,transcriber's ,note ,variant spelling is retained4 ,footnotes have been moved to the end of the paragraph to which they relate4 ,in this text version of 8,james ,geikie0 italic typeface is represented by underscores and small caps typeface by ,,upper ,,case4 ,changes that have been made are listed at the end of the book4 ,,james ,,geikie ,,the ,,man ,,and ,,the ,,geologist ,illustration3 ,photo by ,john ,horsburgh4 ,,prof4 ,,james ,,geikie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,james ,,geikie ,,the ,,man ,,and ,,the ,,geologist ,,by ,,marion ,i4 ,,newbigin1 ,d4,sc4 7,,lond47 ,editor of the ,scottish ,geographical ,magazine ,,and ,j4 ,s4 ,,flett1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,of the ,geological ,survey of ,scotland ,,edinburgh ,,oliver ,,and ,,boyd ,,london3 ,,gurney ,,jackson1 #cc ,,paternoster ,,row #aiag ,,preface ,this biography of ,prof4 ,james ,geikie is based upon his own letters1 papers1 and diaries1 and upon information supplied by many of those who were closely associated with him1 both during his earlier days on the ,geological ,survey and the later in ,edinburgh4 ,much of the material was sorted and arranged by ,mrs ,geikie before it was placed in my hands1 and to her ,i am indebted for many notes1 memoranda1 and verbal statements which supplemented the documents supplied4 ,mrs ,geikie had herself composed1 for the use of the family1 a brief account of her husband's early days1 and on this manuscript the first chapter is largely based2 without its aid the composition of that chapter would have been very difficult4 ,for later years ,i am under great obligations to ,prof4 ,geikie's many friends and correspondents1 at home and abroad4 ,correspondents across the seas1 especially1 deserve warm thanks for their willingness to trust valuable original documents to the post1 at a time when the phrase 8perils of the sea0 had taken on a new meaning4 ,it is satisfactory to be able to state that in no case was such material lost as a result of hostile action4 ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york and ,prof4 ,chamberlin of ,chicago must be specially mentioned as having supplied much material4 ,it should perhaps be added that the circumstances under which the book was written made it impossible to obtain letters or information from many continental geologists1 who1 in happier times1 would doubtless have been glad to render assistance4 ,a large amount of material was also kindly supplied by geologists and others in this country4 ,among those who have taken a keen interest in the progress of the work1 and have rendered notable assistance1 mention may be made of the following friends and correspondents of ,prof4 ,geikie3--,dr ,john ,horne1 who supplied many letters and much detailed information--to his kindly and unfailing help this memoir of his old friend owes much2 ,dr ,peach1 whose accounts of early days on the ,survey were most helpful2 ,mr ,lionel ,hinxman1 ,mr ,h4 ,m4 ,cadell1 and many others1 to whom application was made in regard to matters of detail4 ,among the last mention may be made of ,dr ,w4 ,b4 ,blaikie of ,messrs ,t4 ,a4 ,constable1 ,mr ,t4 ,s4 ,muir of the ,royal ,high ,school1 and ,mr ,john ,grossart4 ,to all who have rendered assistance ,i desire to offer most cordial thanks1 and trust that they and others will feel that the biographical sketch1 in however imperfect a fashion1 does present a lifelike picture of one who rarely failed to inspire affection and admiration in those who came to close quarters with him4 ,,marion ,i4 ,,newbigin4 ,,edinburgh1 ,october #aiag4 ,,contents ,,part ,i4--,,life ,,and ,,letters ,,by ,,marion ,i4 ,,newbigin ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,boyhood ,,and ,,youth1 #ahci-fa #c ,,ii4 ,,first ,,years ,,on ,,the ,,geological ,,survey1 #ahfb-fd #ai ,,iii4 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age03 7#a7 ,,years ,,of ,,preparation1 #ahfe-ga #cd ,,iv4 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age03 7#b7 ,,publication1 #ahgb-gd #eb ,v4 ,,marriage ,,and ,,life ,,at ,,perth1 #ahge-gg #fb ,,vi4 ,,last ,,years ,,on ,,the ,,survey1 #ahgh-hb #hb ,,vii4 ,,edinburgh ,,and ,,the ,,professorship1 #ahhb-hh #ajj ,,viii4 ,,final ,,edition ,,of 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age10 #ahhi-aijc #aaf ,,ix4 ,,retirement ,,from ,,the ,,professorship ,,and ,,last ,,days1 #aijd-ae #acj ,,part ,,ii4--,,geological ,,work ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,flett ,x4 ,,the ,,glacial ,,problem ,,before ,,james ,,geikie #adi ,,xi4 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age0 ,,and 8,,prehistoric ,,europe0 #afd ,,xii4 ,,educational ,,and ,,administrative ,,work #ahj ,,xiii4 ,,interglacial ,,controversies #aid ,,list ,,of ,,publications #bac ,,index #bba ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,in ,,his ,,later ,,years4 7,photograph by ,mr ,john ,horsburgh7 ,frontispiece ,a ,,study ,,of ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,in #ahhd4 7,from ,mr ,william ,hole's ,etching in ,quasi ,cursores1 published for the ,edinburgh ,university ,tercentenary ,celebrations7 to face p4 #ajd ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,in #ahhh4 7,from a ,photograph taken in ,philadelphia7 to face p4 #ajh ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,sixty4 7,from a ,photograph by ,messrs ,elliott ,fry7 to face p4 #aaf ,,part ,i ,,life ,,and ,,letters ,,chapter ,i ,,boyhood ,,and ,,youth #ahci-ahfa ,james ,geikie was born on #bcrd ,august #ahci1 in a house in ,edinburgh which was later pulled down to make room for the ,university ,union4 ,he was the third son and the third child in a family of eight1 consisting of five sons and three daughters1 and was baptised as ,james ,murdoch ,geikie4 ,he abolished--to use his own word--the ,murdoch in boyhood4 ,his father was in business in ,edinburgh1 but by taste and inclination was a musician1 and in later years1 after retiring from business1 devoted himself entirely to music1 and was the author of a number of compositions1 sacred and secular4 ,a little anecdote1 recalled by his son in later years1 suggests that it had always been his ambition to be a professional musician1 and that he had been thwarted in youth4 ,the story relates that one day he said to ,james somewhat sadly3--8,if ever you have a son who wants to make music his profession1 do not oppose his wish40 ,in the fulness of time1 it is interesting to note1 one of ,james ,geikie's sons did express this desire1 and his father scrupulously observed the injunction of the long-dead grandfather4 ,the point is not without importance1 from more than one aspect1 and is at least a partial refutation of the pessimists who1 like ,samuel ,butler1 maintain that each generation repeats the mistakes of the last in dealing with youth4 ,another artistic strain in the family was represented in the person of ,walter ,geikie1 an uncle1 who was a well-known painter of ,scotch scenes and left also some good etchings4 ,of him ,james ,geikie1 in an undated fragment of what was apparently intended to be a history of the family1 says3--8,of my ,uncle ,walter ,i will say nothing3 the ,life prefixed to his etchings having already forestalled anything ,i could tell4 ,he was a capital mimic and possessed of boundless good nature4 ,had he been longer spared he might well have become famous in his profession1 but ,death1 to whom the genius and the numbskull are one and the same1 carried him off in the year #ahcg--two years before ,i was born40 ,james1 it may be noted here1 had himself considerable skill as a draughtsman1 as both his published works and his geological note-books show clearly1 which adds interest to this note upon his artist uncle4 ,another uncle1 who was a minister and went out to the ,united ,states when ,james was young1 was the father of ,cunningham ,geikie the divine1 author of a widely-read ,life of ,christ4 ,the latter lived with the ,geikie family in ,edinburgh for some time in his student days4 ,the ,,ms4 from which the above quotation is made1 which is annotated in pencil by its author1 is1 as stated1 a mere fragment and undated4 ,internal evidence1 however1 suggests that it may have been written about #ahef1 the writing and composition recalling some extant letters of this period1 and it shows1 as further quotations will indicate1 that its author1 with all his obvious immaturity1 was even then feeling after a style4 ,james ,geikie's mother was a ,miss ,thom1 a daughter of a merchant captain1 who was born in ,inverness but established himself at ,dunbar4 ,here he married the daughter of a local shipbuilder1 whose family was connected by marriage--to quote again the ,,ms4 already mentioned--with 8that ,roderick ,mac,kenzie who suffered his head to be taken from him that he might save that of ,prince ,charles ,stewart02 a fact of which the boy ,james confesses himself very proud4 ,in his later days ,captain ,thom often visited his married daughter1 and the important part which he played in developing the imagination of the children is suggested in the following sentences 7from ,,ms473--8,my ,grandfather ,thom when ,i first knew him had not ceased to plough the sea for his living4 ,he was of a middle stature1 well-made1 and muscular4 ,i can still see his fine head nearly bald--what hair he had was of a beautiful silver white--his ,roman nose4 ,i can still at this late period follow him in his walks4 ,i see him sitting with his old cronies--relics of fights by land and sea--on that seat between the two old trees--long since pulled down to make way for those improvements1 so-called1 which have altered entirely what in my young days went by the name of #8,the ,meadows4' ,his stories of adventures with the robbers of the sea are rife in my memory4 ,his voyages to places whose very names smack of fairy-land--his hairbreadth escapes--his deeds of daring--the recollection of all these rises vividly before me at the mere mention of his name4 ,i looked upon him as another ,sinbad--a second ,robinson ,crusoe2 and my acquaintance with his queer old friends served to heighten the romantic colours in which ,i viewed him6 ,alas6 all these school-boy dreamings are past2 but they will sometimes flit before me as ,i lie gazing up into the deep blue of a summer sky1 recalling the old days which have gone away into dim forgetfulness3 and they will sometimes come again as ,i sit alone musing by the winter fireside4 ,verily there is a something--call it what you will--about the past which renders it infinitely more endearing to us than all the brightest dreams of the future40 ,the only comment which it is necessary to make upon the above is to repeat that it was apparently written when the boy was about seventeen1 and thus1 as we shall see1 at a period when he was engaged in uncongenial work1 and when his future was uncertain3 these facts help to explain what the ,james ,geikie of a later day would have contemptuously denounced as the 8high-falutin0 style4 ,in addition to the visits of ,captain ,thom to ,edinburgh1 family intercourse was kept up by return visits of the children to ,dunbar1 where the ships appealed strongly to the imagination of ,james4 ,he was fond of saying in later years that he used to watch them dipping below the horizon and longed to follow them to see what lay beyond2 and the ,wanderlust1 so early developed1 lasted till the end of life4 ,in a letter to one of his sons1 written to ,egypt in #aija1 he says3--8,old man tho' ,i am1 ,i'm just as keen to knock about the world as ever ,i was4 ,it is like renewing my youth even to think about it60 ,in connection with the seafarer's blood which he inherited from his mother's side1 it is also of interest to note that ,james was an excellent traveller both by sea and land2 the sea had no terrors for him1 and his voyages were a source of continuous pleasure1 both at the time and in recollection4 ,as to his immediate intellectual heritage1 it seems probable that ,james took the majority of his qualities from his father's side4 ,but his mother1 of whom he was very fond1 was a woman of great ability and much ambition for her clever sons1 whom she spurred on in their careers4 ,her extraordinary skill as a needlewoman1 and her capacity for hard work1 are enshrined in the family traditions1 and it is probable that ,james took from her his remarkable perseverance and his manual dexterity4 ,the father was full of bonhomie1 probably as deeply impregnated as his son with the joie de vivre1 and like him more desirous of a full life than given to the narrow concentration which achieves a particular purpose at the expense of so much4 ,from his father ,james seems to have inherited his imagination and the touch of constructive genius which enabled him to do such noteworthy work2 but one can well believe that the instinct which led the son to interleave his scientific observations in his geological note-books with verses1 prevented the father from devoting himself as whole-heartedly to the pursuit of worldly prosperity as his wife may have thought desirable in view of the large and growing family4 ,it is at least certain that money was not very abundant in the early days1 though the house contained many books1 and there seems to have been much music and liveliness1 the father1 like the son1 being a capital story-teller4 ,he must also have been a traveller in his day1 for ,james in a letter to his brother ,william speaks of him as going off to the ,continent in #aheh1 a much rarer adventure for a man of moderate means then than now4 ,the occasion was a musical festival at ,bonn1 and was apparently taken advantage of to the full1 the tour being extended to ,paris and elsewhere4 ,details in regard to the early life of ,james ,geikie are scanty4 ,these were days long before the time when conscientious parents recorded in neatly kept note-books all details as to the growth and development of their offspring2 while with babies following each other at regular intervals throughout a long period of years1 the mother had probably little time to put on record any signs of precocity in the elder boys1 if such existed4 ,two little stories1 however1 emphasise the statements made above as to the effect on the children's imagination of ,captain ,thom's yarns4 ,when very small ,james1 in company with his brother ,william1 who was two years older1 set off to walk down to ,joppa1 some three and a half miles from ,edinburgh1 to see the world1 and incidentally to visit an aunt who lived in the district4 ,the two arrived very tired1 only1 after a meal and a rest1 to be ignominiously taken home again by their aunt4 ,in those days communications between the shore and the city were difficult1 and the party had to trudge back on foot1 the small ,james1 whose ambition on this occasion had somewhat outrun his strength1 having to be carried most of the way4 ,but this inglorious finale did not quench the ardour of the youthful pair1 who were probably slow to grasp the attitude of grown-up people towards displays of initiative on the part of the young4 ,next time they planned to make a voyage on their own account1 and to place the water between them and over-zealous family affection4 ,they were so far successful as to reach ,leith and find their way on board a ship4 ,but alas6 even here they were met by a display of the adult passion for interference1 and were taken home by a sailor who1 regardless of the soul within1 maintained that their diminutive stature debarred them from seeking life and adventure on the high seas4 ,as one of the grandfather's most popular stories related how he had sunk a pirate boat in the ,bay of ,naples1 by means of a small gun loaded with scrap iron1 and how in consequence he had been fted by the ,neapolitans1 and had had his portrait painted1 one can imagine that the brothers were very bitter at this second check to their own ambitions4 ,james had to wait many years before he faced ,italian pirates and brigands1 and then it was the milder variety which requires to be treated with another metal rather than iron1 and cannot be disposed of by ,captain ,thom's summary methods4 ,another story of childhood is interesting because it shows how completely the boy was the father of the man4 ,at some unknown but early date he had a serious illness4 ,so desperate seemed his condition that the doctor1 speaking in the presence of the apparently unconscious boy1 permitted himself to tell the mother that recovery was practically impossible1 and was not to be desired1 as the child would be feeble-minded4 ,after the doctor had left1 the poor mother came back into the room crying1 but little ,jamie found strength to whisper feebly3 8,i'll no dee yet1 mother40 ,long years afterwards1 in a bad illness some four or five years before his death1 somewhat similar incidents happened4 ,one day after he had seen the doctor exchange a grave glance with the nurse1 he managed1 after the doctor had left the room1 to say3 8,tell him ,i have a return ticket40 ,on another occasion one sick-room attendant volunteered to another the statement that she did not think the professor would last till the morning1 and was considerably startled to hear the apparently dying man1 who was lying with his eyes closed1 say distinctly1 if feebly1 8,the professor will last till the morning1 and he'll last till he sees you out of the house40 ,needless to say he did more than this1 for he lived to tell the tale with his old glee and vivacity4 ,perhaps the medical science of a later date will be able to find an explanation of this power of resistance1 and of its association with the nervous temperament rather than with strong physique4 ,meantime it is interesting to have another confirmation of the frequent experience that in a death-struggle1 whether with internal or external foes1 the 8muscular ,christian0 can often give a less good account of himself than the nervous one4 ,the boy1 who if he lived was to be feeble-minded1 not only lived but added notably to the world's stock of knowledge4 ,only one early letter has been preserved1 and it gives no clue as to its date1 beyond the fact that it is printed in childish capitals1 which are1 however1 wonderfully straight1 and shows an uncharacteristic uncertainty as to spelling4 ,it reads3-- ,,dear ,,father ,,and ,,mother1--,we are very much disappointed1 at youre not leaving ,london on ,saturday4 ,we hopet to have the pleasure of seeing you pull down the pears for us but since you have not come1 we will have to bigin ourselves and take them down4 ,we are all in good health we wer all up at the castle with ,thom to day and saw ,mons ,meg4 ,write us soon and let us know when yoo ar really to leave4--,your affectionate son1 ,,james ,m4 ,,geikie4 ,james ,geikie's early education was obtained at a private school1 where he seems to have been unhappy4 ,the master was brutal in his methods1 and ill-suited to have charge of a delicate1 nervous boy4 ,the climax came when one day he approached ,james from behind1 and seized his ear roughly between his finger and thumb1 giving it a painful wrench4 ,the boy1 maddened with pain and fright1 sprang up1 and seizing the nearest object1 which happened to be an inkpot1 flung it at his assailant4 ,he then made for the door1 his exit closing one educational chapter4 ,afterwards1 in #ahej1 when he was eleven years of age1 he went to ,edinburgh ,high ,school1 then under the rectorship of ,dr ,schmitz4 ,here ,james ,geikie seems to have distinguished himself chiefly in classics4 ,the classical master was ,dr ,boyd1 who evidently perceived his abilities1 for he told him that he expected to hear of him in later years either as a poet or as a literary man4 ,under ,dr ,boyd ,james ,geikie gained a prize for a translation from ,virgil into ,english verse1 and his knack of verse-making seems to have been carefully fostered4 ,a number of his verse translations have been preserved1 some written out in his brother ,william's extraordinarily neat hand1 others printed by ,james himself at a later date4 ,on the whole1 however1 it would seem as though the education of the boys was carried out more outside school than in it4 ,in those days ,scottish schools were unaffected by ,english traditions in the matter of sport4 ,there were no organised games1 and the boys obtained exercise in whatever way pleased them best4 ,the ,geikie children kept many pets in their garden1 and ,james's considerable manual dexterity was often called upon in connection with the welfare of these4 ,a family tradition led the children to give those of their pets who died before their time an elaborate funeral1 and ,james's skill in coffin-making is still lauded by the remaining members of his family4 ,of more importance for his future career were the long excursions by which the boys as they grew satisfied their ,wanderlust4 ,edinburgh is1 of course1 even to-day singularly favoured by ,nature in the number and variety of the possible excursions within easy reach of the town1 and in those days conditions were still better4 ,in later years1 when he took his geological students over ,arthur's ,seat1 ,james ,geikie used often to lament what he regarded as the spoiling of that park by the construction of roads1 which for him took away the feeling of wildness1 and part of the impressiveness of the wonderful volcanic scenery4 ,he did not live to see a further stage in which the citizens were shut off by the exigencies of war from the enjoyment of the most attractive part of the park4 ,a little anecdote that he often also told on his excursions is not without interest4 ,as a boy he was lying on the hill one day reading a book when he was accosted by a party consisting of a tall gentleman1 a little lady1 and a group of children4 ,the gentleman asked the way to the top of the hill1 and ,james not only volunteered to guide them1 but ultimately carried the smallest girl pickaback up part of the climb4 ,the party had a pleasant stroll1 and parted the best of friends4 ,as the boy came down the slopes towards ,holyrood1 however1 he found a considerable crowd waiting1 and learnt that his help had been asked by the ,prince ,consort1 that the lady was ,queen ,victoria1 and the little girl he had carried the ,princess ,alice4 ,one motive for the long holiday rambles seems to have been butterfly-collecting1 if one may judge from the enthusiasm with which in later years1 when himself the father of growing boys1 he entered into the pursuit for their sakes4 ,some of his letters written to his sons during his travels on the ,continent and in ,america are thoroughly boy-like in their enthusiasm for the beautiful creatures1 and in their descriptions of the efforts necessary to obtain perfect specimens4 ,but like many an ,edinburgh boy before and since1 he was keenly interested in fossils and in the rocks and minerals represented in the neighbourhood of his native town4 ,fossil-hunting expeditions to the famous limestone quarries of ,burdiehouse and ,gilmerton1 and to the coprolitic shales down on the shore at ,wardie1 were often undertaken in company with two future colleagues on the ,geological ,survey--his eldest brother ,archibald1 later ,director of the ,geological ,survey1 and now ,sir ,archibald ,geikie1 and the boy who afterwards became ,prof4 ,john ,young of ,glasgow4 ,james was considerably younger than either1 and1 as he himself indicates in a ,memoir prefixed to ,dr ,young's ,essays and ,addresses 7#aijd71 was only allowed to accompany his seniors occasionally and as a special favour4 ,indeed1 throughout all this early period it seems clear that 8,jamie0 was only a little boy1 not of great account in a family whose hopes were concentrated on the eldest son4 ,the latter seems to have settled his own career early1 for it is recorded that one day while walking up the ,south ,bridge with his little brother1 he said3--8,do you see that big building with the iron gates8 ,i am going in there1 and one day ,i shall be a professor there40 ,the little brother's feelings at the time are not recorded1 but it seems probable that no one in the family contemplated that the great iron gates would open for him also as a professor4 ,with two older brothers1 and two more following after1 it is not to be wondered at that ,james ,geikie's school-days soon ended4 ,in #ahec he left the ,high ,school1 and at the beginning of #ahed was apprenticed to ,mr ,thomas ,constable1 the printer4 ,his life here does not seem to have been happy4 ,the confinement and long hours did not suit his health1 the occupation did not appeal to his tastes1 and among his chief consolations seem to have been occasional geologising holidays and books4 ,these he read on his way to and from his work1 for the family by this time lived on the other side of what1 despite the past tense of the ,,ms4 quoted on p4 #f1 is still called ,the ,meadows1 and this open space had to be crossed daily4 ,in ,october #ahee1 however1 his brother ,archibald joined the ,geological ,survey1 and this1 which opened a possible avenue of escape for ,james1 then only sixteen1 marked an important turning-point in his career4 ,of the period as printer it is only necessary to add that1 much as he disliked it at the time1 he was fond of saying in later years that it was a useful experience1 for it gave him a knowledge of the routine of printing work which stood him in good stead in his own constant proof-reading4 ,he stayed at ,constable's till the summer of #aheh1 and some letters to his brother ,william have been preserved which give interesting glimpses of his character in this period of drudgery and development4 ,william had gone out to relatives of the family in the ,united ,states1 and the letters were written to him there4 ,his death1 it may be noted1 took place as the result of an accident1 shortly after the date of the last of the letters4 ,some extracts from them may be quoted3-- ,,hope ,,park1 #cast ,dec4 #ahef4 ,i have met with very little in my daily routine1 since ,i went to ,constable's1 that could entertain you1 and will therefore skip over my past years and come to the pint1 as ,cousin ,archie used to say4 ,when you left you'll remember ,i was still daidlin' mong drudgery4 ,i had to do so for a good while after that1 till so it chanced ,i was promoted to a frame4 ,i got on pretty well1 considering the long hours1 and badly ventilated room1 which were playing the very mischief with my health1 so ,i hung on 7if you'll excuse the expression7 until summer had come with its usual slackness in trade1 and then ,i got rest4 ,but summer1 alas6 like everything beneath the sun1 is perishable1 and so the crows' nests began to peer through the thinly clad trees once more1 and autumn coming sighing and weeping1 but bringing with her1 as her recompense and consolation1 the richly laden field and the clear cloudless moon4444 ,well ,i went back to the office1 and winter1 and spring1 and summer and autumn passed away1 and 8the new year's coming up0 7of which ,i wish you and all the natives very many happy returns71 and here ,i am at home away from the office again4 ,the late hours 7#i to #aj7 have knocked me up 7or1 as you are a bit of a ,yankee1 8down0 if you like7 and ,i have got leave for a week or two1 which ,i intend spending with ,archie4 ,he1 the ,professor1 delivered a lecture at ,penicuik the other day on the 8,geology of the ,district40 ,aug4 #aheh4 ,i am home at present on the sick list1 and it is not likely ,i'll be back to office before the end of autumn4 ,we have glorious weather here at present1--and if ,i go to the country ,i have not the slightest doubt but ,i'll enjoy myself4 ,b----'s master has failed2 but the ,general is not as yet out of his employment altho' he expects soon to be so4 ,i wish ,i were out of mine2 ,i verily believe it will land me in a premature grave4 ,it never has agreed with me4 ,mother is anxious to go off to the country with me4 ,we are just looking about for a place4 ,perhaps ,melrose or ,lanark1 but lodgings in both places are dear4 ,i go at any rate with ,archie next month to ,fife2 to be located probably at ,aberdour2 where ,i will be able to prosecute my geological studies1 for ,i hope1 if ,i am spared1 to be able to join the ,survey4--,my dear ,willie ,i will now close4 ,i never forget you nor ever shall4 ,you become all the dearer the further and longer you are away4 ,god grant that we meet again on earth1 if not we are always sure of meeting in a far better place4--,i am your affect4 brother1 ,,jamie4 ,the gloomy prognostication that his work at the printer's office would land him in a premature grave was not fulfilled1 but the statement helps to explain why he left the work in the same year as that in which the letter was written1 having apparently never returned to the office after writing it4 ,in order to leave he broke his apprenticeship1 and this was strongly opposed by his employer1 who told him that a man who changed his profession would never succeed1 a prophecy--in any case somewhat extreme--which was not fulfilled in this case4 ,but after leaving the printing-works there was still another interval of waiting before the boy settled down to his life-work1 and found his vocation4 ,he did not finally enter the ,survey till ,october #ahfa1 a few months after his lifelong friend ,dr ,young4 ,the period of waiting was spent partly at the ,university1 where he attended among other classes ,prof4 ,allman's natural history course1 a subject with which geology was then united4 ,he was also in a lawyer's office for a time1 while waiting for a vacancy on the ,geological ,survey4 ,to enter this he had to pass what was called a 8,qualifying ,examination10 which then included what the profane called ,civil ,service 8tots40 ,these were long sums in compound addition1 which had to be done within a limited time and with great accuracy4 ,though the operation became more or less mechanical to those who practised it assiduously1 it presented considerable difficulties to those who were not accustomed to such work1 especially when1 like ,james ,geikie1 the victim had not what are called 8business0 instincts4 ,the difficulties were1 however1 overcome1 and in ,october #ahfa1 as already stated1 he entered the ,geological ,survey1 forming a member of the small ,scottish staff1 which consisted of ,messrs ,h4 ,h4 ,howell1 ,archibald ,geikie1 ,dr ,young1 and himself1 with the addition1 a few months later1 of ,mr 7now ,dr7 ,b4 ,n4 ,peach4 ,of this band only ,sir ,archibald ,geikie and ,dr ,peach now survive4 ,with this appointment to the ,survey the period of uncertainty and waiting ended1 and ,james ,geikie1 at the age of twenty-two1 entered on his life-work1 and henceforth found his way clear before him4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,first ,,years ,,on ,,the ,,geological ,,survey #ahfb-ahfd ,james ,geikie was connected with the ,geological ,survey for a period of twenty years1 for he only gave up the work1 with great reluctance1 on his appointment to the ,murchison ,chair of ,geology in the ,university of ,edinburgh in the year #ahha4 ,it seems only fitting1 therefore1 that some general account of his life while a member of its staff should precede any detailed description of the occupations of the successive years4 ,the ,survey years were singularly happy ones1 were perhaps the most fruitful in original work1 and definitely determined the whole future course of his life4 ,from the official standpoint the tale of events is soon told4 ,in #ahfa he was appointed ,assistant ,geologist4 ,six years later1 when for the first time the ,scottish ,survey was organised as a branch separate from the ,english one1 he was made one of the two geologists of the staff4 ,two years later1 that is in #ahfi1 he was promoted to be ,district ,surveyor1 which made him second in position after the ,director1 who was then his brother ,archibald4 ,the post of ,district ,surveyor he held till #ahha1 when the posts of ,director and the ,professorship at ,edinburgh became simultaneously vacant by the promotion of his brother4 ,it was intimated that the two appointments would not again be combined1 and1 though as stated with great reluctance1 ,james gave up the ,survey to take the ,chair4 ,of great interest in its effect upon his future work was a change in the policy of the ,survey which practically synchronised with his appointment4 ,previous to this time1 the loose superficial deposits in ,scotland had been ignored by the surveyors1 who confined themselves to mapping the solid geology1 i4e41 the actual rocks1 which in many parts of ,scotland are mantled by a thick covering of drift or peat4 ,it was decided1 chiefly on economic grounds1 especially in connection with agriculture1 that not only should these superficial deposits be in future mapped along with the solid geology1 but that the areas already surveyed should be re-mapped1 with the object of adding the omitted beds4 ,as already stated1 ,dr ,young and ,james ,geikie joined the ,survey in #ahfa1 and ,mr ,peach at the beginning of #ahfb4 ,all three soon after their appointment were entrusted with this work in ,fife and the ,lothians1 which had already had their solid geology mapped4 ,it was a kind of mapping which could be done with considerable rapidity1 and therefore involved frequent changes of quarters4 ,thus1 as ,prof4 ,geikie says in the account already mentioned1 which he contributed to the ,memoir attached to ,prof4 ,young's ,essays and ,addresses1 8in a year or so we ,young and himself had tramped carefully over the major portion of ,fife and the ,lothians40 ,for all three novices this introductory period seems to have left delightful recollections4 ,in the ,memoir already quoted1 ,prof4 ,geikie says3--8,those were halcyon days1 and ,i am sure ,young enjoyed them to the full4 ,often in subsequent years1 after he had finally settled in ,glasgow1 he would recur to them1 recalling with delight old scenes and old faces which he and ,i had known together4 ,the life of a field-geologist is1 from many points of view1 an enviable one1 and could youth and strength endure1 one might well be content to follow it to the end40 ,though spoken but of one member of the trio1 one may suspect that the statements had a wider application4 ,in the case of ,james ,geikie1 but recently liberated from distasteful drudgery1 having changed a life of close confinement for the open air which he loved1 with reasonable prospects for the future opening out before him1 it would have been strange if the 8premature grave0 of the letters of a few years' earlier date had not disappeared into the background1 and life become suddenly a great good1 for youth and strength were both there1 as yet untouched by time4 ,though the three new members of the ,survey were all engaged on the same kind of work1 it must not be supposed that their work was done in common4 ,each had his particular task assigned to him1 and though they often met1 sometimes indeed lodged together1 as was the case1 for example1 with ,young and ,geikie at ,peebles in the early part of #ahfc1 and ,peach and ,geikie in the spring of #ahfd1 it was only their leisure hours which were spent in each other's company4 ,one may1 without incurring the reproach of cynicism1 suspect that this greatly increased the joys of companionship4 ,if they had worked together1 or even in couples1 the inevitable rubs and difficulties of daily work1 however congenial1 might have checked exuberant intercourse4 ,but meeting as they did when the day's work was over1 or only at intervals1 with the tie of common interests1 with many experiences to hear and to tell1 the companionship became one of the great joys of life4 ,the brief account in the ,memoir of ,young is impregnated through and through with the recollection of this gladness of comradeship1 and a few more phrases may be quoted to emphasise the point still further3--8,seated by a cosy peat fire1 enveloped in clouds of tobacco smoke1 confabulating1 discussing1 speculating1 laughing over quaint scenes and droll experiences1 life 7if we had only known it67 had not much better to give40 ,we read also of the wine of life1 and can feel that the writer of the account1 who was then a man of sixty-five1 could1 despite the forty odd years which lay between1 still feel its flavour upon his palate as he wrote4 ,some of the jokes and quips and tales of those old days have become ,survey property1 transmitted by word of mouth from generation to generation1 forming part of that invisible strand which binds together the members of an organised body1 so that while the individuals come and go1 are separated by the seven seas1 by life and by death1 the spirit remains4 ,for each individual in turn youth goes and strength decays1 but something remains2 and if in their dumb northern fashion the individuals in this case generally passed away without leaving enshrined either in art or in the written word a direct record of all they felt and did1 it may yet not be amiss to indicate the enthusiasm1 the devotion1 and the joy that went to the making and colouring of those maps1 and were embodied in those formal records4 ,but the immediate purpose here is only to suggest that those early days were for ,james ,geikie a conscious escape from prison1 a conscious means of self-realisation1 and that it was probably the accident that his first official field-work was given to the drifts which determined the trend of his future scientific work4 ,he states1 it is true1 in a short account of his career which appears in the ,geological ,magazine for ,june #aiac1 that his interest in the superficial formations1 especially boulder-clay and the associated gravels and sands1 dated from his school-days4 ,one may well believe that1 like many another born in a region where the till is abundant1 he early succumbed to the fascination of that untidy but delightful occupation of digging stones out of the tenacious clay with nature's weapons1 washing them in the nearest stream1 and then following with loving finger-tip those scratches and striations which bear so romantic a message4 ,like many others he doubtless pressed the cherished pebbles against his cheek1 and verified practically1 long years before he wrote it down in a printed book1 the statement that they are smoothed and polished4 ,like many another also he probably early got into trouble for transferring in the course of his investigations more of the sticky tenacious deposit to his garments than was good for them1 and was often under the sad necessity of discarding a proportion of the much-loved and much-fingered witnesses of an earlier age1 because their abundance made the collection grow with unreasonable rapidity4 ,but there is reason to believe that his early interest in the rocks was not confined to glacial phenomena1 but was disseminated among a variety of geological subjects2 and it seems probable that the concentration of attention1 throughout long years1 on the ,ice ,age was largely due to the effect of his first work on the ,survey1 and to the flood of pleasurable emotion with which that work was accompanied4 ,but it must not be supposed that his work1 even in the early years1 was confined to the mapping of the superficial deposits4 ,so early as #ahfc he was already doing solid geology1 and thereafter went on with the mapping of solid and superficial deposits at the same time4 ,but while he did much good work quite apart from glacial questions1 and was interested in many kinds of geological problems1 it was the history of the ,ice ,cap of ,europe which especially appealed to him4 ,his holidays--brief in early days--were devoted to the study of glacial phenomena outside his own region4 ,his leisure hours1 spent by some of his colleagues in fishing or other forms of sport1 or in visiting1 were largely devoted to keeping himself abreast of the literature of the subject2 and this was also one of the motives which led him to study languages so assiduously1 with the result that he was able to make first-hand acquaintance with the papers of all the continental geologists who wrote on his own subject4 ,if1 however1 throughout his long life his geological first love commanded his unswerving devotion1 it was not because the charms of other paths did not appeal to him4 ,some of the letters speak of an ardent desire1 apparently never gratified1 to deal thoroughly with ,carboniferous problems1 to which his attention was drawn during his prolonged and toilsome mapping of the ,lanarkshire coalfield2 and in an interesting letter to the writer1 which dates from the early part of #aiji1 he speaks of other questions which had also always attracted him4 ,some passages from this letter may be quoted3-- ,curious how the revision of old charts of the ,mediterranean have re-awakened my interest in the structure of that basin or series of basins6 ,at one time ,i had a notion of writing a detailed memoir on the subject1 but ,i found it would be necessary to visit many parts of the ,mediterranean coast-lands which ,i had not seen and to revisit other parts which ,i had looked at4 ,i still think there is much interesting work awaiting investigation there--the ,italian geologists seem to me to have missed the meaning of some of the evidence which their own maps supply6 ,if ,i were only twenty years younger ,i believe ,i should start off at once--that bothering glacial work quite drew me away from the ,mediterranean problems4 ,now there is no hope for me1 unless on the other side of time ,i may be permitted to resume investigations4 ,in that case ,i shall be independent of railways1 steamboats1 and even motor cars1 while ,i presume no hotel accommodation will be required4 ,perhaps by means of telepathy ,i may be able to communicate results to you as ,editor of the ,magazine4 ,unfortunately1 however1 it would seem from the records of the ,psychical ,society1 that when one becomes disembodied and is interviewed by his bereaved and sorrowing friends he is invariably found to have become little better than a drivelling idiot1 having lost any sense he may at one time have possessed4 ,instead of enlightening you on the origin of the ,mediterranean1 ,i may be anxious rather to get you to inform my wife where she will find the discharged account of some nefarious tradesman who is dunning her for a sum of #bs4 #f;d4 which ,i had already paid4 ,the letter shows that he realised what his devotion had cost him2 but when we reflect not only upon what he himself accomplished but on the extraordinary stimulus which his conclusions1 some of which were at first fiercely criticised1 gave to the investigation of glacial problems by others1 here1 on the ,continent1 and in ,america1 we can hardly believe that he regretted seriously his own whole-heartedness4 ,the period of his working life1 from #ahfa onwards till his death1 witnessed an extraordinary change in the views of geologists upon problems connected with ice1 saw an enormous output of material in the way of papers and articles and books1 and the world has to be grateful to ,james ,geikie for both directly and indirectly opening its eyes to much that was previously hidden4 ,his glacial work and its significance are alike discussed by ,dr ,flett in the second part of this volume1 and need not be treated here1 but a word or two is necessary to explain the intense interest which glacial problems aroused among all the ,survey men during the period we are considering1 and in ,james ,geikie in particular4 ,a quotation from a letter of thanks written by ,charles ,darwin1 after receiving a copy of the second edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 will throw some light upon this4 ,the letter is dated #bfth ,october #ahgf1 and ,darwin says3--8,the subject i4e41 the ,ice ,age is one which fascinates me1 chiefly owing to a little incident which ,i will mention as showing the grand progress of geology4 ,when ,i was a boy an acute old gentleman who had attended to geology and natural history showed me a boulder in ,shropshire1 and assured me solemnly that the world would pass away before any one could explain how this great stone came from ,cumberland or ,scotland4 ,this made a deep impression on me1 and you may believe how delighted ,i was some forty years ago when floating ice action was first broached1 to be followed some years afterwards by glacier action40 ,we see from this letter that the thought of the mystery of the great boulder haunted ,darwin for years1 but the young geologists of the ,survey were confronted not with one boulder1 but1 day after day1 week after week1 with an accumulation of only half-explained mysteries4 ,when they started work the view that a large part of the ,british ,islands had been covered by land ice1 and that the boulder-clay was the record of its passage1 had1 after a period of neglect1 again come into prominence2 but it was very far from being universally accepted 7see the historical discussion in ,part ,,ii474 ,then1 and for many years to come1 the view that the boulder-clay1 erratics1 and so forth had been dropped by floating icebergs still commanded many followers4 ,the suggestion that there was not one ,glacial ,period only but a series of advances and retreats1 with well-marked interglacial periods between1 had yet to be born4 ,thus the subject was a burning one at the moment1 and in their meetings1 whether in the field or1 when the field-work was done for the season1 at headquarters1 the members of the ,survey had much to discuss and to tell1 many fragments of evidence to piece together4 ,they seem all to have been greatly interested in the subject2 but that ,james ,geikie made it so peculiarly his own was partly due to the constructive imagination which enabled him to visualise1 in a series of brilliant flashes1 not the country as he saw it1 but the former conditions to which it bore testimony4 ,this constructive imagination was aided also1 as has been indicated1 by constant toil and by ceaseless comparison1 by means both of personal visits and through the writings of others1 of local conditions with those of other regions and of other lands4 ,it is also not without significance to note that his own first work1 and indeed generally most of his ,survey work throughout his period of service1 lay in what is described as the peripheral area of the old glaciation4 ,in any area which is or has been glaciated it is possible to distinguish between a central area where erosion is at a maximum1 and where the evidence of the existence of former ice-sheets is almost necessarily masked by the work of later glaciers1 and a peripheral area where ice work takes the form of deposition4 ,in this latter area it is often possible to unravel the complex evidence to an extent sufficient to determine the question whether more than one ,glacial ,period existed or not4 ,it was to this problem that ,james ,geikie devoted much of his attention1 and this fact must be regarded as largely explained by the other that his geological field-work was done in ,lowland rather than in ,highland areas4 ,in so far as the details of the ,survey work go1 we may note that theoretically the summer was devoted to field-work and the winter to indoor work1 at first either in ,london or at the ,industrial ,museum in ,edinburgh1 and later1 after the establishment of the ,survey ,office in ,edinburgh1 at that office4 ,but this general scheme was modified considerably by circumstances4 ,summer and winter1 notably1 had a somewhat different sense from that which the calendar gives4 ,for example1 an entry in his official diary for #ahfc states1 under date #agth ,february3--8,pack-up in ,office for country20 while in the same year field-work seemed to continue1 with short interruptions1 till ,december4 ,in the following year1 #ahfd1 a start was made even earlier1 on #ast ,february4 ,that somebody was taking too optimistic a view of ,scotch weather is1 however1 obvious from the entries in the diary1 where 8snow10 8snow10 8snow and rain10 8wet day10 8snow1 #h or #i inches0 follow each other with a steady persistency1 which justifies the brief entry on #adth ,march3 8,begin to grow desperate--lock up my razors40 ,at this time ,mr ,peach and ,james ,geikie were endeavouring to map the ,ochils from ,kinross as a centre1 and ,dr ,peach informs the writer that the two made strenuous but mostly ineffectual efforts to get on with their outdoor work at a time when rocks and superficial deposits alike were concealed in a thick mantle of snow4 ,apparently1 however1 there were some alleviations1 for one of the tantalisingly short entries in the diary mentions a 8,pisgah view of ,ochils10 obtained apparently from ,rumbling ,bridge2 while ,dr ,peach states that out of working hours the two toiled hard at their ,german4 ,the mode of study took a direction which had some influence on ,james ,geikie's future1 and is of interest on this account4 ,the first impetus to the study of the language came apparently from ,dr ,young1 who was very friendly with ,dr ,schmitz1 the ,rector of the ,high ,school1 whose daughter he married at a later date4 ,young had apparently a good knowledge of the language1 and he1 early in their association1 urged upon ,mr ,peach the necessity of acquiring at least a reading acquaintance with it1 and recommended the learning of ,german poetry as a capital means of obtaining a vocabulary4 ,by the spring of #ahfd ,mr ,peach had already a considerable repertory1 and his recitals roused in ,james ,geikie his old passion for verse-making4 ,the songs were first put into rough ,english1 with many jokes about their sentimentality1 and then ,james ,geikie turned the rough translations into ,english verse4 ,this was the beginning of a pastime which he carried on during a large part of his life4 ,a selection of the verses was published in #ahhg as ,songs and ,lyrics by ,heinrich ,heine and other ,german ,poets4 ,in the preface the author says that all the renderings there given were done 8for his own amusement in those #8brave days of youth1' when difficulties and impossibilities are hardly recognised40 ,many of the verses were published practically unaltered after more than twenty years' interval1 for most of them were made in very early days4 ,they occur in letters1 in note-books1 diaries1 and in various other places among his papers of the later sixties1 and were evidently a true labour of love4 ,as frequent mention has been made of the diaries1 it may be well to state that these for the most part contain little or nothing save the barest records of mapping done1 hours of work1 memoranda as to expenses1 and so forth4 ,those of the first year or two1 however1 not unnaturally1 since the work was entirely new1 are a little fuller4 ,that for #ahfb1 if it ever existed1 does not seem to have been preserved2 but #ahfc contains one or two interesting entries1 which emphasise still further the point already made as to the enthusiasm1 plans1 and ambitions with which the ,survey was entered4 ,on its first leaf the following lines are written3--8,was not so old last year as ,i am this--fact for the curious biographer who is no doubt destined to reap immortality by the interesting use he will make of the copious entries in this diary40 ,but as for many weeks afterwards the 8curious biographer0 finds no written word beyond the statement that drawing pens were bought at an outlay of #as4 #f;d41 it is to be feared that no superstructure in regard to an expectation of future fame can be built upon the entry4 ,the corresponding page on next year's diary is more prosaic1 for it bears only a series of 8,memoranda0 which include an injunction to get a wife when income allows1 and to have only three children1 two boys and one girl4 ,rather oddly there is a letter extant which announces the birth of his third child1 many years later1 and bewails the fact that it is another boy1 when a girl would have 8rounded off the family so nicely40 ,the much-loved daughter did not appear on the scene till many years afterwards4 ,from the #ahfc diary two short entries may be quoted1 for they stand side by side on the same page1 and are in many ways very characteristic of the man4 ,the first relates to a day spent in indoor work1 though with the careful corollary that this was not due to the weather4 ,opposite this formal entry is written3--8,mouth filled with cursings and my heart with evil thoughts1 all owing to the squalling and girning of an ill-natured1 red-headed1 unwashed1 petted1 fractious imp--the son and heir of our landlord1 the shepherd40 ,some of the epithets have been omitted--the provocation was doubtless extreme6 ,the following day was spent in the open air1 and opposite stands this3--8,meet ,j4 ,y4 on top of ,black ,law2 walk back to ,summerhope by way of the old churchyard4 ,exquisite moonlight night4 ,scene inexpressibly sad--feel of course very sentimental2 and have a whole troop of depressing thoughts and reminiscences1--some of which cause me to heave sighs like the bellows of the ,village ,blacksmith4 ,the ingenious biographer will never guess what these sighs were for1 nor have ,i any intention of enlightening him40 ,finally1 we may note that the holidays of the years #ahfc and #ahfd were both spent in ,scotland1 the first on the shores of the ,solway and on the coast of ,ayrshire2 the second on the ,moray ,firth1 then north to ,brora and south-west to ,fort ,william and ,oban4 ,both seem to have been largely devoted to geological work1 but were on a less ambitious scale than many of those of later years4 ,the late spring and summer of #ahfd saw ,james ,geikie beginning work in ,ayrshire1 where he was stationed for some years4 ,with the end of #ahfd we may say that his introductory period of life on the ,survey closed4 ,,chapter ,,iii 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age03 7#a7 ,,years ,,of ,,preparation #ahfe-ahga ,the year #ahfe saw ,james ,geikie1 as already stated1 doing ,survey work in ,ayrshire1 and this1 with its continuation1 the laborious and sometimes tedious mapping of the ,lanarkshire coalfield1 kept him in the west till #ahgb4 ,of these years of patient toil1 diversified by independent research upon the drifts1 by geological holidays1 and by the making of translations of ,heine and other ,german poets1 comparatively little has been preserved4 ,his correspondents in these early days were chiefly the members of his own family1 and most of his letters have been destroyed1 except where the presence of some cherished verses determined their preservation4 ,from the scanty records in the diaries1 from the few letters that remain1 and from the published account of his surveys1 it is1 however1 possible to indicate broadly the course of his daily life4 ,in #ahfe he was stationed in ,south ,ayrshire1 ,girvan and ,cumnock being two of his centres there4 ,the most notable event of the year1 however1 was a visit to ,norway in ,july to ,august4 ,unfortunately1 only the barest notes of this visit remain1 and1 except for the descriptions of fiord scenery in ,prehistoric ,europe and elsewhere1 we do not know what impressions were obtained4 ,it was apparently chiefly a steamboat journey1 with short excursions to glaciers and other areas of special interest to the traveller4 ,boat was taken from ,newcastle to ,aalesund1 then vi ,molde and ,christiansund 7where a brief note records an exquisite sunset about eleven1 with sunrise following at one7 to ,trondhjem4 ,after a day in this town the journey was continued to ,rd and ,melvar4 ,from this point a trip was made in a boat with four men for twenty miles up the fiord to visit the ,fondalen ice-field4 ,several days were spent here1 and various glaciers were visited and presumably studied4 ,a return was then made to ,melvar1 and the steamer journey continued to ,troms4 ,after a day here ,james ,geikie went on to ,skjerv1 where he arrived at #b ,a4,m41 as is carefully recorded1 and put up at a merchant's house1 no inn being available4 ,here he was most hospitably received1 and enjoyed his brief glimpse of a ,norwegian interior4 ,next day a boat was taken across the fiord to the ,jkul-fjeld1 and an apparently profitable excursion1 which included icebergs and icefalls among the objects seen1 ended at a fisherman's cot at midnight4 ,next day was spent idling about1 because the wind was adverse1 which suggests that the boat was a sailing-boat1 and the start was not made till evening1 so that the whole night was passed on the water1 ,skjerv not being reached till six in the following morning4 ,two days were spent here1 and then the steamer taken to ,loppen1 from which an excursion was made to ,bergsfiord1 where the glacier was visited4 ,another excursion was made to ksfjord1 and the steamboat rejoined as far as ,hammerfest1 the furthest point reached4 ,on the return journey the call at ,christiansund permitted of an expedition1 taken in company with the geologist ,dr ,dahll1 during which a 8fierce controversy0 took place4 ,finally1 a ,dutch steamer brought the traveller from ,bergen to ,england after what must have been a most instructive tour4 ,the following year1 #ahff1 found him still in ,ayrshire4 ,little record of it is left1 beyond the tale of work1 and the publication of his first scientific paper4 ,by this time he had moved to the north of ,ayrshire1 where he was also in the following year4 ,this year1 #ahfg1 witnessed the appearance of his first glacial paper1 this being 8,on the ,buried ,forests and ,peat ,mosses of ,scotland1 and the ,changes of ,climate which they indicate10 a subject which was to engage his attention more or less closely for the remainder of his life4 ,his spare time was still occupied with the translations1 many examples of which occur in his letters to his sisters4 ,occasionally his muse took less serious forms1 as may be seen from the lines given on next page1 which appear in a letter much of which is taken up with translations from 8that lugubrious poet in whose stanzas the word weinen is rarely omitted--it may be sweetly rendered by the ,english whining40 ,the lines mentioned follow some criticisms of the habits of the inhabitants of an ,ayrshire town1 where the society1 in ,james ,geikie's words1 was 8eminently peeous and drouthie40 ,the lines are as follows3-- ,takin' toddy a' the week1 ,comes the ,sabbath day1 ,then to ,kirk three times they gang1 ,and sleep the fumes away4 ,in the same letter he complains that in this particular town the invariable question put to you by strangers whose acquaintance you make is1 8,what church do you attend80 ,he adds that he had not acquired the reputation of a regular church-goer1 so that one suspects that something less than the three times a day had to suffice in his case4 ,from this period probably dates an anecdote which he used to tell himself of a somewhat unfortunate visit to a place of worship where1 tired out by his week's work in the open air1 and not perhaps greatly interested in the discourse1 he fell asleep so soundly as ultimately to fall out of the pew--at the end of which he was sitting--headlong into the aisle4 ,he had the presence of mind to remain there with his eyes closed1 and was carried out by sympathetic acquaintances1 who thought he had been suddenly overtaken by serious illness4 ,but when the feet of the young men were already at the door1 the apparently unconscious patient opened his eyes and winked at one of his friends to indicate that the fate of ,eutychus had not overtaken him on this occasion4 ,the bearer opposite1 with an innocence which did credit to his piety1 had not thought of the obvious explanation of the accident1 and in his astonishment nearly dropped his burden4 ,history does not1 unfortunately1 tell whether his loyalty enabled him to keep the matter to himself and so preserve his friend's reputation4 ,for these1 it must be remembered1 were days when a geologist invariably ran the risk of being suspected of 8unsoundness10 by the mere fact of his occupation1 and was1 therefore1 one for whom jesting on the threshold of a church was particularly dangerous4 ,in this year of #ahfg ,mr 7now ,dr7 ,john ,horne joined the ,survey1 and very shortly afterwards made ,james ,geikie's acquaintance4 ,there thus began a friendship which lasted to the end4 ,almost from the first ,mr ,horne shared ,geikie's enthusiasm for glacial work1 and so early as #bnd ,april #ahfh a letter from the latter to one of his sisters records the fact that 8,young ,horne has got me a lot of information1 and ,i shall certainly get a lot more40 ,from this time1 indeed1 ,james ,geikie constantly asked his colleagues for notes about the glacial phenomena in the areas they were respectively surveying1 and for friendship's sake was freely supplied with these4 ,thus in the course of time he acquired a large amount of detailed information about the different parts of ,scotland1 with answers to many questions which cropped up in the course of his own investigations4 ,it was not till his early papers1 and especially the publication of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 had attracted the attention of a wider circle of geologists1 that this correspondence was enlarged to include most parts of the civilised world4 ,as we shall see later1 his early foreign letters gave him great pleasure1 even though1 until he realised the value of a feeling for languages and a good stock of dictionaries1 he had often to ask for help in their translation4 ,a few lines from a letter to ,mr ,horne1 written from ,eaglesham on #hth ,may #ahfh1 may help to show the kind of work he was doing1 and reveal also those characteristics which made his colleagues willing to give him all the help they could3-- ,,dear ,,young ,,man1--,i hope you are still in the land of the living and the place of hope wherever that may be4 ,these lines ,i write unto you not that your joy may be full but that you may know that ,i take 7,i won't say a fatherly7 interest in your welfare1 but any other kind of interest you like but self-interest4 ,what are you about1 and how do you like the work8 ,is the ,drift blinding your eyes and do you yet see as through a glass darkly8 ,i suppose your ,boulder-clay in the high grounds will give you no bother4 ,if you get any gravel will you be so good as let me know whether it occurs in valleys whose watershed is over or under #ajjj feet8 ,mr ,horne was then working in the ,nith valley1 being stationed at ,thornhill4 ,james ,geikie by this time had moved from ,ayrshire into ,renfrewshire and ,lanarkshire4 ,but the great event of #ahfh1 apart from the publication of two more glacial papers1 was a trip up the ,rhine and on to ,switzerland1 of which one of the note-books contains a very full and jovial record1 which has been supplemented by the recollections of some of the surviving members of the party1 who were all ,survey men4 ,the record is too long to quote in full1 but certain passages may be given4 ,the opening gives so lively a picture of the party1 and of the rollicking spirits with which they started1 that it cannot be omitted4 ,in connection with the informality of tone1 it must be remembered that the diary was only a private record of a gay holiday4 ,it is interspersed1 quite characteristically1 by very neat diagrams and sketches1 and details of the geological observations1 which were no doubt worked up afterwards4 ,wednesday1 #bith ,july #ahfh4 ,edinburgh to ,london--,peach1 ,skae1 ,horne1 and ,archie in company4 ,arrive infernally hungry and dirty at ,st ,catherine's dock4 ,have to swear at a cabman1 etc4 ,this of course was ,thursday1 #cjth4 ,friday1 #cast--,start in the ,orion for ,antwerp--ship none of the best1 but passable4 ,of course a number of ,english on board4 ,none of them ,i know4 ,have a kind of luncheon and satisfy hunger pangs4 ,brisk breeze gets up towards the afternoon1 and puts to flight notions of dinner in the respective buzzums of ,skae1 ,horne1 and ,archie4 ,peach and ,i wait so long that our hunger vanishes4 ,ladies laid out in corpse-like fashion all over the deck1 and a good deal of basin work performed4 ,two very pretty ,english girls on board--as pretty ,i think as ,i ever saw before4 ,both hold up for a while1 but after a time they give in and close up their eyes like daisies4 ,skae off to bed--,horne having meanwhile mysteriously disappeared4 ,archie follows suit4 ,i smoke1 and ,peach in despair hovers about the door of the feeding saloon in hopes of being able to see something like preparations for tea4 ,tea at last6 ,only #e out of nearly #aej passengers sit down--one of them a lady4 ,peach and ,i make a furious onslaught to make up for loss of dinner4 ,horne1 to our surprise1 enters1 tastes a cup of tea and beats a hasty retreat4 ,the place is close and stifling1 and the sounds issuing from the surrounding berths make appeals which cannot be resisted4 ,peach and ,i make for the deck1 where the fresh air revives us1 and ,i finish off my meal with a pipe4 ,there follow1 by one of the sudden transitions in which the diary abounds1 notes on the colour of the water1 and on the jellyfish seen4 ,a night's sleep seems to have restored the party1 for they landed at ,antwerp the following morning apparently all in good spirits1 and after a stroll round the town took train for ,cologne1 passing ,lige1 8which lies beautifully in a lovely wooded valley10 en route4 ,after a short visit to ,cologne--8here ,i was pleased to find ,heine's good ,christopher in the ,dom0--the party went on by boat to ,knigswinter4 8,sail up the ,rhine not very interesting1 but the evening is exquisite and the flat country looks well40 ,at ,knigswinter they spent some days--very hot ones--climbing the ,siebengebirge and geologising1 with lighter intervals4 ,one of the interludes may be mentioned3--8,peach swam across the ,rhine in twelve minutes 7before breakfast740 ,after a day or two at ,knigswinter the party went down the ,rhine to ,bonn1 to see ,prof4 ,zirkel there and to visit the museum4 ,bonn is somewhat briefly dismissed3--8,this is a lost day4 ,i hate ,bonn 444 hooked it back to ,knigswinter--and loafed about40 ,at ,bonn the party met ,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 then ,director-,general of the ,geological ,survey1 profanely called 8the ,duke0 in the diary1 for his mannerisms made a strong appeal to the sense of humour of the more lively members of the party4 ,the veteran geologist--or at least so the juniors asserted--graduated his greetings in careful accordance with the official position of each4 ,but the old chief's genuine interest in geology was shown by his eager questions about the recent results of the ,survey work in the ,southern ,uplands4 ,finally ,knigswinter was left1 8with regret10 for the ,laacher ,see1 a detailed visit to the ,eifel country being one of the great objects of the tour4 ,james ,geikie's early work in the ,ochils had aroused his interest in volcanic phenomena1 and his geological notes in regard to the next section of the tour are singularly full4 ,the party took steamer to ,brohl1 and then drove to the lake1 being1 as is carefully recorded1 cheated both by the boatman who took them off the steamer and by the driver4 ,perhaps the fact accounts for the next entry3--8,i have seen prettier places than the ,laacher ,see40 ,the party had an introduction1 obtained presumably through ,prof4 ,zirkel1 to one of the fathers at ,laach ,abbey1 and he and a companion accompanied them on a tour round the lake1 in order to point out the objects of geological interest4 ,a trip to the ,bausenberg was also made4 ,next day the members of the party walked to ,niedermendig to see the famous quarries there4 ,here they tasted the beer stored in the caverns1 and characteristically--for ,james ,geikie did not have to wait for ,mr ,chesterton to sing the merits of beer--the diary devotes nearly equal space to the geology and the beverage4 8,it was deliciously cold and ,i like the flavour4 ,i had heard much of the coldness of this beer1 viz41 that no one could drink more than a small glassful at a time4 ,but ,i found no difficulty in taking down a good pint1 and if ,i had not had the mine to get out of1 ,i could easily have stowed away double the quantum40 ,some other interesting excursions were made in the neighbourhood of the ,laacher ,see1 in company with the friendly monks1 and then finally the party set off in a farm wagon for a thirty-mile drive to ,daun1 in the heart of the ,eifel country1 over very rough roads4 ,the vehicle was cheap1 but this seems to have been its only merit1 and the driver1 a prosperous peasant with money in the bank1 as he explained to them1 had the disadvantage of not knowing the way4 ,the journey took over twelve hours1 and when the tired party reached the village it was to find that it was market-day there1 and rooms were difficult to obtain1 so that the weary scientists had to seek lodgings where they could1 some in an inn1 where they were 8nearly eaten up with fleas10 and others in a private house4 ,after a day here1 another long drive was taken to ,bertrich1 where the better hotels1 an indirect result of the local medicinal springs1 revived the drooping spirits of the diarist4 ,unfortunately the bill next morning proved that the presence of the visitors had another effect also1 and the tone of the diary again becomes subdued1 till1 after a long drive1 the ,moselle was reached1 and its scenery had a restorative effect4 ,at ,cochem the geologists engaged a boat and two men to row them forty miles down the ,moselle to ,coblentz4 ,the first twenty miles1 it is carefully explained1 were delightful2 but darkness came on long before the destination was reached1 and it was midnight before an unwilling dockkeeper allowed the boat to enter ,coblentz4 ,but in spite of the fatigue and tedium of the long journey1 the diarist expresses himself as highly delighted with the trip4 ,coblentz did not make a favourable impression on the travellers1 and the diary contains some caustic remarks on the ,prussian soldiers1 with whom the town was full1 and on the ,prussian officers whose manners at table in the hotel were a trial to persons accustomed to place reliance upon a fork rather than a knife as an implement for conveying food into the mouth4 ,the subject is one which recurs more than once1 for ,james ,geikie1 who was singularly susceptible to feminine charm1 seemed to resent strongly the general lack of it among the ,german ladies met with1 and could not reconcile himself to the sight of a ,frulein disposing of peas by a method whose only advantage was its rapidity4 ,if the sound reflection that a lady who habitually uses a broad-bladed knife for this purpose is rarely so clumsy as to slit her mouth completely from ear to ear in the process occurred to him1 it evidently afforded no consolation1 and he found it difficult to sit out a meal in a ,german hotel if peas entered into the menu4 ,he himself attempted no missionary work1 however1 though he records meeting two 8,yankees10 one of whom 8had induced one or two ,german ladies to use their forks instead of their knives for pitching in the victuals4 ,they were surprised1 they told him1 that the fork could do the work so nicely60 ,at ,coblentz two of the party1 ,messrs ,horne and ,skae1 turned back1 while the rest went on to ,goarshausen1 where they passed a delightful couple of days4 8,it is one of the prettiest spots in all the ,rhine country40 ,the next stop was at ,heidelberg1 where the customary sights were visited1 and the scarred countenances of the students commented on with true ,british disgust2 the journey was then continued vi ,basle1 ,berne1 ,thun1 and ,interlaken to ,grindelwald4 ,here the famous guide ,peter ,michel was engaged1 and the party spent 8a most interesting day0 on the glaciers4 8,the ice phenomena were well seen1 but best on the lower glacier40 ,so successful was the excursion that it was resolved1 though all were inexperienced1 to make the crossing of the ,strahlegg to the ,grimsel4 ,bad weather made it necessary to stop two nights at the ,bregg hut1 and of these and the day's imprisonment an amusing description is given4 ,on the second day the weather cleared and the chalet was left at five1 and1 after a tiring day1 the party reached the ,grimsel at six in the evening1 some of the members being much fatigued4 ,some interesting observations were made en route4 ,from the ,grimsel the party made their way down the ,rhone valley to ,lake ,geneva1 and at this point the diary ends abruptly4 ,the excursion1 it is clear1 was one of great interest1 and coupled with the previous visit to ,norway1 must have played an important part in helping ,james ,geikie to visualise the ,europe of the ,ice ,age4 ,the next three years1 #ahfi1 #ahgj1 and #ahga1 were spent for the most part in hard and continuous work on the coalfields1 though in all three years the published papers1 no less than the letters1 show that all the energy which could be spared from the daily routine was being given to glacial work4 ,in the spring of #ahfi ,james ,geikie started work at ,carluke1 and an entertaining letter to his mother has been preserved1 dated from here on #dth ,april4 ,it is long and largely about family affairs1 but a few quotations may be made1 for the tone throws light upon the character both of mother and son4 ,the letter begins abruptly as follows3-- ,this being a day of rest not only for the beasts that do the work of men1 but also for the men that do the work of beasts1 it behoveth me thy son to throw aside the cares of the world and the many humbugs that do so easily beset me1 and to refresh my soul and peradventure thine also by inditing these few words1 to the intent that thou1 ,o my maternal parent6 may know of a surety that ,i thy son am well1 and that thy two daughters who sojourn with me here in the wilderness are even as ,i am4444 ,write unto me1 ,o my maternal parent6 and tell me how it fareth with thy trees which yield fruit of their kind1 and with the flowers which thou dost tend in the house that is heated with pipes and hot water in the pipes4 ,and say unto my paternal parent that he hath forgotten me--that ,i am even as one of the dead--that ,i long to see the writing of his hand4 ,here many friends visit me not--but ,i am not grieved--and my waistcoats grow tight about me4444 ,thy daughters salute thee and the paternal--so ,i salute ye all in like manner4 ,my blessing abide with ye--and in the bonds of love ,i subscribe myself4--,yours affectionately4 ,other family letters in the same year are written from ,hamilton1 one1 dated #aith ,july1 containing the information in regard to his translations that 8,i have so many now that ,i think if ,i go on for a month or so longer ,i shall have enough to make a small volume40 ,the allusion to fruit-trees1 in the letter quoted above1 it is interesting to note1 was especially to a pear-tree which grew in the garden of the house in ,duncan ,street where the family lived at this time4 ,the house is one of two which a few years ago were converted by the ,edinburgh ,school ,board into a special school1 and in the course of the alterations the jargonelle pear-tree1 which figures in many of the family letters1 was cut down4 ,it seems to have been a prolific bearer in its prime1 and in one of his letters ,james ,geikie alludes to receiving a basket of the fruit1 and at the same time to the prolonged silence of the members of the family1 which he explains as the result of the 8pear-disease10 i4e41 the absorption of his sisters in the task of consuming the fruit4 ,he himself sends some rhymes in return for his share4 ,the year #ahgj finds him still busy on the coalfield1 his diary for that year being full of notes of appointments with people connected with the pits1 while he seems to have been constantly moving from place to place in ,lanarkshire4 ,two letters from ,prof4 ,ramsay in ,july of this year have an historical interest4 ,the first suggests a joint tour on the ,rhine to solve a geological problem1 and is followed almost at once by another1 saying1 8,now ,i fear my ,rhine journey is blown to the winds4444 ,this most wicked and accursed war will upset half the ,continent of ,europe1 and it is by no means impossible that we may be dragged into it0--upon which one feels disposed to make the comment that if we had been it is possible that infinite suffering might have been saved forty-four years later6 ,a letter from ,james ,geikie to ,mr ,horne1 written later in the same year1 says3--8,my holidays1 ,i think ,i told you1 were all botched4 ,i could not get abroad1 and ,i had nowhere particular to go at home40 ,at this time he was stationed at ,salsburgh by ,holytown1 where he made several friends1 notably ,dr ,grossart1 with whom afterwards he kept up a correspondence for many years4 ,in the letter to ,mr ,horne quoted above he says3--8,i have been doing a little at those ,german translations1 and have now finished the volume1 and am on the outlook for a publisher who won't cheat me4 ,i wish to have the thing published this winter0--a wish which was not1 however1 fulfilled for many winters4 ,in the same letter he adds3--8,i am still among coal 444 but ,xmas is coming1 and then one will have an opportunity of washing the dirt away4 ,i like this place very well4 ,the house is clean1 and the district is moory--just on the outskirts of the great coalfield4 ,i mean to work out as much as ,i can from here so as to shorten my stay in ,glasgow1 of which 7,i7 got tired4 ,after all there is nothing like the free fresh air of the country40 ,the next year1 #ahga1 saw the finishing up of the coalfield work1 and simultaneously the beginnings of a gathering together of the accumulated mass of glacial material which was a year or two later to take shape in ,the ,great ,ice ,age4 ,letters in the early part of the summer to ,mr ,horne contain detailed plans for a tour in the ,hebrides 8for the purpose of ascertaining the direction of ice-stri1 and quizzing the drifts40 ,it proved impossible for his friend to join him1 and the tour was made in company with ,mr ,william ,galloway1 one of many friends made in the west4 ,mr ,galloway has kindly supplied a few notes on the tour4 ,the two sailed from ,glasgow to ,stornoway by the ,crinan ,canal1 and walked to the north point of the island1 carrying their belongings with them4 ,both had a special purpose in view1 ,james ,geikie being engaged1 of course1 in studying glacial action1 while his friend had been commissioned to investigate the possibility of establishing a meteorological station at the lighthouse on the ,butt of ,lewis4 ,on their way back to ,barvas they came across an old highland woman who made cups and saucers of unbaked clay4 ,james ,geikie was much interested in her work1 and ordered a set4 ,it was despatched to ,lady 7then ,mrs7 ,ramsay1 the wife of ,prof4 ,ramsay1 then ,senior ,director of the ,geological ,survey 7cf4 ,part ,,ii471 as a sample of prehistoric ware from the ,outer ,hebrides4 ,the joke was explained later1 but not before1 or so it is asserted1 some high archological authorities in ,london had been taken in by the 8primitive0 appearance of the work4 ,the travellers1 presumably on the homeward journey1 began a joint composition in heroic verse describing their adventures2 but this masterpiece seems never to have been committed to paper1 and perhaps never progressed very far4 ,the tour was apparently short1 for ,james ,geikie writes from ,bathgate1 under date #bhth ,november3--8,this last year has been a year of close work and some anxiety1 and not having had any holiday to speak of ,i feel jaded and down in the mouth40 ,in all his letters of this year he speaks of his laborious work among the collieries1 and his note-books are filled with the usual details of appointments made and notes of information received from different quarters4 ,the following spring saw him in more congenial surroundings in the ,border counties1 and this chapter may fitly end with the completion of his coalfield work4 ,it may be added1 however1 that letters from ,ramsay1 received at the close of the year1 and dealing with the problems raised by ,james ,geikie's paper on 8,changes of ,climate during the ,glacial ,epoch10 a paper of which ,ramsay thought highly1 show clearly what the years of preparation had done for him1 despite their almost ceaseless toil4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that life was made up of nothing but toil1 alleviated by occasional holidays4 ,for many years a considerable amount of the ,survey work was done in ,london1 and parts of many winters were spent there4 ,in addition to the ,survey men1 ,james ,geikie had a considerable number of friends and acquaintances in ,london1 his father's musical connections opening various musical and artistic circles to him4 ,both in scientific and artistic circles his social gifts were much appreciated1 and he himself must have found the winter glimpses into a wider social life than he could find either in the country districts or in the smaller towns of ,scotland a most welcome change4 ,,chapter ,,iv 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age03 7#b7 ,,publication #ahgb-ahgd ,in the year #ahgb ,james ,geikie was somewhat late in beginning field-work1 but the end of ,april saw him established at ,kelso4 ,an interesting letter to his friend ,dr ,grossart at ,holytown1 dated #dth ,may1 may be quoted as showing his feelings in regard to his new sphere3-- ,i found ,i could not make out a flying visit to ,salsburgh before leaving the west country for good4 ,but ,i hope to see you some time before the year is very old4 ,i have been knocking about a good deal since ,i saw you1 but1 praise be thankit6 ,i have at last got back into the country4 ,and what a lovely country it is6 ,coming so soon after ,airdrie and ,coatbridge it looks quite like another world4 ,i can hardly believe that ,i am in the same planet where coal and iron are being worked4 ,here is nothing but the sandstones below the limestones and the ,old ,red with its trap rocks4 ,the people too are as sleepy and old-fashioned and 8respectable0 as the rocks they live upon or rather above4 ,this is the kind of land that would be after your own heart4 ,here are old abbeys and tumble-down castles1 and every field and stream has some old-world story connected with it4 ,at first ,i hardly could thole the quiet of ,kelso4 ,i have lived so much of late amongst smoke and din that for a week or so ,i felt like a fish out of water4 ,the big market-place here1 with nobody in it1 was depressing to look at4 ,i didn't like the way either that the shopkeepers rushed upon me when ,i ventured into their shops--it looked for all the world as if they never had had any customer but me since the ,new ,year4 ,and yet they tell me that ,kelso is a thriving country town4 ,it may be so--very likely it is so--but it seems to one newly come from the stirring 8west0 like a dead-alive place4 ,what are you about8 ,how does the great 8work0#a progress8 ,i have been compelled to drop scribbling for a little1 having rather overdone it this winter in ,bathgate and ,edinburgh4 ,but the smell of the spring woods and hedges has set me up again1 and ,i meditate an early assault on pen and ink4 #a ,a book on ,the ,history of the ,shotts upon which ,dr ,grossart was engaged4 ,it appeared in #ahhj4 ,a letter to ,mr ,horne1 from ,kelso1 in the same month of ,may1 strikes a somewhat similar note3-- ,here ,i am1 in the midst of green trees1 purling brooks1 whistling mavises and love-sick young ladies4 ,i feel quite a new man now that ,i am released from the presence of coal smoke and pits2 up to any amount of fun as of yore4 ,in the same letter he speaks of the reception met with by his glacial papers3-- ,i have had some very gratifying letters from ,sweden and ,switzerland from geologists there--saying how much they are pleased with my results1 and giving me more notes which help out my conclusions4 ,it seems they have interglacial periods in ,sweden also4 ,of all places in the world ,i had also a letter from a ,prof4 ,szab of ,pest in ,hungary4 ,so that you see a prophet is not without honour save in his own country4 ,another letter1 also written from ,kelso1 on #aeth ,june1 says3-- ,man--,i feel awfully tempted to go to ,sweden1 where ,i have the promise of meeting with a warm welcome from some of the geologists4 ,but ,i can't go1 and have reluctantly had to delay a visit till next year4 ,i continue now and again to get a gratifying letter about my papers which cheers me up amazingly4 ,woodward the editor#b writes to-night congratulating me on the wind-up1 and saying that everyone speaks highly of my lucubrations4 ,after trying my hands at many things ,i think ,i have at last got into the right groove4 ,the noble hammer-bearing fraternity have not heard the last of my 8theories40 444 ,what a fertile source of amusement this blessed ,glacial ,epoch has been6 #b ,of the ,geological ,magazine1 in which the glacial papers had appeared4 ,the summer holiday this year was spent in ,lewis1 but the chief record which remains is that contained in papers contributed to the ,quarterly ,journal of the ,geological ,society and the ,geological ,magazine4 ,in ,september he writes from ,norham an affectionate letter to ,dr ,grossart1 expressing longing for a 8haver10 and giving news of his glacial work4 ,the letter goes on3-- ,how does the magnum opus progress8 ,i am still working away at mine--nearly finished--both me and my book4 ,i got some very startling facts this summer in the island of ,lewis which ,i shall send to the ,london ,geolog4 ,society--the facts1 not the island4 ,a month later he writes from ,duns to ,mr ,horne in regard to some specimens which he wants for a course of lectures to be given to working-men at the ,museum of ,science and ,art during the winter4 ,in this letter he speaks of being attacked by a form of nervous prostration which renders him incapable of continued work1 so that the magnum opus is at a standstill4 ,the task was evidently proving more severe than he anticipated1 and the illness was prolonged1 for in a letter to ,dr ,grossart1 written from ,edinburgh on #dth ,january #ahgc1 he says3-- ,this winter things have gone back with me4 ,i was laid up most of ,november and ,december1 but am now all right again4 ,but this enforced idleness has kept back my book1 which the longer ,i stick at it seems to grow and grow till ,i begin to get frightened at its dimensions4 ,this summer1 however1 ,i hope to send it to the printer4 ,in the same letter he speaks of his lectures at the ,museum of ,science and ,art1 and also of another on the 8,antiquity of ,man in ,britain10 which he was to give at ,birkenhead at the beginning of ,february4 ,the lecture1 which was duly delivered and also published1 dealt with a subject to which he had been led by his glacial work4 ,it was one in which his interest increased as time went on1 and in later years 8,man during the ,ice ,age0 occupied a good deal of his leisure1 up to the very end4 ,at ,duns ,james ,geikie made a number of friends1 and indeed throughout his work in the ,border counties he seems to have met with much hospitality1 and this even before his sojourn in ,jedburgh led to his acquaintanceship with the family in which he found his wife1 and to the region becoming a second homeland for him4 ,during his stay at ,duns the book was progressing steadily1 despite his hard work in the field4 ,in ,june he was writing to ,mr ,horne and ,prof4 ,ramsay for information in regard to certain special points1 and the latter was very anxious for ,james ,geikie to accompany him on a geologising holiday to the ,rhine1 to investigate some disputed questions4 ,this proposal was not accepted1 however1 apparently because ,james ,geikie was dissatisfied with the only information he could obtain about glacial deposits on the south side of the ,alps1 and made up his mind to seek satisfaction by a personal tour to the district4 ,this trip is mentioned in a letter written to ,dr ,grossart from ,kelso on #bjth ,july1 in which he says3-- ,my summer has been spent in a ram-sham desultory sort of way4 ,i have hammered out the geological structure of the ,cheviots1 which is something interesting and new1 and ,i have also got some interesting glacial results4 ,i have had a hard time of it with the lawyers though1 having been summoned twice to ,london to give evidence before ,committees of ,parliament about that confounded ,edinburgh water of which every honest man in ,edinburgh is heartily sick4 ,i know ,i am4 ,but that is over now4 ,in a fortnight ,i start for ,italy1 and am going to make a long tour of it3 ,paris1 ,geneva1 ,martigny1 ,aosta1 ,turin1 ,bologna1 ,verona1 ,venice1 ,trieste1 and ,vienna1 then back through the ,tyrol and down the ,rhine to ,rotterdam1 ,amsterdam1 etc41 and home4 ,i shall be a fortnight or three weeks scouring along the foot of the ,piedmontese ,alps looking at the glacial things4 ,my book is finished and off to the printers at last4 ,but ,i fear that it will be delayed by the engraver1 who does not get on with the illustrations as fast as ,i could wish4 ,anyhow ,i hope ,i shall be able to send you a copy this winter4 ,no detailed account of the ,italian trip has been preserved1 but various letters make allusions to it4 ,thus writing to ,mr ,horne from ,jedburgh on #agth ,september1 he speaks of his visit to ,lake ,como1 ending up3--8,alas6 all the sunshine is over1 and here ,i am in dull ,scotch autumn1 thinking sadly that the world and one's destinies are not more amenable to one's wishes4 ,but ,scotland is not so bad after all40 ,his next visit to the lake was made in company with his wife and her sister1 and during the trip he told how on his first visit he had lost himself in the ,alps at dark1 and after some difficulty and various adventures reached a little hamlet4 ,here there was no inn1 but the priest of the village kindly put him up for the night1 the two conversing in ,latin in default of any other means of communication4 ,he speaks also of his ,italian tour in a letter to ,dr ,grossart1 dated from ,jedburgh on #aath ,october1 in which he says3-- ,did ,i write you giving an account of my ,italian trip8 ,i know that ,i meant to do so4 ,i enjoyed myself amazingly1 and picked up a lot of wrinkles which will stand me in good stead4 ,ods man6 but it was hot spielin' the hills with the thermometer #id in the shade4 ,god knows but ,i thought it not far short of #ejj in the sun4444 ,i'm going to take it easy this winter--if ,i can4 ,i have now got my magnum opus off my hands1 and hope to send you a copy next month4 ,it makes some #ejj pages of demy #hvo6--a wiselike size6444 ,the illustrations will please you1 ,i hope4 ,they have been beautifully engraved4444 ,the country here is looking beautiful--woods having all their autumn colours on4 ,i don't wonder that emigrants who were born on the ,jed1 the ,teviot1 and the ,tweed should aye have such intense longings to get back again to their native howffs4 ,it makes one young as a boy to wander up the sweet glens and ravines in this lovely district4 ,if ,i were in love ,i'm afraid ,i should use up whole reams of paper in the composing of passionate songs and sonnets4 ,but not being so ,i can only croon as ,i trot along the half-forgotten words of some old ,border ditty4 ,some other passages in this and other letters suggest that with the finishing of the great book1 and the lifting of the strain1 the young man felt dsuvr1 was beginning to think that youth was slipping away and he was perhaps not getting the best out of life1 and was liable to alternate fits of depression and of a cynicism which was probably largely a pose intended to hide his true feelings4 ,in brief1 he was becoming aware that it is not good for man to dwell alone1 and the ,glacial ,epoch1 whatever its charms1 proved a chilly substitute for the kind of companionship which his affectionate spirit craved4 ,a few extracts from a letter1 undated1 but written from ,jedburgh1 apparently about the same time as the foregoing1 may help to make the position clear4 ,the letter may be entitled--anything more specific being avoided--8,to a ,young ,man contemplating ,matrimony10 and the quotations must necessarily be disjointed3-- ,you know your own affairs best4 ,but if ,i were in your place1 and the girl were a really good girl and suitable1 hang it ,i would propose and get her4444 ,something like fate whispers in my ear1 8,jim1 my boy1 you'll never have a wife1 altho' you should live to the age of ,methusaleh40 444 ,with the uncertainty of temper and feeling that ,i have1 ,i seriously doubt whether ,i would be other than miserable if ,i were to marry4 ,so lest you should get into the same state1 ,o young man6 either flee temptation or be bold and seize the tempter4 ,what more can ,i say4 ,perhaps you were only laughing when you wrote me1 and are now laughing at me and my soft-heartedness4 ,all right1 laugh away4 ,i have had my day1 and some time you shall have had yours also4 ,perhaps it may be added that when this letter was written its author was thirty-four4 ,his marriage took place some eighteen months later1 after an engagement which had lasted more than six months4 ,he was destined to experience nearly forty years of happy married life1 to see his children grow up1 to welcome the advent of his grandchildren--either it was not fate who did the whispering1 or she displayed a more than feminine contrariness4 ,other letters during the autumn months give merely notes on the progress of the book1 which was unexpectedly delayed1 and information as to his prospective plans for the winter in ,edinburgh4 ,one to ,dr ,grossart1 dated from ,jedburgh on #bbnd ,november1 may be quoted as summing up what is said in various other letters which have been preserved3-- ,with this ,i send you a short lucubration of mine on the ,island of ,lewis1 the chief point in which is the proof given that the ,outer ,hebrides were overflowed by land ice from the mainland6 ,i am happy to say that ,i am nearly out of the hands of the printer4 ,my book has swelled out beyond what ,i intended1 making close on #fjj pages4 ,the illustrations1 which have kept back the printing1 are now finished1 and ,i expect to have a bound copy in my hands in ten days or so4 ,it won't be published1 however1 much before ,xmas1 as we have made arrangements with an ,american firm to publish it at the same time in ,yankee land4 ,this is a great stroke of good luck1 as it will lessen the cost of production and make the book payable4 ,some of the maps ,i believe you will find very interesting4 ,in fact1 ,i have so written the book that whether geologists accept all my general conclusions or not1 they will at least know a good deal that they did not know before1 after they have perused it4444 ,i am booked for a series of lectures this winter at the ,museum of ,science and ,art1 my subject being the ,carboniferous ,epoch4 ,i am going to treat it in a pictorial way1 trying to reproduce for them the kind of scenery and climate then enjoyed in ,britain4 ,i have also a lot more literary work in hand--,a ,manual on ,coal-,mining--in which ,i do the geology and an engineering celebrity does the practical part4 ,this and other matters keep my hands full4 ,nevertheless ,i have still an occasional dig at my ,german ,songs4 7,strange mixture6 you will say4 ,but then man is a queer mixture altogether47 ,some time or other the ,songs will see the light--but as ,i look on that matter as pleasure1 and the scientific work as business1 the ,songs must stand aside till their betters are served4 ,write and give me your news4 ,you see1 like an old bachelor ,i have nothing to write about but myself4 ,so you must under the circumstances excuse the egotism4 ,the book appeared early in the ,new ,year1 and the fact that the author was then in ,edinburgh and must have presented copies to his nearest friends in person1 no doubt accounts for the absence of many letters acknowledging receipt among his papers4 ,two notes from ,prof4 ,ramsay1 to whom1 as his 8dear friend and teacher10 the book was dedicated1 may1 however1 be quoted4 ,both are dated from ,jermyn ,street1 and are written on successive days1 #bjth and #bast ,january #ahgd4 ,the letters are as follows3-- ,,my ,,dear ,,geikie1--,i have got your beautiful vol4 quite late in the day and am now engaged in physically cutting it up4 ,your dedication makes me so proud that since reading it ,i have held my head quite like the ,duke of ,argyll1 and ,i only hope it will not fall off behind4 ,i must close1 and will take the book home with me to read the dedication aloud in an impressive way after dinner4--,ever sincerely1 ,,andrw4 ,,ramsay4 ,,my ,,dear ,,geikie1--,i will read all your book1 mair by token that ,i read #d chapters of it last night after dinner and liked them all4 ,the plan is good and it is admirably written1 as indeed it was sure to be4444 ,as for your converting every reader to all your views1 that is not likely as long as the ,duke of ,argyll remains alive4 ,when a man does anything really in advance he may be well pleased if in #aj or #ad years he gets a fair proportion of the best men on his side4 ,so no more this bout4 ,from yours consumedly1 ,,andrw4 ,,ramsay4 ,in ,may of the same year ,ramsay writes again1 saying3--8,i am delighted to hear of the success of your book1 which indeed ,i never doubted1 for ,i always considered it a first-rate production1 though ,i have only read it by snatches40 ,but though ,james ,geikie had lingered long in the company of the ,ice ,maiden1 he had not given her that embrace which is fatal to the earth-born1 and the summer of this year brought him other thoughts than those of glaciers and moraines1 brought him to a new phase in his life which demands another chapter4 ,,chapter ,v ,,marriage ,,and ,,life ,,at ,,perth #ahge-ahgg ,in the spring of #ahgd ,james ,geikie returned from ,edinburgh to the ,cheviot region4 ,before starting his field-work he made a brief visit to the ,continent1 in regard to which his diary only contains records of dates and places4 ,the motive of the visit is of interest as throwing light on his strong family feeling4 ,at his instigation his youngest sister had gone to ,germany to improve herself in the language4 ,on arriving in the place arranged1 however1 she found herself very uncomfortable and unhappy1 and informed her brother of the fact4 ,with characteristic energy he set off at once1 met his sister1 arranged for her transference to more congenial surroundings1 and in a little more than a week was back to work again4 ,shortly afterwards he went off to ,jedburgh to take up again his survey in the ,cheviots4 ,here he made many friends1 and during his stay in the region acquired an intense love for the scenery of the hills1 whose long gentle slopes and soft melancholy always appealed to him more than the stern grandeur of the ,highlands4 ,this feeling was perhaps not wholly sthetic1 however1 for the district soon acquired associations for him which are briefly hinted at in the diary for the year4 ,this--of somewhat unusual form--is adorned1 oddly enough1 with a portrait of ,john ,stuart ,mill as frontispiece4 ,the philosopher's serious1 intellectual countenance has1 it is to be feared in derision1 been decorated by the owner of the diary with a long pipe4 ,it would indeed be difficult to imagine two men of more different type2 for ,james ,geikie1 the utilitarian's long years of waiting and longing would have been as intolerable as the brief fever of the last days4 ,the entries in the diary are as usual short in the extreme1 but under #abth ,august1 which it is carefully noted was a wet day1 the diarist was at a picnic in the ,cheviots4 ,he adds the word 8lost08 to the laconic entry4 ,later entries record calls made to ,crailing ,hall with brief comments4 ,about this time ,james ,geikie was writing to his friend ,mr ,horne1 saying3--8,john ,horne--come to the ,cheviots4444 ,i'll do what ,i can in the way of introductions40 ,much of the letter is occupied with geological matters1 and the writer goes on to express a hope that he won't be asked to give a course of lectures to working-men during the coming winter3--8,i want all my time for literary work this winter1 seeing that ,i have agreed to write two books--one for a ,london house1 the other for an ,edinburgh one4 ,besides1 ,i have at last made up my mind to go and get married1 and as soon as ,i come across a likely girl1 will lose no time in taking the grand header4 ,i hope never to see another autumn as a bachelor4 ,so what with hunting libraries for notes1 and hunting up families for a nice wife1 ,i have my winter's work laid out before me40 ,it will appear from this letter that ,james ,geikie did not keep his heart on his sleeve4 ,the letter is not perhaps wholly candid1 but candour was doubtless not to be expected at such a time4 ,a few details may be added to make the story clear4 ,none of the towns or hamlets at the foot of the ,cheviots was near enough to form a good centre of work1 and the region being given up to large sheep farms1 habitations of any kind among the hills are few and scattered4 ,among ,james ,geikie's acquaintances in the ,jedburgh district was ,mr ,simson1 ,oxnam ,row1 to whose farm on the lower slopes were added the hill grazings higher up the ,kale ,water4 ,here1 right among the hills1 was the old farmhouse of ,buchtrig1 in the occupation of a shepherd and his wife1 but with some rooms so furnished as to permit of the family making occasional visits to the region4 ,through ,mr ,simson ,james ,geikie was able to arrange for accommodation here in the early spring of #ahgd to facilitate his work4 ,a few notes of his visit are left in his own handwriting1 in what he styles a 8,copy of a ,fragment of some very ancient ,manuscript40 ,this opens as follows3-- ,it happened once upon a time that a certain youth1 who dreamed strange dreams and wandered about the hill-tops and sojourned in lonely places1 came unto a lonely dwelling among the mountains and there abode for many days4 ,and an old woman ministered unto his wants with fear and trembling1 for she looked upon him as one that was beside himself4 8,verily10 said she unto herself1 8he looketh for some hidden treasure1 and is a magician who smiteth the rocks with a hammer and writeth strange incantations and evil words in a book40 ,and she looked1 and behold he brought with him from the mountains pieces of stone which he treasured and laid in safe places4444 ,now after many days the old woman1 who was called ,katie1 put away her fear1 for the young man seemed not to hold communication with the ,evil ,one1 neither was the smell of brimstone perceived in the place4 ,and so she showed him much kindness1 and baked cakes of flour upon the girdle and brought these to him1 and eggs1 yea1 and much fine butter4 ,in the early summer of the same year ,james ,geikie went for his holiday to ,skye and ,lewis4 ,not long after his return he was invited to the picnic already mentioned1 which1 owing to the weather1 was adjourned to ,buchtrig farmhouse4 ,the picnic was given by ,mr ,simson1 and included his sister1 ,mrs ,johnston1 ,crailing ,hall1 and her three daughters1 with two of whom ,james ,geikie was already acquainted4 ,the ,,ms4 may be allowed to take up the story at this point3-- ,and so the days passed away1 and the young man went into a far country1 yea unto the furthermost isles of the sea4 ,but in the fullness of time he returned1 and found the place which had been a desert now filled with the hum of voices and laughter of damsels4 ,and he looked1 and behold there were chariots and a wagon filled with good things4 ,and he entered into the house where he had sojourned aforetime1 and lo6 a fair damsel met him and bade him welcome4 ,and she said unto him1 8,enter now1 and embrace my sisters and my mother1 yea and my mother's brother's wife and her daughter40 ,and it was so4 ,and when the young man entered into an upper room1 behold a maiden stood near the window4444 ,and his eyes followed her whithersoever she went--and he spoke unto her presently as one speaketh unto an old friend4 ,and the sound of her voice was like the music of the birds in spring1 and the heart of the young man began to sing a new song4 ,listen and ye shall hear what the young man sang3 ,here ends the ,manuscript4 ,this happened in ,august1 and before ,christmas ,james ,geikie was engaged to ,mary1 youngest daughter of ,mr ,johnston1 ,crailing ,hall1 to whom he was married on #hth ,july #ahge4 ,but in addition to what we may call the major associations with the ,cheviot region due to these incidents1 he had many minor ones of a pleasurable nature4 ,he came into contact with all sorts of people in the course of his wanderings1 and in that sparsely peopled district it was easy to make acquaintances4 ,among his temporary dwelling-places in the hills was the little inn1 called ,carter ,bar1 which then stood on the slopes of ,carter ,fell1 and was but little more than a rest-house for drovers going over the border into ,england with their sheep4 ,on one stormy day in spring ,james ,geikie was returning to this poor shelter over the moor1 when he encountered an old lady1 somewhat oddly dressed1 drenched with rain1 and struggling against the wind4 ,he went to her assistance1 and she was glad to accept the offer of his arm to help her back to the inn4 ,here she borrowed dry garments from the hostess1 and sat and talked over the fire with her new-found friend1 who found her full of ,border lore1 while he no doubt contributed his full share to the conversation4 ,eventually1 her own garments being dry1 and she herself refreshed1 the old lady drove off in a waiting carriage1 urging ,james ,geikie to come to see her4 ,she proved to be ,lady ,john ,scott1 a well-known ,border personage1 famous for her antiquarian tastes1 her ,scotch songs1 and her great individuality of character4 ,another similar meeting which led to a long friendship1 though it took place several years later1 may fitly find a place here4 ,this was with ,sir ,george ,douglas1 of ,springwood ,park1 ,kelso1 the author of ,the ,new ,border ,tales1 ,poems1 and a number of other works1 many referring to the ,border region4 ,sir ,george has kindly supplied the following notes upon the subject3-- ,i owed my acquaintance with the late ,prof4 ,geikie to a chance meeting4 ,starting on a solitary walking-tour1 in the summer vacation of the year #ahgh1 ,i called at the ,collingwood ,arms1 ,cornhill1 for tea1 and found him there4 ,he was not yet professor at that date1 but was a member of ,h4,m4 ,geological ,survey1 the work of which had brought him to ,cornhill1 where he was waiting for a train to ,tweedmouth4 ,he was then in the early prime of manhood1 and his work being of a more active nature and taking him more into the open air1 the cheery vigour which at all times characterised him was more pleasantly noticeable than ever4 ,i remember that his beard1 which he afterwards wore close-cropped1 at that time descended over his chest and was of a golden colour4 ,i believe that we began by talking of inns1 for ,i remember that he poked some good-natured fun at the commercial travellers of those days 78bagmen10 as he perversely preferred to call them71 and told me two or three amusing stories of experiences with them4 ,but1 ere long1 we were talking of literature1 and especially of poetry--the poetry of the day4 ,here was a delight for me6 ,i was at the poetry-reading age1 and had just left ,cambridge1 where ,i had primed myself with ,swinburne1 ,william ,morris1 the ,rossettis--that is1 with such of their works as had at that date appeared2 and not only with these1 but with such poems as the 8,angel in the ,house10 8,white ,rose and ,red10 8,the ,human ,tragedy03 the works of lesser masters1 then on their probation1 and now1 it may be1 seldom heard of4 ,well1 here in a wayside inn at the extremity of ,northumberland1 ,i had chanced upon an unknown traveller who had all these authors and books1 so to speak1 at his fingers' ends4 ,one would have liked1 at that age1 to pose him1 to make some pedantical allusion1 as to a matter of common knowledge1 to something of which he had not happened to hear4 ,but it was vain to hope to go beyond him4 ,and1 if we were fairly evenly matched in our discussion1 it must be borne in mind that ,i was1 as it were1 staking my all in it1 whilst he was merely gambling with his small change4 ,for of course he never professed literature1 but merely turned to it for a change of idea in hours that were not occupied by science4 ,what was really remarkable in this conversation1 ,i should say1 was the readiness and whole-heartedness with which he threw himself into it1 the stimulus given by his never-failing interest and occasional enthusiasm1 the fine good-nature with which he unquestioningly put himself on equal terms with one who was many years younger than himself1 and whose opinions1 however confidently expressed1 must often have been crude and immature4 ,neither then1 nor at any subsequent time1 was there anything whatever that was pedantic or academic about ,geikie4 ,when ,i met him next1 ,i was approaching the middle term of life1 but the recollection of that single conversation suffices to make quite clear to me the power which he wielded over his students and the popularity which he enjoyed among them4 ,i doubt if the very best that was in him really made itself felt upon the lecture-platform4 ,it was in the give-and-take of life--in his ,saturday geological tramps and other more informal relations with his students1 if ,i may hazard a guess--that the man really stood revealed4 ,he could impart life and glow to his subject1 as perhaps few can4 ,but he did so best1 if ,i may pretend to judge1 when he was talking rather than lecturing4 ,i had evidence of this later4 ,on parting after our two or three hours' talk at ,cornhill1 we had exchanged cards1 and when ,i heard that1 in order to be near ,mrs ,geikie's relations1 he was renting ,kalemouth on ,teviot1 four or five miles from my house1 during one summer vacation1 ,i hastened to renew acquaintance with him4 ,since our former meeting ten or twelve years had passed1 and though it had remained delightfully memorable to me1 ,i did not presume to suppose that he would remember it1 nor was any allusion made to it4 ,being such near neighbours throughout that summer we met often1 and it was then that ,i really got to know the character and qualities which had been merely suggested at ,cornhill4 ,from the geological point of view1 ,prof4 ,geikie knew the ,borderland as no one else knew it2 but he had also a remarkable knowledge1 not only of its scenery1 history1 and tradition1 but also of its people1 collectively and individually2 and this gave us a strong interest in common4 ,some other moorland experiences were of a more humorous nature4 ,thus one ,sunday night he was walking back from ,crailing ,hall to his lodgings at ,morebattle1 and came in the dusk past the hamlet of ,cessford4 ,he was carrying a small handbag1 and as he passed the cottages a woman ran out and called out in a loud whisper3--8,man1 man1 can ye gie me half a pound o' tea80 ,she had mistaken him for a pedlar1 perhaps not unwilling to earn an ungodly penny4 ,the situation appealed strongly to his sense of humour1 and he rated the woman severely for tempting an honest man on the 8,sawbath0 day1 and told her to go home and make porridge4 ,for him the jest was doubtless seasoned by the fact that rigid 8,sabbath-keeping0 did not appeal to his tastes1 and that he was an inveterate tea-drinker--making up for enforced abstinence while out on the hills by copious draughts at night4 ,thus to bring down1 as it were1 two birds with one stone--the rigid ,sabbatarians1 and those who trace the degeneracy of the ,scottish people to the substitution of tea for the ancestral porridge--must have been a real joy to him4 ,the occasion perhaps permits of the comment that though a ,scotsman1 he was a ,scotsman with a difference1 and had wandered too far1 alike in mind and in body1 to have any intense attachment to the pattern of the parish pump4 ,the spring of #ahge1 which saw him still working in the ,cheviots1 brought him his first great honour--the fellowship of the ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,a note1 undated1 written from ,morebattle to his future wife1 immediately after he had received the news1 is full of justifiable pride and joy3--8,i suppose ,i am the youngest ,f4,r4,s4 on the roll 444 you will believe me1 ,i know1 when ,i say that ,i am pleased as much for your sake as my own1 that my work is recognised4 ,it is no small honour to be elected ,f4,r4,s4 out of #eg candidates for the #ae vacancies40 ,the note encloses two letters1 one from his old friend and honoured chief1 ,prof4 ,ramsay1 saying3--8,you came in triumphantly yesterday for the ,royal ,society1 having the largest number of votes of any candidate10 and another from ,mr ,h4 ,w4 ,bristow1 the ,director of the ,geological ,survey of ,england and ,wales1 which shows clearly with what friendly feeling ,james ,geikie was regarded by his ,english colleagues3-- #bh ,,jermyn ,,st41 ,s4,w41 #agth ,april #ahge4 ,,my ,,dear ,,james ,,geikie1--,it gladdens my heart as one of your 8,royal0 sponsors1 to congratulate you upon your election into the ,society1 which ,i hope you may live long to adorn4 ,etheridge#c is also very full of rejoicing1 and ,i only regret that the earliest announcement of the glad tidings did not reach you from one of us4--,believe me1 your faithful confrre1 ,h4 ,w4 ,,bristow4 #c ,mr ,r4 ,etheridge1 another member of the ,survey staff4 ,as the ,survey work in the ,cheviot region was finished in the year that ,james ,geikie married1 his friend ,prof4 ,ramsay so arranged matters that it was possible for him to take a house at ,perth1 which remained his headquarters for six years after his marriage1 that is until he went to ,edinburgh to take the ,chair of ,geology4 ,at ,perth ,mr and ,mrs ,geikie made many friends1 and the former threw himself actively into the life of the place1 taking especially a great interest in the ,perthshire ,society of ,natural ,science1 of which he became president later4 ,this brought him into contact with ,sir ,thomas ,moncrieffe1 also at one time president of the ,society2 ,mr ,andrew ,coates1 who took a very great interest in the establishment of the excellent ,perth ,museum2 ,dr ,buchanan ,white1 and others4 ,james ,geikie also gave courses of lectures to ladies on geology during his stay in ,perth1 and generally did not a little to stimulate an interest in natural science in the town4 ,the year #ahgf was a very full one4 ,in spring he paid a short visit to ,norfolk and ,suffolk to study some interesting glacial results which his colleague ,mr ,skertchly had obtained there4 ,at the same time he was working at ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 which had done so well that a second edition was required4 ,under date #bgth ,june he writes to ,mr ,horne3--8,my new edition will be out1 ,i expect1 in ,october--the first of the season6 ,it is in the printers' hands now1 and we are settling about the size of page and type4 ,printed the same size of type as last1 the volume would be #ijj pages1 which shows that ,i have made some additions60 ,at the beginning of ,july ,prof4 ,ramsay wrote to ask him if he would be willing to go to ,gibraltar to assist in an investigation of the water-supply there1 the work to count as a piece of ,survey duty4 ,the invitation was promptly accepted1 and on #aath ,september ,james ,geikie left ,perth on his long journey to the ,south4 ,he stopped a couple of days in ,london1 and did not finally reach ,gibraltar till #aith ,september4 ,here he remained till #beth ,october1 much longer than he had expected1 and in addition to doing a large amount of geological work1 in what both he and ,prof4 ,ramsay found most oppressive heat1 received much kindness and hospitality from the civil and military officials1 and made many interesting excursions4 ,it was apparently the first time he had seen subtropical vegetation1 and his letters to his wife are filled with accounts of all he saw1 written in a spirit of almost boyish glee1 and accompanied by much groaning over the heat1 and the resultant thirst4 ,even bathing afforded little refreshment1 for he says ruefully3--8,even in the water one has much the feeling that a herring must have when it is newly put into a pot upon the fire4 ,all the springs10 he adds1 8yield half-warm water--everything indeed is baked1 blistered1 and boiled40 ,the abundant hospitality1 delightful though it was1 naturally took up much time1 the hosts perhaps not fully realising that the two geologists had a fairly heavy piece of work on hand1 and ,james ,geikie complains that it was difficult even to find time to write letters to his wife1 in the midst of the ceaseless round of work and pleasure4 ,an interesting fact1 which he does not fail to record1 is that at a ,mess dinner at which he and ,prof4 ,ramsay were the guests of honour1 the military band played ,scotch music in compliment to their nationality1 and among the airs ,james ,geikie recognised a selection arranged by his father for a ,scotch regiment many years before4 ,among the excursions was included one to the ,african coast1 where the two made a short stay in ,tangier3 the diary1 with characteristic orderliness1 records the purchases made here for the people at home4 ,but in addition to making these1 the two found time to study the geology of the coast between ,ceuta and ,cape ,spartel4 ,a letter to ,mr ,horne1 written from ,perth on #ahth ,november1 not long after his return home1 makes some mention of the tour1 and of the other events of a crowded summer4 ,i heard all about your ,shetland work4 ,it did my heart good1 and right glad ,i am that it has been done by a ,survey man4444 ,you would hear about ,skertchly's find4 ,i was down there again ten days ago at ,ramsay's request1 to see the evidence again4444 ,in my new edition1 which is out 7and selling well671 ,i go much more fully into the ,english ,drifts4 ,i got to-day a long letter from ,darwin1 along with a copy of his new edition of ,geological ,observations4 ,his letter is very complimentary1 and of course that is gratifying to me1 for ,i look upon ,darwin as a real genius4 ,i enjoyed my ,gibraltar trip very much4 ,ramsay was very jolly and in excellent spirits all the time4 ,we did have some fun1 ,i can tell you4 ,also we crossed over to ,africa and had a run amongst the ,moors4 ,the result of our ,survey was so far satisfactory as it enables us to say very positively what is best to be done in the matter of the water-supply4 ,there are two letters from ,darwin about this date4 ,one has been already quoted 7p4 #bg74 ,in the other1 which is taken up largely with a geological discussion1 he says3--8,allow me to tell you with what extreme pleasure and admiration ,i have just finished reading your ,great ,ice ,age4 ,it seems to me admirably done and most clear4 ,interesting as many chapters are in the history of the world1 ,i do not think that any one comes nearly to the glacial period or periods4 ,though ,i have steadily read much on the subject1 your book makes the whole appear almost new to me40 ,in this month of ,november also another sign of appreciation of his work reached ,james ,geikie in the offer by the ,university of ,st ,andrews of its ,,ll4,d4 degree1 which was conferred the following year4 ,about the same time he was approached informally to know whether he would care to have a knighthood4 ,this was at this date a much rarer honour than it became later1 and the young couple decided that their income was not large enough to support it4 ,very many years later1 after his retirement1 ,james ,geikie's friends again urged his claims to the title1 but the matter was dropped at the outbreak of the war1 and death came not long after4 ,other letters of the same autumn refer to the 8,ice ,age10 and to the report upon the ,gibraltar work4 ,in addition to the ,memoir upon the question of the water-supply1 a general article on the geology of the region was contributed to the ,quarterly ,journal of the ,geological ,society4 ,rather curiously1 even at ,gibraltar ,geikie found evidence of use to him in connection with his glacial work4 ,in the early spring of #ahgg his eldest son was born1 and the summer saw him wandering about the ,hebrides1 of which he sends so racy a description to his wife that large extracts from the letters may be given3-- ,,obbe1 ,,harris1 #gth ,july #ahgg4 ,this is written out on the hill-side--,i will tell you why presently4 ,yesterday we walked from ,tarbert1 twenty-three miles1 by a wild and lonely track-road1 through a desolate and dreary region--nothing but bare rock1 and a little heather and grass growing in rocks and crevices4 ,it was all very interesting to me1 however1 as every square yard of rock was marked and scored and smoothed by the great ice-sheet that flowed out from the mainland4 ,we took our time by the way1 making notes and sketches4 ,every now and then we passed standing stones and ruins of ,picts houses4 ,at each bend in the track there were always two or three cairns of stones1 which mark the spots where coffins have been rested4 ,when the ,harris folk bury anyone they have to carry the body often for many miles1 as there is only one burial-place for the island4 ,the poor people must rest by the way1 therefore1 for refreshment4 ,much whisky and kebbocks of cheese and scones go down1 and then they raise a cairn to mark the spot4 ,we met no one all the way for fourteen miles4444 ,the road wound along the sea coast1 across which we had lovely views to the islets that dot the horizon4 ,you have no idea of the lovely shades of blue and green and saffron and orange and gold that streak and flush the sea--the water is so clear and crystalline1 too1 that one feels as if he should like to throw his knapsack down and take a header6 ,there are few or no houses4 ,we passed the ruins of several villages1 but the poor people were driven out some forty years ago1 and most of them emigrated to ,canada4 ,i believe they were very unwilling to clear out1 and the soldiers had to be marched upon them4 ,it is very sad to see their poor huts1 all roofless1 and grass and nettles growing over them4 ,as we had much to look at on the road it was nearly ten o'clock before we came to ,obbe1 and we passed the inn--not knowing it4 ,losh keep us a'1 what an inn6 ,it was a mere hut--just like that used by the 8natives40 ,there are only two rooms--a kitchen and a double-bedded room4 ,the peat-reek circulates freely through the whole cottage1 and the walls are mouldy and damp4 ,we had a peat fire in our room1 and did what we could to make ourselves jolly4 ,but salt ham is not good to feed on after a long walk4 ,however1 we were satisfied1 and after a while got to bed4 ,to-day we started to climb ,roneval1 the highest mountain in ,south ,harris4 ,it has been polished by ice all over1 a splendid confirmation of what ,i had already described in my book4 ,what a magnificent view ,i had from the top6 ,far away to the west was ,st ,kilda and the little island of ,berneray4 ,southwards stretched the various islands of the ,outer ,hebrides--,north ,uist1 ,benbecula1 ,south ,uist1 and ,barra4 ,how plainly seen they all were--high mountains with broad plains at their feet1 over which were dotted lakes innumerable4 ,in the east1 ,skye with its wonderful ,coolins lay spread out before us2 and north of ,skye ,i could see our old friend ,ben ,slioch1 and the mountains of ,loch ,maree and ,loch ,torridon4 ,harris1 of course1 lay under our feet3 and you can form no idea of its sterile desolation4 ,endless round-backed hills and rocks1 scraped bare of any soil1 and supporting hardly a vestige of vegetation2 great rocky mountains1 smoothed and polished all over and equally bare and desolate1 with blue lakelets scattered in hundreds among the hollows and depressions of the land--such is the appearance of ,harris4 ,then there lay the great blue sea shining like sapphire in the sun1 and flecked with tiny sails where the fishermen are busy at their calling4--,i began this letter outside to escape the peat-reek1 but the midges have driven me in again6 ,,lochmaddy1 ,,north ,,uist1 ,tuesday1 #ajth ,july #ahgg4 ,we got here yesterday1 after a long and very tedious sail in an open boat4 ,with a good wind we should have crossed the ,sound of ,harris in two hours--instead of which we were nine hours4 ,we kept dodging about from islet to islet1 sighing for a breeze1 but no breeze would come--what little wind there was being in the wrong direction4 ,we landed hungry as hawks1 or any other animal of prey1 and found a very comfortable inn4 ,of course we were offered the usual ham and eggs1 but prevailed upon the landlady to give us fish instead4 ,this place is like the sweepings of creation4 ,it is made up of irregular bits of land1 all jumbled about in a shallow sea--or of bits of sea running into the flat land in all directions--so that to get to a place one mile in direct distance you may have to walk five or six or even ten miles1 if you can't get a boat4 ,it is a land of desolation and dreariness4 ,bare rocky hills form the eastern coast1 and from the foot of these the low undulating rocky and peaty land stretches for some ten or twelve miles to the ,atlantic4 ,the land1 as ,i have said1 is everywhere intersected by the sea1 and sprinkled with innumerable lakes and peaty tarns4 ,along the flat ,atlantic coast there are dreary stretches of blown yellow sands that form hills like those of ,barry1 near ,carnoustie4 ,near these are a few huts and a kirk and manse6 ,not a tree1 not even a bush higher than heather is anywhere to be seen--peat and rock and water--water and rock and peat--that is ,north ,uist4444 ,i have been vastly pleased with what ,i have seen1 and will have a lot to tell geologists that is new4 ,,cairnish1 ,,north ,,uist1 #aath ,july #ahgg4 ,this place is still further out of the world than ,lochmaddy4 ,we walked to it to-day accompanied by one of the ,inland ,revenue officers1 a very good intelligent fellow1 who is quite an antiquarian and takes an intelligent interest in geology4 ,he knew of me quite well and had read my 8great work40 ,the road lay for twelve miles through bogs1 morasses1 rocks1 and lakes1 and passed over as dreary a stretch of country as ,i ever set eyes on4 ,the sky was cold grey1 and the wind too was none of the kindest4 ,here we found a wretched inn1 where we were waited on by a great hulking ,heeland lassie with a back as broad as a barn door1 and bare feet which haven't been in a tub since the day she saw the light of this weary world4 ,she is shy1 the dear creature1 and has not one word of ,english4 ,when ,i ring for her with the bell that lies on the table1 she looks into the room with a grin on her face4 ,i want salt1 so ,i take up a bit of the ,australian meat and dab it on the side of the plate4 ,she twigs at once what ,i want1 makes a guttural sound1 and in half-an-hour or so returns with a soap-dish full of dirty salt4 ,however1 she gives us good scones and not bad tea1 and strong peat-reekie whisky4 ,the landlord has been a soldier1 ,i think1 for he speaks of ,hyderabad4 ,fancy a man coming from the sunny plains of ,india to this fearful howling wilderness4 ,it would make a fine penal settlement4 ,you see poor1 ragged1 dirty women bending under their creels of peat1 and men digging the mosses as for dear life4 ,it is hard living for them1 poor devils4 ,there is no shelter in the land1 even the heather is low and stunted1 and the wind howls in from the ,atlantic with a long melancholy sough that is depressing in the extreme4 ,no sportsman ever comes here1 for there is nothing to shoot4 ,it is said that there are fine trout in the lakes4 ,it may be so2 but the man who could fish such peaty holes and feel happy in the occupation1 could only be an escaped convict or downright lunatic4 ,the inn at ,lochmaddy was snug1 if the country was miserable4 ,here everything is in keeping4444 ,most of the houses are mere stone-and-mud huts with mud floors and heather roofs4 ,cattle enter them freely and mingle with the family4 ,i was amused with an old man who came up to us and asked our friend the ,inland ,revenue man what we were doing4 ,he took us for drovers come to buy cattle4 ,when he heard that we had come to look at rocks and stones he said--8,we were great fools1 and must be very idle1 and light in the head40 ,and indeed when ,i looked round the miserable dreary wilderness ,i was half inclined to agree with him4 ,who but a geologist would ever think of visiting such a land4 ,well1 it won't be my fault if ,i ever revisit the place4 ,,loch ,,boisdale1 #aeth ,july #ahgg4 ,some days have passed since ,i last had an opportunity of writing to you4 ,we have had much walking and no time to write since we left ,cairnish in ,south ,uist4 ,we started from ,cairnish about twelve o'clock on the #aath in a broken-down gig with a one-eyed horse1 which was led or rather pulled along by a native named ,angus ,macdougall4444 ,north ,uist and ,benbecula are separated by an arm of the sea which is some five miles in breadth1 but is so shallow that at low water it can be forded4 ,what a peculiar scene it was6 ,a long stretch of mud-flats and sand-banks broken here and there with reefs of tangle-covered rocks and low green islets on which a few black cattle were grazing4 ,men and women were busy cutting the tangle for kelp-burning1 the smoke of the fires rising here and there from various points of the dry land on the ,benbecula coast4 ,heavy drizzle wetted me through and through1 and it was most cheerless4 ,at the opposite side of the ford we reached a little inn1 as dirty and clarty as all the inns are4 ,we now got out of the trap to walk1 as we wished to save the poor horse as much as possible1 for the weary tramp before us4 ,at the pace we went we calculated we should reach ,loch ,boisdale about two or three in the morning4 ,benbecula is about eight or nine miles in length1 and is perhaps the dreariest bit of land ,i ever traversed4 ,it is nothing but a big peat-moss1 with a lot of lakes or boggy holes running through it in all directions4 ,indeed there is about as much water as land4 ,cultivation is a mere parody1 everything bespeaks poverty4 ,the people are as usual haggard and ill-clad1 and dirty in the extreme4 ,things looked a little better as we got near the shore at ,creagorry4 ,here our friend ,mr ,carmichael met us and took us into his house4444 ,it was pleasant to get into a real house again and to sleep in a clean comfortable bed4 ,next morning we were up at three o'clock in order to catch the early ford between ,benbecula and ,south ,uist4444 ,the ford between ,benbecula and ,south ,uist is not nearly so broad as the ,north ,ford1 but it is deeper4 ,we got across about half-past four1 and then ,i got out to walk so that ,i might make observations as ,i went along4 ,it rained heavily for the first six miles and then cleared off1 so that ,i had time to dry again4 ,the road goes through much the same kind of scenery as ,benbecula1 but there are fine mountains immediately to the left1 and these we gradually neared1 and skirted the base of them for many miles4 ,i saw so much glacial geology that ,i did not feel in the least degree fatigued4444 ,as we took our time by the way1 stopping to look at this1 that1 and t'other thing1 it was nearly eight o'clock when we reached a place called ,askernish about six miles or so from ,loch ,boisdale4444 ,at five we set off again1 and loitering by the way to chat and smoke and do geology1 we did not get into ,loch ,boisdale until nine o'clock at night1 having been out since four o'clock in the morning4 ,so off to bed somewhat fagged4 ,next morning we were astir by six o'clock and set off in a boat for a sixteen-miles sail up the east coast to ,loch ,eynort1 intending to land there and climb ,ben ,more1 the highest hill in ,south ,uist4 ,it was wet and cold1 but we determined to go on4 ,the cliffs are wild and dreary1 and fearful places to be wrecked upon1 for deep water runs up to the very rocks4 ,we landed at a place where ,prince ,charlie lay in hiding while the ,king's cruisers sailed past4 ,it was a picturesque spot4 ,wild bare mountains cleft by mountain-torrents surrounded the small glen1 down which leapt a noisy stream1 on the bank of which were one or two thatched cots4 ,the shepherd came out and asked us to drink milk4 ,it was a picturesque interior that we were introduced to4 ,there was the peat fire in the centre1 dogs1 cocks and hens1 cats1 and a small pig crowded round the fire1 and the wife and lassies were bustling about4 ,the spinning-jenny stood in a corner4 ,none of the women looked well4 ,they were all white and haggard4 ,carmichael told me afterwards that they wanted me to prescribe for them1 as they had imagined ,i was a medical man6 ,poor things6 ,i could not help thinking they were consumptive4 ,yet they all seemed happy enough1 and certainly though ,i have seen much poverty all through these islands1 yet ,i have not noticed any of that squalid misery which is so common in our large towns4 ,the people are poor1 but they always have something to eat4 ,their wardrobe can't cost much1 for they make everything themselves1 and what they make seems to last half a lifetime4 ,but to return to the shepherd's house1 we got our milk and after sitting for a while rose to go4 ,they are very polite these ,highlanders1 much more so than most country folks in the mainland of ,scotland4 ,i was only sorry ,i could not speak ,gaelic1 for few of them had more than one or two words of ,english4 ,the shepherd told us it had been a bad year for the sheep1 but not so bad1 he thought1 as it seems to have been on the mainland4 ,we bade good-bye and sailed into ,loch ,eynort at a wild part of the coast1 where we landed and dismissed the boatmen and boat4 ,but mists hung heavy on all the hills1 and after much climbing we were compelled much against our will to give up all hope of getting to the top of ,ben ,more4 ,however1 we managed to see a good deal1 and then struck right across the mountain tract to the flat ground of the east coast1 along which we had walked the day before4 ,just before we got down to the road1 the mists cleared away1 and the mountain-peak shone brilliantly forth2 but it was now too late to think of climbing ,ben ,more4 ,we had been tramping over rock and bog and hill and dale for six hours1 and we had still some twelve miles to walk before reaching ,loch ,boisdale1 and were reluctantly obliged to abandon ,ben ,more4 ,but ,i was able nevertheless to make out all the main geological points that were important--so that1 after all1 we did not lose much4444 ,i shall be right glad when my face is homeward turned4 ,it is so wet and dismal it makes one dull whether he will or no4 ,but ,i have very much enjoyed my visit1 and have gathered material for a great geological paper1 which will bring me much credit1 ,i know4 ,the rest of the year #ahgg was occupied with the writing of the ,hebrides paper1 published in the following year1 and in various geological controversies1 especially in regard to the superficial deposits of ,norfolk and ,suffolk4 ,these years at ,perth were thus a period of severe and productive work1 for after long days in the field he would sit and write far into the night4 ,he kept himself also carefully abreast of all recent work in his own subject1 and with the help of grammars and dictionaries1 read in the original the papers of all his foreign confrres1 ,norwegian1 ,danish1 ,swedish1 etc4 ,the ,norwegian geologist1 ,dr ,amund ,helland1 afterwards professor at ,christiania1 it may be noted1 paid a visit to the house at ,perth in #ahgg1 and ,james ,geikie and he became great friends4 ,a couple of years later they paid a visit together1 an enjoyable and profitable one1 to the ,froe ,islands4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,last ,,years ,,on ,,the ,,survey #ahgh-ahhb ,the spring of #ahgh saw ,james ,geikie engaged in active correspondence with ,prof4 ,ramsay in regard to their joint paper on the ,gibraltar work1 and also occupied1 in his own words1 in fighting with wild beasts at ,ephesus and elsewhere1 that is to say1 in sundry controversies over glacial matters4 ,his happiness at home was clouded by the severe illness of his little son4 ,in his letters he speaks of being knocked up with night-nursing1 for he walked up and down the greater part of the night with the child in his arms during the most anxious period4 ,happily the baby made a good recovery1 and in a letter to ,mr ,horne towards the end of the year he says3--8#8,the boy' is hale and flourishing1 and a great amusement in the evenings when ,i come home4 ,i prefer his company even to that of a pipe6 ,excuse the #8eavy fawther4'0 ,he was very fond of children at all times1 and his own were a source of great joy to him4 ,in summer he went back to the ,cheviot region for a couple of months to finish off his work there1 and revisited ,buchtrig4 ,it was during this visit that he met ,sir ,george ,douglas 7cf4 p4 #fg74 ,in ,august he went abroad with his wife and her sister1 the baby1 now quite recovered1 being left with his grandmother4 ,the tour was via the ,rhine to ,switzerland1 and then across the ,st ,gothard by carriage into ,italy4 ,some interesting letters to the home people record the experiences met with1 but as the ground covered is very well known they need not be quoted here4 ,during the course of the tour some geological observations were made bearing on points treated in ,prehistoric ,europe1 which was being written during this year4 ,signs of overwork and some worry were1 however1 observable as the year went on4 ,in an undated letter to ,mr ,horne he complains of not feeling good for much3--8,i was busy at a new book1 but being in the blues now for some time1 the ,,ms4 lies aside1 and ,i sometimes wonder whether ,i shall ever finish it4 ,i thought my trip abroad would have cleared up my faculties1 but no such luck60 ,among his causes for anxiety were his own future and that of the ,survey4 ,prof4 ,ramsay's health was breaking down1 a fact which grieved ,james ,geikie very much1 and the possibility that difficult days for the ,survey and its members were coming loomed ahead4 ,in an unwonted fit of melancholy he says in the same letter3--8,it makes one sad to think that the #8brave days of old' are all passing or past away4 ,one gets sick of the strife and din and wishes for peace and rest1 which1 however1 will only come when one shuts his eyes for the last time40 ,he found also that his distance from a good library was a great drawback in his work4 ,the letter1 with all its sadness1 speaks of the pleasure which he found in the company of the 8small chick10 who seems to have had a potent charm wherewith to dispel his father's clouds of gloom4 ,among the letters of the spring of #ahgi are several to ,mr ,lamplugh1 now of the ,geological ,survey4 ,in regard to these ,mr ,lamplugh says3--8,i do not know that they contain anything that is now of sufficient consequence to warrant their reproduction4 ,but they illustrate very well the kindly attention and trouble that the late ,prof4 ,geikie was always ready to give to a beginner in science4 ,i was under twenty years of age when the first of these letters came to me1 and ,i have kept them as treasures from those days40 ,the letters in their friendliness and unaffectedness bear out this description1 and some other letters of the same period show that while the writer was never deaf to the appeal of a common interest in the progress of knowledge1 when to this was added the stronger appeal of friendship1 he gave himself whole-heartedly4 ,his friends ,messrs ,peach and ,horne had written a paper on 8,the ,glaciation of the ,shetland ,islands0 for the ,geological ,society of ,london1 and in this ,james ,geikie took the keenest interest1 giving advice freely both on the method of presenting the contents1 and on the technical points connected with the effort to obtain for the paper a fair hearing and speedy publication4 ,a hitch in the matter of publication brings from him a letter full of genuine and practical sympathy1 combined with a whole-hearted espousal of his friends' cause4 ,during this spring also he was still engaged1 with varying fortunes1 upon his ,prehistoric ,europe1 a task of great magnitude on account of the enormous number of references and the labour which these involved4 ,thus a letter written early in ,march represents1 as it were1 the trough of the wave--he tires of the book at intervals1 thinking it will never do1 and throws it aside in a 8kind o' scunner40 ,another letter at the end of ,may shows him on the crest of a new wave of enthusiasm4 ,he had just received many new pamphlets from 8furrin' parts10 mostly inspired by his own glacial work1 often accompanied by letters from the authors4 ,thus he says3-- ,dr ,a4 ,penck of ,leipzig writes to the effect that it was the reading of ,great ,ice ,age that first opened his eyes to the meaning of the ,diluvium of ,northern ,germany4 ,he says he has got evidence of three glaciations with intervening glacial deposits6 ,he says he has all the burning enthusiasm of a convert6 ,his letter has greatly gratified me1 of course4 ,i see he is an old hand and has done a lot of geological work4 ,then ,i have a long letter from a ,dr ,r4 ,lehmann of ,halle1 who is also congratulatory at the success with which the ,german ,drifts have recently been explained on the principles laid down in my book66 ,also1 some duffers have sent me their photographs6 ,i wonder what has so suddenly wakened them up4 ,helland has a long and interesting paper on the ,german ,drift which ,i suppose you will see3 also a batch of papers on same subject from ,prof4 ,berendt of ,berlin4 ,i don't know how ,i am to get through all the ,swedish and ,norwegian papers ,i have received4 ,they are so hard to read4 ,a postscript to this letter says3--8,pray excuse the exulting egotism of this epistle4 ,i would not write so to anyone else40 ,but while glacial work was thus occupying most of his attention1 lighter subjects were not altogether forgotten4 ,in another letter to ,mr ,horne1 written on ,good ,friday1 he says3-- ,in a few days ,i am going to ask you to do me a favour1 which is to run your eye over some ,,ms4 ,i shall send you4 ,you need not read it all through--that would be too much of a good thing--but just dip into it here and there1 and see what it is like4 ,you will laugh when ,i tell you that the ,,ms4 is poetry1 translations from the ,german4 ,these have been lying beside me for some ten or twelve years4 ,i was urged by several friends of good judgment to publish them long ago4 ,but ,i would not be induced to do so1 so ,i laid them aside until ,i had quite forgotten them and could read them and criticise them as if they had been the lucubrations of another man4 ,they bore this better than ,i expected1 and ,i gathered together all ,i could find and have had them copied out and stitched into a volume4 ,it is perhaps needless to say that this ,,ms4 was the translation of ,heine's poems1 of which mention has already been made here repeatedly4 ,the intention to publish at this time was abandoned1 partly because of the possible effect on the 8new book10 i4e41 ,prehistoric ,europe4 ,during this spring ,james ,geikie was also corresponding with ,dr ,helland on glacial topics1 and had arranged to accompany him to the ,froe ,islands1 to study the glacial phenomena there4 ,a start was made at the end of ,may1 and the two spent a delightful time together1 ,prof4 ,helland's knowledge of the language being a great help4 ,james ,geikie's paper on his observations was published a year or two later1 and his note-books contain long descriptions of his experiences1 with many sketches and diagrams4 ,a more informal account is given in a letter to ,mrs ,johnston of ,crailing ,hall3-- ,i enjoyed my trip very much though ,i had to rough it more than most people would care to do4 ,but what ,i saw was quite enough to make me forget all discomforts4 ,perhaps the most striking features of the ,froe ,islands are their sea-cliffs4 ,these range in height from #cjj feet to #bjjj feet4 ,i sailed in a little boat round a large part of the coast-line and was very much impressed4 ,the cliffs rise sheer up out of deep water1 seeming in some places almost to overhang4 ,fancy the sun shining brightly on a great wall of brown rock #bjjj feet high--a wall which shows an infinite number of little shelves and ledges1 and all these ledges thickly set with sea-birds in myriads1 while the air is filled with them1 wheeling and screaming above you1 and the water is alive with them swimming1 diving1 floating1 and capering6 ,the great ,atlantic rollers come smoothly up to the base of the cliffs and sweep into the caves1 only to rush out again with a hoarse roar1 and a wild splash of spray and broken water4 ,not very long after his return from the ,froes1 at the end of ,july1 his second son was born4 ,several letters from ,prof4 ,ramsay1 on the ,froes work and other subjects1 in the course of the summer show the friendly terms upon which the two were4 ,thus in announcing that he 7,ramsay7 had been chosen ,president of the ,british ,association for the ,swansea meeting in #ahhj1 he adds3--8,and unless you write the ,presidential ,address for me1 ,i will take steps to have you dismissed from the ,survey60 ,unfortunately for ,james ,geikie1 the time during which ,ramsay had anything to say upon ,survey matters was fast drawing to a close4 ,a few days later ,ramsay writes in jubilant spirits because their joint work at ,gibraltar had proved correct1 although certain borings had seemed at first to cast doubt upon some of their conclusions4 ,prof4 ,ramsay's feelings in the matter are expressed as follows3--8,ho ho ho6 ,ha ha ha6 also he he he60 ,in the same letter ,ramsay speaks of ,prof4 ,penck's results1 saying3--8,it is a grand coup for you40 ,among ,james ,geikie's other correspondents this summer were ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york1 a very warm friend of later years after the two had met in the flesh1 and ,mr ,t4 ,f4 ,jamieson1 who like ,ramsay was greatly interested in the ,froes work4 ,towards the end of the year he writes to ,mr ,horne3-- ,i have recently got heaps of new facts from ,germany1 ,france1 and ,austria1 not to mention ,italy1 which will greatly aid me in working off my present book4 ,that same book drags its slow length along1 but ,i hope to finish it in time for publication next year4 ,after giving a general sketch of the contents of the book he goes on3-- ,my references to foreign writers will astonish you with their 8learned profundity0--what do you think of ,italian1 ,greek1 ,spanish1 ,austrian1 ,german1 ,hungarian1 ,french1 ,danish1 ,dutch1 ,russian1 ,swedish1 ,norwegian1 and ,icelandic references6 ,the time ,i have spent over these with grammar and dictionary1 and the trouble in having others translated for me by learned pundits1 are such that ,i will never1 ,i think1 undertake anything of the kind again4 ,sometimes two or three long nights' work is summed up in a short line2 or even has no mention at all6 ,i only hope the result will justify the time expended4 ,it is all intensely interesting1 however4 ,perhaps it may be well to repeat in connection with this letter that this laborious work was the occupation of what should have been leisure hours1 and that in addition to it ,james ,geikie was putting in some eight or nine hours' work per day in the field or at office work1 was carrying on an extensive correspondence1 was lecturing in various parts of ,scotland1 and was writing scientific papers4 ,much of his writing had thus to be done by curtailing the hours of sleep1 and most of those who came into close contact with him at this time regarded his capacity for work as something almost superhuman4 ,but despite his heavy labours1 this year seems to have been a happy one1 and perhaps helped him to bear the period of storm and stress which was to come4 ,the chief incident of the following year1 #ahhj1 was the completion and publication of ,prehistoric ,europe1 and the letters are full of allusions to it4 ,thus towards the end of ,january he writes to ,mr ,horne3--8,still grinding away at my tome4 ,got about a third to write yet4 ,the thing swells out1 ,i am sorry to say2 there is so much more to tell than ,i had any idea of40 ,the severity of the strain was1 however1 obviously telling upon him1 for only a week or two later he says3--8,all at present is at a standstill4 ,my head has given up work1 and ,i must leave it alone a little3 been going at it early and late too much60 ,a little later he says again3--8,i am going to rest and do nothing but read4 ,you have no idea what a loathing one takes to paper and pen sometimes6 ,but doubtless you have the same40 ,it was nearly the end of ,july before the ,,ms4 was finally completed1 and the nature of the effort is indicated by the fact that the concluding sentences of the book were written in his sleep6 ,he was working at it as usual till far into the night1 and could not find a fitting sentence to round off the whole4 ,after trying for some time ineffectively1 he decided to leave the matter till the morning1 and went off to bed1 the time being #b ,a4,m4 ,in his usual orderly fashion he had placed the last sheets on his writing-table1 putting two books on top to prevent the papers from being scattered by a chance draught4 ,in the morning he found them scattered over the table1 to his great disgust1 for it was a stern household regulation that papers were taboo for all hands save their owner's4 ,the maid when taxed1 however1 denied indignantly that she had touched them1 and when the injured author gathered up his treasures he was astonished to find1 written in his own handwriting1 though not with his usual neatness1 the sentence which now stands as the final one4 ,evidently he had dropped to sleep and come down to complete the unfinished task in a subconscious condition4 ,the story shows clearly that it was time the book was done with4 ,but the labour did not cease with the completion of the ,,ms4 ,the holiday1 which began early in ,august1 was spent partly in ,london1 looking up final references1 and partly in ,south ,wales1 with a view to making out some further glacial points4 ,a letter to ,mr ,horne suggests the mixed feelings which the completion of the task brought4 ,he says3--8,i am well pleased now to have the thing off my hands4 ,i will not soon begin another such work4 ,it is too much worry and labour--and yet pleasant withal40 ,later he writes3--8,now that my book is off my hands1 time in the evenings hangs heavy on my hands0--the ,nemesis1 a psychologist would say1 of overwork1 for it was obviously the condition when nothing but work had become possible6 ,various pleasant little incidents1 however1 occurred this autumn4 ,thus the ,french geologists1 ,,mm4 ,falsan and ,chantre1 sent him a copy of their ,monograph on the old glaciers of the ,rhone basin4 ,in sending the book ,m4 ,falsan spoke with gratifying warmth of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 and of the many new ideas which he and his confrre had obtained from its perusal4 8,i feel as if ,i shall get cocky10 says ,james ,geikie in a letter1 8and1 as pride goes before a fall1 am beginning to dread lest ,prehistoric ,europe should be damned40 ,m4 ,falsan also asked permission to translate ,the ,great ,ice ,age into ,french1 and there were ,german offers to translate both ,the ,great ,ice ,age and ,prehistoric ,europe4 ,the latter appeared towards the end of ,november4 ,copies were sent1 among others1 to ,charles ,darwin and to ,prof4 ,ramsay1 whose letters in reply were a source of great gratification to ,james ,geikie4 ,darwin wrote both immediately upon receipt1 and later after he had read the book4 ,in the second letter he says3--8,yours is a grand book1 and ,i thank you heartily for the instruction and pleasure it has given me40 ,that this was not mere flattery is apparent from the keen discussion of certain special points in which he was interested4 ,the next year1 #ahha1 was one of great stress1 though the tale of its external events is soon told4 ,that ,prof4 ,ramsay's health was failing had long been known1 and though his actual resignation did not take place till the end of #ahha1 the fact that it was impending was obvious long before4 ,it was also known among the ,survey men that his retiral would mean extensive changes1 likely to affect directly and indirectly most of the members of the staff4 ,as has been already stated1 it led to ,james ,geikie's resignation and his acceptance of the professorship at ,edinburgh ,university4 ,something must therefore be said in regard to the reasons that induced him to leave highly congenial work for a post which was not1 certainly at first1 wholly so1 and which further1 at least in early days1 did not materially improve his financial position4 ,it must be noted first that by this time he was the author of two bulky books 7produced1 as we have seen1 at the cost of great and continuous toil7 which had been hailed at home and abroad as 8epoch-making40 ,he had correspondents in most parts of the civilised world2 men of mark in their own countries had publicly acknowledged him as a leader of geological thought1 a fount of inspiration1 an opener up of new paths of research4 ,at the same time1 to those immediately above him he was a subordinate1 with a very moderate salary1 a recipient of orders1 with little opportunity for initiating changes or improvements1 and was living in a small provincial town1 to some extent remote from the main current of public life4 ,second1 and this is a point which is much less familiar to the general public than in a democratic country it ought to be1 his books were not of the kind which bring direct monetary reward to their author4 ,his family was increasing1 for his third son was born in this year of #ahha2 he himself was past forty1 and the probability that he could continue to go on working for many years more at the rate at which he had been toiling during the last twenty was necessarily diminishing4 ,now it is universally admitted1 as a general proposition1 that when a man without private means has done and is doing important and highly specialised work for his country and for the world1 work which does not bring direct pecuniary gain1 then it is the duty of those in high places to see that he be established in such a position as to free him from financial anxiety for the future1 to enable him to face his responsibilities with a calm mind1 to obviate the necessity for his wasting his strength and intellect in hack-work in order to supplement his income4 ,but1 while this is admitted as a general proposition1 there is always the possibility that petty personal interests will intervene in a particular case4 ,james ,geikie left the ,survey partly under the pressure of such interests1 which seemed to threaten his prospects of immediate promotion1 and partly under that of friends who thought that the professorship offered more scope for him4 ,whether he was right or wrong it is difficult to say1 but there is evidence that at least at first he regretted his decision4 ,he might have quitted the ,survey of his own free will1 and would certainly have done this with a pang1 but the thought that his decision to leave was not wholly voluntary1 made the pang excessively bitter4 ,many of the letters of this year of anxiety are too intimate to be quoted4 ,we shall only insert sentences and phrases to make the narrative plain4 ,one of the first indications of coming events was an attack upon ,prehistoric ,europe in the early part of #ahha1 an attack which it seems quite clear was not motived wholly by an honest desire to promote the cause of science4 ,it was this element which made the matter so hard to bear4 ,the affair has affected me more than ,i can tell4444 ,you will laugh1 but it is true all the same1 that ,i can hardly eat or sleep4 ,for the attack itself ,i don't mind1 ,i know that my book is a bit of honest true work1 and will outlive the attempts 444 to stifle it4444 ,i wish the snow would go and let me out to have a walk4 ,sometimes ,i wish that ,i had kept clear of writing books altogether4444 ,i remember wondering once when ,green told me that when he was vexed with anything a romp with his bairns made him quite hearty4 ,it seemed to me overstrained4 ,i don't think so now that ,i have bairns of my own4 ,their quaint and funny ways quite carry you out of yourself4444 ,dearly as ,i love life1 ,i can already foresee that the time will come when ,i shall be glad to lie down and sleep the sleep that knows no waking4444 ,verily ,i do believe a good wife and loving mother is the only treasure of treasures that is worth striving for in this world6444 ,how much you and ,i have to be thankful for6 ,these are a few extracts written to his friend ,mr ,horne at the moment when the history of the incident was just becoming plain1 and at a time also when ,mr ,horne's first child had just been born2 they throw perhaps more light upon it and upon the character of ,james ,geikie than any ordered narrative could do4 ,later letters of the same spring emphasise the effect which the incident had upon him4 8,the whole thing10 he writes in one letter1 8has worried me more than ,i can tell20 but a journey south1 where1 inter alia1 he lectured at ,hull1 and led a big geological excursion1 helped to change the current of his thoughts1 while his reception at ,hull gratified him greatly4 ,fresh letters from continental geologists also1 not only praising his book but discussing the bearing of his results upon their observations in various parts of ,europe1 must have helped to assure him that it was worth while to do honest work1 despite detractors4 ,further1 the family moved from ,perth to ,birnam1 where they took a charming cottage at the foot of ,birnam ,hill1 covered with roses1 and with a large untidy garden4 ,the early summer was brilliantly fine1 and the fresh air and open life of the country must have made it easier to take a more philosophical view of the affair1 unpleasant as it was4 ,the letters of early summer show at least a perceptible recovery of balance and cheerfulness4 ,his third son was born in ,june1 and in answer to congratulations he says3--8,a third boy was a great disappointment--a girl would have #8completed' all the family any reasonable man could desire60 ,the arrival of the baby prevented him from accompanying ,dr ,helland on a projected trip to ,iceland in early summer1 but1 rather curiously1 an opportunity to visit the island occurred a little later in the same year1 for he went to report on some sulphur mines4 ,on #agth ,september he writes to ,mr ,horne3--8,i have just returned from ,iceland1 where ,i have had some very hard but very interesting work4 ,what a country6 ,fancy me riding eleven hours over lava-beds1 mountains1 etc41 devil a road or even path6 ,however1 all was fresh and new40 ,by this time the question of changes in the ,survey was becoming acute1 and ,james ,geikie was beginning to debate with himself as to whether he ought to try for the ,chair in ,geology at ,edinburgh for his children's sake4 ,the indecision he found very unsettling4 8,i can settle to nothing--reading and writing are alike out of the question40 ,more than a month later he writes3--8,i am pulled two ways--my own desire and wish is to remain in the ,survey40 8,my repugnance to that ,chair10 he says a few days later1 8increases as the days go past40 ,perhaps nothing1 however1 shows better his fundamental repugnance to all the weighing of questions of worldly advantage1 to the scheming and plotting and wire-pulling which go to the making of appointments1 than a letter written to ,mr ,horne in the thick of the conflict4 ,this begins with an account of information which had reached him in regard to the position of affairs as to the ,edinburgh ,chair1 and glides off insensibly into an account of letters just received from ,prof4 ,penck and ,prof4 ,gandry1 the one a ,german and the other a ,french geologist4 ,both letters contained much of great interest to him1 and the letter becomes a full discussion of the points raised1 the question of his own future meantime sinking entirely out of mind4 ,obviously he wanted to be let alone and allowed to do his work in peace1 to have reasonable security for his children4 ,in one letter he laments his own lack of worldly wisdom1 and his willingness to take advice from his various friends2 and the rather pathetic balancing of the advantages of one apparently possible position against another1 merely meant that his mind was set on other things altogether1 and that in consequence he allowed himself to be swayed by the different influences brought to bear upon him4 ,his own candour and frankness made him singularly willing to accept advice offered under the guise of friendship1 without stopping to investigate the question whether his advisers were or were not wholly disinterested4 ,but his unwillingness to be separated from his old colleagues remains the dominant note1 even when he yielded to what seemed sound arguments brought to bear upon him4 ,his instant response to kindliness is shown by the following quotation3--8,isn't old ,ramsay a trump4 ,he wrote me a short1 but such an affectionate letter that ,i declare ,i could not read it without wet eyes40 ,his final decision to apply for the ,chair was due to the receipt of a private letter which informed him that the ,home ,office was prepared to appoint him immediately on his sending in an application1 on the ground that he was the man obviously best fitted for the post4 ,it was also indicated to him informally that the reputation which he had obtained owing to his books was such that any other testimonial was unnecessary4 ,inquiries had been made which had satisfied the ,home ,office that no other possible candidate had such high qualifications for the post4 ,in announcing to his friend ,mr ,horne the receipt of this flattering though unofficial letter1 ,james ,geikie cannot forbear adding3--8,i shall quit the ,survey dead against my desires4 ,but yet ,i feel ,i am doing best for myself and for my children40 ,both his natural modesty1 and perhaps the painful memory of his controversy in the spring1 made him uneasy about the fact that the appointment was made without1 as he says1 any chance being given to other possible candidates4 ,thus he forwarded the unasked-for testimonials1 the writers including all the leading men of the day in his own branch of science4 ,but amidst all the bustle of arranging about the testimonials1 and about the leaving of his work and the finding of a house in ,edinburgh1 the note of regret recurs constantly4 8,i can't realise that ,i am leaving the ,survey4 ,how vexed ,i am--no one can tell40 ,not all his own regrets1 however1 could quench his enthusiasm for the service he was giving up4 ,thus he took up cudgels with the utmost vigour for his friends on the ,survey1 whose interests he thought likely to be affected by certain proposed changes4 ,these changes he thought regrettable not only on this account1 but also because they seemed to him contrary to the interests of the whole ,survey4 ,his new work at ,edinburgh was not to begin till the autumn of #ahhb1 and though the house in ,edinburgh was taken in spring1 the family stayed on in the country all summer1 partly to let the new-made professor finish off his ,survey work1 and partly that all might enjoy the country air4 ,but the respite did not ease the pain of the prospective parting3--8,it makes me sad at heart when ,i think that the old ,survey days are for me so soon to end4 ,so life wags--some day soon ,i shall be ending work for good and all1 and then for a long rest1 and no heartaches and no headaches4 ,my heart gets heavy whiles at the thought of leaving the green fields over which ,i have wandered so long and happily4 ,after forty years of life it is almost too late to change4 ,but what ,i have done ,i hope will turn out for the best4 ,anyhow1 ,i hope you fellows will not forget the old comradeship1 but come often and see me4 ,i can't yet realise that ,i am leaving work in the field1 and going into town to become fat1 greasy1 and respectable40 ,and so the summer months slipped away1 and autumn brought ,edinburgh and the new sphere4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,edinburgh ,,and ,,the ,,professorship #ahhb-ahhh ,official work in ,edinburgh began with the delivery by the new professor of his inaugural address on #bgth ,october #ahhb1 the subject being 8,the ,aims and ,methods of ,geological ,inquiry40 ,in early days the class was small1 and as the income derived from ,sir ,roderick ,murchison's endowment was supplemented by the students' fees1 then paid direct to the professor1 their number was an important matter4 ,further1 at the time of the appointment1 as for many years later1 geology was not compulsory for any degree1 and was not even an optional degree for the ordinary course in ,arts4 ,this meant that the professor had not a status in the ,university comparable to that of those of the ,arts professors whose courses were compulsory1 or of the members of the ,medical ,faculty4 ,on the other hand1 it meant that the students who took the class did so from a genuine interest in the subject4 ,the fact that ,prof4 ,geikie soon acquired much weight in the ,senate was due entirely to his strong personality1 unassisted1 at least at first1 by any advantages of position4 ,the letters of this first winter session are filled1 as might be expected1 with the business of settling down in ,edinburgh1 the buying of furniture and carpets1 the 8grind0 of getting up the lectures1 and recurring regrets at parting with old friends4 ,a letter to ,mr ,horne1 written at the beginning of ,january #ahhc1 illustrates very clearly the dawning of genuine interest in the new work1 still mingled with longings for the old4 ,the following passages may be quoted3-- ,i was at the office the other day4444 ,but how the days flash by4 ,and how the dear old days are gone when you and ,i and the others used to chaff and make a noise o' winter in that office4 ,it makes me melancholy sometimes when ,i think of it all4 ,i am ,professor in ,edinburgh ,university1 but my heart is in the ,survey with my old ,survey chums4 ,here are tall hats1 black coats1 pompous windbags--and in a word1 starch and humbug4 ,my boy1 ,i have been caught too old4 ,had ,i come here earlier ,i might have become 8respectable0 too--but it is too late6 ,however1 ,i get on well with my students who1 being young1 understand fun and such improvised nonsense as ,i endeavour to cheer them with4 ,i fancy some of my colleagues would have their hair elevated if they heard me4 ,i like the work much better than ,i expected1 but eh man6 ,i miss the freedom of the country4 ,the office alluded to above was1 of course1 the ,survey ,office1 and ,prof4 ,geikie's colleagues record that at first he found it difficult to keep away from it4 ,he generally dropped in on his way to or from the ,university to see how things were getting on1 and never missed an opportunity of meeting his old friends4 ,when he began to have students' parties some of the ,survey men were generally asked also1 so that the students might have an opportunity of coming into direct contact with the men who were making geology in ,scotland4 ,many allusions in the early letters show that the new professor found the task of arranging his class work irksome4 ,in certain branches of geology he had himself taken little interest1 having specialised early1 and as at first he had no assistant1 all the work fell on his own shoulders4 ,for microscopic work and some aspects of mineralogy he had always expressed contempt1 as being only suitable for the men who could not or did not work in the field2 and these despised subjects he now felt himself constrained to 8get up0 for class purposes1 and this necessity drew from him many groans4 ,one must admit that there was a certain tragedy in this taking of a man of forty-four off his own highly specialised work to grind up a subject of practically no use to him in that work2 but such tragedies are frequent when original thinkers are placed in professorial chairs which demand much elementary teaching4 ,preparing for his microscopic class1 he complains1 means sitting up half the night1 and is 8fiddling work10 requiring little in the way of brains4 ,a letter to ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york1 dated #bfth ,january #ahhc1 is not without interest in the same connection1 in showing the effect of this drudgery on his own work4 ,in acknowledging one of the former's publications1 he says3--8,i am sorry ,i have no papers to send you4 ,my preparations for a new start as professor in our ,university here have absorbed nearly all my leisure time1 so that several papers ,i had chalked out have been laid aside for the present40 ,a letter to ,mr ,horne1 written a few weeks later1 while the author was invigilating a class examination1 shows where his thoughts turned as soon as the strain was lifted for a moment4 ,it records the receipt of a letter from ,prof4 ,nathorst of ,stockholm1 who had been doing work in ,spitsbergen1 and had come independently to the same conclusion in regard to certain points as ,james ,geikie4 ,the latter adds3--8,he says he is delighted that his conclusions1 arrived at independently1 should corroborate and support mine4 ,very nice40 ,the same letter to ,mr ,horne contains an allusion to an odd form of compliment which had just reached the writer4 ,a lady in ,nova ,scotia1 apparently a total stranger1 had written to ask if the author of ,the ,great ,ice ,age would stand godfather to her baby4 ,the cream of the jest was1 however1 that the said baby was not expected to enter this vale of tears till some three or four months after the date of the letter4 ,history1 unfortunately1 does not record whether or not the infant put in an appearance1 nor whether it had to be baptised as ,james or ,jamesina1 but the professor gave his consent without1 as he says1 any ungentlemanly reference to common proverbs4 ,at the close of this1 his first winter session1 the new professor took a party of students on a long geological excursion to the ,border district1 his old hunting-ground4 ,during the course of the excursion1 which lasted several days1 the party visited ,buchtrig1 whether wholly from geological or partly from sentimental reasons does not appear4 ,some fine tramps were taken over the hills1 and the fact that the leader had himself worked out the geology of the district must have added much zest to the excursion4 ,in ,may the first summer class in geology was held1 this being one of ,prof4 ,james ,geikie's innovations4 ,it was well attended1 twenty-six students taking part1 and consisted of both indoor work and excursions4 ,after this year this summer course became a part of the regular routine1 and while it was a great improvement from the point of view of teaching1 it naturally still further diminished the professor's spare time1 and placed him at a disadvantage1 so far as independent work was concerned1 with his colleagues of the ,arts ,faculty who then had only a short winter session4 ,the summer holiday was spent at ,largo in ,fife1 and the summer was clouded by the death of ,prof4 ,geikie's father1 who passed away at the age of seventy-three1 having seen both his geologist sons established in positions of importance4 ,the work of the following session1 #ahhc-ahhd1 proved easier than the first1 8but just yet the ,chair is not a #8bed of roses4' ,it takes up more time than ,i had reckoned for40 ,illustration3 ,from an etching by ,mr ,william ,hole1 ,a4,r4,s4,a4 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,in #ahhd4 ,spring brought two distractions1 the ,tercentenary celebrations of ,edinburgh ,university1 and preparations for a visit to ,canada and the ,united ,states in connection with the ,british ,association meeting at ,montreal4 ,of the former ,prof4 ,geikie soon wearied1 and voiced his weariness1 and perhaps some remains of resentment in regard to those winter nights spent--fruitlessly from his point of view--in 8getting-up0 uncongenial subjects1 in a series of verses4 ,these at the time were shown only to privileged friends1 but may be quoted here now for the sake of those who can see a joke1 even if it is partly at their own expense4 ,they make it clear that the author was not yet wholly reconciled to academic life4 ,,to ,,my ,,alma ,,mater ,,on ,,the ,,completion ,,of ,,her #cjj,,th ,,year #a4 ,hail stately pile6 hail treasure-house of lore6 ,dear nurse of many a wit and many a bore6 ,what mingled thoughts have we in this late time1 ,reviewing all the glories of thy prime6 #b4 ,three hundred years ago thou hadst thy birth1 ,and now thy name is known o'er all the earth3 ,in making ropes of sand once great thy skill-- ,thy fame is now the scalpel and the pill4 #c4 ,o ,alma ,mater1 'neath thy learned shade1 ,how many a plot against mankind is laid6 ,and ghouls in hundreds every year stalk forth1 ,to testify to all what thou art worth6 #d4 ,tramp6 tramp6 they come1 the ministers of death1 ,at their approach the boldest holds his breath3 8,your money and your life60 they gleeful cry-- ,and awestruck patients pay their fees and die4 #e4 ,these ghouls thy children are3 nor these alone1 ,o bounteous mother1 hail thee as their own6 ,nursed in thine arms1 the vacant--void no more-- ,in countless numbers issue from thy door6 #f4 ,confusion tightly pack'd within each brain-- ,or air1 compress'd1 distending the inane1 ,thine is the gas they own1 and thine the lead1 ,the tongue untiring1 and the addled head4 #g4 ,to pulpit and to platform see them fly1 ,for1 wind-distracted1 they must speak or die2 ,bored and perplex'd the audience shifts about1 ,those only happy who can snooze it out4 4 4 4 4 4 #aa4 ,but ,i1 unlucky1 whither shall ,i go1 ,who of this lore of thine so little know6 ,what academic prize to me shall fall1 ,content to know a little1 and not all6 #ab4 ,forgive me1 ,o my mother1 if ,i still ,keep some brain-space for after years to fill6 ,nor chide if ,i decline this awful cram ,of unassorted victuals for exam6 ,the spring brought also the offer of the honorary fellowship of the ,geological ,society of ,stockholm4 ,in ,august he started for ,new ,york1 this being his first journey across the ,atlantic4 ,he enjoyed the voyage very much1 being one of the very few passengers who were able to appear at meals during a stormy period met with soon after leaving ,ireland4 ,later the weather improved and the party became very lively1 ,prof4 ,geikie participating in all the entertainments and gaiety which went on4 8,i feel already #bj per cent4 better in mind and body10 he says2 8twenty years younger am ,i too1 or ,i would not enjoy such high jinks as go on here40 ,several friends were made on the ship1 and one of these1 a ,boston gentleman1 showed much kindness to ,prof4 ,geikie on his arrival in ,new ,york4 ,thanks to him1 it was possible to see something of the city during a brief stay there1 the incidents including a visit behind the scenes of a theatre1 where the stage manager announced that he had read ,the ,great ,ice ,age4 ,from ,new ,york the journey was continued to ,chicago1 which did not make a very favourable impression1 and on to ,st ,paul1 much of geological interest being seen en route4 ,from ,st ,paul the party went to ,winnipeg1 the furthest point west reached4 ,the crossing of the prairies made a great impression on ,prof4 ,geikie4 ,he says3-- ,i have often pictured the prairies to myself1 but somehow the picture never comes up to the reality4 ,how strange it is to gaze over a seemingly limitless extent of grass-land as flat as any ,scottish haugh-land4 ,the sky was exquisitely bright--white clouds sailing over a delicate blue--but the colours of the prairie surpass my powers of description4 ,the wild flowers fairly took my breath away--there were blues1 purples1 whites1 and yellows1 the latter predominating4 ,standing outside of the car one never tired watching the changing hues--here were broad belts of yellow1 there patches of blue and white and purple4 ,or all the colours were commingled in a dazzling confusion4 ,the rails are laid flat on the prairie and the sweet flowers grow up to the rails4 ,butterflies in absolute clouds--great big fellows--danced and flitted about1 and now and again a flight of birds appeared4 ,but huts or houses were seen only at very wide intervals--sometimes many miles were passed without any sign of human habitation4 ,i enjoyed the ride of #ejj miles through the prairies much more than anything else ,i have yet seen4 ,it was a new experience4 ,what an expressive silence seemed to overhang the vast stretch of grass-land4 ,a heavy storm of rain and sheet lightning suddenly came on and drove us into the car at sunset4 ,when ,i woke this morning at four o'clock and looked out of the carriage window ,i saw an exquisite sunrise--a beautiful pink flushed all the east1 and the prairie fairly gleamed with golden yellow and blue4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,gutebrunst1 ,philadelphia4 ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,in #ahhh4 ,the notes on ,winnipeg and on the journey thence to ,toronto are interesting as showing how little future developments were expected at this date4 ,of ,winnipeg1 described as being 8in the far west10 ,prof4 ,geikie says3--8,winnipeg is a surprising place for so far distant a region4 ,here are some #be1jjj inhabitants3 it is quite a considerable town--with churches1 theatres1 etc41 etc41 and a ,scientific ,society40 ,speaking of his journey eastwards he says3-- ,we left ,winnipeg on ,wednesday 7#bjth7 and travelled all day through rough rolling ground1 very rocky and sprinkled with my friends--boulder-clay1 morainic gravel and sand1 and large erratics4 ,the country was upon the whole rather dreary1 dense thickets of spruce fir covering the rocky knolls1 and swamps and morasses lying in the hollows4 ,here and there where the ground was more open the prairie flowers flourished1 and butterflies and dragon-flies fluttered and darted about in the sunshine4 ,night overtook us while we were still in the same monotonous country4 ,a number of ,british ,ass4 folk had joined us at ,winnipeg1 among them ,prof4 ,ramsay1#d a nephew of my ,prof4 ,r4 ,the night we passed in the sleeping-car1 and next morning found us still sweeping along through the same kind of forest land4 ,very fine evidence of ice-work was seen all the way--just like what ,i know in ,wester ,ross and ,sutherland4 ,we breakfasted at a rough station in those dreary backwoods4 ,houses are few and far apart in such a desolate region1 and ,i can't see how the railway can ever pay4 ,we passed over #ajjj miles of land1 most of which seemed to me as barren and hopeless as the poorest tracts of the ,outer ,hebrides4 ,the trees are small miserable sticks1 and everywhere one sees rising above these small trees tall ragged and naked trunks1 marked with fire1 showing that much forest land must have been destroyed by fire in earlier days4 ,we stopped at last at ,port ,arthur1 at the upper end of ,lake ,superior1 where we spent the day and night4 ,this is a small backwoods town of some #bjjj or #cjjj inhabitants4 ,the view over ,thunder ,bay is fine1 and ,i enjoyed a walk into the country4 #d ,later ,sir ,william ,ramsay4 ,next day the party sailed down the lakes to ,owen ,sound and took train for ,toronto4 ,from here ,niagara was visited1 and after that the journey continued to ,montreal4 ,from ,montreal ,prof4 ,geikie went south to ,philadelphia1 where he found the heat very trying1 and then back to ,new ,york and on to ,boston4 ,the latter town attracted him greatly4 8,i feel more at home in ,boston than ,i have felt since leaving ,auld ,reekie4 ,the people are more like our own people too40 ,here he met and made many friends1 and tells an amusing experience with a ,german lady doctor1 who made wine from grapes grown in her own vineries4 ,she and ,prof4 ,geikie got on very well together1 and the latter was invited to visit the vineries and taste the wine4 ,having received a private warning1 the professor resolved to display extreme abstemiousness when confronted with the fluid1 but the lady ceremoniously proposed the health of her guest from across the seas1 who felt constrained to return the compliment with a brimming goblet4 ,fortunately the proceedings came to a close soon afterwards1 and ,prof4 ,geikie and his friend were able to hurry home to the latter's house in order to correct the influence of the concoction with a modest 8dram40 ,they took a long drive afterwards1 and no results followed1 apparently1 beyond the acquisition of a conviction that the climate of ,boston was unsuited to the juice of the grape4 ,shortly afterwards ,prof4 ,geikie returned home1 and in ,december he writes to ,mr ,horne bemoaning the amount of work which he found waiting for him4 ,he says3--8,but know one thing1 ,o ,horne1 that here in ,auld ,reekie ,i am pestered to death with correspondence4 ,people scribble on all sorts of subjects1 and expect answers1 and ,i begin to hate the sight of notepaper4 ,and so the letters that ,i ought to write and like to write remain unwritten1 while those ,i detest to write take up more time than ,i like to waste4 ,you should have seen the piles waiting for me on my return from ,yankee land--some of the rubbish is not answered yet40 ,he goes on in the same letter to say3--8,i find living in town more expensive than the country1 there are so many calls upon one1 and the class does not pay as well as ,i had hoped4 ,but that is mending and ,i have good hopes40 ,he also speaks of a 8pot-boiler0 he was busy with1 to wit1 his ,outlines of ,geology1 which though far advanced at this time did not appear till more than a year afterwards4 ,the same note occurs in other letters of the following year1 and a projected visit to the ,hebrides in the summer of #ahhe had to be given up owing to 8circumstances over which ,i have no control 7i4e41 empty purse740 8,living here is not so easy as in the country10 he adds again4 ,but he also says3--8,i have got into the ways of my new sphere and jog along very comfortably40 ,more interesting than the 8pot-boiling0 of which he speaks frequently1 was his work in connection with the ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 in which he took an active part in the autumn of #ahhd4 ,thus in the letter already quoted he says3--8,i have been sair taigled with that ,geographical ,society1 but ,i think it will do2 and ,i mean to work it to some purpose4 ,we are going to bring out the first number of a ,geographical ,magazine in ,january1 for which ,i have promised to write a short article on the ,physical ,features of ,scotland40 ,at the first meeting of the ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 it may be noted1 which was held on #bhth ,october #ahhd1 ,prof4 ,geikie moved--8,that this meeting1 recognising the scientific and general utility of a national society for the promotion of geography1 resolves that a ,geographical ,society for ,scotland be now formed40 ,he was associated with the ,society till his death1 and took a very active part in its management1 as ,hon4 ,editor from #ahhh onward1 as a ,vice-,president1 and for the period #aijd-aiaj as ,president4 ,beginning with the first number also he made frequent contributions to the ,scottish ,geographical ,magazine1 contributions of great scientific importance1 and in addition was always ready to put his knowledge and experience at the disposal of the ,acting ,editor4 ,during a long period of years his work for the ,society must have made large inroads upon his time and energy1 and thus geography in ,scotland1 no less than geology1 owes him a great debt of gratitude4 ,no very noteworthy events took place in the year #ahhe4 ,the ,outlines of ,geology was finished1 though it did not appear till after the ,new ,year1 and in autumn a visit was paid to ,louisa1 ,lady ,ashburton1 who became a great friend of the family4 ,the visit was to ,lady ,ashburton's country house at ,loch ,luichart in ,ross1 and was very enjoyable1 many drives being taken to surrounding places4 ,on the homeward journey ,prof4 and ,mrs ,geikie stayed with their friends ,mr and ,mrs ,horne at ,inverness4 ,the party at ,loch ,luichart was evidently a very gay one1 and ,prof4 ,geikie1 freed from strain and at leisure1 seems to have been full of life4 ,letters from members of the party1 written on receipt of ,heine's ,songs and ,lyrics1 which saw the light in the autumn of #ahhg1 are full of allusions to the visit and to the songs that had been sung during the drives1 allusions which cast a pleasant light on the geologist's human side4 ,in the early part of #ahhf the ,outlines of ,geology appeared1 and was so successful that a second edition was called for less than two years afterwards4 ,during #ahhf also ,prof4 ,geikie's fourth son was born4 ,as the year went on1 signs of strain due to the process of adjustment to the conditions of town life began to make themselves apparent1 one of the most distressing symptoms being insomnia4 ,a sleeping-draught which gave five or six hours of sleep was welcomed with a fervour which tells a pitiful tale4 ,perhaps in some ways even more serious for one who was lecturing daily was loss of voice1 which occurred at ,christmas4 ,the brief vacation failed to produce permanent improvement1 and the early part of the year #ahhg saw a losing struggle between ill-health and ,james ,geikie's strong sense of duty4 ,as soon as the spring vacation freed him he went off to the ,canary ,islands to recuperate4 ,a letter from ,teneriffe1 dated #ahth ,april #ahhg1 indicates a characteristically rapid rebound of spirits3--8,this place is a paradise on earth60 ,the hotel 7at ,orotava7 he describes as 8simply fairy-like4 ,it is bowered in trees1 palms and others4 ,fountains and lakes are all round1 lovely gardens one blaze of gorgeous colour1 and rich green1 cool colonnades with lounges where you can sit and dream and gaze on the sunlit sea4 ,the mornings and evenings are simply heavenly40 ,during his stay ,prof4 ,geikie climbed the ,peak on foot1 an exhausting excursion in the heat1 and one for which he was probably not fit4 ,his account of the effect of rising above the mountains noontide cloud-cap is interesting3--8,when we got above the clouds the sight was very grand4 ,the upper surface is approximately level1 and1 rising above it1 the higher ridges and mountains look so many islands in a tumbled and rolling sea4 ,but such a sea6 ,imagine the sun blazing down from a perfectly clear and cloudless sky--the mountain tops rugged and serrated1 and coloured red and yellow--and the cloud-sea shining with the most silvery brilliance4 ,now and again the wind would cause the clouds to rise up like billows and roll for some little distance up the hill-slopes above the general level of the cloud-sea1 but the invading billows were soon torn to shreds and disappeared40 ,of the top he says3--8,what a weird scene it was4 ,here were numerous extinct volcanoes1 craters looking raw and red just as if they had vomited forth yesterday4 ,the ground was sprinkled all round with slags and cinders and volcanic sand and dust1 and not a blade of grass was to be seen40 ,prof4 ,geikie did a certain amount of geologising during his stay in the ,canaries1 and said in his letters home that he was greatly the better for his trip3--8,my voice is as strong as ever1 and ,i feel braced up in every way40 ,unfortunately the improvement did not last after his return home4 ,he had a disappointing summer1 and with winter the insomnia returned4 ,he could do little save his class work1 and this was a sore struggle4 ,but the fact of his being cut off from his own special work had the effect of turning his attention again to the ,german poems1 and the book1 as stated1 finally appeared in the autumn of #ahhg4 ,a good many of the letters acknowledging receipt have been preserved1 for the poems had always been very dear to him4 ,a pathetic letter from ,lady ,ramsay records the pleasure which the book gave to ,sir ,andrew ,ramsay1 now an invalid and sadly changed from what he had been in his prime4 ,she had read some of the verses to him as he sat in his bath-chair at ,beaumaris1 where the family were now living1 and they had brought back some flashes of his old animation4 ,prof4 ,geikie's health continued to give cause for anxiety throughout the winter of #ahhg-ahhh1 and in summer he and ,mrs ,geikie went to the ,engadine1 in the hope that the high altitude and bracing air would do him good4 ,as the weather became colder they went down into ,italy1 coming home eventually by sea from ,naples4 ,some charming letters to the boys1 who were left at home1 and to others of the family connection1 have been preserved1 but deal for the most part only with the usual incidents of travel in the ,alps4 8,the boys0 were by this time old enough to be keenly interested in butterflies1 and their father gives some humorous descriptions of his attempts to increase their collections4 ,among the minor incidents of the tour were a meeting with ,huxley at the ,maloja1 and the delivery by ,prof4 ,geikie of a lecture on the ,ice ,age at ,pontresina to an audience of two to three hundred people4 ,the latter part of the visit to the ,engadine was marred by the cold1 and the altitude did not seem to suit him so well as he had hoped4 ,on the journey through ,italy a stop was made on ,lake ,como1 of which ,prof4 ,geikie speaks with the same enthusiasm as of old4 ,on the whole1 the tour seems to have been very beneficial1 and to have been an important factor in restoring him to health4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,final ,,edition ,,of 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age0 #ahhi-aijc ,at the beginning of #ahhi ,prof4 ,geikie was awarded the ,murchison medal of the ,geological ,society of ,london1 8in acknowledgment of his important contributions to the geology of ,north ,britain1 and especially of his investigation of glacial phenomena40 ,a letter of cordial congratulation from his old friend ,mr ,whitaker on the award speaks of the writer's own debt to the author1 and of his adoption of a number of the latter's conclusions4 ,in this year also he was made a ,d4,c4,l4 of ,durham ,university4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,elliott ,fry4 ,,prof4 ,,geikie ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,sixty4 ,at this time ,prof4 ,geikie had added to his university work proper a course for women1 who were as yet excluded from classes within the building4 ,at the end of the course1 in the spring of #ahij1 he took the members of the class on a long excursion to ,birnam1 to give them an insight into field geology4 ,the party was a gay one1 and their doings were celebrated by the leader in a series of verses1 of which the first runs as follows3-- ,of the ,geologic ,class ,sing the glorious days' renown ,when to ,birnam it did pass ,from the tumults of the town-- ,a score of earnest students in their frocks1 ,behold the learned band1 ,each with hammer in her hand ,prepared to pound to sand ,all the rocks4 ,prof4 ,geikie's muse was also active the same summer at the dinner of the ,edinburgh ,royal ,society ,club1 held in honour of ,dr ,nansen's return from ,greenland1 where he sang a song of his own composition which met with a great reception4 ,its motif was the joys of ,greenland as a place remote from civilisation1 and a lament over the fact that1 except for that happy land1 8the hale round world is tounifeed40 ,in this year also he was ,president of the ,geological ,section at the ,newcastle-on-,tyne meeting of the ,british ,association1 and devoted his presidential address to the subject of 8,glacial ,geology40 ,in #ahia he returned to ,america1 this time to deliver a course of lectures at the ,lowell ,institute in ,boston4 ,this gave him an opportunity to renew many pleasant friendships made during his previous visit1 but his stay was somewhat marred by an attack of influenza4 ,among his papers are many notes of invitation and greeting1 an interesting one being from ,prof4 ,william ,james1 which contains careful instructions as to how the host's house might be found1 accompanied by a sketch-map4 ,the following year saw the publication of an important paper 8,on the ,glacial ,succession in ,europe10 in regard to which the author says1 in a letter to his friend ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york3--8,i sincerely believe that the conclusions will stand1 no matter how extravagant they may now appear to be40 ,this year also he was ,president of ,section ,e 7,geography7 at the ,edinburgh meeting of the ,british ,association1 the subject of his presidential address being the 8,geographical ,development of ,coast-lines40 ,among the foreign guests at this meeting was the ,norwegian botanist1 ,prof4 ,blytt1 who writes to thank him 8most heartily for all your great kindness to me during my stay in your beautiful city40 ,by this time ,prof4 ,geikie's university work had considerably increased1 for in #ahia he had been elected ,convener of the ,science ,degrees ,committee1 and1 after a ,faculty of ,science had been instituted by the ,royal ,universities ,commission in #ahid1 he was elected ,dean of the ,faculty1 a post which he held till a year before his retirement from the professorship4 ,this brought him into contact with all the science students1 and gave him much to do in the way of organising and arranging courses4 ,as a result his feeling of strangeness to university life seems to have passed away entirely1 and he became thoroughly absorbed in the life of the institution4 ,the work of the ,universities ,commission also greatly improved the status of his subject1 and his position as ,dean gave him much influence in moulding the policy of the ,university in regard to scientific education4 ,a series of verses1 apparently never published1 but written in support of an appeal for more funds for university purposes1 adopts a very different note from the earlier verses which we have quoted1 and show that too much stress should not be laid upon those as representing more than a passing mood4 ,in #ahic1 in addition to various papers1 a volume of collected essays and addresses was published as ,fragments of ,earth ,lore4 ,but this must have been merely a piece of byplay1 as it were1 for during #ahib and #ahic the laborious task of bringing ,the ,great ,ice ,age up to date was being carried on4 ,thus on #bith ,january #ahic he writes to ,prof4 ,chamberlin of ,chicago1 saying3-- ,i have been busy of late in completing a new edition of my ,great ,ice ,age4 ,so long a time has passed since the publication of the last edition that ,i have found it necessary to rewrite the book4 ,the labour of boiling down the evidence obtained by the geologists of ,scandinavia1 ,russia1 ,france1 ,new ,zealand1 ,italy1 ,spain1 etc41 has been very great1 and has rather taken it out of me1 so that for the present ,i am compelled to lay my ,,ms4 aside and do nothing6 ,but the interval of rest can only have been brief1 for he writes again on #abth ,march1 saying3-- ,i am again slowly working at my book1 in hope that ,i may have it in the printer's hands by the end of summer4444 ,i have been truly astonished to find that the voluminous materials which have been collected during the last seventeen years in ,europe1 group themselves without the least difficulty into a coherent and intelligible whole4 ,until ,i had tabulated the results ,i was hardly prepared to find that the evidence from all parts of ,europe tallied so closely4 ,each bit of the puzzle seems to drop into its place with ease4 ,the hope expressed in this letter was not fulfilled1 for nearly a year later1 on #bjth ,january #ahid1 we find him writing again to ,prof4 ,chamberlin1 saying3-- ,in the course of week or two ,i hope to complete my new edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age4 ,the revision has given me more trouble than ,i expected1 chiefly on account of the large number of foreign papers which ,i have had to read and digest1 for ,i was anxious to exhaust the evidence as far as ,i could4444 ,i am hoping to put the manuscript in the printer's hands by the end of ,march or middle of ,april4 ,i give myself that additional time1 for ,i wish to take another look at some of the deposits on the ,baltic coast lands before finally parting with my ,,ms4 ,as soon as ,i get rid of my ,college duties ,i shall start on my flying visit to ,denmark1 etc4 ,some very remarkable evidence has turned up recently in ,tasmania and ,australia4 ,geologists will have to reconsider their notions as to glaciation of our ,antipodes in the light of the newly discovered evidence4 ,i much wish that ,i had a long purse1 unlimited time at my disposal1 and a younger earthly tabernacle1 for under those happy conditions ,i should sail straight away for the ,south1 to see what ,i could see4 ,prof4 ,chamberlin was supplying a sketch of the glacial phenomena of ,north ,america1 which forms ,chapters ,,xli4 and ,,xlii4 of the completed book1 and the correspondence between the two went on during the greater part of this year1 for the book was not published till autumn4 ,on #dth ,may he writes3-- ,i have just returned from a few weeks' holiday in the ,baltic coast lands of ,north ,germany and ,denmark1 where ,i had another opportunity of studying the great moraines of the ,baltic ,glacier4444 ,i am quite ready for press--all the maps are engraved--and am most anxious to have the book set up and corrected for press before the end of ,july4 ,i shall probably go abroad then3 and it would be impossible to revise proofs away from my library4 ,in the summer ,prof4 ,geikie had a visit from his friend ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york4 ,in an undated letter to the latter1 apparently written in early summer1 arranging details about the visit1 he says3-- ,i am sorry to hear about the nervousness4 ,having had it myself--for three years--,i know what it means4 ,but1 courage6 mon ami1 with care you can stave off the enemy4 ,the beast has been threatening me again for some months past4 ,but the work which caused him to look in upon me1 with his infernal grin1 is now all but finished4 ,in a fortnight ,i shall be a free man6 ,then geology may go hang till winter4 ,i wish ,i had a long sail across the briny again1 to ,fiji or anywhere out of the busy haunts of man4 ,the summer holiday was spent at ,traquair on the ,tweed1 and in a letter to ,sir ,george ,douglas written from there on #ajth ,august1 ,prof4 ,geikie says3-- ,i had thought at one time of going to the ,continent1 but here it is more restful and that is what ,i wish4 ,i have no news of any kind1 but am happy to say that ,i have at last escaped from the printer's devil4 ,my ,penelope's ,web is out of my hands at last3 and ,i shall do nothing for the next month or two save loaf about the hills4 ,but as always there were delays at the last1 and a month later he writes to thank ,prof4 ,chamberlin for some additional notes1 saying3-- ,the notes were quite in time to be inserted in the proofs4 ,the book will not be 8out0 before ,october4 ,the engravers have kept us back a little2 but it is no joke revising the proofs of #hej pages4444 ,you may be sure that an early copy of my book will be sent to you as soon as ,i can get it out of the publisher's hands4 ,i am sorry1 however1 that it is so big4 ,i did what ,i could in the way of compression2 but there is so much new to tell4 ,in the autumn a very pleasant incident occurred1 and as it is recorded in letters sent to ,prof4 ,chamberlin1 they may be permitted to tell the tale3-- #aith ,oct #ahid4 ,a short time ago ,i had a most gratifying letter from the ,glacialists' ,excursion-party of the ,geological ,congress4 ,the party 7thirty in number7 embraced some of the best known ,european glacialists1 and was under the guidance of ,penck1 ,brckner1 and ,du ,pasquier4 ,they went over the sections showing the glacial succession in the ,alpine ,lands1 and were convinced that ,penck's interpretation of the facts were correct4 ,in short1 they admit that there have been at least three separate glacial epochs1 and each separated from the other by long-continued valley-erosion during interglacial times4 ,the letter sent to me was signed by all the excursionists4 ,the evidence1 indeed1 is so striking that one wonders that ,alpine geologists should have been so tardy in recognising it6 #bith ,nov4 #ahid4 ,i do not think there would be any impropriety in publishing the letter ,i received from the glacialists1 and you are welcome to use it for the ,journal if you think it worth while4 ,the import of the letter appeared in some ,german newspapers at the time2 but ,i never thought of publishing it here4 ,yet ,i see no reason why it should not appear in your ,journal#e--only1 ,i may be accused of personal vanity in sending it to you4 ,but there is really no vain-glory in the matter1 all that the writers say is simply that ,i would be pleased to see that they had studied the evidence adduced by ,penck1 ,brckner1 and ,du ,pasquier1 and were convinced that the ,alps had been glaciated three times4 ,i therefore enclose a copy of the letter1 the signatures being copied exactly as they are given4 ,you will see the list includes some of the best known glacialists of ,europe4 #e ,the ,journal of ,geology1 of which ,prof4 ,chamberlin is joint editor4 ,,copy ,,of ,,letter ,,restaurant ,,schlossberg ,,am ,,starnberger ,,see1 ,sept4 #bc1 #ahid4 ,,dear ,,professor ,,geikie1--,as members of the ,glacialists' ,excursion we have studied the superposition of three successive glaciations and their interglacial deposits on both sides of the ,alps1 and we desire to address our congratulations to the ,author of ,the ,great ,ice ,age and to express our regret that you were unable to be one of the party and see for yourself a series of exposures which would have a very special interest for you4--,we are1 with sincere regards1 ,signed-- ,,albrecht ,,penck4 ,,eduard ,,br,,ckner4 ,l,,on ,,du ,,pasquier4 ,,andr ,,delebecque4 ,,hugh ,,robert ,,mill1 ,london4 ,dr ,,andr4 ,m4 ,,hansen1 ,kristiania4 ,dr ,k4 ,,keilhack1 ,berlin4 ,dr ,s4 ,,zimmermann1 ,berlin4 ,professor ,dr ,a4 ,,jentzsch1 ,konigsberg4 ,,prof4 ,dr ,g4 ,,berendt1 ,berlin4 ,dr ,,grein1 ,darmstadt4 ,,leo ,,wehrli1 ,zrich4 ,professor ,dr ,,wahnschaffe1 ,berlin4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,pavlow1 ,moscow4 ,dr ,,willi ,,ule1 ,halle a_/,s4 ,prof4 ,dr ,,fritz ,,regel1 ,jena4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,pavlov1 ,moscow4 ,dr ,,aug4 ,,aeppli1 ,zrich4 ,dr ,f4 ,m,,hlberg1 ,aarau4 ,e4 ,,flournoy1 ,genve4 ,j4 ,,lori1 ,utrecht4 ,,immanuel ,,friedlaender1 ,berlin4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,,woeikof1 ,st ,petersbourg4 ,dr ,,hav4 ,,pfeifer4 ,,dugald ,,bell1 ,glasgow4 ,mrs ,d4 ,,bell4 ,dr ,,adolf ,,forster1 ,wien4 ,dr ,a4 ,,schenck1 ,halle a_/,s4 ,,bernard ,,hobson1 ,manchester4 ,the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age duly appeared in the autumn of #ahid1 and some extracts from a letter written by ,prof4 ,stevenson may help to show the impression produced on a fellow-worker by the contemplation of the toil involved4 ,prof4 ,stevenson says1 under date #cjth ,may #ahie3-- ,i have been working away over your ,ice ,age4 ,it is a wonder you were not frozen solid during the work4 ,collation and comparison of observations upon the ,american ,carb4#f are bad enough1 but the conflicts are as nothing compared with those with which you have had to deal4 ,i can well imagine that you felt as you penned the last chapter as ,captain ,marryat did once1 when he closed the title of his last chapter with 8,and the author says #8,thank ,god4'0 #f ,that is the ,carboniferous beds of ,north ,america1 the work upon which ,prof4 ,stevenson was himself engaged4 ,the next few years were passed in the usual round of writing and teaching4 ,in #ahif a third edition of the ,outlines of ,geology appeared1 and in #ahih a number of lectures and papers were collected together in book form as ,earth ,sculpture1 or the ,origin of ,land-forms1 which ran through several editions4 ,in #ahig the ,edinburgh ,royal ,society ,club entertained ,dr ,nansen to dinner on his return from the ,fram expedition1 and ,prof4 ,geikie1 who was always the life of such gatherings1 sang a song of his own composition which was greatly appreciated4 ,among the letters of these years1 which include many to ,american and continental friends1 is one to ,prof4 ,stevenson from which the following passages1 as representing a considered opinion1 may be quoted3-- ,it is certainly a pity that the men who can work and would fain devote themselves to original investigation1 are often prevented doing so by the necessities of life4 ,i am not so sure1 however1 that some of them would do work if they were placed in an independent position4444 ,i'm much afraid that man on the whole is a lazy beast1 and needs some kind of whip or bribe to make him live laborious days4 ,during the course of #aijj ,prof4 ,geikie had a pretty compliment paid to him from across the ,atlantic4 ,on his first journey across he made the acquaintance of ,mr ,louis ,elson1 a professor of music at ,boston4 ,the friendship so begun was kept up in later years1 and ,mr ,elson dedicated one of his books1 ,shakespeare in ,music1 to 8,prof4 ,james ,geikie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 of ,edinburgh ,university1 with cordial remembrance of many pleasant conferences on this and kindred topics40 ,another ,american recognition of his work was the naming by the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey of ,mount ,geikie1 in the ,wind ,river range of the ,rocky ,mountains in ,wyoming1 in his honour4 ,the mountain reaches a height of #ab1edf feet4 ,the information has been kindly supplied by ,mr ,j4 ,g4 ,bruce of the ,forest ,service1 ,lander1 ,wyoming4 ,in the spring of this year ,prof4 ,geikie made a tour with a friend to the ,pyrenees1 a tour which made a great impression upon him1 and seems to have been an unqualified success4 ,some charming letters to his wife describe incidents of the journey1 the letters1 like all similar family correspondence1 being full of regrets that no members of his own household accompanied him4 ,though the visit was made very early in the season1 in the month of ,april1 and the snow still lay deep in the high valleys1 the weather was almost perfect1 and the two friends took many long excursions4 ,among these was one to ,st ,bertrand de ,cominges1 which attracted ,prof4 ,geikie strongly4 ,in a letter written from ,luchon to ,mrs ,geikie in regard to it he says3-- ,yesterday we had a most interesting excursion to see an old fortified medival cathedral town4 ,you would have enjoyed it4 ,it was quaint and picturesque beyond measure4 ,evidently1 now1 cathedral and town are in a backwater--the flood of life has long gone past them4 ,the church1 however1 contains magnificent wood-carving of the #acth century4 ,it was the kind of town of which one sometimes dreams--hardly a town1 but a sleepy village perched on a high rock with a wide outlook over the lowlands1 and a grand view of the snow-capped mountains to the south4 ,i saw one old house--or the top of it1 rather--was for sale4 ,it had quaint dormer windows and corbel gables1 and was shut off from the narrow street by a high gate of weather-worn carved oak1 hundreds of years old4 ,i was tempted to buy it--when you and ,i tired of the world we could retreat to the seclusion of that sleepy old village1 and dream the days away4 ,the sun was as usual blazing from a cloudless sky1 and as ,i leaned over the old battlements of the wall ,i could see that the wall from top to base was aflare with wallflowers and other plants1 while mosses1 ferns1 and lichens were everywhere1 every stone encrusted with moss and every crevice of the masonry stocked with flowers1 etc4 ,in the same letter he says3-- ,walking in the scorching heat is most fatiguing4 ,i had over twenty miles of such walking the other day1 and will not repeat the experience4 ,all the same ,i delight in the blaze--the heat and lightness seem to penetrate your skin and work their way to your very vitals4 ,how one's blood courses6 and how the old youthful feelings come back6 ,another passage from a later letter1 written from ,argels1 may be quoted1 less for its description than for the light it casts upon the character of its author4 ,it may be noted that by this time he was the father of the much longed-for 8wee lassie10 who had been born a few years before4 ,he says3-- ,the wee lassies are most delightful to look at4 ,many of them1 as ,i have already mentioned1 are little beauties4 ,such sweet1 demure1 kissable wee things they are1 with their hair neatly done up1 and hanging down in a plait behind4 ,they are all bare-headed and all are dark4 ,brown to black hair1 with soft liquid brown eyes1 rich red lips1 and a rosy flush in their tawny faces4444 ,in years to come ,i will often dream of the bonny wee toddlers ,i stopped on the road to pet and fondle in these beautiful valleys4 ,r4 was as much struck as ,i with the children4 ,but as ,i have my own wee lassie in my thoughts1 he probably did not feel his heart in his mouth and his eyes water as the wee ones passed us on the road4 ,to these letters1 written during the trip1 may be added some extracts from one written to a member of the family circle after his return home4 ,on #bith ,may he writes from ,edinburgh3-- ,since my return from ,france ,i have been driven from post to pillar1 doing my best to clear off arrears4 ,now ,i am in a way 8redd up10 and able to look round4444 ,i feel quite rejuvenated with my trip4444 ,i saw much that was very interesting to me as a geologist and much also that was beautiful1 so that my memory is now stored with a fresh series of lovely visions--of picturesque and quaint people4444 ,i have looked out one or two places to which some day ,i hope to take ,mary and 7if my purse is long enough7 the wee lassie--that is when she is bigger6 ,but half my life has been spent in dreams and plans for the future1 and some only of these have been realised4 ,the letter goes on to speak of that great ,may function in ,edinburgh1 the ,commissioner's garden-party4 ,mrs ,geikie and their eldest son were to go to this--8,stewart will go as #8,professor ,geikie4' ,the professor himself can't be induced to go1 and 7as this is a holiday for him at college7 he is taking ,mary ,dorothea out to ,mortonhall ,golf ,club-house for afternoon tea4 ,the young lady has been looking forward to this treat ever since ,i came home40 ,the identity of the 8young lady0 will perhaps be apparent without explanation4 ,in #aija ,prof4 ,geikie was made an ,honorary ,member of the ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences1 his name having been brought up by his friend ,prof4 ,stevenson4 ,in writing to thank the latter he speaks of his hope of being again able to visit ,america1 saying that as soon as 8my lads clear out from the nest1 it will be easier for ,mrs ,geikie and me to go off on a long holiday40 ,the future careers of his sons were at this time occupying a large share of his thoughts1 for the three elder boys were ready to begin life on their own account4 ,he had a few years before taken to bicycling1 and was full of the pleasure and health he found in the exercise4 ,during this year also his friend1 ,mr ,elson of ,boston1 paid the family a visit at ,beauly during the summer holiday1 a visit of which ,mr ,elson speaks with both enthusiasm and gratitude in later letters4 ,the next year or two repeat the same tale of work and play1 the latter including much bicycling1 and a visit to ,norway in #aijc4 ,in #aijc he writes to his eldest son3--8,to-day ,i am sixty-four1 and feel no older than ,i was twenty years ago4 ,indeed ,i am younger than ,i was four or five years ago40 ,of work it need only be said that new editions of two of his books appeared in these years1 ,earth ,sculpture in #aijb1 and ,outlines of ,geology 7fourth edition7 in #aijc4 ,mention of an entirely new book may be reserved for the next chapter4 ,a pleasant little incident of the summer of #aijc was a postcard from the ,glacialists' ,excursion of the ,international ,geological ,congress1 who sent1 from ,telfs in ,tyrol1 8,greetings and best wishes to the ,nestor of ,glacial ,geology40 ,such greetings were a frequent and always a pleasant experience4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,retirement ,,from ,,the ,,professorship ,,and ,,last ,,days #aijd-aiae ,during #aijd ,prof4 ,geikie began to suffer from an affection of the knee which troubled him for some years1 and proved to be a form of rheumatism4 ,in ,october he writes to his son telling him of the progress of his new book1 which was published the next year as ,structural and ,field ,geology for ,students1 and in a few years' time ran into a second edition4 ,with his usual optimism he hoped to have it out early in the ,new ,year1 if not before1 but by the following ,april he was still busy with proofs1 and publication did not occur till ,june4 ,writing in ,april he says3--8,the last sheet of my book will be off to the printer to-morrow1 and the book itself will1 ,i hope1 appear before the end of the month4 ,i shall feel like a fish out of water with no scribbling on hand4 ,nothing like it for filling up vacant hours40 ,when writing this letter he was on the eve of starting off for a visit to ,ayr1 in the hope that a course of bicycling would 8supple0 the leg4 ,in this1 however1 he was disappointed1 and in summer he and ,mrs ,geikie went to ,wildbad in ,wrtemberg1 where he hoped to find a cure4 ,the baths1 temporarily at least1 did him much good1 but his fellow-patients1 mostly of ,german nationality1 did not please him1 and his letters are full of humorous complaints in regard to them4 ,he was keenly interested also in the nature of the water1 being convinced that its curative properties were not due to the constituents apparent on analysis but to some of the rarer elements1 such as radium1 present though undetected4 ,the suggestion has been made and confirmed in regard to other waters since1 but his keenness on the problem is of interest as showing that there was no failure of mental power4 ,his letters to his doctor son on the physiological effects of the waters are full of his old verve and clearness of exposition4 ,characteristically1 however1 he breaks off the scientific discussion to speak of the 8fat ,fraus and ,herren10 whom he and his wife daily watch 8as they slowly waddle and roll to and fro0 near the ,trinkhalle4 ,his impressions he sums up in the following verses3-- ,the typical ,frau1 to my ,british mind1 ,is preposterous in front and prodigious behind3 ,her digestion is sound--for1 'tis very clear1 ,her grub she dissolves in an ocean of beer4 ,her lord1 who is equally round and obese1 ,rolls along by her side1 with a grunt and a wheeze-- ,rolls along1 did ,i say8--they do not roll far1 ,but rotate within reasonable reach of a bar4 ,with perhaps some recollection of his early studies of ,heine1 he takes eye measurements of the average ,german lady1 and winds up with a vivid description of an ordinary ,german's meal1 and a disgusted--8,but the most of these people are gross eaters40 ,during #aijf1 as indeed until his death1 he was carrying on a constant correspondence with ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york1 in which many questions--geological1 social1 political1 personal1 and so forth--came up for discussion4 ,thus in ,january #aijf he says1 speaking of his sons and their careers3--8,all the birds are out of our nest now1 all save one wee lassie who remains to brighten our hearts with laughter and song40 ,by this time his eldest son was established in a practice at ,ayr1 the next two were working as mining engineers in ,borneo1 and the youngest was studying music in ,germany4 ,during this year the rheumatic knee still troubled him1 and a visit to ,harrogate to try the waters there did not produce much permanent benefit4 ,the summer was spent in ,ayrshire1 but was saddened by the sudden death of a favourite niece1 who had been almost a daughter of the house during the long years when the family consisted only of boys1 and was on holiday with her uncle and aunt at the time of the acute illness which caused her death4 ,in #aijg his eldest son was married1 and there is a charming letter written to him on his wedding tour1 with much wise advice about matrimony1 mingled with personal experiences4 ,among other things the writer says3--8,when ,i went on my honeymoon ,i took a geological hammer with me1 but the geology did not count for much4 ,i think the hammer was used chiefly for digging up roots and ferns for your mother1 or for knocking off bits of rock that were covered with gay lichens40 ,the young couple had gone to ,devonshire1 and this sent the father back to ,herrick1 and that writer's description of 8dull ,devonshire40 ,in the autumn ,prof4 ,geikie had the pleasure of meeting ,prof4 ,stevenson of ,new ,york1 who came to ,london for the ,centenary ,celebration of the ,geological ,society there4 ,at the end of ,november he writes to his eldest son1 saying3--8,my work at ,college is easy this winter1 for ,i feel in much better health than ,i have done for two or three years4 ,my lameness is practically cured1 and ,i begin to think that ,i may yet be able to go with ,may to her first ball1 and dance a reel with the nicest-looking girl in the room--as usual40 ,in the spring of #aijh ,prof4 and ,mrs ,geikie and their daughter1 together with a niece1 went to ,portugal1 which they all enjoyed greatly4 ,in the early part of this year also the first grandchild1 a little girl1 was born4 ,another event of the year was the translation of ,structural ,geology into ,french4 ,the correspondence with ,prof4 ,stevenson was still going on1 and there was an interesting letter from the latter in ,august4 ,he was contemplating retiral from his professorship1 while ,prof4 ,geikie had no wish to give up his own post1 and the two discussed the question of the desirable age for the event4 ,prof4 ,stevenson wished to have leisure to complete some private work of his own1 and his letter contains the following interesting passage3-- ,you were a fortunate man3 you struck out into an unexplored field and you lived to correct your own errors4 ,yours became the monumental monograph on the ,glacial period3 the volume is in all libraries and it never can be ignored safely by even the shrewdest and most unscrupulous of borrowers4 ,a merciful ,providence directed your steps toward a problem of world-wide interest4 ,your great-grandchildren will see your work quoted in all standard treatises4 ,like the rest of us you have brought many loads of bricks for the geological edifice1 but1 unlike most of us1 you have shared in the work of construction4 ,the summer of this year was spent at an east coast watering-place1 where the weather was wet and cold4 ,prof4 ,geikie was frankly bored1 and expresses himself in a letter to his eldest son with a vividness which will appeal to all who have had a similar experience4 ,the letter is long--its composition was doubtless the occupation of a hopelessly bad day--and we shall quote only some extracts3--8,our rooms are so small we are constantly tumbling over each other and gnashing our teeth at each other4444 ,i have got to loathe that beach1 and to hate the sound of the waves1 and the smells of the village1 and the raucous voices of the natives and their sluttish ways4 ,i have been reading a very interesting book upon the cemeteries of ,etruria4 ,some of the painted sepulchres must be quite cheerful1 and ,i really think if one could hire such a tomb for the summer it would be better than taking a house in ,caledonia stern and wild4 ,of course we should only sleep in the sepulchre--a good lamp would give all the light required4 ,we should select one on a hill-side near to which no motors could possibly come1 quiet and retired1 with only sheep and cattle for our neighbours4444 ,from the doorway of the tomb we could feast our eyes on unrivalled scenery1 bask in the sun1 scent the soft zephyrs with the aroma of tobacco1 and envy no man4444 ,the geology would interest me1 but what ,i would chiefly enjoy would be blue skies1 warm sunshine1 absence of whirlwinds and tornadoes1 with none of that blighting easterly haar4 ,no wonder the majority of ,scotsmen are ,calvinists and ,radicals--their country is enough to make them that--and worse1 if it were possible40 ,a little later in the letter1 however1 he admits to having had one really good day1 when he and ,mrs ,geikie made an excursion together3--8,we had a bag loaded up with grub1 kettle1 teapot1 spirit lamp1 etc41 the weight of which was not inconsiderable4 ,i would have dropped it1 but your mother was so happy with the prospect of tea by the sad seashore1 that my heart melted within me4 7,i must say1 however1 that my whole body was in a melting condition before we got back470 ,in #aiji his second grandchild was born1 another girl1 which brings from the grandfather the remark3--8,girls are far the nicest1 especially when a father gets old and wants some one to bring him his slippers1 or to fill and light his pipe4 ,boys are of no use in a family2 they only make noises1 damage the furniture1 harass their mothers--and1 in short1 they are the very devil40 ,writing in ,march to his son1 he returns to the question of his resignation1 saying3--8,for myself1 ,i don't feel like resigning just yet6 ,i can walk like any other ,christian1 and enjoy my work as much as ever3 and my class keeps up its numbers40 ,in the summer he had an invitation to go to ,boston to be present at the inauguration of ,dr ,abbott ,lawrence ,lowell as ,president of ,harvard ,university1 and at the same time to deliver another series of lectures at the ,lowell ,institute in ,boston4 ,he refused the invitation1 however1 though with regret1 for he shrank from the long voyage across the ,atlantic4 ,another pleasant incident of the year was the publication of ,profs4 ,penck and ,brckner's ,die ,alpen im ,eiszeitalter1 which was dedicated to 8,james ,geikie1 dem ,verfasser von ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 dem ,landsmann von ,john ,playfair40 ,one of the two authors of the book1 ,prof4 ,penck of ,berlin1 was1 as has been indicated here1 an old friend of ,prof4 ,geikie's4 ,the two first met in #ahhc1 and1 as we have already stated1 ,prof4 ,penck had repeatedly acknowledged his scientific debt to the author of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 while there was a personal tie in addition4 ,in #aiad ,prof4 ,penck received the ,gold ,medal of the ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 and was ,prof4 ,geikie's guest at the time when the presentation was made4 ,in the summer of that fateful year1 however1 ,prof4 ,penck was one of the foreign guests at the ,australian meeting of the ,british ,association1 and was in ,australia at the outbreak of war4 ,in the opinion of his hosts1 his behaviour1 in an admittedly difficult situation1 lacked the perfect 8correctness0 which was desirable1 and this both in ,australia and on the homeward journey4 ,some indiscretions in the way of sketching and photographing in the vicinity of military works led to his being detained for a time in ,london on his return4 ,during this period he corresponded with ,prof4 ,geikie on geological matters4 ,after the latter's death he wrote to ,mrs ,geikie from ,germany a letter which1 in spite of the circumstances indicated above1 and in spite also of certain phrases which jar1 cannot be regarded as anything but sincere4 ,we quote from it the following passages1 which form a notable tribute4 ,the letter1 it should be stated1 was written in ,english3-- ,james ,geikie belongs to those who have influenced most my scientific evolution4 ,his clear way of seeing things and his reasoning made a convincing impression on me1 and though ,i never listened to one of his lectures1 ,i felt always to be one of his students4 ,he was my master4 ,his ,great ,ice ,age showed me the ways to understand the glacial deposits of ,central ,europe3 his ,prehistoric ,europe arose my interest for prehistoric questions3 his views on mountains1 valleys and lakes gave me the base for my morphological work4 ,he made me also acquainted with ,english and ,scotch1 with the life on the other side of the ,channel1 with ,english poetry1 for he was a poet himself4 ,and now he is dead1 and he died in the year of the great war1 which breaks the strongest links between our peoples4 ,i am not superstitious and ,i do not lay stress on this coincidence of facts4 ,i hope what ,i believe he would hope too1 that the struggle of the nations will have one day its end1 and that peace will come again which unites the different nations for great scientific works4 ,but while the peoples are still fighting1 ,i must express my heartiest sympathy to my old friend's wife4 ,returning to the chronological order of events in ,prof4 ,geikie's last years1 we find that the year #aiaj was an unfortunate one1 for he had a sharp attack of pneumonia in the spring4 ,from this he made eventually a wonderful recovery1 but the process was somewhat slow4 ,before his illness he had begun the book which was published in #aiac as ,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay1 but his health1 and the time it took to collect the beautiful illustrations1 delayed its appearance4 ,a letter from his brother1 ,sir ,archibald1 in ,september #aiaj to ,mrs ,geikie speaks of his wonderful recovery1 and goes on to say3--8,i hope he won't overtax his strength at ,college4 ,with so splendid an installation for the ,geological ,department the temptation to do so must be great4 ,i don't know of any college or university that is better fitted out for geological teaching than ,edinburgh now is40 ,in this year ,prof4 ,geikie retired from the presidentship of the ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 and his retiral was the occasion of the presentation of his portrait1 painted by ,mr ,a4 ,e4 ,walton1 ,r4,s4,a41 to the ,society1 a replica being at the same time given to ,mrs ,geikie4 ,the ceremony of unveiling took place in the ,society's ,rooms on #gth ,november #aiaa1 when ,prof4 ,geikie's old friend and colleague1 ,dr ,john ,horne1 gave a short address on the scientific career of the original of the portrait4 ,it may be noted here that the fact that ,dr ,horne had for many years been living in ,edinburgh explains the absence of letters in later years1 for personal intercourse had taken the place of correspondence4 ,dr ,horne retired from the ,geological ,survey in this year of #aiaa1 and in a letter to ,prof4 ,stevenson1 ,prof4 ,geikie speaks of a dinner given to him by present and former colleagues on the occasion of his retiral4 ,writing in ,march1 he says3--8,last night ,dr ,horne 7,geol4 ,survey7 was entertained by his present and former colleagues4 ,my brother1 wonderfully hale and hearty1 was in the ,chair4 ,horne retires from the ,survey in ,june4 ,it seems a short time ago when he first started work in the ,survey as a lad under my guidance4 ,but upon reflection ,i see the #8short time' #dd years6 ,when ,i think of it1 old age seems to have come upon me all at once40 ,other incidents of #aiaa were a spring holiday in ,devonshire and a summer one in ,switzerland1 while in autumn ,prof4 and ,mrs ,geikie were at the ,centenary celebrations at ,st ,andrews ,university4 ,of these1 ,prof4 ,geikie sends a lively description to his daughter4 ,he enjoyed the proceedings very much on the whole1 but found many of the meetings and entertainments too long for his taste and strength4 ,of one dinner he complains that the speakers 8not only exhausted time but encroached upon eternity40 ,towards the end of the year1 now that the question of resignation was beginning to demand an early decision1 ,prof4 ,geikie resolved to present to the ,university the large collection of books and pamphlets which he and his brother ,sir ,archibald had made for the use of the students of the geological classes4 ,a letter from the ,secretary of the ,university ,court1 written at the close of ,december1 says3--8,the ,court desires me to communicate to you1 and through you to your brother1 ,sir ,archibald1 in conjunction with whom this valuable collection of scientific works was made1 their most cordial thanks4 ,the loyalty to #8,alma ,mater1' on the part of ,sir ,archibald and yourself1 has been warmly appreciated by the ,court40 ,the chief incident of #aiab was a visit to ,london to take part in the celebrations of the #bejth anniversary of the ,royal ,society1 of which his brother1 ,sir ,archibald1 was president4 ,in the following year ,prof4 ,geikie was elected ,president of the ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh1 an honour of which he was very proud4 ,he held this position while his brother was still ,president of the ,london ,society--a somewhat remarkable coincidence4 ,in writing to congratulate him on the appointment1 ,sir ,archibald says3--8,i hope it will not give as much work and worry as my ,chair here has given me40 ,in the early part of #aiac ,prof4 ,geikie delivered in ,edinburgh the ,munro lectures1 which were published the following year as ,the ,antiquity of ,man in ,europe1 and of it his old friend ,prof4 ,stevenson says3--8,this is no old man's book40 ,in #aiac1 as already stated1 the book on ,mountains was published1 and was dedicated to the author's 8,old ,friends and ,colleagues on the ,council of the ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society40 ,the summer of #aiac was spent in ,skye1 and there ,prof4 ,geikie employed his leisure1 as so often in holiday times1 in writing verses4 ,a few stanzas may be quoted3-- ,tired of ,auld ,reekie's stink and din1 ,my thoughts fly far away1 ,and bear me on until ,i win ,the shores of ,broadford ,bay4 ,o there1 ,i know1 the heavens are bright1 ,keen is the air and pure1 ,and calm the day1 and still the night1 ,and rest and sleep secure4 ,auld ,reekie1 very dear art thou1 ,and yet1 tho' fair to see1 ,ten months within thy gates1 ,i trow1 ,are quite enough for me4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ended at last the weary round6 ,good-bye to leaden skies3 ,with every mile we onward bound ,our spirits higher rise4 ,onward o'er straths1 thro' mountain glens1 ,past shimmering lochs and streams1 ,until we view1 with all its ,bens1 ,the island of our dreams4 ,and there we live the life that's good1 ,no care1 no stress1 no strain1 ,with heart revived and brain renewed1 ,lost youth comes back again4 ,but if1 as these verses show1 holiday times still as of yore brought a sudden rebound of spirits1 the strain of life was obviously beginning to tell4 ,a pathetic letter has been preserved which was written to an old student1 now ,dr ,m#8,alpine of the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,victoria1 in the spring of #aiad4 ,in it the writer says3--8,edinburgh has changed much within the last thirty years4 ,to me it is a very different place1 for ,i have seen so many of my old friends and companions pass away4 ,the ghosts of those ,i have lost crowd about me1 and like every old chap ,i feel the pathos of life4 ,but ,i cultivate the philosophy of ,daft ,jamie ,gordon1 and believe it #8as weel to dee goin' as sittin'4' ,so ,i work away and still find much to interest me in this workaday world40 ,in an accompanying letter ,dr ,m#8,alpine recalls an incident of his student days which made a great impression upon him4 ,one day1 while with a party who were being taken over ,arthur's ,seat by ,prof4 ,geikie1 the discussion turned from the igneous rocks of the hill to the evidences of former glaciation4 ,prof4 ,geikie carefully removed the turf from some rocks near the summit to show the finger-marks of the vanished ice1 and then as carefully replaced the grass in order that the evidence of the past might be preserved4 ,for one of his students at least the unconscious act read an unforgettable lesson of reverence4 ,this message from across the sea may serve to suggest how much gain came from those years which sometimes seemed to be spent largely in a weary round of drudgery4 ,it is not only in his books that the dead man still speaks to the world4 ,that1 in fair weather and in foul1 in the prime of manhood and when age was creeping on1 ,prof4 ,geikie led successive bands of often raw youths and maidens over those hill-sides1 has helped to give them an interest which ,nature alone could not give1 a charm which untrodden ways can never attain4 ,on those grassy slopes an old man saw visions and young men dreamed dreams1 and the dreams and the visions have become a part of our island heritage4 ,in the spring of #aiad ,prof4 and ,mrs ,geikie went to stay at ,appin4 ,a friend of the family1 a keen entomologist1 was to have been of the party1 but was at the last unable to come4 ,from ,appin ,prof4 ,geikie sent her a series of verses to console her for the disappointment1 which was not1 he says1 really a disappointment1 for a heavy storm had destroyed all insect life in her customary collecting-grounds4 ,a few of the lines may be quoted3-- ,o come nae mair to ,appin1 lass6 ,here things are at an unco' pass6 ,a tempest rages o'er the land1 ,uprootin' trees on every hand2 ,cauld rains and sleet in torrents fa'-- ,the hills are hidden1 ane and a'2 ,naething but waves and clouds we find1 ,naething we hear but screechin' wind4 ,ahint the dykes1 wi' heads downcast1 ,the kye seek shelter frae the blast2 ,distracted wi' the wintry weather ,the sheep are huddled a' thagether3 ,the birds1 puir things1 are blawn awa'-- ,even the sea-mew and the craw4 ,you needna come to ,appin noo ,the wiley beetle to pursue3 ,clockers and bugs o' every kind ,are bashed and batter'd by the wind1 ,and kill'd are a' the chrysalises-- ,dear to the heart o' learned ,misses4 ,to ,appin also the family returned in summer1 after ,prof4 ,geikie's retirement from the ,chair at ,edinburgh1 and it was there that they got the news of the outbreak of war4 ,prof4 ,geikie gave his last lecture at ,edinburgh on #aith ,june1 and his successor1 a former student of his own1 ,prof4 ,jehu of ,st ,andrews1 was appointed shortly afterwards4 ,the rest of the story is soon told1 for ,prof4 ,geikie's hope that his retiral from the professorship would give him time for his own work was not destined to be fulfilled4 ,the autumn was spent--as all spent that fateful autumn--in watching and waiting1 but unlike some of his fellow-countrymen1 ,prof4 ,geikie1 if he never doubted of the ultimate result1 was yet sure from the first that the war would be long and terrible4 ,he was not well throughout the winter1 for an attack of influenza in ,november weakened him1 and he seemed to have lost his power of recovery4 ,later he suffered from his old enemy1 dyspepsia1 though there did not appear to be any particular cause for alarm4 ,on the #ast of ,march he died suddenly as the result of a heart attack1 some months before completing his seventy-sixth year4 ,he died as he would himself have wished to die1 without any slow progress of decay1 and without knowledge that the end was so near4 ,his contributions to science are discussed in the section which follows3 his personal character should be apparent from what has been already said1 without the need of an elaborate analysis4 ,as a friend wrote to ,mrs ,geikie in the first days of her loss3--8,there was always an out-of-door atmosphere about him1 like a strong wind sweeping over the moors bringing life and health with it20 for the hills and open country which he loved had taught him much4 ,in sum1 he was through and through one of the island folk1 a true native of 8this little island1 this ,england10 with its wide1 wind-swept moorlands1 its disciplined freedom1 its ordered life1 and had in addition the strong individuality of the northerner to whom nothing comes without labour4 ,even the milieu in which he was born is significant1 for it was that from which so many of the intellectuals of ,scotland have come2 and it is noteworthy that he remained a ,scot to the end1 at once fiercely critical of his country and fellow-countrymen1 and full of intense love for the one and of profound sympathy with the other4 ,he never1 like some anglicised ,scots1 sold his birthright for a mess of pottage1 or faltered in the conviction that he was the heir of a glorious heritage1 won by the toil and sweat of generations1 and the result was to give something of that poise and assuredness which those who are false to their own traditions can never possess4 ,it will be clear also that there was nothing of the dry-as-dust pedant about him1 for he was above all things a man1 one for whom life in all its aspects was sweet4 ,he gave freely--to the world of his labours1 to his intimates of his affection1 and he received much--honour from his fellows1 and what he perhaps prized more1 the love of those who knew the real man beneath the northern shyness and reserve4 ,all is transitory--his conclusions may be disputed1 new lights may be thrown on problems which seemed to him conclusively solved2 but the nation which can produce such men can never be poor1 and his uprightness1 steadfastness1 and simplicity of character enabled him to leave an abiding imprint upon his day and generation4 ,,part ,,ii ,,geological ,,work ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,glacial ,,problem ,,before ,,james ,,geikie ,in #ahfa1 at the age of twenty-two1 ,james ,geikie1 as stated in ,chapter ,,ii41 became an officer of the ,geological ,survey and determined to devote his life to scientific work4 ,for seventy years1 ever since the time of the great discussions about the theories of ,hutton and ,playfair in the closing days of the eighteenth century1 the inhabitants of ,edinburgh had been keenly alive to the attractions of geological speculation4 ,these older controversies had died down1 and the science was gradually establishing itself on a broad basis of recorded facts and observations4 ,it was not yet included among the subjects which had a place of honour in the ,university curriculum1 though the professors of natural history since the time of ,jameson had delivered lectures on geology 7or geognosy as it was often called74 ,prof4 ,edward ,forbes1 who succeeded ,jameson1 and ,prof4 ,fleming 7of the ,theological ,college7 were both accomplished geologists4 ,the ,edinburgh ,geological ,society had been established in #ahcd1 and though it did not as yet publish ,transactions1 it included many active geologists in the list of its members4 ,geology1 with its mixture of open-air activities1 hard facts of observation1 and rich opportunities for speculative controversy1 has always possessed an attraction for ,scotsmen1 and many of them have excelled in it4 ,in the ,scottish capital in the early sixties the burly figure of ,hugh ,miller was very well known4 ,his writings1 with their curious mixture of geological and theological matters1 of fossil fishes and final causes1 were very widely read at that time1 and the sad tragedy of his death1 the result of an overworked brain1 was fresh in the memory of all4 ,a man of very different qualities1 but a brilliant and thoroughly reliable geologist1 who held a high place in the intellectual life of ,edinburgh1 was ,charles ,maclaren1 one of the founders and for many years the editor of the ,scotsman newspaper4 ,his special field of work was the geology of the district around the ,firth of ,forth1 a region filled with the most striking examples of geological structure and the effects of geological processes4 ,maclaren was constantly exploring the phenomena of this neighbourhood1 and the results of his observations appeared regularly as articles in the ,scotsman4 ,no doubt this kept the science prominently before the public2 few newspapers at the present time would venture to print columns of exact and rather technical description of the geological features of the district in which they are published4 ,maclaren died in ,august #ahff1 the year in which a second and much enlarged edition of his volume on the ,geology of ,fife and the ,lothians was published4 ,in the same year the ,transactions of the ,edinburgh ,geological ,society began to appear1 but the ,royal ,physical ,society1 a successor of the ,wernerian ,society1 had for several years been issuing ,proceedings4 ,archibald ,geikie had read a paper on the ,geology of ,strath in ,skye to the ,edinburgh ,geological ,society in #ahec1 and among the geologists of note who attended the meetings were ,rose1 ,dr ,page1 ,prof4 ,foster ,heddle1 and ,dr ,hunter of ,carluke4 ,dr ,page1 afterwards ,professor of ,geology at ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 was a well-known popular lecturer on geology1 and did a good deal to keep alive an interest in the science4 ,in later years ,james ,geikie often acknowledged his indebtedness to ,prof4 ,george ,wilson1 and the stimulus he had received from him when a young man bent on scientific studies4 ,wilson was ,professor of ,technology in ,edinburgh ,university1 a subject no longer included in the ,university curriculum4 ,it seems to have comprised parts of dynamics1 mechanical engineering and applied chemistry4 ,wilson was a man of great personal charm1 exceedingly well informed1 and always willing to help young students along the path of learning4 ,he was interested in geology also1 and undertook to write the life of ,edward ,forbes1 but finished only the first six chapters1 and the work was ultimately completed by ,archibald ,geikie4 ,although ,james ,geikie was always a great reader1 it is not likely that he had more than an elementary knowledge of geology when he joined the ,survey in #ahfa4 ,trained geologists1 however1 in those days were much less common than they are now1 and the ,survey was prepared to enrol men who had a good general education and showed special inclination and aptitude for this line of work4 ,careful personal selection must have been exercised1 for many of those who then joined its ranks rose subsequently to high eminence in science4 ,in field geology no better training could have been given than was adopted for these young men4 ,they were sent out day by day with surveyors who had acquired a knowledge of field work1 and were inspected regularly by experienced geologists1 who corrected their errors and helped to solve their difficulties4 ,as already noted in ,part ,i4 7see p4 #bj71 his first work was the addition of drift lines to the solid maps of parts of ,fife and the ,lothians1 and the drifts of the low grounds of ,central ,scotland remained to the close of his life the subject which interested him above all others1 and with which he had the fullest acquaintance in the field4 ,when ,geikie began to map both the solid and drift geology of a hitherto unsurveyed district1 he was sent to ,ayrshire and ,west ,lanarkshire1 where he undertook the survey of a large area stretching from ,eaglesham southwards to ,new ,cumnock4 ,his brother was mapping1 or had already mapped1 a broad strip extending inwards from the coast-line and reaching from near ,largs in the north to ,dailly in the south1 while to the east of him was ,peach engaged in the survey of ,southern ,lanarkshire4 ,in those days a fairly large area 7several hundred square miles7 was assigned to each geologist4 ,the whole district had to be very carefully examined and the results recorded on topographical maps on the scale of six inches to a mile4 ,each geologist was expected to make a complete examination of his ground and to note all the particulars regarding it4 ,petrology was as yet in its infancy1 and no very minute classification of volcanic rocks was to be expected2 but the glacial geology and economic geology were to be carefully investigated and fossil localities noted1 though1 for the purpose of collecting fossils1 the assistance of special officers was provided4 ,the determination of all fossils requiring critical skill was in the hands of the ,survey palontologists4 ,each geologist surveyed from a hundred to a hundred and fifty miles in a field season1 which1 allowing for holidays1 amounted to seven or eight months1 and to do this required regular hard work1 much strenuous walking1 and the power of concentrating on the general features1 and not allowing one's attention to be absorbed by inconsequent details4 ,james ,geikie seems to have had no difficulty whatever in picking up the essentials of field geology4 ,he was very diligent and had sufficient physical strength for his work4 ,in time he became a great walker1 thinking nothing of covering fifty miles in a day4 ,the open-air life suited him perfectly4 ,he had one of the gifts most valuable to a field-geologist1 sometimes described as 8an eye for the country10 the faculty of interpreting the geological meanings that underlie surface features4 ,although never a professed palontologist he had a working knowledge of ,carboniferous fossils1 and he was always a keen and critical observer of rocks both in a fresh and in a weathered condition4 ,his early maps1 judged even by the standards of the present day1 were astonishingly good1 and always give the impression that he went thoroughly into the evidence so far as it was available4 ,he was cautious and thorough1 and as a result of this his maps show very few deletions due to changes of opinion as fuller information was acquired during the progress of his work4 ,from the first he exhibited great ability as a draughtsman1 and his maps and sections are not only very clear1 well-proportioned1 and pleasing to the eye1 but show also an individuality which arose from natural gifts1 and was not acquired by copying models4 ,although at that time geologists on the ,survey were not moved about the country so frequently as is now the case1 but settled down for several seasons in a well-defined area1 ,james ,geikie had no reason to complain of a lack of variety in the ground allotted to him4 ,his early stations in ,fife and ,kinross included stratified and igneous rocks of ,old ,red ,sandstone and of ,carboniferous ,age1 and in ,peeblesshire he made acquaintance with ,silurian rocks1 which at that time were still very imperfectly understood1 and presented many difficult problems then unsolved4 ,it was in ,ayrshire1 however1 that his powers most fully displayed themselves1 and the long period of field work in that county from #ahfe to #ahgb undoubtedly saw the development of his abilities as a field-geologist4 ,in after years many of the best illustrations both of structural geology and of glacial geology that enlivened his books and his lectures were culled from the note-books in which he constantly recorded the results of his observations in that field4 ,from his letters it seems that he disliked the coalfield geology1 which necessitated the examination of mining plans1 frequent attendance at colliery engineers' offices1 and great absorption in details which are of little general importance4 ,but no one would have suspected this from his field maps1 which1 if we remember how rapidly his work was done1 show much detail of underground structures taken from colliery plans4 ,in ,ayrshire he had for colleagues ,sir ,archibald ,geikie and ,dr ,peach2 one of these was ultimately to select volcanic geology as his province1 while the other attained great eminence as a palontologist4 ,already ,james ,geikie was absorbed in glacial geology2 and each of the trio of geologists1 though doing ostensibly the same work1 had already chosen the special line of investigation in which he was ultimately to become a master4 ,he had a great affection1 too1 for the warm-hearted1 hospitable people of the west of ,scotland1 and in 8braid ,scots0 used to relate many humorous episodes in which the sturdy farmers and 8sma' lairds0 displayed their pawky humour4 ,no full or adequate account of the work he did in ,ayrshire in these years has ever been published4 ,the short descriptions of sheets #bb1 #bc1 and #ai1 published by the ,geological ,survey1 were in large part written by ,james ,geikie1 but1 owing to the necessities of official publication entailing great brevity1 they contain merely an outline of his main conclusions4 ,the geologists who revised that ground forty years after the original survey are unanimous in regretting that more adequate description of the evidence which ,james ,geikie had collected was not placed before the public4 ,after leaving ,ayrshire he was transferred to ,kelso1 and subsequently to the district ranging from ,perth to ,dunkeld4 ,from a geological point of view this ground was considerably less varied2 but as his note-books show1 he was by this time deeply absorbed in glacial and ,pleistocene geology1 and every scrap of information regarding the latest stages in the physical history of ,scotland was most carefully recorded and its importance weighed4 ,many of the conclusions he had already arrived at in ,ayrshire were confirmed by fresh evidence in these years4 ,and the estuary of the ,tay1 with its rich succession of late-glacial and post-glacial accumulations1 became of great importance in his interpretation of the 8glacial succession10 a subject to which the remainder of his life was devoted more than to any other4 ,the circumstances that determined his bent towards the investigation of glacial geology cannot perhaps be fully elucidated now in the absence of any statement from his own pen1 but it is not difficult to find many reasons that may have influenced him4 ,in considering this subject we may glance briefly at the state of knowledge of this department of geology at the time when he began field work4 ,the years #ahfa to #ahfe saw a very remarkable development of interest in glacial geology1 occasioned by a sudden appreciation of the importance of many facts previously well known but imperfectly understood4 ,many active geologists in ,scotland were coming for the first time to adopt the views which have ultimately obtained acceptance in regard to the ,pleistocene history of ,scotland1 and the change of opinion which was going on was somewhat similar to the still greater change which took place when evolution first began to take the form of a working hypothesis or even an established law of ,nature1 and to sweep away a great many honoured and treasured theories that had long held sway over the minds of men4 ,the superficial deposits of sand1 clay1 and stones that cover the solid rocks in the lower grounds of ,scotland1 often to a depth of many feet1 were considered by most geologists as being of somewhat mysterious origin4 ,it was well known that they contained boulders transported from a distance4 ,around ,edinburgh and ,glasgow1 for example1 large blocks of rock which must have been carried from the ,southern ,highlands1 fifty miles or more1 were familiar to those interested in geology4 ,that the surfaces of the rocks on which the drift or boulder-clay rested were striated1 grooved1 and fluted1 was also a well-known fact4 ,early in the nineteenth century a favourite explanation of these deposits1 which had been supported by the celebrated ,dean ,buckland1 was that they were the remains of the ,deluge as described in ,genesis4 ,this theory1 however1 was soon discarded though the name 8,diluvial10 still used by some writers to designate these strata1 bears witness to the former acceptance of that hypothesis4 ,for a long time they continued to be considered as flood deposits1 laid down by 8debacles0 of obscure origin4 ,no rational explanation for these powerful 8waves of translation0 could be formulated1 and they failed completely to account for the remarkable scratched surfaces on which the boulder-clay rested4 ,as the study of glaciers advanced1 it became clear that moving ice1 bearing debris with it1 could produce striations exactly like those in question1 and the boulder-clay gradually came to be considered a glacial deposit4 ,very important confirmation of this hypothesis came from the observations of ,mr ,smith of ,jordanhill on the recent shelly clays of the west of ,scotland4 ,many of the mollusca which these clays contained proved to be of species now living in ,arctic seas1 and the inference was obvious that at no very distant epoch a glacial climate had prevailed in ,scotland4 ,about the year #ahcg ,agassiz had been led by his investigation of the boulder-clay of ,switzerland to the conclusion that at one time the glaciers had extended far beyond their present limits1 and had covered the plains at the foot of the ,alps with a vast confluent sheet of ice4 ,agassiz1 in #ahdj1 visited ,scotland with ,dean ,buckland1 and as the result of his observations had not hesitated to declare that ,scotland also had been swathed in an ice-sheet4 ,british geologists1 however1 were slow to accept his conclusions1 and the favourite explanation of the 8drifts0 was that they had been laid down at the bottom of a sea in which icebergs floated1 transporting great rock boulders from one place to another4 ,in #ahff the veteran geologist ,charles ,maclaren1 then at the age of eighty-four1 published the second edition of his ,geology of ,fife and the ,lothians1 and in his account of the 8alluvial phenomena0 of the district he shows the transitional state in which opinion then was passing from the iceberg hypothesis to the land-ice hypothesis4 8,the dressed surfaces as well as the #8,till' or ,diluvium the lower boulder-clay seem to have been mainly due to a great envelope of ice acting for ages2 the newer alluvium1 on the other hand the upper boulder-clay1 appears to have been chiefly due to icebergs and ocean currents4 ,in thus attributing so much to the action of ice during a long glacial period1 it must ever be borne in mind that oceanic currents preceded this ice action1 and that similar currents must have been in existence to transport the icebergs to which we ascribe the erratic blocks and boulders4 ,alternate submergence and elevation of the north of ,europe1 combined with ice on land and ice on water 7in my opinion71 must satisfactorily explain these diluvial phenomena1 which1 as unsettled problems1 are still engaging the attention of younger geologists40 ,one of the ablest champions of the land-ice hypothesis was ,robert ,chambers1 who was widely known as a historian and a member of the famous ,edinburgh publishing firm4 ,as early as #aheb he ranged himself on the side of ,agassiz1 declaring that floating icebergs and currents of water could not possibly be accepted as a satisfactory explanation of the boulder-clay and striated rock-surfaces4 ,mr ,t4 ,f4 ,jamieson of ,ellon was making a very careful study of the drifts of ,aberdeenshire and the adjacent counties1 and had little hesitation in accepting the theory of an extensive ice-sheet1 covering these districts and filling up all the valleys1 as the explanation most in accordance with the facts which he had observed4 ,he admitted1 however1 that subsequently there had been a great submergence during which many of the uppermost drift deposits had been laid down4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 whose authority on questions of theoretical geology at that time was paramount1 was also willing to accept the former existence of glaciers over very extensive regions of the ,british ,isles1 and described moraines that occur in the upland valleys of ,forfarshire1 though he considered the drifts of the lower grounds as mainly at any rate deposited in cold seas in which icebergs floated4 ,much more important than ,lyell1 or at least much more likely to exert influence on the mind of ,james ,geikie at an early stage in his career1 was ,sir ,andrew ,ramsay1 then local ,director of the ,geological ,survey4 ,ramsay was a man after ,james ,geikie's own heart1 and there can be no doubt that his influence on ,geikie was very great4 ,we should not be far wrong1 in fact1 in regarding ,geikie as the direct successor of ,ramsay in the line of scientific thought4 ,through his whole life ,james ,geikie hardly departed from the position taken up by ,ramsay on glacial geology1 though of course he developed many new and important fields of investigation4 ,there was a remarkable similarity in their outlook2 they both relied on very much the same class of evidence1 depending specially on field geology as a basis1 but prepared to build up far-reaching deductions from the facts they had observed4 ,most of the theories enunciated by ,ramsay were strongly and consistently maintained by ,james ,geikie up to the close of his career4 ,ramsay also was more than a glacialist4 ,he left a deep mark in the study of physiography1 the origin and history of ,british scenery1 and in structural geology2 and in these subjects also ,james ,geikie found continual inspiration4 ,when ,geikie joined the ,survey1 ,ramsay was at the zenith of his powers4 ,he had been for twenty years an active field-geologist on the ,survey staff2 had travelled very extensively over ,great ,britain on geological work2 was a well-known man in ,london scientific circles2 and from his official position had unrivalled opportunities of making himself acquainted with the field evidence bearing on all geological questions then under review4 ,he was endowed with great energy and a warm imagination2 a genial and hearty comrade1 very fond of a joke2 well read in poetical and romantic literature2 but withal a hard1 untiring worker who never spared himself or any member of his staff where duty was concerned4 ,the two men were in many ways alike1 and no doubt they were very soon on terms of close friendship2 and to the latest days of his life ,james ,geikie spoke of ,ramsay with deep affection and respect4 ,to the influence of ,ramsay we must add that of his brother4 ,archibald ,geikie was already widely known for his geological work1 and second only to ,ramsay as an authority on theoretical questions affecting ,british geology4 ,he had been appointed to the staff of the ,geological ,survey in #ahee1 six years before ,james ,geikie1 and had rapidly risen into prominence4 ,although at first he had given his adhesion to the iceberg theory1 his views had changed under the influence of ,ramsay1 and in a classic paper which he read to the ,geological ,society of ,glasgow in #ahfb he had described the glacial deposits of ,scotland in an exhaustive manner4 ,this paper1 so full in its details and so lucid and moderate in statement1 produced a great impression1 at any rate in ,scotland1 and clearly marked out the way along which future progress was to be made4 ,though ,sir ,archibald ,geikie subsequently made few contributions to glacial geology1 deserting this field for the study of volcanoes1 and of other parts of physical and historical geology1 he did a very great service to science in so clearly defining his position on a much debated subject by publishing this paper4 ,as time went on1 some of the younger geologists who had joined the ,survey after ,james ,geikie became enthusiastic workers at glacial science1 and came to earn a reputation only second to ,geikie himself in this department of geology4 ,of these1 we may specially mention ,dr ,john ,horne and ,dr ,benjamin ,n4 ,peach1 both of whom became eminent authorities on the glacial geology of ,scotland4 ,in early years they were ,james ,geikie's most intimate friends2 their observations were always at his service1 and their criticism and advice he greatly valued4 ,,chapter ,,xi 8,,the ,,great ,,ice ,,age0 ,,and 8,,prehistoric ,,europe0 ,the first edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age was completed in manuscript in #ahgc1 and in the previous year ,james ,geikie had already published a series of papers in the ,geological ,magazine which clearly outlined his main conclusions4 ,all the essential features which were to distinguish his life-work in this highly controversial field are already recognisable in these papers4 ,the principal characteristic of ,the ,great ,ice ,age is its literary ability1 the power of lucidly expounding intricate scientific theories and sketching the evidence on which they rest in a manner which equally avoids prolixity and obscurity4 ,although1 as we have shown1 he was by no means the first to champion the cause of land ice as against floating ice as the dominant factor in the production of the drift1 he was immediately accorded the place of protagonist in this cause4 ,in ,scotland his views1 at any rate among his colleagues on the ,survey1 were those generally accepted4 ,in ,england also the ,survey geologists were in agreement with him on most of the essential points1 though the submergence hypothesis and the efficiency of floating icebergs were long held in esteem in the sister kingdom1 and have not yet completely fallen into disrepute4 ,in ,germany1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,holland1 and in ,north ,america there had as yet been no general enlightenment on the real merits of this controversy4 ,it may be noted that in the first edition of his ,great ,ice ,age1 ,james ,geikie did not deny the fact that a great submergence accompanied the main glaciation of ,britain4 ,he accepted it indeed1 though in later years he saw reason to modify this opinion4 ,the efficiency of land ice to explain most of the puzzling features of the drifts was the main thesis which the book was written to uphold4 ,but there were many subordinate problems which came up for consideration4 ,one of these is the amount of erosion which the ice-sheets and glaciers had produced4 ,in this ,james ,geikie followed very closely in the footsteps of ,ramsay2 on the origin of rock-basins1 fjords1 and sea lochs there is in fact practically complete agreement in their views4 ,this is the more significant1 because ,ramsay was at that time far ahead of educated geological opinion on these matters1 and it is only quite recently that his views have received acceptance in some of the most influential geological circles4 ,another burning question which fell to be considered was the evidence for or against interglacial warm periods2 a question which even at the present time is almost as keenly debated as it was in #ahgd when ,the ,great ,ice ,age was published4 ,as years went past and successive editions of the book appeared1 the battle of land ice versus floating ice may be said to have been definitely closed2 and ,james ,geikie's name as an expounder of glacial geology came to be more and more closely associated with his views on the glacial succession 7the question1 that is1 whether there was only one epoch of glaciation1 or several epochs separated by periods in which the climate was much milder74 ,on this subject1 as on glacial erosion1 ,james ,geikie took up his position very strongly from the first and maintained it to the end4 ,in considering this branch of ,james ,geikie's scientific work we may trace a considerable amount of influence exerted on his thought by ,james ,croll1 one of the most remarkable geologists that ,scotland has produced4 ,croll was a man who started life in a very humble position2 he educated himself1 and by sheer power of intellect and dogged perseverance he attained eminence in scientific work4 ,he was at once a metaphysician and a physicist1 but it is only with the latter aspect of his teaching that we are here concerned4 ,though quite unschooled in mathematics he was daunted by no difficulties1 and by laborious calculation he worked out intricate problems of astronomy2 and the accuracy of his solutions was afterwards confirmed by professional mathematicians and astronomers4 ,croll saw at a very early stage that to land ice must be ascribed practically the whole of the glacial phenomena of ,scotland4 ,he inferred from a number of facts that the ,north ,sea had been filled with ,scandinavian ice during the maximum stages of glaciation1 and he suggested lines of research to ,james ,geikie1 ,john ,horne1 and ,benjamin ,peach that led to important contributions to the literature of ,scottish glacial geology4 ,croll pondered long and deeply over the causes of the ,ice ,age and the origin of changes of climate in general1 and the result was a series of papers in which he maintained that changes in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the obliquity of the ecliptic1 accompanied by other astronomical processes1 might produce epochs of cold climate in one hemisphere with warmer conditions in the opposite hemisphere4 ,these changes might under certain conditions be sufficient to account for the existence of ice-sheets4 ,during the later years of his life ,croll was a member of the staff of the ,geological ,survey of ,scotland1 and this silent1 reserved1 studious man was widely recognised as a most original thinker4 ,james ,geikie was much attached to ,croll1 and while he never professed to be versed in the mathematical branches of science1 he was prepared to accept the accuracy of ,croll's theories4 ,the other causes of glaciation which had been advanced by various geologists1 such as ,lyell's hypothesis of elevation and depression of the land1 he believed to be quite inadequate1 and in the first edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age he states ,croll's hypothesis with evident approval1 or at any rate regards it as the only explanation at that time offered which could be held to be at all in accordance with the facts4 ,from this position ,geikie never receded4 ,in subsequent years ,croll's hypothesis was the subject of strenuous discussion4 ,eminent astronomers like ,sir ,robert ,ball found in it a satisfactory explanation of ,pleistocene glaciation4 ,equally eminent astronomers like ,simon ,newcomb after testing it found it wanting4 ,the subject as a whole was beyond the scope of ,geikie's work1 which was geological rather than astronomical or meteorological2 and in his later years he rather avoided the discussion of the causes of glaciation1 but he made it clear that in his opinion1 if ,croll's hypothesis failed1 no other explanation could be regarded as adequate4 ,as a corollary of ,croll's theory1 it followed that there had been more than one period of arctic cold in the northern hemisphere1 and that intercalated between the cold periods there were epochs of warmer climate--interglacial periods1 as they are now called4 ,the evidence for the existence of interglacial periods had appealed to ,geikie in his field work1 and he had become convinced that in ,scotland there had been at least one interval of mild climatic conditions separating two epochs of glacial severity4 ,this may have to some extent predisposed him to favour ,croll's hypothesis as being in greatest accordance with the geological facts4 ,for it cannot be said that ,james ,geikie was in a hurry to maintain the complexity of the ,ice ,age4 ,in the first edition of his book1 though much engrossed in the description of the beds intercalated with the boulder-clay and 8till10 and obviously inclined to attribute great importance to them1 he says very little about warm interglacial periods1 and the reader is not led to suppose that he considers the evidence as of overwhelming strength4 ,three years later the second edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age appeared1 and we find that the author then took up a much more definite position on this subject1 and has made a great advance in his treatment of it4 ,but already in #ahgc he was convinced in his own mind that several warm interglacial periods had interrupted the rigours of the ,ice ,age1 though he did not attempt to enumerate the interglacial epochs in detail1 or to state fully the conclusions at which he had arrived4 ,the post-glacial history of ,scotland was a subject that early attracted ,james ,geikie's attention4 ,he had devoted much study to it1 and was in after years to present a masterly analysis of its stages and sequence4 ,to trace the connection between the ,ice ,age and the present day1 and to show the changes which had elapsed since the ice-sheets melted from the surface of ,britain1 was to him one of the most alluring departments of geology4 ,a good deal of work had been done by ,scottish geologists on the study of the raised beaches of ,scotland1 but no general account of their relation to one another and to the glacial boulder-clay and moraines had appeared before the publication of the first edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age4 ,that the sea-level had undergone alterations around our shores was sufficiently demonstrated by the raised beaches1 of which three were very well known1 the #ajj-;foot1 #ej-;foot1 and #be-;foot beaches4 ,but some authors1 such as ,chambers and ,mackintosh1 were ready to find raised beaches anywhere2 gravel terraces at all elevations1 many of which are now known to have been the deposits of glacial rivers and lakes1 and rock escarpments and platforms of very varied origin1 were appealed to as evidence of former submergence beneath the sea4 ,prof4 ,geikie at this stage was not altogether free from a belief in the great submergence1 or at any rate he was not prepared to challenge its champions2 but he knew how little value was to be attached to some of the evidence cited in its support1 and his own studies had led him to a fuller understanding and a more satisfactory appreciation of the meaning of the raised beaches and the light they threw on the varied conditions that had prevailed in ,scotland during and subsequent to the melting of the great ice-sheet4 ,in particular1 he maintained that the higher beaches were associated with the deposits of clay containing glacial shells that were so well known through the researches of ,smith of ,jordanhill1 and belonged to a time when glacial conditions had not completely ceased in ,scotland4 ,the #ej-;foot beach was associated with the oldest relics of man in the midland valley of ,scotland1 while the #be-;foot beach and lower beaches were laid down in climatic surroundings differing little from those of the present day4 ,between the epochs of depression which these sea-terraces recorded there had been intervals when the land stood at a higher level1 so that the earth movements had been of an oscillating character1 and not merely a succession of uplifts with intervening pauses during which the beach-platforms were produced4 ,the buried forests and the peat-bogs furnished additional evidence of the elevation and depression of the land1 and hinted1 not obscurely1 at the probability that changes of climate had also taken place during post-glacial time1 the warm continental epochs encouraging the growth of trees1 while the cold1 damp1 insular climates were favourable to the accumulation of peat4 ,although these conclusions were only sketched out and not fully stated1 it is plain to the reader that already ,prof4 ,geikie had convinced himself of the importance of these facts4 ,and in considering what is probably the most controversial problem which the student of ,pleistocene and recent times must investigate1 namely1 the relation of prehistoric man to the glacial period1 he followed the same line of thought1 considering that the evidence of the mammalian remains found in caves and river gravels of ,northern ,europe pointed to the conclusion that there had been great variations of climate4 ,the mixture of northern and southern types of animals was not to be ascribed in his opinion to migrations arising from seasonal changes1 but was due principally to alternations of cold and heat1 each enduring for a considerable time4 ,he advocated also the existence of man in glacial times1 and recapitulating views already enumerated in some papers which he had published in the ,geological ,magazine1 he argued that the palolithic gravels of ,england were to be regarded as glacial and preglacial1 and not1 as was widely believed1 of interglacial and post-glacial age4 ,lastly1 we may mention a feature of the first edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age that was to become more prominent in subsequent editions1 the comparative description of the phenomena described by geologists of many different countries4 ,for information regarding ,england he was largely indebted to his colleagues in the ,english ,survey1 principally ,green1 ,tiddeman1 and ,whitaker4 ,the ,swedish1 ,german1 ,norwegian1 and continental deposits generally had perforce to be described from the literature of the subject1 a literature already very extensive4 ,through his whole life ,prof4 ,geikie was a diligent student of the literature of his subject4 ,the most important ,european languages1 as already noted in ,part ,i41 he could read with facility1 and as he was in constant receipt of copies of glacial papers from their authors1 much of his time was taken up with a study of the contemporary literature of glaciation4 ,it was his familiarity with the work of other investigators in this field of scientific research that gave him his position as the representative ,british glacialist1 and made his works so widely read and appreciated by foreign scientific men4 ,with the publication of the first edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age in #ahgd1 ,prof4 ,geikie's reputation as a glacial geologist of the first rank was at once established4 ,the book had a cordial reception and a ready sale4 ,prof4 ,green wrote a long and very sympathetic review of it for ,nature1 and1 whether its teachings were generally accepted or not1 the author had the satisfactory proof that it had not been neglected by the rapid exhaustion of the first edition4 ,within a few months he had to set seriously about the production of a new and enlarged edition4 ,much of its popularity was no doubt due to the clear and graceful style in which it was written4 ,the more abstruse parts of the subject were not discussed with too much detail2 great insistence was placed on the field evidence1 and the discussion was such as could be followed by the general reader who had no special training in geological work4 ,a studied moderation marked the conclusions arrived at1 and no attempt was made to force a revolutionary interpretation of glacial phenomena into prominence4 ,a great deal also was due to the fact that the book embodied not only its author's work and the hypotheses he favoured1 but also the results of the observations of many of his colleagues on the ,survey who had a very wide acquaintance with field geology1 and were1 on the whole1 very well agreed regarding the interpretation of the facts4 ,the author fully acknowledged his obligations to colleagues on the ,survey staff1 but at the same time it was clear that on this subject he was the leader and not merely a compiler of other people's results4 ,the dedication to ,sir ,andrew ,ramsay is especially significant1 for from ,ramsay more than from any other geologist had inspiration been received4 ,probably the effect of the book was greater in foreign countries than in ,britain4 ,in ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,sweden1 and the ,united ,states many geologists were actively prosecuting the study of glacial deposits1 and so clear and authoritative a statement of the observations and conclusions of the ,scottish glacialists had much interest to workers in other lands4 ,this appreciation the author valued greatly1 and it was the cause of a great enlargement in the circle of his correspondents4 ,he followed keenly the advance of glacial investigation in foreign countries1 and especially the new evidence brought forward regarding changes of climate during and subsequent to the glacial period1 and the early chapters in the history of man in ,europe4 ,the second edition1 which appeared three years after the first1 showed that the author had been led to modify his views in several important respects4 ,the great post-glacial submergence he now considered unproved1 following in this the conclusions arrived at by ,dr ,jamieson of ,ellon in his studies of the ,scottish glacial deposits4 ,he recognised also that the shelly boulder-clay of many parts of ,scotland1 such as ,caithness1 ,orkney1 ,shetland1 ,dumbartonshire1 and ,ayrshire1 was best explained on the lines suggested by ,dr ,james ,croll as the deposit of an ice-sheet that had invaded the land after travelling for a time over the sea bottom4 ,in this we see the influence of ,dr ,peach and ,dr ,horne's work on the glaciation of ,caithness1 ,shetland and ,orkney1 and of ,geikie's own investigation of the glacial phenomena of the ,outer ,hebrides4 ,these changes of opinion were undoubtedly well considered1 and have been supported by subsequent discoveries4 ,he also took up a much bolder attitude on the question of interglacial deposits and the relation of man to the ,ice ,age4 ,while still relying to the full on the evidence cited from ,scotland in the first edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age in favour of the existence of more than one interglacial period1 he adduced the results of ,skertchly's work at ,brandon as proving that the palolithic deposits of south-eastern ,england are in places overlain by genuine boulder-clay4 ,more prominence was also given to the continental evidence for interglacial periods1 especially to that obtained in the ,drnten lignite of the north side of the ,alps1 and of the so-called ,pliocene beds of ,lombardy1 which even in the first edition he had confidently claimed as being really interglacial4 ,the next important work from ,prof4 ,geikie's pen was ,prehistoric ,europe1 published in #ahha4 ,he continued to keep abreast of the rapidly increasing literature of his subject1 and although the main lines of his treatment of it required little modification1 he was continually adding to his store of facts4 ,prehistoric ,europe did not receive the same welcome as ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 and this could hardly be expected4 ,geologists were by this time familiar with the author's main conclusions1 and the book in some measure takes us over familiar ground4 ,but to the general reader it remains one of the most enjoyable of the author's contributions to the literature of science4 ,having already expounded in his previous works the essential phenomena of glaciation1 he devotes this book especially to the consideration of many questions of subordinate importance1 though in themselves deserving of full consideration4 ,the interglacial problem1 of course1 comes up for treatment1 but he has not much to say of it that is really new to his readers4 ,it is interesting to note1 however1 that less insistence is now laid on the ,scottish evidence in favour of interglacial periods1 and the ,british evidence in general1 and more is said of the interglacial beds of ,germany1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and other ,european countries4 ,the feeling seems to have arisen in the author's mind that much of the ,british evidence was not so strong as to carry conviction1 and the work of continental geologists was rapidly adding details of the highest significance to the store of accumulated observations in favour of repeated glaciations of ,northern ,europe4 ,we may readily believe also that he felt it desirable to enforce on the minds of his readers the value of much recent research done by his fellow-scientists in other countries4 ,many ,british geologists assumed and still maintain a very sceptical attitude regarding the value of the ,british evidence for interglacial periods1 and ,prof4 ,geikie was undoubtedly right in appealing rather to well-established facts in adjacent countries than attempting to discuss the minuti of sections often of a temporary nature and by no means well-exposed1 which were familiar to many of his ,british readers4 ,it is not to be supposed1 however1 that he had changed his ground2 to the last he maintained the validity of the ,british evidence for interglacial periods1 though in some parts of it modifications of his original statements might have become necessary4 ,in the nature of things the evidence collected from so small an area as ,scotland was sure to be incomplete1 and to treat ,great ,britain as a region apart was more likely to lead to error than to correct results4 ,another subject which he handled more fully than in ,the ,great ,ice ,age was the antiquity of the human relics of palolithic type which had been found in caves and river gravels4 ,many ,british geologists of the highest reputation held that these were of post-glacial date1 but ,prof4 ,geikie had always contended strongly that some at least of the deposits containing the implements of early man were interglacial or preglacial4 ,time has justified his sagacity1 and it is now fairly widely recognised that these relics date back in some cases to periods anterior at any rate to the last glaciation of ,northern ,europe4 ,the old controversy regarding changes of climate in ,pleistocene time reappears in this volume1 and the author stoutly maintains the position he had taken up in ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 that the association of the remains of mammals of southern and northern types in gravel deposits can be explained only on the hypothesis that periods of genial alternated with periods of arctic climate4 ,but perhaps the main purpose of this book1 as seems to be indicated by the title selected for it1 was to discuss the changes that had taken place in ,europe since the melting of the ice of the last stage of the glacial period4 ,the phenomena of the raised beaches that encircle our ,scottish coasts1 with the alluvial or 8carse0 clays of the river valleys intimately associated with the beach deposits1 and the peat and buried forests of our moorlands and coasts1 had fascinated ,prof4 ,geikie since the beginning of his glacial investigations1 and he felt that for their proper discussion more scope was required than was afforded by such a book as ,the ,great ,ice ,age4 ,these problems were full of difficulties and the evidence appeared often contradictory or misleading1 but he managed to piece it together and to arrive at a consistent and clearly reasoned interpretation4 ,the raised beaches indicate1 of course1 changes of the level of sea and land2 but these were far more considerable than the beaches alone would indicate1 as the submerged forests that in many places are intercalated with the beach and carse deposits show that at certain stages the land area had been far more extensive than at present4 ,this was confirmed by many facts regarding the present distribution of animals and plants in the ,british ,isles which could not otherwise be logically explained2 and in this field of investigation he gratefully acknowledges the assistance furnished by his old friend ,dr ,buchanan ,white1 with whom he was in close contact since he was then living in ,perth4 ,the raised beaches also were associated with the closing phases of glaciation in ,britain1 since both the #ajj-;foot and the #ej-;foot beaches in the north of ,scotland showed effects of contemporaneous glacial action1 and the older marine shell beds contained shells now living only in ,arctic seas4 ,the interpretation of the evidence to be obtained from the study of peat-bogs and buried forests was by no means so clear1 but indubitably pointed towards the recurrence of damp cold epochs suitable for the rapid growth of peat1 separated by epochs of a different character during which the country was overspread by a dense growth of forest4 ,these hypotheses had long occupied the author's mind1 and he had pondered deeply over the evidence in support of them4 ,fuller investigation in future years was destined to bring out many striking confirmations of his opinions4 ,it may be said that so far as his interpretation of the post-glacial history of ,scotland is concerned1 the most authoritative opinion of ,scottish geologists at the present time is in accordance with the conclusions which he had arrived at4 ,this alone makes the book still worth careful study by those who would appreciate the changes our islands have undergone in the most recent stages of their geological history1 and though notable additions have been made to the store of accumulated observations1 they readily find a place in the scheme which he has outlined4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,educational ,,and ,,administrative ,,work ,with his appointment in #ahhb to the ,murchison ,chair of ,geology and ,mineralogy in ,edinburgh ,university to succeed his brother ,sir ,archibald ,geikie1 a new epoch began in ,james ,geikie's career4 ,for some years he had been ,district ,surveyor on the ,scottish ,survey1 a post of considerable responsibility1 and requiring the exercise of tact and firmness1 but one which presented most valuable opportunities to a keen geologist4 ,the ,scottish ,survey at that time had an exceptionally strong personnel1 and in pure field geology was setting a standard of excellence which has rarely been surpassed4 ,several of his colleagues came to be recognised in the course of a few years as scientific men of the highest distinction1 and among them there was a spirit of camaraderie and of friendly emulation in research which made their daily tasks a constant source of novelty and of unflagging interest4 ,to many of his colleagues1 such as ,peach1 ,horne1 ,jack1 ,croll1 ,skae1 and ,irvine1 ,james ,geikie had been indebted for important information and for the most searching criticism1 combined with unselfish appreciation of the value of his work4 ,the ground surveyed had most of it been previously examined only in a quite unexhaustive way1 and had consequently the attraction of novelty2 it was also of very varied structure1 and1 more important from his point of view1 it was rich in evidence of glacial action4 ,no better training ground for a field-geologist who intended to devote himself to the study of glaciation could well be imagined4 ,among the ,scottish geological staff ,james ,geikie's position as a field-geologist and as a glacialist was fully recognised1 and he had the unquestioning support of his colleagues4 ,his life was full of variety and interest4 ,no doubt1 like other men1 he had made mistakes and had been severely handled by some of his critics4 ,some of his early work on the ,silurian volcanic rocks of ,ayrshire1 for example1 had suffered greatly from his insufficient knowledge of the chemical and mineralogical foundations on which geology rests4 ,probably this criticism taught him to be more careful in speculation and more critical in accepting evidence4 ,but his field work1 as a whole1 was of the highest standard4 ,his field maps of ,carboniferous and ,devonian ground proved to be exceptionally thorough and accurate4 ,in these early years1 of course1 it was not intended to execute a survey on a very minute scale4 ,the large area upon which each surveyor was expected to report each year prevented him from spending more than a limited time on a small district4 ,moreover1 the literature of the geology of ,scotland was as yet by no means large4 ,many of the more specialised branches of geology1 such as petrology1 were as yet in a very rudimentary state4 ,perhaps on that account the field-geologist was expected to be more of an all-round geologist1 and to rely less on the guidance of specialists than his successors at the present time4 ,the opportunities presented to him he had made use of to the fullest4 ,he was a born observer4 ,the retentiveness of his memory for localities and for geological details was extraordinary2 but that he did not trust to it exclusively his well-filled note-books bear witness4 ,what distinguished him specially1 however1 was his power of maintaining his interest in the abstract questions of geology and the indomitable perseverance and industry with which he pursued his researches in spite of the distractions of field work4 ,not many geologists after an arduous day in the open air could sit down1 as was his habit1 and spend many hours in literary work1 or in the task of mastering the papers1 in many foreign languages1 in which the progress of glacial geology was recorded4 ,even admitting that he was a ready writer1 we must acknowledge that his power of work at this time was enormous1 and we cannot wonder that at times he felt on the verge of a breakdown4 ,the testimonials which he had printed when making application for the ,professorship of ,geology in ,edinburgh show how thoroughly his reputation as a scientist was established in ,europe and ,america4 ,his book on ,the ,great ,ice ,age receives high praise from ,norwegian1 ,swedish1 ,swiss1 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,american geologists1 and among his ,british supporters he could number ,darwin1 ,evans1 and ,hooker4 ,it was not1 as already seen1 without reluctance that ,james ,geikie decided to leave the ,geological ,survey4 ,the earnest scientific spirit in which its work was conducted1 the intimate fellowship with scientific men of kindred spirit1 and the free open-air life had great attractions for him4 ,the academic life was new to him1 and must have seemed at first a cabined and cribbed existence compared with that of a field-geologist4 ,yet there is no doubt the choice was a wise one4 ,in the higher departments of ,survey work his duties would have been mostly of an administrative nature1 and much of his time would have been taken up by routine business1 very largely of a non-geological character1 which would certainly have proved uncongenial4 ,his opportunities of visiting the field would also have been much curtailed4 ,residing in ,edinburgh1 he could keep in intimate touch with his former colleagues of the ,survey1 and glean the most valuable results of their work when they returned to the office each year4 ,they were now beginning the survey of the ,north and ,west ,highlands1 and were to undertake investigations of a kind with which he was quite unacquainted4 ,a good deal of new information on glacial geology was being collected by them year by year1 and of course communicated to him regularly4 ,but the main work in hand was the unravelling of the intricate history of the ,highlands and the palontology and petrology of the older rocks of ,scotland4 ,this was destined to yield most brilliant results1 and the ,scottish ,survey was to become more famous even than it had been in the days of ,sir ,andrew ,ramsay2 but these fields of investigation were not those which he had chosen for his own especial study1 and there can be no doubt that as a university professor1 with ample time for research in any branch of his subject which appealed to him1 he was able to follow out his own line of work far more untrammelled than he would have been as an officer of the ,geological ,survey4 ,to the execution of the duties of his ,chair he devoted himself with characteristic thoroughness and energy4 ,his brother had combined the office of ,director of the ,geological ,survey of ,scotland with the ,murchison ,professorship1 but ,james ,geikie was free to give his whole time to university work4 ,at first1 at any rate1 he had little spare time on his hands4 ,well versed in ,scottish geology and in the physical and structural divisions of the science1 he had also a wide knowledge of stratigraphical geology and of the geological structure of ,europe and ,north ,america4 ,he worked hard to increase his knowledge of mineralogy1 petrology1 and palontology1 even setting up a laboratory to carry out mineral assays4 ,ever a skilful draughtsman1 he prepared with his own hand many drawings of landscapes1 geological sections1 and the microscopic structure of rocks4 ,he was always rather averse to the use of the lantern to illustrate his lectures1 and preferred large wall diagrams1 many of which had cost great pains to make4 ,from every available source he collected specimens of rocks1 minerals1 and fossils4 ,he was unsparing in his efforts to make his subject as interesting to his students as possible1 and to relieve them of the tedious work of taking voluminous manuscript notes4 ,for this purpose he prepared long series of memoranda1 and had copies of them struck off by a primitive duplicating apparatus4 ,as a lecturer he had rather an easy-going1 colloquial style1 which undoubtedly had the merit of catching and holding the attention of even the least intellectual of his audience4 ,he spoke fast1 and covered a very large part of his subject in the course of the one hundred lectures which constituted the work of the winter class1 but by the help of the memoranda above mentioned his students had little difficulty in keeping abreast of his progress4 ,brimful of humour and of fun1 he was not above making an occasional joke to his audience2 but this aspect of his character was far more in evidence on his ,saturday excursions4 ,however long the walk and however unpropitious the weather1 there was always a circle of admiring students around him1 intent on catching every detail of the amusing stories1 reminiscences1 and snatches of old ballads or songs1 of which he had an unfailing supply4 ,from the first he proved a very successful professor4 ,his course was at that time optional1 in the sense that candidates for the recognised degrees of the ,university did not require to take it4 ,only students desirous of studying geology for its own sake were to be found on the benches of his class-room4 ,he had always also a fair number of men who were not regular students but engaged in professional work1 who desired to widen the range of their intellectual vision1 and took an occasional class at the ,university4 ,many of these were teachers occupied all day in the schools of the city2 and to meet the needs of such men he fixed his hour for lecturing at four o'clock in the afternoon1 so as to give them a chance of attending after their day's work4 ,many of these students afterwards became his attached personal friends1 and in this group were included missionaries home on leave1 army men1 journalists1 doctors taking postgraduate courses at the ,university1 and planters and mining engineers enjoying a long holiday at home after years spent in foreign countries4 ,at first he conducted all the classes himself1 but after a time the ,university granted him an assistant1 and he started a regular practical or laboratory course4 ,his relations with his assistants were of the most sympathetic character4 ,always ready to take more than his fair share of the drudgery of elementary teaching1 he showed the most kindly interest in the progress of his assistants1 and encouraged them to carry out original research on their own account4 ,his fine library and wide knowledge of the literature of geology were always at their service1 and as the ,university in those days was by no means liberally endowed with funds for the purchase of scientific apparatus1 he often provided at his own expense the instruments necessary for special researches4 ,the rooms assigned to the geological department were miserably inadequate--dark1 half-furnished attics1 draughty1 cold1 and uncomfortable--but much good work was done there4 ,james ,geikie lived to see the conditions of university teaching in ,edinburgh greatly altered for the better4 ,the courses qualifying for degrees were made much less restricted1 and geology became a subject in the curriculum for the ,arts as well as the ,science degree4 ,the number of students increased1 and the status of the ,chair was improved4 ,better-paid assistants were provided1 increased grants for the purchase of apparatus1 and a higher stipend for the professor4 ,a very important addition to the department was the provision of a library of geological books1 the gift of ,sir ,archibald ,geikie and ,james ,geikie in the first place1 subsequently taken over and maintained by the ,university ,library authorities4 ,the prestige of geology in the ,university and the condition of the department in #aiad when he resigned were incomparably superior to those which existed in #ahhb when he was appointed to the ,chair4 ,in #ahid he became ,dean of the ,faculty of ,science in the ,university1 and continued to hold this responsible appointment till a year before his retiral4 ,although he did not by any means suffer fools gladly1 he had much sympathy with students and with his colleagues1 the professors1 lecturers1 and assistants1 in the difficulties which they encountered in their work1 and he had good business faculties1 being careful1 prompt1 and industrious4 ,the great esteem in which he was held by all who came in contact with him was clearly proved by his long tenure of this exacting post1 and his success in smoothing the difficulties inevitable in university life where so many interests have to be considered4 ,the time required for this work he gave ungrudgingly2 but as he was at the same time ,honorary ,editor of the ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society's ,magazine1 and eventually ,president of that ,society1 and served on the ,council of the ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh for many years1 he felt that his time for research and literary work was very seriously curtailed4 ,if we consult the list of ,prof4 ,geikie's contributions to scientific literature which appears as an appendix to this volume1 it becomes evident that with his appointment to the ,edinburgh professorship he began to write on several topics which previously had not specially engaged his attention4 ,the voluminous notes from which his lectures were delivered were abridged1 rearranged1 and ultimately published as his ,outlines of ,geology4 ,this work was expressly meant for the use of his own students1 and served to relieve them of a large part of the tedious note-taking which was in those days a heavy burden on members of the ,university classes4 ,it found acceptance1 however1 in a wider circle1 and in time three large editions of the book were sold4 ,its most distinctive feature is the ample space devoted to physical geology1 especially the processes at work to-day which throw light on the structures and origin of rocks4 ,the more technical portions of the subject1 such as petrology and palontology1 he considers in much less detail4 ,in fact1 the book is quite as suitable for the general reader as for the university student4 ,this book appeared in #ahhh1 and seventeen years later his second and most successful text-book was published1 the ,structural and ,field ,geology for ,students4 ,his natural abilities as an observer1 and his thorough training as a field-geologist1 made him especially competent to handle this subject effectively1 and he made judicious use of photographs taken by the ,geological ,survey to illustrate the volume4 ,the success of the book was also in large measure due to his long experience as a teacher and his clear and easy style2 in fact1 the foundations of the text-book were laid in the courses of lectures on structural geology which he used to deliver in the summer sessions4 ,something also1 no doubt1 was due to there being no really good work on this subject for ,english and ,american students4 ,he was much gratified by its success1 for he felt that he had done something to stimulate accurate field surveying by students of geology1 and field work he always considered the most educative part of geological training4 ,here we may mention also his contributions to ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 for which he wrote many of the geological articles4 ,in #ahge he had prepared a small ,elementary ,manual for the well-known ,edinburgh firm of publishers1 and as successive editions of the ,encyclopdia were printed he continued to revise his geological articles1 so that he had a continuous connection with ,messrs ,chambers lasting over forty years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,his work as a geographer next claims our attention4 ,the fields of geological research which he especially cultivated have a very close connection with geographical science4 ,in the ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 as already stated1 he took a deep interest from the start4 ,for many years his face was a familiar one on the platform at the lectures delivered by eminent geographers and distinguished travellers in ,edinburgh1 and as these lectures are always very well attended1 probably his connection with the ,society made him better known to the general public than any other of his numerous activities4 ,these functions also brought him into contact with many explorers and scientists who came to ,edinburgh to lecture1 and were the source of many friendships which he valued highly4 ,during the latter years of his life the ,geographical ,society claimed almost as much of his attention as his academic duties1 and as he was fortunately assisted by very competent lecturers in the ,university1 he could spare the time required to fulfil both functions4 ,his studies in geography were always in those fields which form the border-land between geology and geography4 ,the history of the development of scenery and of earth-forms in general1 and the relation between geological structure and geographical configuration1 were favourite subjects for his pen4 ,in this he was a true follower of ,playfair4 ,he delighted also to prepare short notices for the ,society's magazine1 describing the results of recent work on prehistoric man1 on changes of climate in recent geological periods1 and the action of ice in the production of surface features4 ,the magazine proved a useful vehicle for conveying to the public the results of his wide reading on topics such as these4 ,many of the articles which first appeared in its pages were subsequently issued in book form1 or were used in the preparation of the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 and the other scientific treatises which he produced4 ,in #ahic he collected the most important and interesting of his scientific lectures and addresses into a volume to which he gave the title ,fragments of ,earth ,lore4 ,the book was published by his friend ,dr ,bartholomew of the ,edinburgh ,geographical ,institute1 and served to introduce the results of some of his researches to a wider circle of readers than they would otherwise have reached1 as they had originally appeared in publications as widely different in purpose as ,good ,words and the ,transactions of the ,geological ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,most of the papers1 as was to be expected1 treat of the progress of glacial geology1 and one of these is of special importance4 ,it is entitled 8,the ,glacial ,succession in ,europe10 and was reprinted from the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,it shows considerable progress along the lines which his work on glacial and interglacial periods had previously followed1 and was the precursor of the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 in which the new developments of this branch of science were to be more fully expounded4 ,among the other papers are several which are excellent popular scientific articles1 such as the sketch of the 8,geology of the ,cheviot ,hills10 originally issued in ,good ,words in #ahgf4 ,these essays show him at his best as an exponent of the simpler and more attractive themes of geological literature4 ,he had an easy1 fluent style1 and had he chosen to do so1 might have attained great popularity as an exponent of science for the million4 ,the fine illustrations of this book deserve special mention1 especially the maps1 which owe much to the skill and artistic taste of ,dr ,bartholomew1 who in this matter had the cordial support and co-operation of ,prof4 ,geikie4 ,ever since his days on the ,geological ,survey he had set a very high standard in the preparation of maps1 and paid the greatest attention to their artistic qualities as well as to their excellence as scientific documents4 ,his book on ,earth ,sculpture followed in #ahih1 and in this particular field soon came to be recognised as a standard work4 ,it was published as one of a series1 and the limitations of space probably did not allow very complete discussion of so large a subject3 in fact1 it is only a sketch of the relations between geology and surface features2 but the subject was one for which he had a great liking1 and he dwelt on it lovingly in the lectures which he delivered each winter to the ,university students4 ,in this1 of course1 he followed the ,scottish tradition1 which since the days of ,hutton and ,playfair had assigned to this branch of geology a special importance4 ,the writing of this little book accordingly was a real pleasure to him1 and he drew nearly all the illustrations for it with his own hand1 feeling that the only difficulty was to keep himself within the limits which necessity imposed4 ,his immense knowledge of geographical literature supplied him with abundant material to illustrate the operation of natural agents in giving rise to modifications of topographical form1 and the change of subject-matter from the always more or less controversial questions of the glacial history of the northern hemisphere afforded stimulus to his pen4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,interglacial ,,controversies ,the second edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age was sold out about the year #ahib1 and the author set himself to the task of preparing a third edition1 incorporating all the most recent investigations4 ,the task was necessarily a very severe one1 as an enormous increase had taken place in the number of workers in this field1 and the evidence had accumulated at a very rapid rate4 ,prof4 ,geikie always regarded this work as his principal contribution to geological literature1 an opinion which most of his critics seem to have shared2 and certainly the labour he spent on the third edition of his magnum opus was sufficient to entitle it to a high place in the history of glacial investigation4 ,with indomitable perseverance he undertook the work of mastering the literature1 and the number of papers he read may be inferred from the fact that his collection of pleistocene and glacial pamphlets1 which now form a part of the noble library of the ,university of ,edinburgh1 numbered over one hundred and sixty volumes4 ,he aimed at making the book not only a compendium of information on the subject of which it treated1 but also a critical review of the conclusions which might fairly be drawn from the evidence to hand2 and in this he not unfrequently differed from the authors of the papers he cited1 a proceeding which was likely to awaken feelings the reverse of grateful4 ,the subject-matter was now1 of course1 so vastly enlarged that only the more important contributions could be adequately noticed1 and much interesting detail had to be passed over or handled only in the briefest way4 ,many of the old controversies which had bulked largely in the first and second editions of the book had been decided1 or had been so fully discussed that there was no pressing need to devote much space to them2 but the subject as a whole was not less involved in uncertainty and debate1 for new topics of discussion had arisen1 hardly less keenly disputed than the old ones4 ,in the main lines of his argument ,prof4 ,geikie still followed the teaching of ,ramsay and ,croll and the geologists of the old ,scottish school1 and though1 for example1 no longer inculcating the necessity of a great glacial subsidence1 he maintained most of the positions he had taken up in his early days4 ,in one respect1 however1 the work marked a great advance1 for he now believed it possible to subdivide the history of ,the ,great ,ice ,age into a succession of glacial and interglacial periods with far more minute detail than he had hitherto attempted4 ,in this he showed a boldness which some critics might call rash1 but which has been in very large measure justified by the results of subsequent research4 ,he came to be recognised as pre-eminently the defender of interglacial periods2 and to this aspect of the book far more attention has been directed than to any other4 ,james ,geikie1 in fact1 was soon considered an ultra-interglacialist1 if we may coin a ponderous but perhaps expressive term4 ,the technical details of the evidence cannot be discussed in this place2 it will be sufficient to say that he believed there was good evidence in ,scotland and in ,europe generally for the former existence of no less than six glacial periods separated by intervals of milder climate which were truly interglacial4 ,at the time the book was published it is no exaggeration to say that he was alone in holding these views4 ,glacial investigation had made considerable progress in ,scotland since #ahgg1 when the second edition of his book was issued2 but most ,scottish geologists1 though in agreement with ,prof4 ,geikie on many points1 would hardly have followed him in the extreme position which he took up4 ,that interglacial periods had existed they generally admitted1 but the searching criticism to which the evidence in favour of them had been subjected had revealed that much of it was of an indecisive character1 if not actually untrustworthy2 and no ,british geologists of that time had ,prof4 ,geikie's wide knowledge of the glacial literature of other countries4 ,they were consequently often unable to appreciate how far the continental evidence filled up the gaps which were painfully evident in the record of ,british glacial history4 ,in certain circles1 in ,england especially1 the evidence for interglacial periods was regarded with sceptical distrust1 if not completely disbelieved2 but on ,clement ,reid1 his former colleague on the ,survey1 and one of the most skilled and critical glacialists then living1 it had produced a different impression4 ,he saw clearly the necessity for admitting the existence of at least one interglacial period2 but between his position and that of ,james ,geikie1 who believed in five interglacial periods1 a great gulf intervened4 ,perfectly aware of his apparent isolation1 and supremely confident in the accuracy of his results1 ,james ,geikie pressed strongly on his readers the necessity of appreciating more fully the significance of the facts1 and in consequence his book became very obviously an argument in favour of ,pleistocene and ,recent oscillations of climate rather than a critical and impartial review of the evidence available4 ,in every case he went as far in support of his conclusions as the facts in his opinion could be interpreted to lead2 and the treatment of ,british glacial questions showed undoubtedly a stubborn courage and a determination to make the best of his case1 which only his confidence in the general sufficiency of the evidence for the whole of ,europe could be held to justify4 ,in foreign countries generally he found more support1 though everywhere1 it may be admitted1 his views must have been regarded as extreme4 ,in ,germany glacial investigation was still in a comparatively backward state1 but in ,penck1 ,brckner1 and ,partsch 7names subsequently to figure most prominently in the story of the advance of this department of science7 he found disciples and supporters of the highest value4 ,the investigations of these geologists had led them independently to the belief in the repeated glaciation of the ,alps and the mountains of ,central and ,eastern ,europe4 ,their chief results were still to appear1 but enough was known of their conclusions to define their attitude4 ,in ,norway and ,sweden1 though many notable investigations into glacial geology had been made1 no general consensus of opinion had been reached as to the stages into which the glacial history of that country must be subdivided1 and ,prof4 ,geikie still found his old friend ,axel ,blytt the nearest in agreement with his views among the ,scandinavian geologists4 ,in ,france the existence of interglacial periods had warm defenders and keen opponents2 but attention was being directed more particularly to the successive phases of palolithic culture1 in the study of which ,french geologists and anthropologists have always been in the forefront4 ,but in ,america a school of geologists had arisen in which ,prof4 ,james ,geikie had found not only warm personal friends but also powerful supporters in his theoretical views1 and a most notable contribution to the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age are the chapters by ,prof4 ,chamberlin 7cf4 ,part ,i41 p4 #abj71 in which the glacial history of ,north ,america is reviewed4 ,the literature of the glacial geology of that continent has now swelled to enormous dimensions1 and to describe the phenomena in a critical and discriminative manner was beyond the powers of anyone who had not devoted many years to a personal examination of the evidence2 but in ,prof4 ,chamberlin an exponent was secured who was not only in very substantial agreement with ,prof4 ,geikie in his conclusions1 but was also exceptionally familiar with the facts4 ,the general reception of ,prof4 ,geikie's book was deferential if not enthusiastic4 ,the masterly handling of the subject was freely admitted1 and the thorough and scholarly manner in which the sources of information had been searched2 but no symptoms appeared to indicate the existence of a school of advanced interglacialists1 in ,britain at any rate1 prepared to accept and defend the author's theoretical views4 ,in fact1 for a time it almost seemed as if the belief in the reality of interglacial periods1 or at least in their importance1 was less prevalent than it had been fifteen years before4 ,a very large body of geologists declined to regard the evidence on which ,prof4 ,geikie and his supporters relied as having real value or significance4 ,there were still a few supporters of the theory of the marine origin of boulder-clay1 and even some who were prepared to advocate the agency of floods and debacles as the prime factors in the formation of boulder-clay2 and their views for some years were prominent in the discussion of the origin of glacial deposits4 ,the majority of experienced geologists certainly did not accept these explanations2 but they were equally unwilling to concede that the ,ice ,age could be subdivided into six glacial epochs1 alternating with warmer climates in which ,northern ,europe and ,america had been occupied by a fauna and flora of temperate facies4 ,prof4 ,geikie lived to see very considerable changes in the opinion of geologists on these matters4 ,as time went on much new evidence accumulated to prove that great fluctuations of climate had marked the recent stages of the earth's history4 ,from many sides facts were reported which tended to support his theories4 ,gradually it came to be recognised that the ice margin must have withdrawn at times for considerable distances1 leaving bare wide tracts of country which became populated by animals and plants4 ,still1 however1 it was contended that these were mere episodes of no great account1 temporary retreats and advances of the ice-sheets1 unworthy to be designated glacial and interglacial periods4 ,but the increase of knowledge renders this position less and less tenable as years go by1 and it may fairly be claimed that before ,prof4 ,geikie's death1 in most countries of ,europe and ,north ,america the existence of several interglacial periods was freely conceded by a majority of those who were competent to express an opinion on the subject4 ,the important new evidence brought to light was not wholly the result of geological investigation1 though much of it was strictly of the kind to which ,prof4 ,geikie had appealed4 ,most striking perhaps were the descriptions of the glacial phenomena of the ,alpine valleys which ,profs4 ,penck and ,brckner published in a famous volume in #aiji4 ,this work was most appropriately dedicated by the authors to ,prof4 ,james ,geikie4 ,it is probably the most notable contribution to the literature of glacial geology in the last twenty years1 and although it has not escaped criticism1 it has produced in the minds of impartial readers a firm conviction of the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods so far as that part of ,europe is concerned4 ,prof4 ,geikie was familiar with some of the evidence from the ,alpine chain when he was writing the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age2 some of the facts had led geologists to postulate the existence of interglacial periods as long ago as the middle of last century2 but he watched with great pleasure the gradual accumulation of observations added to previous knowledge by ,penck and ,brckner1 and for many years he maintained an active correspondence with these investigators4 ,in ,america1 also1 the opinion was gradually gaining strength that the ,ice ,age was marked by several prolonged intervals of warmer conditions2 and in ,france1 ,germany1 and ,scandinavia many geologists were added to the ranks of those who maintained the importance of interglacial periods4 ,hardly less convincing than the results of ,penck and ,brckner's investigations into the repeated glaciation of the ,alps were the advances which have been made by the study of palolithic deposits1 especially in ,france1 ,belgium1 and ,germany1 during the last twenty years4 ,in popular interest this chapter of geological history necessarily surpasses all others1 and the study of the deposits of the caverns and river valleys which contain the rude stone weapons of early man and the remains of the wild animals which he hunted has never lacked enthusiastic investigators4 ,in particular1 the geologists and anthropologists of ,france have distinguished themselves by their patience and success in this department2 and the palolithic history of ,europe is now far more fully known than it was in #ahie4 ,these investigations have shown not only that man inhabited ,northern ,europe before the cold conditions of the glacial period had passed away1 as ,prof4 ,geikie had stoutly maintained from an early period in his career1 but also that cold epochs had alternated repeatedly with warmer epochs4 ,differences of opinion1 of course1 there are1 as is inevitable in subjects which at the present time have been so incompletely examined4 ,penck and ,geikie1 for example1 would place the epoch of weapons of ,acheulian type in the second interglacial warm period1 while ,boule and ,schmidt would relegate it to the third2 but the significant fact remains that there is a general agreement that since man inhabited ,northern ,europe he has seen repeated epochs of genial climate alternating with periods of severe cold4 ,prof4 ,geikie was always deeply interested in this work1 and followed the course of investigation with the closest attention4 ,unfortunately ,scotland possesses no deposits containing palolithic weapons2 and circumstances precluded him from taking part in the field studies except during brief holiday visits to the ,continent2 but he diligently read the literature1 as may be seen in his course of ,munro lectures in ,edinburgh ,university in #aiac1 subsequently published in book form as ,the ,antiquity of ,man in ,europe4 ,in reading this book1 it is pleasant to find how little change he had been obliged to make in the conclusions he had arrived at twenty years before1 and how fully his sagacious interpretation of the evidence then available had stood the test of time4 ,one can notice in his preface a serene conviction that his work had been justified by the results4 8,the research of the past twenty years has certainly cleared up much that was doubtful and obscure1 and brought to light many interesting details which enable us to form a more adequate conception of the early history of our race than was previously possible4 ,these later investigations1 however1 have not in any respect shaken the general conclusions arrived at twenty years ago but1 on the contrary1 have served only to strengthen and confirm them40 ,gradually also the difficult task of correlating the interglacial deposits of ,britain1 ,switzerland1 and ,france was being mastered1 and even the interglacial periods of ,north ,america were being relegated with more or less confidence to their proper places with reference to the ,european sequence1 so that in this1 his last book1 he was able to announce that solid progress had been made along the lines of advance which he had sketched1 and his laborious investigations had produced valuable results4 ,prof4 ,geikie had always considered that much valuable knowledge of the climatic changes which ,scotland had undergone since the melting of the great ice-sheet would be obtained from a minute examination of the peat-bogs which cover large expanses both of the hills and of the plains of his native country4 ,his own botanical training was insufficient to enable him to attack such a problem with success1 but for many years he closely studied the geology of the peat-bogs1 and never failed to impress on his students that a rich harvest of scientific information might be reaped by any investigator who took this difficult task in hand4 ,fortunately he lived to see a very careful examination of the flora of the ,scottish peat-bogs by ,prof4 ,lewis published in four parts in ,the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,prof4 ,lewis was evidently much indebted to ,prof4 ,geikie and to ,dr ,horne for suggestions and assistance in the geological part of his work2 but the evidence1 which is very carefully and fully stated in his papers1 is sufficient to carry conviction on several important points4 ,he shows that many of the peat mosses began their growth under arctic conditions when glaciers must have existed in many of the more elevated districts of ,britain4 ,thereafter changes of climate supervened1 and were accompanied by changes in the flora1 of which the remains are now preserved in successive layers of peat4 ,speaking generally1 we may say that the lowest arctic plant bed is followed by a lower forest bed1 usually rich in birch 7and sometimes hazel and alder71 which is overlain by a second arctic bed1 followed in turn by a second or upper forest bed containing mostly roots and stools of pine4 ,above these lies the modern peat4 ,prof4 ,lewis concluded as the result of his researches that while it is difficult to reconcile the several stages in the peat with the theory of a single glaciation1 the whole of the peat beds agree very closely with the scheme of classification proposed by ,prof4 ,geikie 7in the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age published thirteen years before74 ,these results were none the less gratifying because they had been in some measure foreseen2 and if we admit1 as some maintain1 that the final test of scientific hypothesis is the power to foresee the outcome of future researches1 we must agree that ,prof4 ,geikie had good reason to feel that his speculations on late-glacial changes in climate in ,britain had not been mistaken4 ,when in course of time the third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age was sold out1 he considered very carefully whether he should undertake a revision of the book1 bringing it up to date by incorporation of the most recent additions to our knowledge of the glacial period4 ,advancing years made him to some extent reluctant to undertake so formidable a task1 and he felt also that in his interpretation of the chief events of this chapter of geological history he had no radical alterations to make4 ,this1 as we have already said1 is sufficiently clear from his attitude in his ,munro lectures4 ,moreover1 the whole subject was highly controversial1 and he greatly disliked fighting the old battles over again4 ,at one time he was seriously thinking of writing a short work outlining the most important recent advances in glacial geology1 but the intention was never carried into effect4 ,problems of tectonics and of the relations between geological structure and the surface configuration of the earth at the present time always possessed a strong fascination for him1 and in his college lectures were favourite topics for discussion4 ,belonging to both geology and geography1 these were subjects in which all his powers found congenial exercise4 ,the ,scottish ,geographical ,magazine contains many papers from his pen dealing with physical geology1 and the last of these which he wrote was on 8,the ,deeps of the ,pacific ,ocean and their ,origin40 ,in this paper he advocated a new interpretation of these great submarine depressions1 and as his views were not in accordance with those of ,prof4 ,suess of ,vienna1 as expounded in his great work ,the ,face of the ,earth1 this paper was the occasion of a long and friendly correspondence with the eminent ,austrian geologist 7an ,englishman by birth74 ,prof4 ,geikie had always been a great admirer of ,suess and a close student of his writings1 and both were attracted by the same kind of problems4 ,in #aiaa ,prof4 ,geikie had written a paper on the 8,architecture and ,origin of the ,alps0 which appeared in the ,scottish ,geographical ,magazine1 and ten years previously more than one paper on the origin and structure of mountains had been contributed by him to various journals4 ,he now determined to use the materials he had collected for the preparation of a book which was ultimately issued under the title ,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay4 ,as usual he did not despise the non-scientific reader1 but made his exposition of the subject so simple and clear that all could apprehend his meaning4 ,a vast amount of important work had been done on the geological structure of the ,alps during the previous ten years1 and in addition to reading the literature carefully1 ,prof4 ,geikie visited ,switzerland to make himself familiar with the scenes he described1 and to enable him to form an opinion on the theories advanced1 based on personal examination of some of the best sections4 ,at the same time he utilised the results of the work of his old colleagues of the ,scottish ,survey on the ,north-west ,highlands1 where they had gleaned new data of the highest value1 and the book was illustrated with many beautiful photographs of ,scottish and ,alpine mountains4 ,throughout the book the influence of ,prof4 ,suess is often noticeable4 ,the compilation of this book was a thoroughly congenial task to ,prof4 ,geikie4 ,he was content for a time to let glacial controversies rest1 and to concentrate his attention on problems of geographical evolution4 ,in bringing to a close this short review of ,prof4 ,geikie's scientific work1 we may be permitted to point out what seems to be the main characteristics of his investigation and teaching4 ,had he been questioned himself on this point1 there can be no doubt he would have given his ,university courses of instruction a high place in his services to science4 ,he never allowed himself to regard it as routine work1 to be hurried through without enthusiasm4 ,he gave his best to his students1 and constantly improved his lectures1 excursions1 and practical classes1 so as to make them as modern and as complete as circumstances would allow4 ,hampered by very inadequate accommodation and equipment1 he gave freely of his time and money to compensate for these disadvantages4 ,the ordinary student he strove to interest and to instruct1 and as year by year his classes increased1 he had good evidence to convince him that both his subject and his method of expounding it were receiving their full share of attention among the students of the ,university4 ,but he had a keen eye for merit1 and young men who evinced a desire to pursue the path of original research were quickly recognised and encouraged in every way to follow the right lines4 ,thus1 although geology was for a long time a very small class1 it produced almost every year one or more men who subsequently made a name for themselves in science4 ,all over the world1 and especially in the ,british colonies1 there are many well-known geologists who can trace the impetus which decided their careers to the lectures delivered by the genial professor in the dingy old ,edinburgh class-room at the top of those interminable stairs4 ,as a geologist he had limitations which he clearly recognised4 ,palontology1 petrology1 and mineralogy he had a sound working knowledge of1 but he never professed to know them thoroughly1 and much of the teaching of these subjects he left to specially trained assistants4 ,had he been better equipped in these respects1 he might have avoided some of the pitfalls into which he stumbled at times4 ,but in physical and structural geology he took a very high place among living scientists4 ,the thorough training and natural aptitude for structural and field geology made him a very shrewd judge of controversial questions in tectonics1 and laid a secure foundation for his researches in geographical evolution and the origin of the earth's surface features4 ,as a geographer1 interested especially in the larger problems of geographical configuration1 he earned a world-wide reputation4 ,his special field of work1 however1 was the history of the glacial period in all its aspects1 and as time went on he came to be recognised as the most thorough-going advocate of repeated glacial and interglacial epochs4 ,the positions he took up at a very early stage in his scientific career he maintained with little modification till its close1 and in spite of indifference and in the face of severe criticism he saw his theories more and more completely established year by year4 ,the subject is one of the most controversial in geological science at the present day4 ,very eminent authorities may be found who deny the validity of nearly every one of ,prof4 ,geikie's conclusions about interglacial epochs1 but there is a large and increasing body of supporters of his views1 though even now the extreme position he took up in subdividing the ,ice ,age into six glacial periods cannot be said to be generally accepted4 ,but if we compare the text-books of the present day with those published twenty years ago1 we can realise how great an advance has been made in the direction in which he led2 and there can be no doubt that in the long-run his consistency1 courage1 and sagacity will receive full recognition4 ,the old ,scottish school of geology which had numbered so many famous men among its members found in ,james ,geikie one of its most distinguished representatives4 ,in science1 as in all things1 he was pre-eminently a ,scotsman4 ,ramsay and ,croll1 two of the most philosophic geologists of their time1 were the men to whom he owed the inspiration which originally directed him1 and he was a true disciple of ,playfair1 whose memory he reverenced4 ,in all his writings he places in the foreground the observations which he and his fellow-workers in ,scotland had made in the field1 and the inferences drawn from them2 and it was in no small measure to ,james ,geikie that the high position which the work of ,scottish geologists holds in the estimation of scientific men is to be ascribed4 ,,list ,,of ,,publications #ahff4 8,on the ,metamorphic ,lower ,silurian ,rocks of ,carrick1 ,ayrshire10 ,quart4 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 xxii41 pp4 #eac-cd2 ,phil4 ,mag41 vol4 xxxii41 pp4 #aed-e2 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cba-b4 8,on the ,metamorphic ,origin of certain ,granitoid ,rocks and ,granites in the ,southern ,uplands of ,scotland10 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ebi-cd4 #ahfg4 8,on the ,buried ,forests and ,peat ,mosses of ,scotland1 and the ,changes of ,climate which they indicate10 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 xxiv41 pp4 #cfc-hd2 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 v41 pp4 #fce-g2 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bj-c4 8,hydrothermal ,origin of certain ,granites and ,metamorphic ,rocks10 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #agf-hb4 8,on the ,metamorphic ,origin of certain ,granites1 etc410 ibid41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bhg-h4 #ahfh4 8,on ,denudation in ,scotland since ,glacial ,times10 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasgow1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ed-gd2 ibid41 vol4 v41 pp4 #ai-be4 8,note on the ,discovery of ,bos primigenius in the ,lower ,boulder-clay of ,scotland10 ibid41 vol4 v41 pp4 #cic-e1 #ece-f4 #ahfi4 8,additional ,note on the ,discovery of ,bos primigenius1 in the ,lower ,boulder-clay at ,crofthead1 near ,glasgow10 ibid41 vol4 vi41 pp4 #gc-e4 #ahgj4 8,on the ,age of the ,stratified ,deposits1 with ,mammalian ,remains1 at ,crofthead1 near ,glasgow10 ibid41 vol4 vii41 pp4 #ec-g1 illus4 #ahga4 8,carboniferous ,formation of ,scotland0 7remarks on ,mr ,croll's letter71 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasgow1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #gh-hj2 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 vii41 #ahgj1 p4 #bih4 8,on ,changes of ,climate during the ,glacial ,epoch10 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 viii41 pp4 #ede-ec2 vol4 ix41 #ahgb1 pp4 #bc-ca1 #fa-i1 #aje-aa1 #afd-gj1 #bae-bb1 #bed-fe4 8,the ,carboniferous ,formation of ,scotland10 ,trans4 ,north ,eng4 ,inst4 ,min4 ,engin41 vol4 xx41 pp4 #aca-eg2 ,trans4 ,glasgow ,inst4 ,engin41 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #e-ca4 #ahgb4 8,a4 ,e4 ,trnebohm's ,theory of the ,origin of the ,swedish ,asar10 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 ix41 pp4 #cjg-i1 illus4 8,on the ,geological ,position and ,features of the ,coal- and ,ironstone-bearing ,strata of the ,west of ,scotland10 ,journ4 ,iron and ,steel ,inst41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #h-bd4 #ahgc4 8,on the ,theory of ,seasonal ,migrations during the ,pleistocene ,period10 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 x41 pp4 #di-ed1 illus4 8,the ,antiquity of ,man in ,britain0 7a lecture71 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 x41 pp4 #age-i4 8,on the ,glacial ,phenomena of the ,long ,island or ,outer ,hebrides10 ,quart4 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 xxix41 pp4 #ecb-de2 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 x41 pp4 #cgg-i4 #ahgd4 8,note on the ,occurrence of ,erratics at ,higher ,levels than the ,rock-masses from which they have been derived10 ,trans4 ,glasgow ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bce-da2 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 ii41 vol4 i41 pp4 #eff-g4 ,the ,great ,ice ,age and its ,relation to the ,antiquity of ,man1 pp4 xxiii #ege1 #ag pls41 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahge4 ,geology 7,chambers's ,elementary ,science ,manuals71 pp4 #if1 illus41 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahgf4 8,origin of ,lake ,basins10 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 ii41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #aci-dj4 8,the ,cheviot ,hills10 ,good ,words1 vol4 xvii41 pp4 #aa-ae1 #hb-f1 #bfd-gj1 #cca-g1 illus4 ,historical ,geology1 pp4 vii #id1 #hvo1 ,london and ,edinburgh4 #ahgg4 8,the ,movement of the ,soil-cap10 ,nature1 vol4 xv41 pp4 #cig-h4 8,the ,antiquity of ,man10 ibid41 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #ada-b4 ,letter to ,mr ,j4 ,gunn on the ,glacial ,beds of the ,east of ,england1 ,norfolk ,chronicle1 #agth ,february4 ,the ,great ,ice ,age and its ,relation to the ,antiquity of ,man1 #bnd ed41 pp4 xxvii #fbd1 #ai pls41 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahgh4 8,on the ,glacial ,phenomena of the ,long ,island or ,outer ,hebrides0 7#bnd paper71 ,quart4 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxiv41 pp4 #hai-fg1 illus4 8,on the ,preservation of ,deposits of ,incoherent ,materials under ,till or ,boulder-clay10 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 ii41 vol4 v41 pp4 #gc-i1 #bhg-h4 7,with ,a4 ,c4 ,ramsay7 8,on the ,geology of ,gibraltar10 ,quart4 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxiv41 pp4 #eje-ci4 #ahhj4 8,discovery of an ,ancient ,canoe in the ,old ,alluvium of the ,tay1 at ,perth10 ,scottish ,naturalist1 vol4 v41 pp4 #a-g4 8,changes of ,climate in ,post-,glacial ,times10 ibid41 pp4 #aic-bjc4 ,prehistoric ,europe3 a ,geological ,sketch1 pp4 xviii #eib1 #b pls41 #c maps1 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahha4 8,natural ,rubbish ,heaps10 ,proc4 ,perthshire ,sci4 ,soc41 vol4 i41 pp4 #c-e4 8,the ,geological ,history of ,perthshire0 7,presidential ,address1 #crd ,march #ahha71 ibid41 pp4 #ag-ba4 8,the ,age of the ,igneous ,rocks of ,iceland10 ,nature1 vol4 xxiv41 pp4 #fje-f4 #ahhb4 8,notes on the ,geology of ,colonsay and ,oronsay10 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasgow1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #aeg-fd4 8,climatic and ,geographical ,changes in ,post-,glacial ,times10 ,proc4 ,perthshire ,sci4 ,soc41 vol4 i41 pp4 #dg-ej4 8,the ,study of ,natural ,science0 7,presidential ,address71 ibid41 pp4 #fe-gj4 8,the ,intercrossing of ,erratics in ,glacial ,deposits10 ,scottish ,naturalist1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #aic-bjj1 #bda-ed4 8,on the ,geology of the ,froe ,islands10 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 xxx41 pp4 #bag-fi1 #d pls42 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 x41 pp4 #die-eja2 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 ii41 vol4 ix41 pp4 #bgh-i4 8,the ,aims and ,method of ,geological ,inquiry0 7,inaugural ,lecture1 #bgth ,october1 ,university of ,edinburgh71 ,nature1 vol4 xxvii41 pp4 #dd-f1 #fd-g1 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 #ahhd4 8,note on the ,occurrence of ,drifted ,trees in ,beds of ,sand and ,gravel at ,musselburgh10 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 xii41 pp4 #gde-ee4 #ahhe4 8,the ,physical ,features of ,scotland10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bf-da1 map4 8,leading ,physical ,features of ,scotland10 ,ordnance ,gazetteer of ,scotland1 vol4 iii4 7,appendix71 ,no4 #b1 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 8,list of ,hill ,forts1 ,intrenched ,camps1 etc41 in ,roxburghshire1 on the ,scotch ,side of the ,cheviots10 ,proc4 ,berwick ,nat4 ,club1 vol4 x41 pp4 #aci-dh4 #ahhf4 8,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ade-fb4 8,the ,geographical ,evolution of ,europe10 ibid41 pp4 #aic-bjg4 8,note on ,sand-dunes of the ,western ,islands10 ibid41 p4 #dgd4 8,the ,natural ,history of ,kinnoull ,hill3 ,,ii4 ,geology10 ,proc4 ,perthshire ,sci4 ,soc41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bce-g4 ,outlines of ,geology1 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahhg4 8,geography and ,geology10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cih-djg1 map4 8,geology and ,petrology of ,st ,abb's ,head10 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #agg-ic1 illus4 ,songs and ,lyrics by ,heinrich ,heine and other ,german ,poets1 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 #ahhh4 ,outlines of ,geology1 #bnd ed41 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahij4 8,the ,evolution of ,climate10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 vi41 pp4 #ei-gh1 #b maps4 8,glacial ,geology0 7,presidential ,address to ,section ,c1 ,geology1 of the ,british ,association71 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 for #ahhi1 pp4 #eea-fd2 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 iii41 vol4 vi41 pp4 #dfa-gg4 #ahia4 8,on the ,scientific ,results of ,dr ,nansen's ,expedition3 ,i4 ,geology10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 vii41 pp4 #gi-hf4 #ahib4 8,on the ,glacial ,succession in ,europe10 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,edinburgh1 vol4 xxxvii41 pp4 #abg-di4 8,supposed ,causes of the ,glacial ,period0 7an address71 ,trans4 ,edinburgh ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bji-cj4 8,the late ,sir ,andrew ,crombie ,ramsay1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc40 ibid41 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bcc-dj1 portrait4 ,address to the ,geographical ,section of the ,british ,association1 ,edinburgh1 #ahib1 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 vii41 pp4 #deg-gi1 map4 8,recent ,researches in ,pleistocene ,climate and ,geography0 7abstract of a ,lecture to the ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 #ahth ,may #ahib71 ibid41 vol4 viii41 pp4 #ceg-fb4 #ahic4 8,geographical ,development of ,coast-lines0 7,presidential ,address to ,section ,e1 ,geography1 of the ,british ,association71 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 for #ahib1 pp4 #gid-haj4 ,fragments of ,earth ,lore3 ,sketches and ,addresses1 ,geological and ,geographical1 pp4 vi #dbh1 #f pls41 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 8,on the ,glacial ,period and the ,earth ,movement ,hypothesis10 ,trans4 ,victoria ,inst4 ,london1 vol4 xxvi41 pp4 #bba-di4 #ahid4 ,the ,great ,ice ,age and its ,relation to the ,antiquity of ,man1 #crd ed41 pp4 xxviii #hej1 #ah pls4 and maps1 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahie4 8,scottish ,interglacial ,beds10 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 iv41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bhc-d4 8,the ,morphology of the ,earth's ,surface10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xi41 pp4 #ef-fg4 8,classification of ,european ,glacial ,deposits10 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,chicago1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #bda-fi4 8,the ,challenger ,expedition10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xi41 pp4 #bca-dc4 #ahif4 ,outlines of ,geology1 #crd ed41 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahig4 8,the ,last ,great ,baltic ,glacier10 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,chicago1 vol4 v41 pp4 #cbe-ci4 8,excursion from ,bathgate to ,linlithgow10 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,assoc41 vol4 xv41 pp4 #ade-i4 8,excursion from ,st ,monans to ,elie10 ibid41 pp4 #adi-ea4 7,director71 8,long ,excursion to ,edinburgh and ,district--,bathgate ,hills10 ibid41 pp4 #aig-bjj4 7,director71 8,long ,excursion--,elie and ,st ,monans10 ibid41 pp4 #bje-f4 8,the ,prehistoric ,rock-shelter at ,schweizersbild1 near ,schaffhausen10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xiii41 pp4 #dff-ge4 #ahih4 8,the ,tundras and ,steppes of ,prehistoric ,europe10 ibid41 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #bha-id1 #cdf-eg2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,smiths4 ,inst41 pp4 #cba-dg4 ,earth ,sculpture1 or the ,origin of ,land-forms1 pp4 xvi #cbj1 #hvo1 ,london4 #ahii4 8,on the proposed ,antarctic ,expedition10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xv41 p4 #bef4 #aijj4 8,a ,white-hot ,liquid ,earth and ,geological ,time10 ibid41 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #fj-g4 #aija4 8,mountain ,structure and its ,origin10 ,international ,monthly1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ag-da1 #bjb-cj4 7,with ,j4 ,s4 ,flett7 8,the ,granite of ,tulloch ,burn 7,ayrshire710 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 for #aija1 pp4 #fcd-e2 ,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 iv41 vol4 ix41 #aijb1 pp4 #ch-i4 #aija-b4 8,mountains10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xvii41 pp4 #ddi-fj2 vol4 xviii41 #aijb1 pp4 #gf-hd4 #aijb4 ,earth ,sculpture1 or the ,origin of ,land-forms1 new edition1 pp4 #ccf1 #hvo1 ,london4 #aijc4 ,outlines of ,geology1 #dth ed41 pp4 #dcf1 illus41 #hvo1 ,london4 #aije4 ,structural and ,field ,geology for ,students1 pp4 xx #dce1 #ef pls41 #hvo1 ,edinburgh and ,london4 #aijf4 8,from the ,ice ,age to the ,present10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xxii41 pp4 #cig-djg4 8,on the so-called #8,post-,glacial ,formations' of ,scotland10 ,journ4 ,geol4 ,chicago1 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #ffh-hb4 #aijg4 8,old ,scottish ,volcanoes10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xxiii41 pp4 #ddi-fc4 8,late ,quaternary ,formations of ,scotland10 ,zeitschr4 fr ,gletscherkunde1 ,bd4 i41 pp4 #ba-cj4 #aijh4 ,structural and ,field ,geology for ,students1 etc41 #bnd ed41 pp4 #ddc1 #ef pls41 #hvo1 ,edinburgh and ,london4 #aiji4 ,earth ,sculpture1 or the ,origin of ,land-forms1 #bnd ed41 #hvo1 ,london4 8,calabrian ,earthquakes10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xxv41 pp4 #aac-bf1 #b maps4 #aiaa4 8,the ,architecture and ,origin of the ,alps10 ibid41 vol4 xxvii41 pp4 #cic-dag1 figs4 #ae4 #aiab4 ,structural and ,field ,geology for ,students1 etc41 #crd ed41 pp4 #deb1 #fi pls41 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 8,the ,deeps of the ,pacific ,ocean and their ,origin10 ,scottish ,geogr4 ,mag41 vol4 xxxviii41 pp4 #aac-bf1 map4 #aiac4 ,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay1 pp4 #caa1 #hj pls41 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 #aiad4 ,antiquity of ,man in ,europe1 pp4 #cag1 #ba pls41 #d maps1 #hvo1 ,edinburgh4 ,memoirs of the ,geological ,survey of ,scotland 7partly contributed to by ,j4 ,geikie74 ,sheet ,memoirs3 #ahfi1 sheet #g 7,ayrshire1 ,south-western ,district71 sheet #ad 7,ayrshire1 ,southern ,district71 sheet #bd 7,peeblesshire72 #ahgb1 sheet #bb 7,ayrshire1 ,north ,part72 #ahgc1 sheet #bc 7,lanarkshire1 ,central ,districts72 #ahgi1 sheet #ca 7,stirlingshire74 ,,index ,aalesund1 #ce ,aberdeenshire1 drifts of1 #afj ,agassiz1 ,louis1 #aeh1 #afj ,airdrie1 #eb ,allman1 ,prof41 #ah ,alpine ,lands1 #abb ,alpine valleys1 #bjj ,alps1 the1 #ef1 #eg1 #abc1 #age1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bjg ,alps1 ,piedmontese1 #ef ,america1 #aag1 #abh1 #ahb1 #aih1 #bjj ,america1 ,north1 #afe1 #ahd1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc4 ,see also ,canada and ,united ,states 8,ancient ,manuscript1 ,fragment of10 #fd1 #fe1 #ff 8,antiquity of ,man in ,britain10 lecture1 #ee ,antiquity of ,man in ,europe1 book1 #adj1 #bjc4 ,see also ,palolithic man ,appin1 #adc1 #add ,argels1 #abg ,ashburton1 ,louisa1 ,lady1 #aab ,askernish1 #gi ,australia1 glaciation of1 #abj ,ayr1 #acj1 #acb ,ayrshire1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #agd1 #aha ,ball1 ,sir ,robert1 #afh ,baltic coast lands1 #abj ,baltic glacier1 #abj ,bregg hut1 #db ,barra1 #gf ,bartholomew1 ,dr ,j4 ,g41 #aia1 #aib ,barvas1 #di ,bathgate1 #ej1 #ec ,belgium1 palolithic deposits of1 #bja ,benbecula1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi ,ben ,more1 ,south ,uist1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha ,berendt1 ,dr ,g41 of ,berlin1 #hf ,bergen1 #cf ,berg-fjord1 #cf ,bertrich1 #dc ,birnam1 #ie1 #aaf1 #aag ,blytt1 ,prof4 ,axel1 of ,norway1 #aah1 #aih ,boisdale1 ,loch1 #gh1 #gi1 #ia ,boston1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aag1 #acf ,boulder-clay1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #ci1 #ajh1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afh1 #afi1 #agd1 #age1 #aii ,boule1 ,prof4 ,m41 #bjb ,boyd1 ,dr1 #ab ,brandon1 #age ,bristow1 ,mr ,h4 ,w41 #gj ,british ,association1 ,australian meeting1 #acf2 ,edinburgh meeting1 #aah2 ,montreal meeting1 #aje1 #ajh2 ,newcastle-on-,tyne meeting1 #aag2 ,swansea meeting1 #hg ,brora1 #cc ,bruce1 ,mr ,j4 ,g41 #abe ,brckner1 ,prof4 ,eduard1 #abb1 #abc1 #acf1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bja ,buchtrig1 #fe1 #hb1 #ajd ,buckland1 ,dean1 #aeh ,burdiehouse quarries1 #ad ,buried forests1 #cf1 #aga1 #agi ,cairnish1 #gg1 #gh ,caithness1 boulder-clay of1 #agd ,canada1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji ,canary ,islands1 #aac1 #aad ,carboniferous beds of ,scotland1 #aed1 #aha2 of ,u4,s4,a41 #abd ,carboniferous epoch1 #ei ,carboniferous fossils1 #aed ,carboniferous problems1 #be4 ,see also ,coalfields1 work on ,carluke1 #df ,carmichael1 ,mr1 #gi1 #hj ,central ,scotland1 drifts of1 #aeb ,cessford1 #fi ,ceuta1 #gc ,chamberlin1 ,prof41 of ,chicago1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #aih1 #aii ,chambers1 ,messrs1 #aij ,chambers1 ,robt41 #afj1 #agj ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 #ahi ,changes of climate in glacial times1 #cf1 #ej1 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agd1 #agi1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bje4 ,see ,interglacial periods ,chantre1 ,m41 #ia ,cheviots1 #ef1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #gj1 #ga1 #hb1 #aib ,chicago1 #ajg ,christiansund1 #ce1 #cf ,coalfields1 work on1 #bd1 #be1 #df-ej1 #eb1 #aee ,coatbridge1 #eb ,coats1 ,mr ,andrew1 #ga ,coblentz1 #dd1 #de1 #df ,cochem1 #dc ,cologne1 #da ,constable1 ,mr ,thomas1 #ae1 #af ,cornhill1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,crailing ,hall1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #hg ,creagorry1 #gi ,croll1 ,dr ,james1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #agd1 #ahj1 #aie1 #baj ,croll's theory of climatic change1 #afg1 #afh ,cumnock1 #cd ,dahll1 ,dr1 #cf ,dailly1 #aeb ,darwin1 ,charles1 #bg1 #gc1 #gd1 #ia1 #ib1 #ahc ,daun1 #dc ,denmark1 #abj ,devonian ground1 #aha ,diaries1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #fc ,diluvium1 #he1 #aed1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,see ,boulder-clay and drifts ,douglas1 ,sir ,george1 #fg1 #hc1 #aba ,drifts of ,scotland1 #bj1 #ci1 #di1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe ,duke of ,argyll1 #fj ,dumbartonshire1 boulder-clay of1 #agd ,duncan ,street1 house in1 #dg ,dunkeld1 #aef ,duns1 #ed1 #ee ,durham ,university1 ,d4,c4,l4 of1 #aaf ,drnten lignite1 #age ,eaglesham1 #ci1 #aeb ,earth ,lore1 ,fragments of1 #aai1 #aia ,earth ,sculpture1 #abd1 #abi ,edinburgh1 #c1 #d1 #i1 #ac1 #ad1 #ga1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abg1 #abh1 #adb1 #add1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeg1 #afj1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #aij ,edinburgh ,high ,school1 #ab1 #cj ,edinburgh ,industrial ,museum1 #bi ,edinburgh ,royal ,society ,club1 #aag1 #abd ,edinburgh ,school ,board1 #dg ,edinburgh ,university1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #ib1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aai1 #adi1 #aea1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bjh2 ,chair of ,geology in1 #bj1 #ga1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajd1 #add1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aib1 #bjg2 ,dean of the ,faculty of ,science in1 #aah1 #aai1 #ahg2 ,geological ,department of1 #ach2 library of1 #ahg1 #aid2 ,senate of1 #ajj2 ,tercentenary celebrations1 #ajd1 #aje ,eifel country1 the1 #db1 #dc ,elson1 ,mr ,louis1 of ,boston1 #abe1 #abh ,engadine1 the1 #aae ,erratics1 #bg1 #ajh1 #aeg1 #aei ,etheridge1 ,mr ,r41 #gj ,europe1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #bja2 ,central1 #aih2 ,eastern1 #aih2 ,northern1 #aga1 #agf1 #agg1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjb ,evans1 ,mr ,j41 #ahc ,eynort1 ,loch1 #gi1 #hj ,falsan1 ,m4 ,a41 #ia ,froe ,islands1 #ha1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh ,father1 ,prof4 ,geikie's1 #c1 #d1 #gb1 #ajd ,fife1 #ba1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aei ,fleming1 ,prof4 ,john1 #adi ,fondalen ice-field1 #ce ,forbes1 ,prof4 ,edward1 #adi1 #aea ,foreign languages1 ,prof4 ,geikie's knowledge of1 #be1 #ci1 #ej1 #ha1 #hf1 #hh1 #agb1 #ahb ,forfarshire1 moraines of1 #afj ,fort ,william1 #cc ,fragments of ,earth ,lore1 #aai1 #aia ,france1 #abg1 #agf1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjc ,galloway1 ,mr ,william1 #di ,gandry1 ,prof41 #ig ,geikie1 ,sir ,archibald1 eldest brother1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #dj1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #aea1 #aee1 #afb1 #ahj1 #ahd ,geikie1 ,cunningham1 cousin1 #d ,geikie1 ,james3-- ,chap4 ,i4-- ,birth of1 #c4 ,parentage1 #c-i4 ,grandfather1 #e1 #f1 #i4 ,childhood1 #g-aj4 ,illnesses1 #aj1 #aa4 ,school life1 #aa1 #ab4 ,early excursions1 #ac1 #ad4 ,apprentice to ,mr ,thos4 ,constable1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,university studies1 #ah ,chap4 ,,ii4-- ,enters ,geological ,survey1 #ai4 ,assistant ,geologist1 #ai4 ,district ,surveyor1 #ai1 #bj4 ,survey work in ,fife and ,lothians1 #bj1 #ba4 ,in ,lanarkshire coalfields1 #be1 #cd1 #df1 #ej4 ,winter work in ,edinburgh and ,london1 #bi4 ,work in ,ochils1 #cj4 ,study of ,german1 #cj1 #ca4 ,diaries1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,holidays in ,scotland1 #cc ,chap4 ,,iii4-- ,work in ,ayrshire1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci4 ,visit to ,norway1 #ce1 #cf4 ,first glacial paper1 #cf4 ,friendship with ,dr ,john ,horne1 #ch4 ,visit to ,rhine and ,switzerland1 #ci-de4 ,work on coalfields1 #df-i4 ,beginning of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #ed1 #ef4 ,translations from ,heine1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #dh1 #ei1 #hf1 #aab1 #aad1 #acb4 ,tour in ,hebrides1 #di1 #ej4 ,work in ,london1 #ea ,chap4 ,,iv4-- ,begins work in ,border region1 #eb1 #ec4 ,holiday in ,lewis1 #ed4 ,lectures at the ,museum of ,science and ,art1 #ed1 #ee4 ,writing of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #ed1 #ef2 publication1 #fj2 dedication to ,ramsay1 #fj4 ,tour in ,italy1 #ef1 #eg4 ,paper on glaciation of ,hebrides1 #ei ,chap4 ,v4-- ,engagement and marriage to ,miss ,mary ,johnston1 #fc-f4 ,border experiences1 #ff-gj4 ,elected ,fellow of ,royal ,society1 #gj4 ,life in ,perth1 #ga1 #ha4 ,visit to ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 #ga4 ,visit to ,gibraltar1 and investigation of water-supply there1 #gb-e1 #hb1 #hh4 ,receives ,,ll4,d4 of ,st ,andrews ,university1 #gd4 ,birth of eldest son1 #ge4 ,tour in ,hebrides1 #ge-ha4 ,chap4 ,,vi4-- ,visit to ,switzerland and ,italy1 #hc4 ,anxiety about future1 #hc4 ,prehistoric ,europe1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia4 ,visit to ,froe ,islands1 #hf1 #hg4 ,holiday in ,south ,wales and ,london1 #ia4 ,retirement from ,geological ,survey1 #ib-i4 ,appointed to ,chair of ,geology in ,edinburgh ,university1 #ih4 ,lecture at ,hull1 #ie4 ,trip to ,iceland1 #if ,chap4 ,,vii4-- ,inaugural address1 #ajj4 ,settling in ,edinburgh1 #aja4 ,summer class in geology1 #ajd4 ,holiday at ,largo1 #ajd4 ,death of father1 #ajd4 ,tercentenary celebrations at ,edinburgh ,university1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,visit to ,canada and ,u4,s4,a41 #ajd1 #ajf-i4 ,hon4 ,fellowship of ,geological ,society of ,stockholm1 #ajf4 ,outlines of ,geology1 #aaj1 #aab2 third edition1 #abd2 fourth1 #abi4 ,foundation of ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 #aaa2 ,vice-president1 ,president1 and ,hon4 ,editor1 #aaa4 ,contributions to ,scottish ,geographical ,magazine1 #aab1 #bjf4 ,visit to ,loch ,luichart1 #aab4 ,visit to ,canary ,islands1 #aac1 #aad4 ,visit to ,engadine and ,italy1 #aae ,chap4 ,,viii4-- ,awarded ,murchison ,medal of ,geological ,society of ,london1 #aaf4 ,made ,d4,c4,l4 of ,durham ,university1 #aaf4 ,course of lectures to women1 #aaf4 ,president of ,geological ,section of ,british ,association at ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 #aag4 ,president of ,geographical ,section of ,british ,association at ,edinburgh1 #aah4 ,lectures at ,lowell ,institute in ,boston1 #aag4 ,appointed ,dean of ,science ,faculty in ,edinburgh1 #aah1 #aai4 ,third ,edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abd4 ,visit to ,north ,germany and ,denmark1 #abj4 ,letter from ,glacialists' ,excursion-party1 #abb1 #abc4 ,earth ,sculpture1 #abd2 new edition1 #abi4 ,tour in ,pyrenees1 #abe-g4 ,love of children1 #abg4 ,hon4 ,member of ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences1 #abh4 ,visit to ,norway1 #abi ,chap4 ,,ix4-- ,structural and ,field ,geology1 #acj2 translated into ,french1 #acc4 ,visit to ,wildbad1 #aca4 ,birth of first grandchild1 #acc2 second1 #ace4 ,visit to ,portugal1 #acc4 ,publication of ,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay1 #ach4 ,presentation of portrait1 #ach4 ,holiday in ,switzerland1 #aci4 ,centenary celebrations at ,st ,andrews ,university1 #aci4 ,presentation of books to ,university ,library1 #aci4 ,president of ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh1 #adj4 ,publication of ,the ,antiquity of ,man in ,europe1 #adj4 ,summer in ,skye1 #adj4 ,stay at ,appin1 #adc1 #add4 ,retirement from professorship1 #add4 ,death1 #add ,chap4 ,x4-- ,early training1 #aea4 ,first work on ,survey1 #aeb-e4 ,origin of interest in glacial geology1 #aeg4 ,influence of ,ramsay1 #afa4 ,other influences1 #afb1 #afc ,chap4 ,,xi4-- ,contents of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #afd-f4 ,croll's influence1 #aff-i4 ,interest in post-glacial geology1 #afi-gb4 ,reception of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #agb-d2 second edition1 #agd1 #age4 ,prehistoric ,europe1 #age-i ,chap4 ,,xii4-- ,value of work on ,survey1 #ahj-b4 ,work as professor1 #ahd-f4 ,improved status of subject1 #ahg4 ,text-books1 #ahh-i4 ,work as geographer1 #aij-c ,chap4 ,,xiii4-- ,third edition of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #aid1 #aie4 ,interglacial periods1 #aie-h4 ,reception of ,the ,great ,ice ,age1 #aii4 ,interglacial controversies1 #aii-bje4 ,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,position as geologist1 #bjh-aj ,geikie1 ,james ,stewart1 father1 #c1 #d1 #gb1 #ajd ,geikie1 ,miss1 daughter1 #abg1 #abh1 #acc1 #aci ,geikie1 ,mrs1 #ff1 #fh1 #ga-c1 #ge1 #hc1 #aad1 #abe-h1 #aca1 #ace1 #acg-i1 #adc1 #add ,geikie1 ,walter1 uncle1 #d ,geikie1 ,william1 brother1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #af1 #ag ,geological ,congress1 ,international1 #abb1 #abi ,geological ,magazine1 #bc1 #ed1 #afd1 #aga ,geological ,society of ,edinburgh1 #adi1 #aea ,geological ,society of ,edinburgh1 ,transactions of1 #adi1 #aea1 #aia ,geological ,society of ,glasgow1 #afb ,geological ,society of ,london1 #ed1 #hd1 #aaf2 ,centenary celebrations of1 #acc2 ,quarterly ,journal of1 #ed1 #ge ,geological ,society of ,stockholm1 #ajf ,geological ,survey1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag-be1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca-d1 #ch1 #dj-b1 #ea1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hh1 #ib1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aci1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef1 #afj-d1 #afg1 #aga-c1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aig1 #bjg ,geology1 ,journal of1 #abb ,german songs1 translations of1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #dg1 #dh1 #ei1 #fj1 #hf1 #aab1 #aad ,german table manners1 #dd1 #acb ,gibraltar1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #hb1 #hh ,gilmerton1 quarries of1 #ad ,girvan1 #cc ,glacial deposits1 #ef1 #afb1 #agd4 ,see also ,boulder-clay1 ,erratics1 ,diluvium ,glacial epoch1 #ed1 #eh ,glacial geology1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afc1 #afg1 #ahb ,glacial geology1 origin of ,james ,geikie's interest in1 #bc1 #bd1 #aef1 #aeg ,glacial period1 #bh1 #bi1 #acd1 #aga1 #agh1 #bji ,glacialists' ,excursion-party1 #abb1 #abc ,glasgow1 #aeg ,goarshausen1 #de ,good ,words1 #aia1 #aib ,great ,ice ,age1 ,the1 #bg1 #cd1 #ci1 #di1 #eb1 #ga1 #gd1 #gg1 #hi1 #ia1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #abd1 #acf1 #acg1 #afd-g1 #afi1 #agb1 #age1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahb1 #aia1 #aid1 #aie1 #aih1 #bja ,green1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,h41 #id1 #agb ,greenland1 #aag ,grimsel ,pass1 #de ,grindelwald1 #de ,grossart1 ,dr1 #dh1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei ,hammerfest1 #cf ,harris1 #ge1 #gf ,harris1 ,sound of1 #gf ,harris1 ,south1 #gf ,harvard ,university1 ,u4,s4,a41 #acf ,hebrides1 #di1 #ei1 #ge1 #ha1 #aaa1 #agd2 land-ice of1 #ei1 #ge1 #agd ,heddle1 ,prof4 ,foster1 #aea ,heidelberg1 #de ,heine1 translations of songs and lyrics1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #dh1 #ei1 #hf1 #aab1 #aad1 #acb ,helland1 ,dr ,amund1 of ,norway1 #ha1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #if ,highlands1 #bi1 #ahc1 #ahd ,highlands1 ,north-west1 #bjg ,highlands1 ,southern1 #aeg ,holland1 #afe ,holytown1 #dh1 #eb ,home ,office1 #ih ,hooker1 ,sir ,j4 ,d41 #ahc ,horne1 ,dr ,john1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #de1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #ef1 #fc1 #ga1 #gc1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #ach1 #aci1 #afc1 #afg1 #agd1 #ahj1 #bjd ,howell1 ,mr ,h4 ,h41 #ah ,hull1 #ie ,hunter1 ,dr1 of ,carluke1 #aea ,hutton1 ,james1 #adi1 #aib ,huxley1 ,prof4 ,t41 #aae ,ice ,age1 #bd1 #bg1 #df1 #aae1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #age1 #aii1 #bja1 #bji ,icebergs1 floating1 and drifts1 #bh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afd1 #aff ,iceland1 #if ,interglacial controversies1 #aid ,interglacial deposits1 #bjc ,interglacial periods1 #bg1 #bh1 #abb1 #abc1 #afe1 #aff1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #aie-bjb1 #bji ,international ,geological ,congress1 #abb1 #abc1 #abi ,inverness1 #aab ,irvine1 ,mr ,duncan1 #ahj ,italian geologists1 #be ,italy1 #ef1 #hc1 #aae1 #agf ,jack1 ,mr ,r4 ,l41 #ahj ,james1 ,prof4 ,william1 #aag ,jameson1 ,prof4 ,robert1 of ,edinburgh1 #adi ,jamieson1 ,dr ,t4 ,f41 of ,ellon1 #hh1 #afj1 #agd ,jedburgh1 #ee-i1 #fb ,jehu1 ,prof4 ,thomas1 #add ,johnston1 ,miss ,mary 7,mrs ,geikie71 #ff ,johnston1 ,mr1 #ff ,johnston1 ,mrs1 #fe1 #hg ,jkul-fjeld1 #ce ,kalemouth1 #fh ,kelso1 #eb1 #ec1 #ef1 #fg1 #aef ,knigswinter1 #da1 #db ,laach ,abbey1 #db2 monks of1 #db1 #dc ,laacher ,see1 #db1 #dc ,lamplugh1 ,mr1 #hd ,lanarkshire1 #be1 #ci1 #dg1 #aeb ,land-ice hypothesis1 #bg1 #bh1 #ajh1 #aei1 #afd1 #afe ,largs1 #aeb ,late glacial changes1 #bje ,lehmann1 ,dr ,r41 of ,halle1 #he ,letter from ,glacialists' ,excursion-party1 #abb1 #abc ,lewis1 ,prof4 ,francis ,j41 #bjd1 #bje ,lewis1 ,island of1 #di1 #ed1 #ei1 #fe ,lochmaddy1 #gf1 #gh ,london1 #ia1 #acc1 #adj1 #afa ,loppen1 #cf ,lothians1 ,the1 #ba1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aei ,lowell1 ,dr ,abbott ,l41 #acf ,lowell ,institute1 ,boston1 #aag1 #acf ,luchon1 #abf ,luichart1 ,loch1 #aab ,lyell1 ,sir ,charles1 #afj1 #afg ,m#8,alpine1 ,dr1 #ada1 #adb ,macintosh1 ,mr ,d41 #agj ,maclaren1 ,mr ,charles1 #aej1 #aei ,maloja1 #aae ,maree1 ,loch1 #gf ,meadows1 ,the1 #f1 #ae ,mediterranean basin1 #be1 #bf ,melvar1 #ce ,miller1 ,hugh1 #aej ,molde1 #ce ,moncrieffe1 ,sir ,thomas1 #ga ,montreal1 #aji ,moray ,firth1 #cc ,morebattle1 #fi1 #gj ,mount ,geikie1 #abe ,mountains3 their ,origin1 ,growth1 and ,decay1 #ach1 #adj1 #bjf1 #bjg ,munro lectures1 #adj1 #bjc1 #bje ,murchison1 ,sir ,roderick1 #da1 #db ,murchison ,chair of ,geology1 #ahj ,murchison endowment1 #ajj ,murchison medal1 #aaf ,museum of ,science and ,art1 #ed1 #ee ,nansen1 ,dr ,f41 #aag1 #abd ,naples1 #i1 #aae ,nathorst1 ,prof41 of ,stockholm1 #ajc ,nature1 #agb ,new ,cumnock1 #aeb ,new ,york1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences1 #abh ,newcomb1 ,simon1 #afh ,niagara1 #aji ,niedermendig quarries1 #db ,norfolk1 #ga1 #ha ,norham1 #ed ,norway1 #ce1 #de1 #abi1 #afe1 #aih ,oban1 #cc ,obbe1 #ge1 #gf ,ochils1 #cj1 #db ksfjord1 #cf ,orkney1 #agd ,orotava1 #aac ,outlines of ,geology1 #aaj1 #aab1 #abd1 #abi1 #ahh ,owen ,sound1 #aji ,page1 ,dr ,david1 #aea ,palolithic man1 #ee1 #adj1 #aga1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjc ,partsch1 ,prof4 ,j41 #aig ,pasquier1 ,dr ,lon ,du1 #abb1 #abc ,peach1 ,dr ,benjamin ,n41 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #cj1 #dj1 #da1 #hd1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afg1 #agd1 #ahj ,peat1 #bj1 #cf1 #aga1 #agi1 #bjd1 #bje ,peeblesshire1 #bb1 #aed ,penck1 ,dr ,a41 of ,berlin1 #he1 #hh1 #ig1 #abb1 #abc1 #acf1 #acg1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb ,perth1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #ha1 #ie1 #aef1 #agh ,perthshire ,society of ,natural ,science1 #ga ,philadelphia1 #aji ,playfair1 ,john1 #acf1 #adi1 #aij1 #aib1 #baj ,pleistocene geology1 #aef1 #aeg ,pleistocene glaciation1 #afh4 ,see also ,ice ,age ,pliocene beds of ,lombardy1 #age ,pontresina1 #aae ,port ,arthur1 #aji ,portugal1 tour in1 #acc ,post-glacial history1 #agi ,post-glacial submergence1 #agd ,prehistoric ,europe1 #ce1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ia1 #id1 #afd1 #age 8,prehistoric ware0 in ,hebrides1 #di ,pyrenees1 tour in1 #abe1 #abg ,radium in mineral waters1 #aca ,raised beaches1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga1 #agh ,ramsay1 ,sir ,andrew1 #dg1 #di1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa1 #gj-c1 #hb1 #hc1 #hg1 #hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ih1 #aad1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afe1 #agc1 #ahd1 #aie1 #baj ,ramsay1 ,lady1 #di ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1 #ajh ,reed1 ,mr ,clement1 #aig ,renfrewshire1 #ci ,rhine1 ,river1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #hc2 tour on1 #dj-e ,rd1 #ce ,roneval1 ,mount1 #gf ,rose1 ,mr ,alexander1 of ,edinburgh1 #aea ,royal family1 #ac1 #ad ,royal ,physical ,society of ,edinburgh1 #aea ,royal ,scottish ,geographical ,society1 #aaa1 #aab1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #ahh1 #aij ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh1 #adj1 #ahh2 ,club1 #aag1 #abd2 ,transactions1 #aia1 #bjd ,royal ,society of ,london1 #gj1 #adj ,st ,andrews ,university1 #gd1 #aci2 ,centenary celebrations1 #aci ,st ,bertrand de ,cominges1 #abf ,st ,paul1 #ajg ,salsburgh1 #dh1 #eb ,scandinavia1 #bja ,schmidt1 ,dr1 #bjb ,schmitz1 ,dr1 #ab1 #cj ,scotsman1 #aej ,scott1 ,lady ,john1 #fg ,scottish ,geographical ,magazine1 #aaa1 #aab1 #ahh ,shetland ,islands1 #hd1 #agd ,silurian rocks1 #aed1 #aha ,simson1 ,mr1 #fd1 #fe ,skae1 ,mr ,h4 ,n41 #dj1 #de1 #ahj ,skjerv1 #ce1 #cf ,skertchly1 ,mr ,s4 ,b4 ,j41 #ga1 #gc1 #age ,skye1 #fe1 #gf1 #adj ,smith1 ,james1 of ,jordanhill1 #aeh1 #agj ,south ,wales1 #ia ,spartel1 ,cape1 #gc ,spitsbergen1 #ajc ,stevenson1 ,prof41 of ,new ,york1 #hh1 #ajb1 #aah1 #aba1 #abd1 #abh1 #acb1 #acc1 #aci1 #adj ,stornoway1 #di ,strahlegg1 crossing of1 #de ,structural and ,field ,geology1 #acj1 #acc1 #ahi ,submergence in ,europe1 #aei1 #afj1 #agj1 #agd1 #aie ,suess1 ,prof4 ,e41 of ,vienna1 #bjf1 #bjg ,suffolk1 #ga1 #ha ,superior1 ,lake1 #ajg ,sweden1 #ec1 #afe1 #agc1 #aih ,switzerland1 #ec1 #hc1 #aci1 #aeh1 #agc1 #agf1 #bjc1 #bjg ,szab1 ,prof41 #ec ,tangier1 #gc ,tarbert1 #ge ,tasmania1 glaciation of1 #abj ,tay1 estuary of1 #aef ,telfs in ,tyrol1 #abi ,teneriffe1 #aac ,thom1 ,captain1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #aj ,thom1 ,miss1 #e ,tiddeman1 ,mr ,r4 ,j41 #agb ,till4 ,see ,boulder-clay ,toronto1 #ajh1 #aji ,torridon1 ,loch1 #gf ,traquair1 #aba ,troms1 #ce ,trondhjem1 #ce ,tyrol1 #abi ,uist1 ,north1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh2 ,south1 #gf1 #gh ,united ,states of ,america1 #af1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aag1 #agc2 geological survey of1 #abe ,verse-making at school1 #ab ,verses1 #cg1 #ej1 #aje1 #aag1 #aca1 #ada1 #adc ,volcanic phenomena1 ,prof4 ,geikie's interest in1 #db1 #aha ,wardie1 coprolitic shales of1 #ad ,warm interglacial periods1 #bh1 #abb1 #abc1 #afe1 #aff1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #age-g1 #aie-bjb1 #bji ,whitaker1 ,mr ,w41 #aaf1 #agb ,white1 ,dr ,buchanan1 #ga1 #agh ,wildbad1 #aca ,wilson1 ,prof4 ,george1 #aea ,winnipeg1 #ajg1 #ajh ,young1 ,prof4 ,john1 of ,glasgow1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj ,zirkel1 ,prof41 of ,bonn1 #da1 #db ,,printed ,,by ,,oliver ,,and ,,boyd ,,edinburgh ,transcriber's ,note ,in the 8,list of ,publications0 missing quotation marks have been added1 but other inconsistent punctuation has not been changed4 ,in the index the spelling of ,moncrieffe 7from ,moncrieff7 and ,skjerv 7from ,skerjv7 have been changed to match the spelling in the main text4 ,on page #abc the signature copied as 8,dr ,hav4 ,pfeifer0 appears to be that of the glacialist ,dr ,franz ,xaver ,pfeifer4 ,the signature also appears in this form in ,the ,journal of ,geology4