,illustration3 ,cyphocrania ,goliath 7reduced74 ,frontispiece4 ,,the ,,young ,,collector',s ,,handbook ,,of ,ants1 ,bees1 ,dragon ,flies1 ,earwigs1 ,crickets1 and ,flies 7,,hymenoptera1 ,,neuroptera1 ,,orthoptera1 ,,hemiptera1 ,,diptera74 ,,by ,w4 ,,harcourt ,,bath4 ,illustration3 colophon ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,swan ,,sonnenschein ,,co41 ,,paternoster ,,square4 #ahij4 ,printed by ,hazell1 ,watson1 ,viney1 ,ld41 ,london and ,aylesbury4 ,,preface4 ,most boys have a fondness for forming collections of various objects1 such as ,foreign ,stamps1 ,crests1 and ,coins2 but very few comparatively collect ,natural ,objects4 ,now it will be admitted by all that the collecting of ,natural ,objects1 such as ,insects1 ,shells1 ,plants1 ,fossils1 ,minerals1 etc41 possesses immense advantages over that of ,foreign ,stamps and the like2 for the former1 besides satisfying the collecting ambitions1 also cultivates the observant and intellectual faculties1 while at the same time affording healthful recreation in the fields and woods4 ,again1 a mere collector's province may be exhausted in a few years1 whereas the study and observation of ,natural ,history1 which are the usual fruits of collecting ,natural ,objects1 are practically inexhaustible4 ,another great advantage which ,natural ,history possesses1 is that it may be prosecuted with very little expense1 and is therefore a subject which even the poorest person may conveniently undertake4 ,this little handbook is intended to be a ,guide to ,collecting ,insects1 which by way of ,natural ,history1 we may remark1 is becoming more popular every day in this country4 ,hitherto1 however1 there have been very few books published on ,entomology for beginners1 but for those who wish to go more deeply into the subject than the present brief manual can pretend1 we would strongly recommend them to obtain ,mr4 ,kirby's excellent illustrated ,text-,book of ,entomology 7,swan ,sonnenschein ,co471 to which work we are greatly indebted for much valuable and interesting information4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #i ,,order ,,hymenoptera #ac ,,order ,,neuroptera #cd ,,order ,,orthoptera #eb ,,order ,,hemiptera #fd ,,order ,,diptera #hf ,,the ,,young ,,collector',s ,,handbook ,,of ,ants1 ,bees1 ,dragon ,flies1 ,earwigs1 ,crickets and ,flies4 ,,introduction4 ,by the ,linnan system insects are divided into seven great ,natural ,orders--namely1 ,coleoptera1 ,orthoptera1 ,neuroptera1 ,hymenoptera1 ,lepidoptera1 ,hemiptera1 and ,diptera4 ,of these1 the ,lepidoptera or ,butterflies and ,moths1 and the ,coleoptera or ,beetles1 have hitherto received the lion's share of attention1 though this is less exclusively the case than it was some few years ago4 ,any one who wishes to commence the study of these two orders now will have to work very hard indeed before he can hope to put anything new on record concerning them4 ,there is1 however1 a very wide field for research and discovery open to all who will turn their attention to the other groups1 and it is with the intention of encouraging the study of these ,neglected ,orders that we have written the present little handbook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the orders which we here intend to treat of are the following3-- ,the ,hymenoptera1 including the ,bees1 ,wasps1 ,ants1 ,saw ,flies1 ,gall ,flies1 ,ichneumon ,flies1 and their allies4 ,the ,neuroptera1 including the ,dragon ,flies1 ,day ,flies1 ,lacewing ,flies1 ,stone ,flies1 ,caddis ,flies1 and their allies4 ,the ,orthoptera1 including the ,grasshoppers1 ,locusts1 ,crickets1 ,cockroaches1 ,earwigs1 and their allies4 ,the ,hemiptera1 including the ,bugs1 ,skaters1 ,lantern ,flies1 ,frog ,hoppers1 ,aphides1 and their allies4 ,the ,diptera1 including the ,gnats1 ,midges1 ,crane ,flies1 ,hawk ,flies1 ,bee ,flies1 ,breeze ,flies1 ,bot ,flies1 and their allies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,hoplistomerus ,serripes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,ledra ,aurita 7,mag47 ,the number of insects is so large 7about #ac1jjj different kinds are found in our own country alone7 that it will be found impossible by any one to collect the whole at once2 and to study them all is completely out of the question4 ,a single insect1 indeed1 is ample to occupy a whole lifetime in the elucidation of its life history4 ,most persons1 when they commence to study insects1 collect indiscriminately everything which comes in their way2 but they soon find the subject too immense for them to grasp as a whole1 and they either give up collecting altogether1 or else confine their attention to a single group or order of insects4 ,we would recommend every young person to make up his mind at the first which group or groups of insects he has a special fondness or liking for4 ,having done so1 he will require to know the best means of attaining his object--namely1 the formation of a collection4 ,a few hints1 therefore1 as to the mode of collecting and preserving insects in general may be of assistance to the young collector4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,aphna ,amabilis4 ,first of all1 as to the apparatus necessary for collecting insects4 ,this will be found very simple and inexpensive4 ,a butterfly net is1 perhaps1 the most useful requisite4 ,an ordinary cane-gauze net will do well4 ,a good stock of chip pill-boxes will also be needed4 ,these can be purchased from the shop of any ,natural ,history dealer at about #c;d4 per dozen1 nested 7in four sizes74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,orthesia ,urtic 7,mag47 ,for collecting aquatic insects and their larv we shall require a water net1 made of fine zinc-gauze1 about six inches in diameter1 to group about among stones and other rubbish at the bottom of pools and ditches4 ,this instrument should be made so as to slip on and off a walking-stick when required4 ,a killing bottle charged with cyanide of potassium or with chopped laurel leaves completes the outfit4 ,little need be said as regards the mode of collecting insects1 as their habits may be gathered from the following pages4 ,they may be found almost everywhere1 in woods1 fields1 gardens1 in pools1 ditches1 canals1 and rivers1 under dead leaves and the bark of trees1 among moss and stones1 etc41 etc4 ,they may also be found at all times of the year2 even in the depth of winter some species may be met with4 ,most insects may be preserved in the same manner as ,butterflies and ,moths4 ,they should be set on flat setting-boards1 and left to dry thoroughly before being removed4 ,the smaller species may be gummed to cardboard in a similar way to ,beetles4 ,in the arrangement of the insects in the cabinet the classification and order given in these pages may be followed4 ,about half-a-dozen of each species will be found a convenient number to collect4 ,,order ,,hymenoptera4 ,,including ,,the ,,bees1 ,,wasps1 ,,ants1 ,,ichneumon ,,flies1 ,,saw ,,flies1 ,,gall ,,flies1 ,,and ,,their ,,allies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,cryptus ,formosus4 ,the ,hymenoptera belongs to one of the most interesting and extensive orders of insects4 ,the structure and habits of the different species which it includes are very various4 ,their marvellous instincts have excited the admiration and wonderment of the philosophers of all ages4 ,they are1 indeed1 by far the most intelligent of insects1 being greatly in advance of any other group known to exist4 ,the ,hymenoptera are mandibulate insects1 their mouths being formed for biting1 and they undergo complete metamorphoses4 ,perhaps the most striking external distinctive character is to be found in the structure of the wings1 both pairs of which are membranous2 and another peculiarity of equal importance is the condition of the prothorax1 which is reduced to very small dimensions4 ,in the majority of the ,hymenoptera the females are provided with stings1 which serve many purposes1 independently of weapons of defence4 ,many families1 however1 do not possess stings4 ,many of the ,hymenoptera feed on plants and trees1 but probably the greater number are parasitic on other insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,pimpla ,turionell 7,mag47 ,this order includes the bees1 wasps1 ants1 saw flies1 gall flies1 ichneumon flies1 and many other familiar insects4 ,the following will show the principal characteristics of each group into which the order has been divided4 ,tribe #a1 ,aculeata4--,generally social insects1 consisting of males1 females1 and neuters4 ,ovipositor modified into a sting4 ,larv1 footless grubs4 ,tribe #b1 ,entomophaga4--,mostly parasitic on the eggs and larv of other insects4 ,ovipositor used as a borer4 ,larv1 footless grubs4 ,tribe #c1 ,phytophaga4--,principally vegetable feeders4 ,ovipositor used as a borer4 ,larv having six or more legs4 ,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,families ,,of ,,the ,,hymenoptera4 ,,tribe ,i4 ,,aculeata4 ,section #a4 ,anthophila4 ,family #a4 ,aphid or ,honey ,bees4 ,family #b4 ,andrenid or ,burrowing ,bees4 ,section #b4 ,diploptera4 ,family #c4 ,vespid or ,social ,wasps4 ,family #d4 ,eumenid or ,bramble ,wasps4 ,family #e4 ,masarid or ,solitary ,wasps4 ,section #c4 ,fossores4 ,family #f4 ,philanthid or ,bee-eating ,wasps4 ,family #g4 ,crabronid or ,sand ,wasps4 ,family #h4 ,nyssonid or ,fly-eating ,wasps4 ,family #i4 ,larrid or ,black ,wasps4 ,family #aj4 ,sphegid or ,grasshopper-eating ,wasps4 ,family #aa4 ,pompilid or ,burrowing ,wasps4 ,family #ab4 ,bembecid or ,scented ,wasps4 ,family #ac4 ,sapygid or ,bees' ,nest ,wasps4 ,family #ad4 ,scoliid or ,beetle-eating ,ants4 ,family #ae4 ,thymid or ,stout-bodied ,ants4 ,family #af4 ,mutillid or ,solitary ,ants4 ,section #d4 ,heterogyna4 ,family #ag4 ,formicid or ,social ,ants4 ,,tribe ,,ii4 ,,entomophaga4 ,family #ah4 ,cympid or ,gall ,flies4 ,family #ai4 ,chalcidid or ,little ,gall ,flies4 ,family #bj4 ,proctotrypid or ,bee ,parasites4 ,family #ba4 ,braconid or ,butterfly ,parasites4 ,family #bb4 ,ichneumonid or ,ichneumon ,flies4 ,family #bc4 ,evaniid or ,beetle ,parasites4 ,family #bd4 ,chrysidid or ,golden ,wasps4 ,,tribe ,,iii4 ,,phytophaga4 ,family #be4 ,sericid or ,tailed ,wasps4 ,family #bf4 ,tenthredinid or ,saw ,flies4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,aculeata4 ,the ,aculeata contains the great majority of the ,hymenoptera4 ,their principal characteristic is that the ovipositor of the female in most of the groups is modified into a sting4 ,the larv are footless grubs4 ,this tribe is divided into four sections1 which are again subdivided into seventeen families1 each of which it is our intention to discuss in their proper order4 ,section #a4--;,anthophila4 ,family #a1 ,aphid4--,this family contains the numerous species of honey bees which are familiar to all of us4 ,they are very varied in their structure1 colours1 and habits4 ,many species are social1 while many others are solitary4 ,the common ,hive ,bee 7,apis mellifica7 belongs to the former class4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no insect which has attracted so much notice as this species4 ,volumes have been written respecting it1 and philosophers in all ages of the world's history have spent their whole lifetime in the elucidation of its economy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,megischus ,annulator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,apis ,mellifica 7,queen74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,apis ,mellifica 7,drone74 ,in southern ,europe1 notably in ,italy1 a much brighter-coloured and finer insect is found1 distinguished especially by having yellow transverse bands on the abdomen4 ,this bee was long supposed to be a distinct species1 and was described under the name of ,apis ligustica1 but it is now regarded as merely a variety4 ,this bee has been introduced into all the northern parts of ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,apis ,mellifica 7,worker74 ,several species of ,humble ,bees are very common in this country4 ,one of the best known is the ,bombus terrestris1 the large females of which may attain a length of nearly an inch4 ,this is a large black insect with the extremity yellow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,melipona ,anthidioides 7,mag47 ,in another rather smaller species1 ,bombus lucorum1 the extremity of the abdomen is white4 ,both these species are subterranean bees1 forming their nests in banks1 etc4 ,of the moss-builders1 the best known1 perhaps1 is the ,bombus muscorum1 the largest specimens of which measure about two-thirds of an inch long4 ,another species1 ,bombus lapidarius1 is so called from a preference it shows for making its nests under stones4 ,the end of the abdomen of this bee is bright orange-red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,bombus ,pratorum4 ,of the solitary bees a very common black species is ,anthophora acervorum1 which is usually found in abundance in the spring in the neighbourhood of banks and cliffs4 ,the violet ,carpenter ,bee 7,xylocopa violacea71 which chiefly inhabits the south of ,europe1 is a very pretty insect with violet-coloured wings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,xylocopa ,violacea4 ,the ,mason ,bee 7,chalicodoma muraria7 builds its nest1 composed of fine grains of sand1 very firmly united by a salivary secretion1 upon the surface of walls and similar situations4 ,this species has hitherto not been met with in this country4 ,the ,horned ,bee 7,osmia bicornis7 is remarkable for the female having two little horns projecting from the front of her head4 ,this insect usually burrows in sandy banks and cliffs4 ,another allied species 7,osmia hirta7 burrows in wood1 whilst two others 7,osmia bicolor and aurulenta7 select ready-made nests in the shells of the common snails 7,helix hortensis and ,h4 nemoralis71 within the whorls of which they build their cells of gnawed vegetable material4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,ctenioschelus ,latreillii4 ,the ,leaf-cutting ,bees1 which belong to the genus ,megachile1 are also very interesting in their habits4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,osmia ,tunensis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,andrena ,collaris4 ,family #b1 ,andrenid4--,all the insects belonging to this family are solitary in their habits4 ,the species are very numerous in this country4 ,many of them burrow in the ground1 while others have been observed to make their nests in bramble stick4 ,they are usually smooth1 black insects1 very unlike bees in appearance4 ,the females have no apparatus for carrying pollen either on the legs or on the abdomen4 ,section #b4--;,diploptera4 ,family #c1 ,vespid4--,the ,social ,wasps1 which belong to this family1 are very well known everywhere in this country4 ,in their general structure they resemble the bees1 but are usually much more slender in appearance1 and also much less hairy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,polistes ,gallica4 ,the general habits of these wasps are pretty uniform except in the matter of their architecture1 and in this respect they display a remarkable variety4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,nest of ,polistes ,gallica4 ,besides the common ,wasp 7,vespa vulgaris7 two other species found in this country1 which build their nests in the ground1 follow the same principles in the construction of their nests4 ,the ,hornet 7,vespa crabo71 which is remarkable for its large size1 usually builds its nest in the hollow of a tree4 ,both the hornet and common wasp sometimes build their nests under the eaves of houses or attached to a beam under the roof2 and in these cases the outer covering of the nest is thinner and more delicate in texture than when the dwelling is exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather4 ,another common species inhabiting ,britain is the ,wood ,wasp 7,vespa sylvestris71 which builds nests suspended from the branches of trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,odynerus ,ovalis 7,mag47 ,family #d1 ,eumenid4--,one of the commonest and best-known species belonging to this family is the ,wall ,wasp 7,odynerus parietum71 which may be almost constantly seen haunting sunny walls during the months of ,june and ,july4 ,it makes its burrows in walls and high banks1 while many other allied species form their nests in the hollow stems of brambles4 ,family #e1 ,masarid4--,this family contains the great bulk of the solitary wasps1 which1 however1 are principally inhabitants of warm climates4 ,the ,masarid are a small group of black-yellow belted wasps1 which are found in the south of ,europe1 but not in ,britain1 two of the commonest species being ,celonites apiformis and ,ceramius fonscolombi4 ,section #c4--;,fossores4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,cerceris ,capito4 ,family #f1 ,philanthid4--,most of the species belonging to this family are black with yellow spots and bands1 and most of them are inhabitants of the warmer parts of the earth4 ,some of the species provision their nests with beetles and grasshoppers1 while others attack bees1 and are very mischievous1 destroying great numbers4 ,family #g1 ,crabronid4--,this family includes a considerable number of solitary species of wasps4 ,in colour they are generally black spotted and striped with yellow1 but many of them are bright red4 ,the typical genus ,crabro is a very extensive one1 including over #aej species1 a great proportion of which are inhabitants of ,europe1 while even ,britain possesses more than thirty4 ,crabro cribrarius is the largest ,british species4 ,its food consists principally of gnats and other dipterous insects4 ,this insect and many others burrow in the ground1 generally in hard sandbanks4 ,another species 7,crabro brevis7 frequents similar situations1 and has been known to provision its nest with small beetles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,chlorion ,viridineum4 ,family #h1 ,nyssonid4--,this family is not a numerous one comparatively4 ,mellinus arvensis is a black insect1 about half an inch in length1 with stripes on the abdomen and yellow legs4 ,it provisions its nest with flies1 and not being able to capture them by swiftness1 runs past them when they are resting in an unconcerned manner till they are thrown off their guard1 when they are pounced upon and carried off to the nest4 ,family #i1 ,larrid4--,this family very much resembles the last4 ,the species are mostly small insects1 few of them measuring half an inch in length4 ,they are usually black1 sometimes with the abdomen red at the base4 ,family #aj1 ,sphegid4--,most of the insects included in this family feed upon grasshoppers1 and the manner in which they procure their prey is very curious4 ,in attacking their bulky prey they use every endeavour to turn the grasshopper on its back4 ,when they succeed in this they inflict stings in different parts of the underside of the abdomen and thorax1 which soon paralyse the victim1 which is then dragged to the nest of the ruthless destroyer4 ,sphex flavipennis is a common species in the south of ,europe4 ,family #aa1 ,pompilid4--,most of the species of ,pompilus burrow in sand or sandy soil1 and store their nests with spiders and the larv of insects4 ,one of our commonest species1 ,pompilus fuscus1 is usually about half an inch long1 and is black1 with the first three segments of the abdomen red banded with black4 ,this insect makes its appearance in the spring1 and may be observed in sandy places throughout the summer4 ,another common ,british species is ,pompilus punctum1 which is black in colour4 ,family #ab1 ,bombicid4--,this small family is not represented in ,britain1 though found in southern ,europe4 ,many of the insects burrow in the sand1 scratching a hole with their forefeet like a dog1 as observed by ,sir ,s4 ,saunders in the ,ionian ,islands4 ,in the daytime they may be seen flying rapidly from flower to flower1 and many of them exhale an odour of roses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,sapyya ,clavicornis4 ,family #ac1 ,sapygid4--,this is a small family containing only a single genus1 with very few species4 ,the species of ,sapyga occur in ,europe and ,north ,america4 ,they are supposed to be parasitic in the nests of bees1 but the females of the common ,european species 7,sapyga pacca7 have been observed carrying small caterpillars1 from which ,mr4 ,smith 7the great authority on ,hymenoptera7 justly infers that they are parasitic only to the extent of usurping the burrows made in sandbanks and dead wood by more industrious insects1 their own structure not adapting them for the labour of digging4 ,family #ad1 ,scoliid4--,although this family is abundant in warm climates1 we have only two small species belonging to the genus ,tiphia in ,britain4 ,they are black1 with more or less reddish legs1 and measure from a quarter to half an inch in length4 ,in south ,europe we meet with several large and handsome species1 one of which1 ,scolia hortorum1 is black with two yellow bands on the abdomen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,scolia ,hortorum4 ,family #ae1 ,thymid4--,the insects of this family are almost exclusively confined to ,australia and ,south ,america1 where they are very numerous4 ,they are generally of a black colour1 with more or less extended yellow markings4 ,they are very stout insects2 in fact1 their bloated bodies give them very little resemblance to any other insects1 except perhaps to the ,oil ,beetles4 ,very little has hitherto been ascertained respecting their habits1 but they are believed to be parasitic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,mutilla ,maura 7,male74 ,family #af1 ,mutillid4--,this family includes a large number of species1 probably #a1ejj1 but from the differences presented by the males and females1 entomologists have found it difficult to arrive at any certainty upon this point4 ,the species are spread over all the earth1 but are particularly abundant in warm climates1 where also1 as usual1 they attain the largest size and the most beautiful colouring4 ,one of the best-known species in our own country is ,mutilla europa1 which is about half an inch long1 of a black colour1 hairy1 with the thorax entirely red in the wingless females4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,mutilla ,maura 7,female74 ,this insect frequents the nests of ,humble ,bees1 and its larv appear to be parasitic upon the larv of the bees4 ,section #d4--;,heterogyna4 ,family #ag1 ,formicid4--,to this family belongs the numerous species of ants1 which are social insects1 organised after the fashion of the bees and social wasps4 ,the number of species described is probably considerably over a thousand1 but the total number must be very much greater if ,mr4 ,bates is correct in his estimate that not less than #djj species inhabit the valley of the ,amazon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,formica ,lignipeda 7,male74 7,mag47 ,the habits of the ants are most interesting1 and one of our greatest living naturalists1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 has devoted much of his time in elucidating their economy4 ,the nests are almost always chambered cavities1 hollowed out either in the ground1 in walls1 and similar situations1 or in dead and decaying wood4 ,one of the commonest examples in our own country is the ,garden ,ant 7,formica nigra71 which may be found everywhere in gardens making its nest in the ground4 ,another common species is the pretty ,turf ,ant 7,formica flava71 which generally haunts commons and heaths1 casting up small hills1 which serve to throw off the rain2 and this species in some localities makes its nest under stones4 ,the ,wood ,ant 7,formica lignipeda7 is another familiar species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,formica ,lignipeda 7,worker74 7,mag47 ,a very large group of ants belong to the section ,myrmicin1 the best-known species of which are the ,red ,ants1 ,myrmica rubra1 and their allies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,myrmica ,rubra 7,male74 7,mag47 ,a very minute species which has been introduced into this country1 probably from ,brazil or the ,west ,indies1 is the ,horse ,ant 7,myrmica molesta74 ,it is a very small brownish-yellow species1 which seems to have been first observed in ,england in #ahbh4 ,it takes up its abode in houses1 frequently in the neighbourhood of the kitchen fireplace1 and when it multiplies becomes such a pest as to render the house uninhabitable4 ,some of the metropolitan districts have been particularly infested4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,entomophaga4 ,most of the insects belonging to this tribe are parasitic on other insects4 ,the larv are footless4 ,there are seven families included in the ,entomophaga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,cynips ,gall ,tinctori 7,mag47 ,family #ah1 ,cynipid4--,this family includes most of the gall flies4 ,the number of species is very considerable4 ,of the great majority the females pierce with their ovipositor the tissues of plants and trees1 and there deposit their eggs1 from which the larv are soon hatched4 ,the irritation caused by this intrusion of a foreign body into the tissues produces the galls which are so commonly met with4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,smicra ,sispes 7,mag47 ,the galls produced by different species of flies differ greatly in form and structure4 ,some of them are round and smooth1 like fruits1 such as the cherry gall of the oak leaves1 produced by the puncture of ,cynips quercus-foli4 ,the most singular1 however1 of all the galls is perhaps the ,bedeguar1 which is formed on the stems of wild roses by the puncture of a small species1 ,rhodites ros4 ,family #ai1 ,chalcidid4--,to this family belong many gall insects1 principally found1 however1 in foreign countries4 ,the ,chalcidid include a great number of small species1 few exceeding half an inch in expanse4 ,many of these are singular in shape1 and others brilliantly metallic2 but1 owing to their small size1 they have hitherto been studied by comparatively few entomologists4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,thoracamba ,furcata 7,mag47 ,family #bj1 ,proctotrypid4--,the ,proctotrypid are probably much less numerous than the preceding family1 but have been less studied1 being generally smaller and more obscure in their habits2 in fact1 some of them share with several beetles the reputation of being the smallest insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,proctotrypes ,rufipes 7,mag47 ,family #ba1 ,braconid4--,this family is one of very great extent4 ,many of the foreign species are rather large and handsome insects1 often varied with black and yellow4 ,the best known of the ,braconid is perhaps ,microgaster glomeratus1 a small blackish species with reddish-yellow legs1 which destroys the larv of the common ,cabbage ,butterflies1 round the dead body of which its little yellow cocoons may often be observed4 ,family #bb1 ,ichneumonid4--,the ,ichneumonid are rather large and slender insects1 and are divided into many sub-families4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,bracon ,bicolor4 ,they are a very numerous group4 ,it has been calculated that nearly #e1jjj species have been described1 but the data generally are very untrustworthy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,joppa ,antennata4 ,the species of ,trogus are rather large insects1 measuring an inch or more in length4 ,they are black with reddish legs and abdomen1 and the wings are sometimes slightly dusky at the edges4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,evania ,appendigaster 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,pelecinus ,politurator4 ,in another group1 ,pimplin1 the ovipositor is generally very long4 ,the best-known species is ,rhyssa persuasoria1 a blackish insect1 which measures about an inch in length4 ,this insect is met with in fir plantations1 and uses its extraordinary ovipositor to drill holes in trees infested by the larv of ,sirex gigas1 on which its own larva is parasitic4 ,the insect frequently drives its ovipositor so firmly into the wood of the tree1 that it is unable to withdraw it1 and perishes in this position4 ,family #bc1 ,evaniid4--,one of the most familiar insects belonging to this family is the ,evania appendigaster4 ,it is a small black insect1 found in the south of ,europe1 and is parasitic on cockroaches4 ,an allied ,british species1 ,fnus jaculator1 is a not uncommon insect found haunting the burrows of ,crabronid1 upon which it is probably parasitic4 ,family #bd1 ,chrysidid4--,the ,ruby-tailed ,wasps1 or ,golden ,wasps1 as the ,chrysidid are popularly called1 are among the most brilliant of the ,hymenoptera1 most of the species being either of an intense green1 blue1 or fiery red4 ,they are small or moderate-sized insects1 which are found on walls or flowers in the full heat of the sun2 for1 as a rule1 the most brilliantly-coloured insects are diurnal in their habits4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,chrysis ,ignita 7,mag47 ,as far as their habits are known1 they deposit their eggs in the nests of other insects1 chiefly ,hymenoptera1 on the larv of which their own offspring feed4 ,the commonest ,british species is ,chrysis ignita1 which is a very variable insect1 both as regards size and colouring4 ,,tribe ,,iii4--,,phytophaga4 ,the insects belonging to the third tribe of the ,hymenoptera are strictly vegetable feeders4 ,there are only two families4 ,family #be1 ,siricid4--,this family includes the insects known as ,tailed ,wasps4 ,it is not a very extensive family1 and its species occur chiefly in ,europe and ,north ,america1 in both of which regions the typical genus ,sirex is represented by large species4 ,the best-known ,european species which is common in some parts of ,britain is the great ,tailed ,wasp 7,sirex gigas71 a very formidable-looking insect1 of which the female often measures nearly an inch and a half in length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,cimbex ,luteus4 ,the general tint is black with the antenn1 the sides of the thorax and the legs and apex of the abdomen yellow4 ,this insect lives in pine and fir woods1 and the female deposits her eggs in the woody parts of the trees1 into which she bores to a depth of over half an inch by means of her long ovipositor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,lophryus ,pini 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,pamphilius ,faustus 7,mag47 ,another species which occurs in this country is the ,sirex juvencus1 of a steel-blue colour1 but smaller than the former4 ,family #bf1 ,tenthredinid4--,this is a very extensive family and contains the numerous species of ,saw ,flies1 so called because their ovipositor is in shape somewhat like a saw in appearance4 ,probably the best-known species is the ,gooseberry ,saw ,fly 7,nematus ventricosus71 whose speckled and green larv are so injurious in gardens and orchards4 ,this insect is yellowish in colour1 and about a quarter of an inch in length4 ,tenthredo thiops1 a small black species1 deposits its eggs upon fruit trees4 ,many other species live on different kinds of plants and trees4 ,,order ,,neuroptera4 ,,including ,,the ,,dragon ,,flies1 ,,lacewing ,,flies1 ,,day ,,flies1 ,,stone ,,flies1 ,,caddis ,,flies1 ,,and ,,their ,,allies4 ,next to the butterflies and moths1 the ,neuroptera 7or nerve-winged insects71 to which belong the ,dragon ,flies1 ,lacewing ,flies1 ,day ,flies1 ,stone ,flies1 ,caddis ,flies1 and their allies1 are undoubtedly the most beautiful members of the insect tribe4 ,though they cannot compete with the ,lepidoptera in point of colouring1 it is questionable whether they are not more graceful and elegant in appearance4 ,the order ,neuroptera was founded by the great ,swedish naturalist ,linnus1 and its name has been kept intact since1 though the classification of the insects comprised in it has undergone many modifications4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,ascacaphus ,macaronius4 ,the ,neuroptera are not a very numerous body of insects compared with either the ,coleoptera or ,lepidoptera1 but they contain some of the largest and most handsome insects known4 ,the order is very well represented in the temperate zones1 though the finest species are met with in the tropical parts of the world4 ,nearly #gjj species are known to inhabit the ,british ,isles4 ,in the whole world their number may be given in round figures at about #d1jjj1 but there is no doubt that this number may be considerably increased4 ,the largest and most handsome species are the ,dragon ,flies or ,ornoptera1 one species occurring in our own country1 measuring fully four inches in expanse of the wings4 ,the ,lacewing ,flies 7,hemerobiid71 the ,day ,flies 7,ephemerid71 the ,stone ,flies 7,perlid71 and the ,caddis ,flies 7,trichoptera71 are among the other more conspicuous members of the group4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--,nemoptera ,extensa4 ,the ,neuroptera may be divided into three great sub-divisions1 according to certain well-defined characteristics4 ,the modern tendency is to raise each of these sub-divisions to the rank of orders4 ,the ,neuroptera may be classified as follows3-- ,sub-,order #a1 ,planipennia1 or true ,neuroptera4 ,metamorphoses complete1 larv1 mostly terrestrial4 ,sub-,order #b1 ,trichoptera1 or hairy-winged ,neuroptera4 ,metamorphoses complete1 larv aquatic4 ,wings of ,imago clothed with hairs4 ,sub-,order #c1 ,pseudo-,neuroptera1 or false ,neuroptera4 ,metamorphoses incomplete4 ,the most important distinction between the first two groups and the third is that the former undergo complete metamorphoses1 whereas in the latter the transformations are incomplete or imperfect4 ,the latter for this reason are often classified as a separate order4 ,the ,trichoptera are also placed by some entomologists in a distinct order1 on account of the peculiarity in their wings being clothed with hairs4 ,they1 however1 present so many points both in habits and structure1 analogous with the true ,neuroptera1 that we have retained them as a sub-division of the ,order4 ,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,families ,,of ,,the ,,neuroptera4 ,sub-,order #a4--,planipennia4 ,family #a4 ,myrmeleontid or ,ant ,lions4 ,family #b4 ,hemerobiid or ,lacewing ,flies4 ,family #c4 ,mantispid or ,mantis ,flies4 ,family #d4 ,sialid or ,sialis ,flies4 ,family #e4 ,raphiid or ,snake ,flies4 ,family #f4 ,panorpid or ,scorpion ,flies4 ,sub-,order #b4--,trichoptera 7or ,caddis ,flies74 ,family #a4 ,inquipalpia or ,large ,caddis ,flies4 ,sub-family #a4 ,phryganeid4 ,sub-family #b4 ,limnophilid4 ,sub-family #c4 ,sericostomid4 ,family #b4 quipalpia or ,little ,caddis ,flies4 ,sub-family #a4 ,leptocerid4 ,sub-family #b4 ,hydropsychid4 ,sub-family #c4 ,rhyacophilid4 ,sub-family #d4 ,hydroptilid4 ,sub-,order #c4--,pseudo-,neuroptera4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,ornoptera 7or ,dragon ,flies74 ,family #a4 ,libellulin or ,great ,dragon ,flies4 ,sub-family #a4 ,libellulid or ,libellulines4 ,sub-family #b4 ,cordulid or ,cordulines4 ,sub-family #c4 schnid or schnines4 ,sub-family #d4 ,gomphid or ,gomphines4 ,family #b4 ,agronin or ,slender ,dragon ,flies4 ,sub-family #a4 ,agronid or ,agronines4 ,sub-family #b4 ,calopterygid or ,calopterygines4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,subulicornia4 ,family #c4 ,ephemerid or ,day ,flies4 ,,tribe ,,iii4--,,plecoptera4 ,family #d4 ,perlid or ,stone ,flies4 ,,tribe ,,iv4--,,corrodentia4 ,family #e4 ,psocid or ,book ,mites4 ,family #f4 ,embiid or ,agile ,mites4 ,,tribe ,v4--,,socialia4 ,family #g4 ,termiti or ,white ,ants4 ,,tribe ,,vi4--,,physopoda 7or ,thrips74 ,family #h4 ,tubulifera4 ,family #i4 ,terebrantia4 ,,tribe ,,vii4--,,mallophaga 7or ,bird-lice74 ,family #aj4 ,philopterid4 ,family #aa4 ,liotheid4 ,,tribe ,,viii4--,,thysanura 7or ,bristle-tails74 ,family #ab4 ,lepismid4 ,family #ac4 ,campodeid4 ,family #ad4 ,japygid4 ,,tribe ,,ix4--,,collembola 7or ,spring-tails74 ,family #ae4 ,smynthurid4 ,family #af4 ,papyriid4 ,family #ag4 ,degeeriad4 ,family #ah4 ,podurid4 ,family #ai4 ,amourid4 ,,sub-,,order #a4--,,planipennia4 ,the ,planipennia contains the most typical forms of the ,neuroptera4 ,this sub-order is subdivided into six families1 four only of which contain representatives in the ,british ,isles4 ,they are most abundant in the tropical parts of the world1 where also the most handsome and curious forms occur4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,myrmeleon ,formicarius4 ,family #a1 ,myrmeleontid4--,the ,ant ,lions are the most familiar and important members of this family4 ,the common ,ant ,lion 7,myrmeleon europus71 which is abundant in sandy places in the south of ,europe1 is a slender and elegant creature1 with large finely reticulated rings4 ,the larva1 to which the name of ,ant ,lion properly belongs1 is of a stout form and a greyish-yellow colour1 covered with warty processes and with hairs4 ,its food consists of ants and other small insects1 which it captures by a singularly ingenious arrangement1 namely1 by means of a funnel-shaped pitfall which it constructs in the sand1 and at the bottom of which it lies4 ,when any unfortunate insect ventures too near1 the ,ant ,lion sends up a shower of sand1 and the victim in its consternation falls down the pit1 where it is speedily seized and devoured4 ,other species of ant lions are known to occur on the continent of ,europe1 but none hitherto have been discovered to inhabit this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,myrmeleon ,larva4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--,nemoptera ,coa4 ,family #b1 ,hemerobiid4--,the second sub-family contains the ,lacewing ,flies1 many representatives of which occur in the ,british ,isles4 ,they are among the most elegant and beautiful of the ,neuroptera4 ,the ,golden-eyed ,fly 7,chrysopa vulgaris7 is a very abundant and well-known example1 but notwithstanding its great beauty it is capable of emitting a very disagreeable odour when handled4 ,this is a delicate green insect with a body half an inch long1 and which may be seen almost everywhere on warm summer evenings1 flying slowly about from tree to tree4 ,the eggs1 which are little round or oval bodies like small pearls1 are deposited by the female in groups upon the leaves of plants and trees4 ,the larva when fullfed is about half an inch in length4 ,the food consists of plant lice and aphides1 and it is thus a very beneficial creature1 and should be encouraged by every gardener4 ,the pupa of this insect is enclosed in a cocoon4 ,between thirty and forty species of lacewing flies are known to occur in our own country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,chrysopa ,septempunctata4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,mantis ,pagana4 ,family #c1 ,mantispid4--,this family contains only one genus--viz41 ,mantispa1 or the ,mantis ,flies4 ,a single species1 ,mantispa pagana1 is common in southern ,europe1 but does not occur in the ,british ,isles4 ,family #d1 ,sialid4--,in the fourth family of the ,planipennia the larv are aquatic in their habits with very few exceptions4 ,the pupa is not enclosed in a cocoon as it is in the ,hemerobiid4 ,the single common ,british species 7,sialis lutaria7 is a blackish-brown insect1 rather more than half an inch in length4 ,it is well known to anglers1 and may be found abundantly in the spring and early part of the summer upon walls and palings in the neighbourhood of water1 and upon the stems and leaves of grasses and other plants growing in the water or upon its bank4 ,in repose the wings of this insect1 as in the ,hemerolicid1 are laid over the back4 ,they are sluggish creatures1 and do not readily take to flight4 ,family #e1 ,raphiid4--,this family contains the curious group of insects called ,snake ,flies or ,camel ,flies1 which are included by some entomologists in the previous family4 ,they have characteristics1 however1 which entitle them to be placed apart4 ,they have a rather large head1 which is attached to a greatly elongated prothorax by a thinnish neck1 so that the head has considerable freedom of motion4 ,the species are not numerous1 four kinds only occurring in ,britain4 ,the larv reside under the bark of trees1 where they feed upon minute insects4 ,the commonest species is probably ,raphidia megacephala4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,raphidia ,ophiopsis 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--,panorpa ,communis4 ,family #f1 ,panorpid4--,the ,panorpid1 or ,scorpion ,flies1 are very curious creatures1 characterised above all things by the perpendicularly placed and greatly elongated head4 ,the larv1 so far as they are known1 live in the earth1 and are like caterpillars in their general form4 ,five species occur in this country1 the best known being ,panorpa communis1 which may be met with almost everywhere about hedge banks and in lanes4 ,it is about half an inch long4 ,the wings are transparent1 with dark brown spots1 which are more or less confluent4 ,another species1 ,boreus hiemalis1 which possesses no wings1 is found on the ground among leaves in the winter time4 ,it does not exceed one-sixth of an inch in length1 and is of a metallic-green colour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,bittacus ,tipularius4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,boreus ,hiemalis 7,mag47 ,,sub-,,order #b4--,,trichoptera4 ,the members of this group are the insects commonly known as ,caddis ,flies1 and they are often ranked as a separate order by entomological writers4 ,nearly #fjj species of ,trichoptera occur in ,europe1 of which about half the number are indigenous to the ,british ,isles4 ,the larv are aquatic1 and when full-grown prepare for themselves curious dwellings composed of sticks1 stones1 and other materials wherein to pass the pupa state4 ,they may be seen almost everywhere where there is water4 ,the caddis flies may be divided into two families1 though the distinguishing marks are so minute that they really ought to be classified as one family only4 ,to ,mr4 ,mc,lachlan we owe many thanks for his researches in this group of insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,hydropsyche ,montana4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,marronema ,rubiginosa4 ,family #a1 ,inguipalpia4--,this family includes the largest species of the tribe1 and are principally found in northern regions4 ,one of our largest ,british species is ,phryganea grandis1 which measures four-fifths of an inch in length1 and over two inches in expanse of the wing4 ,it is an abundant insect1 of a brown colour1 with yellow rings on its antenn1 and the anterior wings are ash-coloured1 clothed with brown4 ,the larv of this group for the most part inhabit quiet waters1 ponds1 canals1 etc4 ,this family is subdivided into three sub-families1 viz41 ,phryganeid1 ,limnophilid1 ,sericostomid4 ,family #b1 guipalpia4--,this family constitutes a second group1 and also contains many species1 many of them1 however1 being very minute insects1 some hardly one-eighth of an inch across the wings4 ,they make little cases of silk resembling seeds1 to the outer surface of which they attach grains of sand1 etc4 ,the guipalpia contains four sub-families--viz41 ,leptocerid1 ,hydropsychid1 ,rhyacophilid1 and ,hydroptilid4 ,of the ,leptocerid1 ,molanna augustata may be taken as a typical example1 the larva of which lives on the sandy bottom of pools1 and is very difficult to detect4 ,,sub-,,order #c4--,,pseudo-,,neuroptera4 ,in the third sub-order of the ,neuroptera are grouped together a series of insects which present great divergences of character1 and really do not belong to the true ,neuroptera on account of their incomplete metamorphoses4 ,they1 however1 for the most part1 resemble the ,neuroptera in the structure of their wings4 ,they are divided into several tribes and many families4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,ornoptera ,,or ,,dragon ,,flies4 ,to this tribe belong the ,dragon ,flies1 the largest and most beautiful members of the whole order4 ,about #a1ejj species have been described from various parts of the world1 and of these about fifty are known to inhabit our own country4 ,their habits are very much alike4 ,the insect passes all the earlier stages of its existence in water4 ,the larv are most voracious creatures1 and are undoubtedly the most predaceous of insects4 ,the apparatus by which they capture their prey consists of a peculiar modification of the labium4 ,when full grown the larv crawl up the stem of some aquatic plant out of the water1 and after resting there for a longer or shorter time the skin splits open along the thoracic region1 and the perfect insect by degrees struggles out of its investment1 and when the wings are dried it starts off to continue the same scene of rapine which has characterised its subterranean existence4 ,the perfect insect may be seen hawking about for insects in the neighbourhood of pools in all fine weather during the summer and autumn months4 ,in dull weather1 however1 they usually remain at rest on the leaves of plants and trees1 etc4 ,the eyes of ,dragon ,flies are most beautiful objects when viewed under the microscope2 they are composed of a great number of facets or lenses4 ,in one species of ,dragon ,fly as many as #aj1jjj of these facets have been counted in each of its eyes4 ,besides these compound eyes most dragon flies have additional eyes1 called ,ocelli1 which are situated on the top of the head2 they are1 however1 quite simple4 ,it is commonly thought by persons who are not naturalists that dragon flies sting2 such an erroneous idea we take the opportunity to correct4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,libellula ,depressa4 ,the ,ornoptera are divided into two principal families4 ,family #a1 ,libellulin4--,to this family belong all the great dragon flies1 mostly thick-bodied insects4 ,it is subdivided into four sub-families4 ,to the first sub-family1 the ,libellulid1 many common and familiar dragon flies belong4 ,the best known is what is vulgarly called the ,horse-stinger 7,libellula depressa71 an insect about two inches long1 with a rather depressed abdomen1 which is yellowish-brown1 with yellow spots on the sides in the female1 and coated with a beautiful violet-blue powder in the male4 ,it may be seen almost everywhere1 hawking for flies about rivers and ponds1 during warm weather4 ,the second sub-family1 the ,cordulid1 contains four ,british species1 of which the beautiful ,cordulia metallica is the typical example4 ,the schnid contain some of the largest members found4 ,the great dragon fly 7schna grandis7 is one of these4 ,it is nearly three inches long and four inches in expanse of the wings1 and is of a light rusty-brown colour with a few pale markings4 ,of the ,gomphid only four species inhabit our own country4 ,gomphus vulgatissimus is a black insect1 nearly two inches long1 with yellow bands on the thorax1 and a line of the same colour along the back of the abdomen4 ,family #b1 ,agronin4--,this family contains a number of slender-bodied insects4 ,there are two sub-families4 ,the ,agrionid are a very numerous group4 ,the typical form1 ,agrion puella1 which is a beautiful1 slender creature1 measures about two or two and a half inches in expanse of the wings4 ,the abdomen of the male is banded with azure blue1 that of the female being brassy-black4 ,the ,calopterygid contain only two ,british species--viz41 ,calopteryx virgo and ,c4 splendens4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,calopteryx ,virgo 7,male74 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,subulicornia4 ,the second tribe of the ,pseudo-neuroptera contains a group of insects which are so similar to one another in form that they are all included in one family4 ,family #c1 ,ephemerid4--,the ,ephemerid1 or ,day ,flies1 as they are popularly called1 are delicate1 elongated1 soft-bodied creatures1 with a moderately small head4 ,the antenn1 which spring from the forehead below the ocelli1 are short and awl-shaped4 ,these insects1 which seem to be found mostly in temperate climates1 are remarkable for the great delicacy of their structure1 and for the extreme shortness of their lives in the perfect state1 which seems in general scarcely to exceed a day4 ,nearly fifty species of ,ephemerid occur in this country4 ,the best known is ,ephemera vulgata1 of which the sub-imago is called the green drake1 and the imago the grey drake by anglers4 ,the two-winged ,clen diptera1 which1 however1 is a much smaller species than the foregoing1 is also very abundant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,calopteryx ,virgo 7,female74 ,,tribe ,,iii4--,,plecoptera4 ,the ,plecoptera contain only one family4 ,family #d1 ,perlid4--,the ,perlid1 or ,stone ,flies1 are chiefly inhabitants of the temperate regions2 they are of small size1 and not very numerous in species1 about thirty being indigenous to the ,british ,isles4 ,the larv1 which are aquatic in their habits1 closely resemble the perfect insect in form4 ,their food consists of other insects and they prey especially upon the larv of the ,day ,flies4 ,the perfect insects are usually found resting quietly on plants and other objects on the banks of streams4 ,the large brown species1 ,perla bicaudata1 appears in the spring1 and is very common in the neighbourhood of pools1 streams1 and canals4 ,,tribe ,,iv4--,,corrodentia4 ,this tribe contains two families1 one of which is represented in the ,british ,isles4 ,family #e1 ,psocid4--,this is a family of small insects with simple veined wings4 ,they have a rather large head1 and bear a pair of long tapering antenn4 ,they are found upon trunks of trees1 old palings1 walls1 etc4 ,they are very active in their movements1 and generally appear in the imago state about the end of summer or beginning of autumn4 ,atropos pulsatorius is one of these4 ,it lives in books and among old damp papers1 whence it is often called the ,book ,louse4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,perla ,bicaudata4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,psocus ,bipunctatus4 ,they are also very destructive to collections of preserved insects and plants4 ,about thirty species occur in this country4 ,family #f1 ,embiid4--,this family contains no representative in the ,british ,isles1 and consists of a small number of almost exclusively exotic species4 ,two species1 however1 inhabit the continent of ,europe1 one of which1 ,embia ,solieri1 occurs in the south of ,france on the ,mediterranean littoral4 ,these insects are very closely allied to the ,psocid in their habits4 ,,tribe ,v4--,,socialia4 ,the ,socialia contains a very peculiar group of insects closely allied to the cockroaches in the ,orthoptera4 ,they may be considered a connecting link between that order and the ,neuroptera4 ,there is only one family4 ,family #g1 ,termiti4--,the ,termiti1 or ,white ,ants1 are almost exclusively inhabitants of tropical climates1 and are unrepresented in our own country4 ,they are a very remarkable family of insects4 ,they build most complicated dwellings1 consisting of innumerable galleries and chambers1 and they are so interesting in their habits that every traveller who has seen anything of them has always a great deal to relate concerning them4 ,one species1 ,termes lucifugus1 inhabits the south of ,france1 and is very well known on account of the mischief which it sometimes causes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,termes ,bellicosus 7,male74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,termes ,bellicosus 7,soldier74 ,,tribe ,,vi4--,,physopoda1 ,,or ,,thrips4 ,this tribe of insects1 to which the name ,thysanoptera is sometimes applied1 contains many curious forms4 ,there are two principal groups of these insects--namely1 the ,tuberlifera and the ,terebrantia4 ,they are generally known to gardeners by the name of ,thrips4 ,some of them occasionally prove injurious to cultivated plants4 ,this is especially the case with the ,corn ,thrips 7,thrips cerealium71 which generally attacks the ears of corn1 and1 when numerous1 is very mischievous4 ,,tribe ,,vii4--,,mallophaga ,,or ,,bird ,,lice4 ,these insects1 which are known as ,bird ,lice1 were formerly placed among the true lice1 but they differ in the possession of biting mouths1 and in the diet to which such a structure adapts them4 ,a great number of these curious little insects have been recorded1 and they inhabit all parts of the world4 ,they live among the feathers of birds and the hairs of mammalia4 ,almost every animal and bird is subject to these parasites4 ,the common fowl1 duck1 goose1 game birds of all kinds1 and pigeons1 are very commonly infested by them1 as are also the dog1 the cat1 the sheep1 and the guinea-pig4 ,the two principal families of the ,mallophaga are the ,philopterid and the ,liotheid4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,lipeurus ,diomede 7,mag47 ,,tribe ,,viii4--,,thysanura ,,or ,,bristle ,,tails4 ,the forms composed in this tribe of insects are reckoned at present to be the nearest resemblance to the theoretical progenitors of the insects2 in fact1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock hints that they might well be regarded not as insects at all1 but rather as the surviving representatives of a group formed by the ancestors of the whole multitude of insect types4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,lepisma ,saccharina 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,orchesella ,rufescens 7,mag47 ,the food of these creatures consists of decayed vegetable matter4 ,three principal families may be recognised--viz41 ,lepesmid1 ,campodeid1 and ,japygid4 ,,tribe ,,ix4--,,collembola ,,or ,,spring ,,tails4 ,these insects closely resemble the previous tribe in general character1 to which also the same remarks nearly apply4 ,they are generally small insects1 a length of a quarter of an inch being considerably above the average4 ,they are found commonly in loose earth1 under decaying leaves in woods1 in moss1 under the bark of dead trees1 and in rotten stumps4 ,they always prefer damp situations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4--;,isotoma ,gervaisi 7,mag47 ,cold seems to have but little effect upon them2 they will recover their activity after being frozen4 ,one species1 ,desoria glacialis1 is found enjoying itself upon the ,swiss glaciers1 and another1 ,degeeria nivalis1 occurs upon the surface of snow in many parts of ,europe4 ,some species also may be met with hopping about upon the surface of standing water4 ,podura aquatica1 a minute blue-black species1 is common in such situations in ,england4 ,the five principal families are the ,smynthurid1 ,papyriid1 ,degeeriad1 ,podurid1 and the ,amourid4 ,,order ,,orthoptera4 ,,including ,,the ,,grasshoppers1 ,,locusts1 ,,crickets1 ,,cockroaches1 ,,earwigs1 ,,and ,,their ,,allies4 ,the ,orthoptera include all those forms of insects which have four wings1 the anterior pair being of a leathery nature4 ,they are mandibulate2 that is1 their mouths are formed for biting1 and they undergo an imperfect metamorphosis4 ,the insects comprised in this order are extremely numerous and destructive in the tropical parts of the world 7,kirby gives their number as about #g1jjj71 but they are only represented in the ,british ,isles by about sixty species1 few of which are really abundant4 ,they include the cockroaches1 crickets1 grasshoppers1 locusts1 earwigs1 etc4 ,all these insects may be divided into three sub-divisions or tribes--namely1 the ,runners or ,cursoria1 the ,leapers or ,saltatoria1 and the ,earwigs or ,euplexoptera4 ,the following table will show at a glance the outlines of the proposed arrangement3-- ,tribe ,i41 ,cursoria4--,hind wings with veins radiating from the base4 ,hind legs formed for running4 ,tribe ,,ii41 ,saltatoria4--,hind wings with veins radiating from base4 ,hind legs formed for leaping4 ,tribe ,,iii41 ,euplexoptera4--,hind wings with veins radiating from the apex of a horny piece occupying the base of the anterior margin4 ,the ,euplexoptera1 or ,earwigs1 are regarded by some authors as a separate order4 ,they are thus treated by ,westwood in his ,introduction to the ,modern ,classification of ,insects1 but the modern tendency is to revert to the ,linnan system1 and retain them among the ,orthoptera4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,phasgonura ,viridissima4 ,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,families ,,of ,,the ,,orthoptera4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,cursoria4 ,family #a4 ,blattid or ,cockroaches4 ,family #b4 ,mantid or ,praying ,insects4 ,family #c4 ,phasmid or ,stick and ,leaf ,insects4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,saltatoria4 ,family #d4 ,achetid or ,crickets4 ,family #e4 ,gryllid or ,false ,locusts4 ,family #f4 ,locustid or ,true ,locusts and ,grasshoppers4 ,,tribe ,,iii4--,,euplexoptera4 ,family #g4 ,forficulid or ,earwigs4 ,we will now proceed to describe each of these families in turn4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,cursoria4 ,the insects constituting this group are distinguished by having their hind legs adapted for walking or running4 ,they are subdivided into three families4 ,family #a1 ,blattid4--,this family includes the numerous species of cockroaches1 or black bats as they are often called by uneducated persons4 ,they are represented in all parts of the world1 but are most abundant within the tropics1 and especially in central and southern ,america1 where also the largest and finest species are to be found4 ,many curious forms are also to be met with in ,india and different parts of ,africa4 ,they are very active creatures1 and run with considerable rapidity1 but their activity is chiefly nocturnal1 and during the day they generally remain quietly concealed in some obscure retreat4 ,their diet consists of both vegetable and animal matter1 and offal of every description4 ,they are most useful in hot climates1 acting the part of scavengers1 and by these means preventing the outbreak of malaria and other pestilential diseases4 ,the best-known species in this country is the common ,cockroach 7,blatta orientalis71 which1 by-the-bye1 is not a native of ,europe1 having been introduced from the ,east several centuries ago1 and to have made its home here4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,blatta ,orientalis4 ,other species besides this are met with occasionally in different parts of the country1 having been introduced in like manner at different times from foreign parts4 ,the ,giant ,cockroach 7,blaberus giganteus7 is one of these4 ,its native home is ,south ,america and the ,west ,indies1 and in the latter place it is commonly called the drummer4 ,it measures nearly three inches in length4 ,the ,zoological ,gardens in ,london is a favourite resort of this species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,blaberus ,giganteus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,corydia ,petiveriana4 ,family #b1 ,mantid4--,the ,mantid may be at once distinguished from the insects comprising the other two families of the ,cursoria by the structure of the forelegs1 which are converted into powerful raptoral organs4 ,the body of these insects is more or less elongated1 and the head1 which is triangular or heart-shaped1 is attached to the thorax by a distinct neck4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,blepharis ,mendica4 ,the ,mantid1 or ,praying ,insects1 are celebrated for their habit of resting on their four hind legs1 and with their front legs raised in the air1 in what was formerly supposed to be an attitude of devotion1 but really in an observant attitude1 and on the alert for their prey4 ,none of these insects are met with in the ,british ,isles1 but several species are rather abundant in the south of ,france4 ,two species1 ,mantis pauperata and ,mantis religosa1 measure about two or two and a half inches in length4 ,a third species1 ,mantis oratoria1 is also common but somewhat smaller in size4 ,family #c1 ,phasmid4--,these insects very much resemble the ,mantid in general appearance1 to which also they are very closely allied4 ,they are among the most peculiar insects in existence4 ,their appearance is comical in the extreme4 ,many of them resemble sticks1 either green growing trees or brown and withered branches1 and hence the name of stick insects commonly applied to them is very appropriate4 ,on account of their skeleton-like forms they have also been likened to ghosts and spectres4 ,some few species mimic leaves of trees and various plants1 and these are often called leaf insects4 ,the number of species of this family is not very large1 and by far the greater part of these are inhabitants of the warmer regions of the earth1 and they seem to increase in size1 especially the nearer their home lies to the ,equator4 ,among the more interesting species we may mention ,cyphocrania semirubra from ,brazil1 with short greenish elytra and pink wings4 ,bacillus rosii is a brown1 wingless form found in ,italy and the south of ,france4 ,some of the tropical species are among the largest insects known4 ,a winged ,australian species attains the length of ten inches4 ,lopaphus cocophagus is a common species in the ,south ,sea ,islands1 and sometimes commits great ravages in the plantations of cocoa-nut trees4 ,when this insect is alarmed it squirts out a highly acrid fluid1 which causes great pain1 and sometimes blindness if it reaches the eye4 ,we may remark that no species of ,phasmid are known to inhabit the ,british ,isles4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,saltatoria4 ,the principal character of the insects belonging to this tribe consists in the adaptation of the hind legs to the purpose of leaping4 ,the males of most of the species possess the faculty of producing loud chirping sounds1 but the means by which this is effected vary in the different families4 ,family #d1 ,achetid4--,the most familiar ,british insect belonging to this family is the common ,house ,cricket 7,acheta domestica74 ,living1 as it does1 in the immediate vicinity of the fire1 it seems to be totally independent of the changes of the seasons1 and may usually be found of all ages at all periods of the year4 ,crickets are particularly abundant in bakehouses1 being extremely partial to warmth4 ,the chirping noise which they produce at night-time is sometimes almost deafening1 and it is really surprising from what a very long distance the sound may be heard4 ,their food consists of bread crumbs and scraps of meat and vegetables which have been allowed to accumulate during the daytime4 ,the best way1 therefore1 to get rid of the insects is to take proper care in clearing away all the refuse after meals1 for if this were not there the crickets could not subsist1 and would soon quit the house4 ,they are1 however1 generally objected to only by weak-nerved people1 and do very little harm1 if any whatever4 ,it is a question whether they are not very useful in acting as scavengers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,hetrodes ,pupa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,gryllotalpa ,vulgaris4 ,a nearly allied ,british species is the ,field ,cricket 7,acheta campestris71 which is rather larger than the house cricket4 ,it is comparatively rare and local in this country1 but abounds everywhere on the ,continent4 ,a third ,british species is the ,wood ,cricket 7,nemolicus sylvestris71 which is considerably rarer than either of the preceding4 ,it is found abundantly among dead leaves in woods in ,france and other parts of the ,continent1 but is very rarely found in ,england4 ,the ,mole ,cricket 7,gryllotalpa vulgaris7 is perhaps the most interesting member of the family4 ,it is a large1 robust insect1 about an inch and a half in length and of a very dark brown colour4 ,it is remarkable for the peculiar shape of its front legs1 which exactly resemble those of the mole4 ,it burrows in loose soil1 and1 like the mole1 it passes along close beneath the surface of the ground1 and often raises a small ridge as it advances4 ,it frequents gardens1 especially near the banks of canals1 and is also fond of damp meadows and other localities in the vicinity of water4 ,the eggs to the number of #bjj or #cjj1 are deposited in a chamber of considerable dimensions1 and enclosed in a sort of cocoon-like envelope4 ,the larv when first hatched are white1 and are said to be three years in arriving at a state of maturity4 ,the mole cricket is found chiefly in the south of ,england4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;canthus ,pellucens4 ,family #e1 ,gryllid4--,the most conspicuous insect belonging to this family in ,britain is known as the great ,green ,grasshopper 7,phasgonura viridissima71 which measures nearly four inches in expanse of the wing1 and is therefore nearly as large as the migratory locust which sometimes visits us4 ,the great green grasshopper is not1 however1 a very common insect in this country1 being principally confined to the south of the island4 ,another ,european and ,british species1 ,decticus verrucivorus1 is of about the same length4 ,it receives its name from the custom prevailing among the ,swedish peasants of making it bite their warts4 ,this insect1 in common with many others of the same family1 when at all roughly handled1 emits from the mouth a brownish fluid1 which is said to possess acrid qualities1 and the introduction of this into the warts is supposed to cause their disappearance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,truxalis ,nasuta4 ,family #f1 ,locustid4--,this family1 which includes the grasshoppers and true locusts1 is easily distinguished from both the preceding families by the character of the antenn1 which are comparatively short4 ,the common ,english ,grasshopper 7,rhammatocerus biguttulus71 whose song must be familiar to every one who has walked through the fields during the summer time1 is produced by the friction of the hinder thighs against the wing-cases4 ,the locusts have been celebrated from the dawn of history on account of the terrible ravages which they have committed in various parts of the world2 and although many different species have made their appearance in our own country at various times1 the climate1 fortunately1 seems unsuitable for them to live in1 and they have1 therefore1 not been known to breed here4 ,the ,migratory ,locust 7dipoda migratoria7 is perhaps the best known in this country on account of its visits1 many stray individuals of which have visited us at different periods4 ,locusts are known all the world over1 in fact1 nearly every country has a species peculiar to itself4 ,the most extraordinary accounts are on record of the vastness of the swarms which every now and again invade particular districts4 ,they are said sometimes to absolutely darken the sun4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,decticus ,verrucivorus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,locusta ,peregrina4 ,they clear off everything from the surface of the ground as completely as if the place had been visited by fire4 ,in many eastern countries locusts are relished as articles of food4 ,the distinctive character of the insects comprised in this group is found in the structure of the wings4 ,the anterior pair are of a horny or leathery consistence1 but always much shorter than the abdomen4 ,the hind wings1 on the contrary1 are of large size1 and are composed of a very delicate membrane4 ,there is only one family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,caloptenus ,italicus4 ,,tribe ,,iii4--,,euplexoptera4 ,family #g1 ,forficulid4--,the insects of this family present a great uniformity of structure4 ,they are1 for the most part1 of nocturnal habits1 concealing themselves during the day in crevices under the bark of trees1 or in the ground under stones and leaves1 etc4 ,their food consists almost exclusively of vegetable substances1 and are sometimes very injurious to flowers and fruit4 ,it has been said1 however1 that they also feed largely on plant lice or aphides1 which1 if true1 give them a very redeeming quality4 ,the female earwig deposits her eggs under a stone in some cavity in the ground often dug out by her own labour4 ,unlike most other insects1 the female does not perish as soon as she has laid her eggs1 but lives to behold her offspring1 brooding over them almost like a hen4 ,but it is distressing to learn that if the mother should die she is immediately devoured by her progeny4 ,the ,euplexoptera are widely distributed over the surface of the earth4 ,the tropical regions1 however1 can hardly claim any great predominance over more temperate climates as regards either the number or size of the species4 ,the largest ,european species 7,forficesita gigantea71 which is an inhabitant of some parts of ,england1 measures about an inch in length of the body4 ,our common ,earwig 7,forficula auricularia7 is not only found all over ,europe1 but apparently throughout the greater part of the eastern hemisphere4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,forficula ,auricularia4 ,another ,british species1 viz41 the little ,earwig 7,labia minor71 is also of wide distribution4 ,the earwig derives its name from its occasionally creeping into the human ear in search of concealment4 ,this has been denied by many authors1 but we have personally known instances of earwigs entering the ears of persons lying asleep in fields in the summer time4 ,the insect can be driven out immediately by pouring a little oil into the ear4 ,some writers have attempted to prove that the name earwig is a corruption of earwing1 in allusion to the shape of the hind wings2 really a very ingenious idea1 but incorrect nevertheless4 ,,order ,,hemiptera4 ,,including ,,the ,,land ,,bugs1 ,,water ,,bugs1 ,,plant ,,bugs1 ,,skaters1 ,,lantern ,,flies1 ,,frog ,,hoppers1 ,,aphides1 ,,and ,,their ,,allies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,zelus ,quadrispinosus4 ,the ,hempitera are ,haustellate insects2 they have four wings1 which are membranous and naked4 ,their metamorphosis is incomplete4 ,the order is a very extensive one4 ,the insects1 however1 are mostly found in the tropical parts of the world1 from whence nearly twenty thousand species have been described4 ,in the ,british ,isles their number reaches nearly a thousand4 ,the study of the ,hemiptera has hitherto been sadly neglected1 owing to the great majority of them being very small species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,macrocheraia ,grandis4 ,they include the ,plant ,bugs1 ,sand ,bugs1 ,water ,bugs1 ,cuckoo ,spits1 ,froghoppers1 ,plant ,lice1 and many other familiar forms4 ,the three great divisions into which they are divided are treated by many entomologists as distinct orders4 ,the following will show under each heading the principal distinguishing character of each group or sub-order as we shall designate them4 ,sub-,order #a1 ,heteroptera4--,fore wings of a parchment like consistency4 ,sub-,order #b1 ,homoptera4--,fore wings membranous and naked1 similar to the hind ones4 ,sub-,order #c1 ,anaplura4--,wingless2 no metamorphosis4 ,the ,heteroptera are regarded as the highest of the three groups1 followed by the ,homoptera1 while the ,anoplura constitute a somewhat aberrant series1 and are somewhat in the same position as the fleas 7,aphaniptera7 are to the true ,diptera4 ,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,families ,,of ,,the ,,hemiptera4 ,sub-,order #a4--;,heteroptera4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,geocores ,,or ,,land ,,bugs4 ,family #a4 ,scutellerid or ,shield ,bugs4 ,family #b4 ,coreid or ,land ,bugs4 ,family #c4 ,lygid or ,chinch ,bugs4 ,family #d4 ,pyrrhocorid or ,plant ,bugs4 ,family #e4 ,capsid or ,sap ,bugs4 ,family #f4 ,tingidid or ,tree ,bugs4 ,family #g4 ,cimicid or ,bed ,bugs4 ,family #h4 ,reduviid or ,pirate ,bugs4 ,family #i4 ,emesid or ,wolf ,bugs4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,hydrocores ,,or ,,water ,,bugs4 ,family #aj4 ,saldid or ,water ,jumpers4 ,family #aa4 ,hydrometrid or ,skaters4 ,family #ab4 ,gerrid or ,ocean ,bugs4 ,family #ac4 ,galgulid or ,shark ,bugs4 ,family #ad4 ,nepid or ,water ,scorpions4 ,family #ae4 ,notonectid or ,water ,boatmen4 ,sub-,order #b4--;,homoptera4 ,family #a4 ,cicadid or ,cicadas ,flies4 ,family #b4 ,fulgorid or ,lantern ,flies4 ,family #c4 ,membracid or ,horn ,flies4 ,family #d4 ,cercopid or ,froghoppers4 ,family #e4 ,tettigonid or ,meadow ,lice4 ,family #f4 ,ledrid or ,oak ,lice4 ,family #g4 ,jassid or ,elegant ,lice4 ,family #h4 ,psyllid or ,plant ,lice4 ,family #i4 ,aphid or ,aphides4 ,family #aj4 ,aleyrodid or ,powder ,flies4 ,family #aa4 ,coccid or ,scale ,insects4 ,sub-,order #c4--;,anoplura4 ,family #a4 ,pediculid or ,true ,lice4 ,,sub-,,order ,i4--,,heteroptera4 ,the ,heteroptera constitute the first sub-order of the ,hemiptera4 ,they include the ,true ,bugs1 an extensive group of very varied structure and habits4 ,the greater part of the terrestrial species feed on plants1 though some feed on the blood of animals1 while the aquatic species are principally carnivorous in their habits4 ,this sub-order is divided into two tribes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,graphosoma ,lineatum 7,mag47 ,,tribe ,i4--,,geocores ,,or ,,land ,,bugs4 ,this tribe includes the terrestrial species of bugs4 ,it is subdivided into fifteen families4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,tectocoris ,banksii4 ,family #a1 ,scutellerid4--,this extensive family includes the greater portion of the largest and handsomest species of the ,land ,bugs4 ,the insects live upon plants1 trees1 and shrubs1 and feed upon the juices1 which they suck out of the soft tissues1 many of them especially attacking juicy fruits4 ,the family is very well represented in the warmer parts of the world1 where also the most beautifully coloured species are met with4 ,one of the most handsome representatives in ,europe is ,graphosoma lineatum1 which measures nearly half an inch in length4 ,it is reddish in colour and is common on flowers1 especially those of the ,umbellifer1 but is not met with in our own country4 ,edessa cervus is a native of ,south ,america1 and another pretty species4 ,the most familiar ,british species is what is commonly known as the ,colewort ,bug 7,strachia oleracea71 a very pretty insect1 which lives on cruciferous plants1 and is said sometimes to be injurious in gardens4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,catacanthus ,incarnatus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,euthyrhynchus ,floridanus 7,mag47 ,some of the ,chinese ,bugs belonging to the genus ,tesseratoma are the largest species known4 ,family #b1 ,coreid4--,this family contains a great number of plant-feeding native and exotic species1 varying considerably in shape and structure4 ,the majority of ,european species are1 however1 of small size in comparison to those found in tropical parts of the world4 ,the insects of this family are rarely adorned with bright colours1 different shades of brown being the prevailing tints1 although a few of them are gaily adorned4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,trigonosoma ,desfontainei4 ,in their general habits they much resemble the ,shield ,bugs4 ,two ,british species are ,syromastes marginatus and ,verlusia rhombea4 ,family #c1 ,lygid4--,the members of this family are1 on the whole1 much smaller than the ,coreid1 some of the smallest forms of which many of them resemble4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,cantao ,oceliatus 7,mag47 ,these insects are generally of a red colour1 with black bands and spots4 ,several species are very injurious to cultivated plants4 ,one of the most destructive of all is ,blissus leucopterus1 a black insect with white fore wings1 each of which is marked with a large black triangular spot on the outer edge4 ,it measures about an eighth of an inch in length4 ,the young larva is red4 ,in the ,united ,states this insect1 which abounds to a considerable extent1 is called the ,chinch ,bug4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,menenotus ,lunatus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4--;,copius ,intermedius4 ,family #d1 ,pyrrhocorid4--,this family of bugs abounds in all parts of the world1 and in ,europe and ,britain is undoubtedly the most numerously represented of all the families of bugs4 ,a very common species in this country found on nettles is ,phytocoris tripustulatus1 which is about one-sixth of an inch in length1 and generally yellowish in colour4 ,family #e1 ,capsid4--,this family contains a great number of small species of variegated colours1 which feed exclusively on the sap of plants or the juice of fruits4 ,a rather small species 7,capsus ater7 is common upon herbage4 ,the male is entirely black2 in the female the head and thorax are reddish4 ,the genus ,miris and its allies include elongated species1 which are found chiefly in grassy places4 ,family #f1 ,tingidid4--,the species of this family differ considerably among themselves in size1 structure1 and habits2 and although the majority of them are carnivorous1 others1 especially among the smaller species1 are herbivorous4 ,one species 7,tingis pyri71 found in our own country1 is sometimes very injurious to pear trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,tingis ,pyri 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,cimex ,lectularius 7,mag47 ,family #g1 ,cimicid4--,the type of this family is the common ,bed ,bug 7,acanthia lectularia71 which is only too well known to most people4 ,although treated as a ,british insect1 it does not always appear to have been an inhabitant of these islands1 but to have made its way here about the beginning of the sixteenth century4 ,three other ,british species have been described as inhabiting the dwelling-places of certain animals and sucking their blood4 ,a4 columbaria attacks pigeons4 ,a4 hirundinis is found in swallows' nests1 and ,a4 pipistrelli feeds on bats4 ,family #h1 ,reduviid4--,all the insects of this family are predaceous in their habits1 and are exceedingly numerous in tropical climates4 ,the largest ,british species is ,reduvius personatus1 an insect about three-quarters of an inch long1 of a blackish-brown colour with reddish legs4 ,it is well furnished with wings1 and flies especially in warm summer evenings1 when it frequently enters houses1 being attracted by the lights4 ,this insect is said to be a great enemy to the bed bug4 ,some of the foreign species of ,reduviid are most formidable insects1 such as the great black ,conorrhinus renggeri of ,chili1 which often attacks travellers when camping out4 ,family #i1 ,emesid4--,most of these insects are carnivorous in their habits4 ,the best known species of this family is probably ,plaria vagabunda1 a brown1 delicately-formed insect1 which inhabits trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,acanthaspis ,sexguttata4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,hydrocores ,,or ,,water ,,bugs4 ,all the insects belonging to this tribe are either water insects1 or found only in the immediate neighbourhood of water4 ,it contains the remaining families of the ,heteroptera1 six in number4 ,family #aj1 ,saldid4--,the majority of species belonging to this family are small1 dull-coloured insects1 always found in the neighbourhood1 though they are not strictly aquatic4 ,family #aa1 ,hydrometrid4--,the habits of most of these insects are herbivorous1 and they are all found near water4 ,hydrometra stagnorum is a black or brown insect1 more or less tinged with reddish1 and about half an inch long4 ,it is found running on the surface of water1 or else on the banks or among water plants1 but is not so active as some of the other species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4--;,halobates ,pictus 7,mag47 ,family #ab1 ,gerrid4--,this family includes some very familiar insects1 which may be seen running over the surface of every piece of water4 ,these insects1 of which several species are abundant in ,britain1 have boat-shaped bodies4 ,the typical form is ,gerris lacustris1 which may be met with almost anywhere4 ,they are predaceous in their habits1 feeding upon other insects4 ,some nearly allied1 but mostly very small species1 with legs even longer in proportion than those of our common forms1 are met with at sea within the tropics1 and often at a great distance from land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,galgulus ,oculatus 7,mag47 ,family #ac1 ,galgulid4--,this family only includes a few ,american species1 which are generally brown spotted with yellow4 ,galgulus oculatus inhabits the southern part of the ,united ,states1 and measures about two-fifths of an inch in length4 ,family #ad1 ,nepid4--,the species of this family are not very numerous1 but are of considerable interest4 ,they are of large size1 and very fierce and voracious4 ,the genus ,betostoma1 found in the ,east ,indies and ,america1 includes the largest species of ,heteroptera1 some of which measure four and a half inches in length1 and nearly six inches in expanse of the wing4 ,their food consists of small fish1 frogs1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,nepa ,cinerea4 ,the best-known species in our own country is the ,water ,scorpion 7,nepa cinerea71 which has the power of inflicting a very painful wound if handled4 ,it measures about an inch in length4 ,in colour it is yellowish-grey1 the back of the abdomen being red1 and its large front legs1 which somewhat resemble the claws of a scorpion1 have given rise to the name by which it is popularly known4 ,it is very common in stagnant water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--,notonecta ,glauca4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,metacanthus ,punctipe 7,mag47 ,family #ae1 ,notonectid4--,these insects are commonly known as ,water ,boatmen1 from their habit of rowing themselves about on their backs with their long hind legs4 ,they are carnivorous1 feeding on small insects and other fry4 ,the most typical ,british species is ,notonecta glauca1 a yellowish insect about half an inch long4 ,it is a most predaceous insect1 and can bite severely4 ,another common species inhabiting our own country is ,coriax ,geoffroyi1 which is nearly half an inch long4 ,the ,notonectid are all very powerful and active creatures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,corisa ,striata4 ,,sub-,,order ,,ii4--,,homoptera4 ,this extensive sub-order includes the ,cicadas1 ,lantern ,flies1 ,plant ,lice1 ,scale ,insects1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,fulogra ,horsfieldi4 ,as already pointed out1 the most striking general character of this group consists in the uniform texture of the forewings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,cixius ,cunicularius 7,mag47 ,there are eleven families included in the ,homoptera1 all the species belonging to which feed upon vegetable juices4 ,family #a1 ,cicadid4--,these insects are mostly inhabitants of warm climates1 and our only ,british representative of the family 7,c4 anglica7 is one of the smaller species1 the wings only expanding about an inch and a quarter4 ,four or five hundred species1 however1 are known to inhabit the world1 and some of them attain to considerable dimensions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,delphax ,longipennis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,derbe ,strigipennis 7,mag47 ,they generally live upon trees and shrubs1 and obtain their nourishment by piercing the tissues and sucking out the juices of their young tender shoots4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,issus ,coleoptratus4 ,the ,cicadas are improperly called ,locusts both in ,america and ,australia1 on account of the chirping noise which they perpetually keep up in the woods1 both day and night4 ,family #b1 ,fuglorid4--,this family includes the ,lantern ,flies and ,candle ,flies1 which are remarkable for their large size1 bright colours1 and strange forms4 ,they are almost all exotic insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,tettigometra ,virescens 7,mag47 ,the largest species is found in ,south ,america1 and is called the ,great ,lantern ,fly 7,fulgora laternaria71 measuring nearly three inches in length1 and over four inches in expanse of the wings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,pciloptera ,phalnoides 7,mag47 ,the ,chinese ,lantern ,fly 7,fulgora candelaria7 has a red body1 the fore wings being greenish with yellow spots1 the hind wings orange colour with black tips4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,membracis ,foliata 7,mag47 ,cixius nervosus is found in the ,british ,isles1 chiefly on alders4 ,it measures about a quarter of an inch in length1 and in colour is black with yellow legs1 and transparent wings dotted with brown4 ,family #c1 ,membracid4--,this family is chiefly remarkable for the fantastic shapes assumed by the prothorax4 ,most of the species are inhabitants of ,america1 where they occur in wonderful abundance and variety4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,smilia ,fasciata 7,mag47 ,a common species1 ,centrotus cornutus1 is found in the ,british ,isles and over the greater part of ,europe4 ,it is rather over a quarter of an inch long1 black1 with a pair of upright horns on the prothorax4 ,another common ,european and ,british species 7,gargara genist7 is smaller than the preceding1 and has no horns on the prothorax4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--;da ,inflata 7,mag47 ,family #d1 ,cercopid4--,the ,froghoppers and ,cuckoo-spits belong to this family4 ,they are chiefly small insects found among grass and bushes in the summer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--,physoplia ,nigrata 7,mag47 ,a very common species in this country is the common ,cuckoo-spit 7,aphrophora spumaria71 which is about a quarter of an inch in length1 and of a yellowish-grey colour4 ,this insect can make a prodigious leap in proportion to its size4 ,it is said to sometimes spring to a distance of two yards4 ,its yellow larv may often be seen on grass and low plants enveloped in a mass of froth1 which has given rise to the name of ,cuckoo-spit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--;,hypsauchenia ,westwoodii 7,mag47 ,family #e1 ,tettigonid4--,these insects are exceedingly numerous1 and are often remarkably elegant in form4 ,they are mostly inhabitants of ,america1 where some three or four hundred species have been described1 but in ,england we have an exceedingly pretty species 7,tettigonia viridis71 which is common in damp meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,heteronotus ,vulneratus 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,jassus ,atomarius 7,mag47 ,family #f1 ,ledrid4--,many of the insects belonging to this family resemble beetles somewhat in appearance4 ,ledra aurita1 which may be considered the type of the family1 is a greenish insect1 about three-quarters of an inch in length1 and found on oak trees4 ,family #g1 ,jassid4--,this family contains a considerable number of small insects1 some of them of great beauty and elegant in appearance4 ,the typical genus is ,jassus4 ,family #h1 ,psyllid4--,this is the first family of the so-called ,plant ,lice or ,blight4 ,they resemble the ,froghoppers in their habits of jumping4 ,most of them are small insects1 and they subsist on the sap of plants1 to which they are sometimes injurious4 ,a few species produce galls4 ,livia pyri is a reddish insect1 abundant on pear trees4 ,other common species are found on the alder1 ash1 oak1 and nettle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,bythoscopus ,venosus 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,livia ,juncorum 7,mag47 ,family #i1 ,aphid4--,the ,aphid1 or ,plant ,lice1 ,blight1 and ,green ,fly1 as they are variously called1 are amongst the most destructive of insects4 ,they are small and feeble creatures1 but make up for their individual insignificance by their immense numbers4 ,they sometimes exist in countless millions1 completely smothering the plants upon which they feed4 ,migratory habits seem to be strongly developed among the ,aphid1 hence it is we are so suddenly visited by such enormous quantities of the insects during hot weather in the summer time4 ,in colour the ,aphides are generally green1 brown1 and black1 according to the species4 ,different kinds live on different plants and trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4--;,darnis ,limacodes 7,mag47 ,the ,hop ,aphis 7,aphis humuli7 lives upon the hop1 and its abundance or scarcity is a most important matter to the hop-growers in this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,tricophora ,sanguinolenta 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,aphis ,tili 7,mag47 ,one of the most destructive insects of the whole family is the ,vine ,aphis 7,phylloxera vastatrix71 which has committed terrible ravages at various times in most of the vine-growing districts on the ,continent4 ,the ,aphides have the habit of discharging a sweet sticky substance called honeydew1 of which ants are very fond4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,lachnus ,quescus 7,mag47 ,the reproduction of the ,aphid constitutes one of the most interesting chapters in the history of the animal kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,aleyrodes ,proletella 7,mag47 ,family #aj1 ,aleyrodid4--,many of the insects of this family resemble moths in appearance4 ,indeed1 the typical species1 ,aleyrodes proletella1 a very small reddish insect1 was formerly considered to be a moth by the older writers on entomology4 ,family #aa1 ,coccid4--,this family contains the ,cochineal ,insects1 the ,scale ,insects1 and their allies4 ,the ,coccid1 or ,scale ,insects1 are sometimes very injurious to cultivated plants1 but they are also useful1 producing cochineal1 shellac1 manna1 and other substances of considerable importance4 ,the ,cochineal ,insect 7,coccus cacti7 is a native of ,mexico1 and furnishes us with the most valuable and durable red dye that we possess1 and the ,lac ,insect 7,coccus lacca71 an ,east ,indian insect1 produces the well-known lac-dye4 ,the common ,scale ,insect 7,coccus adonidum7 is well known in hothouses and conservatories in our own country1 though it is not indigenous1 having been imported from abroad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,coccus ,cacti 7,mag47 ,,sub-,,order ,,iii4--,,anoplura4 ,this sub-order contains only one family1 which is considered to be the last and lowest group of the ,hemiptera1 of which it may be regarded as a very degenerate form4 ,the insects have no wings1 and live upon the blood of other animals4 ,family #a1 ,pediculid4--,the ,lice are a very extensive family1 but at present not very well known4 ,almost every mammal has a louse peculiar to itself4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,pediculus ,capitis 7,mag47 ,three species infest man4 ,the ,head ,louse 7,pediculus capitis71 found on the head1 especially in children4 ,the ,body ,louse 7,pediculus vestimenti71 found in the clothes2 and the ,crab ,louse 7,phthirius inquinalis71 a broader and shorter insect1 found in the hair on the face and body of uncleanly persons4 ,the lice infesting different races of men differ in colour--thus1 those found on niggers are black2 and those on ,europeans are whitish4 ,other species of lice infest the dog1 cat1 pig1 mouse1 elephant1 monkey1 etc4 ,the ,pediculid undergo no metamorphoses4 ,,order ,,diptera4 ,,including ,,the ,,gnats1 ,,midges1 ,,crane ,,flies1 ,,hawk ,,flies1 ,,bee ,,flies1 ,,breeze ,,flies1 ,,bot ,,flies1 ,,and ,,their ,,allies4 ,the ,diptera1 or two-winged flies1 are among the most numerous orders of insects1 but they have been so little studied hitherto that we have but a very imperfect knowledge of them1 especially as regards the tropical species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,midas ,giganteus4 ,the number recorded in the ,british ,isles is about #c1jjj1 that of the whole world probably exceeds #cj1jjj1 and it is certain that this number will be increased immensely as time goes on4 ,the ,diptera may be defined as insects with a sucking mouth 7,haustellate71 and with only two wings1 which are membranous1 while the hind wings are represented only by a pair of small knotted organs1 called halteres4 ,their metamorphoses are complete4 ,the larv are footless grubs1 generally with a soft body1 but sometimes leathery or even nearly horny4 ,many of them possess a distinctly marked head1 which may contain ocelli1 but in the majority the head appears as if it were simply one of the neighbouring segments4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,craspedia ,coriaria4 ,their food generally consists of decayed animal and vegetable matter1 and thus they are very useful as scavengers1 particularly in hot climates4 ,the larv frequently live in the substance upon which they feed1 while others reside in water1 and many are parasitic4 ,for the classification of the ,diptera we owe much to that eminent entomologist1 ,osten-,sacken1 whose arrangement has been here generally adopted4 ,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,families ,,of ,,the ,,diptera4 ,,tribe ,i4--,,nemocera4 ,family #a4 ,cecidomyiid or ,wheat ,midges4 ,family #b4 ,mycetophilid or ,army ,worms4 ,family #c4 ,simuliid or ,sand ,flies4 ,family #d4 ,bibionid or ,garden ,flies4 ,family #e4 ,blepharicerid or ,blood ,flies4 ,family #f4 ,culicid or ,gnats4 ,family #g4 ,chironomid or ,midges4 ,family #h4 ,orphnephilid or ,bread ,flies4 ,family #i4 ,psychodid or ,fungus ,midges4 ,family #aj4 ,tipulid or ,crane ,flies4 ,family #aa4 ,dixid or ,wood ,gnats4 ,family #ab4 ,rhyphid or ,dung ,midges4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,brachycera4 ,family #ac4 ,xylophagid or ,tree ,flies4 ,family #ad4 ,cnomyiid or ,poplar ,flies4 ,family #ae4 ,stratiomyiid or ,manure ,flies4 ,family #af4 ,acanthomerid or ,pomade ,flies4 ,family #ag4 ,tabanid or ,breeze ,flies4 ,family #ah4 ,leptid or ,fox ,flies4 ,family #ai4 ,asilid or ,hawk ,flies4 ,family #bj4 ,midaid or ,wolf ,flies4 ,family #ba4 ,nemestrinid or ,flower ,flies4 ,family #bb4 ,bombyliid or ,bee ,flies4 ,family #bc4 ,therevid or ,hairy ,flies4 ,family #bd4 ,scenopinid or ,window ,flies4 ,family #be4 ,acrocerid or ,sloth ,flies4 ,family #bf4 ,empid or ,little ,hawk ,flies4 ,family #bg4 ,dolichopodid or ,fairy ,flies4 ,family #bh4 ,lonchopterid or ,water ,flies4 ,family #bi4 ,syrphid or ,dart ,flies4 ,family #cj4 ,conopid or ,wasp ,flies4 ,family #ca4 ,pipunculid or ,hedge ,flies4 ,family #cb4 ,platypezid or ,fungus ,flies4 ,family #cc4 strid or ,bat ,flies4 ,family #cd4 ,muscid or ,meat ,flies4 ,section #a4--;,calypter4 ,sub-family #a4 ,tachinin or ,parasitic ,flies4 ,sub-family #b4 ,descin or ,rainbow ,flies4 ,sub-family #c4 ,sarcophagin or ,screw ,worms4 ,sub-family #d4 ,muscin or ,blow ,flies4 ,sub-family #e4 ,antromyiin or ,summer ,flies4 ,section #b4--;,acalypter4 ,sub-family #f4 ,scatophagin or ,dung ,flies4 ,sub-family #g4 ,ortalin or ,wood ,flies4 ,sub-family #h4 ,trypetin or ,fruit ,flies4 ,sub-family #i4 ,piophilin or ,cheese ,flies4 ,sub-family #aj4 ,diopsin or ,horn ,flies4 ,sub-family #aa4 ,chloropin or ,corn ,flies4 ,sub-family #ab4 ,drosophilin or ,mould ,flies4 ,sub-family #ac4 ,agromyzin or ,holly ,flies4 ,family #ce4 ,phorid or ,plant ,flies4 ,,tribe ,,iii4 ,,homaloptera4 ,family #cf4 ,hoppoboscid or ,forest ,flies4 ,family #cg4 ,nycteribid or ,bat ,lice4 ,family #ch4 ,braulid or ,bee ,lice4 ,,tribe ,,iv4 ,,aphaniptera4 ,family #ci4 ,pulicid or ,fleas4 ,the number of families comprised in the ,diptera is so great that space will only permit us to deal very briefly with each4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,epidosis ,leucopeza 7,mag47 ,,tribe ,i4--,,nemocera4 ,this tribe contains many well-known insects--namely1 the ,midges1 ,gnats1 ,daddy-longlegs1 etc41 which are divided into twelve families4 ,family #a1 ,cecidomyiid4--,these are small delicate species1 generally clothed with long hair4 ,they are all vegetable feeders1 some of them being very destructive to crops4 ,the ,hessian ,fly 7,cecidomyia destructor7 is probably one of the best-known species1 on account of the terrible mischief which it has caused in various countries1 and particularly in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,ormerod1 the well-known economic entomologist1 has recently written a great deal concerning this insect1 with the view to preventing its increase in our own country4 ,the ,wheat ,midge 7,diplosis tritici7 is another very mischievous species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,mycetophila ,distigma 7,mag47 ,family #b1 ,mycetophilid4--,these are generally small species4 ,they are all vegetable feeders4 ,the larv live gregariously in fungi1 rotten wood1 bark1 etc4 ,the ,army ,worms 7,sciara7 of ,america1 which belong to this family1 sometimes congregate in enormous numbers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,macrocera ,lutea 7,mag47 ,the flies are remarkable for their remarkable powers of leaping4 ,family #c1 ,simuliid4--,this family includes only one genus1 ,simulium4 ,it is1 however1 widely distributed1 and some of the species1 which are popularly called ,sand ,flies1 are exceedingly annoying in hot climates4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,simulium ,ornatum 7,mag47 ,family #d1 ,bibionid4--,several species belonging to this group are very familiar insects4 ,among them is the ,st4 ,mark's ,fly 7,bibio ,marci71 which is black1 with transparent wings in the male and brownish in the female4 ,these flies appear in the spring1 and their larv live in dung or damp earth4 ,many of the species are popularly called garden flies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,bibio ,hortulanus 7,mag47 ,family #e1 ,blepharicerid4--,these flies have long legs1 the antenn are usually long and slender1 and the wings broad and long4 ,the type of this family is ,blepharicera fasciata1 the female of which is a very blood-thirsty creature4 ,it is a dark brown fly1 with transparent wings and yellow legs1 and it measures about one-third of an inch in length4 ,it is1 however1 by no means abundant4 ,family #f1 ,culicid4--,the ,culicid1 or ,gnats1 are a very extensive family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,culex ,pipiens 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,chironomus ,plumosus 7,mag47 ,the larv are nearly all aquatic4 ,they are generally small1 dull-coloured insects1 and are often called ,mosquitoes in the country4 ,these insects frequently cause much annoyance during the summer months to persons engaged in out-door occupations4 ,they are particularly abundant in damp meadows1 in the vicinity of water1 and also in hay-fields1 where the face and hands of the mowers are sometimes blistered to much pain by the suckers of the little creatures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,ceratopogon ,femoratus 7,mag47 ,one of the most troublesome species is probably the ,house ,gnat 7,culex ciliaris71 which1 thirsting for its evening meal1 often enters our apartments1 sounding its approach by a tolerably loud humming4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,trichocera ,fuscata 7,mag47 ,culex annulatus is a little larger1 and is said to produce a greater amount of irritation by its bite4 ,family #g1 ,chironomid4--,these insects are small delicate insects1 much resembling gnats in appearance1 and are popularly called ,midges4 ,the larv of most of the species are aquatic4 ,the larva of ,chironomus plumosus1 which is common in stagnant water1 is called the blood worm from its bright red colour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,tipula ,gigantea4 ,family #h1 ,orphnephilid4--,most of the species belonging to this family are of small size4 ,the typical species is ,orphnephelia testacea1 measuring scarcely one-tenth of an inch in length1 and is sometimes found in bakehouses4 ,it is of a rusty-yellow colour4 ,family #i1 ,psychodid4--,this is a small family consisting of minute brown or yellowish species remarkable for their resemblance to moths4 ,they mostly feed on fungi and decayed vegetable substances4 ,the species of ,phlebotomus are troublesome blood-suckers in the south of ,europe4 ,family #aj1 ,tipulid4--,the insects belonging to this group are popularly known as ,crane ,flies and ,daddy-longlegs4 ,they are very abundant4 ,the commonest species1 ,tipula oleracea1 is a grey species with transparent wings1 and exceedingly destructive to corn1 roots of grass1 etc41 and no effectual remedy has hitherto been discovered for preventing their attacks4 ,the familiar ,winter ,gnat 7,trichocera hiemalis7 belongs to this family4 ,it may often be seen1 even during the dreary months of ,december and ,january1 dancing to and fro under the shelter of some hedge or wall4 ,in frosty weather it conceals itself beneath the bark of trees1 under leaves1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,erioptera ,grisea 7,mag47 ,family #aa1 ,dixid4--,this family of gnats frequents damp places in woods1 and are therefore designated ,wood ,gnats4 ,they may occasionally be seen during the summer time in immense swarms4 ,the species of ,dixa are reddish1 yellow1 or black insects generally of small size4 ,family #ab1 ,rhyphid4--,the larv of most of these insects feed upon decayed vegetable matter4 ,the species of ,rhyphus may often be found resting on leaves in damp situations1 they may also be seen on windows1 and occasionally dancing in the air4 ,they are generally brown1 yellow1 or grey insects of small size4 ,,tribe ,,ii4--,,brachycera4 ,these insects are generally of much larger size1 and more robust in appearance than those contained in the previous tribe4 ,they are divided into twenty-two families4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,stratiomys ,chameleon4 ,family #ac1 ,xylophagid4--,the ,xylophagid are thick-looking insects4 ,the head is as broad as the thorax4 ,the legs1 which are long and slender1 are quite naked4 ,the larv live in rotten wood1 and the flies may often be seen at rest on the trunks of trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,sargus ,cuprarius 7,mag47 ,family #ad1 ,cnomyiid4--,in this family the head is narrower than the thorax2 otherwise they closely resemble the previous family4 ,the typical ,european species is ,cnomyia ferruginea1 which measures about three-quarters of an inch in length1 and in colour varies from rusty-yellow to black4 ,the larv feed inside the trunks of rotten poplars4 ,family #ae1 ,stratiomyiid4--,these are rather slender flies1 varying from half to one inch in length4 ,they are usually found resting on low plants4 ,many species frequent cow-dung and manure1 etc4 ,several kinds exhibit a metallic coloration1 others are black1 often more or less varied with white or yellow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4--;,chrysops ,ccutriens 7,mag47 ,family #af1 ,acanthomerid4--,the ,acanthomerid are met with principally in ,america4 ,the typical species1 ,acanthomera picta1 is found in ,brazil1 and measures more than an inch in length4 ,it used formerly to be largely used in the manufacture of pomade4 ,family #ag1 ,tabanid4--,the ,tabanid are broad-looking insects4 ,the larv usually live in damp earth4 ,the females of these species live on the blood of animals4 ,the best-known species is the ,gad ,fly 7,tabanus bovinus71 which measures more than an inch in length1 and is particularly troublesome to cattle in hot weather4 ,it is blackish above1 and reddish beneath and on the sides of the abdomen4 ,the ,clegg ,fly 7,hmatopota pluvialis7 also belongs to this family4 ,it is a dingy-looking insect with mottled-grey wings1 and is sometimes very abundant in damp meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,hmatopota ,pluvialis 7,mag47 ,many other species of ,tabanid1 popularly called ,breeze ,flies1 are plentiful in this country4 ,family #ah1 ,leptid4--,these insects are mostly predatory1 though many small species are parasitic on animals and other insects4 ,the larva of ,vermilio degeerii lives in sand1 and feeds on such insects as fall in its way4 ,those of the genus ,leptis are parasitic on cockchafers and other large beetles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,vermilio ,degeerii 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,chrysopila ,atrata 7,mag47 ,family #ai1 ,asilid4--,the ,asilid or ,hawk ,flies are a family of considerable extent1 and include many very large and conspicuous insects4 ,they feed on other insects1 and are very courageous1 sometimes attacking even dragon flies4 ,one of the most common species is ,asilus crabroniformis1 which is common in the south of ,england4 ,family #bj1 ,midaid4--,these are large insects resembling the ,asilid in their habits1 and are nearly all tropical4 ,a few species1 however1 inhabit the south of ,europe4 ,midas giganteus is found in ,brazil and adjacent countries in tropical ,america4 ,it measures about one inch and a half in length4 ,family #ba1 ,nemestrinid4--,these insects are chiefly inhabitants of tropical climates like the preceding family4 ,they are generally of a black colour1 sometimes with red legs4 ,they suck the nectar of flowers through a long proboscis1 but nothing is yet known of their transformations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,xylophagus ,ater 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,ceria ,conopsoides 7,mag47 ,family #bb1 ,bombyliid4--,the ,bee ,flies belong to this family4 ,they are small or middle-sized insects1 densely clothed with hairs4 ,they are exceedingly active insects with long tongues1 with which they suck honey from flowers4 ,their larv are often parasitic in their earlier stages on other insects4 ,they are very useful in ,north ,america by keeping down the number of locusts1 in the egg capsules of which the larv feed4 ,two species1 ,bombyliis major and ,b4 medius1 are common in this country1 and may often be seen in gardens and open spaces in woods during the spring and summer months4 ,family #bc1 ,therevid4--,this family is a very numerous one1 especially those of the typical genus ,thereva4 ,they are slender1 middle-sized black insects1 and their bodies are generally covered with hair4 ,they are generally found in the neighbourhood of bushes and trees4 ,family #bd1 ,scenopinid4--,the ,scenopinid include a few minute1 black flies1 not exceeding a quarter of an inch in length4 ,they are not very common1 but are sometimes found about windows4 ,family #be1 ,scrocerid4--,this family also contains small species of flies1 but their metamorphoses are at present unknown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,medeterus ,nolatus 7,mag47 ,they are usually to be found resting easily on dry branches of trees1 but are generally rare4 ,family #bf1 ,empidid4--,the insects of this group are very similar to the ,asilid in their carnivorous propensities1 but the species are usually of a much smaller size4 ,empis livida is a common yellowish species measuring about one-third of an inch in length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,dolichopus ,regalis 7,mag47 ,family #bg1 ,dolichopodid4--,this family is a very extensive one1 including a considerable number of genera and species4 ,they are usually small flies often of brilliant metallic colouring4 ,they may be found generally in the neighbourhood of water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,scenopinus ,fenestralis 7,mag47 ,family #bh1 ,lonchopterid4--,the species of ,lonchopterid are small yellowish-brown or greenish flies with lanceolate wings4 ,they frequent the banks of shady streams1 and are often found resting on wet stones4 ,family #bi1 ,syrphid4--,the majority of flies belonging to this family are of a moderate size1 and possessed of brilliant colours4 ,with the exception of the enormous family ,muscid1 they are one of the largest families of the ,diptera4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4--,syrphus ,ribesii 7,mag47 ,most of the species may be recognised at once by their peculiar mode of flight1 for they hover motionless in the air1 and if alarmed dart off with a rapid motion which the eye cannot follow4 ,milesia ,crabroniformis is a very large species common in the south of ,europe4 ,about thirty species are found in the ,british ,isles4 ,of these ,syrphus pyrastri is perhaps the best-known example4 ,it is a very wasp-like creature1 and is1 indeed1 mistaken by many people for a wasp4 ,it is a very useful insect1 feeding largely on aphides and plant lice1 and should therefore be encouraged by every horticulturist4 ,family #cj1 ,conopid4--,the larv of most of these insects are parasitic on ,orthoptera and ,hymenoptera4 ,many species have a resemblance to wasps in appearance1 being striped with yellow and black4 ,the typical genus1 ,conops1 are slender flies measuring half an inch in length4 ,family #ca1 ,pipunculid4--,these are black or brown insects4 ,the head is large and round1 generally broader than the thorax4 ,the larv are mostly parasitic on other insects4 ,the flies may often be seen in great swarms in shady places in the vicinity of hedges1 in lanes1 etc4 ,family #cb1 ,platypezid4--,this family contains many beautiful flies4 ,great numbers of them are marked with orange and silver and black4 ,the larv inhabit fungi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,eristalis ,simili 7,mag47 ,family #cc1 strid4--,the ,bot ,flies are well known on account of the annoyance they cause to cattle4 ,they lay their eggs upon the hides of the animals1 and the larv1 when hatched1 make their way under the skin1 and there take up their abode1 living on the juices of their unfortunate host4 ,it is estimated that the loss occasioned by these troublesome pests amounts to millions of pounds in the ,british ,isles alone4 ,the best-known species is probably strus bovis1 which infests the ox4 ,the cattle are so well aware of the danger attending the presence of this insect1 that as soon as it appears near them1 the whole herd exhibits the most unmistakable signs of terror1 rushing about their pasture with their tails in the air1 and in case of need taking refuge in water1 where the fly will not follow them4 ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,ormerod has recently paid much attention to the economy of this insect1 with the view to finding some remedy for its attacks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,nemestrina ,longirostris 7,mag47 ,family #cd1 ,muscid4--,the ,muscid is the most numerous family1 of the ,diptera and it includes many familiar insects4 ,it is divided into two sections1 containing thirteen sub-families4 ,the first section1 ,calypter1 contains five sub-families4 ,the ,tachinin are parasitic in the larval stage on ,lepidoptera4 ,the largest of the ,muscid found in ,europe is ,echinomyria grossa1 which measures about three-quarters of an inch in length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,volucella ,zonaria4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,conops ,flavipes 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,myopa ,ferruginea 7,mag47 ,many species of the ,dexin are of the most metallic-green or blue4 ,they are principally found in ,australia4 ,the ,flesh ,fly 7,sarcophaga carnaria7 belongs to the ,sarcophagin and is one of our largest species4 ,the larv of some species are called ,screw ,worms in ,america4 ,the fourth sub-family1 the ,muscin1 contains the most typical species of the ,diptera or two-winged flies4 ,the common ,house ,fly 7,musca domestica7 is the most familiar example4 ,several blue-and-green flies are produced from larv which feed on more or less putrid flesh1 and are well known to anglers as ,gentles4 ,the ,blow ,fly or ,blue ,bottle 7,musca vomitoria7 is one of these1 also the ,green ,bottle ,fly 7,lucilia ,csar7 which is often common about hedges in the summer time4 ,many species belong to the sub-family ,anthomyiin1 are very small insects1 and their larv mine in the leaves of plants like those of ,tine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,platypeza ,fasciata 7,mag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,gastrophilus ,equi 7,mag47 ,section #b1 namely ,acalypter1 contains eight sub-families4 ,the species of ,scalophagin are usually called ,dung-flies4 ,the commonest species1 the ,yellow ,dung ,fly 7,scatophaga stercoraria71 feeds largely on manure and other refuse4 ,the ,ortalin are flies of small or moderate size1 which are met with principally in woods and fields4 ,the ,trypetin feed chiefly on fruit4 ,one species1 ,ceratitis hispanica1 is very destructive to oranges in the south of ,europe1 etc4 ,of the ,piophilin1 ,piophila casei may be taken as the typical example4 ,the larv which abound in cheese and bacon are popularly called ,cheese ,hoppers1 or ,jumpers1 in allusion to their habit of springing4 ,the ,diopsin are principally met with in the tropical parts of the world4 ,they are generally insects of moderate size4 ,most of the species of ,chloropin are of small size4 ,their larv generally live in the stems of corn and various kinds of grasses4 ,the ,drosophilin are small1 dull-coloured flies1 the larv of which feed on fungi1 rotten fruit1 and similar substances4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,hypoderma ,bovis 7,mag47 ,the last sub-family1 namely1 the ,agromyzin1 is very extensive4 ,one of the commonest species is ,phytomyza ilicis1 the larva of which forms large brown blotches on the leaves of the holly4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aec4--;,diopsis ,subfasciata 7,mag47 ,family #ce1 ,phorid4--,the insects belonging to this family are generally of small or moderate size4 ,they are very active1 and may be observed on plants1 and also sometimes sunning themselves on windows4 ,,tribe ,,iii4--,,homaloptera4 ,the insects belonging to this section much resemble spiders in appearance4 ,they are all parasitic1 and are remarkable for the perfect insect producing its young singly1 and that not in the egg state1 as in most insects1 but either in the pupa state1 or as a mature larva ready to become a pupa immediately4 ,this tribe contains only three families4 ,family #cf1 ,hippoboscid4--,the most familiar insects comprised in this family are known as ,forest ,flies4 ,the common ,forest ,fly 7,hippobosca equina7 is a brown species about one-third of an inch in length1 and exceedingly annoying to horses1 particularly in the ,new ,forest4 ,the ,sheep ,tick 7,melophagus ovinus7 is another well-known example4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,oscinis ,cornuta 7,mag47 ,family #cg1 ,nycteribid4--,these insects are all parasitic on bats1 and are commonly known as ,bat ,lice4 ,they are wingless1 but have a pair of halteres placed upon the dorsal surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,phora ,camariana 7,mag47 ,family #ch1 ,braulid4--,this family includes only a single species1 which is parasitic upon the honey bee4 ,its name is ,braula cca1 and it is an exceedingly minute creature4 ,,tribe ,,iv4--,,aphaniptera4 ,the tribe ,aphaniptera was formerly considered to be a separate order1 but it is now generally included among the ,diptera on account of the similarity in the transformations besides other considerations4 ,there is only one family4 ,family #ci1 ,pulicid4--,to this family belongs the numerous species of fleas which infest different kinds of animals4 ,the ,human ,flea 7,pulex irritans7 is familiar to every one4 ,it gets its living by sucking our blood1 and is of great annoyance1 particularly in hot weather4 ,the blisters which it raises on various parts of the body are exceedingly irritating4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,pulex ,irritans 7,mag47 ,the ,dog ,flea 7,pulex canis7 and the ,cat ,flea 7,pulex felis7 are distinct from the above1 and are chiefly confined to those animals1 although they do not disdain to vary their diet occasionally with human blood4 ,the ,jigger or ,chigoe 7,sarcopsylla penetrans7 is abundant in the ,west ,indies and in ,south ,america4 ,it is sometimes very annoying to travellers1 burrowing deeply under the skin4 ,the body of the female is capable of attaining to the dimensions of a pea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed by ,hazell1 ,watson1 ,viney1 ,ld41 ,london and ,aylesbury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,coins ,,and ,,medals ,bought1 ,sold1 ,valued or ,exchanged4 ,,spink ,,son1 ,,the ,,oldest-,,established ,dealers in ,coins ,medals1 #ag #ah ,,piccadilly1 ,w41 ,,and #a #b ,,gracechurch ,,street1 ,e4,c41 ,,london1 ,beg respectfully to announce that they ,,purchase ,,or ,,value ,,collections ,,or ,,single ,,specimens ,,of ,gold and ,silver ,coins and ,medals1 ,,proofs1 ,,patterns1 ,,etc41 ,,also ,,numismatic ,,books ,,cabinets1 ,,etc41 ,for which they can give the ,highest ,obtainable ,cash ,prices4 ,,spink ,,son1 ,established #aggb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,coins ,medals ,bought1 ,sold1 ,valued or ,exchanged4 ,,spink ,,son1 ,,the ,,oldest-,,established ,,dealers ,,in ,,coins ,,and ,,medals1 #a #b ,,gracechurch ,,street1 ,e4,c41 and #ag #ah ,,piccadilly1 ,w41 ,,london1 ,beg respectfully to announce that they ,,have ,,for ,,sale ,,the ,,following ,,specialities ,,at ,,low ,,prices3-- ,,english ,,gold1 ,,silver1 ,,and ,,copper ,,coins4 ,,fine ,,proofs1 ,,patterns1 ,,etc4 ,,foreign ,,gold1 ,,silver ,,and ,,copper ,,coins4 ,,tokens ,,of ,,every ,,variety ,,in ,,silver ,,and ,,copper4 ,,war ,,medals ,,and ,,decorations4 ,,commemorative ,,medals4 ,,medals ,,in ,,silver ,,and ,,bronze ,,of ,,celebrated ,,men4 ,,medals ,,of ,,public ,,buildings1 ,,etc4 ,,early ,,british ,,coins ,,in ,,gold1 ,,silver ,,and ,,copper4 ,,roman ,,ditto4 ,,greek ,,indian ,,early ,,colonial ,,early ,,american ,,coin ,,cabinets4 ,,medal ,,cabinets4 ,,numismatic ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,best ,,authors4 ,,cheap ,,coins ,,of ,,every ,,description 7,,list ,,free74 ,read ,spink ,son's ,,monthly ,,numismatic ,,circular1 ,sample ,number ,gratis1 and ,post ,free4 ,all ,coins and ,medals guaranteed genuine4 ,,the ,,trade ,,supplied ,,upon ,,liberal ,,terms4 ,,spink ,,son1 ,established #aggb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,published ,,by ,,swan ,,sonnenschein ,,co41 ,,london4 ,aveling 7,dr4 ,e474--,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,botany4 ,with #bga ,illustrations4 #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,geology4 ,fully ,illustrated4 ,castle 7,lewis7--,,flower ,,gardening ,,for ,,amateurs3 in ,town1 ,suburban1 and ,country ,gardens4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,cheap ,edition4 #as4 ,clement 7,dr4 ,e474--,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,geological ,,systems4 ,limp cloth4 #as4 ,harting 7,j4 ,e474--,,our ,,summer ,,migrants3 an ,account of the ,migratory ,birds which pass the ,summer in the ,british ,islands4 ,with #cj ,woodcuts by ,,bewick4 #hvo1 gilt edges4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,hatch 7,dr4 ,f4 ,h474--,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,petrology4 #dc ,cuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,second ,edition4 ,hay 7,w4 de ,lisle7--,,the ,,fungus-,,hunter',s ,,guide4 ,fully ,illustrated and ,interleaved with ,writing-,paper for ,field ,memoranda4 ,limp cloth4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,mayne-,reid 7,capt474--,,the ,,naturalist ,,in ,,siluria4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,montagu 7,colonel7--,,dictionary ,,of ,,british ,,birds4 ,edited by ,,edward ,,newman1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,roberts 7,dr4 ,c474--,,the ,,naturalist',s ,,diary3 a ,day-,book of ,meteorology1 ,phenology1 and ,rural ,biology4 ,with ,coloured ,flower ,chart4 #hvo4 ,limp cloth4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,white 7,gilbert7--,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,and ,,antiquities ,,of ,,selborne4 ,standard ,edition by ,,bennett1 thoroughly revised1 with additional notes1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,,harting1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,engravings by ,,bewick1 ,,harvey1 and others4 #hvo4 ,cloth4 #ds4 net4 ,standard ,authors ,series4 ,presentation ,edition1 cloth extra1 full gilt side and edges4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,wood 7,theodore7--,,the ,,farmer',s ,,friends ,,and ,,foes3 a ,popular ,treatise on the various ,animals which affect ,british ,agriculture beneficially or injuriously4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,young ,collector ,series4 ,each ,volume fully illustrated with practical woodcuts1 and bound in flat cloth1 extra1 #as4 each 7post free1 #as4 #b;d474 ,they contain just the kind and amount of information required4444 ,it is not easy to understand how works like these1 written by men of science in the various departments1 can be made a commercial success4 ,certainly nothing but the enormous circulation which they well deserve can render them so4--,knowledge4 ,we have seen nothing better than this series4 ,it is cheap1 concise1 and practical4--,saturday ,review4 ,we are glad to call attention to this excellent series of handbooks1 which deserve to be widely known4444 ,we are glad to see the staff of the ,british ,museum thus coming forward to make popular the stores of learning which they have4444 ,the illustrations are uniformly good--far better than in many expensive books4--,academy4 ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,wasps ,,and ,,dragon ,,flies4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bath4 ,,birds4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,macpherson1 ,m4,a4 ,,book ,,collecting4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,slater4 ,,butterflies1 ,,moths ,,and ,,beetles4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,kirby1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,chess ,,problems4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,rayner4 ,,copper ,,coins ,,of ,,europe4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,higgins4 ,,coins ,,and ,,tokens 7,,english74 ,,llew4 ,,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with a ,chapter on ,greek ,coins by ,,barclay ,v4 ,,head1 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 ,,colonial ,,coins4 ,d4 ,f4 ,,howorth1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,crustaceans ,,and ,,spiders4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,skuse4 ,,ferns4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,lowe1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,fishes4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,macpherson4 ,,fossils4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,,fungi1 ,,lichens1 c4 ,,peter ,,gray1 ,a4,b4,s4 ,,grasses4 ,w4 ,,hutchinson4 ,,land ,,and ,,fresh-,,water ,,shells4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,williams1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,taylor1 and ,w4 ,,denison ,,roebuck4 ,,mammalia4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,macpherson4 ,,marine ,,shells4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,,mosses4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,,pond-,,life 7,insects74 ,e4 ,a4 ,,butler1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,pond-,,life 7,alg1 ,diatoms1 c474 ,t4 ,s4 ,,smithson4 ,,postage ,,stamps4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,ogilvie4 ,,reptiles4 ,c4 ,,hopley4 ,,seaweeds1 ,,shells1 ,,and ,,fossils4 ,p4 ,,gray1 and ,b4 ,b4 ,,woodward4 ,,silkworms4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,butler1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,telescope1 ,,the4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,,swan ,,sonnenschein ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,young ,collector ,series4 ,each ,volume is very fully illustrated with practical woodcuts1 and bound in flat cloth extra1 #as4 each 7post free1 #as4 #b;d474 ,they contain just the kind and amount of information required4444 ,it is not easy to understand how works like these1 written by men of science in the various departments1 can be made a commercial success4 ,certainly nothing but the enormous circulation which they well deserve can render them so4--,knowledge4 ,we have seen nothing better than this series4 ,it is cheap1 concise1 and practical4--,saturday ,review4 ,we are glad to call attention to this excellent series of handbooks1 which deserve to be widely known4444 ,we are glad to see the staff of the ,british ,museum thus coming forward to make popular the stores of learning which they have4444 ,the illustrations are uniformly good--far better than in many expensive books4--,academy4 ,,butterflies1 ,,moths1 ,,and ,,beetles4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,kirby4 ,,crustaceans ,,and ,,spiders4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,skuse4 ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,dragon ,,flies1 ,,earwigs1 ,,etc4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,bath4 ,,reptiles4 ,by ,,catherine ,,hopley4 ,,mammalia4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,skuse4 ,shortly4 ,,pond-,,life4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,butler1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,silkworms4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,butler1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,mosses4 ,by ,,jas4 ,e4 ,,bagnall1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,,seaweeds1 ,,shells1 ,,and ,,fossils4 ,by ,,peter ,,gray and ,b4 ,b4 ,,woodward4 ,,coins ,,and ,,tokens 7,,english74 ,by ,,llewellynn ,,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,london3 ,,swan ,,sonnenschein ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,the #b pages of advertisements preceding the title page have been moved to the end of this book4 ,the half-title page has been removed4 ,obvious printing mistakes have been corrected4 ,variations in spelling1 hyphenation1 and accents remain as in the original unless noted below4 ,introduction1 ,linnean changed to ,linnan 7,by the ,linnan system74 ,page #aj1 ,hawk flies changed to ,hawk ,flies4 ,page #ae1 ,section #c changed to ,section #b4 ,page #ci1 fulfed changed to fullfed4 ,page #dc1 ,,pseudoneuroptera changed to ,,pseudo-,,neuroptera4 ,page #eb1 reins changed to veins4 ,page #ee1 illustration caption3 ,fig4 #h changed to ,fig4 #fh4 ,page #ie1 ,family #a changed to ,family #ab4 ,page #ajc1 ,fig4 #ade changed to ,fig4 #adf4 ,page #ajf1 ,piophila-casei changed to ,piophila casei4 ,page #ajg1 ,tribe ,,vi changed to ,tribe ,,iv4