,,the ,,brochure ,,series               
,the ,petit ,trianon3 ,versailles       
,english ,carved ,fireplaces            
,,april1 #aijj      ,illustration3      
,,plate ,,xxvii      ,,chateau1 ,,petit 
,,trianon                               
,,the                                   
,,brochure ,,series                     
,,of ,,architectural ,,illustration4    
#aijj4      ,,april      ,no4 #d4       
,,the ,,petit ,,trianon3 ,,versailles4  
,during the first years of his reign1   
,louis the ,,xiv4 of ,france resided1   
as his predecessors had1 at ,st4        
,germain in summer2 but for some        
reason--it is alleged that it was       
because the windows of the palace       
commanded a view of ,st4 ,denis1 the    
royal mausoleum--he conceived  a dislike
 to it1 and resolved to build another   
summer palace for  himself at some spot 
not far from ,paris4 ,why he chose      
,versailles is  incomprehensible4       
,whatever may have been the motive1     
however1 he decided to erect upon  this 

desolate1 waterless and uninhabited site
 a vast palace to be  surrounded by a   
park4    ,the cost of accomplishing this
 project was fearful1 not in money      
alone 7although this was more than one  
thousand million francs71 but  in human 
life4 ,in #afha twenty-two thousand     
soldiers and six thousand  horses were  
employed on the work1 and so unhealthy  
was the site that  the workmen died by  
thousands4 ,writing in #agfg1 ,madame de
 ,svign says3  ,the ,king is in haste   
that ,versailles should be finished2 but
 it would  seem that ,god is unwilling4 
,it is almost impossible to continue the
  work owing to the fearful mortality   
among the workmen4 ,the corpses are     
fetched away by cartfuls during the     
night1--night being chosen that  they   
who still live may not be terrified into
 revolt by the sight4 ,but  no          
difficulty1 nor the pestilence1 nor the 
ruin of the treasury was  allowed to    
interfere with the ,king's pleasure4    
,the palace rose2 the  stately gardens1 

peopled with statues1 spread about it2  
and a royal  city sprang up where before
 had been only a desolate forest2 and1  
after #afhb1 ,versailles became the     
permanent headquarters of the ,court4   
,in the immense park1 some              
three-quarters of a mile northwest from 
the  terraces of the palace1 ,louis     
,,xiv4 built a little palace to gratify 
,madame de ,maintenon1 which1 from the  
fact that it stood on the site of  the  
parish of ,trianon1 which was demolished
 to make a site for it1 and  because its
 faade was ornamented with porcelain    
plaques of blue and  white faience ware1
 was called the ,trianon de ,porcelaine2
 but in #afhg  ,louis1 who had as       
,saint-,simon said1 a rage for building1
 demolished  this frail structure and   
replaced it with another1 designed by   
,mansart1  which we now know as the     
,grand ,trianon4 ,this building was the 
,king's  delight for a few years1 but   
after #agjj he wearied of the plaything1
  and turned all his attention to his   

new chteau at ,marly4    ,illustration3 
,,plate ,,xxviii     ,,grotto ,,and     
,,belvedere1 ,,petit ,,trianon          
,during the ,regency the ,trianon was   
almost abandoned2 but when1 under       
,louis ,,xv41 the ,court returned to    
,versailles1 the building became a      
favorite refuge for the ,king2 and he   
later gave it to his mistress1  ,madame 
de ,pompadour1 for her own4 ,she1 being 
at her wits' end to devise  some new    
scheme to distract the daily increasing 
melancholy of the  ,king1 hit upon the  
expedient of establishing in the grounds
 which were  attached to the ,grand     
,trianon1 a real practical dairy and    
farm2 and  for that purpose imported    
from ,holland a herd of fine cows1 and  
collected a number of rare varieties of 
hens and pigeons1 which ,louis  amused  
himself for some time in breeding4 ,but 
in #aged the royal caprice  again       
changed1 and ,louis abolished the farm1 
and made the land into a  botanical     
garden4 ,here he established            

conservatories for raising fruits  out  
of their natural seasons1 and collected 
a great number of exotic  trees and     
shrubs of every variety and species4    
,taking great delight  in this garden1  
which was some distance from the ,grand 
,trianon1 he  conceived the notion of   
building in the midst of it a still     
smaller  chteau1 modelled upon the      
,grand ,trianon as that itself had been 
a  miniature of ,versailles4 ,this      
chteau1 the ,little ,trianon1 was       
erected  in #agff by the royal          
architect1 ,gabriel1 and was given by   
the ,king to  the mistress who had      
succeeded ,madame du ,pompadour in his  
favor1 ,madame  ,du ,barry4 ,it was     
while staying at the ,petit ,trianon    
that ,louis was  attacked by the        
small-pox1 of which he died4            
,illustration3 ,,temple ,,of ,,love     
,,petit ,,trianon    ,the chteau of the 
,petit ,trianon is an interesting       
building1  architecturally1 marking1 as 
it does1 the transition stage between   

the styles of ,louis ,,xv4 and ,louis   
,,xvi4--a return to purer classical     
traditions4 ,the faade is ornamented by 
a portico with four detached            
,corinthian columns1 and the whole is   
surmounted by a balustrade4 ,the        
reception and billiard rooms occupied   
the first floor1 while the second  was  
occupied by the private apartments4     
,while ,marie ,antoinette was still the 
,dauphine1 she had often expressed  a   
desire to have a chteau1 apart from the 
palace1 for her own1 where1  free from  
the intolerable restraints of ,court    
etiquette1 she might  amuse herself as  
she chose2 and shortly after his        
accession to the  throne1 ,louis ,,xvi4 
is said to have presented her with the  
,trianons with  the words1 ,they have   
always belonged to the ,king's          
favorites1 and  should therefore now be 
yours4 ,the ,queen answered laughingly  
that she  would gladly accept the       
,little ,trianon1 but only upon the     
condition  that it should be            

unreservedly her own1 and that even the 
,king should  come there only upon her  
express invitation4    ,illustration3   
,,plate ,,xxix      ,,queen',s ,,house  
,,and ,,billiard ,,hall1    ,,petit     
,,trianon    ,marie ,antoinette's first 
wish1 after becoming mistress of her new
  domain1 was to establish there a      
garden after the ,english style4 ,the   
rage for the ,english garden had just   
then seized ,french society1 for  it was
 believed to be a return to             
,nature--,nature which ,rousseau  just  
then had made it the fashion to adore1  
and the nobility were all  for playing  
at rusticity1 and full of sentimental   
admiration for the  country4    ,the    
,king humored the whim1 and gave orders 
that the gardens already  existing at   
the ,trianon should be remodelled1 that 
the strip of land  joining it should be 
added1 and the whole surrounded with a  
wall1 and  the work pushed as rapidly as
 possible4    ,the plans for the        
,english garden were drawn by ,comte de 

,caraman1 an  officer who had already   
arranged such a garden in connection    
with his  own residence1 and this garden
 the ,queen had visited4 ,in #agge the  
new  royal architect1 ,mique1 seconded  
by the painter1 ,hubert ,robert1 the    
sculptor1 ,deschamps1 and the landscape 
gardener1 ,antoine ,richard1  joined in 
working out the plans of the ,comte de  
,caraman1 and created an  ,english      
garden after the ,queen's fancy4        
,unhappily1 however1 in order  to create
 this new garden it became necessary to 
destroy a large part  of the botanical  
garden which had before existed2 but    
many of the fine  exotic trees were     
employed in working out the new design1 
and these  trees still remain the finest
 ornaments of the park4    ,the plan for
 the ,english garden was comprised as   
follows3 ,in the  more formal portions  
of the grounds near the chteau an       
artificial  grotto and a ,belvedere1    
and1 shadowed by overhanging trees1 a   
little  ,temple de l',amour4 ,separated 

from these classical constructions by an
  artificial lake1 bordered with rustic 
paths and intended to represent a  bit  
of natural country1 was erected a       
picturesque miniature hamlet of  nine or
 ten rustic cottages in which the court 
ladies1 under the lead  of the ,queen1  
might play at peasant life4    ,the     
grotto was a work of some elaboration1  
and it was said that  no less than seven
 relief models of it were made before   
the ,queen  expressed herself as        
satisfied with the design4 ,it is an    
arrangement  of artificial rocks covered
 with moss1 through which flows the     
outlet  stream of the little lake4 ,it  
was at one time proposed1 after the then
  fashion in ,english gardening1 to     
build on the top of the grotto a        
picturesquely contrived ruin1 but this  
project was abandoned4    ,near the     
grotto stands the ,belvedere--a         
coquettish little octagonal  pavilion   
set on a stone platform4 ,four windows  
and four doors are set  alternately in  

its eight surfaces1 and a balustrade    
surrounds the domed  roof4 ,the interior
 was ornamented in delicately frescoed  
stucco4    ,the ,temple of ,love        
consists of twelve ,corinthian columns  
supporting a  cupola4 ,the pavement is  
of white blue-veined marble4 ,in the    
centre is  a carved pedestal on which   
stands a statue of ,cupid drawing his   
bow1  modelled by ,bouchardon4          
,illustration3 ,,mantelpiece            
,,restoration ,,house1 ,,rochester      
,the most picturesque feature of the    
garden was1 however1 the village or     
hamlet1 and it is here the life of the  
,trianon centered in the time of  the   
,queen4    ,the houses with which the   
hamlet was comprised were situated on   
the  farther shore of a small artificial
 lake2 and were divided into two  groups
 separated by a running stream4 ,the    
first group was made up of  the ,queen's
 ,house and its connected ,billiard     
,hall1 and the ,mill3  the second       
originally comprised five buildings2--a 

,gardener's ,lodge1  a ,poultry ,house1 
a tower1 called ,marlborough's ,tower   
with a ,dairy  attached to it1 and1 at  
some distance from these1 a ,farm ,house
 with  its dependencies4    ,we have    
preferred in the description to adhere  
to the names by which  these buildings  
were originally called rather than to   
adopt the more  fanciful nomenclature   
given to them later by an imaginative   
,german1  ,dr4 ,meyer1 who visited      
,france in #agif and who invented the   
story that  the ,queen1 playing at rural
 life1 had entrusted the ,king with the 
rle of the farmer1 while she became the 
farmer's wife and the ,count  d',artois 
the huntsman1 the ,comte de ,provence   
the miller1 and the  ,cardinal de ,rohan
 the cur of this tiny community4 ,in    
accordance with  this unfounded tale the
 ,queen's house has been nicknamed the  
,maison du  ,seigneur1 the poultry house
 the ,presbytre and so forth1--and these
  nicknames have clung to them ever     
since4    ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx  

,,queen',s ,,house1 ,,petit ,,trianon   
,the simplicity of the buildings of the 
hamlet makes it unnecessary  to describe
 them in detail4 ,they were erected     
during the years #aghc1  #aghd and #aghe
 from designs by the architect ,mique4  
,the exteriors were  covered with stucco
 to represent old brick1 weather-worn   
stone and  worm-eaten wood1 and all of  
them1 with the exception of the ,queen's
  ,house which was partly covered with  
tiles1 were roofed with thatch4    ,the 
,queen's ,house and ,billiard ,hall were
 connected by a rustic  gallery1 painted
 olive-green4 ,the former contained a   
dining-room and  some private           
apartments4 ,the ,billiard ,hall1 as its
 name implies1 was  mainly occupied by a
 billiard room over which were sleeping 
chambers4    ,illustration3             
,,mantelpiece      ,,standish ,,hall    
,the ,mill was at one time furnished    
with a mill-wheel and actually  and     
practically used to grind grain for the 
inhabitants of the  tiny village4 ,the  

,gardener's ,house has been demolished4 
,the  ,poultry-,house was at one time   
used for the care of fowls and pigeons  
of which the ,queen had a large number4 
,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi           
,,dairy ,,and ,,marlborough',s ,,tower1 
,,petit ,,trianon    ,as we have said1  
an almost indispensable feature of the  
,english garden  of this time was an    
artificial ruin2 but although many      
models were  made for the erection of   
such a ruin at the ,petit-,trianon1 none
 was  ever erected4 ,as a substitute    
however1 a round tower was built1 and in
  honor of the original the ,chanson de 
,marlborough1 with its simple and       
plaintive air1 which had just then been 
revived in popular favor1 was  named    
,marlborough's ,tower4 ,it is probable  
that the building was  supposed to      
suggest that tower from which           
,marlborough's widow saw the  page tout 
de noir habill who came to tell her of  
her husband's  death4 ,the tower        
ascended by an exterior staircase1 and  

at the top was  a circular balcony from 
which a view of the whole domain was    
visible1  and from which signals might  
be exchanged with the palace at         
,versailles4    ,illustration3          
,,mantelpiece      ,,montacute ,,house  
,the tower was connected by a passage   
with the ,dairy1--an actual and         
practical creamery on a small scale1 in 
which the ,queen and her ladies  played 
at making butter and cheese4 ,the walls 
and floor were tiled with  marble1 and  
the tables on which the pans and        
utensils--all of decorated              
porcelain--were set out were also of    
marble4 ,a running stream of water  was 
conducted through the dairy to keep it  
cool4    ,the ,farm buildings comprised 
a group of constructions1 in which the  
farmer lodged1 and in which were stables
 for cows of which the ,queen  had a    
splendid ,swiss herd4    ,the completed 
gardens of the ,little ,trianon excited 
the most lively  praise4 ,the poet1     
,chevalier ,bertin1 dedicated a whole   

elegy to them2  the ,prince de ,ligne   
wrote1 ,here truly one may breathe air  
of happiness  and liberty4 ,one might   
believe one's self a hundred leagues    
from the  ,court4 ,the village presented
 a real aspect of a rural hamlet4       
,indeed  the ,queen had under her eyes a
 living picture of the country1 whence  
she could see the cows grazing1 peasants
 laboring in the fields1 the            
cultivation of gardens1 the pruning of  
trees1 the cows coming to drink  at the 
lake1 the washwomen washing their       
clothes at the stream which  flowed from
 the mill1 and the little mill itself1  
grinding grain for  the inhabitants of  
this miniature village4    ,it was at   
this ,trianon that ,marie ,antoinette   
spent her happiest  days4 ,the ,queen1  
writes ,madam ,campan1 spent sometimes  
an entire  month together at the ,little
 ,trianon1 where she had established    
her pianoforte and tapestry frames4     
,there were but few apartments  in the  
chteau of the ,little ,trianon and      

although ,madame ,elizabeth  usually    
accompanied the ,queen here1 the ladies 
of honor could not be  accommodated1 and
 unless by special invitation from the  
,queen it was  the rule to come from    
,versailles only at the dinner hour4    
,the ,king and  the ,princess came      
regularly to sup4 ,a white muslin and a 
straw hat was  the accustomed dress of  
the princesses1 and the pleasure of     
running  about the little village to see
 the cows milked and to fish in the     
lake1 enchanted the ,queen1 and with    
every successive year she showed  less  
inclination for the stiff etiquette of  
the ,court4    ,here on the #eth of     
,october1 the news was brought her of   
the arrival at  the ,court of the crowd 
of women from ,paris1 and she was forced
 to go  immediately to ,versailles to   
meet them1 never again to see her little
  domain4    ,illustration3 ,,plate     
,,xxxii      ,,the ,,mill1 ,,petit      
,,trianon                               
,english ,carved ,fireplaces      ,in   

adopting the ,renaissance style as a    
motive in interior decoration1  ,england
 lagged behind the ,continental nations4
 ,such ,english mansions  and furniture 
as remained after the ,wars of the      
,roses were all of the  ,gothic type2   
and with no other models available1 it  
was but natural  that the first efforts 
of ,english workmen1 after art began to 
revive1  should be ,gothic in feeling4  
,moreover1 for a long time most of the  
carved wood-work and furniture in the   
new style with which ,england was       
supplied1 was imported from ,holland1   
and it is in some measure to ,dutch     
example that the heavy character of the 
,elizabethan style in furniture  and    
carving must be attributed4    ,the     
style was1 therefore1 neither ,classic  
nor ,gothic1 but a mixture of  the two1 
tinged with ,dutch and ,flemish         
influence2 and yet1 mongrel as  it was1 
it had an individuality of its own--a   
certain1 royal1 dignified  and stately  
charm4    ,the first distinguishing     

feature of ,elizabethan ornamental      
carving  is strap-work1 a term which    
exactly describes this elaborate        
tracery1--an imitation of straps and    
buckles1 varied sufficiently to  atone  
for the meagreness of the type1 and     
relying for its decorative  value upon  
its repetition and symmetry4 ,there are 
many rooms in old  ,english houses where
 this strap-decoration is carried out   
with so  delicate and fanciful a use of 
the interlacing line as to be nearly as 
satisfying as the ,saracenic work of the
 same type2 but it is1 after  all1      
nothing but a play of line1 and1 while  
allowing the greatest  scope to the     
individuality of the artist1 requires   
genius to properly  develop it4 ,too    
frequently it is but the merest medley  
of uninteresting  sequences2 and when   
the shield-work 7and pierced shield-work
 at that7  was superadded1 it sometimes 
became mere confusion4    ,illustration3
 ,,mantelpiece      ,,stokesay ,,castle 
,another distinguishing motive of       

shield-work1--the cartouch--is simply   
what its name implies1 the              
representation of the armorial shield   
with  its supports4 ,the supports were  
pierced in every conceivable manner     
with circles1 lozenges1 crescents and   
all sorts of openings4    ,the          
,elizabethan1 pure and simple1 writes   
,mrs4 ,spofford1 has this  strap-work   
sometimes finished off with slight      
scrolls--'foliages1' the  ,italians     
called them--and associated with some   
classical ideas not yet  very           
exclusively or carefully managed2 straps
 appearing well riveted to  the middle  
of classic ornaments1 and antique shapes
 rising1 from the  curious ,renaissance 
pilaster1 which was neither a vase nor a
 pilaster1  in truth1 broken as it is   
half way by the rising shape1 like those
  of the ,termae1 with which the        
ancients made their boundaries sacred1  
smaller at the base than anywhere else1 
and bearing straps1 arabesques  and     
rosettes on its face4    ,you will      

sometimes find an ,elizabethan          
chimney-piece1 the fluted and           
channelled columns1 and the entablature 
of which are almost quite pure  in      
style1 and yet1 almost invariably1      
somewhere about their length            
strap-ornament is sure to be introduced4
    ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii     
,,farm ,,house1 ,,petit ,,trianon       
,with the accession of ,james ,i4 to the
 ,english throne a new influx  of       
foreign influence made fresh havoc with 
such ,gothic as remained4  ,the shield1 
which1 through a preference for the     
strap had been but  sparsely used in the
 preceding reign1 came now to be the    
centre of all  decoration1 and was      
lavished everywhere in a wild whirl of  
flourishing  curves1 together with the  
previously common straps and buckles    
and general tackle of war4 ,its         
universal use gave a somewhat less      
interesting air to the decoration than  
when the purer interlacing of  the      
strap1 with but here and there the      

convolutions of the shield1  supplied   
its place4    ,illustration3            
,,mantelpiece      ,,wraxhall ,,manor   
,but the ,jacobean by no means contented
 itself with this simpler form  of the  
,renaissance4 ,in other characteristics 
it tended more and more  to the         
,classic1 though never arriving at      
purity4 ,in construction1 the           
horizontal of the antique mingled with  
the vertical of the medival1  and a     
volute upheld the pointed arch2 in      
ornament1 the ,tudor leaf with  a       
,grecian frieze1 with other equally     
inappropriate arrangements4 ,it  was not
 for a hundred years thereafter that    
pure ,classic came to be  understood in 
,england4 ,the scallop shell seems1 at  
this period1 to  have caught the fancy  
of the designers as a motive1 and they  
used it  at every turn4 ,these shell    
forms and the shell in decoration       
disputed  with cartouch and straps1 with
 rosette and scroll1 with the fabulous  
griffins1 and with grotesque mermaids1  

whose tails1 turning into  scrolls1 are 
seen dividing to the right and left in  
the ornamentation  of ,jacobean         
furniture and chimney-pieces4           
,illustration3 ,,mantelpiece            
,,wraxhall ,,manor    ,but the influence
 of the ,italian form of the            
,renaissance1 through the  filter of the
 ,flemish1 made itself very distinctly  
felt in the ,jacobean  style2 not so    
much in the effort of the ,italian      
toward sthetic  perfection1 as in the   
play of fancy1 stimulated by the sight  
of new  forms1 but unacquainted with the
 laws that should control them4    ,upon
 whatever architectural or decorative   
scheme it was based1 however1  the      
carving of this period was extremely    
rich and beautiful2 and in  consequence 
the time has come to be known as the    
,cinquecento period  in ,english art1   
which corresponds in many of its        
characteristics to the  style known in  
other countries by the same name4 ,the  
illustrations show  the development of  

these styles and the main               
characteristics which have  been pointed
 out4    ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv 
,,poultry ,,house1 ,,petit ,,trianon    
,transcriber's ,note3    ,italics are   
indicated by underscores4    ,small     
capitals have been rendered in full     
capitals4    ,a number of minor spelling
 errors have been corrected without     
note4