,a transcrib]'s note foll[s ! text4 ,,records ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,explosions1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,b9don ,,m>t51 ,,mem4 ,,in/4 ,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]s2 ,,associate ,,( ,,in/itution ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,*ief ,,eng9e] ,,to ,,! ,,midl& ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,inspection ,,& ,,assurance ,,co4 ,,london2 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #dh1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,/\rbridge3 ,r4 ,,broomhall1 #adh1 ,,high ,,/reet4 #ahgb4 ,,preface4 ,accurate in=mation z to ,boil] ,explosions mu/ always be useful to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! safe work+ ( ,/eam ,boil]s4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 v brief ab/racts ( records obta9$ = ! ,midl& ,/eam ,boil] ,inspection & ,assurance ,company1 by ^: p]mission !y are n[ republi%$ 9 a compact & conv5i5t =m4 ,by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ! records are prefac$ by a ,pap] on ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions & _! records1 & on ,inspection z a means ( prev5tion1 read be=e t ,in/itution at ,man*e/]1 ,augu/ #a/1 #ahff1 & a fur!r ,pap] on ! ,conclusions d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( rec5t ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions1 read be=e ! same ,in/itution at ,nott+ham1 ,augu/ #crd1 #ahgj4 ,all names ( ,works or ,firms are omitt$ f ! records z unnecess>y4 ,,on ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,& ,,_! ,,records1 ,,& ,,on ,,inspection ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,prev5tion1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,m>t51 ,,mem4 ,,in/4 ,m4,e4 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,,exc]pt ,,m9utes ,,( ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]s1 ,,at ,,man*e/]1 #a,,/ ,,augu/1 #ahff1 ,,joseph ,,:itwor?1 ,,esq41 ,,presid5t1 ,,9 ,,! ,,*air4 ,,by ,,p]mission ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil4 ,! subject ( ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions1 :i* 0 br\ght be=e ?is ,in/itution 9 ,june1 #ahdh1 9 a pap] by ! late ,mr4 ,william ,smi? ( ,dudley 9 ref]5ce to an explosion ne> t place1 & aga9 9 #ahei 9 a pap] by ,mr4 ,longridge on ! economy & durability ( /ation>y boil]s1 is "o ( great importance & is n[ attract+ increas$ att5tion4 ,! fir/ public notice ( ! subject 0 by a p>liam5t>y committee 9 #ahag1 :i* 0 appo9t$ 9 consequ5ce ( a v fatal boil] explosion 9 ,london 9 #ahae2 evid5ce 0 !n collect$ z to /eamboats1 & _m boil] explosions 7 ref]r$ to4 ,t committee recomm5d$ among o!r ?+s t boil]s %\ld be made ( wr\ght iron1 in/ead ( ca/ iron or copp]1 :i* _h be5 ! mat]ials ma9ly us$ previ\sly2 t !y %\ld be inspect$ & te/$2 & t !re %\ld be two safety valves1 ea* load$ to "o ?ird ( ! te/ pressure1 "u p5alties = any excess4 ,a great "p ( ! in=mation n[ exi/+ ^u ! subject1 especially 9 reg>d to ! e>li] explosions1 is to be f\nd 9 ! records ( inque/s aft] fatal cases2 & "s ( ! c>eful reports ( em95t eng9e]s on ^? occasions h mat]ially assi/$ 9 ! =mation ( correct views z to ! causes ( explosion4 ,latt]ly also ! pr9t$ reports ( ! inspectors ( m9es1 & m especially ! reports ( ! explosions ( locomotives1 illu/rat$ by diagrams by ! inspectors ( railways1 h furni%$ v valuable in=mation4 ,s9ce ! subject has be5 tak5 up by private associations = ! prev5tion ( explosions1 _m m records h be5 publi%$1 al?\gh _! usefulness is mu* impair$ by _! n conta9+ ! names ( ! places :]eby ! explosions c\ld be id5tifi$4 ,:5 ! writ]'s att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ?is subject1 he met ) great difficulty 9 obta9+ correct records ( boil] explosions1 f :i* to arrive at ! results ( pa/ exp]i5ce2 & wi%+ to base 8 own op9ion on facts1 r ?an on ! inf]5ces ( o!rs h[ev] reliable1 he foll[$ ! example ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute 9 _! elaborate inve/igation ( ! subject1 & collect$ all ! records he c\ld f9d2 & by way ( facilitat+ ref]5ce1 arrang$ an index1 a manuscript copy ( :i* is pres5t$ ) ! pres5t pap] to ! ,libr>y ( ?is ,in/itution4 ,all mu/ be agre$ z to ! importance ( reliable in=mation on su* accid5ts z boil] explosions2 & ! writ] w\ld sugge/ t ?is ,in/itution may mat]ially aid 9 obta9+ ! desir$ records & plac+ !m )9 easy access1 by becom+ ! depository ( reports on explosions1 & by induc+ ^? :o h ! opportunity to =w>d copies ( reports1 t ^! may be arrang$ s z to be easily f\nd & consult$4 ,x is v desirable t ^! reports %\ld z f> z possible be illu/rat$ by sket*es1 z aids to ! description2 & also by slight models l ^? n[ %[n to ! meet+1 by :i* ! :ole matt] may be se5 at a glance4 ,s few p]sons comp>atively h ! opportunity ( exam9+ boil]s aft] explosion1 t ! mo/ errone\s ideas h prevail$1 & !ories h be5 advanc$ :i* w\ld soon be dissipat$ by practical exp]i5ce or by read+ accurate reports4 ,x w\ld also v mu* aid 9 ! und]/&+ ( publi%$ matt] on ! subject1 if full descriptions ( ea* case allud$ to 9 illu/ration c\ld be obta9$4 ,^! records are z useful to ! eng9e] z ! prec$5ts or cases to ! lawy] or ! surgeon4 ,aft] any s]i\s explosion1 ! newspap]s ( ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* x has occurr$ conta9 volum9\s articles describ+ ! disa/r\s result & ! damage done1 :i*1 al?\gh useful z f> z !y g1 d n 9 ! lea/ assi/ 9 arriv+ at ! cause ( explosion4 ,! really important p>ticul>s1 su* z ! description & con/ruction ( ! boil]1 its dim5sions1 & ! pressure at :i* x work$1 are 9 mo/ cases omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! record ( explosions pres5t$ to ! ,in/itution conta9s a li/ ( ! boil] explosions 9 ea* ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 z f> z kn[n to ! writ]1 ) ! names ( ! places1 & ! description & sizes ( ! boil]s1 & ! suppos$ cause ( explosion1 toge!r ) ref]5ces to ! books or pap]s f :i* fur!r in=mation may be obta9$4 ,( c\rse _m ( ! explosions h to be put d[n z unc]ta9 9 "s ( ! p>ticul>s2 b e ye> improves ! record1 z fre% in=mation is obta9$1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ! memb]s ( ?is ,in/itution x might be made f> m p]fect & ext5sive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! total numb] ( explosions "h record$ is #ajdf1 & !y caus$ ! dea? ( #djgf p]sons & ! injury ( #bijc4 ,! causes assign$ = ! sev]al explosions are v num]\s1 & are no d\bt incorrect 9 _m cases2 b !y may be g5]ally /at$ z foll[s3 #cig are too unc]ta9 to place "u any head+2 b ( ! re/ #ade 7 f ! boil]s be+ worn out1 or f corrosion1 or f det]iorat$ plates or rivets4 #acg f ov] pressure1 f safety valves be+ w$g$ or ov]weight$1 9 "s cases int5tionally1 or f o!r acts ( c>elessness4 #abe f faulty con/ruction ( boil] or fitt+s1 want ( /ays1 or neglect ( timely repair4 #aai f collapse ( int]nal tubes1 g5]ally f insuffici5t /r5g?4 #aad f %ortness ( wat]1 or f scurf prev5t+ ! prop] contact ( ! wat] ) ! plates2 or f improp] sett+ s z to expose ! sides ( ! boil] to ! flame above ! wat] l9e4 #i f extrane\s causes1 su* z effect ( lightn+ /rik+ d[n ! /acks ^u ! boil]s1 or f fire 9 ! build+ or explosion ( gas 9 ! flues4 ---- #ajdf total numb] ( explosions4 ,! explod$ boil]s 7 ( ! foll[+ descriptions3-- #bcb are n suffici5tly describ$ to place "u any head2 b ( ! re/ #cbj 7 ,m>9e boil]s ( v>i\s =ms4 #ada 7 ,corni%1 ,lanca%ire1 or o!r boil]s int]nally fir$4 #abj 7 ,locomotive1 or o!r multitubul> boil]s4 #aaf 7 pla9 ,cyl9drical boil]s1 ext]nally fir$4 #fd 7 ,balloon or hay/ack1 wagon1 ,butt]ley1 ,briti%-tube1 elephant1 or ,trevi?ick boil]s4 #bi 7 ,portable1 agricultural1 upright1 or crane boil]s4 #ad 7 ,heat+ app>atus or kit*5 boil]s4 #aj 7 ,upright boil]s atta*$ to puddl+ or mill furnaces at ironworks4 ---- #ajdf total numb] ( explosions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! !ories z to ! causes ( explosion h be5 num]\s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! /eam eng9e1 :5 ! /eam 0 us$ only z a cond5s+ m$ium & ! pressure 9 ! boil] 0 frequ5tly all[$ to get bel[ atmosph]ic pressure1 _m boil]s 7 de/roy$ by ! access ( ! ext]nal atmosph]ic pressure becom+ too great1 caus+ !m to be collaps$ or crumpl$ up2 & ?is l$ to ! use ( ! atmosph]ic valve /ill f\nd on old boil]s4 ,ev5 s lately z la/ ye>1 #ahfe1 a boil] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bury1 ,lanca%ire1 has suff]$ 9 ?is way by collapse f ext]nal pressure2 its appe>ance aft] ! accid5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* is copi$ f a photograph4 ,! e>ly explosions 7 s palpably due to ! weakness ( ! boil]s1 :i* comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pres5t day 7 mo/ ill con/ruct$1 t no "o ?\ght ( any o!r cause ?an ! insuffici5t /r5g? ( ! vessel to be> ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam conta9$ 9 x4 ,:5 ! advantages ( high-pressure /eam became recogniz$1 & ! boil]s 7 improv$ s z to be> ! increas$ /ra91 ! trem5d\s havoc caus$ by an explosion l$ _m to ?9k t some?+ m mu/ be requir$ ?an ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam to produce su* an effect2 & !y appe> to h attribut$ to /eam "u c]ta9 conditions a detonat+ =ce1 or a sudd5 access ( expansive p[] t ov]came all resi/ance4 ,to support ?is some:at natural supposition1 x 0 ass]t$ t ! /eam became p>tially decompos$ into its con/itu5t gases1 =m+ an explosive mixture )9 ! boil]4 ,t ?is belief is /ill sometimes ent]ta9$ is se5 f ! v]dict ( a jury ev5 9 ! pres5t ye>1 #ahff1 9 ! case ( ! explosion ( a pla9 cyl9drical boil] at ,leice/]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b41 ! real cause ( :i* appe>s to h be5 t ! %ell ( ! boil] 0 weak5$ by ! manhole4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to po9t out ! fallacy ( imag9+ decomposition & recomposition ( ! /eam to take place 9 succession 9 ! same vessel )\t ! introduction ( any new elem5t = caus+ a *ange ( *emical comb9ation2 b x is necess>y to ref] to ?is supposition1 z ! idea is %[n to be n yet ext9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,aga9 x has be5 ass]t$ t ! /eam :5 rema9+ q /ill 9 ! boil] becomes heat$ mu* beyond ! temp]ature due to ! pressure2 & t !re=e :5 x is /irr$ or mix$ or br\ght m 9 contact ) ! wat] by ! op5+ ( a valve or o!r cause1 ! wat] evaporates s rapidly z to produce an excessive pressure by accumulation ( /eam4 ,9 support ( ?is view ! frequ5cy ( explosions ^u ! />t+ ( ! eng9e aft] a %ort /& is adduc$2 b x is v d\btful :e!r by ?is means a suffici5t extra pressure c\ld be produc$ to cause an explosion1 unless ! boil] _h be5 previ\sly work+ up to )9 a v small m>g9 ( its /r5g?4 ,explosions are seldom caus$ by a sudd5 increase ( pressure1 b r by ! pressure gradually m\nt+ to ! bur/+ po9t1 :5 ( c\rse ! effect is sudd5 en\gh4 ,nor is x necess>y 9 _m cases to look = mu* increase ( pressure z ! cause ( explosion2 = x is f> m (t5 ! case t ! /r5g? ( ! boil] has gradually deg5]at$ by we> or corrosion1 until unable to be> ev5 ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,x is s v easy1 :5 exam9+ ! sc5e ( an explosion1 = ! fir/ cause ( rupture to be conf\nd$ ) ! causes ( ! subsequ5t mis*ief1 t 9 _m cases errone\s conclusions h be5 arriv$ at 9 ?is way4 ,! mo/ important po9ts to f9d out 9 connection ) any explosion are ! condition ( ! boil] & all belong+ to x imm$iately be=e ! explosion1 toge!r ) ! locality ( ! fir/ r5t1 ! direction ( ! l9e ( rupture1 & ! nature ( ! fracture2 z ev]y?+ occurr+ aft] ! in/ant ( ! fir/ r5t is an effect & n a cause ( explosion4 ,z soon z ! fir/ r5t has tak5 place1 ! balance ( /ra9 9 ! fabric is di/urb$1 & !re=e ! int]nal pressure has greatly increas$ p[] 9 cont9u+ ! rupture2 & also ! pressure be+ !n remov$ f ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* is already heat$ to ! temp]ature ( ! /eam1 ! :ole body ( ! wat] gives out its heat 9 ! =m ( /eam at a consid]able pressure1 & ?us supplies ! volume ( /eam = c>ry+ on ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,:5 ?us quickly g5]at$1 ! /eam p]haps c>ries "p ( ! wat] ) x 9 ! same way t x does 9 ord9>y prim+2 & x has be5 ?\ght by "s t ! impact ( ! wat] is ?us add$ to t ( ! /eam1 to aid 9 ! %ock giv5 to all surr\nd+ ob/acles4 ,x is seldom t "o out ( a b$ ( boil]s explodes )\t m or less injury to ! o!rs on ei!r side ( x2 b sometimes two boil]s 9 "o b$1 or ?ree1 or ev5 five1 h explod$ simultane\sly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! causes ( boil] explosions may be consid]$ "u ! two g5]al heads (-- ,fir/ly1 faults 9 ! fabric ( ! boil] itself z orig9ally con/ruct$1 su* z bad %ape1 want ( /ays1 bad mat]ial1 defective workman%ip1 or injudici\s sett+3--& ,secondly1 mis*ief aris+ dur+ work+1 ei!r f we> & te>1 or f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat] or accumulation ( scurf2 or f corrosion1 9 its sev]al =ms ( g5]al ?9n+1 pitt+1 furr[+1 or *annell+ ( ! plates2 or f flaws or fractures 9 ! mat]ial1 or injury by ! effect ( repeat$ /ra92 or f undue pressure ?r\gh want ( adequate arrangem5ts = escape ( surplus /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m ( ! e>ly explosions 7 f faults ( con/ruction4 ,! /rong] mat]ials n[ us$ 7 !n f\nd s difficult to manipulate t o!rs easi] to "w 7 *os51 & (t5 ! %ape ( ! boil] 0 only select$ z ! "o easie/ to make4 ,! e>ly boil]s 7 made ( copp] or ca/ iron1 ) lead5 or ev5 wood5 tops1 & ( ! weake/ possible %ape4 ,su* 0 ! boil] us$ by ,sav]y1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c41 & ! ,tun ,boil] & ,flange boil]1 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,! v fatal explosion 9 ,london 9 #ahae1 ref]r$ to by ! p>liam5t>y commission previ\sly nam$1 0 ( a ca/-iron boil]1 :i* fail$ because "o side 0 too ?9 to be> ! pressure1 z ! ca/+ 0 ( irregul> ?ickness4 ,! /eam be+ at t "t us$ only at or bel[ atmosph]ic pressure z a means ( obta9+ a vacuum by cond5sation = work+ by ! ext]nal pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 s little 0 pressure ( ! /eam ?\ght (1 t boil]s 7 propos$ & x is believ$ 7 actually con/ruct$ ) hoop$ wood5 %ells1 l b>rels1 & int]nal fireplaces & flues ( copp]2 & ev5 a /one *amb] 0 nam$ z be+ a suitable %ell = a boil]1 ) int]nal fireplace & copp] flue pass+ ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! inside & out at ! top1 l an ord9>y /ove & pip+4 ,^! boil]s mu/ h be5 some?+ l ! sket*es giv5 9 ,figs4 #f & #g1 & 7 int5d$ to be expos$ only to ! ext]nal pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,ca/ iron 0 frequ5tly us$ = ! %ell ( boil]s1 ) an int]nal fireplace & tubes ( wr\ght iron1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 & boil]s ( ?is con/ruction are /ill to be f\nd 9 use at "s ( ! old] works at ! pres5t day4 ,z ! outside %ell & front plate are #a-a_/b in* ?ick & are n expos$ to any we> at all1 ^! boil]s are suffici5tly /rong4 ,a duplicate front plate ) set ( tubes atta*$ is always kept on h& 9 case ( ne$4 ,ano!r =m ( ca/-iron boil] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i41 made 9 sev]al p>ts put toge!r ) flange jo9ts1 ) an int]nal fireplace & flue also made ( ca/ iron4 ,:5 ca/ iron 0 us$ = ! p>ts expos$ to ! fire 9 boil]s int5d$ = high pressure1 x 0 sometimes employ$ 9 ! =m ( tubes ( small diamet] & proportionately ?9n]2 z 9 ,woolf's boil]1 s mu* spok5 ( 9 ! evid5ce be=e ! p>liam5t>y committee ( #ahag4 ,?is boil]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj41 consi/$ ( n9e ca/-iron pipes1 ab\t #a foot diamet] & #i feet long1 set 9 brickwork s t ! flame play$ all r\nd !m4 ,^! small tubes 7 connect$ ) ano!r ( l>g] size plac$ transv]sely above !m1 =m+ a /eam receiv]1 & ?is aga9 ) a /ill l>g] "o1 :i* =m$ a /eam *amb]4 ,no details ( any explosions ( ! ?ree la/ m5tion$ boil]s h be5 obta9$2 b x is kn[n t ! ca/ iron 0 f\nd a mo/ trea*]\s mat]ial1 especially :5 expos$ to ! action ( ! fire2 & t ! effect ( explosion 0 v disa/r\s1 because ! boil] bur/ at once into _m pieces1 ea* ( :i* 0 driv5 out ) great velocity1 & ! dang] 0 n mitigat$ by ! circum/ance ( l>ge masses hold+ toge!r1 z is f\nd to be ! case ) wr\ght-iron boil]s :5 explod$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,:5 wr\ght-iron boil]s came into use ! %apes 7 mo/ v>i$1 & ! dim5sions mu* l>g] ?an be=e4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ 0 ! ,wagon boil]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 ) r\nd top & pla9 flat sides1 :i* c\ld only be made to be> ev5 ! smalle/ pressure by be+ /r5g!n$ ) num]\s /ays4 ,9 mo/ cases ( explosion ( ?is class ( boil] ! bottom 0 torn (f1 ow+ to ! angle iron r\nd x be+ weak5$ by ! alt]nate b5d+ backw>ds & =w>ds "u ea* v>iation ( pressure1 z all ! sides & ! bottom mu/ be con/antly spr++ :5 at "w4 ,su* 0 ! explosion at ,*e/] 9 #ahbb1 & _m o!rs4 ,?is %ape 0 soon improv$ 9 its /eam g5]at+ p[]s by mak+ ! sides concave in/ead ( flat1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 s t ! heat+ surface 0 great] & also 9 a bett] position to receive ! heat f ! flame 9 ! flues4 ,?is %ape 0 fur!r elaborat$ by r\nd+ ! ends z 9 ,fig #ac1 & 9 "s cases mak+ ! bottom convex to correspond ) ! top1 z 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,all ^! =ms h[ev] /ill requir$ num]\s /ays to reta9 !m 9 %ape1 ! safety ( ! boil] be+ dep5d5t ^u ! /ays2 & num]\s explosions %[ ! weakness ( ^! boil]s4 ,!y g5]ally gave way at ! bottom1 z 9 an explosion t occurr$ at ,man*e/] 9 #ahdb1 :]e ! boil] _h be5 weak5$ by frequ5t pat*+2 !y also sometimes explod$ ?r\gh ! failure ( ! /ays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,a v e>ly improvem5t 9 ! "r direction consi/$ 9 mak+ ! %ell circul>2 & "s few l>ge boil]s /ill exi/ t 7 made completely sph]ical1 z %[ 9 ,fig4 #ae1 s t ! :ole ( ! iron 0 expos$ to t5sion only1 & requir$ no assi/ance f /ays1 & ! boil] _h no t5d5cy to alt] its %ape "u v>y+ pressure4 ,?is %ape h[ev] _h ! great disadvantage ( possess+ ! lea/ am\nt ( heat+ surface = its size or cubic cont5ts2 & also x 0 v liable to injury f s$im5t on ! bottom1 :i* accumulat$ on ! mo/ c5tral spot4 ,! sph]ical =m 0 !re=e soon modifi$ into ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 by mak+ ! bottom m %all[1 al?\gh /ill convex2 & aft]w>ds by putt+ flat or concave sides & a flat or concave bottom1 ) ! angle con/ruct$ ei!r ( b5t plates or angle iron1 z 9 ,figs4 #ag & #ah1 :i* repres5t ! =ms kn[n s well 9 ! ,/af=d%ire di/rict z ! common ,balloon or ,hay/ack boil]4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 made ( v great size1 measur+ z mu* z #bj feet diamet]1 & conta9+ s mu* wat] & /eam z to be mo/ =midable magaz9es = explosion4 ,p]haps no =m ( boil] has explod$ m ?an ?is1 p>tly because ( ! great numb] t h be5 us$1 b *iefly because ( ! inh]5t weakness ( ! %ape4 ,! records h[ev] h n be5 obta9$ ( ! great majority ( ^! explosions1 because !y seldom caus$ suffici5t damage or loss ( life to attract mu* att5tion1 z ^! boil]s g5]ally work$ 9 isolat$ positions at colli]ies4 ,! bottom is only prev5t$ f bl[+ d[n into ! fireplace by num]\s /ays f ! top1 & ! angle iron r\nd ! bottom ( ! sides is mu* tri$ by ! con/ant spr++ ( ! plates "u e alt]nation ( pressure2 & ! weakness ?us occasion$ is increas$ by ! angle re/+ on ! brickwork & be+ expos$ to corrosion4 ,! effect ( ?is cont9u$ alt]nation ( /ra9 is well %[n by ! ela/ic model exhibit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,not)/&+ ! dep5d5ce ( ^! boil]s ^u /ays = _! /r5g?1 _m h be5 made z l>ge z #ab & #ae feet diamet] )\t /ays2 & explosion soon] or lat] has be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,su* 0 an explosion t took place at ,sme?wick 9 #ahfb1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,z ! =ce ( ! explosion 0 only slight1 ! effect ( ! bottom giv+ way1 & ! consequ5t roll+ ov] caus$ by ! reaction ( ! issu+ /eam & wat]1 is cle>ly se54 ,ano!r example t occurr$ at ,w$nesbury 9 #ahfb is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 :]e ! explosion 0 r m viol5t1 ! bottom ( ! boil] be+ torn (f all r\nd & left ^u ! firegrate1 & r5t ne>ly into two pieces2 :ile ! top & sides 7 ?r[n "s height 9 "o mass1 & 7 only put out ( %ape by ! fall4 ,! weakness ( ?is boil] _h be5 fur!r increas$ by mak+ ! bottom angle ( angle iron1 z %[n enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #ba1 ) a r+ ( flat plate ,a int]pos$ betwe5 ! angle-iron r+ & ! concave bottom ( ! boil]2 s t all ! effect ( ! spr++ ( ! bottom1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 0 ?r[n ^u ! angle iron1 :i* 0 accord+ly f\nd cut (f all r\nd4 ,_h ! concave bottom be5 made to rise direct f ! angle iron1 z 9 ,fig4 #bb1 ! spr++ c\ld n h be5 s great1 & ! angle iron w\ld only h _h to /& ! %e>+ /ra9 ( reta9+ 9 its place ! rigid bottom2 b z ab\t "o foot all r\nd ! bottom 0 flat1 & ! concavity 0 only 9 ! c5tral "p1 ! angle-iron r+ _h to be> an up & d[n /ra91 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ba1 & ! b5d+ action 0 m sev]e ?an x w\ld h be5 if ! bottom _h ev5 be5 made q flat all ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a fur!r =m ( ! ,balloon boil] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 :]e ! heat+ surface ( ! bottom is increas$ by an int]nal c5tral dome-%ap$ fireplace1 ) an ar*$ & curv$ flue conduct+ ! flame ?r\gh "o revolution )9 ! boil] be=e pass+ aga9 r\nd ! outside4 ,?is con/ruction h[ev] mu/ necess>ily h dim9i%$ ! /r5g? ( ! boil] greatly4 ,9 ! draw+ ! top ( ! boil]1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 is remov$ to %[ ! int]ior4 ,! desire to add to ! /r5g? ( boil]s by less5+ ! diamet] ( ! %ell l$ to ! con/ruction ( ! ,pla9 ,cyl9drical boil]s4 ,!y 7 made fir/ ) flat ends ( ca/ iron1 :i* frequ5tly crack$ & gave way :5 expos$ to ! fire1 z describ$ 9 _m ( ! e>ly ,am]ican explosions4 ,! flat ends :5 made ( wr\ght iron1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 are expos$ to ! same /ra9 z ! bottom ( ! balloon & wagon boil]s1 & are con/antly spr++ ) v>iation ( pressure l drum heads1 caus+ injury to ! angle-iron jo9t4 ,!y also require long /ays ?r\gh !m to hold 9 ! ends1 & ^! are subject to s mu* vibration t !y seldom cont9ue s\nd = long toge!r1 especially :5 jo9$ ) =k$ ends & cott]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ! flat ends ( su* boil]s are always be+ sprung by ea* alt]nation ( pressure into a m or less sph]ical %ape1 z %[n by ! ela/ic model exhibit$1 ?is consid]ation no d\bt l$ to ! ends be+ made hemisph]ical1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be2 & pla9 cyl9drical boil]s ) ^! hemisph]ical ends are n[ s commonly us$ t !y f> outnumb] any o!r =m ( boil]4 ,_! %ape r5d]s !m v /rong1 z ! :ole ( ! iron is 9 simple t5sion1 & int]nal pressure has no t5d5cy to alt] ! %ape1 z is %[n by ! ela/ic model exhibit$4 ,!re is "o circum/ance v mu* 9 fav\r ( ! pla9 cyl9drical boil]s1 & t is t !y c be s easily clean$ & repair$1 z a man c /& prop]ly at 8 "w at e "p & ! :ole ( ! int]ior surface is expos$ equally to view4 ,!y are ( c\rse expos$ to all ! evils ( boil]s ext]nally fir$1 ! "p "u greate/ /ra9 be+ weak5$ by ! action ( ! fire2 & ! bottom is also expos$ to injury f accumulation ( mud & *ips ( scurf1 :i* _c be prev5t$ f fall+ !re1 & ly+ ^u ! "p expos$ to ! direct action ( ! fire4 ,:5 made ( great l5g?1 su* z #gj or #hj feet1 z is ! practice = apply+ ! wa/e gas f bla/ furnaces1 ^! boil]s are also liable to seam-rips or brok5 backs1 ow+ to ! great] expansion ( ! bottom expos$ to ! fi]ce flame = its :ole l5g?1 ?an ( ! top :i* is kept cool] by exposure to ! air2 & x w\ld !re=e be bett] to h a succession ( %ort boil]s1 r ?an only a s+le "o1 :]e great l5g? is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,"o boil] has be5 se5 by ! writ] :]e extreme l5g? 0 avoid$ by curl+ ! boil] r\nd until ! ends met =m+ a ,r+ or ,annul> boil]4 ,?is boil] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 & is #e feet diamet] ) #be feet ext]nal diamet] ( ! r+1 or a mean l5g? ( ab\t #fc feet2 x has be5 f\nd to "w well = "s ye>s1 al?\gh expos$ to ! heat ( six puddl+ furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,explosions ( pla9 cyl9drical boil]s h be5 v frequ5t inde$1 al?\gh !y h n caus$ a proportionate numb] ( dea?s1 because !y "w usually 9 isolat$ positions at colli]y & m9e eng9es4 ,! sket* %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 repres5ts an explosion t occurr$ at ,d>la/on 9 #ahfc1 & illu/rates ! way 9 :i* ^! boil]s usually explode4 ,!y g5]ally op5 fir/ at a longitud9al seam ov] ! fire1 :i* has become det]iorat$ by accumulations ( scurf prev5t+ prop] contact ( ! wat]1 s t ! plates become ov]heat$1 _! quality injur$1 _! edges crack$ or burnt1 & ! rivets drawn or loos5$4 ,! r5t g5]ally cont9ues 9 ! longitud9al direction to ! s\nd seam beyond ! bridge at ! "o end1 & at ! o!r end to ! seam jo9+ ! front end to ! %ell2 & !n runs up ea* ( ! transv]se seams1 all[+ ! r5t "p ( ! %ell to op5 out flat on bo? sides1 & lib]at+ bo? ends ( ! boil]1 :i* fly (f 9 opposite directions4 ,( c\rse x is seldom t an explosion is q s simple z ?is1 z ! direction ( ! flight ( ! v>i\s pieces is s mu* influ5c$ by ! la/ "p t held 9 contact ) ! ma9 body ( ! boil]4 ,! want ( due obs]vation ( ?is po9t has (t5 l$ to errone\s conclusions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,9 ! explosion %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 & 9 ! model exhibit$1 :i* occurr$ at ,we/bromwi* 9 #ahfd1 ! l[] "p ( ! side ( an upright boil] 0 bl[n out2 & ! lib]at$ "p 0 also divid$ into two pieces1 ea* ( :i* fell "s di/ance beh9d ! boil]1 9 an opposite direction to ! side f :i* !y came4 ,! explanation ( ?is became obvi\s on exam9ation1 z ! cause ( ! rupture _h be5 ! corrosion ( ! bottom1 & ! r5t _h run up ! seams until x met ! angle iron ( ! side tubes1 r\nd :i* x ran to ! fir/ seam above4 ,?is seam act$ z a h+e on :i* ! ruptur$ pieces turn$1 & !y swung r\nd s viol5tly t !y 7 wr5*$ (f1 b n be=e !y _h pull$ ! boil] ov] & receiv$ ! div]t+ =ce :i* gave !m _! direction1 = !y flew (f at a tang5t1 to ! circle 9 :i* !y _h swung r\nd on ! s\nd upp] seam z ^u a h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,9 ord] to avoid hav+ a l>ge diamet] = pla9 cyl9drical boil]s1 especially :]e expos$ to ! fire1 boil]s h be5 us$ t h suppli$ ! requir$ /eam p[] by a comb9ation ( sev]al cyl9d]s ( small diamet]4 ,"o ( ^! kn[n z ! ,elephant boil]1 has be5 s mu* us$ 9 ,france t x is sometimes call$ ! ,fr5* boil]2 x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 & consi/s ( two cyl9d]s ( small diamet] connect$ by upright conical tubes to a l>ge cyl9d] above4 ,ano!r =m call$ ! ,retort ,boil]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 has be5 describ$ at a previ\s meet+ ( ?is ,in/itution 7see ,proce$+s ,in/4 ,m4 ,e4 #ahee page #aia74 ,! disadvantages ( ^! two comb9ations ( pla9 cyl9d]s are t !y are n easy to clean or exam9e int]nally1 & also !re is n free exit = ! /eam1 :i* has to f9d its way along small *annels1 & c>ries ! wat] away ) x1 caus+ prim+1 & also ret>d+ ! g5]ation ( /eam & endang]+ ! boil] plates4 ,) a view to /r5g!n ! pla9 cyl9d] made ( wr\ght-iron plates1 ! seams are sometimes made to run diagonally1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 on ! pr9ciple t1 z ! longitud9al is ! weake/ seam & ! transv]se ! /ronge/1 a diagonal betwe5 !m gives ! greate/ am\nt ( /r5g? to ! boil] z a :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,pla9 cyl9drical & wagon boil]s h = _m ye>s be5 made ) int]nal tubes ( v>i\s %apes & arrangem5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! flame passes to add to ! heat+ surface4 ,^! are %[n 9 dott$ l9es on ! previ\s draw+s ( wagon boil]s1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab4 ,!y are also %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 :]e a tube passes f ov] ! fire to ! front ( a pla9 cyl9drical boil]2 9 ,fig4 #cc two tubes pass f ! sides to ! front3 9 ,fig4 #cd ! tube passes f ! back1 b returns ov] ! fire & passes aga9 to ! back3 & 9 ,fig4 #ce a tube f ! back passes out ?r\gh a cross tube 9 ea* side4 ,! boil]s 9 all ^! cases are fir$ ext]nally4 ,?is addition ( tubes has t5d$ v mu* to increase ! size ( ^! boil]s 9 ord] to make room = ! tubes4 ,^! boil]s are n[ f\nd ( #i1 #aj1 & ev5 #aa feet diamet]2 & ?is l>ge %ell be+ fir$ ext]nally is expos$ to ! same dang]s z ^? describ$ 9 ! pla9 cyl9drical boil]1 :ile x is n s easy to keep clean on acc\nt ( ! ob/ruction (f]$ by ! int]nal flues4 ,:5 ! flame has pass$ "u ! :ole l5g? ( ! bottom ( ^! l>ge boil]s be=e go+ ?r\gh any tube1 x is d\btful :e!r ! heat+ surface ( ! tube helps mu* 9 ! g5]ation ( /eam2 b ! tube is ( use 9 r$uc+ ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 z x occupies a consid]able space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,explosions ( ^! boil]s h sometimes tak5 place by collapse ( ! tubes1 b mu* m g5]ally by ! failure ( ! %ell ov] ! fire1 z %[n 9 ! sket* ,fig4 #cf1 repres5t+ an explosion t occurr$ at ,wolv]hampton 9 #ahfe1 9 :i* ! fir/ r5t took place 9 a seam ov] ! fire :]e frequ5t repair _h l$ to a consid]able l5g? ( longitud9al seam be+ 9 "o cont9u\s l9e4 ,! f\r plates ov] ! fire p>t$ & op5$ out until !y _h ripp$ two seams completely r\nd ! boil]2 & ! plates 7 ?r[n 9 "o flat piece1 z %[n1 ^u a bank beh9d4 ,! ma9 body ( ! boil] ) ! tubes 0 turn$ ov]1 & ! front end bl[n away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,a modification or amalgamation ( sev]al ( ! =ms ( boil]s already m5tion$ l$ to ! con/ruction kn[n z ! ,butt]ley boil]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 ) a wagon-%ap$ end ov] ! fire1 cont9u$ 9 a s+le tube )9 a pla9 cyl9drical %ell beyond4 ,?is boil] has be5 f\nd to g5]ate /eam v rapidly2 b ! extreme weakness ( ! con/ruction ov] ! fire & along ! tube1 especially at ! "p :]e ! front end ( ! tube wid5s out 9 a bell m\? to meet ! wagon-topp$ fireplace1 has l$ to s _m explosions t few boil]s are n[ made ( ?is =m4 ,a v e>ly explosion t occurr$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahba 0 ( a boil] some:at ( ?is %ape1 only t ! wagon-topp$ fireplace 0 mu* long]4 ,o!r explosions ( ?is =m ( boil] occurr$ at ,a%ton-"u-,lyne 9 #ahde1 at ,wolv]hampton 9 #ahed1 & at ,tipton 9 #ahef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,! desire to economise fuel l$ to plac+ ! fire inside ! boil]1 9 a tube runn+ f end to end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 & ! great numb] ( boil]s ( ?is =m us$ 9 ,cornwall gave x ! "n ( ! ,corni% boil]4 ,! exce$+ly good duty p]=m$ by ^! boil]s l$ _m to believe !m ! mo/ p]fect = economy & durability2 b ! great numb] ( explosions1 or m prop]ly ( collaps$ flues1 t h happ5$1 h alt]$ ?is op9ion1 & l$ to ! d\ble-flue boil] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 9 :i* n only is ! heat+ surface increas$ b ! /r5g? also1 by hav+ two tubes ( small] diamet] 9 ! same %ell4 ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( ! two-tube boil]1 :i* h be5 made = ! purpose ( obta9+ v>i\s p>ticul> results4 ,9 "s cases ! two tubes h be5 made to unite into a s+le tube imm$iately beh9d ! fires1 =m+ :at is kn[n z ! ,bree*es-tube boil]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 & 9 o!r in/ances ! outside %ell ( ! boil] has be5 made oval1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 ) ! two tubes cont9u$ ?r\gh f end to end4 ,! heat+ surface has also be5 increas$1 & ! /r5g? ( ! ma9 tubes1 by plac+ small] transv]se tubes across !m at "r angles2 b ^! advantages are ga9$ by increas$ complication1 lead+ ( c\rse to great] difficulty 9 exam9ation & repair4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! frequ5t failure ( tubes by collapse :5 us$ = high pressures1 & also ! results ( c>eful exp]im5ts1 l$ to ! simple addition ( /r5g!n+ r+s ( diff]5t makes ar\nd ! ext]ior ( ^! tubes1 by :i* ! %ell & ! tubes are r5d]$ ( equal /r5g?4 ,x has tak5 consid]able "t = ! belief 9 ! weakness ( l>ge tubes :5 expos$ to ext]nal pressure to become g5]al1 & a great _m boil]s are /ill made & us$ hav+ ev5 l>ge tubes )\t ! /r5g!n+ r+s2 & 9 "s di/ricts su* boil]s are us$ 9 great numb]s & at f> high] pressures ?an c be consid]$ judici\s4 ,9 m ?an "o b$ ( boil]s1 "o boil] aft] ano!r has explod$ by ! collapse ( ! tube f ! want ( /r5g!n+ r+s1 & yet ^! h /ill be5 believ$ unnecess>y2 & ! cases ( isolat$ boil]s ( ?is con/ruction :]e ! l>ge tubes h collaps$ are extremely num]\s1 yet any o!r reason ?an ! weakness ( ! tube has be5 consid]$ m probable z ! cause ( explosion4 ,a sket* ( a boil] ) collaps$ flue is giv5 9 ,fig4 #db1 :i* explod$ at ,burton-on-,tr5t 9 #ahfe2 & x is select$ f _m o!rs because x 0 a new boil]1 well made & m\nt$1 & 0 a good example ( ! weakness ( a l>ge tube to resi/ high ext]nal pressure :5 made ( great l5g? )\t ! support ( /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,!re are a great _m advantages 9 ! tubul> boil] int]nally fir$4 ,! %ell :i* is expos$ to ! greate/ t5sion is n also expos$ to ! fir/ action ( ! fire4 ,! fire is 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]1 s t ! greate/ effect is obta9$ f x2 & ! heat+ surface imm$iately ov] ! fire1 f :i* mo/ /eam is g5]at$1 has n s great a dep? ( wat] above x = ! /eam to pass ?r\gh z 9 ! ext]nally fir$ boil]s heat$ f ! bottom4 ,! tubes also act z /ays to ! ends2 & ! mud 9 ! wat] falls (f ! tubes1 :]e x w\ld d mis*ief1 & settles on ! bottom1 :]e x is comp>atively h>mless4 ,^! tubul> boil]s are h[ev] subject to disadvantages peculi>ly _! own4 ,x is n s easy to move ab\t )9 !m = clean+ & exam9ation z 9 ! pla9 cyl9drical boil]1 z ! tubes fill up ! space s mu*4 ,! diff]5ce ( expansion betwe5 ! highly heat$ tube & ! comp>atively cool %ell produces a /ra91 :i* causes ! ends to bulge out2 or if ! ends are made rigid1 ! /ra9 sets up a contortion 9 ! tube1 :i* causes furr[+ ( ! plates by mak+ ! iron s(t] or m susceptible ( corrosion 9 c]ta9 l9es ( /ra94 ,not)/&+ ^! drawbacks h[ev] ?is =m ( boil] is an excell5t "o4 ,_m modifications 9 ! =ms ( boil]s h be5 made to enable ! manufactur]s to use ! wa/e heat f v>i\s processes1 especially f ! mak+ ( iron4 ,! pla9 cyl9drical boil] has be5 us$ 9 ?is way1 ) sometimes z _m z eight puddl+ furnaces made to "w ^u "o boil]4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ special arrangem5ts = ?is purpose 0 ! ,upright boil] ) c5tral tube1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 :i* 0 orig9ally made = two furnaces2 & ab\t #g feet diamet] & #af feet high4 ,! size has s9ce be5 increas$ to #aj feet diamet] & #bh feet high1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,^! boil]s are made = "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r puddl+ furnaces2 & consi/ ( a cyl9d] ) sph]ical ends1 /&+ upright1 ) a c5tral tube f ! bottom to ab\t half ! height1 into :i* ! side tubes jo94 ,! heat f ea* furnace plays ov] a portion ( ! %ell1 & !n passes ?r\gh ! side tubes & d[n ! c5tre tube into ! und]gr\nd flue to ! *imney4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,^! boil]s h _m good po9ts3 !re is great heat+ surface2 & ! %ell be+ heat$ all r\nd does n /ra9 ! plates & seams by unequal expansion s mu* z 9 ! horizontal pla9 cyl9drical boil] heat$ only at ! bottom2 & z bo? ends are sph]ical !re is no alt]ation ( %ape "u int]nal pressure4 ,moreov] 9 consequ5ce ( ! upright position ( ! boil] a safe dep? ( wat] c easily be ma9ta9$1 & yet ! /eam is tak5 (f s high above its surface t !re is little prim+2 & e "p c mo/ easily be clean$ & exam9$1 z a man c /& upright bo? 9 ! boil] & 9 ! flues4 ,b ! great drawback to ?is class ( boil]s is t !y mu/ /& 9 ! mid/ ( ! workm52 s t1 al?\gh !y are n m liable to explode ?an any o!r =m ( boil]1 yet :5 !y d bur/ !y necess>ily endang] m lives ?an is usually ! case ) o!r boil]s t c be plac$ m away f ! m5 employ$ at ! works4 ,%\ld any?+ arise ) ! boil] to make x desirable to )draw ! fire1 ?is _c be done )\t mu* delay1 z ! furnaces h to be /opp$ & ! iron run out4 ,also an explosion c h>dly happ5 )\t "s ( ! melt$ iron be+ scatt]$ among ! m5 at "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,"s ( ! mo/ fatal explosions ( ^! boil]s h aris5 f c>eless con/ruction4 ,su* 0 ! case 9 an explosion at ,dudley 9 #ahfb1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 :]e ! cr[n plate =m+ ! top ( ! c5tre tube 0 atta*$ to ! sides ( ! tube by s slight an angle iron1 z %[n enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #df1 t ! pressure ( /eam on ! flat cr[n plate fairly %e>$ ! angle iron ?r\gh1 & all[$ ! plate to be bl[n d[n ! c5tre tube into ! *imney flue1 :]eupon ! boil] 0 viol5tly ?r[n (f its seat+ by ! reaction ( ! issu+ /eam & wat] ?us lib]at$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! d\ble-tube horizontal boil] is also us$ 9 connection ) iron-mak+ furnaces 9 _m places1 "o furnace work+ into ea* tube4 ,al?\gh by ?is arrangem5t ! boil] c be plac$ a little fur!r f ! workm51 "s v fatal explosions h happ5$ to su* boil]s1 z at ,masbor\gh 9 #ahfb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,s+le-furnace boil]s h be5 mu* us$ 9 ! =m ( a s+le-tube boil] /&+ on end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg1 ) ! flame pass+ up ! tube1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 ! =m ( a *imney on ! top ( ! boil]4 ,! tube passes ?r\gh ! /eam at ! top1 s t ! plate is n protect$ f ov]heat+ by contact ) wat]2 & ?is has caus$ explosion 9 "s in/ances1 al?\gh ! tube has be5 l9$ on ! inside ) firebrick to %ield ! plate f ! flame4 ,ano!r great disadvantage ( ?is ,*imney boil] is t ! space betwe5 ! tube & ! %ell is s n>r[ t x is almo/ impossible to exam9e or clean x int]nally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fur!r arrangem5t = a s+le-furnace boil] is ! ,elb[ boil]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh1 :]e ! two difficulties m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s boil] are avoid$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m int]nally fir$ upright boil]s ( v>i\s %apes h be5 con/ruct$ to suit v>i\s purposes4 ,"o ( a l>ge size t has be5 at "w _m ye>s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 ) an int]nal fireplace & a susp5d$ cone & cross tube = increas+ ! heat+ surface4 ,?is boil] is set 9 brickwork 9 su* a way t ! heat passes ?r\gh ! side tubes & r\nd ! ext]ior %ell be=e go+ (f to ! *imney4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,a v fatal explosion at ,/oke-^u-,tr5t1 9 #ahfc1 result$ f an attempt to "w a boil] ( some:at ! same g5]al =m1 b )\t ! same c>eful att5tion to ! details ( con/ruction4 ,?is boil] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej2 ! int]nal fireplace is ( conical %ape1 #d ft4 #f ins4 diamet] on ! top & #f ft4 #aj ins4 at bottom1 & 0 jo9$ to ! ext]nal %ell by a flat annul> bottom4 ,almo/ ! fir/ "t x 0 work$ at high pressure ! conical fireplace collaps$1 break+ (f at ! seam at ! top ( ! cone1 & bl[+ d[n ^u ! grate1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! flat bottom 0 !n left )\t ! support ( ! cone & side tubes1 & gave way all r\nd ! outside angle iron2 & ! top flew up a great height into ! air1 & fell a crumpl$ heap1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,9 ?is case ! only wond] is t a boil] ( su* weak con/ruction work$ at all )\t explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re yet rema9s to be notic$ a v l>ge & v>i$ class ( boil]s t h be5 design$ ) ! express object ( avoid+ explosion4 ,"s ( ^!1 made ( ca/-iron pipes ( small diamet]1 h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,:5 /eam c>riages 7 fir/ con/ruct$1 boil]s 7 tri$ made ( a clu/] ( small pipes1 set bo? upright & horizontally1 connect$ ) a g5]al receiv] & ) ea* o!r by /ill small] pipes4 ,^! 7 f\nd to h su* small circulation ( wat] t !y v soon burnt out1 & also l$ to mu* prim+4 ,aft]w>ds1 n>r[ *amb]s made ( corrugat$ plates set l ! cells ( a batt]y 7 tri$1 b )\t mu* success4 ,! multitubul> boil]s ( ! locomotive type soon sup]s$$ all o!rs z quick /eam g5]ators1 & until lately !y h be5 consid]$ z almo/ absolutely safe f explosion4 ,x is f\nd h[ev] t ! b>rel ( ^! boil]s is peculi>ly liable to furr[+1 ow+ to ! /ra9 weak5+ ! iron 9 c]ta9 l9es4 ,p]haps no boil] %[s m cle>ly ?an ! locomotive h[ necess>y x is t e "p %\ld be op5 to exam9ation2 & also h[ unwise x w\ld be to use = /ation>y purposes small cramp$ up boil]s1 only int5d$ to meet ! necessities ( locomotion4 ,_m explosions ( locomotive boil]s h tak5 place2 b x is n necess>y to give details 9 ?is pap]1 z !y are fully giv5 9 ! publi%$ (ficial reports ( ! gov]nm5t inspectors4 ,among ! =m ( boil]s design$ to obta9 v rapid g5]ation ( /eam1 comb9$ ) increas$ safety f explosion1 may be specially nam$ t consi/+ ( a sy/em ( small pipes )9 a %ell ) an artificial circulation ( wat]1 & also ! boil] consi/+ ( a clu/] ( ca/-iron sph]es1 bo? ( :i* h be5 describ$ at previ\s meet+s ( ! ,in/itution 7see ,proce$+s ,in/4 ,m4 ,e4 #ahfa page #cj1 & #ahfd page #fa72 b nei!r has be5 mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry at pres5t4 ,! boil]s also :i* consi/ *iefly ( small tubes hang+ d[n into ! fire1 ) small] tubes or o!r arrangem5ts )9 !m = secur+ a natural circulation1 des]ve m5tion1 z !y appe> successfully to accompli% t end4 ,! pr9ciple ( all ^! small boil]s appe>s to be t only a small quantity ( wat] %\ld be conta9$ 9 !m1 s t !re %\ld n be a res]voir ( dang] 9 ! %ape ( a mass ( highly heat$ wat] ready to be conv]t$ into /eam if a rupture takes place3 & x _c be d5i$ t ?is is an advantage4 ,b on ! o!r h& ^! boil]s ( small capacity1 :i* evaporate _! :ole cont5ts 9 a few m9utes1 are subject to new dang]s f t v cause2 & al?\gh admirably adapt$ = purposes :]e /eam is want$ quickly on a sudd5 em]g5cy1 z 9 ! case ( fire eng9es1 or :]e ! g5]at+ p[] requir$ v>ies ea* mom5t1 z 9 ! locomotive1 !y are = ! mo/ "p ill adapt$ = ord9>y /ation>y purposes1 su* z ! mill or ! colli]y4 ,!y require con/ant fir+ & vigilant att5tion to ! fe$1 & _c be left = a "t ) safety l ! ord9>y /ation>y boil]s4 ,x has to be borne 9 m9d also t ! v res]voir ( dang] s mu* dread$ is also a res]voir ( p[]1 :i* assi/s 9 ! /eady ma9t5ance ( ! ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,! l>ge mass ( wat] heat$ to ! evaporat+ po9t1 ! heat$ brickwork ( ! flues1 & ! l>ge fireplace1 are s _m assi/ances to regul>ity1 & enable ! man 9 *>ge to att5d to 8 o!r duties )\t ! risk ( spoil+ ! boil] or lett+ d[n ! /eam by a few m9utes' abs5ce f ! /oke hole4 ,/eam employ]s are f\nd at pres5t to pref] ! kn[n dang]s ( ! l>ge boil]s to ! suppos$ safety ( small boil]s1 :i* !y fe> are tr\blesome 9 practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m ( ! e>ly boil]s 7 r5d]$ weak by ! injudici\s mann] ( arrang+ ! seams4 ,! longitud9al seams 7 made 9 a cont9u\s l9e f end to end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 page #bj1 ) ! transv]se seams also cont9u$ completely r\nd ! boil]1 s t at ! corn] ( ea* plate !re 7 f\r ?icknesses ( iron4 ,! cross+ ( ! seams1 z 9 ,fig4 #be1 page #ba1 adds mu* to ! /r5g?1 & also (t5 prev5ts a r5t f cont9u+ =w>d to a dang]\s ext5t4 ,x is sc>cely requisite to m5tion ! necessity ( good mat]ial & workman%ip to secure /r5g? 9 a boil]1 h[ev] p]fect ! design4 ,if ! plates are ( weak & brittle iron1 or imp]fectly manufactur$1 !y w nev] make a good boil]4 ,ap>t f ! /ra9 ^u ! boil] :5 at "w1 ! iron has to und]go ! /ra9 ( ! necess>y manipulation1 %ap+1 & pun*+1 dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! boil]4 ,if ! plates =m+ ! boil] are n well fitt$ to _! places be=e ! rivet holes are made1 ! errors h to be p>tially rectifi$ by us+ ! drift 9 ! holes to an unw>rantable ext5t1 & !n us+ imp]fect rivets to fill up ! holes t d n correspond ) ea* o!r2 & ! mis*ief is too frequ5tly increas$ aft]w>ds by excessive caulk+1 9 ! endeav\r to /op ! leak+ :i* is sure to %[ itself4 ,9 ?is way a boil] is (t5 expos$ to mo/ unequal int]nal /ra9 betwe5 its sev]al p>ts be=e x is set to "w at all2 & :5 ! heat is appli$ to x1 ! m]e expansion causes undue contortion1 & leads to seam rips1 & ultimately to disa/]4 ,sev]al specim5s ( faulty rivett+ & caulk+ 7 exhibit$ to ! meet+1 & a sket* ( "o ( !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! /r5g? ( a boil] is (t5 v mu* less5$ by ! injudici\s mann] 9 :i* ! m\nt+s are fix$ ^u ! boil]1 & _m explosions are ! consequ5ce ( ?is defect4 ,n only are a great _m holes = fitt+s cut out ( ! boil] 9 "o l9e1 b ^! holes are made ne$lessly l>ge4 ,/eam domes are (t5 s plac$ z greatly to weak5 ! %ell ( ! boil]1 ! hole cut out ( ! plate be+ made ! full diamet] ( ! dome2 & 9 "s cases ! domes or /eam *e/s h be5 made squ>e or rectangul>1 s z to weak5 ! %ell /ill m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,manholes are (t5 a s\rce ( dang]1 if n prop]ly arrang$ & duly /r5g!n$4 ,ev5 9 v small boil]s !y are (t5 plac$ ) ! longe/ diamet] 9 ! longitud9al direction ( ! boil]1 s t ! %ell is greatly weak5$1 z 9 ! sket*1 ,fig4 #ed1 ( an explod$ boil] at ,walsall 9 #ahfe4 ,?is boil] 0 #e ft4 #c ins4 long & #b ft4 #f ins4 diamet]1 & yet ! manhole 0 #ah in*es by #ac in*es1 & plac$ )9 a few in*es ( "o end4 ,! end 0 fa/5$ 9 by angle iron1 :i* 0 n weld$1 & consequ5tly !re 0 s little /r5g? at ! small portion ( ! %ell betwe5 ! end & ! manhole t x gave way & lib]at$ ! end & ! manhole lid1 aft] :i* ! ma9 body ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n by ! reaction across sev]al /reets to a great di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,a some:at simil> injudici\s arrangem5t ( ! manhole is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 :]e a manhole #ag in*es by #ad in*es 0 cut out ( ! flat top ( a /eam dome only #b ft4 #f ins4 diamet]1 )\t any /r5g!n+ r+ to comp5sate = x4 ,! repeat$ /ra9 ( screw+ up ! manhole lid1 comb9$ ) ! pressure ( ! /eam1 caus$ ! lid to =ce its way out ?r\gh ! plate & bl[ away4 ,?is explosion occurr$ at ,birm+ham 9 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! prec$+ examples h %[n h[ explosions (t5 result f faults 9 ! con/ruction ( boil]s2 & ! foll[+ in/ances illu/rate ! explosions caus$ by mis*ief aris+ dur+ work+4 ,a boil] p]haps m ?an any o!r /ructure is subject to we> & te>2 & let x be work$ ev] s c>efully1 x w s]i\sly det]iorate4 ,! wond] is1 consid]+ ! "w !y h to p]=m1 t s _m boil]s are f\nd :i* h work$ tw5ty1 ?irty1 or ev5 fifty ye>s )\t explosion4 ,! t]ms we> & te> h[ev] are too vague = ?is subject1 & ! mis*ief met ) mu/ be consid]$ "u di/9ct heads4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ?+ mo/ to be dread$ = boil]s is corrosion2 because :5 ! plate is once ?9n$1 x _c be /r5g!n$ aga91 b mu/ rema9 p]man5tly weak5$4 ,corrosion ! m des]ves att5tion because x is easily detect$ by mod]ate vigilance1 & c g5]ally be prev5t$ by mod]ate c>e1 or by ! boil]s be+ s arrang$ t !y c be readily exam9$ 9 e "p4 ,corrosion has be5 ! direct & unmi/akeable cause ( a v l>ge proportion ( ! explosions t h happ5$3 x occurs bo? inside & outside ! boil]1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & attacks ! iron 9 v>i\s ways & 9 diff]5t places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,int]nal corrosion sometimes takes place f bad fe$ wat]1 & its effects are diff]5t 9 ext5t 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same boil]4 ,x v seldom ?9s ! plate ov] a l>ge surface regul>ly1 b attacks ! iron 9 spots1 pitt+ x 9 a numb] ( holes4 ,^! are sometimes l>ge1 z if gradually increas+ f a c5tre ( action2 & sometimes small1 b s close toge!r z to leave v little m space :ole ?an t :i* is attack$4 ,a v curi\s example ( ! latt] 0 exhibit$ to ! meet+1 & %[n 9 ,figs4 #ef & #eg1 cut f ! l[] "p ( ! %ell ( a l>ge tubul> boil] ext]nally fir$4 ,! corrosion 0 greate/ along t "p ( ! %ell mo/ expos$ to heat1 & 0 s ext5sive t two boil]s explod$ simultane\sly4 ,! boil]s _h be5 at "w sixte5 ye>s1 b ! corrosion comm5c$ ab\t eight ye>s be=e ! explosion1 :5 ! fe$ wat] 0 r5d]$ corrosive by be+ obta9$ f "s iron m9es4 ,?is explosion occurr$ at ,ab]aman 9 #ahfd4 ,! corrosion _h be5 se5 go+ on = ye>s1 & 0 n consid]$ suffici5t to cause dang]2 b ! dep? to :i* x ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! metal is se5 9 ! half size section1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,ano!r sample equally curi\s 0 exhibit$ to ! meet+1 & %[n 9 ,figs4 #eh & #ei1 tak5 f ! sweep plate ov] ! fire 9 a pla9 cyl9drical boil] :i* _h work$ ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,! fe$ wat] 0 occasionally bad1 & attack$ ! iron ov] ! area ,,ddd1 :]e unprotect$ by scale4 ,! protection af=d$ by scale aga9/ occasional corrosive fe$ wat] is wor?y ( notice4 ,9 ! two specim5s exhibit$ x is se5 t ! protection has be5 p]fect :]e ! scale has n be5 *ipp$ (f2 & ! edge ( ! s\nd "p projects ov] ! holl[1 z se5 9 ! half size sections1 ,figs4 #eg & #ei1 ! corrosive wat] hav+ eat5 away a l>g] area b5ea? ?an t ?r\gh :i* x fir/ ent]$ ! surface ( ! iron4 ,int]nal corrosion is frequ5tly obs]v$ :]e boil]s are f$ f canals or /reams 9 ! neighb\rhood ( *emical works f :i* corrosive matt] is dis*>g$ at int]vals into ! wat]4 ,! corrosion takes place 9 isolat$ spots1 b causes deep holes2 :i* seems to be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t ! scale previ\sly ^u ! plate cracks dur+ ! cool+ ( ! boil] = clean+1 & =ms a bli/]1 s t a piece ( ab\t #b in*es area is rais$ slightly f ! iron4 ,:5 ! boil] is aga9 put to "w1 ?is bli/] becomes fill$ ) ! corrosive wat]1 :i* is held !re )\t circulation & causes corrosion4 ,:5 ! boil] is aga9 empti$ ^! bli/]s may be se51 & if brok5 %[ ! black5$ wat] & ! injur$ surface4 ,9 future work+ ea* ( ^! bli/]s =ms a con/ant unprotect$ po9t = attack4 ,x is frequ5tly se5 fur!r t su* corrosion is arre/$ if wat] be us$ :i* deposits scurf2 b fre% bli/]s & r5ew$ corrosion w result f a return to ! use ( ! bad wat]4 ,! int]nal corrosion call$ furr[+ has prov$ a frequ5t cause ( explosion1 especially 9 locomotive boil]s4 ,x diff]s f o!r corrosion by be+ 9 deep n>r[ cont9u\s l9es ) abrupt edges4 ,x w sometimes g completely ?r\gh a plate2 & is f\nd :]e a sudd5 *ange ( ?ickness occurs1 ei!r along ! l9es ( ! seams1 or opposite ! edge ( angle-iron atta*m5ts4 ,?is effect is suppos$ to be due to ! alt]nate spr++ ( ! plates "u ea* v>iation ( ! pressure or temp]ature1 caus+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance to receive a /ra9 some:at simil> to t produc$ by b5d+ a piece ( iron backw>ds & =w>ds = ! purpose ( break+ x4 ,?is l9e ( injury is expos$ to con/ant attack f corrosion1 because ! scurf is always ?r[n (f f x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ext]nal corrosion is a f> m frequ5t cause ( explosion 9 /ation>y boil]s2 & x arises f _m causes4 ,! mo/ frequ5t cause1 al?\gh ! mo/ easily detect$1 is leakage f ! jo9ts ( ! fitt+s on ! top ( ! boil]1 :i* are too frequ5tly atta*$ by bolts in/ead ( rivets4 ,?is evil is mu* increas$ :5 ! boil]s are cov]$ ) brickwork1 :i* holds ! wat] aga9/ ! plates1 & hides ! mis*ief f obs]vation4 ,x is a/oni%+ to f9d h[ mu* damage is all[$ 9 ?is way to g on )\t att5tion1 until ! tops ( boil]s are corrod$ s ?9 t little holes bur/ ?r\gh4 ,^! are sometimes f\nd /opp$ ) wood5 pegs or cov]$ by screw$ pat*es ( plate1 ei!r ( :i* cause leakage t ha/5s ! mis*ief1 z %[n by ! sample exhibit$4 ,boil]s expos$ to ! wea!r w ( c\rse become corrod$ l any?+ else made ( iron & n pa9t$2 & yet s mu* mis*ief is sometimes caus$ by leakage b5ea? improp] cov]+ t exposure may almo/ be said to be ! small] evil ( ! two1 z x is bett] to see :at is go+ on ?an to re/ 9 false security4 ,no cov]+ w be f\nd *eap]1 or bett]1 9 ! long run1 ?an a ro(1 :i* prev5ts ! loss ( heat by exposure1 & yet all[s free access to all ! fitt+s & jo9ts on ! top ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,"s examples ( ! evils ( cov]+ c be giv5 t h come "u ! writ]'s obs]vation4 ,a set ( boil]s _h be5 well cov]$ by ar*es ( brickwork1 s built z to keep out all wat]1 & also set s z to t\* ! boil]s only at int]vals1 leav+ a space g5]ally ( a few in*es4 ,aft] ab\t sev5 ye>s' work+1 ! :ole ( ! tops ( ! boil]s 7 discov]$ to be dang]\sly ?91 & _h to be r5ew$4 ,! cause 0 leakage f ! jo9ts ( fitt+s & seams ( ! boil]s1 & ! issu+ /eam _h be5 drawn along ! space betwe5 ! boil]s & ! ar*es1 & _h escap$ at a place :]e x _h n attract$ notice4 ,9 ano!r case1 a some:at simil> set ( boil]s 7 cov]$ ) a%es1 to prev5t ! loss ( heat by radiation2 & ! ra9 & ! leakage b5ea? ! a%es1 9 conjunction ) ! corrosive matt] f ! a%es !mselves1 ?9n$ ! tops ( ! boil]s to a dang]\s ext5t 9 less ?an two ye>s4 ,a sket* ( ! corrosion caus$ 9 ?is in/ance by cov]+ ) a%es is %[n 9 ,figs4 #fj & #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,simil> mis*ief has be5 notic$ 9 boil]s cov]$ ) s&1 z %[n 9 ! sket*es ,figs4 #fb & #fc1 :i* repres5t an in/ance ( corrosion aft] eight ye>s' work+2 al?\gh no?+ =ms a bett] cov]+ ?an s& = prev5t+ loss ( heat by radiation4 ,9 bo? ^! examples x w be se5 t ! corrosion has cont9u$ until ! ?ickness ( ! plate has be5 s eat5 away t a hole has be5 bur/ out at ,,ss4 ,a v good cov]+ is =m$ by brickwork 9 cem5t2 or v>i\s cem5ts made = ! purpose1 :i* adh]e to ! surface ( ! plate & yet %[ leakage2 or su* mat]ials z sack+ or felt2 or %eet-iron cas+1 leav+ ab\t #f in*es ( air space all r\nd ! boil]4 ,b all ^! h ! great objection t !y hide ! boil] f inspection1 except by ! exp5sive process ( remov+ ! cov]+2 & 9 ?is way dang]s t h caus$ explosion h rema9$ hidd5 f obs]vation4 ,explosions h also tak5 place f g5]al corrosion ( ! surface ( ! boil]s 9 ! flues4 ,a new boil] :i* 0 set on sidewalls built ^u a f\ndation ( por\s rock 0 f\nd to h become corrod$ all along ! bottom 9 less ?an two ye>s1 ow+ to ! dampness :i* rose f ! f\ndations caus+ a con/ant pres5ce ( vap\r4 ,! corrosion 0 peculi>1 & m l t f\nd on old iron left = a long "t 9 a damp place2 = ! iron plate fell to pieces :5 t\*$1 & l>ge flakes c\ld be rais$ f ! surface1 & ! great] "p ( ! ?ickness ( ! plate c\ld be remov$ ) ! f+]s4 ,some:at simil> corrosion _h tak5 place 9 a boil] :i* explod$ at ,l\ghbor\gh 9 #ahfc2 ! bottom ( ! %ell became r5t at ! corrod$ "p1 & z ! fracture cont9u$ spirally r\nd ! boil] sev]al times1 ne>ly all ! %ell 0 peel$ (f 9 ! curi\s mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! explosion %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe1 :i* occurr$ at ,le$s 9 #ahff1 also arose f corrosion ( ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! great] "p ( ! corrosion f\nd 9 ! side flues ( boil]s is caus$ by ! leakage ( seams4 ,_m boil]s are empti$ = clean+ z soon z "w is ov] on ,saturday night1 & long be=e ! brickwork ( ! fireplaces & flues has cool$2 & consequ5tly1 ! boil]1 hav+ no wat] 9 x1 is made mu* hott] ?an x ev] is 9 work+1 & ! seams are injur$ & sprung & ! rivets loos5$ by ! extra expansion s caus$4 ,?is is sometimes done int5tionally1 9 ord] to loos5 ! scale by ! great] expansion ( ! iron ?an ( ! scurf4 ,:5 ! boil] is aga9 set to "w1 ! seams & rivets leak & cause t corrosion :i* is call$ *annell+4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ to occur to su* an ext5t t all ! seams 9 a boil] h be5 se5 ?us corrod$2 & ! same has sometimes be5 f\nd 9 all ! boil]s 9 a l>ge manufactory4 ,specim5s ( ?is *annell+ 7 exhibit$ to ! meet+4 ,"o 9 p>ticul>1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #ff & #fg1 des]ves att5tion1 z x %[s ! effect ( a jet ( /eam & wat] f ! leak+ rivet ,r1 9 cutt+ a s]ies ( *annels into ! plate along ! c\rse ( ! dott$ l9es ,,eee1 & produc+ a hole 9 ! plate at ,s4 ,?is corrosion _h be5 go+ on = ab\t f\r ye>s1 b 0 9 a "p ( ! boil] seldom se5 9 ord9>y exam9ation4 ,_m explosions h result$ f ?is =m ( corrosion2 = :5 a r5t is once made1 ! fracture cont9ues along ! ?9n$ *annel ( ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! corrosion mo/ to be dread$1 because mo/ difficult to detect1 is t :i* takes place :]e ! boil] is 9 contact ) brickwork2 & x is f\nd alike 9 all =ms ( boil]s set 9 brickwork4 ,:5 f\nd at ! "p :]e ! side flues are ga!r$ 9 at ! top aga9/ ! boil]1 x is usually occasion$ by ! leak+ ( fitt+s or fe$ pipes1 or by ra9 be+ all[$ to run betwe5 ! boil] & ! brickwork4 ,m ?an "o explosion has be5 caus$ by ! dropp+s f a ro( be+ all[$ to fall ^u ! tops ( ! flues4 ,:5 ! corrosion is f\nd at ! po9t :]e ! bottom flue walls t\* ! boil]1 x is frequ5tly caus$ by ! leak+ ( seams t h be5 /ra9$ by ! weight ( ! boil]2 & ?is (t5 arises f want ( c>e to replace ! brickwork1 aft] repair ( ! boil] or flues1 9 su* a position z to take aga9 its prop] proportion ( ! weight ( ! boil]4 ,cases h be5 met ) :]e ! %ape ( ! bottom ( l>ge boil]s has be5 q alt]$ by su* means4 ,! brackets on ! sides ( heavy boil]s h n only be5 /ra9$ s t ! rivets or bolts h leak$ & caus$ corrosion1 b !y h also b5t or crack$ ! side plates ( ! boil]4 ,! bracket %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #ec1 page #dj1 made ( only an angle iron ) a piece ( plate atta*$1 is especially liable to cause injury if ! brickwork is n rebuilt close up to ! angle iron1 z ! lev]age is s great4 ,?is is avoid$ by ! bett] =m ( bracket %[n at ,c1 consi/+ ( an elb[ ( flat b>-iron rivett$ at top & bottom to ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,9 ! old balloon & wagon boil]s1 ! angle :]e ! bottom jo9$ ! sides sc>cely ev] rema9$ s\nd = long :5 9 contact ) ! brickwork1 & _m ( ^? t explod$ h be5 f\nd almo/ corrod$ ?r\gh :]e !y /ood ^u ! brickwork4 ,! explosion be=e allud$ to & %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 0 caus$ by corrosion ( ! bottom ( ! boil] :]e x 0 set on ! brickwork4 ,_m boil]s are s set t ! brickwork ( ! flues is made to foll[ ! %ape ( ! boil]1 ) z little space betwe5 z possible2 b ! slight advantage ga9$ 9 increas$ heat+ effect is f> outweigh$ by ! impossibility ( gett+ into ! flues = exam9ation4 ,x is only by hav+ ! flues suffici5tly roomy t prop] exam9ation c be made1 & t ! indications on ! brickwork ( leak+ c be se5 & rem$i$1 & corrosion arre/$4 ,a rem>kable case ( corrosion occurr$ 9 a boil] ) an oval %ell1 set ^u a middle wall4 ,! flues 7 too n>r[ = a man to ent]1 & a leak 9 ! bottom 0 only discov]$ by ! boil] ne>ly runn+ empty :ile ! eng9e pumps 7 /&+ = a %ort "t4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd t ! :ole bottom :]e x re/$ on ! wall 0 ext5sively corrod$ 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 & t explosion 0 only prev5t$ by ! num]\s /ays across ! bottom to comp5sate = ! oval %ape4 ,fig4 #fh1 %[s ! position & ext5t ( ! corrosion1 & ! plate 0 completely 9 holes at ! p>ts indicat$ by ! black m>ks4 ,?is corrosion 0 suppos$ to h be5 go+ on = ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,x is sometimes ass]t$ t corrosion _c be ! cause ( an explosion1 because ! corrod$ place w\ld simply give way & let (f ! /eam h>mlessly1 or at lea/ ! boil] w\ld n be displac$ f its seat+4 ,:5 ! corrosion is only local1 & surr\nd$ by s\nd plates ( suffici5t /r5g? to arre/ ! ext5sion ( ! fracture1 ?is may be ! case1 z 9 an explosion at ,%effield 9 #ahfe1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi1 :]e a piece ( plate 0 bl[n out on "o side ( ! boil]1 all[+ ! /eam & wat] to escape )\t displac+ ! boil]2 ! ?ickness ( ! plate at t "p _h be5 r$uc$ to #a_/h? in* by corrosion 9 ab\t #a-a_/b ye>s1 :i* _h be5 caus$ by leakage at ! seams f ineffici5t repair ) bolts in/ead ( rivets1 & also f ! moi/ure hav+ be5 all[$ to be kept aga9/ ! plate by ! brickwork4 ,b ev5 "u su* circum/ances1 if ! piece bl[n out %\ld be f ! bottom1 ! :ole boil] may be ?r[n a great di/ance by ! reaction ( ! issu+ /eam1 z 9 an explosion at ,le$s 9 #ahfe1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,if ! corrosion ext5ds = any l5g?1 ! fir/ r5t is almo/ sure to cont9ue until a complete explosion is ! result4 ,sev]al ( ! small models exhibit$ to ! meet+ %[$ ! l9e ( fracture 9 v>i\s cases ( explosion4 ,"o %[$ ! appe>ance ( a pla9 cyl9drical boil] aft] explosion caus$ by corrosion along ! :ole l5g? :]e x re/$ on brickwork2 ?is explosion occurr$ at ,wigan 9 #ahfe1 & a sket* ( x is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,_m explosions ( boil]s h be5 caus$ by accumulation ( scurf4 ,! mis*ief is n s mu* f scurf be+ gradually deposit$ all ov] ! int]ior ( ! boil] to a dang]\s ?ickness z f ! *ips (f ! sides fall+ 9 heaps on ! bottom4 ,! plate b5ea? ?is accumulation becomes ov]heat$1 because n 9 contact ) ! wat]1 & s(t5s & s9ks d[n into a pocket1 :i* if unnotic$ w soon burn q ?r\gh4 ,if ! scurf t has caus$ ! mis*ief is ?ick & h>d en\gh to resi/ ! pressure = a little "t1 ! hole enl>ges1 until ! scurf sudd5ly gives way & all[s ! cont5ts to issue s viol5tly z to di/urb ! boil]1 or at lea/ to bl[ ! fire out ( ! grate4 ,su* 0 an explosion at ,bil/on 9 #ahfc1 :]e a l>ge pla9 cyl9drical boil]1 #i ft4 diamet]1 0 heat$ by ?ree l>ge fires plac$ side by side along ! bottom2 & a l>ge pocket bur/ out ov] ! ?ird grate1 & scald$ ! att5dant to dea?4 ,a simil> pocket 9 a boil]1 #d ft4 #f ins4 diamet]1 :i* explod$ at ,dudley 9 #ahfd1 aft] hav+ be5 at "w six weeks )\t clean+1 is %[n 9 ! transv]se section1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,9 ?is case ! scurf _h fill$ up ! circle ( ! boil] to a dep? ( #c in*es at ! bottom1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & 0 ( a v h>d description2 & ! boil] plate 0 b5t out 9 a gradual curve1 & ?9n$ to ab\t #a_/af in*1 ! orig9al ?ickness be+ #a_/b in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! :ole bottom ( a boil] is sometimes injur$1 & ! plates buckl$ & ! seams sprung1 f ! accumulation ( mud4 ,"o case may be m5tion$ :]e ! wat] 0 v full ( mud1 & ! boil]s 7 work$ day & night dur+ ! week b /opp$ = sev]al h\rs on ,sunday1 dur+ :i* "t ! deposit ( mud 0 s ?ick t x did n get ?or\ghly dis5gag$ aga9 f ! bottom :5 ! boil] 0 set to "w1 b h>d5$ into a mass4 ,al?\gh _m ( ^! pockets & injuries to ! plates may occur )\t s]i\s damage1 !y sometimes cause t fir/ r5t :i* de/roys ! equilibrium ( ! /ructure & leads to explosion4 ,"s ( ! specim5s ( scurf exhibit$ to ! ,meet+ %[ t _! ?ickness is made up ( small *ips1 c>elessly left aft] clean+ or fall5 f ! sides ( ! boil]1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #gc1 or f cotton wa/e or o!r matt] left 9 ! boil] & =m+ a nucleus = ! scurf to accumulate ^u4 ,o!r specim5s %[ t =eign matt] mu/ h be5 put into ! boil] to /op leak+4 ,accumulations ( scurf 9 ! fe$ pipes at ! po9t ( entrance into ! boil] h also caus$ explosion by /opp+ ! supply ( wat]4 ,! same result is caus$ by ! freez+ ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes :i* are expos$1 & ea* w9t] "o or two boil]s are injur$ or explod$ f ?is cause1 especially small h\sehold boil]s plac$ beh9d kit*5 grates4 ,scurf _c be consid]$ s great an evil z corrosion1 s9ce x c be remov$1 & if ?is is done 9 "t1 ! boil] is re/or$ to its orig9al condition4 ,! advantage ( a pure wat]1 :i* does n deposit scurf1 is s great = ! supply ( boil]s t x is always wor? :ile to g to consid]able exp5se = obta9+ x2 or to take "s /eps = purify+ ! fe$ wat] z mu* z possible4 ,if x is only mud me*anically susp5d$1 :i* w\ld deposit by gravity on ! bottom ( ! boil]1 frequ5t use %\ld be made ( ! bl[-(f app>atus4 ,if ! impurity is light en\gh to be c>ri$ to ! surface 9 ! =m ( scum1 ! bl[-(f app>atus %\ld dis*>ge f ! surface ( ! wat] z well z f ! bottom4 ,if ! impurity is *emically susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 "s "o ( ! _m sub/ances :i* =m ! refuse f v>i\s manufactures1 & :i* may conta9 suitable +r$i5ts1 %\ld be us$ to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! impurity4 ,common soda w answ] ! purpose p]haps bett] ?an any?+ else4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 h[ev] t ! bl[-(f app>atus mu/ aft]w>ds be us$ m frequ5tly1 to rid ! boil] ( ! =eign matt]1 or ! mis*ief w be increas$4 ,9 m>9e boil]s1 con/ant att5tion is necess>y to get rid ( ! sal9e deposit2 & 9 /ation>y boil]s us+ impure wat] an equally sy/ematic att5tion is ne$$ to get rid ( ! e>?y deposit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]haps no cause ( explosion is (t5] m5tion$ ?an %ortness ( wat]1 & ?is is n unfrequ5tly c\pl$ ) turn+ on ! fe$ sudd5ly into an ov]heat$ boil]4 ,_m explosions h be5 attribut$ to ?is cause1 :5 clos] inve/igation w\ld h reveal$ "s f> m probable reason4 ,= in/ance1 %ortness ( wat] 0 /at$ z ! cause ( ! explosion1 at ,ab]c>n 9 #ahfe1 ( a s+le-tube boil] ) a v l>ge flue tube1 :i* collaps$ upw>ds f ! bottom4 ,! top ( ! tube & ! sides ( ! %ell _h n ! slighte/ m>k ( ov]heat+1 al?\gh expos$ to ! flame ( ?ree furnaces1 "o ( :i* work$ ?r\gh ! tube1 & ! o!rs on ea* side ( ! %ell4 ,9 ?is case ! cause ( explosion 0 cle>ly ! weakness ( ! tube1 & n %ortness ( wat]4 ,x is errone\s to suppose t if a boil] runs dry1 or if ! fe$ is turn$ into a r$-hot boil]1 !re mu/ necess>ily be an explosion4 ,if a boil] unconnect$ ) any o!r runs rapidly empty1 f ! break+ ( ! bl[-(f pipe or any su* cause1 x w simply get r$-hot & s9k out ( %ape ^u ! fire1 z may (t5 be se51 b no explosion w\ld happ54 ,if ! wat] only falls gradually1 z x w\ld if ! fe$ 7 turn$ (f & evaporation cont9u$1 ! p>ts expos$ to ! fire w\ld get ov]heat$ z ! wat] left !m4 ,if ! subsid5ce ( ! wat] 7 v sl[1 ^? p>ts might get r$-hot1 & s mu* s(t5$ & weak5$ z to be incapable ( be>+ ! pressure1 :5 an explosion w\ld take place1 z at ,sme?wick1 9 ! pres5t ye>1 :]e ! flues 7 set above ! wat] l9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,if h[ev] ! wat] 7 turn$ on aga9 be=e ! ov]heat+ _h gone s f>1 & ! fe$ pipe 71 z usual1 c>ri$ d[n to ne>ly ! bottom ( ! boil]1 ! wat] w\ld gradually creep up ! heat$ sides & cool ! plates1 ! heat ( :i* w\ld n be suffici5t to cause great] evaporation ?an ! ord9>y safety valves w\ld c>ry (f4 ,! dang] w\ld n arise s mu* f ! excess ( /eam g5]at$ by ! heat accumulat$ 9 ! heat$ plates ( ! boil]1 z f ! injury & /ra9 t w\ld be caus$ to ! plates by ! undue expansion & sudd5 contraction1 especially z ?is action w\ld take place on only a portion ( ! boil]4 ,a s+ul> case1 be>+ on ?is po9t1 may be m5tion$4 ,a f\r-furnace upright boil]1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 happ5$ to run s ne>ly empty1 ?r\gh ! accid5tal /ick+ ( ! self-act+ fe$ app>atus1 t ! level ( ! wat] sank to ! top ( ! hemisph]ical end =m+ ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,! fe$ app>atus !n became releas$ ( itself1 &1 ! fe$ be+ turn$ full on1 ! wat] gradually rose until ! :ole occurr5ce 0 only discov]$ by ! leak+ at ! seams t _h be5 sprung1 :i* caus$ s mu* /eam 9 ! flues z to /op ! work+ ( ! furnaces4 ,! ov]heat+ _h be5 suffici5t to buckle ! plates1 & 9 "o place a rupture _h almo/ comm5c$2 b !re 0 no explosion4 ,by way ( direct exp]im5t ^u ?is po9t1 boil]s h be5 purposely made r$-hot & !n fill$ ) cold wat]1 )\t caus+ explosion4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t boil]s sometimes explode f ov]heat+ )\t ! wat] level be+ bel[ ! usual po9t1 or )\t ! accumulation ( scurf previ\sly allud$ to1 b simply by ! rapidity ( ! evaporation f an int5sely heat$ surface caus+ su* a cont9u\s curr5t ( /eam z to prev5t ! prop] contact ( ! wat] ) ! heat$ plate4 ,su* has be5 ! cause assign$ = ! explosion ( a ?ree-furnace upright boil] at ,birm+ham 9 #ahfe1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,a piece ( plate ab\t #c ft4 by #a-a_/b ft4 0 bl[n out ( ! side1 at a place :]e an enorm\s flame imp+$ cont9ually4 ,! plates _h fir/ bulg$ out1 & !n giv5 way 9 ! c5tre ( ! bulge1 ea* edge be+ d\bl$ back & brok5 (f4 ,!re 0 no positive evid5ce z to ! wat] supply2 b ! cr[n ( ! c5tre tube1 :i* 0 mu* above ! bottom ( ! "p bl[n out1 rema9$ un9jur$4 ,a some:at simil> case 0 t ( a l>ge horizontal boil] at ,kidd]m9/]1 ! tube ( :i* collaps$ 9 #ahfe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,x 0 heat$ by f\r furnaces1 "o ( :i* work$ into ! tube1 "o "u ! bottom1 & "o on ea* side2 & all ! furnaces work$ into ! same end ( ! boil]4 ,! tube 0 f\nd to h p>tially collaps$ at t end1 & ! top _h dropp$ #aa in*es4 ,?is 0 repair$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b 0 aft]w>ds aga9 f\nd injur$ by ov]heat+1 al?\gh n s s]i\sly4 ,x is v probable t ! extremely rapid ebullition f ! sides & bottom1 f :i* ! /eam _h to pass up ! n>r[ space betwe5 ! tube & ! %ell1 produc$ su* a foam+ t v little solid wat] c\ld rea* ! top ( ! tube :]e x 0 expos$ to extreme heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,_m explosions h be5 attribut$ to det]ioration ( ! iron ?r\gh long use1 z 9 an explosion at ,durham 9 #ahfd1 & ano!r at ,haswell1 ne> ,sund]l&1 #ahfe1 :]e ! boil]s _h work$ con/antly = #be & #cj ye>s respectively4 ,:5 an explosion arises f ! failure ( a plate :i* has n be5 prop]ly weld$ 9 roll+1 !re is no "q t x 0 uns\nd :5 put 91 & escap$ notice2 b :5 ! plate t fails is f\nd to be brittle & ( bad iron1 ! fault is r attribut$ to ! effect ( work+ ?an to orig9al bad quality4 ,( c\rse ?is is n always ! case1 z ! injury done to plates by ov]heat+ has be5 already expla9$4 ,pieces ( plate h 9 "s cases be5 errone\sly pron\nc$ to be det]iorat$ by "w1 :i* h be5 tak5 f situations 9 ! boil]s :]e !y 7 n expos$ to any action ( fire t c\ld cause ov]heat+2 & !re=e 9 reality ! injury c\ld only h tak5 place :5 ! boil] 0 be+ made1 by burn+ ! iron 9 b5d+ x to ! requir$ %ape4 ,a frequ5t cause ( fatal injury to boil]s is injudici\s repair1 :]eby ! cross+ ( ! seams is de/roy$1 z 9 ! explosion at ,wolv]hampton 9 #ahfe1 previ\sly ref]r$ to & %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,moreov] ! edges ( ! old plates1 already tri$ by ! fir/ rivett+ & ! subsequ5t cutt+ out ( ! rivets1 are frequ5tly /ra9$ aga9 by ! use ( ! drift to draw !m up to ! /rong new plates2 & _m a seam rip is ?us />t$ :i* ultimately causes explosion4 ,_m explosions h be5 caus$ by ! want ( prop] app>atus = enabl+ ! att5dant to tell ! height ( ! wat] & ! pressure ( ! /eam1 & also by ! want ( suffici5t app>atus = supply ( fe$ wat] & escape ( /eam1 or by ! failure ( "o or o!r ( ^!2 b su* explosions c only be ref]r$ to g5]ally 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,! m\nt+s on a boil] are usually s op5 to obs]vation1 & ! importance ( hav+ !m good & effici5t is s univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t mu* rem>k is n ne$$4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! /ick+ ( self-act+ fe$ app>atus z a cause ( mis*ief1 & simil> failures ( floats & gauges h con/antly happ5$2 b ?is %\ld by no means be consid]$ to condemn self-act+ app>atus1 ei!r = assi/+ 9 ! /ead9ess ( work+1 or = giv+ w>n+ ( dang]4 ,! app>atus h[ev] %\ld be reli$ on = assi/ance only2 & an att5dant _c be call$ c>eful :o leaves a boil] dep5d5t on su* app>atus )\t wat*+4 ,! self-act+ pr9ciple has be5 se5 by ! writ] appli$ 9 a novel & useful way 9 a record+ pressure gauge1 :i* prov$ ! m int]e/+ z x _h %[n ! actual pressure ( /eam at ! "t ( ! explosion ( "o ( ! boil]s ) :i* x 0 connect$4 ,among ! num]\s boil] explosions t h be5 attribut$ to ov]-pressure ?r\gh defici5t arrangem5ts = escape ( /eam1 9 _m cases ! safety valves h be5 plac$ on ! /eam pipes 9 su* a mann] t ! communication ) !m 0 cut (f :5ev] ! /eam /op-valve 0 %ut1 :i* is j ! "t :5 ! safety valves are mo/ want$4 ,safety valves are too (t5 f\nd ne$lessly ov]weight$2 & x is believ$ t _m boil]s are con/antly work$ ) safety valves s imprud5tly arrang$ & weight$1 t !y c\ld n c>ry (f all ! /eam ! boil]s w\ld g5]ate )\t a v great increase ( pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is conclud$ t en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ t boil] explosions d n arise f my/]i\s causes1 b g5]ally f "s defect :i* c\ld h be5 rem$i$ if x _h be5 kn[n to exi/4 ,x only rema9s !re=e to consid] :at is ! mo/ ready & effici5t way to discov] ! true condition ( a boil]4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ?is end is be/ accompli%$ by :at is call$ ! hydraulic te/1 9 :i* a pressure ( wat] is ma9ta9$ 9 ! boil] = a giv5 "t at a c]ta9 excess above ! work+ pressure4 ,?is te/ is und\bt$ly useful s f> z x goes1 & is p]haps ! only "o t c be appli$ to boil]s ) small int]nal spaces1 su* z locomotive boil]s1 n admitt+ ( p]sonal inspection ov] ! :ole ( ! int]ior2 & x is also admirable = te/+ ! workman%ip ( a new boil]4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! conditions ( a boil] at "w are s diff]5t f ^? :i* exi/ dur+ ! hydraulic te/1 t ?is alone _c be dep5d$ on2 = old boil]s h be5 kn[n to /& ?is te/ to d\ble _! work+ pressure )\t app>5t injury1 al?\gh kn[n to be dang]\sly corrod$4 ,! difficulty also ( see+ or measur+ ! effect ( ! hydraulic te/ ^u l>ge boil]s set 9 elaborate brickwork is s great t little practical b5efit has result$ 9 _m cases4 ,x is believ$ by ! writ] t ! sure/ way to asc]ta9 ! true condition ( a boil] is to exam9e x at frequ5t int]vals 9 e "p1 bo? inside & outside2 & z ?is c only be done :5 bo? ! boil]s & ! flues c be readily ent]$1 x is specially important t facility = exam9ation %\ld be made a consid]ation 9 select+ a con/ruction ( boil]4 ,p]man5t safety %\ld be consid]$ z an elem5t ( economy1 9 addition to its /ill high] importance 9 ref]5ce to ! pres]vation ( life4 ,,on ,,! ,,conclusions ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,rec5t ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,explosions1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,m>t51 ,,mem4 ,,in/4 ,m4,e41 ,,exc]pt ,,m9utes ,,( ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]s1 ,,at ,,nott+ham1 #c,,rd ,,augu/1 #ahgj1 ,,?omas ,,hawksley1 ,,esq41 ,,vice-,,presid5t1 ,,9 ,,! ,,*air4 ,,by ,,p]mission ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil4 ,! records ( ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions 9 rec5t ye>s are v num]\s1 z ! increas$ att5tion drawn to ! subject 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries has plac$ f> m in=mation at disposal2 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ f\r ye>s1 s9ce a =m] pap] 0 read by ! writ] on ! subject ( boil] explosions1 has confirm$ ! op9ion !n express$1 t all boil]s1 h[ev] good 9 orig9al con/ruction1 are liable 9 ! c\rse ( "t to get into bad ord] & explode4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! explosions dur+ ?is p]iod are giv5 9 ! ,tables app5d$ to ! pres5t pap]1 :i* %[ ! numb] ( explosions due to ea* cause 9 ea* class ( boil]1 di/+ui%+ ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ^? 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,an analysis is also giv5 ( ! explosions 9 ! la/ f\r ye>s1 %[+ ! causes ( explosion ( ea* =m ( boil]2 & also a summ>y ( ! causes ( explosion "u ! ?ree g5]al heads (--7#a7 faults 9 con/ruction or repair3 7#b7 faults 9 work+ :i* creep on insidi\sly & unnotic$3 7#c7 faults :i* might be se5 & gu>d$ aga9/ by c>eful att5dants4 ,ne>ly all ( ! faults 9 ^! ?ree classes w\ld h be5 detect$ by p]iodical exam9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! case ( ,corni%1 ,lanca%ire1 & o!r boil]s ) int]nal flues1 ! faults ( con/ruction :i* h caus$ explosions h be5 weakness 9 ! tubes1 combu/ion *amb]s1 ends1 domes1 or manholes2 & explosions 9 ^!1 z 9 o!r classes ( boil]s1 h also result$ f ext]nal or int]nal corrosion1 %ortness ( wat]1 undue pressure ( /eam1 & scale or mud on ! boil] plates4 ,9 pla9 cyl9drical boil]s1 & o!rs )\t int]nal flues1 explosions h result$ f ! boil] ends be+ made flat1 & also f frequ5t repairs produc+ seam rips1 especially 9 boil]s hav+ ! plates arrang$ l5g?ways in/ead ( 9 r+s4 ,9 m>9e boil]s1 weak flues & weak ends h also l$ to explosion1 9 addition to ! o!r causes m5tion$ above4 ,locomotive boil]s h 9 two cases explod$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ra9s ?r[n ^u !m by _! be+ us$ z a frame = ! eng9e4 ,o!r explosions h result$ f want ( /ays1 & f too mu* heat imp++ on "s p>ticul> "p2 & 9 dome/ic boil]s f freez+ ( pipes "u pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,altoge!r ! total numb] ( explosions 9 ?is c\ntry t h be5 record$ dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s has am\nt$ to #bai1 :i* may be class$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,faults ( con/ruction or repair #ie ,faults to be detect$ only by p]iodical exam9ation #fb ,faults :i* %\ld be prev5t$ by c>eful att5dants #ed ,extrane\s or unc]ta9 causes #h --- ,total #bai --- ,by ^! #bai explosions #cae p]sons 7 kill$ & #dej injur$4 ,! foll[+ are ! p>ticul>s ( ! con/ruction ( ! #bai explod$ boil]s3-- ,corni%1 ,lanca%ire1 or o!r boil]s ) int]nal flues #hd ,pla9 ,cyl9drical boil]s or o!rs )\t int]nal flues #ed ,m>9e boil]s #ab ,agricultural boil]s #aa ,locomotive boil]s #aj ,furnace-upright boil]s #h ,crane boil]s #f ,rag /eam]s1 c4 #f ,balloon & ,elephant boil]s #e ,dome/ic boil]s1 c4 #af ,n suffici5tly describ$ #g --- ,total #bai --- ,! causes ( ^! #bai explosions may also be class$ z foll[s3-- ,worn out1 corrod$1 or burnt plates #hi ,undue pressure1 ov]load$ valves1 int5tional or f c>elessness #be ,bad con/ruction1 defective fitt+s or /ays1 or want ( repair #fi ,%ortness ( wat]1 =mation ( scale or mud1 or ext]nal flues set too high #bh ,extrane\s or unc]ta9 causes #h --- ,total #bai --- ,sket*es are giv5 ( ! mo/ in/ructive examples ( boil] explosions dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 :i* are suffici5t to expla9 !mselves1 ) a brief ref]5ce to _! special features4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,al?\gh ! importance ( p]iodical exam9ation z ! be/ safegu>d aga9/ explosion is g5]ally admitt$1 a great numb] ( ^? :o make or use boil]s h n at pres5t suffici5t belief 9 its importance to adopt ?is c\rse4 ,boil]s are /ill con/ruct$ or set 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] exam9ation next to impossible2 & are cont9u$ to be work$ )\t mak+ x ! duty ( ^? :o m9d !m1 or ( any "o else1 to exam9e e "p at frequ5t int]vals2 & h5ce su* explosions h occurr$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #ab1 #ahgj1 9 :i* ! orig9al position ( ! boil] be=e explosion is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,x is ?\ght by _m /eam us]s t all has be5 done :i* is possible1 if _! boil]s are ! be/ t c be procur$1 & are set 9 ! mo/ approv$ way2 & x is tak5 = grant$ t su* boil]s %\ld la/ = _m ye>s1 "u ! idea t a good boil] c nev] explode unless ! fe$ is neglect$4 ,simil> boil]s are (t5 ref]r$ to z hav+ work$ safely = t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 b x is =gott5 t !y may be expos$ to ! insidi\s action ( furr[+ on ! inside or *annell+ on ! outside1 su* z caus$ ! explosions ( ! orig9ally good boil]s %[n 9 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 ,nos4 #ce1 #ahgj2 #ej1 #ahff2 #df1 #ahfi2 & #be1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,mu* mis*ief arises f special classes ( boil]s1 fitt+s1 or app>atus1 be+ look$ ^u z promis+ p]man5t safety f explosion2 :ile ! inevitable circum/ance is ov]look$ t x is only s long z ev]y?+ is ma9ta9$ 9 good condition t safety is insur$4 ,an app>atus1 = in/ance1 = prev5t+ explosion f %ortness ( wat] or ov]-pressure1 h[ev] p]fect = any su* object1 w\ld be q ineffici5t z a safegu>d aga9/ explosion f corrosion1 furr[+1 *annell+1 or weak con/ruction4 ,x is curi\s to note h[ (t5 x is ! case t e o!r "p ( an e/abli%m5t is subject to sev]e & p]petual scrut9y1 ! eng9es especially be+ ov]haul$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s regul>ity2 :ile ! boil]s1 ! v s\rce ( ! p[] & ! he>t ( ! :ole bus9ess1 are left to !mselves = long p]iods1 ev5 = ye>s1 )\t exam9ation2 & x is too (t5 only aft] bitt] exp]i5ce t own]s h und]/ood ! ne$ ( ?is exam9ation4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r matt]s1 exp]i5ce has %[n t !re is no royal road to safety1 & t immunity is only secur$ by unremitt+ c>e & con/ant wat*fulness4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ev5 a good boil] c explode2 = h[ev] good at ! outset1 soon] or lat] ! "t mu/ ev5tually arrive1 :5 su* we> & te> w h tak5 place z w result 9 dang]\s weakness1 unless ! boil] is c>efully & sy/ematically att5d$ to4 ,al?\gh a boil] may ev5 la/ safely = t5 to ?irty or m ye>s if work$ sl[ly & ) c>e1 no confid5ce c be plac$ 9 a boil] :i* has work$ s long1 unless x is exam9$ 9 e "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! op9ion is m g5]al ?an _m are aw>e (1 t explosions z a rule are caus$ by %ortness ( wat] & ! sudd5 turn+ on ( ! fe$ wat] ^u r$-hot plates2 & ! appe>ances ( injury 9 ! plates f fire1 aris+ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( work+1 h be5 frequ5tly mi/ak5 = signs ( ov]heat+ f %ortness ( wat] at ! "t ( explosion1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #f & #g1 ,no4 #bd1 #ahfg1 & ,no4 #ei1 #ahff4 ,al?\gh boil]s d explode f ! s(t5+ ( ! plates by ov]heat+ 9 consequ5ce ( %ortness ( wat]1 yet x is v d\btful :e!r ! turn+ on ( ! cold wat] at su* a "t is ev] ! cause ( explosion4 ,! fe$ wat] be+ always introduc$ at ! bottom ( ! boil]1 z 9 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj1 _c be scatt]$ sudd5ly ne> ! ov]heat$ p>ts1 b mu/ rise gradually up ! sides2 & ! boil] w\ld h gone to pieces f ! giv+ way ( ! s(t5$ p>ts long be=e ! wat] rea*$ !m1 z 0 ! case 9 ! explosions %[n 9 ,figs4 #aa & #ab1 end ( #ahfh4 ,! exp]im5t ( inject+ cold wat] into r$-hot boil]s has be5 c>efully tri$ m ?an once1 )\t produc+ any explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,al?\gh x may be too mu* to suppose t boil] explosions w ev] be entirely prev5t$1 x is important t ^? :o h ! c>e ( boil]s %\ld und]/& bett] :at are ! true causes ( explosion1 9 ord] t !y may "k :at to gu>d aga9/ 9 addition to %ortness ( wat]4 ,?is bett] und]/&+ ( ! subject has be5 mu* ret>d$ by ! supposition t ! causes ( boil] explosions are beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! boil] m9d]s2 & /ill m by ! important diff]5ces ( op9ion among ^? "u :om !y "w4 ,mu* evil has result$ f ! promulgation ( /rongly express$ views1 :i* h be5 f\nd$ ^u facts b ( too limit$ ext5t1 & su* z mu/ become modifi$ by consid]ation ( ! facts ( a l>ge numb] & v>iety ( explosions4 ,my/]i\s !ories to acc\nt = explosions h be5 resort$ to only f want ( cle>] explanations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,be=e consid]+ 9 detail ! causes ( explosion1 x is necess>y to recall to m9d t beyond "q !re is suffici5t accumulat$ =ce 9 any work+ boil] to cause all ! viol5t effects ( an explosion1 if ?is =ce be sudd5ly lib]at$4 ,9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad1 ,no4 #ah1 #ahfi1 & ,no4 #fc1 #ahff1 are %[n ! viol5t effects ( ! rupture ( vessels employ$ = /eam+ rags1 :i* 7 fill$ ) /eam only4 ,9 ord9>y boil]s h[ev] !re is pres5t1 besides ! /eam1 a quantity ( wat] heat$ mu* beyond ! atmosph]ic boil+ po9t2 & :5 rupture takes place & ! pressure is sudd5ly reliev$1 "p ( ?is wat] evaporates1 & keeps up ! supply ( /eam to cont9ue ! rupture & de/ruction4 ,! explosion ( a boil] diff]s f ! dis*>ge ( electricity or lightn+1 :i* cleaves ! air & in/antly leaves a vacuum2 x also diff]s f ! dis*>ge ( detonat+ comp\nds :i* act sudd5ly & leave a vacuum2 b x m ne>ly resembles ! dis*>ge ( gunp[d]1 :i* burns suffici5tly sl[ly to keep up a cont9u\s pressure beh9d a projectile until x leaves a gun2 & ea* cubic foot ( wat] 9 a boil] work+ at #fj lbs4 pressure has be5 %[n to produce 9 /eam an explosive effect equal to "o p\nd ( gunp[d]4 ,none ( ! elaborate b unlikely !ories ( decompos$ /eam1 or ( electric accumulations1 suppose a =ce s fitt$ to cause de/ruction z t conta9$ 9 ! highly heat$ wat] exi/+ 9 all work+ boil]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ appe> to be ! g5]al results to be d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ! explosions 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,fir/ z to faults ( con/ruction :i* fall "u ! dep>tm5t ( ! boil] mak] or repair]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ app>5t causes ( explosion 9 /ation]y boil]s is ! loss ( /r5g? occasion$ by frequ5t repair1 n only f ! injury done to ! old plates by remov+ rivets1 b f ! want ( bond 9 ! new "w4 ,?is has lead to _m ( ! explosions ( ! ,pla9 ,cyl9drical boil]s1 su* z are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 & #ag1 ,no4 #de1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #cb1 #ahgj1 & ,no4 #bj1 #ahgj4 ,:]e ! plates are arrang$ longitud9ally in/ead ( 9 r+s1 ! dang] is increas$1 z !re is less *ance ( a dang]\s rip be+ arre/$ by a cross$ jo9t4 ,s great a numb] ( boil]s ) cont9u\s longitud9al seams1 especially 9 ! ,nor?1 h work$ = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 t x c h>dly be suppos$ !y are any weak] ?an ! boil]s made 9 r+s2 b !y are m liable to explode1 = if a seam rip occurs1 x m easily ext5ds along ! seam1 & leads to ! g5]al break up ( ! boil]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ,no4 #ei1 #ahfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,p]haps no boil]s h work$ = a great] numb] ( ye>s ?an ! ,pla9 ,cyl9drical boil]s1 _m specim5s be+ 9 exi/5ce & app>5tly 9 good ord] :i* 7 put to "w fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,:5 su* boil]s h be5 too mu* or injudici\sly repair$1 !y are trea*]\s & unc]ta92 b _! rupture & explosion occur n s mu* on acc\nt ( fault ( %ape1 z f ! simple reason t l will+ horses !y are easily ov]work$4 ,! grates are usually twice z l>ge z ! fair proportion to ! heat+ surface1 produc+ ! d\ble evil ( =c+ m heat ?r\gh ! iron plates ov] ! fire ?an !y c transmit )\t injury1 & all[+ a great am\nt ( heat to pass away to ! *imney )\t useful effect4 ,c>eful exp]im5t %[s t ne>ly z good duty c be obta9$ ) ! pla9 cyl9drical boil] z ) any o!r =m1 provid$ ! rate ( combu/ion is 9 fair proportion to ! ext5t ( heat+ surface 9 ! boil]4 ,! circum/ance t _m pla9 cyl9drical boil]s h explod$ is n suffici5t to condemn ?is make ( boil]1 :i* is ! *eape/1 simple/1 & mo/ easily set4 ,if ! numb] ( explosions alone 7 to be tak5 z ! guide1 x w\ld lead to ! condemnation ( ! ,corni% & ,lanca%ire boil]s1 f ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ f\r ye>s4 ,b 9 case ( bo? pla9 cyl9drical & o!r =ms ( boil]s1 mo/ ( ! dang]s admit ( rem$y1 & c be gu>d$ aga9/ by frequ5t exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,five v fatal explosions h occurr$ ( boil]s heat$ by ,puddl+ & ,mill ,furnaces1 lead+ 9 "s cases to ! supposition t ?is =m ( boil] is m liable to explosion ?an o!rs4 ,!y 7 n adopt$ h[ev] 9 ! iron-mak+ di/ricts )\t great c>e & consid]ation1 & !re does n seem gr\nd = attribut+ special dang] to !m4 ,! causes ( ! five explosions ref]r$ to ( ^! boil]s 7 manife/1 & w\ld h l$ to ! explosion ( any =m ( boil]2 ! loss ( life h[ev] 0 great1 because ! situation ( ! boil]s 0 among a l>ge numb] ( workm54 ,! /eam p[] requir$ 9 ironworks s f> exce$s t 9 any o!r trade1 t an ironwork is half compos$ ( boil]s2 ! workm5 are necess>ily )9 ! range ( explosion ( _m boil]s1 & h5ce ! great loss ( life :5 su* an accid5t occurs4 ,! explosions ( su* boil]s %[n 9 ,figs4 #ai & #bj1 ,no4 #bd1 #ahfh1 & ,no4 #ca1 #ahfh1 7 f ext]nal & int]nal corrosion respectively ( ! bottoms1 r5d]+ !m too weak to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #ba & #bb1 ,no4 #bc1 #ahgj1 & ,no4 #ec1 #ahfi1 7 f ! collapse ( ! c5tral tubes1 :i* 7 weak5$ by ext]nal & int]nal corrosion respectively4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd1 ,no4 #ce1 #ahfh1 ! %ell 0 9 bad ord] f ov] "w & receiv+ too mu* heat f f\r l>ge furnaces1 "o ( ^! especially caus+ a con/ant mass ( flame to imp+e ^u a s+le plate1 :i* result$ 9 a seam rip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! greate/ numb] ( explosions & ! greate/ loss ( life & p]sonal injury h be5 9 ! case ( ,corni% & ,lanca%ire boil]s1 or o!rs ) int]nal flues4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,cornwall itself !re h be5 _m explosions1 z (t5 f ! rupture ( ! %ell1 ,fig4 #bc1 ,no4 #eh1 #ahfi1 z f ! collapse ( ! tube1 ,fig4 #be1 ,no4 #ce1 #ahfi4 ,! tempor>y pat*+ on "s ( ^! old boil]s 0 mo/ ext5sive1 ,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #eb1 #ahfi1 & ! only wond] really 0 t !y held toge!r z long z !y did4 ,! belief t %ortness ( wat] is ! only cause :i* c lead to ! collapse ( tubes is s /rong1 t ! boil] m9d]s h (t5 be5 condemn$ almo/ unhe>d 9 cases ( explosion1 z if !re 7 no room = d\bt t _! neglect 0 ! cause4 ,explosions f weakness ( tubes are n h[ev] conf9$ to ,cornwall1 z = example 9 ,fig4 #bg1 ,no4 #db1 #ahfh1 :]e ! flue 0 oval & v weak3 al?\gh x 0 suppos$ t %ortness ( wat] caus$ ! accid5t1 f ! idea t no?+ else c\ld acc\nt = x4 ,! /ra9 caus$ by ! v>y+ temp]ature ( ! int]nal tubes 9 ,corni% or ,lanca%ire boil]s1 & ! difficulty ( /ay+ _! flat ends s z to make !m suffici5tly secure )\t be+ too rigid to all[ = ! expansion ( ! tubes1 r5d] !m liable to corrosion or furr[+ 9 p>ticul> l9es ( /ra91 ! de/ructive action ( :i* is v rapid2 :ile ! l>ge quantity ( brickwork ar\nd ! outside1 necess>y to =m ! ext]nal flues1 also r5d]s !m liable to corrosion 9 ! p>ts mo/ difficult ( access4 ,9 ?is fav\rite =m ( boil] !re=e c>eful & frequ5t exam9ation 9 e "p is m ne$$ ?an 9 boil]s ( simpl] =m & sett+2 & ! increas+ numb] ( explosions among ^! boil]s seems to e/abli% t !y are only tru/wor?y if frequ5tly exam9$ & kept 9 p]fect ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,sev]al in/ances h occurr$ ( explosion ( ,portable ,crane ,boil]s4 ,_! small size has l$ to _! condition be+ disreg>d$1 "u ! idea t sc>cely any pressure c\ld bur/ !m4 ,9 practice x is f\nd h[ev] t !y are (t5 expos$ to great] pressure ?an o!r boil]s1 because ! fire is l>ge & quick 9 proportion to _! size2 & !y (t5 h to /& = a consid]able "t ) ! /eam up1 & _! expos$ position & long int]vals ( re/ add to ! *ances ( corrosion1 z %[n by ! example 9 ,fig4 #bh1 ,no4 #ad1 #ahfi4 ,! l>ge manholes )\t /r5g!n+ r+s1 t are s (t5 put 9 ^! boil]s1 h be5 ! cause ( explosions su* z t %[n 9 ,fig #bi1 ,no4 #eg1 #ahff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! same rem>k applies to "s ( ! portable or agricultural boil]s :i* h explod$1 su* z ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #cj & #ca1 ,no4 #dc1 #ahfh1 & ,no4 #ab1 #ahfi4 ,mu* mis*ief is (t5 caus$ by bad imitation ( well plann$ boil]s4 ,?us 9 boil]s ( ! ,corni% =m1 ! ends are made sometimes s rigid z to give no all[ance = ! expansion ( ! tube1 & ! result is su* cont9u$ /ra9 z to cause con/ant leak+ & ! consequ5t risk ( fracture4 ,9 furnace boil]s ! tops ( ! cr[ns ( ! inside tubes are (t5 made flat1 z 9 ,fig4 #cg1 in/ead ( be+ dom$2 or ! inside tube is ( undue size1 z 9 ,fig4 #ba1 ,no4 #bc1 #ahgj1 see page #gc4 ,furnace boil]s h be5 made ) ! omission ( ! /ays t are s peculi>ly necess>y 9 t =m1 :]eby bo? ends h be5 left free to bulge outw>ds ) ! pressure1 z 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,corni% boil]s are (t5 alt]$ to ! pla9 cyl9drical =m1 )\t comp5sation be+ made = ! loss ( /r5g? caus$ by ! removal ( ! tube2 ?is has l$ to su* explosions z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 ,no4 #dg1 #ahfi1 :]e two tubes :]e tak5 out1 & ,fig4 #cd1 ,no4 #db1 #ahfg1 :]e "o tube 0 tak5 out4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t & s]i\s causes ( loss ( /r5g? is ! repair+ ( ext]nally fir$ boil]s4 ,n only are ! pat*es sometimes only bolt$ on 9 a tempor>y mann]1 z 9 ,fig4 #ce1 ,no4 #bi1 #ahfi1 b ev5 :]e !y are rivett$ on !re is an entire want ( bond or cross$ jo9t1 z 9 ! case ( ! explod$ boil]s %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 & #ag1 see page #gj & #ga1 ,no4 #aj1 #ahfi1 & ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,an attempt is made 9 ,fig4 #ch to %[ ! effect ( we> & te> ( boil] plate 9 an ord9>y upright furnace boil]1 su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! ext]nal surface is expos$ to int5se heat & consequ5tly exp&s1 :ile ! int]nal surface is kept cool by contact ) ! wat] & exp&s to a mu* less degree4 ,! cont9u$ repetition ( ?is process produces ! same effect ( crack+ ! surface z t se5 9 ! anvil blocks ( /eam hamm]s2 & ! /r5g? ( ! plate is r$uc$ 9 proportion to ! de/ruction ( ! cont9uity ( its surface4 ,! delet]i\s effect ( ?is process is mu* increas$ if ! boil] is subject to alt]nate heat+ & /reams ( cold air on op5+ ! fire-doors4 ,to avoid x ! flame %\ld h room to spread ov] z l>ge a surface z possible1 )\t imp++ on "o p>ticul> po9t1 & ! fir+ %\ld be z regul> z possible2 & h5ce ! great] fre$om f injury 9 boil]s me*anically fir$ or heat$ by gas4 ,! above action is q di/9ct f ! ov]heat+ ( ! plates t occurs :5 no wat] is 9 contact ) !m1 :i* simply s(t5s !m & r$uces _! /r5g?1 z 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,x is believ$ t _m boil]s suff] f ov]heat+ )\t be+ %ort ( wat]3 & an attempt is made to %[ ?is action 9 su* an upright boil] z is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cg1 page #gh1 by ! enl>g$ section ( ! side %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! flame is %[n imp++ on a limit$ surface1 z be=e1 & ! /eam rises s rapidly f ! inn] surface z to ma9ta9 a cont9u\s /ratum ( /eam betwe5 ! iron & ! wat]1 & ! plate consequ5tly becomes ov]heat$ at t "p4 ,:5 ! int5se flame subsides by an alt]ation ( ! work+ ( ! furnace1 ! /ream ( /eam dim9i%es1 & ! wat] returns & sudd5ly cools & contracts ! plate1 b (t5 n be=e x has comm5c$ to get out ( %ape4 ,?is has p]haps l$ to ! explosion %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei1 ,no4 #cg1 #ahfh1 page #hb4 ,! same ?+ may happ5 to ! cr[ns ( tubes ( int]nally fir$ boil]s :5 ov] fir$1 z 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,success has att5d$ ! use ( int]nal l9+s to boil]s1 arrang$ s z to ensure a rapid circulation ov] ! mo/ heat$ p>ts1 & also to cat* all ! mud & loose scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,9 ord] to enable boil] m9d]s to make prop] p]iodical exam9ations1 x is necess>y t c>e %\ld be tak5 to arrange bo? ! boil]s & ! flues ) t view2 & ?is c be done )\t mat]ially injur+ ! effici5cy ( ! boil]4 ,ord9>y pla9 cyl9drical boil]s c be ent]$ easily1 z 9 ,fig4 #db2 & al?\gh ! small spaces betwe5 ! tubes & ! %ells ( ,corni% & ,lanca%ire ,boil]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 r5d] ! complete exam9ation tr\blesome1 !re is no difficulty 9 see+ ^? p>ts mo/ likely to ne$ exam9ation1 su* z ! cr[ns ( ! tubes & ! end plates & angle iron4 ,x is 9 ! ext]nal flues t great] accommodation is ne$$1 z 9 _m cases ^! are s n>r[ t ! boil] is q inaccessible )\t pull+ d[n ! brickwork1 z 9 ,figs4 #dd & #de4 ,! loss ( heat+ effect caus$ by ! use ( wid] flues is s little1 t x is f> outweigh$ by ! great] security obta9$ f ! m effici5t exam9ation t is !reby r5d]$ practicable4 ,! flues ( ! pla9 cyl9drical boil] are easily made wide en\gh = a man to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,! flues ( ,corni% & ,lanca%ire boil]s %\ld be made z %[n 9 ,figs4 #df & #dg1 s t a man c ent] !m )\t su* inconv5i5ce z 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,"o po9t ( dang] be+ ! use ( wide mid-fea!r walls1 on :i* corrosion is apt to take place1 ^! %\ld be n>r[$ & ! weight ( ! boil] support$ on side brackets2 ! top ( ! mid-fea!r & side walls c !n be con/ruct$ ) sight holes z at ,a ,a 9 ,figs4 #di & #ej1 s z to give ! means ( exam9+ ! plates ne> ea* seam by simply remov+ loose bricks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! explosions ( f\rte5 ,dome/ic or ,heat+-,app>atus ,boil]s are includ$ 9 ! li/ ( explosions1 ,table ,,iii2 & "s notice is requir$ to be tak5 ( ^!1 because !y h l$ to ! loss ( ! lives ( ^? :o c\ld n be expect$ to "k _! con/ruction or h[ to gu>d aga9/ accid5t2 & z ^! boil]s are seldom se5 or exam9$ aft] !y are once set1 !y %\ld be ! m c>efully con/ruct$4 ,9 "o or two cases ^! boil]s 7 ( a rectangul> %ape1 z 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ,no4 #da1 #ahfh1 ill adapt$ to be> int]nal pressure1 & yet plac$ 9 connection ) ci/]ns 9 ! ro(s ( l(ty h\ses1 s z to expose !m to a hydro/atic pressure almo/ up to _! bur/+ /r5g? )\t any addition ( /eam pressure4 ,! mo/ usual cause ( explosion is ! light+ ( ! fire dur+ fro/y wea!r 9 a h\se t has be5 left vacant1 s t /eam pressure accumulates 9 ! boil] :il/ ! exit is froz5 up1 z 0 ! case 9 ,fig4 #eb1 ,no4 #f1 #ahgj4 ,! ca/-iron boil]s commonly us$1 ,fig4 #ec1 end ( #ahfi1 are capable ( be>+ b little pressure2 & ! wr\ght iron boil]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #ed1 ,no4 #g1 #ahgj1 are f\nd (t5 s badly weld$ z to be b little /rong]2 b ev5 if !y 7 z /rong z !y c\ld be made1 ! /oppage ( ! pipes by ice w\ld lead to explosion4 ,/eam pressure may be gu>d$ aga9/ by a safety valve2 b z ?is may become set fa/ 9 a little "t1 x w\ld be f> bett] to avoid all *ance ( /eam accumulation by su* an arrangem5t z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 :]e ! circulat+ boil] is plac$ )9 an op5-topp$ boil] beh9d ! kit*5 fire1 & only receives its heat ?r\gh ! hot wat] surr\nd+ x1 & !re=e _c itself become suffici5tly hot to g5]ate /eam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a few rem>ks may be useful z to ^? faults aris+ 9 work+ :i* fall "u ! dep>tm5t ( ! boil] m9d]s4 ,n a few ( ! explosions dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s h occurr$ f acts ( simple c>elessness1 su* z :]e a bl[-(f pipe 0 left op51 s t ! boil] 0 ne>ly empti$ ( wat] :ile at "w2 or 9 ano!r case :]e two boil]s 7 f$ at ! same "t ?r\gh a common pipe )\t a back valve1 & ! wat] f "o kick$ ov] into ! o!r4 ,undue pressure has be5 all[$ to accumulate by safety valves be+ ti$ d[n1 z 9 ! agricultural boil]1 ,fig4 #ef1 ,no4 #af1 #ahfg2 or by an extra weight be+ put ^u ! safety valve1 z 9 an in/ance :]e ?ree bricks 7 fa/5$ to ! lev] & ! fires 7 light$ e>li] ?an usual1 "u ! idea t an accumulation ( /eam c\ld be rais$ dur+ ! night to make a good />t 9 ! morn+4 ,ano!r explosion 0 caus$ by work+ a boil] at m ?an ?ree times its prop] pressure to meet a tempor>y em]g5cy4 ,9 n a few cases ( explosion !re 0 no pressure gauge on ! boil]1 or ! gauge 0 out ( repair 9 consequ5ce ( be+ plac$ on ! /eam pipe1 s t x vibrat$ ) e /roke ( ! eng9e2 z 9 ! examples %[n 9 ,figs4 #bd & #af1 ,no4 #ce1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #cb1 #ahgj1 pages #gj & #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,corrosion has be5 ! direct cause ( _m ( ! explosions4 ,9 "o or two cases ! corrosion 0 kn[n to exi/1 b ! r5ewal ( ! boil] 0 too long delay$1 z 9 ,fig4 #eg1 ,no4 #h1 #ahfi1 9 o!rs x took bo? own]s & m9d]s by surprise1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #ab1 #ahgj1 page #fc4 ,x is said t to produce rapid ru/+ ( iron !re mu/ be pres5t oxyg51 wat]1 & c>bonic acid2 & z all ^! are pres5t 9 a boil] flue :5 !re are leaks1 x is n surpris+ t s _m cases occur ( explosions f corrosion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mu* mis*ief is (t5 done by ! injudici\s use ( compositions 9 ! boil] t are design$ to prev5t incru/ation1 especially :]e !re is no bl[-(f cock or :]e its use is neglect$4 ,a h>d deposit on ! boil] plates is1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 n s injuri\s z ! s(t & muddy deposit produc$ by ! use ( su* compositions4 ,a h>d scale is equival5t to ?ick5+ ! plate2 & al?\gh ?is is suffici5tly mis*iev\s1 ! injury to ! plates is mu* m rapid :5 a ?ick] b spongy deposit entirely prev5ts contact ( ! wat] & imp$es ! transmission ( ! heat4 ,an attempt to illu/rate ?is is giv5 9 ,fig4 #eh1 :i* is an enl>g$ view ( a portion ( su* a boil] z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! money sp5t 9 boil] compositions w\ld be bett] appli$ 9 secur+ a supply ( prop] wat]1 or 9 filt]+ & purify+ ! wat] be=e x ent]s ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! writ] has _h to m5tion only faults 9 boil]s2 b x is n to be inf]r$ t all boil]s are work+ 9 actual dang]4 ,a v small p]c5tage p]haps are s2 b )\t p]iodical exam9ation no "o c feel sure ( ! condition ( any boil]4 ,x is n likely t explosions 9 future w be f exactly ! same causes z ^? n[ describ$1 because ! kn[n faults w be avoid$4 ,= in/ance no new ,balloon1 ,wagon1 or ,butt]ley boil]s are n[ made2 & ! peculi> faults & ! weakness ( ! tubes 9 ,corni% & o!rs ( ! bett] classes ( boil]s are n[ s well kn[n z to be g5]ally avoid$2 & z in=mation spreads1 _m evils w become ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,z p]iodical exam9ation has be5 s /rongly advocat$1 x might seem natural to desire t x %\ld be en=c$ by gov]nm5t au?ority2 b ?is is by no means recomm5d$4 ,a select p>liam5t>y committee has be5 rec5tly inve/igat+ ! subject1 ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r t w\ld be desirable1 b has adj\rn$ = ! session )\t com+ to any decision on ?is po9t4 ,ev5 if a p]fect sy/em ( gov]nm5t inspection c\ld be contriv$ & p]fectly adm9i/]$1 x w\ld h ! effect ( tak+ ! responsibility f ! own]s1 :o are ! natural gu>dians ( ! safety ( _! boil]s4 ,al?\gh ! loss ( #gj lives p] annum by boil] explosions is suffici5tly deplorable1 ! dea?s by railway accid5ts are m ?an ?ree times t numb]2 yet v little inspection ( railways is held to be necess>y1 & t inspection takes place *iefly be=e ! comm5cem5t ( work+ or aft] accid5ts4 ,a co]cive sy/em may introduce m evils ?an x cures1 especially z at pres5t s mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s respect+ ! causes ( boil] explosions4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 f> m real good arises f ! calm discussion ( ! facts & f ! spread ( correct in=mation by su* societies z ?is ,in/itution1 ?an f en=c+ by law any action :i* is n p]haps believ$ by ! majority ( /eam us]s to be at all necess>y or useful4 ,x has be5 at times sugge/$ to increase ! p[] & responsibility ( coron]s 9 hold+ inque/s ^u ^? kill$ by boil] explosions1 by requir+ !m to obta9 sci5tific evid5ce & to insi/ t ! causes ( ! explosions %all be add$ to ! v]dicts ( juries4 ,b x is believ$ t ?is w\ld only encumb] an important in/itution1 because a jury :o might well decide :e!r a p]son _h be5 kill$ by any crim9al c>elessness w\ld n be a suitable tribunal to decide betwe5 possibly conflict+ sci5tific evid5ce2 & also1 z an inque/ may result 9 a v]dict ( manslaught]1 ! elicit+ ( in=mation on su* an occasion is *eck$ by ! natural fe> ( inadv]t5tly involv+ "s "o 9 s s]i\s a *>ge4 ,! public at l>ge1 & /eam us]s g5]ally1 w\ld ga9 m in=mation & guidance f ! sci5tific evid5ce itself ?an f ! v]dict ( a coron]'s jury2 & x is believ$ mu* good has result$ 9 prev5t+ locomotive boil] explosions by publi%+ ! reports ( ! gov]nm5t inspect+ eng9e]s1 :o h ga9$ _! k ( ! facts 9 conv]sation ) all ^? conc]n$1 & h add$ recomm5dations :i* h be5 promptly act$ ^u4 ,! writ]'s object has be5 t ! boil]s f\nd mo/ conv5i5t & be/ suit$ = ! diff]5t purposes = :i* !y are us$ %\ld be made to "w ) safety1 r ?an t reliance %\ld be plac$ ^u ! qualities ( any p>ticul> k9d ( boil] or fitt+s4 ,no =m ( boil] at pres5t admits ( absolute reliance ^u its fre$om f risk4 ,! foll[+ g5]al conclusions appe> to arise f ! consid]ation ( ! records ( boil] explosions4 #a4 ,t ! =ce accumulat$ 9 an ord9>y boil] is en\gh to acc\nt = ! viol5ce ( an explosion4 #b4 ,t no =m ( boil]1 h[ev] well con/ruct$ & fitt$1 is free f ! liability to explosion1 if all[$ to get out ( ord]2 & t boil]s :i* be> ! hydraulic te/ may /ill be dang]\s4 #c4 ,t ! condition ( a boil] c be satisfactorily asc]ta9$ only by p]iodical exam9ations1 & t no boil] %\ld "w )\t be+ ?or\ghly exam9$ at %ort int]vals4 #d4 ,t ! co/ ( p]iodical exam9ation is s little z to be f> outweigh$ by ! great] security obta9$2 & t ! sett+s ( all boil]s %\ld be con/ruct$ ) a view to facilitate exam9ation4 #e4 ,t ! sure/ way to make sy/ematic exam9ation g5]al is to spread z widely z possible correct in=mation z to ! facts & asc]ta9$ causes ( boil] explosions1 & to in=m boil] own]s & m9d]s :at dang]s to gu>d aga9/2 & t ?is is pref]able1 & m likely to less5 explosions ?an en=c+ any sy/em ( inspection by legal enactm5t4 ,,table ,i4 ,summ>y ( ,records ( ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions up to #cj? ,june1 #ahgj1 %[+ ,description ( ,explod$ ,boil]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,description ( ,explosions up to ,june ,explosions 9 ! #d ,boil]4 #ahff4 ye>s f ,june #ahff to ,june #ahgj4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,engli%4,=eign4,total,engli%4,=eign4,tot al ,m>9e #eg #bjc #cbj #ab #fd #gf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,corni%1 #adj #a #ada #hd #c #hg ,lanca%ire1 or o!rs ) int]nal flues ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,locomotive #ia #bi #abj #aj #fh #gh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pla9 ,cyl9drical #aad #b #aaf #ed #c #eg ext]nally fir$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,balloon1 ,hay/ack1 ,wagon1 #fb #b #fd #e #b #g ,butt]ley1 ,briti%-,tube ,elephant1 or ,trevi?ick ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,portable1 ,agricultural1 #bh #a #bi #ag #ag #cd ,upright1 ,crane1 or v small ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,heat+1 ,kit*51 #ad 44 #ad #bb #ad #cf ,dome/ic1 ,rag ,/eam]s1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,furnace-upright #aj 44 #aj #h 44 #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,n suffici5tly #bjc #bi #bcb #g #age #ahb describ$ to be classifi$ ,totals #gai #cbg #ajdf #bai #cdf #efe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,table ,i 7cont9u$7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,description ( ,total ,explosions ,boil]4 up to ,june1 #ahgj4 ------------------------ ,engli%4,=eign4 ,total4 ,m>9e #fi #cbg #cif ---------------------------------------- -- ,corni%1 #bbd #d #bbh ,lanca%ire1 or o!rs ) int]nal flues ---------------------------------------- -- ,locomotive #aja #ig #aih ---------------------------------------- -- ,pla9 ,cyl9drical #afh #e #agc ext]nally fir$ ---------------------------------------- -- ,balloon1 ,hay/ack1 ,wagon1 #fg #d #ga ,butt]ley1 ,briti%-,tube ,elephant1 or ,trevi?ick ---------------------------------------- -- ,portable1 ,agricultural1 #de #ah #fc ,upright1 ,crane1 or v small ---------------------------------------- -- ,heat+1 ,kit*51 #cf #ad #ej ,dome/ic1 ,rag ,/eam]s1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,furnace-upright #ah 44 #ah ---------------------------------------- -- ,n suffici5tly #baj #bjd #dad describ$ to be classifi$ ,totals #ich #fgc #afaa ---------------------------------------- -- ,,table ,,ii4 ,summ>y ( ,records ( ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions up to #cj? ,june1 #ahgj1 %[+ ,causes ( ,explosions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cause ( ,explosions up to ,june ,explosions 9 ! #d explosion4 #ahff4 ye>s f ,june #ahff to ,june #ahgj4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,engli%4,=eign4,total4,engli%4,=eign4,to tal4 ,worn out1 #ib #ec #ade #hi #e #id corrod$1 or burnt plates ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,undue pressure1 #acb #e #acg #be #f #ca ov]load$ valves1 int5tional or f c>elessness ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bad #acf #ajh #bdd #fi #h #gg con/ruction1 weak tubes1 defective fitt+s or /ays1 or want ( repair ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,%ortness ( #ajf #h #aad #bh #b #cj wat]1 =mation ( scale or mud1 or ext]nal flues set too high ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,extrane\s #f #c #i #b 44 #b causes1 lightn+1 fire1 gas1 c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,too unc]ta9 to #bdg #aej #cig #f #cbe #cca be classifi$ ,totals #gai #cbg #ajdf #bai #cdf #efe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,table ,,ii 7cont9u$7 ---------------------------------------- - ,cause ( ,total ,explosions up to explosion4 ,june #ahgj4 ---------------------- ,engli%4,=eign4,total ,worn out1 #aha #eh #bci corrod$1 or burnt plates --------------------------------------- ,undue pressure1 #aeg #aa #afh ov]load$ valves1 int5tional or f c>elessness --------------------------------------- ,bad #bje #aaf #cba con/ruction1 weak tubes1 defective fitt+s or /ays1 or want ( repair --------------------------------------- ,%ortness ( #acd #aj #add wat]1 =mation ( scale or mud1 or ext]nal flues set too high --------------------------------------- ,extrane\s #h #c #aa causes1 lightn+1 fire1 gas1 c4 --------------------------------------- ,too unc]ta9 to #bec #dge #gbh be classifi$ ,totals #ich #fgc #afaa --------------------------------------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,analysis ( ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom dur+ ! ,f\r ye>s end+ #cj? ,june1 #ahgj1 %[+ ! ,causes ( ,explosion ( ,boil]s ( diff]5t descriptions4 ,a ,faults 9 con/ruction or repair4 ,b ,faults :i* %\ld be detect$ by p]iodical exam9ation4 ,c ,faults :i* %\ld be prev5t$ by c>eful att5dants4 ,d ,causes extrane\s or unc]ta94 ,e numb] ( ,explosions4 ,k numb] ( p]sons ,kill$4 ,i numb] ( p]sons injur$4 ,,corni%1 ,,lanca%ire1 or o!r ,boil]s ) int]nal flues4 ,e ,k ,i ,weak ,tubes #bf #ag #da ,weak combu/ion *amb]s #e #h #g ,a ,weak ends #c #aj #aj ,weak dome #a #j #j ,weak manhole #a #a #a ,bad repair #c #e #b ,e ,k ,i ------------ #ci #da #fa ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #ah #db #aja ,int]nal ,corrosion #f #d #e ------------ #bd #df #ajf ,%ortness ( ,wat] #ad #aa #bc ,c ,scale ( mud #c #a #j ,undue ,pressure #d #ad #d ------------ #ba #bf #bg ,e ,k ,i ------------ #hd #aac #aid ,,pla9 ,,cyl9drical1 or o!r ,boil]s )\t int]nal flues4 ,e ,k ,i ,weak flat ends #h #i #ab ,weak manhole #a #j #b ,frequ5t repair produc+ ,a seam rip 9 boil]s ) #ae #ah #bh plates arrang$ l5g?ways ,d4 ) plates arrang$ 9 r+s #h #aa #be ------------ #cb #ch #fg ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #aa #e #ai ,int]nal ,corrosion #e #e #f ------------ #af #aj #be ,%ortness ( ,wat] #b #a #j ,c ,scale #a #a #j ,undue pressure #c #d #c ------------ #f #f #c ------------ #ed #ed #ie ------------ ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 ,e ,k ,i ,weak flues #c #f #c ,a ,weak ends #b #f #e ,bad mat]ial #a #c ,e ,k ,i ------------ #f #ae #i ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #b #aj #c ,int]nal ,corrosion #c #a #d ------------ #e #aa #g ,c ,%ortness ( wat] #a #aa #g ------------ #a #aa #g ------------ #ab #cg #bc ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 ,a ,boil] us$ z frame = eng9e #b #a #b ------------ #b #a #b ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #b #a #d ,int]nal ,corrosion #b #j #c ------------ #d #a #g ,brok5 connect+-rod ,d pi]c$ boil] #a #b #a ,dome caught by railway bridge #a #a #j ,unc]ta9 causes #b #j #d ------------ #d #c #e ----------- #aj #e #ad ,,agricultural ,,boil]s4 ,a ,weak manhole #a #a #d ------------ #a #a #d ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #b #c #c ,int]nal ,corrosion #a #a #g ------------ #c #d #aj ,c ,%ortness ( wat] #a #j #j ,undue pressure #f #ae #ae ------------ #g #ae #ae ----------- #aa #bj #bi ,,furnace ,,upright ,,boil]s4 ,too mu* flame on "o "p #a #b #j ,a ,frequ5t repair produc+ seam rip #a #ac #b ------------ #b #ae #b ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #b #ac #aa ,int]nal ,corrosion #b #ae #f ------------ #d #bh #ag ,c ,%ortness ( ,wat] #b #c #h ------------ #b #c #h ----------- #h #df #bg ,,elephant ,,boil]s4 ,a ,weak ends or want ( /ays #a #b #b ------------ #a #b #b ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #a #j #d ------------ #a #j #d ----------- #b #b #f ,,crane ,,boil]s4 ,e ,k ,i ,a ,weak manhole #c #g #c ,e ,k ,i ------------ #c #g #c ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #a #d #b ------------ #a #d #b ,c ,%ortness ( wat] #b #b #j ------------ #b #b #j ----------- #f #ac #e ,,rag ,,/eam]s1 ,c4 ,weak manhole #c #b #e ,a ,bad mat]ial #a #a #e ,want ( /ays #a #a #j ------------ #e #d #aj ,c ,undue ,pressure #a #b #f ------------ #a #b #f ----------- #f #f #af ,,fe$-,,wat] ,,heat]s4 ,d ,unc]ta9 causes #b #j #f ------------ #b #j #f ----------- #b #j #f ,,dome/ic ,,boil]s4 ,a ,weak %ape #c #d #g ------------ #c #d #g ,b ,corrosion #b #j #e ------------ #b #j #e ,c ,undue ,pressure f freez+ ( ,pipes #i #g #i ------------ #i #g #i ----------- #ad #aa #ba ,,balloon ,,boil]s4 ,b ,ext]nal ,corrosion #b #a #b ------------ #b #a #b ,c ,undue ,pressure #a #a #j ------------ #a #a #j ----------- #c #b #b ,,boil]s ,,( ,,unc]ta9 ,,description4 ,a ,weak manhole #a #j #j ------------ #a #j #j ,/eam ent]$ ?r\gh bl[- (f pipe f ano!r boil] #a #a #b ,c :ile clean+ ,/eam pipes brok5 #b #d #c ,%ortness ( ,wat] #a #a #d ------------ #d #f #i ,d ,unc]ta9 causes #b #j #c ------------ #b #j #c ----------- #g #f #ab ---------- ,e ,k ,i ,,totals #bai #cae #dej ,,table ,,iv4 ,summ>y ( causes ( ! ,/eam ,boil] ,explosions compris$ 9 ,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e ,k ,i ,numb] ,numb] (,numb] ( ,causes ( ,explosion4 ( p]sons p]sons ,explosions4 ,kill$4 ,injur$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a ,faults 9 con/ruction or repair #ie #abh #afg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b ,faults :i* %\ld be detect$ #fb #aje #ahe by p]iodical exam9ation ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c ,faults :i* %\ld be prev5t$ #ed #gi #hd by c>eful att5dants ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,d ,extrane\s or unc]ta9 causes #h #c #ad ,totals #bai #cae #dej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,brief ,,ab/racts ,,f ,,reports ,,on ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,explosions1 ,,pres5t$ ,,to ,,! ,,midl& ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,inspection ,,assurance ,co41 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,b9don ,,m>t51 ,,*ief ,,eng9e] ,,to ,,! ,,company4 ,description is %ort5$ z mu* z possible1 & facilitat$ by slight sket*es1 %[+ ! position ( ! fragm5ts or l9e ( fracture1 & ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ,boil]s4 ,,republi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,p]mission ,,( ,,! ,,company4 ,,/\rbridge3 ,b4 ,,broomhall1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,high ,,/reet4 #ahfi4 ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,9 #ahff4 ,no4 #a4 ,nott+ham4 ,janu>y #a/4 none injur$4 ,locomotive1 #aaj lbs41 /&+ ) /eam up ne> a plat=m4 ,all b ! fire box 0 bl[n away1 ! ma9 portion be+ ?r[n a di/ance ( #djj y>ds4 ,! fir/ r5t took place at a longitud9al seam ( ! b>rel :]e groov+ _h gone on v rapidly1 :i* 0 n discov]$ :5 exam9$ & te/$ a %ort "t be=e4 ,no4 #b4 ,walsall4 7,fig4 #a47 ,janu>y #bnd4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,butt]ley1 #bf;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #i;ft4 diamet]4 ,! wagon-%ap$ top to ! fire place 0 #h;ft4 #f;94 long1 & 0 atta*$ to ! bell-m\? ( ! int]nal tube1 :i* !n cont9u$ circul> to ! back ( ! boil]4 ,! tube 0 #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,all ! plates 7 ab\t #g_/af?s in* ?ick1 & al?\gh ! boil] 0 an old "o1 !y 7 n[h]e r$uc$ 9 ?ickness by we>4 ,! usual pressure ( /eam 0 #ah lbs41 & a self-regi/]+ gauge %[$ t at ! "t ( explosion x did n exce$ #bj lbs4 ,! top ( ! fire grate on ! "r side r5t longitud9ally1 & ! upp] "p ( ! %ell consi/+ ( f\r r+s ( plates1 & also ! top ( ! fire place op5$ out & blew away to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! front end also blew away4 ,! bell-m\? ( ! tube 0 bl[n to ! front1 & ! tube :i* rema9$ 9 ! back "p ( ! %ell collaps$ upw>ds4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 mo/ likely ! intr9sic weakness ( boil]s ( ?is %ape1 especially ov] ! fire1 :]e ! top is only reta9$ 9 its %ape by num]\s /ays4 ,! boil] _h be5 v frequ5tly repair$1 at ?is ! weake/ place1 & its /r5g? _h be5 ?us s r$uc$ z to make x unable to be> ev5 a few p\nds m ?an ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,! :i/le 0 f\nd to h be5 gagg$ by hemp1 c>efully ins]t$1 s t !re is gr\nd = suppos+ !re _h be5 int5tional unfair usage4 ,no4 #c4 ,bly?4 7,fig4 #b47 ,janu>y #h?4 #a kill$ #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,m>9e1 #bj;ft4 long1 & #e;ft4 diamet]1 ) int]nal fire place & return flue1 #ad lbs4 ,!re 7 altoge!r ?ree r5ts 9 ! tube ov] ! fire1 z a small b& 0 held 9 its place by a /ay f ! tube to ! %ell4 ,! escap+ cont5ts scald$ ^? ne>1 b no damage 0 done to any?+ b ! boil]4 ,! cause 0 /at$ to be %ortness ( wat]4 ,!re 0 no wat] gauge4 ,no4 #d4 ,london4 ,janu>y #i?4 #a kill$4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 ) "o tube #c-f diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 ,! tube collaps$ 9 an incl9e direction f weakness )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,! appe>ance aft] explosion 0 ne>ly ! same z t %[n 9 sket* giv5 at ,no4 #ab explosion4 ,no4 #e4 ,glasg[4 7,fig4 #c47 ,janu>y #ac?4 #d kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 #c;94 long1 & #g;ft4 #g;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 tubes #b;ft4 #g;94 diamet]1 #dj lbs4 ,ab\t #h;ft ( ! back portion ( ! %ell 0 torn (f1 leav+ ! tubes & ends intact4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 consid]$ to be excessive pressure1 b h[ accumulat$ did n transpire4 ,x is mo/ natural to expect t !re mu/ h be5 corrosion "u ! bottom to cause ! fir/ r5t4 ,no4 #f4 ,coatbridge4 ,janu>y #ag?4 #a injur$4 ,corni%4 ,no details h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #g4 ,york4 7,fig4 #d47 ,janu>y #ah?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,agricultural1 #h;ft4 #b;94 long1 #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet] 9 ! b>rel1 #e_/af?s in* plates1 int]nal fire box1 #b;ft4 #d;94 wide1 #b;ft4 #d;94 high1 & #b;ft4 #aj;94 deep4 ,f ! back ( ?is fire box1 two #ab-;in* tubes pass$ to an int]nal *amb] at ! back ( ! b>rel4 ,f ?is aga9 pass$ n9e #c-c_/d in* tubes to an ext]ior smoke-box fix$ ov] ! fire door4 ,! boil] 0 fitt$ ) "o spr+ safety valve1 :i* 0 screw$ d[n tight1 b !re 0 no pressure gauge4 ,! front plate 0 int5d$ to be bolt$ on s t ! fire-box & tubes c\ld be tak5 out = clean+1 b x _h be5 rivett$1 leav+ no means ( clean+1 & x 0 ne>ly full ( scurf4 ,! cr[n plate ( fire-box :i* 0 too flat & un/r5g!n$1 r5t at ! front & along bo? top edges1 & 0 driv5 into ! fire4 ,! boil] 0 ?r[n backw>ds & re>$ aga9/ a wall1 re/+ on ! front "r h& corn]4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 t ! v dirty /ate1 caus$ ov]heat+ :]e ! wat] 0 n 9 prop] contact ) ! plates1 & ! defective con/ruction did n admit ( prop] clean+4 ,! m\nt+s 7 insuffici5t = ! prop] protection ( ! boil]4 ,no4 #h4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #e47 ,janu>y #bi?4 #a kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ,boil] ) hemisph]ical ends1 #cj;ft4 long & #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 ,x 0 ! second f ! eng9e 9 a b$ ( five1 & _h be5 at "w ?ree ye>s1 !n rema9$ idle = eight ye>s1 work+ aga9 f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! boil] 0 m\nt$ ) two safety valves #c-g_/h & #d in*es diamet]1 a float & al>m :i/le4 ,! boil] _h be5 m ?an once repair$ ov] ! fire ) sev]al new plates4 ,"o seam ov] ! fire _h be5 obs]v$ to leak ab\t a week be=e ! explosion1 b n s]i\sly1 & _h be5 caulk$4 ,! boil] _h j be5 />t$ aft] clean+4 ,six mon?s be=e explosion1 ! boil] _h be5 te/$ to #fi lbs4 ,ab\t #e feet ( ! front end ( ! boil] op5$ out flat1 & 0 ?r[n to ! re> ab\t #fj y>ds2 ! front hemisph]ical end 0 lib]at$ & ?r[n #bj y>ds also to ! re> & "r h&4 ,! back "p ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n 9 a mass1 & aft] b\nd+ twice1 lodg$ at a di/ance ( #bcj y>ds4 ,! cause ( ! explosion appe>$ to be f ! failure ( a seam ov] ! fire place 9 a plate det]iorat$ by age1 & ov]heat$ ?r\gh a deposit ( scurf & mud4 ,no4 #i4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #f47 ,febru>y #g?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,pla9 ,cyl9drical ,boil]1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 #bc;ft4 long1 & #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 ,x 0 set s z to be fir$ "u ! bottom if requir$1 b ! grate 0 seldom us$4 ,! pr9cipal heat 0 suppli$ f a mill furnace1 ! neck ( :i* 0 at ! left h& ( ! back1 & ! flame 0 c>ri$ by a :eel flue r\nd ! front ( ! boil] to ! /ack on ! "r h& side ( ! back4 ,! boil] 0 fitt$ ) a #d-c_/d-;in* safety valve1 & also a float1 b x 0 suspect$ t ! latt] _h brok5 f ! rod4 ,a horizontal seam ab\t ! middle ( ! left h& side _h giv5 way1 & ! upp] portion ( ! #crd & #d? r+s ( plates _h spread out l a lid )\t be+ deta*$ f ! boil]4 ,! front end became deta*$ & 0 ?r[n "s di/ance to ! front4 ,! cause ( explosion 01 t ! left side ( ! boil] became ov]heat$1 & s mu* s(t5$1 t x fir/ bulg$ outw>ds ) ! ord9>y work+ pressure1 & !n r5t op54 ,! ov]heat+ 0 mo/ likely ! result ( %ortness ( wat]1 b x might possibly h be5 9 consequ5ce ( ! int5se heat ( a mill furnace imp++ on a small area s ne> ! wat] l9e1 lead+ to su* rapid ebullition z to prev5t suffici5t contact ( ! wat] to keep ! plates cool4 ,no4 #aj4 ,dunse4 ,febru>y #ad?4 #a injur$4 ,locomotive4 ,x explod$ :ile /&+ 9 a %$1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #aa4 ,middlesbro'4 ,febru>y #bf?4 #a injur$4 ,m>9e1 9 a small tug boat1 b no details h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #ab4 ,ga9sbro' 7,fig4 #g7 ,febru>y #bf?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #ba;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 ) "o tube #b;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*1 #fd lbs4 ,!re 7 no /r5g!n+ r+s on ! tube4 ,! boil] 0 second-h&1 & _h only work$ a "p ( a day at its new position :5 x explod$4 ,! tube collaps$ f weakness )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #ac4 ,r$ru?4 7,fig4 #h47 ,m>* #crd4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #ca;ft4 #i;94 long1 & #e;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 ,! tube _h be5 repair$ ) a bolt$ pat* on ! left side ! day be=e ! explosion1 & x is presum$ x 0 slightly out ( ! circul> %ape1 z x collaps$ sideways1 ! top be+ ?r[n up above its prop] height4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce ( %ortness ( wat]4 ,! tube )\t /r5g!n+ r+s 0 too weak to su/a9 ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #ad4 ,london4 ,m>* #e?4 #g injur$4 ,corni%1 at #bg lbs41 b z ! boil] 0 n injur$1 x is only notic$ z an explosion1 because ( ! imprud5ce ( plac+ fitt+s 9 su* dang]\s positions4 ,! boil] 0 b5ea? a "w room1 & ! lev] ( ! safety valve became displac$1 all[+ ! valve to bl[ out1 & ! escap+ /eam ru%$ into ! room above & scald$ sev5 m5 v badly4 ,no4 #ae4 ,man*e/]4 ,m>* #f?4 #a kill$4 ,?is 0 a ,boil] ) two int]nal fireplaces1 connect$ into "o flue at ! back4 ,! cr[ns ( bo? furnaces 7 collaps$1 & slightly r5t1 & ! escap+ /eam & wat] scald$ ! att5dant4 ,! wat] 0 #h or #i in*es bel[ its prop] level1 all[+ ! furnace cr[ns to become ov]heat$ & unable to be> ! work+ pressure4 ,ea* furnace _h be5 fitt$ ) a fusible plug1 b !y prov$ ineffici5t4 ,no4 #af4 ,norwi*4 7,fig4 #i47 ,m>* #ac?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,?is 0 a v small boil]1 #h;ft4 long1 & #c;ft4 #b-a_/b;94 diamet]1 ) two small tubes4 ,x 0 fir$ ext]nally4 ,! dome 0 bl[n (f & ! r5ts cont9u+1 ! top op5$ out on ea* side1 & ! upp] portion ( bo? back & front 0 b5t back4 ,! dome cut away ! :ole ( ! top plate1 & s mu* r$uc$ ! /r5g? t x w\ld n be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #ag4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,m>* #ai?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ,boil]1 #cf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #fj lbs4 ,x _h frequ5tly be5 repair$ ov] ! fire1 s t ! longitud9al seams ran = sev]al plates )\t break ( jo9t4 ,a pat* _h be5 put on a few days be=e explosion1 & z ! rivet holes _h badly fitt$1 !re _h be5 mu* /ra9 caus$ by drift+1 & ! rivets 7 mu* di/ort$4 ,a longitud9al seam gave way ov] ! fire1 :5 two r+s ( plates op5$ out1 r5d+ ! transv]se seams at ea* side until completely sep>at$1 & fell 9 two p>ts at a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj y>ds 9 front ( ! boil]4 ,! front end 0 lib]at$ & fell 9 "o piece ab\t #ajj y>ds beyond ! two pieces ( ! %ell4 ,! ma9 body ( ! boil] 0 driv5 back a few y>ds & roll$ ov] s z to be upside d[n1 b 0 little injur$4 ,! frequ5t & badly execut$ repair ov] ! fireplace1 _h s weak5$ ! /ructure z to make x unable to be> ! v high ord9>y pressure4 ,?is frequ5t repair ov] ! fireplace _h be5 made necess>y by v h>d fir+ & deposits ( scurf f muddy wat]1 prev5t+ ! prop] contact ( ! wat] ) ! plates4 ,no4 #ah4 ,liv]pool4 ,m>* #bbnd4 #a kill$4 ,?is 0 a small ,boil] to supply /eam = "s /eam w9*es on bo>d a /eam boat1 & explod$ f ! ov]heat+ ( ! upp] tubes ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]1 or f ov] pressure 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ only "o safety valve4 ,no4 #ai4 ,le$s4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,m>* #bg?4 #b kill$1 #ah injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,two ,tube ,corni%1 #bd;ft4 #f;94 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tubes #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ed lbs41 fitt$ ) /eam gauge1 bl[-(f cock1 #a-a_/b in* dead weight safety valve1 load$ to #ed lbs41 & #d-c_/h in* lev] safety valve1 load$ to #fb lbs41 & _h be5 at "w ab\t five ye>s4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! two back r+s ( ! %ell 7 torn (f & op5$ out1 & ! boil] 0 turn$ p>tly r\nd1 & mov$ ^u its seat sideways & =w>ds4 ,!re 0 ext5sive corrosion at ! "u side ( ! back ( %ell1 :]e ! fir/ r5t took place1 caus$ by ! leak+ ( ! jo9ts & seams4 ,no4 #bj4 ,swansea4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,april #d?4 #e kill$1 #d injur$4 ,"o ,tube ,corni% ,boil]1 #cj;ft4 long1 & #g;ft4 diamet]1 tube slightly oval ab\t #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dc lbs41 fitt$ ) #c-a_/b in* safety valve1 :i* is mu* too small = su* a boil]1 glass wat] gauge1 two gauge cocks1 & pressure gauge4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end4 ,! front end 0 bl[n out ) a %ort l5g? ( ! tube atta*$1 & 0 driv5 aga9/ a wall ab\t #cj y>ds to ! front4 ,! ma9 body ( ! %ell1 & ! back end1 ) ! collaps$ tube )9 x1 7 driv5 back aga9/ ano!r wall1 ab\t ! same di/ance away4 ,v great damage 0 done to ! surr\nd+ prop]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! tube ( s l>ge a diamet]1 )\t /r5g!n+ r+s1 :i* made x unable to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t at ! "t ( ! explosion1 ! pressure 0 consid]ably m ?an usual dur+ ! /oppage ( ! eng9e1 & ! confusion caus$ by a man becom+ entangl$ 9 ! ma*9]y4 ,no4 #ba4 ,morpe?4 ,april #aj?4 #a kill$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ,boil]1 #cd;ft4 long1 & #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates plac$ l5g?ways1 #cc lbs4 ,! explosion took place at a seam 9 ! front "p ( ! bottom ( ! boil] j ov] ! fire4 ,?is rupture all[$ ! sides to exp&1 until ! boil] 0 completely de/roy$ & torn into sev5 pieces4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 suppos$ to be ! defective /ate ( ! seams ov] ! fire1 :i*1 be+ plac$ longitud9ally1 7 9 ! weake/ position4 ,no4 #bb4 ,%iffnal4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,april #ba/4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,two ,tube ,corni%1 #ae;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tubes #a;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 ,! heat 0 suppli$ by two furnaces1 "o ( :i* play$ into ea* tube4 ,! left h& tube collaps$ f %ortness ( wat]1 & tore away f ! angle iron 9 ! front plate1 & all[$ ! cont5ts to issue viol5tly & scatt] ! brickwork1 b ! boil] 0 n di/urb$4 ,no4 #bc4 ,burnley4 ,april #bf?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,small int]nally fir$ ,boil]1 #e;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 & 0 int5d$ to "w at #gj lbs4 ,! fitt+s 7 defective1 ! spiral spr+ ( ! safety valve be+ mo/ easily alt]$1 s z to cause ov] pressure4 ,! manhole 0 n /r5g!n$ by any r+1 & ! fir/ r5ts comm5c$ at t po9t4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ov] pressure & defective con/ruction4 ,! sket* at ,no4 #eg explosion 9 ?is ye>1 is ( a simil> boil] :i* explod$ f ne>ly simil> causes4 ,no4 #bd4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,may #ac?4 none injur$4 ,balloon or ,hay/ack ,boil]1 ab\t #af;ft4 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 & work$ at v little above atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! boil] 0 *iefly us$ to /ore wat] dur+ ! "t ano!r boil] by ! side ( x 0 empti$4 ,:5 ! wat] 0 requir$ to refill ! o!r boil]1 a fire 0 light$ "u ! balloon1 & suffici5t /eam g5]at$ to drive ! wat] f x into ! o!r boil]4 ,! safety valve nev] be+ us$1 x _h become fa/1 & z a little m /eam ?an usual _h accumulat$1 ! bottom gave way1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts made ! boil] rise f its seat1 & x fell on its side at "s di/ance away flatt5$ by ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,no4 #be4 ,we/bromwi*4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,may #be?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,"o ,tube ,corni% ,boil]1 #ae;ft4 long1 & #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tap] tube1 #b;ft4 #i;94 diamet] 9 front1 & #b;ft4 diamet] at back1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 ,! boil] re/$ on two walls =m+ ! bottom flue4 ,!re 0 a safety valve1 a glass wat] gauge1 a pressure gauge1 & two fusible plugs ^u ! tube4 ,two longitud9al r5ts took place on ! "u side ( ! %ell1 all[+ two /rips1 =m+ ! c5tral "p1 to op5 out by ! cont9uation ( ! fracture1 until !y 7 bl[n to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! tube ) ! front end1 & "o r+ ( ! %ell 7 ?r[n to ! front1 :ile ! back end 0 ?r[n to ! re>1 ! smalle/ end ( ! tube hav+ torn away f ! back4 ,! %ell 0 deeply corrod$ :]e x re/$ on ! side walls ( ! bottom flue1 & ! /r5g? ( ! boil] 0 !reby s mu* r$uc$1 t x 0 unable to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #bf4 ,halifax4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may #bf?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #bd;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #e;ft4 diamet]1 tap] tube1 slightly oval 9 ! front1 #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 & #b;ft4 diamet] at ! back1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,! boil] 0 fitt$ ) glass wat] gauge1 float1 self-act+ fe$ app>atus1 & safety valve load$ to #eb lbs41 & also a m]cury gauge4 ,! tube collaps$ ov] ! fire1 a r5t tak+ place 9 ! second r+ ( plates4 ,! issu+ /eam & wat] caus$ ! dea? ( a man 9 front1 b ! %ell ( ! boil] 0 n injur$ or mov$4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 %ortness ( wat]1 & z ! glass gauge 0 set unusually l[1 ! man 9 *>ge may h be5 deceiv$4 ,! oval %ape ( ! fireplace1 & ! lam9at$ iron1 z %[n 9 ! fracture1 r5d]$ ! tube peculi>ly liable to collapse4 ,no4 #bg4 ,durham4 ,may #bf?4 #a kill$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ,boil]1 #cd;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs41 fitt$ ) two #e-;in* safety valves1 & #b floats4 ,! boil] 0 torn 9 two pieces1 t 7 ?r[n to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! fir/ r5t _h tak5 place imm$iately ov] ! fire4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weak5+ ( ! %ell by frequ5t repair ov] ! fire1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! deposit f ! muddy wat] prev5t+ prop] contact ( ! wat] ) ! plates4 ,no4 #bh4 ,durham4 ,may #bg?4 #a kill$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ,boil]1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs41 fitt$ ) two safety valves1 two floats1 & two al>m :i/les4 ,! boil] 0 lift$ f its seat1 & "o end 0 sep>at$ & ?r[n to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 weak5+ ( ! %ell f repair a few days be=e1 & p]haps ov] pressure1 z ! gauge 0 f\nd "s "t aft]1 & indicat$ t ! pressure _h at "s "t exce$$ #hj lbs4 ,no4 #bi4 ,r$ru?4 ,may #bh?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #cj;ft4 #h;94 long1 #f;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 tube1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 ,! tube collaps$1 & r5t1 & ! issu+ /eam & wat] scald$ ^? ne>1 z x 0 too weak to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #cj4 ,leice/]4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,may #ca/4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ,boil]1 ) di%$ ends1 & only #d;ft4 #b;94 long1 & #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates4 ,x 0 mo/ ineffici5tly m\nt$1 ! safety valve 0 only #a-e_/h-;in* diamet]1 & ( su* faulty con/ruction1 t x w\ld n op5 "u a pressure ( #afb lbs4 ,!re 0 no /eam gauge or float1 & ! gauge cocks 7 defective4 ,!re 0 no means ( putt+ wat] 9 ! boil] :5 !re 0 a pressure ( /eam4 ,! manhole 0 v l>ge = s small a boil]4 ,f\r r5ts />t$ f ! manhole & cont9u$ along ! top ( ! boil] & r\nd ! end seams4 ,a tongue-%ap$ /rip ( ! top plate 0 atta*$ to ! back end plate2 two /rips ab\t a foot wide on ei!r side 7 bl[n away4 ,! boil] _h be5 turn$ ne>ly r\nd 9 its flight1 & fell ) ! back ab\t #ab feet f ! orig9al position ( ! front4 ,! boil] 0 work$ until x 0 ne>ly dry1 &1 dur+ a tempor>y /oppage ( ! eng9e1 an accumulation ( /eam caus$ a great] pressure ?an ! boil] c\ld be>4 ,no4 #ca4 ,newca/le4 ,june #g?4 none injur$4 ,m>9e ,boil] 9 a ,tug ,boat4 ,! boil] 0 bl[n completely out ( ! vessel1 & ! great] "p ( x fell into ! wat]1 & a l>ge piece alight$ on a cr[d$ quay1 b )\t do+ any damage4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 suppos$ to be ov]-pressure dur+ a tempor>y /oppage ( ! eng9e4 ,no4 #cb4 ,b>n>d ,ca/le4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,june #aa?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,agricultural1 ( ab\t #g horse p[]4 ,! b>rel ( ! boil] 0 #f;ft4 #a;94 long1 #b;ft4 #e;94 diamet]2 ! fire-box end 0 #c;ft4 wide1 & #b;ft4 #d;94 deep2 ! fire-box 0 #b;ft4 #e-a_/b;94 wide1 & #b;ft4 #g;94 high1 & #a;ft4 #i-a_/b;94 deep1 ) #bc tubes pass+ f x ?r\gh ! b>rel to ! smoke box & *imney4 ,! boil] 0 fitt$ ) a #b;94 safety valve1 :i* 0 int5d$ to bl[ at #de lbs41 b z !re 0 no f]rule1 x is suppos$ to h be5 screw$ d[n to a mu* great] pressure4 ,! upp] portion ( ! %ell ov] ! fire-box r5t ?r\gh ! manhole1 & all[$ ! %ell to op5 out & fall on ea* side4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! front plate 0 also torn (f4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! manhole1 :i* 0 n /r5g!n$ by any r+1 & also excessive pressure f want ( prop] safety valve4 ,no4 #cc4 ,breage4 ,june #aa?4 #a kill$4 ,corni% ,boil]1 #cf;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 ,! tube collaps$ & r5t1 & ! issu+ cont5ts caus$ ! dea? ( ! att5dant4 ,! weak tube ( su* l>ge diamet]1 0 unable to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure1 hav+ no /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #cd4 ,nott+ham4 ,june #ai?4 #b kill$1 #d injur$4 ,locomotive1 #a_/b in* plates1 #adj lbs4 ,! explosion occurr$ at ! left h& side ( ! r+ ( plates 9 ! b>rel next ! fire-box1 & bel[ ! foot-plate4 ,! r5t tore along ! edge ( ! lap & into ! next r+ ( plates4 ,! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts ?rew ! eng9e (f ! rails4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 p>tial corrosion at ! po9t ( rupture & /ra9 ( ! plates1 z ! boil] itself =m$ "p ( ! frame ( ! eng9e4 ,no4 #ce4 ,ri*mond4 ,june #bf?4 #b injur$4 ,locomotive1 be+ tri$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! funnel came 9 contact ) a bridge1 & ! dome 0 also torn (f4 ,no4 #cf4 ,ga9sbro' ,june #bi?4 none injur$4 ,no details h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #cg4 ,durham4 ,july #bnd4 #d kill$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9drical ,boil]1 #cj;ft4 long1 & #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #bh lbs4 ,x _h be5 repair$ a %ort "t be=e ! explosion1 ) #e new plates4 ,! boil] 0 torn up into sev]al pieces1 b ! ma9 portion rema9$ flatt5$ out on ! seat+1 :ile "s small] pieces 7 s5t #bej y>ds away4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! det]ioration ( ! boil]1 & its frequ5t repair ov] ! fireplace4 ,no4 #ch4 ,liv]pool4 ,june #ab?4 #d injur$4 ,elephant ,boil]1 #bj;ft4 long1 & #d;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 & work$ at l[ pressure4 ,! bottom %ell _h a tube ?r\gh its :ole l5g?4 ,a r5t took place 9 ! l[] "p ( ! fireplace1 & ext5d$ along ! bottom1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts caus$ ! top to re> up4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 suppos$ to be t ! bottom plates 7 worn too ?9 to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #ci4 ,%effield4 ,july #d?4 none injur$4 ,two ,tube ,corni% ,boil]1 ext]nally fir$1 #cj;ft4 long1 & #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 ,! second seam ov] ! fire gave way1 & ! plate sank d[n ^u ! fire4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! det]ioration ( ! seams ov] ! fire1 9 consequ5ce ( ! deposit ( scurf :i* c\ld n be prop]ly cle>$ (f ow+ to ! int]nal tubes4 ,no4 #dj4 ,oldham4 ,july #ad?4 none injur$4 ,boil]1 ) two int]nal furnaces1 #i;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #b;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 unit+ into "o tube beyond4 ,! furnace cr[n collaps$ ne> ! front ( ! boil]4 ,!re 0 an extra weight ^u ! safety valve1 & ! /eam valve 0 left clos$1 s t m pressure accumulat$ ?an ! boil] c\ld be>4 ,no4 #da4 ,ox=d4 ,july #bcrd4 #c injur$4 ,rag ,boil]1 n us$ = ! g5]ation ( /eam4 ,x 0 a pla9 cyl9d]1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 ab\t #af;ft4 long1 & #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,!re 0 a neck at ea* end ^u :i* ! boil] revolv$1 & ?r\gh "o ( ^! ! /eam 0 admitt$ to a pressure ( #cj lbs41 9 ord] to assi/ 9 clean+ ! rags4 ,!re 0 a l>ge manhole = fill+ & empty+4 ,! boil] r5t 9 ! middle1 & ea* half 0 bl[n to "s di/ance4 ,! manhole 0 s l>ge1 t ! /r5g? ( ! boil] 0 too mu* r$uc$1 & ! con/ant /ra9 ( revolv+ caus$ a c5tral seam to give way at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! sket* to ,no4 #fc is ( a simil> boil]4 ,no4 #db4 ,tun/all4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,july #bh?4 #b kill$1 #g injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,boil]1 #cf;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #h;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 ) flat back & hemisph]ical front end1 #cf lbs4 ,a tube #c;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 pass$ f ! back end ne>ly to ! front1 & return$ to ! back end1 b ( #f in*es less diamet] & !n pass$ to an iron *imney4 ,! fire grate 0 b5ea? ! hemisph]ical end4 ,! angle iron ( ! flat back end gave way1 & sep>at$ f ! %ell & ) ! tubes atta*$ 0 bl[n to a good di/ance1 & ! reaction drove ! %ell f> 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! bad con/ruction ( ! boil]1 z ! back end 0 q unsupport$1 z !re 7 no /ays1 & ! b5d ( ! tubes 0 n atta*$ to ! %ell4 ,an adjo9+ boil] :i* 0 be+ clean$ inside by two m51 0 roll$ (f its seat by ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,no4 #dc4 ,widnes4 ,augu/ #bnd4 #b kill$1 #f injur$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9drical ,boil]1 ) flat ends1 #bc;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 ,bo? ! flat ends 7 bl[n out1 & ! fir/ r+ ( plates at ! front end torn (f4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! flat ends )\t /ays4 ,no4 #dd4 ,sund]l&4 ,augu/ #g?4 #a kill$1 #c injur$4 ,locomotive1 #ac;ft4 #d;94 long1 #c;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 ) #adj #b-;94 tubes4 ,! fire-box 0 #d;ft4 #e;94 long1 #c;ft4 #f;94 broad1 & #e;ft4 deep1 & made ( copp]1 #a_/b in* ?ick1 #ajj lbs4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) two #d-;94 safety valves1 & a /eam gauge4 ,! fire-box gave way ab\t ! middle ( ! left side1 #b;ft4 #f;94 bel[ ! wat] l9e1 :]e corrod$ to #a_/h in*1 & ! issu+ wat] & /eam scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #de4 ,runcorn4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,augu/ #bbnd4 #c kill$1 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,m>9e ,multitubul>1 #e;ft4 #h;94 long1 & #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 ) two int]nal tubul> furnaces1 :i* jo9$ to an int]nal *amb] ( l>ge size1 & small tubes pass$ to a smoke box & *imney 9 ! front ov] ! fire doors4 ,bo? ends 7 flat4 ,! flat back end 0 insuffici5tly /ay$1 & 0 bl[n completely out & torn into two pieces1 ! l[] portion rema9+ 9 ! vessel1 & ! upp] "p fall+ 9 ! wat]1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts caus$ ! boil] to be ?r[n on to ! side ( ! quay4 ,no4 #df4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,augu/ #be?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #bd;ft4 #c;94 long1 & #f;ft4 diamet]1 tap] tube #c;ft4 #e;94 diamet]1 = ab\t #g;ft4 #f;94 9 l5g?1 & #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet] = ! re/ ( ! l5g?1 #cc lbs4 ,! tube 0 mu* corrod$1 & ! fireplace gave way on left side1 & 0 s mu* torn1 t ! plates 7 =c$ out ( ! front4 ,no4 #dg4 ,morecombe4 ,augu/ #bg?4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,m>9e1 ( ! usual con/ruction1 & _h be5 te/$ to #fj lbs4 ,x gave way at ! l[] portion ( ! back1 & ! issu+ /eam & wat] scald$ ^? ne>4 ,a seam r5t1 #f;ft4 #f;94 long1 _h n be5 detect$ by te/+4 ,no4 #dh4 ,tudd5ham4 ,augu/ #bi?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,agricultural4 ,x bur/ dur+ a tempor>y /oppage f accumulation ( /eam1 caus+ undue pressure4 ,no4 #di4 ,glasg[4 ,augu/ #ca/4 #c kill$1 #f injur$4 ,upright ,boil]1 #cf;ft4 high1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #de lbs4 ,! bottom gave way f %ortness ( wat]1 & ! ma9 bulk ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n /raight up into ! air to a great height1 b desc5d$ aga9 on its seat+4 ,no4 #ej4 ,*a?am4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,septemb] #g?4 #b kill$1 #cj injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,two ,tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 ) tubes1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plate1 #fj lbs4 ,"s r5ts took place at ! "u side ( ! %ell1 all[+ ! c5tral portion to op5 out & bl[ away4 ,! portion conta9+ ! dome 0 ?r[n to ! left1 & ! o!r to ! "r4 ,! front end1 ) #c r+s ( ! %ell1 ) ! tubes & back end1 7 b little mov$ f _! orig9al position4 ,! tubes 7 d5t$ 9 on ! top & bottom1 by ! fall ( "s l>ge cop+ /ones ^u !m1 b ! cr[ns ( ! furnaces 7 un9jur$1 & !re 0 no sign ( %ortness ( wat] or ov]heat+4 ,ext5sive corrosion on ! "u side ( ! %ell1 :]e x re/$ on ! brickwork1 _h s r$uc$ ! /r5g?1 t x 0 unable to be> ! work+ pressure4 ,9 ! sket* ! fragm5ts are drawn s z to %[ _! position :5 9 ! boil]4 ,no4 #ea4 ,new>k4 ,septemb] #ba/4 none injur$4 ,"o tube ,corni%4 ,! tube collaps$ f %ortness ( wat]1 & ! escape ( ! /eam & wat] blew (f ! door frame4 ,no4 #eb4 ,a%ton4 ,septemb] #bcrd4 #a injur$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9drical ,boil]1 #g;ft4 long1 & #b;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 ,! upp] "p ( ! boil] at ! fir/ r+ ( plates 0 torn (f1 & ! front end 0 bl[n out4 ,ext5sive ext]nal corrosion1 :]e ! plates re/$ aga9/ ! brickwork1 r5d]$ ! boil] too weak to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #ec4 ,norwi*4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,septemb] #be?4 #g kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #bj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ajj lbs4 ,x 0 d\ble-rivett$1 & ! cr[n ( tube 0 /r5g!n$ ) angle iron4 ,! %ell 0 =m$ ( six r+s1 ea* ( two plates alt]nately jo9t$ top & sides4 ,! ?ird r+ f ! front _h /ripp$ (f1 & 0 ?r[n to ! "r & =w>ds aga9/ a wall4 ,! l9e ( r5t 0 conf9$ to ! plates =m+ ! r+1 :i* 0 an out] "o1 & cov]$ ! two adjo9+ r+s 9 ! laps1 ! r5t be+ f ! edge ( ! inn] lap to ! ne>e/ rivets4 ,! fir/ r5t _h tak5 place 9 ! solid iron1 ab\t #a in* f ! rivets ( a seam on "o side1 & f ?is ! r5t _h ext5d$ along ! seams on ei!r side1 & ( c\rse ! :ole r+ soon tore (f :5 ! equilibrium 0 de/roy$ by ! fir/ r5t4 ,! fitt+s ( ! boil] 7 suffici5t1 except t !re 0 only "o safety valve1 & t 0 s con/ruct$ t x c\ld only op5 a v little way4 ,! cause 0 a defect 9 ! iron at ! po9t ( ! fir/ r5t1 & accumulat$ pressure dur+ ! "t ( /&+4 ,no4 #ed4 ,macclesfield4 ,septemb] #be?4 none injur$4 ,multitubul> ,boil]1 ) l>ge int]nal fireplace1 #fj lbs4 ,! furnace cr[n became ov]heat$ f %ortness ( wat]1 & 0 cru%$ d[n & torn across two seams4 ,! boil] 0 lift$ f its seat & ?r[n back aga9/ a /one wall4 ,no4 #ee4 ,*elms=d4 ,octob] #e?4 #a kill$1 #g injur$4 ,agricultural1 #de lbs41 & _h only j be5 set to "w4 ,! cr[n plate to ! fire-box 0 s deeply corrod$ f long we> t x gave way1 & ! issu+ cont5ts scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #ef4 ,gre5wi*4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,octob] #h?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,m>9e1 #af;ft4 long1 slightly oval1 front end flat1 #h;ft4 #f;94 wide1 #g;ft4 #aj;94 high1 & ! dim5sions ( ! back hemisph]ical end 7 #b;ft4 less ea* way1 #c_/h in* plates1 #bf lbs4 ,!re 7 two int]nal fireplaces1 ( irregul> %ape1 unit+ at ! back into "o flue ( simil> %ape1 :i* did n come to ! front1 b pass$ ?r\gh ! /eam space1 & out at ! top ( ! boil]4 ,:ile ! vessel 0 wait+ to />t1 ) /eam up1 ! w+ furnace ( ! />bo>d boil] collaps$ on ! w+ side1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & all[$ ! /eam & wat] to escape into ! /oke hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! side ( ! furnace next ! %ell 0 r5t along ! edge ( a longitud9al seam 9 a l9e1 :i* 0 slightly nick$ 9 ! caulk+4 ,?is r5t ext5d$ ab\t #e;ft4 #f;94 f ! front1 & !n at a cross seam x w5t along ! l9e ( rivets f ! cr[n to ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,beyond ?is cross seam ! furnace 0 collaps$1 until x ne>ly t\*$ ! o!r side ( ! furnace1 & ! bulge di$ away t[>ds ! back end4 ,!re 0 also a r5t 9 ! l[] "p ( ! front ( ! %ell1 z %[n 9 dott$ l9e4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! %ape ( ! flue1 :i* 0 n /ay$ to ! %ell4 ,x _h evid5tly gradually be5 giv+ way "s "t be=e ! explosion1 & ev5tually collaps$ at ne>ly ! ord9>y pressure4 ,symptoms ( ! same alt]ation ( %ape 7 notic$ 9 ! correspond+ flue ( ! o!r boil]4 ,no4 #eg4 ,liv]pool4 7,fig4 #be47 ,octob] #i?4 #g kill$1 #a injur$4 ,crane ,boil]1 #e;ft4 #f;94 high1 & #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 ) int]nal conical fire-box1 ) two cross tubes & a *imney at ! top1 #a_/d in* plates1 #ge lbs4 ,! out] %ell ( ! boil] 0 r5t into _m pieces1 leav+ ! c5tral conical fireplace intact4 ,! nature ( ! r5ts %[$ t ! plate r\nd ! manhole1 :i* 0 un/r5g!n$ by a r+1 _h fir/ giv5 way1 & all ! o!r fractures _h l$ away f t po9t4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! fact1 t ! manlid 0 ?r[n a good di/ance1 ) =ce en\gh to make its way ?r\gh ! timb] walls ( a cab94 ,! front plate divid$ into _m pieces1 & scatt]$ "r & left1 :ile ! back plate 0 ?r[n ?r\gh a cab9 9 ! opposite direction to ! manhole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! c5tral flue %[$ a slight indication ( ov]heat+1 b ! con/ruction 0 su* t ! upp] portion pass$ ?r\gh ! /eam space1 & 0 always expos$ to ! action ( ! fire1 )\t ! protection ( ! contact ( wat]4 ,! manhole )\t a r+ on its edge to /r5g!n ! plate1 & held 9 by two clamps1 :i* caus$ additional /ra9 :5 c>elessly screw$ up1 0 by f> ! weake/ place4 ,! eng9e 0 /&+ aft] a %ort "t ( work+1 & z ! safety valve 0 v defective1 & c\ld be screw$ d[n until tight1 aga9/ almo/ any pressure1 x is mo/ probable t ! pressure m\nt$ mu* high] ?an usual1 :5 ! weake/ "p gave way1 & l$ to ! sudd5 te>+ up & scatt]+ ( ! :ole fabric4 ,faulty con/ruction ( bo? boil] & fitt+s1 r5d]$ x unable to be> t accumulat$ pressure1 :i* ! safety valve ought to h made impossible4 ,no4 #eh4 ,durham4 ,octob] #ac?4 #a kill$4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #ad;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 int]nal flue #c;ft4 #c;941 by #b;ft4 #aj;941 #c_/h in* plates1 #bg lbs41 /&+ on ?ree saddles1 ) a be>+ surface ( #c;ft4 by #d in*es4 ,a portion ( plate #bj;94 by #ah;941 at ! bottom ( ! boil]1 0 s corrod$ t x 0 bl[n out1 & ! issu+ cont5ts scald$ a man to dea?4 ,no4 #ei4 ,bri/ol4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,novemb] #a/4 #g kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,two ,m>9e ,boil]s explod$ simultane\sly4 ,!y 7 #af;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet] at ! flat front ends1 & some:at less at ! hemisph]ical back ends4 ,ea* _h two int]nal fireplaces1 unit$ 9 "o flue1 :i* return$ ne>ly to ! front & pass$ up ?r\gh ! /eam space1 & out at ! top ( %ell into ! funnel4 ,! c5tral fireplaces 7 n circul>1 & ! outside fireplaces & ! return flues 7 /ill m di/ort$1 b ! weakness ( ! %ape 0 some:at comp5sat$ = by /ays betwe5 ! tubes1 & f ! tubes to ! %ell4 ,! m\nt+s to ! boil] 7 ( ! ord9>y k9d & effici5t4 ,! "u sides ( ! %ells 7 s deeply corrod$ t !y 7 r5t longitud9ally = _! :ole l5g?1 all[+ ! sides to op5 out & te> away f ! front ends4 ,ea* %ell fell at a consid]able di/ance4 ,! furnaces1 ) p>ts ( ! front ends atta*$1 fell into ! wat]1 b except "o ( ! side flues t 0 a little collaps$1 !y 7 un9jur$4 ,small pieces ( ! front ends 7 ?r[n to a great di/ance4 ,! sides ( ! vessel 7 s completely bl[n out t %e sank4 ,! corrosion 0 no d\bt caus$ by ! leakage ( ! vessel1 keep+ ! %ells ( ! boil]s con/antly wet4 ,no4 #fj4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,novemb] #crd4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,agricultural1 b>rel 0 #c;ft4 #i;94 long1 & #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #gj lbs4 ,f ! int]nal fire-box ! heat pass$ ?r\gh a numb] ( #a-;in* tubes to ! front smoke box & *imney4 ,dur+ a /oppage = breakfa/1 ! fire-box end 0 torn f ! b>rel1 & f ! position ( ^? fragm5ts t c\ld be f\nd1 ! boil] appe>$ to h turn$ ov]4 ,"p ( ! fire-box 0 s5t ?r\gh ! /age ^u :i* ! boil] 0 travell+1 & ! b>rel ) ! tubes rema9+ 9 x1 fir/ /ruck a rail :i* caus$ x to be d5t$ 91 & !n reb\nd$ to a po9t ab\t #ajj y>ds f its orig9al position4 ,en\gh ( ! fragm5ts 7 n recov]$ f ! riv] to trace ! cause ( ! explosion1 b x is presum$ t1 al?\gh :5 ! boil] 0 left1 only #bj lbs4 pressure 0 %[n by ! gauge2 ! fire door be+ left clos$1 ! pressure mu/ h ris5 to a po9t mu* above ! work+ pressure1 & to m ?an ! boil] c\ld be>4 ,no4 #fa4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,octob] #a/4 none injur$4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tube #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ab lbs4 ,!re 0 an unusually l>ge dome at ! back end1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 & ! :ole ( ! %ell 0 cut out f "u x1 s t ! con/ruction 0 peculi>ly weak4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! boil] _h be5 (f = clean+1 & /eam 0 be+ got up 9 ! night1 & x 0 said t an extra pressure 0 caus$ by ! /op valve be+ left clos$1 b x c\ld n h be5 v great1 or ! l>ge tube w\ld h collaps$4 ,! dome 0 split 9 two1 9 ! l9e m>k$ 9 ! sket*1 ow+ to ! extreme weakness ( ! %ell at ! juncture ( ! dome1 & ! %ell 0 a little ruptur$ on ea* side ( x1 & s l>ge a r5t 0 sudd5ly made1 t ! cont5ts ( ! boil] pass$ h>mlessly into ! air1 )\t mov+ ! boil] on its seat4 ,no4 #fb4 ,pre/on4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,novemb] #aa?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view4 ,,back ,,view4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,"o ,tube ,corni%1 #af;ft4 #c;94 long1 & #e;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #a;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #fj lbs4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end1 f ov]-pressure1 z ! man 9 *>ge _h fa/5$ #c bricks to ! lev] ( ! safety valve caus+ #bg lbs4 extra pressure1 "u ! impression t he c\ld ?us accumulate a quantity ( /eam dur+ ! night1 to be available on comm5c+ "w on ! morr[4 ,no4 #fc4 ,tamwor?4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,novemb] #bj?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,revolv+ ,/eam ,*amb]1 #ab;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #e;ft4 diamet]1 #ab lbs4 ,! manhole 0 l>ge1 to facilitate fill+ & empty+1 & 0 rectangul> & un/r5g!n$ on ! edges1 & measur$ #c;ft4 #f;94 9 l5g?1 & #a;ft4 #f;94 9 wid?1 & ! lid fitt$ on ! inside & 0 held by clamps4 ,! boil] 0 mu* out ( repair1 & a crack %[n 9 sket*1 f "o corn] ( ! manhole to ! comm5cem5t ( ! hemisph]ical end 0 only tempor>ily prev5t$ f leak+ by a screw-pat*1 :i* did n re/ore ! /r5g?4 ,! explosion happ5$ :5 9 revolv+1 ! manlid 0 d[nw>ds1 & ! lid 0 driv5 ne>ly ?r\gh ! floor1 & ! %ell 0 r5t f opposite corn]s ( ! manhole1 & bl[n ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,! l>ge manhole cut away ne>ly all ! /r5g? on "o side1 & ! fa/5+s ( ! lid 7 n contriv$ to comp5sate at all = ! loss ( /r5g?4 ,! con/ant /ra9 :5 revolv+1 also t5d$ to weak5 x4 ,^! two causes toge!r 7 suffici5t to acc\nt = ! explosion1 at ! usual work+ pressure ( #ab lbs41 al?\gh x is possible t x might h be5 increas$ to #ce lbs41 z t 0 ! pressure 9 ! boil] supply+ ! /eam1 al?\gh ! pressure 0 regulat$ by a *eck valve4 ,?is explosion 7& also ,no4 #da 9 ?is ye>7 cle>ly %[ t a m]e vessel ( /eam n expos$ to ! fire1 or any *ance ( ov]heat+ ( ! plates1 c bur/ & cause v great de/ruction1 al?\gh !re c\ld be no sudd5 increase ( pressure :i* is s (t5 suppos$ necess>y to acc\nt = ! havoc caus$ by explosions4 ,no4 #fd4 ,man*e/]4 ,novemb] #bf?4 none injur$4 ,?is ,boil] 0 #bh;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 made ( #g_/af in* plates1 & work$ at #ej lbs4 pressure1 ) two int]nal fireplaces unit$ into "o tube beyond4 ,! sides ( ! oval *amb] =m+ ! junction ( furnaces & tube1 cru%$ inw>ds1 be+ ( su* a weak %ape z to be unable to resi/ ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #fe4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,decemb] #a/4 #c kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,agricultural1 #g;ft4 #f;94 long1 & #c;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #ce lbs41 fire-box #b;ft4 long1 & #b;ft4 #aj;94 broad4 ,two #aa-a_/b-;in* tubes l$ to an int]nal *amb] at ! o!r end ( ! boil]1 & ?ree #h-a_/d-;in* tubes l$ back aga9 to an ext]nal smoke box & *imney fix$ ov] ! fire door4 ,! bottom ( ! "r h& side l[] tube 0 =c$ upw>ds1 & r5t along to )9 #ab in*es ( ! fire-box4 ,! tubes 7 s corrod$ f leakage ( pat*es1 t !y 7 unable to be> ! slight increase ( pressure dur+ a %ort /oppage4 ,no4 #ff4 ,glasg[4 ,decemb] #d?4 #b kill$1 #f injur$4 ,two ,tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 long1 & #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tubes #c;ft4 diamet]1 & /r5g!n$ ) r+s 9 ! approv$ mann]4 ,! second f ! back ( ! sev5 r+s1 0 ruptur$ at ! bottom & torn (f by a r5t ?r\gh ! l9e ( rivets on ea* side1 & ! boil] 0 ?r[n f its seat1 & turn$ completely ov]1 s z to lie 9 a contr>y direction to :at x 0 be=e4 ,ext5sive corrosion1 f leak+ ( ! seams b5ea? ! brickwork1 :]e hidd5 f view1 0 ! cause ( explosion4 ,no4 #fg4 ,will5hall4 ,decemb] #g?4 none injur$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 #i;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #bj lbs4 ,! boil] 0 r5t all along "o side1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts caus$ x to be ?r[n "s y>ds away1 & "o ( ! ends became altoge!r deta*$1 & flew to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! plates 7 s ?9n$ by corrosion1 t !y gave way on a v slight increase ( pressure dur+ a tempor>y /oppage ( ! eng9e4 ,no4 #fh4 ,glasg[4 ,decemb] #ab?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,?is ,boil] 0 #ad;ft4 long1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 & #g;ft4 diamet]1 #cj lbs4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ov]-pressure & ?9ness ( plates1 wa/$ by corrosion4 ,no4 #fi4 ,man*e/]4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,decemb] #ae?4 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,two ,tube ,corni%1 #bd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tubes #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 ,! boil] 0 fir$ 9 ea* ( ! tubes 9 ! ord9>y way1 & also ! heat f two furnaces pass$ f ! back1 "o on ea* side ( ! outside %ell4 ,bo? ! int]nal furnaces collaps$1 until ! cr[ns almo/ t\*$ ! fire b>s1 z %[n 9 dott$ l9es1 b )\t fracture4 ,! back ( ! %ell1 on ! "r side1 _h evid5tly be5 ov]heat$1 & _h r5t along ! c5tre ( a bulge1 & ?is r5t _h ext5d$ along ! l9e ( rivets ( ! transv]se seam on ea* side1 all[+ two r+s ( ! plates ( ! %ell to op5 out flat z %[n4 ,!re 0 a bulge on ! plate1 on ! "r side ( %ell1 correspond+ ) ! "o :i* p>t$ on ! opposite side4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ov]heat+ ( ! plates f %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #gj4 ,ab]de54 ,decemb] #bd?4 #a injur$4 ,no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,9 #ahfg4 ,no4 #a4 ,hull4 ,janu>y #bnd4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,a small ,boil] to heat a ba?4 ,x explod$1 caus+ great damage1 because ! connect+ pipes 7 froz54 ,all su* boil]s %\ld h a prop] safety valve4 ,no4 #b4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #a47 ,janu>y #bnd4 #c kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cc;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #cc lbs4 pressure4 ,only set two days1 b 0 old & det]iorat$1 & _h work$ be=e at ano!r place4 ,x _h be5 turn$ #a_/d r\nd1 & old fitt+-holes /opp$4 ,fir/ r5t 0 suppos$ to be 9 a seam at front end1 ov] ! fire4 ,ma9 portion ( %ell 0 driv5 back1 & front end =w>d1 & torn 9 its flight4 ,! cause ( explosion 01 t ! seam 9 front 0 ov]heat$ & injur$1 & also incauti\s work+ )\t a /eam gauge4 ,no4 #c4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #b47 ,janu>y #bnd4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,"o ,tube ext]nally fir$1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 ) di%$ ends4 ,tube #b;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 slightly oval4 ,pressure #fj lbs4 ,tube collaps$ sideways f end to end1 because x 0 n /r5g!n$ by hoops or o!r means1 :i* 7 ! m ne$$1 because x 0 slightly oval1 & ! longitud9al seams 7 ne>ly 9 "o l9e4 ,no4 #d4 ,pre/on4 ,janu>y #crd4 #a kill$4 ,boil] = heat+ app>atus4 ,fire 0 light$ )\t notic+ t z !re 0 no safety valve1 & t all escape ( /eam 0 prev5t$ by ! connect+ pipes be+ froz54 ,no4 #e4 ,we/]ham4 ,janu>y #e?4 #a kill$4 ,ca/-iron ,boil] = heat+ wat] = a horse %[] ba?1 fix$ beh9d an ord9>y fireplace4 ,bur/ & caus$ great damage1 ow+ to ! pipes be+ froz54 ,!re 0 no safety valve4 ,no4 #f4 ,b>r4 ,janu>y #i?4 #a kill$1 #c injur$4 ,kit*5 ,boil]1 :i* bur/ because ! supply pipes 7 /opp$ by fro/1 & !re 0 no safety valve4 ,no4 #g4 ,london4 ,janu>y #aa?4 #a kill$4 ,corni%1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 pressure #dj lbs4 ,small piece ( plate 0 bl[n out ne> ! bottom1 & ! boil] 0 displac$ by ! reaction ( issu+ cont5ts4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ext5sive ext]nal corrosion on ! l[] "p4 ,no4 #h4 ,pre/on4 ,janu>y #af?4 none injur$4 ,kit*5 ,boil]4 ,bur/ & did great damage1 because pipes 7 froz5 prev5t+ escape ( /eam4 ,!re 0 no safety valve4 ,no4 #i4 ,bre*94 ,janu>y #bcrd4 #a kill$4 ,kit*5 ,boil]4 ,fire _h be5 out "s days1 & ! boil] bur/ soon aft] re-k9dl+ x & did mu* damage1 because ! supply pipes 7 /opp$ by fro/1 & !re 0 no safety valve = escape ( /eam4 ,no4 #aj4 ,sund]l&4 7,fig4 #c47 ,janu>y #bf?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #b;94 diamet]4 ,pressure #cj to #ce lbs4 ,r5t into f\r pieces1 :i* 7 flatt5$ out & scatt]$ on to o!r boil]s1 b are arrang$ 9 sket* s z to %[ _! orig9al position 9 ! boil]4 ,x _h work$ a v long "t1 & 0 ov]heat$ & injur$ along ! fractur$ l9e4 ,no4 #aa4 ,exet]4 7,fig4 #d47 ,janu>y #cj?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,elephant ,boil]1 #af;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 tubes #a;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,flat end blew out1 ?r[+ boil] upw>ds by reaction1 b %ell & tubes 7 n injur$4 ,! flat end 0 n suffici5tly /ay$1 hav+ only "o /ay-rod to ! c5tre1 ! bolt ( :i* 0 brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,no4 #ab4 ,glasg[4 ,febru>y #h?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,small ,boil] to #f-;horse p[] eng9e4 ,gave way at c5tre ( furnace1 & wat] =c$ out at bo? ends1 & x 0 suspect$ t ! wat] 0 l[4 ,no4 #ac4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #e47 ,febru>y #aa?4 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,corni%1 ab\t #cj;ft4 long4 ,tubes #c;ft4 un/ay$4 ,tube collaps$ sideways1 & 0 r5t f grate b>s to end1 )\t injur+ front plates or %ell4 ,x 0 said to be %ort ( wat]1 b mo/ likely ! true cause 0 ! weakness ( ! tube4 ,no4 #ad4 ,man*e/]4 ,febru>y #ae?4 none injur$4 ,two flu$1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 slightly oval2 plates #c_/h in*2 tube #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 pressure #de lbs4 ,%ell _h once be5 ext]nally fir$4 ,r5t along ! seams :i* 7 9 "o l9e1 & a l>ge piece ( ! plate blew away1 leav+ tubes un9jur$4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 defective =m & worn out /ate ( %ell4 ,no4 #ae4 ,weym\?4 7,fig4 #f47 ,m>* #ab?4 #a kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,agricultural1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,fire-box blew (f1 & ! out] %ell sep>at$ f x4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ov]-pressure f ! safety valve be+ screw$ d[n4 ,no4 #af4 ,lynn4 7,fig4 #g47 ,m>* #ai?4 #h kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,agricultural1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,fire-box & tubes blew out4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ov]-pressure1 z ! safety valve 0 ti$ d[n ) /r+4 ,no4 #ag4 ,blackbraes4 ,m>* #bcrd4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,colli]y ,boil]1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,r5t 9 two :ile ! eng9e 0 /&+1 b no details obta9$4 ,no4 #ah4 ,b>nsley4 7,fig4 #h47 ,m>* #bi?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,small pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) ends ne>ly flat1 #d;ft4 #g;94 long1 #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/af in*4 ,no empty+ plug or fe$-pipe1 & only a v small h&-hole4 ,front end atta*$ by slight angle iron1 :i* gave way1 leav+ ! %ell unmov$4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ! int]nal corrosion ( front end ow+ to v bad wat] be+ us$4 ,! plates 7 r$uc$ to a knife edge 9 l9e ( fracture4 ,no4 #ai4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #i47 ,april #aj?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,corni%1 "o tube #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*1 pressure #be to #dj lbs4 ,x 0 #bj ye>s old1 b j repair$ & reset4 ,furnace tube fail$ & collaps$ f "o end to ! o!r1 except ab\t #d feet ( front1 ow+ to its weakness1 be+ un/r5g!n$ by hoops or cross tubes4 ,no4 #bj4 ,belfa/4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,april #bj?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #f;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #e;94 diamet]1 plates #a_/d in*1 pressure #ij lbs4 ,! end blew out f excessive pressure1 z ! escape f ! safety valve 0 prev5t$ by a plug 9 ! exit pipe4 ,no4 #ba4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,may #i?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #c;ft4 #b;94 long1 #a;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 plates #e_/af in*1 pressure #cj lbs4 ,workman%ip & mat]ial v inf]ior4 ,piece ( top ripp$ out f manhole & all[$ manlid to bl[ out ?r\gh manhole4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 01 ! l>ge manhole & ov]-pressure4 ,! safety valve 0 too small1 & v r\ghly made4 ,no4 #bb4 ,h>tlepool4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,may #aj?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,locomotive1 #acj lbs4 pressure4 ,b>rel bl[n away & brok5 to pieces1 leav+ fire & smoke boxes4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 suppos$ to be ! /ra9 on ! boil] caus$ by its be+ made a /ay to ! frame )\t all[ance = expansion1 & !reby weak5+ a horizontal seam4 ,no4 #bc4 ,new>k4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,may #ah?4 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,corni%1 "o tube #bj;ft4 #f;94 long1 #e;ft4 #d-a_/b;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*1 pressure #fd lbs4 ,! ends came out & tube collaps$ = its full l5g?1 e jo9t be+ brok54 ,! cause ( explosion 0 bad con/ruction & workman%ip1 & tube too weak = pressure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,tamwor?4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,june #d?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,two tube1 ext]nally fir$1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 tubes #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,two plates lately put 9 bottom gave way1 & %ell r5t along bottom & op5$ out1 divid+ into sev]al pieces1 :i* 7 scatt]$ to great di/ances1 b are arrang$ 9 sket* s z to %[ _! orig9al position4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 too frequ5t repair ov] ! fireplace1 & ext]nal fir+4 ,no4 #be4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,july #aj?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,balloon1 #bb;ft4 diamet]1 pressure #e lbs4 ,bottom blew out & 0 torn 9 pieces4 ,ma9 portion ( %ell fell ov] on to ano!r boil]4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 deep corrosion along ! bottom :]e x re/$ on ! brickwork4 ,no4 #bf4 ,batley4 7,fig4 #af47 ,july #aa?4 #c kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 long1 #h;ft4 #aj-a_/b;94 diamet]1 tube #e;ft4 diamet]1 = #h;ft4 #f;94 ( front end1 tap]+ to #d;ft4 diamet] at back1 pressure #cj lbs4 ,r5t along bottom1 all[+ c5tral r+ ( plates to op5 out4 ,! :ole boil] 0 ?r[n "s di/ance by ! reaction ( issu+ cont5ts4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 corrosion at mid-fea!r wall1 ! plates be+ little ?ick] ?an pap]4 ,no4 #bg4 ,ro!rham4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,july #ac?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #ca;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #g;941 tap]+ to #b;ft41 pressure #ee lbs4 ,left h& tube collaps$1 & ab\t ! c5tre ( collapse1 plate 0 torn 9 two pieces f seam to seam4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ov]heat+1 because ! wat] 0 be+ let l[ be=e all ! fire 0 out4 ,no4 #bh4 ,bilton4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,july #bd?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,locomotive4 ,side-plate 9 ! upp] "p ( high top fire-box blew away4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 mo/ likely ! boil] be+ made ! frame ( ! eng9e )\t all[ance = expansion4 ,no4 #bi4 ,ecclesfield4 ,augu/ #e?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,full p>ticul>s 7 n obta9$1 b ! /eam & hot wat] 7 all[$ to come 9 f a neighb\r+ boil] ?r\gh ! bl[-(f pipe :ile ! m5 7 clean+4 ,no4 #cj4 ,belfa/4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,augu/ #bg?4 #g kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,corni%1 #ah;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 tube #a;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,!re 7 no /ays4 ,end plate blew out :ile be+ caulk$ at a jump jo9t 9 back angle iron4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 bad con/ruction & want ( /ays1 & also want ( prop] c>e 9 work+4 ,no4 #ca4 ,pla%etts4 ,septemb] #bnd4 #b injur$4 ,locomotive1 b no details obta9$4 ,no4 #cb4 ,a%ton4 ,septemb] #i?4 none injur$4 ,two flu$1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! ca/-iron m\?-piece ( manhole fractur$ f insuffici5t /r5g?1 & all[$ lid & upp] flange to bl[ (f4 ,no4 #cc4 ,blackburn4 ,octob] #d?4 #d injur$4 ,wat] ,heat]1 made ( l>ge bottle-%ap$ pipes plac$ 9 ! flue4 ,! =ce ( explosion caus$ ! neighb\r+ boil]s to be unseat$4 ,no details h be5 obta9$ z to ! cause ( ! explosion4 ,no4 #cd4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,octob] #g?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #aa;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*1 tube #b;ft4 #a-a_/b;94 diamet]1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,gave way und]nea?4 ,top ?r[n upw>ds4 ,front "p & tube ?r[n to ! front4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ext5sive corrosion at ! bottom :]e x t\*$ ! walls4 ,no4 #ce4 ,pre/on4 ,octob] #ca/4 none injur$4 ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*4 ,pressure #cj lbs4 ,tube collaps$ = want ( prop] /r5g!n+ hoops1 bl[+ out back end1 & ?r[+ boil] =w>d4 ,no4 #cf4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,novemb] #crd4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #ai;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 pressure #dj lbs4 ,x 0 #cf ye>s old1 & iron det]iorat$ & also mu* pat*$4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ov]-pressure = s old a boil]4 ,no4 #cg4 ,brad=d4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,novemb] #f?4 #b kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,agricultural1 wagon-%ap$1 #f;ft4 #e;94 long1 #c;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 #d;94 wide1 plates #c_/h in*1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,upp] portion ( b>rel blew (f4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ov]-pressure f lock$ safety valve & defective con/ruction4 ,no4 #ch4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,novemb] #g?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #ab;ft4 #c;94 long1 #c;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 pressure #bj lbs41 flat front1 & r\nd back end4 ,ma9 portion ?r[n back & front =w>d4 ,front torn all r\nd ! root ( angle iron1 & /ay rivets drawn ?r\gh flat end4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 weakness ( con/ruction ( flat end1 & bad safety valve1 :i* c\ld h be5 load$ to #fj lbs4 ,no4 #ci4 ,langley ,mill4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,novemb] #aa?4 #c kill$1 #aj injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #dj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 plates #g_/af in*1 pressure #de to #ej lbs4 ,p>t$ at ?ird seam1 & front ?r[n =w>d & ma9 portion backw>ds4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 a seam-rip ( old /&+ ne> pat* at place ( fir/ rupture4 ,no4 #dj4 ,brad=d4 7,fig4 #be47 ,novemb] #ad?4 #d kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,bree*es tube #be;ft4 #f;94 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 plates #g_/af in*1 pressure #cj lbs4 ,front end & fire-grate tubes & tap] junction 7 ?r[n to ! front 9 "o piece4 ,ma9 %ell n injur$4 ,back "p ( tube rema9$ 9 boil]4 ,bottom "p ( tap] junction :]e flatt5$ to receive ! two fire tubes1 collaps$ upw>ds4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ! want ( prop] /ays or /r5g!n+ tubes1 & consequ5t weakness4 ,!re 0 only "o safety valve ( small size4 ,no4 #da4 ,*ipp5ham4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,novemb] #ba/4 #c kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #aa;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 pressure #dd lbs4 ,tube gave way at an old crack at back ( /rap-plate & p>tially collaps$4 ,no4 #db4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,novemb] #bg?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #be;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 plates #g_/af in*1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,_h be5 a "o tube ,corni%1 b tube _h be5 tak5 out1 leav+ flat ends4 ,back end 0 bl[n out4 ,ma9 %ell ?r[n =w>ds4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 weakness ( con/ruction 9 n suffici5tly /r5g!n+ ! flat end to comp5sate = loss ( tube4 ,no4 #dc4 ,%ields4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,decemb] #g?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*4 ,pressure #bh lbs4 ,tube collaps$ = ! :ole l5g?1 b no p>ticul>s ( ! cause obta9$4 ,no4 #dd4 ,belfa/4 ,decemb] #ad?4 #b kill$4 ,"s repair _h be5 done to a ,boil]1 & a blank flange us$ to /op (f ! /eam 0 be+ remov$ )\t %utt+ ! /op-valves to ! o!r boil]s1 & ! jo9t blew out :5 ! bolts 7 loos5$4 ,no4 #de4 ,man*e/]4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,decemb] #bcrd4 #f kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #ah;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*4 ,pressure #be lbs4 ,r5t along bottom1 & two r+s ( plates bl[n away1 b tube & ends n mu* injur$4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ext5sive corrosion on ! "p re/+ on ! mid-fea!r wall4 ,no4 #df4 ,b>nsley4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,decemb] #bh?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,balloon1 #aa;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 & #aa;ft4 #f;94 high1 plates #c_/h in*4 ,bottom dom$ up #c;ft4 #f;94 ov] fire2 ord9>y pressure #h lbs4 ,boil] _h work$ two days at #be lbs4 pressure1 b safety valve load$ to #af lbs4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 undue pressure = an old boil] ( su* weak %ape4 ,no4 #dg4 ,le$s4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,decemb] #cj?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 tubes #b;ft4 #g;94 diamet]1 pressure #ae lbs4 ,r5t along bottom1 & %ell bl[n away1 leav+ tubes & ends ne>ly un9jur$4 ,! cause ( explosion 01 t ! bottom 0 corrod$ to a knife edge all along ! mid-fea!r wall4 ,no4 #dh4 ,%ields4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,decemb] #ca/4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 plates #c_/h in*1 pressure #bi lbs4 ,r5t ov] fire ne> :]e a new plate _h lately be5 put 94 ,front "p ( %ell op5$ out & r5t1 & back end blew away 9 "o piece4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 det]ioration f #bj ye>s' we>1 & bad managem5t4 ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,9 #ahfh4 ,no4 #a4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #a47 ,janu>y #ac?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #bg;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 mu* torn up1 & all ! fragm5ts ?r[n to ! front ( _! orig9al position4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 t ! boil] 0 v old & mu* det]iorat$1 s t x 0 unable to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! longitud9al arrangem5t ( ! plates1 & ! entrance ( ! fe$ directly on ! bottom1 no d\bt contribut$ to ! weakness4 ,no4 #b4 ,glasg[4 ,janu>y #bg?4 #a kill$1 #e injur$4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,ki] or /eam *amb]1 & n us$ = g5]at+ /eam4 ,x 0 #h;ft4 #f;94 high1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,x 0 r5t f top to bottom1 ow+ to inf]ior iron & workman%ip4 ,no4 #c4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #b47 ,janu>y #bh?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 #d;94 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ae lbs4 pressure4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s outside %ell ( boil]4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end :ile ! /eam 0 be+ rais$1 ow+ to ! weakness ( s l>ge a tube )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #d4 ,london4 7,fig4 #c47 ,janu>y #bi?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #ah;ft4 #c;94 long1 #d;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates4 ,9 sket* ! ext]nal %ell is %[n 9 outl9e to all[ ! tube to be se54 ,! tube collaps$ ow+ to %ortness ( wat]1 & r5t op5 at "o seam1 all[+ ! cont5ts to issue viol5tly1 al?\gh ! boil] itself 0 n di/urb$4 ,no4 #e4 ,bolton4 7,fig4 #d47 ,janu>y #ca/4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,locomotive1 #ij lbs4 ,sket* %[s int]ior view ( fire-box ) front remov$4 ,! left side ( ! copp] fire-box bur/ inw>ds ow+ to ! plate 9 l9e ( fracture be+ corrod$ to less ?an #a_/h in*4 ,no4 #f4 ,/oke4 7,fig4 #e47 ,febru>y #f?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 ) two ext]nal fire grates ) a wat] tube ov] ea* fire4 ,x 0 #cj;ft4 #b;94 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,ext]nal %ell is %[n 9 dott$ l9es to all[ ( ! tubes be+ se54 ,! tube _h =m]ly be5 plac$ r high] 9 ! boil]4 ,! tube collaps$ sideways1 hav+ become ov]heat$ f %ortness ( wat]4 ,! boil] itself 0 b little di/urb$4 ,no4 #g4 ,kelso4 7,fig4 #f47 ,febru>y #aa?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #i;ft4 #i;94 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] r5t op5 at ! bottom1 & 0 ?r[n a consid]able di/ance by ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts4 ,! plates along ! bottom 7 r$uc$ by corrosion to #a_/af in* :]e 9 contact ) ! brickwork1 s t ! boil] 0 unable to be> ! usual work+ pressure4 ,no4 #h4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #g47 ,febru>y #ab?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,ext]nal %ell is %[n 9 dott$ l9es 9 sket*1 to all[ ! tubes to be se54 ,x 0 #bj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! two int]nal fire grates 9 ! flues 7 #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 :i* jo9$ at ! back ) a c5tral return flue to a *imney pass+ out ( ! top ( ! boil]4 ,! sides ( flues 7 flatt5$ to all[ !m to be pack$ clos] toge!r1 & especially ! c5tral return flue1 :i* 0 flatt5$ on bo? sides1 & ?us r5d]$ s weak t ! left side collaps$ & all[$ ! cont5ts ( ! boil] to issue1 bl[+ out ! grate on ! left side4 ,no4 #i4 ,halifax4 7,fig4 #h47 ,m>* #crd4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) flat ends1 #ah;ft4 #f;94 long1 #c;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! back end gave way at ! root ( ! angle iron all r\nd1 & 0 ?r[n #fj y>ds to ! re>4 ,! boil] 0 =c$ =w>d1 & tilt$ up by ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts1 & =c$ ?r\gh a wall4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ! want ( suffici5t /ays to ! flat end4 ,no4 #aj4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #i47 ,april #d?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 mu* torn & scatt]$1 & mu* damage 0 done4 ,! plates 7 improp]ly arrang$ longitud9ally4 ,! boil] gave way at a pat* lately put on1 & _h become s det]iorat$ by ne>ly #cj ye>s' we>1 t x 0 unable to be> ! usual pressure4 ,no4 #aa4 ,ab]de54 ,april #g?4 #a kill$4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,few p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,! upp] "p ( front end 0 bl[n out & did consid]able damage4 ,mo/ likely ?is 0 = want ( prop] /ays4 ,no4 #ab4 ,april #ae?4 #a injur$4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #ae;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #g;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ & r5t op5 ne> ! bridge1 ow+ to its weakness ) su* ?9 plates & no /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #ac4 ,cornwall4 ,may #a/4 #a kill$4 ,no details obta9$4 ,"o tube ,corni%4 ,tube collaps$1 ow+ to its weakness )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #ad4 ,cornwall4 ,may #i?4 none injur$4 ,few p>ticul>s obta9$4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #cd;ft4 long4 ,tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ ow+ to its weakness )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #ae4 ,oldham4 ,may #aa?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,a v small pla9 cyl9d]1 #c;ft4 #e;94 long1 #a;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,x bur/ at a faulty place at ! l[] "p ( ! back1 on ! left h& side1 all[+ ! hot wat] to issue1 b ! boil] 0 n mu* di/urb$4 ,no4 #af4 ,bri/ol4 ,may #aa?4 #a kill$4 ,m>9e4 ,s+le int]nal fire grate1 ) small return tube1 #g;ft4 #i;94 long1 #e;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 tube #b;ft4 #g;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #fb lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ & r5t op5 ow+ to its weak1 corrod$1 & det]iorat$ condition1 & ! cont5ts issu$ s viol5tly1 z to cause mu* damage to ! boat4 ,no4 #ag4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,may #ab?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #d;ft4 #i;94 long1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,?is 0 a second-h& boil]1 & r5t into sev]al pieces j aft] be+ put to "w1 ow+ to its hav+ become ?9n$ to #a_/h in* by corrosion4 ,no4 #ah4 ,coatbridge4 ,may #ae?4 #a injur$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 flat ends1 #ae;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! back end blew out & caus$ consid]able damage1 & ! boil] 0 ?r[n "s di/ance4 ,! end 0 v insuffici5tly /ay$4 ,no4 #ai4 ,graves5d4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,may #bh?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,"o ( two4 ,m>9e1 #ac;ft4 #e;94 long1 #g;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! fire 0 9 two int]nal furnace tubes unit$ at ! back1 & ! flame 0 return$ to ! front by f\r small] tubes4 ,! furnace tubes 7 ( exce$+ly weak %ape z ! sides foll[$ ! curve ( ! %ell1 b 7 n atta*$ to x by prop] /ays1 s t ! left h& tube collaps$ upw>ds1 & "o seam r5t op5 & all[$ ! cont5ts to viol5tly escape4 ,x is probable !re may h be5 great] pressure ?an usual at ! "t1 b ! furnaces )\t /ays 7 unsafe1 ev5 at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #bj4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,june #h?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,"o ( eight4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! plates 7 arrang$ longitud9ally4 ,boil] _h work$ #bg ye>s1 & 0 mu* det]iorat$1 & gave way at an old fracture ov] ! grate1 & 0 torn into #d pieces1 :i* 7 ?r[n a great di/ance4 ,no4 #ba4 ,hudd]sfield4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,june #bj?4 #a kill$1 #f injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! seams 7 arrang$ diagonally1 b ! r5ts _h n foll[$ ! seams1 b _h torn ! plates4 ,! %ell gave way :]e ext5sive corrosion _h r$uc$ ! plates to #a_/h in* 9 ?ickness1 & all ! %ell 0 bl[n (f1 & ! tube ?r[n ov] & turn$ end = end4 ,no4 #bb4 ,june #bbnd4 none injur$4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #bg;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #gj lbs4 pressure4 ,left h& tube collaps$ f end to end ow+ to its weakness )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #bc4 ,halifax4 ,july #i?4 #f injur$4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #bj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,! %ell 0 bl[n completely (f1 leav+ ! tubes & ends intact4 ,! bottom 0 ext5sively corrod$1 s t ! /r5g? ( ! boil] 0 s r$uc$ z n to be able to be> ! usual pressure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,wrexham4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,july #i?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,two ,furnace ,upright1 #bb;ft4 high1 #h;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ad lbs4 pressure4 ,small piece 0 bl[n out ( ! bottom1 & ! issu+ cont5ts di/urb$ ! brickwork surr\nd+ ! boil]4 ,! plate 0 corrod$ to a knife edge 9 ! l9e ( fracture1 f ! leak+ ( ! adjac5t bl[-pipe jo9t4 ,no4 #be4 ,dundee4 ,july #ac?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #bh;ft4 #f;94 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,tube #b;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,bo? furnaces collaps$1 & ruptur$ f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #bf4 ,halifax4 ,july #ad?4 #c injur$4 ,locomotive1 #aj;ft4 #i;94 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #acj lbs4 pressure4 ,ne>ly all ! b>rel 0 bl[n away4 ,! inside 0 v mu* corrod$1 & !re 0 a deep furr[ at ! l9e ( fir/ rupture1 caus$ by ! alt]ation 9 =m ( ! boil] 9 ! /ra9 ( work+4 ,?is is usually obviat$ by sub/itut+ butt = lap jo9ts1 s t ! pressure does n t5d to alt] ! circul> %ape ( b>rel4 ,no4 #bg4 ,lim]ick4 ,july #ba/4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,locomotive4 ,few p>ticul>s are obta9$4 ,! connect+ rod broke1 & ! loose end atta*$ to ! crank pi]c$ ! boil]1 & all[$ ! cont5ts to issue & scald ^? ne>4 ,no4 #bh4 ,hanley4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,july #ca/4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cf;ft4 #i;94 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] p>t$ at a seam ov] ! fire bridge4 ,! front end 0 ?r[n upw>ds & to a consid]able di/ance to ! front4 ,! back "p ( ! boil] 0 =c$ backw>ds4 ,! fir/ r5t took place at a seam-rip at ! ruptur$ seam1 & ! boil] explod$ :ile ! fire 0 be+ drawn 9 ord] to repair ! faulty place4 ,no4 #bi4 ,ea/] ,ross4 ,augu/ #h?4 #b kill$1 #c injur$4 ,agricultural4 ,x explod$ :ile travell+1 by its own /eam p[]4 ,! eng9e _h /uck fa/1 & extra pressure ( /eam 0 rais$ to try & extricate x4 ,! boil] 0 torn 9 pieces1 & scatt]$ to a great di/ance4 ,no4 #cj4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #af47 ,augu/ #ag?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #df lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] gave way on ! side :]e ! plates 7 ov]heat$ by ! wat] be+ too l[1 & ! front "p ( ! %ell 0 flatt5$ out & ?r[n "s di/ance to ! re>1 z its c\rse 0 influ5c$ by its rema9+ atta*$ to ! re/ ( ! boil] z by a h+e2 :ile ! front end 0 r5t into sev]al pieces1 & ! back end 0 ?r[n also to ! re> & roll$ d[n a declivity into a /ream4 ,no4 #ca4 ,liv]pool4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,augu/ #bj?4 #g kill$1 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two ,furnace ,*imney ,boil]1 #db;ft4 #d;94 high1 #f;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,ne>ly half ! bottom plate 0 bl[n out1 & ! issu+ cont5ts f\nd _! way into ! furnace & increas$ ! damage4 ,! l9e ( rupture ne> :]e x jo9$ ! %ell 0 corrod$ almo/ to a knife edge1 :i* s r$uc$ its /r5g? z to make x unable to be> ! usual work+ pressure ( /eam1 9 addition to t ( ! column ( wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,no4 #cb4 ,accr+ton4 ,augu/ #ca/4 #a kill$4 ,a ,ki] or ,/eam ,blea*+ ,*amb]1 some:at l ,no4 #b1 & n us$ = g5]at+ /eam1 #i;ft4 high1 #h;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! bottom blew out1 & ! %ell 0 torn to pieces4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 weakness ( ! ruptur$ end1 & want ( c>e 9 work+4 ,no4 #cc4 ,birm+ham4 ,septemb] #aa?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,two tube ,corni%4 ,! manlid 0 wrongly fix$ outside ) int]nal clamps4 ,x 0 be+ screw$ up tight] to /op leak+ :5 ! bolt broke1 & ! lid came (f & all[$ ! cont5ts ( ! boil] to escape4 ,no4 #cd4 ,greatbridge4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,septemb] #ba/4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,"o tube1 ext]nally fir$1 #ah;ft4 #f;94 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,9 sket* ! %ell is %[n 9 dott$ l9es to all[ ! tube to be se54 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end & ruptur$ at two seams1 & ! cont5ts issu$ s viol5tly z to knock d[n ! brickwork & displace ! boil]4 ,! tube 0 9 a v weak & corrod$ condition1 & unable to be> ! usual work+ pressure4 ,no4 #ce4 ,moxley4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,septemb] #bh?4 #ac kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,f\r ,furnace ,upright1 #bb;ft4 high1 #aj;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 r5t into n9e pieces1 "o ( :i* 0 n f\nd4 ,! dott$ l9e 9 sket* %[s ! outl9e ( ! boil] be=e explosion1 & ! fragm5ts are arrang$ z ne>ly z possible 9 _! orig9al position4 ,! fir/ r5t 0 at a seam-rip opposite ! l>ge/ furnace1 f :5ce ! rupture op5$ 9 e direction4 ,?is seam-rip mu/ h exi/$ "s "t be=e explosion1 & mu/ h ext5d$ f rivet to rivet1 until ! boil] 0 s mu* weak5$ z to be unable to be> ! usual pressure4 ,no4 #cf4 ,w9s=d4 ,septemb] #cj?4 #a kill$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]4 ,few p>ticul>s obta9$4 ,! end ov] ! fire bur/ op5 & all[$ ! cont5ts to escape4 ,a ?ick accumulation ( scale on ! bottom _h caus$ ! plate to become ov]heat$ by prev5t+ prop] contact ( ! wat]4 ,no4 #cg4 ,elsec>4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,octob] #bnd4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,two ,furnace ,upright1 #ba;ft4 high1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #eh lbs4 pressure4 ,a l>ge piece ( plate 0 bl[n out ( ! side ( ! boil]1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts ?rew ! boil] ov] on to its side4 ,! plate 0 said to be ov]heat$ f %ortness ( wat]1 b z ! c5tre tubes 7 un9jur$1 ! ruptur$ plate may h become ov]heat$ f ! int5se heat imp++ on "o place1 caus+ s rapid a g5]ation ( /eam z to prev5t prop] contact ( wat]4 ,no4 #ch4 ,glasg[4 ,octob] #ab?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #ci;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,a small piece ( plate ab\t "o-&-half-feet area blew out ( ! bottom1 & ! cont5ts issu$ s viol5tly z to d mu* damage1 al?\gh ! boil] itself 0 n o!rwise injur$4 ,! ruptur$ plate 0 corrod$1 to #a_/af in* ?ickness by ! leak+ ( seams1 caus$ by ! fe$ wat] ent]+ close to ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,no4 #ci4 ,swansea4 ,octob] #ac?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,"o ( tw5ty-f\r4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 work$ by two furnaces1 #bc;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube 0 divid$ by a wall d[n ! middle4 ,! tube collaps$ sideways4 ,x 0 said t "o side 0 ov]heat$ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]1 b x is m ?an probable ! explosion 0 ow+ to ! weakness ( s l>ge a tube )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #dj4 ,pre/on4 ,octob] #af?4 #b injur$4 ,?is 0 an arrangem5t ( pipes1 call$ an ,economis]1 plac$ 9 ! flues ( a set ( boil]s = heat+ ! fe$ wat]4 ,x 0 %att]$ into fragm5ts1 caus+ consid]able damage4 ,z ! :ole app>atus 0 said to be 9 prop] ord]1 ! explosion _h be5 attribut$ to coal gas 9 ! flues1 & "s peculi>ities 9 ! ruptur$ pipes be> out ! supposition4 ,no4 #da4 ,london4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,octob] #ai?4 #f injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,kit*5 ,boil]1 = supply+ hot wat] to ! top ( a l(ty h\se4 ,x 0 rectangul>1 #c;ft4 #f;94 wide1 #b;ft4 #f;94 high1 & #a;ft4 deep4 ,! front 0 bl[n out & caus$ consid]able damage4 ,! boil] 0 ( mo/ weak %ape1 & al?\gh no pressure ( /eam 0 int5d$1 x appe>$ to h be5 ov]look$ t ! column ( wat] to ! top ( ! h\se w\ld give suffici5t pressure to make su* a boil] unsafe4 ,no4 #db4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,octob] #cj?4 #b kill$1 #aj injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #ae;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,tube oval at fire end1 #b;ft4 #aa;94 wide1 #b;ft4 #f;94 high4 ,circul> beyond bridge1 tap]+ to #b;ft4 diamet] at back end4 ,9 sket* outside %ell is %[n 9 dott$ l9es to all[ tube to be se54 ,! front ( ! tube bur/ b5ea? ! fire b>s1 & r5t upw>ds4 ,tube collaps$ beyond bridge & r5t op5 at ea* side1 b rema9$ intact ov] ! fire4 ,! oval "p ( ! tube 0 ( s v weak a %ape1 t x bur/ op51 & ! collapse ( ! back "p foll[$ z a consequ5ce4 ,no4 #dc4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,decemb] #bnd4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,small ,portable ,boil]1 #d;ft4 #i;94 high1 #b;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! %ell 0 r5t completely (f4 ,! explosion arose f ! l>ge size ( ! manhole1 :i* _h no gu>d r+ on ! edge1 & ! lid _h /ra9$ x & caus$ sev]al cracks1 & at la/ =c$ itself ?r\gh ! boil]1 & ! r5ts spread 9 e direction1 & caus$ ! break up ( ! boil]4 ,no4 #dd4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,decemb] #aa?4 #c kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,m>9e ,upright1 #ac;ft4 #c;94 high1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates4 ,int]nal fire-box #h;ft4 #f;94 high1 #f;ft4 diamet] at bottom1 #e;ft4 #c;94 diamet] at ! top1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,9 ! sket* ! %ell is %[n 9 dott$ l9es to all[ ! int]nal fire-box to be se54 ,! boil] 0 r5t into _m pieces1 _m ( :i* 7 lo/ 9 a riv]1 s t a satisfactory conclusion z to ! cause ( ! explosion 0 impossible4 ,! boil] 0 n v firmly /ay$1 & x is suppos$ t x 0 weak5$ by corrosion r\nd ! fire doors4 ,no4 #de4 ,h>tlepool4 ,decemb] #bi?4 #a injur$4 ,m>9e1 ) #c int]nal fireplaces jo9$ at ! back4 ,! back ( ! junction tube gave way at a place deeply corrod$1 & all[$ ! cont5ts ( ! boil] to escape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,two m illu/rations may be giv5 :i* are n suffici5tly important to include 9 ! above li/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,will5hall4 7,fig4 #be47 ,decemb] #bd?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #be;ft4 #f;94 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! wat] 0 all[$ to get l[1 & ! ov]heat$ plates op5$ & all[$ ! /eam to escape h>mlessly4 ,/oke4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,decemb] #i?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,"o ( eight4 ,f\r ,furnace ,upright1 #bb;ft4 high1 #i;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! wat] 0 all[$ to get s l[ t ! %ell 0 ov]heat$ & r5t1 & ! side tube slightly collaps$1 & ! injury 0 n discov]$ until ! fe$ wat] _h ris5 up to ! rupture1 :5 x ran into ! furnaces )\t caus+ any viol5t explosion1 al?\gh cold wat] _h be5 put into a r$ hot boil]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/\rbridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,r4 ,,broomhall1 ,,high ,,/reet4 ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,9 #ahfi4 ,no4 #a4 ,*e/]field4 7,fig4 #a47 ,janu>y #ad?4 #d kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,"o ( two4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 #f;94 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! gauge glass 0 brok5 & ! float 0 ei!r out ( ord] or unobs]v$1 z ! wat] 0 all[$ to get #i in*es bel[ ! usual level1 s t ! cr[n ( ! furnace became ov]heat$ & collaps$1 & r5t op5 :]e a pat* _h be5 put on "s little "t be=e4 ,no4 #b4 ,man*e/]4 7,fig4 #b47 ,janu>y #bbnd4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,locomotive4 ,! b>rel 0 #aj;ft4 #f;94 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #acj lbs4 pressure4 ,! eng9e 0 #ad ye>s old1 & _h lately be5 te/$ to #ahj lbs4 hydraulic pressure4 ,! seams ne> ! bottom 7 s deeply furr[$ or corrod$ j above ! lap jo9t 9 a cont9u\s l9e t !y r5t op54 ,no4 #c4 ,greatbridge4 7,fig4 #c47 ,janu>y #bf?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) flat ends1 #bb;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,!re _h =m]ly be5 a tube ) int]nal furnace1 & ?is _h be5 remov$ )\t suffici5t /ays to comp5sate = ! loss ( /r5g?4 ,! plates 7 arrang$ 9 ! weake/ way ) seams 9 "o l9e f end to end1 & ! /r5g? ( ! boil] _h be5 fur!r r$uc$ by v frequ5t pat*+4 ,fracture comm5c$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! long seam "u ! dome1 :i* _h gradually ripp$ f rivet to rivet1 until unable to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! boil] explod$ because x 0 completely worn out1 & %[s h[ trea*]\s & unc]ta9 a boil] becomes by con/ant pat*+ & alt]ation4 ,see also ,no4 #de4 ,no4 #d4 ,ro!rham4 7,fig4 #d47 ,janu>y #bg?4 #a injur$4 ,"o ( five4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 ) di%$ ends1 #cf;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,x _h work$ ab\t #h ye>s1 & 0 mu* pat*$ ov] ! fire end1 & _h lately be5 put into :at 0 suppos$ to be ?or\gh repair4 ,z !re 0 no ne$ ( an inque/ ! wreck 0 quickly cle>$ & "s ( ! fragm5ts cut up1 b en\gh p>ticul>s 7 obta9$ to give "s idea ( ! nature ( ! explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! fir/ r5t mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! bottom seams ov] ! fire1 :]e weak5$ by frequ5t repair4 ,no4 #e4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #e47 ,febru>y #bnd4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,"o ( twelve4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #ac ye>s old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! plates 7 arrang$ l5g?ways1 s t ! seams 7 9 cont9u\s l9es f end to end4 ,?is has (t5 be5 m5tion$ z giv+ f> less /r5g? ?an :]e ! plates are plac$ 9 r+s4 ,!re _h be5 consid]able repair at v>i\s times1 & j previ\s to explosion ! boil] _h be5 plac$ z 0 suppos$ 9 ?or\gh repair1 & "s new plates _h be5 put ov] ! fireplace4 ,! fir/ r5t appe>s to h tak5 place :]e "o ( ^! plates jo9$ ! old "w4 ,! r5t quickly ext5d$ along a /raight seam1 & ! boil] 0 bl[n into ?ree pieces4 ,! explosion 0 simply caus$ by ! boil] hav+ be5 weak5$ by frequ5t repair until unable to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,ext]nally fir$ boil]s1 :5 s frequ5tly pat*$ become trea*]\s & unc]ta91 & m especially s :5 ! seams run f end to end4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #f4 ,s\? ,wales4 ,febru>y #ab?4 #b injur$4 ,?is 0 a colli]y boil]4 ,v few p>ticul>s 7 obta9$4 ,! ro( ( ! eng9e h\se 0 bl[n (f1 ! boil] 0 torn f its fitt+s & turn$ "r r\nd1 & knock$ d[n ?ree walls & fell 9 an upright position4 ,no4 #g4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #f47 ,febru>y #ae?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #cg;ft4 #f;94 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ = ! :ole l5g? beyond ! bridge1 & ! back end ( boil] 0 bl[n out4 ,! portion ( tube ov] ! fire 0 left intact1 & ! fusible plug 0 un9jur$4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! tube ( su* l>ge diamet] & s great l5g?4 ,see ,no4 #eg4 ,no4 #h4 ,y>m\?4 7,fig4 #g47 ,febru>y #bcrd4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,m>9e1 #ag;ft4 long1 & #ae;ft4 high1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ae lbs4 pressure4 ,! top 0 bl[n (f1 ! plates hav+ be5 ext5sively corrod$4 ,! boil] _h also be5 mu* weak5$ by alt]+ x f a r\nd to a flat top )\t suffici5t /ays4 ,no4 #i4 ,drogh$a4 ,m>* #crd4 #b injur$4 ,! ro( ( a %$ 0 bl[n (f1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #aj4 ,we/ ,bromwi*4 7,fig4 #h47 ,m>* #i?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #be;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #db lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] _h be5 v frequ5tly repair$1 & a seam gave way :]e a l>ge pat* _h j previ\sly be5 put on ov] ! fire1 9 do+ :i* ! rivet holes ( ! old "w _h evid5tly be5 crack$1 r5d]+ ! boil] unable to be> ! usual work+ pressure4 ,see ,no4 #de4 ,no4 #aa4 ,cornwall4 ,m>* #ah?4 none injur$4 ,"o tube ,corni%4 ,! tube collaps$ f want ( wat]4 ,no4 #ab4 ,broseley4 7,fig4 #i47 ,april #a/4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,multitubul>1 #i ye>s old1 #h;ft4 #f;94 long1 b>rel #f;ft4 long1 & #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! cyl9d] 0 atta*$ to "r side ( ! top ( ! boil] ov] ! fire box1 & on ! o!r side !re 0 a v l>ge manhole1 ! edges ( :i* 7 corrod$1 & s /ra9$ & crack$ by ! screw+ up ( ! manlid1 z to be unable to be> ! work+ pressure4 ,! r5t />t$ 9 all directions f ! manhole all[+ ! boil] to split up into ?ree pieces4 ,see ,nos4 #ah & #cf4 ,no4 #ac4 ,cornwall4 ,april #aa?4 none injur$4 ,"o tube ,corni%--b no p>ticul>s4 ,no4 #ad4 ,b>k+4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,april #ai?4 #d kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,portable ,crane1 #h ye>s old1 #h;ft4 #c;94 high1 #d;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 ) int]nal fire box1 #f;ft4 high & #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 & *imney pass+ out at ! top1 #e_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! int]nal fire box cru%$ 9 sideways1 & ! %ell 0 r5t into sev]al pieces4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! fire box to ! %ell 0 made by b5d+ ! plates1 z %[n 9 enl>g$ sket*1 & ?is is n s rigid z d\ble angle iron & _h evid5tly /ra9$ ! *imney tube4 ,?is weakness _h be5 s increas$ by deep corrosion j at ! b5d ( ! plates t x _h giv5 way4 ,! havoc & loss ( life 0 f> great] ?an w\ld h be5 suppos$ possible f s small a boil]1 b simil> cases are m5tion$ 9 ,no4 #dc1 #ahfh1 & ,no4 #eg1 #ahff4 ,no4 #ae4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,april #bcrd4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #i lbs4 pressure4 ,a seam gave way on ! "r side ov] ! fire & imm$iately r5t along ! /raight seam f end to end1 & ! boil] 0 ?r[n 9 "o mass a great di/ance to ! left4 ,! boil] 0 v old & mu* weak5$ by frequ5t repair1 & at ! "t ( explosion 0 be+ imprud5tly work$ at twice its usual pressure = a tempor>y purpose4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #af4 ,bury4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,april #bi?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,d\ble ,furnace1 int]nally fir$1 #bh;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,furnace tubes #g;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,! cr[n ( ! left h& furnace collaps$ & ! "r h& furnace 0 slightly alt]$ 9 %ape1 z if f ov]heat+ by %ortness ( wat]1 al?\gh ! true cause 0 suppos$ to be ! ?ick5+ ( ! wat] by use ( anti-incru/ation composition1 prev5t+ prop] contact ( ! wat] ) ! plates4 ,no4 #ag4 ,liv]pool4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,may #ab?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #aj;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! ends 7 flat made ( plates1 ) turn$ edges1 & !re 0 su* ext5sive corrosion on ! inside ( ! b5d t ! back end came out & 0 bl[n #cj y>ds to ! "r & re>1 ! re/ ( ! boil] be+ ?r[n to ! front4 ,! front plate _h be5 repair$ ) angle iron :]e simil>ly corrod$1 & ! %ell 0 also mu* pat*$4 ,! fractur$ edges 7 n #a_/af in* ?ick1 s t ! boil] 0 n fit to c>ry any pressure ) safety4 ,no4 #ah4 ,ab+don4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,may #ac?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,revolv+ ,rag boil]1 #af;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af 94 plates4 ,!re 0 no fire appli$ to ! boil] itself1 b x receiv$ /eam ?r\gh "o end f o!r ord9>y boil]s at #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 7 two l>ge rectangul> manholes = putt+ 9 & tak+ out ! rags1 ) ca/ iron frames & lids1 atta*$ by bolts ) l>ge nuts or clamps4 ,! explosion appe>$ to h tak5 place :51 9 revolv+1 ! manlids 7 approa*+ ! bottom1 & ! fir/ "p to give way 0 at "o ( ! manholes :]e ! frame 0 previ\sly brok54 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! manholes1 :i* 7 v l>ge1 & bo? 9 ! same l9e1 & ! atta*m5t ( ! lids 0 insecure1 z ! bolts did n g ?r\gh ! lids1 or 9 any way help to comp5sate = ! l>ge portion ( ! plate cut away4 ,! boil] 0 only support$ at ea* end1 & _h to act z a holl[ gird] to be> n only its own weight b ! repeat$ %ocks ( ! heavy mat]ial inside fall+ ov] & ov] 9 addition to ! pressure4 ,see ,nos4 #da & #fc1 #ahff4 ,no4 #ai4 ,glasg[4 ,may #ai?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,two tube ,corni%4 ,"o ( ! tubes collaps$ = a l5g? ( #h feet hav+ become ov]heat$ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #bj4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,may #bi?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,"o ( t51 #af ye>s old1 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #cd;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] gave way at "o ( ! long /raight seams ne> ! bottom1 & r5t into five pieces1 :i* 7 scatt]$ to wide di/ances1 b are s drawn 9 sket* z to %[ :]eab\ts 9 ! boil] !y came f4 ,! boil] _h be5 weak5$ by frequ5t repair until unable to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #ba4 ,s\? ,wales4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may #ca/4 #e kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,"o ( ?ree1 v old1 pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) flat ends1 #cd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,!re _h =m]ly be5 a tube ?r\gh ! boil]1 & :5 ?is 0 tak5 away new flat ends _h be5 put 9 )\t suffici5t /ays to comp5sate = ! loss ( ! tube4 ,! front end 0 bl[n out1 & ! reaction s5t ! boil] upw>ds & broke x into ?ree pieces4 ,see ,no4 #dg4 ,no4 #bb4 ,b+ley4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,june #i?4 #ae kill$1 #cc injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #af;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,! bottom 0 s mu* corrod$ t x r5t op51 & ! boil] 0 torn to pieces :i* 7 scatt]$ to wide di/ances4 ,! boil] _h be5 mu* neglect$ & badly us$1 & ! safety valve 0 insuffici5t1 ( bad con/ruction1 & ov]load$1 & ! al>m :i/le 0 gagg$4 ,no4 #bc4 ,cornwall4 ,june #ad?4 #a injur$4 ,corni%1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #bd4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,june #af?4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #bh lbs4 pressure1 #be ye>s old4 ,a seam gave way ov] ! fire :]e !re _h be5 frequ5t repair1 & ! boil] 0 r5t into two pieces1 :i* 7 ?r[n to "s di/ance4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #be4 ,airdrie4 ,june #bcrd4 #b kill$1 #c injur$4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #ce;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #b;94 diamet] ov] fire1 & #b;ft4 diamet] beyond1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ ov] ! fire1 hav+ be5 v mu* weak5$ by frequ5t repair4 ,no4 #bf4 ,nuneaton4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,july #e?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #be;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! plates along ! l9e ( rupture 7 corrod$ to #a_/af in*1 & 9 "s places mu* less1 s t ! boil] 0 q unfit = ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #bg4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,july #f?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,small ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #e;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,bo? sides ( ! boil] 7 corrod$ ne>ly ?r\gh s t ! /r5g? 0 entirely gone1 & x r5t 9 two at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #bh4 ,wi%aw4 ,july #i?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,"o ( six4 ,bree*es ,tube4 ,! tube or combu/ion *amb] collaps$1 hav+ become ov]heat$ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #bi4 ,kidd]m9/]4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,july #af?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #ba;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 v old & v mu* corrod$4 ,x _h slightly r5t op5 at "s =m] "t1 & a mo/ wret*$ly made pat*1 %[n 9 enl>g$ sket*1 _h be5 put on to /op leak+1 made ( ?9 %eets ( iron inside & out & pa/ebo>d betwe51 held toge!r by #cf slight bolts4 ,( c\rse ?is pat* did n re/ore ! /r5g? ( ! boil]1 & x soon leak$ badly1 & ! leak+ ha/5$ ! corrosion ( ! plate bel[1 until x 0 ne>ly eat5 away1 & q unfit to be> ! work+ pressure4 ,no4 #cj4 ,le$s4 ,july #ai?4 #d injur$4 ,"o ( ?ree1 #ab ye>s old4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #cb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! "r h& tube collaps$ f end to end sideways1 & ruptur$ 9 ! furnace1 & "p ( ! tube 0 bl[n out4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 simply ! weakness ( ! tube )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,no4 #ca4 ,s\? ,wales4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,july #ai?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cb;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,x gave way :]e deeply corrod$ on ! inside4 ,no4 #cb4 ,burslem4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,july #bbnd4 #a kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,"o ( six4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,al?\gh ! boil] 0 n an old "o1 x _h be5 mu* repair$ at ! seams ) /rap plates4 ,x 0 said t ! wat] 0 v bad1 & deposit$ mu* mud1 :i* all[$ ! seams to get ov]heat$ & injur$4 ,! seam :i* r5t 0 an orig9al "o1 & no d\bt 0 ripp$ z ! o!rs _h be5 be=e repair1 & t ?is rip ext5d$ f hole to hole until a rupture at ! ord9>y pressure 0 ! result4 ,no4 #cc4 ,pre/on4 ,augu/ #d?4 #a kill$4 ,locomotive4 ,9 %unt+ ! eng9e 0 dragg$ "u a bridge t 0 n int5d$ = locomotives to pass1 & ! dome 0 knock$ (f4 ,no4 #cd4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,augu/ #aa?4 #c kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,m>9e1 #h;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,! flat front end gave way at ! angle iron all r\nd1 all[+ ! front ) tubes atta*$1 & ! %ell to be ?r[n 9 opposite directions4 ,! front be+ flat 0 v weak1 & dep5d$ = its /r5g? on gusset /ays & small bolts connect+ ! back ( ! combu/ion *amb] & ! r\nd end ( ! %ell4 ,^! /ays 7 v defective & insuffici5t1 & ! angle iron 0 bad & n weld$ into "o r+1 & ! boil] 0 !re=e unfit to be> ! ord9>y pressure1 & gave way at ! weake/ place4 ,no4 #ce4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #be47 ,augu/ #af?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj to #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 0 no /eam gauge4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end1 bo? ends be+ torn1 b ! boil] 0 n mov$ f its seat4 ,! fusible plug 0 un9jur$4 ,! cause ( ! explosion 0 ! weakness ( ! l>ge tube4 ,see ,no4 #eg4 ,no4 #cf4 ,leice/]4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,septemb] #a/4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,upright1 #e;ft4 #f;94 high1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! top ( ! boil] 0 bl[n out4 ,! r5t comm5c$ 9 ! manhole1 :i* 0 ungu>d$ by a r+1 & cracks two in*es long _h exi/$ be=e explosion4 ,see ,nos4 #ab & #ah4 ,no4 #cg4 ,pre/on4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,septemb] #crd4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,"o ( two4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #b;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #h;94 9 furnaces1 & #b;ft4 #d;94 beyond1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! left furnace cr[n collaps$ & ruptur$1 & ! "r furnace cr[n 0 slightly alt]$ 9 %ape4 ,! two boil]s 7 connect$ by "o fe$ pipe )\t back valves1 s t ! wat] f ?is boil] 0 =c$ into ! o!r & all[$ ! tubes to be ov]heat$4 ,no4 #ch4 ,liv]pool4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,septemb] #h?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 #f;94 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c;ft4 tube1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ ov] ! fire4 ,x 0 s mu* ?9n$ by corrosion1 & s _m ( ! rivet heads 7 eat5 (f1 t !re 0 n /r5g? left to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #ci4 ,boxmoor4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,septemb] #aj?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bg;ft4 #c;94 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;94 ov] furnace1 & #b;ft4 #h;94 beyond1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,"o r+ ( plates 0 bl[n out ( ! back end ( %ell4 ,!re 0 su* ext5sive ext]nal corrosion on ! seat+ at ! bottom t ! boil] 0 unable to be> ! work+ pressure4 ,no4 #dj4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,septemb] #af?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,bree*es ,tube1 #ac ye>s old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,furnace tube #b;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]4 ,ma9 tube #c;ft4 #e-a_/b;94 diamet]1 & orig9ally made to "w at #bj lbs4 pressure1 b work+ lately at #de lbs4 ,! ma9 tube collaps$4 ,! boil] 0 n adapt$ = ! pressure at :i* x 0 work$1 & ! tube 0 mu* weak5$ by ! ov]heat+ caus$ by a ?ick incru/ation ( scale1 & 0 n /r5g!n$ by any r+s or /ays1 & 0 ( v weak con/ruction z ! plates 7 arrang$ l5g?ways4 ,no4 #da4 ,s\? ,wales4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,septemb] #bf?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,"o ( two1 #bj ye>s old4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #i_/af in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! plates & rivet heads 7 v mu* r$uc$ 9 ?ickness by int]nal corrosion1 & 9 _m places 7 only #a_/h in* or less4 ,no4 #db4 ,w>r+ton4 ,octob] #f?4 #b kill$1 #f injur$4 ,"o ( sev5te54 ,two tube ,corni%1 #bb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! left h& tube collaps$4 ,! bl[-(f cock 0 left op5 until ! wat] 0 s l[ z to all[ ! tube to be ov]heat$4 ,no4 #dc4 ,r[ley4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,octob] #ac?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) flat ends1 #ae;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! back end ripp$ all r\nd ! angle iron1 & 0 bl[n out1 & ! re/ ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n =w>d a consid]able di/ance4 ,!re _h once be5 an int]nal tube1 & :5 ?is 0 tak5 out ! flat end _h no /ay1 & 0 unfit to be> ! usual pressure4 ,see ,no4 #dg4 ,no4 #dd4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,octob] #ad?4 #b kill$1 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #bi;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,al?\gh only #c ye>s old ! boil] _h always giv5 tr\ble1 & _h be5 v frequ5tly repair$4 ,"s new plates _h j be5 put 9 ! bottom1 & z ! prim>y r5t 0 9 ! old plates adjo9+ !m1 x is mo/ likely !y _h caus$ seam rips 9 ! old metal4 ,! frequ5t repair _h r$uc$ ! /r5g? until unequal to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #de4 ,greatbridge4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,octob] #ah?4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,"o ( eight1 #ae ye>s old4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #dj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates4 ,! boil] _h orig9ally c>ri$ #fj lbs41 b lately only #dj lbs4 ,! boil] _h be5 work$ v h>d1 & _h be5 s (t5 repair$1 t _m ( ! seams 7 cont9u\s = a long di/ance )\t break ( jo9t1 s t its /r5g? 0 r$uc$ until unable to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! trea*]\sness & unc]ta9ty ( boil]s ) "o pat* ov] ano!r has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 z 9 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #aj1 & #cb4 ,no4 #df4 ,acor+ton4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,octob] #ai?4 #b kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #ad;ft4 #f;94 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure usually1 & sometimes #fj lbs4 ,"o r+ ( plates 0 bl[n out ( %ell4 ,! boil] 0 s v badly corrod$ at ! bottom1 t ! edges ( ! r5t 7 q %>p l a knife1 & ! boil] 0 !re=e unable to be> ! usual work+ pressure4 ,! flues 7 too n>r[ to ent] = prop] inspection1 & ! be>+ surfaces 7 too wide & reta9$ moi/ure aga9/ ! plates4 ,no4 #dg4 ,lydney4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,octob] #bh?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d] ) r\nd front & flat back end1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #bj lbs4 pressure4 ,! flat end 0 bl[n out1 ! r5t ext5d+ all r\nd ! angle iron4 ,!re _h orig9ally be5 a bree*es tube 9 ! boil] ) a /rong /ay to ! front end1 b :5 ?is 0 tak5 out no /ays 7 put to ! flat end to comp5sate = ! loss ( _! support4 ,! angle iron atta*+ ! flat end 0 made 9 f\r pieces in/ead ( be+ weld$1 & x 0 r$uc$ to #c_/af in* ?ick by ext]nal corrosion1 s t x 0 n /rong en\gh to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,! extreme imprud5ce ( alt]+ boil]s )\t due c>e to pres]ve _! /r5g? has be5 (t5 po9t$ out4 ,see ,nos4 #ba & #dc4 ,no4 #dh4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,octob] #bi?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,"o ( six4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #dj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] gave way at ! fire end1 & divid$ 9 two1 & bo? pieces 7 bl[n to a great di/ance4 ,! boil] 0 old & _h be5 mu* repair$1 & ! seams runn+ f end to end made x v weak1 b ! imm$iate cause ( ! rupture 0 suppos$ to be %ortness ( wat] & consequ5t ov]heat+ ( ! plates4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #di4 ,/ockport4 ,octob] #cj?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,"o ( eight4 ,two tube ,corni%1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #d;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aa;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! cr[n ( ! "r h& tube became ov]heat$ f %ortness ( wat]1 & bulg$ d[n & r5t half r\nd at ! second seam ( rivets4 ,no4 #ej4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,novemb] #bnd4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) ! plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #ch;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,a seam ov] ! fire slightly to ! "r side gave way :]e !re _h be5 frequ5t repair to /op leak+4 ,at ! "p :i* gave way !re _h =m]ly be5 a side fire1 :i* _h p]haps damag$ ! seams4 ,?is boil] 0 kn[n to h be5 9 bad condition & ne$+ repairs4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #ea4 ,%e]ness4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,novemb] #crd4 #aa kill$1 #g injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,m>9e1 #ae;ft4 #f;94 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,furnace ,tube #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 #e_/h in* plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,! left h& tube collaps$ & ruptur$1 & ! cont5ts issu$ at ! front & scald$ all ne>4 ,! "r h& tube 0 also slightly out ( %ape on ! top4 ,! cause ( ! collapse 01 t ! wat] _h be5 all[$ to get bel[ ! cr[ns ( ! furnaces4 ,!re 0 no means ( asc]ta9+ h[ ! %ortness ( wat] occurr$1 z all 7 kill$ :o _h ! opportunity ( kn[+4 ,no4 #eb4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,novemb] #be?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,"o ( five1 #cj ye>s old4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #cf;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! %ell 0 r5t into sev]al l>ge pieces & ?r[n to "s di/ance4 ,! tube 0 also ?r[n out & brok51 *iefly by its fall & /rik+ aga9/ walls4 ,! boil] 0 corrod$ v badly on ! seat+1 :i* mu/ h be5 kn[n1 z !re 7 num]\s small screw pat*es to prev5t leak+ at ! corrod$ places4 ,! %ell 0 9 su* bad condition1 t x 0 q unfit to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,see ,no4 #eh4 ,no4 #ec4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #db47 ,decemb] #crd4 #h kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,f\r ,furnace ,upright1 #bj;ft4 high1 #aj;ft4 diamet]4 ,c5tre tube #aj;ft4 high1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 side tubes #b;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! c5tral tube collaps$1 & ! bottom "p 0 bl[n out1 & all[$ ! cont5ts ( ! boil] to issue f ! bottom into ! culv]t lead+ to ! /ack1 & into ! necks ( ! furnaces f :i* x 0 heat$4 ,! reaction s5t ! boil] up to a great height1 & x divid$ into elev5 fragm5ts1 :i* 7 v widely scatt]$4 ,comp>atively little damage 0 done to ! furnaces & premises1 only ! brickwork surr\nd+ ! boil] be+ ?r[n d[n4 ,al?\gh x _h only work$ a %ort "t at ?is place1 x 0 v old1 & ! c5tral tube 0 corrod$ until only #a_/h in* ?ick 9 _m places1 & _m ( ! rivet heads 7 q eat5 away4 ,x 0 altoge!r s worn out t x 0 q unfit to "w at any pressure4 ,no4 #ed4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,decemb] #f?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj to #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end1 & ! front portion 0 bl[n out ) ! front end1 & ! back end 0 left atta*$ to ! %ell1 & b little mov$ f its seat4 ,! cause 0 d\btless ! weakness ( su* a l>ge tube4 ,?is is ! ?ird explosion at ?is eng9e4 ,"o ( ! previ\s explosions is describ$ at ,no4 #ce4 ,no4 #ee4 ,/onehav54 ,decemb] #i?4 #b injur$4 ,locomotive1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #ef4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,decemb] #aj?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ & ruptur$ 9 ! c5tral "p f weakness4 ,no4 #eg4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #de47 ,decemb] #aa?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,x 0 an old boil]1 & "s ( ! plates ( ! tube 7 ?9n$ by corrosion1 b x _h only j be5 put to "w at ?is place1 & bur/ ! fir/ day ( work+4 ,! tube collaps$ beyond ! bridge1 & ! back "p ) ! back end plate 0 bl[n out to a great di/ance4 ,! front end 0 also ruptur$1 & ! :ole boil] 0 s5t =w>ds4 ,! tube ov] ! fire _h n collaps$4 ,! cause ( explosion 0 ! weakness ( su* a l>ge tube )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,_m simil> boil]s h explod$ 9 ! same way f ! same cause1 z describ$ 9 ,nos4 #bh1 #cj1 #ce1 #dj1 #ed1 & #ef4 ,no4 #eh4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #df47 ,decemb] #ad?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,"o tube ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 #h;94 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #aj;94 at front end1 & #c;ft4 beyond1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! %ell 0 r5t into sev]al pieces1 :i* 7 scatt]$ to wide di/ances4 ,! tube 0 also ?r[n to a great di/ance1 b 0 un9jur$4 ,! boil] 0 #cf ye>s old4 ,! %ell 0 v badly corrod$1 & tempor>ily repair$ ) screw pat*es to /op leak+1 s t ! boil] 0 unfit to be> ! usual pressure4 ,see ,no4 #eb4 ,no4 #ei4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #dg47 ,decemb] #bi?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #dg;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,x gave way at ! seams ov] ! fire1 :]e ! edges ( ! plates _h be5 injur$ by injudici\s & excessive repair+ & caulk+4 ,! pieces 7 s5t to great di/ances4 ,! weakness ( boil]s ) seams f end to end 9 cont9u\s l9es has (t5 be5 po9t$ out4 ,eight ( ! explod$ boil]s ?is ye>1 ,nos4 #e1 #ae1 #bj1 #bd1 #dd1 #dh1 #ej1 & #ei1 & _m o!rs 9 =m] ye>s 7 ( ! same objectionable con/ruction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+1 n be+ /eam boil]s1 are n includ$ 9 ! li/1 b ! details may be useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,oldbury4 ,m>* #aj?4 #d kill$4 ,illu/ration ,t> /ill1 #aj;ft4 high1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 ) r\nd top & dom$ bottom1 #c_/h in* plates1 & n int5d$ to "w at any pressure4 ,! vap\r pass+ away became congeal$1 & /opp$ up ! small exit pipe1 & pressure accumulat$ suffici5tly to bur/ ! weak %ap$ vessel4 ,! bottom came completely out & 0 left ^u ! fire1 :ile ! top asc5d$ to a great height & fell a long di/ance away4 ,! loss ( life 0 ow+ to ! mat]ial ignit+ & suffocat+ ^? :o 7 ?r[n d[n by ! explosion4 ,greatbridge4 ,decemb] #bi?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration ,t> /ill1 #ab;ft4 high1 #ab;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 & n us$ at any pressure usually4 ,! upp] "p sep>at$ f ! bottom1 r5d+ 9 ! angle iron all r\nd4 ,! angle iron ne> ! outlet pipe 0 corrod$ ne>ly away1 z %[n 9 enl>g$ sket*1 & ! rivet heads 7 eat5 completely (f4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! int5se fro/1 dur+ a long /oppage = holidays1 _h caus$ ! worm to be /opp$ up & pressure to accumulate1 z 9 ! "o previ\sly describ$4 ,b x is p]haps m probable t ! vessel gave way because x 0 corrod$ s ?9 9 s important a "p z ! angle iron4 ,! explosion 0 v slight1 ! damage & loss ( life be+ f ! fi]ce fire :i* imm$iately succe$$ x4 ,d>l+ton4 ,augu/ #bf?4 #b injur$4 ,dome/ic4 ,rectangul>1 & made ( wr\ght iron4 ,! front blew out4 ,x 0 said t all ! communication pipes 7 %ut1 & !re=e /eam accumulat$ until ! weake/ "p gave way4 ,man*e/]4 ,decemb] #bi?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration ,! sket* is to a mu* l>g] scale ?an ! o!rs4 ,dome/ic1 #ad;94 wide1 #aa;94 high1 & ab\t #aj;94 deep1 made ( ca/ iron #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,x _h close top & two circulat+ pipes to w>m a ba? ab\t #aj;ft4 above x4 ,! supply ci/]n 0 ab\t #ag;ft4 above ! boil]4 ,! front 0 bl[n out into ! kit*54 ,x 0 said t ! pipes 7 froz51 & t /eam pressure _h ?us accumulat$4 ,! boil] 0 ( a trea*]\s mat]ial & weak %ape1 & unfit to be> safely ! #g lbs4 pressure ! column ( wat] f ! ci/]n w\ld give4 ,! fire also act$ on ! sides ( ! boil] )\t any int]v5+ brickwork4 ,if a clos$ top boil] is us$1 !re %\ld be a dead weight safety valve to prev5t pressure4 ,a f> saf] plan is to h ! kit*5 boil] ) op5 top & ! circulat+ heat] )9 x1 s t x c nev] get ov]heat$1 z x only obta9s its heat f ! wat] 9 ! op5 boil]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,broomhall1 ,pr9t]1 ,/\rbridge4 ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,9 #ahgj4 ,no4 #a4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #a47 ,janu>y #g?4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,"o ( five4 ,corni%1 #ac ye>s old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ sideways f weakness1 & ! front "p & ! front plate 7 bl[n out1 c>ry+ ! att5dants into a deep & swoll5 riv] :i* ran close 9 front ( boil]s4 ,no4 #b4 ,s\? ,wales4 7,fig4 #b47 ,janu>y #ae?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 v old1 #cb;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,ext]nally corrod$ to #a_/af in*1 & gave way ne> a seam1 ! front be+ ?r[n =w>d into a h\se1 & ! back end #aej y>ds to ! re>1 c>ry+ away ! /ack4 ,x _h be5 badly repair$ ) bolt$ pat*es :i* _h ha/5$ corrosion1 & z x 0 kn[n to be ne>ly worn out1 x 0 to h be5 replac$ 9 a few days4 ,no4 #c4 ,worksop4 7,fig4 #c47 ,janu>y #bh?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,dome/ic1 #b;ft4 wide1 #a;ft4 #aj;94 high1 & #g;94 deep1 #c_/h in* plates1 ) badly weld$ jo9ts4 ,! circulat+ pipes to ci/]n1 #ae;ft4 above1 7 froz51 & /eam pressure accumulat$ & blew out ! front4 ,no4 #d4 ,ipswi*4 7,fig4 #d47 ,febru>y #d?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,corni%1 #g ye>s old1 #bd;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #fe lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 good & well fitt$1 b an accumulation ( salt on tube caus$ ov]heat+ & rupture ( #crd seam4 ,no4 #e4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #e47 ,febru>y #h?4 #b kill$1 #f injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,rag ,boil]1 #b ye>s old1 #aa;ft4 diamet]1 #i-a_/b;ft4 deep1 #g_/af in* plates4 ,/eam 0 suppli$ f ! eng9e exhau/1 & 0 usually ab\t #aj lbs4 pressure1 b z ! boil]s f :i* ! /eam 0 orig9ally suppli$ work$ at #fj lbs41 x is possible ?is 0 sometimes exce$$4 ,! vessel 0 ( v weak %ape = ev5 #aj lbs4 pressure4 ,no4 #f4 ,d]by4 7,fig4 #f47 ,febru>y #ad?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,dome/ic1 #a;ft4 high1 #a;ft4 wide1 #h;94 across top1 & #ab;94 across bottom1 made ( ca/-iron1 #g_/af in* ?ick4 ,! fire _h be5 let out sometime1 & ! circulat+ pipes to ci/]n #af;ft4 above 7 froz51 & on light+ fire /eam 0 =m$ = :i* !re 0 no escape1 & ! boil] 0 %att]$4 ,no4 #g4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #g47 ,febru>y #ad?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,dome/ic1 us$ = w>m+ rooms above1 #b;ft4 #f;94 wide1 #b;ft4 high1 #i;94 across top1 & #ac;94 across bottom1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,! circulat+ pipes to ci/]n1 #ab;ft4 above1 7 froz51 & /eam 0 =m$ = :i* !re 0 no v5t1 & boil] 0 r5t op54 ,! jo9ts 7 s badly weld$ t !y soon gave way1 & little damage 0 done to prop]ty4 ,no4 #h4 ,walsall4 7,fig4 #h47 ,febru>y #ai?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #ab ye>s old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! seams & plates 7 ov]heat$ by %ortness ( wat]1 & gave way at ord9>y pressure4 ,x is suppos$ ! wat] kick$ into ! o!r boil]1 z !re 0 no back valve to prev5t ?is :5ev] "o boil] happ5$ to be fir$ a little h>d]1 & consequ5tly at slightly high] pressure ?an ! o!r4 ,!re 0 no damage except to ! boil]4 ,no4 #i4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #i47 ,febru>y #be?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,corni%1 #e ye>s old1 #cb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,crack$ along ! bottom ( front end :]e int]nally furr[$4 ,! boil] 0 n di/urb$1 b z ! wat] escap$ into an iron furnace ! bricks 7 scatt]$1 b little damage done4 ,! boil] 0 int5d$ = two tubes1 & !re=e !re 0 a l>ge "p support$ only by /ays1 all[+ ( a slight movem5t ) v>y+ pressure :i* facilitates ! corrosion 9 c]ta9 l9es ( /ra9 call$ furr[+4 ,9 ?is case !y 7 s close to ! angle iron & fill$ ) scale t !y 7 difficult to detect4 ,no4 #aj4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,m>* #ag?4 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,upright ,boil]1 #b ft4 high1 #a;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #a_/d in* plates4 ,x gave way :]e deeply corrod$ ext]nally r\nd ! bottom angle iron4 ,! top 0 bl[n ?r\gh ! ro( & did consid]able damage1 ! bottom be+ left 9 ! grate4 ,no4 #aa4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,m>* #bg?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,agricultural or ,contractor's ,eng9e1 #i;ft4 #b;94 long1 #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! heads ( /ays on ea* side 7 corrod$ outside & drew ?r\gh ! holes1 all[+ ! angles ( fire box to op54 ,boil] 0 n di/urb$ & no damage 0 done4 ,no4 #ab4 ,portsm\?4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,m>* #bi?4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,"o ( two4 ,corni%1 #i ye>s old1 #bb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at mid-fea!r wall :]e corrod$ to #a_/cb in*1 at a place :]e flues 7 too n>r[ to ent]4 ,two r+s ( plates 7 torn out & bl[n into an adjo9+ /reet1 :ile ! reaction ( ! escap+ cont5ts =c$ ! boil] into a build+ 9 a v s+ul> mann]1 do+ v great damage4 ,?is case is ( peculi> int]e/1 because al?\gh ! cause ( explosion 0 s pla9 to see1 all ! old !ories ( decomposition ( /eam1 & ignition ( hydrog51 7 reviv$1 & x 0 ev5 /at$ t a bad boil] c\ld n explode1 z ! corrod$ "p w\ld give way1 & all[ ! /eam to escape h>mlessly1 & any cause seem$ to be consid]$ m probable ?an ! pla9 & simple "o1 t x 0 corrod$ to ! ?ickness ( c>d bo>d4 ,l _m o!r examples ?is explosion %[s t h[ev] well a boil] is t5d$1 x %\ld be exam9$ 9 ! flues to make sure t x is safe4 ,no4 #ac4 ,man*e/]4 ,m>* #cj?4 #b kill$1 #c injur$4 ,und]gr\nd4 ,"s alt]ations 7 be+ done to "s brick ar*+1 :i* fell ^u & broke /eam pipes1 & ! escape ( /eam suffocat$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #ad4 ,w>r+ton4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,april #ac?4 #f kill$1 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,lanca%ire1 us$ = evaporation only1 #bd;ft4 #f;94 long1 #h;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 & usually work$ ) little or no pressure4 ,! boil] 0 v old & mu* pat*$1 & incapable ( be>+ ! #ae lbs4 pressure :i* 0 tempor>ily put ^u x4 ,no4 #ae4 ,scotl&4 ,april #ah?4 none injur$4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 said to h explod$ f %ortness ( wat]1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #af4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,april #ah?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,"o ( two4 ,corni%1 v old1 #cd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ & ! front "p 0 bl[n out1 & ! boil] 0 =c$ back a little4 ,x 0 said to h be5 %ort ( wat]1 b ! weakness ( a tube ( su* l>ge diamet] 0 mo/ likely ! true cause4 ,no4 #ag4 ,well+ton4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,april #bbnd4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,"o ( two4 ,balloon1 v old1 #aa;ft4 high1 #i;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #e lbs4 pressure4 ,! bottom 0 corrod$ ext]nally to #a_/h in*1 & tempor>ily repair$ ) screw pat*es1 & 0 s r$uc$ 9 /r5g? t x gave way at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! top 0 bl[n ab\t #bj y>ds away1 b little damage 0 done4 ,no4 #ah4 ,cornwall4 ,may4 none injur$4 ,corni%1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,boil] gave way "u bottom :]e corrod$ v ?91 b little damage 0 done4 ,no4 #ai4 ,d>la/on4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,corni%1 #ae;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #c;94 diamet]4 ,tube #a;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ & ruptur$1 hav+ be5 s(t5$ by ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,v little damage 0 done4 ,no4 #bj4 ,we/bromwi*4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,may #ab?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #e ye>s old1 #cd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way by ! r5t ( a ripp$ seam ov] ! fire1 :i* _h be5 repeat$ly tempor>ily pat*$ )\t re/or+ ! /r5g? or /opp+ ! rip4 ,?ree r+s 7 torn out ( ! middle1 :ile ! front end 0 bl[n into ! b$ room ( a h\se1 & ! back "p ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n across a canal ?r\gh two walls into a di/ant /reet4 ,great damage 0 done4 ,no4 #ba4 ,dubl94 7,fig4 #ah47 ,may #ah?4 #c kill$1 #f injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,corni%4 ,second-h&1 b j />t$ at ?is place1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 usual pressure4 ,tube collaps$ f end to end4 ,! pressure at "t 0 suppos$ to be #gj lbs41 & z !re 0 no evid5ce ( %ortness ( wat]1 x is presum$ ! tube gave way f weakness4 ,! boil] 0 mov$ =w>d ab\t #bj feet1 b mu* damage 0 done to premises4 ,no4 #bb4 ,bury4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,may #be?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,dome/ic ,saddle1 #e;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 #f;94 wide1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ae lbs4 pressure1 ! ci/]n be+ #cj;ft4 above4 ,!re 7 no /ays betwe5 ! inn] & out] %ell1 & ! space betwe5 !m 0 too small to all[ prop] circulation ( wat] to keep ! plates f ov]heat+1 s t x 0 h>dly fit = its ord9>y pressure1 & ! top 0 bl[n (f4 ,no4 #bc4 ,kidsgrove4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,may #bf?4 #ac kill$1 #i injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,f\r ,furnace ,upright1 #ab ye>s old1 #ag;ft4 #f;94 high1 #i;ft4 diamet]4 ,c5tre tube #e;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! c5tre tube 0 mu* corrod$ on ! inside & collaps$ inw>ds f consequ5t weakness1 all[+ ! cont5ts to issue at ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & ! reaction s5t ! :ole boil] high up into ! air1 & on to a ro( caus+ great damage4 ,no4 #bd4 ,l[e/(t4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,may #bg?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,crane or ,donkey boil] on bo>d a vessel4 ,ab\t #f;ft4 high1 & #c;ft4 diamet]1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! int]nal fire box collaps$ f ! s(t5+ ( ! plates ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]1 ! bl[ (f pipe hav+ be5 left op5 too long4 ,little or no injury 0 done to ! %ip4 ,no4 #be4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,june #bnd4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,corni%1 #f ye>s old1 #ba;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube 0 s mu* weak5$ by cracks & by be+ out ( true circle1 t x collaps$ f end to end at ! ord9>y work+ pressure4 ,no4 #bf4 ,wigan4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,june #f?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,"o ( two4 ,corni%1 #bh;ft4 #g;94 long1 #e;ft4 #d;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 slightly oval1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ ov] ! fire & ruptur$ f weakness4 ,! boil] 0 n mov$ & ! damage 0 n great4 ,no4 #bg4 ,bury4 ,june #i?4 #a injur$4 ,lanca%ire4 ,! plates 7 r$uc$ to #a_/af in* by ext]nal corrosion1 s t ! boil] 0 n able to be> ! ord9>y pressure1 b no details h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #bh4 ,work+ton4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,june #i?4 #g injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,"o ( two4 ,corni%1 ne>ly new1 #af;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,?ree plates ov] fire collaps$ f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #bi4 ,nott+ham4 7,fig4 #be47 ,june #ac?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,t5 ye>s old4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 ) flat ends1 #aj;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 diamet]1 diagonal seams1 #a_/d in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! :ole %ell 0 bl[n #hj y>ds to ! front1 & ! *imney & eng9e h\se mu* damag$4 ,x 0 mu* corrod$ & badly pat*$1 s z to be unfit to c>ry pressure4 ,no4 #cj4 ,blackburn4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,june #ag?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,sixte5 ye>s old4 ,gall[ay1 #bf;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ef lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 0 a combu/ion *amb] betwe5 ! furnace tubes & ! ma9 tube1 & ?is _h be5 lately repair$ insecurely1 & gave way & bur/ upw>ds4 ,! boil] 0 n mov$1 b ! cont5ts issu$ s viol5tly t a good deal ( damage 0 done to surr\nd+ premises4 ,no4 #ca4 ,glasg[4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,june #ag?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,crane ,boil]1 ab\t #b ye>s old1 #g;ft4 high1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! int]nal fire box collaps$ & ! ext]nal %ell 0 bl[n to pieces4 ,!re 0 no sign ( %ortness ( wat]1 b x is suppos$ t ! fire box 0 n circul>1 & !re=e too weak to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #cb4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,june #ba/4 #b kill$1 #f injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,"o ( sev54 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #cj ye>s old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #h;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,x gave way ov] fire place1 :]e x _h be5 weak5$ by frequ5t repair1 :i* _h caus$ a seam rip ne> a pat*4 ,! fragm5ts 7 widely scatt]$1 & mu* damage 0 done to ! premises4 ,! insecurity ( boil]s s frequ5tly repair$ ) pat* ^u pat* has be5 (t5 po9t$ out4 ,no4 #cc4 ,d>l+ton4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,june #bd?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,"o ( twelve4 ,two ,furnace ,upright1 ab\t #b ye>s old1 #bj;ft4 high1 #h;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! wat] 0 all[$ to run s l[ t ! plates s(t5$ by ! ov]heat+1 & a small piece 0 bl[n op5 & ?rew d[n ! brickwork4 ,no4 #cd4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,june #be?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,"o ( two4 ,balloon1 #cd ye>s old1 #ab;ft4 diamet]1 #aj;ft4 high1 #c_/h in* plates1 #g lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 7 no /ays1 & ! boil] 0 ( v weak %ape1 & z ! boil] x work$ ) 0 load$ to #ae lbs41 x is presum$ ?is also 0 expos$ to t pressure1 & bur/ 9 consequ5ce4 ,x gave way at ! angle at front ov] ! fire1 & 0 ?r[n ov] ! eng9e h\se4 ,no4 #ce4 ,man*e/]4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,june #bg?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,gall[ay1 #d ye>s old1 #cb;ft4 long1 #h;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 orig9ally int5d$ = #dj lbs41 b work$ at #fe lbs4 pressure4 ,! left h& tube collaps$ sideways1 hav+ be5 v mu* weak5$ by int]nal corrosion4 ,no4 #cf4 ,july #bnd4 #a injur$4 ,m>9e4 ,"o ( ! oval tubes collaps$4 ,! boil] 0 work$ at a high] pressure ?an x 0 capable ( be>+ safely1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #cg4 ,scotl&4 ,july #crd4 #b kill$1 #c injur$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #c ye>s old1 #bj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #belbs4 pressure4 ,x 0 s corrod$ inside ab\t ! wat] l9e f bad wat]1 t x gave way at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! boil] 0 ?r[n #afj y>ds f its seat4 ,no4 #ch4 ,july #bi?4 none injur$4 ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] r5t op5 :]e ext]nally corrod$ to #a_/cb in*1 & #c wid?s ( plates 7 torn away4 ,no4 #ci4 ,nott+ham4 ,augu/ #ab?4 none injur$4 ,tubul\s ,boil]1 q new1 made entirely ( tubes4 ,"o tube gave way at defective weld1 b no o!r damage 0 done4 ,no4 #dj4 ,leice/]4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,augu/ #ac?4 #d kill$1 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,upright ,boil]1 ne>ly new1 #aj;ft4 high1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 ) int]nal fire box1 #a_/b in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! %ell 0 r5t into _m pieces1 :i* 7 widely scatt]$1 do+ mu* damage4 ,! safety valve 0 defective & incapable ( reliev+ ! pressure1 & ! spr+ indicat$ wrongly1 s t a mu* high] pressure 0 us$ ?an ! boil] c\ld be> safely4 ,no4 #da4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,sep4 #ad?4 #e kill$1 #bj injur$4 ,"o ( two4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #ag ye>s old1 #bg;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cjlbs4 pressure1 me*anically fir$4 ,x _h j be5 ext5sively repair$ ov] ! fire1 b x gave way at ! back end1 :]e a plate _h be5 put 9 "s "t be=e1 & x is suppos$ t a seam rip or injury to ! old plate1 n visible outside or 91 0 !n set up1 :i* 0 p]haps increas$ by ! /ra9 ( late repairs & gave way z soon z /eam 0 aga9 rais$ to work+ pressure4 ,see ,no4 #ee ?is ye> & _m o!rs 9 pa/ ye>s ( simil> con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,no4 #db4 ,nott+ham4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,septemb] #ae?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,tubul\s1 or all tubes1 #a-a_/b ye>s old1 #ajj lbs4 pressure4 ,/eam 0 be+ rais$ ) too little wat] 9 ! boil]1 s t ! tube became ov]heat$ & incapable ( be>+ pressure1 & r5t op51 & z ! boil] 0 9 a small space ! /eam suffocat$ ! att5dant1 b ! boil] 0 n di/urb$ or ! premises injur$4 ,no4 #dc4 ,tun/all4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,septemb] #ag?4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #h ye>s old1 #cf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,x gave way at fif? seam1 :]e a seam rip1 caus$ by bad repair1 _h s f> weak5$ x t x 0 unable to be> ! usual pressure1 & ! ends 7 bl[n 9 opposite directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,no4 #dd4 ,exet]4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,septemb] #bg?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,lanca%ire1 #b ye>s old1 #ca;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 ) #ef ,field tubes 9 ea*1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! "r h& tube collaps$ & ruptur$ f s(t5+ ( plates ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,! fire 0 bl[n out & set ! premises on fire & mu* damage 0 done4 ,no4 #de4 ,c>diff4 ,octob] #a/4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,locomotive1 #d-a_/b ye>s old1 #ad;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #abj lbs4 pressure4 ,! fire box 0 r$uc$ to #a_/cb in* by corrosion1 & unable to be> ! usual pressure & r5t op51 & ! escap+ cont5ts ru%$ out at ! fire doors & injur$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #df4 ,liv]pool4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,octob] #d?4 #d kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #f;ft4 #f;94 long1 #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,! plates 7 corrod$ bo? inside & out1 & 9 "s places r$uc$ to less ?an #a_/af in* 9 ?ickness1 & x 0 q unfit to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,! damage to ! surr\nd+ prop]ty 0 v great al?\gh ! boil] 0 s small4 ,! %ell ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n across a /reet into an upp] room ( ! h\se opposite4 ,no4 #dg4 ,ba?gate4 ,octob] #ad?4 #b injur$4 ,rag ,boil]4 ,! boil] became expos$ to high] pressure ?an x 0 int5d$ to be>4 ,! boil] h\se 0 de/roy$1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #dh4 ,walsall4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,octob] #ai?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,corni%1 #g ye>s old1 #ac;ft4 #c;94 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 & suppos$ to "w at #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! gauge 0 s out ( ord] t x only indicat$ half ! real pressure4 ,! tube 0 n 9 good condition & _h leak$ v mu* & 0 q unfit = ! pressure ( #fj lbs4 to :i* ! valve 0 load$4 ,! tube collaps$ beyond ! bridge1 & ! cont5ts issu$ at ! back & drove ! boil] =w>d #cj feet & into a work%op4 ,no4 #di4 ,soho4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,octob] #ai?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,lanca%ire1 #bc;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #cj lbs4 pressure1 usually1 b #ae lbs4 at "t ( explosion4 ,! left side ( left tube collaps$ & r5t ow+ to %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #ej4 ,nor? ,wales4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,octob] #ai?4 #a kill$1 #h injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,"o ( two4 ,corni%1 #bf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #bc lbs4 pressure4 ,! bottom 0 s ?9n$ by ext]nal corrosion t x 0 n able to be> ! usual pressure & r5t op54 ,! boil] 0 turn$ upside d[n1 & ! h\se mu* injur$4 ,no4 #ea4 ,b]wick4 7,fig4 #da47 ,octob] #ba/4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,corni%1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 tube #b;ft4 #d-a_/b;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cb lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$1 hav+ become ov]heat$ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #eb4 ,%effield4 7,fig4 #db47 ,octob] #bf?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,locomotive1 #aa ye>s old1 #i;ft4 #f;94 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,! top plate ov] fire box 0 bl[n (f1 hav+ giv5 way along a furr[ caus$ by corrosion 9 a l9e ( /ra9 ow+ to position ( /ays4 ,x 0 9 a "p ( ! boil] :]e x is n usual to f9d x1 & z x c\ld n be se51 x increas$ until unable to be> ! usual pressure4 ,no4 #ec4 ,d>la/on4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,octob] #bg?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #bb;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! wat] 0 all[$ to get s l[ t ! sides 7 s(t5$ by ov]heat+1 & r5t op54 ,! boil] 0 n mov$ & only a few bricks 7 di/urb$4 ,no4 #ed4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,octob] #bg?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,corni%1 #ab ye>s old1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 tube #c;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ch lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end1 ! front & c5tral p>ts be+ bl[n out4 ,! %ell & back ( tube 7 ?r[n 9 "o piece to ! re>1 & mu* damage 0 done4 ,x 0 suppos$ to h be5 %ort ( wat]1 because ! tube _h collaps$1 b x is m likely x collaps$ because ( its weakness )\t /r5g!n+ r+s4 ,a tube 9 ?is boil] collaps$ 9 a simil> way ab\t #e ye>s previ\sly4 ,no4 #ee4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #de47 ,novemb] #ag?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,"o ( sev54 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #cj ye>s old1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure1 me*anically fir$4 ,gave way at a seam on ! "r h& side ( ! fire place1 :]e ! ins]tion ( a new plate _h caus$ injury to ! old plate1 & x divid$ into two p>ts :i* 7 s5t 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! unc]ta9ty & trea*]\sness ( ^! /raight seam$ boil]s has (t5 be5 po9t$ out4 ,see ,no4 #da1 & _m examples 9 =m] ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,no4 #ef4 ,s\? ,wales4 ,novemb] #ai?4 none injur$4 ,corni%1 #g;ft4 diamet]1 tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ f weakness4 ,no4 #eg4 ,%ields4 7,fig4 #df47 ,novemb] #bd?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,"o ( two4 ,m>9e1 second h& :5 put 9 #c ye>s s9ce4 ,return tube #ab;ft4 #d;94 long1 slightly oval1 #f;ft4 diamet] at front1 & #e;ft4 #f;94 at back2 tube1 oval1 #c;ft4 #aj;94 wide1 & #c;ft4 deep1 #e_/af in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$4 ,x 0 9 su* a corrod$ & crack$ condition1 & s badly repair$1 ) screw pat*es1 t x 0 unable to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #eh4 ,man*e/]4 7,fig #dg47 ,decemb] #bnd4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,"o ( two4 ,balloon1 us$ = evaporat+ only1 ne>ly new1 #i;ft4 high1 & #i;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 n usually work$ at any pressure4 ,! top 0 ?r[n #fj y>ds away1 & ! bottom left on furnace4 ,! boil] 0 tempor>ily expos$ to pressure :i* x 0 too weak a %ape to be>4 ,no4 #ei4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #dh47 ,decemb] #bnd4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 #e ye>s old1 #ad;ft4 #i;94 long1 #d;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! wat] 0 all[$ to get s l[ t ! sides became s(t5$ by ov]heat+ & r5t op51 & blew ! fire ^u ^? ne>1 b )\t di/urb+ ! boil] or brickwork4 ,no4 #fj4 ,hanley4 7,fig4 #di47 ,decemb] #af?4 #a kill$1 #e injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,"o ( two4 ,balloon1 #cj ye>s old1 #ae;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 work$ at #bj lbs4 pressure4 ,x r5t 9 two & ?rew d[n ! eng9e h\se & *imney4 ,! boil] 0 n int5d$ to "w at m ?an #e lbs4 pressure1 & 0 q unable to be> ! extra pressure to :i* x 0 expos$4 ,no4 #fa4 ,le$s4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,decemb] #bd?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,dome/ic1 wr\ght iron1 weld$1 #ac-a_/b in*es wide1 #ab in*es high4 ,! h\se _h be5 empty1 & ! pipes to ci/]n1 #bf feet above1 _h froz51 & :5 a fire 0 light$ ! accumulat$ pressure1 hav+ no escape1 =c$ out ! front4 ,no4 #fb4 ,leam+ton4 7,fig4 #ea47 ,decemb] #be?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,dome/ic ,saddle1 wr\ght iron weld$1 #a;ft4 #i;94 long1 & ! same wid? & height4 ,! circulat+ pipes 7 /opp$ by ice1 & ! accumulat$ pressure =c$ d[n ! und]side & r5t op5 ! jo9t4 ,! build+ 0 injur$4 ,no4 #fc4 ,morley4 7,fig4 #eb47 ,decemb] #be?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,dome/ic ,saddle1 wr\ght iron weld$1 #b;ft4 #f;94 long1 #a;ft4 #f;94 wide & high4 ,! circulat+ pipes be+ /opp$ by ice ! accumulat$ pressure =c$ out ! plate on ! "u side4 ,! build+ 0 injur$4 ,no4 #fd4 ,liv]pool4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,decemb] #be?4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,dome/ic1 #a;ft4 #h;94 wide & high1 #a;ft4 deep1 #a_/b in* ca/ iron4 ,! circulat+ pipes 7 /opp$ ) ice1 & ! accumulat$ pressure =c$ out ! front1 & did great damage to ! h\se4 ,no4 #fe4 ,london4 7,fig4 #ed47 ,decemb] #be?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,dome/ic1 wr\ght iron1 #a;ft4 #c;94 wide1 #a;ft4 #d;94 high1 #f;94 deep1 #c_/h in* ?ick4 ,! circulat+ pipes to ! ci/]n ab\t #cj;ft4 above 7 /opp$ ) ice1 & ! accumulat$ pressure r5t ! boil] 9 ! weld$ jo9ts1 & did great damage to ! h\se4 ,no4 #ff4 ,duk9field4 7,fig4 #ee47 ,decemb] #bf?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,dome/ic1 ca/ iron1 #c_/h in* ?ick1 #a;ft4 #c;94 wide1 #a;ft4 deep4 ,! circulat+ pipes 7 froz51 & ! pressure accumulat$ & r5t ! boil] to fragm5ts & did great damage to ! room4 ,no4 #fg4 ,nor?all]ton4 7,fig4 #ef47 ,decemb] #bi?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,locomotive1 #bj ye>s old1 #ab;ft4 #i;94 long1 ) plates arrang$ l5g?ways1 #c;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,! b>rel appe>s to h giv5 way on ! "u side ne> fire box1 & op5$ out & r5t into fragm5ts4 ,z ! pieces conta9+ ! probable fir/ r5t 7 miss+1 no?+ positive c\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,x may h contribut$ to ! rupture t ! eng9e drew f ! fire box in/ead ( f ! frame4 ,no4 #fh4 ,london4 7,fig4 #eg47 ,decemb] #bi?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,dome/ic1 ,saddle1 wr\ght iron1 weld$1 #a;ft4 #f;94 long1 #a;ft4 #b;94 wide1 & #a;ft4 high1 #c_/h in* ?ick4 ,! circulat+ pipes to ci/]n #be;ft4 above 7 froz51 & ! accumulat$ pressure =c$ ! cr[n out ( "u side ( boil]1 & caus$ great damage to premises4 ,no4 #fi4 ,london4 ,decemb] #cj?4 none injur$4 ,dome/ic1 ! circulat+ pipes 7 froz51 & ! accumulat$ pressure caus$ ! boil] to r5t op51 b little damage 0 done4 ,no4 #gj4 ,burton4 ,date n asc]ta9$4 #a kill$4 ,pla9 ,cyl9d]1 und]gr\nd1 int]nally corrod$ until too weak to be> ord9>y pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,broomhall1 ,pr9t]1 ,/\rbridge4 ,,boil] ,,explosions ,,9 #ahga4 ,no4 #a4 ,tranm]e4 7,fig4 #a47 ,janu>y #a/4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,dome/ic4 ,ca/-iron1 #a;ft4 #d;94 wide1 #a;ft4 high1 & #aa;94 deep4 ,! circulat+ pipes be+ froz5 ! pressure accumulat$1 & r5t ! boil] into pieces1 do+ great damage4 ,no4 #b4 ,ro*dale4 7,fig4 #b47 ,janu>y #bnd4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #aa;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #a;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,ruptur$ at a bad pat* ov] grate1 ar\nd :i* 7 _m old cracks1 & ! r5t pass$ along ! bottom1 & ?r\gh ! ungu>d$ manhole1 & r\nd sev]al ( ! transv]se seams1 divid+ ! boil] into #d or #e pieces1 :i* 7 widely scatt]$1 b are arrang$ 9 sket* ne> _! orig9al position4 ,no4 #c4 ,janu>y #bnd4 none injur$4 ,corni%1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube ruptur$ at fir/ seam ov] ! fire f weakness caus$ by int]nal corrosion4 ,no4 #d4 ,middlesbro4 7,fig4 #c47 ,janu>y #d?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,dome/ic1 #a;ft4 #c;94 wide1 #a;ft4 high1 #aa;94 deep1 #e_/af in* ?ick4 ,! circulat+ pipes be+ froz51 ! pressure accumulat$ & r5t ! boil] op51 do+ consid]able damage4 ,no4 #e4 ,/ir*ley4 7,fig4 #d47 ,janu>y #i?4 #a kill$1 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,"o ( five1 ab\t #cj ye>s old4 ,lanca%ire1 #ah;ft4 #b;94 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tubes #b;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ab lbs4 pressure4 ,ruptur$ at corrod$ /eam pipe jo9t at top ( front end1 & ! r5t foll[$ along ! angle r+ ( %ell :i* 0 also corrod$1 & !n along ! seams ( "s plates 9 ! bottom1 plac$ longitud9ally1 all[+ ! top ( ! boil] to op5 up l a lid1 )\t mov+ x mu* out ( its orig9al position4 ,no4 #f4 ,cornwall4 ,janu>y #ab?4 #a kill$4 ,corni%1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! ball weight ( ! safety valve 0 unusually ne> ! /eam pipe1 & x is suppos$ t ! boy :o 0 scald$ hav+ put 8 d9n] on ! pipe to w>m1 x slipp$ betwe5 ! ball & pipe2 & t 9 try+ to extricate x he lift$ ! valve :i* 0 held op5 by ! pa/y w$g$ "u ! ball4 ,no4 #g4 ,dalry4 ,janu>y #ac?4 #c injur$4 ,"o ( two1 #be ye>s old4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #bd;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at a r+ seam :]e mu* corrod$ ne> ! back end1 :i* 0 bl[n to ! re>1 ! front end be+ ?r[n consid]ably =w>ds1 & ! %ell 0 torn into _m fragm5ts :i* damag$ ! eng9e h\se1 & s injur$ ! o!r boil] t x also 0 r5t into pieces & ?r[n "s di/ance away4 ,"o safety valve 0 made to s]ve = ! two boil]s1 & ! connect+ valve be+ %ut !re 0 no escape f ?is boil]1 s t ! bur/+ pressure soon accumulat$4 ,a simil> boil] atta*$ to ! same eng9e explod$ 9 ,april1 #ahgj1 & is m5tion$ z ,no4 #ae 9 ! records ( t ye>4 ,no4 #h4 ,s4 ,wales4 ,janu>y #ae?4 none injur$4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #e ye>s old1 #ce;ft4 #f;94 long1 #d;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,"s plates ov] ! fire became r$ hot f ! accumulation ( scale "s in*es ?ick ^u !m & gave way1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts s5t ! boil] "s di/ance & did mu* damage4 ,no4 #i4 ,man*e/]4 ,janu>y #af?4 #a injur$4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 flat ends1 v old1 #h;ft4 #d;94 long1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! front plate 0 bl[n out1 & ! boil] 0 ?r[n backw>ds = "s di/ance4 ,! boil] 0 corrod$ until too weak to be> ! ord9>y pressure4 ,no4 #aj4 ,sund]l&4 ,janu>y #ag?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,m>9e4 ,! /eam expansion jo9t 0 plac$ betwe5 two opposite curves 9 ! pipe1 & "o end drew out :5 fir/ "u pressure4 ,no4 #aa4 ,leslie4 ,janu>y #bf?4 #b kill$4 ,corni%1 #aj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 plates #e_/af in*1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at bottom :]e x re/$ on ! brickwork1 ! plates be+ completely eat5 away by ext]nal corrosion4 ,no4 #ab4 ,gate%ead4 7,fig4 #e47 ,janu>y #bg?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,dome/ic1 #c;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 wide1 & #a;ft4 #a;94 deep1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,! circulat+ pipes be+ froz51 ! pressure accumulat$1 & r5t ! boil] op5 do+ great damage4 ,no4 #ac4 ,brad=d4 7,fig4 #f47 ,febru>y #a/4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #e ye>s old1 flat ends1 #g;ft4 #e;94 long1 #c;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! safety valve 0 load$ to #gj lbs41 & ?is pressure 0 too great = ! insuffici5t /ay to ! flat end1 :i* 0 bl[n out1 ! boil] be+ ?r[n backw>ds4 ,no4 #ad4 ,dov]4 ,febru>y #e?4 #a kill$4 ,m>9e1 #gj lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 n mov$ f its place1 & ! damage appe>$ to h be5 slight1 b no p>ticul>s h be5 obta9$4 ,no4 #ae4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #g47 ,feb4 #aj?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,"o ( ?ree1 #c ye>s old4 ,*imney1 #bg;ft4 high1 #e;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,collaps$ ab\t half-way up ! tube f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #af4 ,birm+ham4 7,fig4 #h47 ,febru>y #ae?4 #c injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o ( two1 #a ye> old4 ,portable upright1 #f;ft4 high1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 0 b "o safety valve1 & t 0 on ! o!r boil]4 ,! junction valve betwe5 ! boil]s 0 clos$1 :5 left = ! night1 )\t ! fire be+ prop]ly put out1 & !re be+ no outlet = ! /eam ! pressure accumulat$1 & ! boil] ruptur$ at ! ungu>d$ manhole & r5t into fragm5ts1 mu* damag+ ! closely pack$ h\ses ne>4 ,no4 #ag4 ,/ockton4 ,m>* #h?4 none injur$4 ,locomotive4 ,! connect+ rod broke & pi]c$ ! boil]1 all[+ cont5ts to issue viol5tly4 ,a simil> case 0 m5tion$ z ,no4 #bg1 ,july #ba/1 #ahfh1 & o!rs h occurr$ 9 previ\s ye>s4 ,no4 #ah4 ,brad=d4 7,fig4 #i47 ,m>* #i?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,"o ( six1 #c ye>s old4 ,lanca%ire1 #bg;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 slightly oval1 #g_/af in* plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,! left h& tube collaps$ d[nw>ds f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,! boil] 0 n mov$1 & little damage 0 done to premises4 ,no4 #ai4 ,glasg[4 ,m>* #aa?4 #c kill$1 #c injur$4 ,rag ,boil]4 ,! screws ( ! manlid 7 loos5$ be=e ! /eam 0 exhau/$1 & ! issu+ cont5ts scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #bj4 ,wootton ,bassett4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,m>* #aa?4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,corni%1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #h;94 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #gb lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ d[nw>ds f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,?is 0 ! second "t ! tube _h collaps$1 al?\gh ! boil] _h only work$ #ah mon?s4 ,no4 #ba4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,m>* #af?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 flat ends1 #af;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,!re be+ no /ays to support ! flat ends ! v>y+ pressure caus$ a slight movem5t backw>d & =w>d 7sometimes call$ drum-head motion71 :i* facilitat$ corrosion 9 c]ta9 l9es ( /ra91 & produc$ a furr[ at ! front ne> ! bottom1 :i* r5t op54 ,! boil] 0 n mov$1 & little damage 0 done to ! premises4 ,no4 #bb4 ,brigg4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,m>* #ag?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,"o ( five1 #e ye>s old4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #fh;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #d;94 diamet]1 plates #e_/af in* full1 #fe lbs4 pressure4 ,heat$ by gas4 ,r5t at f\r? seam1 ! front end be+ ?r[n a great di/ance =w>d1 & ! back end to ! re>1 displac+ ! o!r #d boil]s4 ,! ruptur$ seam 0 next to a pat* :]e ! cutt+ out ( ! old rivets & putt+ 9 ( new _h caus$ a seam-rip4 ,no4 #bc4 ,s4 ,wales4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,m>* #ah?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,"o ( two1 #cf ye>s old4 ,lanca%ire1 #cj;ft4 long1 #i;ft4 diamet]4 ,tubes #c;ft4 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #bb lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] 0 r5t into #c pieces4 ,five r+s ( ! back "p 7 torn (f & ?r[n to ! re>4 ,f\r r+s 9 ! middle 7 op5$ out flat & fell across ! o!r boil]1 & ! rema9+ "p ( ! %ell ) ! tubes 7 left on ! seat+4 ,! boil] 0 old & mu* pat*$1 & 0 corrod$ too ?9 to be> ! usual pressure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,lynn4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,m>* #bcrd4 #b kill$4 ,corni%1 #aj ye>s old1 #g;ft4 #c;94 long1 #c;ft4 #b;94 diamet]4 ,tubes #a;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cf lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube ruptur$ at ! la/ r+ ( plates1 & 0 =c$ inw>ds1 all[+ ! cont5ts to issue at ! back4 ,! boil] 0 slightly ?r[n =w>d4 ,x 0 only us$ occasionally1 b 0 s mu* r$uc$ by int]nal corrosion z to be unable to be> ! usual pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,no4 #be4 ,nor?wi*4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,may #crd4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,m>9e1 #g ye>s old1 #i;ft4 #b;94 long1 #f;ft4 #a;94 diamet]4 ,furnace tube #b;ft4 diamet]1 & #c in* small tubes1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ha lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 7 two b&s z clips r\nd ! outside ( boil]4 ,gave way at a seam :]e "s new bottom plates _h be5 ins]t$1 & :]e ! old plate 0 s ?9n$ by int]nal corrosion z to be unable to be> ! usual pressure4 ,a small plate 0 bl[n out & %att]$ into ?ree pieces1 & ! boil] 0 turn$ end = end4 ,no4 #bf4 ,b>n/aple4 ,may #i?4 #a kill$4 ,revolv+ ,rag boil] ( pla9 cyl9drical %ape1 ) ?ree fill+ holes4 ,! /eam 0 suppli$ f o!r boil]s4 ,! c5tral lid 0 unscrew$1 )\t try+1 by a small hole = ! purpose1 :e!r !re 0 any pressure1 & ! lid came (f1 & ! cont5ts issu$ & scald$ ! att5dant4 ,no4 #bg4 ,leam+ton4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may #ah?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,portable multitubul>1 #i ye>s old1 #h;ft4 #f;94 long1 #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! safety valve 0 fa/5$ d[n by a nail 7,a7 betwe5 ! lev] & ! cov]1 & 9 consequ5ce ! pressure accumulat$ to m ?an ! boil] c\ld be>1 & x 0 r5t into _m pieces1 :i* 7 widely scatt]$4 ,illu/ration ,no4 #bh4 ,may #bj?4 none injur$4 ,portable v]tical1 ( peculi> con/ruction1 ) return d[n flue tubes1 #f;ft4 high1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,! %ell 0 torn (f1 ! bottom hav+ giv5 way ?r\gh weakness1 f want ( prop] /ays1 f ! cr[n ( ! fire box to top ( ! boil]4 ,no4 #bi4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,may #bbnd4 #c kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,lanca%ire1 #bb;ft4 #f;94 long1 #g;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #aj;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #gj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube 0 some:at corrod$ on ! top1 & gave way ov] ! fire f weakness4 ,no4 #cj4 ,ba?4 ,may #be?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,revolv+ ,rag boil] ( pla9 cyl9drical %ape1 b revolv+ on trunnions1 9 ! opposite direction to ,no4 #bf1 #ab;ft4 high1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #i_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! /eam 0 suppli$ f ano!r boil]4 ,! cov] at "o end 0 insecurely fa/5$ & 0 bl[n (f4 ,no4 #ca4 ,oak5gates4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,june #f?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,"o ( two1 #bj ye>s old4 ,balloon1 #ad;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #f lbs4 pressure4 ,! pressure 0 all[$ to f> exce$ ! prop] height dur+ a tempor>y /oppage ( ! eng9e1 & ! bottom 0 r5t (f1 & ! top ?r[n "s di/ance1 b v little damage 0 done4 ,no4 #cb4 ,well+bro'4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,june #ag?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,corni%1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ f weakness1 & p>tly tore away f ! back end1 & ! reaction f ! issu+ cont5ts =c$ ! boil] back a long way4 ,no4 #cc4 ,tun/al 7,fig4 #bj74 ,june #bh?4 #h kill$1 #bj injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,corni%1 #dc;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates4 ,tube #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ sideways f end to end ?r\gh weakness1 be+ )\t /r5g!n+ hoops1 & ) cont9u\s longitud9al seams4 ,! back end & "p ( ! tube 7 ?r[n to ! re>1 & ! re/ ( ! boil] 0 ?r[n to ! front1 & sep>at$ into sev]al fragm5ts4 ,no4 #cd4 ,glasg[4 ,july #i?4 #c kill$4 ,! lid ( a /eam valve 0 be+ remov$ :ile "u pressure1 & ! /eam escap$ & scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #ce4 ,ro!rham4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,july #aa?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,corni%1 #aj ye>s old1 #g;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way :]e mu* corrod$ by ! damp brickwork ( ! c5tral wall1 & ! back r+ ( plates 0 torn out1 & ! boil] turn$ up on end1 & mu* damage 0 done to ! premises4 ,no4 #cf4 ,july #ag?4 none injur$4 ,corni%1 #af ye>s old1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dh lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at ! bottom & r5t op51 a belt ( plates be+ bl[n away to "s di/ance4 ,! bottom _h be5 ext5sively corrod$1 by ! boil] be+ left expos$ to wet = _m ye>s be=e x 0 set at ?is place1 r5d]+ x unfit to be> ! usual pressure4 ,no4 #cg4 ,cumnock4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,july #bh?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,"o ( five1 ab\t #bj ye>s old4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #bj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] _h be5 mu* pat*$ & alt]$1 & 0 9 v poor condition1 & unfit to be> safely ! ord9>y pressure4 ,rupture comm5c$ ne> ! fe$ pipe1 & ran along "o side & !n r\nd ea* end1 bo? ( :i* 7 lib]at$ & ?r[n f> away1 ! b>rel ( ! boil] spread+ out on to ! neighb\r+ boil]s1 "o ( :i* 0 mu* injur$4 ,no4 #ch4 ,%ields4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,augu/ #a/4 #a kill$1 #g injur$4 ,multitubul>1 #aj ye>s old1 #g;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure1 b valve load$ to #hj lbs4 ,rupture comm5c$ at ! ungu>d$ manhole1 & ! %ell 0 r5t into sev]al pieces :i* 7 mu* scatt]$4 ,! safety valve 0 defective1 & ! boil] _h be5 mu* weak5$ by _m pat*es1 & 0 9 poor condition & unable to be> ! pressure at :i* x 0 work$ at ! "t ( explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,no4 #ci4 ,wakefield4 ,augu/ #crd4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,"o ( five4 ,rag boil]1 #e lbs4 pressure f ! exhau/ /eam ( an eng9e4 ,! manhole 0 ( v l>ge size & insecurely fa/5$1 & 0 bl[n (f4 ,no4 #dj4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,augu/ #ag?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,corni%1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;94 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 #c;94 diamet]1 #ah lbs4 pressure4 ,ruptur$ ne> brickwork at ! bottom :]e mu* corrod$ ext]nally1 & "o r+ ( plates 0 r5t op54 ,! boil] 0 displac$1 & ! premises 7 greatly damag$4 ,no4 #da4 ,%ields4 ,augu/ #bf?4 none injur$4 ,*emical pan1 #ab;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,! end 0 bl[n (f1 ! rivets n be+ /rong en\gh = ! pressure ( #ce lbs4 z suppli$ f ! boil]s4 ,no4 #db4 ,blackburn4 7,fig4 #be47 ,augu/ #bi?4 #a kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,lanca%ire1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #i;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,! left h& tube collaps$ f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]1 & ! cont5ts issu$ viol5tly & scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #dc4 ,h]e=d4 ,augu/4 #b injur$4 ,*emical boil]1 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #ab;ft4 #f;94 high1 #d;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 ) ca/-iron hemisph]ical ends ) manhole 9 ea*4 ,! pressure ( #cd lbs4 0 obta9$ f ano!r boil]4 ,! bottom end gave way :]e ! ca/+ 0 defective1 a piece 0 bl[n out1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts project$ ! boil] ?r\gh ! ro(1 ?r\gh :i* x aga9 desc5d$ & did mu* damage4 ,no4 #dd4 ,c>diff4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,septemb] #a/4 #b kill$1 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,m>9e4 ,multitubul>1 #f;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,! "u side ( fire box gave way at ! front rivets1 ! heads ( :i* 7 corrod$1 & a tongue ( plate 0 torn upw>ds1 all[+ ! cont5ts to issue s viol5tly1 t ^? ne> 7 c>ri$ ov]bo>d & dr[n$4 ,no4 #de4 ,gresley4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,septemb] #bnd4 #g injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,"o ( six1 #b ye>s old4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #dj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,?is case 0 peculi>1 z ! back "p ( ! boil] 0 f\nd a long way to ! front1 & ! front end 9 ! re>4 ,an accumulation ( scale caus$ pocket to =m1 & a hole to burn ?r\gh ! bottom ov] ! grate1 all[+ ! cont5ts to issue s viol5tly t ! boil] 0 s5t ov] end = end1 :5 ! front end 0 knock$ (f & ?r[n to ! re>1 & ! cont5ts !n issu+ m viol5tly1 ! reaction s5t ! re/ ( ! boil] 9 "o piece a great di/ance to ! front1 :]e x fell1 & 0 cru%$ ne>ly flat & brok5 into sev]al fragm5ts4 ,no4 #df4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,septemb] #af?4 #d injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,"o ( two1 #ah ye>s old4 ,corni%1 #cb;ft4 #i;94 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ f end to end1 dropp+ toge!r l an old sack1 & crack+ at ! edges4 ,a small piece at ! front end 0 bl[n out4 ,! cause 0 suppos$ to be %ortness ( wat] z !re 0 no gauge glass1 b x 0 f> m likely ! weakness ( s l>ge a tube )\t /r5g!n+ hoops4 ,! pressure 0 d\btless m ?an usual1 z ! eng9e _h made a tempor>y /&4 ,a simil> collapse took place 9 ! next boil] 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfi1 & is describ$ z ,no4 #eg 9 ! records ( t ye>4 ,no4 #dg4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,septemb] #bbnd4 #b injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,v]tical1 ) fire box ( peculi> corrugat$ con/ruction1 #g;ft4 #f;94 high1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way r\nd ! bottom ( fire box :]e mu* corrod$ & r5t op51 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts c>ri$ ! :ole boil] to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! pressure gauge _h be5 remov$1 & ! safety valve did n act freely1 & ! pressure accumulat$ to m ?an ! boil] c\ld be>4 ,no4 #dh4 ,gr9dleton4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,septemb] #bf?4 #a kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,lanca%ire1 #c ye>s old1 #bj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,! boil] gave way at ! second r+ ( plates f ! back end1 at ! side :]e ext]nally corrod$ to a knife edge1 by brickwork made damp by be+ next ! side ( a hill4 ,! r5ts ext5d$ r\nd ! boil]1 & x 0 turn$ ne>ly bottom upw>ds1 & ! %ell op5$ out 9 ! curi\s way %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,no4 #di4 ,brad=d4 ,octob] #i?4 none injur$4 ,"o ( ?ree4 ,portable1 multitubul>1 #h;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,!re 0 no safety valve1 dep5d5ce be+ plac$ on t ( ! boil] to :i* x 0 connect$4 ,/eam 0 got up )\t op5+ ! connect+ /eam cock1 & ! consequ5t excessive pressure =c$ (f ! front end4 ,no4 #ej4 ,tipton4 ,octob] #ag?4 none injur$4 ,"o ( tw5ty1 #bb ye>s old4 ,"o tube work$ by two furnaces1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;94 diamet]4 ,tube f end to left side #b;ft4 #h;94 diamet]1 #a_/b in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube collaps$ f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]1 & crack$ at ! edges & all[$ ! cont5ts to escape )\t any viol5ce4 ,no4 #ea4 ,bury4 ,octob] #ba/4 #b kill$1 #a injur$4 ,a wall fell ^u & broke ! /eam pipes1 & ! escap+ /eam scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #eb4 ,octob] #be?4 #b injur$4 ,*emical boil]4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #i;ft4 #c;94 long1 #f;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates4 ,! back end 0 bl[n out1 & ! boil] mov$ =w>d a few y>ds1 & ! premises 7 mu* injur$4 ,! outlet pipes 7 *ok$ up1 & m pressure accumulat$ ?an x 0 capable ( be>+4 ,no4 #ec4 ,*e/]field4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,octob] #be?4 none injur$4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 #f;ft4 #f;94 long1 #b;ft4 #b;94 diamet]1 #e_/af in* plates1 #hj to #ajj lbs4 pressure4 ,! manhole 0 weak & ungu>d$ ) a /r5g!n+ r+1 & ruptur$ & all[$ ! lid to bl[ out4 ,! r5ts spread along a "p :]e /r5g? 0 mu* r$uc$ by ! rivets be+ c\nt]sunk to make room = atta*m5ts4 ,! safety valve 0 defective & ov]load$1 & !re 0 no gauge1 & ! boil] 0 unfit to be> ! pressure to :i* x 0 expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,no4 #ed4 ,nor?wi*4 ,octob] #bh?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,*emical4 ,! cov] 0 unscrew$ be=e ! pressure 0 (f1 & ! cont5ts blew out viol5tly & scald$ ^? ne>4 ,no4 #ee4 ,b[l+4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,octob] #cj?4 #a kill$1 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,"o ( two1 #ag ye>s old4 ,m>9e1 #ab;ft4 #g;94 long1 #f;ft4 #c;94 diamet]4 ,tube #d;ft4 wide1 #b;ft4 #i;94 high1 #af lbs4 pressure4 ,! tube 0 mu* weak5$ by corrosion & screw-pat*+ & collaps$ upw>ds1 ) ! slightly increas$ pressure ( a tempor>y /oppage ( ! eng9e4 ,no4 #ef4 ,bil/on4 ,octob]4 none injur$4 ,*emical1 #i;ft4 long1 slightly oval1 #d;ft4 greate/ diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #b lbs4 pressure4 ,al?\gh n at "w1 x is suppos$ t a gas 0 g5tly pass+ (f ?r\gh a small pipe1 #cj;ft4 long1 to a receiv] :i* 0 "u repair1 & t ?is gas be+ accid5tally light$1 communicat$ ?r\gh ! pipe ) t 9 ! boil] & explod$ x4 ,"o end 0 bl[n (f1 ! rupture pass+ completely r\nd ?r\gh ! solid plate4 ,no4 #eg4 ,newca/le4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,novemb] #e?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,corni%1 #be;ft4 long1 ab\t #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #c;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collaps$ f ov]heat+ ?r\gh %ortness ( wat]4 ,no4 #eh4 ,graves5d4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,novemb] #h?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,"o ( two4 ,m>9e1 #af;ft4 #f;94 long1 #h;ft4 #d;94 diamet]4 ,tube ( irregul> %ape1 ab\t #b;ft4 #aj;94 high1 #c_/h in* plates1 #bg lbs4 pressure4 ,! gauge 0 s mu* out ( ord]1 t x only %[$ #bd lbs4 "u a real pressure ( #hj lbs4 ,! safety valve 0 defective & ov]load$1 & ! pressure 0 suffici5t to collapse & rupture ! side flue1 & ! cont5ts ru%$ out at ! front4 ,no4 #ei4 ,bil/on4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,novemb] #ab?4 none injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,"o ( f\r4 ,corni%1 ab\t #bj ye>s old1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;94 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube #c;ft4 #i;94 diamet] _h be5 made 9 two p>ts1 jo9$ 9 ! c5tre by a n>r[ plate #c_/h in* ?ick1 & x collaps$ at ?is jo9t1 s t ! top met ! bottom1 & ?us s ret>d$ ! issue ( ! cont5ts aft] be+ set 9 motion1 t a %ock 0 produc$1 :i* blew out an end & half ! tube 9 opposite directions4 ,! %ell 0 left re/+ 9 its seat1 & little damage 0 done to premises4 ,! tube _h mu* ! appe>ance ( collapse f %ortness ( wat]1 b ! mo/ probable cause 0 t x 0 too weak )\t /r5g!n+ hoops to be> ! ord9>y pressure ) safety4 ,no4 #fj4 ,diss4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,novemb] #aa?4 #b kill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,portable1 multitubul>1 ab\t #aj ye>s old1 #h;ft4 #c;94 long1 #b;ft4 #g;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,! bottom ( ! smoke box 0 r$uc$ by ext]nal corrosion to less ?an #a_/af in* 9 ?ickness1 & 0 consequ5tly unable to be> ! ord9>y pressure1 & a piece 0 bl[n out1 & ! reaction ( issu+ cont5ts displac$ ! boil] a little & mu* damag$ ! premises4 ,no4 #fa4 ,ro!rham4 ,novemb] #ah?4 #a kill$4 ,! screws ( a manhole 7 loos5$ :ile ! pressure rema9$ 9 ! boil]1 & ! lid 0 bl[n (f4 ,no4 #fb4 ,newca/le4 ,novemb] #be?4 #a kill$4 ,"o ( twelve4 ,*imney1 #bh;ft4 high1 #f;ft4 diamet]4 ,tube #b;ft4 #e;94 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,! bl[ pipe 0 left op5 :ile "s m5 7 inside repair+1 & ! /eam & wat] f ! bl[-(f ( ano!r boil] 9 ! same pipe 0 =c$ 9 ^u !m4 ,no4 #fc4 ,cradley4 ,decemb] #h?4 #a injur$4 ,locomotive1 #aa;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ie lbs4 pressure4 ,! pressure am\nt$ to ab\t #acd lbs4 dur+ a tempor>y ef=t to get up a /eep curv$ incl9e1 & ! fire box 0 =c$ inw>ds & ! outside %ell outw>ds1 & ! /ays drawn1 b little o!r damage 0 done4 ,no4 #fd4 ,middlesbro'4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,decemb] #ac?4 #a injur$4 ,locomotive1 #ah;ft4 #f;94 long1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #g_/af in* plates1 #abj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way "u bottom ( b>rel :]e furr[$ by ! comb9$ action ( corrosion & ! /ra9 ^u ! plates1 by atta*m5t to ! frame ( ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,no4 #fe4 ,we/bromwi*4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,decemb] #bh?4 #a injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,"o ( five1 #bc ye>s old4 ,balloon1 #af;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #e lbs4 pressure4 ,x ruptur$ at ! back :]e ! plates 9 contact ) brickwork 7 r$uc$ by ext]nal corrosion1 & ! bottom 0 =c$ d[n ^u ! grate1 & ! top roll$ ov] on to its side4 ,! boil] 0 n be+ us$1 al?\gh connect$ ) ! o!r at "w4 ,! /ra9 ^u ! bottom 0 increas$ by ! boil] be+ ov] full & ne>ly to ! brim4 ,^? ne> 7 dr5*$ ) ne>ly cold wat] f x :5 x upset4 ,no4 #ff4 ,glasg[4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,decemb] #cj?4 #aa kill$1 #cj injur$4 ,portable upright1 ab\t #h ye>s old1 #aa;ft4 #d;94 high1 #d;ft4 diamet]1 #c_/h in* plates1 #ajj lbs4 pressure4 ,! int]nal portion gave way :]e atta*$ to ! fire holes & collaps$ inw>ds1 & ! reaction ( ! issu+ cont5ts =c$ ! boil] up "s di/ance on to ! top ( a h\se4 ,! safety valve did n act prop]ly1 & ! pressure appe>s to h accumulat$ to m ?an ! boil] c\ld be>1 dur+ a tempor>y /oppage ( ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,broomhall1 ,pr9t]1 ,/\rbridge4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,"s ( ! figures are out or ord]1 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,sev]al 7app>5tly7 miss+ punctuation m>ks h be5 add$ to improve readability4 ,! ^w 'guage' appe>s sev]al times4 ,x has be5 *ang$ to 'gauge' 9 ea* location4 ,italics are r5d]$ betwe5 und]scores e4g4 italics4 ,small caps are r5d]$ z ,,all ,,caps4 ,! foll[+ table li/s o!r *anges made by ! transcrib]4 ----------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,*ange table --------------------------- pagez pr9t$ *ang$ to --------------------------- #ie ,uudue ,undue #aje ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 #aaj to to to #aaj place plac$ #adc he ,! #agb reqair repair #aie discrib$ describ$ #baf reqair$ repair$ #bba diam] diamet] #bej;consd]ableconsid]able ---------------------------