on "o end & ! sides & :5 n s]v+ day
 duty z a pack  clo? or 9 ! em]g5cy     
biv\ac z a t>paul9 leanto %elt] t5t may 
be worn l a ,mexican s]ape or ra9       
blanket ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,x c  be made into
 a br[se bag by fold+ ! sides toge!r &  
lac+ !  ends & side ) a /r+ ( numb] #cf 
t>pon l9e4 ,or ! t>p or  %elt] clo? may 
be laid ov] a collect$ lay] ( br[se next
 to !  gr\nd4 ,) a br[se bag "o c rig up
 a good b$ pad 9 mu* less  "t ?an x     
takes to %+le br[se4    ,to sleep w>m   

outdoors ! gr\nd %\ld be z dry & w>m z  
possible4  ,?is c be accompli%$ if ne$  
be by a fire built ov] ! int5d$  b$     
area1 ! emb]s rak$ away & ! b$ made     
!reon4 ,! br[se bag  is !n fill$ &      
flatt5$ ov] ! heat$ spot4 ,!re is "s    
knack  9 arrang+ y\r cov]s ab\t y to fit
 snugly & keep out ! night  cold4 ,x c  
be done by a simple trick s z to        
entirely elim9ate !  necessity ( a      
sleep+ bag4    ,ly+ flat on y\r back on 
! br[se bag cov] y\rself ) !  blanket1  
kick up y\r feet rigid f ! hips s z to  
br+ !  blanket foot end drap+ ov] & "u !
 feet1 return+ ! feet to  ! tick roll ! 
body to ! left side & tuck ! blanket    
edge "u  y\r "r side1 rev]se ! turn & d 
! same "u y\r left side4  ,l[] ! feet1  
wrap up ! %\ld]s & g to sleep4 ,!       
blanket is  n[ drawn ab\t y snugly above
 & bel[ & !re is no expos$ side  to let 
9 ! cold air & 9 roll+ ov] ! blanket w  
tight5  ab\t y4    ,9 an em]g5cy "o c   
sleep 9 mo/ any k9d ( wea!r by foll[+ a 
c]ta9 ,indian me?od4 ,he c>ries b "o    

blanket b does n use x  to wrap ar\nd 8 
body4 ,if ! night is n too cold he      
lights a r  l>ge fire & w>ms ! e>?1 !n  
he rakes away ! coals & lies  ^u ! b>e  
w>m$ gr\nd pull+ ! blanket ov] him4 ,9  
extreme  cold 9 addition to ! above     
gr\nd w>m+ he heats a l>ge /one  be=e   
b$time1 rolls x on ! gr\nd1 curls       
himself ar\nd ! m\nd1  & pulls ! cov]   
ov] him1 ly+ ) 8 feet to ! fire4 ,he    
nei!r wraps ! blanket ab\t him nor lies 
^u x rely+ on !  w>m$ e>? = w>m? bel[4  
,on *illy nights 9 addition to ! heat$  
gr\nd b5ea? ! b$ y  c build a big camp  
fire six feet or s 9 front ( y\r leanto 
%elt]  & ! heat w be reflect$ d[n ^u !  
sleep]4 ,y mu/ h a  w9dbreak ( clo?     
leanto1 b\ghs1 or rocks4 ,! fire %\ld be
 kept  go+ all night & = ?is "o ne$s a  
lot ( wood1 s c>ry a l>g]  *opp+ axe if 
y are to enc\nt] v l[ temp]atures4 ,ev5 
)  ?is fire x is h>d = "o man to keep   
w>m & get a good night's  sleep4 ,two   
m51 h[ev]1 c *ange (f1 wat*+ ! fire &   
sleep+4    ,! w>me/ & mo/ portable b$ !n

 is 9 reality patt]n$ aft] !  "o (      
civilization4 ,ess5tially x w keep !    
sleep] high & dry  by means ( !         
wat]pro($ clo? ov] br[se or ! fill$     
br[se bag  & x w keep ! body w>m by !   
wool5 blanket roll$ snugly ab\t  y4     
,,*apt] ,x    ,,*oos+ ,,! ,,light       
,,weight ,,mess ,,kit      ,! light     
weight mess kit comb9es ! fewe/ ut5sils 
) :i* a  p]son c prep>e 8 own meals f ! 
raw mat]ials4 ,x mu/ ne/  compactly1 h z
 few compon5t p>ts z possible1 be       
com=tably  c>ri$ on ! p]son :ile en     
r\te1 conta9 space = a lun* or  em]g5cy 
ration & possibly h provision = c>ry+   
wat]4 ,to meet  ^! dem&s "o may well    
include ! foll[+ articles3--a fry pan   
7possibly rigg$ up z a bak] also71 a /ew
 kettle1 a cup1 a light  =k1 spoon &    
knife & a cante54 ,mo/ ( ! s-call$ light
 weight  individual outfits c5t] ar\nd !
 above z ! ess5tials )  v>iations 9 %ape
 to be/ suit ! p>ticul> outfit = easy   
ne/+4    ,! prep>ation ( food by fry+ is
 n ! be/ ?+ = ! /oma*1  = ! av]age bit (

 fri$ /uff is envelop$ 9 t\gh greasy    
coat+4  ,h[ev] mo/ cooks use ?is me?od  
to "s ext5t1 s provision =  fry+ mu/ be 
made4 ,! fry+ pan is pref]ably made (   
/eel & 9  use is to be re/$ on a b$ (   
coals rak$ to "o side ( ! cook+  fire4  
,if "o pref]s to utilize ! big op5 fire 
! fry pan h&le  %\ld h a squ>e socket   
into :i* "o may fit a /ick to ext5d !   
h&le1 ! same to be newly fa%ion$ at ea* 
camp4 ,= ! lighte/  kits use a small    
,no4 #j pan ) a socket4    ,! compon5t  
p>ts ( any outfit w v>y accord+ to !    
condition  & temp]am5t ( ! us] & !      
nature & locality ( exp]i5ce4  ,he has  
to *oose f a multitud9\s & confus+ array
 ( imp$im5ta  (f]$ by well mean+ &      
allur+ adv]tisem5ts4    ,! camp] :o is  
*oos+ 8 light individual mess kit has ! 
privilege ( ga!r+ toge!r ^? ut5sils     
select$ along l9es  above sugge/$ &     
easily procurable at any /ore or ( gett+
 ?r\gh  ! regul> sport+ goods deal]s "s 
specially made kit ^:  greate/          
recomm5dation is compactness ) lightness

 & utility4 ,x  mu/ h a pot & a fry pan 
& ^! ) a pocket or hunt+ knife  & a     
po9t$ or flat /ick answ] all purposes4  
,"o mu/ compromise  betwe5 weight &     
com=t4    ,_m cook outfits (f]$ by      
sport+ goods h\ses are too complete =  a
 place 9 ! hik]'s kit1 9 fact _! v      
complet5ess r5d]s  !m impractical       
because ( weight1 bulk & ! numb] (      
ut5sils to  be kept track (4 ,!y are    
made m 9 answ] to ! call ( city         
sportsm5 ) fa/idi\s tr5d ( m9d :o z a   
rule favor m  elaborate equipage        
?r\gh\t4    ,9 *oos+ a cook+ outfit     
weight is ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,"o does 
n wi% to c>ry heavy /ove ut5sils nor are
 su* ne$$4 ,!y mu/ be  /rong en\gh1     
h[ev]1 = h>d s]vice4 ,9 ! second place  
compactness is a desid]atum1 = "h we mu/
 r$uce bulk4 ,! common  ut5sils ( ! %op 
w n ne/ well = !y are all sp\ts1 bail   
e>s1 h&les & cov] knobs4 ,"o c r$uce !  
bulk by gett+ su*  articles z ne/ into  
"o ano!r4 ,9 mak+ up ! light weight mess
  kit ! ne/+ idea %\ld c]ta9ly be c>ri$ 

out b nev] at !  co/ ( utility4    ,(   
mat]ials t9 & iron are ! *eape/ & !y may
 be light en\gh4  ,"h _! m]its end4     
,iron w ru/ & nei!r iron nor t9 w  /&   
r\gh h&l+4 ,ut5sils ( su* mat]ial are   
h>d to clean :5  greasy & if ! jo9ts be 
sold]$ "o is kept 9 mortal fe> ( _!     
e>ly de/ruction4 ,! s-call$ armor/eel   
:i* is /rong /amp$  /eel ) heavy t9n+ is
 q good if "o c get no?+ bett]4         
,enamel w>e is ! easie/ to keep clean & 
its poor heat conduct+  prop]ties makes 
x = "s ?+s pref]able4 ,x has a t5d5cy to
  *ip & flake "u r\gh h&l+ or 9 cold    
wea!r4 ,?is latt]  fault c be rem$i$ to 
"s ext5t by gradual w>m+ ( ! article    
be=e expos+ to fi]ce heat4 ,enamel w>e  
is n mu* heavi] ?an  o!r w>e t is       
suffici5tly /rong = outdoor s]vice4     
,alum9um alloy is a boon to ! camp]1 x  
be+ ! ideal mat]ial =  c]ta9 outdoor    
ut5sils4 ,x /&s up 9 all                
climates--tropical1 frigid  nor?1 9 use 
on horseback trips1 9 canoe "w1 sl$g+ or
 on !  hike4 ,x is mu* ! lighte/ mat]ial

 we h4 ,any sport+ goods  deal] c supply
 y4 ,! unalloy$ alum9um is too s(t &    
easily  b5ds out ( %ape ) h>d usage &   
dry heat1 h5ce a /iff5] is  add$ yet )\t
 appreciable *ange ( weight4 ,alum9um   
alloy has few  m]its beyond lightness3 x
 is a quick heat conductor1 h5ce ! cup  
_h  bett] be ( "s o!r mat]ial su* z     
enamel w>e s z to save !  lips f bli/]+4
 ,also "u ! application ( dry heat to an
  alum9um fry pan ! food /icks & burns s
 ! fry pan is pref]ably  ( light /amp$  
/eel4 ,h[ev]1 :]e lightness is ! great  
desid]atum all p>ts ( ! cook+ kit %\ld  
be made ( alum9um  alloy4    ,! mo/     
commonly us$ outfit is ! "o m5tion$1    
consi/+ ( fry  pan1 kettle1 cup1 knife1 
=k & spoon ) p]haps a cante54 ,!  fir/  
?ree articles repres5t ! ess5tial       
compon5ts ( an ideal  individual mess   
kit & provision = ^! 9 "s %ape or =m is 
made 9 mo/ e mess kit comb9ation y w    
come across4 ,! above  outfit ,i h us$ =
 ye>s1 gott5 toge!r 9 ! fir/ place      
because  ! p>ts 7 easy to get hold ( &  

!n !y 7 reta9$ because  !y did ! "w     
expect$ ( !m--!y )/ood ! 8acid te/40 ,! 
l>ge t9 cup1 ,army patt]n1 ,i c>ri$ at  
my belt :]e x is easy to  rea* & ?us    
escap$ ! tr\ble to ne/4 ,9 x ,i /eep$   
tea ?us  do+ away ) a special teapot4 ,!
 kettle ( t9 0 us$ = boil+  wat]1 mak+  
/ews1 etc4 ,its wire bail ,i luckily lo/
 & !re)  atta*$ a *a9 bail :i* /ays put 
:5 susp5d+ ! pot ov] !  fire & x is n   
cumb]some :5 pack+ away4 ,! fry pan is a
 small  ,numb] #j size ) socket =       
ext5sion h&le4 ,x is cov]$ ) a  tight   
fitt+ lid & ?us does duty z a bak]4 ,by 
heap+ coals ^u  x "o gets ! envelope (  
hot air4    ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,meat
 ,c comb9es a fry+ pan & bak]3 !  deep  
bottom also s]ves z a s\p plate & ! lid 
z a s]v+ plate4  ,:5 ! lid locks 9 place
 ov] ! pan by ! h+$ h&le x becomes  a   
roomy receptacle = lun* c>ry+ on ! m>*1 
! metal r+ on  "o end all[s ( its       
atta*m5t to ! soldi]'s belt or ! :ole   
?+ c be /or$ 9 ! pack sack4 ,x is an    
+5i\s contrivance &  ideal = ! tramp]'s 

use4    ,a l>ge alum9um alloy           
tablespoon1 a small /eel =k & ! %ea? or 
pocket knife or flat /ick :i* displaces 
! table knife completes !  kit4 ,on     
c]ta9 trips :]e wat] is sc>ce ,i add a  
second h&1 felt  cov]$ ,army cante54    
,reg>d+ inspirators1 broil]s1 fire irons
 & o!r clap-traps1 let x  be kn[n t ?\gh
 seem+ly insignificant !y furni% m      
details  to look aft]1 b z a rule !y d n
 possess suffici5t advantage to  pay = !
 c>e & labor ( transport+ on a light    
trip4    ,on a hik+ trip ! comb9$ fry   
pan & bak] w be us$4 ,) ?is  v          
acceptable bread/uffs c be coax$ out (  
camp fire heat1 d\gh  & ! fry+ pan4     
,inde$ 9 em]g5cy ! fry+ pan itself may  
be  disc>d$ & 9 su* a cont+5cy "o c make
 v good bread by  w9d+ ! d\gh ar\nd a   
clean$ /ick & slant+ x up by ! side  ( !
 fire4    ,cante5s are ne>ly always a   
necessity 9 m\nta9\s regions :]e y\r  "w
 c>ries y on ! ridges high above !      
valleys :]e ! /reams  are4 ,9 ! des]t a 
special wat] supply mu/ be plann$ =4 ,9 

ord9>y hunt+ or tramp+ trips ! small]   
,army cante5 supplies !  m urg5t ne$s4  
,:]e ! wat] supply is contam9at$ x is   
necess>y to boil & filt] ! wat] = dr9k+4
 ,?is c be done at  mealtimes & !n cool$
 & c>ri$ 9 ! cante5 = use on !  m>*4 ,! 
purpose ( ! felt cov]+ ( ! cante5 is to 
keep !  cont5ts cool by ! evaporation f 
! wett$ felt4    ,z a rule "o w1 on a   
light trip1 c>ry no fold+ grate or fire 
irons z supports = ut5sils4 ,rocks1 logs
 or e>!n tr5*es w  take _! places & "o  
does n h to tote !m ar\nd4    ,9 *oos+ !
 hik]'s light weight mess kit take only 
^? compon5t  p>ts t are really ne$$ & h 
^! z /rong1 light & compact  z is       
possible4          ,,*apt] ,,xi    ,,!  
,,ration ,,li/      ,suppos$ly ! greate/
 privation :i* w confront ! amateur     
woodsman :o breaks away f home ties = a 
few weeks' jaunt into !  wild]ness is a 
ga/ronomic "o4 ,yet ) a prop]ly balanc$ 
ration  li/ compos$ ( goods procurable (
 any groc] ) p]haps !  addition ( "s ( !
 new] evaporat$ foods available on      

special  ord] or made at home1 ! hik]   
may hit ! trail confid5t t he  w be well
 f$4    ,! hackney$ slogan ( outfitt+1  
viz43--to secure ! maximum 9  effici5cy 
f supplies :i* repres5t a m9imum 9 c>ry+
 weight  & bulk--mu/ be reit]at$ 9 *oos+
 ! tramp]'s food supply4 ,=  ^? dem&+ ! 
extreme 9 portable equipage ! evaporat$ 
foods--vegetables 7z dri$ potatoes1     
,juli5ne1 etc417 s\ps  7,erbswur/71     
eggs1 milk1 etc41 are invaluable4 ,9 _! 
prep>ation by  dessication ! fre%       
vegetables are depriv$ ( _! wat] cont5t 
s  t all "o ne$s to d 9 prep>+ !m =     
table use is to add wat]  & cook 9 !    
usual way4 ,!y are ?us re/or$ to _! =m] 
value  z palatable foods al?\gh ( c\rse 
_! =m & %ape may be  alt]$4    ,_! *ief 
value = our purpose is t !y repres5t a  
trem5d\s  r$uction 7( approximately #ae 
p] c5t7 9 _! natural weight & a         
correspond+ less5+ ( bulk4 ,= example a 
p\nd ( evaporat$  potatoes w repres5t   
sev5 p\nds ( ! fre% product4 ,or aga9 "o
  p\nd ( granulat$ dri$ egg repres5ts   

f\r doz5 ( ! fre% eggs4  ,dehydrat$     
goods are equal to fre% goods & are f>  
sup]ior to !  cann$ k9d4 ,!y are        
palatable & nutriti\s z foods1 !y nev]  
spoil & p]mit a welcome v>iety 9 ! bill 
( f>e4 ,conc5tration (  bulk alone is n 
! crit]ion 9 *oos+ camp                 
foods--dige/ibility is  really p>am\nt4 
,?us *eese1 nuts1 beans1 rice & ! v>i\s 
evaporat$ foods are highly conc5trat$ b 
diff] greatly 9 _!  ease ( dige/ion4    
,food = ! hik]1 z we h said1 mu/ ) !    
lea/ weight & bulk  furni% appetiz+ &   
dige/ible n\ri%m5t to an active man4 ,x 
%\ld be compos$ ( ! prop] proportions ( 
fat1 prote9 7:i*  comprises ! elem5ts ( 
lean meat7 & c]eal4 ,x %\ld pack easily 
"u all conditions ( heat1 moi/ure & r\gh
 h&l+ & mu/ cook  simply4    ,! foll[+  
items are look$ ^u z ! ess5tials 9 diet 
li/s =  camp]s3--fl\r1 bacon1 beans1    
tea1 sug>4 ,!y repres5t ! ?ree  classes 
( foods necess>y to heal?4 ,= increas+ !
 palatability  & v>iety ( ! bill ( f>e  
o!r items creep 9 & !y are  admissible  

if !y repres5t 9 food value &           
conc5tration ( bulk !  same z a giv5    
am\nt ( ! ess5tial food = :i* !y 7      
sub/itut$4    ,bu% life develops a great
 appetite1 !re=e figure well on !       
necess>y am\nts to be pack$4 ,too mu*   
means discom=t & fatigue 9  pack+ & too 
little means hung] & p]haps privation4  
,little  dep5d5ce %\ld be plac$ ^u      
secur+ game or fi% en r\te unless  "o is
 c]ta9 t he is 9 a c\ntry :]e su* are   
pres5t 9  reasonable abundance & t !re  
is no?+ to int]f]e )  procur+ !m4    ,9 
g5]al x may be said t = ea* week ab\t   
tw5ty p\nds ( food  /uff are ne$$ p]    
man4 ,! foll[+ proportions ( ! v>i\s    
items  w be f\nd ab\t "r3--      ,,food 
,,= ,,"o ,,man ,,"o ,,week      ,:eat   
fl\r        #e     p\nds    ,corn meal  
#d     p\nds    ,bacon              #e  
p\nds    ,beans              #a    p\nds
    ,sug>              #a    p\nds      
,dri$ fruit        #a     p\nd    ,rice 
#a     p\nd    ,bak+ p[d]           p\nd
    ,tea                     p\nd       

,salt                    p\nd    ,pepp] 
small am\nt4      ,dri$ ,egg sub/itut+ a
 portion ( ! meat ration4      ,dri$ s\p
 & vegetables sub/itut+ a portion ( !   
bean    or fl\r ration4    ,on ! trail  
c\nt on cook+ b two meals a day1 morn+ &
 night  ) a noon-day /op ) lun* & hot   
dr9k4 ,?is all[s "t = a  day's "w4      
,foods w keep well if c>e is tak5 to    
exclude moi/ure by pack+ 9  provision   
bags ( closely wov5 musl91 size #f by   
#aj in*es ) tie  /r+s = clos+ ! op5 end4
 ,!y are made wat]pro( by pa9t+  )      
p>aff91 :i* has be5 liquefi$ 9 gasol9e4 
,m>k ea* bag well4  ,!y /[ away nicely 9
 odd corn]s ( ! pack sack4    ,bacon is 
! great /&by 9 ! meat l9e4 ,only !      
leane/ %\ld be  *os53 trim (f ! r9d be=e
 />t+ on ! hike & wrap x 9 a  piece (   
wat]pro( musl9 to protect x f o!r items 
( ! outfit4  ,d n seal x too tight z x w
 mold4 ,z bacon grease w be us$  in/ead 
( l>d ! latt] c be omitt$ entirely4     
,! fl\r ration %\ld be made up ( :ole   
:eat or graham fl\r &  yell[ corn meal4 

,= a /imulat+ bev]age c(fee is g5]ally  
pref]r$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & tea 9       
,canada4 ,! latt] is mu*  easi] to      
transport & m su/a9+ to ! body4 ,if     
prop]ly *os5  y c elim9ate ! tea or     
c(fee pot f ! camp outfit4 ,george      
,wa%+ton c(fee & ,in/ant ,po/um are     
p[d]$ prep>ations & all  t is ne$$ is to
 put a teaspoonful 9 a cup ( hot wat]1  
/ir up1  sweet5 & dr9k4 ,if y use tea   
get ! tea tabloids :i* are a great      
conv5i5ce because ( _! extreme          
compactness4 ,suffici5t = #ajj  cups (  
good tea occupies only ab\t z mu* space 
z "o or two ounces  ( loose tea leaves4 
,= use ?r[ "o tabloid into a cup ( hot  
wat]1  wait a m9ute & a satisfy+        
infusion is ! result4 ,tea 9 g5]al is   
to be pref]r$1 = an ounce ( x w g z f> z
 _m ounces (  c(fee4    ,dri$ fruits su*
 z rais9s1 figs1 etc41 %\ld always be   
includ$ 9  ! ration li/4 ,!y make f9e   
em]g5cy rations to be c>ri$ 9 !         
knapsack 7) a cake ( sweet *ocolate     
add$47 ,*ocolate beats :isky  = putt+   

new en]gy into a fell[ :o is all 94 ,:5 
rais9s are  cook$ up alone or ) rice "o 
gets an agreeable *ange 9 ! bill (  f>e4
 ,rice is "o ( ! mo/ conc5trat$ foods we
 h1 x is easy to  pack & cook & has     
great su/a9+ p[]s z an article ( diet4  
,x  has food elem5ts ( su* a k9d t x c  
be tak5 9 place (  potatoes or bulky    
breakfa/ foods4 ,to cook rice1 add      
gradually !  wa%$ k]nels to furi\sly    
boil+ salt$ wat] & keep ?is ov] !  fire 
= #bj m9utes4 ,p[d]$ milk is on ! m>ket 
& is m  satisfactorily pur*as$ ?an made 
at home4 ,x is ! milk ( *oice  :5 y h to
 cut d[n weight z on a hike4    ,bak+   
p[d] %\ld be pure1 & x %\ld be kept 9   
air & wat]  tight conta9]s & sunk 9 !   
middle ( ! fl\r sack4 ,i keep x 9  an   
alum9um flask ) a cork l9$ metal screw  
top4 ,:5 moi/ure  rea*es bak+ p[d] a    
*emical *ange takes place de/roy+ its   
leav5+ p[]s & x is useless = cook+      
purposes4 ,keep ?is 9  m9d 9 consid]+   
self ris+ fl\rs :i* h ! bak+ p[d]  mix$ 
) ! fl\r 9 prop] proportions = use &    

simply requir+  ! addition ( wat] be=e  
cook+4    ,"o has a rem>kable crav+ =   
sweets :5 on ! trail :i* only  sug> w   
satisfy4 ,sug> is ! mo/ conc5trat$ food 
we h = x  supplies s mu* heat & en]gy to
 ! body4 ,9 cold wea!r ,nature  calls = 
m heat 9 ! body & "o's appetite = sweets
 usually  increases 9 proportion4 ,mu*  
is writt5 9 camp outfitt+ conc]n+ a     
prep>ation call$ sac*>9e or cry/allose  
:i* is a *emical (  rem>kable           
sweetness--a small portion ( x equall+ 9
 sweet5+  p[] sev]al hundr$ times its   
bulk ( sug>4 ,d n dep5d on x1 =  its    
*emical action delays dige/ion & x does 
n furni% ! food  value :i* sug> does4   
,,dehydrat$ ,,navy ,,beans    ,9 prep>+ 
dri$ bean meal "o uses ord9>y navy beans
 :i* are  cook$ 9 ! usual way & !n bak$ 
9 an ov54 ,by spread+ ?is  product out 9
 a broad flat bottom$ pan & cont9u+ !   
bak+ or  dry+ out process 9 ! ov5 !     
moi/ure is all driv5 out & only a       
crumbl+ cru/ rema9s4 ,?is is pulv]iz$ & 
pack$ 9 tight fitt+  t9s or 9 wat]pro(  

sacks4 ,x is us$ z a s\p or gruel4      
,common bak$  beans :i* come 9 t9s f !  
corn] groc] may be put into !  broad    
bake t9s & ?or\ghly dri$ & pack$ away4  
,z beans are h>d  to boil 9 high        
altitudes y c prep>e !m at home by      
p>boil+  )\t salt 9 ! wat]1 dry+ well & 
lat] us+ by cook+ z  usual 9 salt$ wat]4
      ,,j]k$ ,,meats    ,9 ! palmy days 
( ! 8late lam5t$ wild we/0 ! ,indian    
hunt]s  pres]v$ meats by a me?od call$  
8j]k+40 ,! fle% w\ld be cut  into /rips 
& laid on light wood5 racks 9 ! sun or 9
 ! smoke (  a camp fire until dry & h>d4
 ,?is w\ld be pack$ away & us$ 9  ! w9t]
 "t mu* ! same z we use ! dri$ beef ( ! 
but*]  %ops ( today4 ,y c pres]ve       
meats--/eaks1 game1 or fi%--?is way  or 
aft] ! improv$ me?od ( ,dr4 ,hornaday ( 
! ,new ,york ,zoological  ,g>d54 ,he    
takes meat cut into /rips & works well  
into ! fle% a  mixture ( salt #a p\nd1  
allspice #a tablespoonsful & black pepp]
 #a  tablespoonsful4 ,!n he hangs x up  
by a /r+ 9 ! sun if ! air is  dry z 9 ! 

m\nta9s or1 if n1 9 a camp fire smoke   
protect$ f  ! wet4 ,x c be eat5 uncook$ 
& ta/es f9e aft] a mon? or s  has pass$4
      ,,erbswur/    ,"o ( ! be/         
conc5trat$ foods = camp]s & "o admirably
 suit$  = use z an em]g5cy ration is    
,erbswur/--a meal prep>ation us$ by     
v>i\s ,european armies4 ,z x is h>d to  
get except f groc]s ( !  l>g] cities or 
sport+ goods deal]s "o c well make x at 
home z  foll[s3--,procure common dri$   
peas & navy beans & dessicate !m  aft]  
cook+ z sugge/$ above 7see p>agraph on  
,dehydrat$ ,navy  ,beans74 ,( ! pea meal
 use "o p\nd2 ( ! bean meal #a p\nds2   
bacon  *opp$ f9e & dri$1 & onions       
pulv]iz$1 ( ea*  p\nd4 ,mix all  toge!r 
& run ?r\gh ! gr9d] aga91 dry & pack    
away4 ,x is  us$ to make a ?ick s\p & is
 v nutriti\s4      ,,evaporat$ ,,egg    
,,p[d]    ,probably ! mo/ rem>kable dri$
 food ( all is ! evaporat$ egg4  ,take  
doz5 eggs & beat !m up h>d ) an egg     
beat]4 ,take two  flat bottom$ bak+ pans
 f ! kit*5 & spread a v ?9 lay]  ( egg  

!reon4 ,n[ 9 dry+ %\ld y put ?is 9 ! ov5
 x w  cook :]eas if simply set 9 ! sun  
dur+ ! day ! moi/ure is  evaporat$ & a  
cru/ ( ! ess5tial elem5ts reta9+ all !  
n\ri%m5t & flavor ( ! egg rema9s4 ,true 
! product is %apeless  z f> z ! ord9>y  
conception ( an egg is conc]n$ b x is v 
effective = cook+ :]e weight & fragility
 9 pack+ are  conc]n$4 ,aft] ! eggs h   
be5 9 ! sun all day remove indoors  & if
 dry run ?r\gh a clean$ c(fee mill4 ,?is
 pulv]izes ! mass4  ,x %\ld next be     
completely dri$ out 9 ! sun & pack$ away
 9  empty molasses t9s ) pry up lids4   
,a p\nd ( evaporat$ egg equals f\r doz5 
fre% eggs & "o  tablespoonful ( egg p[d]
 ) two tablespoonsful ( wat] repres5ts  
an egg4 ,x is useful 9 omelets1 scrambl$
 or 9 comb9ation cook+4  ,besides be+ a 
great sav+ 9 weight s9ce "o does n h to 
c>ry  ar\nd ! wat]1 ! evaporat$         
prep>ation enables u to utilize eggs  on
 ! h>de/ k9d ( a hike :]e if we 7 =c$ to
 use fre% eggs  _! place 9 ! knapsack   
w\ld be positively prohibit$ because (  

_! fragility4      ,,pemmican    ,:5 mu*
 fat is requir$ = ! body z 9 cold]      
regions no food has  be5 f\nd to surpass
 ,pemmican4 ,pe>y says3--8,pemmican is !
 mo/  conc5trat$ & satisfactory ( all   
meat foods & is absolutely  indisp5sable
 on long ,arctic sl$ge j\rneys40 ,= a t5
 p\nd lot take  ( lean meat1 #e p\nds2  
fat 7suet7 #d p\nds2 dri$ fruit 7rais9s7
   p\nd & ( sug>  p\nd4 ,cut ! meat 9 ?9
 slices1 dry sev]al  days z direct$ "u  
8,j]k$ ,meats40 ,pulv]ize betwe5 two    
/ones or  o!rwise gr9d & mix well ) !   
suet1 melt$1 to a pa/e1 add !  gr\nd    
currants or rais9s & sug>1 all[ to cool 
& pack away4 ,eat  raw1 boil$ ) fl\r or 
fry4      ,,lemonade ,,p[d]    ,?is     
makes an agreeable lun* dr9k & is really
 necess>y to keep !  sy/em 9 good ord]4 
,take ! cle> juice ( ?ree lemons & #ae  
teaspoonfuls ( sug> & put into a broad1 
flat bak+ pan4 ,s9ce s  mu* wat] is to  
be evaporat$ x is be/ to dry ?is out 9  
an ov51  b prolong$ exposure to a hot   
sun w d ! trick4 ,! lemon p[d]  %\ld be 

p]fectly dry & !n pulv]iz$ & /or$ 9 pry 
up t9s4  ,= use put ! p[d] 9 wat] to !  
desir$ /r5g?4 ,! addition (  citric acid
 cry/als 9 small am\nts is a help1 b :5 
reli$ ^u  alone to make lemonade1 z     
recomm5d$ by "s writ]s1 w n make a  dr9k
 :i* takes ! place ( ! conc5trat$ lemon 
except z to  ta/e4      ,,breads        
,bread is ! /aff ( life4 ,j z good bread
 c be bak$ 9 ! woods  z 9 ! be/ hotel ( 
! b\lev>ds4 ,! bak+ ( camp bread c be   
tak5 z a crit]ion ( ! amateur cook's    
ability4 ,h a good bak]1 a  good fire & 
foll[ ! recipe if y w\ld h success4 ,on 
back pack  trips x is advisable to reta9
 ! fry+ pan z ! bak] & by us+  a t9 cov]
 y c heap coals ^u x & get ! envelope ( 
hot air4  ,lay two gre5 *unks or two    
squ>e edg$ /ones ab\t #f to #h in*es    
ap>t ne> ! camp fire4 ,rake a few coals 
betwe5 & place ! pan  ov] !m4 ,put !    
d\gh 9 ! pan aft] spr9kl+ ) fl\r &  cov]
 ) ! t94 ,place live coals on ?is       
t9--ab\t twice z _m z  und]nea?--& wat* 
! bak+ closely s t x won't burn4 ,y c   

fry bread on ! top ( /one3 :5 "o side is
 bak$ /& ! pan on  edge by ! side ( !   
/one & all[ bak+ to proce$ 9 t way4     
,rememb] t small cakes & biscuits mu/ be
 bak$ quickly be=e a  hot fire :]eas    
l>ge loaves1 su* z johnny cake1 mu/ h a 
sl[  ev5 heat s z to get done ?r\gh4 ,! 
secret ( ! camp ov5 is !  envelope ( hot
 air :i* mu/ n be too hot & mu/ be kept 
ev54  ,bel[ are giv5 ! recipes :i* are  
mo/ successfully us$ ) !  fry+ pan bak]4
 ,:ole :eat fl\r makes easi] ?an :ite & 
has m  ta/e4 ,use yell[ corn meal4 ,9 ! 
recipes foll[ exactly to obta9 !  be/   
results4      ,,self-,,ris+ ,,fl\r      
,to save pack+ sev]al +r$i5ts sep>ately 
x is (t5 recomm5d$  to mix ! johnny cake
 & pan cake fl\r at home & c>ry x 9 "o  
sack on ! trail4 ,!n m]ely mix+ ) wat]  
to a giv5 consi/5cy  w be suffici5t to  
supply a good d\gh4 ,if dampness is kept
 f x  :ile pack+ x is v good & ! foll[+ 
recipe w be f\nd  satisfactory3--take ( 
granulat$ yell[ corn meal #a qu>t1 (    
:ite  :eat fl\r #a p9t1 sug>  cup1 salt 

#a teaspoonful & bak+ p[d] #d           
teaspoonsful4 ,= flapjacks 9 camp take a
 portion ( ! above fl\r  mixture & add  
suffici5t wat] to make a /iff batt] &   
all[ x to  /& = a few m9utes be=e dropp+
 x 9 spoonfuls on ! hot  greas$ fry pan3
 :5 bubbles beg9 to %[ on top turn4 ,to 
make a  johnny cake or corn bread use   
less wat] ?an above s z to make a  d\ghy
 mass1 turn into ! fry pan1 set up be=e 
! fire & leave  until ! top sets1 !n    
turn ov]4    ,a me?od = corn pone 9 :i* 
! +r$i5ts are mix$ at ea*  bak+3--#a p9t
 ( wat] 9 a pail is br\ght to a boil1   
add a  teaspoonful ( salt1 corn meal is 
sl[ly add$ & /irr$ to a mu%1  cook+ x = 
a few m9utes4 ,grease ! fry pan1 put 9 !
 mu%1 cov]  ) t91 bury 9 ! a%es & coals1
 & bake #cj to #dj m9utes4 ,?is  makes !
 f9e/ k9d ( bread/uff4      ,,army      
,,bread    ,?is is easy to mix1 is made 
)\t grease1 keeps fre% = a long  p]iod &
 w n dry up or mold4 ,x is good to eat  
:5 cold & is  j ! ?+ :5 lay+ 9 a supply4
 ,= r\t9e diet x is mu*  bett] ?an      

biscuit4 ,take ( fl\r #a qu>t1 salt #a  
teaspoonful1 sug> #a  tablespoonful1 &  
bak+ p[d] #b heap+ teaspoonfuls4 ,mix 9 
#a p9ts  ( cold wat] to make a ?ick     
batt] & p\r out level into a pan4 ,bake 
#de m9utes or until a sliv] w n /ick    
into ! d\gh4      ,,fi%    ,"o ( !      
delights ( camp life is 9 e/rang+ "o's  
self f !  fa/idi\s cu/oms ( civilization
 & liv+ (f ! c\ntry :]e y  camp4 ,a f9e 
pa/ime & diet *ange is ! cat*+ & eat+ ( 
fi%4  ,! lakes & /reams ( ! outdoors    
ab\nd ) fi% :i* :5 caught  9 ! icy wat] 
& cook$ ov] a camp fire 9 ! op5 makes a 
welcome  addition to ! hik]'s bill (    
f>e4 ,tr\t are easily cook$4 ,black     
bass are good if ! wat] :]e y cat* !m is
 cold4 ,pike is !  be/ ,am]ican food    
fi%4 ,!y %\ld be left unclean$ nev]     
long] ?an  "o-half day aft] cat*+1 nev] 
leave 9 wat] & don't wa% until  j be=e  
cook+4 ,roll 9 cornmeal1 h pl5ty ( bacon
 fat 9 !  fry pan & cook sl[ly4 ,try ) !
 t9e ( =k to see if done4    ,=         
dige/ible fry+ use a %all[ pan & little 

grease1 heat ! pan  & grease j en\gh to 
keep ! meat f /ick+4 ,! meat mu/ be  dry
 or x w absorb ! grease4 ,cook quick at 
fir/ to seal 9 !  juices & turn         
frequ5tly2 d n jab too mu* ) =k = t w\ld
  let ! juice escape4    ,! season$ hik]
 is little apt to be sep>at$ f 8 outfit1
 b x  c & sometimes is done & !n "o mu/ 
be able to cope ) a real  em]g5cy4 ,e   
individual outfit %\ld conta9 em]g5cy   
food4 ,x is  a safe plan nev] to become 
sep>at$ f y\r p>ty )\t an  em]g5cy      
ration ) y & mat]ials = secur+ game &   
fi% if  su* ab\nd 9 ! region4           
,,*apt] ,,xii    ,,heal? ,,h9ts ,,=     
,,hik]s      ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,feet    ,! 
condition+ ( ! feet w be done :ile z a  
p$e/rian y are  prep>+ = "s long hike4  
,curative measures = foot maladies !n   
are to be und]tak5 at home4 ,9 c>+ = !  
feet a def9ite toilet  r\t9e %\ld be    
e/abli%$ & adh]$ to 9 ord] to keep ^!   
wor?y memb]s 9 a %ape fit to d ! "w     
expect$ ( !m4    ,9 ! morn+ be=e />t+   
du/ talcum1 equal p>ts ( talcum &  z9c  

/e>ate1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army foot   
p[d] inside ! /ock+  or sme> ov] ! foot 
a m$icat$ o9tm5t1 oil or vasel9e4    ,on
 a long tramp %\ld ! feet become t5d] "o
 may well at ! noon  re/ *ange socks &  
sub/itute dry ones or at lea/ beat !    
worn  socks ) a /ick to /raight5 out any
 wr9kles t may h =m$1  !n dry !m z well 
z y c4    ,9 ! ev5+ att5d to wa%+ ! feet
 & legs z soon z possible  aft] ! m>*4  
,cool wat] seems be/ to allay ! s5sation
 ( heat  & irritability result+ f _!    
=cible impact on ! road4 ,use  v little 
soap if any & dry ! feet well ) a s(t   
t[el &  apply friction g5tly until ! sk9
 is r$4    ,if !re is any t5d5cy t[>d   
rawness ( ! sk9 add common salt to  !   
ba?+ wat]4 ,we/on1 ! fam\s p$e/rian1 :5 
ask$ :at  special prep>ation ( ! feet he
 made be=e 8 long record-break+  walks  
said t he 8pickl$ 8 feet 9 a /rong      
solution ( common rock  salt--! k9d us$ 
= ice cream mak+--at ! temp]ature ( !   
body4 ,s\se & soak ! feet at b$time4 ,!n
 dry & if available  s\se !m ) extract (

 wit* hazel :i* is all[$ to dry on40    
,a t5d5cy t[>d sweaty feet is natural ) 
c]ta9 individuals4 ,!  sweat gl&s are   
simply ov]-active & ! secretion easily  
decomposes  & is highly (f5sive4 ,!     
result+ s(t5+ ( ! sk9 p]mits (  its     
rubb+ (f easily1 & abrasions & bli/]s   
are apt to =m4 ,!  treatm5t %\ld be     
appli$ z soon z !re is any sign ( !     
tr\ble  & is z foll[s3 ,ba! ! feet 9    
cool wat] & c>efully dry !m4  ,!n pa9t )
 comm]cial =mal9 #a "p & wat] #i p>ts & 
if  ?is causes a burn+ ( any portion ( !
 raw sk9 wa% x (f )  wat]4 ,if =mal9 is 
n at h& a /rong tea infusion or tannic  
acid  solution w "w z well4 ,! object is
 to h>d5 & practically tan  ! sup]ficial
 lay]s ( ! sk9 & alt] ! secretions ( !  
sweat  gl&s4 ,repeat ! above e o!r day =
 six days4 ,!n du/ )  ! ,army ,foot     
,p[d]4      ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,,foot ,,p[d]
      ,salicylic acid                   
#c p>ts    ,p[d]$ />*                   
#aj p>ts    ,talcum p[d]                
#hg p>ts    ,?is is antiseptic1 a/r+5t &

 soo?+4    ,"u a comb9ation ( dampness &
 heat ! sk9 becomes s(t &  t5d] & is apt
 to become bli/]$ & abrad$4 ,unaccu/om$ 
ex]cise  & ill fitt+ %oes are           
responsible = mo/ ( ! bli/]s :i*        
develop on ! foot1 usually on ! heels & 
toes4 ,!y con/itute !  mo/ s]i\s tr\bles
 ) :i* ! amateur p$e/rian w h to        
cont5d1 especially ^? ) a s(t sk9 &     
sweaty feet4 ,on a long  hike !         
condition %\ld h be5 av]t$ by ! t\gh5+  
treatm5t  at home z outl9$ above4 ,9    
bli/]+ ! sk9 is rais$ & fill$  ) a      
collection ( wat]y s]um4 ,! fluid mu/ be
 evacuat$ & !  sk9 left intact z a      
protective cov] dur+ ! heal+ process4   
,remove ! fluid by pass+ a ne$le1 :i*   
has be5 heat$ until r$1  obliquely ?r\gh
 ! s\nd sk9 at ! edge ( ! bli/]1 )draw  
& all[ ! fluid to escape4 ,9 ! case ( v 
l>ge bli/]s use a  ne$le & ?read &      
/]ilize by boil+4 ,pass ?r\gh ! bli/] & 
snip (f ! ends ( ! ?read to )9  in* ( ! 
bli/] &  leave x to act z a dra94 ,cov] 
all ) a s(t clean clo? until !  s]um is 

all out !n cov] ) adhesive pla/]4 ,"o c 
?us cont9ue  walk+ )\t pa9 & rely ^u    
complete recov]y 9 a c\ple (  days4     
,abrasions are bli/]s ) sk9 remov$1 due 
to rubb+ ( ! %oes 9  walk+ & !y are v   
pa9ful because ( ! access ( air ^u !    
expos$ n]ves ( ! true sk94 ,small       
abrasions may be wa%$ clean &  dri$1    
cov]$ ) an adhesive /rip1 & dismiss$4   
,l>g] ones may  ne$ to be clean$ &      
treat$ ) "s antiseptic o9tm5t & cov]$  )
 absorb5t cotton & adhesive4 ,! secret  
is to prev5t !m 9 !  fir/ place by prop]
 foot c>e1 & if />t$ to exam9e & treat  
!m f "t to "t to prev5t _! enl>gem5t4   
,a corn is a circumscrib$ ?ickness ( sk9
 at a po9t1 usually on a  toe1 :]e !re  
is pressure & friction betwe5 a bony    
prom95ce &  ! %oe4 ,x is simil> to a    
callus b diff]s f ! latt] 9  hav+ a     
c5tral peg or core projection inw>d t[>d
 ! bone & by  press+ on f9e n]ves       
produc+ pa94 ,! pa9 /ops :5 ! outside   
pressure is remov$4 ,if ! corn is betwe5
 two toes :]e x becomes  mac]at$ by heat

 & moi/ure x is call$ a 8s(t corn40     
,9 treat+ a corn ! cause mu/ be rem$i$ &
 ?is usually consi/s  9 gett+ footwe> ) 
pl5ty ( 8toe room10 ?us reliev+ !       
pressure4 ,= cure ! callosity mu/ be    
s(t5$ & remov$4 ,if !  corn is n sev]e  
simply s(t5+ by soak+ 9 hot soapy wat] &
  p>+ ) a razor-%>p knife blade w (t5   
suffice4 ,to remove  corns3 7#a7 ,wa% ! 
foot well at b$time4 ,soak = t5 m9utes 9
 hot  soapy wat] :i* w s(t5 a corn s x w
 appe> :ite4 7#b7 ,wipe  dry4 7#c7      
,apply corn m$ic9e4 ,! *ief +r$i5t ( mo/
 ( !  adv]tis$ corn cures is salicylic  
acid & a conv5i5t prep>ation is  made by
 y\r druggi/ z foll[s3    ,,corn        
,,collodion      ,salicylic acid        
#aa p>ts    ,extract ,cannibis ,indica  
#b p>ts    ,alcohol                     
#aj p>ts    ,flexible collodion         
#gg p>ts    ,apply ) a wisp ( cotton    
twi/$ on a mat* or too?pick1 dip 9      
solution & pa9t on ! corn & all[ to dry4
 ,repeat ! above  nightly = f\r times4  
7#d7 ,on ! f\r? night ! corn %\ld be    

dead  & :iti% 9 color4 ,aft] wa%+ p>e   
ar\nd ! edge ( ! corn  ) a knife blade &
 lift ! core out 9 "o piece1 includ+ all
 (  ! ?ick5$ tissue d[n to ! quick4 ,!  
result is a complete cure if  !         
atta*m5ts ( ! corn are tak5 out all at  
once4    ,s(t corns mu/ be treat$ ! same
 z h>d ones3 s(t5 ! corn tissue  s x w  
come away )\t pa94 ,pref]ably "h "o %\ld
 use an  o9tm5t in/ead ( collodion2     
salicylic acid #dj p>ts1 vasel9e #cj    
p>ts & lanol9 #cj p>ts4 ,sme> ?is ov] ! 
corns & keep ! toes  ap>t ) absorb5t    
cotton4 ,remove ! cause4    ,because !y 
are s common foot injuries mu/ n be     
resign$ to z  inevitable4 ,prev5tion is 
simple & ! rew>ds to ! tramp]  adequate4
      ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,camp ,,life    ,z  
p]ta9s to normal life any:]e ! hik] mu/ 
obs]ve ! accept$  precepts ( hygi5e 9   
ord] to d]ive ! greate/ b5efit f 8      
heal? giv+ pa/ime4 ,! feet mu/ be kept  
s\nd z emphasiz$ 9 !  =ego+1 ! /oma* &  
b[els normal & temp]ance 9 all ?+s      
/rictly obs]v$4 ,our aim is n to tra9 & 

diet = record break+  feats1 b to       
develop a reasonable endurance & become 
heal?y4    ,z soon z is possible aft] a 
walk rub d[n ) a wet t[el &  friction to
 a gl[ ) a dry t[el3 ?is is v refre%+ & 
quickly  dispels /iffness4 ,:ile walk+  
produces a good appetite1 eat+ &  dr9k+ 
mu/ be mod]ately indulg$ 9 aft] a long  
walk1 j  satisfy+ ! pangs ( hung] else y
 w lack en]gy in/ead (  ga9+ x4 ,be     
c>eful n to become ov]heat$3 9 cold     
wea!r ease up  ne> ! end ( ! j\rney to  
cool (f gradually & ?us prev5t  *ill4   
,,m$ical ,,& ,,surgical ,,kit    ,no    
wild]ness adv5tur] %\ld hit ! trail )\t 
a k ( a  few pr9ciples 9 ! treatm5t (   
m$ical & surgical ills & he  %\ld always
 be equipp$ ) a simple compact fir/ aid 
kit4 ,?is  %\ld conta9 an em]g5cy w\nd  
packet su* z is issu$ our ,army &       
consi/+ ( ! foll[+--a pad ( /]ile gauze 
& a triangul>  b&age s arrang$ z to be  
suitable = use z a w\nd dress+ on  any  
"p ( ! body3 an ounce ( absorb5t cotton 
is useful 7a7 to  filt] bad wat]--boil !

 latt] & p\r ?r\gh cotton held 9 !      
cleans$ h&s2 7b7 z a dress+ = w\nds2 7c7
 a small tuft may be  wrapp$ ab\t a     
too?pick & us$ to swab =eign p>ticles f 
!  eye4 ,z ,o ,adhesive ,pla/] 7"o in*  
by five y>ds7 is us$ on ! feet  to      
prev5t & treat abrasions & bli/]s1 ov]  
f+] cuts1 to m5d  fi% rods1 etc4 ,take a
 collapsible tube ( vasel9e or boric    
acid  o9tm5t = *app$ lips2 comp\nd      
ca?>tic pills = b[el  regulation2 aspir9
 tablets1 #e gra9s ea* to be us$ "o e   
f\r  h\rs = grippe1 colds & rheumatism2 
sun *ol]a tablets = pa9 &  cramps 9 !   
/oma* & b[els--"o e h\r = f\r doses & 9 
di>rha "o aft] ea* b[el movem5t2 &      
mosquito dope4      ,,insect ,,pe/s     
,?r\gh\t ! e>ly season until ne> ,augu/ 
fir/ mosquitoes1 gnats1  de] & black    
flies are to be reckon$ )4 ,! vici\s    
black fly  keeps "o awake until late 9 !
 aft]noon1 ! midges appe> ab\t  sunset1 
! de] fly mo/ all ! "t1 & ! mosquito    
ma9ly at  b$time4 ,mosquitoes are worse 
! fur!r ,s\? 79 ! tropics insects  =m ! 

wor/ imp$im5t to travel7 or ,nor? 7ev5  
to ! bleak  m\nta9 tops above timb] l9e7
 y g4 ,! qu]ul\s s+ song1  poison$ /+ & 
?ir/ = blood makes ( !m a real ob/acle  
to !  successful enjoym5t ( a trip4 ,ev5
 "o c keep y awake = h\rs4  ,! am\nt (  
annoyance dep5ds some:at on ! p]son's   
makeup1 "s  be+ v susceptible :ile o!rs 
are n4 ,y c miss ! pe/ by  ! *oice ( a  
good season4 ,augu/ f9ds !m greatly     
less5$ 9  numb]s h5ce ?is is ! be/ mon? 
9 :i* to g camp+4    ,= prev5t+ _!      
vici\s assaults a headnet fitt+ d[n ov] 
!  %\ld]s ) /r+s "u ! arms is (t5 useful
 :5 y are ab\t  camp b z y look ?r\gh ! 
clo? :5 walk+ 9 ! woods !  l&scape      
assumes prismatic aspects4 ,mosquito b> 
is too fragile &  bobb9et too exp5sive  
:ile *eeseclo? net ) a mica or celluloid
  w9d[ is q satisfactory4 ,we> gauntlet 
gloves = h&s4    ,n9e out ( t5 p]sons   
sleep 9 op5 camps & z ! av]age t5t is  n
 insect pro( we mu/ employ c]ta9        
measures to protect u4 ,to drive  ! pe/s
 away a smudge ( gre5 grass & twigs on a

 well />t$ fire  is a specific b        
requires att5tion to keep x up4    ,a   
t5t may be made fly pro( by hav+ a      
*eeseclo? int]ior :i* is  an exact      
replica 9 %ape ( ! t5t1 ! body v loose &
  volum9\s & no op5+s except :5 ! sides 
are rais$4 ,x is  susp5d$ by cords &    
tapes & is absolutely protective4    ,! 
insect repell5ts us$ z body applications
 consi/ usually ( "s  ess5tial oil      
incorporat$ 9 a la/+ base ( ?ick oil or 
salve :i*  e/abli%es a durable glaze ov]
 ! sk91 prev5t+ too rapid  evaporation (
 ! oil by ! body heat4 ,^! 8dopes0 d n  
injure !  sk9 a bit & ! slight discom=t 
!y may cause is comp5sat$ =  by !       
immunity e/abli%$4 ,9 mildly infe/$     
di/ricts oil (  citronella appli$ to !  
sk9 w suffice1 b :]e !y come at y  9    
sw>ms a glaze on ! sk9 is ne$$ to hold !
 ess5tial oil =  m cont9u$ use4 ,!      
foll[+ =mul are successful3             
,,nessmuks ,,dope      ,no4 #a4         
,p9e ,t>            #c oz4    ,ca/or    
,oil          #b oz4    ,oil ,p5nyroyal 

#a oz4      ,no4 #b4      ,p9e ,t>      
#a oz4    ,oil ,p5nyroyal      #a oz4   
,vasel9e            #c oz4    ,ph5ol    
#c oz4      ,no4 #c4      ,oil          
,citronella       #a oz4    ,spirits    
camphor      #a oz4    ,oil ,c$>        
oz4      ,,w\nd ,,treatm5t    ,! fir/ ?+
 is to /op ! ble$+ by simple pressure ) 
!  clean$ f+] ov] ! ble$+ "p or         
applications ( hot wat]  clo?s4 ,once a 
clean clot is =m$ don't de/roy x4 ,nev] 
use !  homely cobwebs to /op ble$+ z !y 
reek ) g]ms ( blood poison4  ,! second  
important /ep is to exclude pus g]ms4   
,!y are few] 9 !  woods ?an 9 ! city1 b 
we mu/ be exce$+ly c>eful4 ,wa% !       
injur$ "p well 9 hot1 soapy wat] !n r9se
 ) wat] t has  be5 boil$ & cool$4 ,apply
 ! ,fir/ ,aid w\nd dress+4 ,if ! w\nd   
is inflam$ & dis*>g+ pus clean z well z 
possible & keep !  dress+ wet ) cool$   
boil$ wat]1 reapply+ e ?ree h\rs or     
suffici5tly to keep ! dress+s wet4 ,on a
 non-inflam$ w\nd simply  apply ! ,fir/ 
,aid dress+ :i* is /]ile & devoid (     

g]ms4    ,9 a spra9 ! ligam5ts become   
bruis$ or torn1 !re is loss (  function 
& pa9 ) inflammation4 ,p\r hot wat] on !
 injur$ jo9t  = an h\r at a "t1 repeat+ 
e two or ?ree h\rs = a day4  7,if no    
receptacle is at h& to heat wat] 9 fill 
a holl[ rock1 log1  or wat]pro( clo?    
pocket ) wat]1 heat a /one 9 camp fire &
 put  9 wat] = heat+47 ,b&age ! jo9t &  
keep apply+ hot wat]4  ,keep ! limb     
elevat$4 ,:5 ! swell+ goes d[n rub ! sk9
 )  oil or grease1 g5tly massag+ !      
injur$ p>ts4 ,don't ov] ex]cise  s z to 
re9jure ! torn ligam5ts4 ,walk+ (f a    
spra9 won't cure  x1 9 fact only        
prolongs recov]y4    ,9 a dislocation   
besides ! ligam5ts be+ torn ! bone is   
out (  place at a jo9t caus+ ! affect$  
limb to be %ort] or long] ?an  its mate4
 ,/udy h[ ! bone slipp$ f its socket1 = 
y mu/  rev]se ! movem5ts occurr+ at ! "t
 ( accid5t 9 ord] to  r$uce !           
dislocation4    ,a fracture is a sev]e  
malady because a condition ( %ock is    
usually  pres5t4 ,! affect$ "p is       

pa9ful1 ! cont\r ( limb is *ang$1 a     
grat+ 7crepitation7 is felt & he>d :5 ! 
brok5 ends are rubb$  toge!r4 ,! ends   
are (t51 by muscul> action1 drawn out ( 
position  s t !y ov]lap4 ,ov]come ?is   
muscle t5sion by /eady pull+ (  ! two   
brok5 p>ts 9 opposite directions until !
 ends meet 9  prop] relation to "o ano!r
 7?is is imp]ative74 ,hold !m 9 place   
by lay+ spl9ts ( b>k or /icks entirely  
ar\nd ! break  7int]pos+ padd+ ( s(t    
mat]ial next ! sk97 & b&age all 9       
place4 ,if ! p>ts are swell$ apply cold 
wat]4 ,heal+ requires weeks  = a good   
result4    ,a r h]oic measure 0 resort$ 
to by ,*as4 ,f4 ,loomis on 8 long  hike 
f ,ohio to ,cali=nia4 ,hav+ fractur$ 8  
"r arm s badly  t ! bone protrud$ 7a    
8comp\nd0 fracture7 & be+ alone 9 a     
des]t he gave 8 cante5 /rap two flat    
turns ab\t ! wri/1 buckl$  x ar\nd a c$>
 tree1 m\nt$ a ne>by rock1 set 8 heels  
on ! edge  & ?rew himself backw>d4 ,he  
fa9t$ b ! bone 0 set4 ,!n he  rigg$ up  
spl9ts & walk$ #eb miles be=e ta/+ food1

 !n f9i%$  ! #gjj mile tramp to ,los    
,angeles ) 8 brok5 arm 9 a b&anna4      
,^? few h>dy p$e/rians :o may v5ture to 
indulge 9 w9t] walks  are subject to    
hav+ ! extremities freeze al?\gh if !y  
und]/&  ! ess5tials ( keep+ w>m 9 w9t]  
!y may av]t su* tr\bles4  ,! effects (  
heat & cold are ab\t ! same2 !y bo?     
cause a loss  ( blood to ! tissues :i*  
:5 ?us depriv$ ( heat & n\ri%m5t  are on
 ! way to mortification4 ,! object (    
treatm5t is to re/ore  circulation1     
gradually4 ,use cold ba?s 9 a cold room 
!n gradually  w>m+ same up to !         
temp]ature ( ! body4 ,wrap ! froz5 limb 
up  well ) wet clo?s = ! fir/ few days4 
,dr[n+4 ,a /r5u\s ef=t %\ld be made to  
re/ore brea?+ 9 !  app>5tly dr[n$ & s d 
n consid] y\r attempt z futile until  y 
h ?or\ghly employ$ ! me?od sugge/$ bel[ 
= two h\rs4  ,y fir/    7a7 ,get ! wat] 
out ( ! pati5t's lungs by loos5+ all 8  
clo!s1 lay+ him on 8 /oma* & turn 8 face
 to "o side4 ,n[  /&+ a/ride ( 8 hips   
grasp him ab\t ! wai/ & raise !  hips s 

t ! head & feet t\* ! gr\nd 9 ord] t !  
wat]  may gravitate out ( ! lungs4      
7b7 ,aga9 lay+ ! pati5t on 8 /oma*1 head
 turn$ aside & )  8 arms ext5d$ above 8 
head he is giv5 artificial respiration  
aft] ! s-call$ ,s*aef] or prone me?od z 
foll[s3    7c7 ,lung ,compression4 ,y   
kneel on ! gr\nd /raddl+ ! pati5t's     
hips & fac+ 8 head4 ,place y\r h&s s t !
 little f+]  closes ov] ! end ( ! l[e/  
rib & ! heel ( y\r h&s s  plac$ on !    
sides z to all[ y to ex]t all y\r /r5g? 
d[nw>d  f y\r %\ld]s until ! pati5t's   
l[] *e/ region is  compress$4 ,y hold   
?is compression = ?ree seconds & !n     
remove  ! h&s & all[ ! pati5t's *e/ to  
refill4 ,repeat !  compression & lung   
refill+ fifte5 times a m9ute = two h\rs 
if  necess>y4    7d7 ,aft] brea?+ is    
e/abli%$ keep ! pati5t 9 a recumb5t     
position until brea?+ is regul> & put   
him 9 a w>m place &  surr\nd 8 body )   
heat 9 "s =m su* z heat$ /ones wrapp$  9
 clo?s1 hot blankets1 etc4 ,if available
 = use aromatic spirits (  ammonia on a 

h&k]*ief held to ! nose is /imulat+4    
,colds4 ,take a hot ba? & a h]oic dose (
 physic4 ,= ! a*es &  pa9s take aspir9  
tablets 7gra9s #e ea*7 "o e h\r = #d    
doses  !n "o e #d h\rs4 ,if ! ?roat is  
sore g>gle ) salt wat]4    ,di>rha &    
/oma* cramps may be due to bad wat] or  
improp] food4  ,! results are b[el pa9 &
 too frequ5t movem5ts & g5]al  weakness4
 ,/op all food & re/ ! pati5t 9 b$      
entirely4 ,take a  purge & aft] ?ree    
good movem5ts take a ,sun ,*ol]a tablet 
ea* h\r  until ?ree are tak5 !n "o e    
?ree h\rs4 ,if )\t m$ic9e  use fl\r mix$
 ) wat]4    ,9 ,sun/roke ! sk9 /ops     
p]spir+1 ! sk9 ov] ! ribs is hot  & dry1
 ! face r$ & ! head feels great pressure
 ( too mu*  blood4 ,get to a cool place1
 lie d[n1 loos5 ! clo?+ & ba! !  face1  
*e/ & wri/s 9 cold wat] & dr9k z mu*    
wat] z want$4  ,9 ,heat ,exhau/ion !    
conditions are opposite--! face is pale 
& !  sk9 sweaty4 ,y ne$ /imulants su* z 
tea or c(fee & are n to  ba! ! sk94     
,,*apt] ,,xiii    ,,w9t] ,,travel       

,,afoot      ,f ! /&po9t ( pure         
p$e/rianism w9t] travel usually has b   
little appeal yet x repres5ts to !      
un9itiat$ m>vel\s revelations  9 sc5ic  
display1 = ! s$5t>ian1 :o is h\s$ 9 !   
vitiat$  air ( /uffy /eam heat$ (fices1 
a /imulation to ! highe/ degree  (      
physical well be+1 &1 be+ feasible1     
projects "o's vacation  opportunities to
 include ! ye> ar\nd4    ,once exp]i5c$ 
! exhil>ation ( w9t] travel w enslave y 
:e!r y\r indulg5ce is = ! annual hunt 9 
:i* y are  respond+ to ! issue ( ! ,r$  
,gods call+ = sn[%oe or ski  trips      
across ! wa/e places1 or1 aga9 y may    
foll[ ! trail ( !  ,f> ,nor? trapp] 9   
:i* case y\r frequ5tly mov$ camps       
necessitate  mu%+ beh9d a trail sl$     
drawn by huskies or break+ a trail ahead
  ( a bu% toboggan propell$ by y\r own  
p[]4 ,aga9 p]*ance "s get  ri* quick    
fr5zy pu%es y into ! froz5 regions 9    
exploratory  reconnaissance = preci\s   
metals4    ,j :at causes mo/ p to refra9
 f outdoor life 9 w9t] is  ! fe> ( cold4

 ,yet prop]ly reg>d$ ! w9t] is !        
heal?ie/  "t ( ! ye>4 ,physically great]
 ex]tion is necess>y 9 w9t] to  enable !
 body to g5]ate heat suffici5t =        
protection aga9/ cold  & ?is is         
comp5sat$ = 9 ! usually increas$        
difficulties 9  travel ov] road or =e/  
sn[s4 ,pure tramp+ me?ods & kits =      
summ] mu/ be modifi$ to suit new        
conditions = d\btless y w  n h gr\nd to 
walk ^u h5ce y mu/ take to sn[%oes or to
 ski  = ! sn[ "w1 ! body cov]+ mu/ be   
adequate = additional  protection aga9/ 
! elem5ts1 & ! %elt] & b$ mu/ be        
especially adapt$ to y\r ne$s4          
,sn[-%oe+ is becom+ m & m popul> among  
lov]s ( outdoor  life4 ,)\t !m nor!rn   
bu% travel 9 w9t] w\ld be impossible    
because 9 d5se =e/$ areas ! bru% gr[s   
close & ! gr\nd is  fill$ ) fall5 trees 
& rocks & ! sn[ lies loose & p[d]y4     
,sn[-%oe+ is really at its be/ aft] !   
middle ( ,janu>y :5 !  e>ly sn[s h pack$
 d[n & ! wea!r is pretty con/antly      
freez+4    ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ( !    

great t\rnam5ts ( ski jump+ by !        
,sc&9avian exp]ts t "o may lose sight ( 
! fact t ski  runn+ = ! amateur is an   
unp>allel$ w9t] sport 9 any sn[  cov]$  
section & is a necess>y "p ( ! equipm5t 
( m\nta9e]s  ^: j\rney+s take !m f> into
 ! wild]ness probably ) a pack  outfit  
on _! backs4    ,9 ?is c\ntry ! w9t]s   
are z a rule mild & pleasant yet !      
av]age ,am]ican does n appreciate !     
b5efits to be acquir$ f  ! use ( ! ski  
or ! exhil>at+ & excit+ sport to be _h )
  !m4 ,! ski 7pron\nc$ 8skee07 is us$ = 
walk+ 7really  tobogann+ or skat+7 ov] !
 deep sn[1 protect+ ! walk] f  break+   
?r\gh & becom+ imm]s$ 9 a fleecy ba?4 ,9
 regions  :]e ! sn[ gets to ! dep? ( #e 
to #g feet ! ski is int5sely            
utilit>ian1 be+ a real necessity =      
travel z o!rwise travel]s  w\ld become  
hopelessly buri$ 9 ! drifts & p]haps    
p]i%4 ,9 ?is  c\ntry x is becom+ m      
popul> ea* ye> & 9 _m sections x is     
replac+ ! sn[%oe = w9t] travel4    ,)   
ski "o may slide d[n hills ( sn[ or ice1

 he c walk ov]  drifts )\t fa?om+ _!    
dep?s & if sportively incl9$ &  tra9$ he
 c spe$ d[nhill s fa/ t ! s5se ( motion 
is lo/  & ! sc5]y is v]ily 8snat*$0 pa/ 
9 rapid panorama4 ,:]e !  c\ntry is     
reasonably op5 & n too r\gh ! sn[       
becomes fairly  solid4 ,ski are sup]ior 
to sn[%oes & travel is f> fa/] ?an )  ! 
web %oe4    ,9 our m\nta9\s regions !re 
is good sn[-%oe+ & ski+ at  elevations (
 f #bjj to #cjjj feet f ,decemb] to     
,april4 ,! climate  "h is commonly mild 
) days ( cont9ual melt+--a temp]ature ( 
#bj degrees or bel[ be+ a r>ity4 ,!     
m\nta9 sn[s are deep1 =c+  our summ]    
cruis+ me?ods to a matt] ( rem9isc5ce1 &
 ?is dep?  increases v quickly z        
altitude is ga9$4 ,at #ejjj feet        
elevation !  ,fro/ ,k+'s mantle may be  
f\nd to be #bj or #cj feet deep b at ?is
  altitude few cab9s = camp use c be    
dep5d$ ^u4    ,special cold wea!r clo?+ 
requirem5ts are imp]ative = keep+  w>m 9
 camp & on ! trail4 ,body w>m? dep5ds on
 sev]al ?+s4  ,fir/1 ! body's ability to

 make heat1 h5ce our att5tion to heat   
=m+ foods4 ,t ?is heat may rea* all p>ts
 ( ! body &  especially ! extremities   
:i* are s susceptible to cold1 !        
circulation ( blood mu/ be absolutely   
unimp$$ by su* ?+s z  tight %oes1       
con/rict+ wai/ b&s or tight clo?+       
any:]e4  ,secondly1 ! surface ( ! sk9   
mu/ be insulat$ by a loosely wov5       
fabric cov]+ 7be/ ( animal orig97 :i*   
reta9s ! heat 9 its  me%es yet all[s an 
egress ( moi/ure :i* is con/antly       
imp]ceptibly emanat$ by ! pores ( ! sk9 
& to a sup]lative  degree dur+ ex]cise4 
,successive ?9 lay]s are f\nd to be m   
efficaci\s ?an "o ?ick lay] ow+ to !    
dead air int]spaces4    ,! sk9 & its    
cov]+ mu/ be kept dry else freez+ w     
ensue4  ,aside f :at moi/ure may come f 
! body1 wet may come f  accid5tal       
imm]sion 9 /reams or ! air itself may be
 v humid--!  reason = our great]        
s5sitiv5ess to wet cold ?an to dry cold4
    ,a l>ge factor ( success 9 ,arctic  
exploration has be5 ! *oice (  prop]    

clo?+4 ,^! explor]s h foll[$ d[n to !   
la/ detail  ! natural clo?+ ( ! ,eskimo 
model$ aft] ! protective cov]+  (       
,arctic animals consi/+ ( ! imp]vi\s    
integum5t itself next  ! body or ) silk 
int]v5+4 ,?is fits loosely at ! knee1   
wai/1  & wri/1 enabl+ ! evaporation (   
con/ant p]spiration to !  op5 air1      
especially dur+ ex]cise ( any k9d4 ,!   
body is ?us kept  dry & no en]gy is lo/ 
9 heat mak+4    ,! usual idea ( ! am\nt 
( clo?+ necess>y to keep ! body w>m  &  
to prev5t freez+ 9 extreme cold is      
errone\s4 ,x is n s mu*  a "q ( cold z !
 degree ( dampness on ! body surface :i*
  is affect$ by ! cold4 ,ne>ly e dea? f 
freez+ is caus$ by  ei!r gett+ too w>m &
 !n wet ?r\gh p]spiration or accid5tal  
imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,! =m] c be avoid$ by  
hav+ ! clo?+  suffici5tly loose to all[ 
good circulation ( air & by ?us keep+   
uncom=tably cool ! t5d5cy t[>d          
p]spiration is ov]come4 ,:ile  quiet or 
physically inactive "o may we> mu* clo?+
 z !re is  little dang] ( freez+1 !re   

be+ no dampness pres5t1 b if "o  is     
active & p]spir+ & is !n quiet !re is   
great dang]4    ,:5 any k9d ( moi/ure   
gets on ! body !re is only "o way to get
  rid ( x--by ! body heat4 ,clo?+ does n
 w>m "o1 x only  reta9s heat made by !  
body4 ,! draw+ away ( heat r$uces "o's  
vitality z well z affect+ ! temp]ature (
 ! body4 ,:]e "o is  physically active x
 is advisable to we> ord9>y weight w>m  
w9t]  clo?+ ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,(       
mat]ials wool is be/ next !  body1      
except 9 ,arctic "w :]e a suit ( silk is
 worn "u ! fur  g>m5ts to prev5t *af+4  
,two wool union suits1 loosely fitt+1 w 
be f\nd en\gh4 ,! pants %\ld be (       
,mack9aw :i* is w>m1  we>able1 & to a   
c]ta9 ext5t wat] repell5t4 ,a flannel   
%irt or  ,pontiac %irt comes next & =   
use :5 "o is inactive & apt to  become  
*ill$ a heavy sweat] coat ) conv]tible  
coll> is  indisp5sable4 ,to break ! w9d 
a p>ka c be pull$ ov] head &  trunk4    
,! p>ka is a g>m5t made l a l>ge hood$  
%irt com+ to !  knee4 ,! edge ( ! face  

op5+ 9 ! hood has a ruff ( wolv]9e1     
wolf1 or be> to protect ! face4 ,wolv]9e
 is by all odds be/ z x  is ! only fur  
^u :i* ! brea? w n congeal4 ,! g>m5t is 
! mo/ practical yet devis$ = v cold "w4 
,= use 9 !  ,arctics x is made (        
squirrel or de] sk9 worn ) ! fur outside
  & x is l9$ ) ! fur ( "s animal :i* w  
all[ x to slip  on & (f easily4 ,! drill
 p>ka :i* is us$ to break ! w9d &  :i*  
is ( p>ticul> int]e/ to u is made on !  
same model only  l>g] z x is at times   
worn z ! out]mo/ g>m5t ( all4 ,! fur    
g>m5ts are seldom us$ by ^? :o are      
exp]i5c$ :5 work+ on  ! trail1 !y are   
held 9 res]ve until camp is rea*$4 ,if 9
 actual  ex]cise ! p>ka w\ld be too hot 
& w\ld cause p]spiration to  />t4       
,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to !    
protection ( ! h&s1  e>s1 face1 &       
feet--! body w take c>e ( itself4 ,= !  
h&s  ,scot* wool mitts w be ample--mitts
 r ?an gloves = ! reason  t !re is b "o 
space 9 ea* to be kept w>m :]eas 9      
gloves  !re is a sep>ate place 9 ea* f+]

 :]e heat mu/ be ma9ta9$4  ,a l>g] pair 
( lea!r mitts worn ov] all w be f\nd to 
reta9  heat besides resi/+ we> mu* bett]
 ?an wool4 ,! e>s & face are  protect$  
by a wool cap or llama comb9ation cap & 
sleep+ hood4 ,!  hood ( ! p>ka ) its fur
 edg$ face op5+ _c be excell$ =  head & 
neck protection4 ,! face is to "s ext5t 
expos$ necess>ily  = brea?+ & ! nose may
 be expect$ to suff] "s4 ,! int5se      
light reflect$ f ! sn[ w necessitate !  
use ( smok$  goggles1 ^? ) rubb] frames 
be+ be/ z no metal w !n t\*  ! s5sitive 
fle%4    ,s9ce mu* ( y\r com=t 9 outdoor
 w9t] "w or pa/ime dep5ds  ^u ! feet a  
few words conc]n+ _! prop] c>e is n     
amiss  "h4 ,above all ! feet mu/ be kept
 dry4 ,!y are pretty apt to  p]spire &  
?is moi/ure c be absorb$ by fill+ !     
bottom ( !  %oe packs ) /raw :i* acts   
also z a cu%ion4 ,at ! day's end y  w   
f9d ! socks dry & ! /raw wet--!         
desirable condition z  wet socks w      
freeze & ! feet become *ill$4 ,! be/    
foot  cov]+ 9 dry sn[ is ! oil$ moccas9 

or %oe pac4 ,no tight %oes  are         
p]missible 9 sn[ "w at all = !y w       
re/rict !  circulation by :i* ! w>m? ( !
 body is c>ri$ to !  extremities4 ,= wet
 sn[ ! out] foot cov]+ %\ld be ( rubb]1 
s9ce lea!r :5 wet freezes & becomes /iff
 & = ?is !  lumb]man's rubb] ov] :i* has
 a lac$ lea!r top ) rubb] foot  cov] is 
unexcell$4 ,next ! foot we> two pairs ( 
heavy wool  lumb]man's socks rea*+ ne>ly
 to ! knee4    ,if "o is lo/ 9 ! w9t]   
woods a biv\ac con/ruct$ some:at along  
! foll[+ l9es w be f\nd adequate = !    
ne$s ( com=t &  heal?4 ,= cold wea!r    
%elt] select = ! site a holl[ deep 9  ! 
woods well surr\nd$ by trees :]e all w  
be %elt]$ f !  bit+ w9ds4 ,su* a place =
 ! summ] camp w\ld n be be/ because  a  
night's ra9 might flood ! holl[4 ,fir/  
f9d a w9d break (  cliff1 rocks or fall5
 tree or build "o ( rocks or d[n timb]4 
,if x  is ra9y make a slant ro( ( poles 
& %+le ) br[se or b>k &  ) a top cov] ( 
m poles to hold all 9 place4 ,on !      
prairie  :]e a w9dbreak is impossible   

build two fires at "r angles to !  w9d &
 get betwe5 !m4 ,! smoke w bl[ away 9   
columns p>allel  ) y\r body4    ,if !   
sn[ is deep %ovel to ! gr\nd1 us+ ! toe 
( ! sn[ %oe  or a flatt5$ /ick1 cle> a  
triangul> space ab\t #g by #h feet at   
^: small end1 plac$ d[nhill1 is put !   
fire1 & at ^: small  side lays ! b$4    
,walls ( sn[ all ar\nd make an excell5t 
w9d  break4 ,on deep sn[ ! fire may re/ 
on a plat=m ( gre5 sappy logs  su* z    
balsam4 ,:]e ! %elt] is pit*$ ! sn[ is  
tramp$ solid4  ,9 su* a camp ) a rabbit 
sk9 blanket & an all night fire "o may  
sleep com=tably on ! colde/ ( nights4   
,9 sleep+ out ev5 if ! days are mild !  
nights are pretty sure to  be cold4 ,a  
goodly supply ( bir* b>k k9dl+ & a      
surplus ( dry  wood %\ld be laid up4 ,x 
is no fun to awake *ill$ to ! bone f  ! 
icy air & h to fumble ab\t ) wet half   
burnt fagots4 ,build  ! fire to leew>d &
 )9 f\r feet ( ! b$4 ,if x is v cold    
build x above ! level ( y\r sleep+ place
 = y ?us get m  heat & less smoke4 ,/ake

 two back logs beh9d ! fire4 ,9 v cold  
wea!r build ! fire aga9/ ! w9dbreak & :5
 x is burn$ d[n  rake ! emb]s =w>d1     
rebuild ! fire 9 front1 spread b\ghs :]e
  ! fire 0 & lie !re on ! w>m gr\nd4    
,?is c be repeat$  sev]al times dur+ !  
night4 ,if done ?us !re ne$ be no dang] 
(  freez+4    ,9 cold wea!r 9 ! ,nor?1 )
 probably ! means ( transportation      
r$uc$ to a dog team or a back pack1 !   
ration li/ mu/ be cut d[n  to absolute  
necessities4 ,to facilitate exp$i5cy 9 !
 h&l+ ( !  outfit 9 ! cold ! range (    
v>iety _h be/ be limit$4 ,! ideal  cold 
wea!r ration meet+ ?is requirem5t is    
pemmican4 ,at ?is "t  ( ! ye> ! fats    
%\ld pr$om9ate z x does 9 pemmican4 ,?is
  food keeps well1 is v compact & c be  
mix$ 9 a v>iety ( ways  palatable to a  
hungry man on ! trail4 ,pemmican may be 
made at home by  ! me?od sugge/$ 9 *apt]
 on 8,ration ,li/s40 ,on su* trips d n  
rely on bak+ bread en r\te because (    
lack ( cook+ conv5i5ces  & "t4 ,also !  
moi/ure 9 common bread w freeze s use   

unleav5$ bread or t ready made h>dtack  
or %ip's biscuit z !  /aple4 ,"o p\nd ( 
pemmican & pilot bread p] day w su/a9 a 
man  at h>d "w4    ,v>y ! bread ration )
 dessicat$ vegetables4 ,n[ if y w add to
  ! ,arctic ration ! above m5tion$      
pemmican v>i$ ) j]k$ meat  & ! h>dtack  
v>i$ ) dessicat$ vegetables1 tea1 & dri$
 milk  y w h a well balanc$1 dry1       
compact1 palatable1 & en]gy  yield+     
diet4          ,,app5dix      ,tramp+   
,kit ,*eck ,li/      ,we>4      ,flannel
 %irt4    ,:ipcord pants4    ,belt4     
,wool unionsuit4    ,wool socks4        
,felt hat4    ,%oes or moccas9s4        
,pockets4      ,map4    ,jack knife4    
,k]*ief4    ,wat]pro( mat* box4         
,compass4      ,pack4      ,pack sack4  
,wool sweat]4    ,extra socks4    ,axe4 
,small :et/one4    ,goggles4            
,%elt]4      ,leanto t5t4    ,blanket4  
,br[se bag4      ,fi%+ outfit4          
,cam]a & ,film4      ,m$ical supplies4  
,em]g5cy w\nd dress+4    ,z ,o ,adhesive
 pla/]4    ,tube vasel9e4    ,ca?>tic   

pills4    ,aspir9 tablets1 #e gra9s4    
,sun ,*ol]a ,tablets4    ,mosquito dope4
      ,toilet4      ,too? bru% & soap4  
,two cra% t[els4      ,repair kit4      
,?read & ne$les4    ,safety p9s4        
,wax$ l95 ?read & awl4      ,mess kit4  
,fry pan & cov]4    ,alum9um qu>t pot4  
,alum9um qu>t cup4    ,alum9um spoon4   
,=k4    ,small but*] knife 9 %ea?4      
,ration ,li/4 ,= "o man "o week4        
,:eat fl\r        #e     ,lbs4    ,corn 
meal          #d     ,lbs4    ,bacon    
#e     ,lbs4    ,beans              #a  
,lbs4    ,sug>              #a    ,lbs4 
,dri$ fruit        #a     ,lb4    ,rice 
#a     ,lb4    ,bak+ p[d]           ,lb4
    ,tea                     ,lb4       
,salt                    ,lb4    ,pepp] 
,small am\nt4    ,dri$ ,egg sub/itut+ a 
portion ( meat ration4    ,dri$ s\p &   
vegetables = a portion ( bean & fl\r    
ration4    ,wool soap1 #a b>4           
,mat*es1 c ( #ejj4           99       99
       99       99       99             
,typographical errors correct$ by !     

etext transcrib]3    to ! unitiat$ to ! 
un9itiat$ pg #ea    t5 t\nce canvas t5  
ounce canvas ,pg #ee    l9es z diagram$ 
l9es z diagramm$ ,pg #hd