,a profitable instruction of the perfite ordering of ,bees ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's note3 ,the final four chapters of the second ,treatise1 ,certaine husbandly coniectures of dearth and plentie for euer1 are absent4 ,no known copy of this edition is complete4 ,entries in the ,table of ,contents referring to them have been removed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a profitable instruction of the perfite ordering of ,bees1 with the maruellous nature1 propertie1 and gouernemente of them3 and the necessarie vses both of their ,honie and waxe1 seruing diuersly1 as well in inward as outward causes3 gathered out of the best writers4 ,to which is annexed a proper ,treatise1 intituled3 ,certaine husbandly coniectures of dearth and plentie for euer1 and other matters also mete for ,husbandmen to knowe4 c4 ,by ,,thomas ,,hyll ,londoner4 ,imprinted at ,london1 by ,henrie ,bynneman4 ,,anno4 #aegi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the ,authors out of the which this ,treatise is gathered4 ,c4 ,plinius4 ,aristotle4 ,albertus4 ,m4 ,cato4 ,iunius ,columella4 ,m4 ,varro4 ,palladius ,rutilius4 ,theophrastus4 ,guilhelmus de ,conchis4 ,galen4 ,paule ,aegineta4 ,cornelius ,agrippa4 ,hieronimus ,cardanus4 ,and sundrie others4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,to the worshipfull maister ,m4 ,gentleman1 ,thomas ,hill wisheth all health and felicitie4 ,as it hath beene1 and is yet 7worshipfull ,sir7 a trade commonly vsed among most men1 to choose out from a greate number1 some one1 vnder whose name and title they may publishe their workes3 ,euen so ,i 7following the steps of the learned1 though in all other poyntes most inferiour7 hauing finished this little treatise of ,bees1 and casting with my selfe to whome ,i mighte presente it1 founde my selfe much bounden vnto your worship1 both for your gentlenesse which ,i haue of late tasted1 and also for youre friendship which ,i finde alwayes readie towards me4 ,and therefore hauing none other wayes to recompence the least parte of youre curtesie and gentlenesse1 thought it best to gratifie youre worship with such a simple gifte as mine abilitie will suffer me to bestow on such a friend4 ,and although ,sir this ,treatise is farre dissonant from youre studyes1 yet considering your earnest desire to knowledge and learning1 and agayne pondering the pleasantnesse of the matter1 thoughte this might be made a recreation for your grauer studyes4 ,for when your mind shall bee searching for profound reasons1 and oppressed with deepe cogitations1 then taking and reading this little ,pamphlet1 it will bring a forgetfulnesse vnto your former weerynesse1 and cause a newe delighte vnto your mind3 ,for heerein may you see1 first the maruellous gouernement of the ,bees1 through the onely instincte of nature1 as in theyr obedience to their ,king1 and other officers1 in punishing the ydle loyterers1 in cherishing the true labourers in theyr manner of fighting1 with suche like a greate many1 as it is wonderfull to reade1 and almost vncredible to beleeue3 secondly1 the liuely effectes and commodities that arise of theyr ,honie and ,waxe4 ,and lastly1 howe profitable they are for common wealth1 and howe necessarie for mans vse1 ,i mighte heerespeake muche in the prayse of the ,bee1 which all ,i will omitte1 seeyng onely myne intente is to shewe my selfe myndfull of your good turnes and benefites1 desiring you to take this in good parte1 whyche proceedeth from a well willing minde4 ,and ,i am sorie that at this presente ,i had none other matter more worthy to haue gratified your worship withall3 but that whiche wanteth in power1 aboundeth in good will4 ,thus troubling your worship no longer1 ,i commit you to the keeping of the ,almightie1 praying him to increase in you all vertue and godlynesse1 and to grant you the long yeares of ,nestor4 ,yours most bounden ,thomas ,hill4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the ,preface into the instruction of ,bees4 ,although 7gentle ,reader7 ,i haue not given thee anye labour of mine owne1 but rather haue collected the sayings and writings of manye aunciente authours1 yet ,i trust they shall be well accepted of thee without offence4 ,for as he that setteth forth vnto the view reading of all men such knowledge1 as by his long study experience he hath gotten1 is worthy to haue his due reward of commendation3 euen so he is not to be discommended1 who painfully reuoluing the bookes and volumes of many and diuers ancient writers1 reduceth them into one little ,treatise1 for the commoditie and profyte of the simple and vnlearned sorte1 for whose onely sakes ,i haue trauelled in the translation of this worthy matter1 touching the right vsage and handling of ,bees3 a thing very rare1 and seldome seene in the ,englishe tongue1 and yet verie profitable for a common wealth1 and commonlye vsed among the poore husbandmen1 though not in euery poynt as they ought to be1 yet according to theyr knowledge and experience4 ,but ,i1 to the intente that a further learning mighte be added to their skill1 haue so trauelled therein1 that ,i trust their knowledge shal be increased1 such as haue no knowledge at all1 may be instructed without any other teaching4 ,i haue ioyned this little ,treatise vnto my booke of ,gardening1 for that most men do ioyne them both togither1 as when they place their ,bees in their ,gardens1 whereas they may with lesse paine and easilier1 gather of the sweete smelling flowers1 their ,honie1 and ,waxe4 ,and for all these my paynes gentle ,reader1 ,i craue nought else of thee1 but to giue me that which of dutie in a maner ,i ought to haue1 for if thou doest receyue any commoditie or fruite eyther by this1 or by my other ,treatise hereto annexed1 whiche hathe to name the ,husbandly coniectures1 with sundry rules of ,phisicke1 then giue me the reward of thy good report1 and friendly accepting of these two ,treatises1 and if not1 yet accept mine endeuours in good part1 which be meant to do thee good4 ,and thus leauing 7gentle reader7 to trouble thee farther1 ,i commit thee to ,god1 who giue thee the furtherance of knowledge1 both in these and all other needefull artes4 77 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a necessarie ,table setting forth the contents of these two ,treatises4 ,these treated of in the first ,treatise4 ,why ,bees are named to be crested or parted ,cap4j4 betweene1 or as it were ringed or rather pleighted3 what worke the swarme new gathered in the ,hiue firste taketh in hande3 and whether they may liue after their stings be gone4 ,who first taught the preparation and increasing of cap4ij4 ,bees1 and found out the vse of honie4 ,how ,bees do naturally ingender4 cap4iij4 ,of the vnperfit ,bees1 which men properly name cap4iiij4 drone ,bees4 ,whether the ,bees draw breath1 or haue any bloud in cap4v4 them4 ,of the great vtilitie and profit of the ,bees vnto cap4vj4 mans vse4 ,of the care and diligence of the ,bees4 cap4vij4 ,of the maruellous gouernement of the ,king of honie cap4viij4 ,bees1 and of the obedience which they vse to hym4 ,what kind of ,bees be best1 and rather to be cap4ix4 chosen4 ,where the ,hiues of ,bees ought especially to be cap4x4 placed4 ,what things ,bees do chiefly abhorre1 and greatly cap4xj4 hate4 ,by what signes men may knowe when the honie ,bees cap4xij4 are diseased1 and how men may cure them4 ,what maner of person the keper of the ,bees ought cap4xiij4 to be4 ,by what meanes the swarme come forth1 may be cap4xiiij4 preserued from flying away4 ,of the ,bees new settled in a swarme togither1 and cap4xv4 taken and recouered againe4 ,which are the best and fittest hyues for the honie cap4xvj4 ,bees4 ,of the cleanlinesse and sweetenesse of the keeper cap4xvij4 of ,bees1 and howe hiues ought to be fenced about1 and prepared within4 ,how ,bees lacking honie may be fed in that present cap4xviij4 neede4 ,how the dead ,bees may be restored to life againe4 cap4xix4 ,of the battell that ,bees sometime haue within cap4xx4 themselues4 ,how ,bees lost1 may be recouered and found againe4 cap4xxj4 ,that the ,bees sting no person comming neere to cap4xxij4 their hiues4 ,when and how the hiues ought to be gelded4 cap4xxiij4 ,what the honie is1 and how from the hiues the same cap4xxiiij4 may be prepared to vse4 ,which honie is accounted best4 cap4xxv4 ,of the venomous honie1 and of the wonderful hony cap4xxvj4 of ,creta4 ,of the miraculous worthinesse of honie4 cap4xxvij4 ,how profitable the vse of honie is in medicine4 cap4xxviij4 ,of the drinke of hony whiche they call the ,mulse cap4xxix4 water1 or sweete water of the ,romaines4 ,of the drinke ,oenomel1 which is made of pure cap4xxx4 wine hony4 ,of the singular water of hony gotten by order of cap4xxxj4 distillation4 ,another maner of distilling the hony more at large cap4xxxij4 taught4 ,the maner of distilling a water of hony named the cap4xxxiij4 ,quintessence4 ,the maner of drawing and making waxe of the cap4xxxiiij4 combes4 ,what waxe is best allowed1 c4 cap4xxxv4 ,of the great commoditie and benefite of waxe in cap4xxxvj4 medicines4 ,of that whiche is a stay of the combes1 and made cap4xxxvij4 for a defence of ,bees4 ,how to make waxe white4 cap4xxxviij4 ,how to make red waxe4 cap4xxxix4 ,how to draw a profitable oyle out of waxe for cap4xl4 sundry vses4 ,another way of drawing the oyle of waxe most cap4xlj4 noble1 and dothe maruellously help the cold goute1 the sciaticke1 the swelling of the legges1 and all other griefes of a colde cause4 ,these described in the other ,treatise4 ,certaine ,husbandly coniectures of dearth plenty cap4j4 for euer4 ,an euerlasting ,prognostication of the state and cap4ij4 condition of euery yeare1 by the only calends of ,ianuary1 written by the ancient learned ,leopol4 ,aust4 other for the commodity of the wise husbandmen4 ,how to foreknow the state of the yeare by the only cap4iij4 rising of the dog starre1 out of the husbandrie of ,diophanes4 ,other profitabl instructions1 right necessary for cap4iiij4 husbandmen to know4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the firste ,treatise setteth foorthe the strange gouernment1 propertie1 and benifite of the ,bees1 with the commoditie of their ,hony and ,waxe1 whiche serue vnto many good vses1 as well in outward as inwarde causes applied1 gathered out of ,plinie1 ,albertus1 ,varro1 ,columella1 ,palladius1 ,aristotle1 ,theophrastus1 ,cardanus1 ,guilielmus de ,conchis1 ,agrippa1 and diuers other singular ,authours4 ,why ,bees are named to be creasted or parted betweene1 or as it were ringed1 or rather pleighted4 ,what work the swarme newe gathered in the ,hiue1 first taketh in hande1 and whether they maye liue after their stings bee gone4 ,cap4first4 ,plinie nameth ,bes ,cleft beasts1 bicause of the diuision or parting betwene of the head shoulders3 and ,aristotle nameth them plighted or ringed1 in that their bodies are diuided with plightes and rings4 ,and most men know1 that the ,bes haue neyther sinews1 bones1 fleshe1 gristle1 backe-bone1 nor fat1 but are only created of a certaine mixture1 being a meane betwen these1 and hauing a very few intrailes4 ,and againe1 no man nedeth to doubte1 but that the ,bes be a kinde of beasts1 greatly to be set by for mans vse1 for mans prouision1 are nourished of the aire1 passing throughe the diuided places1 which they by great diligence and care preserue from being stopped1 for as soone as they be stopped1 they shortly after die1 like as the same we may learne1 when anye happeneth to fall or light into ,oyle1 which straight way after die1 throughe the ,oyle stopping then their powers4 ,they haue and fly with foure wings1 that they maye the better carrye in their bellies the stings of reuengement4 ,for when two of them striue togither in flight1 then do they hold and kep their stings in their mouths by a gredy desire1 or for eagernesse sake4 ,now after the seauen starres named ,vergili1 be once risen in sight aboue our horizon1 then do they hyde them in their proper holes1 so that they go seldome after abroade1 vntill the ,beanes doe bud1 and if they happen to beginne at any tyme to flye abroade when as a fayre daye moueth them forwarde1 then slacke they no suche dayes afterwarde1 but occupy themselues4 ,and firste they prepare and make their combes1 which they fashion into apt houses1 or rather celles of waxe1 after this they haue yong1 and then beginne they to gather hony4 ,they liue also the longer by hauing their stings1 for that once gone1 or taken away1 they dye forthwith through the lacke of their intrailes1 whiche they lose togither with their stings4 ,who first taught the preparation and increasing of ,bees1 and founde oute the vse of ,honny4 ,cap4ij4 ,the reporte goeth1 that one ,aristomachus first founde out and taught the increasing of ,bes1 whome ,plinie writeth to be so earnest in the same1 that setting apart al other affayres1 he only studied night day how he might best intreate and vse ,bes1 according to their kinde4 ,but others ascribe this inuention to one ,thassius1 who 7as they saye7 deserued no lesse commendation1 both for his diligence and skill among ,bes3 but this he specially followed in the fielde1 and that farre from the ,towne4 ,and of this the common people 7as by a nickname7 no more named him ,thassius1 but ,agrius1 for his wilde or rather straunge life1 whiche he then led in the fielde1 ,whome ,plinie also affyrmeth to haue written a ,booke of the increasing and multiplying of ,bes4 ,and ,columella ascribeth this inuention1 to the inhabitaunts of the hill 7named ,hymetus7 being in the ,countrey of ,attica1 for there 7saieth he17 was one ,ericthonius1 who taught 7as men write7 the true and perfect ordering of them4 ,plinie againe ascribeth the inuention of ,hony to one ,aristeus a man of ,athens4 ,diodorus ,siculus in the sixte ,booke of hys workes1 writeth1 that ,curetes1 a people of ,creta1 did firste finde out the ,hony1 ,macrobius ascribeth the same to one ,saturnus4 ,others to the ,thessalians4 ,and many to ,melissus1 an auntient ,king of ,creta1 others to ,nassus ,liber ,pater1 thus writing1 that ,liber hath obtayned the renowne for finding out of ,honnye4 ,how ,bees do naturally engender4 ,cap4iij4 ,firste the ,bes procede of ,bes1 by the actuall doing togyther1 after whiche they lay egges1 sitting vppon them1 as the ,hens do on their egs4 ,and when they haue sit on them for the space of 4xlv4 daies1 then do they hatch their yong ones1 whiche yong 7at the first7 come forth1 much like to white ,worms1 except the ,king1 who onely as he is hatched1 hath wings4 ,at the firste time1 one of them hatcheth fiue young togither1 the nexte time fewer1 and so fewer fewer1 vntill she commeth to one at a time1 bicause the abundaunce whiche is in them1 dothe in the continuaunce of time weaken4 ,in the time of their sitting they make muche noise to gette them heate withall4 ,and aboute the sides of the combes1 be sometimes greater ,bes bred1 which men for their sound noise do properly name ,trumpeters1 and they also haue whole hornes1 of which come the bastarde ,bes4 ,there be also other ,bes bigger in body1 muche-like to the ,kings1 but they be ydle1 and haue no sting1 bicause of the heauinesse of their body4 ,all which kindes1 ,guilielmus de ,conchis didde obserue in the ,hyues of a certaine ,consull of ,rome1 whiche properly were made of verye thinne and cleare horne4 ,some write1 that ,bes are also engendred and bredde monstrously1 and that contrary to ,nature1 without the mutuall coniunction1 if that a whole calfe be buried in the earth1 and there lye rotting whiles the wind blow out of the ,weste1 for by that meanes1 as writeth ,maro1 doth the same brede ,bes4 ,and not vnlike to this doeth ,cornelius ,agrippa in his firste ,booke de ,occulta ,philosophia1 and ,hiero4 ,cardanus in hys ninth booke of ,subtilties write1 that of a rotten horse do waspes procede3 of an ,asse1 ,humble bes3 of a ,mule1 hornettes3 of the haire of a woman 7hauing then hir motherly courses7 ,serpents3 and of ,creuisses 7the shelles plucked off17 ,scorpions4 ,of the vnperfect ,bees1 which men properly name ,drone ,bees4 ,cap4iiij4 ,the ,drone ,bes 7as writeth ,plinie7 are vnperfect ,bes1 without sting1 and the least weary1 yet be they verye heauy of body1 and slow in doing their businesse4 ,they also doe the seruices and trauells of the true ,bes1 although the right and perfect ,bes doe rule and gouerne them1 yea and put them formost in their laboures1 so that if they happen to be slow in their doings1 then doe the right ,bes punish them without pitie4 ,also these doe helpe the right ,bes1 so well in their workes as in their breding1 for that the multitude of them1 cause the more heat and warmeth togither4 ,and howe muche the greater the multitude of them shall be1 and so muche more will the increase come of the swarme4 ,when the hony waxeth ripe1 then are the ,drone ,bes driuen forth1 and the kinde also of these are onely sene abroade in the ,spring time4 ,whether the ,bees drawe breath1 or haue any bloud in them4 ,cap4v4 ,now some affyrme1 that the clouen beasts draw no breth1 in that they haue not the fan of the hart1 which is the lights or lungs1 for as they write1 nothing without them can breath4 ,but ,aristotle writeth1 that the same is possible among ,bes1 hauing the sting 7although they haue no bladder7 to breath by their sting4 ,and the ,bes haue no bloude1 bicause they haue neither hart nor lungs3 yet ,plinie affirmeth1 that nothing done by nature may be thought or iudged incredible3 for the same is fully persuaded in wise men1 that the ,bes haue a certain liuely moisture1 like as the ,cuttle in the ,sea1 which hath a kinde of ynke in it1 and is as the iuyce of it1 with the whiche the ,diers 7at this day7 do make their ,purple colour4 ,of the great vtilitie and profite of the ,bees vnto mans vse4 ,cap4vj4 ,a great profite ariseth by ,bes1 if they be set in a conuenient and fit place1 and that both carefully wisely guided1 as ,plinie writeth in his xj4 booke1 where he willeth1 that of al other clouen beastes1 the ,bes to bee principallye cherished1 bicause to mans vse they gather a subtile and wholsome iuyce1 beyng very swete1 and besides they frame by a maruelous skill and cunning1 theyr cotages of waxe vnto mans vse1 that no workman 7be he neuer so ingenious7 can do the like4 ,the profite also comming by them in a short time1 if the weather hindereth not1 is so greate1 that they increase in a shorte time into manye swarmes1 which swarmes againe increase others1 so that the firste swarmes increased1 they especially thrust forth from them in the moneth of ,may1 or ,iune1 by whych meanes they cause a great increase of them4 ,as ,varro affirmeth the same of two head ,gentlemen in ,spaine1 which only by the means of their ,bes1 gayned yerely ten thousand pound 7but ,i rather thinke fiue thousand pounde1 which also is very muche7 yet here is to be noted1 that the swarmes of syxe yeares olde1 doe seldome encrease after other swarmes of themselues1 although in waxe they giue a great yelde and gayne to the owners4 ,of the great care and diligence of the ,bees4 ,cap4vij4 ,first certain ,bes as the skilfull practisers do write1 stand in the day time at the mouthes of the ,hyues1 diligently loking to their businesse1 like warders placed at the gates of a ,castel1 that they maye so defend in safegarde whom they will within4 ,in the night time they setle themselues to rest vnto the morning1 vntil one of them by humming twice or thrice about1 doeth so styrre them forward to flye out after the other4 ,for if they happen to kepe themselues in the morning within the ,hyues1 then doth the same declare a tempest to insue that daye4 ,but being a cleare and fayre morning1 then do they flye forth and returne againe to their ,hiues1 laden with the substaunce of the floures on their legges1 for their businesse1 and this especiallye doe the yonger ,bes1 so that the other ,bes besides do eyther carrye the water in their bils1 or on the soft mossinesse of the whole bodie4 ,the elder ,bes remayning still within1 do also folow their businesse1 as in diligently laying vp1 and aptly dressing the same1 as they wold dispose their kindely foode4 ,such as be sluggish not labouring they diligently note1 which for their sluggishnes1 they bitterly punish to death4 ,and flying abroade in a mightye winde1 they maruelouslye stay and guyde themselues1 by waying their bodyes down with little stones1 caryed in their legges4 ,they at the euening comming to rest1 do make lesse and lesse noyse in the hyue1 vntill one of them flyeth about1 which by a like order as he moued them forewarde in the morning1 euen so by the same noyse and humming doth he procure them to take their rest1 and to be all silent within the hiue4 ,if the ,bes happen to scatter in their flying abroade1 then do they call and gather them togither into a swarme1 by the helpe of making a shrill sounde1 eyther with pan or bason1 or other loude cymball4 ,they also followe their king whether soeuer he taketh his flight1 who beyng wearie1 and not further able to flie1 they carrye hym betwene them4 ,wherfore that the king may not often attempte forth with the swarme1 for feare of loosing them1 the skilful practisers wil1 the wings of the kings be broken off4 ,whiche feling himselfe thus depriued of his wings1 will not after attempt to flye forth of his boundes1 but remayning still within1 will so cause the other ,bes to abide continually with him1 not leauing the ,hiue at any time after4 ,they also haue counsels priuily and rulers among them4 ,and ,aristotle declareth the ,bes to be the clenlyest amongst all other beastes1 bycause in flying abroad1 they shed then their dung from them1 leaste anye sauour or stincke of their dung be felte in their cotages or hoales4 ,if these want honny at anye time1 then doe they eyther kill1 or driue quite away the drone ,bes4 ,of the maruellous gouernement of the kings of honny ,bees1 and of the obedience which they vse to him4 ,cap4viij4 ,nature hath not onlye committed hir lawes to bookes1 the which men may lerne by1 but hath especially set forth conditions and properties1 as for an example of the lyke1 by the bes1 whose kings for doubt of reuenging1 haue by the prouidence of nature no stings4 ,whereby is to be vnderstanded1 that the kings ruling in power1 thorough the lacke of their stings maye be by that meanes the slower to hurt1 and offer reuengemente4 ,yet some affirme the kings to haue stings1 but they suppose them not to vse their stings4 ,and of this ,plinie maketh a doubt whether the king be armed as the other bes1 or lacketh a sting4 ,which ,columella putteth out of doubt1 writing of the king that he hath no sting1 vnlesse any perhappes thinketh that big head as it were1 whiche the king carrieth in his belly1 to be his sting1 with the which at no time they vse to sting or hurt anye4 ,this king only do ,bes reuerence1 and honor him in such sort1 that any of them is obedient and very ready at his bidding1 to do whatsoeuer he assigneth them vnto4 ,also this obedience and seruice whiche they vse to their king1 they do not the same for feare of punishment1 but onely of a loue which they owe vnto him4 ,yet they punish one another in such sorte1 that after their stings be lost1 they dye forthwith4 ,aristotle writeth of two maner of kings1 the one as he affirmeth to be red1 which he iudgeth the better1 the other king black of colour1 which he confesseth to be lesser of body1 yet howsoeuer the kings be1 they are notwithstanding far bigger of body1 than the honny bes1 haue a brighter and goodlier head then the other ,bes1 yet shorter wings4 ,so that their king created among them1 goeth not any time forth of the hiue1 without the whole swarm folow him4 ,the king flying forth of the hiue at anye time1 the other folow him1 in such sort1 that eche couet to flie next him1 ioyeth to be sen of the king in office1 and whersoeuer the king settleth him or resteth1 there be other ,bes placed like strong holds or castels about him4 ,about the king also be placed certaine rulers1 which wayte vpon him by a dayly aucthoritie1 ,if anye happeneth1 as writeth ,plinie1 to breake of the kings right wing1 then from the king will not the swarme after departe1 as the like was rehearsed afore4 ,besides these1 the ,bes haue a maruelous order among them1 if their king happen to die1 for then they shal bitterly mourne for their king deade1 and for the lacke of another1 as such whiche cannot be guided and ruled without a king among them1 and of this they be in continuall mourning4 ,so that for the time1 they carry no foode into theyr ,hyues1 nor flye not forth1 but with a sadde bewailyng and humming1 after theyr ,king1 they heape thicke togyther aboute the deade body1 and vnlesse another ,king increaseth by little and lyttle among them1 they dye for hunger4 ,theyr king laboureth not1 but as the other flye foorthe1 hee in the meane tyme as an exhorter moueth and encourageth forwarde euerye one to hys worke1 by his flying aboute in the ,hiue4 ,what kinde of ,bees are beste1 and rather to be chosen4 ,cap4ix4 ,in this point1 for true knowledge of these1 doth ,m4 ,varro discribe those ,bes to be best1 which be small of body1 and diuerse and round1 bycause they be earnest in labour1 and make a thinne honny1 and better endure labour1 and gather their honny on hilles1 but the worser ,bes gather their honny of the garden floures onlye1 whiche be somewhat long of bodye1 lyke to waspes4 ,virgil doth especially commend the small ,bes1 beyng somwhat long1 light1 and clenly in their businesse1 and glistering to golde4 ,so that the greater and rounder ,be1 is discommended of all writers4 ,although the fierce ,bes are very ill1 yet is their yrefulnesse1 a note of the better ,bes1 whiche may easily be appeased1 by the daylye haunting among them1 for if the kepers do often handle the ,hyues1 then do they become gentle in a short time4 ,the ,bes also endure if they be diligently loked vnto1 for the space of ten yeares1 and beyonde this age no swarme can passe1 althoughe the kepers supplye the ,hyues yearelye with yong ,bes1 in the steade of the olde deade1 for in the tenth yere1 in a manner1 of the generall death of them1 the vniuersall kinde of the whole ,hyue is then consumed4 ,and therefore1 that thys maye not happen throughe all the ,hyues in that place you must alwayes increase your ,hyues with yong ,bes1 which diligently ,hyue in the springtime1 or beginning of ,sommer1 when as the swarmes be first and newe thrust forth of the ,hiues1 and so maye the number of your ,hiues be encreased4 ,agayne some wryte1 that in the ,countrey of ,pontus1 the beste ,bes be white1 bycause they gyue theyr yelde of ,honnye twyce in a moneth4 ,and ,gulihelmus de couchis affirmeth the beste ,bes to be aboute ,thermodoon in ,capadocia1 abyding in the ,earthe1 for that these doe buylde and make a tryple yelde of waxe1 and giue also aboundaunce of ,honny4 ,the foresayde ,varro1 affirmeth those ,bes to be in healthe1 which often kepe and be in a swarme togither1 that be clenly can do their businesse and worke alike1 and that quicke light in the same1 beyng neyther hearie nor foule of body1 or appearing dustie1 such also which be not ouerleane of body1 and that out of any of their cotages no dead bes be carried thence1 forth of their ,hiues4 ,for all these notes do declare suche like ,bes1 to be both euill and vnprofytable4 ,palladius declareth1 that the best ,bes may be knowen by the fulnesse or emptinesse of their vessels1 for if the ,hiues be full1 then those ,bes doth he best commende1 if the ,hiues be nothing so full stuffed1 those ,bes doeth he greatly dissalowe4 ,and he also praiseth those ,bes1 whiche excelleth or passeth others in the loudnesse of humming1 or do abound in the great haunte of the swarme1 not broughte to the ,hiues from farre places1 so that there maye be such agrement1 that they be not after feared awaye1 with the newnesse of the aire and place4 ,where the ,hiues of ,bees ought especially to be placed4 ,cap4x4 ,aristotle willeth the ,hiues of ,bes in the winter time to be placed in a warme place1 and in the hotte season of ,sommer1 in a colde place4 ,palladius ,rutilius in his firste ,booke of husbandrie teacheth that the fittest place for bes1 is that1 whiche is in a ,garden1 not farre or rather neare to the owners house1 which by that meanes suffereth not the windes1 nor the accesse of theues or beastes4 ,which also nourisheth ,tres growing on the ,northside of the place1 the better to defend the cold ayre from them1 cleare springs or faire riuer water running by4 ,columella willeth the ,hiues to be set open toward the south1 far from noyse1 haunte of people and beastes1 neyther in a hote nor colde place1 for eyther of these do molest and harme the bes4 ,also that the hyues stande in the bottome of a valley1 or if not so possible1 then placed neare to the valley1 the better and easier for the ,bes to bring their foode gathered to their hiues1 and in anye case farre from stincking puddels1 ditches1 dung-heapes1 and such like filthy stinckes1 which greatly annoye and endamage the bes beyng neare hande to their hiues1 ,m4 ,varro writing in his second booke vnto a huswife of the countrey1 willeth hir also to set the ,hiues close to hir house1 and vnder some shed1 that far from the noyse of formes1 whiche is mente from a groue or wood1 leaste through the woodde or groue neare hande1 the same may giue a sounding noyse1 like to that whiche men commonlye name the ,eccho1 whiche sounde in verye dede the ,bes do greatly hate4 ,virgil willeth bushie tres to be planted and stand right before their hiues1 like as the ,peare tre is1 the ,peach tre1 the ,oake tre1 many kyndes of ,apple tres1 the birche tre1 ,holy tre1 the ,iuy tre also1 not allowed for his goodnesse1 but bycause the same giueth out muche honny1 and al other tres which beare no bitter floures4 ,and he willeth these plantes and hearbes to grow neare hande1 as the ,rosemary1 the red and damaske ,rose1 the white ,lillie1 the ,violets1 the ,flouredeluce1 the ,organye1 the ,time1 the running ,time1 the ,sauery1 swete ,maiorome1 the ,saffron floure1 which coloureth the honny and maketh it smel swete1 the beane floures1 the ,french beane floures1 the ,mellylot floures1 the hearbe ,baulme1 the white ,poppie floures1 the ,bitonie floures1 the ,borage and ,buglosse floures1 and manye other swete and wholesome floures1 not here named4 ,but the ,boxe tre1 the ,masticke tre1 the dogge or ,gatten tre1 or as some suppose the long and high ,cheri tre they greatly hate1 for that tasting of the floures of anye of these1 they die forthwyth4 ,maro wylleth standing waters1 to be neare to their hiues1 so shallow1 that smal stones thrown into them1 may appeare aboue the water1 serue in stede of bridges for their often recourse to them1 that they may aptly stretch their wings abroad on the stones1 at the heate of the sun4 ,the standings for hiues ought to be thre foote distant from the ground1 wittily stopped about with red clay1 least vermine1 and ,myse crepe into the hiues1 and spoyle the honny combes4 ,the ,hiues also oughte to be set a little asunder the one from the other1 least by loking into them1 you shake one another by cleauing togither1 and so disquiet the bes nexte to1 which feare al manner of shaking least the same throw not downe their weake workes of waxe4 ,and the mouthes of the hiues ought to stand somwhat stiper than the back part1 leaste rain beating in1 might not lightly run out again by their entry or hole4 ,for remedy of the which1 some make a couer ouer theyr hole the better to kepe off the weather raine4 ,and no manner of heate so much harmeth them1 as doth the bitter cold1 for this the faces of hiues ought to be toward the winter rising of the sun1 that the ,bes may so receiue the warme comfort1 in the morning comming forth1 be the liuelier1 for colde doth cause them to be sluggish1 and for that cause their holes ought to be very narrow1 that as little colde as is possible1 may enter into them1 and so narrowe made1 that the ,bes within may receiue the encrease but of one ,be at once1 ,for by that meanes can neither the ,betil1 butterflie1 nor great moath enter1 to annoye them4 ,besides for their often recourse home1 ,maro willeth to make two or thre commings into the hiue1 somewhat distant asunder4 ,what things ,bees doe chiefly abhorre1 or greatly hate4 ,cap4xj4 ,to bes1 is that 7named the ,eccho7 vngratefull or much displeasing1 which as ,plinie writeth1 doth greatly fear them1 through the straunge sounde rebounding againe1 and the miste also doth muche molest and trouble them1 besides the spinner through hir web hanging downe before the ,hiue1 and the sluggishe butterflie 7which ,plinie nameth dishonorable7 that is two wayes pestiferous1 as the one1 when he spoyleth the waxe1 and dungeth within the ,hiue1 and the other1 breading ,magottes or little wormes within the combes4 ,they greatly hate oyle1 like as all the kindes of the other ,bes doe1 and a stinking sauoure1 which euidently appeareth by that kind of herbe named ,mugworte1 that they especially hate1 bycause the same is of a strange stincke to them4 ,the hornettes also of the like sorte creast1 but bazer of kynde1 they greatlye feare1 for that to the ,hornets the ,hony ,bes are a speciall foode4 ,also they be meate to swallows1 to sparrowes1 and to all other small byrdes4 ,the frogs besides1 they do greatly feare1 which only lye in waite for them1 both in ,marishes1 running springs1 shallowe waters1 and little ditches1 and the like doe the ,toades lye in wayte for the ,bes1 whiche destroye manye of them4 ,and the shepe doe greately trouble the ,honnye ,bes1 if so be they happen to fall or lighte into the ,wooll of theyr backes1 out of whyche1 they cannot easylye wynde or gette themselues againe4 ,and if any happeneth to boyle or seathe ,riuer ,creauisses1 or sea ,crabbes neare to the ,hiues1 and that the ,bes fele the sauour therof1 they die forthwith4 ,by what signes men may know1 when the hony ,bees are diseased1 and how men may cure them4 ,cap4xij4 ,this is a speciall argument and note1 that the ,bes1 are diseased1 if that they fly scattering in the swarme1 if they kep not their proper colour1 but be 7as it were7 of a strange and contrarie colour3 if they also are ouer leane1 if they appeare dustie and hairy1 and that out of their cottages be dead ,bes carryed thence4 ,when al these notes and signes are espied in the ,bes1 it is then highe time to seke remedye for them1 leaste helpe 7by longer running7 be sought too late4 ,therfore ,palladius willeth to minister the kernels of ,pomegranats1 brused and mixed with swete and pleasaunt ,wine1 and the same powred into the chanels or gutters of halfe canes1 set nere to the mouths of hiues1 or honny1 with ,rose leaues well beaten togither1 and so ministred to them1 or the berries of the ,saruice tre brused1 and mixed with ,honny3 for lacke of these helpes1 a man may make a smoake of drie ,oxe or ,cowe dung1 whiche smoake muche delyghteth and comforteth them1 so that the same be often vsed vnto ,haruest4 ,but if throughe the ,maggots or little wormes of the ,butter-flyes the ,bes be diseased1 ,rutilius then iudgeth it beste1 to set a brasen ,candlesticke1 or suche like vessell1 with lighte burning in it at ,euening1 within the hyue1 that to the same light 7the ,butter-flyes gathering1 and flying about7 may so fall down into it1 and be destroyed4 ,aristomachus writeth1 that the diseased ,bes maye be couered in this maner1 if that all the corrupt combe within the hiue be taken forth1 and freshe foode anewe put in of the whole1 and the hiue after smoaked within4 ,also he affyrmeth1 that ,rosemarie sodden with water and honny togither1 and beyng colde1 poured into halfe canes or ,elder stickes1 made hollow like gutters1 and the same set by the mouthes of the hiues1 for the ,bes to drinke on1 doth recouer the ,bes again4 ,hyginius affirmeth that eyther the ,oxe or mans vrine set in like manner 7as aboue saide7 by the mouths of the hyues1 doth also recouer the diseased ,bes4 ,nowe all these1 and suche like muste the keper of the ,bes doe1 whiche is bothe sober and chaste1 and fedeth not vppon sowre or tarte meates1 nor filthy or strong of sauour1 nor any salt meates4 ,what manner of person1 the keeper of ,bees ought to be4 ,cap4xiij4 ,the ,bes for that they muche abhorre all filthye stinkes and smells1 ,palladius willeth the keper of them to eschewe dilligently al strong and yll smelling sauoures1 one also that delighteth to be chaste of body1 and fre from filthinesse1 among these not breathing sowrely1 or of a stinking breath1 not sweating1 nor sauouring of sweat1 not one besides of wicked conditions1 or suche a person as standing among the flight of the ,bes1 doth not earnestly moue and procure them to fly to him1 or as one stinged endeuoreth to defend himselfe from them1 but rather as a flatterer among his acquaintance1 and children1 hath learned to entreate1 and please the ,bes by a more gentle manner4 ,he also whiche mindeth to haue also in a readinesse the hiues vnto his vse1 in which he may receiue forthwith the rude youth of the swarmes put forth1 which if they be not diligently preserued1 they flye quite awaye at the full heate of ,sunne4 ,but how these hiues ought aptly to be prepared1 shall hereafter be taught in the sixtenth ,chapiter4 ,if the ,dorre ,bes1 or ,bes without sting1 be ouer manye in the ,hiue1 and that you woulde gladly ridde them forth1 then do on this manner3 first take and plucke off the wings of one of those ,dorre ,bes1 which lay or put within the ,hiue1 and incontinent the ,honny ,bes espying the same1 will fal vppon the other ,dorre ,bes1 and both kill and driue them quite away4 ,by what subtil meanes1 the swarmes come forth1 may be preserued from flying quite awaye4 ,cap4xiiij4 ,palladivs in his second ,booke writeth1 that the swarms of the honny ,bes fly awaye especiallye in the moneth of ,iune4 ,but with vs the same oftner happeneth in the moneth of ,may1 as hathe bin noted by sundrye1 diuerse times1 especially if the yong ,bes be sounde and hartie within the ,hyues4 ,therefore the keper muste diligently looke to the ,hyues1 and at no time be absent1 especially when the young ,bes increase and abound in the ,hyues1 for if they be not then carefully looked vnto1 and stayed by the diligence of the keper1 they al fly quite away4 ,for such is the nature and propertie of the ,bes1 that as soone as the swarms of the yong ,bes1 are bred with the ,kings1 and that they be strong able to flye away1 then as disdayning the swarms of the olde ,bes1 they seke the more gouernment4 ,for that they be suche liuing things1 that delight to rule alone1 not seking ayde and counsell of the elder ,bes3 and therefore do the newe kings flye forth1 with the young swarmes following them1 which for a day or two before their flying away1 remaine heaping togither before the mouths of the ,hyues1 right vnder the ,hiues1 so that by their comming forth1 and heaping in suche order1 they properly shewe the desire of a newe place1 and be as yet contented to remaine thereabout1 if so be the keper prouide for them a place and an apt ,hiue4 ,but if they haue no keper to looke diligently to them1 then as it were by an iniurie repulsed1 they after seke a newe place4 ,that this may not happen1 let then the warye and diligent keper1 looke circumspectlye to the ,hyues in the ,spring time1 aboute the eight houre of the daye1 7when as the swarmes are not yet flowen away17 that he maye the diligenter marke and se the flying oute and comming in of the yong ,bes4 ,now the readinesse of the ,bes in flying away1 is known two waies1 as the first is1 when for certaine daies before1 in a maner at the setting of the ,sun1 they plentifully or abundantly gather on a heape righte before the mouthe of the ,hyue1 like vnto greate clusters of ,grapes1 and doe hang togither on heapes one vpon another4 ,the other note is1 that when they be minded within thre daies after to flye awaye1 they make as meruellous noise and sturring too and fro within the hiues at euening1 as ,souldiours at the ,alarme within a ,castell1 whiche you maye easilye knowe1 7this readinesse of them7 if that you lay your eare to ech hiue4 ,and when some of the ,bes are flowen awaye1 then doe those waite for the others1 vntill the whole swarme be come togither4 ,that the ,bes fly not awaye1 ,plinie teacheth in the 4xj4 ,booke of his ,naturall ,historie1 that the hiues ought to be annointed about with the iuyce of the herb named ,balme4 ,also other affyrme1 that the swarme to settle and stay againe through the onely throwing of fine duste on them1 if so be the same be throwen on light1 and that ouer the bes4 ,some beside affirme1 that the ,bes will not flye awaye1 if that the dung of the first calfe of any ,cowe1 be smeared about the mouths of the hiues4 ,plinie writeth1 that by the only binding of the fresh white ,vine 7running in hedges7 rounde about the bodies of the ,hyues1 it stayeth the swarme from flying away4 ,of the ,bees newe settled in a swarme togyther1 and taken or recouered agayne4 ,cap4xv4 ,when the ,bes are nowe in a tumulte in the ayre1 by throwing fine earth on high ouer the ,bes1 or ringing a basen or kettle1 they be with the shrill sound made astonied1 that they maye the sooner settle downe neare to the keper1 whiche if the same happen to be on the branch of a tre1 or on a graft or yong set1 then with a very sharpe sawe1 gently sawe that off1 and laye it on the grounde1 and spedily set a ,hiue on the same prepared for the purpose4 ,for by that meanes 7without doubte7 will the whole swarme flye vp to the toppe and head of the ,hiue4 ,yet it often happeneth1 that they doe not wholy cleaue on a heape to the braunch of a tre1 but to the stocke or body of the tre1 whych by that meanes muste nedes be cutte by a greater force1 so that not able to be recouered by this meanes1 the swarme muste be quickly swepte off1 either with the hand1 or with a ,gose wing1 that they may so fall togither into the hiue4 ,if the swarme happen to be clustred togither on the top of a tre1 so high1 that they cannot be climed vnto1 to take them downe1 then after the shaking of them into the ,hiue 7turned vppe7 either with a pole or high forke1 the hiue must spedily be turned down to the earth4 ,and if they be not thus taken or recouered1 yet if the ,king shal be still in the ,hiue1 then doth the swarme fly in againe1 if he remayneth not1 then wil none of the swarme abide in the hiue1 but flye forthwith vnto the former place4 ,wherfore1 that they may be moued to abide1 you muste then sprinckle the hiue with water and hony togither1 and couer the same within with the grene ,nettle1 or rather the grene ,fennell1 or some such swete herbe1 annointed a little with ,hony1 and after set at the ,euening in their proper place4 ,for the hiue in the day time1 after the recouering thus of the ,bes1 may not be stirred vntil the ,euening1 that the ,bes so quietly resting all that night1 may in the morning leisurely go forth4 ,but for thre daies togither in a manner1 muste the keper dayly looke1 whether the swarme kepeth belowe in the ,hiue1 for if it doth1 then are the ,bes purposed to flye awaye4 ,and if none of al these remedies1 may yet moue the ,bes to stay and tarry in the hiue1 then be-smoke the hiue with flaxe1 and they will after enter in and abide in the hiue4 ,which so staying in the hiues1 set at the ,euening in his proper place4 ,here learne a farther instruction1 that if the swarme of ,bes cannot be gathered and recouered togither all at one time then may you gather the swarme at two or more times togither1 and alwaies put eche part gathered vnder the hiue4 ,if it happeneth that you haue gotten the ,king1 with a part of the swarme1 then will all the others soone come to hiue 7without further trauaile7 of their owne accorde4 ,if the ,bes also be entred into the hollowe of a tre1 then to the hole1 whiche they vse to go in and out at1 as their proper doore1 sette a prepared hiue1 and beneath their hole1 neare to the roote and bottome of the hollow 7as you can gesse7 boare another bigge hole1 that ye may wel put in a smoke of ,brimstone to them1 whiche may so cause all the ,bes to fly out at their hole into the ,hiue1 set ouer the mouth of it4 ,for no better deuise or inuention can be had in this matter1 than by such a smoake made4 ,if the same hollowe tre be so thinne1 that it may easily be sawed asunder1 then with a sharpe sawe lette that hollowe parte be cutte asunder1 bothe aboue and beneath1 and after couering it with a cleane shete1 carrie the swarme home1 which at euening couer with a newe ,hiue sprinckled with water and honny mixed togither4 ,for so they will tarrye the willinglier1 being all shaken forth of the body of the tre1 and couered with the ,hiue4 ,besides the hearbe ,mugworte 7whiche the ,bes by a naturall hatred do abhorre7 doth chase them with the onely smell from place to place4 ,which are the best and fittest ,hiues for the ,honny ,bees4 ,cap4xvj4 ,palladivs writeth1 that the best ,hiues be those1 which are made of the barkes and light corke of tres1 bicause they be neither too colde in the ,winter time1 nor too hote in the ,sommer4 ,and of this1 those ,hiues whiche be wroughte and made of the small ,osier or ,willow tre1 or of the ,vine stickes knit togither1 or ,canes cleft in the middes 7whiche be of like condition to the barke7 wroughte close togither1 and stopped close aboute wyth flockes and clay1 tempered togither with water and salte1 may aptly serue1 if you will4 ,but if neither of those fashioned ,hiues like you1 then may you make the ,hiues of the woodde of a hollowe tre1 or of light bourdes made square1 and stowpyng somewhat afore4 ,the worste ,hiues be those1 which be made of turfes or earth1 bycause they be ouer hote in the ,sommer1 and ouer colde in the ,winter4 ,there be other two kinds of hiues1 as the one made of drie hard ,cow dung1 and the other of tiles4 ,of whiche the one doth ,celsus rightly condemne1 bycause the same is so lightly burned1 and the other he alloweth1 althoughe he dissembleth the speciall commoditie of it1 bycause the same1 if nede requireth1 cannot easily be remoued and carried into an other place4 ,and among these1 ,i suppose oure forme of ,hiues here in ,englande1 are not altogither to be disallowed1 although they be in like daunger1 to be easily burned1 as the other ,hiues aboue taughte1 in that they be made with strawe4 ,but to be briefe1 for a greate swarme you ought to haue in a readinesse a greate hiue1 and for a small swarme a little ,hiue4 ,and the ,hiue also oughte to be a foote and a halfe1 or two foote high1 and in breadth aboue two foote and a halfe1 or somewhat larger4 ,hauing besides two very small and narrowe holes1 somewhat asunder1 and so little ought the mouths to be1 that neyther ,betle1 ,butterflie1 gret ,moth1 ,humble ,bes1 ,euet nor ,mouse may enter in1 to spoile the ,honny combes4 ,some suppose1 or rather affyrme of experience1 that the ,bes are delighted with this closenesse1 in that they more ioy to do their works and businesse in the darke1 than otherwise4 ,of the clenlinesse and sweetenesse of the keeper of ,bees1 and howe ,hiues ought to be fenced aboute1 and prepared within4 ,cap4xvij4 ,the keper of ,bes which mindeth to handle and looke into hiues1 ought the day before to refraine the veneriall acte1 not a person fearefull1 nor comming to the hiue with vnwashed handes and face4 ,and one that oughte to refraine in a manner from all smelling meates1 poudered meates1 fryed meates1 and all other meats that doe stinke1 like as the ,lekes1 the ,onions1 the ,garlike1 and suche like1 whiche the ,bes greatlye abhorre4 ,besides1 to be then swete of body1 and clenly in apparell1 minding to come to their hiues1 for in all clenlinesse and swetnesse the ,bes are muche delighted4 ,nowe thus prepared in a readinesse1 open the hiues first of the ,bes1 about the 4viij4 or 4x4 day of ,aprill1 being then a cleare warme day1 purge the hiues of all such filth which be gathered in them all the winter before1 like as ,spiders webs1 which oughte especially to be wiped awaye1 bicause they corrupt the combes1 not with hands1 but with a goose wing1 the same ought to be done4 ,after that1 the ,hiue oughte to be smoaked with ,oxe or ,cowe dung1 for in that 7as it were1 by an affinitie of the kinde7 do the ,bes greatly delight4 ,the little wormes also1 whiche some name ,maggots1 that brede in the combes1 throughe the blowing of the ,butterflies1 and also the ,butter-flyes ought to be killed and purged oute of the hiue4 ,if the combes happen to fall throughe infection or corruption in them1 then make a smoake with the drie dung and marowe of an ,oxe or ,cowe mixed togither1 that the sauour may go vppe to them1 whiche for that time will cure the weake combes1 strengthen the ,bes1 cause them to worke the lustier afterward4 ,and from the beginning of ,may1 vnto the last of ,iune1 the hiues ought then to be diligently looked vnto1 that the yong swarmes flye not away4 ,also from the tenth of ,iune1 vnto the tenth of ,august1 the hiues ought to be opened now then1 to be smoked with such like as afore is taught4 ,whiche althoughe it be grieuous for the time to ,bes1 yet the same is very profitable1 and strengthneth them4 ,and from the beginyng of the ,dog dayes1 vnto the eightenth of ,september1 ought the ,bes to be carefully looked vnto and defended1 from the violence of the ,hornet ,bes1 which often awaite before the mouthes of the ,hiues1 to set vppon and eate the ,honny ,bes4 ,nowe the keper in a fayre sunny daye1 ought to clense the ,hiues of al maner annoyances as before is taught1 and diligently to stop the chincks1 or clefts about1 sauing the mouthes of the ,hiues1 with ,oxe dung clay mixed togither4 ,and this ought to be done1 for two or thre daies before the change of the ,moone1 the better to defend the ,butter flye and others1 from creping in4 ,the ,hyues besides ought to haue two bigge stickes cleane scraped1 and running a crosse from side to side1 and sprinckled rounde about within1 and swete and pleasant wine1 or else the stickes to be harde rubbed ouer1 with the grene braunches of the ,fennell or other swete smelling herbs1 or with a little hony leaues of the ,pere-tre1 togither1 or with the branches of the herb ,time flouring1 or ,sanerie1 or ,maiorame1 or the hearbe ,balme1 and ,honny togither4 ,some annoint the stickes and hiue within1 with the swete creame of the newe ,cowe milke1 or with ,water and ,honnye sodden togither1 and that sprinckled aboute within the ,hyue1 that the ,bes maye be the rather and sooner moued to tarrie and dwell stil in the ,hiues4 ,how ,bees lacking honnie may be fedde in that present neede4 ,cap4xviij4 ,bycause the boysterousnesse of the ayre doth sometimes constraine the ,bes to abyde in their hiues1 and that they may not only fede of ,honny1 but at the rysing of the constellation 7named ,vergili7 they maye be fed and cherished1 and the same done in this manner without greate cost4 ,as firste1 if you take the number of ten figges1 sething them in sixe pintes of fayre conduite or spring water1 vnto a pynte wasted1 whych after set the one side of the hiue within1 laying many smal stickes a crosse ouer the ,lycour1 that those may serue in stead of bridgs1 the apter for them to drinke of the ,licour1 without drowning in the same4 ,others wyll to seth ,honny and water togither1 the same to be poured into dishes set at the one side of the ,hiue1 in the whiche they will to put fine carded wooll1 that the ,bes maye the better drincke now and then1 and be not cloyed with too much drinking of the licour1 by lighting into it4 ,others take figs raisons beating them togither1 and after boyling them in the swete lycour named ,cuyte1 they poure into dishes1 couering the same with ,oaten strawes a crosse4 ,others also will to take a little ,hony1 putting into the same a fewe ,oate cornes1 that the ,bes lighting on them1 maye so kepe their wings from wetting in the licour4 ,now all these meanes may well suffise to cherish and fed the bes in the ,winter time1 lacking then foode1 beyng set neare to the mouthes of the ,hiues4 ,so that if a longer hunger oppresseth them1 then with the hiues fast by the entring in1 set little gutters made of halfe canes1 or greate elder stickes cleft1 into which poure of the swete licours aboue taught1 for by that meanes may they be wel recouered and strengthned in the depe of ,winter1 when their foode fayleth them4 ,some wil to put fresh birdes cleane drawne1 or the fleshe of a ,henne finely shred into hiues1 for the ,bes to fede and sucke vpon in the depe of ,winter1 the fine feathers also they will put into the ,hiue1 that they may giue then a warmth to the ,bes lying in them4 ,and others also will to put the meate of rosted ,chickens into their ,hiues1 to fede and sucke vppon1 and not the boanes withall1 least the sauour of the bones after the meate eaten off1 might annoy the bes by lying still in the hiues1 in that they so greatly abhorre all sowre and stinking sauors4 ,also these kinds of flesh ordered 7as aboue sayde7 may well serue the ,bes in another drie ,sommer1 when as the most floures are then faded or quite gone away4 ,here note1 that in the ,spring and ,sommer time1 the be-hiues ought to be loked vnto thrice in the moneth1 gently smoking the ,bes1 to clense the ,hiues of al maner filth1 and to swepe forth the wormes4 ,also ,menecrates willeth the keper of ,bes1 to kill the king blacke of colour1 whiche by hys malice disquieteth the other king1 and corrupteth the ,hiue1 in that he flieth out alone1 or with a company of the bes folowing4 ,so by that meanes 7as ,virgil writeth7 shall the battel of ,bes be stayed4 ,palladius writeth1 that the swarmes be increased in the moneth of ,may1 and that in the outmost sides of the combes be the drone ,bes bred1 which ought to be killed1 in that those do muche disquiet the rest of the swarme4 ,the ,butterflies also do abounde1 which he willeth diligently to kill1 for their greate annoyaunce to the honny ,bes4 ,about the beginning of ,nouember ought the ,hyues then to be cleared of their filth1 so that al the ,winter following they may neyther be remoued nor opened4 ,and this may not be done but in a warme sunny daye1 the combes maye not be touched with hands1 but with the feathers of a stiffe goose wing1 or such bigge foule4 ,after that to stoppe the chinkes round about wyth ,oxe dung and clay finely laboured togither1 and to lay strawe thicke ouer the toppes of the ,hiues1 the better to defende the ,bes from the cold and tempestes4 ,how the dead ,bees may be restored to life againe4 ,cap4xix4 ,the keper of bes ought to forese and take hede1 that the ,bes perysh not through ouer great heate1 or ouer mighty cold4 ,if at any time by a sodaine showre in the seking for foode1 ,bes happen to be beaten downe1 or nipped wyth a sodaine colde 7which seldome so commeth to passe that the ,honny bes are so deceyued17 that harmed with the droppes1 they lye grouelyng and flatte on the earth1 as dead in a manner1 then gather the ,bes togyther1 putting them into some vessel for the nonce1 which after set in a warm chamber or ,parloure1 couer warm ymbers1 being somewhat more than hote1 on the ,bes1 whiche gently shake with the ashes1 but in suche sorte that you touche them not wyth your hande4 ,and setting the ,bes in the sunne1 and neare to their hiues1 they will after recouer1 and flie again into their cotages4 ,of the battel that ,bees sometime haue among themselues4 ,cap4xx4 ,vergill writeth1 that the ,bes sometimes minding to fighte1 do hastily brust out of the ,hiues1 and as it were in ciuill battels among themselues1 do fight lyke strangers one against the other1 smite eagerly in their fight one at an other4 ,if so be one hyue hath especially two kings bred vp in the same1 whych very well may be knowne1 when as the bes clustered and heaped togither1 doe represente or represse as it were the forme of two beardes hangyng downe4 ,now theyr readinesse to fight is knowen1 when in the ayre is heard a greate sounde and noyse among the ,bes lyke to the manner of ,trumpets1 whiles they fiercely and cruelly fighte togither among themselues1 in this battell they glitter with the wings1 sharpen the stings with their beakes1 beare forth their breastes1 and about the king they gather and swarme4 ,so that they shoute wyth great noyse1 flying and dashing togither1 and that in heapes and rounde companies mixed or ioyned togither1 and greate is the noyse made among them4 ,and to be shorte1 in this strong and eager battell1 many of them fal headlong downe1 and that thicker then haile stones to the ground4 ,the kings themselues in the meane time flying in the middel frontes1 doe fight with a fierce courage within themselues1 and they also are sene to flie hither and thither among thicke heapes and swarmes of the ,bes1 7like as valiaunte ,capytaines are wont to do in the time of a battell7 with their glistering wings and beakes1 beating downe of the swarmes1 here there and on eche side of them1 of both partes4 ,so that of themselues not giuyng ouer this eager battell1 untill the one part be forced to turne the backe to the other1 and flye away with expedition4 ,therfore that this doubtful battel in the meane time may be ceased and quieted betwene them1 the wise practisers wyll that the keper of ,bes1 do staye and appease this broyle of them1 by the casting of fine earth ouer the ,bes1 whiles they be thus fighting1 which 7as the wise affirme7 of experience doth forthewith pacifie the great stomackes and courages of both partes4 ,but if this auayleth not1 then with honny and water sodden togither1 or raysons in like order1 or with any other swete licour sprinckled on them1 is their furie appeased1 whiche doth as it were with the pleasaunt swetenesse1 quiet the irefulnesse of the warriours1 and wyth the same in this controuersie they are maruelously appeased4 ,if neyther of these remedies do yet preuaile1 then let the keper marke diligentlye those ,bes whyche fyghte in the fronte1 and bee moste eager ,capytaines1 that hee maye kill them with expedition1 for by that meanes1 and with the other remedies aboue taughte1 maye the battels and fight of the wariours be throughly ceased4 ,now after the ,bes are thus quieted1 and the swarme setled rounde on some grene bowe nexte hande1 then marke whether the whole swarme hangeth downe like a cluster of grapes1 whiche so seing1 declareth there to bee eyther one king or two1 by good agrement reconciled1 whiche let alone on such wise1 vntil they flye backe vnto their proper home4 ,but if the swarme shal be deuided into two or many round clusters1 then iudge that there be yet manye ,captaynes lefte1 and that their yre is not ceased3 and in those partes1 where you especially se the bes to cluster moste thicke and rounde togyther1 there diligently seke out the ,captaynes4 ,yet annoynt your hand before with the iuyce of the hearbe ,baulme1 that touching or handling the ,bes1 they flye not hither and thither1 after which put in your fingers gently1 and seuering the ,bes asunder1 seke diligently among them1 vntil you finde out the author and procurer of the battell1 whiche you oughte likewise to kill4 ,vergill writeth1 that the kings sometimes fly forth for a vaine delight1 to sport them flying in the aire1 which you may easily stay and let1 if that you pluck of the kings wings1 that he cannot afterward flye4 ,how ,bees1 may be recouered and founde againe4 ,cap4xxj4 ,if it so happeneth that bes are flowen away1 that you be in doubte whether they be lodged neare hande1 or farre off1 ,palladius doth instructe and teache many goodly wayes to finde them againe4 ,first he teacheth to take red leade1 or red ,oker infused in water1 or any other colour1 stayning1 and to carry the same wyth you in a little shallow dishe4 ,vnto suche a spring or running water as the honny bes haunte1 especially in the moneth of ,aprill4 ,and there sitting downe1 awayte the comming of the ,bes to drinke1 which after they be come1 and there drinkyng1 stayne in the meane whiles such bes1 with your rush coloured redde at the ende1 as you may well retche with the same1 sitting yet stil1 and watching the comming againe of those ,bes marked to drinke1 whiche if they shortlye returne1 then is it an euidente note and token1 that their lodging and cottages be neare hande1 but if those ,bes are long before they returne and come againe to the place1 then maye you suppose and iudge them to be farre off1 and the distaunce you may gesse1 according to their long tarrying and soone comming againe4 ,that you maye easily finde the place where the ,bes lodge1 whether the same bee farre or neare hand1 ,palladius teacheth the same wittily in this manner4 ,firste he willeth to take one whole ioynt of a bigge cane or ,elder sticke stopped at the one end1 and the other end left open1 to annoynt within1 with a little honny1 whiche laye neare to that spring or running water1 that the ,bes daylye haunte vnto4 ,when ,bes resort to the same1 and that certayne be entred within the quil through the sauor thereof1 then stop the hole with your thumb1 letting one of the ,bes afterward to flye forth1 whiche dylygently marke1 and follow that way it flyeth1 for it wyll shewe you part of the way to their home4 ,and after you can se the same no further1 then quicklye set forth another be1 whose flight in like manner marke1 and followe after1 for that it maye also shewe parte of the way vnto their home4 ,and so let flie the bes by one and one1 vntil they bring you vnto the place of the swarme4 ,nowe if the same place be depe in the earthe1 then with a smoake made eyther of drye flaxe or ,brimstone1 driue the ,bes out1 and when the swarme is come forthe1 then ring on a bason or shrill panne1 for being by and by feared with the shryll sounde of the same1 the swarme eyther lighteth on a yong tre1 or on the opener bowe of a bigge tre1 which so founde out1 couer ouer with a hiue prepared for the nonce4 ,but if the swarm be placed in the hollowe of a tre1 and hauing bowes1 or in the stocke of the same tre1 then with a verye sharpe sawe 7if the meanes of the same will giue leaue7 cutte it asunder4 ,and in such sort1 that the parte emptie aboue the bes be first cut1 and the parte beneath it which it semeth the ,bes to be lodged1 to be like cut asunder1 and the stocke thus cut asunder1 at both the endes1 couer with a faire shete1 leaste any large cliftes appeare after the cutting1 whiche also annoynt with honnye1 for the better staying in of the bes1 and after carrye the same home1 which place by your other hiues making smal holes in the same1 for theyr flying in and out 7as afore was taught7 in the ordering of the other hiues4 ,but it behoueth the diligent sercher1 to chose the morning times for the finding out of ,bes1 wherby you may haue the space libertie of the day before you1 to finde out the resort of ,bes4 ,for by loking late after them1 it falleth out so1 that although the ,bes are neare hande1 yet bycause they haue then done their busie and careful laboure1 they flye no longer abrode to seke foode1 nor yet resorte to drinke4 ,throughe whiche it so commeth to passe1 that the searcher after ,bes knoweth not then howe neare1 or far off1 the swarm is from the spring or running water4 ,some take the iuyce of the hearb ,baulme in the ,spring time1 and annoint the same round about the hiue1 whereby the sauour of the iuyce maye cleaue and abide on the vessell1 whiche afterwarde being fayre within1 sprinckle aboute with a little honny1 setting the same hiue downe neare to the woodde or groue of tres fast by that spring or water running by it1 and after the same be filled with a swarme1 carry it gently home4 ,yet doeth not this like1 but in such places where the swarmes of ,bes do abounde1 for that oftentimes it so hapneth1 that vnlesse the hiues be dailye watched1 that the goers by do take them away4 ,but to lose sundrie hiues1 gretly hindreth not1 so that you may in the mean whiles enioy one or two of them full4 ,nowe hitherto hathe bene sufficientlye taughte1 suche remedies and helpes1 as necessarily serue1 to the taking1 and recouering of ,bes loste1 and otherwise to finde oute straunge swarmes4 ,that the ,bees sting no person1 comming neare their ,hiues4 ,cap4xxij4 ,plinie in his twentith book writeth1 that the hearb ,sperage1 brused and mixed with oyle1 and annoynted with the same1 doth defende the person from being stinged1 by comming nygh to their hiues4 ,and in his 4xxviij4 booke he also wryteth1 that if any happeneth to be stinged by a ,scorpion1 that he shall neuer after be stinged of any ,be1 but yet being stinged1 he teacheth to drinke the iuyce of ,hearbe-grace and ,rue mixed with wine1 and to lay the leaues also in plaister forme on the stinged places4 ,in the #ba4 booke he writeth the like1 that bes stings are by nature venomous1 against the which he teacheth to take vse the iuyce of ,mallowes1 or the iuyce of ,iuie leaues1 and to annoint eyther of the two1 on the stinged places1 as a souerain remedy4 ,and in the #bc4 booke1 he teacheth wyne for a remedy1 as boyled with bay leaues1 and after drunke4 ,in the #bd4 booke he teacheth to take a drop of that molten1 whiche the honny ,bes make at the entrye of the ,hiue1 to be a like remedy1 as of the water ,bezoar to be vsed against venemous bittes4 ,auicen in his seconde rule teacheth1 that the decoction of the ,march ,mallowes wyth vineger or wine1 and the same anoynted on the stinged places1 to be a perfit remedie4 ,whiche also in his fourth rule affirmeth1 that the ,honnye ,be hath like dispositions to the waspe1 sauing that they leaue their stings behinde them3 wherfore for remedie of the wasps1 you may vse those which we haue afore taught againste the stings of ,bes4 ,when and howe1 the ,hiues ought to be gelded4 ,cap4xxiij4 ,palladius ,rutilius in his first booke teacheth1 that the hiues of ,bes ought not to be gelded1 before you consider and se whether they be rype1 vnto the comming of the true ,honny1 whyche in a manner 7as hee teacheth7 commeth to vse in the moneth of ,iune1 or as others affirme1 in the ende of ,auguste1 vnto the midle of ,september4 ,now there be certaine notes and tokens1 by whyche we trye and fynde out the ripenesse of them1 whiche be these1 firste if the hiues be ful1 then do the ,honny ,bes drive forth the ydle drone ,bes out of the ,hiues1 and there is also hearde within a small or shrill humming of the ,bes for that the emptie cottages of the combs1 as they were hollow buildings1 do receiue a sound noise1 procured then bigger1 so that when there is hearde a big hoarse sound of the humming of them1 then is it not yet met to geld the combs4 ,varro writeth1 that it is then time to geld hiues1 when as you see within1 that the ,bes hang clustring round1 that the holes of the hony combes be couered ouer1 as it were with thin caules1 for then be they full of honny4 ,now the day of gelding the hiues ought to be done timely in the morning1 when as the ,bes are astonied throughe the colde aire1 and not done in the heate of the day1 when they be procured to fly forth of the hiues1 and being then very angry1 to sting those persons which come to the hiues4 ,the maner of gelding the hiues is on this wise1 first stop the holes of the hiues1 that the ,bes passe not forth1 with grasse or some other hearbe1 after that putte vnder fine linnen ragges1 or strawe1 making a little smoake with the same1 whiche smoake so flying vppe1 causeth the ,bes after to breake leaue their clustering togither4 ,after these1 with two instruments or tooles of yron1 made for the only purpose1 of a foote and a halfe long1 or rather somewhat longer made1 of whiche the one ought to be a long knife1 and broade of either side the edge1 with a hafte1 and hauing a crooked file on the one end4 ,the other at the beginning plaine1 and very sharpe1 whereby with this the combes may the readier and quicklier be cutte downe1 with that other instrument scraped cleane1 and whatsouer filth falleth off1 drawne awaye1 and throwne aside4 ,but where the hiue of the hinder parte1 or parte behinde1 shall haue no voide place emptie1 then make a smoake 7as ,varro commaundeth7 with ,galbanum and drie ,oxe dung1 which ought to be made in a earthen fuming pan1 filled with quicke coles1 or a pan of earth with a narrow mouth1 and a handle like to it4 ,so that the one part oughte to be sharper or narrower vpwarde1 by whiche the smoake may passe by the little holes1 and the other parte where the coles are1 broader1 and with a large mouth of the one side of it1 by which the person may blowe the coles3 ,nowe suche a pot when it is set within the hiue1 and the smoake stirred vp to the ,bes1 whiche by and by not quieted with the sauour1 flie vnto the foreparte of the hiue1 sometimes flie quite oute of the hiue1 wherby any may looke into the ,hiue without harme1 in a maner1 to the person4 ,if there happen to be two swarmes in one hiue1 then are there also two kindes or formes of honny combes4 ,for euerye company of ,bes in agrement togither1 doth fashion frame the waxe1 as liketh them best4 ,but all the honny combes being hollowe wrought1 and a little cleauing to the sides of the hiue1 do hang1 whereby they may not touch the floure or bourde1 for that otherwise it causeth the swarmes to flye quite away4 ,yet the forme of their waxe is such1 as the condition of their cottages is4 ,for that some ,bes doe make both square and rounde spaces1 and some long1 so that eche frameth1 as it were certain formes in the combes1 according to his kinde4 ,so that the hony combs1 are not founde alwaies alike in fashion1 but these combes of what forme soeuer they be1 are not to be taken all out of the hiues4 ,for in the beginning of ,haruest1 whiles the fieldes yet flourishe1 take a fift parte of the combes1 but after1 when ,winter is at hande1 then leaue a thirde parte behinde4 ,palladius willeth the hiues to be gelded in the moneth of ,october1 and that a third part be left behind4 ,yet consider1 that if there be store1 to take the more3 if but a meane1 then the halfe part of that leave for the winter time3 if the cottages appeare but halfe full then take nothing away4 ,but ,varro teacheth1 that a third part of the combes maye be taken away1 the other parte left for the winter1 although the combes be ful of honny4 ,if you fear 7saith he7 a sharp winter to follow1 then take nothing at al3 of the same mind is the learned ,vergil in this4 ,but the expert practisers of our time in such matters1 do affirme1 that the honny ought to be taken awaye but once in the yeare1 this in the end of the moneth of ,august1 vnto the middle of ,september4 ,but the waxe being corrupt1 then1 both before and at any time maye be taken forth of the hiues4 ,also as touching the honny which the ,bes giue1 whether you maye take awaye either little or much1 must be considered according to the finalnesse or plentifulnesse of the hony being in the hiue4 ,and according to the smalnesse or greatnesse also of the swarm to be nourished1 so that aboue the fourth part of the combes may not be taken from any hiue4 ,yet this order may not be vsed alike in countries1 bicause a man must consider the dealing with the hiues1 according to the multitude of floures1 plentifulnesse of foode for the ,bes4 ,if the waxie combes hanging down do run into a length1 then with the same yron toole which is made like to a knife1 being oftentimes dipped in water1 that the waxe cleaue not to it1 nor that the combs remaining may be harmed1 the hiue holden on the one side cut the combs away4 ,after this1 put both your armes into the hiue1 gathering togither1 and taking forth the combs4 ,but if the combes hang ouerthwart in the hiue1 then must you vse your scraping yron1 that the combes of the further side thruste togither1 may so be cut away4 ,also the old corrupt combs are to be taken forth1 the whole and full of hony to be especially left4 ,and if there be any yong ,bes in them1 those kepe or preserue to increase the swarm in that hiue4 ,after that1 carry al the store of the hony combes into one place1 whereas you mind to make the hony1 stop diligently the sides and edges of the hiues round about1 that none of the ,bes may enter in1 which for the hony and waxe taken away1 do eagerly seke after1 and finding the same1 do vtterly consume the same if they may4 ,therfore1 of the former matters must a smoake be made1 that 7at the entry7 or mouth of the hiues1 that the ,bes assaying to fly in1 may through the smoke be driuen to flye backe again4 ,now after the hiues be gelded1 and that anye shall haue ouerthwart or crossed combes at the entrance of the hiue1 those then shall be so conuerted1 that the parts behind maye be emptied left void for another time4 ,so that when they shal be next gelded the old combs rather than the new are to be taken forth1 the waxe renewed1 for that the older the waxie combes are1 so muche the worser they be4 ,if it happeneth1 that the hiue be so made1 that the same may not be remoued out of the place then ought you to geld first the hinder parte1 and after the foreparte3 and this especiallye ought to be done afore fiue a clocke in the morning1 and after nine of the clocke at night1 or in the nexte morrowe4 ,nowe the ,bes when they knowe this1 all come to fill the emptie place1 so that after they haue repaired and filled the same1 and fulfilled all the reste aboute it1 then flye they to the forepart1 and do worke in like order4 ,by whiche we may euidently learne1 that they haue filled the same empty place also1 by their abiding stil there4 ,besides these1 as the great plentie of honny1 doeth cause sluggishnesse in the ,bes1 euen so doeth the much abatement1 and exceding taking awaye of their honny1 bothe dull the quickenesse and diligence of them1 and cause them also to be sluggishe4 ,what the honny is1 and howe from the hiues the same maye be prepared to vse4 ,cap4xxiiij4 ,as we firste gather the honny from the combes1 so do we the waxe for the comforte of the light1 and other commoditie besides4 ,nowe what the honny is1 and howe the same taken from hiues1 maye be prepared to vse1 shall hereafter be taughte4 ,firste the learned ,isidore writeth1 the honny to be of the deawe of some lyquide matter1 and affyrmeth also the same to be founde sometimes in the leaues of the greate ,canes4 ,to whiche in a manner doth ,publius ,maro agre in this verse1 writing1 that hitherto the heauenlye giftes are of the ,aereall honny4 ,others teach the honny in ,india and ,arabia1 to be like to salte gathered there on the leaues of tres4 ,others do doubt whether the honny be a sweat from heauen1 or a certaine spittle of the starres1 or a iuyce of the aire purging it selfe4 ,but whatsoeuer substance the same is1 yet is it a moste swete1 subtill1 and healthfull iuyce1 ,plinie witnesseth1 which at the first gathering of it1 is as a cleare water1 but after the boyling a while1 and purging of it selfe1 as the newe wine 7after the pressing forth7 is wonte to do1 doth by the twenty day after come to a perfect thickenesse of honny1 throughe the often repeating and working of it in the hote dayes1 from the beginning of ,may and vnto the middle of ,iune4 ,nowe the honny is gathered in this maner3 first1 before the honny be pressed out of the combes1 must those corrupt combes hauing red filth1 and hauing yong in them 7if any such be there7 be pressed oute1 bicause they bothe procure an euill taste1 and with that iuyce corrupt the hony4 ,the combs brused togither1 ought to be put into a cleane presse1 being yet warme1 and new gathered out of the ,hyues the same day1 whiche lette lye there1 vntil the hony by little and little be run forth1 or rather for the more expedition1 pressed forthe with a heauy waighte1 and the same which is then come forth1 is very faire rawe hony4 ,after that the honny with the waxe muste be boyled togither1 as hereafter shall be taught4 ,nowe when the combes be thus brused togither1 and the yong ,bes killed and cast forth1 then must you make youre hony in this maner4 ,as first in the ,moneth of ,september or ,october1 take the heauier and older hiues1 which are of two or thre yeares olde1 and not hauing bred swarmes in the ,sommer before3 and that ouer smoke and flame of strawe1 drie flaxe1 or yellowe ,brimstone1 the hiue a little whiles be holden1 that the ,bes may so flie vppe to the toppe of the hiue1 or else suche remaining below burne their wings4 ,after that1 turne downe the head of the hiue on the ground1 and with a sharpe knife cutte the crossed stickes asunder in the ,hiue1 or plucke them forth with your hand4 ,for by that meanes are the combes wel brused togither1 and the ,bes either killed with the fall of them1 or else flye away4 ,after this putte all the combes on a heape1 being gathered oute of the hiues here and there into a presse1 leaning somewhat on the one side1 but some put the combs into a wine basket made of smal willow or ,osier stickes finely knitte and wroughte togither1 that hanged vppe in a darke place1 the ,honny maye runne thoroughe by little and little from it4 ,after that the honny hathe thus runne forthe into a cleane earthen panne or boll standing vnder it1 then the same after poure into an earthen potte1 or pottes1 being as yet rawe honny1 but clearer and better than the other licour of the hony4 ,which for certaine daies let stand open1 that the swete licor may throughly coole1 and the same in the mean whiles often skimme or purge with a spoone4 ,nowe after this1 the fine peces or crummes of the combes1 which yet remaine in the bagge of wicker1 or wine basket1 or presse1 putte into an earthen potte1 panne1 or kettle1 ouer a verye softe fire1 that the same may heate without boyling1 and alwayes kepe youre hande in the vessell1 to stirre still aboute hither and thither the honny and waxe1 and to open also the waxe by pece meale vntill the honny and not the waxe1 shall be throughlye molten4 ,when the honny through the heate1 beginneth a little to pricke the hande1 then poure all the whole ,masse or substaunce into a strayner1 and putting the same in a presse made for the onelye purpose1 wring it harde about1 yet it maketh no great matter1 if that same be not so earnestly wringed or pressed out1 that none of the ,honny remaine yet with the ,waxe1 seing that the ,honny and ,waxe haue effects in some causes alike4 ,now this ,honny whiche is thus runne forth1 is named the ,sodden ,honny1 whyche oughte in like manner to be poured into earthen pots1 and to stande open for certaine dayes1 skimming it dayly with a spoone1 vntill it be throughe colde4 ,the nobler or worthier ,honny is that which runneth oute in a manner of the owne accorde1 before the second pressing out of the combs4 ,and mixe not of this seconde ,honny with the firste1 but kepe them diligentlye aparte1 leaste by mixing the firste to the seconde1 you make the beste 7being the firste7 the worser4 ,after all this thus handled1 the same whiche yet remaineth in the strainer1 wash diligently with ,conduit or faire ,spring water1 that you may so haue the ,mulse or hony water1 of which being sodden and diligently skimmed 7as of this hereafter shall be further taught7 is the ,mulse made1 that serueth to manye good vses4 ,which ,honny is accompted best4 ,cap4xxv4 ,certaine ,countries doe excell in the perfecte goodnesse of ,honny1 like as the famous ,attica of ,grece1 which for the excellencie of the ,honny is hadde in great reputation throughout the world4 ,hybla also ,hymetus being hilles of the same ,countrie1 which the deceiuers applie to ,honny1 that the same maye both be named ,hymetus and ,hybleus ,honny4 ,creta1 ,cyprus and ,affrica1 as in goodnesse they are notable or worthy1 so the abundant or maruellous plentie of the ,honny is there commended4 ,also the newnesse of ,honny is likewise commended1 as the auntientnesse of wines1 but the ,spring and ,sommer ,honny1 especially if the vessell or hiue stande in a valley or bottome1 and doeth excell in the waight of hande4 ,but the honny gathered of bitter hearbes is counted vnprofitable1 as the same ,honny which the ,bes gather in the country of ,pontus1 where the ,bes onely gather their honny of the ,wormewoode4 ,the white in all ,countries is better estemed than the blacke1 but the beste honny is that whiche is very cleare1 of a golden colour1 of a moste pleasaunt and swete taste1 cleauyng somewhat to the fingers in the handlyng1 and but little stiffening or waxing hard togither4 ,and that the honny in the pouring forth1 doth straightway breake here and there1 and squirteth or sprinckleth 7sodainely as it were7 sundrie droppes abroad1 which being on thys wise1 ,plinie teacheth to be the triall and sure note of a good and profitable honny4 ,of the venomous ,honie1 and of the wonderfull ,honye of ,creta4 ,cap4xxvj4 ,it so much forceth to vnderstande and know1 what maner of foode the same is1 with the which the ,bes do liue1 as the poysoned hony also1 that may be gathered by them1 whether it be euill or venomous4 ,for the ,honny of ,heraclea in the ,countrey of ,pontus1 hath bin for certaine yeares1 very dangerous1 especially throughe a certaine hearbe growing white1 whiche also vexeth their cattell by eating thereof1 named of the dwellers there1 ,aegellothron4 ,but by these notes is that ,honnye founde out and tried to be venomous1 as firste1 that the same is not thicke at all1 the colour brighter or more glistering1 and hath a strong sauour1 mouing forthwith often snesing1 and is also waightier4 ,also such persons1 as taste somewhat thereof1 doe couet to lie or fall hastily on the earth1 seking for coldenesse1 and be all on a sweate1 so that in sodaine daungers1 muste some spedy helpes or remedies be ministred1 like as the olde ,mulse of the best hony1 and herb ,grace1 or other like confections1 be often ministred to suche persons4 ,there is also another kind of venomous hony1 in the border of the country of ,pontus1 that for the madnesse which it engendereth1 is named of the people ,neonomenon3 the same hony is supposed to be gathered of the floure ,rhododendros1 whiche groweth plentie there in the wooddes4 ,plinie writeth of a maruellous honny to be in ,creta1 for that in ,carina being a hill of that ,countrey1 he affirmeth a honny to be gathered1 whiche the flies will not touch1 and supposed also to be a singular ,honny1 for the composition of euery medicine4 ,of the miraculous worthiness of ,honny4 ,cap4xxvij4 ,most men in ,italy prepare and make their medicines which they purpose to kepe long1 with honny1 so that honny preserueth euery thing from putrifying1 which you would haue in safety1 and to continue for a season1 through his clamminesse4 ,and of this1 auntient men did enbalme bodyes of the deade1 which they would haue preserued1 and to continue sound without corrupting many yeres1 with hony only1 and the same they also smeared within the tombes or sepulchres of the deade1 for the longer keping of bodyes4 ,the self same writeth the learned ,papinius of the body of ,alexander1 which was likewise embaulmed with ,hony4 ,and not vnlike to this writeth ,plinie1 in the xxij4 booke1 and xxiiij4 ,chapter of his ,histories1 of sundrye dead bodyes also embaulmed with hony4 ,which in another place also of his ,histories writeth by ,claudius ,csar1 that brought a monster out of ,egipt into his countrey1 whiche was also embaulmed with ,honny4 ,ahanus also writeth1 that bodies subiect to sickenesses1 maye both be kept fre from sicknesses1 and from corrupting a long time1 through the often smearing and annoynting of ,honny ouer all the bodie4 ,as the like wryters report1 that the ,isle of ,corsica1 or ,corse do1 whiche liue a long time4 ,the ,macrobians being a people in ,affricke1 named also ,mrein1 doe liue a long time1 as certaine authours write1 bycause with the meate of ,honny1 whyche is plentie with them1 they dayly be fed1 and vse continually4 ,some affirme that ,democritus which recreated by ,honny1 with the only breath and sauour of the ,honnye made hote1 liued 7as they write7 vnto a hundred nine yeares4 ,aristoxenus writeth1 that the table of ,pythagoras was dayly furnished with only breade and honny1 and yet liued vnto the fourescore and ten yeres of the ,philosopher ,heraclides4 ,the ,honnye also is founde to auayle against surfettes1 and of this accompted amongst the medicines putting awaye drunkennesse4 ,and of this it is no maruel1 that suche throughlye skilfull in ,phisicke1 when anye be ouercloyed or filled with ,wine1 do counsell firste to emptie their stomackes by vomityng1 and after against the force of the fume euaporating of the remnaunt of the ,wine yet remayning1 they giue to them ,honny spreade on breade1 as it were by putting backe the euill1 that is maye so remedie and putte awaye the grosse fume4 ,how profitable the vse of ,honny is in medicines4 ,cap4xxviij4 ,firste the white ,honye is to be vsed in cooling ,medicines1 but the yealowe in heating medicines3 also the nature and propertie of honny1 is to clense and open1 and to expel humors4 ,therefore it is profitably applyed in filthy vlcers1 being boyled and annoynted vpon4 ,it closeth also loose and gaping fleshe1 through his wholenesse4 ,also with ,liquid ,alume honny sodden togither1 are ,ringwormes1 and cornes or swelling of the fete healed1 by annoynting therewith4 ,against the vncertaine soundings and noyse of the eares1 and grieuous pains of them1 the hony grounded with that salte digged out of the earth1 and dropped warme into the eares3 the selfe same killeth both nits and lyce1 by only annointing the heade therwith4 ,also the hony purgeth the eyes dimme of sight1 healeth the swellings1 and other defaultes and griefes of the iawes1 the swellings and kernels vnder the iawes1 neare to the throte1 after the preparing to vse1 the same be gargelled in the throate1 and the mouth washed therewith4 ,the honie eaten causeth vryne1 helpeth the cough 7being cleane skimmed before7 and the byte of a ,snake or ,adder4 ,the hony also helpeth those which haue drunke vnwares the iuyce of blacke ,poppie1 so that againste the same euill and daunger they drinke rosed honny warme4 ,also the same drunke helpeth the malice and daunger of ,mushromes eaten1 and the byte of a madde dogge1 or otherwise melting in the mouth1 after the forme of an ,eclegma4 ,yet all the sortes of rawe ,honny be windie and swell the bodie1 mouing a rumbling or noyse in the belly1 procuring the cough1 easily conuerted into euil humors1 stopping the liuer and the milt through the clamminesse1 and hurtfull to chollericke bodies1 if so be the honny before 7as ,dioscorides writeth7 be not throughly skimmed and clensed as the same ought to be4 ,the honny also boyled both better nourishe than the rawe1 yet lesse mouing the belly to solublenesse1 and to the stoole4 ,and the honny of it selfe1 or mixed with others1 helpeth the sore in the lungs1 and all other diseases of the lungs4 ,the honny is rightly ministered to such as haue the impostume in the lungs and the pluresie4 ,and the hony in which dead ,bes are1 is applyed to the venemous honny4 ,the hony drunke with wine helpeth the corruptions which are engendered of the meate fishes4 ,but to colde and moyste bodies the honny is more profitable1 therfore verie fitte for olde persons1 as ,galen affirmeth4 ,and to persons being twentie yeares of age1 and of an vntemperate hotenesse1 or others hote of qualitie1 the honny to them is hurtefull1 bycause it is soone conuerted into choller in them4 ,democritus was on a time asked1 by what meanes men might both continue in perfite health1 and liue vnto very old yeares1 to which he thus answered3 if so be men annoint their bodies outwarde with ,oyle1 and apply their bodies inwarde with honny4 ,further honny profiteth weake persons1 being applyed as the ,mulse water1 of which shal after be taught in the next chapter4 ,to persons cold of nature1 the honie may aptly be ministred in hote broth1 but to hote persons ministred in warme brothe1 the honie is not rightly giuen4 ,the honny mixed with ,camphora1 lying to settle thre dayes before1 with the which annointing the face1 doth spedily clense the spots in the face3 the self same doth the honie1 mixed with the gall of an ,oxe4 ,the pure white honie clenseth the breast1 softneth ,impostumes1 being as well without1 as within the bodie4 ,the hony also mundifyeth1 openeth the stoppings of the ,liuer and ,mylte1 helpeth dropsie bodies1 and strengthneth weake members4 ,the ,aromaticke honny much auayleth in sundrie diseases1 being thus prepared1 as the pure redde ,rose leaues finely clipped1 and after boyled in pure white honnie1 being often and diligentlye skymmed4 ,for such a ,honnye doeth comforte and mundifye1 dissolueth in the clensing the clammy swellings1 digesteth the fleumaticke and grosse humors1 and drunke also with colde water1 it bindeth the bellie1 but ministred with warm water it looseth the bellie4 ,of the drinke of ,honny which they cal the ,mulse water1 or sweete water of the ,romaines4 ,cap4xxix4 ,by the aunswere of ,pollio the ,romaine vnto ,augustus ,emperour1 we may euidently learn1 that the ,mulse made of hony1 is healthfull drinke in strengthning the bodie4 ,for ,augustus on a time demaunded of him by what meanes a man might liue to great yeares1 and all that season fre from sickenesses1 to whome he thus aunswered1 that applying the ,mulse water within1 and annoynting ,oyle without the bodye1 doeth worke the like4 ,the ,mulse truly is a drinke made of water and hony mixed togither1 which the ,greks properly name ,melicrate1 some ,hydromel1 as the drinke made with wine vnlayde1 or without water1 and hony1 they aptly name ,oenomel4 ,now the ,mulse water drunke1 doeth ease the passage of winde or breath1 softneth the belly1 and the long time of oldenesse changeth it into the kinde of ,wine1 moste agreable and profyting the ,stomacke3 but the same contrary to the ,synowes1 yet it recouereth the appetite lost1 and is a defence against the dangerous drinke of ,henbane1 if it be ministred with ,asses milke4 ,thys drinke truely 7,aegineta wryting therof7 is thus made3 let eight times so muche water be mixed vnto your ,honnye prepared1 whyche boyle or seth so long1 vntill no more fome aryseth to be skymmed off1 then taking it from the fyre1 preserue it to youre vse4 ,but the same ,paule ,aegineta affyrmeth1 that the ,mulse profyteth nothing in manner the collericke1 bycause the same in them is lightly conuerted into choller4 ,of the drinke ,oenomel1 which is made of pure wyne and ,hony4 ,cap4xxx4 ,the ,oenomel1 which is a swete wine made with ,honny1 ,aegineta teacheth the same1 not only for the preseruation of helth1 but also to expel the torment of sicknesses1 through this most wholesome drinke1 as that whiche giueth1 not onely strength of body and courage1 but the long race of yeares4 ,also it expelleth an olde griefe of the ,reines1 being often drunke with ,parcely sedes4 ,but the beste ,oenomell is that which is made of olde and tarte wine1 and the beste purified hony1 for the same doth lesse swell4 ,the same also harmeth drunke after meales1 but before taken1 doeth procure an appetite4 ,dioscorides teacheth that maner of making the ,oenomell in this order3 first he willeth to take one gallon and a quarte of ,wine1 and mixing it with halfe a gallon1 and a pinte of the beste hony1 to prepare the same orderly4 ,but some prepare or make the drinke spedilier to vse after this manner1 as the hony they boyle with ,wine1 and after poure foorth the same into other vesselles4 ,of the singular water of ,hony gotten by order of distillation4 ,cap4xxxj4 ,the ,hony of ,bes mete to distillation1 ought especially to be white of coloure1 which before the distilling muste bee mixed with pure and white and well washed sande1 but not drie in any case1 after that1 putte the same either into a common ,rose ,limbecke of ,tinne1 setting a hearie siue close vppon it1 that it may touch the ,hony in the distilling1 or else into a body of ,glasse1 sette into a potte of fine sifted ashes or sande1 making at the firste a softe fire vnder it1 vntill the first water be come1 whiche is white1 and after the yelow water appeareth1 then put vnder another receiuer1 setting aside the white1 and so long distill vntill the redde beginneth to shewe3 at the appearaunce of whiche1 put vnder another receiuer1 letting that remaine vntill no more will come4 ,which red water being the last1 serueth for sundrie vses1 as to die womens haire yellow1 by often wetting the haire with a ,spunge1 and drying the same in the hote ,sunne4 ,also it causeth fayre and long haire1 and stayeth the sheading of haire3 besides 7this thirde water7 doeth clense the foule corruption and matter being in filthye woundes1 and olde vlcers1 if they be washed twice a daye with the same1 causing also newe flesh to grow in those places1 if you dayly washe them with the sayd water1 or otherwise dip linnen clouts in it1 laying them aptly on the sores4 ,the selfe-same healeth places grieuously burned1 without appearaunce of anye scarre afterwarde1 by often applying lynnen cloutes dropped in it4 ,and the seconde water being of a golden coloure dipped into the eyes1 doeth not onely helpe swollen and bleared eyes1 but the pinne and webbe in them1 by the dayly and often dropping of the same into the eyes4 ,but as touching the white and firste water1 there is no worthy matter mentioned in thys place by any of the old ,practisers4 ,another manner of distilling the ,honie1 more at large taught4 ,cap4xxxij4 ,take a pinte1 or as much as you wil1 of the pure rosed hony1 which put it into a bodie of glasse close couered luted about1 setting the same after into hote horse dung with a square stone on the head1 couering it ouer with the horse dung for #ad4 dayes1 after which time1 take the body forth1 setting it into a fornace of fine sifted ashes1 well a finger bredth or more aboue the hony1 presupposing on your part1 that little peces of flint stones be put into the hony1 then distilled with a soft fire into a receiuer well luted at the mouth1 for doubt of the ayre breathing forth4 ,when the same beginneth to distil1 then draw forth part of the fire 7vnlesse you can otherwise gouerne your fire by the help of the fornace7 whiche comming forthe white1 let so long distill1 vntill there appeare yealow droppes like to gold4 ,vpon the sight of this1 set vnder another receyuer1 keping diligently this firste water by it selfe1 and increasing the fire1 let that long distil1 vntill certain white smoakes appeare1 running into the receiuer3 that spedily take away1 putting to another receiuer1 which let so long distill1 vntil no more will droppe forth1 and this laste1 is of a rubie colour in rednesse1 so that if a woman often wetteth the heares of hyr head with this thirde water1 setting then in the hote ,sunne1 both to drie and wette them againe1 wearing in the meane whiles a large strawne hatte with an open crowne1 to spreade the heares vpon1 for the spedier drying of them1 whiche so ordering1 doeth not onely cause the heares to grow long and very fayre1 but dyeth them in time so yealowe as gold4 ,also to diuerse other vses1 doth this red water serue1 as afore is taught in the other ,chapter4 ,the white water 7which commeth firste7 by washing the face orderlye with it1 doeth cause it to become cleare and fayre1 and keepeth the skinne from loking olde1 for a long time1 as the same hath ben experienced often by the worthy dames of ,rome1 ,naples1 and ,venice4 ,and the yealow lyke golde being the second water1 doth especially serue to this vse1 that if any person happeneth to be infected with the plague or ,pestilence1 then to take two ounces of this yealow water1 of ,aloes ,epaticke1 of redde ,myrre1 and of the east saffron1 of each ten graines1 and a leafe of the best gold1 all which grinde into fine pouder1 mixing the same with this water3 after that giue it vnto the sicke to drinke1 whiche no doubt wil both helpe this many other diseases4 ,the manner of distilling a water of ,hony named the ,quintessence4 ,cap4xxxiij4 ,to make this singular and precious water1 you must take two poundes of the purest white honie1 being both cleare and pleasaunt in taste1 whiche put into a body of glasse1 being so bigge1 that foure of the fiue partes of it maye remayne emptie1 the same lute stronglye aboute1 letting the heade after on it1 and a receyuer aptelye to the nose of the ,still4 ,when you haue thus done1 then make a gentle fyre at the firste vnder it1 but after increase the fire or heate more and more1 vntill certaine white smoakes appeare in the head of the glasse bodye1 which do you workemanlye coole and turne into water1 by the wettyng of lynnen clothes in colde water1 and layed on the heade and nose1 towarde the receiuer1 for that turneth into a water so red as bloud3 and being all come1 putte it into another glasse1 stopping the mouth close1 whiche let stande so long1 vntil the water become verye cleare1 and in coloure to the ,rubie4 ,now being on this wise1 distill the same againe in ,balneo ,mari1 and so often repeate this1 vntill you haue distilled it sixe or seauen times ouer1 that the coloure be chaunged1 and in the ende1 to the coloure of golde4 ,whiche then is moste pleasaunt of sauoure1 and so swete1 that nothing maye be compared like to it1 in flagrantnesse of smell4 ,the ,quintessence doeth dissolue golde1 prepareth it apte to be drunke1 and any ,iewell put into the water1 it doth also dissolue the same4 ,also this is named the ,blessed ,water1 in that giuing to any two or thre drams to drinke1 being at the point of death1 doth so sodainely recouer the person againe1 as doeth the ,quintessence of wine4 ,and washing any grieuous wounde or stripe with the water1 doeth in shorte time heale the same4 ,also this pretious water doth maruellously help the cough1 the ,rheume1 the disease of the ,splen1 and many other diseases1 whiche woulde scarcely be beleued4 ,the water also ministred daily vnto a person sicke of the ,palsey1 for the space of 4xlvj4 daies1 he was by the mightie helpe of ,god1 this miraculous water1 throughly healed of the disease4 ,also this ,quintessence doth helpe the falling sicknesse1 and preserueth the bodye from putrifying1 so that by al those we maye learne1 that thys is rather a diuine water from ,heauen 7and sente from ,god7 to serue vnto all ages4 ,the manner of drawing and making ,waxe of the ,honny combes4 ,cap4xxxiiij4 ,the ,honny being drawen from the combes1 although some ,bes hang on them deade1 yet putte all togither into a fayre panne or cauldron1 into whiche poure so muche water or more1 as the quantitie of the combes be4 ,this set ouer a softe fire1 vntill the same what it be1 is throughly heated and molten in the panne1 and in the melting continually sturre the same aboute1 with a bigge splatter or some staffe1 leaste the ,waxe cleaue to the panne sides1 throughe the flame or heate of fire1 and appeare burned3 after poure the whole substaunce into a course hairen bagge1 pressing it forth into a troughe or other like vessell1 made for the only purpose1 on which poure twoo or thre kettles full of hote water1 that no dregs hang after on the ,waxe1 and by that means shall you haue the ,waxe both pure and cleane4 ,but if you wil haue it caste into faire round cakes1 and to be cleaner and purer1 then melte the ,waxe againe1 and being molten1 poure it into a cleane vessell1 which washed likewise with warme water 7as aboue was taught7 set after in the ,sunne1 by which meanes1 the cake will continue verye long faire of couloure4 ,what ,waxe is beste allowed and commended4 ,cap4xxxv4 ,waxe being the foode of lighte1 and seruing vnto innumerable vses of men1 of all the kindes1 the same is beste allowed and commended1 whiche is bothe newe made1 meanelye redde of coloure1 somewhat fattie1 smelling swete1 hauyng some sauoure in it of the ,honny1 and cleare4 ,of the ,waxe also in sundrie ,counties1 that in the countrie of ,pontus is well commended1 and the same in the ,isle of ,creta3 nexte to these is the ,waxe in the ,isle of ,corsica1 which is made of the ,boxe tre1 and supposed to haue some good effectes in it for ,medicine4 ,of the great commoditie and benefite of ,waxe in ,medicines4 ,cap4xxxvj4 ,waxe hath a meane among heating things1 both in the cooling1 drying1 and moistning1 as writeth ,galen in the seauenth booke of ,simples1 and 4#bb4 ,chapiter1 whiche properly helpeth the roughnesse of the breaste1 when it is ioyned or mixed with the oyle of ,violets1 for that bothe mollifyeth or softneth the sinewes1 ripeneth and resolueth vlcers4 ,the quantitie of a pease in waxe swallowed downe of ,nurses1 or such women as giue sucke1 both dissolue the milke courded in the pappes4 ,and tenne little peces of pure newe waxe1 vnto the biggenesse of a hempsede1 drunke downe at one time1 doeth cause the milke not to courde in the womans stomacke and breastes4 ,if the priuie place or thereabout1 of either man or woman1 happeneth to swell1 then by applying an ointment made of white waxe1 it shortly assuageth and healeth the same4 ,if anye also happeneth to be diseased with the bloudy flixe1 by stuffing a yong ,pigeon with newe waxe1 after rosting the same1 and eating the fleshe thereof1 doeth in shorte time after staye the same4 ,also1 if a ,quince made hollowe and filled with pure newe waxe1 be after rosted vnder hote embers1 vntill the same be tender1 and eaten fasting without drinking after it1 doth in like sorte staye and helpe the perillous flixe1 and scouring of bloude4 ,the waxe besides serueth to all maner of plaisters1 ointments1 suppositories1 and such like4 ,of that whych is a stay of the combes1 and made for a defence of ,bees from colde4 ,cap4xxxvij4 ,the same made of ,bes at the entrie of the mouth of hiues1 oughte to be yelowe of coloure1 and swete smelling1 like to ,storax1 and drawne into a length1 like to ,mastike4 ,yet that is rather chosen1 bycause in heating and drawing it is principallest4 ,for of itselfe1 this draweth forth thornes or splents of wood run depe into the flesh by applying it plaisterwise on the grief1 it helpeth an olde coughe by making a smoake thereof1 and holding the mouth ouer it1 and applyed in the forme of an ointment on ringwormes1 doeth spedily heale them4 ,nowe this matter 7as aboue was taught7 is the stay of the hony combes1 by whiche ,bes stoppe and kepe forth al manner of colde and other annoyances which might endamage them1 the same also being of so strong a sauor1 that some vse it in the stede of ,galbanum4 ,m4 ,varro nameth it a refuge of ,bes1 withoute their cottages1 bicause ,bes make the same at the entry of the hiue4 ,howe to make ,waxe white4 ,cap4xxxviij4 ,waxe is made white in this manner1 firste that kinde of waxe 7fit for this purpose7 ought to be whiter and purer1 and broken into little peces1 putte after into a newe earthen panne1 pouring vppon it sufficient salt or sea water1 and a lyttle ,nitre brused1 which seth altogither4 ,when the same bath boiled twice or thrice vp1 remoue the panne from the fire3 the waxe being throughly colde1 take forth of the panne1 and scraping off the filth1 if any suche hang on1 putte againe into newe salte water1 sething it againe4 ,and when the waxe hathe so often boyled 7as aboue was taughte7 then take off the panne from the fire1 and taking the bottome of a newe earthen panne1 melt it with colde water1 whiche dippe by little and little into the waxe1 drowning it a little1 and that the water be aboue the waxe1 whereby the waxe maye become verye thinne1 and be the sooner cooled it selfe4 ,and taking by and by oute the moulde or bottome1 drawe firste the rounde cake off1 and wetting againe the bottome in colde water1 dip it into the waxe1 and the same so long doe1 vntill you haue drawne off all that waxe into cakes of like sorte1 whiche after stitche throughe with threde1 hanging the cakes on a rope one from another1 and that in the daye time often wetting them in the ,sunne1 but in the nighte time1 in the ,moone light3 and so long doe this1 vntill the waxe be white4 ,and if anye desireth to haue waxe whiter than this1 then let him do the like1 as abouesaide1 but boyle the waxe oftner4 ,some in stede of the salte seawater1 take strong ,brine water1 in whiche they boyle the waxe in the same manner twice or thrice1 as aboue was taughte4 ,and ,paulus ,euerdus in his booke of ,confections1 teacheth the making of waxe white two manner of wayes4 ,howe you may make redde ,waxe4 ,cap4xxxix4 ,that you maye colour and make ,waxe redde1 take to one pounde of waxe1 thre ounces of verye cleare ,turpentine1 if it be in sommer1 but if it be in winter1 then take foure ounces4 ,now these disolue and melt togither ouer a soft fire1 and taking it from the fire1 let it coole a little1 after which put in your ,vermillian finely ground on a ,marble stone1 and of swete ,salet ,oyle1 of eache one ounce1 mixing these well1 stirre al togither1 diligently4 ,but some in stede of ,vermilion1 doe take the reede leade1 which is little commended1 except there be thre times so muche of the redde leade1 as of the ,vermilion putte in4 ,and in the like sorte may you make the grene ,waxe1 if instede of the ,vermillian1 you take so much of the grene ,coporas finely ground1 as you did of the ,vermilian4 ,howe to drawe a profitable ,oyle out of ,waxe1 for sundrie vses4 ,cap4xl4 ,the ,oile of ,waxe1 is myraculous and diuine in workyng1 bycause it serueth in a manner vnto all griefes4 ,reymond ,lully greatly commendeth this ,oyle1 approuing it rather as a celestiall and diuine remedie1 and that this in woundes1 doeth worke moste miraculously1 which for his maruellous commoditie1 not so well to be allowed of the common ,chirurgions1 bycause this pretious ,oyle healeth a wounde1 be the same neuer so wide and bigge1 being before wide stitched vppe1 in the space of tenne or twelue dayes at the moste4 ,but those whiche are small1 this ,oyle healeth in thre dayes1 by annoynting onely on the cuttes or woundes1 and laying after linnen cloutes1 wette in the saide ,oyle1 vpon the woundes4 ,for inward diseases the saide ,oyle worketh myraculouslye 7if that you minister or gyue a dramme at a time in white ,wine to drinke7 and stayeth also the sheading of haire1 either on the head or beard1 by annointing the places with this ,oyle4 ,besides these1 it is miraculous in the procuring of vrine1 being mightily stopped1 and helpeth also stitches and paine in the loynes1 by drinking the like quantitie of the ,oyle aboue taughte in white wine4 ,now the making and drawing of this oyle1 is on this wise3 firste take a body of glasse1 named a ,retort1 which stronglye lute aboute with clay and flocks1 diligently tempered togither with salte water3 after the body is thus fenced and thoroughe drie1 putte in a pounde or more of pure newe waxe1 so that the saide waxe filleth not aboue halfe youre body1 and to euerye pounde of ,waxe1 poure in foure ounces1 of the pouder of redde bricke1 finely brused1 whiche after set into an earthen potte1 filling it rounde aboute with fine sifted ashes or sande4 ,after this1 set the potte with the bodye in it1 on a fornace1 making a softe fire at the firste vnder it1 and after encreasing a little more your fire1 distil them so long1 vntill all youre ,oyle be come1 whiche after a while wyll congeale in the receiuer3 but it maketh no greate matter1 although the oyle so doe1 for it is neuerthelesse in his perfection4 ,bycause that if you shoulde distill it so often ouer1 vntil it will congeale or stiffen no more in the receiuer1 then shall you make it ouer hotte1 and so quicke in the mouth1 that it is not possible by anye meanes to drinke it downe4 ,but being once distilled1 you maye either giue it in ,wine to drinke1 or annoint with the ,oyle on any place of the bodye where you will1 whiche will always doe good1 and hurte in no manner4 ,and in consideration of these aboue taught1 you maye evidently learne and perceiue1 that this myraculous ,oyle oughte to be hadde in greate veneration of the common sorte4 ,another waye of drawing the ,oyle of ,waxe moste noble1 and doth maruelously help the cold ,goute1 the ,sciaticke1 the swelling of the legs1 and al other griefes proceeding of a colde cause4 ,cap4xlj4 ,take of pure newe waxe so muche as you please1 which put into a panne ouer the fire to melte1 and being molten1 haue by you in a readinesse another panne well glased1 and cleane within1 filled with verie good and perfecte wine1 into whiche poure youre molten waxe1 letting it soake and drinke in well1 and washe often in the saide wine4 ,after this take the waxe forth1 melting it againe ouer the fire1 and molten1 washe the same againe in the beste wine1 so that euerie time melting the waxe1 poure it into freshe new wine1 washing and soaking it in the same diligently1 after wringing it very wet with the hands4 ,and vsed on this wise1 both melt and washe againe in the abouesaide manner1 and this also do for eighte times togither4 ,then set the same forth1 being a cleare season and ayre1 all the nighte throughe1 after which put the waxe into a ,retorte with a little of ,mumia1 and oyle of ,ypericon or ,saint ,iohns wort1 and a little olde ,oyle3 and although without these it maye doe good1 yet mixed with these it worketh farre better1 than vsed alone4 ,nowe to retourne to the former matter this crooked bodye or ,retorte set in fine sifted ashes1 and a gentle fire made vnder it1 vntill all the oyle do runne forth1 and in this comming forth of the oile1 shall appeare all the foure ,elements1 as ,ayre1 ,water1 ,earth and ,fyre1 whiche will orderly appeare in the receiuer1 right maruellous to se4 ,and the ,oyle being thus fullye drawne1 worketh miraculouslye in all diseases which proced of a colde cause1 like as we haue aboue taught4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the conclusion to the ,reader4 ,thus 7gentle ,reader7 ,i haue 7,i truste7 fullye satisfied thy desire in as manye things as are needefull to be knowen4 ,and ,i committe this my little ,booke to thy gentle iudgement3 if thou mayste receiue any profite or commoditie thereby1 ,i shal be gladde of it1 and if not1 yet fauourably let it passe from thee to others1 whose knowledge and experience is lesse than thine herein1 that they may gather suche things as to them are strange1 though to thee wel known before4 ,and thus brieflye ,i committe thee to ,god4 77 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,certaine ,husbandly ,coniectures of ,dearth and ,plentie for euer4 ,the first ,chapter4 ,and first consider and marke1 that howe the weather is a daye before the day presente1 and the daye after the ,sunnes entraunce into the signe ,aries1 and suche like shall the weather be 7for the moste parte7 in these thre moneths1 as in ,september1 ,october1 and ,nouember4 ,and looke howe the weather shal be at the ,sunnes entrance into the signe of ,leo1 as at the day of the entrance the daye before1 and the daye after1 and such commonlye shall be in the moneths of ,december1 ,ianuarie1 and ,februarie1 for if the winde shall then blowe oute of the ,north1 or ,easte1 and those daies drie1 then shall followe a verye colde season in those thre moneths3 but if the winde blowe out of the ,south or ,weast1 and that it raineth in those thre dayes1 then yse to followe in those thre moneths4 ,and if the weather in these thre daies shal be neither wholy drie1 nor wholy moiste1 then shall folowe an vnstedfaste ,winter4 ,and like as the weather shall be at the ,sunnes entraunce into the signe ,libra1 as at the daye of the entraunce1 the daye before1 and the daye after1 suche for the more parte shall be the ,spring1 as in the moneth of ,marche1 ,aprill1 and ,may4 ,and looke howe the weather shal be at the ,sunnes entrance into the signe ,aquarius1 at the daye of the entraunce1 the daye before1 and the daye after1 7suche for the more parte7 shall the weather be in the moneths of ,iune1 ,iuly1 and ,august4 ,and manye auntient men affyrme1 that like as the weather shall be whiles the ,sunne is running by the signe ,libra1 and vnto the 4#bj4 degre of ,scorpio1 which time is from the daye named 7the ,exaltation of the crosse7 vnto the day of al ,saints1 such for the more parte shall the yeare following be1 as in diuiding that foresaide time into twelue moneths1 and that foure daies doe aunswere to eche moneth1 of the whiche foure dayes1 that eache one of the foure1 doeth declare the condition of the quarter following1 and beginning also to recken ,november as the first moneth of the yeare4 ,and the generall signes of the dearth and plentie after the minds of the auncient husband men be these1 as the ouermuch coldenesse drying1 the ouermuch moysture softning1 the ouermuche heate greatly burning1 and the ouermuch drinesse putrifying and working into dust4 ,for when any of these qualities shall excede in the proper time1 but especially in that time1 which to the corne and fruites do not agre1 then shall dearth and scarcitie both of fruites and corne ensue4 ,as for example1 when the moneth of ,march shal be ouer moyst and wet1 which rather ought to be drie1 and that the moneth of ,april shal be drie1 which then ought to be moyst1 doth after pronounce the penurie of the fruites of the earth4 ,and if that part also of sommer shal be weat1 in which the corne doth then fall vnto ripenesse1 that rather ought to be drie1 doth after signifie the scarcitie both of corne and other fruites of the earth4 ,and the like may be saide of the other constitutions1 which when the ,elementall qualities shal be in such a condition as do best agre1 then doe they promise both fruitfulnesse and plentifulnesse4 ,and if in the ,spring be signes of colde and drought1 and that in the ende of the spring neare the full moone be frostes1 then shall follow very small yelde of the fruites of the earth1 and little wine that yere following4 ,and if the spring be drie1 then fewe shall the fruites of the tres be1 yet good1 and the scarcitie of corne shal be that yeare4 ,and if the ,spring shall be colde1 the fruites of the ,earthe shall be late ripe4 ,and if the ,spring and ,sommer shall be ouer wette1 or mistie1 or colde1 with cloudie weather for manye daies together1 whiles all the tres haue borne their blossoms1 and the fieldes their floures1 and beginne to shedde their floure1 then shall follow the scarcitie of fruites of the earth in that yeare1 or else a verie greate rot of them1 and many sicknesses in that yeare4 ,and if the sommer be drier than customably1 then shal follow the scarcitie of corne1 yet the ,sommer fruites shall that yeare be sound1 the fishes then die1 and most sharpe sicknesses shall raine that yeare4 ,and if the ,sommer shal be hotter than customably1 then shal followe many sicknesses or diseases1 yet great plentie of the ,sommer fruites that yeare4 ,and if the ,sommer shal be colder than customably1 then shall follow a healthfull yere1 but the fruites of the earth shal late ripe that yeare4 ,and here further note of the spring1 that if in the same season of the spring1 there shal be a more plentie of all floures and fruits toward than customably1 doth after signifie a scarcitie of corne that yere1 vnlesse the heate of sommer doth otherwise reforme the same4 ,and the wise and auncient husbandmen haue obserued1 that when the winter shal send downe store of raine on the earth1 so that the same excede not or be too much1 and that the ,march following be drie1 and the ,aprill wette by often shoures1 and that the same part also of ,sommer be drie in which the corne falleth to ripenesse1 then doth the same promise a plentifull yeare4 ,and when that part of the ,haruest shal be faire and drie1 in which the wheat is sowen1 and the parte of sommer in which corne falleth too ripenesse shal be faire and drie1 the spring also meanely warme1 doth then not only promise fruitefulnesse1 but a plentifull yeare of corne4 ,and nowe the ,haruest moyster than customably doth putrifie the ,grapes1 and causeth a small yelde of wines that yeare1 with the scarcitie of other fruites4 ,and if in the latter part of ,haruest it be moyster1 then in the yere following shal ensue the scarcitie of corne4 ,and if the ,haruest be drier in the first part1 then in the yeare following shal ,rie1 and that smal graine named ,mill1 and suchlyke1 be deare4 ,and if the haruest be hoter than customably1 then shall followe a diseased yeare and that dangerus4 ,and if the ,haruest be colder than customably1 then shall follow the losse of the ,haruest fruites both in the store and tast of them4 ,and the ,winter colde and drie1 is of all husbandmen commended1 but extreme colde1 doeth then flea the tres1 especially those which ioy in a warme aire1 as the ,pomegranade tre1 the ,oliue tre1 the ,lemmon tre1 the ,figge tre1 the ,peach tre1 and such like4 ,and if the ,winter excede in the extremitie of coldnesse1 then doth it signifie harme both vnto the ,vine and the ,oliue tre1 the ,cherie tre1 and the yellow ,quince tre4 ,and if the ,winter be hote and moyst1 then the same doth pronounce an vnhealthfull yeare1 and daunger to sedes and fruites of the earth4 ,and the excesse qualitie1 and distemperature of any of the foure quarters1 is euill and daungerous to the fruites of the earth4 ,and the plentie of snowe falling in the due season of the yeare1 doth batten the earth1 7and if the others do helpe7 then doth it signifie the plentie of corne and other fruites of the earth4 ,and if any washeth the handes with snowe1 it doth then make them stedie1 in that the snowe is ingendered of a vapour somewhat drie and earthly4 ,and the snowe nourisheth shepe other beasts in that the snow is ingendered of the moyst aire1 in which life consisteth4 ,and the snowe increaseth the corne and other growing things on earth1 in that by his coldnesse it so doth shut the poures of the earth1 that the heate with the whiche the sedes of the earth be cherished1 cannot then breath forth4 ,and the snow heateth and cherisheth the earth1 by the thicke couering of it1 and defendeth the grene wheat and other sedes sowen1 from the sharpe and vehement colde then of the ayre4 ,and the snowe may be kept all the yeare under the earth1 couered with strawe1 and profitable it is to mixe with the wine in hote sommer1 and necessarie also to coole the ayre about sick persons4 ,and the vnprofitable falling of the deawe1 mistes1 or fogges 7especially when all crescent thinges doe bud foorth1 and shewe theyr floure7 as in the ,moneth of ,aprill and ,may1 as well on the tres1 corne and grasse1 which beastes then feding on be greatly harmed1 through the deaw fallen1 and all other thinges also much harmed by the same1 as hath bene often obserued by the ancient and wise husbandmen4 ,and the ouermuch falling of raine1 frostes or haile1 especially in the spring time1 and in the winter time1 whilst the corne is yet as grasse1 the excesse of raine also doth then threaten the scarcitie of vittailes to ensue that yeare4 ,and the great plentie of beanes1 after the opinion of the common husbandmen1 through the much raine fallen1 doth fore shewe the scarcitie of corne1 and especially of wheate that yeare4 ,and a like iudgement may be giuen of the ,oke and ,holly tre1 which if they beare plentifully1 then a fruitfull yeare followeth1 and contrariwise bearing but few1 then a deare yeare of corne to ensue4 ,and the great plentie of ,grashoppers1 wormes and ,catterpillers appearing in their proper time more than customably1 doe not only declare harme to vines and sedes sowen1 but to all fruites that yeare4 ,and the great store of windes1 not only cause little fruites1 but scarcitie of corne to ensue that yeare4 ,and a stilnesse in a manner throughout the yeare1 doth declare a likelyhode of the plague to ensue shortly after4 ,and the auncient ,hipocrates writeth1 that when in the ,sommer the ,north winde long continueth1 and in the ,harvest1 the ,south winde with store then of raine1 it doeth after threaten in the ,winter the headache1 hoarsenesse of voice1 the coughe1 consumptions or impostumes to ensue4 ,and if after a drie ,sommer 7as write the auntient ,phisitions7 the ,north winde doeth long continue in the ,harueste1 then the bodies of women1 and suche diseased with a moiste sicknesse1 doe then in that season the rather recouer health1 in that the drinesse of the seasons and windes is contrarie to the excesse1 and to the rottennesse of the humors1 by whiche the sicknesses were caused4 ,and if the ,winter shall be hote and moiste1 and the ,spring colde and drie1 then doth the same threaten sicknesse to men in the ,sommer1 and that women with childe shall haue vntimely birthes of a light occasion4 ,and ,hypocrates writeth1 that when in the ,winter be longer ,northerly windes1 and in the ,spring longer ,southerlye windes1 and that raynie and wette in the ,sommer following1 then doeth followe ,agues1 and the ,diseases of the eies4 ,and when after a colde ,winter1 and that ,south windes and raynie in the ,spring1 and that the ,sommer be drie then in the ,haruest following doe agues ensue1 paines also of the bowels thoroughe the greate scouring of the bodie1 and ,sicknesses1 with the whiche olde men1 diseased persons1 and children be then more pained4 ,and when the ,southwest winde doth long blowe aboute the end of ,haruest1 then those persons diseased with a long sicknesse1 do shortly after die4 ,and a further knowlege of dearth and plentie of victualles1 and of sickenesse may be had on this wise4 ,firste in the end of ,haruest1 cutte open two or thre ,oke apples1 looking whether there be in them either ,flyes1 ,worms1 or ,spiders4 ,for if in the ,oke apple be founde ,wormes1 or ,magots1 then they signifie 7after the opinion of auncient husbandmen7 to the dearth and scarcitie in that yeare4 ,and if the ,oke apple cut open be founde like to flies1 it doth after threaten battel to ensue in that yeare4 ,and if in the ,oke apple be founde like to ,spiders1 then doe they foreshewe the plague or pestilence to ensue in that yeare4 ,and to conclude1 the onely proofe of the former taught1 shal moue the ,reader better to credite these4 ,an euerlasting ,prognostication of the state and condition of euerye yeare1 by the only ,kalends of ,ianuarie3 written by that antient learned ,leopoldus ,austriacus1 and others1 for the commoditie of the wise ,husbandmen4 ,cap4ij4 ,and nowe1 when the first day of ,ianuary shal happen on the ,sunday1 then the ,winter shall be temperate and good1 yet windie1 the ,spring wet1 the sommer drie1 and the ,haruest hurtfull throughe windes4 ,so that victualles shall be reasonable good cheape1 plentie of ,wines1 the good health encrease of shepe and other cattell1 and the indifferent plentie of hony1 and the like plentie also of ,peason1 ,beanes1 ,vetches1 and the herbes and fruites of the ,gardens4 ,also yong men shal die that yeare1 and a discorde to be feared betwene ,kings1 or else some manifest perils to happen to ,kings and greate ,prelates in aucthoritie1 and that diuers robberies shall be attempted that yeare4 ,and if controuersies happen betwen ,princes1 then a conclusion of peace to be looked for in that yeare4 ,and if the firste day of ,ianuarie shall happen on the ,monday1 then shall the ,winter be warme1 the ,spring very colde1 with ,snow and ,frostes that season1 the ,sommer boisterous through winds1 and haile oftentimes1 and lande floudes shall be somewhere1 and the ,haruest very drie4 ,so that sicknesses shall ensue1 throughe which many of the simple sorte shal then die1 and diuers also shall die1 throughe the sodaine plague then happening4 ,also the likelihoode of greate alteration to ensue1 that auntient women to mourne1 ,kings to die1 and a greate slaughter to be feared by the sword4 ,also small store of wines1 the death of ,bes1 and little hony that yeare4 ,and if the firste beginning of the moneth of ,ianuarie shal be on ,tuisday1 then that ,winter shal be long1 and much snow in that season1 and the likelihoode of land floudes1 throughe the muche raine then falling1 the ,spring windie1 the ,sommer verye wette1 and the ,haruest abounding in grosse and rotten humors 7so that a moste greuous plague is to be feared1 and especially of women1 and the likelihoode of many shipwrackes1 and very greate cares and troubles to happen vnto ,princes1 with the scarcitie of fruites of the tres3 and corne shall be deare1 with the sodaine death of cattel to be feared that yeare4 ,also wood shal that yeare be deare1 and the likelihoode of fearefull fyres1 and that the plague to be grieuous that yeare4 ,and yet shal there be store of ,peason1 ,beanes1 and ,vetches1 plentie of hearbes and floures4 ,also there shall be plentie of ,hony1 ,oyle1 and wines that yeare4 ,and when the firste of ,ianuarie beginneth on the ,wednesday1 then shall the ,winter be warme and calme1 the ,spring wette1 and disposed to sicknesses1 the ,sommer hote1 and the ,haruest vnprofitable1 so that long sicknesses are to be feared1 the ,quarten ,ague with them4 ,also yong men shall then be sick1 and in ieopardie of death1 and women the like1 in sundrie places shall happen a famine1 with a greate brute of straunge newes4 ,and there is also to be feared the grieuous passions of the hearte1 the ydlenesse of minde1 or rather distraught1 and the diseases of the matrice in women4 ,and yet the plentie of ,oyle and ,wines1 but the scarcitie of corne to be doubted that yeare4 ,and if the beginning of ,ianuarie be on ,thursedaye1 then shall the ,winter be calme1 temperate1 the ,spring windie1 the ,sommer vnseasonable1 and the ,haruest drie1 so that corne and victualles shall then be deare1 yet store of ,oile and ,wines that yeare4 ,and there is a likelihoode of lighte sickenesses to happen vnto the common people1 but more dangerous sicknesses vnto the richer sorte4 ,and the blearednesse of eies also is to be feared1 and that yong children shall then die1 battels procured1 and the sedition of souldiours1 and an earthquake to be doubted that yeare4 ,also great talke of newes shal be in ,kings and ,princes houses1 and greate perills also be doubted to happen vnto ,princes in that yeare4 ,and if the firste daye of ,ianuarie happen on ,fridaye1 then shall the ,winter be verie cold and drie1 the ,spring boysterous and wette1 the ,sommer temperate1 the ,haruest more wette than drie4 ,so that the blearednesse1 and other diseases with the filthinesse of matter running in the eies is to be feared1 and the pinne or web is likewise to be doubted to happen in that yeare4 ,and yong children shall ther die1 and a likelihoode that young women shall be allured vnto a wanton loue1 throughe the flatterie and great perswasions of men4 ,also a suspition of battels to ensue in that yeare1 and the plague and robberies then to happen4 ,also the plentie of fruites is then promised1 althoughe muche haile fall that yeare4 ,and if the beginning of ,ianuarie happen on ,saterdaye1 then the ,winter shall be windie and vnstable1 the ,spring windie1 and vnconstant of weather1 the sommer vnstable with manye tempestes1 and the ,haruest drie3 ,so that victualls shall be deare1 small store of corne1 and little fruite that yeare4 ,also shepe shall not well prosper that yeare1 and a likelihoode then of the death of swine1 and that woode shall be deare4 ,also there shall be manye tertian agues1 and diuers other diseases rayning among men1 so that olde men shall then die1 and a likelyhoode of the death of many men1 by the plague4 ,also many fires shall be hearde of1 little store of ,wines1 ,oyle1 and ,hony1 yet plentie of hay that yeare4 ,and if ,neweyeares night 7being the first night of ,ianuarie7 shall be calme and cleare1 as withoute winde and raine1 then doeth the same promise a prosperous yeare following4 ,and if in the same night the winde happen to blowe oute of the ,east1 then doth the same signifie the death of cattell to ensue that yeare4 ,and if the same night the winde happen to blowe out of the ,west1 then a likelyhood of the death of ,kinges or ,princes to ensue that yeare4 ,and if in the same night the wind happen to blow out of the ,south1 then doth the same signifie the death of manye persons to ensue that yeare4 ,and if in the same night the wind happen to blow out of the ,north1 then doth the same signifie the small yelde of all fruites of the earth that yeare4 ,howe to foreknowe the state of the yeare1 by the only rising of the dogge starre1 out of the husbandrie of ,diophanes4 ,cap4iij4 ,and about the knowledge of this1 there is to be considered and noted1 in what signe the ,moone shall then be1 at the first appearance of the dogge starre aboue the ,earth in our ,realme of ,england1 which generally to be reckened is about the seauenth day of ,iuly4 ,and nowe if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,aries1 at the first appearance of the ,dog starre1 it doth after declare the death of ,cattell and much raine4 ,so that small yelde of corne yet plentie of ,oyle shal be that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,taurus1 at the first appearance of the dog starre1 then doth it signifie much raine1 fogges and mistes that shal harme much that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,gemini1 at the first appearance of the dogge starre1 it doth after promise the plentie of corne and wine and all other fruites of the earth1 a yet diseased yeare1 and to be doubted that a ,king shal then die1 and that rebellion also shall be moued that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone run then in the signe ,cancer at the first appearance of the dog starre1 aboue the earth1 it doth after threaten drought1 with the great scarcitie of corne to ensue in that yere3 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,leo at the firste sight of the dogge starre1 it after promiseth the plentie both of wines and ,oyle1 and the good cheape of corne and other victuals that yeare4 ,and yet to be feared the commotions of the common people1 and slaughter of the same to ensue1 with an erthquake1 and land floudes to happen in that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,virgo1 at the first appearance of the dogge star1 it after signifieth the plentie of showers1 and the greate store of fruites of the earth1 and the cheapenesse also of cattell4 ,and yet to be feared1 that women shal be deliuered before their time in that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,libra1 at the first appearance of the dogge starre1 it after declareth the stirring vp of a king1 and a commotion of the common people4 ,and yet the plentie of fruites of the tres1 although there be a likelyhood of the scarcitie of corne and oyle in that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then the signe ,scorpio1 at the first appearance of the dogge starre1 it after declareth the commotion of priests1 the destruction of ,bes1 and an infectiue aire to ensue that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,sagitarius1 at the first sight of the dogge starre aboue the earth1 it after signifieth a raynie yeare1 yet fruitefull1 and the plentie of corne1 and ioy among men4 ,and yet is to be feared the death of cattell1 the multitude of foules in that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,capricornus at the first appearance of the dogge star aboue the earth1 it after declareth the commotion of souldiours1 and greate store of raine1 and yet the plentie of corne1 wines and ,oyle1 and al other thinges good cheape in that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone run then in the signe ,aquarius1 at the first appearance of the dog star aboue the earth1 it after signifieth of a most likelyhood1 the death of a king or ,prince1 the scarcitie of corne1 and the plentie of such flyes with the long hinder legges1 that burne corne by the touching of it4 ,and yet little raine1 with the plague to ensue in that yeare4 ,and if the ,moone runne then in the signe ,pisces1 at the first appearaunce of the dogge starre aboue the earth1 it after declareth much raine1 and the death of byrdes4 ,and yet doth it promise a sufficient store1 laudable plentifulnesse1 both of ,wines1 ,oyle1 and corne1 but manye persons shall be diseased in that yeare4 ,other profitable instructions1 right necessarie for husbandmen to know4 ,cap4iiij4 ,and first if the horne of the ,ramme 7nere his eare7 be boxed1 the same doeth tame his fiercenesse4 ,and if his right genitour be trussed vp before he goeth to couer the ,ewe1 then doeth he beget an ,ewe lambe4 ,and if the left be thus straite trussed vp1 and the righte hanging downe1 then doeth he begette a he lambe4 ,and if in the time of the ,south wind blowing1 the ,ram doth then couer the ,ewe1 he doth after beget a she lambe4 ,and if when the ,north wind bloweth the ,ram doth then couer the ,ewe1 doth after beget a he lambe4 ,and of what colour also the vaines shal be vnder the tongue of the ,ewe1 suche shal the colour of the skinne of the lambe be1 for if she hath black vaines vnder the tong1 then the ,lambe shall be blacke of skin1 and if white vaines vnder the tong1 then shall she haue a white lambe3 and if of diuerse colours1 then the lambe shal be of diuerse colours on the skin4 ,and that antient ,isaac writeth1 that ,rams in their yong yeares be of lesser moysture and clammynesse1 than be the sucking lambs1 and this is1 through their age and qualitie then ruling4 ,and therefore the fleshe of yong weathers be better1 and ingender better bloud than the sucking lambes4 ,and this is here spoken of such ,rammes as be gelded1 in that their moysture and hotenesse is then temperate4 ,and the wethers ouer old are to be refused in eating1 in that they be then cold and drie without moysture1 and they smallye nourish and hardly disgest4 ,also befe and other fleshe of beastes being olde1 be euill to eate1 through the coldenesse and drynesse1 and through the lacke of the moysture and hotnesse4 ,and when the olde ,rams in their time to couer the ,ewe1 be sooner moued thereto1 than the yong ,rammes1 it doeth then signifie a good and profitable season to ensue in that yeare1 and a good season and prosperous also for shepe4 ,but if in the proper time to couer the ,ewe1 the yong ,rammes be sooner prouoked thereto than the olde ,rams1 then doeth followe the greate rotte or murreyne of shepe in that yeare4 ,also ,ewes by drinking of water conceiue the sooner wyth ,lambe and of this the shepeheardes giue them salte to eate1 wherby the more drinking of water1 they may so conceiue with yong1 and they are also by that meanes preserued the healthfuller4 ,and in the ,haruest also some sheapheardes giue them to eate ,gourdes seasoned with salt to encrease their milke1 for by that meanes both the milke more plentifully issue forth of their teates1 and the ,ewes do sooner conceiue4 ,also in ,sommer is the colde ,northerly water good for them1 and in the ,haruest the warme ,southerly water good for them4 ,also to let shepe fede in the ende of the day1 is greatelye commended3 and if they also stirre but little abrode1 the same is thought very profitable1 in that the muche iourneying1 and labouring of them hither and thither1 doth so cause them to become leane4 ,also the skilful shepeheards knowe1 whiche shepe will well endure the sharp winter1 and which not1 in that vpon some of the shepes backes 7as they affirme7 ,ise maye be founde1 and vpon othersome none at al4 ,so that by this may be learned1 that such shepe which be weake1 a man can hardely plucke off the ,ise from their backes4 ,and further learne1 that those shepe whiche haue long tayles1 maye hardlier abide the sharpe colde winter1 than those hauing broade tayles3 and the shepe also curled of haire 7do in like sorte7 hardlier endure the bitter winter4 ,and besides these1 the number greatly harmeth shepe1 especially if anye ,ewe being with yong happeneth to be alone at that instant1 for that she then with lambe1 doeth of the fearefull noyse of the thunder1 deliuer hir yong one before the time4 ,and for a speciall remedie to saue that vntimely casting of ,lambes at such times1 the skilfull shepeheardes haue found out1 that the only driuing of many ,ewes togither1 is a sure safegard to them to auoyde this occasion4 ,besides1 if you will remoue the rot of shepe1 that they die no more1 then take the belly of a ,ram1 and seth the same in wine and water togither1 which after mixe with water1 and giue the same generallye to all the shepe to drinke1 for by that meanes shall they againe be recouered of their disease4 ,and here learne1 that the fleshe of shepe1 and other foure footed beastes1 which commonly fede in moyste ground1 is euill to fede vpon1 for the harde digestion of the same4 ,also learne1 that the good shepe are knowen by their age1 as being neyther to olde1 nor yet as ,lambes3 and by the forme also they are knowen1 if so be you finde them large of body4 ,and they besides haue much and soft wool1 and both thicke long heare1 especially on the nape1 and about the necke1 and the like haire on the belly4 ,and both the health sicknesse of shepe may be knowen1 if so be any openeth their eyes1 and findeth the vaines within to be redde and small1 which vndoubtedly declareth them to be sound and good3 but it those vaines that appeare white1 or redde1 and bigge1 then those shepe are diseased and weake4 ,and if the shepe go lustily and boldely by the waye1 it is a sure token that they be sound1 but sadly and hanging down the heade1 then be they diseased4 ,these hitherto of the yearely coniectures1 and other rules1 only mete for husbandmen to vnderstand and know4 77 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's note3 ,scribal abbreviations have been expanded4 ,variations in spelling1 accenting1 and hyphenation have been retained4 ,all instances of ',,vv' standing in for ',w' have been changed to ',w4' ,table of ,contents entries have been regularised to the format 'cap4xij4' cap4first41 comma inserted after ',aristotle1' ,palladius1 ,aristotle1 ,theophrastus cap4first41 'aud' changed to 'and1' diuided with plightes and rings4 cap4vij41 'diligeuce' changed to 'diligence1' care and diligence of the ,bees4 cap4viij41 full stop inserted after 'sting1' or lacketh a sting4 cap4viij41 second 'the' struck1 whiche the king carrieth cap4viij41 comma changed to full stop1 owe vnto him4 ,yet they punish cap4viij41 comma inserted1 lesser of body1 yet howsoeuer cap4viij41 catchwords 'be placed' inserted1 be placed certaine rulers1 cap4ix41 second 'in' struck1 become gentle in a short time4 cap4ix41 'iu' changed to 'in1' in the steade of cap4ix41 'hoth' changed to 'both1' to be both euill and cap4ix41 'dest' changed to 'best1' doth he best commende cap4x41 comma inserted after 'ditches1' puddels1 ditches1 dung-heapes1 cap4x41 'cheritre' changed to ',cheri tre1' ,cheri tre they greatly hate cap4x41 'hat' changed to 'that1' for that tasting of cap4x41 'flonres' changed to 'floures1' tasting of the floures cap4xj41 comma inserted after 'swallows1' to swallows1 to sparrowes1 and cap4xij41 'spetiall' changed to 'speciall1' ,this is a speciall argument cap4xv41 full stop inserted after 'agayne1' or recouered agayne4 cap4xvj41 full stop inserted after ',bees1' for the ,honny ,bees4 cap4xvj41 'dwo' changed to 'two1' two very small and narrowe holes cap4xvj41 full stop inserted after 'otherwise1' darke1 than otherwise4 cap4xvij41 hyphen changed to full stop1 and face4 ,and one that cap4xvij41 comma changed to full stop1 greatlye abhorre4 ,besides1 to be cap4xvij41 full stop inserted before 'x41' the 4viij4 or 4x4 day of cap4xvij41 'profftable' changed to 'profitable1' is very profitable1 and cap4xvij41 'beinying' changed to 'beginyng1' ,and from the beginyng cap4xx41 'controueesie' changed to 'controuersie1' in this controuersie cap4xxj41 'be' changed to 'be1' set forth another be cap4xxj41 'a sunder' changed to 'asunder1' cutte it asunder4 cap4xxj41 'a sunder' changed to 'asunder1' be like cut asunder1 cap4xxij41 ',beees' changed to ',bees1' ,that the ,bees sting cap4xxij41 ',cap4xxi' changed to ',cap4xxij4' cap4xxij41 'placed' changed to 'places1' on the stinged places4 cap4xxij41 'fouth' changed to 'fourth1' in his fourth rule cap4xxxij41 comma inserted after 'water1' of this yealow water1 of ,aloes cap4xl41 'ef' changed to 'of1' ,oyle out of ,waxe conclusion1 '7,i trust7efullye' changed to '7,i truste7 fullye1' ,i haue 7,i truste7 fullye satisfied conclusion1 'recciue' changed to 'receiue1' thou mayste receiue any ,coniectures cap4j41 'fruietes' changed to 'fruites1' of fruites and corne ,coniectures cap4j41 'yeelde' changed to 'yelde1' small yelde of the fruites ,coniectures cap4j41 'trees' changed to 'tres1' fruites of the tres be ,coniectures cap4j41 'than' changed to 'then1' then in the yere ,coniectures cap4j41 'tree' changed to 'tre1' the ,lemmon tre ,coniectures cap4j41 'threa-' changed to 'threaten1' it doeth after threaten in the ,winter ,coniectures cap4ij41 'tearefull' changed to 'fearefull1' likelihoode of fearefull fyres