,transcrib] ,note ,emphasiz$ text is display$ z ,italic4 ,except 9 tables :]e ! *>act]s & 7 us$1 :ole & fractional numb]s are %[n l3 #cf-a_/h4 ,,! ,,silv]smi?',s ,,h&book ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or1 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,! ,,pres5t ,,volume4 ,n9? ,impression1 price #es4 net1 clo?4 ,,! ,,goldsmi?',s ,,h&book1 ,,conta9+ ,,full ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,alloy+ ,,& ,,work+ ,,( ,,gold4 ,includ+ ! ,art ( ,alloy+1 ,melt+1 ,r$uc+1 ,col\r+1 ,collect+1 & ,ref9+2 ,! ,processes ( ,manipulation1 ,recov]y ( ,wa/e2 ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,gold2 ) a ,new ,sy/em ( ,mix+ its ,alloys1 ,sold]s1 ,enamels1 & o!r ,useful ,rules & ,recipes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 net1 clo?4 ,,! ,,hall-,,m>k+ ,,( ,,jewell]y1 ,,practically ,,consid]$4 ,compris+ an acc\nt ( all ! diff]5t ,assay ,t[ns ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ) ! ,/amps at pres5t employ$2 also ! ,laws relat+ to ! ,/&>ds & ,hall ,m>ks at ! v>i\s ,assay ,(fices2 & a v>iety ( ,practical ,sugge/ions conc]n+ ! ,mix+ ( ,/&>d ,alloys1 & o!r ,useful ,in=mation4 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son1 #g1 ,/ation]s' ,hall ,c\rt1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,! ,,silv]smi?',s ,,h&book ,,conta9+ ,,full ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,alloy+ ,,& ,,work+ ,,( ,,silv] ,,includ+ ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,modes ,,( ,,ref9+ ,,& ,,melt+ ,,! ,,metal2 ,,its ,,sold]s2 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,imitation ,,alloys2 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,manipulation2 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,wa/e2 ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,improv+ ,,& ,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,toge!r ,,) ,,o!r ,,useful ,,in=mation ,,& ,,memor&a ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee ,,goldsmi? ,,& ,,silv]smi? ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,goldsmi?',s ,,h&book1 ,,! ,,hall-,,m>k+ ,,( ,,jewell]y1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,fif? ,edition ,illu/ration ,,london ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,& ,,son #g1 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt1 ,,ludgate ,,hill #aiba ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ?is ,treatise is to supply a want long felt 9 ! ,silv] ,trade1 namely1 a "w ( ref]5ce f :i* workm51 appr5tices1 & manufactur]s1 employ+ ! mat]ial ^u :i* x treats1 may f9d in=mation :i* w be ( assi/ance to !m 9 ! p]=mance ( _! daily duties1 & by :i* _! op]ations may be r5d]$ m successful4 ,! ,au?or 0 l$ to und]take ! pres5t "w f hav+ _h _m opportunities1 dur+ 8 l5g!n$ exp]i5ce 9 ! art ( silv]-work+1 ( obs]v+ ! difficulties & /umbl+-blocks t are con/antly to be met ) 9 ! manifold bran*es ( ?is important trade1 by ^? practically engag$ 9 x1 & also by ^? p]sons :o are desir\s ( acquir+ a ?or\gh k ( ! me*anical & manipulative details belong+ to x4 ,to assi/ 8 object1 num]\s illu/rations h be5 prep>$ = ?is ,treatise1 ) ! view ( r5d]+ ! v>i\s processes ( ! art m readily compreh5sible1 & to save a l5g!n$ or detail$ description ( !m4 ,! diff]5t modes ( alloy+ & melt+ silv]2 its sold]s2 ! prep>ation ( imitation alloys2 me?ods ( work+2 ! prev5tion ( wa/e2 in/ructions = improv+ & f9i%+ ! surface ( ! "w1 toge!r ) o!r useful in=mation & memor&a--all ^! h be5 c>efully collect$ & plac$ 9 ord] 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,! ,au?or has endeav\r$1 ?r\gh\t1 to pres5t ! cont5ts 7:i* he has ) "s little difficulty & lab\r br\ght toge!r7 9 z practical & readable a =m z is compatible ) accuracy & effici5cy4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,gee4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w important *anges h tak5 place 9 ! comm]cial value ( silv]1 its pres5t co/ 9 ! be/ m>kets be+ sixp5ce p] ounce l[] ?an x 0 :5 ?is volume fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahgg4 ,?is depreciation 9 value has1 ( c\rse1 necessitat$ a ?or\gh revision ( ! =m] prices ( ! v>i\s alloys1 sold]s1 & o!r sub/ances m5tion$ ?r\gh\t ! "w2 & ?is has be5 done 9 ord] to r5d] x ! m complete z a "w ( g5]al ref]5ce1 convey+ correct & useful in=mation to ! read]4 ,! ,au?or tru/s t 8 endeav\rs 9 ?is direction w be appreciat$4 #eh1 ,t5by ,/4 ,nor?1 ,birm+ham4 ,febru>y1 #ahhe4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,9 issu+ ! pres5t edition1 a few introductory rem>ks are necess>y to expla9 t num]\s revisions h be5 made 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,vii4 7by means ( ! ,tables ref]r$ to bel[7 reg>d+ ! co/ prices ( ! diff]5t alloys1 sold]s1 etc41 :i* ,i tru/ w increase ! value ( ! book4 ,?r\gh ! repeal ( ! silv] duty 9 ! ye> #ahij1 a great impetus has be5 giv5 to ! ,silv] indu/ry ( ?is c\ntry1 & not)/&+ ! l5g? ( "t t has elaps$ s9ce ?is book 0 fir/ publi%$1 a /eady dem& has cont9u$ = its possession by work]s 9 ! preci\s metal trades--a fact :i* is gratify+ to ! ,au?or1 n only because a repr9t is aga9 call$ =1 b z %[+ t ! "w has held its position1 & may n[ ju/ly claim to be a /&>d au?ority on ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,x has n be5 f\nd necess>y to int]f]e ) ! g5]al processes embodi$ 9 ! book1 z !y are practically ! same z =m]ly2 b z reg>ds ! comm]cial value ( silv]1 !re is aga9 a consid]able depreciation,a to record on ! prices prep>$ = ! second edition 9 #ahhe1 & x becomes imp]ative t ?is depreciation %\ld be dealt ) 9 ?is new edition1 9 ord] to br+ ! "w up to date4 ,a s4 d4 ,9 #ahgg f9e silv] co/ #e #b p] ounce4 #ahhe #d #h #aijf #c #j ,! m>ket price ( silv] has = _m ye>s be5 ( a v v>iable nature1 almo/ ea* day's prices %[+ a diff]5ce1 s t x w\ld be impossible to provide ! read] ) an unv>y+ fix$ price p] ounce4 ,! be/ & mo/ practical ?+ to d "u ! circum/ances1 x seem$1 0 to c>efully revise ! diff]5t co/ prices ( ! alloys & sold]s specifi$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,vii4 & give !m by way ( approximate ,tables1 compil$ = ea* *apt] sep>ately4 ,^! two ,tables foll[ ?is ,preface 7mak+ pp4 ix4 & x47 & w s]ve z a ready ref]5ce = pres5t work]s 9 ! silv] trades4 ,?us1 by br++ ! figures d[n to date1 ! "w may /ill reta9 its reliable "* z a practical guide to ! silv]smi?'s work%op4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,gee4 #eh1 ,t5by ,/4 ,nor?1 ,birm+ham4 ,janu>y1 #aijg4 ,,publi%]s' ,,note ,,to ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,9 ,febru>y #aiba silv] 0 quot$ at #cd-a_/b;d4 to #cf-a_/h;d41 & x is !re=e suffici5t to note t ! prices at t date correspond approximately to ^? curr5t 9 #aijg4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! melt+ ( ,briti% gold & silv] is prohibit$1 z well z _! export4 ,table ( ,revis$ & ,up-to-date ,co/ ,prices ( ! ,diff]5t ,alloys 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,page4 ,no4 & quality ( ,co/ price #ahhe4 ,co/ price #aijg alloy4 & #aiba4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #fa ,old /&>d alloy ,= #d_/d p] oz4 read #b_/i p] oz4 #fb ,new /&>d alloy #d_/f #b_/aj #fd ,no4 #a1 silv] alloy #d_/b #b_/i #fd ,no4 #b1 silv] alloy #c_/i #b_/e #fe ,no4 #c1 silv] alloy #c_/f #b_/c #fe ,no4 #d1 silv] alloy #c_/c #b_/a #ff ,no4 #e1 silv] alloy #c_/b #b_/j #ff ,no4 #f1 silv] alloy #c_/a #b_/- #fg ,no4 #g1 silv] alloy #c_/- #a_/aa #fg ,no4 #h1 silv] alloy #b_/aj #a_/aj #gj ,fr5* co9age alloy #d_/b #b_/i #gj ,fr5* plate alloy #d_/e #b_/aj #gj ,fr5* #jhjj alloy #c_/i #b_/e #gb ,g]man co9age alloy #jijj /&>d #b_/i #gb ,g]man silv] w>es alloy #jiej #a/ /&>d #b_/aj #gc ,ditto #jhjj #bnd #b_/e #gc ,ditto #jgej #crd #b_/c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,?is ,table is bas$ on ! m>ket price ( f9e silv] be+ #c_/- p] ounce4 ,table ( ,revis$ & ,up-to-date ,co/ ,prices ( ! ,diff]5t ,sold]s 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,page4 ,quality ( sold]4 ,co/ price #ahhe4 ,co/ price #aijg & #aiba4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #gh ,h>de/ silv] sold] ,= #c_/i p] oz4read #b_/e p] oz4 #gi ,h>d silv] sold] #c_/f #b_/c #gi ,easy silv] sold] #c_/b #b_/j #ha ,be/ silv] sold] #c_/i #b_/e #hb ,m$ium silv] sold] #c_/f #b_/c #hb ,easy silv] sold] #c_/c #b_/a #hc ,common silv] sold] #c_/- #a_/aa #hd ,enamell+ silv] sold] #c_/i #b_/e #hd ,ditto #c_/b #b_/j #hd ,filigree sold] #c_/i #b_/e #he ,quick-runn+ silv] sold] #c_/- #a_/aa #he ,silv] sold] = *a9s #c_/- #a_/aa #he ,easy sold] = *a9s #c_/- #a_/aa #he ,common silv] sold] #b_/i #a_/i #hf ,common easy sold] #b_/i #a_/i #hf ,ars5ic silv] sold] #c_/i #b_/e #hf ,ditto #c_/f #b_/c #hf ,easy silv] sold] #c_/b #b_/j #hg ,common easy silv] sold] #b_/i #a_/i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,?is ,table is bas$ on ! m>ket price ( f9e silv] be+ #c_/- p] ounce4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,page ,silv] a ,preci\s ,metal #a ,economy ( ,treatm5t #a ,work+ ,silv]smi?s #b ,engli% & ,=eign ,workm5 #b ,te*nical ,education #b ,pure ,silv] #c ,plate & ,ornam5tal ,w>es #d ,,*apt] ,i4 ,silv]4 ,silv]1 ,*>act]i/ics ( #e ,silv] = ,filigree ,"w #e ,indian ,filigree ,work]s #e ,malleability ( ,silv] #f ,ductility ( ,silv] #f ,te/ = ,pure ,silv] #f ,silv] kn[n to ! ,anci5ts #f ,silv] ,curr5cy #f ,poli%$ ,silv] #g ,t>ni%+ ( ,silv] #g ,d5sity ( ,silv] #g ,fusibility ( ,silv] #g ,heat+ ,p[] ( ,silv] #g ,action ( ,silv] "u ,great ,heat #h ,h>dness ( ,silv] #h ,nitrate ( ,silv] #h ,silv] resi/s ,aqua-regia #h ,*ief ,places ( ,filigree ,manufacture #h ,*ief ,uses ( ,silv] #i ,price ( ,silv]1 ,comm]cial #i ,ores ( ,silv] #i ,dissolution ( ,silv] #i ,cau/ic ,alkalies #aj ,nitre #aj ,vegetable ,acids #aj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,s\rces ( ,silv]4 ,silv]-m9+ #aa ,great ,brita9 #aa ,briti% ,isles' ,yield ( ,silv] #aa ,spa9 #aa ,am]ica #aa ,native ,silv] #aa ,european ,supplies ( ,silv] #ab ,am]ican ,supply ( ,silv] #ab ,! ,ri*e/ ,m9e #ab ,/ate ( ! ,jewell]y ,trade #ab ,yield ( ,silv] #ac ,=eign ,silv] ,curr5cy #ac ,*ief ,s\rces ( ,briti% ,silv] #ac ,/ate 9 :i* x is f\nd #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,assay ( ,silv] ,ores4 ,silv] & ,m]cury #ae ,assay+ ( ,silv] ,ores #af ,crucible ,assay #af ,fluxes = ,crucible ,assay #af ,assay ( ,g5u9e ,silv] ,ores #af ,c>bonate ( ,soda #af ,dim5sions ( ,crucible #af ,li?>ge #ag ,prep>ation & ,*>ge = ,assay #ag ,treatm5t 9 ! ,furnace #ah ,ca/+-m\ld #ah ,scorification ,process #ah ,fus+ ,cup or ,scorifi] #ai ,special ,=m ( ,scorifi] #ai ,scorification ,assay ! ,rev]se ( ,crucible ,assay #ai ,*>ge = ,scorification ,assay #bj ,advantages ( ! ,process #bj ,an?racite & its ,object #ba ,sep>ation ( ! ,silv] f ! ,slag #ba ,borax1 use (1 9 ,assay+ #bb ,cont95tal ,me?od ( ,assay+ #bb ,flux & ,*>ge = ,crucible #bc ,details ( ! ,process #bc1 #bd ,skittle-pot #be ,cupellation #bf ,cupel1 its ,mode ( ,manufacture #bf ,cupel-m\ld #bg ,assay]'s ,muffle #bh ,cupel-tongs #bh ,bright5+ #bi ,spr\t+ #bi ,weigh+ ( ,silv] ,assay #cj ,*ief ,alloy ( ,silv] #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,cupellation ( ,silv] ,ores4 ,te/-r+ #ca ,prep>ation ( ,bone-a% #cb ,defects 9 ,bone-a% ,cupel #cc ,curr5ts ( ,air to ! ,furnace #cc ,)drawal ( ! ,silv] f ! ,cupel #cd ,removal ( ! ,li?>ge1 ,mann] ( #ce ,quantity ( ,alloy p] ,cupel #ce ,purity ( ,silv] aft] ,cupellation #cg ,anci5t ,me?od ( ,assay+ #cg ,dr4 ,lamborn on ,assay+ #ch ,scriptural ,te/imony #cg1 #ch ,engli% ,sy/em ( ,assay #ci ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,alloys ( ,silv]4 ,silv]smi?'s ,alloys #dj ,filigree ,"w #dj ,alloy #da ,amalgam #da ,metals employ$ 9 ! ,indu/rial ,arts #da ,metals1 _! v>i\s ,*>act]i/ics #da ,pr9cipal ,alloys ( ,silv] #db ,copp] #db ,*>act]i/ics ( ,copp] #dc ,protoxide ( ,copp] #dd ,action ( ,acids on ,copp] #dd ,bean-%ot ,copp] = ,alloy+ #dd ,*emical "n = ,copp] #dd ,nickel #de ,cron/$t #de ,d5sity ( ,nickel #de ,ductility ( ,nickel #de ,malleability ( ,nickel #de ,fusibility ( ,nickel #de ,nickel ,co9age #de ,nickel ,alloys #df ,electro-plate #df ,z9c #df ,spelt] #df ,z9c 9 ,silv] ,sold] #df ,anneal+ ( ,z9c #dg ,specific ,gravity ( ,z9c #dg ,spelt] us$ by ,jewell]s #dg ,t>ni%+ ( ,z9c #dg ,malleability ( ,z9c #dh ,ductility ( ,z9c #dh ,t5acity ( ,z9c #dh ,t9 #dh ,anci5t ,work]s 9 ,t9 #dh ,d5sity ( ,t9 #dh ,*ri/ianity & ,t9 #dh ,fusibility ( ,t9 #dh ,dissolv+ ( ,t9 #dh ,t9 alloy$ ) ,gold #di ,t9 alloy$ ) ,silv] #di ,t9 9 ,silv]smi?'s ,sold]s #di ,vap\rs ( ,t9 injuri\s to ,gold #di ,malleability ( ,t9 #di ,ductility ( ,t9 #di ,t5acity ( ,t9 #di ,sci5tific ,"n = ,t9 #ej ,table ( ,metallic ,elem5ts #ej ,melt+-po9ts ( ! ,pr9cipal ,metals #ea ,physical ,prop]ties ( ! ,pr9cipal ,metals #ea ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,v>i\s ,qualities ( ,silv]4 ,me*anical ,uses ( ,silv] #eb ,filigree ,"w #eb ,birm+ham #eb ,london #eb ,indian #ec ,*ief ,places ( ,filigree ,manufacture #ec ,cont95tal ,*eap ,lab\r #ed ,h&-made ,articles #ed ,process ( ,workman%ip #ee ,maltese ,filigree #ee ,*9ese & ,japanese ,filigree #ef ,filigree ( ,norway & ,sw$5 #ef ,filigree work+1 ,necessity = ,pure ,metal #ef ,old ,me?od ( mak+ ,filigree #eg ,twi/+ ( ! ,wire #eh ,la!1 ,use ( #eh ,flatt5+ ( ,twi/$ ,wire = ,filigree #ei ,new ,me?od ( prep>+ ,filigree ,wire #ei ,engli% ,/&>ds = ,silv] #fj ,engli% ,co9age #fa ,/&>d ,silv] ,alloy #fa ,alloy = ,hall-m>k+ #fb ,/&>d ,alloy ( ! ,highe/ ,quality #fb ,/&>d ,alloy = ,hall-m>k+ #fb ,alloy commonly us$ 9 ,engl& #fc ,qualities us$ by ,engli% ,silv]smi?s #fc ,drawbacks to ,hall-m>k+ #fc ,me?od ( calculat+ ! ,qualities ( ,silv] #fc ,silv] ,alloy ,no4 #a1 co/ #ds4 #g;d4 p] oz4 #fd ,no4 #a1 diff]5tly calculat$ #fd ,no4 #b1 co/ #ds4 #a;d4 p] oz4 #fd ,no4 #b1 diff]5tly calculat$ #fd ,no4 #c1 co/ #cs4 #aj;d4 p] oz4 #fe ,no4 #c1 diff]5tly calculat$ #fe ,silv] ,alloy ,no4 #d1 co/ #cs4 #g;d4 p] oz4 #fe ,no4 #d1 diff]5tly calculat$ #fe ,no4 #e1 co/ #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 #ff ,no4 #e1 diff]5tly calculat$ #ff ,no4 #f1 co/ #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 #ff ,no4 #f1 diff]5tly calculat$ #ff ,no4 #g1 co/ #cs4 #b;d4 p] oz4 #fg ,no4 #g1 diff]5tly calculat$ #fg ,no4 #h1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 #fg ,no4 #h1 diff]5tly calculat$ #fg ,in/ructions 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ,alloys #fh ,copp] = ,alloy+ #fh ,fr5* ,/&>ds #fi ,silv] ,w>e #fi ,co9age #fi ,fr5* ,alloy = ,co9age #gj ,fr5* ,alloy = ,plate #gj ,fr5* ,alloy = ,silv] ,w>e #gj ,in/ructions 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ^! ,alloys #gj ,g]man ,/&>ds #ga ,silv] ,w>e #ga ,co9age #ga ,silv] ,alloy = ! ,g]man ,co9age #gb ,alloy = ,plate #gb ,alloys = ,silv] ,w>es #gb1 #gc ,law on ! ,manufacture ( ,silv] ,w>es #gc ,rem$y all[$ 9 ,f95ess #gc ,gov]nm5t ,exports #gc ,gu>antee ,m>ks #gc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,silv] ,sold]s3 _! ,uses & ,applications4 ,! ,act ( ,sold]+ #gd ,cause ( ,inf]ior ,manufactures #gd ,t9 9 ,sold]s #ge ,fil$ ,sold]s #gf ,z9c 9 ,silv] ,sold] #gf ,sold]s made ) ,copp] & ,silv] #gf ,h>d ,silv] ,sold]s #gg ,m$ium ,sold]s #gg ,easy ,sold]s #gg ,connections = ,sold]+ #gg ,flux = ,sold]+ #gg ,fusibility ( ,silv] ,sold]s #gh ,h>de/ ,silv] ,sold]1 co/ #ds4 #a;d4 p] oz4 #gh ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #gi ,m$ium ,silv] ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #aj;d4 p] oz4 #gi ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #gi ,easy ,silv] ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #e;d4 p] oz4 #gi ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #hj ,rem>ks on ,silv] ,sold]s #hj ,composition = ,sold] #ha ,be/ ,h>d ,sold]1 co/ #ds4 #a;d4 p] oz4 #ha ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #ha ,m$ium ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #aj;d4 p] oz4 #hb ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #hb ,easy ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #g;d4 p] oz4 #hb ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #hb ,common ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 #hc ,ditto1 diff]5tly calculat$ #hc ,directions on ! ,melt+ ( ,sold]s #hc ,sold] = ,enamell+1 co/ #ds4 #a;d4 p] oz4 #hd co/ #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 #hd ,easy ,sold] = ,filigree ,"w #hd ,quick ,runn+ ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 #he ,silv] ,sold] = ,*a9s1 co/ #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 #he ,easy ,sold] = ,*a9s1 co/ #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 #he ,common ,silv] ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 #he ,common ,easy ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 #hf ,ars5ic ,sold]1 co/ #ds4 #a;d4 p] oz4 #hf ,silv] ,sold] ) ,ars5ic1 #cs4 #aj;d4 p] oz4 #hf ,easy ,silv] ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 #hf ,common ,easy ,sold]1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 #hg ,ano!r ,common ,sold] #hg ,v ,common ,sold] #hg ,directions 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ,sold]s #hg ,drossy ,sold]s #hh ,mode ( ,sold]+ ,gold & ,silv] #hh ,pallion ,sold] #hh ,bl[pipes #hi ,sold]-di% & ,*>g] #hi ,s(t ,sold] #ij ,art 9 ,sold]+ #ij ,sold] = ,filigree #ia ,lemaille ,sold] #ia ,engli% ,filigree ,work]s #ia ,spr9kle ,borax #ib ,special ,sold]+ ,flux #ib ,boil+-out ,pickle #ic ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,on ! ,melt+ ( ,silv]4 ,directions on ,melt+ #id ,weigh+ ,metal = ! ,crucible #id ,crucibles #ie ,be/ ,crucibles to employ #ie ,fluxes3 _! ,action on ,crucibles #if ,fluxes employ$ 9 ,melt+ #if ,te/+ ! ,s\ndness ( a ,crucible #ig ,mix+ v>i\s ,metals = melt+ #ig ,z9c a fusible ,metal #ih ,*>coal #ii ,bad work+ ,mat]ial #ii ,plumbago ,crucible = ,melt+ #ii ,tongs = ,melt+ #ajj ,+ot-m\ld #ajj ,flux & ! ,p\r+ ( ,molt5 ,metal #aja ,protoxide ( ,z9c #ajb ,scrap ,silv] #ajb ,c>bonate ( ,soda #ajb ,dissolv+ ,impurities #ajc ,lead & ,t9 9 ,silv] #ajc ,sal-ammoniac #ajc ,lemel #ajc ,mixture prep>$ = ,crucible #ajd ,burn+ ( ,lemel #ajd ,skittle-pot = ,lemel #ajd ,melt+ ( ,lemel #aje ,ano!r ,mode ( melt+ ,lemel #ajf ,crucible = ,lemel #ajf ,p\r+ ( ,lemel f ,crucible #ajg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,on ! ,work+ ( ,silv]4 ,roll+ ,silv] #ajh ,anneal+ ,silv] #aji ,irregul>ities 9 ,roll+-mills #aaj ,messrs ,kemp's ,mill #aaj1 #aaa ,table ( ! ,co/ ( ,silv]-roll+ #aab ,slitt+ ,roll]s #aab ,break+-d[n ,roll]s #aab ,wire-roll+ #aac ,wire-draw+ #aac ,draw-plate #aad ,draw-b5* #aaj1 #aae ,draw-tongs #aae ,drum us$ by ,wire-draw]s #aae ,f9e ,wire-draw+ #aae1 #aaf ,wire-draw]'s ,pun* & ,hamm] #aag ,wr\ght ,"w #aah ,sp>r[-hawk #aai ,rais$ ,"w #abj ,cem5t = ,*as]s #aba ,sn>l+-tools = ,rais+ #abb ,art 9 ! ,silv] ,trade #abc ,burni%$ ,silv] ,"w #abd ,silv] ,filigree ,"w #abe ,/amp$ or ,/ruck-up ,"w #abf ,press #abg ,pla9 ,solid ,"w #abg ,*a9 ,bracelets #abh ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,silv] ,trade #abh ,silv]1 ,liability to become t>ni%$ #abi ,enamell+ #abi ,galvanic ,r+ #abi ,mode ( prep>+ ,r+ #abi1 #acj ,holl[ ,silv] ,"w #aca ,/amp+-press #acb ,sp9n+ #acd1 #ace ,poli%+ #ace ,wat]-(-,ayr ,/one #acf ,poli%+-la! #acg ,wa%+-out ,mixture #ach ,,*apt] ,x4 ,enri*+ ! ,surfaces ( ,silv]4 ,production ( ! be/ & ri*e/ ,surface #aci ,olde/ ,me?od = ,:it5+ #adj ,ea/ ,indian ,silv]smi?s #ada ,indian ,mode ( ,:it5+ ,silv] #adb ,ano!r ,mode ( ,:it5+ #adb ,boil+-out ,pan #adc ,boil+-out ,mixture #adc1 #add ,our ,mode ( ,:it5+ #ade ,surface ,ref9+ ( ,silv] #adf ,br[n ,col\r on ,silv] ,goods #adf ,common ,articles ( ,silv] #adg ,:it5+ ,p[d] or ,mixtures #adg ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,mixture #adh ,improv+ ! ,col\r ( ,electro-plate #adi ,electro-plat+ #adi ,discov]] ( ,electro-plat+ #adi1 #aej ,con/ant ,batt]y #aej ,be/ ,batt]y = ,plat+ #aea ,/r5g? ( ,batt]y ,solution #aea ,buns5's ,batt]y #aeb ,excit+ ,mixture = ,batt]y #aeb ,z9c ,amalgamation #aec ,conduct+ ,wires #aed ,prep>ation ( ,plat+ ,solution #aee ,cyanide ,solution #aef ,black ,cyanide #aeg ,/r5g? ( ,plat+ ,solution #aeg1 #aeh ,inf]ior ,plat+ ,solution #aei ,recov]y ( ,silv] f ,plat+ ,solutions #afj ,scrat*-bru%+ #afa ,scrat*-bru% ,la! #afa ,burni%+ ,silv] ,"w #afa1 #afb ,oxidiz+ ,silv] ,"w #afc ,solution ,no #a4 #afc ,solution ,no #b4 #afd ,solution ,no #c4 #afd ,produc+ v>i\s ,%ades #afe ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,imitation ,silv] ,alloys4 ,melt+ ,imitation ,alloys #aff ,common ,silv] ,alloy #afg ,ano!r #afg ,ano!r #afh ,ano!r #afh ,ano!r #afh ,ano!r #afh ,ano!r #afi ,ano!r #afi ,ano!r #afi ,ano!r #afi ,ano!r #agj ,ano!r #agj ,*9ese ,silv] #agj ,imitation ,silv] #agj ,ano!r #aga ,ano!r #aga ,ano!r #aga ,ano!r #aga ,:ite ,alloy #agb ,cl>k's ,pat5t ,alloy #agb ,:ite ,alloy #agb ,alloy ) ,plat9um #agb ,alloy ) ,palladium #agc ,uses = ,imitation ,alloys #agc ,*>act]i/ics ( ,imitation ,alloys #agd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,economical ,process4 ,work+ ,loss #age ,l[e/ ,e/imate ,real ,loss #age ,total ,work+ ,loss #agf ,%op ,floors #agg ,wa/e-sav+ ,precautions #agg1 #agh ,treatm5t ( ,wa/e #agh ,burn+ ( ,poli%+s #agi ,treatm5t ( ,wa/e ,liquids #ahj ,processes = ! ,recov]y ( ,silv] f ,wa/e ,wat]s #ahj1 #ahb ,*loride ( ,silv] #ahc ,aqua-regia #ahc ,precipitat+ ,silv] 9 ,wa/e ,wat]s #ahc ,solution = ,precipitation #ahd ,s$im5t 9 ,collect+-vessels #ahe ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,lic5ces & ,duties4 ,acts ( ! ,legislature #ahf #dc ,george ,,iii41 c4 #fi #ahf #f ,george ,i41 c4 #aa #ahg #ca ,george ,,ii41 c4 #cb #ahh #cb ,george ,,ii41 c4 #ad #ahh #bd ,george ,,iii41 c4 #ec #ahh #cg ,george ,,iii41 c4 #ij #ahh #dd ,george ,,iii41 c4 #ih #ahi #ee ,george ,,iii41 c4 #ahe #ahi ,table ( ,v>i\s ,duties #ahi ,manufactur$ ,plate #aij ,rem>ks on ! ,lic5ce ,"q #aia1 #aif ,act ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,lic5ces #aic ,clause ( ,act #aic1 #aid ,tax or ,lic5ce unju/ly ,assess$ #aie1 #aif ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,useful ,in=mation = ! ,trade4 ,silv]smi?'s ,alloys #aig ,silv] ,w>es #aig ,clean+ ,plate #aih ,imitation ,silv] #aih ,ano!r #aih ,remov+ ,gold f ,silv] ,articles #aih ,oxidiz+ ,silv] #aih ,dipp+ ,mixture #aii ,silv] ,p[d] = ,copp] #aii ,p[d] = ,silv] #bjj ,to protect ! ,poli% ( ,metals #bjj ,silv]-/ripp+ ,mixture #bjj ,/ripp+ ,silv] #bja ,s(t ,sold] #bja ,sold]+ ,fluid #bja ,dissolv+ ,silv] #bjb ,dissolv+ ,silv] ,alloy #bjb ,dissolv+ ,copp] #bjb ,dissolv+ ,s(t ,sold] #bjb ,dissolv+ ,silv] ,sold] #bjb ,dissolv+ ,seal+-wax #bjb ,resi/ ,v>ni% #bjb ,plate ,p[d] #bjb ,electro-plat+ ,s(t ,sold] #bjb ,ano!r ,recipe #bjc ,te/+ ,silv] ,w>es #bjc ,ano!r ,te/ #bjd ,p]*loride ( ,iron #bje ,alum9ium ,alloy #bje ,new ,alloy #bje ,remov+ ,gold f ,silv] ,w>es #bje ,silv] ,plat+ ,fluid #bjf ,plate-clean+ ,p[d] #bjf ,sold] = ,alum9ium #bjf ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,=eign ,silv] ,/&>ds #bjg ,fr5* ,"w1 ,duty on #bjh ,cont95tal ,silv]smi?s #bji ,fr5* ,/yle ( ,"w #bji ,g]man ,/yle ( ,"w #baj ,indian ,/yle ( ,"w #baj ,au/rian ,/yle ( ,"w #baa ,engli% ,/yle ( ,"w #baa ,index #bab ,,! ,,silv]smi?',s ,,h&book4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,9 review+ ! rise & progress ( ! silv]smi?'s beautiful & int]e/+ art1 9 its relation to ! manufacture ( articles ( p]sonal ornam5t & luxury at home & abroad1 we may obs]ve at ! outset1 t ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$ diff]s widely 9 "* f t employ$ by ! ord9>y metalsmi?s & ! manufactur] ( electro-plat$ w>es4 ,silv]1 ! mat]ial ( :i* we are n[ treat+1 be+ a preci\s metal & ( consid]able value1 x is ess5tially necess>y t ! mo/ c>eful means be ex]cis$ 9 deal+ ) x f ! comm5cem5t--t is1 f ! pure or f9e /ate--& also t ! utmo/ economy be obs]v$ 9 ref]5ce to ! k9d ( me*anical treatm5t to :i* x is subject$ 9 ! production ( ! silv]smi?'s "w1 9 ord] to prev5t too great a quantity ( wa/e or loss ( mat]ial4 ,= x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t silv]1 l gold1 beg9s to lose1 9 "o way or ano!r1 e "t x is t\*$2 !re=e1 c>efulness & economy w be ! *>act]i/ics ( our tea*+1 s f> z reg>ds ! pres5t subject4 ,! va/ majority ( work+ silv]smi?s "k v little ( ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( ! metal !y employ1 & /ill less ( ! comp>ison x be>s ) o!r metals 9 ! field ( sci5ce2 & ?is want ( sci5tific k is n[h]e m app>5t ?an 9 our own c\ntry1 :]e ! ,engli% workman1 9 art education1 is mu* beh9d ! =eign]2 & yet we h "s ( ! f9e/ & be/ workm51 9 _! special bran*es1 9 ! :ole _w4 ,! ,engli% workman believes t if ! "w is wor? do+ at all1 x is wor? do+ well2 & we h no hesitation 9 say+1 t1 if a good te*nical education 7 af=d$1 conc]n+ ! preci\s metal trades1 he w\ld sc>cely h an equal1 & c]ta9ly no sup]ior1 abroad1 9 art workman%ip1 bo? 9 respect to ! display ( good ta/e & judgm5t1 comb9$ ) a k ( design1 s f> z ! ex]cise ( ^! qualities is compatible ) ! manufacture ( articles specially design$ = use & ornam5t4 ,! object ( ! in=mation we are ab\t to supply is to enable ! practical silv]smi? to become a p]fect ma/] ( 8 art or pr(ession2 & su* a condition1 :5 once a*iev$1 w be f\nd ( consid]able assi/ance to him 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( manufacture t pres5t !mselves2 s t he w "k h[ to beg9 a piece ( "w & :5 to leave x (f2 be able to rem$y a defect 9 ! metal :5 requir$1 z well z be 9 a position to =m an op9ion z to ! relative treatm5t ( its diff]5t alloys2 all ( :i* inv>iably require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,we %all comm5ce by describ+ ! *>act]i/ics ( f9e silv]1 c>efully n>rat+ ! di/9ctive features ( its alloys2 !n give an acc\nt ( ! processes employ$1 me*anical & *emical1 9 ! silv]smi?'s work%op2 & conclude by po9t+ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & =eign "w 9 reg>d bo? to /yle & workman%ip4 ,x may be ?\ght by ! read]1 if un9itiat$ 9 ! art1 t ! co/ly plate & o!r articles made f ! preci\s metal are manufactur$ f entirely pure silv]1 & !re=e t !y possess absolute fre$om f alloy2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,pure silv] be+ f> too s(t to /& ! necess>y we> & te> ( 7metallic7 life1 x is mix$ ) "s o!r metal1 to give x increas$ h>dness4 ,9 ! manufacture ( plate & ornam5tal w>es ! metal employ$ is always copp]1 9 v>i\s proportions1 ?us =m+ diff]5t comm]cial qualities2 & ( ^! we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,our fir/ object is to treat ( ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! pure metal4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,silv]4 ,pure silv] is1 next to gold1 ! f9e/ metal1 b ( a smoo!r & m poli%$ nature4 ,x may be said to be almo/ inf9itely malleable1 b x w n s easily yield or ext5d "u ! hamm] z f9e gold4 ,z a malleable metal1 h[ev]1 x /&s next to x 9 ?is respect4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by its p]fectly :ite col\r1 be+ ! :ite/ ( all ! metals4 ,x is h>d] ?an gold1 yet 9 a pure /ate x is s s(t t x c easily be cut ) a knife4 ,on acc\nt ( its extreme s(tness1 :5 9 a pure /ate1 x is employ$ = filigree "w1 be+ utt]ly devoid ( t ela/ic p[] :i* is f\nd 9 ! metal :5 alloy$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,indian filigree work]s1 :o are ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 are s v p>ticul> ab\t ! absolute purity ( ! metal be=e comm5c+ ! manufacture ( _! arti/ic "w2 all ( :i* is exce$+ly beautiful4 ,x is report$ t f9e silv] is capable ( be+ beat5 into leaves ( less ?an "o-hundr$-?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,= ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t we _c v\*1 nev] hav+ _h occasion to try ! exp]im5t2 its employm5t 9 t =m be+ unkn[n 9 ! ord9>y indu/rial pursuits4 ,f9e silv] is extremely ductile1 & may be drawn into ! v f9e/ wire )\t break+1 & almo/ )\t anneal+4 ,its purity c be p>tly asc]ta9$ by ! latt] process2 = p]fectly f9e silv] nev] *anges col\r by heat1 :]eas :5 x conta9s alloy x black5s if heat$ 9 contact ) a curr5t ( air1 & soon h>d5s 9 wire-draw+4 ,silv] 0 a metallic elem5t kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & x is repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,9 ! "t ( ! patri>*s we read ( x z hav+ be5 con/antly employ$ 9 ! transactions ( nations1 & t x 0 9 use z a /&>d ( value2 ?us =m+ a circulat+ m$ium = ! purpose ( ex*ange4 ,?is function x has always cont9u$ to fulfil d[n to ! pres5t day1 except t s9ce ! ye> #ahaf x has n be5 s employ$ 9 ! ,engli% curr5cy4 ,h[ev]1 z tok5 money1 x is ev]y:]e recognis$ z a circulat+ m$ium ( trade4 ,! ,egyptian symbol = silv] 0 repres5t$ by ,fig4 #a1 relat+ to ! moon2 9 mod]n *emi/ry x is und]/ood by ag4 f ! ,lat9 "n arg5tum1 d5ot+ silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,luna4 ,fig4 #a4 ,egyptian m>k = ,silv]4 ,f9e silv] is capable ( receiv+ a poli% sc>cely inf]ior 9 lu/re to t ( highly poli%$ /eel1 & 9 ?is /ate x reflects m light & heat ?an any o!r metal1 )\t any p]ceptible *ange ( col\r = "s consid]able "t4 ,x is *iefly on ?is acc\nt1 z well z its resi/ance to oxidation 9 air & wat]1 t x is us$ = su* a v>iety ( purposes1 n only ( ornam5t & luxury1 b also 9 a dome/ic way4 ,silv]1 unlike gold1 _c resi/ ! influ5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 f ! action ( :i* x v soon becomes mu* t>ni%$ if left expos$ 9 damp rooms1 c4 ,silv] ranks next to gold 9 po9t ( ductility & malleability4 ,:5 pure1 its d5sity1 or specific gravity1 lies betwe5 #aj4dg & #aj4ej1 tak+ wat] z #a1 accord+ to ! degree ( compression x has receiv$ by roll+ & hamm]+4 ,x is fusible at a full r$ heat1 or ab\t #ahgc ,fahr4 ,x is a metal hav+ a v l[ radiat+ p[] = heat2 h5ce silv] wire ( giv5 dim5sions reta9s & conducts heat bett] ?an a simil> piece ( ano!r metal2 = ! same reason1 a liquid conta9$ 9 a silv] vessel reta9s its heat mu* long] ?an if plac$ 9 "o made ( "s o!r sub/ance4 ,silv] volatilises :5 subject$ to a v great temp]ature 9 ! fire1 emitt+ r gre5i% fumes4 ,x loses betwe5 #b_/ba/s & #c_/be?s1 9 proportion to its impurity1 ( its absolute weight 9 air :5 weigh$ 9 wat]4 ,9 po9t ( t5acity x occupies ! fif? position among ! useful metals4 ,9 h>dness x lies betwe5 copp] & gold2 & a small addition ( ! =m] sub/ance consid]ably increases ?is quality1 9 :i* /ate x is l>gely employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,nitric acid is ! prop] solv5t = silv]1 z x dissolves x ) ! greate/ ease & rapidity1 =m+ nitrate ( silv]1 :i* is mu* us$ = m$ical purposes1 & 9 art4 ,sulphuric & hydro*loric acids act ^u x b sl[ly 9 ! cold4 ,silv] resi/s p>tially ! be/ aqua-regia1 probably on acc\nt ( ! d5se *loride :i* =ms on ! surface ( ! metal1 f ! action ( ! hydro*loric acid 9 ! mixture ( aqua-regia4 ,f9e silv] is l>gely us$ 9 ! indu/rial & comm]cial arts1 9 ! manufacture ( silv] lace & f9e filigree "w2 ! latt] bran* be+ m commonly practis$ 9 ,india1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 :]e lab\r is *eap1 ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,?is class ( silv]smi?'s "w takes a long "t to produce1 & z lab\r =ms ! *ief item ( its co/1 ?is1 n unnaturally1 acts z a great drawback 9 ! ext5sion ( ! art ( v f9e filigree work+1 9 all its intricate v>iety1 9 c\ntries :]e lab\r is de>4 ,to ?is subject we %all subsequ5tly ref] aga9 9 detail4 ,f9e silv]1 ) a small proportion ( alloy1 is l>gely us$ by all nations = purposes ( co9age4 ,x amalgamates ) ne>ly all ! metals1 b is pr9cipally us$ 9 alloys suitable to ! wat*mak]'s & silv]smi?'s art4 ,! pur*asable price ( f9e silv] = manufactur+ purposes1 :i* 9 #ahhd 0 #ds4 #h;d4 is n[1 #aiba1 #cs4 p] ounce1 troy weight1 v>y+ h[ev] 9 value accord+ to ! total am\nts pur*as$2 = :i* see ref9]s' & assay]s' *>ge li/s1 to be procur$ at ! (fices ( any bullion deal]4 ,! silv] ores ( comm]ce h g5]ally an int]mixture ( a small quantity ( gold1 & sometimes in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* x has be5 employ$ 9 manufactures )\t a prop] *emical inve/igation2 & 9 su* cases ! loss result+ f ! omission w\ld h amply paid ! exp5ses ( ! process4 ,expos$ to ! action ( hot & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 silv] dissolves1 sett+ free sulphur\s acid4 ,by ! application ( ?is process--:i* is "o ( ! mo/ advantage\s me?ods--silv] may readily be sep>at$ f gold1 sulphuric acid hav+ no action ^u ! latt] metal4 ,) ! exception ( gold1 silv] p]haps m p]fectly resi/s ! action ( ! cau/ic alkalies & ! p[]ful effects ( nitre 7saltpetre7 ?an any o!r metal1 if we omit plat9um f ! li/ ( elem5ts at pres5t kn[n to metallurgical *emi/ry4 ,= reasons su* z ^! its sup]iority = ! manufacture ( ut5sils = cul9>y & o!r dome/ic purposes is at once app>5t1 & because x is a metal ^u :i* vegetable acids produce no effect4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,s\rces ( ,silv]4 ,/rictly speak+1 silv] m9+ does n exi/ z a di/9ct op]ation 9 ,great ,brita91 = x c h>dly be said t ?is c\ntry possesses any great quantity ( silv] ore4 ,yet we mu/ n disguise or leave unnotic$1 9 deal+ ) ?is subject1 ! positive fact t silv] is f\nd to "s ext5t 9 our copp] & lead m9es1 pr9cipally 9 ! latt]2 b 9 no case1 z f> z we "k1 h m9es be5 work$ = ! sake ( ! silv] alone4 ,x is almo/ always f\nd 9 conjunction ) lead1 & x is f t s\rce t we h a good supply ( ,briti% silv]4 ,! av]age annual yield 9 ! ,briti% ,isles = "s ye>s has be5 equal to #hjj1jjj ounces--a position 9 reg>d to ! quantity produc$ rank+ second only to ,spa9 among/ ! nations ( ! _w1 ,am]ica1 ( c\rse1 be+ except$4 ,silv] is f\nd 9 a native /ate1 ! commone/ ore be+ a sulphuret4 ,! *ief ,european supplies are d]iv$ f ,spa91 9 :i* c\ntry g5u9e silv] ore exi/s2 f ,saxony & ,prussia1 :]e ! ores are pr9cipally associat$ ) lead1 z 9 ,engl&2 & f ,au/ria1 :]e x is = ! great] "p f\nd mix$ ) copp]4 ,silv] is ne>ly always to be f\nd 9 copp] & lead m9es1 b g5]ally 9 su* small quantities t x is r>ely wor? ! tr\ble & exp5se ( sep>ation4 ,consid]ably m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole total supply ( silv] comes f ,am]ica2 & 9 fact ne>ly ! :ole t]ritory ( ,am]ica is said to be m or less arg5tif]\s4 ,until lately ,mexico c>ri$ (f ! palm1 z conta9+ & yield+ ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( silv]2 b ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ano!r m9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,nevada1 ( consid]able ri*ness1 :i* has yield$ enorm\s supplies1 we %all n be f> wrong 9 pron\nc+ ! silv] m9es 9 ! ,/ate ( ,nevada to be ! ri*e/ 9 ! :ole _w4 ,! ext5sive production ( ^! m9es1 comb9$ ) o!r causes1 has l$ to a consid]able depreciation 9 ! value ( silv]1 & probably ?is may yet lead to its m ext5sive employm5t 9 ! arts & manufactures2 &1 9 ! mid/ ( ! v g5]al depression ( ! jewell]y trade1 any *ange ext5d+ 9 t direction w\ld be joyfully accept$ by ! ?\s&s ( workm5 9 ! preci\s metal trades n[ /&+ idle4 ,we are told t1 s9ce ! ye> #ahfj1 ! production ( silv] has increas$ f an av]age yield ( eight or n9e to f\rte5 millions p] annum1 or ab\t #fj p] c5t42 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =eign dem& = ! metal 7=m]ly l>gely employ$ = ! curr5cy7 has greatly dim9i%$4 ,! rise 9 co/ ( silv] dur+ ! w> ye>s & ^? imm$iately foll[+ necessitat$ an ,act 9 ,great ,brita9 to am5d ! law 9 respect ( ! /&>d f95ess ( silv] co9s curr5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,dom9ions4 ,! *ief s\rces ( supply 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,george ,glad/one1 are z giv5 bel[2 & z all ! silv] f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry is produc$ f lead ores1 ! av]age yield "h giv5 mu/ be und]/ood to exi/ 9 ab\t t proportion to e ton ( lead ore assay$3--,isle ( ,man1 #ej to #fj oz42 ,cornwall1 ab\t #cj oz42 ,devon%ire1 ab\t #cj oz42 ,c>digan%ire1 #ae to #bj oz42 ,montgom]y%ire1 #ae to #bj oz4 ,?us1 x w be se5 ! lead ores ( ! ,isle ( ,man yield ! greate/ proportion ( silv] 9 ! ,briti% dom9ions4 ,silv] is also f\nd 9 ! und]m5tion$ c\nties1 9 all ( :i* x is produc$ f lead ore3--,cumb]l&1 ,durham1 & ,nor?umb]l&1 ,d5bigh%ire1 ,fl9t%ire1 & ,d]by%ire2 b ! p]c5tage is mu* small] ?an 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,irel& also yields a fair p]c5tage ( silv]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,assay ( ,silv] ,ores4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! silv] ( comm]ce is extract$ f ores 7:i* are too poor to all[ ( _! be+ smelt$ or fus$7 by a process call$ amalgamation4 ,f\nd$ on ! ready solubility ( silv]1 c41 9 metallic m]cury1 ! ore is fir/ cru%$ to p[d]1 !n mix$ ) common salt1 & aft]w>ds roa/$4 ,by ! adoption ( ?is plan ! silv] is r$uc$ to a /ate ( *loride4 ,! roa/+ is done 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 9 :i* ! heat is v gradually rais$1 ! ore be+ con/antly /irr$2 ! heat is !n increas$ suffici5tly to raise ! ore to a good r$ heat4 ,x is !n put into wood5 b>rels1 revolv+ on iron axles atta*$ to ! ends1 & scraps ( iron are !n add$ to x2 bo? are !n agitat$ toge!r by rot>y motion1 ! effect ( :i* is to r$uce ! *loride ( silv] to a metallic /ate4 ,:5 ?is is effect$1 x is aga9 agitat$ ) m]cury1 & a fluid amalgam is =m$ ) ! metal1 toge!r ) any o!r metallic +r$i5t t may happ5 to be pres5t 9 ! roa/$ ore4 ,subsequ5tly1 to recov] ! silv]1 ! m]cury is driv5 (f by heat1 & ! silv] is ?us left beh9d 9 an impure /ate4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( assay+ silv] ores2 !y are 9 ! te/ assay z foll[s3-- #a4 ,melt+ 9 a crucible4 #b4 ,scorification4 #c4 ,cupellation4 ,9 ! crucible assay ! ore is commonly run d[n ) a suitable flux1 ^? mo/ frequ5tly employ$ be+ li?>ge1 c>bonate ( soda1 borax1 & *>coal4 ,^! f\r sub/ances are all t are requir$ by ! practical assay] 9 ! treatm5t ( ! regul> ores ( silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fire-clay ,crucible4 ,! assay+ ( ! g5u9e ores is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]2 t is1 if !y conta9 b little e>?y matt]4 ,!y may !n be conv5i5tly treat$ by fus+ ) c>bonate ( soda1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness1 & borax1 9 a fire-clay crucible 7,fig4 #b74 ,! dim5sions ( ! crucible %\ld be z foll[s3 #d-a_/b in*es 9 height1 & #b-a_/b in*es 9 its greate/ diamet]1 :i* %\ld be at ! top4 ,a quantity ( li?>ge 7a semi-vitri\s sub/ance1 oxide ( lead71 m ?an is actually necess>y to take up ! :ole ( ! silv] 9 ! ore1 %\ld be add$1 s z to promote fusion1 & collect ! +r$i5ts into "o mass at ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,9 prep>+ ! ore = ! crucible1 x mu/ be well p\nd$1 & intimately mix$ ) ! und]m5tion$ *emicals3-- ,p\nd$ silv] ore #bdj gra9s4 ,li?>ge #hjj ,c>bonate ( soda #gjj ,borax #cjj ,*>coal #ej ,place two crucibles to w>m dur+ ! "t occupi$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mixture1 !n put x into ! w>m crucible2 take #ajj gra9s m ( li?>ge1 & p[d] x ov] ! cont5ts 9 ! vessel4 ,prep>e 9 ?is mann] a second mixture = ! o!r crucible1 place !m bo? 9 ! furnace1 & put pl5ty ( coke r\nd !m4 ,! mixtures may be melt$ 9 an ord9>y w9d or melt+ furnace1 su* z is us$ by jewell]s 9 ! prep>ation ( _! mat]ial = art work+4 ,! fusion %\ld take place v gradually at fir/1 z silv] 9 comb9ation ) lead is s5sibly volatile at a high temp]ature3 x may !n be cont9u$ at a l[ heat = tw5ty-five m9utes1 & f9ally ! op]ation may be complet$ ) a full r$ heat = five m9utes long]4 ,dur+ ! process ( fus+ ! cont5ts ( ! crucible may be wat*$ by remov+ "o ( ! bricks f ! top ( ! furnace1 & :5 ! :ole mass has become q liquid ! crucible mu/ be seiz$ ) a pair ( suitable tongs1 tapp$ once or twice v lightly aga9/ ! side ( ! furnace to procure ! settlem5t ( ! cont5ts1 & imm$iately p\r$ into an iron m\ld1 previ\sly w>m$ & greas$ to prev5t adhesion & spitt+4 ,all[ ! m\ld to rema9 = "s "t1 9 ord] to p>tially cool1 & !n plunge x into a vessel ( cold wat]4 ,on cool+1 ! metallic elem5ts w be f\nd incorporat$ into a button1 ! slag c !n easily be remov$ by tapp+ ) a hamm] on ! edge1 & ! plung+ into cold wat] greatly facilitates ?is sep>ation4 ,! :ole mass has !n to be cupell$1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! silv] f ! lead & o!r metals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,fire-clay ,fus+ ,cup4 ,silv] ores1 conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( ! sulphides 7*emical comb9ations ( sulphur ) metallic sub/ances7 ( o!r metals1 may be easily assay$ by ! scorification process1 :i* is1 )\t exception1 applicable to ! assay ( all k9ds ( arg5tif]\s ores2 & is "o ( ! be/1 mo/ simple1 & mo/ exact me?ods t c possibly be employ$ 9 ! extraction ( silv] f its ores4 ,?is process1 l t ( fusion ) li?>ge1 already describ$1 has ! effect ( produc+ an alloy1 & subsequ5tly requires cupellation4 ,! ore is fir/ well p\nd$1 & !n put into a small %all[ vessel made ( close-gra9$ refractory fire-clay 7,fig4 #c71 ) an excess ( f9ely granulat$ lead & "s borax4 ,! fus+ cup or scorifi] employ$ 9 ?is process %\ld be ab\t #a-a_/b 94 high & #b-a_/b ins4 9 its greate/ diamet]2 "s assay]s1 h[ev]1 use !m deep] 9 proportion to _! wid?1 & repres5t+ 9 =m ! end ( an egg4 ,! object ( ?is %ape is to pres]ve ! ba? ( molt5 metal at ! bottom1 & t x may always be well cov]$ & protect$ by ! slag on ! top dur+ ! process ( fus+4 ,9 ! scorification me?od ! pr9ciples are exactly ! rev]se ( ^? ( ! crucible assay2 = 9 ! latt] ! object is to r$uce ! oxide ( lead to a metallic /ate1 :]eas 9 ! =m] ! metallic lead add$ to ! p\nd$ ore 9 ! scorifi] is oxidiz$ by be+ fus$ 9 contact ) ! air4 ,! *>ge = ?is assay may be z foll[s3-- ,well p\nd$ ore #fj gra9s4 ,f9ely granulat$ lead #fjj ,borax anhydr\s #ajj ,p[d]$ an?racite #e ,! cups or scorifi]s %\ld be *>g$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 well mix ! silv] ore ) #cjj gra9s ( granulat$ lead2 place ?is mixture 9 a scorifi]1 & add #cjj grs4 m ( granulat$ lead1 & ov] ! top ( ! :ole put ! burnt borax4 ,! vessel may !n be plac$ 9 an ord9>y assay furnace or muffle1 z _m be+ introduc$ at "o "t z !re is room = 9 ! furnace1 & submitt$ to ! /ronge/ heat = ab\t ?irty m9utes2 dur+ ! great] portion ( ?is "t ! door %\ld be kept clos$1 especially = ! fir/ fifte5 m9utes4 ,on op5+ ! muffle-door a curr5t ( air passes ?r\gh ! furnace1 conv]t+ a portion ( ! lead into li?>ge2 ?is ent]s into comb9ation ) ! e>?y portions ( ! ore1 ! o!r metallic sulphides1 & also ! borax1 produc+ a fusible slag on ! surface ( ! metallic ba?1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! scorifi]4 ,! excess ( lead is ?us protect$ by ?is film or flux f ! oxidiz+ effects ( ! curr5ts ( air admitt$ into ! furnace1 & rema9s unit$ ) :atev] silv] !re may be 9 ! ore1 9 a metallic /ate4 ,! fus+ %\ld be cont9u$ long] ?an ! ?irty m9utes--9 fact until ! slag or flux is r$uc$ into a p]fectly liquid /ate2 /irr+ x well ) a sl5d] iron rod w facilitate ! op]ation1 z x w t5d to mix ) ! mass any h>d portions rema9+ undissolv$ & atta*$ to ! sides or o!r p>ts ( ! vessels4 ,?is condition ( ! flux is absolutely indisp5sable2 :5 ! slags are q liquid1 :i* ) a /rong fire w take place 9 f ?irty to =ty m9utes1 wrap up 9 a piece ( pap] ! p[d]$ an?racite1 & drop x into ! scorifi] :ile /ill 9 ! furnace or muffle4 ,! object ( add+ ! an?racite at ! la/ mom5t is to r$uce any m9ute portions ( ! metal t may exi/ 9 ! slags1 & rema9 sep>at$ f ! bulk4 ,:5 ! an?racite has burnt (f1 :i* process usually takes ab\t five m9utes1 ?is po9t is consid]$ to h be5 atta9$1 & ! op]ation is !n complete4 ,! scorifi] may be imm$iately )drawn f ! fire1 & ! cont5ts p\r$ into a suitable ca/+-m\ld1 ( ! =m repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 a button ( silv] lead be+ ! result4 ,:5 cold1 ! metallic mass is readily sep>at$ f ! slag or flux by slightly tapp+ ) a hamm]2 ! =m] may !n be pass$ on to ! next op]ation1 viz4 to be purifi$ ( its lead by ! process ( cupellation1 :i* w be pres5tly describ$4 ,:5 !re is n en\gh borax pres5t ! assay] w obs]ve an infusible sk9 float+ ^u ! surface2 %\ld ?is be ! case m borax mu/ at once be employ$1 9 ord] to dissolve su* impurity4 ,:5 a *loride ( silv] ore is to be assay$1 c>bonate ( soda mu/ be add$ to ! mixture to prev5t sublimation4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( assay+ is adopt$ 9 sev]al l>ge ,cont95tal e/abli%m5ts1 :]e ! ores h1 beside ! usual e>?y matt] & ! sulphides ( lead1 an admixture ( z9c1 iron1 & copp]4 ,! process is precisely simil> to ! crucible assay1 9 ! case ( g5u9e silv] ores1 z already describ$--) ?is exception1 t no m lead is add$ ?an ! ores !n conta9--t is1 if we are treat+ gal5a or silv] lead2 o!r ores require diff]5t treatm5t accord+ to _! kn[n composition4 ,9 ?is process wr\ght-iron crucibles are employ$ hav+ ! =m & %ape z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,!y are made ( ?ick iron plate1 & are r5d]$ secure by weld+ ! edges firmly toge!r4 ,_! dim5sions are z foll[s3 a dep? ( #d-a_/b ins41 ) a ?ickness ( iron at ! bottom ( #a-a_/b 941 & a #a_/d ( an in* 9 ! sides2 ! diamet] at ! top ( ! crucible %\ld be ab\t #b-a_/b ins41 & at ! bottom betwe5 #b & #b-a_/d ins4 ,a me*anical mixture or flux is prep>$ to use ) ! ores to :i* we h ref]r$1 consi/+ ( ! foll[+ *emicals1 all ( :i* %\ld be f9ely p[d]$ & well mix$ ) ! ore to be assay$3-- ,c>bonate ( soda #f p>ts4 ,t>t> #c ,saltpetre #b ,borax #a "p4 ,! furnace us$ = ?is assay is ! ord9>y "o1 hav+ r a high *imney1 to insure a p]fect draught4 ,9 effect+ ! r$uction ( ! silv]1 ! crucible is fir/ plac$ z be=e on ! fire1 & all[$ to become hot2 :5 ?is is accompli%$1 take ,well p[d]$ ore #dhj gra9s4 ,prep>$ flux #ejj ,^! +r$i5ts %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r1 & put into ! r$ hot crucible4 ,fuse at a l[ heat = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 :5 ! :ole w be 9 a p]fect /ate ( fusion2 !n give ab\t five m9utes /rong heat1 & at ! end ( t "t ! crucible may be )drawn1 & its cont5ts p\r$ into an iron m\ld1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 hav+ "o or two conical holes = ! reception ( ! fus$ mass4 ,! silv] & lead collect at ! bottom ( ! m\ld by reason ( its high specific gravity4 ,x may be remov$ by rev]s+ ! position ( ! latt]1 :5 a g5tle tap or two w deprive x ( t slag or flux :i* is usually atta*$ to x4 ,a l>ge quantity ( silv] c be readily collect$ f its ores by an alt]nate use ( crucibles1 9 :i* case x is possible to make a regul> numb] ( fusions p] h\r4 ,wr\ght-iron crucibles1 :5 /rongly prep>$ & c>efully made1 w /& ab\t ?irty ( ^! fusions1 giv+ way 9 ! end on acc\nt ( ! action ( ! sulphur conta9$ 9 ! ores4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,iron ,ca/+-m\lds4 ,ano!r k9d ( crucible1 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$1 is us$ by ! trade1 & is recomm5d$ by _m assay]s z sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts ! =m ( x4 ,x is ab\t #d-a_/b ins4 high1 & #b ins4 9 its greate/ int]ior diamet]1 be+ 9 ! =m ( a skittle4 ,! *>ge consi/s ( ! foll[+ 9 ?is assay3 ,f9ely p[d]$ ore #fj gra9s4 ,small pieces ( iron #ab ,black flux #ahj ,common salt #ej ,put ! p[d]$ ore into ! crucible1 & place ^u x ! iron1 :i* %\ld n be 9 ! =m ( fil+s or du/1 b 9 small pieces2 ^u ! ore & iron %\ld be put ! black flux1 & la/ly ! common salt mu/ be plac$ above all ^! sub/ances z a protection aga9/ ! air4 ,! crucibles1 z _m z conv5i5t1 may n[ be introduc$ into ! furnace1 & sl[ly rais$ to a /rong r$ heat1 at :i* temp]ature !y %\ld be kept = ab\t half an h\r2 at ! end ( t p]iod !y %\ld be remov$ f ! fire1 slightly tapp$ to settle ! cont5ts1 & !n plac$ aside to cool4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 a few bl[s ) a hamm] ne> ! base ( ! crucibles1 ea* 9 turn1 w soon expose ! button ( silv] atta*$ to ! undecompos$ iron2 ! latt] sub/ance may1 h[ev]1 be easily deta*$ by a few well-direct$ bl[s ) ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,iron ,crucible = ,assay4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fire-clay ,crucible = ,assay4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! exact am\nt ( ! preci\s metal--t is1 ! silv]--conta9$ 9 ! buttons ( lead obta9$ z ! results ( ! =ego+ op]ations1 !y are subject$ to a purify+ process by ! metallurgi/1 call$ cupellation4 ,by ?is means ! lead & o!r impurities are driv5 (f by heat 9 contact ) a curr5t ( air1 & ! silv] is left beh9d 9 a pure /ate4 ,to p]=m ?is op]ation x is necess>y to expose ! buttons on "s absorb+ m$ium or por\s support1 & ?is support is commonly kn[n z a cupel4 ,no d\bt _m por\s sub/ances c\ld be made available = ! =mation ( cupels1 b bone-a% is ! be/ = all practical purposes1 su* z are requir$ by ! assay]4 ,! bone-a%1 9 ! condition ( a v f9e p[d]1 is mix$ ) a little wat] 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ a small quantity ( pota%1 & m\ld$ into ! desir$ %ape4 ,! cupels are tightly consolidat$ by pressure 9 an iron m\ld ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 :i* is ! be/ 9 use1 be+ well adapt$ = ! manufacture ( cupels4 ,x consi/s ( a slightly conical /eel r+1 #b ins4 9 dep?1 & ab\t #a-a_/b 94 9 diamet] at ! top int]nally2 a /eel die ) a wood5 h&le 7,fig4 #h7 is made to fit ! m\ld4 ,to make a cupel ! space 9 ! r+ is ne>ly fill$ ) ! moi/5$ bone-a%1 & press$ d[n by ! h&1 & aft]w>ds by ! die1 ! latt] be+ driv5 into ! r+ by ! application ( a wood5 mallet 7,fig4 #i7 to ! h&le ( ! die4 ,x w be se5 f ! illu/ration t ! die =ms a cavity 9 ! cupel capable ( receiv+ ! *>ge ( metal = assay4 ,:5 ! bone-a% has be5 suffici5tly compress$1 ! die is )drawn1 & ! cupel remov$ f ! r+4 ,?is is a delicate op]ation1 z sometimes ! edges ( ! cupel are liable to be injur$2 to prev5t :i* & facilitate ! removal a loose plate ( iron1 exactly fitt+ ! bottom ( ! m\ld1 %\ld be introduc$ previ\s to putt+ 9 ! bone-a%4 ,! iron plate ( c\rse be+ remov$ ) ! cupel1 x mu/ be replac$ be=e ano!r c be made4 ,by introduc+ a cyl9drical piece ( wood to ! l[] ap]ture ( ! /eel r+1 ! cupel c be remov$ )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,cupel ,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,die = ,cupel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,wood5 ,mallet4 ,! size ( ! cupel %\ld always be regulat$ accord+ to ! quantity ( =eign matt] to be absorb$1 x be+ g5]ally und]/ood t ! mat]ial ( :i* x is =m$ takes up d\ble its weight ( lead4 ,! process ( cupell+ is conduct$ 9 ! furnace ( ! assay]1 an app>atus ( peculi> con/ruction1 ! mo/ important "p ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is ! muffle 7,fig4 #aj71 consi/+ ( a small ar*$ ov5 ( fire-clay clos$ at "o end1 & furni%$ ) p]p5dicul> slits 9 ! sides1 9 ord] to all[ ( a free access ( air to ! cupels inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,assay]'s ,muffle = ,cupels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,cupel ,tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,cupels1 section & p]spective views4 ,! position ( ! muffle 9 ! furnace is s arrang$ t x c be readily heat$ on e side2 & :5 x has become r$ hot1 six or eight cupels1 previ\sly well dri$1 are tak5 & plac$ on ! floor ( x1 :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( bone-a%4 ,! =m ( tongs requir$ = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,:5 ! cupels h be5 rais$ to ! temp]ature ( ! muffle itself1 ! assays are put 9 by a v sl5d] pair ( tongs1 ! door ( ! furnace is !n clos$ = a few m9utes1 :5 ! metal w h become fus$1 & ! li?>ge w beg9 to be tak5 up by ! bone-a% ( :i* ! cupel is compos$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! furnace is n[ l[]$ z mu* z possible1 al?\gh n to su* an ext5t t x w ret>d ! progress ( oxidation & absorption4 ,:5 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! lead has be5 ?us absorb$1 ! bead rema9+ w h become v ri* 9 silv]1 &1 z ! oxidation proce$s1 w appe> mu* agitat$1 assum+ a rapid circul> movem5t1 & revolv+ ) great rapidity4 ,! silv] gradually conc5trates itself 9 ! c5tre ( ! cupel1 tak+ ! =m ( a globule1 & at ?is /age ! fire %\ld be made %>p]1 ! op]ation be+ c>efully wat*$4 ,:5 ! la/ p>ticle ( lead leaves ! silv]1 ! agitation w sudd5ly cease1 & a beautiful ph5om5on be witness$1 call$ by assay]s ! bright5+4 ,! button ( silv] !n becomes brilliant & immovable1 & ! op]ation1 :5 ?is takes place1 is complete4 ,! cupel mu/ be cool$ ) v great c>e1 9 ord] to prev5t ! silv] f spr\t+2 :i* if all[$ to take place w\ld result 9 consid]able loss1 besides de/roy+ ! accuracy ( ! assay4 ,to prev5t ?is spr\t+ x is a good plan imm$iately to cov] ! cupel by ano!r1 :i* has be5 heat$ = t purpose2 ! two are )drawn toge!r1 & all[$ to rema9 at ! m\? ( ! muffle until ! silv] has become solid2 ! metal is !n 9 a /ate ( almo/ *emical purity1 & may be deta*$ & weigh$4 ,previ\s to ! latt]1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be c>efully cleans$ f all =eign matt]1 & flatt5$ on a smoo?-fac$ anvil1 ?is process greatly assi/+ 9 ! removal ( any oxide ( lead1 :i* n unfrequ5tly atta*es itself to ! globule ( silv]4 ,! weigh+ is conduct$ ) a pair ( scales hav+ an extremely delicate balance2 & :]e any comm]cial transaction dep5ds ^u ! accuracy ( ! assay1 x is always imp]ative to make sev]al te/s ( ! same sample1 to avoid ! consequ5ces ( any accid5t or mi/ake4 ,! *ief elem5t 9 comb9ation ) silv] on ! l>ge scale is lead4 ,=m]ly ! plan adopt$ 9 ! sep>ation ( ?is metal 0 cupellation alone4 ,?is process on ! l>ge scale is some:at diff]5t f t j describ$2 & z x may appe> to ! read] int]e/+ & in/ructive1 a brief explanation ( x may n be consid]$ out ( place4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,cupellation ( ,silv] ,ores4 ,?is int]e/+ process is p]=m$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace ( a v peculi> con/ruction1 ! cupel employ$ on ! l>ge scale diff]+ some:at f ! ord9>y "o1 be+ consid]ably l>g] & v>y+ also 9 =m4 ,x consi/s ( a /rong oval wr\ght-iron r+1 ) a "p ( ! full %ape omitt$1 z %[n 9 accompany+ sket*1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! ov]fl[ ( lead dur+ ! process1 9 ! =m ( li?>ge4 ,?is iron r+1 kn[n z ! te/ r+1 conta9s ! cupel1 & 9 ord] to prep>e ! latt]1 ! frame1 :i* measures ab\t #fj ins4 9 its longe/ diamet]1 #dj ins4 9 bread?1 & #f ins4 9 dep?1 is /r5g!n$ by hav+ a numb] ( broad /rips ( iron seam$ across ! bottom by rivet+ to ! sides ( x4 ,! cupel itself is prep>$ = use by tak+ f9ely gr\nd bone-a%1 toge!r ) a little c>bonate ( pota%1 & work+ !m up ) j suffici5t wat] to make ! mass coh]e prop]ly2 ! c>bonate ( pota% may be advantage\sly dissolv$ 9 ! wat]2 ! latt] is !n appli$ 9 small quantities at a "t to ! bone-a% until ! prop] coh]5cy has be5 obta9$2 ( ! total quantity ( bone-a% employ$ 9 ! op]ation1 #b p] c5t4 ( pota% w be quantum sufficit to mix ) x4 ,! iron frame1 or te/1 is !n fill$ ) ! mixture1 & x is press$ d[n into a solid compact mass1 ! c5tre "p be+ holl[$ out ) a small tr[el1 ! sides slop+ t[>ds ! concavity 9 ! middle2 ! holl[ %\ld n h[ev] be ext5d$ m ?an )9 #a to #a-a_/b 94 ( ! bottom ( ! frame1 & above ! iron b>s4 ,! cupel =ms ! he>? ( ! furnace we h spok5 (1 & ( :i* ,fig4 #ac is a sectional view2 x is removable1 & n a fixture 9 ! furnace4 ,x mu/ be left = sev]al days to dry1 aft] hav+ be5 con/ruct$ z describ$1 :5 x is ready = use1 & only requires firmly w$g+ 9 its place b5ea? ! ar* ( ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,cupels1 section & p]spective views4 ,! fire %\ld be only v mod]ate at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 & ! furnace sl[ly rais$ 9 temp]ature1 le/ ! cupel %\ld crack by be+ too quickly heat$4 ,z ! temp]ature increases1 if )\t any app>5t defects 9 ! bone-a% cupel1 or he>?1 :i* x may n[ be t]m$1 ! w9d or bla/1 g5]ally driv5 by a fan1 is ?r[n 9 ?r\gh a nozzle1 or an ap]ture 9 ! furnace1 :i*1 = facilitat+ ! imm$iate removal ( ! bone-a% he>?1 is plac$ ^u an iron c>1 & runs b5ea? ! vault ( ! furnace on rails1 s t x may ?us be v readily )drawn :5 f\nd necess>y4 ,! admission ( a curr5t ( air into ! furnace oxidizes ! excess ( lead1 9 comb9ation ) ! silv]1 produc+ li?>ge on ! surface ( ! molt5 mass2 ! =mation ( ! li?>ge takes place rapidly1 & x is cont9ually bl[n =w>d by ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ z fa/ z x is produc$1 runn+ ?r\gh a gap or *annel specially made = ! purpose 9 ! m\? ( ! cupel into a movable iron pot :i* is plac$ = its reception4 ,! cont9ual oxidization & fl[-(f ( ! lead alt]s ! respective proportions ( ! metals 9 ! cupel4 ,= ?is reason x is always kept full ( lead ore1 :i* is effect$ by tak+ x 9 its fus$ /ate f a kettle 9 :i* x is ready melt$ by means ( a long-h&l$ ladle2 & ?us ab\t #ejj or #fjj lbs4 ( metal are con/antly kept 9 ?is bone-a% cupel or he>?4 ,z ! silv] necess>ily increases 9 ! he>?1 x w require to be occasionally )drawn1 9 ord] to make room = a fur!r supply ( lead ore4 ,?is process is adopt$ :5 x rea*es ab\t f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ( silv] to ! ton 7betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj ozs471 & may be effectually p]=m$ by drill+ a hole und]nea? ! cupel1 & lett+ ! silv] fl[ ?r\gh x into a receptacle plac$ to receive x4 ,( c\rse ! op]ations ( ! furnace are arre/$ :ile ^! manipulations are be+ c>ri$ on4 ,aft] ! )drawal ( ! silv]1 ! hole is clos$ up aga9 ) a plug ( moi/5$ bone-a% prep>$ z be=e2 :5 ! process may be cont9u$ a second "t by giv+ #ejj or #fjj lbs4 ( fre% lead ore to ! cupel4 ,?us a s+le cupel w (t5 la/ #dh h\rs1 & #f or #g tons ( lead may be oxidiz$ ^u x4 ,we h already obs]v$ t ! prolongation ( ! cupell+ process increases ! ri*ness ( ! rema9+ alloy1 & ?is v ri* silv]-lead alloy is aga9 subject$ to a second op]ation 9 cupell+4 ,?is process ( assay+ or ref9+ is simil> 9 e respect to ! =m]1 & is (t5 p]=m$ 9 ! same furnace1 ! cupel be+ fir/ ( all br\ght to almo/ a bright r$ heat1 :5 ab\t #fjj lbs4 ( ! silv]-lead alloy are add$1 & a /rong curr5t ( air giv5 9 ord] to oxidize ! rema9+ lead 9 comb9ation ) ! silv]4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! mat]ial "u treatm5t1 previ\s to its introduction to ! cupel1 %\ld be melt$ 9 a kettle easy ( access1 & add$ 9 its fus$ /ate4 ,! curr5t ( air 9 connection ) ! heat ( ! furnace imm$iately beg9s to purify ! silv] by oxidiz+ ! lead1 & =ms li?>ge1 :i* passes (f ?r\gh ! *annel provid$ 9 ! m\? ( ! cupel2 z ?is proce$s1 fre% silv]-lead alloy is add$1 to keep ! level ( ! metal always at ! same height4 ,?is is cont9u$ until "s ?ree tons ( ! alloy f ! fir/ cupellation h be5 put 91 & :5 ab\t #fjj or #gjj lbs4 ( silv] are collect$ 9 ! cupel4 ,:5 ! cupel has receiv$ ! above proportion ( metal1 ! addition ( ! alloy ceases1 & ! silv] is all[$ to purify4 ,! li?>ge :i* passes (f t[>ds ! close ( ?is process w be ri*] 9 silv] ?an 9 ! =m] "o2 consequ5tly x is f\nd be/ 9 practical metallurgical op]ations to treat 9 a special mann] ! la/ "p ( silv] cupell+ on ! l>ge scale1 = x ne$s v c>eful managem5t inde$ to secure all ! silv]1 especially to d s 9 a f9e /ate4 ,t[>ds ! completion ( ! process ! fire %\ld be increas$ consid]ably1 9 ord] to keep ! silv] ?or\ghly melt$1 & also to oxidize & completely remove e trace ( lead t is possible4 ,z x beg9s to purify itself f ! rema9+ lead a *>act]i/ic brightness w be p]ceiv$4 ,:5 ?is takes place ! fire mu/ be l[]$1 ! w9d or bla/ /opp$1 & ! metal left to cool gradually4 ,?is latt] proce$+ is ( "s importance1 z a too sudd5 cool+ ( ! surface causes ! int]ior ( ! metal to exp& & %oot1 by :i* means little globules ( silv] may be lo/2 !re=e x %\ld be all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 ,! iron r+ encircl+ ! cupel ) its cont5ts may n[ be drawn f b5ea? ! ar* ( ! furnace1 & ! cake ( silv] tak5 f its b$ 9 ! bone-a% :i* =m$ ! vessel1 & clean$ ( any impurity2 :5 x may be re-melt$ 9 a plumbago crucible1 & ca/ into +ot m\lds4 ,^! m\lds %\ld be made ( iron1 & %\ld always1 :5 us$ = ?is purpose1 be w>m$ & greas$ a little1 previ\s to ! introduction ( ! melt$ mat]ial1 to prev5t ! metal f spitt+ & adh]+ to x4 ,if skilfully treat$ dur+ ! process ( cupellation1 ! desilv]$ lead seldom conta9s m ?an #jjb to #jjc p] c5t4 ( silv] to ! te/ assay ( #bjj grs41 or betwe5 six & t5 p5nyweights to ! ton1 beyond :i* po9t x is unpr(itable to c>ry on ! op]ation4 ,! li?>ge :i* is =m$ & passes (f dur+ ! process gradually gr[s ri*] 9 silv] t[>ds ! end ( ! cupellation4 ,x probably conta9s aft] conc5tration ab\t ?irty to =ty ounces ( silv] to ! ton ( li?>ge4 ,?is is aga9 subject$ to ! sev]al op]ations ( ! same k9d = ! recov]y ( ! silv]4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ! pres5t me?od ( recov]+ & purify+ ?is metal be>s a /rong resemblance to t employ$ 9 anci5t times1 & :i* is spok5 ( 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures by ! prophet ,ezekiel 7xxii4 #ah & #bj73 ,son ( man1 ! h\se ( ,israel is to me become dross3 all !y are brass1 & t91 & iron1 & lead1 9 ! mid/ ( ! furnace2 !y are ev5 ! dross ( silv]4 ,& also1 ,z !y ga!r silv]1 & brass1 & iron1 & lead1 & t91 into ! mid/ ( ! furnace1 to bl[ ! fire ^u x1 to melt x2 s w ,i ga!r y 9 m9e ang] & 9 my fury1 & ,i w leave y !re1 & melt y4 ,! celebrat$ metallurgi/ ,dr4 ,lamborn says1 ,only ^? :o h se51 b5ea? ! gl[+ ar* at ! smelt+ works1 flames surg+ wave aft] wave across ! surface ( ! liquid metal1 c>ry+ all ! sub/ances1 "h call$ dross1 f ! pure silv]2 & only ^? :o h he>d ! ro> ( ! fi]y bla/1 t ceases nei!r day nor night1 until its task ( purification is accompli%$1--c appreciate ! t]rible =ce ( ! figure made use ( by ! prophet4 ,accord+ to ! above scriptural passage x is evid5t t ! anci5ts 7 9 possession ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( assay+1 & und]/ood to "s ext5t ! purification ( metals2 b scriptural te/imony does n po9t out ) :at am\nt ( skill & success ^! op]ations 7 p]=m$4 ,judg+ f ! appliances :i* h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 we are incl9$ to ?9k !y mu/ h be5 practis$ some:at rudely2 = x has be5 left to ! pres5t s*ool ( sci5tific & practical metallurgi/s to f\nd & develop ! art 9 ! direction ( t comm]cial success to :i* x has at ! pres5t day atta9$4 ,?is plan ( cupellation :i* we h j describ$ is /ill adopt$ 9 _m cont95tal works 9 ! assay+ ( silv]-lead ores4 ,9 ,engl& ! sy/em has be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by "o inv5t$ by ! late ,mr4 ,patt9son ( ,newca/le1 & :i* is confid5tly /at$ to be f> m conv5i5t 9 practice4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,alloys ( ,silv]4 ,f9e silv] ent]s freely into comb9ation ) ne>ly all ! useful metals1 b its mo/ important alloys are ^? prep>$ f copp]1 ! latt] sub/ance be+ m suitable = ! production ( silv]smi?'s "w ?an any o!r2 :il/ x produces a m pleas+ effect1 if n ov]-alloy$1 9 reg>d to f9i%4 ,silv] articles1 especially ( ! filigree k9ds1 if ! designs are good1 possess a v ta/eful appe>ance4 ,9 treat+ ( ! alloys ( silv]1 x is our int5tion1 fir/1 to give a cursory glance at ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! metals :i* =m ^! alloys4 ,su* a description1 al?\gh brief1 w1 we believe1 prove ( ess5tial s]vice1 n only to work+ silv]smi?s & metalsmi?s1 b also to goldsmi?s & jewell]s1 :o are con/antly manipulat+ ) ^! inf]ior metals 9 precisely ! same way z ! silv]smi?4 ,besides1 su* in=mation _c1 we appreh5d1 fail to be useful1 :e!r to ! /ud5t1 ! !ori/1 or ! practical work]4 ,an alloy is ! union ( two or m metals by fusion1 s z to =m a metallic comp\nd4 ,x may consi/ ( any numb] ( ! metallic elem5ts1 & 9 any proportion1 provid$ !y w *emically comb9e1 always except+ m]cury z "o ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! mixture is call$ an amalgam4 ,*emi/ry has made u acqua9t$ ) ab\t =ty-n9e metals2 ( t numb]1 h[ev]1 n m ?an f\rte5 are employ$ to any consid]able ext5t = indu/rial art purposes4 ,!y are z foll[3 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 z9c1 plat9um1 alum9um1 nickel1 iron1 m]cury1 lead1 t91 ars5ic1 antimony1 & bismu?4 ,"s ( ^! are occasionally employ$ = special purposes 9 ! arts 9 _! pure /ate2 b :]e h>dness is to be a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 comb9$ ) c]ta9 v>iations 9 %ades ( col\r1 a union is effect$ ( two or m ( ^! metals 9 diff]5t proportions1 by fusion & /irr+1 s z to =m ! requisite alloy4 ,metals us$ 9 ! pure /ate1 t is1 )\t any mixture ( alloy1 h v few applications 9 reg>d to indu/rial pursuits & ! arts4 ,! preci\s metals--gold1 silv]1 c4--w\ld be mu* too s(t1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 & antimony w\ld be f> too brittle to be employ$ alone = manufactur+ purposes4 ,x is q possible to effect "s ?\s&s ( alloys1 b !re d n appe> to h be5 m ?an ab\t ?ree hundr$ practis$ successfully = comm]cial purposes4 ,! pr9cipal alloy ( silv]1 z we h already rem>k$1 is copp]2 b1 occasionally1 nickel1 & ev5 z9c are employ$ 9 ! case ( ! common] qualities ( silv]4 ,t9 is also us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sold] = ^! qualities1 9 ord] to r5d] x ! m easy ( fusion :5 us$ = sold]+ ! "w4 ,( ! di/9ctive features ( ^! elem5ts ( silv]-alloy we %all n[ speak ) "s am\nt ( detail4 ,silv] w unite ) copp] 9 v>i\s proportions by melt+ ! two +r$i5ts toge!r1 & /irr+ !m :il/ 9 a fus$ /ate4 ,a product w ?us be =m$ diff]+ physically 9 "* f f9e silv]1 caus$ by ! loss ( "s little ( ! latt]'s ductility & malleability2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a comp\nd w be produc$ h>d] & m ela/ic1 :i* is 9 e s5se bett] adapt$ to ! manufacture & also to ! durability ( ! articles made by ! silv]smi?4 ,copp]1 l ! preci\s metals1 appe>s to h be5 kn[n f a v e>ly age1 be+ "o ( ! six metals spok5 ( 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & describ$ by ! hi/orian z be+ also "o ( ! sev5 made use ( by ! anci5t philosoph]4 ,x is ( a r$di% col\r1 malleable1 ductile1 & t5aci\s4 ,x is l>gely employ$ 9 alloy+ bo? gold & silv] = ! manufacture ( jewell]y & o!r articles4 ,) reg>d to malleability1 x /&s next to gold & silv] 9 ! li/ ( useful metals2 9 ductility x occupies ! fif? position2 & 9 t5acity "o only is sup]ior1 viz4 iron4 ,x is n v fix$ 9 ! fire1 = if subject$ to a long-cont9u$ heat x loses a "p ( its sub/ance2 = ?is reason ! alloys ( silv] & copp] %\ld be c>efully wat*$ 9 ! crucible to prev5t ?is loss :5 "u ! action ( ! fire4 ,:5 /ruck copp] gives only a feeble s\nd1 & is easily abrad$ by ! file4 ,x fuses at a good :ite heat1 or ab\t #aiid ,fahr41 al?\gh "s au?ors h giv5 x z #aiif ,fahr4 ,its specific gravity v>ies betwe5 #hhh = ca/ copp]1 & #hif :5 roll$ & hamm]$4 ,x loses betwe5 "o-eigh? & "o-n9?1 or #d_/ce?s1 ( its weight 9 wat]4 ,:5 expos$ to a damp atmosph]e a gre5i% oxide1 call$ v]digris1 is produc$ on its surface1 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons :y silv] articles conta9+ a p]c5tage ( copp] become s readily discol\r$ if left expos$ to atmosph]ic influ5ces2 copp] also1 if heat$ 9 contact ) ! air1 quickly becomes oxidiz$1 &1 on be+ t\*$1 scales fall (f3 ^! =m ! protoxide ( copp]4 ,if ?is process is frequ5tly repeat$ "u a great heat1 ea* "t ! metal is op]at$ ^u x loses a "p ( its malleability & ductility1 :i* are bo? em95t *>act]i/ics ( ! pure metal4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y acids act on copp] b sl[ly 9 ! cold1 b nitric acid v readily dissolves x1 ev5 if l>gely dilut$4 ,copp] amalgamates ) mo/ ( ! metals1 & its subsidi>y alloys are v l>gely employ$ 9 ! arts & manufactures ( e k9d4 ,! bean-%ot copp] ( comm]ce1 co/+ ab\t a %ill+ p] p\nd avoirdupois weight1 is q good en\gh = all ! practical purposes ( ! silv]smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,v5us4 ,egyptian ,m>k = ,copp]4 ,! "n giv5 to ?is metal by ! al*emi/s 0 ,v5us 7,fig4 #ad71 :i* is "o ( ! pr9cipal planets1 ^: orbit is situat$ betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,m]cury4 ,! sci5tific "n ( cuprum = copp] is d]iv$ f ! ,isle ( ,cyprus1 :]e1 x is said by ,pl9y1 ! ,greeks discov]$ ! me?od ( m9+ & work+ x4 ,copp] is f\nd di/ribut$ all ov] ! _w2 a consid]able portion1 h[ev]1 is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,nickel4--,?is metal is f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ by ! ,g]mans ,kupf] nickel1 or false copp]1 nickel be+ a t]m ( detraction4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ ab\t a c5tury & a half ago by ,cron/$t4 ,x has a greyi%-:ite col\r1 & is slightly magnetic1 i4e4 x is attract$ by ! magnet 9 ! same way z iron & /eel1 b x loses ?is prop]ty if heat$ to ab\t #fjj ,fahr4 ,its specific gravity v>ies betwe5 #hdj & #hej1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( compression x has receiv$1 & x is r brittle2 x may1 h[ev]1 be drawn into wire1 & roll$ flat1 or into %eets4 ,x is consid]ably h>d] & less ductile ?an any ( ! o!r metals employ$ 9 jewell]'s & silv]smi?'s "w4 ,9 h>dness x ne>ly approa*es iron1 & on ?is acc\nt1 :5 poli%$1 a *>act]i/ic brightness is produc$4 ,! malleability ( nickel is less ?an t ( iron1 /&+ t5? 9 ! li/ ( useful metals2 & 9 ductility x also occupies ! t5? position4 ,nickel is v infusible1 & does n s easily oxidize or t>ni% at ord9>y temp]atures z copp] does4 ,sev]al c\ntries h tri$ to employ x 9 ! manufacture ( small co9 = ! curr5cy1 b its use has n[ be5 almo/ ab&on$4 ,nickel alloys are mu* us$ 9 ! arts = manufactur+ purposes1 "u ! "n ( ,g]man silv]1 !re be+ l>ge dem& = ?is metal1 z x =ms ! h>d :ite alloy mu* us$ 9 mak+ electro-plate1 & on :i* silv] is aft]w>ds deposit$4 ,x also is us$ 9 common silv] alloys1 9 ord] to keep up ! :it5ess ( ! latt] elem5t1 ! addition ( too l>ge a proportion ( copp] ma9ta9+ ! t9t ( ! latt] metal1 9 too /rong a degree to be altoge!r employ$ by ! silv]-work]4 ,nickel is sometimes specially employ$1 9 comb9ation ) o!r metals1 to replace or imitate silv] 9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial w>es1 :ile ) copp]1 z9c1 t91 c41 x =ms v useful alloys1 produc+ great h>dness4 ,z9c4--,?is metal 9 its pure /ate is sometimes call$ spelt]4 ,at ! pres5t day x is n mu* us$ = alloy+ silv]2 b1 z x is commonly employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( silv]-sold]1 x is necess>y t ! amateur & ! /ud5t %\ld "k1 z well z ! practical me*anic1 ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( x1 toge!r ) ! qualities x imp>ts to o!rs :5 9 comb9ation ) !m4 ,z a metallic sub/ance x 0 unkn[n until a long "t subsequ5t to ! discov]y ( ! pr9cipal metals2 & only s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury has its uses be5 ?or\ghly kn[n & appreciat$ 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,9 its pure /ate1 z9c is a blui%-:ite metal1 h>d & highly cry/all9e2 b1 :5 rais$ to a heat ( betwe5 #bej & #cjj ,fahr41 x is malleable1 & may safely be roll$ & hamm]$3 x is 9 ?is way t ! z9c ( comm]ce is produc$4 ,z9c may be anneal$ by plac+ x = a "t 9 boil+ wat]4 ,its specific gravity v>ies betwe5 #fh & #gb1 accord+ to ! previ\s k9d ( me*anical treatm5t x has receiv$4 ,at #ggc ,fahr4 x melts1 & is quickly oxidiz$ by exposure to a curr5t ( air1 emitt+ :ite vap\rs1 :i* rise into ! air1 & are n unlike cotton-flakes2 oxide ( z9c is ?us =m$ by ! burn+ away ( ! z9c4 ,spelt] or z9c is employ$ by jewell]s 9 ! manufacture ( bright gold alloys1 z x gives livel9ess ( col\r to _! w>es n to be equall$ by any o!r metal4 7,= ! proportions & treatm5t ( ?is composition see ,! ,goldsmi?'s ,h&book47 ,x may be alloy$ ) mo/ ( ! metals we h nam$2 its uses 9 ro(+1 gutt]s1 sp\t+1 & *imney-pots be+ all well kn[n4 ,all ! acids v readily attack x 9 ! gold1 & ev5 :5 l>gely dilut$2 x spe$ily t>ni%es1 & becomes cov]$ ) a :ite oxide :i* protects ! metal f atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,9 po9t ( malleability z9c /&s eigh? among ! metals1 sev5? 9 ductility1 & z reg>ds t5acity ab\t sev5? also4 ,9 *emi/ry x is repres5t$ by ! symbol ,zn4 ,its value :5 9 a /ate ( purity1 comm]cially speak+1 is ab\t #d;d4 p]4 lb4 ,t94--,?is appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! olde/ kn[n metals1 & 0 employ$ 9 ! ,egyptian arts by ! anci5ts1 9 comb9ation ) copp]4 ,its col\r is :ite1 ) a %9+ lu/re almo/ z brilliant z t ( silv]1 b x t>ni%es mu* m quickly ?an alloys ( ! latt] metal4 ,) ! exception ( alum9um & z9c1 x is ! lighte/ ( all ! metals1 its d5sity be+ betwe5 #gj & #gc1 :e!r ca/1 hamm]$1 or roll$4 ,x is f\nd 9 abundance 9 ,cornwall1 :]e x 0 also obta9$ at a v e>ly p]iod by ! ,phoenicians2 & x is report$ 9 ,soame's ,lat9 ,*ur*1 p4 #cj1 t x 0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! trade 9 t9 t ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,t9 is n ( a fix$ nature l gold or silv]1 b melts 9 a mod]ate fire long be=e x becomes r$ hot1 or ab\t #ddb ,fahr4 ,x is rapidly oxidiz$ :5 kept = a long "t 9 a fire hav+ a free access to ! air2 & x is dissolv$ by hydro*loric1 sulphuric1 & nitric acids1 ! latt] act+ on x mo/ p[]fully4 ,t9 %\ld n be alloy$ ) gold or silv]1 z ) ei!r ( ^! x easily ent]s into comb9ation by fusion1 r5d]+ !m extremely brittle1 especially 9 ! case ( silv]1 :i* becomes by ! lea/ mixture ( x s brittle t x is totally unfit = ! "w ( ! silv]smi?4 ,h[ev]1 = sold]1 = fil+ into du/1 x may be advantage\sly employ$ to promote a quick] fusion2 b ev5 = ?is x %\ld be avoid$ :]e x is possible to d s4 ,! vap\rs ( t9 are also p]man5tly injuri\s 9 ! melt+ ( gold1 silv]1 & _! alloys1 z !y r5d] !m v unworkable1 & ! op]ator be+ (t5 at a loss to und]/& ! cause ( 8 mis=tune2 !re=e1 9 melt+ silv] alloys1 x is advisable to avoid z mu* z possible ! introduction ( little bits ( scrap t9 into ! furnace4 ,if su* a ?+ %\ld happ51 h[ev]1 make ! fire once or twice /rong] 9 ord] t ! t9 may all be de/roy$ be=e ! crucible conta9+ ! silv] alloy is put 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,jupit]4 ,egyptian m>k = ,t94 ,t9 is v malleable1 mod]ately ductile1 & t5aci\s1 be+ fif? on ! li/ = malleability1 eigh? = ductility1 & eigh? = t5acity4 ,! ,egyptian m>k or symbol = t9 7sign ( ,jupit]7 0 ! same z is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ae1 & relat$ to ! planet ( t "n1 "o rem>kable = its brightness4 ,9 my?ology x is und]/ood z repres5t+ ! supreme deity ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! mod]n sci5tific "n = t9 is ,sn4 ,t9 loses ov] "o-sev5?1 or #d_/bi?s1 ( its weight 9 wat] f its absolute weight 9 air4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all treat ( ! mix+ ( silv] alloys1 c41 & 9 ord] to make our in=mation reg>d+ ! v>i\s metals s employ$ z complete z possible1 we %all conclude ?is "o ) ! foll[+ tables1 ea* ( :i* w no d\bt be f\nd useful3-- ,table ( ,metallic ,elem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,names ( ,elem5ts4 ,symbols4 ,specific ,gravities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,plat9um ,pt #badj to #baej ,gold ,au #aibe #aiej ,m]cury ,hg #acef #acei ,lead ,pb #aadj #aade ,silv] ,ag #ajdg #ajej ,bismu? ,bi #ihb #iij ,copp] ,cu #hhi #hif ,nickel ,ni #hej #hfj ,iron ,fe #ggg #ghj ,t9 ,sn #gbe #gcj ,z9c ,zn #fhj #gbj ,antimony ,sb #fge #fhj ,ars5ic ,z #egj #eij ,alum9um ,al #bef #bfj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,melt+-po9ts ( ! ,pr9cipal ,metals4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,names ( ,elem5ts4 ,fahr5heit4 ,c5tigrade4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,plat9um ,infusible1 except by ! oxyhydrog5 bl[-pipe4 ,ca/ ,iron #bghf #aecj ,nickel #bgjj #adhb ,gold #bjaf #aajb ,copp] #aiid #ajij ,silv] #ahgc #ajbc ,alum9um #acjj #gje ,z9c #ggc #dab ,lead #fab #cbb ,bismu? #dig #beh ,t9 #ddb #bbh ,antimony ,fuses a little bel[ r$ heat4 ,ars5ic ,volatilises be=e x fuses4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,physical ,prop]ties ( ! ,pr9cipal ,metals4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,malleability4 ,ductility4 ,t5acity4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,gold ,gold ,iron #edi ,silv] ,silv] ,copp] #cjb ,copp] ,plat9um ,alum9um #cjj ,alum9um ,iron ,plat9um #bgd ,t9 ,copp] ,silv] #ahg ,plat9um ,alum9um ,gold #aej ,lead ,z9c ,z9c #aji ,z9c ,t9 ,t9 #cd ,iron ,lead ,lead #bg ,nickel ,nickel ,b ---------------------------------------- ---- ,b ,! above weights 7 lbs4 su/a9$ by #jghg ( a l9e 9 diamet]1 9 wires ( ! v>i\s metals4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4,c ,v>i\s ,qualities ( ,silv]4 ,c ,see obs]vations on ,depreciation ( ,co/ ,price ( ,silv] 9 ,preface to ,f\r? ,edition 7pp4 vii1 viii71 & ! new ,table ( ,co/ ,prices ( ,alloys 9 ?is ,*apt]1 foll[+ ! ,preface 7p4 ix74 ,! *emical & physical prop]ties ( f9e silv] hav+ be5 dealt ) 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 we %all n ref] to !m aga9 9 detail2 b1 z we h already obs]v$ t x is sometimes employ$ 9 its pure /ate = special purposes1 x is desirable t we %\ld po9t out ! uses to :i* x has be5 appli$1 especially ^? ( a me*anical nature4 ,) ref]5ce to ! latt] "p ( ! subject we w n[ proce$ to describe ! comm]cial utility ( ! metal4 ,"o ( ! greate/ dem&s = pure silv]--if n ! greate/ ( all--is 9 ! manufacture ( f9e filigree "w1 a bran* ( indu/ry ext5sively practis$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,?is k9d ( silv]smi?'s "w 0 attempt$ to be reviv$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! ye>s #ahfd-e1 ,birm+ham & ,london be+ ! pr9cipal places :]e ! manufacture 0 c>ri$ on2 b ! success ( ! und]tak+ z a /aple indu/ry mu/1 at ! mo/1 h be5 only a p>tial "o1 = x soon decl9$1 & ! trade 0 ?us virtually left1 z be=e1 9 ! h&s ( our ,ea/]n competitors2 mo/ ( :om produce spl5did specim5s ( ! art ( filigree & f9e wire-work+4 ,9 ,india ?is "w is wond]fully p]=m$1 & x is truly m>vell\s to witness ! beautiful h&iwork ( ! natives :o practise ?is craft4 ,_! productions are q ! "w ( ! true arti/1 almo/ e article repres5t+ ,nature 9 "s ( h] v>i\s =ms1 su* z fl[]s1 animals1 s]p5ts1 c41 & ^! are s skilfully imitat$ t no "o c\ld possibly dispute ei!r ! fai?fulness ( ! repres5tation or ! ability ( ! workman4 ,?is is all ! m surpris+1 because 9 ,india ! natives h n ! mod]n me*anical appliances :i* we possess 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! jewell] !re repres5ts to "s ext5t our travell+ t9k]1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! travell+ t9k] 9 ?is c\ntry is g5]ally an inexp]i5c$ & unskilful workman1 :]eas ! ,indian1 if we are to judge him by 8 "w1 mu/ be j ! rev]se4 ,filigree wire-"w is manufactur$ 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 & ! secret ( ^! c\ntries ma9ta9+ ! monopoly 9 ?is bran* ( ! silv]smi?'s trade is t lab\r !re is *eap2 & n 9 any s5se because ,engli% workm5 _c make ! articles 9 "q4 ,x is ow+ to ?is *eapness ( lab\r & ! inexp5siv5ess ( liv+ t our ,cont95tal competitors c beat u by und]sell+ u 9 ! m>ket2 & to no o!r cause c ! production ( ! =eign *eap article be assign$4 ,9 ,india ! art ( work+ 9 silv] & gold has long be5 practis$1 & s p>ticul> are ! workm5 !re ab\t ! absolute purity ( ! metals !y use1 t !y ref9e !m by melt+ five times1 "u a v /rong bla/ heat1 be=e comm5c+ ! "w ( manufacture4 ,! pr9cipal places :]e ^! art-manufactures are c>ri$ on are 9 ,s\!rn ,india & at ,tri*9opoly2 & 9 ^! di/ricts ! delicacy & intricacy ( ! workman%ip are br\ght to ! greate/ possible p]fection4 ,! articles produc$ !re are all h&-made1 & wr\ght entirely ) a few simple tools1 su* z a hamm] & an anvil 7bo? ( :i* are highly poli%$ & burni%$71 a few f9e pli]s1 bl[-pipes1 burni%]s1 scrap]s1 a pair ( f9e divid]s1 & "s delicate scales & weights2 ^!1 ) a few p]=at$ /eel-plates = draw+ ! wire ?r\gh1 comprise ! *ief appliances ( ! travell+ native jewell]s4 ,! process ( ! "w is v simple4 ,x is comm5c$ by hamm]+ out ! metal ^u ! anvil1 & :5 x has assum$ a c]ta9 degree ( ?9ness ! divid]s are next br\ght into requisition to m>k x into c]ta9 wid?s1 :i* are subsequ5tly cut into /rips & drawn into v f9e wire ?r\gh p]=at$ /eel-plates1 a pair ( /rong pli]s be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,! holes 9 ! /eel-plates consi/ ( graduat$ sizes1 & by ?is means ! /rips ( metal are soon consid]ably r$uc$2 & :5 ! prop] ?9ness has be5 atta9$ ! wire is ready = ! ex]cise ( ! practical skill & dext]ity ( ! artisan1 :o produces f x ! be/ filigree "w 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ ( ! native jewell]s h books conta9+ a v>iety ( designs1 b !y m commonly "w f memory1 )\t any ref]5ce to patt]ns4 ,! pr9cipal localities :]e ?is description ( "w is produc$ 9 ! highe/ p]fection are ,delhi1 ,cuttack1 & ,tri*9opoly1 9 ,india2 & ,g5oa1 ,p>is1 ,flor5ce1 ,malta1 ,norway1 & ,sw$54 ,! ,indian filigree "w is ! f9e/ & *eape/ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,maltese manufacture a v good k9d1 & _! crosses are mu* admir$2 s also d ! ,*9ese & ,japanese1 b ! manufactures ( ^! latt] c\ntries are n s ta/eful z ^? ( ,india1 consequ5tly !y h n be5 s highly appreciat$4 ,norway & ,sw$5 produce filigree "w ( a v light weight2 b /ill _! productions 9 ?is art w n comp>e 9 reg>d to effect ) ! f9e/ specim5s f ,india4 ,we h said t ! silv] employ$ by ! filigree work] %\ld be 9 e case absolutely pure2 because1 :5 x is q f9e1 x is extremely s(t & pliable1 s t x w rema9 9 almo/ any =m ! arti/ may *oose to "w x1 )\t t spr+9ess :i* is f\nd 9 all alloy$ metals4 ,h[ev] small might be ! am\nt ( alloy conta9$ 9 ! metal1 ! lea/ admixture ( x w\ld produce an ela/icity 9 ! wire :5 press$ into =m :i* w\ld make x unworkable = f9e filigree purposes2 & 9 ?is /ate x w\ld be ! utt] bane ( ! workman1 z 8 progress w\ld be altoge!r imp$$ 9 ! production ( 8 "w4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! spirals1 & all ! v>i\s =ms requir$ 9 filigree work+1 %\ld rema9 /eadily 9 _! places :5 press$ into %ape1 )\t t reb\nd+ :i* happ5s 9 ! case ( metals ( an ela/ic nature1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* no really fir/-class "w c be p]=m$ 9 connection ) ?is art4 ,= su* reasons z ^! x w be at once palpable ev5 to ! ord9>y read] t f9e silv] %\ld always be us$ 9 pref]5ce to alloy$ 9 ! manufacture ( filigree "w4 ,! v>i\s ornam5ts ( ! filigree k9d are commonly enclos$ 9 a rim ( pla9 & some:at /rong] wire1 :i* gives additional /r5g? to ea* "p2 &1 :5 put toge!r1 t5ds to compose an article ( consid]ably great] durability4 ,9 ,engl& ^! outside rims consi/ exclusively ( /]l+ or /&>d silv]1 :il/ all ! inn] "w is ( ! f9] mat]ial4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ ! wire call$ filigree4 ,! olde/ & ! "o almo/ inv>iably practis$ 9 ,india consi/s 9 ! fir/ place 9 draw+ d[n ! wire 9 a circul> =m until ! v l[e/ possible ?9ness has be5 atta9$1 & frequ5tly anneal+ x dur+ ! process1 :i* is done by heat+ x to a r$ heat 9 a muffle plac$ ^u an iron or copp] pan4 ,:5 ?is process has be5 effectually p]=m$ ! wire is tak5 7if ( ! prop] degree ( ?9ness7 & d\bl$ toge!r2 ^! two f9e wires are !n twi/$ into "o cord1 :i* %\ld be ( ! f95ess desir$4 ,! wire requires anneal+ m ?an once dur+ ! process ( twi/+1 & :5 x is complet$ x has a cord$ appe>ance1 x is !n ready = ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s articles compris$ 9 ?is k9d ( "w4 ,! old plan ( twi/+ 0 accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,"o end ( ! d\bl$ wire be+ firmly secur$ 9 a vice or "s o!r suitable in/rum5t1 s z to prev5t x f turn+ r\nd & s prev5t ! progress ( ! "w1 ! o!r end ( x 0 also firmly secur$ 9 a small h& ma*9e or vice1 :i* 0 made to revolve by turn+ a small h&le ) ! "r h&1 ! ma*9e be+ held & regulat$ ) ! left1 9 ord] to keep ! wire out at its full l5g? s z to avoid knott+ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( x2 x 0 9 ?is mann] t f9e filigree wire 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance made4 ,! second plan 0 some:at diff]5t1 & 9 reg>d to ! la/ "p ( ! process x 0 c]ta9ly a great advantage1 especially 9 ! sav+ ( lab\r1 z a great] quantity c\ld be prep>$ 9 a mu* less "t ?an by ! old me?od1 t be+ sl[ 9 its progress4 ,"h ! la! 0 made to supply ! place ( ! small h& ma*9e1 ! spe$ ( :i* soon br\ght ab\t ! object 9 view4 ,! flatt5+ ( ?is twi/$ wire has n[ commonly come into use1 & is effect$ by pass+ x ?r\gh small /eel roll]s1 h>d5$ & poli%$4 ,! object ( ?is is soon manife/1 z ! lab\r-sav+ process is br\ght prom95tly into play3 ! wire 9 ! fir/ place ne$ n be s f9ely drawn1 & secondly ! same filigree surface c be made to appe> ^u ! articles z be=e1 by secur+ ! edges ( ! wires :i* %[ ! filigree upp]mo/2 & ?is is always ! case 9 manipulat+ ) ?is k9d ( wire4 ,?is me?od is g5]ally 9 vogue ) mo/ filigree work]s4 ,a ?ird plan ( prep>+ ! mat]ial = ! manufacture ( filigree "w is1 we believe1 due to ! +5uity ( a celebrat$ ,birm+ham firm1 :o ext5sively practis$ ?is k9d ( "w "s ye>s ago4 ,! secret is n n[ g5]ally kn[n to ! trade1 !re=e a few obs]vations be>+ ^u x w n be unacceptable to ^? = ^: b5efit we are writ+4 ,! process is comm5c$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! r\nd wire1 ?\gh ?is ne$ n be drawn s f9e1 because by ?is me?od we h no twi/+4 ,:5 ! r\nd wire has arriv$ at ! prop] size x is flatt5$ 9 ! mann] already expla9$2 & :5 ?is is done x %\ld be anneal$1 b exp]i5ce w dictate be/ :5 ?is p>ticul> process %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,aft] ?is latt] op]ation ! wire is submitt$ to ! action ( v small roll]s1 & be>+ ! patt]n requir$ 9 small grooves ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! patt]n takes effect ^u ! edges ( ! wires only1 & resembles ! mill$ or s]rat$ edges ( our co9age1 only ( c\rse ! latt] be>s no comp>ison ) reg>d to f95ess4 ,la/ly1 ! wire is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! flatt5+ roll]s1 & !n x is ready to be work$ up into ! object desir$4 ,hav+ gone ?r\gh ! g5]al details ( filigree work+ we %all next direct our att5tion to ! compon5t p>ts & comm]cial uses ( ! ,engli% /&>ds1 toge!r ) ^? ( "s o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,engl& !re are two silv] /&>ds1 call$ respectively ! old & ! new /&>ds4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,f9e silv] p] lb4 troy4 ,old ,/&>d1 #aa oz4 #b dwts4 #ibe millims4 ,new ,/&>d1 #aa oz4 #aj dwts4 #iei millims4 ,! old] ( ^! appe>s to h be5 always ! legally recognis$ /&>d = ! co9age1 & also = ! manufacture ( plate4 ,by a law pass$1 h[ev]1 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii4 7#afig7 x 0 rais$ to #aa oz4 #aj dwts4 ( f9e silv] 9 ! p\nd troy weight4 ,! manufacture ( silv] articles f ?is /&>d 0 soon f\nd to be n s durable z ^? made "u ! old] "o2 consequ5tly ! silv]smi?s 7 p]mitt$ by a law pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 7#ahai7 to manufacture f ! =m] /&>d ( #aa oz4 #b dwts41 ! use ( ! new "o be+ likewise p]mitt$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o *ose to avail !mselves ( x2 & to ?is day x rema9s an ,engli% /&>d1 ?\gh h>dly ev] employ$4 ,by ! ,silv] ,co9age ,act 7#aj ,geo4 #e71 ! f95ess ( ! ,briti% co9age 0 r$uc$ on acc\nt ( ! increas$ price ( silv] bullion2 & ! silv] co9age n[ consi/s ( "o-half silv]1 "o-half alloy1 "o troy p\nd ( silv] be+ co9$ into sixty-six %ill+s4 ,! copp] :i* composes ! alloy 9 ! silv] co9age h>d5s ! mat]ial employ$1 & x is f\nd to we> bett]4 ,9 ord] to make ! matt] z simple z possible1 we purpose giv+ a few practical alloys1 z foll[s3-- ,old /&>d silv] alloy1 co/ #ds4 #d;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #ah #ab ,%ot ,copp] #j #a #ab ---------------- #a #j #j ,if x is int5d$ t ! above alloy %\ld be = ,hall-m>k+1 x w be advisable to add a little extra silv] to ! prep>$ composition1 because f9e silv] pur*as$ f ! ref9] or bullion deal] is nev] absolutely pure1 consequ5tly ! "w w n pass ! ,hall2 or bett] /ill alloy z foll[s3-- ,old /&>d silv] = ,hall m>k+4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #ah #ad ,%ot ,copp] #j #a #aj ---------------- #a #j #j ,! new /&>d silv] is compos$ ( #ch-a_/c-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #a-b_/c-dj?s ( copp] alloy2 or millesimal f95ess #iei p>ts ( f9e silv] & #da p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts2 ! rem$y be+ z be=e #jjjd p>ts4 ,new /&>d silv] alloy1 co/ #ds4 #f;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #ai #d ,%ot ,copp] #j #j #bj ---------------- #a #j #j ,new /&>d silv] = ,hall m>k+4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #ai #f ,%ot ,copp] #j #j #ah ---------------- #a #j #j ,quality commonly us$ 9 ,engl&4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #ah #j ,%ot ,copp] #j #b #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,! qualities ( ! silv] employ$ by ! ,engli% silv]smi?s are inv>iably bel[ ! /&>d1 ! duties1 assay *>ges1 & loss ( "t 9 s5d+ ! "w to ! ,hall to be m>k$ act+ z a great drawback to ! trade 9 ! mid/ ( ! ke5 competition ( ! pres5t day4 ,silv] *a9s1 broo*es1 buckles1 coll>ets1 c4 are = ! mo/ "p manufactur$ f inf]ior metal4 ,9 fact1 "s manufactur]s positively refuse to make ,hall-m>k$ goods1 on acc\nt ( ! great drawbacks att5d+ ! m>k+4 ,! alloys ( silv] are n calculat$ on ! c>at sy/em1 l gold1 b by c]ta9 numb]s1 or o!r di/9ctive features1 well und]/ood by ! p>ticul> firms :i* trade 9 silv] w>es4 ,= our pres5t purpose x w be suffici5t to di/+ui% !m by us+ ! num]als1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c42 ! alloy ne>e/ approa*+ /]l+ or /&>d we %all call ,no4 #a1 & s on d[nw>ds until ! l[e/ quality has be5 rea*$4 ,we may /ate t silv] does n lose its :it5ess if n alloy$ bel[ equal quantities ( ! two metals2 h[ev]1 ! alloys us$ 9 manufactures seldom rea* s l[ a limit4 ,silv] alloy ,no4 #a1 co/ #ds4 #b;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #ah #j ,%ot ,copp] #j #b #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #a1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #a #j #j ,%ot ,copp] #j #b #f --------------- #a #b #f ,silv] alloy ,no4 #b1 co/ #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #j #af #j ,%ot ,copp] #j #d #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #b1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e ,silv] #a #j #j ,%ot ,copp] #j #e #j ---------------- #a #e #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #c1 co/ #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ae #j ,%ot copp] #j #e #j --------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #c1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #f #af --------------- #a #f #af ,silv] alloy ,no4 #d1 co/ #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ad #j ,%ot copp] #j #f #j --------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #d1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #h #ab ---------------- #a #h #ab ,silv] alloy ,no4 #e1 co/ #cs4 #b;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ac #ab ,%ot copp] #j #f #ab ---------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #e1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #i #ah ---------------- #a #i #ah ,silv] alloy ,no4 #f1 co/ #cs4 #a;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ac #j ,%ot copp] #j #g #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #f1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #aa #j ---------------- #a #aa #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #g1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ab #ab ,%ot copp] #j #g #ab ---------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #g1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #ab #j ---------------- #a #ab #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #h1 co/ #bs4 #aj;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ab #j ,%ot copp] #j #h #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,silv] alloy ,no4 #h1 same z be=e4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #ac #ab ---------------- #a #ac #ab ,! qualities ( ! silv] alloys h be5 r$uc$ 9 ?is li/ to v>i\s values1 & ! latt] ones are z common z x is possible to make !m1 )\t a great & p]ceptible *ange ( col\r tak+ place 9 ! prep>$ mat]ial4 ,b if x be desir$ to "w a /ill m inf]ior metal1 !n ano!r +r$i5t mu/ ent] into its composition1 9 ord] to keep up ! :it5ess ( ! silv]2 & ?is o!r metal employ$ is nickel1 ! alloys ) :i* we %all h occasion to ref] to h]eaft]4 ,suffice x to say1 h[ev]1 t ^! inf]ior alloys ( silv]1 prep>$ ) nickel1 are n n[ mu* employ$ by silv]smi?s 9 _! art-manufactures4 ,x w be obs]v$ t we h recomm5d$ ! employm5t ( %ot copp] 9 ! manufacture ( silv] alloys3 we d s = two reasons--fir/1 because x c be pur*as$ at a consid]ably *eap] rate ?an c ! ord9>y =ms ( copp]1 co/+ only "o %ill+ p] lb41 :il/ ! ord9>y prep>$ copp] = alloy+ w co/ d\ble t am\nt2 &1 secondly1 if prop] att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! melt+ & ca/+ process1 ! workable qualities ( ! metal w be f\nd ev]y?+ t c\ld be desir$4 ,!re=e an excell5t mat]ial 9 all respects c be produc$ by ! means sugge/$ at half ! co/ ( alloy4 ,a consid]able sav+ to a l>ge firm might ?us be easily effect$ by its employm5t4 ,9 ,france !re are ?ree silv] /&>ds--two to be employ$ by silv]smi?s1 & "o = ! co9age1 z foll[s3-- ,f9e silv] p] lb4 troy4 ,silv] w>e1 #aa oz4 #h dwts4 #iej millims4 ,co9age1 #aj oz4 #af dwts4 #ijj millims4 ,silv] w>e1 #i oz4 #ab dwts4 #hjj millims4 ,x w be se5 f ! above table t pre-w> co9age 9 ,france did n repres5t ! highe/ /&>d1 & also t _! pr9cipal "o 0 inf]ior to our highe/ /&>d4 ,fr5* co9age conta9$ #cf-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #d-dj?s ( copp] alloy1 or millesimal f95ess #ijj p>ts ( f9e silv] & #ajj p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal2 ! highe/ /&>d = silv] w>es conta9s #ch-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #b-dj?s ( copp] alloy1 or millesimal f95ess #iej p>ts ( f9e silv] & #ej p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal2 ! l[e/ ,fr5* /&>d = silv] w>es conta9s #cb-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #h-dj?s ( copp] alloy1 or millesimal f95ess #hjj p>ts ( f9e silv] & #bjj p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal4 ,! rem$y is millesimal f95ess #jjje4 ,fr5* alloy = co9age1 #ds4 #b;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ah #j ,copp] #j #b #j ----------- #a #j #j ,fr5* alloy = plate1 #ds4 #e;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ai #j ,copp] #j #a #j ----------- #a #j #j ,fr5* alloy1 l[e/ /&>d1 #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #af #j ,copp] #j #d #j ----------- #a #j #j ,9 ! prep>ation ( ^! alloys ) ,fr5* silv] x is undesirable to make any addition ( f9e silv]1 9 ord] to enable goods manufactur$ f !m to pass ! ,hall 9 safety1 because ! =m] is assay$ be=e x leaves ! bullion deal]s1 & ! b>s ( metal are m>k$ ) _! v>i\s /&>ds4 ,su* is n ! case 9 ,engl&1 & ref9]s' f9e metal is sometimes two or ?ree grams "u :at x is suppos$ to be2 h5ce ! necessity = ! fur!r addition ( "s f9e metal z we h already po9t$ out1 :5 ! object 9 view is to h goods ,hall-m>k$2 )\t :i* addition x _c be effect$4 ,9 ,g]many !re are f\r silv] /&>ds--"o = ! co9age1 & ?ree to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( silv]smi?s' w>es2 & 9 t c\ntry ! v>i\s /&>ds are sev]ally appli$ 9 ! production ( f9e filigree & o!r arti/ic "w4 ,! f95ess ( ! /&>ds is z foll[s3-- ,f9e silv] p] lb4 troy4 ,silv] w>e1 #aa oz4 #h dwts4 #iej millims4 ,co9age1 #aj oz4 #af dwts4 #ijj millims4 ,silv] w>e1 #i oz4 #ab dwts4 #hjj millims4 ,silv] w>e1 #i oz4 #j dwts4 #gej millims4 ,z reg>ds ! alloy to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! v>i\s qualities1 copp] only mu/ be us$1 all o!r metals be+ =bidd54 ,^! /&>ds repres5t all home manufactur$ articles ( silv] hav+ ref]5ce to ! /&>ds ( t c\ntry1 z lately appo9t$ by law4 ,g]man pre-w> co9age 0 ! same z ,fr5* & conta9$ #cf-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #d-dj?s ( copp]1 or millesimal f95ess #ijj p>ts ( f9e silv] & #ajj p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal4 ,! highe/ /&>d ( all is us$ = silv] w>es1 & conta9s #ch-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #b-dj?s ( copp]1 or millesimal f95ess #iej p>ts ( f9e silv] & #ej p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal4 ,! next ,g]man /&>d = silv] w>es conta9s #cb-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #h-dj?s ( copp]1 or millesimal f95ess #hjj p>ts ( f9e silv] & #bjj p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal4 ,! commone/ ,g]man /&>d employ$ by ! silv]smi?s ( t c\ntry conta9s #cj-dj?s ( f9e silv] & #aj-dj?s ( copp]1 or millesimal f95ess #gej p>ts ( f9e silv] & #bej p>ts ( copp] p] #a1jjj p>ts ( metal indicat$4 ,rem$y #jjjc4 ,silv] alloy = ! ,g]man co9age4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ah #j ,copp] #j #b #j --------------- #a #j #j ,alloy = silv] w>es ( ! fir/ /&>d4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ai #j ,copp] #j #a #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,alloy = silv] w>es ( ! second /&>d4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #af #j ,copp] #j #d #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,alloy = silv] w>es ( ! ?ird /&>d4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ae #j ,copp] #j #e #j ----------------- #a #j #j ,silv] goods manufactur$ accord+ to ^! /&>ds 9 ,g]many1 :i* h rec5tly become law1 may be alloy$ only ) copp]1 & any =eign sub/ance is n all[$ to ent] into _! composition4 ,! rem$y p]mitt$ 9 ! actual f95ess ( ! silv] mu/ n be "u ?ree ?\s&?s ( ! /&>d specifi$4 ,! goods to be /amp$ ) ! numb] ( ?\s&?s & ! "n ( ! manufactur] ( !m1 & ! correctness to be c]tifi$ by ! firm nam$4 ,exp]ts are appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to te/ ?is correctness1 & if ! provisions ( ! law h be5 ju/ly obs]v$ a gov]nm5t gu>antee m>k is appli$ to !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4,d ,silv] ,sold]s3 _! ,uses & ,applications4 ,d ,see obs]vations on ,depreciation ( ,co/ ,price ( ,silv] 9 ,preface to ,f\r? ,edition 7pp4 vii1 viii71 & ! new ,table ( ,co/ ,prices ( ,alloys 9 ?is ,*apt]1 foll[+ ! ,preface 7p4 x74 ,sold]+ z appli$ to silv]smi?'s "w is an art :i* requires great c>e & practice to p]=m x neatly & prop]ly4 ,x consi/s 9 unit+ ! v>i\s pieces ( an article toge!r at _! junctions1 edges1 or surfaces1 by fus+ an alloy specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 & :i* is m fusible ?an ! metal to be sold]$4 ,! sold] %\ld 9 e way be well suit$ to ! p>ticul> metal to :i* x is to be appli$1 & %\ld possess a p[]ful *emical aff9ity to x2 if ?is be n ! case1 /rong1 clean1 & invisible connections _c be effect$1 :il/ ! progress ( ! "w w\ld be consid]ably ret>d$4 ,?is is p>tly ! cause ( inf]ior manufactures1 & n1 z frequ5tly suppos$1 ! want ( skill 9 ! workman4 ,! be/ connections are made :5 ! metal & sold] agree z ne>ly z possible 9 uni=mity1 t is1 z reg>ds fusibility1 h>dness1 & malleability4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$1 m especially 9 ! case ( pla9 & /rong "w 7or "w t has to be> a /ra9 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture71 t ! sold]+ is m p]fect & m t5aci\s z ! po9t ( fusion ( ! two metals approa*es ea* o!r2 ! sold] hav+ a great] t5d5cy to =m a m p]fect alloy ) ! metal to :i* x is appli$ ?an "u any o!r conditions4 ,! silv] or o!r metal to be op]at$ ^u by sold]+ be+ p>tly ( a por\s nature1 ! great] ! heat requir$ 9 ! fusion ( ! sold] ! m closely are ! atoms ( ! two metals br\ght into direct relation%ip2 ?us great] solidity is giv5 to ! p>ts unit$1 & :i* are !n capable ( =m+ ! maximum ( resi/ance4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t t9 %\ld n be employ$ 9 =m+ sold]s possess+ ! *>act]i/ics we h j describ$1 = be+ a v fusible metal x greatly increases ! fusibility ( its alloys2 b :5 v easy sold] is requir$1 & ?is is sometimes ! case1 especially :5 z9c has be5 employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! silv] alloy1 its addition is a great advantage :5 x comes to be appli$ to ! "w 9 h&4 ,sold]s made ) t9 are n s malleable & t5aci\s z ^? prep>$ )\t x1 z x imp>ts a brittl5ess n usually to be f\nd 9 ^? regul>ly employ$ by silv]smi?s2 = ?is reason x is advisable to file x into du/1 & apply x 9 t /ate to ! articles 9 c\rse ( manufacture4 ,! be/ sold]s we h f\nd to be ^? mix$ ) a little z9c4 ,^! may be lam9at$1 roll$ or fil$ into du/2 if ! latt]1 x %\ld be f9ely done1 & ?is is bett] = e purpose4 ,too mu* z9c1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be add$ "u any conditions1 z x has a t5d5cy to eat itself away dur+ we>1 ?us r5d]+ ! articles p>tly useless ei!r = ornam5tal or dome/ic purposes e>li] ?an might be anticipat$4 ,sold]s ?us prep>$ also act ) "s disadvantage to ! workman us+ !m1 = !y possess ! prop]ty ( evaporat+ or eat+ away dur+ ! process ( sold]+1 leav+ beh9d sc>cely any?+ to indicate _! pres5ce2 consequ5tly ! workman has to keep on repeat+ ! process until ! connection is made p]fect1 :i* is always done at ! exp5se ( a quantity ( sold] z well z loss to ! workman z reg>ds "t4 ,sold]s made f copp] & silv] only are1 g5]ally speak+1 too infusible to be appli$ to all classes ( silv]smi?'s "w4 ,sold]s are manufactur$ ( all degrees ( h>dness2 ! h>de/ ( all be+ a prep>ation ( silv] & copp] 9 v>i\s proportions2 ! next be+ a composition ( silv]1 copp]1 & z9c2 & ! easie/ or mo/ fusible be+ prep>$ f silv]1 copp]1 & t91 or silv]1 brass1 & t94 ,ars5ic sometimes ent]s into ! composition ( silv] sold]s1 = promot+ a great] degree ( fusion2 & we h he>d ( workm5 actually refus+ to "w ) any o!r sold]4 ,! employm5t ( ars5ic has1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy to slightly endang] ! heal? ( ^? p]sons us+ x 9 l>ge quantities2 & ( late its employm5t has n be5 p]sev]$ 94 ,9 apply+ sold] ( :atev] composition x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! edges or p>ts to be unit$ %\ld be *emically clean2 & = ! purpose ( protect+ ^! p>ts f ! action ( ! air1 & oxidation dur+ ! sold]+ process1 !y are cov]$ by a suitable flux1 :i* n only prev5ts oxidation1 b has also a t5d5cy to remove any portion ( x left on ! p>ts ( ! metal to be unit$4 ,! flux employ$ is always borax1 & x n only effects ! objects j po9t$ out1 b greatly facilitates ! fl[ ( ! sold] into ! requir$ places4 ,silv] sold] %\ld be silv] ( a little inf]ior quality to t ab\t to be work$ up4 ,! v>i\s degrees ( fusibility ( ! sev]al sold]s are occasion$ by ! diff]5t proportions ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! elem5ts :i* ent] into _! exi/5ce4 ,= in/ance1 a sold] 9 :i* t9 =ms a compon5t "p w fl[ or fuse mu* soon] ?an "o 9 :i* copp] & silv] alone ent] into composition1 or ( "o :olly compos$ ( copp]1 silv]1 & z9c1 or ( silv] & brass2 !re=e x mu/ be und]/ood t t9 is ! be/ metal = increas+ ! fusibility ( silv] sold]s1 & = keep+ up _! :it5ess4 ,nev]!less x %\ld always be us$ sp>+ly1 & ev5 !n drawbacks w pres5t !mselves su* z we h already allud$ to4 ,x is our int5tion to give a li/ ( ! v>i\s sold]s :i* h be5 usually employ$ ) m or less success1 s t ! silv]smi? & ! art workman w be enabl$ to select ! "o mo/ suitable to ! p>ticul> bran* ( 8 trade2 & we cont5d1 f exp]i5ce 9 ! craft1 t success ( workman%ip ma9ly dep5ds ^u ?is po9t4 ,h>de/ silv] sold]1 co/ #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #af #j ,%ot copp] #j #d #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,h>de/ silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #e #j ---------------- #a #e #j ,h>d silv] sold]1 co/ #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ae #j ,brass #j #e #j ---------------- #a #j #j ,h>d silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,brass #j #f #af ---------------- #a #f #af ,easy silv] sold]1 co/ #cs4 #b;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ac #h ,brass #j #f #af ------------- #a #j #j ,easy silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,brass #j #aj #j ---------------- #a #aj #j ,! silv] sold]s "h giv5 are n su* z we c confid5tly recomm5d to ! g5]al silv]smi?1 hav+ prov$ !m to be v unsatisfactory 9 c]ta9 classes ( "w4 ,= example1 ! fir/ sold]1 except 9 ! case ( pla9 /rong "w1 w\ld be f> too infusible to be g5]ally us$ by ! silv]smi?2 ! second1 al?\gh mu* m fusible1 _c safely be appli$ to v f9e & delicate wire-"w1 because ! brass 9 its composition is s unc]ta93 unless specially prep>$ by ! silv]smi?1 x probably1 if pur*as$ f ! metal w>eh\ses1 conta9s lead2 ! latt] is injuri\s1 & 9 process ( sold]+ x burns & eats away1 mu* resembl+ ! application ( burnt sawdu/ to ! "w4 ,no really effective "w c be produc$ :5 ! above symptoms pres5t !mselves4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ,no4 #c1 :i* is ! mo/ fusible1 & :5 free f lead or o!r base metal x may be class$ z a tol]ably fair common sold]4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! sold]s to :i* we are allud+1 x is pref]able to employ1 in/ead ( ! brass1 a composition consi/+ ( a mixture ( copp] & z9c1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( copp] to "o "p ( z9c2 ! op]ator !n kn[s ( :at ! sold] is compos$1 & if x %\ld turn out bad he w p>tly "k ! cause1 & be able to supply a rem$y4 ,! sold]s t we h f\nd to answ] our purpose be/ are compos$ ( ! foll[+ elem5ts4 ,! fir/ is describ$ aga9 z h>d sold]1 b x is n ne>ly s h>d z ! "o previ\sly describ$4 ,be/ h>d silv] sold]1 #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #af #j ,%ot copp] #j #c #ab ,spelt] #j #j #ab ------------- #a #j #j ,be/ h>d silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #d #i ,spelt] #j #j #ae ------------- #a #e #j ,m$ium silv] sold]1 #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ae #j ,%ot copp] #j #d #j ,spelt] #j #a #j ------------- #a #j #j ,m$ium silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #e #h ,spelt] #j #a #h ------------- #a #f #af ,easy silv] sold]1 #cs4 #c;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ad #j ,%ot copp] #j #d #ab ,spelt] #j #a #ab ------------- #a #j #j ,easy silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #f #ab ,spelt] #j #b #d ------------- #a #h #af ,common silv] sold]1 #cs4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #ab #ab ,%ot copp] #j #f #j ,spelt] #j #a #ab ------------- #a #j #j ,common silv] sold]1 same z above4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #i #ae ,spelt] #j #b #i ------------- #a #ab #j ,! :ole ( ! above-nam$ sold]s w blea* or :it5 prop]ly if appli$ to silv] ( ! suitable quality = su* purposes4 ,we h us$ copp] & spelt] 9 our silv] sold]s1 because we h f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! few] numb] ( times a sold] is melt$ ! bett] x is = all purposes4 ,?is result ( our exp]i5ce is 9 direct opposition to ^? au?ors :o h pr(ess$ to treat ^u ?is subject1 & :o c h _h b a small am\nt ( real practical k1 = x is argu$ by !m t ! (t5] a sold] is melt$ ! m prop]ly does x become mix$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m fit is x = ! workman's use4 ,to su* argum5ts we are prep>$ to give a blank d5ial1 & our reasons = s do+ we w /ate fur!r on 9 ?is treatise4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r silv] sold]s us$ by silv]smi?s2 "s few ( :i* x w be z well p]haps1 :ile we are on ! po9t1 to enum]ate3-- ,silv] sold] = enamell+1 co/ #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #e #j ------------- #a #e #j ,silv] sold] = enamell+1 co/ #cs4 #b;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #aj #j ------------- #a #aj #j ,easy silv] sold] = filigree "w1 co/ #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #j #af #j ,%ot copp] #j #j #ab ,composition #j #c #ab ------------- #a #j #j ,quick-runn+ silv] sold]1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #j #aj #j ,pure t9 #j #b #j ------------- #a #ab #j ,silv] sold] = *a9s1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #aj #j ,pure spelt] #j #b #j ------------- #a #ab #j ,easy sold] = *a9s1 co/ #cs4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #j #aj #j ,pure spelt] #j #b #j ------------- #a #ab #j ,common silv] sold]1 co/ #bs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #ab #j ,pure spelt] #j #c #j ------------- #a #ae #j ,common easy sold]1 co/ #bs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #j #ab #j ,pure spelt] #j #c #j ------------- #a #ae #j ,silv] sold] ) ars5ic1 co/ #cs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #c #j ,yell[ ,ars5ic #j #b #j ------------- #a #e #j ,silv] sold] ) ars5ic1 co/ #cs4 #f;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #j #f #j ,yell[ ,ars5ic #j #a #j ------------- #a #g #j ,easy silv] sold]1 co/ #cs4 #b;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #j #e #j ,t9sel #j #e #j ------------- #a #aj #j ,common easy sold]1 co/ #bs4 #i;d4 p] oz4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,t9sel #j #aj #j ,ars5ic #j #e #j ------------- #a #ae #j ,ano!r common silv] sold]4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #j #ae #j ,ars5ic #j #a #f ------------- #a #af #f ,a v common sold]4 oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,composition #a #j #j ,:ite ars5ic #a #j #j ------------- #c #j #j ,! sold]s "h giv5 w be f\nd amply suffici5t to select f1 = e op]ation ( ! silv]smi?1 & w answ] ! sev]al purposes = :i* !y h be5 describ$4 ,:5 t9 & ars5ic are employ$ 9 ! composition ( sold]1 ei!r toge!r or sep>ately1 !y %\ld be )held until ! m infusible metals ) :i* !y are to be unit$ h become melt$2 ! t9 or t9sel %\ld !n be add$1 & :5 ?is is well melt$ ) ! mass1 fl+ on ! top ! ars5ic1 let x melt1 /ir x well toge!r1 & p\r x out quickly into an +ot m\ld already prep>$ = its reception4 ,:5 silv] & brass1 or silv] & composition1 alone =m ! compon5t p>ts ( ! sold]1 ^! metals may be put into ! melt+-pot toge!r1 well fus$1 /irr$1 & p\r$ out z be=e4 ,sold]s into :i* volatile metals ent]1 ^u repeat$ melt+s1 become h>d1 brittle1 & drossy1 & are !re=e n s good z :5 ! metal has receiv$ only "o melt+2 x is = ?is reason t we h always pref]r$ to manufacture our sold]s f metals :i* h n be5 melt$ be=e1 or f ^? :i* h gone ?r\gh ! process z few a numb] ( times z possible4 ,! mode ( sold]+ gold & silv] is z foll[s3 ,take ! sold] & roll x out ?9 betwe5 ! flatt5+ roll]s1 or file x into du/1 accord+ to ! k9d ( "w 9 h&4 ,if fil$ into du/1 x is all ! bett] if done v f9e2 & if r$uc$ to a flat /ate1 :i* %\ld be tol]ably ?91 cut x into little bits1 or pallions1 :i* may easily be p]=m$ ) a pair ( h&-%e>s1 l5g?-ways & aft]w>ds cross-ways4 ,:5 ?is is done1 take ! "w :i* is to be sold]$1 jo9 x toge!r by means ( f9e b9d+-wire 7v ?9 iron wire71 or lay x ^u ! pumice s t ! jo9+s c come close toge!r1 & w n be liable to move dur+ ! process2 wet ! jo9+s ) a solution ( borax & wat]1 mix$ into a ?ick pa/e1 apply+ x ) a small camel-hair p5cil2 !n lay ! bits or pallions ( sold] ^u ! p>ts to be unit$1 & hav+ plac$ ! article ^u "s suitable object1 take y\r bl[+ in/rum5t 7,fig4 #af7 & bl[ ) x1 ?r\gh a gas-jet1 a ke5 flame ^u ! sold] 9 ord] to melt x2 ?is w r5d] ! unification ( ! p>ts complete & compact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,bl[pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,sold]-di%4 ,:5 fil$ sold] is us$1 ! process ( *>g+ ! article is r diff]5t f ! above4 ,9 ! latt] case ! fil+s are commonly put into a small cup-%ap$ vessel 7,fig4 #ag71 9 mo/ cases ! bottom ( a tea-cup1 or "s o!r simil> vessel1 be+ us$ = ! purpose2 a lump ( borax is !n tak5 & rubb$ ^u a piece ( slate1 to :i* a little wat] is occasionally add$ dur+ ! rubb+2 :5 ?is solution atta9s ! consi/5cy ( cream1 x is put into ! sold]-di% & well mix$ ) ! sold]4 ,?is is !n appli$ to ! article to be sold]$1 by means ( a *>g]1 consi/+ ( a piece ( r\nd metal wire1 flatt5$ at "o end1 & %ap$ = ! purpose x has to s]ve4 ,! jo9+s1 :5 ?is k9d is employ$1 require no borax+ ) ! p5cil1 z describ$ "u pallion sold]2 ! borax be+ int]mix$ ) ! sold] flu%es ) x ?r\gh ! jo9+s to be unit$1 ?us r5d]+ any fur!r application unnecess>y4 ,! process to :i* we are allud+ is call$ h>d sold]+1 & _c be appli$ to metals ( a fusible nature2 nei!r mu/ x be attempt$ 9 ! case ( goods be>+ ! "n ( plat$1 :i* are put toge!r ) s(t or pewt] sold]1 simil> to t us$ by t9smi?s & gasfitt]s4 ,if !re %\ld be any s(t sold] ab\t ! article1 to be sold]$ by ! means we are describ+1 x w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to de/roy x1 ! s(t sold] hav+ su* an aff9ity = ent]+ into comb9ation ) metals m infusible ?an itself :5 ov]heat$4 ,!re is an art 9 sold]+ great] ?an "s p w\ld believe4 ,! heat requir$ is ( v>i\s degrees1 "s articles requir+ a broad r\gh flame1 o!rs a smoo? "o1 & o!rs aga9 a f9e po9t$ "o4 ,all ^! circum/ances connect$ ) ! process1 toge!r ) o!rs :i* we c\ld detail1 prov+ t x is an art only to be acquir$ by practice1 mu/ be consid]$ en\gh2 & we proce$ to obs]ve t ! skilful jewell] 9 sold]+ a l>ge piece ( "w w direct ! flame ( ! gas jet to all p>ts ( x1 until x is tol]ably hot1 & !n return to ! spot to be sold]$1 & by a v dext]\s movem5t ( ! flame1 produc$ by ! bl[-pipe1 increase ! heat at t spot until ! sold] has flu%$ & ! p>ts are r5d]$ ?or\ghly secure4 ,s f> z "s ( ! "w ( ! silv]smi? is conc]n$1 ! process ( sold]+ is a v delicate op]ation1 & ought n to be und]tak5 by an unpractis$ h&4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ sold] = filigree "w is wor?y ( a pass+ notice4 ,x is call$ by ! ,g]mans ,lemaille sold]4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is r$uc$ to v f9e fil+s1 mix$ ) burnt borax p[d]$ f9e1 & 9 ?is /ate x is spr9kl$ f a sp\t$ grat] ov] ! "w to be sold]$4 ,! ,engli% filigree work]s commonly use clean fil$ sold]1 & by means ( ! camel-hair p5cil apply a solution ( borax to ! "w1 & !n spr9kle ! dry sold] ^u x f ! grat]4 ,9 ,vi5na a k9d ( p[d]$ borax is employ$1 call$ ,/reu borax1 or spr9kle borax4 ,x is compos$ ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts1 :i* %\ld be g5tly anneal$ to expel _! wat] ( cry/allization1 ! :ole well p\nd$ & mix$ toge!r1 & spr9kl$ ov] ! p>ts to be jo9$ f ! sp\t$ grat] z be=e3-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,calc9$ borax #j #ag #ab ,c>bonate ( soda #j #a #ab ,common salt #j #a #j --------------- #a #j #j ,! object ( ?is mixture is to prev5t ! ris+ ( ! sold]1 & to facilitate its flu%+4 ,too mu* ( x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be put ) sold] 9 ! grat] at "o "t1 z x is z objectionable z too mu* borax appli$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 b e workman w le>n f exp]i5ce conc]n+ ^! matt]s4 ,we h tri$ ?is mixture1 prep>$ ) fil$ sold] 9 ! ord9>y way1 & f\nd x advantage\s at fir/2 b its greate/ drawback is ! turn+ ( ! sold] yell[ if n quickly us$ ^u ! "w aft] mix+1 ?us r5d]+ ! sold] p]man5tly injur$4 ,= ?is reason we h _h to ab&on its employm5t 9 ! wet /ate4 ,b1 9 its dry /ate1 to ! silv]smi? = filigree purposes x is likely to be ( advantage4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is prep>ation encumb]s ! "w ) a great deal m flux ?an borax does1 & consequ5tly x requires to be m (t5 boil$ out dur+ ! p]iod ( sold]+ toge!r ! compon5t p>ts4 ,?is is effect$ by boil+ 9 a weak pickle ( sulphuric acid & wat]1 compos$ ( ! foll[+ proportions3 "o "p ( acid to ?irty p>ts ( wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,on ! ,melt+ ( ,silv]4 ,! processes ( melt+ & prop]ly mix+ silv] ) its alloys 9 a crucible are among ! fir/ op]ations ( ! silv]smi?1 & are1 moreov]1 ( great importance 9 ! production ( intimate & homog5e\s alloys4 ,9 ord] to effect ^!1 h[ev] simple !y may appe>1 v>i\s precautions are necess>y1 & c]ta9 pr9ciples require c>ry+ out to arrive at ! be/ possible results1 o!rwise a great loss or wa/e ( mat]ial may take place4 ,to direct att5tion to ^? pr9ciples1 :i* f v c>eful att5tion to ! subject we h f\nd to answ] be/1 w fir/ be our aim1 & if we succe$ 9 r5d]+ "s little s]vice to our fell[-work]s 9 ! craft to :i* our toil & leisure h be5 devot$ we %all feel highly gratifi$4 ,! weigh+ ( ! compon5t metals1 ! selection ( ! crucible1 ! *>g+ ( x1 & ! att5tion x requires :il/ 9 ! furnace are consid]ations to :i* we _c too /rongly call att5tion4 ,! regulations ) reg>d to weigh+ %\ld be /rictly & accurately c>ri$ out4 ,! be/ & safe/ plan is1 aft] ! v>i\s metals h be5 sep>ately weigh$1 to re-weigh !m1 ?is "t collectively1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! total weight corresponds ) ! previ\s calculation2 if x does1 ! mixture has be5 prop]ly prep>$4 ,we h kn[n bo? "t & tr\ble sav$ by ! adoption ( ?is precaution1 aft] mi/akes _h occurr$ :i* c\ld n h be5 detect$ until ! weigh+ ( ! b> ( metal _h tak5 place aft] melt+4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( crucibles manufactur$ = ! use ( ! preci\s metal work]s4 ,crucibles 7 s-call$ f orig9ally be+ impress$ by ! al*emi/s ) ! sign ( ! cross4 ,!y are calculat$ to be> v high temp]atures1 & consi/ ( ,engli%1 ,hessian1 ,corni%1 ,black-lead1 & ,plumbago4 ,! la/ two are by f> ! be/2 ! plumbago1 h[ev]1 be+ ! h>de/1 & capable ( /&+ ! highe/ temp]ature1 is to be pref]r$ be=e all o!rs4 ,x w also /& m frequ5t melt+s ?an any ( ! re/4 ,su* crucibles h be5 kn[n to )/& ! heat ( ! furnace = upw>ds ( fifty times )\t giv+ way4 ,! we> ( !m is v /rong & resi/+1 z !y only gradually become r$uc$ 9 ?ickness1 s t x is easy to di/+ui% _! unfitness = use4 ,fluxes act on e>!rn crucibles1 p>ticul>ly ,engli% at a high temp]ature1 :il/ nitre & c>bonate ( soda soon de/roy !m4 ,fluxes are necess>y 9 mo/ cases ( metallic r$uctions3 !y protect ! metal f ! air1 & dissolve impurities4 ,!y are ( sev]al k9ds1 z foll[s3-- ,vegetable *>coal4 ,c>bonate ( pota%4 ,c>bonate ( soda4 ,common salt4 ,sal-ammoniac4 ,sal-enixum4 ,saltpetre4 ,borax4 ,s&iv]4 ,yell[ soap4 ,black flux4 ,:ite flux4 ,crude t>t>4 ,br[n pota%4 ,sub-c>bonate ( pota%4 ,all ^! fluxes h occasional duties to p]=m1 & are !re=e ( great s]vice to ! metallurgi/4 ,to prev5t ! crack+ or fly+ ( ! crucible1 :5 newly employ$1 x %\ld1 be=e be+ *>g$ ) ! preci\s metal1 be well anneal$2 t is1 heat$ to r$ness ^u a v sl[ fire--"o t is gradually go+ d[n1 & 9 :i* !re is no blaze is to be pref]r$1 because ! flame has a t5d5cy1 on ! introduction ( a new crucible1 to make x fly to pieces4 ,:5 x has become r$ hot1 if a cold b> ( iron be introduc$ x w soon %[ :e!r !re are any cracks1 & if s ! crucible %\ld be reject$2 on ! contr>y1 if x )/&s ?is te/ x may be plac$ aside until requir$ = use1 :5 x may be employ$ ) p]fect safety 9 ! melt+ ( silv] & its alloys4 ,:5 copp] & silv] only =m ! alloys ( ! silv]smi?1 !y %\ld bo? be add$ to ! crucible at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation2 & x is ! be/ plan to put ! copp] at ! bottom1 because x is ! mo/ infusible metal4 ,by do+ s1 x w receive ! greate/ degree ( heat1 :i* 9 jewell]s' furnaces always comes upw>ds & ! high] specific gravity ( ! silv] has a t5d5cy to =ce t metal d[nw>ds2 consequ5tly1 :5 ! two metals h become fus$1 ^u well /irr+--:i* %\ld be done ) an iron /irr] tap]$ at ! po9t1 & previ\sly heat$ to r$ness--a p]fectly homog5e\s mass w be ! result4 ,:5 ! m fusible metals ( :i* we h spok5 are to =m ! compon5t p>ts ( ! mixture1 diff]5t treatm5t ) reg>d to !m w be requir$4 ,!y %\ld n be add$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 b %\ld be dealt ) aft]w>ds1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,z9c is "o ( ! m fusible metals1 & is sometimes employ$ by ! silv]smi? 9 8 alloys1 = ! purpose ( imp>t+ a great] degree ( :it5ess to !m1 z well z r5d]+ inf]ior silv] m easily blea*$ or :it5$2 ?us assi/+ to br+ back ! natural col\r ( f9e silv] to manufactur$ articles1 :i* h p>tially lo/ x by ! addition ( alloy ( "s o!r col\r4 ,z9c1 :5 employ$ 9 silv] alloys1 %\ld be cauti\sly us$1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to add too mu* to a giv5 quantity ( mat]ial4 ,! sold] us$ ) silv]-z9c alloys %\ld be f> m fusible ?an t employ$ ) ! o!r alloys4 ,if too mu* z9c be add$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! alloys1 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! process ( sold]+1 !y h a t5d5cy to sweat1 & sometimes to eat ! metals into holes ar\nd ! p>ts to be unit$2 su* alloys1 !re=e1 r5d] ?is process v difficult to p]=m1 besides entail+ m lab\r 9 ! production ( a clean & smoo? f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,plumbago ,crucible = melt+4 ,9 melt+ an alloy ( silv]1 copp]1 & z9c1 ! silv] & copp] %\ld fir/ be melt$ 9 a plumbago crucible ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & well /irr$ toge!r 9 ord] t !y may become prop]ly mix$4 ,! z9c is sold 9 flat cakes "u ! "n ( spelt]1 &1 :5 requir$1 is usually cut up ) a *isel into pieces ( v>i\s weights suitable = ! object 9 view4 ,:5 ! copp] & silv] h become well incorporat$1 ! mixture %\ld be protect$ f ! air by a suitable flux1 *>coal be+ ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ suitable "t to add x to ! crucible 9 ! furnace is :5 ! metals are j beg9n+ to fuse4 ,?is flux cov]s ! :ole ( ! surface ( ! molt5 mass1 & s prev5ts ! action ( ! air f de/roy+ "s ( ! bas] metal4 ,! *>coal %\ld be p]fectly pure & 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 = if adult]at$ ) any gritty matt] 7& sometimes su* is ! case7 a v indiff]5t work+ mat]ial is produc$1 ! evil results ( :i* %[ !mselves 9 e /age ( manufacture4 ,^! in/ructions ) reg>d to melt+ ! m infusible metals hav+ be5 c>ri$ out1 ! z9c is tak5 ) a long pair ( tongs 7,fig4 #ai71 & held )9 ! furnace1 ov] ! m\? ( ! crucible1 until ! temp]ature has almo/ rea*$ ! melt+ po9t1 :5 x %\ld be c>efully dropp$ into ! fus$ mass bel[1 quickly /irr$1 s t x may become intimately mix$ ) ! o!r metals1 & at once )drawn f ! furnace & p\r$ into a suitable +ot m\ld 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! +ot m\ld %\ld be clean & smoo? inside1 slightly greas$1 & du/$ ov] ) f9e vegetable *>coal2 ?is latt] sub/ance prev5ts ! metal f adh]+ to ! sides ( ! m\ld4 ,x is1 p]haps1 almo/ unnecess>y to /ate t ! +ot m\ld requires heat+ to a c]ta9 temp]ature be=e ! melt$ composition is p\r$ 91 o!rwise s]i\s sp\t+ takes place1 result+ 9 a great loss ( metal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ator %\ld be cauti\s n to ov]-heat x1 z ! same evil consequ5ces may result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,tongs = ,melt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,+ot ,m\ld4 ,! b> ( metal ^u cool+ %\ld be weigh$1 & ! diff]5ce--z mo/ melt+s %[ a little--not$4 ,?is is loss1 b x w be v little1 if ! above in/ructions h be5 /rictly adh]$ to f ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,) ! *>coal flux we h ref]r$ to1 v nice & clean b>s ( metal c be produc$4 ,?is flux is always float+ ^u ! surface ( ! mixture1 &1 ) a little dext]ity 9 ! p\r+1 x c be prev5t$ f com+ out ( ! crucible ) ! metal2 its prop] place is at ! end ( ! p\r+4 ,:5 t9 is employ$1 ei!r 9 alloys or sold]s1 its treatm5t is simil> to t describ$ = z9c2 su* alloys %\ld n be kept too long 9 ! furnace aft] !y h become fus$1 z !y rapidly become oxidiz$1 especially if br\ght into contact ) ! air4 ,! wa/e 9 silv]1 & 9 fact ( all alloys1 is entirely dep5d5t on ! duration ( ! "t ( fusion4 ,if x is prolong$ aft] ! addition ( ! fusible metals1 ! loss is great] 9 e case1 ?an :5 once melt$4 ,! metals %\ld be subject$ to ! beat ( ! furnace = ! %orte/ possible p]iod4 ,! alloys ( silv] ) z9c w\ld lose m ?an ! alloys ( silv] ) t91 because z9c rapidly volatilises :5 heat$ above ! temp]ature ( its fusion1 & ?is is especially ! case :5 x ent]s into comb9ation ) silv] & copp] 9 ! fus$ /ate2 its vap\rs c be se5 to rise & burn 9 ! air1 produc+ light & :ite flaky fumes1 &1 *emically speak+1 =m+ ! protoxide ( z9c4 ,) c>e & manipulative skill dur+ ! process ( fusion1 ! proportion ( wa/e c be r$uc$ to a m9imum2 & :5 ?is is exactly asc]ta9$ an all[ance c be made 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mixture = ! crucible4 ,f ! above rem>ks x w be app>5t t :5 bo? t9 & z9c =m compon5t p>ts ( a mixture1 ei!r to be us$ z an alloy or z sold]1 ! t9 %\ld be add$ to ! o!r metals1 & well /irr$1 s z to obta9 an intimate mixture1 be=e ! addition is made ( ! z9c4 ,scrap silv] %\ld be c>efully sort$ be=e und]go+ ! process ( re-melt+1 & if possible all =eign sub/ances remov$4 ,x may1 if pref]r$ to "w x 9 t way1 be melt$ into a sep>ate b>1 or o!rwise us$ z an addition to a new mixture4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is sep>ately melt$1 a flux1 su* z c>bonate ( soda1 may be employ$1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness1 9 small proportions to ! *>coal flux already allud$ to4 ,9 brittle & tr\blesome alloys we h f\nd *>coal & a small quantity ( borax extremely effective4 ,saltpetre is a v useful flux 9 dissolv+ impurities1 b 9 "s alloys its pres5ce is injuri\s4 ,s&iv] w remove iron or /eel f ! mixture4 ,corrosive sublimate de/roys lead & t94 ,we h f\nd ! sub-c>bonate ( pota% "o ( ! be/ fluxes = silv]1 :5 matt]s h n be5 q s /raight z !y %\ld be 9 ! work+ ( ! metal2 x is us$ 9 melt+ ! difficult alloy ( #ah-;c>at gold1 & is consid]$ a secret n g5]ally kn[n to ! trade4 ,sal-ammoniac is an excell5t flux = produc+ clean & bright +ots & t\gh alloys4 ,we inv>iably use x ) all our alloys1 mix$ 9 small quantities ) *>coal1 & pref] x to all o!rs4 ,lemel1 t is ! fil+s & turn+s produc$ dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 %\ld h q a sep>ate me?od ( treatm5t4 ,x is be/ prep>$ = ! crucible by pass+ x ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 aft]w>ds ?or\ghly burn+ x 9 an iron ladle1 & !n intimately mix+ x ) a flux ( ! foll[+ nature & proportions3-- ,silv] du/ #bd p>ts ,c>bonate ( soda #d ,common salt #b ,sal-enixum #a ---------- #ca p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fire-clay ,crucible = ,lemel4 ,! sal-enixum prev5ts ! ris+ ( ! mixture 9 ! crucible--:i* %\ld be ( ! skittle %ape 7,fig4 #ba7--;& keeps x f ov]fl[+2 x also possesses a ref9+ capacity ! same z saltpetre1 & is mu* *eap]4 ,! burn+ ( ! lemel has a great t5d5cy to de/roy all organic matt] t w\ld be likely to cause ! mixture to ov]fl[ dur+ ! p]iod ( fusion2 b if su* a ?+ %\ld be at all likely to take place1 ! addition ( a little dri$ common salt w\ld rem$y ! evil1 a small quantity ( :i* ought always to be provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! common c>bonate ( soda is also a *eap & useful flux to ! silv]smi?4 ,five-six?s ( ! above flux %\ld be well mix$ ) ! /at$ proportion ( lemel1 !n plac$ 9 ! pot1 & ! "o-six? rema9+ plac$ ^u ! top ( ! mixture1 :5 x may at once be transf]r$ to ! furnace4 ,great heat is requir$ 9 ?is op]ation1 & x also requires c>eful sup]vision to prev5t1 if possible1 wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,:5 ! mixture has become p]fectly liquid1 ! heat ( ! furnace %\ld n be all[$ to decrease1 b cont9u$ = half an h\r long]1 & if ! use ( x be n fur!r requir$1 ! fire may !n be all[$ gradually to die out4 ,! mixture w require repeat$ /irr+s dur+ ! p]iod ( fusion1 9 ord] to dissolve su* portions z might o!rwise n come imm$iately "u ! action ( ! flux4 ,:5 ! op]ation ( fusion has be5 complet$1 ! crucible is )drawn & all[$ to cool1 ! solidification ( ! metal is !n p]fect1 & x may be recov]$ by break+ ! pot at ! base1 :5 x w fall out 9 a lump correspond+ ) ! %ape ( ! crucible4 ,! lump ( metal %\ld !n be c>efully weigh$1 ! loss asc]ta9$--:i* always v>ies 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( organic matt] conta9$ !re92 x may !n be sold to ! ref9]1 or ex*ang$ = new metal4 ,9 ?is process x w be obs]v$ t ! crucible is brok5 e "t a fusion takes place1 consequ5tly "s little exp5se is incurr$ 9 provid+ crucibles = ! purpose4 ,to obviate :i* ! foll[+ plan may be economically & successfully employ$2 & especially :5 ! metal is sold to ! ref9] by assay1 ! me?od ab\t to be describ$ w be f\nd mo/ advantage\s1 = x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! lump ( metal f ! previ\s fusion has to be aga9 run d[n 9 ano!r crucible & p\r$ into an +ot m\ld be=e ! ref9] w cons5t to take 8 assay f x4 ,9 ?is latt] process ! :ole "w is p]=m$ 9 "o fusion1 & ! exp5se ( a new crucible !reby sav$4 ,! flux employ$ 9 ! r$uction ( ! metal is also consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! plan is p]=m$ aft] ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,plumbago ,crucible = ,lemel4 ,take a plumbago crucible ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 & capable ( hold+ ! requir$ mixture2 put ! lemel into x1 & !n place on ! top "o ounce ( f9ely p[d]$ c>bonate ( soda2 ?is is all ! flux ! mixture requires1 & x is !n q ready = ! furnace4 ,:5 ! lemel has become prop]ly fus$1 = facilitat+ :i* x is repeat$ly /irr$ ) a ?9 iron rod1 x is )drawn & p\r$ into an +ot m\ld prep>$ = x z previ\sly describ$4 ,! flux & o!r organic matt]1 :i* always accumulates ^u mixtures ( ?is k9d1 is held back by ! timely application ( a ?9 piece ( flat wood to ! m\? ( ! crucible4 ,aft] ! )drawal ( ! b> ( metal f ! +ot m\ld1 x is cool$ & weigh$1 & !n x is q ready = ! op]ations ( ! ref9]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,on ! ,work+ ( ,silv]4 ,hav+ rea*$ a mo/ important & v int]e/+ "p ( our subject1 viz4 ! work+ ( silv]1 & be+ desir\s ( mak+ ?is treatise useful to ! silv]-work] 9 all ! bran*es ( 8 art1 x is our int5tion to enl>ge ^u ^! processes--:i* are purely me*anical--& some:at m9utely to describe ! v>i\s manipulations & arrangem5ts requir$ 9 ! production ( ! w>es ( ! silv]smi?4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! b> ( metal f ! +ot m\ld1 x %\ld be plung$ into a vessel ( cold wat]1 dri$1 & !n c>efully weigh$4 ,at ?is /age ( ! process x is ready = ! op]ation ( roll+4 ,?is process1 s f> z x conc]ns l>ge +ots ( ! metal1 is a di/9ct bran* ( ! trade1 & is c>ri$ on 9 sep>ate premises e/abli%$ by c]ta9 firms = ! purpose4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts are call$ roll+-mills1 ! ma*9]y us$ 9 !m 7:i* is p[]ful & co/ly7 be+ mov$ by /eam-p[]1 ! r$uction ( ! b>s ( metal to _! v>i\s sizes is soon effect$4 ,! v ?9 ribbon-%ap$ metal is produc$ by submitt+ x to ! action ( roll]s ( small] dim5sions1 "o aft] ! o!r1 until ! desir$ ?9ness is obta9$4 ,! b>s ( metal are tak5 to ^! mills by a man ^: special duty x is to wat* ov] !m dur+ ! processes ( roll+ & anneal+1 o!rwise x w\ld be v easy to h an +ot ( gold or silv] ex*ang$ = "o ( base metal1 ! mill companies n be+ responsible = ! mat]ial intru/$ to _! c>e = roll+2 h5ce ! necessity = ! port]'s s]vices1 to wat* ov] 8 employ]'s int]e/s4 ,to prev5t accid5tally ex*ang+ ! b>s ( metal1 ?r\gh _! great simil>ity to ea* o!r1 x is ! usual ?+ = ! m5 9 *>ge ( !m to put a special m>k ^u ! prop]ty ( ea* p]son1 previ\s to ! process ( anneal+4 ,?is m>k is appli$ by means ( a piece ( *alk or soap1 & is n removable by heat4 ,! anneal+ is p]=m$ 9 l>ge iron muffles1 heat$ to r$ness & kept 9 t condition by flues2 ! b>s :i* require anneal+ be+ plac$ ^u a piece ( %eet-iron :i* slides into ! muffle1 & !re !y rema9 ) ! doors clos$ until !y h become r$ hot4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly dur+ ?is op]ation t ea* p]son's prop]ty requires m>k+ & wat*+1 because ( ! numb] ( b>s admitt$ at "o "t into ! muffle2 & unless ! greate/ c>e be ex]cis$ at su* a "t "s mi/ake is almo/ sure to occur4 ,a regi/] is kept ( ! weight ( ! metal s5t to ! mill = ! purpose ( be+ roll$ into ! requir$ %apes & sizes by ! manufactur]1 :o aft]w>ds works x up into diff]5t w>es & ut5sils4 ,! metal is also weigh$ on its admittance to ! mill1 by ! cl]k ( ! works1 & aga9 on its passage out1 & a comp>ison ( ! weights regi/]$2 b 9 ,birm+ham1 9 "s cases1 ?is has be5 s irregul>ly p]=m$ t great discrepancies h actually tak5 place 9 ! weights at times1 & x has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ano!r roll+-mill = gold & silv]1 9 :i* ! proprietors take ^u !mselves ! :ole responsibility & c>e ( metals intru/$ to _! *>ge = ! above purpose4 ,! me?od pursu$ by !m 9 respect to _! bus9ess is z foll[s3 ,a manufactur] s5ds a b> ( metal to be roll$1 c>efully not+ ! exact weight & size to :i* x is to be r$uc$ ^u a prop] ord] head4 ,?is weight is c>efully te/$ at ! mill1 & if f\nd correct1 an invoice is giv5 9 ex*ange1 ^u :i* is ent]$ ! co/ ( roll+ & ! "t :5 ! "w w be complet$4 ,! mess5g] !n goes away1 return+ at ! "t /at$ to br+ away ! roll$ metal4 ,! advantages ?is sy/em pres5ts ov] ! o!rs are obvi\s2 ! return ( ! full weight ( ! metal is gu>ante$ by responsible p]sons1 ! mess5g] is at lib]ty dur+ ! "t occupi$ 9 roll+ to foll[ 8 o!r duties1 ! weigh+ ( ! respective metals is f> m accurately p]=m$ bo? 9 & out ( ! mill1 besides great] satisfaction be+ giv5 bo? to ! manufactur] & ! roll]1 ! reciprocation ( confid5ce betwe5 ea*1 be+ among "s ( ! additional advantages :i* might be enum]at$4 ,messrs4 ,kemp1 ( ,birm+ham1 des]ve ! ?anks ( ! jewell]y community = _! ent]pris+ ef=ts 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em s admirably suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! trade4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! *>ges at ! pres5t "t = roll+ b>s ( silv]3-- ,table ( ! ,co/ ( ,silv] ,roll+4 oz4 oz4 s4 d4 ,"u #f #j #j #f ,above #f & "u #ab #j #j #i #ab #ah #j #j #aj #ah #be #j #a #j #be #ce #j #a #c #ce #de #j #a #f #de #ee #j #a #i #ee #gj #j #b #j #gj #he #j #b #c #he #ajj #j #b #f #ajj #aae #j #b #i #aae #acj #j #c #j ,above ?is #bs4 #f;d4 p] #ajj ozs4 ,x is a usual ?+ at all roll+ e/abli%m5ts to provide slitt+-rolls = ^? :o *oose to avail !mselves ( t mode ( cutt+ up _! metal4 ,^! rolls are us$ = ! purpose ( cutt+ /\t b>s ( metal into /rips suitable = wire-draw+1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! old] process ( cutt+ ) a pair ( vice %e>s1 :i* me?od 0 sl[ & some:at unc]ta9 9 ! production ( good "w4 ,! slitt+-rolls consi/ ( circul> b>rels1 aft] ! mann] ( ! break+-d[n rolls1 only ( c\rse mu* small] 9 diamet]1 & ) ?is exception1 ! slitt+-rolls h squ>e grooves cut into ea* b>rel1 ! project+ portion ( ea* correspond+ ) ! holl[ ( ! o!r1 :]eas ! break+-d[n rolls are p]fectly smoo? & pla94 ,roll]s some?+ simil> to ^? we h describ$ are us$ by wire-draw]s to facilitate ! spe$y r$uction ( ! metal1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! con/ruction & action ( ! grooves4 ,9 ! grooves ( ! latt]1 :i* are ins]t$ f>!r ap>t1 ! holl[s take a half-r\nd %ape1 & unlike ! slitt+-roll]s1 dur+ ! revolution ( ! b>rels1 ! grooves 9 ?is case directly meet ea* o!r1 & ?us produce a /rip ( wire almo/ r\nd4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to rem>k t wire-roll+ requires "s am\nt ( practical k to p]=m x prop]ly4 ,! manipulations indisp5sable to ! art ( silv] work+ are s v>i$ & s num]\s t we are at a comp>ative loss :i* "p ( ! process to consid] fir/2 h[ev]1 if we foll[ ! c\rse ( ! workman ) reg>d to ! production ( ! v>i\s manufactures ( 8 art1 we %all p]haps n be f> wrong 9 our desire to effect ! purpose we h 9 view4 ,9 comm5c+ to enl>ge ^u ^! me*anical processes we may at once /ate t x is our int5tion to refra9 f go+ into ! :ole art ( wire-draw+1 because t process has be5 some:at m9utely allud$ to 9 our o!r "w rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! goldsmi?s2 ! details ( :i* are !re fully describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,draw-plate4 ,! draw-plate1 ,fig4 #bc1 :i* is ! pr9cipal tool ( ! mod]n wire-draw]1 0 unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry until ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 introduc$ by ,*ri/oph] ,s*ultz1 a ,saxon1 f ,france4 ,x 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! inv5tion ( a native ( t c\ntry nam$ ,ar*al4 ,! draw-plate _h be5 9 use "s ye>s on ! ,cont95t previ\s to its introduction into ,engl&4 ,! old me?od ( mak+ wire 0 ^u ! anvil1 by means ( ! hamm]2 & ^? :o manipulat$ 9 ?is art 7 t]m$ wiresmi?s at t p]iod4 ,! be/ =m ( draw-plate consi/s ( a piece ( /eel ab\t n9e or t5 in*es long1 "o & a qu>t] to "o & a half in* broad1 & ab\t half an in* ?ick1 ea* conta9+ a numb] ( conical holes ( v>i\s sizes1 becom+ small] 9 succession until ! la/ hole 9 ! plate is rea*$1 :5 ano!r plate1 correspond+ 9 size1 hav+ small] graduat$ holes1 is employ$1 & ! wire drawn ?r\gh x2 & s on1 until ! prop] size has be5 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,draw-b5* = ,wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,draw-tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,drum us$ by wire-draw]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,skeleton ,frame or ,swift us$ by wire-draw]s4 ,! draw+ ( /\t pieces ( wire is effect$ v readily by means ( ! draw-b5* 7,fig4 #bd71 & ! ?9n] pieces1 by ! application ( draw-tongs 7,fig4 #be71 held 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 & made to d s]vice by sw++ ! body backw>ds4 ,v f9e wire is n[ drawn by means ( an app>atus call$ a drum 7,fig4 #bf71 revolv+ ^u a p]p5dicul> p91 ! ext]ior ( :i* receives ! wire & prev5ts x f becom+ entangl$4 ,:5 ! end ( ! wire has f9ally pass$ ?r\gh ! draw-plate1 ! :ole coil is c>efully remov$ f ! drum 7:i* is made slightly conical 9 =m = facilitat+ ! process7 & plac$ ^u a skeleton frame made to receive x 7,fig4 #bg72 x is !n 9 prop] =m = its passage ?r\gh ! next hole ( ! draw-plate4 ,9 ! production ( v f9e wire1 ! metal1 aft] pass+ a few times ?r\gh ! draw-plate1 requires anneal+1 z its fibres become s cond5s$ & h>d5$ t x is impossible to repeat ! op]ation )\t "s risk ( ! wire break+4 ,= f9e wire ! anneal+ is repeat$ five or six times dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! draw-plate2 = /\t] k9ds ! anneal+ ne$ n be s frequ5t4 ,?is process produces a scale or oxide ^u ! surface ( ! wire1 :i* %\ld be remov$ be=e ! cont9uation ( ! draw+ takes place1 :i* is g5]ally done by an imm]sion = a "t 9 v dilute sulphuric acid pickle2 or its passage may be assi/$ ?r\gh ! draw-plate by ! application ( "s lubricat+ sub/ance1 su* z beeswax1 or a mixture ( beeswax & oil1 :i* enables x ! m readily to pass ?r\gh x4 ,9 ! progress ( ! wire-draw+ ! holes h a t5d5cy to become enl>g$2 ^! are made small] aga91 by repeat$ bl[s ^u ! front ( ! plate ) a some:at po9t$ hamm] 7,fig4 #bh71 & !n op5$ f ! back ) a tap]$ /eel pun*1 su* z is %[n 9 ! woodcut 7,fig4 #bi74 ,! h>d5+ & temp]+ ( ! pun* is ( importance4 ,a gauge-plate is us$ 9 all e/abli%m5ts = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! size ( ! wire4 ,! hamm]+ %\ld n take place ^u a h>d5$ draw-plate1 z x w\ld fly to pieces3 x is only ^? kn[n z s(t :i* %\ld receive su* treatm5t2 & ^?1 by a cont9ual alt]ation ( ! holes1 gradually become h>d & require anneal+ at int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,knock+-up ,hamm]4 ,draw-plates = wire-draw+ purposes are mo/ly cyl9drical 9 =m1 b !y are employ$ 9 v>i\s degrees ( f95ess & 9 diff]5t %apes2 su* z oval1 oblong1 half-r\nd1 squ>e1 flut$1 />1 sexagon1 triangul>1 & o!r complex sections1 = ! production ( correspond+ wires1 all ( :i* receive simil> treatm5t to t above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,r\nd ,/eel ,pun*4 ,! process ( wire-draw+1 9 connection ) ! art ( ! silv]smi?1 is m p>ticul>ly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *a9s1 9 :i* bran* a v l>ge quantity ( silv] is consum$4 ,?is bran* ( ! craft is almo/ a purely me*anical "o1 b1 nev]!less1 !re are "s designs 9 *a9s :i* require a consid]able k ( art = ! prop] execution ( !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 wr\ght or h&-made "w t true art is made to play s conspicu\s a "p2 = x is "h t p]fect workman%ip1 toge!r ) great skill & ta/e1 are requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( an article4 ,wr\ght "w 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ productions ( ! goldsmi? & silv]smi?1 & x /ill rema9s ! true arti/ic me?od1 al?\gh x has be5 sup]s$$ by o!rs ( a less exp5sive "*2 su* z /amp+1 *as+1 engrav+1 enamell+1 ca/+1 c41 to :i* ! old] processes ( ornam5tation & decoration by means ( hamm]+ h giv5 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,hamm] = ,wr\ght ,"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,sp>r[-hawk4 ,wr\ght "w is produc$ by hamm]+ & sold]+ ! v>i\s pieces or ornam5ts toge!r2 & "o ( ! v fir/ ?+s to be att5d$ to 9 ! production ( ?is k9d ( "w is proportion1 a k ( :i* is indisp5sable to true art-workman%ip2 = ! piece ( metal :i* is to be op]at$ ^u by ! hamm] %\ld be ( ! prop] size1 s z to require none to be cut (f aft]w>ds4 ,e portion ( a design %\ld be wr\ght out ( ! piece ( metal sep>ately1 & sold]$ 9 its prop] place ^u ! article 9 process ( manufacture4 ,:5 circul> =ms h to be rais$ or flang$ by ! employm5t ( ! hamm]1 z 9 ! case ( a rais$ or flang$ broo* bezil1 ! modus op]&i is z foll[s3--,take a piece ( metal ( ! exact size & %ape1 turn ! two ends toge!r f ! longitud9al direction1 & unite !m by sold]+2 :5 ?is is done1 ! circul> b& ( metal is tak5 & flang$ by means ( ! hamm] & a m9iature anvil1 plac$ ^u a /\t piece ( wood :i* ! workman r5d]s secure by plac+ betwe5 8 knees1 ! pressure ( :i* reta9s x /eadily 9 its place dur+ ! v>i\s manipulations p]=m$ ^u x2 ?is k9d ( tool is t]m$ a sp>r[-hawk--a repres5tation ( x is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! "w is effect$ by a s]ies ( bl[s dealt ) ! hamm] 9 regul> conc5tric circles1 ! bezil all ! "t gradually work+ r\nd ! po9t$ end ( ! sp>r[-hawk4 ,x requires great skill & practice to produce ! prop] %ape1 & to keep all p>ts ( ! metal ( equal ?ickness4 ,! bezils may be produc$ 9 ?is mann] r\nd or oval1 z well z o!r complex %apes2 ! hamm]+ tak+ place accord+ to ! %ape requir$4 ,:5 rais$ or ornam5tal broo* bezils1 su* z concave or convex patt]ns1 are to be made1 ! means adopt$ 9 _! execution are some:at m complicat$ ?an ! mode ( flang+ above allud$ to4 ,a tool call$ a swage is employ$1 :i* p>takes ( _m =ms1 ! patt]n or ornam5tal device :i* ! metal is requir$ to take be+ ! %ape ( ! swage1 or o!rwise cut ^u x4 ,! metal is easily rais$ to take ! prop] design1 by a v c>eful application ( ! hamm]+ process4 ,sometimes 9 silv]-work+ ! =m ( ! object to be manufactur$ is ( su* a nature z n to all[ ( ! use ( ! swage tool1 & ?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! manufacture ( plate4 ,su* ?+s1 = in/ance1 z cups or tank>ds :i* h rais$ ornam5tal surfaces1 & :i* h to be execut$ aft] ! vessel is r\ghly f9i%$1 require altoge!r a diff]5t tool = ! effect+ ( su* purposes4 ,! "o commonly employ$ 9 op]ations ( ?is description consi/s ( a b5t piece ( /eel1 ^u "o end ( :i* is cut ! device requir$2 ?is end be+ turn$ up to ! requir$ height = rais+ ! design1 & ! o!r end be+ b5t 9 an opposite direction1 :i*1 :5 requir$ = use1 is secur$ 9 a vice4 ,! workman1 9 execut+ ! design ^u ! object 9 h&1 places x ^u ! sn>l+-iron 7= su* ! tool is call$7 at ! "p to be rais$1 & !re holds x securely :ile ano!r man /rikes ! piece ( /eel at ! top ( ! angle1 or j above :]e x is secur$ 9 ! vice1 ! reaction ( ! /eel wire !n ?r[s out ! metal1 9 accordance ) ! device or patt]n cut on ! end ( x4 ,designs are only r\ghly rais$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! p]fect+ ( !m be+ p]=m$ by ! application ( v>i\s k9ds ( *as+ tools4 ,to prev5t a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! object und]go+ ?is op]ation1 x is fill$ ) a composition =m$ ( pit*1 res91 & brick-du/1 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,pit* #d p>ts4 ,res9 #d ,brick-du/ #b --------- #aj p>ts4 ,! prep>ation ( ! cem5t is z foll[s3--,r$uce ! brick-du/ to a v f9e p[d]1 & pass x ?r\gh a f9e sieve2 !n take ! o!r +r$i5ts & melt !m 9 an iron ladle or o!r suitable vessel ov] a sl[ fire1 /irr+ !m well toge!r2 :5 ?is has tak5 place1 ! mixture w pres5t a ?9 liquid appe>ance1 :i* is ! "t = us+ ! brick-du/4 ,?is %\ld be add$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 & well /irr$ toge!r1 until ! mass has become tol]ably ?ick4 ,x is !n p\r$ out ei!r ^u ! floor1 or into "s suitable vessel provid$ = its reception4 ,:ile und]go+ ! op]ation ( *as+1 ! l[] "p ( ! object is pres]v$ f injury1 by be+ laid on a s&-bag4 ,! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #cb & #cc1 repres5t ! sn>l+-tool1 & its mode ( application to ! "w ( ! silv]smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc4 ,sn>l+-tool1 & its mode ( application = rais+4 ,! progress ( ! silv]smi?'s art1 9 conjunction ) ! rese>*es & discov]ies 9 ! mode ( work+ ! preci\s metal dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 h wr\ght a great *ange bo? 9 ! /yle & mann] ( workman%ip4 ,be=e ! p]iod ref]r$ to1 ! gold & silv]smi?s' trade 0 9 its l[e/ possible condition2 p>tly1 no d\bt1 on acc\nt ( ! w> !n rag+ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & p>tly because ! silv]smi? at t "t 0 n all[$ to manufacture articles ( any /&>d inf]ior to t ( ! co9age ( #aa ozs4 #b dwts4 ,until ! peace ( ,wat]loo1 few p 7 busy b ! gun-mak]1 & o!r smi?s :o 7 able to "w at simil> occupations2 b ) respect to mo/ o!r trades1 ! m5 did all !y 7 capable (1 9 ord] to e>n _! daily bread4 ,if at t "t ! silv] trade _h be5 specially cultivat$1 ! art1 z reg>ds its progress1 w\ld h met ) _m drawbacks1 z comp>$ ) ! pres5t "t2 ! k ( ! workm5 9 ! production ( f9i%$ "w 0 n equal to t to be f\nd ^u ! be/ articles n[ manufactur$4 ,& al?\gh =bidd5 by law to "w 9 inf]ior metal1 !y w\ld h be5 incapable ( effect+ ! beautiful surfaces :i* mod]n articles ( inf]ior quality are made to pres5t4 ,! rec5t sci5tific discov]ies1 bo? *emical & me*anical1 t h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ sixty or sev5ty ye>s1 h wr\ght a great *ange 9 ! g5]al conditions1 z well z 9 ! mode ( ! manufacture ( silv] w>es4 ,we h said t previ\s to ! ye> #ahae all 0 d>k & obscure ) ! preci\s metal work]1 b f t p]iod ! "w gradually rose 9 arti/ic excell5ce1 & ! trade v sl[ly improv$2 ! cause ( ?is no d\bt be+ due1 9 a great measure1 to ! security af=d$ z ! result ( peace1 & ) x a revival ( ! indu/rial occupations4 ,) ! increas$ indu/ries ( ! nation arose ! pleasures & pa/imes ( ! p1 & rac+ became a national sport4 ,?is k9d ( pleasure soon l$ to an increase 9 ! "w ( ! silv]smi?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dem& = rac+ cups1 :i* gave opportunities = ! arti/ic excell5ce ( design 9 _! manufacture2 & ! silv]smi?s :o made !m soon acquir$ a pre/ige z ,art-manufactur]s4 ,! dem& = "w ( t & a simil> k9d l$ to ! employm5t ( regul> design]s & modell]s1 :o gradually improv$ bo? ! designs & ! "w 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ! p]iod ( :i* we are speak+1 poli%$ or burni%$ silv] goods 7 mo/ 9 dem&1 ! mod]n processes ( surface f9i%+ n be+ !n und]/ood4 ,! introduction ( ! ,fr5* /yle ( "w 9 filigree soon aft]w>ds caus$ a dem& = t class ( "w2 & ! att5tion ( ^? 9 ! trade 0 !n turn$ 9 t direction = a "t1 & o!rs spr++ up1 ! silv]smi?'s & goldsmi?'s trade g5]ally began to assume a position ( importance4 ,?is k9d ( "w requir$ no poli%+ & v little artificial f9i%2 besides be+ exce$+ly light 9 weight & graceful 9 appe>ance4 ,x requir$ f9e mat]ial = its manufacture4 ,9 ,engl& filigree "w has be5 sup]s$$ by o!r processes1 b 9 ,india1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 x is /ill cultivat$ to p]fection4 ,silv] & gold filigree is also manufactur$ 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,france1 :]e lab\r is *eap4 ,9 ! two latt] c\ntries x is made f a v inf]ior mat]ial to t us$ 9 ,india4 ,silv] filigree "w 9 ?is c\ntry 0 soon f\nd n to answ] all ! requirem5ts ( mod]n society1 s f> z reg>d$ its utility1 durability1 & *eapness2 fa%ion !re=e dem&$ some?+ diff]5t4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t :ile ?is class ( jewell]y 9 bo? gold & silv] 0 s mu* 9 vogue = ladies' we>1 ! old-fa%ion$ seals & keys _h und]gone a *ange1 & ! *as+ ( !m 9 repres5tation ( filigree ornam5tation _h become ! fa%ion = g5tlem5's we>4 ,! processes ( ! manufacture ( filigree wire & its mode ( application to ! "w ( ! arti/1 h be5 consid]$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 fur!r detail$ in=mation is !re=e r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,die4 ,:5 filigree "w 0 no long] us$1 ! fa%ion *ang$ into /amp$ or /ruck-up ornam5t4 ,small pieces ( metal 7 /ruck-up by means ( ! hamm] & pun*1 or by ! use ( ! h&-press or /amp2 9 ! =m] case a lead cake w\ld be prep>$1 compos$ ( a mixture ( lead & t91 & ^u x ! v>i\s ornam5ts w\ld be produc$ f ! flat metal1 correspond+ ) ! patt]n ( ! pun* employ$ = ! purpose2 9 ! latt] a small die 7,fig4 #cd7 w\ld be employ$ ) ! patt]n sunk ^u x2 ?is w\ld h an ap]ture ?r\gh x1 ! dim5sions ( ! (f-side be+ g5]ally r l>ge1 gradually becom+ small] t[>ds ! front surface1 :i* takes ! =m1 9 g5]al outl9e1 ( ! desir$ patt]n4 ,:5 ! necess>y blanks h be5 cut out1 ano!r die & pun* are us$1 by :i* !y are rais$ to _! prop] %ape4 ,^! tools %\ld be firmly secur$ 9 ! press 7,fig4 #ce71 o!rwise !y are likely to be soon de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,press4 ,! small ornam5ts ?us rais$ 7 v>i\sly arrang$ "o ^u ano!r1 until a design or patt]n 0 =m$1 :i* 9 e way appe>$ v %[y4 ,su* articles suit$ ! ta/es ( ! p at t "t1 & /ill suits ^? :o require good weight = _! money4 ,! same k9d ( ?+ exi/$ at t p]iod 9 *a9s1 & be+ heavy-look+1 & co/ly 9 appe>ance1 !y attract$ att5tion & caus$ a dem&4 ,?us ) ! cont9ual *ang+ ( ! fa%ions a new era = ! goldsmi?s & silv]smi?s ( ,engl& began4 ,!y 7 beg9n+ to "w 9 all sorts ( qualities1 ) ! manipulations & f9i% ( :i* !y 7 becom+ n[ ?or\ghly conv]sant1 & a dem& spr++ up = goods = purposes ( exportation1 enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to ! trade1 :i* soon assum$ ! position ( a ?riv+ indu/ry4 ,! /yle ( "w t foll[$ ! /ruck-up patt]ns 0 t ( pla9 & solid silv]-"w1 well poli%$ & :it5$4 ,?is sprung up ab\t ! p]iod :5 col\r$ gold became ! fa%ion1 & ! mode ( f9i%+ x be+ some:at simil>1 no d\bt ! dem& arose z mu* f ! introduction ( col\r+ z f any o!r assignable cause4 ,9 ! *a9-mak]'s bran* ( ! art1 a great v>iety ( new patt]ns came into exi/5ce at ?is p]iod2 *a9 bracelets also began to be introduc$2 & altoge!r ! trade made rapid /rides1 & fa/ rose into a great comm]cial indu/ry4 ,?is k9d ( "w has rema9$ m or less 9 fa%ion up to ! pres5t "t1 & va/ quantities ( silv] *a9s ( ! pla9 & solid patt]ns are n[ be+ made 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! silv] trade seems to be an exception to ! g5]al depression :i* n[ prevails 9 all ! o!r bran*es ( ! jewell]y trade2 ! fa%ion j n[ is = silv]1 :i* causes a great] dem& ?an is usual = goods manufactur$ ( t mat]ial4 ,9 a %ort "t we believe ?is fa%ion w und]go a *ange1 & !n no d\bt manufactur]s :o h tak5 advantage ( x to make l>ge /ocks w h goods rema9+ ^u _! h&s :i* !y w n be able readily to dispose (1 unless at a sacrifice2 = x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t to keep a l>ge /ock ( silv] goods 9 a saleable condition1 & )\t a quick sale1 consid]able exp5se is entail$ above ! co/ ( mak+1 to keep !m 9 t condition1 ?r\gh _! great liability to become t>ni%$4 ,aft] ! introduction ( pla9 & solid-look+ "w1 x next became ! fa%ion to h x *as$ ov] its entire surface4 ,foll[+ ?is1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbe1 came ! beautiful process ( enamell+1 :i* add$ arti/ic beauty to ! "w1 & br\ght out ! h>monies ( col\r4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 too1 !re sprung up a great dem& = ! s-call$ galvanic r+1 :i* consi/$ ( a l9+ ( z9c & "o ( silv]4 ,! r+ repres5t$1 9 appe>ance1 ^? l>ge1 pla91 half-r\nd r+s :i* are n[ made 9 #ah-;c>at gold1 & :i* weigh f #g to #aj dwts4 ea*4 ,x 0 !n z n[ made ( half-r\nd %ape1 & sometimes ) ! addition ( a buckle ^u x4 ,! silv] 0 s drawn ^u ! z9c t ! out] surface appe>$ entirely ( silv]1 & a portion ( ! inn] surface 0 made to %[ ! z9c only1 :i* 0 q suffici5t = ! purpose requir$4 ,:5 ! r+ 0 put on ! f+] ! z9c1 9 conjunction ) ! silv]1 t\*$ ! fle% ( ! we>]1 & 0 ?us suppos$ to create a galvanic action1 :i* x 0 alleg$ _h a t5d5cy to remove or prev5t rheumatism4 ,?is k9d ( "w _h a good run at ! "t ( its introduction1 b l all ! re/1 ! fa%ion la/$ only = a :ile1 :5 some?+ else _h to be br\ght to ! front 9 ! silv] trade4 ,! mode ( ! prep>ation ( ! wire 0 z foll[s3--,a b> ( silv] w\ld be roll$ out until a c]ta9 ?9ness 0 atta9$1 occasionally anneal+ x dur+ ! process2 x 0 !n cut into /rips wide en\gh = ! purpose requir$1 aga9 anneal$1 & subsequ5tly doom$4 ,! latt] process 0 effect$ 9 ?is mann]3--,a block ( h>d wood1 su* z boxwood1 w\ld be made use (1 hav+ a r\nd groove 9 "o side ( x1 ! metal to be doom$ w\ld be laid along ! groove & a r\nd piece ( iron or /eel held ^u ! upp] surface ) ! left h&2 a wood5 mallet is !n tak5 ) ! "r h&1 & by a skilful application ( x to ! piece ( iron or /eel1 ! metal is soon =c$ d[n 9 ! groove & made to take ! prop] =m = draw+4 ,! flat /rip ( metal %\ld be po9t$2 ?is may ei!r be done be=e or aft] ! doom+ process1 ?\gh x commonly takes place be=e4 ,x is p]=m$ by tak+ away a small portion 9 a conical =m1 f "o ( ! ends ) a pair ( h&-%e>s4 ,a piece ( z9c wire %\ld be provid$1 correspond+ 9 %ape ) t ! r+ is to take2 ?is is plac$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! silv] to be drawn1 ) ! flat side outw>ds1 s z to correspond ) ! ap]ture 9 ! plate ?r\gh :i* x has to be drawn4 ,a draw-plate is !n tak51 ) holes ( ! half-r\nd %ape1 & ! two metals c>efully drawn ?r\gh !m4 ,! draw+ ?r\gh a succession ( holes produces an edge ^u ! silv] com+ aga9/ ! flat side ( ! ap]ture 9 ! draw-plate :i* ov]laps ! z9c & ?us holds x securely 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,hamm] = doom+4 ,a *ange 9 ! /yle ( "w gradually took place 9 ! c\rse ( e few ye>s1 & ?us x 0 t holl[-"w became ! fa%ion4 ,?is k9d c\ld be made 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & be+ v light & %[y1 x appe>$ mu* m exp5sive ?an x really 04 ,x is !re=e v easy to acc\nt = ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! manufacture ( articles ( adornm5t & luxury1 & = ! enc\ragem5t :i* ! art has receiv$4 ,) ! pres5t /yles ( ! pla91 ! solid1 ! filigree1 ! /amp$1 ! mosaic1 ! cameo1 ! rep\ss1 ! inlaid1 ! enamell$1 & a v>iety ( o!rs1 we c fe>lessly say t silv]-work+ has ( late ye>s made rapid progress1 & atta9$ to a high] /&>d ?an x ev] be=e possess$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,/eel ,die4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,/amp+ ,press4 ,! art ( /amp+ & %ap+ articles ( jewell]y f %eets ( ! v>i\s metals came into g5]al use j previ\s to ! fir/ ,exhibition 9 #ahea4 ,^!1 :i* are made 9 consid]able numb]s1 are produc$ by means ( dies1 hav+ ! %ape ( ! patt]n ^u !m1 bo? at ! top & bottom1 made ( h>d5$ /eel4 ,fig4 #cg repres5ts a bottom die = ! use ( ! /amp+ press1 & ,fig4 #ch repres5ts ! press4 ,9 rais+ ! metal by /amp+1 ! mat]ial und]goes ! same b5d+s & ext5sions betwe5 ! dies z if x 7 be+ manipulat$ by ! hamm]1 & consequ5tly x requires to be repeat$ly anneal$1 o!rwise x w\ld crack & fall to pieces 9 a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,! rais+ %\ld be br\ght ab\t gradually1 & ?is is done by plac+ a numb] ( %eets ( metal betwe5 ! dies1 :i* prev5ts ! top die f fall+ ) too sudd5 an action ^u ! metal1 :i* x w\ld d1 z x falls ) a succession ( =ces if ! process be repeat$1 & if its action be n arre/$ by ! means we h po9t$ out4 ,aft] e bl[ ( ! /amp "o ( ^! pieces is remov$ f ! bottom1 & a fre% "o add$ at ! top2 ! cont9ual fall+ ( ! /amp gradually =ces ^! plates1 if plac$ 9 ! mann] we h indicat$1 to take ! %ape ( ! die4 ,! exact =m ( ! figure is effect$ by /rik+ ! plates s+ly betwe5 dies :i* exactly correspond4 ,a v l>ge quantity ( "w is n[ produc$ by ! means we h /at$1 su* z broo*es1 /uds1 locket-backs1 e>r+s1 r+s1 & an endless v>iety ( o!r ?+s2 moreov]1 by ! cultivation ( ?is art a consid]able am\nt ( ! lab\r =m]ly be/[$ by h& ^u ! "w is n[ sav$1 z ! /amp+ 9 _m in/ances is s complete1 almo/ tak+ ! =m ( a f9i%$ article aft] t process has be5 p]=m$1 t ! workman has only to arrange ! p>ts & supply ! ornam5tation :5 requir$1 to r5d] ! article complete4 ,works ( art are also produc$ by o!r me?ods2 z an example1 we w take ! process ( sp9n+ or burni%+ into =m1 :i* consi/s 9 sp9n+ ! metal to ! desir$ %ape 9 a la!1 by means ( burni%+ tools1 specially made = ! purpose4 ,?is process is employ$ 9 ! production ( l>ge bangle bracelets ) pla9 surfaces & o!r simil> works4 ,! metal to be op]at$ ^u %\ld be s(t & malleable1 o!rwise ! process is v difficult to p]=m4 ,! disc1 or o!r =m ( metal1 is tak5 & fix$ 9 ! la! ) ! aid ( holdfa/s1 a *uck or m\ld ( ! desir$ patt]n be+ provid$1 ^u :i* ! disc is turn$ by ! tools ref]r$ to4 ,! metal1 z 9 ! o!r processes1 is gradually spun into ! requir$ =m4 ,9 mo/ cases ! m\ld is exactly ! %ape ( ! int]ior ( ! article requir$ to be made1 & "u ^! circum/ances x w\ld be made up 9 sev]al pieces toge!r ) a key-piece2 s t :5 ?is latt] is tak5 away1 !re is no difficulty 9 remov+ ! re/1 & leav+ ! article free4 ,x is ( importance1 dur+ ! sp9n+1 to keep ! edges free f not*es1 b %\ld ^! occur1 x w\ld be bett] to t\* !m a little ) a turn+ tool4 ,! metal = sp9n+ into a bangle bracelet %\ld be ( ! =m ( a flat circul> b&1 sold]$ ( c\rse2 x w\ld !n be secur$ ^u a prop]ly %ap$ m\ld1 compos$ ( sev]al pieces1 9 ! mann] above describ$2 ?is w\ld !n be plac$ 9 ! la!1 & ! application ( ! sp9n+ tools w\ld soon br+ ab\t ! desir$ =m4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! spun piece ( metal1 ! workman trims ! edges up a little1 !n saws x into two pieces1 & at once proce$s to ! op]ations ( snapp+ & jo9t+1 :i* are delicate processes to p]=m prop]ly 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 & require ! s]vices ( a skill$ & compet5t workman4 ,hav+ n[ describ$ "s ( ! processes 9 ! work+ ( silv]1 & allud$ to ! v>i\s articles :i* are produc$ by wire-draw+2 rais+ ) ! hamm]2 /amp+2 sp9n+2 *as+1 c42 we %all next direct att5tion to ^? processes :i* imm$iately come aft] ! putt+ toge!r & sold]+ ! article2 & =emo/ ( ^! is poli%+4 ,we tru/ t ! =ego+ details 9 ref]5ce to ?is "p ( ! subject w convey "s idea ( ! art ( silv]-work+4 ,poli%+ is an important process ,) all preci\s metal work]s4 ,x is appli$ = ! production ( surface to _! w>es1 & 9 proportion to ! smoo?ness requir$ ^u ! "w1 s %\ld be ! f95ess ( ! mat]ial employ$ 9 effect+ x4 ,! poli%+ p[d]s are em]y1 p[d]$ pumice1 crocus1 rott5/one1 putty ( t91 & r\ge4 ,9 ! be/ "w1 scrat*es are remov$ ) a smoo? & r s(t d>k grey /one 7,wat]-(-,ayr /one72 x is !n poli%$ 9 ! la! ) a /iff bru%1 & ! application ( a little f9e poli%+ mixture4 ,we h plac$ ! mat]ials = poli%+ 9 _! respective ord] ( smoo?ness or f95ess1 beg9n+ ) em]y1 :i* is ! co>se/4 ,a v good mixture = ord9>y "w consi/s ( equal portions ( em]y1 pumice1 & crocus1 ) oil add$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick pa/e4 ,good "w does n want mu* poli%+1 = ! beauty ( x dep5ds m on its be+ execut$ by a well-tra9$ workman2 :]eas r\gh & badly execut$ "w requires mu* poli%+1 & = ?is ! co>s] p[d]s are pref]able1 or a mixture ( !m2 b = ! smoo!r "w ! f9] p[d]s %\ld be employ$4 ,! ,wat]-(-,ayr /one employ$ = poli%+ is usually obta9$ 9 ! =m ( small squ>e /icks1 & is us$ ) a small quantity ( wat] to ! surface ( ! "w1 9 a simil> mann] to fil+4 ,! /one is s(t] ?an ! mat]ial ^u :i* x op]ates 7&1 9 fact1 s are all ! mat]ials = poli%+71 & !re=e we>s away1 produc+ a mud-l sub/ance ^u ! article1 :i* %\ld be repeat$ly remov$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! progress made4 ,?is may be done ) a piece ( clean rag1 or tissue-pap]4 ,:5 ! "w is poli%$ at ! la! x w gradually become envelop$ 9 grease1 c41 :i* %\ld be remov$ occasionally1 to %[ :5 ! process has be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh4 ,! poli%+ ( silv] "w is a bran* ( ! trade commonly p]=m$ by girls4 ,x is h>d "w = !m1 z ! metal possesses a v s(t nature2 x !re=e pulls h>d aga9/ ! bru% :i* holds ! poli%+ mixture4 ,! la! employ$ is ! ord9>y poli%+ la! ) a horizontal sp9dle1 & is work$ ) a common foot-treadle2 /eam-p[] is us$ by "s firms = mov+ ^! la!s1 b x is by no means ! usual cu/om at pres5t4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! poli%+ process1 ! "w is well wa%$ out 9 a prep>$ solution1 to remove ! mixture :i* adh]es to x2 a solution ( soda is f\nd to answ] ! purpose be/1 bo? f its *eapness & effectiv5ess4 ,x %\ld be us$ hot1 ) ! addition ( a little soap1 & ) a /iff bru% ! dirt is soon remov$4 ,! quantity ( soda us$ to a giv5 proportion ( wat] diff]s 9 ! trade1 & !re is no set rule to g by2 x dep5ds1 m or less1 ^u ! adhesiv5ess ( ! poli%+ mixture4 ,we h f\nd ab\t two ounces ( x to a qu>t ( wat] amply suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,enri*+ ! ,surfaces ( ,silv]4 ,by ! application ( ! processes ab\t to be describ$1 ! f9i%+ t\*es 9 _! relation to articles or w>es ( silv] manufacture are effect$4 ,^! processes1 z adopt$ by ! trade1 are v>i\s1 almo/ e firm hav+ a specially prep>$ mixture & mode ( employ+ x4 ,we %all ref] only to ^? :i*1 f _! practical utility1 are likely to be ( s]vice to ^? workm5 :o h to d ) ?is p>ticul> metal4 ,! bran* ( ! art ( :i* we are n[ treat+ comes only into op]ation :5 e o!r process ( workman%ip has be5 complet$2 & "s ( ^! processes mu/ be execut$ 9 a p]fect mann] 9 ord] to arrive at ! highe/ possible results 9 ?is "o4 ,! be/ & ri*e/ surface is produc$ :5 ! metal to be op]at$ ^u is good 9 quality1 & ! workman%ip ( a fair ord]1 s f> z reg>ds smoo?ness1 & fre$om f surplus sold]-m>ks4 ,"o ( ! olde/ me?ods = produc+ a pure sn[y :it5ess ^u articles ( silv] 0 z foll[s3--,take an iron or copp] anneal+ pan 7! latt] is mu* to be pref]r$71 place ! "w ^u x 9 prop] ord]1 s t x may be heat$ all ov] alike4 ,x %\ld1 previ\s to ?is1 be imm]s$ 9 a ?ick solution ( borax1 or o!rwise bru%$ ov] ) x4 ,aft] ! "w has be5 prop]ly arrang$ ^u ! pan = anneal+1 x mu/ be spr9kl$ ov] ) f9e *>coal du/2 ! pan is !n plac$ 9 ! muffle ^u a bright cle> fire )\t blaze1 & :5 ! "w has assum$ a degree ( heat approa*+ to *]ry r$ness1 x is )drawn & all[$ to cool4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 x is remov$ & boil$ out 9 a v weak solution ( sulphuric acid1 commonly call$ oil ( vitriol4 ,if ! "r col\r 0 n !n produc$1 ! process 0 repeat$ z _m times z circum/ances p]mitt$1 ?\gh usually two or ?ree times 0 f\nd to be amply suffici5t4 ,! anneal+ process requir$ great att5tion1 = ! "w be+ 9 contact ) borax1 if slightly ov]heat$1 x 0 liable to become melt$1 !re=e ! op]ation 0 a delicate "o to p]=m1 & 0 only intru/$ to su* workm5 z 7 exp]i5c$ 9 ! art4 ,small delicate articles 7 commonly treat$ ) ! m\? bl[-pipe & gas-jet1 & 7 plac$ ^u a pumice-/one1 or "s o!r suitable sub/ance capable ( )/&+ ! p[] ( burn+4 ,accord+ to ! inf]iority ( ! silv] alloy1 is ! difficulty ( produc+ a good :ite surface on w>es ( su* /&>ds4 ,f9e silv] requires v little :it5+1 g5]ally "o process suffices to effect a good col\r2 b inf]ior /&>ds require half a doz5 or m to br+ up ! prop] degree ( :it5ess2 & ^? rang+ bel[ #i oz4 #ab dwts4 to ! lb4 ,troy _c be :it5$ at all by ! means we h describ$1 b require ! application ( ! mod]n *emical process1 kn[n z electro-plat+4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian silv]smi?s nev] t\* _! manufactures ) any k9d ( abrasive sub/ance1 f ! mo/ delicate1 to ! m /rongly made article4 ,b !n x %\ld be rememb]$1 t 9 ,india ! natives "w f ! pure mat]ial1 a po9t :i* !y rigidly adh]e to2 :]eas we are compell$ 9 ?is c\ntry to manipulate 9 all sorts ( qualities2 & "s ( ^! require no little tr\ble & difficulty to br+ back to ! surface ! sn[-:ite appe>ance ( ! pure metal4 ,9 ! =m] case x is effect$ )\t any difficulty :atev]--9 fact1 ! metal sc>cely und]goes any *ange ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! manipulations to :i* x is subject$ 9 ! v>i\s processes ( manufacture4 ,! ,indian mode ( proc$ure is z foll[s3--,"s juicy lemons are cut into slices2 ! silv] articles are briskly rubb$ ) ^! = a %ort "t1 & subsequ5tly cov]$ ) !m1 be+ plac$ 9 a suitable vessel = a few h\rs = ! completion ( ! process4 ,= v delicate articles ( jewell]y ! natives cut a l>ge lime ne>ly 9 two halves1 into :i* !y ins]t ! "w2 ! halves are !n tightly clos$ up aga91 & plac$ aside = a few h\rs2 :5 ! article is remov$1 x is well r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & consign$ to a vessel ( ne>ly boil+ soap-suds1 :]e x is well bru%$1 aga9 r9s$ 9 fre% hot wat]1 & f9ally dri$ on a metal plate plac$ ov] hot wat]2 ! process is r5d]$ complete by a little g5tle rubb+ ) wa%-lea!r if ! "w be ( a pla9 nature4 ,gre5 tam>9d pods are also employ$ by !m = ! purpose ( :it5+ silv]1 9 ! same mann] z j describ$2 !y are great det]g5ts bo? ( gold & silv] manufactures1 & are l>gely employ$ by artisans 9 ! ,ea/ = ! removal ( oxides & fire-m>ks4 ,ano!r process = ! :it5+ ( silv] goods is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,take ! "w1 :i* mu/ be cleanly prep>$1 & give x a coat+ ( ! foll[+ mixture3--,f9ely p[d]$ vegetable *>coal f\r p>ts1 saltpetre "o "p2 ! +r$i5ts %\ld be well mix$ ) a little wat]1 & may be appli$ to ! surface ( ! metal ei!r by bru%+ ov] ) a s(t bru%1 or by dipp+ ! "w into x4 ,! "w is !n plac$ ^u ! anneal+ pan & submitt$ to ! heat ( ! muffle1 until ! wet p[d] has become p]fectly dry & ceas$ to fly ab\t2 x is !n )drawn f ! muffle1 all[$ to cool1 & aft]w>ds boil$ out 9 a solution ( pota% prep>$ = ! purpose1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o ounce ( bi-sulphate ( pota% to tw5ty ounces ( wat]4 ,! boil+ out is done 9 a copp] pan 7,fig4 #ci71 & if ! "w be put ?r\gh ! above process two or ?ree times a beautiful dead-:ite col\r is ! result4 ,x is !n wa%$ 9 a hot solution ( soda1 soap1 & wat]1 or if pref]r$ bright1 scrat*$1 or burni%$1 & ! process is f9ally complet$ by dry+ x 9 f9e boxwood sawdu/1 :i* %\ld be made hot1 b n all[$ to *> or burn 9 any way1 z x w\ld produce a /a9 ^u ! "w v difficult to remove1 & ?us ! f9i% w\ld be consid]ably impair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,boil+-out ,pan4 ,9 l>ge manufactories ! process ( :it5+ silv] goods is repeat$ly requir$ to be p]=m$1 & :]e su* is ! case1 ! above me?ods are f\nd n only t$i\s & exp5sive1 b occupy mu* unnecess>y "t & lab\r2 to disp5se ) a portion ( :i*1 ! cu/om ( cov]+ ! "w ) a *emical prep>ation 0 accord+ly dep>t$ f1 & yet x 0 made to %[ its =m] brilliancy4 ,to effect ?is object ! liquid = boil+ x 9 0 diff]5tly prep>$1 :i* only requir$ to be made ( a prop] /r5g? to d all t ! surface mixture _h done be=e4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od adopt$ 9 prep>+ ! cleans+ liquid4 ,boil+-out mixture3--,to "o p\nd ( smok+ salts1 add two ounces ( cream ( t>t>2 well %ake ! +r$i5ts toge!r1 s t !y may be ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,! smok+ salts employ$ = ?is purpose are n ! ord9>y spirits ( salts ( comm]ce1 b a prep>ation ( ! common oil ( vitriol2 !re=e ! "o %\ld n be tak5 = ! o!r2 ! spirits ( salts w\ld turn ! "w black1 :]eas1 if ! prop] +r$i5t 7 procur$1 a f9e dead matte or blan*$ surface w\ld be ! result ( its application4 ,! mixture employ$ = boil+ ! "w 9 consi/s ( ! proportion ( "o ounce ( ! above prep>ation to ab\t ?irty ounces ( wat]4 ,! silv] articles simply require to be anneal$1 all[$ to cool1 & !n boil$ = a m9ute or s 9 ?is solution1 :5 ! desir$ result w be atta9$2 if1 h[ev]1 ! exact col\r be n obta9$ ! fir/ "t1 ! process %\ld be repeat$ a second1 & if necess>y1 a ?ird "t2 ! "r col\r w !n be produc$1 if ! articles are n made ( a too inf]ior /&>d4 ,! mode we h ourselves adopt$ = ! col\r+ or :it5+ ( silv] goods is some:at diff]5t1 & /ill m simple ?an ev5 ! above4 ,we w proce$ to give ! details ( ! process4 ,a mixture ( v dilute sulphuric acid is fir/ provid$1 9 ! proportion ( "o ounce to =ty ounces ( wat]1 & well mix$ toge!r2 ! "w1 aft] be+ heat$ to a good r$ heat1 is boil$ 9 ?is1 :i* soon removes ! oxide f ! surface1 & %[s ! f9e :ite col\r ( ! pure silv]4 ,= f9e silv] "w1 su* z ,indian filigree1 "o process w g5]ally suffice1 = ,engli% /&>d quality two1 & = l[ qualities ?ree1 b ^! latt] mu/ n by any means be too l[2 if s1 no col\r+ c take place by ! me?od j describ$4 ,objects ( delicate workman%ip are usually anneal$ by ! gas2 be+ plac$ on a pumice-/one ( light mat]ial1 ! flame ( ! gas is bl[n ) ! m\? bl[-pipe1 9 su* a mann] t ! object gradually becomes heat$ all ov] alike2 & ! "w %\ld be well heat$1 z ?is facilitates ! process ( oxidation1 & subsequ5tly t ( :it5+4 ,! oxidation takes place at ! exp5se ( ! copp] 9 ! silv] alloy1 & ?is is only effect$ by rais+ ! articles to a v high temp]ature1 :i* produces ! oxidation ( ! copp] com+ 9 contact ) ! air1 & :i* necess>ily exi/s ^u ! surface ( ! alloy$ goods4 ,:it5+ silv] goods !n is no?+ m ?an ! removal ( ! base alloy f ! surface1 leav+ ! pure metal beh9d ) its full ri* col\r4 ,!re=e to be cle>1 ! process ( anneal+ 9 contact ) cold air oxidizes ! copp] ^u ! surface1 & ! pickl+ mixture s dissolves & removes x1 t x gradually und]goes a process ( ref9+1 & is ultimately made to repres5t ! f9e/ mat]ial 9 all its purity4 ,sometimes silv] "w is to be se5 hav+ a br[n col\r ^u x2 ?is is produc$ :5 ! acid employ$ = cleans+ has be5 too /rong2 x c only be rem$i$ by ano!r anneal+ & boil+-out 9 a mu* m dilut$ mixture4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r me?ods employ$ 9 ! trade = ! purpose ( :it5+ silv] "w ( ! be/ quality2 & al?\gh anneal+ is always a "p ( ! process1 o!r +r$i5ts1 su* z salt & t>t>1 p]manganate ( pota%1 cyanide ( potassium1 alum1 c41 h be5 sev]ally us$ = ! cleans+ or :it5+ mixture4 ,!y may be useful 9 _! application to plat$ "w 7articles t h receiv$ a coat+ ( pure metal by means ( ! electro-metallurgical process71 = cleans+ purposes only1 b = all practical purposes ! process to :i* we h call$ special att5tion is to be mu* pref]r$4 ,common articles ( silv] _c be :it5$ by anneal+ & boil+-out 9 a dilut$ acid2 a ?9 film ( pure silv] mu/ be deposit$ ^u _! surface by ! process ( electro-deposition1 or by ! action ( "s *emical prep>ation 9 :i* f9e silv] =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t4 ,su* prep>ation1 h[ev]1 z ! latt] c be us$ only to pla9 surfaces1 !re=e !y are n applicable to all k9ds ( "w4 ,!y are compos$ ( ! foll[+ *emical +r$i5ts3--#a/1 *loride ( silv] #a "p1 cream ( t>t> #a "p2 #bnd1 *loride ( silv] #a "p1 common salt #a-a_/b p>ts2 #crd1 *loride ( silv] #a "p1 prep>$ *alk #a "p1 pe>l-a% #a "p2 #d?1 *loride ( silv] #a "p1 alum #a "p1 common salt #b p>ts4 ,! *loride ( silv] is easily prep>$ by precipitat+ x f ! nitrate ) a solution ( common salt or hydro*loric acid4 ,! v>i\s mixtures %\ld be work$ up ) wat] into a ?9 pa/e1 & appli$ to ! "w by rubb+ ) a s(t cork or piece ( wa%-lea!r1 or by ?or\ghly /irr+ x ab\t 9 ! mixture until x has acquir$ ! requisite degree ( :it5ess4 ,= ! purpose ( silv]+ wat* & clock faces1 c4 ^! mixtures may be us$ ) advantage & entire success4 ,o!r solutions are sometimes employ$ = simil> purposes & are v useful2 be+ simple 9 _! prep>ation & easy ( managem5t4 ,we h select$ ! foll[+ z be+ ! mo/ practical3--,take "o ounce ( ! nitrate ( silv] & dissolve x 9 "o qu>t ( pure di/ill$ wat]1 or if ?is _c be procur$1 wat] :i* has be5 boil$1 by :i* x loses "s ( its impurity4 ,:5 ! nitrate ( silv] has become ?or\ghly dissolv$1 ?r[ into ! mixture a little p[d]$ hyposulphite ( soda1 ?is w precipitate ! silv]1 & :5 x has tak5 place1 a fur!r addition ( hyposulphite ( soda %\ld be made1 :i* w ev5tually re-dissolve ! precipitate1 & ! solution is !n ready = use4 ,to produce a good mixture1 ! salt ( soda %\ld be add$ slightly 9 excess4 ,! solution is us$ by simply dipp+ a sponge 9 x & rubb+ x ov] ! surface ( ! articles to be coat$1 & ?is is cont9u$ until !y h assum$ ! desir$ col\r4 ,= improv+ ! col\r ( silv] & electro-plat$ w>es1 ! foll[+ mixture has be5 /rongly recomm5d$3--,nitrate ( silv] #d p5nyweights1 cyanide ( potassium #e ounces1 & wat] #a qu>t2 ! +r$i5ts %\ld be well mix$ toge!r1 & appli$ by means ( a s(t bru% or sponge to ! surface ( ! "w4 ,9 us+ ?is cyanide solution1 ! op]ator %\ld be c>eful to gu>d aga9/ a too frequ5t contact ) x1 z x is decid$ly injuri\s to ! h&s1 especially if !re be any abrasion ( ! sk92 x be+ "o ( ! deadlie/ poisons kn[n4 ,suffici5t details ( ! process ( silv] :it5+ & cleans+ hav+ n[ be5 giv5 to assi/ ! workman :o manipulates 9 ?is p>ticul> metal1 & to enable him to select a =m ( recipe 9 e way adapt$ to ! k9d ( "w 9 h&1 we %all n[ proce$ to ! mod]n process ( electro-plat+1 & give a practical description ( x 9 its applicability to ! trade ( ! silv]smi?4 ,?is art is decid$ly ( mod]n orig91 z f> z conc]ns its employm5t = comm]cial purposes4 ,! inv5tion is suppos$ to be due to ! electrical & *emical rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ( ?is c\ntry1 & ,pr(essor ,jacobi1 ( ,russia1 bo? ( :om claim to h f\nd out ! art ( deposit+ "o metal ^u ano!r1 some:]e ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,( c\rse x 0 left to o!rs to apply ! inv5tion to ! indu/rial arts1 & x 0 n until aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,con/ant ,batt]y1 by ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ab\t half a c5tury ago1 t ! art began gradually to ext5d 9 ! direction ( comm]cial pursuits4 ,! ,messrs4 ,elk+ton1 ( ,birm+ham1 7 ! fir/ to employ x 9 _! manufactures1 ) a success :i* _! ent]prise ?or\ghly m]it$4 ,?is took place ab\t ! ye> #ahdj1 & s9ce t "t ! art ( electro-plat+ & gild+ has wond]fully develop$1 9 its application to ! v>i\s manufactures ( ! c\ntry4 ,its progress w\ld be a subject highly int]e/+1 7 we to trace ! g5]al details ( x1 b ! "p ( x we are consid]+ be+ ! practical mode ( its employm5t 9 manufactures1 we %all at once direct our att5tion to x1 by giv+ a complete description ( ! process2 s t ! ord9>y silv]smi? may be enabl$ to employ x 9 8 bus9ess ) safety & advantage4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ 9 electro-plat+ is :at ,batt]y to employ1 :i* w be ! mo/ simple1 inexp5sive1 & effective "o4 ,:5 ! batt]y is only occasionally requir$ = use we pref] ! ,smee be=e any o!r4 ,x is a small portable app>atus1 & consi/s ( a high1 b n>r[1 glass or /onew>e j>1 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 capable ( hold+ ab\t two qu>ts2 inside ?is j> is fitt$ a ?9 plate ( plat9iz$ silv] fitt$ to a frame ) two z9c plates1 "o on ea* side ( x1 ! z9c plates be+ held to ! frame by means ( a b9d+ screw4 ,/rong copp] wires are firmly secur$ to ^! screws1 :i* s]ve z ! positive & negative poles ( ! batt]y4 ,^? p>ts ( ! plates :i* are n expos$ to ! action ( ! acid solution may be advantage\sly coat$ ) seal+-wax v>ni% or melt$ p>aff9 wax1 to protect !m f ! de/ructive influ5ces ( ! batt]y acid1 & to prev5t x f creep+ upw>ds1 :i* de/roys ! connections4 ,! j> is fill$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 9 ! proportion ( #a ( acid to #bj ( wat]2 ! frame conta9+ ! plates is !n l[]$ into ! solution1 & ! batt]y is ready = use4 ,9 ! above =m ( batt]y = occasional use we h "o simple 9 con/ruction1 easy ( managem5t1 ( fair con/ancy1 & :5 once prep>$ v inexp5sive1 m]ely requir+ a little free acid at times to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,two cells ( ?is =m ( batt]y1 ea* hold+ two qu>ts ( mixture1 w be f\nd suffici5t = all ord9>y purposes4 ,! z9cs %\ld be well amalgamat$1 & n t\* ! bottom ( ! cells4 ,! connections %\ld be regul>ly exam9$1 & kept p]fectly free f corrosion1 :i* w\ld /op ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,= plat+ small delicate articles ( jewell]y "o cell ( ! above =m w be f\nd p[]ful en\gh = ! purpose4 ,! batt]y t we pref] & h ( late ye>s employ$1 = regul> cont9u\s work+1 is ! ,buns51 consi/+ z be=e ( a cyl9drical glass or /onew>e j> ( ! same size & dim5sions1 fitt$ ) a well amalgamat$ cyl9d] ( z9c & a copp] wire secur$ to x2 a por\s cell is plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & a b> or rod ( c>bon is put into ?is cell ) a copp] wire also secur$ to x4 ,! por\s cell is fill$ ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 or sulphuric acid alone2 we pref] ! latt]1 z x does n give (f su* fumes z does ! o!r acid2 a little ( ! m p[]ful acid1 h[ev]1 is sometimes requir$ to be add$ 9 ord] to increase ! action1 z ) ?is acid alone x sometimes becomes sl[4 ,! out] cell is fill$ ) a mixture ( #a "p ( sulphuric acid to #bj p>ts ( wat]1 & ! connections be+ 9 prop] ord] ! batt]y is !n ready = use4 ,9 action ?is =m ( batt]y is regul> & cont9u\s1 x la/s a long "t ^u "o *>ge1 & is !re=e inexp5sive 9 use2 if ! two cells are c\pl$ = p[] or int5sity1 an unusual quantity ( "w may be got ?r\gh 9 a giv5 "t4 ,?is cell is admirably suit$ to ! "w ( ! manufactur+ silv]smi?1 & to ^? :o pref] do+ _! own plat+4 ,! amalgamation ( ! z9c is effect$ z foll[s3--,! cyl9d]s are be/ treat$ by putt+ "s m]cury into a co>se flannel bag1 dipp$ repeat$ly into muriatic acid & appli$ to ! surface ( ! z9c1 bo? inside & out2 & :5 !y pres5t ! bright *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( m]cury !y are suffici5tly op]at$ ^u1 & may be r9s$ & set aside to dra94 ,! z9c plates may be advantage\sly amalgamat$ by plac+ "s m]cury 9 a %all[ di% ) a little muriatic or sulphuric acid1 a h>e's foot or a piece ( clo? ti$ to ! end ( a /ick is !n dipp$ into ! m]cury & acid1 & rubb$ ov] ! plates until !y are suffici5tly protect$ ) m]cury1 :5 !y %\ld be r9s$ 9 clean wat] & set aside to dra94 ,if possible ! process ( amalgamation %\ld always be conduct$ 9 ! op5 air1 z ! fumes :i* are giv5 (f1 if brea!d1 are highly injuri\s4 ,! be/ possible way to amalgamate rods ( z9c is by p\r+ m]cury into ! melt$ metal j be=e ca/+ x into rods1 9 ! proportion ( #a-a_/b oz4 ( m]cury to ! p\nd ( z9c4 ,?is makes ! rods exce$+ly brittle1 & !y %\ld !re=e be h&l$ ) c>e4 ,! m]cury %\ld n be add$ to ! z9c :5 ! latt] is at too high a temp]ature1 & ! be/ mann] ( te/+ ?is is by ! application ( a piece ( pap] to ! molt5 metal1 :5 if x takes fire1 ! temp]ature is /ill too high2 x %\ld be all[$ to cool until ! pap] refuses to ignite1 !n & n till !n is ! prop] "t = ! addition ( ! m]cury4 ,! copp] conduct+ wires & b9d+ screws mu/ be clean$ :5 !y become mu* corrod$2 if n !y add resi/ance to ! curr5t1 & x w become consid]ably dim9i%$1 or cease altoge!r4 ,! clean+ may be effect$ by simply anneal+ & !n plung+ !m :ile /ill hot into dilute sulphuric acid pickle1 or dipp+ !m into nitric acid = ab\t an in/ant4 ,! z9cs %\ld be tak5 f ! batt]y liquids :5 n requir$ = use2 & ! por\s cells %\ld be remov$ e night & _! cont5ts p\r$ into a l>ge jug kept = ! purpose4 ,! por\s cells %\ld be plac$ 9 clean wat] to prev5t ! salts ( ! batt]y liquid f cry/alliz+ 9 ! pores1 :i* w\ld crack & spoil !m = future use2 ! c>bons %\ld also be plac$ 9 wat]2 & :5 requir$ = use aga9 ^! arrangem5ts %\ld be rev]s$1 :5 ! batt]y w "w z well z ev]4 ,! solution = electro-plat+ articles ( jewell]y is ! next "p ( ! subject we h to consid]1 ( :i* !re are _m1 conta9+ v>i\s proportions ( ! metal employ$ 9 silv] deposit+4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! be/ we h employ$3 take pure silv] & dissolve x 9 a mixture ( nitric acid & wat]3-- ,f9e silv] #e dwts4 ,nitric acid #d drms4 ,wat] #b drms4 ,! silv] %\ld be put into a small ,flor5ce flask1 s z to all[ ! mixture ( acid & wat] to cov] x ?or\ghly2 ?is mixture on be+ add$ to ! metal soon promotes a *emical action1 & ! silv] becomes gradually dissolv$4 ,if ! acid employ$ has be5 weak1 x w necessitate a fur!r addition ( x to complete ! dissolution ( ! silv]1 or ! removal ( ! flask to "s o!r & w>m] place1 su* z a s&-ba?1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to apply too mu* heat4 ,z ! *emical action proce$s1 r$ fumes are =m$ 9 ! flask2 & ! action %\ld be all[$ to g on until ^! cease to rise1 :5 ! silv] %\ld by t "t h become dissolv$4 ,! mixture !n consi/s ( a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & %\ld be c>efully p\r$ into a suitable porcela9 or ,w$gwood capsule2 ?is is !n heat$ ^u a s&-ba? until a scum or pellicle appe>s ^u ! surface1 :5 x %\ld at once be transf]r$ f ! s&-ba? to a suitable place = cool+4 ,dur+ ! la/ op]ation ! mixture beg9s to =m itself into cry/als1 & ! liquid :i* appe>s reluctant to cry/allize %\ld be p\r$ away f ^? already =m$1 into ano!r capsule1 & aga9 heat$ until x has suffici5tly evaporat$ to cry/allize4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ! liquor has f9ally und]gone ?is process1 ! cry/als ( nitrate ( silv] mu/ be remov$ to ano!r vessel1 & ab\t "o p9t ( cold wat] add$1 ! :ole be+ !n well /irr$ until !y h become ?or\ghly dissolv$4 ,a solution ( cyanide ( potassium is next prep>$ 9 wat]1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o ounce ( cyanide to ! p9t ( wat]2 "s ( ?is solution is !n add$ to ! "o conta9+ ! nitrate ( silv]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be add$ v cauti\sly1 = precipitation soon takes place1 & if too mu* be us$1 ! precipitate becomes aga9 dissolv$4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable to take a little ( ! solution f ! vessel1 9 a w9e-glass or te/ tube1 & to add a few drops ( ! prep>$ solution ( cyanide1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its exact /ate4 ,if ! application ( ?is solution produces no effect ^u ! nitrate ( silv]1 ! op]ation ( precipitation is complete4 ,! liquid above ! s$im5t %\ld next be c>efully p\r$ away to avoid any wa/e ( silv]2 :5 ?is is done fre% wat] %\ld be add$1 well /irr$ ) ! s$im5t1 & all[$ to settle2 x is !n aga9 p\r$ (f1 & ! process repeat$ until ! precipitate has become ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,n[ add suffici5t cyanide ( potassium to dissolve ! precipitate & a little m1 & make up two qu>ts ( solution ) fre% clean wat]4 ,x is bett] to filt] ! solution be=e us+ x4 ,! solution may be made by means ( ! batt]y1 &1 if pref]r$1 ! above mode ( *emically prep>+ x may be disp5s$ )4 ,! foll[+ is ! mo/ simple me?od by ! batt]y process3--,dissolve 9 two qu>ts ( wat] ab\t half an ounce1 & no m1 ( be/ black cyanide2 ?is %\ld be done 9 an oval1 or /ill bett]1 oblong /onew>e vessel1 plac$ 9 an iron "o ( ! same %ape conta9+ wat]4 ,! /one j> %\ld n be all[$ to t\* ! bottom or sides ( ! iron "o1 a space be+ left = hold+ ! wat]4 ,:5 ! cyanide has become dissolv$1 fill a por\s cell ) "s ( ! solution1 place ?is cell 9 ! o!r vessel conta9+ ! cyanide2 ! solution %\ld be ab\t ! same height 9 bo? vessels4 ,n[ put a piece ( %eet copp]1 secur$ to ! end ( ! wire issu+ f ! z9c ( ! batt]y1 into ! por\s cell1 & place 9 ! l>g] vessel conta9+ ! cyanide solution ab\t "o ounce ( %eet silv]1 prop]ly secur$ to ! wire issu+ f ! c>bon ( ! batt]y4 ,9 a %ort "t ! solution 9 ! l>g] vessel w h acquir$ ! "r proportion ( silv] 7#e dwts4 to ! two qu>ts7 = use2 :5 ?is has be5 effect$1 ! por\s cell %\ld be remov$ & its cont5ts ?r[n away4 ,^! solutions are bo? work$ hot1 at a temp]ature ( n exce$+ #abj ,fahr4 ) ! batt]y we h describ$4 ,! solutions are heat$ by means ( gas-jets1 & ! articles are plat$ by be+ susp5d$ to ! wire proce$+ f ! z9c ( ! batt]y4 ,to ! wire proce$+ f ! c>bon is to be atta*$ ! piece ( %eet silv] :i* dissolves & keeps up ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,! piece ( silv] or anode be+ l[]$ into ! solution1 ^u ! imm]sion ( ! "w1 an almo/ in/antane\s deposit ( f9e silv] takes place1 ! ?ickness ( :i* dep5ds entirely ^u ! p]iod ( imm]sion4 ,:5 a solution beg9s to plate ( an inf]ior k9d ?r\gh ! acquisition ( organic matt]1 x w be bett] to ab&on x altoge!r & make a new "o1 r ?an to wa/e valuable "t 9 repeat$ attempts at improvem5t1 :i* seldom c be effect$ 9 solutions t h be5 employ$ = all k9ds ( "w4 ,! silv] may be recov]$ f su* solutions by means ( ! batt]y1 by precipitation1 & by evaporation2 ! fir/ process1 h[ev]1 we h n always f\nd successful1 ! solution 9 "s cases refus+ to give up its silv] to ! action ( ! batt]y4 ,x is put into op]ation z foll[s3--,! anode :i* supplies ! solution ) silv] is replac$ by "o ( plat9um1 on :i* ! cyanide solution has no action :atev]2 a piece ( clean %eet copp] %\ld be hung ^u ! z9c wire ( ! batt]y1 & ! batt]y kept 9 action until ! :ole ( ! silv] held 9 ! solution has become deposit$ ^u x2 at :i* /age x may be remov$1 & ! exhau/$ solution ?r[n into ! wa/e wat] tub4 ,! piece ( copp] conta9+ ! silv] may be us$ aga9 9 ! place ( ! silv] anode until x has become dissolv$1 or x may be remov$ by any o!r means1 if pref]r$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! above plan fail+1 ! process ( precipitation or evaporation %\ld be resort$ to4 ,if ! =m] "o be adopt$1 ! solution %\ld be p\r$ into a l>ge op5 vessel1 & consid]ably dilut$ ) wat]2 sulphuric acid %\ld !n be c>efully p\r$ 91 a little at a "t1 until x produces no eff]vesc5ce4 ,! sulphuric acid precipitates ! silv]1 & ! fumes :i* x creates are highly delet]i\s to heal?1 !re=e ! process ought to be p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air1 & n 9 ill-v5tilat$ work%ops4 ,:5 ! sulphuric acid produces no effect ^u ! solution1 x %\ld be all[$ to /& = a :ile = ! precipitate to subside1 :5 ! wat] above 7:i* %\ld be cle>7 may be drawn (f1 ! precipitate well wa%$1 to free x f ! acid1 dri$1 & fus$ 9 a crucible ) a little pota% or soda4 ,if ! latt] plan be adopt$1 ! solution may be plac$ 9 a ca/-iron kettle or saucepan1 & !n heat$ ^u a gas-jet or /ove1 until evaporation takes place1 aft] :i* ! s$im5t %\ld be remov$ & fus$ 9 a crucible1 z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,scrat*-bru% ,la!4 ,! f9i%+ ( silv] "w requires "s little k & skill to p]=m x prop]ly2 & we ?9k t a few obs]vations be>+ ^u x w be ( s]vice to ^? = :om ?is manual is writt54 ,aft] ei!r ( ! processes ( :it5+ or plat+1 ! "w has to be scrat*$1 unless requir$ to be left a dead :ite1 !n ?is process does n take place2 ! scrat*+ removes f ! surface ! dull :ite col\r produc$ by ! above processes1 & effects a *>act]i/ic bright & uni=m col\r to ! "w ( ! silv]smi?4 ,scrat*+ is done at ! la! 7,fig4 #dj7 by ! application ( a v f9e brass-wire bru% ( circul> =m runn+ ^u ! sp9dle2 a solution ( weak ale runs f a b>rel ) a tap to x1 plac$ ^u ! framework ( ! la! s z to enable ! be] runn+ f x to fall ^u ! bru% dur+ ! :ole "t ( its rot>y action1 & ?is assi/s ! bru% ! m easily to glide ov] ! surface ( ! "w submitt$ to x4 ,a l>ge quantity ( silv]smi?'s "w receives no o!r treatm5t ?an ?is1 aft] ! :it5+ processes h tak5 place4 ,silv] *a9s are burni%$ by means ( a poli%$ /eel jack *a91 & ! application ( a little s(t soap & hot wat]1 or o!rwise scrat*-bru%$4 ,! beautiful fro/$ surfaces to be se5 ^u silv] lockets1 & o!r "w ( a simil> nature1 are all produc$ by means ( ! scrat*-bru%4 ,burni%+ is ano!r mode ( f9i%+ silv] "w4 ,x produces a poli%$ surface1 :i* reflects l a mirror1 & gives ! greate/ lu/re3 x removes m>ks left by ! poli%+ mixtures1 & produces a d>k] surface ?an ! o!r modes ( f9i%+4 ,! tools employ$ = ?is process are extremely v>iable1 & well adapt$ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w to :i* !y are appli$2 !y are ( two k9ds1 "o be+ =m$ ( h>d /one1 & ! o!r ( poli%$ h>d5$ /eel2 !y v>y ) reg>d to %ape1 "s be+ /raight ) r\nd$ po9ts1 or ) curv$ & blunt$ edges1 o!rs ) l>ge r\nd$ surfaces1 c4 ,/one burni%]s are made ( blood-/one1 :i* is m\nt$ 9 a wood5 h&le ) a brass f]rule1 :i* firmly secures ! /one to x1 9 :i* /ate x is us$4 ,/eel burni%]s are likewise fix$ 9 wood5 h&les1 :i* enable !m to be firmly grasp$ by ! op]ator4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole process ( burni%+1 ! tool %\ld be repeat$ly moi/5$ ) a solution ( soap & wat]2 :i* causes x to glide m easily ov] ! surface ( ! "w1 prev5ts x f becom+ too mu* heat$1 & g5]ally facilitates its action4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great friction :i* ! burni%+ tool und]goes1 x soon loses its bite1 :5 x slips ov] ! "w z if x 7 greasy2 its effectiv5ess mu/ !re=e be re/or$ f "t to "t by rubb+ x ^u ! lea!r :i* ! workman has beside him = ! purpose4 ,x g5]ally consi/s ( a piece ( buff lea!r1 impregnat$ ) a little crocus4 ,9 v small articles only /eel burni%]s are us$1 z !y are f9] 9 make1 & by _! great] v>iety ( =m1 are exce$+ly well adapt$ to all k9ds ( "w2 9 ?is class ( "w1 if any soap-suds %\ld adh]e to ! article !y may be remov$ by ! application ( a little tissue pap]4 ,l>ge pieces ( "w are rubb$ ) a piece ( old l951 or wa%$ 9 a w>m solution ( soap & wat]1 r9s$1 & dri$ 9 boxwood sawdu/1 :i* f9ally completes ! process4 ,silv] "w may be oxidiz$ by any ( ! foll[+ processes3-- ,i4 ,sal-ammoniac #b p>ts4 ,sulphate ( ,copp] #b ,saltpetre #a "p4 ,r$uce ! above +r$i5ts to a f9e p[d]1 & dissolve x 9 a little acetic acid4 ,if ! article is to be entirely oxidiz$1 x may be dipp$ = a %ort "t into ! boil+ mixture2 if only 9 p>ts1 x may be appli$ ) a camel-hair p5cil1 ! article & ! mixture bo? be+ w>m$ be=e us+4 ,,ii4 ,plat9um #a "p4 ,hydro*loric acid #b p>ts4 ,nitric acid #a "p4 ,dissolve ! plat9um 9 ! mixture ( acid1 evaporate to cry/allization1 & :5 cold1 dissolve aga9 9 a little sulphuric e!r4 ,apply ! mixture ) a camel-hair p5cil to ! p>ts requir$ to be black5$4 ,,iii4 ,saltpetre #b p>ts4 ,common ,salt #a "p4 ,spirits ( ,salts #a ,r$uce ! salts to p[d]1 & place x 9 a black-lead crucible along ) ! acid1 boil up1 & !n dip ! articles into ! mixture = a %ort "t1 or o!rwise apply x to ! p>ts requir$ to be oxidiz$4 ,^! mixtures w give ! v>i\s t9ts ( oxidation to silv] "w if prop]ly treat$2 b if o!r t9ts be desir$1 ! foll[+ *emical sub/ances may be employ$ accord+ to ta/e3--,= slate-col\r$ surface1 dip ! articles into a boil+ solution ( sulphuret ( potassium4 ,/rong hydrosulphate ( ammonia produces a d>k t9t ( oxidation1 & if dilut$ ) mu* wat] a light t9t is produc$4 ,nitric acid produces a light surface4 ,! fumes ( sulphur produce a beautiful blue-col\r$ surface4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be conduct$ 9 a clos$ box1 & all p>ts n to be black5$ %\ld be coat$ ) a suitable resi/ v>ni%4 ,aft] any ( ^! processes ! articles may ei!r be scrat*$1 or o!rwise burni%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,imitation ,silv] ,alloys4 ,! und]m5tion$ :ite alloys h _! v>i\s uses 9 ! indu/rial & me*anical arts1 "s be+ employ$ z common silv]1 :il/ o!rs are manufactur$ z ne> z possible 9 imitation ( x1 & us$ z a sub/itute1 = _m purposes4 ,9 melt+ ! alloys 9 :i* nickel & sev]al o!r comp\nds ent] into comb9ation1 unless v great c>e be ex]cis$1 x is a difficult matt] to ma9ta9 ! true & def9ite proportion ( ea* metal ( :i* ! alloy prop] is compos$1 ow+ to ! loss ( ! m fusible metals by volatilization1 if all[$ to rema9 too long 9 ! furnace4 ,! be/ me?od ( prep>+ ! comp\nd = ! crucible1 is to mix ! copp] & nickel toge!r4 ,! latt] is produc$ f ! pure oxide ( nickel2 !re=e x is tak5 9 ?is =m & plac$ 9 ! crucible ) ! copp] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,:5 ^! +r$i5ts are well melt$1 & incorporat$ by /irr+1 add ! z9c or o!r fusible metal requir$ to make up ! comp\nd1 previ\sly heat+ x ?or\ghly ov] ! m\? ( ! crucible1 to prev5t ! *ill+ ( ! already molt5 metal :i* x conta9s4 ,:5 silv] =ms a compon5t "p 9 any ( ^! alloys x %\ld be add$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! process along ) ^? ( a high degree ( fusibility1 & r$uc$ "u ! protection ( a suitable flux2 *>coal be+ ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,?is flux also t5ds to pres]ve ! fusible metals1 ^u _! addition to ! melt$ comp\nd 9 ! pot1 f too sudd5ly fly+ away 9 ! %ape ( fumes4 ,! be/ z9c ( comm]ce %\ld be employ$ 9 ^! alloys1 :i* is sold "u ! "n ( spelt]4 ,common silv] alloy alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #ag #j ,nickel #j #ac #j ------------- #b #aj #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,nickel #j #ae #j ------------- #b #ae #j ,common silv] alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #c #j ,nickel #j #ag #j ------------- #c #j #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #f #j ,nickel #j #ai #j ------------- #c #e #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #i #j ,nickel #a #a #j ------------- #c #aj #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #ab #j ,nickel #a #c #j ------------- #c #ae #j ,common silv] alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #ae #j ,nickel #a #e #j ------------- #d #j #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #b #b #ab ,nickel #a #g #ab ------------- #d #aj #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #c #aj #j ,nickel #a #aj #j ------------- #e #j #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #af #j ,nickel #j #aj #ab ,spelt] #j #c #ab -------------- #b #aj #j ,common silv] alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #j #ai #j ,nickel #j #ab #j ,spelt] #j #d #j ------------ #b #ae #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,%ot copp] #a #b #j ,nickel #j #ae #j ,spelt] #j #c #j ------------ #c #j #j ,*9ese silv]-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,spelt] #j #f #j ,nickel #j #d #j ,cobalt #j #c #ah ,silv] #j #j #ah ------------ #a #ad #ab ,imitation silv]-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,nickel #j #f #ab ,spelt] #j #d #ah ------------ #a #aa #f ,imitation silv]-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,spelt] #j #ab #j ,nickel #j #h #j ----------- #b #j #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,spelt] #j #h #j ,nickel #j #d #j ----------- #a #ab #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,spelt] #j #aj #j ,nickel #j #aj #j ----------- #b #j #j ,ano!r-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,nickel #j #h #h ,spelt] #j #f #af ----------- #a #ae #j ,:ite alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,t9 #j #aj #f ,brass #j #b #ab ,ars5ic #j #j #ah ------------- #a #ac #ab ,cl>k's pat5t alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,nickel #j #c #ah ,spelt] #j #a #bb ,t9 #j #j #ab ,cobalt #j #j #ab ------------- #a #f #af ,:ite alloy-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,%ot copp] #a #j #j ,t9 #j #aj #j ,ars5ic #j #a #j ------------- #a #aa #j ,alloy ) plat9um-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,plat9um #j #e #j ------------- #a #e #j ,alloy ) palladium-- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,f9e silv] #a #j #j ,palladium #j #e #j ------------- #a #e #j ,! plat9um & palladium ( :i* ! la/ two alloys are compos$1 al?\gh v difficult to use 9 comb9ation ) any o!r metal1 readily unite 9 any proportions ) silv]2 & x has be5 f\nd t su* alloys are n s easily t>ni%$ z ! ord9>y ones1 or ev5 z f9e silv] itself4 ,^! v>i\s alloys s]ve to effect ! sev]al purposes = :i* !y are employ$ 9 manufactures2 wires prep>$ f any ( !m w supply ! place ( silv]1 z broo* tongs1 /ems = p9s1 cat*es & jo9ts1 c4 = articles ( common quality & *eap workman%ip4 ,!y are also employ$ = prep>+ ! gr\nd = electro-plate1 = :i* !y are v s]viceable4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ^! alloys are employ$ by ! regul> silv]smi?1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to get ! scraps ( metal 9 any way mix$ ) ^? ( ! bett] mat]ial1 o!rwise difficulties w soon beg9 to pres5t !mselves1 :i* w mat]ially int]f]e ) ! regul> & prop] work+ ( ! be/ silv] alloys2 & 9 fact1 ) all qualities t h orig9ally be5 prep>$ free f nickel4 ,^? prep>$ f nickel are mu* m infusible ?an ^? made )\t x2 consequ5tly1 if a piece ( ! nickel alloy1 ei!r by accid5t or design1 gets int]mix$ ) ! o!r quality1 9 a subsequ5t melt+1 x w be f\nd to float ^u ! surface ( ! molt5 metal = "s consid]able "t1 & ?us ret>d ! process4 ,alloys prep>$ 9 imitation ( silv] are h>d] & mu* m difficult to "w ?an ^? ( ! true metal2 !re=e x c easily be imag9$ :at alt]ation ! latt] und]go ^u ! addition ( "s ( ! =m] comp\nds4 ,! h>dness & t\ghness :i* ^! alloys possess admirably adapt !m = su* purposes z we h describ$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,economical ,processes4 ,9 all silv]smi?s' e/abli%m5ts1 ! economical or wa/e-sav+ processes1 z !y are t]m$1 require special & c>eful att5tion1 s t ! actual work+ loss1 or t portion ( x :i* is entirely irrecov]able by ! manufactur]1 may be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible degree4 ,x may n be kn[n to ! g5]al read]1 or to ! beg9n] 9 ! preci\s metal trades1 t !re always takes place 9 ! work+ up ( ! metal a loss ( mat]ial1 a portion ( :i* ! manufactur] is unable to recov]1 h[ev] cauti\s may be ! means employ$ = t purpose4 ,9 ! be/ regulat$ work%ops1 ?is loss w am\nt at ! l[e/ e/imate to ab\t #b-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! :ole quantity work$ up 9 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,if ! actual loss c be r$uc$ to )9 ! above limit x is consid]$ v l[1 & highly satisfactory4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! loss t is occasion$ 9 preci\s metal work+1 & f calculations t we h made f exp]i5ce1 we h long s9ce arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t x _c possibly be e/imat$ "u #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total "w daily p]=m$2 & ?is op9ion is bas$ ^u exp]im5ts1 ! raw mat]ial be+ weigh$ be=e ! process ( melt+ & aft] ! articles 7 complet$1 a fair calculation ( c\rse be+ made = unf9i%$ "w4 ,?is 0 includ+ e description ( manufacture2 9 "s bran*es ( ! trade ! work+ loss is n q s great1 b !n !re are o!rs 9 :i* x is exce$+ly heavy1 s t ! e/imat$ loss 9 ! jewell]y trades _c be safely put at a l[] p]c5tage ?an we h quot$4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! real loss1 su* z manufactur]s are unable to recov] by ! means already kn[n to !m1 am\nts to "o-f\r? "p ( ! total work+ loss ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,?is is easily acc\nt$ =3 9 ! fir/ place1 a little takes place 9 ! melt+ ( ! v>i\s alloys1 ! re-melt+ ( scrap metal1 ! r$uction ( lemel1 c42 !n !re are ! sundry manipulations ( work+2 ! passage ( ! metal ?r\gh v>i\s acids1 & ! processes ( f9i%+1 ea* ( :i* deta*es small p>ticles ( metal1 too small to be visible to ! nak$ eye1 b all ( :i* g to =m a portion ( ! loss :i* ! manufactur] nev] recov]s4 ,! unrecov]$ metal may be judici\sly proportion$ z foll[s3--,a portion ( x works itself into ! wood-"w ( ! floor+ ( ! %ops1 la!s1 bo>ds1 & o!r p>ts ( work%op appliances2 !n !re is ! ref9]'s pr(it--z pur*ases ( ! sweep1 poli%+s1 & o!r refuse ( preci\s metal work]s4 ,in/ances c be record$ 9 :i* %rewd bus9ess-m5 h actually tak5 up ! floors ( _! work%ops & recov]$ a va/ quantity ( metal :i* 0 suppos$ to be lo/ = ev]2 & in/ances are well rememb]$ 9 :i* two jewell]s1 ^u remov+ into m ext5sive premises1 avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity1 n only ( remov+ ! bo>ds :i* =m$ ! floor+ ( ! premises !y 7 ab\t to leave1 b also ^? ( ! t5ants !y 7 ab\t to succe$4 ,9 "o case1 metal ( ! value ( #hj 0 recov]$1 & 9 ! o!r x rea*$ ! l>ge am\nt ( #aej4 ,! two jewell]s ref]r$ to1 ( c\rse1 7 too un-,engli% to refund ! proce$s to ! late t5ants1 :o1 :5 !y became aw>e ( x1 if ev] !y did1 w\ld be1 no d\bt1 wis] if sadd] m54 ,to prev5t ! preci\s metal f f9d+ its way into su* places z ^!1 x is advisable to h ! floors well protect$ ) %eet z9c or iron1 9 :i* case n ! lea/ p>ticle c\ld be lo/ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! extra co/ ( lay+ ! floors w\ld soon be amply repaid1 by an extra quantity ( ! work+ loss be+ recov]$2 & if o!r equally effective precautions 7 adopt$ 9 ! wa/e-sav+ processes by preci\s metal work]s1 ! real loss1 :i* !y _c avoid suff]+1 might ev5 yet be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible po9t4 ,iron or z9c cov]$ floors may be protect$ f we>1 by lay+ ov] ! surface small squ>e grates ( p]=at$ iron1 & ^!1 be+ removable1 may be readily tak5 up at /at$ p]iods1 = sweep+ ! refuse f ! floors2 once a mon? w be f\nd (t5 en\gh to d ?is4 ,! grat+s %\ld1 h[ev]1 be swept ov] lightly e day 9 ord] to remove ! du/ & p>ticles ( metal t may accumulate ^u ! surface into ! p]=ations1 & also = ! removal ( wa/e pap] & o!r rubbi%1 cont9ually accumulat+ 9 work%ops4 ,floors conta9+ no su* wa/e-sav+ precautions1 are commonly swept ov] once1 & sometimes twice ea* day1 ! refuse aris+ !refrom be+ c>efully pass$ ?r\gh a v f9e sieve1 all extrane\s matt] remov$1 & ! residue rema9+ 9 ! sieve be+ well sort$ = ! detection ( all ! preci\s metal visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! :ole refuse matt] is !n ?or\ghly burn$ 9 a muffle provid$ specially = ! purpose1 & f9ally r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] 9 a ca/-iron mort>4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ?is /age ( ! process1 x is q ready = ! p>ticul> k9d ( treatm5t x next receives at ! h&s ( ! ref9]4 ,gr9d+ by l>ge /one roll]s is n[ fa/ sup]s$+ ?is mode ( pulv]is+ jewell]s' wa/e & refuse4 ,:5 ! latt] plan is adopt$1 ! refuse %\ld be swept f ! floors e morn+1 c>efully look$ ?r\gh1 & !n transf]r$ to a b>rel 7hav+ ! top remov$1 :i* may be us$ z a lid71 :]e x c be well kept toge!r1 & hidd5 f view until ! "t arrives = its fur!r treatm5t4 ,! wa/e :i* accumulates 9 ! processes ( poli%+1 lapp+1 c41 is great] ?an t already ref]r$ to1 consequ5tly1 x _c be too c>efully look$ aft]1 9 e /age1 :]e a l>ge manufactur+ trade is be+ c>ri$ on 9 v>i\s bran*es4 ,x is advisable 9 ! practice ( true economy1 = ! poli%+1 lapp+1 & scrat*+ boxes to be repeat$ly clean$ out1 & ! cont5ts remov$ out ( ! temptation ( e "o1 by be+ plac$ 9 a box1 well l9$ ) ei!r %eet lead or z9c1 :i* ensures ! p]fect safety ( ! mat]ial plac$ !re9 f all irregul>ities 9 ! work%op4 ,?is k9d ( wa/e on be+ prep>$ = sale is aga9 plac$ 9 a v /rong wr\ght-iron box1 made ( a suitable size to fit ! muffle1 & hav+ a ?ick close lid to x4 ,aft] ! "w ( ! day has be5 complet$1 ! fire 9 ! furnace or muffle is made up1 ! damp]s are clos$1 & !n ! iron box conta9+ ! refuse is at once pass$ 9 & all[$ to rema9 !re till morn+1 :5 e p>ticle ( matt] w h become ?or\ghly burn$2 a slight pulv]ization aft] ?is process readily r$uces x to a f9e p[d]2 fur!r op]ations !n cease1 & ! product is 9 all probability 9 a f9e /ate ( division1 & fit = ! subsequ5t op]ations ( ! ref9] & assay]1 ^: special bus9ess x is to att5d to ^! arrangem5ts ( preci\s metal work]s4 ,! next process we h to consid] is "o :i* includes ! :ole ( ! liquid sub/ances v>i\sly employ$ 9 silv]-work+ e/abli%m5ts1 su* z ! pickl+ solutions1 wa%+-out wat]s1 :it5+ mixtures1 & wa/e or sp5t solutions ( e k9d4 ,! :it5+ solutions or mixtures1 :5 9 use1 %\ld be kept ap>t f ! ord9>y cleans+ liquids1 z aft] !y h be5 9 use = a "t1 !y become saturat$ ) copp] tak5 (f ! "w dur+ ! :it5+ processes2 if ! solution is !n set aside = "s "t ! copp] ev5tually cry/allizes out f ! liquor1 :i* may be p\r$ into ! wa/e-wat] tub1 & ! rema9+ cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]1 = su* x !n is1 may be remov$ & pres]v$4 ,9 small e/abli%m5ts "o l>ge tub1 to =m ! receptacle = all sp5t or us$-up liquids1 w be f\nd suffici5t2 b 9 l>ge places sev]al w be requir$4 ,9 ! =m] case ! wat] is only drawn (f at ! beg9n+ ( e fre% week1 :i* all[s pl5ty ( "t = ! precipitation ( ! silv] )\t any di/urbance tak+ place 9 ! mixture betwe5 ! close ( "o week & ! comm5cem5t ( ano!r2 :]eas 9 l>ge conc]ns x requires to be drawn (f cont9ually unless o!r vessels are provid$ = its reception dur+ a long p]iod4 ,attempts h be5 made to recov] ! silv] f ^! solutions by simply filt]+ ! liquid ?r\gh a co>se piece ( felt or flannel2 or by provid+ a false bottom 9 ! tub or o!r vessel conta9+ ! wa/e wat]s1 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a tol]ably l>ge tub w\ld be employ$1 be+ ab\t "o-f\r? fill$ ) co>se deal sawdu/1 next w\ld be plac$ ! false bottom p]=at$ ) num]\s small holes1 & ^u ?is w\ld be firmly secur$ a piece ( felt1 s z to exactly fill up ! space 9 t "p ( ! tub1 :i* !n s]ves to act z ! filt]] ( all solutions p\r$ 9 above4 ,! liquid aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! piece ( felt proce$s ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 ! false bottom into ! sawdu/ b5ea?1 :]e x is all[$ to run away by means ( a small hole or tap at ! bottom4 ,b ! use ( ei!r ( ^! processes1 if adopt$ on a l>ge scale1 :]e ! wa/e products am\nt$ to "s hundr$s p] annum1 w\ld be wret*$ly bad economy & t5d to a s]i\s loss ( valuable metal2 ! boil+ sulphuric acid1 us$ 9 cleans+ ! "w & = o!r purposes1 has ! p[] ( dissolv+ m9ute p>ticles ( silv] z well z ^? ( ! bas] metal :i* always ent]s into ! composition us$ 9 ! production ( ! "w ( ! silv]smi?2 !re=e1 t portion ( ! metal :i* has become dissolv$ & ent]$ into ! *emical /ate1 requires to be br\ght back to its orig9al =m be=e x c be sav$ by su* means z ^? j describ$4 ,to illu/rate ?is m cle>ly1 we w take ! process ( gold-col\r+4 ,if workm5 7 to notice ! r9s+ wat]s employ$ 9 ?is process1 subsequ5tly all[+ ! vessels conta9+ ! r9s+ to /& = a v %ort "t1 ^u p\r+ away ! surplus wat]1 a :ite curdy precipitate w at once be obs]v$ at ! bottom4 ,?is is ! silv] remov$ f ! surface ( ! gold alloy1 :i* has be5 precipitat$ by ! muriatic acid & ! common salt employ$ 9 ! col\r+ mixture1 into ! =m ( *loride ( silv]4 ,n[ 9 ?is proce$+ !re is no gold to be se5 9 any ( ! vessels1 b x is a well-kn[n fact t a portion has be5 remov$ dur+ ! process f ! surface ( ! gold articles4 ,:]e is x8 ,:y1 x has become dissolv$1 & is !re=e held invisible 9 ! solution1 9 consequ5ce ( ! col\r+ mixture =m+ ! well-kn[n solv5t = gold1 aqua-regia4 ,?is is exactly ! case ) a portion ( silv] 9 ! silv]smi?'s solutions2 small p>ticles are cont9ually be+ dissolv$ by ! mixtures employ$1 & are ?us held 9 solution pa/ ! p[] ( filt]+1 unless "s *emical +r$i5t be add$ to x1 :i* acts z a re-ag5t ^u ! metal s\ght to be recov]$4 ,f :at we h se5 9 ! col\r wat]1 :i* always conta9s a little silv]1 x is evid5t t bo? muriatic acid & common salt w d ?is "w = u4 ,we pref] common salt1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness1 besides be+ easily procurable4 ,! be/ mode ( treatm5t = ! silv]smi?'s wa/e wat]s1 aft] be+ collect$ toge!r by p\r+ into ! receptacle specially provid$ = t purpose1 is to prep>e a sal9e solution = ! precipitation ( ! silv]4 ,?is may be made by mix+ toge!r common salt & tepid wat]1 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,common salt #c oz4 ,tepid wat] #a pt4 ,! wat] ne$ only be suffici5tly w>m to dissolve ! salt1 & ! proportions giv5 d n require to be /rictly adh]$ to2 9 fact any quantity1 if prop]ly mix$1 w d to effect ! purpose requir$1 & we m]ely give ^! z a guide = ! process4 ,9 small e/abli%m5ts :]e only "o tub is employ$1 ! above proportion ( sal9e solution may be add$ 7e ,saturday aft] ! completion ( ! day's "w7 to ! wa/e-wat]2 ! :ole %\ld !n be /irr$ sl[ly 9 a circul> direction1 & all[$ to settle until ,monday morn+1 :5 all ! surplus wat] may be drawn (f & p\r$ away4 ,9 l>g] e/abli%m5ts ! accumulation ( wa/e-wat] is great]1 !re=e sev]al collect+ vessels %\ld be employ$1 & ! mixture = precipitation may be add$ to !m at o!r times ?an ^? /at$1 if requir$1 & 9 accordance ) work%op regulations4 ,! s$im5t produc$ 9 ! collect+ vessels aft] ! sup]natant wat] has all be5 drawn (f1 may be remov$1 dri$ by heat 9 a /rong iron pan1 & subsequ5tly sold to ! ref9]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,lic5ces & ,duties4 ,manufactur+ silv]smi?s1 & all p]sons trad+ 9 silv] w>es ( m ?an five p5nyweights ea*1 are compell$ to take out a lic5ce2 articles "u t weight be+ exempt4 ,! lic5ce has to be tak5 out annually1 & co/s #b #fs4 = manufactur+ or trad+ 9 articles "u ?irty ounces 9 weight1 & #e #aes4 = articles ( ?irty ounces & upw>ds4 ,x %\ld be tak5 out on ! #f? day ( ,july 9 ea* ye> at ! ,excise ,(fice4 ,?is ,act ( ! ,legislature 0 pass$ 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 #dc ,george ,,iii4 c4 #fi1 & is n ! only "o :i* ref]s to ! subject we are n[ consid]+4 ,!re are o!r conditions besides ! compulsory ,plate ,lic5ce1 z x is call$1 to :i* manufactur+ silv]smi?s are subject1 su* z ! sup]vision ( ! assay (fices1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 descriptions ( goods2 & ! paym5t ( duty on all su* goods4 ,at ! pres5t "t all hall-m>k$ silv] articles h to pay a duty ( #as4 #f;d4 p] ounce1 calculat$ n on _! gross weight1 b on five-six?s ( ! weight1 ! o!r six? be+ all[$ = wa/e 9 f9i%+ ! articles1 z !y are s5t to ! ,hall 9 a half-f9i%$ /ate4 ,! duty is paid at ! ,assay ,(fice at ! "t ! goods are s5t to be m>k$4 ,"s dissatisfaction j n[ exi/s 9 a portion ( ! trade ) reg>d to ! above duty1 z x is consid]$ excessive1 besides hav+ a t5d5cy to disc\rage ! manufacture ( silv] w>es2 be ?is z x may ) respect to a c]ta9 description ( goods1 on ! bulk ( ! trade x c h no injuri\s effect :atev]4 ,! duty is paid only on manufactur$ plate & su* o!r articles z are reque/$ to be hall-m>k$2 besides :i* ! trade 9 ?is p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( manufacture has nev] be5 v ext5sive1 be+ conf9$ to a few firms ( em95ce only4 ,be=e go+ into ! g5]al details ( ?is "q1 x w be z well1 p]haps1 if we give a %ort hi/ory ( ! impo/s t h exi/$ 9 ! silv] trade = "s "t back4 ,! fir/ impo/ t we c f9d record$ took ! %ape ( a duty1 & 0 levi$ z f> back z ! ye> #agbj1 by #f ,george ,i4 c4 #aa1 :i* plac$ a tax ( #f;d4 p] ounce on all silv] plate manufactur$ 9 ,great ,brita91 :i*1 %\ld be assay$ or m>k$4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,excise 7 to collect ! tax1 b ! great difficulty ( asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( ounces work$ up1 :i* ! provisions ( ! ,act did n cle>ly set =?1 soon r5d]$ x ineffectual1 & x 0 consequ5tly repeal$ by ! /atute #ca ,george ,,ii4 c4 #cb1 & a lic5ce !n sub/itut$ _h to be tak5 out by manufactur]s & deal]s 9 plate4 ,! lic5ce at ?is p]iod am\nt$ to =ty %ill+s1 & _h to be r5ew$ annually4 ,9 #agei1 #cb ,george ,,ii4 c4 #ad1 x 0 increas$ to #e p] annum1 = e p]son trad+ 9 silv] w>es ( ?irty ounces & upw>ds2 w>es 9 "o piece n exce$+ five p5nyweights 9 weight be+ exempt$4 ,! next *ange t took place 0 9 ! ye> #aghd1 #bd ,george ,,iii4 c4 #ec1 :5 a duty 0 aga9 impos$ ( #f;d4 p] ounce on silv] plate4 ,x 0 also enact$ t ! assay ma/]s %\ld /amp ! "w ) ! additional m>k ( ! ,k+'s head1 z well z ! o!rs already ord]$ by ! v>i\s ,acts ( ! ,legislature4 ,! m>k ( ! ,k+'s head repres5t$ t ( ! reign+ sov]eign1 & %[$ t ! duty _h be5 paid on ! "w4 ,! pres5t m>k1 !re=e1 is ! ,que5's head4 ,by an ,act pass$ 9 ! ye> #agig1 #cg ,george ,,iii4 c4 #ij1 ! duty on silv] w>e 0 increas$ to "o %ill+ p] ounce1 b ! ,act :i* subject$ silv] w>es to a duty ( #f;d4 p] ounce 7#bd ,george ,,iii4 c4 #ec7 has n be5 repeal$1 & is !re=e 9 exi/5ce to ?is v day2 by its provisions1 h[ev]1 ! duty has be5 increas$ f "t to "t1 until x has rea*$ ! am\nt at :i* x n[ /&s4 ,! pres5t annual lic5ces ( #b #fs4 & #e #aes4 respectively1 7 enact$ 9 ! ye> #ahjc by an ,act ( #dc ,george ,,iii4 c4 #fi1 & by ^! regulations e p]son mak+ or trad+ 9 silv] w>es1 or o!rwise deal+ 9 ! raw mat]ial1 is compell$ to take out an annual lic5ce1 or r5d] himself liable to a p5alty ( #ej4 ,ano!r ,act 0 pass$ 9 ref]5ce to ! duty on silv] goods 9 ! ye> foll[+1 #ahjd1 #dd ,george ,,iii4 c4 #ih1 :]eby x 0 increas$ to #as4 #c;d4 p] ounce4 ,& 9 ! ye> #ahae1 #ee ,george ,,iii4 c4 #ahe1 ! ,act 0 fur!r ext5d$ to #as4 #f;d4 p] oz4 calculat$ 9 ! mann] we h describ$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,to sum up1 !re=e1 ! silv] duties 9 _! sev]al =ms1 be>+ ^u ! trade at ! pres5t "t1 we f9d !m z foll[s3-- ,manufactur]s ( silv] w>es "u #e dwts4 9 weights4--,exempt$ f all duties4 ,v5dors & deal]s 9 silv] w>es "u #e dwts4 9 weight4--,exempt$ f all duties4 ,manufactur]s ( silv] w>es "u #cj oz4 9 weight4--,a plate lic5ce ( #b #fs4 annually4 ,v5dors & deal]s 9 silv] w>es "u #cj oz4 9 weight4--,a plate lic5ce ( #b #fs4 annually4 ,manufactur]s ( silv] w>es ( m ?an #cj oz4 9 weight4--,a plate lic5ce ( #e #aes4 annually4 ,v5dors & deal]s 9 silv] w>es ( m ?an #cj oz4 9 weight4--,a plate lic5ce ( #e #aes4 annually4 ,bullion deal]s1 ref9]s1 & assay]s4--,a plate lic5ce ( #e #aes4 annually4 ,manufactur]s ( plate4--,a duty ( #as4 #f;d4 p] ounce4 ,hall-m>k$ goods4--,a duty ( #as4 #f;d4 p] ounce4 ,manufactur$ plate includes silv] w>es1 su* z spoons1 =ks1 snuff-boxes1 tea-sets1 c41 & o!r articles us$ by ! ri*1 & ^u :i* ! duty is compulsory2 ! duty on hall-m>k$ goods1 ref]s to all articles--) ! exception ( wat*-cases1 :i* are free--m>k$ at ! reque/ ( int5d$ pur*as]s1 :i* !n pay duty on ! manufacture ( !m4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ^! rem>ks1 t ! silv] trade g5]ally is n at all affect$ by ! duty tax2 ! w>es manufactur$ by ! trade at l>ge n com+ directly "u ! compulsory provisions ( ! law be>+ ^u ?is subject4 ,x has be5 said t ! silv] trade m9i/]s to luxury1 & no d\bt t portion ( x :i* manufactures co/ly articles ( plate = ! weal?y does s2 b we fail to see exactly1 t ! same rem>k applies to t va/ & increas+ comm]cial indu/ry :i* has sprung up ( late ye>s1 & :i* bids fair to become "o ( ! /aple trades ( ! c\ntry4 ,! duty-be>+ articles are g5]ally pur*as$ by ! classes ( society :o c well af=d to pay ! little extra :i* ! duty imposes1 & z ! tax affects only t section ( ! silv] trade :i* manufactures ! article ( luxury1 x is n at all likely t ! g5]al trade w\ld be increas$ by its entire removal4 ,! duty1 no d\bt to mo/ p]sons1 may seem excessive1 :5 calculat$ ^u ! p]c5tage sy/em2 su* = in/ance1 z a tax ( #bj p] c5t4 ^u spoons & =ks2 or "o ( #ae p] c5t4 ^u *a9s2 or ( #ab-a_/b p] c5t4 ^u tea-sets1 c42 ?is appe>s unju/ly oppressive1 & und\bt$ly affects ! silv]-plate manufactur] m vitally ?an any "o else4 ,to ! ord9>y silv]smi? ?is "q ( duty is n likely to be ( mu* importance2 ! agitation !re=e comm5c$ aga9/ x1 may be expect$ to conf9e itself to ^? p]sons m directly affect$1 & ^: int]e/s w\ld be advanc$ by its abolition4 ,! "q ( lic5ces is "o ( f> great] importance to ! trade g5]ally ?an t ( duties1 e manufactur] & deal] be+ compell$ to procure a lic5ce be=e he c c>ry on 8 bus9ess4 ,if m direct action 7 tak5 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> "q1 we believe t ! :ole trade w\ld ent] into x2 = x resolves itself into ?is3--,:y %\ld ! silv]smi? or goldsmi? pay = a lic5ce = ! purpose ( manufactur+ & deal+1 any m ?an ! copp]smi?1 or ! manufactur] ( electro-plate1 bo? ( :om escape scot-free8 ,we believe ?is to be an unju/ tax1 & t x ought n to be levi$ ^u "o p>ticul> trade any m ?an ano!r4 ,we h also di/9ctions made 9 ! g5]al class ( silv]smi?s3 we h ^? :o may trade )\t any lic5ce at all2 ^? :o may trade ) a #dfs4 lic5ce2 & ^? :o may trade ) #aaes4 lic5ce1 t is1 ^? :o "w or sell "u #e dwts41 ^? :o "w or sell "u #cj oz41 & ^? :o "w or sell at any weight4 ,n[ ?is way ( arrang+ ! matt] is v unsatisfactory to ! trade g5]ally2 & any "o ( ! fir/ two trad]s to :om we h ref]r$1 is liable at any mom5t to be summon$ be=e a crim9al c\rt = an infr+em5t ( ! law1 if he %\ld happ5 to sell an article slightly ov] ! weight = :i* he is duly lic5s$4 ,at ! pres5t "t a raid is be+ made ^u ! goldsmi?s ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> "q1 & a numb] h already be5 summon$ = infr++ _! lic5ces 9 ?is mann]4 ,h[ev]1 !re appe>s to be "s d\bt ) respect to ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t be>+ ^u ! subject1 z 9 mo/ ( ! cases ! def5dants h ga9$ a v]dict1 ! l9e ( def5ce on _! behalf be+1 t ! clause ( ! act :i* bore ^u ! cases ref]r$ to1 meant ! weight 9 f9e metal1 i4e4 pure gold1 ( :i* ! article 0 compos$1 & n t ( ! gross weight ( ! article sold4 ,x 0 urg$ by ^? engag$ 9 ! v>i\s cases on ! side ( ! def5dants1 t1 = a #dfs4 lic5ce1 ! v5dor c\ld sell an article 9 :i* ! gold did n exce$ two ounces1 )\t any reg>d to ! quality & weight made by alloy1 & on ?is plea ! magi/rates grant$ !m a v]dict4 ,9 ! high] c\rts we believe su* v]dicts w\ld be rev]s$1 = we firmly believe t ! fram]s ( ! act meant no su* ?+1 h[ev] defective may h be5 ! legality ( ! po9ts rais$4 ,! clause ( ! act to :i* we h allud$ is ,no4 #e1 & runs z foll[s3--,all articles sold1 or (f]$ = sale1 or tak5 9 pawn1 or deliv]$ out ( pawn1 & alleg$ to be compos$ :olly1 or 9 "p1 ( gold or silv]1 are = ! purposes ( ! above act to be deem$ to be compos$ ( gold or silv] respectively2 & if ^u ! he>+ ( any in=mation = any (f5ce aga9/ ?is act1 any "q %all arise t\*+ ! quantity ( gold or silv] conta9$ 9 any article1 ! pro( ( su* quantity %all be ^u ! def5dant4 ,! ,excise au?orities argue t ?is clause means t ! absolute or gross weight ( an article sold z gold mu/ n exce$ two ounces1 & "o sold z silv] mu/ n exce$ ?irty ounces1 gross weight4 ,if ?is view ( ! mean+ ( ! act be ev5tually tak51 & we believe x w1 x w c]ta9ly op]ate to a great] ext5t aga9/ mak]s & v5dors ( gold articles ?an x w aga9/ silv]smi?s4 ,t "p ( ! clause ref]r+ to ! quantity ( gold or silv] conta9$ 9 a giv5 article1 we believe has ref]5ce to articles conta9+ jewels1 c41 9 _! con/ruction1 :i* r5d]s x exce$+ly difficult to get at _! exact weight1 :5 ! "w is f9ally complet$ ) ^! jewels prop]ly affix$ ^u x1 & n to ! am\nt ( f9e mat]ial any article may conta9 by assay4 ,! la/ "p ( ! clause we h m>k$ 9 italics1 pro( ( su* quantity %all be ^u ! def5dant1 fully be>s out ^! obs]vations1 because he is suppos$ to "k ! gross weight ( any special article be=e ! addition to x ( any jewels4 ,we h be5 l$ to make ^! few rem>ks1 9 ord] to po9t out ! gross anomalies :i* exi/ 9 ! trade ) respect to ^! lic5ces1 & to %[ ! necessity ( a re=m tak+ place 9 a trade s+l$ out f all ! o!rs1 & made to pay a tax = ! privilege ( be+ all[$ to make1 or sell1 articles 9 :i* gold or silv] =ms a compon5t "p4 ,!re=e1 if any action is to be tak5 9 ! matt]1 x mu/ n be conf9$ 7if x is to be successful7 to "o p>ticul> bran* ( ?is important trade1 b all mu/ unite1 & e influ5ce %\ld be br\ght to be> ^u x 9 z =cible a mann] z possible4 ,! electro-plate manufactur]1 & ! deal] 9 8 w>es1 ought 9 all common fairness to ! trade1 to be put ^u ! same foot+ z ! silv]smi?1 if ?is lic5ce is to be /ill cont9u$4 ,9 electro-plat+ e/abli%m5ts1 ?\s&s ( ounces ( silv] are be+ annually us$ on ! surface ( su* w>es z are manufactur$ !re2 & if su* decisions z ^? lately giv5 at ! ,?ames & o!r police c\rts1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t on ! subject ( gold & silv] w>es are upheld1 we fail to see h[ ! manufactur]s ( silv]-plat$ articles1 :o are cont9ually mak+ & sell+ !m1 conta9+ z !y d1 m silv] ?an ! g5]al public w\ld suppose1 are to escape mu* long] ^! new int]pretations ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & avoid be+ call$ ^u to take out a lic5ce 9 ! same mann] z ! silv]smi?s4 ,?is is a tax 9 :i* ! hold] gets no direct return1 & is levi$ 9 an unfair mann] by ! e/abli%m5t ( v>i\s grades ( silv]smi?s1 s t x gives a j cause = grievance4 ,if ! tax is to be upheld at all1 :y n make x equal by ! e/abli%m5t ( "o uni=m rate = all trades alike8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,useful ,in=mation = ! ,trade4 ,silv]smi?'s ,alloy4 ,copp]1 #a oz42 nickel1 #c dwts4 #ab grs2 bismu?1 #f grs42 z9c1 #b dwts4 #ab grs42 s(t iron1 #ab grs42 t91 #ab grs4 ,?is comp\nd is said to =m a fusible & malleable metal1 t c be easily work$ by ! silv]smi?2 x is also said to resi/ oxidation ?r\gh atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,silv] ,w>es4 ,nev] scrat*-bru% silv] w>e ) a solution ( soap & wat]2 nei!r %\ld x be wa%$ ) ! solution if x c be avoid$1 z x gives x ! col\r ( pewt]2 bett] to scrat* 9 weak ale1 or if pla91 rub x ) a piece ( wa%-lea!r & prep>$ *alk4 ,clean+ ,plate4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 #a oz42 wat]1 #d oz42 ,p>is :ite1 #af oz42 well mix ! +r$i5ts toge!r1 & apply to ! surface ( ! plate by means ( a piece ( s(t lea!r or sponge4 ,imitation ,silv]4 ,f9e silv]1 #f dwts42 nickel1 #f dwts42 copp]1 #h dwts4 ,?is alloy w co/ ab\t #as4 #i;d4 p] ounce4 ,ano!r ,recipe4 ,f9e silv]1 #e dwts42 nickel1 #f dwts42 copp]1 #i dwts4 ,co/ ab\t #as4 #f;d4 p] ounce4 ,remov+ ,gold f ,silv] ,articles4 ,silv] articles :i* h be5 gilt1 may be br\ght back to _! orig9al col\r1 by simply cov]+ !m ) a ?ick solution ( borax1 & !n well anneal+ !m4 ,aft] ?is process if ! articles are boil$ = a %ort "t 9 "o ( ! :it5+ mixtures & scrat*$1 !y w pres5t a beautiful :ite & uni=m surface4 ,oxidiz+ ,silv]4 ,a beautiful deep black col\r1 possess+ great lu/re1 may be giv5 to f9i%$ silv] "w by boil+ x 9 ! foll[+ prep>ation = "s "t3--,brom9e1 #e grs42 bromide ( potassium1 #e dwts42 wat]1 #aj oz4 ,! boil+ %\ld be effect$ 9 a /onew>e pipk91 & g5]ally f two to five m9utes w suffice = ! purpose4 ,! "w is f9i%$ aft] ! prop] col\r has be5 atta9$1 by well rubb+ ) a s(t piece ( wa%-lea!r & a little be/ jewell]'s r\ge4 ,x is bett] to make ! "w z bright z possible be=e submitt+ x to ?is mixture2 = ?is reason x is pref]able to ?or\ghly buff all pla9 surfaces on a piece ( felt by ! application ( ! la!1 z by t means a *>act]i/ic brightness is imp>t$4 ,dipp+ ,mixture4 ,brass or metal goods may be clean$ & _! oxides remov$ by dipp+ into ! und]m5tion$ liquid = a few seconds only3--,oil ( vitriol1 five p>ts2 wat]1 five p>ts2 nitric acid1 two & a half p>ts2 spirits ( salts1 two dra*ms4 ,well mix ! sev]al +r$i5ts toge!r1 & imm]se ! "w 9 ! solution cold4 ,! mixture improves aft] a quantity ( "w has be5 dipp$ into x4 ,silv] ,p[d] = ,copp]4 ,*loride ( silv]1 two p>ts2 cream-(-t>t>1 two p>ts2 alum1 "o "p4 ,mix ) wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a pa/e1 & apply ) a s(t lea!r or sponge2 :5 suffici5tly :it5$1 well poli%4 ,p[d] = ,silv]4 ,*loride ( silv]1 #a oz42 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42 s&iv]1 #b oz42 :ite vitriol1 #b oz42 bi*loride ( m]cury1 #e dwts4 ,make into a pa/e ) wat] & rub ! articles ov] ) x2 !n expose !m to a good heat ^u a cle> fire1 9 ord] to run ! silv] & evaporate ! m]cury1 aft] :i* process dip 9 v weak sulphuric acid to clean4 ,to ,protect ! ,poli% ( ,metals4 ,melt "o "p by weight ( be/ wax p>aff9 & :5 suffici5tly cool$1 add ?ree p>ts ( petroleum4 ,well mix toge!r1 & apply to ! poli%$ articles by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,! protect+ film is requir$ to be only v ?91 !re=e too mu* %\ld n be put on4 ,silv] ,/ripp+ ,mixture4 ,sulphuric acid1 six p>ts2 nitric acid1 "o "p4 ,take a l>ge black-lead crucible or pipk91 & heat ! mixture 9 x2 :5 ?is is done1 put 9 ! "w requir$ to be /ripp$1 occasionally )draw+ x to asc]ta9 ! progress made4 ,! l>ge proportion ( sulphuric acid all[s ( ! dissolution ( ! silv]1 & does n s5sibly corrode or int]f]e ) copp]1 or any ( its alloys1 if kept q free f wat]2 !re=e be c>eful n to introduce wet articles into ! mixture4 ,aft] f9ally )draw+ ! "w1 x %\ld be well r9s$1 anneal$1 & !n boil$ out4 ,/ripp+ ,silv]4 ,put "s /rong oil ( vitriol 9 a simil> vessel to ^? above describ$1 apply heat1 & dur+ ! process add a few cry/als ( saltpetre4 ,:5 ! solution has become hot en\gh ! "w %\ld be imm]s$ 9 x1 & be mov$ ab\t or agitat$ until ! silv] is dissolv$ f ! surface4 ,! articles %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 too long 9 ! solution1 & if x does n remove ! silv] quickly1 m saltpetre %\ld be add$ f "t to "t until ! desir$ end be atta9$4 ,s(t ,sold]4 ,pure t91 two p>ts2 lead1 "o "p4 ,melt & well incorporate toge!r2 :5 ?is is done p\r into /rips = use4 ,sold]+ ,fluid4 ,muriatic acid 7spirits ( salts71 ?ree p>ts2 metallic z9c1 "o "p2 or z mu* z ! acid w take up4 ,:5 dissolv$ & all eff]vesc5ce ceases1 all[ x to settle1 !n decant ! cle> solution f ! s$im5t at ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* x has be5 made1 & x is ready = use4 ,if a small quantity ( wat] be add$ to ! mixture at ?is /age1 say "o-six?1 x w answ] q z well = "s purposes4 ,= sold]+ iron & /eel1 a v small portion ( sal ammoniac is ( great advantage to ! mixture = promot+ t\ghness4 ,dissolv+ f9e silv]4--,nitric acid1 two p>ts2 wat]1 "o "p4 ,dissolv+ silv] alloys4--,nitric acid1 "o "p2 wat]1 two p>ts4 ,dissolv+ copp]4--,nitric acid1 "o "p2 wat]1 f\r p>ts4 ,dissolv+ s(t sold]4--,p]*loride ( iron1 "o "p2 wat]1 f\r p>ts4 ,dissolv+ silv] sold]4--,nitric acid "o "p2 wat] f\r p>ts4 ,dissolv+ seal+-wax4--,place = a "t 9 a solution ( spirits ( w9e4 ,resi/ ,v>ni%4 ,dissolve res91 or copal1 9 ess5ce ( turp5t9e1 or boil$ l9se$ oil2 to give x diff]5t %ades ( col\r1 add r$ lead1 *rome yell[1 or ,prussian blue4 ,plate ,p[d]4 ,:it5+1 two p>ts1 :ite oxide ( t91 "o "p1 calc9$ h>t%orn1 "o "p4 ,r$uce to a p[d] & well mix toge!r2 apply z usual4 ,electro-plat+ ,s(t ,sold]4 ,take nitric acid1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b oz42 copp] ab\t #a oz4 9 small flat pieces2 :5 ! copp] has all dissolv$ & eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 ! solution is ready = use4 ,to apply x1 take up a few drops by means ( a camel-hair p5cil & apply x to ! desir$ "p1 !n t\* x ) a bright piece ( /eel1 & !re w be in/antane\sly a film ( copp] deposit$4 ,if ! copp] has n spread all ov] ! desir$ "p1 ! process %\ld be repeat$1 :5 deposition 9 ! plat+ ba? w take place ) p]fect success4 ,ano!r ,recipe4 ,take sulphate ( copp] 7t :i* accumulates 9 ! :it5+ mixture71 "o ounce2 wat]1 six ounces4 ,r$uce ! sulphate ( copp] to a f9e p[d] & dissolve x 9 ! wat]4 ,treat accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 ! previ\s "o4 ,a good mixture = effect+ ! same result may be made by dissolv+ v]digris 9 v9eg>4 ,te/+ ,silv] ,w>es4 ,take nitric acid1 six ounces2 wat]1 two ounces2 bi*romate ( pota%1 "o ounce4 ,r$uce ! salt ( pota% to a p[d] & well mix x ) ! acid & wat]4 ,! solution is us$ cold1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 a /opp]$ glass bottle1 ! /opp] hav+ a long dropp] ext5d+ into ! mixture1 :i* acts z ! ag5t = convey+ ! liquid f ! bottle to ! article to be te/$4 ,! surface ( ! article %\ld be p]fectly clean1 & to make c]ta9 :at k9d ( metallic sub/ance y are te/+1 x is advisable to rub a file ov] "s obscure "p ( ! surface & to apply ! liquid to t "p4 ,! te/ liquid %\ld be us$1 by means ( ! glass /opp]1 to ! fil$ "p1 & imm$iately remov$ by a sponge damp$ ) cold wat]4 ,if ! article consi/s ( pure silv]1 !re w appe> a clean blood-r$ m>k1 :i* is less deep & lively 9 proportion to ! quality ( ! metal4 ,^u plat9um ! te/ liquid has no action :atev]2 on ,g]man silv] at fir/ a br[n m>k appe>s1 b ?is is remov$ by ! sponge & cold wat]2 on ,britannia metal a black m>k is produc$2 & on all ! v>i\s metals an entirely diff]5t result takes place to t on silv]2 !re=e ! te/ is a simple "o1 & may be advantage\sly employ$ = ! detection ( any fraud 9 relation to ! preci\s metal4 ,ano!r ,te/4 ,wat]1 #b oz42 sulphuric acid1 #b drs42 *romate ( pota%1 #d dwts4 ,?is mixture is appli$ 9 ! same way z be=e & produces a purple col\r ( v>i\s dep?s1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! silv]4 ,no o!r metallic elem5t exhibits ! same col\r ) ?is prep>ation4 ,p]*loride ( ,iron4 ,take spirits ( salts1 #h oz42 crocus p[d] 7jewell]'s poli%+ mat]ial71 #a oz42 well mix !m toge!r & keep 9 solution4 ,9 prep>+ ! mixture = ! dissolution ( s(t sold]1 c41 take #a oz4 ( x1 & add to x #d ozs4 ( boil+ wat]4 ,alum9ium ,alloy4 ,copp]1 #ah dwts2 alum9ium1 #b dwts4 ,new ,alloy4 ,z9c1 #ai dwts2 s(t iron1 #a dwt4 ,?is alloy is said by ! inv5tor to be rem>kable = its :it5ess & t5acity4 ,remov+ ,gold f ,silv] ,w>es4 ,sometimes ! process ( anneal+ & boil+-out fails to effect ! removal ( ! gold f articles :i* h be5 ?ickly gilt1 9 :i* case ! "w %\ld be submitt$ to ! action ( ! foll[+ *emical prep>ation3--,sulphuric acid1 #f ozs42 muriatic acid1 #a oz42 nitric acid1 #a_/b oz4 ,?is mixture %\ld be heat$ 9 a black-lead crucible or e>!n vessel1 & ! "w imm]s$ until ! dissolution ( ! gold takes place1 c>efully wat*+ x dur+ ! progress ( ! op]ation4 ,! gold may also be remov$ by us+ a /rong solution ( oil ( vitriol1 to :i* has be5 add$ a fair proportion ( common salt4 ,silv] ,plat+ ,fluid4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a oz42 cyanide ( potassium1 #b ozs42 wat]1 #ab ozs4 ,put ! cyanide & ! nitrate ( silv] into ! wat]2 %ake !m well toge!r until !y become ?or\ghly dissolv$1 !n let ! mixture /& till x becomes ?or\ghly cle>4 ,x is !n ready = use4 ,if pref]r$1 a little prep>$ *alk may be us$ z an additional +r$i5t4 ,plate-clean+ ,p[d]4 ,take ( ! f9e/ r\ge1 & prep>$ *alk1 equal p>ts1 well mix & use dry by means ( s(t lea!r4 ,sold] = ,alum9ium4 ,spelt]1 #ah dwts42 alum9ium1 #a dwt4 #f grs42 copp]1 #ah grs4 ,to be employ$ = sold]+ ! pure :ite metal1 & n ! s-call$ alum9um bronze1 t be+ commonly sold]$ ) ba?-metal sold]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,=eign ,silv] ,/&>ds--,pre-,w>4 ,table %[+ ! v>i\s /&>ds ( ! silv] "w manufactur$ 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries previ\s to ! ,european ,w>1 #aiad-aiah3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,?\s&? ,c\ntries4 ,silv] p] oz4 p>ts4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- oz4 dwts4 grs4 ,france #j #ah #bc #idh-ajjj ,old ,/&>d4 #j #ai #j #iej-ajjj #a/ #j #ah #j #ijj-ajjj ,co9age4 #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj #bnd ,/&>d4 ,g]many #j #ai #j #iej-ajjj #a/ #j #ah #j #ijj-ajjj #bnd #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj #crd #j #ae #j #gej-ajjj #d? ,au/ria #j #ai #j #iej-ajjj #a/ #j #ah #j #ijj-ajjj #bnd #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj #crd #j #ae #j #gej-ajjj #d? ,g5eva #j #ai #j #iej-ajjj #a/ #j #ag #ab #hge-ajjj #bnd #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj #crd ,holl& #j #ag #ab #hge-ajjj ,old ,/&>d4 #j #ah #af #icc-ajjj #a/ #j #af #af #hcc-ajjj #bnd ,belgium #j #ai #j #iej-ajjj #a/ #j #ah #j #ijj-ajjj #bnd #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj #crd ,spa9 #j #ad #ah #gch-ajjj ,l[e/ ,portugal #j #af #ba #hdd-ajjj ,"o only4 ,neu*atel #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj ,"o only4 ,russia #j #af #ai #hdj-ajjj #a/ ,/&>d4 #j #ae #j #gej-ajjj #bnd ,italy #j #ai #j #iej-ajjj #a/ #j #ah #j #ijj-ajjj #bnd #j #af #j #hjj-ajjj #crd ,*9a #j #ai #ad-a_/b #ihj-ajjj ,ab\t4 ,norway #j #af #ai #hdj-ajjj ,"o only4 ,sw$5 #j #af #ai #hdj-ajjj ,d5m>k #j #af #ai #hdj-ajjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,9 ,france1 all articles manufactur$ z silv] are subject to ,gov]nm5t control & pay duty1 b ?is is v slight comp>$ ) ! ,engli% duty1 am\nt+ only to "o franc p] hectogramme1 :i* is equal to ab\t ?reep5ce p] ounce4 ,?is is exclusive ( ! *>ge = te/+ & m>k+2 ! /ate ( ! articles s5t = ?is purpose ) reg>d to ! /ate ( manufacture is1 moreov]1 v diff]5t f ! cu/om 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"h !y are s5t 9 _! r\gh or half-manufactur$ /ate1 & ?is seems bett] suit$ to ! p>ticul> processes ?r\gh :i* !y h to pass2 :]eas 9 ,france !y may be te/$ & m>k$ 9 _! :ole or f9i%$ /ate2 &1 if ?\ght requisite1 ?is op]ation may be p]=m$ :ile ! goods are on _! way to _! f9al de/9ation1 by call+ at ! ,control ,(fice = t purpose4 ,! ,cont95tal silv]smi?s1 especially ! ,fr5* workm51 exhibit mu* +5uity1 orig9al ?\ght1 & ref9$ ta/e1 9 ! execution ( _! "w2 & ! natural capacity = design :i* !y possess enables !m to produce articles ( a v high ord] & arti/ic "*4 ,! con/ruction ( "s ( _! productions is exce$+ly ornam5tal & decorative1 & 9 "s in/ances ?is is ev5 c>ri$ to excess1 z may be se5 f "s v elaborate articles :i* !y manufacture4 ,to !m belongs ! cr$it ( be+ produc]s ( ! mo/ arti/ic & be/ decorative "w 9 ! :ole _w4 ,!y set ! fa%ions & "w !m out ) a w to be only f\nd 9 a p s en?usia/ic z ! ,fr5*4 ,_! jewell]y is v elegant1 light1 & %[y2 "s ( :i* is prep>$ s ?9 z reg>ds mat]ial1 t x has to be support$ und]nea? by a wax composition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 gives increas$ /r5g? to all articles s manipulat$4 ,) reg>d to articles ( v]tu1 ! ,fr5* workm5 c]ta9ly f> excel ^? ( any o!r c\ntry3 !y are m orig9al1 & br+ into play great] +5uity 9 ! v>i\s processes :i* !y employ 9 _! manufactures4 ,/ill ) all ?is +5uity & skill1 _! works ( art 9 ?is dep>tm5t are n durable1 be+ v t9selfi$2 9 we> _! %ape & =m soon und]go a *ange1 & ev5tually !y soon get de/roy$4 ,9 ?is bran* ( art ! ,fr5* workman might le>n some?+ to 8 advantage f ! ,engli% /yle ( "w1 :i* is ! mo/ durable ( any nation 9 ! _w4 ,fr5* silv] plate & jewell]y ( ! be/ manufacture p>take ( ! fir/ /&>d2 all o!r k9ds are ( ! l[e/ /&>d4 ,9 ,g]many all silv] manufactures are plac$ "u ,imp]ative control1 & l[] /&>ds ?an ^? giv5 9 ! table1 "u _! respective heads1 _c be work$4 ,! ,g]man /yle is simil> to t ( ! ,fr5*1 b ! =m] manufacture an unusually l>ge quantity ( filigree articles1 v light 9 con/ruction1 ta/eful1 & *eap2 & ! possession ( ^! advantages enables !m to export to ,engl& & o!r c\ntries _! w>es at a *eap rate4 ,!y are commonly sold by weight1 & n s mu* p] article2 9 _m cases ! *>ge does n exce$ #abs4 #f;d4 p] ounce4 ,9 filigree "w ! ,g]mans _c equal ! ta/e & v>iety display$ 9 ,indian workman%ip4 ,9 ,india ! natives h def9ite designs1 b ! ,g]mans are too fond ( a v>iety ( col\rs 9 _! w>es1 :i* d n always h>monize ) _! p>ticul> k9d ( "w4 ,9 ,au/ria silv] manufactures are commonly ornam5t$ by enamel1 niello1 c41 :i* gives !m a v pleas+ appe>ance4 ,!y are usually light & %[y1 & some?+ aft] ! /yle ( ,fr5* "w4 ,! laws affect+ ! ,au/rian silv] work]s are ! same z ^? ( ,g]many4 ,! ,engli% /yle ( "w is /rong & solid2 & is und\bt$ly sup]ior to t ( all ,cont95tal manufactur]s z reg>ds sub/antial workman%ip1 c>eful manipulation1 & durability4 ,x is1 moreov]1 capable ( a high] f9i%1 & possesses m ev5ness ( surface1 toge!r ) a comb9ation ( /r5g?1 t admirably suits x = articles & ut5sils = daily use1 & :i* causes x to be pref]r$ be=e t ( any o!r nation2 & :ile ,france1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries may exhibit great] +5uity1 to ,engl& belongs ! cr$it ( produc+ ! be/ f9i%$ & ! mo/ durable "w ( any nation 9 ! _w4 ,,index4 ,acids1 vegetable1 #aj ,action ( acids on copp]1 #dd ( silv] "u heat1 #h ,acts ( ! ,legislature1 #ahi on lic5ces1 #ahf clause on1 #aic1 #aid ,advantages ( scorification1 #bj ,air 9 furnace1 #cc ,alkalies1 cau/ic1 #aj ,all[$1 rem$y 9 f95ess1 #gb ,alloy1 #da ,cl>k's pat5t1 #agb commonly us$1 #fc = cupel quantity1 #ce = hall-m>k+1 #fb = plate1 #ga = silv]-w>es1 #gb ,fr5*1 = co9age1 #fi ,fr5*1 = plate1 #fi ,fr5*1 = silv]-w>e1 #fi ,g]man1 = co9age1 #ga in/ructions 9 prep>+1 #gj new1 #bje ,nos4 #a to #h1 #fd-fg ( ! highe/ quality1 #fb silv] dissolv+1 #bjb /&>d1 #fa :ite1 #agb ,alloy1 ) copp]1 #fh ) palladium1 #agc ) plat9um1 #agb ,alloys ( common silv]1 #afg-agj *>act]i/ics (1 #agc1 #agd imitation1 #aff-agc imitation1 uses (1 #agc ( nickel1 #df ( silv]1 #db ( t9 ) gold1 #di ( t9 ) silv]1 #di silv]smi?'s1 #dj1 #aig ,alum9ium alloy1 #bje sold]1 #bjf ,amalgam1 #da ,amalgamation ( z9c1 #aec ,am]ica1 #aa ,am]ican supply ( silv]1 #ab ,anci5t me?od ( assay+1 #cg work]s 9 t91 #dh ,anci5ts1 #f ,anneal+ silv]1 #aji ,an?racite1 #ba ,art 9 sold]+1 #ij 9 ! silv] trade1 #abb ,articles1 h&-made1 #ed ( silv] common1 #adg ,art ( sold]+1 #gd ,arts1 metals employ$ 91 #da ,assay crucible1 #af *>ge =1 #ag ,engli% sy/em1 #ci fluxes1 #af ( silv] ores1 #af scorification1 #ai weigh+ (1 #cj ,assay]'s muffle1 #bh ,assay+1 borax1 use (1 91 #bb ,dr4 ,lamborn on1 #ch ( silv] ores1 #af ,au/rian /yle ( "w1 #baa ,batt]y1 ,buns5's1 #aeb con/ant1 #aej excit+ mixture1 #aea = plat+1 #aej solution1 #aea ,bean-%ot copp]1 #dd ,be/ crucibles1 #ie ,birm+ham1 #eb ,black cyanide1 #aeg ,bl[pipes1 #hi ,boil+-out mixture1 #add pan1 #adc pickle1 #ic ,bone-a%1 #cb cupel1 #cc ,borax1 #bb spr9kle1 #ib ,break+-d[n roll]s1 #aab ,bright5+1 #bi ,briti% ,isles1 #aa ,br[n col\r on silv] goods1 #adf ,burn+ ( lemel1 #ajd ( poli%+s1 #agi1 #ahj ,burni%$ silv] "w1 #abd ,burni%+ silv] "w1 #afa1 #afb ,calculat$ alloys1 v>i\s1 #hj ,calculat+ ! qualities ( silv]1 #fd ,c>bonate ( soda1 #af1 #ajb ,ca/+-m\ld1 #ah ,cause ( inf]ior "w1 #gd ,cau/ic alkalies1 #aj ,cem5t = *as]s1 #aba ,*a9 bracelets1 #abh ,*a9 sold]1 #he ,*>act]i/ics ( imitation alloys1 #agc1 #agd ( metals1 #da ,*>coal1 #ii ,*>ge & flux = crucible1 #bc = assay1 #ag = scorification assay1 #bj ,*ief places = filigree1 #ec ( filigree manufacture1 #h uses ( silv]1 #i ,*9ese filigree1 #ef silv]1 #agj ,*loride ( silv]1 #ahc ,*ri/ianity & t91 #dh ,cl>k's alloy1 #agb ,clean+ plate1 #aih p[d] = plate1 #bjf ,co9age1 #fi alloys =1 #ga ,engli%1 #fa ,fr5*1 #fi ,g]man1 #ga ,collect+-vessels1 #ahd ,col\r-improv+1 #adi ,common articles ( silv]1 #adg easy sold]1 #he silv] alloy1 #afg-agc silv] sold]1 #hd sold]1 #he sold]s1 #ha ,composition = sold]1 #ha ,conduct+-wires1 #aed ,connections = sold]+1 #gg ,con/ant batt]y1 #aej ,cont95tal *eap lab\r1 #ed me?od ( assay+1 #bb silv]smi?s1 #bjh ,copp]1 #db action ( acids on1 #dd bean-%ot1 #dd *>act]i/ics (1 #dc *emical "n1 #dd dissolv+1 #bjb = alloy+1 #fh p[d] =1 #aii protoxide (1 #dd sold] )1 #gf ,co/ ( silv] alloys1 #fd1 #fg ( silv]-roll+1 #aab ,cron/$t1 #de ,crucible1 dim5sions1 #af = lemel1 #ajf mixture =1 #ajd p\r+ lemel f1 #ajg weigh+ metal =1 #ie ,crucible assay1 #af fluxes =1 #af process (1 #ai ,crucibles1 #ie be/ to employ1 #ie action ) fluxes1 #if te/+ s\ndness1 #ig ,cupel1 defects 91 #cc mode ( manufacture1 #bf m\ld1 #bg quantity ( alloy =1 #ce tongs1 #bh )drawal ( silv]1 #cd ,cupellation1 #bf ( silv] ores1 #ca purity ( silv]1 #cg ,cup-fus+1 #ai ,curr5ts ( air to furnace1 #cc ,cyanide solution1 #aef black1 #aeg ,defects 9 bone-a% cupel1 #cc ,d5sity ( nickel1 #de ( silv]1 #g ( t91 #dh ,dim5sions ( crucible1 #af ,dipp+-mixture1 #aii ,directions on melt+1 #id 9 prep>+ sold]s1 #hh ,discov]] ( electro-plat+1 #adi ,dissolv+ silv]1 #bjb copp]1 #bjb impurities1 #ajc s(t sold]1 #bjb silv] sold]1 #bjb seal+-wax1 #bjb t91 #dh ,dissolution ( silv]1 #i ,dr4 ,lamborn1 #ch ,drawbacks to hall-m>k+1 #fc ,draw-b5*1 #aad1 #aae ,draw+ f9e wire1 #aaf ,draw-plate1 #aad ,draw-tongs1 #aae ,drossy sold]s1 #hh ,drum = wire-draw+1 #aae ,ductility ( nickel1 #de ( silv]1 #f ( t91 #di ( z9c1 #dh ,ea/ ,indian silv]smi?s1 #ada ,easy sold]s1 #gi = *a9s1 #he silv] sold]1 #hj sold]1 #ha sold]1 = filigree "w1 #hd sold]1 common1 #he ,economical processes1 #age ,economy1 #a ,education1 te*nical1 #b ,electro-plate1 #df ,electro-plat+1 #adg discov]] (1 #adi s(t sold]1 #bjb ,elem5ts1 metallic1 table (1 #ej ,employ$ metals1 #da ,enamell+1 #aca ,engl&1 alloy commonly us$1 #fc ,engli% & =eign workm51 #b co9age1 #fa filigree work]s1 #ia silv]smi?s1 #fc /&>d = silv]1 #fj /yle ( "w1 #baa sy/em ( assay1 #ci ,enri*+ ! surfaces ( silv]1 #aci ,excit+ mixture = batt]y1 #aea ,exp]ts1 ,gov]nm5t1 #gc ,filigree manufacture1 #h me?od ( mak+1 #eg ( ,*9a & ,japan1 #ef ( ,norway & ,sw$51 #ef silv] "w1 #abg wire1 new1 #ei "w1 #e1 #dj1 #eb work+1 #ef ,fil$ sold]s1 #gf ,flatt+ ( twi/$ wire1 #ei ,flux & *>ge = crucible1 #bc = sold]+1 #gg 9 p\r+1 #aja ,fluxes = assay1 #af _! action on crucibles1 #if employ$ 9 melt+1 #if ,=eign silv] curr5cy1 #ac silv] /&>ds1 #bjg1 #h workm51 #b ,fr5* alloy = silv] w>e1 #fi alloy = co9age1 #fi alloy = plate1 #gj ,fr5* duty1 #bjh /&>ds1 #fi /yle ( "w1 #bji ,fusibility ( nickel1 #de ( t91 #dh ( silv] sold]s1 #hj ,fus+-cup1 #ai ,galvanic r+1 #abi ,g]man co9age1 #ga /&>ds1 #gb /yle ( "w1 #baj ,gold alloy$ ) t91 #di mode ( sold]+1 #hh remov+1 f silv]1 #aih1 #bje ,goods1 silv]1 br[n col\r (1 #adf ,gov]nm5t exp]ts1 #gc ,gravity1 specific1 ( z9c1 #dg ,great ,brita91 #aa ,gu>antee m>k1 #gc ,hall-m>k+1 alloy =1 #fb drawbacks1 #fc ,h&-made articles1 #ed ,h>d silv] sold]s1 #gi sold]1 be/1 #ha ,h>de/ silv] sold]1 #gh silv] sold]1 #gi ,h>dness ( silv]1 #h ,hawk-sp>r[1 #aai ,heat+ p[] ( silv]1 #g ,holl[ silv] "w1 #aca ,imitation silv] alloys1 #aff1 #agc alloys1 *>act]i/ics (1 #agc alloys1 uses (1 #agc silv]1 #aff1 #aig ,improv+ col\r ( electro-plate1 #adi ,impurities1 dissolv+1 #aje ,indian filigree work]s1 #e ,indian filigree silv]smi?s1 #ada mode ( :it5+1 #adb ,indu/rial arts1 #da ,inf]ior plat+ solution1 #aei ,+ot-m\ld1 #ajj ,in/ructions 9 prep>+ alloys1 #fh ,irregul>ities 9 roll+-mills1 #aaj ,japanese filigree1 #ef ,jewell]y trade1 /ate (1 #ab ,law on silv] w>es1 #gc ,lead1 #ajc ,legislature1 ,acts (1 #ahf ,lemaille sold]1 #ia ,lemel1 #ajd burn+1 #ajd crucible1 #ajf melt+1 #ajd-ajf pot =1 #ajd p\r+ f crucible1 #ajg ,lic5ce "q1 #aia ,lic5ces1 #aij ,li?>ge1 #ag ,loss1 work+1 #age real1 #age total work+1 #agf ,mak+ filigree1 #ef ,malleability ( nickel1 #de ( silv]1 #f ( t91 #di ( z9c1 #dh ,maltese filigree1 #ee ,mann] ( remov+ li?>ge1 #ce ,manufacture ( cupels1 #bf inf]ior1 #gc ( filigree1 #ec ( silv] w>es1 #gb ,m>k1 gu>antee1 #gb ,m>k+1 hall1 #fb ,m>k+1 hall1 drawbacks (1 #fc ,mat]ial1 bad work+1 #ih ,me*anical uses ( silv]1 #eb ,m$ium sold]s1 #hb silv] sold]1 #gi ,melt+1 crucible =1 #ii directions on1 #id fluxes employ$1 #if imitation alloys1 #aff po9ts ( metals1 #ea sold]s1 #hf tongs =1 #ajj ,m]cury1 #ae ,metal1 fusible1 #ih pure1 #ef ,metallic elem5ts1 table (1 #ej ,metals1 #da _! *>act]i/ics1 #da ,me?od ( assay+1 #bb = :it5+1 #aci ( calculat+ qualities1 #fd ( prep>+ filigree1 #ei ,mills1 roll+1 #aaj ,kemp's1 #aaa ,m9e1 ri*e/1 #ab ,m9+1 #aa ,mix+ metals = melt+1 #ig ,mixture1 boil+-out1 #add dipp+1 #aii = wa%+-out1 #ach /ripp+1 #bjj ,mixtures = :it5+1 #adg = batt]y1 #aeb nitrate ( silv]1 #adh ,modes ( melt+ lemel1 #aje ( prep>+ r+1 #acj ( :it5+1 ,indian1 #adb ( :it5+1 our1 #ade ,molt5 metal1 #ii lemel1 #ajc ,m\ld-ca/+1 #ah ,m\ld cupel1 #bg ,m\ld +ot1 #ajj ,muffle assay]s1 #bh ,native silv]1 #aa ,necessity = pure metal1 #ef ,new alloy1 #bje me?od = filigree1 #ei ,nickel1 #de ,nitrate ( silv]1 #h ( silv]1 mixture1 #adh ,nitre1 #aj ,norway filigree1 #ef ,old me?od ( filigree1 #eg ,olde/ me?od ( :it5+1 #adj ,on ! melt+ ( silv]1 #id work+ ( silv]1 #ajh ,ores ( silv]1 #i ,our mode ( :it5+1 #ade ,oxidiz+ silv] "w1 #afc ,palladium alloy1 #agc ,pallion sold]1 #hi ,p>liam5t1 ,acts (1 #aij ,p]*loride ( iron1 #bje ,physical prop]ties ( metals1 #ea ,pla9 solid "w1 #abg ,plate1 #d alloy =1 #gj clean+ p[d]1 #bjf electro1 #df1 #aej ,fr5*1 #gj manufacture1 #aij p[d]1 #bjb ,plat+1 batt]y =1 #aej discov]] (1 #adi electro1 #aej fluid silv]1 #bjf s(t sold]1 #bja solution1 #aeg ,plat+ solutions1 recov]y ( silv]1 #afj ,plat9um alloy1 #agb ,plumbago1 crucible = melt+1 #ii ,poli%$ silv]1 #g ,poli%+1 #ace la!1 #acg ,poli%+s1 burn+ (1 #agi ,p\r+ (f lemel1 #ajg ,p[d] = silv]1 #bjj ,preci\s metal1 #a ,precipitation ( silv]1 #ahc ,prep>ation = assay1 #ag ( bone-a%1 #cb ( plat+ solution1 #aee ( sold]s1 #hg ,pres5t /ate ( silv] trade1 #abh ,press1 #abg /amp+1 #acb ,price ( silv]1 #i ,pr9cipal alloys ( silv]1 #db metals1 #ea ,process1 scorification1 #ah advantages (1 #bj details (1 #bc ( silv] recov]y1 #ahj-ahc ,produc+ v>i\s %ades1 #afe ,production ( surface1 #ace ,protect poli% ( metals1 #bjj ,protoxide ( copp]1 #dd ( z9c1 #ajb ,pure silv]1 #c ,purity ( silv]1 #cg ,qualities us$ by silv]smi?s1 #fd ,quantity ( alloy = cupel1 #ce ,quick-runn+ sold]1 #he ,rais$ "w1 #abj ,rais+1 #abb ,recov]y ( silv] f wa/e1 #afj ( silv] f wa/e wat]s1 #ahc1 #ahe ,ref9+ surface ( silv]1 #adf ,rem>ks on silv] sold]s1 #hj ,rem$y 9 f95ess1 #gb ,removal ( li?>ge1 #ce ,remov+ gold f silv]1 #aih gold f silv]-w>es1 #bje ,resi/ v>ni%1 #bjb ,r+1 galvanic1 #abi prep>+ wire =1 #acj ,roll]s1 slitt+1 #aab break+-d[n1 #aab ,roll+1 silv]1 #ajh mills1 #aaj silv]1 #aab wire1 #aac ,sal-ammoniac1 #ajc ,sav+ wa/e1 #agg ,sci5tific "n = t91 #di ,scorification process1 #ah assay1 #bj ,scorifi]1 #ai special =m1 #ai ,scrap silv]1 #ajb ,scrat*-bru%+1 #afa bru% la!1 #afa ,scriptural te/imony1 #cg1 #ch ,seal+-wax1 dissolv+1 #bjb ,s$im5t1 #ahe ,sep>ation ( silv]1 #ba ,%ades1 #afe ,%op floors1 #agg ,%ot copp] = alloy+1 #dd ,silv] a preci\s metal1 #a action "u heat1 #h alloy1 dissolv+1 #bjb alloy = co9age1 #gb alloy1 /&>d1 #fa alloy$ ) t91 #di alloys1 ,*9ese1 #agj alloys1 common1 #afg1 #agb alloys1 imitation1 #afg1 #agb ,silv] alloys1 ,no4 #a1 #fd ,no4 #b1 #fd ,no4 #c1 #fe ,no4 #d1 #fe ,no4 #e1 #ff ,no4 #f1 #ff ,no4 #g1 #fg ,no4 #h1 #fg ,am]ican supply1 #ab & aqua-regia1 #h & m]cury1 #ae anneal+1 #aji articles1 #aid articles1 common1 #adg assay1 #ad ,briti%1 *ief s\rces1 #ac ,briti% yield1 #aa burni%+1 #afb *>act]i/ics (1 #e *ief alloy (1 #cj *loride1 #ahc comm]cial1 #i curr5cy1 #f curr5cy1 =eign1 #ac d5sity (1 #g dissolution (1 #i dissolv+1 #bjb ductility (1 #f easily t>ni%$1 #abi ,european supplies1 #ab filigree "w1 #abe = filigree "w1 #e fusibility (1 #g goods1 br[n col\r1 #adf h>dness (1 #h heat+ p[] (1 #g imitation1 #aih kn[n to ! anci5ts1 #f law on1 #gc lead & t9 91 #ajc malleability (1 #f me*anical uses (1 #eb ,silv]1 me?od ( calculat+1 #fc m9+1 #aa native1 #aa nitrate (1 #h1 #adh ores1 #i ores1 assay (1 #af oxidiz+1 #afc1 #aih plat+ fluid1 #bjf poli%$1 #g p[d]1 #aii1 #bjj p[d] = copp]1 #aii precipitat+1 #ahc pr9cipal alloys1 #db pure1 #c purity (1 aft] cupellation1 #cg recov]y (1 #afj recov]y1 #agg1 #agh roll+1 #aji roll+1 table ( co/1 #aab sold]s1 #ha sold]1 dissolv+1 #bjb sold]1 easy1 #hb sold]1 h>de/1 #gi sold]1 m$ium1 #hb sold]1 z9c 91 #df sold]s1 fusibility (1 #hj /&>ds1 =eign1 #bjg /ripp+ mixture1 #bjj surface1 improv+1 #aci t>ni%$1 #g te/ =1 #f trade1 art 91 #abc uses (1 #i v>i\s qualities1 #eb w>e1 #fi1 #aie w>e1 ,fr5*1 #fi w>e1 ,g]man1 #ga w>es1 alloys =1 #gb w>es1 remov+ gold1 #bje w>es1 te/+1 #bjc weigh+1 #cj :it5+ (1 #adj ,silv] "w1 burni%$1 #abd "w1 holl[1 #aca yield (1 #ac ,silv]smi?s1 #fc alloys1 #dj1 #aig cont95tal1 #bji ,ea/ ,indian1 #ada work+1 #b ,skittle-pot1 #be = lemel1 #ajd ,slitt+-roll]s1 #aab ,sn>l+-tools1 #abb ,soda1 c>bonate (1 #af1 #ajb ,s(t sold]1 #ij1 #bjb dissolv+1 #bjb plat+1 #bjb ,sold]1 composition =1 #ha1 #ih be/ h>d1 #ha common1 #hc1 #he common easy1 #hf di%1 #hi easy1 #gi1 #hb1 #hf fil$1 #gf = alum9ium1 #bjf = *a9s1 #he = filigree1 #hd1 #ia h>d1 #gg ,lemaille1 #ia m$ium1 #gf1 #hb pallion1 #hh quick runn+1 #he v common1 #hg ) ars5ic1 #hf ) copp] & silv]1 #gf ) z9c1 #gf ,sold]+1 art (1 #gd1 #ij alloy1 dissolv+1 #bjb connections1 #gg mode (1 #hh fluid1 #bja flux1 #gg ,sold]s conta9+ t91 #ge ,sold]s1 drossy1 #hh = enamell+1 #hd melt+ (1 #hc prep>ations (1 #hg rem>ks on1 #hj t9 91 #di ,solid pla9 "w1 #abg ,solution = batt]y1 #aea cyanide1 #aef = plat+1 #aeg1 #aeh = precipitation1 #ahd inf]ior1 #aei ,no4 #a1 #afc ,no4 #b1 #afd ,no4 #c1 #afd ,s\ndness ( crucibles1 #ig ,spa91 #aa ,sp>r[-hawk1 #aai ,special sold]+ flux1 #ib ,specific gravity ( z9c1 #dg ,spelt]1 #df us$ by jewell]s1 #dg ,sp9n+1 #acd1 #ace ,spr\t+1 #bi ,/amp$ "w1 #abf ,/amp+-press1 #acb ,/&>d alloy = hall-m>k+1 #fb alloys ( ! highe/ quality1 #fb ,/&>ds1 ,engli%1 #fj ,fr5*1 #gj ,g]man1 #ga ,/ate 9 :i* silv] is f\nd1 #ad ,/ate ( silv] trade1 #abh ,/ate ( ! jewell]y trade1 #ab ,/one1 ,wat]-(-,ayr1 #acf ,/r5g? ( solution1 #aeb ,/ripp+ silv]1 #bja ,/yle ( "w1 ,au/rian1 #baa ,engli%1 #baa ,fr5*1 #bji ,/yle ( "w1 ,g]man1 #baj ,indian1 #baj ,surface1 ref9+ ( silv]1 #ade ,sw$i% filigree1 #ef ,sy/em ( assay+1 #ci ,table ( co/ ( silv]-roll+1 #aab ( metallic elem5ts1 #ej ( v>i\s duties1 #ij ,t>ni%+ ( silv]1 #g ( z9c1 #dg ,tax or lic5ce1 #aif ,te*nical education1 #b ,te/ = pure silv]1 #f ,te/+ crucible1 #ig silv] w>es1 #bjc ,te/imony1 ,scriptural1 #cg1 #ch ,te/-r+1 #ca ,t91 #dh alloy$ ) gold1 #di alloy$ ) silv]1 #di anci5t work]s1 #dh & ,*ri/ianity1 #dh d5sity (1 #dh dissolv+1 #dh ductility (1 #di fusibility (1 #dh 9 sold]s1 #di1 #gf malleability (1 #di sci5tific "n1 #ej t5acity (1 #di vap\rs1 #di ,tongs1 draw1 #aae ,tongs = melt+1 #ajj ,total work+ loss1 #agf ,trade1 silv]1 /ate (1 #abh useful in=mation =1 #aig ,treatm5t1 economical1 #a 9 furnace1 #ah ( wa/e1 #agi ,treatm5t ( wa/e liquids1 #ahj ,twi/+ wires1 #eh ,unju/ly assess$ tax1 #aie ,uses ( silv]1 #i borax1 #bb = imitation alloys1 #agc ( la!1 #eh silv]1 me*anical1 #eb ,vap\rs ( t91 #di ,v>i\s qualities ( silv]1 #eb duties1 table (1 #aij metals1 mix+1 #ie ,v>ni%1 resi/1 #a ,w>es1 ornam5tal1 #d law on1 #gc remov+ gold f1 #bje silv] alloy =1 #gb silv]1 #aig te/+ purity1 #bjc ,wa%+-out mixture1 #ach ,wa/e1 sav+1 #agh liquids1 treatm5t (1 #ahj treatm5t (1 #aha wat]s1 #ahb-ahe wat]1 precipitation 91 #ahd ,wat]-(-,ayr /one1 #aci ,weigh+ ( silv] assay1 #cj ,:it5+1 old me?od1 #adj ,indian mode (1 #adb our mode (1 #ade p[d]1 #adg ,wire = filigree1 #ei roll+1 #aab draw]'s drum1 #aae draw]'s pun*1 c41 #aag draw+1 f9e1 #aag ,wires1 conduct+1 #aed ,)drawal f cupel1 #cd ,"w1 ,au/rian /yle1 #baa burni%+1 #afb ,engli%1 /yle1 #baa filigree1 #e1 #dj1 #abe ,fr5* duty on1 #bjh ,fr5* /yle1 #bji ,g]man /yle1 #baj holl[1 #aca ,indian /yle1 #baj silv]1 burni%+1 #abd solid1 #abg /amp$1 #acb ,work]s1 ,indian1 #e ,work+ filigree1 #ef loss1 #age mat]ial1 bad1 #ih silv]smi?s1 #b total1 #agf ,workm51 ,engli% & ,=eign1 #b ,workman%ip1 process (1 #ee ,wr\ght "w1 #aah ,yield ( silv]1 #aa1 #ac ,z9c1 #df a fusible metal1 #ih amalgamation1 #aec anneal+1 #dg ductility (1 #dh gravity (1 #dg 9 silv] sold]1 #df1 #gf malleability (1 #dh on floors1 #agh t>ni%+ (1 #dg t5acity (1 #dh ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 ,,lockwood',s ,,manuals ,trade ,clock ,repair+ ,g>r>d ,net #f_/- ,wat* ,repair+ ,g>r>d #f_/- ,me*anical ,d5ti/ry ,hunt] #f_/- ,electro-,plat+ ,watt #e_/- ,h\se ,pa9t+ ,davidson #g_/f ,c>p5try & ,jo9]y ,tr$gold #f_/- ,gas-,fitt+ ,briggs #f_/- ,bricks & ,tiles ,dobson #g_/f ,metal ,plate ,"w ,b>rett #c_/f ,te*nical ,eng9e]s' ,screw ,cutt+ ,pull #b_/f ,eng9e]+ ,measur+ ,tools ,pull #d_/f ,slide ,rule ,ho>e #d_/- ,craft-,"w ,mod]n ,fretcutt+ ,mak9son #b_/f ,art-,"w ,illum9at+ ,:i?>d #f_/- ,educational ,portuguese ,diction>y ,elwes #h_/f ,bus9ess ,=eign ,comm]cial ,correspond5t ,bak] #g_/f ,complete ,li/ on ,application4 ,,london3 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son ,transcrib] ,note ,! foll[+ *anges 7 made3 p4 #dg ,fahr4 mov$ f aft] #fh & #gb to aft] #ggc p4 #ic week pickle weak pickle p4 #age regulat$ work%ips regulat$ work%ops