,,! ,,bro*ure ,,s]ies                   
,! ,duomo & ! ,campanile3               
,flor5ce4                    ,grotesques
 f ,notre ,dame1 ,p>is4                 
,,june1 #aijj      ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,xliii      ,,! ,,duomo ,,& ,,!       
,,campanile                             
,,!                                     
,,bro*ure ,,s]ies                       
,,( ,,ar*itectural ,,illu/ration4       
#aijj4      ,,june      ,no4 #f4        
,,! ,,duomo ,,& ,,! ,,campanile3        
,,flor5ce4      ,x 0 9 ! middle ( !     
?irte5? c5tury1 writes ,symonds1  dur+ !
 long /ruggle = indep5d5ce c>ri$ on by !
 republics  ( ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany aga9/ 
! ,empire & ! nobles1 t "s (  ! mo/     
durable & spl5did public works 7        
execut$4 ,! domes &  t[]s ( ,flor5ce & (
 ,pisa 7 ris+ above ! city walls1 :ile  
! burgh]s :o subscrib$ = _! erection 7  
/a9+ ! waves  ( ,meloria & ! cane-brakes
 ( ! ,arbia ) _! blood4 ,sismondi       
rem>ks ) j pride1 t ^! great works 7    
republican4 ,!y  7 set on foot = !      

public use1 & 7 con/ruct$ at !  exp5se (
 ! commonweal?s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "r to add
 t :at  ! communes _h begun ! pr9ces    
cont9u$4 ,! ,despots held _!  p[] at !  
price ( magnific5ce 9 s*emes ( public   
utility4 ,s  mu* at lea/ ( ! free _s ( !
 communes surviv$ 9 !m1 t  !y 7 always  
rivall+ ea* o!r 9 great works (         
ar*itecture4  ,italian tyranny impli$   
/hetic ta/e & lib]ality ( exp5diture4   
,9 ! ye> #abid1 wrote ,giovanni         
,villani1 :o 0 a y\? 9 ,flor5ce  at !   
"t1 ! city ( ,flor5ce be+ 9 a /ate (    
tranquility1  ! citiz5s agre$ to rebuild
 ! *ief *ur*1 :i* 0 v rude  9 =m & 9    
small proportion to su* a city1 & t x   
%\ld be  enl>g$1 & t x %\ld be made all 
( m>ble & ) c>v5  figures4 ,& !         
f\ndation 0 laid on ! day ( ,/4 ,m>y1 9 
,septemb]1 by ! ,c>d9al ,legate ( !     
,pope1 9 ! pres5ce ( all  ! ranks ( !   
,signory ( ,flor5ce4 ,& x 0 consecrat$  
to !  honor ( ,god & ,/4 ,m>y1 "u ! "n (
 ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,fl[]  7,santa ,m>ia del  
,fiore74 ,& = ! build+ ( ! *ur* taxes 7 

ord]$1 & ! ,legate & bi%ops be/[$ great 
indulg5ces &  p>dons to ev]yone :o %\ld 
contribute aid & alms to ! "w4    ,!    
design = ! new ca!dral 0 entru/$ to     
,arnolfo di ,cambio1  :o 0 at t "t !    
(ficial ar*itect ( ! ,commune (         
,flor5ce1--a rem>kable man to :om       
,flor5ce 9 a great measure owes  h]     
pres5t physiognomy2 = n only are ! t[] (
 ! ,palazzo  ,vec*io1 ,santa ,croce & ! 
bulk ( ! ,duomo 81 b ,giotto's          
,campanile1 ,brunelles*i's cupola & !   
*ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele are  plac$ :]e  
he _h plann$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,xliv      ,,facade ,,( ,,! ,,duomo ,,&
 ,,! ,,campanile    ,9 ! design = ,santa
 ,croce1 ,arnolfo _h %[n a pref]5ce = ! 
,go?ic =ms1 !n newly import$ into       
,italy1 & he n[ project$  a design = !  
new ,ca!dral 9 :i* ! po9t$ %\ld take !  
place ( ! r\nd ar*1 ! /one vault$ ro(   
%\ld be sub/itut$  = ! flat timb] ceil+1
 & ! faade %\ld =m a spl5did  scre51    
adorn$ ) gable & p9nacle1 ri* ) c>v+1   
gl[+  ) mosaics & %9+ ) gold4 ,t !      

,flor5t9es approv$ 8  project is evid5t 
f a decree pass$ be=e ! "w _h be5 long  
9 progress1 9 :i* ,ma/] ,arnolfo is     
decl>$ to be exempt f  any civic tax    
dur+ 8 life1 because ( 8 design = !     
,ca!dral1  s9ce reads ! ,*ronicle1 judg+
 f ! magnific5t & visible  beg9n+s ( !  
new *ur*1 ! ,commune & p ( ,flor5ce are 
l to h a m beautiful & honorable temple 
?an any o!r 9  ! region ( ,tuscany4     
,b be=e ! "w _h f> advanc$ ! build+ came
 almo/ to a  /&/ill1 = ! /rife ( p>ties1
 :i* _h be5 b tempor>ily  smo!r$1 broke 
out anew 9 ,flor5ce1 & = "s ?irty ye>s  
"w  on ! ,ca!dral 0 susp5d$4 ,meantime  
,arnolfo _h di$1 b he left  ! build+ s  
f> advanc$ t 8 successors w\ld f9d      
little  difficulty 9 cont9u+ ! ma9 p>ts 
( ! con/ruction accord+  to 8 design4   
,9 #acca1 h[ev]1 a portion ( ! communal 
tax 0 set ap>t = !  prosecution ( ! "w1 
& ,giotto di ,bondone1 already ! mo/    
fam\s  pa9t] ( all ,italy1 0 appo9t$    
ar*itect ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,x is  n (t51    
says ,mrs4 ,jameson1 t a man takes up a 

new trade :5 he  is approa*+ sixty1 or  
ev5 goes into a new pa? out ( 8 famili> 
r\t9e4 ,b ,giotto seems to h turn$ )\t a
 mom5t's hesitation  f 8 pa9ts & panels 
to ! less easily wr\ght mat]ials (  !   
build] & sculptor1 )\t ei!r falt]+ f !  
great  ent]prise or d\bt+ 8 own p[] to d
 x4    ,to 8 new *>ge1 writes ,mr4 ,c4  
,e4 ,norton1 ,giotto gave himself )  !  
effectual ardor ( g5ius4 ,no writt5     
record ( 8 "w on !  ,duomo rema9s1 b !  
walls !mselves seem to be> witness to x4
  ,/ret*es on ! nor? & s\?1 runn+ ea/w>d
 f ! faade1  m beautiful 9 composition &
 design ?an ! lat] "w jo9$ to  x1 may be
 assign$ ) probability to ! p]iod ( 8   
ov]sight4    ,b ,giotto's labor 0 n     
limit$ to ! ,duomo alone4 ,he n[ design$
  & spe$ily began ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ 
exquisite build+  ( mod]n times1 ! "o 9 
:i* ! quality ( classic art is mo/      
completely & beautifully h>moniz$ ) ! _s
 & fancy (  mod]n times4 ,! unsurpass$  
bell-t[] ( ! ,duomo1 kn[n &  admir$ by  
all m5 z ! ,campanile ( ,giotto1 is !   

mo/ spl5did  memorial ( ! arts (        
,flor5ce4 ,9 #accd1 sc>cely ?ree mon?s  
aft]  8 appo9tm5t1 ! f\ndations ( !     
,campanile 7 laid ) great  pomp &       
c]emony4 ,! t[]1 s quickly begun1 0 s   
vigor\sly  lift$ t x may h rea*$ some:at
 m ?an a ?ird ( its  propos$ height1 :5 
9 #accg ,giotto di$4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 !    
unf9i%$ ,ca!dral on ! side ne>e/ !      
,campanile4    ,9 its fir/ appeal to !  
/rang]'s eye1 says ,mr4 ,rusk9 9 writ+  
( ! ,campanile1 !re is some?+ unpleas+2 
a m+l+1 x seems  to him1 ( ov] sev]ity )
 ov] m9ut5ess4 ,b let him give x  "t1 z 
he %\ld all o!r consummate art4 ,i      
rememb] well h[1 :5  a boy1 ,i us$ to   
despise t ,campanile1 & ?9k x meanly    
smoo? &  f9i%$4 ,b ,i h s9ce liv$ beside
 x _m a day1 & look$ out  ^u x f my     
w9d[s by sunlight & moonlight1 & ,i %all
 n soon  =get h[ pr(\nd & gloomy appe>$ 
to me ! savag5ess ( !  ,nor!rn ,go?ic :5
 ,i aft]w>ds /ood1 = ! fir/ "t1 b5ea?  !
 front ( ,salisbury4 ,! contra/ is inde$
 /range1 if x c\ld  be quickly felt1    

betwe5 ! ris+ ( ^? gray walls out ( _!  
quiet sw>d$ space1 l d>k & b>r5 rocks   
out ( a gre5 lake1  & t bright1 smoo?1  
sunny surface ( gl[+ jasp]1 ^? spiral   
%afts & fairy trac]ies1 s :ite1 s fa9t1 
s cry/all9e1 t  _! slight %apes are     
h>dly trac$ 9 d>kness on ! pallor ( !   
ea/]n sky1 t s]5e height ( m\nta9       
alaba/]1 color$ l a  morn+ cl\d & *as$ l
 a sea %ell4 ,& ?is1 ,i believe to be  !
 model & mirror ( p]fect ar*itecture4444
    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv         
,,re> ,,( ,,! ,,duomo    ,consid]able   
size exhibit$ by simple t]m9al l9es2    
projection  t[>ds ! top2 bread? ( flat  
surface2 squ>e comp>tm5ts (  t surface2 
v>i$ & visible masonry2 vigor\s dep? (  
%ad[1  exhibit$ especially by pi]c$     
trac]ies2 v>i$ proportion 9  asc5t2     
lat]al symmetry2 sculpture mo/ delicate 
at ! base2  enri*$ quantity ( ornam5t at
 ! top2 sculpture ab/ract 9  inf]ior    
ornam5ts & m\ld+s1 complete 9 animal    
=ms1 bo? to be  execut$ 9 :ite m>ble2   
vivid colors introduc$ 9 flat           

geometrical  patt]ns1 & obta9$ by ! use 
( naturally color$ /one1--^!            
*>act]i/ics occur m or less 9 diff]5t   
build+s1 "s 9 "o1  "s 9 ano!r--b all    
toge!r & all 9 _! highe/ possible       
relative degrees1 !y exi/1 z f> z ,i "k1
 only 9 "o build+ 9  ! _w1 ! ,campanile 
( ,giotto4    ,illu/ration3 ,,w9d[      
,,! ,,campanile    ,aft] ,giotto's dea? 
!re is a wide gap 9 ! annals ( ! ,duomo1
  = 9 #acdh ! great plague desolat$     
,flor5ce1 & ! "w came to a  /&/ill4     
,aft] x _h pass$1 h[ev]1 !re foll[$1 z a
 natural  consequ5ce1 a sudd5 outbreak (
 pi\s sup]/ition4 ,imm5se sums _h  be5  
bequea!d by dy+ m5 to ! ,*ur* to pur*ase
 salvation2 &  ! ,duomo1 begun sixty    
ye>s be=e1 seem$ h>dly to correspond )  
! dem&s ( ! pres5t age4 ,x 0 accord+ly  
resolv$ to adopt  a new design = x on a 
gr&] scale ?an t plann$ by ,arnolfo2  & 
:ile ! bread? 0 to rema9 ! same1 !      
height & l5g?  7 to be increas$1 & !    
ea/]n end ( ! *ur* to be l>g]4  ,!      
ov]sight ( ! "w 0 entru/$ to ,francesco 

di ,tal5ti1 &  9 #aceg ! new f\ndations 
7 begun4 ,! ma9 =ms ( ! new  build+ 71 9
 great "p1 det]m9$ by su* ( ! old       
/ructure  ( ,giotto's "t z 0 left /&+1 &
 by ! orig9al s*eme (  ,arnolfo4 ,b !   
ta/e ( ! age _h *ang$1 & 9 graft+ !     
newly aris5 classical ideas ^u !        
orig9al1 ! ar*itects a*iev$  a result   
:i* 0 nei!r good ,go?ic nor good        
,classic4 ,= "s ye>s  ! "w 0 n[ c>ri$   
sl[ly b /eadily =w>d1 & 9 #adjg !  ea/]n
 tribune ) its five *apels 0 complet$1 &
 ! "w 0  ready to be cr[n$ by a dome4   
,b "h a great difficulty 0 enc\nt]$4 ,! 
increase 9 !  orig9al dim5sions & !     
height ( ! walls _h made x necess>y  to 
span an enorm\s space1 = ! diamet] ( !  
octagon to be  cov]$ 0 n[ "o hundr$ &   
?irty-five feet4 ,! records (           
ar*itecture c\ld %[ no su* dome z ?is   
mu/ be4 ,! ov]se]s (  ! "w 7 conf\nd$1 &
 knew n h[ to proce$2 &1 9 _!           
desp]ation made a public proclamation 9 
#adah1 t :oev] wi%$1  might make a model
 = ! dome1 or ( any?+ p]ta9+ to its     

con/ruction4 ,fifte5 models 7 pres5t$1 &
 ov] !m !re 7  mon?s ( public           
delib]ation & discussion4 ,x 0 n until  
,m>*1  #adbj1 t a f9al conclusion 0     
rea*$1 & ! celebrat$ plan (  ,filippo   
,brunelles*i 0 adopt$4    ,no m         
*>act]i/ic or rem>kable design 0 produc$
 dur+  ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance ?an 
?is1 ) :i* its  great ar*itectural      
a*ievem5ts began4 ,n only 7 app>5tly    
insurm\ntable difficulties ( con/ruction
 ov]come1 b ! new dome  0 also to be a  
ma/]piece ( beauty4 ,! great domes ( =m]
  times--! dome ( ! ,pan!on1 ! dome (   
,aya ,sophia--_h be5  design$ solely =  
_! int]ior effect2 !y 7 n impressive or 
noble /ructures f )\t4 ,b ,brunelles*i  
_h conceiv$ a dome  :i*1 gr& 9 its      
int]ior aspect1 %\ld be ev5 m sup]b f   
)\t1 & :i*1 9 its /ately dim5sions &    
proportions1 9 its  magnific5t lift     
above all ! o!r edifices ( ! city ( :i* 
x  =m$ ! c5tre1 9 its absolute unity &  
symmetry1 9 ! beautiful  %ape &         
proportions ( its broad divisions1 !    

/rong1 simple en]gy  ( its upw>dly      
conv]g+ l9es1 %\ld be su* t1 m ?an a    
c5tury lat]1 :5 ,mi*elangelo 0 told t he
 _h an opportunity to  surpass x 9 8    
cupola ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 he repli$
 sadly1 )  a %ake ( 8 head1--        ,io
 f> la sorella          ,pi gr&e gi2 ma 
non pi bella6        ,i w make h] si/]  
dome          ,l>g]1 inde$1 b n m       
beautiful6    ,brunelles*i's plan 0 to  
build two octagonal domes1 sep>at$ by a 
space wide en\gh = a passage & /airways1
 & unit$ by eight  /rong ribs ( masonry 
at ! angles4 ,! inn] & small] dome 0  = 
con/ructive purposes1 to bridge ! vault 
& to furni% a support  = ! out]1 :i* 0  
to be m]ely a light %ell to secure !    
magnific5t swell+ l9es4 ,! :ole 0 to be 
cr[n$ by a lant]n4  ,we h n space to    
quote ,vas>i's animat$ acc\nt (         
,brunelles*i's  difficulties 9 p]suad+ !
 au?orities ( ! practicability ( 8      
plan1 ( 8 jeal\s bick]+s ) 8 tr\blesome 
& incompet5t  confrre1 ,ghib]ti1 ( !    
ob/acles1 difficulties & p]secutions  t 

he und]w5t1--suffice x to say t1 9      
#adcd1 "u 8 untir+  sup]vision1 j f\rte5
 ye>s f its beg9n+1 ! spl5did dome      
clos$ ov] ! c5tral space ( ! ,duomo1 &  
,brunelles*i's fame 0  =ev] e/abli%$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi            
,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,duomo    ,)\t wait+ 
= ! completion ( ! cupola & lant]n1 !   
,flor5t9es took advantage ( ! pres5ce 9 
_! city ( ,pope  ,eug5ius ,,iv41 to h   
him consecrate ! ,ca!dral 9 p]son1 ) mo/
  impressive c]emony1 on ! ,flor5t9e    
,new ,ye>'s day1 ! fea/ ( !             
,annunciation1 ,m>* #be1 #adcf4    ,n   
long aft] ! consecration ( ! ,duomo1 !  
"w on ! cupola  0 complet$ 7,augu/1     
#adcf71 & to ! fulfilm5t (              
,brunelles*i's  plan rema9$ only !      
con/ruction ( a surm\nt+ lant]n4 ,b =   
"s undiscov]$ reason !re 0 delay = ye>  
aft] ye>1 & x  0 fat$ t ,brunelles*i    
%\ld n see ! completion ( 8 "w1  =      
f9ally1 says ,vas>i1 ,filippo           
,brunelles*i be+ n[ v old1  t is        
sixty-n9e ye>s old 9 ! ye> #addf1 on !  

#af? ( ,april1  w5t to a bett] life1    
aft] hav+ toil$ greatly 9 ! p]=mance  ( 
works :i* made him des]ve on e>? an     
honor$ "n1 & obta9  9 heav5 an abode (  
peace4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s pass$ aft]     
,brunelles*i's dea? be=e ! lant]n 0 at  
la/ complet$4 ,on !  #bc;d ( ,april1    
#adfg1 ! la/ & highe/ /one 0 set4       
,meantime1 n until "s tw5ty ye>s aft] ! 
dea? ( ,giotto _h  "w on ! unf9i%$ faade
 be5 recomm5c$4 ,! design = x1  :i* 0   
,go?ic1 ) columns & ni*es conta9+ /atues
 ( !  ,madonna & ,*ild1 ( sa9ts &       
prophets1 & ev5 ( di/+ui%$  ,flor5t9e   
citiz5s1 0 ! jo9t composition ( sev]al  
ar*itects1  among !m ,orcagna1 ,gaddi & 
,tommasi4 ,b ?is faade _h only rea*$    
"o-?ird ( ! height ( ! edifice1 :51 = "s
 unexpla9$  reason x 0 ab&on$1 & rema9$ 
9 an unf9i%$ /ate until  ! reign ( !    
,gr& ,duke ,francis ,i4 7#aege-aehg71 :5
 x 0  demoli%$ to make way = !          
accompli%m5t ( a new design1 "o  :i* 01 
h[ev]1 nev] execut$2 & ! :ole face ( !  
,ca!dral  rema9$ a b>e expanse ( rubble 

& cem5t until1 9 #afhi1 x 0  pa9t$ &    
fresco$ to repres5t columns & o!r       
ar*itectural  decorations4 ,%ortly aft] 
,tuscany 0 incorporat$ ) ! k+dom  (     
,italy1 ! ,flor5t9e municipality aga9   
took up ! matt]1 &  invit$ ar*itects to 
submit designs = a new faade4 ,! design 
( ,comm5datore de ,fabris1 a ,flor5t9e1 
0 select$4 ,9 #ahge !  scaffold+ 0      
erect$1 & :ite m>ble f ,s]avezza1 r$    
m>ble  f ,monti]e & gre5 m>ble f ,prato 
7 br\ght to ,flor5ce to  beg9 ! faade   
:i* n[ exi/s1 & :i* 0 complet$ & unveil$
  9 #ahhg4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,(  
,,duomo ,,& ,,campanile    ,writ+ ( !   
,duomo z a :ole1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,norton   
says3 ,its size  gives x dignity1 & its 
effect is p[]ful f ! simplicity &       
l>g5ess ( its design4 ,a nave ( f\r     
enorm\s bays is /opp$ ^u  a va/         
octagonal space1 f :i*1 at ! ea/1 !     
nor?1 & !  s\?1 are built out ?ree      
p5tagonal tribunes or apses1 :i*1 z  se5
 on ! outside1 give to ! *ur* ! common  
cruci=m %ape4  ,! proportions ( !       

int]ior are on an enorm\s scale1 by :i* 
!  app>5t size ( ! build+ is dim9i%$ r  
?an increas$4  ,!re is no?+ ei!r 9 !    
g5]al conception or 9 ! work+-out  ( !  
details :i* corresponds ) t pr9ciple1   
*>act]i/ic (  ! be/ ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 (   
complex organization1 9 :i* ea* m9or  "p
 contributes to ! vital unity ( ! :ole  
edifice4 ,! ,duomo  pres5ts1 on !       
contr>y1 an assemblage ( sep>ate va/    
features  arbitr>ily associat$1 r ?an   
unit$ by any law ( mutual  relation into
 a completely h>moni\s :ole4 ,x does n  
display t  lavi% weal? ( fancy 9        
ev]-*ang+ v>iety & abundance ( detail   
:i* gives inexhau/ible *>m to a true    
,go?ic edifice4 ,b x is  impressive )9 f
 its va/ op5 spaces1 & f ! /ately &     
simple1 ?\gh b>r51 gr&eur ( its pi]s &  
vaults & walls4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,xlvii      ,,nor? ,,door ,,( ,,!     
,,duomo    ,! effect ( ! build+ f )\t is
 impos+ f its mass1  b1 9 a ne> view1 x 
is only on ! ea/ t ! l9es compose  into 
=ms ( beauty4 ,! side walls are incru/$1

 aft] ! old  ,tuscan /yle1 ) simple     
rectangul> patt]ns ( :ite & r$ m>ble1   
int]rupt$ by ! ri* decoration ( gable & 
p9nacle ov] ! doors  & w9d[s4           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii          
,,facade ,,( ,,! ,,duomo    ,x is :5 se5
 f a di/ance t ! full wor? & p[] ( !    
great ,ca!dral =ce !mselves ^u !        
behold]4 ,look+ d[n ^u  ,flor5ce f "o ( 
! neighbor+ heights1 ! beautiful city   
seems  to lie ga!r$ "u ! %elt] ( its    
mighty ,duomo4 ,! /ret* (  its wall is  
ample = ! h\se 9 :i* ! :ole p %all ga!r1
  &1 lift+ itself above ! clu/]+ t[]s & 
belfries ( palaces  & *ur*es1 !         
unrivall$ dome cr[ns ! edifice1 & ) its 
noble elliptic l9es n m]ely conc5trates 
! scatt]$ =ms ( !  build+s b5ea? & ar\nd
 x f> & ne>1 b to ! inw>d eye  seems    
equally to conc5trate all ! div]g5t     
en]gies ( ! hi/oric  life ( ,flor5ce1 & 
lift !m along its curves to ! foot ( !  
cross ^u its heav5-rea*+ summit4 ,x     
seems ( equal date ) !  m\nta9s t close 
! backgr\nd to ! l&scape ( :i* x =ms  ! 

c5tral int]e/2 & !y seem to look d[n ^u 
?is "w ( man  z "o n unwor?y ( _!       
gu>dian%ip4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,xlix      ,,c5tral ,,portal1 ,,facade 
,,( ,,! ,,duomo                         
,grotesques                            f
 ,notre ,dame1 ,p>is4      ,!           
repres5tation ( physical beauty be+ ) ! 
,go?ic c>v]  subord9at$ to ! purpose (  
en=c+ ! idea t ! s\l is  sup]ior to !   
body1 & ( illu/rat+ ! doctr9e ( !       
salvation  ( ! s\l by goodness ( life1 &
 ! loss ( ! s\l by evil  life1 x 0      
necess>y t be+s & objects n beautiful   
%\ld  ent] into 8 sculptur$ ornam5tal   
s*emes4 ,! evils t beset !  lives &     
tempt ! s\ls ( m5 _h to be 9 "s way set 
=?1 no  less ?an ! human virtues & !    
heav5ly ideals4 ,! unhappy lot  ( !     
wick$ _h to be figur$ z well z !        
felicities ( ! good4  ,h5ce figures :i* 
embody ! m$ival notions ( ! mon/r\s &  !
 grotesque are conspicu\s elem5ts 9     
,go?ic sculpture1 especially  aft] !    
beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! grotesque1

 9 !  f9e/ ,go?ic art1 :ile (t5 app>5tly
 introduc$ 9 a playful  _s1 _h ?us      
prim>ily a s]i\s purpose4               
,illu/ration3 ,,grotesque      ,,notre  
,,dame1 ,,p>is    ,illu/ration3         
,,grotesques      ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,p>is
    ,! ,romanesque imag]y1 consi/+ (    
fanta/ic creations ( animal  life :i*   
embodi$ di/ort$ traditions ( ! ,roman   
my?ology1  comb9$ ) =ms orig9at+ 9 !    
rude imag9ation ( ! ,nor!rn  races1 0   
l>gely reject$ by ! e>ly ,go?ic arti/s4 
,! imag9>y  creatures :i* !y sometimes  
introduc$ 71 = ! mo/ "p1  conf9$ to !   
symbolic animals ( ! ,bible--su* z ^?   
se5 by  ,/4 ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,b by
 degrees o!r imag9>y creations  7       
introduc$1 until f9ally1 dur+ ! ?irte5? 
c5tury1 !  grotesque animal life ( !    
,go?ic edifice became ev5 m ext5d$  9   
range ?an t ( ! ri*e/ ,romanesque       
monum5ts _h be51 &  an imag9>y fauna 0  
creat$1 :i*1 :ile x d]iv$ mu* f !  old] 
conceptions1 embodi$ s mu* t 0 new z to 
con/itute a  di/9ctly ,go?ic class4 ,?is

 developm5t grew prim>ily out ( !  old  
popul> belief 9 ! symbolic "* ( animals 
& imag9>y  creatures4 ,z symbols ( human
 qualities1 bo? good & evil1 ^!         
animals1 real & imag9>y1 7 n[ wr\ght1 = 
enc\ragem5t &  = w>n+1 ^u ! /ones ( !   
sacr$ edifice4 ,a fur!r purpose  ( ?is  
fauna1 z ( ! sculpture ( ! human figure 
& ! flora  ) :i* x 0 associat$1 app>5tly
 0 t ! ,go?ic monum5t  might pres5t a   
comp5di\s illu/ration ( ! kn[n _w (     
creation1 imag9ation & fai?4            
,illu/ration3 ,,grotesque      ,,notre  
,,dame1 ,,p>is    ,illu/ration3         
,,grotesque      ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,p>is 
,a rem>kable quality ( ! grotesque      
creations ( ,go?ic art is !  close &    
accurate obs]vation ( nature :i* !y1 no 
less ?an !  images ( real ?+s1 display4 
,h[ev] fabul\s ! imag9$ creature  may   
be1 ! mat]ials out ( :i* he is made are 
d]iv$ f nature1  & manife/ a ke5        
appreciation ( animal /ructure4 ,v]tebra
 or  claw1 w+ or beak1 eye or no/ril1   
?roat or paw1--e anatomical  memb]      

displays an intimate famili>ity ) real  
organic =m &  function1 & an imag9ative 
s5se ( its possible comb9ations 9       
creative design4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ^?   
/range bea/s1 or  t]rible demons ( !    
p>apet ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>is4 ,ea* (  !m 
seems animat$ ) a liv+ _s1 & has an     
almo/ />tl+  appe>ance ( reality4 ,&    
besides ?is lifelik5ess & functional    
tru?1 a highly ornam5tal play ( l9es1 & 
a subtle elaboration (  f9ely modell$   
surfaces1 are %[n 9 ^! grotesque =ms4 ,9
 !  e>ly & e>ly mature p]iods !y exhibit
 a noticeable re/ra9t  ( po/ure &       
movem5t2 extravagantly contort$ =ms &   
viol5t  movem5ts occur1 = ! mo/ "p1 only
 9 ! decl9e ( ,go?ic1 :5  jad$          
s5sibilities _h ceas$ to appreciate !   
value ( mod]ation 9  design4--,,*>les   
,h4 ,,moore3 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 addition to ,notre ,dame at ,p>is1 ! 
*ur*es ( ,rheims1 ,ami5s1  ,r\51 ,laon1 
,vzelay1 ,aux]re & ! religi\s edifices  
?r\gh\t  ,poit\1 ,sa9tonge1 ,guy5ne &   

,burgundy1 & ! bord]s ( ! ,loire1  9    
,france are ri* 9 examples ( grotesque  
animal sculpture4    ,illu/ration3      
,,grotesques ,,notre ,,dame1      ,,p>is
    ,illu/ration3 ,,grotesques          
,,notre ,,dame1 ,,p>is    ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,l      ,,! ,,campanile         
,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,italics are    
indicat$ by und]scores4    ,small       
capitals h be5 r5d]$ 9 full capitals4   
,a numb] ( m9or spell+ errors h be5     
correct$ )\t note4