,,works ,,of ,,captain ,h4 ,e4 ,,cloke ,,published ,,by ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons ,the ,gunner's ,examiner4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 #hvo1 viii #bjf pages1 #aji figures4 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 ,the ,enlisted ,specialists' ,examiner4 #hvo1 vi #ahf pages1 #adf figures4 ,cloth1 #b4jj net4 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,results ,,of ,,long ,,range ,,firing ,,in ,,boston ,,harbor4 ,,bulls ,,eye1 #ab ,b4,l4,r4 ,,hit ,,on ,,water ,,line1 #aj ,b4,l4,r4 ,frontispiece4 ,,the ,,gunner',s ,,examiner ,,harold ,e4 ,,cloke ,captain ,coast ,artillery ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,third ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged4 ,,first ,,thousand ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,and ,,sons ,,london3 ,,chapman ,,and ,,hall1 ,,limited #aijh ,copyright1 #aije1 #aijf1 #aijh1 ,,by ,,harold ,e4 ,,cloke ,the ,scientific ,press ,robert ,drummond and ,company ,new ,york ,,preface4 ,owing to the practical impossibility of a student of gunnery obtaining ready access to all the books1 pamphlets1 circulars1 orders1 etc41 necessary to fit him for the examinations as required by ,general ,orders of the ,war ,department for first- and second-class gunners1 and also owing to the extreme difficulty the average enlisted man has in comprehending the technical language in which these books1 pamphlets1 etc41 are couched1--provided he does by some stroke of good fortune come into possession of some of them1--the author has been impelled to compile this work4 ,effort has been made to eliminate all subjects that are not included in the requirements of ,g4 ,o4 #ada1 #aijd1 yet being particular that it contain all such subjects as an examining board might fairly construe to be within the interest and scope of the order4 ,as the art of gunnery changes from year to year1 and the scope of gunner's examinations changes likewise1 it is intended that this book be revised and published accordingly4 ,the preparation of this book was suggested to the author by the members of his company--the #fast ,coast ,artillery4 ,as is well known1 the first publication of a text-book is liable to contain a few technical errors4 ,the author will be grateful for any information of such a character concerning this work4 ,the author is indebted to ,brigadier-,general ,william ,crozier for supplying him with many pamphlets issued by the ,ordnance ,department2 to ,first ,lieutenant ,w4 ,k4 ,moore for correction of proof and other matters2 and to ,master ,electrician ,c4 ,m4 ,beer1 ,artillery ,corps1 for photographs4 ,,fort ,,totten1 ,n4 ,y41 ,february1 #aije4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,in this edition the author has endeavored to make all the corrections which were suggested to him during the past year1 and to add to the book descriptions1 etc41 of the new range-board1 the deflection-board1 several later types of guns1 and a brief discourse on the loading1 planting1 and care of submarine mines according to the new and adopted system4 ,the author desires to thank ,captain ,r4 ,p4 ,davis for his revision of the torpedo gunnery contained in the work4 ,,fort ,,totten1 ,n4 ,y41 ,november1 #aije4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition4 ,as was stated in the preface of the first edition1 this book will be revised from year to year as the rules of gunnery change1 and this revision is made merely to bring the book up to date4 ,it is intended in this revision to conform strictly to ,g4 ,o4 #aje1 #aijg1 and to add to the book only such matter as will assist enlisted men of the ,coast ,artillery ,corps to pass their examinations for first or second-class gunners4 ,the chapter on submarine mining is almost completely revised1 for the reason that the new system has undergone many more radical changes within the past few years than has gunnery in the ,coast ,artillery4 ,several additions in mortar gunnery have been made in order to keep pace with the rapid and remarkable development of this arm of ,coast ,artillery4 ,,fort ,,totten1 ,,new ,,york1 ,march1 #aijh4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,extracts ,,from ,g4 ,o4 #aje1 ,,may #aa1 #aijg #a ,schedule of ,examination for ,gunners #b ,syllabus of ,examination for ,gunners #c ,second-class ,gunners #d ,first-class ,gunners #f ,torpedo-company ,gunners #i ,examination for ,second-class ,gunners #aa ,general ,information #aa ,service of the ,piece #aa #ab-;inch ,b4 ,l4 ,r41 ,disappearing ,carriage #ac #ab-;inch ,b4 ,l4 ,r41 ,mounted on ,non-disappearing ,carriage #bf #h-;inch ,non-disappearing #cj #ab-;inch ,mortar1 ,model #ahif #cc #f-;inch ,disappearing #cg ,,nomenclature ,,and ,,general ,,description #da ,breech-blocks1 ,recoil-cylinders1 etc4 #dd ,care of ,guns and ,carriages #ff ,powders1 ,projectiles1 ,primers1 and ,fuses #gc ,cordage1 ,blocks1 ,tackle1 ,gins1 ,shears1 etc4 #hh ,knots and ,hitches #ia ,splices #ie ,rigging-tackles #if ,gins #ih ,shears #ii ,hydraulic ,jacks #ajb ,u4 ,s4 ,magazine ,rifle ,description etc4 #aje ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,examination ,,of ,,first-,,class ,,gunners #aaa 7a7 ,the ,azimuth ,instrument and ,definitions #aaa 7b7 ,the ,plotting-board #aaf ,the ,range-board #abc ,the ,deflection-board #abh ,the ,telescopic ,sight #acf ,wind ,component #ade ,the ,aeroscope #adf ,anemometer #adi ,electric ,stop-watch #adi ,the ,atmosphere-board #aej ,special ,apparatus for ,mortars #aea ,battle-ships1 ,armor1 etc4 #aea ,,examination ,,for ,,torpedo-,,company ,,gunners #afi ,second-class ,gunners #afi ,service of the ,piece1 ,nomenclature #afi ,duties in the ,loading-room #agd ,duties on the ,water #aha ,magazine ,rifle1 ,description1 etc4 #ahf ,first-class ,gunners #ahf ,care and ,preservation of ,mine ,material #ahf ,handling ,high ,explosives #ahi ,the ,azimuth ,instrument and ,plotting-board #aij ,storage ,batteries #aij ,generators #aij ,searchlights #aij ,oil-engines #aie ,apparatus and ,operation of ,casemate ,switchboard #aih ,,the ,,gunner',s ,,examiner4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,extracts ,,from ,,general ,,orders ,,no4 #aje1 ,,war ,,department1 ,,washington1 ,,may #aa1 #aijg4 #add4 ,a candidate to be eligible for qualification as first-class gunner must have previously qualified as second-class gunner1 though both qualifications may be made at the same examination4 #ade4 ,boards of examination shall be convened annually in each artillery district by the district commander1 to meet within one month after the expiration of the indoor instruction period4 ,separate boards may be convened for the examination of candidates for first and second-class gunners and also for the posts attached to the artillery district4 ,all boards shall consist of three artillery officers1 selected with reference to their special qualifications for this duty2 provided1 that when a member of the board is a company commander he will1 during the examination of candidates from his company1 be replaced by an officer of another company4 ,where travel is necessary the selection of an officer for this duty will be made subject to the approval of the authority competent to order the necessary journeys4 #adf4 ,each company commander will1 previous to the commencement of the examination1 submit to the adjutant a duly signed list1 in the triplicate1 giving the full names1 arranged in muster-roll order1 of all the men in his company who are to be examined for first or second-class gunners1 with the statement that he believes that each man so presented is capable of qualifying in the class designated4 ,these lists will be transmitted to the senior member of the board by the post commander4 #adg4 ,in determining the qualifications of candidates credit shall be given for practical knowledge of subjects rather than for text-book answers to questions4 ,,schedules ,,for ,,examinations ,,for ,,candidates ,,for ,,gunners4 #adh4 ,for candidates in companies assigned to gun defence3 ,for second-class gunners-- 7a7 ,service of the piece #be 7b7 ,guns and carriages #be 7c7 ,powders1 projectiles1 primers1 and fuses #be 7d7 ,cordage1 gins1 shears1 jacks #ae 7e7 ,u4 ,s4 magazine rifle #aj ---- #ajj ,for first-class gunners-- 7a7 ,the azimuth instrument #bj 7b7 ,duties in the plotting-room #ej 7c7 ,aiming and laying guns and mortars #ae 7d7 ,elementary gunnery #e 7e7 ,warships #aj ---- #ajj #adi4 ,the examination of candidates for first-class gunners of organizations assigned exclusively to rapid-fire guns not provided with separate position-finding system shall include the following head in lieu of that given above under 7b73 7b7 ,subcaliber firing #ej #aej4 ,the examination of candidates for first-class gunners shall be held as far as practicable at such places as the material or equipment pertaining to the subject in hand is located1 i4e41 at the guns or in the plotting-rooms4 #aea4 ,the examination in subjects 7a71 7b71 7c7 for second-class gunners and in subjects 7a71 7b71 7c7 and 7d7 for first-class gunners shall be confined to the material of the battery and its accessories to which the company is assigned4 ,if no azimuth instrument is included in the battery equipment1 the instrument used in the company instruction shall be used in the examination4 ,if for any cause beyond the power of the battery commander any part of this equipment has been removed from his control and has not been available for instruction for at least two months previous to the examination1 such material shall form no part of the examination4 #aeb4 ,for candidates in companies and detachments assigned to mine defence3 ,for second-class gunners-- 7a7 ,ammunition1 nomenclature1 and service of guns assigned to the company of which the candidate is a member #ae 7b7 ,material of and duties in the loading room 7except electrical principles involved7 #ce 7c7 ,material for and duties on water #cj 7d7 ,cordage #aj 7e7 ,u4 ,s4 magazine rifle #aj ---- #ajj ,for first-class gunners-- 7a7 ,care and preservation of mine material #bj 7b7 ,handling high explosives #bj 7c7 ,knowledge and use of the azimuth instrument and plotting-board #bj 7d7 ,batteries1 generators1 and searchlights assigned to the company of which candidate is a member #bj 7e7 ,apparatus and operation of switchboard and care and use of telephone #bj #aec4 ,the qualifying mark for classification as first or second-class gunner shall be in each case not less than an average of #ge per centum4 ,whenever1 during the progress of the examination of a candidate for either grade1 the sum of the marks received on subjects in which he has already been examined1 increased by the maximum allowed for the remaining subjects1 is less than #ge1 his examination will be discontinued4 #aed4 ,instruction in the course for first or second-class gunner will be given to such men as the company commander may consider capable of mastering the prescribed schedules4 #aee4 ,men not receiving instruction in the gunners' classes will perform such duties at their batteries or elsewhere during the hours for instruction as their company commander1 with the approval of the post commander1 may direct4 #aef4 ,the board shall keep a record of its marks during the examination1 but these marks shall not be published in orders4 ,the record of each company shall be sent to the artillery district commander as soon as possible after the completion of the examination1 to be published immediately4 ,the report of the board to be published in orders shall contain the names of those who have qualified as first and second-class gunners and recite the date of the report1 which will be the date of the completion of the company examination in each case1 the names being arranged for each organization in each class in muster-roll order4 ,,syllabus ,,of ,,examination ,,for ,,candidates ,,for ,,gunners ,,in ,,companies ,,assigned ,,to ,,gun ,,defence4 ,the following syllabus gives the outline of the scope of the examination of candidates for gunners in companies assigned to gun defense4 ,while the indoor instruction in any subject need not be limited to what is indicated in this syllabus1 the examination of candidates for gunners shall be confined thereto4 ,,second-,,class ,,gunners4 7a7 ,service of the ,piece4 ,questions on the service of the piece and nomenclature of the piece to which organization is assigned4 ,if the company is assigned to pieces of different calibers1 the candidate will be examined upon the piece of the caliber selected by the company commander4 ,examining boards are cautioned not to attach too much importance to nomenclature1 where a candidate shows a knowledge of the practical use of the part under examination4 7b7 ,guns and ,carriages4 ,explain briefly how a breech-block of a heavy gun or mortar is dismantled2 having a breech-block completely dismantled 7not dismounted71 how it is assembled and adjusted for firing2 how old packing is removed from recoil-cylinders1 and how they are repacked2 how recoil-cylinders are filled4 ,object1 care1 and use of throttling-valve for guns and by-pass valve for mortars4 ,parts and surfaces of guns and carriages to be oiled2 how much oil to use1 and how it is used4 ,adjustment of grease-cups4 ,in the case of rapid-fire guns explain how to adjust firing mechanism1 percussion1 and electric 7if so equipped74 7c7 ,powders1 ,projectiles1 ,primers1 ,fuses4 ,examination3 ,name the kind of powder used in the pieces of battery to which organization is assigned2 give the weights of service charges and corresponding muzzle velocities of these pieces2 also the lowest and highest muzzle velocities of the steel and cast-iron mortars1 if assigned to mortar battery4 ,name the projectiles used in the pieces and give their weights4 ,tell how to distinguish from the painting of projectiles used1 its kind1 armor-piercing quality1 and nature of bursting charge4 ,point out the cap1 the ogive1 the bourrelet1 the body1 the base1 the rotating band1 the fuse hole of a projectile4 ,name each kind of fuse used in the battery 7ring resistance1 centrifugal1 combination1 detonating1 see ,ordnance ,department pamphlet ,no4 #agbg72 tell how it is inserted to make a tight joint4 ,name the different kinds of primers used in the battery4 ,friction1 electric1 combination 7electric-friction71 percussion1 igniting4 ,reload a drill primer4 7,ordnance ,department pamphlet ,no4 #ahha47 7d7 ,cordage4 ,how is the size of a rope denoted8 ,how do you serve a rope8 ,make a square knot2 a bowline2 rolling hitch2 blackwall hitch2 round turn and two half hitches2 clove hitch4 ,what is a strap or sling1 and what is its use8 ,make a shear lashing4 ,mouse a hook and explain for what purpose used4 ,point out the shell1 sheave1 pin1 strap of a block1 and describe the different kinds 7single1 double1 treble1 snatch1 and tail blocks74 ,point out the running part2 the standing part2 the fall of a tackle4 ,rig the following3 ,whip1 gun tackle1 luff1 single burton4 ,gins4--,name the different parts of a garrison-gin4 ,explain briefly how it is assembled and raised 7the drill is not required74 ,how can the upper block be placed in position after the gin has been raised8 ,sheares4--,what do sheares consist of1 how are they rigged and raised1 and what are they used for8 ,how and when is the tackle made fast8 ,how are sheares held in position after being raised8 ,hydraulic ,jacks4--,for what is a hydraulic jack used8 ,what liquids are used in the jack8 ,how is it filled and emptied8 ,how is the jack cared for when not in use8 ,show how to use the jack when lifting a heavy weight2 in lowering a heavy weight2 use of the claw in connection with the jack4 7e7 ,u4 ,s4 ,magazine ,rifle4--,nomenclature of the piece1 kind and weight of powder used1 description and weight of projectile1 muzzle velocity4 ,setting of sight for range and deflection4 ,,first-,,class ,,gunners4 7a7 ,azimuth ,instrument 7pattern in use by the company for instruction71 definition of angles1 horizontal angles1 vertical angle1 angle measured by the instrument1 leveling and orientation2 focussing the telescope4 ,graduation of the instrument3 ,set up the instrument over a given point and orient it from sufficient data2 direct the telescope successively on a series of points and read their azimuths with accuracy4 7b7 ,the ,plotting-room 7for guns74 #a4 ,plotting-board4--,point out the following3 ,primary and secondary stations1 directing gun1 displacement1 gun-arm1 travel-scale1 azimuth-correction scale1 tally dials1 range-correction scale4 ,lay off a distance of so many yards on the board2 conversely1 tell the distance in yards between two given points on the board4 ,the azimuths of a fixed target from the primary and secondary station being given1 locate the corresponding point on the board1 and give its azimuths and range1 from the directing gun or directing point4 ,the azimuths of a fixed target from the primary and secondary stations being given1 locate the corresponding point on the board and determine its range and azimuth from the directing gun or point4 #b4 ,range ,board4--,show how to make the range corrections for atmosphere1 wind1 tide1 muzzle velocity1 travel1 and how this range correction is applied to the range-correction scale4 #c4 ,deflection ,board4--,show how to make deflection correction for wind1 drift1 and travel4 ,show how to make azimuth correction in ,case #c for wind1 drift1 travel1 and how this correction is applied to azimuth correction scale4 ,what data are sent to the guns in ,case #a1 ,case #b1 and ,case #c8 ,the plotting-room 7for mortars74 #a4 ,plotting-board4--,point out the following3 ,primary and secondary stations1 directing point1 gun-arm1 gun-arm azimuth circle1 displacement1 powder zones1 elevation1 times of flight4 ,lay off a distance of so many yards on the board2 conversely tell the distance between two given points on the board4 ,the range and azimuth of a fixed point 7from primary station7 being given1 locate the corresponding point on the board4 ,tell the zone1 elevation for firing at this point1 and its azimuth from the directing point4 ,the azimuth of a fixed target from the primary and secondary stations being given1 locate the corresponding point on the board and determine its range and azimuth from the directing point4 #b4 ,show how a target is tracked1 how to get travel1 how the time of flight is used1 how to get predicted point1 how to get set-forward point4 ,what is the predicted point used for8 ,what is the set-forward point used for8 ,what data are sent to the pit and what to the ,b4 ,c4 station8 ,show how range corrections are made4 #c4 ,drift ,device 7for deflection board if issued74--,show how to make arbitrary and drift corrections4 7c7 ,aiming and ,laying ,guns or ,mortars4 #a4 ,for ,rapid-fire ,guns4--,set and read the sight for given elevations and deflections2 aim the gun at some object2 show how elevating and traversing hand-wheels are used2 explain the use of the deflection scale for firing right and firing left4 ,what is ,case #a8 #b4 ,for ,mortars4--,use of the gunner's quadrant1 setting and reading the instrument1 when and how placed when used with mortars4 ,with the data received from the plotting room lay the piece4 ,what is ,case #c8 #c4 ,for ,heavy ,guns4--7,heavy guns refer to #h-;inch1 #aj-;inch1 and #ab-;inch rifles and other guns which are provided with a system of vertical and horizontal position finders47 ,name the principal parts of the telescopic sight 7one used for instruction purposes72 show how it is used4 ,its readings for elevation and deflection1 east count of its scales4 ,place it on the ,hagood tripod mount1 level it2 set it for given elevation and deflection4 #d4 ,use of ,difference ,chart4--,an example like the following will be given3 ,range #dejj yards1 azimuth #baj4 ,put down the corrected range and azimuth4 ,examination in the foregoing subject 7c7 to be confined to the authorized systems in use by the company during the year and to the complete equipment of the battery to which the company is assigned4 7d7 ,elementary ,gunnery4--,axis of the bore2 line of departure2 line of sight2 drift2 muzzle velocity2 quadrant elevation2 sight elevation2 angle of fall2 jump2 trajectory2 time of flight4 7e7 ,general ,features of ,warships4--,general features of battleships 7broad beam compared to length1 low freeboard1 general massive appearance1 large turrets fore and aft1 heavy guns1 heavy armor1 generally moderate speed74 ,armored cruisers3 7,high freeboard1 narrow beam compared to length1 medium armor1 medium turrets1 medium guns1 high speed74 ,protected cruisers3 7,fine lines1 moderate size1 no armor1 medium guns usually with shields1 protective deck74 ,torpedo-boat destroyers3 7,high bow1 generally great speed1 light guns1 no armor74 ,torpedo boats3 7,small size1 high speed1 no armor74 ,the following head will take the place of subject 7b7 in the examination of candidates for first-class gunners of organizations assigned exclusively to rapid-fire guns3 7b7 ,subcaliber ,firing4--,the #ae-pounder gun and subcaliber attachment will be used4 ,the target will be ,target ,x1 miniature target1 page #be1 ,small-arms ,firing ,regulations1 #aijf1 pasted on a screen of sufficient size to catch all the shots1 preferably the screen used for small-arms ,target ,a2 range about #ie feet1 where six minutes on the scale is equal to #b inches at the target2 method of scoring as prescribed for small-arms practice4 ,during the test one member of the board will be at the target and will personally superintend the marking4 ,the preliminary shots will be fired under direction of the examining board until three hits have been obtained with the same elevation and deflection4 ,the center of impact of these three shots will be referred to the horizontal and vertical axes through the bulls'-eye of the target and its coordinates carefully measured4 ,this center of impact will not be on the miniature target and may be changed by the board as often as they deem necessary during the examination4 ,these measurements1 with the elevation and deflection used1 will be given to the candidate1 who will be required to make corrections corresponding to the distance of the center of impact from the bull's-eye4 ,each candidate will fire five shots1 the piece being thrown off the target between shots4 ,each shot will be marked as fired1 the candidate making such changes in elevation and deflection as he may deem necessary before firing the next shot4 ,the ratio of the candidates' score to the maximum score possible will determine the credit1 the maximum credit being #bj4 ,after this test the candidate will fire at the fixed subcaliber target anchored at about #ejj yards1 without knowing the exact distance1 five rounds under service conditions in one minute and thirty seconds4 ,three sighting shots will be allowed each candidate preceding the latter test4 ,each hit on the material target counts #f4 ,,syllabus ,,of ,,examination ,,for ,,candidates ,,for ,,gunners ,,in ,,companies ,,and ,,detachments ,,assigned ,,to ,,mine ,,defense4 ,the following syllabus gives the outline of the scope of the examination of candidates for gunner in companies and detachments assigned to mine defense4 ,it is not intended that the theoretical instruction in any subject shall be limited to what is indicated in this syllabus1 but the examination for candidates for gunners will be closely confined thereto4 ,,second-,,class ,,gunners4 7a7 ,ammunition1 ,nomenclature1 and ,service of ,guns assigned to the ,company of which the ,candidate is a ,member4 ,duties of the cannoneer and nomenclature of the piece to which assigned4 7,note3 ,if not assigned to a piece1 or if the company is assigned to different pieces of different calibers1 the candidate will be examined upon the piece of the caliber selected by the company commander47 ,describe the ammunition and name all the projectiles used for the piece upon which examined4 7b7 ,material of and ,duties in the ,loading ,room 7except electrical principles involved74 ,what apparatus is used in making a ,turk's head8 ,a telegraph joint8 ,a joint to be used under water8 ,name all the parts of an assembled mine4 ,name all the parts of a compound plug and explain how to load one4 ,what is a cut-out plug8 ,explain how to prepare a cut-out plug and box4 ,what apparatus is used in preparing a compound plug8 ,how are mines numbered8 ,how are mooring pipes prepared1 and what are the rules for lengths of mine cables and of mooring ropes8 7c7 ,material for and ,duties on the ,water4 ,what apparatus is taken out in the grand-junction box-boat8 ,how and in what way are the cores of cable numbered8 ,how is a mine1 together with its attachments1 arranged on a boat for planting8 ,name the apparatus on the boat used in planting and raising mines4 ,what are the duties in the triple-junction box-boat in planting and in raising mines1 and what precaution is taken so that cables may be distinguished when box is raised8 ,explain how soundings for a triple group are made4 7d7 ,cordage4 ,name the important knots used in mine work and explain how to make four of them4 ,the mooring rope of a heavy weight cannot pass over the winch1 but lifting must be done with the fall2 explain the method of proceeding4 7e7 ,u4 ,s4 ,magazine ,rifle4--,nomenclature of the piece1 kind and weight of powder used1 description and weight of projectile1 muzzle velocity4 ,setting of sight for range and deflection4 ,,first-,,class ,,gunners4 7a7 ,care and ,preservation of ,mine ,material4 ,name the supplies necessary for cleaning mine material4 ,name those used in preserving it1 stating for what each is used1 and how certain ones 7to be selected by the examiner7 are applied4 7b7 ,handling ,high ,explosives4 ,what high explosives are used in mines8 ,what are the important precautions to be taken in loading mines8 ,how is frozen dynamite thawed8 ,where is the main supply of explosive kept1 and how much is taken out at one time to the explosive house near the loading-room8 7c7 ,knowledge and ,use of ,azimuth ,instrument and ,plotting ,board4 ,names of important parts4 ,set up the instrument with given data4 ,read angles from instrument4 ,act as observer4 ,act as reader4 ,describe a plotting board4 ,explain the method of computing the time from any plotted point to a mine4 ,act as plotter4 7d7 ,batteries1 ,generators1 and ,searchlights assigned to the ,company of which the ,candidate is a ,member4 ,name the batteries used in mine work4 ,describe the casemate battery4 ,what precautions are necessary in keeping it in order8 ,what is used as the signal battery in mine work8 ,describe a searchlight4 ,describe parts of generators and important points to be observed in caring for them4 7e7 ,apparatus and ,operation of ,casemate ,switchboard and ,care and ,use of ,telephone4 ,name the apparatus of the switchboard4 ,explain how to fire a mine by judgment1 and how to start the motor generator4 ,explain how to test mine and cable ends4 ,how are boat telephones operated8 ,name the parts of fire-control telephones used in mine-commander stations1 and give the principal points to be observed in operating them4 ,,second-,,class ,,gunners4 ,general ,information4 #a4 ,gunnery is the science and art of operating and firing guns4 #b4 ,a gun is a machine which throws projectiles with great force in a certain direction under the expanding force of powder gas4 #c4 ,the army is composed of the following divisions3 ,the line and the staff4 ,the line is composed of ,infantry1 ,cavalry1 ,artillery1 ,engineers1 etc4 ,the staff of ,quartermaster ,dept41 ,commissary ,dept41 ,ordnance ,dept41 ,signal ,corps1 ,pay ,dept41 etc4 #d4 ,the artillery in our army is organized as a corps of ,coast ,artillery composed of #afi companies and #f regiments in the ,field ,artillery4 #e4 ,a battery of coast artillery consists of two or more guns or two or more pits of mortars4 #f4 ,a fire command is composed of two batteries or more whose fire sweeps the same area or adjoining areas2 this fire is controlled by one man1 called the fire commander4 #g4 ,a battle command is two or more fire or mine commands sweeping the same or adjacent areas2 this commanded by one man--the battle commander4 #h4 ,a mine command is a portion of submarine defenses and rapid-fire guns1 all commanded by one man--the mine commander4 #i4 ,the number of men required for a fire1 battle1 or mine command depends on the number and caliber of the guns or mortars or the size of the mine command4 #aj4 ,the number of men in a coast artillery company is #aji2 in a troop of cavalry #fe1 in a company of infantry #fj4 ,,extracts ,,from ,g4 ,o41 #i1 ,w4 ,d4 #aijh4 ,,iv4 ,,seacoast ,,artillery ,,table ,,of ,,annual ,,allowances ,,of ,,ammunition ,,for ,,target ,,practice ,,and ,,instruction ,,per ,,battery ,,in ,,commission4 ,entries of the first column3 ,a #ae pdr4 ,r4 ,f4 7all models7 ,b #d-;inch and #dgb-;inch ,r4 ,f4 ,c #e-;inch ,r4 ,f41 models of #ahig and #aijj ,d #f-;inch ,ordnance ,department ,r4 ,f41 models of #ahig1 #aijj1 #aijc1 and #aije ,e #h-;inch rifle ,f #aj-;inch rifle1 models of #ahhh1 #ahie1 and #aijj ,g #ab-;inch rifle1 models of #ahhh1 #ahie1 and #aijj ,h #ab-;inch mortar1 models of #ahhf and #ahij3 ,h#a ,at batteries to which only one company is assigned ,h#b ,at batteries to which two companies are assigned ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,full ,service ,charges4 ,additional ,primers for ,drill4 -------------------------- ----------------- ,guns1 ,caliber ,trial ,shots4 ,record ,shots4 ,sub- ,service ,drill and ,model4 ------------------------caliber4,primers 4,primers4 #ast #b;d #ast #b;d ,pract4,pract4,pract4,pract4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a #c #c #aj #aj #cjjj #afj #hjj ,b #c -- #aj -- #ijj #bbe #bbe ,c #c -- #aj -- #ijj #fj #djj ,d #c #c #aj #aj #ijj #fj #djj ,e #c #c #f #d #fjj #fj #djj ,f #c #c #f #d #fjj #fj #djj ,g #c #c #f #d #fjj #fj #djj ,h ,h#a #c #c #af #af #aej #ajj #djj ,h#b #c #c #af #af #cjj #bjj #hjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,note4--,all projectiles will be service weight and form1 cast iron only1 or such projectiles as are specially designated for target practice4 ,companies which cannot have subcaliber practice at home station have only one-half the annual subcaliber allowance4 #ab-;inch ,mortars4--,the number of zones1 muzzle velocities corresponding thereto1 zone limits1 width of zones and overlaps for the #ab-;inch mortar1 cast-iron1 steel-hooped1 and the #ab-;inch mortar1 steel1 have been rearranged and are now as shown by the following table3 ,column headings3 ,a ,number of ,zone4 ,b ,muzzle ,velocity4 ,c ,weight of ,projectile4 ,d ,zone ,limits4 ,e ,width of ,zone4 ,f ,overlaps4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #ab-;inch ,mortar1 ,cast-iron1 ,steel-hooped4 #ab-;inch ,mortar1 ,steel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,f4 ,s4 ,lbs4 ,yds4 ,yds4 ,yds4 ,f4 ,s4 ,lbs4 ,yds4 ,yds4 ,yds4 #a #efj #ajdf #bbbe-cjjj #gge #djj #eej #ajdf #bbaj-bigj #gfj #cgj #b #faj #ajdf #bfjj-cdhj #hhj #dhj #fjj #ajdf #bfjj-cdca #hca #cfa #c #fgj #ajdf #cjhj-daaj #ajcj #djj #ffj #ajdf #cjgj-djcj #ifj #cii #d #gdc #ajdf #cgaj-ejjj #abij #djj #gbe #ajdf #cfca-dhjj #aafi #cga #e #hcg #ajdf #dfjj-fbdj #afdj #djj #haj #ajdf #ddbi-eidj #aeaa #dbj #f #iaj #ajdf #ehdj-gcai #adgi #eid #iae #ajdf #eebj-gdgf #aief #ddi #g #ajej #hbd -- -- -- #ajej #ajdf #gjbg-ibej #bbbc #dib #h -- -- -- -- -- #acjj #hbd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,note4--,each smokeless powder cartridge to have #aj-ounce igniter 7black rifle powder7 at each end in addition to above charges4 ,all smokeless-powder charges for mortars will be issued made up1 ready for use1 as the charges vary with each lot of powder4 ,they will be distinctly marked to indicate the zone number4 7a7 ,,service ,,of ,,the ,,piece4 ,q4 ,give the general duties of a gun commander4 ,a4 ,the gun commander repeats the commands ,commence firing and ,cease firing1 announces the kind of projectile to be used1 the order to fire1 the method of pointing1 and in restricted fire the number of shots and the firing interval1 all in accordance with the orders of a battery commander4 ,the gun commander is responsible to the battery commander for the condition of the material and the efficiency of the personnel of his command4 ,q4 ,give the general duties of a chief of detachment4 ,a4 ,each chief commands his own subdivision whenever it acts separately2 is responsible for its drill efficiency and for the condition of the material to which it is assigned4 ,he will especially see that the gas-check seat is clean and kept free from injury2 that the projectile is rammed fully home2 that the chamber is sponged properly after each firing2 that the vent is properly served2 that the cylinders are properly filled and the throttling-valve properly set before firing2 that the mushroom head and gas-check are properly adjusted2 that the kind of projectile designated by the battery commander is used1 and that the breech detail observe great care and caution in sponging out and wiping breech mechanism and recess free from powder residue1 dirt1 etc41 after each round fired4 ,q4 ,describe how to signal elevate or depress4 ,a4 ,elevate3 ,raise either hand to the height of the head1 fingers pointing upward4 ,depress3 ,raise either hand to the height of the head1 fingers pointing downward4 ,q4 ,describe how you would signal traverse right or traverse left4 ,a4 ,motion with either hand1 fingers pointing in the required direction4 ,q4 ,give the signals for the following3 ,clamp or ,halt2 ,ready4 ,a4 ,clamp or ,halt3 ,raise either arm to a horizontal position1 fingers closed4 ,ready3 ,raise either arm vertically to its full extent1 fingers extended4 ,q4 ,how would you signal stand fast with the whistle at a rapid-fire gun8 ,a4 ,one blast signifies stand fast1 the pause being of sufficient duration to enable orders to be correctly given and received2 to resume operations the command ,go on6 will be given4 ,other signals may also be used4 #ab-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,disappearing ,,carriage4 7,,chain ,,hoist ,,on ,,left ,,side47 ,q4 ,what composes a gun section8 ,a4 ,a gun commander1 a gun detachment1 an ammunition detachment1 and a reserve4 ,q4 ,how many men in a gun detachment8 ,a4 ,one chief1 one gunner1 one range-keeper1 and eighteen privates4 ,q4 ,name the details into which a detachment is divided1 and give posts of each4 ,a4 ,details4 ,posts4 ,chief of detachment ,two yards in rear of the breech1 facing it 7sergeant74 or wherever presence is necessary4 ,gunner 7duly qualified ,sighting-platform or wherever presence is non-commissioned necessary4 officer or private74 ,range-keeper 7non- ,near the elevation-scale1 on the right or commissioned officer left of the carriage4 or private74 ,breech detail 7,nos4 ,nos4 #a and #b in line immediately in rear of #a1 #b1 and #c74 the breech1 facing it1 ,no4 #a on the right2 ,no4 #c on the right of the piece1 two feet from and facing it1 opposite the elevating-band4 ,rammer detail ,at the platform rail facing the carriage1 ,no4 7,nos4 #d1 #ac1 and #d opposite the rammer1 four feet from its #ad74 head1 ,nos4 #ac and #ad four paces to his right and left respectively4 ,elevating detail ,at the elevating hand-wheels1 facing them1 7,nos4 #e and #f74 ,no4 #e on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #f on the left4 ,traversing detail ,in front of the traversing-cranks1 facing 7,nos4 #g and #h74 from the parapet1 ,no4 #g on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #h on the left4 ,tripping detail ,at the tripping-levers1 facing the carriage1 7,nos4 #i and #aj74 ,no4 #i on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #aj on the left4 ,truck detail ,near the hoist1 in rear of a loaded truck1 7,nos4 #aa and #ab74 ,no4 #aa on the right1 ,no4 #ab on the left1 both facing the truck4 ,telautograph detail ,at the telautograph4 7,no4 #ae74 ,hoist detail 7,nos4 ,at the delivery-table and facing it4 #af1 #ag1 and #ah74 ,q4 ,name the equipments or implements which each member procures and places in proper position at the command ,posts6 on first arriving at the gun4 ,a4 ,gunner3 ,sight and difference-chart4 ,range-keeper3 ,stop-watch and prediction-scale4 ,no4 #a3 ,translating roller or crank1 can with sponge and oil1 and a silk wiper4 ,no4 #b3 ,loading-tray and a silk wiper4 ,no4 #c3 ,primer-pouch1 bag for empty primers1 scabbard containing punch1 gimlet1 and reamer1 and a lanyard4 ,no4 #d1 assisted by ,no4 #ac3 ,rammer4 ,no4 #i3 ,wrench1 funnel1 and measure with oil4 ,no4 #aj3 ,chamber-sponge and wrench4 ,no4 #aa3 ,dummy-cartridge extractor4 ,no4 #ab3 ,shot-trucks4 ,no4 #ac3 ,same as ,no4 #d 7,rammer74 ,no4 #ac assists ,no4 #d4 ,q4 ,state in brief what each member of the gun detachment inspects and tests at the command ,examine gun6 ,a4 ,chief inspects gun and carriage throughout4 ,gunner inspects and tests sight1 sight-standard1 azimuth subscale1 traversing-gear1 and firing-key4 ,range-keeper inspects elevating gear4 ,no4 #a removes breech-cover and inspects breech mechanism1 and assists in sponging bore when necessary4 ,no4 #b examines bore1 chamber1 gas-check seat1 and breech-recess1 cleans them when necessary1 and oils breech-recess4 ,no4 #c cleans vent and primer-seat1 hangs lanyard on elevating-arm4 ,no4 #d brings sponges and assists ,nos4 #a and #b when necessary and replaces sponges4 ,nos4 #e and #f test elevating-gear with range-keeper4 ,nos4 #g and #h test traversing-gear with gunner4 ,nos4 #i and #aj examine recoil-cylinders to see that they are properly filled4 ,no4 #i does the filling with oil when necessary4 ,wrenches1 funnel1 and measure are passed back and replaced1 filling-plugs replaced1 and ,nos4 #i and #aj take posts two paces on right and left1 respectively1 of ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #aa receives and disposes of muzzle-cover1 passes up and replaces funnel and oil-measure when necessary1 then takes post near ,no4 #ab at the trucks4 ,no4 #ab removes muzzle-cover1 examines trucks4 ,no4 #ac inspects and tests telautograph4 ,if a telephone is used1 he puts on head receiver and wears it until dismissed4 ,q4 ,explain briefly how to open a breech mechanism1 ,model #ahhh4 ,a4 ,figure #a shows breech in normal position--closed4 ,no4 #b turns rotating crank-catch #ij to left and turns rotating-crank in the direction of the arrow till it stops 7,fig4 #b74 ,no4 #a turns translating-roller to left till1 at the end1 the shock releases the block 7,fig4 #c71 then swings block free to right of gun till it engages securing-latch 7,fig4 #d74 ,mechanism #ahie is opened by ,no4 #c turning crank continuously till motion stops1 being careful that crank does not catch safety-lanyard4 ,q4 ,give duties of each member of the detachment at the command ,load6 ,a4 ,chief commands3 7#a7 ,with shot6 7shell or dummy projectile72 7#b7 ,load6 ,gunner gives direction to piece according to the system used1 and either fires electrically or signals to ,no4 #c to fire4 7,except in ,case #c47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,range-keeper calls off range1 using predicting-scale1 and corrects same for gun difference2 signals or calls out ,elevation-set6 ,no4 #a assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines for dirt1 etc41 the breech-block and gas-check4 ,oils same4 ,when necessary1 assists in ramming4 ,places third section of cartridge on shot-tray4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,no4 #b assists in opening and closing breech1 examines for dirt1 etc41 and oils gas-check seat and threads of breech-recess4 ,he commands3 7#a7 ,home62 7#b7 ,ram6 ,observes scale on rammer1 places second section of cartridge on front part of shot-tray1 pushes fourth section into chamber1 such that its base will almost clear the gas-check seat4 ,if necessary1 inserts loading-tray and sponges1 assisted by ,no4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,no4 #c inserts a primer4 ,at command ,trip6 steps to rear and slightly to right of piece4 ,fires at gunner's signal4 ,coils lanyard4 ,removes old primer and places it in a bag4 ,no4 #d brings up rammer and places it against base of projectile1 assisted by ,nos4 #i and #ac4 ,assists in ramming projectile and sections of cartridge4 ,replaces rammer on its support4 ,nos4 #e and #f set the elevation-scale for given range4 ,nos4 #g and #h traverse1 at the command of the gunner4 ,nos4 #i and #aj assist in ramming4 ,trip the piece4 ,after firing ,no4 #aj brings up chamber-sponge4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,nos4 #aa and #ab bring loaded truck and place it in position1 adjusting height of shot-tray to that of the breech4 ,no4 #aa steps to right1 and ,no4 #ab to left1 of truck4 ,if there be a brake1 ,no4 #ab sets it2 if not1 ,no4 #aa chocks the front wheels4 ,no4 #ab places first section of cartridge on tray1 ,no4 #aa the fourth4 ,both remove truck to delivery-table and take posts at a loaded truck4 ,nos4 #ac and #ad assist in ramming projectile and sections of cartridge4 ,assist #i and #aj at pinch-bars when piece will not trip4 ,no4 #ac assists ,no4 #d in bringing up and replacing rammer4 ,no4 #ae calls out and posts ranges and deflections or azimuths received4 ,no4 #af notifies chief of ammunition detachment kind of projectile required1 also when to start and stop the hoist4 ,nos4 #af1 #ag1 and #ah load the trucks4 ,q4 ,give the positions of the ramming detail4 ,a4 ,nos4 #a1 #d1 #i1 and #ac on right4 ,nos4 #b1 #aj1 and #ad on left4 ,all face rammer and grasp it with both hands4 ,q4 ,explain the method of ramming4 ,a4 ,nos4 #ac and #ad take hold near the end of the rammer1 rammer-head being on base of projectile4 ,at the command ,ram61 all rush forward1 carrying projectile to its seat with force4 ,nos4 #a and #b quit the rammer when near the truck4 ,first three sections of cartridge are rammed without command4 ,q4 ,explain how to unload a dummy charge4 ,a4 ,the chief commands ,unload6 ,breech is opened and truck brought up as for loading4 ,no4 #d brings up extractor and pulls out sections4 ,no4 #a puts two sections on right of truck1 ,no4 #b puts others on left4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d withdraw projectile to truck4 ,truck is removed and extractor replaced4 ,q4 ,explain how to retract a gun4 ,a4 ,chief commands 7#a7 ,from battery61 7#b7 ,heave61 7#c7 ,halt6 ,at the first command ,nos4 #g and #h go to the retraction-cranks4 ,no4 #g operates the retaining-pawl and speed-crank to permit the pulling out of the ropes4 ,nos4 #i and #aj mount on the gun-levers and place the ends of the ropes on the hooks1 receiving them from ,nos4 #c and #d1 who mount on the chassis to assist4 ,nos4 #a and #b pull out the ropes and pass the ends to ,nos4 #c and #d4 ,no4 #g takes in the slack4 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 and #aj take positions at the retraction-cranks1 and at the second command turn the cranks4 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e1 and #f relieve ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 and #aj when directed by the chief of the detachment4 ,odd numbers work on the right side of the carriage1 even numbers on the left side4 ,when the gun has reached the loading position the command ,halt6 is given4 ,as the command ,cast off6 is given ,no4 #g lets out enough slack to enable ,nos4 #a and #b to take the rope-ends off the hooks4 ,q4 ,where electric motors are provided1 who operates them8 ,a4 ,the gunner the traversing-controllers1 ,no4 #e the elevating and retracting controllers2 ,no4 #f watches the circuit-breakers1 and when broken by an overload he closes the breaker4 ,q4 ,when the shot-hoist is on the right1 what changes in the service of the piece are made8 ,a4 ,no4 #d in ramming takes position between ,nos4 #b and #aj on the left side4 ,nos4 #aj and #ad assist ,no4 #d in bringing up and replacing the rammer1 instead of ,nos4 #i and #ac4 ,no4 #i brings up and replaces sponge and assists in sponging1 instead of ,no4 #aj4 ,q4 ,how many men in the ammunition detail8 ,a4 ,one chief and twelve privates4 ,q4 ,name the details into which it is divided1 and the numbers composing each4 ,a4 ,hoist detail1 ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,projectile detail1 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e1 and #f4 ,cartridge detail1 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab4 ,q4 ,give the duties of each in brief4 ,a4 ,no4 #a operates the controller and starts the hoist supplying the delivery-table with ammunition4 ,no4 #b repeats name of projectile announced1 rolls same with cartridge to hoist-carrier4 ,nos4 #c and #d operate a trolley and differential pulley4 ,nos4 #e and #f operate another trolley and pulley4 ,nos4 #g and #h uncase cartridges4 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab place sections on receiving-table in proper order4 ,if electrical power fails1 ,nos4 #a and #b operate hoist by hand-cranks4 ,note4--,since the drills for the #aj-;inch and #h-;inch disappearing guns differ from the drill for the #ab-;inch in so few minor details1 no separate questions and answers in these cases are given4 ,in the #aj-;inch piece the following differences were noted3 ,nos4 #ac and #ad are omitted in the rammer detail2 ,no4 #d in procuring implements attends to the rammer alone2 in loading1 ,no4 #b pushes the second section of cartridge into the chamber instead of the fourth2 in ramming1 the positions from front to rear are ,nos4 #a and #i on right1 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 and #aj on left1 facing rammer1 etc4 ,when hoist is on right side ,no4 #aj assists ,no4 #d 7,no4 #ac being left out74 ,in the #h-;inch piece the rammer detail consists of ,no4 #d 7#ac and #ad omitted71 the truck detail of ,no4 #aa 7#ab omitted71 and the hoist detail of ,nos4 #af and #ag 7,no4 #ah omitted74 ,the duties of the numbers omitted in these details are performed by the remaining numbers in that detail1 otherwise the drill is precisely the same as for the #ab-;inch piece4 ,in extracting a dummy ,nos4 #b and #c do not assist in withdrawing2 ,nos4 #a and #d do this4 #ab-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,mounted ,,on ,,non-,,disappearing ,,carriage ,,with ,,chain ,,hoist4 ,q4 ,how many men in a detachment8 ,a4 ,one chief1 one gunner1 one range-keeper1 and nineteen privates4 ,q4 ,name the details into which a gun detachment is divided1 and give posts of each4 ,a4 ,name of ,detail4 ,posts4 ,chief of detachment 7sergeant74 ,two yards in rear of the carriage-platform1 facing it4 ,gunner 7duly qualified ,sighting-platform4 non-commissioned officer or private74 ,range-keeper 7non-commissioned ,on the left of the carriage1 opposite officer or private74 the elevation-scale4 ,breech detail 7four privates1 ,nos4 #a and #b immediately in ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d74 rear of the breech1 ,nos4 #c and #d one yard in rear of ,nos4 #a and #b1 all facing the breech1 odd numbers on the right4 ,elevating detail 7two privates1 ,at the elevating hand-wheels1 ,nos4 #e and #f74 facing them1 ,no4 #e on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #f on the left4 ,traversing detail 7two privates1 ,at the traversing-cranks1 facing ,nos4 #g and #h74 the carriage1 ,no4 #g on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #h on the left4 ,sponge and rammer detail 7two ,one yard in rear of the carriage privates1 ,nos4 #i and #aj74 platform1 facing it1 ,no4 #i on the right4 ,shot-hoist detail 7four privates1 ,no4 #aa opposite the shot-hoist ,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 and #ad74 tackle1 facing the carriage1 ,nos4 #ab and #ac in rear of the windlass crank-handle1 facing it1 ,no4 #ac on the right1 ,no4 #ad in front of the windlass crank-handle1 facing it4 ,truck detail 7two privates1 ,near the hoist1 in rear of a ,nos4 #ae and #af74 loaded truck1 ,no4 #ae on the right4 ,telautograph detail 7one private1 ,at the telautograph4 ,no4 #ag74 ,telautograph detail 7two privates1 ,at the delivery-table and facing ,nos4 #ah and #ai74 it4 ,the posts of the gun detachment as given above are for inspection1 and preparatory to the service of the gun4 ,the chief of detachment and gunner go wherever their presence is necessary4 ,q4 ,name the equipments or implements which each member procures and places in proper position at the command ,posts6 ,a4 ,gunner3 ,sight and difference-chart4 ,range-keeper3 ,stop-watch and prediction-scale4 ,no4 #a3 ,translating-roller 7or crank71 can of oil with sponge1 lanyard1 and silk wiper4 ,no4 #b3 ,loading-tray1 primer-pouch1 etc4 ,no4 #e3 ,wrench1 funnel1 and measure of oil4 ,no4 #f3 ,wrench4 ,no4 #i3 ,rammer and prop4 ,no4 #aj3 ,chamber-sponge4 ,no4 #aa3 ,dummy-extractor4 ,nos4 #ae and #af3 ,the trucks4 ,q4 ,state in brief what each member inspects and tests at the command ,examine gun6 ,a4 ,chief3 ,gun and carriage generally4 ,gunner3 ,sights and sight-standard1 azimuth subscale1 traversing-gear1 and firing-key4 ,range-keeper3 ,elevating-gear4 ,no4 #a3 ,removes breech-cover and inspects breech mechanism4 ,no4 #b3 ,bore1 chamber1 gas-check seat1 breech-recess1 vent1 primer-seat4 ,nos4 #c and #d assist in sponging bore if on ,no4 #b's inspection it is found to need it4 ,nos4 #e and #f3 ,recoil-cylinders4 ,no4 #i passes up funnel1 measure1 etc41 to ,no4 #e4 ,nos4 #g and #h3 ,traversing-gear with gunner4 ,no4 #aj passes up and replaces sponge when necessary4 ,nos4 #aa and #ab3 ,shot-hoist tackle2 remove muzzle-cover4 ,nos4 #ac and #ad3 ,shot-hoist gearing4 ,nos4 #ae and #af3 ,trucks4 ,no4 #ag3 ,telautograph or telephone4 ,q4 ,give duties of each member of the detachment at the command ,load6 ,a4 ,chief gives commands for loading4 ,gunner and range-keeper same as for #ab-;inch disappearing4 ,no4 #a assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines for residue1 dirt1 etc41 the breech-block and gas-check1 and oils same if necessary4 ,inserts first and third sections of cartridge4 ,adjusts lanyard4 ,fires at command of gunner4 ,no4 #b assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines gas-check seat and breech-recess2 oils and cleans the same if necessary4 ,inserts loading-tray4 ,swings projectile into position and gives commands for ramming4 ,observes scale on rammer4 ,inserts second and fourth sections of cartridge1 seeing that the last section is properly seated4 ,removes loading-tray4 ,breech being closed1 inserts a primer4 ,after firing removes primer and places it in bag4 ,assisted by ,no4 #d1 sponges chamber4 ,no4 #c receives rammer and places it on base of projectile4 ,assists in ramming projectile and first three sections of cartridge4 ,passes rammer back to ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #d assists in ramming4 ,receives chamber-sponge and assists in sponging4 ,passes sponge back to ,no4 #aj4 ,nos4 #e and #f elevate and depress the piece4 ,nos4 #g and #h traverse the piece at the gunner's command1 and assist in depressing the piece if necessary4 ,no4 #h closes safety-switch at command ,ready6 ,no4 #i passes up rammer to ,no4 #c1 and assists in ramming4 ,replaces rammer4 ,no4 #aj passes up and replaces chamber-sponge4 ,mounts carriage-platform and assists in ramming4 ,no4 #aa hooks tackle to shot-tray and commands ,hoist61 mounting the steps and steadying the projectile in time to command ,halt6 ,when the projectile is at height of breech commands ,lower61 and guides tray to truck-platform and unhooks it4 ,nos4 #ab and #ac hoist the projectile4 ,pass sections of cartridge to ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,no4 #ad assists in hoisting1 and1 while ,nos4 #ab and #ac pass up sections1 lowers shot-tray4 ,nos4 #ae and #af bring up and return trucks4 ,no4 #ag calls out data received and posts it4 ,no4 #ah notifies chief of ammunition detachment when to start and stop hoist4 ,repeats to him kind of projectile designated4 ,nos4 #ah and #ai load the trucks4 ,q4 ,give positions of rammer detail4 ,a4 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 and #i on right2 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 and #aj on left1 facing rammer4 ,note4--,no4 #b commands ,ram61 and by about three separate rushes the projectile is rammed home2 ,no4 #b giving ,home61 ,ram61 when the brass scale on rammer is about two feet from face of breech4 ,nos4 #c and #d withdraw rammer4 ,q4 ,explain how to unload a dummy4 ,a4 ,chief commands ,unload6 7gun being depressed to #j elevation74 ,no4 #aj passes extractor to ,no4 #d1 who withdraws cartridge4 ,shot-tray being in position at the breech as in loading1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d withdraw projectile to shot-tray4 ,it is lowered and replaced by the shot-hoist detail4 ,where no chain ammunition-hoist is provided the drill will be modified to meet the conditions by the battery commander4 ,the ammunition detachment and duties of members operating electric motors are the same as in the #ab-;inch disappearing-gun drill4 ,q4 ,in what particulars does the drill for the #aj-;inch non-disappearing gun differ from the #ab-;inch non-disappearing8 ,a4 ,first4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d man the rammer4 ,second4 ,sponge and rammer detail is composed of ,no4 #i only4 ,third4 ,truck detail consists of ,no4 #aj only4 ,fourth4 ,the cartridge detail consists of four men only4 ,,drill ,,for #h-;,,inch ,,non-,,disappearing4 ,q4 ,how many privates in a detachment8 ,a4 ,fifteen4 ,q4 ,name the details into which a detachment is divided1 and give posts of each4 ,a4 ,name of ,detail4 ,posts4 ,chief of detachment 7sergeant74 ,two yards in rear of the carriage1 facing it4 ,gunner 7duly qualified ,sighting-platform4 non-commissioned officer or private74 ,range-keeper 7non-commissioned ,on the left of the carriage1 officer or private74 opposite the elevation-scale4 ,breech detail 7two privates1 ,in line1 immediately in rear of ,nos4 #a and #b74 the breech1 facing it1 ,no4 #a on the right4 ,elevating detail 7two privates1 ,at the elevating hand-wheels1 ,nos4 #c and #d74 facing them1 ,no4 #c on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #d on the left4 ,traversing detail 7two privates1 ,in front of the traversing cranks1 ,nos4 #e and #f74 facing from the parapet1 ,no4 #e on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #f on the left4 ,shot-hoist detail 7four privates1 ,nos4 #g and #h at the ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 and #aj74 windlass-cranks1 facing to the rear1 ,no4 #g on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #h on the left1 ,no4 #i opposite the shot-hoist tackle1 facing the carriage1 ,no4 #aj at the foot of the steps to the carriage-platform1 on the left of the carriage1 facing it4 ,sponge and rammer detail 7one ,one yard in rear of the private1 ,no4 #aa74 carriage-platform1 facing it4 ,truck detail 7one private1 ,no4 ,near the hoist1 in rear of a #ab74 loaded truck4 ,telautograph detail 7one private1 ,at the telautograph4 ,no4 #ac74 ,hoist detail 7two privates1 ,nos4 ,at the delivery-table1 facing it4 #ad and #ae74 ,the posts of the gun detachment as given above are for inspection1 and preparatory to the service of the gun4 ,the chief of detachment and gunner go wherever their presence is necessary4 ,q4 ,name the equipments or implements which each member procures and places in proper position at the command ,posts6 ,a4 ,gunner1 range-keeper1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #e1 and #f procure the same as for the #ab-;inch piece4 ,no4 #i3 ,chamber-sponge4 ,no4 #aj3 ,extractor for dummy4 ,no4 #aa3 ,rammer and prop4 ,no4 #ab3 ,trucks4 ,q4 ,state in brief what each member inspects and tests at the command ,examine gun6 ,a4 ,chief1 gunner1 range-keeper1 ,nos4 #a and #b the same as for the #ab-;inch piece1 ,nos4 #c and #d the elevating-gear4 ,nos4 #e and #f3 ,recoil-cylinders1 traversing gear4 ,no4 #g passes up and replaces funnel and measure4 ,no4 #h3 ,hoisting-gear1 and removes muzzle-cover4 ,no4 #i and #aj3 ,tackle of shot-hoist4 ,no4 #aa passes up and replaces sponges4 ,no4 #ab3 ,trucks4 ,no4 #ac3 ,telautograph or telephone4 ,q4 ,give the duties of each at the command ,load6 ,a4 ,chief1 gunner1 and range-keeper are the same as for the #ab-;inch piece4 ,no4 #a assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines gas-check and breech-block4 ,assists in launching projectile on the loading-tray4 ,assists in ramming projectile4 ,passes back to ,no4 #aa the rammer4 ,hooks lanyard to firing-leaf4 ,fires at signal of gunner4 ,no4 #b assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines gas-check seat and breech-recess4 ,inserts loading-tray4 ,commands ,home61 ,ram61 and assists in ramming4 ,observes scale on rammer4 ,inserts sections of cartridge and pushes them home by hand4 ,removes loading-tray4 ,inserts a primer and lowers slide4 ,removes old primer and places it in a bag4 ,sponges chamber4 ,nos4 #c and #d elevate the piece4 ,nos4 #e and #f traverse the piece4 ,nos4 #g and #h hoist the projectile at the command ,hoist6 ,no4 #h lowers the shot-tray4 ,no4 #i hooks the tackle to the shot-tray and commands ,hoist6 ,steadies the projectile4 ,places section of cartridge on rear of carriage-platform4 ,no4 #aj mounts steps and commands ,halt6 when projectile is level with breech4 ,launches it on loading-tray1 and swings shot-tray clear of carriage-platform and resumes post4 ,no4 #aa passes rammer to ,no4 #b4 ,as soon as projectile is rammed passes both sections of cartridge to ,no4 #b and returns rammer4 ,no4 #ab brings up and returns trucks4 ,no4 #ac calls out and posts data received4 ,no4 #ad repeats to ammunition-sergeant kind of projectile to be used2 also notifies when to start and stop the hoist4 ,nos4 #ad and #ae load the trucks4 ,q4 ,how is a dummy charge unloaded8 ,a4 ,the gun is brought to #j elevation4 ,no4 #aa passes up extractor4 ,no4 #b withdraws sections of cartridge4 ,no4 #aj passes them to ,no4 #aa1 who places them on truck4 ,the shot-tray is held in position while ,no4 #b withdraws the projectile to the shot-tray1 when it is lowered to the truck4 ,note4--,the ammunition detachment is the same as prescribed for the #ab-;inch disappearing gun4 #ab-;,,inch ,,mortar1 ,,model #ahif4 ,q4 ,what comprises a gun detachment8 ,a4 ,chief of detachment1 gunner1 and ten privates4 ,q4 ,name the details into which it is divided1 and give the posts of each4 ,a4 ,name of ,detail4 ,posts4 ,chief of detachment 7sergeant74 ,two yards in rear of the breech1 facing it4 ,gunner 7duly qualified corporal or private74 ,near the azimuth subscale facing the mortar4 ,breech detail 7two privates1 ,in line immediately in rear of ,nos4 #a and #b74 the breech1 facing it1 ,no4 #a on the right4 ,sponge and rammer detail 7two ,at the sponge and rammer1 privates1 ,nos4 #c and #d74 facing the mortar4 ,elevating detail 7two privates1 ,at the elevating hand-wheels1 ,nos4 #e and #f74 facing them1 ,no4 #e on the right of the carriage1 ,no4 #f on the left4 ,traversing detail 7two privates1 ,at the traversing-cranks1 facing ,nos4 #g and #h74 the mortar1 ,no4 #g at the right crank1 ,no4 #h at the left4 ,truck detail 7two privates1 ,in the gallery1 near the entrance1 ,nos4 #i and #aj74 in the rear of and facing a loaded truck1 ,no4 #i on the right1 ,no4 #aj on the left4 ,the posts of the gun detachment as given above are for inspection and preparatory to the service of the mortar4 ,q4 ,state in brief what equipments or implements each procures and places in proper positions4 ,a4 ,no4 #a3 ,oil-can1 hand-sponge1 and silk wiper4 ,no4 #b3 ,silk wiper4 ,no4 #c3 ,long lanyard1 bore and chamber sponge4 ,no4 #d3 ,rammer4 ,no4 #e3 ,wrench for filling plug4 ,no4 #f3 ,wrench for filling plug1 measure and funnel4 ,no4 #h3 ,primer-pouch1 bag1 scabbard1 etc4 ,q4 ,how is a breech-block opened and closed8 ,a4 ,in the same manner as for the #h-1 #aj-1 and #ab-;inch guns4 ,q4 ,what does each member of the detachment inspect or test with a view of cleaning or oiling1 if necessary1 at the command ,examine gun68 ,a4 ,chief3 ,mortar in general4 ,gunner3 ,azimuth subscale and traversing-gear4 ,no4 #a3 ,breech-block and breech mechanism4 ,no4 #b3 ,bore1 chamber1 gas-check seat1 and breech-recess4 ,no4 #c3 ,lanyard4 7,he coils it properly47 ,no4 #d3 ,muzzle-cover4 7,removes it and places it aside47 ,nos4 #e and #f3 ,elevating-gear and recoil-cylinders4 ,nos4 #g and #h3 ,traversing-gear4 ,no4 #h clears vent and wipes primer-seat4 ,nos4 #i and #aj3 ,trucks4 ,q4 ,after examining gun1 what changes in posts are made8 ,a4 ,the chief of detachment and gunner go wherever their presence is necessary4 ,no4 #g takes post at the door of the cartridge-room4 ,q4 ,give the duties of each member of the detachment at the command ,load6 ,a4 ,gun commander operates switches and firing-plug4 ,observes all detachments4 ,chief generally supervises the proper loading of his piece1 signals ,ready or ,misfire1 etc4 ,gunner gives the piece the proper azimuth1 signals ,azimuth set to the chief4 ,no4 #a assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines or oils1 if necessary1 the breech-block and gas-check4 ,assists in ramming4 ,no4 #b assists in opening and closing breech4 ,examines or oils1 if necessary1 the gas-check seat and breech-recess4 ,commands ,home61 ,ram6 ,assists in ramming4 ,observes the scale on the rammer4 ,inserts loading-tray and withdraws same4 ,pushes cartridge properly into chamber4 ,after firing1 assisted by ,no4 #e1 sponges chamber and bore4 ,no4 #c assists in ramming4 ,if firing by lanyard be used1 he attaches the long lanyard to the short one and1 after the piece is elevated1 hooks the short lanyard to eye of firing-leaf and fires at the command4 ,after firing1 brings bore and chamber-sponge and assists ,no4 #b in sponging4 ,replaces sponge4 ,no4 #d brings up rammer1 and places its head on the base of the projectile4 ,assists in ramming4 ,replaces rammer4 ,nos4 #e and #f give elevation at command of chief4 7,no4 #e operates the clamp and lock47 ,assists in ramming4 ,after piece is fired1 brings piece to #j elevation4 ,no4 #g brings up cartridge and takes post at traverse-crank4 ,on taking cover he returns to cartridge-room4 ,no4 #h inserts and removes primers4 ,nos4 #g and #h traverse the mortar at the signal of the gunner4 ,nos4 #i and #aj bring up loaded trucks4 ,q4 ,what are the positions for ramming8 ,a4 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 and #e on right1 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 and #f on left1 all facing rammer4 ,the projectile is rammed home in one motion4 ,q4 ,in taking cover1 what is the order of formation in rear of pits8 ,a4 ,they take cover as shown in the following diagram3 ,mortar ,no4 #d ,mortar ,no4 #b #c #a #h1 #f1 #e1 ,g4 #h1 #f1 #e1 ,g4 #dth detachment #b;d detachment #d1 #c1 #b1 #a #d1 #c1 #b1 #a #h1 #f1 #e1 ,g4 #h1 #f1 #e1 ,g4 #c;d detachment #ast detachment #d1 #c1 #b1 #a #d1 #c1 #b1 #a ,q4 ,what comprises an ammunition detachment8 ,a4 ,one chief1 two corporals1 and sixteen privates4 ,q4 ,name the details4 ,a4 ,projectile3 ,one corporal and ,nos4 #a to #ab4 ,cartridge3 ,one corporal and ,nos4 #ac to #af4 ,q4 ,give their duties in brief4 ,a4 ,the chief has general supervision and is responsible for the proper supply of ammunition4 ,nos4 #a and #b operate a trolley and pulley1 and load trucks with shell4 ,nos4 #c and #d1 #e and #f1 #g and #h operate other trolleys similarly4 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab run up empty trucks1 and when loaded return them to gallery entrance4 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 and #af pass designated cartridge to ,no4 #g4 ,note4--,where there are two magazines to an emplacement there is a separate detachment for each1 composed of three non-commissioned officers and eight privates each4 7,nos4 #a to #f compose the projectile detail1 and ,nos4 #g and #h the cartridge detail47 ,q4 ,how does the drill for the #ab-;inch mortar carriage1 model #ahia1 differ from that of model #ahif8 ,a4 ,nos4 #a and #b lift shell-tray from hoist-scoop to truck after ramming4 ,nos4 #e and #f man the shell-hoist and hand-wheel1 in addition to assisting in ramming4 ,no4 #f returns to hoist hand-wheel after ramming1 and lowers scoop when directed by ,no4 #b4 ,nos4 #i and #aj deliver shell on scoop1 and return truck4 #f-;,,inch ,,disappearing4 ,q4 ,what composes a gun detachment8 ,a4 ,one chief1 a gunner1 and ten privates4 ,q4 ,what are their posts preparatory to inspection or service of the piece8 ,a4 ,chief of detachment1 two yards in rear of the breech1 facing it4 ,gunner1 sighting-platform4 ,no4 #a1 two feet to the right and rear of the breech1 facing it4 ,no4 #b1 two feet to the left and rear of the breech1 facing it4 ,no4 #c1 two yards in rear of the breech1 facing it4 ,no4 #d1 at the elevating hand-wheel1 facing it4 ,nos4 #e and #f1 at the serving-table at the rear side of the loading-platform1 facing to the front1 ,no4 #e on the right side1 ,no4 #f on the left4 ,no4 #g1 on the gun-platform at the head of the steps leading to the cartridge-room4 ,no4 #h1 at the telautograph4 ,nos4 #i and #aj1 on the banquette1 facing the gun1 ,no4 #i on the right4 ,q4 ,what implements or equipments do each procure8 ,a4 ,gunner3 ,sight and difference-chart4 ,no4 #a3 ,silk wiper1 lanyard1 sponge and oil-can4 ,no4 #b3 ,loading-tray and silk wiper4 ,no4 #c3 ,rammer and prop4 ,no4 #e3 ,plug-wrench1 funnel and measure4 ,no4 #f3 ,plug-wrench4 ,no4 #g3 ,chamber-sponge and dummy-extractor4 ,q4 ,what does each inspect or test with a view to cleaning or oiling1 if necessary1 at the command ,examine gun68 ,a4 ,chief3 ,gun and carriage throughout4 ,gunner3 ,sight-standard1 sight1 azimuth subscale1 traversing- and elevating-gears4 ,no4 #a3 7,removes breech-cover7 breech-block and breech mechanism1 vent1 lanyard 7hangs lanyard on elevating-arm74 ,no4 #b3 ,bore1 chamber1 gas-check seat1 and breech recess1 and cleans them if necessary4 ,no4 #c3 ,the sponges 7hangs them up when necessary74 ,no4 #d3 7,removes muzzle-cover1 etc47 elevating- and traversing-gears under gunner's direction4 ,nos4 #e and #f3 ,recoil-cylinders4 ,no4 #g passes up funnel and oil-measure when used4 ,no4 #h3 ,telautograph or telephone4 ,q4 ,give in brief the duties of each at the command ,load6 ,a4 ,those of chief and gunner are practically the same as for the #h-;inch disappearing4 ,no4 #a opens breech 7by one continuous motion74 ,inserts a primer and takes lanyard4 ,closes breech4 ,fires at the signal4 ,after piece is fired coils lanyard1 and opens breech and removes primer4 ,no4 #b inserts loading-tray4 ,inserts cartridge by hand4 ,no4 #c rams projectile home4 ,replaces rammer4 ,operates tripping-lever1 and trips at the command4 ,after piece is fired sponges chamber4 ,no4 #d sets the elevation1 signalling ,elevation set by holding one hand at height of head until signal ,ready is made by chief4 ,nos4 #e and #f alternate in bringing up projectiles and placing them on the loading-tray4 ,no4 #g receives a cartridge from ,no4 #d or ,no4 #e of the ammunition detachment4 ,passes it to ,no4 #b4 ,closes safety-switch when gun is in battery4 ,no4 #h calls out and posts data received4 ,nos4 #i and #aj receive projectiles from a truck and place them on serving-table4 ,q4 ,how is a dummy charge unloaded8 ,a4 ,the chief of detachment commands3 ,unload6 ,no4 #a opens the breech4 ,no4 #b inserts the loading-tray1 withdraws the cartridge and passes it to ,no4 #g1 and1 as soon as the projectile is withdrawn1 removes the loading-tray4 ,no4 #c brings up the extractor1 pulls the projectile on to the loading-tray1 and replaces the extractor4 ,no4 #e withdraws the projectile and returns it to the serving-table4 ,no #g carries the cartridge to the steps and passes it to ,no4 #d or ,no4 #e of the ammunition detachment4 ,q4 ,how is the piece retracted8 ,a4 ,the chief of detachment commands3 7#a7 ,from battery62 7#b7 ,heave62 7#c7 ,halt6 ,at the first command ,no4 #c goes to the retraction-crank and operates the pawl and speed-crank to permit the pulling out of the ropes4 ,nos4 #e and #f mount on the carriage and place the loops of the ropes on the hooks4 ,nos4 #a and #b pull out the ropes and pass the ends to ,nos4 #e and #f4 ,no4 #c takes in the slack4 ,nos4 #c and #d take positions at the retraction-crank1 and at the second command turn the crank4 ,nos4 #e and #f relieve ,nos4 #c and #d when directed by the chief of detachment4 ,when the gun has reached the loading position the command ,halt6 is given4 ,at the command ,cast off6 ,no4 #c lets out enough slack to enable ,nos4 #a and #b to take the loops off the hooks4 ,q4 ,in an emplacement provided with an ammunition-hoist what changes in the above drill are made8 ,a4 ,nos4 #e and #f serve projectiles from a loaded truck placed in rear of the gun4 ,nos4 #i and #aj are posted at the delivery-table1 and run loaded trucks to ,nos4 #e and #f1 returning empty ones4 ,q4 ,what composes an ammunition detachment8 ,a4 ,one chief and five privates4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c in the shell-room1 and ,nos4 #d and #e in the cartridge-room4 ,q4 ,give their duties in brief4 ,a4 ,the chief exercises general supervision4 ,nos4 #a and #b load trucks4 ,no4 #c runs up trucks convenient to the rear of gun1 and returns them to shell-room4 ,nos4 #d and #e uncase cartridges and pass them to ,no4 #g4 ,note4--,owing to the comparative simplicity and the similarity of drill of almost all smaller-calibered pieces they are omitted in this work4 ,for definite details in the drill for #f-;inch ,pedestal1 #e-;inch ,balanced ,pillar1 #dg-;inch ,quick-firing1 #ae-pounder and #f-pounder ,rapid-fire ,guns1 see ,coast ,artillery ,drill ,regulations4 ,,nomenclature ,,and ,,general ,,description4 ,q4 ,what are projectiles8 ,a4 ,they correspond to the bullets in small-arm cartridges4 ,q4 ,why are projectiles made oblong and guns rifled8 ,a4 ,to prevent the projectile from tumbling1 thereby securing greater penetration1 and better results in accuracy of fire4 ,q4 ,what is the difference between guns and mortars8 ,a4 ,guns are long in comparison with their calibers1 mortars are short in comparison with their calibers4 ,q4 ,what is meant by a built-up gun8 ,a4 ,one that is composed of several cylindrical forgings separately shrunk one over the other4 ,q4 ,why are these forgings shrunk on8 ,a4 ,to give an initial compression to the steel toward the bore1 such that the strength of the gun to resist the pressure of the powder-gas will be increased4 ,q4 ,name the principal parts of a built-up gun4 ,a4 ,the tube1 jacket1 hoops1 and trunnion-band4 7,see ,figs4 #e1 #f1 and #bc47 ,illustration3 ,,built ,,up ,,gun4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,q4 ,what is a wire-wound gun8 ,a4 ,one in which wire takes the place of the jacket and hoops and is wound over the tube4 ,the wire is really in the form of a ribbon4 ,q4 ,define the breech-reinforce4 ,a4 ,that portion of the gun between the rear of the trunnion-band and the front of the breech4 7,fig4 #e47 ,q4 ,define the chase4 ,a4 ,that portion of the gun between the front of the trunnion-band and the muzzle4 7,fig4 #e47 ,q4 ,what is a barbette gun8 ,a4 ,one that fires over a parapet4 ,q4 ,what two classes of barbette guns are there8 ,a4 ,barbette disappearing and barbette non-disappearing4 ,q4 ,what is the center of gravity8 ,a4 ,that point where1 if the gun were pivoted1 it would balance4 ,it is always near the trunnions4 ,q4 ,what is the difference between front-pintle and center-pintle carriages8 ,a4 ,front pintle is where the gun traverses about a point in the front part of the carriage2 center pintle where it traverses about a point in the center of the carriage4 ,q4 ,what is a rack8 ,a4 ,a bar or arc having teeth that engage in a gear-wheel or worm4 7,see ,fig4 #g47 ,q4 ,what is a gear-wheel8 ,a4 ,a wheel with teeth on the circumference4 ,q4 ,what is a bevel-gear8 ,a4 ,two wheels whose axles are at an angle to each other and whose teeth engage4 7,fig4 #h47 ,q4 ,what is a miter-gear8 ,a4 ,a bevel-gear with axles of equal-sized wheels at right angles4 7,fig4 #i47 ,q4 ,what is a worm8 ,a4 ,a gear-wheel in the form of a continuous screw4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,q4 ,what is a sprocket-wheel8 ,a4 ,a toothed wheel that engages the links of a chain4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,q4 ,what is a spur-wheel8 ,a4 ,a gear-wheel with teeth parallel with the axle of the wheel4 ,if in ,fig4 #g the rack were in form of a wheel1 it would be a spur-wheel4 7,the pinion is also a spur-wheel47 ,illustration3 ,,rack ,,and ,,pinion4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,,mitre ,,gear4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,,bevel ,,gear4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,worm ,,gear4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,,sprocket ,,wheel ,,and ,,chain4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the location of the following parts of a seacoast carriage3 ,base-ring4 ,foundation-bolts4 ,leveling-bolts4 ,upper-roller path4 ,lower-roller path4 ,traversing-rack4 ,conical rollers4 ,distance-ring4 ,dust-guard4 ,racer4 ,chassis4 ,top-carriage4 ,recoil-cylinder4 ,piston4 ,piston-head4 ,throttling-bars4 ,followers4 ,stuffing-box4 ,packing4 ,guide-hooks4 ,trunnion-bed4 ,trunnions4 ,kim-base4 ,cap-squares4 ,cap-square bolts4 ,elevating mechanism4 ,traversing mechanism4 ,azimuth circle4 ,azimuth indicator4 ,retraction-gear4 ,sight standard4 ,shot-hoist4 ,crane4 ,shot-hoist drum4 ,pawl4 ,elevating-arc4 ,recoil-rollers4 ,chassis-rails4 ,gun-shield support4 ,loading-platform4 ,elevating-shaft4 ,extra for ,r4 ,f4 guns3 ,pillar-base4 ,shoulder-rest4 ,electric batteries4 ,pistol-grip4 ,range-drum4 ,extra for disappearing guns3 ,gun-lever4 ,lever-axle4 ,counterweight-shaft4 ,counterweight4 ,cross-head4 ,cross-head guides4 ,cross-head rack4 ,tripping-bars4 ,counter-recoil-buffers4 ,gunner's platform4 ,retraction-ropes4 ,extra recoil-buffers4 ,electric traversing-controller4 ,electric elevating-controller4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ab to #bb inclusive4 ,,breech-,,blocks1 ,,recoil-,,cylinders1 ,,etc4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the location of the following parts of the gun and breech mechanism of #h and #ab1 ,model #ahhh3 ,bore4 ,shot-chamber4 ,muzzle4 ,powder-chamber4 ,forcing-cone4 ,screw-box4 ,breech-block4 ,mushroom head4 ,spindle4 ,gas-check pad4 ,vent4 ,hinge-pin4 ,rotating-crank4 ,translating-roller4 ,tray4 ,breech-plate4 ,slotted sectors4 ,screw sectors4 ,pinion- and gear-segment4 ,vent-bushing4 ,filling-in disc4 ,exterior ring4 ,interior ring4 ,vent-cover4 ,rotating-crank catch4 ,obturator-spindle4 ,obturator-spindle nut4 ,locking-nut4 ,translating-stud4 ,guide-rails of tray4 ,tray-latch4 ,securing-latch4 ,securing-latch catch4 ,rotating-ring4 ,rotating-pinion4 ,illustration3 #ab ,,disappearing4 7,from ,battery47 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illustration3 #ab ,,disappearing4 7in ,battery47 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 #ab ,,barbette ,,non-,,disappearing4 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,carriage ,,model ,,of #ahif ,,for #ab ,,inch ,b4,l4 ,,mortar4 7,steel7 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,,latest ,,model #ab ,,disappearing ,,carriage ,,and ,,gun4 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 #c ,,rapid-,,fire ,,gun4 7,pedestal ,mount47 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 #e ,,rapid ,,fire4 7,balanced ,pillar ,mount47 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 #c-;,,inch ,r4,f4 ,,gun 7,masking ,parapet ,mount74 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 #d4g ,,inch #abj m_/m ,q4,f4 ,,gun ,,on ,,centre ,,pivot ,,pedestal ,,mounting4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 #d4g ,q4,f4 7,pedestal ,mount47 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 #e ,,rapid-,,fire ,,gun4 7,pedestal ,mount47 ,,fig4 #bb4 7,continued from ,q4 on page #dj74 ,for continuous-motion or ,stockett mechanism the following3 ,spiral-gear4 ,crank4 ,worm-shaft4 ,worm4 ,worm-wheel4 ,catch-bolt4 ,spring-bolt4 ,tray-latch catch4 ,spindle-ball bearing4 ,a4 ,see ,figs1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,,continuous ,,motion ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the location of the following parts of the #e ,r4,f4 breech mechanism3 ,block-carrier4 ,hinge-pin4 ,spindle-key4 ,latch-bolt4 ,latch-lever4 ,lever4 ,pinion4 ,breech-block4 ,gear-segment4 ,vent-bushing 7copper74 ,exterior split ring 7front74 ,exterior split ring 7rear74 ,interior split ring4 ,gas-check pad4 ,filling-in disc4 ,tripping-stud4 ,latch-bolt seat4 ,slide-housing4 ,slide-stop4 ,slide4 ,slide-handle4 ,contact-plate4 ,firing-leaf4 ,circuit-breaker housing4 ,circuit-breaker spring4 ,circuit-breaker contact-pin4 ,firing-cable4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #bd and #be4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the following parts of the #dg-;inch quick-firing breech mechanism3 ,carrier-link1 spindle1 hand-locking lever1 firing-pin1 spring-catch1 sliding-block1 retaining-nut1 bolt4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #bf and #bg4 ,illustration3 #e ,r4,f4 ,,gun4 ,,showing ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,q4 ,explain briefly how a breech-block of a heavy gun or mortar is dismantled4 ,a4 ,the breech being open1 remove the locking-nut and spindle-nut1 place a block of wood against the spindle and gently hammer the mushroom head free from the gas-check pad1 then remove it by hand4 ,pry the exterior and interior split rings free from the gas-check pad and remove them1 also the filling-in disc4 ,the spindle-washers can be removed at any time4 ,the parts are assembled as follows3 ,adjust in the following order3 the gas-check pad1 exterior and interior split rings1 filling-in disc1 and spindle-washers4 ,the spindle-washers must be put on after the spindle is put in4 ,then gently insert the spindle and screw on the locking- and spindle-nuts as prescribed for adjusting the gas-check pad4 ,illustration3 #e ,r4,f4 ,,gun ,,and ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 #d4g ,,inch #abjm_/m ,,quick ,,firing ,,gun4 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 #d4g ,,inch4 ,,breech ,,closing ,,and ,,firing ,,gear4 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the following parts of the one-pounder subcaliber tube for the #ab ,b4 ,l4 ,r41 model #ahie3 ,gun4 ,adapter clamp-wedge4 ,clamp-wedge screw4 ,thread clamp-screw4 ,rear adapter4 ,center support4 ,front adapter4 ,adjusting-wrench4 ,clamping-wrench4 ,locating-gauge4 ,clip-extractor4 ,obturator spindle-plate4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,,one-,,pounder ,,subcaliber ,,tube4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,q4 ,how should gas-check pads be adjusted before firing8 ,a4 ,first3 ,close the breech4 ,second3 ,loosen spindle and locking-nuts4 ,third3 ,rotate block half-way4 ,fourth3 ,tighten spindle and locking-nuts in the usual manner1 rotate the breech-block home1 and pad is adjusted4 ,q4 ,how far should a projectile be rammed8 ,a4 ,until the zero of the brass ring on the rammer comes flush with the face of the breech-plate4 7,see ,fig4 #bi47 ,illustration3 ,,scale ,,on ,,rammer1 ,,to ,,indicate ,,proper ,,travel ,,of ,,projectile ,,for #h-aj-ab ,,rifle ,,and #ab-,,mortars ,,fig4 #bi4 ,q4 ,describe how to set the azimuth indicator-plate for a given azimuth4 ,a4 ,traverse the gun until the mark on the indicator-plate representing the number of hundredths is opposite the mark on the azimuth circle representing the number of degrees4 ,in ,fig4 #cj the gun is set at #ajd4je4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,q4 ,how do you repack a stuffing-box8 ,a4 ,if any of the old packing is used1 it should be put in after the new4 ,see that the stuffing-boxes are well cleaned and oiled4 ,put on the piston-rod one ring of #a-;inch ,garlock's waterproof hydraulic packing1 and force it well to the bottom of the stuffing-box by a wooden stick and mallet4 ,treat each layer of packing in a similar manner1 being careful to break joints until five rings of new packing have been inserted1 or an equal amount of new and old when any of the latter is used4 ,place the gland on the follower1 enter them together in the box and screw up the follower4 ,no more force should be used on the spanner-wrench than that of two men1 and generally that of one man is sufficient4 ,the addition of the pipe to the end of the spanner-wrench should not be permitted4 ,q4 ,how do you remove old packing from recoil-cylinders8 ,a4 ,remove the gland and follower 7using new extractor1 to be furnished by the ,ordnance ,department74 ,close the extractor around the piston-rod and insert the locking-pin4 ,turn the extractor to the left1 with pressure on the packing1 until the needles are firmly engaged in the packing4 ,draw the packing out1 turning slowly to the left4 ,in the case of a box with interior thread1 and if the ring is tight1 it should be unscrewed and not stripped out by the thread1 because unless unscrewed it would catch upon and be injured by the thread4 ,extractor-bars are provided to be used for starting the packing from its seat1 and by inserting the toes of the bar in the rack-teeth and prying over the edge of the box1 being careful not to injure the thread4 ,q4 ,what is the object of the throttling-valve8 ,a4 ,to regulate the flow of oil from the front to the rear of the recoil-cylinders4 7,see ,fig4 #ca47 ,q4 ,what precautions should be taken where the throttling-valve is provided8 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,method ,,of ,,controlling ,,the ,,energy ,,of ,,recoil ,,in ,,gun ,,carriages4 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a4 ,that there is a lock on the valve to prevent any one from changing the setting without authority4 ,q4 ,give some general directions for the care and preservation of guns and gun-carriages4 ,a4 ,all guns and carriages should be elevated and traversed to their full limits daily4 ,ordinarily a gun and carriage should be painted at least once a year4 ,however1 climatic conditions may vary this rule4 ,sperm-oil1 cosmic or light slushing oil should never be applied to a surface that has a suspicion of grit1 moisture1 or rust upon it4 ,brass gearing should have a thin film of sperm-oil or synovial oil on it4 ,all oil-holes and recoil-cylinders should be examined daily at the beginning of drill4 ,special attention should be given to grease-cups on disappearing guns to see that they function properly4 ,retraction-ropes should be kept oiled and cleaned4 ,no part of the carriage should at any time be allowed to rust1 and if the carriage is to remain unused for short intervals1 all bright and bearing parts should be covered with a thick coat of light slushing oil or cosmic4 ,if the carriage is to remain unused for long intervals1 the cosmic should be mixed with #be per cent of resin4 ,the mixture is well adapted for the purpose1 but must be renewed from time to time4 ,the rollers and roller-paths should be cleaned and covered with slush oil1 and the space between the dust-guard and base-ring should be filled with waste or oakum to keep out dust1 and wrench-holes inside base-ring should be plugged tightly with fitted wooden blocks4 ,to oil bore1 use is made of an ordinary counter-brush secured to the end of a rod and provided with a half-disc of wood to keep the brush against the bore4 ,by this means any required thickness of the mixture may be applied4 ,the brush-rod is1 for the rifles1 fitted with a socket for connecting it with the special sponge-staff4 ,for mortars the brush is supplied with a special handle4 ,as a rule1 the cosmic and resin mixture can be sufficiently removed from the bore for firing by using the scraper alone1 this being a semicircular disc of iron4 ,q4 ,describe throttling bars4 ,a4 ,bars of steel bolted on the sides of recoil cylinders4 7,the bolt heads can be seen on the outside of the cylinders47 ,the piston head is slotted to receive the bars as shown in ,fig4 #ca1 and the bars are thicker at one end than at the other1 this varies the amount of oil that can pass through the piston head slots and therefore the pressure keeps uniform4 ,,care ,,of ,,guns ,,and ,,carriages4 7,extract from ,war ,department1 #aije47 ,,circular ,no4 #dh4 ,light slushing-oil will be used on the different parts of breech mechanisms1 including the threads on the block and in the breech recess1 in bores of guns1 and on all other bright steel or iron surfaces of mobile and seacoast armament1 as a preservative when the material is to remain unused for an appreciable length of time4 ,the slushing-oil will replace synovial oil as a lubricant for cross-head guides1 etc41 which should be given a light coating only4 ,the use of light slushing-oil as a lubricant on breech mechanisms1 including the threads on the block and in the breech recess1 is forbidden3 synovial oil will be used exclusively for lubricating the different surfaces of breech mechanisms1 including the threads on the block and in the breech recess1 on translating-screws and rollers1 and in all oil-holes and on gears1 etc41 of carriages4 ,number #d lubricant only will be used in grease-cups4 ,if exposed to rain within thirty hours after its application1 all surfaces should be carefully examined and recoated if necessary4 ,it can be applied by means of paint-brushes known as sash-tools ,no4 #f1 issued for that purpose4 ,except in very cold weather it can be applied in a thin uniform coat by using the brush1 as when painting4 ,during cold weather it should be applied by stippling--i4e41 lightly tapping the surface with the end of the brush--the brush being held perpendicular to the surface to be covered4 ,it can be applied to the bores of guns by means of the slush-brush issued for the purpose4 ,in cold weather it should be warmed before being applied to the bores of guns4 ,in all cases it should be applied in a thin coat1 since this is all that is necessary to give good protection4 ,this oil can be readily removed by the use of burlap or waste dipped in kerosene oil4 ,lye dissolved in hot water and used while hot will also remove it1 but not as satisfactorily as kerosene oil4 ,in order to reduce the amount of kerosene oil to be used for its removal1 a thick coating of slushing-oil when present should first be removed with a scraper before applying the kerosene4 ,water without the addition of lye or kerosene should be used for cleaning bores of guns after firing4 ,they should be permitted to drain and then be wiped dry before applying the slushing-oil4 ,before applying the slushing-oil to any surface it should be thoroughly cleaned so as to be free from rust1 water1 kerosene oil1 lubricating-oil1 etc41 as their presence will cause rusting underneath the slushing-oil4 ,if applied to an oiled surface1 the slushing-oil has been found to run off when heated4 ,on account of the superior protection afforded by this material it will not be necessary to completely remove it for inspection purposes as frequently as has been found necessary with the protecting materials heretofore used4 ,its frequent removal from a limited area will serve as an indication of the protection which is being afforded4 ,,iii4 ,mortars will hereafter be dismounted from their carriages once every twelve months1 and the trunnions and trunnion-beds thoroughly cleaned1 including the oil-grooves in the trunnion-bed liners4 ,the counter-recoil springs will at the same time be dismounted1 the old paint removed1 and each spring given two coats of new paint4 ,the spring should not be reassembled until the paint is dry4 ,by order of the ,acting ,secretary of ,war3 ,j4 ,c4 ,,bates1 ,major-,general1 ,acting ,chief of ,staff4 ,q4 ,describe the general parts of the throttling-valve and how it operates4 ,a4 ,the two equalizing-pipes connecting the front and rear of opposite recoil-cylinders have a pipe connecting them2 if this pipe is open completely1 oil can move freely from the front to the rear of the cylinders4 ,if it be closed partly by a valve called the throttling-valve1 much less oil will pass this way4 ,thus1 by regulating the adjustment of this valve1 the recoil of the gun is regulated4 ,it is seen that the throttling-bars work with the throttling-valve4 7,see ,fig4 #ca47 ,q4 ,how much oil should be removed from recoil-cylinders having the filling-plugs on the top of the cylinders8 ,a4 #ab-;inch disappearing carriages1 all models1 #c gallons4 #aj-;inch disappearing carriages1 all models1 #a gallons4 #h-;inch disappearing carriages1 all models1 #a gallon4 #f-;inch disappearing carriages1 model #ahih1 gallon4 ,q4 ,where new filling-plugs have been inserted explain how the cylinders are filled4 ,a4 ,for full charges remove the two filling-plugs 7one from each cylinder71 pour oil into one filling-hole until it flows out of the hole in the other cylinder1 wait a moment to allow the oil to settle1 and examine for any pocketed air or any temporary obstruction4 ,if necessary1 pour in more oil until the oil is observed to be in both cylinders up to the level of the filling-holes1 then insert the screw-plugs without removing any oil4 ,q4 ,prior to firing1 what should be done to the bore of the gun8 ,a4 ,prior to artillery practice the bore1 including the powder-chamber1 of each piece to be used in practice will be thoroughly cleaned and freed from lubricant before any shot is fired4 ,q4 ,how is powder residue removed after firing8 ,a4 ,after firing the bore may be cleaned by using a sponge covered with burlap well saturated with water4 ,the bore should then be permitted to drain and thoroughly dry before being oiled4 ,q4 ,if any rust has accumulated on a bearing part1 would you use sandpaper to remove it8 ,a4 ,the use of sandpaper is forbidden1 and emery-cloth ,no4 #a1 being coarse enough for any ordinary rusting1 should be used1 the rust being softened if necessary by kerosene4 ,q4 ,describe the recoil-cylinder for mortars and its action4 ,illustration3 ,,recoil ,,cylinder ,,for ,,mortars4 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,when the mortar is fired1 the piston is forced down1 causing the piston-head to force oil through the oil-holes shown on the left of ,fig #cb4 ,this oil passes through the oil-cavity upward and in rear of the piston-head4 ,by opening or closing these oil-passages by withdrawing or inserting different-sized plugs the friction1 hence the recoil1 can be adjusted4 ,note4--,for steel mortars model '#ia the plugs are as in ,fig4 #cb2 that is1 from top to bottom3 closed1 1 #j1 #j1 1 closed1 closed4 ,for ,c4 ,i4 mortars '#ia3 c41 1 #j1 #j1 1 c41 c4 ,for model '#if c41 1 1 #j1 4 ,q4 ,what are grease-cups8 ,a4 ,brass cups placed on the trunnions of guns to lubricate or oil the trunnions and trunnion-beds4 ,q4 ,how are they filled and adjusted8 ,a4 ,fill up to the bevel edge of the cup with the special oil provided by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,the cup is then put on and screwed down until the plunger sticks out one quarter of an inch4 ,by doing this a spring bearing on the plunger is forced to act1 causing the plunger to press upon the oil1 forcing it into the grooves and channels cut under the trunnions4 ,the plunger should be kept at this distance 77 from the cap by screwing down the cap from day to day4 ,when the plunger will no longer be pressed out it is known that no more oil is in the cup1 and it should be refilled4 ,q4 ,state some rules to be observed in painting guns and carriages4 ,a4 ,the gun is painted gray1 and the carriage olive-green4 ,these are the only colors authorized4 ,the entire surface of the gun is painted except where the console1 or tray1 touches the gun4 ,two coats annually are usually allowed4 ,bronze trays will not be painted4 ,steel trays1 excepting the upper and front surfaces and guide-rails1 will be painted the same color as the gun4 ,no parts of the breech-block or mechanism will be painted4 ,the unpainted surfaces will be kept clean and bright with rottenstone and oil or ,putz-pomade4 ,all steel and iron non-bearing surfaces1 both inside and out1 will be painted4 ,this includes the exposed parts of shafts 7except squared ends71 bottom plate of counterweight1 ladders1 cross-heads1 cranks 7not handles71 cross-head pawls 7except teeth71 and large bronze pieces1 including web and spokes of wheels and cylinder-heads4 ,the following parts are not painted3 ,all wearing or bearing surfaces1 which includes the handles of hand-wheels and cranks1 teeth of all gear-wheels1 teeth of cross-head pawls1 teeth of cross-heads1 elevating-rack guides1 rollers and surfaces on which they travel1 piston-rods1 crosshead-guides1 etc4 ,the bronze sight-holders will not be painted1 nor will the azimuth and elevating-scales and pointers and the followers of the stuffing-boxes2 these parts will be kept clean and1 with the exception of the sight-holders1 will also be kept bright with rottenstone and oil or ,putz-pomade4 ,the raised surfaces of letters and rims of direction and name-plates are to be kept clean and bright2 the background of these plates will be painted the same color as the carriage4 ,name-plates shall never be removed in painting the carriage4 ,this is prohibited by orders4 ,q4 ,how is old paint removed8 ,a4 ,dissolve one pound of concentrated lye1 powdered form1 in six pints of hot water1 and slake in enough lime to give the solution the consistency of paint4 ,use the solution freely mixed1 and apply to the parts where paint is to be removed1 with a brush preferably1 or with waste tied on the end of a stick4 ,when the solution begins to dry on the surface use a scraper to remove the old paint1 and complete the cleaning of the surface with a mop and water4 ,if one application is not sufficient to loosen the paint1 apply a second coat4 ,before applying the new coat of paint wash the surface with liquid made by dissolving one half pound of washing-soda in eight quarts of water1 and wipe dry4 ,let stand a sufficient length of time to have all parts thoroughly dry before painting4 ,q4 ,should oil or grease ever be applied to the surfaces of electrical contacts on a gun or carriage8 ,a4 ,no4 ,grease or oil acts as an insulator and prevents the current from passing the contacts4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the following parts of a battery3 ,emplacement1 parapet1 traverse1 parados1 exterior slope1 interior crest1 interior slope1 superior slope1 interior wall1 gun-platform1 truck-platform1 loading-platform4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ad4 ,q4 ,explain how to adjust the firing mechanism4 ,a4 ,insert the safety bar in the safety-bar notch of the slide housing4 ,slip the slide housing over the spindle1 at the same time inserting the safety bar in its recess in the breech block4 ,press both home firmly4 ,slip on the yoke1 pressing down until the notch above the ring is just visible4 7,in this operation it may be necessary further to adjust the spindle if the yoke does not go on completely1 and the gas-check pad may have to be flattened for this purpose47 ,put the ejector in place with the ejector raised and the slide stop pulled out4 ,place the slide in position4 ,q4 ,when the weather is freezing what should be done to the recoil-cylinders before firing service charges8 ,a4 ,a small amount of oil should be taken out and a reduced charge fired1 then fill the cylinders and fire full service4 ,q4 ,where should primers and fixed ammunition be kept8 ,a4 ,separate place from powder3 never in the magazine4 ,primers should be kept preferably in the ammunition-chests1 and fixed ammunition in the shot-room4 ,q4 ,how is the weight of a cored shot or plugged shell brought to standard weight8 ,a4 ,by adding sand mixed with iron filings1 water1 or sawdust1 according to the degree of increase required4 ,q4 ,how should throttling-bar bolts be adjusted8 ,a4 ,first loosen them slightly1 scrape away any paint that clogs them1 and then tighten them to full limit4 ,q4 ,what is a priming-charge1 and where is it placed8 ,a4 ,a small charge of black powder in both front and rear of every section of cartridge4 ,q4 ,should the trunnion-seats of sight-standards be polished8 ,if not1 why not8 ,a4 ,no4 ,polishing wears away the brass and throws the sight out of adjustment4 ,they should be wiped clean1 however4 ,q4 ,is the removal of the name-plates or sight-brackets authorized at any time8 ,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,how do you test the adjustment of the azimuth indicator8 ,a4 ,insert the bore-sights1 traverse the gun until the line of sight through the front and rear bore-sights intersects a datum point whose azimuth is known4 ,if the indicator reads this azimuth1 the gun is in azimuth4 ,q4 ,how do you test the level of a carriage8 ,a4 ,if the trunnion sight-bracket is correctly adjusted1 place the telescopic sight upon it1 set the sight and gun at zero elevation1 and traverse the carriage to the full limits4 ,if the bubble in the telescope-level remains stationary1 the carriage is level4 ,if not1 adjust by turning the leveling-bolts4 ,,powders1 ,,projectiles1 ,,primers1 ,,and ,,fuses4 ,q4 ,how do you distinguish the following powders3 ,musket1 sphero-hexagonal1#a brown prismatic1 black prismatic1 and smokeless4 ,a4 ,musket is black and very fine grained4 ,sphero-hexagonal is black and in the shape of a small ball with a six-sided ring around it4 ,brown prismatic is brown1 in the form of a six-sided prism with a hole in the center4 ,all smokeless powder has the appearance of translucent celluloid and smells of ether4 ,this powder grades in size according to the caliber of the gun1 and has for large guns a cylindrical form with small holes running lengthwise in it4 7,see ,fig4 #cc47 ,illustration3 ,,musket4 ,,sphero-,,hexagonal4 ,,brown ,,prismatic4 ,,mortar4 ,,smokeless ,,powder4 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,note4--,the smokeless powder used in the ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,artillery is made out of ordinary cotton waste4 ,the process of manufacture is briefly as follows3 ,the cotton waste is first thoroughly washed1 cleaned1 picked1 and then put through shredding- and cutting-machines4 ,it is then dried in ovens for many hours4 ,it is then placed in pots and a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acid is poured over it4 ,it is then washed in running water for many more hours4 ,it is now called guncotton4 ,it is then dissolved with a mixture of alcohol and ether and put under a hydraulic press4 ,on coming out of the press it looks like yellow gum4 ,it is then forced through different sized dies1 and in this shape looks like macaroni4 ,it is then cut into various lengths and sizes1 according to the caliber of gun for which it is to be used4 ,q4 ,give the weight of charge1 weight of projectile1 and initial velocity of the piece to which your company is assigned4 ,a4 ,see table on page #ge4 7,ref4 ,ordnance ,department1 ,g4 ,o4 #i1 ,w4 ,d4 '#jh47 ,slight variations from the requirements of this table will be permitted2 but it is desired that these requirements shall be fulfilled as nearly as practicable4 ,q4 ,name the different kinds of primers4 ,a4 ,common friction1 common electric1 obturating friction1 obturating electric1 and combination electric friction4 ,q4 ,explain the action of the common friction and the obturating friction primer4 ,a4 ,its action consists in the friction of a saw-tooth wire being pulled through a portion of mercuric fulminate1 which explodes and ignites a small charge of powder in the primer1 which in turn ignites the main charge in the gun4 7,see ,figs4 #cd and #ce47 ,q4 ,explain the action of the common and obturating electric primer4 ,a4 ,two insulated wires entering the primers are joined by a platinum wire4 7,a little guncotton is sometimes imbedded around the platinum wire47 ,the current heats the platinum1 which ignites a small charge of powder or fulminate1 if it be a common electric1 in the primer1 which ignites the main charge4 7,see ,figs4 #cf and #cg47 ,,table ,,of ,,charges1 ,,velocities1 ,,etc41 ,,for ,,rapid-,,fire ,,and ,,seacoast ,,guns4 ,weights of projectiles1 powder charges1 muzzle velocity1 and pressure for rapid-fire and seacoast guns1 service and practice charges4 ,column headings3 ,col ,a3 #a-pounder ,subcaliber ,tube4 ,col ,b3 #ah-pounder ,subcaliber ,tube4 ,col ,c3 #f-pounder4 ,col ,d3 #ae-pounder1 ,models of #ahia and #aijb4 ,col ,e3 #ae-pounder1 ,model of #aijc4 ,col ,f3 #d-;inch ,d4-,s4 ,col ,g3 #dgb-;inch ,armstrong4 ,col ,h3 #f-;inch ,armstrong4 ,col ,i3 #e-;inch ,o4 ,d4 ,model1 of #ahig4 ,col ,j3 #e-;inch ,o4 ,d4 ,model of #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,weight of projectile 7lbs47 #ajf #ah #f #ae #ae #cc #de #ajf #eh #eh ,weight of charge 7lbs473 ,smokeless-- ,nitroglycerin #abe #dj-ge ,nitrocellulose #bbebg #ace #e #fjf #gede-aje #ai #afe #bc #ej-aje #dj-ee ,cordite #de-hb #acc #ej-hb ,brown prismatic #abj ,muzzle velocity 7f4s473 ,smokeless #bajj #gej #bdjj #bfjj #bfjj #bcjj #bfjj #bfjj #dj-baej ,cordite #de-begj #baej #ej-bfjj ,brown prismatic #bjjj ,maximum permissible pressure 7pounds per square inch7 #bejjjahjjjcgdfjcdjjjdajjjcdjjj #cdjjj #cdjjjchjjjcfjjj ,column headings3 ,col ,k3 #f-;inch ,o4 ,d41 ,model of #ahig ,m#a4 ,col ,l3 #f-;inch ,o4 ,d41 ,model of #aijj1 #aijc1 and #aije4 ,col ,m3 #h-;inch4 ,col ,n3 #aj-;inch ,r41 ,models of #ahhh and #ahie4 ,col ,o3 #aj-;inch ,r41 ,models of #aijj4 ,col ,p3 #ab-;inch ,r41 ,models of #ahhh and #ahie4 ,col ,q3 #ab-;inch ,r41 ,model of #aijj4 ,col ,r3 #ab-;inch ,m41 ,models of #ahhf and #ahhf-ij ,m#a4 ,col ,s3 #ab-;inch ,m41 ,steel ,model of #ahij ,m#a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,weight of projectile 7lbs47 #ajf #ajf #caf #fjd #fjd #ajdf #ajdf #hbd #ajdf #hbd #ajdf ,weight of charge 7lbs473 ,smokeless-- ,nitrocellulose #bige #cia #hj #aee #bje #bge #cbe #cc #cc #fb #ed ,brown prismatic #ace #bhj #dij #ge #ge #aje #aje ,muzzle velocity 7f4s473 ,smokeless #bfjj #bfjj #bbjj #bbej #bbej #bbej #bbej #ajej #iaj #acjj #ajej ,brown prismatic #aige #bjbe #bjbe #ajbj #ijj #aaej #ajbj ,maximum permissible pressure 7pounds per square inch7 #chjjjcfjjjchjjjchjjjchjjjchjjjchjjjbgej jbgejjccjjjccjjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,common ,,friction4 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,,obturating ,,friction4 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,electric4 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,,obturating ,,electric4 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,q4 ,explain the action of the combination electric friction primer4 ,a4 ,it is a combination of the two above principles1 except that in the electric feature there is no return wire in the combination primer4 ,the current comes in through the stem from the copper contacts on the firing mechanisms1 heats the platinum1 etc41 and goes out through the case of the primer to the breech-block of the gun1 thence to the trunnion and to the other pole of the firing-battery4 ,this primer is also obturating4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,q4 ,what is an obturating-primer8 ,a4 ,one which prevents the escape of powder-gas through the vent4 7,it need not necessarily be screwed into the vent47 ,q4 ,what are percussion-primers8 ,a4 ,such as are used in fixed ammunition and go off by the snap of the firing-pin4 ,they are commonly called caps4 ,q4 ,what are high- and low-resistance fuses8 ,a4 ,a high-resistance fuse is one that requires a high initial velocity to cause the plunger to be released1 and is therefore safer in handling4 ,a low-resistance fuse does not require such a high initial velocity to cause it to act4 ,low-resistance fuses are provided with safety-wires4 7,see ,fig4 #ci47 ,q4 ,what fuses are used in the ,united ,states service8 ,a4 ,frankford ,arsenal base percussion1 point percussion1 and combination4 ,the first two are of either high or low resistance1 and vary in size for different calibers of guns4 ,all fuses that are not centrifugal have become obsolete for all calibres above #afe1 except the combination fuse1 but those on hand will be in service until used up4 ,q4 ,how are fuses inserted to make a tight joint8 ,a4 ,by putting a special preparation1 supplied by the ,ordnance ,department1 on the threads4 ,never use red lead4 ,q4 ,describe the action of a percussion-fuse and name parts4 ,a4 ,on firing1 the plunger-sleeve is forced to the rear and remains in this position during flight4 ,on striking1 the plunger and plunger-sleeve are forced forward and the prick-point of the plunger strikes the fulminate of the fuse2 this ignites the priming charge in the fuse1 which ignites the charge in the shell 7,fig4 #ci74 ,,note4--,there is a new fuse now prescribed for our artillery called ,the ,detonating ,fuse4 ,no one is permitted to take this fuse apart and its construction is kept secret4 ,illustration3 ,,combination ,,electric-,,friction ,,primer4 ,,note3 ,current comes from the contacts at ,a passes through the platinum wire 7heating it7 out at ,b and thence to the body at ,c thence to the ground4 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,q4 ,explain the action of the combination fuse and name parts4 ,illustration3 ,,frankford ,,arsenal ,,base ,,percussion ,,fuses4 ,,low4 ,,high4 a ,body b ,closing-cap c ,primer closing-screw d ,primer e ,tin-foil disc f ,primer-shield g ,firing-pin sleeve h ,firing-pin j ,split-ring spring k ,locking-groove l ,brass-covering disc m ,percussion-primer composition n ,magazine powder-charge w ,safety-wire v ,vent ,,low ,,fuse1 ,,model #aijj4 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,a4 ,before firing a hole is punched through the hole on the time-cone corresponding to time of flight at which it is desired that the projectile burst4 ,on firing1 the time-plunger strikes the firing-pin for the time-train1 then the time-train begins to burn from the point where the hole in the cone was made1 and at the end of the time of flight the flame reaches the interior of the fuse1 thence to the shell4 ,if this fails or it be desired to use the fuse as a percussion-fuse1 the action is as in an ordinary percussion-fuse4 ,combination fuses are now always made with the centrifugal arming device as in percussion4 7,see ,figs4 #dj and #db47 ,q4 ,what is a delayed-action fuse8 ,a4 ,one which does not explode until a short time after striking4 ,q4 ,explain the action of the new centrifugal fuse4 ,a4 ,this fuse can act only when a rotary motion is given to it4 ,this rotary motion1 due to the rotating band1 causes the plunger to bulge away from the center into two parts2 when these parts separate it is seen from ,fig4 #da that the firing-pin takes up a position parallel to the longer axis of the fuse and its point is almost touching the friction composition4 ,when the projectile strikes1 the plunger drives the firing-pin into the friction composition4 ,the action is then the same as in the ordinary percussion-fuse4 ,this fuse is therefore perfectly safe to handle1 transport1 or use4 ,it becomes active only when a high rotary motion is given it4 7,see ,figs4 #da and #db47 ,q4 ,how are drill-primers loaded8 ,a4 ,insert a serrated wire with friction-pellet in the body of the primer1 hold it in position with the assembling-tool1 screw a rear wire or bottom wire 7depending on whether it is an old- or new-model vent7 fast to the serrated wire1 fill with musket-powder1 and close with a brass closing-cup1 using the assembling-tool4 ,q4 ,name the different kinds of projectiles in the ,united ,states service4 ,a4 ,solid shot1 cored shot1 shell1 shrapnel1 and canister4 7,see ,fig4 #dc47 ,q4 ,what is the rotating-band and what is its use8 ,a4 ,the copper band near the base end4 ,it is forced into the grooves of the rifling and causes the projectile to take up a rotary motion to prevent tumbling during flight4 ,q4 ,why are some projectiles capped8 ,a4 ,experimental tests have shown that it will penetrate armor-plate deeper than those not capped4 ,illustration3 ,,frankford ,,arsenal ,,time ,,percussion ,,or ,,combination ,,fuse4 ,,model #aijj4 a ,body b' ,compressed powder-ring b ,retaining-ring b#b ,brass ring b#c ,brass cup ,gas-check b#d ,felt washer c ,time-train d ,time-train cone e ,cone-cover e' ,drawn-brass waterproof cover e#b ,soldering-strip f ,cap g ,clamping-nut h ,time-plunger h' ,split-ring spring i ,safety-pin j ,connecting-tube k ,powder-charge k' ,powder-chamber closing-screw l ,percussion-primer l' ,tin-foil discs l#b ,percussion-primer composition l#c ,brass cup m ,concussion firing-pin n ,percussion firing-pin sleeve n' ,percussion safety-wire o ,percussion firing-pin p ,dowel-pins 7#b7 q ,stud-pin r ,concussion-primer composition r' ,tin-foil disc ss ,vents 7#d7 t ,split-ring spring w ,wrench-hole y ,tin-foil base-cover z ,bottom closing-screw z' ,base-vents 7#h7 z#b ,locking-groove ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,note4--,in punching fuse see that pin enters up to shoulder to insure penetration of cone d4 ,if fired for percussion-burst1 punch at maximum time-setting but do not remove safety-pin i4 ,ignition of time-train c is due to punched hole acting as vent for gases from primer-charge r and compressed powder-ring b4 ,illustration3 ,,frankford ,,arsenal ,,centrifugal ,,fuses4 ,,base ,,fuse ,s4 ,,before ,,arming4 ,,after ,,arming4 ,,fig4 #da4 ,q4 ,what is the difference between shrapnel and canister8 ,a4 ,shrapnel is composed of a number of spherical balls in a cast-iron case1 of the usual shape of a projectile1 and has a bursting-charge in either the point or the base to scatter these balls4 ,canister is in a cylindrical case and has no bursting-charge4 ,shrapnel has a point combination fuse and is thus readily distinguished from all other projectiles4 7,see ,fig4 #dc47 ,q4 ,what is the difference between cored shot and shell8 ,a4 ,cored shot have hollowed centers1 as also have shell1 but in the latter the hollow is much larger4 ,owing to the recent manufacture of a suitable bursting-charge1 cored shot can be filled with it and used the same as shell4 ,q4 ,what is the general color of the main body of all projectiles8 ,a4 ,black4 ,q4 ,how is the kind of metal of which it is composed marked8 ,a4 ,by a painted band around the center1 half-caliber wide4 ,q4 ,how is the degree of armor-piercing capacity marked8 ,a4 ,by a greater or lesser portion of the head being painted with the color representing the metal of the projectile4 ,q4 ,how is the interior bursting-charge marked8 ,a4 ,by a distinct color around the base below the rotating-band4 ,q4 ,give the colors for the following metals3 #a4 ,forged steel4 ,a4 #a4 ,blue-gray4 #b4 ,cast steel4 #b4 ,brownish gray4 #c4 ,cast iron4 #c4 ,olive-green4 #d4 ,chilled iron4 #d4 ,light olive-green4 ,q4 ,give the colors for the following bursting-charges3 #a4 ,gunpowder4 ,a4 #a4 ,bright red4 #b4 ,maximite4 #b4 ,brown4 #c4 ,explosive ,d4 #c4 ,yellow4 ,q4 ,how are the interiors of shells coated8 ,a4 ,with a special varnish furnished by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,illustration3 ,,frankford ,,arsenal #ba-,,second ,,combination ,,fuse4 7,centrifugal47 ,,exterior ,,before ,,arming ,,after ,,arming ,,fig4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,,projectiles4 ,,solid ,,shot ,,cast ,,iron4 ,,cored ,,shot4 ,,shell4 ,,fixed ,,ammunition4 ,,shrapnel4 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,q4 ,how are canister painted8 ,a4 ,black all over4 ,q4 ,how are shrapnel painted8 ,a4 ,the whole body black1 with a band of bright red on the head below the fuse to indicate front charge1 or on the cylindrical portion of the body in rear of the copper band to indicate base charge1 depending on which class--base or front charge--it is4 ,q4 ,how are shrapnel distinguished from shell8 ,a4 ,by the combination point fuse1 which is always used with shrapnel4 ,q4 ,what is meant by fixed ammunition8 ,a4 ,that in which the powder-charge and projectile are fixed2 as examples1 the ammunition for small-arm pieces and that for the #f-pdr4 ,r4,f4 gun 7which is made in the same way1 only of a larger size71 the powder being contained in a brass case1 the projectile being fastened to the end of the brass case and a percussion-primer or cap being in the base of the same4 7,see ,fig4 #dc47 ,q4 ,name the principal parts of a projectile4 ,a4 ,the main body1 the head1 the bourrelet1 the point1 the base1 and the rotating-band4 7,see ,fig4 #dc47 ,q4 ,in what kinds of projectiles are fuses used8 ,a4 ,shell1 cored shot1 and shrapnel4 ,q4 ,what is the rotating-band made of8 ,a4 ,copper4 ,note4--,recent experiments have shown the superiority of a wider and heavier band4 ,this new band will in all probability soon be adopted4 ,q4 ,give some instructions for filling shell4 ,a4 ,unscrew and remove the plug from the shell4 ,place the filling-rod in the bag and fold the latter round the rod2 insert it through the plug-hole1 taking care not to force the end of the rod through the bottom of the bag2 carefully push in the bag until the neck only is in the plug-hole1 a portion being kept outside1 as the whole bag must not be allowed to slip into the shell during the operation of filling2 then withdraw the rod and insert the funnel into the neck of the bag1 pressing the funnel well down into the plug-hole2 pass the filling-rod through the funnel and gradually pour in a small quantity of the powder 7say about half the charge72 take out the funnel and rod1 lift up the bag and jerk it1 so as to set the powder well down to the bottom and to open the bag2 then reinsert the funnel and rod as before1 and continue the filling2 choke the bag and cut off the superfluous choke4 ,the filling-rod should be moved up and down while pouring in the powder1 to facilitate its passage through the funnel1 the powder in the shell being tamped on at the same time4 ,the use of a large mallet against the side of the shell 7any piece of wood will answer the same purpose7 will materially assist in getting the maximum amount of powder into the shell4 ,when the shell is quite full withdraw the funnel and filling-rod1 and tie the neck of the bag with two hitches of twine close to the top of the plug-hole4 ,cut off the superfluous choke1 and push the neck of the bag well down the plug-hole into the shell1 then screw in the plug as required4 ,lead rings are supplied for the armor-piercing shell4 ,the ring is hammered into the recess round the head of the plug1 and the superfluous metal removed4 ,no preparation of the bag by pricking or otherwise is necessary4 ,q4 ,suppose a projectile when weighed on a scale comes to #ajdd lbs4 and that it has a blue-gray head and a blue-gray band around its center of gravity1 and below the copper band it is painted yellow2 state what gun it is for1 what kind of a projectile it is 7whether a shell or solid shot71 what it is made of1 and if a shell1 what is inside of it4 ,a4 ,it is an armor-piercing shell for a #ab-;inch gun2 it is made of forged steel1 and is filled with explosive ,d4 ,q4 ,what are shell and cored shot filled with8 ,a4 ,maximite1 explosive ,d1 and rarely gunpowder4 ,q4 ,why should shell always be coated carefully with a lacquer or varnish before being filled8 ,a4 ,because some of the explosives now used to fill shell1 though perfectly stable and harmless in themselves1 become very sensitive explosives when exposed to steel or iron4 ,the slightest friction will sometimes detonate them4 ,q4 ,why is red lead or white lead prohibited on fuse-threads8 ,a4 ,because1 as with iron1 some shell-fillers change into extremely sensitive explosives on contact with lead4 ,q4 ,why should all fixed ammunition and primers be stored separately from magazines containing powder8 ,a4 ,because they are liable to explode by dropping or breaking1 etc41 and the shock of one primer or charge exploding might explode the whole magazine4 ,q4 ,should rubber shoes be worn in magazines8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,why8 ,a4 ,because there are always priming-charges of black powder in every section of smokeless powder1 and powder-dust from these might fill the air when opening cases1 and a spark from a nail in a shoe on the concrete floor would ignite it4 ,there is also a remote chance of the vapor of ether from the new smokeless powder exploding when in combination with the air4 ,rubber matting on magazine floors would be best4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,sphero-hexagonal is no longer used4 #b ,the minimum charge for mortars is1 according to an endorsement from the ,chief of ,ordnance1 #ah lbs4 7,c7 ,,cordage1 ,,blocks1 ,,tackle1 ,,gins1 ,,shears1 ,,etc4 ,q4 ,define yarn1 strands1 jaws of rope1 short- and long-jawed rope1 guys1 spun-yarn1 marlin1 standing rigging1 running rigging1 and a bight4 ,a4 ,yarn are called threads of hemp or other fibrous material which compose a rope4 ,strand is a number of yarns twisted together4 ,jaws of rope are the interstices between the strands of rope4 ,short-jawed rope is a rope tightly laid up together4 ,long-jawed rope is a rope loosely laid up together4 ,guys are stationary ropes to hold spars1 such as pry-poles1 shears1 etc41 from falling4 ,spun-yarn is made by twisting together very loosely two or more well-tarred yarns4 ,it is used for serving1 seizings1 stops1 etc41 and is very pliable4 ,marlin is also made of tarred yarns1 but is tightly twisted and is much harder and smoother than spun-yarn4 ,the bight of a rope is any part not an end4 ,a bight of a rope is formed by bending or doubling the rope so as to form a loop4 ,standing rigging are those ropes which are stationary4 ,running rigging are those which run through blocks or pulleys4 7,see ,figs4 #de and #df47 ,q4 ,explain the difference between hawser-laid rope and cable-laid rope4 ,a4 ,cable-laid rope is composed of nine strands1 and is made by first laying up three ropes of three strands each with the sun1 and then laying the three ropes together into one1 against the sun4 ,hawser-laid rope must be coiled with the sun4 ,hawser-laid rope is a right-handed rope1 and cable-laid is therefore left-handed4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,q4 ,how is the size of the rope denoted8 ,a4 ,the size of the rope is always denoted in inches and fractions1 and is measured on the circumference4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,q4 7a7 ,how do you worm a rope8 7b7 ,why8 ,a4 7a7 ,worming a rope is filling up the divisions between the strands by passing spun-yarn along them4 7b7 ,this is to render the surface smooth for parceling and serving4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,q4 7a7 ,how do you parcel a rope8 7b7 ,why8 ,a4 7a7 ,parceling rope is wrapping narrow strips of canvas about it1 well tarred1 put on with the lay of the rope4 7b7 ,to secure it from being injured by rain-water or to prevent chafing or cutting of a rope when a strain is brought against a rough surface or sharp edge4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,q4 7a7 ,how do you serve a rope8 7b7 ,why8 4 7a7 ,serving is the laying on of spun-yarn or other small stuff in turns around the rope close together1 and hove taut by the use of a serving-board for small rope and mallet for large rope4 ,small ropes are sometimes served without being wormed1 as the crevices between the strands are not large enough to make the surface very uneven4 ,but a large rope is always wormed and parceled before being served4 7b7 ,the service is put on against the lay of the rope4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,q4 7a7 ,how do you whip a rope8 7b7 ,why8 ,a4 7a7 ,whipping is securing the end of a rope with twine4 7b7 ,to prevent it from fraying out4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,,knots ,,and ,,hitches4 ,q4 ,make the following knots and give the use of each3 ,a square knot1 a bowline1 single sheet-bend 7weaver's knot71 double sheet-bend1 rolling hitch1 round turn and two half-hitches1 clove-hitch1 catspaw1 blackwall hitch1 sheep-shank1 a marlinspike-hitch4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #de4 ,this figure illustrates the manner of making these knots4 ,their uses are as follows3 ,square knot3 ,a quick knot to tie two ends of rope together that will not slip4 ,bowline3 ,to form a temporary eye at end of a rope4 ,this knot can be easily made and remembered by making a marlinspike-hitch and putting the loose end of the bowline through the loop where the spike would go4 ,single and double sheet-bend3 ,to tie two ropes together4 ,these knots do not jam4 ,when one rope is smaller than the other the double sheet-bend is always used1 making the double turn with the smaller rope4 ,rolling hitch3 ,for shifting the fall from one end of a windlass to the other4 ,round turn1 two half-hitches1 and clove-hitch3 ,these are very useful in securing the guys of a gin to the stakes1 etc4 ,catspaw3 ,to apply the purchase or tackle to the fall of another4 ,blackwall hitch3 ,to fasten the end of a rope to a hook when there is a steady strain on rope4 ,marlinspike-hitch3 ,very useful in putting on lashings1 etc4 ,q4 ,what is a strap or sling1 and what is its use8 ,a4 ,a strap or sling is formed by knotting or splicing together the ends of a short strand of rope4 ,it is used for hooking tackles into4 ,illustration3 ,,knots ,,fig4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,short ,,splice4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,long ,,splice4 ,illustration3 ,,eye ,,splice ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,splices4 ,q4 ,what is a splice8 ,a4 ,splicing is putting the ends of rope together by opening the strands and placing them one into the other1 or by putting the strands of the rope between those of the bight4 ,q4 ,how is an eye-splice made8 ,a4 ,unlay the end of the rope for a short distance and lay the three strands upon the standing part1 so as to form an eye4 ,put the first end through the strand next to it4 ,put the second end over the strand and through the second1 and then put the remaining end through the third strand on the other side of the rope4 ,taper them as in the short splice by dividing the strands and sticking them again4 ,the eye-splice is used to form a permanent loop in the end of a rope4 7,see ,fig4 #dh47 ,q4 ,how do you make a short splice8 ,a4 ,unlay the strands for a convenient length2 take an end in each hand1 place them one within the other1 and draw them close4 ,hold the end of one rope and the three strands from the other in the left hand2 if the rope is large1 stop them down to it with a rope yarn4 ,take the middle strand1 which is free1 pass it over the strand which is first next to it1 then through under the second and out between the second and third from it1 and then haul it taut4 ,pass each of the six strands in the same manner1 first those of one end and then those of another4 ,the same operation may be repeated with each strand1 passing each over the third strand from it1 under the fourth and through2 or1 as is more usual1 after the ends have been stuck once untwist each strand1 divide the yarns1 pass one half as above described1 and cut off the other half4 ,this tapers the splice4 7,see ,figs4 #de and #df47 ,q4 ,how do you make a long splice8 ,a4 ,unlay the ends of two ropes to a distance three or four times greater than for a short splice1 and place them within one another as for a short splice4 ,unlay one strand for a considerable distance and fill up the interval which it leaves with the opposite strand from the other rope4 ,twist the ends of these two together1 then do the same with two more strands4 ,the two remaining strands are twisted together in the place where they were first crossed4 ,open the two last-named strands1 divide in two1 take an overhand knot with the opposite halves1 and lead the ends over the next strand and through the second as the whole strands were passed for the short splice4 ,cut off the other two halves4 ,do the same with the others that are placed together1 dividing1 knotting1 and passing them in the same manner4 ,before cutting off any of the half-strands1 the rope should be well gotten upon a stretch4 ,sometimes the whole strands are knotted1 then divided1 and the half-strands passed as above described4 ,this splice does not increase the diameter of the rope1 and it is used for splicing a fall or other rope that runs through blocks4 7,see ,fig4 #de47 ,,rigging-,,tackles4 ,q4 ,what is a tackle8 ,a4 ,a tackle is a purchase formed by reeving a rope through one or more blocks for the purpose of hoisting or pulling4 ,q4 ,name the parts of a block4 ,a4 ,the shell1 sheave1 pin1 and strap4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,describe the following blocks3 ,single1 double1 treble1 snatch1 and tail4 ,a4 ,single blocks have one sheave2 double1 two2 treble1 three4 ,a tail-block is a single block strapped with an eye-splice and having a long end by which to make the block fast temporarily4 ,a snatch-block is a single block having a notch in one cheek to receive the bight of a fall4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,what are the standing parts1 the running parts1 and the fall8 ,a4 ,the standing parts are between the fasts and sheaves1 the running parts between the sheaves1 and the fall the part held in hauling4 ,q4 ,describe the whip4 ,a4 ,a rope through a single block4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,what is the power gained if the block be fixed8 ,a4 ,none4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,q4 ,describe the whip upon whip4 ,a4 ,the block of one whip is made fast to the fall of another4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,what is the power gained8 ,a4 ,double if only one block moves4 ,quadruple if both move4 ,q4 ,describe the gun-tackle4 ,a4 ,a rope passed through two single blocks and made fast to one4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,what is the power gained8 ,a4 ,double4 ,treble if block to which rope is made fast moves4 ,q4 ,describe the luff-tackle4 ,a4 ,a rope hove through a single and a double block and made fast to the single block4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,what is the power gained8 ,a4 ,treble4 ,quadruple if the block moves4 ,q4 ,what is a luff upon luff8 ,a4 ,a luff-tackle on the fall of another luff4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,describe the single ,burton4 ,a4 ,a rope rove through two single blocks1 with a hook in the bight of the running part4 ,q4 ,what is the power gained8 ,a4 ,treble4 ,quadruple if both blocks move4 ,q4 ,how is power determined when one tackle is applied to the fall of another8 ,a4 ,it is equal to the product of their respective powers4 ,q4 ,what is mousing1 and what is its purpose8 ,a4 ,a seizing around a hook to prevent it from spreading or unhooking4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,q4 ,what is a bight of a hook8 ,a4 ,the middle of a bend of a hook4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,,gins4 ,q4 ,name the different parts of a garrison-gin4 ,a4 ,it is composed of three poles 7two legs and a pry-pole71 braces1 a bolt1 clevis1 windlass1 two handspikes1 three shoes1 and a hoisting-apparatus consisting of two blocks 7one triple and one double74 7,see ,fig4 #ej47 ,q4 ,how much can be safely lifted with it8 ,a4 #ag1jjj lbs4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,garrison ,,gin4 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,q4 ,how can the upper block be placed in position after the gin has been raised8 ,a4 ,by rigging a truce rope through the clevis and hoisting it up4 ,q4 ,explain briefly how you would raise a gin4 ,,shears4 ,q4 ,describe the parts of the shears4 ,a4 ,two spars lashed together at one point1 forming an inverted ,v1 the ends being called heels1 the upper end the head1 and the part where the lashing is applied is called the cross4 ,the equipment consists of the following stores3 ,two double blocks1 two single blocks for gin-tackles2 one double block1 one treble block1 and one snatch-block for the main-tackle fall2 guys1 head-lashing1 heel-lashing1 and straps for main tackle2 snatch-block1 holdfasts1 and some spun-yarn for mousing1 etc42 two cleats for heels to prevent lashing from slipping2 stakes for holdfasts for guys and heel-posts2 two shoes for heels4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,q4 ,what are shears used for8 ,a4 ,for lifting heavy weights over the face of a wall or cliff1 or in other situations where the gin could not be used for want of a footing for the pry-pole4 ,q4 ,how do you pass a shear-lashing8 ,a4 ,middle the lashing and take a turn around both legs at the cross2 pass one end up and the other down1 around and over the cross1 until half of the lash is expended2 then ride both ends back again on their own parts and knot them in the middle2 frap the first and riding turns together on each side with sennit4 ,this will be useful in rigging shears for hoisting guns when a gin is not available4 ,any two spars that will support the weight can be used4 7,see ,fig4 #ea47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,lay the middle of the back guy in the cross2 bring the left-hand end up around the right leg and over the head of the left leg2 then carry the right-hand end around under both legs2 let it cross over the left-hand end1 and seize them together with spun-yarn4 ,q4 ,how is a square lashing made8 ,a4 ,place two spars at right angles and pass several turns around two opposite angles of the ,x1 then several turns around the other two opposite angles4 ,continue this until the spars are firmly lashed and will not move2 tie the ends4 ,this lashing is used to make two spars rigid and at right angles to each other4 ,q4 ,how are shears rigged and raised8 ,a4 ,lay the heads of the spars on a trestle about three feet high1 the right leg above the left1 so that they cross at about twice their thickness from the ends1 with the heels in their proper positions4 ,make a bowline-knot in the end of the fore guy and slip it over the head of both legs4 ,lay the middle of the main-tackle strap under the cross above the fore guy2 bring the ends up over the cross2 hook the upper block to them under the cross below the fore guy and mouse it1 taking care that the splice comes in the middle of the strap and that the fall leads to the rear4 ,drive the heel-posts on each side the heels about a foot toward the head and one foot outside2 lay the shoes under the heels2 make a timber-hitch around the inner posts with the heel-lashings2 pass three turns over the legs below the cleats1 and hitch the lashings to the outer posts4 ,drive four holdfasts for each back guy1 as follows3 two on each side the line of the legs prolonged1 three feet apart1 and two six feet in the rear of these4 ,lay the ends of the guy-straps over the front stakes2 connect each pair of front and rear stakes with a strap twisted up taut to insure the strain being distributed properly4 ,drive two holdfasts for the fore guy1 one in the rear of the other1 in the prolongation of the axis of the shears4 ,hook the upper blocks of the guy-tackles to a bowline in the end of the guys1 and the single block to the guy-strap1 and mouse them all4 ,ordinarily the fore guy can be worked without a tackle1 belaying it over the holdfasts1 first taking a round turn over the one next the shears4 ,if not too heavy1 the shears may be raised by lifting the head and hauling on the guy-tackles1 slacking the heel-lashings as required1 and tending the fore guy carefully to prevent the shears falling over toward the rear4 ,q4 ,how are shears held in position after being raised8 ,a4 ,by guys and holdfasts4 ,q4 ,what is the inclination or rake of the shears with the level of the ground8 ,a4 ,about #bj degrees4 ,q4 ,how can a change in the direction of the fall of the tackle be made to lead to a capstan8 ,a4 ,hook the snatch-block to a strap placed below the cleat on either1 and pass the fall through it to the capstan4 ,,hydraulic ,,jacks4 ,q4 ,for what is the hydraulic jack used8 ,a4 ,for lifting very heavy weights4 ,q4 ,what is the difference between the base jack and the horizontal jack8 ,a4 ,the former has the lever1 socket1 etc41 at the top of the jack1 while the latter has the working parts near the base4 7,see ,figs4 #eb and #ec47 ,q4 ,what is the principle involved in hydraulic jacks8 ,a4 ,a pump operated by hand forces a small amount of alcohol through a narrow valve into a recess containing a ram or large piston-rod4 ,as the alcohol is forced into this recess it raises the ram3 thus a weight upon the ram-head is raised4 ,the alcohol is prevented from running back into the main reservoir by valves similar to those on all pumps4 ,q4 ,what is the best liquid to use in filling jacks8 ,a4 ,for the base jack one part alcohol1 two parts water2 for the horizontal jack one part alcohol1 one part water1 and for both add a tablespoonful of sperm-oil4 ,q4 ,name the principal parts of a jack4 ,a4 ,the cylinder1 ram1 reservoir1 socket1 knuckle1 piston1 piston-valve1 pump1 pump-valve1 lowering-valve1 packing-springs1 etc4 7,see ,figs4 #eb and #ec47 ,illustration3 ,,base ,,jack4 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,q4 ,how can a weight be raised when the jack will not go under the weight8 ,a4 ,by the use of a movable claw4 ,q4 ,give some general instructions for the care and use of the jack4 ,a4 ,never fill with water1 kerosene1 or wood-alcohol4 ,keep the ram down when not in use4 ,if the valve sticks on its seat1 strike the lever a few sharp blows up and down1 thus jarring the valve4 ,use the alcohol supplied by the ,ord4 ,dept4 ,illustration3 ,,horizontal ,,jack ,,fig4 #ec4 ,base jacks should never be used so that the head is lower than the foot4 ,a jack should be used once a week to keep the packing in order4 ,never apply more than #aej pounds to the lever3 this equals about the weight of the average man4 ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,magazine ,,rifle4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the ,model #aijc1 ,cal4 #cj magazine rifle3 ,barrel1 ,stock1 ,butt1 ,bayonet1 ,bolt1 ,trigger1 ,sights1 ,guard1 ,cut ,off1 ,sleeve1 ,sleeve ,lock1 ,stacking ,swivel1 ,extractor1 ,ejector1 ,windage ,screw1 ,firing ,pin1 ,cocking ,piece1 ,main ,spring1 ,follower1 ,hand ,guard1 ,drift ,slide1 ,striker4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ed1 #ee4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the ,ball ,cartridge3 ,case1 ,primer1 ,charge1 ,bullet4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ef4 ,q4 ,what is meant by the term caliber8 ,a4 ,it is the diameter of the bore in inches4 ,q4 ,what is the trigger pull8 ,a4 ,three to four and one half pounds4 ,q4 ,what is the weight of the rifle and bayonet8 ,a4 #ifi pounds4 ,q4 ,what is the maximum ordinate at #ajjj yards8 ,a4 #babf feet4 ,q4 ,what is the weight of the bullet8 ,a4 #bbj grains4 ,q4 ,what is the weight of charge of powder8 ,a4 #db grains of smokeless powder4 ,q4 ,what is the muzzle velocity8 ,a4 #bbjj f4 s4 ,q4 ,how many cartridges will the magazine hold8 ,a4 ,five4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,magazine ,,rifle1 ,,model #aijc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,magazine ,,rifle1 ,,caliber #cj1 #aijc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,caliber #cj ,,ball ,,cartridge4 ,q4 ,how is the rifle cleaned8 ,a4 ,to clean the barrel1 insert in the chamber a cartridge shell1 the front end of which has been filled with a wooden plug1 and close the bolt4 ,clean the bore with a rag saturated with soda water1 or if this is not obtainable1 with water4 ,wipe dry with clean rags4 ,remove the bolt and the cartridge shell1 clean and dry the chamber from the rear4 ,thoroughly oil the chamber and the bore with a light coat of cosmoline oil4 ,the stock and hand guard may be coated with raw linseed oil and polished by rubbing with the hand4 ,q4 ,when is the multiball cartridge used8 ,a4 ,in cases where the great range of the service bullet would endanger persons or property at a considerable distance from firing4 ,q4 ,of what is a multiball cartridge composed8 ,a4 ,the service case charged with #cd grains of smokeless powder and two round balls4 ,q4 ,what is the effective range of the multiball cartridge8 ,a4 #bjj yds41 when sights must be set for #cej yds4 ,at #ajj yds4 or less fire point blank4 ,q4 ,illustrate to the instructor how you would set the sight for a given range1 using both open and peep sights4 ,q4 ,to shoot to the right 7or left71 which way would you move the sight8 ,,nomenclature4 7,for ,reference ,only47 ,,component ,,parts4 7,one hundred and two in number47 ,barrel3 ,barrel4 ,front ,sight ,stud4 ,front ,sight ,stud-,pin4 ,rear ,sight ,base4 ,assembled4 ,rear ,sight ,base ,pin4 ,rear ,sight ,base4 ,spline4 ,bayonet3 ,bayonet ,blade4 ,bayonet ,guard4 ,assembled4 ,bayonet ,guard ,rivets 7#b74 ,bayonet ,catch4 ,bayonet ,scabbard ,catch4 ,bayonet ,spring4 ,bayonet ,spring ,cup4 ,bayonet3 ,bayonet ,grip1 right4 ,bayonet ,grip ,screw ,washer4 ,assembled4 ,bayonet ,grip1 left4 ,bayonet ,grip ,screw ,nut4 ,assembled4 ,bayonet ,grip ,screw4 ,bolt3 ,bolt4 ,extractor ,collar4 ,assembled4 ,bolt ,stop3 ,bolt ,stop ,pin4 ,bolt ,stop ,spring4 ,assembled4 ,butt-plate3 ,butt-plate4 ,butt-plate ,cap4 ,butt-plate ,cap ,pin4 ,butt-plate ,cap ,spring4 ,butt-plate ,cap ,spring ,screw4 ,butt-plate ,screw1 large4 ,butt-plate ,screw1 small4 ,butt ,swivel3 ,butt ,swivel4 ,butt ,swivel ,pin4 ,assembled4 ,butt ,swivel ,plate4 ,butt ,swivel ,plate ,screws 7#b74 ,cut-off3 ,cut-off4 ,cut-off ,spindle4 ,cut-off ,spindle ,screw4 ,cut-off ,spring4 ,cut-off ,spring ,spindle4 ,ejector4 ,ejector ,pin4 ,extractor4 ,firing ,pin3 ,cocking ,piece4 ,firing ,pin ,rod4 ,assembled4 ,firing ,pin ,sleeve4 ,follower4 ,front ,sight3 ,front ,sight4 ,front ,sight ,pin4 ,front ,sight ,movable ,stud4 ,front ,sight ,movable ,stud ,screw4 ,floor ,plate4 ,guard3 ,guard4 ,floor ,plate ,catch4 ,floor ,plate ,catch ,pin4 ,floor ,plate ,catch ,spring4 ,guard ,screw1 front4 ,guard ,screw1 rear4 ,guard ,screw ,bushing4 ,hand ,guard4 ,lower ,band4 ,lower ,band ,spring4 ,lower ,band ,swivel4 ,lower ,band ,swivel ,screw4 ,magazine ,spring4 ,mainspring4 ,rear ,sight3 ,base ,spring4 ,drift ,slide4 ,drift ,slide ,pin4 ,assembled4 ,joint ,pin4 ,leaf4 ,movable ,base4 ,rear ,sight3 ,slide4 ,slide ,binding ,screw4 ,slide ,binding ,screw ,pin4 ,slide ,cap4 ,slide ,cap ,screw4 ,windage ,screw4 ,windage ,screw ,collar4 ,windage ,screw ,knob4 ,windage ,screw ,knob ,pin4 ,windage ,screw ,spring4 ,receiver4 ,safety-lock3 ,safety-lock ,spindle4 ,safety-lock ,spring4 ,safety-lock ,spring ,assembled4 ,spindle4 ,safety-lock ,thumbpiece4 ,sear4 ,sear ,joint ,pin4 ,sear ,spring4 ,sleeve3 ,sleeve4 ,sleeve ,lock4 ,sleeve ,lock ,pin4 ,sleeve ,lock ,spring4 ,stacking ,swivel4 ,stacking ,swivel ,screw4 ,stock4 ,striker4 ,trigger4 ,trigger ,pin4 ,upper ,band4 ,upper ,band ,screw4 ,,appendages4 ,cleaning ,rod4 ,front ,sight ,cover4 ,oiler and ,thong ,case3 ,oiler and ,thong ,case1 ,collar1 and ,partition4 ,thong ,case ,cap and ,leather ,pad4 ,oiler ,cap and ,dropper4 ,oiler ,cap ,washer4 ,screw-driver4 ,thong and ,brush3 ,brush4 ,thong ,cord4 ,thong ,tip4 ,thong ,weight4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,examination ,,of ,,first-,,class ,,gunners4 7a7 ,,the ,,azimuth ,,instrument ,,and ,,definitions4 ,q4 ,what is an angle8 ,a4 ,an angle is the divergence of two intersecting lines4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,in ,fig4 #eg the two intersecting lines ,,sa and ,,xa form the angle ,,sax1 and when measured on the circle with ,a as the center it is found to be equal to #hj4de 7eighty and forty-five hundredths degrees74 ,q4 ,into how many degrees is a circle divided8 ,a4 #cfj4 ,q4 ,how is each degree divided in the ,u4 ,s4 ,artillery service8 ,a4 ,each degree is divided into one hundred equal parts4 ,q4 ,define a circle4 ,a4 ,a circle is a plane figure bounded by a curve1 every point of which is equally distant from a point within called the center4 ,fig4 #eg represents a circle with ,a as the center4 ,q4 ,what is the vertex of an angle8 ,a4 ,the point where the two intersecting lines cross4 ,as in ,fig4 #eg1 ,a is the vertex of the angle ,,sax4 ,q4 ,define an azimuth angle4 ,a4 ,it is a horizontal angle measured from zero degrees at the south in a clockwise direction4 ,q4 ,what is meant by a horizontal angle8 ,a4 ,one whose intersecting lines or sides are parallel with the level of water at that point4 ,q4 ,what is a vertical angle8 ,a4 ,one whose sides lie in a plane of a plummet4 ,q4 ,can an azimuth angle be greater than #ij8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,see ,fig4 #ea4 ,,sat azimuth of target 7less than #ij72 ,,sat' azimuth of target 7greater than #ij1 but less than #ahj72 ,,sat'' azimuth of target 7greater than #bgj74 7,all these azimuth angles are read in a clockwise direction from zero at the south47 ,q4 ,when is a gun or an instrument said to be set in azimuth8 ,a4 ,when it reads zero and points south4 ,q4 ,what is an azimuth-instrument8 ,a4 ,a device for measuring horizontal angles4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the instrument3 #a4 ,telescope-tube4 #b4 ,telescope-trunnion4 #c4 ,trunnion clamp-screws4 #d4 ,focusing-knob4 #e4 ,sunshade4 #f4 ,dew-cap4 #g4 ,objective-cell4 #h4 ,objective4 #i4 ,eyepiece-adapter4 #aj4 ,eyepiece4 #aa4 ,eye-lens4 #ab4 ,field-lens4 #ac4 ,cross-wire holders4 #ad4 ,cross-wire4 #ae4 ,brashear-,hastings erecting-prism4 #af4 ,prism-holder4 #ag4 ,prism-cap4 #ah4 ,cross-wire adjusting-screw4 #ai4 ,instrument-base4 #bj4 ,leveling-screws4 #ba4 ,spindle-head4 #bb4 ,worm-gear4 #bc4 ,graduated circle4 #bd4 ,worm-screw4 #be4 ,worm-box4 #bf4 ,worm-box spring4 #bg4 ,worm-box pivot4 #bh4 ,worm-box adjusting-screws4 #bi4 ,worm-box eccentric-crank4 #cj4 ,index-disk4 #ca4 ,index-pointer4 #cb4 ,disk-crank4 #cc4 ,worm adjusting-screw4 #cd4 ,reading-opening4 #ce4 ,azimuth-clamp4 #cf4 ,azimuth slow-motion screw4 #cg4 ,telescope-yoke4 #ch4 ,yoke-caps4 #ci4 ,levels4 #dj4 ,level-holders4 #da4 ,level-adjusting screws4 #db4 ,plumb-bob4 #dc4 ,plumb-bob chain4 #dd4 ,tripod-head4 #de4 ,tripod-cap4 #df4 ,tripod-thumbscrew4 #dg4 ,tripod-legs4 #dh4 ,pier-mounts4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #eh4 ,q4 ,describe how to set the azimuth-instrument up for use4 ,a4 ,first3 ,set the graduated circle and index-disc to read the known azimuth of a visible object and clamp 7the eccentric-crank being in gear74 ,second3 ,set the eyepiece slightly to the left of the reading-opening and tighten the azimuth-clamp4 ,third3 ,raise the whole instrument by grasping the tripod1 and turn it so that the telescope points approximately in the direction of the visible object whose azimuth is known1 being careful to set the plumb-bob over the home station at the same time and not destroy the setting of the graduated circle and index-disc4 ,fourth3 ,level the instrument4 7,this is done by loosening the azimuth-clamp and setting one level parallel to two opposite leveling-screws1 then turn these two screws either both inward toward the spindle-head or both outward until the bubble comes in the middle4 ,perform the like operation with the other two leveling-screws and the instrument is level47 ,fifth3 ,release the azimuth-clamp and set the telescope as nearly as possible on the object1 then clamp and set the vertical cross-hair exactly by turning the azimuth slow-motion screw4 ,verify the setting of the index-disc and the levels4 ,the instrument is now set in azimuth4 ,azimuth instruments for mounting on the parapet have turned on their levelling screws so as to bring reading opening convenient to the eye4 ,q4 ,how is the azimuth of any other point read after the instrument is set up8 ,a4 ,by turning the index-disc crank until the vertical hair cuts the object4 ,read the even degrees on the graduated circle1 and hundredths of a degree on the index-disc4 7,in order to make a considerable change in azimuth-reading1 much time is saved by releasing the eccentric-crank1 turning the telescope approximately on the object1 throwing the eccentric-gear again and reading accurately by turning the index-disc till the vertical hair cuts the object47 ,q4 ,why are not azimuth-circles on guns1 mortars1 etc41 always graduated so that their zeros will point south8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,a4 ,if this were always done1 the azimuth indicator-plate or subscale would have to be directly under the muzzle of the gun--a very awkward and inconvenient place4 ,these azimuth sub-scales are therefore placed on the side1 and when the gun or mortar points south the subscale points at zero on the azimuth-circle4 ,q4 ,give some rules for caring for the azimuth instrument4 ,a4 ,never allow any of the leveling-screws to become so tight that they cannot be easily turned by hand4 ,when setting the instrument up over a concrete floor make little holes in the concrete for the points of the tripod-legs to set in4 ,never wipe the lenses with anything having the least sign of dirt or grit upon it4 ,a perfectly clean chamois is always best4 ,see that all screws are firmly clamped before putting the instrument away in the wooden carrying-box4 ,in removing it from the box1 pick it up by placing the hands underneath the worm-gear4 ,never clamp the instrument too tightly to the tripod-head4 ,after the instrument is once leveled avoid jarring or leaning upon it4 ,q4 ,in case the azimuth-instrument will not stay level after performing the usual operation of leveling1 how do you adjust the levels8 ,a4 ,set one level parallel with two opposite leveling-screws1 and bring the bubble to the center by turning these two screws either both inward or both outward4 ,reverse the telescope through #ahj4 ,if the bubble is not in the center1 this level is out of adjustment4 ,now correct one half of the error by using the small steel pin on the little adjusting-screws on the levels1 and the other half by using the two opposite leveling-screws referred to above4 ,now turn the telescope #ahj again4 ,if it is still out of level1 continue the above method of correction until1 on reversing the telescope1 no change in motion of the bubble can be observed4 ,q4 ,give a rule for finding the least count of a vernier4 ,a4 ,divide the value of the smallest division on the limb or main scale by the number of divisions there are on the vernier4 ,the result is equal to the least count on the vernier4 ,q4 ,how would you focus the telescope4 ,a4 ,focus the eyepiece until the cross-wires appear rough4 ,then turn the telescope on some distant object and focus the objective by means of the focusing-knob until the intersection of the cross-wires remains on the same point1 when the eye is moved up and down and to right and left4 ,q4 ,set up the azimuth instrument over a given point2 level1 orient1 and focus it4 7,this should be practiced frequently47 ,,examples4--,i4 ,the number of divisions on a vernier #be4 ,the value of the smallest division on the main scale #be yards4 ,what is the least reading of the vernier8 ,ans4 #be #be #a yard4 ,,ii4 ,the value of the smallest division on the main scale of the mercurial barometer #a_/aj of an inch4 ,the number of divisions on the vernier #aj4 ,what is the least count of the vernier8 ,ans4 #a_/aj #aj #a_/ajj of an inch4 ,note4--,the following scheme for accurately counting seconds has been found valuable to gunners who have no stop-watches2 it is also used by many photographers in timing pictures4 ,when ready to start to count the time of flight1 for example1 trail your gun or instrument on the target1 stop traversing1 and count to yourself3 ,one one thousand1 two one thousand1 three one thousand1 four one thousand1 etc41 until finished1 saying one thousand after each number4 ,the time required by the average man to say one one thousand or eight one thousand is equal to one second4 ,with but little practice a gunner can be trained to count as high as #bj seconds accurately4 ,in such cases stop-watches are not necessary4 7b7 ,,the ,,plotting-,,room4 ,q4 ,point out or describe the following parts of the ,whistler-,hearn plotting-board3 ,the table1 the azimuth-circle1 azimuth graduations for primary and secondary stations1 base-line arm1 base-line plate1 primary station1 secondary station1 primary arm1 secondary arm1 directing-gun arm1 directing-gun azimuth-circle1 base-line verniers1 directing-gun vernier1 base-line-arm verniers1 azimuth-indices for primary and secondary stations1 auxiliary arm1 connecting-bar1 clamp for arm index-clamp1 gun-arm clamp1 reading-opening for directing-gun azimuth-circle1 index for gun azimuth-circle1 speed-scale for range1 speed-scale for azimuth or azimuth-travel devices1 range correction-device1 azimuth correction-device1 micrometer1 the targ1 tally dials4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 and #fb4 ,these figures show by steps the evolution of the ,plotting ,board4 ,illustration3 ,,simple ,,plotting-,,board4 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,,plotting-,,board ,,with ,,gun-,,arm4 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,q4 ,describe how to obtain the range of a target from the primary or secondary station when the azimuth-angles from the primary and secondary stations are given to you4 ,a4 ,first3 ,set the auxiliary-arm index to read the number of even degrees the target is from the secondary station1 setting the arm-clamp in the ,v-shaped notch on the azimuth-circle corresponding to that number of degrees4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,modern ,,plotting-,,board4 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,second3 ,set the index-disc to read the hundredths by turning the index-knob and clamp the index4 ,the auxiliary arm is now set2 therefore the secondary arm is set automatically in azimuth by virtue of its always remaining parallel to the auxiliary arm4 ,third3 ,set the primary arm to read the number of degrees and hundredths the target is from the primary station4 7,the point of intersection of the fiducial or bevel edges of the primary and secondary arms is the position of the target on the plotting-board47 ,fourth3 ,slide the metal intersection-block or targ along the secondary arm until it touches the edge of the primary4 ,the range in yards can now be readily read on the scales marked on these arms4 7,fig4 #fb47 ,illustration3 ,,whistler-,,hearn ,,plotting-,,board4 7,perspective ,drawing4 ,secondary and auxiliary arms should be parallel47 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,q4 ,how are the range and azimuth for the directing-gun obtained for the same target8 ,a4 ,move the gun-arm up to the intersecting edge of the targ1 and read the range from the scale on the gun-arm4 ,the degrees of azimuth are read through the reading-opening1 and the hundredths are read on the index-disc for the gun-arm4 ,q4 ,suppose the range must be corrected for1 say1 #aej yards more1 and the azimuth for #agh degrees less1 how can the corrected range and corrected azimuth be automatically read on the gun-arm8 ,a4 ,turn the pinion on the gun-arm to move the scale of the range correction-device until #baej is set4 7,the zero of this scale #bjjj47 7,by doing this it is readily seen that the gun-arm range-scale is just #aej yards nearer the gun center2 consequently all ranges read on this scale will be #aej yards more than if the range correction-device were at zero47 ,the azimuth correction is set by turning the micrometer until the number of even degrees of the azimuth correction 7in this case one degree less7 is read on the main scale1 and the hundredths on the micrometer4 7,thus it is seen that the gun-arm will read as many degrees and hundredths more or less than the true azimuth as the number of degrees and hundredths of the azimuth correction determined47 ,note4--,having determined by the ballistic board the range and azimuth corrections1 they will usually answer for some time and thus avoid continual setting of these corrections on the gun-arm4 ,q4 ,what is the object of the travel-devices for range and azimuth correction on the gun-arm8 ,a4 ,these are to determine the amount of change of range and azimuth between each observation of the target4 ,the results thus obtained are given to the range- and deflection-board operators1 who use it in finding the total range correction and the total azimuth correction4 ,q4 ,what are all plotting-boards principally used for8 ,a4 ,for finding the position of a target whereby the range and the azimuth of it from any other point 7as a directing-gun of a battery7 can be determined4 ,q4 ,what is meant by the scale of a plotting-board8 ,a4 ,by the scale of a plotting-board is meant1 one inch on the board is equal to one1 two1 or so many yards on the ground2 e4g41 a scale of one inch equals #cjj yards means1 one inch distance on the board equals #cjj yards on the ground4 ,q4 ,how can you determine the distance between two points on a plotting-board8 ,a4 ,by using the range-arm that is constructed for the scale to which the board is drawn1 setting the zero on one point and reading the number of yards on the arm where the point cuts the scale-edge4 ,q4 ,how is the longitudinal deviation measured on the plotting-board8 ,a4 ,measure the distance from the gun to the target1 and from the gun to the splash4 ,subtract the lesser from the greater1 and this will be the longitudinal deviation1 according to the meaning given in drill regulations4 ,q4 ,how is the lateral deviation measured8 ,a4 ,read the azimuth of the target and splash from the directing-gun4 ,subtract the lesser from the greater3 result lateral deviation4 ,if the azimuth to the target be greater than that to the splash1 it is seen that the deviation will be to the left and vice versa4 ,q4 ,how are open sights on rapid-fire guns used8 ,a4 ,the same as on small-arm pieces2 i4e41 the range in yards or elevation in degrees and minutes is set on the rear sight according to how the sight is graduated1 and the gun is elevated and traversed until the target1 front sight1 and rear sight all come in line4 ,q4 ,describe the #e ,r4,f4 sight4 ,a4 ,it consists of a sight-bar graduated in degrees and minutes 7lowest reading being six minutes71 with a sliding scale at the top for deflection right or left1 the deflection-scale reading to three minutes4 ,a range-drum is also geared to the sight-bar1 and moves with it in such a manner that when the piece has a certain elevation it will shoot to a distance equal to the range on the drum4 ,this avoids using any range-table4 ,q4 ,describe the #f-pdr4 ,r4,f4 sight4 ,a4 ,a simple bar-sight graduated to yards with a deflection-scale reading to three minutes4 ,q4 ,how is the deflection-scale set on open sights when it is desired to fire to right or left8 ,a4 ,to fire right1 move the peep-hole to the right2 to fire left1 move the peep-hole to the left4 ,q4 ,from what line is all elevation measured8 ,a4 ,from the axis of the bore4 7,see ,fig4 #fc47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,q4 ,define sight elevation4 ,a4 ,the angle between the axis of the bore before firing and the line of sight4 7,see ,figs4 #fc and #fd47 ,q4 ,in case shot strikes to the right or left1 and as gunner you had the sight on the target when the shot struck1 how could you correct your error with a telescopic sight or open sights8 ,a4 ,stopping traversing at the instant shot strikes1 move the vertical hair rapidly to the splash4 ,the sight is now corrected for the error1 and its setting will be correct for the next shot4 ,,the ,,range-,,board4 ,,nomenclature4 7,see ,fig4 #fe47 ,the ,frame4--,the outside frame1 or box1 of the instrument4 ,the ,board4--,that upon which the charts are pasted4 ,k-,k4 ,illustration3 ,,sight ,,set ,,for ,,quadrant ,,elevation ,,sight ,,set ,,for ,,sight ,,elevation 7,,exaggerated ,,diagrams47 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,the ,ruler4--,the balance wooden strip to which the metal scale and slides are attached4 ,x-,x4 ,the ,scale4--,the fixed graduated scale on the ruler4 m-m4 ,the ,bar4--,the metal rod or bar which slides on the top of the scale4 ,the ,register4--,the fixed point in the center of the bar4 a4 ,the ,trammel4--,the pointer which slides on the bar4 b4 ,the ,pointer4--,the pointer at the top of the trammel4 ,the ,index4--,the lower point on the trammel4 ,normals4--,the straight vertical lines in each set of curves4 ,the ,string4--,the cord on the right side of the board used in determining travel4 ,the ,travel-scale4--,scales for setting the string4 ,prediction-scale4--,vertical lines on the right side of the board1 used in determining the travel during the observing interval4 ,,adjustment4 ,adjust the ruler by means of the adjusting-screw on the left1 so that its upper edge coincides with the parallel lines on the board4 ,,operation4 ,the bar is clamped by means of the screw near the left end of the ruler4 ,the bar must be held firmly while moving the trammel4 ,in making corrections for artillery fire the following data1 as obtained at the opening of the action1 will usually suffice for the entire action4 ,density of the air1 ,velocity of the wind1 ,azimuth of the wind1 ,height of tide4 ,the range effects and deviating effects of the wind must be obtained for each shot4 ,tide should be changed at least every half-hour4 ,as soon as the density of the air is ascertained the computer will insert a pin1 or set the pointer at the top of the corresponding curve4 ,the same will be done for height of tide4 ,the muzzle velocity to be used for the first shot will be marked in a similar manner as directed by the range officer4 ,the wind-component device having been set for the azimuth and velocity of the wind and the azimuth of the target1 the computer will note the reference-number and set the pointer at the top of the wind-curve having that number4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,range-,,board4 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,as soon as he receives the travel reference-number he will set the string accordingly1 using the scale for the observing interval used4 ,to determine correction4--,as soon as the approximate range is received1 the computer sets the ruler for the range and the index at zero2 he then slides the trammel to the left until the pointer is opposite the atmosphere curve as indicated by the pointers e1 f1 g1 etc41 holding the bar in place with the left hand4 ,he then slides the bar until the pointer is at normal for atmosphere2 this completes the correction for atmosphere4 ,he then proceeds in the same manner for wind and tide1 always sliding the trammel until the pointer is at the indicated curve1 holding the bar in place with the left hand and then sliding the bar until the pointer is at normal4 ,if the muzzle velocity is normal1 no correction is made for velocity4 ,if1 however1 the muzzle velocity is not normal1 he makes a correction for muzzle velocity in a similar manner as for other data4 ,the above corrections are made before the travel is received4 ,the computer clamps the bar and then waits until he receives the travel4 ,as soon as the travel is received1 he sets the string1 slides trammel until the pointer is opposite the string1 unclamps the bar and moves it until the pointer is opposite the normal2 this adds the correction for travel during the time of flight4 ,he then notes the total travel during the observing interval1 which is indicated by the position of the string on the travel-scale corresponding to the observing interval used4 ,he slides the trammel so that the pointer will be at the vertical line corresponding to the total travel during the observing interval1 and then slides the bar to the normal2 this adds the travel during the observing interval4 ,he now clamps the bar4 ,the register now indicates the total correction to be applied to the arm4 ,trial-shots4--,the gun is laid so that the shot should have a certain range1 all corrections having been determined as described above1 except of course that for travel4 ,the bar is set with the index at zero1 and the trammel is set at the muzzle velocity used in the computation for the shot4 ,the gun is fired and the range of the shot is plotted4 ,the range officer determines how much the shot has fallen short or gone beyond1 and announces the result as plus or minus so many yards4 ,the computer moves the bar plus or minus the number of yards announced1 using the scale for this purpose4 ,the pointer now indicates the muzzle velocity to be used in computing the next shot4 ,the velocity pointer is moved accordingly4 ,if a second trial shot is used1 the corrections are computed as before1 using1 however1 the new muzzle velocity as determined from the first shot4 ,in determining a second corrected muzzle velocity the bar should be moved for but half the longitudinal deviation of the shot from the expected range2 the pointer then marks the velocity to be used for the next shot4 ,in case a third trial shot is used the process is the same except that the bar is moved for but one third of the longitudinal deviation4 ,the curves are given for every ten yards of range1 for every ten per cent of weight of air1 and for every ten miles of wind1 etc4 ,for conditions in which the values lie between these readings1 the trammel can readily be set by the eye sufficiently close for all practical purposes4 ,,example3 ,range #gjjj2 atmosphere #bj2 wind #gj2 velocity #bbfj2 travel #djj2 tide #aj4 ,find the correction to be applied to the gun-arm4 ,,solution3 ,i4 ,set ruler ,,xx at #gjjj on scale ,,kk4 ,,ii4 ,set pointer a at #bjjj on scale ,,mm4 ,,iii4 ,set pointer e at #bj2 f at #gj2 g at #aj2 h at #bbfj1 string cc at #djj on #bj-second interval line1 and scale dd such that the number #djj cuts the intersection of the string with ruler ,,xx4 ,,iv4 ,set pointer b at #af 7atmosphere normal72 move slide z till b cuts the #bj curve of atmosphere4 ,v4 ,set b at #ej 7zero wind7 and slide z till b cuts the #gj curve4 ,,vi4 ,set b at #j tide and slide z till b cuts #aj4 ,,vii4 ,set b at #bbjj ,i4 ,v4 and slide z till b cuts #bbfj4 ,,viii4 ,set b at #djj on scale dd and slide z till b cuts #cjj 7normal7 on scale dd4 ,the range correction is now found on scale mm opposite pointer a4 ,this number is now set on the gun-arm of the plotting-board and each next plotted position will read on the range-scale of the gun-arm just that many yards more or less than the true range1 i4e41 the corrected range4 ,see ,fig4 #fe4 ,,the ,,deflection-,,board4 ,,nomenclature4 ,platen4--,the rectangular sliding frame4 ,wind-arm4--,the arm pivoted to the board on the left of the platen4 ,wind-component ,scale4--,the scale above the movable end of the wind-arm4 ,drift-curve4--,the curved edge of the metal plate attached to the left end of the platen4 ,travel-arm4--,the arm pivoted on the platen4 ,azimuth ,correction-scale4--,the sliding scale below the platen4 ,deflection-scale4--,the fixed scale immediately above the azimuth correction-scale4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,deflection-,,board ,,fig4 #ff4 ,travel-scale4--,a scale for making corrections for angular travel of the target2 there are two1 one below the azimuth correction-scale and one on the platen4 ,t ,square4--,the sliding ,t square having the time graduations at one edge1 corresponding to given ranges4 ,,operation4 ,place the travel-scale on the platen in the lower or upper position according as the observing interval is #aj or #bj seconds4 ,as soon as the wind-component device is set note the deflection reference-number indicated1 and set the wind-arm to the corresponding reading on the wind-component scale4 ,set the platen so that the point of the drift-curve corresponding to the given range will be accurately over the right-hand edge of the wind-arm4 ,as soon as the reference-number indicating the angular travel of the target during the observing interval is announced1 set the travel-arm 7right edge7 for that travel by the travel-scale on the platen and set the azimuth correction-scale for the same travel by means of the travel-scale below it4 ,set the ,t square so that the point of its scale corresponding to the given range will be accurately over the right edge of the travel-arm4 ,the azimuth correction to be applied to the gun-arm in all cases is then read from the azimuth correction scale at the bevel edge of the ,t square4 ,when ,case ,i or ,,ii is being used the deflection to be sent to the guns is read from the deflection-scale at the bevel edge of the ,t square4 ,after the second observation the corrected range determined is used in setting the platen and ,t square4 ,see ,fig4 #fj4 ,q4 ,how do the divisions on the azimuth-subscale and the deflection-scale of the sights compare with one another8 ,a4 ,they are equal--the least reading on the former #e hundredths1 and on the sight-scale one point or division #e hundredths or #c minutes4 ,q4 ,how are the predicted range and predicted azimuth obtained8 ,a4 ,it is now1 under the new system of fire direction1 obtained by means of the travel correction on the range correction and azimuth correction-board4 ,if these new boards are not yet issued1 the use of a range-keeper's range prediction-scale and a gunner's azimuth prediction-scale determines them at the gun4 ,the old method was by plotting several positions of a target on the plotting-board and using a prediction-ruler1 whence the predicted point was obtained4 ,q4 ,define quadrant elevation4 ,a4 ,the angle between the axis of the bore before firing and the horizontal plane4 7,see ,figs4 #fc and #fd47 ,q4 ,what is the difference between quadrant and sight elevation8 ,a4 ,where the gun is above the target1 sight elevation equals quadrant elevation plus the angular depression of the target4 ,where the gun is below the target1 sight elevation equals quadrant elevation minus the angular elevation of the target4 ,q4 ,how is the gunner's quadrant used8 ,a4 ,it is used principally in giving elevation to mortars by first setting the movable arm such that the knife-edged tooth engages in an even-degree mark on the rack1 and by moving the sliding level to read the exact number of minutes4 ,then it is placed on its seat at the breech1 being careful to see that the arrow points in the direction of the line of fire1 and by elevating or depressing the piece until the bubble comes in the middle the mortar or piece will be set at the elevation set on the quadrant4 7,see ,fig4 #fg47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,gunner',s ,,quadrant4 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the telescopic sight3 ,telescope1 objective1 eyepiece1 erecting-prisms1 trunnions1 leveling-lug1 leveling-screw1 cross-level1 elevation-arc1 elevating-screw1 vernier1 focusing-collar1 deflection-screw1 deflection-scale1 micrometer1 disc1 and telescope-level4 7,see ,fig4 #fh47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,telescopic ,,sight ,,model #ahih4 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,q4 ,how is deflection set on it8 ,a4 ,by moving the deflection-screw the vertical cross-wire moves4 ,q4 ,how is deflection set to fire right and to fire left8 ,a4 ,move the vertical hair to the right to fire left1 move it to the left to fire right1 by turning the deflection-screw4 ,q4 ,how is elevation set on it8 ,a4 ,set the zero of the vernier opposite the mark on the limb representing the number of even degrees of the given elevation4 ,then turn the micrometer-disc by turning the elevation-screw until the given number of minutes is read on it4 ,the sight is then set on the trunnion-bracket and the piece elevated till the bubble comes in the middle for quadrant elevation or till the horizontal cross-hair cuts the water line of target for sight elevation4 ,the gun then has the elevation set on the sight4 ,q4 ,what is the lowest reading of the vernier on the elevation-arc8 ,a4 ,two minutes4 ,q4 ,what is the lowest reading of the deflection-scale8 ,a4 ,three minutes4 ,q4 ,why is it necessary to elevate the gun till the bubble on the telescope-level comes in the middle1 to set the gun for quadrant elevation8 ,a4 ,because by definition quadrant elevation is the angle between the axis of the bore and the horizontal plane1 and when the bubble is in the center of the level the telescope is horizontal and the axis of the gun makes an angle with it equal to the elevation set on the arc4 ,q4 ,name and point out the following parts of the rapid-fire sight3 ,telescope1 objective1 eyepiece1 interior and exterior deflection-scales1 micrometer-head1 deflection-screw1 open sights1 dew-cap1 lugs1 and thumb-screws4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #gj4 ,q4 ,what is one point on the deflection-scale equal to at the target8 ,a4 ,one five-hundredth of the range in yards2 thus one point equals #b yards at #ajjj yards1 #d yards at #bjjj yards1 and so on4 ,q4 ,,example3 ,the range is #ejjj yards1 and the drift for that range is found in the range-table to be #ab minutes2 how would you set your deflection-scale on the telescopic sight8 ,a4 ,fire left #ab minutes1 or #d points4 ,q4 ,why8 ,a4 ,because drift in our service is always to the right1 and to overcome this drift and make the projectile hit the target we will have to fire to the left this #ab minutes due to drift4 ,q4 ,,example3 ,the range is #ejjj yards1 and the component of the wind perpendicular to the line of fire is #bj miles1 giving from the range-table correction for drift equal to #ab minutes and wind #f minutes4 ,the wind is blowing from right to left4 ,how would you set your sight8 ,a4 ,fire left #f minutes4 ,q4 ,why8 ,a4 ,because1 as shown above1 the drift alone would require the sight to be set at ,fire left #ab minutes1 and if the wind correction is #f minutes and is blowing from right to left1 to overcome this wind and make the projectile hit the target we would have to ,fire right #f minutes4 ,therefore1 if the total setting of the sight is to be ,fire left #ab minutes plus ,fire right #f minutes1 the final or resultant setting should be ,fire left #f minutes4 ,note4--,the corrections for wind and drift are usually found at the same time from a chart1 correction-board1 or table4 ,q4 ,,example3 ,the time of flight is #aj seconds 7this is found from the gun commander's range-table1 knowing the range72 how would you determine the correction for travel with a telescopic sight8 ,a4 ,set the sight at zero4 ,traverse the gun until the vertical hair cuts the target4 ,signal3 ,stop traversing1 and count the number of seconds time of flight 7#aj71 moving by the right hand the deflection-screw1 to keep the vertical hair on the target4 ,when #aj seconds are counted stop turning the deflection-screw4 ,where the vertical hair now rests is the correction for travel during time of flight4 ,since to ,fire left we move the vertical hair to the right1 this correction for travel found will have to be set for ,fire left1 or on the other side of the scale1 if the target is moving from right to left4 ,if it is moving from left to right1 the correction found will have to be set ,fire right4 ,in other words1 always set the cross-hair in the opposite direction from the motion of the vessel in making the correction for travel4 ,this also applies to open sights4 ,q4 ,,example3 ,if you were given the range1 a gun commander's range-table1 a correction for wind and drift equal to ,fire left #i minutes1 and the target were moving from right to left1 how would you proceed to determine the setting of your sight8 ,a4 ,first1 determine by the above method the correction for travel during time of flight 7time of flight being found in the gun commander's range-table74 ,set this on the sight4 ,suppose it were ,fire left #c minutes4 ,second1 use this position of the vertical hair as a new zero1 and move the vertical hair to ,fire left #ab minutes4 ,that is1 ,fire left #c minutes plus ,fire left #i minutes equals ,fire left #ab minutes4 ,if the travel had been ,fire right #c minutes1 then by moving the scale ,fire left #i minutes1 the final setting of the sight would have been ,fire left #f minutes4 ,q4 ,from the table on page #abi find the number of yards #c points on the telescopic sight are equal to at #gjjj yards range4 ,a4 #ah yards4 ,illustration3 ,,telescopic ,,sight4 7,model #ahih47 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,illustration3 #c-;,,inch ,,rapid-,,fire ,,gun-,,sight4 ,,fig4 #gj4 #b4 ,point or describe the location of the following parts of the telescopic sights1 ,model #aijd3 ,eye-lens cover4 ,gear-case cover and cover for ,dial4 range drum4 ,focusing ring4 ,telescope lamp-holder4 ,peep-sight4 ,sight-shank elevation-scale4 ,eye-end telescope clamp4 ,elevation-guide4 ,deflection worm knob4 ,sight-arm4 ,telescope tube4 ,yoke-shaft4 ,elevation rack4 ,bearing for yoke4 ,cell-end telescope clamp4 ,yoke4 ,objective shutter4 ,lamp-bracket for range drum ,cradle4 and elevation-scale4 ,cross sight4 ,elevation worm4 ,yoke-cap4 ,focusing sleeve nut4 ,deflection-pointer bracket4 ,deflection scale4 ,fulcrum4 ,elevating gear-shaft4 ,elevating wheel and hub4 ,deflection worm4 ,sight-bracket4 ,eye-lens4 ,plug connection for lamps4 ,field lens4 ,lamp-holder for deflection ,cross-wire ring4 scale4 ,cross wires4 ,range drum4 ,erecting prisms 7,porro74 ,objective4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ga and #gb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 #c-;,,inch ,,telescopic ,,sight1 ,,model ,,of #aijd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 #c-;,,inch ,,telescopic ,,sight1 ,,model ,,of #aijd4 ,,table ,,of ,,values ,,in ,,yards ,,of ,,points ,,of ,,deflection4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,min4 #c #f #i #ab #ae ---------------------------------------- --------- ,points4 #a #b #c #d #e ---------------------------------------- --------- ,range4 ,value of ,points in ,yards4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajjj #a #b #c #d #e #bjjj #b #d #f #h #aj #cjjj #c #f #i #ab #ae #djjj #c #f #i #ab #ae #ejjj #d #h #ab #af #bj #fjjj #e #aj #ae #bj #be #gjjj #f #ab #ah #bd #cj #hjjj #g #ad #ba #bh #ce #ijjj #h #af #bd #cb #dj ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajjjj #i #ah #bg #cf #de ---------------------------------------- --------- ,note4--,this table is only approximate4 ,it is true within #a yard1 which is sufficiently accurate for all firing under ,case ,,ii4 ,q4 ,where is the sight placed under cases one1 two1 and three8 ,a4 ,on the trunnion for case one1 to give both elevation and direction4 ,on the sight standard for case two1 to give direction only 7quadrant elevation is set by the elevating-arc74 ,it is not intended to be used at all in case three1 but1 of course1 it could where the quadrant elevation is to be set by the sight instead of by the elevation-arc4 ,it will then have to be placed on the trunnions4 ,q4 ,define cases one1 two1 and three4 ,a4 ,case one1 where direction and elevation are given by the sight on the trunnion4 ,case two1 where direction is given by the sight1 and elevation by the quadrant or elevating-arc4 ,case three1 where direction is given by the azimuth-circle1 and elevation by the quadrant or arc4 ,q4 ,what is the difference between the axis of the bore and the line of departure8 ,a4 ,the jump4 7,see ,fig4 #fc47 ,q4 ,what is the line of sight8 ,a4 ,line joining the target1 the point of the front sight and the peep of the rear sight2 or with telescopic sights1 the line joining the target and the intersection of the vertical and horizontal hairs in the sight4 7,see ,fig4 #fc47 ,q4 ,define time of flight4 ,a4 ,the time it takes the projectile to leave the bore till it strikes4 ,q4 ,what is a tangent8 ,a4 ,a straight line which touches but one point on the circumference of a circle and is perpendicular to the radius at that point4 ,q4 ,define angle of fall4 ,a4 ,it is the angle which the tangent to the trajectory at the point of impact makes with a line parallel to the line of sight at this point4 ,q4 ,what is the line of departure8 ,a4 ,the prolonged axis of the bore at the moment the projectile leaves the muzzle4 ,q4 ,what is the line of fire8 ,a4 ,the prolonged axis of the bore before the gun is fired4 ,q4 ,what is the axis of the bore8 ,a4 ,the line passing through the centre of the bore from breech to muzzle4 ,q4 ,what is the angle of departure8 ,a4 ,the angle included between the line of departure and the horizontal plane4 ,q4 ,define drift4 ,a4 ,it is the deviation due to the rifling in the gun to the right or left of the vertical plane passing through the axis of the bore1 or plane of fire4 ,it is always to the right in the ,u4 ,s4 service4 ,q4 ,to what in a telescopic sight does the front sight on an open sight correspond8 ,a4 ,the intersection of the cross-hairs4 ,q4 ,to what does the rear sight correspond8 ,a4 ,the eye-lens4 ,q4 ,what is the trajectory8 ,a4 ,the path of the projectile in the air4 ,q4 ,how is the velocity of the wind determined8 ,a4 ,by the anemometer4 ,first take the reading of the discs on the anemometer and note the time4 ,after six minutes have elapsed read the scales4 ,take the difference of the scales and multiply by #aj1 which gives the velocity4 7,see ,fig4 #gc47 ,for example3 ,suppose at #aj3je ,a4,m4 the reading is #fb miles1 and at #aj3aa ,a4,m4 the reading is #fc miles4 ,if in six minutes it goes one mile1 in sixty minutes it will go ten times1 or ten miles per hour4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,anemometer4 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,q4 ,how are the components of the wind in the direction of the line of fire and in a lateral direction determined8 7,see ,fig4 #gd47 ,a4 ,first3 ,set the arrow on the disc to read the azimuth of the wind4 7,this is done automatically47 ,second3 ,set the little lever-arm at the azimuth of the line of fire4 ,third3 ,at the point on the lever-arm reading the velocity of the wind as determined by the anemometer1 run the finger or a pencil along the nearest line toward the arrow1 and where this line cuts the arrow is read the longitudinal component or the component in the direction of the line of fire4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,q4 ,how are the wind components determined by the new method8 ,a4 #ao target-pointer to velocity of wind on target-arm4 #bo ,set ring to azimuth of wind4 #co ,set target-arm to azimuth of gun4 #do ,components are now read on the dial from the point indicated by the target-pointer4 7,see ,fig4 #ge47 ,illustration3 ,,wind ,,component4 7,new ,method47 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,aeroscope4 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,illustration3 ,,difference ,,chart for #aj in4 ,b4,l4,r4 ,no4#a in ,battery 1 ,fort ,directing ,gun of that ,battery #aj in4 ,b4,l4,r4 ,no4#b ,azimuth of ,gun ,no4#a from ,directing ,gun1 #gijc' ,gun ,displacement1 #ch ,yards4 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,fourth3 ,from this same point on the little lever-arm run a pencil along the nearest line parallel to the arrow1 and where it intersects the diameter of the disc perpendicular to the arrow is read the component in the direction of deflection or the lateral component4 ,q4 ,what is a difference chart8 ,a4 ,one that determines the differences in azimuth and range between the directing-gun and the gun for which it is constructed4 ,it consists of a board having drawn on it circles of different diameters1 which are the azimuth difference circles 7the amounts being written on each circle74 7,see ,fig4 #gg47 ,q4 ,how is it used8 ,a4 ,first3 ,set the range-arm on the given azimuth4 ,second3 ,run the finger to the given range on the range-arm4 ,third3 ,the azimuth difference is read on the nearest circle that cuts the point where the finger last rests1 and the range difference is read on the scale in red ink along the azimuth circle of the board4 7,see ,fig4 #gg47 ,q4 ,what is meant by muzzle velocity8 ,a4 ,the number of feet per second a projectile is moving at the time it leaves the muzzle of the gun4 ,it is also called ,initial ,velocity4 ,q4 ,from the following gun commanders' range-scale find the time of flight1 sight elevation1 and quadrant elevation for #dabj yards range4 ,,gun ,,commanders' ,,range-,,scale4 ,i4 ,v4 #bbjj4 #h-;inch ,b4 ,l4 ,r4 ,smokeless powder4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,quadrant ,elevation4 ,sight ,elevation4 -------------------- ,range4 ---------------------- ,time of ,flight1 ,seconds4 ,degrees4 ,minutes4 ,degrees4 ,minutes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #d #af #dajj -#a #c #f-a_/e #d #ah #dabj -#a #a #d #bj #dadj -#j #eh #d #bc #dafj -#j #ef #g-b_/e #d #bf #dahj -#j #ed #d #bh #dbjj -#j #ea #d #ca #dbbj -#j #di #h-b_/e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,electrical ,,device ,,for ,,operating ,,anemometer ,,stop-,,watch4 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,a4 #f-a_/e seconds1 about2 #a #a' minus 7depression72 #d #ah' plus 7elevation74 ,,the ,,atmosphere-,,board4 ,q4 ,describe the atmosphere-board4 ,a4 ,this is merely a graphic table by means of which the reference-numbers to be recorded on the atmosphere-aeroscope indicator can be determined from the readings of the barometer and thermometer4 ,the arguments are barometer and thermometer readings1 and the reference-numbers are indicated by diagonal lines4 ,the thermometer axis is horizontal and the barometer axis is vertical4 ,to increase the ease and rapidity of reading the barometer scale is graduated on a movable ,t square4 ,the method of construction is shown in ,fig4 #gi4 ,operation4--,set the ,t square for the thermometer reading and note the diagonal line which intersects the fiducial edge of the ,t square the nearest to the barometer reading4 ,the atmosphere dial is graduated to per cent4 ,the reading of the board should be taken to the nearest half reference-number4 ,illustration3 ,,atmosphere ,,board ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,special ,,apparatus ,,for ,,mortars4 ,q4 ,point to the following parts of the ,mortar ,gun-arm3 ,movable gun-arm4 ,yards range4 ,overlap4 ,elevations4 ,time of flight4 ,zones4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #hj4 ,,set-,,forward ,,ruler4 ,q4 ,describe the set-forward ruler and explain its use4 ,a4 ,first find the travel in yards per minute4 ,set the pointer 7a7 on the slide 7b7 at the number of yards on the scale of yards travel per minute 7c74 ,then on gun-arm get time of flight for that point4 ,the set-forward point will be the reading opposite time of flight on the scale of yards travel during time of flight #a minute 7d74 7,see ,fig4 #ha47 ,,example4--,after taking four observations on a target we find that in one minute's time it has traveled #bjj yards4 ,set the pointer 7a7 at #bjj yards on the scale 7c74 ,on the gun-arm we see that the time of flight for this point is sixty seconds4 ,therefore our set-forward point is #djj yards1 as this is the reading exactly opposite the time of flight on scale 7d74 7,see ,fig4 #ha47 ,q4 ,describe and explain the use of the prediction scale4 ,a4 ,the prediction scale is graduated in the same manner as the gun-arm 7#a #cjj yards71 and is used for finding the predicted point4 ,after having marked four points on the board1 showing the course of the target1 place the prediction scale so that zero 7#j7 is on the last point1 or reading1 and then mark off as many yards in advance of the last point as the first reads from zero4 ,this point is known as the predicted point1 and is used by the range officer only4 ,as soon as the predicted point is found he sets his azimuth instrument at the given azimuth and when the target crosses the vertical wire in the instrument1 he gives the signal ,fire4 7,see ,fig4 #hb47 ,illustration3 ,,gun ,,arm ,,for ,,mortars4 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,the ,,set ,,forward ,,ruler ,,for ,,mortars4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,the ,,prediction ,,scale4 ,,deflection ,,scale4 ,q4 ,describe the deflection scale and explain its use4 ,a4 ,the deflection scale is used to determine azimuth corrections for mortars4 ,after the set-forward point has been obtained1 the plotter sets the gun-arm on it and by means of the indicator determines the zone1 range1 and elevation of the target4 ,the operator reads the straight azimuth from the gun-azimuth scale and gets the zone and elevation from the plotter4 ,he then sets the elevation scale-pointer at the given elevation1 turns crank moving small azimuth pointer to the azimuth he obtained from gun-arm scale2 then by referring to the large azimuth scale-pointer he reads the corrected gun-azimuth1 which he sends to the pits together with zone and elevation4 ,should it become necessary to make a correction for drift1 turn the deflection-scale knob1 either to right or left1 as the case may be1 as #c normal4 7,see ,fig4 #hc47 ,note4--,this apparatus depends upon the fact that the drift is the same for the same elevation in every zone except the eighth4 ,in this zone the instrument cannot be used as now constructed4 ,,warships4 ,q4 ,state the general appearance1 average length1 beam1 draft1 speed1 tonnage1 thickness of belt and deck armor of battleships1 armored cruisers1 protected cruisers1 torpedo-boat destroyers1 and torpedo boats4 ,a4 ,see ,table ,a4 ,q4 ,point from ,figs4 #hd and #he the following3 ,sloop4 ,schooner4 ,ship4 ,bark4 ,barkentine4 ,brig4 ,brigantine4 ,steam yacht4 ,revenue cutter4 ,gunboat4 ,protected cruiser4 ,armored cruiser4 ,battleship4 ,torpedo-boat destroyer4 ,torpedo boat4 ,submarine4 ,monitor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,the ,,mortar ,,deflection ,,scale4 ,,table ,a4--,,table ,,of ,,warship ,,characteristics4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,characteristics4 ,battleships4 ,armored ,cruisers4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,large1 massive ,high freeboard1 appearance1 fine low freeboard1 lines1 fairly ,general ,appearance4 large1 turrets1 heavy guns heavy and turrets1 guns1 heavy great armor1 length as moderate compared speed4 to beam1 high speed4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,average length #djj feet #ejj feet ,average beam #ge feet #fg feet ,average draft #bi feet #bh feet ,average speed #ag knots #ba knots ,average tonnage #ae1jjj tons #aa1jjj tons ,aver4 thickness1 belt armor #ac inches #e inches ,aver4 thickness1 deck armor #c inches #c-a_/c inches ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,torpedo ,characteristics4 ,protected ,boat ,torpedo ,cruisers4 ,destroyers4 ,boats4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,high freeboard1 ,very long1 ,small size1 moderate narrow long1 size1 very beam1 narrow1 ,general ,appearance4 fine lines1 high not as light armament1 bow1 low many narrow freeboard1 smokestacks beam4 many as a smokestacks4 destroyer4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,average length #cej feet #bej feet #age feet ,average beam #ej feet ,average draft #bb feet ,average speed #bb knots #ca knots #bh knots ,average tonnage #ejjj tons #cej tons #bjj tons ,aver4 thickness1 belt armor none ,aver4 thickness1 deck armor ,protective deck #b ins ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,q4 ,what vessels are unarmored8 ,a4 ,gunboats1 torpedo-boats and destroyers4 ,q4 ,what is the best part of a ship to attack at long range8 ,a4 ,the decks4 ,q4 ,what part should rapid-fire guns attack at short range8 ,a4 ,sides1 ends1 and small turrets1 and guns protected only with shields4 ,these rules1 however1 may vary with height of battery1 form of attack1 and class of ships attacking4 ,q4 ,how are ships of the ,u4 ,s4 ,navy distinguished1 knowing their names8 7,see ,fig4 #hf47 ,a4 ,battle-ships are generally named after ,states 7except the ,kearsarge71 cruisers after large cities1 gunboats after historical cities as a rule1 coast-defense monitors have ,indian names1 torpedo-boats and torpedo-boat destroyers are named after heroes of wars4 7,the above rules have a few exceptions47 ,q4 ,from the silhouettes on ,fig4 #hf1 ,ships of the ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 find a battle-ship1 a high-speed cruiser1 a gunboat1 a coast-defense monitor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,signal ,number4 ,name4 #a ,katahdin #b ,wilmington 7#b;,b ,helena7 #c ,terror #d ,amphitrite #e ,miantonomoh #f ,monterey #g ,puritan #h ,monadnock #i ,vesuvius #aj ,buffalo #aa ,castine 7#aa;,b ,machias7 #ab ,marietta 7#ab;,b ,wheeling7 #ac ,bancroft #ad ,bennington 7#ad;,b ,concord1 #ad;,c ,yorktown7 #ae ,isla de ,cuba 7#ae;,b ,isla de ,luzon7 #af ,texas #ag ,annapolis 7#ag;,b ,newport1 #ag;,c ,princeton1 #ag;,d ,vicksburg7 #ah ,dolphin #ai ,petrel 7#ai;,b ,don ,juan d',austria7 #bj ,alabama 7#bj;,b ,illinois1 #bj;,c ,wisconsin7 #ba ,iowa #bb ,indiana 7#bb;,b ,massachusetts1 #bb;,c ,oregon7 #bc ,nashville #bd ,chattanooga 7#bd;,b ,cleveland1 #bd;,c ,denver1 #bd;,d ,des ,moines1 #bd;,f ,galveston1 #bd;,g ,tacoma7 #be ,marblehead 7#be;,b ,detroit1 #be;,c ,montgomery7 #bf ,philadelphia #bg ,minneapolis #bh ,raleigh #cj ,chicago #ca ,newark 7#ca;,b ,san ,francisco7 #cb ,atlanta 7#cb;,b ,boston7 #cc ,kearsarge 7#cc;,b ,kentucky7 #cd ,baltimore #ce ,albany #cf ,new ,orleans #cg ,new ,york #ch ,brooklyn #ci ,columbia ,a4 ,signal numbers #bj1 #cj1 #bc1 #f4 ,q4 ,find from ,figs4 #hf to #ic inclusive1 a battle-ship1 cruiser1 monitor1 and gunboat of the navies of ,germany1 ,france1 ,england1 ,japan1 and ,russia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,q4 ,what thickness of ,krupp cemented armor will a six-inch gun penetrate at #ejjj yards8 ,an eight-inch gun8 ,a ten-inch gun8 ,a twelve-inch gun1 model #ahie8 ,a twelve-inch1 model #aijj8 ,a4 ,six-inch penetrates #c inches2 eight-inch1 #e inches2 ten-inch1 #g inches2 twelve-inch '#ie1 #aj inches2 twelve-inch #aijj1 #ab inches4 7,see ,armor-attack ,sheet1 ,fig4 #hg47 ,illustration3 ,,silhouettes ,,of ,,ships ,,of ,,russian ,,navy4 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,signal ,name4 ,number4 #a ,khrabry #b ,grosiastchy 7#b;,b ,otvajny1 #b;,c ,gremiastchy7 #c ,abrek #d ,possadnik class #e ,bobr #f ,giliak #g ,peter ,veliky #h ,nachimoff #i ,spiridoff 7#i;,b ,greig1 #i;,c ,lazareff1 #i;,d ,tchitchagoff7 #aj ,mandjur 7#aj;,b ,tchernomoretz1 #aj;,c ,zapororozets1 #aj;,d ,donetz7 #aa ,koreitz #ab ,koubanetz 7#ab;,b ,uraletz1 #ab;,c ,teretz7 #ac ,pamiat ,merkuria 7,euxine7 #ad ,strelok 7class in order named7 #ae ,ekaterina ,,ii 7#ae;,b ,tchesma7 7,euxine7 #af ,sinop 7#af;,b ,georgi ,pobiedonosetz7 7,euxine7 #ag ,lieut4 ,ilyin 7,euxine7 #ah ,kapitn ,saken 7,euxine7 #ai ,dvenadsat ,apostolof 7,euxine7 #bj ,sissoi ,veliky #ba ,rostislav 7,euxine7 #bb ,tri ,svititelia 7#bb;,b ,k4 ,p4 ,tavritchesky7 7,euxine7 #bc ,apraksin 7#bc;,b ,oushakoff1 #bc;,c ,senyavin7 #bd ,poltava 7#bd;b ,petropavlovsk1 #bd;,c ,sevastopol7 #be ,alexander ,,ii 7#be;,b ,nikolai ,i7 #bf ,rynda 7#bf;,b ,g4 ,edinburgski1 #bf;,c ,general ,admiral1 #bf;,d ,minin7 #bg ,rurik #bh ,viestnik class #bi ,korniloff #cj ,vladimir ,monomakh #ca ,dmitri ,donskoi #cb ,navarin 7twin funnels7 #cc ,svietiana #cd ,bogatyr #ce ,pallada 7#ce;,b ,aurora1 #ce;,c ,diana7 #cf ,novik #cg ,peresviet 7#cg;,b ,osliabia7 #ch ,pobieda #ci ,retvisan #da ,variag #db ,bayan #dc ,gromovoi 7#dc;,b ,rossia7 #dd ,askold ,,note4--,some of these ships have been destroyed by the ,japanese4 ,illustration3 ,,silhouettes ,,of ,,ships ,,of ,,german ,,navy4 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,signal ,name4 ,number4 #a ,biene class #b ,bremse 7#b;,b ,brummer7 #c ,jagd 7#c;,b ,wacht7 #d ,siegfried class #e ,odin #f ,baiern 7#f;,b ,baden1 #f;,c ,sachsen1 #f;,d ,wrtemburg7 #g ,hela #h ,see ,adler class #i ,geier #aj ,buzzard1 ,falke1 etc4 #aa ,meteor 7#aa;,b ,comet7 #ab ,oldenburg #ac ,jaguaur 7#ac;,b ,iltis7 #ad ,tiger 7#ad;,b ,luchs7 #ae ,blitz 7#ae;,b ,pfeil7 #af ,gazelle 7#af;,b ,nymphe1 #af;,c ,niobe1 #ad;,d ,ariadne1 #af;,f ,medusa1 #af;,g ,thetis1 #af;,h ,niobe7 #ag ,hagen 7and others as reconstructed7 #ah ,aegir #ai ,irene 7#ai;,b ,prinzess ,wilhelm7 #bj ,kaiser ,friedrich ,,iii #ba ,kaiser ,wilhelm ,,ii 7#ba;,b ,k4 ,wilhelm der ,grosse1 #ba;,c ,barbarossa1 #ba;,d ,karl der ,grosse7 #ba;f ,wittelsbach class #bb ,frst ,bismark #bb;b ,prinz ,heinrich #bc ,brandenburg 7#bc;,b ,worth1 #bc;c ,weissembourg1 #bc;,d ,k4 ,friedrich ,wilhelm7 #bd ,deutschland #be ,kaiser 7#be;,b ,k4 ,wilhelm7 #bf ,greif #bg ,gefion #bh ,k4 ,augusta #bi ,hertha 7#bi;,b ,hansa1 #bi;,c ,vineta1 #bi;,d ,freya1 #bi;,f ,victoria ,luise7 ,illustration3 ,,silhouettes ,,of ,,ships ,,of ,,french ,,navy4 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,signal ,name4 ,number4 #a ,onandaga #b ,acheron 7#b;,b ,cocyte1 #b;,c ,phlegeton1 #b;,d ,styx7 #c ,flamme 7#c;b ,grenade7 #d ,tonnant #e ,trhouart #f ,tempte 7#f;,b ,vengeur7 #g ,fulminant #h ,tonnere #i ,furieux #aj ,dragonne #aa ,leger 7#aa;,b ,levrier7 #ab ,fuse 7#ab;,b ,mitraille7 #ac ,magenta #ad ,formidable #ae ,vauban #af ,duguesclin #ag ,friedland #ah ,baudin #ai ,marceau #bj ,neptune #ba ,redoutable #bb ,bombe 7#bb;,b ,coulverine1 #bb;,c ,dague1 #bb;,d ,fleche1 #bb;,f ,s4 ,barbe1 #bb;,g ,lance1 #bb;,h ,salve7 #bc ,wattignies 7#bc;,b ,fleurus1 #bc;,c ,epervier1 #bc;,d ,condor1 #bc;,f ,vautour2 some of these liable to be without main mast7 #bd ,terrible 7,requin transform probably #bd;,b7 #be ,indomptable #bf ,caman #bg ,hoche #bh ,courbet #bh;b ,dvastation #bi ,duperr #cj ,jmappes 7#cj;,b ,valmy7 #ca ,bouvines #cb ,dunois #cc ,d',iberville #cd ,casablanca 7#cd;,b ,cassini7 #ce ,forbin 7#ce;,b ,coetlogon7 #cf ,sfax #cg ,jean ,bart #ch ,alger 7#ch;,b ,isly7 #ci ,descartes 7#ci;,b ,pascal7 #dj ,catinat 7#dj;,b ,protet7 #da ,suchet #db ,davout #dc ,linois #dd ,galile 7#dd;,b ,lavoisier7 #de ,henri ,,iv #df ,brennus #dg ,carnot #dh ,charlemagne 7#dh;,b ,st4 ,louis1 #dh;,c ,gaulois7 #dh;d ,jena #di ,massna #ej ,bouvet #ea ,charles ,martel #eb ,charner 7#eb;,b ,chanzy1 #eb;,c ,bruix1 #eb;,d ,latouche ,trville7 #ec ,dupuy de ,lme #ed ,jaurguiberry #ee ,troude 7#ee;,b ,cosmao1 #ee;,c ,lalande7 #ef ,milan #eg ,kersaint #eh ,surcouf #ei ,d',estrees 7#ei;,b ,infernet7 #fj ,foudre #fa ,d',assass 7#fa;,b ,du ,chayla1 #fa;,c ,cassard1 #fa;,d ,friant1 #fa;,f ,chasseioup ,laubat1 #fa;,g ,bugceud7 #fb ,pothuau #fc ,tage #fd ,d',entrecasteaux #fe ,cecille #ff ,chateaurenault #fg ,j4 de la ,gravire #fh ,new armoured cruisers #fi ,guichen #gj ,jeanne d',arc ,illustration3 ,,silhouettes ,,of ,,ships ,,of ,,japanese ,,navy4 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,signal ,name4 ,number4 #a ,hei ,yen #b ,sai ,yen #c ,matsushima #d ,itsukushima 7#d;,b ,hashidate7 #e ,tatsuta #f ,tsukushi #g ,yayeyama #h ,maya 7#h;,b ,atago1 #h;,c ,chiokai7 #i ,akagi #aj ,naniwa 7#aj;,b ,takachiho7 #aa ,takao #ab ,fuso #ac ,toyohaschi #ad ,oshima #ae ,hi ,yei 7#ae;,b ,kongo7 7,kongo has no chart-house7 #ae;,c 7,d and ,f7 7,katsuragi class7 #af ,chiyoda #ag ,miyako #ah ,chihaya #ai ,akashi #bj ,yoshino #ba ,takasago #bb ,kusagi 7#bb;,b ,chitose7 #bc ,suma #bd ,idzumi #be ,akitsushima #bf ,chin ,yen #bg ,fuji 7#bg;,b ,yashima7 #bh ,asama 7#bh;,b ,tokiwa7 #bi ,asahi #bi;,b ,mikasa #cj #cdjj-ton cruisers #ca ,azuma #cb ,yakumo #cc ,idzumo 7#cc;,b ,iwate7 #cd ,shikishima #ce ,hatsuse ,illustration3 ,,silhouettes ,,of ,,ships ,,of ,,english ,,navy4 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,signal ,number4 ,name4 #a ,polyphemus #b ,abyssinia 7#b;,b ,magdala7 #c ,glatton #d ,cyclops 7#d;,b ,gorgon1 #d;,c ,hecate7 #e ,conqueror 7#e;,b ,hero7 #f ,rupert #g ,hotspur #h ,rattlesnake #i ,blonde #aj ,scout 7#aj;,a ,fearless7 #aa ,mersey 7#aa;,b ,severn1 #aa;,c ,thames1 #aa;,d ,forth7 #ab ,bramble class #ac ,brisk 7#ac;,b ,mohawk7 #ad ,orion #ae ,ajax 7#ae;,b ,agamemnon7 #af ,colossus 7#af;,c ,edinburgh7 #ag ,cockatrice or ,goldfinch class #ah ,nymphe 7#ah;,b ,buzzard1 #ah;,c ,daphne1 #ah;,d ,phoenix7 #ai ,basilisk 7#ai;,b ,beagle7 #bj ,icarus class 7in order named7 #ba ,satellite class 7in order named7 #bb ,archer 7#bb;,c ,cossack1 #bb;,d ,tartar1 #bb;,f ,racoon1 #bb;,g ,porpoise7 #bc ,iron ,duke class #be ,monarch #bf ,trafalgar #bg ,nile #bh ,sanspareil #bi ,barracouta 7#bi;,b ,blanche1 #bi;,c ,barrosa7 #cj ,hood #ca ,centurion 7#ca;,b ,barfleur7 #cb ,royal ,sovereign 7#cb;,b ,empress of ,india1 #cb;,c ,resolution1 #cb;,d ,repulse1 #cb;,f ,ramillies1 #cb;,g ,revenge1 #cb;,h ,royal ,oak7 #cc ,renown #cd ,majestic 7#cd;,b ,magnificent1 #cd;,c ,mars1 #cd;,d ,prince ,george1 #cd;,f ,jupiter1 #cd;,g ,illustrious1 #cd;,h ,victorious7 #ce ,hannibal 7#ce;,b ,csar7 #cf ,imperieuse 7#cf;,b ,warspite7 #cg ,dreadnought 7#cg;,b ,devastation1 #cg;,c ,thunderer7 #ch ,collingwood #ci ,benbow #dj ,rodney #da ,camperdown 7#da;,b ,anson1 #da;,c ,howe7 #db ,vulcan #dc ,pallas 7#dc;,b ,pearl1 #dc;,c ,philomel1 #dc;,d ,phoebe7 #dd ,melpomene #de ,apollo class 7,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 ,v1 ,x1 ,z7 #df ,hermione class 7#df;,b ,astra1 ,c1 ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k7 #dg ,hawke 7#dg;,b ,edger1 #dg;,c ,endymion1 #dg;,d ,grafton1 #dg;,f ,theseus1 #dg;,g ,st4 ,george1 #dg;,h ,gibraltar7 #dh ,crescent 7#dh;,b ,royal ,arthur7 #di ,sharpshooter #ej ,seagull #ea ,assaye class #eb ,alarm class #ec ,dryad class #ed ,grasshopper 7#ed;,b ,spider7 #ee ,sandfly #ef ,talbot #eg ,pelorus class #eh ,katoomba class #ei ,marathon 7#ei;,b ,magicienne7 #fj ,medea 7#fj;,b ,medusa7 #fa ,temeraire #fb ,blake 7#fb;,b ,blenheim7 #fd ,minerva 7#fd;,b ,diana1 #fd;,c ,venus1 #fd;,d ,juno1 #fd;,f ,doris1 #fd;,g ,eclipse1 #fd;,h ,dido1 #fd;,j ,isis7 #fe ,neptune #ff ,inflexible 7rig shown is not yet fitted7 #fg ,canopus 7#fg;,b ,goliath1 #fg;,c ,ocean1 #fg;,d ,glory1 #fg;,f ,albion1 #fg;,g ,vengeance7 #fh ,formidable 7#fh;,b ,implacable1 #fh;,c ,irresistible1 #fh;,d ,london1 #fh;,f ,bulwark1 #fh;,g ,venerable7 #fi ,hercules #gj ,sultan #ga ,iris #gb ,arethusa 7#gb;,b ,amphion7 #gc ,mercury #gd ,leander 7#gd;,b ,phton7 #ge ,alexandra #gf ,superb #gg ,barham 7#gg;,b ,bellona7 #hj ,speedy #ha ,arrogant 7#ha;,b ,furious1 #ha;,c ,gladiator1 #ha;,d ,vindictive7 #hb ,hermes 7#hb;,b ,highflyer1 #hb;,c ,hyacinth7 #hf ,diadem 7#hf;,b ,europa1 #hf;,c ,niobe1 #hf;,d ,andromeda1 #hf;,h ,spartiate1 #hf;,j ,amphitrite7 #hg ,ariadne 7#hg;,b ,argonaut1 #hg;,c ,spartiate1 #hg;,d ,amphitrite7 #hh ,cressy 7#hh;,b ,aboukir1 #hh;,c ,hogue1 #hh;,d ,sutlej1 #hh;,f ,euryalus1 #hh;,g ,bacchante7 #ij ,powerful 7#ij;,b ,terrible7 ,illustration3 ,,code ,,flags ,,and ,,pennants ,,international ,,code ,,of ,,signals ,illustration3 ,u4,s4 ,,storm ,,signals ,flags #h feet square4 ,pennants #e feet hoist1 #ab feet fly ,illustration3 ,u4,s4 ,,weather-,,bureau ,,signals ,,fig4 #if4 ,to face page #afh4 ,illustration3 ,,explosion ,,of ,a ,,submarine ,,mine ,,by ,,the ,,gunners ,,of ,,the #ed,,th ,,co4 ,c4 ,a41 ,,fort ,,totten1 ,n4 ,y4 7,observation ,firing on a ,miniature ,battleship used as a ,target47 ,to face page #afi4 ,,examination ,,for ,,torpedo-,,company ,,gunners4 ,,second-,,class ,,gunners4 ,ammunition1 ,nomenclature1 and ,service of ,piece4 ,note4--,in the following series of questions and answers the new and adopted system only is included4 ,q4 ,what guns are usually assigned to torpedo companies8 ,a4 ,r4 ,f4 guns1 principally #c-;inch4 ,q4 ,give a rough outline of the general operation of the system of submarine mines4 ,a4 ,a submarine mine is a ball-shaped iron case filled with high explosive4 ,several of these are planted across a channel and held below the surface of the water by heavy anchors4 ,from each mine is run a single-core cable4 ,all these cables join the wires of a multiple-core cable which runs to the mining casemate4 ,in this building are electrical devices for firing the mine either when it is struck by the enemy's ship 7called contact-firing17 or at the mine-commander's will 7observation-firing74 ,this firing is accomplished by sending an electric current through the cable to the mine4 ,inside the mine is an electric fuse4 ,the return-circuit is by ground4 7,the details of electrical and engineering features and wiring are not required of a second-class gunner47 ,q4 ,what ammunition is used in the #c-;inch ,r4 ,f4 gun8 ,a4 ,a cartridge case of solid drawn brass about #bc inches long containing a powder charge in the base of #e pounds of smokeless and a projectile weighing #ae pounds in the top4 ,armor-piercing shell and shrapnel are also used4 ,the saluting charge weight1 #b pounds4 ,q4 ,what primer is used8 ,a4 ,the ,frankford ,arsenal #aaj-;grain igniting4 7,see ,no4 #b1 ,fig4 #ig47 ,q4 ,name the principal parts of this primer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,igniting ,,primers ,,for ,r4,f4 ,,guns ,,no4 #a ,,igniting ,,primer ,,for ,,fixed ,,ammunition ,,no4 #b #aj ,,grain ,,igniting ,,primer ,,no4 #c #bj ,,grain ,,igniting ,,primer ,a4 ,body1 obturating-cup1 vent-closing disc1 primer charge1 end-closing wad4 7,see ,no4 #b1 ,fig4 #ig47 ,note4--,the following data is given for general information only3 ,weight of the piece1 #agbb pounds4 ,length1 #aede inches4 ,length of bore1 #ej calibers4 ,number of grooves1 #bd4 ,twist of rifling1 #a in #ej calibers at the breech and increasing to #a in #be at the muzzle4 ,kind of powder1 smokeless4 ,weight of charge1 #e pounds4 ,weight of projectile1 #ae pounds4 ,muzzle velocity1 #bfjj feet per second4 ,muzzle energy1 #gjbi foot-tons4 ,penetration in steel1 at the muzzle #ecg inches2 at #ajjj yards1 #chb inches2 at #bjjj yards1 #bgb inches2 at #cjjj yards1 #aid inches4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the breech-block3 ,block4 ,carrier plate4 ,carrier plate ring4 ,locking spring4 ,lever handle4 ,threaded sectors4 ,slotted sectors4 ,extractor4 ,firing pin4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ag and #ai4 ,q4 ,what acts as the gas check8 ,q4 ,how should a #c-;inch ,r4 ,f4 breech-block be cared for--kind of oil1 etc4 ,a4 ,same as for any other heavy gun4 7,see first part of book47 ,q4 ,describe how the extractor and firing pin work4 ,a4 7,this will have to be done at the gun47 ,q4 ,describe the action of the lever handle4 ,a4 7,do this at the gun47 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the gun and mount 7masking parapet mount73 ,outer base4 ,inner base4 ,counterweights4 ,recoil-cylinder4 ,piston-rod4 ,pivot4 ,pivot yoke4 ,trunnions4 ,traversing clamp4 ,elevating clamp4 ,range drum4 ,cradle4 ,elevating gear4 ,sight4 ,night ,sights4 ,ratchet lever4 ,lever pawl4 ,ratchet-wheel pawl4 ,pivot socket and clamp4 ,shield4 ,muzzle4 ,breech4 ,bore4 ,chamber4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ag and #ai4 ,q4 ,how are rapid-fire guns cared for and kept in working order8 ,a4 ,same as the #ab1 #aj1 #h1 #f1 etc4 7,given under heading for second-class gunners1 ,gun-companies47 ,q4 ,how many men constitute a gun detachment for the #c-;inch ,r4 ,f4 gun 7masking parapet mount7 and give the posts of each8 ,a4 ,chief of detachment1 gun-pointer1 and #e men4 ,,posts4 ,chief of detachment1 #b yards to the right of the carriage1 facing it4 ,gun-pointer1 immediately in rear of the shoulder piece1 facing to the front4 ,no4 #a1 #b feet to the right and rear of the breech facing it4 ,no4 #b1 #b feet to the left and rear of the breech facing it4 ,no4 #c1 on the right of the gun1 near the elevating clamp1 facing to the front4 ,no4 #d1 #c feet in rear of the breech facing it4 ,no4 #e1 near the ammunition recess1 facing the gun4 ,the posts of the gun detachment as given above are for inspection and preparatory to the service of the gun4 ,the men resume their posts on the completion of any duty requiring them elsewhere4 ,the chief of detachment and gun-pointer go wherever their presence is necessary4 ,q4 ,give the duties of the gun commander1 chief of detachment1 and gun-pointer4 ,a4 ,the gun commander indicates the target1 repeats the commands ,commence firing and ,cease firing1 announces the kind of projectile to be used1 the order of fire1 and1 in restricted fire1 the number of shots and the firing interval4 ,he is responsible to the battery commander for the condition of the material and the efficiency of the personnel of his command1 sees that the guns1 magazines1 equipments1 and implements are properly secured after the day's drill4 ,the chief of detachment is responsible that the gunner identifies the target4 ,he is particularly charged with seeing that his piece is properly loaded and that the precautions for safety in case of misfires are carried out4 ,at the command ,cease firing he will cause the breech to be opened4 ,the gun-pointer is responsible for the proper regulation of the current for the lights of the night sights4 ,he adjusts the sight in its seat and sets the elevation and the deflection scales for the indicated range and deflection4 ,he aims the gun and fires as soon after the command ,ready as the piece is aimed4 ,he will observe the splash of his shots if possible and when necessary make the proper correction on his sight4 ,in connection with the gun commander he determines the deflection correction for travel of target1 using the deflection scale for the purpose4 ,q4 ,give the duties of the members of the detachment for loading and firing4 ,a4 ,the chief of detachment indicates the target and range and commands3 #a4 ,no4 --1 #b4 ,with 7such projectile71 #c4 ,commence firing 7or1 so many rounds1 commence firing74 ,he repeats the command cease firing4 ,after the first round the projectile is named only when a different kind is ordered and the gun is loaded without command immediately after it is fired4 ,the gun-pointer1 when the gun has the proper elevation1 commands and signals clamp4 ,he fires by lanyard and in simulated firing calls out fire when he pulls the lanyard1 as a signal to load4 ,no4 #a opens the breech1 closes it as soon as the cartridge is inserted1 and calls out ready as soon as he is clear of the recoil4 7,if there is any difficulty in opening or closing the breech1 he examines the threads of the breech-block1 wipes off any dirt found1 and oils the mechanism47 ,no4 #b receives a round of ammunition from ,no4 #e and inserts it in the chamber4 7,if there is difficulty in opening or closing the breech1 he examines the threads of the breech recess1 wipes off any dirt found1 and oils the threads if they become dry47 ,no4 #c clamps the gun in elevation at the gun-pointer's command and unclamps immediately after the gun is fired4 ,no4 #d receives the empty cartridge case as it is ejected and lays it aside4 ,no4 #e brings a round of ammunition of the designated kind from the recess and passes it to ,no4 #b4 ,,material ,,and ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,loading-,,room4 7,except electrical principles involved47 ,q4 ,what apparatus is used in making a ,turk's head8 ,a4 ,a navy knife and tool-box ,d is required4 ,besides the tools the box should be equipped with a supply of ,turk's head collars and marline4 ,q4 ,what is used in making a telegraph-joint8 ,a4 ,a pair of pliers1 navy knife1 and1 where insulation is desired1 okonite tape4 ,q4 ,what is used in making a joint to be used under water8 ,a4 ,a navy knife1 tool-box ,d1 junction-boxes in which to clamp the ,turk's heads1 and the material for making okonite joints or the cores4 ,these materials are1 okonite tape1 cement1 ,manson tape and tin-foil4 ,a torch is needed for vulcanizing the joint4 ,brass jointers are sometimes used in making the joints4 ,q4 ,point out all the parts of an assembled mine4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ih4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,assembled ,,mine ,,fig4 #ih4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of a compound plug3 circuit-closers2 transformer2 loading-wire2 fuse-wires2 fuses2 fuse-can2 bursting-charge2 set-screw for fuse-can2 lead or graphite gasket for same2 rubber packing2 brass washers2 fuse-can cap2 lower tube set-screw2 gland2 lower tube2 plug proper2 loading-wire4 ,q4 ,name some of the duties in the loading-room4 ,a4 ,loading mines with explosives2 assembling them complete to the single-core cable2 preparing compound plugs1 cables1 and raising-ropes2 in other words1 preparing a mine for planting in the harbor1 except attaching the anchor and mooring-rope4 ,q4 ,make a telegraph-joint4 ,a4 ,see ,figs4 #ii and #ajj4 ,q4 ,make a ,turk's head4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #aja4 ,trim the ends square3 #ae inches from it place a wrapping of a few turns of marline overlapping each other and secured by a square knot4 ,slip on the collar1 flat side against the stop of the marline2 bend the iron wires back over the collar and cut off #d inches from one and #f inches from the next1 alternately4 ,bend the wires with the pliers as so to closely fit and crimp the collar4 ,beginning at the ,turk's head1 wrap closely with marline so as to bind the wires to the cable4 ,the jute covering and serving maybe bent back over the wires1 or it may be cut off3 in cutting turn the edge of the knife away from the cable4 ,q4 ,make a taped joint1 place it in salt water for #cj minutes and test4 ,a4 #ao ,bare the two ends of wire about inch4 #bo ,join by brass jointer1 then crimp4 #co ,cover with rubber cement4 #do ,wrap with tape1 about five or six layers4 #eo ,wrap with tin-foil4 #fo ,wrap with ,manson tape4 #go ,vulcanize for about #cj seconds and unwrap tin-foil and ,manson tape and rewrap with new ,manson tape4 ,q4 ,how is a taped joint vulcanized when in the distribution-box boat8 ,illustration3 ,,telegraph-,,joint ,,made ,,without ,,brass ,,joiner4 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,illustration3 ,,telegraph ,,joint ,,with ,,brass ,,joiner4 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,illustration3 ,,turk',s ,,head4 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,a4 ,by tying a piece of waste soaked in kerosene to a wire lighting1 and using this as a torch for heating the joint4 ,q4 ,explain the method of preparing a compound plug4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,a4 ,this will have to be learned by practice and constant instruction at the loading-room4 ,note4--,the transformer1 fuse1 can1 etc41 on the compound plug are still in a state of experimentation and no method for the assembling of the latest design has been adopted as yet4 ,q4 ,how do you test the transformer8 ,a4 ,with a circuit detector or galvanometer and a dry cell1 as shown in figure4 ,note4--,in case of a break in the coil1 ,fig4 #ajb1 there would be no current flowing in galvanometer and no deflection of the needle would be indicated4 ,the wires that should show closed circuit are the two red wires and the black wire and transformer case4 ,those that should be open are the black1 and either red wire4 7,see ,fig4 #ajb47 ,q4 ,how are fuses tested8 ,a4 ,with a dry cell and a circuit detector4 ,a closed-circuit test is all that is necessary4 ,this should always be done under the supervision of an experienced electrician4 ,q4 ,what apparatus is used in preparing a compound plug complete8 ,a4 ,bench vise1 ,s-wrench1 large monkey wrench1 screw driver1 small pliers1 navy knife1 loading wire1 cotton-braided wire1 priming charge1 fuses1 rubber packings1 brass washers1 followers1 lead washers1 set screws1 red lead or ruberine1 circuit detector1 brass jointers1 rubber tape4 ,q4 ,what is the method of numbering mines8 ,a4 ,facing in the direction of the expected approach of the enemy's ships1 mines are numbered from left to right1 beginning with ,no4 #a4 ,q4 ,how are groups numbered8 ,a4 ,in the same manner4 ,no4 #a group on the left1 ,no4 #b next toward the right1 etc4 ,q4 ,how are the mooring-ropes prepared1 and what are the rules for length of mine cables and of mooring-ropes8 ,a4 ,the mooring-cables are cut off with square ends and the ends passed through the holes in the mooring-sockets4 ,the strand and wires are untwisted and spread out for a length equal to the length of the socket-hole4 ,the rope is then pulled back until the loose ends are about flush with the top edge of the hole2 a piece of marline is tied about the rope below the socket4 ,if necessary to hold the socket a piece of burlap may be wrapped around below the socket and a fold allowed to fall over the hand4 ,generally means can be found to set the socket upright while pouring full of alloy4 ,great care must be taken to see that there is no water or surplus oil on the socket or mooring-rope before pouring the alloy4 7,nine parts lead1 #a part antimony47 ,mines are planted with a submergence of #e feet below mean low water4 ,where ordinary anchors are used the mooring-ropes must be prepared for depths obtained by sounding4 ,if sockets are used1 the ropes for ,no4 #cb cases are but #aj feet less than the ascertained depths at mean low water4 ,this allows #e feet for submergence and #e feet for mine1 mine bail1 sockets1 shackles1 and anchor4 ,for the larger mine cases an additional allowance must be made for the length of the cylindrical part of the case4 ,finally each mooring-rope is tagged at each end with the number of the corresponding mine4 ,mine cables are cut to the following lengths1 plus twice the approximate depth of the water3 ,feet4 ,no4 #a #adbe ,no4 #b #abbe ,no4 #c #ajbe ,no4 #d #hbe ,no4 #e #gbe ,no4 #f #fbe ,no4 #g #ebe ,no4 #h #dge ,no4 #i #dbe ,no4 #aj #cge ,no4 #aa #dbe ,no4 #ab #dge ,no4 #ac #ebe ,no4 #ad #fbe ,no4 #ae #gbe ,no4 #af #hbe ,no4 #ag #ajbe ,no4 #ah #abbe ,no4 #ai #adbe ,each end of each cable is tagged with the number of the corresponding mine4 ,,material ,,for ,,and ,,duties ,,on ,,the ,,water4 ,q4 ,what apparatus is taken out on the distribution-box boat8 ,a4 ,one distribution-box1 #a buoy for same1 #a mooring-rope for attaching buoy to distribution-box1 #a anchor sufficiently heavy to hold distribution-box boat1 #a anchor buoy 7keg71 and rope for same1 #b anchor shackles 7#a for anchor and #a for box71 #a pair field glasses1 alcohol1 #b alcohol lamps1 cable tags1 ,turk's head1 collars1 cotton waste1 #b files1 #b hammers1 #b heavy lines1 knives1 marline1 #b marline spikes1 #a megaphone1 #b monkey wrenches1 #b pliers1 protective tape1 rubber cement1 rubber tape1 #b scissors1 tin-foil1 telephone1 brass connectors1 lashings4 ,the planter may locate the distribution-box boat anchor1 and in that case it1 together with its buoy1 would not be taken out in the distribution-box boat4 ,q4 ,how and in what way are the cores of cable numbered8 ,a4 ,they are numbered by the non-commissioned officer in charge of the boat1 who establishes communication with the casemate1 using the boat telephone1 and working under the instructions of the casemate electrician4 ,nos4 #a1 #ac1 and #ai are easily selected by means of their special marking2 ,no4 #ai is the center core2 ,no4 #ac is the marked core in the inner row of six2 and ,no4 #a is the marked core in the outer row of twelve4 ,in the seven-cored cable there are no marked cores1 the cores being numbered under the instructions of the casemate electrician4 ,q4 ,how is multiple cable laid8 ,a4 ,it is transported to the planter by tramway1 hoisted by steam-derrick to the forward jacks2 it is then joined to the shore ends of the cable2 the planter then steams to the distribution-box buoy and passes the end of the cable to the distribution launch1 where a ,turk's head is made and all is ready to receive the single-core cables for planting4 ,,planting ,,of ,,mines4 ,q4 ,how are single-core cables prepared8 ,a4 #ao ,if the single-core cable has not been cut and coiled in loading-room1 place reel on jacks1 cut #bj feet off the end1 unreel to lengths given previously1 cut and tag with mine number4 #bo ,carry cable ,no4 #ai on port side to after deck1 keeping tagged end forward and coil in figure eight1 keeping tagged end on bottom4 #co ,make ,turk's head on each end1 first slipping tagged end through a mine cap4 #do ,continue the operation above in the following order3 ,nos4 #a to #i starboard side4 ,nos4 #aj to #ai port side4 ,q4 ,describe how to place mines aboard and to attach to cables preparatory to being planted4 ,a4 #ao ,place mine buoys1 anchors1 mooring-ropes1 raising-ropes1 shackles1 sister hooks1 etc41 aboard forward and in convenient places4 #bo ,place loaded mines aboard last1 nine on starboard and ten on port4 #co ,cut to proper length the loading wire1 make a tapped joint with ,s4 ,c4 conductor with ,turk's head1 previously prepared through mine cap4 #do ,fasten mine cap on mine1 lash cables to bales1 shackle mooring-rope to mine1 and anchor1 lash mooring-rope to mine cable every #e feet 7not done if automatic anchor is used74 #eo ,cut raising-ropes #ej feet plus depth of water and attach one end to anchor by anchor knot1 the other end to mine cable by two half hitches and a serving of marline1 secure at a few other points4 #fo ,attach about #fj feet small rope to mine buoys and mark this rope every #e feet1 slip free end through maneuvering ring1 and tie to buoy4 7,the mines1 anchors1 cables1 raising-ropes1 and mine buoys are now ready to be planted47 ,q4 ,explain how to sling the mine and anchor1 and prepare it to let go4 ,a4 #ao ,mouse upper hooks of differential blocks and lash well with marline the tripping hooks4 #bo ,sling the anchor to the tripping hook on the differential block of the forward davit1 swing clear of rail1 and lower close to water4 #co ,perform similar operation with mine from after davit4 ,q4 ,describe the method of planting4 ,a4 ,the planter now moves to the distribution-box boat1 the latter to the port1 ,no4 #aj cable is passed to the same1 planter now moves to ,no4 #aj buoy1 and when mine is abreast1 the command let go is given4 ,the tripping hook of the mine is released first1 and that of the anchor immediately after4 ,the planter now circles to starboard1 passes to the rear1 and comes up to the distribution-box boat to the starboard4 ,no4 #i is now passed1 and planter moves forward to the position of this mine1 plants it1 and returns to distribution-box boat to repeat the operation till the group is planted4 ,,cautions ,,to ,,be ,,observed4 ,men operating tripping hooks keep their feet free from all cable4 ,men on after deck must keep entirely free of all cable while being spent when planter is passing from distribution-box boat to mine buoy4 ,if dynamite is used as explosive all mines should be covered with paulines or burlap to protect them from the direct rays of the sun4 ,q4 ,name the apparatus on the boat used in planting mines4 ,a4 ,derricks1 catheads1 snatch-blocks1 steam-winches1 insulated cable1 cable-drum frames1 circuit detector1 boat-hooks1 sounding-lines graduated to feet1 davits1 differential blocks1 mooring-ropes1 raising-ropes1 buoyant mines and anchors1 shackles and extra split pins for same1 lashing-rope1 alcohol1 #b alcohol lamps1 #a cable cutter1 cable tags1 ,turk's head1 collars1 cotton waste1 #d files1 #d hammers1 #f heaving-lines1 knives1 marline1 #b marline spikes1 #a megaphone1 #b monkey wrenches1 #d pliers1 protective tape1 rope1 rubber cement1 rubber tape1 #b scissors1 #a set of stencil numbers1 tin-foil1 and a measuring line which has marks every #ajj feet1 with double marks at #cjj and #fjj feet4 ,q4 ,give a method for marking the positions at which mines are to be planted4 ,a4 ,the distribution-box is located first1 a buoy and anchor being used as the mark4 ,the center point of the group is located next1 then the two ends of the group4 ,the launch is directed over the spot selected from the map for the distribution-point by means of base-end instruments at the primary and secondary stations 7these two instruments being set at the azimuth of the selected spot71 and by signals from these stations the launch drops the anchor and buoy when it is at the intersection of the vertical cross-wires of each instrument4 ,the launch marks the center of the group by moving approximately perpendicular to the line of mines to the desired distance4 ,the line of mines is then determined by taking bearings and objects on shore 7previously determined from the map7 or by a similar method to that of locating the distribution-box buoy4 ,small planting-buoys are used for this purpose4 ,the distribution-box buoy is usually a large keg or vinegar-barrel4 ,q4 ,how are soundings made8 ,a4 ,by starting from either end of the located group and making a sounding at every #ajj feet4 ,,small ,,boat ,,drill4 ,q4 ,explain how a small boat used for marking and locating is managed1 and give the commands necessary4 ,a4 ,upon leaving wharf1 ,shove off6 performed by designated man4 ,to raise oars preliminary to rowing3 ,up oars6 all oars being held vertically1 opposite rowlocks1 blades athwart boat4 ,to lower oars into the water3 ,let fall62 all oars are dropped easily into the water1 without splashing1 and quickly adjusted into the rowlocks1 and then held in position of ,oars6 7,see below47 ,to move the boat forward3 ,stand by to give way together6--,,give ,,way ,,together6 the boat being propelled forward at the latter command1 all the men taking a slow uniform stroke1 being guided by ,no4 #a1 feathering their oars as they come out of the water and move forward4 ,to cease rowing temporarily3 ,oars62 at this command the oars are raised out of the water to a horizontal position1 blades parallel with the surface of the water4 ,to rest without taking oars from rowlocks3 ,in oars1 when oars are drawn in and placed with handles under gunwales on opposite side of boat from rowlocks4 ,to move backward a short distance3 ,back water6 executed opposite to ,give way together6 ,to stop boat3 ,hold water62 the oars are held rigidly in the water1 blades vertical4 ,to stop boat quickly1 as if running on a rock3 ,about face6 hold6 when the oarsmen turn about and hold blade in water1 stopping momentum of boat4 ,to turn to port3 ,pull starboard1 back port6 7,to turn to starboard1 the opposite74 ,to make a landing3 ,in bow62 the bow oar is raised vertically1 then lowered into its place in the boat1 and the bow man takes the boat-hook and guides boat gently into its place4 ,to cease rowing3 ,way enough62 the oars are raised vertically1 shoved properly in place4 ,,cordage4 ,q4 ,name the important knots used in mine-work4 ,a4 ,anchor-knot or fisherman's bend1 square knot1 clove-hitch1 bowline1 stopper1 whipping1 and short splice4 7,see plate of knots for gun-companies47 ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,magazine ,,rifle4 ,see ,examination for ,second-class ,gunners1 for ,gun-companies4 ,,first-,,class ,,gunners4 ,,care ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,mine ,,material4 ,q4 ,how are mine-cases preserved and cared for8 ,a4 ,they are painted light gray on the outside1 and the screw-threads covered with a mixture of lard-oil and white lead 7#d parts of tallow to #a white lead74 ,they are also either painted or covered with protective material on the inside4 ,they are then stored on suitable racks inside a torpedo storehouse4 ,q4 ,how are all bearing surfaces1 such as screw-threads1 prepared for storage8 ,a4 ,by first thoroughly cleaning them with brushes1 kerosene1 waste1 etc41 and then covering with the above mixture of white lead and tallow4 ,q4 ,how is the motor-generator cared for8 ,a4 ,fill all oil-holes1 and keep all parts free from dust and foreign material2 see that all connections are tight2 see that all brushes are in good condition1 and replace worn ones by new ones4 ,use very fine sandpaper for slight inequalities of the commutator4 ,q4 ,how are the mine-panel and the switchboard cared for8 ,a4 ,see that all bolts to busses are tight1 that all lamps are screwed home1 that all contacts are clean and free from gum or dirt1 that all switches work properly and all contacts correctly made4 ,q4 ,how should electric lights be cared for8 ,a4 ,they should be kept clean and polished4 ,any snap-switch that sparks badly should be replaced4 ,no verdigris should be allowed to accumulate on any brass fittings4 ,when a lamp becomes dull or black inside1 a new one should replace it4 ,when any fuse is blown out1 new ones should be put in4 7,never use copper wire as a substitute for a fuse47 ,q4 ,how should transformers be cared for8 ,a4 ,simply kept clean and in a dry place4 ,they should be tested with a circuit-detector once in a while4 ,q4 ,how is the charging-generator cared for8 ,a4 ,keep free from dirt or rust1 fill all oil-holes1 clean the commutator with a dry rag1 keep the brushes set so as to make good contact1 and when not in use cover with a rubber paulin4 ,q4 ,how is the oil-engine cared for8 ,a4 ,the oil-engine should be kept clean and nicely painted1 all oil-holes filled1 the water-tank filled and free from mud and sediment1 the vaporizer examined from time to time and kept free from packed carbon1 the piston clean and well oiled1 the poppet-valves tight and free from any clogging material1 the starting-torch clean and free from soot4 ,q4 ,when putting a piece of machinery out of commission what is done8 ,a4 ,all bearing surfaces are exposed1 cleaned1 and covered with white lead and lard-oil or a similar substitute preservative4 ,all small loose parts are removed1 covered with cosmic wrapped in burlap1 and stored under cover4 ,the machine should also be housed4 ,q4 ,name some of the principal cleaning materials4 ,a4 ,steel scrapers1 button and wire brushes1 waste1 pomade1 sandpaper1 emery and crocus cloth1 gasoline1 kerosene1 and alcohol4 ,q4 ,name some preserving materials4 ,a4 ,cosmic1 white lead1 red lead1 raw linseed oil1 turpentine1 beef tallow1 drier1 lamp black1 pumice stone1 varnish1 asphaltum varnish1 paint brushes1 shellac1 graphite paint and insulac4 ,q4 ,name some uses of each4 ,a4 ,cosmic3 ,covering bright parts of engines1 generators1 motors1 etc41 when out of commission4 ,white ,lead3 7#d pts4 ,w4 ,l4 to #a of tallow7 ,used on screw-threads of mine cases1 steel threads1 compound plugs1 bolts1 nuts1 washers1 surfaces of flute joints1 etc4 ,caution3 ,never use this on a joint where electrical contact is to be made4 ,red ,lead3 7#ajj pounds red lead ground in linseed-oil with #e gallons raw linseed added47 ,on mine cases after being scraped4 ,as a preliminary coat for iron surfaces of engines1 generators1 etc4 ,raw ,linseed1 ,turpentine1 ,drier1 and ,lampblack1 for making different kinds of paint4 ,turpentine is also used to clean brushes1 etc4 ,tallow3 ,for mixing with white lead to form a preservative4 ,pumice-stone3 ,when powdered and mixed with oil is used to rub down surfaces1 as the first coat of varnish on an engine4 ,varnish3 ,as a finishing coat for metal and wood surfaces not exposed to heat or water4 ,asphaltum ,varnish3 ,for painting anchors1 distribution-boxes1 mooring-sockets1 shackles1 sister hooks1 junction boxes1 iron work of operating boards and power panels1 etc4 ,shellac3 ,for covering decks1 spars1 etc4 ,graphite ,paint3 ,for painting hot parts of engines1 etc4 ,insulac3 ,for preserving insulation on electrical instruments1 etc4 ,q4 ,how is an engine painted8 ,a4 ,all hot surfaces should be painted with black graphite paint4 ,all other surfaces after being thoroughly scraped and sand-papered should be given a priming coat of red-lead paint4 ,this should be lightly rubbed down with powdered pumice and oil1 then two coats of preferably steel color metal paint applied and rubbed4 ,two coats of varnish are now applied and rubbed with pumice as above1 after each coat becomes thoroughly dry4 ,,handling ,,high ,,explosives4 ,q4 ,name some high explosives used in submarine mining4 ,a4 ,wet gun-cotton principally1 dynamite1 and other high explosives that can be readily purchased in commercial life in case of emergency4 ,q4 ,why is wet gun-cotton to be preferred as a high explosive8 ,a4 ,because it is perfectly safe to handle4 ,it can only be detonated by first detonating a small piece of dry gun-cotton placed near it4 ,q4 ,what are some important precautions to be observed when loading mines8 ,a4 #ao ,always wear rubbers when entering the magazine to get the explosive4 7,the main supply is always kept in a cool magazine47 #bo ,never drop or slide along the floor boxes of high explosive4 #co ,do not expose high explosive to sun's rays or heat4 #do ,bring only one box to the loading-room at a time1 then1 when used1 burn the box and sawdust in a safe place4 #eo ,place canvas or burlap on floor of loading-room1 then place mine on skids upon this4 #fo ,use rubber gloves when handling dynamite4 #go ,sweep floor frequently and throw sweepings in water4 #ho ,after mine is loaded by use of funnel1 carefully clean threads with a soft brush1 then smear plenty of ruberine on threads4 #io ,never saw or bore a dry guncotton cake4 #ajo ,never open a mine loaded with dynamite without first consulting an officer4 #aao ,never thaw out dynamite near a stove4 ,q4 ,how is dynamite that is frozen thawed out8 ,a4 ,place the frozen dynamite in an open watertight can4 ,place this can in another can of warm water1 such that the heat of the warm water only will do the thawing4 ,,knowledge ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,plotting-,,board ,,and ,,azimuth ,,instrument4 ,q4 ,describe the plotting board4 ,a4 ,it is the same as that used for guns except the gun arm and its parts are not used4 ,the scale is ordinarily #ajj yards #a inch4 ,q4 ,how is it used for mine firing8 ,a4 ,the ship is tracked by plotting points of intersection of the primary and secondary arm every #bj seconds4 ,after several positions are plotted a point is predicted at a certain interval of time ahead and by means of a combination prediction and speed scale the time of the arrival of the ship over the mine which was previously plotted on the board is obtained and this is the time of firing that mine4 ,this is called judgment firing4 ,q4 ,describe and use the azimuth instrument4 ,a4 ,see ,examination for ,first-class ,gunners for ,gun-companies4 ,,batteries1 ,,generators1 ,,and ,,search-,,lights4 ,q4 ,name the batteries used in mine work4 ,a4 ,casemate battery 7storage--#dj cells7 and boat telephone battery 7either storage or dry cells sufficient to give #ae volts74 ,q4 ,describe the casemate battery4 7,see ,fig4 #ajc47 ,a4 ,this is a storage-battery of the standard chloride accumulator type4 ,it is composed of #dj cells1 type ,d-#e 7,d size of plate #e1 the number of plates74 ,d-#e has two positive and three negative plates1 each #f #f4 ,positive plates are of a brownish color1 negative grayish4 ,these plates are contained in a glass jar nearly filled with electrolyte 7one part sulphuric acid to five parts distilled water by volume makes electrolyte of #abaj specific gravity4 ,the acid must be poured into the water47 ,these glass jars are placed in trays of sand and the trays rest on glass insulators4 ,the normal charge and discharge rate of this battery is #e amperes1 although in starting the motor generator a much higher current is drawn from the battery4 ,the voltage is about #hj4 ,q4 ,what precautions are necessary to keep it in order8 ,a4 #ao ,do not overcharge1 overdischarge1 or allow to stand completely discharged4 7,battery should be charged when discharge is #a4h volts per cell47 #bo ,keep plates covered with electrolyte about inch above top of plates4 ,if not at proper height add distilled water4 #co ,keep cells free from sediment4 #do ,a record of each cell 7voltage and specific gravity7 should be kept each time the battery is charged1 and this should be done about once a week4 #eo ,the indications of a complete charge are3 when positive plates have a deep chocolate color1 negative light slate1 cells gas freely1 each cell reads about #be volts1 and #a4baj specific gravity1 and when no perceptible rise in voltage occurs for a lapse of #aj to #ae minutes4 #fo ,if any low cells develop1 bring them back into condition immediately4 7a7 ,if voltage is very low1 look for sediment or foreign matter1 then charge separately4 ,illustration3 ,,storage ,,cell 7,,dismantled7 ,,fig4 #ajc4 7b7 ,if specific gravity is very low take out some electrolyte and add #a4bjj specific gravity electrolyte4 7,this used to be #a4djj47 #go ,keep battery-room well ventilated1 especially while charging4 #ho ,never bring an exposed flame into battery-room while charging4 7,the gases given off are explosive when mixed with air47 #io ,keep the floor and all parts of the room clean1 iron1 copper1 and metal work free from corrosion2 keep all connections tight and clean2 never allow verdigris to collect anywhere4 ,q4 ,describe a searchlight4 ,a4 ,it consists of an iron cylinder mounted on an iron pedestal in a yoke4 ,the cylinder contains a parabolic mirror in the back1 a series of glass strips in the front1 and two carbons in the middle4 ,the electric current in passing through the carbons heats the points to a very high degree1 producing a brilliant light4 ,this light is reflected by the mirror towards the front1 and the mirror1 being of a curved form1 also converges the rays of light4 ,underneath most searchlights are electric motors for traversing and elevating1 and these motors are started or stopped by means of switches in a contrivance called a controller1 which is always placed at a distance from the light4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of a #cf searchlight3 hand star-wheel for slow vertical movement2 wheel for throwing out split nut used for connecting or disconnecting the drum from the base mechanism2 wheel for slow horizontal movement2 hand star-wheel for clamping turntable to center-pin for electrical control2 wood handles on drum for moving drum by hand2 hand-wheel for clamping hand star-wheel ,a when electric control is used2 controller-switch2 controller-handle2 controller fuse-box2 controller-coupling for connecting cable from the projector2 focusing-screw2 socket for inserting wrench to operate lamp-switch used for cutting out feeding-magnet2 socket for inserting wrench when feeding by hand2 door used for adjusting the carbons and for cleaning the front door2 door used when carbons are to be adjusted or changed2 front door2 door used when adjusting negative carbons or cleaning the mirror2 horizontal peepsights2 vertical peepsights2 sliding case to be opened when lamp mechanism is to be inspected2 projector main switch2 latches for fastening base-sheeting2 base-sheeting4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illustration3 #cf-;,,inch ,,searchlight ,,and ,,controller4 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,q4 ,describe the principal parts of the charging-generator8 ,a4 ,the frame holds the field-magnets within which revolves an armature consisting of a winding of conductors and a commutator4 ,brushes made of carbon touch the commutator4 ,the base rests on guides which permits of a motion of the generator to take up the slack of the belt4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the generator3 frame1 base1 field-coil1 commutator1 brushes1 shaft1 pulley1 adjusting-screw1 rocker-handle1 magnet-frame bolt1 brush-holder1 brush stud-cable1 rocker1 bearing-cup1 journal-box1 pole-shoe1 pole4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #aje4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the oil-engine3 cylinder-casing1 vaporizer1 vaporizer-cap1 vaporizer-cover1 vaporizer-cover lid1 valve-box journal1 valve-box sleeve1 spray-nozzle1 horizontal valve1 horizontal-valve spring1 vertical valve1 vertical-valve spring1 valve-box1 valve-box screw-cap1 valve-box coupling1 overflow-glass1 oil-pump can1 oil-pump plug1 oil-pump plunger1 oil-pump plunger-spring1 oil-pump plunger-head1 oil-pump plunger-head guide1 oil-pump gauge1 oil-pump body1 bed-plate1 bearing-cup1 splasher1 oil-tank1 oil-filter1 filter-cock1 worm-gear1 gear-wheel1 gear-guard1 crank-shaft1 crank-pin oiler1 piston1 connecting-rod1 cam-shaft1 governor-wheel1 governor-pinion1 governor-counterpoise1 crank-shaft1 governor-balls1 governor-counterweight1 air-valve cam1 exhaust-valve cam1 cam rollers1 cam shifter1 locking-handle1 air-valve1 exhaust-valve1 cylinder-lubricator1 cylinder-lubricator pulley1 fly-wheel1 fly-wheel key-guard1 splasher4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,direct-,,current ,,generator4 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,illustration3 ,,hornsby ,,akroyd ,,oil-,,engine4 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ajf4 ,q4 ,name some important points to be observed in caring for the generator4 ,a4 #ao ,keep it perfectly dry4 #bo ,keep it perfectly clean4 #co ,do not let pieces of iron or steel come near it when running4 #do ,keep the belt adjusted4 #eo ,keep the bearings well oiled4 #fo ,keep commutator clean and smooth 7use fine sandpaper only1 then a soft cloth and some oil or vaseline1 then dry thoroughly74 #go ,keep brushes in trim and making good contact4 #ho ,do not allow armature to heat badly1 or it will suddenly burn out4 #io ,keep brushes on neutral point to prevent sparking4 ,there is usually a mark on the dynamo to show this1 if not1 rock brushes until sparking ceases4 #ajo ,keep covered when not using4 #aao ,keep connections clean and tight4 #abo ,never overload it4 ,,casemate ,,apparatus4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the power panel3 ,milli-ammeter and its protecting lamp4 ,double pole circuit-breaker4 ,single pole reverse current circuit breaker4 ,direct current ammeter 7two way74 ,direct current voltmeter4 ,alternating current voltmeter4 ,double-pole double-throw lever switches4 ,double-pole single-throw lever switches4 ,receptacles4 ,plugs4 ,lamps4 ,d4 ,c4 busses4 ,a4 ,c4 ,charging rheostat4 ,field ,resistance for reverse current circuit-breaker4 ,terminal strips4 ,fuses4 ,fuse clips4 ,a4 ,this must be learned at casemate4 ,q4 ,point out the following parts of the operating panel3 ,signal-block4 ,master ,mine ,cable terminal block4 ,single stroke gong and its switch4 ,red lamp and white lamp1 and use of each4 ,resistance coil and its use4 ,earth terminal4 ,a4 ,c4 ,d4 ,c4 ,a4 ,c4 jaw4 ,d4 ,c4 ,testing switch on master block4 ,firing switch4 ,jumper4 ,testing switch on mine block4 ,automatic switch4 ,mine switch4 ,power switch4 ,automatic switch release4 ,solenoid4 ,the terminal block is provided with binding posts and clips4 ,a4 ,this must be learned at the casemate4 ,q4 ,what is a motor generator8 ,a4 ,a combination of a separate motor and a generator connected to the same shaft4 ,q4 ,what kind of a motor generator is the one in the casemate8 ,a4 ,it consists of a motor driven by direct current and a generator which delivers alternating current4 ,it has about #a-a_/c ,h4 ,p4 ,q4 ,what is the voltage of each8 ,a4 #hj-aaj for the motor and about the same for the generator4 ,q4 ,what is the object of the casemate transformer8 ,a4 ,to raise the voltage from about #hj to #ejj alternating current4 ,q4 ,describe the mine transformer4 ,a4 ,this will be learned in the casemate4 ,q4 ,explain what switches you would set on power panel for automatic firing1 the board having been previously tested and found by the electrician to be in order4 ,a4 #ao ,put ,d4 ,c4 on busses 7a7 ,close double-pole circuit-breaker 7storage-battery71 or by 7b7 ,close ,s4 ,p4 reverse current circuit-breaker and switch ,no4 #b to the right 7post power71 or 7c7 ,close ,s4 ,p4 reverse current circuit-breaker and switch ,no4 #b to the left 7casemate generator74 #bo ,read voltage by plugging in proper receptacle4 #co ,close switch ,no4 #c up4 #do #d 7or down74 #eo #i 7 74 #fo ,read ,a4 ,c4 voltage by plugging in proper receptacle4 #ho ,close switch ,no4 #h up4 ,q4 ,explain how to set operating panel for automatic firing4 ,a4 ,all contacts1 connections1 switches1 etc41 having been previously tested and examined by the electrician and found in order3 #ao ,close up the testing1 automatic1 mine1 power1 and gong switches4 #bo ,close firing switch4 99_/ ,note4--,if one or more automatic switches cannot be made to stay up1 open the power switch for that mine before closing firing switch4 ,q4 ,how would you fire by judgment8 ,a4 ,conditions being as above1 lift the automatic switch release of the mine to be fired at the command ,fire4 ,q4 ,how are mines tested8 ,a4 #ao ,put ,d4 ,c4 on ,d4 ,c4 busses4 #bo ,open power switches on all mine blocks4 #co ,unscrew all green lamps except on panel being tested4 #do ,close switch ,no4 #c down4 #eo ,close power switch of each mine in succession and read milli-ammeter4 ,this should be about #cj to #dj milli-amperes4 ,q4 ,point out and describe the parts of a boat-telephone4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ajg4 ,q4 ,describe how to connect up and use the boat-telephone4 ,a4 #ao ,connect one wire of the casemate 'phone to either side of the battery1 and the other to the ground 7waterpipe is a good ground74 #bo ,the same end of the battery is connected to wire ,nos4 #a1 #ac1 or #ai of the multiple cable leading to the distribution-box boat4 #co ,connect one wire of the 'phone in the ,d4 ,b4 boat to this same core 7,no4 #ai1 for example74 #do ,connect the other wire to an earth plate which is overboard4 7,an earth plate is usually made of iron or copper47 #eo ,the other terminal of the telephone battery has a permanent connection to earth4 ,these connections then place the two telephones in parallel with the battery4 ,to call1 press the push-button4 ,to talk1 press the talking-switch4 ,q4 ,point out and describe the parts of a wall-telephone composite artillery type4 ,a4 ,see ,fig4 #ajh4 ,q4 ,give the tests for telephones4 ,a4 #ast4 ,bell is not rung by its own magneto4 ,analysis3 #a4 ,short circuit on line4 #b4 ,mechanical trouble in the bell4 #c4 ,short circuit in the phone4 #d4 ,open circuit in the phone4 #e4 ,magneto does not generate4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,boat-,,telephone4 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,operator's test3 ,with the receiver on the hook turn the magneto handle briskly4 ,if the bell does not ring and the magneto turns hard1 7#a4 ,short circuit on line7 or 7#c4 ,short circuit in phone7 is indicated1 and the operator proceeds as follows1 trying to ring after each step3 ,illustration3 ,,composite ,,artillery ,,telephone4 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,inspect for contact of lightning-arrester carbons3 a piece of writing-paper should pass between them easily4 ,see that the ends of the line and ground wires do not touch any other part after passing through the binding-posts4 ,disconnect the line and ground wires4 ,if the bell rings now1 7#a4 ,short circuit on line7 is clearly indicated1 but if it does not ring and still turns hard1 7#c4 ,short circuit in phone7 is indicated4 ,if the handle does not turn hard1 the operator takes up 7#b4 ,mechanical trouble in the bell7 and sees that the striker is not bound by the metallic cap over it or by the wood of the box1 also that the armature can be moved by hand and that the striker will touch the gongs when the armature is so moved4 ,the first trouble can be remedied2 the others should be reported4 7#d4 ,open circuit in the phone74 ,open the magneto box1 see that contact is made between shaft and spring at ,u and between the springs at ,v when the handle is turned4 ,the last may fail because the shaft is caught at some place1 as where it enters the box or the collar on the shaft may have slipped or the springs may be bent4 ,the spring at ,u may be held against the end of the shaft with a pencil1 during a test1 to insure good contact4 ,a spark seen at ,u or ,v indicates poor contact4 ,if the operator cannot easily correct these faults1 he should report as nearly as practicable what trouble he found4 ,test for 7#e4 ,magneto does not generate7 by moistening the tips of the fingers and touch terminals of magneto4 ,turn the handles1 and if no shock is felt1 a failure to generate is indicated4 #b;d4 ,bell is not rung by distant magneto4 ,analysis3 #a4 ,home phone out of order4 #b4 ,distant phone out of order4 #c4 ,line out of order4 ,operator's test3 7a7 ,test for 7#a4 ,home phone out of order7 by detaching the line and ground wires and turning the handle4 7b7 ,test for 7#b4 ,distant phone out of order7 at the distant phone in a manner entirely similar to 7#a4 ,home phone out of order74 7c7 ,see expert's test for line troubles4 ,can hear but cannot be heard4 ,analysis3 #a4 ,local circuit at fault4 7a7 ,battery1 7b7 connections or wiring1 7c7 transmitter1 7d7 primary coil4 #b4 ,distant receiver out of order4 #c4 ,home secondary coil short-circuited4 ,operator's test3 ,disconnect line and ground wires and connect binding-posts ,r and ,c with a piece of wire1 thus short-circuiting the phone4 ,place the receiver to the ear and scratch gently with the finger-nail on the inside of the transmitter mouthpiece4 ,if this is distinctly heard1 the local circuit and receiver are all right4 ,if no sound results1 put the receiver to the ear1 lower and raise hook lever1 also open and close the two-way switch4 ,if a distinct click is heard for each of these1 the local circuit is all right but the transmitter may not be in good order and a report should be made4 ,if no sound results from above1 make sure that the switch contact is good and no pivots are loose1 that all contacts are good1 that the connections at battery terminals are good with no green substance on the wires or posts1 that the water in the jars is up to the prescribed point1 about an inch from the neck of the cell1 that the zincs and carbons are not touching1 that the zincs are not eaten off1 and that the zinc of one cell is connected to the carbon of the other1 and that there are no crystals on the zincs and carbons4 ,the operator should correct any of these that he can1 reporting the others4 ,for 7#b4 ,distant receiver out of order7 the operator at the distant phone should try the tests above4 ,if these give no sound in his receiver1 he should try another receiver1 if one is available4 ,he may try a new cord or substitute two pieces of wire for it4 #c;d4 ,can neither hear nor be heard4 ,analysis3 ,this indicates general trouble3 #a4 ,in the phones4 #b4 ,in the line4 ,operators' test3 ,go over the phone carefully1 looking for poor contacts1 as when an insulated wire is put in the binding-posts1 binding-posts not screwed down tight1 ends of wires passing through post touching other parts1 contacts at cells and condition of cells as noted before4 ,disconnect the line and ground wires and test out phones as indicated4 ,see that ground wire is in the middle post4 ,if there are fuses in the line1 see that they are not burned out4 ,if no trouble is found to exist when the line is disconnected1 report line out of order4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious errors of punctuation and diacritics repaired4 ,both defense and defence are used and have not been changed4 ,both guncotton and gun-cottom are used and have not been changed4 ,hyphen added3 hand-wheels 7p4 #h74 ,hyphen removed3 ,war-ships 7p4 #b74 ,p4 viii3 #h-;inch ,non-disappearnig - #h-;inch ,non-disappearing4 ,p4 #b3 first or second-slass gunners - first or second-class gunners4 ,p4 #g3 verticle angle - vertical angle4 ,p4 #ca3 ,tetlautograph detail - ,telautograph detail4 ,p4 #ce3 singals ,ready or ,misfire1 - signals ,ready or ,misfire14 ,p4 #gg3 ,frankfort ,arsenal - ,frankford ,arsenal4 ,p4 #hi3 right-handed sope - right-handed rope4 ,p4 #aja3 each pir of front and rear stakes - each pair of front and rear stakes4 ,p4 #aaj3 ,thong and ,bush - ,thong and ,brush4 ,p4 #abc3 ,,exagerated ,,diagrams - ,,exaggerated ,,diagrams4 ,p4 #add3 on dial - on the dial4 ,p4 #adh1 table1 last column3 #f #a - #f #a_/e4 ,p4 #aef3 ,,table ,a4--,,table ,,of ,,warship ,,characteristics was split in two to fit within a reasonable width4 ,p4 #afj3 7,see ,armor-attack ,sheet1 ,fig4 #hf47 - 7,see ,armor-attack ,sheet1 ,fig4 #hg47 ,p4 #afh3 #cf ,imperieuse 7#cd;,b ,warspite7 - #cf ,imperieuse 7#cf;,b ,warspite74 ,p4 #ahd3 #b alochol lamps - #b alcohol lamps4 ,p4 #ahg3 free fram any clogging material - free from any clogging material4