,,! ,,bro*ure ,,s]ies                   
,*ipp5dale ,*airs                       
,,may1 #aijj      ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,xxxv      ,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs         
,,!                                     
,,bro*ure ,,s]ies                       
,,( ,,ar*itectural ,,illu/ration4       
#aijj4      ,,may      ,no4 #e4         
,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs4      ,x is only )9 
rec5t times t movable *airs h become    
common  & indisp5sable4 ,seats ( "s k9d 
mu/ h be5 us$ f ! "t  :5 h\ses 7 fir/   
built1 b x is n until ! civilization (  
! la/ two or ?ree c5turies _h trans=m$ !
 old ways ( liv+  t we beg9 to f9d !m 9 
common use4 ,repres5tations ( seats are 
f\nd 9 ! sculptures & pa9t+s ( ,egypt1  
,greece & ,rome1 &  all ?r\gh ! middle  
ages--_m ( !m elaborate & luxuri\s--b   
_! use 0 conf9$ to ! noble & weal?y4 ,9 
*ur* furniture  *airs are famili>       
?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 b !y 7 usually   
fix$ p>ts ( ! build+4 ,! seats ( !      
common p 7  probably con/ruct$ ( rude   
blocks1 or ( s+le planks jo9$  toge!r ) 

little f9i% or skill4    ,9 ,engl&1 ev5 
s late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 *airs z we "k
  !m 7 ( s r>e occurr5ce z to be h&$ d[n
 f g5]ation  to g5]ation1 & ( su*       
importance z to be frequ5tly m5tion$  9 
wills & de$s4 ,su* *airs 7 ( ! rude/    
=ms1 ornam5t$1  h[ev]1 ) embroid]ies &  
co/ly /uffs4 ,9 ! middle ( !  sev5te5?  
c5tury x 0 cu/om>y ev5 at royal banquets
 = all  b ! k+ & que5 to be seat$ ^u    
b5*es )\t cu%ions4 ,9  ! reign ( ,*>les 
,i41 h[ev]1 ) ! enc\ragem5t ( luxuri\s  
liv+1 *airs became m common among !     
favor$ classes1 & "u  ! ,commonweal?1 ) 
its levell+ ( class di/9ctions1 _!  use 
0 ext5d$4 ,b 9 ! latt] p]iod ! revulsion
 aga9/  unnecess>y ornam5t & display    
simplifi$ ! models4 ,) !  ,re/oration   
!re 0 a return to ! opposite extreme4 ,!
 gr[+  ta/e = ease & luxury br\ght into 
requisition ! ri*e/  fabrics obta9able1 
& we f9d /uff$ seats & backs1 ) ,turki% 
embroid]ies & heavily brocad$ velvets4  
,*airs 7 elaborately  c>v$ & gild$4     
,fr5* furniture 0 import$ & copi$1 & !  

influ5ce ( ,indian art1 ?r\gh ! rec5t   
acquisition ( ,bombay1  c be easily     
trac$4 ,( ! simpl] patt]ns1 ^? made (   
turn$  sp9dles became common at ! beg9n+
 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4  ,=ms 7 borr[$ &  
adapt$ f _m s\rces1 f ,france1 ,spa9  & 
,holl&4 ,9 ! "t ( ,william & ,m>y1 "u   
,dut* influ5ce1  ! seats & backs 7      
broad5$1 color$ inlay introduc$1 & !    
cabriole legs commonly employ$1 sugge/+ 
! =ms lat] adopt$  9 ! ,*ipp5dale p]iod4
 ,! /rong po9t ( ,engli% furniture  0 n 
its orig9ality1 b its ca?olicity4 ,x 0 a
 mirror :i*  reflect$ ! outcome ( o!r   
times & c\ntries 9 a frame ( its  own4  
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi           
,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs    ,! p]iod :5      
,*ipp5dale appe>$ on ! sc5e seems to h  
be5  "o v favorable to ! success ( 8    
ent]prise4 ,! middle  classes 7 already 
accumulat+ weal? & beg9n+ to assume     
num]ical & political importance4 ,!     
tr\bles ( civil w> 7  ov]1 ! reign+     
dyna/y _h successfully ov]come ! la/    
attempt  at revolution1 & ! situation   

promis$ an age :]e9 ! com=ts  ( life    
might aga9 be enjoy$ 9 security4 ,engli%
 trade )  ,holl&1 d\btless v l>gely     
fo/]$ by ! ,dut* proclivities  (        
,william ,,iii41 _h help$ to dissem9ate 
a love = pott]y &  lacqu] "w ( ! ,ea/2  
artificial works 7 multiply+1 & !       
middle classes1 above all1 want$ = !    
furni%+ ( _! rapidly  ris+1 sub/antial  
dwell+s some?+ m sumptu\s ?an ! humble  
simplicity ( ! common ,jacobean--some?+ 
:i* w\ld h a ta/e1  at lea/1 ( !        
luxuri\s extravagances ( ! ,fr5* reign+ 
/yle4    ,illu/ration    ,engli%        
furniture ( ! "t ( ,*ipp5dale _h pr(it$ 
by ! be/  ( ! pa/ & ( ! pres5t4 ,x      
closely resembl$ ! ,fr5* "w  ( ,l\is    
,,xiv41 b x _h rea*$ su* a /age (       
p]fection1 ?\gh  /ill made up (         
het]og5e\s elem5ts1 t x 0 = ! fir/  "t  
valu$ above ! productions ( o!r         
c\ntries1 & 0 ev5  tak5 abroad to be    
copi$1 :ile ! books ( designs publi%$ by
  ! ,engli% cab9et-mak]s 7 translat$    
into o!r languages4 ,9  ! preface to    

,hepple:ite's book ( designs1 publi%$ 9 
#aghi1 !re  is ?is /atem5t1 :i* is (    
int]e/ z indicat+ ! e/eem 9  :i* ,engli%
 cab9et "w 0 held abroad1 viz43 ,engli% 
ta/e &  workman%ip h ( late ye>s be5 mu*
 s\ght = by surr\nd+  nations2 & !      
mutability ( all ?+s1 b m especially (  
fa%ions1 has r5d]$ ! lab\rs ( our       
pr$ecessors 9 ?is l9e (  little use2    
nay1 9 ?is day c only t5d to mislead ^? 
=eign]s  :o seek a k ( ,engli% ta/e 9 ! 
v>i\s articles (  h\sehold furniture4   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii          
,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs    ,oak _h be5 !    
prevail+ mat]ial up to ?is "t1 b n[     
mahogany  took its place4 ,an int]e/+   
acc\nt ( ! introduction ( mahogany  =   
furniture is giv5 by ,fr$]ick ,lit*field
 9 8 ,hi/ory (  ,furniture4 ,he says1   
,mahogany may be said to h come into    
g5]al  use subsequ5t to #agbj1 & its    
introduction is ass]t$ to h be5  due to 
! t5acity ( purpose ( a ,dr4 ,gibbon1 ^:
 wife want$ a  c&le-box1 an article (   
common dome/ic use at ! "t4 ,! doctor1  

:o _h laid by 9 ! g>d5 ( 8 h\se 9 ,k+   
,/reet1 ,cov5t  ,g>d51 "s planks s5t to 
him by 8 bro!r1 a ,we/ ,indian  capta91 
ask$ ! jo9] to use a "p ( ! wood = ?is  
purpose2  x 0 f\nd too t\gh & h>d = !   
tools ( ! p]iod1 b !  doctor 0 n to be  
?w>t$1 & insi/$ on h>d]-temp]$ tools    
be+ f\nd1 & ! task complet$4 ,! result 0
 ! production ( a  c&le-box :i* 0 admir$
 by e "o4 ,he !n ord]$ a bureau (  !    
same mat]ial1 & :5 x 0 f9i%$ invit$ 8   
fri5ds to see  ! new "w2 among/ o!rs !  
,du*ess ( ,buck+ham begg$ a small  piece
 ( ! preci\s wood1 & x soon became !    
fa%ion4    ,illu/ration    ,! ,jacobean 
& cognate /yles1 consi/+ fundam5tally ( 
fram+  bas$ on rectangul> =ms & decorat$
 ) *>act]i/ic c>v+  & turn+1 may be     
describ$ z ess5tially suitable = oak1 ( 
:i* ! op5 "* ( ! gra9 =bids any extreme 
m9ut5ess  ( detail4 ,! p>ticul>         
qualities ( ! "w ( ,*ipp5dale & 8       
successors dem&$1 on ! o!r h&1 ! use ( a
 v diff]5t  mat]ial4 ,*ipp5dale's       
delicate c>v+ & 8 free use ( curves1    

ev5 9 con/ructive memb]s ( 8 design1    
c\ld h only be5  satisfactorily wr\ght  
out 9 a wood ( f9e1 h>d & close gra91  &
 "o :i* also possess$ great lat]al      
t5acity1 su* z mahogany4  ,x is sc>cely 
too mu* to say t1 b = ! introduction (  
?is  beautiful wood ! specialty 9 ! "w (
 ! cab9et-mak]s ( !  eighte5? c5tury    
w\ld h be5 impossible4    ,toge!r ) !   
ref9em5t ( design came a p]fection (    
con/ruction & workman%ip :i* has r5d]$ !
 furniture ( ?is  p]iod practically     
inde/ructible4 ,x is said t ,*ipp5dale  
nev]  c>v$ a fret )\t glu+ toge!r ?ree  
?icknesses ( wood )  oppos+ gra91 & 8 "w
 is s jo9$ ) t5ons & pegs t  x /&s z    
well today z :5 fir/ put toge!r4 ,%]aton
 devot$  :ole pages ( 8 book to         
con/ructive directions = ! mo/ simple   
table4 ,?is excell5ce ( con/ruction1 & !
 em95tly practical &  usable "* ( ! be/ 
( ! eighte5? c5tury "w h be5  pot5t     
factors 9 help+ to pres]ve ! _m examples
 ( x :i* we  =tunately possess today4   
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii         

,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs    ,x w probably be 
a surprise to ! read] :o has _h no      
occasion to  inquire especially into !  
hi/ory ( h\sehold furniture to "k t  a  
c5tury & a half ago furniture mak]s1 9  
,engl& & else:]e1  resort$ to mu* ! same
 me?od ( secur+ cu/om]s1 by publi%+     
illu/rat$ catalogues1 z d our own       
ent]pris+ manufactur]s4  ,among ! e>lie/
 ( ^! trade catalogues1 z we n[ call !m1
 0  t ( ,?omas ,*ipp5dale1 ! fir/       
edition ( :i* 0 publi%$  ab\t #agej 7!  
exact date is 9 d\bt71 & two lat]       
editions are  kn[n4 ,?is catalogue has  
be5 reproduc$ 9 rec5t ye>s & _m (  !    
plates h be5 frequ5tly copi$1 until !   
,*ipp5dale designs  h become famili>1 & 
! "n appli$ broadly b loosely to all  ( 
! "w ( ! p]iod1 includ+ a great deal :i*
 by "r has  no connection :atev] )      
,*ipp5dale4 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is       
catalogue 7 elaborately engrav$ on      
copp]1 & x 0 entitl$  ,! ,g5tleman &    
,cab9et ,mak]'s ,director4 ,x conta9$   
ov] two  hundr$ engrav+s ( useful &     

decorative designs1 "s ( :i*1  h[ev]1 7 
probably nev] execut$4 ,x includ$       
designs 9 !  mo/ fa%ionable ta/e = a    
great v>iety ( furniture calculat$  to  
improve & ref9e ! pres5t ta/e1 & suit$  
to ! fancy &  circum/ances ( p]sons 9   
all degrees ( life4 ,a great deal ( !   
design is traceable to ,fr5* influ5ce1 &
 may h be5 borr[$  directly f simil>    
books by ,fr5* cab9et-mak]s4            
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese   
,,patt]n      ,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs    ,( 
,*ipp5dale himself little ( a p]sonal   
nature is kn[n4 ,bo? he  & 8 fa!r 7     
c>v]s1 & x is no d\bt true t to ! repute
  e/abli%$ by 8 fa!r z a basis1 he add$ 
sup]ior skill &  ta/e1 & ! %rewdness ( a
 tradesman4 ,x is by no means c]ta91    
h[ev]1 t 9 8 "t1 or imm$iately aft] x1 8
 reputation  0 great] ?an t ( o!r       
cab9et-mak]s4 ,8 pres5t celebrity       
dep5ds m ^u ! survival & lat]           
reproduction ( 8 book (  designs ?an ^u 
any contempor>y fame4 ,t he _h ref9em5t 
(  ta/e is prov$ by 8 designs2 b t he 0 

anxi\s1 above all1  to secure patrons is
 h>dly op5 to "q4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,heaton  
7,furniture & ,decoration 9 ,engl& dur+ 
! ,eighte5? ,c5tury7  calls him a vulg> 
hawk] ready to make any?+ t w\ld fill 8 
purse4 ,8 book1 ! text ( :i* is writt5 9
 ! bomba/ic /yle  ( ! p]iod1 beg9s ) an 
explanation ( ! classical ord]s (       
ar*itecture1 hold+ !m up z ! only basis 
( true design 9  furniture2 b he lat]   
ref]s to c]ta9 designs 9 ! ,*9ese       
mann]--:i* 7 made1 q c]ta9ly1 9 response
 to ! fa%ion  introduc$ 9 ,engl& by ,sir
 ,william ,*amb]s1--z ! mo/ appropriate 
& successful ( 8 :ole collection4       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix           
,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs    ,al?\gh mu* ( !  
furniture ( ! middle & latt] "p ( !     
eighte5? c5tury is wrongly attribut$ to 
,*ipp5dale1 & he is  n[ popul>ly held   
responsible = _m excell5cies z well z   
_m faults :i* d n belong to him1 !      
evid5ce ( 8 book  goes to prove t 8 "w  
at its be/ 0 sup]ior to t ( 8           
contempor>ies1 & va/ly sup]ior to t :i* 

ei!r prec$$ or  foll[$ x4               
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration            
,*ipp5dale's ord9>y furniture may be    
conv5i5tly classifi$ "u  ?ree heads ( v 
v>i\s arti/ic value4 ,! fir/ is ! pure  
rococo4 ,9 ?is class ( "w we f9d1 z ,mr4
 ,basil ,*ampneys has  happily describ$ 
x1 intemp]ately fl[+ l9es1 wantonly     
twi/+  volutes1 fanta/ic & unmean+ =ms1 
sugge/ive ab\t equally  ( organic &     
inorganic nature1 bur/+ "h into a       
gryphon's or  sphynx's head1 or !re into
 a bun* ( fl[]s2 wri?+ into a  m]maid1  
or culm9at+ 9 a trophy2 "h ! volutes are
 propp$ )  an utt]ly dissipat$ & ab&on$ 
,go?ic %aft1 !re is ! gho/ (  a classic 
p$im5t2 "h a :ole piece ( ru9 is bodily 
foi/$ 92  a =tuit\s int]val is occupi$  
by a sportsman or a flirtation1  or by !
 conv5tional ,*9aman1 ) an impossible   
mu/a*e &  inconceivable hat4 ,! two     
sides ( ! design are seldom alike2      
symmetry is o/5tati\sly avoid$2 ev]y?+  
twi/s1 twirls1 wri!s1  *anges1 gets     
di/ort$ l ! images 9 a dyspeptic dream  

ov] a  book ( travels1 f :i* ! read] w  
be glad to awake4    ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,,xl      ,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs   
,=tunately = ,*ipp5dale's fame ?is class
 ( "w =ms b an  insignificant portion ( 
! rema9s ( 8 furniture n[ extant--a     
fact :i* is ow+ 9 "s measure to its     
con/ructive weakness4 ,its  m]its are   
purely ^? ( a skilful c>v]4             
,illu/ration    ,a second important     
*>act]i/ic /yle 0 t :i* may be describ$ 
z fret "w4 ,"s pieces com+ "u ?is       
description1 %elves  & cab9ets = *9a1   
among/ o!rs1 are con/ruct$ almo/ :olly  
( ?9 slabs ( wood pi]c$ ) a great v>iety
 ( small patt]ns1  _m ( !m v intricate4 
,^! are da9ty pieces ( furniture1 well  
suit$ = ! draw+-room & b\doir2 & x      
speaks volumes = !  c>e & f9i% 9 !      
workman%ip t any ( !m h be5 h&$  d[n to 
u 9 a p]fect /ate dur+ s long an        
exi/5ce4    ,:at is s\nd ( ! reputation 
t ,*ipp5dale has e>n$1 h[ev]1  ap>t f ! 
excell5ce ( 8 workman%ip1 lies 9 !      
furniture  com+ "u ! la/ head ( our     

division--9 pieces :]e9 we f9d  !       
decoration appli$1 a little lavi%ly x is
 true1 ) a c]ta9  admixture ( /raight   
l9es & pla9 surfaces ) :i* to contra/   
x4 ,9 ^!1 memb]s o!rwise squ>e & /raight
 are enri*$ )  delicate & %all[ sunk    
c>v$ "w1 sometimes bas$ on geometrical  
patt]ns4 ,! backs ( *airs1 al?\gh       
consi/+ ( curv$ =ms1  h commonly a      
rectil9e> disposition ( ! pr9cipal l9es1
 & !  curvatures ( ! con/ructional      
memb]s are s subtle & re/ra9$  t !      
impression ( /rong wood5 con/ruction is 
n :olly  de/roy$4 ,! support+ memb]s1   
su* z legs ( tables & *airs1  are (t5   
kept /raight1 & ! c>v+1 :]e appli$1 is  
kept s  %all[ t x does n int]f]e ) !    
app>5t or real capacity  ( ! p>ts = !   
function = :i* !y are design$4    ,9    
apprais+ 8 m]its x mu/ always be        
rememb]$ t ,*ipp5dale  0 pre-em95tly a  
c>v]2 & z a c>v] produc+ "w appli$ to   
objects ( utility he holds an un*all5g$ 
position4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli
      ,,*ipp5dale ,,*airs    ,mr4 ,k4   

,w>r5 ,cl\/on1 describ+ ! "w ( ?is p]iod
 7,!  ,ar*itectural ,record1 ,vol4      
,,viii471 says3 ,*ipp5dale1 above all   
?+s1 0 a *airmak]1 & 8 *airs are full ( 
v>iety1 at  fir/ ) ! high back1 cabriole
 leg & claw-&-ball foot (  ! s-call$    
,dut* ta/e2 !n ris+ to light] fancies1  
ei!r  ) vase-%ap$ ornam5t1 fl[+ ribbon  
b[s1 int]lac+ frets  ( ,go?ic trac]y4 ,b
 :at matt]s x :e!r ! rococo ornam5t  !n 
prevail+ on ! cont95t1 ! ,*9ese lean+s (
 ,sir ,william  ,*amb]s1 or ,/rawb]ry   
,hill ,go?ic 7 adopt$1 :5 ! diff]5t     
s\rces are bl5d$ 9 "o h>moni\s :ole8 ,we
 give ,*ipp5dale !  fir/ place simply f 
8 book1 = ! squat backs & unga9ly  *airs
 ( ,manw>+ & ! ,society ( ,uphol/]]s1 & 
! badly  design$ seats ( ,ince & ,mayhew
 only s]ve to acc5tuate ! "w (  ! ma/]  
h&4    ,illu/ration    ,! *airs *os5 =  
illu/ration 9 ?is numb] are ( ! simpl]  
patt]ns4 ,x w be se5 t !y h v little    
ornam5t1 & t  ?is is almo/ entirely     
conf9$ to ! backs1 ! legs be+ 9 mo/     
cases squ>e & pla94 ,9 ! backs ! same   

l9es occur z 9 ^?  made 9 ! "t (        
,william ,,iii41 b in/ead ( ! frame ( ! 
back  be+ cov]$ ) silk1 tape/ry or o!r  
mat]ial1 ,*ipp5dale's are  cut op5 )    
fanciful patt]ns4 ,^? ) cabriole legs   
usually h  claw feet & a %ell or leaf at
 ! top4 ,! *airs 9 ,*ipp5dale's  book   
are mu* m elaborate ?an ^? "h illu/rat$ 
or ?an  ^? he ord9>ily produc$4 ,?is is 
naturally acc\nt$ = by !  desire to     
induce cu/om]s to pur*ase ! m exp5sive  
pieces4 ,!  simple squ>e leg )\t tap] is
 "o ( ! di/9ctive m>ks (  ,*ipp5dale's  
"t4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury1 9 ! "w (          
,hepple:ite  & o!rs1 ! legs 7 made m    
tap]+ & ! :ole *air  mu* light] & m     
elaborately ornam5t$ to correspond ) !  
,r5aissance =ms !n 9 vogue4 ,! turn$ leg
 is r>ely f\nd1  al?\gh mu* us$ lat]4 ,!
 %ap+ & ornam5tation is g5]ally  conf9$ 
to ! front legs4 ,mahogany1 z has be5   
/at$1 0 ! wood  mo/ us$1 & !            
ornam5tation 0 conf9$ z a rule to c>v+4 
,inlay & m>quetry1 brass & ormolu 7     
employ$ on o!r articles  ( furniture1 b 

! *airs r>ely h su* ornam5t4    ,!      
rococo ( ,*ipp5dale's e>li] "w1         
correspond+ to ! ,fr5*  ( ,l\is ,,xv4 & 
,,xvi41 0 succe$$ by a modification t5d+
 t[>ds  ! sev]] ,r5aissance1 influ5c$ by
 ! designs ( ! ar*itects1  ,rob]t &     
,james ,adam1 :o gave _! att5tion to !  
m9ute/ details  ( int]ior decoration &  
furni%+1 z well z ! l>g] problems  (    
ar*itecture4 ,( ,*ipp5dale's            
contempor>ies1 ,ince & ,mayhew1 :o  also
 publi%$ a book ( designs1 are n[ look$ 
^u z mo/ des]v+  to %>e 8 fame1 al?\gh  
!re are records ( _m o!rs4              
,hepple:ite =ms a connect+ l9k betwe5   
?is p]iod & t ( !  m sev]e l9es (       
,%]aton & ,%e>]4 ,%]aton 0 a skill$ &   
cultivat$ man & an excell5t draughtsman4
 ,among ! subscrib]s to  8 book1 ,!     
,cab9et ,mak] & ,uphol/]]'s ,draw+      
,book1 publi%$  9 #agic1 are ! names &  
addresses ( no less ?an f\r hundr$ &    
fifty cab9et-mak]s1 *airmak]s & c>v]s1 n
 includ+ musical  in/rum5t mak]s1       
uphol/]]s & o!r k9dr$ trades4 ,?is gives

  "s idea ( ! ext5t to :i* su* books 7  
!n employ$1 & !  numb] ( mak]s ^: "w is 
n n[ di/+ui%able & ^: names  are lo/ 9  
oblivion4 ,foll[+ ! "w ( ^! m5 came !   
,empire  /yle introduc$ 9 ,france aft] !
 ,fr5* ,revolution4    ,read]s int]e/$ 9
 ! subject ( ! furniture ( ! ,georgian  
p]iod are ref]r$ to ! rec5tly publi%$   
l>ge collection (  photographic plates1 
entitl$ ,engli% ,h\sehold ,furniture    
7see  ann\ncem5t 9 our adv]tis+ pages7 f
 :i* our pres5t  illu/rations h be5     
reproduc$4      ,,note4--,! illu/rations
 9 ?is issue are r$uc$ f l>ge           
photographic plates 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ 
"w1 entitl$    ,,engli% ,,h\sehold      
,,furniture1 ,,ma9ly ,,design$ ,,by     
,,*ipp5dale1    ,,%]aton1 ,,adam ,,&    
,,o!rs ,,( ,,! ,,georgian ,,p]iod4 #ajj 
,,plates1    ,,illu/rat+ #cdh           
,,examples4 ,bates  ,guild ,company1    
publi%]s1    ,bo/on4 ,see adv]tisem5t on
 ano!r page4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,,xlii      ,,*ipp5dale ,,settee ,,&    
,,*air                                  

,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,italics are    
indicat$ by und]scores4    ,small       
capitals h be5 r5d]$ 9 full capitals4   
,a numb] ( m9or spell+ errors h be5     
correct$ )\t note4